nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Empirical Analysis of Audit Opinion of Listed Company Detecting Fraud Using Benfords Law

On the basis of Benford's Law,by takng modified auditor opinion listed company announced by Institute of Certified Public Accountants as sample,pairing each sample company,and carrying out empirical test to financial data of sample company and paired company,draw a conclusion that both balance sheets possess higher authenticity,the authenticity of income statement of paired company is higher than that of sample company,authenticity of each season financial data of the sample company is higher than that of the sample company,the authenticity of financial report of the fourth season is the highest,and lowest in the second season.

Field of study: Economics
[Acute vestibular disorder in the elderly: stroke or peripheral vestibulopathy].

Acute vestibular disorder is a frequent cause of urgent hospitalization in elderly patients. A CNS vascular disorder is often thought to be a cause of vertigo and a patient is diagnosed with stroke or transitory ischemic attack (TIA) or vertebral-basilar insufficiency. Despite the higher risk of cerebrovascular disease in the elderly, stroke and TIA are not the only cause of acute vestibular disorder. Hyperdiagnosis of cerebrovascular diseases in patients with acute vertigo often leads to underdiagnosis of peripheral vestibular disorders that could be successfully treated if timely diagnosed. The differential diagnosis of the lesions of central and peripheral vestibular systems is based on clinical examination of patients with acute vertigo including an analysis of cerebrovascular risk factors, characteristics of vertigo, nystagmus and careful identification of focal neurological symptoms.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Teratogenic evaluation of ethylene chlorhydrin (ECh, 2-chlorethanol) in mice.

ECh administered intragastrically to pregnant CD-1 mice from the 6th to the 16th day of gestation at a dose of 100 mg/kg produced a significant reduction in maternal weight gain and a decrease in fetal body weight and liver weight. A lower dose of 50 mg/kg had no consistent effect and a higher dose of 150 mg/kg was maternally lethal. Administration of ECh in the drinking water at doses of 16, 43, 77, or 227 mg/kg did not produce any adverse effects on maternal or fetal body weight, viability, or fetal anatomical development.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Ultra-short polarization splitter based on a plasmonic dual-core photonic crystal fiber with an ultra-broad bandwidth.

A compact polarization beam splitter based on a gold-filled photonic crystal fiber with a square lattice is proposed. The full vector finite element method is used to design and characterize the proposed ultra-compact and ultra-broadband polarization splitter. The plasmonic plays an important role in order to achieve an ultra-short length of 56.33 µm with a high extinction ratio of 132.92 dB at the wavelength of 1.55 µm. It can ensure an ultra-broad bandwidth of 530 nm, from 1225 to 1755 nm, covering all the communication bands with an extinction ratio better than 20 dB. The proposed polarization splitter may be a promising candidate in communication due to its ultra-short length and ultra-broad bandwidth.

Field of study: Physics
Control of Phase, Structural and Optical Properties of Tin Sulfide Nanostructured Thin Films Grown via Chemical Bath Deposition

In this study, nanostructured tin sulfide (SnS) thin films were synthesized on glass substrates by means of low-cost chemical bath deposition using non-toxic trisodium citrate (TSC) as complexing agent. The influence of varying molar concentration of TSC (0.15–0.21 M) on the tin sulfide phases was investigated. The structural, morphological and optical properties of the films were studied using x-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Raman spectroscopy and optical absorption spectroscopy. The XRD patterns confirmed an orthorhombic polycrystalline structure of the as-prepared SnS thin films. The values of average crystalline size and texture coefficient of the major XRD peak increased with increasing TSC concentration. The FESEM micrographs revealed that the synthesized thin films are characterized by a flake-stack structure. The Raman spectra of the films showed the presence of a Sn2S3 peak, which gradually declined in intensity until almost disappearing as the TSC concentration increased from 0.15 M to 0.21 M. The direct energy band gaps estimated from ultraviolet–visible–near-infrared absorption spectra also varied between 1.64 eV to 1.1 eV with increasing TSC concentration from 0.15 M to 0.21 M. The results indicate the crucial role of TSC in the synthesis of SnS nanostructured thin films.

Field of study: Materials science
Production of monoclonal antibodies defining guinea pig T-cell surface markers and a strain 13 Ia-like antigen: the value of immunohistological screening.

The production and characterization of eight monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against surface markers of guinea pig T-cells is reported. MAbs CT5 and CT7 define putative pan-T-cell markers. CT5, however, also reacts with the B-cell leukemic line L2C. MAb CT6 is reactive with less than 30% of peripheral T-cells. MAbs CT1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 are reactive with lymphocytes, but not with germinal center B-cells. In addition to the CT's, a MAb (CI-13.1) has been prepared that reacts with an Ia-like antigen on cells of strain 13 and outbred guinea pigs, but not with cells of strain 2 animals. CI-13.1 cross-reacts with human tissue sections: About 30% of the OKIa-positive dendritic cells in the human dermis are recognized by CI-13.1. In the course of production and characterization, various binding assays and an immunohistological method were used for determining the antibody specificity. Immunohistological screening was found to be the most informative method.

Field of study: Biology
Comparative efficacy of thrombolytics in acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review.

The comparative clinical effectiveness of new (reteplase, tenecteplase) vs. older (alteplase, streptokinase) thrombolytic agents in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction is uncertain.



To examine 30-35 day mortality and major adverse effects of thrombolytic agents in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction.



Systematic review of randomized controlled trials comparing the clinical efficacy of included drug regimens.



We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Science Citation Index/Web of Science from 1980 to December 2001, and the Cochrane Library (2001, Issue 4). Reference lists of included studies and a number of medical journals were hand searched. Randomized controlled trials that compared any two of the included drugs provided to patients in the early stages of acute myocardial infarction, were included. Outcome measures included: mortality, bleeding, stroke, reinfarction, allergy and anaphylaxis.



We found 14 studies, total study population 142 907. For available comparisons (all alteplase vs. streptokinase, reteplase vs. streptokinase or alteplase, tenecteplase vs. alteplase), meta-analysis showed no significant differences in mortality at 30-35 days. The GUSTO-I study showed an apparent benefit of accelerated alteplase over streptokinase, but its inclusion or exclusion made little difference. Total stroke and haemorrhagic stroke rates were lower for streptokinase than for all alteplase combined (total stroke, OR 1.29, 95%CI 1.13-1.46; haemorrhagic stroke OR 1.83, 95%CI 1.14-2.93).



All thrombolytic drugs appear to be of similar efficacy in reducing mortality, and the apparent benefits of accelerated alteplase in GUSTO-I are consistent with this. Whether accelerated alteplase is sufficiently different from other regimens of administering alteplase to be excluded from a meta-analysis, and whether more weight should be placed on a meta-analysis than on a single trial, are matters for debate.

Field of study: Medicine
A performance model interchange format

A performance model interchange format (PMIF) provides a mechanism whereby system model information may be transferred among performance modeling tools. The PMIF allows diverse tools to exchange information and requires only that the importing and exporting tools support the PMIF. This paper presents the definition of a PMIF by describing a meta-model of the information requirements and the transfer format derived from it. It describes how tool developers can implement the PMIF, how the model interchange via export and import works in practice, and how the PMIF can be extended. A simple case study illustrates the format. The paper concludes with the current status of the PMIF, lessons learned, some suggestions for extensions, and current work in progress.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Addressing the Needs of Preschool Children in the Context of Disasters and Terrorism: Assessment, Prevention, and Intervention

Purpose of ReviewThe goal of this paper is to review the research literature regarding the needs of preschoolers in the context of disasters and terrorism with the aim of understanding the existing methods for assessment, prevention, and intervention to provide recommendations and point out required research and development.Recent FindingsWe differentiate between screening tools that provide initial evaluation and assessment tools for diagnosing preschooler children’s pathology and review possible interventions that address the preschool child’s needs before, during, and after the incident itself. We also emphasize the lack of dissemination and research of prevention programs and mass interventions for preschoolers.SummaryPrograms for community mass prevention and intervention for preschoolers should be developed and evaluated and interventions should be adapted for individual and group delivery. Moreover, the increase in the number of children refugees requires cultural adaptations of assessment measures and interventions.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Tertiary sea levels in Australia and New Zealand

Little is known of absolute Tertiary sea levels in Australia and New Zealand for periods prior to the Pliocene because of the widespread occurrence of earth movements, particularly in the Early and Middle Tertiary. Stratigraphic studies, however, reveal a sequence of large relative changes in land and sea level since Cretaceous times. Some of these changes are widely recorded, and there is evidence suggesting contemporary climatic changes. For these reasons it is believed that some of the changes in relative level of land and sea indicated by the sedimentary record represent, in part at least, real changes in level of the sea. In southwestern Victoria, two major Tertiary transgressional/regressional cycles can be found. The first is largely confined to the Paleocene. The second commenced in the Eocene and, with some reversals of direction, reached its culmination in the Miocene. In New Zealand, the record is inconclusive prior to the mid-Eocene, when the land was probably emergent. Subsequent transgression, recorded by sediments of Te Kuiti Group, continued to the end of the Oligocene and was interrupted in the Miocene by block-faulting. In the Pliocene, near stability seems to have been attained near Adelaide in Australia and in northern New Zealand, and sea levels in the Early Pliocene are believed to have been below the present. The later Pliocene record is one of rising sea levels; by the end of the period (the boundary to the Pleistocene being indicated by the incoming of cool-water faunas), sea level was substantially above its present position. Subsequent large changes in ocean level indicated by stratigraphic and geomorphic studies are attributed to the growth and decay of Pleistocene ice sheets, reinforced in part by presumed tectono-eustatic movements.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
EFFECTS OF MACROMOLECULAR ASSOCIATION ON FLUORESCENCE AND PHOTODIMERIZATION BEHAVIORS OF POLYMERIC ANTHRACENE CHROMOPHORE IN AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION

Anthracene chromophore attached to the chain end of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-Ant) was found to exhibit excimer fluorescence down to 10−7 M in an aqueous solution. Macromolecular association of PEG-Ant with poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) increased excimer emission intensity by a factor of 10 as well as the rate of photodimerization.

Field of study: Chemistry
Mechanical Properties of Sisal Reinforced Composites in Response to Water Absorption

The authors discuss the water absorption behaviour of sisal and its epoxy based composites and the mechanical properties of composites that have been aged in water. In addition, a series of fibre pretreatment techniques, including mercerization, acetylation, cyanoethylation, coupling agent treatment and thermal treatment, which are believed to be able to improve the water resistance of sisal and its composites, have been evaluated. It was found that the water absorption behaviour of sisal composites is controlled mainly by the fibre and the fibre/matrix interfacial characteristics. As a result, appropriate fibre modification to retard water diffusion and enhance interfacial adhesion is necessary if the natural fibre composites are to be used in practical applications.

Field of study: Materials science
Low Critical Temperature dc-SQUIDs for High Spatial Resolution Applications

We present the design and the performances of LTc SQUIDs with integrated micro pick-up coils to employ as magnetic field sensors in high spatial resolution measurements. The circular pick-up coils, having an inner diameter ranging from 5 to 50 mum and a line width of 2 mum, are well separated (1.5 mm) from the SQUID body to minimize magnetic interferences. The micro pick-up coils are connected to the SQUID by both magnetometer and gradiometric configurations. All SQUID types contain an integrated modulation/feedback coil for flux locked loop operations. At T = 4.2 K, the sensors have a measured white magnetic flux noise spectral density as low as 3 muPhi0/Hz1/2. These measurements were made in a flux locked loop, using a direct coupled amplifier, without the use of additional positive feedback. The low noise is attributed to the high intrinsic responsivity of our sensors. Finally, flux gain measurements (the ratio between the measured magnetic flux and the flux applied to the micro pick-up coil), are reported.

Field of study: Physics
The Brookhaven nuclear reactor

On August 22, 1950 the Brookhaven reactor became critical. The work of scientists is notable for its lack of drama. It is usually difficult to say when a piece of apparatus starts to work, and it is even more difficult to decide when an experiment is complete. The uranium chain reaction is outstanding, therefore, since the change from an inert subcritical assembly of fissionable material to a supercritical chain reactor is sudden and, to all intents and purposes, discontinuous.

Field of study: Physics
UWB Standard Dispute

Ultra wide band(UWB) is one of the newest wireless communication technologies.The high speed interconnection between mobile and portable devices located in offices and homes can be realized by UWB,so video,audio,and high speed data can be delivered.UWB has bright potential and huge market future,so the competition between several UWB standards has been fierce from the very beginning.This paper discusses the theoretical differences between two main UWB standards,reviews their progress procedures,presents the current market cases for two main UWB standards,and finally predicts their futures.

Field of study: Engineering
Late Weichselian and Holocene palaeogeography of the Rhine–Meuse delta, The Netherlands

A large number of lithological borehole descriptions, 14C dates, archaeological artefacts, and gradients of palaeochannels were used to reconstruct the Holocene development of the Rhine–Meuse delta. Data were stored in a Geographical Information System database that enables generation of palaeogeographical maps for any time during the Holocene. The time resolution of the palaeogeographic reconstruction is about 200 years. During the Holocene, avulsion was an important process, resulting in frequent shifts of areas of clastic sedimentation. Palaeogeographic evolution of the Rhine–Meuse delta is mainly governed by complex interactions among several factors. These are: (1) Location and shape of the Late Weichselian palaeovalley. (2) Sea-level rise, which resulted in back-filling of the palaeovalley. (3) Peat formation, which was most extensive in the western part of the back-barrier area especially between 4000 and 3000 14C yr BP. This more or less fixed the river pattern at that time and resulted in few avulsions.  Increased discharge, sediment load and/or within-channel sedimentation. After 2800 14C yr BP, river meanders of Rhine distributaries as well as the single channel of the Meuse show remarkable increases in wavelength, interpreted as a result of increased bankfull discharge and sediment load. Increased discharge may initially have been caused by a higher precipitation. After 2000 14C yr BP, both discharge and sediment load seem to have increased as a result of human influence. Alternatively, decreasing gradients (as a result of sea-level rise) may have caused an increased within-channel sedimentation and channel widening, which would also lead to increased meander wavelengths. (6) Composition of the river banks. Meandering river channels tend to adhere to the sandy margins of the Late Weichselian palaeovalley, and a high channel sinuosity is found in areas where river banks consist of sand. (7) Marine ingressions, e.g., the AD 1421 St. Elizabeth's flood, caused large-scale erosion in the southwestern part of the fluvial deltaic plain. (8) Human influence. Since about AD 1100 human influence dominated the palaeogeographic evolution. Rivers were embanked and dredged, meanders were cut off, and for the Meuse, a new distributary canal (the Bergsche Maas) was dug in AD 1904. Discharge distribution over the various channels is strictly controlled nowadays. An unusual feature of the delta is the prolonged existence of the Oude Rijn channel belt.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
How Labour Market Flexibility Affects Unemployment: Long-Term Implications of the Chain Reaction Theory

This paper evaluates two theories of unemployment: the natural rate theory (whereby unemployment is depicted as fluctuating around a reasonably stable natural rate) and the chain reaction theory (which views movements in unemployment as the outcome of the interplay between labour market shocks and a network of lagged adjustment processes). We show that, for labour market systems with two common characteristics – lagged endogenous variables and growing exogenous variables – lags affect unemployment not only in the short run, but in the long run as well. The reason is that, in the presence of growing exogenous variables, the lagged responses are never able to work themselves out entirely. In this respect, the chain reaction theory contrasts sharply with the natural theory, which commonly views unemployment as approaching a natural rate determined solely by the values of the exogenous variables. The policy implications of the two theories are quite different as well. For an empirical model of the UK market, we show that unemployment does not converge to the natural rate, as conventionally defined. Furthermore, we show that lagged adjustment processes account for a substantial part of the UK long-run equilibrium unemployment rate and for the movement of UK unemployment over the past 15 years.

Field of study: Economics
Identification of a Leu-lle internalization motif within the cytoplasmic domain of the leukaemia inhibitory factor receptor.

Leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) signals via a heterodimeric receptor complex comprised of the LIF receptor (LIFR) and the interleukin (IL)-6 signal transducer gp130. Upon binding to its cognate receptor LIF is internalized. In this study, we show that the LIFR is endocytosed independently of gp130. By using a heterochimaeric receptor system we identified a dileucine-based internalization motif within the cytoplasmic domain of the LIFR. Our findings suggest that a heterodimeric LIFR/gp130 complex and homodimeric gp130/gp130 complex are endocytosed via distinct internalization signals.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Twin-sensitivity measurement by spatial multiplexing of digitally recorded holograms.

We present an all-numeric multiplexing/demultiplexing technique for digitally recorded holograms that allow the simultaneous determination of the in-plane and the out-of-plane components of the displacement vector of an object submitted to some loading. The twin-sensitivity measurement is obtained from two different illumination directions that give two sensitivity vectors. The spatial multiplexing is achieved by an incoherent mixing of two duplets of coherent waves that produce holograms carried with orthogonal polarized reference waves. The spatial demultiplexing uses the autocorrelation function of the multiplexed holograms as a position estimator. The estimator then enables the determination of the pixel-to-pixel correspondence between the holograms for the double component determination. Results of the experiment are presented.

Field of study: Physics
Loss of Consciousness in Injuries of the Extremities is an Alert to a Higher Probability of Death

There are many published studies about loss of consciousness related to general trauma however works on loss of consciousness in respect to orthopedic injuries are scarce.  The aim of this study was to investigate whether loss of consciousness worsens the prognosis of patients with orthopedic injuries.  A retrospective cohort study of orthopedic traumas was performed in the university Hospital of Base in São José do Rio Preto. All accident victims with injuries of the extremities classified as Score 3 or 4 by the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) were included in this observational quantitative study. Patients with minor injuries and injuries that did not involve the extremities were not included. The association of loss of consciousness at the scene of the accident with evolution to death was investigated. The t-test, chi-squared and Fisher exact tests, and relative risk were used for statistical analysis. An alpha error of 5% (p-value ≤ 0.05) was considered statistically significant.  A total of 245 patients with ages between 13 and 98 years old and a mean of 45.4 years had extremity AIS scores of 3 or 4. Of these, significantly more men (170 - p< 0.001) suffered this type of injury than women (71). Thirty-six (14.94%) of these patients lost consciousness compared to 205 (85.06%) who did not lose consciousness. The total death rate in this group of patients was 5.39%; 9 (25%) of the 36 patients who lost consciousness and 4 (1.95%) of the 205 who did not lose consciousness died (Fisher exact test: p-value = 0.0001 and relative risk = 12,813 – 95% confidence index: 4,166 to 39,408).  Loss of consciousness in patients with orthopedic injuries of the extremities is associated to a higher death rate.

Field of study: Medicine