nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Woodrow Wilson, Progressive Reform, and Public Administration

It is fast becoming fashionable today to bad-mouth the contributions of scholar-president Woodrow Wilson to American public administration. To be sure, everyone acknowledges that his 1887 essay, "The Study of Administration," published in Political Science Quarterly, was a significant starting point of some kind. 1 For example, Leonard D. White, the preeminent public-administration scholar of the pre-World War II era, wrote that "the study of administration . . . dates from the brilliant essay by Woodrow Wilson."2 Dwight Waldo, arguably the most important public-administration scholar of the pre-World War II era, has referred to Wilson's essay as "the most important document in the development of the field."3 As Robert T. Golembiewski has put it, "Virtually everyone agrees that Woodrow Wilson's 'The Study of Administration' constitutes the birth certificate of the modern study of public administration."4 One could offer a long list of such accolades. Nevertheless, Wilson's standing

Field of study: Political science
Discriminating features learning in hand gesture classification

The advent and popularity of Kinect provides a new choice and opportunity for hand gesture recognition (HGR) research. In this study, the authors propose a discriminating features extraction for HGR, in which features from red, green and blue (RGB) images and depth images are both explored. More specifically, histogram of oriented gradient feature, local binary pattern feature, structure feature and three-dimensional voxel feature are first extracted from RGB images and depth images, then these features are further reduced with a novel deflation orthogonal discriminant analysis, which enhances the discriminative ability of the features with supervised subspace projection. The extensive experimental results show that the proposed method improves the HGR performance significantly.

Field of study: Computer science
Marine ethnobiology a rather neglected area, which can provide an important contribution to ocean and coastal management

This report describes marine ethnobiology as it has been presented and discussed under the conference session “Ethnothalassic interactions” organized for the 13th International Congress of Ethnobiology. We define marine ethnobiology as a field within ethnobiology that specifically comprises the study of the relationships of present and past human societies to marine biota and ecosystems. The session stimulated discussion on this emerging field and its contribution to coastal and ocean management, by exchanging experiences on a diverse array of studies within this field that include: co-management of marine protected areas, seascape management, demise, re-discovery and re-implementation of traditional knowledge-based management schemes, history of artisanal shellfish-farming and of the management of artisanal fisheries, medicinal knowledge of algae, as well as the outreach of ethnobiological studies for the conservation of the cultural-ecological heritage in the coastal zone. We here offer the conclusions of the conference session in the form of a longue duree perspective on coastal management that highlights a broad array of human adaptations to coastal environments. We suggest that these adaptations have to be researched and understood in detail in order to incorporate them into broader coastal management strategies in the presence of the severe environmental and political-economical pressures that currently threaten fishing stocks, marine habitats, and the livelihoods of the 2.6 billion people that depend on the oceans as their main source of protein.

Field of study: Environmental science
Ablation of ATG4B Suppressed Autophagy and Activated AMPK for Cell Cycle Arrest in Cancer Cells

ATG4B is a cysteine protease required for autophagy, which is a cellular catabolic pathway involved in energy balance. ATG4B expression is elevated during tumor growth in certain types of cancer, suggesting that ATG4B is an attractive target for cancer therapy. However, little is known about the mechanisms through which ATG4B deprivation suppresses the growth of cancer cells.  Cancer cells were transfected with either siRNA against ATG4B or an expression vector encoding wild-type ATG4BWT or encoding catalytic mutant ATG4BC74A to determine cell cycle progression by propidium iodide staining or by BrdU incorporation assay using flow cytometry. The GFP-MAP1LC3-II puncta and protein levels in the cells were determined by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting, respectively.  Knockdown of ATG4B blocked cell proliferation, particularly at the G1-S phase transition, in various cancer cells. Moreover, knockdown of ATG4B or overexpression of the ATG4BC74A catalytic mutant reduced both autophagic flux and ATP levels and increased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation in the cancer cells. Nevertheless, knockdown of ATG4B had only a minor effect on AMPK activation and G1 phase arrest in liver kinase B1 (LKB1)-deficient or AMPK-inhibited cancer cells.  These results imply that targeting ATG4B might inhibit autophagy and trigger the LKB1-AMPK energy-sensing pathway, resulting in tumor growth suppression.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINUM ALLOY 6082-T6

Through the tensile tests of 90 coupons which were cut from various cross-section shapes of 6082-T6 aluminum alloy products,the material mechanical characteristics and the stress-strain relationship of the structural aluminum alloy were studied.Statistical analyses were performed for several material mechanical properties including proof strength,tensile strength,the elastic modulus,breaking elongation,Poisson's ratio and enhancement coefficients.Test results show that the constitutive relationship of the 6082-T6 aluminum alloy made for the domestic structures obeys the Ramberg-Osgood model basically.The statistical analysis of the experimental data indicates that material mechanical properties subject to the normal distribution;the statistical values of proof strength,elastic modulus,and Poisson’s ratio are close to those given in the design code;the enhancement coefficient obtained by the traditional method is slightly higher than that recommended by Steinhardt.

Field of study: Engineering
Impacts of Welding Heat Sources on Welding Stress of Steel Structure

Based on the Von Mises yield criterion and the linear isotropic hardening rule, a dynamic model of TIG welding 316L stainless steel was establish using the elastoplastic constitutive equations, and the effects of different welding heat source model on the distribution of temperature and residual stress in welding process were investigated. The results show that the isotherm is more inclined to long strip in the double ellipsoidal model, and the temperature gradient is small along the welding direction; the isotherm is relatively more round in 3D conical Gaussian heat source model, and the temperature gradient is larger along the welding direction; the residual stress distribution in the transverse and longitudinal direction is almost the same in two kinds of heat source models.

Field of study: Materials science
The Influence of Student Locus of Control and Teaching Method on Mathematics Achievement.

This research study analyzed the effects that the cognitive style of locus of control had upon mathematics achievement. Inductive and deductive methods of instruction were utilized to teach a transformational geometry unit to two groups of college students. The criterion measure was composed of questions differentiated into lower and higher levels of understanding based upon Bloom’s (1) taxonomy. The data were analyzed using aptitude-treatment interaction techniques. The analysis revealed a significant interaction for the subtest of items testing lower level understanding. On these items, the internal students achieved higher when taught with the inductive method, while the external students achieved higher when taught with the deductive method. The implications for further research studies in this area are discussed.

Field of study: Education
m6A Methylation Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes in Skin Tissues of Coarse and Fine Type Liaoning Cashmere Goats

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most common internal modification in mRNAs of all higher eukaryotes. Here we perform two high-throughput sequencing methods, m6A-modified RNA immunoprecipitation sequence (MeRIP-seq) and RNA sequence (RNA-seq) to identify key genes with m6A modification in cashmere fiber growth. A total of 9,085 m6A sites were differentially RNA m6A methylated as reported from by MeRIP-seq, including 7,170 upregulated and 1,915 downregulated. In addition, by comparing m6A-modified genes between the fine-type Liaoning cashmere goat (FT-LCG) and coarse-type Liaoning Cashmere Goat (CT-LCG) skin samples, we obtain 1,170 differentially expressed genes. In order to identify the differently methylated genes related to cashmere fiber growth, 19 genes were selected to validate by performing qRT-PCR in FT-LCG and CT-LCG. In addition, GO enrichment analysis shows that differently methylated genes are mainly involved in keratin filament and intermediate filament. These findings provide a theoretical basis for future research on the function of m6A modification during the growth of cashmere fiber.

Field of study: Biology
NTPDase2+ Cells Generate Lingual Epithelia and Papillae

The tongue epithelium is one of the most rapidly self-renewing tissues in adult mammals. Multiple stem cell populations are currently believed to exist in tongue epithelia. Keratin 14 (K14) positive cells differentiate into either lingual epithelia or lingual papillae, while ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 2 (NTPDase2) is associated with neural stem cells and astrocyte-like cells ensheathing the migrating neuroblasts. Here, using a transgenic mouse expressing rtTA from the mouse NTPDase2 promoter, we generated an inducible model by treatment with Doxycycline. By immunohistochemical analysis and in situ hybridization, we found exclusive expression of NTPDase2 in lingual epithelia and lingual papillae. Using inducible genetic cell fate mapping, we further showed that the NTPDase2+ cells generated lingual papillae and epithelia in the adult tongue. Finally, building on our previously proposed paradigm of cell migration stream, a model is further described here for lingual epithelia cell genesis. In short, the current results not only extend our understanding of the cell migration stream in lingual epithelia and lingual papillae, but they also support the concept of multiple stem cell populations in lingual epithelia and papillae.

Field of study: Biology
Geometry Control of Source/Drain Electrodes in Organic Field-Effect Transistors by Electrohydrodynamic Inkjet Printing

In this work we study the influence of dielectric surface and process parameters on the geometry and electrical properties of silver electrodes obtained by electrohydrodynamic inkjet printing. The cross-section and thickness of printed silver tracks are optimized to achieve a high conductivity. Silver overprints with cross-section larger than 4 μm2 and thickness larger than 90 nm exhibit the lowest resistivity. To fabricate electrodes in the desired geometry, a sufficient volume of ink is distributed on the surface by applying appropriate voltage amplitude. Single and multilayer overprints are incorporated as bottom contacts in bottom gate organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) with a semiconducting polymer as active layer. The multilayer electrodes result in significantly higher electrical parameters than single layer contacts, confirming the importance of a careful design of the printed tracks for reliable device performance. The results provide important design guidelines for precise fabrication of electrodes in electronic devices by electrohydrodynamic inkjet printing.

Field of study: Materials science
Effect of fetal alcohol exposure on adult symptoms of nicotine, alcohol, and drug dependence.

The objective of this study is to examine the effect of fetal alcohol exposure on later substance dependence using an adoption study method.



One hundred ninety-seven adoptees were interviewed for substance abuse disorders, including nicotine, alcohol, and drug dependence. Twenty-one adoptees had mothers who drank during pregnancy. Adoptees with fetal alcohol exposure were compared with those without fetal alcohol exposure for symptoms of adult nicotine, alcohol, and drug dependence.



Adoptee symptom counts for alcohol, drug, and nicotine dependence were higher for those exposed to alcohol in utero. The effect of fetal alcohol exposure remained after controlling for gender, biological parent alcohol dependence diagnosis, birth weight, gestational age and other environmental variables.



Fetal alcohol exposure may produce increased risk for later nicotine, alcohol, and drug dependence. Possible effects of fetal alcohol exposure on development of adult substance use patterns needs attention in genetic studies of substance abuse.

Field of study: Medicine
Frequency considerations for deep ablation with high-intensity focused ultrasound: A simulation study.

The objective of this study was to explore frequency considerations for large-volume, deep thermal ablations with focused ultrasound. Though focal patterns, focal steering rate, and the size of focal clusters have all been explored in this context, frequency studies have generally explored shallower depths and hyperthermia applications. This study examines both treatment efficiency and near-field heating rate as functions of frequency and depth.



Flat, 150 mm transducer arrays were simulated to operate at frequencies of 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1250, and 1500 kHz. Each array had λ2 interelement spacing yielding arrays of 2000-70 000 piston-shaped elements arranged in concentric rings. Depths of 50, 100, and 150 mm were explored, with attenuation (α) values of 2.5-10 (Np/m)/MHz. Ultrasound propagation was simulated with the Rayleigh-Sommerfeld integral over a volume of homogeneous simulated tissue. Absorbed power density was determined from the acoustic pressure which, in turn, was modeled with the Pennes bioheat transfer equation. Using this knowledge of temperature over time, thermal dose function of Sapareto and Dewey was used to model the resulting bioeffect of each simulated sonication. Initially, single foci at each depth, frequency, and α were examined with either fixed peak temperatures or fixed powers. Based on the size of the resulting, single foci lesions, larger compound sonications were designed with foci packed together in multiple layers and rings. For each depth, focal patterns were chosen to produce a similar total ablated volume for each frequency. These compound sonications were performed with a fixed peak temperature at each focus. The resulting energy efficiency (volume ablated per acoustic energy applied), near-field heating rate (temperature increase in the anterior third of the simulation space per unit volume ablated), and near- and far-field margins were assessed.



Lesions of comparable volume were created with different frequencies at different depths. The results reflect the interconnected nature of frequency as it effects focal size (decreasing with frequency), peak pressure (generally increasing with frequency), and attenuation (also increasing with frequency). The ablation efficiency was the highest for α = 5 (Np/m)/MHz at a frequency of 750 kHz at each depth. For α = 10 (Np/m)/MHz, efficiency was the highest at 750 kHz for a depth of 50 mm, and 500 kHz at depths of 100 and 150 mm. At all sonication depths, near-field heating was minimized with lower frequencies of 250 and 500 kHz.



Large-volume ablations are most efficient at frequencies of 500-750 kHz at depths of 100-150 mm. When one considers that near-field heat accumulation tends to be the rate limiting factor in large-volume ablations like uterine fibroid surgery, the results show that frequencies as low as 500 kHz are favored for their ability to reduce heating in the near-field.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Renewable Energy-based Hybrid Microgrid for Economically Effective Coastal Electrification

Electrification of rural islands is still a major challenge for many countries due to the inadequate and inchoate distribution of fossil fuels in conventional grid system. Even if these problems are eliminated, the high electricity cost makes rural people ineligible for electricity services. In addition to tackling environmental pollution, microgrids (MG) could be the appropriate solution to reduce these economic barriers. Aiming to mitigate the impediment of rural electrification, this study proposes a hybrid microgrid consists of renewable energy sources, natural gas generator, battery storage, and electric vehicle charging station where a case study is performed with and without wind turbine as a renewable energy source. The MG is simulated for two coastal areas of Bangladesh, and sensitivity analysis has taken place by varying the load demand. MG without wind energy is found more affordable than MG with wind energy. The winning case configuration estimated the cost of energy of 0.157$ and the carbon dioxide (CO2) emission of 6666.47 kg/y, which is a betimes step in ensuring pollution-free power supply as well as electrification in powerless areas. The results lead to the conclusion that the proposed model can provide affordable alongside eco-friendly electrification.

Field of study: Physics
Paired-Associate Learning in Children: Length of List, Initial Associative Strength, Presentation Time, and Grade Level

Acquisition of paired associates was studied as a function of initial associative strength (IAS), presentation time (PT), length of list and grade level. On trials to criterion, significant effects were obtained for IAS and PT and list length. There were no grade differences. Difficulty of the pairs in the list as measured by average number of errors per unit pair showed significant effects for PT and IAS. List length did not change the difficulty of learning an individual pair. Length of time to learn lists as measured by total learning time gave no evidence of time constancy but suggests that within the limits of this experiment, total learning time is a direct function of PT.

Field of study: Psychology
Pore Filling Effect of Forced Carbonation Reactions Using Carbon Dioxide Nanobubbles

Various methods for repairing and modifying concrete surfaces have been proposed and applied to improve the durability of existing concrete structures. Surface modification through forced carbonation is a method of densification that forms calcium carbonate in the pores on the surface of concrete to improve its durability. In this study, to evaluate the applicability of this surface modification method to existing buildings, a series of experiments was conducted in which mortar specimens were repeatedly immersed in a carbon dioxide nanobubble aqueous solution. By evaluating the weight change and absorption rate, it was determined that the higher the water/cement ratio of the mortar specimen, the higher the pore filling effect owing to immersion in the carbon dioxide nanobubble aqueous solution. In addition, the effect of clogged pores generated by the precipitation of calcium carbonate was confirmed, and it was found that the higher the water/cement ratio of the mortar specimen, the higher the pore filling effect due to clogging. We believe that our findings contribute to the development of research and construction practices associated with concrete repair and restoration.

Field of study: Materials science
Microbial consortia of gorgonian corals from the Aleutian islands.

Gorgonians make up the majority of corals in the Aleutian archipelago and provide critical fish habitat in areas of economically important fisheries. The microbial ecology of the deep-sea gorgonian corals Paragorgea arborea, Plumarella superba, and Cryogorgia koolsae was examined with culture-based and 16S rRNA gene-based techniques. Six coral colonies (two per species) were collected. Samples from all corals were cultured, and clone libraries were constructed from P. superba and C. koolsae. Cultured bacteria were dominated by the Gammaproteobacteria, especially Vibrionaceae, with other phyla comprising <6% of the isolates. The clone libraries showed dramatically different bacterial communities between corals of the same species collected at different sites, with no clear pattern of conserved bacterial consortia. Two of the clone libraries (one from each coral species) were dominated by Tenericutes, with Alphaproteobacteria dominating the remaining sequences. The other libraries were more diverse and had a more even distribution of bacterial phyla, showing more similarity between genera than within coral species. Here we report the first microbiological characterization of P. arborea, P. superba, and C. koolsae.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Cross-Coupling Reaction of Alkyl- or Arylboronic Acid Esters with Organic Halides Induced by Thallium(I) Salts and Palladium-Catalyst

The cross-coupling reaction of alkylboronic acid esters with 1-alkenyl- or aryl halides is successfully catalyzed by PdCl2(dppf) or Pd(PPh3)4 in the presence of thallium(I) hydroxide or carbonate to give the corresponding alkenes or arenes in good yields. The coupling reaction of arylboronic acid esters with aryl halides under similar conditions to provide biaryls is also described.

Field of study: Chemistry
[A study of some genes related to serotoninergic and dopaminergic systems and auditory evoked-potentials (P300) in patients with schizophrenia and spectrum disorders and their first-degree relatives].

The changes of P300 parameters (lower amplitude and increased latency) are thought to be the most prominent phenomena of schizophrenia. A role of gene polymorphism in P300 generation was supported by several associative studies in psychiatrically well subjects and patients with mental disorders. We studied P300 parameters and the following polymorphisms: T102C for the serotonin receptor type 2A (5-HTR2A) gene, the 5-HTTLPR for the serotonin transporter gene, -809G/A, -616G/C N -52C/T SNPs in the promoter region of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene and the Val158Met polymorphism of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) in 74 patients with schizophrenia and spectrum disorders and 71 their first-degree relatives. No association was found between serotonergic system genes and P300. The -809G/A DRD4 gene polymorphism was related to amplitude in all frontal leads (p=0,01) in patients. In relatives, an association was observed between -521C/T DRD4 variants and latency (p=0,005) as well as between the COMT gene polymorphism and P300 amplitude (p=0,004) at the central lead. Thus, the genes involved in dopaminergic system play a role in P300 generation both in patients with schizophrenia and spectrum disorders and their relatives.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Exploring complete school effectiveness via quantile value added

In education studies value added is by and large defined in terms of a test score distribution mean. Therefore, all except a particular summary of the test score distribution is ignored. Developing a value-added definition that incorporates the entire conditional distribution of students' scores given school effects and control variables would produce a more complete picture of a school's effectiveness and as a result provide more accurate information that could better guide policy decisions. Motivated in part by the current debate surrounding the recent proposal of eliminating co-payment institutions as part of Chile's education reform, we provide a new definition of value added that is based on the quantiles of the conditional test score distribution. Further, we show that the quantile-based value added can be estimated within a quantile mixed model regression framework. We apply the methodology to Chilean standardized test data and explore how information garnered facilitates school effectiveness comparisons between public schools and those that are subsidized with and without co-payments.

Field of study: Mathematics