nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The world is not an asymmetric graph

1. Might the world be a mathematical structure? My question is not: might the world have a mathematical structure, but might it be identical with one? There are two general ways of interpreting this question. If it is whether, given that mathematical structures are abstract objects, the world is an abstract object, the answer has to be negative. Think of the world as wholly concrete (space, time and the spatio-temporal denizens of the world) or as a mix of the concrete and the abstract (if we include universals, laws, propositions and the like), but whichever of these is the case, the world is not purely abstract, as a formal structure is. One might claim, however, that the world is a structure in the sense that it instantiates a structure and is nothing else. In other words, all there is to the existence of the world is its being a case of a structure. Another case of the same structure might be a visual representation of it. If the structure that is the world were simple enough to draw, one might draw it and say, ‘This is what the world is’. That is how I understand Randall Dipert’s thesis that the world is an asymmetric graph (Dipert 1997). He claims to have proved ‘for the first time in the history of philosophy’ (1997: 349) that, employing the branch of mathematics known as graph theory, the distinctness of relata can be established ‘through relations alone’, i.e. that, in a nutshell, it is coherent – and indeed true – to suppose that everything that exists is relational in nature. This means, he contends, that Aristotle was wrong to have denied the possibility of pure relationalism in the description of what there is. Alexander Bird (2007: Ch. 6) picks up Dipert’s theory and uses it to argue, not that the entire world is purely relational in nature, but that at the ‘fundamental level’, whatever that may be, there is nothing but a world of pure powers, all defined relationally in terms of their stimulus and manifestation properties which are themselves pure powers defined similarly. Bird believes that graph theory provides a convincing response to the objection that a purely relational world generates either a vicious circle or a vicious infinite regress.

Field of study: Philosophy
Ecological consequences of sea level rise and flood protection strategies in shallow coastal systems: A quick-scan barcoding approach

Shallow coastal ecosystems have high ecological value and contribute to flood protection. Their stability is, however, sensitive to the amount and rate of future sea level rise (SLR), their ability to trap sediment which allows them to grow with rising sea level, and human response to SLR. So far, studies have focused on assessing SLR impacts using resource-intensive tools. Here, we present an approach for a first-order assessment and easily accessible ‘barcode’ visualization to rapidly assess potential impacts of both SLR and adaptation strategies on coastal ecosystems in a spatially explicit way. Our approach relates habitat types (ecotopes) to water level, morphology and salinity, allowing users to determine shifts in spatial arrangements of ecological zones under different SLR rates and strategies. We illustrate this approach for a transect in the Dutch Wadden Sea. We find that beyond a critical rate of SLR, major changes in ecotope distribution are projected to occur as this part of the Wadden Sea starts to drown due to insufficient sediment import. Even larger impacts arise from adaptation strategies. Closing the barrier islands will turn the Wadden Sea into a freshwater lake-system with the absence of intertidal areas, infilling of channels and bank erosion. A strategy that allows for inland migration of the shoreline, results in a deep tidal basin with large subtidal habitats, and a shifted intertidal zone. Our case study shows that the barcoding approach provides a rapid, quantitative and spatially explicit overview of the potential implications for coastal ecosystems under different SLR scenarios, adaptation strategies and time horizons. This can then be used to screen adaptation strategies before going into a more comprehensive analysis. The barcode visualization allows for easy dissemination of potential ecological impacts to a broad community.

Field of study: Environmental science
IR-Theory and Transformation in the Greater Middle East: the Role of the United States

This article analyzes why post-Cold War American foreign policy regarding the Greater Middle East (GME) changed course and why the United States having a virtual military monopoly fails to achieve its war aim in Iraq. To that end, the authors consult realist and liberal theory in international relations. Realists have a security-driven policy agenda. They fail to create a micro-level foundation in political man for the posited collective interest at the level of the state. Realists therefore produce indeterminate results. Liberal theory in international relations does have a micro-foundation in explanations of foreign policy choices in the form of the economic man. Liberal scholars therefore inquire into domestic sources of foreign policy decisions. However, the liberal national interest is not just a summation of private actor interests. These dominant approaches therefore fail to explain US foreign policy choices and policy outcomes in the region under study.The three quotations below create the problematic of this study:Today we are presented with a unique strategic opportunity. For more than 50 years we were constrained by a bipolar rivalry with a superpower adversary. Today and tomorrow, we have an opportunity to pursue a strategy of engagement and to design a military force to help the strategy succeed. I fully agree with the defense strategy of helping to shape the environment to promote US interests abroad.John Shalikashvili, Clinton's Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1997)[Y]ou live now in the Mohammedan nation which, if the traveler's accounts are to be believed, is intelligent and even refined. What is this irredeemable decadence dragging it down through the centuries? Is it possible that we have risen while they remain static? I do not think so. I rather think that the dual movement has occurred in opposite directions […] European races are often the greatest rogues, but at least they are rogues to whom God gave the will and the power and whom he seems to have destined for some time to be at the head of mankind […] the European is to other races of mankind what man himself is to the lower animals: he makes them subservient to his use, and when he cannot subdue he destroys them.Alexis de Tocqueville (1962: 75-76)Why is it that we did not complete our cultural journey, and how is it that we have ended up today in the very worst of times? What is it that made our predecessor pore over their desks, writing down and recording the marvels of mathematics and sciences and searching out the skies with the stars and constellations in order to discover their secrets, and driven by the love of knowledge, to study medicine and to devise medicaments even from the stomachs of bees […] Andalus became a lost place, then Palestine became Andalus.Mahmud Darwish (2004)

Field of study: Political science
Pyrane, CXXIII. Regio‐ und diastereoselektive Synthesen von Hexahydro‐4a,9‐propanoxanthenonen

Salicylidenaceton (2a) reagiert mit Cyclohexanon (8a) und NaH in DMSO uberwiegend zum B/C-trans-Hexahydropropanoxanthenon 11a, das mit Salzsaure zum B/C-cis-Derivat 10a epimerisiert 2-Methylcyclohexanon (8b) setzt sich mit 2a zum Hexahydro-4-methylpropanoxanthenon 11b um, mit dem O-MEM-Salicylidenaceton (2b) dagegen reagiert 8b zum Hexahydro-4a-methylnaphthalinon 9e, das mit Salzsaure erst das B/C-trans-Derivat 11c, dann das B/C-cis-Derivat 10c, jeweils mit der Methylgruppe in 9a-Stellung, bildet. Die Struktur des aus 11b mit LiAlH4 gewonnenen Alkohols 12 wurde durch Rontgenstruktur-analyse bewiesen. Aus 11b entstehen durch Umsetzung mit HN3 und anschliesende Reduktion die tetracyclischen Azepinderivate 29 und 30. 30 ist im Tierversuch analgetisch wirksam. 
 
 
 
Pyrans, CXXIII. – Regio- and Diastereoselective Syntheses of Hexahydro-4a,9-propanoxanthenones 
 
 
 
Salicylideneacetone (2a) reacts with cyclohexanone (8a) and NaH in DMSO to give predominantly the B/C-trans-hexahydropropanoxanthenone 11a, which may be converted into the B/C-cis-derivative yield by treatment with aqueous HCl. 2-Methylcyclohexanone (8b) reacts with 2a to yield the hexahydro-4-methyl-propanoxanthenone 11b, whereas reaction of O-MEM-salicylideneacetone (2b) with 8b yields the hexahydro-4a-methylnaphthalinone 9e; treatment with aqueous HCl affords the B/C-cis derivative 10c via the B/C-trans intermediate 11c, both with the methyl group in position 9a. The structure of the alcohol 12, produced from 11b with LiAlH4, was evidenced by X-ray analysis. The tetracyclic azepines 29 and 30 are prepared from 11b by treatment with HN3 and subsequent reduction. 30 shows analgetic activity in animal experiments.

Field of study: Chemistry
Primary Schools Readiness for Health Emergencies among Primary Schools in Delta State, Nigeria

The study was meant to explore the readiness of primary schools toward school health emergencies in Delta State, Nigeria. The method was the use of exploratory / descriptive study design of the expost facto method. Three variables of personnel, equipment and environment were used, while three research questions and three hypotheses were used as a guide. Simple questionnaire of Yes or No was used to generate data. Descriptive statistics of frequency count, percentages and paired t-test statistics were used to analysed the data. It was found that personnel for school health emergency were not available in schools and were found to be negatively significant at −30.97 (p = 0.05) and had negative correlation of −1.00. Equipment was found to be available (at least, at the level of First Aid Box) and found significant at paired t - test value of 19.01 (p = 0.05) while environment for school health emergency was not available and negatively significant at paired t – test value of -111.891 (P = 0.05). The study concluded that readiness of primary schools in Delta state for health emergencies is still at its infancy. The study concluded that readiness of primary schools in Delta State is still at its infancy. It was recommended among others Government and stakeholders in primary school education should provide at least one school health Nurse in every primary school and school health teachers be provided with opportunity of training in First Aid and school health emergency.

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Pour Guess: The Effect of Glass Shape and an Ice Substitute on Alcohol Pouring and Estimation

Research suggests that people are poor at estimating the amount of alcohol they have served themselves. Glass shape, the presence of ice, and alcohol consumption may influence the amount of alcohol people pour and estimate they have poured. The aim of these studies was to examine whether these factors would affect pouring behavior, in the laboratory and in real-world environments.



Across 4 studies, 1 laboratory study and 3 conducted during public engagement events, we tested the effect of glass shape (straight sided highball and tumbler glasses) and, using an ice substitute (whiskey stones), the effect of ice on pouring and estimating a self-defined typical drink. We also assessed the association between alcohol consumption and pouring accuracy.



Overall, participants consistently overestimated their typical serving of alcohol, and poured more than 1 U.K. unit when pouring into an empty glass. Findings demonstrate no credible effect of glass shape or ice substitute on alcohol unit estimation or the amount of a typical serving. However, while alcohol consumption was not related to accuracy, the presence of an ice substitute improved accuracy when pouring a single U.K. unit.



Given that participants overestimated the amount of alcohol in their typical alcoholic drink, self-report measures of alcohol consumption may be overstating the amount of alcohol individuals consume. Additionally, the presence of ice may improve accuracy when pouring standard servings (U.K. units) of alcohol. Therefore, self-report measures may be improved if the presence of ice is considered.

Field of study: Medicine
Concept and General Design of an Electron Pulse Stretcher

This paper presents the project of an electron pulse stretcher (E.P.S.) for the 100-300 MeV electron linear accelerator of the University of Saskatchewan. We briefly outline the results of a previous study made by the particle optics division (S.O.C.) of Saclay for the project ALIS and show its relation to our design. The present E.P.S. machine design and characteristics are discussed and finally some remarks are made on tolerances and vacuum requirements. More detailed information can be obtained in our internal reports.

Field of study: Physics
Community structure of rare methanogenic archaea: insight from a single functional group

The rare biosphere, the low abundant microbial populations, is suggested to be a conserved way of microbial life. Here we conducted a molecular survey of rare methanogenic archaea in the environment targeting the mcrA gene in order to test if general concepts associated with the structure of the rare bacterial biosphere also apply to single functional groups. Similar to what is known about rare bacterial communities, the contribution of rare methanogens to the alpha diversity is much larger than to Bray‐Curtis measures. Moreover, a similar core group of methanogens harbored by the abundant and rare communities suggests similar sources and environmental controls of both groups. Among the communities of different levels of rarity, the conditionally rare methanogenic taxa largely account for the overall community dynamics of the rare biosphere and likely enter the dominant community under favorable environmental conditions. In addition, we observed a positive correlation between the alpha diversity and the production of methane when the rare taxa were taken into account. This supports the concept that increasing microbial biodiversity enhances ecological function. The composition and environmental associations of the rare methanogenic biosphere allow us to conclude that rarity is a conserved way also for single functional groups.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Instability of non-constant equilibrium solutions of a system of competition-diffusion equations

The system of interaction-diffusion equations describing competition between two species is investigated. By using a version of the Perron-Frobenius theorem of positive matrices generalized to function spaces, it is proved that any non-constant equilibrium solution of the system is unstable both under Neumann boundary conditions (for the rectangular parallelepiped domain) and under periodic conditions. It is conjectured that this result extends to convex domains, and that the simple interaction-diffusion model cannot explain spatially segregated distributions of two competing species in such domains.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Electron-beam doping-electron radiation effects in impurity overlayers and semiconductor substrates

Abstract3-9 MeV electrons were used to introduce impurity Ge atoms into Si wafers from Ge sheets, which are in contact with a Si surface at 20-60‡C in water bath. Concentration-dependent diffusivities of ∼10-18-10-14 cm2sec-1 for Ge in Si were measured. Activation energies of sputtering yield for Ge and of the diffusivity of Ge in Si are estimated to be ∼0.3 eV and ∼0.58 eV, respectively. In a case of hot (∼250‡C) irradiation in ∼1x10-3 Torr vacuum, also the similar concentration profiles of impurity atoms in the substrates were observed.

Field of study: Materials science
Temperature-dependent Luttinger surfaces.

The Luttinger surface of an organic metal (TTF-TCNQ), possessing charge order and spin-charge separated band dispersions, is investigated using temperature-dependent angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. The Luttinger surface topology, obtained from momentum distribution curves, changes from quasi-2D (dimensional) to quasi-1D with temperature. The high temperature quasi-2D surface exhibits 4kF charge-density-wave (CDW) superstructure in the TCNQ derived holon band, in the absence of 2kF order. Decreasing temperature results in quasi-1D nested 2kF CDW order in the TCNQ spinon band and in the TTF surface. The results establish the link in momentum space between charge order and spin-charge separation in a Luttinger liquid.

Field of study: Physics
Asymptotic approximation of singularly perturbed convection-diffusion problems with discontinuous derivatives of the dirichlet data

We consider a singularly perturbed convection-diffusion equation, -∈ A u + υ . ⊇u = 0, defined on two domains: a quarter plane, (x, y) ∈ (0,∞) x (0,oo), and a half plane, (x,y) ∈ (-∞,∞) x (0,∞). We consider for these problems Dirichlet boundary conditions with discontinuous derivatives at some points of the boundary. We obtain for each problem an exact representation of the solution in the form of an integral. From this integral we derive an asymptotic expansion of the solution when the singular parameter e → 0 + (with fixed distance r to the points of discontinuity of the boundary condition). It is shown that, in both problems, the first term of the expansion contains the primitive of an error function. This term characterizes the effect of the discontinuities on the ∈-behaviour of the solution and its derivatives in the boundary or internal layers.

Field of study: Mathematics
单次碰撞反应的Ba+o,m,p-C 6 H 4 Cl 2 的实验研究及统计理论解释

本文利用激光诱导荧光(LIF)和分子束技术,在单次碰撞条件下,研究了反应Ba+o,m,p-C 6 H 4 Cl 2 .实验得到了反应产物BaCl的LIF光谱和这些反应的相对反应截面。对LIF光谱进行计算机模拟,得到了产物BaCl的振动布居。文中利用“入口”和“出口”过渡态“松”和“紧”的概念,并假设“出口”过渡态的弯曲振动转化为产物转动后,剩余能量全部转化为产物BaCl的振动能,对反应Ba+o,m,p-C 6 H 4 Cl 2 进行了解释。

Field of study: Chemistry
Source localization with distributed sensor arrays and partial spatial coherence

Multiple sensor arrays provide the means for highly accurate localization of the (x,y) position of a source. In some applications, such as microphone arrays receiving aeroacoustic signals from ground vehicles, random fluctuations in the air lead to frequency-selective coherence losses in the signals that arrive at widely separated sensors. We present performance analysis for localization of a wideband source using multiple, distributed sensor arrays. The wavefronts are modeled with perfect spatial coherence over individual arrays and frequency-selective coherence between distinct arrays, and the sensor signals are modeled as wideband, Gaussian random processes. Analysis of the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) on source localization accuracy reveals that a distributed processing scheme involving bearing estimation at the individual arrays and time-delay estimation (TDE) between sensors on different arrays performs nearly as well as the optimum scheme while requiring less communication bandwidth with a central processing node. We develop Ziv-Zakai bounds for TDE with partially coherent signals in order to study the achievability of the CRB. This analysis shows that a threshold value of coherence is required in order to achieve accurate time-delay estimates, and the threshold coherence value depends on the source signal bandwidth, the additive noise level, and the observation time. Results are included based on processing measured aeroacoustic data from ground vehicles to illustrate the frequency-dependent signal coherence and the TDE performance.

Field of study: Engineering
Efficient Hardware for the Tate Pairing Calculation in Characteristic Three

In this paper the benefits of implementation of the Tate pairing computation on dedicated hardware are discussed. The main observation lies in the fact that arithmetic architectures in the extension field GF(36m) are good candidates for parallelization, leading to a similar calculation time in hardware as for operations over the base field GF(3m). Using this approach, an architecture for the hardware implementation of the Tate pairing calculation based on a modified Duursma-Lee algorithm is proposed.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Block transitive 2-(v, k, 1) designs and PGL2(q) groups

The article mainly deal with the block-transitive automorphism groups of 2 − ( v , k , 1 ) designs. Let G = P G L 2 ( q ) for q a power of an odd prime number. We prove that if G acts block-transitively on a non-trivial 2 − ( v , k , 1 ) design D then D is either a projective plane or 2 − ( 136 , 10 , 1 ) design.

Field of study: Mathematics
Up‐regulation of tumour necrosis factor‐alpha receptors on monocytes by desferrioxamine

The effect of endogenously generated reactive oxygen metabolites on the interaction of human blood monocytes with tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) was investigated. Pre‐exposure of unactivated human blood monocytes to dimethylthiourea, a scavenger of hydroxyl radical (OH), or to desferrioxamine (DFX), an iron chelator preventing the synthesis of OH, enhanced the specific binding of 125I‐TNF‐α to its receptors. Scavengers of superoxide anion or hydrogen peroxide were without effect. DFX‐induced up‐regulation of 125I‐TNF‐α binding depended on the concentration of the drug (I‐5 mm) and on the duration of the treatment (1–18 h). It was not due to a reduction of receptor occupancy by endogenously generated TNF‐α. Scatchard analysis of binding data revealed that DFX caused an approximately two‐fold increase in the number of type II TNF‐α receptors, with no change in their affinity. This up‐regulation, that did not require synthesis of new proteins, was associated with a decrease in the internalization rate of TNF‐α receptors, the half‐life of which was doubled. Conversely, these findings suggest that OH generation by monocytes may have a physiological role in reducing the activity of membrane‐associated TNF‐α receptors.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Reduction dimensionality of hyperspectral imagery using genetic algorithm and mutual information and normalized mutual information as a fitness function

Hyperspectral images (HSI) present a wealth of information. It is distinguished by its high dimensionality. It served humanity in many fields. The quantity of HSI information represents a double-edged sword. As a consequence, their dimensionality must be reduced. Nowadays, several methods are proposed to overcome their duress. The most useful and essential solution is selection approaches of hyperspectral bands to analyze it quickly. Our work suggests a novel method to achieve this selection: we introduce a Genetic Algorithm (GA) based on mutual information (MI) and Normalized Mutual Information (NMI) as fitness functions. It selects the relevant bands from noisiest and redundant ones that don’t contain any additional information. .The proposed method is applied to three different HSI: INDIAN PINE, PAVIA, and SALINAS. The introduced algorithm provides a remarkable efficiency on the accuracy of the classification, in front of other statistical methods: the Bhattacharyya coefficient as well as the inter-bands correlation (Pearson correlation). We conclude that the measure of information (MI, NMI) provides more efficiency as a fitness function for GA selection applied to HSI; it must be more investigated.

Field of study: Engineering
Information, Liquidity, and Asset Trading in a Random Matching Game

This paper develops a sequential random matching model of asset trading to analyze how the extent of information about an asset that is available in the market can affect its tradeability. Liquidity traders are rational agents with higher impatience, which make optimal intertemporal consumption decisions given the trading constraints. Information asymmetries result in unexecuted trades. Agents who want to consume relatively early optimally choose to exchange initial assets for new assets that have lower expected payoff but are more liquid in subsequent trading. These assets have a lower expected rate or return (i.e., a liquidity premium) and higher trading volume. Journal of Economic Literature

Field of study: Economics