nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Education of pharmacists in Canada.

In Canada, the education of pharmacists is built upon a foundation of strong, research-intensive publicly funded universities and a universal health-care system that balances government and private financing for prescription medications. The evolution of pharmacy education and practice in Canada has laid the foundation for a variety of emerging trends related to expanded roles for pharmacists, increasing interprofessional collaboration for patient-centered care, and emergence of pharmacy technicians as a soon-to-be regulated professional group in parts of the country. Current challenges include the need to better integrate internationally educated pharmacists within the domestic workforce and tools to ensure continuous professional development and maintenance of competency of practitioners. Academic pharmacy is currently debating how best to manage the need to enhance the pharmacy curriculum to meet current and future skills needs, and whether a doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) degree ought to become the standard entry-to-practice qualification for pharmacists in Canada.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Analysis of Effective Control Strategy for IPMSM Driven by Electric Vehicles

Field oriented control strategy for IPMSM for electric vehicle is analyzed considering the different operation conditions of elective vehicle. Maximum torque/current control and flux weakening control strategy based on voltage feedback compensation for demagnetizing current are adopted for IPMSM and SVPWM technology establishes motor control system. The Venucia Chenfeng 2014 version Lingfeng electric vehicle is the study subject carrier, ACR and ASR double closed-loop control used for simulation analysis and illustrate that this control system applied to electric vehicle drive system has small torque ripple and good static and dynamic response characteristics.

Field of study: Engineering
Enhanced Stability of Li-RHC Embedded in an Adaptive TPX™ Polymer Scaffold

In this work, the possibility of creating a polymer-based adaptive scaffold for improving the hydrogen storage properties of the system 2LiH+MgB2+7.5(3TiCl3·AlCl3) was studied. Because of its chemical stability toward the hydrogen storage material, poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) or in-short TPXTM was chosen as the candidate for the scaffolding structure. The composite system was obtained after ball milling of 2LiH+MgB2+7.5(3TiCl3·AlCl3) and a solution of TPXTM in cyclohexane. The investigations carried out over the span of ten hydrogenation/de-hydrogenation cycles indicate that the material containing TPXTM possesses a higher degree of hydrogen storage stability.

Field of study: Materials science
Photoemission in the High-T c Superconductors

Angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) has played a major role in the elucidation of the electronic excitations in the high temperature cuprate superconductors. Several reasons have contributed to this development. First, the great improvement in experimental resolution, both in energy and momentum, aided by the large energy scales present in the cuprates, allows one to see features on the scale of the superconducting gap. More recently the resolution has improved to such an extent, that now features in traditional superconductors like Nb and Pb, with energy scales of a meV, can be observed by ARPES .

Field of study: Physics
[Effects of ranitidine and cimetidine on automaticity in isolated myocardium of guinea pig].

At 0.1-30 mumols/L, neither ranitidine (Ran) nor cimetidine (Cim) inhibited the rate of spontaneous contraction in isolated right atria of guinea pig. When the concentration was higher than 100 mumols/L, both Ran and Cim exhibited weak negative chronotropic effects with IC50 of 109 +/- 3 and 436.5 +/- 1.9 mumols/L, respectively. However, the positive chronotropic effects of histamine (H) were markedly antagonized by Ran and Cim with IC50 of 0.40 +/- 0.29 and 1.8 +/- 0.6 mumols/L respectively. Ran (0.1 mumols/L) and Cim (1 mumols/L) competitively antagonized the concentration-dependent response of positive chronotropic effect mediated by H and had no influence on that induced by isoproterenol in right atria of guinea pig.  and Cim (50 mumols/L) prevented the abnormal automaticity elicited by H and H (0.12 +/- 0.09 mumols/L) + Oua (0.04 +/- 0.02 mumols/L) which acted synergically. The abnormal automaticity induced by Oua (1.5 +/- 2.3 mumols/L) was antagonized by Ran (10 mumols/L) and not by Cim (50 mumols/L). Our results suggest that these effects of Ran and Cim are mainly attributed to cardiac H2 receptor blockade.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Evaluating Equity in the Marital Relationship: An Alternative Approach

Theory concerning the differing perceptions of marital partners often seems to invite the use of difference scores for measuring concepts such as equity, homogamy, inconsistency in social status, consensus regarding various attitudes, and similarity of personality traits. However, as illustrated with an example from equity theory, difference scores should be replaced by interaction terms in multiple regression analysis to evaluate such theory adequately. More careful attention needs to be paid to how family social scientists integrate theory, measurement, and statistical analysis in research.

Field of study: Psychology
An antarctic psychrotrophic bacterium Halomonas sp. ANT-3b, growing on n-hexadecane, produces a new emulsyfying glycolipid.

A bacterial strain ANT-3b was isolated at the sea-ice seawater interface from Terra Nova Bay station, Ross Sea, Antarctica. It was isolated on mineral medium supplemented with 2% diesel fuel as a sole carbon and energy source and grown routinely on 2% n-hexadecane. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence indicates that the strain has 99.8% sequence similarity with Halomonas neptunia. The strain ANT-3b was grown in mineral medium supplemented with n-hexadecane between 4 and 20 degrees C, but not at 30 degrees C. The maximum degradation rate of the n-alkane was measured at 15 degrees C, with 5.6+/-1.7 mg O2 microg(-1) protein d(-1). The strain ANT-3b produced emulsifying compounds when grown on n-hexadecane, but not on mineral medium supplemented with D-fructose. A preliminary characterisation of the emulsifier was carried out. The lipid moiety contained a mixture of fatty acids with a following composition in molar ratio: caprylic acid 18.85, myristic acid 1.0, palmitic acid 9.68, palmitoleic acid 5.69 and oleic acid 1.26. The polysaccharide moiety also contained a mixture of sugars with the following molar ratio: mannose 1.71, galactose 1.00 and glucose 2.96. The molecular weight of the glycolipid component determined by gel permeation chromatography was in the 18 kDa range and contained smaller fragments, possibly oligomeric contaminants. Transmission electron microscopy showed contact between the glycolipid secreted by the strain and n-hexadecane broken down to nanodroplets at the water interface, to form a material with mesophase (liquid crystal) organisation.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Detection of isoform 4 of the plasma membrane calcium pump in human tissues by using isoform-specific monoclonal antibodies.

The epitope location and specificity of monoclonal antibodies JA9, 5F10 and JA3, raised against the human plasma membrane Ca2+ pump (hPMCA), were analysed by using synthetic peptides of the corresponding epitopes as well as the complete isoforms, hPMCA4b, hPMCA4a and hPMCA1b, expressed in COS-1 cells. The experiments with the peptides showed that JA9 reacted specifically with a region containing residues 51-75 of hPMCA4 (a or b), but not with the same region of isoforms 1, 2 or 3. JA3 reacted with residues 1156-1180, a region unique to hPMCA4b. 5F10 reacted in the region of residues 719-738, which is highly conserved in all PMCA isoforms. Indeed, 5F10 recognized all three isoforms expressed in COS-1 cells. JA9, in contrast, reacted with both variants a and b of hPMCA4 but not with hPMCA1, and JA3 recognized exclusively hPMCA4b. We used these antibodies to discern the distribution of hPMCA4a and hPMCA4b in human brain, heart, kidney and lung. In Western blots of human brain samples, we could identify both hPMCA4a and hPMCA4b. Heart tissue also showed isoform 4b, and probably 4a. In contrast, kidney and lung showed primarily hPMCA4b. In brain, overlapping bands that did not correspond to either variant of hPMCA4 were detected, and in kidney a band migrating in the same position as hPMCA1b was observed. The distribution of the a and b forms of hPMCA4 at the protein level, as analysed by these antibodies, is consistent with the available data about the abundance of mRNAs for the hPMCA isoforms. The presence of hPMCA4b in all the samples supports the proposed role of this isoenzyme as a constitutive form of the pump.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
The Lehmann Model with Time-dependent Covariates

Consider the Lehmann model with time-dependent covariates, which is different from Cox’s model. We find out that (1) the parameter space for β under the Lehmann model is restricted, and the maximum point of the parametric likelihood for β may lie outside the parameter space; (2) for some particular time-dependent covariate, under the standard generalized likelihood the semiparametric maximum likelihood estimator (SMLE) is inconsistent and we propose a modified generalized likelihood which leads to the consistent SMLE.

Field of study: Mathematics
Effect of POSS Particles and Synergism Action of POSS and Poly-(Melamine Phosphate) on the Thermal Properties and Flame Retardance of Silicone Rubber Composites

This article presents flame retardant compounds for silicone rubber (SR) in the form of polyhedral oligomeric silsequioxanes (POSS), containing both isobutyl groups and amino-propyl (AM-POSS) or chloro-propyl group (HA-POSS) or vinyl groups (OL-POSS). Silsequioxanes were incorporated into the silicone rubber matrix in a quantity of 3 and 6 parts by wt by the method of reactive stirring with the use of a laboratory mixing mill. Based on the analyses performed by TG (Thermogravimetry) FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), conical calorimeter, and SEM-EDX (Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) methods, the thermal degradation mechanism of non-cross-linked and cross-linked silicone rubber has been elucidated. The effects of POSS, and POSS in a synergic system with melamine polyphosphate (MPP), on the thermal properties and flammability of silicone rubber composites were presented. Based on the test results obtained, a mechanism of flame retardant action POSS and POSS-MPP has been proposed. It has been shown that POSS, especially with MPP, considerably increases the thermal stability and decreases the flammability of the SR rubber composites under investigation.

Field of study: Materials science
Sinkhole “swarms” along the Dead Sea coast: Reflection of disturbance of lake and adjacent groundwater systems

More than a thousand sinkholes have developed along the western coast of the Dead Sea since the early 1980s, more than 75% of them since 1997, all occurring within a narrow strip 60 km long and <1 km wide. This highly dynamic sinkhole development has accelerated in recent years to a rate of ∼150–200 sinkholes per year. The sinkholes cluster mostly over specific sites up to 1000 m long and 200 m wide, which spread parallel to the general direction of the fault system associated with the Dead Sea Transform. Research employing borehole and geophysical tools reveals that the sinkhole formation results from the dissolution of an ∼10,000-yr-old salt layer buried at a depth of 20–70 m below the surface. The salt dissolution by groundwater is evidenced by direct observations in test boreholes; these observations include large cavities within the salt layer and groundwater within the confined subaquifer beneath the salt layer that is undersaturated with respect to halite. Moreover, the groundwater brine within the salt layer exhibits geochemical evidence for actual salt dissolution (Na/Cl = 0.5–0.6 compared to Na/Cl = 0.25 in the Dead Sea brine). The groundwater heads below the salt layer have the potential for upward cross-layer flow, and the water is actually invading the salt layer, apparently along cracks and active faults. The abrupt appearance of the sinkholes, and their accelerated expansion thereafter, reflects a change in the groundwater regime around the shrinking lake and the extreme solubility of halite in water. The eastward retreat of the shoreline and the declining sea level cause an eastward migration of the fresh–saline water interface. As a result the salt layer, which originally was saturated with Dead Sea water over its entire spread, is gradually being invaded by fresh groundwater at its western boundary, which mixes and displaces the original Dead Sea brine. Accordingly, the location of the western boundary of the salt layer, which dates back to the shrinkage of the former Lake Lisan and its transition to the current Dead Sea, constrains the sinkhole distribution to a narrow strip along the Dead Sea coast.

The entire phenomenon can be described as a hydrological chain reaction; it starts by intensive extraction of fresh water upstream of the Dead Sea, continues with the eastward retreat of the lake shoreline, which in turn modifies the groundwater regime, finally triggering the formation of sinkholes.

Field of study: Geology
An Energy Dependent Model for a Gas Effluent Sampler

The sensitivity of a solid, disk-shaped, beta ray detector facing a gas-filled sampling volume has been determined using numerical integration. The calculation uses empirical expressions for electron straggling and the Fermi function. Models have been constructed for asymmetric, cylindrically symmetric and spherically symmetric sampling cavities. A typical sample cavity has been evaluated for beta ray spectra having end points ranging from .01 to 3.0 MeV. The calculation is found to be in good agreement with experimental data for 85Kr and 133Xe.

Field of study: Physics
Eolian environmental changes in the Northern Mongolian Plateau during the past ∼ 35,000 yr

This study focuses on an eolian section (Shaamar section) in the Northern Mongolian Plateau and compares the eolian sequences in the Northern Mongolian Plateau with those along the southern boundary of the Gobi Deserts to better understand the dynamics of the Gobi deserts during the past ∼ 35,000 14C yr BP. Only a weak Entisol-like paleosol was formed around 29,000 14C yr BP in the exposed MIS 3 portion at the Shaamar section, whereas an eolian–colluvium–paleosol sequence at nearby Bureghkanga section exhibits three paleosols formed around 29,000 14C yr BP, 31,000 14C yr BP, 34,000 14C yr BP. Loess–paleosol sequences in the western Siberian Lowland exhibit four paleosols formed from > 40,000 to 25,000 14C yr BP (i.e., MIS 3). During MIS 2 two Mollisol-like paleosols were formed from ∼ 25,000 to ∼ 21,000 14C yr BP and from ∼ 16,000 to ∼ 13,000 14C yr BP and one Entisol-like paleosol was formed around 9500 14C yr BP at the Shaamar section. The MIS 2 was characterized primarily by silt deposition, except for the interval between ∼ 21,000 and ∼ 16,000 14C yr BP that was dominated by sand deposition. The Holocene began with the Mollisol-like paleosol formation (from ∼ 8600 to ∼ 7000 14C yr BP). The mid-Holocene (∼ 7000 to ∼ 3000 14C yr BP) was marked by a relatively poor vegetation cover and the late Holocene (since ∼ 3000 14C yr BP) by the densest vegetation cover of the entire Holocene. In summary, the maximal extent of hyperarid and arid areas (Gobi deserts and Gobi-like) occurred twice: (1) from ∼ 21,000 to ∼ 16,000 14C yr BP and from ∼ 13,000 to ∼ 8600 14C yr BP when the dominant eolian deposition conditions extended from 56° N to 33° N or even larger. The extent of hyperarid and arid areas retreated to the area between 38° N and 48° N or even much smaller several times during MIS 3 and during the early Holocene. Considering the uncertainties of dates, it seems that the Holocene bioclimatic conditions might have changed more or less synchronously between the north and the south and that the bioclimatic conditions varied more frequently in the north than in the south during MIS 3. Two Mollisol-like paleosols (IIc: ∼ 13,000 to ∼ 16,000 14C yr BP; and IIIa: ∼ 21,000 to ∼ 25,000 14C yr BP) were well developed during MIS 2 in the north, but no corresponding major paleosols were discovered in the south, suggesting that the climate did not change synchronously during MIS 2. The climates during the stadial–interstadial MIS 3–2 transition (∼ 25,000 to ∼ 21,000 14C yr BP) and during the last glacial maximum-deglacial transition (∼ 16,000 to ∼ 13,000 14C yr BP) were much more humid in the north than in the south.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Lossless parameterisation of image contour for shape recognition

A parameterised contour that is invariant against affine transformations is a convenient substitution of the object image for shape recognition. Generally, parameterisation needs several representative signals of the image contour to fit the affine transformation model. When the representative signals fail to carry the contour information thoroughly, information loss occurs in the resulting parameterised contour, and so the accuracy of shape recognition may deteriorate. Synthesised feature signals are shown, which represent that an image contour without information loss can be extracted with partial Fourier synthesis or partial cosine synthesis. Lossless parameterisation of the image contour is obtained by substituting the synthesised feature signals into the affine invariant function. Experimental results verify its representative, affine invariance and recognition rate in shape recognition. The results are compared with those by partial wavelet synthesis, which has insignificant information loss.

Field of study: Computer science
Research on P2P Algorithm of Chord under Internet of Things

P2P (PeertoPeer, referred to as P2P) becomes the new trend of Internet of things, can be discovered integrate any networking protocol and equipment platform. Internet of things P2P technology gradually popular. Chord algorithm is one of the four algorithms in P2P. It is proposed by MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) in 2001. The other three algorithms are: (1) CAN, (2) Pastry, (3) Tapestry. The chord is an algorithm, and also a protocol. As an algorithm, Chord can rigorously prove its correctness and convergence from a mathematical point of view; as a protocol, Chord defines the message types of each link in detail. Of course, one of the main reasons why Chord is so popular is that Chord is simple enough, and the 3000 line of code is enough to implement a full Chord. The chord is the simplest and most accurate ring P2P model. The word "Chord" in English refers to "string", in a distributed system refers to the "chord ring" in the field of P2P refers to the chord ring topology based on distributed hash table (DHT) or with the P2P network construction.

Field of study: Engineering
The Report of the 2018-2019 Professional Affairs Standing Committee: The Role of Educators in Pharmacy Practice Transformation

The 2018-2019 Professional Affairs Committee examined the potential roles and needs of clinical educators (faculty and preceptors) in leading transformation in pharmacy practice. The committee was charged to (1) discuss the potential roles and responsibilities of faculty and preceptors leading transformation and enhanced patient care services in pharmacy practice; (2) describe factors, including clinician well-being and resilience, which may influence faculty and preceptor involvement in practice transformation and the enhancement of patient care services; and (3) recommend how the efforts and successes of faculty and preceptors involved in pharmacy practice transformation can be replicated and recognized as well as identify the types of continuing professional development (CPD) that should be available to enable the influence and implementation of patient care services. This report provides a framework for addressing the committee charges by examining the roles of advocacy, collaboration, continuing professional development, and clinician resilience and well-being. The committee provides a revision to a current AACP policy regarding continuing professional development as well as several recommendations to AACP and suggestions to colleges and schools of pharmacy pertaining to the committee charges.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
A choline monooxygenase gene promoter from Salicornia europaea increases expression of the beta-glucuronidase gene under abiotic stresses in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.).

A 1312 bp 5' flanking region of Salicornia europaea choline monooxygenase (SeCMO) gene was isolated using the anchored PCR. To investigate the mechanism of regulation for this stress-induced gene, the SeCMO promoter-beta-glucuronidase (GUS) chimeric gene constructs containing five deletions F1, F2, F3, F4 and F5 were introduced into tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The functional properties of each promoter fragment were examined by assaying GUS activity in the leaves of transgenic tobacco treated with abiotic stresses (NaCl, PEG6000 and low temperature). The GUS activity in transgenic tobacco with F2 (-1056 to +8) construct showed highest increase under all the three abiotic stresses. Thus, the study provided a potential promoter induced by the salt, dehydration and cold for the plant genetic manipulation.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
The Effect of the Si/Al Ratio on the Photoluminescence Properties of Cu(I)SAPO-5 Catalysts

Cu(I)SAPO-5 catalysts prepared by a combination of ion-exchange and an evacuation treatment at high temperatures were found to exhibit a fairly high photocatalytic activity for the decomposition of N 2 O into N 2 and O 2 under UV-light irradiation at 298 K. In contrast to other Cu(I) catalysts, such as Cu(I)ZSM-5, the coexistence of H 2 O in the reaction system of the Cu(I)SA-PO-5 scarcely affected the photocatalytic activity. The relationship between the photoluminescence behavior due to the presence of Cu(I) species and the photocatalytic activity of Cu(I)SAPO-5 have been investigated as a function of the Si/Al ratio, showing that the excited state of the Cu(I) species plays a significant role in the photocatalytic reaction as an active site for the reaction.

Field of study: Chemistry
Toxicity of water-soluble gasoline fractions to fourth-instar larvae of the mosquito Aedes aegypti L.

The toxicity of water-soluble components of gasoline to laboratory-reared fourth-instar larvae of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.) was investigated. A median lethal dose (LD50) and a non-lethal dose (NLD) were established for these larvae following a 24 h exposure to water-soluble fractions of benzene, toluene, and xylenes. Based on the actual amount of each component in solution, static toxicity/bioassays showed that acute toxicity of these monoaromatics increased in the sequence benzene, toluene, xylenes. However, toxicity increased in the sequence xylenes, benzene, toluene when results were examined with respect to the amount of aromatic added to water to produce the LD50. The importance of determining the concentrations of compounds dissolved in water when conducting any investigation of biological effects of water pollutants is stressed.

Field of study: Environmental science
Orientation of development of trans-regional unification of provincial sports channels in China from the perspective of CSPN

The way to trans-regional unification is the orientation of reform of provincial sports channels in China.CSPN is formed under the background of surrounding of CCTV,oversea TV stations and other media,provided with such characteristics as wide coverage range,deep depth and obvious overall advantage.Creating a powerful brand,enhancing program quality,cultivating professional commentators and cooperating with other media to create a win-win situation are issues to be resolved on its way to further development.

Field of study: Education