nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
How important are maritime emissions for the air quality: At European and national scale.

Due to its dependence on fossil fuel combustion, emissions from the marine transport sector can significantly contribute to air pollution. This work aims to evaluate the impact of maritime transport emissions on air quality in Portugal using a numerical air quality modelling approach, with high-resolution emission data. Emissions from the European TNO inventory were compiled and pre-processed at hourly and high spatial (∼3 × 3 km2) resolutions. Scenarios with and without these maritime emissions were then simulated with the WRF-CHIMERE modelling system, extensively tested and validated for Portugal domain, in order to evaluate their impact on air quality. A simulation was performed for one year (2016) and the resulting differences were analysed in terms of spatial distribution, time series and deltas. The main deltas for NO2 and PM10 are located over international shipping routes and major ports, while O3 concentrations are impacted in a larger area. The modelling results also indicate that shipping emissions are responsible for deltas in the concentration of NO2 higher than 20% over specific urban areas located in the west coast of Portugal, and less than 5% for PM10. For O3 the relative contribution is low (around 2%) but this contribution is also observed at locations more than 50 km from the coast.

Field of study: Environmental science
Time Dependent Structure and Spill Measurements of Proton Beams at the CERN SPS

For fixed target operation the proton beam is extracted at 14 GeV over 5 successive turns of each 2.1¿s from the CPS and injected into the SPS. The current from a secondary emission monitor is sampled every 0.1¿s by a charge coupled device. The stored signal is afterwards scanned at a lower frequency and provides an accurate profile evolution during injection. For slow proton beam extraction at 450 GeV a new type of detector has been developed. It uses the properties of the transition radiation created by the beam when traversing a thin aluminium foil. Accurate transverse profiles are obtained by such a detector. The disturbances to the beam are an order of magnitude less than with a classical secondary emission monitor.

Field of study: Physics
Chapter 6 Materials selection

Cardiovascular devices have diverse requirements for the materials used in their construction. A range of physical and biological properties must be evaluated along with the materials' processability in order to fabricate an economical, safe, and effective device. The materials used in cardiovascular devices include a broad range of commercially available materials; however, these materials must meet stringent requirements to be acceptable for use in the body. Specifically, these biomaterials include synthetic polymers, biodegradable polymers, biologically derived materials, bioderived macromolecules, passive coatings, bioactive coatings, tissue adhesives, metal alloys, ceramics, and carbons. Applications for these blood-contacting materials include extracorporeal devices, catheters, and tubing devices, which are inserted into a blood vessel, or permanently implanted devices. In the most basic sense, the materials constituting the device, as fabricated and sterilized, must be nontoxic, noncarcinogenic, nonantigenic, and nonmutagenic. Implanted devices impose a new set of requirements, both biologically and from a materials viewpoint. The effect of a foreign body in the cardiovascular system essentially involves the study of thrombosis and wound healing in the presence of a sterile foreign material in flowing blood. The outcome of this healing process can have profound implications for the success of a device and can be dependent on material properties. The durability of the device will be determined by its fatigue resistance and its resistance to biodegradation. Designs will be increasingly scrutinized for durability by regulatory agencies. Each class of biomaterial for cardiovascular applications is categorized by the material properties. The biologic and physical criteria need to be evaluated in the context of the entire device, its application and duration of use, and how it interfaces with the body.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
A side-scan sonar mosaic of pockmarks on the Scotian Shelf

Pockmarks, cone-shaped depressions that occur in unconsolidated fine sediments at the seabed, are generally thought to be formed by gas ascending from underlying sediments. A mosaic of pockmarks in Emerald Basin on the Scotian Shelf was constructed and the problems of mosaic construction are discussed. Within the study area pockmarks have an average depth of 6 m, an average diameter of 85 m and cover up to 18% of the seabed. Pockmarks that occur in thin clay (LaHave clay) are generally < 5 m deep and those in thick clay are up to 15 m deep. Many pockmarks are elongate in shape and show a preferred orientation, both of which may be due to the influence of bottom currents. Within the study area, the process of pockmark formation has displaced 2.5 × 105 m3 km−2 of sediment. Pockmarks on the Scotian Shelf appear to be inactive (relict) and in cases where they are buried they are referred to as ancient.

Field of study: Environmental science
Das Bandenspektrum des Lithiumhydrids

ZusammenfassungIm Ultraviolett erscheint in Lithiumdampf, der in einer Wasserstoffatmosphäre erhitzt wird, ein neues Absorptionsspektrum vom Charakter eines Viellinienspektrums. Ein großer Teil der Absorptionslinien fällt zusammen mit den von W. Watson erhaltenen Emissionslinien, doch ist das Absorptionsspektrum viel einfacher. Als Träger kommt nur das Li-H-Molekül in Frage, und zwar gehört das System zu einem Übergang1∑-1∑, der als stärkster von Hund vorhergesagt ist. Die Einzelbanden bestehen aus je einemP- und einemR-Zweig, die nach Rot abschattiert sind. Die Linien sind streng einfach. Die Analyse ergibt als Trägheitsmoment des Normalzustandes 3,7. 10−40 g cm2, als Trägheitsmoment des angeregten Moleküls 9,3. 10−40 g cm2, was den Kernabständen 1,6. 10−8 und 2,5. 10−8 cm entspricht. Die Nullinien lassen sich darstellen durch die Formelv=25 906,5+n′ (296,8+9,61n′− 0,318n′2)−n″ (1383,4−22,73n″).Die Dissoziationsarbeit ergibt sich zu 59 kcal. Der Zerfall des normalen Moleküls erfolgt in ein Li- und in ein H-Atom im Grundzustand, der des angeregten in ein angeregtes (22P)-Li-Atom und ein normales H-Atom in Übereinstimmung mit der Theorie.

Field of study: Physics
Web Entities Extraction Based on Semi-Structured Semantic Database

Web is the biggest source of information and contains many entities and relationships between them, extracting these data from Massive Web pages and Integrating to a Semi-Structured Data with rich semantics will be more conducive to the management and use of these web data. On this premise, a comprehensive method is proposed to perform extraction the entities and relationships from the webpages. The method consists of two steps: 1) The target Web pages which contains these entities will be found based on the combination of vision information and content of keyword, meanwhile recording the relationship between father and children target Web pages; 2) Extracting the entities with analysis of DOM tree structure of the obtained Web pages and definitions of some extraction rules. At last, the extracted data is organized into a Semi-Structured Data with special relationships. Experiments on a large number of HTML pages have showed that this method can get a high correct rate and coverage.

Field of study: Computer science
Dynamic interactions between lahars and stream flow: A case study from Ruapehu volcano, New Zealand: Discussion and reply Reply

The discussion of Manville et al. highlights several interesting points about interpreting observations of the 1995 Whangaehu lahars at Ruapehu. We would like to add to some of these points, and to clarify some of the issues raised by the Discussion.

Whereas the three lahars we described were part

Field of study: Geology
Leverage, Growth Opportunities and Stock Price Response to New Financing

This paper examines the impact of leverage and growth opportunities on stock price reactions to seasoned equity offerings in Finland. The empirical results provide novel evidence of a negative relationship between leverage and stock price decline associated with equity offerings. In addition, the results indicate that growth opportunity is positively related to announcement abnormal return. Furthermore, we examine the effect of leverage and growth opportunities on equity offerings. It is found that high-levered low–growth firms are the worst performers at the announcement and issuance of seasoned equity offerings.

Field of study: Business
Expression of substance P receptor in the substantia nigra.

Since the substantia nigra receives abundant substance P innervations but lacks clear evidences about a presence of substance P receptors, expressions for mRNA and protein of substance P receptors were investigated in the rat to resolve this mismatch. Expression levels of substance P receptors mRNA in the substantia nigra pars compacta and reticulata were 37.7 and 24.1% of those in the striatum, respectively, by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Substance P receptors mRNA was found in dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta by single cell RT-PCR. Ca. 90% of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta were immunoreactive to anti-substance P receptor antibody in the colchicine treated rats. These are the first direct evidence for the existence of substance P receptors in dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta.

Field of study: Biology
The stability of the CuInSe2 solar mini-module I-V characteristics under continuous and light/dark irradiation cycle tests

The stability of a CIS solar mini-module during a light/dark cycle and continuous light irradiation was investigated. Under both test conditions, the maximum power was improved during the early stages, then subsequently deteriorated. The major factors causing this phenomenon were changes in the fill-factor and open circuit voltage. The details of some parameters relevant to these factors are considered herein. In addition, the dependencies of light intensity and temperature in terms of the I – V characteristics were measured.

Field of study: Engineering
Reno-prevention vs. reno-protection: a critical re-appraisal of the evidence-base from the large RAAS blockade trials after ONTARGET--a call for more circumspection.

The ACEI, captopril was introduced into clinical medicine in the early 1970s for hypertension. Other ACEIs and the ARBs were introduced subsequently. Following several RAAS blockade trials, we now have an expanded set of clinical indications for these agents. Despite the escalated use of these agents, we continue to experience an unexplained epidemic of ESRD/CKD/ARF. There are concerns regarding potential iatrogenic renal failure arising from these agents. A case, it would appear, of unintended consequences. Our publication of several reports on the previously unrecognized syndrome of late onset renal failure from angiotensin blockade (LORFFAB) in 2008 adds to this evolving literature. At the same time, some recent reports have questioned the veracity of claims of superior reno-protection with these agents beyond BP lowering. A post hoc analysis of a subset of patients in the MICRO-HOPE cohort suggested that a previously unrecognized greater 24-h BP lowering achieved in the ramipril arm vs placebo could explain the reported benefits of the ACEI. These doubts and concerns became heightened by the results of the ONTARGET study. Our critical re-appraisal of the large RAAS blockade trials revealed design flaws and protocol contradictions that further these doubts and concerns. We conclude that these agents be used more judiciously, with better monitoring of kidney function. Treating physicians must consider drug discontinuation in selected patients. We also support temporary withdrawal of these agents before major surgical procedures, contrast media administration and during acute illness. Such preventative measures (reno-prevention) would enhance the benefits of reno-protection with RAAS blockade.

Field of study: Medicine
Refrigeration throughout the world

The economic impact of refrigeration technology throughout the world is already very impressive, and more significant than is generally believed. While the yearly investment in machinery and equipment may approach US$100 billion, the value of products treated by refrigeration is perhaps ten times this amount. The importance of refrigeration is bound to increase since it will be an essential factor in solving two major problems of the future: the supply of enough food and the development of new energy sources. The use of low temperatures constitutes a major means of conservation of perishable foods during storage and distribution and it is widely applied in the developed countries. In the Third World, however, the use of low temperatures is mainly limited to food for export and the needs of the ‘well-to-do’ sector of the population. Refrigerated or frozen foods, in their present form, are generally priced too high for the undernourished poor. There is a pressing need for simple and inexpensive cooling methods to enable efficient low cost mass production and distribution under more primitive conditions. The future of man, and his food supply in particular, depends on the availability of sufficient energy. At present, fossil fuels carry the main load, but in the course of the next century new energy sources, such as nuclear fusion, will have to be commissioned. Refrigeration technology will play an important part in this development.

Field of study: Engineering
The Renaissance of Marriage in Fifteenth-Century Italy (review)

refreshing freedom and lightness to his arguments, it is a liberty too dearly bought. For example, an entire chapter is devoted to a close reading of Decameron 7.9, a novella, Kuhns asserts, that epitomizes Boccaccio’s method of deploying a language of subtle allusions, significant names, numbers, and so on, to convey a “latent” message. Since, however, it was not Boccaccio, but Matthieu de Vendôme, author of the Comoedia Lydiae, who assigned the names (“Nicostrato” is the one exception) and orchestrated the events recounted in this tale — a fact noted in several critical studies of 7.9 — the granting of a peculiarly Boccaccian significance to these inherited narrative elements is, it seems to me, a recipe for misreadings and misrepresentations. Readers well-versed in Boccaccio criticism are likely to be perplexed and piqued by any number of extravagant theories and unfounded assertions. Upon what evidence or authority does Kuhns claim that Boccaccio’s birth name was Boccaccino (80), that Maso del Saggio is Saint-Thomas (66) and Frate Cipolla, Boccaccio (44)? But perhaps these are cavils. More worrisome, because more far-reaching, is Kuhns’s tendency to conflate Boccaccio’s anti-clericism with an anti-Christian stance, and his declaration that, in contrast with Dante, Boccaccio had “cut himself loose from the doctrinal theological and religious positions of the day” (154). Boccaccio was no closet heretic bent on producing “rejecting deniers of God” (93), and Dante was about as orthodox in the sphere of theological positions as Sade was in that of sexual ones. Nobody familiar with Boccaccio’s works doubts they are rife with such “covert” meanings; however, it is the responsibility of the critic — literary or philosophic — to carefully distinguish among the unlikely, the possible, and the probable readings of any given passage. Only a true curmudgeon could fail to appreciate the enthusiasm and vigor of Kuhns’s prose, delighting in Kuhns’s obvious delight in Boccaccio; only a reader who shares Kuhns’s enthusiasm for esoteric interpretations is likely to accept many of his conclusions. TOBIAS FOSTER GITTES Concordia University, Montreal

Field of study: History
Mapping the Generator Coordinate Method to the Coupled Cluster Approach

The generator coordinate method (GCM) casts the wavefunction as an integral over a weighted set of non-orthogonal single determinantal states. In principle this representation can be used like the configuration interaction (CI) or shell model to systematically improve the approximate wavefunction towards an exact solution. In practice applications have generally been limited to systems with less than three degrees of freedom. This bottleneck is directly linked to the exponential computational expense associated with the numerical projection of broken symmetry Hartree-Fock (HF) or Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) wavefunctions and to the use of a variational rather than a bi-variational expression for the energy. We circumvent these issues by choosing a hole-particle representation for the generator and applying algebraic symmetry projection, via the use of tensor operators and the invariant mean (operator average). The resulting GCM formulation can be mapped directly to the coupled cluster (CC) approach, leading to a significantly more efficient approach than the conventional GCM route.

Field of study: Physics
Damage Characteristics of PELE Projectile with Gradient Density Inner Core Material

The PELE (penetration with enhanced lateral efficiency) projectile is a new type of safe ammunition which can form a large number of fragments after perforating the target, and does not depend on any pyrotechnics. The damage characteristics of PELE projectile mainly include the penetration ability and fragmentation effect. There are many factors affecting the damage characteristics of PELE projectile, and this paper attempts to study the damage characteristics of PELE projectile, from the point of view of changing the single core material. Therefore, four different inner core combination types were designed in this paper, namely, zero gradient—I type (PE), zero gradient—II type (Al), positive gradient type (PE + Al), and negative gradient type (Al + PE). With the help of a more mature numerical simulation method, the studies were carried out from several aspects, such as the axial residual velocity of projectile, the radial scattering velocity of fragments, the radial scattering radius of fragments, and the residual length of projectile. The axial residual velocity of projectile can characterize the penetration ability of projectile, the radial scattering velocity and radial scattering radius of fragments can predict the damage area of fragments, and the residual length of projectile can reflect the fragment conversion rate of casing. The results indicate that the negative gradient inner core combination is superior to the other three combinations in terms of the penetration ability and fragmentation effect. Under the same impact velocity, the maximum radial velocity and radial scattering radius of fragments mainly depend on the front inner core material, and these two parameters will increase appropriately with the increase of the strength of front inner core material. Similarly, the residual length of projectile can be reduced, or the fragment conversion rate can be enhanced, by properly reducing the strength of rear inner core material. The conclusions obtained in this paper can provide a reference for engineering applications.

Field of study: Materials science
Mutation analysis of the Sonic hedgehog promoter and putative enhancer elements in Parkinson's disease patients.

Sonic hedgehog (SHH) is involved in the induction and differentiation of nigrostriatale dopaminergic neurons. We have investigated the promoter, two putative enhancer elements and the coding region of SHH for mutations in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). None of the identified sequence variations were present at a significantly different frequency in PD patients compared to healthy individuals, suggesting that they are not involved in the pathogenesis of PD.

Field of study: Biology
Returning foreign fighters: the law and implications for Canadian national security policy

With the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) now appearing as if it has lost the ability to control territory and many of its members fleeing the region, the Canadian government must now address the possibility of citizens who have become “foreign fighters” returning home, radicalized and prepared to commit acts of terror. This compels officials from Public Safety Canada to ask important questions about who these radicals are, what they will do next, and what can be done to protect Canadians if they come home. This paper reviews the international and domestic legal framework as applied in Canada and discusses how authorities are seeking to apply the law to returning foreign fighters. The paper then inquiries into the legal implications of returning foreign fighters. It is contended that while Canada’s legal system offers an adequate response for the time being, it does not guarantee security and may have significant loopholes which could constrain its application. To counter this, authorities must continue to develop and adapt broader policy approaches in order to deal with an undefined and emerging threat.

Field of study: Political science
Very-Long-Chain Fatty Acids Activate Lysosomal Hydrolases in Neonatal Human Skin Tissue

The aim of this study was to examine the in vitro effect of peroxisomal dysfunction on lysosomal enzymes, the autophagic machinery in the cell, in order to understand the mechanisms of pathogenesis of peroxisomal disorders.  Foreskin samples were obtained immediately after circumcision of 1- to 2-day-old infants at the Maternity Hospital, Kuwait. Skin tissues were cleaned, cut into slices of 1–2 mm2 in size and treated with lignoceric acid (1–20 µg/ml), a very-long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA), in the presence or absence of 1–5 mM aminotriazole (ATZ). A battery of lysosomal enzymes were assayed following treatment of dermal tissue with VLCFA or ATZ.  Treatment of skin slices with lignoceric acid significantly increased (p < 0.001) the enzymic activities of acid lipase, acid phosphatase, α-glucosidase, α-galactosidase, N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminidase (NAGA) and N-acetyl-α-D-galactosaminidase (NAGTA). ATZ (1–5 mM), an inhibitor of key peroxi somal enzyme catalase, also markedly increased the enzymic activities of acid phosphatase, α-glucosidase (23%) and α-galactosidase (18%) without any significant effect on NAGA or NAGTA. Western blot analysis further revealed that both VLCFA and ATZ significantly increased the protein expression of lysosomal enzymes, β-galactosidase and β-glucuronidase.  Experimen tal dysfunction of peroxisomes mimicked by elevated VLCFA or ATZ-mediated catalase inhibition significantly increased the activities of lysosomal hydrolases in human dermal tissue, suggesting that activation of the lysosomal system could be one of the factors responsible for cellular damage during pathogenesis of peroxisomal diseases.

Field of study: Medicine
On the Amortized Complexity of Zero-Knowledge Protocols

We propose a general technique that allows improving the complexity of zero-knowledge protocols for a large class of problems where previously the best known solution was a simple cut-and-choose style protocol, i.e., where the size of a proof for problem instance x and error probability 2−n was O(|x|n) bits. By using our technique to prove n instances simultaneously, we can bring down the proof size per instance to O(|x|+n) bits for the same error probability while using no computational assumptions. Examples where our technique applies include proofs for quadratic residuosity, proofs of subgroup membership and knowledge of discrete logarithms in groups of unknown order, interval proofs of the latter, and proofs of plaintext knowledge for various types of homomorphic encryption schemes. We first propose our protocols as Σ-protocols and extend them later to zero-knowledge proofs of knowledge.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics