nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Nucleobase-functionalized graphene nanoribbons for accurate high-speed DNA sequencing.

We propose a water-immersed nucleobase-functionalized suspended graphene nanoribbon as an intrinsically selective device for nucleotide detection. The proposed sensing method combines Watson-Crick selective base pairing with graphene's capacity for converting anisotropic lattice strain to changes in an electrical current at the nanoscale. Using detailed atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we study sensor operation at ambient conditions. We combine simulated data with theoretical arguments to estimate the levels of measurable electrical signal variation in response to strains and determine that the proposed sensing mechanism shows significant promise for realistic DNA sensing devices without the need for advanced data processing, or highly restrictive operational conditions.

Field of study: Physics
An adaptive omnibus test for exponentiality

Let be independent and identically distributed observations on a non-negative random variable X. If X has the exponential density , its Laplace transform satisfies the differential equation . We show that a strong omnibus test for expo-nentiality may be based on , where is the Maximum-Likelihood- estimate of λ and Ψn is the empirical Laplace transform, each based on .

Field of study: Mathematics
Biomonitoring of Perfluorinated Compounds in a Drop of Blood

Biomonitoring of pollutants and their metabolites and derivatives using biofluids provides new opportunities for spatiotemporal assessment of human risks to environmental exposures. Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been used widely in industry and pose significant environmental concerns due to their stability and bioaccumulation in humans and animals. However, current methods for extraction and measurement of PFCs require relatively large volumes (over one hundred microliters) of blood samples, and therefore, are not suitable for frequent blood sampling and longitudinal biomonitoring of PFCs. We have developed a new microassay, enabled by our silicon microfluidic chip platform, for analyzing PFCs in small volumes (less than five microliters) of blood. Our assay integrates on-chip solid-phase extraction (SPE) with online nanoflow liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (nanoLC-ESI-MS) detection. We demonstrated high sample recovery, excellent interday and intraday accuracy and precision, and a limit of detection down to 50 femtogram of PFCs, in one microliter of human plasma. We validated our assay performance using pooled human plasma and NIST SRM 1950 samples. Our microfluidic chip-based assay may enable frequent longitudinal biomonitoring of PFCs and other environmental toxins using a finger prick of blood, thereby providing new insights into their bioaccumulation, bioavailability, and toxicity.

Field of study: Environmental science
Mangrove conservation: a global perspective

Mangroves are of great ecological importance and socio-economic significance as a hub for tropical marine biotope. The mangroves are also one of the world’s richest storehouses of biological and genetic diversity. Furthermore, 90 % of the marine organisms spend part of their life in this ecosystem and 80 % of the global fish catches are dependent on mangroves. In addition, mangroves and their associated biota are identified as a promising source of natural and novel drugs. On the other hand, scientific community finds such an ecosystem as one among the world’s most threatened biome due to human intervention in the long past and on-going climate change. Already many countries lost their huge mangrove wealth within the last two decades. Further, decline of the mangrove cover may cause an irreparable damage of ecosystem service to mankind. Now it is high time to conserve the precious ecosystem in order to maintain a stable and healthy coastal environment.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Dissatisfaction of Having Your First Offer Accepted: The Role of Counterfactual Thinking in Negotiations

In this article, the authors explore the role of individuals’ counterfactual thoughts in determining their satisfaction with negotiated outcomes. When negotiators’ first offers are immediately accepted, negotiators are more likely to generate counterfactual thoughts about how they could have done better and therefore are less likely to be satisfied with the agreement than are negotiators whose offers are not accepted immediately. This reduction in satisfaction emerged even when the objective outcomes of negotiators whose first offers were immediately accepted were equal to or better than the outcomes of negotiators whose first offers were not immediately accepted. Evidence for a disconnect between objective outcomes and evaluations emerged in two scenario experiments and a simulated negotiation. The final experiment explored the functional and dysfunctional consequences of counterfactual activation following the immediate acceptance of first offers. Upward counterfactual thoughts were positively related to the amount of preparation for a subsequent negotiation; on the other hand, upward counterfactual thoughts were negatively correlated with the likelihood of making future first offers.

Field of study: Psychology
Structure and emplacement of granite plutons in the Paleoproterozoic crust of Eastern Burkina Faso: rheological implications

The Fada N′Gourma area in Burkina Faso is underlain by Paleoproterozoic rocks that make the northeastern West-African Craton. This region is composed of NE-trending volcano-sedimentary belts and foliated tonalites, affected by several shear zones. A generation of younger, ∼2100 Ma-old, non-foliated biotite-bearing granites intrudes the former rock units. We have investigated the younger granite pluton of Kouare that was previously considered as forming a single body with the pluton of Satenga to the west, a pluton which likely belongs to the ∼20 Ma more recent Tenkodogo-Yamba batholith. Magnetic fabric measurements have been combined with microstructural observations and the analysis of field and aeromagnetic data. The granite encloses angular enclaves of the host tonalites. Magmatic microstructures are preserved inside the pluton and solid-state, high-temperature deformation features are ubiquitous at its periphery. The presence of steeply plunging lineations in the pluton of Kouare and its adjacent host-rocks suggests that large volumes of granitic magmas became crystallized while they were ascending through the crust that was softened and steepened close to the contact. Around Kouare, the foliation in the host tonalites conforms with a map-scale, Z-shaped fold in between NNE-trending shear zones, implying a bulk clockwise rotation of the material contained in-between the shear zones, including the emplacing pluton. Regionally, the Fada N′Gourma area is concluded to result from NW-shortening associated with transcurrent shearing and vertical transfer of granitic magmas. This study concludes that the ∼2200 Myears old juvenile crust of Burkina Faso was brittle before the intrusion of the biotite-granites, became softened close to them and that gravity-driven and regional scale wrench tectonics were active together.

Field of study: Environmental science
Mathematical analysis of multisolute renal flow in a single nephron model of the kidney

A single nephron model, which includes the Bowman's space, Cortical interstitium, and Pelvis as well-stirred baths, is investigated. A boundary value problem, which allows for pelvic reflux, is established for the fluid-multisolute flow in the nephron. The implicit function theorem is used to establish the existence and uniqueness of a solution of the boundary value problem for the case of small permeability coefficients and transport rates.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
A Centralized Strong Seismic Oscillation Monitoring System

Strong seismic oscillation response characteristics of Wind Power Tower and Dam are important basis for rapid assessment the damage of such structure after earthquake; Strong seismic oscillation monitoring is also an important part of this Power station structure’s safety monitoring system. However, the existing strong seismic oscillation monitoring system has some defects, such as high cost of equipment and maintenance, automation analysis ability is not strong and electromagnetic interference is weak. A new centralized strong seismic oscillation monitoring system is designed in this paper: First of all, we designed a centralized strong seismic oscillation monitoring recorder which has 24 channels and designed a kind of waterproof accelerometer. Then, a practical and effective solution is proposed for the common 50Hz power frequency interference and error triggering. Finally, we design a set of remote data receiving and on-line analysis software, which can automatic analysis and report timely, it is easy to management too. Compared to the traditional distributed strong seismic oscillation monitoring system, this new system has the advantages of low equipment cost, unattended, automatic processing of strong seismic oscillation monitoring events, small probability of false triggering, the parameters such as intensity can be timely reported, and it can also achieve the interaction with smart phones through SMS, e-mail. This new centralized system has been deployed in a plurality of Water Power Stations and Wind Power Stations. Recently several strong earthquake events have verified the main characteristics and reliability of this system.

Field of study: Engineering
The efficacy of mexidol in carotid endarterectomy procedure in patients with cerebral atherosclerotic stenosis

To determine the antihypoxic efficacy of mexidol in carotid endarterectomy (CE) procedure in patients with cerebral atherosclerotic stenosis using cerebral oximetry.  Clinical/psycho/neurological monitoring was performed in 109 patients with internal carotid artery stenosis of 69±7.0% and neurological symptoms of cerebral ischemia, 2-3 degree, in pre- and postoperative periods. Cerebral oximetry was carried out perioperatively. Fifty-four patients were treated with mexidol in a dose of 1000 mg/day for 14-15 days and 55 patients did not received mexidol.  The difference in initial brain oxygenation (rSO2) between the main and comparison groups was shown (60.8±5.0 and 47.29±5.5%, respectively). During operation, the degree of blood oxygenation in these groups decreased by 57% and 41%, respectively. On day 7, sinificant differences in the Schulte test in two groups of patients with similar neurological status were found considering efficiency of work and mental stability before and after operation. No differences were found in the comparison group. Mexidol used for antihypoxic brain protection in carotid endarterectomy of patients with cerebral atherosclerotic stenosis significantly reduces the degree of cerebral hypoxia, decreases the duration of surgery, improves neurological status of patients and performance of psychological tests in postoperative period.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Threshold Velocities and Initial Particle Motion as Influenced by Air Turbulence

S particles move in response to the dynamic forces generated by fluid flow. A wind strong enough to produce soil-particle movement is always turbulent (Chepil and Woodruff, 1963). Sutherland (1966) has stated that grains cannot be lifted from the bed in water without the presence of turbulent fluctuations adjacent to and directed toward the bed. Although it has been recognized that velocity and pressure fluctuations influence threshold or critical values of drag or of velocity for initiating sand or soil movement, quantitative information is limited. Kalinske (1943) has suggested that the local longitudinal-turbulence intensity, <ru/uz, is about 33 percent near the bed. Assuming a normal distribution of velocity fluctuations, instantaneous velocities would be twice the mean, and momentary values of drag would be four times the mean. Earlier, White (1940) had made a similar observation.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Underwater optical communication performance for laser beam propagation through weak oceanic turbulence.

In clean ocean water, the performance of a underwater optical communication system is limited mainly by oceanic turbulence, which is defined as the fluctuations in the index of refraction resulting from temperature and salinity fluctuations. In this paper, using the refractive index spectrum of oceanic turbulence under weak turbulence conditions, we carry out, for a horizontally propagating plane wave and spherical wave, analysis of the aperture-averaged scintillation index, the associated probability of fade, mean signal-to-noise ratio, and mean bit error rate. Our theoretical results show that for various values of the rate of dissipation of mean squared temperature and the temperature-salinity balance parameter, the large-aperture receiver leads to a remarkable decrease of scintillation and consequently a significant improvement on the system performance. Such an effect is more noticeable in the plane wave case than in the spherical wave case.

Field of study: Physics
Deep supercooling enabled by surface impregnation with lipophilic substances explains the survival of overwintering buds at extreme freezing

The frost survival mechanism of vegetative buds of angiosperms was suggested to be extracellular freezing causing dehydration, elevated osmotic potential to prevent freezing. However, extreme dehydration would be needed to avoid freezing at the temperatures down to −45°C encountered by many trees. Buds of Alnus alnobetula, in common with other frost hardy angiosperms, excrete a lipophilic substance, whose functional role remains unclear. Freezing of buds was studied by infrared thermography, psychrometry, and cryomicroscopy. Buds of A. alnobetula did not survive by extracellular ice tolerance but by deep supercooling, down to −45°C. An internal ice barrier prevented ice penetration from the frozen stem into the bud. Cryomicroscopy revealed a new freezing mechanism. Until now, supercooled buds lost water towards ice masses that form in the subtending stem and/or bud scales. In A. alnobetula, ice forms harmlessly inside the bud between the supercooled leaves. This would immediately trigger intracellular freezing and kill the supercooled bud in other species. In A. alnobetula, lipophilic substances (triterpenoids and flavonoid aglycones) impregnate the surface of bud leaves. These prevent extrinsic ice nucleation so allowing supercooling. This suggests a means to protect forestry and agricultural crops from extrinsic ice nucleation allowing transient supercooling during night frosts.

Field of study: Environmental science
Legal aspects of clinical autonomy.

Clinical autonomy has become a subject of discussion and revision because of a number of developments. In hospitals, doctors are ceasing to function as independent entrepreneurs and see their autonomy curtailed by organizational constraints and imperatives. More important however is the growing interference of public authorities who seek to promote equity and social justice within a framework of scarce resources. Professional standards are also a force which is limiting clinical freedom. Finally, the autonomy of physicians is revisited, because of the growing assertiveness of patients, who want to participate in the decisions regarding their own medical care.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Inflation and the Destruction of Democracy: The Case of the Weimar Republic

The hypothesis of this article is that the great German inflation of 1919-1923 was an important cause of the destruction of democracy in the Weimar Republic and of the development of totalitarian government which culminated in Hitler's Third Reich. Concerning this inflation, Lionel Robbins wrote (in 1937) as follows: "It was the most colossal thing of its kind in history: and, next probably to the Great War itself, it must bear responsibility for many of the political and economic difficulties of our generation. It destroyed the wealth of the more solid elements in German society; and it left behind a moral and economic disequilibrium, apt breeding ground for the disasters which have followed. Hitler is the foster-child of the inflation."' Robbins emphasized the need to study the great German inflation not only to understand the tragic events of the past, but also to learn how to avoid their future recurrence. The historical method will be used to identify and to explicate the sequence of cause-and-effect relationships that began with the inflation and ended with the destruction of German democracy.2

Field of study: Economics
An Evaluation of the Draft Final Act of the Uraguay Round

This paper presents an evaluation of the proposed Draft Final Act (DFA) of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, using the computable general equilibrium model used in Nguyen, Perroni and Wigle (i 9Ib). Section II gives a very brief overview of the DFA and the following sections explain how we represent the agreement in our model. Section V then describes the estimated impacts of the DFA, with some discussion of the various components of the deal in Section VI. Finally, we give some concluding remarks. Our earlier analysis looked at a more ambitious conclusion of the Uruguay Round where agricultural liberalisation and textiles liberalisation were more complete. In that study, we found that the 'Comprehensive' Uruguay Round agreement generated wide-spread gains to industrial countries, as well as middle and low-income countries. We also found that the gains were largest for the two parties for whom the Round seems most contentious (the US and EC). Our analysis of a Uruguay Round agreement based on the DFA suggests a similar conclusion, although changes since our earlier paper (market opening in the economies in transition in particular) have meant that the gains to Eastern Europe are likely to be significantly greater than before. The gains to the US are still significant, although much smaller than from the 'Comprehensive' agreement studied earlier, and world-wide gains are in the same order of magnitude at over $200 billion. Some discussion of our results follows in Section V.

Field of study: Economics
Cost of scaling up mental healthcare in low-and middle-income countries

No systematic attempt has been made to calculate the costs of scaling up mental health services in low-and middle-income countries.  To estimate the expenditures needed to scale up the delivery of an essential mental healthcare package over a 10-year period (2006–2015).  A core package was defined, comprising pharmacological and/or psychosocial treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression and hazardous alcohol use. Current service levels in 12 selected low-and middle-income countries were established using the WHO–AIMS assessment tool. Target-level resource needs were derived from published need assessments and economic evaluations.  The cost per capita of providing the core package attarget coverage levels (in US dollars) ranged from $1.85 to $2.60 per year in low-income countries and $3.20 to $6.25 per year in lower-middle-income countries, an additional annual investment of $0.18–0.55 per capita.  Although significant new resources need to be invested, the absolute amount is not large when considered at the population level and against other health investment strategies.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Internet of things-based real-time model study on e-healthcare: Device, message service and dew computing

Real-timeliness is the key aspect for the growing perspective of Internet of Things (IoT). IoT being a heterogenous and highly distributed framework requires instantaneous adoption of collateral attributes. Due to the lack of service-oriented manifestation of timely signaling, may hinder back the IoT's envisaged speculation. This paper investigates three possible solutions where IoT can be benefited with real-time affect that includes (i) multi-tasking of popular micro-processing modules, (ii) sensor-generated IoT stream processing in cloud-centric medium and (iii) dew computing-based context-aware local computing. The objective of this article is to provide an in-depth analysis and validation of real-time scheduling in resource constrained hardware platforms through real-time message passing in presence of a cloud facilitator with a real-time context. A novel dew computing architecture is hereby introduced and proposed to foresee as an enabler of the context-aware service framework in purely real-time fashion. The promising outcomes validated the proposed frameworks when compared to existing alternatives in terms of efficiency, responsiveness and appropriateness. All the three studies are concentrated to envisage the possible impact on the IoT e-healthcare as a model study. The discussion section presents an overall analysis of the three deployed experiments to find their pros and cons.

Field of study: Computer science
Optomechanical design of a portable compact bidirectional texture function measurement instrument.

Recent developments in optoelectronics and material processing techniques make it possible to design and produce a portable and compact measurement instrument for bidirectional texture function (BTF). Parallelized optics, on-board data processing, rapid prototyping, and other nonconventional production techniques and materials were the key to building an instrument capable of in situ measurements with fast data acquisition. We designed, built, and tested a prototype of a unique portable and compact multi-camera system for BTF measurement which is capable of in situ measurement of temporally unstable samples. In this paper, we present its optomechanical design.

Field of study: Physics
Zur Isotopieverschiebung und zum Termschema des Samariumatoms (Sm I)

ZusammenfassungEs wurde die Isotopieverschiebung von etwa 80 Samarium I-Linien im Spektralgebiet 5000–7200 Å gemessen. Die Linien lassen sich nach Größe und Vorzeichen der Verschiebung in mehrere Gruppen einteilen. Dadurch wird die vonAlbertson angegebene Einordnung in ein Termschema fast vollständig bestätigt, 4 Terme wurden neu hinzugefügt. Darüber hinaus war es möglich, die ungeraden Terme auf Grund ihrer Isotopieverschiebung zu Multipletten zusammenzufassen und die zugehörigen Elektronenkonfigurationen anzugeben.

Field of study: Physics
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION FOR LAMINATED PIEZOELECTRIC PLATES WITH CLAMPED EDGES

Firstly, the non-homogeneous state equation of piezoelectric materials was derived simply from H-R(Hellinger-Reissner) mixed variational principle in this paper.And then, non-homogeneous state equation for the laminated piezoelectric plates with clamped edges was established by assuming boundary stress function.Finally the non-homogeneous state equation was transformed into the homogeneous state equation by employing the dimensional expanding method.This homogeneous equation algorithm is not only benefit to programming and the numerical stability, but also the inverse matrix calculation is avoided, thus the computing efficiency is improved greatly.Numerical example shows that the method presented in this paper is correct.

Field of study: Engineering