nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
An Recreation Behavior-based Investigation of the Fengle Park in Hefei

Take Hefei Fengle Ecological Park as a research object,the authors summarize and analyze the ecopark recreation behavior by using questionnaire survey,in-depth interviews and behavioral observation form.The results show that young people become the main object enjoying the ecological park.The purpose of their activities in the ecological park is to entertain themselves and enrich their knowledge.Their dissatisfaction about the park includes concerns over security risks,unsound infrastructure,incomplete entertainment facilities and so on.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Mechanisms of hepatic phosphatidylcholine synthesis in adult rat: effects of pregnancy.

Late pregnancy in the rat (gestational ages 16-21 days) was accompanied by a specific increase in hepatic phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) molecular species containing C16:0 at the sn-1 position and polyunsaturated essential fatty acids (PUFA), in particular C22:6(n-3), at the sn-2 position. Incorporation of either CDP:[Me-14C]choline or CDP:[1,2-14C]-ethanolamine into hepatic microsomal sn-1 C16:0 PC or PE molecular species in vitro was greater at term than in non-pregnant animals, suggesting modifications to the composition of specific diacylglycerol (DAG) pools destined for synthesis of either PC or PE. Also, incorporation of [Me-14C]choline or [Me-14C]methionine into hepatic PC in vivo over 6 h in term pregnant rats was consistent with decreased phospholipase A1-dependent acyl remodelling of sn-1 C16:0 to sn-1 C18:0 molecular species. There was, however, no evidence to support any change to the specificity of acyl remodelling. The rate of PC synthesis by the de novo pathway in vivo was increased in term liver compared with non-pregnant animals, accompanied by increased choline-phosphotransferase activity in vitro in d21 liver microsomes. The rate of PC synthesis by PE N-methylation did not appear to change during pregnancy. Changes in composition of plasma PC species at term reflected those of newly synthesized hepatic PC. Our data suggest supply of PUFA to the developing fetal rat is the result of specific adaptations to maternal hepatic phospholipid biosynthesis rather than passive transfer from the maternal diet.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
IFAA: Robust Association Identification and Inference for Absolute Abundance in Microbiome Analyses

The target of inference in microbiome analyses is usually relative abundance (RA) because RA in a sample (e.g., stool) can be considered as an approximation of RA in an entire ecosystem (e.g., gut). However, inference on RA suffers from the fact that RA are calculated by dividing absolute abundances (AA) over the common denominator (CD), the summation of all AA (i.e., library size). Because of that, perturbation in one taxon will result in a change in the CD and thus cause false changes in RA of all other taxa, and those false changes could lead to false positive/negative findings. We propose a novel analysis approach (IFAA) to make robust inference on AA of an ecosystem that can circumvent the issues induced by the CD problem and compositional structure of RA. IFAA can also address the confounding effect of library size and handle zero-inflated data structures. IFAA identifies microbial taxa associated with the covariates in Phase one and estimates the association parameters by employing an independent reference taxon in Phase two. Two real data applications are presented and extensive simulations show that IFAA outperforms other established existing approaches by a big margin in the presence of confounding effect of library size.

Field of study: Mathematics
Sediment–sea-water interaction at 200 and 300 °C, 500 bars pressure: The role of sediment composition in diagenesis and low-grade metamorphism of marine clay

Experimental interaction of clay-rich marine sediments with sea water at 200 and 300 °C, 500 bars, and a water/rock mass ratio of 5 resulted in the generation of relatively acid, oxidizing conditions. The development of acidity is attributed to the formation of smectite, whereas the oxidation state of the fluids was dependent on the relative proportions of ferromanganese oxide phase, ferrous-rich silicate phases, and organic carbon. An experiment conducted with an oxidized sediment at 300 °C thus produced higher aqueous concentrations of Mn and associated base metals at a relatively high fO2 (∼10−15), but an organic carbon-rich sediment yielded fluids characterized by a lower fO2 (∼10−20), lower concentrations of Mn, higher Fe, and exhibited substantial thermal alteration and dissolution of organic components. Silica concentrations in the experimental fluids ranged from cristobalite to amorphous silica saturation levels in response to the dissolution of amorphous silica.

Comparison of fluid data and mineralogical assemblages from the Gulf Coast and Salton Sea regions with experimental results suggests that alteration processes in sedimentary basins can, in large part, be attributed to water-rock interaction. Observed differences are apparently due to the higher degree of reaction in the geologic environment and to the increased stability of the illite-chlorite assemblage at the lower silica activity characteristic of geologic fluids.

Field of study: Geology
Concept of Superconducting Comparator for Pipeline A/D Converter

This paper presents the design, simulation of performance, and layout of a one-bit comparator for a pipeline analog-to-digital converter. It has been designed for the low critical temperature technology of the European Fluxonics Foundry and the part excluding the digital readout has been fabricated. Simulation shows that the incoming signal amplitude is reduced by a nearly constant amount above the threshold of the comparator, which is seen as a decrease of about 38% of the power transmission coefficient at the carrier frequency.

Field of study: Physics
Performance comparison of occupancy count estimation and prediction with common versus dedicated sensors for building model predictive control

Model predictive control is a promising approach to optimize the operation of building systems and provide demand-response functionalities without compromising indoor comfort. The performance of model predictive control relies, among other things, on the quality of weather forecasts and building occupancy predictions. The present study compares the accuracy and computational demand of two occupancy estimation and prediction approaches suitable for building model predictive control: (1) count prediction based on indoor climate modeling and parameter estimation “using common sensors”, (2) count prediction based on data from 3D stereovision camera. The performance of the two approaches was tested in two rooms of a case study building. The results show that the method with dedicated sensors outperforms common sensors. However, if a building is not equipped with dedicated sensors, the present study shows that the common sensor method can be a satisfactory alternative to be used in model predictive control.

Field of study: Engineering
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: Results of medical therapy on appearance of external genitalia.

Girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia show a variable degree of genital masculinization at birth. Antenatal dexamethazone treatment for the mother is known to reduce the severity of this condition. There are however few data on the effect of postnatal steroid therapy on the cosmetic appearance of the external genitalia.



We report the appearance of the external genitalia of three girls with classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia followed up by steroid therapy alone.



Growth of the labia majora and a relative reduction in clitoral size improved the appearance of the external genitalia in these three girls.



There seems to be improvement in the external appearance of genitalia with postnatal steroid therapy. This could allay parental concerns and help in the planning of corrective surgery peripubertally with the informed consent of the child.

Field of study: Medicine
Massenspektren der Salamander‐Alkaloide

Salamander-Alkaloide und ihre Derivate ergeben beim Abbau im Massenspektrometer charakteristische Bruchstucke. Aus den Spektren kann man bei diesen Naturstoffen auf den Bau des Ringes A schliesen. Eine Anderung von Substituenten im ubrigen Teil des Steroidgerustes ist dagegen bei den bisher untersuchten Verbindungen nur von untergeordneter Bedeutung fur die Bruchstuckbildung.

Field of study: Chemistry
Expression and purification of circumsporozoite protein from Plasmodium falcipanan FCC1/HN strain and its binding activity in hepatocyte

To amplify circumsporozoite protein gene from genome DNA of Plasmodium falci-parum FCC1/HN strain, to express and purify CSP in prokaryotic vector pET-32c, with evaluation of its immunoge-necity and binding activity to hepatic cell.  A pair of primers was designed according to cDNA sequence of CSP from Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7, the CSP gene amplified by PCR was cloned into the vector pGEM-T and proved by DNA sequencing. Then the CSP gene was subcloned into procaryotic expression vector pET-32c and expressed by induction with IPTG. The recombinant CSP was purified with Ni2+ chelating HiTrap HP column in denatured condition. Its immunoresponse was evaluated by Western blot, and its binding activity in different tissue sections was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC).  The CSP gene was successfully amplified from genome DNA of Plasmodium falciparum strain FCC1/HN. An approximate Mr 62×103 fusion protein was expressed in E. coli and prepared with Ni2+ column purification. The result of Western blot showed that rCSP was recognized by Malaria patient serum. The results of IHC showed that rCSP could bind specifically to the hepa-tocytes.  The purified rCSP has strong immunoresponse and binding activity in hepatocytes, which indicates that rCSP has a potential value as a targeting molecule for hepatic gene delivery.

Field of study: Biology
Apparatus for dry deposition of aerosols on snow

Deposition of light-absorbing aerosol on snow can drastically
change the albedo of the snow surface and the energy balance of the snowpack.
To study these important effects experimentally and to compare them with theory,
it is desirable to have an apparatus for such deposition experiments. Here,
we describe a simple apparatus to generate and evenly deposit light-absorbing
aerosols onto a flat snow surface. Aerosols are produced (combustion
aerosols) or entrained (mineral dust aerosols) and continuously transported
into a deposition chamber placed on the snow surface where they deposit onto
and into the snowpack, thereby modifying its surface reflectance and albedo.
We demonstrate field operation of this apparatus by generating black and
brown carbon combustion aerosols and entraining hematite mineral dust aerosol
and depositing them on the snowpack. Changes in spectral snow reflectance are
demonstrated qualitatively through pictures of snow surfaces after aerosol
deposition and quantitatively by measuring hemispherical-conical reflectance
spectra for the deposited areas and for adjacent snowpack in its natural
state. Additional potential applications for this apparatus are mentioned and
briefly discussed.

Field of study: Environmental science
Volatiles of Wood of Chinese Fir in Nature and Its Effect on Human Health

Adopting dynamic head-space and GC-MS, volatiles of wood of Chinese fir in nature were successfully collected and analyzed.It contains 35 terpenoid,15 aliphatics and 5 aromatic compounds,in which the MS intensity of terpenoid is the highest.Meantime,effect of volatiles on physiology and psychology were analyzed from angle of drug physiology and aromatherapy.The results showed that some of volatiles of wood of Chinese fir were useful for human health,especially terpenoid being of good physiological activity and aromatherapy function,such as sterilization,diminish inflammation,codein,and making people feel easy,comfort,pleasant,and so on.Therefore,based on preliminary analysis of this paper, volatiles of wood of Chinese fir could ameliorate indoor air quality and regulate human body and mind health.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Chiral symmetry and parametrization of scalar resonances

The linear $\s$-model is used to study the effects of chiral symmetry in unitarized amplitudes incorporating scalar resonances. When just a single resonance is present, we show that the iteration of a chiral tree amplitude by means of regularized two-pion loops preserves the smallness of $\p\p$ interaction at low energies and estimate the importance of pion off-shell contributions. The inclusion of a second resonance is performed by means of a chiral extension of the linear $\s$-model lagrangian. The new $\p\p$ ampitude at tree level complies with low-energy theorems, depends on a mixing angle and has a zero for a given energy between the resonance masses. The unitarization of this amplitude by means of two-pion loops preserves both its chiral low energy behavior and the position of this zero confirming, in a lagrangian framework, conclusions drawn previously by T\"ornqvist. Finally, we approximate and generalize our results and give a friendly expression that can be used in the parametrization of $N$ coupled scalar resonances.

Field of study: Physics
Exogenous NADPH ameliorates myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury in rats through activating AMPK/mTOR pathway

Our previous study shows that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) plays an important role in protecting against cerebral ischemia injury. In this study we investigated whether NADPH exerted cardioprotection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. To induce myocardial I/R injury, rats were subjected to ligation of the left anterior descending branch of coronary artery for 30 min followed by reperfusion for 2 h. At the onset of reperfusion, NADPH (4, 8, 16 mg· kg −1 · d −1 , iv) was administered to the rats. We found that NADPH concentrations in plasma and heart were significantly increased at 4 h after intravenous administration. Exogenous NADPH (8−16 mg/kg) significantly decreased myocardial infarct size and reduced serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and cardiac troponin I (cTn-I). Exogenous NADPH significantly decreased the apoptotic rate of cardiomyocytes, and reduced the cleavage of PARP and caspase-3. In addition, exogenous NADPH reduced mitochondrial vacuolation and increased mitochondrial membrane protein COXIV and TOM20, decreased BNIP3L and increased Bcl-2 to protect mitochondrial function. We conducted in vitro experiments in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCM) subjected to oxygen–glucose deprivation/restoration (OGD/R). Pretreatment with NADPH (60, 500 nM) significantly rescued the cell viability and inhibited OGD/R-induced apoptosis. Pretreatment with NADPH significantly increased the phosphorylation of AMPK and downregulated the phosphorylation of mTOR in OGD/R-treated NRCM. Compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, abolished NADPH-induced AMPK phosphorylation and cardioprotection in OGD/R-treated NRCM. In conclusion, exogenous NADPH exerts cardioprotection against myocardial I/R injury through the activation of AMPK/mTOR pathway and inhibiting mitochondrial damage and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. NADPH may be a potential candidate for the prevention and treatment of myocardial ischemic diseases.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
PM3 Study Of Conformational Analysis And Electronic Properties Of Functionalized Oligohexylfurans

A semi empirical analysis of functionalized 3-hexylfurans[3XHF, where X= Br, NH2, SH, CN, COOH, CONC(CH3)2 and N(CH3)2] having functional group attached to the hexyl substituent up to four monomeric units in head-tail-head-tail regioselectivity was carried out. The energy band gap obtained at PM3 level showed that oligomers with 3HAHF present lowest energy band gap not in consonant with that of 3DAHP and 3DAHT[12,13]. All the structures increase in twisting at equilibrium geometries as the polymer chains grow except 3HF that remains nearly constant which means that in condensed phase the functional group interactions present modification of the polymer structure. The 3AHF, 3DAHF and 3THF have electronic donating effect through the intervening hexyl carbon atoms by reducing HOMO-LUMO band gap as compared to 3HF while 3CHF, 3DTHFand 3BHF affect otherwise. The energy band gap changed with the functional group attached to hexyl substituents, which affect the molecular properties related to the electronic conductivity.

Field of study: Materials science
THE MODEL OF QUALITY AWARENESS FORMATION AMONG EMPLOYEES OF SUPPLIER IN THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY

In the paper a six-step model of quality awareness formation inspired by the concept of E. Deming’s PDCA cycle is proposed. The authors have constructed their model with the following steps: 1) acquisition and analysis of a general data about the supplier, 2) setting the key objectives the quality awareness model should be focused on, 3) acquisition and analysis of data related to the current level of quality awareness, 4) detailed planning of the quality awareness development program among employees, 5) implementation of the program, 6) effectiveness evaluation and program verification. Finally, if the defined objective is not achieved the procedure will return to step 2 and the cycle of steps is repeated as long as the defined objectives are satisfied. In the paper special attention is paid to two steps of the method in which the structure and mechanism of quality awareness development is constructed (step 4) on the basis of diagnosed symptoms (step 3). It means the nature of quality awareness development is an appropriate composition of a single and/or periodic trainings and workshops, which agenda and intensity depend on the diagnosis done before.

Field of study: Engineering
A new broken U(1)-symmetry in extreme type-II superconductors

A phase transition within the molten phase of the Abrikosov vortex system without disorder in extreme type-II superconductors is found via large-scale Monte-Carlo simulations. It involves breaking a U(1)-symmetry, and has a zero-field counterpart, unlike vortex lattice melting. Its hallmark is the loss of number-conservation of connected vortex paths threading the entire system in any direction, driving the vortex line tension to zero. This tension plays the role of a generalized "stiffness" of the vortex liquid, and serves as a probe of the loss of order at the transition, where a weak specific heat anomaly is found.

Field of study: Physics
The systemic inflammatory response syndrome as a predictor of bacteraemia and outcome from sepsis.

Criteria defining the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) were used to assess prospectively 270 clinical episodes in which blood cultures were taken from patients in general medicine. SIRS, severe sepsis and septic shock occurred in 149 (55%), 13 (5%) and 9 (3%) episodes, respectively. However, evidence of organ hypoperfusion indicating severe sepsis was recorded as sought in only 26% of episodes of SIRS. Crude mortality at 28 days increased sequentially as more SIRS criteria were met, rising from 12% in non-SIRS blood culture episodes, to 36% when all four criteria were met. Mortality from severe sepsis and septic shock was 38% and 56%, respectively. In 61/64 (95%) episodes of clinically important bacteraemia, patients fulfilled SIRS criteria when the blood culture was taken. However, the positive predictive value of SIRS for predicting bacteraemia was only 7%. Patients who did not fulfil SIRS criteria when blood cultures were taken were at low risk of bacteraemia and comprised 45% (121/270) of the study population. Three patients in this low-risk group had bacteraemia. Mortality in bacteraemic patients with severe sepsis or septic shock who were initially treated with ineffective antibiotics for up to 48 h was 80%, compared to 42% in those always treated appropriately.

Field of study: Medicine
The Depth of School Enterprise Cooperation, Construction of Research on the Training Mode of Four Levels and Eight Modules of Environmental Engineering Quality

In order to cultivate applied talents with lofty professional ethics and the requirements of environmental science and engineering quality, the professional quality training mode were built according to "one main line, two stages, four levels, and eight modules". The engineering quality training is used as a main clue of the whole process of teaching. The two levels of "3 year school study and 1 year enterprise engineering practice" are adopted to establish and implement the four levels of "engineering cognition, engineering foundation, engineering synthesis and engineering innovation" and the eight modules of progressive engineering training mode of "enterprise enterprise cognition, perception, business courses, skills, comprehensive application, team training, internship, graduation design.  School enterprise cooperation，Environmental engineering quality，The four level and eight module

Field of study: Education
An Engineered DC-Targeting Lentivector Induces Robust T Cell Responses and Inhibits HBV Replication in HBV Transgenic Mice via Upregulating T Cell Autophagy

Developing engineered dendritic cell (DC)-targeting lentivectors (LVs) have been the target of intense research for their potential to create antigen-directed immunotherapeutics which can be safely administered to patients. In this study, we constructed a DC-directed LV (LVDC-UbHBcAg-LIGHT) as a potential vaccine to induce anti-HBV immune responses.  Specificity of LVDC-UbHBcAg-LIGHT for DCs in vivo was confirmed through live animal imaging studies. The levels of cytokine production in T cells were assessed by flow cytometry. The HBcAg-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses and antibody responses induced by direct administration of the LVs were detected by LDH release assay and ELISA respectively. The levels of serum HBsAg and HBV DNA were evaluated by Abbott kits and quantitative PCR respectively. The expression levels of HBsAg and HBcAg in liver tissues of HBV transgenic mice were examined by immunohistochemistry. In addition, molecular mechanism underlying the activation of CD8+ T cells was explored.  Live animal imaging studies showed that following subcutaneous administration of LVDC-UbHBcAg-LIGHT, no obvious luminescence signal was detected at the injection site. Immunization with LVDC-UbHBcAg-LIGHT elicited potent T cell responses in HBV transgenic mice evidenced by increased percentages of IFN-γ, TNF-α and GzmB producing CD8+ T cells as well as IFN-γ producing CD4+ T cells, improved HBcAg-specific CTL activities and antibody responses. Additionally, vaccination with LVDC-UbHBcAg-LIGHT efficiently reduced serum HBsAg, HBV DNA levels and the expression of HBsAg and HBcAg in liver tissues of HBV transgenic mice. More importantly, autophagy was induced in the activated CD8+ T cells, and the induced autophagy noticeably promoted the proliferation of T cells and decreased the frequencies of apoptotic CD8+ T cells by selectively degrading ubiquitinated apoptosis and cell cycle-associated protein aggregates. Futhermore, we confirmed the interaction between autophagosomes and ubiquitinated aggregates by confocal microscopy and immunoprecipitation analysis.  These results demonstrated that LVDC-UbHBcAg-LIGHT provided a simple method of eliciting effective antiviral immune responses in HBV transgenic mice and might potentially be used as a therapeutic strategy to eradicate HBV with more safety and efficiency. Moreover, our results revealed a direct role of autophagy in promoting the survival and proliferation of activated CD8+ T cells.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry