nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
[The pathogenic spectrum of hand, foot and mouth disease and molecular characterizations of human enterovirus 71 in Inner Mongolia autonomous region in 2010].

To study the pathogenic spectrum of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and the molecular characterizations of human enteroviruses 71 (HEV71) isolated from the clinical specimens of HFMD patients in Inner Mongolia in 2010. A total of 921 clinical specimens including stools and throat swabs were collected from HFMD patients in outpatient service in Inner Mongolia and then viral isolation was performed, the positive viral isolates were identified by using the real-time PCR method (detecting EV, HEV71 and CVA16 in a single tube), and VP4 and VP1 coding region amplification and sequencing was performed with the viral isolates that were identified as non-HEV71, non-CVA16 HEVs. A total of 153 viruses were isolated form 921 clinical specimens, the positive rate was 16.61%, of which 61 (39.87%) were HEV71, 82 (53.59%) were CVA16, 7 (6.53%) were other HEVs(6 were CVB4 and 1 was polio vaccine virus type II) and 3 (1.96%) were adenoviruses. Nine viruses were isolated from severe cases, of which 6 were HEV71 and 3 were CVA16. Thirty two HEV71 isolates were selected from the patients presenting mild symptoms and the patients presenting severe symptoms randomly, and the VP1 coding regions of represented HEV71 isolates were amplified and sequenced. Finally the phylogenetic tree was constructed among the VP1 coding regions of the different genotypes and subgenotypes of HEV71 strains. The nucleotide acid and amino acid of 32 represented HEV71 strains in Inner Mongolia were closed to HEV71 strains isolated from mainland China since 2007, especially from Beijing in 2008, and it showed that all HEV71 strains clustered within the C4a evolution branch of C4 subgenotype. There was slight difference in the nucleotide and the amino acid sequence in VP1 region among the 32 Inner Mongolia HEV71 strains, the identity were 96.4%-100% and 98.14%-100%, respectively, and there was a little difference in the nucleotide acid sequence between the HEV71 strains from Inner Mongolia in 2010 and in 2007, the identity was from 96.95% to 97.87%. Thirty two HEV71 strains were in different lineages in the phylogenetic tree, and it indicated that these strains belonged to many different viral transmission chains. HEV71 and CVA16 were the main pathogens of HFMD in Inner Mongolia in 2010 and most severe cases were caused by HEV71. All the HEV71 strains circulated in Inner Mongolia belonged to C4a evolution branch within C4 subgenotype. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 2010 Inner Mongolia HEV71 strains were located in different lineages, and had more nucleotide identity with 2008 Beijing HEV71 strains than with 2007 Inner Mongolia HEV71 strains. This indicated that Inner Mongolia HEV71 strains had not evolved independently, but co-evolved with the HEV71 strains in other provinces in mainland China.

Field of study: Biology
Design of specific peptide inhibitors of phospholipase A2: structure of a complex formed between Russell's viper phospholipase A2 and a designed peptide Leu-Ala-Ile-Tyr-Ser (LAIYS).

Phospholipase A(2) (EC 3.1.1.4) is a key enzyme of the cascade mechanism involved in the production of proinflammatory compounds known as eicosanoids. The binding of phospholipase A(2) to membrane surfaces and the hydrolysis of phospholipids are thought to involve the formation of a hydrophobic channel into which a single substrate molecule diffuses before cleavage. In order to regulate the production of proinflammatory compounds, a specific peptide inhibitor of PLA(2), Leu-Ala-Ile-Tyr-Ser, has been designed. Phospholipase A(2) from Daboia russelli pulchella (DPLA(2)) and peptide Leu-Ala-Ile-Tyr-Ser (LAIYS) have been co-crystallized. The structure of the complex has been determined and refined to 2.0 A resolution. The structure contains two crystallographically independent molecules of DPLA(2), with one molecule of peptide specifically bound to one of them. The overall conformations of the two molecules are essentially similar except in three regions; namely, the calcium-binding loop including Trp31 (residues 25-34), the beta-wing consisting of two antiparallel beta-strands (residues 74-85) and the C-terminal region (residues 119-133). Of these, the most striking difference pertains to the orientation of Trp31 in the two molecules. The conformation of Trp31 in molecule A was suitable to allow the binding of peptide LAIYS, while that in molecule B prevented the entry of the ligand into the hydrophobic channel. The structure of the complex clearly showed that the OH group of Tyr of the inhibitor formed hydrogen bonds with both His48 N(delta1) and Asp49 O(delta1), while O(gamma)H of Ser was involved in a hydrogen bond with Trp31. Other peptide backbone atoms interact with protein through water molecules, while Leu, Ala and Ile form strong hydrophobic interactions with the residues of the hydrophobic channel.

Field of study: Chemistry
Design and Implementation of Highway Communication Middleware

Proposes an idea of communication middleware based on the dynamic routing algorithm,and gives the concrete technological measures and implementation ways of it.The communication middleware realizes a host of functions,multi-protocol adapter,automatic routing,message forwarding and peer-to-peer network,especially in the complex topological network under the conditions of good adapative capacity of the net.Compares with the static routing management of traditional middleware,the dynamic routing capacities of this middleware enables it to possess greater flexibility and adapatability.In some areas of complicated Web systems and big software systems,the middleware has a good prospect and huge market value.

Field of study: Computer science
Analytical and numerical solutions of a multi-term time-fractional Burgers' fluid model

In this paper, we consider a multi-term time-fractional Burgers’ fluid model (MT-TFBFM). The analytical solution of MT-TFBFM is obtained by the method of separation of variables. We present a unified numerical scheme by virtue of the weighted shifted Grunwald difference (WSGD) scheme in time and Legendre spectral method in space. Especially, the corrected weighted shifted Grunwald difference (CWSGD) scheme is utilized to improve the convergence accuracy. Three examples are given to illustrate the stability, accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed numerical scheme.

Field of study: Mathematics
Efficient matrix-vector products for large-scale nuclear Shell-Model calculations

A method to accelerate the matrix-vector products of j-scheme nuclear Shell-Model Configuration Interaction (SMCI) calculations is presented. The method takes advantage of the matrix product form of the j-scheme proton-neutron Hamiltonian matrix. It is shown that the method can speed up unrestricted large-scale pf-shell calculations by up to two orders of magnitude compared to previously existing related j-scheme method. The new method allows unrestricted SMCI calculations up to j-scheme dimension 10^10 to be made in more complex model spaces.

Field of study: Physics
Toughening of Polycarbonate with Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials

Polycarbonate (PC) was modified with organic-inorganic nanostructured acrylate polymer and its tensile and impact properties were studied. The PC alloys exhibited higher flexibility than pure PC and the tensile strength hardly decreased with the addition of the modifiers. The SEM results indicated that the inorganic particles and the acrylic ester polymer were all dispersed in the PC matrix forming a co-continuous phase.

Field of study: Materials science
Sorption of non-polar organic compounds by micro-sized plastic particles in aqueous solution.

The presence of microscale polymer particles (i.e., microplastics) in the environment has become a major concern in recent years. Sorption of organic compounds by microplastics may affect the phase distribution within both sediments and aqueous phases. To investigate this process, isotherms were determined for the sorption of seven aliphatic and aromatic organic probe sorbates by four polymers with different physico-chemical properties. Sorption increased in the order polyamide < polyethylene < polyvinylchloride < polystyrene. This order does not reflect the particle sizes of the investigated microplastics within the aqueous dispersions, indicating the influence of additional factors (e.g., π-π-interactions) on the sorption of aromatic compounds by polystyrene. Linear isotherms by polyethylene suggested that sorbate uptake was due to absorption into the bulk polymer. In contrast, non-linear isotherms for sorption by PS, PA, and PVC suggest a predominance of adsorption onto the polymer surface, which is supported by the best fit of these isotherms using the Polanyi-Manes model. A strong relationship between the sorption coefficients of the microplastics and the hydrophobicity of the sorbates suggests that hydrophobic interactions are of major importance.

Field of study: Environmental science
Response to letter from Dr Charles Edmonds Re: Apical potassium (BK) channels and enhanced potassium secretion in human colon

ARTICLE

Sir,

We should like to thank Dr Edmonds for his interest in our recent review.1 Healthy individuals do indeed have modest losses of K+ in faecal fluid (∼9 mmol/day, which is ∼10% of the dietary intake, the remainder being lost in the urine2) and their colonic capacity for K+ secretion is relatively  We also appreciate the importance of increased colonic K+ secretion in situations where dietary Na+ intake is restricted or the body is threatened by …

Field of study: Medicine
A Spectacular Celebration of the Assumption in Siena

This essay addresses the significance of the Assumption of the Virgin fresco in the Baptistery of Siena and the existence of an adjacent tunnel that connects the Baptistery to the Cathedral above. The traditional celebration of the Assumption of the Virgin in Siena is described; previously unpublished documents stating that a play of the Assumption was performed add new details to the picture. Other contemporary Sienese religious dramas, some little-known to modern scholars, are discussed to illustrate what the play of the Assumption could have entailed. It is proposed that the tunnel, or trapdoor, was used to conceal ropes that raised an effigy of the Assunta during the feast-day Mass.

Field of study: History
Facile Large‐Scale Synthesis of 5‐ and 6‐Carboxyfluoresceins: Application for the Preparation of New Fluorescent Dyes

A series of fluorescein dyes have been prepared from a common precursor through a very simple synthetic procedure, giving access to important precursors for fluorescent probes. The method has proven an efficient access to regioisomerically pure 5- and 6-carboxyfluoresceins on a large scale, in good yields, and with high regioisomeric purity. Furthermore, we have applied the method to the development of a new type of mixed fluorescein derivatives of 5-carboxyfluorescein. We have demonstrated the scope of the procedure by synthesizing a new type of double chromophore within the fluoro-Jade family.

Field of study: Chemistry
Pressure-strain correlations in curved wall boundary layers

Pressure-strain correlations represent a redistribution of turbulence energy in shear flows and, therefore, are often included in modeling as some part of production and dissipation of Reynolds stress. It is then of interest to establish what portion of the energy spectrum contributes to pressure-stra in correlations. Considering wall- bounded flows, the correlations have been determined, utilizing the large-eddy interaction model (LEIM), for the cases of boundary-layer flows past convex, concave, and flat walls, the latter also in a case where the flat wall follows a convex wall. The LEIM also provides a means of determining the contribution from different parts of turbulence spectra to the correlations in different regions across the boundary layer. RESSURE-STRAIN correlations present a problem in closure of describing equations for turbulent flows. Several models have been suggested in the literature.1"7 Measurement is not entirely trustworthy in the body of flows. Corrsin and Kollman8 had made an important and successful attempt at evolving a method of obtaining pressure-strain correlations by computational experimenta- tion and demonstrated the applicability of the method in the case of uniform shear flow. In a discussion of Ref. 8, Brad- shaw raised an interesting question concerning pressure- strain correlations, namely, what portion of the energy spec- trum contributes to the pressure-strain correlations that is represented in modeling as some part of production and dissipation of Reynolds stresses. The large-eddy interaction model (LEIM)9 n provides a framework for the determination of the contribution by a wavenumber range of spectra to various turbulence-related quantities including the pressure-strain correlations. Within that framework the pressure-strain correlations are expressed in terms of large-eddy spectra that are obtained by solving dynamical equations for large eddies. The equations describe interactions of large eddies with mean flow and all of the ed- dies in the mixed (x,k) space where x space corresponds to coordinate(s) containing inhomogeneity of turbulence and k is the wavenumber space. The LEIM thus not only permits a determination of the contribution of different parts of the turbulence spectrum to any chosen turbulence process parameter, but also provides a means of testing the validity of any model that may be developed for the parameter under consideration. When an incompressibl e, wall boundary layer is subjected to an additional strain such as curvature, there arises a special opportunity (based also on practical needs) for establishing and explaining the changes in the relative con- tribution of different parts of the spectrum to pressure-strain correlations compared to the flat-plate case and for deter- mining the applicability and implications of current models. Thus, it can be shown that for different types of curvatures

Field of study: Physics
Networking technologies enable advances in Earth Science

This paper describes an experiment to prototype a new way of conducting science by applying networking and distributed computing technologies to an Earth Science application. A combination of satellite, wireless, and terrestrial networking provided geologists at a remote field site with interactive access to supercomputer facilities at two NASA centers, thus enabling them to validate and calibrate remotely sensed geological data in near real time. This represents a fundamental shift in the way that Earth scientists analyze remotely sensed data. In this paper we describe the experiment and the network infrastructure that enabled it, analyze the data flow during the experiment, and discuss the scientific impact of the results.

Field of study: Computer science
The Tenuous Grasp: Possession and Loss in the Marketplace

Generally speaking, markets serve as provisioning mechanisms, facilitating the supply of goods and services to customers. Extensive supply chains with specialist intermediaries create a flow of diverse items to consumers. However, market institutions can also serve as a de-provisioning technology, taking things away from customers. That is, markets can work in reverse. One example is the repossession of a vehicle. The process is often detrimental to low income and minority individuals.

Field of study: Economics
The molecular basis of renal amyloidosis in Irish-American and Polish-Canadian kindreds.

Hereditary amyloidosis of an unusual form has been reported in two separate kindreds; one was Polish-Canadian and the other was Irish-American ( 1975; 59:121 and ). In both kindreds, affected members developed hypertension and nephrotic syndrome due to amyloidosis in their forties or fifties, but the genetic background responsible for the condition has been left undetermined. To identify the genetic defect in these kindreds, a portion of exon 5 of the fibrinogen alpha-chain gene in members of these kindreds was examined for a mutation by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis and direct DNA sequencing. DNA analyses revealed an A-->T transversion at the second base of codon 526 of the fibrinogen alpha-chain gene in both of these kindreds. Analysis of DNA polymorphisms in the fibrinogen alpha-chain gene locus (TCTT repeat in intron 3, Rsal site in exon 5, and Taql site in the 3' flanking region of the gene) showed the haplotype B5-Rsal(+)-Taql(-) for the Val 526 mutant gene in both kindreds studied here, as well as in two kindreds previously described (). The fibrinogen alpha-chain gene mutation (Val 526) is the genetic defect responsible for hereditary renal amyloidosis in these two kindreds, and the mutant genes in the Val 526 kindreds may have been derived from a single founder.

Field of study: Medicine
Parental Attitudes Toward the Inclusion of Children With Profound Intellectual and Multiple Disabilities in General Primary Education in the Netherlands

Despite the growing introduction of inclusive education, children with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD) are barely included. Because an underlying factor here may be the attitudes of those directly involved, the present study focuses on the attitude of parents and relating variables concerning experience with individuals with disabilities. A self-report questionnaire was completed by 190 parents of children attending general primary schools in the north of the Netherlands. Although parents showed an overall positive attitude, they were most negative about the inclusion of children with PIMD. In addition, no “experience with individuals with disabilities” was slightly negatively associated with the parents’ attitudes. To overcome barriers of the inclusion of children with PIMD, such as negative parental attitudes, the outcomes of the present study are discussed in the light of possible interventions.

Field of study: Education
Numerical analysis of laminar film-wise condensation

A numerical method is presented for the analysis of laminar film-wise condensation of vapour flowing downwards on a horizontal tube. The governing equations of condensate flow include the pressure gradient, inertia and convective terms in addition to gravity and viscous terms. The effect of vapour shear on condensation is determined by simultaneous computation of the condensate and vapour flow fields using compatible interfacial conditions. Results obtained from the analysis are given in diagrams and compared with the results given in literature.

Field of study: Engineering
Paleomagnetism and tectonics from the late Pliocene to late Pleistocene in the Xalapa monogenetic volcanic field, Veracruz, Mexico

The Xalapa monogenetic volcanic field, Veracruz, Mexico is located at the eastern end of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. This study uses 196 specimens collected from 20 sampling sites in, 0.8 ka to 5.96 ± 0.156 Ma, Xalapa lavas and 34 specimens from 3 sampling sites in, 4.5 ± 0.028Ma, La Concha Ignimbrite. For the lavas, the study (1) identifies the magnetic mineralogy by reflected light microscopy, thermomagnetic curves and UnMix curves; and (2) defines the magnetic domain size distribution by hysteresis plots, day diagrams, and First Order Reversal Curves. For the basalts and the ignimbrite:(1) characteristic remanent directions and virtual geomagnetic poles are calculated; (2) paleosecular variation is defined, which is coherent with the expected values; (3) net rotation experienced, at each site, since the emplacement is calculated. The results are used to improve some of the already published radiometric dates. Calculation of net rotation allowed the identification of the rotation domains, active since past ~2.5 Ma, due to a major system previously proposed by other authors in the region. This, in-turn, supports the identification of new strikeslip faults system, in the previously known normal faults. The study establishes a relationship between the translational fault systems and the distribution of volcanoes. Finally, a caution is raised for the future studies and the importance of analyzing the site-specific paleomagnetic information with respect to the local geological setting is emphasized.

Field of study: Geology
Direct nano-scale patterning of Ag films using hard X-ray induced oxidation.

The morphological change of silver nano-particles (AgNPs) exposed to an intense synchrotron X-ray beam was investigated for the purpose of direct nano-scale patterning of metal thin films. AgNPs irradiated by hard X-rays in oxygen ambient were oxidized and migrated out of the illuminated region. The observed X-ray induced oxidation was utilized to fabricate nano-scale metal line patterns using sectioned WSi2/Si multilayers as masks. Lines with a width as small as 21 nm were successfully fabricated on Ag films on silicon nitride. Au/Ag nano-lines were also fabricated using the proposed method.

Field of study: Physics
Determination of New Type of 4 Bactericids Used for Control of Oomycete Diseases Residues in Fruits and Vegetables by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry

A method was developed for the determination of ethaboxam,benthivalicarb-isopropyl,fluopicolide and mandipropamid in fruits and vegetables.The analytes were extracted from the samples by acetonitrile,and purified by dispersion solid phase extraction using ODS C18-N and PSA as solidphase,and then analyzed by LC/MS/MS with multiple reaction monitoring(MRM).The interference of matrix was reduced by the matrix-matched calibration standards curve.The linear range was from 1 μ /L to 100 μ /L for ethaboxam,fluopicolide,from 0.5 μ/L to 50 μ g/L for benthivalicarb-isopropyl,mandipropamid(r≥0.9994).The fortified recoveries were from 80.9% to 101.3% with relative standard deviations(RSD) lass than 6.3%.The limits of quantification were 0.53 μ g/kg to 1.3 μ g/kg and the limit of detection were 0.16 to 0.40 μ g/kg.

Field of study: Chemistry
A Comparison of Skinfold Measures Versus Infrared Interactance as Measures of Body Composition in Hemodialysis Patients

Compare the use of skinfold measures (SFM) and infrared interactance (IRI) measurements to determine percent body fat (% BF) in a stable adult hemodialysis (HD) population. Determine if IRI was statistically comparable to the widely accepted anthropometric measurer (SFM) of body composition.  Nonrandomized screening by established criteria; voluntary participation.  Six free-standing, outpatient dialysis clinics.  One hundred nineteen stable adult HD patients (64 men and 55 women age 18 to 86 years) including 8 blacks, 21 Native Americans, 10 Hispanics, and 80 Caucasians.  Each subject was measured once for % BF by SFM and IRI after a regularly scheduled HD treatment per established protocol.  Comparison of SFM as criterion standard with IRI.  Correlation of r = 0.734 ( P  Because the validity of IRI in the healthy population is still under investigation, further research is indicated before IRI is considered to be a useful tool for HD patients.

Field of study: Medicine