nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
"Borges and the Kabbalah" and Other Essays on His Fiction and Poetry, and: Gabriel García Márquez and the Powers of Fiction, and: Lives on the Line: The Testimony of Contemporary Latin American Authors (review)

The Argentinean whom PerÃ3n once "promoted" from librarian to poultry and rabbit inspector died in Geneva two days before Bloomsday, 1986 and was buried two days after. Journalists had been told he had been suffering from pulmonary emphysema. It was liver cancer. Scholars had been told he had been agnostic. The night before his death a Catholic priest heard his confession and granted him absolution. The man without whom "there simply would not be a modern Spanish-American novel," as Carlos Fuentes has rightly asserted, was buried under a yew tree just a few yards from John Calvin's grave. Jorge Luis Borges' death was, then, a work of art. Ponder it or any other aspect of his life and letters, and you discover complex networks of meaning spinning within complex networks of meaning. This is Jaime Alazraki's point in his slim collection of thirteen essays, most of which first saw print more than a decade and a half ago: "Borges not only invites commentary and rumination," Alazraki writes, "he provokes tautology. We all, his readers, search and strive for some unturned stone, for an undiscovered pearl waiting, iridescentÂ—that is, full of new insightsÂ—at the bottom of some recondite line, on the reverse of an overlooked ambiguity, in the elusive meaning subtly intimated between the lines. Borges has turned us all into inquisitive Kabbalists." Borges provokes redundancy on Alazraki's part, surely, a hall of mirrors where the same handful of insights, at times even the same handful of key phrases and quotations, is cast up repeatedly. Because of this common pitfall in essay collections, we Kabbalists discover few iridescent pearls waiting for us. Although Alazraki never asserts as much, his real audience seems to be not so much the Kabbalist as the undergraduate, the person coming to Borges for the first time who needs a clear, thoughtful introduction to many of the writer's key ideas. Borges and the Kabbalah is divided into four sections. The first concerns the "contextual resemblances" between Borges' projects and the Kabbalah, both of which view a work "as a multilayered text each writer reads, interprets, and rewrites." Alazraki traces the Kabbalistic world as it weaves through Borges' writing in the form of such notions as the golem, reincarnation, and reality-as-illusion and concludes this section with an essay by Borges himself which stresses the suggestiveness of the Kabbalah. Although it is clear that Borges was familiar with the Kabbalah, it is also clear that Alazraki tends to push the familiarity too far, as when he claims Borges' language reflects that of the Zohar. Moreover, Alazraki remains mute about how Borges' central idea of multilayered narrative is any different from that exhibited by other postmodern texts whose authors certainly are not familiar with the Kabbalah. The second section of essays charts the well-

Field of study: Art
Arsenic Drinking Water Violations Decreased across the United States Following Revision of the Maximum Contaminant Level.

Arsenic poses a threat to public health due to widespread environmental prevalence and known carcinogenic effects. In 2001, the US EPA published the Final Arsenic Rule (FAR) for public drinking water, reducing the maximum contaminant level (MCL) from 50 to 10 μg/L. We investigated impacts of the FAR on drinking water violations temporally and geographically using the Safe Drinking Water Information System. Violations exceeding the MCL and the population served by violating systems were analyzed across the conterminous US from 2006 (onset of FAR enforcement) to 2017. The percentage of public water system violations declined from 1.3% in 2008 to 0.55% in 2017 (p < 0.001, slope = -0.070), and the population served decreased by over 1 million (p < 0.001, slope = -106 886). Geographical analysis demonstrated higher mean violations and populations served in certain counties rather than evenly distributed across states. The decline in violations is likely due to the adoption of documented and undocumented treatment methods and possibly from reduced environmental releases. Considering other studies that have shown decreased urinary arsenic levels in the population served by public water systems since the new standard, it may be inferred that the FAR is facilitating the reduction of arsenic exposure in the US.

Field of study: Environmental science
Early Tertiary palaeogeography, landform evolution, and palaeoclimates of the Southern Monaro, N.S.W., Australia

The age of the southern highlands of Australia has long been controversial. Recent field investigations around Bombala in southern New South Wales have shed some light on this as well as on the early Tertiary palaeoclimates in southern Australia. Late Palaeocene basalts were extruded on a landscape with a relief of at least 400 m, and possibly as much as 800 m, showing that the region had a substantial relief by the beginning of the Tertiary. 
 
Fluvial and lacustrine sediments deposited on the earlier or prebasaltic landscape have been preserved by the basalt and contain palynofloras and fossil wood, as do sediments deposited between basalt flows in the lower parts of the basalt pile. The palynomorphs are representative of the Lygistepollenites balmei Zone in the Upper late Paleocene (ca. 58–60 Ma). The pollen and fossil wood indicate the region was covered by cool temperate rainforest. Podocarps and araucarian conifers were significant components of these forests in addition to Nothofagus; ferns were prominent in some localities. The fossil wood is dominated by gymnosperms. 
 
Comparison of the palynofloras with bioclimatic data of a number of descendant extant species has shown that most belong to the mesotherm response category with mean annual temperatures in the range 14–20°C. There is little evidence that frosts were significant. Data from tree rings support this and show that climates were markedly seasonal. The annual rings are very thin suggesting cool climates. Their uniformity shows that conditions varied little from year to year.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Make the Context Work for You: Faculty in a Changing Academic Medicine Landscape

Academic medicine’s landscape is dynamically adjusting. The changes are accelerating and these alterations are impacting both the faculty workforce as a whole and individual faculty members. This article reviews workforce and institutional changes within academic medicine and supports the need for faculty members to adapt to this changing landscape. Resources to maintain an understanding of these ongoing changes are reviewed. A faculty life-cycle model is proposed as a context for developing a personal action plan. Career management steps are suggested to facilitate career productivity and satisfaction. Finally, we propose that psychologists, being human behavior experts, are well positioned to contribute within the transformation of academic medicine.

Field of study: Psychology
s-Wave superconductivity in non-centrosymmetric Re_3W probed by magnetic penetration depth

We report measurements of the temperature dependence of the magnetic penetration depth \lambda(T) in non-centrosymmetric superconductor Re_3W. We employed two experimental techniques: extraction of \lambda(T) from magnetic {\em dc}-susceptibility, measured on a powder sample, and the rf tunnel diode resonator technique, where a bulk polycrystalline sample was used. The results of both techniques agree: the temperature dependence of the penetration depth can be well described by weak-coupling, dirty-limit, s-wave BCS theory where we obtain $\Delta(0)/k_BT_C=1.76$. No evidence for unconventional pairing resulting from the absence of the inversion symmetry is found.

Field of study: Physics
Constraints on molecular evolution of HIV-1 drug resistance related genes from protein structure

To elucidate constraints on the evolution of HIV drug resistance from protein structure and to analyze the characteristics of HIV drug resistance through a prospective cohort study among 65 HIV infectors receiving high active anti-retroviral therapy (HARRT). 
 
 
 
20 ml of peripheral venous blood sample was collected from each subject every 6 months over a 4 year-follow up since 2003 and added into ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) tube. HIV RNAs were extracted from the blood samples. More than 400 sequences encoding the reverse transcripatase (RT) of HIV were obtained after RT-PCR amplification and sequencing analysis. The sequences were further analyzed for a better understanding of the molecular evolution, drug resistance mutations and 3D protein structure. 
 
 
 
Most amino acids sites were conservative in RT protein and only 12.44% of the sites had mutations. Most high level mutations associated with resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTIs) located at the core of protein, while medium level mutations associated with resistance to NNRTIs located at the surface of protein. Most high level mutations associated with resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTIs) located at the surface of protein, while low level mutations associated with resistance to NRTIs located at the core of protein. 
 
 
 
Mutations that were associated with drug resistance to NRTIs and NNRTIs were occurred in different parts of HIV RT protein, which would be beneficial for the design and develop of ART drugs targeting RT. 
 
 
 
HIV-1; Selection pressure; Fitness; Structural constraint

Field of study: Biology
ju yi er chun gan rao su -2a lian he en ti ka wei zhi liao hbeag yin xing man xing yi xing gan yan huan zhe de liao xiao fen xi

目的：探讨聚乙二醇干扰素(Peg-IFN)α-2a与恩替卡韦(ETV)联合治疗的疗效及安全性。方法35例HBeAg阴性CHB患者接受Peg-IFNα-2a联合ETV治疗。96周时如获得HBsAg血清学转换则停药随访，否则停用Peg-IFNα-2a继续ETV维持治疗。基线和治疗过程中监测HBVDNA和HBsAg水平。结果治疗48周时100%的患者HBV DNA低于检测值，治疗96周时HBsAg血清学转换率28%，随访至120周时34%。结论Peg-IFNα-2a联合ETV并延长疗程可显著提高HBeAg阴性CHB患者的疗效。

Field of study: Medicine
Effects of fungicides triadimefon and propiconazole on soil bacterial communities

The impact of fungicides triadimefon and propiconazole on soil bacterial populations from a strawberry field was investigated. Two fungicides were applied to the soil at concentrations of 10 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg with soil water contents 20.2% (fresh soil water content) or 26.0% (field capacity). Changes in bacterial communities were assessed using DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the 16S rDNA and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was utilized to detect the residue of fungicides in soils. The results showed that propiconazole was more persistent than triadimefon in soils, and the two soil water contents did not cause significant differences in dissipation rates between the two fungicides. A high concentration of propiconazole could inhibit the existence of soil microbes while one of triadimefon might induce the microbial population in the first stage. From unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic averages (UPGMA) dendrograms, the effect of triadimefon and propiconazole at the two applied concentrations on a soil bacterial community could be long term. After triadimefon was applied for 60 days and propiconazole for 75 days, the compositions of microbial communities were not recovered. From the viewpoint of environmental protection, it was of significant importance to pay more attention not only to the residues of pesticide but also to the change in soil microbial communities.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Nanostructured Thin Films Obtained from Fischer Aminocarbene Complexes

The synthesis of four amphiphilic organometallic complexes with the general formula RC = M(CO)5NH(CH2)15CH3, where R is a ferrocenyl 2(a-b) or a phenyl 4(a-b) group as a donor moiety and a Fischer carbene of chromium (0) or tungsten (0) as an acceptor group, are reported. These four push-pull systems formed Langmuir (L) monolayers at the air-water interface, which were characterized by isotherms of surface pressure versus molecular area and compression/expansion cycles (hysteresis curves); Brewster angle microscopic images were also obtained. By using the Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) method, molecular monolayers were transferred onto glass substrates forming Z-type multilayers. LB films were characterized through ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. Results indicated that films obtained from 2b complex [(Ferrocenyl)(hexadecylamine)methylidene] pentacarbonyl tungsten (0) are the most stable and homogeneous; due to their properties, these materials may be incorporated into organic electronic devices.

Field of study: Materials science
Is fatal pancreatitis a consequence of excessive leukocyte stimulation? The role of tumor necrosis factor alpha.

This study examines the possible role of excessive leukocyte stimulation in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. Levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and elastase-alpha 1 proteinase inhibitor (E-alpha 1PI) have been measured as markers of macrophage and neutrophil activation, respectively, in serial plasma samples from 27 patients with acute pancreatitis. Levels of TNF-alpha did not support the possibility of excessive macrophage activation, but raised levels of E-alpha 1PI in patients with either the mild or severe form of the illness indicated the activation of neutrophils. Whether this is a consequence of the illness or is a contributory factor in the pathogenesis is not clear.

Field of study: Medicine
Suppression of Gamow-Teller and M1 transitions in deformed mirror nuclei Mg-25 and Al-25 - Direct observation of K selection rules

The mirror nuclei Mg-25 and Al-25 are expected to have very similar structures. The Gamow-Teller (GT) transitions from the J(pi) = 5/2(+) ground state of Mg-25 to the excited states in Al-25 were studied by high-resolution measurements of the Mg-25(He-3,t) charge-exchange reaction at 0degrees and at 140 MeV/nucleon. Assuming the usual DeltaJ(pi) = 1(+) selection rule for the spin-isospin-type GT transitions, the states with J(pi) = 3/2(+), 5/2(+), and 7/2 (+) should be excited. However, of the more than ten states with these J(pi) values below 6 MeV excitation energy, only the 5/2 (+) ground state and the 7/2 (+) , 1.613 MeV state in Al-25 were strongly populated, while all other states were strongly suppressed. The analysis of M1 transitions in Mg-25 also suggested a very similar feature for the analogous M1 transitions. Both Mg-25 and Al-25 are known to be largely deformed, and most low-lying states can be interpreted in terms of one-particle quantum numbers in the deformed potential and the associated rotational spectra. The observed suppression can be explained in terms of the K quantum number selection rules that are inherent to axially deformed nuclei.

Field of study: Physics
Rare earth element and Sr–Nd isotope geochemistry of phosphatic rocks in Neoproterozoic Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in Zhangcunping section from western Hubei Province, South China

Phosphatic rocks are widely distributed in Neoproterozoic Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in Yangtze Platform, South China. In this study, we examined samples from the Zhangcunping section in western Hubei Province with major element, rare earth element (REE) and Sr–Nd isotopic analyses on the phosphorites and the host dolostone rocks. We employed an acid-leaching method to separate the carbonate (acetic acid leachable) and phosphate (hydrochloric acid leachable) fractions in all the samples. The geochemical differences between the different fractions can be recognized based on the P2O5, REE contents and Sr–Nd isotopic characteristics. The carbonate fractions in the rocks display low total REE concentrations with seawater-like REE patterns, super-chondritic Y/Ho ratios, moderate negative Ce anomalies and positive Eu anomalies, indicating these carbonates have retained the signatures of paleo-seawater. On the contrary, the phosphate fractions display high total REE concentrations with hat-shaped REE patterns, generally lower Y/Ho ratios, weak negative Ce anomalies and positive Eu anomalies, which may have recorded the features of diagenetic fluids. Negative Ce anomalies and positive Eu anomalies displayed in the carbonate fractions of the studied samples may also indicate the anoxic environments of ocean basins in South China during the deposition of the Neoproterozoic Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation. A geochemical comparison between Lower Phosphorite Layer and Upper Phosphorite Layer indicates a greater degree of diagenesis occurred in the Lower Phosphorite Layer than the Upper Phosphorite Layer. The negative eNd(t) values of the samples suggest continental crustal sources for the REEs, and the lower values in the phosphorite samples (− 6.9 to − 6.0) than the dolostone samples (− 5.5 to − 3.8) may suggest different processes for them, and it is likely that the REEs in the phosphorites have been modified by diagenetic fluids with REE contributions of pore fluids derived from the clastic silicates in the strata which generally have lower eNd(t) values, whereas the dolostone took the REEs from the ambient seawater mainly.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Property Institutions and Economic Behavior

It is the purpose of this essay to identify and evaluate the contributions of neoinstitutionalist-heterodox economists to the elucidation of the complex interrelationships between property institutions and economic performance. As the term neoinstitutionalist-heterodox suggests, this is a somewhat ill-defined group, the product of diverse intellectual influences. In order to place these economists and their contributions in perspective, it is necessary, first, to consider how concepts of property have been handled by earlier schools of economic thought and by contemporary noninstitutional economists. John Locke, Adam Smith, and the classical economists, the neoclassical economists, and the Chicagoans developed and sharpened an economic theory which found social virtue in the outcome of myriad independent decisions, each based on individual self-interest.' While self-interest was the motivating force behind individual decisions, individual ownership and control of resources were essential in order to permit the decentralization of allocative decisions. The competitive, laissez-faire, free enterprise system, which has served generations of mainstream economists as both a subject for study and a utopian ideal, requires the existence and wide distribution of private property. Not only does the laissez-faire system guarantee all manner of desirable

Field of study: Economics
Synthesis and stereochemistry of 5-substituted quinuclidine-2-carboxylic acids with semicyclic double bonds

Esters of 5-methylene- and 5-ethylidenequinuclidine-2-carboxylic acid were synthesized using the Wittig reaction. Using NMR spectra, the stereochemistry of the 5-substituted quinuclidine-2-carboxylic acids with semicyclic double bonds was studied.

Field of study: Chemistry
Interaction of Face and Rapport in an American TV Talk Show

This paper is concerned with some features of English spoken discourse which appear in an American TV talk show. It focuses on the conversational interactions between a host and guests in a particular context from a rapport management perspective. The paper discusses whether certain speech acts are related to face, and shows that managing rapport involving positive politeness also appears to be manifested. With particular reference to the speaker’s role, this paper highlights the speakers’ awareness of the role of the listener and the rapport with them by interpreting the use of deictic shift, repetition and acts which may, unintentionally, threaten face.

Field of study: Linguistics
Neuroprotective effect of ONO-1078, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, on focal cerebral ischemia in rats.

To determine whether ONO-1078 (pranlukast), a potent leukotriene receptor antagonist, has neuroprotective effect on focal cerebral ischemia in the rat.



Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by 30 min of middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion and followed by 24 h reperfusion. ONO-1078 (0.003-1.0 mg/kg) or vehicle (saline 1 mL/kg) was ip injected 30 min before MCA occlusion and 2 h after reperfusion. The neurological score, infarct volume, neuron density (in cortex, hippocampus, and striatum), brain edema, and albumin exudation around the vessels were determined 24 h after reperfusion.



ONO-1078 slightly improved the neurological deficiency, and dramatically decreased infarct volume and neuron loss which showed a bell shaped dose response effect with highest effect at doses of 0.01-0.3 mg/kg. Enlargement of the ischemic hemisphere and albumin exudation were inhibited at doses of 0.01-1.0 mg/kg.



ONO-1078 has the protective effect on focal cerebral ischemia in rats, which is partially attributed to the inhibition of brain edema. This may represent a novel approach to the treatment of acute cerebral ischemia with cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonists.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Cu-added jelly-roll Nb/sub 3/Al superconductor with various Nb/Al spacings and compositions

Rapid-heating, quenching, and transformation (RHQT)-processed Nb/sub 3/Al was found to provide high critical current density in high field by Cu addition. There seems to be a difference in the reaction path to A15 between binary Nb/Al (non-Cu-addition) and the Cu added ternary. In the binary case, a Nb/Al composite reacted to form a bcc phase through rapid-heating and quenching (RHQ) treatment and then it was transformed into A15 phase including stacking faults by an 800 /spl deg/C heat treatment. On the other hand, when Cu was added, the composite reacted to form A15 phase including stacking faults through RHQ treatment directly. We fabricated Cu added jelly-roll (JR) Nb/Al wire with various Nb/Al layer thicknesses and compositions and investigated their effect on RHQ process. The Cu added JR wire of Al poor composition for Nb/sub 3/Al stoichiometry showed a behavior similar to the binary. Al rich composition showed a behavior similar to the Cu-addition case. In this work we discussed the Cu addition effect by considering these results.

Field of study: Physics
Synthetic Studies of Sesquiterpenes with the Dunniane Skeleton

The first synthetic approach to the entire carbon skeleton of the sesquiterpenes dunniane and cumacrene has been developed. The sequence features a [2+2] photochemical reaction of a chiral 2(5H)-furanone with ethylene to form the cyclobutane, a Meyer–Schuster-type rearrangement of an α-acetylenic alcohol to an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde, and a microwave-assisted Diels–Alder reaction of an elaborated dienamine with methyl acrylate to construct the six-membered ring with the desired 1,4-substitution pattern.

Field of study: Chemistry
A New Model for Investigating the Effects of Teacher Behavior.

While many educators have concerned themselves with the ideal teacher in terms of classroom behavior, several studies have shown that certain types of teachers are more effective with certain types of students and furthermore, that no one type of teacher is most effective with all types of students. While the author concurs with these findings, several methodological shortcomings in the basic approach to analyses of teacher behavior are mentioned, and the possibility and potential of utilizing Transactional Analysis as a methodological paradigm is discussed.

Field of study: Education