nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Algorithms of a linear estimation of a poorly worded matrix and errors of observations--uncertain functions of time

BMLS1 and BMLS2--the variants of algorithms of the method of least squares--are stated. They are Baye's algorithms for the linear estimation of a vector of parameters. These algorithms are correct in the sense of the classical theory and keep an applied correctness at small singular numbers of a matrix of system of the linearized equations of a file of observations. Without the assumption of the normal laws of distribution of random vectors the BMLS1 recursion form, adequate to the modified form of the algorithm of the standard Kalman's filter, is deduced. In the present observations smooth and small in size of functions of time the parametrization is used on the basis of Bernstein's polynomials. We state and carryout the numerical analysis of the accuracy of the decision of a task of precision relative positioning of two orientations on the surface of the Earth, which is made on signals from one satellite.

Field of study: Mathematics
Governance context for coastal innovations in England: The case of Sandscaping in North Norfolk

Coastal management in Europe is shifting toward soft coastal protection strategies to deal with flood risk and erosion. In the UK, a sand replenishment in North Norfolk is planned to take place in the coming years, inspired by the Dutch ‘Sand engine’: a large-scale sand replenishment executed in 2011. Besides being faced with technical challenges, the initiative requires fine-tuning to the local conditions. In this article we present a theory guided assessment of the governance context for Sandscaping in England. We focus upon North Norfolk, where Sandscaping was included as an option to protect the Bacton Gas Terminal from cliff erosion. Our aim is to contribute to further elaboration of Sandscaping potential along other locations in England. The lessons we draw about implementing Sandscaping initiatives have emerged from real project experience and could therefore be relevant in other coastal contexts.

Field of study: Environmental science
Tractionability As a Function of Soil Moisture

THIS study uses field moisture, plow draft, and cone penetrometer data together with previously available wheel pull and draft equations in order to predict the effect of soil moisture on field tractionability. A field is tractionable any time the potential wheel pull force the soil can provide for a tractor is greater than or equal to the draft forces of the tillage tool in that soil. Draft forces were measured for a moldboard plow at various soil moistures at a low speed. Draft forces for higher speeds were predicted using the method of Soehne (1960). Cone penetrometer data taken at various soil moistures were used to predict potential traction force using the equation of Wismer and Luth (1972). Traction was maximized for each soil moisture condi-tion by optimizing the wheel weight. Results from the comparison of traction and draft relationships enabled us to obtain energy requirement per unit area plowed as a function of plowing speed and soil moisture. For plowing speeds of 0.9 to 3.6 m/s in Brenton Silt Loam soil, the maximum allowable soil moisture was found to be 33 percent and the maximum energy efficiency was found at approximately 30 percent moisture.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Layout-Related Stress Effects on Radiation-Induced Leakage Current

The effects of shallow-trench-isolation-induced mechanical stress on radiation-induced off-state leakage current are reported in 90-nm NMOS devices. The radiation-induced leakage current increases with increasing active device-to-isolation spacing. The leakage current also depends on channel width; narrow devices exhibit less leakage before irradiation, but more after irradiation. These geometrical factors affect the mechanical stress in the device, which impact the dopant diffusion and activation and the charge trapping in the STI oxide. The combined effects of these layout-related phenomena affect the sensitivity to radiation-induced charge.

Field of study: Physics
Crystallization of the PX domain of cytokine-independent survival kinase (CISK): improvement of crystal quality for X-ray diffraction with sodium malonate.

Phox homology (PX) domains play critical roles in the intracellular localization of a variety of cell-signaling proteins through interactions with specific phosphoinositides. For cytokine-independent survival kinase (CISK), the PX domain also plays a role in the regulation of CISK activity in response to the activation of phosphatidylinositol-3 (PI-3) kinase. The PX domain of mouse CISK has been purified and crystallized, as well as its complex with a phosphoinositide ligand. The native PX domain was crystallized in space group I4 and the crystals diffracted to a maximum resolution of 1.6 A. Selenomethionine-derivatized PX domain was also prepared and crystallized for MAD phasing. In this study, the use of sodium malonate is the key to both successful crystallization and cryoprotection of the PX domain of CISK.

Field of study: Chemistry
Morphological and abundance variations in Homotryblium-cyst assemblages related to depositional environments; uppermost Oligocene-Lower Miocene, Jylland, Denmark

Abundant occurrences of Homotryblium dinoflagellate cysts have been interpreted as reflecting deposition in near-shore, marginal marine areas, either in hypersaline or low-salinity environments. It has also been suggested that the process length of Homotryblium cysts is related to proximity to the coast. The present study provides new insights in the ecology of Homotryblium and adds important information about the use of the morphological variations of Homotryblium cysts for environmental reconstructions. It presents an example where Homotryblium cysts show high relative abundances in a low-salinity, partly restricted marine depositional environment. Four different species of Homotryblium were recorded. Homotryblium? additense is proposed as a new species. The regional palaeogeographic distribution of the four species: H.? additense, Homotryblium vallum, Homotryblium plectilum and Homotryblium tenuispinosum, shows a distinct depositional proximal–distal distribution pattern. H.? additense occurs only in a narrow stratigraphic interval in the most proximal part of the study area. H. vallum only occurs sporadically, mainly in the proximal parts of the study area. H. plectilum dominates the proximal areas while H. tenuispinosum dominates the more distal areas. Variations in abundance and cyst-type also seem to respond to systems tracts, sequence boundaries and flooding surfaces. The observed distributional patterns of Homotryblium species strongly indicate a response to the salinity of the depositional environment. It is further suggested that at least some of the recorded species of Homotryblium originated from the same motile dinoflagellate species, producing cysts of different morphology in response to variations in salinity, a phenomenon known from extant dinoflagellates.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
The Design and Implementation of Intelligent Home Control System Based on CC2530

The growing interest in the SmartHome based on wireless networks necessitates the development of an effective scheme which can control household equipment and detect home environment intelligently. On the other hand, current market products only concentrate on small parts of the SmartHome and lots of them are lack of remote control function. Furthermore, there are few mature products to realize in-door wireless localization. Therefore, existing systems cannot meet users’ needs completely. To fill this void, in this paper, a comprehensive smart home scheme is proposed, called the Intelligent Home Control System, which realizes intelligent lighting via PWM, indoor localization, detection of formaldehyde, CO2 and smoke on the basis of CC2530. The main idea here is to transmit data collected by sensors to our system server through the ZigBee network and adjust the lights according to the data parsing results. We can also use mobile devices to communicate with server via GSM network to control household devices and observe home environment.

Field of study: Engineering
Superconducting properties of BiS2-based superconductor NdO1−xFxBiS2 (x = 0 to 0.9)

We report the phase diagram of NdO1−x F x BiS2 (x = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9) compound. The samples synthesized by the vacuum encapsulation technique are crystallized in a tetragonal P4/nmm space group. The superconductivity of all samples is confirmed by dc magnetic susceptibility and electrical transport measurements. The highest superconducting transition temperature (T c) onset of 5.25 K is seen for the NdO0.3F0.7BiS2 sample. Superconductivity is suppressed with an applied magnetic field, as both T c onset and T c (ρ = 0) are decreased to lower temperatures in magneto transport ρ(T, H) measurements. The upper critical field H c2(0) is estimated to be above 3Tesla for NdO0.3F0.7BiS2 sample. The Arrhenius equation is used to calculate the thermally activated flux flow (TAFF) activation energy (U 0) for a NdO0.3F0.7BiS2 sample, which is 61.64 meV in 0.02Tesla field. Hall Effect measurements show that the electron charge carriers are the dominating ones throughout the studied temperature range of 300 K–2 K.

Field of study: Physics
Nitric Oxide Production and Arachidonic Acid Metabolism in Platelet Membranes of Coronary Heart Disease Patients with and without Diabetes

To evaluate the levels of nitrite (NO–2) and nitrate (NO–3) ions and the incorporation of [3H]arachidonic acid (AA) into phospholipids of platelet membranes from coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with and without diabetes (NIDDM).  Eighteen CAD patients (group A), 18 CAD patients with NIDDM (group B), and 20 healthy controls (group C) without dyslipidemia, peripheral vascular disease and hypertension were included in the study. The groups were matched for age, sex and body mass index. The diagnosis of CAD was confirmed by coronary angiography. The nitric oxide end products (NOx), NO–2 plus NO–3 ions in platelet membranes, were determined using a spectrophotometric method based on the Griess reaction. The turnover of phospholipids was evaluated by incorporation of [3H]AA into platelet membrane phospholipids.  A significantly smaller amount of NOx ions was in the platelet membrane of groups A (40 ± 8 µmol/l) and B (29 ± 10 µmol/l) than C (57 ± 6 µmol/l), p < 0.001. Conversely a significantly greater amount of [3H]AA was incorporated into platelet phospholipids of group B patients (5,123 ± 1,637 dpm/mg) than groups A (3,159 ± 1,253 dpm/mg; p < 0.002) and C (1,621 ± 417 dpm/mg). An inverse correlation between [3H]AA incorporation and NOx levels was established: r = –0.76 (p < 0.05, n = 36) in CAD patients.  Diabetes in CAD patients decreased the ability to produce platelet-derived NO and affects AA metabolism. This may result in higher platelet sensitivity to aggregating stimuli.

Field of study: Medicine
What Are the "Glass Ceiling" Barriers Effects on Women Career Progress in Jordan?

The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of the glass ceiling barriers represented by the organizational practices and the existence of male culture, and the impact of family, social commitments on women career progress in Jordan. A sample of – working mid-level women managers in Jordan are selected to answer a questionnaire on glass ceiling barriers and family and social commitments. The results showed that the impact of the glass ceiling is more significant than the impact of family and social commitments on women career progress in Jordan. Glass ceiling term is a new concept for the Jordanian audience, because there is no real interests to explore this kind of issues, for that reason we can not find previous researches that explore the glass ceiling as a phenomenon that affects the women career progress in Jordan.

Field of study: Business
Manipulation of Donor–Acceptor Interactions in Carbazole‐Based Emitters by Chromophore Choice To Achieve Near‐UV Emission

New organic materials containing a cyano-functionalized carbazole moiety at one end linked to different chromophores such as fluorene, carbazole, and triphenylamine at the other end through an acetylene spacer are synthesized and characterized by photophysical, electrochemical, thermal, and electroluminescence studies. A meta-like linkage at the C-2 and C-7 atoms of the central carbazole moiety and the choice of chromophore restricted the emission to the near-ultraviolet region. The photophysical properties of the compounds depend on the nature of the chromophore attached to the carbazole unit. A triphenylamine-substituted derivative exhibited the longest wavelength emission in the series, attributable to the elongated conjugation and electron richness of triphenylamine, whereas the phenyl- and fluorene-functionalized molecules showed the shortest wavelength emissions with vibronic patterns. The compounds containing carbazole and triphenylamine units exhibited positive solvatochromism in their fluorescence spectra, and this behavior is characteristic of charge transfer from a donor to an acceptor. A fluorene derivative containing cyano substituents at the carbazole and fluorene moieties exhibited the best electroluminescence characteristics in the series, probably because of balanced charge transport and effective confinement of the excitons in the emissive layer.

Field of study: Chemistry
Evaluations of Mechanical Properties in Dy123 Single-Grain Bulk Superconductors With Low Porosity

In order to improve the mechanical properties of the Dy123 bulk material, a precursor was melted in 100% O2 atmosphere to obtain bulk with low porosity. Evaluations of the mechanical properties in the Dy123 bulk were carried out through bending tests and Vickers indentation tests. The mechanical properties such as Young's modulus and bending strength were improved by eliminating pores. The mechanical properties of Dy123 bulks melt-processed in 50 and 75% O2 atmosphere were also evaluated and the relationship between the mechanical properties and the porosity associated with the oxygen annealing was discussed.

Field of study: Physics
High temperature electro-optical degradation of InGaN/GaN HBLEDs

This paper presents a study of the high temperature degradation of high brightness light emitting diodes (HBLEDs) on gallium nitride. Two different families of devices, from two leading manufacturers, have been submitted to thermal stress: during treatment, the optical and electrical characteristics of the devices have been analyzed. Degradation modes detected after stress have been (i) operating voltage increase, (ii) output power decrease, (iii) modifications of the spectral properties. The degradation of the electrical and optical characteristics of the devices were found to have different kinetics: this fact indicates that optical power (OP) loss is not strongly related to the degradation of the electrical parameters of the LEDs. On the other hand, spectral analysis indicated that OP loss is strongly related to the decrease of the phosphors-related yellow emission band. Microscopic analysis showed that this effect can be ascribed to the carbonization of the package and phosphorous material. A degradation of the transparency of the top-side ohmic contact has been also detected after stress: these mechanisms are thought to be responsible for the detected OP decrease. OP decay process has been found to be thermally activated, with activation energy equal to 1.5 eV.

Field of study: Engineering
Readily implementable techniques can cut annual CO 2 emissions from the production of concrete by over 20

Due to its prevalence in modern infrastructure, concrete is experiencing the most rapid increase in consumption among globally common structural materials; however, the production of concrete results in approximately 8.6% of all anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Many methods have been developed to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the production of concrete. These methods range from the replacement of inefficient manufacturing equipment to alternative binders and the use of breakthrough technologies; nevertheless, many of these methods have barriers to implementation. In this research, we examine the extent to which the increased use of several currently implemented methods can reduce the greenhouse gas emissions in concrete material production without requiring new technologies, changes in production, or novel material use. This research shows that, through increased use of common supplementary cementitious materials, appropriate selection of proportions for cement replacement, and increased concrete design age, 24% of greenhouse gas emissions from global concrete production or 650 million tonnes (Mt) CO2-eq can be eliminated annually.

Field of study: Environmental science
Cross-Sectional Study of Gender Role Conflict Examining College-Aged and Middle-Aged Men.

This study examined gender role conflict in college-aged and middle-aged men. Eighty-eight college-aged men and 89 middle-aged men completed 5 measures that assess gender role conflict and psychological well-being. Multivariate analysis of variance results indicated that, compared with college-aged men, middle-aged men were less conflicted about success, power, and competition, but were more conflicted between work and family responsibilities. Canonical analysis indicated two significant roots between (a) gender role conflict and psychological well-being and (b) age group, gender role conflict, and psychological wellbeing. The discussion focuses on implications for counseling, limitations, and future research. The construct of gender is a major organizing principle underlying roles in society and the nature of interpersonal relationships (Cook, 1990). A major body of literature examining masculine, feminine, and androgynous gender roles suggests that the masculine role has beneficial effects for those who enact the role. In the psychological sphere, the masculine role has been cited as fostering psychological well-being, assertiveness, self-esteem, and psychological health (Antill & Cunningham, 1979; Whitley, 1983, 1985). In contrast to this research, others have suggested that there are liabilities associated with the male gender role, which include increased risk-taking and self-destructive behaviors (Meth, 1990), increased stress (Stewart & Lykes, 1985),

Field of study: Psychology
Bestuur stresfaktore vir 'n gesonder kudde : tegnologie

Verskeie stresfaktore kan 'n melkkudde se produksie en algemene gesondheid knou en dis daarom belangrik om so ver as moontlik voorkomend op te tree in die bekamping van stresvolle situasies wat deur modder, hitte en vliee veroorsaak word.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Thyroid Status Affects Rat Liver Regeneration After Partial Hepatectomy by Regulating Cell Cycle and Apoptosis

In rats, various growth factors and hormones, as well as partial hepatectomy (PH) are able to trigger the proliferative response of hepatocytes. Although recent evidence highlights the important role of thyroid hormones and thyroid status in regulating the growth of liver cells in vitro and in vivo models, the mechanism involved in the pro-proliferative effects of thyroid hormones is still unclear. Here we have investigated how in rats made hypo- and hyperthyroid after prolonged treatment respectively with propylthiouracil (PTU) and triiodothyronine (T3), the thyroid status affects liver regeneration after PH by regulating cell cycle and apoptosis proteins. Our results show that both in control and partially hepatectomized animals hyperthyroidism increases the cyclin D1, E and A levels and the activity of cyclin-cdk complexes, and decreases the levels of cdk inhibitors such as p16 and p27. On the contrary hypothyroidism induces a down-regulation of the activity of cyclin cdk complexes decreasing cyclin levels. Thyroid hormones control also p53 and p73, two proteins involved in apoptosis and growth arrest which are induced by PH. In particular, hypothyroidism increases and T3 treatment decreases p73 levels. The analysis of the phosphorylated forms of p42/44 and p38 MAPK revealed that they are induced during hepatic regeneration in euthyroid and hyperthyroid rats whereas they are negatively regulated in hypothyroid rats. In conclusion our data demonstrate that thyroid status can affects liver regeneration, altering the expression and the activity of the proteins involved in the control of cell cycle and growth arrest.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Perivascular Adipose Tissue, Vascular Reactivity and Hypertension

Most blood vessels are surrounded by a variable amount of adventitial adipose tissue, perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), which was originally thought to provide mechanical support for the vessel. It is now known that PVAT secretes a number of bioactive substances including vascular endothelial growth factor, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), leptin, adiponectin, insulin-like growth factor, interleukin-6, plasminogen activator substance, resistin and angiotensinogen. Several studies have shown that PVAT significantly modulated vascular smooth muscle contractions induced by a variety of agonists and electrical stimulation by releasing adipocyte-derived relaxing (ADRF) and contracting factors. The identity of ADRF is not yet known. However, several vasodilators have been suggested including adiponectin, angiotensin 1-7, hydrogen sulfide and methyl palmitate. The anticontractile effect of PVAT is mediated through the activation of potassium channels since it is abrogated by inhibiting potassium channels. Hypertension is characterized by a reduction in the size and amount of PVAT and this is associated with the attenuated anticontractile effect of PVAT in hypertension. However, since a reduction in size and amount of PVAT and the attenuated anticontractile effect of PVAT were already evident in prehypertensive rats with no evidence of impaired release of ADRF, there is the possibility that the anticontractile effect of PVAT was not directly related to an altered function of the adipocytes per se. Hypertension is characterized by low-grade inflammation and infiltration of macrophages. One of the adipokines secreted by macrophages is TNF-α. It has been shown that exogenously administered TNF-α enhanced agonist-induced contraction of a variety of vascular smooth muscle preparations and reduced endothelium-dependent relaxation. Other procontractile factors released by the PVAT include angiotensin II and superoxide. It is therefore possible that the loss could be due to an increased amount of these proinflammatory and procontractile factors. More studies are definitely required to confirm this.

Field of study: Medicine
Computer Worded Forecasts

A computer program is available that produces public weather forecasts in worded form from digital forecasts of weather elements. This program was designed to be implemented concurrently with the AFOS (Automation of Field Operations and Services) system. One version of the program operates on NOAA's large computer system and will send forecasts over the National Distribution Circuit; another version can be run on the local AFOS minicomputers. This paper describes input to the program, the options available for its use, the decision processes whereby the forecast is constructed, the output of the program, and plans for its use. In addition, examples are shown of worded forecasts covering a variety of weather situations.

Field of study: Environmental science