nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Controlling the transport of electrons on superfluid $^{4}$He in symmetric and asymmetric FET-like structures

When floating on a two-dimensional (2D) surface of superfluid $^{4}$He, electrons arrange themselves in 2D crystalline structure known as Wigner crystal. In channels, the boundaries interfere the crystalline order and in case of very narrow channels one observes a quasi-1D Wigner crystal formed by just a few rows of electrons and, ultimately, one row, i.e., in the ``quantum wire'' regime. Recently, the ``quantum wire'' regime was accessed experimentally [D. Rees {\it et al.},  (2012)] resulting in unusual transport phenomena such as, e.g., oscillations in the electron conductance. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we study the nonlinear transport of electrons in channels with constrictions: single and multiple symmetric and asymmetric geometrical constrictions with varying width and length, and saddle-point-type potentials with varying gate voltage. We analyze the average particle velocity versus driving force or the gate voltage. We have revealed a significant difference in the dynamics for long and short constrictions: the oscillations of the average particle velocity for the systems with short constrictions exhibit a clear correlation with the transitions between the states with different numbers of rows of particles while for longer constrictions these oscillations are suppressed. The obtained results are in agreement with the experimental observations. We proposed a FET-like structure that consists of a channel with asymmetric constrictions. We show that applying a transverse bias results either in increase of the average particle velocity or in its suppression thus allowing a flexible control tool over the electron transport. Our results bring important insights into the dynamics of electrons floating on the surface of superfluid $^{4}$He in channels with constrictions and allow an effective control over the electron transport.

Field of study: Physics
Menadione reduced doxorubicin resistance in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells in vitro.

To study the effect of menadione (Men) reducing doxorubicin (Dox) resistance in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells resistant to Dox (EAC/Dox cells).



Glutathione (GSH) content and membrane fluidity were measured by fluorometric assay and fluorescence depolarization assay, respectively. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was measured with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene as the substrate. Cell viability was determined by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay.



GSH content, GST activity, and membrane fluidity in EAC/Dox cells were higher than those in EAC cells (P < 0.01). The IC50 (95% confidence limits) for Dox on EAC/Dox cell was 22.3 (15.8-28.8) mg.L-1. Relative resistance of Dox in EAC/Dox cells was 42-fold. Pretreatment of EAC/Dox cells with Men 5 or 10 mg.L-1 decreased intracellular GSH content (P < 0.01). Men 1 mg.L-1 had no obvious effect on GSH content in EAC/Dox cells (P > 0.05), but decreased the elevated membrane fluidity efficiently (P < 0.05). Men had no obvious effect on GST activity in EAC/Dox cells (P > 0.05). IC50 of Dox was reduced to 9.6 (7.8-11.3), 6.0 (2.8-9.2), or 5.3 (3.9-6.7) mg.L-1 in EAC/Dox cells pretreated with Men 1, 5, or 10 mg.L-1.



Men reduced Dox resistance effectively due in part to its depletion of GSH content in EAC/Dox cells.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Über freie Weglängen langsamer Elektronen in Edelgasen

ZusammenfassungEs wurde gezeigt, daß die mittlere freie Weglänge von laugsamen Elektronen in den Edelgasen Ar, Kr und Xe mit abnehmender Geschwindigkeit bis zu etwa 0 Volt stetig anwächst.Anregungsspannungen im Kr wurden bei 8,4 und 9,6 Volt mit einer Genauigkeit von ±2/10 Volt angegeben. Die Ionisierungsspannung liegt zwischen 12 und 13 Volt.Im Xe werden Anregungsspannungen bei etwa 8,0 und 8,8 Volt angegeben und seine Ionisierungsspannung zwischen 11 und 12 Volt.Zum Schlusse möchte ich noch der Helmholtz-Gesellschaft danken, da ein Teil des benutzten Platins, das sie Herrn Prof. Franck für Elektronenstoßarbeiten bewilligt hatte, bei den Messungen verwandt wurde.

Field of study: Physics
Impulse control in pigeons.

Pigeons were given a small, immediate food reinforcement for pecking a key, and a larger, delayed reinforcement for not pecking this key. Most subjects pecked the key on more than 95% of trials. However, when pecking a differently colored key at an earlier time prevented this option from becoming available, three of 10 subjects consistently pecked it, thereby forcing themselves to wait for the larger reward. They did not peck the earlier key when it did not prevent this option. This is an experimental example of psychological impulse and a learnable device to control it. Although only a minority of the subjects learned it, the fact that such learning is possible at all argues for a theory of delayed reward that can predict change of preference as a function of elapsing time.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Seismic profiling in Miramichi Bay, New Brunswick

A combined echo sounder and seismic profiling survey in Miramichi Bay has detected two prominent seismic reflectors. The upper reflector probably represents a marine terrace, above which are recent sediments. The sea bed consists mainly of sands in the barrier island and Outer Bay area, whereas the Inner Bay consists mainly of sandy muds and muds. A discontinuous 'gas' reflector in the muds of the Inner Bay masks all deeper seismic reflectors where it is present. The lower seismic reflector is probably the Pennsylvanian bedrock surface. Between the upper and lower reflectors, proglacial sediments and glacial till are probably present. The bedrock surface has been eroded into deep, linear channels by a pre-Pleistocene drainage system which may have been subsequently overdeepened by glacial scouring. These channels may have been eroded along lines of weakness in the Carboniferous sediments representing structures, such as joints, fractures, or faults in the bedrock. These structures may be related to the ex...

Field of study: Environmental science
[Evaluation of antiepileptic effects of cortexin in a model of convulsions].

We studied antiepileptic effects of cortexin administered in doses 0,015, 0,15 and 1,0 mg/kg intraperitoneally in solution or intranasally in the complex with nanoparticles in a model of acute and chronic convulsions in rats induced by pentylenetetrazole. In the model of epileptic status, the long-term preliminary administration of cortexin had no effect on convulsions while in the model of chronic convulsions (temporal epilepsy), cortexin had a marked dose-dependent antiepileptic effect. The influence of cortexin on neuroplasticity and its clinical potential are discussed.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Mutation Classes of Skew-Symmetric 3 × 3-Matrices

In this article, we establish a bijection between the set of mutation classes of mutation-cyclic skew-symmetric integral 3 × 3-matrices and the set of triples of integers (a, b, c) such that 2 ≤ a ≤ b ≤ c and ab ≥ c. We also give an algorithm allowing to verify whether a matrix is mutation-cyclic or not. We prove that given a, b, the two cases depend on whether c is large enough or not.

Field of study: Mathematics
Doping compensation for increased robustness of fast recovery silicon diodes

High-power diodes with the radiation enhanced diffusion (RED) of Pd are shown to have much higher ruggedness during the reverse recovery compared to that of the Pt. Anode doping profiles measured by spreading resistance technique after a 10 MeV He implantation with subsequent annealing between 500 and 800 °C reveal different compensation effects between the Pd and Pt. The in-diffusing Pd converts the n-type background doping concentration of ND = 3 × 1013 cm−3 in the position of radiation defects to that of a p-type with about one order higher concentration. The created low-doped p-layer significantly increases ruggedness of diodes during reverse recovery. In the diodes with the Pt layer, only a modest compensation is observed, a conversion to a p-type layer is missing and robustness is much lower. The DLTS spectra for the Pt and Pd devices show a similar electronic structure and introduction rates of defects at 700 °C, while they differ significantly at 600 and 650 °C both for the majority and minority carriers. It is preliminary suggested that the strong compensation effect after the RED of Pd is caused by a high introduction rate of an acceptor deep level at the lower half of the silicon bandgap.

Field of study: Engineering
Drug prescribing: a discussion of its variability and (ir)rationality.

Drugs have become an essential part of modern health care. An ever increasing quantity of drugs contributes to people's health. Yet, when unwisely used, drugs may also entail adverse effects and can damage health. Inappropriate or irrational prescription behavior has been reported in the literature. In this paper, I argue that this behavior is a by-product of the variability in prescribing, and make an attempt to understand this variability. Subsequently, the phenomenon of (ir)rational prescribing is studied. A distinction is made between three forms of rationality: that of the physician, the pharmacologist, and the patient. Policy suggestions aiming at improving patients' welfare are offered as well. Three controversial issues in drug prescribing are further discussed, namely the role of advertising, brand names and product variety.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
"A chosen people": religious discourse and the making of the Republic of Guatemala, 1821-1871.

No clearer testimony evidenced the social upheaval and shifting political landscape in Guatemala in February 1838 than the graphic narrative by the traveling United States' diplomat, John Lloyd Stephens. Recently arrived in the capital for the first time, Stephens witnessed the insurrectionary triumph of the military caudillo, Rafael Carrera, and his “tumultuous mass of half-naked savages, men, women, and children, estimated at ten or twelve thousand.” Stephens described how Carrera's indigenous followers, upon entering the abandoned plaza and within earshot of the terrified white elite shouted “Long live religion and death to foreigners!” Carrera's political uprising incited by religious concerns had laid siege to the power structure inherited from colonial times.

Field of study: History
Picosecond infrared studies of hot holes in p-type Ge

Hot holes in p-type germanium are investigated via picosecond changes of the inter-valence band absorption in the mid-infrared. The transient absorption from the heavy to the light hole band monitored in spectrally and time resolved pump-probe experiments gives evidence of the subpicosecond inter-valence band scattering of photoexcited holes. This process is followed by the cooling of heavy holes on a time scale of several tens of picoseconds. Nonequilibrium split-off holes created by intense picosecond excitation give rise to a short-lived population inversion between optically coupled states in the split-off and the light hole band. A transient gain of 5 cm-1 is observed with probe pulses of a photon energy around 260 meV. The amplification is due to the very high generation rate of split-off holes, the different transient temperatures of split-off and light holes and the exceptionally strong radiative transition probability.

Field of study: Materials science
Tumor Markers in Clinical Practice: A Review Focusing on Common Solid Cancers

Tumor markers are playing an increasingly important role in cancer detection and management. These laboratory-based tests are potentially useful in screening for early malignancy, aiding cancer diagnosis, determining prognosis, surveillance following curative surgery for cancer, up front predicting drug response or resistance, and monitoring therapy in advanced disease. Clinically useful markers include fecal occult blood testing in screening for early colorectal cancer, carcinoembryonic antigen in the management of patients with colorectal cancer, both α-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotrophin in the management of patients with non-seminomatous germ cell tumors, CA 125 for monitoring therapy in patients with ovarian cancer, estrogen receptors for predicting response to hormone therapy in breast cancer, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 for the identification of women with breast cancer likely to respond to trastuzumab (Herceptin) and KRAS mutational status for identifying patients with advanced colorectal cancer likely to benefit from treatment with the anti-epidermal growth factor receptor antibodies, cetuximab and panitumumab. Although widely used, the value of prostate-specific antigen screening in reducing mortality from prostate cancer is unclear.

Field of study: Medicine
Marine bacteria and biogeochemical cycling of iron in the oceans

Prokaryotic microbes play a critical role in oceanic Fe cycling. They contain most of the biogenic Fe in offshore waters and are responsible for a large portion of the Fe uptake by the plankton community. In the subarctic North Pacific, surface populations of heterotrophic species assimilate more than 50% of the dissolved Fe and thus compete directly with phytoplankton for this limiting resource. In oligotrophic tropical and subtropical waters, photosynthetic bacteria become more important in Fe cycling as the number of unicellular cyanobacteria increases and the nitrogen-fixing Trichodesmium, which contains most of the biogenic Fe in the mixed layer, becomes abundant. Like their terrestrial counterparts, heterotrophic and phototrophic marine bacteria produce Fe-binding siderophores that are involved in Fe acquisition. Evidence exists that bacteria may modify Fe chemistry in the sea through the production of these ligands and thereby play a significant role in regulating production of eukaryotic phytoplankton.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Sports industrial investment system in China and its roles in sports economic development

On the basis of expatiating on the connotation and constitutional framework of sports industrial invest-ment system in China as well as its sports economic policy environment,the author studied the roles of sports in-dustrial investment system in China in sports economic development,and revealed the following findings: in China,sports industrial investment system,sports economic policy environment and sports economic development are highly interdependent;only rational sports industrial investment system can boost the rapid and healthy develop-ment of sports economy.

Field of study: Education
[Biological basis of suicidal behavior].

Based on current clinical and classification concepts of suicidality, the biological parameters characteristic of suicidal behavior, completed and uncompleted suicides reported in the last few decades are discussed. The results obtained in the studies of neurotransmitter and other brain systems, immune system, lipid and other types of metabolism as well as data of neuroimaging brain studies and post-mortem investigation of brain structures are presented.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Pasteurellosis in duck in West Bengal.

Two hundred sixty four samples were collected from heart blood, liver, spleen and femur of 85 khaki Campbell ducks of which P. multocida could be isolated from 4 (4.70%) birds. Out of 4 samples, organisms could be isolated from heart blood of one ducklings liver and femur of one duck each. All the isolates were found positive to catalase, oxidase, indole, nitrate reduction test and negative to methyl red, Voges-Proskaur, citrate utilization, H 2 S production and triple sugar iron test. The isolates fermented glucose and manitol without production of gas and non-fermented lactose, salicin, dulcitol and inositol. The isolates were non-motile and pathogenic to mice. All isolates of P. multocida were sensitive to amoxiclav, chloramphenicol, gentamicin and three isolates were sensitive to co-trimoxazole. All were moderately sensitive to amikacin, cefotaxime, neomycin and norfloxacin and resistant to ciprofloxacin and lomefloxacin.

Field of study: Biology
Two Genus and Eight Species of Orchidaceae,Newly Recorded in Hainan

Two genus and species of Orchidaceae,Corymborkis veratrifolia(Reinwardt) Blume and Pteroceras compressum(Blume)Holttum,together with other six species,Acampe ochracea(Lindley) Hochreutiner,Aphyllorchis simplex T.Tang F.T.Wang,Bulbophyllum xylophyllum C.S.P.Parish Reichenbach f.,Lecanorchis nigricans Honda,Oberonia falconeri J.D.Hooker and Zeuxine nervosa(Wallich ex Lindley) Trimen are reported as new records to Hainan Island.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Orbital magnetic phase and pure persistent spin current in spin-orbit coupling mesoscopic rings

By solving the Rashba model of mesoscopic rings, we give analytically the ground-state properties of the ring, including the spin polarization, the persistent charge and spin currents (PCC and PSC). These ground-state properties can be given based on four kinds of electron numbers in rings. The effect of the self-inductance of the ring leads to the self-sustained magnetic flux (SSMF) and the self-sustained PCC and PSC, which break spontaneously time-reversal symmetry to form orbital magnetic phase (OMP). To tune the spin-orbit coupling strength or electron number of the ring can induce the phase transition between the OMP and non-OMP. For exact one-dimensional rings we find the coexistence of the pure PSC and SSMF. This property of the pure PSC may provide a new scheme to measure the pure PSC.

Field of study: Physics
Evidence of reduced bladder capacity during nighttime in children with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis.

Bladder capacity in children with nocturnal enuresis is assessed by maximal voided volumes (MVV) obtained through daytime frequency volume (FV) charts. Although a degree of association has been demonstrated, daytime MVV does not consistently correspond with the nocturnal bladder capacity (NBC) in monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (MNE). It was hypothesized that isolated reduced NBC is a common phenomenon in children with nocturnal enuresis, despite normal daytime bladder function.



The aim of this study was to evaluate NBC in children with MNE and normal daytime voided volumes. Specifically, it aimed to determine the prevalence and degree of reduced NBC when using nocturnal urine production (NUP) during wet nights as a surrogate estimate of NBC. Furthermore, it aimed to investigate the relationship between NBC and desmopressin response.



Data from 103 children aged 5-15 years consecutively treated for MNE in a tertiary referral centre and with normal MVV on daytime FV charts were collected for this cohort study. Home recordings were completed for 2 weeks at baseline and during desmopressin dose titration. Estimated nocturnal bladder capacity (eNBC) was assessed separately each night as the total NUP causing a wet night. If NUP during a wet night was less than MVV, it was considered to be reduced eNBC during that particular night.



Surprisingly, 82% (n = 84) of the children with MNE and normal daytime MVV experienced at least one wet night, with NUP below the daytime MVV indicative of a reduced eNBC. For 84 patients, mean percentage of wet nights with reduced eNBC (NUP below MVV) was 49% (SD ± 31). A total of 11% of children with frequently reduced eNBC (>40% of wet nights with reduced eNBC) responded to desmopressin (. Of the children with frequently reduced NBC, 91% experienced wet nights, with NUP <65% of expected bladder capacity (EBC).



A significant proportion of children with MNE and normal MVV during the daytime frequently experienced wet nights, with a NUP well below their MVV and even <65% of EBC. This indicated that bladder reservoir dysfunction during sleep is relatively common in MNE. This abnormality was not reflected on daytime recordings, and thus nighttime data with NUP must be collected. This phenomenon may explain treatment failure to desmopressin, despite adequate antidiuretic response.

Field of study: Medicine
In Vivo Desflurane Preconditioning Evokes Dynamic Alterations of Metabolic Proteins in the Heart - Proteomic Insights Strengthen the Link between Bioenergetics and Cardioprotection

The cardioprotective effect of anaesthetic preconditioning as measured by reduction of ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a well described phenomenon. However little is known about the impact on the myocardial proteome. We therefore investigated proteome dynamics at different experimental time points of a preconditioning protocol.  Using an in vivo rat model of desflurane-induced preconditioning (DES-PC) cardiac tissue proteomes were analysed by a gel-based comparative approach. Treatment-dependent protein alterations were assessed by intra-group comparisons. Proteins were identified by mass-spectrometry.  A total of 40 protein spots were altered during the 30-minutes lasting preconditioning protocol. None of the proteins was differentially regulated consistently at all experimental time points. Interestingly, 1) the repeated administration of desflurane mostly accounted for proteome alterations during DES-PC, 2) the majority of altered protein species showed a decrease in abundance, 3) these changes primarily affected metabolic proteins involved in NADH/NAD+ redox balance, calcium homeostasis and acidosis and 4) protein alterations were not exclusively due to expression changes but also represented modifications of specific protein isoforms.  DES-PC evokes dynamic alterations in the cardiac proteome which substantiate a tight regulation of bioenergetic proteins. Unique protein modifications may play a more important role in the preconditioning response.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
CdTe Detectors in Radioimmunoassay Analysis

A well was constructed with cadmium telluride detectors and used at room temperature to detect 27.4 keV x-rays from 125I for the purpose of determining the concentration of carcinoembryonic antigen in human plasma. Concentrations were in good agreement with that earlier determined using a NaI well. For individual detectors approximately 1 to 2 cm2 in area and operating near 0°C, detector resolutions as low as 3 keV (FWHM) were obtained.

Field of study: Physics
Migratable sockets in cluster computing

Optimal utilization of cluster computing is partly dependent upon pre-emptive process migration. However, this migration involves a host of issues, one of them being the transfer of system-dependent resources. We focus on the overhead incurred by migrated processes using sockets. We then describe a solution that we devised and implemented to avoid this overhead through the use of 'migratable sockets', Our studies show that the use of 'migratable sockets' considerably improves the execution time of a process sing sockets as compared to the execution time of a process that uses standard sockets and thus bears the communication overhead.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
人源性抗HBsAg单链Fab基因在酵母中的表达

抗乙肝表面抗原的人源性抗体(Fab)在临床上有防治乙型肝炎病毒的应用前景,如用于预防新生儿乙型肝炎病毒的垂直传播和治疗性乙肝制剂等.本文将噬菌体抗体库筛选得到的人源性抗HBsAg Fab抗体基因,通过重叠PCR的方法借Linker将Fab的轻链(L链)和重链(H链)融合构建单一的链,即单链Fab(Single chain Fab)基因,并插入到酵母表达载体pPICZαA中.将构建的表达载体质粒pPICZαA-HL线性化,通过LiCl转化法转化毕赤酵母GS115,利用ZeocinTM抗生素筛选重组酵母,并用高剂量的ZeocinTM平板来筛选多拷贝整合有融合L、H链基因的重组酵母。

Field of study: Biology