nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Number concentration of slender particles in gas-solids circulating fluidized bed

Circulating fluidization of slender particles is used widely in industrial production,for example,combustion of biomass stalks and drying or wetting of cut-tobacco.The movement attitude of slender particles is more complicated than that of the spherical particle owing to the slender particles'six degrees of freedom,and thus there are some differences in fluidizing behavior between slender particle and spherical particle.Number concentration is one of the most important features of fluidizing behavior of slender particles.Based on the direct simulation Monte Carlo(DSMC) method,rigid body dynamics and momentum conservation law,a three-dimensional motion model of slender particles,including the inter-particle collision mathematical model,was established.The gas-solids flow in an actual circulating fluidized bed was simulated by using the current model,and some number concentration features of slender particles were captured.In the experimental riser,among all the slender particles,the slender particles with less slenderness firstly arrived at the exit from the near wall regions of the riser.There existed such evident phenomena as floc,migration and so on in the process of fluidization.In the fluidization state,the number concentration of slender particles did not change evidently with entrance air speed.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Equation of state of the transitive layer in a one-component system and some of its applications

We obtain the equation of state relating the interphase tension at the planar interface of a crystal—the melt proper with the surface tension of free surfaces in one-component system. Numerical calculations for metals are performed at the temperature of the triple point. Using the obtained equation, we solve a number of problems, including determination of the work of adhesion, the limiting wetting angle of a crystal by the melt proper, the diffluence coefficient due to Harkins, and construction of a Neumann triangle.

Field of study: Physics
Speciation and bioaccessibility of heavy metals in PM2.5 in Baoding city, China.

The health risks and toxicity of heavy metals (HMs) in PM2.5 are not only associated with their total amounts, but also with their species and bioaccessibility. In this study, the speciation (fractions) and bioaccessibility of HMs (Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn) as well as their correlations in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples from four seasons were studied. A sequential extraction procedure was applied to divide the studied HMs into four fractions: acid-soluble fraction (F1), reducible fraction (F2), oxidative fraction (F3) and residual fraction (F4). The simulated body fluids (gastrointestinal and lung phases) were used for in vitro tests in order to evaluate the bioaccessibility of HMs. The distribution of HMs in PM2.5 was season and element dependent. It was found that Zn was the most abundant element among the five measured metals and followed by Pb, Cu, Cr and Cd. The total contents of each HM in different seasons were in the following order: winter > autumn > spring > summer. The studied HMs were mainly concentrated in acid-soluble fraction (F1) with high bioaccessibility (p < 0.05) except for Cr. Zn, Pb and Cu possessed the highest bioaccessibility in summer while Cd and Cr were the highest in winter. In vitro tests indicated that HMs in PM2.5 were much more accessible to gastrointestinal fluids rather than lung phase (Gamble's solution). A significant correlation was found between the results from the optimized BCR sequential extraction and solubility bioaccessibility research consortium (SBRC). The fractions extracted by SBRC were consistent with the first two fractions extracted by the sequential extraction method.

Field of study: Environmental science
Isotropic Conductive Adhesives: Future Trends, Possibilities and Risks

The "Future Trends, Possibilities and Risks" panel discussion on Polymer Electronics has been divided into sub-topics. This brief summary of the questions facing isotropic conductive adhesives (ICAs) will provide the basis for that segment. The impediment to widespread industrial adoption of the technology is a lack of confidence in its reliability, specifically in its drop-test performance. The key to solving any such technical problem is to fully understand the technology, but at this point there are still far too many fundamental questions on multiple aspects of it to inspire confidence. Some basic research questions are identified, the answers to which should lead to improved product performance.

Field of study: Engineering
Respiratory motion‐resolved, self‐gated 4D‐MRI using rotating cartesian k‐space (ROCK)

To propose and validate a respiratory motion resolved, self‐gated (SG) 4D‐MRI technique to assess patient‐specific breathing motion of abdominal organs for radiation treatment planning.  The proposed 4D‐MRI technique was based on the balanced steady‐state free‐precession (bSSFP) technique and 3D k‐space encoding. A novel rotating cartesian k‐space (ROCK) reordering method was designed which incorporates repeatedly sampled k‐space centerline as the SG motion surrogate and allows for retrospective k‐space data binning into different respiratory positions based on the amplitude of the surrogate. The multiple respiratory‐resolved 3D k‐space data were subsequently reconstructed using a joint parallel imaging and compressed sensing method with spatial and temporal regularization. The proposed 4D‐MRI technique was validated using a custom‐made dynamic motion phantom and was tested in six healthy volunteers, in whom quantitative diaphragm and kidney motion measurements based on 4D‐MRI images were compared with those based on 2D‐CINE images.  The 5‐minute 4D‐MRI scan offers high‐quality volumetric images in 1.2 × 1.2 × 1.6 mm3 and eight respiratory positions, with good soft‐tissue contrast. In phantom experiments with triangular motion waveform, the motion amplitude measurements based on 4D‐MRI were 11.89% smaller than the ground truth, whereas a −12.5% difference was expected due to data binning effects. In healthy volunteers, the difference between the measurements based on 4D‐MRI and the ones based on 2D‐CINE were 6.2 ± 4.5% for the diaphragm, 8.2 ± 4.9% and 8.9 ± 5.1% for the right and left kidney.  The proposed 4D‐MRI technique could provide high‐resolution, high‐quality, respiratory motion‐resolved 4D images with good soft‐tissue contrast and are free of the “stitching” artifacts usually seen on 4D‐CT and 4D‐MRI based on resorting 2D‐CINE. It could be used to visualize and quantify abdominal organ motion for MRI‐based radiation treatment planning.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Perilla Derived Compounds Mediate Human TRPA1 Channel Activity

Compounds from food plants affecting the somatosensory system, like Perilla frutescens (L.), are well known for their flavoring, pharmacological and medical properties. Yet the exact mechanisms underlying their activity are still poorly understood. Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels involved in chemestetic sensations likely represent some of the primary targets for these compounds. Using a heterologous expression system and calcium imaging we show that a number of Perilla derived compounds (S-(-)-1,8-p-menthadiene-7-al (perillaldehyde, PA); 3-(4-methyl- 1-oxopentyl)furan (perillaketone, PK); 1,2,4-trimethoxy-5-[(E)-prop-1-enyl]benzene (α-asarone, ASA)) and synthetic compounds derivative from Perilla (3-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-1-furan-2-yl-propenone (PK-16) and 3-(4-chloro-phenyl)- 1-furan-2-yl-propenone (PK-18)) are capable of activating the human TRP Ankyrin family channel (h-TRPA1). The compounds tested appear to be partial agonists of the channel with the potency sequence (EC50, μM): PK- 16(107.7)>PA (160.5)>ASA(210.9)>PK(350). Our findings provide important insight into the functional properties of the compounds derived from P. frutescens and reveal new perspectives for the design of tools for pharmaceutical, agricultural and food industry applications.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The performance and evaluation of thin film insulating crossovers

Various thin film insulating crossovers were studied. All of the crossovers had silicon-monoxide as the dielectric film. The common crossover area was 100 sq. mils (6·45 × 10 −4 cm 2 ). Although several dielectric thicknesses were investigated, 5000 A was chosen as the minimum thickness for highly reliable crossovers. Eight crossover combinations were fabricated. These were: Upper Conductor Lower conductor chromium-gold chromium chromium-gold chromium-gold aluminum chromium-gold chromium-gold aluminum aluminum aluminum chromium-gold tantalum-aluminum aluminum tantalum-aluminum aluminum chromium The first 5 crossover combinations were selected for subjection to various environmental stresses. Crossover electrical parameters (capacitance and dissipation factor measured at 1 kHz, d.c. insulation resistance, breakdown voltage, and withstanding voltage) and physical parameters (film adhesion, compatability and degradation), were measured. In addition, the electrical parameters were measured periodically during the environmental stresses. The stresses were: storage at −55°C, 125°C, 200°C for 1000 hr; accelerated ageing at 300°C for 100 hr; temperature cycling from room temperature to 65°C in high humidity; temperature cycling from −65°C to 125°C; and the determination of the breakdown voltage as a function of time. None of the crossovers were overcoated or protected in any way. The breakdown voltage was found to be the most important parameter for evaluation. The distribution of breakdown voltages for a given sample population was found to contain two peaks indicating two failure mechanisms. The experimental procedure for the fabrication and the measuring techniques are described. A merit rating for the crossovers studied is presented. Part of this work was supported by the U.S. Army Electronics Command, Fort Monmouth, New Jersey. Contract No. DA-28-043 AMC-01482(E), 1 July 1965 through 30 September 1966.

Field of study: Engineering
Aging-related regulation of myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate signal transduction pathway in the rat striatum.

To determine the effects of the aging process on the regulation of phosphoinositide signal transduction pathway, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor-associated parameters were examined in the striatum of brains removed from young (3 months), adult (12 months) and senescent (25 months) male Fischer 344 rats. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate content was significantly increased (P < or = 0.01) at 25 months of age compared to 3 and 12 months. No age-related differences in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate hydrolysis were found in striatal slices after stimulation with trans-(1S,3R)-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylate, a metabotropic glutamatergic receptor agonist. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate hydrolysis following stimulation with (R,S)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid, a glutamatergic/quisqualate agonist, showed a significantly increased accumulation of net [3H]inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate in senescent striatum whereas the muscarinic cholinergic agonist carbachol induced highest response in the young striatum. In each case, agonist-stimulated response was significantly reduced in the presence of the receptor-associated antagonist. The density of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor in the particulate membranes derived from 12- and 25-month-old rats was decreased (P < 0.01) compared to that from young rats. Binding affinity of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor for [3H]inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate was increased (P = 0.05) only at 25 months of age when compared with 3 months of age. Incubation of partially purified inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor with striatal cytosol in the presence of Ca2+ showed an age-dependent susceptibility to proteolytic degradation of this receptor that was completely inhibited by calpain I inhibitor peptide. Paradoxically, the quantity of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor mRNA-encoding transcripts was increased (P < or = 0.01) at 25 months of age, suggesting an age-dependent change in either transcriptional rate, stability or processing of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor mRNAs in the striatum. The activity of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate3-kinase decreased (P < or = 0.01) with age whereas the activity of soluble inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase was highest at 3 months but significantly decreased at 12 months of age. However, the activity of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase remained unchanged between 12 and 25 months of age, suggesting possible developmental modulation of the activity of the enzyme. Taken together with the established 'cross-talk' between signal transduction systems, the present data suggest that molecular/cellular changes in striatal inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate/Ca2+ signal transduction pathway along with neuronal cell loss may contribute to aging-related decrease in striatal functioning.

Field of study: Biology
Mechanisms of human eosinophil cytokine secretion

Human eosinophils contain within their cytoplasmic granules and secretory vesicles distinct cationic proteins, (ECP, MBP) and multiple other preformed proteins, including diverse cytokines. Mechanisms governing secretion of granule-derived proteins underlie the biologic activities and functions of eosinophils. Compound exocytosis, whereby the entire granule contents are released extracellularly following fusion of granules with the plasma membrane, may occur when eosinophils interact with large targets, such as helminthic parasites, but otherwise is neither commonly observed in vivo nor parsimonious in providing a means to selectively secrete granule-derived cytokines or other proteins. Instead, secretion of granule contents from within eosinophils occurs by piecemeal degranulation (PMD). Electron microscopically documented alterations in granule morphology within eosinophils in tissue sites demonstrate that PMD occurs in vivo. Within granules, there is an extensive network of membranotubular structures. From this network, granule contents can be selectively mobilized into vesicles, both small round vesicles and longer curved tubular structures, that transport proteins for secretion at the plasma membrane. Some proteins, such as MBP, are transported in the fluid phase of vesicles whereas others, as recognized for the cytokine, IL-4, are transported bound to their cognate membrane-inserted receptor. PMD enables differential mobilization and selective secretion of specific eosinophil granule-derived cytokines and proteins in response to varied stimuli. Another mechanism by which granule-derived proteins may be specifically secreted is based on responses of extracellular eosinophil granules. Intact, membrane-bound granules extruded from eosinophils have been recognized in diverse disorders (e.g., asthma, dermatitis). We demonstrated that cell-free eosinophil granules can function as independent secretory organelles capable of responding a cytokine (IFN-gamma), a chemokine (eotaxin-1), and cysteinyl leukotrienes via cognate membrane-expressed receptors, topologically oriented with ligand-binding domains displayed externally on granule membranes. Granule membrane-expressed receptors, coupled to intragranular signaling cascades, stimulate selective, agonist-elicited secretion of ECP and cytokines from within eosinophil granules. Department of Microbiology / NUS Immunology Program Seminar Series .... March 2010 Block MD4, 5 Science Drive 2, SG 117597 :: Tel: 6516 3275 :: Fax: 6776 6872

Field of study: Medicine
Sublattice Attacks on Ring-LWE with Wide Error Distributions I

Since the Lyubashevsky-Peikert-Regev Eurocrypt 2010 paper the Ring-LWE has been the hard computational problem for lattice cryptographic constructions. The fundamental problem is its hardness which has been based on the conjectured hardness of approximating idealSIVP or ideal-SVP. Though it is now widely conjectured both are hard in classical and quantum computation model there have no sufficient attacks proposed and considered. In this paper we propose sublattice attacks on Ring-LWE over an arbitrary number field from sublattice pairs. We give a sequence of number fields Kn of degree dn −→ ∞, such that the decision Ring-LWE with very wide error distributions over integer rings of Kn can be solved by a polynomial (in dn) time algorithm from our sublattice attack. The widths of error distributions in our attack is in the range of Peikert-Regev-Stephens-Davidowitz hardness reduction results in their STOC 2017 paper. Hence we also prove that approximating ideal-SIV Ppoly(d) with some polynomial factor for ideal lattices in these number fields can be solved by a polynomial time quantum algorithm.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Haterumaimides J and K, potent cytotoxic diterpene alkaloids from the ascidian Lissoclinum species

Two unique cytotoxic diterpene alkaloids, haterumaimides J and K, were isolated from the ascidian Lissoclinum sp. Their structures were elucidated by an extensive analysis of spectral data. Haterumaimides J and K showed potent cytotoxicity against P388 cells, with IC50 values of 0.23 ng/mL and 0.45 ng/mL, respectively.

Field of study: Chemistry
Scalable Majorana Devices

Majorana zero modes have received widespread attention due to their potential to support topologically protected quantum computing. Emerging as zero-energy states in one-dimensional semiconductors with induced superconductivity, Zeeman coupling, and spin-orbit interaction, Majorana modes have been primarily investigated in individual InSb or InAs nanowires, including recently realized epitaxial hybrid nanowires. Tests of non-Abelian statistics of Majoranas involve braiding or interferometric measurement, requiring branched geometries, which are challenging to realizing using nanowire growth. Scaling to large networks using arrays of assembled nanowire also appears difficult. Here we explore signatures of Majorana zero modes in devices made from a two-dimensional heterostructure using top-down lithography and gating. Scalable top-down fabrication readily allows complex geometries and large networks, paving the way toward applications of Majorana devices.

Field of study: Physics
Secure performance enhancing proxy: To ensure end-to-end security and enhance TCP performance over IPv6 wireless networks

It is a well known fact that TCP is incapacitated to distinguish congestion losses in the wired network from corruption losses occurring in the wireless link and this inability results in poor performance of TCP in a hybrid wired-cum-wireless scenario. Most of the solutions previously proposed to address this problem are designed oblivious of the security considerations and violate end-to-end TCP semantics. Achieving improved TCP performance together with ensuring end-to-end security necessitates the co-existence of security mechanisms like IPSEC and performance enhancing solutions. However, IP security and TCP performance have been traditionally dealt with in a mutually exclusive manner. We propose an innovative mechanism, Secure Performance Enhancing Proxy (SPEP), to address the seemingly arduous problem of enhancing TCP performance over wireless networks, preserving end-to-end TCP semantics as well as ensuring end-to-end security. The proposed SPEP scheme decouples error detection and error distinction mechanism from error recovery mechanism which not only facilitates in performance improvement but also offers multifarious advantages discussed in the paper. We have implemented the proposed scheme in FreeBSD 4.5 and conducted experiments in a controlled test bed setup. Our results show improved TCP performance in a secured environment with introduction of minimal overhead.

Field of study: Computer science
Petrology and geochemistry of the Cretaceous Independence volcanic suite, Absaroka Mountains, Montana: Clues to the composition of the Archean sub-Montanan mantle

Igneous activity at Independence volcano, a major center in the Eastern Absaroka Belt of Montana, occurred between 92 and 84 m.y. ago. Magma series from high-alumina tholeiitic basaltic andesite through shoshonite to high-K dacite and from high-magnesium andesite to banakite are recognized. Major-and trace-elememt compositions of these rocks are modeled by precipitation of observed phenocryst phases. Crystallizing assemblages are dominated by plagioclase and include two pyroxenes and magnetite. Parental rocks of each suite are LILE-enriched, with strong LREK-enrichment (LaN/YbN = 10–15) but do not have high alkali/alkaline-earth ratios (Rb/Sr = 0.020–0.028). Although superficially similar to those observed in many orogenic volcanics, trace-element patterns of Independence volcanics show certain distinctive characteristics, particularly in extreme enrichments in alkaline earths and LREE relative to actinides. Differences between trace-element patterns of Independence volcanics and orogenic andesites argue against significant involvement of a subducted slab in the genesis of the rocks considered here. Rather, trace-element characteristics are interpreted to reflect those of subcontinental mantle of the Beartooth region.

Mantle-derived rocks have (87Sr/86Sr)i of 0.7046–0.7054, (143Nd/144Nd)i of 0.5114–0.5119, and (206Pb/204Pb)i of 16.0–17.4, values that are consistent with the trace-element enrichments and with ancient ages of enrichment events. Pb isotopic compositions display correlations of 207Pb/204Pb and 206Pb/204Pb interpreted to be secondary isochrons recording ages of mantle enrichment, 3.8 and 2.0 b.y. Pre–3.8-b.y. mantle had µ = 9.75.

Field of study: Geology
Bureaucracy, Standardization, and Liberal Arts. Evidences of Mass Production in Higher Education.

Though we have been engulfed in waves of controversy concerning the liberal-arts college, there has been little analysis of the way in which its organizational structure defeats the educational aims it purportedly serves. Higher education has become a leading example of the bureaucratization of personality which it supposedly makes manifest to the student in order that he may combat anti-democratic influences. In sum, higher education has become part and parcel of that social process which it is its very business to transvaluate, criticize, and establish on sound liberal principles. It is time to return to first principles by relating the organizational structure of the liberal-arts college to the aims and purposes of higher education. Such education is peculiarly a personal relationship between teacher and student, what the sociologists call a primary-group or a faceto-face relationship. It is an intellectual adventure which goes on between a younger, less-trained person and an older, better-trained person. It should not be a cut-and-dried presentation of accumulated knowledge purveyed by individuals tired of saying the same things and anxious to get on with their own research. Nor is it-in principle and aim-a sort of totalitarian party-congress in which a "leader" ascends the lecturer's platform and talks past the ears, or at best into the waiting notebooks, of an assembled group, some of whom can scarcely see him but all of whom can hear him, often over a loud-speaker, and sometimes in quonset huts some acres removed from the source of inspiration in another building on campus. The liberal-arts college has made higher education an impersonal affair in which the student is lucky if during the course of four years of study he gets to know one faculty member well. The faculty members, on their

Field of study: Education