nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Undercooling Heredity of Cu_(70)Ni_(30) Alloy Melts in Non catalytic Crystal Coating Mould

A SiO 2 glassy film coating was prepared by dip coating process on the inner surface of investment casting molds that had SiO 2 glass lined coating using sol gel principle.When the gel film was analyzed by using FTIR and TGA methods,it was found that its crack property was sensitive to heating process parameters.The analytical results also show that cracking in glass converting heating occurs in the range of ambient temperature to 400℃.The expansion of the film coating,caused by rapid evaporation of water and alcohol that absorb between the networks and form during progress polymerization of the gel,plays a key role in cracking.During this evaporation,the losing weight is amount to 89.5% of the total one.For the purpose of solving the cracking,an effective step heating treatment is adopted to prepare the sound B F composite coating with SiO 2 glass structure proved by X ray diffraction.198K undercooling was achieved that means the undercooling heredity was 0.76 when the undercooled Cu 70 Ni 30 melts was poured into the mold.

Field of study: Materials science
Ultimate sensitivity of a metal-oxide-metal detector

A calculation was made of the intrinsic noise of metal-oxide-metal structures. This noise consisted of the shot noise resulting from the passage of tunnel currents across the barrier, and of the thermal noise due to the contact resistance. The noise of a point-contact detector (contact area ~1 μ2) was investigated. Measurements at 10 MHz gave the spectral density of the noise which was of the order of 10–19 W/Hz. Allowance for mismatch of the detector contact relative to the incident radiation was made in a calculation of the responsivity, which was found to be 0.1 V/W. The ultimate sensitivity was of the order of 10–6 W/Hz1/2. The application of a bias voltage to the contact increased the ultimate sensitivity to 10–7 W/Hz1/2.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
The impact of the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption on deep-sea foraminiferal communities: A model for the Cretaceous–Tertiary (K/T) boundary?

The ash layer from the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption provided a natural laboratory to assess mass mortality and the rates of recovery of deep marine ecosystems after a catastrophic event and to draw a parallel with the environmental impact of the K/T boundary event on deep-sea foraminiferal communities. The first recolonization assemblages of benthic foraminifers after the Mt. Pinatubo ash fall exhibit surprising similarities with benthic foraminiferal communities established following the K/T boundary event, i.e., comparatively low abundance and diversity, absence of suspension feeders, dominance of mobile infaunal taxa and a high proportion of agglutinated foraminifers. The first foraminifers to recolonize the deep sea after both catastrophic events were opportunistic forms with high capability for rapid dispersal. However, major differences are evident in the timing and duration of the faunal transitions. Post-eruption assemblages with high proportions of epibenthic suspension feeders became established after a short initial recolonization phase of approx. 6-7 years on the Mt. Pinatubo ash layer. In the K/T sections, comparatively stable new benthic foraminiferal assemblages, including suspension feeders, only became established several thousand years after the event. Delayed recovery of the pelagic ecosystem and poor deep-water ventilation probably slowed down the recovery of the benthic community structure after the K/T boundary.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Natural Frequencies and Associated Mode Shapes for a Two-Branch Structure with an Arbitrary Geometry

NATURAL frequencies and associated vibrational mode shapes of a continuous structure having a rigidly fixed base, a fork with two branches and an ar-bitrary geometrical configuration were investigated. A transfer matrix technique with lumped parameters was used to account for the generalized structural geometry and the interdependence of bending, longitudinal and torsional vibrations. By properly applying the boundary conditions at the fixed and both free ends of the structure a complete solution to the transfer matrix problem was achieved. A forked aluminum structure was observed ex-perimentally and used to validate the transfer matrix ap-proach and the associated computational routines re-quired to predict resonant frequencies, nodal positions and mode shape.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Deformations of the Lie algebra o(5) in characteristics 3 and 2

All finite-dimensional simple modular Lie algebras with Cartan matrix fail to have deformations, even infinitesimal ones, if the characteristic p of the ground field is equal to 0 or exceeds 3. If p = 3, then the orthogonal Lie algebra o(5) is one of two simple modular Lie algebras with Cartan matrix that do have deformations (the Brown algebras br(2; α) appear in this family of deformations of the 10-dimensional Lie algebras, and therefore are not listed separately); moreover, the 29-dimensional Brown algebra br(3) is the only other simple Lie algebra which has a Cartan matrix and admits a deformation. Kostrikin and Kuznetsov described the orbits (isomorphism classes) under the action of an algebraic group O(5) of automorphisms of the Lie algebra o(5) on the space H2(o(5); o(5)) of infinitesimal deformations and presented representatives of the isomorphism classes. We give here an explicit description of the global deformations of the Lie algebra o(5) and describe the deformations of a simple analog of this orthogonal algebra in characteristic 2. In characteristic 3, we have found the representatives of the isomorphism classes of the deformed algebras that linearly depend on the parameter.

Field of study: Mathematics
Biological events and the Precambrian time scale

For stratigraphic purposes, time scales are constructed on the basis of either geophysical and geochemical, or biological processes and events. Biological evolutionary processes provide the main markers linking the Phanerozoic time scale with fossiliferous rock sequences. Progress in the study of Precambrian fossils makes it necessary to assess present and future possibilities of their use as time markers and correlation indicators for the Precambrian. The low grade of diversification attained by organisms during the first one-half or two-thirds of Precambrian time may reduce the possibilities of biostratigraphic dating of early and middle Precambrian sediments to insignificance, but enough is known about late Precambrian plants and animals to suggest that careful investigation of their stratigraphic distribution and potential use as time markers will repay the effort.

Field of study: Environmental science
Clearance of plasmin-PN-1 complexes by vascular smooth muscle cells in human aneurysm of the ascending aorta.

Plasminogen is a circulating zymogen which enters the arterial wall by radial, transmural hydraulic conductance, where it is converted to plasmin by tissue plasminogen activator t-PA on an activation platform involving S100A4 on the vascular smooth muscle cell (vSMC) membrane. Plasmin is involved in the progression of human thoracic aneurysm of the ascending aorta (TAA). vSMCs protect the TAA wall from plasmin-induced proteolytic injury by expressing high levels of antiproteases. Protease nexin-1 (PN-1) is a tissue antiprotease belonging to the serpin superfamily, expressed in the vascular wall, and is able to form a covalent complex with plasmin. LDL receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1) is a scavenger receptor implicated in protease-antiprotease complex internalization. In this study, we investigated whether PN-1 and LRP-1 are involved in the inhibition and clearance of plasminogen by the SMCs of human TAA. We demonstrated an overexpression of S100A4, PN-1, and LRP-1 in the medial layer of human TAA. Plasminogen activation taking place in the media of TAA was revealed by immunohistochemical staining and plasmin activity analyses. We showed by cell biology studies that plasmin-PN-1 complexes are internalized via LRP-1 in vSMCs from healthy and TAA media. Thus, two complementary mechanisms are involved in the protective role of PN-1 in human TAA: one involving plasmin inhibition and the other involving tissue clearance of plasmin-PN1 complexes via the scavenger receptor LRP-1.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Multi-layer bus minimization for SoC

The deployment of multiple processing elements such as a microprocessor or a Digital Signal Processor in embedded systems often results in significant communication overheads. The challenge lies in resolving the communication cost minimization problem, while simultaneously satisfying the timing constraints of job executions. In this paper, we explore bus-layer minimization problems by first identifying factors that contribute to the NP-hardness of these problems. Existing proposed algorithms and NP-hard problems are then identified and elucidated. A simulated annealing algorithm is proposed and compared with heuristics-based algorithms to provide further insights for system designers. Lastly, a series of extensive simulations is carried out and a case study is presented to show comparisons among different approaches and workloads.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Antiaromatic ions and their value in quantifying aromaticity, as probes of delocalization, and potential as stable diradicals

Antiaromatic dications and dianions are available through oxidation or reduction of unsaturated precursors as well as through ionization of diols. Their experimental accessibility allows them to be used to evaluate the effectiveness of theoretical treatments of antiaromaticity such as the nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS). Because measures of antiaromaticity are generally larger in magnitude than corresponding measures of aromaticity, they demonstrate relationships between different measures of aromaticity–antiaromaticity, such as those based on magnetic and energetic properties, more effectively than do aromatic measures. Antiaromatic species are more sensitive probes of delocalization than are aromatic species, giving the possibility of observation of subtle effects. Antiaromatic species possess a small highest occupied molecular orbital–lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) gap, giving rise to species with diradical character.

Field of study: Chemistry
Research on Uyghur Machine Translation Based on Translator Hub

Microsoft Translator Hub project has paved a technical approach for machine learning and corpus-based machine translation,on the basis of parsing the system structure and working principle of Translator Hub,in response to the need of translator between Uyghur and Chinese,carries out several steps:data collection,reorganization,upload and experimental research work,the experiment indicates that Uyghur-Chinese translation via Microsoft Translator Hub has the practicability and operability.

Field of study: Computer science
The Thin Gap Chambers Database Preparations for ATLAS

Thin gap chambers (TGCs) are used for the muon trigger system in the forward region of the LHC experiment ATLAS. The TGCs are expected to provide a trigger signal within 25 ns of the bunch spacing. An extensive system test of the ATLAS muon spectrometer has been performed in the H8 beam line at the CERN SPS, during the last few years. A relational database was used for storing the conditions of the tests as well as the configuration of the system. This database has provided the detector control system with the information needed for configuration of the front end electronics. The database is used to assist the online operation and maintenance. The same database is used to store the nonevent condition and configuration parameters needed later for the offline reconstruction software. A larger scale of the database has been produced to support the whole TGC system. It integrates all the production, QA tests and assembly information. A 1/12th model of the whole TGC system is currently in use for testing the performance of this database in configuring and tracking the condition of the system. A prototype of the database was first implemented during the H8 test beams. This paper describes the database structure, its interface to other systems and its operational performance

Field of study: Physics
Estimates for the Points of Intersection of Two Polynomial Regressions

Let t* denote an unknown abscissa of intersection of two true regression functions μ1(t) and μ2(t). Under normality assumptions with no restraints on t* the maximum likelihood estimator of t* is shown to be the corresponding intersection of the sample regressions. When this estimate exists confidence intervals J can usually be obtained for t* by an application of the Student t-distribution. When t* is restrained to some known interval I, the ML estimate may or may not fall in I. A restrained ML estimate proposed is the limiting point of ∩I ∩J as the length of I ∩ J approaches zero. Confidence limits are obtained for the restrained estimate. Many practical difficulties are discussed.

Field of study: Mathematics
Vessel wall enhancement of intracranial aneurysms: fact or artifact?

For patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and multiple intracranial aneurysms, it is often challenging to identify the ruptured aneurysm. Some investigators have asserted that vessel wall imaging (VWI) can be used to identify the ruptured aneurysm since wall enhancement after contrast agent injection is presumably related to inflammation in unstable and ruptured aneurysms. The aim of this study was to determine whether additional factors contribute to aneurysm wall enhancement by assessing imaging data in a series of patients.



Patients with symptoms of SAH who subsequently underwent VWI in the period between January 2017 and September 2018 were eligible for study inclusion. Three-dimensional turbo spin-echo sequences with motion-sensitized driven-equilibrium preparation pulses were acquired using a 3-T MRI scanner to visualize the aneurysm wall. Identification of the ruptured aneurysm was based on aneurysm characteristics and hemorrhage distributions on MRI. Complementary imaging data (CT, DSA, MRI) were used to assess potential underlying enhancement mechanisms. Additionally, aneurysm luminal diameter measurements on MRA were compared with those on contrast-enhanced VWI to assess the intraluminal contribution to aneurysm enhancement.



Six patients with 14 aneurysms were included in this series. The mean aneurysm size was 5.8 mm (range 1.1-16.9 mm). A total of 10 aneurysms showed enhancement on VWI; 5 ruptured aneurysms showed enhancement, and 1 unruptured but symptomatic aneurysm showed enhancement on VWI and ruptured 1 day later. Four unruptured aneurysms showed enhancement. In 6 (60%) of the 10 enhanced aneurysms, intraluminal diameters appeared notably smaller (≥ 0.8 mm smaller) on contrast-enhanced VWI compared to their appearance on multiple overlapping thin slab acquisition time of flight (MOTSA-TOF) MRA and/or precontrast VWI, suggesting that enhancement was at least partially in the aneurysm lumen itself.



Several factors other than the hypothesized inflammatory response contribute to aneurysm wall enhancement. In 60% of the cases in this study, enhancement was at least partially caused by slow intraaneurysmal flow, leading to pseudo-enhancement of the aneurysm wall. Notwithstanding, there seems to be clinical value in differentiating ruptured from unruptured aneurysms using VWI, but the hypothesis that we image the inflammatory cell infiltration in the aneurysm wall is not yet confirmed.

Field of study: Medicine
Gustatory parabrachial lesions disrupt taste-guided quinine responsiveness in rats.

This study examined the effects of electrophysiologically placed electrolytic lesions in the gustatory zone of the parabrachial nuclei (PBN) on the rat's taste-guided unconditioned licking of quinine hydrochloride during repeated 10-s trials. Concentration-response functions measured in water-deprived rats before and after surgery significantly shifted to the right as a result of the bilaterally placed lesions. These same rats were tested on their ability to acquire a lithium chloride (LiCl)-based conditioned taste aversion (CTA) to 0.1 M sucrose. Although the largest lesions severely affected performance in both tasks, there was only a modest correlation (r = -.447) between the extent of the lesion-induced shift in the quinine concentration-response curves and the degree of sucrose intake suppression after the first CTA conditioning trial. Thus, PBN lesions can disrupt performance on both tasks, but it appears that the neural processes governing unconditioned responsiveness to quinine may be to some extent dissociable from those subserving acquisition of a sucrose LiCl-based CTA.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
OLD AGE MENTAL DISORDERS IN NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE. II. A STUDY OF POSSIBLE SOCIAL AND MEDICAL CAUSES.

1. The association of various medical, domestic and social characteristics with psychiatric illness in old age was investigated by interviewing a random sample of 294 old people living at home in Newcastle upon Tyne. The subjects were allocated to one of three groups: ( i ) with organic mental illness; ( ii ) with functional disorders; and ( iii ) without psychiatric abnormality. 2. In the organic mental disorders, consisting mainly of cerebrovascular and senile degenerative disease, advanced age is the main aetiological factor. Extracerebral disease may be a primary cause of mental symptoms or aggravate symptoms due to other causes. Sensory defects, and inadequate diet due to poverty, isolation or the mental state itself, probably contribute on occasion to the deterioration. It is possible that some associations, with, for example, living alone or low socioeconomic status, may be obscured, owing to differential rates of removal by death, or by admission to institutions. 3. In the functional disorders, in which neurosis is the most frequent diagnosis, various factors, both constitutional and environmental, appear to interact with each other. A hypothesis is advanced, according to which personality defects and adversities in early and middle life tend to bring about a cumulative and progressive diminution of the possibilities of effective adjustment to the adversities of old age. The most important of these is physical disability. Loneliness and increasing social isolation are experienced; but to a considerable extent, these are related to long-standing maladjustment in social and interpersonal relationships. 4. It is concluded that measures designed to improve the domiciliary health and welfare services, and to integrate the aged into the community, would be of some prophylactic value. Local registers of all old people are recommended.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Chinese learners’ acquisition of English word stress and factors affecting stress assignment

This study explores Chinese ESL learners’ acquisition of English word stress and compares the factors affecting their stress assignment with Guion et al.’s (2003) findings of three factors (syllable structure, lexical class, and phonologically similar words) affecting English speakers’ stress placement. Twenty Hong Kong advanced learners produced and perceived 40 real words and 40 pseudowords of varying syllable structures in noun and verb sentence frames. They also indicated words they considered to be phonologically similar to the pseudoword. The results show that the participants performed well in the tasks with real words, but there were asymmetrical abilities in the tasks involving pseudowords. Regarding the factors affecting the stress assignment, different from the findings by Guion et al., stress assignment was not significantly influenced by syllable structure or the stress patterns of phonologically similar real words. Only lexical class had an effect on main stress assignment.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
Slow development of leaf photosynthesis in an evergreen broad‐leaved tree, Castanopsis sieboldii: relationships between leaf anatomical characteristics and photosynthetic rate

Changes in net photosynthetic rate on a leaf area basis and anatomical properties during leaf development were studied in an evergreen broad-leaved tree, Castanopsis sieboldii and an annual herb, Phaseolus vulgaris. In C. sieboldii, surface area of mesophyll cells facing the intercellular air spaces on a leaf area basis (S mes ) was already considerable at the time of full leaf area expansion (FLE). However, surface area of chloroplasts facing the intercellular air spaces on a leaf area basis (S c ), and chlorophyll and Rubisco contents on a leaf area basis increased to attain their maximal values 15-40 d after FLE. In contrast, in P. vulgaris, chloroplast number on a leaf area basis, S c and S mes at 10 d before FLE were two to three times greater than the steady-state levels attained at around FLE. In C. sieboldii, the internal CO 2 transfer conductance (g i ) slightly increased for 10 d after FLE but then decreased toward the later stages. Limitation of photosynthesis by g i was only about 10% at FLE, but then increased to about 30% at around 40 d after FLE. The large limitation after FLE by g i was probably due to the decrease in CO 2 concentration in the chloroplast caused by the increases in thickness of mesophyll cell walls and in Rubisco content per chloroplast surface area. These results clearly showed that: (1) in C. sieboldii, chloroplast development proceeded more slowly than mesophyll cell expansion and continued well after FLE, whereas in P. vulgaris these processes proceeded synchronously and were completed by FLE; (2) after FLE, photosynthesis in leaves of C. sieboldii was markedly limited by g i . From these results, it is suggested that, in the evergreen broad-leaved trees, mechanical protection of mesophyll cells has priority over the efficient CO 2 transfer and quick construction of the chloroplasts.

Field of study: Environmental science
Improved dynamic simulation of multi-temperature industrial refrigeration systems for food chilling, freezing and cold storage.

Three refrigeration system simulation environments were used to simulate the performance of two large industrial refrigeration systems used for meat processing. A recently published model for predicting heat release during cooling and freezing enabled the performance of freezers to be predicted more accurately than by earlier models. Weaknesses in room air models and a need for models of room walls to consider their thermal capacity, as well as their thermal resistance, were identified. Significant advantages compared to previous simulation environments are demonstrated for an object-oriented environment for refrigeration system simulation. It enables new models for components of a refrigeration system to be quickly incorporated as they become available.

Field of study: Engineering
A Preliminary Research on the Dynamic Building of the Personalized Teaching Materials on Web

This paper outlines an approach to dynamically build the teaching materials of a Web-based online course based on the concepts of learning objects. This technology introduces an approach to building the teaching materials to best match to individual study styles, where the teaching content is broken down into several manageable components that can be used, re-used, or referenced in different teaching units. In this paper the concepts of learning objects are described and then the methods of storing and managing the metadata which describes the semantic of learning objects on the network are presented. After that the issue of granularity of learning objects and the contextual meanings on a Web page are discussed. Finally, an experimental system developed by us, as an initial application of the technology, is reported.

Field of study: Computer science