nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Late Silurian volcanism in coastal Maine: The Cranberry Island series

The Cranberry Island series is a Silurian (424 ± 1 Ma) volcanic succession that crops out on three islands along the southeastern coast of Maine. It is part of the coastal Maine magmatic province and represents bimodal magmatism that occurred on a composite crustal block before or during accretion to Laurentia. The series consists of ∼1.8 km of felsic pyroclastic rocks and felsic lava flows overlain by ∼0.8 km of basaltic tuffs and basaltic lava flows. The lower and upper members of the Cranberry Island series are interpreted, respectively, as (1) felsic pyroclastic rocks and lavas erupted from a mingled felsic and mafic magma reservoir and (2) phreatomagmatic basaltic rocks overlain by effusive basaltic flows. Some of the basaltic inclusions hosted by the felsic pyroclastic rocks may be chilled magmatic enclaves, suggesting that droplets of basaltic magma were entrained by felsic magma prior to eruption. The compositionally layered plutons of the Cadillac Mountain intrusive complex to the north are likely candidates, in both age and composition, for the magma bodies from which the Cranberry Island series erupted. Mafic rocks of the Cranberry Island series do not show the enrichment in large ion lithophile elements and the depletion in high field strength elements diagnostic of subduction-related magmas. The bimodal character of magmatism, the lack of strong arc geochemical signature, and the rarity of andesites in the Cranberry Island series and throughout the coastal Maine volcanic belt argue against an origin in a compressional setting. Alternative settings for magmatism include (1) backarc extension, (2) crustal extension associated with large-scale transcurrent faulting, and (3) extension-related magmatism associated with rifting of the coastal Maine volcanic belt from another continental margin.

Field of study: Geology
Role of Stimuli on Liquid Crystalline Defects: From Defect Engineering to Switchable Functional Materials

Achieving tunable physical properties is currently one of the most exciting research topics. In order to realize this goal, a medium that is responsive to external stimuli and can undergo a change in its physical property is required. Liquid crystal (LC) is a prominent candidate, as its physical and optical properties can be easily manipulated with various stimuli, such as surface anchoring, rubbing, geometric confinement, and external fields. Having broken away from the past devotion to obtaining a uniform domain of LCs, people are now putting significant efforts toward forming and manipulating ordered and oriented defect structures with a unique arrangement within. The complicated molecular order with tunability would benefit the interdisciplinary research fields of optics, physics, photonics, and materials science. In this review, the recent progress toward defect engineering in the nematic and smectic phases by controlling the surface environment and electric field and their combinational methods is introduced. We close the review with a discussion of the possible applications enabled using LC defect structures as switchable materials.

Field of study: Materials science
Effect of Hazardous Alcohol Use During Pregnancy on Growth Outcomes at Birth: Findings from a South African Cohort Study

studies have noted associations between hazardous alcohol use during pregnancy and infant growth outcomes, but many have not controlled for potential psychosocial confounders. To assess the unique contribution of hazardous alcohol use, we examined its effect on infant growth outcomes while controlling for maternal psychosocial stressors and hazardous tobacco and drug use in a cohort of 986 pregnant South African women enrolled into the Drakenstein Child Health Study between 2012 and 2015.  Data on psychosocial stressors and maternal risk behaviors were collected between 28 and 32 weeks of gestation. Participants were categorized as hazardous alcohol users if they obtained moderate or high scores (>10) on the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test at this assessment or retrospectively reported drinking at least 2 drinks weekly during any trimester of pregnancy. Infant growth outcomes were recorded at delivery. Multivariable regression models examined correlates of hazardous alcohol use and associations between hazardous alcohol use and birth outcomes.  Overall, 13% of mothers reported hazardous alcohol use. Recent exposure to intimate partner violence (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.08; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.37, 3.18) and hazardous tobacco use (aOR = 5.03; 95% CI: 2.97, 8.52) were significant correlates of hazardous alcohol use. After controlling for potential psychosocial confounders, hazardous alcohol use remained associated with lower infant weight‐for‐age (B = −0.35, 95% CI: −0.56, −0.14), height‐for‐age (B = −0.46, 95% CI: −0.76, −0.17), and head‐circumference‐for‐age z‐scores (B = −0.43, 95% CI: −0.69, −0.17).  Interventions to reduce hazardous alcohol use among pregnant women in South Africa are needed to prevent alcohol‐related infant growth restrictions. As these growth deficits may lead to neurodevelopmental consequences, it is critical to identify alcohol‐related growth restrictions at birth and link exposed infants to early interventions for neurodevelopment.

Field of study: Medicine
Short Course vs Conventional Structures for Teaching Philosophy

Research on teaching methods in higher education is less evident than in elementary and secondary education. This study examined two course structures which are suitable for college teaching?lecture/discussion and inde pendent study. The Ss were upperclassmen enrolled in philosophy of art and social philosophy classes which were designated a priori as either the independent study or the lecture/discussion format. Measures were ob tained on acquisition of factual content, attitudes, student motivation, satisfaction, and classroom climate. Fac tual content increased during the semester, but this increase was a function of course structure and class'. Stu dents liked the independent study format better than the lecture/discussion format. Highly motivated students did better in the independent format, while poorly motivated students performed better in the conventional format. These results suggest that students and course structures should be matched in their motivational properties.

Field of study: Education
Predicting the cost of hospital stay for stroke patients: the use of diagnosis related groups.

In order to provide tailor-made care, governments are considering the implementation of output-pricing based on hospital case-mix measures, such as diagnosis related groups (DRG). The question is whether the current DRG classification system can provide a satisfactory prediction of the variance of costs in stroke patients and if not, in what way other variables may enhance this prediction. In this study, data from 731 stroke patients hospitalized at University Hospital Maastricht during 1996-1998 are used in the cost analysis. The DRG classification for this group uses information--in addition to the DRG classification operation or no operation--on the patient's age combined with discharge status. The results of regression analysis show that using DRGs, the variance explained in the costs amounts to 34%. Adding other variables to the DRGs, the variance explained increases to about 61%. Additional factors highly correlating with inpatient costs are the level of functioning after stroke, comorbidity, complications, and 'days of stay for non-medical reasons'. Costs decreased for stroke patients discharged during the latter part of the years studied, and if stroke patients happened to die during their hospital stay. The results do suggest that future implementation of output-pricing based on the DRG case-mix measures is feasible for stroke patients only if it is enhanced with information on complications and the level of functioning.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Rapid identification of pathogenic organisms positive for blood culture by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in combination with Sepsityper Kit or serum-separating gel tubes

To evaluate the feasibility of using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) in combination with Sepsityper Kit or serum-separating gel tubes for identification of pathogenic organisms positive for blood culture. 
 
 
 
A total of 153 clinical specimens with a positive result in blood culture were collected and tested with MALDI-TOF MS in combination with Sepsityper Kit or serum-separating gel tubes. Test results were compared with those by using culturing. 
 
 
 
The 153 positive blood culture specimens included 143 of single bacterial infection and 10 of multiple bacterial infections. The consistency rates at species and genus levels were 76.2% (109/153) and 7.8% (12/153) between Vitek 2 Compact method and MALDI-TOF MS combined with Sepsityper Kit, and 75.1% (101/153) and 8.5% (13/153) between Vitek 2 Compact method and MALDI-TOF MS combined with serum-separating gel tubes. In the identification of single bacterial infection specimens, the consistency rates of MALDI-TOF MS combined with Sepsityper Kit at species and genus levels were 95.2% (79/83) and 0% (0/83) for gram-negative bacteria, 57.5% (27/47) and 23.4% (11/47) for gram-positive bacteria and 33.3% (3/9) and 11.1% (1/9) for Candida, the consistency rates of MALDI-TOF MS combined with serum-separating gel tubes at species and genus levels were 90.4% (75/83) and 4.8% (4/83) for gram-negative bacteria, 55.3% (26/47) and 14.9% (7/47) for gram-positive bacteria and 0% (0/9) and 22.2% (2/9) for Candida. MALDI-TOF MS combined with Sepsityper Kit was only consistent with Vitek 2 Compact method in the identification of one specimen of multiple bacterial infections. 
 
 
 
MALDI-TOF MS in combination with Sepsityper Kit or serum-separating gel tubes can identify the pathogens positive for blood culture within one hour and is of high consistency with culturing. In comparison with the traditional identification method for positive blood cultures, MALDI-TOF MS combined with Sepsityper Kit or serum-separating gel tubes has the advantages of rapidity and easy operation, which meet the clinical needs of rapid diagnosis and timely and effective antibacterial treatment, and is of great value in clinical application. 
 
 
 
Sepsityper Kit; Serum-separating gel tube; MALDI-TOF MS; Blood culture

Field of study: Biology
Subdiffraction focusing lens based on quadrangular-frustum pyramid-shaped metasurface.

In order to realize the function of subdiffraction focusing using a single flat lens, a special metalens is proposed to modulate the circularly polarized light. Initially, the analyses indicate that the phase shift can cover [0,2π] by changing the rotation angle of a quadrangular-frustum pyramid-shaped structure from 0° to 180°, while the average amplitude transmittance can reach 96% at the wavelength of λ=1550  nm. Then, a flat metalens is designed by carefully arranging the quadrangular-frustum pyramid-shaped structures. The simulated results show that a focal spot could be obtained at the focal length of about f=2.87λ, and the focusing efficiency is ∼14.9%. Meanwhile, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the focusing spot is only 0.48λ, which is smaller than the diffraction limit. Furthermore, this designed metalens can function comparatively with a conventional lens in one-to-one imaging.

Field of study: Physics
Medical imaging data in the digital innovation age.

As we reflect on decades of exponential advancements in electronic innovation, we can see the field of medical imaging eclipsed by a new digital landscape - one that is inexpensive, fast, and powerful. This new paradigm presents new opportunities to innovate in both research and clinical settings. In this article, we review the current role of data: the common perceptions around its valuation and the infrastructure currently in place for data-driven innovation. Looking forward, we consider what has already been achieved using modern data capacities, the opportunities we have for further expansion in this area, and the obstacles we will need to transcend.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Degree-day phenology of San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Comstock and assessment of its predator, Chilocorus bijugus Mulsant in Kashmir orchard ecosystem.

The San Jose scale overwintered in black cap stage in Kashmir apple orchards. The overwintered nymphs started development at silver-tip stage of apple growth in the first week of March. The spring male emergence which resulted from overwintering black caps began at 285 degree-days (DD) at a base of 51°F (10.5°C) and occurred at completion of petal fall of Red Delicious. This could be used as “biofix” for timing the succeeding phenological events of San Jose scale. First generation crawlers emerged at 534 DD in the last week of May and peaked within 10 days. The males of summer generation were observed at 1277 DD and the second generation crawlers emerged beyond 1357 DD. The winged males were again observed at 2529 DD followed by the emergence of partial third generation crawlers past 2740 DD. The common ladybird beetle, Chilocorus bijugus Muls. was observed to be an effective and predominant predator of San Jose scale which passed three generations along with its host. It was also observed that the development of this predator corresponded to the development of San Jose scale and has got well established in the orchard ecosystem.

Field of study: Biology
Ethnic and mainstream social connectedness, perceived racial discrimination, and posttraumatic stress symptoms.

Carter (2007) proposed the notion of race-based traumatic stress and argued that experiences of racial discrimination can be viewed as a type of trauma. In a sample of 383 Chinese international students at 2 predominantly White midwestern universities, the present results supported this notion and found that perceived racial discrimination predicted posttraumatic stress symptoms over and above perceived general stress. Furthermore, Berry (1997) proposed an acculturation framework and recommended that researchers advance the literature by examining the moderation effects on the association between racial discrimination and outcomes. The present results supported the moderation effect for Ethnic SC (i.e., social connectedness in the ethnic community), but not for Mainstream SC (i.e., social connectedness in mainstream society). A simple effects analysis indicated that a high Ethnic SC weakened the strength of the association between perceived racial discrimination and posttraumatic stress symptoms more than a low Ethnic SC. Moreover, although Mainstream SC failed to be a moderator, Mainstream SC was significantly associated with less perceived general stress, less perceived racial discrimination, and less posttraumatic stress symptoms.

Field of study: Psychology
Consistency of Ridge Function Fields for Varying Nonparametric Regression

A nonparametric regression model proposed in Pelletier and Frouin (2006) as a solution to the geophysical problem of ocean color remote sensing is studied. The model, called ridge function field, combines a regression estimate in the form of a superposition of ridge functions, or which is equivalent to a neural network, with the idea pertaining to varying-coefficients models, where the parameters of a parametric family are allowed to vary with other variables. Under mild assumptions on the underlying distribution of the data, the strong universal consistency of the least-squares ridge function fields estimate is established.

Field of study: Mathematics
Quantized charge pumping through a carbon nanotube double quantum dot

We demonstrate single-electron pumping in a gate-defined carbon nanotube double quantum dot. By periodic modulation of the potentials of the two quantum dots, we move the system around charge triple points and transport exactly one electron or hole per cycle. We investigate the pumping as a function of the modulation frequency and amplitude and observe good current quantization up to frequencies of 18 MHz where rectification effects cause the mechanism to break down.

Field of study: Physics
Comparison of aerobic heterotrophic taxa isolated from four root domains of mature sugar beet (Beta vulgaris)

The distribution of bacteria in the rhizosphere, rhizoplane, interior root tissues (core) and lower root (all tissues) of mature sugar beet roots (Beta vulgaris) was compared. Of 556 isolates, 102 species from 40 genera were identified by fatty acid methyl ester gas-chromatographic (FAME-GC) analysis. The ten most common genera (Bacillus, 14%; Arthrobacter, 12%; Pseudomonas, 11%; Aureobacterium, 9%; Micrococcus, 6%; Xanthomonas, 5%; Alcaligenes, 4%; Flavobacterium, 3%; Agrobacterium, 3%; Microbacterium, 3%) accounted for 70% of isolates, and were found in each of three root domains (rhizosphere, rhizoplane and interior root tissues) on the two principal sampling occasions. Gram-positive strains were more abundant in the rhizosphere than the rhizoplane. Compared to the rhizoplane, rhizosphere bacterial communities were represented by a less diverse, more hierarchical distribution of species where twice as many isolates formed late developing colonies on isolation plates. Between October and January, the bacteria isolated from root interior tissues acquired a distinct change in taxonomic pattern, with decreased diversity and increased hierarchy. A bacterial continuum of similar taxa was observed which extended from the rhizosphere to interior root tissues.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Electron bremsstrahlung coherent effects and nanodiagnostics

Coherent effects in bremsstrahlung of relativistic electrons and the possibility of radiative diagnostics of substance parameters are considered. The dependences of the intensity and specific features of the frequency-angular distribution of coherent bremsstrahlung on the orientation of molecules with respect to the electron beam velocity are investigated using an alternative approach to bremsstrahlung spectrum description. H2 and I2 diatomic molecules are considered as an example.

Field of study: Physics
Pregnancy-associated osteoporosis.

The clinical features, investigation and outcome in 24 patients with pregnancy-associated osteoporosis, followed for up to 24 years from the first pregnancy are described. Symptoms occurred most often in the first pregnancy (17 patients) at a mean age of 27 years (range 21-36); the most frequent was back pain in late pregnancy or post partum (n = 18); less common was hip (n = 5) or ankle (n = 1) pain. In most, symptoms improved soon after delivery. Four subjects had pre-existing disorders known to reduce bone density (corticosteroid therapy, heparin treatment, mild osteogenesis imperfecta and previous anorexia nervosa). Radiographs showed vertebral collapse or localized osteoporosis of the hip, with MRI evidence of oedema. Forearm bone mineral density (BMD) was sometimes normal, but spinal BMD (measured by DXA) was low. Bone biopsies in eleven patients showed features compatible with osteoblast failure. Except for the patient with mild osteogenesis imperfecta, cultured dermal fibroblasts synthesized and exported normal Type I collagen. In 14 subsequent pregnancies (10 patients) there was no recurrence in ten and mild symptoms in the remainder. Excluding one patient who had repeated osteoporotic fractures and vertebral collapse, the long-term prognosis was good.

Field of study: Medicine
Closing the gap: global potential for increasing biofuel production through agricultural intensification

Since the end of World War II, global agriculture has undergone a period of rapid intensification achieved through a combination of increased applications of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides, the implementation of best management practice techniques, mechanization, irrigation, and more recently, through the use of optimized seed varieties and genetic engineering. However, not all crops and not all regions of the world have realized the same improvements in agricultural intensity. In this study we examine both the magnitude and spatial variation of new agricultural production potential from closing of 'yield gaps' for 20 ethanol and biodiesel feedstock crops. With biofuels coming under increasing pressure to slow or eliminate indirect land-use conversion, the use of targeted intensification via established agricultural practices might offer an alternative for continued growth. We find that by closing the 50th percentile production gap—essentially improving global yields to median levels—the 20 crops in this study could provide approximately 112.5 billion liters of new ethanol and 8.5 billion liters of new biodiesel production. This study is intended to be an important new resource for scientists and policymakers alike—helping to more accurately understand spatial variation of yield and agricultural intensification potential, as well as employing these data to better utilize existing infrastructure and optimize the distribution of development and aid capital.

Field of study: Environmental science
Theoretical development and experimental validation on the measurement of temperature by extended X-ray absorption fine structure.

A systematic investigation on the theoretical framework of the ultra-fast measurement of temperature by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) applied in laser-driven-compression experiments has been carried out and a new temperature measurement scheme based on the EXAFS cumulant expansion analysis and anharmonic correlated Debye model has been advanced. By considering the anharmonic effect of thermal vibration and avoiding the employment of the empirical model as well as parameters which have large inherent uncertainties in the temperature determination, this new scheme is theoretically more accurate than traditional ones. Then the performance of the new measurement scheme and traditional methods were validated on a synchrotron radiation platform by temperature-dependent EXAFS (TDEXAFS) experiments on Au, Fe, V and Ti; the results showed that the new scheme could provide the most accurate measured temperatures with much lower uncertainties. This accurate scheme gives a firmer physical ground to the EXAFS temperature measurement technique and can expect to be applied in laser-driven compression experiments and promote the development of matter state research at extreme conditions.

Field of study: Physics
Resolving the Sub-AU-scale Gas and Dust Distribution in FU Orionis Sources

We present Keck Interferometer observations of the three prototypical FU Orionis stars, FU Ori, V1057 Cyg, and V1515 Cyg. With a spatial resolution of a few milliarcseconds and a spectral resolution of λ/Δλ = 2000, our near-infrared observations spatially resolve gas and dust emission extending from stellocentric radii of ~0.05 AU to several AU. We fit these data with accretion disk models where each stellocentric radius of the disk is represented by a supergiant-type stellar emission spectrum at the disk temperature. A disk model is consistent with the data for FU Ori, although we require some local asymmetry in the disk. For V1057 Cyg the disk model does not fit our data well, especially compared to the fit quality achieved for FU Ori. We speculate that a disk wind may be contributing substantially to the observed near-IR emission in this source. The data for V1515 Cyg are noisier than the data obtained for the other two objects and do not strongly constrain the validity of an accretion disk model.

Field of study: Physics