nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Sampling distribution after splitting experimental units

It has been a common practice to recommend one distribution for a large class of problems. An example is the use of the logarithmic distribution for count data - the point of concern in this paper is its recommendation without regard to the size of the experimental unit. References for this particular distribution go back to Fisher et al. [1943]. Look up Douglas [1980], Patil et al. [1984] and Kotz and Johnson [1985] to pick up additional references in this area -especially through sorting the data base of the American Mathematical Society. We will show a fallacy in this structure; provide a computer algorithm find the actual distributions; and then to check on the divisibility. The language used is APL2. But the users can make up their own programs.

Field of study: Mathematics
Industrial synthesis of terpene compounds

The translation of new organic syntheses carried out on a laboratory scale into plant practice is a problem which is as old as industrial chemistry itself. The worldwide growth of chemistry necessitates today the production of, inter alia, compounds of complex structure on a scale which has hitherto been reserved for commercial syntheses. This has placed great demands on the chemist working in industry. The chemist's own knowledge of other scientific disciplines and his working together with physicists and engineers as a team are essential pre-requisites for economic success. The problems arising in connection with the scaling up of new reactions into chemical processes, say, for the production of 1000 tons/year of a vitamin will be described in more detail, referring to a few examples which, for the sake of simplicity, will be restricted to problems in terpene chemistry. The reaction discovered by Wittig in the ‘fifties and named after him, namely the introduction of a double bond using phosphoranes, will be explained with reference to the syntheses of vitamin A, carotenoids and terpenes. With the aid of a flow sheet it will be shown how the problems occurring in the translation of these strongly exothermic reactions into industrial processes can be solved without taking risks, how triphenylphosphine which is required for the Wittig reaction can be safely produced on a commercial scale from phosphorus trichloride, sodium and chlorobenzene and how the triphenylphosphine oxide formed in the Wittig reaction can be reconverted into triphenylphosphine. It is possible with these basic reactions which can be mastered industrially, the reduction of triphenylphosphine oxide to triphenylphosphine being of great economic importance, to develop from suitable building blocks, mainly C5 compounds having functional groups, such as or from methyl heptenone a large number of hitherto difficultly accessible

Field of study: Chemistry
Density of Primates in Four Semi-deciduous Forest Fragments of São Paulo, Brazil

Populational parameters of primates in the remaining southeastern Brazilian Atlantic Forest have been estimated, but investigations are biased to coastal evergreen sites. In this study density of three primate species was assessed through line-transect surveys in four semi-deciduous forest fragments (240 to 1450 ha) in Fazenda Barreiro Rico, eastern range of central Plateau of São Paulo state, Brazil. A total of 274 km was surveyed from January to October 2000. I estimated densities via DISTANCE software. Two of the largest fragments contained five primate species while two of the smallest ones harboured, respectively, four and two species. Densities of Cebus apella (15.34–47.92 ind./km2), Alouatta guariba (8.32–34.61), and Brachyteles arachnoides (19.92–35.11) were considerable. Differently from C. apella and A. guariba, B. arachnoides presented a density higher than previously estimated for the largest patch. The hypothetical minimum total population of B. arachnoides (601) may be the largest in semi-deciduous sites. This reinforces the value of the area in terms of its relative contribution for conservation of this endangered species. The narrow spatial scale distribution of forest fragments at Barreiro Rico and its proximity to academic institutions make the site suitable for programs of forest connectivity, studies on conservation biology, and wildlife management endeavours.

Field of study: Environmental science
Probabilistic assessment of overcooling risk for a novel extra-low temperature dedicated outdoor air system for Hong Kong office buildings

Overcooling causes thermal discomfort and wastes energy. Effectiveness of a novel dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS) consisting of a multi-stage direct expansion coil to generate extra-low temperature (XT) outdoor air to handle the entire space cooling demand for better energy and humidity control has been confirmed in previous studies. In these studies, the terminal system was assumed using variable air volume (VAV) without reheating. The conventional VAV system without reheating has overcooling problem. This is associated with uncertain fluctuations of operating characteristics. However, virtually no study has been done to investigate its overcooling risk, and how it is compared with XT-DOAS. In this study, a rigorous probabilistic approach is proposed to account for the uncertain fluctuations of operating characteristics to assess their overcooling risks. Monte Carlo simulations with 10,000 interactions was used for risk analysis. A morphing method was employed to develop 10,000 weather files that could give an accurate prediction of future variations in yearly weather conditions. Reliable datasets were used to develop the probability distribution functions to account for the daily variations in use patterns. The most probable operating characteristics were input to EnergyPlus for hour-by-hour simulations. The annual cooling load profile formulated by the probabilistic approach was successfully validated by in-situ measurements. The probabilistic assessment results show that XT-DOAS has far less overcooling hours and lower long-term percentage of dissatisfied than the conventional VAV system. The results also indicate that the proposed probabilistic approach is useful for a robust system performance evaluation.

Field of study: Engineering
Cai Yuanpei and Education Reforms in the Early Period of Republic of China

During the historical transformation from the feudal autocracy to democratic republic in China,Cai initiated,with a broad and long-term view of both the nation's future and the social realities at that period,a series of reforms in order to conform to the social change,remove the feudalist dregs,establish education aims of the Republic and develop education at all levels,which laid the foundation for education of the Republic.Influenced by Cai's moral standard of "loyalty to the country" and the principle of "capable people in power",the Ministry of Education attracted a large number of enthusiastic educators who were mainly returning students with new ideas,learning,vigor and vitality,who developed a democratic,efficient and honest style of work,which provided the institutional guarantee for the significant success of the education reforms in the early period of the Republic.

Field of study: Education
L’acétaminophène chez les enfants

L’acetaminophene est un medicament antipyretique[1][1] et analgesique[2][2] en vente libre (EVL), plus communement utilise chez les enfants. Quoiqu’un grand nombre de parents donnent une dose insuffisante du medicament contre la fievre[3][3] et ne sont souvent pas au courant de la

Field of study: Medicine
Sedimentation and tectonics of the lower and middle Eocene Swauk Formation in eastern Swauk Basin, central Cascades, central Washington

The Swauk Basin lies between the Straight Creek and Entiat–Leavenworth fault systems in the central Cascades of Washington and is one of several early Tertiary strike-slip basins in the Pacific Northwest. In this paper, seven informal stratigraphic units are recognized in the lowest portion of the basin fill—the lower and middle Eocene Swauk Formation—in the eastern part of the basin. These units have a stratigraphic thickness of more than 4800 m and were deposited in alluvial fan, braided river, meandering river(?), lacustrine-deltaic, and lacustrine environments. Rapid facies changes and reversals in paleocurrent directions indicate numerous tectonically controlled drainage reorganizations. Sediments were mainly derived from crystalline rocks to the east, north, and west (?), and sediment accumulation rates were high (about 64 cm/1000 years). The Leavenworth fault has a complex history and, periodically, formed the eastern margin of Swauk Basin. During the final phases and shortly after deposition of th...

Field of study: Environmental science
Measurement of compressibility at high pressures and high temperatures

An apparatus has been developed for measuring linear compressibility and its temperature coefficient in the pressure region from 1 to 10,000 kg/cm 2 and up to 500° C., for materials which can be shaped into cylinders about 4.5 cm long and 0.6 cm in diameter. The apparatus is described, with preliminary results for lead, aluminum, fused silica, obsidian, and an artificial diabase glass. The results for the glasses are highly special or even anomalous, showing very small positive or negative temperature coefficients of compressibility.  The development of seismology has resulted in increasingly precise and numerous determinations of the velocities of propagation of elastic waves in the materials of the earth9s crust. Assuming the validity of certain familiar equations from the theory of elasticity, these velocities may be used to compute the elastic constants of the earth materials. The elastic properties of many representative rocks and minerals having been independently . . .

Field of study: Geology
Analytical modeling of direct tunneling current through gate stacks for the determination of suitable high-k dielectrics for nanoscale double-gate MOSFETs

Gate-leakage current reduction is the key motivation for the replacement of traditional SiO2 gate insulator with alternative gate dielectrics. In this work, a guideline for the determination of the suitable high-k candidate was reported in the case of a SiO2/high-k gate stack in a nanoscale double-gate (DG) MOSFET. Analytical models of direct tunneling gate leakage current with SiO2 as an interfacial layer have been considered. Using these models, the most promising high-k materials for different conditions were predicted, considering the effects of equivalent oxide thickness (EOT), gate leakage current, electron effective mass, dielectric constant-k value, barrier height and interfacial oxide thickness.

Field of study: Materials science
Milton Friedman's Capitalism and Freedom: A Binary Economic Critique

This article presents a binary economic critique of Milton Friedman's thesis that a competitive, free market, private enterprise, capitalist system is an essential condition for freedom. After identifying deficiencies in Friedman's understanding of private property and economics, this article explains how a market economy based on Friedman's flawed understanding concentrates economic power in a plutocracy, perpetuates chronic underemployment of labor and capital, and suppresses the freedom of most people. It advances a "binary economic approach" to create a more productive and democratic market system characterized by greater, more sustainable, and more widely-distributed prosperity, economic power, and individual freedom than prevails in any existing capitalist economy.

Field of study: Economics
Simultaneous determination of seven anticoagulant rodenticides in agricultural products by gel permeation chromatography and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

A sensitive and reliable method for the simultaneous determination of hydroxycoumarin-type (brodifacoum, bromadiolone, coumatetralyl, and warfarin) and indandione-type (chlorophacinone, diphacinone, and pindone) rodenticides in agricultural products by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) was developed. The procedure involved extraction of the rodenticides from samples with acetone, followed by liquid–liquid partitioning with hexane/ethyl acetate (1:1, v/v) and 10% sodium chloride aqueous solution, then cleanup using GPC, and finally, analysis using LC–MS/MS. High recoveries from the GPC column were obtained for all rodenticides tested using a mobile phase of acetone/cyclohexane/triethylamine (400:1600:1, v/v/v). An ODS column, which contains low levels of metal impurities, gave satisfactory peak shapes for both hydroxycoumarin- and indandione-type rodenticides in the LC–MS/MS separation. The average recoveries of rodenticides from eight agricultural foods (apple, eggplant, cabbage, orange, potato, tomato, brown rice, and soybean) fortified at 0.0005–0.001 mg/kg ranged from 76 to 116%, except for bromadiolone in orange (53%) and diphacinone in soybean (54%), and the relative standard deviations ranged from 1 to 16%. The proposed method effectively removed interfering components, such as pigments and lipids, and showed high selectivity. In addition, the matrix effects were negligible for most of the rodenticide/food combinations. The results suggest that the proposed method is reliable and suitable for determining hydroxycoumarin- and indandione-type rodenticides in agricultural products.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A Flexible Iterative Framework for Consensus Clustering

A novel framework for consensus clustering is presented which has the ability to determine both the number of clusters and a final solution using multiple algorithms. A consensus similarity matrix is formed from an ensemble using multiple algorithms and several values for k. A variety of dimension reduction techniques and clustering algorithms are considered for analysis. For noisy or high-dimensional data, an iterative technique is presented to refine this consensus matrix in way that encourages algorithms to agree upon a common solution. We utilize the theory of nearly uncoupled Markov chains to determine the number, k , of clusters in a dataset by considering a random walk on the graph defined by the consensus matrix. The eigenvalues of the associated transition probability matrix are used to determine the number of clusters. This method succeeds at determining the number of clusters in many datasets where previous methods fail. On every considered dataset, our consensus method provides a final result with accuracy well above the average of the individual algorithms.

Field of study: Computer science
Response-dependent prechoice effects on foraging-related choice.

Three experiments explored the influence of prechoice events on pigeons' preference. In two of three studies, a fixed-interval 200-second prechoice period preceded the initial links of a concurrent chain in which outcomes differed either (a) in terms of the delay to food or (b) in terms of amount of food and delay to food. In Experiment 3, the prechoice period preceded the initial links that provided a choice between a small single food presentation and two identical, more delayed food presentations. In all three cases, obtained choice proportions did not vary as a function of prechoice duration. These results suggest that a local-contextual view adequately describes the foraging context; they also have implications for the appropriate formulation of the delay-reduction theory of conditioned reinforcement and rate-maximizing views of optimal foraging theory.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
A TWO-COMPONENT AREA COORDINATE METHOD FOR QUADRILATERAL ELEMENTS

In order to construct quadrilateral elements insensitive to mesh distortion,a new kind of quadrilateral area coordinate method,denoted as QAC-2,has been successfully developed. And related differential and integral formulae are also presented. As a natural coordinate system,QAC-2 has explicit physical meanings. It includes only two independent components,Z1 and Z2,which make it easier to communicate with Cartesian coordinates and isoparametric coordinates. Furthermore,since Z1 and Z2 are linear functions of Cartesian coordinates x and y,it is convenient to establish a polynomial with high order completeness in Cartesian coordinates by using Z1 and Z2,and this polynomial will keep its completeness order invariable for mesh distortion cases. QAC-2 is a simple and novel tool for developing more accurate and robust quadrilateral element models.

Field of study: Engineering
An empirical formula for the electron-impact ionization cross-section

An empirical formula with three free parameters is given for the representation of cross-sections for single ionization of atoms and ions from the ground state by electron-impact. Almost all experimental results can be approximated by this formula within 10% over the whole energy range between threshold and 10 keV; all experimental results can be approximated within experimental error. The formula proposed is not suitable to reproduce the exact contour of fine structures in the ionization cross-section curve.

Field of study: Physics
Tentacular diversity in deep-sea deposit-feeding holothurians: implications for biodiversity in the deep sea

The tentacles of deep-sea holothurians show a wide range of morphological diversity. The present paper examines gross tentacle morphology in surface deposit feeding holothurians from a range of bathymetric depths. Species studied included the elasipods: Oneirophanta mutabilis, Psychropotes longicauda and Benthogone rosea and the aspidochirotids: Paroriza prouhoi, Pseudostichopus sp., Bathyplotes natans and Paroriza pallens. The sympatric abyssal species Oneirophanta mutabilis, Psychropotes longicauda and Pseudostichopus sp. show subtle differences in diet and the structure and filling patterns of the gut that suggest differences in feeding strategies which may represent one mechanism to overcome competition for food resources in an environment where nutrient resources are considered to be, at least periodically, limiting. Interspecific differences in tentacle functional morphology and digestive strategies, which reflects taxonomic diversity could be explained in terms of Sanders'; Stability–Time Hypothesis. Since different tentacle types will turn over sediments to different extents, their impact on sedimentary communities will be enormous so that high diversity in meiofaunal communities may be explained most simply by Dayton and Hessler's Biological Disturbance Hypothesis.

Field of study: Environmental science
Aminomethylation of Guareschi imides: synthesis of 2,4-dioxo-1H,5H-3,7-spiro[diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-9,4'-piperidine]-1,5-dicarbonitriles

The aminomethylation reaction of 9-benzyl-2,4-dioxo-3,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-1,5-dicarbonitrile hydrochloride in the presence of primary aliphatic amines and an excess of 37% aqueous formaldehyde led to the formation of 7-substituted 1'-benzyl-2,4-dioxo-1H,5Hspiro[3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-9,4'-piperidine]-1,5-dicarbonitrile derivatives.

Field of study: Chemistry
Characterization of cardamonin metabolism by P450 in different species via HPLC-ESI-ion trap and UPLC-ESI-quadrupole mass spectrometry

To characterize the metabolism of cardamonin by the P450 enzymes in human and animal liver microsomes.Cardamonin was incubated with both human and animal liver microsomal incubation systems containing P450 reaction factors. High performance liquid chromatography coupled with ion trap mass spectrometry was used to identify the metabolites. Serial cardamonin dilutions were used to perform a kinetic study in human liver microsomes. Selective inhibitors of 7 of the major P450 isozymes were used to inhibit cardamonin hydroxylation to identify the isozymes involved in cardamonin metabolism. The cardamonin hydroxylation metabolic capacities of human and various other animals were investigated using the liver microsomal incubation system.Two metabolites generated by the liver microsome system were detected and identified as hydroxylated cardamonin. The Km and Vmax values for cardamonin hydroxylation were calculated as 32 μmol/L and 35 pmol·min−1·mg−1, respectively. Furafylline and clomethiazole significantly inhibited cardamonin hydroxylation. Guinea pigs showed the highest similarity to humans with respect to the metabolism of cardamonin.CYP 1A2 and 2E1 were identified as the P450 isozymes involved in the metabolism of cardamonin in human liver microsomes. Furthermore, our research suggests that guinea pigs could be used in the advanced pharmacokinetic studies of cardamonin in vivo.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
The Great Recession and Racial Inequality: Evidence from Measures of Economic Well-Being

The Great Recession had a tremendous impact on low-income Americans, in particular Black and Latino Americans. The losses in terms of employment and earnings are matched only by the losses in terms of real wealth. In many ways, however, these losses are merely a continuation of trends that have been unfolding for more than two decades. We examine the changes in overall economic well-being and inequality, as well as changes in racial economic inequality during and since the Great Recession. We find that the Levy Institute Measure of Economic Well-Being inequality between White and Black households decreased during the Great Recession but since 2010, racial inequality in terms of LIMEW has increased. We find that changes in base income, taxes, and income from non-home wealth during the Great Recession produced declines in overall inequality, while only taxes reduced between-group racial inequality.

Field of study: Economics
Research on Cointegration Relationship Between the Electric Spot Markets and Future Markets

The electricity market is a complex nonlinear system, which not only follows the basic rules of market economy, but also is affected by the power system. This paper considers the non-stationarity of electricity futures and spot electricity price, and puts forward a forecasting model of futures electricity price by means of a cointegration theory to carry out an empirical research on the dynamic relationship between the electric spot markets and future markets. The research results show that there is a long-term equilibrium cointegration relationship between the spot electricity price and futures electricity price, and the combination of long-term relationship and short-term dynamic in time series of electricity price is realized, and a higher forecasting accuracy is obtained.

Field of study: Engineering
Collusion resilient spread spectrum watermarking in M-band wavelets using GA-fuzzy hybridization

This paper proposes a collusion resilient optimized spread spectrum (SS) image watermarking scheme using genetic algorithms (GA) and multiband (M-band) wavelets. M-band decomposition of the host image offers advantages of better scale-space tiling and good energy compactness. This bandpass-like decomposition makes watermarking robust against frequency selective fading-like gain (intelligent collusion) attack. On the other hand, GA would determine threshold value of the host coefficients (process gain i.e. the length of spreading code) selection for watermark casting along with the respective embedding strengths compatible to the gain of frequency response. First, a single bit watermark embedding algorithm is developed using independent and identically distributed (i.i.d) Gaussian watermark. This is further modified to design a high payload system for binary watermark image using a set of binary spreading code patterns. Watermark decoding performance is improved by multiple stage detection through cancelation of multiple bit interference (MBI) effect. Fuzzy logic is used to classify decision magnitudes in multiple group combined interference cancelation (MGCIC) used in the intermediate stage(s). Simulation results show convergence of GA and validate relative performance gain achieved in this algorithm compared to the existing works.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering