nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Mean annual temperature estimation based on leaf morphology: a test from tropical South America

Are models that predict mean annual temperature (MAT) from leaf morphology applicable globally? Fifteen models that predict MAT from leaf morphology were tested on thirty floral samples from tropical South America to determine the degree to which models based on published data that are primarily from other regions are applicable to floras from tropical South America. The models included are based on regional data from North America, South America, and Asia. Of the fifteen models tested, five are simple linear regressions, six are multiple linear regressions, two are canonical correspondence analyses, and two are correspondence analyses followed by nearest neighbor analyses. For the seven modern floras with MAT ≤21°C, every model overestimates MAT. For the 23 modern floras with MAT >21°C, all models produce variable results without a systematic error. The range of average model errors is 2.7–7.3°C, while the absolute extremes of error are 0 and 15.1°C. Average 95% predictive confidence intervals range from 1.6 to 6.9°C. Predicted MAT falls within the published standard error of the model for 0–67% of the South American test floras. Evaluating the seven sites with MAT ≤21°C separately from the 23 sites with MAT >21°C shows that no equation accurately estimates MAT of the majority of low-temperature sites, but that four equations accurately estimate >50% of high-temperature sites. The results suggest that at least for sites of unknown or high elevation, mean annual temperature of fossil floras from tropical South America may be better predicted from models based on the leaf morphology of tropical South American floras.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Empirical Performance and Asset Pricing in Hidden Markov Models

To improve the empirical performance of the Black-Scholes model, many alternative models have been proposed to address leptokurtic feature, volatility smile, and volatility clustering effects of the asset return distributions. However, analytical tractability remains a problem for most alternative models. In this article, we study a class of hidden Markov models including Markov switching models and stochastic volatility models, that can incorporate leptokurtic feature, volatility clustering effects, as well as provide analytical solutions to option pricing. We show that these models can generate long memory phenomena when the transition probabilities depend on the time scale. We also provide an explicit analytic formula for the arbitrage-free price of the European options under these models. The issues of statistical estimation and errors in option pricing are also discussed in the Markov switching models.

Field of study: Mathematics
Enhancing the In-Role Behaviour and Organizational Citizenship Behaviours in the Workplace: A Multidimensional View for the Role of Ethical Climate

Non-ethical behavior is considered as one of the main reasons of distress any organization could be exposed to. The existence of un-ethical climates, within an organization, may result in several negative behaviors towards this organization and its members. Although previous studies asserted the role of ethical climate in both organizational and individual levels, limited studies considered the role of ethical climate from the multidimensional view. This is besides examining its impact on both the in-role and volunteer behaviours. Moreover, the inconsistency of the previous research findings recall the need to address these relations in different industries. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of ethical climate from a multi-dimensional view, i.e. testing the five dimensions of ethical climate ( Law and code, Rules, Instrumental, Independence and Caring) in predicting both the in-role behavior and organizational citizenship behaviors (organizational citizenship behaviors towards individuals and towards organizations). Based on the cross-sectional study, a survey data from faculty members were collected and analyzed using structure equation modeling. The findings suggested that ethical climate predicts both behaviors. It, also, revealed that the Independence and Rules dimensions are the most influencing climate dimensions in developing the in-role behavior whereas Caring, rules and Instrumental are positively related to the citizenship behaviors. This study is one of the limited studies that considered the role of ethical climate - from a multidimensional view- in predicting both organizational citizenship behaviors and in-role behavior. In addition, it is one of the earliest studies in the Arab region which tackles such a relationship.

Field of study: Business
China's Postgraduates Enrollment Policy:Current Status,Characteristics and Reform

According to the analysis of the scale,types,basis and functions of the postgraduate enrollment plan,the postgraduate enrollment plan policy evolution is featured with the mutative,divisive-conjunctive external environment,the malfunction of single quantity control and the unmeasured needs and possibilities.The reform trend of the postgraduate enrollment plan policy is to stick to the resource attribute of the enrollment plan;face the diverse types of postgraduate enrollment;be constrained by lowest average cost internally and social need externally;decentralize the management focus and establishment power;suit with the discipline development of the student-recruiting unit,to form the adaptive mechanism.

Field of study: Education
Franciscan Complex limestone deposited at 17° South paleolatitude

At Laytonville, California, about 230 km north-northwest of San Francisco, three blocks of pelagic limestone, each a few tens of metres long, are incorporated in the Franciscan melange. Bedding is well defined, but top indicators are lacking. Paleomagnetic study of two of the blocks (16 samples, 52 specimens) yielded directions of D: 183.9°, I: −22.6°, α95: 21.6° (block 1), and D: 229.5°, I: −31.8°, α95: 10.7° (block 2) relative to the present orientation of bedding. Inclinations were not significantly different, but the difference in declinations shows that magnetization preceded emplacement of the blocks in the melange. Study of foraminifera showed that the blocks are of Albian and Cenomanian age and were deposited during the Cretaceous Long Normal Polarity Interval. Details of the foraminiferal zonation show that both blocks are right side up. The observed inclinations imply deposition on the Farallon plate at 17° ± 7° South paleolatitude at about 96 m.y. B.P. (block 2; block 1 data agree but are less definitive). Consideration of reasonable paleolongitudes and possible times of incorporation of the blocks in the melange indicates a Farallon–North America convergence rate significantly higher than any observed today. The most commonly accepted emplacement time (latest Cretaceous) indicates convergence at about 38 cm/yr (range: 24 to 60 cm/yr). An alternate interpretation, that emplacement occurred at 30 ± 15 m.y. B.P., would indicate convergence at about 15 cm/yr (range: 9 to 24 cm/yr). The convergence rates obtained in the first case are astonishingly high, and they suggest that perhaps current ideas on the Franciscan should be re-evaluated, with consideration given to the possibility that tectonic mixing continued until the middle or late Tertiary. Even so, the Farallon–North American convergence rate was apparently higher than any convergence rate observed today. This rapid convergence coincides with the Cretaceous rapid spreading pulse, and it may be responsible for such features as the large volumes of Late Cretaceous batholiths and subduction complexes in western North America.

Field of study: Geology
On a Model of Software Copyright Proctection Based on Dynamic Certificate Dublicate

In view of the current problem on the security,validity and creditablity of the software copyright protective measures,this paper proposes a model of software copyright protection based on dynamic certificate dublicate(DCDM).This model separates the main_body and the core of the software,according to the core code,the running environment and the copyright status,realizes effectively the safe registration,the migration and the certificate distribution of the software through the cross-authentication mechanism,and ensures effectively the security,the integrity and the undeniable ability of the protocol interactive data in the network environment by the encryption,the authentication and the digital signature.Dynamic using of the core solves the software copyright security protection problem,and expands the EULA agreement,provides one kind of general solution for the single user and the collective user′s software copyright protection.

Field of study: Computer science
TRANSVERSE NORMAL STRAIN EFFECTS ON THERMAL STRESS ANALYSIS OF HOMOGENEOUS AND LAYERED PLATES

A study of the transverse normal strain effect on the static thermoelastic response of homogeneous and multilayered plates is presented. Numerical evaluations have been given for classical, refined, and advanced zig-zag plate theories. Constant, linear, and higher-order forms of temperature profile in the plate thickness direction have been accounted for. Basic assumptions of the considered theories are quoted. The related governing equations are not given because these were derived from a unified formulation that was described elsewhere. Closed-form solutions are discussed by addressing three plate problems: a homogeneous plate made of an isotropic layer; a two-layered plate consisting of two layers made of different isotropic materials; a multilayered composite plate made of three cross-ply layers. It has been confirmed that any refinements of classical models are generally meaningless, unless the effects of transverse shear and normal strains are both taken into account in a plate theory. Furthermore, it has been found that transverse normal strains cannot be discarded even though thin plates are considered and the accurate description of the temperature profile in the plate thickness direction could result to be meaningless, unless transverse normal strains are taken into account, and vice versa.

Field of study: Physics
Jovino de Guzman Miroy.Tracing Nicholas of Cusa's Early Development: The Relationship betweenDe concordantia catholicaandDe docta ignorantia. Philosophes médiévaux 49. Louvain: Éditions Peeters, 2009. x + 314 pp. bibl. €74. ISBN: 978–90–429–2039–2.


Field of study: History
Differential evolution of peripheral cytokine levels in symptomatic and asymptomatic responses to experimental influenza virus challenge

Exposure to influenza virus triggers a complex cascade of events in the human host. In order to understand more clearly the evolution of this intricate response over time, human volunteers were inoculated with influenza A/Wisconsin/67/2005 (H3N2), and then had serial peripheral blood samples drawn and tested for the presence of 25 major human cytokines. Nine of 17 (53%) inoculated subjects developed symptomatic influenza infection. Individuals who will go on to become symptomatic demonstrate increased circulating levels of interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐8, IL‐15, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)‐1 and interferon (IFN) gamma‐induced protein (IP)‐10 as early as 12–29 h post‐inoculation (during the presymptomatic phase), whereas challenged patients who remain asymptomatic do not. Overall, the immunological pathways of leucocyte recruitment, Toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐signalling, innate anti‐viral immunity and fever production are all over‐represented in symptomatic individuals very early in disease, but are also dynamic and evolve continuously over time. Comparison with simultaneous peripheral blood genomics demonstrates that some inflammatory mediators (MCP‐1, IP‐10, IL‐15) are being expressed actively in circulating cells, while others (IL‐6, IL‐8, IFN‐α and IFN‐γ) are probable effectors produced locally at the site of infection. Interestingly, asymptomatic exposed subjects are not quiescent either immunologically or genomically, but instead exhibit early and persistent down‐regulation of important inflammatory mediators in the periphery. The host inflammatory response to influenza infection is variable but robust, and evolves over time. These results offer critical insight into pathways driving influenza‐related symptomatology and offer the potential to contribute to early detection and differentiation of infected hosts.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Application of high-throughput technologies to a structural proteomics-type analysis of Bacillus anthracis.

A collaborative project between two Structural Proteomics In Europe (SPINE) partner laboratories, York and Oxford, aimed at high-throughput (HTP) structure determination of proteins from Bacillus anthracis, the aetiological agent of anthrax and a biomedically important target, is described. Based upon a target-selection strategy combining ;low-hanging fruit' and more challenging targets, this work has contributed to the body of knowledge of B. anthracis, established and developed HTP cloning and expression technologies and tested HTP pipelines. Both centres developed ligation-independent cloning (LIC) and expression systems, employing custom LIC-PCR, Gateway and In-Fusion technologies, used in combination with parallel protein purification and robotic nanolitre crystallization screening. Overall, 42 structures have been solved by X-ray crystallography, plus two by NMR through collaboration between York and the SPINE partner in Utrecht. Three biologically important protein structures, BA4899, BA1655 and BA3998, involved in tRNA modification, sporulation control and carbohydrate metabolism, respectively, are highlighted. Target analysis by biophysical clustering based on pI and hydropathy has provided useful information for future target-selection strategies. The technological developments and lessons learned from this project are discussed. The success rate of protein expression and structure solution is at least in keeping with that achieved in structural genomics programs.

Field of study: Chemistry
A RENAISSANCE DEPICTION OF A TORNADO

In the Renaissance, impressive weather features inspired considerable interest among artists. The depiction of a tornado and other weather features are discussed that appear on a sixteenth-century series of 12 huge tapestries (“Conquest of Tunis”) woven by the carpet manufacturer Willem de Pannemaker in Brussels, Belgium, between 1549 and 1551. The outstanding depiction of the tornado is presumably the earliest pictorial presentation of a tornado, at least in the Latin west. During the Renaissance, tapestries were an obligatory fixture of a European court and were used as an instrument for political propaganda and dynastic demonstration. The “Conquest of Tunis” tapestries are important pieces of Eu-ropean art commissioned by the Habsburgian emperor Charles V (1500–58), one of the most important ruling personalities in Euro-pean history. In 1535, he undertook a crusade to Tunis, Tunisia, in order to diminish the Ottoman emperor's power in the western Mediterranean region. Charles V wanted to...

Field of study: Environmental science
Calculation of Electron Transport in Branched Semiconductor Nanostructures Using Quantum Network Model

Electron transport in branched semiconductor nanostructures provides many possibilities for creating fundamentally new devices. We solve the problem of its calculation using a quantum network model. The proposed scheme consists of three computational parts: S-matrix of the network junction, S-matrix of the network in terms of its junctions' S-matrices, electric currents through the network based on its S-matrix. To calculate the S-matrix of the network junction, we propose scattering boundary conditions in a clear integro-differential form. As an alternative, we also consider the Dirichlet-to-Neumann and Neumann-to-Dirichlet map methods. To calculate the S-matrix of the network in terms of its junctions' S-matrices, we obtain a network combining formula. We find electrical currents through the network in the framework of the Landauer$-$B\"uttiker formalism. Everywhere for calculations, we use extended scattering matrices, which allows taking into account correctly the contribution of tunnel effects between junctions. We demonstrate the proposed calculation scheme by modeling nanostructure based on two-dimensional electron gas. For this purpose we offer a model of a network formed by smooth junctions with one, two and three adjacent branches. We calculate the electrical properties of such a network (by the example of GaAs), formed by four junctions, depending on the temperature.

Field of study: Physics
Wavelet based quasilinearization method for semi-linear parabolic initial boundary value problems

Finite difference free wavelets based quasilinearization methods developed for SPIBVP.Fisher, Huxley and Newell-Whitehead-Segel equations solved very efficiently.Comparison study provided for quasilinearization based on Haar and Legendre wavelets.Proposed approach performs better than the methods in the recent literature. In this paper, numerical methods based on quasilinearization and Haar and Legendre wavelets to solve a class of semi linear parabolic initial boundary value problem (SPIBVP) have been presented. The Haar and Legendre wavelet methods have been successfully combined with quasilinearization to solve SPIBVP efficiently. The presented numerical scheme has been illustrated using appropriate examples including Fisher equation and the obtained results show that the proposed numerical scheme is robust and easy to apply.

Field of study: Mathematics
On the Capacity of Spatially Correlated MIMO Channels in a 60 GHz Indoor Environment

In this paper, we investigate the capacity of spatially correlated, multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) channels in a 60 GHz indoor environment. We first derive the correlation coefficients between two antenna elements as a function of the antenna spacing. Then, the standard deviation of the power azimuth spectrum (PAS) and the mean angle of arrival (AOA) are obtained for the truncated Laplacian model, which is appropriate for broadband 60 GHz indoor channels. The Triple Saleh-Valenzuela (TSV) model is considered as a typical for these channels. The capacity of correlated MIMO channels for 60 GHz indoor environments is investigated for two power allocation schemes, equal and water-filling. It is shown that the capacity is affected by the spatial correlation , which varies according to the antenna spacing , PAS standard deviation and mean AOA. Finally, it is determined that when channel state information (CSI) is available at the transmitter, the correlated MIMO channel capacity with water-filling power allocation is greater than the capacity achieved with equal power allocation

Field of study: Computer science
SHARED ATTENTION IN PIGEONS1

Two pigeons performed a three-key matching-to-sample task. The comparison (side key) stimuli were either solid colors or white lines. The sample (center key) stimuli were either compounds (white lines on colored grounds) or elements (white lines on black grounds on some trials, and solid colors on other trials). Sample stimuli were presented for nine sample stimulus durations ranging between 0.04 and 5.00 sec. Within each daily session, both compound and element samples were presented at each sample duration in a random sequence. Compound samples controlled matching responses less effectively than did element samples at all sample stimulus durations.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Failure modes on low voltage power MOSFETs under high temperature application

HEV (hybrid electrical vehicle) is one of the harshest applications for standard technology of power devices and converters. High temperature capability and passive/active thermal cycle ageing must be evaluated. The authors present first results on ageing and failure modes for a 75 V/350 A MOSFET module from a low voltage/cycled DC current test bench. The module is without base plate and bond wires are used for electrical connections. For this kind of low voltage and high current module, paper shows that the principal modes of failure relate to the environment close to the chip (connections and passivations).

Field of study: Engineering
Existence and stability of rational expectation-equilibria in a simple overlapping generation model

We consider a simple overlapping generation model with outside money and one consumption good. For a big class of preference relations, it is shown that globally no self-fulfilling expectation exists (except the trivial one) if the information set contains only past and present prices. Even locally, positive results can be obtained for homothetic preferences only. To get asymptotic stability this class must be restricted again: The elasticity of substitution must be very small. The implications of this are very negative: A Learning process can never reach rationality.

Field of study: Economics
The excellent teacher.

A teacher plays a key role in medical training programs and is responsible for the success or failure of many education developments. This article examines the attributes of an excellent medical teacher using a three-circle model. In the inner circle are the technical skills required by the teacher as an information provider, a facilitator of learning, a curriculum developer, and an assessor. In the middle circle is how the teacher approaches their teaching—with an understanding of basic education principles, with appropriate attitudes and ethics, with an evidence-informed strategy, and working as a team member. In the outer circle is the professionalism of the teacher, evaluating their own competence and keeping up-todate with their subject and education practice.

Field of study: Medicine
A systematic review of dynamics in climate risk and vulnerability assessments

Understanding climate risk is crucial for effective adaptation action, and a number of assessment methodologies have emerged. We argue that the dynamics of the individual components in climate risk and vulnerability assessments has received little attention. In order to highlight this, we systematically reviewed 42 sub-national climate risk and vulnerability assessments. We analysed the assessments using an analytical framework with which we evaluated (1) the conceptual approaches to vulnerability and exposure used, (2) if current or future risks were assessed, and (3) if and how changes over time (i.e. dynamics) were considered. Of the reviewed assessments, over half addressed future risks or vulnerability; and of these future-oriented studies, less than 1/3 considered both vulnerability and exposure dynamics. While the number of studies that include dynamics is growing, and while all studies included socio-economic aspects, often only biophysical dynamics was taken into account. We discuss the challenges of assessing socioeconomic and spatial dynamics, particularly the poor availability of data and methods. We suggest that future-oriented studies assessing risk dynamics would benefit from larger stakeholder involvement, discussion of the assessment purpose, the use of multiple methods, inclusion of uncertainty/sensitivity analyses and pathway approaches.

Field of study: Environmental science
On a Weyl-von Neumann -type Theorem for Antilinear Self-adjoint Operators

Antilinear operators on a complex Hilbert space arise in various contexts in mathematical physics. In this paper, an analogue of the Weyl--von Neumann theorem for antilinear self-adjoint operators is proved, i.e. that an antilinear self-adjoint operator is the sum of a diagonalizable operator and of a compact operator with arbitrarily small Schatten $p$-norm. In doing so, we discuss conjugations and their properties. A spectral integral representation for antilinear self-adjoint operators is constructed.

Field of study: Mathematics