nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Use of a Process Mass Spectrometer to Measure Rapid Changes of Gas Concentration

Experiments were conducted to investigate the suitability of a multistage in-situ reaction analyzer based on a micro fluidized bed (MFB-MIRA) for measuring rapid changes of gas concentration during gas-solid reactions. The results show that control of capillary temperature of a process mass spectrometer strongly influences the stability of on-line measurements. Based on observed regular patterns, the capillary temperature-control system was equipped with a precision controller that enabled a precision of ±0.2 °C to be achieved, and thereby guaranteed high stabilities of the sampling flow rate and chamber vacuum. Measurements using the modified gas-monitoring system showed that periodic fluctuations of the on-line measurement were eliminated and measurement stability significantly improved. The fluctuating range and relative standard deviation of the measured response to O 2 in air improved from 1.9% to 1.4% and 0.54% to 0.18%, respectively. A pressure-regulating device was also developed to control the absolute pressure at the gas sampling point. This achieved a control precision of ±0.02 kPa. The measured results showed that the response of the process mass spectrometer correlated positively with the absolute pressure at the sampling point, indicating the necessity for a pressure-regulating device. The accuracy and repeatability of the process mass spectrometer were improved. This work has enhanced the suitability of MFB-MIRA for studying rapid gas-solid reactions and broadened the scope of reliable applications of MFB-MIRA combined with a process mass spectrometer.

Field of study: Chemistry
Nearly Linear-Time Zero-Knowledge Proofs for Correct Program Execution

There have been tremendous advances in reducing interaction, communication and verification time in zero-knowledge proofs but it remains an important challenge to make the prover efficient. We construct the first zero-knowledge proof of knowledge for the correct execution of a program on public and private inputs where the prover computation is nearly linear time. This saves a polylogarithmic factor in asymptotic performance compared to current state of the art proof systems.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
On the issue of running a country with morality and the value of morality and education

Moral education and construction will be paid special attention to, with the claim of running a country with morality. The value of morality is elaborated in this paper in such perspectives as the status of culture's soul, an invisible hand in economic field, the reciprocal relationship between morality and law and so on. This paper also illustrates the importance of currently strengthening moral education in schools and moral construction in all society so as to actulize country administration with morality.

Field of study: Education
The effect ofs-d exchange interaction on the nuclear spin relaxation in dilute alloys

The effect ofs-d exchange interaction on the relaxation rate of host nuclear spins has been investigated in dilute magnetic alloys. The leading logarithmic corrections to the Korringa relaxation rate have been calculated together with some lower order logarithmic terms to avoid a divergence at the Kondo temperature (Tk). The obtained formulae are valid at and aboveTk and in weak or strong magnetic fields (ωi≪T or ωi≫T, respectively, where ωi is the Larmor frequency of the impurity spin). In second order of the perturbation theory our result reproduces that obtained by Giovannini and Heeger apart from a numerical factor of the order of unity and from some contribution of order (

Field of study: Physics
Ergot and its alkaloids.

This manuscript reviews the history and pharmacognosy of ergot, and describes the isolation/preparation, chemistry, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacotherapeutics of the major ergot alkaloids and their derivatives. A brief discussion of the hallucinogenic properties of lysergic acid diethylamide is also featured. An abbreviated form of the material found in this paper is presented in a 4-hour didactic format to third-professional year PharmD students as part of their study of vascular migraine headaches, Parkinson's disease, and naturally occurring hallucinogens/hallucinogen derivatives in the modular course offering Neurology/Psychiatry.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Kinetic analysis of S-allyl-L-cysteine production in the homogeneous reaction of garlic paste

In order to ef fec tively pro duc e S-allyl-L-cysteine(SAC) with the endo genous γ-glutamyltranspeptidase(γ-GTP) in garlic,the effects of Ca2+concentration and water-solid ratio in reaction liquid on SAC yield and γ-GTP activity in the homogeneous reaction of garlic paste were discussed,and then SAC production was analyzed kinetically.The experimental results showed that the initial γ-GTP activity reached maximum of 12.7 mU/g at the Ca2+concentration of 5 mmol/L. The final SAC yield increased linearly with the initial γ-GTP activity. Under the condition of liquid-solid ratio at8, temperature at 37 ℃, a Ca2+concentration at 5 mmol/L and reaction at 8 h, the SAC yield reached maximum of 793.4 μg/g-DM. Under the condition of liquid-solid ratio at 8, temperature in the range of 20℃ to 37 ℃ and Ca2+concentration in the range of 0 mmol/L to 5 mmol/L, the production of SAC could be simplified to one-order reaction, and the relationship of reaction rate constant and temperature could be expressed by an Arrhenius equation. When the Ca2+concentration increased from 0 mmol/L to 5 mmol/L, the activation energy of SAC production decreased from 80.3 kJ/mol to a minimum of 70.9 kJ/mol. The kinetic analysis in the present study provided theoretical basis and technical data for controlling the SAC production process in the homogeneous reaction of garlic paste.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Sr-isotope stratigraphy of the Upper Jurassic of central Portugal (Lusitanian Basin) based on oyster shells

Strontium isotope stratigraphy was performed on oyster shells from the Late Jurassic of the Lusitanian Basin (central Portugal). This represents the first approach to obtain numerical ages for these strata. The new chronostratigraphic data provide a more precise age determination of several units. After a basin-wide hiatus sedimentation in the Late Jurassic is proven in the Cabo Mondego and Cabaços formations to resume as early as the Middle Oxfordian. The Alcobaça formation can be placed in the latest Late Oxfordian to Late Kimmeridgian, while data from the upper part of the Abadia Formation indicate an Early to Late Kimmeridgian age. The Farta Pao formation ranges from the latest Kimmeridgian to the latest Tithonian. The largely synchronous Sobral, Arranhó I, and Arranhó II members are overlain by the late Early to Late Tithonian Freixial Member. The brief, local carbonate incursion of the Arranhó I member marks the Kimmeridgian–Tithonian boundary. Oysters are shown once more to be suitable for strontium isotope studies. Their calcitic shells are often unaffected by diagenesis. In particular for marginal marine Jurassic and Cretaceous strata, where belemnites are usually absent, oysters may serve as a valuable tool for isotope stratigraphy.

Field of study: Environmental science
EFFECT OF VERTICAL ARTIFICIAL BOUNDARY ON SEISMIC RESPONSES ANALYSIS OF LARGE-SCALE OPEN CAISSON

Taking the open caisson foundation in Sutong Bridge as the engineering background,the influence of the location of the vertical artificial boundary set in soil layer on the seismic response analysis of the foundation has been analyzed by numerical analysis.The variation tendency of the seismic responses of the soil layer and the foundation with different soil region considered in calculation is studied.The result can be used as reference for the analysis of the large-scale open caisson foundation by the finite element method.When the model is in L/H=4 with the vertical artificial boundary,the effect of vertical artificial boundary in soil layer on the seismic responses of the open caisson,such as the moment,shear and axial force of the elements,can be controlled below 1% of relative errors.

Field of study: Engineering
A Market to Implement the Core

I present a mechanism whose subgame perfect equilibrium outcomes coincide with the core of an underlying convex TU game. The mechanism resembles an asset market, in which one of the players is randomly selected as a broker who centralizes trade. In addition, the rules of the mechanism are independent of the coalitional function. Therefore, the mechanism is useful for an incompletely informed designer who wishes to implement the core of these games. The mechanism is inspired by the reduced games relevant for the consistency of the core.

Field of study: Economics
Drexhage's Experiment for Sound.

Drexhage's seminal observation that spontaneous emission rates of fluorophores vary with distance from a mirror uncovered the fundamental notion that a source's environment determines radiative linewidths and shifts. Further, this observation established a powerful tool to determine fluorescence quantum yields. We present the direct analogue for sound. We demonstrate that a Chinese gong at a hard wall experiences radiative corrections to linewidth and line shift, and extract its intrinsic radiation efficiency. Beyond acoustics, our experiment opens new ideas to extend the Drexhage experiment to metamaterials, nanoantennas, and multipolar transitions.

Field of study: Physics
Synthesis and fluorescence properties of 8-hydroxyquinoline ramification and its zinc complexes

8-Hydroxyquinoline derivatives 6 and its zinc complexe 7 are synthesized and characterized by mass spectra(MS),elemental analysis(EA),infrared spectrum(IR),ultraviolet spectrum(UV) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum(1H NMR).Meanwhile,the radiation chart and TG-DSC of compound 7 at 365 nm are determined.The results show that compound 7 can emit orange light at 365 nm,and exhibits high thermal stability.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Temperature dependence of the superconductivity energy gap

AbstractIt is noted that theTaylor's series expansion at the transition temperature expresses the temperature dependence of the energy gap of a superconductor to an accuracy of better than one-half of a percent for the upper half of the superconducting temperature range, when only the first three terms of the series are retained. Because of the smallness of the third term an equally good expression over the same temperature range is the following two term formula:
$$\left[ {\frac{{\Delta \left( t \right)}}{{\Delta \left( 0 \right)}}} \right]^2 \approx 3.016\left( {1 - t} \right) - 2.400\left( {1 - t} \right)^2 ,$$
 whereΔ(t) is the energy gap andt the reduced temperautre.

Field of study: Physics
4-o-Carboranylpyrylium perchlobates and stable free radicals based on them

The corresponding o-carboranylpyrylium perchlorates were obtained from 4H-pyrans of the o-carborane series under the influence of 70% HClO4 in acetic anhydride or 2,2′,4,4′-tetramethoxydiphenylammonium perchlorate. The carboranylpyranyl free radicals were studied by EPR spectroscopy, and it was shown that the unpaired electron is localized in the carborane ring.

Field of study: Chemistry
Personality Disorders in Older Adults: Emerging Research Issues

Empirical research focusing on personality disorders (PDs) among older adults is mainly limited to studies on psychometric properties of age-specific personality tests, the age neutrality of specific items/scales, and validation of personality inventories for older adults. We identified only two treatment studies—one on dialectical behavior therapy and one on schema therapy—both with promising results among older patients despite small and heterogeneous populations. More rigorous studies incorporating age-specific adaptations are needed. Furthermore, in contrast to increasing numbers of psychometric studies, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-5 pays little attention to the characteristics of older adults with PDs. Moreover, the constructs “personality change due to another medical condition” and “late-onset personality disorder” warrant further research among older adults. These needs will become even more pressing given the aging society worldwide.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Developing a universal tool for the prioritization of patients waiting for elective surgery.

The objective was to elaborate a priority scoring system for patients on waiting lists for elective surgery to be implemented in the Catalan public health system. This tool should ideally be universal (for all patients and across the entire region) with common criteria and weights (for all surgical procedures), simple and user-friendly. A tool based on a point-count linear scale ranging from 0 (lowest priority) to 100 (highest priority) was developed. Patients are scored in three major dimensions: clinical and functional impairment, expected benefit, and social role, which include 8 criteria (with their weights): disease severity (23%), pain (or other main symptoms) (14%), rate of disease progression (15%), difficulty in doing activities of daily life (14%), probability and degree of improvement (12%), being dependent with no caregiver (5%), limitation to care for one's dependents (if that be the case) (8%), and limitations in the ability to work, study or seek for employment (9%). As in previous studies developed in Canada, New Zealand and Catalonia, the tool obtained is mainly based on severity and need. The success of this tool depends very much on implementation mechanisms. Furthermore, prior to implementation, a definition of specificities in the selected criteria for the most frequent surgical procedures is advised.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
To move or to evolve: contrasting patterns of intercontinental connectivity and climatic niche evolution in “Terebinthaceae” (Anacardiaceae and Burseraceae)

Many angiosperm families are distributed pantropically, yet for any given continent little is known about which lineages are ancient residents or recent arrivals. Here we use a comprehensive sampling of the pantropical sister pair Anacardiaceae and Burseraceae to assess the relative importance of continental vicariance, long-distance dispersal and niche-conservatism in generating its distinctive pattern of diversity over time. Each family has approximately the same number of species and identical stem age, yet Anacardiaceae display a broader range of fruit morphologies and dispersal strategies and include species that can withstand freezing temperatures, whereas Burseraceae do not. We found that nuclear and chloroplast data yielded a highly supported phylogenetic reconstruction that supports current taxonomic concepts and time-calibrated biogeographic reconstructions that are broadly congruent with the fossil record. We conclude that the most recent common ancestor of these families was widespread and likely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere during the Cretaceous and that vicariance between Eastern and Western Hemispheres coincided with the initial divergence of the families. The tempo of diversification of the families is strikingly different. Anacardiaceae steadily accumulated lineages starting in the Late Cretaceous–Paleocene while the majority of Burseraceae diversification occurred in the Miocene. Multiple dispersal- and vicariance-based intercontinental colonization events are inferred for both families throughout the past 100 million years. However, Anacardiaceae have shifted climatic niches frequently during this time, while Burseraceae have experienced very few shifts between dry and wet climates and only in the tropics. Thus, we conclude that both Anacardiaceae and Burseraceae move easily but that Anacardiaceae have adapted more often, either due to more varied selective pressures or greater intrinsic lability.

Field of study: Biology
Study on Normalizing Process of Low Chromium Wear Resistant Cast Steel

The effects of normalizing temperature and retaining time on microstructure and properties of low chromium wear resistant cast steel were studied.The results show that the carbides transform from continuous network to isolated irregular blocks,impact toughness and bending strength present evident variation with the increase of the heat temperature,but the change of hardness is very little,and after normalized at 970 ℃ for 3 h,the cast steel has better comprehensive mechanical properties.The main reason of good mechanical properties are analyzed.

Field of study: Materials science
Teaching Performance of Primary School Teachers and its Impact on Students’ Academic Achievement in Bangladesh.

The study mainly dealt with the teaching performance of primary school teachers and its impact on students’ academic achievement in Bangladesh. It reveals the teaching performance of teachers considering five important indicators. The academic achievement was also looked into account examining the five important indicators. Social survey method was adopted and both primary and secondary data were used. Data were collected through questionnaire and interviews. Sample was taken randomly and the total number of sample was 120. 60 teachers of govt. and 60 teachers of non-govt. primary schools were taken to make a comparison. 15 Govt. and 15 non-govt. primary schools were taken to assess the policy implementation including other formal activates. The study has found that there are some lacks of teachers in performing their duties. For this reason, the academic achievement of the students’ is not satisfactory in both of the govt. and non-govt. primary schools. Comparatively the performance of govt. primary school teachers is more satisfactory than non-govt. primary school teachers in Bangladesh. So, the students’ academic achievement is low as to the expectation in both of the govt. and non-govt. primary schools.  Teaching Performance,

Field of study: Education
Design and Implementation of the Network Application Data Security Comprehensive Protection System

The most important technology of web page tamer resistance is in the area of file encryption, but the current prevalent watermark encryption technology is getting more and more unsuitable for the demands of the web security. Meanwhile with the increasing web content, watermark encryption technology will slow down the website speed. Introduces a kind of digital certificate technology for webpage cryptography, whose encryption and decryption is in the process of authentication, which will not affect the access speed of the web pages due to the increasing amount of the site pages. And in the light of the analysis made to the existing technology, it is relatively difficult to encrypt the digital certificate, as a result, it has the real function of tamer resistance.

Field of study: Computer science
Evaluation of the Effects of Mechanical Cycles on Bonding of Al-Superconducting Cable in High-Performance Stabilized NbTi Conductor

The compact muon solenoid (CMS) solenoid is presently the superconducting magnet with the highest stored energy (about 2.6 GJ) and one with the highest energy/mass ratio (11.3 kJ/kg). The latter is directly related with the mechanical deformation of the conductor under the action of the magnetic force, inducing a strain as high as 0.15%, close to the elastic limit of materials. In order to provide the hoop strength in CMS magnet, an innovative reinforced Al-stabilized conductor was involved in the design. After 10 years of successful operation and in view of further runs (20 years or more), it seems appropriate to evaluate the robustness of the conductor with respect to thermal disturbances of mechanical origin. In order to understand the effects of magnet cycles on the bonding between the Rutherford cable and the pure aluminum stabilizer, we perform an experimental study on short samples of the full conductor. After stressing the conductor with mechanical cycles, electrical measurements at T = 4.2 K in magnetic field up to 5 T allowed us to evaluate the current transfer length, the relevant figure of merit for the bonding quality.

Field of study: Physics
The frequency of forest fires in Scots pine stands of Tuva, Russia

Forest fires resulting from long periods of drought cause extensive forest ecosystem destruction and can impact on the carbon balance and air quality and feed back to the climate system, regionally and globally. Past fire frequency is reconstructed for Tuvan Scots pine stands using dendrochronology and statistics. Central Tuvan Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) stands are subject to annual fire regimes; however high intensity fires are rare but they are responsible for most of the damage. Low, medium, and high severity fires have shaped the multi-story Scots pine communities, locally and regionally. Fire type and frequency are directly related to weather and climate and are also dependent on anthropogenic influences. The primary dry period, which promotes fire ignition and spread, in Tuva occurs in April and May. In some years, the precipitation deficit combined with high air temperatures induces long periods of drought. Unlike the typical surface fire regime, forest fires that burn during these extreme droughts often become crown fires that result in substantial forest damage and carbon release. The mean fire interval (MFI) is found to be 10.4 years in Balgazyn stands, and the landscape-scale MFI is 22.4 years. High severity, stand-replacing crown fires have a longer MFI. The warmer and dryer weather that is predicted by global climate models is evident in Tuva, and we believe that these changes in weather and climate have resulted in increased fire intensity and severity, rather than fire frequency in the Tuvan region.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Test of the Higher-Taxon Approach in the Identification of Candidate Sites for Marine Reserves

Alternatives to species-level identification have been advocated as one solution to the problem of selecting marine reserves with limited information on the distribution of marine biodiversity.This study evaluated the effects on selection of candidate sites for marine reserves from using the higher-taxon approach as a surrogate for species-level identification of intertidal molluscs and rocky reef fishes. These effects were evaluated by determining the percentage of species included in candidate reserves identified from genus-, family- and order-level data by a complementarity-based reserve selection algorithm, and by testing for correlations between the irreplaceability values of locations. Candidate reserves identified from genus- and family-level data of intertidal molluscs included a similar percentage of all species as the reserves identified from species-level data. Candidate reserves selected from genus- and family-level data of rocky reef fishes included, respectively, 3–7% and 14–23% fewer species than reserves selected from species-level data. When the reserve identification process was constrained by a practical planning limit (a maximum of 20% locations able to be reserved) the reserves selected from genus- and family-level data of intertidal molluscs, and genus-level data of rocky reef fishes, included a similar percentage of species as the reserves identified from species-level data. Irreplaceability values of locations for species, genera and families of intertidal molluscs were highly correlated, and irreplaceability values of locations for species and genera of rocky reef fishes were highly correlated. This study suggests that genus- and family-level data for intertidal molluscs, and genus-level data for rocky reef fishes, are suitable surrogates for species in the identification of candidate sites for marine reserves.

Field of study: Environmental science