nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Organizational Effect of the Economic System

A peculiar mix of firms of different type and size and characteristic configurations of economic actors are distinctive attributes of the organizational structure of modern economies. One important reason for such diversity lies in the variety of such environmental features1 as topography, international geo-political situation, endowment with natural resources, level of development, and demography that distinguish the countries of the world. Yet, organizational variety is a remarkable feature even in economies that are similar from many perspectives-such as the level of development, endowment with technology, or demand features-that may even show converging economic performance (e.g., in terms of growth rates) that cooperate and are integrated in many ways. This observation holds even in the case of countries that are progressively integrating their economies, such as those of the European Union.2 If economies at comparable levels of development3 are competitive and open-as is increasingly true in developed market economies in a time of globalization-there should be no significant interfirm differences in factors remuneration and access to factors pools, including technology. If we suppose that costs, technology, or segmentation explain the organizational structure of comparable economies, we should observe increasing uniformity. Yet we can observe that intercountry differences persist and do not decrease appreciably in importance, although they evolve.

Field of study: Economics
DIRECT NOZZLE INJECTION OF PESTICIDE CONCENTRATE INTO CONTINUOUS FLOW FOR INTERMITTENT SPRAY APPLICATIONS

A direct nozzle injection system was developed to intermittently inject concentrated solutions into continuous 
carrier liquid flow through a straight-stream spray nozzle used for targeted roadside spraying of post-emergent herbicide 
during pre-emergent herbicide application. The injection system was based on a 12 VDC direct-acting electrical solenoid 
valve with a 0.56 mm valve orifice and metering plate with a 0.2 mm diameter orifice. A conductivity-based sensor was used 
to measure the instantaneous concentration of NaCl tracer simulating a pesticide solution. Injection pulse durations ranged 
from 10 to 100 ms into carrier flows of 1.5 and 2.6 L/min from 1.55 and 2.18 mm nozzle orifice diameters, respectively. Lag 
times between initiation of the injection valve actuation and emission of the concentrate material from the spray nozzle were 
on the order of 25 ms. Concentrations of 1% (v/v) from injected solution into the flow emitted from the nozzle could be achieved 
within 100 ms after valve actuation. Increasing the injection pulse duration did not reduce lag time nor increase the temporal 
rate of concentration increase in the emitted spray; however, increasing the injection pressure increased the rate of 
concentration increase. Analysis of the injection event, using standard mixing criteria, determined that the injection mixing 
events were Gaussian in nature and did not represent ideal plug flow or short-circuiting events. For an intermittent, 
target-detecting system with a detector-to-nozzle distance of 4 m and a ground speed of 5 m/s, the direct nozzle injection 
system is a feasible configuration for spot spraying if the sum of detection time and time of flight for the emitted spray is less 
than 800 ms. For a prototype machine vision-based roadside sprayer, detection and spray flight times were less than 67 and 
400 ms, respectively; therefore, feasibility of spot spraying using at-nozzle injection was established.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
First Synthesis of meso‐Chlorinated Tetrabenzoporphyrins

meso-Chlorinated bicyclo[2.2.2]octadiene-fused porphyrins 2 (ClnTBCODPs; n = 1–4) have been synthesized by chlorination of the free base TBCODP-H2 (1-H2) using N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS). The chlorinated derivatives were easily separated by column chromatography on silica gel to give 2-H2 in good yields. This method for the chlorination of porphyrin using NCS is mild, safe, and economic compared with the established procedure for the meso-chlorination of porphyrins. We also discovered the unexpected meso-chlorination of the porphyrin with dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone (DDQ) by single-electron transfer. ClnTBCODPs 2 were converted into tetrabenzoporphyrins (ClnTBPs) 3 in 100 % yields by retro-Diels–Alder reaction. The derived compounds were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, UV/Vis spectrophotometry, cyclic voltammetry (CV), X-ray crystallography, and organic field-effect transistor (OFET) characteristics. The introduction of chlorine at the meso positions of the TBPs drastically changed their electronic and structural properties. The maxima of protonated Cl4TBP-H2 (3d-H2; λmax = 494, 649, and 707 nm) were redshifted by around 50–65 nm relative to those of protonated TBP-H2 (λmax = 431, 605, and 660 nm). The two Q-band maxima of the Cl4TBP dication are similar to those of a tetraacenaphthoporphyrin dication (λmax = 525, 646, and 702 nm), which has one of the most redshifted Q-bands.

Field of study: Chemistry
Determination of Weight Concentration of Free Silicon Dioxide for Dust Using X-ray Diffraction Technique and Rietveld Refinement Method

The weight concentration of free silicon dioxide in dust has been determined using XRD technique and Rietveld refinement method. At the same time,the weight concentration of the other phases was also determined.The experiment was performed on a Rigaku D/max 2500 V X-Ray diffractometer,Cu Kα radiation and graphite monochromator operated at 44 kV,150 mA.The diffraction data of samples were collected with step scanning method.Qualitative phase analysis of each sample was performed using the Jade 5.0 software program and Rietveld quantitative phase analysis was performed using DBWS9807a.The results were: RP=11.29%,RWP=13.74% and Rexpected=4.04% on average.The weight concentration of free silicon dioxide in samples and the recoveries were 15.61%-37.83% and 102.6%-119.9%,respectively,and the relative standard deviation was 1.1%(n=5).The results demonstrate that X-ray powder diffraction technique combining with the Rietveld refinement method is an accurate,convenient and speed-up method for measuring the percentage composition of free silicon dioxide in dust.

Field of study: Chemistry
Purification and characterization of an enzymically active cleavage product of pig kidney aldehyde reductase.

During the purification of pig kidney aldehyde reductase by an established procedure [Flynn, Cromlish & Davidson (1982)  Enzymol. 89, 501-506] a second enzyme with aldehyde reductase activity may be purified. When the procedure was performed in the presence of 5 mM-EDTA, only traces of the second reductase, pig kidney aldehyde reductase (minor form), were present. By the criterion of sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, pig kidney aldehyde reductase (minor form) had Mr 35 000, in comparison with Mr 40 200 found for pig kidney aldehyde reductase. Amino acid analysis of both enzymes and tryptic-peptide-map comparisons indicated differences in primary structure. The N-terminus of pig kidney aldehyde reductase (minor form) had the sequence Lys-Val-Leu, in contrast with the blocked (acetylated) N-terminus of pig kidney aldehyde reductase. The C-terminal sequence of both enzymes was the same. Both reductases were immunologically identical by double immunodiffusion and rocket immunoelectrophoresis. Pig kidney aldehyde reductase (minor form) had 50% of the specific activity of pig kidney aldehyde reductase when tested with a variety of aldehyde substrates. Michaelis constants of both enzymes for these substrates and for NADPH were similar, but values for kcat. and kcat./Km indicated that catalytically pig kidney aldehyde reductase was the more efficient enzyme. Typical aldehyde reductase inhibitors, such as phenobarbital and sodium valproate, had the same effect on both enzymes. It was concluded that pig kidney aldehyde reductase (minor form) is an enzymically active cleavage product of pig kidney aldehyde reductase which is formed when the latter is purified in the absence of the metalloproteinase inhibitor EDTA.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Hot Stamping of High Strength Steel Sheet and Its Numerical Simulation

The hot stamping technology of high strength steel sheet was introduced and the FE model of the B pillar was built.Through the thermo-mechanical coupling analysis,the temperature and thickness distribution of the blank was obtained.The results show that the thickness distributions of sections are basically within ±5% of the experimental results.The maximum thickness thinning lies in tail round corner.The temperature in the holding area of the blank is lower than that in the tail round corner and beam.The temperature range of the whole blank is about 400 ℃.Therefore,to maintain uniform temperature distribution of the blank is crucial for the cooling system design of the die.

Field of study: Materials science
Uncertainty principles for compact groups

We establish an operator-theoretic uncertainty principle over arbitrary compact groups, generalizing several previous results. As a consequence, we show that if f is in L^2(G), then the product of the measures of the supports of f and its Fourier transform ^f is at least 1; here, the dual measure is given by the sum, over all irreducible representations V, of d_V rank(^f(V)). For finite groups, our principle implies the following: if P and R are projection operators on the group algebra C[G] such that P commutes with projection onto each group element, and R commutes with left multiplication, then the squared operator norm of PR is at most rank(P)rank(R)/|G|.

Field of study: Mathematics
Rational authentication protocols and their use in financial transactions

We use ideas from game theory to improve two families of authentication protocols, namely password-based and manual authentication schemes. The protocols will be transformed so that even if an intruder attacks different protocol runs between honest nodes, its expected payoff will still be lower than when it does not attack. A rational intruder, who always tries to maximise its payoff, therefore has no incentive to attack any protocol run among trustworthy parties. To illustrate the use of our method, we present a case study relating to the password-based authentication stage of on-line banking, where passwords are chosen either randomly or biasedly by, e.g., humans. For the latter we use the publicly available 32 million passwords of the social gaming network website RockYou as the source of human-selected passwords.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Optimum city size: A minimum congestion cost approach☆

The optimal allocation of urban land between the generation of traffic and the carrying of traffic which minimizes congestion costs is derived for a circular city. Unlike previous work which dealt only with the suburbs, this paper deals with both the suburbs and the central business district. This wider view of the problem leads to different conclusions, the most important of which is the fact that at no point in the city is all the land used for transportation. Existence of a maximum size for a city of a given working population, which is independent of relative land and congestion costs, is also discussed with special reference to the case where there is no land rent.

Field of study: Economics
An Objective Structured Clinical Examination to Assess Problem-Based Learning

To compare pharmacy students’ performance on an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) to their performance on a written examination for the assessment of problem-based learning (PBL); and to determine students’ and faculty members’ perceptions of OSCEs for PBL evaluations.  Four OSCEs were added to the written examination to assess 4 PBL cases in a third-year pharmacotherapy course. OSCE scores were compared to written examination scores. Faculty members evaluated student performance. Assessment. OSCE performance did not correlate with the written-examination scores. Most students (≥ 75%) agreed that OSCEs reflected their learning from PBL and measured knowledge, communication, and clinical skills. A majority of faculty members (≥75%) agreed that OSCEs should be part of PBL assessment.  Addition of an OSCE to written examinations was valued and provided a more comprehensive assessment of the PBL experience.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Dynamics of double-stranded RNA segments in a Helicobasidium mompa clone from a tulip tree plantation.

Eighty-three isolates of the violet root rot fungus, Helicobasidium mompa, were collected in a tulip tree plantation and analyzed for the dynamics of double-stranded (ds) RNA for five years. They were divided into eight mycelial compatibility groups (MCGs). Prevalent MCGs 60 and 68 included 61 and 11 isolates, respectively. Electrophoretic profiles of dsRNA in the first year collection of MCG 60 contained no or a single large dsRNA (more than 10 kb) with or without small dsRNAs (ca. 2.0-2.5 kb). Additional dsRNA fragments, i.e., a middle dsRNA (ca. 8.0 kb) or another type of small dsRNAs, became evident within MCG 60 isolates with time. Northern hybridization revealed the relatedness of all large and middle dsRNA fragments within MCG 60 but small fragments of dsRNA were variable. Large dsRNA fragment differed from that in other MCGs even in the same field. Correlation between specific dsRNA fragments and hypovirulence was not observed. Possible explanations for the accumulation of dsRNA fragments during the growth of disease patch by MCG 60 are discussed in terms of their internal changes such as evolution of novel dsRNA fragments from pre-existing viruses or fungal genomic DNA and horizontal transmissions.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Strategy for control of complex low-dimensional dynamics in cardiac tissue

Heart rate-dependent alterations in the duration of the electrically active state of cardiac cells, the action potential, are an important determinant of lethal heart rhythm disorders. The relationship between action potential duration and heart rate can be modelled as a nonlinear one-dimensional map. Iteration of the map over a range of physiologically relevant heart rates produces complex changes in action potential duration, including period doubling bifurcations, chaos and period doubling reversals. We present a computer algorithm that ensures, over the same range of heart rates, uniform state variable values (action potential durations) by application of small perturbing stimuli at appropriate intervals. The algorithm succeeds, even though the only parameter in the system (the heart rate) is immutable. Control of the dynamics is achieved by exploiting the inexcitability of the cardiac cells immediately after stimulation. This algorithm may have applications for the prevention of cardiac rhythm disturbances.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
How Excitation Conditions Alter the Afterglow Characteristics of CsI:Tl,Sm Microcolumnar Films

Combining high light output with the microcolumnar structure, the CsI:Tl films significantly reduce the need for painful tradeoff between thickness (hence, stopping power) and spatial resolution. But both films and monocrystals share two important deficiencies that hinder their use in many high-speed imaging and computed tomography applications: a persistent afterglow and hysteresis. These properties receive the primary attention of this investigation. In our earlier work, we reported that codoping with Sm2+ brings about a significant reduction in the afterglow of CsI:Tl. Here, focusing on the microcolumnar films, we examine this afterglow-suppressive effect over a wide range of exposure times, from milliseconds to seconds, and at temperatures between 0 °C and 60 °C. Our measurements reveal well-defined dependences on both parameters. At room temperature (20 °C), defined as the normal operating condition, a 10-ms X-ray pulse leaves an afterglow from the standard (Sm-free) CsI:Tl of about 1% at 2 ms after the end of the pulse, changing little as a function of pulselength. Doping with Sm2+, however, reduces that afterglow by at least an order of magnitude, although somewhat less so after longer (100 and 1000 ms) pulses. When we change the temperature, however, we find markedly different behavior. Here, we find that a temperature increase of only 60°, without changing the pulselength, cuts the afterglow of standard CsI:Tl films by a factor of 20. However, films of codoped CsI:Tl,Sm, whose afterglow has already been suppressed by the presence of Sm2+, show much less change as a function of either temperature or pulse duration. It is the presence of Sm2+ that makes the biggest difference. As for hysteresis, we again see an improvement, with the performance of the codoped CsI:Tl,Sm films bettering that of the standard (Sm-free) films. After an exposure of 300 mR, the change in light output falls to within 1% of the original after 1 min, whereas standard CsI:Tl films require 30 min to reach the same level.

Field of study: Physics
Necessities of Cultural Strategic Management on the Basis of Lotman's Theory of Semiosphere

The paper aims to evaluate necessities of cultural strategic management on the basis of Juri Lotman's theory of Semiosphere. Also, it is to show how cultural text of society change due to establishing cultural spaces and institutions. When cultures encounter each other, culture dynamism takes place. In another word, cultural reproduction deeply comes to being when there are significant inter cultural communications. This paper applies a library method. The linguistic claims of Lotman in his theory may be considered constructively regarding cultural encounters.  10.5901/jesr.2014.v4n5p9

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Missed Opportunities: The United Nations, Police Service and Defence Force Development in Timor-Leste, 1999–2004

“The UN's once-vaunted peace operation in Timor-Leste achieved many successes, overcoming a major humanitarian crisis and laying basic foundations for the future state's governance institutions. However, in the critical areas of police and military reform, the UN failed to exploit its unparalleled civil authority and relatively benign operating environment. Poor leadership, negligible planning and altogether unqualified UN police contingents produced security services devoid of adequate institutional development and woefully lacking in any democratic oversight. Largely as a result of the UN's failings in this regard, the unrest that erupted in May 2006 witnessed the total collapse of the Timorese police force.”

Field of study: History, Sociology
Investigation on the microwave-derived LiFePO4/C cathode material

A facile preparation of the LiFePO 4 /C composite is achieved through the microwave irradiation method in several minutes. Electrochemical measurements were conducted to examine the evolution of the impurity phase during the microwave heating. It is found that a short microwave heating usually leads to the existence of an amorphous, ferric intermediate, while microwave firing longer than 3 min favors the formation of the Li 3 Fe 2 (PO 4 ) 3 impurity. A further calcination treatment on the microwave-derived sample has been proved to be an effective way to eliminate the ferric impurity and thus-obtained, phase-pure sample can release a capacity of 160 mAhg − 1 .

Field of study: Materials science
A Comparison of the Most Stringent and the Most Stringent Somewhere Most Powerful Test for Certain Problems with Restricted Alternative

0.  The paper studies hypothesis testing problems (H, K1) for the mean of a vector variate having a multivariate normal distribution with known covariance matrix, in cases where the alternative K1 is restricted by a number of linear inequalities (Section 2). We describe a method for obtaining the most stringent size-a test p* for Problem (H, K1) (Section 3). This method is used for constructing so* for a number of special problems (H, K1) (Sections 5, 6 and 7) where (i) K1' is symmetrical and (ii) 0o is sufficiently small. Thus for these special problems, we can compare sp* with the most stringent SMP size-a test po that can be obtained by applying the general methods of [91 and [10] (described in Section 2). It turns out (for the special problems with a = .05 or .01) that so* does not provide a worth-while improvement upon (Po: so* has a smaller maximum shortcoming but poO is better than s* from other over-all points of view. This supports the opinion that generally no serious objections can be made to the use of the MSSMP tests constructed in  Part 2 for problems from actual practice. This is a fortunate circumstance, for these MSSMP tests require only simple calculations. By the way we prove a theorem characterizing the MS size-a test for a very general problem (H, K(m)) where the hypothesis H may be composite while K( (m) consists of afinite number (m) of parameters Oi(i = 1, , m) (Section 4)

Field of study: Mathematics
Mechanical Modeling of Low Temperature Superconducting Cables at the Strand Level

Low-temperature superconductors such as NbTi are widely used in high field magnets. The run for higher fields leads to greater forces on the conductor, which is pushed closer to its mechanical limit. Managing the higher stresses on the conductor supposes accurate mechanical models: it becomes necessary to simulate local peak stresses and strains, especially with conductors, which are mechanically brittle and strain-sensitive. Superconducting cables are anisotropic composite structures that can comprise superconducting strands, insulation materials and stabilizing parts. This paper presents a convenient method for the geometrical modeling of composite superconducting Rutherford cables at the level of the strand. It is applied on the example of a cable-in-channel NbTi conductor. Our goal is to obtain a mesh of a cable sample that is suitable for Finite Elements (FE) Analysis, at the scale of the strand (around one millimeter), with a true-to-life contact configuration. Different methods and tools are discussed. Computed geometries are compared to tomographic data. Preliminary mechanical simulations with simplified parameters are done to verify the model convergence. The ultimate goal of these explorations is to correlate the model results at the scale of the strand with experimental results at the scale of the cable, in order to identify the critical parameters that describe the best the conductor performance under mechanical solicitation.

Field of study: Physics
THE TECHNOLOGICAL, ORGANIZATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FRAMEWORK OF IS INNOVATION ADAPTION IN SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES. EVIDENCE FROM RESEARCH OVER THE LAST 10 YEARS

This paper relies on the technological innovation adoption literature and uses the technological-organizational-environmental (TOE) framework to analyze the factors influencing new information systems (IS) adoption in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Even though the TOE framework has not seen much development in the last years, research on the TOE framework can take a number of directions in the future, because novel contexts of adoption and new technologies are persistently being developed. This paper undertakes a review of the literature on IS adoption in SMEs during the last decade (2004 to 2015) and identifies the main variables influencing the adoption process. In doing so, we try to see if any changes in the patterns of IS adoption from SMEs are present and look for emerging research topics and gaps in the field of SME and IS innovation adoption in the last decade.

Field of study: Business