nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Communication Skills of a Child with Down Syndrome at the End of the First Grade of Elementary School

Each case of a child with Down syndrome is specific because it is directly related to the environment the child grows up in, develops, lives and learns. Although many conditions about Down syndrome tend to generalize the condition, particular characteristics are specific and depend on environment. In this respect, such issues must be approached as case studies. The goal of this research was to note, define and describe supporting strategies of language and communication skills development and learning outcomes of language and communication skills of a boy with Down syndrome at the end of the first grade of elementary school. Therefore, the role of prerequisites for developing boy’s language and communication skills was also subject of this research.The participant in the case study was a first-grader with Down syndrome who has been included in the regular educational school system and attends classes supported by a teaching assistant. In addition to monitoring the student in class and analyzing the paperwork, parents were interviewed in order to understand student’s language and communication skills development. The research results have shown that the student’s preparation for school and activities, which were conducted before the start of the school year, played an important role in stimulating child’s communication skills and later a successful inclusion into the educational process. The established partnership between the teacher, the teaching assistant and parents have resulted in creating an individualized education program and developing specific supporting strategies which sustained the boy’s communication and language skills. Supporting strategies include application of adequate forms of work and development of learning and teaching strategies, based mostly on kinesthetic and graphic presentations which have been proved to be the most acceptable for the boy. This case study is the first ever to test the stated presumptions. Final assessments made by the teachers and statements made by parents at the end of the first grade of elementary school indicate the efficiency of applying the listed supporting strategies.  Down syndrome, communication and language skills, supporting strategies, partnership with parents, learning outcomes

Field of study: Education
Foreign Economic Policy: Challenges of the 1980s

The making of U.S. foreign economic policy is never an easy task. Complex international and domestic aims and interests must be balanced. U.S. farmers want open European markets for their grain but if Europe is pushed too hard on this issue the resulting ill-will may affect European attitudes toward U.S. investment or common security measures. Damage to U.S. textile producers from Asian imports may prompt steps for quotas that in turn alienate friendly governments. Tension is often high when U.S. legislators consider key international bills and broad global and national aims are confounded by specific, well-organized interests. Recent cases in point are the acrimonious affray over the expansion of resources for the International Monetary Fund and demands for "reciprocity" in export access. In the 1980s similar skirmishes are likely to abound, and mount in scale, because of the growing and unavoidable integration of the U.S. economy with the economies of the rest of the world. In his recent study of long-run economic growth in the world's major market economies Angus Maddison calls the period 1950-1973 the "Golden Age."' During this span output per person rose by 3.8 percent per year. This was 2.4 times the average rate of growth of the capitalist world since 1820. A primary source of this unprecedented prosperity was the expansion of international trade. Exports of the chief industrial economies grew at the rate of 8.6 percent per year and multiplied more than six-fold.2 This rate was also more than twice that of the long-term his-

Field of study: Economics
The --174 G to C polymorphism of interleukin-6 gene is very rare in koreans.

The proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-6 (IL-6), seems to be involved in the pathogenesis and progression of IgA nephropathy. Moreover, the transcriptional activity of the IL-6 gene and the plasma levels of IL-6 protein are associated with a single G/C base exchange polymorphism at position -174 of the IL-6 gene promoter. Using PCR-RFLP and PCR product sequencing, we examined the -174 polymorphism in 104 IgA nephropathy patients and in 53 of the normal Korean population. Only 2 GC heterozygous variants and no CC homozygous variants were found (C allele frequency=0.006). These results suggest that the frequency of the C allele in the Korean population is considerably lower than in the Caucasian population, and it appears that the -174 G to C polymorphism of IL-6 is very rare in Eastern Asians. And, the IL-6 polymorphism at -174 is unlikely to contribute significantly to susceptibility to or the progression of IgA nephropathy in Koreans.

Field of study: Medicine
Recent Developments in the Flame-Retardant System of Epoxy Resin

With the increasing emphasis on environmental protection, the development of flame retardants for epoxy resin (EP) has tended to be non-toxic, efficient, multifunctional and systematic. Currently reported flame retardants have been capable of providing flame retardancy, heat resistance and thermal stability to EP. However, many aspects still need to be further improved. This paper reviews the development of EPs in halogen-free flame retardants, focusing on phosphorus flame retardants, carbon-based materials, silicon flame retardants, inorganic nanofillers, and metal-containing compounds. These flame retardants can be used on their own or in combination to achieve the desired results. The effects of these flame retardants on the thermal stability and flame retardancy of EPs were discussed. Despite the great progress on flame retardants for EP in recent years, further improvement of EP is needed to obtain numerous eco-friendly high-performance materials.

Field of study: Materials science
Subplinian monogenetic basaltic eruption of Sunset Crater, Arizona, USA

Sunset Crater volcano, located ~25 km northeast of downtown Flagstaff (Arizona, USA) in the San Francisco volcanic field, represents an interesting case of highly explosive monogenetic volcanism. Sunset Crater is a young (ca. 1085 CE) scoria cone, ~290 m high, that produced 0.52 km3 dense rock equivalent (DRE) of basaltic magma (0.16, 0.12, and 0.24 km3 DRE for the scoria cone, lava flows, and tephra deposit, respectively). The activity developed in three distinct phases: an initial fissure phase, followed by a highly explosive phase, and a final low-explosivity waning phase. The first phase was characterized by the opening of a 10-kmlong fissure, which produced the Gyp Crater spatter mounds and the Vent 512 lava flow ~10 km SE of the main scoria cone, followed by lava fountaining activity that produced the first tephra layer (unit 1, 0.01 km3 DRE). During the second highly explosive phase, the activity migrated to the northwest to evolve into a single-vent eruption, which formed the main scoria cone. The central vent activity was initially characterized by variable eruptive styles, which started the process of cone building, including deposition of a second tephra layer (unit 2, 0.01 km3 DRE), and the effusion of the two main lava flows (Bonito and Kana’a). Following the initiation of effusive activity, the eruption increased in explosivity to produce three subplinian tephra layers from the central vent (units 3, 4, and 5), which emitted more than 0.22 km3 DRE of basalt, with associated eruption columns >20 km high. By the end of this phase, the Kana’a lava flow was almost completely emplaced, but the Bonito flow continued to grow, forming a 3-km-diameter flow field. A final waning phase produced several tephra units, commonly discontinuous and reworked, with <0.01 km3 DRE cumulative volume. The comparatively large volume of tephra, the high eruptive columns, and high mass eruption rates make Sunset Crater the most explosive monogenetic eruption studied to date (volcano explosivity index [VEI] 3–4). Sunset Crater volcano represents an interesting case of monogenetic volcanism in that its activity was characterized by highly explosive eruptive phases up to subplinian in scale and intermittent episodes of lava effusion that heavily affected prehistoric communities in the area. Explosive basaltic volcanism should be considered when assessing volcanic hazards in continental settings, such as in the western United States.

Field of study: Geology
SEX AND STATUS OF MODELS

This research investigated the effects of sex and status of models on the acquisition of counseling behaviors by beginning students in counseling. Video tape was employed in both the presentation of M to the Ss, and in obtaining the criterion measure. The specific counseling behaviors (modeling tapes) were developed during the course of the research, and the criterion measure is reflective of those behaviors. The research task was to measure the effects of the sex and status variables of the Ms on the imitation by Ss of the modeled behaviors.

Field of study: Education
Interpopulation differences of the burrowing shrimp Callichirus major on urban beaches under different levels of fishing pressure

There is growing concern about the sustainability of burrowing-shrimp fisheries in many coastal areas because of their widespread use as bait and their importance as ecosystem engineers. The response of the target populations to the effect of long-term fishing pressure is still poorly understood. The present study reassessed the growth parameters, size structure and reproductive aspects of an exploited population of Callichirus major in northeastern Brazil, comparing it to a population on a beach where fishing pressure is negligible. The results are also discussed in the light of a previous study at the same site in 1999–2000. Sampling was carried out from September 2015 to May 2017 on two urban sandy beaches. Monthly length (dorsal oval) frequency data were analyzed using the FISAT II software package. Growth parameters were estimated with the ELEFAN I routine, using the von Bertalanffy seasonal growth model. The relationship between fecundity and individual size was estimated by linear regression. The exploited population had individual maximum sizes smaller than both those on the unexploited beach and in the population studied 16 years ago on the same beach. The percentages of ovigerous females were smaller than in 1999, and also differed widely between the two populations, with the exploited-beach population having one-fourth as many ovigerous females. This population showed smaller sizes at sexual maturation and low fecundity, and the females were 20% smaller. This study showed that the observed interpopulational differences in the size structure and reproductive parameters of Callichirus major can be attributed to overfishing, and indicated that the exploited population will tend toward collapse if regulatory measures to limit or prohibit fishing are not implemented.

Field of study: Environmental science
Direct incorporation of experimental phase information in model refinement.

The incorporation of prior phase information into a maximum-likelihood formalism has been shown to strengthen model refinement. However, the currently available likelihood refinement target using prior phase information has shortcomings; the 'phased' refinement target considers experimental phase information indirectly and statically in the form of Hendrickson-Lattman coefficients. Furthermore, the current refinement target implicitly assumes that the prior phase information is independent of the calculated model structure factor. This paper describes the derivation of a multivariate likelihood function that overcomes these shortcomings and directly incorporates experimental phase information from a single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (SAD) experiment. This function, which simultaneously refines heavy-atom and model parameters, has been implemented in the refinement program REFMAC5. The SAD function used in conjunction with the automated model-building procedures of ARP/wARP leads to a successful solution when current likelihood functions fail in a test case shown.

Field of study: Chemistry
Behavior dynamics: One perspective.

Behavior dynamics is a field devoted to analytic descriptions of behavior change. A principal source of both models and methods for these descriptions is found in physics. This approach is an extension of a long conceptual association between behavior analysis and physics. A theme common to both is the role of molar versus molecular events in description and prediction. Similarities and differences in how these events are treated are discussed. Two examples are presented that illustrate possible correspondence between mechanical and behavioral systems. The first demonstrates the use of a mechanical model to describe the molar properties of behavior under changing reinforcement conditions. The second, dealing with some features of concurrent schedules, focuses on the possible utility of nonlinear dynamical systems to the description of both molar and molecular behavioral events as the outcome of a deterministic, but chaotic, process.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
A high capacity reversible data hiding scheme with edge prediction and difference expansion

To enhance the embedding capacity of a reversible data hiding system, in this paper, a novel multiple-base lossless scheme based on JPEG-LS pixel value prediction and reversible difference expansion will be presented. The proposed scheme employs a pixel value prediction mechanism to decrease the distortion caused by the hiding of the secret data. In general, the prediction error value tends to be much smaller in smooth areas than in edge areas, and more secret data embedded in smooth areas still meets better stego-image quality. The multiple-base notational system, on the other hand, is applied to increase the payload of the image. With the system, the payload of each pixel, determined by the complexity of its neighboring pixels, can be very different. In addition, the cover image processed by the proposed scheme can be fully recovered without any distortion. Experimental results, as shown in this paper, have demonstrated that the proposed method is capable of hiding more secret data while keeping the stego-image quality degradation imperceptible.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Residual analysis for parametric models fit to censored data

The focus of this paper is on residual analysis for the lognormal and extreme value or Weibull models, although the proposed methods can be applied to any parametric model. Residuals developed by Barlow and Prentice (1988) for the Cox proportional hazards model are extended to the parametric model setting. Three different residuals are proposed based on this approach with two residuals measuring the impact of survival time and one measuring the impact of the covariates included in the model. In addition, a residual derived from the deviations equality presented in Efron and Johnstone (1990) and the residual proposed by Joergensen (1984) for censored data models are discussed.

Field of study: Mathematics
Application of a bacterial strain S3 to degrading several kinds of organophosphate pesticides

A bacterial strain S3 in degradation of several kinds of organophosphate pesticides was studied.The results showed that the strain S3 could grow in culture liquid with methamidophos or dimethoate as the sole carbon and nitrogen sources,and the degradation of methamidophos was best,with 52.1% degradation rate.The strain S3 could significantly degrade three organophosphate pesticides in culture liquid with additional carbon and nitrogen,and the degradation of dichlorvos was best,with 70.3% degradation rate.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Three perspectives on categorical symmetric Howe duality

In this paper, we consider the categorical symmetric Howe duality introduced by Khovanov, Lauda, Sussan and Yonezawa. While originally defined from a purely diagrammatic perspective, this construction also has geometric and representation-theoretic interpretations, corresponding to certain perverse sheaves on spaces of quiver representations and the category of Gelfand-Tsetlin modules over $\mathfrak{gl}_n$. 
In particular, we show that the ``deformed Webster algebras'' discussed in work of Khovanov-Lauda-Sussan-Yonezawa manifest a Koszul duality between blocks of the category of Gelfand-Tsetlin modules over $\mathfrak{gl}_n$, and the constructible sheaves on representations of a linear quiver invariant under a certain parabolic in the group that acts by changing bases. Furthermore, we show that this duality intertwines translation functors with a diagrammatic categorical action. Includes an appendix by the author and Jerry Guan.

Field of study: Mathematics
Bayesian Nonparametric Federated Learning of Neural Networks

In federated learning problems, data is scattered across different servers and exchanging or pooling it is often impractical or prohibited. We develop a Bayesian nonparametric framework for federated learning with neural networks. Each data server is assumed to provide local neural network weights, which are modeled through our framework. We then develop an inference approach that allows us to synthesize a more expressive global network without additional supervision, data pooling and with as few as a single communication round. We then demonstrate the efficacy of our approach on federated learning problems simulated from two popular image classification datasets.

Field of study: Computer science
Casting Process of Pump Wheel of Tank Hydraulic Torque Converter

The vane of a pump wheel in a kind of tank hydraulic torque converter has very complicated structure and requires high surface quality and dimension tolerance.The pump wheel can only be fabricated by casting process.Through component structure analysis,comparison of different casting processes and experiments,volume pump wheels have been successfully produced using CNC machine tool made metal pattern,ultra fine self-setting resin sand cores and traditional gravity casting process.The quality of the pump wheel castings satisfy the design requirement with casting surface roughness less than 6.4 μm and vane dimension tolerance less than ±2 mm.

Field of study: Materials science
Landau-Zener effect in superfluid nuclear systems

The Landau--Zener effect is generalized for many-body systems with pairing residual interactions. The microscopic equations of motion are obtained and the $^{14}$C decay of $^{223}$Ra spectroscopic factors are deduced. An asymmetric nuclear shape parametrization given by two intersected spheres is used. The single particle level scheme is determined in the frame of the superasymmetric two-center shell. The deformation energy is computed in the microscopic-macroscopic approximation. The penetrabilities are obtained within the WKB approximation. The fine structure of the cluster decay analyzed in the frame of this formalism gives a very good agreement with the experimental ratio of partial half-lives obtained in special conditions

Field of study: Physics
Nonparametric Combinatorial Regression for Shape Constrained Modeling

We introduce a unified approach for calculating nonparametric shape constrained regression. Enforcement of the shape constraint often accounts for the impact of a physical phenomenon or a specific property. It also improves the model's predicability and facilitates subsequent optimizations. The regression models are built by transforming the problem into the combinatorial domain where the shape constraints are imposed by bounding the combinatorial search space. We start by addressing isotonicity shape constraint using a dynamic programming algorithm and demonstrate how the problem can be mapped to the graph combinatorics domain. Next we show how a number of other important shape constraints including unimodality, convexity, limited level set, and limited slope can be addressed using the same framework. The flexibility of proposed framework enables solving the shape constrained regression problem with an arbitrary user-defined error metric. This flexibility is exploited to add robustness against outliers to the model. The algorithms are described in detail and their computational complexity is established. The performance and effectiveness of the shape constrained regression is evaluated on traces of temperature and humidity measurements from a deployed sensor network where a high degree of accuracy and robustness is demonstrated.

Field of study: Engineering
Study of cellular immunity in experimental autoimmune hepatitis in mice: transfer of spleen cells sensitized with liver proteins.

This study was based on our model of experimental autoimmune hepatitis produced by immunizing C57BL/6 (B6) mice with syngeneic liver proteins and Freund's complete adjuvant. Spleen cells obtained from these hepatitis mice were transferred to syngeneic normal recipient mice, and histological changes occurring in the liver and the role of cellular immunity in producing liver damages in recipient mice were investigated. Sensitized spleen cells from these immunized (donor) mice were fractionated by a nylon wool column and injected intravenously into normal B6 mice. Histology of the liver of the recipient mice showed mild infiltration of mononuclear cells around the periportal area 7 days after the transfer of sensitized spleen cells, and changes were most prominent in the mice injected with the fraction of nylon wool column adherent spleen cells. Induction of these liver lesions in the recipient mice was blocked by treatment of sensitized donor spleen cells with anti-Thy 1,2 monoclonal antibody and guinea pig complement before injection. Lymphocyte reactivity to liver-specific lipoprotein (LSP) in recipient mice was studied by a lymphocyte transformation system, and a high immune response was demonstrated with the fraction of nylon wool column non-adherent (T-enriched) spleen cells. These data seem to indicate T-cell interactions between donor and recipient mice in the transfer study using our experimental autoimmune hepatitis model.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
The Poliovirus Serotype Distribution in Serial Stool Samples from a First iVDPVs Case in China and the VP1 Genetic Characterization of Type III iVDPVs

This paper was to analyze the poliovirus serotype distribution in 12 serial stool specimens from a first immunodeficient vaccine-derived poliovirus(iVDPVs) case in China and the VP1 genetic characterization of the type Ⅲ iVDPVs was also studied.In 2005,polioviruses were isolated from 293 of 5231 AFP cases in 31 provincial polio laboratories using cell culture,virus isolation and micro-neutralization.From one AFP case,numbered CHN9230,12 serial stool specimens had been collected within 2-150 days after onset of AFP and 17 polioviruses were isolated,of which 12 were polio type Ⅱ viruses and 5 were poliovirus type Ⅱ and type Ⅲ coinfected.PCR-RFLP intratypic differentiation(ITD) method and ELISA assay were used to identify the 293 polio isolates.The ITD results indicated the 17 poliovirus isolates were drafted.The VP1 sequence analysis suggested that 12 type Ⅱ isolates were mixture of 2 or more type Ⅱ viruses and 5 type Ⅲ were respectively single viruses.VP1 sequencing of type Ⅲ showed there were 22 to 24 nucleotide substitutions among 5 type Ⅲ polioviruses,the identity was 97.33% to 97.56% as compared with type Ⅲ Sabin strain,all the type Ⅲ strains match the vaccine-derived poliovirus(VDPVs) diagnosis criteria(1% but15% nucleotide identity in VP1 capsid region) of Word Health Organization(WHO).The type Ⅲ poliovirus probably had been replicated for two and half years in this AFP patient who had been immunized five times with the last time in Jan.2005.This study firstly reported the iVDPVs case in China and polioviruses both types Ⅱ and Ⅲ VDPVs were isolated from this iVDPVs case.The iVDPVs appearing in China constitutes a serious challenge to the wild-type poliovirus-free status in China.

Field of study: Biology