nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Stereochemistry of nitrogen heterocycles. 69. 13C NMR spectra of stereoisomeric 10-methyl-5-oxygen-substituted trans-decahydroquinolines

The 13C NMR spectra of 5-keto- and 5a- and 5e-hydroxy-10-methyl- and 1,10-dimethyltrans-decahydroquinolines have been recorded and interpreted. The increments of the oxo and hydroxy groups in the 10-methyldecahydroquinoline and the isostructural 10-methyldecaline systems were compared. The difference between the increments of azacyclic and the carbocyclic systems appears- at the γ-positions relative to the electronegative substituents (C(7) and C(9)) and at the antiperiplanar γ-positions relative to nitrogen (C(5) and C(7)). The increments of the oxo and the equatorial hydroxy groups in the aza ring are more shielded than in the carbon ring (at C(7), 2 ppm; at C(g), 1 ppm), while the increments of the axial hydroxy group are more deshielded (at C(5), 1.5–2.0 ppm; at C(9), 1.0–1.5 ppm). The more the respective carbon atoms of the heterocycle are hydrogenated, the stronger are the deshielding Β-effect and the shielding γ-effect of the methyl group on nitrogen.

Field of study: Chemistry
Influence of Steel Structure on Machinability by Abrasive Water Jet

Although the abrasive waterjet (AWJ) has been widely used for steel cutting for decades and there are hundreds of research papers or even books dealing with this technology, relatively little is known about the relation between the steel microstructure and the AWJ cutting efficiency. The steel microstructure can be significantly affected by heat treatment. Three different steel grades, carbon steel C45, micro-alloyed steel 37MnSi5 and low-alloy steel 30CrV9, were subjected to four different types of heat treatment: normalization annealing, soft annealing, quenching and quenching followed by tempering. Then, they were cut by an abrasive water jet, while identical cutting parameters were applied. The relations between the mechanical characteristics of heat-treated steels and the surface roughness parameters Ra, Rz and RSm were studied. A comparison of changes in the surface roughness parameters and Young modulus variation led to the conclusion that the modulus was not significantly responsible for the surface roughness. The changes of RSm did not prove any correlation to either the mechanical characteristics or the visible microstructure dimensions. The homogeneity of the steel microstructure appeared to be the most important factor for the cutting quality; the higher the difference in the hardness of the structural components in the inhomogeneous microstructure was, the higher were the roughness values. A more complex measurement and critical evaluation of the declination angle measurement compared to the surface roughness measurement are planned in future research.

Field of study: Materials science
Spatial statistics of pulsed partly coherent radiation in a medium with a thermal nonlinearity

The approximation of small fluctuations of the optical field is used to solve the transient problem of conversion of the spatial statistics of partly coherent radiation in a randomly inhomogeneous weakly absorbing medium. Pulsed radiation is considered and it is assumed that the pulse duration does not exceed the "lifetime" of inhomogeneities. Equations derived for the coherence functions of field perturbations are used to study in detail the dynamics of the statistical characteristics of radiation, such as the correlation radius, variance of the fluctuations, correlation functions of the amplitudes, and phase of the field perturbations.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Household poverty classification in data-scarce environments: a machine learning approach

We describe a method to identify poor households in data-scarce countries by leveraging information contained in nationally representative household surveys. It employs standard statistical learning techniques---cross-validation and parameter regularization---which together reduce the extent to which the model is over-fitted to match the idiosyncracies of observed survey data. The automated framework satisfies three important constraints of this development setting: i) The prediction model uses at most ten questions, which limits the costs of data collection; ii) No computation beyond simple arithmetic is needed to calculate the probability that a given household is poor, immediately after data on the ten indicators is collected; and iii) One specification of the model (i.e. one scorecard) is used to predict poverty throughout a country that may be characterized by significant sub-national differences. Using survey data from Zambia, the model's out-of-sample predictions distinguish poor households from non-poor households using information contained in ten questions.

Field of study: Computer science
Underwater Acoustic Communication Network's MAC Protocol and Opnet Network Simulation

In this thesis,the authors refe to underwater communication network MAC(Media Access Control) layer multiple access technology and put forward TDCDMA(TDMA and CDMA),moreover, the TDCDMA protocol is simulated in Opnet software under the condition of underwater acoustic channel.Some defects are found from simulation results, so TDCDMA protocol is optimized and simulated in Opnet again, comparing the two results show that optimized TDCDMA protocol can improve network throughput.

Field of study: Engineering
The Possibility of Applying TQM in Dhamar Univeristy

This is a feasibility study intended to assess the possibility of applying Total Quality Management (TQM) in Dhamar University in Yemen. In this study, questionnaires were administered to select faculty members at Dhamar University using simple random sampling, and SPSS was used to analyze the data collected. Statistical treatments such as chi-square, One Way ANOVA and correlation were employed in the analysis. The study revealed that our main objective, which is successfully implementing TQM in Dhamar University, was slightly above average. Besides that, some interesting patterns and association were also discovered from the analysis. It was established that acceptability of TQM depended on faculty and job position of the member but in a weak manner. It was also revealed that the motivational level of faculty members is influenced by age, years of service, job position and faculty. Apart from establishing the how feasible it will be to implement TQM in Dhamar, this study was also necessary in the sense that it highlighted some obstacles that might hinder the implementation of TQM in Dhamar and suggestions were given for addressing them. This study can server as blue-print for implementing TQM in Dhamar as well as a resource material for future research.

Field of study: Business
Immunoglobulin treatment reduces atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E–/– low‐density lipoprotein receptor –/– mice via the complement system

Atherosclerosis is associated with activation of the immune system. Intravenously applied normal polyclonal immunoglobulins (IVIg) have broad therapeutic applications in the treatment of autoimmune and systemic inflammatory diseases. Recently, IVIg have been shown to inhibit atherogenesis in experimental animal models. To investigate the role of the complement system in this process, we used third complement component‐deficient  (C3–/–) and control atherosclerosis‐prone apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and low‐density  lipoprotein  receptor  (LDLR)  double  knock‐out  mice  fed  a normal diet. IVIg treatment reduced lesion fraction area in the aortic root of complement‐sufficient mice whereas the lesion fraction area of C3–/– mice was not affected. Thus, complement activation plays a role in the anti‐atherosclerotic effects of IVIg, possibly by C3‐derived fragments generated through Fc‐dependent complement activation.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Nonlinear paradigm-a new paradigm for studying the science of sports training

Since the mid 1980s,with the rapid development of international competitive sports,sports training scientific research paradigm which was established based on modern epistemology of linear science ever increasingly showed limitations which it cannot overcome when it was used to solve highly complicated sports training problems,while nonlinear science provides a new perspective for us to understand real,complicated sports training problems.The theories and methods of non linear science have gradually caught the extensive attention of the academic community of sports training,and started being applied to some areas of sports training.Nonlinear paradigm will be a new paradigm for studying the science of sports training in the 21st century.

Field of study: Education
Effects of deposition rate on the size of self-assembled InP islands formed on GaInP/GaAs(100) surfaces

Utilizing the Stranski-Krastanov growth mode, three-dimensional InP islands are formed on a GalnP/GaAs surface using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The islands have been investigated with atomic force microscopy, and the effect of the deposition rate on the shape of the islands has been quantified. The height of the islands varies with deposition rate, whereas the basediameters are nearly constant around 1260 ± 35Å. The island height is 290 ± 12 Å at a high (2.6 ML/s) deposition rate and decreases to approximately 250 ± 16 Å for low (0.1 ML/ s) and moderate (0.8 ML/s) deposition rates.

Field of study: Materials science
Geology and Mineralization of the Northeastern Humboldt Range, Nevada

This paper presents the results of an investigation of the geology and mineralization of the northeastern portion of the Humboldt Range, Nevada. The principal rock units of this area are keratophyric and rhyolitic volcanics overlain with apparent conformity by the Middle and Upper Triassic Star Peak limestones and associated clastic strata. These strata have been folded, faulted, and intruded by Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous diabase, gabbro, syenite, and granite porphyry. Extensive mineralization and hydrothermal alteration have also taken place. Later deformation and igneous activity, which probably accompanied uplift of the present Humboldt Range by Pliocene “Basin Range” block faulting, are shown by olivine diabase dikes, by post-mineral faulting (in part), and by basalt, trachyte porphyry, and trachytic ash. The hypogene ore deposits of silver, antimony, and gold are sulphide-bearing quartz fissure veins, bed veins, and stockworks in rhyolite, in granite porphyry, and in the lower Star Peak strata. Hypogene fissure filling and replacement have been accompanied by extensive wall-rock alteration. Supergene deposits comprise portions of the hypogene silver deposits enriched by supergene argentite and native silver. The ore deposits are grouped along major fault zones which trend roughly parallel to Jura-Cretaceous (?) folds and apparently were initiated during Jura-Cretaceous (?) orogeny. The forms of the hypogene deposits and the distribution of the hypogene vein minerals within them show a close control by structural features produced by deformation prior to and during mineralization.

Field of study: Geology
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Continuous-wave InGaAsP/InP injection lasers emitting short wavelengths

Emission of cw coherent radiation at 300 K has been achieved from stripe and mesastripe InGaAsP/InP heterostructure lasers at short wavelengths (1.068-1.085μ). The threshold currents were 140-220 mA. A study was made of the radiative characteristics of InGaAsP/InP double-heterostructure lasers emitting short wavelengths.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Synthesis and application of a pour point depressant for lubricant base oil

The synthesis of a pour point depressant for lubricant base oil and its effect on solidification point(SP) depression for 150SN lubricant base oil.are introduced.The pour point depressant is synthesized by using maleic anhydride,stearamine,vinyl acetate as raw materials,dimethylbenzene and as solvent,p-toluenesulfonic acid as catalyst through amination and polymerization.And the structure is further confirmed by IR The influences of reactive process condition on the depression effect of pour point depressant are reviewed.The effect is fine when the pour point depressant is applied to 150SN lubricant base oil of Daqing lubricant factory.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Intelligence and Central Life Interests in Two Groups of Older Men

It was predicted that VA domiciliary members would differ from a comparable group of Senior Citizens with regard to psychological referents for two legal criteria used in selection of domiciliary members. Intelligence and pattern of central life interests were used as referents. When compared with the Senior Citizens group, the domiciliary members were lower in intelligence, more concerned with matters of physical self-maintenance and less concerned with social or psychological gratification. The findings with regard to central life interests supported one aspect of Maslow's theory of motivation.

Field of study: Psychology
Social network analysis of duplicative prescriptions: One-month analysis of medical facilities in Japan.

Duplicative prescriptions refer to situations in which patients receive medications for the same condition from two or more sources. Health officials in Japan have expressed concern about medical "waste" resulting from this practices. We sought to conduct descriptive analysis of duplicative prescriptions using social network analysis and to report their prevalence across ages.



We analyzed a health insurance claims database including 1.24 million people from December 2012. Through social network analysis, we examined the duplicative prescription networks, representing each medical facility as nodes, and individual prescriptions for patients as edges.



The prevalence of duplicative prescription for any drug class was strongly correlated with its frequency of prescription (r=0.90). Among patients aged 0-19, cough and colds drugs showed the highest prevalence of duplicative prescriptions (10.8%). Among people aged 65 and over, antihypertensive drugs had the highest frequency of prescriptions, but the prevalence of duplicative prescriptions was low (0.2-0.3%). Social network analysis revealed clusters of facilities connected via duplicative prescriptions, e.g., psychotropic drugs showed clustering due to a few patients receiving drugs from 10 or more facilities.



Overall, the prevalence of duplicative prescriptions was quite low - less than 10% - although the extent of the problem varied by drug class and age group. Our approach illustrates the potential utility of using a social network approach to understand these practices.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Vernier and grating acuity in adult hooded rats: the influence of sex.

Although morphological sex differences are pervasive in the primary visual cortex of hooded rats, it is not known whether sex differences occur in vision in these rats. In this study, grating acuity was measured in a forced-choice Y maze and a jumping stand in adult hooded rats, and vernier acuity thresholds were established in the jumping stand. With a criterion of 34 correct/50 trials, the number of correct choices for both sexes was high (1.0-1.6 cycles per degree [c/deg]) for spatial gratings. Female rats made more correct identifications of the coarse gratings (0.125 and 0.25 c/deg) than male rats, but no sex differences were found for higher spatial frequencies. In contrast, male rats were better at detecting smaller vernier offsets in both the individual criterion and group averages than female rats, and all of the rats detected vernier misalignments at 34.1 min (equivalent to 1.75 c/deg), which is above their grating acuity. Vernier acuity may mirror some sex differences in visual cortex anatomy.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Training Student Pharmacists in Medication Dispensing and Checking Within a High-Fidelity Clinical Environment

To describe the implementation of and student pharmacist experience with high-fidelity training in medication dispensing and clinical checking processes and procedures.  An actual dispensary in a large teaching hospital was used as the setting in which to provide undergraduate student pharmacists the opportunity to develop skills and knowledge regarding the process and procedures of medication dispensing and clinical checking. The sessions were facilitated by a member of the hospital pharmacy team and overseen by a faculty member. Students were required to conduct legal and clinical checks and process anonymized hospital prescriptions. Students recorded their experiences in their professional portfolio as blog entries, which were then discussed with academic staff members on a biweekly basis. Content analysis of the blogs was conducted to investigate the student experience.  Forty-eight students attended 30 hours of dispensing sessions over a 20-week period from September to April. Content analysis of 102 blog entries demonstrated students reporting observations and experiences which mapped to the three components of communities of practice: the domain of pharmacy practice, the working dynamics of a community of professionals within the workplace, and the commonality of practice and shared repertoire of resources.  The high-fidelity teaching of students about the dispensing and checking process in an actual dispensary environment supports student pharmacists’ knowledge and skills development. The work-based nature of this approach also provides experiential learning opportunities for students to observe and participate in the professional community of practice.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
A New Perspective for Osteosarcoma Therapy: Proteasome Inhibition by MLN9708/2238 Successfully Induces Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest and Attenuates the Invasion Ability of Osteosarcoma Cells in Vitro

The proteasome exists in all eukaryotic cells and provides the main route of intracellular proteins degradation involved in cell growth and apoptosis. Proteasome inhibition could block protein degradation pathways and disturb regulatory networks, possibly leading to profound effects on cell growth, particularly in cancer cells. A proteasome inhibitor with an appropriate toxicity index for malignant cells rather than normal cells would be an attractive anticancer therapy.  The human osteosarcoma (OS) cell lines MG-63 and Saos-2 and normal osteoblast cells were used to study the antitumour activity of the proteasome inhibitor MLN9708/2238.  MLN2238 inhibited cell growth, induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and attenuated the invasion abilities of MG-63 and Saos-2 cells, with little cytotoxicity to normal cells. In addition, MLN2238 promoted antitumour mechanisms including the accumulation of E2F1, P53, P21 and other negative G2/M checkpoint proteins; up-regulated the relative expression ratio of BAX/BCL-2, APAF-1 and pro-apoptotic proteins of the BCL-2 family; triggered mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP); down-regulated BCL-2 and XIAP; activated caspase3/8/9; and suppressed MMP2/9 expression and secretion levels.  The proteasome may be a novel biochemical target for OS treatment in vitro. Our study provides a promising mechanistic framework for MLN9708/2238 in OS treatment, supporting its clinical development.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Background activities, induction, and behavioral allocation in operant performance.

In experiments on operant behavior, other activities, called "background" activities, compete with the operant activities. Herrnstein's (1970) formulation of the matching law included background reinforcers in the form of a parameter rO, but remained vague about the activities (BO) that produce rO. To gain more understanding, we analyzed data from three studies of performance with pairs of variable-interval schedules that changed frequently in the relative rate at which they produced food: Baum and Davison (2014), Belke and Heyman (1994), and Soto, McDowell, and Dallery (2005). Results sometimes deviated from the matching law, suggesting variation in rO. When rO was calculated from the matching equation, two results emerged: (a) rO is directly proportional to BO, as in a ratio schedule; and (b) rO and BO depend on the food rate, which is to say that BO consists of activities induced by food, as a phylogenetically important event. Other activities unrelated to food (BN ) correspond to Herrnstein's original conception of rO and may be included in the matching equation. A model based on Baum's (Baum, 2012) concepts of allocation, induction, and contingency explained the deviations from the matching law. In the model, operant activity B, BO, and BN competed unequally in the time allocation: B and BO both replaced BN , BO replaced lever pressing (Soto et al.), and key pecking replaced BO (Baum & Davison). Although the dependence of rO and BO on food rate changes Herrnstein's (1970) formulation, the model preserved the generalized matching law for operant activities by incorporating power-function induction.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
A Method for Domain Detection of Polysilicon Based on Threshold Segmentation

Digital image based domain segmentation is one of the key techniques for crystallinity detection of polysilicon.Automatic determination of thresholds is the core task to realize automatic machine detection.Based on histogram information and the characteristics of image,uses bimodal method and wave symmetry analysis to get the number of thresholds and their probable values,then utilizes Otsu' method to obtain the precise values of the thresholds.The experiment shows that this method combines the advantages of bimodal method and Otsu' method.Segmenting polycrystalline image with this algorithm can get well detection results and time consumption of this algorithm and has reduced to 1/3 ～ 1/4 compare with traditional.This method provides a solid foundation for the industrial automatic-line detection.

Field of study: Computer science
Highly sensitive nano-TESs for gigahertz astronomy and dark matter search

Terahertz and sub-terahertz band detection has a key role both in fundamental interactions physic sand technological applications, such as medical imaging, industrial quality control and homeland security. In particular, transition edge sensors (TESs) and kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs) are the most employed bolometers and calorimeters in the THz and sub-THz band for astrophysics and astroparticles research. Here, we combine the widespread TES detection with the most advanced nano-technology to design, fabricate and experimentally demonstrate an innovative nanoscale TES (nano-TES). Thanks to the reduced dimensionality of the active region and the efficient Andreev mirror (AM) heat confinement, our devices reach state-of-the-art TES performance. In particular,as a bolomenter the nano-TES shows a noise equivalent power (NEP) of 5*10-20 W/Hz1/2 and a relaxation time of 10 ns for the sub-THz band, typical of cosmic microwave background studies. When operated as sisengle-photon sensor, the devices show a remarkable frequency resolution of 100 GHz, pointing towards the necessary energy sensitivity requested in laboratory axion arch experiments. Finally, different multiplexing schemes are proposed and sized for imaging applications.

Field of study: Physics
Cross-layer Secure Transmission Protocol of VANET Based on Random Frequency Hopping Diversity

To prevent the eavesdropping in existing VANET( Vehicular Ad-hoc Network),the cross-layer security routing protocol based frequency diversity is presented in this paper. When building the routing in network layer,according to the positions of nodes,the protocol limited the broading rage of node geographical position. As a result,the nodes,except to the source node and the destination node,cannot gain the whole channel information about routings and channel states. Then. the channel states is transparently transmitted from network layer to physical layer,on which the random frequency diversity is adopted,to make the receiving constellation of eavesdropper disheveled. Finally,the eavesdropper cannot recover the information,which means the security of information transmission is gained.

Field of study: Computer science