nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Effectiveness of Receipt-Based Attacks on ThreeBallot

The ThreeBallot voting system is an end-to-end voter-verifiable voting system. Each voter fills out three ballots according to a few simple rules and takes a copy of one of them home as a receipt for verification purposes. All ballots are posted on a public bulletin board so that any voter may verify the result. In this paper, we provide the first steps toward investigating the effectiveness of attacks using the voter's receipt and the bulletin board, using a theoretical rather than simulation-based approach. Focusing on two-candidate races, we determine thresholds for when a voter's vote can be reconstructed from their receipt, and when a coercer can effectively verify if a voter followed instructions by looking for prespecified patterns on the bulletin board. Combining these two results allows us to determine safe ballot sizes that resist known attacks. We also generalize a previous observation that an individual receipt can leak information about a voter's choices.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
MMT and Two Paths to Big Deficits

In recent months, the international policy-making elite has tried to distance itself from Modern Money Theory (MMT), often going to hysterical extremes to dismiss the approach as crazy–including Japanese officials who reject any intimation that they are following MMT policy. Yet, as MMT gathered momentum over the past year, its developers began to receive a flood of calls from reporters around the world enquiring whether Japan serves as the premier MMT example. After all, MMT supposedly promotes budget deficits and for a generation Japan has run the biggest deficits among the rich, developed, capitalist nations. And MMT is purported to claim government debt doesn’t matter, so why not point to the nation with the biggest government debt ratio as the prototype for MMT policy? My answer is always the same: No, Japan is not following MMT policy. Instead, Japan is the perfect case to demonstrate that all of the mainstream theory concerning sovereign budgeting is wrong. And that Japan is the best example of a country that consistently chooses the antiMMT policy response. Let’s quickly run through the evidence. First, mainstream economics predicts that big deficits cause inflation. Yet in the country with the

Field of study: Economics
Improving software reliability prediction through multi-criteria based dynamic model selection and combination

In spite of much research efforts to develop software reliability models, there is no single model which is appropriate in all circumstances. Accordingly, some recent studies on software reliability have attempted to use existing models more effectively in practice (e.g., model selection and combination). However, it is not easy to identify which model is likely to make the most trustworthy predictions and to assign appropriate weights to models for the combination. The improper model selection or weight assignment often causes unsuccessful software reliability prediction in practice, which leads to cost/schedule overrun. In this paper, we propose a systematic reliability prediction framework which dynamically selects and combines multiple software reliability models based on the decision trees learning of multi-criteria. For the model selection, the proposed approach uses the empirical patterns of multi-criteria derived from models. Reduced error pruning decision tree identifies the models with the best predictive patterns and automatically assign a weight to each model. Then, the identified models fall into two groups according to the likelihood of over- or under-prediction, and the competitive models from each group are combined based on their given weights. From the evaluation results, our approach outperformed existing methods on average prediction accuracy. A decision tree based software reliability prediction approach is proposed.The approach is based on the predictive learning of multi-criteria.Existing model selection methods are inadequate to long-term prediction.The approach dynamically finds the informative criteria for long/short term prediction.The approach enables more accurate and robust software reliability prediction.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Critical Essays on Shakespeare's A Lover's Complaint: Suffering Ecstasy (review)

the protagonists, even “‘criminality’ for Cleopatra, ‘satyriasis’ for Antony” (28). Further, however, Rosenberg shows how the Yeas and Nays pattern is intrinsic to the divided world of the play — Rome and Egypt, patriarchal and matriarchal cultures, cold reason and hot emotion, hero and villain — while the overflowing language of hyperbole, antithesis, and oxymoron mirrors the “vastness” (11) of the personalities, of the geographic space, and of the emotions evoked in the play. Scene by scene (with three additional chapters focused on Antony, Cleopatra, and Octavius), Rosenberg progresses through the play, urging the reader to speak aloud the crucial lines of the play in order to discover whether the words resonate as a Yea or a Nay for the reader of the book and examining the critics’ Yeas and Nays at each turn. From the beginning, Rosenberg does not hide his own conviction that Shakespeare intended his play as a grand Yea: a play in which the actor, reader, and audience share with Antony and Cleopatra in “a profound experience of life and love, of hurt and healing,” and “a deep caring for their people” (33). Students of literature and actors may well find Rosenberg’s process a valuable experience, for it comprises both a sustained personal interaction with the play’s text and a scholarly survey of critical-theatrical responses. The last chapter, “Is Anthony and Cleopatra a Tragedy?” offers the student a good model of genre debate, written by Mary Rosenberg as an interaction with her husband’s notes on the subject (she is a self-confessed Nay). The appendices are most valuable, perhaps, to scholarly research: “A Note on the Historical Cleopatra 69 BC–30 BC,” a “Critical Bibliography,” and a “Theatrical Bibliography.” The “Critical Bibliography,” while it is not intended as a comprehensive survey, nevertheless contains around a thousand entries. The “Theatrical Bibliography,” again not an exhaustive list, nevertheless spans four centuries, six continents, and thirteen languages. The Masks of Anthony and Cleopatra offers teachers, directors, actors, and students a refreshing model for the enthusiasm and passion for Shakespearean language and scholarship that creates excitement in the classroom — Rosenberg was teaching a freshman seminar on the play through much of his drafting of the book — and on the stage. Most valuable, perhaps, is Rosenberg’s demonstration of the vast scope, not only of the play, but also of the reactions of the viewing and reading public. Cleopatra’s “infinite variety” (2.2.246) is well demonstrated to be an intrinsic quality of this magnificent play itself. TITA FRENCH BAUMLIN Missouri State University

Field of study: History
Superconducting nanostructures fabricated with the STM

The properties of nanoscopic superconducting structures fabricated with a scanning tunnelling microscope are reviewed, with emphasis on the effects of high magnetic fields. These systems include the smallest superconducting junctions which can be fabricated, and they are a unique laboratory where to study superconductivity under extreme conditions. The review covers a variety of recent experimental results on these systems, highlighting their unusual transport properties, and theoretical models developed for their understanding.

Field of study: Physics
Life in a South African Household, 1909–1923: Changing Patterns in Leisure and Servitude

Domestic history in South Africa is largely an unploughed field. Yet, for much of South Africa's past, households were the places where concerns about class, gender and race intersected at a very close, personal level. Moreover, it was in the residences of the power elite that the contradictions between the ideas of a migrant aristocracy, notions of empire, and the practical needs for the maintenance of an ostentatious lifestyle, were revealed. In this article I use one elite household in Johannesburg (1909–1923) as a lens through which to explore a variety of these domestic experiences and to expose the nexus between race, class and empire in South African domestic history at the turn of the 20th century, so as to further develop ideas first advanced in my article in the Journal of Family History (2007).

Field of study: Sociology
Single-effect absorption refrigeration cycle boosted with an ejector-adiabatic absorber using a single solution pump

This paper presents a numerical model of a single-effect absorption refrigeration cycle incorporating a triple purpose liquid–vapor ejector acting as pressure booster for refrigerant vapor, adiabatic absorber and controlled solution expansion valve. The promising ammonia-lithium nitrate solution is selected as working pair, being able to produce cold at subzero temperatures, thus valid either for air conditioning or industrial refrigeration. With the use of the liquid–gas ejector, the absorption pressure becomes higher than the evaporation pressure, besides recovering part of the solution pump energy. Results of the simulation show that this innovation behaves like a compressor boosted hybrid cycle without carrying its complexity. It allows decreasing the activation temperature (about 15 °C for a recirculation ratio of 3) and increasing the cooling capacity (reaching a gain of about 100% for a generation temperature of 80 °C).

Field of study: Engineering
Verifpal: Cryptographic Protocol Analysis for Students and Engineers

Verifpal is a new automated modeling framework and verifier for cryptographic protocols, optimized with heuristics for common-case protocol specifications, that aims to work better for real-world practitioners, students and engineers without sacrificing comprehensive formal verification features. In order to achieve this, Verifpal introduces a new, intuitive language for modeling protocols that is easier to write and understand than the languages employed by existing tools. Its formal verification paradigm is also designed explicitly to provide protocol modeling that avoids user error. Verifpal is able to model protocols under an active attacker with unbounded sessions and fresh values, and supports queries for advanced security properties such as forward secrecy or key compromise impersonation. Furthermore, Verifpal’s semantics have been formalized within the Coq theorem prover, and Verifpal models can be automatically translated into Coq as well as into ProVerif models for further verification. Verifpal has already been used to verify security properties for Signal, Scuttlebutt, TLS 1.3 as well as the first formal model for the DP-3T pandemic-tracing protocol, which we present in this work. Through Verifpal, we show that advanced verification with formalized semantics and sound logic can exist without any expense towards the convenience of real-world practitioners.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Investigation of the effect of nitric oxide admixtures on the energy and spectral characteristics of an electron–beam–controlled CO laser

It is shown that an NO admixture having a relative concentration of 1 % in the active medium of an electron-beam-controlled CO laser has a comparatively weak influence on the laser energy characteristics but has a substantial influence on its spectrum. In this case, a considerable proportion of the output energy is due to the nitric oxide.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Association of functional polymorphisms in promoter regions of IL5, IL6 and IL13 genes with development and prognosis of autoimmune thyroid diseases

To clarify the association of genetic producibility of interleukin (IL)‐5, IL‐6 and IL‐13, which are secreted by T helper type 2 (Th2), with the development and prognosis of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), we genotyped IL5−746C/T, IL6−572C/G and IL13−1112C/T polymorphisms, which are functional polymorphisms in the promoter regions of the genes regulating these cytokines. Fifty‐seven patients with intractable Graves' disease (GD), 52 with GD in remission, 52 with severe Hashimoto's disease (HD), 56 with mild HD and 91 healthy controls were examined in this study. The IL13−1112T allele, which correlates with higher producibility of IL‐13, was more frequent in patients with GD in remission than in those with intractable GD [P = 0·009, odds ratio (OR) = 3·52]. The IL5−746T allele, which may correlate with lower levels of IL‐5, was more frequent in patients with GD in remission than controls (P = 0·029, OR = 2·00). The IL6−572G allele carriers (CG and GG genotypes), which have higher producibility of IL‐6, were more frequent in AITD patients (P = 0·033, OR = 1·75), especially in GD in remission (P = 0·031, OR = 2·16) and severe HD (P = 0·031, OR = 2·16) than in controls. Interestingly, both allele and genotype frequencies of Th2 cytokine genes were similar between GD and HD patients. In conclusion, functional polymorphisms in the genes encoding Th2 cytokines are associated differently with the development and prognosis of AITD from each other.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Development of High-Frequency SiC-MESFETs

We have developed high power SiC-MESFETs for high-freqeuncy applications. We obtained a cut-off freqeuncy of 9.3 GHz and a maximum oscillation frequency of 34.2 GHz from a 0.5μm gate MESFET. We measured pulsed output power characteristics of 54.1 W at 1.0 GHz and 11.2 W at 9.4 GHz from a 39.2mm-gate-MESFET and a 9.6mm-gate-width MESFET, respectivly.

Field of study: Computer science
Quaternary organic carbon cycles in the Japan Sea (ODP-Site 798) and their paleoceanographic implications

Sedimentological and organic geochemical investigations of sediments of Site 798 give important information about the paleoenvironmental and paleoceanographic conditions of the Japan Sea. Distinct dark/light cycles from the uppermost 37 m of the record (i.e. the last 200,0000 years) were sampled in detail and analyzed for TOC content, C/N-ratios and hydrogen index values to characterize the organic material. A subdivision into three types of cycles was possible, representing different environmental conditions during formation of the dark/light rhythms. Additionally, the data were correlated with the global oxygen isotope curve and biogenic opal data to define the stratigraphic framework and stage boundaries. The results indicate that glacial intervals are generally dominated by a very distinctive cyclicity whereas interglacial sediments are more homogenous and cycles less pronounced. Glacial sea-level lowstands probably lead to a stratification of the water column and anoxic sedimentary conditions (and, thus, distinct dark/light cyclicity with an enrichment of marine organic carbon in the dark part) while the well-mixed Japan Sea of the interglacial periods barely reached oxygen-deficient levels although high productivity caused the enhanced oxygen demand due to the decay of marine organic material. Dilution by siliciclastic material and supply of terrigenous organic matter may occasionally control the organic carbon fluctuations.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Oxide gels: applications in chromatography and investigations of structure by neutron scattering

The surface and porous properties of oxide gels which are produced in sol-gel processes are determined by the colloid characteristics of the sols. These characteristics include the particle size, shape and aggregate structure of the sols and their interparticle interaction behaviour. With this insight of sol-gel conversion mechanisms, gels with well defined pore structure have been produced. These have been exploited in high performance gel permeation chromatography for example. Neutron scattering techniques have been important in establishing the mechanism of sol-gel conversion processes and for obtaining insight into the properties of water in gels with different pore structure.

Field of study: Chemistry
Exploring the star formation histories of galaxies in different environments from MaNGA spectra

The star formation history (SFH) of galaxies allow us to investigate when galaxies formed their stars and assembled their mass. We can constrain the SFH with high level of precision from galaxies with resolved stellar populations, since we are able to discriminate between stars of different ages from the spectrum they emit. However, the relative importance of secular evolution (nature) over nurture is not yet clear, and separating the effects of interaction-driven evolution in the observed galaxy properties is not trivial. The aim of this study is to use MaNGA (Mapping Nearby Galaxies at APO) Integral Field Unit (IFU) data, in combination with multi-wavelength data, to constrain the SFH of nearby isolated galaxies. We present here the new techniques we are developing to constrain the SFH with high level of precision from Spectral Energy Distribution (SED) fitting. This study is part of a China-Chile collaboration program where we are applying these new techniques to investigate how galaxies formed and evolve in different environments.

Field of study: Physics
[Development and Identification of the Recombinant Lentivirus Co-expressing HCV Structural Protein and Secreted Gaussia Luciferase (Gluc)].

To develop a recombinant lentivirus co-expressing structural protein of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and secreted Gaussia Luciferase (Gluc), we first constructed an expression vector that encoded HCV structural protein (C, E1, E2) and GLuc named pCSGluc2aCE1E2. The expression of HCV proteins and Gluc was confirmed by an immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and the detection of luciferase activity. Recombinant lentivirus (VSVpp-HCV) was developed by the co-transfection of pCSGluc2aCE1E2 into 293T cells with pHR'CMVA8.2 and pVSVG. The infectivity of VSVpp-HCV was confirmed by luciferase activity detection, IFA and western blotting. Virus-like particles were identified using electron microscopy after concentration. The results showed that the level of luciferase activity correlated with the expression of HCV protein after the infection of cells with lentivirus VSVpp-HCV. Therefore, the expression level of HCV proteins could be evaluated by detecting the luciferase activity of Gluc. In conclusion, this research pave a way for the development of transgenic mice that express HCV proteins and Gluc, which enable the evaluation of anti-HCV therapy and vaccine in vivo.

Field of study: Biology
SU‐FF‐T‐29: A New Quantitative Quality Assurance Evaluation Parameter (gamma Plus) and Its Clinical Assessment

To extend existing gamma index by including biological effect dose information and propose a new index called gamma plus.  A new quality assurance index, gamma plus, is proposed based on the theoretical concept of the gamma evaluation presented by the Low et al. The dose difference including the biological dose information (Biological Uniform Dose BUD was used in this study) is used instead of the physics dose difference when performing the gamma plus calculation. An in‐house software was developed to compare the dose distribution based on the gamma plus concept. A test pattern for two‐dimensional dose comparison was done using the developed software platform. The gamma plus was also tested on planar dose exported from Pinnacle Treatment Planning System (TPS) and film dose distributions acquired in a solid water phantom for one clinical case.  The preliminary result showed that the gamma plus index can exhibit the similar result as the gamma index. At the same time, the gamma plus index showed differences from the gamma index for the test pattern analysis since it considers biological dose information. For the clinical case, it is observed that the gamma plus index varies for different treatment parameters (e.g. dose per fraction), which indicates that treatment outcome is considered in the gamma plus index.  The gamma evaluation is widely accepted for the quality control of IMRT treatment. The gamma plus proposed in this study is based on the gamma index theory and also considers the biological effect. Like gamma evaluation, gamma plus index combines the dose difference and the spatial shift. Furthermore, gamma plus index includes biological effective dose information, which can help to understand the biological effect difference for the quality assurance result.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
The syn-volcanic Naajaat lake, Paleocene of West Greenland

The Naajaat lake in the Nuussuaq Basin on Disko and Nuussuaq formed in a geological setting between cratonic crystalline Precambrian rocks overlain by Cretaceous sediments and an actively forming Paleocene volcanic province. The lacustrine deposits, shales as well as hyaloclastite breccias, accumulated in low-lying areas inundated by fresh water and sealed off from marine transgressions by a broad subaerial volcanic terrain. Foreset-bedded hyaloclastite breccias demonstrate water depths of up to 450 m, and the area of the lake was 2500 km2 at its maximum extent. The lake probably existed for less than 0.5 million years. The lake received clay and silt from two provenance areas. Quartz contents of more than 25% in the majority of the sediment samples indicate that large amounts of material were continuously supplied to the lake from the crystalline terrain, whereas the volcanic terrain supplied smectite and mixed-layer minerals to the lake. High kaolinite contents stem from the crystalline or both provenance areas. The shales are characterized by high TOC (up to 11%), lack of pyrite, presence of terrestrial spores and pollen and lack of marine dinoflagellates. The lacustrine sediments rest on an erosional unconformity and its correlative conformity. The unconformity developed during the latest Cretaceous and Early Paleocene. Five stages are recognized in the geological development of the lake. Stages 1–4 are characterized by accumulation of hyaloclastite breccias, rise in lake level, and eventual transgression of subaerial terrains. The rises in lake level were caused by stemming of fluvial run-off behind the aggrading volcanic pile. Stage 5 corresponds to cessation of volcanic activity, a stable lake level, and progradation of clastic sediments, resulting in infilling of the lake. During the lacustrine transgression only sediment in suspension was transported into the central parts of the lake.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Multi-symplectic Preissmann scheme for a high order wave equation of KdV type

The high order wave equation of KdV type, which describes many important physical phenomena, has been investigated widely in last several decades. Here, the new multi-symplectic formulations for the high order wave equation of KdV type are presented, and the associated local conservation laws are shown. The multi-symplectic discretization of each formulation is exemplified by the multi-symplectic Preissmann scheme. The numerical experiments are given, and the results verify the efficiency of the multi-symplectic Preissmann scheme.

Field of study: Mathematics
Coherent states and path integrals for model hamiltonians in quantum optics

A brief review of applications of the coherent states (CSes) in quantum optics is given. The CS representation of path integrals in the semi-classical approximation leads to the classical dynamics of CS parameters. Calculations of squeezing in the model of spontaneous parametric scattering are performed and the chaos in the collective dynamics of three-level atoms interacting with resonant photon modes is studied.

Field of study: Physics