nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Pattern and Trends of Respiratory Disease: A Six Year Review of Ambulatory Services in a Tertiary Hospital in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Respiratory diseases are significant contributors to global disease morbidity and mortality especially in low and middle-income countries like Nigeria. It is imperative to evaluate the changing and current trends of respiratory disease especially with prevalent air pollution and exposure to biomass fuel; as disease trend evaluation promotes the planning of adequate service delivery. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pattern of respiratory disease in the ambulatory service of a tertiary hospital in Port Harcourt south-south of Nigeria over 6 years.  This was a retrospective descriptive study of medical outpatient attendees diagnosed with respiratory diseases at the specialty respiratory clinic over 6 years, 1st January 2013 to 31st December 2018.  The leading respiratory conditions were Asthma (32.2%), Tuberculosis (31.2%), COPD (16.8%), Pneumonia/Lung infection (8.7%) and Lung malignancies (2.9%), Interstitial Lung disease (2.7%), Pleural diseases & others (2.2%), Upper Respiratory Tract disease (1.7%), Sarcoidosis (1.0%) and OSA/Sleep disorders (0.3%). Non-communicable respiratory disease accounted for 58.4 % of the respiratory diseases seen in this study.  The pattern of respiratory diseases reported in this study corresponds with the global pattern of leading respiratory diseases. The findings of this study call for more attention to be paid to the prevention and management of the prevalent respiratory disease conditions to achieve a reduction in the morbidity and mortality associated with these conditions.

Field of study: Medicine
Inclusive Human Resource Management (IHRM) and Innovative Work Behaviour in Telecommunication Industry in Rivers State

This study examined Inclusive Human Resource Management (IHRM) and Innovative Work Behaviour in Telecommunication Industry in Rivers State. Two hundred employees from the twenty (20) telecommunications services firms were surveyed. Krejcie and Morgan (1970) sample size determination table employed in the study gave a sample size (S) of one hundred and thirty-two (132). Two null hypotheses were established and a total of one hundred and thirty-two (132) copies of the study instrument were distributed, retrieved and analyzed. The Spearman’s Rank order correlation coefficient was employed in the study. The study revealed a significant positive relationship between inclusive human resource management and innovative work behaviour (measured by generating and testing ideas and implementation). As a fall out from the study, it is was concluded that a work ambiance that supports equal opportunities and treatment to all employees is a veritable approach for spurring extra-role behaviors such as the active search, generation, championing and implementation of novel ideas for the growth and success of organization. Thus, it was recommended that telecommunication firms should: Train managers-and hold them accountable—to show that inclusivity is a core competency and identify underrepresented groups’ needs, and give them necessary support and resources.

Field of study: Business
The protective effect of serum against hydrodynamic damage of hybridoma cells in agitated and surface-aerated bioreactors.

The effect of serum on the growth rate and metabolism of CRL-8018 hybridoma cells in an agitated, surface-aerated bioreactor was examined. In the employed well-controlled bioreactors at high agitation rates, hybridoma cells in medium containing 1% fetal bovine serum rapidly die in the presence of a vortex with accompanying gas-bubble entrainment, whereas non-agitated control cultures grow normally in medium containing 1% serum. Serum levels greater than 5% counteract the detrimental hydrodynamic effects due to agitation and bubble entrainment. The protective effect is present after short-term (less than 1 h) exposure to 10% serum concentration, suggesting a protection mechanism which is, at least in part, of a physical nature. The apparent cell yields on glucose, lactate, and glutamine decreased with decreasing growth rate due to low serum concentrations. The results are incorporated into a simple model in which the apparent growth rate is the sum of an invariable growth rate and a changing death rate.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Before the Gold Fleets: Trade and Relations between Chile and Australia, 1830–1848

Even at first glance, one can see remarkable similarities in the topography, geography and patterns of land use of the west coast republics of South America and of the states of Australia which stretch along that continent's eastern and southeastern shores. Not only are the latitudinal parameters comparable, but similarities in climate and patterns of agriculture abound. The resemblances are particularly defined as we consider the geographical extravagance of Chile and compare it alone to the eastern edge of Australia. The desert north of Chile has as its counterpart the arid lands of the island continent's interior, while the semi-arid Norte Chico is much like the area immediately inland from the Australian Dividing Range. Central Chile's Mediterranean climate finds its mirror image in the Riverina, and the rain forest of eastern Australia is much like the deep and tangled woods of Chile's south-west coast. Finally even green and mountainous Chiloe finds a transPacific image in rugged Tasmania.1 Apparently, climate and geography molded both Chile and Australia as producers of primary products for the world markets. Such parallel evolution would suggest that there would be little trade and exchange between the areas, yet trade did indeed develop and came to be significant during several decades of the nineteenth century. This study considers the economic relations which existed between the Republic of Chile and the areas of Australia encompassed by the contemporary states of New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria.2

Field of study: Political science
Detection of forest stand-level spatial structure in ectomycorrhizal fungal communities.

Ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) communities are highly diverse at the stand level. To begin to understand what might lead to such diversity, and to improve sampling designs, we investigated the spatial structure of these communities. We used EMF community data from a number of studies carried out in seven mature and one recently fire-initiated forest stand. We applied various measures of spatial pattern to characterize distributions at EMF community and species levels: Mantel tests, Mantel correlograms, variance/mean and standardized variograms. Mantel tests indicated that in four of eight sites community similarity decreased with distance, whereas Mantel correlograms also found spatial autocorrelation in those four plus two additional sites. In all but one of these sites elevated similarity was evident only at relatively small spatial scales (< 2.6 m), whereas one exhibited a larger scale pattern ( approximately 25 m). Evenness of biomass distribution among cores varied widely among taxa. Standardized variograms indicated that most of the dominant taxa showed patchiness at a scale of less than 3 m, with a range from 0 to < or =17 m. These results have implications for both sampling scale and intensity to achieve maximum efficiency of community sampling. In the systems we examined, cores should be at least 3 m apart to achieve the greatest sampling efficiency for stand-level community analysis. In some cases even this spacing may result in reduced sampling efficiency arising from patterns of spatial autocorrelation. Interpretation of the causes and significance of these patterns requires information on the genetic identity of individuals in the communities.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
A self-stabilizing autonomic recoverer for eventual Byzantine software

We suggest modeling software package flaws (bugs) by assuming eventual Byzantine behavior of the package. We assume that if a program is started in a predefined initial state, it will exhibit legal behavior for a period of time but will eventually become Byzantine. We assume that this behavior pattern can be attributed to the fact that the manufacturer had performed sufficient package tests for limited time scenarios. Restarts are useful for recovering such systems. We suggest a general, yet practical, framework and paradigm for the monitoring and restarting of systems where the framework and paradigm are based on a theoretical foundation. An autonomic recoverer that monitors and initiates system recovery is proposed. It is designed to handle a task, given specific task requirements in the form of predicates and actions. A directed acyclic graph subsystem hierarchical structure is used by a consistency monitoring procedure for achieving a gracious recovery. The existence and correct functionality of the autonomic recovery is guaranteed by the use of a self-stabilizing kernel resident (anchor) process. The autonomic recoverer uses a new scheme for liveness assurance via on-line monitoring that complements known schemes for on-line safety assurance.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Cuban Communism, 1959-2003, 11th Edition (review)

leaders. Some of the most interesting passages in the book relate the seemingly endless attempts by Honduran leaders such as National Party candidate Ricardo Zuniga to create leverage by manipulating the policy making process in Tegucigalpa and Washington. Importantly, the narrative illuminates the almost constant friction between civilian foreign service officers in Honduras and the military commanders assigned to U.S. Southern Command. The author is pointed in his criticism of the military tendency to supersede both the embassy and U.S. law governing foreign policy and illustrates a trend identified in Dana Priest's recent work, The Mission: Waging War and Keeping Peace with America's Military (2003).

Field of study: History
A UNIFIED TREATMENT OF THE ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS USING EIGENVECTORS

Uniform methods for checking estimability of arbitrary treatment contrasts for completely random, randomized block, and two-way blocking designs are presented which relate arbitrary contrasts to the eigenvector contrasts of the C matrix of the design. Treatments are assumed to be fixed, but blocking variables may be fixed or random. Treatments may have factorial structure. If a set of contrasts is estimable, the appropriate test of hypothesis is calculated. The results are implemented via a program written in SAS IML.

Field of study: Mathematics
A Medical Mission to Guatemala as an Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience

To describe the development and outcomes of an advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) for a medical mission trip to Guatemala.  Pre-mission preparation and post-mission reflection activities were combined with in-country activities to create a 5-week APPE. During the 10-day medical mission trip, pharmacy students dispensed medications, counseled patients, conducted quality improvement assessments, and presented their findings and experiences as part of an interdisciplinary health care team. Assessment. The students who completed the mission trip met the objectives of the APPE and reported substantial learning in the areas of interdisciplinary teamwork and cultural competency. All students’ scores on the Inventory for Assessing the Process of Cultural Competence—Student Version (IAPCC-SV) increased. The majority (81%) of student-generated quality improvement recommendations were implemented by the mission team.  The medical mission APPE provided a rich learning environment for pharmacy students and resulted in modifications to the medical mission operation. This type of APPE could be implemented in other colleges of pharmacy via formation of partnerships with established medical mission teams as this one was.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Synchronization of full-solid high-stability nanosecond pulse sources

The stability of a cell pulse source is a key index in multi-source's synchronization.The stability index of pulse source is defined in this article.Potential advantage of full-solid nanosecond pulse sources for synchronizing is remarked,because of its high stability.Mechanisms of pulser's time drift and wave flutter are analyzed,and the key technology routes are given,including over triggering and deficit charging,to improve the cell pulser's stability.And the stability indexes reach as follows: the short time jitter less than 20 ps per times,the long time drift less than 100 ps/min,the pulse width jitter less than 1%,and the peak voltage jitter less than 1%.Finally,integrating both circuit and space synchronizations,synchronizations of 16×16 elements are realized,and a 30 MW full-solid high-stability synchronization-synthesis pulser is finished,which time base differences of all 16 channels are less than 30 ps,sum peak voltages jitter less than 1%,and the whole synthesis efficiency reaches 90% to 95%.

Field of study: Physics
Photochemical nitro-nitrite rearrangement in methyl parathion decay under tropical conditions

This work presents a study of the abiotic degradation of commercially available methyl parathion in aqueous solution at two different concentrations (88 mg/L and 200 μg/L). The effects of solar irradiation and the presence of humic acids were evaluated and revealed a synergistic response between them. The half-life of methyl parathion ranged from 4.9 to 37 days, and the experimental data also show that photochemical processes were the most relevant in this case. The only byproduct found in samples submitted to shadowed conditions was 4-nitrophenol. On the other hand, 4-nitrophenol, methyl paraoxon and a new degradation product (O,O-dimethyl O-p-hydroxyphenyl phosphorothioate) were detected when the samples were exposed directly to sunlight. This newly identified compound was prepared in the laboratory by thiophosphorylation of hydroquinone, and coelution experiments with authentic samples provided unambiguous confirmation of the presence of O,O-dimethyl O-p-hydroxy phenylphosphorothioate in samples.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Reading Reactions for Varied Types of Subject Matter

Statement of the problem.?The problem was a study of the eye-movements of 64 col lege freshmen while reading various types of material. The selections were academic mate rial of average freshman level. The respective vocabularies of the reading selections were equated. Purpose of the study.?The purposes of this study were two: (1) to determine the nature of the eye-movements of college freshmen while reading different types of subject material and to identify relationships that may exist between eye-movements and various types of subject matter during the reading process, and (2) to determine the effect that various parts of a selection have on eye-movements as subjects progress through a 300 word reading selection. Delimitation of the study.?This investi gation was confined to eye-movements while reading various types of material in the fol lowing fields: (A) arithmetic (mathematical concepts), (B) biological science, (C) Eng lish (expository prose), (D) educational psy chology, (E) physical science, and (F) social science.

Field of study: Education
Integration of hydraulic and chemical signalling in the control of stomatal conductance and water status of droughted plants

We describe here an integration of hydraulic and chemical signals which control stomatal conductance of plants in drying soil, and suggest that such a system is more likely than control based on chemical signals or water relations alone. The determination of xylem [ABA] and the stomatal response to xylem [ABA] are likely to involve the water flux through the plant. (1) If, as seems likely, the production of a chemical message depends on the root water status (Ψr), it will not depend solely on the soil water potential (Ψs) but also on the flux of water through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum, to which are linked the difference between Ψr and Ψs. (2) The water flux will also dilute the concentration of the message in the xylem sap. (3) The stomatal sensitivity to the message is increased as leaf water potential falls. Stomatal conductance, which controls the water flux, therefore would be controlled by a water-flux-dependent message, with a water-flux-dependent sensitivity. In such a system, we have to consider a common regulation for stomatal conductance, leaf and root water potentials, water flux and concentration of ABA in the xylem. In order to test this possibility, we have combined equations which describe the generation and effects of chemical signals and classical equations of water flux. When the simulation was run for a variety of conditions, the solution suggested that such common regulation can operate. Simulations suggest that, as well as providing control of stomatal conductance, integration of chemical and hydraulic signalling may also provide a control of leaf water potential and of xylem [ABA], features which are apparent from our experimental data. We conclude that the root message would provide the plant with a means to sense the conditions of water extraction (soil water status and resisance to water flux) on a daily timescale, while the short-term plant response to this message would depend on the evaporative demand.

Field of study: Environmental science
Dysfunctional voiding and reflux – combined treatment with botulinum toxin A and dextranomer/hyaluronic acid

Dysfunctional voiding (DV) may exacerbate vesicoureteral reflux(VUR) or cause breakthrough UTI. DV has also been implicated as a risk factor for failure of Dextranomer/Hyaluronic acid (Deflux) injection. Endoscopic injection of botulinum toxin A (Botox) at the external sphincter has been used for DV, but simultaneous therapy for VUR with Deflux has not been reported.  Retrospective review of children undergoing endoscopic therapy with Botox or Deflux was performed over 2 years to identify children receiving simultaneous injections.  Over a 2 year period, 31 children underwent subureteric injection of Deflux for VUR and 11 children underwent intrasphincteric injection of Botox for DV. Of these cases, 5 involved simultaneous therapy. These children ranging in age from 5–16 years, presented with incontinence, constipation, and/or prior pyelonephritis. In spite of biofeedback in 80%, symptoms persisted with urodynamic testing showing an interrupted uroflow pattern / increased EMG activity and postvoid residual. VUR ranged from grade 2-4, on the more severely affected side, with 50% showing reflux nephropathy. Botox injection of 100 units was transurethral in boys, and periurethral in girls with EMG guidance. All patients showed improvement in voiding parameters and symptoms. Deflux injections were successful in all cases of primary VUR.  VUR and DV often coexist. Combined therapy with Botox / Deflux allows both disorders to be treated simultaneously, with good outcomes.

Field of study: Medicine
Method of Contraction-Expansion (MOCE) for Simultaneous Inference in Linear Models

Simultaneous inference after model selection is of critical importance to address scientific hypotheses involving a set of parameters. In this paper, we consider high-dimensional linear regression model in which a regularization procedure such as LASSO is applied to yield a sparse model. To establish a simultaneous post-model selection inference, we propose a method of contraction and expansion (MOCE) along the line of debiasing estimation that enables us to balance the bias-and-variance trade-off so that the super-sparsity assumption may be relaxed. We establish key theoretical results for the proposed MOCE procedure from which the expanded model can be selected with theoretical guarantees and simultaneous confidence regions can be constructed by the joint asymptotic normal distribution. In comparison with existing methods, our proposed method exhibits stable and reliable coverage at a nominal significance level with substantially less computational burden, and thus it is trustworthy for its application in solving real-world problems.

Field of study: Computer science
SU-F-J-73: Simple Approach for Quantification of Metal Artifact Reduction Capabalities of Dual-Energy CT.

To present a simple method for quantification of dual-energy CT metal artifact reduction capabilities  A phantom was constructed from solid water and a steel cylinder. Solid water is commonly used for radiotherapy QA, while steel cylinders are readily available in hardware stores. The phantom was scanned on Siemens Somatom 64-slice dual-energy CT system. Three CTs were acquired at energies of 80kV (low), 120kV (nominal), and 140kV (high). The low and high energy acquisitions were used to generate dual-energy (DE) monoenergetic image sets, which also utilized metal artifact reduction algorithm (Maris). Several monoenergetic DE image sets, ranging from 70keV to 190keV were generated. The size of the metal artifact was measured by two different approaches. The first approach measured the distance from the center of the steel cylinder to a location with nominal (undisturbed by metal) HU value for the 120kV, DE 70keV, and DE 190keV image sets. In the second approach, the distance from the center of the cylinder to the edge of the air pocket for the above mentioned three image sets was measured.



The DE 190keV synthetic image set demonstrated the largest reduction of the metal artifacts. The size of the artifact was more than three times the actual size of the milled hole in the solid water in the DE 190keV, as compared to more than 7.5 times larger as estimated from the 120kV uncorrected image  A simple phantom for quantification of dual-energy CT metal artifact reduction capabilities was presented. This inexpensive phantom can be easily built from components available in every radiation oncology department. It allows quick assessment and quantification of the properties of different metal artifact reduction algorithms, available on modern dual-energy CT scanners.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Социальные Расходы Регионов: Страна Контрастов

Три главных тренда 2015 г. для консолидированных бюджетов регионов – заметный рост доходов, замедление роста расходов, незначительный рост долга и улучшение его структуры. Динамика доходов консолидированных бюджетов регионов в 2015 г. (данные за январь–сентябрь) улучшилась по сравнению с динамикой 2013–2014 гг., несмотря на экономический спад. Хотя заметны существенные региональные различия: в большинстве регионов доходы упали, в ряде других – существенно выросли. Долг регионов и муниципалитетов рос медленнее, чем в 2013–2014 гг., увеличившись с января до начала ноября 2015 г. только на 5%. Расходы консолидированных бюджетов выросли только на 4%, что связано с усилением ответственности регионов в бюджетной политике. Однако анализ динамики социальных расходов показывает сильную дифференциацию и по отдельным статьям, и по регионам. Среди очевидных проблем – непрозрачность структуры расходов бюджетов регионов на здравоохранение.

Field of study: Economics