nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Ayurvedic dietary formulations and postprandial glycemia in rats

Two dietary formulations were prepared according to the prescriptions made for diabetic people in Ayurvedic classics. One formulation was prepared with barley, brown rice and Bengal gram and parched grains of these food grains were used to prepare second formulation. These formulations were evaluated for their postprandial glycemic effect in rats and were compared with a dietary formula containing mixture of commonly used modern dietary food grains (wheat, polished white rice and pigeon pea). Methanolic extract of these formulations were evaluated for antioxidant activities applying multiple in vitro test methods. It was observed that time dependent increase in the postprandial blood glucose levels of rats up to two hours as well as over all postprandial glycemic loads induced by Ayurvedic dietary formulations were significantly less than the mixture of modern dietary food grains and starch. Total polyphenolic content in the extract of Ayurvedic dietary mixtures and protein content in constituent food grains were higher than the comparative modern dietary food grains. Free radicals scavenging activities, reducing powers as well as antioxidant activity in two Ayurvedic dietary formulations were superior to modern dietary mixture's extract. A SDS-PAGE based protein fingerprint of these formulations was also prepared to identify genuine food grains and standardize dietary preparations. This is the first report of its kind that evaluated and compared postprandial glycemic effect, antioxidant activities of Ayurvedic dietary formulations with mixture of modern dietary food grains and provides protein fingerprint as a quality control tool for identification of genuine food ingredients and standardize the finished product.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Research and Development of Heat Treatment Process Expert System

The features of the design idea and method based on J2EE technique to structure the heat treatment process expert system were discussed.In terms of three frameworks-Struts2,Spring3,Hibernate-widely used presently as the whole system body framework,this system utilizes expert system developing tool-Jess(Java Expert System Shell) based on Java to develop the core components.This thesis explicates the most important realization part and shows the process of implementing key code.And the results show that the heat treatment process expert system has the advantages of intellectualization,networking,openness and personality.

Field of study: Materials science
New age controls on initiation and timing of foreland belt thrusting in the Clark Mountains, southern California

New geochronologic data from the Clark Mountain area, eastern California, better define the regional development of the Cordilleran magmatic arc and the timing of hinterland and foreland deformation at this latitude. The new ages show that Sevier belt thrusting started in the Clark Mountain thrust complex in Late Jurassic time. This is consistent with other studies that suggest a similar age of initiation of the Sevier belt in areas to the north. The Clark Mountain thrust complex is located at the intersection of the Mesozoic magmatic arc and the east Sierran and Sevier thrust belts. New U-Pb zircon ages for granitic rocks establish the timing of deformation within the thrust complex. The Pachalka thrust, structurally the highest fault in the complex, carries plutonic rocks eastward above Cambrian rocks. Hanging-wall and footwall rocks are mylonitic near the thrust. Hanging-wall plutonic rocks, previously considered Precambrian, are dated at 146 62 Ma and thus are Late Jurassic. Folds kinematically related to thrusting in footwall metasedimentary rocks are overturned eastward and cut by the Pachalka pluton dated at 142 ± 7 Ma. This brackets thrusting and related deformation in structurally high levels of the complex to be latest Jurassic. The Ivanpah and Striped Mountain plutons in the Ivan-pah Mountains have been dated at 147 ± 7 Ma and 141 ± 11 Ma, respectively. These plutons are cut by the Keaney-Mollusk Mine and Morning Star Mine thrusts, which are in turn cut by the middle to late Cretaceous Teutonia batholith. These data indicate that these thrusts are early to middle Cretaceous in age.

Field of study: Geology
Pollen analysis of a long upper Pleistocene continental sequence in a Velay maar (Massif Central, France)

A new 20 m sequence is presented which is based on 279 spectra derived from a coring at Le Bouchet lake (Massif Central, France). The vegetational history of this region is described back to the end of the last Interglacial (Ribains interglacial). The two Preglacial (early Glacial) forested interstadials (St-Geneys 1 and St-Geneys 2) are evidence for the first time in the Massif Central. In spite of the altitude of the site (1200 m), they suggest a quite temperate vegetation, with the same mesophilous character as during the Holocene. The Pleniglacial appears to be threefold, with two cold episodes (Lower and Upper Pleniglacial) divided by a long complex period of moderate climatic improvement. The vegetation history of this mountain region is compared with that evidenced for the same period on the basis of the sequence of Les Echets at a lower altitude (267 m). Botanical and climatic inferences are discussed.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Professional Responsibilities of the Graduate School

T HE graduate school of most American universities is a professional school which engages in the preparation of professional workers of widely differing types. Usually, however, it proceeds as though it were educating only one professional group-research specialists. A. M. Carr-Saunders and P. A. Wilson point out that one of the characteristics of all professions is a technique which makes specialized service possible. "Techniques," they state, "may be either scientific or institutional. The former are founded on the knowledge acquired by the study of a natural science, while the latter, of which law is an example, are based upon the study of human institutions."' The authors might properly have pointed out that there are two types of professions founded on the knowledge acquired by the scientific study of any discipline. One type is concerned with extending the boundaries of knowledge in a specialized area, but without any controlling interest in the usefulness of the new knowledge for the improvement of human institutions. The program and the standards of the graduate school have been built up around the needs of this group. The other type is primarily concerned with the improvement of human institutions and engages in the study of the special field with the specific purpose of discovering the ways and means of effecting such improvement. Though this group constitutes a large part of the enrollment of the graduate school, though there is no other institution in which it can be educated, and though the social need for professionals of this type is obvious, few graduate schools offer programs or standards which are adjusted to its needs. In how many American graduate schools, for example, is it possible for the prospective college, junior-college, or high-school teacher of biological science to secure the breadth of preparation which is needed if that teacher is to interpret to students the potentialities of these related disciplines for the advancement of human welfare? In most graduate schools this prospective teacher will be curtly informed that he must limit himself to some highly specialized and socially neutral aspect of botany, zoology, bacteriology, or physiology. For this kind 'The Professions, pp. 284-87.

Field of study: Education
Fuzzy Inference based Mentality Expression for Eye Robot in Affinity Pleasure-Arousal Space

An eye robot focused on eye expression and a mascot robot system are proposed as a casual communication robot systems with human friendly expression. A mentality expression system based on the affinity pleasure-arousal space by eye robot is proposed. The three-dimensional affinity pleasure-arousal space is proposed to express mentality states with fuzzy inference. The eye robot that performs eye motions is developed based on the human mechanisms. A mascot robot system is proposed as an internet-based robot application for casual communication in home environment. This mascot robot system is a network composed of four fixed type eye robots, one mobile self-propelled type eye robot, an information recommendation module, and the speech recognition module. The mascot robot system’s functionality is demonstrated in a living room, where casual communication is conducted based on speech recognition and mentality expression of eye robots. The validity of the proposed mentality expression system is confirmed by communication experiments with 2 scenarios. The proposed systems provide casual communication between a human interlocutor and a robot.

Field of study: Computer science
Comparative study of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs robustness versus buffer design variations by applying Electroluminescence and electrical measurements

By means of step stressing tests on AlGaN/GaN HEMTs the robustness properties of devices fabricated on wafers with different buffer designs have been compared to each other (standard UID GaN buffer and UID Al0.05Ga0.95N back-barrier in combination with GaN channel layer). The devices with GaN buffer showed an abrupt increase of gate leakage current after reaching drain bias values in the range of 30 V while devices with Al0.05Ga0.95N back-barrier did not show any degradation up to 120 V drain bias. All DC-Step-Stress tests have been accompanied by Electroluminescence (EL) analysis and electrical characterization techniques before, during and after stress. It has been shown that EL at forward and reverse bias conditions can be used as an indicator of potential device degradation. Devices comprising an AlGaN back-barrier design demonstrated superior robustness.

Field of study: Engineering
Structure of the Lc' phase in a hydrated lipid multilamellar system.

In this Letter we establish the structure of the ${L}_{{c}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$ phase exhibited by the lipid dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) under hydration. On the basis of x-ray diffraction data on oriented multibilayers, we show that the structure of this phase is characterized by two lattices: a molecular superlattice and a hydrocarbon chain sublattice. Diffraction data available in the literature suggest the presence of similar molecular superlattices in the ${L}_{{c}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$ phase of various other lipid-water systems.

Field of study: Physics
Kurt Vonnegut's Three Mother Nights

Kurt Vonnegut's third novel, Mother Night, dates from the period when his writing career was in disorder and his publications were taking odd and various forms. The majority of Vonnegut's work in the 1950s had been short fiction produced for weekly general audience magazines such as Collier's and The Saturday Evening Post, but as these journals went out of business, the author was forced to search for new sources of income, which in 1959 he found in the growing industry of paperback originals. The Sirens of Titan was published by Dell that year, earning Vonnegut about the same amount as a well-paying short story and teaching him that advances from such firms were a source of ready money (McCabe 94-95). Mother Night was Vonnegut's second effort in this new direction, and its format and production were geared specifically to the style of pulp paperbacks. Fawcett's 35c "Gold Medal" original was presented not as fiction but as fact, "An American traitor's astonishing confessionÂ—mournfully macabre, diabolically funnyÂ—written with unnatural candor in a foreign death cell," according to the volume's cover. Printed and distributed in February 1962, this edition oÃMother Night appealed to the timeliness of wartime memoirs then available and to interest in the trial of the accused Nazi war criminal, Adolf Eichmann. Significantly, in a way that influences the novel's text, Vonnegut abetted this historical interest by framing the body of his work with a similar set of inducements to a factual reading: an "Editor's Note," signed by himself, preceding the narrative identified by a second title page as "The Confessions of Howard W. Campbell, Jr.," together with Campbell's own purported dedication of his work. This editor's note is important because in two subsequent editions Vonnegut added successive frames that threw not only the body of the novel but the "editing process" itself into new perspective, effectively changing the way in which Mother Night is read. The 1962 Fawcett Edition (published in Greenwich, CT) consists of the novel with Vonnegut's Editor's Note; the 1966 hardcover Harper & Row edition (New York) retains these features, plus adds a new "Introduction" concluding with the dateline "Iowa City, 1966" (where Vonnegut was then teaching in the University of Iowa Writers Workshop), detailing what the author describes as "My personal experience with Nazi Monkey business" and identifying the novel's moral; and a 1984 underground Polish edition (published in Warsaw by Niezalezna Oficyna Wydawnicza, which means "unofficial publishing house") adds a third piece of apparatus, "Przedmowa do Wydania Polskiego" ("Preface to the Polish Edition"), signed by Vonnegut and dated "Manhattan Island / 14 lipiec [July] 1984," which precedes both the 1962 note and 1966 Introduction and places the novel in a new perspective for Polish readers. Both theme and technique in Mother Night are successively recharacterized by the frames Vonnegut has added to his text. The novel itself explores the oddities of twentieth-century behavior and ascribes them to a style of schizophrenia

Field of study: Art
Review of Turfgrass Evapotranspiration and Crop Coefficients

This review summarizes available data related to turfgrass evapotranspiration (ET c ) and crop coefficients (K c ) for both warm-season and cool-season grasses. Daily, monthly, or seasonal ET c rates and K c values determined at different locations in the U.S. are shown in this review, as well as the methods used to determine or estimate these values. Warm-season turfgrasses are characterized by their lower ET c rates compared to cool-season turfgrasses. Results showed that ET c is highly variable, not only between species but within same species. For example, â€˜Tifway‘ bermudagrass, a warm-season turfgrass, showed ET c values of 1.78 mm d -1 in central Florida and 4.83 mm d -1 in Colorado, whereas zoysiagrass showed an ET c value of 9.40 mm d -1 in Texas. On the other hand, creeping bentgrass showed an ET c value of 3.3 mm d -1 for â€˜Pennlinks‘ variety, while â€˜Seaside‘ showed an ET c value of 10.7 mm d -1 , both in Nebraska. This variability was affected by genotype and plant morphological characteristics but was also due to weather conditions. Variability was also observed in turfgrass K c . Minimum and maximum monthly K c values for cool-season grasses were estimated as 0.05 and 1.05, respectively; for warm-season grasses, monthly K c values ranged from 0.28 to 0.99. The lowest reported K c values within a turfgrass species could serve as selection criteria to breed new varieties resistant to drought or contributing to water savings. Evapotranspiration rates and crop coefficients should be used with awareness of the local conditions under which the values were developed.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Brachiopod miniaturization and its possible causes during the Permian–Triassic crisis in deep water environments, South China

Brachiopod miniaturization is both the reduction in size of individuals of a species over time, and where one brachiopod fauna dominated by larger individuals was replaced by a brachiopod fauna dominated by smaller individuals over time. This paper investigates this phenomenon prior to and during the end-Permian crisis in a deep water setting in South China, based on precise measurements of brachiopod body size and on the abundance and diversity of brachiopod species. The process of miniaturization near the Permian–Triassic boundary in deep water environments is characterized by: (1) Larger species, including Martinia sp., Costatumulus dongpanensis, and Anidanthus mucronata, reduced in average body size and abundance over time towards the end-Permian brachiopod extinction event. (2) Small species, including Attenuatella mengi and Spinomarginifera semicircridge, showed a mixed response with either no size change, or a reduction in average body size, while these species increased in abundance over time, indicating they were less sensitive to the stressed environmental setting. (3) Both the total abundance and the diversity of this brachiopod fauna decreased over time towards the end-Permian crisis. Regression, an increased input of terrestrial material and productivity decline are considered to all have contributed to brachiopod miniaturization, based on the biotic replacement and changes in sea-water chemistry. Among these factors, the fall in sea level is perhaps the primary factor, and led to a decline in productivity and an increased input of terrestrial material into the marine setting.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Simulation and Implementation of Adaptive Fuzzy PID

With the exponential growth of the Internet traffic, congestion problems become severe. To solve these severe problems, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) recommends implementing the Active Queue Management (AQM) mechanism on the Internet routers. This paper introduces a robust AQM algorithm, called Adaptive Fuzzy Proportional Integral Derivative (AF-PID), which adaptively tunes the parameters to overcome the sensitivity of parameters settings for dynamic Internet environments. It's more important that we have operated comparison experiments between Droptail, RED, PID and AF-PID algorithm under seven different scenario s by NS2 simulation software. The experimental results definitely proved the performance of the AF-PID algorithm is of great superiority. Furthermore, we have built up a network test bed with IPCOP as the router successfully, and embedded with the AF-PID algorithm, which once again proved that AF-PID algorithm is not only easy to implement on real network, but also c onsistent with the simulation result s under the same scenario

Field of study: Computer science
Oak conservation maintains native grass stands in an oak woodland-annual grassland system

Mediterranean oak woodlands serve as working landscapes and biodiversity hotspots. These landscapes have undergone dramatic land conversion, which continues to threaten their conservation. Shifting focus from traditional management practices to a balance of conservation and production goals is a key challenge on working landscapes, and evaluating potential tradeoffs and synergies among goals will be a critical first step. California’s oak woodlands have undergone marked transformations via removal of Quercus douglasii and other woody plants to enhance forage production. Within the annual grass-dominated matrix, Q. douglasii likely functions as a foundation species—providing potential habitat for native plants, such as Nassella pulchra. Via a cross-sectional survey, we examined spatial occurrence of N. pulchra relative to Q. douglasii trees across three cattle-grazed fields, which had previously undergone vegetation manipulation. We hypothesized that Q. douglasii trees provide spatial niches for N. pulchra, with bunchgrass densities declining with greater distances from Q. douglasii stems. Plots (n = 712) were located along northern/southern transects of 89 trees. N. pulchra densities and site characteristics were surveyed in 2002 and 2005. Generalized linear mixed model regression analysis revealed a significant plot position by community type interaction: N. pulchra densities significantly declined with increasing distance from target trees at grassland sites; this trend was apparent at savanna sites and no trend was observed at woodland sites, which were likely under the influence of neighboring trees. Information on native species relationships can be utilized by managers to balance agricultural production and native species conservation goals across working landscapes.

Field of study: Environmental science
Coulomb electron pairing in a tight-binding model of La-based cuprate superconductors

We study the properties of two electrons with Coulomb interactions in a tight-binding model of La-based cuprate superconductors. This tight-binding model is characterized by long-ranged hopping obtained previously by advanced quantum chemistry computations. We show analytically and numerically that the Coulomb repulsion leads to a formation of compact pairs propagating through the whole system. The mechanism of pair formation is related to the emergence of an effective narrow energy band for Coulomb electron pairs with conserved total pair energy and momentum. The dependence of the pair formation probability on an effective filling factor is obtained with a maximum around a filling factor of 20 (or 80) percent. The comparison with the case of the nearest neighbor tight-binding model shows that the long-ranged hopping provides an increase of the phase space volume with high pair formation probability. We conjecture that the Coulomb electron pairs discussed here may play a role in high temperature superconductivity.

Field of study: Physics
Thermal Analysis of Concrete using Finite Element Approach

AbstractPresent paper considers the temperature distribution in the concrete subjected to transient thermal loading on the concrete due to boiling water. Concrete when exposed to elevated temperatures during fire or in the spent fuel tanks, the heat causes changes in mechanical properties of concrete such as compressive and flexural strength. The study of temperature distribution in concrete subjected to thermal loading was done using finite element approach. The transient thermal analysis was done on the concrete and the results were matched with the experimental data available. The finite element software ABAQUS ver. 6.12 was used to study the transient thermal analysis of concrete. Thermal properties of concrete were adopted from Eurocode 2. The results of temperature distribution in the concrete obtained from the software coordinate with the experimental results available.

Field of study: Engineering