nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Exergy analysis of liquid desiccant dehumidification and cooling system

A mathematical model for exergy analysis has been built to investigate the performance of liquid desiccant dehumidification and cooling system based on LiCl solution.Efforts are focused on exergy loss in each component,as well as the influence of desiccant solution and air inlet parameters on dehumidifier(demonstrated by exergy efficiency of dehumidifier).It was found that..(1) air velocity and humidity have dominanted influence on dehumidifier performance;(2) in the liquid desiccant dehumidification and cooling system,the biggest part of exergy loss happens in solution-hot water heat exchanger,24.5%,followed by solution-solution recuperator and cooling water-solution heat exchanger,which accounts for 24.4%and 22.8%respectively.Reducing exergy loss in heat exchanger is the key way to improve the system exergy efficiency.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Metformin for patients with diabetes and concomitant renal restrictions--is there an evidence base?

Despite its array of benefits that comparatively outweigh alternative oral anti-glycaemic agents, the ability of clinicians to prescribe metformin is restricted. There are numerous contra-indications and cautions concerning the putative risks of metformin-related side effects that necessitate cessation of metformin. Notably the often stated, yet completely unsubstantiated, heightened risk for development of lactic acidosis in the context of renal insufficiency or a kidney transplant is particularly contentious. In this article, I will critique current regulatory advice and argue for further research to evaluate the safety and efficacy of metformin use in populations where the benefits of metformin are likely to far outweigh any infinitesimal risk (such as advanced chronic kidney disease and those after kidney transplantation). The only way to settle this debate is for well-designed trials and registry analyses to ascertain the safety and efficacy of metformin in these 'high-risk' populations. That is what evidence-based medicine demands and unfortunately is long overdue.

Field of study: Medicine
Histone modification and signalling cascade of the dormancy-associated MADS-box gene, PpMADS13-1, in Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) during endodormancy.

Dormancy-associated MADS-box (DAM) genes play an important role in endodormancy phase transition. We investigated histone modification in the DAM homolog (PpMADS13-1) from Japanese pear, via chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR, to understand the mechanism behind the reduced expression of the PpMADS13-1 gene towards endodormancy release. Our results indicated that the reduction in the active histone mark by trimethylation of the histone H3 tail at lysine 4 contributed to the reduction of PpMADS13-1 expression towards endodormancy release. In contrast, the inactive histone mark by trimethylation of the histone H3 tail at lysine 27 in PpMADS13-1 locus was quite low, and these levels were more similar to a negative control [normal mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG)] than to a positive control (AGAMOUS) in endodormancy phase transition. The loss of histone variant H2A.Z also coincided with the down-regulation of PpMADS13-1. Subsequently, we investigated the PpMADS13-1 signalling cascade and found that PpCBF2, a pear C-repeated binding factor, regulated PpMADS13-1 expression via interaction of PpCBF2 with the 5'-upstream region of PpMADS13-1 by transient reporter assay. Furthermore, transient reporter assay confirmed no interaction between the PpMADS13-1 protein and the pear FLOWERING LOCUS T genes. Taken together, our results enhance understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying endodormancy phase transition in Japanese pear.

Field of study: Environmental science
ELASTIC STRESSES FOR PIPE ELBOWS SUBJECTED TO IN-PLANE OPEN-BENDING MOMENTS

In order to evaluate the engineering safety of pipe elbows,a mechanical model has set up to formulate the meridian stress of pipe elbows subjected to open-bending moments.The construction of the meridian-stress formula due to open-bending moments has the similar appearance with that due to close-bending moments.Except for the relation of tension stress and compress stress transforming each other on the same place,there are different values in meridian stress.The open-bending meridian stress is always larger than close-bending meridian stress for different bending moment coefficients and different angles on the cross section.But the formula-shape of open-bending circumferential stress looks identical with that of the close-bending one.Their stresses have equivalence and reverse relation.Under the action of an in-plane bending moment,elastic stress of pipe elbows just is a special case of the elastic stress of reducing elbows.The elastic stress of reducing elbows may be attained by replacing the cross-section radius of pipe elbows with that of the reducing elbows.

Field of study: Engineering
New class of soft matter electrolytes obtained via heterogeneous doping: Percolation effects in “soggy sand” electrolytes

Percolation effects observed in the ionic conductivity variation with oxide volume fraction in “soggy sand” electrolytes [A non-aqueous electrolyte and a battery, a supercapacitor, and electrochromic device and a solar cell including such an electrolyte, Aninda Bhattacharyya and Joachim Maier, GI-Nr.: 3170 GBC; European Patent application-2003 EPA 03018161; US application filing-2004, A.J. Bhattacharyya,   Mater. 16 (2004) 811] are discussed in the light of conductivity and rheological measurements. The enhancement in ionic conductivity of the composites is attributed to the formation of a percolating attractive network of insulating particles.

Field of study: Materials science
Study and Development of the Superconducting Conductor for the Grenoble Hybrid Magnet

To produce a continuous magnetic field of at least 8.5 T in a 1.1 m cold bore diameter, the superconducting outsert of the Grenoble Hybrid magnet is based on the novel development of a Nb-Ti/Cu Rutherford Cable On Conduit Conductor (RCOCC) cooled to 1.8 K by a bath of superfluid helium pressurized at atmospheric pressure. The main results of the conductor studies and development are presented after a brief introduction to the specificity of hybrid magnets, namely the electromagnetic couplings between resistive and superconducting coils. Results obtained with short samples of conductor are reviewed including the measurements of the elastic limit, AC losses, stability and critical current. The final specification of the RCOCC is presented highlighting the proposed method for the industrialization of the insertion process of the Rutherford cable on the hollow Cu-Ag stabilizer as well as its validation phase on short samples.

Field of study: Physics
Direct transfer of A20 gene into pancreas protected mice from streptozotocin-induced diabetes.

To investigate the efficiency of transfer of A20 gene into pancreas against STZ-induced diabetes.



PVP-plasmid mixture was directly transferred into the pancreatic parenchyma 2 d before STZ injection. The uptake of plasmid pcDNA3-LacZ or pcDNA3-A20 was detected by PCR and the expression of LacZ was confirmed by histological analysis with X-gal. A20 expression in the pancreas of pcDNA3-A20 transgenic mice was measured by RT-PCR and Western blots. Urine amylase, NO generation, and histological examination were examined.



Injection of PVP-plasmid mixture directly into the pancreatic parenchyma increased urine amylase concentration 16 h after operation and reversed it to nearly normal 36 h later. On d 33 LacZ expression could be found in spleen, duodenum, and islets. The development of diabetes was prevented by direct A20 gene transferring into the pancreas and A20-mediated protection was correlated with suppression of NO production. The insulitis was ameliorated in A20-treated mice.



Injection of PVP-plasmid mixture directly into the pancreatic parenchyma led to target gene expression in islets. Direct transfer of A20 gene into the pancreas protected mice from STZ-induced diabetes.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Lipogenesis in rabbit isolated fat-cells.

1. Fat-cells isolated from rabbit perirenal adipose tissue were incubated with the following U-(14)C-labelled substrates: 5mm-glucose (+insulin), 5mm-pyruvate, 5mm-lactate, 5mm-glucose+5mm-acetate (+insulin), and the relative rates of incorporation of these substrates into glyceride fatty acids determined. In general total rates of fatty acid synthesis were similar whatever substrate was supplied to the cells. 2. Rabbit fat-cells incorporated [U-(14)C]acetate into fatty acids and CO(2) as well in the absence of glucose as in the presence of this substrate. 3. The disposition of the utilization of glucose-derived carbon through various metabolic pathways was determined. 4. Extramitochondrial and mitochondrial activities were determined for 11 enzymes. The cells contained a very low activity of pyruvate carboxylase, undetectable NADP-malate dehydrogenase activity and a high mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity. 5. Various rabbit fat-cell metabolic parameters based on the measurement of (14)C incorporation and enzyme activity were compared with the same parameters previously measured in rat and guinea-pig fat-cells. In general guinea pig occupied a position between rat and rabbit with respect to these parameters. 6. The profiles of substrate incorporation into fatty acids and of relative enzyme activities in rabbit fat-cells indicated that the operation of a ;citrate-cleavage' pathway may not be obligatory for the supply of lipogenic acetyl units.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
SHRIMP U–Pb zircon geochronology and Nd signatures of supracrustal sequences and orthogneisses constrain the Neoproterozoic evolution of the Pernambuco–Alagoas domain, southern part of Borborema Province, NE Brazil

The Borborema Province is the western part of a major Brasiliano belt that extends from Brazil through NW Africa in pre-drift reconstructions. This province resulted from convergence and collision among the West African, Congo-São Francisco, and Amazonian cratons about 600 Ma. This study focuses on the Pernambuco–Alagoas (PEAL) domain, which is a complex of magmatic, migmatitic, and metamorphic rocks, located in the southern part of the Borborema Province. U–Pb geochronology and Sm–Nd data for metasedimentary sequences (Rio Una, Inhapi) of the PEAL domain and a sample from a sequence of the Transversal Zone domain suggest that their deposition occurred during a Cryogenian extensional event, within the interval 850–631 Ma (or slightly younger). This extensional event occurred in the PEAL, Transversal Zone, and Sergipano domains before the onset of the Brasiliano collision and was followed by syn- and post-collisional magmatism. The Rio Una sequence and the sequence from Transversal Zone domain were deposited over a Rhyacian (ca. 2.0–2.2) basement having a juvenile Palaeoproterozoic Nd signature, whereas the Inhapi sequence was deposited over an Early Neoproterozoic (Tonian) basement. The deposition of the studied sequences is coeval with metasedimentary sequences to the north and south in other domains of the Borborema Province. However, differences in Nd isotopic signatures between the sequences from PEAL, Transversal Zone, and Sergipano domains suggest that they were formed in distinct basins. Metasedimentary sequences from the PEAL domain have Meso- and Palaeoproterozoic TDM model ages. These data suggest that the orogens where the metasedimentary sequences are located have a strong ensialic component. TDM model ages of ca. 1.0 Ga and εNd (0.6 Ga) values around zero recorded in granites from the southern part of the PEAL, suggesting that juvenile material was accreted to the southern part of the PEAL domain crust during the Tonian. The migmatites from the PEAL domain have a wide range of TDM ages along with a wide range of εNd (0.6 Ga) values. The transition between the northern and southern parts of the PEAL domain denotes the approximate northern margin of a Late Mesoproterozoic to Early Neoproterozoic rift.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) on gonadotropin-releasing hormone and somatostatin gene expression in the rat brain.

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) is a 38-amino acid polypeptide, first isolated from ovine hypothalamus, which directly stimulates the release of several pituitary hormones, including GH, ACTH, and LH. The presence of PACAP receptors in several brain areas, including the hypothalamus, suggests that this peptide might play a role as neurotransmitter/neuromodulator. We have thus investigated the effects of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) and intravenous (i.v.) injections of PACAP and the potent PACAP antagonist PACAP(6-38) on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and somatostatin (SS) gene expression in the male rat hypothalamus. The levels of mRNA were measured at the cellular level by quantitative in-situ hybridization. The i.c.v. injection of PACAP produced a 12.5% increase in the GnRH mRNA levels, an effect which was completely prevented by the concomitant administration of the PACAP antagonist. The administration of the PACAP antagonist induced by itself a 12.9% decrease in the hybridization signal. The i.v. administration of the same peptides induced modifications in GnRH gene expression which were completely opposite to those produced by i.c.v. administration. In somatostatinergic neurons located in the periventricular nucleus, the i.c.v. injection of the peptides induced modification in SS gene expression which were very similar to those observed for GnRH gene expression, although the changes were less striking. The i.v. administration of PACAP or its antagonist did not induce any change in the levels of SS mRNA. These results then strongly suggest that PACAP might be involved in a positive regulation of two neuropeptides involved in the control of anterior pituitary secretion via central specific receptors. The inverse influence of PACAP on GnRH gene expression after the i.v. injection might be explained by the short feedback effect induced by the direct stimulation of gonadotropin hormone release following the systemic injection of the peptide.

Field of study: Biology
Recent Progress and Design of Three-Phase Coaxial HTS Power Cable in Korea

High-temperature superconducting (HTS) power cables were developed recently and have several advantages over conventional cables. For high current capacity, two or more layers are required in one phase of the HTS cable. Differences in the radii between each phase and layer cause inherent imbalance and non-uniform current distribution of three-phase currents. These outcomes must be minimized by properly designing the pitches of multi-layer three-phase coaxial HTS cables. In this paper, the authors design the conduction layers of a multi-layer three-phase coaxial HTS cable and analyze the characteristics of the designed cable based on the proposed PSCAD/EMTDC component and simulation method. A 23 kV/60 MVA multi-layer three-phase coaxial HTS power cable is considered. The conceptual design of a multi-layer three-phase coaxial HTS cable includes the radii of each layer, the number of layers in each phase, and the pitch design of each layer of the cable. Using an impedance matching program, current imbalance can be minimized and current distribution can be made uniform in all layers of the phase by adjusting the pitch length and winding direction. The characteristics of HTS cables using the proposed PSCAD/EMTDC component are analyzed. In this component, the dynamic resistance of current- and temperature-dependent HTS cables is added to the HTS model. AC losses are calculated using the some equation. Induced current loss is calculated based on the material properties of the shield layer. A transient simulation is performed for a three-phase fault of the three-phase coaxial HTS cable using a PSCAD/EMTDC-based simulation method.

Field of study: Physics
Research on Non-electric Quantity Protection of Oil-Immersed Equipments of HVDC Project

The configuration of non-electrical protection of large oil immersed equipments is very important to ensure the reliable running of HVDC system.Introduced field configuration and operation experience of non-electric quantity protection,discussed the technological requirements of electrical equipments in terms of anti-disturbance and action logic configuration of non-electric quantity protection.To the fieldwork,explicited the demand of secondary circuit design,proposed the measures of improving the reliability of non-electric quantity protection.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Ethical Considerations for Mental Health Clinicians Working with Adolescents in the Digital Age

Purpose of ReviewAdolescents’ use of digital technologies is constantly changing and significantly influences and reflects their mental health and development. Technology has entered the clinical space and raises new ethical dilemmas for mental health clinicians. After an update on this shifting landscape, including a brief review of important literature since 2014, this article will demonstrate how core ethical principles may be applied to clinical situations with patients, using vignettes for illustration.. Technology use in mental health is also expanding, including a proliferation of “apps.” While qualitative data from technology experts reports overall positive effects of technology (Anderson and Rainie 2018), concern about its potential negative impact on youth mental health remains high, and an association between technology use and depression is strong. Internet addiction, online sexual exploitation, and accessing illicit substances through the “dark net” pose additional clinical and legal concerns. In this context, clinicians have an ethical responsibility to engage in education and advocacy, to explore technology use with teen patients and to be sensitive to ethical issues that may arise clinically, including confidentiality, autonomy, beneficence/nonmaleficence, and legal considerations such as mandated reporting.SummaryNew media and digital technologies pose unique ethical challenges to mental health clinicians working with adolescents. Clinicians need to stay abreast of current trends and controversies about technology and their potential impact on youth and engage in advocacy and psychoeducation appropriately. With individual patients, clinicians should watch for potential ethical dilemmas stemming from technology use and think them through, with consultation as needed, by applying longstanding core ethical principles.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
SR87/SR86 Ratios of Calc-Alkalic Lavas from the Rabaul Caldera, Papua New Guinea

Eight samples of basaltic-to-rhyolitic calc-alkalic lavas erupted from the Rabaul caldera on the island of New Britain have Sr 87 /Sr 86 ratios ranging from 0.7035 to 0.7040 and averaging 0.7038. The mean strontium-isotope ratio is in the middle of an extremely limited range of values for other calc-alkalic island-arc lavas of the western and southwestern circum-Pacific region. The constancy of Sr 87 /Sr 86 in the Rabaul lavas is compatible with derivation of the andesitic and more silicic members of the series by fractional crystallization of a basaltic magma. However, the strontium-isotope data do not preclude different degrees of partial melting of an isotopically uniform source in the mantle as a possible mechanism for producing the compositional variety of lavas at Rabaul.

Field of study: Geology
Structural investigation of the molybdenum site of the periplasmic nitrate reductase from Thiosphaera pantotropha by X-ray absorption spectroscopy.

The molybdenum centre of the periplasmic respiratory nitrate reductase from the denitrifying bacterium Thiosphaera pantotropha has been probed using molybdenum K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The optimum fit of the Mo(VI) EXAFS suggests two ==O, three -S- and either a fourth -S- or an -O-/-N- as molybdenum ligands in the ferricyanide-oxidized enzyme. Three of the -S- ligands are proposed to be the two sulphur atoms of the molybdopterin dithiolene group and Cys-181. Comparison of the EXAFS of the ferricyanide-oxidized enzyme with that of a nitrate-treated sample containing 30% Mo(V) suggests that the Mo(VI)-->Mo(V) reduction is accompanied by conversion of one ==O to -O-. The best fit to the Mo(IV) EXAFS of dithionite-reduced enzyme was obtained using one ==O, one -O- and four -S-/-Cl ligands. The periplasmic nitrate reductase molybdenum co-ordination environment in both the Mo(VI) and Mo(IV) oxidation states is distinct from that found in the membrane-bound respiratory nitrate reductase.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Phasing the mirror segments of the Keck telescopes: the broadband phasing algorithm.

To achieve its full diffraction limit in the infrared, the primary mirror of the Keck telescope (now telescopes) must be properly phased: The steps or piston errors between the individual mirror segments must be reduced to less than 100 nm. We accomplish this with a wave optics variation of the Shack-Hartmann test, in which the signal is not the centroid but rather the degree of coherence of the individual subimages. Using filters with a variety of coherence lengths, we can capture segments with initial piston errors as large as +/-30 microm and reduce these to 30 nm--a dynamic range of 3 orders of magnitude. Segment aberrations contribute substantially to the residual errors of approximately 75 nm.

Field of study: Physics
Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate protects rat myocardium against ischemia-reperfusion injury via activation of PI3K/Akt/FOXO3A/Bim pathway

To investigate the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (STS) in an ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced rat myocardial injury model.Male SD rats were iv injected with STS, STS+LY294002 or saline (NS) for 15 d. Then the hearts were subjected to 30 min of global ischemia followed by 2 h of reperfusion. Cardiac function, infarction size and area at risk were assessed. Cell apoptosis was evaluated with TUNEL staining, DNA laddering and measuring caspase-3 activity. In addition, isolated cardiomyocytes of neonatal rats were pretreated with the above drugs, then exposed to H2O2 (200 mol/L) for 1 h. Cell apoptosis was detected using flow cytometric assay. The levels of p-Akt, p-FOXO3A and Bim were examined with immunoblotting.Compared to NS group, administration of STS (20 mg/kg) significantly reduced myocardial infarct size (40.28%±5.36% in STS group vs 59.52%±7.28% in NS group), and improved the myocardial function as demonstrated by the increased values of dp/dtmax, LVDP and coronary flow at different reperfusion time stages. Furthermore, STS significantly decreased the rate of apoptotic cells (15.11%±3.71% in STS group vs 38.21%±7.83% in NS group), and reduced caspase-3 activity to nearly a quarter of that in NS group. Moreover, STS significantly increased the phosphorylation of Akt and its downstream target FOXO3A, and decreased the expression of pro-apoptotic gene Bim. Co-treatment with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 (40 mg/kg) partially countered the protective effects induced by STS treatment. In isolated cardiomyocytes, STS exerted similar protective effects as shown in the ex vivo I/R model.STS pretreatment reduces infarct size and improves cardiac function in an I/R-induced rat myocardial injury model via activation of Akt/FOXO3A/Bim-mediated signal pathway.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine