nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Pica in Patients on Dialysis and its Association With Nutritional Status.

Pica could be strongly implicated in nutritional status of patients on dialysis; however, very scarce data are currently available. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of pica and its association with nutritional status in dialysis patients.



This is a cross-sectional study in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Four-hundred patients on dialysis, without previous pica diagnosis or transplant, pregnancy, mental illness, or infection, were included in the study. Pica, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, was classified as no pica, ice pica, or hard pica. Dialysis Malnutrition Score, 24-hour dietary recall, and biochemical measurements were obtained from patients. As part of statistical analysis, point prevalence and 95% confidence interval of pica were calculated. Comparisons between groups were performed by means of analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis test, χ2, or Fisher exact tests, as appropriate. A multivariate analysis was performed by multinomial logistic regression.



Prevalence of pica was 42% (ice pica, 46%; soil, 29%; two substances, 14%; red brick, 5%; paper, 3%; soap, 2%; and cattle pasture, 1%). Comparing patients with pica (hard pica and ice pica) versus no pica, subjects with pica were of younger age (25 ± 7, 27 ± 9, 30 ± 11 years, respectively), were more frequently educated <9 years (57%, 46%, 30%, respectively), and had longer dialysis duration (36 ± 19, 32 ± 18, 27 ± 16 months, respectively). Patients with pica achieved the recommended calorie and macronutrients intake target less frequently than those without pica (40-64% vs. 66-77%, P <.05). Malnutrition was present in 74% of the whole sample: (1) 67% in no pica group, (2) 80% in ice pica group, and (3) 89% in hard pica group (P = .001). In the multivariate analysis (R2, 0.27; P < .0001), malnutrition, C-reactive protein, and lower educational level significantly predicted both ice and hard pica.



A worse nutritional status was observed in patients with pica, who additionally were younger, had lower educational level, longer dialysis duration, and worse macronutrient intake routine than patients without pica. Malnutrition, C-reactive protein, and lower educational level significantly predicted both ice and hard pica.

Field of study: Medicine
Comparative studies for different proximity potentials applied to α decay

Half-lives of α decay of even-even nuclei calculated by using fourteen different versions of proximity potentials are compared to experimental data. The results show that the results of the generalized proximity potential 1977 are very much in agreement with the experimental data. In comparison with the distributions of nuclear potentials at small distances and the distributions of total potentials above the released energy Qα, it is found that at small distances the distributions of nuclear potentials have large difference and the distributions of total potentials are different among the listed proximity potentials. The different potential distributions affect the penetration probability of α, which is related to the half-life of the α decay for each nucleus. The generalized proximity potential 1977 is also used to calculate the half-lives of α decay of nuclei with odd mass numbers. The results show that the generalized proximity potential 1977 can calculate the half-lives of the α decay of almost all nuclei, which underlines and supports the use of the generalized proximity potential 1977 by Santhosh et al. in the Coulomb and proximity potential model (CPPM) and the Coulomb and proximity potential model for deformed nuclei (CPPMDN).

Field of study: Physics
Cadmium contamination in orchard soils and fruit trees and its potential health risk in Guangzhou, China.

This study examines cadmium (Cd) contamination in orchard soils and fruit trees in Guangzhou, China, and assesses its potential health risk. Soils and tissues samples of three species of fruit trees were collected from three orchards. The average soil Cd concentration was 1.27, 1.84 and 0.68 mg/kg in orchards I, II, and III, respectively. The carambola (Averrhoa carambola) accumulated exceptionally high concentrations of Cd (7.57, 10.84, 9.01 and 2.15 mg/kg dw in root, twig, leaf and fruit, respectively), being 6.0-24 times and 4.0-10 times the corresponding tissue Cd in the longan (Dimocarpus longan) and wampee (Clausena lansium), respectively. Furthermore, all Cd concentrations (0.04-0.25 mg Cd/kg fw) of the fruits exceeded the tolerance limit of cadmium in foods of PR China (0.03 mg/kg fw). Our results indicate that the carambola tree has high Cd accumulation capacity and might be a Cd accumulator; and its fruit, among the three species of fruits studied, also poses the highest potential health risk to local residents.

Field of study: Environmental science
Reaction of substituted 1,3-dioxanes with the disobutyl ester of isobutylboric acid

The reaction of subsitituted 1,3-dioxanes with the diisobutyl ester of isobutylboric acid leads to the corresponding 1,3,2-dixaborinanes. The determining factor in the reactivity of the 1,3-dioxanes is the degree of substitution of the acetal atom.

Field of study: Chemistry
Morphological and histological abnormalities of the neotropical toad, Rhinella arenarum (Anura: Bufonidae) larvae exposed to dexamethasone

Dexamethasone (DEX) is a glucocorticoid highly effective as an anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressant and decongestant drug. In the present study, a preliminary acute toxicity test was assayed in order to determinate DEX median-lethal, lowest-observed-effect and the no-observed-effect concentrations (LC50, LOEC and NOEC, respectively) on the common toad embryos (Rhinella arenarum). Also, morphological and histological abnormalities from five body larval regions, liver melanomacrophages (MM) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity were evaluated in the toad larvae to characterize the chronic sublethal effects of DEX (1–1,000 µg L−L). Results of the acute test showed that the LC50 of DEX at 96 h of exposure for the toad embryos (GS 18–20) was 10.720 mg L−g, and the LOEC was 1 µg L−g. In the chronic assay, the larval development and body length were significantly affected. DEX exposition also induced teratogenic effects. Most frequent external abnormalities observed in DEX-treated larvae included abdominal edema and swollen body, abnormal gut coiling and visceral congestion. Intestinal dysplasia was recurrent in cross-section of all DEX-treated larvae. Neural, conjunctive and renal epithelial cells were also affected. Significant increase in liver MM number and size, and GST activity levels were also registered in DEX treatments with respect to controls. The evaluation of a variety of biomarkers provided clear evidence of toad larvae sensitivity to DEX, and the ecotoxicological risk of these pharmaceuticals, commonly found in different water bodies worldwide on aquatic animals.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Relation of Nonverbal Behavior to Client Reactions.

Sixteen therapists each saw a volunteer client for a single counseling session. During a videotape review the clients recorded their reactions and the therapists recorded their perceptions of client reactions to each therapist intervention. Client nonverbal behaviors (speech hesitancies, vertical and horizontal head movements, arm movements, leg movements, postural shifts, adaptors, illustrators, and smiles) were examined to determine whether they were consistently associated with client reactions

Field of study: Psychology
Automatic Generation of Test Cases for Loop Optimizations Based on pCTL

Test for loop optimizations is vital to modern compiler quality.However,test cases coded by hand result in low productivity,and the automatic generation of test cases is lack of accuracy for loop optimizations.Therefore,we suggest an automatic generation of test cases for loop optimization base on parameterized conditional temporal logic(pCTL).Experiments on coverage testing of gcc-4.1.1 show that we can generate test cases with accuracy for specific loop optimizations,and certain coverage is achieved by employing only a few test cases.

Field of study: Computer science
Harnessing the private health sector by using prices as a policy instrument: Lessons learned from South Africa.

Governments frequently draw upon the private health care sector to promote sustainability, optimal use of resources, and increased choice. In doing so, policy-makers face the challenge of harnessing resources while grappling with the market failures and equity concerns associated with private financing of health care. The growth of the private health sector in South Africa has fundamentally changed the structure of health care delivery. A mutually reinforcing ecosystem of private health insurers, private hospitals and specialists has grown to account for almost half of the country's spending on health care, despite only serving 16% of the population with the capacity to pay. Following years of consolidation among private hospital groups and insurance schemes, and after successive failures at establishing credible price benchmarks, South Africa's private hospitals charge prices comparable with countries that are considerably richer. This compromises the affordability of a broad-based expansion in health care for the population. The South African example demonstrates that prices can be part of a structure that perpetuates inequalities in access to health care resources. The lesson for other countries is the importance of norms and institutions that uphold price schedules in high-income countries. Efforts to compromise or liberalize price setting should be undertaken with a healthy degree of caution.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Sport and South Asian youth: the perils of ‘false universalism’ and stereotyping

Studies of the sport-ethnicity relation have tended to neglect young South Asians in Britain and although there has recently been an increasing interest in the role of sport in South Asian lifestyles, the significance and function of sport in South Asian cultures remains confused and ill-informed. This paper offers a critical reflection on some of the important studies that have informed this under-researched area of leisure studies, and considers two key themes. First, that the failure to fully acknowledge South Asian heterogeneity — a failure manifest as ‘false universalism’ — operates at three different levels: collective treatment of all minority groups; mistaken assumptions about all South Asians; and a misunderstanding about the full complexity of South Asian heterogeneity. Second, that false universalism leads to the sort of crude stereotypes about the sporting aptitude and preferences of young South Asians that are generally prevalent, and can also become internalized by South Asians themselves.

Field of study: Sociology
Development of a numerical optimization approach to ventilation system design to control airborne contaminant dispersion and occupant comfort

Airflow, contaminant concentration, and temperature distribution during heating and ventilation in a model room represented by a square cavity with inlet and outlet ports, have been studied. The aim of this work is concerned with the development and implementation of a practical and robust optimization scheme based on the combination of response surface methodology (RSM) and genetic algorithm (GA) with the aim of assisting hospital ward designers and managers/operators to enhance infection control (i.e., reduce the risk of airborne transmission) without compromising patient comfort and environmental impact.

Field of study: Engineering
Electromagnetic probes of a pure-glue initial state in nucleus-nucleus collisions at LHC

Partonic matter produced in the early stage of ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions is assumed to be composed mainly of gluons, and quarks and antiquarks are produced at later times. To study the implications of such a scenario, the dynamical evolution of the chemically nonequilibrated system is described by the ideal (2+1)-dimensional hydrodynamics with a time dependent (anti)quark fugacity. The equation of state interpolates linearly between the lattice data for the pure gluonic matter and the lattice data for the chemically equilibrated quark-gluon plasma. The spectra and elliptic flows of thermal dileptons and photons are calculated for central Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC energy of $\sqrt{s_{_{\rm NN}}} = 2.76$ TeV. We test the sensitivity of the results to the choice of equilibration times, including also the case where the complete chemical equilibrium of partons is reached already at the initial stage. It is shown that a suppression of quarks at early times leads to a significant reduction of the yield of the thermal dileptons, but only to a rather modest suppression of the $p_T$-distribution of direct photons. It is demonstrated that an enhancement of photon and dilepton elliptic flows might serve as a promising signature of the pure-glue initial state.

Field of study: Physics
Revision strategies for AxiaLIF.

Paracoccygeal transsacral fixation is a novel percutaneous technique for arthrodesis of L5-S1 and L4-5 (Axial Lumbar Interbody Fusion [AxiaLIF]). There are no reports on feasible revision strategies. The goal of this paper is to analyze the surgical details of failed AxiaLIF constructs and to describe revision strategies.



The medical charts, operative records, and imaging studies of 5 patients with failed multisegment instrumentation using the AxiaLIF device were reviewed.



AxiaLIF constructs were revised in 5 patients with a mean age of 58.4 years. All AxiaLIF devices were part of multisegment fusion constructs for revision surgery and were revised an average of 15 months after implantation. Two AxiaLIF devices were percutaneously retrieved; one because of excessive bone resorption around the AxiaLIF screw, and the other because of chronic hardware infection. In these 2 patients, the anterior column was subsequently stabilized via anterior lumbar interbody fusion. In the other 3 patients, the AxiaLIF device was left in situ. In 2 of these patients the anterior column was stabilized with bilateral L5-S1 posterior lumbar interbody fusion, and in the remaining patient with L4-5 instability the posterior instrumentation only was revised. Revision surgeries were well tolerated. One patient suffered from a wound dehiscence of the back wound.



AxiaLIF devices are safely retrieved using percutaneous technique. Both anterior and posterior revision strategies may be used to achieve anterior column fixation.

Field of study: Medicine
Amphetamine self-administration in light and moderate drinkers.

Light and moderate drinkers respond differently to the effects of abused drugs, including stimulants such as amphetamine. The purpose of this study was to determine whether light and moderate drinkers differ in their sensitivity to the reinforcing and subjective effects of d-amphetamine. We hypothesized that moderate drinkers (i.e., participants that reported consuming at least seven alcohol-containing beverages per week) would be more sensitive to the reinforcing and positive subject-rated effects of d-amphetamine than light drinkers.



Data from four studies that employed similar d-amphetamine self-administration procedures and subject-rated drug-effect measures were included in the analysis. Light (n = 17) and moderate (n = 16) drinkers sampled placebo, low (8 to 10 mg), and high (16 to 20 mg) doses of oral d-amphetamine administered in eight capsules. Following sampling sessions, participants worked for a maximum of eight capsules, each containing 12.5% of the previously sampled dose, on a modified progressive-ratio schedule of reinforcement.



Both active doses of d-amphetamine functioned as a reinforcer in the moderate drinkers, while only the high dose did so in the light drinkers. The moderate drinkers worked for significantly more capsules that contained the high dose of d-amphetamine than did the light drinkers. d-Amphetamine produced prototypical stimulant-like subjective effects (e.g., dose-dependent increases in ratings of Good Effects; Like Drug and Willing to Take Again). Moderate drinkers reported significantly greater subjective effects than the light drinkers.



These results are consistent with those from previous laboratory experiments and suggest that moderate alcohol consumption may increase vulnerability to the abuse-related effects of stimulants.

Field of study: Medicine
Regime shift and fast recovery on the periphery: New Zealand in the 1930s

Like most primary producers, New Zealand was hit hard by collapsing export prices at the onset of the Great Depression, but its recovery from the slump was both early and unusually fast. New data show that New Zealand’s real GDP declined by 16.6 per cent between 1929 and 1931. 2 By 1938 the Dominion’s real GDP stood 46.3 per cent above its 1929 level. Over the same period real GDP growth in Australia, Denmark, and the UK ranged between 18 and 22 per cent, and growth was 10 per cent in the Argentine. After adjusting for purchasing power parity, Maddison estimated that in 1938 New Zealand had the world’s highest GDP per caput, with a level 3 to 5 per cent above that of Switzerland and the United States, and 8 to 13 per cent above that of Australia and the UK. 3 Comparatively little effort has been made to understand why New Zealand’s recovery in the 1930s was distinctively fast. 4 Much of the literature argues that responses to the depression in the Dominion were tardy and orthodox, and highlights wage cuts, new taxes, and the priority given to balancing the budget. 5 Hawke takes a different view, arguing that New Zealand governments responded actively to the depression, for example by choosing devaluation, but with limited success. 6 He discerns little difference between the pace of recovery in New Zealand and that in Australia, both of which depreciated their currency to the same extent against the pound sterling during the 1930s. 7 Recent analyses of the international disparities in recovery from the

Field of study: Economics, History
Linear and non-linear quantitative structure-activity relationship models on indole substitution patterns as inhibitors of HIV-1 attachment.

The antiviral drugs that inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) entry to the target cells are already in different phases of clinical trials. They prevent viral entry and have a highly specific mechanism of action with a low toxicity profile. Few QSAR studies have been performed on this group of inhibitors. This study was performed to develop a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model of the biological activity of indole glyoxamide derivatives as inhibitors of the interaction between HIV glycoprotein gp120 and host cell CD4 receptors. Forty different indole glyoxamide derivatives were selected as a sample set and geometrically optimized using Gaussian 98W. Different combinations of multiple linear regression (MLR), genetic algorithms (GA) and artificial neural networks (ANN) were then utilized to construct the QSAR models. These models were also utilized to select the most efficient subsets of descriptors in a cross-validation procedure for non-linear log (1/EC50) prediction. The results that were obtained using GA-ANN were compared with MLR-MLR and MLR-ANN models. A high predictive ability was observed for the MLR, MLR-ANN and GA-ANN models, with root mean sum square errors (RMSE) of 0.99, 0.91 and 0.67, respectively (N = 40). In summary, machine learning methods were highly effective in designing QSAR models when compared to statistical method.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Crafting grassroots’ socio-environmental governance for a coastal biosphere rural community in Campeche, Mexico

Campeche, Mexico's, northern coastal zone constitutes part of a National Biosphere Reserve known as Los Petenes. Small rural communities skirt this saltwater marsh wetlands protected area. Flanking Los Petenes' eastern edge, the Mayan village Tankuche's economy revolves around small plot slash-and-burn agriculture and seasonal work at local fisheries located 30 km to the west. As a particular freshwater springs peten within a saltwater marshland niche, El Remate, sustains Tankuche's people, and acts as a sacred space and recreational hub to an ever increasing local and regional tourism, particularly during holidays. The social-environmental-system (SES) abusive relationship between El Remate and Tankuche has strained equilibrium thresholds for the past thirty years. In 2010 Campeche's state government intervened with a participatory action research program to build basic infrastructure and restore El Remate's environment. This governmental mediation process triggered a transformative environmental governance practice that placed local decision-making procedures at the forefront to create a uniquely innovative management scenario rarely documented in developing countries. This article illustrates the entire process using a key multi-leveled, multi-scaled administrative model. The authors project roles involved building local community management skills while conserving social wellbeing and environmental health. We discuss some minor obstacles while creating this singular transformative governance prototype and analyze process results to foster local and greater regional implications. Transformative environmental governance programs positively address underlying challenges, while at the same time fully recognizing vulnerability conditions' viable thresholds that coalesce to promote more complete social participation and local empowerment, while, at the same time building organizational aptitudes and competence in EGA associations that generate developmental retro-alimentation processes.

Field of study: Environmental science
Development of a colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic test strip for screening of microalbuminuria.

A rapid immunochromatography (ICG) assay based on antibody colloidal gold nanoparticles specific to human serum albumin (HSA) was developed, and its applications for primary screening of HSA in the urine were evaluated. A monoclonal antibody (MAb) specific to HSA was produced from cloned hybridoma cells (EMRC1) and used to develop an ICG strip. The nanocolloidal gold, with an average particle diameter of 20 nm, was synthesized and labeled MAb as the detection reagent. An antibody colloidal gold probe was applied on the conjugate pad, and HSA antigen was immobilized to a nitrocellulose membrane as the capture reagent to prepare the ICG strip test. This test required only 10 min to accomplish a semiquantitative detection of albumin. The sensitivity to urinary albumin was found to be approximately 20 μg/mL, and the analytical range was 20-25 μg/mL. The reliability of the testing procedures was examined by carrying out the ICG strip test with 40 urine samples and comparing the results of these tests with those obtained via immunoturbidimetry. The ICG strip was adequately sensitive and accurate for a rapid screening of HSA in the urine.

Field of study: Biology
Extraction of genomic DNA and optimization of RAPD technique system in melon

The changes of extraction method by CTAB have influence upon the quality and yield of the genomic DNA in melon.The orthogonal experiment L9(33) was made to investigate efficiency of the RAPD-PCR in different conditions,the optimal combination of ingredient in RAPD-PCR was established.The result of repeated experiment showed that the established system was stable and reliable.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences