nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of organic-inorganic hybrid core-shell nanoparticles and particle size control

The control of the morphology of nanoparticles is a hot issue all over the world.Organic-inorganic materials can be tailor made with an infinite number of architectures and in diverse forms conveniently.A new type of organic inorganic hybrid material was reported to be synthesized by emulsion polymerization by using the monomers which contained alkoxysilane groups.However,polymerization and morphology could hardly be controled during the emulsion process, because the alkoxysilane group was easy to be subjected to hydrolysis and condensation by sol gel process which decreased the stability of the latex.In the present work, organic inorganic hybrid core shell nanoparticles were synthesized by seeded emulsion polymerization.Through morphology design, polystyrene, as seeded cores, was synthesized firstly, then 3 trimethoxysilyl propyl methacrylate (MPS) was added to form MPS styrene copolymer shell on the surface of polystyrene core. Owing to the hydrolysis condensation of organic alkoxysilane groups in MPS,the organic inorganic hybrid shell was formed through sol gel process.The core shell structure was interpreted by thermodynamical representation and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).The nonionic surfactant used would decrease the stability of the latex.In acidic condition the latex turned into gel just after the addition of MPS,while,in basic condition the particle number decreased obviously, and the latex kept almost stable in neutral condition.The higher the MPS concentration in the emulsion was,the less stability the latex had.Adding MPS continuously could keep the latex more stable and the particle size could be controlled by this method.Then, the core of this kind of hybrid nanoparticles could be dissolved to yield hollow nanocapsules, with the proportion of the void volume 40 1%.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Biography, Historiography, and Modes of Philosophizing: The Tradition of Collective Biography in Early Modern Europe. Patrick Baker. ed. The Renaissance Society of America Texts and Studies Series 7. Leiden: Brill, 2017. xiv + 412 pp. $149.

the main focus of Roberta Anderson’s description of Noël de Caron’s audiences with James VI/I. Labeling galleries and gardens as marginal spaces betrays Anderson’s lack of engagement with recent work on both diplomatic ceremonial and politicized space in early modern palaces that would see such areas as performing particular (and not necessarily marginal) functions within the spatial language of Renaissance politics. The place of visual culture within diplomatic representation is discussed by Ladan Niayesh, who argues that the sartorial politics and self-staging on display in portraits of Robert Sherley were designed to heighten his claims to represent Shah Abbas and promote the mercantile-military alliance at the heart of his embassy. Diplomatic self-presentation recurs as a theme in Dominique Goy-Blanquet’s examination of the “editorial diplomacy” (50) of sometime diplomat and author Jean Hotman’s collection of letters and prose by himself and his family members (Opuscules françoises des Hotmans), which she proposes was a “textual instrument of appeasement” (52). Meanwhile, Diego Pirillo’s illuminating study of a very different family affair adds to our understanding of those diplomatic actors below the level of ambassadors. He ably illustrates that the Ragazzoni family served as important intermediaries between England and Venice in the absence of resident ambassadors. Overall, like many edited collections, this volume is a mixed bag. Some of the essays are important and enlightening, but others disappoint. Some will not convince all readers fully but may well spark productive disagreement. Although the volume is published in an interdisciplinary series the authors are, on the whole, more conversant with developments in literary studies of diplomacy than with the growing number of excellent historical studies of early modern diplomatic practice. This is a shame, as the theme of the volume holds much potential to bring the two approaches together, and greater engagement with the recent historical scholarship would have considerably enhanced the quality of several contributions to the volume.

Field of study: History
Modulation of laser radiation in liquid thin-film waveguides

An investigation was made of liquid waveguide modulators utilizing liquid crystals and nitrobenzene. A 50% depth of amplitude modulation was achieved for He-Ne laser radiation (0.63 μ) by applying a modulation voltage of about 100 V at a frequency of 50 kHz to liquid-crystal thin-film waveguides based on the orientation modulation of absorption. Polarization modulation of the radiation emitted by an injection laser was achieved in a nitrobenzene thin-film waveguide; in this case the depth of modulation was 90% when the modulation voltage was 60 V and its frequency was of the order of 1–2 MHz.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Determination of L-Phenylalanine with a Molecularly Imprinted Electrochemiluminescence Sensor

A novel ECL-MIP sensor for the determination of L-phenylalanine was reported.The sensor was prepared by the electrodeposition of the molecular imprinting membrance by sol-gel method onto the Ru(bpy)2+3 modified glassy carbon electrode.The electrochemical and electrochemiluminescence behavior of the sensor was investigated.The proposed sensor displayed high sensitivity and excellent selectivity for the target molecule L-phenylalanine.Under the optimum conditions,a linear response was observed with the concentrations of L-phenylalanine from 1.0×10#11mol/L to 1.0×10#8mol/L and the detection limit was 3.1×10#12mol/L.The sensor was successfully applied to the determination of L-phenylalanine in urine samples with the recoveries from 94.8% to 110.6%.

Field of study: Chemistry
Chlorierung von N-Alkyl-carbonsäureamiden

Die Chlorierung von N-Alkyl-carbonsaureamiden 1 fuhrt zu N-Acyl-imidchloriden 2. Eine Ausnahme bilden im N-Alkyl-Res α-verzweigten N-Alkyl-carbonsaureamide 6, die in N-Acyl-ketimine 8 ubergehen. Die wichtigsten Eigenschaften und einige spektroskopische Daten von 2 und 8 werden angegeben. 
 
 
 
Chlorination of N-Alkylcarboxylic Acid Amides 
 
 
 
The chlorination of N-alkylcarboxylic acid amides 1 leads to N-acylimide chlorides 2. An exception are the N-acylketimines 8. The most important properties and some spectroscopical data of 2 und 8 are given.

Field of study: Chemistry
Integration of the Pharmacists’ Patient Care Process (PPCP) into a Comprehensive Disease Management Course Series

To implement and assess the curricular integration of the Pharmacists’ Patient Care Process (PPCP) in a course series for second- and third-year pharmacy students.  The five-step PPCP was integrated within a four-semester pharmacotherapy course starting with the introductory course lectures. Beginning in the spring of 2015, the five steps of the PPCP were delivered to 129 P2 students, along with rollout of curricular integration within corresponding classroom and seminar activities and assessments. Integration focused on the development of course-specific lecture and seminar materials, a faculty guidance strategy and templates, and evaluation approaches for course assessments. Student comprehension and utilization of the PPCP were assessed via 61 unique assessments (12 examinations and 49 quizzes). Faculty incorporation and perception of the PPCP were evaluated via survey.  Overall, students demonstrated the most understanding on the lowest levels of the PPCP: 83.6% and 82.2% for the Collect and Implement components, respectively, compared to the higher-level components of Planning (78.0%) and Follow-up (76.0%). Faculty understanding, integration, and utilization of the PPCP in course materials were assessed approximately 6 months after implementation. Twenty-two faculty (96% of course instructors) participated in the survey. Eighteen (82%) have modified instructional materials to incorporate PPCP and among these, 89% agreed/strongly agreed that they possessed a clear understanding of the PPCP.  Implementing a successful curricular change such as the integration of the PPCP across multiple courses requires a multi-faceted approach. The development of faculty templates and provision of support through various methods are necessary to ensure consistent and comprehensive integration across the curriculum. Additionally, evaluation of student performance and achievement of intended outcomes should be used to guide curricular assessments and continuous quality improvements throughout the process.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Competitive sports system in China from the perspective of the path dependence theory

By using the path dependence theory by Douglass C.North,the author dissected the running mechanism of the competitive sports system in China,analyzed the negative effects of path dependence existing in the competitive sports system in China,and probed into how to form path crossing over in terms of strengthening theoretical study of the competitive sports system,speeding up the construction and perfection of the legal system of sports,guiding various main bodies of interests to return to the value rationality that bases its core on national cohesion,fully respecting the interests of various main bodies,and going the way to change the system in a gradually developed,multi-element involved and socialized way.

Field of study: Education
Secrets of the “Greatest Snow on Earth”

State license plates and tourism brochures boast that Utah ski areas receive the “greatest snow on Earth,” but is there really anything special about Utah's snow? Often it is argued in ski industry brochures that Utah's snow is the greatest because it is the “driest” (i.e., has a low density or water content), yet the mean water content of snow at Alta ski area, which is world renowned for powder skiing and provides the cornerstone for Utah's famous slogan, is not lower than observed, for example, at many Colorado and Wyoming ski resorts. We propose that Alta's reputation is not based solely on mean water content, but also abundant natural snowfall. Although it cannot be shown that Utah's snow is the “greatest on Earth,” the climatology at Alta and other nearby ski areas is consistent with a high frequency of deep-powder days.

Field of study: Environmental science
Critical Success Factors That Influence Black Leadership Integration in Companies Listed on the Johannesburg Securities Exchange

In the context of post-apartheid period, there have been certain measures introduced to have employment equity in South Africa. The integration of black leadership in a white dominant companies was one among them. The purpose of this study is to identify the critical success factors that influence black leadership integration as per the reform measures defined after post-apartheid period in South Africa. The overall research question guiding this study is: What are the critical success factors that influence black leadership integration in companies listed on the Johannesburg Securities Exchange? The quantitative correlation research design utilizes a pre-validated survey to access the success factors that influence black leadership integration. To address the research question, the independent variables – corporate culture, leadership style, diversity and strategic leadership behaviours – were correlated with three dependent variables - tenure (years of service), job satisfaction and growth satisfaction (career development opportunities) as measures of successful leadership integration. The study finds statistically significant relationships amongst many of the 32 constructs identified in the literature which using factor analysis are described as fair treatment, job hopping, commitment to transformation, Black entrepreneurship and corporate culture. As defined by Black management, job satisfaction, career development (dependent variables), fair treatment and specific leaders behaviours (inspirational motivation and idealised attributes) (independent variables) as defined by MLQ 5X leadership survey are critical success measures that could influence Black leadership integration in Johannesburg Securities Exchange (JSE) listed companies. The results of this study provide strong evidence of critical success factors that have a statistically significant influence on successful Black leadership integration into historically White dominated South African companies.

Field of study: Business
Publication Games: Reflections on Reis and Stiller

Reis and Stiller (this issue) present data on publication trends in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology for the past 25 years. They interpret these data as reflecting a greater complexity in the science of social psychology and argue that this greater complexity represents progress in scientific knowledge. Although it is hard to argue against the idea that our research papers are becoming more complex, it is by no means certain that complexity indicates progress or increase in knowledge. The Reis-Stiller data might better be interpreted as the result of publication games in which authors are pitted against editors and reviewers for use of journal pages. This argument leads to discussion of some misconceptions of the publication game and some problems that are produced when authors and reviewers and editors interpret the rules of the publication game differently.

Field of study: Psychology
Mid-infrared semiconductor heterostructure lasers for gas sensing applications

An overview of the three competing mid-infrared semiconductor laser approaches, being diode, quantum cascade and interband cascade laser designs, is given. Limiting factors as well as unique possibilities of each approach are discussed. Several designs of distributed feedback structures for single-mode laser operation are presented, which is an important prerequisite for gas-sensing applications. The analysis of current state-of-the-art device data allows suggestions with respect to suitable fields of applications.

Field of study: Materials science
An exploratory study of architectural effects on requirements decisions

The question of the ''manner in which an existing software architecture affects requirements decision-making'' is considered important in the research community; however, to our knowledge, this issue has not been scientifically explored. We do not know, for example, the characteristics of such architectural effects. This paper describes an exploratory study on this question. Specific types of architectural effects on requirements decisions are identified, as are different aspects of the architecture together with the extent of their effects. This paper gives quantitative measures and qualitative interpretation of the findings. The understanding gained from this study has several implications in the areas of: project planning and risk management, requirements engineering (RE) and software architecture (SA) technology, architecture evolution, tighter integration of RE and SA processes, and middleware in architectures. Furthermore, we describe several new hypotheses that have emerged from this study, that provide grounds for future empirical work. This study involved six RE teams (of university students), whose task was to elicit new requirements for upgrading a pre-existing banking software infrastructure. The data collected was based on a new meta-model for requirements decisions, which is a bi-product of this study.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Tree-ring δ18O inferred spring drought variability over the past 200 years in the Hengduan Mountains, Southwest China

In this study, we developed a tree-ring δ18O chronology of Abies delavayi from Diancangshan (25°41′N, 100°06′E), in the Hengduan Mountains of Southwest China, spanning 205 years (1810–2014 CE). Tree-ring δ18O from Abies delavayi showed the highest negative correlation with relative humidity in the spring (r = −0.59, P

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INTERNAL FIXATION BY DIFFERENT IMPLANTS IN DISPLACED FRACTURED NECK OF FEMUR IN ADULTS

Treatment of fracture neck of the femur depends mainly upon the viability of the head of the femur and internal fixation remains the method of choice if head is viable. A total of 61 patients satisfying the inclusion criteria were allotted to the two treatment groups, either a cannulated cancellous screw system(CCS) or a dynamic hip screw with antirotation screw (DHS-AS).The two procedures were compared for the time taken for union and complications like osteonecrosis and non-union. Follow-up was done at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and then 6 monthly for a maximum of 2 years. Rate of osteonecrosis was comparable for both procedures but non-union was significantly higher in patients treated with CCS and those with Pauwel's type III fractures. By 6 months 83.61% of patients had achieved union. For CCS cases it was 70.97% and for DHS-AS it was 96.67% at 6 months follow up.

Field of study: Biology
Amount and Rate of Talking of Young Children

The amount, rate, and quality of verbal output in children represent distinctive and interesting features of development. An ex tensive literature is available on vocabulary, average length of sentence, and sentence structure. McCarthy (5) has summarized 236 studies concerned with the language develop ment of children. Amount of talking, in ab solute rather than in relative units, has re ceived slight attention, and rate practically none. Interest in the amount of talking as a factor in individual differences and as an at tribute of social behavior is apparent in a number of the investigations. Fisher (3, p. 67), with the aid of steno graphic records, has secured data showing an increase in the mean number of remarks per child per hour in a group of preschool chil dren. Smith (8, p. 17), using abbreviated longhand recording, reports a regular rise in the total number of words per hour from about seventy-eight words at two years to a figure which is stabilized at approximately 400 words between three and one-half and five years. Relative measures of talkative ness have been secured by time-sampling techniques by Goodenough (4), Arrington (1), and Robinson and Conrad (7). The present study presents a technique for secur ing a quantitative statement of amount and rate of talking in young children where the qualitative analysis of vocabulary and sen tence structure is not desired.

Field of study: Education
Diagnostics and therapeutic interventions in myocardial interstitial disease, a previously neglected pathology.

The emergence of cardiac fibrosis (the prototypal myocardial interstitial disease) as an important adverse predictor of risk in heart disease is not surprising given that it is largely responsible for cardiac stiffness, provides a substrate for rhythm disturbances and promotes tissue hypoxia and development of heart failure. Yet, this diagnosis remains difficult, treatment options remain limited and underlying mechanisms remain elusive. More recently, however, many notable advances in imaging techniques and biomarker discovery have been made to improve our understanding of remodelling changes that occur within the myocardial interstitium. Ground-breaking new evidence now suggests that fibrosis within the heart may not only be reversible but that it also may be amenable to pharmacological intervention. In this review, we discuss these recent advances and highlight the pressing urgency to better detect myocardial interstitial disease and to understand the underlying molecular biology that may enable discovery of more specific anti-remodelling therapies.

Field of study: Medicine
Geochronology of intrusive and metamorphic rocks in the Pilot Range, Utah and Nevada, and comparison with regional patterns

K-Ar and U-Pb isotopic studies demonstrate middle Mesozoic metamorphism and plutonism followed by Eocene plutonism in the Pilot Range, northeastern Great Basin. Combined with field relations, the age constraints indicate that local amphibolite-facies and widespread greenschist-facies metamorphism peaked between 165 and 150 Ma and that plutons were emplaced early in the deformational and metamorphic history, between 165 and 155 Ma. Cenozoic plutons and widespread dikes that were emplaced at about 40 Ma cut folds and faults, including a major detachment fault that placed unmetamorphosed on metamorphosed rocks. The Mesozoic and early Cenozoic history of metamorphism and plutonism in the Pilot Range is consistent with age data and field relations throughout the northeastern Great Basin that indicate Late Jurassic plutonism and metamorphism followed by Eocene and Oligocene plutonism and local metamorphism. In many areas, rocks that were metamorphosed during Late Jurassic time were cooled through Ar blocking temperatures for micas between 85 and 60 Ma. The widespread occurrence of these mica ages suggests a regional mechanism for cooling.

Field of study: Geology
Effects of extraction solvent, morphological parts and ripening stage on antioxidative activity of Solanum anguivi fruit.

Effects of extraction solvent namely ethanol, diethylether-chloroform mixture, morphological matrix namely fruit pericarp seed and three ripening stages namely green, yellow and red on antioxidative activity of S. anguivi fruit were studied. Phytochemical screening and assessment of some antioxidative markers were evaluated. Result showed that all samples were endowed with variable amounts of reductones, phenolics, alkaloids and saponins. Quantitative (mg ascorbic acid activity equivalent/ mg sample) assessment showed that antioxidative activity of ethanolic derived extracts were high in terms of total phenolic content (TPC) (75.00196.88), relative reducing power (RRP) (165.00-889.29) and radical scavenging activity (RSA, %) (64.00-85.50) in comparison to low antioxidative activity in terms of TPC (2.81-45.00), RRP (18.21-25.71) and RSA (14.10-40.00) of diethyl ether derived extracts. With respect to morphological matrix, antioxidative activity was in the order : seed fruit pericarp. Stage of ripeness conferred no significant increase on antioxidative activity.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Middle Miocene eolian sediments on the southern Chinese Loess Plateau dated by magnetostratigraphy

We present the results of a magnetostratigraphic grain size and geochemical investigation, of a well-preserved sequence of eolian sediments of Miocene age at Duanjiapo, on the southern Chinese Loess Plateau. The paleomagnetic results demonstrate that the basal age of the studied interval is about 11 Ma. The results of the grain size and geochemical analyses show strong similarities between the eolian Miocene silts and the overlying Red Clay and loess units. This leads us to conclude that all formations have a similar eolian origin, although the Miocene silts include evidence of fluvial sediments derived from river originating in the Qinling Mountains, to the south of the study site. Our results indicate that the accumulation of eolian dust in the southern Chinese Loess Plateau area began at least 11 Ma ago.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Die Hyperfeinstruktur in den 4f7 6s 6p-Termen des Eu I und die elektrischen Kernquadrupolmomente von Eu151 und Eu153

AbstractThe hyperfine structure of the statesz10P11/2,z10P9/2,z10P7/2,z8P9/2,y8P9/2,y8P7/2,y8P5/2,z6P7/2,z6 6s P5/2 of the 4f7 6p configuration of EuI was investigated with a photoelectric recording Fabry Perot spectrometer using enriched isotopes of Eu151 and Eu153, which have been excited in liquid air cooled hollow cathodes. From the measurements the values for the nuclear quadrupole moments
$$Q(Eu^{151} ) = (1.16 \pm 0.08) \cdot 10^{ - 24} cm^2 $$
 and
$$Q(Eu^{153} ) = (2.92 \pm 0.20) \cdot 10^{ - 24} cm^2 $$
 could be derived.

Field of study: Physics