nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The health workforce: managing the crisis ethical international recruitment of health professionals: will codes of practice protect developing country health systems?

Many countries are using the strategy of international recruitment to make up for shortages of health professionals to the detriment of health systems in the poorest parts of the world. This study reviewed the potential impact of eight national level and international codes of practice or similar instruments that are being introduced to encourage ethical recruitment in order to protect these countries. Whilst effective dissemination of the instruments is generally in place, support systems, incentives and sanctions and monitoring systems necessary for effective implementation and sustainability are currently weak or have not been planned. If such codes or instruments are to be used to protect developing country health systems, lessons should be learnt from the early adopters; the focus of protecting developing country health systems needs to be emphasised in instruments with multiple objectives; the process of implementing the instruments strengthened; and internal and external pressure needs to be increased to ensure the codes and instruments lead to ethical recruitment and help to protect developing country health systems.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Biosekerheid vir seker : produksie

Eenvoudige, goedkoop maatreels om te sorg dat 'n stelsel van biosekerheid op melkplase goed funksioneer en gehandhaaf word, baat alle betrokkenes in die suiwelwaardeketting. Boonop gee dit almal gemoedsrus. The Dairy Mail het by twee melkboere gaan inloer om te kyk hoe hulle daarmee vaar.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The nitrogen balance of Raphanus sativus X raphanistrum plants. I. Daily nitrogen use under high nitrate supply

Growth-chamber cultivated Raphanus plants accumulate nitrate during their vegetative growth. After 25 days of growth at a constant supply to the roots of 1 mol m−3 (NO−3) in a balanced nutrient solution, the oldest leaves (eight-leaf stage) accumulated 2.5% NO−3-nitrogen (NO3-N) in their lamina, and almost 5% NO3-N in their petioles on a dry weight basis. This is equivalent to approximately 190 and 400 mol−3 m−3 concentration of NO−3 in the lamina and the petiole, respectively, as calculated on a total tissue water content basis. Measurements were made of root NO−3 uptake, NO−3 fluxes in the xylem, nitrate uptake by the mesophyll cells, and nitrate reduction as measured by an in vivo test. NO−3 uptake by roots and mesophyll cells was greater in the light than in the dark. The NO−3 concentration in the xylem fluid was constant with leaf age, but showed a distinct daily variation as a result of the independent fluxes of root uptake, transpiration and mesophyll uptake. NO−3 was reduced in the leaf at a higher rate in the light than in the dark. The reduction was inhibited at the high concentrations calculated to exist in the mesophyll vacuoles, but reduction continued at a low rate, even when there was no supply from the incubation medium. Sixty-four per cent of the NO−3 influx was turned into organic nitrogen, with the remaining NO−3 accumulating in both the light and the dark.

Field of study: Environmental science
Analysis on the key techniques of secure multiparty computation

Secure Multiparty Computation technique plays an important role in the security research of distributed systems.This paper firstly summarizes the advances in theoretical and practical studies on SMC,and then analysis the basic protocols and its related cryptographic algorithms.Secondly,the key tools,secret share,homomorphic public key cryptography,mix network,zero knowledge proof,oblivious transfer and private comparison protocol in implementation SMC are studied deeply.Finally,some research directions in this area are also proposed.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Some Numerical Comparisons of Several Approximations to the Binomial Distribution

Several approximations to the binomial distribution were compared in 1956 by Raff , including the normal, arcsine, normal Gram-Charlier, Camp-Paulson, Poisson, and Poisson Gram-Charlier approximations. The closeness of these approximations is judged by the maximal error which can arise in evaluating any sum of consecutive binomial terms. Borges  investigated a general class of approximations (which includes some of the above) and showed that a certain beta-transformation of a binomially distributed variable is the unique member of this class which is approximately normal with error 0(1/n). In 1963, Bol'shev  gave two new Poisson-Type approximations. In this paper, some of Raff's tables are extended and tables for the error of these newer approximations are added. As a consequence of the numerical results obtained, the Poisson Gram-Charlier approximation is recommended for small values of p while the Camp-Paulson and Borges' approximations should generally be preferred for large p.

Field of study: Mathematics
Effects of tensile strain on the optical properties of an AlGaP-based neighbouring confinement structure

The effects of tensile strain on the optical properties of an AlGaP-based neighbouring confinement structure (NCS) grown by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) were investigated. Photoluminescence (PL) intensity was remarkably enhanced in the tensile strained NCS compared with the unstrained NCS. Moreover, drastic improvement of the activation energy for thermal quenching was obtained by introducing tensile strain to the NCS. These improvements of the optical properties can be explained in terms of the strain-induced modification of the band structure and/or the local strain fluctuation originating from the alloy randomness of the In composition of the relaxed InGaP buffer layers.

Field of study: Materials science
A new algorithm for reliability evaluation of telecommunication networks with link-capacities

In the case of practical systems, a sample technique for the evaluation of symbolic reliability expression is presented. A system is considered reliable only if it successfully transmits at least the required system capacity from the transmitter to the receiver station. This paper gives two algorithms. The first algorithm begins at a valid group. All valid groups can be developed from it by successive replacement of branches one by one. All valid groups developed are mutually disjoint, represent just a probability term in final reliablity expression and there is no duplication. The second algorithm gives first algorithm's dual algorithm. It begins at a valid cut group, generates the unreliability.

Field of study: Engineering
some instrumentation definitions for use by meteorologists and engineers

To bridge the growing communications gap between meteorologists and engineers, a provisional list of definitions of terms frequently used by both groups is presented. These definitions are divided into four categories: A) Basic terminology (definitions of terms such as sensor, transducer, instrument, and data acquisition system). B) Terms relating primarily to the sensor (definitions of terms such as time constant, distance constant, damping ratio, and hysteresis). C) Terms relating primarily to the instrument (definitions of terms such as sensitivity, resolution, error, accuracy, and linearity). D) Terms relating primarily to the measuring process (definitions and discussions of terms such as precision, reliability, and representativeness). The authors hope this selected set of definitions will not only be of immediate use as a step towards a standard terminology but also will form the basis for a more comprehensive Glossary of Meteorological Instrumentation Terminology.

Field of study: Environmental science
Quenching of the spin-dependent scattering of weakly interacting massive particles on heavy nuclei

We present calculations of the quenching of the spin-dependent elastic scattering cross section for dark matter WIMPs on heavy nuclei. The theory of finite Fermi systems was used to describe the behavior of the nuclear spin matrix elements in the nuclear medium. The results of the calculations for planned dark matter detector nuclei are not only always smaller than corresponding single particle estimations but in some cases also differ from the ones obtained by using measured nuclear magnetic moments.

Field of study: Physics
Elastic-Plastic Analysis of Fatigue Crack Closure in Modes I and II

In this paper, an efficient elastic-plastic finite element procedure to analyze crack-closure and, its effects on fatigue crack growth under general spectrum loading, is presented. A hybrid-displacement finite element procedure is used to properly treat the stress and strain singularities near the crack-tip; and crack-growth under cyclic loading is simulated by the translation of certain 'core' elements, near the crack-tip, in which proper stress and strain singularities were embedded. Both pure mode I and mode II types of cyclic loading are considered. In the mode I case, four types of cyclic loading, viz., constant amplitude block loading, high-to-low block loading, low-to-high block, and a single overload in an otherwise constant amplitude block loading are considered; whereas in mode II, only a constant amplitude block loading is considered. Detailed results are presented for the crack-closure and opening-stresses, crack-surface deformation profiles, etc., in each case. Certain observations, based on the present numerical results, concerning various factors that cause crack growth acceleration or retardation under general spectrum loading, are presented and discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Self‐Metathesis of Polyol Allyl Ethers towards Carbohydrate‐Based Oligohydroxy Derivatives

Various allyl ethers of 1,4-anhydro-D-sorbitol and pentaerythritol were synthesised as starting materials for self-metathesis reactions. Thus, dimeric compounds having six free hydroxy groups became accessible and should be used as potential analogues of dipentaerythritol for alkyd resin formation.

Field of study: Chemistry
Impaired motor learning performance in cerebellar En-2 mutant mice.

Mice homozygous for a null mutation in their En-2 gene exhibit cerebellar neuroanatomical alterations including absence and misplacements of specific fissures and size reduction. The present study investigated cerebellar function by comparing the behavior of age-matched homozygous and heterozygous En-2 mutant and wild-type mice. Motor function of the mutants was found normal in several situations. Habituation to novelty in the open field was not significantly different in mutants. However, in a motor learning paradigm, the rotating rod, the performance of homozygous mutant mice improved significantly less than that of the heterozygous mice which were also significantly impaired compared to wild-type mice. Unlike other cerebellar mutants in which severe motor or sensory defects are obvious, the En-2 mouse model offers a unique tool to study the role of cerebellum in complex behavioral phenomena, including motor learning, without confounding effects.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
`Prima pars dialecticae': The Influence of Agricolan Dialectic Upon English Accounts of Invention

R ENAIS SANCE scholars such as W. S. Howell, T. W. Baldwin, W. G. Crane, and Walter J. Ong have observed in general terms the influence of Rudolph Agricola's dialectic upon northern humanist thought; so far, however, no one has investigated that influence in  It is my purpose in this paper to initiate such an examination by describing how Agricola's place-theory made its way into the treatments of invention in the three major English logics of the early Renaissance, those of Thomas Wilson, John Seton, and Peter Carter. Although my account is for the most part restricted to the subject of invention (in bulk at least a lesser part of dialectic than judgment) and deals only with English logicians, the popularity of Agricola's views on dialectical invention may, I think, be taken as symptomatic of a more pervasive influence emanating from Heidelberg, an influence extending to dialectical judgment as well as invention and affecting continental as well as English scholars. In exploring the influence of Agricola's theory of invention upon English Renaissance logic, it will be useful to begin with an epitome of Agricolan place-theory.2 Then, after examining in succession Wilson's Rule of Reason, Seton's Dialectica, and Carter's Annotationes, we will be in a position to estimate with a fair degree of precision the extent of Agricola's influence upon the logical theory of English humanism.

Field of study: History
Lifespan-Developmental Differences in Physiologic Reactivity to Loud Tones in Trauma Victims: A Pilot Study

Age at exposure to trauma has been identified as a risk factor for severity of trauma sequelae due to the developmental vulnerability of several brain structures involved in trauma processing. To investigate whether persons traumatized in adolescence show elevated arousal and startle reaction parameters, we studied persons traumatized by political imprisonment in the former East Germany either in their late adolescence or young adulthood (17–22 years, n = 9) or middle adulthood (35–50 years, n = 6). Physiological reactions (skin conductance, heart rate) to loud tones and self-report tests were measured. Covariance analysis yielded one significant difference, mean skin conductance response, with a higher mean for the younger group. Results are discussed in light of its limitations and further prospects.

Field of study: Psychology
Endocrine function after external pituitary irradiation in patients with secreting and nonsecreting pituitary tumours.

Endocrine function has been assessed in 22 patients with pituitary adenomas treated by external irradiation. Pituitary-adrenal function was determined by the response to corticotrophin, pyrogen, vasopressin, and insulin-induced hypoglycaemia, and the pattern of response was generally similar to that observed in untreated patients. In one patient only, who showed evidence of pituitary-adrenal dysfunction before treatment, plasma cortisol fell into the hypopituitary range after irradiation. This patient was also the only one to develop thyroid insufficiency after radiotherapy. Gonadal function was impaired in many patients before treatment, but two had normal pregnancies after irradiation. In 10 patients with acromegaly, only one patient showed a marked fall in growth-hormone levels after treatment, and in three patients the levels actually rose during the interval after irradiation. One patient with galactorrhoea due to a tumour secreting excessive amounts of prolactin showed no change in the elevated plasma levels of this hormone after treatment. The last patient, with a corticotrophin-secreting tumour following bilateral adrenalectomy for Cushing's syndrome, had greatly elevated plasma levels of corticotrophin which increased further after radiotherapy.

Field of study: Medicine
The Role of Academic Motivation and Engagement on the Relationship Between Dual Enrollment and Academic Performance

I examine whether academic motivation and engagement—conditions that advocates consider mechanisms for the effect of dual enrollment—account for the relationship between dual enrollment and academic performance. Few studies examine the claimed mechanisms that account for the impact of dual enrollment, which leaves the processes through which dual enrollment influences a student’s college experience as a black box. Using data from the Wabash National Study of Liberal Arts Education, I find a positive direct effect of dual enrollment on first-year college GPA, which remains even after controlling for precollege variables. I further find students who participated in dual enrollment are more academically motivated and engaged than nonparticipants. Although dual enrolled students are more academically motivated and engaged in class than nonparticipants these indicators generally account for less than 20% of the effect of dual enrollment on academic performance. Finally, for some students (e.g., students who earned college credit through dual enrollment but not though examination), participation in dual enrollment exerts a stronger effect on first-year college GPA at midselective and very selective institutions than at highly selective institutions.

Field of study: Education
Harnessing evolutionary programming for impedance spectroscopy analysis: A case study of mixed ionic-electronic conductors

A modified Genetic Programming (GP) method has been developed for the analysis of impedance spectroscopy data. It gives a functional form of the distribution function of relaxation times (DFRT) in the sample. The evolution force is composed of lowering the discrepancy between the model's prediction and the measured data, while keeping the model simple in terms of the number of free parameters. The DFRT that the program seeks for has the form of a peak or a sum of several peaks. All the peaks are known mathematical functions (e.g., Gaussians). The user can let the program search for many types of peaks or to limit the search. Finding a functional form of the underlying DFRT has two main assets. (a) DFRT is unique and (b) a functional form makes it possible to develop a physical model and compare it to the function. In addition, if more than one peak is present and each peak can be related to a different phenomenon, the peaks can be directly separated for further analysis. The analysis method is demonstrated using synthetic data as well as experimental data of Gd 0.1 Ce 0.9 O 1.95 (GDC).

Field of study: Materials science
Asymptotic solutions of nonlinear wave equations using the methods of averaging and two-timing

The method of averaging and the two-time procedure are outlined for a class of hyperbolic second-order partial differential equations with small nonlinearities. It is shown that they both lead to the same integro-differential equation for the lowest-order approximation to the solution. For the special case of the nonlinear wave equation, this lowest-order solution consists of the superposition of two modulated travelling waves, and separate integro-differential equations are derived for the amplitudes of these two waves. As an example, the wave equation with Van der Pol type of nonlinearity is considered.

Field of study: Mathematics
Implementation of computing standards

The F-16 avionics implements what is likely the broadest application of standards of any USAF weapon system. Standards available in 1976 were applied which consisted of the MIL-STD-1553 Multiplex Data Bus, JOVIAL J3B which was the defacto software hol and precursor to JOVIAL J73 dialect and the MIL-STD-490 software documentation standard. These standards were instrumental in making the F-16 a very successful program. The F-16 avionic system is now being greatly expanded to accommodate advanced sensors and weapons currently in USAF funded development. Once again the F-16 is at the forefront in implementing the latest USAF standards. A key feature of the enhanced avionics is the application of JOVIAL J73 (MIL-STD-1589B) for all subsystems, the MIL-STD-1553B Multiplex Data Bus, the MIL-STD-1750A Computer Instruction Set Architecture, and the MIL-STD-1760 Stores Interface. Both the implementation of standards in the current F-16 avionics and also in the enhanced F-16 avionics now in development are described.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Effect of pyrolysis conditions on bone char characterization and its ability for arsenic and fluoride removal.

This study examined arsenite [As(III)], arsenate [As(V)] and fluoride (F-) removal potential of bone char produced from sheep (Ovis aries) bone waste. Pyrolysis conditions tested were in the 500 °C-900 °C range, for a holding time of 1 or 2 h, with or without N2 gas purging. Previous bone char studies mainly focused on either low or high temperature range with limited information provided on As(III) removal. This study aims to address these gaps and provide insights into the effect of pyrolysis conditions on bone char sorption capacity. A range of advanced chemical analyses were employed to track the change in bone char properties. As pyrolysis temperature and holding time increased, the resulting pH, surface charge, surface roughness, crystallinity, pore size and CEC all increased, accompanied by a decrease in the acidic functional groups and surface area. Pyrolysis temperature was a key parameter, showing improvement in the removal of both As(III) and As(V) as pyrolysis temperature was increased, while As(V) removal was higher than As(III) removal overall. F- removal displayed an inverse relationship with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Bone char prepared at 500 °C released significantly more dissolved organic carbon (DOC) then those prepared at a higher temperature. The bone protein is believed to be a major factor. The predominant removal mechanisms for As were surface complexation, precipitation and interaction with nitrogenous functional groups. Whereas F- removal was mainly influenced by interaction with oxygen functional groups and electrostatic interaction. This study recommends that the bone char pyrolysis temperature used for As and F- removal are 900 °C and 650 °C, respectively.

Field of study: Environmental science
Parametric spline solution of the regularized long wave equation

In this paper, we present a numerical method based on parametric quintic splines for the regularized long wave (RLW) equation. The truncation error is analyzed and the method shows that by choosing suitably parameters we can obtain various accuracy schemes. Stability analysis of the method is studied and the numerical results show that the method is unconditionally stable. The efficiency of the method is examined by evaluating the error norms and conservation properties of mass, energy, and momentum. The numerical simulations can validate and demonstrate the advantages of the method.

Field of study: Mathematics
Vortex contribution to equilibrium currents

Like orbitals in atoms and molecules, persistent currents may appear in larger aggregates. Though classically, equilibrium magnetic moment of non-rotating objects is forbidden, it is known that equilibrium quantum circulating currents are allowed. Such currents were predicted to be periodic with the external magnetic field. It is shown that in general, whenever a periodic component is found, there must be a large aperiodic component forcing aperiodic contribution to the equilibrium magnetic moment as a function of the external field.

Field of study: Physics