nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Revival of General Education

T HERE is no common agreement today on what the term general education means, nor do educators agree on precisely what the objectives of a general education are. While it is impossible, then, to offer a definition of the term or a statement of these objectives that will be acceptable to all, perhaps this paper can make clear what the author thinks a general education ought to do for the student. A general education should develop the individual's capacities for living. It should stimulate and enrich his social consciousness. While it emphasizes the growth of the individual, its governing principle is the unity of human knowledge; it aims to produce not narrow specialists but wellinformed citizens who can take active roles in the affairs of their own community. Nevertheless, general education does not oppose specialization. What sensible person today would deny the value of expert training? General education tries, at the very least, to induce the student to view the world as a whole rather than as a narrow plot bounded by the limits of his particular special knowledge or skill. Ideally, all specializations should rest upon, or grow out of general culture. For example, the engineer will Drobablv be a better engineer if he knows something about the history of man, if he has some comprehension of art, if he has puzzled over philosophy and psychology. Certainly, the engineer with a developed social consciousness will be a better citizen than he would have been if his studies had all been directed toward the acquisition of professional knowledge. General education should point, though it may fall short, at the lofty mark which the poet Milton once set. "I call, therefore," he said, "Ca complete and generous education that which fits a man to perform justly, skillfully, and magnanimously all the offices both private and public of peace and war." General education, which strives for a unity of human knowledge, is by no means a new ideal. In fact, it is a very old one. The revival of the ideal during the past twenty years, in both theory and practice, is largely a revival of older methods. The exponents of general education today are trying to find a system of study that will accomplish what older systems evidently did accomplish; namely, give the students a common fund of information about the world in which they live and a common attitude toward what is right and wrong, what is worthy and what unworthy of right-minded citizens.

Field of study: Education
GENERIC RESPONSE CLASSES AND RELATIONAL FRAME THEORY: RESPONSE TO HAYES AND BARNES‐HOLMES

Hayes and Barnes-Holmes (2004) assert that the concept of a topographically unconstrained response class, the concept that carries the explanatory burden of relational frame theory, appeals to no new principles. Operants are properly defined functionally. I argue that they have stretched the concept of the generic response class beyond its appropriate limits. Skinner conceived of response classes as empirically defined units, mutually interchangeable in quantitative functions. The notion of overarching, generalized operants is an uncritical, analogical extension of this concept. I hold that the conceptual work of relational frame theory is incomplete, that a statement of principle is necessary, even if not new. Finally, I distinguish a supposed commitment to a philosophical “mediationism” from a valid inquiry about mediating behavior; that is, behavior with stimulus products that participate in the control of the behavior of primary interest.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of E. coli uridine 5'-diphospho-N-acetylenolpyruvylglucosamine reductase in two new crystal forms.

Uridine 5'-diphospho-N-acetylenolpyruvylglucosamine reductase (MurB), the second enzyme in the peptidoglycan synthetic pathway of Escherichia coli, has been crystallized in two previously unreported forms, one orthorhombic and the other monoclinic. MurB (molecular mass 38 kDa) crystallizes in a range of conditions that utilize polyethylene glycol fractions as precipitants, and crystals can be grown with or without the enzyme's substrate, uridine 5'-diphospho-N-acetylenolpyruvylglucosamine. X-ray diffraction from crystals of the orthorhombic form extends to 2 A resolution and shows the symmetry and systematic absences of space group P2(1)2(1)2(1). These crystals show significant variations in cell dimensions at room temperature and at 100 K. A crystal used to collect a 2.0 A resolution data set at a synchrotron source showed cell dimensions at ca 100 K of a = 51.0, b = 79.3 and c = 87.1 A, indicating one molecule peroasymmetric unit. The monoclinic crystals scatter X-rays to 3.0 A resolution consistent with space group P2(1), unit-cell dimensions (ca 100 K) a = 50.7, b = 92.4, c = 85.5 A, and beta = 104 degrees, and two molecules per asymmetric unit. Mercury derivatives have been prepared with both orthorhombic and monoclinic forms, and efforts are underway to exploit these derivatives to determine the structure of this protein.

Field of study: Chemistry
Personality, Prayer, and Church Attendance in a Sample of Male College Students in the USA

Recent studies have suggested that, within Eysenck's dimensional model of personality, psychoticism rather than extraversion or neuroticism is fundamental to both positive religious attitude and frequency of religious practice. 1995 data of Maltby were further analysed to examine the relationship between the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised-Abbreviated and frequency of personal prayer and church attendance among 100 male college students in the USA. A significant negative association was found between scores on the Psychoticism scale and frequency of personal prayer, with lower Psychoticism scores being associated with greater frequency in personal prayer. However, no significant association was found between scores on the Psychoticism scale and frequency of church attendance or between frequency of personal prayer and frequency of church attendance. These findings therefore only partly replicate those of Maltby among female students in the USA and lend some further support to the view that psychoticism is fundamental to religiosity.

Field of study: Psychology
Refreshing Data Warehouses with near Real-Time Updates

In traditional decision support systems, data warehouses have been used to analyze historical information. In the past it was relatively easy to keep data acquisition and maintenance activities to an as-needed basis by using batch windows at night when the business users went home. Now, however, decision makers need up-to-date information to make strategic business decisions, requiring data warehouses to be refreshed several times a day. This paper presents a technical outline for a near real-time decision support system where data warehouses are refreshed using a metadata model and incremental refreshes to increase the frequency of batch cycle runs. We propose a staging area in the data warehouse to capture data updates from external sources. Based on new data in the staging tables, we propose to load the actual analytical tables in the data warehouse using the database system as a transformation engine. We also propose making the database transformation tasks, such as stored procedures execution, metadata driven. The metadata model lets the stored procedures in different business and analytical subject areas run only when source data changes in the source subject area tables, and then implements a delta refresh of tables for which new data has arrived from the operational databases. Skipping unnecessary loads via this metadata-driven approach allows for faster cycle refreshes. The cycle refresh time statistics captured from an actual production data warehouse demonstrate the excellent reductions in cycle times achieved by our batch technique.

Field of study: Computer science
The interface of psychiatry and irritable bowel syndrome

The interface of psychiatry and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is well established, with psychiatric comorbidity approaching 20% to 60%. Anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, and somatoform disorders are the more frequently occurring comorbid conditions. Moreover, psychosocial stressors and history of trauma and abuse play a significant role in the onset and perpetuation of IBS symptoms. The psychiatric management of IBS more effectively uses a collaborative approach between a mental health practitioner and a primary care clinician or gastroenterologist. Psychiatric treatment includes the use of pharmacotherapy with antidepressants or anxiolytics, psychotherapy, and attention to psychosocial stressors. Psychiatric interventions have consistently demonstrated effectiveness in reducing IBS symptoms and improvement of patient functioning.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Ks- and Lp-band polarimetry on stellar and bow-shock sources in the Galactic center

Infrared observations of the Galactic center (GC) provide a unique opportunity to study stellar and bow-shock polarization effects in a dusty environment. The goals of this work are to present new Ks- and Lp-band polarimetry on an unprecedented number of sources in the central parsec of the GC, thereby expanding our previous results in the H- and Ks-bands. We use AO-assisted Ks- and Lp-band observations, obtained at the ESO VLT. High precision photometry and the new polarimetric calibration method for NACO allow us to map the polarization in a region of 8" x 25" (Ks) resp. 26" x 28" (Lp). These are the first polarimetric observations of the GC in the Lp-band in 30 years, with vastly improved spatial resolution compared to previous results. This allows resolved polarimetry on bright bow-shock sources in this area for the first time at this wavelength. We find foreground polarization to be largely parallel to the Galactic plane (Ks-band: 6.1% at 20 degrees, Lp-band: 4.5% at 20 degrees, in good agreement with our previous findings and with older results. The previously described Lp-band excess in the foregound polarization towards the GC could be confirmed here for a much larger number of sources. The bow-shock sources contained in the FOV seem to show a different relation between the polarization in the observed wavelength bands than what was determined for the foreground. This points to the different relevant polarization mechanisms. The resolved polarization patterns of IRS 5 and 10W match the findings we presented earlier for IRS~1W. Additionally, intrinsic Lp-band polarization was measured for IRS 1W and 21, as well as for other, less prominent MIR-excess sources (IRS 2S, 2L, 5NE). The new data offer support for the presumed bow-shock nature of several of these sources (1W, 5, 5NE, 10W, 21) and for the model of bow-shock polarization presented in our last work.

Field of study: Physics
Microbial cellulose decomposition in soils from a rifle range contaminated with heavy metals.

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of heavy metals on microbial decomposition of cellulose in heavy metal-contaminated soils using a cotton strip assay. The assay is a measure of the potential of soil microorganisms to decompose the plant polymer, cellulose. Cellulolytic activity in soil was assessed by determining the reduction in tensile strength of the buried cotton strips over a 25- and 45-day period. Soils were obtained from a rifle range that contain high levels of lead, copper and zinc. The site has been used for approximately 50 years, resulting in metal levels of up to 30,000 mg/kg of lead, 4000 mg/kg of copper and 600 mg/kg of zinc in the most contaminated soils. All the metal-contaminated soils had lower degradation rates than the uncontaminated soils tested. Among the contaminated soils, however, the heavy metal concentration was not the major factor in determining the loss in tensile strength of the cotton strips, where cellulose decomposition was governed by other soil physicochemical properties. Soil with a higher cation exchange capacity, readily oxidisable material and volatile solids content had the greatest loss in tensile strength of cotton strips. Microbial adaptation to the presence of high concentrations of soil heavy metals and reduced bioavailability of metals is the likely explanation for this phenomenon.

Field of study: Environmental science
Corrosion Resistance of Shape Recoverable Fe-17Mn-5Si-5Cr Alloy in Concrete Structures

The shape memory effect of steel (i.e., Fe-Mn-Si alloys) enables the tensile strengthening of concrete against tensile stress and unexpected structural vibrations. For practical application, the corrosion resistance of shape-memorable Fe-based steel should be verified. In this study, the corrosion resistance of an Fe-based (Fe-16Mn-5Si-4Ni-5Cr-0.3C-1Ti) shape memory alloy (FSMA), a promising candidate for concrete reinforcement, was investigated by comparing it with general carbon steel (S400). The corrosion resistance of FSMA and S400 inserted in a cement mortar was evaluated using electrochemical methods. FSMA has a more stable passive oxide layer in aqueous solutions with various pH values. Thus, the corrosion resistance of the FSMA sample was much higher than that of the S400 carbon steel, which has a passivation layer in strongly alkaline solution. This stable oxide layer reduced the sensitivity of the corrosion resistance of FSMA to changes in the pH, compared to S400. Furthermore, owing to the stable passive oxide layer, FSMA exhibited a higher corrosion resistance in concrete and a lower decrease in corrosion resistance because of the neutralization of concrete. Therefore, FSMA is a promising candidate for providing reinforcement and reparability, resulting in stable and durable concrete.

Field of study: Materials science
Meso-Scale Study on Shear Creep Behavior and Characteristic of Asphalt-Aggregate Interface

To investigate the effects of asphalt–aggregate interface creep behavior, an interface creep constitutive model under the coupled compression and shear loading is established in term of the viscoelasticity theory. The model parameters were calibrated by the oblique interface shear creep tests with the nonlinear multiple variables fitting method. The results show there is a good agreement between the theory model curve and the experimental results, which reflect the three stages creep deformation characteristic of the asphalt–aggregate interface. The research gives some better insights into the meso-scale analysis of asphalt-aggregate interface viscoelastic behavior.

Field of study: Engineering
Cost-utility analysis from a societal perspective.

In this paper, we outline how to use cost-utility analysis from a societal perspective and the arguments that could be made for using data such as a model for economic evaluation of health care. We show that to include all the costs in the analysis, a price per quality-adjusted life years (QALY) gained rather than a given budget should be used as the decision rule. Using cost-utility analysis this way is based on a willingness to pay per QALY gained that is constant and the same for everyone. To use a fixed price per QALY gained is consistent with societal utility maximization if aggregated QALYs are a measure of societal utility and if the mix of financing sources is the same for all health care programmes. If, furthermore, the price per QALY gained is set at the optimal level, cost-utility analysis will lead to a maximization of societal utility. To get more information on the willingness to pay per QALY gained so as to provide cost-utility analysis with a useful decision rule should be a research priority.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Jurassic fishes from Black Hills of South Dakota

Scarcity of fossil Fishes in American Jura-Trias and Jura As contrasted with other countries, the American Jura-Trias contains an extraordinarily meager representation of fossil fishes. The supposed Triassic sandstones of the eastern United States yield in all but six genera and a limited number of species, the majority of which are imperfectly preserved. In none of these has the osteology of the head been satisfactorily worked out, and our knowledge of skeletal details still leaves much to be desired. The existence of piscine life in the western Trias is indicated by sparsely scattered fragments, nothing more. An even greater dearth of this class of vertebrates prevails in the American Jura, standing in marked contrast to its wealth of reptilian and mammalian remains. A few small Dipnoan teeth, described as Ceralodus guentheri Marsh* and C. robustus Knight,† are the only recognizable forms which have been discovered up to the present time.

Field of study: Geology
Infants, Lunatics and Married Women: Equitable Protection in Garcia v National Australia Bank

still problematic in its interpretation,48 and judicial paternalism was probably justifiable in this case, especially if C's life was subsequently saved. Indeed, if the inherent jurisdiction could never be used in this way, doctors would have no power, outside the Mental Health Act, to treat or detain psychiatric or psychotic patients who were seriously ill and whose behaviour posed a danger to their health and to others.49 Re C's safeguards now provide a framework for protection but, since every case is different, both the medical profession and the courts have continually to reappraise a teenager's best interests on a case-to-case basis. Those safeguards might not always ensure that future decisions on these difficult cases will necessarily eliminate unnecessary detention or force-feeding. Although it clarifies many aspects of the law, Re C reinforces the message that an anorexic adolescent's autonomy ends where her refusal of medical treatment begins to endanger her life that, in some cases, respecting adolescent autonomy may be simply too high a price to pay.

Field of study: Law
Application of progesterone pellet to control habitual abortion in the dairy cow (A preliminary report)

所謂,習慣性流産とみられる乳牛1例の流産警戒期にprogesteronepelletを200mg1回移植して流産を防止し得た。本報告の要旨は第39回日本臨床獣医学会(於札幌,昭32.9)に於いて報告した。

Field of study: Biology
Selection and coordination of the value of sustainable development of competitive sports

Due to value dissimilation,obvious value conflicts exist in the value orientation and value selection of sustainable development of modern competitive sports.For competitive sports to develop sustainably,the emphasis of value must be shifted from the added value of economy,politics and nation to the fair,"green" and coordinated secondary value,until the return of integrated development of people,the basic value of competitive sports.For the sustainable development of competitive sports in China,corresponding value coordination should be made in accordance with the process of social modernization in China and the reality of development of competitive sports.

Field of study: Education
Nonnested Testing for Competing Autoregressive Dynamic Models Estimated by Instrumental Variables

In this work we investigate nonnested tests for two competing univariate dynamic linear models with autoregressive disturbances, where the motivation for instrumental variable estimation is mainly due to the recognized presence of current endogenous variables in the regression function, either in one or both models. As the previous transformation of both models yields regression functions which are nonlinear in the parameters, the attractive Gauss-Newton regression (GNR) approach, firstly advocated by Davidson and Mackinnon (1981), will be used to obtain the results.

Field of study: Mathematics
Numerical analysis of design sensitivity for filling process in injection molding

Based on the governing equation of filling stage, a co ntinuous transient design sensitivity method was firstly developed and applied t o injection molding.The sensitivity of pressure, temperature and velocity with r espect to a design parameter was calculated.The numerical solution was based on a hybrid finite-element/finite-difference method, which was popular in filling simulation, to solve for the pressure, temperature and velocity sensitivity, an d a control-volume method was adopted to obtain moving melt front sensitivity.T he injection pressure sensitivity with respect to flow rate and melt temperature was obtained by using numerical methods.These results were found to agree reaso nably well with corresponding numerical experiments.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB structures with orthogonal easy axes: perpendicular anisotropy and damping.

We report on the Gilbert damping parameter α, the effective magnetization  see text], and the asymmetry of the g-factor in bottom-CoFeB(0.93 nm)/MgO(0.90-1.25 nm)/CoFeB(1.31 nm)-top as-deposited systems. Magnetization of CoFeB layers exhibits a specific noncollinear configuration with orthogonal easy axes and with  see text] values of  see text] kG and  see text] kG for the bottom and top layers, respectively. We show that  see text] depends on the asymmetry  see text] of the g-factor measured in the perpendicular and the in-plane directions revealing a highly nonlinear relationship. In contrast, the Gilbert damping is practically the same for both layers. Annealing of the films results in collinear easy axes perpendicular to the plane for both layers. However, the linewidth is strongly increased due to enhanced inhomogeneous broadening.

Field of study: Physics
Recovery of meiofauna following a short-term disturbance on coral reefs

The present study experimentally determined the short-term effect of different trampling intensities on the phytal habitat and associated meiofauna, and assessed the recovery of these communities on a coral reef. The experiment was conducted within the protected area on the reef of Porto de Galinhas Beach, northeastern Brazil. Within three areas, 30 × 30 cm2 plots were subjected to different experimental trampling intensities: 0 (control), 32 (low intensity) and 79 (high intensity) footsteps applied during 3 consecutive days. Samples were taken before trampling started and then 1 day and 1, 2 and 3 months after the end of trampling. Multivariate and univariate analyses were used to test for changes in the phytal substrate, the densities of the main meiofaunal major taxa, and the diversity, comparing the trampling intensities and the time periods. The immediate impact of trampling negatively affected the phytal substrate, causing large reductions in sediment content, total substrate weight, and algal turf height. Trampling also drastically decreased the density of the associated meiofauna and modified the community structure. The major meiofauna groups showed different patterns of recovery during the first and second months. However, 3 months after trampling ended, no impact was found for densities of total meiofauna and for most major taxa, and no differences were observed in the community structure among all trampling intensities. Finally, the results for trampling susceptibility and resilience allowed us to extend the discussion to management strategies for the use of reef areas for recreation.

Field of study: Environmental science