nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Education Services for Youth with Disabilities in A State-Operated Juvenile Correctional System

Many youths in juvenile correctional facilities who are eligible for special education services do not receive them. Youths who do receive services often do not receive them in a timely manner, and the quality of services is often substandard when compared to public school programs. The research reported here was collected as part of the “discovery” phase of a lawsuit brought against a state system of juvenile services. The case study focused on procedural and substantive aspects of special education services for students with disabilities. In addition to describing specific practices, the research examined the “infrastructure” supporting appropriate educational services in juvenile corrections. Findings suggest that some students with disabilities received education, but few received related services. There were lengthy delays in obtaining students' records from prior school programs, and no system of referral existed for students suspected of having disabilities. Students enrolled in special education programs, as well as those with potential mental health problems and mental retardation, received a disproportionate number of disciplinary actions and spent a disproportionate amount of time in confinement. Implications are discussed.

Field of study: Education
Endoscopic management of hydrocephalus secondary to tumors of the posterior third ventricle.

Management of the obstructive hydrocephalus that accompanies tumors located in the third ventricle has traditionally involved either urgent tumor resection, with resultant ventricular decompression, or cerebrospinal fluid diversion that requires either ventriculostomy or shunt placement prior to tumor removal. Although this approach has worked well for the better part of a century, it has both short- and long-term sequelae that can possibly be avoided. Beacause a number of lesions in this area are benign or are amenable to radiotherapy, a less invasive approach to their treatment is desirable. The advances in both instrumentation and techniques of endoscopic surgery have established alternatives to the traditional treatment of third ventricular tumors and resultant hydrocephalus. The authors review the treatment of 19 patients with posterior third ventricular tumors who presented to Arkansas Children's Hospital over a 5-year period (September 1993-July 1999). In 11 patients signs and/or symptoms of hydrocephalus were demonstrated and were treated with endoscopic third ventriculostomy, additionally, a biopsy procedure, resection, or fenestration of the tumor was performed in a number of patients. Endoscopy was believed to have been of benefit in all patients, despite the eventual failure of the ventriculostomy in one patient. There were no complications in this series. The algorithm thus developed by the authors provides both a diagnostic and therapeutic pathway that may ultimately reduce the morbidity associated with the treatment of patients with posterior third ventricular lesions.

Field of study: Medicine
Effect of coagulation on extinction in an aerosol plume propagating in the atmosphere.

Model studies based on the K-theory diffusion assumption have been carried out on aerosol plumes issuing from a crosswind line source in which advection, vertical diffusion, coagulation, sedimentation, and dry deposition are occurring. Procedures are described and a few typical results are presented. It is shown that in appropriate conditions coagulation can play an important role in altering extinction in the plume. An important coupling effect between coagulation and sedimentation/deposition has been demonstrated. In a coagulating plume it is found that total particle mass concentration cannot be inferred from measurements of extinction without a detailed consideration of the effects of coagulation. In realistic atmospheric simulations isopleths of extinction in the plume cross section show complex forms resulting from the wind gradient and its interactions with vertical diffusion and the coagulation and sedimentation/deposition processes.

Field of study: Physics
Eine neue Synthese des D,L‐Ephedrins und D,L‐Pseudoephedrins über Derivate des N‐Methyl‐N‐benzyl‐alanins. Partielle asymmetrische Synthesen von Ephedrin‐Derivaten unter dem Einfluß von Seitenketten‐ und Kernsubstituenten IV

Durch Umsetzungen entsprechender Halogenverbindungen der Propionsaure mit Methylbenzylamin werden D,L-N-Methylbenzyl-α-alanin, dessen Athylester sowie substituierte Amide erhalten. Der Ester wird katalytisch debenzyliert und zum D,L-N-Methyl-α-alanin verseift. N-Methylbenzyl-α-alanin-athylester und -dimethylamid reagieren mit Phenylmagnesiumbromid zum D,L-α-Methylbenzyl-amino-propiophenon.

Field of study: Chemistry
Resistance Changes in Eutectic Sn-Bi Solder Joints 
During Electromigration

The resistance of electronic interconnects made with Sn-based solders experiences significant deterioration during service in high-performance electronic products. During electromigration damage, metal atoms/ions can migrate in the direction of electron flow. Accordingly, accumulation of metal atoms/ions at the anode interface can induce surface bulging. On the other hand, depletion of metal atoms/ions at the cathode interface can induce surface dimpling. In addition, the different α-rich and β-rich phases in a binary eutectic system were found to separate in the bulk region of eutectic Sn-Bi solder joints. Such atomic movement leads to complex interactions between the resistance changes of electronic solder joints during the different stages of electromigration. In order to clarify such scenarios, a LabVIEW®-controlled system was employed to quantitatively measure the instantaneous resistance values after an electric current was applied. This study investigated the effects of a high current density (104 A/cm2) at two different ambient temperatures (25°C and 80°C) on the deterioration of resistance changes during the early stage of the electromigration process.

Field of study: Materials science
The roles of climatic factors in spatial patterns of alien invasive plants from America into China

The roles of climatic factors in plant invasions have drawn intense attention in the past. America was one of the major donors of the invasive plants in China. In this study, we investigated the roles of climatic factors in plant invasions from America into China through Akaike’s information criterion model analysis in terms of specific geographical origins, respectively. From south to north, decreasing trends of species diversity were observed on the plants from Central-South America and Mexico, while the greatest alien species diversity in mid-Chinese latitudes was observed on the invaders from North America; For the invaders from Central-South America and Mexico, climatic factors explained most of the spatial variations, while for those from North America, the roles of the climatic factors were weak. The role of the climatic factors in plant invasions may, in some extent, depend on the ecological characters inherited form the geographical origins and their accommodation to the climate of the invaded regions. If the invasive plants were introduced into the region with similar environment to their area of origin, the role of the climatic factors may be shadowed by other factors. However, for the invaders whom were introduced into the regions vastly different from their areas of origin, climatic barriers may be responsible for most of the spatial variations. The invasive plants from Central-South America and Mexico may have strong potential to invade regions at higher latitude in China in the scenario of global warming, while for the invaders from North America, the impacts of global warming may be shadowed by other factors.

Field of study: Environmental science
EMGR: Energy-efficient multicast geographic routing in wireless sensor networks

It is a quite common case for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) in most application scenarios, that the same message needs to be sent to multiple destinations from a single sensor node. These applications can benefit from the use of multicast communications to conserve resource. Multicast geographic routing has recently been proposed as an efficient and scalable approach to fulfill this requirement by exploiting the location information of nodes instead of the global topology information to route multicast messages. As the sensor nodes are often powered by batteries and recharging them is infeasible, energy-efficient routing plays an important role towards the success of WSNs. In this paper, we address this challenging issue of WSNs and propose an energy-efficient multicast geographic routing protocol (EMGR) to achieve this goal. EMGR employs an energy-aware multicast tree, formed by the set of destinations and the source node based on the metric of energy over advance, to guide multicast message delivery and adaptively select the nodes closest to the energy-optimal relay location as the next forwarders for energy conservation. Analytic and simulation results demonstrate that our proposed protocol achieves the improved performance in terms of low energy consumption, control overhead, computational complexity, and high packet delivery ratio, compared to the existing protocols.

Field of study: Computer science
Effects of Chlamydia trachomatis infection on the expression of natural killer (NK) cell ligands and susceptibility to NK cell lysis

Natural killer (NK) cells are an important component of the immediate immune response to infections, including infection by intracellular bacteria. We have investigated recognition of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) by NK cells and show that these cells are activated to produce interferon (IFN)‐γ when peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are stimulated with CT organisms. Furthermore, infection of epithelial cell lines with CT renders them susceptible to lysis by human NK cells. Susceptibility was observed 18–24 h following infection and required protein synthesis by the infecting chlamydiae, but not by the host cell; heat or UV inactivated chlamydiae did not induce susceptibility to NK cell lysis. CT infection was also shown to decrease the expression of classical and non‐classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on infected cells, thus allowing recognition by NK cells when combined with an activating signal. A candidate activating signal is MICA/B, which was shown to be expressed constitutively on epithelial cells.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Assessment of Wear Form Weights in the Fretting Wear of Spline Couplings with BP Neural Network

This paper investigates the fretting wear behavior of spline couplings under grease and oil lubrication conditions, which includes coupling eccentricity measurement and wear intensity measurement at a tensile test rig. Mechanism analysis of worn splines was also studied to understand the wear forms of the tested splines. Firstly, the wear intensities of spline couplings DIN 5480 45×2×21 8f/9Hlubricated with grease Gleitmo 805 and ISO VG 320 gearbox oil Mobilgear XMP 320 were measured. Test results showed that the wear intensity reduced rapidly in the running-in phase till 3-5×106 load cycles (rotations), depending on the lubrication conditions. After that the spline couplings had a stable wear behavior till 10×106. Secondly the influences of lubrications on splines wear intensities and wear mechanism were studied. It indicated that the spline with grease lubrication had best wear behavior in comparison with oil and not lubricated ones. Finally, a fretting wear intensity calculation method which integrated the weights of adhesive wear, abrasive wear and oxidation wear was developed to calculate the wear intensity of  BP neural network model was employed for assessment of the weights of each wear form. The BP results showed that mixed adhesive, abrasive and oxidation wear happened in the tested spline couplings, which was verified through chemical composition analysis of the spline teeth faces after different load cycles. The calculated fretting wear agreed well with the tested value, indicating that the developed fretting wear intensity calculation model including wear form weights evaluated via BP neural network simulation had high accuracy on predicting the fretting wear of involuted splines.

Field of study: Engineering
How to Perceive and Cope with Uncertainty: A Line of Demarcation in Methodology of Economics

Since D. Ricardo's theory came into being, the research of economic theory has only been confined to the consideration of "rational man" and to the idealistic and certain economic activities under a total knowledge hypothesis. Although the way of expelling uncertainty is far away from real-life economy and is confronted with constant criticism from non-mainstream economists. Main -stream economists didn't attached importance to uncertainty until J. M. Keynes' Revolution. F. H. Knight's criticism ( especially from J. M. Keynes) about the post-D. Rocardo main -stream economy methodology and his thought that economy activities are dominated by uncertainty and undecisiveness take a conspicuous place in modern economic theory. In reality, how to perceive and deal with uncertainty constitutes a striking demarcation of economy methodology.

Field of study: Economics
Diffraction gratings with two-orders-of-magnitude-enhanced dispersion rates for sub-meV resolution soft X-ray spectroscopy.

Diffraction gratings with large angular dispersion rates are central to obtaining high spectral resolution in grating spectrometers operating over a broad spectral range from infrared to soft X-ray domains. The greatest challenge is of course to achieve large dispersion rates in the short-wavelength X-ray domain. Here it is shown that crystals in non-coplanar asymmetric X-ray Bragg diffraction can function as high-reflectance broadband soft X-ray diffraction gratings with dispersion rates that are at least two orders of magnitude larger than those that are possible with state-of-the-art man-made gratings. This opens new opportunities to design and implement soft X-ray resonant inelastic scattering (RIXS) spectrometers with spectral resolutions that are up to two orders of magnitude higher than what is currently possible, to further advance a very dynamic field of RIXS spectroscopy, and to make it competitive with inelastic neutron scattering. Examples of large-dispersion-rate crystal diffraction gratings operating near the 930 eV L3 absorption edge in Cu and of the 2.838 keV L3-edge in Ru are presented.

Field of study: Physics
Long-term evolution of multilocus traits

We analyze monomorphic equilibria of long-term evolution for one or two continuous traits, controlled by an arbitrary number of autosomal loci and subject to constant viability selection. It turns out that fitness maximization always obtains at long term equilibria, but in the case of two traits, linkage determines the precise nature of the fitness measure that is maximized. We then consider local convergence to long term equilibria, for two multilocus traits subject to either constant or frequency dependent selection. From a model of long-term dynamics near an equilibrium we derive a criterion of local long-term stability for 2-dimensional equilibria. It turns out that mutation can be a decisive factor for stability.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
A Different Light: The Photography of Sebastião Salgado by Parvati Nair (review)

Parvati Nair's study of the Brazilian photographer Sebastiao Salgado takes a broad view of the latter's oeuvre, both within the tradition and practices of photography itself and in the larger context of modern photovisual production and its political and aesthetic possibilities. Given Salgado's position as the premier photojournalist of the moment, Nair's study goes a long way toward elaborating an interpretive framework through which to understand not only Salgado's photography but any photographic production of its sort: that is, any imagistic production that flows in wide distribution through the dominant circuits of the global public sphere. This work constitutes, to my knowledge, the first book-length study of the Brazilian documentarist's work, and as such it represents a significant contribution to Latin American scholarship on photography and beyond—to visual cultural studies writ large. The author effortlessly ranges across aesthetic theory, Latin American historiography, and postcolonial criticism, as well as theories of photography, in addressing her subject.

Field of study: History
CONCERNING DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GOOD AND POOR READERS

AbstractThe basic differences between good and poor readers have been a standing topic among educational psychologists. Different symptom variables such as reading rate, eye movements, and subvocalization have been studied in this century-long search for the real cause to good or poor reading. During the latest decades these studies have, so far in vain, focused one question in particular: Why do the good readers show a better reading comprehension although they do not score higher than the poor ones on a conventional intelligence test, reading comprehension testing being one way, among others, of operationally defining what we use to call intelligence. I suggest that this missing link might be the good readers’ ability to perceive, i.e., to read, during their saccadic movements. This suggestion is forwarded since it has been possible to show that perception during voluntary saccadic movements is feasible.

Field of study: Education
Effect of Solution and Aging Process on Microstructure and Properties of Rgo/Al Matrix Composite

In present work, the effect of solution and aging process parameters on microstructure and properties of graphene reinforced aluminum matrix composites was investigated. The results indicated that as the solution temperature and time increases, the average grain size of the RGO/Al matrix composite decreases firstly and then increases, while the microhardness increases firstly and then decreases. The lattice distortion and grain refinement caused by alloy elements solution are the main strengthening mechanisms. With the increase of aging temperature and aging time, the average grain size gradually decrease to a certain stable value, while the microhardness increase firstly and then decrease. The CuAl2 dispersed distribution in matrix is the main reason for the microstructure refinement and hardness increase. The optimized solution treatment parameters were 510°C×40min, and the optimized aging treatment parameters were 190°C×12h 1 .  Due to the low density, high strength, medium plasticity in quenching and quenching conditions, good spot welding and good machinability, Al-Cu-Mg aluminum alloy is widely used in aerospace and automotive industries . In order to further increase the hardness, a method of adding a reinforcing phase, such as SiC, whisker or carbon fiber, is often employed. The graphene oxide (GO) has high strength (125 GPa), high modulus (about 1.0 TPa), large specific surface area (about 2630 m 2 g -1 ) and excellent elongation properties [2,3]. Because of a large number of hydrophilic groups presenting on the surface, such as hydroxyl groups and carboxyl 1 Linli Hu, Department of Materials and Engineering, Jiangxi Vocational College of Mechanical and Electrical Technology, Nanchang, China, 330013

Field of study: Engineering
Validation of a Portuguese Form of Templer's Death Anxiety Scale

To translate Templer's Death Anxiety Scale into the Brazilian Portuguese Escala de Ansiedade de Morte, linguistic validity was first established by back-translation and calculating bilingual split-half reliability coefficients. Even-numbered items achieved a minimally adequate .59, while the odd-numbered items attained a satisfactory .91. The internal consistency of the Escala (.77) matches that found for the original scale. The construct validity was tested by replicating the interactions of the English form with (1) the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, (2) the Purpose-in-Life Test, and (3) Levenson's measure of locus of control. The Escala performed as expected, save for some difficulty with the locus of control measure.

Field of study: Psychology
Sleep quality and depressive symptoms after prostate cancer: The mechanistic role of cortisol.

A substantial portion of men treated for prostate cancer report clinically significant sleep problems and disturbance in sleep quality constitutes significant risk for the development of depressive symptoms in survivors. Dysregulation in biological stress processes underlies the impact of poor sleep on the onset and/or progression of depressive symptoms, yet few studies have sought to identify potential neurobiological mechanisms (e.g., HPA axis activation) underlying this association in PC survivors. The present study examines the relationships between sleep disturbance, depressive symptoms, and indices of diurnal cortisol patterns among men treated for prostate cancer. In total, 66 men (84.8% White; mean age = 65.8 years, SD = 9.04) treated in the prior 2 years for localized prostate cancer were recruited. They completed questionnaires to measure sleep quality and depressive symptoms at study entry (T1) and 4 months later (T2). They also provided 4 saliva samples per day, over 3 days, at T1. Three cortisol indices were computed: diurnal slope, area under the curve (AUCg), and cortisol awakening response (CAR). Analyses indicate that, controlling for body mass index and age, worse sleep quality at T1 was significantly associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms at T2. Significant indirect effects were observed for cortisol slope (indirect effect = -.17, 95% CI [-.61, -.01]) and AUCg (indirect effect = -.14, 95% CI [-.43, -.01]), but not CAR. Results suggest that dysregulation in HPA activity acts as a neurobiological mechanism of the impact of sleep disruption on depressive symptoms in men with prostate cancer.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Synthesis and properties of N-methylmorpholinium 4aryl-6-methyl-5-phenylcarbamoyl-3cyano-1,4dihydropyridine-2-thiolates. Molecular and crystalline structure of 2allylthio-6-methyl-5-phenylcarbamoyl-4-(2chlorophenyl)-3-cyano-1,4-dihydropyridine

By the condensation of an aromatic aldehyde, the anilide of acetoacetic acid, cyanothioacetamide, and Nmethylmorpholine, substituted N-methylmorpholinium 1,4-dihydropyridine-2-thiolates have been synthesized and subsequently used in the synthesis of the corresponding thiones, 2-alkylthiopyridines, thieno[2, 3b]pyridines, and disulfides. X-ray diffraction has been used to establish the structure of 2-allylthio-6-methyl-5phenylcarbamoyl-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-cyano-1, 4-dihydropyridine.

Field of study: Chemistry
Sputtering Deposition of Sn–Mo-Based Composite Anode
for Thin-Film Li-Ion Batteries

The role of electrochemically inactive molybdenum in alleviating the anomalous volume expansion of tin anode upon charge–discharge cycling has been investigated. Tin–molybdenum thin-film composite anodes for Li-ion batteries were prepared using a direct-current sputtering method from a tin metal target incorporating molybdenum element. Results of structural and compositional analyses confirmed the presence of tin and molybdenum. The elemental ratio obtained from energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy confirmed the feasibility of tailoring the thin-film composition by varying the ratio of metallic elements present in the sputtering target. Scanning electron micrographs of the samples revealed the occurrence of flower-like open morphology with Mo inclusion in a Sn matrix. The gravimetric discharge capacity for pure Sn, Sn-rich, and Mo-rich samples was 733 mAh g−1, 572 mAh g−1, and 439 mAh g−1, respectively, with capacity retention after 50 cycles of 22%, 61%, and 74%, respectively. Mo inclusion reduced the surface resistivity of the Sn anode after the initial charge–discharge cycle. The charge-transfer resistance after the first cycle for pure Sn, Sn-rich, and Mo-rich samples was 17.395 Ω, 5.345 Ω, and 2.865 Ω, respectively. The lithium-ion diffusion coefficient also increased from 8.68 × 10−8 cm2S−1 for the pure Sn sample to 2.98 × 10−5 cm2S−1 for the Mo-rich sample.

Field of study: Materials science