nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Time vs. composition trends of magmatism at Sunlight volcano, Absaroka volcanic province, Wyoming

Sunlight volcano is a dissected, but well-preserved eruptive center in the eastern, high-K belt of the Absaroka volcanic province. On the basis of high-precision 40Ar/39Ar ages, magmatism at the volcano commenced prior to 49.6 Ma and continued until ca. 48.1 Ma. Stratigraphic relationships along with geochemical and 40Ar/39Ar data distinguish three principal stages of effusive volcanism that are interpreted to reflect the inception, climax, and decay of a crustal magmatic system related to three major pulses of basalt and high eruptive rates. During the first two stages, shoshonitic and latitic lavas with small but distinct compositional ranges accumulated. The third stage included eruption of picritic basaltic lavas and intrusion and solidification of magmas in the volcanic edifice. As this stage produced magmas compositionally more evolved and diverse (basalts to trachytes) than in previous stages, it likely represents the terminal pulse of basalt to the system, followed by cooling, protracted differentiation, and cessation of eruptive activity.

Petrographic, geochemical, and Sr and Nd isotope data for Sunlight igneous rocks indicate that crystallization differentiation was the dominant magma-evolution process, although phenocryst accumulation and crustal contamination also occurred. Evidence for phenocryst accumulation is most pronounced in final-stage rocks. This relationship is interpreted to reflect recharge of late magmas into mature chambers laden with crystals deposited during earlier stages. The importance of crystallization differentiation at Sunlight volcano contrasts with recent petrogenetic models for calc-alkaline magmas in the Absaroka volcanic province, which require a more important role for early magma mixing. The results presented here indicate that across-strike increases in K2O contents of rocks in the field derive from variations in the conditions of crustal differentiation, rather than from mantle processes involving a subducting slab.

Field of study: Geology
Zeeman-Effekt des Xenonfunkenspektrums, XeII. (I)

ZusammenfassungDie Funkenlinien des Xe wurden auf ihren Zeeman-Effekt untersucht. 34 Linien, welche von Humphreys, de Bruin und Meggers (H., B.u.M.) eingeordnet wurden, konnten bestätigt werden. Einige Linien erwiesen sich als falsch klassifiziert, ebenso einige Terme. Zwei Terme der Konfiguration 5p4·6d konnten gefunden werden, deren Kombinationen mit den Termen von 5p4·6p einige neueingeordnete Linien von Xe II ergeben. Weiter wurden noch die Zeeman. Effekte von 46 nichteingeordneten Xe-Funkenlinien, welche vermutlich Kombinationen der Terme mit dem Rumpfzustand1D sind, mitgeteilt. Fast alle gemesseneng-Faktoren sind sehr anomal, was auf die stark anomale Kopplung im Xe II-Spektrum hinweist.

Field of study: Physics
The Relationship between Clients' Perceptions of Therapist-Parent Similarity with Respect to Empathy, Regard, and Unconditionality and Therapists' Ratings of Client Transference.

The authors studied the similarity between clients' perceptions of their therapists and their perceptions of their parents (or early parental figures) in terms of the relationship qualities of empathy, positive regard, and unconditionality of regard and how those perceptions compared with their therapists' ratings of transference. Participants were 62 actual therapy dyads. The results failed to support a hypothesized positive association between the similarity of the therapist and parents or parental figures on the relationship dimensions of empathy, regard, and unconditionality and therapist ratings of transference. Instead, the clients' relationship ratings of their parents and therapists suggested that therapists' perceptions of transference may more accurately reflect perceptions of their clients' nontransferential (i.e., real relationship) reactions to the therapist.

Field of study: Psychology
A unified metric of software complexity: Measuring productivity, quality, and value

There are different sources of software complexity. A large set of complexity metrics can measure distinct program attributes to show different program size indicators. Nevertheless, the size of a program must be obtained from the overall program complexity based on the values of all program factors. Based on the concept that software complexity is a measurement of the resources expended through the software life cycle, and the fact that a program may be approached from three distinct perspectives, the complexity factors are classified into three complexity domains: syntactical, functional, and computational. Each domain represents the magnitudes of the factors in one of the three dimensions: length, time, and level or depth. Using these ideas, in this article we define ordinal measures of the complexity factors based on discrete mathematical structures of programs and the information content or entropy, transform the different domains of software complexity in linear metric spaces in order to represent a program by a set of vectors whose magnitudes and distances represent metrics of the program components, and define a “unified complexity metric” of the program size and the effort needed to produce it over the multilinear complexity space conformed by the three complexity spaces. These metrics may be used to define a statistical method that estimates the size of a program and the effort needed to produce it from the external system design, the productivity in software projects, and the quality and value of software products.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Multiple landslide clusters record Quaternary climate changes in the northwestern Argentine Andes

The chronology of multiple landslide deposits and related lake sediments in the semi-arid eastern Argentine Cordillera suggests that major mass movements cluster in two time periods during the Quaternary, i.e. between 40 and 25 and after 5 14 C kyr BP. These clusters may correspond to the Minchin (maximum at around 28^27 14 C kyr BP) and Titicaca wet periods (after 3.9 14 C kyr BP). The more humid conditions apparently caused enhanced landsliding in this environment. In contrast, no landslide-related damming and associated lake sediments occurred during the Coipasa (11.5^10 14 C yr BP) and Tauca wet periods (14.5^11 14 C yr BP). The two clusters at 40^25 and after 5 14 C kyr BP may correspond to periods where the El Nin ‹ o^Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Tropical Atlantic Sea Surface Temperature Variability (TAV) were active. This, however, was not the case during the Coipasa and Tauca wet periods. Lake-balance modelling of a landslide-dammed lake suggests a 10^15% increase in precipitation and a 3^ 4‡C decrease in temperature at V30 14 C kyr BP as compared to the present. In addition, time-series analysis reveals a strong ENSO and TAV during that time. The landslide clusters in northwestern Argentina are therefore best explained by periods of more humid and more variable climates. < 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Pressure-Enhanced Interplane Tunneling Magnetoresistance in a Layered Manganite Crystal

The pressure-induced variations of the anisotropic charge-transport and magnetic properties have been investigated for a bilayered manganite crystal, La{sub 2{minus}2x} Sr{sub 1+2x} Mn{sub 2}O {sub 7} (x=0.3 ). The magnitude of the magnetic coupling between the adjacent bilayers can be weakened by application of pressure, which makes the charge dynamics more two dimensional (2D) but highly incoherent. As a result, the restoration of the interlayer hopping of the spin-polarized carriers by application of magnetic field, namely the field-induced 2D-3D crossover, gives rise to an extremely high ratio of interplane tunneling magnetoresistance, say, up to {Delta}{rho}{sub c}/{rho}{sub c}{approximately}4 000{percent} at 4.2K under {approximately}10 kbar. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}

Field of study: Physics
Behavior systems and reinforcement: an integrative approach.

Most traditional conceptions of reinforcement are based on a simple causal model in which responding is strengthened by the presentation of a reinforcer. I argue that reinforcement is better viewed as the outcome of constraint of a functioning causal system comprised of multiple interrelated causal sequences, complex linkages between causes and effects, and a set of initial conditions. Using a simplified system conception of the reinforcement situation, I review the similarities and drawbacks of traditional reinforcement models and analyze the recent contributions of cognitive, regulatory, and ecological approaches. Finally, I show how the concept of behavior systems can begin to incorporate both traditional and recent conceptions of reinforcement in an integrative approach.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
'Hair-on-end' sign: an important finding in clinical practice.

A 35-year-old African-American female with significant medical history for asthma, chronic anemia and status post-splenectomy was admitted for marked anemia and dizziness. Her family history was unremarkable for hemoglobinopathies. A computed tomography of head without contrast revealed thickening of the calvarium with ‘hair-on-end’ appearance and enlarged opacified maxillary and sphenoid sinuses, completely filled with blood . Hemoglobin electrophoresis analysis revealed the following hemoglobin fractions Hb F 80%, Hb A1 16.6%, Hb A2 2.8% and Hb …

Field of study: Medicine
Response bounds for hysteretic second order systems

The behavior of many engineering systems is governed by the second order differential equation £/(/) +F[£/(r)] =<?(')> (1) where G(t) is a specified oscillatory function of time t, a dot denotes differentiation with respect to t, F(U) is a nonlinear restoring function representing the system hysteresis, as shown in Fig. 1, and U(0) = U(0) = 0. In a recent paper , it has been shown that /= F(u) < (l/a)g, (2) where / = sup|.F(I/)|, " = sup|t/(?)|, g = sup|G(/)|, and 0 < a < 1 is given by A a = ~rr> Afu where A is the area of the hysteresis loop.

Field of study: Mathematics
Understanding topic, structure, and importance of information in a visual and verbal display

In the current study, a research approach for examining how visitors “read” museum exhibits is offered. The authors adapted methods that have been applied to the study of the importance structure of text. College students viewed a museum exhibit and rated the informational importance of the exhibit components. The results were similar to those found in studies with text. There was agreement among the participants on the relative importance of the base units of the exhibit and on identifying and ranking subtopic groups of units, but there was much less agreement on overall exhibit focus. Implications of the findings for school children's learning in museums are discussed.

Field of study: Education
Groundwater in fractured crystalline rocks, the Clara mine, Black Forest (Germany)

The chemical composition of water sampled in a 700 m deep underground barite-fluorite mine in the crystalline basement of the Black Forest area (SW Germany) varies systematically with depth and the length of flow paths trough, the fracture porosity of the gneiss matrix. Calcium and sulfate increase as a result of a combined sulfide oxidation and plagioclase alteration reaction. The gneiss contains andesine–plagioclase (An20–An40) and is rich in primary sulfide. As an effect of Ca and SO4 release by the prime water–rock reaction, dissolved oxygen decreases and the waters become more reduced. The waters have Cl/Br mass ratios of about 50, which is very close to that of experimentally leached gneiss powders indicating that the rock matrix is the source of the halogens. The waters are undersaturated with respect to calcite in the upper parts of the mine. With increasing reaction progress, calcite saturation is reached and carbonate forms as a reaction product of the prime reaction that also controls the partial pressure of CO2 to progressively lower values. The chemical evolution of groundwater in fractured basement of the Clara mine suggests that the partial pressure of CO2 is an internally buffered parameter rather than a controlling external variable.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Cross-layer and Multipath based Video Transmission Scheme for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks

The issue of video transmission for wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) was studied in this paper. Video applications were generally characterized by large data size and strong real-time requirement. However, nodes in WMSNs had limited resources and the quality of service for video applications was hard to ensure. This paper studied this problem and presented a cross-layer and multipath based video transmission scheme (CMVT). CMVT introduced the idea of differentiated service and multipath routing, and operated in both application layer and network layer. In application layer, different types of video frames were marked with different tags. Then in network layer these frames were identified by the tags and CMVT would forward them in different paths. Simulation results showed that, CMVT reduced the channel conflicts efficiently and balanced the power consumption of the network, which extended the network lifetime greatly. Also, it provided better video transmission quality.

Field of study: Computer science
The difference and significance of peripheral blood regulatory T cells in patients with symptomatic chronic hepatitis B, asymptomatic HBV carriers and acute self-limiting HBV infection

目的 比较慢性乙型肝炎患者、HBV携带者、急性自限性HBV感染者与正常对照之间外周血调节性T细胞(Treg)比例的差异,分析HBV感染后不同临床转归与Treg的关系,为慢性乙型肝炎的治疗提供新的线索.方法 选取2004年2月至10月在我院肝炎门诊就诊的慢性乙型肝炎患者28例、HBV携带者23例、急性自限性HBV感染者19例以及健康献血员14例,使用流式细胞仪检测其外周血Treg的比例,分析其差异及临床意义.结果 慢性乙型肝炎组外周血Treg占CD4+T细胞的比例为7.2%±3.1%,较HBV携带者组、急性自限性HBV感染者组及正常对照组增高;而HBV携带者组、急性自限性HBV感染者组及正常对照组之间Treg比例差异无统计学意义.结论 Treg在HBV感染后慢性化的过程中可能发挥了一定的作用。

Field of study: Biology
PENINGKATAN PRODUKTIVITAS TERNAK DAN MANAJEMEN PETERNAKAN DI SENTRA PETERNAKAN RAKYAT (SPR) CINAGARABOGO SUBANG

Sentra Peternakan Rakyat (SPR) Cipunagarabogo merupakan kelompok ternak yang menaungi lebih dari 250 anggota kelompok ternak skala kecil dengan kepemilikan ternak rata-rata 3,21 ekor serta tujuan dibentuknya SPR mengkoordinasi pembuatan pakan pembuatan pupuk, perdagangan, dan pembibitan sapi lokal. Terdapat permasalahan yang mendasar sehingga mempengaruhi produktivitas ternak yaitu mahalnya biaya pakan dan rendahnya produktivitas ternak itu sendiri. Pengabdian masyarakat ini bertujuan mengatasi permasalahan diatas dan menambah pengetahuan peternak melalui penyuluhan dan pembinaan mengenai tata cara pembuatan complete feed dengan memanfaatkan limbah pertanian untuk mengembangkan mamajemen peternakan yang efektif dengan biaya yang rendah. Kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat dilakukan di SPR Cinagarabogo Desa Padamulya, Kecamatan Cipunagara, Kabupaten Subang selama bulan Juli sampai Oktober 2018 dengan menggunakan metode ceramah, focus group discussion, demplot, pelatihan dan pendampingan serta monev. Hasil dari pengabdian masyarakat ini yaitu peternak dapat membuat complete feed sebagai upaya dalam meningkatkan produktivitas ternak dengan memanfaatkan tongkol jagung, bekatul, limbah kecap, molases dan mineral. Kesimpulan dari pengabdian masyarakat ini yaitu pelaksanan kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat mampu membantu masyarakat untuk mengembangkan pembangunan peternakan melalui peningkatan produktivitas ternak dan perbaikan manajemen kelembagaan di SPR dan kelompok-kelompoknya. 
  
Kata kunci: complete feed, pengabdian masyarakat, produktivitas, SPR Cinagarabogo, ternak

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Identification of Novel Phosphopeptides After Simulated Digestion of αs2-casein by Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Casein phosphopeptides (CPPs) are encrypted in αs1-, αs2-and β-casein (CN) and can be released by in vitro, in vivohydrolysis or food processing of dairy foods. Bovine αs2-CN contains two cluster sequences of anionic phosphoseryl and glutamyl residues SpSpSpEE in its structure (residues 8–12 and 56–63), which can modulate mineral bioavailability. In this study αs2-casein (αs2-CN) was subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion. CPPs released were sequenced by on-line reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC-ESIMS/MS). Six novel αs2-CN derived CPPs, Three of them (αs2-CN(54–87)4P,αs2-CN(24–70)4P and αs2-CN(14–73)5P) with the mineral binding cluster sequence SpSpSpEE were identified and characterised. CPPs from αs2-CN identified in this study resist simulated gastrointestinal digestion. As the molecular weights of these CPPs are approx. 2,165–7,112Da, they could be absorbed by intestinal cells. Consequently, these αs2-CN derived CPPs could be promising candidates for incorporation to mineral fortified foods as functional ingredients.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Harmonic measure on simply connected domains of fixed inradius

LetD⊂C be a simply connected domain that contains 0 and does not contain any disk of radius larger than 1. ForR>0, letωD(R) denote the harmonic measure at 0 of the set {z:|z|≽R}⋔∂D. Then it is shown thatthere exist β>0and C>0such that for each such D,ωD(R)≤Ce−βR,for every R>0. Thus a natural question is: What is the supremum of all β′s , call it β0, for which the above inequality holds for every suchD? Another formulation of the problem involves hyperbolic metric instead of harmonic measure. Using this formulation a lower bound for β0 is found. Upper bounds for β0 can be obtained by constructing examples of domainsD. It is shown that a certain domain whose boundary consists of an infinite number of vertical half-lines, i.e. a comb domain, gives a good upper bound. This bound disproves a conjecture of C. Bishop which asserted that the strips of width 2 are extremal domains. Harmonic measures on comb domains are also studied.

Field of study: Mathematics
Technological evaluation of methacrylic acid/fenugreek gum grafted products as thickener in textile printing

The graft copolymerisation of methacrylic acid onto fenugreek gum has been performed using potassium persulphate as initiator. The rheological properties of the grafted product and its utilization as a thickening agent in printing cotton fabrics with reactive dyes were thoroughly investigated. It was found that polymethacrylic acid/fenugreek gum grafted products are characterised by non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behaviour. The apparent viscosity at a constant rate of shear depends on the amount of the monomer used. Furthermore, the results obtained indicate that polymethacrylic acid/fenugreek gum grafted products can be used safely, either alone or in a mixture with sodium alginate, to give printed goods characterized by soft handling and excellent colour fastness properties. Infra-red spectra of fenugreek gum before and after grafting with methacrylic acid indicate some physicochemical changes in the structure.

Field of study: Materials science
Mössbauer study of the polymorphism in iron and iron-nickel alloys under deformation and high pressure

Structural and phase transitions in iron and binary iron-nickel alloys containing 6–32 at % nickel have been investigated by Mössbauer spectroscopy in situ under quasi-hydrostatic compression and compression shear. It is shown that the deformation decreases the onset pressure of the α-phase transition to the high-pressure ∈ and γ phases. Shear changes the transformation mechanism due to the formation of a large number of structural defects; it is an independent parameter of the phase transition kinetics. Compression shear leads to an irregular change in the hyperfine parameters of the initial and newly formed phases, which is due to the stress relaxation as in the trip effect.

Field of study: Physics
A novel remote sensing algorithm to quantify phycocyanin in cyanobacterial algal blooms

We present a novel three-band algorithm (PC3) to retrieve phycocyanin (PC) pigment concentration in cyanobacteria laden inland waters. The water sample and remote sensing reflectance data used for PC3 calibration and validation were acquired from highly turbid productive catfish aquaculture ponds. Since the characteristic PC absorption feature at 620 nm is contaminated with residual chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) absorption, we propose a coefficient (ψ) for isolating the PC absorption component at 620 nm. Results show that inclusion of the model coefficient relating Chl-a absorption at 620 nm–665 nm enables PC3 to compensate for the confounding effect of Chl-a at the PC absorption band and considerably increases the accuracy of the PC prediction algorithm. In the current dataset, PC3 produced the lowest mean relative error of prediction among all PC algorithms considered in this research. Moreover, PC3 eliminates the nonlinear sensitivity issue of PC algorithms particularly at high PC range (>100 μg L−1). Therefore, introduction of PC3 will have an immediate positive impact on studies monitoring inland and coastal cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms.

Field of study: Environmental science
Depression, anxiety and quality of life impairment in parents of children with functional lower urinary tract dysfunction.

Lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) is a common clinical condition in children, frequently associated with emotional issues both among the patients and their families. The objective of the present study was to measure depressive and anxious symptoms and quality of life (QoL) in parents of LUTD patients.



This cross-sectional study applied Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories and WHOQOL-Bref to 88 caregivers of children with LUTD followed at a tertiary care center. The prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents was assessed using the Child Behavior Check List (CBCL 6-18) answered by their caregivers. The association of clinical features and emotional aspects related to the caregivers' quality of life was evaluated through non-parametric correlation (Spearman) and multiple linear regression analysis.



Most of the caregivers were mothers (88%), with a mean age of 41.5 (SD 8.7 years), 67% of them married or in a stable union, and 38% had not completed elementary school. Considering 19 as the cutoff point for the Beck scale, 44% of the sample had a clinical score for depressive symptoms and 43% for anxious symptoms. According to the parents' report, 56% of children with LUTD had a clinical score for behavioral problems in CBCL. Parents' QoL was impaired, and the predictors of poor QoL were the age of the patients and presence of depressive/anxious symptoms in caregivers. Parents' depression/anxiety symptoms and poor QoL significantly correlated with behavioral problems in their children. The CBCL total problems score correlated both to depression (r = 0.38, p < 0.01) and to anxiety in parents (r = 0.49, p < 0.01) .



These findings indicate a possible emotional impact of LUTD in patients' caregivers. Our study suggests that an approach to the family of LUTD patients' may be an important therapeutic resource for an effective clinical control of this condition.

Field of study: Medicine
X-ray absorption of bromonaphthalene dissolved in supercritical fluid xenon.

The results of Br K-edge X-ray absorption measurements of 1-bromonaphthalene dissolved in supercritical fluid Xe are reported. As the pressure of Xe confined in a high-pressure cell is increased, the absorption spectrum of bromonaphthalene gradually appears, showing that Xe in the supercritical fluid state solvates the bromonaphthalene molecule. The spectrum of the dissolved sample shows a remarkable difference from that of the pure liquid sample in the near-edge region of the X-ray absorption spectrum, reflecting the interaction of the solute material with solvent Xe. Ab initio full multiple-scattering calculations can reproduce the spectral features qualitatively. A large value of the Debye-Waller factor must be introduced to give the best fit, corresponding to a large degree of spatial disorder and violent thermal vibration of the Xe atoms around the Br atom.

Field of study: Physics