nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Personal Space Variables Upon Approach and Attitudes Toward the Other in a Prisoner's Dilemma Game

use of space have been found cross culturally, developmentally, and between the sexes. Most of this research has treated personal space as a dependent variable (for example, how close will subjects stand after some treatment). However, of major interest in understanding and being able to apply the results generated from this area of study is the effect of personal space as an independent variable (how people behave and feel when they are placed in a particular spatial situation). Sommer (1969) has employed questionnaire and anecdotal data to suggest that seating position compels people to display a given level of cooperation (e.g., people prefer sideby-side seating for cooperative tasks, and across the table seating arrangement for competitive tasks). Also, Gardin, et al. (1973), using the prisoner’s dilemma game, provided limited support of the Sommer finding. However, Sommer did not deal with sex differences nor attempt to gain a behavioral measure of the expressed attitudes. Gardin, who used only male subjects, found significant differences in the level of cooperation in a gaming situation only when barriers were used to prevent eye contact (as well as other forms of non-verbal communication). Furthermore, Gardin did not attempt to control the actual distance between the subjects (in addition to one’s seating position). The present study was designed to test the effects of body orientation and distance between the participants in a prisoner’s dilemma game. Body orientation (side-by-side vs. face-to-face) was chosen so as to manipulate non-verbal communication such as eye-contact without introducing physical barriers, while distance allows comparisons with existing personal space literature. Further, since research in mixed-motive games (Rapoport, 1965) has shown that subjects in a prisoner’s dilemma game who anticipate further contact with the other are more exploitative, this variable was included. Finally, as the personal space literature indicates the existence of sex differences (Evans and Howard, 1973), this variable was also considered.

Field of study: Psychology
A Study on the Evolution of the Hypothesis of Human Nature in the Theory of Western Management ——Also a Discussion on the Necessity of the Advent of Theory of Corporate Culture

Management takes place on the premise of understanding of human nature. Different management theories and practices reflect different hypotheses of human nature.The thesis analyzes the hypotheses of human nature in the theory of western management,and clarifies the logical relation of several kinds of representative theories of the hypotheses of human nature.On this basis,it discusses the historical and logical necessity of the advent of theory of corporate culture.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Convex Optimization on Banach Spaces

Greedy algorithms which use only function evaluations are applied to convex optimization in a general Banach space $$X$$X. Along with algorithms that use exact evaluations, algorithms with approximate evaluations are treated. A priori upper bounds for the convergence rate of the proposed algorithms are given. These bounds depend on the smoothness of the objective function and the sparsity or compressibility (with respect to a given dictionary) of a point in $$X$$X where the minimum is attained.

Field of study: Computer science
Effects of Pressure-Sensitive Paint on Experimentally Measured Wing Forces and Pressures

Recent experiences with pressure-sensitive paint have shown that very thin paint layers on wind-tunnel models testedathighReynoldsnumberscansignie cantlyalterthepressuredistributions,andthustheforcesandmoments, on themodels.Thiswasobserved during two testsof transport-likewings:a “ clean” supercriticalwing at transonic cruise conditions in the NASA Ames High Reynolds Number Channel 2 and a high-lift wing, complete with slats and e aps, at landing conditionsin the NASA Ames 12-FootPressure Wind Tunnel. Theeffect of paint on the cruise wing was to displace the shock wave slightly upstream from its no-paint position. Smoothing the paint, and even removing it entirely from the leading edge, decreased this displacement slightly. Applying paint to only the slats of the high-lift wing caused the wing to stall prematurely at the highest Reynolds number. This effect could be eliminated by smoothing the paint. Adding paint to other parts of the model had little effect. Paint intrusiveness was much smaller and more ambiguous at lower Reynolds numbers. In both tests, paint intrusiveness occurred because the model surfaces were rougher when they were painted than when they were not, and this additional roughness altered the development of the turbulent boundary layers.

Field of study: Physics
Fourth clivar workshop on the evaluation of ENSO processes in climate models: ENSO in a changing climate

The organizers acknowledge the generous support of the World Climate Research Programme/CLIVAR, the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Institut National des Sciences de l’Univers (CNRS-INSU), the LabEx L-IPSL, and Sorbonne Universites and wish to thank Lei Han, from the International CLIVAR Global Project Office in Qingdao, China, for his invaluable help in organizing this workshop.

Field of study: Environmental science
More clinical care: survey.

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> Some said, “John, print it”; others said, “Not so.” 
> 
> Some said, “It might do good”; others said, “No.” 
> 
> John Bunyan, The Pilgrim’s Progress 

In June 2008, Canadian Family Physician (CFP) conducted a readership survey that went out by e-mail to

Field of study: Medicine
Study on delaying senility of spleen by lipoteichoic acid of Bifidobacterium bifidum

To investigate the effect of lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of Bifidobacterium bifidum surface molecules on spleen index and DNA damage in spleen lymphocyte of aging mice induced by D-galactose.  Male Kunming mice were randomly divided into different groups. These mice were treated by subcutaneous injection of D-galactose on the back for aging induction and LTA was simultaneously administered for 40 days. Single cell gel electrophoresis was used for testing DNA oxidative damage.  There were significant differences for spleen index,the appearance rate of comet and the length grade of DNA between the young control group and the aging model group(P0.05). In the mice treated by LTA,the changes were significantly inhibited as compared with the aging model group(P0.05).  LTA can decrease spleen index,restrict DNA damage of spleen lymphocyte,and so it may be a molecular mechanism to explain Bifidobacterium delaying senility.

Field of study: Biology
Dislocation Densities and Velocities within the γ Channels of an SX Superalloy during In Situ High-Temperature Creep Tests

The high-temperature creep behavior of a rafted [001] oriented AM1 Ni-based single crystal superalloy was investigated during in situ creep tests on synchrotrons. Experiments were performed at constant temperatures under variable applied stress in order to study the response (plastic strain, load transfer) to stress jumps. Using two different diffraction techniques in transmission (Laue) geometry, it was possible to measure the average lattice parameters of both the γ matrix and the γ′ rafts in the [100] direction at intervals shorter than 300 s. The absolute precision with both diffraction techniques of the constrained transverse mismatch (in the rafts’ plane) is about 10−5. After stress jumps, special attention is given to the evolution of plastic strain within the γ channels. The relaxation of the Von Mises stress at leveled applied stress shows evidence of dislocation multiplication within the γ channels. From the analysis, we showed an interaction between plastic stress and dislocation density of the γ phase.

Field of study: Materials science
Research on Face Recognition Based on PCA

Studies the face recognition,applyies the images training algorithm based on principal component analysis to face recognition and uses the nearest neighbor classifier such as Euclidean distance to category all the training face images,and then designes a set of face recognition attendance system based on PCA,which have applied to the practice of the company's attendance.The actual result indicates that using the PCA algorithm for face recognition can make the recognition rate achieve more than 90%.

Field of study: Computer science
Shape evolution for Sm isotopes in relativistic mean-field theory

The evolution of shape from the spherical to the axially deformed shapes in the Sm isotopes is investigated microscopically in relativistic mean-field theory. The microscopic and self-consistent quadrupole deformation constrained relativistic mean-field calculations show a clear shape change for the even-even Sm isotopes with N = 82-96. The potential surfaces for 148Sm, 150Sm and 152Sm are found to be relatively flat, which may be the possible critical-point nuclei. By examining the single-particle spectra and nearest-neighbor spacing distribution of the single-particle levels, one finds that the single-particle levels in 148Sm , 150Sm, and 152Sm distribute more uniformly.

Field of study: Physics
Foraminiferal evidence for Cenomanian sequence stratigraphy and palaeoceanography of the Boulonnais (Paris Basin, northern France)

A middle to upper Cenomanian chalk succession in the northwestern European Paris Basin (Escalles section) was investigated with respect to its sediment composition, biofacies, and foraminiferal content. Most planktic foraminifers exhibit a high-frequency cyclicity in their distribution pattern and show little relationship to the sequence stratigraphic subdivision. A few characteristic species of benthic foraminifers ( Tritaxia pyramidata , Ataxophragmium compactum , Dorothia levis , and Gavelinella cenomana ) are related in their frequency distribution to certain systems tracts. Other benthic foraminiferal species are more evenly distributed through the systems tracts. Cluster analysis and factor analysis allow the separation of three benthic foraminiferal biofacies domains, which exhibit a characteristic frequency distribution pattern with respect to sequence stratigraphy. Biofacies 1 is dominant in the highstand systems tract (HST), and biofacies 3 is characteristic for the transgressive systems tract (TST). Biofacies 2 is most abundant around the maximum flooding–downlap surface (mfs) and less abundant around the sequence boundary. Factor analysis shows that most of the variance in the data set is explained by variables related to plankton productivity. Variables related to changes in water depth and changes in sea-level have minor influence on the variance of the whole data set, but have some influence on the variance of the benthic foraminiferal data set. The different reaction of benthic and planktic foraminifers to relative sea-level changes is also recorded in the total number of foraminifers per gram sediment (foraminiferal number) and in the ratio between planktic and benthic foraminifers (p/b-ratio). The foraminiferal number is highest at the mfs and lowest at the sequence boundaries of the investigated depositional sequences. The p/b-ratio has no correlation with the sequence stratigraphic subdivision, but shows a high-frequency cyclicity. The abundance pattern of planktic foraminifers is controlled by changes in the productivity of calcareous plankton. The regular variation in calcareous plankton productivity leads to marl (low productivity)–chalk (high productivity) cycles that form conspicuous couplets in the section. The productivity cycles are also recorded in gamma-ray logs in the environmental setting of the Escalles section. In contrast, the abundance patterns of benthic foraminifers are more influenced by relative sea-level changes, changes in water depth, and variations in substrate composition. The stacking of probably precession-controlled development of couplets lead to a distinct 100,000-year cyclicity that does not match very well with published sequence stratigraphic subdivisions.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Recollements of Cohen-Macaulay Auslander algebras and Gorenstein derived categories

Let A, B and C be associative rings with identity. Using a result of Koenig we show that if we have a D b (mod-) level recollement, writing A in terms of B and C, then we get a D (Mod-) level recollement of certain functor categories, induces from the module categories of A, B and C. As an application, we generalise the main theorem of Pan (Sh. Pan, Derived equivalences for Cohen-Macaulay Auslander algebras,  (2012), 355-363) in terms of recollements of Gorenstein artin algebras. Moreover, we show that being Gorenstein as well as being of finite Cohen-Macaulay type, are invariants with respect to D bp(mod-) level recollements of virtually Gorenstein algebras, where D bp denotes the Gorenstein derived category.

Field of study: Mathematics
African Americans' mental health and perceptions of racist discrimination: The moderating effects of racial socialization experiences and self-esteem.

This research responded to researchers' calls for investigation of potential moderators of the link between perceptions of racist discrimination and mental health. In a sample of 119 African American young adults, the authors investigated the extent to which 4 theoretically relevant variables moderated the perceived racism-mental health relation. Consistent with predictions, results revealed that greater experience with racial socialization messages attenuated the link between reports of racist events and poorer mental health. Self-esteem also moderated the relation, but in a direction opposite that predicted. Neither racial socialization beliefs nor African American social networks moderated the relation. Overall, results indicated that individual differences shape the extent to which African Americans' mental health is related to perceptions of racist discrimination.

Field of study: Psychology
Anecdotes of accidents: second language research going awry and telling us why

Internationally recognized experts in second language research were asked to provide anecdotes documenting memorable incidents where something had gone awry in their research. The anecdotes proved to emphasize problems of a technical, conceptual, or political nature. Fifteen anecdotes representing these three kinds of problems are presented. In common, the anecdotes express concerns for scientific realism, that is, second language research was said to go wrong in cases where legitimate claims for knowledge were undermined - by accidents, unforeseen intrusions, or misconceptions. This view of constraints on second language research, based on researchers' experiences (rather than theoretical polemics or methodological prescriptions), may be valuable for learning researchers, users of research results, and critical analyses of second language research processes.

Field of study: Linguistics
Cyclic Diaminocarbene–Rhodium(I) Complex Tethered to Disulfide: Synthesis and Application to Gold Surface Modification

A dimeric N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-rhodium(I) complex connected with a long chain dialkyl disulfide linker was synthesized, and used for the preparation of a Rh-modified alkane thiolate monolayer on a gold surface.

Field of study: Chemistry
THE EFFECT OF DISTANCE BETWEEN SEA ICE AND PIER ON DYNAMIC RESPONSES OF PIER STRUCTURES SUBJECT TO EARTHQUAKE

In icy waters,there are always distances between sea ice and structures due to the wave forces,and the seismic dynamic interaction of sea ice and structures is complicated.On the basis of elastic wave propagation theory and structural dynamics,the paper establishes the fluid-structure coupling dynamic equations of sea ice,water and piers with different distances between sea ice and structures.This paper takes a rectangular pier as an object of study,analyzes the effects of distance between sea ice and the pier on the seismic dynamic responses of the rectangular pier and hydrodynamic pressure.The results show that the distance between sea ice and the pier has little effect on the displacement responses and acceleration responses of the top pier under earthquake,but greatly influence the hydrodynamic pressures and inner forces of the bottom pier.The flexural moments and shear forces achieve the maximum when the distance between sea ice and pier exists and is less than the structure size.

Field of study: Engineering
Generation of the third harmonic in isotropic media under self-interaction conditions

An analysis is made of frequency addition in isotropic media under self-interaction conditions. An analytic solution is obtained for strong focusing conditions. The optimal position of a constriction of a Gaussian beam is shown to be governed by the ratio of linear and nonlinear contributions to the phase mismatch and by a phase shift resulting from focusing. A study is made of a change in the distribution of the intensity of the output radiation under the influence of Kerr nonlinearities.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Multigrid solution of the Navier-Stokes equations on triangular meshes

A new Navier-Stokes algorithm for use on unstructured triangular meshes is presented. Spatial discretization of the governing equations is achieved using a finite-element Galerkin approximation, which can be shown to be equivalent to a finite-volume approximation for regular equilateral triangular meshes. Integration to steady state is performed using a multistage time-stepping scheme, and convergence is accelerated by means of implicit residual smoothing and an unstructured multigrid algorithm. Directional scaling of the artificial dissipation and the implicit residual smoothing operator is achieved for unstructured meshes by considering local mesh stretching vectors at each point. The accuracy of the scheme for highly stretched triangular meshes is validated by comparing computed flat-plate laminar boundary-layer results with the well known similarity solution and by comparing laminar airfoil results with those obtained from various well established structured, quadrilateralmesh codes. The convergence efficiency of the present method is also shown to be competitive with those demonstrated by structured quadrilateral-mesh algorithms.

Field of study: Physics
Upper Proterozoic and Lower Cambrian rocks of the Sheeprock Mountains, Utah: Regional correlation and significance

Apparently conformable upper Proterozoic and Lower Cambrian miogeoclinal rocks in the Sheeprock Mountains, Utah, attain a maximum thickness of at least 7,200 m. The sequence begins at the base with phyllite, quartzite, glaciomarine diamictite, and shale deposited near the northern edge of a subsiding basin. These rocks are assigned to the Sheeprock Group (2,700–4,300 m). Overlying quartzitic rocks (1,950–4,000 m) are correlated with specific formations of the Brigham Group (Huntsville sequence). Revision of earlier accounts of the stratigraphy in the Sheeprock Mountains is suggested by the recognition of low-angle faults that attenuate the stratigraphic section.

Stratigraphic relations in the Sheeprock Mountains bear on regional correlation. The probable presence in the Deep Creek Range of two diamictite units separated by quartzite is reaffirmed. This sequence is grossly similar to that of the Sheeprock Mountains. It is suggested that the Caddy Canyon Quartzite (Brigham Group) inter-fingers to the south and west of the Sheeprock area with siltstone, shale, and some limestone. Possibly, no rocks exposed in the San Francisco Mountains and Canyon Range are older than the Caddy Canyon Quartzite. The McCoy Creek Group of western Utah and eastern Nevada is probably for the most part equivalent to the Caddy Canyon Quartzite. The Osceola Argillite (unit G, McCoy Creek Group) may be equivalent to the Inkom Formation, and it perhaps records a marine transgression that temporarily reduced the clastic supply. The correlation of the Mutual Formation of the platform sequence in the Wasatch Range to a lithologically similar unit in the miogeocline to the west remains the simplest interpretation, although the platform Mutual may be older than the unit of the same name in the miogeocline.

Field of study: Geology
Factors Affecting the Academic Performance of Undergraduate Students’: The Case of Raya University, Maichew, Ethiopia

The main objective of this study is to identify factors affecting the academic performance of undergraduate students of Raya University (RU), Maichew, Ethiopia.  In order to achieve the stated objectives of the research a stratified sampling was used to select 146 students from 17 departments of the university. To analyze the collected data and to investigate factors affecting the academic performance of undergraduate students the ordinary list square (OLS) and Tobit regression methods were used. The findings reviled the existence of significance relationship between the student’s university cumulative grade point average (UCGPA) and preparatory CGPA, gender deference, place of origin, college of the student, mismatch between teaching and learning style and student’s expectation about their future job opportunity. The above independent variables are statistically significant and they are the major determinants of students’ academic performance.  However, variables like, age, study hour, entrance exam result, participation in cooperative learning program, mother’s educational level and department choice were insignificant.  Finally, the study recommends that Raya University, the Ethiopian ministry of education, students and students’ families, policy makers and other concerned body should work hard towards improving students’ academic performance, by considering aforementioned determinant factors.  Academic performance, Determinant, OLS regression, Tobit regression

Field of study: Education
Ciencia, sabiduría y sociedad

espanolLa crisis que padecemos parece que es mucho mas que economica y formaria parte del “sindrome milenarista” que tiende a presentarse a finales de siglo-milenio y parece mas profunda y extensa que su referencia economica. Se sugieren campos de cambio profundo en la manera de ser y proceder del ser humano respecto a la sociedad, los valores, las “religiones laicas” (partidos politicos, la percepcion de la ciencia y el mercado, como ejemplos) y se senalan algunos de los efectos negativos de la globalizacion. Se denuncia una crisis en la valoracion de los regimenes democraticos actuales, asi como un fracaso en la promocion de la sociedad de la competitividad y la eficacia. Finalmente, se propone recuperar a la psicologia como una de las “ciencias del hombre”, en la que debe tener su lugar la sabiduria, como promocion de un sistema funcional de convivencia mas humano y satisfactorio. EnglishThe contemporary crisis is more than an economic problem and perhaps it is part of the “millennium syndrome”, with severe changes in the role and meaning of science, the laicism religions (political parties, a specific perception of science, the money market) and the globalization effects on citizens. There is a critical and depressive perception of the democracy system as solution of the contemporary problems and it seems true a failure in the belief of the society of competition and efficacy. One suggests that psychology as a “science of the human being” and the wisdom has an important place in the near future.

Field of study: Mathematics