nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
[Construction and sequencing of full-length cDNA of peste des petits ruminants virus].

To develop a reverse genetics system of Peste des petits ruminants virus(PPRV), five pairs of oligonucleotide primers were designed on the basis of the full-length genomic sequence of PPRV Nigeria 75/ 1 strain. Using RT-PCR technique, five over-lapping cDNA fragments, designated as JF1, JF2, JF3, JF4 and JF5, respectively, were amplified, followed by cloning into pcDNA3.1(+)vector. An AscI restriction enzyme site and a T7 promoter sequence were introduced immediately upstream of 5'-end, while a PacI restriction enzyme site was engineered downstream of 3'-end. Using pok12 as a plasmid vector, the full-length cDNA clone pok12-PPRV of Nigeria 75/1 was assembled by connecting the five cDNA fragments via the unique restriction endonuclease site of PPRV genome. The resultant nucleotide sequence of the PPRV Nigeria 75/1 strain in the study was compared with other members of genus morbillivirus, and phylogenetic analysis was used to examine the evolutionary relationships. The results showed that PPRV Nigeria 75/ 1 was antigenically closely related to Rinderpest virus and Measles virus. Successful construction of full-length cDNA clone of PPRV Nigeria 75/1 strain lays the basis rescuing PPRV effectively and enables further research of PPRV at molecular level.

Field of study: Biology
Discussion on Experimental Teaching of C Language Programming

In order to reach the expected teaching destination and better results,cultivate the student’s software development ability,and promote the innovation consciousness and experiment ability,improves the teaching method,pulles open the levels of experimental contents,and trains the ability of algorithm analysis etc.Aiming at the present main problems such as the teaching contents emphasizing particularly on the validating experiments and the singleness of experiment teaching method and pattern in the experimental teaching of C Language Programming.

Field of study: Computer science
Observation and calculation of internal structure in scanning tunneling microscopy images of related molecules.

The scanning tunneling microscope has been used to distinguish among a series of related molecules on Pt(111) by details of their observed structures. The electronic isomers naphthalene and azulene can be recognized, as can three structural isomers of monomethylazulene, as well as dimethyl- and trimethyl-orientations. A simple methodology based on extended Huckel theory, including the substrate, generates electron and hole density plots which show very good agreement with the data

Field of study: Physics
Interactions among shrimp and “catarina” clam fisheries at Magdalena Bay, Baja California Sur Mexico

In order to provide information to strengthen the implementation of management measures as part of the ecosystem, we analyzed the fleet operation dynamics of “Catarina” clam and shrimp, as well as the overlap of fishing seasons and zones at Magdalena-Almejas Bay region. Maps were created delimiting fishing zones, considering the lagoon complex physiographic features, fishing gear in use, depth and the spatial and temporal distribution of catches. The validated results by a study of local knowledge help us to understand how fleets operate during periods of interaction between these fisheries, the perceptions, preferences and tactics of producers to these events. It was found that economic units have permits to exploit multiple resources and must decide in the medium term which fishing gear to invest and in the short term which fishery and area to participate. The impacts of direct interactions are reduced by the users trading strategies, who to choose among more than an open season, use the abundance of the resource as the main criterion (65%), followed by the beachfront price paid for the resource (15%). The spatial interactions analyzed in thematic map of frequency of use showed congestion and distribution problems that tend to worsen over time so it is recommended to move from the management scheme of one fishery to multi fisheries within a region or ecosystem.

Field of study: Environmental science
Paleogeographic significance of a Permian sedimentary megamictite in the Central Belt of the northern Sierra Nevada

The Central Belt of the northern Sierra Nevada at Oroville Lake, California, includes large outcrops of Permian limestone as clasts surrounded by siliceous diamictite. Limestone ranges from pebbles to megaboulders as much as 100 m in size, and five clasts contain Wolf-campian to Leonardian corals and fusulinids. The diamictite which encloses limestone clasts has a pebbly mud texture and a chaotic fabric. Paleozoic megafossils occur in the mud matrix of the diamictite, and mixing of limestone clasts and diamictite was a Permian event. The diamictite and enclosed limestone megaboulders, collectively termed a “megamictite,” probably represent a base-of-slope sedimentary deposit. Limestone boulders and megaboulders are tabular stratigraphic fragments which detached from lithified carbonate escarpments and moved downslope by sliding along their flat surfaces. Lithologies of limestone clasts indicate derivation from a shallow carbonate platform. Corals and fusulinids within limestone clasts include endemic taxa found in the McCloud Limestone of the Eastern Klamath Mountains, and they represent a Permian biogeographic province distinct from those of western terranes of the Klamath Mountains and the North American craton. A large carbonate platform in the eastern Klamath area is proposed as the source of limestone clasts in the Central Belt at Oroville Lake.

Field of study: Geology
Perspectives of ambulatory patients visiting the emergency department during the Christmas and New Year holiday period: Descriptive survey.

To assess the perceptions of ambulatory patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) of symptom acuity and access to care; the proportion of ambulatory patients who contacted their GPs before attending the ED; and patients' knowledge about whether their GPs provide after-hours or walk-in services.



Descriptive survey and proportion test comparisons for data analysis.



Kingston, Ont.



All ambulatory patients presenting to the ED from December 22, 2016, to January 2, 2017 ("holiday surge" period), and from September 25, 2017, to October 1, 2017 (nonholiday period).



Patients' perceptions of symptom acuity and access to primary care; proportion of patients who contacted their GPs before attending the ED; and patients' knowledge about their GPs' after-hours or walk-in services.



Overall, 1638 patients during the holiday surge period and 642 patients during the nonholiday period completed the survey (response rate of 54.8% and 38.3%, respectively). Out of all 2280 participants, 530 (23.2%) contacted their GP before going to the ED; 1514 (66.4%) participants decided to go to the ED on their own, and about half of them (795 of 1514 [52.5%]) believed their problem was urgent and could not wait for a GP. A third of all participants (825 of 2280 [36.2%]) believed their GP could have managed their medical problem if they could have gotten an appointment that day. Among a subgroup of participants with a GP, 1095 (52.5%) were aware of off-hour services provided by their GP. There were no statistically significant differences in responses between the holiday and nonholiday periods.



A large proportion of ambulatory patients would have seen their GP for their medical issue if they thought that they had same-day or next-day access. There is a need for general and emergency physicians to work together on improving access to acute care services.

Field of study: Medicine
Dynamic Feedback-based Scheduling Model for CNC System

Because there is some sporadic tasks in the CNC system and the CNC system is sensitive to data,the CPU may overload aperiodic.In the case,some real-time task would break their deadline,and decrease the quality of machining.For increasing the steadiness of CNC system,we advance a dynamical scheduling model that is close loop.The model is PES-ACNR(Priority-based Elastic Scheduling-Admission control of Non-Real-time tasks).It aims at the mixed tasks set.PES-ACNR can adjust the period of soft real-time task,according to the CPU utilization and the lost rate.And it can ensure the CPU utilization below the reference value.For decreasing the mount of disturbance to hard real-time tasks,we introduce a strategy of task admission.While the lost rate exceed during several sampling periods,the strategy would forbid some non-real-time tasks.We elaborate the architecture and algorithms of the PES-ACNR,and implement the model in the RTAI.At last,some experiments illustrate the validity of the scheme.It can improve the steadiness and the ability of adapting of the CNC system.

Field of study: Computer science
Herbivore intake/habitat productivity correlations can help ascertain re-introduction potential for the Barbary macaque

Re-introductions are increasingly used conservation tools. Often, criteria for re-introducing species are based on policies or politics and little attention paid, albeit theoretical, to understanding what ecological possibilities habitats may have in sustaining introduced animals. Assessing potential carrying capacities is complex but easier for grazers, since biomass of these herbivores is empirically correlated with habitat primary productivity.The case is made here that the Barbary macaque, Macaca sylvanus, a vulnerable North African primate with a large surplus captive stock, can be viewed as a grazer. Because of this attribute, and unlike congenerics, it is possible to estimate potential densities in extant habitats in a fashion similar to predicting stocking levels for domestic herbivores. Thus, from values of consumable primary productivity for domestic stock in Mediterranean countries and the monkey's energy requirements, attainable macaque populations in studied habitats could be much higher than actual. Though these numbers may be unreachable in nature, this study shows that present macaque populations could increase after restorative management of habitats in which re-stocking with captive-born animals may play a part. However, since only 10% of potential monkey habitat in Morocco and Algeria is occupied by the species, finding areas for releasing captive-born macaques is more advisable.

Field of study: Environmental science
Double reduction of PDEs from the association of symmetries with conservation laws with applications

We use the definition of the association of symmetries of partial differential equations with conservation laws [A. Kara, F. Mahomed, The relationship between symmetries and conservation laws,  (2000) 23–40] to find a double reduction of partial differential equations with two independent variables. Applications to the linear heat equation, the BBM equation, the sine-Gordon equation and a system of differential equations from one dimensional gas dynamics illustrate the new theory.

Field of study: Mathematics
Dynamical and thermal aspects of relativistic heavy-ion collisions

Within a covariant BUU-approach we simulate heavyion collisions at various bombarding energies from 400 MeV/u to 1 GeV/u. We evaluate locally the energymomentum tensorTμv (x), and extract pressures, energydensities and temperatures. The connection of these thermodynamical quantities to experimental observables and their sensitivity to the equation of state is discussed. Furthermore, we investigate the question of local equilibration and evaluate the entropy produced in these reactions.

Field of study: Physics
Die optischen Konstanten des Kaliums und die Theorie von Drude

The results of new measurements of the optical constantsn andk of the alkali metal K, performed in ultrahigh vacuum on mirrorlike surfaces free of any contamination and distortion in the wavelength region from 0·365 μ to 2 μ at temperatures between −183° C and +85° C were compared with the predictions of the Drude-theory. This permits the following main conclusions:1.The relation forn2-k2≡ε (real part of the metal's dielectric constant) derived by Drude proves to be valid; therefore, the total polarisation 4πNα (α=polarizability) of the metal remains small compared with 1 and the interband absorption has no influence on it.2.The quotientN/m, N beeing the number of conduction electrons andm the electronic mass has been determined, permitting either the calculation of the effective numberNeff of conduction electrons or of the effective optical massmeff,opt. Within the limits of experimental error both quantities prove to be independent of temperature between −183° C and +85° C.3.The critical wavelengthλc corresponding to the plasma frequencyνc was found to be equal toλc=2909 Å (hνc=4·25 eV).

Field of study: Physics
Generation of engineered recombinant hepatocyte growth factor cleaved and activated by Genenase I.

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is biosynthesized as a biologically inactive, single-chain form (pro-HGF). Its activation is associated with cleavage at Arg494-Val495 into a two-chain mature form composed of disulfide-linked alpha- and beta-chains. Because serum is a major source of HGF activator (the predominant serine protease responsible for the processing of pro-HGF), serum-free production of recombinant, two-chain HGF had not been established. In this study, to enable serum-free production of two-chain HGF, we generated engineered human pro-HGFs that can be specifically cleaved and activated by Genenase I. Since Genenase I specifically cleaves the C-terminus of the His-Tyr sequence, which does not exist in human HGF, Arg494 (the C-terminus of the HGF alpha-chain) was replaced by His-Tyr, Ala-Ala-His-Tyr, Pro-Gly-His-Tyr, or Pro-Gly-Ala-Ala-His-Tyr. Genenase I cleaved engineered pro-HGFs specifically at the replaced amino acid sequences, forming a disulfide-linked two-chain form. The cleavage was most efficient in the case of the Pro-Gly-Ala-Ala-His-Tyr sequence, and cleaved HGFs displayed biological activities identical to those of wild-type HGF. Considering a potential medical application of HGF, the present technique is valuable because it enables the production of recombinant, two-chain HGF entirely without serum and extends the choice of host cells and organisms for recombinant production.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
School Play Activities: Assessment of Educators’ Knowledgeability of Physical, Creative and Cognitive Development of Basic Education Children

The purpose of the research study was to assess the educators’ knowledgeability regarding children’s physical, creative and cognitive development through play activities in Basic Education schools in Uyo Urban of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. It was assumed that the findings of the study would help educators to have an understanding that pupils’ play activities should not be regarded as time for children to expend excess energy while the teachers take rest. A 5-point structured questionnaire with 30 item-statements based on the fundamental principle of Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP) was used to elicit opinion from the respondents. A sample of 180 educators randomly drawn from 18 Basic Education schools in Uyo Urban was surveyed. The reliability index of the instrument was 0.78 determined through Cronbach Alpha method. The data collected were analysed using frequency, percentage and the rank order statistics. The findings of the study showed that educators implementing the Basic Education programme are quite knowledgeable of children’s physical, creative and cognitive development through school play activities but the highest ranking goes for the physical development. This seems to suggest that the goals of play activities are not mutually exclusive, hence, children’s development should be considered wholistically through play activities.  Play activities, knowledgeability, DAP, physical, creative and cognitive development.

Field of study: Education
Bases of rational nutrition in old age

: Current theoretical concepts of gerontological dietetics have been analysed. Elaboration of rational nutrition patterns for the old should rest on the age-specific metabolic and functional changes in the organism. A possibility of influencing the acid-base balance of the blood, immunity, and intestinal microflora by means of a goal-oriented diet has been demonstrated. The alimentary factors, which have been revealed during studies of actual nutrition patterns in the regions of high-longevity (Abkhazia and Azerbaidjan) and low-longevity (Ukraine), and which may have some relevance to longevity, are discussed. The necessity of the nutrition rationalization for the old has been grounded, which may be achieved by lowering food caloric protein and fat contents, by increasing carbohydrate and fibre proportions, and by saturating food with the nutrients capable of geroprotective effects, which is possible when milk and vegetable products are predominant in the diet and new food products for the old are included in it.

Field of study: Medicine
Direct frequency-domain deconvolution when the signals have no spectral inverse

A method for frequency-domain deconvolution when the kernel has no spectral inverse is presented. Discrete frequency interpolation is used to avoid zero-valued frequency samples. The algorithm does not suffer from the spectral singularities of the original kernal, and its complexity is proportional to that of the fast Fourier transform. A comparative noise study showed improved performance relative to the direct frequency-domain method.

Field of study: Engineering
Bargaining in a Long-Term Relationship with Endogenous Termination

This paper studies a dynamic game of perfect information, in which two players start bargaining over the partition of a new cake each time agreement is struck over the partition of an existing cake. Negotiations over the partition of each cake take place according to Rubinstein′s alternating-offers model. The parameters of the model are the players′ rates of time preference, the time interval between two consecutive offers, and the lag time between the end of one set of negotiations and the start of the next. We characterize the unique stationary perfect equilibrium and investigate the possible existence of non-stationary equilibria.

Field of study: Economics
Diagnosis of different stages of epileptogenesis by fractal EEG analysis

: The diagnostic evaluation of brain activity disturbances using fractal EEG analysis was performed in 95 patients with different stages of epileptogenesis. The control group included 30 normals. Authors have shown the possibility to determine phases of the development of epileptic process according to the peculiarities of the dynamics of main EEG band power fluctuations with the spectrum in the form of 1/f(β). The disturbances of alpha, theta, beta-1 and beta-2 band characteristics at the preclinical (initial) and clinical stages of epileptogenesis were revealed. There were topographical changes in indexes of fractal chaos linked with the growth of brain epileptization. The parameters of fractal fluctuations in alpha-band power proved to be the most informative for the objectification of the degree of intensity of epileptic disturbances. The method of fractal EEG analysis is concluded to be highly effective for diagnosis of all stages of epileptogenesis.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Sequential One-Sample Grouped Signed Rank Tests for Symmetry: Basic Procedures

Independent groups, each of N independent observations on a random variable Z, are taken sequentially with signed ranks obtained within groups. Two tests of symmetry of the parent cdf F about the origin are developed, one based on the within-group configurations of signed ranks and the other based on the within-group sums of positive signed ranks. Some properties of F are F+(z) = 1 - [1-F-(z)]k, x≥0, k>0, and F(0) = k/(k+1) where F+ and F- are respectively the conditional cdf's of non-negative and absolute negative values of Z. Properties and examples of the two procedures are given.

Field of study: Mathematics
Fear-potentiated startle, but not prepulse inhibition of startle, is impaired in CREBαΔ-/- mutant mice

Fear-potentiated startle was assessed in mice with a targeted disruption of the alpha and delta isoforms of the transcription factor cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) 24 hr after 5 tone + shock training trials. Whereas wild-type mice showed fear-potentiated startle that persisted up to 45 days after training, CREB" mice failed to show fear-potentiated startle. However, CREB° and wild-type mice had similar startle amplitudes and similar magnitudes of prepulse inhibition of startle, suggesting that CREB 04 "'" mice have no obvious sensory or motor deficits. These results add to the literature indicating that CREB-activated transcription plays a critical role in the formation of long-term memory and illustrate the utility of the fear-potentiated startle paradigm for assessing cognition in genetically altered mice. A considerable number of studies have implicated the transcription factor cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) in the formation of long-term memory (Abel & Kandel, 1998; Silva, Kogan, Frankland, & Kida, 1998; Yin & Tully, 1996). For example, procedures that interfere with CREB activation in cultured Aplysia sensory neurons block long-term synaptic facilitation (Alberini, Ghirardi, Metz, & Kandel, 1994; Dash, Hochner, & Kandel, 1990), and pretraining induction of a dominant negative CREB transgene interferes with long-term olfactory memory in Drosophila (Yin et al., 1994). CREB has also been implicated in mammalian long-term memory processes. Local infusion of oligodeoxynucleotide antisense to CREB into the hippocampus (Guzowski & McGaugh, 1997) or amygdala (Lamprecht, Hazvi, & Dudai, 1997) interferes with long-term memory in rats. Mice with a targeted disruption of the alpha and delta isoforms of CREB show long-term memory deficits in several learning and memory tasks, including Morris water maze (Bourtchuladze et al., 1994; Kogan et al., 1997), social transmission of food preferences (Kogan et al., 1997), social recognition (Kogan, Frankland, &

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Trait-specific response of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) to forest fragmentation in the temperate region in Korea

The objective of this study was to examine the trait-specific response of ground beetles in terms of abundance, species richness, and composition for habitat fragmentation in temperate forests. In addition, we examined how different ecological groups and species of ground beetles responded to environmental variables. During middle May to early November in 2013, ground beetles were sampled using pitfall traps in 27 sites (18 patches and 9 continuous forests) in central Korea. A total of 51 species were identified from 17,845 ground beetles in the 27 study sites. Continuous forests had generally higher abundance and species richness of ground beetles than forest patches. Canonical correspondence analysis for ground beetles was significant, and the proportion of variance explained by environmental variables, such as patch size, elevation, organic matter (C), and soil moisture and pH, was 43.61%. In addition, species composition of ground beetles in continuous forests was grouped distinctively away from those in medium and small-sized patches. In conclusion, both small (1.1–9.6 ha) and medium patches (12.8–51.2 ha) were failed to preserve similar ground beetle biodiversity compared to continuous forests. However, our study revealed that medium-sized forest patches clearly had higher conservation value for forest specialist ground beetles than small-sized forest patches irrespective of forest type.

Field of study: Environmental science