nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Photoluminescence studies of heteroepitaxial gaas on si

We present a systematic study of the photoluminescence of undoped GaAs layers deposited by MOCVD on Si substrates. The study includes an examination of substrate and layer thickness effects in thin GaAs layers, and a detailed investigation of the stress effects on the intrinsic band-edge transitions in thicker samples. For sample thickness,t ≤ 0.5(μm), we observe strong midgap emission bands associated with defects close to the interface. These bands depend strongly on the nature of the Si substrate. The crystal quality improves with sample thickness, and fort ≥ 0.5 μm the emission is dominated by lines in the band edge region which are relatively independent of substrate preparation. Photoluminescence excitation spectra reveal that the highest energy line is due to an intrinsic exciton transition, and that a splitting of this line observed fort ≥ 2 μm reflects the presence of two different regions of strain in the material. The magnitude of the strain is estimated from the shift of the exciton lines relative to unstrained GaAs, and is found to be consistent with an upper limit provided by the thermal expansion mismatch between GaAs and Si.

Field of study: Materials science
Transient response of an impulsively loaded plastic string on a plastic foundation

The problem of an impulsive loading of a long rigid-plastic string resting on a rigid-plastic foundation is studied. A closed form solution is obtained by disregarding the longitudinal motion and considering an arbitrarily large transversal motion. Expressions for the final shape of the string are derived in terms of the magnitude of the applied impulse. It is found that the stress and the foundation reaction force are not uniquely determined, while the shape of the string is.

Field of study: Mathematics
Une réflexion sur « Prolégomènes à une psychologie psychanalytique de la crise environnementale »

Resume Cette analyse critique positive cherche a mettre en correspondance ces fondements psychanalytiques recherches avec des donnees venues de la biologie, de l’ecologie et de l’anthropologie. On y voit qu’il n’y a pas vraiment de retard dans l’approche psychanalytique par rapport aux approches politiques, economique et ecologiques. Ce qu’il ressort, c’est, de fait, une faible sensibilite de l’etre humain a son environnement vivant « sauvage » non-humain, sinon de l’ordre de la crainte, et une immense difficulte a prendre en compte des meta-cadres qui depassent la sensibilite a l’environnement proche, et aussi une sorte de manque de reconnaissance de l’humain pourtant present dans ses propres artefacts.

Field of study: Philosophy
Manufacturing and testing of a metal supported Ni-YSZ/YSZ/La2NiO4 IT-SOFC synthesized by physical surface deposition processes

The manufacture of the last generation metal supported IT-SOFC complete cell by dry surface deposition processes is really challenging. Atmospheric Plasma Spraying (APS) and Reactive Magnetron Sputtering (RMS) processes are respectively adapted to deposit Ni-YSZ anode and YSZ electrolyte layers. RMS is also used to coat a thin and dense La2NiO4 (LNO) cathode layer. In this work, we have realized a complete cell on metallic support (ITM) produced by PLANSEE SE. The innovative LNO cathode layer was compared with screen-printed LNO layers, with and without RMS bonding layer. Electrochemical and Voltammetry tests were performed on these samples. It reveals lower performances than literature due to the high density of the RMS cathode layer, and too high temperature during sintering step which deteriorate layers manufactured by RMS and metallic substrate. Nevertheless, using LNO bonding layer manufactured by RMS seems to be an interesting way to improve the polarization resistance of the cell.

Field of study: Materials science
The contributions of biogeomorphology to the emerging field of geobiology

Biogeomorphology has developed into a well-established research field over the past 15 years, with studies examining a range of two-way interrelations between organisms and geomorphology in a variety of terrestrial and marine environments. This paper starts by defining the core biogeomorphological processes—bioerosion, bioprotection and bioconstruction. Particular emphasis is placed on the study of bioconstructional forms; providing a clear definition, examples of bioconstructions, and, crucially, examining important interactions between bioconstruction and bioerosion. Three key areas where biogeomorphological research can directly contribute to the emerging field of geobiology are identified: (1) the use of biogeomorphological approaches, combined with palaeoecological investigations and predictive modelling, in the growing field of carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation; (2) providing geomorphological expertise to support the emerging field of astrobiology and (3) the potential contributions of biogeomorphology to the blossoming field of bio-geoengineering. Some key research directions and challenges for future biogeomorphological research include: exploring how biogeomorphological studies can contribute to and benefit from collaborations with other fields of geobiology, and assisting in the development of a useful, effective interdisciplinary toolbox of methods to improve quantification of geobiological processes. Importantly, suggestions are made for potentially fruitful collaborations with geomicrobiologists, geochemists and palaeoecologists.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Convergence of Accounting Standards: Internationalization of Accounting

Accounting has no meaning without standards due to professionalism. The use and application of standards in accounting gets so importance that it will not go wrong if it is termed as a legal discipline. By the time, the world has given accounting the certification of international discipline. So, it is apt to say that as an international discipline, accounting should have a single set of standards for all for harmonizing the practice in a global scenario. But the reality is that we still have various streams of accounting standards like US GAAP, UK GAAP, IAS, and so on. These different streams are the threat for accounting against its harmonization of practices. Though the world has witnessed a lot of initiatives taken to reduce the streams into one in recent years, still we cannot ensure the final sophistication in this regard. The paper focuses on the convergence issue, its current status, challenges with special reference to Indian perspective.

Field of study: Business
Quantitative analysis of the propagation of light in inhomogeneous anisotropic waveguides

A method is suggested for finding the field distributions and the dispersion relationships describing the effective refractive index of anisotropic graded-index planar waveguides with arbitrary parameters of the waveguide layer and an arbitrary initial optical anisotropy. An analysis is made of the characteristics of leaky modes in three types of currently used inhomogeneous waveguides formed on the surfaces of anisotropic materials.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Readout Circuit Based on Single-Flux-Quantum Logic Circuit for Photon-Number-Resolving SNSPD Array

A read-out circuit for photon-number-resolving superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) based on the single-flux-quantum (SFQ) circuit was designed and the basic performance of the fabricated circuit was confirmed. The current pulse output from an SNSPD array was converted to a SFQ pulse. The SFQ pulse triggered two stacks of double-flux-quantum (DFQ) amplifiers. A single block of a 40-series DFQ amplifier (DFQA) generated 2.3-mV voltage with a rising time of 400 ps for an operation frequency of 1.25 GHz, and the two stacks of DFQA generated 4.6-mV voltage when the SFQ pulse trains supplied both the DFQAs. The total voltage generated by twelve-series of 40-series DFQAs was expected to be 27.6 mV, with the same rising time of 400 ps. Using the fabricated circuit, the 40-series DFQA and the two stacks of the 40-series DFQA generated 2.3- and 4.6-mV voltage, respectively. The output voltage of the SFQ readout circuit was compatible to a room-temperature photon counter with a wide-band low-noise amplifier operating at low temperature.

Field of study: Physics
SU‐E‐T‐819: Impact of Dental Extractions on Dose Distribution and Planning for Head and Neck Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT)

To investigate the equivalence of Head and Neck IMRT plans generated on a 1) pre‐dental extraction CT, with teeth to be removed contoured‐out as compared to 2) an actual post dental procedure CT. Ultimate goal is to improve clinic efficiency and through‐put by planning treatment during the patient recovery time from a dental extraction rather then after.  A jaw phantom (constructed using 28 human teeth embedded in Aqua‐Plast mandible structures, submersed in a HN most with metal dental fillings) were contoured‐out; assigned HU=0. Simulating the post‐extraction CT, the 4 teeth were physically removed from the jaw. IMRT plans were then generated on these datasets simulating 5 clinically representative situations; critical structures and artefacts contoured and 3 PTVs of varying sizes representing stage T1, T2 and T3 oral cavitycancers were explored. Planning utilized a Pencil‐Beam Convolution algorithm and the Modified Batho tissue heterogeneity correction.  No perceptible differences were noted between IMRT plans optimized on pre‐extraction CTs with extracted teeth contoured‐out and plans optimized on the post‐extraction CTs in DVH and isodose coverage. Furthermore, IMRT plans calculated on post‐extraction datasets using fluences from pre‐extraction plans also showed no significant differences, validating the simulation of physical extraction by the contouring‐out process. Finally, plans calculated with teeth not contoured‐out showed underdosing in nearby regions as well as inferior DVHs.  Results indicate that clinically comparable plans can be generated by contouring‐out teeth on a pre‐extraction CT. This suggests that our current practice of scheduling a planning CT at least 2 weeks after dental procedure may be unnecessary; instead this time can be used for treatment planning if swelling/jaw‐changes are deemed insignificant, thus saving significant wait times and increasing patient through‐put and clinic efficiency.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Paleoclimatology and provenance of the glaciogenic Gowganda Formation (Paleoproterozoic), Ontario, Canada: A chemostratigraphic approach

The Gowganda Formation (dated as about 2.3 Ga) is widely (but not universally) interpreted as glaciogenic, and our chemostratigraphic study supports such an interpretation. The bulk compositions of diamictite matrix materials and associated argillites are considered to have resulted from the mixture of two detrital components; one is glacial flour, similar in composition to the unweathered Archean upper crust, whereas the other is chemically weathered detritus resembling average Proterozoic shale in composition. The first component has a chemical index of alteration (CIA) value of ∼50, reflecting the abundance of feldspar and dearth of aluminous clay minerals. The second component has a CIA value of ∼70 and was produced primarily in weathering profiles by chemical weathering, typical of temperate climatic regimes. Diamictite matrix materials (92 samples) have an average CIA value of 57. The argillites have higher values; the average is 62 (97 samples). The lower CIA values of the diamictites reflect a higher proportion of glacial flour, suggesting a stronger influence of frigid climatic conditions than that which prevailed during deposition of the argillites. Systematic trends in CIA values are developed across diamictite-argillite boundaries and within a thick argillite between two major diamictite units. These values reflect climatic variations, with maximum amelioration during deposition of the middle section of the argillite. Rare earth element data and Th/Sc and Ti/Al ratios from the diamictite matrix materials all suggest a provenance that included a large supracrustal component (∼45%), together with lesser amounts of tonalite-trondhjemite-granite and granite. The proportion of supracrustal materials such as volcanic rocks and shales may have been exaggerated by selective comminution during glacial transport. The matrix materials of the Gowganda diamictites are severely depleted in Ca and proportionally enriched in Na, relative to the source. The anorthitic component of plagioclase has been selectively replaced by an albitic component during diagenesis and metamorphism. A chemostratigraphic approach provides high-resolution data for reconstruction of paleoclimatic conditions and valuable information concerning provenance and metasomatic processes.

Field of study: Geology
A Model of Network Capitalism: Basic Ideas and Post-Soviet Evidence

Modern discussions on network capitalism shed light on the thesis about the existence of a plurality of models of capitalism. According to a quantitative evaluation of managerial and economic literature, the frequency with which the term "network" is used has risen dramatically during the last decade (Boltanski and Chiapello 1999). The basic idea of network capitalism involves the localization of transactions: economic subjects act locally instead of being involved in transactions in a depersonalized market with a potentially unlimited number of participants. Mainstream economics has never been characterized by any special interest in the interactions between participants that are socially and spatially close. "Spatial economics and particularly the theory of the location of industrial enterprises flourished in the 19th century, but they were developed in complete isolation from mainstream economics, both classical and neoclassical" (Blaug 1994, 568). This should come as no surprise since a limited number of participants and their nontrivial capacity for influencing outcomes contradict the principles of perfect competition and distort the price mechanisms for reaching a general equilibrium. Even economists who were interested in localized transactions usually paid attention only to spatial closeness; they have been studying the issues related to differential rent, transportation costs, and so on. But geographical space is not the only factor of localization. The same process can be observed in institutional and social spaces. For example, a deal with a supplier that is geographically close can increase costs, if there are doubts as to his reliability. The concept of net-

Field of study: Economics
Learning through Senses in Geography, Evaluation and Opportunities

Knowledge through senses is the first source of any recognition. Realized through senses and perceptions, it changes by age and individuals. It plays an irreplaceable role in the learning process. It is works together with logic recognizing accompanying and fulfilling the learning to each individual. In the paper there are presented the change that is gained during age growth versus sensory recognition. Also we are trying to treat different ways of realization of sensory knowledge in the subject of geography in different cycles of education. In the paper it is estimated the use of different teaching tools, their possibilities, discussed in a case study. It analyzed the text: "Geography 11", which is in use in our schools. The methodology used is explanatory, analysis, focusing on explaining the process of learning through senses. Statistical methods come in assistance of further analysis.  10.5901/jesr.2013.v3n7p671

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Effect of polysaccharides and cross-linking agents on properties of soy protein isolate-based edible film

In order to improve the properties of soy protein isolate (SPI)-based edible film, the paper studied the effect of polysaccharides and cross-linking agents on the properties of SPI-based edible film. The experimental results showed that in film forming solutions of SPI addition of 0.5%(W/V) pectin effectively increased mechanical strength and addition of 0.1%(W/V) glucose effectively decreased permeability of water vapor and oxygen. Thus pectin and glucose could well improve properties of the films. The possible role of pectin and glucose in improving film forming condition and film quality was that they increased cross-linking between amino acids in and between protein molecules.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Analysis of metabolic flux using dynamic labelling and metabolic modelling.

Metabolic fluxes and the capacity to modulate them are a crucial component of the ability of the plant cell to react to environmental perturbations. Our ability to quantify them and to attain information concerning the regulatory mechanisms that control them is therefore essential to understand and influence metabolic networks. For all but the simplest of flux measurements labelling methods have proven to be the most informative. Both steady-state and dynamic labelling approaches have been adopted in the study of plant metabolism. Here the conceptual basis of these complementary approaches, as well as their historical application in microbial, mammalian and plant sciences, is reviewed, and an update on technical developments in label distribution analyses is provided. This is supported by illustrative cases studies involving the kinetic modelling of secondary metabolism. One issue that is particularly complex in the analysis of plant fluxes is the extensive compartmentation of the plant cell. This problem is discussed from both theoretical and experimental perspectives, and the current approaches used to address it are assessed. Finally, current limitations and future perspectives of kinetic modelling of plant metabolism are discussed.

Field of study: Environmental science
Slavery and the Demographic and Economic History of Minas Gerais, Brazil, 1720-1888 (review)

Based on his meticulous analyses of “strictly quantitative sources” (p. 152), Laird W. Bergad, a well-known economic historian of the Caribbean, has produced a fine monograph on the demography of slavery in Minas Gerais, Brazil, from the mining boom in the early decades of the eighteenth century to the year for the abolition of Brazilian slavery. Bergad demonstrates the manner in which the mining economy of Minas Gerais gave way to a successful agricultural economy before the exhaustion of the gold and diamond mines; meanwhile, the slave population expanded significantly through reproduction. As a result, Minas Gerais held the largest number of slaves in Brazil when abolition came along, although the percentage of slaves there declined due to the rapid increase of the free population of color.

Field of study: History
Synthesis and chemical transformations of isomeric naphtho[b]thiophenes

A new method for the preparation of naphtho[1,2-b]- and naphtho [2,1-b]thiophene structures by arylation of acrylic acid with α- and β-iodonaphthalene and subsequent oxidation of the resulting trans-naphthylacrylic acids with thionyl chloride in the presence of triethylbenzylammonium chloride is proposed.

Field of study: Chemistry
Formation of aluminum–oxygen complexes in highly aluminum-doped silicon

We show that the carrier lifetime in highly aluminum-doped silicon regions experiences a pronounced degradation during thermal treatment at temperatures above 850 °C. The defect formation is shown to be directly linked to the simultaneous presence of oxygen and aluminum and thus can be attributed to the formation of aluminum–oxygen complexes. Temperature-dependent measurements of the defect generation rate provide evidence that the formation of the Al–O complex is thermally activated with an activation energy of 0.25 ± 0.08 eV.

Field of study: Materials science
Psychosocial Predictors of Depression among Central American Immigrants

The present study investigated the relationship between stress and depression associated with acculturation among Central American immigrants (64 women, 14 men) and identified the best predictors of depression among Central American immigrants. Elevated acculturative stress was significantly associated with higher depression. Family dysfunction, ineffective social support, lack of hopefulness toward the future, and low socioeconomic status were also significantly associated with high depression. The overall findings suggest that Central American immigrants who report high acculturative stress may be “at risk” for experiencing depression and that effective family and social support, hopefulness toward the future, and socioeconomic status may serve to protect against depression during acculturation.

Field of study: Psychology
Progress of the molecular structure and mechanim about cellulase

Cellulose is the most abundant organic raw material in the world, and it is the only renewable resource that is available in large quantities. So it has great realistic meaning for human being to solve environment pollution, food shortage and energy crisis that using cellulase produced by microorganism transform cellulose to energy, chemical material and food. It summarizes the progress of the molecular structure and mechanism about cellulase in this paper.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
School Oral Health Program in Kuwait

The School Oral Health Program (SOHP), Kuwait, is a joint venture between the Ministry of Health, Kuwait, and Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Mass., USA. This program provides oral health education, prevention and treatment to almost 280,000 public school children in Kuwait. Services are delivered through a system of center- and school-based clinics and preventive mobile teams. One of the recent developments is the effective use of portable dental units for the delivery of preventive care to children in schools without the need for children to go to dental clinics. Preventive procedures performed under this program are the biannual application of fluoride varnish and the placement of pit and fissure sealants on newly erupted permanent molars and premolars. During recent years, the SOHP has improved its coverage of children, with prevention up to 80%. This has resulted in a considerable reduction in treatment needs, which is evident from the reduced number of composite restorations performed under this program during the last 6 years. This indicates that the disease level is on a decline, which can be confirmed from the results of the ongoing National Oral Health Survey on Kuwaiti school children.

Field of study: Medicine