nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Performance analysis of an advanced variable configuration solar cooling plant with an MPC controller. Part A: Model and validation

The design phase of a solar heating and cooling plant typically requires detailed data on user demand and weather conditions and the adopted plant configuration is strongly dependent from both of them. Since there are many uncertainties about them, many plants, correctly sized, showed a poor performance in terms of primary energy saving. In this work, the idea of a “variable configuration” solar cooling plant, which can self-tuning its own layout and adapts to different weather and user conditions and can guarantee the maximum primary energy saving, was investigated. The proposed solution tries to include part of the critical problems faced during design phase into the “control problem” solved every time during plant operation in order to guarantee a better primary energy saving independently from unpredictable external conditions. In this way, the “control problem” includes the temperature setpoints, variable flow rate setpoints, storage bypasses, and all the machine range operations. The results obtained by a parametric analysis done with a numeric model specifically developed allowed to evaluate the effective benefits of a variable configuration plant coupled with an MPC controller able to compensate for possible low performance due to wrong design procedure or wrong weather forecast. A maximum performance increment of ∼30% was observed in terms of PER.

Field of study: Engineering
Late quaternary vegetation and fire dynamics on Mount Kenya.

Pollen and charcoal data generated from a 1469 cm core, radiocarbon dated to 26,430  14 C yr BP, recovered from Rumuiku Swamp on the southeast of Mount Kenya, are used to document changes in the distribution and composition of montane vegetation and fire regimes over the Late Quaternary. Throughout the transition from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), high resolution (sub-centennial scale) analysis documents a highly dynamic ecosystem and fire regime. The pollen record shows that under a cool, but rather moist LGM climate, Ericaceae and Stoebe species shifted down-slope more than 1000 m relative to the present day. Rather than simple altitudinal lowering of current vegetation zonation, these taxa formed a vegetation assemblage that mixed high altitude components with relatively lowland taxa; in particular Juniperus that is presently found at altitudes lower than the study site, but on the drier side of Mount Kenya. There is noticeable addition and co-dominance of Hagenia to the ecosystem from 20,500  14 C yr BP, until around 14,000  14 C yr BP when a mix of Ericaceous Belt and upper montane forest taxa, such as Artemisia , Polycias , Schefflera and Stoebe , dominated the initial development of montane forest. Reduced levels of Hagenia , Juniperus , Olea and Podocarpus are recorded about the time of the Younger Dryas with highly variable presence of more mesic taxa such as Polyscias and Schefflera . This development of montane forest over the Late Pleistocene to Holocene transition reflects a significant reorganization of the ecosystem composition that was heavily influenced by a variable fire regime. Shifts in vegetation composition reflect the onset of a warmer moist climate from the beginning of Holocene, as mixed montane forest became more established. The latter part of the Holocene registers human impact and forest clearance with increased anthropogenic impact marked by a transition to open vegetation and increased fire frequency.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Development and Design of Graduation Project Management System(Front-End)

Mainly describes the graduation project management system of network based on ASP.NET.The system is mainly based on three-tier architecture,SQL Server 2005 and other advanced technology for theoretical.Graduate project management system enables the communication of teachers and students to zero distance,the main functions includes:viewing basic information,uploading and downloading documents,communication between teacher and student,teacher management performance and so on.

Field of study: Computer science
Vibrational spectroscopy of semiheavy water (HDO) as a probe of solute hydration

Vibrational spectroscopy is an ideally suited tool for the study of solute hydration. Nevertheless, water is commonly considered by spectroscopists a difficult solvent to work with. However, by using the isotopic dilution technique, in which a small amount of D2O is introduced into H2O or vice versa with formation of semiheavy water (HDO), many technical and interpretative problems connected with measurement of infrared spectra of water may be circumvented. Particularly, the isotopic decoupling of stretching vibrational modes greatly simplifies interpretation of the spectra. Systematic studies conducted in several laboratories since the 1980s up to the present day have provided a vast amount of data, concerning mainly ionic hydration. Many of these experiments have been performed in our laboratory. The analysis method we applied is based on the quantitative version of the difference spectra technique and allows separation of the spectrum of solute-affected HDO from the bulk solvent. This review illustrates the development of vibrational spectroscopy of HDO and spectral analysis methods over the years, as well as summarizes the results obtained for ionic and nonionic solutes, including some general hydration models formulated on their basis.

Field of study: Chemistry
Costing and Data Management Development of a Simplified System for Smaller Colleges and Universities

This article describes the process by which a useful costing and data management system was developed at Chapman College, which may be of general interest to other small colleges and universities. A participatory process was used to develop the system involving key people in the determination of what should be reported by the system. The system summarizes information on instructional workloads, class sizes, and the costs per student credit hour for academic programs. Costs analyzed include not only direct operating costs of each program, but also costs incurred in other areas to support each program.

Field of study: Education
Ultrasonic-assisted synthesis and characterization of semiconductor CuO nanoparticles via decomposition of ethanedioate precursor

Semiconductor cupric oxide nanoparticles are of great interest due to their numerous applications in many important fields of science and technology such as pigments, semiconductors, sensors, catalysts and solar cells. In this work, nanoparticles of semiconductor cupric oxide with an average size of 52 nm have been successfully synthesized via ultrasonic-assisted thermal decomposition of the ethanedioate precursor at 400 °C. The nanoparticles were characterized by powderX-ray diffraction (XRD), FT-IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), colorimetric analysis (L*a*b* color parameters), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Our results confirmed the formation of the pure single-phase monoclinic cupric oxide (space group C2/c) with the monoclinic structure. The FT-IR spectrum displays the typical vibration of cupric oxide at 536 cm-1. Also the optical absorption spectrum indicates that the cupric oxide nanoparticles have a direct band gap of 1.95 eV,which is larger than the reported value for the bulk cupric oxide (1.85 eV).

Field of study: Materials science
Tunnel diode oscillator measurements of the upper critical magnetic field of FeTe(0.5)Se(0.5).

Temperature dependence of the upper critical magnetic field (Hc2) of single crystalline FeTe0.5Se0.5(Tc = 14.5 K) have been determined by tunnel diode oscillator-based measurements in magnetic fields of up to 55 T and temperatures down to 1.6 K. The Werthamer-Helfand-Hohenberg model accounts for the data for magnetic field applied both parallel (H ‖ ab) and perpendicular (H ‖ c) to the iron conducting plane, in line with a single band superconductivity. Whereas Pauli pair breaking is negligible for H ‖ c, Pauli contribution is evidenced for H ‖ ab with Maki parameter α = 1.4, corresponding to Pauli field HP = 79 T. As a result, the Hc2 anisotropy  see text] which is already rather small at Tc (γ = 1.6) further decreases as the temperature decreases and becomes smaller than 1 at liquid helium temperatures.

Field of study: Physics
Reversible Electrochemical Tuning of Optical Property of Single Au Nano-bridged Structure via Electrochemical under Potential Deposition

Here we report the optical property control of Au nano-bridged structures by the single-atom metal layer deposition onto the surface. The deposition and dissolution of the Cu atom layer were performed by the electrochemical under potential deposition method. Through the control of the reversible electrochemical deposition and dissolution process, the reproducible photoswitching behavior was observed.

Field of study: Chemistry
Adaptive null-forming scheme in digital hearing aids

We propose an effective adaptive null-forming scheme for two nearby microphones in endfire orientation that are used in digital hearing aids and in many other hearing devices. This adaptive null-forming scheme is mainly based on an adaptive combination of two fixed polar patterns that act to make the null of the combined polar pattern of the system output always be toward the direction of the noise. The adaptive combination of these two fixed polar patterns is accomplished by simply updating an adaptive gain following the output of the first polar pattern unit. The value of this gain is updated by minimizing the power of the system output, and related adaptive algorithms to update this gain are also given. We have implemented this proposed system on the basis of a programmable DSP chip and performed various tests. Theoretical analyses and testing results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed system and the accuracy of its implementation.

Field of study: Engineering
Replacements of benthic associations in a sequence stratigraphic framework, examples from Upper Ordovician of Sardinia and Lower Devonian of the Massif Armoricain

Sedimentological, palaeoecological and taphonomic analyses were carried out to establish the impact of relative sea-level variations on benthic faunas in a platform depositional context and to propose a reliable palaeoecological model for different palaeogeographic areas during different periods of the Palaeozoic. One Caradocian–Ashgillian section in Sardinia and one Lower Emsian section in the Massif Armoricain have been selected. The approach combines sequence stratigraphy, taphonomy and delineation of recurrent fossil associations. Several sedimentary facies have been recognized in relation to the distance from the shoreline. The succession consists of the stacking of genetic sequences related to sea-level changes linked to cyclic variations of orbital parameters. Several fossil associations, identified by means of multivariate analyses, are recurrent in similar facies. Eleven associations are recognized. These are the Longvillia, Nicolella, Paucicrura and Iberomena associations in the Upper Ordovician of Sardinia; the Adolfia, Stenorhynchia, Chonetid, Crinoid–Brachiopod, Ostracod–Tentaculitid, Bryozoan and Dacryoconarid associations in the Lower Devonian of the Massif Armoricain. The results of multivariate analyses based on the faunal contents are in good accordance with the clustering based on the sequence stratigraphic analysis. Benthic associations are closely related to relative sea-level variations. When the sea-level fluctuations were gradual and moderate, the association replacement is characterized by reorganization of the taxonomic composition, changes in diversity and trophic webs (association replacement by reorganization). When the sea-level changes rapidly, the association replacement is characterized by renewal of the ecological structure (association replacement by renewal). Palaeoecological changes are recognized to be strongly related to sea-level variations.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody against spike protein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus.

Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is a member of coronaviruses. The viral spike (S) protein mediates the interaction between TGEV and its susceptible cells. Here, we expressed a truncated gene encoding the N terminal half of TGEV S gene (designated S1 gene) in a prokaryotic system. The resulting S1 protein was used to immunize BALB/c mice followed by the generation of a monoclonal antibody (MAb). A generated MAb (7F9) was identified by ELISA and the chromosome number of the hybridoma cell was analyzed. The immunoreactivity of the MAb to TGEV S protein was confirmed by Western blot analysis. Moreover, immunofluorescence assays showed that the MAb is able to detect cell infection by TGEV. The MAb achieved in this study can be used as a specific diagnostic reagent for detecting TGEV S protein.

Field of study: Biology
Cramer-Rao lower bounds for low-rank decomposition of multidimensional arrays

Unlike low-rank matrix decomposition, which is generically nonunique for rank greater than one, low-rank three-and higher dimensional array decomposition is unique, provided that the array rank is lower than a certain bound, and the correct number of components (equal to array rank) is sought in the decomposition. Parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis is a common name for low-rank decomposition of higher dimensional arrays. This paper develops Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) results for low-rank decomposition of three- and four-dimensional (3-D and 4-D) arrays, illustrates the behavior of the resulting bounds, and compares alternating least squares algorithms that are commonly used to compute such decompositions with the respective CRBs. Simple-to-check necessary conditions for a unique low-rank decomposition are also provided.

Field of study: Engineering
Electrically active defects in Ni–Si silicide studied by deep-level transient spectroscopy

Deep-level defects are introduced into silicon when nickel silicide is formed by rapid thermal annealing (RTA). Experimental results show that the deep-level defects are mainly related to Ni diffusion from the surface. Diffusion coefficients of the defects in Si at the temperature of 400 °C are calculated. The concentration of the deep-level defects varies with RTA temperature and the deep-level defects disappear at the annealing temperature above 500 °C. The current–voltage (I–V) measurements show that the reverse leakage current is increased by the deep-level defects.

Field of study: Materials science
Corporate Governance and Non-Jordanian Share Ownership: the Case of Amman Stock Exchange

In many countries institutional investors have become dominant players in the financial markets. This paperaims to examine whether better corporate governance practices increase attractiveness of Jordanian shares forforeign investors. In order to achieve the above objective a sample of 183 company listed on the Amman StockExchange for the year 2010 is employed. The results reveal that institutional ownership, ownershipconcentration, total assets and audit size are related to non-Jordanian investor. This result builds on theimportance of non-Jordan shareholders in enhancing corporate governance mechanism.

Field of study: Business
Biological Characteristics and Effective Control of Hieroglyphus tonkinensis I.Bol in Hainan

Hieroglyphus tonkinensis I.Bol is an important agricultural pest to bamboo,rice and other gramineous crops.It broke out for the first time in Wangwu town,Danzhou City,Hainan in 2006 and in recent years the population of this grasshopper and its damage increased dramatically.In this study,we explored the biological characteristics of H.tonkinensis in order to find suitable and effective measures to predict and control this grasshopper in Hainan.The results showed that this grasshopper could fulfill one generation annually in Hainan and live through winter in eggs in soil.The eggs could hatch from middle April and the flourishing time of eclosion was from early to middle June.The adults began to die gradually in early September.The maximum egg laying amounts and the longest adults lifetime demonstrated that 28 ℃ was the optimum temperature of H.tonkinensis to development and fecundity.The sensitive tests of four insecticides to 6 th nymphs of H.tonkinensis showed that fipronile and avermectin were effective to kill the grasshopper.The main control period were before 3 th nymphs and avermectin smoke fog(FO)was the first chioce for its control.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The time dependent solution of the masterequation for a laser system

Starting from the masterequation for the density matrix the differential equation for the quasidistribution function of a laser field with non-markoffian character is derived. This equation and its solution may be compared with the Fokker-Planck equation given byRisken1 andHempstead andLax2, where the laser field has markoffian character. Both solutions approximately coincide only in the threshold region.

Field of study: Physics
Assessing the future direction of sustainable development in public hospitals: Time-horizon, path and action.

To assess the future direction of sustainable development in public hospitals, focusing on their short- versus long-term time horizons, top-down versus bottom-up paths, and intra-organizational versus inter-organizational actions.



The selection of significant health care organizations was based on judgmental sampling. This study applied an inductive approach. The interviewees were identified according to their knowledge of the future direction of their organizations' sustainable development.



The sustainable development of the studied public hospitals is aimed at the synchronization of actions with other hospitals in the public healthcare system. The public hospitals studied differ in their interconnected elements of time (short- versus long-time horizons), paths (top-down versus bottom-up) and specific actions (intra-organizational versus inter-organizational).  Offers insights into how to assess the direction of sustainable development in public hospitals. We stress the importance of time, path and action in conjunction. Furthermore, this study provides a three-dimensional framework to assess the future direction of sustainable development in organizations as well as in industries. Both the former and latter characteristics are shaped by the elements of time, path and action.



Provides a three-dimensional framework of criteria to assess the direction of sustainable development in organizations. The assessment criteria may be used by organizations to assess the direction of other organizations in their industry. Industry associations or authorities may look into the status and future direction of sustainable development in industries or sectors as a whole. The assessment criteria provide an opportunity and foundation to benchmark against others in the same industry and insights to face pandemic as Covid-19.



First study to consider a three-dimensional framework based on time, path and action to assess the future direction of sustainable development in an organization.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Sensitive detection of n -alkanes using a mixed ionization mode proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer

Proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) is a technique that is widely used to detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with proton affinities higher than water. However, n-alkanes generally have a lower proton affinity than water and therefore proton transfer (PT) by reaction with H3O+ is not an effective mechanism for their detection. In this study, we developed a method using a conventional PTR-MS to detect n-alkanes by optimizing ion source and drift tube conditions to vary the relative amounts of different primary ions (H3O+, O2+, NO+) in the reaction chamber (drift tube). There are very few studies on O2+ detection of alkanes and the mixed mode has never been proposed before. We determined the optimum conditions and the resulting reaction mechanisms, allowing detection of n-alkanes from n-pentane to n-tridecane. These compounds are mostly emitted by evaporative/combustion process from fossil fuel use. The charge transfer (CT) mechanism observed with O2+ was the main reaction channel for n-heptane and longer n-alkanes, while for n-pentane and n-hexane the main reaction channel was hydride abstraction (HA). Maximum sensitivities were obtained at low E ∕ N ratios (83 Td), low water flow (2 sccm) and high O2+ ∕ NO+ ratios (Uso =  180 V). Isotopic 13C contribution was taken into account by subtracting fractions of the preceding 12C ion signal based on the number of carbon atoms and the natural abundance of 13C (i.e., 5.6 % for n-pentane and 14.5 % for n-tridecane). After accounting for isotopic distributions, we found that PT cannot be observed for n-alkanes smaller than n-decane. Instead, protonated water clusters of n-alkanes (M  ⋅  H3O+) species were observed with higher abundance using lower O2+ and higher water cluster fractions. M  ⋅  H3O+ species are probably the source for the M + H+ species observed from n-decane to n-tridecane. Normalized sensitivities to O2+ or to the sum of O2++ NO+ were determined to be a good metric with which to compare sensitivities for n-alkane detection between experiments. Double hydride abstraction was observed from the reaction with O2+. Sensitivity to CT increased with carbon chain length from n-pentane to n-dodecane, sensitivity to HA increased from n-heptane to n-dodecane and sensitivity to PT increased from n-decane to n-tridecane. Sensitivity to CT exponentially decreased with molecular ionization energy, which is inversely related to the carbon chain length. We introduce a calibrated fragmentation algorithm as a method to determine the concentrations of n-alkanes and demonstrate its effectiveness using a custom n-alkane mixture and a much more complex oil example representing perhaps the most difficult mixture available for application of the method. We define optimum conditions for using the mixed ionization mode to measure n-alkanes in conventional PTR-MS instruments regardless of whether they are equipped with switchable reagent ion (SRI) capabilities.

Field of study: Environmental science