nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Low–Threshold and High Intensity Random Lasing Enhanced by MnCl2

Energy transfer is known to have a significant influence on random lasers. However, the study about the effect of energy transfer between metallic salt and dye molecules on random lasers is still lacking at present. Here, we investigate random lasing actions in Pyrromethene-597 (PM597), PM597-doped MnCl2 (manganese (II) chloride), PM597-doped polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) and PM597-doped PDLC with MnCl2 capillary systems. We find that random lasing of the systems with MnCl2 exhibits lower threshold, higher intensity, sharper peak and variable resonance wavelength in comparison with the systems without MnCl2. This behavior is closely related to the decrease of fluorescence quenching effect and the enhancement of local field induced by energy transfer between MnCl2 and PM597. Red-shift of wavelength is observed with increasing dosage concentration of MnCl2 in the PM597-doped PDLC with MnCl2 system. Through the analysis of single-shot emission spectra of PM597-doped PDLC without and with MnCl2 systems, the role of MnCl2 in the coupling of lasing modes is confirmed. Lengths of laser oscillation cavities of the PM597-doped PDLC without and with MnCl2 systems are calculated by a power Fourier transform (PFT) analysis of their emission spectra. It well accounts for the effect of MnCl2 on the variation of the oscillation cavity.

Field of study: Materials science
Enhanced organic contaminants accumulation in crops: Mechanisms, interactions with engineered nanomaterials in soil.

The mechanism of enhanced accumulation of organic contaminants in crops with engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) were investigated by co-exposure of crops (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk (Swamp morning-glory), Cucumis sativus L. (cucumber), Zea mays L. (corn), Spinacia oleracea L. (spinach) and Cucurbita moschata (pumpkin))to a range of chemicals (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE)) and ENMs (TiO2, Ag, Al2O3, graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs)) in soil. Induced by 50 mg kg-1 graphene co-exposure, the increase range of BDE-209, BaP, p,p'-DDE, HCB, PYR, FLU, ANT, and PHEN in the plants were increased in the range of 7.51-36.42, 5.69-32.77, 7.09-59.43, 11.61-66.73, 4.58-57.71, 5.79-109.07, 12.85-109.76, and15.57-127.75 ng g-1, respectively. The contaminants in ENMs-spiked and control soils were separated into bioavailable, bound and residual fractions using a sequential ultrasonic extraction procedure (SUEP) to investigate the mechanism of the enhanced accumulation. The bioavailable fraction in spiked soils showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) from that in the control, while the bound fraction increased in equal proportion (p > 0.05) to the reduction in the residual fraction. These results implied that ENMs can competitively adsorbed the bound of organic contaminants from soil and co-transferred into crops, followed by a portion of the residual fraction transferred to the bound fraction to maintain the balance of different fractions in soils. The mass balance was all higher than 98.5%, indicating the portion of degraded contaminants was less than 1.5%. These findings could expand our knowledge about the organic contaminants accumulation enhancement in crops with ENMs.

Field of study: Environmental science
Old Building Structure Reinforcement Design and Construction

While making the reinforcement design, the means of surface cast-in-situ and carbon cloth are applied to strengthen the floor plates; the additional beam is applied to reduce the span of floor plates and to transmit the new load of the floor plates; the technology of magnifying cross section is applied to fulfill the request of the load of the frame beam; and the reinforcement technology of wrapping pillar with steel is applied to satisfy the request of the vertical load of the structural column. Meanwhile this paper briefly states the construction points of different reinforcement technology. Through the comprehensive application of reinforcement technology, we will explore a simple and feasible reinforcement method for the transformation of schools’ old buildings in the future.

Field of study: Engineering
Impacto del cambio de presentación del trastuzumab para la Seguridad Social de Costa Rica, estudio de minimización de costos

Objetivo: dado que en este momento esta disponible a nivel de la Seguridad Social Costarricense tanto trastuzumab para administracion intravenosa como para administracion subcutanea, y que la presentacion para administracion subcutanea ha documentado ser no inferior a la intravenosa, resulta pertinente contar con un estudio de minimizacion de costes que permita documentar cual de las formulaciones resulta mas conveniente mantener en el sistema publico de salud, con base en criterios de eficiencia de la intervencion. Metodos: se desarrollo un estudio que evaluo desde la perspectiva financiera de la Seguridad Social de Costa Rica, dos opciones diferentes de aplicacion del trastuzumab en pacientes con cancer de mama. Los procedimientos relacionados fueron identificados y documentados para los dos tipos de aplicacion del tratamiento intravenosa y subcutanea. Ambas opciones de tratamiento se basaron en esquemas de diecisiete dosis, con la estimacion de los suministros y el tiempo del profesional sanitario para cada posibilidad. El analisis incluyo la evaluacion desde la perspectiva del paciente. Resultados: la evaluacion economica del procedimiento de administracion para ambas alternativas evidencio que la opcion subcutanea tenia un costo de aplicacion de $ 78,6 y $ 467,34 para la opcion intravenosa. Desde la perspectiva financiera, la opcion subcutanea constituye la alternativa con un costo menor: $ 4000,00 por tratamiento por paciente, y desde la perspectiva de este, implica un 45,0 % menos de tiempo por sesion de tratamiento por paciente, que en la opcion intravenosa. Conclusiones: la formulacion de trastuzumab subcutanea evidencio una reduccion sustancial de tiempo y costo en comparacion con la presentacion intravenosa en el sistema de Seguridad Social Costarricense.

Field of study: Mathematics
N-(Piperazinoacyl) and N-(piperazinoalkyl) derivatives of 4-cyclopentylaniline and related compounds: synthesis and pharmacological screening

Five N-(4-cydopentylphenyl)haloalkanecarboxamides were reacted with I-methylpiperazine and 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine to give the corresponding N-(4-cydopentylphenyl)piperazinoalkanecarboxamides IabVab. Their reduction with lithium aluminium hydride afforded the triamines VIIab-XIab. Acylation of the N-(4-methylpiperazino)alkyl-4-cydopentylanilines Xa and XIa with propionyl chloride resulted in the propionanilides XIVa and XVa, whereas a similar reaction of the N-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazino)alkyl-4-cydopentylanilines VIIb and IXbXIb produced the propionoxypropionanilides XIIc-XVc. Ethanolysis of these compounds afforded corresponding hydroxypropionanilides XIIb-XVb. Many of the basic amides showed local anaesthetic and papaverine-like antispasmodic activity. The propionanilides XIIb, XIVc, and XVa proved interesting analgesic effects in the peritoneal test in mice.

Field of study: Chemistry
A Partial Test of the Transtheoretical Model in Therapy with Adult Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse.

This study tested the application of the transtheoretical model to therapy with adults who were sexually molested in childhood. Eighty-three adults currently in therapy and dealing with issues of childhood sexual abuse responded to questionnaires assessing their current stages of change in therapy and their relative use of different processes of change. Participants in the contemplation, preparation, and action stages reported significant differences in use of behavioral processes of change but no difference in their use of experiential processes. The pattern of change reported by these participants lends some support to the applicability of the transtheoretical model to this population and supports prior clinical description of therapy with sexually abused clients.

Field of study: Psychology
Choice between repleting/depleting patches: A concurrent-schedule procedure.

Six pigeons responded on two concurrently available keys that defined patches with the following characteristics. Reinforcer stores repleted on a patch as a linear function of time when the bird had last responded to the other patch, or else did not replete. Repletion schedules thus timed only when the bird was absent from the patch. Reinforcer stores on a patch could be depleted and reinforcers obtained, again as a linear function of time, when the bird responded on a key. Depletion schedules thus timed only when the birds were present at a patch. Experiment 1 investigated changing relative depletion rates when repletion rates were constant and equal (Part 1) and changing relative repletion rates when the depletion rates were constant and equal (Part 2). Response- and time-allocation ratios conformed to a generalized matching relation with obtained reinforcer ratios, and there appeared to be no control by the size of the reinforcer stores. In Experiment 2, absolute depletion rates were varied with a pair of unequal repletion rates (Part 3), and absolute repletion rates were varied with a pair of unequal depletion rates (Part 4). Dwell times in the patches were not affected by either variation. Melioration theory predicted the results of Experiment 1 quite closely but erroneously predicted changing dwell times in Experiment 2. Molar maximization theory did not accurately predict the results of either experiment.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Contrasting and interacting changes in simulated spring and summer carbon cycle extremes in European ecosystems

Climate extremes have the potential to cause extreme responses of terrestrial ecosystem functioning. However, it is neither straightforward to quantify and predict extreme ecosystem responses, nor to attribute these responses to specific climate drivers. Here, we construct a factorial experiment based on a large ensemble of process-oriented ecosystem model simulations driven by a regional climate model (12 500 model years in 1985--2010) in six European regions. Our aims are to (1) attribute changes in the intensity and frequency of simulated ecosystem productivity extremes (EPEs) to recent changes in climate extremes, CO 2 concentration, and land use, and to (2) assess the effect of timing and seasonal interaction on the intensity of EPEs. Evaluating the ensemble simulations reveals that (1) recent trends in EPEs are seasonally contrasting: spring EPEs show consistent trends towards increased carbon uptake, while trends in summer EPEs are predominantly negative in net ecosystem productivity (i.e. higher net carbon release under drought and heat in summer) and close-to-neutral in gross productivity. While changes in climate and its extremes (mainly warming) and changes in CO 2 increase spring productivity, changes in climate extremes decrease summer productivity neutralizing positive effects of CO 2 . Furthermore, we find that (2) drought or heat wave induced carbon losses in summer (i.e. negative EPEs) can be partly compensated by a higher uptake in the preceding spring in temperate regions. Conversely, however, carry-over effects from spring to summer that arise from depleted soil moisture exacerbate the carbon losses caused by climate extremes in summer, and are thus undoing spring compensatory effects. While the spring-compensation effect is increasing over time, the carry-over effect shows no trend between 1985--2010. The ensemble ecosystem model simulations provide a process-based interpretation and generalization for spring-summer interacting carbon cycle effects caused by climate extremes (i.e. compensatory and carry-over effects). In summary, the ensemble ecosystem modelling approach presented in this paper offers a novel route to scrutinize ecosystem responses to changing climate extremes in a probabilistic framework, and to pinpoint the underlying eco-physiological mechanisms.

Field of study: Environmental science
Cerebellar syndrome in Plasmodium falciparum malaria.

Sir,

There are reports in the literature of patients with P. falciparum malaria presenting without impairment of consciousness but with signs of cerebellar dysfunction.1 Most of these cases have been reported from the Indian subcontinent. Cerebellar ataxia is also commonly reported in cerebral malaria survivors after recovery from coma in both children and adults. More recently, a syndrome of delayed cerebellar ataxia (DCA) has also been described from Sri Lanka and India in which ataxia developed after an afebrile period of a few days to weeks after an attack of fever attributable to P. falciparum malaria.1–,4

In this prospective hospital-based clinical study of 3188 adult patients with P. falciparum malaria admitted to the PBM hospital attached to S.P. Medical College Bikaner (Rajasthan) India between January 1992 and June 1998, cerebellar syndrome was observed …

Field of study: Medicine
Optimal Computational Split-state Non-malleable Codes

Non-malleable codes are a generalization of classical error-correcting codes where the act of “corrupting” a codeword is replaced by a “tampering” adversary. Non-malleable codes guarantee that the message contained in the tampered codeword is either the original message m, or a completely unrelated one. In the common split-state model, the codeword consists of multiple blocks (or states) and each block is tampered with independently.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Refocussing the tourist experience: the flaneur and the choraster

In current sociological analyses of tourist experience, class, race, ethnicity, age and gender are being incorporated into frameworks which initially assumed that male views of the phenomenon are universal. In this paper we seek to incorporate gender into the fundamental conceptualization of the tourist and the tourist destination. Drawing on concepts from interactionist and poststructural feminist theories we critique the male bias in the conceptualization of the tourist as ‘flaneur’ and the tourist desination as ‘image’ for the tourist gaze. A concept of the tourist destination as ‘chora’, or interactive space is offered. The tourist then becomes a creative, interacting ‘choraster’ who takes home an experience which impacts on the self in some way. We suggest that such a feminized conceptualization adds a second dimension to the one dimensional perspective which predominates in current sociological analyses of the tourist phenomenon.

Field of study: Sociology
Exotic symmetric space over a finite field, I

Let V be a 2n-dimensional vector space over an algebraically closed field k with ch k ≠ 2. Let G = GL(V) and H = Sp2n be the symplectic group obtained as H = Gθ for an involution θ on G. We also denote by θ the induced involution on $ \mathfrak{g} $ = Lie G. Consider the variety G/H × V on which H acts naturally. Let $ \mathfrak{g}_{\mathrm{nil}}^{{-\theta }} $ be the set of nilpotent elements in the -1 eigenspace of θ in $ \mathfrak{g} $. The role of the unipotent variety for G in our setup is played by $ \mathfrak{g}_{\mathrm{nil}}^{{-\theta }} $ × V, which coincides with Kato’s exotic nilpotent cone. Kato established, in the case where k = C, the Springer correspondence between the set of irreducible representations of the Weyl group of type Cn and the set of H-orbits in $ \mathfrak{g}_{\mathrm{nil}}^{{-\theta }} $ × V by applying Ginzburg theory for affine Hecke algebras. In this paper we develop a theory of character sheaves on G/H × V, and give an alternate proof for Kato’s result on the Springer correspondence based on the theory of character sheaves.

Field of study: Mathematics
On education returning to life world

The life world is the foundation of reality and headspring of significance for the education world.The predicament of modernity in the education is virtually the education's oblivion to the life world.There are some immanent relationships between the education and the life world,which make the return to life world possible.The education's returning to life world has some practical ways as follows,constructing the rational value of education,carrying through actively life education,promoting positively living education and strengthening continuously general education.In fact there are some limitations and troubles in the education's returning to the life world.

Field of study: Education
Cytostatic effector cells generated in vivo against M locus determinants.

Cytostatic effector cells against M-locus (Mls) determinants were generated in mice by immunization with Mls incompatible lymphocytes. A post-labelling assay of 14C-labelled uridine uptake by macrophage targets was employed to meaure the inhibitory activity of the effector cells. Using lymphocytes from Mls pseudocongenic mice to immunize donors of effector cells, it was confirmed that the cytostatic effect was via the Mls determinants expressed on the macrophage targets. Cytotoxic effector cells against M-locus (Mls) determinants were not detected by the cell-mediated lympholysis assay (CML) in a five day mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) between Mls incompatible lymphocytes. Specificity of cytotoxic cells generated by culturing in vivo preimmunized responder cells and Mls incompatible stimulator lymphocytes did not correlate with the Mls determinant of the stimulator lymphocytes.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Effect of El Niño on U.S. landfalling hurricanes, revisited

Changes in the frequency of U.S. landfalling hurricanes with respect to the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle are assessed. Ninety-eight years (1900–97) of U.S. landfalling hurricanes are classified, using sea surface temperature anomaly data from the equatorial Pacific Ocean, as occurring during an El Nino (anomalously warm tropical Pacific waters), La Nina (anomalously cold tropical Pacific waters), or neither (neutral). The mean and variance of U.S. landfalling hurricanes are determined for each ENSO phase. Each grouping is then tested for Poisson distribution using a chi-squared test. Resampling using a “bootstrap” technique is then used to determine the 5% and 95% confidence limits of the results. Last, the frequency of major U.S. landfalling hurricanes (sustained winds of 96 kt or more) with respect to ENSO phase is assessed empirically. The results indicated that El Nino events show a reduction in the probability of a U.S. landfalling hurricane, while La Nina shows an increase in t...

Field of study: Environmental science
Optimal monetary policy in a Phillips-curve world

In this paper, we study optimal monetary policy in a model that integrates the modern theory of unemployment with a liquidity model of monetary transmission. Two policy environments are considered: period-by-period optimization (time consistency) and full commitment (Ramsey allocation). When the economy is subject to productivity shocks, the optimal policy is pro-cyclical. We also characterize the long-term properties of monetary policy and show that with commitment the optimal inflation rate is inversely related to the bargaining power of workers. Both results find empirical support in the data.

Field of study: Economics
Elektronen-Kern-Doppelresonanz-Spektren von F-Zentren in Alkalihalogenid-Kristallen

ZusammenfassungDie Elektronen-Kern-Doppelresonanz-Spektren von F-Zentren in NaCl, KF, KCl, KBr und KJ wurden bei 300° K, 90° K und teilweise bei 20° K aufgenommen. Dazu diente ein Verfahren, das es erlaubt, die Elektronen-Kern-Doppelresonanz auch bei relativ kurzen Relaxationszeiten (√T1T2≧10−6 sec) zu messen: Die Sättigung des Absorptionssignales der Elektronenspinresonanz wird durch ein zusätzliches Hochfrequenzfeld stationär reduziert, wenn dieses Spinresonanzen der mit dem Elektron magnetisch gekoppelten Kerne anregt. Die Hyperfeinstruktur-Wechselwirkungen des F-Zentren-Elektrons mit den der Anionenlücke benachbarten Kernen wurden bis maximal zur achten Schale bestimmt. Ein Vergleich der experimentellen Ergebnisse mit denen einer Theorie vonGourary undAdrian liefert nur für die nächsten und zweitnächsten Nachbarn gute Übereinstimmung.

Field of study: Physics
Trace fossil assemblages in Upper Silurian tuff beds: Evidence of biodiversity in the Old Red Sandstone of southwest Wales, UK

The Upper Silurian/Lower Devonian Old Red Sandstone of the southwest Wales is dominated by fluvial sediments deposited in a mud-rich, low gradient, dryland setting that, apart from rare finds of fish head shields and spines, is lacking in fossil fauna. The Moor Cliffs Formation contains several fine-grained tuff horizons that act as regional markers for correlation, three of these are substantial in thickness (0.5–4 m), laterally persistent and contain abundant trace fossils. The tuffs record sudden volcanic events associated with the convergence of Avalonia with Laurentia, possibly accompanied by tsunami. The trace fossils preserved on the tops of individual falls include the locally profuse development of ovoid faecal pellets in close association with the tops of trumpet-shaped burrows. Surfaces also preserve arthropod locomotion and foraging traces ( Palmichnium antarcticum , Diplopodichnus biformis , rare Cruziana sp., and bilobed trails). Vertical and horizontal burrows ( Beaconites antarcticus ) are common. Other traces found are microbially generated wrinkle marks (mat grounds) and “cauliflower” structures. Traces in the tuffs record a greater diversity of faunal activity than that observed in the encasing dryland environment sediments and indicate a possible preservational bias provided by deposition of the air fall tuffs or colonization of the tuff deposits by opportunist populations following phytoplankton blooms associated with the volcanic events. They remain the main indicators of biodiversity in this relatively fossil-poor continental stratigraphic interval.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
State and Territory Government Strategic Plans: Exercises in Managing, Monitoring and Marketing

All but three of the Australian States and Territories have whole-of-government, jurisdiction-wide strategic plans in place and the three exceptions had previously established a state plan in the decade after the first such plans were introduced by Tasmania and Victoria in 2001. Scholarly attention to date has been directed towards discrete aspects of state plans, such as the extent to which they can be seen as exercises in participative democracy or sustainability, rather than with examining state plans for what they explicitly purport to be – strategic plans originating in the core executive of government. We propose that there are three key strategic orientations for Australian state plans: to holistically manage, monitor and market government administration. These orientations may be competing, complementary or overlapping, and can vary over time. The article also proposes that state plans are a significant development in public management and warrant further and more detailed examination.

Field of study: Political science