nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Teaching clinical medicine: the key principals.

Many studies analyse the diagnostic process, diagnostic errors and diagnostic excellence but few provide a broad, yet practical view of this complex and highly context-dependent challenge.



A personal, experience- and research-based selection of the principles of data collection, processing and clinical reasoning found to be most useful in achieving an efficient, timely and patient-centered diagnosis.



Twenty-four principles were identified and each one is presented followed by a brief commentary.



No single strategy can provide a solution for all diagnostic problems. However, the 24 principles have proven validity and can be applied for solving diagnostic problems in varied settings and as a scaffold in teaching diagnosis at all levels of medical education.

Field of study: Medicine
Statistical Significance of Ranking Paradoxes

When nonparametric statistical tests are used to rank-order a list of alternatives, Simpson-like paradoxes arise, in which the individual parts give rise to a common decision, but the aggregate of those parts gives rise to a different decision. Haunsperger (2003) and Bargagliotti (2009) showed that the Kruskal-Wallis (Kruskal and Wallis, 1952), Mann-Whitney (Mann and Whitney, 1947), and Bhapkar's V (Bhapkar, 1961) nonparametric statistical tests are subject to these types of paradoxes. We further investigate these ranking paradoxes by showing that when they occur, the differences in rankings are not statistically significant.

Field of study: Mathematics
A Model for Calculating Core Temperature of Bare Overhead Conductor Based on Neural Network

Security of transmission line is affected by operating temperature of bare overhead conductors. IEEE Standard Model has reflected that the current of a conductor should be decreased when the temperature difference between the core and surface exceed the special value. In order to accurately estimate the operating risk of bare overhead conductors, a model is proposed to calculate core temperature of a conductor based on BP neural network in this paper. An experimental plate was designed to validate the proposed model under the free convection and forced convection condition. The experimental and calculated results are analyzed and discussed.

Field of study: Engineering
Asymptotic behavior of a Moran model with mutations, drift and recombination among multiple loci

In this paper, we extend the theoretical treatment of the Moran model of genetic drift with recombination and mutation, which was previously introduced by us for the case of two loci, to the case of n loci. Recombination, when considered in the Wright–Fisher model, makes it considerably less tractable. In the works of Griffiths, Hudson and Kaplan and their colleagues important properties were established using the coalescent approach. Other more recent approaches form a body of work to which we would like to contribute. The specific framework used in our paper allows finding close-form relationships, which however are limited to a set of distributions, which jointly characterize allelic states at a number of loci at the same or different chromosome(s) but which do not jointly characterize allelic states at a single locus on two or more chromosomes. However, the system is sufficiently rich to allow computing, albeit in general numerically, all possible multipoint linkage disequilibria under recombination, mutation and drift. We explore the algorithms enabling construction of the transition probability matrices of the Markov chain describing the process. We find that asymptotically the effects of recombination become indistinguishable, at least as characterized by the set of distributions we consider, from the effects of mutation and drift. Mathematically, the results are based on the foundations of the theory of semigroups of operators. This approach allows generalization to any Markov-type mutation model. Based on these fundamental results, we explore the rates of convergence to the limit distribution, using Dobrushin’s coefficient and spectral gap.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Fiber Bragg grating sensor interrogator based on 2D imaging system.

We propose and demonstrate a fiber Bragg grating sensor interrogator based on a 2D imaging system using a virtually imaged phased array (VIPA) and infrared camera. There are no moving parts, and the interrogator has good stability and reliability. The absolute wavelength accuracy of the interrogator is better than that of traditional diffraction grating and a 1D-imaging-system-based method, thanks to the VIPA's high spectral resolution and large angular dispersion. The wavelength resolution of the interrogator is about 7 pm, and the spectral range of this interrogator is more than 30 nm. The optimum setup for the best wavelength resolution is analyzed.

Field of study: Physics
Fluorescence signatures of dissolved organic matter leached from microplastics: Polymers and additives.

Despite the numerous studies that have investigated the occurrence and the fate of plastic particles in the environment, only a limited effort has been devoted towards exploring the characteristics of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) leached from microplastics. In this study, using excitation emission matrix-parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC), we explored the fluorescence signatures of plastic-derived DOM from commonly used plastic materials, which included two polymers (PVC and PS), two additives (DEHP and BPA), and two commercial plastics. The exposure of the selected plastics to UV light facilitated the leaching of DOM measured in terms of dissolved organic carbon and fluorescence intensity. Four fluorescent components were identified, which included three protein/phenol-like components (C1, C3, and C4) and one humic-like component (C2). The C1 and the C4 were highly correlated with the amounts of the DOM leached from DEHP and BPA, respectively, under both leaching conditions, while both the C2 and the C4 presented good correlations with the DOM leached from the polymers under UV light. The C4 may serve as a good fluorescence signature for the DOM leached from BPA or BPA-containing plastics. This study highlights the overlooked issue of plastic-derived DOM leaching into the aquatic environment through optical characterization.

Field of study: Environmental science
Magnetic anomalies and rock magnetizations in the southern Coast Mountains, British Columbia: possible relation to subduction

A qualitative correlation is observed between the northwesterly trending Coast Mountains Magnetic Anomaly, British Columbia, and a systematic, cross-trend variation of measured magnetizations within the more mafic rocks from the Coast Plutonic Complex between 50° and 51° N. This variation partly determines the form of the anomaly. A similar variation of magnetizations in more acidic rocks is not found. Quantitative modelling, however, indicates the presence of deeper, intense magnetizations below the high anomaly in the west. A magnetic crust as much as 40 km thick is consistent with geothermal studies in this region. The deep crust of Vancouver Island is less magnetic than that under the western Coast Plutonic Complex. The concentration of magnetic material may be a consequence of a subduction process, whereby water released by dehydration of the downgoing slab promotes partial melting, with subsequent uprising of heat and melt within a hydrous environment. The water tends to maintain a relatively high o...

Field of study: Environmental science
Surface, Nanomechanical, and Optical Properties of Mo-Doped GeGaAs Thin Film Deposited by Thermionic Vacuum Arc

Mo-doped and undoped GeGaAs layers have been deposited by the thermionic vacuum arc (TVA) method, an alternative, fast plasma deposition technique. The thicknesses of the deposited layers were identical. The surface, mechanical, and optical properties of the deposited layers were studied to determine the influence of Mo doping on GeGaAs. The transparency of GeGaAs was shifted towards the near-infrared region by Mo doping. Bandgap values shifted by approximately 0.3 eV. In other words, the bandgap value of Mo-doped GeGaAs was nearly equal to that of GaAs materials. The average roughness and grain size of the Mo-doped material were smaller than for the GeGaAs layer. The particle distributions of the Mo-doped and undoped GeGaAs were almost perfect Gaussians. However, the mean height of the Mo-doped GeGaAs grains was six times that for undoped GeGaAs. The surface was homogeneous. The Mo-doped layer showed greater absorbance than the GeGaAs material. The produced Mo-doped sample showed hybrid properties.

Field of study: Materials science
The Application of Antecedents in the Functional Assessment Process

Over the past 20 years, functional assessment strategies have been evolving. One aspect of functional assessment is the evaluation of the influence of antecedent events on the occurence of challenging behaviors. Although such influence has been discussed by others in the literature, there is a paucity of research that investigates the use of antecedent-based interventions in natural settings. The lack of antecedent-based intervention research in natural settings significantly limits the applicability of the existing antecedent event research to teachers who work with students with challenging behaviors in classroom settings. This article critically analyzes the current status of the research investigating the use of antecedent events in the functional assessment process, with an emphasis on interventions conducted in natural settings. Issues related to measurement, validation, and antecedent-based interventions are emphasized, and suggestions for future research are outlined.

Field of study: Education
The structure of response rate.

Interresponse time distributions of the terminal rate under fixed-interval and fixed-ratio schedules were examined, using data from three rats in each case. By means of a sequential analysis, the overall interresponse time distributions were separated into orderly components. Consideration of the component distributions suggested that multiple determinants of rate act in succession, not simultaneously, and that probability of reinforcement has an important effect on the probability of occurrence of interresponse times.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
What's Measured Is Not Necessarily What Matters: A Cautionary Story from Public Health

A systematic review of the introduction and use of outcome-based performance management systems for public health organizations found differences between their use as a management system (which requires rigorous definition and measurement to allow comparison across organizational units) versus for improvement (which may require more flexibility). What is included in performance measurement/management systems is influenced by ease of measurement, data quality, ability of organization to control outcomes, ability to measure success in terms of doing things (rather than preventing things) and what is already happening. To the extent that most providers wish to do a good job, the availability of good data to enable benchmarking and improvement is an important step forward. However, to the extent that the health of a population is dependent on multiple factors, many beyond the mandate of the health system, too extensive a reliance on performance measurement may risk unintended consequences of marginalizing critical activities.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Sequential Transfer in Multi-armed Bandit with Finite Set of Models

Learning from prior tasks and transferring that experience to improve future performance is critical for building lifelong learning agents. Although results in supervised and reinforcement learning show that transfer may significantly improve the learning performance, most of the literature on transfer is focused on batch learning tasks. In this paper we study the problem of sequential transfer in online learning, notably in the multi-armed bandit framework, where the objective is to minimize the total regret over a sequence of tasks by transferring knowledge from prior tasks. We introduce a novel bandit algorithm based on a method-of-moments approach for estimating the possible tasks and derive regret bounds for it.

Field of study: Computer science
A Mathematica Program Using Isotropic Harmonic Oscillator Eigenstates to Model Alpha-Particle Tunneling Half Life Variability

We have developed a Mathematica program which uses three-dimensional, isotropic harmonic oscillator wavefunctions for the solutions interior to the nucleus, and Coulomb wavefunctions for the exterior. The algorithm enables us to calculate the half life for alpha decay for alpha decay for varying depths of the nuclear potential well.

Field of study: Physics
Moving average restoration of bandlimited signals from noisy observations

The purpose of this paper is to describe the extension of the Whittaker-Shannon sampling theorem to reconstruction of bandlimited functions in the presence of zero mean, uncorrelated noise. It is shown that the classical Whittaker-Shannon sampling scheme is not consistent in the case of noisy measurements, and new reconstruction algorithms based on the moving average smoothing are proposed. The weak and strong consistency of the algorithms is established, and the rate of convergence is investigated. The theory is verified in the computer simulations.

Field of study: Engineering
Q’eqchi’ Maya healers’ traditional knowledge in prioritizing conservation of medicinal plants: culturally relative conservation in sustaining traditional holistic health promotion

This ethnobotanical study in the spirit of transdisciplinarity, and in collaboration with Q’eqchi’ Maya traditional healers, compares traditional Q’eqchi’ Maya ecosystem constructs or environmental zones with scientific ecosystems. To determine which categorization method better accommodates Q’eqchi’ Maya medicinal plant diversity, we analized 26 transects representing 160 medicinal plant occurrences. Our transect array encompasses a representative sampling of Q’eqchi’ Maya medicinal plant repertoire with use values broadly distributed over 17 usage categories. With a cumulative frequency of 2,235 medicinal plants through ecological zones, we conducted one-way ANOVA on the mean number of medicinal plant species identified in transects of the two conceptual schemes being contested. Our analysis reveals the Q’eqchi Maya environmental zones are the most salient. That is, knowledge of the Q’eqchi’ Maya environmental zones improves one’s ability to predict whether there will be a high or low abundance of Q’eqchi’ Maya medicinal plant species in a particular region, whereas knowledge of scientific ecosystems does not accomplish this feat as well. This is a notable finding as it suggests that if indeed Q’eqchi’ Maya medicinal plant diversity is better accounted for by the zones as envisioned by the Q’eqchi’ Maya, then it should be this mode of conceptualization that should be adopted by scientists and conservationists when trying to locate and protect regional Q’eqchi’ Maya medicinal plant diversity. These efforts serve as a model internationally in the conservation of medicinal plant biodiversity supportive of culturally relative holistic health promotion.

Field of study: Environmental science
Hardboiled & High Heeled: The Woman Detective in Popular Culture (review)

fiction and of Baldwin's strategy of bringing together what DeKoven describes elsewhere as "what we now think of as postmodern identity politics . . . with the universalist, liberatory goals of modernity" (229). Essential to DeKoven's larger discussion is her consideration of the figuring of the collective in the pivotal culture of the sixties. Her reading of the Living Theater's Paradise Now (1968) is an extremely useful contribution in this context. And in her attentive reading of Students for a Democratic Society's Port Huron Statement (1962), she carefully traces out both its complex investments in individual action, authenticity, and avant-gardism, and its affirmations of participatory democracy, local or single-issue strategies, and a more worldly intellectual culture. DeKoven's book also contains an important consideration of Francis FitzGerald's 1972 book, Fire in the Lake, which she fairly describes as "one of the most eloquent and moving denunciations of the [Vietnam] war I have ever seen" (212). As DeKoven demonstrates in her reading, Fitzgerald's text resonates with the dominantly modern and emergently postmodern discourses of the culture of the sixties but also anticipates, particularly in her description of Vietnamese culture, much that will come to be seen as central to "global, postcolonial postmodernity" (227). Utopia Limited is a stimulating, scholarly, and richly informed reading of the place of sixties culture in the vast sea-change from modernity to postmodernity. For scholars of contemporary literature, American studies, popular culture, and cultural history, this is a necessary and rewarding work.

Field of study: Art
Surface currents and transport processes in the Strait of Gibraltar: Implications for modeling and management of pollutant spills

The main features of the surface currents in the Strait of Gibraltar and Algeciras Bay are analyzed from the numerical results of three-dimensional hydrodynamic modeling, complemented and validated through observational data. The relative contributions of the main processes affecting the surface current patterns (i.e. mean background flows, barotropic tide, baroclinic internal waves, and wind regime) are described and interpreted, focusing on their effects on surface transport-dispersion processes, with special attention paid to the simulation and prediction of the evolution of oil spills and other marine pollutants in this sensitive environment in the context of coastal management. In general, the mean background surface flow promotes eastward transport in the Strait and re-circulation patterns within Algeciras Bay, with inflows and outflows mainly near the western and eastern coasts, respectively. The barotropic tide produces periodic reversals of water transport (and hence higher persistence and re-entrance processes) on the western side of the Strait and within the Bay, while its effects are generally weaker than the mean eastward flow in the eastern region. Baroclinic, tide-induced, short-period internal waves are responsible for occasional local high-divergence of the current field, with effects on the surface transport-dispersion processes. Finally, the wind regimes commonly present in this environment (mainly easterlies and westerlies) generally modulate the transport intensity in the Strait, while affecting more strongly the surface transport patterns within Algeciras Bay. Outputs from the developed metocean modeling system fed a Lagrangian particle-tracking model, validated by drifting-buoy data, to reproduce past oil spill events: the tanker Sea Spirit in the western Strait of Gibraltar (1990), and the ships Fedra and Tawe in Algeciras Bay (2008), each well documented and characterized by different metocean conditions and spill quantities. The predicted time-spatial distribution of the oil slicks and affected coasts were compared with available reports and photographs, showing that the strongly baroclinic oceanographic regime of the Strait of Gibraltar and Algeciras Bay demands a fully 3-D approach to simulate properly the behavior of surface pollutant spills in these environments, in order to achieve an efficient management by supporting risk assessment, contingency planning and palliation activities.

Field of study: Environmental science
Design, Synthesis and Application of Imidazole-Based Organic Dyes in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

Metal-free D–D–π–A type dyes (i.e., Car-Cy, Car-Rh, Dpa-Cy, and Dpa-Rh ) were designed and synthesized for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). In the structure of the sensitized dyes, an imidazole ring is connected to a carbazole or diphenylamine moiety as a donor while cyanoacetic acid or rhodanine-3-acetic acid was introduced as an acceptor/anchor. The molecular structures of D–D–π–A type dyes were characterized using IR, NMR and MS spectral data. The optical, electrochemical, theoretical, light harvesting property, HOMO/LUMO levels, redox behavior, and photovoltaic properties of the synthesized dyes were evaluated. Among the fabricated photovoltaic devices based on the prepared dye, Dpa-Cy dye containing diphenylamine as a donor and cyanoacetic acid as an acceptor exhibited a high-power conversion efficiency of 1.70% with a short-circuit current density ( J SC ) of 4.48 mA cm −2 , an open-circuit photovoltage ( V OC ) of 0.53 V and a fill factor of 72% under AM1.5 illumination (85 mW cm −2 ) in comparison with other dyes. Plane-wave calculations indicate that the dye binds reasonably strongly to the TiO 2 surface, and the generated DOS picture shows an overlap of the molecular orbitals of the dye and the TiO 2 bands. We conclude that the dyes have a promising role as sensitizers in DSSCs.

Field of study: Materials science
Prenatal ethanol exposure alters the responsiveness of the rat hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to nitric oxide.

Prenatal alcohol exposure is known to cause hyperactivity of the mature offspring's hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. We have recently shown that hypothalamic neurons that produce corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), the peptide that represents the major adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) secretagogue, display increased responses to various stimuli in prenatal alcohol-exposed (E), compared to control (C) rats. CRF-producing perikarya are regulated, in part, by nitric oxide (NO), a signaling molecule whose function is also modified by prenatal alcohol exposure. The present investigation was therefore undertaken to test the hypothesis that prenatal alcohol exposure is associated with alterations in NO-stimulated ACTH secretion.



Adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to alcohol in utero were injected intracerebroventricularly (icv) with the vehicle or the NO donor 3-morpholino-sydnonimine (SIN-1; 20 or 50 microg). ACTH levels were measured in blood samples collected from indwelling jugular cannulae at 15, 30 and 45 min following injection. Brains were obtained 45 and 90 min after SIN-1 injection and processed for in situ hybridization. Compared to males, both C and E females exhibited a significantly (p < 0.01) larger ACTH response to SIN-1 (20 microg). Prenatal alcohol treatment enhanced SIN-1-induced ACTH release in all E animals, but this difference only reached statistical significance (p < 0.01) in males. This prenatal influence was also observed in the significantly (p < 0.01) larger SIN-1-induced increase in transcripts for the immediate early gene nerve growth factor induced protein B (NGFI-B) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the males', but not females' hypothalamus.



The ability of increased brain NO levels to release ACTH and stimulate PVN neuronal activity is enhanced in adult male rats exposed to alcohol prenatally. These data support the hypothesis that alterations in HPA axis activity in adult offspring of alcohol-exposed dams may be related to changes in hypothalamic responsiveness to NO.

Field of study: Medicine