nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Application of Lean Production on Punching Line of F Company

This paper systematically analysis the production situation of the punching line of F Company, and uses Single Minute Exchange of Die, Process Flow Diagram and ECRS principles to improve the punching line. After the improvement, the time that needed to exchange the die is shortened to half of the original.  F Company aims at the development and production of parts of saloon cars, and it mainly produce punching part and weld assembly. The company implements a production mode that is called Multi-specification & Small-batch, and each workshop should produce hundreds of products, so that workers have to exchange the mold frequently. If the company can not systematically standardize their ways of die exchange, their productivity would be limited. This paper takes the punching line of F Company as an example, and illuminates the application of Single Minute Exchange of Die to reduce the time it takes. Single Minute Exchange of Die Die exchange, also known as Settings or Preparation, is the practice that change a line or machine from running one product to the next. The process of die exchange is mainly composed by 4 parts: Preparation, die exchange, adjustment, readjustment[1,2]. The SMED is a Process improvement method that base on industrial engineering to reduce the time it takes to exchange die, and setup or adjust the equipment.The name Single-Minute Exchange of Dies comes from the goal of reducing changeover times to the “single” digits, in other words, it means to reduce changeover times to less than 10 minutes[3]. In SMED, the changeover time includes the following parts[4]: 1. Internal changeover time (must be completed while the equipment is stopped); 2. External changeover time (can be completed while the equipment is running); 3. Adjustment time (guarantee the quality and deal with failure while the equipment is stopped). The Original Changeover Process The punching line of F Company is located in the press shop, and mainly consists of 4 machine tools, which are called C1, C2, D1, D2, respectively. Those equipment are responsible for processing cutting angle, drawing, shaping and marking, and trimming. The overall layout of the punching line is shown in  Data and facts. Table 1 illustrates the original changeover process, which is based on On-site Data and facts.As table 1 indicates, the process takes 51.6 minutes in total, and workers need to move 69 meters. In addition to that, there are 29 activities, including 18 operations, 9 moves, 1 storage, and 1 hold. All of this make the line become so inefficiency, so that, the workers failed to completed production plans on time. After a series of study and analysis, we can find out the primary causes of this line:

Field of study: Engineering
Different Effect of Sox11 in Retinal Ganglion Cells Survival and Axon Regeneration

The present study examines the role of Sox11 in the initial response of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) to axon damage and in optic nerve regeneration in mouse.  Markers of retinal injury were identified using the normal retina database and optic nerve crush (ONC) database on GeneNetwork2 (www.genenetwork.org). One gene, Sox11, was highly upregulated following ONC. We examined the role of this transcription factor, Sox11, following ONC and optic nerve regeneration in mice. In situ hybridization was performed using the Affymetrix 2-plex Quantigene View RNA In Situ Hybridization Tissue Assay System. Sox11 was partially knocked out by intravitreal injection of AAV2-CMV-Cre-GFP in Sox11f/f mice. Optic nerve regeneration model used Pten knockdown. Mice were perfused and the retinas and optic nerves were dissected and examined for RGC survival and axon growth.  Sox11 was dramatically upregulated in the retina following ONC injury. The level of Sox11 message increased by approximately eightfold 2 days after ONC. In situ hybridization demonstrated low-level Sox11 message in RGCs and cells in the inner nuclear layer in the normal retina as well as a profound increase in Sox11 message within the ganglion cells following ONC. In Sox11f/f retinas, partially knocking out Sox11 significantly increased RGC survival after ONC as compared to the AAV2-CMV-GFP control group; however, it had little effect on the ability of axon regeneration. Combinatorial downregulation of both Sox11 and Pten resulted in a significant increase in RGC survival as compared to Pten knockdown only. When Pten was knocked down there was a remarkable increase in the number and the length of regenerating axons. Partially knocking out Sox11 in combination with Pten deletion resulted in a fewer regenerating axons.  Taken together, these data demonstrate that Sox11 is involved in the initial response of the retina to injury, playing a role in the early attempts of axon regeneration and neuronal survival. Downregulation of Sox11 aids in RGC survival following injury of optic nerve axons, while a partial knockout of Sox11 negates the axon regeneration stimulated by Pten knockdown.

Field of study: Biology
Double-negative electromagnetic metamaterials due to chirality

The aim of this paper is to provide a mathematical theory for understanding the mechanism behind the double-negative refractive index phenomenon in chiral materials. The design of double-negative metamaterials generally requires the use of two different kinds of subwavelength resonators, which may limit the applicability of double-negative metamaterials. Herein, we rely on media that consist of only a single type of dielectric resonant element, and show how the chirality of the background medium induces double-negative refractive index metamaterial, which refracts waves negatively, hence acting as a superlens. Using plasmonic dielectric particles, it is proved that both the effective electric permittivity and the magnetic permeability can be negative near some resonant frequencies. A justification of the approximation of a plasmonic particle in a chiral medium by the sum of a resonant electric dipole and a resonant magnetic dipole, is provided. Moreover, the set of resonant frequencies is characterized. For an appropriate volume fraction of plasmonic particles with certain conditions on their configuration, a double-negative effective medium can be obtained when the frequency is near one of the resonant frequencies.

Field of study: Mathematics
A novel Arabidopsis-oomycete pathosystem: differential interactions with Phytophthora capsici reveal a role for camalexin, indole glucosinolates and salicylic acid in defence.

Phytophthora capsici causes devastating diseases on a broad range of plant species. To better understand the interaction with its host plants, knowledge obtained from a model pathosystem can be instrumental. Here, we describe the interaction between P. capsici and Arabidopsis and the exploitation of this novel pathosystem to assign metabolic pathways involved in defence against P. capsici. Inoculation assays on Arabidopsis accessions with different P. capsici isolates revealed interaction specificity among accession-isolate combinations. In a compatible interaction, appressorium-mediated penetration was followed by the formation of invasive hyphae, haustoria and sporangia in leaves and roots. In contrast, in an incompatible interaction, P. capsici infection elicited callose deposition, accumulation of active oxygen species and cell death, resulting in early pathogen encasement in leaves. Moreover, Arabidopsis mutants with defects in salicylic acid signalling, camalexin or indole glucosinolates biosynthesis pathways displayed severely compromised resistance to P. capsici. It is anticipated that this model pathosystem will facilitate the genetic dissection of complex traits responsible for resistance against P. capsici.

Field of study: Environmental science
EVALUATION OF ULTIMATE LOAD OF INNER-EDGE-CLAMPED ANNULAR PLATES BASED ON MISES YIELD CRITERION

For ultimate strength analysis of annular plates, the maximum bending moment is usually considered as a criterion. In this paper, the ultimate load of inner-edge-clamped, annular plates is evaluated based on the von Mises yield condition. The weighted residual method is employed to deal with the non-linearity resulting from the Mises yield condition. With reference to the boundary conditions and the equilibrium equations of moment, an appropriate trial function is chosen and the subdomain method is used to find the solution. Formulas and numerical results of the ultimate load are given for two typical linearly varying loads. The influence curve diagram for the ultimate load is plotted. Comparison is made with the results based on the maximum bending moment. The present approach is shown to be reasonable.

Field of study: Engineering
Magnetospheric Multiscale Satellite Observations of Parallel Electron Acceleration in Magnetic Field Reconnection by Fermi Reflection from Time Domain Structures.

The same time domain structures (TDS) have been observed on two Magnetospheric Multiscale Satellites near Earth's dayside magnetopause. These TDS, traveling away from the X line along the magnetic field at 4000  km/s, accelerated field-aligned ∼5  eV electrons to ∼200  eV by a single Fermi reflection of the electrons by these overtaking barriers. Additionally, the TDS contained both positive and negative potentials, so they were a mixture of electron holes and double layers. They evolve in ∼10  km of space or 7 ms of time and their spatial scale size is 10-20 km, which is much larger than the electron gyroradius (<1  km) or the electron inertial length (4 km at the observation point, less nearer the X line).

Field of study: Physics
An Empirical Comparison of Meta-Analytic and Traditional Reviews

The quality of traditional reviews was compared with that of meta-analytic reviews. Articles were coded to provide information on several aspects of the review process. These included selection of primary studies, representation of the results from the primary studies, and interpretation of results. Reviews were sampled for the periods 1981-1983 and 1987-1988, allowing comparison between the two types of reviews within each sample and a comparison between samples. The data provided useful information related to whether one review process was superior to the other. Overall meta-analyses fared very well and appear to be the preferable method.

Field of study: Psychology
Purification of C-reactive protein from Channa punctatus (Bloch).

C-reactive protein (CRP) is found to be a normal component of serum of freshwater air-breathing murrel Channa punctatus. Based on the property of binding with C-polysaccharide (CPS) of pneumococcus bacteria in presence of Ca2+, CRP was purified by phosphorylcholine-Sepharose affinity column chromatography. Molecular weight of the intact protein molecule was estimated to be approximately 141,000 by gel filtration. In non-reduced and reduced conditions the molecule showed molecular weight approximately 28,000 and 14,000 respectively in SDS-PAGE. Monospecific antisera was raised against the affinity purified CRP and used as a tool to detect CRP in the hepatic cytosol and egg extract. The level of CRP in the normal serum was estimated to be 220 micrograms/ml.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
ARDesigner: a web-based system for allosteric RNA design.

RNA molecules play vital informational, structural, and functional roles in molecular biology, making them ideal targets for synthetic biology. However, several challenges remain for engineering novel allosteric RNA molecules, and the development of efficient computational design techniques is vitally needed. Here we describe the development of Allosteric RNA Designer (ARDesigner), a user-friendly and freely available web-based system for allosteric RNA design that incorporates mutational robustness in the design process. The system output includes detailed design information in a graphical HTML format. We used ARDesigner to engineer a temperature-sensitive AR, and found that the resulting design satisfied the prescribed properties/input. ARDesigner provides a simple means for researchers to design allosteric RNAs with specific properties. With its versatile framework and possibilities for further enhancement, ARDesigner may serve as a useful tool for synthetic biologists and therapeutic design. ARDesigner and its executable version are freely available at http://biotech.bmi.ac.cn/ARDesigner.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Knowledge translation and patient safety: the Canadian Adverse Events Study.

The Canadian Adverse Events Study was the first national study of adverse events in Canadian hospitals. Learning from the controversy surrounding similar studies in other countries, the team engaged in extensive knowledge translation activities throughout the life of the project. Using meetings, Web-based communication and other tools, the team successfully prepared most Canadian stakeholders for the study's release, allowing them to develop anticipatory patient safety initiatives. However, upon publication of the study, the policy spotlight quickly shifted to other issues, and the long-term commitment needed to create safer healthcare is still uncertain.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Highly Diastereoselective Synthesis of Chiral Furans with a Quaternary Carbon Substituent at the 2-Position Using 8-Phenylmenthol as the Chiral Auxiliary

The reaction of cis-4-oxo-2-pentenal and 8-phenylmenthyl 2-oxocyclopentane-1-carboxylate in the presence of a fluorinated cosolvent afforded the corresponding furan product with a high diastereosel...

Field of study: Chemistry
Investigating phase transformations in hard tissues of the human tooth during the carious process by means of Raman microspectroscopy and luminescence

Investigations of the regions of the nascent enamel carious process confirm assumptions on the formation of weak phosphates during the interaction between enamel apatite and organic acids (products of the biological activity of microorganisms). The described approach for determining regions of hard tooth tissue with an incipient carious process could form the basis for a new approach to caries diagnosis.

Field of study: Physics
A high-resolution record of the last deglaciation in the Sicily Channel based on foraminifera and calcareous nannofossil quantitative distribution

Relative abundance fluctuations in planktic foraminiferal and calcareous nannofossil assemblages are reported on the basis of a high-resolution study of ODP Leg 160 Hole 963D, drilled in the Sicily Strait, near Capo Rossello (southern Sicily). With its 8 m of undisturbed sediments, the core covers the interval from 1.5 to 23 kyr, allowing a 50–100-yr sampling resolution. All the short warm and cold events and sub-events recorded in this time interval in the GRIP Greenland ice core and at several Mediterranean sites were recognized. On this basis, a total number of nine ecozones based on planktic foraminifera and seven ecozones based on calcareous nannofossils were identified. A short interval of climatic amelioration, identified above the base of the Holocene, precedes the segment contemporaneous with the deposition of sapropel S1, which has no lithological expression in the local sedimentary record. This segment has been subdivided into the two warm S1a and S1b phases, separated by a cold intermediate event. A gradual climatic deterioration is recorded above the top of the interval correlated with sapropel S1. It is interrupted by short cold spells, tentatively correlated with similar short duration cold events reported for this interval in the recent literature.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Lymph Node Metastases in the Neck from Unknown Primary Sites

To evaluate the experience of the Kuwait Cancer Control Center in the diagnosis and management of patients with cervical lymph node metastasis from an unknown primary site.  We have undertaken a retrospective study of 24 patients for the years 1979–1994. All cases were pathologically confirmed; a primary tumor was not detected in any of these cases despite extensive diagnostic procedures. There were 24 patients, 9 Kuwaitis and 15 non-Kuwaitis, 20 males and 4 females (5:1). Their ages ranged from 10 to 83 years with a median of 55.5 years.  Twenty patients presented with a neck mass. The supraclavicular lymph node was the site in 9 cases; 9 had multinodal metastases, 3 in the upper third of the neck, 2 at the submental-submaxillary level and 1 in the middle third. The local stage of nodal involvement was 6 N1, 8 N2 and 9 N3. The pathological diagnosis was squamous cell carcinoma in 14 cases, adenocarcinoma in 6 cases, 1 undifferentiated case and unknown in 2 cases. Sixteen cases were graded as poorly differentiated. Radiotherapy was used for 9 patients, 4 were treated with chemotherapy, 2 were treated with surgery, 2 were treated with surgery followed by radiotherapy and 2 with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The median survival was 6 months for the whole group.  We concluded that, in patients with metastatic carcinoma to the cervical lymph nodes from an unknown primary, supraclavicular localization and male gender were high risk factors. The prognosis in these cases was disastrous because of late diagnosis, and therapy was only palliative.

Field of study: Medicine
Complications associated with lumbar stenosis surgery in patients older than 75 years of age.

An aging population will require that surgeons increasingly consider operative intervention in elderly patients. To perform this surgery safely will require an understanding of the factors that predict successful outcomes as well as complications.



Records of patients older than the age of 75 years who underwent lumbar spinal stenosis surgery were retrospectively reviewed. Preexisting medical illnesses were analyzed using the Charlson Weighted Comorbidity Index. Ambulatory function was rated on a four-point scale. Statistical analysis was performed using a one-tailed t-test with unpaired variance. Eighty-eight patients treated between 1994 and 2001 were identified. Forty-five percent were women and 52 patients underwent spinal fusion. The follow-up period averaged 21 months. Back pain was present preoperatively in 89%; after surgery 43% experienced complete relief and 33% partial improvement. Leg pain was present preoperatively in 98%; after surgery 43% experienced complete relief and 42% partial improvement. Of the 33 patients with preoperative gait disturbances, 61% improved at least one point on the ambulatory scale. Wound complications and systemic complications were demonstrated in 24 and 16 patients, respectively. There were no deaths. Age (p = 0.322), number of fused levels (p = 0.371), and the number of laminectomy levels (p = 0.254) were not predictive of complications. Length of operative time (p = 0.003) and the Charlson Weighted Comorbidity Index score (p = 0.088) were associated with both systemic and wound complications.



Surgery in patients older than age 75 years can be conducted safely and with similar outcome rates as in younger patients. The Charlson Weighted Comorbidity Index score and operative time were predictive of the risk of complications.

Field of study: Medicine
Short History of Establishment of University of Berlin:1794-1810

The establishment of University of Berlin was depended on positive factors such as the Enlightenment,the French Revolution;negative factors such as financial difficulties,administrative restrictions and uncertain factors such as sovereign will,officials and scholars' wish.So it experienced repeated ups and downs of the process.The ultimate key to the establishment is Humboldt.He combines a sense of history with high motivation and makes use of his political wisdom and excellent administrative skills which has led to success.The process of establishing University of Berlin is a process of nationalization of Germany's educational function and modernization of the relationship between education and state.

Field of study: Education
Research on Solidification Behavior and Mold Flux Property of SCM435 Steel

According to the solidification characteristics of SCM435 steel and the basic conditions of mold flux for alloy steel,the causes of crack and cancave on slab surface were analyzed.The main metallurgical properties of mold flux for SCM435 steel were explored.The results show that the surface defects can be effectively controlled by using a flux with high viscosity,high melting point and low melting rate.This flux can improve liquid supercooling at the top of the mold,and makes the thermal conductivity of the mold walls more even.

Field of study: Materials science
Associations between plant production and some physiological components of drought resistance in wheat

Drought resistance in terms of plant production under conditions of drought stress was previously defined for several spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties. Four varieties, differing in their drought resistance by this definition, were compared in their physiological responses to water stress, as induced by polyethylene glycol 6000 in the growth medium. 
 
Drought resistance was associated with osmotic adjustment, total root mass production under stress, maintenance of some stomatal permeability under stress, and maintenance of turgor at a given level of drought stress, by either osmotic adjustment or elevated plant water potential. 
 
Drought resistance was not associated, in this experiment, with plant top growth under stress or non-stress conditions, maximum leaf area per plant, plant transpiration, and total root mass production under non-stress conditions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Cosmopolitanism and Ethics

The word “cosmopolitanism” is often used to describe a form of civic universalism that in the view of some contemporary philosophers is a well-matched response to present circumstances. Given that the fact of pluralism is among the salient features of these circumstances, how does contemporary thinking on cosmopolitanism suggest that we resolve the ethical dilemmas that cultural differences presents? As early as 308 BC the Stoics taught on the use of reason and autonomy in the individual. Self control was believed to be a method to achieve virtue, wisdom, and unbiased character. The Stoics believed in the development of clear judgment through logic and experience.

Field of study: Political science
Effects of the Degree of Maturity on the Chemical Composition, Physical Characteristics and Sensory Attributes of Peach (Prunus persica) cv. Caterin

Sensory quality of peach during ripening to assess the best state for consumption was analysed. Physical and chemical parameters commonly used for establishing the commercial quality of this fruit were also determined: Soluble solids, acidity, sugars, organic acids, chlorophyll, carotenoids, resistance to compression and to penetration and colour. Relationships among these parameters and sensory characteristics were also analysed. A panel of eight trained assessors evaluated intensities of 12 sensory attributes (1 for odour, 2 for colour, 4 for flavour and 5 for texture). The sensory attributes selected allowed the description of perceivable differences between peaches of different degrees of maturity, although the variation in intensity of the attributes followed different trends. Colour intensity increased and acidity, firmness and crispness decreased significantly with ripening. Intensity of flavour, sweetness and fruitiness increased significantly from the under-ripe to semi-ripe states, and then decreased on reaching ripeness. It can be concluded that the most suitable time for harvesting and consumption of this peach variety was the state described herein as semi-ripe, and that a high correlation existed between colour intensity and hardness and the instrumental measurements of colour and texture.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences