nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Analyses of The Combining Technology in An FFH/BFSK System Based on Monte Carlo Model

In this paper,square-law linear combining and AGC(adaptive gain control) square-law nonlinear combining technologies are given.Based on Monte Carlo model,error probability analyses are performed for an FFH/BFSK system over a partial-band Gaussian noise jamming channel employing these two methods.Error performance we get matches much with the theoretical results and a conclusion is derived that AGC combining is useful against partial-band Gaussian noise jamming when thermal noise is limited.

Field of study: Engineering
Radar Expression of Virginia Dale Precambrian Ring-Dike Complex, Wyoming/Colorado

The Virginia Dale Precambrian ring-dike complex, at the extreme south end of the Laramie Range, was first recognized by W. A. Braddock in 1962 from high-altitude air photos. This roughly circular feature is well expressed on 1957 early side-looking airborne radar (SLAR) imagery, from which in 1965 it was independently noted as a striking geomorphic (domal) anomaly. This particular imagery example illustrates the notable potential of radar imagery in general for delineation of larger scale elements, especially lineament patterns. The Virginia Dale complex is believed by the current authors to be of particular significance, not only for its relevance to Precambrian history, but also for possible influence on Phanerozoic events here, and in particular for its possible bearing on location of the Ferris-Aultman and other associated Paleozoic diatremes.

Field of study: Geology
Extension of the Bjorken Formula for Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions

For relativistic heavy ion collisions, the Bjorken formula is very useful for the estimation of the initial energy density once an initial time $\tau_0$ is specified. However, the formula is only valid when $\tau_0$ is much bigger than the finite time it takes for the two nuclei to cross each other, therefore it cannot be trusted at low energies, below $\sqrt{s_{_{\rm NN}}} \sim 50$ GeV for central Au+Au collisions. In this study we extend the Bjorken formula by including a time profile for the initial energy production. Analytical solutions for the formed energy density as functions of time are derived for several time profiles, and we find that at low energies they are much less sensitive to the uncertainty of the formation time. Compared to the Bjorken formula, the maximum energy density are much lower while the width of the energy density time evolution is much bigger at low energies. Comparisons with results from a multi-phase transport confirm the key features of these solutions. This work thus provides a general model for the initial energy production of relativistic heavy ion collisions, especially at low energies.

Field of study: Physics
Detection of microsporidia spore-specific antigens by monoclonal antibodies.

Microsporidia (phylum Microspora) are unicellular parasites commonly found in invertebrates, fish, and laboratory animals; however, microsporidiosis is an emerging problem in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The infective stage of these parasites is the spore, which possesses a rigid cell wall that protects the parasite outside its host. Little is known about their antigenic composition. Sensitive, reliable, and easily performed methods for identification and speciation are generally not available. Here, we report the production of 21 MAbs specific to spore antigens of several species of Microsporidia. MAbs were generated to purified spores of Encephalitozoon intestinalis and Encephalitozoon hellem, and their reactivities were tested against spores and intracellular developing forms of E. intestinalis, E. hellem, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, and Vittaforma corneae. Both species-specific and broad-reactivity MAbs were produced. Five MAbs reacted against the spores of all four species tested: 7 with 3 species, 6 with 2 species, 1 with E. intestinalis, and 4 with the polar tube of all species. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed the reactivity of specific MAbs to the spore wall or the polar tube. These MAbs reacted to a few antigens as determined by Western blot, and none of the epitopes were periodate-sensitive. These MAbs may be useful in the diagnosis and speciation of Microsporidia as well in the purification, cloning, and detection of these antigens.

Field of study: Biology
Transformation Electronics: Tailoring Electron's Effective Mass

The speed of integrated circuits is ultimately limited by the mobility of electrons or holes, which depend on the effective mass in a semiconductor. Here, building on an analogy with electromagnetic metamaterials and transformation optics, we describe a new transport regime in a semiconductor superlattice characterized by extreme anisotropy of the effective mass and a low intrinsic resistance to movement - with zero effective mass - along some preferred direction of electron motion. We theoretically demonstrate that such regime may permit an ultra fast, extremely strong electron response, and significantly high conductivity, which, notably may be weakly dependent on the temperature at low temperatures. These ideas may pave the way for faster electronic devices and detectors and new functional materials with a strong electrical response in the infrared regime.

Field of study: Physics
Competition for sulfide among colorless and purple sulfur bacteria in cyanobacterial mats.

The vertical zonation of light, O2, H2S, pH, and sulfur bacteria was studied in two benthic cyanobacterial mats from hypersaline ponds at Guerrero Negro, Baja California, Mexico. The physical-chemical gradients were analyzed in the upper few mm at < or = 100 micrometers spatial resolution by microelectrodes and by a fiber optic microprobe. In mats, where oxygen produced by photosynthesis diffused far below the depth of the photic zone, colorless sulfur bacteria (Beggiatoa sp.) were the dominant sulfide oxidizing organisms. In a mat, where the O2-H2S interface was close to the photic zone, but yet received no significant visible light, purple sulfur bacteria (Chromatium sp.) were the dominant sulfide oxidizers. Analysis of the spectral light distribution here showed that the penetration of only 1% of the incident near-IR light (800-900 nm) into the sulfide zone was sufficient for the mass development of Chromatium in a narrow band of 300 micromoles thickness. The balance between O2 and light penetration down into the sulfide zone thus determined in micro-scale which type of sulfur bacteria became dominant.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Contact hole imaging characteristics from projection lithography.

Image intensity profiles (IIPs) are calculated for selected cross sections of contact hole arrays for a circular source and objective in the presence of the defocus aberration. The IIPs for selected cross sections of contact holes are compared with IlPs from correspondingly dimensioned gratings. At resolution levels equal to or greater than 0.9 lambda/N.A., the predicted contact hole image quality should be similar to that attainable from correspondingly dimensioned line-space gratings. Although the shapes of the contact holes appear to be predicted well, in some cases the experimental contact hole to grating dimensional comparison indicates significantly less than perfect imaging characteristics. Advanced lens systems with similar resolution ratios but different depth of focus characteristics are also compared for contact hole imaging. Contact hole imaging characteristics are much more sensitive to residual aberrations in the optical lens system and can provide a convenient measure of the relative magnitude of these aberrations.

Field of study: Physics
Ammonia emission from grassland and livestock production systems in the UK.

Emissions of ammonia were measured from livestock excreta and fertilisers applied to grass swards, from grazed paddocks, from decomposing grass herbage and from an animal house containing dairy cows. Emissions from urine, dung, slurry and fertilisers were determined using a system of wind tunnels with each tunnel covering an area of 1 m(2). Emissions from grazed swards were determined using a micrometeorological mass balance method. From the results of these measurements, together with other published information, an inventory for ammonia emissions has been calculated for grassland and livestock production systems over the UK as a whole. It is estimated that emissions from grassland and cattle and sheep production amount to about 230 kt NH(3)-N annually, while emissions from pig and poultry production amount to about 40 kt and 80 kt NH(3)-N, respectively.

Field of study: Environmental science
Tunable transmission via quantum state evolution in oval quantum dots

We explore the quantum transmission through open oval-shaped quantum dots. The transmission spectra show periodic resonances and, depending on the geometry parameter, a strong suppression of the transmission for low energies. Applying a weak perpendicular magnetic field changes this situation drastically and introduces a large conductance. We identify the underlying mechanisms being partially due to the specific shape of the oval that causes a systematic decoupling of a substantial number of states from the leads. Importantly, a pairwise destructive interference of the transmitting states is encountered thereby leading to the complete conductance suppression. Coupling properties and interferences can be tuned via a weak magnetic field. These properties are robust with respect to the presence of disorder in the quantum dot.

Field of study: Physics
Imagining Can Heighten or Lower the Perceived Likelihood of Contracting a Disease

Prior research has demonstrated that imagining hypothetical future events may render those events subjectively more likely. The suggestion has been made that this effect is due to the increased availability in memory of the events imagined. To test directly this explanation in a health context, the present study examined the effects of both ease and difficulty of imagining contracting a disease on subjects' beliefs that the event would occur. Subjects were asked to imagine contracting a disease described either as having certain easy-to-imagine symptoms or difficult-to-imagine symptoms. Following this, subjects rated their ease of imagination and estimated the likelihood of contracting the disease. The results revealed that judgments of ease or difficulty of imagination paralleled judgments of the likelihood of contracting the disease. Those subjects who rated the disease as easy-to-imagine judged the disease as more likely to occur, whereas those who experienced difficulty in imagining the disease rated it as less likely to occur. The results are interpreted in terms of the availability heuristic and give direct support for and extend this principle by showing that trying to imagine difficult-to-construct or cognitively inaccessible events reduces likelihood estimates. Implications for preventive health programs are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Allocation of resources in a team

The informational efficiency of “price” and “demand” messages in a resource allocation mechanism is studied here with the aid of the theory of teams1 In the usual analysis of adjustment mechanisms (t?ttonnement, decomposition), the adjustment process is assumed to run to completion, so that all the allocation and resource decisions can be made on the basis of enough information to guarantee optimal decisions.a If, however, decisions must be made before the adjustment process is completed, say, after only a few iterations, then the decisions must be taken with limited information, and thus under conditions of uncertainty. This paper discusses a simple model in an attempt to examine explicitly these problems of uncertainty and limited information. A set of enterprise managers are assumed to produce various commodities, using scarce resources allocated to the enterprises by a resource manager. The enterprise managers also make decisions that affect their individual outputs. Varous kinds of communication among the managers, together with the corresponding information structures, are formulated, including the communication of price and demand messages. Optimal decision rules for the managers are calculated for the objective of maximizing the expected value of an index of total output. (It is assumed that the production functions and the

Field of study: Economics
Expression of IL-1 beta and IL-8 by human gingival epithelial cells in response to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans.

The interaction between epithelial cells and microorganisms is the most important step in bacterial infections. Epithelial cells in response to exposure to pathogenic bacteria produce cytokines that initiate inflammation. However, little is known about the cytokine response of gingival epithelial cells to periodontopathogenic bacteria. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is thought to play a significant role in the initiation of periodontitis because of its bacteriological characteristics. In the present study, we investigated the cytokine induction by human gingival epithelial cells (HGEC) following exposure to A. actinomycetemcomitans in comparison with human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) in culture. Northern blot analysis showed that mRNAs of interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) and IL-8, but not IL-6, in HGEC were induced in response to A. actinomycetemcomitans. Secretion of IL-8 by HGEC was also increased following A. actinomycetemcomitans challenge, whereas production of IL-1beta could not be detected. The levels of IL-8 and its mRNA were increased depending on the concentration of A. actinomycetemcomitans. The co-culture with HGF and A. actinomycetemcomitans resulted in an increase in the levels of IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA in HGF. However, HGF exposed to A. actinomycetemcomitans, showed no expression of IL-1beta mRNA. These findings demonstrated that HGEC and HGF stimulated with A. actinomycetemcomitans have different profiles in cytokine mRNA expression. Furthermore, A. actinomycetemcomitans may play an important role in amplifying the local immune response and in initiating inflammatory reaction through release of IL-8 from gingival epithelial cells.

Field of study: Medicine
Characterizing Additively Closed Discrete Models by a Property of Their Maximum Likelihood Estimators, With an Application to Generalized Hermite Distributions

This article reports on two-parameter count distributions (satisfying very general conditions) that are closed under addition so that their maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) of the population mean is the sample mean. The most important of these in practice, the generalized Hermite distribution, is analyzed, and a necessary and sufficient condition is given to ensure that the MLE is the solution of likelihood equations. Score test to contrast the Poisson assumption is studied, and two examples of applications are given.

Field of study: Mathematics
Preparation and physical property measurement to sausage of apple fi ber

The sausage be made which added the apple fi ber(SDF and IDF) from apple pomace. Study on the best additive quality of SDF and IDF in different proportion by sensory evaluation and texture determination. The results showed that the addition of SDF was 1% or apple fi ber(SDF:IDF=1:1) was 1%, the tenderness, chewiness and adhesiveness of sausage were the best.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Numerical simulation on beam breakup unstability of linear induction accelerator

A code is written to simulate BBU in induction linac according to theoretic analysis. The general form of evolution of BBU in induction linac is investigated at first, then the effect of related parameters on BBU is analyzed, for example, the alignment error, oscillation frequency of beam centroid, beam pulse shape and acceleration gradient. At last measures are put forward to damp beam breakup unstability.

Field of study: Physics
Patterns of economic retardation and recovery in south-western Europe in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries

Ts there a specific Latin or south-west European pattern of economic modernization? A simple inspection of tables i and 2 and of figure i would suggest that there is. The special characteristic of the south-western economies (Spain, Portugal, and Italy) seems to be their stagnation and backwardness in relation to north-western Europe during the nineteenth century, while in the twentieth century they grew rapidly and recovered most, if not all, of the ground lost. We must first investigate the sources of the evidence presented in these tables and graphs. Table i is based on the calculations in classical works2 as recalculated by Prados, and sometimes linearly interpolated. Table 2 relates these income series to the combined British and French per caput income (hence the virtual mirror images of the British and French curves in figure i). Relative to the British-French norm, the Latin economies appear to have declined dramatically during the first half of the nineteenth century, almost held their own during the second half, begun a halting recovery from I900 to I930, sunk again-Spain especially-in I930-50, and partially caught up since then.

Field of study: Economics, History
Heterofunctional condensation of chlorosilanes with tetra- and hexaphenylsiloxanediols

A number of new chloro- and hydrochlorosiloxanes with cyclic and linear structures were synthesized by the condensation of tetraphenyldisiloxane-1,3-diol and hexaphenyltrisiloxane-1,5-diol with silicon tetrachloride and trichlorosilane. The effects of the starting ratio of the reactants and dilution on the reaction rates and yields of cyclosiloxanes were studied.

Field of study: Chemistry
The radiative decays φ↦γa0/f0 in the molecular model for the scalar mesons

We investigate the radiative decays of the φ-meson to the scalar mesons a0(980) and f0(980). We demonstrate that, contrary to earlier claims, these decays should be of the same order of magnitude for a molecular state and for a compact state and, therefore, the available experimental information is consistent with both a molecular as well as a compact structure of the scalars. Thus, the radiative decays of the φ-meson into scalars establish a sizable K¯ component of the scalar mesons, but do not allow to discriminate between molecules and compact states.

Field of study: Physics
The Social Construction of American Realism (review)

and Franklin Rosemont's essay, "Bellamy's Radicalism Reclaimed," which attempts to correct the mistaken notion that Bellamy only appealed to the working class by showing that because of his power as a storyteller he had enormous appeal for other socioeconomic classes as well. The critical essays are followed by a useful bibliography on Bellamy and Looking Backward compiled by Nancy Snell Griffith. Daphne Patai's collection of critical essays serves the important function of contextualizing the work of an important literary figure and social figure who inspired social reforms and political structures. The volume is a most welcome update.

Field of study: Art
Inter-layer subb and mixing in MBE-grown HgTe/CdTe superlattices

We report transport results for molecular beam epitaxially grown HgTe/CdTe superlattices (SLs) with CdTe barrier thickness of Lb systematically varied from 100Å down to 20Å, and demonstrate the increasing intersubband mixing between adjacent layers with decreasing Lb. Magnetotransport data measured at 1.5K and for B up to 10T show monotonously varying features with Lb, implying a dimensional change from 2D to quasi-3D. As Lb decreases, the quantum Hall plateaus become weaker and the number of effective 2D channels are decreased, which indicates increasing growth-direction energy dispersion. This enhanced interlayer subband coupling with decreasing Lb is further confirmed by the angle-dependence of SdH oscillations. For Lb = 20Å, all of 2D-related transport behavior are washed out. A quantitative analysis with calculated subband energy dispersion relations demonstrates the close interplay between superlattice barrier thickness and the strength of the intersubband mixing. These transport results are directly related to successful control of the growth-axis carrier effective mass and will contribute to the development of high-performance HgTe/CdTe SL-based IR photo-voltaic devices and lasers, in which tunneling noise due to diffusion currents can be considerably reduced.

Field of study: Materials science
Nicotine coregulates multiple pathways involved in protein modification/degradation in rat brain.

Previously, we used cDNA microarrays to demonstrate that the phosphatidylinositol and MAP kinase signaling pathways are regulated by nicotine in different rat brain regions. In the present report, we show that, after exposure to nicotine for 14 days, ubiquitin, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, 20S and 19S proteasomal subunits, and chaperonin-containing TCP-1 protein (CCT) complex members are upregulated in rat prefrontal cortex (PFC) while being downregulated in the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH). In particular, relative to saline controls, ubiquitins B and C were upregulated by 33% and 47% (P<0.01), respectively, in the PFC. The proteasome beta subunit 1 (PSMB1) and 26S ATPase 3 (PSMC3) genes were upregulated in the PFC by 95% and 119% (P<0.001), respectively. In addition to the protein degradation pathway of the ubiquitin-proteasome complexes, we observed in the PFC an increase in the expression of small, ubiquitin-related modifiers (SUMO) 1 and 2 by 80% and 33%, respectively (P<0.001), and in 3 of 6 CCT subunits by up to 150% (P<0.0001). To a lesser extent, a change in the opposite direction was obtained in the expression of the same gene families in the MBH. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was used to validate the microarray results obtained with some representative genes involved in these pathways. Taken together, our results suggest that, in response to systemic nicotine administration, the ubiquitin-proteasome, SUMO, and chaperonin complexes provide an intricate control mechanism to maintain cellular homeostasis, possibly by regulating the composition and signaling of target neurons in a region-specific manner.

Field of study: Biology
PPARα ligand clofibrate ameliorates blood pressure and vascular reactivity in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear transcription factors that regulate numerous genes influencing blood pressure. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of clofibrate, a PPARα ligand, on blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), 8–9 weeks old, were randomly allocated into groups treated with vehicle or clofibrate (250 mg·kg−1·d−1, ip for 21 d). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured before and after the study period using tail-cuff plethysmography. Rats were sacrificed under anesthesia and blood, urine and tissue samples were processed for subsequent analysis.SHR rats showed significantly higher SBP compared with WKY rats (198±6 mmHg vs 93±7 mmHg), and a 3-fold increase in urinary protein excretion. Clofibrate treatment reduced SBP by 26%±2% and proteinuria by 43%±9% in SHR but not in WKY rats. The urinary nitrite/nitrate excretion in SHR rats was nearly 2-fold greater than that in WKY, and was further increased by 30%±4% and 48%±3%, respectively, following clofibrate treatment. In addition, PPARα protein expression and PPARα activity were significantly lower in SHR than that in WKY rats. Clofibrate treatment significantly increased PPARα protein expression and PPARα activity in SHR rats, but not in WKY rats. Moreover, the vasoconstrictor response of aortic ring was markedly increased in SHRs, which was blunted after clofibrate treatment.PPARα contributes to regulation of blood pressure and vascular reactivity in SHR, and clofibrate-mediated reduction in blood pressure and proteinuria is probably through increased NO production.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine