nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Status of the Pion-Nucleon Coupling Constant

A review is given of the various determinations of the different piNN coupling constants in analyses of the low-energy pp, np, pbarp, and pi-p scattering data. The most accurate determinations are in the energy-dependent partial-wave analyses of the NN data. The recommended value is f^2 = 0.075 . A recent determination of f^2 by the Uppsala group from backward np cross sections is shown to be model dependent and inaccurate, and therefore completely uninteresting. We also argue that an accurate determination of f^2 using pp forward dispersion relations is not a realistic option.

Field of study: Physics
SU‐FF‐T‐159: Direct Aperture Optimization in IMRT Treatment Planning

To develop an exact approach to direct aperture optimization that can be applied to a large class of IMRT fluence map optimization (FMO) models that employ convex treatment plan evaluation criteria in the objective function and/or constraints and test its ability to obtain high‐quality treatment plans using a reduced number of apertures and limited beam‐on‐time.  An exact approach was developed that iteratively adds high‐quality deliverable apertures while the treatment plan quality can be improved. The most promising new apertures are found by solving a subproblem, which can account for deliverability constraints imposed by the multi‐leaf collimator(MLC) system such as interdigitation, connectedness, or rectangular shapes. The approach can explicitly account for transmission through the leaves that are not shielded by backup jaws in the MLC system. It was compared to the traditional method of solving a beamlet‐based FMO model followed by a leaf‐sequencing step to determine apertures and intensities.  For a set of ten clinical head‐and‐neck cancer cases, treatment plans comparable in quality to plans obtained by the traditional method were obtained with a reduction of more than 75% in number of apertures and a reduction of more than 50% in beam‐on‐time, with only a modest increase in computational effort. The importance of incorporating transmission effects when assessing treatment plan quality was shown as well.  This work provides a direct aperture optimization method that incorporates many physical and biological treatment plan evaluation criteria, accounts for leaf transmission effects, and significantly limits both total treatment time and beam‐on‐time. The iterative nature of the approach allows it to be implemented in an interactive system where a trade‐off can be made between treatment plan efficiency and efficacy. The ability of the approach to account for different MLC deliverability constraints allows for a comparison of different MLC architectures.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Reinforcement learning for joint radio resource management in LTE-UMTS scenarios

The limited availability of frequency bands and their capacity limitations, together with the constantly increasing demand for high-bit-rate services in wireless communication systems, require the use of smart radio resource management strategies to ensure that different services are provided with the required quality of service (QoS) and that the available radio resources are used efficiently. In addition, the evolution of technology toward higher spectral efficiency has led to the introduction of Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) by 3GPP for use in future long-term evolution (LTE) systems. However, given the current penetration of legacy technologies such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), operators will face some periods in which both Radio Access Technologies (RATs) coexist. In this context, Joint Radio Resource Management (JRRM) mechanisms are helpful because they enable complementarities between different RATs to be exploited and thus facilitate more efficient use of available radio resources. This paper proposes a novel dynamic JRRM algorithm for LTE-UMTS coexistence scenarios based on Reinforcement Learning (RL), which is considered to be a good candidate for achieving the desired degree of flexibility and adaptability in future reconfigurable networks. The proposed algorithm is evaluated in dynamic environments under different load conditions and is compared with various baseline solutions.

Field of study: Computer science
Protein serine/threonine phosphatase 1 and 2A associate with and dephosphorylate neurofilaments.

The phosphorylation state of neurofilaments plays an important role in the control of cytoskeletal integrity, axonal transport, and axon diameter. Immunocytochemical analyses of spinal cord revealed axonal localization of all protein phosphatase subunits. To determine whether protein phosphatases associate with axonal neurofilaments, neurofilament proteins were isolated from bovine spinal cord white matter by gel filtration. approximately 15% of the total phosphorylase a phosphatase activity was present in the neurofilament fraction. The catalytic subunits of PP1 and PP2A, as well as the A and B alpha regulatory subunits of PP2A, were detected in the neurofilament fraction by immunoblotting, whereas PP2B and PP2C were found exclusively in the low molecular weight soluble fractions. PP1 and PP2A subunits could be partially dissociated from neurofilaments by high salt but not by phosphatase inhibitors, indicating that the interaction does not involve the catalytic site. In both neurofilament and soluble fractions, 75% of the phosphatase activity towards exogenous phosphorylase a could be attributed to PP2A, and the remainder to PP1 as shown with specific inhibitors. Neurofilament proteins were phosphorylated in vitro by associated protein kinases which appeared to include protein kinase A, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, and heparin-sensitive and -insensitive cofactor-independent kinases. Dephosphorylation of phosphorylated neurofilament subunits was mainly (60%) catalyzed by associated PP2A, with PP1 contributing minor activity (10-20%). These studies suggest that neurofilament-associated PP1 and PP2A play an important role in the regulation of neurofilament phosphorylation.

Field of study: Biology
Cyclization of 5-diazoimidazole-4-thioamide

Cyclization of 5-diazoimidazole-4-thioamide and -4-methylthioamide gives derivatives of a new heterocyclic system — imidazo[4,5-e]-2,3,4-thiadiazine — which are readily recyclized to 2-azapurines. 4-Methylthioimidazo[4,5-d]-1,2,3-triazine was synthesized, and its reactions with amines and hydrazines were studied.

Field of study: Chemistry
Approximate theory of multipass amplification and its application in analytic description of spectral characteristics of amplified radiation

An approximate theory of a multipass amplifier with an arbitrary degree of overlap of the amplified beams is used to consider the case of pulses with a low degree of temporal coherence. An analytic description is proposed for the energy and spectral characteristics of the radiation amplified under different conditions. It is shown that the relationships obtained can be used to describe the emission spectrum of an oscillator with instantaneous Q switching.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Blocking DoS Attack Traffic in Network with Locator/Identifier Separation

DoS attacks remain a most serious threat to the Internet currently, how to mitigate DoS attack is still an open issue. Besides, the current Internet faces serious scaling problems, and locator/identifier separation is widely recognized as a most promising solution for the future Internet. To block DoS attack traffic in network with locator/identifier separation, we propose a network layer defense system called BlockDoS. BlockDoS expands the mapping entries of the mapping system to store the block information, and enables any DoS attack victim to actively request the network to block unwanted traffic at tunnel routers. We implement a prototype of BlockDoS. The analysis and experiment results show that BlockDoS can block multi-million attackers’ traffic within tens of minutes, and the computing and storage costs added by BlockDoS won’t affect the performance of the mapping servers and tunnel routers.

Field of study: Computer science
Adiabatic Electron Dynamics in Antiferromagnetic Texture

Adiabatic dynamics of conduction electrons in antiferromagnetic (AFM) materials with slowly varying spin texture is developed. Quite different from the ferromagnetic (FM) case, adiabaticity in AFM texture does not imply perfect alignment of conduction electron spins with background profile, instead, it introduces an internal dynamics between degenerate bands. As a result, the orbital motion of conduction electrons becomes spin-dependent and is affected by two emergent gauge fields: one of them is the non-Abelian version of what has been discovered in FM systems; the other leads to an anomalous velocity that has no FM counterpart. Two examples with experimental predictions are provided.

Field of study: Physics
Further evaluation of a nonsequential approach to studying operant renewal.

Basic-laboratory assessments of renewal may inform clinical efforts to maintain reduction of severe destructive behavior when clients transition between contexts. The contextual changes arranged during standard renewal procedures, however, do not necessarily align with those that clients experience during outpatient therapy. More specifically, clients transition between clinical (associated with extinction for target behavior) and home/community (associated with reinforcement for target behavior) contexts during outpatient treatment. Standard renewal assessments do not incorporate these contextual alternations during treatment. The present experiment aimed to directly compare renewal of rats' lever pressing following a standard ("sequential") ABA renewal procedure (i.e., baseline in Context A, extinction in Context B, renewal test in Context A) and a "nonsequential" renewal assessment wherein treatment consisted of daily alternation between Context A (associated with reinforcement for lever pressing) and Context B (associated with extinction). Lever pressing renewed to a greater extent for rats in the Nonsequential group than for rats in the Sequential group, suggesting the contextual changes that clients experience during outpatient treatment for severe destructive behavior may be a variable that is important to consider in translational research on renewal. Potential implications of these findings for basic and clinical research on renewal are discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Evolution of cooperation in the traveler's dilemma game on two coupled lattices

We propose an evolutionary traveler's dilemma game model on two coupled lattices.The coupling effect between two lattices is added into the strategy imitation process.The traveler's dilemma game model parameter R and coupling coefficient commonly dominate the evolution of cooperation.The relationship between critical value R c leading to extinction of cooperation and strategy range parameter radius is explored. Although the evolutionary game theory provides a powerful framework to investigate various social dilemmas, the traveler's dilemma game (TDG) is hardly concerned under this platform within the applied mathematical communities. We put forward an improved traveler's dilemma game model on two coupled lattices to investigate the effect of coupling effect on the evolution of cooperation based on the traveler's dilemma game, where the coupling effect between two lattices is added into the strategy imitation process. Large quantities of simulations indicate that the cooperation behavior can be greatly varied when compared to those obtained on the traditionally single lattices. When the model parameter R surpasses a specific threshold, the cooperation will be greatly enhanced, but the cooperation may be inhibited if R is smaller than this threshold. Meanwhile, we also explore the relationship between the critical value R c leading to the extinction of cooperation and the strategy range parameter radius in our model. Our results are surprisingly conducive to understanding the cooperation behavior of traveler's dilemma game within many real-world systems, especially for coupled and interdependent networked systems.

Field of study: Mathematics
Treating organic cyanide-containing groundwater by immobilization of a nitrile-degrading bacterium with a biofilm-forming bacterium using fluidized bed reactors.

Organic cyanide are widely used as an ingredient in the production of plastics, synthetic rubbers, polymers, pharmaceuticals and pesticides or used in laboratories and industries as solvents. Although nitrile-containing wastewater is subjected to primary and secondary treatments, residual nitriles may slowly seep and further migrate through groundwater, resulting in the micropollution of groundwater by organic pollutants. In this study, water samples were collected from different study areas in North China during a period of 3y (from 2013 to 2015) and analyzed to evaluate organic cyanide (CN-) contamination in groundwater. Three parallel lab-scale fluidized bed reactors (FBRs) were tested for their ability to remove organic cyanide from groundwater. The organic cyanide concentration in groundwater increased significantly (P < 0.05) from 2013 to 2015. With an optimal hydraulic residence time (HRT) of 54 min, reactor R3 (inoculated with a nitrile-degrading bacterium, BX2, and a biofilm-forming bacterium, M1) effectively removed 99.8% of CN- under steady operation, which was better than that of other reactors. Short-term shutdowns of FBRs had no serious effects on the efficiency of treating organic cyanide. This work demonstrated that the biofilm-forming bacterium could facilitate the fixation of nitrile-degrading bacterium and enhance the efficiency of removing organic cyanide from groundwater.

Field of study: Environmental science
FEM Modeling of the Relationship between the High-Temperature Hardness and High-Temperature, Quasi-Static Compression Experiment

The high-temperature hardness test has a wide range of applications, but lacks test standards. The purpose of this study is to develop a finite element method (FEM) model of the relationship between the high-temperature hardness and high-temperature, quasi-static compression experiment, which is a mature test technology with test standards. A high-temperature, quasi-static compression test and a high-temperature hardness test were carried out. The relationship between the high-temperature, quasi-static compression test results and the high-temperature hardness test results was built by the development of a high-temperature indentation finite element (FE) simulation. The simulated and experimental results of high-temperature hardness have been compared, verifying the accuracy of the high-temperature indentation FE simulation.The simulated results show that the high temperature hardness basically does not change with the change of load when the pile-up of material during indentation is ignored. The simulated and experimental results show that the decrease in hardness and thermal softening are consistent. The strain and stress of indentation were analyzed from the simulated contour. It was found that the strain increases with the increase of the test temperature, and the stress decreases with the increase of the test temperature.

Field of study: Materials science
Comparison of the Predictive Roles of Risk Scores of In-Hospital Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

We evaluated the relationship between various risk scores (SYNTAX score [SS], SYNTAX score-II [SS-II], thrombolysis in myocardial infarction [TIMI] risk scores, and Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events [GRACE] risk scores) and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).  The study population were selected from among 589 patients who underwent coronary angiography with a diagnosis of NSTEMI. TIMI and GRACE risk scores were calculated. SS and SS-II were calculated in all patients, and points were added according to the predefined algorithm, taking into account the other 6 clinical variables being monitored (age, sex, left ventricular ejection fraction, creatinine clearance, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and peripheral artery disease). Patients were classified into tertile 1 (SS < 22), tertile 2 (SS 23–32), and tertile 3 (SS > 32).  The group with high SS-II for PCI values in the risk scores were observed from tertile 1 to tertile 3 (from 25.0 ± 7.7 to 31.6 ± 9.4, p < 0.001, respectively). The SS-II score in patients with PCI was an independent predictor of MACE, in-hospital mortality, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and stent thrombosis (OR 1.082, 95% CI 1.036–1.131, p < 0.001). The overall MACE, in-hospital mortality, and nonfatal myocardial infarction rates were significantly higher in the high SS-II for PCI group (p < 0.001).  TIMI and GRACE risk scores were able to predict MACE. In addition to these, SS-II was also able to predict in-hospital mortality, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and stent thrombosis.

Field of study: Medicine
The Case study on the Implementation and Needs of the School Curriculum Autonomy Management for Students with Severe and Multiple Disabilities

연구목적: 이 연구에서는 반구조화된 면담 가이드에 따라서 중도·중복장애 특수학교에서 운영하고 있는 학교수준교육과정의 운영 실태 및 개선 요구를 분석하는데 그 목적이 있다. 연구방법: 연구 참여자는 경기도에 소재한 특수학교 1개교에 재직 중인 교사 7명을 대상으로 연구를 진행하였다. 중도․중복장애 특수학교 교직경력 10년 이상 등의 선정기준에 따라 연구 참여자를 선정하였으며, 사전에 질문지를 만들어 반구조화된 일대일 면담으로 연구를 진행하였다.  중도․중복장애 특수학교 학교수준교육과정은 학생과 학부모의 요구와 의견을 반영하여 각 학생의 특화된 개별화교육 수업형태로 이루어지고 있었으며, 신체 재활 및 운동 기능 중심의 개별화교육과 관련하여 교사의 전문성 향상을 위한 연구 활동이 활발하게 이루어지고 있었다. 학생의 수업이 이루어지는 학교 현장에서의 안전을 최우선으로 고려하는 것으로 나타났다. 학생의 기능 중심 교육과정으로 운영되고 있었으며, 이는 교육과정 재구성을 바탕으로 이루어지고 있었다. 또한, 중도․중복장애학생들의 교육을 위해 교육과정 재구성이 필요하며, 전인적인 발달을 위한 다양한 교수 환경, 지속적이고 체계적인 교사 연수를 요구하고 있었다. 마지막으로 학교수준교육과정을 효과적으로 운영하기 위해서는, 학교 대내외적인 협력 및 교육과정 운영에 대한 재량권을 요구하고 있었다. 결론: 이러한 연구 결과를 바탕으로 중도․중복장애학생을 위한 교육과정이 효율적으로 운영되기 위해서는 학생들에 대한 평가 및 단위학교의 교육과정 운영에 대한 자율성과 재량권이 확대되어야 한다고 시사점이 논의되었다.

Field of study: Education
Life on high: the diversity of small mammals at high altitude in South Africa

The Great Escarpment is the major mountain system in South Africa, yet very few biological surveys have been conducted outside of the well-known Drakensberg section. This is surprising given the important role that mountains play in local and global biodiversity patterns. In this study, small mammal diversity and community composition were estimated at three high altitude (>1,700 m) sites within the Sneeuberg Mountain Complex (SMC) of the Great Escarpment, South Africa from June 2009 to May 2010. The influences of selected environmental variables on diversity were also tested. Of 423 live-captures, a total of 292 unique individuals of 12 small mammal species (one shrew, one elephant shrew and 10 rodents) were identified during 5,280 trap nights. No single environmental variable could account for the variation observed in diversity measurements but vegetation height appeared to be the most important factor to influence the number of individuals captured. It is hypothesised that the high species richness and diversity of small mammals observed in the SMC compared to other parts of the Great Escarpment is due to the SMC being located in a transition zone of the Grassland and Nama-Karoo biomes. Our results suggest that the SMC could be important in conserving small mammal species from western and eastern assemblages across South Africa.

Field of study: Environmental science
Patterns of racial-ethnic socialization in Asian American families: Associations with racial-ethnic identity and social connectedness.

As Asian Americans continue to be one of the fastest growing populations in a rapidly diversifying United States (Lee, 2015), understanding how Asian American parents socialize their children about race and racism and how this contributes to development remains an important question (Chang, 2016; García Coll et al., 1996). Using a sample of 228 Asian American emerging adults (70% female, Mage = 20.23), we examined profiles of parental racial-ethnic socialization messages and their relationships with racial-ethnic identity and social connectedness outcomes. Results suggested 3 profiles. The guarded separation socialization group reported receiving the most frequent messages about maintaining their heritage culture and avoiding outgroups. The passive and active integration socialization groups also received frequent messages about maintaining heritage culture, but very few messages about avoiding outgroups or minimizing the significance of race. The active integration socialization group received the most messages about becoming American, treating everyone equally, and respecting diverse cultures, compared to the passive integration socialization group, which reported receiving few of these messages. Participants in the active integration profile reported significantly higher levels of cognitive clarity and affective pride regarding their racial-ethnic identity compared to the other two profiles, while individuals in the passive and active integration profiles reported significantly higher levels of social connectedness than those in guarded separation profile. These findings highlight the importance of using a holistic lens to understand Asian American youths' perceptions of how their parents engage in racial-ethnic socialization across multiple domains.

Field of study: Psychology
The Corporate Opportunity Doctrine: The Shifting Boundaries of the Duty and its Remedies

A central concern for all those actively engaged in the continuing corporate governance debate is the question of how best to hold the tension between allowing company directors their entrepreneurial heads whilst ensuring appropriate safeguards for the company itself. Take one problem as an illustration. What is the potential liability of a director who personally pursues a business venture which corresponds to the line of business of the company in which he or she holds a directorship? Prominent amongst the equitable devices which it is thought can be harnessed to good effect in striking an acceptable balance between these potentially conflicting objectives is what has become known as the 'corporate opportunity doctrine'. Corporate opportunities, though not in the strict sense assets of the company, are regarded as such, with the consequence that it is not open to company directors to exploit them for their own personal gain.

Field of study: Law
ESTIMATION OF THE BINOMIAL PARAMETER N USING A LINEX LOSS FUNCTION

Suppose that X has a binomial distribution B(n,p), with known p and unknown n∈ {0,1,…}. We consider estimation of n when the loss function is Varian's asymmetric LINEX loss function , where δ is the estimation error and b> 0 and a ≠ 0 are the parameters of the loss function. This loss function is useful when overestimation of n is more serious than its underestimation, or vice versa: The sign of the shape parameter a reflects the direction of the asymmetry and its magnitude reflects the degree of the asymmetry. Results concerning the admissibility of linear estimators [ncirc]=cX+d are presented, including the interesting result that the admissibility of the usual estimator [ncirc]=X/p depends on the sign of the shape parameter a, i.e. on whether underestimation of n is regarded as more, or less, serious than its overestimation : if a <0 then X/p is admissible; otherwise it is inadmissible

Field of study: Mathematics