nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
GliFreD: Glitch-Free Duplication Towards Power-Equalized Circuits on FPGAs

Designers of secure hardware are required to harden their implementations against physical threats, such as power analysis attacks. In particular, cryptographic hardware circuits need to decorrelate their current consumption from the information inferred by processing (secret) data. A common technique to achieve this goal is the use of special logic styles that aim at equalizing the current consumption at each single processing step. However, since all hiding techniques like Dual-Rail Precharge (DRP) were originally developed for ASICs, the deployment of such countermeasures on FPGA devices with fixed and predefined logic structure poses a particular challenge. In this work, we propose and practically evaluate a new DRP scheme (GliFreD) that has been exclusively designed for FPGA platforms. GliFreD overcomes the well-known early propagation issue, prevents glitches, uses an isolated dual-rail concept, and mitigates imbalanced routings. With all these features, GliFreD significantly exceeds the level of physical security achieved by any previously reported, related countermeasures for FPGAs.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Interplay of Superconductivity and Fermi-Liquid Transport in Rh-Doped CaFe2As2 with Lattice-Collapse Transition

Ca(Fe 1- x Rh x ) 2 As 2 undergoes successive phase transitions with increasing Rh doping in the T = 0 limit. The antiferromagnetic-metal phase with orthorhombic structure at 0.00 ≤ x ≤0.020 is driven to a superconducting phase with uncollapsed-tetragonal (ucT) structure at 0.020 ≤ x ≤0.024; a non-superconducting collapsed-tetragonal (cT) phase takes over at x ≥0.024. The breakdown of Fermi-liquid transport is observed in the ucT phase above T c . In the adjacent cT phase, Fermi-liquid transport is restored along with a disappearance of superconductivity. This interplay of superconductivity and Fermi-liquid transport suggests the essential role of magnetic fluctuations in the emergence of superconductivity in doped CaFe 2 As 2 .

Field of study: Physics
Molecular mechanism of high energy proton radiation--Raman spectroscopic character of microcosmic damage in the space structure of DNA.

High energy proton is an important type of the space radiation. The paper investigates the radiation effect of high energy proton (27.9 MeV) on DNA aqueous solution in the field of the molecular mechanism. The following information about the microcosmic damage to the space structure of DNA was obtained: (i) breakage of a part of interbase hydrogen bonds which maintained double helical structure of DNA; (ii) damage on four bases, in which the damage on adenine ring was the most serious; (iii) obvious change of deoxyribose; (iv) serious damage on backbone phosphate ion (PO2-) and phosphate diester (PO2) and the occurrence of scissions of double-stranded and single-stranded DNAs; (v) obvious decrease in the amount of B-form conformation.

Field of study: Chemistry
Patterns of Allozyme Variation at Two Stages of the Life History in Wild Rice Oryza rufipogon and Conservation Genetic Implications

Oryza rufipogon Griff. occurs widely in aquatic ecosystem of tropics and subtropics of monsoon Asia as well as Southern China. It is a vital gene source for rice breeding programs. Many populations of the species, unfortunately, have drastically diminished because of the disappearance of aquatic habitats as a result of human disturbance. In order to determine patterns of genetic variation at two stages of the life-cycle in the wild rice species, we investigated allozyme variation of four natural populations in China. Two southern populations have significant asexual reproduction while two other northern marginal populations show a mixed reproduction in China. At 22 allozyme loci, a significantly lower genetic diversity was observed in the ratoons than in the seeds of the two southern populations, whereas a significantly higher genetic diversity was found in the ratoons than in the seeds of the two northern marginal populations. The results suggest that the variation of reproductive system is probably associated with their patterns of genetic variation in the species. Moreover, a significantly higher genetic differentiation among populations found in the ratoons than in the seeds may stem from pollen-mediated gene flow among them. Finally, we propose suggestions for conservation management of the endangered species.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Family Environment of Students Self-Appraised as Effective and Ineffective Problem Solvers

This study investigated differences in the family environment of students who appraised themselves as either effective or ineffective problem solvers. Subjects (n = 423) were undergraduate students at the University of the Western Cape, South Africa. Of these, 128 subjects who scored either 1 standard deviation above the mean on the Problem Solving Inventory (effective problem solvers) or 1 standard deviation below the mean (ineffective problem solvers) were compared in terms of the dimensions of the Family Environment Scale. Hotelling T and univariate t tests indicated a significant difference between the two groups. The Effective problem-solving group was characterised by higher scores on Cohesion, Expressiveness, Intellectual-Cultural Orientation, Active-Recreational Orientation, Moral-Religious Emphasis, and Organization as well as lower scores on Conflict. These results appear consistent with the importance attached to family environment as an important influence in personality development.

Field of study: Psychology
States of H+-containing species and proton migration forms in hydrated niobates and tantalates of alkaline-earth metals with a perovskite-related structure

Hydrated niobates and tantalates of alkaline-earth metals Sr 6 Ta 2 O 11 , Sr 6 Nb 2 O 11 , and Ba 4 Ca 2 Nb 2 O 11 with a perovskite-related structure have been investigated by using wide-line 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), thermogravimetry (TG), conductivity measurements, and IR spectroscopy. TG investigations show that these phases can incorporate up to ∼1 mol of water, which corresponds to the theoretical limit of hydration. A wide-line 1 H-NMR study indicates that the proton signal consists of three components, because protons were present in the form of (i) relatively isolated OH groups, (ii) paired OH groups bound with the same metal atom, and (iii) closely spaced OH groups belonging to different octahedra and localized within a defect cluster. The niobates and the tantalates have different ratios of those groups that may be explained by different coordination tendencies of niobium and tantalum and as a consequence a different arrangement of oxygen vacancies. A dehydration scheme may be proposed from a comparison analysis of the TG and 1 H-NMR data for partially hydrated samples.

Field of study: Materials science
Hypercrisy and standing to self-blame

In a 2020 article in Analysis, Lippert-Rasmussen argues that the moral equality account of the hypocrite’s lack of standing to blame fails. To object to this account, Lippert-Rasmussen considers the contrary of hypocrisy: hypercrisy. In this article, I show that if hypercrisy is a problem for the moral equality account, it is also a problem for Lippert-Rasmussen’s own account of why hypocrites lack standing to blame. I then reflect on the hypocrite’s and hypercrite’s standing to self-blame, which reveals that the challenge hypercrisy poses for accounts of standing is different from the challenge Lippert-Rasmussen articulates.

Field of study: Philosophy
Search for supermassive nuclei in nature

We report on a search for supermassive nuclei in nature with masses up to 107 amu. Such exotic nuclei might consist, for example, of stable strange matter, which comprises a mixture of up, down, and strange quarks, or of relic particles from the early Universe. The experiments are based on Rutherford backscattering of heavy ions, preferably238U, from various target samples. The measured parameters of a detected particle are its time-of-flight, scattering angle, and specific ionization. From this information the mass of the target nucleus can be inferred. Upper limits for the abundance of strange supermassive nuclei with massesA−4·102 to 107 amu relative to the number of nucleons were found to be in the range 10−11 to 10−15. For the narrower mass rangeA −103 to 104 amu the limit is 2· 10−17.

Field of study: Physics
Compatible solutes reduce ROS-induced potassium efflux in Arabidopsis roots.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to be primarily responsible for the impairment of cellular function under numerous abiotic and biotic stress conditions. In this paper, using non-invasive microelectrode ion flux measuring (MIFE) system, we show that the application of a hydroxyl radical (OH*)-generating Cu2+/ascorbate (Cu/a) mixture to Arabidopsis roots results in a massive, dose-dependent efflux of K+ from epidermal cells in the elongation zone. Pharmacological experiments suggest that both outward-rectifying K+ channels and non-selective cation channels (NSCCs) mediate such effluxes. Low (5 mM) concentrations of compatible solutes (glycine betaine, proline, mannitol, trehalose or myo-inositol) significantly reduces OH*-induced K+ efflux, similar to our previous reports for NaCl-induced K+ efflux. Importantly, a significant reduction in K+ efflux was found using osmolytes with no reported free radical scavenging activity, as well as those for which a role in free radical scavenging has been demonstrated. This indicates that compatible solutes must play other (regulatory) roles, in addition to free radical scavenging, in mitigating the damaging effects of oxidative stress.

Field of study: Environmental science
A general framework to design secure cloud storage protocol using homomorphic encryption scheme

With the growing popularity of cloud storage, to guarantee the security of outsourced data becomes more and more important. In this paper, we make the first attempt to explore the intrinsic relationship between secure cloud storage and homomorphic encryption scheme, based on which we present a Generic way to design a Secure Cloud Storage protocol, denoted as G-SCS , using any homomorphic encryption scheme (HES). The proposed G-SCS is secure under a definition that satisfy the security requirement of cloud storage. To address various issues in real application scenarios, we further extend the protocol to support deterministic and randomized auditing, data dynamics (i.e., data insertion, deletion and modification), as well as third-party public auditing, while preserving the efficiency and security of the protocol. By instantiating all abstract semantics in G-SCS , we construct three concrete secure cloud storage protocols using RSA-based, Paillier-based and DGHV-based HESs, which are multiplicatively, additively and fully HESs, respectively. We conduct extensive theoretical analysis and experimental evaluations to validate the practicability of the proposed protocol.

Field of study: Computer science
Using Integrative Analysis of DNA Methylation and Gene Expression Data in Multiple Tissue Types to Prioritize Candidate Genes for Drug Development in Obesity

Obesity has become a major public health issue which is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Genome-wide DNA methylation studies have identified that DNA methylation at Cytosine-phosphate-Guanine (CpG) sites are associated with obesity. However, subsequent functional validation of the results from these studies has been challenging given the high number of reported associations. In this study, we applied an integrative analysis approach, aiming to prioritize the drug development candidate genes from many associated CpGs. Association data was collected from previous genome-wide DNA methylation studies and combined using a sample-size-weighted strategy. Gene expression data in adipose tissues and enriched pathways of the affiliated genes were overlapped, to shortlist the associated CpGs. The CpGs with the most overlapping evidence were indicated as the most appropriate CpGs for future studies. Our results revealed that 119 CpGs were associated with obesity (p ≤ 1.03 × 10−7). Of the affiliated genes, SOCS3 was the only gene involved in all enriched pathways and was differentially expressed in both visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). In conclusion, our integrative analysis is an effective approach in highlighting the DNA methylation with the highest drug development relevance. SOCS3 may serve as a target for drug development of obesity and its complications.

Field of study: Biology
Estimating the Number of Classes in a Finite Population

We use an extension of the generalized jackknife approach of Gray and Schucany to obtain new nonparametric estimators for the number of classes in a finite population of known size. We also show that generalized jackknife estimators are closely related to certain Horvitz–Thompson estimators, to an estimator of Shlosser, and to estimators based on sample coverage. In particular, the generalized jackknife approach leads to a modification of Shlosser's estimator that does not suffer from the erratic behavior of the original estimator. The performance of both new and previous estimators is investigated by means of an asymptotic variance analysis and a Monte Carlo simulation study.

Field of study: Mathematics
SU-G-JeP1-08: Dual Modality Verification for Respiratory Gating Using New Real- Time Tumor Tracking Radiotherapy System.

The respirato ry gating system combined the TrueBeam and a new real-time tumor-tracking radiotherapy system (RTRT) was installed. The RTRT system consists of two x-ray tubes and color image intensifiers. Using fluoroscopic images, the fiducial marker which was implanted near the tumor was tracked and was used as the internal surrogate for respiratory gating. The purposes of this study was to develop the verification technique of the respiratory gating with the new RTRT using cine electronic portal image device images (EPIDs) of TrueBeam and log files of the RTRT.



A patient who underwent respiratory gated SBRT of the lung using the RTRT were enrolled in this study. For a patient, the log files of three-dimensional coordinate of fiducial marker used as an internal surrogate were acquired using the RTRT. Simultaneously, the cine EPIDs were acquired during respiratory gated radiotherapy. The data acquisition was performed for one field at five sessions during the course of SBRT. The residual motion errors were calculated using the log files (Elog ). The fiducial marker used as an internal surrogate into the cine EPIDs was automatically extracted by in-house software based on the template-matching algorithm. The differences between the the marker positions of cine EPIDs and digitally reconstructed radiograph were calculated (EEPID ).



Marker detection on EPID using in-house software was influenced by low image contrast. For one field during the course of SBRT, the respiratory gating using the RTRT showed the mean ± S.D. of 95th percentile EEPID were 1.3 ± 0.3 mm,1.1 ± 0.5 mm,and those of Elog were 1.5 ± 0.2 mm, 1.1 ± 0.2 mm in LR and SI directions, respectively.



We have developed the verification method of respiratory gating combined TrueBeam and new real-time tumor-tracking radiotherapy system using EPIDs and log files.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War (review)

The Guatemalan civil war that began in the early 1960s and ended with a peace treaty in 1996 became a one-sided affair. The armed forces and their paramilitary allies won, not just by killing guerrillas but almost anyone suspected of supporting them. Tens of thousands of civilians, including many Mayan Indians, were the victims of an unpardonable crime that is often classified as genocide. “This book,” Grandin writes, “documents the nearly century-long intermittent mobilization leading up to the Panzós massacre [of some 35 Mayan demonstrators in 1978], focusing on the lives of a number of Q’eqchi’ Mayans, mostly members of the Communist Party but not exclusively so” (pp. 3-4).

Field of study: History
Temperature- and pH-dependent accumulation of heat-shock proteins in the acidophilic green alga Chlamydomonas acidophila.

Chlamydomonas acidophila, a unicellular green alga, is a dominant phytoplankton species in acidic water bodies, facing severe environmental conditions such as low pH and high heavy metal concentrations. We examined the pH-, and temperature-dependent accumulation of heat-shock proteins in this alga to determine whether heat-shock proteins play a role in adaptation to their environment. Our results show increased heat-shock proteins accumulation at suboptimal pHs, which were not connected with any change in intracellular pH. In comparison to the mesophilic Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the acidophilic species exhibited significantly higher accumulations of heat-shock proteins under control conditions, indicating an environmental adaptation of increased basal levels of heat-shock proteins. The results suggest that heat-shock proteins might play a role in the adaptation of C. acidophila, and possibly other acidophilic algae, to their extreme environment.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
On the tendency of mass higher education and improving education quality

Chinese higher education has been basically achieved the standard of mass education, which is publicly approved in the world, thus, it is high time to emphasize on improving the quality of higher education. In the present background of mass higher education, overall improving quality education and constructing learning\|oriented society, higher education should be endowed with new connotation and significance. At present, great efforts on systems and policies have to be made to improve the quality of higher education.

Field of study: Education
Experimental Evaluation of Time Allocation Procedure for Technical Reviews

This paper proposes a new procedure for time allocation to technical review of software products. The procedure designed is based on an experienced knowledge that the lower the quality of a product, the higher the effort needed for reviewing it. In order to identify the low quality products, we use the idea of sampling inspection which is popular for quality inspection of manufactured goods. The proposed procedure consists of the following three steps: (1) each member of a team chooses any one of the products developed by himself or herself, (2) all members of the team jointly review the selected products and identify faults, and (3) review time for each product is determined based on both the number of faults detected in (2) and the size of the product. In the proposed procedure, step (3) is implemented by constructing a check list to be used in technical reviews such that the number of items in the check list is dynamically specified according to both the number of faults identified and the size of the product. Moreover, we apply the proposed procedure to software development projects in a certain industrial environment. The analysis results of experimental data collected from software developments show the usefulness of the proposed procedure.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Design and simulation of merger in PKU-ERL

Based on the merger design theory, the transportation of the merger in PKU-ERL is designed,and the optimized parameters is given which can satisfy the demands of PKU-ERL.The increasements of the emittance and energy spread caused by space charge and coherent synchrotron radiation(CSR) in the merger part are studied.Simulation results show that space charge influences the beam envelope obviously but has little influences on the emittance.CSR has little influence on the emittance,the energy spread and the envelope.

Field of study: Physics
The Quaternary sediments of Banquereau, Scotian Shelf

The acoustic stratigraphy of Quaternary sediments on Banquereau, Scotian Shelf, interpreted from regional and site-survey seismic lines, is correlated with sedimentary units determined from undisturbed borehole samples. The informal litho-stratigraphic formations of the Quaternary sequence on the Scotian Shelf are subdivided into members and litho-chronozones diagnostic of depositional environments. A late Wisconsinan glacial advance, dated by C 14 analysis of shell material, took place ca. 18,000 to 26,000 yr B.P. It formed a widespread, gravel-rich unit barren of fauna and capped by an erosional surface. The unit occurs within stratified pro-glacial marine sediments known locally as the “Emerald silt formation.” The minimum stand of sea level, 110 m below present sea level, occurred ca. 14,000 yr B.P. and is confirmed by the presence of channel deposits at the top of the Pleistocene section. A marine transgression across Banquereau took place ca. 8,000 yr B.P. and is defined by a widespread erosion surface at the base of the Holocene section. This section, known locally as the “Sable Island sand and gravel formation,” comprises as much as 40 m of reworked sand which is divided into 3 members diagnostic of sand-ridge generation. Eastern Shoal, an offshore storm ridge situated on Banquereau, was formed during Holocene time, created by modern-day, storm-driven and tidal currents. The intensity of these currents is the result of water-mass acceleration over the shallow banks of the Scotian Shelf. Eastern Shoal appears to have moved 30 km across the continental shelf at a rate of ∼3–5 m/yr. The regional setting of this sand body is similar to that postulated for the Shannon and Tocito Sandstones of the Western Interior of the United States and shows that sand transport and large-scale ridge development can take place in a shelf-edge setting on present-day, storm-dominated continental shelves.

Field of study: Geology
Essential Nutrients for Bone Health and a Review of their Availability in the Average North American Diet

Osteoporosis and low bone mineral density affect millions of Americans. The majority of adults in North America have insufficient intake of vitamin D and calcium along with inadequate exercise. Physicians are aware that vitamin D, calcium and exercise are essential for maintenance of bone health. Physicians are less likely to be aware that dietary insufficiencies of magnesium, silicon, Vitamin K, and boron are also widely prevalent, and each of these essential nutrients is an important contributor to bone health. In addition, specific nutritional factors may improve calcium metabolism and bone formation. It is the authors’ opinion that nutritional supplements should attempt to provide ample, but not excessive, amounts of factors that are frequently insufficient in the typical American diet. In contrast to dietary insufficiencies, several nutrients that support bone health are readily available in the average American diet. These include zinc, manganese, and copper which may have adverse effects at higher levels of intake. Some multivitamins and bone support products provide additional quantities of nutrients that may be unnecessary or potentially harmful. The purpose of this paper is to identify specific nutritional components of bone health, the effects on bone, the level of availability in the average American diet, and the implications of supplementation for each nutritional component. A summary of recommended dietary supplementation is included.

Field of study: Medicine