nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Current neurosurgical indications for saphenous vein graft bypass.

Vascular bypass is performed in neurosurgery for a variety of pathological entities, including extracranial atherosclerotic disease, extra- and intracranial aneurysms, and tumors involving the carotid artery (CA) at the skull base or cervical regions. Creation of an interposition saphenous vein graft (SVG) is the typical method of choice when the superficial temporal artery is not an option.



One hundred thirty consecutive patients treated with SVG between July 1988 and December 2002 at the Mayo Clinic were studied. A total of 130 procedures were performed in 130 patients. The indications were intracranial aneurysm in 51 patients (39%), CA occlusive disease in 36 (28%), extracranial CA aneurysm in 17 (13%), tumors involving the cervical CA in 11 (8%), vertebral artery occlusive disease in eight (6%), and other indications in six patients (5%). Among patients treated for intracranial aneurysms, 43 harbored giant aneurysms (> 25 mm in widest diameter) whereas the remaining eight patients harbored aneurysms that were large (15-25 mm in widest diameter). Among patients with CA occlusive disease, high-grade stenosis at the CA bifurcation was present in 29 and CA occlusion was demonstrated in seven.



The use of SVG bypass remains a valuable component of the neurosurgical armamentarium for a variety of pathological entities. Despite a general trend toward decreased use because of improved endovascular technology, surgical facility with this procedure should be maintained.

Field of study: Medicine
Über das Funkenspektrum des Neon (NeII)

ZusammenfassungDas in einem Entladungsrohr mit Hohlkathode erzeugte Neonfunkenspektrum wurde im Gebiet von 2200 bis 1500 å aufgenommen und ausgemessen. Einige Linien sind in ein Niveauschema eingeordnet worden.

Field of study: Physics
USP18 establishes the transcriptional and anti-proliferative interferon α/β differential.

Type I IFNs (interferons) are pathogen-induced immunoregulatory cytokines that exert anti-viral and anti-proliferative activities through binding to a common cell-surface receptor. Among the 17 human IFN subtypes, IFNβ binds the IFNAR (IFNα receptor) 1/IFNAR2 receptor chains with particularly high affinity and is especially potent in select bioactivities (e.g. anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic) when compared with IFNα2. However, no molecular basis has been ascribed to this differential action, since the two ligands are equipotent in immediate early signalling events. In the present study we report that IFNβ induces Stat (signal transducer and activator of transcription) phosphorylation and transcriptional activation of ISGs (interferon-stimulated genes), including two genes with pro-apoptotic functions, for a considerably longer time frame than does IFNα2. We show that the diversification of α2/β responses progressively builds up at the receptor level as a result of accumulating USP18 (ubiquitin specific protease 18), itself an ISG, which exerts its negative feedback action by taking advantage of the weakness of IFNα2 binding to the receptor. This represents a novel type of signalling regulation that diversifies the biological potential of IFNs α and β.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Functional Encryption for Attribute-Weighted Sums from k-Lin

We present functional encryption schemes for attribute-weighted sums, where encryption takes as input N attribute-value pairs \((x_i,z_i)\) where \(x_i\) is public and \(z_i\) is private; secret keys are associated with arithmetic branching programs f, and decryption returns the weighted sum \(\sum _{i=1}^N f(x_i) z_i\) while leaking no additional information about the \(z_i\)’s. Our main construction achieves 
 
 
(1) compact public parameters and key sizes that are independent of N and the secret key can decrypt a ciphertext for any a-priori unbounded N; 
 
 
(2) short ciphertexts that grow with N and the size of \(z_i\) but not \(x_i\); 
 
 
(3) simulation-based security against unbounded collusions; 
 
 
(4) relies on the standard k-linear assumption in prime-order bilinear groups.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Production and characterization of IgM monoclonal antibodies against hyphal antigens of Stachybotrys species.

Stachybotrys is a hydrophilic fungal genus that is well known for its ability to colonize water-damaged building materials in indoor environments. Personal exposure to Stachybotrys chartarum allergens, mycotoxins, cytolytic peptides, and other immunostimulatory macromolecules has been proposed to exacerbate respiratory morbidity. To date, advances in Stachybotrys detection have focused on the identification of unique biomarkers that can be detected in human serum; however, the availability of immunodiagnostic reagents to Stachybotrys species have been limited. In this study, we report the initial characterization of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against a semi-purified cytolytic S. chlorohalonata preparation (cScp) derived from hyphae. BALB/c mice were immunized with cScp and hybridomas were screened against the cScp using an antigen-mediated indirect ELISA. Eight immunoglobulin M MAbs were produced and four were specifically identified in the capture ELISA to react with the cScp. Cross-reactivity of the MAbs was tested against crude hyphal extracts derived from 15 Stachybotrys isolates representing nine Stachybotrys species as well as 39 other environmentally abundant fungi using a capture ELISA. MAb reactivity to spore and hyphal antigens was also tested by a capture ELISA and by fluorescent halogen immunoassay (fHIA). ELISA analysis demonstrated that all MAbs strongly reacted with extracts of S. chartarum but not with extracts of 39 other fungi. However, four MAbs showed cross-reactivity to the phylogenetically related genus Memnoniella. fHIA analysis confirmed that greatest MAb reactivity was ultrastructurally localized in hyphae and phialides. The results of this study further demonstrate the feasibility of specific MAb-based immunoassays for the detection of S. chartarum.

Field of study: Biology
Calculating field emission current in nanodiodes—A multi-group formalism with space charge and exchange-correlation effects

Inclusion of electron-electron interaction is essential in nano-diodes to understand the underlying physical phenomenon and tailor devices accordingly. However, both space charge and exchange-correlation interaction involve electrons at different energies and hence a self-consistent multi-energy-group solution of the Schrodinger-Poisson system is required. It is shown here that the existence of a limiting density-dependent potential at low applied voltages allows calculation of the field emission current. Despite additional interactions, a Fowler-Nordheim behaviour is observed. It is also found that the exchange-correlation potential dominates at these voltages in nanogaps and possibly leads to a higher turn-on voltage.

Field of study: Physics
WE-H-BRA-04: Biological Geometries for the Monte Carlo Simulation Toolkit TOPASNBio.

New advances in radiation therapy are most likely to come from the complex interface of physics, chemistry and biology. Computational simulations offer a powerful tool for quantitatively investigating radiation interactions with biological tissue and can thus help bridge the gap between physics and biology. The aim of TOPAS-nBio is to provide a comprehensive tool to generate advanced radiobiology simulations.



TOPAS wraps and extends the Geant4 Monte Carlo (MC) simulation toolkit. TOPAS-nBio is an extension to TOPAS which utilizes the physics processes in Geant4-DNA to model biological damage from very low energy secondary electrons. Specialized cell, organelle and molecular geometries were designed for the toolkit.



TOPAS-nBio gives the user the capability of simulating biological geometries, ranging from the micron-scale (e.g. cells and organelles) to complex nano-scale geometries (e.g. DNA and proteins). The user interacts with TOPAS-nBio through easy-to-use input parameter files. For example, in a simple cell simulation the user can specify the cell type and size as well as the type, number and size of included organelles. For more detailed nuclear simulations, the user can specify chromosome territories containing chromatin fiber loops, the later comprised of nucleosomes on a double helix. The chromatin fibers can be arranged in simple rigid geometries or within factual globules, mimicking realistic chromosome territories. TOPAS-nBio also provides users with the capability of reading protein data bank 3D structural files to simulate radiation damage to proteins or nucleic acids e.g. histones or RNA. TOPAS-nBio has been validated by comparing results to other track structure simulation software and published experimental measurements.



TOPAS-nBio provides users with a comprehensive MC simulation tool for radiobiological simulations, giving users without advanced programming skills the ability to design and run complex simulations.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Outcome of orthotopic liver transplantation in the aetiological and clinical variants of acute liver failure.

Thirty-three patients with acute liver failure underwent orthotopic liver transplantation, including 16 with fulminant hepatic failure, 15 with late-onset hepatic failure and two with severe acute liver failure (coagulopathy without encephalopathy). Twenty-three (70 per cent) survived to leave hospital and 21 of these are currently alive and well. Outcome correlated with the serum bilirubin level before transplantation (p less than 0.05) but no correlation was found with the variant of acute liver failure, grade of encephalopathy, cerebral oedema, serum creatinine, white cell count, prothrombin time or platelet count at the time of transplantation. Severe coagulation factor deficiencies did not constitute a clinical problem. One patient developed a neurological deficit secondary to cerebral oedema, but otherwise the morbidity reflected that observed in the general population after transplantation. Careful monitoring of intracranial pressure and surveillance (with early aggressive therapy) for bacterial and fungal infections is very important in achieving a successful outcome after transplantation.

Field of study: Medicine
Effect of reversed cyclic stressing and phase transition on the transient and steady state creep behavior ofAl ÃÂ 22 wt%Ag alloy

Static and completely reversed cyclic creep acceleration characteristics of Al ÂÂ 22 wt% Ag alloy were investigated using a modified tensile testing machine. Different amplitudes of reversed cyclic stress (orev) ranging from 7.2 to 10.2 MPa at different working temperatures ranging from 353 K to 413 K were performed. To get a relation between aging temperature and threshold stress (oth) for cyclic creep acceleration, aging temperatures ranged from 423 to 683 K were used. The transient creep and steady state creep parameters (n, â and Ýst) were calculated.Values of n, â and Ýst showed a dependence on aging temperature and were found to increase with increasing orev as well as working temperature. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is used to investigate the microstructures formed in the aged samples. The results were explained in viewofmode of interaction between the thermally induced structures during aging with moving dislocations induced by the static stress or dislocation structure induced by cyclic stress. The value of the steady state creep exponent depicts high dependence of the steady state creep stage on transient creep stage. Precipitate-dislocation interactions are suggested as the rate controlling mechanism for both transient and steady state creep stages.

Field of study: Materials science
Applying the ecosystem services - EBM framework to sustainably manage Qatar's coral reefs and seagrass beds

Given the current natural and anthropogenic threats facing Qatar's marine environment and the consequential expected decline in ecosystem services, this paper examines the potential application of the Ecosystem Services-EBM framework developed by Granek et al. (2010) to sustainably manage Qatar's coral reef and seagrass bed ecosystems. Using interviews with stakeholders and field-collected data from sixteen coral reef sites and 6 seagrass meadows as well as secondary data, the paper presents new knowledge regarding the status of these ecosystems and the benefits they provide that are most valued by stakeholders. The research identifies existing and missing ecological and socio-economic data, as well as the processes and management strategies required to implement the five-step framework within a Qatari context. Key goals for implementing EBM identified by stakeholders include: adoption of scientific planning and valuation of marine environment, contextualizing and drafting legislation, regulations and policies in support of EBM; monitoring and enforcement of laws; and, promotion of public awareness and engagement. The article concludes with recommendations for filling remaining data gaps and highlights opportunities available to Qatar to become a leader in implementing EBM. These include maximizing the increasing role that stakeholders can play in mitigating further decline of the country's coastal ecosystems and leveraging mega events planned in Qatar, such as FIFA World Cup 2022.

Field of study: Environmental science
Stereo-Selectivity and Hindrance in the Ligand-Exchange of the Complex, [(CyS)Cu(II)(H−1X-Gly)]2−, with Cysteine Diastereomers. X; L-Amino Acid Residues

Stopped-flow kinetic studies were carried out on the stereo-selectivity and hindrance in the ligand-exchange of the ternary complex, [(CyS)Cu(II)(H−1X-Gly)]2− with cysteine diastereomers, where X represented L-amino acid resudues. The rate of ligand-exchange with the D-diastereomer was approximately 1.7 fold faster than that of the L-diastereomer. The complexes with aspartyl, asparaginyl and threonyl residues were labile for the ligand-exchange.

Field of study: Chemistry
ISOLAURALLENE, A NEW NONTERPENOID C15-BROMOALLENE, FROM THE RED ALGA LAURENCIA NIPPONICA YAMADA

Isolaurallene (1), a new nonterpenoid C15-bromoallene, was isolated from the red alga Laurencia nipponica Yamada. The structure of this compound was determined by its spectral properties and X-ray diffraction analysis.

Field of study: Chemistry
Study on Online Financing Based upon Internet and E-commerce

Online financing is a brand-new financial management mode based on Internet and e-commerce. Vigorous development of Internet is foundation and indispensable technical support for online financing, and unfolding of e-commerce calls for implementation of online financial management, while “Accounting Law” and “Accounting Standards for Enterprises” in China offers an appropriate law environment for online financing. In terms of space, online financing realizes coordination, convergence and remoteness of management; in terms of time, it realizes online dynamic management, which improves work efficiency and quality of financing personnel to a great extent. Development and construction of an enterprise’s online financial management system mainly contains the following four parts: feasibility analysis of implementing online financing, system programming and design, implementation, operation, assessment, maintenance, and improvement of system. According to statistic data from Chinese Internet information center, by the end of June 2008, the number of Chinese netizens had attained 253 million, popularizing rate of Internet 19.1%, and number of online shopping users had reached 63.29 million. Vigorous development of Internet and e-commerce has brought huge strike on financial management of an enterprise. Original financial management mode targeting at capital flow can not adapt to operation and management requirements of modern enterprises, which calls urgently for corresponding revolution. At the beginning of the 21st century, proposing and unfolding of online financing brought into a brand-new mode based on e-commerce for financial management, and became a hotspot in the field of financial research.

Field of study: Business
Effect of gamma and microwave irradiation on antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Echinacea purpurea

The effect of gamma and microwave irradiation on antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Echinacea purpurea were investigated. In this study, all samples were exposed to gamma irradiation at doses 10, 15, 20 and 25 kGy and microwave irradiation at power of 100, 180 and 300 W for 5 min. In order to undergo the sequence expriments, the hydroalcoholic (EtOH 50%) extracts of two medicinal plants were prepared. The antioxidant activity of irradiated and control samples were evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging (RS), ferric reducing power (FRP), β-carotene bleaching (BCB) and total phenolic content (TPC) of sampels. In order to study the antimicrobial activity, for determination of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) on E. coli and S. aureus, broth diluting method was used. Regarding gamma irradiation, no significant effect on antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Cinnamon was observed. However, at doses higher than 10 kGy, higher radical scavenging activity (RSA) of was observed for Cinnamon extract (by DPPH method). By increasing the irradiation dose, FRP and TPC of samples increased and no adverse effect was observed on antimicrobial activity of Echinacea extract. Microwave treatments of Cinnamon, had no significant effect on antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of its extract. However, at 300 W an increase in antioxidative and antimicrobial activities of Echinacea extract was observed.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
PROJECT VERSUS PROGRAM AID: FROM THE DONOR'S VIEWPOINT,

The object of the paper is to determine considerations that a rational donor should weigh in deciding whether project or program economic assistance is more advantageous. Project aid is defined as assistance whose disbursement is tied to capital investment in a separate productive activity. Program aid is assistance whose disbursement is tied to the recipients' expenditures on a variety of items justified in terms of the total needs and development plan of the country rather than on any particular project. The conclusion is much the same as that of H. W. Singer ('External aid: for plans or projects'. ), that there is something to be said on both sides. However, it may be advisable to pursue a project approach in one case, a program in another, and some combination in still others.

Field of study: Economics
Interactions between children, teenagers and botos (Inia araguaiaensis and Inia geoffrensis) in markets and fairs of Eastern Amazon

In this study we present the first record of interactions (ludic behavior, swimming and induced feeding) involving river dolphins known as botos (Inia sp.) and children/adolescents (from eight to 17 years old) at markets and fairs at the river front of two localities of Para State, Brazil. We registered the reports of the participants using semi-structured interviews while they were working at the markets or when they were in the water to interact with river dolphins. We registered dolphins and human behavior using the ad libitum method. Most of the children interacting with botos were boys - we observed only two girls swimming with the dolphins. All the fish species offered to river dolphins are commercial. Tourists were often involved in interactions in the Santarem region, but not as frequently in the city of Mocajuba. Nevertheless, in both places human populations were aware of the interactions of children/adolescents with botos. The interviewees did not show fear of botos, as is common in other localities of Para State. Although some of them attributed mystical powers to those animals. The children demonstrated to know about river dolphins behavior and morphology, as well as the occurrence of other species of aquatic mammals in the surrounding areas. Despite the diversity of aquatic mammals in those areas, we noticed that the knowledge of children regarded mainly botos and tucuxis (another river dolphin species), probably because these are the most conspicuous aquatic mammal species in the region. Furthermore, according to the reports of the interviewees these interactions between dolphins and humans have been going on for a long time in both areas, more than 30 years. The presence of newborn calves along our field observations indicate that this behavior may be passed down through generations of botos. In short, our results expand the knowledge regarding interactions between humans and Inia sp. in the Amazon. Moreover, it is essential to intensify the systematic research effort in order to evaluate effects of direct interaction activities on river dolphins and humans alike. In addition, educational measures in Eastern Amazon may promote realistic and efficient plans for the conservation of this species.  interactions, river dolphin,

Field of study: Environmental science
Free convection effects on the oscillatory flow of a viscoelastic fluid with thermal relaxation in the presence of a transverse magnetic field

Effects of free convection currents on the oscillatory flow of a viscoelastic fluid with thermal relaxation in the presence of a transverse magnetic field, which is bounded by a vertical plane surface, have been studied. The surface absorbs the fluid with a constant suction and the free stream velocity oscillates about a constant mean value. Analytical expressions for velocity, induced magnetic and electric fields and the electric current density have been obtained, using the regular perturbation technique. The effects of Grashof number G"r, Prandtl number P"r, Alfven velocity @a, elastic parameter k"0 and frequency parameter n on the velocity are discussed. The effects of cooling and heating of a viscoelastic fluid compared to the Newtonian fluid have also been discussed.

Field of study: Mathematics
Investigation of the 13C(d,α)11B reaction mechanism at Ed = 15.3 MeV

The differential cross section of the 13C(d, α)11B reaction at Ed = 15.3 MeV with the formation of 11B nucleus in the ground and three low-lying excited states have been measured. The experimental data are compared with the results of calculations under the assumption of different reaction mechanisms: deuteron pick-up, 9Be-cluster exchange, two-step consecutive cluster transfer, and compound nucleus formation.

Field of study: Physics
Two Methods of Scoring Discrepancy Format Needs Assessment Instruments

AbstractTwo methods of scoring discrepancy format needs assessment instruments were compared. A highly simplified method for scoring was presented. In particular, it was shown that the use of the simplified procedure yielded statistically equivalent results as compared to the use of the more complex scoring procedure. The advantage of the modified technique is that the educational practitioner can use a simple method for calculating needs assessment needs indices. The importance of considering the format of needs assessment instruments and the scoring techniques of such are discussed.

Field of study: Education