nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDES) and hexa-brominated biphenyls (Hexa-BBs) in fresh foods ingested in Taiwan.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexa-brominated biphenyls (Hexa-BBs) are bioaccumulative and aggregate in the food chain. Therefore, background monitoring and risk assessment for dietary intake are necessary. In present study, a systematic sampling method was first used to collect the high fat content foodstuff such as poultry, livestock, eggs, fish, other seafood, dairy products, and the infant foods and then foodstuff with high consumption in seven categories of 600 food samples. After integrating four years of background surveys of PBDE levels (2010-2013) and one year of that of Hexa-BBs (2013), the highest estimated daily intake (EDI) of PBDEs for Taiwanese food consumption was found in 0- to 3-year-olds (mean = 9.38 ng kg-1 bw d-1, the 95% upper limit of Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS P95) was 21.52 ng kg-1 bw d-1), and the lowest in 16- to 18-year-old girls (mean = 3.35 ng kg-1 bw d-1, MCS P95 was 6.53 ng kg-1 bw d-1). Moreover, the highest of EDI of Hexa-BBs was found in 0-3 years old (mean = 0.007 ng kg-1 bw d-1, MCS P95 = 0.019 ng kg-1 bw d-1), and lowest in 17-18 years old female (mean = 0.002 ng/kg/day, MCS P95 = 0.005 ng kg-1 bw d-1). This study suggests that the large MOEs (>2.5) for the four important congeners BDE-47, -99, -153, and -209, indicate that the dietary exposures are not probably a significant health concern for Taiwanese.

Field of study: Environmental science
Drinking, Alcohol Use Disorder, and Treatment Access and Utilization Among U.S. Racial/Ethnic Groups.

Data from approximately 140 articles and reports published since 2000 on drinking, alcohol use disorder (AUD), correlates of drinking and AUD, and treatment needs, access, and utilization were critically examined and summarized. Epidemiological evidence demonstrates alcohol-related disparities across U.S. racial/ethnic groups. American Indians/Alaska Natives generally drink more and are disproportionately affected by alcohol problems, having some of the highest rates for AUD. In contrast, Asian Americans are less affected. Differences across Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics are more nuanced. The diversity in drinking and problem rates that is observed across groups also exists within groups, particularly among Hispanics, Asian Americans, and American Indians/Alaska Natives. Research findings also suggest that acculturation to the United States and nativity affect drinking. Recent studies on ethnic drinking cultures uncover the possible influence that native countries' cultural norms around consumption still have on immigrants' alcohol use. The reasons for racial/ethnic disparities in drinking and AUD are complex and are associated with historically rooted patterns of racial discrimination and persistent socioeconomic disadvantage. This disadvantage is present at both individual and environmental levels. Finally, these data indicate that admission to alcohol treatment is also complex and is dependent on the presence and severity of alcohol problems but also on a variety of other factors. These include individuals' sociodemographic characteristics, the availability of appropriate services, factors that may trigger coercion into treatment by family, friends, employers, and the legal system, and the overall organization of the treatment system. More research is needed to understand facilitators and barriers to treatment to improve access to services and support. Additional directions for future research are discussed.

Field of study: Medicine
Low-molecular-weight aliphatic amines in exhaust from catalyst-equipped cars.

Emissions from automobiles equipped with three-way catalysts were studied. Aliphatic amine emissions from the cars tested were less than 2.2 mg/mi. Emissions of monomethylamine and dimethylamine were no more than 0.3 mg/mi and 0.1 mg/mi respectively. It is unlikely that any standard gasoline-propelled cars emit significant quantities of amines. (1 diagram, 1 graph, 20 references, 6 tables)

Field of study: Environmental science
Erratum to: "Painlevé null sets, dimension and compact embedding of weighted holomorphic spaces" (Studia Math. 213 (2012), 169-187)

In the proof of Proposition 3.3 in our paper [AT] there is a flaw which cannot be corrected. We made the wrong conclusion that the coincidence of the norm topology of ‖ · ‖w2 and the topology co on the unit ball Bw1(G) implies the existence of a compact set K in G and a positive constant A such that ‖f‖w2 ≤ A‖f‖K for all f ∈ Hw1(G). Obviously, we have to replace the latter by a weaker condition (see (ii) below) and restate Proposition 3.3 as follows.

Field of study: Mathematics
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Thermal conductivity of a Y1.5Er1.5Al5O12 crystal in the temperature range 5-300 K

The temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity of a laser element made of a Y1.5Er1.5Al5O12 crystal was determined in the temperature range 5?300 K. Values of the thermal conductivity at room and liquid nitrogen temperatures, important in practical applications, were found.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Robust and Automatic Skyline Detection Algorithm Based on MSSDN

Automatic detection of the skyline plays an important role in several applications, such as visual geo-localization, flight control, port security, and mountain peak recognition. Existing skyline detection methods are mostly used under common weather conditions; however, they do not consider bad weather situations, such as rain, which limits their application in real scenes. In this paper, we propose a multi-stream-stage DenseNet to detect skyline automatically under different weather conditions. This model fully considers the adverse factors influencing the skyline and outputs a probability graph of the skyline. Finally, a dynamic programming algorithm is implemented to detect the skyline in images accurately. A comparison with the existing state-of-the-art methods proves that the proposed model shows a good performance under rainy or common weather conditions and exhibits the best detection precision for the public database.

Field of study: Computer science
Getting a bigger bang for your buck: a collaborative approach to enhancing dementia education planning in long-term care homes.

A collaborative of Ontario-based long-term care associations, researchers, clinicians and educators representing various education initiatives related to dementia care and challenging behaviours used existing research evidence on adult learning principles, knowledge transfer and performance improvement to develop an evidence-based approach to support practice change and improvement in long-term care. The collaborative was led by the two provincial long-term care associations with no external funds to support its activities. This effort illustrates how people with common challenges, visions and goals can work together to share their intellectual and physical resources to address pervasive problems.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Effect of enterotoxin on glutathione status in the intestinal mucosa.

The effect of luminal exposure of enterotoxins on the intestinal mucosal glutathione (GSH) was studied in rat. Cholera toxin induced fluid secretion and decreased mucosal GSH by 35% without altering oxidized glutathione (GSSG) level. Toxin induced fluid secretion was tested after mucosal GSH depletion by compounds such as diethyl maleate (DEM) and buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) and thiol supplementation with N-Acetyl cysteine (NAC). Fluid secretion was not altered by prior thiol depletion or supplementation. Exposure of intestinal lumen to bacterial endotoxin resulted in 25% decrease in mucosal GSH with two fold increase in GSSG. Luminal exposure of Shiga toxin did not alter the mucosal thiol. The level of other low molecular weight thiols, cysteine and cystine was not altered by luminal exposure of any of these toxins. These results show that although cholera toxin decreased the mucosal GSH level, prior modulation of thiol status of the mucosa may not have any effect on toxin-induced fluid secretion.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
The quadrupole magnets for the LHC injection transfer lines

Two injection transfer lines, each about 2.8 km long, are being built to transfer protons at 450 GeV from the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) to the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). A total of 180 quadrupole magnets are required; they are produced in the framework of the contribution of the Russian Federation to the construction of the LHC. The classical quadrupoles, built from laminated steel cores and copper coils, have a core length of 1.4 m, an inscribed diameter of 32 mm and a strength of 53.5 T/m at a current of 530 A. The total weight of one magnet is 1.1 ton. For obtaining the required field quality at the small inscribed diameter, great care in the stamping of the laminations and the assembly of quadrants is necessary, Special instruments have been developed to measure, with a precision of some /spl mu/m, the variations of the pole gaps over the full length of the magnet and correlate them to the obtained field distribution, The design has been developed in a collaboration between BINP and CERN. Fabrication and the magnetic measurements are done at BINP and should be finished at the end of the year 2000.

Field of study: Physics
Puzzles and Confusions: Political Realignment in the 1980s

Few concepts in the social science literature have aroused as much controversy and discussion in recent years as party and electoral realignment. The term conjures up images of sharp dramatic changes in the nature of political conflict, upsurge in mass political involvement and participation, sharp alteration in the political agenda and the nature of political outputs. Realignment has attracted attention because it was thought to be topical as well: Walter Dean Burnham's elegant argument for the periodicity of realignment suggested that the United States was "due" for realignment in the late 1960s, precisely at a time at which many of the warning signs (ideological tensions within the parties, thirdparty campaigns, breakdown of traditional party loyalties) were becoming obvious.' But what has become clear by 1986 is how divided scholars are on the status of the "current" realignment. Recent years have seen assorted scenarios for creation of an era of electoral dominance by a conservative Republican majority, for reconstitution of a Democratic majority (in traditional New Deal or modified form) and, most popular of all, for the end of party systems and of realignment itself as we have traditionally perceived it, due to a possibly irreversible deterioration of party loyalties that produces perpetual dealignment. To some extent, the disagreement centers on how to interpret specific events

Field of study: Political science
Effect of tryptophan depletion on alcohol cue-induced craving in abstinent alcoholic patients.

The capacity of alcohol cues to precipitate the desire to drink may be an important determinant of relapse to alcohol use in recovering alcohol-dependent patients. This study evaluated whether attenuation of serotonin synthesis via depletion of its precursor tryptophan reduces the magnitude of cue-induced craving for alcohol in recently abstinent alcoholic individuals.



Alcohol-dependent patients (n = 16), 1 to 3 months after detoxification, who exhibited a 20% or greater increase in reported craving when presented with an alcoholic beverage, completed two additional alcohol cue-exposure test days, 1 week apart. Each cue exposure was preceded by administration of a concentrated amino acid drink that resulted in a rapid and significant decline in plasma free tryptophan (active depletion, no tryptophan supplementation) or a similar drink containing tryptophan (placebo depletion). Tests were conducted in a randomized, double-blind fashion.



There were no significant changes in the magnitude of cue-induced craving with active tryptophan depletion compared with placebo.



These data question the dependence of alcohol cue-induced craving in sober alcoholics on the ongoing synthesis of serotonin.

Field of study: Medicine
School Ethos as Influenced by School Categorisation

Several attempts have been made to understand the nature and quality of school education over the two past decades in response to the continuing poor performance of learners in public schools within South Africa. These attempts include a curriculum focus, school leadership and management focus, policy focus, teacher development focus, infrastructure focus and resource focus. Despite interventions in these areas, little improvement has been noted in the learner performance. In this study the researcher brings another perspective to the understanding of school or learner performance, that of the influence of school ethos to school categorisations. School categorisation within our education system seems to be quite ingrained with categorisation in terms of, amongst others funding (quintile rankings); user fees (fee-paying and no-fee paying); geography (rural, urban, township); poverty (feeding scheme); performance (national strategy for learner attainment and non- national strategy for learner attainment). Given this synopsis the question is asked: How does school categorisation influence school ethos and what are the implications of this on leadership, teaching and learning in public schools? This qualitative study, in a form of case study approach was conceptualised through interpretivism lens to explore the perspectives, experiences and practices of school principals and teachers in five schools regarding the ethos and their influence in the school categorisation and the implications on leadership, teaching and learning practices from the selected schools.  The methods of generating data which were employed in the study included: semi-structured interviews, observations and document review. Ethical processes were followed.  school categorisation, school ethos, school leadership, learner performance

Field of study: Education
Differences among ovariectomized female rhesus macaques in the display of sexual behavior without and with estradiol treatment.

Ovariectomized, estrogen-primed, adult female rhesus macaques were preselected for the display of high (HLP) and low (LLP) levels of sexual performance. Eight sexually vigorous adult males were selected as partners. For 13 consecutive days each month, females received 0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 micrograms of estradiol benzoate (EB) and were tested on Days 12 and 13 of injection. Blood samples were taken before and on the last day of each of the four injection series, and serum levels of estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone were determined with a radioimmunoassay. The HLP females (n = 5) displayed higher levels of receptivity and proceptivity and received more mounts, intromissions, and ejaculations when tested without EB treatment than LLP females (n = 5) did when they were tested with 10.0 micrograms of EB. Female receptivity, proceptivity, and attractiveness cannot be explained by estrogen action alone. The effectiveness of estrogen is limited by the somatic characteristics of the individual on which it acts.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Cooperation of metals with electroactive ligands of biochemical relevance: Beyond metalloporphyrins

In addition to the widely studied biometal complexes of tetrapyrrole ligands such as hemes (Fe), cobalamins (Co), and factor F430 (Ni), there are other, more recently established systems in which transition metals and redox-active cofactors such as pterins, flavins, quinones, or phenoxyl radicals cooperate in electron transfer and substrate activation. The cases of the molybdenum or tungsten containing oxotransferases involving pyranopterin as essential ligand and the copper-dependent quinoproteins such as amine oxidases will be discussed. The structural and functional description of these systems will be complemented by results from model studies.

Field of study: Chemistry
Salt, obesity, and alcohol fail to induce a lasting rise of blood pressure with age, and may be independent of renocortical vasculopathy.

Essential hypertension has a multitude of aetiologies, environmental circumstances that impact harmfully upon blood pressure levels. These aetiologies fall into two types: a reversible type that requires continuous exposure to the inciting agent to sustain the elevated blood pressure, and a persistent type which introduces some form of permanent change, presumably in body tissues. Available data on salt overload, obesity, and alcohol tend to cast these agents as reversible, without persistent effects. Agents of the reversible type emerge here as unlikely candidates for explaining the rise of blood pressure with age. Evidence reviewed here implicates intimal fibroplasia in renocortical arteries as the accumulated record that causes rising of blood pressure with age by Goldblatt mechanisms actuated through nephron heterogeneity. Such mechanisms could explain the persistent effects that propel the rise of blood pressure with age at varying rates among world-wide populations. These findings offer a new starting place for efforts to discover the aetiological agents that propel the rise of blood pressure with age, agents that apparently do not include salt, obesity, or alcohol.

Field of study: Medicine
Evanescent interferometric lithography.

Simulation results are presented to illustrate the main features of what we believe is a new photolithographic technique, evanescent interferometric lithography (EIL). The technique exploits interference between resonantly enhanced, evanescently decaying diffracted orders to create a frequency-doubled intensity pattern in the near field of a metallic diffraction grating. It is shown that the intensity in a grating's near field can be enhanced significantly compared with conventional interferometric lithography. Contrast in the interference pattern is also increased, owing to a reduction in the zeroth-order transmission near resonance. The pattern's depth of field reduces as the wavelength is increased beyond cutoff of the first-order diffracted components, and results are presented showing the trade-offs that can be made between depth of field and intensity enhancement. Examples are given for a 270-nm-period grating embedded in material with refractive index n = 1.6 and illuminated with wavelengths near 450 nm. Under these conditions it is predicted that high-intensity, high-contrast patterns with 135-nm period can be formed in photoresists more than 50 nm thick.

Field of study: Physics
Design of high-speed diamond microswitch

In this work, microswitches based on polycrystalline diamond films are investigated. Device properties such as switch-on and switch-off times are calculated and compared to measurement results obtained from fabricated structures. Pre-stress effects, common in free-standing diamond structures, have been included in the model. The influence of various geometric parameters on the transient behaviour of the switches is calculated. Diamond is shown to improve the transient behaviour of the devices in comparison with other materials such as silicon.

Field of study: Materials science
Vibrio cholerae O1 strains are facultative intracellular bacteria, able to survive and multiply symbiotically inside the aquatic free-living amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii.

Vibrio cholerae species are extracellular, waterborne, gram-negative bacteria that are overwhelmed by predators in aquatic environments. The unencapsulated serogroup V. cholerae O1 and encapsulated V. cholerae O139 cause epidemic and pandemic outbreaks of cholera. It has recently been shown that the aquatic and free-living amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii is not a predator to V. cholerae O139; rather, V. cholerae O139 has shown an intracellular compatibility with this host. The aim of this study was to examine the ability of V. cholerae O1 classical and El Tor strains to grow and survive in A. castellanii. The interaction between A. castellanii and V. cholerae O1 strains was studied by means of amoeba cell counts and viable counts of the bacteria in the absence or presence of amoebae. The viable count of intracellularly growing bacteria was estimated by utilizing gentamicin assay. Confocal microscopy and electron microscopy were used to determine the intracellular localization of V. cholerae in A. castellanii. The results showed that V. cholerae O1 classical and El Tor strains grew and survived intracellularly in the cytoplasm of trophozoites, and that the bacteria were also found in the cysts of A. castellanii. The interaction showed a facultative intracellular behaviour of V. cholerae O1 classical and El Tor strains and a possible role of A. castellanii as an environmental host of V. cholerae species.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
“Anticomposite effect” in the system glassy LiPO3/crystalline MgO

Composite materials glassy LiPO 3 / crystalline MgO (φ MgO  = 0–18 vol.%) have been obtained. Their transport properties have been examined by the electrochemical impedance technique. It was shown that with an increase in the MgO content the ionic conductivity decreases appreciably. The concentration dependence of the conductivity is described by the mixing rule proposed in this work: σ r α ( φ gl ,  φ MgO )  =  φ gl  −  gφ gl φ MgO  +  gφ gl φ MgO θ α ( φ gl ,  φ MgO ) . Comparison of the experimental data with the results of fitting with this equation revealed that an addition of MgO decreases the Li-ion conductivity of the glass matrix. The results of 7 Li NMR confirm that the some Li-ions of LiPO 3 glass become less mobile.

Field of study: Materials science
Qian Zhongshu's Rhetoric Interpretation and Practice of Chunqiu Expression Style

Qian Zhongshu attached much attention to rhetoric researches and emphasized"implication" in literature.The Chinese traditional Chunqiu Expression Style stresses "sublime words with deep meaning" and "implicit narration",which is,to a degree,in agreement with Qian's rhetoric views.In his long-term rhetoric researches and rhetoric practice,Qian Zhongshu not only opened up the rhetoric research on Chunqiu Expression Style,but also applied this expression style to his own literary writing and literary criticism,thus achieving remarkable rhetorical effects.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Response to Petticrew and colleagues.

We thank Petticrew and colleagues for their letter in response to our article . They are the team of academic researchers that has been funded to undertake an evaluation of the Responsibility Deal (RD). Their points of clarification re the funding of their research and its current focus are welcome. However, we would have been interested to learn whether the findings in our paper will influence their research as we feel this might impact on the direction of their research evaluation. The focus of our research was the calorie reduction pledge of the RD, and particularly its working practices. We were only examining this one aspect of the initiative and we recognise that the research brief of Petticrew et al. is much wider. However, our findings exposed serious flaws in both the process and the lack of outcome measures. To reiterate the key points in our paper:

Field of study: Medicine, Political science