nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Survey frequency affects the estimates and conclusions of long-term changes in waterbird populations: a case study from a South African wetland

Accurately detecting the magnitude and direction of population trends provides essential information for conservation management. There are numerous local and international long-term waterbird monitoring programmes with substantial variation in how frequently surveys are conducted. We aimed to assess how temporal frequency of waterbird surveys influence three aspects of population trends: (1) level of uncertainty around estimates of long-term trends; (2) frequency, duration and overlap of significant short-term increases or declines in trend trajectory; and (3) differences between estimated change in population size measured over four different time periods. Data from 28 years of surveys at a waste water treatment facility in South Africa were used to model the population trend of 41 waterbird species. We used generalised additive mixed-models to compare significance and magnitude of population change trends between monthly and biannual surveys. Direction and shape of species trends were similar between protocols although uncertainty around trends was generally lower when monthly data were used. The number of significant trend trajectories, the majority of which were declines, was higher in monthly models. Temporal overlap of periods of significant change of trends of the two protocols averaged 30%. However, both sampling protocols offered similar conclusions about long-term change in population size of species. General patterns differed conspicuously among species, although groups of species showed similar trajectories of population change. We conclude that biannual surveys are appropriate if the goal is to assess general patterns of population change. However, if management action relies on understanding the significance of population trajectories, surveys at a finer temporal scale are required, especially for species showing a pattern of unpredictable movement. Trade-offs between logistical constraints and statistical rigour as well as species identity need to be carefully considered for the design of long-term monitoring programmes of waterbirds.

Field of study: Environmental science
Analysis and Design of Chongqing Tobacco Monopoly and Sales System Based on UML Modeling

With the development of technology of computer network and communication, the traditional mode of business scope, operation mode and manage idea in tobacco industry has been changed greatly. Discusses the object-oriented technology in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) in Chongqing Tobacco Monopoly and sales system modeling applications, describes Chongqing Tobacco Monopoly and sales system modules in details based on the Unified Modeling Language, use case modeling, static modeling and dynamic modeling.

Field of study: Computer science
Computer architecture issues in superconductive microprocessors

Results on instruction use in general-purpose computers and some techniques used in conventional high-performance computer architectures are described. Synchronous and asynchronous computer architectures are discussed, and three representative superconductor circuit technologies and the architecture proposed for each of them are described. The architectures are the quantum flux parametron, modified variable threshold logic, and rapid single-flux-quantum logic. Superconductive digital systems are also examined.<<ETX>>

Field of study: Physics
Construction of recombinant MVA carrying Pf ama1 gene and evaluation of immune response in vaccinated mice

To construct recombinant MVA carrying Plasmodium falciparum ( Pf ) ama1 gene and evaluate its immune characteristic in mice.  MVA recombination vector pⅢdHR.ssp/E which contains Pf ama1 gene segment was built and used to transfect MVA infected BHK21 cells, recombinant viruses carrying host range gene k1l were selected by serially infecting RK13 cells. rMVA/E(K1L) was used to reinfect BHK21 under nonselective growth conditions, k1l was removed by intra-genomic homologous recombination and the final rMVA/E was harvested. rMVA/E genome sequence and AMA1 expression were identified by PCR, IFA and Western blot. Groups of BALB/c mice were immunized with different dosages of purified rMVA/E, level of anti-AMA1 IgG antibodies and their sub-isotypes were then determined by ELISA, and in vitro proliferation of splenocytes was examined.  Stable recombinant MVA carrying Pf ama1 gene segment had been selected. After three intraperitoneal administration of different doses (10 7-10 8 TCID_ 50 ) rMVA/E, similar levels of IgG were induced in BALB/c mice of which IgG2a was dominant. After re-stimulating with AMA1 antigen all the immune splenocytes produced significant reminiscent reaction.  Recombinant MVA stably carrying Pf ama1 gene had been successfully constructed and rMVA/E could elicit AMA1 specific immune response in mice.

Field of study: Biology
Assessing risk and managing Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease in patients due to start anti-TNFalpha treatment.

This short paper describes the rationale being applied in the United Kingdom to the problem of treating latent TB infection in persons requiring anti-TNF-alpha treatment. This will largely have to be done by an individual risk/benefit analysis based on the risks of developing disease from national epidemiology compared with the risks of significant hepatotoxicity from treatment of latent infection.

Field of study: Medicine
Quantitative analysis of O2 and Fe2+ profiles in gradient tubes for cultivation of microaerophilic Iron(II)‐oxidizing bacteria

The classical approach for the cultivation of neutrophilic microaerophilic Fe(II)‐oxidizing bacteria is agar‐based gradient tubes where these bacteria find optimal growth conditions in opposing gradients of oxygen (O2) and dissolved Fe(II) (Fe2+). The goals of this study were to quantify the temporal development of O2 and Fe2+ concentrations over time, to compare abiotic and microbially inoculated tubes and to test the suitability of different Fe(II)‐sources for the cultivation of freshwater and marine microaerophilic Fe(II)‐oxidizers. O2 and Fe2+ gradients were monitored on a high spatial resolution as a function of time applying amperometric and voltammetric microsensors. Fe(II)‐oxidizers could be cultivated well with FeS and zero‐valent iron powder as Fe(II)‐source, but FeCO3 and FeCl2 are extremely sensitive for this application. Fe(III) minerals accumulated in inoculated tubes within the first days in regions with an O2 concentration of 20‐40 &mgr;M and were confirmed to be related to bacterial growth. Microbial Fe(II) oxidation could compete only for the first days with the abiotic reaction after which heterogeneous Fe(II) oxidation, catalyzed by Fe(III) minerals, dominated. Our results imply that transfer of cultures to fresh tubes within 48‐72 h is crucial to provide optimal growth conditions for microaerophilic Fe(II)‐oxidizers, particularly for the isolation of new strains.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
On the Response of Stitched Woven S2-Glass/Epoxy Composites to High Strain Rate Compression Loading

Experimental investigations were carried out to understand the response of stitched/unstitched S2-Glass/SC-15 epoxy composites to high strain rate compression loading using a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar set-up. Fifteen layers of plain weave S2-glass fabric were used to fabricate stitched/unstitched laminates with a low viscosity room temperature curing SC-15 epoxy resin system. For stitching, a 3-cord Kevlar thread was used. The fabric preforms were stitched through the thickness in a lock-stitch pattern, maintaining a pitch of 6 mm. The fabric was stitched along the length and width, forming a 25.4 mm stitch grid. Four different types of samples were considered. Sample configuration was designated according to the location of the stitch line with reference to the loading direction. Dynamic and static responses of the laminate under compression were compared. Failure modes were studied using optical microscopy. For high strain rate loading, samples of dimension 22.5 × 22.5 × 9.5 mm were tested at five different pressure settings of the Hopkinson Bar Set-up. Results were analysed in terms of peak stress, strain at peak stress, modulus and failure modes. Results of the study showed that, under higher strain rates loading, the stitched laminates exhibited a confining effect. The primary mode of failure for unstitched samples was fibre microbuckling with multiple delaminations. For stitched samples, fibre microbuckling and micro-delaminations were the major modes of failure and were contained within the bounds of the stitch. Overall, stitched laminates will provide increased damage resistance, which will prove very crucial under crash situations.

Field of study: Materials science
Oscillations and Time Trends in Stratospheric Ozone Levels

A functional data analysis approach is presented to study altitude-dependent patterns of ozone variation in data from a sequence of ozonesonde flights. Ozonesondes are balloon-based instruments that measure ozone as the balloon ascends through the troposphere and lower stratosphere. This article concentrates on variation in the altitude range of 15.5–30.5 km, in January–July in 1967–1998. Ozonesonde flights originating at a mid-latitude site, Hohenpeissenberg in Germany, are studied. Estimates are obtained of altitude-dependent nonlinear time trends in ozone partial pressures, together with ozone variation associated with the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), an atmospheric process thought to influence global ozone transport. Both methodological and scientific contributions are made. The data analysis approach combines dimension-reduction basis function approximations with low-dimensional spline-based models on the basis function coefficients. This provides an efficient and flexible approach for studying complex time/altitude variation in the ozone partial pressure profiles, including nonlinear time trends. In contrast, the standard approach uses multiple linear regression models to estimate linear or piecewise-linear ozone time trends separately for each altitude level. Scientific results include identifying clear bimodalities (in altitude) in the estimated QBO components of variation in certain months. These may relate to planetary wave transport of ozone from the tropics to mid-latitudes. Additional empirical evidence of an 11-year cycle in ozone levels also is provided, possibly linked with a solar cycle. However, ozone peaks at Hohenpeissenberg do not always coincide with the timing of the maxima of the 11-year solar cycle. This may indicate a transport-related lag in ozone maxima at some altitudes. The estimated QBO features are robust to the presence or absence of the data quality “correction factors” commonly used in ozonesonde studies. However, the nonlinear time trend components show greater sensitivity to these.

Field of study: Mathematics
Early Postpartum Discharge: Implications for Canadian program development.

Early postpartum discharge (EPD) programs could soon become normative for low-risk women in Canada. To meet new mothers' health care, educational, and psychosocial needs, EPD programs must reflect a deeper understanding of the immediate postpartum period. Structured teaching in hospital must be replaced by a fluid, individualistic approach to mother-infant care. Family physicians can play a vital role.

Field of study: Medicine
Expressing Motion Events in Two Typologically Different Languages

In the field of language typology, studies surrounding the cross-linguistic expressions of motion events have continued to attract great interest among researchers (Berman & Slobin 1994; Choi & Bowerman 1991; Naigles & Terrazas 1998; Slobin 2005; Talmy 1985, 2000) recently, crossing over to second language studies (Allen et al. 2005, Inagaki 2001, Negueruela et al. 2004, Yu 1996 inter alias). This paper examines the overall pattern of syntactic packaging of path and manner productions across two typologically different languages (English and Korean) and the cross-language transfer patterns of adult speakers' L1 (Korean) on their L2 (English) when expressing motion events. Three sets of linguistic production data (L1 Korean, L2 English, L1 English) from two different language groups (15 Korean native speakers, 20 English native speakers) after viewing thirty-five video clips containing motion event scenes are examined. The results suggest that the three language groups significantly differ in the syntactic packaging of path and manner information, with L1 Korean and L2 English showing more instances of path only sentences when compared to L1 English. The results also show strong evidence for transfer as inferred from the observation of congruence in L1 and interlanguage productions. Detailed analysis of the transfer effects of L1 on L2 as well as error patterns of motion event descriptions in the L2 illustrated evidence of transfer effects in the production of motion events. Analysis of the errors evidenced in the speakers' L2 together provides insights into teaching English as a second or foreign language. Discussion of possible further research follows.

Field of study: Linguistics
THE FIRST 13-VINYL DERIVATIVES OF BERBERINE: SYNTHESIS AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY

Разработан метод синтеза 13-винилпроизводных берберина, заключающийся в первоначальном взаимодействии триэтилортоформиата с CH-кислотами в присутствии каталитических количеств пара-толуолсульфокислоты c последующей реакцией электрофильных этоксиэтиленов с дигидроберберином. 13-Винилдигидроберберины устойчивы к самопроизвольному окислению или диспропорционированию и могут быть окислены до соответствующих 13-замещенных ионных форм хлоридом серебра. Установлено, что синтезированные винилберберины подавляют развитие ряда особо опасных микроорганизмов.

Field of study: Chemistry
Experimental liquid densities of cis-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (R1234ze(Z)) and trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (R1233zd(E))

In this work, liquid phase densities of two fourth generation refrigerants, cis -1,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene R1234ze(Z) and trans -1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene R1233zd(E), are measured. The densities have been measured using a vibrating tube densimeter over the temperature range from 273.15 K to 333.15 K for pressures up to 30 MPa. For both fluids, the expanded uncertainty at a confidence level of 95% in the density measurements is estimated to be 0.07% over the entire T – p range measured.

Field of study: Engineering
Evaluation of an Objective Method for the Prediction of Central Pressures of North Pacific Cyclones1

The U. S. Navy's Project-AROWA method of forecasting 24-hr deepening of North Atlantic surface cyclones is applied, with modifications, to the North Pacific for both winter and summer. As in the North Atlantic study, the method successfully separates deepening from non-deepening cases about 90 per cent of the time. Comparison of the forecast and observed values of deepening is also presented.

Field of study: Environmental science
GROUND-WATER CONTAMINATION IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN ARSENAL AREA, DENVER, COLORADO

Improper waste-disposal practices at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal have seriously damaged the free ground-water aquifer throughout an area of approximately 6½ square miles. Contaminants include chlorates and 2,4-D-type compounds, both of which are effective herbicides. Contaminated ground water within the affected area is toxic to agricultural crops and unpotable for humans. Corrective measures have been taken to halt further contamination, but the area of toxicity is expanding owing to migration of the body of ground water already contaminated.

Field of study: Geology
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) micropollutant herbicide removing from water using granular and powdered activated carbons: a comparison applied for water treatment and health safety

Activated carbons are well-known porous materials as an effective adsorbent used for the removal of emerging contaminants, such as herbicides, which are increasingly present in water bodies. Most water treatment plants, specially in Brazil, are unable to completely remove such contaminants by the conventional process and advanced treatment using activated carbons is required. The aim of this paper was to verify the influence of the activated carbons granulometry and specific surface area on the 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide removal efficiency using distilled-deionized water and filtered water collected from a conventional Water Treatment Plant. Commercial activated carbons samples used in this work were obtained from two different manufacturers. Activated carbons were analyzed by the specific surface area, pore size and volume distribution, nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared and x-ray spectroscopy, moisture, volatile matter and ash contents. Batch adsorption isotherms experiments were used and performed by Langmuir and Freundlich models. Granular and powdered activated carbons removed over 99% of 2,4-D in distilled water and near to 99% using filtered water. The activated carbons evaluated in this work presented high performance and played a key role in water treatment by removing 2,4-D herbicide, ensuring the protection of human health and the ecosystem.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Comparisons of parameter and hypothesis definitions in a general linear model

In the context of the general linear model E(Y)=Xβ possibly subject to restrictions Rβ=r two secondary parameters may be well defined by Θi=GiE(Y)-Θoi=Ci β-Θoi,i=1,2, and corresponding nonconstant hypotheses, Hi:Θi=0. The following possible relations are defined: Θ1: is dependent upon /equivalent to/identical to Θ2:H1is a subhypothesis of/is identical to H2. Necessary and sufficient conditions, involving straightforward matrix computations, are presented for each relation. Comparisons of secondary parameters and hypotheses are illustrated with an incomplete, unbalanced 3 × 4 factorial design from Searle in which, using a constrained version of Searle's model, parameters and hypotheses in the incomplete, unbalanced design are shown to be indentical to parameters one would define if complete balanced data were available. Techniques for computing simplified definitions are illustrated.

Field of study: Mathematics
A Law School Forum on Human Cell-Lines and Frozen Embryos

I was told that law school would be an academic nightmare; that my eyes would be fixed on a casebook for all hours of the day, and that I would not see sunlight for three years. The Ave Maria School of Law is proving to be anything but that. I can assure you, my eyes seem to be perpetually fixed upon that casebook. In spite of that, the academic community has yet b)en able to provide our minds and souls with something greater. Our moral and theological discussions of historical cases, such as Moore and Davis, may not pertain directly to the classroom, but they do prepare our spirits for the legal profession in a way that most conventional law schools could not. We are learning to look beyond the mere rationale of courtroom decisions. We also learn exactly how close to (or how far from) man 's sense of justice can come to God's, and what effect our decisions will have on the world as a whole.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Fighting the bufferbloat: On the coexistence of AQM and low priority congestion control

Nowadays, due to excessive queuing, delays on the Internet can grow longer than the round trip time between the Moon and the Earth – for which the “bufferbloat” term was recently coined. Some point to active queue management (AQM) as the solution. Others propose end-to-end low-priority congestion control techniques (LPCC). Under both approaches, promising advances have been made in recent times: notable examples are CoDel for AQM, and LEDBAT for LPCC. In this paper, we warn of a potentially fateful interaction when AQM and LPCC techniques are combined: namely, AQM resets the relative level of priority between best-effort and low-priority congestion control protocols. We validate the generality of our findings by an extended set of experiments with packet-level ns2 simulation, considering 5 AQM techniques and 3 LPCC protocols, and carry on a thorough sensitivity analysis varying several parameters of the networking scenario. We complete the simulation via an experimental campaign conducted on both controlled testbeds and on the Internet, confirming the reprioritization issue to hold in the real world at least under all combination of AQM policies and LPCC protocols available in the Linux kernel. To promote cross-comparison, we make our scripts and dataset available to the research community.

Field of study: Computer science
Prioritizing actions for coastal management: A methodological proposal

Coastal Zone Management Plans (CZMP) are important instruments legally defined in National Coastal Management in Brazil. In order to put coastal management into practice, the development of strategic actions (involving the processes of institutional development and coastal governance) and operational actions (directly applied to marine and coastal territories) are required, thus ensuring environmental quality. However, the lack of prioritization among the various actions that are listed as important has led to the development of coastal management plans at various levels (national, regional, state or local) which are not actually carried out. The large number of actions considered important lead to the need for prioritization of the most essential ones, those with a drag potential or driving force in relation to others. The prioritization method developed and presented in this study enables to focus on the most relevant actions by establishing a numerical rating of options. This methodology also enables to list a number of coastal zone management projects which prioritize strategic and operational actions. Prioritization is necessary as it gives guidelines for coastal managers to choose which projects should be implemented first, considering the scarcity of financial and human resources, a common situation in many coastal regions. As a result, prioritization turns coastal management plans into actions.

Field of study: Environmental science