nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Mass balance modeling of building recirculation rates and filtration efficiencies effects on secondary organic aerosols derived from ozone-initiated chemistry

Recirculation of conditioned air is a common practice in regions with hot and humid climate. This is due to the need to reduce sensible and latent cooling loads in buildings. However, recirculating used indoor air may influence indoor air chemical reactions and products derived from the chemistry. Example of such products is secondary organic aerosols (SOA) derived from ozone initiated indoor chemistry. This present study was conducted using mass balance model to examine the impacts of four recirculation rates on ozone (of outdoor origin) and SOA derived from the ozone initiated indoor chemistry. At steady-states, it was observed that the higher the recirculation rate, the lower the ozone and SOA concentration for all modeled scenarios. At steady-state, outdoor to indoor transport of ozone, indoor ozone and SOA concentrations were found to increase with increasing outdoor ozone levels. Increase in ventilation rate was found to increase outdoor to indoor transport of ozone and steady-state indoor ozone concentration. However, higher ventilation rate resulted in lower SOA concentration at steady-state. Increasing ozone filtration efficiency of activated carbon (AC) filter was found to be effective in reducing indoor ozone and SOA concentrations. This study is relevant to building sustainability in terms of health and comfort of building occupants.

Field of study: Engineering
There is a long way to go: a nationwide survey of professional training for mental health practitioners in China.

This nationwide survey of professional training for mental health practitioners (i.e., psychiatrists, psychiatric nurses, clinical psychologists, and the counselors working in industry, prisons, and schools) investigated sociodemographic characteristics, training experiences, and training perceptions of mental health service providers in China.



Participants included service providers recruited from hospitals, universities, high/middle schools, private mental health service organizations and counseling centers operated by government, prisons or corporations from 25 provinces and four cities directly under the Central Government in China. In order to obtain a broad and representative sample, stratified multi-stage sampling procedures were utilized. From a total of 2000 questionnaire packets distributed via regular mail, the final sample comprised of 1391 respondents (525 men, 866 women).



About 70% of the sample had a bachelor's level education or lower degree, only 36.4% majored in psychology, and nearly 60% were employed part time. Fewer than half of participants were certified and nearly 40% reported no affiliation with any 'professional' association. Training and continuing education programs were reported to be primarily short term and theory-based with limited assessment and follow-up. A high proportion of respondents reported having received no supervision or opportunities for case conferences or consultations. With respect to perceptions of and satisfaction with training, many agreed that training had been very helpful to their work but quality of supervision and the capability of supervisors were common issues of concern.



In light of these findings, three general recommendations were made to improve the quality of training among mental health service providers in China. First, increased input from professional organizations of various disciplines involving mental health service provision is needed to guide training and shape policy. Second, universities and colleges should have a more vital role in developing accredited professional training programs. Finally, on-the-job supervision and continuing education should be mandated within discipline-specific training programs.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Silencing of tomato RBOH1 and MPK2 abolishes brassinosteroid-induced H₂O₂ generation and stress tolerance.

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are involved in the regulation of plant growth, development and stress responses. While the signalling pathways for BR-regulated plant growth and development are well studied, the mechanisms by which BRs regulate plant stress tolerance remain largely unclear. Here we showed that 24-epibrassinolide (EBR), which induced tolerance to oxidative and heat stress in tomato, was also capable of elevating the transcript levels of RBOH1, MPK1 and MPK2, increasing apoplastic H2 O2 accumulation, and enhancing activation of MPK1/2. Virus-induced gene silencing of RBOH1, MPK1, MPK2 and MPK1/2 resulted in reduced stress tolerance. Silencing of RBOH1 had no effect on the transcripts of MPK1 and MPK2 but inhibited MPK1/2 activation and H2 O2 accumulation. Silencing of either MPK1 or MPK2, on the other hand, reduced RBOH1 transcript, H2 O2 accumulation and MPK1/2 activity. BR-induced tolerance and MPK1/2 activation were compromised in RBOH1-, MPK2- and MPK1/2-silenced plants but not in MPK1-silenced plants. These results suggested that MPK2 played a more critical role than MPK1 in EBR-induced apoplastic H2 O2 accumulation. RBOH1, MPK1 and MPK2 were involved in the stress tolerance and BR-induced stress tolerance likely involved a positive feedback loop among RBOH1, H2 O2 and MPK2, leading to sustained apoplastic accumulation of H2 O2 and related signalling processes.

Field of study: Environmental science
Dissipative diamagnetism with anomalous coupling and third law

In this work, low temperature thermodynamic behaviour in the context of dissipative diamagnetism with anomalous coupling is analyzed. We find that finite dissipation substitutes the zero-coupling result of exponential decay of entropy by a power law behaviour at low temperature. For Ohmic bath, entropy vanishes linearly with temperature, T, in conformity with Nernst’s theorem. It is also shown that entropy decays faster in the presence of anomalous coupling than that of the usual coordinate-coordinate coupling. It is observed that velocity-velocity coupling is the most advantageous coupling scheme to ensure the third law of thermodynamics. It is also revealed that different thermodynamic functions are independent of magnetic field at very low temperature for various coupling schemes discussed in this work.

Field of study: Physics
Newborn Screening for Methylmalonic Acidemia in a Chinese Population: Molecular Genetic Confirmation and Genotype Phenotype Correlations

Methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) incidence was evaluated based on newborn screening in Xuzhou from November 2015 to December 2017, and the clinical, biochemical and molecular characteristics of patients with MMA harboring MMACHC and MUT mutations were summarized.  During the study, 236,368 newborns were screened for MMA by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) in the Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Xuzhou. C3, C3/C2 and methionine, and tHcy if necessary, were measured during the first screening. Blood samples from the infants and/or their family members were used for DNA analysis. The entire coding regions of the MMACHC and MUT genes associated with MMA were sequenced by DNA MassARRAY and next-generation sequencing (NGS).  Eleven patients with MMACHC mutations and three with MUT mutations were identified among the 236,368 screened newborns; the estimated total incidence of MMA was 1:16,883. Among the MMA patients, two died of infection-triggered metabolic crisis approximately 3 months after birth. All the patients identified had two mutant alleles except for one individual with early-onset disease. The most common MMACHC mutation was c.609G > A. The laboratory levels of C3 and C3/C2 were elevated in MMA individuals compared to other infants. Importantly, we demonstrate that accelerated C2 degradation is related to air temperature and humidity.  Our study reports the clinical characteristics of MMA and diagnosis through MS/MS and NGS. There was a higher incidence of MMA with homocysteinemia than of isolated MMA in Xuzhou. Insight from this study may help explain the high false-positive rate of MMA in summer.

Field of study: Biology
Changes in vegetation type on the Chinese Loess Plateau since 75 ka related to East Asian Summer Monsoon variation

Floral communities in terrestrial habitats such as steppes are highly sensitive to regional climate changes. Here, we generated carbon and nitrogen isotope profiles for soil organic matter (SOM) in the Weinan loess-paleosol section in order to investigate changes in floral communities on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) and their relationship to climate variation since 75 ka. δ13CSOM at Weinan ranges from −23.6 to −18.0‰ and δ15NSOM ranges from +3.4 to +5.5‰. Modeling based on the δ13CSOM record suggests that the proportion of C4 plants (%C4) has varied from lower during cold intervals (with minima of 24–32% at 73.1 ka, 20.9 ka (LGM), and 0.6 ka) to higher during warm intervals (with maxima of 62–64% at 53.0 ka and 8.2 ka). The δ13CSOM and δ15NSOM profiles are strongly correlated (r = +0.82; p(α)

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Composite Bosons description of rapidly rotating Bose-Einstein Condensates

Recently a novel phase transition has been observed \cite{jalin} in a rotating Bose-Einstein condensate when the rotating frequency $\Omega$ reaches the transverse trap frequency $\omega_{\bot}$ and eventually crosses it. We study certain aspects of this experiment in terms of the condensation of composite bosons and the corresponding vortex formation using a Chern-Simon Gross-Pitaevskii theory.

Field of study: Physics
Kul-invoere kry op hul Moses : MPO aktueel

Agri Inspec, die Melkprodusente-organisasie (MPO) se moniteringsmaatskappy, het die afgelope ruk goeie vooruitgang gemaak in die beheer van onwettige invoere van verskeie kommoditeite. Benewens die monitering van alle suiwelinvoere en -uitvoere namens die MPO, hanteer Agri Inspec ook monsterneming waar nodig. Markinligting en tendense word ook ingewin en verwerk vir 'n makro-blik op die suiwelmark in Suid-Afrika.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Current estimates of HIV prevalence and incidence: sources and data.

The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is in reality only the most severe manifestation of an aggregate of overlying and interacting smaller epidemics. Distribution of these epidemics in the population remains extremely variegated and localized, making assessment of HIV prevalence and incidence extremely difficult. Data from a wide range of population surveys does give an indication of the number of persons infected. A working estimate, based on mathematical modeling and expert consensus, is that 1-1.5 million persons in the United States are currently infected.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Xenopus in revealing developmental toxicity and modeling human diseases.

The Xenopus model offers many advantages for investigation of the molecular, cellular, and behavioral mechanisms underlying embryo development. Moreover, Xenopus oocytes and embryos have been extensively used to study developmental toxicity and human diseases in response to various environmental chemicals. This review first summarizes recent advances in using Xenopus as a vertebrate model to study distinct types of tissue/organ development following exposure to environmental toxicants, chemical reagents, and pharmaceutical drugs. Then, the successful use of Xenopus as a model for diseases, including fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, autism, epilepsy, and cardiovascular disease, is reviewed. The potential application of Xenopus in genetic and chemical screening to protect against embryo deficits induced by chemical toxicants and related diseases is also discussed.

Field of study: Environmental science
Hospital Reputation and Perceptions of Patient Safety

The objective of this study was to explore the theoretical relationship between the social reputation and the perceived safety of a hospital.  A random sample of 316 patients and 27 relatives of patients who were unable to respond themselves at four public hospitals in Madrid, Barcelona and Alicante were interviewed to establish a measure of reputation and perceived safety.  There were no different perceptions between patients and relatives regarding hospital reputation or safety perception (p > 0.05). The perception of patients or relatives of health professionals' competence (β = 0.07, 95% CI 0.01-0.12), the perception of a positive treatment output of surgical or medical treatment (β = 0.35, 95% CI 0.22-0.49) and hospital reputation (β = 0.08, 95% CI 0.02-0.14) were directly and positively associated with their perception that the hospital was a safe clinical environment in which few clinical errors are committed.  The data suggested that the social reputation of these hospitals and the perceptions of patients or relatives of patient safety were indeed correlated. Future research should assess whether efforts to enhance hospital reputation, by improving patients' perceptions of clinical safety, may contribute to reducing the frequency of litigation cases.

Field of study: Medicine
Trait Distinctiveness and Accessibility in the Self-Schema

The distinctiveness of trait adjectives as self-descriptors was assessed in two ways. One method focused on how many people the trait described (self only, or self and others), whereas the other focused on how much it describes the self When distinctiveness is defined in terms of how many people the trait characterizes, distinctive traits yield slower self-reference decisions than common traits, regardless of degree of descriptiveness. On the other hand, when distinctiveness is defined as degree of descriptiveness, an inverted-U function results, with traits at either extreme of descriptiveness yielding faster decisions than those of intermediate descriptiveness. The results indicate these alternative definitions assess different aspects of distinctiveness, and conclusions drawn from one assessment may not apply to the other.

Field of study: Psychology
Salmon aquaculture and coastal ecosystem health in Chile: Analysis of regulations, environmental impacts and bioremediation systems

In 2007 salmon, mollusk and seaweed aquaculture production in Chile totaled 904 thousand tonnes, making the nation the leading marine aquaculture producer in the western world. Salmonids grown in open cage net pens account for over 73% of the production. This review summarizes the current status of Chilean aquaculture and proposes the establishment of new regulations and monitoring programmes that encourage and accommodate emerging bioremediation technologies. In contrast to a rapidly expanding, well-financed and technologically advanced industry, the regulatory structure in Chile is outdated and based on insufficient science. The number of publications on the environmental impacts of salmon aquaculture in Chile is low relative to its production level. Nevertheless, the impacts of organic and inorganic waste on benthic communities, pelagic organisms and bird populations are documented. The technology to reduce these impacts using integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) strategies exists, but has not been implemented at commercial scales. We call on the government and industry to support the creation of a well-financed and politically independent agency responsible for developing and enforcing science-based environmental regulations in Chile. The agency's immediate goal should be to fund research required to develop a transparent, ecosystem-based regulatory framework that promotes IMTA. Monitoring programs and licensing procedures must consider the impacts of individual sites and the cumulative impacts from multiple sites across a wide range of spatial scales. Before such changes are realized, environmental threats and human health risks will remain unacceptably high and salmon farming in Chile will not meet any reasonable definition of sustainability.

Field of study: Environmental science
SWISH: Secure WiFi sharing

The fast increase of mobile Internet use motivates the need for WiFi sharing solutions, where a mobile user connects to the Internet via a nearby foreign network while its home network is far away. This situation creates security challenges which are only partially solved by existing solutions like VPNs. Such solutions neglect the security of the visited network, and private users or organizations are thus reluctant to share their connection. In this paper, we present and implement SWISH, an efficient, full scale solution to this problem. SWISH is based on establishing a tunnel from the visited network to the user's home network. All the data from the mobile is then forwarded through this tunnel. Internet access is therefore provided without endangering the visited network. We also propose protocol extensions that allow the visited network to charge for the data it forwards, and to protect the privacy of the mobile user while preventing abuse. SWISH was successfully deployed on university networks, demonstrating that it can be conveniently implemented in existing networks with a minimal impact on performance.

Field of study: Computer science
Analysis on Microstructure of Graphite-like Composite Coating on Metal Substrate

The graphite-like composite coating was deposited by closed field unbalanced magnetron sputter iron plating technique.The surface and fracture morphology of the coating were observed by SEM and AFM,the cross-sectional structure was analyzed using TEM.The tribological properties curve of the coating was also tested.The results indicate that the graphite-like composite coating is made up of colummnar polycrystalline chromic metallic transition layer,amorphous gradient layer and graphite-like composite coating.

Field of study: Materials science
Malware Family Discovery Using Reversible Jump MCMC Sampling of Regimes

Malware is computer software that has either been designed or modified with malicious intent. Hundreds of thousands of new malware threats appear on the internet each day. This is made possible through reuse of known exploits in computer systems that have not been fully eradicated; existing pieces of malware can be trivially modified and combined to create new malware, which is unknown to anti-virus programs. Finding new software with similarities to known malware is therefore an important goal in cyber-security. A dynamic instruction trace of a piece of software is the sequence of machine language instructions it generates when executed. Statistical analysis of a dynamic instruction trace can help reverse engineers infer the purpose and origin of the software that generated it. Instruction traces have been successfully modeled as simple Markov chains, but empirically there are change points in the structure of the traces, with recurring regimes of transition patterns. Here, reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo for change point detection is extended to incorporate regime-switching, allowing regimes to be inferred from malware instruction traces. A similarity measure for malware programs based on regime matching is then used to infer the originating families, leading to compelling performance results.

Field of study: Mathematics
An CLARA Algorithm based on Data Field

CLARA is a K-Medoids algorithm. It is more efficient and flexible than PAM(Partitioning around Medoid) to handle large data sets. However, it is inaccurate in random sampling in algorithm CLARA. Based on data field conception, an improved CLARA is designed to solve the problem. This improved algorithm is more efficient and improves quality of result of data mining.

Field of study: Computer science
Synthesis of arylethylene derivatives of 2, 5-diphenyl-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole

The synthesis of arylethylene derivatives of 2,5-diphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole by the Wittig reaction from 2-(p-bromomethylphenyl)-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole and aromatic aldehydes is described. The compounds obtained fluoresce strongly on irradiation with UV light.

Field of study: Chemistry
Improvement of Laser Transmission Welding of Glass with Titanium Alloy by Laser Surface Treatment

Laser surface treatment of the titanium alloy was locally oxidized on the metal surface to improve the joint strength of laser transmission welding of high borosilicate glass with titanium alloy. The results find that the welding strength was increased 5 times. The welding mechanism was investigated by the morphology of the welded parts, the tensile-fracture failure mode, the diffusion of the interface elements, and the surface free energy. The results show that there are many adherents between the titanium alloy and high borosilicate glass after tensile fracture, the welding strength was higher when the laser voltage was 460 V, and the tensile–fracture failure mode is mainly ductile fracture. Element-line scanning analysis revealed that elemental diffusion occurred in the two materials, which is an important reason for the high welding strength. Surface free-energy analysis shows that laser surface treatment improves the surface free energy of titanium alloy, promotes the wettability and compatibility, and increases the welding strength of titanium alloy with glass.

Field of study: Materials science
Controlled allylation of polyelectrolytes: a deep insight into chemical aspects and their applicability as building blocks for robust multilayer coatings

Polyelectrolytes (PEs) bearing easily derivatizable functions for possible post-modification under mild conditions can find a broad range of applications in various fields. The present paper describes the successful controlled side-chain allylation of two types of PEs: polyamine-based polycations, i.e. poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and branched polyethyleneimine (PEI), and strong polyanions, i.e. poly(sodium vinyl sulfonate) (PVS) and poly(sodium 4-styrene sulfonate) (PSS). PSS has been largely investigated in the literature, while PVS is much less commonly explored. The allylation of each type presents its own drawback, i.e. heterogeneous reaction in the case of strong polyanions and instability of partially protonated allylated polyamine products. Nevertheless, all encountered difficulties could be solved and thoroughly elucidated by different experimental tests. This partial allyl-functionalization does not affect the electrolytic properties of the newly allylated PEs, as evidenced by the effective construction of two series of polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) films, namely PEI-ene (PSS-ene/PAH-ene)4 and PEI-ene (PVS-ene/PAH-ene)4, the latter being one of the rare examples developed in the literature. The presence of allyl groups on the PE side-chains allows for the stabilization of the resulting PEM films via thiol-ene photo-crosslinking in the presence of a water-soluble dithiol crosslinker. In order to fix permanently the resulting crosslinked PEM films on substrates, the covalent crosslinking occurs not only between different C=C bonds on PE layers but also with those present on substrates preliminarily functionalized with allyl groups via sulfur–gold chemistry. The robustness of both resulting crosslinked PEM films under strongly basic solution (pH 14) is validated by Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) measurements. The versatility and effectiveness of the present approach is expected to find potential applications in different scientific and technological fields.

Field of study: Chemistry
CONTROL OF LASER RADIATION PARAMETERS: Dynamic self-focusing of a Gaussian light beam accompanying saturation of an inhomogeneously broadened absorption line

It was found experimentally that when a Gaussian laser beam interacts with a Doppler broadened absorption line in a gas, under conditions of saturation, a dynamic self-focusing of the beam is manifested as a transient process if the radiation frequency varies with time. This effect was studied experimentally in CO2/OsO4 and CO2/SF6 lasers in the presence of sinusoidal frequency modulation of the laser radiation. The dynamic self-focusing was maximal when the modulation frequency was comparable with the homogeneous line width. This effect was a destabilizing factor in lasers stabilized by saturated absorption.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics