nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Reflections on the Jet Set

British and American novelists have long been writing about professors. Saul Bellow, Kingsley Amis, Mary McCarthy, Vladimir Nabokov and many others have looked at homo academicus, usually with a rather jaundiced eye. In the 1970s, Alison Lurie, who teaches English at Cornell, wrote a series of novels about professors, including one (The War Between the Tates) that was made into a rather unsuccessful motion picture. In general, academics have not come off well in these novels. They are portrayed as bumblers, spending most of their time thinking nonacademic thoughts or, heaven forbid, jumping into bed with students, colleagues, or the spouses of colleagues. Administrators, when they appear in fiction, are similarly dopey and are frequently philistines as well as bunglers. One wonders why so many novelists have so many bad things to say about the professoriate. Why are there more novels about professors than about plumbers, auto mechanics, or corporate executives (although it may well be that advertising executives and corporate officers are catching up)? At present, the best fiction about academics comes from the pen of British novelist (and professor of modern English literature at the University of Birmingham in England), David Lodge. His books are amusing, extraordinarily well written, and catch the nuances of academic life, even if they are portrayed in caricature. Lodge's newest novel, Small Worlds, deals with the stratosphere of international academic conferences. An unlikely topic for a novel, Lodge peoples his

Field of study: Education
On the topological social choice model

The main goal of this paper is to show that if a finite connected CW complex admits a continuous, symmetric, and unanimous choice function for some number n>1 of agents, then the choice space is contractible. On the other hand, if one removes the finiteness, we give a complete characterization of the possible spaces; in particular, noncontractible spaces are indeed possible. These results extend earlier well-known results of Chichilnisky and Heal.

Field of study: Economics
Efficient DoS-limiting Support by Indirect Mapping in Networks with Locator/Identifier Separation

Recent research in the designing of an elegant mapping service to map identifiers onto locators in networks with locator/identifier separation, focuses on solving practical issues related to mapping system. However, how to provide entire secure support in separation networks is still an open issue. In this paper, we present the design and evaluation of a hierarchical indirect mapping system (HIMS). It provides indirect mapping from connection identifier (CID), a novel flat identifier space introduced to stamp packets, to endpoint identifier (EID), can limit the impact of full range of destination attacks such as Denial of Service (DoS) floods from the outset by EID hidden, and fulfills the requirements such as low latency, efficient network utilization and scalability. Based on an efficient merging rule, HIMS build a hierarchical Chord architecture which can scale to Internet level by preserving the locality and convergence of the inter-domain path. We present scalability assessment and numerical results to demonstrate the performance gains of the proposed approach.

Field of study: Computer science
Analysis of Stalled Airfoils by Simultaneous Perturbations to Viscous and Inviscid Equations

An iterative viscous-inviscid interaction method is presented for predicting the pressures, forces, and moment of an arbitrary airfoil with massive turbulent separation in incompressible, steady flow. In each iteration cycle, the viscous-inviscid interaction is explicitly modeled by a mathematical expansion to a boundary-layer method and a panel method. Linear terms are retained to account for the complete first-order coupling between the viscous and inviscid equations. The system of linear, algebraic equations is solved for the perturbation to the displaced streamline geometry. Example calculations are presented that demonstrate consistently rapid convergence and good agreement with wind-tunnel data.

Field of study: Physics
Prebiotic stimulation of human colonic butyrate-producing bacteria and bifidobacteria, in vitro.

Dietary macronutrients affect the composition of the gut microbiota, and prebiotics are used to improve and maintain a healthy gut. The impact of prebiotics on dominant gut bacteria other than bifidobacteria, however, is under-researched. Here, we report carbohydrate utilisation patterns for representative butyrate-producing anaerobes, belonging to the Gram-positive Firmicutes families Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae, by comparison with selected Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium species. Growth assessments using anaerobic Hungate tubes and a new rapid microtitre plate assay were generally in good agreement. The Bacteroides strains tested showed some growth on basal medium with no added carbohydrates, utilising peptides in the growth medium. The butyrate-producing strains exhibited different growth profiles on the substrates, which included starch, inulin, fructooligosaccharides (FOS), galactooligosaccharides (GOS) and xylooligosaccharides (XOS). Eleven were able to grow on short-chain FOS, but this number decreased as the chain length of the fructan substrates increased. Long-chain inulin was utilised by Roseburia inulinivorans, but by none of the Bifidobacterium species examined here. XOS was a more selective growth substrate than FOS, with only six of the 11 Firmicutes strains able to use XOS for growth. These results illustrate the selectivity of different prebiotics and help to explain why some are butyrogenic.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Multiwire Gas Proportional Counters: Decrepit Antiques or ClassicPerformers?

An overview of the operational characteristics of multiwire gas proportional counters is given with particular reference to their use in X-ray diffraction. Their strengths and weaknesses are analysed and it is demonstrated that these devices are able to offer a combination of features that is unique. Some examples of synchrotron radiation experiments performed with gas detectors are used to illustrate their performance, and finally, the current status of development and prospects for the future development of gas detectors are reviewed.

Field of study: Physics
Export Competitiveness of Malaysian Electrical and Electronic (E&E) Product: Comparative Study of China, Indonesia and Thailand

Malaysia is among the world’s top 20 trading nations. This is due to the structural change in the Malaysian economy that turned the country from an exporter of primary commodities into an exporter of high value-added manufactured products.  In Malaysia, E&E forged a strong foundation over the last 3 decades, which provides new opportunities for such investments.  This study analyzed the structural effect on export competitiveness of Malaysia E&E products focusing on semiconductor (SITC 776), Telecommunication product (SITC 764), Electrical machinery, Apparatus, Part and necessary (SITC 772), Printed Circuit Board (SITC 759) and Disk drives, printers and PCs (SITC 752).  Further, the study used the Constant Market Share (CMS) and Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) framework to analyze the extent of the export competition between Malaysia and other competitor economies.  Overall, CMS result showed that, in the first sub-period (1990-1994), Malaysia E&E export was competitive in the four markets studied, namely the USA, Singapore, Japan and Hong Kong.  However, in the second and third period, CMS result showed that Malaysia E&E export increased  not due to market competitiveness but due to the structural effect - that is, due to an increase in the world import.   In terms of export performance ratio, RCA results showed that, Malaysia E&E products was highly perform only  in the US market,  for almost all SITC.  Indonesia has monopolized the Singapore market and Hong Kong was dominated by China.  However, Malaysia E&E export to the world generally has comparative advantage over other competitors namely Indonesia, Thailand and China.  The study also revealed that Malaysia has higher export capacity  compared  to other countries besides the USA, Singapore, Japan and Hong Kong.   Therefore, the argument saying that China will intensify the competitiveness of Malaysia E&E market is questionable since the study could not reveal the comparative advantage held by China.  The study found that China only dominated in the Hong Kong Market for almost all SITC studied.

Field of study: Business
Causal Analysis of USA’s Trade Deficit with China from the View of Globalization

With the development of globalization, the trade scale between US and China continually extends, and as both sides obtain huge amounts of benefit, the trade unbalance gradually emerges. And US administration frequently presses China, which induces continual trade frictions, and aiming at this situation, we should necessarily analyze American trade deficit objectively and rationally. In this article, as viewed from the globalization, we studied the causes of USA’s trade deficit with China.

Field of study: Business
In situ lead immobilization by apatite

Lead contamination is of environmental concern due to its effect on human health. The purpose of this study was to develop a technology to immobilize Pb in situ in contaminated soils and wastes using apatite. Hydroxyapatite [Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ] was reacted with aqueous Pb, resin-exchangeable Pb, and Pb-contaminated soil material. The effectiveness of natural apatite to attenuate Pb was also tested. Hydroxyapatite reduced initial Pb concentrations of 5-500 mg L -1 to 0.18-19.7 μg L -1 . Aqueous Pb in Pb-contaminated soil materials was reduced from 2273 to 36 μg L -1 after reaction with hydroxyapatite. We hypothesize that Pb was immobilized by dissolution of hydroxyapatite and precipitation of hydroxypyromorphite [Pb 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ]

Field of study: Environmental science
Surface Defect Edge Detection Based on Contourlet Transformation

In order to preferably capture the surface defect edge information of strip steel, and provide more accurate data for subsequent defect analysis, this paper researches on the principle and implementation method of Contourlet transformation, analyzes the multi-directional and anisotropic characteristics, and proposes the image edge detection algorithm based on Contourlet transformation. This paper uses Laplacian Pyramid filter and directional filter for combination to realize Contourlet filter bank, and extracts the image edge information by the way of detecting the method of modulus maximum of Contourlet sub-band coefficient. The comparative experiments of the edge detection algorithm based on wavelet transformation and Sobel algorithm prove that the defect edge extracted by this algorithm is closer to the true edge of surface defect.

Field of study: Engineering
ALTERATION OF CLAY MINERALS IN ILLINOIAN TILL BY WEATHERING

Alteration of clay minerals by weathering in Illinoian till of the Northwest Allegheny Plateau was determined by X-ray techniques. Analysis of closely spaced samples throughout the weathering profile from fresh till to the A-soil zone shows that each zone of the weathering profile is characterized by a specific clay mineral assemblage. Chlorite in the fresh till is degraded by hydration of the brucite sheets which leads to the development of vermiculite in the upper soil zone. Well-crystallized illite of the fresh till is degraded by hydration of the intermica sheets, and a random mixed layering of illite and montmorillonite is produced.

Field of study: Geology
The noradrenergic system of the amygdala and aversive information processing.

: Water-deprived rats were trained to drink in a passive avoidance apparatus. After reaching a predetermined latency criterion, rats were given a single 3-sec, 3-mA footshock. Immediately or 12 hr after the footshock, rats were given intracranial injections of vehicular saline, norepinephrine (NE), propranolol, or dopamine (DA) into the amygdala, internal capsule, lateral ventricles, or caudate-putamen. Subjects were tested for passive avoidance at 30 min or 24 hr following footshock. No memory deficits were seen as a consequence of short-term retention or because of proactive or toxicity effects. Retention deficits were seen in the 24 hr test only in rats injected with NE in the amygdala, internal capsule, or lateral ventricles. However, qualitative differences in stress-indicative behaviors were noted in the NE groups and in the DA-amygdala animals. The results specifically suggest that the noradrenergic system of the amygdala is involved in the long-term processing of the emotional attributes of aversive information.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Opportunities for blue carbon strategies in China

Blue Carbon (BC) strategy refers to the approaches that mitigate and adapt to climate change through the conservation and restoration of seagrass, saltmarsh and mangrove ecosystems and, in some BC programs, also through the expansion of seaweed aquaculture. The major losses of coastal habitats in combination with the commitments of China under the Paris Agreement provide unique opportunity and necessity to develop a strong Chinese BC program. Here, we (1) characterize China's BC habitats, examine their changes since 1950 along with the drivers of changes; (2) consider the expansion of seaweed aquaculture and how this may be managed to become an emerging BC resource in China, along with the engineering solutions required to enhance its potential; and (3) provide the rationale and elements for BC program in China. We find China currently has 1326–2149 km2 wild and 2–15 km2 created mangrove, saltmarsh and seagrass habitats, while 9236–10059 km2 (77–87%) has been lost since 1950, mainly due to land reclamation. The current area of farmed seaweed habitat is 1252–1265 km2, which is close to the area of wild mangrove, saltmarsh and seagrass habitats. We conclude that BC strategies have potentials yet to be fully developed in China, particularly through climate change adaptation benefits such as coastal protection and eco-environmental co-benefits of seaweed farming such as habitat creation for fish and other biota, alleviation of eutrophication, hypoxia and acidification, and the generation of direct and value added products with lower environmental impact relative to land-based production. On this basis, we provide a roadmap for BC strategies adjusted to the unique characteristics and capacities of China.

Field of study: Environmental science
Momentum anisotropy in nuclear collisions from quantum mechanics

We point out that the intrinsic relationship between space and momentum in quantum physics through the uncertainty principle has potential implications for momentum anisotropy in heavy-ion collisions. Using a harmonic oscillator potential we calculate the elliptic anisotropy and find it to be sizeable compared to elliptic flow measurements in nuclear collisions. Our results question the validity of the completely hydrodynamic interpretation of anisotropic flow data, and highlight the importance of including quantum physics in hydrodynamic calculations which has largely been neglected so far.

Field of study: Physics
Prenatal ethanol exposure modifies [3H]MK-801 binding to NMDA receptors: spermidine and ifenprodil.

It has been suggested that abnormalities seen in fetal alcohol syndrome are linked with NMDA receptor malfunction. Our laboratory has previously shown that prenatal ethanol treatment decreases [3H]MK-801 binding density at postnatal day 21, when NMDA receptor subunit protein levels were unaltered. Thus, the focus of the present study was to examine whether prenatal ethanol modifies native NMDA receptor levels.



Cerebral cortices were taken from offspring born to three treatment groups of pregnant Sprague Dawley(R) rats: an ethanol group given an ethanol liquid diet during the gestational period, a pair-fed control group that received a liquid diet without ethanol, and an ad libitum group fed rat chow and tap water. Western blot studies were carried out at postnatal days 1, 7, 14, and 21 to examine total protein expression of NR1 and NR1b splice variants. NR2 subunit levels were examined by [3H]MK-801 binding studies using spermidine, an endogenous polyamine, and ifenprodil, a selective NR2B antagonist.



[3H]MK-801 binding density was significantly reduced in prenatal ethanol-treated groups compared with ad libitum and pair-fed control groups. Spermidine increased [3H]MK-801 binding, although potentiation by spermidine was not significantly different among all three experimental groups. Furthermore, no significant differences in total protein expression of NR1 or NR1b splice variants were observed in cortical membrane homogenates at postnatal days 1 through 21. [3H]MK-801 binding in the presence of ifenprodil showed that prenatal ethanol treatment significantly decreased low-affinity ifenprodil binding. High-affinity ifenprodil binding was reduced in both pair-fed and ethanol-treated groups.



These results suggest that prenatal ethanol treatment reduces [3H]MK-801 binding and that this reduction may be due to a decrease in NR2A subunits.

Field of study: Medicine
Separation and Analysis of Boron and Its Isotopic Composition in Plants

A method was developed to extract and concentrate boron in the plants( Echinacea Purpurea and Weigela Florida CV. Red Prince) by dry ashing coupled with two-step ion exchange chromatography. Boron isotope was subsequently analyzed by positive thermal ionization mass spectrometry. By the method,the effect of organic impurities on the determination can be eliminated and the boron can be recovered completely. The results showed the composition of boron isotope in the two plants ranged from !19.45‰ to +5.73‰ with the average of !2. 80‰,which indicated that a significant fractionation of boron isotope composition in the different tissues of the plants occurs.10B was enriched in stems in the two plants,which resulted in defect of11 B,but11B was enriched in flower and leaf relatively. This may be resulted in not only by the transpiration,but the biological effects of boron acid being bound to hydroxyl-rich organic molecules like sugars in the growth of plant,which puts forward a new method for the further investigation of boron behavior within plants and soil, and the global cycling of boron in the biogeochemistry.

Field of study: Chemistry
Research of an Optimized Mobile IPv6 Real-time Seamless Handover Technology

Mobile IPv6 provides mobility support for hosts connecting to the Internet, it solves addressable problems of the mobile terminal, and the mobile terminals can obtain network services without changing IP addresses. But MIPv6 can introduce substantial network expenses and lengthy handoff delay during the mobile handover process, meanwhile, more and more delay sensitive real-time applications require a packet lossless QoS guarantee during a handoff. It proposes an optimized seamless handover mechanism on the basis of existing handoff methods in this paper, it builds on top of the hierarchical method and the fast handoff mechanism and adopts a decision engine-based dynamic distributed architecture, at last it verifies that using this new handoff scheme can reduce packet loss and handoff delay efficiently and improve handoff efficiency by doing simulation experiments.

Field of study: Computer science
The Pharmacy Student Population: Applications Received 2001–02, Degrees Conferred 2001–02, Fall 2002 Enrollments1

There are two professional education programs at US colleges and schools of pharmacy: one leads to a baccalaureate in pharmacy and the other leads to the doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) degree. For the purpose of this report, students in doctor of pharmacy programs are categorized under “PharmD1” when the program leads to a doctor of pharmacy degree conferred as the first professional degree. Students who have already received a baccalaureate in pharmacy and are enrolled in a doctor of pharmacy degree program are categorized under “PharmD2”. First professional degree enrollments are defined as the number of students enrolled in baccalaureate programs and the number pursuing the doctor of pharmacy as a first professional degree.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
An integrated GaAs distributed-feedback oscillator–amplifier system

An investigation was made of an integrated pair consisting of a distributed-feedback oscillator and a travelingwave amplifier formed in a single-mode planar GaAs waveguide and pumped by an electron beam. Using this device, an output radiation power of 0.5 W was achieved in the single-mode regime with a low spontaneous noise level. A study of the spectral and power dependences of the superluminescence intensity on the lengths of the absorbing and amplifying sections of the waveguide was used to find the gain and absorption coefficients per unit length and their dependences on the radiation power density. The possibility of using this system as a radiation intensity modulator is discussed.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Dopant diffusion and current-voltage studies on epitaxial InP codoped with Ru and Fe

Semi-insulating Fe and Ru codoped InP epitaxial layers grown by low-pressure hydride vapor phase epitaxy have been investigated. InP∶Ru and InP∶Fe, Ru layers were grown on p-InP∶Zn andn-InP∶S, substrates, in order to study dopant diffusion and electrical characteristics. Dopant diffusion profiles of Ru, Fe and Zn were measured by secondary ion mass spectroscopy. A small but noteworthy diffusion front is observed when InP∶Ru is adjacent to InP∶Zn, but not when adjacent to n-InP. For InP∶Fe codoped with Ru a pronounced interdiffusion of Fe and Zn is observed for Ru concentrations less than 2 1017 cm−3, but for a higher Ru concentration the interdiffusion is clearly suppressed. Moreover, when InP is codoped with Fe and Ru, the small diffusion tail of Ru in InP∶Zn vanishes. Unlike InP∶Fe, resistivities above 1 108 cm are measured for both electron and hole-current injection in InP∶Fe,Ru.

Field of study: Materials science
Ordinary Language and Metaphysical Commitment

1. Philosophical theories that convict ordinary discourse of metaphysical error tend to be viewed with suspicion. It is true that some philosophers present their metaphysical claims as error theories theories that imply that ordinary language incorporates metaphysical mistakes. However, many who advocate what appear to be revisionary metaphysical theories prefer to present them as consistent with ordinary discourse. An extreme example of this reconciling tendency is to be found in Peter van Inwagen's recent Material Beings.' The central tenet of van Inwagen's metaphysics is that there are no tables, chairs, rocks, stars, or any other visible material objects except living organisms. Yet he maintains that this theory is consistent with what ordinary people mean when, in everyday life, they say things like 'There are two chippendale chairs in the room' or 'There are rocks that weigh over a ton'. This apparently outrageous thesis is defended by an appeal to the metaphysical neutrality of ordinary language. Van Inwagen holds that the everyday utterances are sufficiently free of metaphysical commitment to be insulated from conflict with his metaphysical denial of the existence of chairs, rocks, etc. (pp. 1-2, 98-107, 112-13, 129-31). I do not agree with van Inwagen's metaphysical theory2, but it is a separate issue whether he is right in claiming for the ordinary language statements a metaphysical neutrality that would allow them to be true even if his metaphysical theory were correct. In this paper, I shall challenge this claim. First, I shall show that van Inwagen must say that although ordinary discourse 'about' chairs, stars, rocks, etc., is not systematically mistaken, it is systematically misleading as to its ontological commitments. Secondly, I shall argue that this radical thesis is not supported by the analogies to which van Inwagen appeals in his attempt to reconcile his metaphysics with popular usage.

Field of study: Philosophy