nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Task-Specific Self-Evaluation as a Measure of Achievement Motivation.

The validity of an internalized self-reinforcement paradigm as a model of achievement motivation was investigated with a sample of 230 ninth grade black pupils of an inner-city public school located in a midwestern metropolitan area. If achievement behavior is controlled and sustained by covert internal evaluations of performance, then students who more frequently report positive self-evaluations during some specific school-like task may be predicted to: a.) have higher grade point averages than students who less frequently report self-evaluations of task performance; b.) have lower rates of absence from school than students who less frequently report positive self-evaluations of task performance; c.) have greater levels of expected task performance than students who less frequently report positive self-evaluations of performance; d.) have greater expectations that they will be able to positively evaluate themselves for task performance than students who less frequently report positive self-evaluations; e...

Field of study: Education
Wave: A New Code-Based Signature Scheme

We present here Wave the first 'hash-and-sign' code-based signature scheme which strictly follows the GPV strategy [GPV08]. It uses the family of ternary generalized $(U,U+V)$ codes. We prove that Wave achieves existential unforgeability under adaptive chosen message attacks (EUF-CMA) in the random oracle model (ROM) with a tight reduction to two assumptions from coding theory: one is a distinguishing problem that is related to the trapdoor we insert in our scheme, the other one is DOOM, a multiple target version of syndrome decoding. The algorithm produces uniformly distributed signatures through a suitable rejection sampling. Our scheme enjoys efficient signature and verification algorithms. For 128 bits of classical security, signature are $8$ thousand bits long and the public key size is slightly smaller than one megabyte. Furthermore, with our current choice of parameters, the rejection rate is limited to one rejection every 3 or 4 signatures.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Evaluation of the Prognostic value of the Prechemotherapy Platelet to Lymphocyte Ratio in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma

Malignant pleural mesothelioma is an aggressive disease. It is characterized with bad prognosis. We conducted this study to assess the prognostic significance of pretreatment PLR in patients with MPM.  We retrospectively reviewed 400 patients treated for MPM in Ain Shams University hospital, Clinical Oncology department between January 2013 and December 2017. Pre-treatment CBC was available for the 110 patients to calculate PLR.  Out of 110 patients, age ranged from 28 to 70 years. Male: female was 5: 6. Epithelioid subtype represent 85%. Stages III, IV represent 48.2% and 35.5%. Median PFS and OS were 6.9 and 11.9 months. Using a cut-off value of 177.9. Low PLR was associated with better median PFS than high PLR (7.97 vs. 6.63), (p=0.039). For patients with low vs. high PLR, median OS was 15.07 vs. 10.4 months (P value= 0.063) 61.8% received platinum pemetrexed and 38.2% received platinum/gemcitabine as 1st line chemotherapy. Radiological response to first line therapy was SD, PR, PD and CR in 47%, 29%, 23% and 0.9% of patients respectively. There was no statistical significance in PFS and OS between patients who received platinum/pemetexed versus platinum/Gemcitabine (p=0.53). The group who received platinum/pemetrexed had median OS 17.5 vs. 10.5 months (P=0.108) in low versus high PLR and median PFS 7.7 months vs. 5.03 months (P=0.034). The group who received platinumgemcitabine had median OS 15.07 vs. 8.2 months (P=0.264) in low versus high PLR and median PFS 8.07 vs. 8.2 months (P=0.332).  The higher the PLR, the worse the prognosis. There was statistically significant difference in PFS between low vs. high PLR, and in PFS of both groups of PLR of the group who received platinum pemetrexed.

Field of study: Medicine
An Analysis on the Deviation of Technology Import and FDI in China

Generally speaking, there exists positive correlation between technology importing and FDI. But things are different in China - it presents deviation . The first reason is different source of the two things. Other main reasons include different dominant or different purpose. To solve this problem, we should not only improve the criteria of technology importing from southeast Asia,but also accelerate FDI from USA and EU. In addition, we should look for more sources of technology importing and FDI.

Field of study: Economics
Effect of nitric oxide fumigation on the post harvest active oxygen metabolism of tomato

Tomato(Lycopersicon esculenturn CV Hezuo903) was used as test material,exogenous NO fu-migation treatment with different concentration(20,50μL/L) was used to study the effects of NO on respiration intensity,ethylene production and the active oxygen metabolism index of SOD,CAT,POD,H2O2,O2-.,MDA etc in tomato. The results showed that exogenous NO fumigation treatment inhibit the respiration rate and ethylene production of tomato during the storage period. In the meantime,NO treatment kept the activities of the protective enzyme,such as SOD,CAT,POD of tomato during storage,inhibit the increase of H2O2,O2-.,and reduced the content of MDA. NO fumigation treatment enhanced the antioxidant ability of tomato,prevented lipid membrane peroxidation and delayed the fruit senescence.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Late Miocene stepwise aridification in the Asian interior and the interplay between tectonics and climate

The mid-latitudinal central Asian continent is characterized by large sand deserts and Gobi (stony desert). In this context, it is of interest to study the timing and forcing mechanisms of aridification in the region. Here we present multiple geochemical climatic proxies from late Cenozoic strata in the Tarim Basin of northwestern China, a region sensitive to climatic change. The results yield long-term climatic records covering a time interval of 13.3 to 2.5 Ma. We find that a general trend towards a dry climate was superimposed by two stepwise aridification events, the first lesser aridity phase occurred at ~ 7–5.3 Ma and the second extreme aridity episode was initiated at ~ 5.3 Ma. Based on the correlation between climatic change and regional tectonic events, we propose a mechanism to explain the climatic variations. The general long-term drying trend since the mid-Miocene was a response to global climatic cooling, while the stepwise aridification since the latest Miocene was controlled mainly by regional tectonic uplift.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Peripheral Immune System Adaptations and Motivation for Alcohol in Non‐Dependent Problem Drinkers

Increasing evidence suggests that levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines are dysfunctional in alcohol dependence. Moreover, some initial findings demonstrate that these adaptations in peripheral inflammation may contribute to motivation for alcohol and problem drinking via possible direct effects or the indirect effects of stress responsivity. Importantly, the role of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the progression from healthy to problem drinking is not well understood. The aim of this study was to assess whether alcohol-related peripheral immune system changes affect stress and alcohol cue-induced craving and anxiety and behavioral alcohol motivation and intake in the laboratory among problem drinkers compared with socially drinking controls.



Twenty-six problem drinkers and 38 moderate, social drinkers participated in a laboratory challenge procedure during which they were exposed to 3 personalized 5-minute imagery conditions (stress [S], relaxing [R], and alcohol cue [C]), followed by the "alcohol taste test" (ATT) as a measure of implicit alcohol motivation and intake, presented across 3 consecutive days, 1 per day in a randomized and counterbalanced order. Measures of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), alcohol craving, and anxiety were assessed at baseline, immediately following imagery exposure and at discreet beer cue presentation in the ATT.



Compared with moderate drinkers, problem drinkers demonstrated tonic attenuation of IL-6 and IL-1ra. In problem drinkers, these changes also accompanied elevated levels of stress- and cue-induced alcohol craving and anxiety and were predictive of provoked alcohol craving, behavioral alcohol motivation and intake, and severity of problem drinking.



Current findings indicate that selective immunosuppression in problem drinkers may play a key role in motivation for alcohol intake.

Field of study: Medicine
Le Parlement de Paris ou la voix de la raison (1559–1589) (review)

sources. As Walsh points out, fifteenth-century ambassadors were expected to be information gatherers and to sort out rumor from reality. It was difficult, to give just one example, to assess the degree to which Charles really intended to pursue the territorial ambitions attributed to him, or whether this was only braggadocio leavened by fear or expectation. In his reading of these rich sources, Walsh at some points in the discussion seems to insist on giving us all of the information that the ambassadors reported, leaving the reader, like a Renaissance prince assessing a dispatch, to decide what is important. I do not mean to say that Walsh neglects summary and analysis altogether. Rather, it is that he frequently gets bogged down in the mass of his own data. The sheer number of names, encounters, and letters referenced is often bewildering (and occasionally leads to repetition) and one cannot help but wonder whether some judicious pruning could have made this an easier book to read, without taking away from its overall impact and importance. The thoroughness and breadth of Walsh’s treatment of the primary sources is obvious; there is no need to prove it to us in every paragraph. Ambassadors and chancery secretaries in the fifteenth century frequently complained that they were receiving too much information and struggled to make sense of it all. At times while reading this book, I sympathized with their complaint. PAUL M. DOVER Kennesaw State University

Field of study: History
Power Spectra Separation via Structured Matrix Factorization

Power spectra separation aims at extracting the individual power spectra of multiple emitters from the received mixtures. Traditional spectrum sensing for dynamic spectrum sharing is mostly concerned with detecting or estimating the aggregate spectrum. Spectra separation can be considered as a further step towards full awareness of the radio frequency (RF) environment, which may enable judicious routing, scheduling and beamforming with more effective interference avoidance. In other applications such as geoscience, astronomy, and chemometrics, separating the spectra of the objects/analytes from the sensed mixtures is also of great interest. Our prior work tackled this problem from a tensor decomposition point of view, but this requires delicate and careful receiver setups, and the algorithms are computationally heavy and difficult to decentralize. In this work, we propose to solve the power spectra separation problem using a structured matrix factorization model, where the columns of one of the two factor matrices live in the unit simplex. The salient features of this new framework are that 1) the receivers can be far simpler in terms of hardware, 2) an algebraically very simple algorithm can be employed for the centralized case, 3) and that effective decentralized algorithms can be devised under this framework. Numerical simulations and a laboratory experiment using real software-defined radios are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.

Field of study: Engineering
CLEARING OUT A GALAXY

It is widely suspected that active galactic nucleus (AGN) activity ultimately sweeps galaxies clear of their gas. We work out the observable properties required to achieve this. Large-scale AGN-driven outflows should have kinetic luminosities ~η L Edd/2 ~ 0.05 L Edd and momentum rates ~20 L Edd/c, where L Edd is the Eddington luminosity of the central black hole and η ~ 0.1 its radiative accretion efficiency. This creates an expanding two-phase medium in which molecular species coexist with hot gas, which can persist after the central AGN has switched off. This picture predicts outflow velocities ~1000-1500 km s–1 and mass outflow rates up to 4000 M ☉ yr–1 on kpc scales, fixed mainly by the host galaxy velocity dispersion (or equivalently black hole mass). All these features agree with those of outflows observed in galaxies such as Mrk231. This strongly suggests that AGN activity is what sweeps galaxies clear of their gas on a dynamical timescale and makes them red and dead. We suggest future observational tests of this picture.

Field of study: Physics
Cannabis and suicide: longitudinal study

Some studies suggest that cannabis use is associated with suicidal ideation, but no detailed longitudinal study has examined suicide as an outcome.  To examine the association between cannabis use and completed suicide.  A longitudinal study investigated 50 087 men conscripted for Swedish military service, with cannabis use measured non-anonymously at conscription. Suicides during 33 years of follow-up were identified by linkage with the National Cause of Death Register.  There were 600 (1.2% of cohort) suicides or deaths from undetermined causes. Cannabis use was associated with an increased risk of suicide (crude OR for ‘ever use’ 1.62, 95% CI 1.28–2.07), but this association was eliminated after adjustment for confounding (adjusted OR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.65–1.20).  Although there was a strong association between cannabis use and suicide, this was explained by markers of psychological and behavioural problems. These results suggest that cannabis use is unlikely to have a strong effect on risk of completed suicide, either directly or as a consequence of mental health problems secondary to its use.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Changes in Helping Behavior

College students in an experimental condition were asked to help a child operate a candy machine. On a subsequent request for help from an adult experimenter, these subjects volunteered significantly more of their time than did control subjects. Prior reports suggest, but do not demonstrate, that this foot-in-the-door effect is mediated by a change in self-perceptions of helpfulness. Two possible mediators-self-perceptions and situational perceptions-were measured directly in the present study. Self-perceptions of helpfulness showed a moderate increase for the experimental subjects. Perceptions of potential unpleasantness (e.g., embarrassment) for someone offering help showed a significant decrease for the experimental subjects. The results indicate that the foot-in-the-door effect can be mediated by changes in situational as well as self-perceptions. A recent failure to replicate the foot-in-the-door effect was explained in terms of these findings.

Field of study: Psychology
The vitro anticancer activity analysis of mouse IL-28 recombinant adenovirus vector

To transfect the recombinant mIL-28A adenovirus vector into lung adenocarcinoma cell line LA795 and research its anticancer activity.  Transfected the constructed mouse IL-28(mIL-28) recombinant adenovirus vector into LA795 cell line, detected with PCR, immunocytal fluorescence, Tunel, Annexin V and MTT.  Transfected with rAd-mlL-28A into the LA795 cells, mIL-28A gene expression products mRNA increased obviously, IL-28 expression was detected in cells obviously,apoptosis cell number increased, and the growth of LA795 cells transfected with rAd-mIL-28A were inhibited obviously.  The recombinant miL-28A adenovirus vector we have constructed, which expresses IL-28 when transfected to lung adenocarcinoma cell line LA795, inhibits growth of carcinoma cell to some extent, and may work by promoting the apoptosis of cancer cells. 
 
 
mIL-28; Adenovirus vector; Lung cancer; Growth; Apoptosis

Field of study: Biology
The formation of linked perceptual classes.

Multiple-exemplar training with stimuli in four domains induced two new fill-based (A1' and A2') and satellite-image-based (B1' and B2') perceptual classes. Conditional discriminations were established between the endpoints of the A1' and B1' classes as well as the A2' and B2' classes. The emergence of linked perceptual classes was evaluated by the performances occasioned by nine cross-class probes that contained fill variants as samples and satellite variants as comparisons, along with nine other cross-class probes that consisted of satellite variants as samples and fill variants as comparisons. The 18 probes were first presented serially and then concurrently. Class-consistent responding indicated the emergence of linked perceptual classes. Of the linked perceptual classes, 70% emerged during the initial serial test. An additional 20% of the linked perceptual classes emerged during the subsequently presented concurrent test block. Thus, linked perceptual classes emerged on an immediate or delayed basis. Linked perceptual classes, then, share structural and fuctional similarities with equivalence classes, generalized equivalence classes, cross-modal classes, and complex maturally occurring categories, and may clarify processes such as intersensory perception.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
GH3B6 Pituitary Tumor Cell Proliferation is Mediated by PKCα and PKCε via ERK 1/2-dependent Pathway

In this report, we explored the role of PKCα and PKCε as mediators of phorbol 12-myristate13-acetate (PMA)-induced proliferation in pituitary tumor GH3B6 cells, and determined if the ERK1/2 and Akt pathways were activated.  The GH3B6 cell proliferation was estimated by BrdU incorporation and the cell cycle progression by flow cytometric cell cycle analysis. We determined the expression of PKCα and PKCε in membrane and cytosolic fractions by western blotting. The subcellular redistribution of both PKC isozymes was analyzed by confocal microscopy.  Incubation with PMA for 15 min stimulated PKCα and PKCε activation, which was correlated with the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 but not Akt. The activation of both these PKC isozymes was closely associated with the stimulation of proliferation and the cell cycle progression induced by PMA in GH3B6 cells, an effect that was blocked by the inhibitors of PKCα (Gö6976) and PKCε (εV1-2). In addition, the pretreatment with the inhibitor of ERK1/2 (PD98059) prevented the mitogenic activity induced by treatment with PMA for 15 min.  We demonstrated that the activation of PKCα and PKCε by phorbol ester in tumor pituitary GH3B6 cells led to cell proliferation and cell cycle progression, effects that involved ERK1/2 activation.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Competitive adsorption of phenolic compounds on the Yellow River′s sediments

In this paper,the competitive adsorption behavior of o-nitrophenol,pentachlorophenol,2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol on the Yellow River sediments was studied.The results showed that competitive adsorption occured when two or more of the four phenolic compounds exist in the water-sediment system.The competitive adsorption capacity depends mainly on adsorbability and adsorption rate of each phenolic compound and phenolic compounds with high adsorbability and adsorption rate have greater competitive adsorption capacity.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Displaying uncertainty in the biological reference points of sharks

Variability in life-history traits influences biological reference points (BRP). For data-poor species such as sharks, BRP have commonly been set at arbitrary values with little consideration of life-history variability. The temperate shark fisheries of Western Australia were used as a case study to develop species-specific limit, threshold and target BRP that consider life history uncertainty and population dynamics. Shark species with higher biological productivity had lower biomass BRP and higher fishing mortality BRP (FBRP) than less productive species. The interplay of gear selectivity and variability in life history traits influenced BRP uncertainty, particularly for FBRP. Traditionally, stock status is determined by comparing a stock-performance indicator (SPI) to a BRP point estimate based on a set probability of SPI exceeding the point BRP. We proposed an alternative approach where we considered distributions for both SPI and BRP and compared the proportion of overlap between those distributions. In practice, we consider this an improvement to characterizing both uncertainties and an easier-to-grasp concept than a probability of exceeding a point estimate.

Field of study: Environmental science
Functional analysis of linker-scan mutants spanning the -376, -308, -244, and -238 polymorphic sites of the TNF-alpha promoter.

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) promoter polymorphisms have been linked to a large number of diseases but studies examining the possible direct functional effects of these polymorphisms have been contradictory. Previous studies compared TNF-alpha promoter constructs containing single nucleotide changes. We have now made a series of mutant constructs in which regions of the TNF-alpha promoter containing suspected functional single nucleotide polymorphisms, including -376, -308, -244 and -238, were replaced by a 10 bp linker scan sequence. These constructs were transiently transfected into the T cell line Jurkat, the B cell line Raji, and the monocytic cell line U937, and tested for basal and induced transcriptional activity. Mutant constructs covering both the -308 and -376 polymorphisms showed no significant differences in either basal or induced transcriptional activity. Constructs covering the -244/-238 region showed a small increase in basal activity in the U937 cell line. These results indicate (i) that the -308 and -376 regions are of no functional relevance for TNF-alpha promoter transcription, and (ii) that the -244/-238 region does not influence transcription in some cell lines but may have some role in transcription in others.

Field of study: Medicine
Almost multiplicative functions on commutative Banach algebras

Let A be a complex commutative Banach algebra with unit 1 and δ > 0. A linear map φ : A→ C is said to be δ-almost multiplicative if |φ(ab)− φ(a)φ(b)| ≤ δ ‖a‖ ‖b‖ for all a, b ∈ A. Let 0 < e < 1. The e-condition spectrum of an element a in A is defined by σe(a) := { λ ∈ C : ‖λ− a‖ ∥∥∥(λ− a)−1∥∥∥ ≥ 1 e } . In this note, we prove following results connecting these two notions for commutative Banach algebras. (1) If φ(1) = 1 and φ is δ-almost multiplicative, then φ(a) ∈ σδ(a) for all a in A. (2) If φ is linear and φ(a) ∈ σe(a) for all a in A, then φ is δ-almost multiplicative for some δ. The first result is analogous to the Gelfand theory and the last result is analogous to the classical Gleason-Kahane-Zelazko theorem.

Field of study: Mathematics