nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Privacy leakage on the Web: Diffusion and countermeasures

Protecting privacy on the Web is becoming increasingly complicated because of the considerable amount of personal and sensitive information left by users in many locations during their Web browsing and the silent actions of third party sites that collect data, aggregate information and build personal profiles of Internet users in order to provide free and personalized services. On the other hand, most of people are unaware that their information may be collected online, and that, after their aggregation from multiple sources, could be used for secondary purposes, such as linked to allow identification, without user’s notice. We present, in this paper, an empirical data study in order to describe how users’ privacy can be undermined because of a variety of potential privacy threats on the Web, mainly perpetrated by third party entities against unaware users, and to quantify the penetration of these third party domain servers into their online activities. Moreover, we discuss our methods and findings to protect the individuals against invasions of their privacy and to limit the diffusion of personal and sensitive information during Web browsing. Specifically, we present a supportive, comprehensive and improved approach for privacy protection to allow users to be aware of the risks of their navigation and to give them full control on feasible actions to address the risk of several privacy threats. We envisioned a comprehensive approach to face privacy leakage by adding to the traditional URL-based filtering mechanism a new filtering method which allows to address privacy threats unprecedentedly not dealt with. Our approach is validated by a Firefox extension, named NoTrace, that brings together several existing techniques in this field but also implements new improved techniques that ensure better privacy protection. We used NoTrace to broadly analyze the Web in order to inspect the potential threats contained in the most popular Web sites and inform online users about both their risk and extent. This data set was also used to test the efficiency of NoTrace for effectiveness and performances which allows us to mark a definite improvement on privacy protection for users while navigating the Web.

Field of study: Computer science
Extremes Values of Discrete and Continuous Time Strongly Dependent Gaussian Processes

The joint limit distribution of the maximum of a continuous, strongly dependent stationary Gaussian process and the maximum of this process sampled at discrete time points is studied. It is shown that these two extreme values are asymptotically totally dependent if the grid of the discrete time points is sufficiently dense, and asymptotically dependent if the the grid points are sparse or Pickands grids. Our results are motivated by the deep contributions Piterbarg (2004) and Hüsler (2004).

Field of study: Mathematics
FATIGUE RELIABILITY ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF STEEL CRANE BEAMS

The statistic parameters of load effect and resistance to fatigue reliability of steel crane beams are studied in the paper. Based on statistic analysis of the measured data and other ovailable test data, the fatigue reliability of 8 configurations provided in the code, is calibrated by the first order second moment (FOSM). The target reliability beta and partial factor equation are proposed. An example is provided to verify the present method, which can be used in the evaluation of fatigue reliability and design of steel crane beams.

Field of study: Engineering
MODAL RECONSTRUCTION ERROR OF THE HARTMANN SENSOR ON MEASURING THE ATMOSPHERE DISTURBED WAVEFRONT II

Using the Zernike and the Karhunen-Loeve modal reconstruction algorithm, three kinds of reconstruction error of a Hartmann sensor measuring the atmosphere disturbed wavefront was analyzed: the mode coupling error, the mode cutting error and the error causing by measurement noise. The experiment data of a practical Hartmann sensor were analyzed in this paper too. It is showed that the optimal mode number was associated with the signal to noise ratio (SNR), and the Hartmann sensor was suffered from measurement noise severely in the condition of weak turbulence.

Field of study: Physics
Fabrication of the CuO/Cu2O heterojunction using an electrodeposition technique for solar cell applications

Thin films of n-type cuprous oxide (Cu2O) were potentiostatically electrodeposited on a Ti substrate in an acetate bath. Cu2O thin films were annealed at 500 ?C for 30 min in air for growing p-type cupric oxide (CuO) thin films. n-Cu2O thin films were potentiostatically electrodeposited in an acetate bath on Ti/CuO electrodes in order to fabricate the p-CuO/n-Cu2O heterojunction. The structural, morphological and optoelectronic properties of the CuO/Cu2O heterojunction were studied using x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) and dark and light current?voltage characteristics. XRD and SEM reveal that well-covered single phase polycrystalline Cu2O thin film on the Ti/CuO electrode can be possible at the deposition potential of ?550 mV versus the saturated calomel electrode (SCE) in an acetate bath. Photovoltaic characteristics further established the formation of the CuO/Cu2O heterojunction.

Field of study: Materials science
Evidence of a new quantum state of nano-confined water

Deep Inelastic Neutron Scattering provides a means of directly and accurately measuring the momentum distribution of protons in water, which is determined primarily by the protons ground state wavefunction. We find that in water confined on scales of 20A, this wave function responds to the details of the confinement, corresponds to a strongly anharmonic local potential, shows evidence in some cases of coherent delocalization in double wells, and involves changes in zero point kinetic energy of the protons from -40 to +120 meV difference from that of bulk water at room temperature. This behavior appears to be a generic feature of nanoscale confinement. It is exhibited here in 16A inner diameter carbon nanotubes, two different hydrated proton exchange membranes(PEMs), Nafion 1120 and Dow 858, and has been seen earlier in xerogel and 14A diameter carbon nanotubes. The proton conductivity in the PEM samples correlates with the degree of coherent delocalization of the proton.

Field of study: Physics
Satellite Estimation of Dissolved Carbon Dioxide Concentrations in China's Lake Taihu.

Lakes play an important role in the global carbon cycle; however, there are still large uncertainties in the estimation of global lake carbon emission due to the limitations in conducting field surveys at large geographic scales. Using long-term Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery and field observation data in eutrophic Lake Taihu, we developed a novel approach to estimate the concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide (cCO2) in lakes. Based on the MODIS-derived chlorophyll-a concentration, lake surface temperature, diffuse attenuation coefficient of photosynthetically active radiation, and photosynthetically active radiation, a spatially explicit cCO2 model was developed using multivariate quadratic polynomial regression (coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.84, root-mean-square error (RMSE) = 11.81 μmol L-1, unbiased percent difference (UPD) = 22.46%). Monte Carlo simulations indicated that the model is stable with relatively small deviations in cCO2 estimates caused by input variables (UPD = 26.14%). MODIS data from 2003 to 2018 showed a significant declining trend (0.42 μmol L-1 yr-1, p < 0.05) in the annual mean cCO2. This was associated with a complex balance between the increasing algae biomass and decreasing external inputs of inorganic carbon, nutrients, and organic matter. The high spatiotemporal variabilities in cCO2 were attributed to river inputs and seasonal changes in temperature and algae biomass. The study shows that satellite remote sensing can play an important role in the field of inland water carbon cycling, providing timely much-needed insights into the drivers of the spatial and temporal changes in dissolved CO2 concentrations in inland waters.

Field of study: Environmental science
Comparative study of mid-infrared fibers for modal filtering.

We compare the filtering capabilities of two infrared fibers developed to achieve a high rejection ratio of the higher order modes in order to obtain compact modal filters devoted to stellar interferometry. Two types of double-clad fibers are studied: a fiber with a second thin absorbing cladding and a fiber with a second thick absorbing cladding closer to the fiber core; both are single mode around the CO(2) band (10.6 μm). We present the single-mode spectral domain and the nulling capabilities of both fibers for different fiber lengths, comparing simulations with experimental results. We show that the filtering capabilities are improved when the absorbing clad is closer to the fiber core, as the propagation distance needed to filter out these modes is shorter. Thus, to obtain high rejection ratios in compact devices, an absorbing cladding close to the core of the fiber is compulsory in order to suppress cladding modes that could eventually recouple into the waveguide. We present an empirical model that allows determining the minimum filter length, considering only one effective leaky mode with low attenuation, which considerably simplifies the theoretical studies.

Field of study: Physics
Modern IC packaging trends and their reliability implications

Reliability aspects are of extreme importance for assembly and packaging, which has become a limiting factor for both cost and performance of electronic systems. On the one hand reliability can be negatively influenced by modern front-end and packaging technology, on the other hand new applications and corresponding field requirements can result in the need for new reliability tests e.g. for mobile devices. Today the three main package trends for mobile devices towards ongoing miniaturization and higher system integration are ball grid array type packages, leadless packages, and wafer level type packages. We present reliability implications based on examples of failures in these modern packaging technologies. We highlight the importance of design for reliability based on results of simulations for a leadless package. For the future it is necessary that test conditions must follow the field requirements to guarantee optimum reliability results.

Field of study: Engineering
The Toarcian in the Subbetic basin (southern Spain): Bio-events (ammonite and calcareous nannofossils) and carbon-isotope stratigraphy

A detailed carbon-isotope stratigraphic study for the uppermost Pliensbachian‒lowermost Aalenian interval in the Median Subbetic palaeogeographic domain (External zones of the Betic Cordillera, southern Spain) has been carried out. During the Early Jurassic, the Median Subbetic, which represents a typical basin of the Hispanic Corridor connecting the Tethys and the Eastern Pacific, was located in the westernmost Tethys. The analyzed sections encompass the entire Toarcian stage as represented in the southern Iberian palaeomargin. Rocks are mainly rhythmic sequences of grey marls and marly limestones containing a rich ammonite fauna, nannofossils, and benthic foraminifers—all these provide an accurate biostratigraphic control. The lower and upper Toarcian boundaries are well represented in some of these sections and therefore represent optimal sites to link the carbon-isotope curves to ammonite zones, and to nannofossil events. δ 13 C values of bulk carbonates from the different localities of the Subbetic basin have similar variations from the uppermost Pliensbachian to the lowermost Aalenian, suggesting changes in the original DIC carbon isotope composition along the Hispanic corridor. The transition from Pliensbachian to Toarcian is marked by increasing δ 13 C values from ~ 1.2 to 2.0‰, interrupted in the Serpentinum Zone by a negative shift concomitant with the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event (T-OAE), with the major ammonite extinction event of the Toarcian, and an important turnover of calcareous nannoplankton. The negative shift observed in the Serpentinum Zone confirms the global perturbation of the carbon cycling documented along the Tethys and the palaeo-Pacific in organic material and in marine carbonates. However, the amplitude of the negative excursion (~ − 1. 5‰) is not compatible with an isotopic homogeneous seawater DIC and/or CO 2 atmospheric reservoirs. The interval from the middle to the top of the Toarcian δ 13 C shows relatively constant values, minor ammonite turnovers, and is associated with increasing diversity of calcareous nannoplankton.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Study on characteristics of Haemophilus influenzae strains by phenotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genotyping

To investigate the epidemiological and molecular typing features of the pathogenic Haemophilus influenzae(H.influenzae)by biotyping,serotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis(PFGE).Methods A total of 273 invasive isolates of H influenzae were collected from the pediatric patients with pneumonia at Chengdu Children Hospital of Sichuan province from 1988 and 2004 to 2007.The idenbfication of H.influenzae strains were done according to the laboratory standard methodology described by Manual of Clinical Microbiology(American).All strains were biotyped according to Kilian's classification with the API[R]NH system.And serotyped by a slide agglutination assay with type a to f specific antlaerum as described by Pittman.PCR method for identification of H.influenzae were performed as described by Falla.One hundred of 273 strains were analyzed by PFGE as described by Saito with some modifications.The resuIts of PFGE were analyzed by Bionumerics soft(Version 4.0,Applied Maths BVBA,Belium).Restilts 78.2%of 273 cases occurred under 1 years old.Eight biotypes were found among the 273 H.influenzae isolates.17.6%(48/273)of all isolates belonged to biotype Ⅰ,43.6%(119/273)were biotype Ⅱ,22.7%(62/273)were biotype Ⅲ,7.3%(20/273)were biotype Ⅳ,5.9%(16/273)were biotype Ⅴ,0.4%(1/273)were biotype Ⅵ,1.8%(5/273)were biotype Ⅶ and 0.7%(2/273)were biotype Ⅷ.respeetively.99.6% of all 273 isolates were nontypeable.There was only one isolate was serotvpe f Ninty-six PFGE genotypes were obtained in this study.One hundred strains demonstrated a variety of genomic Datterns by PFGE.The most isolates of the flame PFGE genotype(type 35)was 3 isolates.Each of93 PFGE genotypes was represented by only a single isolate.The genotypes distribution didn't correlate with the time distribution of the strains were isolated. Nontypeable H.influenzae primarily caused acute Dneumoma in children under 1 years old.They mostly belonged to biotype Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ biotypes.The nontypeable H.influenzae strains appeared to more heterogeneous patterns by PFGE genotyping.Genotyping may helP understand the molecular characteristics of outbreak and endemicity according to the results of PFGE.PFGE genotyping proved to have a much stronger discriminatory power than either serotyping or biotyping.Our findings suggest that PFGE analysis is useful for the epidemiologieal study of H.influenzae infections. 
 
 
Haemophilus influenzae; Biotyping; Scrotyping; Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis

Field of study: Biology
Traditional Bonesetters and Contemporary Orthopaedic Fracture Care in a Developing Nation: Historical Aspects, Contemporary Status and Future Directions

In developing nations such as Nigeria, where there is a shortage of surgeons formally trained in fracture care, many of the injured seek care from traditional bonesetters. We conducted a qualitative study of fracture care in two settings in Enugu, Nigeria: The National Orthopaedic Hospital Enugu (NOHE) and a traditional bonesetter practice. Primary assessment measures at the NOHE included evaluations of the structure and process of fracture care according to the Orthopaedic Trauma Association’s Level 1 Trauma Center Requirements. Further, we conducted interviews of NOHE patients and hospital staff. We also observed fracture care at a traditional bonesetter practice. We observed the traditional care process and interviewed both bonesetters and patrons of the bonesetter practice. Although the NOHE does not qualify for certification as a Level 1 Trauma Center; the hospital does provide quality care. Our observations suggest a tension between Western and indigenous musculoskeletal practices. We propose that bonesetters not only be taught certain injury management techniques but also be incorporated into the Nigerian healthcare scheme. Bonesetters fill a void created by the severe lack of surgeons and further; bonesetters are primarily located in rural areas where they best care for underserved communities. In an integrated scheme, bonesetters would manage fractures for which they can achieve acceptable outcomes, referring others to local hospitals. An integrated model of fracture care is applicable in all developing countries where bonesetters perform a large proportion of fracture care.

Field of study: Medicine
A two-level auction for resource allocation in multi-tenant C-RAN

We consider in this paper a dynamic resource allocation scheme between several Mobile Virtual Network Operators (MVNOs), sharing common radio resources at a Cloud-based Radio Access Network (C-RAN) run by a central operator. We specifically propose a two-level coupled auction so as to enhance resource utilization and maximize the revenues both for the central operator and the MVNOs: at the lower level, end users belonging to a given MVNO bid for resources and, at the higher-level, MVNOs compete for resources at the central operator based on the output of the lower-level auction. We show fundamental economic properties of our proposal: truthfulness and individual rationality, and propose a greedy algorithm to enhance its computational efficiency. We prove the existence of Nash equilibrium for the global auction and its uniqueness in a typical duopoly scenario. Further numerical results illustrate the performance of our proposal in various network settings.

Field of study: Computer science
The Impact of Indecent Dressing on the Academic Performance of Students in Tertiary Institutions, a Case Study of Ho Polytechnic in Ghana

Education is considered to be the bed-rock of development of any nation; hence the call by governments for “education for all”. However, certain developments over the past years seem to be militating against this vision. Notable among them is the craze for the so-called fashion which has resulted in nudity among the teaming youth on Ho Polytechnic campus. This paper therefore sought to investigate the impacts or effects nudity or indecent dressing has on the academic performance of Ho Polytechnic students in Ghana. This was done by employing the descriptive (qualitative) method of research to describe the relationship between variables. The research strategy used was a case study using students (203), teaching (126) and non-teaching staff (21) of Ho Polytechnic as the accessible population. Data were collected for the study by the employment of the survey technique in which 450 questionnaire copies were administered to the accessible population. This was combined with the participant observant approach where indecent dressings were observed and recorded. A main finding of the study is that about 60% of Ho Polytechnic students dress indecently. And out of this, about 80% are females while 20% are males. The study further revealed that provocative dressing or indecent dressing destructs the attention of both students and lecturers during lectures. Also, some leakages of examination questions on Ho Polytechnic campus can be attributed to sexual favours from lecturers as a result of indecent dressing.   Ghana, Ho Polytechnic, indecent, academic performance, students

Field of study: Education
A Rapid Method for Determination of Carbon Isotope of Inclusions by Sealed Quartz Tube Decrepitation

Based on the conventional method of carbon isotope composition in the inclusions,carbon dioxide in the inclusions was released and purified under vacuum with thermal decrepitation in a quartz tube furnace. The carbon isotope composition of CO2 was analyzed by mass spectrometry. In this study,using sealed-tube decrepitation method,the samples were put into quartz tube and sealed under vacuum. Then CO2 released through thermal decrepitation was purified and extracted. The carbon isotope analyzed by mass spectrometer has high precision( 1σ = 0.04‰) employing the sealed tube method. The big variations( -3.6‰ to -6‰) in carbon isotope of inclusions sample( IGGZhu) suggest the mixing of the multi-phase inclusions. In addition, sealed quartz tube method for the analysis of the carbon isotope in inclusions simplifies operational processes and improves the efficiency of the experiment through batch decrepitation. The quartz tube also excludes the possibility of the contamination from different samples.

Field of study: Chemistry
Topological Origin of Non-Hermitian Skin Effects.

A unique feature of non-Hermitian systems is the skin effect, which is the extreme sensitivity to the boundary conditions. Here, we reveal that the skin effect originates from intrinsic non-Hermitian topology. Such a topological origin not merely explains the universal feature of the known skin effect, but also leads to new types of the skin effects-symmetry-protected skin effects. In particular, we discover the Z_{2} skin effect protected by time-reversal symmetry. On the basis of topological classification, we also discuss possible other skin effects in arbitrary dimensions. Our work provides a unified understanding about the bulk-boundary correspondence and the skin effects in non-Hermitian systems.

Field of study: Physics
Evaluating quality of patient-reported outcome measures in patients with hypospadias.

There is growing recognition of the importance of patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in pediatric hypospadias. We have previously presented a conceptual framework for Hypospadias-Specific Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL), which posited 5 domains of HRQoL in this population. The framework components (domains) included penile appearance, voiding function, social function, psychological/behavioral function, and pubertal/sexual health. In this work, we investigated the established validity and relevance of PROs within each of these domains for patients with hypospadias.



We evaluated existing measures with published psychometric data, including validation data, in the hypospadias population. We also assessed the available data on each measure according to the guidelines of the Scientific Advisory Committee of the Medical Outcomes Trust (Table) in order to establish measure quality. We also examined the power of existing validation studies according to suggested guidelines for psychometric validation and factor analysis.



Available validated measures in the hypospadias population have focused primarily on penile appearance and to a lesser degree on pubertal development/sexual health. There were no validated disease-specific measures with dedicated evaluations of other key HRQoL domains including voiding-related sequelae, social function, or psychological function. In addition, no single measure addressed all of the quality guidelines posed by the Scientific Advisory Committee.



Current generalized measures for PROs lack relevance to the experience of hypospadias patients, and disease-specific assessments are often focused on penile appearance. Improving measure quality is necessary to optimize the value of our assessments and better help our patients with hypospadias.

Field of study: Medicine