nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Transport properties of (Hg,M)-12(n-1)n (M=Re,Mo; n=2,3) superconducting thin films

We have successfully fabricated 200-500 nm thick highly c-axis oriented (Hg,Re)-1223 and (Hg,M)-1212 (M=Re,Mo) thin films on SrTiO/sub 3/(100) substrates by using HgO/M-Ba-Ca-Cu-O multilayer precursor films prepared by pulsed laser deposition. Their electrical transport properties in magnetic fields less than 7 T are investigated using 5-50 /spl mu/m wide bridges patterned by means of electron-beam lithography and ion milling without using water. The (Hg,Re)-1223 film exhibits a T/sub c/(zero) of 127.5 K and a J/sub c/ value at 77 K of 1.5 and 0.2/spl times/10/sup 6/ A/cm/sup 2/ in a self-field and 1 T field, respectively. Higher J/sub c/ values below 100 K are observed for (Hg,M)-1212 (M=Re,Mo) films with better crystallinity and surface morphology than the 1223 film in spite of their lower T/sub c/ (zero) of 115-122 K. The (Hg,Re)-1212 film exhibits the highest J/sub c/ values of 5, 1.5, and 0.4/spl times/10/sup 6/ A/cm/sup 2/ at 77 and 100 K in a self-field and at 77 K in 1 T field, respectively. The irreversibility field above 77 K evaluated from the resistive transitions of these films is found to be substantially higher than those for undoped Hg-1212 and Tl-1223 thin films.

Field of study: Physics
Some Criterion Problems in Evaluation of Teacher Education

Psychologists are frequently called upon to evaluate the programs of psychiatrists, rehabilitation workers, educators and other groups where a large component of the program effort is addressed to effecting emotional and cognitive changes in human beings. In the field of teacher training, educators have long assessed the amount of subject matter knowledge and pedagogical knowledge a student teacher has acquired. More recently, psychologists have helped to devise ways of assessing affective gains by the sntdent teacher. Nonetheless, the best criterion of effective teacher education is the gain pupils show when taught by graduates of the tested programs. In the beginning of any new educational programs, it is practically necessary to make some provisional assumptions about desirable student teacher behaviors, as intermediate criteria. I t is not enough to stop here, however. As proper measures are developed for necessary pupil gain, affective as well as cognitive, it is possible to work backward to revise the intermediate criteria (student teacher gains) so that they are better predictions of the ultimate criterion: pupil gain. Once revised intermediate criteria are developed, it is possible to revise the teacher education program more economically. It is not then necessary to measure pupil gain in order to validate every new modification in the program. Even accepting this intermediate state as the most sensible level at which to assess the training program, it is not sound to evaluate the entire, complex training program by a few vastly generalized criterion measures of teaching behavior. Instead, it is better to evaluate each important, individual component of the program by criterion measures tailored specifically to the specific skills or attitudes at which that training unit is aimed. To put it in terms of instructional design, the training is best done by means of a series of relatively small, discrete units, each of which has its carefully identified, measureable "behavioral objectives." The ultimate test of the viability of the training program then becomes the degree to which these "behavioral objectives," when attained by the student teachers, produce significant pupil gain in the classroom. The measurement of the behavioral objective as an intermediate criterion thus speaks both to the improvement of pupil gain and to the improvement of the instructional unit, or module, which produces the intermediate teaching behavior.

Field of study: Psychology
Objective Bayesian hypothesis testing in regression models with first-order autoregressive residuals

This article considers the objective Bayesian testing in the normal regression models with first-order autoregressive residuals. We propose some solutions based on a Bayesian model selection procedure to this problem where no subjective input is considered. We construct the proper priors for testing the autocorrelation coefficient based on measures of divergence between competing models, which is called the divergence-based (DB) priors and then propose the objective Bayesian decision-theoretic rule, which is called the Bayesian reference criterion (BRC). Finally, we derive the intrinsic test statistic for testing the autocorrelation coefficient. The behavior of the Bayes factor-based DB priors is examined by comparing with the BRC in a simulation study and an example.

Field of study: Mathematics
Synthesis of amino acid precursors from simulated interstellar media by high-energy particles or photons

Extraterrestrial organic compounds have been considered as important sources for the origin of life on the Earth. In order to study the formation of organic compounds found in extraterrestrial bodies, simulated interstellar media were irradiated with high energy particles or photons. Particles used were protons from a van de Graaff accelerator, protons and helium ions from a cyclotron, electrons from a synchrotron, and heavy ions from “HIMAC" heavy ion accelerator. Photons used were UV light and soft X-rays from a synchrotron. Gamma-rays irradiation was performed by using a 60Co source. Amino acid precursors were formed from a mixture of carbon monoxide (or methanol), ammonia (or nitrogen) and water by high-energy particles, gamma-rays, or X-rays. If nitrogen molecule was used as N-source, amino acid precursors could be formed by high energy particles, X-rays and gamma-rays, but not by UV light. In the case that ammonia was used, amino acid precursors were detected in all the cases, but energy yields (G-values) of amino acid precursors by high energy particles were much higher than those by UV or X-ray photons. Possible formation of amino acid precursors in interstellar environments was discussed from the point of view of chemical evolution toward origins of life.

Field of study: Computer science
Uncertainty in palaeosalinity estimates from foraminiferal geochemical records in the northern Indian Ocean

Palaeosalinity (S*) estimates rely on calculations stemming from the oxygen isotopic composition of foraminiferal shells (δ18OF) preserved in ocean sediments. δ18OF depends on palaeo in-situ temperature (T*) and the oxygen isotopic composition of seawater (δ18Osw), which in turn depends on various physical oceanographic conditions including evaporation, precipitation, advection, and freshwater fluxes. δ18Osw and salinity covary linearly owing to similar controls, as they both increase with increases in evaporation and decrease with higher precipitation and continental runoff. Typically, palaeosalinity is estimated assuming a constant spatial and temporal relationship between δ18Osw and salinity. However, evaporative and freshwater fluxes exhibit spatiotemporal variability and thus, can change the slope and intercept of the linear δ18O-salinity relationship. Hence, the use of a constant δ18Osw-salinity relationship may produce (systematic) errors in palaeosalinity estimates. Here, we revisit palaeosalinity estimates and provide a reassessment of errors arising from these calculations based on recently reported δ18Osw-salinity relationships in the northern Indian Ocean. Our calculations point to errors in palaeosalinity that can be as large as 55% - significant enough to change our understanding of past ocean circulation and palaeomonsoon variability. These results have important implications for reconstructing the palaeoceanographic record and interpreting past ocean-atmosphere variability.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Unitary Representations, $L^2$ Dolbeault Cohomology, and Weakly Symmetric Pseudo--Riemannian Nilmanifolds.

We combine recent developments on weakly symmetric pseudo--riemannian nilmanifolds with with geometric methods for construction of unitary representations on square integrable Dolbeault cohomology spaces. This runs parallel to construction of discrete series representations on spaces of square integrable harmonic forms with values in holomorphic vector bundles over flag domains. Some special cases had been described by Satake in 1971 and the author in 1975. Here we develop a theory of pseudo--riemannian nilmanifolds of complex type and the nilmanifold versions of flag domains. We construct the associated square integrable (modulo the center) representations on holomorphic cohomology spaces over those domains and note that there are enough such representations for the Plancherel and Fourier Inversion Formulae there. Finally, we note that the most interesting such spaces are weakly symmetric pseudo-riemannian nilmanifolds, so we discuss that theory and give classifications for three basic families of weakly symmetric pseudo--riemannian nilmanifolds of complex type.

Field of study: Mathematics
The differential osmoregulation and localization of taurine transporter mRNA and Na+/myo-inositol cotransporter mRNA in rat eyes.

We studied the cellular localization and osmotic regulation of taurine transporter (TauT) mRNA in the rat eyes using in situ hybridization. TauT mRNA signals were expressed in the ciliary body, and the outer part of the inner nuclear layer (INL), the outer nuclear layer (ONL) and the inner segment (IS) of the adult rat retina. Chronic hypernatrema, induced by gavaging with 1 ml/100 g body weight of 5% NaCl every other day for 7 days, markedly increased in TauT mRNA in the retina compared with control rats. However, there was little change in TauT mRNA in the eyes in acute hypernatremic state that is induced by single injection of high concentration of NaCl. On the contrary, acute hypernatremic rats displayed markedly elevated Na+/myo-inositol cotransporter (SMIT) mRNA in the retina and the iris-ciliary body and the lens epithelium. Under chronic hypernatremic conditions, there was no significant increase in SMIT mRNA in rat eyes. These findings suggest that TauT mRNA is osmotically regulated in vivo to protect retinal neuronal function, especially against chronic hypernatremic conditions, in contrast to rapid up-regulation of SMIT mRNA in acute hypernatremic rats.

Field of study: Biology
Theory of inclusive breakup cross section for Borromean nuclei within a four-body spectator model

We develop a model to treat the inclusive non-elastic break up reactions involving weakly bound three-cluster nuclei. Borromean, two-nucleon, halo nuclei are candidates of unstable three-fragments projectiles. The model is based on the theory of inclusive breakup reactions commonly employed in the treatment of incomplete fusion and surrogate method. The theory was developed in the 80's by Ichimura, Autern and Vincent (IAV)  \cite{IAV1985}, Udagawa and Tamura ( (1981)], \cite{UT1981} and Hussein and McVoy ( (1985)], \cite{HM1985}. We extend these three-body theories to derive an expression for the fragment yield in the reaction $A\,(a,b)\,X$, where the projectile is $a = x_1 + x_2 + b$. The inclusive breakup cross section is found to be the sum of a generalized four-body form of the elastic breakup cross section plus the inclusive non-elastic breakup cross section which involves the "reaction" cross section of the participant fragments, $x_1$ and $x_2$. The final result is similar to the three-body case reviewed in Austern, et al. ( (1987)), , but with important genuine four-body effects added, both in the elastic breakup cross section, which now contains the full correlations between the participant fragments, and in the inclusive non- elastic breakup. These developments should encourage experimentalists to seek more information about the $x_{1} + x_{2}$ system in the elastic breakup cross section, and to theorists to further develop and extend the surrogate method, based on the inclusive non-elastic breakup part of the $b$ spectrum.

Field of study: Physics
James S . Grubb , ed.Family Memoirs from Venice (15th–17thCenturies). Fonti per la storia di Venezia. Sezione V–Fondi Vari. Rome: Viella S.r.l., 2009. li + 400 pp. + 16 color pls. index. illus. €40. ISBN: 978–88–8334–409–1.


Field of study: History
Bilayer vesicle formation in ethanol from calix[4]arene derivative with two guanidinium groups

Stable and regular bilayer vesicles can be formed in ethanol by 5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl-25,27-bis(2-guanidinoethoxy)-26,28-dihydroxycalix[4]arene hydrochloride (BGC). Hydrophobic interactions b...

Field of study: Chemistry
OsSQD1 at the crossroads of phosphate and sulfur metabolism affects plant morphology and lipid composition in response to phosphate deprivation.

In phosphate (Pi)-deprived Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is substituted by sulfolipid for maintaining Pi homeostasis. Sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol1 (AtSQD1) encodes a protein, which catalyzes uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and sulfite (SO3 2- ) to UDP-sulfoquinovose, which is a key component in the sulfolipid biosynthetic pathway. In this study, a reverse genetics approach was employed to decipher the function of the AtSQD1 homolog OsSQD1 in rice. Differential expressions of OsSQD1 in different tissue and response to -P and -S also detected, respectively. The in vitro protein assay and analysis suggests that OsSQD1 is a UDP-sulfoquinovose synthase. Transient expression analysis showed that OsSQD1 is located in the chloroplast. The analyses of the knockout (ossqd1) and knockdown (Ri1 and Ri2) mutants demonstrated reductions in Pi and total P concentrations, 32 Pi uptake rate, expression levels of Pi transporters and altered developmental responses of root traits, which were accentuated during Pi deficiency. The inhibitory effects of the OsSQD1 mutation were also evident in the development of reproductive tissue. Furthermore, OsSQD1 differently affects lipid composition under different Pi regime affects sulfur (S) homeostasis. Together, the study revealed that OsSQD1 affects Pi and S homeostasis, and lipid composition in response to Pi deprivation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Field of study: Environmental science
Transformation of Everyday Practices into Commercialization: A Case of TVET

The root of TVET lies at the local level and practices. We can learn various things from our home and community rather than from schools. School is the formal organization that emphasizes on theoretical or formal knowledge. In contrast TVET focuses on work-based learning. However, the role of TVET in these days has been expanding much more as it has been getting importance gradually. The traditional concept of TVET needs great change in this era. The change can start with the changing mindset of any person. We need change in perspective of the learner so that they can recognize opportunities in their local areas. Ultimately, it helps to promote self-employment in the society and expedite development of the nation.  transformation, everyday practices, commercialization, skill development.

Field of study: Education
Numerical Simulation and Prediction of Springback in Bending Process for Bimetal Bushes

Plastic processing accuracy of large-scale bimetal bushes is tough to get accurate prediction and control.To solve this problem,two-dimensional elastic-plastic finite element models were established based on the finite element MSC.Marc platform.The bending process of bimetal bushes was simulated.The deformation characteristics of the bimetal billet during the process was researched and values of springback were further obtained in unloading stage.

Field of study: Materials science
[Uptake and retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injected into botulin-poisoned muscle in rats (author's transl)].

The quantity of HRP in sciatic nerve and both ventral and dorsal roots of L4-6 spinal segments of rats was determined by coupled oxidation reaction method. 
 Little endogenous peroxidase was found in normal nerve tissue. 
 After HRP was injected into gastrocnemius muscle, HRP was detected not only in the sciatic nerve, but also in the ventral and dorsal roots. 
 Histochemical study confirmed that retrograde axonal transport of HRP proceeded mainly in the axon. 
 No significant difference in the HRP quantities was found between poisoned and normal rats. 
 The HRP quantities in the nerve tissues of both groups of rats were increased by stimulating the nerve. 
 These results suggest that the uptake and retrograde transport of HRP in neuro-muscular junctions are not restricted to axonal terminals but occurred mainly at some preterminal portions up to the tips of the terminals.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Structural evolution of the Gurla Mandhata detachment system, southwest Tibet: Implications for the eastward extent of the Karakoram fault system

Field mapping and geochronologic and thermobarometric analyses of the Gurla Mandhata area, in southwest Tibet, reveal major middle to late Miocene, east-west extension along a normal-fault system, termed the Gurla Mandhata detachment system. The maximum fault slip occurs along a pair of low-angle normal faults that have caused significant tectonic denudation of the Tethyan Sedimentary Sequence, resulting in juxtaposition of weakly metamorphosed Paleozoic rocks and Tertiary sedimentary rocks in the hanging wall over amphibolite-facies mylonitic schist, marble, gneisses, and variably deformed leucogranite bodies in the footwall. The footwall of the detachment fault system records a late Miocene intrusive event, in part contemporaneous with top-to-the-west ductile normal shearing. The consistency of the mean shear direction within the mylonitic footwall rocks and its correlation with structurally higher brittle normal faults suggest that they represent an evolving low-angle normal-fault system. 4 0 Ar/ 3 9 Ar data from muscovite and biotite from the footwall rocks indicate that it cooled below 400 °C by ca. 9 Ma. Consideration of the original depth and dip angle of the detachment fault prior to exhumation of the footwall yields total slip estimates between 66 and 35 km across the Gurla Mandhata detachment system. The slip estimates and timing constraints on the Gurla Mandhata detachment system are comparable to those estimated on the right-slip Karakoram fault system, to which it is interpreted to be kinematically linked. Moreover, the mean shear-sense direction on both the Karakoram fault and the Gurla Mandhata detachment system overlap along the intersection line between the mean orientations of the faults, which further supports a kinematic association. If valid, this interpretation extends previous results that the Karakoram fault extends to mid-crustal depths.

Field of study: Geology
Security-aware and Self-adaptive Job Replication Scheduling in Grids

When scheduling a large number of user jobs for parallel execution on a real Grid system,most existing scheduling algorithms use fixed-number job replications to provide high scheduling success rate and fault tolerance.Three security-aware scheduling algorithms based on self-adaptive replication were proposed,namely,Simple Adaptive Replication、K-Percent Replication and Lazy Replication.The number of the job replications changes adaptively according to the dynamics of grid security.In risky and failure-prone grids,the proposed algorithms are robust due to their self-adaptive job replications and rescheduling mechanism.Simulation results show that the self-adaptive job replication based algorithms are fault-tolerant,scalable,and better than non-security-aware and fixed-number job replication based scheduling algorithms.

Field of study: Computer science
Construction of a large single-chain phage antibody library

To construct a large single chain phage antibody library for human single chain antibody cloning.  Diverse V L and V H genes were amplified by RT PCR from lymphocytes collected from adult peripheral blood and new born cord blood. The V genes were spliced to form ScFv by overlap PCR and cloned into vector PDF, obtaining a primary library in which the V H genes were flanked by two non homologous loxp sites. The V H and V L genes in this primary library were shuffled by infecting the phagemid into cre expressing bacteria at high multiplicity of infection(MOI) to create a very large phage antibody library. The library was tested by selecting human antibodies against various antigens through bio panning.  A large phage antibody of 6×10 10 in size was constructed. Diverse specific human ScFvs against all the 6 tested antigens were obtained from the library by biopanning.  The loxp cre mediated recombination in single bacteria cell is efficient in constructing very large phage antibody library. The success in cloning various human antibodies suggests that the constructed phage antibody library can be used in human antibody preparation.

Field of study: Biology
OSCILLATION PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS OF SECOND ORDER NEUTRAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH DEVIATING ARGUMENTS

Second order neutral differential equations with deviating arguments of the form dt y(t) + Ì : m v ( T i ( t ) ) • Q ( t ) f ( y ( a ( t ) ) ) = R ( t ) , t > t 0 i=\ are studied and sufficient conditions are derived for every solution to be oscillatory. Application to hyperbolic equations is also considered.

Field of study: Philosophy
Measurement of Beam Stability and Coupling Impedance by RF Excitation

The transverse stability limit and coupling impedance of proton beams in the CERN Intersecting Storage Rings have been measured by external excitation of the beam. The impedance values at low frequencies thus obtained are in good agreement with the sum of the skin-effect and the wall-inductance which has been measured previously. The method can be extended to higher frequencies if the beam can be stabilized against low-frequency oscillations, e.g. by feedback.

Field of study: Physics
Influence of socio-demographic and diet determinants on the levels of mercury in preschool children from a Mediterranean island.

Mercury levels measured in 302 hair samples of 4 year-old children from Menorca (western Mediterranean Sea) are reported. Their concentrations, arithmetic mean 1.4 μg/g, ranging between 0.040 μg/g and 10 μg/g, were higher than in other children inland populations but lower than in previously studied island cohorts, e.g. Faroe, Madeira and Seychelles. 20% of the samples were above the WHO recommended values. Higher concentrations in females than males were observed. Frequent consumption of fish and other seafood were significantly related to the observed mercury concentrations. Oily fish was the main source of this pollutant but shellfish and squid consumption were also associated with high mercury concentrations. Maternal smoking, occupational status or previous siblings were also found to significantly influence the levels of this pollutant. McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities used to assess children's motor and cognitive abilities did not show association with mercury concentrations at 4 years of age.

Field of study: Environmental science
Two-mode laser power spectra.

In recent studies on multimode solid state free-running lasers (i.e., in the absence of either mode or phase locking), it has appeared that the peaks of the power spectra verify remarkable relations . The purpose of this Letter is to present a study of the two-mode case for which additional and more explicit results can be obtained. We also present experimental results which con rm the theoretical analysis. Multimode free-running solid-state lasers can be described by the Tang, Statz, and deMars rate equations

Field of study: Physics