nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Involvement of accumbal glycine receptors in the regulation of voluntary ethanol intake in the rat.

Extracellular dopamine (DA) levels in the nucleus accumbens (nAc) increase after ethanol (EtOH) administration in the rat, a response that may be involved in the positive reinforcing effects of EtOH. The mechanisms underlying this DA activation and how they relate to EtOH reinforcement remain to be elucidated, but recent data indicate that glycine receptors (GlyRs) in the nAc may be involved. Here this hypothesis was further challenged by examining the influence of bilateral accumbal application of glycine (a GlyR agonist), strychnine (a GlyR competitive antagonist), or Ringer on EtOH intake and preference, as well as on the concomitant DA output in the nAc, in EtOH high-preferring male Wistar rats.



EtOH high-preferring male Wistar rats [EtOH preference >60% during continuous access to a bottle of EtOH (6% v/v) and a bottle of water] were limited to drink 1 hr/day (limited access drinking). Thereafter, the animals were equipped bilaterally with microdialysis probes aimed at the mAc, and were subjected to in vivo microdialysis (coupled to high-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection) and reversed microdialysis (for drug application) during two experimental days (balanced study), during which the animals were allowed a choice between EtOH and water.



The EtOH consumption in rats that were perfused with Ringer in the nAc was approximately 0.9 g/kg/hr and associated with a significant increase in extracellular accumbal DA levels. In a subpopulation of rats, bilateral accumbal glycine (100 microM) perfusion produced a significant increase in accumbal DA output and a decrease in EtOH preference and intake. In these glycine responders, the EtOH consumed (approximately 0.7 g/kg/hr) did not produce a further increase of DA levels. In other rats, bilateral glycine perfusion did not change the accumbal DA output, and voluntary EtOH intake was not altered. In these glycine nonresponders, EtOH tended to increase accumbal DA levels. Bilateral accumbal strychnine (20 microM) perfusion significantly decreased DA output in the nAc, and the DA levels remained decreased despite a statistically significant increase of EtOH intake. Finally, the increase in accumbal DA levels observed after EtOH consumption in Ringer-treated rats was significantly larger in glycine responders than in glycine nonresponders.



The present findings suggest that glycine and strychnine alter extracellular DA levels in the nAc, probably via GlyR stimulation and blockade, respectively, and concomitantly glycine and strychnine reciprocally alter also EtOH consumption in EtOH high-preferring male Wistar rats. The possibility of developing selective GlyR agonists and/or antagonists should be explored. Such agents could prove of value in the treatment of alcoholism.

Field of study: Medicine
Guyots in the Southwestern Pacific Basin

Four guyots in a northwest trending group of guyots, 2000 km east of New Zealand, have reliefs of 4200–4500 m and shelf break depths of 700, 880, 900, and 920 m. Blocky and tabular cobbles of olivine basalt and detrital rock were dredged from one of the guyots. The structural province characterized by northwest trending lines of volcanoes has greater extent to the southwest than previously known and comes into contact with the sub-continental Tonga-Kermadec and Fiji structures.

Field of study: Geology
Mn Modified Mesoporous TiO2 Particles: Synthesis, Characterization and Photovoltaic Application

In this work, manganese (Mn) modified mesoporous titanium dioxide (Mn-MT) particles were synthesized by a hydrothermal process using an impregnation method and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as a template. This method enables synthesis at relatively low temperatures, with good surface modification resulting in ordered spherical particles. To verify the modifications in structural properties, x-ray diffraction (XRD) studies were carried out. A pure anatase phase was exhibited by both MT and Mn-MT particles. XRD patterns showed no evidence of secondary phase formation after surface modification with Mn. Optical studies of these particles were analysed by band gap studies. Both the optical and electron spin resonance studies revealed the presence of Mn in the 2+ state. Finally, these particles were coated on Si solar cells and exhibited an overall increase in efficiency of 15% when compared with bare cells, which can be attributed to better surface passivation.

Field of study: Materials science
The Mapuche in Modern Chile: A Cultural History by Joanna Crow (review)

roots. After reading this book, one is no longer surprised that Yaquis appear so often in the historical record as both rebels and imperial solders. Nor is one surprised that the Yaquis of the twentieth century could be first hated by the Porfirian regime and later favored by Cárdenas; enslaved and then emancipated; and reviled and finally redeemed in the eyes of the central state. Folsom shows us that these more recent events belong to a much longer and deeper history of Yaqui pragmatism and survival.

Field of study: History
Labour supply in the home care industry: A case study in a Dutch region.

Health organizations have started to become more market-driven. Therefore, it is important for health organizations to analyse the competitive dynamics of their industrial structure. However, relevant theories and models have mainly been developed for organizations acting in the profit sector. In this paper, we adapt Porter's 'five forces model' to the home care industry. In particular, we modify the (determinants of the) bargaining power of labour suppliers. We then apply the modified Porter-model to the home care industry in the Netherlands for the period of 1987-1997 with special attention for labour supply. The new instrument clarifies the complexity of the supply chains and value systems of the home care industry. As can be illustrated by developments in the home care industry in the province of North Brabant during the 1990s, competition between home care providers has influenced labour market relations, but so do other factors as well. Between 1987 and 1997, the bargaining power of labour suppliers was relatively limited. After 1997, however, the demand for home care personnel has increased strongly. In spite of the present economic recession, scarcity on this labour market seems to prevail in the longer term due to a growing demand for home care services.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit α9 in type II vestibular hair cells of rats

To explore the cell specific existence of α9 AChR in the vestibular type II hair cells (VHC II) of rats.To detect the expression of α9 AChR messenger RNA (mRNA) in the vestibular endorgans and single VHC II of rats by using the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique and the single cell RT-PCR technique, respectively.It was shown that α9 AChR mRNA was detected in the vestibular endorgans. By using single-cell RT-PCR, mRNA encoding α9 AChR was also detected in the VHC II of the rats. Sequence analysis of the PCR products confirmed identity to corresponding cDNA sequence in the predicted region.We established a method which could effectively detect the cell specific expression of mRNA in an individual VHC. Present data confirm that α9 AChR mRNA is expressed in the VHC II of rats and indicates that α9 AChR may function as a mediator of efferent cholinergic signaling in mammalian VHC.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
A Comparison of Technical and Vocational Acquired Skills Differences Based on Gender in Tvet Institutions, Uasin Gishu County, Kenya

Lower participation of women in the labor force and/or concentration of women labor in un skilled or low skilled, low income generating economic activities including part time and casual work has created many questions among the researcher on the kind and quality of technical and vocational skills acquired by woman. The current study compared technical and vocational acquired skills acquired between male and female in Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutions, Uasin Gishu. From the findings it has been observed that Male students had significantly and highly acquired interpersonal skills, Information Communication Technical (ICT) skills, Critical analysis, ability to use numerical data and management skills than female. Male students had also acquired critical thinking skills two times higher than that of female students. In addition, the study concludes that male students had acquired skills in many areas than female students. On the other hand female students had acquired high significant skills in ability to work in a team, organizational skills and academic qualifications than male. There is need to diversify Vocational and Technical Training and improve access for and retention of girls and women in education and vocational training in such fields as science, mathematics, engineering, environmental sciences, information technology and new technologies, as well as management training.  Gender, Technical, Vocational, TVET, Skills

Field of study: Education
Preparation of Five China Sea and Continental Shelf Sediment Reference Materials with Ultra Fine Particle Size

The preparation and certification of five China Sea and continental shelf sediment reference materials MSCS-1 -5 are reported. The raw samples were collected separately from the East China Sea and the South China Sea. First,they were ground by a ball mill to a homogenous powder of less than 74 μm,then these samples was further processed by an ultra-fine processing technique,a jet mill,to form an ultra-fine powder. The particle size distribution of the samples was determined with a laser particle-analyser,their average particle size is 4 μm. The homogeneity was tested by high-precision WD-XRF and the minimum sampling mass is 5 mg,which was confirmed by XRF,ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Twelve laboratories participated in the cooperative study and 60 constituents were determined. 50 and 51 components were certified as certified values and 1 and 2 components as reference values respectively for MSCS-1 and MSCS-2,52 constituents were certified as certified values for MSCS-3,4 and 5. The sum of the major and minor components in the five reference mate-rials MSCS-1 -5 is 99. 9% ,99. 6% ,100. 4% ,100. 1% and 99. 7% ,respectively.

Field of study: Chemistry
Stochastic inversion and prediction applied to concrete overlay systems

A model for a concrete overlay structure using two beams with interface stiffnesses as unknown parameter is used to examine the inverse problem formulation. Using deformation and frequency data, probability density functions (p.d.f.'s) are constructed over a sample space consisting of interfacial stiffness coefficients. Estimators of interfacial parameters can be obtained as maximizers of these p.d.f.'s. Furthermore, the p.d.f.'s are used to assess likely performance under loading. Finally, a comparison is made to compare the information content for different finite element refinements when using deformation and frequency data to construct p.d.f.'s.

Field of study: Mathematics
Dependence of the magnetic and superconducting characteristics of fine-grained HTSCs YBa2Cu3Oy on the degree of structural disorder and type of oxygen vacancy ordering in chain planes

The characteristics determining different contributions to the magnetic susceptibility at T > TC (Pauli susceptibility, coherence length at T = 0, and Curie constant) as functions of the degree of structural disorder have been analyzed for high-temperature superconducting YBa2Cu3Oy samples ( y ≈ 6.92, TC ≈ 92 K) with micrometer and submicron average grain sizes Dav. It is shown that the decrease in these characteristics, which is observed in fine-grained samples with a decrease in Dav, occurs in various ways, depending on the number and type of oxygen vacancy ordering in chain planes.

Field of study: Physics
Dating kaolinite from the Neogene Içá Formation and overlying laterites, central Amazonia, Brazil: Constraints for a stratigraphic correlation

Formation is a major sedimentary deposit in central Amazonia (Brazil) that is critical to the understanding and modeling of the evolution of the Amazon Basin. However, its chronostratigraphy is poorly defined, mostly because it is not fossiliferous and it does not contain volcanic ash levels. This study is the first attempt at the absolute dating of the sediments and overlying soils of the Ica Formation by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) of radiation-induced defects in kaolinite (RIDs). Four profiles of unconsolidated sediments overlaid by lateritic soils from the Barcelos region (Amazonia, Brazil) were studied. The concentration of RIDs was assessed from EPR spectra through a simplified procedure on a selected set of samples, excluding those showing too strong of interference from the signal of trace vanadyl complexes. It is shown that in such sedimentary material, both the microscopic distribution of thorium (together with uranium) and the origin of kaolinite, either detrital or authigenic, are critical for kaolinite dating. Considering an argued authigenic origin and two scenarios of Th distribution, it appears that most of the present chronologic data support the stratigraphic correlation with the Madre de Dios sedimentary Formation in Peru previously proposed in the literature for the Ica Formation (9.5–2.5 Ma). This study also shows a rejuvenation process of kaolinite both in the uppermost soil and at depth of the profiles. This rejuvenation occurred during paleoclimatic periods already revealed in other weathering covers from the Amazon Basin and possibly resulted from downward weathering in the topsoil and water table or lateral weathering at depth.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
City Structure, Job Search and Labour Discrimination: Theory and Policy Implications

We consider a search-matching model in which black workers are discriminated against and the job arrival rates of all workers depend on social networks as well as distance to jobs. Location choices are driven by the racial preferences of households (both blacks and whites) consciously choosing to trade off proximity to neighbors of similar racial backgrounds for proximity to jobs. Because of coordination failures in the location choices, multiple urban equilibria emerge. There is a Spatial-Mismatch Equilibrium in which blacks reside far away from jobs and experience high unemployment rates and a Spatial-Match Equilibrium in which blacks are closer to jobs and experience lower unemployment rates. Under some reasonable condition, we demonstrate that all workers are better off in the Spatial-Match Equilibrium. We then consider two policies: affirmative action, and employment subsidies to the firms which hire black workers. We show that the optimal policy requires imposing larger quotas or subsidies in cities in which black workers reside far away from jobs than in cities in which they live closer to jobs.

Field of study: Economics
A monoclonal antibody against bovine adiponectin.

Adiponectin  is an adipokine mainly secreted by white fatty tissue, playing a major role in energy homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. For cattle, AdipoQ data are largely limited to mRNA expression; to our knowledge, valid information about the AdipoQ protein in bovine tissues and body fluids is not available. Therefore, we have developed a monoclonal antibody against bovine AdipoQ. This study describes the preparation, application, and characterization of a monoclonal antibody for use in ELISA, Western blot, and histology. The antibody was developed by PEG fusion of the SP2/0 cell line with splenic B cells from AdipoQ immunized C57Bl/6 mice. Antibody-producing cells were identified by ELISA and specified by immunoblotting and immunostaining of bovine retroperitoneal adipose tissue. The novel antibody detects AdipoQ in histological samples, ELISA, and Western blots.

Field of study: Biology
An extensionist environmental ethic

Environmental ethics consists of a set of competing theories about whether human actions and attitudes to nature are morally right or wrong. Ecocentrists are holists whose theory locates the primary site of value in biological communities or ecosystems and who tend to regard actions interfering with the progress of an ecosystem toward its mature equilibrium state as prima facie wrong. I suggest that this form of ecocentrism may be built on a questionable scientific foundation, organismic ecology, and that a better scientific foundation for environmental ethics may be found in individualistic neo-Darwinian population biology. However, the latter approach probably requires a corresponding shift away from ethical holism and toward approaches locating value primarily in individuals. I call such environmental ethicists ‘extensionists’ and briefly outline an extensionist environmental ethic.

Field of study: Environmental science
Adapting legume crops to climate change using genomic approaches

Our agricultural system and hence food security is threatened by combination of events, such as increasing population, the impacts of climate change, and the need to a more sustainable development. Evolutionary adaptation may help some species to overcome environmental changes through new selection pressures driven by climate change. However, success of evolutionary adaptation is dependent on various factors, one of which is the extent of genetic variation available within species. Genomic approaches provide an exceptional opportunity to identify genetic variation that can be employed in crop improvement programs. In this review, we illustrate some of the routinely used genomics‐based methods as well as recent breakthroughs, which facilitate assessment of genetic variation and discovery of adaptive genes in legumes. Although additional information is needed, the current utility of selection tools indicate a robust ability to utilize existing variation among legumes to address the challenges of climate uncertainty.

Field of study: Environmental science
Microangiopathic antiphospholipid syndrome (MAPS) in the course of undifferentiated connective tissue disease

The microangiopathic antiphospholipid syndrome (MAPS) is a subset of APS comprising those patients presenting with thrombotic microangiopathy and demonstrable antiphospholipid antibodies. Renal involvement occurs frequently in the course of MAPS with clinical symptoms of acute renal failure, hypertension, proteinuria and erythrocyturia. Case report. The report presents the patient with MAPS confirmed by kidney biopsy in the course of undifferentiated connective tissue disease.  The authors emphasize the importance of effective anticoagulant treatment in order to inhibit thrombosis and renal damage in the course of MAPS.

Field of study: Medicine
Test of elaboration protocols for obtaining highly Co- or Ni -alloyedspheroidal cast irons from an industrial SGcast iron. Part C: Secondprotocol for 25M75Fe cast irons. Subpart 1:Obtainedmicrostructuresand roomtemperature hardness

Spheroidal Graphite cast irons highly alloyed with nickel or with cobalt were produced by foundry from parts of an industrial SG cast iron, by following a protocol which recently proved its efficiency, despite that no additional spheroidisation and inoculation treatments of the liquid metal was done. The same protocol was applied to obtain a control sample containing only iron. For the obtained 25wt.%Ni- and 25wt.%Co-containing cast irons the graphite issued from this protocol is very close to the spheroidal geometry. Obtaining highly alloyed SG cast iron following this original elaboration route was thus successful. The matrix of the obtained 25wt.%Ni- and 25wt.%Co-containing cast alloys was influenced by the presence of these new elements in so high quantities: absence of the hypoeutectic character of the control sample, respectively metallic matrix or ferrite-pearlitic matrix instead the ledeburite of the control sample. Graphitizing properties were found again for nickel and revealed for cobalt. The differences of Vickers hardness between the three cast irons were easily explained and hypothesis were formulated, from the response of the microstructures to the Nital etching, about the corrosion resistance of these two highly alloyed SG cast irons.

Field of study: Materials science
Probing Ag nanoparticle surface oxidation in contact with (in)organics: an X-ray scattering and fluorescence yield approach.

Characterizing interfacial reactions is a crucial part of understanding the behavior of nanoparticles in nature and for unlocking their functional potential. Here, an advanced nanostructure characterization approach to study the corrosion processes of silver nanoparticles (Ag-Nps), currently the most highly produced nanoparticle for nanotechnology, is presented. Corrosion of Ag-Nps under aqueous conditions, in particular in the presence of organic matter and halide species common to many natural environments, is of particular importance because the release of toxic Ag(+) from oxidation/dissolution of Ag-Nps may strongly impact ecosystems. In this context, Ag-Nps capped with polyvinolpyrrolidone (PVP) in contact with a simple proxy of organic matter in natural waters [polyacrylic acid (PAA) and Cl(-) in solution] has been investigated. A combination of synchrotron-based X-ray standing-wave fluorescence yield- and X-ray diffraction-based experiments on a sample consisting of an approximately single-particle layer of Ag-Nps deposited on a silicon substrate and coated by a thin film of PAA containing Cl revealed the formation of a stable AgCl corrosion product despite the presence of potential surface stabilizers (PVP and PAA). Diffusion and precipitation processes at the Ag-Nps-PAA interface were characterized with a high spatial resolution using this new approach.

Field of study: Physics
Fireflies in Southeast Asia: knowledge gaps, entomotourism and conservation

Estuarine fireflies from the genus Pteroptyx congregate in the thousands in estuaries throughout Southeast Asia where they engage one another in nocturnal, pre-mating displays of rhythmic flashing throughout the year. They also contribute to a popular form of wildlife tourism called entomotourism that has drawn thousands to the region annually. Despite our best efforts to conserve and protect them, indications are that both their numbers and habitats have been declining. In this article we undertook the task of reviewing/reassessing the body of scientific work on Pteroptyx spp. in the region to synthesise all that is known on this iconic species and to identify information gaps in their biology and ecology. We then identified practical and/or actionable solutions to protect this iconic species, which included relying on state and federal laws to protect these charismatic species and the need for state and federal authorities to either develop or refine guidelines and policies on tourism development in the country/region. The perspectives detailed here may be useful to other regions where congregating fireflies occur.

Field of study: Environmental science
Renouveler le Centre de médecine de famille: Une nouvelle vision de la prestation de soins exceptionnels en médecine familiale

![Figure][1] 

Chers collegues,

Une version actualisee de la vision du Centre de medecine de famille (CMF) sera bientot publiee ( centremedecinedefamille.ca ). Lorsque le CMF a ete cree et lance en 2011, nous estimions important que la vision des soins dispenses dans la collectivit

Field of study: Medicine