nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A strategy for the enhancement of trapping efficiency of gaseous benzene on activated carbon (AC) through modification of their surface functionalities.

Facile modification is a common, but effective, option to improve the uptake removal capacity of of activated carbon (AC) against diverse target volatile organic compounds (VOCs; e.g., benzene) in gaseous streams. To help design the routes for such modification, this research built strategies to generate three types of modified ACs by incorporating amine/sulfur/amino-silane groups under solvothermal or microwave (MW) thermal conditions. The adsorption performance has been tested using a total of six types of AC sorbents (three modified + three pristine forms) for the capture of 1 Pa benzene (1 atm and 298 K). The obtained results are evaluated in relation to their textural properties and surface functionalities. Accordingly, the enhancement of AC surface basicity (e.g., point of zero charge (PZC) = 10.25), attained via the silylation process, is accompanied by the reduced adsorption of benzene (a weak base). In contrast, ACs amended with amine/sulfur (electron-donating) groups using the MW technique are found to acquire high surface acidity (PZC of 5.99-6.05) to exhibit significantly improved benzene capturing capability (relative to all others). Their uplifted performance is demonstrated in terms of key performance metrics such as breakthrough volume (BTV10%: 163 → 443 L g-1), adsorption capacity (Q10%: 4.82 → 13.6 mg g-1), and partition coefficient (PC10%: 0.516 → 1.67 mol kg-1 Pa-1). Based on the kinetic analysis, the overall adsorption process is found to be governed by pore diffusion as the main rate-determining step, along with surface interaction mechanisms. The results of this research clearly support the critical role of surface chemistry of AC adsorbents and their textural properties in upgrading air/gas purification systems.

Field of study: Environmental science
FORM FINDING OF CABLE DOMES BY MODIFIED DYNAMIC RELAXATION

Form finding analysis of cable domes is one of the key engineering problems. However, the rigid displacement which is comprised in the process makes the analysis more complex. In this paper, a method based on modified dynamic relaxation is presented, and the problem of rigid displacement is therefore effectively solved. The method includes two stepfirst, releasing the stretched cables, second, imposing the axial force at two ends of each released cable instead. This method is convenient for calculation and clear in conception. Case study and model experiment indicate that it is applicable to the simulation of construction process of various cable domes and cable-strut tension structures.

Field of study: Engineering
Microstructure and transport properties of ex-situ Powder-in-tube processed FeTe0.5Se0.5 superconducting wire

We fabricated FeTe0.5Se0.5 superconducting wires using ex-situ Powder-in-tube method with an Fe sheath. It was amazing that superconducting current was observed in the as-drawn wire without any heat treatments. By heat treatment at 200\degC for 2 h, Tczero and Jc at 4.2 K were enhanced up to 9.1 K and 64.1 A/cm2, respectively. Furthermore, The Jc of FeTe0.5Se0.5 wire heat treated at 200\degC for 2 h was not much sensitive to the applied magnetic fields. Therefore, FeTe0.5Se0.5 wires have a great potential for applications.

Field of study: Physics
The Average Workweek of Capital in Manufacturing, 1952–1984

This article revises and updates through 1984 an annual and quarterly series originally constructed from 1952–1968 on the average workweek of capital in manufacturing. The series provides estimates of the input of capital services into production and uses data on production-worker employment, shift patterns, and weekly working hours to estimate the number of hours that the capital stock is operated each week. The updated series indicates that the capital stock is working longer and the hours of operation are more cyclically variable than in the earlier period. Shift work is found to be an important source of variation in the hours of operation. The findings imply a change in the relationship of the capital stock to manufacturing production.

Field of study: Mathematics
Structural analysis of the Miniss River and related faults, western Superior Province: post-collisional displacement initiated at terrane boundaries

Mountain building in the western part of the Archean Superior Province culminated with the formation of regional strike-slip faults. This paper reports on the kinematics and timing of several major faults at the juncture between the Uchi, English River, Winnipeg River, and western Wabigoon subprovinces. Sinistral-oblique mylonitization along the northeast-striking Miniss River fault occurred at 2681 Ma. This involved ~40 km of sinistral offset and a scissor-like motion whereby vertical displacement increased southwestward toward a restraining bend near Sioux Lookout. To the north, the Miniss River fault is intersected by the east-striking, dextral strike-slip Sydney Lake – Lake St. Joseph fault; the latter merges along strike with the Pashkokogan fault. Restoration of respective displacements indicates that the faults formed sequentially, not simultaneously in response to tectonic indentation. Dextral strike-slip motion along the Sydney Lake – Lake St. Joseph (– Pashkokogan) fault was instigated at ≤2670 ...

Field of study: Environmental science
Integrating Unitary Representations of Infinite-Dimensional Lie Groups

We show that in the presence of suitable commutator estimates, a projective unitary representation of the Lie algebra of a connected and simply connected Lie group G exponentiates to G. Our proof does not assume G to be finite--dimensional or of Banach-Lie type and therefore encompasses the diffeomorphism groups of compact manifolds. We obtain as corollaries short proofs of Goodman and Wallach's results on the integration of positive energy representations of loop groups and Diff(S^{1}) and of Nelson's criterion for the exponentiation of unitary representations of finite-dimensional Lie algebras.

Field of study: Mathematics
High-resolution terahertz reflective imaging and image restoration.

We present a high-resolution terahertz (THz) reflective imaging system, operating at 2.52 THz, that employs a continuous-wave THz gas laser and a pyroelectric detector. The spatial resolution was evaluated from the system's modulation transfer function and tested by scanning a series of resolution targets. To further improve the image quality, Lucy-Richardson method was adopted to restore the scanning result. With the scanning spot profile measured using knife edge method, a satisfying restoration result can be obtained. Finally, the system's performance was observed by imaging some different test objects.

Field of study: Physics
Automated high-resolution CARS spectrometer and coherent spectroscopy of the Raman scattering by tetrahedral molecules

A description is given of a spectrometer for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) with an instrumental resolution of ~ 10−3 cm−1 and an automated data acquisition and processing system. The results are given of CARS investigations of the rotational structure of the vibrational state ν1(a1) of the spherical-top molecules CH4 and CD4.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
On-Line, Off-Line Compatible Image Retrieval for Surveillance Video Based on the Trajectory Information of Moving Objects

We propose an image processing system which searches the moving human and vehicles from the long-term surveillance video. Image retrieval is done by comparing a series of queries like passing a certain area, moving direction, duration time and so on. In this kind of systems, not only on-line detection from real-time video by pre-defined query but also quick re-search going back to the past when the user changed the query, and post-retrieval by interactive query change are required. The main subjects are the size of the meta-data and the simpleness of the matching functions. In proposed method, meta-data is described in a small and fixed length however complicated the trajectory of moving object is. Moreover, the matching function is realized by a simple comparator, that enables fast image retrieval however complicated the series of the retrieval queries is. Fig. 1 shows the raw image data and the structure of the meta-data which is composed of the hierarchical configuration of 1st meta-data and 2nd meta-data. 1st meta-data is the frame based region information which describes the gravity point, area size, width and height of the each detected objects. 2nd meta-data is the object based trajectory information which describes the existence of the motion of quantized orientation and stay duration in each divided small block in the image. In most cases, only 2nd meta-data is used for image retrieval. When additional retrieval query, i.e. area size is required, a group of related 1st meta-data is referred through the link data. To test the performance of the system, we used a long-term parking lot monitoring sequence. Fig. 2 shows the image retrieval query for experiment. In this situation, Line Passing and Duration Time are set. Fig. 3 shows the result of on-line, off-line simultaneous image retrieval. About 34 hours after the on-line image processing started when the total number of moving objects reached to 10,000, we changed the retrieval query and restarted matching process and confirmed that the new result is listed up in less than 0.2 seconds.

Field of study: Computer science
Agency of Development and Agents of Change: Localization, Resistance, and Empowerment

The counterforce of development through localization is indispensable for rural poverty alleviation and development in India to be a sustaining and sustainable process. Rural poverty in India derives from a complex set of forces that often reinforce one another. The thesis in this paper focuses on particular strategies developed by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and their communities in rural India that not only help mitigate various forces that create and reinforce poverty but also serve as counter-development strategies. The focus in this paper is on two complex forces that have direct and indirect effects on rural poverty: (1) seasonality and (2) a global capitalist transformation of agriculture. Rural localization among the marginalized could be a counterdevelopment strategy that seeks to promote an alternative working model of rural regeneration. This process of regeneration is focused on creating an ecologically driven local agrarian economy that primarily functions as a provisioning mechanism of livelihood and food security and instrumentally also empowers people through the creation of local self-dependent communities. Based in a systems framework, rural localization aims to establish sustainable, self-sufficient livelihoods through the creation of internal markets between various village-level selfhelp groups. The power of localization as a socioeconomic movement lies in its ability to create civil society through community action.' This notion is echoed in the vision statement of Deccan Development Society (DDS), a rural development organization in southern India, which hopes to consolidate its village-level groups into vibrant organs of primary local governance and a strong pressure lobby for socially deprived groups such as woman, poor, and dalit2 (http://www.ddsindia.com).

Field of study: Economics
Adipokines as uremic toxins.

The adipose tissue has pleiotropic functions far beyond the mere storage of energy, and it secretes a number of hormones and cytokines, called adipokines, which have biological effects that impact heath and disease. Adipokines are markedly elevated in the plasma of uremic patients, mainly due to decreased renal excretion. They have pluripotent signaling effects on inflammation/oxidative stress (leptin, adiponectin, resistin), protein-energy wasting (leptin, adiponectin), insulin signaling (adiponectin, leptin, visfatin), endothelial dysfunction (visfatin), and vascular damage (adiponectin, leptin, resistin), which are prevalent in uremic patients. Obesity superimposed to uremia may further aggravate hyperadipokinemia, with the exception of adiponectinemia, which is mitigated by adiposity. Among adipokines and until more data become available, only leptin may be considered as a full uremic toxin owing to adverse effects on protein-energy wasting, cardiovascular damage, inflammation, and the immune system, which have been documented both clinically and experimentally. Resistin and visfatin display some features of uremic toxins, but more data are needed to consider these adipokines as true uremic toxins. In contrast, high levels of adiponectin and chemerin seen in uremia appear to be beneficial. Further research is needed to investigate whether selective removal of leptin, resistin, and visfatin and increments of adiponectin and chemerin levels may have clinical relevance in uremic patients.

Field of study: Medicine
Prevalence of Physical Inactivity, Hypertension, Obesity and Tobacco Smoking: A Case of NCDs Prevention among Adults in Maiduguri, Nigeria

The prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is at an all time high. In fact these diseases result from prolong exposure to one or more risk factors, Population measurement of risk factors can be used to describe the distribution of future diseases and knowledge of risk factors can then be applied to shift population distribution of these risk factors.  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of Non-communicable diseases risk factors among adults in Maiduguri, Nigeria.  A cross-sectional survey was conducted among a representative sample of 498 adults (age, 20–65 years) living in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Participants comprised of 167 (34%) female and 331 (66%) males. Physical activity was measured using the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) short version. Using the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline, participants were classified as physically inactive, moderately active and highly active. Blood pressure was measured using standardized procedures and recorded as hypertensive blood pressure if measures ≥140/90 mmHg and non hypertensive if it is 120/80 ± 10mmHg. Body mass index (BMI) was measured as a ratio of participants’ weight in kilogram by the square of their height in meter (kg/m2). BMI was classified based on World Health Organization criteria, as underweight if < 18kg/m2, normal weight if 18.5-24.9 kg/m, overweight if 25-29.9 and obese if ≥ 30 kg/m. information on tobacco smoking was also recorded as smoking or not smoking.  Overall, 15.3%, 4.6%, 19.2% and 13.1% and 68.6% of Nigerian adults were hypertensive, obese, physically inactive and tobacco smokers respectively. Hypertension significantly increases with age (p<0.001). Significant difference (p<0.01) was found between prevalence of obesity, age and marital status. Physical inactivity significantly increases with increased age (p<0.001). Also prevalence of physical inactivity was significantly higher among females than males, among married, by religion educational status (p<0.01). Prevalence of smoking was found to be significantly higher among the male than the female smokers (p<0.001). Significant difference was also observed in smoking by marital status and religion.  High prevalence of NCDs risk factors were reported in this study. Health promotion with regard to smoking cessation, weight loss, and increasing physical activity may be accentuated among people in Nigeria.

Field of study: Medicine
Electrical properties of an a-Si/Si(p)/Si(n) heterojunction device

The electrical I-U characteristics of the three-terminal device a-Si/Si(p)/Si(n) have been investigated. The device shows both transistor and switching behaviour depending on the magnitude of the base current. The influence of the base current on the holding and switching voltages has been studied. A model describing this behaviour of the device has been suggested. It is based on the existence of a narrow region adjacent to the a-Si/Si(p) junction, characterized by an extremely high recombination rate of the injected carriers.

Field of study: Materials science
The purification and characterization of a fatty acid binding protein specific to pig (Sus domesticus) adipose tissue.

Western-blot analysis using antiserum to 3T3-L1-cell fatty acid binding protein (FABP) revealed that pig adipose tissue contains a 15 kDa protein immunologically similar to the murine protein. This 15 kDa protein was purified from pig adipose tissue by sequential application of Sephadex G-50 gel filtration, cation exchange and covalent chromatography on Thiol-Sepharose-4B. The purity of the pig protein was established by two-dimensional polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Isoelectric focusing indicated that the pig adipose FABP (a-FABP) exists with two charge isoforms (pI 5.1 and 5.2), both of which persist after delipidation. The N-terminus of the purified pig a-FABP was blocked; however, cleavage with CNBr allowed recovery of a 12-amino-acid peptide which was identical with the murine a-FABP sequence (residues 36-48) at 10 of 12 positions. The pig a-FABP bound 12-(9-anthroyloxy)oleic acid saturably and stoichiometrically, with an apparent dissociation constant of 1.0 microM. Northern-blot analysis using the cDNA for the murine 3T3-L1 FABP revealed that the pig a-FABP was expressed exclusively in adipose tissue.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Flattened fossil footprints: Implications for paleobiology

Studies of natural casts of dinosaur footprints associated with very thin mudstone and siltstone intervals in thick sand-dominated sequences often reveal casts that are significantly flattened due to the differential effects of overburden pressures on different lithologies. They are in effect squeezed, vise-like, between two thick, non-compactable sand layers. Thus, the sand filled tracks (casts) are flattened or widened as the ductile layers are compressed. Such flattening, here described from five localities, is a previously unreported phenomenon with implications for vertebrate ichnology. Present evidence suggest that significant flattening is not evident in most sequences in which mudstone and siltstone intervals are thicker, even though overburden pressures may have been comparable. Examples from the Jurassic of North America and the Cretaceous of China show that the flattening (widening) of tridactyl theropod tracks leads to predictable changes in track cast morphology, which may influence interpretations of track maker identity, and ichnotaxonomy. In the theropod dominated samples described here, such extramorphological changes differentially affect the shape of the whole cast and individual digit trace casts making them appear more “fleshy” and sometimes deceptively convergent with ornithopod tracks.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
ADAPTIVE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD AND LOCAL MULTIGRID METHOD FOR ELASTICITY PROBLEMS

In this paper,an adaptive finite element(AFEM) method is designed by using the newest vertex bisection for linear elasticity problems in two dimensions.This method marks exclusively according to the error estimator without special treatment of oscillation and performs a minimal element refinement without the interior node property.Furthermore,a type of multigrid method based on the local relaxation is applied to the AFEM discrete systems by using the special properties during refinement.The results of various numerical experiments are shown that the proposed AFEM method is uniformly convergent and has quasi-optimal numerical complexity.The resulting multigrid method is much more robust and efficient in CPU times than the usual multigrid methods.

Field of study: Engineering
Paleogeography of Saint Peter time

Introductory Statement The Saint Peter sandstone is one of the most prominent Ordovicic formations of the Mississippi valley. Because of its striking characters it has attracted comment from almost every geologist whose work lay within this territory. Most of them have been led to suggest an explanation of its remarkable purity, or its apparent uniformity, or its structural relations. Many have regarded the formation one of the most puzzling of the region, the obscure problem being that of origin. The following study is primarily one of the physiographic conditions represented in Saint Peter time. It has led to a comparative study of this formation as described from many localities and by many observers. This data has been checked wherever possible by the writer’s own observations,* which, together with his examinations† of material, form the basis of the discussion. The work has been carried on in the Stratigraphic Laboratory at Columbia . . .

Field of study: Geology
Occupational lead exposure in automobile workers in North Karnataka (India): effect on liver and kidney functions.

We studied liver and kidney function tests of occupational lead exposed Automobile Workers (N = 30), and normal healthy control subjects (N = 30), all 20 to 45 years of age, from Bijapur, North Karnataka (India). Venous blood and random urine samples were collected from both groups. The blood lead [PbB] (364%) and urinary lead [PbU] (176%) levels were significantly increased in automobile workers as compared with the controls. Liver function test parameters, i.e. Serum Aspartate Transaminase [AST] (23.88%), Alanine Transaminase [ALT] (24.03%), Alkaline Phosphatase [ALP] (17.99%), Total Bilirubin (45.83%), and Gamma glutamyl Transferase [GGT] (44.75%) were significantly increased in automobile workers as compared with the control group. Serum total protein, albumin, globulin, and A/ G ratio were not significantly altered in study group as compared with control subjects. In the kidney function tests levels of blood urea (26%), serum uric acid (13.11%) and serum creatinine (12.5%) were significantly increased in automobile workers as compared to control group. Increased PbB values in study group indicate the greater rate of lead absorption and impairment of liver and kidney functions in occupational lead-exposed automobile workers from Bijapur, North Karnataka (India).

Field of study: Medicine
High Mobility Group Box 1 Regulates Uterine Decidualization through Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 and Plays a Role in Kruppel-Like Factor 5-Induced Stromal Differentiation

High mobility group box 1 (Hmgb1) is associated with a variety of physiological processes including embryonic development, cell proliferation and differentiation, but little information is available regarding its biological role in decidualization.  In situ hybridization, real-time PCR, RNA interference, gene overexpression and MTS assay were used to analyze the spatiotemporal expression of Hmgb1 in mouse uterus during the pre-implantation period, and explore its function and regulatory mechanisms during uterine decidualization.  Hmgb1 mRNA was obviously observed in uterine epithelium on day 2 and 3 of pregnancy, but its expression was scarcely detected on day 4 of pregnancy. With the onset of embryo implantation, abundant Hmgb1 expression was noted in the subluminal stromal cells around the implanting blastocyst at implantation sites. Meanwhile, the accumulation of Hmgb1 mRNA was visualized in the decidual cells. Hmgb1 advanced the proliferation of uterine stromal cells and induced the expression of prolactin family 8, subfamily a, member 2 (Prl8a2), a reliable differentiation marker for decidualization. In uterine stromal cells, cAMP analogue 8-Br-cAMP up-regulated the expression of Hmgb1, but the up-regulation was abrogated by protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H89. Silencing of Hmgb1 by specific siRNA impeded the induction of 8-Br-cAMP on Prl8a2. Further analysis evidenced that Hmgb1 was a critical mediator of Kruppel-like factor 5 (Klf5) function in stromal differentiation. Knockdown of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (Bmp2) prevented the up-regulation of Prl8a2 elicited by Hmgb1 overexpression, whereas addition of exogenous recombinant Bmp2 protein (rBmp2) reversed the repression of Hmgb1 siRNA on Prl8a2 expression.  Hmgb1 may play an important role during mouse uterine decidualization.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry