nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Zur Unterscheidung glazialer und Postglazialer Fliesserden

ZusammenfassungAbweichend von der vorherrschenden Auffassung einer ausschließlich periglazialen Entstehung der Fließerden in Mitteldeutschland wird festgestellt, daß im Holozän zwei verschiedenaltrige Fließerden aus Rötmergeln vorkommen. Da sich diese in der Substanz nicht von den glazialen Fließerden unterscheiden, ist es notwendig, zu ihrer Charakterisierung andere Kriterien, wie Struktur, Fließweite, Hanggefälle, Durchfeuchtung, Kleinmorphologie und Schichtfolge, heranzuziehen. Die Mergel des Röts neigen infolge ihrer Krümelstruktur bereits bei einer relativ mäßigen Durchfeuchtung zum Bodenfließen. Die Befunde werden hinsichtlich der klimatischen Bedeutung ausgewertet.

Field of study: Environmental science
Acquired lumbar stenosis: topic review and a case series.

Stenosis of the central and lateral lumbar vertebral canal can be congenital or acquired; the latter is most often caused by a degenerative process. The associated neurogenic claudication and/or radiculopathic symptom complexes are thought to result from compression of the cauda equina and lumbosacral nerve roots by hypertrophy of or encroachment by any combination of the following: canal walls, ligamenta flava, intervertebral discs, posterior longitudinal ligament, or epidural fat. The authors' technique for the treatment of lumbar stenosis involves extensive unilateral decompression with undercutting of the spinous process and obviates the need for instrumentation by using a contralateral autologous bone fusion. The results in a series of 29 patients in whom the procedure was performed suggest that this decompression method safely and successfully treats not only the radicular symptoms caused by lateral stenosis but also the neurogenic claudication symptoms associated with central stenosis. In addition, the procedure can preserve spinal stability without instrumentation by using contralateral autologous bone fusion along the laminae and spinous processes.

Field of study: Medicine
MSCS: MeshStereo with Cross-Scale Cost Filtering for fast stereo matching

MeshStereo (MS) and cross-scale cost filtering (CSCF) are two most recently celebrated models for stereo matching. On one hand, MS model enlightens for fast solving the dense stereo correspondence problem according to a region-based opinion. On the other hand, CSCF model could generate more robust matching cost volumes than single scale. In this study, the authors weave these two models together for attaining greater and faster disparity estimation. With CSCF, more powerful initial volumes of matching cost are computed and they are conducted as the data term of MS energy function model. More importantly, the novel-fused stereo model also draws a closer connection between multi-scale aggregated and global algorithms. Integrating the advantages of both stereo models, they name the presented one as MS with cross-scale (MSCS). Performance evaluations on Middlebury v.2 and v.3 stereo data sets demonstrate that the proposed MSCS outperforms other four most challenging stereo matching algorithms; and also performs better on Microsoft i2i stereo videos. In addition, thanks to this novel-fused model, MSCS requires fewer iteration times for optimising and makes it surprisingly possesses a much faster execution time.

Field of study: Computer science
Studying Special Strength Relationship and Performance Level Contribution In Some Skills of Vault and Uneven Bars In Artistic Gymnastics For Women In Sophomore Students

Studying Special Strength Relationship and Performance Level Contribution In Some Skills of Vault and Uneven Bars In Artistic Gymnastics For Women In Sophomore Students The research aimed at identifying the values of special strength variables and skill performance of some vault and uneven bars’ skills in sophomore college students of physical education & Sport Sciences as well as identifying the correlation relationship and contribution of special strength with performance level of some vaulting and uneven bars skills. The researchers hypothesized a statistical relationship between special strength and uneven bar skills, a statistical correlation between special strength and value and finally and contribution between special strength and research variables. The subjects were (14) sophomore students, a pilot study as well as many tests, physical abilities, and skills were all conducted to conclude that the contribution of special strength with performance level on vault and uneven bars was weak while abs endurance strength have a significant contribution on open jump. Finally the researchers recommended studying the weaknesses in performing women artistic gymnastics skills through identifying contributions and special strength development.

Field of study: Education
Hot Extrusion Process for Petroleum Drilling Rig's Connection Based on Deform

Adopting the finite element methods for rigidity visco-plasticity,the process of hot extrusion process for the petroleum drilling rig's connection was numerically stimulated.The whole shape process and force parameters curve were obtained and analyzed,which can provide foundation for the craft improvement of hot extrusion shape and the die's structure optimization,and successfully resolve three engineering practical problems,such as forge piece inadequate,forge piece's staying on the terrace die and terrace die's rupture.

Field of study: Materials science
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Experimental investigation of the amplification of light and of coherent emission form a N2O+CO+He mixture expanding in a supersonic nozzle

An experimental investigation was made of the amplification of light and of coherent emission from a 10% N2O+20% CO+70% He gas mixture. The amplification was recorded at λ = 10.6 and 10.9 μ at a distance of 15 mm from the nozzle edge. The maximum amplification was obtained when the velocity of the incident shock wave was ~ 1.9 km/sec, which corresponded to a deceleration temperature T0 ~2100°K. In the presence of mirrors the mixture emitted coherent λ = 10.6 μ radiation under maximum-gain conditions.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Montane bias in lowland Amazonian peatlands: Plant assembly on heterogeneous landscapes and potential significance to palynological inference

Past temperature changes in tropical mountain regions are commonly inferred from vertical elevational shifts of montane indicator taxa in the palynological record. However temperature is one of several abiotic factors driving the low-elevational limits of species and many montane taxa can occur in warmer lowlands by tracking appropriate habitat types, especially highly flooded wetlands. In this paper we explore ways in which lowland habitat heterogeneity might introduce error into paleo-temperature reconstructions, based on field data of seven modern peatland vegetation communities in the southern Peruvian Amazon (~ 200 masl). Peat-rich substrates are common edaphic transitions in pollen cores and provide detailed records of past vegetation change. The data show that indicators of modern peatlands include genera with montane as well as lowland distributions, while indicators of surrounding forests on mineral substrates have predominantly lowland distributions. Based on family-level analyses we find that modern peatland vegetation communities have taxonomic compositions appearing to be 389 m to 1557 m (mean = 1050 ± 391 m) above their actual elevations due to a high abundance and number of families with high elevation optima. We interpret the relatively higher prevalence of montane elements in modern peatlands as habitat tracking of a conserved montane niche on heterogeneous lowland landscapes. We suggest that both high moisture availability and stressful edaphic conditions of peatland habitat may explain the montane bias observed. To the extent that fossilization provides a better record of past vegetation that occurred proximate to the site of deposition, we suggest that habitat tracking of montane elements may introduce a cool bias in lowland paleo-temperature reconstructions based on pollen proxies.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Isomerisation and degradation of lycopene during heat processing in simulated food system

The degradation and/or isomerisation of lycopene have an important influence on its bioavailability and bioactivities. Existing studies have shown that the configuration profiles and stability of lycopene will be changed because of heat processing, but the relationship between the structure conversion of lycopene and the intensity of heat treatment is yet to be further studied. To simplify the experiments, Lycopene- Octyl/Decyl Glycerate-TBHQ system was established to simulate real food system, C 30 -HPLC system was used to determine the amount of different lycopene isomers, from which total lycopene, the percentage of Z-isomers to total lycopene before and after heat processing can be calculated to describe the isomerisation and degradation of lycopene during heat processing. The results showed that the degradation of lycopene in the simulation system follows a first-order kinetic model and the degradation rate constants were 2.4×10 -3 , 4.3×10 -3 , 1.52×10 -2 and 3.32×10 -2 min -1 at 100, 115, 130 and 145 o C respectively. The apparent activation energy was 77.24 kJ / mol. The contents of total lycopene, all-E lycopene and its Z-isomers followed fairly good regularity during the processing.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
[SH protein genetic characterization analysis of wild-type mumps virus isolated in Liaoning province from 2008 to 2011].

A total of 13 mumps virus strains were isolated using Vero/Slam cell line from the patients' throat swabs and urines during mumps outbreaks and sporadics in liaoning Province from 2008 to 2011. Fragments of 316 nucleotides containing SH genes from 13 mumps virus isolates were amplified by RT-PCR, the PCR products were sequenced and analyzed. Based on the 316 nucleotides of SH gene, the phylogenetic trees were constructed with WHO mumps reference strains downloaded from GenBank and 13 mumps virus strains. It showed that the 12 mumps virus strains in 2008-2011 belonged to F genotype, nucleotide acids and amino acids similarities were 94.9%-100.0% and 83.3%-100.0%. Compared to the F reference strains, nucleotide acids and amino acids similarities were 92.4%-97.2% and 96.5% 84.2%, indicating that liaoning mumps strains had large genotype variation. Furthermore, compared to other genotype mumps strains, 6 nucleotides mutations (C(Nt65), C(Nt105), G(Nt137), C(Nt192), C(Nt239), G(NT262)) in SH gene were shared in all of liaoning F genotype mumps viruses. However these mutations were not found in other genotypes of mumps viruses. Conserved amino acids in SH protein of some liaoning mumps strains had changed (S to P at position 2 P to L at position 6 T to N at positon 23 L to P/R at position 48). The genotype specific triplet IML (at position 28-30) was changed to TMP in strain 2008-001-007 2011-015 s, nucleotide acids and amino acids similarities of strain 2008-001-07 were 87.5% and 79.8%, compared to F reference strains respectively, and 96.8% and 97.4% respectively compared to the G reference strains, in dicating strain 2008-001-07 belonged to G genotype,which was first found in mainland China.

Field of study: Biology
Alien Enemies in Julie Otsuka’s When the Emperor Was Divine

This essay explores a recent reimagination of Japanese internment in order to suggest a way of understanding Asian American subjects as something more than immigrants: they are enemies. Julie Otsuka’s 2002 novel When the Emperor Was Divine subjects an unnamed, typical American family to military detention, evacuation, and forced incarceration. Compelled to identify with Enemy Japan, the members of the family transform into alien, treacherous beings. My reading focuses on small expressions of allegiance to Emperor Hirohito, who becomes a dangerous and tantalizing figure of desire in the novel.

Field of study: Art
Clocking the Ultrafast Electron Cooling in Anatase Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles

The recent identification of strongly bound excitons in room-temperature anatase TiO2 single crystals and nanoparticles underscores the importance of bulk many-body effects in samples used for applications. Here, for the first time, we unravel the interplay between many-body interactions and correlations in highly excited anatase TiO2 nanoparticles using ultrafast two-dimensional deep-ultraviolet spectroscopy. With this approach, under nonresonant excitation, we disentangle the optical nonlinearities contributing to the bleach of the lowest direct exciton peak. This allows us to clock the ultrafast time scale of the hot electron thermalization in the conduction band with unprecedented temporal resolution, which we determine to be <50 fs, due to the strong electron–phonon coupling in the material. Our findings call for the design of alternative resonant excitation schemes in photonics and nanotechnology.

Field of study: Physics
Prediction-based lower triangular transform

A new nonunitary transform called the prediction-based lower triangular transform (PLT) is introduced for signal compression. The new transform has the same decorrelation property as the Kahurnen-Loeve transform (KLT), but its implementational cost is less than one half of KLT. Compared with the KLT, the design cost of an M/spl times/M PLT is much lower and is only of the order of O(M/sup 2/). Moreover, the PLT can be factorized into simple building blocks. Using two different factorizations, we introduce two minimum noise structures that have roughly the same complexity as the direct implementation of PLT. These minimum noise structures have the following properties: (1) its noise gain is unity even though the transform is nonunitary; (2) perfect reconstruction is structurally guaranteed; (3) it can be used for both lossy/lossless compression. We show that the coding gain of PLT implemented using the minimum noise structure is the same as that of KLT. Furthermore, universal transform coders using PLT are derived. For AR(1) process, the M/spl times/M PLT has a closed form and needs only (M-1) multiplications and additions.

Field of study: Engineering
Optimization of shellfish production carrying capacity at a farm scale

In this paper, we investigate the relationship between the production and ecological carrying capacity of shellfish cultured species (mussels, oysters, clams, etc.) and the spatial distribution of shellfish density within a licensed area. In order to achieve this goal, we used an analytical model for simulating the impact of a shellfish farm on the concentration of suspended particles or dissolved substances, namely dissolved oxygen in steady-state conditions. The results show that the impact depends on the spatial distribution of the rearing density within the licensed area. In particular, we found a family of non-homogeneous distribution of rearing density which allow one to increase the biomass yield in respect to the homogeneous one, while complying with constraints on suspended particles or dissolved substances. These results may be relevant for enhancing both the production and ecological carrying capacity of shellfish farms.

Field of study: Mathematics
Students towards One-to-Five Peer Learning: A New Approach for Enhancing Education Quality in Wolaita Sodo University, Ethiopia

Peer learning plays an important role in changing teaching learning environment for betterment of learners and their academic achievements. Due to the limitations of conventional approaches such as lecturing, which give too much chance for teacher to talk, peer learning is among the most well researched of all teaching strategies for maximizing their own learning and the academic accomplishments for their classmates. The objective of this study was to examine the attitude students and investigate the determinants that influence students’ attitude toward peer learning. To conduct the study, descriptive survey design was employed. Qualitative approach using observation checklists and interviews for data gathering were employed for non-respondent samples. Upon stratifying all faculties into three categories of educational streams, a total of 81 second year students were randomly selected after applying Probability Proportionate to Sample Size (PPS). Quantitative data were analyzed using percentage, frequency and inferential statistics like Chi-square (χ 2 ) test to compare the degree of determinants influencing the attitude of students. the results revealed that there was significant relationship between some of the variables under the determinant factor and one-to-five peer learning and almost all of the participants of the study have perceived one-to-five peer learning positively though the response varies between students. Finally, recommendations were forwarded based on the major findings so as to minimize problems encountered and maximize the implementation of one-to-five peer learning throughout the departments.

Field of study: Education
Effect of methuenine on the fast inward sodium current in frog atrial fibres.

The effect of methuenine (a synthesized molecule derived from the ervatamine molecule ; a natural α acyl alkaloid) on action potential and fast inward Na current of frog atrial fibres was studied using the double sucrose gap technique. The drug 13 μM blocked the action potential without altering the resting membrane potential. Methuenine inhibited the fast Na conductance without changing the selectivity of the Na channel. The kinetic parameters of the Na current were not markedly shifted. The steady state inactivation curve was only slightly shifted towards more negative membrane potentials. The inhibition of the Na conductance by methuenine was frequency dependent. The data suggest that methuenine effect on Na current are slightly different from the effect of ervatamine. Methuenine might be effective in control of cardiac arrhythmias since the drug mainly decreased the excitability of depolarized fibres.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Differential expression of ethanol-induced hypothermia in adolescent and adult rats induced by pretest familiarization to the handling/injection procedure.

Previous work examining ethanol's autonomic effects has found contrasting patterns of age-related differences in ethanol-induced hypothermia between adolescent and adult rats. Most studies have found adolescents to be less sensitive than adults to this effect, although other work has indicated that adolescents may be more sensitive than adults under certain testing conditions. To test the hypothesis that adolescents show more ethanol hypothermia than adults when the amount of disruption induced by the test procedures is low, but less hypothermia when the experimental perturbation is greater, the present study examined the consequences of manipulating the amount of perturbation at the time of testing on ethanol-induced hypothermia in adolescent and adult rats.



The amount of test disruption was manipulated by administering ethanol through a chronically indwelling gastric cannula (low perturbation) versus via intragastric intubation (higher perturbation) in Experiment 1 or by either familiarizing animals to the handling and injection procedure for several days pretest or leaving them unmanipulated before testing in Experiment 2.



The results showed that the handling manipulation, but not the use of gastric cannulae, altered the expression of ethanol-induced hypothermia differentially across age. When using a familiarization protocol sufficient to reduce the corticosterone response to the handling and injection procedure associated with testing, adolescents showed greater hypothermia than adults. In contrast, the opposite pattern of age differences in hypothermia was evident in animals that were not manipulated before the test day. Surprisingly, however, this difference across testing circumstances was driven by a marked reduction in hypothermia among adults who had been handled before testing, with handling having relatively little impact on ethanol hypothermia among adolescents.



Observed differences between adolescents and adults in the autonomic consequences of ethanol were dramatically influenced by whether animals were familiarized with the handling/injection process before testing. Under these circumstances, adolescents were less susceptible than adults to the impact of experimental perturbation on ethanol-induced hypothermia. These findings suggest that seemingly innocuous aspects of experimental design can influence conclusions reached on ontogenetic differences in sensitivity to ethanol, at least when indexed by ethanol-induced hypothermia.

Field of study: Medicine
Bildung eines Scheitelgrabens im Eise

ZusammenfassungDie bis 18 cm dicke Eisdecke eines langgestreckten Weihers (vor dem Schlosse Poppelsdorf in Bonn) wurde im März 1942 durch Schmelzwasser in der Mitte gehoben, während sie an den Rändern hängenblieb. Es entstand ein 60 m langer, 15 m breiter Eisschild mit 1–2 ° Oberflächengefälle. Auf seinem First bildete sich eine Streifenscholle, die 1,5 bis 2 m breit und 23 m lang gegen die absinkenden Enden spitz zulief und an mit 80 ° zur Mitte geneigten Gleitflächen um 5–6 cm absank. Streckenweise war eine dieser Abschiebungen von einer zweiten parallel begleitet, die mit ihr eine leistenförmige Stufenscholle umschloß. Im Längsverlauf zeichnete dieser zentrale Scheitelgraben den durch die Ufer bestimmten Umriß des leicht gekrümmten Gewölbes nach. Während die Gewölbedecke die Last mehrerer Menschen ohne nachzugeben trug, war die Grabenscholle in ihrem Rahmen beweglich und befand sich in Schwimmlage. Man konnte sie als Ganzes herausholen und ihre keilförmige Begrenzung und eine steil geneigte Gleitstreifung auf den Grenzflächen direkt messen.Dies natürliche Modell verbindet die Tonversuche des Verfassers mit den großen Gräben in irdischen Gesteinen und Krustentafeln. Mit dem einfachen Tonversuch teilt es den Vorzug der Isotropie und Homogenität (Strukturlosigkeit und Gleichförmigkeit) des Stoffes.

Field of study: Environmental science
The photorespiratory hydrogen shuttle. Synthesis of phthalonic acid and its use in the characterization of the malate/aspartate shuttle in pea (Pisum sativum) leaf mitochondria.

A method is presented for the preparation of pure phthalonic acid (PTA) in high yields. This PTA was used to determine the capacity of the malate/aspartate shuttle in pea (Pisum sativum) leaf mitochondria. The inhibition of glycine-dependent O2 uptake in the combined presence of 5 mM-aspartate and 5 mM-2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) was decreased by 55 +/- 22% (n = 13) in washed and 50 +/- 2% (n = 11) in purified mitochondria by 0.23 mM-PTA. This concentration of PTA had no effect on the oxidation of 5 mM-2-OG, suggesting that part of the observed inhibition of O2 uptake in the presence of aspartate and 2-OG was due to the production of oxaloacetate (OAA) by aspartate aminotransferase external to the mitochondrial inner membrane. Levels of external aspartate aminotransferase were estimated to be 24 +/- 1% (n = 4) and 13 +/- 1% (n = 4) of the total mitochondrial activity in washed and purified mitochondria respectively. Malate/aspartate-shuttle activity was estimated directly by measuring rates of malate efflux from isolated mitochondria and was found to match estimates of shuttle activity based on the PTA-insensitive inhibition of O2 uptake. Comparisons of malate/aspartate- and malate/OAA-shuttle activities indicated potentially similar rates of NADH export from pea leaf mitochondria under conditions in vivo. These extrapolated to whole-tissue rates of 5-11 mumol of NADH.h-1.mg of chlorophyll-1. The potential role of the malate/aspartate shuttle in the support of photorespiratory glycine oxidation in leaf tissue is discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science