nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Topological insulators, spin, and the tight-binding method

As one of the first proposed topologically protected states, the quantum spin Hall effect in graphene relies critically on the existence of a spin-dependent gap at the K/K' points of the Brillouin zone. Using a tight-binding formulation based on the method of invariants, we identify the origin of such an intrinsic gap as the three-center interaction between the pi-orbitals caused by spin-orbit interactions. This methodology incorporates all symmetry compliant interactions previously neglected and has wider applications for comparisons between first-principle calculations and the tight-binding method. It also identifies a correction to the Haldane model and its generalization, which incorporates the spin degrees of freedom and reproduces all the salient features required for the quantum spin Hall effect in graphene.

Field of study: Physics
Drosophila Food-Search Optimization

The method of finding optimal solution to an optimization problem is a recent challenge for the researchers. In order to solve an optimization problem many evolutionary methods have been introduced as alternate paradigms. In this paper an extensive efforts has been made to solve unconstrained optimization problems by proposing a new algorithm namely Drosophila Food-Search Optimization (DFO) Algorithm. DFO mimics the food-search mechanism of a fly in nature based on called Drosophila Melanogaster. To maintain the diversity throughout the population during simulation, an exploration operation has been developed to generate new individuals. A set of well known benchmark function have been used to validate the better performance of DFO. The experimental results confirms that the proposed technique DFO performs better than some well known existing algorithms like Differential Evolution (DE), Intersect Mutation Differential Evolution (IMDE) algorithm, self-adaptive DE (JDE), improved Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithms, Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm and Bee Swarm Optimization (BSO) algorithm. Further two real world problems namely Gas Transmission Compressor Design and Optimal Capacity of Gas production facilities are considered and the better performance of DFO is confirmed.

Field of study: Mathematics
Prior Swapping for Data-Independent Inference

While Bayesian methods are praised for their ability to incorporate useful prior knowledge, in practice, priors that allow for computationally convenient or tractable inference are more commonly used. In this paper, we investigate the following question: for a given model, is it possible to use any convenient prior to infer a false posterior, and afterwards, given some true prior of interest, quickly transform this result into the true posterior? 
We present a procedure to carry out this task: given an inferred false posterior and true prior, our algorithm generates samples from the true posterior. This transformation procedure, which we call "prior swapping" works for arbitrary priors. Notably, its cost is independent of data size. It therefore allows us, in some cases, to apply significantly less-costly inference procedures to more-sophisticated models than previously possible. It also lets us quickly perform any additional inferences, such as with updated priors or for many different hyperparameter settings, without touching the data. We prove that our method can generate asymptotically exact samples, and demonstrate it empirically on a number of models and priors.

Field of study: Computer science
Observed allocations of productivity and biomass, and turnover times in tropical forests are not accurately represented in CMIP5 Earth system models

A significant fraction of anthropogenic CO2 emissions is assimilated by tropical forests and stored as biomass, slowing the accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere. Because different plant tissues have different functional roles and turnover times, predictions of carbon balance of tropical forests depend on how earth system models (ESMs) represent the dynamic allocation of productivity to different tree compartments. This study shows that observed allocation of productivity, biomass, and turnover times of main tree compartments (leaves, wood, and roots) are not accurately represented in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 ESMs. In particular, observations indicate that biomass saturates with increasing productivity. In contrast, most models predict continuous increases in biomass with increases in productivity. This bias may lead to an over-prediction of carbon uptake in response to CO2 or climate-driven changes in productivity. Compartment-specific productivity and biomass are useful benchmarks to assess terrestrial ecosystem model performance. Improvements in the predicted allocation patterns and turnover times by ESMs will reduce uncertainties in climate predictions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Tethys-marginal sedimentary basins in western Iran

Five sedimentary basins formed along the Iranian margin of the southern Tethys Ocean during its evolution. These basins record the opening and closing of the ocean basin and the collision of what is now Arabia and Iran. The late Paleozoic–Jurassic Isfahan basin opened by continental rifting that began in the Devonian, and contains an early (late Paleozoic–Triassic), passive-margin sequence and a later clastic-wedge phase. The Early Cretaceous Sanandaj basin is a forearc overlying the tectonized and subsided Isfahan basin. The latest Cretaceous–Paleocene Kermanshah basin is a remnant of the Tethys Ocean basin. It initially lay along tectonic strike from the lengthening Arabian-Iranian collision orogen to the southeast but was later incorporated into the orogenic foldbelt. The late Cenozoic Zagros basin is a suture (foreland) basin that formed on the Arabian plate as it attempted subduction beneath Iran. The Paleogene tectonic setting of the Kashan-Gavkhuni basin is in doubt, but, by mid-Tertiary time, it was a foreland basin that lay landward of the collisional foldbelt and was nearly surrounded by other orogenic highlands that formed during convergence of other plates within and marginal to Iran.

Field of study: Geology
Tarbellastraea (Scleractinia): A new stable isotope archive for Late Miocene paleoenvironments in the Mediterranean

Geochemical proxy records of sea surface temperature (SST) or sea surface salinity (SSS) variability on intra- and interannual time-scales in corals from geological periods older than Pleistocene are extremely rare due to pervasive diagenetic alteration of coralline aragonite. Very recently, however, stable isotope data (δ18O, δ13C) from specimens of Porites of Late Miocene age (10 Ma) have been shown to preserve original environmental signatures. In this paper we describe new finds of the zooxanthellate corals Porites and Tarbellastraea in exceptional aragonite preservation from the island of Crete in sediments of Tortonian (∼ 9 Ma) and Early Messinian (∼ 7 Ma) age. Systematic, comparative stable isotope analysis of massive Tarbellastraea and Porites sampled from the same beds and localities reveal identical stable isotope fractionation patterns in both genera. Therefore, extinct Tarbellastraea represents an additional environmental archive fully compatible and mutually exchangeable with Porites. Provided that seasonal variations in δ18O reflect SST changes only, seasonal SST contrasts of 7.3 °C for the Tortonian and 4.8 °C for the Early Messinian are inferred, implying warmer summer and cooler winter SSTs during the Tortonian than during the Messinian. However, reduced δ18O seasonality (1.1‰ in the Tortonian and 0.7‰ in the Messinian) and slightly less negative mean δ18O in Messinian corals (− 2.4‰) compared to Tortonian specimens (− 2.7‰) may not necessarily indicate a long-term fall in SSTs, but changes in surface water δ18O, i.e. global ice build-up or enhanced evaporation during summer or increased precipitation/river discharge during winter and changes in insolation. On the other hand, coral communities of Tortonian and Messinian age in central Crete are identical, and compatible annual extension rates indicate similar average SSTs during the two investigated time periods. In addition, lithological and paleobotanical data from Central Crete document a change from humid to dry climatic conditions during the Late Miocene. Therefore, a likely explanation for the observed shift in coral mean δ18O and reduced δ18O seasonality from the Tortonian to the Early Messinian is a change in ambient seawater δ18O caused by a change in the hydrological balance towards high evaporation/high salinity during summer.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
New Digital Signature Scheme Using Multiple Private Keys over Non-Commutative Division Semirings

In this paper, we propose a new signature scheme connecting t wo private keys and two public keys based on general non-commutative di vision semiring. The key idea of our technique engrosses three core steps. In the fi rst step, we assemble polynomials on additive structure of non-commutative divi sion semiring and take them as underlying work infrastructure. In the second step, we generate first set of private and public key pair using polynomial symmetrical de composition problem. In the third step, we generate second set of private and publi c key pair using discrete logarithm. We use factorization theorem to generate t he private key in discrete logarithm problem. By doing so, we can execute a new signatur e scheme on multiplicative structure of the semiring using multiple priva te keys. The security of the proposed signature scheme is based on the intractability of the Polynomial Symmetrical Decomposition Problem and discrete logarithm proble m over the given noncommutative division semiring. Hence , this signature sche me is so much strong in security point of view.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Wooden Badge Scouting Team Leaders’ Performance Evaluation in Iraq

The research aimed at evaluating scouting team leaders who have the wooden badge in Iraq by identifying the reality of their performance. The problem of the research lies in the lack of studies and researchers that evaluate scouting team leaders who have a wooden badge in Iraq. The researchers used the descriptive method on (215) scouting team leaders in Iraq divided into (24) pilot study subjects, and (191) evaluation subjects. They also used questionnaires that consisted of six fields (administrative, leadership, cognitive, skill, communication, and physiological) distributed on (5) items. The data was collected and treated using SPSS to come up with the conclusions and recommendations.

Field of study: Education
The effect of adenosin triphosphate in reducing duration of first stage of labour

A double blind randomized clinical trial was done at Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, to evaluate the effect of adenosin triphosphate (ATP) in reducing duration of first stage of labour and incidence of complicated labour. The subjects of the study were 100 normal parturients fulfilling the inclusions criteria of 20 to 30 years of age, parity less than 4, gestational age of 38 to 42 weeks, in a latent period with intact membranes and an estimated body weight of 2500 to 3500 gram. They were randomly allocated into treatment (50 cases) and control (50 cases) groups. The treatment group received 1 ampule ATP intramuscularly during the latent period of labour and was repeated in every 6 hours if the cervical dilatation had not completed yet. The control groups were given placebo of physiological saline solution in the same procedure. The duration of the first stage of labour was calculated from the onset of labour until fully dilatation of the cervix. Those with complicated labour pregnancy was terminated and was analyzed in a separate group. Other variables included in the analysis were age, parity, fertility states, hemoglobin concentration, nutritional states, and infant body weight. Among 100 parturients, 10 cases were terminated due to unprogress labour: of 3 cases from the treatment group and 7 other cases from control group. The adenosin triphosphate use could shorten the duration of first stage of labour by 1.5 ± 1.3 hours compared to the control group. Adenosin triphosphate was effective in reducing the duration of labour and the incidence of complicated labour.  adenosin triphosphate (ATP) - first stage of labour - complicated labour

Field of study: Medicine
Performance optimization of three-heat-source irreversible refrigerators based on a new thermo-ecological criterion

This paper presents an optimization study of an irreversible refrigeration absorption system based on a new thermo-ecological criterion. The considered objective function is the ecological coefficient of performance (ECOP). It takes into account the first and second law of thermodynamics and is defined as the cooling load per unit loss rate of availability. The ecological coefficient of performance has been expressed and maximized according to the temperatures of the working fluid in the main components of the system. The corresponding optimal temperatures and other optimum performance parameters have been derived analytically, and the effects of the internal irreversibility, the heat leakage coefficient and the source temperature ratio on the global and optimal performances are discussed. The results show that the maximum coefficient of performance (COP) and ecological coefficient of performance (ECOP) occurs for the same operating conditions.

Field of study: Engineering
Study on an attenuated strain of Shigella sonnei S7 as a bacterial vaccine vector

To study on the safety of a spontaneous mutant strain of Shigella sonnei S7 used as a living bacterial vaccine vector.  Making use of enterobacterial virulence and invasive test, DNA profile analysis and challenge test of rhesus monkey to determine the safety and stability of S7 and S7R. Results S7 can express high level S. sonnei O antigan and have immunogenicity; the invasive rate to HeLa cell was 4.3% and a virulent strain S. sonnei strain S512 was 83.6%. S7 did not express IpaA, B, C, D in Western bloting, and the large plasmid of S7 was stable after 36 passages. The phase Ⅰ large plasmid in S7 and the chalenge test in monkeys were different significantly from those of S512.  The strain S7 of S. sonnei as a living bacterial vaccine vector has its advantage. It is safe and its colony morphologic change can reflect the vector being with or without antigenicity.

Field of study: Biology
Analysis of the energetics of chain-reaction chemical lasers allowing for rotational nonequilibrium

A qualitative and quantitative analysis is made of the energetics of chemical lasers utilizing self-supporting chain processes allowing for rotational nonequilibrium. It is found that the finite nature of the rate of rotational relaxation imposes a fundamental constraint on the possible increase in the specific energy output with increasing rotational quantum number J of the emitting states, predicted by the rotational equilibrium model. The optimal values of J are determined for hydrogen halide lasers. An estimate is given of the influence of rotational nonequilibrium on the energetics of a chain-reaction HF laser for various pulse durations in the range 1 nsec--0.1 ..mu..sec. The results of numerical calculations show that the dynamics of the input signal spectrum in a chain-reaction amplifier has an optimum (giving the maximum energy output).

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Optimization of the Fermentation Conditions of 5L Fermenter for Geobacillus stearothermophilus CHB1

A single-factor method was used to optimize the conditions of Geobacillus stearothermophilus CHB1 such as ventilation volume,speed,temperature,pH and other parameters,and to determine the growth curve of CHB1 in a 5 L fermenter.The best fermentation conditions were: ventilation 6 L/min,speed 180r/min,inoculum 4% and culture temperature 58 ℃.The maximum cell biomass could be achieved by fermentation 21 h.Through the method of auto-fed acetic acid to control the pH of fermentation process,it could achieve a high-density fermentation of CHB1.The cell biology was as high as 6.07×108 cfu/ml.Using fed acid pH control pH8.0,it could achieve the maximum cell biomass up to 6.07×108 cfu/ml.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
APPLICATION OF GENETIC ALGORITHMS BASED ON INTELLIGENT MULTI-AGENT FOR OPTIMIZATION OF EQUIPMENT OF ISOMERIZATION OF XYLENE

Genetic algorithms(GA)are used more and more wide in the optimization of complicated, non-linear questions in the chemical industries. In the paper,a multi-Agent system which includes two kinds of Agents:O-Agent and A-Agent is built.There are a number of O-Agents in the system,and their function is equal to the seeds of evolution,but there is only one A-Agent.The A-Agent is in charge of the work of evolution.It monitors and controls the GA evolution procedure. These two kinds of Agents can exchange the useful information which can represent the current situation of evolution. By means of the limit of life of these two kinds of Agents,the system can avoid prematureness and at the same time can speed up convergence.The genetic algorithms based on Intelligent Agent (M-Agent-GA) improves greatly the feature of standard GA(SGA), especially in the optimization of complicated questions. It was used in the optimization of the equipment of xylene isomerization and the result was good.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Generation of ultrashort coherent radiation based on a laser plasma accelerator.

A laser plasma accelerator (LPA) has the potential to realize compact free-electron laser (FEL) radiation at the regular laboratory scale. However, large initial angular divergence and energy spread dramatically hinder ways to transport the beam and realize FEL radiation. Although methods have been proposed to solve these problems, the relatively large jitter, including transverse position jitter and energy jitter, still limits the advance of these experiments. In this paper a simple method to realize coherent harmonic generation based on a LPA beam is proposed. The scheme is very compact, adopting a high-power laser split from the driver laser, a short modulator and a short radiator which has a great tolerance to these typical types of jitter. Numerical simulations indicate that coherent third-harmonic radiation with gigawatt-level power and single spike spectra can be obtained, verifying the feasibility of the scheme and indicating the capability to generate ultrashort fully coherent radiation.

Field of study: Physics
mu ti le gong nei jie yu qi yong yu jin ji bi yun guan cha

目的 探讨母体乐宫内节育器(IUD)用于紧急避孕的临床效果及随访24个月IUD带器妊娠率、脱落率、续用率及不良反应.方法 自2005年5月至2009年6月来我院寻求紧急避孕(EC)育龄妇女546例中筛选出距第一次无保护性生活72～120 h之间就诊者162例;由专人放置母体乐IUD,并对需求长期避孕134例中130例进行正规随访1、3、6、12、24个月.结果 162例受试者避孕有效率97.48%...

Field of study: Medicine
Development of a Novel Biosensor Based on Tyrosinase/Platinum Nanoparticles/Chitosan/Graphene Nanostructured Layer with Applicability in Bioanalysis

The present paper describes the preparation and characterization of a graphene, chitosan, platinum nanoparticles and tyrosinase-based bionanocomposite film deposited on the surface of a screen-printed carbon electrode for the detection of L-tyrosine by voltammetry. The redox process on the biosensor surface is associated with the enzymatic oxidation of L-tyrosine, which is favoured by graphene and platinum nanoparticles that increase electrical conductivity and the electron transfer rate. Chitosan ensures the biocompatibility between the tyrosinase enzyme and the solid matrix, as well as a series of complex interactions for an efficient immobilization of the biocatalyst. Experimental conditions were optimized so that the analytical performances of the biosensor were maximal for L-tyrosine detection. By using square wave voltammetry as the detection method, a very low detection limit (4.75 × 10−8 M), a vast linearity domain (0.1–100 μM) and a high affinity of the enzyme for the substrate (KMapp is 53.4 μM) were obtained. The repeatability of the voltammetric response, the stability, and the reduced interference of the chemical species present in the sample prove that this biosensor is an excellent tool to be used in bioanalysis. L-tyrosine detection in medical and pharmaceutical samples was performed with very good results, the analytical recovery values obtained being between 99.5% and 101%. The analytical method based on biosensor was validated by the standard method of analysis, the differences observed being statistically insignificant at the 99% confidence level.

Field of study: Materials science
Activity of the epidermal-growth-factor receptor and phospholipase C-gamma 1 in heat-stressed fibroblasts and A-431 cells.

A variety of changes in the functions of specific plasma-membrane components have been reported in cells exposed to a heat shock. In this study, we examined the consequences of heat stress on epidermal-growth-factor (EGF)-induced receptor autophosphorylation and receptor-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase C-gamma 1 (PLC-gamma 1), a cellular substrate. Although the tyrosine kinase activity of the EGF receptor is rapidly inactivated at 45 degrees C in vitro [Carpenter, King & Cohen (1979)  254, 4884-4891], EGF stimulates autophosphorylation of its receptor in both A-431 cells and human fibroblasts after a prolonged heat shock. Phosphoamino acid analysis of the receptor reveals an EGF-induced increase in phosphotyrosine and phosphoserine at 46 degrees C. EGF also stimulates the phosphorylation of phospholipase C-gamma 1 and induces the formation of inositol phosphates under heat-shock conditions. 125I-EGF binding and internalization in A-431 cells is not decreased during incubations at 46 degrees C for up to 90 min. EGF-induced dimerization of EGF receptors on the cell surface is preserved during heat shock. Though EGF-receptor-mediated endocytosis is not inhibited by elevated temperature, the degradation of internalized 125I-EGF is dramatically decreased. These results indicate that, aside from ligand degradation, the EGF-mediated pathway of signal transduction through phospholipase C-gamma 1 remains remarkably intact during conditions of extreme cellular stress.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Laser beam induced current imaging of reactive ion etching induced n-type doping in HgCdTe

The nondestructive optical characterization technique of laser beam induced current (LBIC) has been used to illustrate the effects of reactive ion etching (RIE) of mid-wavelength infrared n-type HgCdTe. RIE may be used as a method of n-p junction formation, as a means of forming n+ ohmic contacts to wider bandgap HgCdTe, or for mesa isolation etching of epilayers for HgCdTe detectors and emitters. Along with experimental measurements of the LBIC phenomena, this paper introduces the simulation of LBIC signals using a commercial semiconductor device modeling package. A number of LBIC maps are presented for different wafer processing conditions, with the results being explained using the simulation software. The experimental and calculated results bring to light a number of previously unreported characteristics associated with the LBIC phenomena, including the effect of junction depth, temperature, and grading of the junction region. In addition to the LBIC technique confirming the presence of an n+ region after RIE processing, it also provides information regarding the depth of the n+ region and lateral extent of the doping.

Field of study: Materials science
A New Strategy to Construct Functional Porous Crystals by Mixed Crystallization through Charge-transfer Interactions

An organic salt composed of triphenylmethylamine (TPMA) and 2-(4-sulfophenyl)anthraquinone (2-SPAQ) provides a porous crystal with 1D channel void spaces surrounded by anthraquinone. We succeeded in introducing fluorescence property into the porous crystal by mixed crystallization with a different salt composed of TPMA and 2-(4-sulfophenyl)anthracene (2-SPA) through charge-transfer (CT) interactions. As a result, the porous CT complex crystals showed a unique vapochromism for various volatile solvents.

Field of study: Chemistry