nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy Elective Course to Enhance Pharmacy Students’ Literature Evaluation Skills and Ability to Apply Clinical Evidence

To design and implement a cardiovascular pharmacotherapy elective course to enhance pharmacy students’ ability to evaluate medical literature and apply clinical evidence.  In weekly class sessions, students were provided an overview of the important literature supporting therapeutic guidelines for the management of major cardiovascular diseases. Students worked in groups to complete outside-of-class assignments involving a patient case and then discussed the case in class. During the semester, each student also independently completed a literature search on an assigned topic, summarized the studies found in table format, and presented 1 of the studies to the class. Assessment. Students’ grades on weekly patient case assignments steadily increased over the semester. Also, the average grade on the final examination was higher than the grade on the midterm take-home examination. On the course evaluation, students rated the course favorably in terms of improvement of confidence in evaluating the primary literature and applying it to practice.  Completion of the cardiovascular pharmacotherapy elective increased pharmacy students’ level of confidence in evaluating literature and applying clinical evidence in making patient care decisions.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
ACTIVITY TEST FOR COMMERCIAL AMMONIA SYNTHESIS CATALYST A301 IN SINGLE TUBE REACTOR

The activity, specific rate of reaction and usable ratio of inner surface (URIS) for commercial A301 ammonia catalyst were measured in a tube packed bed reactor. The reaction conditions were: pressure of 7.0 , 10.0 and 15.0?MPa, temperature of 325—450?℃, space velocity of 6000, 8000 and 10000?h -1 and particle size of 0.6—0.9,1.6—2.5,2.5—3.0, 3.0—4.0 and 4.0—6.7 mm. The outlet ammonia concentration, specific rate and URIS decreased with increasing particle size. URIS of commercial catalyst depended not only on particle size, but also on temperature and catalyst efficiency. Particle size was the most important factor for URIS. With increasing particle size from 0.6—0.9?mm to 4.0—6.7?mm, URIS of catalyst decreased from 1 to 0.74—0.80. For the same size range of catalyst,URIS depended on temperature and catalyst efficiency. Above the temperature of 350?℃,catalyst efficiency and URIS increased with rising temperature. But below 350?℃,URIS increased with the decrease of temperature.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Case-mix payment in Japanese medical care.

The Japanese medical care system, highly rated internationally, has recently experienced a crisis that has placed a burden on all of its citizens, providers, and payers, due to the expansion of medical expenditures in rapidly aging society with the stagnant economy. To address this, in April 2003, Japan implemented a case-mix payment system, instead of conventional fee-for-service payment, based on an original case classification with 2552 groups (Diagnosis Procedure Combination: DPC), with inpatients from 82 special functioning hospitals. This system contains two parts: per diem prospective payment for hospital's fee with a three-level step down according to average length of stay for each diagnosis group, which is adjusted to secure the previous year's remuneration in each hospital; fee-for-service payment for doctor's fee based on national fee schedule. The payment system reduced average length of stay, but did not change inpatient expenditures and increased outpatient expenditures. The in-hospital mortality rate, although un-adjusted, did not changed, but the readmission rate increased mainly through an increase in planned, not accidental, readmissions. For the expansion of this system, ongoing program refinement, reflecting the results of data analysis, is indispensable.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Advances in Faba Bean Genetics and Genomics

Vicia faba L, is a globally important grain legume whose main centers of diversity are the Fertile Crescent and Mediterranean basin. Because of its small number (six) of exceptionally large and easily observed chromosomes it became a model species for plant cytogenetics the 70s and 80s. It is somewhat ironic therefore, that the emergence of more genomically tractable model plant species such as Arabidopsis and Medicago coincided with a marked decline in genome research on the formerly favored plant cytogenetic model. Thus, as ever higher density molecular marker coverage and dense genetic and even complete genome sequence maps of key crop and model species emerged through the 1990s and early 2000s, genetic and genome knowledge of Vicia faba lagged far behind other grain legumes such as soybean, common bean and pea. However, cheap sequencing technologies have stimulated the production of deep transcriptome coverage from several tissue types and numerous distinct cultivars in recent years. This has permitted the reconstruction of the faba bean meta-transcriptome and has fueled development of extensive sets of Simple Sequence Repeat and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers. Genetics of faba bean stretches back to the 1930s, but it was not until 1993 that DNA markers were used to construct genetic maps. A series of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA-based genetic studies mainly targeted at quantitative loci underlying resistance to a series of biotic and abiotic stresses were conducted during the 1990's and early 2000s. More recently, SNP-based genetic maps have permitted chromosome intervals of interest to be aligned to collinear segments of sequenced legume genomes such as the model legume Medicago truncatula, which in turn opens up the possibility for hypotheses on gene content, order and function to be translated from model to crop. Some examples of where knowledge of gene content and function have already been productively exploited are discussed. The bottleneck in associating genes and their functions has therefore moved from locating gene candidates to validating their function and the last part of this review covers mutagenesis and genetic transformation, two complementary routes to validating gene function and unlocking novel trait variation for the improvement of this important grain legume.

Field of study: Biology
Implicitly Heterogeneous Multi-Stage Programming for FPGAs

Previous work on semantics-based multi-state programming language design focused on homogeneous and heterogeneous software designs. In homogenous software design, the source and the target software programming languages are the same. In heterogeneous software design, they are different software languages. This paper proposes a practical means to circuit design by providing specialized offshoring translations from subsets of the source software programming language to subsets of the target hardware description language (HDL). This approach avoids manually writing codes for specifying the circuit of the given algorithm. To illustrate the proposed approach, we design and implement a translation to a subset of Verilog suitable numerical and logical computation. Through the translator, programmers can specify abstract algorithms in high level languages and automatically convert them into circuit descriptions in low level languages.

Field of study: Computer science
Über 1.2.4‐Triazin‐pyridiniumsalze

Dibromide von 3.5-Dioxo-6-styryl-tetrahydro-1.2.4-triazinen geben mit Pyridin Styryl-pyridiniumbromide. Analoge Verbindungen wurden auch von 3-Thio-5-oxo-6-styryl-Derivaten erhalten. Die Salze zeigen eine bemerkenswerte Neigung zu Komplexbildung.

Field of study: Chemistry
Terahertz parametric sources and imaging applications

We have studied the generation of terahertz (THz) waves by optical parametric processes based on laser light scattering from the polariton mode of nonlinear crystals. Using parametric oscillation of LiNbO3 or MgO-doped LiNbO3 crystal pumped by a nano-second Q-switched Nd:YAG laser, we have realized a widely tunable coherent THz-wave source with a simple configuration. We report the detailed characteristics of the oscillation and the radiation including tunability, spatial and temporal coherency, uni-directivity, and efficiency. A Fourier transform limited THz-wave spectrum narrowing was achieved by introducing the injection seeding method. Further, we have developed a spectroscopic THz imaging system using a THz-wave parametric oscillator, which allows detection and identification of drugs concealed in envelopes, by introducing the component spatial pattern analysis. Several images of the envelope are recorded at different THz frequencies and then processed. The final result is an image that reveals what substances are present in the envelope, in what quantity, and how they are distributed across the envelope area. The example presented here shows the identification of three drugs, two of which are illegal, while one is an over-the-counter drug.

Field of study: Materials science
Improving the chances of successful protein structure determination with a random forest classifier.

Obtaining diffraction quality crystals remains one of the major bottlenecks in structural biology. The ability to predict the chances of crystallization from the amino-acid sequence of the protein can, at least partly, address this problem by allowing a crystallographer to select homologs that are more likely to succeed and/or to modify the sequence of the target to avoid features that are detrimental to successful crystallization. In 2007, the now widely used XtalPred algorithm [Slabinski et al. (2007),  2472-2482] was developed. XtalPred classifies proteins into five `crystallization classes' based on a simple statistical analysis of the physicochemical features of a protein. Here, towards the same goal, advanced machine-learning methods are applied and, in addition, the predictive potential of additional protein features such as predicted surface ruggedness, hydrophobicity, side-chain entropy of surface residues and amino-acid composition of the predicted protein surface are tested. The new XtalPred-RF (random forest) achieves significant improvement of the prediction of crystallization success over the original XtalPred. To illustrate this, XtalPred-RF was tested by revisiting target selection from 271 Pfam families targeted by the Joint Center for Structural Genomics (JCSG) in PSI-2, and it was estimated that the number of targets entered into the protein-production and crystallization pipeline could have been reduced by 30% without lowering the number of families for which the first structures were solved. The prediction improvement depends on the subset of targets used as a testing set and reaches 100% (i.e. twofold) for the top class of predicted targets.

Field of study: Chemistry
Transport of glutamine into isolated pea chloroplasts

. Uptake of [14C] glutamine into isolated pea chloroplasts has been examined by using a centrifugal filtration technique. Competition experiments showed that glutamine uptake is mediated by a dicarboxylate carrier with Km 1.10 mM and Vmax. 118 nmol of glutamine min−1 per mg of chlorophyll. Isolated pea chloroplasts accumulated glutamine in the sucrose-impermeable space to concentrations higher than that present in the external solution when the latter was below 0.5 mM. It is suggested that glutamine accumulation is driven by exchange (utilizing the dicarboxylate carrier) with the endogenous pool of dicarboxylates in the chloroplasts. Increasing pH stimulated glutamine uptake but inhibited that of glutamate and 2-oxoglu-tarate. The hypothesis is advanced that when molecules of different charge are exchanged across the chloroplast envelope via the dicarboxylate carrier, electroneutrality is maintained by transport of protons, and that this explains the observed effects of increasing pH. The low rates of glutamine transport coupled with the strong competition of other dicarboxylates for the carrier suggest that export in vivo from the chloroplast of nitrogen in the form of glutamine is not of major importance.

Field of study: Environmental science
Contemplation of physical education institutes of higher learning to establish a regular college professional cultivation plan

Professional cultivation plan is the overall design blueprint of and major criterion for education manage-ment by institutes of higher learning.By taking Guangzhou Institute of Physical Education for example,the author probed into such major issues as cultivation objective,cultivation mode,curriculum setup and practical teaching to be regarded by physical education institutes of higher learning to establish a professional cultivation plan,and put forward the following emphases: a new professional cultivation mode should be established according to the princi-ple of "high caliber,solid foundation,strong capability,high capacity and extensive adaptation";general education should be fully embodied and strengthened;fundamental disciplinary courses and featured courses should be set up;the curriculum structure should be optimized;individual development should be highlighted;practical training should be valued;knowledge lecturing,capability cultivation and capacity enhancement should be integrated.

Field of study: Education
Applications of Small Computers in Nuclear Spectroscopy

Two data-acquisition systems are described; both are built around small digital computers and are designed for use in nuclear spectroscopy experiments. The computers are used for storage of data, graph plotting, control of hardware devices and CRT displays, and for routine arithmetical operations required in the preliminary analysis of experimental data. Both computer systems can be easily operated by relatively inexperienced personnel. Most routine operations can be controlled with simple multiposition selector switches, although more specialized operations are carried out with a question-and-answer routine on the typewriter. Operations involving CRT display can be initiated with the light pen. With this procedure, routine operation of the computer requires little more training than is needed to operate a pulse-height analyzer.

Field of study: Physics
Collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylase is up-regulated in an acute bladder outlet obstruction.

Compliance is primarily related to extracellular matrix deposition, and prolyl 4-hydroxylase (P4Hs) plays a critical role in the synthesis of the matrix. To study the alteration of P4Hs, under the influence of variable hydrostatic pressure, a novel pressure device was used to expose human bladder smooth muscle cells (HBSMC) and fibroblasts (HBF) to pressures in the physiologic range. We then studied acute obstructed porcine bladder tissues to see if changes can also be seen after in-vitro obstruction.



HBSMC and HBF were exposed to pressures at 0, 20 and 40 cmH(2)O for up to 72 h. In-vivo studies were carried out next, using six normal (control) and five obstructed porcine bladders. Pigs were exposed to a consistent hydrostatic pressure of < or =20 cm for 24 h after ligation of the urethra. We used 2-DE to compare protein profiling of HBSMC under normal and increased pressures. Other analyses were used to detect molecular alteration and altered expression of mRNA for P4Hs.



We identified 437 proteins from 476 spots (91.8%) obtained from HBSMC that were differentially expressed under normal and increased pressures. Under increased pressure, 48 unique proteins were significantly increased or decreased, and a prominent protein regulating extracellular matrix synthesis highly correlated with P4Hs. The exposure of both HBSMC and HBF to a sustained hydrostatic pressure resulted in the increased expression of P4Hs in a time- and pressure-dependent manner. In vivo, P4Hs expression was also significantly increased in the obstructed group.



P4Hs is up-regulated, in the human bladder, time and pressure dependently. The alteration of P4Hs over a short period may significantly influence the synthesis of extracellular matrix in vivo and lead to decreased compliance. Our results also support the concept that bladder outlet obstruction, with resultant pressures of 40 cmH(2)O or less, results in molecular changes consistent with decreased compliance.

Field of study: Medicine
NONLINEAR OPTICAL EFFECTS AND DEVICES: Optimal length of a nonlinear crystal for type e-oo optical parametric oscillation

The dependence of the optimal length of a nonlinear wave interaction region on the angle of birefringence in the direction of phase matching is determined for an optical parametric oscillator utilizing an anisotropic uniaxial crystal with a quadratic nonlinearity. The analysis is made assuming a strong feedback at both parametric frequencies and the optimal focusing of the interacting waves.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Silica nanoparticles alleviate cadmium toxicity in rice cells: Mechanisms and size effects.

Although it was recently determined that silicon can alleviate cadmium (Cd) toxicity in rice, the effects of silicon properties and the molecular mechanisms are still unclear. Here, the effect of silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) on Cd toxicity in rice was examined using cells cultured in suspension in the presence or absence of SiNPs (19 nm, 48 nm and 202 nm). The results showed that the presence of SiNPs substantially enhanced the proportion of live cells to 95.4%, 78.6% and 66.2%, respectively, suggesting that the extent of alleviation of Cd toxicity decreased gradually with size of SiNPs. The morphological results showed that dramatic damage and severe structural changes in the organelle integrity of cells occurred in the absence of SiNPs, whereas the cells exposed to the SiNPs remained nearly intact even in the presence of high concentrations of Cd. Furthermore, the SiNPs accumulated on the surface of the rice cells. Using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy, Cd accumulated preferentially in plant cells with cell walls. In addition, noninvasive microtest technology showed that the average Cd2+ influx in those treated with SiNPs (19 nm, 48 nm and 202 nm) decreased by 15.7-, 11.1- and 4.6-fold, respectively. The gene expression of Cd uptake and transport (OsLCT1 and OsNramp5) was inhibited by SiNPs, but the gene expression of Cd transport into vacuole (OsHMA3) and Si uptake (OsLsi1) was enhanced by the SiNPs. These results indicate that the presence of SiNPs increased at least 1.87-fold the Si uptake capacity and inhibited the Cd uptake capacity, which together resulted in the alleviation of the toxicity of Cd in rice. This study provided a molecular-scale insight into the understanding of the SiNPs-induced alleviation of the toxicity of Cd in rice.

Field of study: Environmental science
DROPLET SPECTRA AND WIND TUNNEL EVALUATION OF VENTURI AND PRE-ORIFICE NOZZLES

Small- to medium-size droplets are desirable when applying insecticides and fungicides because they provide 
better penetration into the canopy and better coverage than larger sizes. However, small droplets can drift long distances. 
Several agricultural nozzle manufacturers have recently introduced so-called “low-drift” nozzles. Although 
manufacturers of low-drift nozzles claim these nozzles are considerably more effective in reducing spray drift than 
standard flat-fan nozzles, no independent data are available to support their claim. The objective of this study was to 
determine the effectiveness of two low-drift nozzles (TurboDrop® and Turbo TeeJet®) in reducing drift. The TurboDrop 
nozzle design incorporates a venturi air intake port and a pre-orifice chamber while the Turbo TeeJet nozzle design 
includes only a pre-orifice chamber. Nozzle evaluations were accomplished by measuring droplet sizes with a laser 
particle sizer and deposition distances of droplets in a wind tunnel (5 m/s). Data from measurements obtained with the 
low-drift nozzles were compared to data from a standard flat-fan nozzle. The low-drift nozzles produced fewer drift prone 
droplets and significantly lower downwind airborne deposits than the standard flat-fan nozzle (XR). In general, droplet 
size measurements taken along the long axis of the spray patterns showed less variation in volume median diameters for 
the XR and Turbo TeeJet (TT) nozzles than for the TurboDrop (TD) nozzles. The TD nozzles produced lower downwind 
deposits than TT nozzles operated at similar pressures (276 kPa); however, a larger orifice TT nozzle operated at a lower 
pressure (176 kPa) produced significantly lower downwind airborne deposits than the TD nozzle operated at 276 kPa. 
Covering or restricting the venturi air intake port on the TD nozzle increased nozzle output but had little impact on the 
overall droplet spectrum and downwind drift.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Feasibility study of phase-contrast X-ray laminography using X-ray interferometry.

For fine observation of laminar samples, phase-contrast X-ray laminography using X-ray interferometry was developed. An imaging system fitted with a two-crystal X-ray interferometer was used to perform the observations, and the sectional images were calculated by a three-dimensional iterative reconstruction method. Obtained images of an old flat slab of limestone from the Carnic Alps depicted fusulinids in the Carboniferous period with 3 mg cm-3 density resolution, and those of carbon paper used for a fuel-cell battery displayed the inner fibrous structures clearly.

Field of study: Physics
Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temperature: Workshop Comparisons

A series of three workshops was held between January 1983 and February 1984 to assess the current status of global sea surface temperature (SST) measurement from space. Workshop participants included sensor scientists, radiative transfer specialists, and users of SST data in the disciplines of oceanography and climate. Data from four satellite sensors (three infrared and one microwave) were evaluated by direct comparison with each other and with data from ships, XBTs, and buoys. The satellite data showed good agreement in a global rms sense (∼0.5–1.0°C), but several anomalous regional biases were also observed. The nature of these biases and techniques for their removal require further study.

Field of study: Environmental science
Finite element methods of the two nonlinear integro-differential equations

Transformation of dependent variables, such as, the Kirchhoff transformation, is a classical tool for solving nonlinear partial differential equations. In Larsson et al., this approach was used in connection with the finite element method. Zlamal used it in Galerkin approximation in space, the Euler method in time, and applied it to the solution of nonlinear heat equations. Here we give justification of the methods for the two nonlinear integro-heat equations in the case that the discretization is carried through by piecewise linear polynomials in space and by the implicit Euler method in time with quadrature rules which require the storage of relatively few values of the solution. The estimate of the discretization error in the maximum norm is introduced. The results depend on superconvergence in the gradient for a related elliptic problem, which is shown to hold only for very special meshes.

Field of study: Mathematics