nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Measure Inducing Classification and Regression Trees for Functional Data

We propose a tree-based algorithm for classification and regression problems in the context of functional data analysis, which allows to leverage representation learning and multiple splitting rules at the node level, reducing generalization error while retaining the interpretability of a tree. This is achieved by learning a weighted functional $L^{2}$ space by means of constrained convex optimization, which is then used to extract multiple weighted integral features from the input functions, in order to determine the binary split for each internal node of the tree. The approach is designed to manage multiple functional inputs and/or outputs, by defining suitable splitting rules and loss functions that can depend on the specific problem and can also be combined with scalar and categorical data, as the tree is grown with the original greedy CART algorithm. We focus on the case of scalar-valued functional inputs defined on unidimensional domains and illustrate the effectiveness of our method in both classification and regression tasks, through a simulation study and four real world applications.

Field of study: Computer science
Automatic Traffic Abnormality Detection in Traffic Scenes: An Overview

In recent years, with the continuous improvement of the computer’s ability of data processing, and the rapid development of image processing and pattern recognition technology, the traffic information automatic detection technology based on video has become a research focus in the intelligent transportation field. This article presents an overview of the state-of-theart methods of automatic traffic abnormality detection and their extensions. In this paper, we introduced automatic traffic abnormality detection methods based on trajectory analysis, based on optical flow, based on image visual features descriptor and contrasted their advantages and disadvantages.

Field of study: Engineering
On performance analysis of challenge/response based authentication in wireless networks

The emergence of public access wireless networks enables ubiquitous Internet services, whereas inducing more challenges of security due to open mediums. As one of the most widely used security mechanisms, authentication is to provide secure communications by preventing unauthorized usage and negotiating credentials for verification. Meanwhile, it generates heavy overhead and delay to communications, further deteriorating overall system performance. Therefore, it is very important to have an in-depth understanding of the relationship between the security and quality of service (QoS) through the authentication in wireless networks. In this paper, we analyze the impact of authentication on the security and QoS quantitatively. First, a system model based on challenge/response authentication mechanism is introduced, which is wide applied in various mobile environments. Then, the concept of security levels is proposed to describe the protection of communications with regard to the nature of security, i.e., information secrecy, data integrity, and resource availability. Third, traffic and mobility patterns are taken into account for quantitative analysis of QoS. Finally, we provide numerical results to demonstrate the impact of security levels, mobility and traffic patterns on over-all system performance in terms of authentication cost, delay, and call dropping probability.

Field of study: Computer science
Use of a Cadmium Telluride Detector in a New Tiny Personal Radiation Chirper

By use of a CdTe crystal coupled to newly designed, low power electronics, we have developed a new personal radiation chirper that is superior to existing instruments. The device emits audible chirps or beeps at a rate proportional to the photon radiation exposure to the wearer. The device is small (6.2 cm high by 3.2 cm wide by 1.7 cm thick) and of low mass (50 grams) and is made to be clipped to the shirt collar of the wearer. The instrument has long continuous-use battery life and is sensitive over a large photon energy and exposure rate span.

Field of study: Physics
Detection of CaMV 35S promoter by loop-mediated isothermal amplification

After designing the primers and optimizing experimental parameter,a LAMP assay for detecting 35S promoter of cauliflower mosaic virus was established.These primers were proved to be specific and the detective limit was 0.002%.The detection results of 80 samples showed that the positive rate was in agreement with real time PCR assay.The LAMP assay for detecting CaMV 35S promoter may provide a potential tool for products quarantine and food processing,which is of importance in supervising of genetically modified organisms and promoting exportation.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Reduced quantity and quality of SOM along a thaw sequence on the Tibetan Plateau

Carbon (C) release from thawing permafrost is potentially the largest climate feedback from terrestrial ecosystems. However, the magnitude of this feedback remains highly uncertain, partly due to the limited understanding of how abrupt permafrost thaw (e.g., permafrost collapse) alters soil organic matter (SOM) quality. Here we employed elemental analysis, stable isotope analysis, biomarker and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques to explore changes in soil C concentration and stock as well as SOM quality following permafrost collapse on the Tibetan Plateau. Our results showed that permafrost collapse resulted in a 21% decrease in soil C concentration and a 32% reduction in C stock of the top 15 cm of soil over 16 years. Moreover, permafrost collapse led to a significant decline in SOM quality: the relative abundance of labile SOM fractions (e.g., carbohydrates) decreased, whereas recalcitrant SOM fractions (e.g., suberin-derived compounds) increased 16 years after collapse. By contrast, the relative abundances of labile and recalcitrant compounds showed no significant differences in the control plots along the thaw sequence. These results demonstrate that permafrost collapse and consequent changes in soil environmental conditions could trigger substantial C release on decadal timescales, implying that abrupt thaw may be a dominant mechanism exposing soil C to mineralization.

Field of study: Environmental science
Characterisation of Inorganic Phosphate Transport in Bovine Articular Chondrocytes

In mineralising tissues such as growth plate cartilage extracellular organelles derived from the chondrocyte membrane are present. These matrix vesicles (MV) possess membrane transporters that accumulate Ca<sup>2+</sup> and inorganic phosphate (P<sub>i</sub>), and initiate the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals. MV are also present in articular cartilage, and hydroxyapatite crystals are believed to promote cartilage degradation in osteoarthritic joints. In the present study, P<sub>i</sub> transport pathways in isolated bovine articular chondrocytes have been characterised. P<sub>i</sub> uptake was temperature-sensitive and could be resolved into Na<sup>+</sup>-dependent and Na<sup>+</sup>-independent components. The Na<sup>+</sup>-dependent component saturated at high concentrations of extracellular P<sub>i</sub>, with a K<sub>m</sub> for P<sub>i</sub> of 0.17mM. In solutions lacking Na<sup>+</sup>, uptake did not fully saturate, implying that under these conditions carrier-mediated uptake is supplemented by a diffusive pathway. Both Na<sup>+</sup>-dependent and Na<sup>+</sup>-independent components were sensitive to the P<sub>i</sub> transport inhibitors phosphonoacetate and arsenate, although a fraction of Na<sup>+</sup>-independent P<sub>i</sub> uptake was resistant to these anions. Total P<sub>i</sub> uptake was optimal at pH 7.4, and reduced as pH was made more acidic or more alkaline, an effect that represented reduced Na<sup>+</sup>-dependent influx. RT-PCR analysis confirmed that two members of the NaPi III family, Pit-1 and Pit-2, are expressed, but that NaPi II transporters are not.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Features of cosmic ray variation at the phase of the minimum between the 23rd and 24th solar cycles

The minimum between the 23rd and 24th cycles of solar activity was unusually deep and extended. The modulation of cosmic rays was minimal for the more than 70-year-long period of direct measurements. The data from stratospheric measurements by the Lebedev Physical Institute suggest that the flux of cosmic rays with more than 100 MeV/nucleon of energy exceeded the highest ever observed level (May 1965) by almost 12%. However, the ground-based neutron monitors sensitive to relatively high energies indicated that the flux of cosmic rays increased by less than 3%. This work compares the variations in the cosmic rays over periods of five minima of solar activity (the 20th to the 24th cycle). It is shown that in late 2008, an extra flux of particles with energies less than several GeV/nucleon was detected in the Earth’s orbit. A similar (though far smaller in scale) phenomenon was also observed in 1987 at the same orientation of the Sun’s magnetic field A < 0, but was not observed in epochs where A > 0.

Field of study: Physics
Social defeat stress switches the neural system mediating benzodiazepine conditioned motivation.

Benzodiazepines have been demonstrated to have a high abuse liability in persons suffering from anxiety but have demonstrated mixed abuse liability findings in preclinical models. We hypothesized that by modeling anxiety in a male C57BL/6 mouse model it would be possible to reveal a preference for benzodiazepines within this subpopulation through negative reinforcement. Using the Tube Test of Social Dominance and the Resident/Intruder Paradigm we investigated whether animals identified as dominant or submissive/defeated would differentially display a preference for midazolam (a short acting benzodiazepine) in a conditioned place preference paradigm. Consistent with our hypotheses, benzodiazepine conditioned motivation was mediated by negative reinforcement as submissive but not dominant mice displayed a preference for midazolam. Furthermore, different neural systems mediated midazolam conditioned motivation depending on the stress status of the animal (single vs. repeated stress-as induced by the Resident/Intruder Paradigm). Singly stressed animals showed midazolam place preferences through a dopamine-independent pathway, whereas the place preferences of repeatedly stressed animals were mediated through a dopamine-dependent pathway. This demonstrates that stress is sufficient for switching the neural system mediating midazolam conditioned motivation. Finally, midazolam reinforcement in the conditioned place preference paradigm was shown to be predictive for dominance/submission status.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Leaving final-cut grass silage in situ overwinter as a seed resource for declining farmland birds

The loss of seed-rich wintering habitats has been a major contributory cause of farmland bird population declines in western Europe. Agricultural grasslands are particularly poor winter foraging habitats for granivorous birds, which have declined most in the pastoral farming regions of western Britain. We describe an experiment to test the utility of fertile ryegrass (Lolium) swards as a potentially rich source of winter seed for declining farmland birds. Four patches of final-cut grass silage were allowed to set seed and were left in situ overwinter. Half of each patch was lightly aftermath grazed in an attempt to increase the accessibility of the seed to foraging birds and reduce the perceived predation risk. Large numbers of yellowhammers (Emberiza citrinella) and reed buntings (E. schoeniclus) foraged on the seeded plots throughout the winter. They preferred to forage on ungrazed seeded plots, where the accumulation of senescent foliage resulted in a 14% average loss in silage yield in the following season. However, seed produced on the plots also led to sward regeneration, increasing subsequent yields on some plots. The technique offers clear benefits as a potential future agri-environment measure for declining granivorous birds, with wide applicability, but requires further development to minimise sward damage and costs to the farmer. Autumn grazing should reduce sward damage, but at the cost of reduced usage by buntings. Using the technique just prior to reseeding would be one way of avoiding any costs of sward damage.

Field of study: Environmental science
Binding of human C‐reactive protein to monocytes: analysis by flow cytometry

An opsonic role has been proposed as a major function of C‐reactive protein (CRP) in humans. In support of this hypothesis, recent radiolabcltcd ligand binding studies have provided evidence for the presence of specific receptors for soluble human CRP on human phagocytic cells, including ncutrophits and monocytes. In order to confirm specific binding of CRP to monocytes and to quantify the percentage of such cells capable of expressing binding sites, we employed a sensitive biotin‐avidin fluorescence assay to study the CRP‐monocyte interaction. It was observed that 67% of monocytes bound biotinylated CRP in a dose‐dependent manner, that the binding was calcium dependent, and that it could be inhibited by 60% in the presence of a greater than 20‐fold excess of competing native CRP. In other experiments, neither IgG nor heat‐aggregated IgG inhibited the binding of CRP to monocytes; and no significant binding to lymphocyte populations could be detected. These studies confirm the ability of human CRP to bind to a majority of human monocytes in a calcium‐dependent and specific manner, and provide further support for a biologically important interaction of this acute‐phase protein with phagocytic cells.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Phosphorylierung mit 1-Phosphorylpyrazolen, III. N-Phosphorylierung von Aminen, Glycin-ethylester, Hydrazin, Hydrazonen und Natriumazid†

Die 1-Phosphorylpyrazole 4a-c stellen geeignete Phosphorylierungsreagenzien fur NH-Verbindungen und das Azidion dar und gehen dabei selbst in das Pyrazol 7 uber. Die Herstellung der Phosphorylamide 6a-iN-Phosphorylglycin-ethylester 9a-c, Phosphorylhydrazide 10a-c, Phosphorylhydrazone 12a, e, und Phosphorylazide 14a, b auf diesem Wege weist die Variationsbreite dieser Phosphorylierungsreaktion aus. 
 
 
 
Phosphorylation with 1-Phosphorylpyrazoles, III. - N-Phosphorylation of Amines, Glycine Ethyl Ester, Hydrazine, Hydrazones and Sodium Azide 
 
 
 
The 1-phosphorylpyrazoles 4a - c represent suitable phosphorylating reagents for NH-compounds and the azide ion; they are themselves transformed into the pyrazole 7. Preparation of the phosphorylamides 6a - i, N-phosphorylglycine ethyl esters 9a-c, phosphorylhydrazides 10a-c, phosphorylhydrazones 12a, e and phosphorylazides 14a, b in this way demonstrates the scope of this phosphorylation reaction.

Field of study: Chemistry
Analysis of new effector T cells named TH17 cells in peripheral blood of patients with rhenmatoid arthritis

To investigate the distribution of TH17 cells in peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis(RA).  Intracelluar flow cytometirc detection of TH17 cells in peripheral blood was establised using PHA or PMA + Ion as stimulators in vitro. Thirty-five active and 30 stable RA pa-tients and sex and age paired healthy controls were enrolled in this study.  The stimulating effect of PMA + Ion was better than that of PHA alone. Under PMA + Ion stimulation, the percentage of TH17 cells in peripheral blood from RA patients and healthy controls was increased significantly(P<0.05). With or with-out PMA + Ion stimulation, such percentage in active group was higher than that of stable group and both of them were higher than that of heathy controls(P<0.05). The distribution profile of TH1 cells was similar to that of TH17 cells.  There is a distribution abnormality of TH17 cells in peripheral blood of RA patients, which could be used as a new marker for the assessment of immunological condition in RA. 
 
 
TH17 cells;  Rheumatoid arthritis;  Flow cytometry

Field of study: Biology
Coexistence of a one-prey two-predators model with ratio-dependent functional responses

We examine the positive coexistence of one prey and two competing predators in an interacting system with ratio-dependent functional responses under a hostile environment. Furthermore, we examine the extinction conditions for all three interacting species and for one or two of the three species. In addition, we present the biological interpretation and simulations based on the result. The methods employed are a comparison argument for the elliptic problem and the fixed-point theory applied to a positive cone on a Banach space.

Field of study: Mathematics
The Conflict between Individual's Instinctive Desire and Modern Civilization——On Waller's Rebellion against Modern Civilization

The protagonist in the Bridges of Madison County, Robert Kincaid,who is very similar to the author Waller, is the spokesman for the author. Through Kincaid's alienation from modern civilization, his dissatisfaction with the highly commercialized and highly organized modern society, his negative attitude towards modern science and technology, Waller reveals his rebellion against modern civilization. Modern civilization imposes great restrictions on individual's instinctive desire. The author's rebellion is in essence the rebellion against the great restrictions that modern civilization imposes on individual's instinctive desire.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Gender, Welfare and the Catholic Church in Argentina: Conferencias de Señoras de San Vicente de Paul, 1890-1916*

Between 1880 and 1916, elite women engaged in social welfare and transformed the politics of subordination in Argentina as they brokered a new accommodation between the Catholic Church and the Argentine state. Without ever claiming equality, women made it clear that the progress of the new nation—as male intellectuals and statesmen conceived it—could not be accomplished without their assistance. By stressing what they considered to be their essential contributions to social peace and national integration, elite women completely ignored both traditional and liberal ideas of the divisions between public and private responsibility without appearing to challenge gender norms.

Field of study: History
Structural and electrical properties of stable ni/cr thin films

The electrical and structural properties of nickel-chrome (NiCr) thin film resistors were studied for the effect of post-deposition annealing on stability. The temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of sheet resistivities in the range of 100 to 200 Ω/□ could be improved by both air and vacuum annealing to achieve 5 ± 5 ppm/°C over the temperature range of -180° C to +100° C. With stability tests, air annealing proved to be more favorable for stable TCR. Studies via SIMS and ESCA identified surface segregation of Cr whereas TEM micrographs revealed correlating structural transformation of the films upon annealing. An intentional impurity, Si, played an important role in achieving a low TCR.

Field of study: Materials science
Global Sushi: Eating and Identity

AbstractRaw foods, especially raw fish, have not always been considered foodstuff in the US. Today, sushi has become so fused into Americans’ diets that it can even be purchased at popular supermarkets. Sushi’s growing popularity shows the influences of non-Western cultures in US society. What occurs as a result of this global mixing? What effects does this have on local food cultures? Through fieldwork in New York City, the Midwest and Japan, I explore the complexities of the global flow of both sushi and popular imaginings associated with it.

Field of study: Political science
Discovery of a new stellar sub-population residing in the (inner) stellar halo of the Milky Way.

We report the discovery of a unique collection of metal-poor giant-stars, that exhibit anomalously high levels of $^{28}$Si, clearly above typical Galactic levels. Our sample spans a narrow range of metallicities, peaking at $-1.07\pm 0.06$, and exhibit abundance ratios of [Si,Al/Fe] that are as extreme as those observed in Galactic globular clusters (GCs), and Mg is slightly less overabundant. In almost all the sources we used, the elemental abundances were re-determined from high-resolution spectra, which were re-analyzed assuming LTE. Thus, we compiled the main element families, namely the light elements (C, N), $\alpha-$elements (O, Mg, Si), iron-peak element (Fe), $\textit{s}-$process elements (Ce, Nd), and the light odd-Z element (Al). We also provide dynamical evidence that most of these stars lie on tight (inner)halo-like and retrograde orbits passing through the bulge. Such kinds of objects have been found in present-day halo GCs, providing the clearest chemical signature of past accretion events in the (inner) stellar halo of the Galaxy, formed possibly as the result of dissolved halo GCs. Their chemical composition is, in general, similar to that of typical GCs population, although several differences exist.

Field of study: Physics
Using the HIJING Model in Modeling Nucleus–Nucleus Interaction at Energies of Nucleon–Nucleon Collisions 5–15 GeV

A new set of HIJING model parameters is found. Changes in the model are proposed that allow NA49 and NA61/SHINE experimental data on pp interactions to be described at projectile proton momenta $${{p}_{{{\text{lab}}}}}$$  = 20, 31, 40, 80 and 158 GeV c −1 in the rest frame of target protons. The modified model is used to analyze data on nucleus–nucleus interaction. It is shown that the model allows the main properties of these interactions to be described.

Field of study: Physics
SU‐FF‐T‐401: Development of Specific Treatment Plan Based On Physical Lattice Structure for Stereotactic Radiosurgery

The stereotactic radiosurgery(SRS) describes a method of delivering a high dose of radiation to a small target volume in the brain, generally in a single fraction, while the dose delivered to the surrounding normal tissue should be minimized. To perform automatic plan of the SRS, a new method of multi‐isocenter/shot linear accelerator(linac) and gamma knife (GK) radiosurgerytreatment plan was developed, based on a physical lattice structure in target.  The optimal radiosurgical plan had constructed by many beam parameters in a linear accelerator or gamma knife‐based radiation therapy. In this work, one isocenter/shot was modeled as a sphere, which is equal to the circular collimator/helmet hole size because the dimension of the 50% isodose level in the dose profile is similar to its size. In computer‐aided system, it accomplished first an automatic arrangement of multi‐isocenter/shot considering two parameters such as positions and collimator/helmet sizes for each isocenter/shot. Simultaneously, an irregularly shaped target was approximated by cubic structures through computation of voxel units. The treatment planning method by the technique was evaluated as a dose distribution by dose volume histograms (DVHs), dose conformity, and dose homogeneity to targets.  For irregularly shaped targets, the new method performed the optimal multi‐isocenter packing, and it only took a few seconds in computer‐aided system. The targets were included in a more than 50% isodose curve. The dose conformity was ordinarily acceptable levels and the dose homogeneity was always less than 2.0, satisfying for various targets referred to Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) SRS criteria.  This approach using new method could be an efficient radiosurgical plan used two beam parameters both the irregularly shaped targets and different modality techniques such as linac and GK for SRS.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics