nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Inflammation triggers high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) secretion in adipose tissue, a potential link to obesity.

Low grade inflammation is one of the major metabolic disorders in case of obesity due to variable secretion of adipose derived cytokines called adipokines. Recently the nuclear protein HMGB1 was identified as an inflammatory alarmin in obesity associated diseases. However HMGB1 role in adipose tissue inflammation is not yet studied.



The aim of this study was to prove the expression of HMGB1 in human adipose tissue and to assess the levels of expression between normo-weight and obese individuals. Furthermore we determined which type of cells within adipose tissue is involved in HMGB1 production under inflammatory signal.



Western-blot was performed on protein lysates from human normo-weight and obese adipose tissue to study the differential HMGB1 expression. Human normo-weight adipose tissue, adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) and adipocytes were cultured and stimulated with LPS to induce inflammation. HMGB1, IL-6 and MCP-1 secretion and gene expression were quantified by ELISA and Q-PCR respectively, as well as cell death by LDH assay. HMGB1 translocation during inflammation was tracked down by immunofluorescence in ASCs.



HMGB1 was expressed 2-fold more in adipose tissue from obese compared to normo-weight individuals. LPS led to an up-regulation in HMGB1 secretion and gene expression in ASCs, while no change was noticed in adipocytes. Moreover, this HMGB1 release was not attributable to any cell death. In LPS-stimulated ASCs, HMGB1 translocation from nucleus to cytoplasm was detectable at 12h and the nuclear HMGB1 was completely drained out after 24h of treatment.



The expression level studies between adipose tissue from normo-weight and obese individuals together with in vitro results strongly suggest that adipose tissue secretes HMGB1 in response to inflammatory signals which characterized obesity.

Field of study: Medicine
Schlesinger on justified belief and probability

Employing (*) we find that if A is true Pr(A)=Pr(A/A)= 1. Now, whether it is justified for S to believe that A is determined by the probability of A for S (p. 61), in fact by whether Pr(A) is greater than n for some fixed number n lying between 1/2 and 1 (p. 46), so (*) entails that S is justified in believing all and only true propositions. Presumably, if rational, S subscribes to all the beliefs that it is justified for him to believe. To rationally subscribe to a true belief is to have knowledge (ibid.). Assuming George Schlesinger to be a rational person we arrive at the conclusion that he is omniscient.

Field of study: Philosophy
300-Element Silicon-Lithium Position-Sensitive Imaging Detector for Angiography

Silicon lithium-drifted [Si(Li)] detectors 150 mm long, 10 mm wide and 5 mm thick with 300 individual elements have been fabricated as imaging detectors for noninvasive studies of human coronary arteries using 33 keV x-rays from a synchrotron radiation beamline. This detector is an extension of earlier work on 30 mm long devices with initially 30 and later 60 elements. The detector fabrication details are discussed highlighting problems in uniform lithium-ion compensation. The device structure is examined and measurements on the interelement impedances presented. Finally an angiograph of the coronary arteries in an excised pig's heart obtained with this 300-element detector is presented.

Field of study: Physics
Shareholder Rights and Share Capital: The Effect of the 1901 Russian Corporation Reform, 1890–1905

During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, western European countries introduced general incorporation and additional flexible enterprise forms, but the Russian Empire left its concession system of incorporation in place. The Empire’s only major corporation reform, the 1901 law, strengthened minority shareholder rights and removed bankers from boards of directors for certain corporations. The reform offers a rare opportunity to examine the financial effects of improving corporations’ principal–agent relationships through regulation, because the reform did not affect all corporations equally. Corporations affected by the reform had smaller total share capital, fewer shares, and higher par values for shares as observed in 1905. The new regulations may have increased the cost of having shareholders and hence disciplined corporations’ founders to be more conservative in raising capital by issuing stock. Removing bankers from boards of directors may have removed an important source of firms’ founding capital, though corporations could easily evade this provision. The results also show that, although the commercial code treated all corporations equally, there were two major groups of Russian corporations that behaved differently, and, despite the fact that corporate charters could grant individual exceptions to the commercial code, a revision in the commercial code changed corporations’ behaviour.

Field of study: Economics, History
Characteristics and Attitudes of Pre-Service Teachers toward Individuals with Mental Illness

Mental health in children and adults has always been a controversial topic, however, recent mass shootings in schools have heightened the concern of many and raise questions for how to interact with the mentally ill. Schools, have the capacity to be one of the key stakeholders in delivering services to students with mental health concerns, therefore it is critical to understand the dispositions of teachers toward these students to ensure that they understand the needs of these students. The purpose of this study is to examine specific characteristic of preservice teachers’ attitudes towards individuals with mental illnesses. The study sample consisted of 173 preservice teachers enrolled in a four-year teacher education program at a public research university located in the southeastern United States. Results indicated that four demographic variables contributed to preservice teacher’s attitudes on the Community Attitudes toward Mental Illness (CAMI) measure and its various subscales: political orientation, knowing someone with a mental illness, and believing ADHD and ASD were mental illnesses. Implications for future research are discussed.

Field of study: Education
Distribution and genotypic profiles of oral Candida albicans in the elderly

To investigate the distribution and genotypic profiles of C.albicans isolates from the elderly in Chengdu, and then to compare the relativity of the frequency of C.albicans incidence with genotype. A total of 212 healthy individuals(age, 60 years) were divided into four groups: A1(48 men with dentures), A2(61 men without dentures), B1(53 women with dentures) and B2 (50 women without dentures). CHROMagar Candida~TM, Sugar assimilation patterns(API 20C AUX tests) and RAPD(randomly amplified polymorphic DNA assays) were used to determine C.albicans. C.albicans were screened for genotypic profiles by using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA assays(RAPD), two different primers(JWFF and NA) were used to develop DNA profiles. Eighty-nine C.albican strains were isolated from 212 healthy individuals(42%). The frequency of C.albicans of A1, A2, B1 and B2 is 56.2%, 21.3%, 56.6% and 38%, respectively. The frequency of C.albicans between A1 and A2 was significant different, P0.01. RAPD analyses with random primers JWFF and NA revealed 5 different genotypes (A-E) among C.albicans. There was significant difference in the genotypic constitution between group A1 and A2. The major type in group A1 was A. [WT5”HZ]Conclusion The frequency of C.albicans were elevated in the denture-wearing groups compared to those in the corresponding non-denture-wearing groups. Denture-wearing may contribute to the increasing frequency of some C.albicans isolates with special genotypic profiles in elderly individuals.

Field of study: Biology
Enhancement of diffusive transport by non-equilibrium thermal fluctuations

We study the contribution of advection by thermal velocity fluctuations to the effective diffusion coefficient in a mixture of two identical fluids. The steady-state diffusive flux in a finite system subject to a concentration gradient is enhanced because of long-range correlations between concentration fluctuations and fluctuations of the velocity parallel to the concentration gradient. The enhancement of the diffusive transport depends on the system size L and grows as ln(L/L0) in quasi-two-dimensional systems, while in three dimensions it grows as L0 − 1 − L − 1, where L0 is a reference length. The predictions of a simple fluctuating hydrodynamics theory, closely related to second-order mode–mode coupling analysis, are compared to results from particle simulations and a finite-volume solver and excellent agreement is observed. We elucidate the direct connection to the long-time tail of the velocity autocorrelation function in finite systems, as well as finite-size corrections employed in molecular dynamics calculations. Our results conclusively demonstrate that the nonlinear advective terms need to be retained in the equations of fluctuating hydrodynamics when modeling transport in small-scale finite systems.

Field of study: Physics
Comparative kinetic desorption of 60Co, 85Sr and 134Cs from a contaminated natural silica sand column: influence of varying physicochemical conditions and dissolved organic matter.

In order to determine the mechanisms of the retention of 60Co, 85Sr and 134Cs in natural silica sand columns, desorption experiments were performed by changes of pH and ionic strength and by injection of natural organic matter (NOM). Injection of KCl (0.1 M) resulted in a high release of 60Co (60-100%) and 85Sr (72-100%) but a smaller release of 134Cs (31-66%). Only limited release of 60Co (66%) and 85Sr (71%) and no release of 134Cs were observed by injection of NOM. The different percentages of desorption were related to the chemical characteristics of the organic colloids previously retained in columns before the desorption step. The results evidenced different sorption processes on energetically heterogeneous surface sites. According to the initial conditions, the binding of the radionuclides to the solid phase resulted from weak and easily reversible sorption processes to strong association probably by inner sphere complexes. The rather weak release of 134Cs by KCl was attributed to the strong retention of 134Cs by clay coatings on the natural silica sand surfaces.

Field of study: Environmental science
Testing of the SPUR Hydrology Component on Rangeland Watersheds in Southwest Idaho

THE hydrology and sediment yield components of the SPUR (Simulation of Production and Utilization of Rangelands) model are applied to three source basins of the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed in southwest Idaho. Calibration with observed streamflow gave coefficients of determination, R2, of 0.63, 0.67, and 0.85 for monthly runoff volumes at Murphy Creek, Upper Sheep Creek, and Reynolds Mountain East watersheds, respectively. The timing of monthly runoff volume was reasonably accurate. Insufficient information was available to calibrate the snow accumulation and melt routines. The parameter sets for these routines were very consistent between watersheds despite the different snow accumulation and melt patterns on the watersheds. Sediment yield predictions were poor, and indicated a need for further investigation of models applicable to these steep, rough mountain channels.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Novel Reversible Integer Fourier Transform With Control Bits

This paper presents a novel concept of the reversible integer discrete Fourier transform (RiDFT) of order 2r, r > 2, when the transform is split by the paired representation into a minimum set of short transforms, i.e., transforms of orders 2k, k < r. By means of the paired transform the signal is represented as a set of short signals which carry the spectral information of the signal at specific and disjoint sets of frequencies. The paired transform-based fast Fourier transform (FFT) involves a few operations of multiplication that can be approximated by integer transforms. Examples of 1-point transforms with one control bit are described. Control bits allow us to invert such approximations. Two control bits are required to perform the 8-point RiDFT, and 12 (or even 8) bits for the 16-point RiDFT of real inputs. The proposed forward and inverse RiDFTs are fast, and the computational complexity of these transforms is comparative with the complexity of the FFT. The 8-point direct and inverse RiDFTs are described in detail.

Field of study: Engineering
Ciliary neurotrophic factor antagonizes gentamicin-induced alterations of electric potentials in auditory pathway in guinea pigs.

To study the effects of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) on the expressions of gentamicin ototoxicity in guinea pigs.



The auditory function of pigmented guinea pigs was examined using auditory brainstem response (ABR), cochlea microphonic potential (CM), and action potential of auditory nerve (AP).



In animals injected gentamicin (80 mg.kg-1.d-1, i.m.), ABR threshold began to elevate on d 20, and prolongations of ABR wave I, IV and the I-IV interpeak latencies were observed. The animals treated with gentamicin for 30 d displayed lower amplitudes of CM and AP (N1) than the controls. CNTF (0.44 mg.kg-1.d-1, s.c.) inhibited the gentamicin-induced elevation of ABR thresholds, the prolongation of ABR wave I, IV and the I-IV interpeak latencies, and the decreases in amplitudes of CM and AP (N1).



CNTF attenuated the gentamicin-elicited auditory impairment in guinea pigs.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Co-occurrence Relation of DNS Queries Based Research on Botnet Activities

As a new platform for launching attacks collectively, botnets have been considered as the leading security threat to the Internet in the literature. Previous works focus on how to detect zombies via some of the behavioral patterns of botnets. However, it’s an important and challenging task to track the network activities of the zombies so as to have an insight into the global view of “what those zombies do” besides “who those zombies are” since it’s an exclusively nature of botnets to stay stealthy when conducting various malicious activities as long as possible. In this paper, an improved approach is proposed to handle this new problem based on co-occurrence relation of DNS queries with full consideration of t he spatial and temporal properties of botnet activities. The approach excludes noise made by NAT, and distinguishes domains with co-occurrence relation by botnet activities from them by normal user activation, according to the spatial dimensions and time dimensions. Then, we validate the approach using DNS traffic in real network. The experimental result shows it can eliminate the NAT interference, significantly reduce the amount of data and improve the discovery of unknown botnet domain exceptionalness, we analysis main factors whish impact the approach, and then proposed treatment strategies correspondingly.

Field of study: Computer science
Influence of fish aggregating devices on the livelihood assets of artisanal fishers in the Caribbean

Harvesting of pelagic fishery resources is facilitated by using fish aggregation devices (FADs). Moored FADs are manmade structures that attract pelagic fish, thereby aggregating this thinly distributed resource in a known location where it can be effectively targeted. Use of moored FADs has been actively promoted in artisanal fisheries, including those of many island nations, in order to increase food security, improve livelihoods and safety-at-sea for fishers. Using structured face-to-face interviews of 316 artisanal coastal fishers across five Eastern Caribbean island nations, we studied perceived and self-reported livelihood assets (natural, financial, physical, social and human) of non-users, long-term users and recent adopters of moored FAD fishing. Moored FAD fishers were more strongly dependent on fishing as an income source than non-users. Moored FAD fishing is attracting new younger and more educated adults to the fishing occupation, as opposed to converting fishers engaged in other types of fishing activities. Over the past five years, all groups on average perceived a decline in natural and financial assets, but an increase in physical and social assets. Trends perceived by long-term users and non-users were similar in magnitude, whereas recent adopters of moored FAD fishing perceived weaker declines and stronger increases in livelihood assets than the other two groups. We conclude that users of moored FADs perceive greater livelihood benefits compared to non-users.

Field of study: Environmental science
[Tension type headache: GABA-ergic drug anvifen efficacy].

To assess the efficacy of aminophenylbutyric acid (anvifen), a synthetic GABA-receptor agonist, in the treatment of adult patients with tension type headache (TTH).



Eighty-seven patients with episodic TTH (ETTH) and 30 patients with chronic TTH (CTTH) were examined. The area under the headache curve, sleep quality, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) scores and stress resistance measured by an original questionnaire were evaluated.



Anvifen in dose of 250 mg TID during 3 weeks had a positive effect on all parameters studied, excluding the area under the headache curve in CTTH. Similar results were demonstrated after the subsequent course of treatment for 3 weeks.



Anvifen was highly effective in ETTH but less effective in CTTH. A combination of anvifen with antidepressants can be recommended for patients with CTTH.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Zur Grundlegung und Anwendung einer statistischen Metrik

ZusammenfassungIn Fortführung früherer Arbeiten wird eine vom Verfasser vorgeschlagene Raumtheorie näher diskutiert und darauf hingewiesen, daß die statistische Deutung der Metrik die früher als Korrekturglied in das metrische Gesetz aufgenommene Konstante γ entbehrlich macht. Bei der Anwendung auf die Quantenelektrodynamik erweist sich der Gesichtspunkt als wesentlich, den Ort des Elektrons innerhalb der Kugelγ als nicht definiert zu betrachten.

Field of study: Physics
Plasmodium falciparum mitochondria import tRNAs along with an active phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase.

The Plasmodium falciparum protein translation enzymes aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are an emergent family of drug targets. The aaRS ensemble catalyses transfer of amino acids to cognate tRNAs, thus providing charged tRNAs for ribosomal consumption. P. falciparum proteome expression relies on a total of 36 aaRSs for the three translationally independent compartments of cytoplasm, apicoplast and mitochondria. In the present study, we show that, of this set of 36, a single genomic copy of mitochondrial phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (mFRS) is targeted to the parasite mitochondria, and that the mFRS gene is exclusive to malaria parasites within the apicomplexan phyla. Our protein cellular localization studies based on immunofluorescence data show that, along with mFRS, P. falciparum harbours two more phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (FRS) assemblies that are localized to its apicoplast and cytoplasm. The 'extra' mFRS is found in mitochondria of all asexual blood stage parasites and is competent in aminoacylation. We show further that the parasite mitochondria import tRNAs from the cytoplasmic tRNA pool. Hence drug targeting of FRSs presents a unique opportunity to potentially stall protein production in all three parasite translational compartments.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Isotopic exchange of deuterium with hydrogen of some hydrides

Exchange of deuterium was studied with commercial potassium and barium hydrides, hydrides of pure niobium and tantalum metals, yttrium hydride, and with hydrides of rare earths metals. Non-stoichiometric composition of the hydrides made impossible a quantitative evaluation of the exchange mechanism. In most cases the ability to exchange deuterium with hydride hydrogen was found to be connected with the thermal stability of the hydrides.

Field of study: Chemistry
A flexible-bandwidth model with channel reservation and channel aggregation for three-layered Cognitive Radio Networks

The Fifth Generation (5G) of wireless communication systems is expected to meet a large demand for mobile traffic and provide higher data rates, supporting bandwidth-hungry applications. In this respect, Cognitive Radio and Channel Aggregation (CA) are envisioned as key 5G enablers providing additional spectrum resources through the Dynamic Spectrum Access, and higher data rates through multiple contiguous or non-contiguous spectrum aggregation. Moreover, since 5G networks should comprise heterogeneous applications that may have different Quality of Service (QoS), Quality of Experience (QoE) and security requirements, multiple service class support becomes a must, and thus multiple priorities have been assigned for different flow types in current wireless standards. Previous works have studied Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN) as homogeneous two-priority queueing systems, composed of primary (PUs) and secondary (SUs) users, however, those are usually not capable of analyzing SUs with different QoS requirements. In addition, most authors are concerned about proving the efficiency of QoS provisioning approaches such as channel reservation or channel aggregation, frequently using separate models in unloaded scenarios. This paper proposes and analyzes an M/M/N/N three-layered system in which the unlicensed traffic is detached in two priority classes (i.e., high and low), encompassing all possible bandwidth arrangements, a multi-level reservation feature and multiple aggregation strategies. Previous works on CA have shown that, regardless the network state, this technique should always boost the overall performance, differently from the reservation process that presents high inefficiency in overloaded networks. For this reason, CA was enabled to mitigate the reservation's drawbacks while scaling the benefits of both techniques, in a single model.

Field of study: Computer science
Cold inducible promoter driven Cre-lox system proved to be highly efficient for marker gene excision in transgenic barley.

A Cre-lox based auto-excision strategy has been adapted for barley, capable of cre and selectable marker gene (SMG) removal. The cold inducible wheat promoter called wcs120 was utilised for driving Cre expression. The binary vector was carrying the transgene (uidA) and a so called 'recombination cassette' flanked by the lox sequences. This part included both the recombinase gene and the SMG (bar) under the control of a constitutive promoter. T0, T1 and T2 transgenic plants were subjected to low temperature (at 4°C, 10°C and 12°C) at different developmental stages to induce recombination. The presence of uidA, cre, and bar genes and recombination footprints were studied by PCR and DNA sequencing, while cre transcription was followed by qRT-PCR. These analyses indicated that, cold treatment of the germinating seeds (4°C for 3days) followed by plant growing at higher temperature (24°C) has been the most efficient (90-100%), and this treatment lead to heritable changes in the genome. Thermal separation of Cre accumulation (at low temperature) from Cre enzyme activity (at higher temperature) could have prevented the premature excision of its own encoding gene, and lead to high expression level thereby increasing recombination frequency.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering