nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A surface potential and quasi-Fermi potential based drain current model for pocket-implanted MOS transistors in subthreshold regime

A subthreshold drain current model for pocket-implanted MOS transistors, incorporating both the drift and diffusion currents, is presented in this paper. In this model, the concept of splitting of the quasi-Fermi energy levels under nonequilibrium condition is used. It is well known that the surface potential based drain current models strongly depend on the potential profile of the channel. For short-channel devices, the end effect at the source and drain ends on the surface potential, and consequently on the drain current, cannot be ignored. The end effect gives rise to a position dependent potential profile, in contrast to a flat 1D profile in a long-channel device; which implies that both the drift and diffusion components are required to be considered for an accurate drain current. The concept of the gradient in the quasi-Fermi level is a convenient way to do so. In this work, a pseudo 2D potential profile which takes into account the vertical field due to the gate and the lateral field due to the source and drain junctions in addition to the difference in the flat-band voltage along the channel is used. Moreover, the mobility and the effective conduction layer depth used are also position dependent since the channel doping varies along the channel. Model predictions are compared with the results predicted by the 2D numerical device simulator DESSIS, and a very good agreement between the two are observed.

Field of study: Engineering
Caracterización de los tumores testiculares de células germinales según biopsias del servicio de patología. Hospital México, Costa Rica; enero 2003 a marzo 2011

"El 95% de los tumores testiculares son de celulas germinales (TTCG). La presencia de estas neoplasias ha venido en aumento, y se han hecho mas frecuentes en gente joven. Los TTCG se dividen en dos grupos: seminomatosos y no seminomatosos. El objetivo fue caracterizar los TTCG con base en los resultados de la biopsia de Patologia en el Hospital Mexico, del 1 o de enero del 2003, al 31 de marzo del 2011..."

Field of study: Mathematics
Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of a native chitinase from the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus YJ-407.

Chitinase hydrolyzes chitin, a linear polymer of beta-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine (NAG), and plays a variety of roles in the biological world. In addition to endo- and exo-hydrolytic activities, transglycosyl activity has also been observed in the extracellular chitinase (afCHI) from the airborne saprophytic fungi Aspergillus fumigatus YJ-407. Crystals of this native chitinase have been grown at 291 K using PEG 3350 as a precipitant. The diffraction data from the crystal extend to 1.7 A resolution at BSRF, China. The crystal belongs to space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 95.7, b = 100.5, c = 134.3 A. The presence of two molecules per asymmetric unit gives a crystal volume per protein mass (V(M)) of 3.6 A(3) Da(-1) and a solvent content of 65% by volume. A full set of X-ray diffraction data was collected to 2.1 A resolution.

Field of study: Chemistry
Serum concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) in the United States population: 2003-2004.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153) are chemicals known as brominated flame retardants. We have assessed the exposure status of the United States population to PBDEs and BB-153 and explored associations with demographic information, including participants' age, sex, and race/ethnicity. A total of 2,062 serum samples, from participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004 aged 12 years and older, were analyzed for PBDEs and BB-153; stratified and regression analyses were used to examine levels among demographic groups. The congener with the highest serum concentration was 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) [geometric mean 20.5 ng/g lipid]; followed by 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexaBDE (BDE-153) [5.7 ng/g lipid]; 2,2',4,4',5-pentaBDE (BDE-99) [5.0 ng/g lipid; a value equal to the highest limit of detection for an individual sample]; 2,2',4,4',6-pentaBDE (BDE-100) [3.9 ng/g lipid]; BB-153 [2.3 ng/g lipid]; and 2,4,4'-triBDE (BDE-28) [1.2 ng/g lipid]. For BDE-47, we observed no significant difference in the least-squares geometric mean (LSGM) by sex, but with age we found both a linear decrease (p = 0.01) and a positive quadratic trend (p = 0.01). Its LSGM, 27.9 ng/lipid, in the 12-19 year olds decreased to 17.2 ng/g lipid in the 40-49 year group, and then curved upward to 20.4 ng/g lipid in the > or =60 years olds. Mexican Americans had the highest LSGM of BDE-47 (24.5 ng/g lipid), which was significantly higher than that of non-Hispanic whites (19.7 ng/g lipid, p = 0.01). Adults 60 years and older were twice as likely as adults 20-59 years old to have a serum BDE-47 concentration above the 95th percentile (p = 0.02). These data provide needed exposure assessment data for public health decisions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Characteristics of the primary reaction of hypocrellin A photosensitization.

The primary reaction of photosensitization of Hypocrellin A (HA) has been studied by using techniques of ESR, spin-trapping and spin-counteraction. The experiments show that HA is able to generate not only 1O2, but also O-2, .OH and HA- which are observed for the first time. The conversion of generating active oxygen into generating nonoxygen free radical is confirmed as well. Based on the characteristics of the primary reaction which generates these active substances (transient products), it is proposed that the photosensitized damage for the biological system by HA is probably related to not only 1O2 itself, but also a multiple effect from 1O2 as well as O-2, .OH and HA- free radical.

Field of study: Chemistry
Research on Anti-rancidity Healthy Colleseed Oil

A new kink of anti-rancidity healthy colleseed oil was studied.When propolis, VE,TBHQ and citrate were added into the ordinary colleseed oil,there were increase markedly with the anti-oxidation and acidity value stability,and decrease markedly with serum lipids level in HSL mouse model(p0 01～0 001),and also it showed inhibition ability of microbe growth.The results suggested that this kind of colleseed oil was safe and healthy oil with the abilities of antirancidity antioxidation and decreasing serum lipids.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Perceptions of Pharmacy Students, Faculty Members, and Administrators on the Use of Technology in the Classroom

To gather and evaluate the perceptions of students, faculty members, and administrators regarding the frequency and appropriateness of classroom technology use.  Third-year pharmacy students and faculty members at 6 colleges and schools of pharmacy were surveyed to assess their perceptions about the type, frequency, and appropriateness of using technology in the classroom. Upper-level administrators and information technology professionals were also interviewed to ascertain overall technology goals and identify criteria used to adopt new classroom technologies.  Four hundred sixty-six students, 124 faculty members, and 12 administrators participated in the survey. The most frequently used and valued types of classroom technology were course management systems, audience response systems, and lecture capture. Faculty members and students agreed that faculty members appropriately used course management systems and audience response systems. Compared with their counterparts, tech-savvy, and male students reported significantly greater preference for increased use of classroom technology. Eighty-six percent of faculty members reported having changed their teaching methodologies to meet student needs, and 91% of the students agreed that the use of technology met their needs.  Pharmacy colleges and schools use a variety of technologies in their teaching methods, which have evolved to meet the needs of the current generation of students. Students are satisfied with the appropriateness of technology, but many exhibit preferences for even greater use of technology in the classroom.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Research on the Rapid Determining Method for Roughcast Allowance and Tolerance

Roughcast allowances have an important effect on machining quality and production cost. In this paper, based on the analysis process of machining and the method of roughcast manufacturing, the factors influencing on determining roughcast allowances are studied systemically, and the key influencing factors are found out. On the basis of this, a method for rapid determining roughcast allowances and tolerance based upon ANN is presented, ANN model is set up, and unitary processing about input factors is finished. It is proved via the example analysis and simulation experiment that roughcast allowances and tolerance can be rapid determined only by selecting rational and logical network frame and sample parameters.

Field of study: Materials science
Weak Pion and Photon Production off Nucleons in a Chiral Effective Field Theory

Neutrino-induced pion and photon production from nucleons and nuclei are important for the interpretation of neutrino-oscillation experiments, and these processes are potential backgrounds in the MiniBooNE experiment (A. A. Aquilar-Arevalo et al. (MiniBooNE Collaboration),  (2008)). Pion and photon production are investigated at intermediate energies, where theresonance becomes important. The Lore ntz-covariant e୥ctiveeld theory contains nucleons, pions, Deltas, isoscalar scalar (�) and vector (!) �elds, and isovector vector (�) �elds. The lagrangian exhibits a nonlinear realization of (approximate) SU(2)L SU(2)R chiral symmetry and incorporates vector meson dominance. Power counting for vertices and Feynman diagrams involving theis explained. Because of the built-in symmetries, the vector currents are automatically conserved, and the axial-vector currents satisfy PCAC. The irrelevance of so-called oଭshellcouplings and the structure of the dressedpropag ator, which has a pole only in the spin-3/2 channel, are discussed. To calibrate the axial-vector transition current (N $ �), pion production from the nucleon is used as a benchmark and compared to bubble-chamber data from Argonne and Brookhaven National Laboratories. At low energies, the convergence of our power- counting scheme is investigated, and next-to-leading-order tree-level corrections are found to be very small.

Field of study: Physics
Fueling the Post-Soviet Economies: Oil and Gas

Ever since the nineteenth century, the Eurasian idea has been a popular way of explaining the unique dualism of the Russian national character. But with the collapse of the Soviet Empire, an important phemonenon is emerging a phenomenon that is not receiving sufficient consideration by Western analysts and businessmen. As the ensuing economic disintegration of the former Union accelerates, three distinct zones of influence are forming: western, southern, and eastern. In terms of economic affairs, the western part of the former union is drifting further and further in the direction of the European Community, while the east Asian periphery is leaning towards Japan. The southern Asian regions are gravitating toward Turkey, Iran, and neighboring Muslim countries. Meanwhile, the industrial potential of the states on the territory of the former Soviet Union is rapidly deteriorating. Their capacity to maintain let alone expand output, has been seriously weakened. In 1990, in order to reduce the budget deficit, a dramatic decrease in industrial investment was effected, one that was unprecedented in the economic history of the Soviet Union. This severe cutback in investments was not carried out in a rational manner: it did not facilitate the resolution of

Field of study: Economics
A numerical solution and an exact explicit solution of the NLS equation

We consider traveling wave solutions of the nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS for short) equation. In this paper by considering the decomposition scheme, we first obtain the exact solutions of the NLS equation for the initial condition without using any classical transformations and then its numerical solutions are constructed without using any discretization technique. The numerical solutions are compared with the known analytical solutions. Its remarkable accuracy is finally demonstrated in the study of some initial values of the NLS equation.

Field of study: Mathematics
Complementary and alternative medicine education in United States pharmacy schools

Seventy-seven pharmacy colleges in the United States were surveyed to assess the degree to which instruction in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) was included in the pharmacy curriculum. Fifty schools responded to the survey out of 77 solicited (65 percent). Of these, 36 schools (72 percent) offer coursework in either herbal medicine or other areas of CAM. Thirty schools (60 percent) indicated that herbal medicine coursework is distributed throughout one or more courses available in pharmacy education while 26 schools (52 percent) indicated the availability of other alternative medicine course work in their curriculum. Most schools offering CAM coursework reported a combination of required and elective instruction. In general, PharmD programs were slightly less likely than BS programs to offer CAM coursework, but this trend was linked closely to the overall number of elective hours available in each program. Although the primary instructor for CAM classes was a PhD or PharmD, 14 of 31 schools reported utilizing alternative practitioners as supplemental instructors.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
A political economy of ethnic conflict ethno‐nationalism and organised crime

The failure of many conflict resolution interventions in the 1990s suggests the need for new research approaches into the dynamics of internal conflict. This article attempts to identify adversarial forces facing those charged with conflict resolution in Bosnia‐Herzegovina. It argues that the adversary is not a series of individuals as is often supposed, but rather a politico‐economic structure which has survived the end of open conflict. Focus is placed on the mechanics of violence with particular emphasis on the economic dimensions of ethnic cleansing, subsequent trading patterns and the political relationships within ethnically altered societies. Transnational criminal networks and parallel economies are identified as leading agencies within a structure which maintains legitimacy through the doctrine of ethno‐nationalism and the manipulation of the politically and economically disenfranchised.

Field of study: History, Sociology
Identification and characterization of a tissue kallikrein in rat skeletal muscles.

A tissue kallikrein was purified from rat skeletal muscle. Characterization of the enzyme showed that it has alpha-N-tosyl-L-arginine methylesterase activity and releases kinin from purified bovine low-Mr kininogen substrate. The pH optimum (9.0) of its esterase activity and the profile of inhibition by serine-proteinase inhibitors are identical with those of purified RUK (rat urinary kallikrein). Skeletal-muscle kallikrein also behaved identically with urinary kallikrein in a radioimmunoassay using a polyclonal anti-RUK antiserum. On Western-blot analysis, rat muscle kallikrein was recognized by affinity-purified monoclonal anti-kallikrein antibody at a position similar to that of RUK (Mr 38,000). Immunoreactive-kallikrein levels were measured in skeletal muscles which have different fibre types. The soleus, a slow-contracting muscle with high mitochondrial oxidative-enzyme activity, had higher kallikrein content than did the extensor digitorum longus or gastrocnemius, both fast-contracting muscles with low oxidative-enzyme activity. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes reduced muscle weights, but did not alter the level of kallikrein (pg/mg of protein) in skeletal muscle, suggesting that insulin is not a regulator of kallikrein in this tissue. Although the role of kallikrein in skeletal muscle is unknown, its localization and activity in relation to muscle functions and disease can now be studied.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Transparency about internal audit results to reduce the supervisory burden: A qualitative study on the preconditions of sharing audit results.

Many working hours of healthcare professionals are spent on administrative tasks. Administrative burden is caused by political choices, legislation, the requirements of health insurers and supervisors. Coordination between the parties involved, is lacking. Therefore, we studied to what extent sharing internal audit results of hospitals with external supervisors is possible and the necessary preconditions. We interviewed 42 individuals from six hospitals and the Dutch Health and Youth Care Inspectorate. The interviewees expressed that there is no coordination in timing and content between internal audits and external supervision. They were in favour of sharing internal audit results with external supervisors to reduce the supervisory burden. They stated that internal audits give insight into quality problems and improvements, how hospital directors govern quality and safety, and the culture of improvement within healthcare provider teams. With this information, the inspectorate can judge to what extent hospitals are learning organisations. The interviewees mentioned the following preconditions for sharing audit results: reliable and risk-based information about quality and safety, collected by expert, trained auditors, and careful use of this information by the inspectorate in order to maintain openness among audited healthcare professionals. In conclusion, internal audit results can be shared conditionally with external supervisors. When internal audit results show that hospitals are open, learning and self-reflecting organisations, the healthcare inspectorate can reduce their supervisory burden.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
PCR primers for detection and characterisation of IncP-9 plasmids.

IncP-9 plasmids are best known as the vehicles for spreading biodegradation functions among Pseudomonas species but can also carry resistance determinants. New PCR primer systems targeting different replicon-specific regions were designed to allow detection of IncP-9 plasmids. Their specificity was checked against a range of IncP-9 plasmids as well as representatives of incompatibility groups IncFI, IncFII, IncN, IncQ, IncP-1alpha, IncP-1beta, IncP-2, IncP-7, IncP-13, IncW, IncU, IncX and IncZ. Products obtained for plasmids assigned to IncP-9 group by traditional incompatibility testing varied in size and restriction pattern suggesting diversity in the 'core' sequence among related replicons. Specific primer pairs were applied to community DNA extracted from a range of environments including those subject to strong selective pressure, caused by antibiotics, metals and organic pollutants. Abundant products were observed in manure and sewage, independently of the presence of antibiotics and metals, but could also be detected in coastal water and streptomycin-treated soil. Community DNA from faeces of piglets treated and non-treated with Zn gave particularly strong PCR product with IncP-9 rep primers. Therefore, an attempt was made to isolate bacteria carrying the IncP-9-like plasmids, but this was not successful. The results of application of these newly designed primer pairs to plasmid isolates as well as community DNA indicate that the IncP-9-related plasmids are a diverse family prevalent in various environments and widely distributed geographically.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
An operational concept for long-term cinemicrography of cells in mono- and co-culture under highly controlled conditions--the SlideObserver.

Cell morphology, proliferation and motility, as well as mono- and heterotypic cell-to-cell interactions, are of increasing interest for in vitro experiments. However, tightly controlling culture conditions whilst simultaneously monitoring the same set of cells is complicated. Moreover, video-microscopy of distinct cells or areas of cells over a prolonged period of time represents a technical challenge. The SlideObserver was designed for cinemicrography of cells in co-and monoculture. The core elements of the system are the SlideReactors, miniaturised hollow fibre-based bioreactors operated in closed perfusion loops. Within the SlideReactors, cells can be cultured under adaptable conditions as well as in direct- and indirect co-culture. The independent perfusion loops enable controlled variation of parameters such as medium, pH, and oxygenation. A combined automated microscope stage and camera set-up allows for micrograph acquisition of multiple user-defined regions of interest within the bioreactor units. For proof of concept, primary cells (HUVEC, human hepatocytes) and cell lines (HuH7, THP-1) were cultured under stable and varying culture conditions, as well as in mono- and co-culture. The operational system enabled non-stop imaging and automated control of process parameters as well as elective manipulation of either reactor. As opposed to non-perfused culture systems or comparable devices for cinemicrographic analysis, the SlideObserver allows simultaneous morphological monitoring of an entire culture of cells in multiple bioreactors.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Construction, Interpretation, and Use of a Sight Reading Scale in Organ Music with an Analysis of Organ Playing into Fundamental Abilities

music, however, the lack of reliable and valid criteria of likeability and of difficulty seri ously retarded the development of reading scales. The following study indicates how these obstacles to progress in musicology may be overcome by the application of certain psychometric methods.1 Prior to the construction of materials to be used in the process of developing a sight reading scale, it was necessary to arrive at objective criteria of likeability and of diffi culty. Here the criterion of use in the field was applied. Through the cooperation of organ students and graduates of Concordia Teachers College, Seward, Nebraska, and River Forest, Illinois, it was possible to secure 468 samples of organ music best liked and within the playing ability of the persons sub mitting them. The questionnaire was so ar ranged that an individual's complete reply made available for study: (1) the least and (2) the most difficult organ compositions within the group of pieces best liked by him, and (3) those measures judged by him to be most difficult, as well as (4) other measures best liked by him in each of the two selec tions chosen.

Field of study: Education
TSBCC: Time Series-Based Congestion Control Algorithm for Wireless Network

To tackle the major problem of traditional TCP in wireless network, an end-to-end congestion control algorithm (TSBCC) is proposed based on time series. The algorithm creates time series consisting of the time interval of ACK, calculates the next ACK arrival time by the GARCH modal, analyzes the types of data packet loss, and sets congestion window size using different strategies according to different types of data packets loss. Simulation results show that the proposed mechanism can effectively recognize the reason of packet loss, and improve the throughput of the network.

Field of study: Computer science