nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Use of soy-derived fuel for environmental impact reduction in marine engine applications

Diesel-fueled marine engines can contribute to both air and water pollution, particularly when cooling water 
is contacted with products of combustion in the exhaust system. Soy-derived compression ignition fuel offers a route to 
reducing these emissions and their effects. A 1972 Westerbeke marine diesel engine was mounted on a dynamometer and 
the exhaust was arranged so that sampling was possible both with (“wet” also termed “scrubbing”) and without (“dry”) 
water contact in the exhaust stream. Emissions testing was conducted using the steady state ISO E4 marine duty cycle. 
The engine was tested with 0, 10, 20, 50, and 100% methyl soy-ester blends with #2 off-road diesel. The pure alternative 
fuel offered a 45% reduction in particulate matter for both dry and wet tests, with carbon monoxide decreasing and oxides 
of nitrogen increasing slightly. Particulate matter (PM) reduction is significant in the water phase since it was noted that 
40% of the PM entered the water phase upon wet testing. Fuel composition did not have a profound influence on the 
production of acetaldehyde, acetone, and formaldehyde in the exhaust. However, it was evident that wet testing, where the 
water contacted the cooling water, produced substantially lower formaldehyde and acetone, but substantially higher 
acetaldehyde than dry testing, where the exhaust was separated from the cooling water. Dry testing of marine diesel 
engines may therefore not truthfully reflect oxygenates produced in real use.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
[Doctrine of psychopathy typology: E. Kretschmer's concept of 'key experience' and inherited defect].

The author analyzes the first concept of E. Kretschmer which preceded his famous concept of cycloid and schizoid temperaments: specific 'root' or 'key' experience characteristic of the personality type. This concept was built on the clinical data of patients with delusions but E. Kretschmer assumed that the difference in the degree of disease was not essential ('neurosis of reference' and 'sensitive delusion of reference' were more close than 'sensitive delusion of reference' and 'expansive delusion'). For a sensitive psychopath, the key and specific experience is 'shameful defeat', for expansive psychopath - 'the violence over will by the common will'. Explanations of the phenomenon of psychopathic personalities made by E. Kraepelin and E. Kretschmer are compared as well as the relationship of psychopathic types determined by E. Kretschmer to 'the general psychopathic constitution'.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Research on New Core Sand Process of Scale and Side-frame

With the improvement and development of steering frame used for railroad that requires scale and side-frame to be preferable quality inside and outside, size precesion of roughness and general mechanic properties, espelially the fatigue property. Now Sodium silicate-bonded sand process in production, which study on the ester cured sodium silicate sand, ester cured alkaline phenolic resin sand and CO_2 Cured alkaline phenolic resin sand as their many process defects, and analyzing the influncing elements, having process analogy and offering the process referrence.

Field of study: Materials science
Effects on Pain of Experimentally Induced and Spontaneous Distraction

A 2-min. pain stimulus was administered twice to 56 female Ss. The stimulus was first administered prior to the experimental treatments and again with either 1 or 3 distracting treatments (Listening to a Story, Adding Aloud, or Counting Aloud) or a Control treatment. The dependent variables were Ss' self-ratings of the degree of pain experienced and the percentage of time they were thinking about the pain. 16 Ss were also interviewed post-experimentally to determine their perceptions of the experiment. During the first, but not the second, minute of pain stimulation under the experimental treatments, Listening to a Story and Adding Aloud tended to reduce the degree of pain and the percentage of time Ss were thinking about it. The post-experimental interview indicated that, during the pre-treatment pain stimulation and also under the Control treatment, Ss used their own “spontaneous” distractions to reduce pain.

Field of study: Psychology
Optimal Simultaneous Confidence Bands in Multiple Linear Regression with Predictor Variables Constrained in an Ellipsoidal Region

A simultaneous confidence band provides useful information on the plausible range of an unknown regression model function, just as a confidence interval gives the plausible range of an unknown parameter. For a multiple linear regression model, confidence bands of different shapes, such as the hyperbolic band and the constant width band, can be constructed and the predictor variable region over which a confidence band is constructed can take various forms. One interesting but unsolved problem is to find the optimal (shape) confidence band over an ellipsoidal region χE under the Minimum Volume Confidence Set (MVCS) criterion of Liu and Hayter (2007) and Liu et al. (2009). This problem is challenging as it involves optimization over an unknown function that determines the shape of the confidence band over χE. As a step towards solving this difficult problem, in this paper, we introduce a family of confidence bands over χE, called the inner-hyperbolic bands, which includes the hyperbolic and constant-width bands as special cases. We then search for the optimal confidence band within this family under the MVCS criterion. The conclusion from this study is that the hyperbolic band is not optimal even within this family of inner-hyperbolic bands and so cannot be the overall optimal band. On the other hand, the constant width band can be optimal within the family of inner-hyperbolic bands when the region χE is small and so might be the overall optimal band.

Field of study: Mathematics
The theory of academic of B. R. Clark

Clark starts from a "Matrix" and diversified academic world, by discussing the theories of academic differentiation, such as the evolution of a disciplinary base, the evolution of institution, the contemporary division of the profession, and the contemporary distribution of faculty, he shows that diversified and differentiated system of higher education is the proper mechanism for the coexistence of Mass and Elite higher education. The development of academic profession provides the source of maintaining the intrinsic attributes of academic world, and a kind of power of integrity.

Field of study: Education
Periodic pulse oscillation in an intracavity-doubled Nd:YVO(4) laser.

We report periodic pulse oscillation in an intracavity-doubled Nd:YVO(4) laser. The pulse oscillation is caused by alternate oscillation between two modes. We investigated improvement of green-light power with the pulse oscillation in a Nd:YVO(4) laser. The pulse oscillation gave a factor of approximately 2 higher average green-light power than that for cw oscillation at the same pumping power.

Field of study: Physics
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON RESTORING FORCE MODEL OF CIRCULAR RC PIERS STRENGTHENED WITH PRE-STRESSED CFRP BELTS

To study seismic behavior of circular RC piers strengthened with pre-stressed CFRP belts,seven circular RC piers were tested with the main experimental parameters being lateral pre-stress level of CFRP belts and axial load ratio.Test results show that the diagonal shear cracks of piers can be effectively confined with the active lateral confined stress provided by pre-stressed CFRP belts,and the failure mechanism of the piers may be changed from shear to flexure with satisfactory ductility.By analyzing the effect on the hysteretic characteristics of the piers strengthened under different conditions,a series of hysteretic rules for piers strengthened are suggested;Using theoretical analysis and statistic regression analysis,the formula for flexural capacity is presented,and the methods to calculate characteristic parameters of skeleton curves are proposed,as well as a series of hysteretic rules for piers.The three-line restoring force model of circular RC piers strengthened with lateral pre-stressed CFRP belts is set up,which is capable of considering lateral pre-stress level of CFRP belts and axial load ratio.The result of the model shows good agreement with the test result.

Field of study: Engineering
ON THE LOCATION OF THE ZEROS OF FABER POLYNOMIALS

1. Introduct ion Suppose that Ω C C is a compact set containing more than one point. Further suppose that its complement Q c := C \ Ω is simply connected in the extended plane C := CU {oo}. Let Ε := {ζ : \z\ < 1} denote the closed unit disk with boundary <9E. Then there exists a unique conformal map Φ : E c —> Ω σ , which satisfies Ψ(οο) = oo and Ψ'(οο) = : ί > 0. Φ and its inverse can be expanded as

Field of study: Philosophy
Can fundal height predict birth weight or twins?

To determine how well symphysis fundal height measurements correlated with birth weight, the authors retrospectively reviewed 100 records of pregnancy from a family practice. The sensitivity and specificity of symphysis fundal height in identifying small and large for gestational age babies were determined. While symphysis fundal height measurements correlated well with birth weight, the sensitivity was too low and the number of false positives too high, for symphysis fundal height measurement alone to be clinically useful. On reviewing all twin pregnancies in the same setting, the authors found that symphysis fundal height measurements facilitated early diagnosis of twin gestation.

Field of study: Medicine
On-line culture fluorescence measurement during the batch cultivation of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate producing Alcaligenes eutrophus

Estimation of biomass concentration by on-line fluorimetry was examined during batch cultivations of Alcaligenes eutrophus ATCC 17697, a poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) producer. The results obtained revealed a linear correlation between total culture fluorescence and total biomass concentration. The total fluorescence level was attributed to cellular fluorescence and to the fluorescence of compounds presumably produced by the cells and secreted into the culture medium. An increase in the specific cellular fluorescence during the course of the experiments indicated a shift in metabolism that favored the production of PHB.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
The Elliptical Potential Lemma Revisited

This note proposes a new proof and new perspectives on the so-called Elliptical Potential Lemma. This result is important in online learning, especially for linear stochastic bandits. The original proof of the result, however short and elegant, does not give much flexibility on the type of potentials considered and we believe that this new interpretation can be of interest for future research in this field.

Field of study: Computer science
The National Catholic Welfare Conference and the Church-State Conflict in Mexico, 1925-1929 *

Established in 1919 to be the Catholic voice of America, to look after church interests, and to offset the political influence of the Protestant Federal Council of Churches, the National Catholic Welfare Conference (NCWC) was a voluntary association of the American hierarchy meeting annually in convention. It implemented decisions through an administrative committee of seven bishops which operated a secretariat, also known as the NCWC, located in Washington, D.C. This headquarters had five departments (Education, Lay Activities, Legislation, Press, and Social Action) each with a director and all under the supervision of Reverend John J. Burke, C.S.P., the general secretary of the administrative committee and its representative at the capital.

Field of study: History
Leading source and constraint on the systematic spread of the changes in East Asian and western North Pacific summer monsoon

With ongoing global warming, the changes in EA-WNPSM rainfall—feeding over two billion people in East Asia and the Indochina Peninsula—projected by theCoupledModel Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5)models show remarkable and unidentified inter-model spread.Here, we reveal the leading inter-model spread of EA-WNPSMchanges in 28CMIP5models is related to a ‘dry north–wet south’ dipole in East Asia and awet Indochina andWNP. This spread pattern of EA-WNPSMchanges is induced by the spread of sea surface temperature changes in the equatorial western Pacific, and can be further traced back to an apparent discrepancy among the state-of-the-artmodels in simulating the tropical Pacific rainfall. An air-sea coupling processes involvedwith summer background circulation contribute to this robust spread pattern of EA-WNPSMchanges.We can constrain the EA-WNPSM rainfall changes based on the current-future relationship and observation that there should bemore rainfall increase inNorthChina and theKorean Peninsula and less increase in SouthChina, the Indochina Peninsula andWNP, relative to previousmulti-model ensemble projections.

Field of study: Environmental science
Interactive Ties of Metabolic Pathways in a Systemic Module

One form of the organization of the teaching process is the teaching unit which constitutes the essential unit. Changes in the way of organizing the teaching unit intend to increase the yield and the quality of the teaching process. The construction of the teaching unit, according to the linear method of teaching, is based on the transfer of the information step by step to the students, who can afterwards relate it to their previous knowledge. The teaching unit encourages memorizing, however, in some way, it prohibits the creativity which is very important for their future. Recently, the systematic unit for teaching and learning is gaining ground. Basically, the construction of this unit includes the creation of the concept map where the relationships between the concepts are established through the system interactions. These relationships between the concepts are explained during the lesson. The technique of the systematic unit is a very helpful instrument to make the teacher’s job easier and to ensure that the students receive good information. Also, it ensures the essence of systematic thinking and the continuous increase of knowledge which is in it a sign of qualitative education.

Field of study: Education, Sociology
[0507JS60 virus isolated in Xinjiang was identified as Liaoning virus].

0507JS60 virus was isolated from a pool of Culex sp. collected in Kashi, Xinjiang, which could be propagated stably on C6/36 cells and caused cytopathic effects continuously. Viral particles had no envelope and appeared round with diameter of about 55nm (n = 10). Capsomeres on the surface of capsid were clearly visible. Electrophoresis of viral genome showed a profile of 12 double stranded RNA (dsRNA) segments. Sequencing of the twelfth segment revealed the length of 760bp (GenBank ID: FJ157354). A single open reading frame (ORF) was found and encoded a protein of 174 amino acids with a molecular mass of 18.9kD. The nucleotide sequence had similarity over 89% with that of LNV, but the deduced amino acid sequence had similarity over 91% with that of LNV. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to compare the corresponding genetic sequences in Seadornavirus. The tree demonstrated that 0507JS60 virus lied in the same branch with LNV and more closely related to LNV-NE9712. 0507JS60 virus was identified as LNV, which was firstly isolated outside the Northeast of China.

Field of study: Biology
Low-Temperature Processing of PZT Thick Film by Seeding and High-Energy Ball Milling and Studies on Electrical Properties

Lead zirconate titanate thick film with molecular formula PbZr0.52Ti0.42O3 (PZT) was prepared by a modified conventional sol–gel method through seeding and high-energy ball milling, resulting in perovskite phase formation at lower temperatures. The ball-milling time was optimized by keeping the seed particle loading (5 wt.%) constant in the sol–gel solution. This methodology helped in reduction of the crystalline phase formation temperature to 300°C, which is much lower than that reported in the literature (450°C). The well-established perovskite phase was confirmed by x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of PZT films revealed uniform and crystalline microstructure. Film prepared by this methodology showed higher spontaneous polarization (2.22 μC/cm2), higher capacitance (1.17 nF), and low leakage current density (18 μA/cm2). The results obtained from ferroelectric characterization showed a strong correlation with the XRD and SEM results.

Field of study: Materials science
The Stator Slot-Type Optimization of Electrical Excitation Flux-Switching Motor and Its Maximum Torque/Copper Loss Control

A novel single-slot type electrical excitation flux-switching motor (EFSM) was proposed to overcome the disadvantages of small magnetic load and complex assembly process caused by the difference between the excitation and armature slots. The double-winding is used to design the excitation winding and the armature winding coil to be laid down as a distributed winding with a pitch of 2, which simplifies the manufacturing process. The working principle of the single-slot type EFSM was analyzed by a finite element method. Furthermore, the maximum torque/copper (MTPC) loss of the single-slot type EFSM was proposed based on $i_{d}\,= \,0$ vector control strategy. At last, a single-slot type EFSM prototype was developed. The working principle and MTPC control strategy of the single-slot type EFSM were verified well by experiments.

Field of study: Physics
The Derived Demand with Hedging Cost Uncertainty in the Futures Markets

This study explores the significance of production technology and other parameters on the employment of inputs and hedging. The paper establishes an explicit relationship between the risk as well as prices parameters and the derived demand, production and hedging. The authors find that the futures price relative to the expected spot price affects the demand for production factors. Additionally, the presence of basis risk determines the impact of prices and risk parameters on the derived demand for inputs. Production technology is instrumental in fixing the size of the change in the demand, given a change in the model's parameters.

Field of study: Economics
Validation and quantitative analysis of cadmium and lead in snake fruit by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

Snake fruit or known as Salak is one of the favorite fruits which is consumed not only in Indonesia but also in the worldwide. The fruit may be contaminated with heavy toxic metals like cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). As a consequence, the validation of analytical methods for determination of these heavy metals is continuously developed. Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (FAAS) for determination of Cd and Pb in snake fruit has been validated. The developed method was linear over the concentration ranges of 0,01 -1,0 µg/mL (Cd) and 0,10 - 2,00 µg/mL (Pb). The correlation coefficient (r) obtained for both regressions is higher than 0.99. Limit of detection (LOD) of Cd and Pb were found to be 0,004 µg/mL and 0,04 µg/mL respectively, while limit of quantitation (LOQ) were found to be 0,01 µg/mL (Cd) and 0,1 µg/mL (Pb), respectively. This method was accurate and precise enough for determination of these heavy metals in snake fruit sample which were indicated by the acceptable recovery and low values of relative standard deviation. The developed method has been successfully used for determination of Cd and Pb levels in snake fruit commercially available in the markets.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Evolution of vestibular schwannoma surgery: the long journey to current success.

The extraordinary improvement of patient outcome after surgical treatment for vestibular schwannomas is relatively recent and has occurred mainly over the last 30 years. The introduction of microsurgical techniques has resulted in increasing degrees of precise anatomical and functional preservation of the facial and cochlear nerves. An expanded microsurgical technique accompanied by continuous electrophysiological monitoring has resulted in marked changes in the primary goals for this surgery. Whereas in the past the primary goal of vestibular schwannoma management was to preserve the patient's life, the objective in vestibular schwannoma treatment today is to preserve neurological function. Long-term follow-up examinations show negligible recurrence rates, indicating that the aim of preservation of nerve function does not limit the completeness of tumor removal with modern neurosurgical techniques. Despite these advances in preserving the anatomical integrity of, for example, the cochlear nerve, losses of function and even deafness may occur postoperatively in some cases. Current biological and technical research in experimental and clinical settings addresses these problems. In this article, the authors report in detail the developments achieved in vestibular schwannoma surgery and the great clinicians to whom these results can be credited.

Field of study: Medicine
MicroRNA-133b Ameliorates Allergic Inflammation and Symptom in Murine Model of Allergic Rhinitis by Targeting Nlrp3

Emerging evidences indicate that post-transcriptional regulation by microRNAs is critical in allergic rhinitis (AR) pathogenesis. MircroRNA-133b (miR-133b) was recently suggested as a potential predictor of AR. However, the in vivo effect of miR-133b on AR is unclear.  AR model was established in BALB/c mice by intraperitoneal sensitization and intranasal challenge with ovalbumin (OVA). MiR-133b agomir was then intranasally administrated to mice after OVA challenge for another 7 days. The symptom of nasal rubbing and sneezing were recorded after the last OVA challenge. Nasal mucosa tissues and serum were collected. MiR-133b expression, serum OVA-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) concentration, proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IFN-γ) levels, and Nlrp3 inflammasome activation were measured by RT-PCR, ELISA, western blotting or immunohistochemistry, respectively. Histopathologic changes were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin and Sirius red staining. The luciferase activity and protein expression of Nlrp3 were also determined.  MiR-133b expression was significantly decreased in nasal mucosa of AR mice, which was restored by nasal administration with miR-133b agomir. Upregulation of miR-133b markedly reduced the concentration of OVA-specific IgE, the frequencies of nasal rubbing and sneezing, and the levels of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-4, IL-5 and IFN-γ). Levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IFN-γ produced by cervical lymph node cells were significantly lowered in miR-133b agomir-treated mice. Moreover, miR-133b also appeared to strongly attenuate pathological alterations and eosinophils and mast cells infiltration in nasal mucosa. Notably, we demonstrated for the first time that miR-133b negatively regulated Nlrp3 expression through binding with the 3’ untranslated region of Nlrp3. Consequently, infection of miR-133b in nasal mucosa remarkably suppressed the Nlrp3 inflammasome activation, as evidenced by reduced Nlrp3, Caspase-1, ASC, IL-18 and IL-1 expressions.  MiR-133b alleviates allergic symptom in AR mice by inhibition of Nlrp3 inflammasome-meditated inflammation. These findings provide us an insight into the potential role of miR-133b in relation to AR treatment.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry