nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Medical Crises and Moral Renaissance

The concept of a principle of professional ethics focusing on the patient was not to appear fully formed until near our own time, although it was voiced in principle by the pre-exilic prophet Amos well before the Golden Age of Greece. Something like it appears in Luke 12:48 and in Roman writings of the first century A.D. Carleton B. Chapman Physicians, Law, and Ethics New York: New York University Press, 1984, p. XV-XVI.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Dynamic chemical characteristics of soil solution after pig manure application: A column study

When manures from intensive livestock operations are applied to agricultural or vegetable fields at a high rate, large amounts of salts and metals will be introduced into soils. Using a column leaching experiment, this study assessed the leaching potential of the downward movement of Cu and Zn as well as some salt ions after an intensive farm pig manure at rates of 0%, 5% and 10% (w/w) were applied to the top 20 cm of two different textured soils (G soil -sandy loam soil; H soil-silty clay loam soil), and investigated the growth of amaranth and Cu and Zn transfer from soil to amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor). Soil solutions were obtained at 20, 40 and 60 cm depth of the packed column and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved organic matter (DOC) and Cu and Zn concentrations. The results indicated that application of pig manure containing Cu and Zn to sandy loam soil might cause higher leaching and uptake risk than silty clay loam soil, especially at high application rates. And manure amendment at 5% and 10% significantly decreased the biomass of amaranth, in which the salt impact rather than Cu and Zn toxicity from manures played more important role in amaranth growth. Thus the farmer should avoid application the high rate of pig manure containing metal and salt to soil at a time, especially in sandy soil.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Dust, Gas, and Metal Content in Star-forming Galaxies at z ∼ 3.3 Revealed with ALMA and Near-IR Spectroscopy

We conducted submillimeter observations with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) of star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 3.3, whose gas-phase metallicities have been measured previously. We investigated the dust and gas contents of the galaxies at z ∼ 3.3 and studied the interaction of galaxies with their circumgalactic or intergalactic medium at this epoch by probing their gas mass fractions and gas-phase metallicities. Single-band dust continuum emission tracing dust mass and the relation between the gas-phase metallicity and gas-to-dust mass ratio were used to estimate the gas masses. The estimated gas mass fractions and depletion timescales are f gas= 0.20–0.75 and t dep= 0.09–1.55 Gyr. Although the galaxies appear to be tightly distributed around the star-forming main sequence at z ∼ 3.3, both quantities show a wider spread at a fixed stellar mass than expected from the scaling relation, suggesting a large diversity of fundamental gas properties in star-forming galaxies that apparently lie on the main sequence. When we compared gas mass fraction and gas-phase metallicity in star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 3.3 and at lower redshifts, star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 3.3 appear to be more metal poor than local galaxies with similar gas mass fractions. Using the gas regulator model to interpret this offset, we find that this can be explained by a higher mass-loading factor, suggesting that the mass-loading factor in outflows increases at earlier cosmic times.

Field of study: Physics
Generational Changes in Personality: The Evidence From Corpus Linguistics

According to theory, social change is interconnected with changes in mental phenomena and language. In the present study, secular change in the usage frequencies of common English personality adjectives (n = 336) qualifying the word person was analyzed over the period 1900 to 2002. It was hypothesized that words that represent those personality traits that are advantageous in occupations typical for modern societies have increased in frequency. The results show changes in the frequencies of individual words but stability across the five major categories of trait adjectives in the Google Books English fiction corpus. A modest increase for Extraversion-, Agreeableness-, and Stability-related adjectives was observed in the Google Books English 2012 corpus. Frequency of Intellect-related words increased up to 1960 and then declined. The results suggest that (a) human nature has changed little over the 20th century, (b) generational changes in personality are not strongly reflected in language, or (c) the corpus linguistic method used is not reliable for studying generational changes in personality.

Field of study: Psychology
Gigantic seismogenic landslides of Summer Lake basin, south-central Oregon

Subsidence of Summer Lake basin, situated in the northwestern Basin and Range province in south-central Oregon, has exposed a kilometer-thick Neogene sequence of dense volcanic flow rocks overlying very weak tuffaceous sedimentary rocks in the bounding Winter Ridge–Slide Mountain escarpment. Subsidence occurs along the active, 40-km-long, Winter Ridge–Slide Mountain fault, which is capable of producing Mw ≈ 7 earthquakes with near-field, maximum horizontal acceleration approaching 1 g. Gigantic landslides cubic kilometers in volume scallop the southwestern part of the escarpment, and the deposits run out several kilometers, characteristic of rock avalanches. Geotechnical rock-mass characterization and slope- stability analyses confirm observations that these landslides were initiated within the weak tuffaceous sedimentary rocks along shallow, east-dipping, planar failure surfaces, are insensitive to groundwater fluctuations, and are stable under static conditions. Pseudostatic analyses reveal that strong shaking is required to trigger landsliding. The Bennett Flat landslide failed as a single event between 900–270 ka and 16.8 ka; the landslide has a depletion-zone volume of 1.1 km3, but only 0.3 km3 of debris is discernible in the accumulation zone. The Foster Creek landslide also appears to have failed as a single event between 180 and 16.8 ka; the landslide has a depletion-zone volume of 2.9 km3, but only 0.3 km3 of debris is discernible in the accumulation zone. The Punchbowl landslide evidences multiple events, the most recent of which failed in the Holocene and had a volume of 0.4 km3; 0.5 km3 of debris is found in the accumulation zone.

Field of study: Geology
Effects of TiO2 Addition on the Radio-Frequency Properties of the Sr2CoNbO6 Matrix

In this work, the investigation of Sr2CoNbO6–TiO2 composite, which shows interesting dielectric characteristics (low loss and high dielectric permittivity), was carried out. The Sr2CoNbO6(SCNO) system is widely applied in electro-electronic devices due to their dielectric characteristics. SCNO was synthesised via solid state reaction, and x-ray diffraction was used for structural characterisation. Impedance spectroscopy was used to characterise the material in the radiofrequency range where the real impedance of the SCNO showed high values, and the imaginary impedance showed a relaxation time. The thermo active process was studied by the Arrhenius equation in the SCNO–TiO2 composite series, which showed a considerable increase in activation energy. Nyquist diagrams showed the presence of a semicircle that was fitted using a model of the equivalent R-CPE circuit, showing a similar profile in all studied samples.

Field of study: Materials science
Spontaneous narrowing of the emission spectrum (spectral "collapse") in neodymium lasers with Q switching by LiF:F2- crystals

An investigation was made of how the output energy, its variance, and the width of the emission spectrum were affected by the number of pulses emitted from pulsed neodymium glass (GLS 24P) and YAG:Nd lasers with passive Q switching by LiF: crystals. The results indicated that after 100–200 pulses the variance of the output energy increased strongly from 0.2 to 5% and the emission spectrum became narrower (in the case of the GLS 24P glass laser the width of the emission spectrum decreased from 9 cm−1 at the frequency of the second harmonic right down to 1 or 2 longitudinal modes). The effects observed were explained by assuming that high-power laser radiation destroyed the color centers and created a structure with spectrally selective properties inside the crystal switch.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Ab initio phasing based on topological restraints: automated determination of the space group and the number of molecules in the unit cell.

The connectivity-based phasing method has been demonstrated to be capable of finding molecular packing and envelopes even for difficult cases of structure determination, as well as of identifying, in favorable cases, secondary-structure elements of protein molecules in the crystal. This method uses a single set of structure factor magnitudes and general topological features of a crystallographic image of the macromolecule under study. This information is expressed through a number of parameters. Most of these parameters are easy to estimate, and the results of phasing are practically independent of these parameters when they are chosen within reasonable limits. By contrast, the correct choice for such parameters as the expected number of connected regions in the unit cell is sometimes ambiguous. To study these dependencies, numerous tests were performed with simulated data, experimental data and mixed data sets, where several reflections missed in the experiment were completed by computed data. This paper demonstrates that the procedure is able to control this choice automatically and helps in difficult cases to identify the correct number of molecules in the asymmetric unit. In addition, the procedure behaves abnormally if the space group is defined incorrectly and therefore may distinguish between the rotation and screw axes even when high-resolution data are not available.

Field of study: Chemistry
Zur Anwendung des Gleichheitszeichens

ZusammenfassungIm Schrifttum werden oft zwei verschieden dimensionierte physikalische Größen auch dann durch ein Gleichheitszeichen (=) verknüpft, wenn man einen dimensionierten Proportionalitätsfaktor fortläßt. Das ist ein Mißbrauch des Gleichheitszeichens. Man muß in solchen Fällen das Gleichheitszeichen durch das „entspricht“-Zeichen (≙) ersetzen.

Field of study: Physics
Studies on relationship between HIV-1 quasispecies diversity and disease progression

目的 研究HIV-1准种的变化对疾病进展的影响. 方法 PCR 方法扩增HIV-1 V3～V5区片段,采用HMA(异源双链泳动分析)的方法分析48例HIV/AIDS准种的变化,并结合HIV/AIDS CD4+ T淋巴细胞计数及病毒载量的结果分析HIV-1准种的变化对疾病进程的影响. 结果在不同的疾病状态下,体内病毒变异是不相同的,在体内CD4+ T淋巴细胞计数较高,血浆病毒载量低的个体内,病毒毒株有很强的变异特征,体内具有很高的准种复杂度;而在CD4+细胞数很低,病毒载量较高的个体,病毒基因变异较少,病毒准种较为单一.

Field of study: Biology
Study on the infusing rules of effective materials in green tea brewed with room temperature water

The infusing rules of effective materials in green tea brewed with room temperature water was studied in the paper. The possibility and necessary of brewing green tea with room temperature water was also studied by contrasting the infusing rules under the different brewing temperature. The results showed that the rules of infusing with different brewing temperature were similar. The infusing velocity of dissoluble materials in green tea brewed with room temperature was slower than those brewed with higher temperature, so does the time of reaching the saturation concentration. Brew the tea with room temperature water for 2h, the tea was still heavy and mellow, without stewed taste. The paper also showed that the best time of green tea brewed with room temperature water was 40min.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
[Antiphospholipid syndrome and multiple sclerosis: differential-diagnostic aspects].

: A comparative study of 5 patients with definite multiple sclerosis who have abnormally high titer of anticardiolipin IgG-antibodies [MS aCL(+)] and 9 patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) aged 22-43 was carried out. The results of this study are reported. The investigation has shown that some clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sings in patients with APS imitate the course of MS. This situation makes differentiation of two conditions quite difficult. The peculiarities of course of MS aCL(+) such as progressive myelitic pattern, nontypical for MS articular, cutaneous (livedo, ecchymoses) and vasospastic lesions have been shown. The differential diagnostic clinical, immunological and MRI-criteria of two diseases have been found out. The investigation reveals that APS has not only cerebrovascular manifestation but polyneuropathy (in preference of demyelinating type) and autoimmune myopathy.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Preparation of g-C3N4/Ta2O5 Composites with Enhanced Visible-Light Photocatalytic Activity

Abstractg-C3N4/Ta2O5 composites have been synthesized by a facile route in which mixtures of Ta2O5 and urea are heated at various temperatures of 450°C, 500°C, and 550°C. The obtained materials (denoted as CN/TaO-T, where T is the heating temperature) were characterized using x-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, diffuse-reflectance ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results show that the as-prepared composites are in orthorhombic Ta2O5 phase coated by g-C3N4. The photocatalytic activity of the composites was evaluated by photodegradation of methylene blue under visible light. Among the three materials, CN/TaO-500 exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity. The improved photocatalytic activity of the g-C3N4/Ta2O5 composites is attributed to the presence of g-C3N4 in the materials.

Field of study: Materials science
Non-perturbative momentum dependence of the coupling constant and hadronic models

Models of hadron structure are associated with a hadronic scale which allows by perturbative evolution to calculate observables in the deep inelastic region. The resolution of Dyson-Schwinger equations leads to the freezing of the QCD running coupling (effective charge) in the infrared, which is best understood as a dynamical generation of a gluon mass function, giving rise to a momentum dependence which is free from infrared divergences. We use this new development to understand why perturbative treatments are working reasonably well despite the smallness of the hadronic scale.

Field of study: Physics
Synthesis of Pyrido[1′,2′:1,2]imidazo[4,5-b]quinoxaline Derivatives from 2-Amino-3-chloroquinoxaline and Pyridines

Pyrido[1′,2′:1,2]imidazo[4,5-b]quinoxaline was synthesized from 2-amino-3-chloroquinoxaline and pyridine. 3-Substituted pyridoimidazoquinoxalines were obtained from pyridines substituted at 4-position. These pyridoimidazoquinoxalines showed intense greenish yellow fluorescence.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Politics of Pension Reform in Latin America

Latin America has been a world pioneer of neoliberal, structural reform of social security pensions (‘privatisation’). This article focuses on the diverse political economy circumstances that enabled such reform, analysing why policy makers have chosen such a costly strategy and how they have managed to implement it. First, in nine countries with diverse regimes (authoritarian and democratic) it examines the internal political process that led to the adoption of reform. There tends to be an inverse relationship between the degree of democratisation and that of privatisation, but the political regime alone cannot fully explain the reform outcomes in all cases. To expand the search for explanatory variables, other key factors that might have influenced the reform design are studied, among them relevant political actors (driving and opposing forces), existing institutional arrangements, legal constraints, internal and external economics and policy legacy.

Field of study: Political science
Study on pepper oleoresin ultrasonic assisted extraction from pepper

Dry pepper as raw materials, ethanol as an organic extraction agent, in the ultrasound-assisted extraction paste Oleoresin. The optimum conditions were as follows: 50% of ultrasonic power, ultrasonic extraction time of 50 min, the concentration of 75% ethanol extration, solid-liquid ration ratio of 1∶35, extrion temperature 70 ℃.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The Impact of Stakeholder Involvement in Evaluation System Design: Lessons from the Zimbabwe Education Sector Experiences

The design of a performance evaluation system should ideally be inclusive and participatory to enhance stakeholders’ buy-in, acceptance and ownership of the system, whilst at the same time, ensure relevance and sustainability of the process.  This paper examines the design process of the teacher evaluation system in one education district of Zimbabwe. The study intended to establish the extent of teacher involvement in the design of the evaluation system and to determine the relationship between the design process and effectiveness of the evaluation system. The study used the convergent mixed method design. A quantitative sample of 292 teachers and a qualitative sample of 12 educators, namely teachers, heads of departments and school heads drawn from 10 secondary schools participated in the study. Quantitative data were analysed using SPSS version 26 and descriptive and inferential statistics were conducted. Atlas ti. 8 was used to analyse the qualitative data. The study established that the design process was exclusive and non-participatory, which led to lack of ownership and buy-in by the teachers. Based on these findings, it was concluded that the design process was faulty and negatively impacted the effectiveness of the teacher performance evaluation system. The study recommends that policy formulation should be inclusive and pilot tested to allow input of the users before full scale implementation. 
  
 14 October 2020  29 March 2021  May 2021

Field of study: Education, Sociology
The Rise of Platform-based Models and its Impact on Banking and Financial Services

132 Website: www.ijbmr.forexjournal.co.in The Rise of Platform-based Models and its Impact on Banking ░  The banking and financial services industry is getting disintermediated. The platform model is disrupting almost every industry and banking and financial services industry is not an exception. Platform players are giving serious competition to the traditional banking and financial services players. The disintermediation of the vertically integrated value chain is altering the industry landscape across geographies. Amazon, Google, Apple, Facebook in North America and Alibaba, Baidu and Tencent in China are acquiring new customers and offering products and services on their ecosystem as Orchestrators, while their partners are taking advantage of the ecosystem and creating competitive advantage through their products and services. The disruption of the traditional vertically integrated industry structure looks real and may have reaching consequences. The cost advantage of the platform model will lure firms to be partners in this model. The network effect of the platform model makes it a sustainable business model with long term revenue opportunities. Traditional firms may need to alter the way they did business to survive the onslaught from platform players.

Field of study: Business
Algorithm for Physical Topology Discovery in Multi-subnet Networks

Analyzed the main algorithms and existing problems of physical topology discovery,proposed a new algorithm based on the critical region theory,which successfully solves the problem of topology discovery in multi-subnet switched domain. The algorithm first establishes the connections between switchers in the critical regions by employing the insertion method,and uses the leaf node method to complete the topology later. The algorithm also overcomes the complete restriction of address forward table and solves the problem of sharing network by introducing the host MAC address.

Field of study: Computer science
福建地区水痘-带状疱疹病毒临床分离株基因型分析

水痘-带状疱疹病毒(varicella-zoster virus,VZV)属人类疱疹病毒α亚科,称人类疱疹病毒3型(HHV-3),是水痘和带状疱疹的病原体.水痘减毒活疫苗预防接种显著降低了儿童水痘和老年带状疱疹后遗神经痛发生率.但疫苗接种后可发生水痘样皮疹,接种的疫苗也可港伏体内引发带状疱疹.而且,疫苗接种后发生的水痘或带状疱疹可能为野毒株或疫苗株感染所致[1].利用基于ORF62单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)的PCR限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)技术鉴别VZV野毒株和疫苗株[2]对水痘疫苗接种效果评价、安全性监测、质量控制等有重要意义。

Field of study: Biology
Measuring the morphology and density of internally mixed black carbon with SP2 and VTDMA: new insight into the absorption enhancement of black carbon in the atmosphere

The morphology and density of black carbon (BC) cores in internally mixed BC (In-BC) particles affect their mixing state and absorption enhancement. In this work, we developed a new method to measure the morphology and effective density of the BC cores of ambient In-BC particles using a single-particle soot photometer (SP2) and a volatility tandem differential mobility analyzer (VTDMA) during the CAREBeijing-2013 campaign from 8 to 27 July 2013 at Xianghe Observatory. This new measurement system can select size-resolved ambient In-BC particles and measure the mobility diameter and mass of the In-BC cores. The morphology and effective density of the ambient In-BC cores are then calculated. For the In-BC cores in the atmosphere, changes in their dynamic shape factor (χ) and effective density (ρeff) can be characterized as a function of the aging process (Dp∕Dc) measured by SP2 and VTDMA. During an intensive field study, the ambient In-BC cores had an average shape factor χ of  ∼ 1.2 and an average density of  ∼ 1.2 g cm−3, indicating that ambient In-BC cores have a near-spherical shape with an internal void of  ∼ 30 %. From the measured morphology and density, the average shell ∕ core ratio and absorption enhancement (Eab) of ambient BC were estimated to be 2.1–2.7 and 1.6–1.9, respectively, for In-BC particles with sizes of 200–350 nm. When the In-BC cores were assumed to have a void-free BC sphere with a density of 1.8 g cm−3, the shell ∕ core ratio and Eab were overestimated by  ∼ 13 and  ∼ 17 %, respectively. The new approach developed in this work improves the calculations of the mixing state and optical properties of ambient In-BC particles by quantifying the changes in the morphology and density of ambient In-BC cores during aging.

Field of study: Environmental science
Epidemic pattern and molecular variation of respiratory syncytial virus strains isolated in Shenzhen from year 2012 to 2013

To study the epidemic pattern and molecular variation of respiratory syncy-tial virus （ RSV） strains isolated in Shenzhen from year 2012 to 2013.Methods The clinical samples iso-lated from patients with influenza-like illness were analyzed by fluorescent RT-PCR to screen RSV positive strains.The C-terminal variable regions of genes encoding G proteins were amplified by nested RT-PCR. Molecular variation was analyzed by using Clustal W and MEGA softwares. RSV strains were wide-ly prevalent in Shenzhen from 2012 to 2013.Two epidemic peaks usually occurred in spring and summer/au-tumn of each year.The RSV isolates were subtyped into group A belonging to genotype NA1 and group B be-longing to genotype BAⅨ.Most of the mutations scattered at the C-terminal region of G protein.A few mu-tations caused the disappearance of certain glycosylation sites.A novel recombinant virus strain containing 24 inserted amino acids was identified in 2013, which was likely to be introduced into our country from abroad.  RSV strains were widely and continuously prevalent in Shenzhen, characterized by constant evolution and variation. 
 
 
Respiratory syncytial virus;  Epidemic pattern;  Molecular variation

Field of study: Biology
ZELUS CERVICALIS STÅL (HEMIPTERA: REDUVIIDAE: HARPACTORINAE), APORTE NEARTICO A LA ENTOMOFAUNA INTRODUCIDA EN CHILE

Se da a conocer el establecimiento en Chile de Zelus cervicalis Stal, 1872, cuya introduccion reciente en el pais se asocia al trafico comercial. Se entrega una breve caracterizacion, sinonimia, referencias bibliograficas, distribucion geografica conocida y una figura del adulto

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science