nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
New age constraints on the duration and origin of the Late Ordovician Guttenberg δ13Ccarb excursion from high-precision U-Pb geochronology of K-bentonites

Perturbations to the global carbon cycle as recorded in the isotopic compositions of marine deposits have been commonly associated with major shifts in the climate and/or biologic activity, including mass extinctions. The Late Ordovician Guttenberg isotopic carbon excursion (GICE) is a large, globally correlative positive shift (∼3‰) in the carbon isotopic composition of marine carbonates (δ13Ccarb), but its driving mechanism(s) remains ambiguous. This is in large part due to uncertain correlations among Late Ordovician records, as well as complex and poorly constrained temporal relationships of abundant K-bentonite (altered volcanic ash) marker beds deposited in this time interval. Here, we provide new, high-precision U-Pb zircon geochronology by chemical-abrasion–isotope-dilution–thermal ionization mass spectrometry for K-bentonites bounding the GICE in the North American Midcontinent, including robust 206Pb/238U ages (reported with 2σ analytical uncertainty) for two important regional markers: the Deicke (453.35 ± 0.10 Ma) and Millbrig (453.36 ± 0.14 Ma) K-bentonites. The new data from these K-bentonites directly constrain the duration of the GICE to less than 400 k.y. at two well-studied locations in eastern Missouri, United States. The abruptness of the GICE precludes relatively gradual tectonic mechanisms as possible drivers of the excursion and suggests more rapid environmental drivers, such as changes in eustatic sea level associated with pre-Hirnantian glacial activity.

Field of study: Geology
A laboratory investigation of the relative humidity dependence of light extinction by?organic compounds from lignin combustion

Light extinction by atmospheric particles is strongly dependent on the size, chemical composition, and water content of the aerosol. Since light extinction by particles directly impacts climate and visibility, measurements of the extinction at various relative humidities (RHs) are needed. In this work, the optical growth factors, f RHext (80%RH, Dry) have been measured using cavity ring-down aerosol extinction spectroscopy at 532 nm for particles of varying organic/sulfate compositions. Specifically, slightly soluble, multifunctional aromatic compounds resulting from biomass burning have been investigated. In general, the organic compounds studied exhibit much smaller optical growth than inorganic compounds such as ammonium sulfate. Also, a linear relationship between mass fraction organic and optical growth has been observed for most organic compounds studied, in agreement with previous studies of more water-soluble organics. The role of particle density for mixtures that do not follow a linear relationship is also explored.

Field of study: Environmental science
[Cat-eye syndrome (a psychiatric aspect)].

Cat-eye syndrome is associated with abnormalities in chromosome 22. Based on the literature on genetic and clinical characteristics of the disease, three clinical cases observed by the authors at different times are analyzed. Mental retardation of different degree was observed in all cases and schizotypal personality disorder in one case. The latter case is described in detail. The patient's stress due to the mockery of peers and teenagers regarding the characteristics of the patient's features plays a considerable role in the exacerbation of mental illness. Early cosmetic surgical intervention (iris's coloboma removal) is necessary to prevent exacerbations of a mental illness and comfortable existence of the patient in the social environment.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
G protein Gi2α in the cochlea: cloning and selective occurrence in receptor cells

A cDNA library was made from the mouse cochlea and screened with a G protein-cDNA like molecule obtained from cochlear tissue by polymerase chain reaction. The nucleotide sequence of a clone, named cochlear G i2 α, had 99.2% identity to mouse macrophage G i2 α. Using an antibody which is selective for G i2 α, expression of the cochlear G i2 α was localized in outer and inner hair cells of the organ of Corti. Possible functional roles of this G protein in hair cells are discussed.

Field of study: Biology
Two neutrino double-$\beta$ decay in the interacting boson-fermion model

A calculation of the spectroscopic properties, energy levels and electromagnetic transitions and moments, of the ten nuclei $^{128,130}$Te, $^{128,130}$I, $^{128,130}$Xe, $^{129,131}$I, $^{127,129}$Te within the framework of the interacting boson model (IBM-2) and its extensions (IBFM-2 and IBFFM-2) is presented. The wave functions so obtained are used to calculate single-$\beta$ and $2\nu\beta\beta$ matrix elements for $^{128,130}$Te $\to$ $^{128,130}$I $\to$ $^{128,130}$Xe ecay. Use of the effective value of the axial vector coupling constant $g_{A,\text{eff},\beta}$ extracted from single-$\beta$ produces results for $2\nu\beta\beta$ in agreement with experiment.

Field of study: Physics
Thermal effects on photon-induced quantum transport in a single quantum dot.

We theoretically investigate laser induced quantum transport in a single quantum dot attached to electrical contacts. Our approach, based on a nonequilibrium Green function technique, allows us to include thermal effects on the photon-induced quantum transport and excitonic dynamics, enabling the study of non-Markovian effects. By solving a set of coupled integrodifferential equations, involving correlation and propagator functions, we obtain the photocurrent and the dot occupation as a function of time. Two distinct sources of decoherence, namely, incoherent tunneling and thermal fluctuations, are observed in the Rabi oscillations. As temperature increases, a thermally activated Pauli blockade results in a suppression of these oscillations. Additionally, the interplay between photon and thermally induced electron populations results in a switch of the current sign as time evolves and its stationary value can be maximized by tuning the laser intensity.

Field of study: Physics
Evolution of soluble solid content and evaporation rate curves during the manufacture of dulce de leche (dl)

Evaporation of dairy liquids is an important step in the dairy industry. Sweetened condensed milk, dulce de leche (DL), and evaporated milk are the main dairy products obtained by evaporation, as well as dairy powder products (Schuck et al., 2016; Silveira et al., 2015; Silva et al., 2015; Silveira et al., 2013). The concentration operation strongly modifies the product’s physicochemical conditions, negatively impacting the concentrate as well as the process (Tanguy et al., 2016). Lactose crystallization, Maillard reaction, and increase in viscosity are consequences of the heating and of the concentration of the solids accompanying the milk evaporation (Arena et al., 2017; Stephani et al., 2015; Silva et al., 2015; Souza et al., 2015).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Application of manure and compost to contaminated soils and its effect on zinc accumulation by Solanum nigrum inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

Zn accumulation in Solanum nigrum grown in naturally contaminated soil in the presence of different types of organic amendments was assessed. Under the same conditions, the response of the plant to inoculation with two different isolates of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (Glomus claroideum and Glomus intraradices) was also evaluated. S. nigrum grown in the non-amended soil always presented higher Zn accumulation in the tissues, with the addition of amendments inducing reductions of up to 80 and 40%, for manure and compost, respectively, and enhancing plant biomass yields. The establishment of S. nigrum in the Zn contaminated soil combined with the application of amendments led to a 70-80% reduction in the amount of Zn leached through the soil. The use of S. nigrum in combination with manure appeared as an effective method for reducing the effects of soil contamination, diminishing Zn transfer to other environmental compartments via percolation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Double affine Hecke algebras for the spin symmetric group

We introduce a new class (in two versions) of rational double affine Hecke algebras (DaHa) associated to the spin symmetric group. We establish the basic properties of the algebras, such as PBW and Dunkl representation, and connections to Nazarov's degenerate affine Hecke-Clifford algebra and to a new degenerate affine Hecke algebra introduced here. We formulate a Morita equivalence between the two versions of rational DaHa's. The trigonometric generalization of the above constructions is also formulated and its relation to the rational counterpart is established.

Field of study: Mathematics
Grappling with anisotropic data, pseudo-merohedral twinning and pseudo-translational noncrystallographic symmetry: a case study involving pyruvate kinase.

Pyruvate kinase is a key regulatory enzyme involved in the glycolytic pathway. The crystal structure of Escherichia coli type I pyruvate kinase was first solved in 1995 at 2.5 Å resolution. However, the space group was ambiguous, being either primitive orthorhombic (P2(1)2(1)2(1)) or C-centred orthorhombic (C222(1)). Here, the structure determination and refinement of E. coli type I pyruvate kinase to 2.28 Å resolution are presented. Using the same crystallization conditions as reported previously, the enzyme was found to crystallize in space group P2(1). Determination of the space group was complicated owing to anisotropic data, pseudo-translational noncrystallographic symmetry and the pseudo-merohedrally twinned nature of the crystal, which was found to have very close to 50% twinning, leading to apparent orthorhombic symmetry and absences that were not inconsistent with P2(1)2(1)2(1). The unit cell contained two tetramers in the asymmetric unit (3720 residues) and, when compared with the orthorhombic structure, virtually all of the residues could be easily modelled into the density. Averaging of reflections into the lower symmetry space group with twinning provided tidier electron density that allowed ∼30 missing residues of the lid domain to be modelled for the first time. Moreover, residues in a flexible loop could be modelled and sulfate molecules are found in the allosteric binding domain, identifying the pocket that binds the allosteric activator fructose 1,6-bisphosphate in this isozyme for the first time. Lastly, we note the pedagogical benefits of difficult structures to emerging crystallographers.

Field of study: Chemistry
The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions: reliability, validity, and responsiveness to change in older male primary care patients.

To determine the reliability, validity, and responsiveness to change of AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test) questions 1 to 3 about alcohol consumption in a primary care setting.



Randomly selected, male general medical patients (n = 441) from three VA Medical Centers, who had 5 or more drinks containing alcohol in the past year and were willing to be interviewed about their health habits.



Three self-administered AUDIT consumption questions were compared with a telephone-administered version of the trilevel World Health Organization interview about alcohol consumption.



Of 393 eligible patients, 264 (67%) completed interviews. Test-retest reliability--Correlations between baseline and repeat measures 3 months later for four dimensions of consumption according to the AUDIT, ranged from 0.65 to 0.85, among patients who indicated they had not changed their drinking (Kendall's Tau-b). Correlations between AUDIT and interview for four dimensions of alcohol consumption ranged from 0.47 to 0.66 (Kendall's Tau-b). Discriminative validity--The AUDIT questions were specific (90 to 93%), but only moderately sensitive (54 to 79%), for corresponding criteria for heavy drinking. Responsiveness to change--The AUDIT consumption questions had a Guyatt responsiveness statistic of 1.04 for detecting a change of 7 drinks/week, suggesting excellent responsiveness to change.



AUDIT questions 1 to 3 demonstrate moderate to good validity, but excellent reliability and responsiveness to change. Although they often underestimate heavy alcohol consumption according to interview, they performed adequately to be used as a proxy measure of consumption in a clinical trial of heavy drinkers in this population.

Field of study: Medicine
Satisfied qualification of radiative heat conduction approximation when radiation transferred in light media

Based on the radiation transfer equation,the radiation energy density flux with higher terms was obtained using iterative method.Using the formula,the satisfied qualification of the radiative heat conduction approximation was analyzed when radiation transferred in light media.The approximation always required the quotient between varying scale of temperature and Rosseland mean free path to be far larger than some value,as called citerion η,it indicated the hardness of satisfaction of the approximation: as the criterion increased,the approximation will be hardly satisfied.The results indicated that the criterion is between 3 and 60 when the bremsstrahlung and scattering process are both concerned.And the influence of two factors,the changing scale of density in space and the radius in one sphere dimension,on the criterion was analyzed.

Field of study: Physics
Aerodynamic Shape Design of the Bow Network Monitoring Equipment of High-speed Train

In this paper, three different aerodynamic shape design of the high speed train bow network monitoring equipment were presented: The overall length, width and height size of the three designs are the same and design 1 was the original design; the edge of the windward face of design 2 was rounded compared with design 1; the angle between windward face and side face of design 3 became larger than that of design 1, and the width of the turning face was larger at the same time. By numerical computing: The aerodynamic performance of the equipment has nothing to do with the running speed of the train; Compared with design 1, the aerodynamic drag of design 2 is reduced by 2.3%, and the aerodynamic drag of design3 is increased by 1.4%. In design 2, the curve is more mellow, and the surface transition is more relaxed, so the aerodynamic drag is also the minimum.

Field of study: Engineering
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Stimulated Raman scattering in a dispersive medium pumped nonmonochromatically by a wide spectral line

A solution is obtained for the equations describing stimulated Raman scattering in a dispersive medium pumped by a wide spectral line; this is done without employing the stochastic approach. It is shown that the growth increment of the amplified waves is governed by the average intensity of the pump line only if the average (over the relaxation time of the molecular vibrations of the medium) pump intensity is a steady-state quantity.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
تحدد مستويات معيارية لبعض القدرات الخاصة كمؤشر لانتقاء الرباعين الشباب لأندية العراق بأعمار (14 – 16) سنة

تضمن البحث اربع أبواب احتوى الباب الأول على مقدمة البحث وأهميته وتم التطرق إلى اهمية توفير مستويات معيارية كمؤشر لانتقاء الرباعين في فعالية رفع الاثقال بدلالة بعض القدرات الخاصة لدى لاعبي رفع الاثقال الشباب بأعمار (14-16) سنة. اما مشكلة البحث تكمن في ندرة وجود دراسات تبين المستويات المعيارية لانتقاء الشباب، لكي تكون دليلا علميا أسوة بباقي دول العالم وهدف البحث إيجاد مستويات معيارية لبعض الاختبارات لاشكال القوة بالاعتماد على بطارية الانتقاء المصممة من قبل (عمر كامل) و بلغت حجم عينة البحث الكلي (65) رباع للفئة العمرية (14-16) سنه،. واستنتج الباحث المستويات المعيارية للاختبارات الخمسة لعينة البحث. واوصى الباحث اعتماد المستويات المعيارية التي توصل أليها الباحث في تقييم الاداء لبعض الاختبارات وتعميمها.

Field of study: Education
Correlations between Age and California Psychological Inventory Scale Scores

This study examined the correlations between age and scores on scales of the California Psychological Inventory for 1,137 accountants An analysis of within-scale score differences showed statistically significant correlations between age and Dominance, Capacity for Status, Sense of Well-being, Responsibility, Self-control, Good Impression, Achievement via Conformance, and Flexibility. Differences in direction of only three of the 28 correlation pairs found by the matching of scores on these scales and those reported by Gough in 1975 suggest that the latter intercorrelations are not sample- or situation-specific. Finally, age had only a negligible influence on the intercorrelations, allowing the inference that age has a direct rather than a moderating influence on these scores.

Field of study: Psychology
Combining phytolith analysis with historical ecology to reveal the long-term, local-scale dynamics within a savannah-forest landscape mosaic

An understanding of the historical range of variability of an ecosystem can improve management and restoration activities, but this variability depends on the spatial and temporal scale at which it is measured. We examined the extent of local-scale variation in vegetation prior to European settlement across a savannah-forest landscape mosaic on southeastern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. We used phytoliths extracted from soil surface samples to calibrate an index that differentiates open savannahs from closed canopy Douglas-fir forests and then examined shifts in this index with soil depth at seven local sites. We tested whether changes with depth aligned with known vegetation changes based on land survey records from the mid-1800s, and then inferred vegetation change prior to European settlement. The log ratio of astrosclereids (phytolith specific to Douglas-fir) and rondels (phytolith specific to grasses) in soil surface samples accurately distinguished between current vegetation types, and shifts in this ratio with depth were sensitive to known historical changes in most of the cores. Some sites have supported open savannah vegetation for at least 2,000 years, while others that were formerly open have been filled in by Douglas-fir forest. However, this infilling appears to have begun at different times for different sites. Our findings demonstrate that the degree and timing of historical variation in vegetation can differ between local sites within a broader regional landscape that appears relatively stable.

Field of study: Environmental science
Periodic shock with added clock.

Rats were shocked every 6 min while responding was maintained on a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement. With some rats, shocks were interspersed with a sequence of three different stimulus conditions (S3-->S2-->S1), or clock cues, each lasting 2 min. For other rats, a single stimulus condition prevailed between shocks at the beginning of the experiment and clock cues were introduced later. Response rate decreased from S3 to S1. Response rate in S3, S2, and S1 was inversely related to shock intensity. When clock cues were added, response rate increased in all 2-min intershock periods. During clock cues, an index of curvature, indicating the degree of negative acceleration of response rate, was greatest for S1 and least for S3, and was directly related to shock intensity. The response-facilitating effect of shock and its relation to a possible discriminative function of shock and to behavioral contrast is discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Research on Personalized Recommendation Algorithm Based on Collaborative Filtering and Partition Clustering

Collaborative filtering is one of the most widely used and successful recommendation technologies in e-commerce recommendation system. However, the traditional collaborative filtering recommendation algorithm is confronted with the problem of data sparseness in the face of geometric multiplication of agricultural products, leading to reduced efficiency and accuracy. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a collaborative filtering recommendation algorithm based on partition clustering. In the traditional collaborative filtering algorithm, the idea of user interest matrix clustering. Firstly use the known user clustering; Secondly, the degree of the centralized user and each cluster center is obtained by the user interest matrix; then get the similarity between the target user and the known user; Eventually get recommended. The experimental results show that the improved algorithm makes the spatial search ratio of the target user's nearest neighbor search greatly reduced, and improve the efficiency and accuracy of the recommendation to a certain extent.

Field of study: Engineering
Collective vortex pinning and crossover between second order to first order transition in optimally doped Ba1-xKxBiO3 single crystals

Measurements on magnetization and relaxation have been carried out on an optimally doped Ba$_{0.59}$K$_{0.47}$BiO$_{3+δ}$ single crystal with $T_c$ = 31.3 K. Detailed analysis is undertaken on the data. Both the dynamical relaxation and conventional relaxation have been measured leading to the self-consistent determination of the magnetization relaxation rate. It is found that the data are well described by the collective pinning model leading to the glassy exponent of about $μ\approx$ 1.64 to 1.68 with the magnetic fields of 1 and 3 T. The analysis based on Maley's method combining with the conventional relaxation data allows us to determine the current dependent activation energy $U$ which yields a $μ$ value of about 1.23 to 1.29 for the magnetic fields of 1 and 3 T. The second magnetization peaks appear in wide temperature region from 2 K to 24 K. The separation between the second peak field and the irreversibility field becomes narrow when temperature is increased. When the two fields are close to each other, we find that the second peak evolves into a step like transition of magnetization, suggesting a crossover from the second order to first order transition. Finally, we present a vortex phase diagram and demonstrate that the vortex dynamics in Ba$_{1-x}$K$_x$BiO$_3$ can be used as a model system for studying the collective vortex pining.

Field of study: Physics
Morphotextural characterization of dryland braided channels

Braided streams have been extensively studied in humid environments or in flumes that simulate them. Dryland rivers have bare catchments, rapid recession hydrographs, and unarmored beds, resulting in high bed-load discharges. Our objective was to characterize the morphotexture of the morphological elements—bar, anabranches, chutes, and confluences—in a dryland braided system. Morphological elements measured in Wadis Ze’elim, Rahaf, and Roded, located in southeast Israel, were scanned using terrestrial laser scanning, from which digital elevation models were generated. Roughness was evaluated from the standard deviation of detrended surfaces or from Wolman-sampled surface texture. Armoring of the bar and the adjacent anabranch was also evaluated. Scour chains were deployed in confluences to measure scour and fill during flow events. Dryland anabranches were finer grained and less armored than the adjacent bars. Bed load, deposited as midchannel bars or on top of existing bars and thus associated with the depositional braiding process, was enriched by the coarser fractions, while the remaining bed-load was deposited in the anabranches during the rapid flow recession. Chutes associated with erosional braiding processes were formed as topographic features with high local gradients, enabling winnowing of fines, deposited immediately downstream or transported further away. Scour chains inserted in the confluence zones demonstrated the formation and obliteration of a scour hole during a flow event. The terrestrial laser scanning–based digital elevation models and roughness analyses suggest that the hydrological regime of ephemeral channels with short-lived recessions is responsible for the morphotextural setting of braid systems in arid environments.

Field of study: Geology