nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Flame-Sheet Analysis of C. W. Diffusion-Type Chemical Lasers, I. Uncoupled Radiation

An analytical treatment of diffusion-type chemical lasers is presented. Chemical formation of the lasing molecule by laminar mixing and combustion of parallel streams of fuel and oxidizer is assumed to be diffusion controlled, and subsequent collisional deactivation of each vibrational level of the lasing molecule by nonreactive V — Kand V — T energy transfer is found by a successive-approximation scheme. Radiative processes are considered only for a downstream optical cavity of infinitesimal streamwise length. A laser employing the reaction H2 + F -> HF(f) + H is considered in detail with the use of a single-boundary-layer, flame-sheet model. Expressions for integrated zero-power gain, laser power, and efficiency are obtained. It is found that the efficiency of conversion of chemical power (i.e., 3.15 Mw/lbm of F/sec) to laser radiant power is approximately 30 % when collisional deactivation is neglected in comparison with radiative deactivation. The effect of collisional deactivation is reduction of the efficiency to levels of 10 to 20 % for cases in which H2 diffusion times are of the order of HF collisional deactivation times. In the latter regime, the efficiency varies approximately as [A>w(j;6>_e)1 /2]~1. (pe is gas pressure, w is semiheight of the oxidizer channel, and y6 _ e is the initial mass fraction of atomic fluorine.

Field of study: Physics
In situ microviscoelastic measurements by polarization-interferometric monitoring of indentation depth.

new type of computer-controlled instrument has been developed to measure microviscoelastic properties of thin materials. It can independently control and measure indentation loads and depths in situ revealing information about material creep and relaxation. Sample and indenter positions are measured with a specially designed polarization interferometer. Indenter loadings can be varied between 0.5 and 10 g and held constant to +/-41 mg. The resulting indentation depths can be measured in situ to +/-1.2 nm. The load required to maintain constant indentation depths from 0.1 to 5.0 microim can be measured in situ to +/-3.3 mg and the depth held constant to +/-15 nm.

Field of study: Physics
Bayesian Distance Clustering

Model-based clustering is widely-used in a variety of application areas. However, fundamental concerns remain about robustness. In particular, results can be sensitive to the choice of kernel representing the within-cluster data density. Leveraging on properties of pairwise differences between data points, we propose a class of Bayesian distance clustering methods, which rely on modeling the likelihood of the pairwise distances in place of the original data. Although some information in the data is discarded, we gain substantial robustness to modeling assumptions. The proposed approach represents an appealing middle ground between distance- and model-based clustering, drawing advantages from each of these canonical approaches. We illustrate dramatic gains in the ability to infer clusters that are not well represented by the usual choices of kernel. A simulation study is included to assess performance relative to competitors, and we apply the approach to clustering of brain genome expression data. 
 Distance-based clustering; Mixture model; Model-based clustering; Model misspecification; Pairwise distance matrix; Partial likelihood; Robustness.

Field of study: Computer science
Ideographic concept mapping in counseling psychology research: Conceptual overview, methodology, and an illustration.

This article provides an overview of the research approach called concept mapping at conceptual, methodological, and practical levels. The relevance of the approach to counseling psychology research is discussed, and the approach is located conceptually in the realm of qualitative methods available to counseling psychology researchers. To illustrate ideographic concept mapping, the authors collect, present, and discuss data from 2 psychologists regarding their conception of the scientist-practitioner construct.

Field of study: Psychology
Activation of pirenzepine-sensitive muscarinic receptors induces a specific pattern of immediate-early gene expression in rat brain neurons.

Accumulating evidence suggests that immediate-early gene transcription factors such as c-Fos, form part of an intracellular signalling pathway linking the activation of neuronal receptors by neurotransmitters to changes in neuronal gene expression. Recently it has been demonstrated that the centrally active muscarinic receptor agonist pilocarpine induces both c-fos mRNA and protein in rat brain. In this report using immunocytochemical and in situ hybridization techniques we demonstrate for the first time that in addition to c-fos, pilocarpine administration increases the neuronal expression of jun-B, krox-20 and krox-24 (zif-268) but not related c-jun and jun-D genes in rat cortex and hippocampus. Pretreatment of animals with atropine or pirenzepine significantly reduced induction of c-fos, jun-B, krox-20 and krox-24 genes in both hippocampus and cortex. These results show that activation of pirenzepine-sensitive muscarinic receptors results in a specific pattern of immediate-early gene expression in rat brain neurons. We suggest that the combinatorial complexity of immediate-early gene induction may allow receptor-specific control of gene expression in vivo.

Field of study: Biology
The Influence of High-Energy Lithium Ion Irradiation on Electrical Characteristics of Silicon and GaAs Solar Cells

Space-grade Si and GaAs solar cells were irradiated with 15 & 40 MeV Li ions. Illuminated (AM0 condition) and unilluminated I-V curves reveal that the effect of high-energy Li ion irradiation has produced similar effects to that of proton irradiation. However, an additional, and different, defect mechanism is suggested to dominate in the heavier-ion results. Comparison is made with proton-irradiated solar-cell work and with non-ionizing energy-loss (NIEL) radiation-damage models

Field of study: Physics
The arrangement of proteins on the deoxyribonucleic acid in chromatin.

The arrangement of the protein component on the DNA of the chromatin complex was studied by comparing the rate of release of oligonucleotides and of protein after addition of deoxyribonuclease I and deoxyribonuclease II to rat thymus chromatin. Also the action of deoxyribonuclease I on normal chromatin and on chromatin depleted of non-histone protein was compared, to elucidate the role of the latter protein in chromatin structure. As a preliminary to the above, the rate of action of deoxyribonuclease I on DNA and on chromatin at the same DNA concentration, and the dependence of the action of this enzyme on the Mg(2+) concentration, were studied. It was found that: (1) little if any DNA in chromatin is present in extensive, truly ;free' zones, i.e. completely uncovered by protein; (2) at relatively low concentrations of added Mg(2+), deoxyribonuclease I degrades chromatin more rapidly than DNA; (3) the non-histone protein is not attached directly to the DNA in chromatin.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
A Study of Vinyl Radical Cyclization onto the Azido Group by Addition of Sulfanyl, Stannyl, and Silyl Radicals to Alkynyl Azides☆

Thermal radical reactions of azidoalkynes 2, 8, 14, and 21a–c with thiols 1a–c afford 2-sulfanylvinyl radicals by selective addition of sulfanyl radicals to the triple bond. 1-Phenylvinyl radicals 23 and 30a, as well as vinyl radical 30b, undergo fast 5-cyclization onto the aromatic azide function to give cyclized indoles. In contrast, both 1-phenyl (15, 17) and 1-alkyl (3a,b, 9) vinyl radicals fail to add to their aliphatic azido substituents and exclusively undergo cyclization onto the aromatic sulfanyl ring and H transfer from the thiol precursor. Azidoalkynes 14 and 21a react with Bu3SnH and TMSS under radical conditions to give instead the corresponding amines as a result of preferential attack of Bu3Sn · and (TMS)3Si · radicals on the azido group rather than on the triple bond. Evidence is provided that alkyl radical cyclizations onto azides are not feasible in the presence of thiol, in contrast with the reported utility of these cyclization reactions in the presence of Bu3SnH and TMSS.

Field of study: Chemistry
Limited impact of abiotic stress on surfactin production in planta and on disease resistance induced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens S499 in tomato and bean.

Understanding how temperature and water stress affect protocooperation between plants and beneficial rhizobacteria may enhance the efficacy of biocontrol agents in reducing plant diseases. However, little is known about the impact of these factors on biocontrol mechanisms and effectiveness, especially when provided by beneficial Bacillus spp. This work aimed to evaluate the influence of low/high temperature combined with a normal and reduced water regime on the interaction between Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain S499 and plants, resulting in the induction of systemic resistance (ISR). A reduction in ISR level was observed when plants were subjected to stress before bacterization; however, root treatment with S499 prior to stress exposure attenuated this negative effect. Colonization of S499 during exposure to temperature/water stress allowed the three crops to conserve their overall ability to mount defense lines to a similar degree at all the temperatures tested. Further investigation revealed that relative production of surfactin by S499 was clearly enhanced at low temperature, making it possible to counter-balance the negative effect on traits associated with rhizosphere fitness (colonization, motility, and biofilm formation) observed in vitro in cold conditions. This work thus represents a first step in deciphering the effect of high/low temperatures and/or drought on key plant-microorganism interactions culminating in ISR.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
THE LOAD-BEARING CAPACITY OF AXIALLY LOADED CIRCULAR STEEL TUBULAR COLUMNS FILLED WITH STEEL-REINFORCED HIGH-STRENGTH CONCRETE

A new design model for column subjected to heavy loads is presented in this paper. This kind of column is formed by inserting steel section into concrete-filled steel tube, and is called circular steel tubular column filled with steel-reinforced concrete. A total of 13 axially loaded composite columns with various combinations of confinement index, structural steel index and slenderness ratio were tested. The mechanical behavior of the composite column is studied. Results show that the load-bearing capacity and ductility of the composite column are improved, and the propagation of cracks in concrete is mitigated or arrested effectively as concrete and steel work together. With the increase of slenderness ratio, the load-bearing capacity and ductility of the composite column decrease. Based on the test results, a numerical model for predicting the load-bearing capacity of the composite columns under axial load is developed. The calculated results are in good agreement with the test data.

Field of study: Engineering
Natural value of sport and health

Sport and health is currently a hot topic for sports research.To recognize the relation between sport and health from the perspective of natural value can not only raise the level of theoretical research,but also provide a theoretical reference for establishing strategies for sports implementation.The natural value of traditional Chinese health care through sport shows mainly on the concern for people's health;from the analysis of the natural value of health,it is found that the value of medicine subjects more to diseases,while the value of sport affects more on life condition;health has been the core content of the natural value of sport,while natural science and technology embodies only the tool value of sport and health.

Field of study: Education
Giant electropleochroism in GaAs-(Al,Ga)As heterostructures: The quantum-well Pockels effect.

We report on the biaxial response of photoluminescence to electric fields in GaAs quantum-well structures. For fields along [001], emission due to nominally forbidden excitons exhibits substantial differences between [110] and [110] polarizations. Transitions which are allowed within the envelope-function formalism show no noticeable anisotropy. In terms of symmetry, our observations relate to the linear electro-optic (Pockels) effect. The field dependence of the anisotropy is unusual in that it decreases with increasing field. Results can be qualitatively accounted for by perturbative analyses

Field of study: Physics
[Stenosis of the carotid artery in women with ischemic stroke and markers of inflammation].

To assess the relationship between the severity of stenosis of the carotid arteries, the level of female sex hormones and markers of subclinical inflammation in women with ischemic stroke (IS).



Two hundred and eleven women (mean age 68.9±9.23 years) were examined. A history of cardiovascular disease, previous cardiovascular events, type and subtype of stroke were recorded. Neurological status was assessed using neurological scales. Atherosclerosis was diagnosed by color duplex scanning of brachiocephalic arteries and laboratory testing (estradiol, markers of subclinical inflammation).



Carotid artery stenosis of ≥50% was found in 13.3% of patients, less severe stenosis in 36.0%. Stenosis of ≥50% was positively correlated with the level of IL-18, TNF-alpha, and negatively correlated with the level of IL-6, IL-4, and MMSE score. In dynamics, there was a decrease in the level of TNF-alpha in all groups of patients, and an increase in the IL-4 level in women with carotid artery stenosis of ≥50%.



Study of the influence of markers of subclinical inflammation on the atherosclerosis progression and recurrent disorders of cerebral circulation in women with IS should be continued.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Distributed QoS Multicast Routing Algorithm Based on ACS

In accordance with multiple constrained QoS multicast routing problem,a new algorithm DQMRA-ACS(Distributed QoS Multicast Routing Algorithm based on ACS) was proposed based on natural parallel of ACO.DQMRA-ACS exchanged and transmitted routing information to obtain local optimum route and avoid cycle during the ant meeting.According to the routing table of pheromone,DQMRA-ACS took advantage of the cooperation of different ant groups to find the multicast routing that satisfied the QoS constraint.The flexible routing switching and locking guaranteed a successful routing connection.The experimental results indicated the feasibility and efficiency of DQMRA-ACS.

Field of study: Computer science
Prevention of Amyloidosis in Familial Mediterranean Fever with Colchicine: A Case-Control Study in Armenia

To determine whether or not the use of colchicine decreases the risk of amyloidosis among Armenian patients with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF).  The study included 99 Armenian patients from the Center of Medical Genetics database with genetically ascertained FMF; 33 had renal amyloidosis and 66 were randomly selected control patients without renal amyloidosis. Self- reported colchicine use was assessed by interviewer-based questionnaire.  The patients with incident amyloidosis were more likely to be older men, but younger at the time of disease onset, and more likely to have had a family history of amyloidosis and M694F mutation in the MEFV gene compared to patients without amyloidosis. The risk of amyloidosis decreased with adequate colchicine use rather than nonadequate use (adjusted odds ratio, OR, 0.48, 95% confidence interval, CI, 0.16–1.43), continuous colchicine use rather than interrupted use (adjusted OR 0.15, 95% CI 0.04–0.53), earlier rather than later initiation age of colchicine treatment (adjusted OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–1.01), current colchicine rather than ever/never colchicine use (adjusted OR 0.20, 95% CI 0.05–0.89).  The study demonstrated that colchicine treatment is effective in preventing amyloidosis among Armenian patients with FMF and that earlier initiation and continuous therapy at an adequate dose of 1.2–1.8 mg/day may be associated with a decreased amyloidosis risk among Armenian patients with FMF.

Field of study: Medicine
The Effects of the Age Initiating Toilet Training on Urinary Continence and Voiding Function in Children

To report the effects of the age initiating toilet training on urinary continence and voiding function in children.  In three years, we enrolled 318 healthy kindergarteners. One of the parents completed the questionnaire including the age initiating and the duration of toilet training, the current status of daytime and nighttime continence, the age of attaining daytime and nighttime continence, Dysfunctional Voiding Symptom Score (10 parameters, score 0–3), and Bristol Stool Scale. All children underwent uroflowmetry and post-void residual urine (PVR) tests.  Finally, 235 respondents (106 boys/129 girls, mean age = 4.8 ± 0.9 years) were eligible for analysis. The mean age initiating toilet training was 24.4±8.4 months. Based on the age initiating toilet training, children were classified as Early (≦18months, n=67) or Late Group (>18 months, n=168). Early Group had higher rates of daytime and nighttime continence before 30 months of age than Late Group (89.6% vs. 42.9%, p 20ml) between two Groups.  Early toilet training was associated with early attainment of both daytime and nighttime continence. The children with early toilet training had normal voiding function and a trend of lower DVSS.

Field of study: Medicine
Early-Middle Pleistocene freshwater ecosystems in the Sierra de Atapuerca (northern Iberia) based on the Gran Dolina fish record

Fish bones are common in Pleistocene cave deposits in Europe. In this paper, we report on fish remains from the Gran Dolina cave (Trinchera del Ferrocarril) in the Sierra de Atapuerca in Spain, to increase what is known of the freshwater ecosystems close to the cave. The 19-m-thick section, divided into 11 stratigraphic levels, represents an Early to Middle Pleistocene time span as dated by biostratigraphy, ESR, U-series, and magnetostratigraphy. We focus on the Sondeo South site, excavated from 1993 to 1999, which has yielded 1087 fish bones comprising the following taxa: brown trout (Salmo trutta), the common European eel (Anguilla anguilla) and chub (Squalius sp.). Taphonomic studies suggest that the European eagle owl (Bubo bubo) was the most likely predator responsible for the accumulation. Changes observed in the body size of brown trout through the sequence cannot be attributed to climate change (contravening Bergmann's rule). Our study documents the presence of a pre-mountain river system characterized by permanent, oxygen-rich, relatively cold flowing waters around the Sierra de Atapuerca during Early-Middle Pleistocene times.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Particle Analysis of Material Behavior—A Note on Continuum Assumptions

Continuum models of materials have dominated our approach to the analysis of material behavior. Recently a number of discrete particle methods have been proposed which offer a different view of the physics of materials. Here I review some of these particle methods and attempt to highlight the new perspective which they offer on the relationship between the microworld and the macroworld. An example is presented which shows how structures within a material may vary greatly in size near 'critical points' making the concept of an elementary volume problematic. The possibility of the states of failure in granular materials being critical points is proposed, based on a model of avalanche type failure of a sand pile and a model of the size of microfractures in a soil.

Field of study: Engineering
Airborne Multiwavelength High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL-2) observations during TCAP 2012: vertical profiles of optical and microphysical properties of a smoke/urban haze plume over the northeastern coast of the US

We present measurements acquired by the world's first airborne 3 backscatter (β) + 2 extinction (α) High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL-2). HSRL-2 measures particle backscatter coefficients at 355, 532, and 1064 nm, and particle extinction coefficients at 355 and 532 nm. The instrument has been developed by the NASA Langley Research Center. The instrument was operated during Phase 1 of the Department of Energy (DOE) Two-Column Aerosol Project (TCAP) in July 2012. We observed pollution outflow from the northeastern coast of the US out over the western Atlantic Ocean. Lidar ratios were 50–60 sr at 355 nm and 60–70 sr at 532 nm. Extinction-related Angstrom exponents were on average 1.2–1.7, indicating comparably small particles. Our novel automated, unsupervised data inversion algorithm retrieved particle effective radii of approximately 0.2 μm, which is in agreement with the large Angstrom exponents. We find good agreement with particle size parameters obtained from coincident in situ measurements carried out with the DOE Gulfstream-1 aircraft.

Field of study: Environmental science
Сonvenient Access to 1,3-Dimethyl[1,2,4]Triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]-Thiadiazol-1-Ium and 7H-[1,2,4]Triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]Triazol-1-Ium Salts

Methylation of 4-amino-5-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol with methyl iodide in sodium methylate afforded unexpected 4-amino-1,3-dimethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-5-thione. Reaction of the latter with phenylisothiocyanate gave 6-anilino-1,3-dimethyl[1,2,4]triazolo-[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-1-ium hydrosulfide. Acid-catalyzed condensation of 4-amino-1,3-dimethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-5-thione with ethyl orthoformate in ethanol lead to the corresponding ethyl N-substituted (5-thioxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)ethanimidoate derivative. Condensation of the latter with anilines or phenylhydrazine gave a group of new 7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazol-1-ium hydrosulfides.

Field of study: Chemistry
Biotransformation of the pesticide sodium arsenate.

Biotransformation is an important parameter in assessing the environmental impact and fate of pesticides since metabolites produced may be either more or less toxic than the parent compound. Sodium arsenate (+5 inorganic), the wood preservative and insecticide, may be converted to both inorganic (+3) and organic compounds (-3) by microorganisms in soil, sediment and water bodies. Biotransformation of sodium arsenate was studied in pure cultures of 5 bacterial species using a mineral salt and limited carbon source medium. Arsenate concentrations were 10 microgram/ml and 100 microgram/ml of arsenic respectively. The rate of biodegradation of the parent compound was described by a first order composite exponential equation of the form Ct = C1e-k1t+C2e-k2t. Rates of production of metabolites (arsenite, monomethylarsine, dimethylarsine and trimethylarsine) were described by a first order exponential equation of the form Ct = Co (1-e-kt).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences