nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Impact of CNG Crisis on Student’s Academic Life

The goal of this study is to determine the impact of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) crisis on Student’s Academic Life of Karachi Pakistan. This research helps in observing the behavior of students and their educational progress includes depression and anxiety, rate of absenteeism and undesirable results in exams threatens due to CNG crisis and suggest the beneficial ways which helps to reduce the problem of CNG crisis and boosts student’s academic life. This research is based on qualitative and empirical data. Inferential statistics techniques are used to determine the impact of variables include widespread use of CNG, demand and supply gap of gas, gas theft and irresponsible attitude of government on student’s academic life. The collection of data is done from students, teachers, psychologist and economist through random sampling. SPSS software is used to verify the results of the study. This research is useful for educational institutions, government and psychologist as well as for the researchers who want to research in this area because this research provides clear direction towards the factors which threatens student’s academic life.  Depression and anxiety, Empirical data, Inferential statistics techniques

Field of study: Education
A DFT Model Study of the Carbocations Formed via the Fjord- and Bay-Region Diol Epoxide Metabolites of Isomeric Dibenzopyrenes and Naphthopyrene

A density-functional theory (DFT) study aimed at understanding structure–reactivity relationships in the oxidized metabolites of isomeric dibenzopyrenes (DBPs) and naphthopyrene (NP) is reported. These large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contain a pyrene moiety and two benzannelated rings or a naphtho ring, and depending on the annelation mode, possess a fjord region (DB[a,l]P and N[1,2-a]P) or two or three bay-regions (DB[a,h]P, DB[a,i]P, and DB[a,e]P). Relative energies of the resulting carbocations were examined and compared, taking into account the available biological activity data on these compounds. Geometrical, electronic and conformational issues were considered. Charge-delocalization modes in the resulting carbocations were deduced by the changes in charges derived from natural population analysis (NPA). The reported biological activity of these toxic PAHs was found to correlate with the degree of deviation from planarity of the aromatic system, in accord with the higher bioactivity of the fjord- and methylated bay-region compounds. On the other hand, relative formation of the possible carbocations derived from each PAH, as well as the activity order for compounds presenting similar distortions, were explained by their relative carbocation stabilities. The covalent adducts formed via the fjord-region diol epoxide of DB[a,l]P and the exocyclic amino group and the N-7 of guanine were computed, and relative energies and geometries of the resulting adducts were examined. Furthermore, PAH-purine base adduct formation was modeled inside a DNA fragment by means of the ONIOM method.

Field of study: Chemistry
Cavernoma-related epilepsy in cavernous malformations located within the temporal lobe: surgical management and seizure outcome.

Cavernoma-related epilepsy (CRE) is a frequent symptom in patients with cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs). Reports on surgical management and seizure outcome of epileptogenic CCM often focus on intracranial cavernoma in general. Therefore, data on CCMs within the temporal lobe are scarce. The authors therefore analyzed their institutional data.



From 2003 to 2018, 52 patients suffering from CCMs located within the temporal lobe underwent surgery for CRE at University Hospital Bonn. Information on patient characteristics, preoperative seizure history, preoperative evaluation, surgical strategies, postoperative complications, and seizure outcome was assessed and further analyzed. Seizure outcome was assessed 12 months after surgery according to the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification and stratified into favorable (ILAE class I) versus unfavorable (ILAE classes II-VI).



Overall, 47 (90%) of 52 patients with CCMs located in the temporal lobe and CRE achieved favorable seizure outcome. Pure lesionectomy was performed in 5 patients, extended lesionectomy with resection of the hemosiderin rim in 38 patients, and anterior temporal lobectomy in 9 patients with temporal lobe CCM. Specifically, 36 patients (69%) suffered from drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), 3 patients (6%) from chronic CRE, and 13 patients (25%) sustained sporadic CRE. In patients with DRE, favorable seizure outcome was achieved in 32 (89%) of 36 patients. Patients with DRE were significantly older than patients with CCM-associated chronic or sporadic seizures (p = 0.02). Furthermore, patients with DRE more often underwent additional amygdalohippocampectomy following the recommendation of presurgical epileptological evaluation.



Favorable seizure outcome is achievable in a substantial number of patients with epileptogenic CCM located in the temporal lobe, even if patients suffered from drug-resistant CRE. For adequate counseling and monitoring, patients with CRE should undergo a thorough pre- and postsurgical evaluation in dedicated epilepsy surgery programs.

Field of study: Medicine
Theoretical and practical research on several problems of northwest national minorities tradition physical education

The paper utilized the methods of reference data and field investigation and summarized the theoretical basis on development research of northwest-national-minorities-tradition-physical-education.The paper revealed for the major problems during practical procession. The main aim is to offer objective bases for the concerning department formulating policy and make perfect development on national-physical-education. Therefore it can pushed forward for the longrun developing of northwest-national-minorities-tradition-physical-education.

Field of study: Education
Analysis of Nef,Gag-specific CTL responses in HIV-1 highly exposed persistently serongeative individuals

To study the characteristics of HIV-1 Nef,Gag-specific cytotaxic T lymphocyte (CTL)responses in Chinese HIV-1 highly exposed persistently seronegative(HEPS)individuals and to evaluate the roles of the specific responses in persistent nontransmission of HIV-1.Methods HIV-1 specific CTL responses to 14 overlapping poptide pools encompassing products of the HIV-1 gag and nef genome were teated by INF-γenz- yme-linked immunospot(ELISPOT)assay in 10 HEPS individuals from discordant couples,12 HIV/AIDS patients (by sexual transmission)and 4 healthy subjects without any exposure.The recognition rates,average magnitude and breadth of the specific responses were compared among the three cohorts. It was confirmed that Gag and Nef-specific T lymphocytes were present in HEPS individuals,which were absent in healthy control.However, the responses were much less frequent(50% vs 100%),of a lower magnitude(4.3%),and of narrower breadth (37.7%)than in HIV/AIDS patients.Main peptides recognized by HEPS individuals were less frequently recog- nized by HIV/AIDS patients. Differences exist in the characteristics of Nef,Gag-specific responses between HEPS individuals and HIV/AIDS patients.CTL responses may play a key role in the protection from HIV-1 infection in HEPS individuals.

Field of study: Biology
Evaluating climate change by multivariate statistical techniques on magnetic and chemical properties of marine sediments (Azores region)

Regression models and cluster analyses are used to link magnetic properties of late Pleistocene deep-sea sediments in the Azores area (Mid-Atlantic Ocean) with the chemical element composition. The influence of the volcanic Azores Archipelago on sedimentation is evident in high magnetic mineral concentrations (low-field magnetic susceptibilities between 30 and 250� 10 � 5 SI) and high Ti/Al ratios (N0.1). Variations in magnetic mineral concentration and Ti/Al ratios can be linked to detrital input and coincide with oxygen isotope ratio (d 18 O) changes. The highest magnetic mineral concentrations and Ti/Al ratios are found around temperate climate periods, suggesting that detrital input from the Azores Islands is most prominent during these periods. Lower Ti/Al ratios and a slightly different composition of the lithogenic fraction suggests the presence of a second, probably eolian, detrital component during glacial periods. Higher Ba/Al ratios and dexcess BaT estimates suggest higher productivity during the cold climate periods, especially at the end of stages 2 and 6. Temperate climate periods are characterised by a succession of peaks in magnetic mineral concentration and Ti/Al ratios at the beginning of these periods followed by peaks in CaCO3 and Mn/Al toward the end. Cluster analysis shows that the first peaks might be related to volcanic material, which was initially deposited on land during eruptions in glacials and then washed into the sea due to the sea-level rise at the beginning of temperate periods. The latter peaks represent a more biogenic sediment signal, which might be more diagnostic of vegetation changes in the Azores Archipelago due to a warmer climate. D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
What War in Europe? The Implications of Legitimate Stability

Fear that war might occur between East and West in Europe persists even after Mikhail Gorbachev's dramatic announcement that the USSR would cut its armed forces by 500,000 men and reduce and restructure Soviet forces stationed in East Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary. That fear has long been exaggerated. Such a war has been and remains a most unlikely eventuality for reasons only secondarily related to Gorbachev's effect on Soviet military doctrines and deployments. East-West relations in Europe are and have been for some time uncommonly stable. That stability represents a prudence that has existed even without reference to the promising new leadership of the Soviet Union under Gorbachev and the reforms that have been launched there, welcome though they are. 1 In the context of that prudence, no issues in Europe have threatened East-West war for decades and none seem likely to. Of course, the status quo is not necessarily engraved in stone for all time. Further tumult and change in the East European political order seem likely. All the same, the use of force by either side against the other has been ruled out by internationally agreed prohibitions and by restraints that have been well established

Field of study: Political science
Exosomes carry IL-10 and antigen/MHC II complexes to induce antigen-specific oral tolerance.

It is known that the immune tolerance can be naturally established in the intestine, while the mechanism by which the immune tolerance development in the intestine is not fully understood yet. Vasoactive intestinal peptides (VIP) has the immune regulatory functions. This study aims to investigate the role of VIP in the immune tolerance development in the intestine.



Intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-derived exosomes were prepared. The exosomes carried IL-10 and antigen/MHC II complexes. VIP-deficient (VIPd) mice and wild type mice were employed to test the role of VIP in the development of immune tolerance in the intestine.



VIPd mice failed to induce type 1 regulatory T cells (Tr1 cells) in the intestine and retarded the establishment of antigen (Ag)-specific immune tolerance. Exposure to VIP in the culture induced IL-10 expression in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Exosomes derived from ovalbumin (OVA, used as a specific Ag)/VIP-primed IECs carried IL-10 and OVA/MHC II complexes; these exosomes were designated IL10CARs (IL-10/chimeric antigen receptor-carrying exosomes). IL10CARs could recognize OVA-specific CD4+ T cells and converted OVA-specific CD4± T cells to OVA-specific Tr1 cells. Administration of IL10CARs suppressed experimental food allergy.



The data show that IL10CARs are capable of suppressing experimental FA by inducing antigen-specific Tr1 cells, which has the translation potential for FA treatment.

Field of study: Medicine
Synthesis and properties of azidostyrylquinolines

Isomeric azidostyrylquinolines with a 4-azidostyryl group in position 2 or 4 of the quinoline ring have been synthesized. In the neutral form the azidostyrylquinolines absorb in the near UV but the protonated species absorb in the short wavelength region of the visible spectrum. In both forms the azides are lightsensitive and decompose under the influence of light with a quantum yield close to 1.

Field of study: Chemistry
A new approach to address multiplicity in hypothesis testing with constraints

We propose a novel approach named the covering principle to construct multiple testing procedures from the perspective of rejection regions in the sample space, which is different from the closed testing and the partitioning principles working in the parameter space. We prove that multiple testing procedures based on the covering principle strongly control the familywise error rate if the type I error is strongly controlled in each decomposed subfamily. Computer simulation shows that the new method rejects more hypotheses on the primary endpoints in most scenarios compared to both the graphical and the gate-keeping approaches.

Field of study: Mathematics
[Some current trends in the use of prolonged injectable antipsychotics in the conditions of modernization of the psychiatric service].

A pharmacoeconomical analysis of the use of prolonged injectable antipsychotics in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia in Moscow over 2015-2019 in the context of the reform of the psychiatric service.



The authors studied the economic costs of treatment of psychiatric patients with prolonged injectable antipsychotics on the pharmaceutical market in Moscow for five years on the example of patients diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia (ICD-10 F20.0) based on the dynamics of the registered contingent of patients with schizophrenic spectrum disorders over the past fifteen years including the period of active modernization of the psychiatric service.



A constant increase in public spending on treatment, including therapy with prolonged injectable neuroleptics (both first-generation drugs and atypical antipsychotics), was shown. At the same time, the increase in the use of atypical antipsychotics is ahead of schedule. The number of patients receiving treatment with prolonged injectable haloperidol and zupentixol increased approximately twice during this period, the number of patients receiving treatment with injectable risperidone and paliperidone palmitate increased by more than 3 and 13 times, respectively. There is a significant increase in public spending on the purchase and use of these drugs for the treatment of privileged categories of patients, most of this applies to injectable forms of paliperidone, the cost of using these drugs has increased more than 20 times over a five-year period. These trends indicate a shift in emphasis towards outpatient psychiatric care and improvement of approaches to treatment of patients with schizophrenia, which indicate a new stage in the development of out-of-hospital treatment and rehabilitation systems based on the latest achievements of psychopharmacology and the development of social support systems for patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Analyses of the performance and polar characteristics of two-stage thermoelectric coolers

In this paper, we present detailed performance analyses of three types of two-stage thermoelectric (TE) coolers, which are supplied with serial, parallel and separate electric currents, respectively, with respect to the ratio n of the TE couple number between the stages. The analyses are all carried out at three optima, namely, the points of maximum temperature difference, maximum cooling rate and optimum coefficient of performance, so that the optimum ratios n are determined at given operative conditions. In the meantime, the polar characteristics of the three two-stage coolers are investigated, when the supplied electric current(s) is alternated. The information provided in this paper could be useful for both designers and users of TE coolers.

Field of study: Materials science
First results from a rotational Raman scattering cloud algorithm applied to the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (NPP) Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) Nadir Mapper

This paper reports initial results from an Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) Nadir Mapper cloud pressure and cloud fraction algorithm. The OMPS cloud products are intended for use in OMPS ozone or other trace-gas algorithms. We developed the OMPS cloud products using a heritage algorithm developed for the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on NASA's Aura satellite. The cloud pressure algorithm utilizes the filling-in of ultraviolet solar Fraunhofer lines by rotational Raman scattering. The OMPS cloud products are evaluated by comparison with OMI cloud products that have been compared in turn with other collocated satellite data including cloud optical thickness profiles derived from a combination of measurements from the CloudSat radar and MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). We find that the probability density functions (PDFs) of effective cloud fraction retrieved from OMPS and OMI measurements are very similar. The PDFs of the OMPS and OMI cloud pressures are comparable. However, OMPS retrieves somewhat higher pressures on average. The current NASA total ozone retrieval algorithm makes use of a monthly gridded cloud pressure climatology developed from OMI. This climatology captures much of the variability associated with the relevant cloud pressures. However, the use of actual cloud pressures retrieved with OMPS in place of the OMI climatology changes OMPS total column ozone estimates locally (presumably in the correct direction) only in areas with large differences between climatological and actual cloud pressures. The ozone differences can be up to 5% in such areas.

Field of study: Environmental science
Crustal structure in the Carpatho-Pannonian region: insights from three-dimensional gravity modelling and their geodynamic significance

A three-dimensional gravity modelling of the Carpatho-Pannonian region was carried out to get a better image of the Moho boundary and the most prominent intra-crustal density heterogeneities. At first, only the major density boundaries were considered: the bottom of the Tertiary basin fill, the Moho discontinuity and the lithosphere to asthenosphere boundary. Density contrasts were represented by relative densities. The improved density model shows a transitional unit of high density at the base of the crust along the Teisseyre-Tornquist Zone. In the Western Carpathians, an extensive, relatively low-density unit was inferred in mid-crustal levels. The border zone between the Southern Carpathians and the Transylvanian basin is characterized by a sharp, step-like contact of the two crustal units. The Moho configuration reveals important information on the tectonic evolution of the region. Zones of continental collision are represented by thick Moho roots (Eastern Alps, Eastern Carpathians). Transpressional orogenic segments, however, are different: in the Western Carpathians, the Moho is a flat surface; in the Dinarides, a medium Moho root is observed; the Southern Carpathians are characterized by a thick crustal root. The differences are explained with the presence or absence of “subductible” oceanic crust along the Carpathians during the extrusion of Pannonian blocks.

Field of study: Environmental science
Providing fair-share scheduling on multicore computing systems via progress balancing

Fair-share scheduling is essential for achieving performance isolation.Current Linux CFS cannot effectively achieve multicore fairness.A task migration policy, progress balancing, is proposed for multicore fairness.The proposed algorithm extends our previous work via mechanism called throttling.It bounds the virtual runtime difference between any pair of tasks by a constant. Performance isolation in a scalable multicore system is often attempted through periodic load balancing paired with per-core fair-share scheduling. Unfortunately, load balancing cannot guarantee the desired level of multicore fairness since it may produce unbounded differences in the progress of tasks. In reality, the balancing of load across cores is only indirectly related to multicore fairness. To address this limitation and ultimately achieve multicore fairness, we propose a new task migration policy we name progress balancing, and present an algorithm for its realization. Progress balancing periodically distributes tasks among cores to directly balance the progress of tasks by bounding their virtual runtime differences. In doing so, it partitions runnable tasks into task groups and allocates them onto cores such that tasks with larger virtual runtimes run on a core with a larger load and thus proceed more slowly. We formally prove the fairness property of our algorithm. To demonstrate its effectiveness, we implemented our algorithm into Linux kernel 3.10 and performed extensive experiments. In the target system, our algorithm yields the maximum virtual runtime difference of 1.07 s, regardless of the uptime of tasks, whereas the Linux CFS produces unbounded virtual runtime differences.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Mobile Mental Health: Navigating New Rules and Regulations for Digital Tools

Mobile health (mHealth) apps are becoming much more widely available. As more patients learn about and download apps, clinicians are sure to face more questions about the role these apps can play in treatment. Clinicians thus need to familiarize themselves with the clinical and legal risks that apps may introduce. Regulatory rules and organizations that oversee the safety and efficacy of mHealth apps are currently fragmentary in nature and clinicians should pay special attention to categories of apps which are currently exempt from significant regulation. Uniform HIPAA protection does not apply to personal health data that are shared with apps in many contexts which creates a number of clinically relevant privacy and security concerns. Clinicians should also consider several relatively novel potential adverse clinical outcomes and liability concerns that may be relevant to specific categories of apps, including apps that target (i) medication adherence, (ii) collection of self-reported data, (iii) collection of passive data, and (iv) generation of treatment recommendations for psychotherapeutic and behavioral interventions. Considering these potential pitfalls (and disclosing them to patients as a part of obtaining informed consent) is necessary as clinicians consider incorporating apps into treatment.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology