nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
On the zeros of T-universal functions

Let {zn} be a sequence of complex numbers with zn → ∞ (n → ∞). We consider entire functions φ which behave universal under translates (for short: T-universal functions), i. e. for every compact set K with connected complement and every function f, which is continuous on K and holomorphic in the interior of K, there exists a subsequence {nk} of natural numbers, such that φ(z+znk) → f(z) uniformly on K. In this note we prove the existence of entire T-universal functions that have zeros at certain prescribed points and whose zeros are all known. In addition we will show that such functions may have a regular rate of growth of its zeros.

Field of study: Philosophy
Treating Prepartum Depression to Improve Infant Developmental Outcomes: A Study of Diabetes in Pregnancy

Whether and how the co-occurrence of depression and diabetes in pregnancy may worsen infant development has not been reported. Pregnant women with diabetes and with (n = 34) or without (n = 34) major depressive disorder (MDD) were followed during pregnancy and 6-months postpartum. The MDD subset received randomly assigned treatment with cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) or supportive counseling (SC). Depression severity was measured with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI); infant developmental outcomes were measured with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) and its Behavior Rating Scale (BRS). Infants of women with MDD had lower BRS scores (p = .02). Reduction in depression scores was associated with better infant outcomes on the BSID and BRS (p values <.03). These preliminary findings suggest depression occurring in pregnant women with diabetes is associated with poorer infant development and improvement in prepartum depression is associated with improvement in measures of infant development.

Field of study: Psychology
Numerical Analysis of Radiative Recombination in Narrow-Gap Semiconductors Using the Green’s Function Formalism

A numerical model based on the Green’s function formalism has been developed and used to investigate the radiative recombination processes in multiple narrow-gap semiconductor materials. Full band structures and adaptive band-dependent tetrahedral meshes were adopted to improve the accuracy of the calculation. As a validation, the spectrum of the absorption coefficient for germanium was examined, giving good agreement with the experimental data. The absorption coefficient and radiative recombination lifetime for HgCdTe were then investigated for different compositions, carrier concentrations, and operating temperatures. The results confirmed the accuracy of the widely used theoretical formula for the radiative recombination lifetime under the condition that the effective mass of holes in the formula must be carefully chosen. Based on all our comparisons and calculations, the Green’s function model is proved to be a reliable tool for predicting the radiative recombination properties of HgCdTe, which could further facilitate the investigation of more complicated processes such as photon-recycling issues.

Field of study: Materials science
Equal Pay for Equal Work: The Role of Job Evaluation in an Evolving Social Norm

President Clinton received a bipartisan, standing ovation during his 1999 "State of the Union Address," when he pledged to renew efforts to achieve equal pay for equal work by gender. Many commentators noted that this initiative received the most positive response of any issue mentioned during the address. How did the concept of equal pay for equal work, so controversial throughout much of the twentieth century, become a generalized social norm? This article explores the role of one social practice in institutionalizing equal pay as a standard in wage policy. The widespread institution of job evaluation by industry during and immediately following World War II was an important moment in the history of wage determination. On the one hand, as hinted by the quote above, it opened the door to equal pay for equal work and even equal pay for work of equal value. However, with the door to equal pay ajar, job evaluation came face to face with the pre-existing practice of separate pay scales for men and women. The dissonance had to be resolved. What follows is a historical snapshot of the development and implementation of job evaluation, including why it became predominant in the 1940s and how, more than two decades prior to the federal Equal Pay Act of 1963, it evolved to erase explicitly separate pay scales by gender and yet, at the same time, reproduced gendered pay practices in new ways.

Field of study: Economics
Transcriptional regulation of hippocampal 5-HT1a receptors by corticosteroid hormones.

5-HT1a receptors in the hippocampus play a critical role in modulating limbic system output. The activity and level of 5-HT1a receptors are modulated by glucocorticoid levels. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that glucocorticoids attenuate the transcriptional activity of the 5-HT1a receptor gene. Using in situ hybridization and RNase protection assays, we observed a substantial increase in 5-HT1a mRNA expression after adrenalectomy in the same hippocampal regions in which 5-HT1a binding sites are increased. This increase in 5-HT1a mRNA expression occurs as early as 1 h after adrenalectomy and precedes the increase in receptor binding sites. Further in situ hybridization analysis showed that 5-HT1a mRNA is increased within individual hippocampal cells after adrenalectomy. Administration of dexamethasone completely prevents the adrenalectomy-induced elevation in hippocampal 5-HT1a receptor mRNA. Nuclear run-on assays showed that the rate of transcription of 5-HT1a mRNA after adrenalectomy increased 70% above the rate from control preparations and could be reduced to basal levels by the administration of dexamethasone. Adrenalectomy did not cause an increase in functional coupling of 5-HT1a receptors to adenylyl cyclase or phospholipase C. These results suggest that transcription of hippocampal 5-HT1a receptor mRNA is under negative regulation by corticosteroid hormones.

Field of study: Biology
Blue Diode Lasers

The recent achievement of compact blue‐emitting gallium nitride semiconductor lasers is likely to have far‐reaching technological and commercial effects. The lasers' short wavelengths—around 400 nm, half that of gallium arsenide‐based lasers—permit higher spatial resolution in applications such as optical storage and printing. And the high photon energy will open up new applications for these inexpensive, compact light sources. An aesthetic satisfaction with these devices stems from finally extending the existing and mature semiconductor laser technology for the near‐infrared and red to encompass the “new frontier” blue and near‐ultraviolet regions, thereby bridging the entire visible spectrum. At the same time, there are significant research opportunities arising from a plethora of poorly understood microscopic issues in the underlying material system, which include such fundamental properties as charge control, transport, and formation of optical gain for stimulated emission.

Field of study: Physics
RESPONSE ANALYSIS OF TRANSMISSION TOWER-LINE SYSTEM UNDER SMART-1 SEISMIC GROUND MOTION EXCITATION

The responses of a transmission tower-line system under multi-component multi-support excitations of SMART-1 seismic array are investigated.A three-dimensional finite element model of a transmission tower-line coupled system considering the geometric nonlinearity of a transmission line is established based on a practical engineering project.The multi-component multi-support seismic time history of SMART-1 seismic array is selected,and the responses of a transmission tower-line system with different unfold type angles under multi-component uniform and multi-component multi-support excitations are studied,respectively.The results show that the responses of a transmission tower-line system under multi-component multi-support excitations are larger than those under multi-component uniform excitations,but the increasing degrees vary with the change of angles,especially the vertical displacement of a transmission line is strongly amplified.The response of a transmission line is studied with different angles according to real multi-component multi-support seismic waves,and the multi-component multi-support earthquakes have different influences on a transmission line with different angles.The analysis results obtained could provide a reference for the aseismic design of transmission lines.

Field of study: Engineering
[Etiology of hand-foot-and-mouth disease and genetic characteristics of Coxsackievirus A16 in Beijing, 2009].

This study aimed to reveal the pathogen spectrum of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) and genetic characteristics of Coxsackievirus A16 (CoxA16) isolates in Beijing in 2009. From 1044 clinical specimens collected from 975 HFMD cases at Beijing Pediatrics Hospital, Beijing You'an Hospital and Beijing Ditan Hospital in 2009, viral nucleic acids of enterovirus were detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Enterovirus isolations were conducted with rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cell line on 200 throat swabs having positive RT-PCR results. Sequencing and analyses of VP1 encoding gene were performed on 9 CoxA16 isolates in this study. The results showed that CoxA16 (49.4%) and EV71 (36.4%) were the major pathogens for the epidemics of HFMD in 2009 in Beijing, and CoxA16 was the predominant serotype, while there were also other enterovirus co-circulating, such as CoxA4, CoxA10, and CoxA9; the CoxA16 strains prevalent in Beijing in 2009 belonged to subgenotype B1a and B1b.

Field of study: Biology
Temperature and salinity records of the Tyrrhenian Sea during the last 18,000 years

We have used the modern analogue technique to derive sea surface temperature (SST) records of the last 18,000 years from two well-dated deep-sea cores recovered in the Tyrrhenian Sea. Results show two major cooling events synchronous with the European and North Atlantic Oldest and Younger Dryas events. A later cooling of lower amplitude is observed between about 8000 and 4500 yr BP. Tyrrhenian SSTs were similar to those of the upper Holocene only during the Bolling/Allerod event and at the beginning of the Holocene. We compared the SST and the planktonic foraminiferal oxygen isotope records to estimate the surface salinity variations. Our reconstruction shows that salinity decreased in the Tyrrhenian Sea during the three cold events, whereas high SSTs correlate with high salinities. During most of the last 18,000 years. Tyrrhenian Sea salinity variations were similar to those of the North Atlantic Ocean near the entrance of the Mediterranean Sea. The salinity gradient between the two basins was thus constant, indicating that the western Mediterranean circulation pattern and the freshwater budget were not significantly different from the modern one. The case was however different during the middle Holocene, when the strong salinity decrease associated with the sapropel deposit in the eastern Mediterranean basin had no equivalent in the North Atlantic Ocean. This peculiar event can only be explained by a local climatic change and an increase of precipitation.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Establishment of Real-time PCR Assay for Quantitative of Plastid ACCase in Beardless Barnyardgrass

In order to study the resistance mechanism of a quizalofop-ethyl-resistance beardless barnyardgrass,a relative quantitative analysis method was established based on real-time PCR technology and β-actin gene as the housekeeping gene. The results showed the specificity of the two sets of primers was very well. The amplification efficiencies of the primers for β-actin and plastid ACCase gene was 103.2% and 104.3,while the correlation coefficients was 0.993 0 and 0.991 2,respectively. The results showed the real-time PCR quantitative method established in the article could be provided as a methodological reference for the study of the expression of plastid ACCase gene and the study of the mechanism of weed resistant to ACCase inhibitors.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
LASER APPLICATIONS AND OTHER TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS: Higher spatial harmonics of photorefractive gratings written by phase-locked detection

The higher spatial harmonics of the photorefractive response have been studied theoretically and experimentally for gratings written by phase-locked detection in an alternating external field. The conditions for writing higher spatial harmonics are derived analytically. The amplitude of the second spatial harmonic has been found experimentally as a function of the spatial frequency in two Bi12TiO20 crystals.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
A pivotal role for reductive methylation in the de novo crystallization of a ternary complex composed of Yersinia pestis virulence factors YopN, SycN and YscB.

Structural studies of a ternary complex composed of the Yersina pestis virulence factors YopN, SycN and YscB were initially hampered by poor solubility of the individual proteins. Co-expression of all three proteins in Escherichia coli yielded a well behaved complex, but this sample proved to be recalcitrant to crystallization. As crystallization efforts remained fruitless, even after the proteolysis-guided engineering of a truncated YopN polypeptide, reductive methylation of lysine residues was employed to alter the surface properties of the complex. The methylated complex yielded crystals that diffracted X-rays to a maximal resolution of 1.8 A. The potential utility of reductive methylation as a remedial strategy for high-throughput structural biology was further underscored by the successful modification of a selenomethionine-substituted sample.

Field of study: Chemistry
Implementation of Standardized Training ofPhysicians Electronic Files Management System

Introduces one module of the Hospital Information System (HIS), standardized training of physicians electronic files module. Its main function is to integrate physician's information and training programs. According to actual needs, develops individual training programs for each physician, and under the program gets the table of physician's assessment. Physician's assessment is based on the table. System also provides the template function, so that physician can easily batch input. Makes full use of the function of data window in PowerBuilder, presents its design ideas and explores the specific implementation details.

Field of study: Computer science
The Effect of Institutional Culture on Change Strategies in Higher Education

The array of challenges that higher education faces today is virtually unparalleled when compared to any other point in U.S. history. The litany of changes is familiar to those in the field of higher education: financial pressure, growth in technology, changing faculty roles, public scrutiny, changing demographics, competing values, and the rapid rate of change in the world both within and beyond our national boarders. The changes many institutions face have accelerated beyond tinkering; more campuses each year attempt to create comprehensive (or transformational) change. Yet, change strategies have not been exceedingly helpful in their capacity to guide institutions, and we know even less about how to facilitate major, institutionwide change. The current change literature in higher education provides mostly generalized strategies about what is effective: a willing president or strong leadership, a collaborative process, or providing rewards (Roberts, Wren, & Adam, 1993; Taylor & Koch, 1996). This broad writing may mask information helpful to advance institutional change on a specific campus. “Achieving buy-in” or “communicating effectively” can seem very empty to institutional leaders and higher education scholars. Can this strategy be used at every institution and in the same way? The assumptions behind this approach are that each strategy is enacted similarly on each campus and that nuance and context do not much matter. Broad change strategies are presented as uniform, universal, and applicable.

Field of study: Education
The nuclear gas disk of NGC 1566 dissected by SINFONI and ALMA

We present the results of near-infrared (NIR) H- and K-band European Southern Observatory SINFONI integral field spectroscopy (IFS) of the Seyfert galaxy NGC 1566. We investigate the central kpc of this nearby galaxy, concentrating on excitation conditions, morphology, and stellar content. NGC 1566 was selected from our NUGA (-south) sample and is a ringed, spiral galaxy with a stellar bar in north-south direction (PA 5 ). The galaxy inhibits a very active Seyfert 1 nucleus but narrow line ratios from optical observations in the nuclear region are similar to Seyfert 2 galaxies. The recent strong activity phase, as inferred from strong variablity in X-ray to IR wavelengths, makes NGC 1566 an ideal candidate to look for feeding and feedback of a supermassive black hole. We present emission and absorption line measurements in the central kpc of NGC 1566. Broad and narrow Br lines were detected. The detection of a broad Br component is a clear sign of a supermassive black hole in the center. Blackbody emission temperatures of 1000 K are indicative of a hot dust component, the torus, in the nuclear region. The molecular hydrogen lines, hydrogen recombination lines, and [Feii] indicate that the excitation at the center is coming from an AGN. The central region is predominantly inhabited by molecular gas, dust, and an old K-M type giant stellar population. The molecular gas and stellar velocity maps both show a rotation pattern. The molecular gas velocity field shows a perturbation toward the center that is typical for bars or spiral density waves. The molecular gas species of warm H2(1 0)S(1) and cold 12 CO(3 2) gas trace a nuclear gas disk of about 3 00 in radius with a nuclear spiral reaching toward the nucleus. From the equivalent width of H2(1 0)S(1) a molecular ring with r . 3 00 can be inferred. This spiral seems to be an instrument that allows gas to fall toward the nucleus down to <50 pc scales. The excitation of molecular hydrogen in the nuclear gas disk is not clear, but diagnostic diagrams show a distinction between the nuclear region and a <9 Myr old star-forming region at the southwestern spiral arm. Gas that might be shocked is detected 2 00 from the center, which is visible in dispersion maps of H2(1 0)S(1) and 12 CO(3 2) and in the 0.87 mm continuum.

Field of study: Physics
The Discredible Eyewitness

In a recent, widely publicized finding (Loftus, 1974), eyewitness testimony heightened judgments of guilt even when the testimony was discredited In Study I we offered two hypotheses to explain this finding: that it depends on the order of presentation of evidence, and/or that the discreditors had low credibility due to their self-interest. Contrary to prediction, we found that eyewitness testimony did not heighten judgments of guilt when it was discredited. In Study 2, we replicated our results, again reversing Loftus' original findings, even when the eyewitness was allowed to reaffirm his identification after the discreditation.

Field of study: Psychology
Ice crystal growth in supercooled solution

Study on the crystal growth of ice in water-ethyleneglycol solution was carried out, experimentally. The ice crystal, which was seeded on top of the capillary tube, propagated inside the tube slowly and began to grow freely at the tip of the tube in subcooled solution. The outer diameter of the tip of the capillary tube was less than 0.1 mm, which was much smaller than that of other researchers. Hence, considerable reduction of the influence of the existence of a capillary was accomplished and the initial growth of a single crystal was observed, precisely. Under the condition of subcooling of less than 8 K, the shape of the crystal was observed to be different from that of the one in pure water. The velocity of dendrite ice growth and the radius of the curvature of the tip were measured. It was found that after the dendrite ice developed to a certain size, the velocity of the dendritic growth and the radius of curvature were kept steady, and its values were dependent on the degree of subcooling and the concentration of the solution.

Field of study: Engineering
Discrimination at Will: Job Security Protections and Equal Employment Opportunity in Conflict

The conventional wisdom amongst scholars and advocates of employment discrimination law is that the success of Title VII is significantly hampered by the enduring doctrine of employment at will. As long as employers have broad discretion to fire employees for any reason, no reason, or a bad reason, employers can easily get away with terminating or refusing to promote racial minorities and women as long as some credible nondiscriminatory reason, such as personal animosity, can be presented. This account feeds the widely accepted view that employment at will and the goals of Title VII, namely equal employment opportunity, are at odds. This article challenges this piece of conventional wisdom by showing how job security protections can also exacerbate racial inequality in employment. It examines recent race riots and student protests against proposed labor law changes in France to unearth the tension between combating racial discrimination in hiring and protecting all employees' job security. Scholars and advocates of employment discrimination law should be aware of the ways in which both employment at will and job security protections can function in different contexts to exacerbate racial inequalities in employment. Such awareness should encourage the development of a broader perspective on equal employment opportunity that moves beyond the limited set of problems that are identified by the litigation of employment discrimination cases.

Field of study: Law
Formation of organic iodine supplied as iodide in a soil-water system in Chiba, Japan.

Speciation of iodine in a soil-water system was investigated to understand the mechanism of iodine mobility in surface environments. Iodine speciation in soil and pore water was determined by K-edge XANES and HPLC-ICP-MS, respectively, for samples collected at a depth of 0-12 cm in the Yoro area, Chiba, Japan. Pore water collected at a 0-6 cm depth contained 50%-60% of organic iodine bound to dissolved organic matter, with the other portion being I(-). At a 9-12 cm depth, 98% of iodine was in the form of dissolved I(-). In contrast, XANES analysis revealed that iodine in soil exists as organic iodine at all depths. Iodine mapping of soil grains was obtained using micro-XRF analysis, which also indicated that iodine is bound to organic matter. The activity of laccase, which has the ability to oxidize I(-) to I(2), was high at the surface of the soil-water layer, suggesting that iodide oxidizing enzymes can promote iodine organification. The distribution coefficient of organic iodine in the soil-water system was more than 10-fold greater than that of iodide. Transformation of inorganic iodine to organic iodine plays an important role in iodine immobilization, especially in a surface soil-water system.

Field of study: Environmental science
A new logarithmic-quadratic proximal method for nonlinear complementarity problems

In this paper, we propose a new modified logarithmic-quadratic proximal (LQP) method for solving nonlinear complementarity problems (NCP). We suggest using a prediction-correction method to solve NCP. The predictor is obtained via solving the LQP system approximately under significantly relaxed accuracy criterion and the new iterate is computed by using a new step size @a"k. Under suitable conditions, we prove that the new method is globally convergent. We report preliminary computational results to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed method. This new method can be considered as a significant refinement of the previously known methods for solving nonlinear complementarity problems.

Field of study: Mathematics