nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Improving environmental change research with systematic techniques for qualitative scenarios

Scenarios are key tools in analyses of global environmental change. Often they consist of quantitative and qualitative components, where the qualitative aspects are expressed in narrative, or storyline, form. Fundamental challenges in scenario development and use include identifying a small set of compelling storylines that span a broad range of policy-relevant futures, documenting that the assumptions embodied in the storylines are internally consistent, and ensuring that the selected storylines are sufficiently comprehensive, that is, that descriptions of important kinds of future developments are not left out. The dominant approach to scenario design for environmental change research has been criticized for lacking sufficient means of ensuring that storylines are internally consistent. A consequence of this shortcoming could be an artificial constraint on the range of plausible futures considered. We demonstrate the application of a more systematic technique for the development of storylines called the cross-impact balance (CIB) method. We perform a case study on the scenarios published in the IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES), which are widely used. CIB analysis scores scenarios in terms of internal consistency. It can also construct a very large number of scenarios consisting of combinations of assumptions about individual scenario elements and rank these combinations in terms of internal consistency. Using this method, we find that the four principal storylines employed in the SRES scenarios vary widely in internal consistency. One type of storyline involving highly carbon-intensive development is underrepresented in the SRES scenario set. We conclude that systematic techniques like CIB analysis hold promise for improving scenario development in global change research.

Field of study: Environmental science
Identification and characterization of the lactic acid bacteria isolated from Malaysian fermented fish (Pekasam)

Recently researchers are interested with the biotherapeutic potential of probiotics in gut disease treatment. The bacteria are generally regarded as a safe, have a stability of usage and originate from the natural resources. The study aims to identify and characterize the potential probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) isolated from Malaysian fermented fish product known as Pekasam. Fourty isolates obtained were firstly screened for their antagonism activities against the common pathogenic bacteria; Esherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella sp. Our study revealed only three (labeled as L8, L20 and S1) of the isolates tested showed broad antimicrobial effects towards the pathogenic bacteria. All of the isolates were also γ-hemolytic and tolerant to various pH (pH 3, 5 and 7.5) and 0.3% (w/v) bile salts. The bacteria isolates of strain L8 and L20 were susceptible to seven antibiotics tested except vancomycin and tetracycline whereas S1 was resistant to all antibiotics. Phenotypic tests revealed that both bacteria isolates of strain L8 and L20 were Bacillus megaterium while S1 was Pediococcus pentosaceus whereas 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed potential bacteria isolates of strain L8 and L20 belonged to the Lactobacillus plantarum (99% similarity) and S1 was characterized as Lactobacillus pentosus (100% similarity) respectively. Our present study showed that the probiotics of strain L8, L20 and S1 isolated from the fermented fish (Pekasam) exhibited the potential probiotic properties to be developed as biotherapeutic agents.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Nonlinear infrared spectrograph with 1 cm−1 resolution

A theoretical and experimental investigation was made of the possibility of constructing a nonlinear proustite spectrograph for the λ=10 μ range in which the infrared absorption spectrum would be obtained as a result of dispersion of the phase-matching angle in the conversion of the infrared frequency to the visible or near infrared range. Panoramic and scanning spectrograph systems were considered. It was found that a considerable improvement in the spectral characteristics should result from the use of the interaction characterized by a large angle between the pump and signal wave vectors. The dispersion and resolving power were determined for conversion of CO2 laser radiation in proustite pumped with a YAG laser.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
A new method of calculating Gibbs free energy of formation of zeolites

A new method for the calculation of Gibbs free energy of formation of zeolites is introduced, which is based on the assumption that the Gibbs free energy of formation of zeolites is equal to the sum of the Gibbs free energy of all oxide components and the Gibbs free energy of reaction between the exchange ion oxide and alumina.The Gibbs free energy values of many zeolites were calculated.The results showed that the deviation between the experimental value of ΔG~~~0__f of zeolite formation and those calculated by this method was less than 1%, and the molar Gibbs free energy of formation of hypothetical [SiO_2] unit in each zeolite was below that of silica of all phase states.The presence of crystal water in zeolite was in favor of increasing the thermodynamic stability of zeolite.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Demarcation of the Hourly Communication Area: A Case Study of Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Metropolitan Area, China

With the advance of urban integration in China, the hourly communication area has attracted significant attention during the development of urban agglomerations. Using ArcGIS 10.1, this study uses the data on traffic networks and data from surveys conducted in XiamenZhangzhou-Quanzhou Metropolitan Area, Fujian Province, in 2014 to demarcate the theoretical HCAs by applying the convex hull method, and establishes the actual HCAs according to the traffic waiting time. The analysis shows that the extent of the theoretical HCAs of XZQ is beyond the scope of the cities’ domains, with areas of 15473.3 km 2 , 16356.7 km 2 and 19276.9 km 2 , respectively. Furthermore, this paper shows that the traffic waiting time in XZQ ranges from 31 to 61 min, resulting in the reductions in the actual HCAs of 91.7%, 82.9% and 83.9%, compared to the theoretical HCAs. There are only a few areas of intersection between neighbouring cities. Policies should not only pay more attention to the intra-urban public transit systems but also build adequate public transit terminals to facilitate passenger transfers, such as new metro or light rail systems.

Field of study: Engineering
[Psychophysiological health aspects of population living in radiation-contaminated territories].

A combined psychophysiologic study of 100 individuals living in territories contaminated by radionuclides and 60 people from ecologically clean region. There were no significant differences in the incidence of neurotic disorders between people from these regions (61.2 and 65.3%, respectively). The highest sensitivity to small radiation doses was observed at rather young age (20-40 years). It was found that a considerable role in the development of borderline psychic disorders belongs to both somatic disturbances due to low-dose radiation and psychogenic effects. A combined action of psychogenic and somatogenic factors aggravated symptoms of neurotic disorders and promoted widening of a range of psychic disturbances. Some part of the population from the contaminated territories tended to the development of cerebro-vascular psychoorganic pathology resultant from a breakdown of the reserves of the adaptation. Now the stress factor of radionuclides exposure is not so important as social and economic problems.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Investigation of the e0-electron yield from the surface of thin films under bombardment by α and β particles from radioactive sources

The yields of near-zero (e0) electrons from the surface of targets with different Z under their bombardment by α particles from 226Ra decay were measured by the method of eα coincidences. The ratios of the e0-electron yields for α particles with different energies Eα are described well by the dependence Ye (Eα) ∼ υα−1, where υα is the α-particle velocity. The e0-electron yield from the surface of thin films under their bombardment by β particles from radioactive sources with 152Eu, 154Eu, and 226Ra has been investigated by the method of eγ coincidences. It is established that ionization rate of target atoms in this case is inversely proportional to the velocity of incident β particles (υβ−1), i.e., is proportional to the time of atomic electron perturbation induced by a β particle passing near an atom.

Field of study: Physics
The Imagined Underworld: Sex, Crime, and Vice in Porfirian Mexico City (review)

To his credit, the McCreery persisted in the face of such historical inertia. Even if little changed, a great deal can be learned from studying this frontier society as it struggled to sustain itself "on the edge of the modern world" (p. 1). Acknowledging that his contribution may lie more in describing that society than defending a thesis, McCreery elucidates much that has remained indistinct about the settlement of Brazil's vast interior. His discussion of agriculture helps clarify, for instance, the predicaments of agregados, omnipresent free dependants who lived on large holdings throughout rural Brazil. His examination of ranching offers intriguing discoveries about the endless search for salt, the struggle against pests and predators, the activities of rustlers, and the ravages of parasites. A chapter devoted to land provides a meticulous analysis of the effects of the Land Law of 1850, which established new regulations governing public lands, squatting, surveying, and titling to secure ownership. Scholarship on this crucial law has emphasized coastal export zones, where its passage transformed land into a commodity, further concentrating it in the hands of the wealthy. McCreery demonstrates that Goias ranching elites, who depended on the ill-defined ranges over which their cattle grazed, balked at the law's imposition, effectively resisting state intervention that threatened their power. Personal influence and local custom rather than formal legislation continued to regulate land tenure long after the law came into effect. If this outcome seems applicable to many other regions, it is because McCreery's important contribution is to have deepened our understanding of one portion of a vast swathe of both post-independence Brazil and Hispanic America, a "forgotten frontier" as more than one scholar has described such zones, where state consolidation and market capitalism remained a distant reality.

Field of study: History
Camptocormia treated with bilateral pallidal stimulation.

The authors report the neurological, neurophysiological, and neuropsychological effects of using long-term bilateral pallidal high-frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) in a case of disabling camptocormia. Deep brain stimulation electrodes were implanted stereotactically to target the globus pallidus internus (GPi) bilaterally. Local field potentials (FPs) were recorded using the DBS electrodes and concurrent abdominal flexor electromyography (EMG) potentials during camptocormic episodes. Videotaped assessments of the movement disorder and neuropsychological evaluations of the patient before implantation and 6 months after initiation of pallidal stimulation were recorded. There was significant functional improvement following long-term pallidal stimulation, and some improvement was noted in neuropsychological scores. A temporal correlation between the GPi FPs and EMG-recorded rectus abdominis potentials was evident. There were no treatment-related adverse effects. The authors have found that long-term pallidal stimulation was safe and offered functional benefit to a patient with this severely disabling condition. The physiological studies may help further the understanding of the pathophysiology of this rare entity.

Field of study: Medicine
Development of a plaque assay based on Avicel-crystal violet staining for detection of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection and neutralizing antibody

To establish a plaque assay for detection of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. 
 
 
 
Vero and Huh7.5 cells were infected with MERS-CoV (EMC/2012) strains for different days (two or three days) and covered with different overlays (agarose or Avicel). The optimal host cells, time of infection and overlay were screened out by analyzing plague formation to establish the plaque assay for detection of MERS-CoV infection. Neutralizing antibodies against MERS-CoV were detected by the established assay. 
 
 
 
Clear plaques were observed on Vero cells infected with MERS-CoV at 3 days post-infection (p.i.), while only tip-size plaques were observed at 2 days p. i.. Clearer and bigger sizes of plaques were observed under the overlay of Avicel than those under the agarose. The Avicel-based plaque assay was suitable for detecting neutralizing antibodies against MERS-CoV. 
 
 
 
We develop a modified plaque assay for detecting MERS-CoV based on Avicel-crystal violet staining. It is easier to operate the modified plaque assay in biological safety level 3 (BSL-3) laboratories. This study paves a way for quantification of MERS-CoV and detection of neutralizing antibodies against MERS-CoV. 
 
 
 
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV); Biological safety level 3 (BSL-3) laboratory; Plaque assay; Vero cell; Avicel; Neutralization test

Field of study: Biology
Parity-nonconserving spin rotation in weak neutron-deuteron scattering

Parity nonconservation in weak nd scattering is studied at threshold where neutron spin rotation might occur. The standard (Faddeev) three-body theory with an s-wave separable potential is employed together with modifications introduced to account for the weak NN interaction, for which I take the one-pion-exchange isovector term. I find dphi/dz = 6.13 x 10/sup -9/ rad/cm and estimate the errors resulting from the adoption of the pertinent approximations.

Field of study: Physics
Effect of different drying methods on the quality of Zizania latifolia granules

This paper took Zizania latifolia granules as the text materials. Effects of different drying methods, hot air drying, microwave drying, microwave spouted drying, vacuum freeze-drying, on rehydration ratio, color, texture properties, Vc of dried Zizania latifolia were researched. The drying time and consumption of different drying methods were compared. The results showed that the quality of dried Zizania latifolia by vacuum freeze-drying is the best, but also the energy consumption that 20 times of the microwave spouted drying is the highest. The quality of dried Zizania latifolia by microwave spouted drying is better than hot air drying which energy consumption is 7 times of microwave drying. Drying time of microwave drying which have the worst quality is the shortest, so it have the lowest energy consumption.Actually, considering quality and energy consumption, microwave spouted drying is a potential drying method.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
On the discovery of new elements (IUPAC/IUPAP Report)

Almost thirty years ago the criteria that are currently used to verify claims for the discovery of a new element were set down by the comprehensive work of a Transfermium Working Group, TWG, jointly established by IUPAC and IUPAP. The recent completion of the naming of the 118 elements in the first seven periods of the Periodic Table of the Elements was considered as an opportunity for a review of these criteria in the light of the experimental and theoretical advances in the field. In late 2016 the Unions decided to establish a new Joint Working Group, JWG, consisting of six members determined by the Unions. A first meeting of the JWG was in May 2017. One year later this report was finished. In a first part the works and conclusions of the TWG and the Joint Working Parties, JWP, deciding on the discovery of the now named elements are summarized. Possible experimental developments for production and identification of new elements beyond the presently known ones are estimated. Criteria and guidelines for establishing priority of discovery of these potential new elements are presented. Special emphasis is given to a description for the application of the criteria and the limits for their applicability.

Field of study: Chemistry
Oxo-iron clusters in a bacterial iron-trafficking protein: new roles for a conserved motif.

We report a set of three 1.8-1.9 A resolution X-ray crystal structures of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Fbp (ferric-ion binding protein): (i) open-cleft apo-Fbp containing bound phosphate, (ii) open-cleft mono-Fe Fbp capped by nitrilotriacetate, and (iii) open-cleft trinuclear oxo-iron Fbp, the first structure of an iron-cluster adduct of a transferrin. The nine independent molecules in the unit cells provide 'snapshots' of the versatile dynamic structural roles of the conserved dityrosyl iron-binding motif (Tyr195-Tyr196) which control the capture and, possibly, processing of iron. These findings have implications for understanding bacterial iron acquisition and dissimilation, and organic/mineral interfaces.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Numerical Simulation on Hot Forming and Quenching Process of Stamping Part

With the application of ultra high strength steel sheet in automobile manufacturing field,the hot forming method of high strength stamping sheet obtained by high temperature and rapid cooling is extensively researched.The thermo-mechanical-phase transformation coupling forming process was studied,and the strain constitutive model and yield stress model were represented by a mixture law.On the basis of this,taking U-shape constant section part as research subject,the hot forming and the quenching process after forming for 22MnB5 metal sheet were simulated by the thermo-mechanical-transformation coupled FEM.The final part shape and hardness after air-cooling,water-cooling without dies and cooling with dies were analyzed respectively.

Field of study: Materials science
Advanced Evolution of SPA and DPA Attack and Resistance Techniques

This paper summarizes the latest development of SPA and DPA Attack and Defense techniques.Aimed at various implementation of cryptography,the attack methods including SPA,DPA and high order DPA are depicted and analyzed.Then the available countermeasures of power analysis are shown,which consist of MASK methods,timing disturbance and power equalization technique based on balanced load dual rail CMOS.Moreover,the relative merits of these countermeasures are analyzed.After this,the paper proposes some potential directions and key issues for the future research.

Field of study: Computer science
THE FREE VIBRATION OF CONICAL SHELL ON THE TWO-PARAMETER ELASTIC FOUNDATION

This paper is concerned with the free vibration analysis of conical shell on the two-parameter elastic foundation. By introducing displacement function, , the basic partial differential equations in terms of displacements are tranformed into an eight-order partial differential equation. The analytical solution of the governing equation is obtained using a power series method. As an application of the theory, the characteristic equation is derived for the conical shell with the one edge clamped and the other edge simply supported. The numerical results for the winkler model and the two-parameter model are compared in details with the change of the depth of foundation. The applicability of winkler model is addressed.

Field of study: Engineering
Bremsstrahlung out of the Quark-Gluon Plasma

A systematic investigation of hard thermal photon spectra from central ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions is presented with emphasis on the effects of bremsstrahlung processes in the quark-gluon plasma (QGP). Bremsstrahlung photon production in the quark-gluon plasma has recently been considered within the Braaten-Pisarski method in thermal QCD, where rates have been found that exhibit the same order in the coupling constants as those describing the lowest order processes, Compton scattering and q\bar{q}-annihilation. The impact of these bremsstrahlung photon production rates on the thermal photon spectra is studied systematically within a simple, well understood one-fluid hydrodynamical model that describes an only longitudinally expanding fireball (1+1 Bjorken scaling hydrodynamics). It is found that the bremsstrahlung processes enhance the thermal photon yield from the QGP by about one order of magnitude over the complete considered p_{\perp}-range independent of the choice of the model parameters. Experimental upper limits on direct photon production in fixed target 200 A GeV S + Au collisions at the CERN SPS are also considered and used to extract upper limits for the initial temperature of the QGP, where the QGP bremsstrahlung processes are found to make a difference of about 15 to 20 MeV depending on the temperature at which the phase transition is assumed. In comparison with other theoretical studies, the importance of reaction features not described in the simple model are estimated and interesting elements for a future extension of this systematic investigation are identified, which will be of great interest in prospect of the upcoming experiments at the BNL RHIC and the CERN LHC.

Field of study: Physics
Sedimentology and stratigraphy of Cenozoic deposits in the Kağızman-Tuzluca Basin, northeastern Turkey

The Kağızman-Tuzluca Basin is located in the northeastern Anatolia, to the east of the intersection point (near Karlıova) of the major North and East Anatolian Fault systems. This intermontane basin displays a thick sequence (over 2000 m) of mostly terrestrial deposits represented by repetitive alternations of the lake and fluvial environments ranging from ?Late Eocene/Oligocene to Middle/? Late Miocene. A marine incursion only mappable in the southeastern margin of the basin deposited limestones and sandy limestones rich in marine mollusks and nummulites, in particular N. fichteli that constrain an Early Oligocene age for this marine unit (Kağan Fm). The terrestrial basin-fill deposits show different thicknesses throughout the basin due to irregular bottom topography and tectonic configuration of the basin margins. The thickest deposits were accumulated along the different margins of the basin, which received high quantities of siliciclastics from meandering river, alluvial and coastal fans, fan delta/Gilbert-type delta and wave-worked fluvial delta. Climate changes have also driven the development of lake environments during distinct depositional periods. Siliciclastic-dominated overfilled lakes (Halıkışlak and Kızılkaya formations) and chemical-dominated underfilled lakes (Turabi and Tuzluca formations) were formed. They have been also classified as “Newark-type” and “Fundy-type” lakes, respectively. Fluvial systems evolved from high-energy meandering rivers deposited under humid climate (Güngören Formation) to low-energy meandering rivers resulted from arid and semiarid climates (Çincavat Formation). The transitional intervals from ephemeral river-dry mudflat (Çincavat Formation) to saline pan/lake (Tuzluca Formation) indicate wadi-sand flat-playa fluvial systems. The chronostratigraphic constrains of the entire sequence remain poor and so far solely based on vertebrate fossil assemblages. The evaporitic Tuzluca Formation would be Middle Miocene in age due to its stratigraphic position over the Çincavat Formation.

Field of study: Environmental science