nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Dopaminergic and peptidergic mRNA levels in juvenile rat brain after prenatal cocaine treatment.

The effects of prenatal cocaine treatment on gene expression in dopaminergic pathways of juvenile rats were investigated by in situ hybridization histochemistry. Pregnant rats from gestational day 8 to 20 were administered one of the following treatments: (A) 40 mg/kg cocaine hydrochloride/3 ml/day s.c.; (B) 0.9% saline/3 ml/day s.c. and pair fed to cocaine-exposed dams; (C) 0.9% saline/3 ml/day s.c. and placement on cellulose-diluted diet to match the caloric intake of the cocaine-treated group without explicit food restriction; (D) no injection and lab chow diet. Levels of mRNA for the dopamine transporter, tyrosine hydroxylase, cholecystokinin, D1 and D2 dopamine receptors and enkephalin were quantitated in relevant dopaminergic regions of forebrain and midbrain of offspring that were sacrificed on postnatal day 21. Quantitative analysis revealed no significant changes in mRNA levels in any of the brain regions examined. In the present animal model, cocaine exposure in utero had no significant effect on mRNA levels of the dopamine transporter, D1 or D2 dopamine receptors, enkephalin, tyrosine hydroxylase, or cholecystokinin in juvenile rats.

Field of study: Biology
Decomposition-Coordination Research of Reactive Power Optimization for Provincial Grid

Automatic voltage control receives more attention because of the need for total optimization of power grid.The realization of AVC needs coordination and unification of subarea control in the same voltage grade and interlayer control of different voltage grade.According to the characteristics of subarea control and interlayer control of AVC,the reactive power optimization based on the principle of decomposition coordination in provincial grid is proposed to better improve the astringency of algorithm,calculation speed and disposal of discrete variables.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Effect of Impact Toughness of B,Al,Ti Content in Mid-carbon Low Alloying B Cast Steel

Research the effect on impact toughness of boron content in mid-carbon low alloying boron cast steel, and investigate the interaction of boron,aluminium,titanium and its effect on impact toughness. The results indicate that boron can increase the impact toughness obviously, the effect of aluminium and titanium is not obviously, however aluminium can effect the rccovery efficiency of boron in a certain extent, this produces indirect effect on the impact toughness. The optimal content is B 0.0021～0.0038%,Al 0.02～(0.04%,)and (Ti 0.012)～0.025%?

Field of study: Materials science
Powerful Social Studies Teaching With Poetry and Primary Sources

Given the current marginalization of the social studies within elementary classrooms it is vital that elementary educators seek integrative techniques that promote the social studies. This article explores one such example of integration taught by the authors within an elementary classroom. The three-day lesson taught to fifth-grade students aimed to teach a justice-oriented conception of citizenship through the use of historical biographies, found poetry, and primary sources. By the end of the third day, the students had used both general literacy practices (e.g. shared reading, visual literacy, close reading) and disciplinary literacy (e.g. sourcing, contextualizing, corroborating), demonstrating that integration can be a powerful means to teach the social studies while also maintaining the integrity of the disciplines.

Field of study: Sociology
Effect of quantum tunneling on spin Hall magnetoresistance.

We present a formalism that simultaneously incorporates the effect of quantum tunneling and spin diffusion on the spin Hall magnetoresistance observed in normal metal/ferromagnetic insulator bilayers (such as Pt/Y3Fe5O12) and normal metal/ferromagnetic metal bilayers (such as Pt/Co), in which the angle of magnetization influences the magnetoresistance of the normal metal. In the normal metal side the spin diffusion is known to affect the landscape of the spin accumulation caused by spin Hall effect and subsequently the magnetoresistance, while on the ferromagnet side the quantum tunneling effect is detrimental to the interface spin current which also affects the spin accumulation. The influence of generic material properties such as spin diffusion length, layer thickness, interface coupling, and insulating gap can be quantified in a unified manner, and experiments that reveal the quantum feature of the magnetoresistance are suggested.

Field of study: Physics
How does College Teaching Evaluation Return to Life

Teaching evaluation in higher education institutions was a series of strategies and measures,based on the essence of higher education,the view of teaching and teaching status.It aimed to promote the teaching construction,normalize the teaching management,deepen the teaching reform and improve the teaching quality.In fact,it hit its target and attained significant achievements;on the other side,there’re serious defects.Through investigation,it found that such teaching evaluation deviated the real teaching process based on the teaching practice,and harmed the quality and effect of evaluation.To play the positive energy of teaching evaluation,it should return to the teaching life.

Field of study: Education
Comparison of the Pintner and Otis-Lennon Scores of Caucasian Boys in First Grade

The Pintner-Cunningham Primary Test-Revised Edition (Pintner, Cunningham, & Durost, 1965 ) and the Otis-Lennon Mental Ability Test, Primary I1 Level (Otis & Lennon, 1967) are two tests of general mental ability for young children. The Pintner is designed to be used with children from the second half of kindergarten through Grade 2 whereas the Primary I1 Level of the Otis-Lennon is designed to assess the mental abilities of pupils enrolled in the first half of the first grade. Both instruments are entirely pictorial in content. Directions for both instruments ate given orally. Administration times for the Pintner and Otis-Lemon are 25 and 30 to 35 min., respectively. Data were collected from 41 6-yr.-old Caucasian boys (mean age = 76 mo., SD = 1.2) who were enrolled in an integrated public school system in South Central Alabama. These first grade children were from upper-lower class socioeconomic background. The Pintner and Otis-Lennon were administered in randomized order by a white female school counselor unfamiliar to the examinees approximately 3 wk. after the initial enrollment in the first grade and within one week of each other. The purpose was to identify boys who might benefi't from further psychometric testing. Mean IQs for the Pintner and Otis-Lennon were 81.11 and 84.44, respectively, with standard deviations of 11.90 and 12.95, respectively. The mean IQ on the Pintner was lower than the mean IQ on the Otis-Lemon (t = -1.49). A Pearson r of .56 was computed between the Pintner and Otis-Lemon IQs. As, for these 6-yr.-old white boys, the Otis-Lennon mean IQs were higher than those on the Pintner and the correlation between the rwo instruments was .56 suggests that the tests are not directly comparable although both the Pintner and Otis-Lennon purport to measure general mental ability.

Field of study: Psychology
Epidemic of Camellia oleifera diseases and their relations to the ecological conditions

In southern China, Camellia oleifera is an important economical species. With the rapid expansion of camellia cultivation, camellia diseases have been becoming an increasingly prominent problem. Various diseases seriously hamper the further development of Camellia oleifera industry. In this paper, the distribution and damage of Camellia oleifera diseases were analyzed. The relationship between the epidemic of these diseases and the ecological conditions were analyzed. The ecological measures of disease control were proposed, which would lay a foundation for the green control of Camellia oleifera diseases.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
High‐resolution measurement of growth during first positive phototropism in maize

Growth redistribution which occurs as a result of phototropic stimulation was studied in red light-grown, maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings. The pattern of elongation of small areas (0.1mm2) of coleoptile epidermis on intact plants was analysed from time-lapse, photomicrographic records. Growth following unilateral, pulse irradiation with blue light was depressed on the illuminated side and was stimulated on the shaded side. The time at which the change in growth rate occurred, on both illuminated and shaded sides, was significantly earlier in apical patches than it was in basal patches. Both kinds of change in the growth rate (stimulation and depression) occurred rapidly such that a new, constant growth rate was often established within five minutes. Micrographic, time-lapse records were also obtained of growth changes induced by sub-apical, unilateral application of a spot of an indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and lanolin mixture. Growth on the side of the coleoptile to which IAA had been applied was similar to the growth on shaded sides of phototropically stimulated plants. The distance between apical and basal patches and the elapsed time between their changes in growth rate gave a velocity at which the growth response moved basipetally. Calculation of this velocity for blue light and auxin treatment gave values that were not significantly different. Thus, basipetal movement of a transverse auxin gradient could mediate growth changes that cause curvature of the coleoptile towards first positive fluences of blue light.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Dimensional Effects of Instructional Materials

1The project reported herein was funded by the Bureau of Research, College of Architecture and Fine Arts, University of Florida. Instructional materials for handicapped children received little attention for a number of years. Teacher-training programs traditionally have been more concerned with methods than materials. McCarthy (1966) stated: &dquo;It is time to dispense with the idea that materials run a poor second in importance to methods. Methods and materials are inextricably bound together [p. 25].&dquo; With the growing number of special instructional materials on the market,

Field of study: Education
Neoliberal reforms in health systems and the construction of long-lasting inequalities in health care: A case study from Chile.

The aim of this article is to discuss how neoliberal policies implemented in the Chilean health system during the Pinochet regime have a lingering effect on equal access to health care today. The two-tier health system - public and private - that was introduced in the early 1980s as a means to improve efficiency and lower health-related costs, has led instead to inequality of access and dehumanisation of health care. Health has changed from being a right to being a marketable need, thus creating a structural disadvantage for several parts of the population - particularly the poor, the elderly, and women - who cannot afford the better-quality services and timely attention of private health providers, and thus, are not adequately protected against health risks. Despite the recent health reforms that aim at improving equity in health care access and financing, we argue that the Chilean health system is still biased against the poorer segments of the population, while it favours the more affluent groups that can afford private health care.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Evidence for localized and discrete roles for enkephalins during memory formation in the chick.

This study examined effects on memory formation produced by [Leu]enkephalin and [Met]enkephalin administration in 2 regions of the 2-day-old chick brain involved in memory formation: the intermediate medial hyperstriatum ventrale (IMHV) and the lobus parolfactorius (LPO). Basal concentrations of endogenous [Leu]enkephalin and [Met]enkephalin were determined for 5 brain regions, and effects of 1-trial peck-avoidance training on enkephalin concentrations were examined in the IMHV and LPO. [Leu]enkephalin was amnestic when administered in the IMHV but not in the LPO. In contrast, [Met]enkephalin may be amnestic when administered in the LPO but not in the IMHV. Training decreased [Met]enkephalin concentration in the LPO but not in the IMHV. Training had no effect on [Leu]enkephalin concentration in either the IMHV or the LPO. Thus, amnestic effects of [Leu]- or [Met]enkephalin administration are brain-region specific. Regional activity of endogenous [Met]enkephalin during memory formation is consistent with localized amnestic effects produced by [Met]enkephalin administration.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Somatostatin receptor type 2 contributes to the self-renewal of murine embryonic stem cells

The roles of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in stem cell biology remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to identify GPCRs that might contribute to the self-renewal of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs).Methods:The expression levels of pluripotent genes and GPCR gene were detected in E14 mESCs using PCR array and RT-PCR. Immunofluorescent staining was used to examine the expression of pluripotent markers and the receptor translocation. Western blot analysis was used to detect phosphorylation of signal proteins. Knock-down of receptor was conducted to confirm its role in pluripotency maintenance.In leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)-free medium, mESCs lost the typical morphology of pluripotency, accompanied by markedly decreases in expression of somatostatin receptor type 2 (SSTR2), as well as the pluripotency biomarkers Oct4, Sox2, Rex1 and Nanog. Addition of the SSTR2 agonist octreotide or seglitide (0.1–30 μmol/L) in LIF-free medium dose-dependently promoted the self-renewal of mESCs, whereas the SSTR2 antagonist S4 (0.03–3 μmol/L) dose-dependently blocked octreotide-induced self-renewal. Knock-down of SSTR2 significantly decreased the self-renewal of mESCs even in the presence of LIF. Addition of LIF (1000 U/mL) or octreotide (1 μmol/L) in LIF-free medium significantly increased both phosphorylation and nuclear ocalization of STAT3.Conclusion:The activation of SSTR2 contributes to the self-renewal of mESCs via activation of the STAT3 pathway.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Evangelization: Evangelizing in the Medical Office Setting

AbstractNo matter what our calling in life, all Catholic Christians are called to discipleship and evangelization. Pope John Paul II called on us to proclaim from the "house tops" if necessary the sanctity of life, from conception to natural death, despite the obstacles encountered. Our apostolate in promoting this message is best accomplished in our everyday encounter with those with whom we work and with those with whom we serve. This article explores how we as physicians promulgate this "Evangelization."

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Small-bore hollow waveguides for delivery of 3-µm laser radiation.

Flexible hollow glass waveguides with bore diameters as small as 250 µm have been developed for 3-µm laser delivery. All the guides exhibit straight losses between 0.10 and 1.73 dB/m, and the loss increases to between 2.4 and 5.1 dB/m upon bending 1 m of the guides into 15-cm-diameter coils. This behavior is shown to depend strongly on the launch conditions and mode quality of the input beam. The waveguides are capable of efficiently delivering up to 8 W of Er:YAG laser power with proper input coupling, and they are suitable for use in both medical and industrial applications.

Field of study: Physics
Change and continuities in rural society from the later Middle Ages to the sixteenth century: the contribution of West Berkshire.

r T he findings from west Berkshire are presented here as a contribution to the understanding of the nature of change in the rural economy and population between the late medieval and early modem periods and the article spans the-now largely indefensible-divide at 1500. Answers are needed to a number of difficult questions: when can sustained economic and demographic growth be discerned after the fluctuations of the fifteenth century, and how do regional variations fit into the more generalized descriptions of trends in the population and the economy? Postan described the fifteenth century as one of stagnation and decline in terms of GNP. This interpretation was contradicted by Bridbury's conclusions, drawn from an analysis of per caput wealth, that this was a time of growth in  It was certainly a period of contradictory tendencies as there were slumps in arable cultivation at the same time as dynamism in pastoral farming and, additionally, dispersed areas of industrial growth such as in the production of  Fluctuations were a real characteristic: for example, the evidence from rents in Derbyshire suggests an upswing in income from the 1 460s to the 1 490s and a downswing from the 1 490s to the 1 520s.4 Towns such as Salisbury, Reading, and Newbury grew while older centres such as Winchester and  There were also underlying regional differences within the country's economy such as the high level of commercialization of eastern England and the diversified economy of Devon and Cornwall, and these stand in contrast to the findings from the Home Counties.6 In I This article is based on my doctoral thesis, 'Continuity and change in rural society'. The urban

Field of study: Economics, History
Solid solubility and electrical conduction mechanisms in 3-layer Aurivillius ceramics

The Aurivillius ceramics Bi(2−y)PbySr2Nb2TiO(12−δ) and Bi2Sr2Nb2Ti(1−x)MxO(12−δ) (M = Fe, Cr, Mn) were successfully prepared and the solid solubility limits were determined to be y = 0.2 and x = 0.2. The solubility limits for the phases are limited by the oxygen vacancy concentration. The electrical conductivity was measured as a function of temperature and oxygen activity, and showed that undoped Bi2Sr2Nb2TiO12 is an electronic conductor at high oxygen activity, while acceptor doping with Pb or Fe results in ionic conduction. The total conductivity increases with dopant concentration to a maximum at the solubility limits of 7.5 × 10− 4 to 10 × 10− 4 S/cm at 800 °C for Pb, Fe, and Mn dopants.

Field of study: Materials science
Java Input Method Engine

) gained much momentum in recent years. Even the latest HTML 4.0 public draft has taken great strides towards the internationalization of documents, with the goal of making the Web truly “World Wide”. This paper starts with describing the various development in HTML standards that has made the Web a more global definition. It then points out the fact that the correct display and rendering of multilingual text is only half the scenario for I18N. Users not only wish to view I18N HTML document, they want to create them! With this in mind, it then goes on to explain why Java had not completely fulfilled its role as an I18N development platform, especially in the area on native keyboard input methods. To meet this shortcoming, this paper explains how the development of a Java Input  Engine (JIME) fills the gap. It continues with description of the design issues and implementation of the framework—an applet, a Netscape Composer plug-in and a Unicode-based multilingual text editor. It ends with an account of ongoing development on JIME. In conclusion, it would be ideal if Java have included full native keyboard input method support in the core APIs. An early preview of JDK 1.2 sees an input methods being introduced but perhaps only the next iteration of Java releases may offer full input method support regardless of the locale of the host platform.

Field of study: Computer science
Contact Resistances in the Cold Bypass Diode Leads of the Main LHC Magnets

The main superconducting dipole and (de)focusing quadrupole magnets of the LHC are equipped with cold bypass diodes to assure the passage of the current outside the magnets in case of a magnet quench. Each magnet has a parallel bus bar circuit with a diode that is connected via resistive bolted connections. Heat sinks are pressed to the wafers under a constant load to assure a good thermal and electrical contact in order to avoid overheating of the wafers. During the series production, all the diodes of the LHC have passed the reception tests in industry. However, during high current testing in the LHC, some of the diode leads showed an anomalous resistance, triggering an off-line verification of the design and assembly procedures supported by cold powering tests. This paper summarizes the measurement results obtained during the series production of the diodes before their installation in the magnets, complemented by a smaller number of specific tests performed at CERN in the past and recently.

Field of study: Physics
Criteria for determination of climate by means of fossil plants

After some differences in concept, the term climate has come to be applied to the atmospheric conditions of weather normal to a given locality or region. Although there are very considerable areas of the earth’s surface that exhibit similar climatic conditions, it needs little reflection to demonstrate that the climate of the earth at the present day is by no means uniform throughout. If, for instance, we travel either north or south from the equator we pass successively through a so-called torrid zone, a temperate zone, and, in polar lands, a frigid zone, each with minor but distinctive modifications. In other words, the present distribution of climate is zonal. But it has been demonstrated with what seems a reasonable degree of certainty that the climates of the past were distinctly non-zonal in their distribution—that is, ancient climates appear to have been practically uniform for vast periods of time and . . .

Field of study: Geology
Late Pliocene vegetation and climate of the Lake Baikal region, southern East Siberia, reconstructed from palynological data

Palynomorphs from a palaeomagnetically dated Late Pliocene sediment core (3.6–2.35 Ma) reflect highly variable climatic conditions and repeated expansion of steppe and boreo-alpine vegetation. Mixed coniferous forests ( Picea , Tsuga , Pinus ) with associated broadleaved taxa ( Quercus , Corylus , Ulmus , Tilia ) were affected by dry and cold intervals already between 3.48 and 3.39 Ma. Peak records of non-arboreal pollen types and spores, including subarctic-boreo-alpine Selaginella selaginoides , evidence advances of open vegetation, which can be correlated to glacial marine oxygen isotope stages. A cooling trend occurred from 3.15 Ma to 2.5 Ma, documented by cold–dry intervals and increased fluctuations of Picea and Pinus . Around 3–2.9 Ma the palaeoclimate variation pattern shifted towards cold–dry and warm–moist oscillations. Cooling strengthened after 2.89 Ma and severely restricted Tsuga development. Cool and oligotrophic limnic conditions are documented by abundant Gonyaulax dinoflagellate cysts in the interval 2.65–2.57 Ma. Due to decreasing precipitation extensive areas with open steppe and rock-steppe vegetation became permanently established after 2.62 Ma. Dry conditions became a dominant environmental factor in the Baikal region, coeval in time with the Red Clay–Loess shift in northern China. This climatic transition can be explained as a consequence of major intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation around 2.75 Ma evidenced by marine records of ice-rafted debris.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Retrospective analysis and modifications of retractor systems for anterior odontoid screw fixation.

The authors present an in-depth retrospective analysis of retractor systems for anterior odontoid screw fixation. They discuss various modifications and innovations of such systems and describe their own tubular retractor system, in which a beveled end conformal to the ventral surface of the vertebral column at the C2-3 level is introduced together with an incorporated light source. This new retractor system allows optimal anatomical exposure for controlled odontoid screw placement with improved protection of surrounding vital structures.

Field of study: Medicine