nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Detuning-dependent narrowing of Mollow triplet lines of driven quantum dots

We study the two-time correlation function and the resonance fluorescence spectrum of a semiconductor quantum dot excited by a strong off-resonant laser pulse. The obtained analytical expressions exhibit a specific detuning-dependent damping of Rabi oscillations of the dressed quantum dot as well as a detuning-dependent width of Mollow-triplet lines. In the absence of pure dephasing, the central peak of the triplet is broadened, upon increasing detuning, but the blue and red side peaks are narrowed. We demonstrate that pure dephasing processes can invert these dependences. A crossover between the regimes of detuning-dependent narrowing and broadening of the side and central peaks is identified. The predicted effects are consistent with resent experimental results and numerical calculations.

Field of study: Physics
The practice and study of building course program of quality education of physical education of unifying humanist and science

Domestic higher physical education usually lays particular stress on professional physical education mans, paying attention to teaching sports skills and knowledge,and ignoring humanism education.Jilin physical education college puts forward education ideal of "Moral good and erudition,Education and hold the belt", and building course program of quality education of physical education of unifying humanist and science. The practice proves that it is more important for bringing up physical education mans with unifying humanism and scientific spirit.

Field of study: Education
Highly photoluminescent ZnSe/ZnS quantum dots

ZnSe quantum dots have been synthesized using a simple aqueous route. Coating ZnSe quantum dots with a ZnS monolayer, yields a remarkable enhancement in the PL quantum efficiency at room temperature without affecting the spectral distribution. The results suggest that passivation of surface states, along with an increased localization of the hole in core ZnSe layer, gives rise to high luminescence quantum yield.

Field of study: Materials science
A new deep convolutional neural network design with efficient learning capability: Application to CT image synthesis from MRI.

Despite the proven utility of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in radiation therapy, MRI-guided radiation treatment planning is limited by the fact that MRI does not directly provide the electron density map required for absorbed dose calculation. In this work, a new deep convolutional neural network model with efficient learning capability, suitable for applications where the number of training subjects is limited, is proposed to generate accurate synthetic CT (sCT) images from MRI.



This efficient convolutional neural network (eCNN) is built upon a combination of the SegNet architecture (a 13-layer encoder-decoder structure similar to the U-Net network) without softmax layers and the residual network. Moreover, maxpooling indices and high resolution features from the encoding network were incorporated into the corresponding decoding layers. A dataset containing 15 co-registered MRI-CT pairs of male pelvis (1861 two-dimensional images) were used for training and evaluation of MRI to CT synthesis process using a five-fold cross-validation scheme. The performance of the eCNN model was compared to an atlas-based sCT generation technique as well as the original U-Net model considering CT images as reference. The mean error (ME), mean absolute error (MAE), Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC), structural similarity index (SSIM) and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) metrics were calculated between sCT and ground truth CT images.



The eCNN model exhibited effective learning capability using only 12 training subjects. The model achieved a ME and MAE of 2.8±10.3 and 30.0±10.4 HU, respectively, which is substantially lower than values achieved by the atlas-based (-0.8±35.4 and 64.6±21.2) and U-Net (7.4±11.9 and 44.0±8.8) methods, respectively.



The proposed eCNN model exhibited efficient convergence rate with a low number of training subjects, while providing accurate synthetic CT images. The eCNN model outperformed the original U-Net model and showed superior performance to the atlas-based technique.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
First Regioselective C‐2 Lithiation of 3‐ and 4‐Chloropyridines

We have shown that the BuLi/LiDMAE reagent promotes the clean and regioselective C2 lithiation of 3- and 4-chloropyridines, while other reagents such as LDA or BuLi/TMEDA lead to classical ortho lithiation products or mixtures of regioisomers. The method was successfully applied to the preparation of various reactive 2,3- and 2,4-disubstituted pyridines.

Field of study: Chemistry
Disease, Resistance, and Lies: The Demise of the Transatlantic Slave Trade to Brazil and Cuba by Dale T. Graden (review)

A creative soul, Zúñiga evidenced a desire to attain “freedom to be himself” that runs through the narrative. Although Zúñiga’s father fueled his son’s love of painting in some sense by introducing the family to the wonderful world of radio and the movies, he nonetheless insisted that Zúñiga find conventional work as a tailor or in electronics repair. After all, the family, originally from Oaxaca and of Zapotec heritage, was of modest means. Still, in 1958 Zúñiga enrolled in a drawing class at the La Esmeralda painting school, which was founded in 1942 by Diego Rivera, Frida Kahlo, and others. There, a new world of art and friendships opened for the young artist. Once he entered the school full time in 1962, Zúñiga rethought aspects of his identity, and at this point his painting produced “a more intense sensation of being alive” (p. 168).

Field of study: History
KINETICS OF p-XYLENE LIQUID PHASE CATALYTIC OXIDATION(II) TEMPERATURE EFFECT

p -Xylene liquid phase oxidation at different temperatures of 186-197 ℃ was carried out to investigate the temperature effect. The kinetics model developed in Part(Ⅰ) was used to fit the data.The rate constants obtained can be well represented by the Arrhenius relationship.The obtained activation energy of different reaction steps ranged from 54 kJ·mol -1 to 93 kJ·mol -1 , among them the activation energy of p -toluic acid to 4-carboxybenzaldehyde step was the highest (92.8 kJ·mol -1 ) and that of 4-carboxybenzaldehyde to terephthalic acid step was the second(84.9 kJ·mol -1 ).They are remarkably higher than the values of the other steps (54.94-67.53 kJ·mol -1 ). This fact showed that oxidation of the second methyl group of p -xylene was more sensitive to the temperature variation than the first one.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Measures to Calculate Semantic Similarity: A Survey

Semantic similarity is a metric used to measure extent of similarity of meaning between two concepts. The concepts can be two words, sentences, or paragraphs. It tries to find the distance between two concepts in the semantic space, lesser the distance greater the similarity. Semantic similarity techniques compute similarity between two concepts which are lexicographically different. The methods used to find semantic similarity between two words can be extended to find similarity between sentences, phrases, or paragraphs. Finding semantic similarity between two concepts has many practical applications. It plays increasingly important role in the fields of Natural Language Processing (NLP), Information Retrieval (IR), Text Mining, etc. Text similarity techniques can be effectively employed for tasks such as text summarization [14], text classification [15], redundancy removal, document retrieval [16], question generation, question answering [17], etc. Effectiveness of these tasks can be immensely improved if semantic similarity measures are used to determine text similarity. Semantic similarity, Text similarity, Corpus-based Methods, Knowledge-based Methods, Semantic Relatedness

Field of study: Engineering
Part II: Geological significance of the geophysical data

The use of geophysical methods for the solution of geological problems has been rapidly gaining favor during the past few years, largely due to the great success attained by those engaged in petroleum exploration. It is particularly fortunate that geophysics should have early commended itself to commercial concerns, for, otherwise, lack of funds might have hampered its progress. Geologists who are engaged in non-commercial investigations have appreciated the importance of this new tool but have been prevented from using it extensively because of the relatively great expense involved as well as the difficulty of securing properly trained men to collect the geophysical data. This paper is concerned with the geological interpretation of results obtained in a geophysical investigation of somewhat novel character, under the leadership of Maurice Ewing. It accompanies a paper by Ewing, Crary, and Rutherford, which should be read in conjunction with this article, in order properly . . .

Field of study: Geology
On Schwartz groups

We introduce a notion of a Schwartz group, which turns out to be coherent with the well known concept of a Schwartz topological vector space. We establish several basic properties of Schwartz groups and show that free topological Abelian groups, as well as free locally convex spaces, over hemicompact k-spaces are Schwartz groups. We also prove that every hemicompact k-space topological group, in particular the Pontryagin dual of a metrizable topological group, is a Schwartz group.

Field of study: Mathematics
Williamson's Barber

In Timothy Williamson's thought-provoking paper 'Everything' (2003) a variant of Russell's paradox is presented as a challenge for the defenders of absolute quantification, i.e. quantification over absolutely everything there is. Among those philosophers engaged in the debate on absolute quantification, two main reactions to the paradox may be identified: either one thinks that the paradox shows that absolute quantification is unten able, or that it merely shows that some underlying principle is faulty, and hence, that absolute quantification is tenable once this flaw  We argue, however, that both positions result from a misapprehension of the paradox, taking it too seriously. Instead, we claim that there is no paradox but merely a reductio of the claim that a definition succeeds. In fact, we find Williamson's argument more similar to the pseudo-paradox of the barber than to the paradox of Russell. Accordingly, rather than speaking of Williamson's paradox, we shall call it Williamson's argument. We first give a brief account of the argument as Williamson presents it. Some of the reactions found in the literature are then presented. Finally, we formalize the allegedly paradoxical argument to see where and why, pre cisely, it fails to be a paradox, and also what this entails for the reactions to the argument.

Field of study: Philosophy
Estimating the occupation probabilities of single-particle orbits in nuclei

Occupation probabilities of neutron and proton single-particle orbits are estimated for a number of spherical and close to spherical nuclei with 20 ≤ Z ≤ 50 and 20 ≤ N ≤ 82 near the Fermi energy. The estimates are made according to the formula of the BCS theory with single-particle energies calculated using the mean-field model with dispersive optical potential. The closeness of the occupation probabilities to 0 and 1 is demonstrated for nuclei with traditional and new magic numbers.

Field of study: Physics
Study on wiping off the glucose in the egg white by non-type Escherichia coli

It is necessary to remove glucose from egg white to prevent the Mailard reaction.The course of wiping off the glucose from the egg white by non-type Escherichia coli was studied in this paper.The DNS method was employed to determinate the content of glucose.Some parameters affecting the result of desugarization in the egg white including culture time,reaction time and different fermentation methods were optimized by response surface methodology(RSM) experiment.The result indicated that the glucose in the egg white could be reduced from 0.4%(the mass ratio) to 0.05% after six hours reaction of broth,where the ratio of the cultured bacteria and the egg white was 1∶10(v/v).This course could decrease the mailard reaction.The course can cross reference to production in industrialization.In addition,by comparing,it was founded that the desugarized albumin' maintained initial functional characteristics with better smell and fluidity were better than the raw albumin.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Energy, supramolecular chemistry, fullerenes, and the sky

The search for cleaner and more abundant sources of energy is one of the major scientific challenges of the 21st century. Owing to its privileged position as the central science, chemistry is bound to play a leading role in this quest. Within the search for new materials for organic photovoltaics, some of the work we have carried out concerning the supra-molecular chemistry of electron donor and acceptor molecules is presented.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Relationship between Self-Talk and Therapy Process Variables for Novice Therapists.

The purpose of this study was to examine the affect and focus of therapists' self-talk in relation to other therapy process variables, specifically their perceptions of their own helpfulness and their clients' negative reactions, after taking into consideration the perceived strength of the working alliance. Participants included 31 therapists-in-training who listened to an audiotape of a therapy session while completing a thought listing procedure and process measures. Results indicated that self-talk was related to perceptions of the therapy process such that when therapists thought negatively about themselves, they perceived themselves as less helpful and thought their clients were reacting more negatively. The results suggest the importance of both the awareness and management of therapists' self-talk in relation to their perceptions of themselves and their clients.

Field of study: Psychology
Efficient generation of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)‐neutralizing human MoAbs via human peripheral blood lymphocyte (hu‐PBL)‐SCID mice and scFv phage display libraries

RSV is one of the major causes of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants and young children and is associated with high mortality. RSV neutralizing human antibody (hu‐Ab) is known to mediate resistance to viral infection as well as to be an effective treatment for severe lower respiratory tract RSV infection. We have previously demonstrated that human primary and secondary immune responses can be established in severe combined immunodeficient mice engrafted with human peripheral blood lymphocytes (hu‐PBL‐SCID). By combining this animal model with the single‐chain Fv antibody (scFv) phage display library technique, we were able to investigate further its clinical potential by generating a panel of human scFvs that exhibit both high F glycoprotein (RSV‐F) binding affinities (∼108 M−1) and strong neutralizing activities against RSV infection in vitro. Sequencing analysis of the randomly isolated anti‐RSV‐F scFv clones revealed that they were derived from different VH families with mutations in the complementarity‐determining region 1 (CDR1). The results suggest that: (i) RSV‐F‐specific human immune responses and affinity maturation can be induced in hu‐PBL‐SCID mice; and (ii) this approach can be applied to generate large numbers of human scFvs with therapeutic potential. Despite the fact that hu‐PBL‐SCID mouse and human scFv phage display library have individually been established, our approach contributes a simple and significant step toward the generalization of antigen‐specific human monoclonal antibody (hu‐MoAb) production and their clinical applications.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Ant-nest ichnofossils in honeycomb calcretes, Neogene Ogallala Formation, High Plains region of western Kansas, U.S.A.

Two new ant-nest trace fossils are described from calcic sandy paleosols of the Neogene Ogallala Formation in western Kansas. The ichnofossils are preserved within and below calcrete beds weathering in positive relief as carbonate-filled casts or as cavities in negative relief. Daimoniobarax ichnogenus nov. is established for burrow systems composed of vertically tiered, horizontally oriented pancake-shaped chambers connected by predominantly vertical and cylindrical shafts ~ 0.8 cm in diameter. Ichnospecies of Daimoniobarax are differentiated based on differences in the plan view outline of chambers, shaft orientation, and junctions between chambers and shafts. Daimoniobarax nephroides ichnospecies nov. is composed of an ~ 24–76 cm long vertical sequence of distinctly lobed chambers (~ 2–20 cm wide and ~ 1 cm high) arranged along sinuous to helical shafts. Chamber shape in plan view ranges from small teardrops to larger kidney- and U-shaped forms. Shafts intersect at chamber edges such that chambers appear to bud from the central shafts. Daimoniobarax nephroides is most similar to the nests of extant seed-harvester ants of the New World genus Pogonomyrmex . Such ants are specialized granivores and prefer sandy soils in arid to semi-arid grassland and desert regions. Daimoniobarax tschinkeli ichnospecies nov. is ~ 30–80 cm in vertical extent. Chambers (~ 2–30 cm wide and ~ 1 cm high) are circular to elongate or pseudopodial in plan view. Vertical shafts are straight to slightly sinuous and intersect most often toward the center of the chambers. The generalized architecture of D. tschinkeli is similar to that of the nests or nest portions of several extant ant genera, though it does not closely resemble any known modern nest. Ant ichnofossils provide valuable information on hidden biodiversity, paleohydrologic regimes, paleopedogenic processes, and paleoclimate during the time of nest occupation. Depth-related changes in chamber size and vertical spacing may also help interpret paleosurfaces and paleodepths, and serve as geopetal features.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Whitening and Coloring Batch Transform for GANs

Batch Normalization (BN) is a common technique used to speed-up and stabilize training. On the other hand, the learnable parameters of BN are commonly used in conditional Generative Adversarial Networks (cGANs) for representing class-specific information using conditional Batch Normalization (cBN). In this paper we propose to generalize both BN and cBN using a Whitening and Coloring based batch normalization. We show that our conditional Coloring can represent categorical conditioning information which largely helps the cGAN qualitative results. Moreover, we show that full-feature whitening is important in a general GAN scenario in which the training process is known to be highly unstable. We test our approach on different datasets and using different GAN networks and training protocols, showing a consistent improvement in all the tested frameworks. Our CIFAR-10 conditioned results are higher than all previous works on this dataset.

Field of study: Computer science
Hypertonicity Stimulates Cl– Transport in the Intestine of Fresh Water Acclimated EEL, Anguilla Anguilla

Eel intestinal epithelium when bathed symmetrically with normal Ringer solution develops a net Cl– current (short circuit current, Isc) giving rise to a negative transepithelial potential (Vt) at the basolateral side of the epithelium, lower in fresh-water (FW)-acclimated animals with respect to sea-water (SW). The aim of the present work was to study the cell response to hypertonic stress of FW eel intestinal epithelium in relation to Cl– absorption. The hypertonicity of the external bathing solutions produced first a transient increase of Vt and Isc, then followed (after10-15min) by a gradual and sustained increase which reached the maximum value after 40-60 min. The morphometric analysis of the intestine revealed the shrinkage of the cells after 5 min hypertonicity exposure, and then a regulatory volume increase (RVI) response, which parallels the gradual and sustained increase in the electrophysiological parameters. This last phase is inhibited by drugs known to block Cl– absorption in eel intestine, such as luminal bumetanide (10 µM), specific inhibitor of Na+-K+-2Cl– cotransport, or basolateral NPPB (0.5 mM), dichloro-DPC (0.5 mM), inhibitors of basolateral Cl– conductance. Serosal dimethyl-amiloride (100 µM), specific inhibitor of the Na+/H+ antiport, was ineffective on the hyperosmotic response. Bicarbonate revealed a crucial role as a modulator of hypertonicity response, since in bicarbonate-free conditions or in the presence of serosal 0.25 mM SITS, blocker of HCO3– transport systems, the Isc response to hypertonicity was lost. In nominally Ca2+-free conditions the Isc response to hypertonicity was abolished. The same results were obtained by bilateral addition of 100 µM verapamil or 50 µM nifedipine or 1 mM lanthanum, known Ca2+ channel blockers, indicating that extracellular Ca2+ plays a key role for the activation of Cl– current in the response to hypertonic stress. The data show that in the eel intestinal epithelium the hypertonicity of the external medium affects cell volume which in turn might represent the signal to increase the rate of Cl– transport. This response is sustained by the activation of the luminal Na+-K+-2Cl– cotransporter and the functionality of basolateral Cl– channels.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
In vitro production of IgE by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. III. Demonstration of a circulating IgE-bearing cell involved in the spontaneous IgE biosynthesis.

The presence of surface membrane IgE (SmIgE)-bearing cells in the peripheral blood (PB) of atopic patients was investigated by the use of isotype-specific rosettes of human red blood cells coupled to immunosorbent-purified rabbit or monoclonal mouse antibodies against human IgE (R or M anti-epsilon-HRBC). After dissociation of cell bound IgE by treatment with acid buffer, 2.1 +/- 0.3% and 1.2 +/- 0.3% circulating non-T, non-phagocytic, cells from atopic patients were still capable of forming rosettes with R or M anti-epsilon-HRBC, respectively. IgE molecules detectable on cells after dissociation of cytophilic IgE were quite resistant, like surface membrane IgM (SmIgM), to treatment with proteolytic enzymes, but they were removed under capping conditions by soluble anti-IgE antisera. All SmIgE-bearing (IgE+) cells also bore DR determinants, but many of them lacked SmIgM. Depletion of IgE+ cells strongly reduced the ability of PB lymphocyte suspensions from atopic patients to produce spontaneously IgE protein in vitro. Likewise, depletion of cells bearing DR determinants (DR+ cells) resulted in a marked decrease of the spontaneous IgE biosynthesis, whereas depletion of SmIgM-bearing (IgM+) cells had no effect. These data suggest that cells mainly implicated in the spontaneous IgE production in vitro seen in atopic patients are DR+ IgE+ IgM- circulating lymphocytes.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
On the unfolding of the neutron structure functions from the deuteron data

A new method for the extraction of the neutron structure functions from the combined data on the deep inelastic lepton scattering off proton and deuteron targets is proposed. The principal advantages of the method are: (i) only analyticity of the structure functions is assumed, and (ii) the spin-dependent structure functions may be considered as well, whereas the smearing factor method does not work is this case. To make clear the capabilities of the new method, we consider its application to the real data on polarized and unpolarized deuteron.

Field of study: Physics