nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
SU‐E‐J‐118: Impact of Reference CT for Daily Localization of Mobile Lung Tumors

To systematically evaluate, in phantom and patient, differences obtained between using free‐breathing CT (FBCT) and average CT (AVGCT) as the reference dataset for daily treatment localization with cone‐beam CT(CBCT).  Five displacement curves generated from Varian's RPM patient data were inputted into motion platform varied amplitudes and irregularities. FBCTs and 4DCTs were acquired under programmed motion conditions. CBCTs were acquired for phantom on Trilogy equipped with cone‐beam CT. Beam‐on information from RPM isolated appropriate platform motion for each curve studied. Manual registrations between FBCT/CBCT and AVGCT/CBCT were performed in Eclipse's Registration Workspace. Volumes and registration results were compared. Seven early‐stage lungcancer patients (mean ITV volume = 21.5 +/−22.4 cc) were studied. CBCTs (2–4/patient, n=26) were registered to both AVGCT and FBCT, evaluating 52 registrations overall.  In phantom, mean differences between using AVGCT and FBCT for CBCT localization were 0.01 +/− 0.24 mm, 0.24 +/− 0.23 mm, and 1.55 +/− 6.12 mm in lateral (LAT), anterior‐posterior (A‐P), and superior‐inferior (S‐I) directions, respectively. In one case, FBCT registration was 1.2 cm superior to that of the AVG‐CT. Over 52 patient registrations, mean differences between using AVG‐CT and FBCT as reference for CBCT registration were 0.4 +/− 1.3 mm, 0.2 +/− 2.0 mm, and 1.6 +/− 2.0 mm LAT, A‐P, and S‐I directions, respectively. Largest discrepancy between registrations was for small mobile tumor (6.2 mm S‐I) with FBCT at end‐exhale. Another case revealed 6.2 mm anterior shift between AVGCT and FBCT, which corresponded to obvious CT intensity differences.  CBCT registration differences between the AVG‐CT and FBCT can be marked. FBCT as the reference image for daily CBCT on‐line image guidance, especially for SBRT, should be exercised with caution, and should be verified to ensure it is not representative of an extreme phase of patient breathing.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
High-accuracy Doppler-limited 10(6) samples Fourier transform spectroscopy.

The contribution of the third-generation Fourier spectrometer, built at the Laboratoire Aimé Cotton and currently at the Laboratoire d'Infrarouge, to meteorological and high resolution Doppler-limited measurements is reported citing typical examples and the latest instrumental improvements. A tilt-compensated triple-pass system for use with previously built Fourier spectrometers to increase the resolution by 3 is described. The resulting width of the apparatus function of the triple-pass third-generation interferometer is better than 10(-3)cm(-1) and can be meaningfully expressed in frequency units. Its actual value is 27 MHz. For the first time a spectrometer is able to give very wide spectral range information with a resolving power sufficient to analyze sub-Doppler spectra.

Field of study: Physics
Defects in and reform of sports teams run by General Administration of Sports of China

General Administration of Sports of China is an institutional organization directly affiliated to the people’s government,leading national sports undertaking and undertaking the important task to enhance people’s constitution.Due to the dominating functions of state run sports teams,and under general background of rapid social and economic development as well as Olympic Games 2008,it is more evident that the General Administration does not provide sufficient service to enhance people's constitution.Letting the market determine the training functions and organizations of the General Administration to run sports teams is a national condition meeting reform measure that will optimize the administrative functions of the General Administration and boost the healthy development of competitive sport in China.

Field of study: Education
Shifting the balance: cell-based therapeutics as modifiers of the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-specific neuronal microenvironment.

Recent advances in the laboratory have improved the current understanding of neurobiological mechanisms underlying the initiating events and pathological progression observed in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Whereas initial studies have revealed the late-stage intracellular cascades contributing to neuronal dysfunction and cell death, more recently collected data have begun to elucidate the presence and importance of a "non-cell autonomous" component indicating that affected glial cell subtypes may serve distinct and required roles. Pharmacological interventions for ALS have largely been disappointing likely in part because they have failed to address either the proximate events contributing to neuronal dysfunction and death or the deleterious contributions of non-neuronal cells within the local microenvironment. Alternatively, cell-based therapeutics offer the potential of a multifaceted approach oriented toward the dual ends of protecting remaining viable neurons and attempting to restore neuronal function lost as a manifestation of disease progression. The authors review the evolving knowledge of disease initiation and progression, with specific emphasis on the role of affected glia as crucial contributors to the observed ALS phenotype. This basis is used to underscore the potential roles of cell-based therapeutics as modifiers of the ALS-specific microenvironment.

Field of study: Medicine
Distribution-Free Confidence Intervals for Quantile Intervals

introduced distribution-free confidence intervals based on order statistics for quantile intervals. For the rth and sth order statistics in a sample of size n (1 ≤ r < s ≤ n), upper and lower bounds and an exact expression for the confidence coefficient are derived. Numerical examples comparing the bounds and the exact solution are provided. A connection with distribution-free tolerance intervals is indicated.

Field of study: Mathematics
Genetic Resistance in Pearl Millet Seed Parent Lines Against Diverse Pathotypes of Sclerospora graminicola

Genetic resistance to downy mildew (Sclerospora graminicola) in parental lines of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucumGenetic resistance to downy mildew (Sclerospora graminicola) in parental lines of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) is critical for successful commercial cultivation of hybrid cultivars. Twenty-three genetically diverse B-lines were evaluated against two highly virulent, and old and new pathotypes of S. graminicola from two agro-climatic zones in India (Durgapura, Rajasthan, and Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh). Significant differences were observed among the genotypes, pathotypes and their interactions for downy mildew incidence. The downy mildew incidence across test B-lines ranged from 0 to 100%, and the reaction of the lines to different pathotypes varied considerably. Eight B-lines (ICMB 01777, -02333, -03888, -03999, -05333, -06555, -06888 and -07666) exhibited high levels of resistance across pathotypes. These resistant lines could be used in the development of F1 hybrids with stable resistance to diverse pathotypes of downy mildew in India.) is critical for successful commercial cultivation of hybrid cultivars. Twenty-three genetically diverse B-lines were evaluated against two highly virulent, and old and new pathotypes of S. graminicola from two agro-climatic zones in India (Durgapura, Rajasthan, and Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh). Significant differences were observed among the genotypes, pathotypes and their interactions for downy mildew incidence. The downy mildew incidence across test B-lines ranged from 0 to 100%, and the reaction of the lines to different pathotypes varied considerably. Eight B-lines (ICMB 01777, -02333, -03888, -03999, -05333, -06555, -06888 and -07666) exhibited high levels of resistance across pathotypes. These resistant lines could be used in the development of F1 hybrids with stable resistance to diverse pathotypes of downy mildew in India.

Field of study: Biology
A Comparative Study on the Sugar Accumulation and Composition in the Aril of Litchi from Different Regions

Sugar accumulation and composition in the aril of litchi cvs.Feizixiao(FZX)and Nuomici(NMC)produced from 6 different areas(Guangzhou,Yangjiang,Dongguan,Maoming,Longhai and Taishan)were analyzed.The results showed that the micro-environment and management of different producing areas might influent the aril sugar concentration,but not the sugar compositions in the two cultivars tested.The activities of acid invertas(AI),neutral invertase(NI),sucrose synthase(SS)and sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS)were slightly different,while their gene expressions were unchanged in the arils sampled from different producing areas.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Interacting “Morning Glories” over Northern Australia

It is just over 15 years since the first major expedition was organized to investigate the “morning glory” phenomenon of north-eastern Australia. The authors review briefly what has been learned about the generation and evolution of morning glory disturbances during this time and present data for a particularly interesting event that occurred on 3 October 1991, a day on which two morning glory wave formations, one from the northeast and one from the south, were detected. The morning glories were seen to interact over the Gulf of Carpentaria. Spectacular National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer satellite imagery together with comparatively good surface data are presented for this event. Aspects of the interaction between the north-eastern and southerly morning glories are shown to be consistent with theoretical predictions concerning solitary were interactions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Lidar arc scan uncertainty reduction through scanning geometry optimization

Doppler lidars are frequently operated in a mode referred to as arc scans, wherein the lidar beam scans across a sector with a fixed elevation angle and the resulting measurements are used to derive an estimate of the n minute horizontal mean wind velocity (speed and direction). Previous studies have shown that the uncertainty in the measured wind speed originates from turbulent wind fluctuations and depends on the scan geometry (the arc span and the arc orientation). This paper is designed to provide guidance on optimal scan geometries for two key applications in the wind energy industry: wind turbine power performance analysis and annual energy production prediction. We present a quantitative analysis of the retrieved wind speed uncertainty derived using a theoretical model with the assumption of isotropic and frozen turbulence, and observations from three sites that are onshore with flat terrain, onshore with complex terrain and offshore, respectively. The results from both the theoretical model and observations show that the uncertainty is scaled with the turbulence intensity such that the relative standard error on the 10 min mean wind speed is about 30 % of the turbulence intensity. The uncertainty in both retrieved wind speeds and derived wind energy production estimates can be reduced by aligning lidar beams with the dominant wind direction, increasing the arc span and lowering the number of beams per arc scan. Large arc spans should be used at sites with high turbulence intensity and/or large wind direction variation.

Field of study: Environmental science
The rate of cis-trans conformation errors is increasing in low-resolution crystal structures.

Cis-peptide bonds (with the exception of X-Pro) are exceedingly rare in native protein structures, yet a check for these is not currently included in the standard workflow for some common crystallography packages nor in the automated quality checks that are applied during submission to the Protein Data Bank. This appears to be leading to a growing rate of inclusion of spurious cis-peptide bonds in low-resolution structures both in absolute terms and as a fraction of solved residues. Most concerningly, it is possible for structures to contain very large numbers (>1%) of spurious cis-peptide bonds while still achieving excellent quality reports from MolProbity, leading to concerns that ignoring such errors is allowing software to overfit maps without producing telltale errors in, for example, the Ramachandran plot.

Field of study: Chemistry
Trigonometric Parallaxes of Massive Star-forming Regions. IX. The Outer Arm in the First Quadrant

We report a trigonometric parallax measurement with the Very Long Baseline Array for the water maser in the distant high-mass star-forming region G75.30+1.32. This source has a heliocentric distance of 9.25(-0.40)(+0.45) kpc, which places it in the Outer arm in the first Galactic quadrant. It lies 200 pc above the Galactic plane and is associated with a substantial H i enhancement at the border of a large molecular cloud. At a Galactocentric radius of 10.7 kpc, G75.30+1.32 is in a region of the Galaxy where the disk is significantly warped toward the North Galactic Pole. While the star-forming region has an instantaneous Galactic orbit that is nearly circular, it displays a significant motion of 18 km s(-1) toward the Galactic plane. The present results, when combined with two previous maser studies in the Outer arm, yield a pitch angle of about 12 degrees for a large section of the arm extending from the first quadrant to the third.

Field of study: Physics
Paleohydrological indicators in playas and salt lakes, with examples from Canada, Australia, and Africa

The sedimentary records of playas and salt lakes provide some of the best evidence for hydrological change in a region. These records are comprised of siliciclastic sediments and chemically-precipitated minerals that typically vary temporally and spatially. In some cases, the interpretation is straightforward, with mineralogical sequences related to changing brine concentrations and hydrology, as well as to climate. In other cases, it is difficult to identify the controlling factors, which include climate, groundwater, geological setting, and basin morphology. In addition, diagenesis commonly affects the sedimentary record. Models of lake level fluctuations are given for basins in the Canadian Prairies and southeastern Australia. The Lake Manitoba model is based mainly on secondary changes associated with pedogenesis that alters the deeper-water sediment during low water stages. Smaller Canadian lakes in more arid regions display a larger variety of diagnostic paleohydrological indicators, such as specific carbonate and salt mineralogy, nature of bedding, grain size, and secondary alterations. Decreasing water levels in shallow lakes tend to show a progression from clastics to carbonates, to salts, and then back to clastics as groundwater levels fall below the lake floor. Similar parameters are used in Australian lakes. The hydrological model for the Lake Tyrrell playa in Victoria, whose present ionic composition is similar to seawater, shows clastics being deposited when average lake levels are high, followed by deposition of primary carbonates, gypsum, and halite; once seasonal drying on the lake floor begins, secondary gypsum grows within already-deposited sediment, and clay pelletization in the capillary fringe of surface sediment leads to basin deflation and the accumulation of adjacent eolian lunettes. Continued water level decline leads to pedogenesis. Subsequent lake level rises in all of these models may initiate sedimentation in any part of the hydrological cycle, and a complete cycle in the sedimentary record appears to be uncommon.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Non-covalent synthesis of organic nanostructures

This review describes the synthesis, characterization and functionalization of hydrogen bonded, box-like assemblies. These assemblies are formed upon mixing bismelamine calix[4]arenes with a complementary barbiturate in apolar solvents. Various techniques for the characterization have been used, like 'H NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography and a novel MALDI-TOF MS technique. The use of cyanurates instead of barbiturates results in the formation of three conformational isomers. The ratio in which these assemblies are formed depends on the N-substituent of the cyanurate. Substituting the bismelamine calix[4]arenes with a variety of functional groups enables the formation of assemblies in which functionalities are gathered around a box-like cavity. Mixing these homomeric assemblies creates a dynamic combinatorial library of heteromeric assemblies.

Field of study: Chemistry
The parallel-cut meet-in-the-middle attack

We propose a new type of meet-in-the-middle attack that splits a cryptographic primitive in parallel to the execution flow of the operations. The result of the division are two primitives that have smaller input sizes and thus require lower attack complexities. The sub-primitives are not completely independent, but mutually depend on a certain number of bits. When the number of such bits is relatively small, we show a technique based on three classical meet-in-the-middle attacks that can recover the secret key of the cipher faster than an exhaustive search. We apply our findings to the lightweight block cipher Klein and show attacks on 10/11/13 rounds of Klein-64/-80/-96. We note that our approach works in the known-plaintext attack model and requires only one or two pairs of known plaintexts.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
230Th/U dating of a late Pleistocene alluvial fan along the southern San Andreas fault

U-series dating of pedogenic carbonate-clast coatings provides a reliable, precise minimum age of 45.1 ± 0.6 ka (2σ) for the T2 geomorphic surface of the Biskra Palms alluvial fan, Coachella Valley, California. Concordant ages for multiple subsamples from individual carbonate coatings provide evidence that the 238 U- 234 U- 230 Th system has remained closed since carbonate formation. The U-series minimum age is used to assess previously published 10 Be exposure ages of cobbles and boulders. All but one cobble age and some boulder 10 Be ages are younger than the U-series minimum age, indicating that surface cobbles and some boulders were partially shielded after deposition of the fan and have been subsequently exhumed by erosion of fine-grained matrix to expose them on the present fan surface. A comparison of U-series and 10 Be ages indicates that the interval between final alluvial deposition on the T2 fan surface and accumulation of dateable carbonate is not well resolved at Biskra Palms; however, the “time lag” inherent to dating via U-series on pedogenic carbonate can be no larger than ∼10 k.y., the uncertainty of the 10 Be-derived age of the T2 fan surface. Dating of the T2 fan surface via U-series on pedogenic carbonate (minimum age, 45.1 ± 0.6 ka) and 10 Be on boulder-top samples using forward modeling (preferred age, 50 ± 5 ka) provides broadly consistent constraints on the age of the fan surface and helps to elucidate its postdepositional development.

Field of study: Geology
Cellular Multiuser Two-Way MIMO AF Relaying via Signal Space Alignment: Minimum Weighted SINR Maximization

In this paper, we consider linear MIMO transceiver design for a cellular two-way amplify-and-forward relaying system consisting of a single multiantenna base station, a single multiantenna relay station, and multiple multiantenna mobile stations (MSs). Due to the two-way transmission, the MSs could suffer from tremendous multiuser interference. We apply an interference management model exploiting signal space alignment and propose a transceiver design algorithm, which allows for alleviating the loss in spectral efficiency due to half-duplex operation and providing flexible performance optimization accounting for each user's quality of service priorities. Numerical comparisons to conventional two-way relaying schemes based on bidirectional channel inversion and spatial division multiple access-only processing show that the proposed scheme achieves superior error rate and average data rate performance.

Field of study: Engineering
Structural and electrical properties of Li5TlO4

The structural and electrical properties of Li 5 TlO 5 were investigated. Li 5 TlO 4 was found to be sensitive to moisture or CO 2 in ambient environment. An electronically conducting brown to black thin layer, mainly composed of LiTlO 2 , was formed on the surface of Li 5 TlO 4 pellets during sintering and impedance measurement. The electronic conduction exceeded ionic conduction below 150°C. Above 150°C, ionic conduction became predominant with a maximum conductivity of 1×10 −3 (Ω-cm) −1 at 250°C for one of the samples. This value is high in comparison with the conductivity of other Li 5 M III O 4 isomorphs Above 400°C, a large increase in the conductivity, probably due to the presence of LiOH, was observed. Sample-to-sample differences in conductivity and variation during heating-cooling cycles were noted. These results are discussed in relation to the structural and thermal properties.

Field of study: Materials science
Sparse canonical correlation analysis

Canonical correlation analysis was proposed by Hotelling [6] and it measures linear relationship between two multidimensional variables. In high dimensional setting, the classical canonical correlation analysis breaks down. We propose a sparse canonical correlation analysis by adding l1 constraints on the canonical vectors and show how to solve it efficiently using linearized alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) and using TFOCS as a black box. We illustrate this idea on simulated data.

Field of study: Computer science
Acupuncture for substance abuse

Acupuncture, in the form of insertion of needles bilaterally in the outer ears, is widely used for the treatment of addiction in the US. However, support for this form of treatment from controlled studies has not been consistent. This article examines recent clinical trials of acupuncture for addiction treatment, with a goal of conveying to the reader some of the complex issues involved in conducting studies in this area. Acupuncture trials in addictions frequently have been conducted without preliminary dose-ranging studies to establish efficacious doses of the experimental treatment, use needle insertion controls of unknown degrees of activity, and present no rationale for the type or intensity of concurrently offered psychotherapy. At the present time, it is premature to put forth recommendations for or against acupuncture for the treatment of addiction based on evidence from extant studies.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Hydro-pneumatic singulation of gel-encapsulated propagules

A hydro-pneumatic method and apparatus for singulation and delivery of uncoated capsules that consist of gel-encapsulated propagules. The capsules are flowed in water to a metering zone, where a metering disc picks up capsules one at a time successively by vacuum from the metering zone while spacing the capsules at regular intervals. The disc carries the capsules from the water, and then positively blows them from the vacuum at the regularly spaced intervals.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences