nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Autonomic, behavioral, and neural analyses of mild conditioned negative affect in marmosets.

Avoidance and alerting behaviors and accompanying physiological responses, including changes in heart rate (HR), are core components of negative emotion. Investigations into the neural mechanisms underlying the regulation and integration of these responses require animal models that simultaneously measure both the physiological and behavioral components of emotion. A primate model is of particular importance in view of the well developed prefrontal cortex of primates, and this region's critical role in emotion regulation and the etiology of affective disorders. Therefore, we have developed a simple aversive conditioning paradigm to assess, simultaneously, cardiovascular and behavioral responses in the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Validation of the paradigm was achieved by (1) comparing conditioned responses to a predictive cue with pseudoconditioned responses to a nonpredictive cue; (2) assessing the acquisition of conditioning following lesions of the amygdala, a region essential for associative learning in humans and rats; and (3) determining the contributions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system to the conditioned autonomic responses. Marmosets acquired conditioned HR and behavioral responses in the conditioned, but not the pseudoconditioned or amygdala lesioned groups. Conditioned HR accelerations were reduced by both parasympathetic and sympathetic blockade. Thus, a model of associative learning of mild negative emotion in the marmoset has been validated by psychological, neurological, and pharmacological investigation. Future studies will determine the role of the prefrontal cortex in the regulation of these negative emotional responses, to provide insights into the neuropathology of affective disorders.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Synthesis and biological activity of carbocyclic substituted N‐alkylmorpholines

Synthetic approaches to the preparation of new carbocyclic substituted N‐alkylmorpholines are reported. R = phenyl, substituted phenyl, cyclohexyl, substituted cyclohexyl, bicyclo [2.2.1 ]heptyl (2), or 2,2‐dimethyl‐bicyclo [2.2.1] heptyl (3); R1,R2 = H, CH3; n = 0 ‐ 2 The derivatives were obtained by the following methods: ‐ Reaction of appropriate amines with 2,2’ ‐ dichloro‐dialkyl ether Reduction of /3‐morpholinopropiophenones Hydrogenation of aromatic substituted N‐alkylmorpholines Hydrogenation of unsaturated Mannich bases Some of the synthesized compounds showed a distinct fungicidal activity especially against Rhizoctonia solani, Erysiphe cichoracearum, and Erysiphe graminis.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Spectrophotometric titration of phenoxyl groups of sheep brain tubulin.

Spectrophotometric titration of phenoxyl group of sheep brain tubulin carried out in 6M guanidine hydrochloride indicated 36 tyrosine residues per dimer of tubulin. A plot of log alpha/(1-alpha) versus pH showed that 26 residues titrated with apparent pK of 10.4 and 10 residues titrated with apparent pK of 11.0. The high pK value of tyrosine could be attributed to the possibility that the molecules containing tyrosine residues were not completely utilised as these residues could have been partially shielded from the solvent. Alternatively, they could have proximal negative charges.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Zur Deutung der als „Druckeffekt“ bezeichneten Erscheinung im Spektrum des Aluminiumhydrides

ZusammenfassungBei Banden des AlH existiert ein Effekt, der darin bestellt, daß in den verschiedensten Lichtquellen bei höherem Druck mehr Rotationslinien emittiert werden als bei niedrigem Druck. Im Gegensatz zu den bisher vorliegenden Deutungsversuchen, die Prädissoziation und Bildung der Moleküle im Gasraum annehmen, wird hier gezeigt, daß die Intensitätsverteilung bei niedrigstem Druck von einem Zerstäubungs-Verdampfungsprozeß an der Aluminiumoberfläche herrührt, und daß Aluminium und Wasserstoff sich an der Oberfläche der Elektroden bereits in molekularer Bindung befinden. Das Einstellen auf die dabei nicht besetzten höchsten Rotationsniveaus bei Erhöhung des Druckes geht durch Umwandlung von Translationsenergie des Gases in Rotationsenergie durch Stöße in ganz analoger Weise vor sich, wie es früher beim CuH beobachtet ist.

Field of study: Physics
Sexual Function Across Aging

Women experience multiple changes in social and reproductive statuses across the life span which can affect sexual functioning. Various phases of the sexual response cycle may be impacted and can lead to sexual dysfunction. Screening for sexual problems and consideration of contributing factors such as neurobiology, reproductive life events, medical problems, medication use, and depression can help guide appropriate treatment and thereby improve the sexual functioning and quality of life of affected women. Treatment options include psychotropic medications, hormone therapy, and psychotherapy.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Modes of inheritance of Xinyi Liuhe boxing in Henan and causes for its formation.

Xinyi Liuhe boxing in Henan is an important constituent part of Hui national Wushu;the modes of its in-heritance mainly include religious inheritance,patriarchal inheritance and regional inheritance.The authors revealed the following findings: the influence of Islamic culture,the political suppression of the governing class in the Qing dynasty on people of the Hui nationality and the contradiction between people of the Han and Hui nationalities were main causes for the formation of patriarchal inheritance;since patriarchal ideology had tremendous influence on people of the Hui nationality,the cases of lineal consanguineous inheritance were significantly more than the cases of collateral consanguineous inheritance;mosques had boosted the development of Xinyi Liuhe boxing in the local region,while business activities had promoted the inheritance of the boxing in foreign regions.

Field of study: Education
Life inhabits rocks: clues to rock erosion from electron microscopy of pisolite at a UNESCO heritage site in Brazil

Rock erosion is attracting increasing attention from scientists worldwide. The area encompassing the Saint John Baptist Church, Saint John Village, XVII century ruins in Rio Grande do Sul at the UNESCO World Heritage Site is considered a Brazilian treasure. However, the risk of damage to this site from rock erosion has recently increased tremendously. Generally, the rocky construction such as fence, wall and tomb stone, seems strong but is actually extremely sensitive to erosion caused by lichens, fungi, molds and bacteria. Because of biological erosion and massive exposure, the fresh rock is dominated by clays and microorganisms. Water-adsorbing clays and microorganisms influence the mechanisms of the rock erosion. In this study, the formation of bio-clay-minerals in porous structure of pisolite was demonstrated using electron microscopy. Bacterial clay mineralization can deform the rock structure and even produce organic materials. Biological activity could easily corrode rocky constructions around the Saint John Baptist Church site. The rocks are pisolitic laterites possibly formed in Tertiary over the Kretaceous Parana flood Basalts. Samples inhabited by lichens and fungi were collected from a collapsed wall in the ancient church. The zonal reddish-brown pisolites are 4 mm in diameter in a matrix of clays associated with porous and empty spaces. Elemental distribution maps from X-ray fluorescence microscopy show iron-rich spherules of pisolite, whereas the matrix is composed of Al, Si, Mn, and Sr; thus producing goethite and kaolinite. Transmission electron microscopic observation showed that various types of bacteria inhabit the spherule and are associated with clay minerals and graphite. STEM elemental analysis confirmed the bio-clay-mineralization with Al, Si, S, and Fe, around bacterial cells. The results presented here will improve our understanding of nm-scale bio-mineralization and bio-erosion in lateritic rocks.

Field of study: Environmental science
The American Withdrawal from Haiti, 1929-1934

FOR OVER SIXTY YEARS the protectorate policy in the Caribbean which the United States undertook during the generation after the Spanish American War has been under heavy fire from critics both at home and abroad. While historians have studied the rise of this policy in some detail many details of its decline and abandonment are still only lightly sketched. Since so much of the controversy about Caribbean policy has centered on questions of motive, the attitudes and opinions of participants have a valid claim to attention. This essay will describe the last years of the American protectorate over Haiti, as seen from the vantage point of the United States legation in Port au Prince.' After 1920 the United States tried to reduce its interference in the internal affairs of the Caribbean republics. The officers who dealt with Latin American matters at Washington still hoped for the development of stable republican institutions in the Caribbean, but they realized that the effort to impose peace and progress by force had been unprofitable. At best the interventions in Nicaragua, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic had only partly achieved their objectives, and they had aroused hostile criticism which was politically embarrassing at home and harmful to our relations with the other American republics. Just before the end of the Wilson administration the State Department began to consider how the marines might be withdrawn.

Field of study: History
Excitation functions of 40Ar(p,p′γ)40Ar and 40Ar(p,γ)41K reactions

The excitation functions of 40Ar(p,p′γ)40Ar and 40Ar(p,K reactions are measured in the Ep = 1.0–3.0 eV range of accelerated protons. The excitation function in the Ep > 2.6 MeV range of accelerated protons is measured for the first time. The strengths of all (more than 200) measured resonance states are calculated.

Field of study: Physics
Iroquois beach in Ontario

The signs of wave action in the cutting of cliffs, the piling up of beach sands and gravels, and the formation of bars or spits across the mouth of bays are so well marked on the old Iroquois beach that it was early recognized as a shore formation by farmers and land surveyors, as well as geologists. The first written mention of the beach in Ontario is contained in Thomas Roy’s paper on the “Ancient State of the North American Continent,” read by Sir Charles Lyell before the Geological Society of London in 1837; * and Lyell was so much interested in the account of the series of terraces which Roy described that on his visit to America he crossed from Niagara to Toronto in 1842 to examine them. Roy noted a number of sand and gravel beaches at various levels above lake Ontario up to 762 feet, and . . .

Field of study: Geology
Efficient Weighted Sum Rate Maximization With Linear Precoding

Achieving the boundary of the capacity region in the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) broadcast channel requires the use of dirty paper coding (DPC). As practical nearly optimum implementations of DPC are computationally complex, purely linear approaches are often used instead. However, in this case, the problem of maximizing a weighted sum rate constitutes a nonconvex and, in most cases, also a combinatorial optimization problem. In this paper, we present two heuristic nearly optimum algorithms with reduced computational complexity. For this purpose, a lower bound for the weighted sum rate under linear zero-forcing constraints is used. Based on this bound, both greedy algorithms successively allocate data streams to users. In each step, the user is determined that is given an additional data stream such that the increase in weighted sum rate becomes maximum. Thereby, the data stream allocations and filters obtained in the previous steps are kept fixed and only the filter corresponding to the additional data stream is optimized. The first algorithm determines the receive and transmit filters directly in the downlink. The other algorithm operates in the dual uplink, from which the downlink transmit and receive filters can be obtained via the general rate duality leading to nonzero-forcing in the downlink. Simulation results reveal marginal performance losses compared to more complex algorithms.

Field of study: Engineering
Effects of Si and Austempering on the Wearresistance Property of ZG30SiMnCr

The appropriate chemical composition and heat treatment are very effective to enhance the wear resistance of ZG30SiMnCr.The effects of Si and austempering on the wear-resistance of ZG30CrMnSi were investigated.The results show that the wear-resistance of the alloy ZG30SiMnCr austempered by the same technology increases to some extent with increase of Si.The wear-resistance of ZG30CrMnSi austempered at 300 ℃ holding for 60 min is better than that at 280 ℃ holding for 45 min.The worn surfaces of samples were observed by SEM.It was found that the main wear mechanism is micro-cutting,and worn surface morphology mainly consists of wear craters and furrow.A slight spalling phenomenon occurred on the worn surface of the sample with 0.9% Si.

Field of study: Materials science
Insulin release and the microtubular system of the islets of Langerhans. Identification and characterization of tubulin-like protein.

1. Incubation of islets of Langerhans in vitro in the presence of colchicine produced a progressive inhibition of the insulin-secretory response to glucose, which was dependent on the time of incubation. 2. The uptake of [3-H]colchicine by islet cells was a rapid process, equilibrium being reached in less than 30 min. Part of the colchicine taken up was bound to protein material, which was recovered largely in a post-microsomal supernatant fraction prepared from the islets. In contrast with this rapid uptake, the binding of colchicine by islet-cell proteins in intact islets or in islet homogenates was a slow process, and equilibrium was not reached for 60-90 min. After an initial 30 min delay, the time-course of the binding of [3-H]colchicine to islet-cell proteins paralleled that for the inhibitory effect of colchicine on insulin release. 3. Some purification of the colchicine-binding material present in islet homogenates could be achieved by precipitation of the protein with 2mM-CaCl2 (2.8-fold). However, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex produced a further 27-fold purification on elution with 0.6M-NaCl. 4. Colchicine-binding protein prepared from islets by ion-exchange chromatography showed an intrinsic association constant for colchicine of 1.4muM and an apparent molecular weight on gel filtration of 110000. 5. These results suggest that colchicine-binding protein in islet cells closely resembles tubulin extracted from the other tissues. The delayed effectiveness of colchicine in inhibiting insulin secretion is not due to poor penetration of colchicine into the cells but rather to slow binding of the alkaloid to islet-cell tubulin. It seems likely that, as in other tissues, this binding prevents polymerization of the tubulin into microtubules, and thus interferes with the release process.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Superconductivity and the high-field ordered phase in the heavy-fermion compound PrOs4Sb12

Superconductivity is observed in the filled skutterudite compound PrOs4Sb12 below a critical temperature Tc = 1.85 K and appears to develop out of a nonmagnetic heavy Fermi liquid with an effective mass m ≈ 50 m e, where me is the free electron mass. Features associated with a cubic crystalline electric field are present in magnetic susceptibility, specific heat, electrical resistivity, and inelastic neutron scattering measurements, yielding a Pr3+ energy level scheme consisting of a Γ3 nonmagnetic doublet ground state, a low-lying Γ5 triplet excited state at ~10 K, and Γ4 triplet and Γ1 singlet excited states at much higher temperatures. Measurements also indicate that the superconducting state is unconventional and consists of two distinct superconducting phases. At high fields and low temperatures, an ordered phase of magnetic or quadrupolar origin is observed, suggesting that the superconductivity may occur in the vicinity of a magnetic or quadrupolar quantum critical point.

Field of study: Physics
Research of mechanism about enhancing the activity of γδδT cells treated by resveratrol on colonic cancer cell lines SW-1116

To explore the effect of γδT cells on colonic cancer cell lines SW-1116 treated by resveratrol.  Amplification γδT cells of human peripheral blood in vitro by using isopentenylpyrophosphate. Different density resveratrol induced γδT cells and colonic cancer cell SW-1 116, methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium(MTT) detectde the effect of growth and proliferation when expression veratrol action to γδT cells and colonic cancer cell lines SW-1116. Flow cytometer( FCM )detectde the expression of porforin, granzymeB and CD107a on γδT cells before it treated by resveratrol and after that. γδT cells against colonic cancer cell lines SW-1116 were detectde by lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) releasing assay before and after treated by resveratrol.Western blot analyzed the liveness of extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 of γδT cells before it treated by resveratrol and after that. Results γδTcells would be proliferation when the density of resveratrol in 0.39-3.125 μmol/L, while the effect on colonic cancer cell lines SW-1116 was not significance. There was significant difference of the expression of porforin, ranzymeB and CD107a on γδT cells before it treated by resveratrol and after that ( P＜0.05 ). γδT cells against colonic cancer cell lines SW-1116 treated by resveratrol was enhanced compared with control group( P＜0.05 ) . The p-ERK 1/2expression of γδT cells enhanced when the density of resveratrol treated to γδT cells in 0.1-10 μmol/L( P＜0.05 ).  Resveratrol could promote γδT cells, proliferation and strengthen the cytotoxicity of γδT cells against colonic cancer cell SW-1116, the mechanism might concerned with activating p-ERK1/2 and enhancing the expression of porforin, granzymeB and CD107a on γδT cells. 
 
 
Resveratrol;  Colon cancer cells;  γδT cells

Field of study: Biology
Late Palaeozoic evolution of the North Atlantic margin of Pangea

Eleven palaeogeographic maps, spanning the earliest Carboniferous (Tournaisian) to Late Permian (Kazanian), have been constructed for the northern North Atlantic, based on available onshore and offshore data. Each palaeogeographic map corresponds to an epoch (i.e., 4–17 Ma); there are no reconstructions of the Serpukhovian and Tatarian, and the Kungurian–Ufimian are treated as one. The palaeogeographic reconstructions outline a change in the overall depositional environment of the Barents Sea–North Greenland area from huge humid flood plains in the Early Carboniferous, over shallow warm seas in the mid-Carboniferous to mid-Permian, to cooler and possibly deeper marine environments in the Late Permian. In East Greenland, non-marine conditions occurred during the entire Carboniferous, and following a prolonged, early Permian hiatus, warm-water carbonates were deposited during the Late Permian. The changes reflect large-scale shifts in palaeoclimatic and subsidence patterns related to the northward drift of the area and ongoing rifting in the region.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Voluntary intravenous self-administration of alcohol detects an interaction between GABAergic manipulation and GABRG1 polymorphism genotype: a pilot study.

Operant responding paradigms quantify a subject's motivation for reward, but such studies employing ingested alcohol cannot assure the same incremental increase in brain exposure to alcohol across subjects because of substantial variability in absorption kinetics. We developed a human progressive ratio (PR) paradigm using the computer-assisted self-infusion of ethanol (CASE) system that overcomes such variability and conducted a pilot study to assess its utility for detecting an interaction of subjects' GABRA2 or GABRG1 genotype and pretreatment with 1 mg of lorazepam (LZ) vs. placebo on their willingness to work for alcohol rewards.



Twenty healthy, nondependent drinkers, aged 21 to 27, were balanced on rs279871 and rs2350439 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the GABRA2 and GABRG1 genes, respectively. Subjects worked for alcohol, with water as an alternative reinforcer (AR), using a progressive schedule of a task that required constant attention and adapted to both fatigue and drug effects. Testing began 1 hour after pretreatment with 1 mg LZ or placebo in a crossover design.



The CASE system performed well, and the constant attention task was perceived as work by all subjects. GABRA2 homozygosity did not significantly predict either breakpoint or cumulative work, whereas a significant GABRG1 genotype by LZ pretreatment interaction for cumulative work was detected (p = 0.04). Breakpoint revealed a weak trend toward pretreatment drug effects (p = 0.11), and a somewhat stronger interaction of LZ pretreatment with GABRG1 genotype (p = 0.06). GABRG1 status revealed a more complex relationship with respect to motivation for alcohol with and without LZ pretreatment; AG and GG individuals worked more for alcohol under both pretreatment conditions, while AA individuals worked more for the AR.



The CASE PR paradigm shows promise as a laboratory method for use in drug development and phenotyping studies.

Field of study: Medicine
Improving Quality of Education in Guna-Tana Landscape: Investigating Determinants of Grade Four Students Reading Literacy in Primary Schools in South Gondar, Ethiopia

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the determinants of reading literacy in selected primary schools in Guna-Tana landscape of South Gondar Zone. Specifically the study was designed to investigate the status of reading literacy achievement of student, examine whether the text book is relevant, assess the availability and utilization of teaching facilities, identify teachers’ professional competence, investigate the learning interest and motivation of students and identify the participation of parents in reading literacy. Accordingly a survey design with qualitative and quantitative approach was used.  From total target population students, 384 were selected randomly in 10 primary schools. All the available 100 teachers were taken comprehensively. For FDG parents, for interview principals and education experts were taken. In collecting the required data questioner for students and teachers, interview for principal and experts, standardized test for students, FGD for parents and observation checklist were used. The result showed that students perform 51.25 more or less equivalents to 50% of the minimum expectation of MoE in Ethiopian education and training policy. The socio-economic variables such as family size and parents’ education levels have brought problem in children reading literacy. Moreover, parental involvement by 6.2%, students’ interest and motivation by 17%, teachers competency and curriculum materials were determined the students reading literacy. The availability and utilization of instructional materials, the library facilities, pedagogical centers, and relative conducive class room and schools infrastructural facilities affected the reading literacy performance of students in the study area. As a result necessary suggestions were given on basic thematic areas for improving reading literacy.  Reading literacy, Quality of education, reading competency Guna-Tana landscape DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-22-01 Publication date: August 31 st 2020

Field of study: Education