nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Kinematic method for separating dominant types of cluster configurations in a complex nucleus

A direct method for detecting intranuclear agglomerations of nuclear matter (clusters) is developed for the first time. The method is based on the functional coincidence of kinematics for clusters in the free state and inside the nuclear volume. The reliability of the method is additionally confirmed by comparing differential cross sections for alpha particles with energies of around 29 MeV and scattered elastically on free and intranuclear multi clusters. Using another type of experiment (correlative), intranuclear alpha clusters in channel 4He(α,α)4He are revealed by registering the coincidence of the scattered particles and the identical right–left recoil nuclei from the beam axis. The experiments are performed on the ion beams of the isochronous U-150M cyclotron at the Institute of Nuclear Physics in Almaty, Kazakhstan.

Field of study: Physics
Optical and EPR Spectroscopic Studies of Deep Red Light Emitting Fe-Doped LiAl5O8 Phosphor Prepared Via Propellant Combustion Route

LiAl5O8 doped with Fe was synthesized by a propellant combustion route at furnace temperature of 773 K. The phosphor was characterized using powder x-ray diffraction, optical absorption, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and photoluminescence spectroscopic techniques. The optical absorption spectrum exhibits a broad band at 242 nm characteristic of charge transfer between Fe3+–O2−. On excitation with 293 nm, emission band for the Fe3+ ion was observed at 687 nm. The CIE (International Commission on Illumination or Commission Internationale de l’Elcairage) coordinates for the system were evaluated adopting standard procedure which suggested that the system can be effective as a deep red emitting phosphor. The EPR spectrum of this phosphor exhibits a number of resonance signals characteristic of Fe3+ ions. The resonance signals at g = 3.16, 2.27 are attributed to Fe3+ present at tetrahedral site with an axial symmetry. The resonance signals at g = 1.98 and 1.43 are attributed to Fe3+ ions in octahedral site with an axial symmetry. Various EPR parameters such as the number of spins, Gibbs free energy, magnetic susceptibility, Curie constant and effective magnetic moment values are calculated and compared at room temperature and 110 K.

Field of study: Materials science
SU-E-T-272: Commissioning an Orthovoltage Unit Used for Radiobiology Research.

Orthovoltage X-ray units are used to irradiate cell cultures or small animals in research. Beam characteristics of these units are often not well understood and only nominal dose specified is used by researchers in their studies. This work describes commissioning of an orthovoltage unit similar to that of a linear accelerator.



The X-Rad 320 Orthovoltage unit is a self-contained x-ray system which can be operatedwithin a wide range of kVp and mAs settings. This work characterizes the beam produced by this system. Various beam data, including depth dose, cross profiles, collimator and total scatter factors, have been measured. Collimator and total scatter measurements were done with cylindrical farmer chambers (0.6 cc and 0.057 cc volumes) for field sizes ranging from 2×2 to 20×20 cm2 . Sc measurements were done in air at 50 cm SCD and Sc,p measurements were done in 2 cm depth of phantom at 50 cm SSD.The depth dose curves were generated for three different field sizes for depths up to 15 cm. A parallel plate chamber was used for surface and near surface dose measurements while the cylindrical chamber was used for other depths.



Measurements of Sc and Sc,p indicate minimal variation of these factors with field size, except for very small fields. The results of depth dose measurements produce results comparable with published data for similar beams and indicate a very small dose buildup at shallow depths.



Proper characterization of an x-ray beam and accurate dosimetry is of importance in radiobiology investigations which may lead to advent of new therapies for humans. This work investigates the beam characteristics of an orthovoltage unit to ensure accurate irradiation of samples. The data collected here could further be used for simulation of dose distribution within irradiated volume.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Research on Control Strategy of Control Performance Standard (CPS) Based on Modern Interior Point Method

According to the development of the power grid presently, the Control Performance Standard (CPS) released by North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) is introduced. The method based modern interior point method of optimizing the plus parameters in nowadays CPS control strategy is proposed and the mathematic model is established. It provides a new optimal method of the application in Automatic Generation Control (AGC) assessing based on CPS.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Floral volatiles: from biosynthesis to function.

Floral volatiles have attracted humans' attention since antiquity and have since then permeated many aspects of our lives. Indeed, they are heavily used in perfumes, cosmetics, flavourings and medicinal applications. However, their primary function is to mediate ecological interactions between flowers and a diverse array of visitors, including pollinators, florivores and pathogens. As such, they ultimately ensure the plants' reproductive and evolutionary success. To date, over 1700 floral volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been identified. Interestingly, they are derived from only a few biochemical networks, which include the terpenoid, phenylpropanoid/benzenoid and fatty acid biosynthetic pathways. These pathways are intricately regulated by endogenous and external factors to enable spatially and temporally controlled emission of floral volatiles, thereby fine-tuning the ecological interactions facilitated by floral volatiles. In this review, we will focus on describing the biosynthetic pathways leading to floral VOCs, the regulation of floral volatile emission, as well as biological functions of emitted volatiles.

Field of study: Environmental science
The changing public/private mix in health care. Report on a Conference.

Five years after holding one of its first meetings on the subject, the European Health Policy Forum again took up the issue of the public/private mix in health care, this time co-sponsored by the World Health Organization. The deliberations during that first conference had to contend with the emotional defense of ideologies in addition to the factual issues, which were perhaps at the peak of concern among the policy-makers, providers and financiers of public health care in Europe. While the issues are still of concern, and without underestimating the problems uncovered, the discussions at this last conference, held in Brussels on 12 and 13 February 1987, emanated a feeling of greater ease in dealing with the subject. A significant part of the presentations and ensuing discussions centered on the examination of practical models of mixing public and private care within systems, and the development of sound relationships between the sectors rather than on opposing ideologies. Reflecting the ‘mix’ in the title of the meeting, the participants came from national bodies responsible for the delivery and planning of health care and non-profit health insurance, from academia and from the private sector. Before going over some of the extremely interesting and important issues and experiences presented, it may be useful to consider the current environment and how it was reflected at this Conference. Events in the intervening 5 years, although not really a long period of time, were probably responsible for this shift in emphasis and in tone. Three main trends occurred in this time first, private health care systems did not grow as fast as expected; second, economic problems within the public health services prodded us into examining management practices in the public and private sectors, in health as well as in other fields; and third, the problems of most European nations slow economic growth, more older citizens with more chronic conditions and more unemployed demonstrated the inability of

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Analysis of the strengths of Chinese women handball team and main opponents in and strategies for preparation for the Asian Games 2010

The authors collected and analyzed statistics of 45 games participated in by world excellent handball teams such as team China,team Korea,team Kazakhstan and team Norway,and revealed the following findings: the overall strengths of team China was weaker than world powerful teams such as team Korea,which mainly embodies in such defects as of not powerful body contest capability and slow moving as result of the team structure becoming bigger and bigger: in terms of offense,the offense pace of the ball controlling rear guard was slow,her techniques were kind of poor,her cooperation with the key scorer was not diversified,and here shooting was lacking in stealthiness;in terms of defense,the moving pace was insensitive and slow,the ability to cooperate with the goalkeeper in defense was not strong,which resulted in the rate of success of the goalkeeper in protecting the goal was low.The authors put forward flexible and diversified responding strategies as follows: Chinese women handball team should clearly know its own advantages and shortages,refer to the advances techniques and tactics of world powerful teams,but not apply them doctrinally;before the Asian Games 2010,an action specific training plan should be established and various technique and tactic combination plans should be prepared according to the strong points and characteristics of Chinese women handball team.

Field of study: Education
Paleomagnetism of the Proterozoic Wathaman batholith and the suturing of the Trans-Hudson orogen in Saskatchewan

The Wathaman (Wathaman–Chipewyan) batholith is an 1854 ± 11 Ma, northeast-trending, homogenous, felsic pluton that is over 900 km long. It is thought to be a magmatic arc, with the Archean Hearne craton on its northwestern side as the hinterland and the remains of the Early Proterozoic Manikewan oceanic crust of the Trans-Hudson orogen on its southeastern side. Alternating-field and thermal step demagnetization methods isolate an A remanence component with a mean direction of D = 134.6°, I = 54.1° (α95 = 3.5°, k = 94, N = 19). Isothermal remanent magnetization tests confirm that this A magnetization component is preserved in pseudosingle to multidomain magnetite and in hematite. Contact tests with intruded older rocks of the Peter Lake domain, with younger crosscutting mafic dikes and with younger crosscutting shear zones, indicate that A is a primary remanence. Its pole position of 67°W, 9°N (dp = 3°, dm = 5°) confirms that it was formed along the margin of the Slave–Rae–Hearne craton, supporting tectoni...

Field of study: Environmental science
The Strategy Position and the Reshuffle Function about Towns of Anhui along with Urbanization Development

The urbanization strategy conforming to market regulation has developed along with Chinese economy joining in global economy.The steps which feature in quantity increase of litter towns shall turn to the new steps in which is set great store by raising quality and reshuffle function.To study the position of town and planning in area development of the provincial region has important singnificance in the field of theory and practice.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A vasopressin metabolite increases attentional selectivity.

Two behavioral paradigms were used to assess the effect of a vasopressin metabolite, AVP4-9, on selectivity of attention. The effects observed in a multiple-cue task indicated that AVP4-9 treatment increased the extent to which attention was controlled by the dominant cues in the environment. When these stimuli predicted reward, the peptide treatment facilitated learning, but when these cues were nonpredictive, the treatment hindered learning. In a redundant learning paradigm, administration of the lower dose of AVP4-9 (1 microgram/kg) prevented animals from learning about an added, equally predictive (i.e., redundant) set of cues, suggesting that this treatment caused selective attending to the originally presented stimuli, whose relationship with reward had already been learned. The results of these two studies provide converging evidence that AVP4-9 treatment increases the selectivity of attention, with preferential processing of dominant information. Parallels with the putative attentional effects of increased arousal are discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Learning across the curriculum: connecting the pharmaceutical sciences to practice in the first professional year.

To facilitate the student's ability to make the connection of the core foundational basic science courses to the practice of pharmacy.



In 2000, 10 faculty members from basic science and practice courses created and implemented an integrated Patient Care Project for which students chose a volunteer patient and completed 15 different assignments


ASSESSMENT
Evidence of student learning, such as grades and reflective comments along with collected evaluative data, indicated an enhancement in students' perceived understanding of the connection between basic science and patient care.



The Patient Care Project provided students an opportunity to use knowledge gained in their first-year foundational courses to the care of a patient, solidifying their understanding of the connection between basic science and patient care.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Phase diagram of optimal paths.

We show that by choosing appropriate distributions of the randomness the search for optimal paths links diverse problems of disordered media, such as directed percolation, invasion percolation, and directed and nondirected spanning polymers. We also introduce a simple and efficient algorithm, which solves the d-dimensional model numerically in O(N(1+df/d)) steps, where df is the fractal dimension of the path. Using extensive simulations in two dimensions, we identify the phase boundaries of the directed polymer universality class. A new strong-disorder phase occurs where the optimum paths are self-affine with parameter-dependent scaling exponents. Furthermore, the phase diagram contains directed and nondirected percolation as well as the directed random walk models at specific points and lines.

Field of study: Physics
Recovering Joint Probability of Discrete Random Variables From Pairwise Marginals

Learning the joint probability of random variables (RVs) is the cornerstone of statistical signal processing and machine learning. However, direct nonparametric estimation for high-dimensional joint probability is in general impossible, due to the curse of dimensionality. Recent work has proposed to recover the joint probability mass function (PMF) of an arbitrary number of RVs from three-dimensional marginals, leveraging the algebraic properties of low-rank tensor decomposition and the (unknown) dependence among the RVs. Nonetheless, accurately estimating three-dimensional marginals can still be costly in terms of sample complexity, affecting the performance of this line of work in practice in the sample-starved regime. Using three-dimensional marginals also involves challenging tensor decomposition problems whose tractability is unclear. This work puts forth a new framework for learning the joint PMF using only pairwise marginals, which naturally enjoys a lower sample complexity relative to the third-order ones. A coupled nonnegative matrix factorization (CNMF) framework is developed, and its joint PMF recovery guarantees under various conditions are analyzed. Our method also features a Gram–Schmidt (GS)-like algorithm that exhibits competitive runtime performance. The algorithm is shown to provably recover the joint PMF up to bounded error in finite iterations, under reasonable conditions. It is also shown that a recently proposed economical expectation maximization (EM) algorithm guarantees to improve upon the GS-like algorithm's output, thereby further lifting up the accuracy and efficiency. Real-data experiments are employed to showcase the effectiveness.

Field of study: Computer science
Therapeutic Inhaled Sphingosine for Treating Lung Infection in a Mouse Model of Critical Illness.

Sphingosine, a sphingoid long chain base, is a natural lipid with antimicrobial properties. Recent animal studies have shown that preventive sphingosine inhalation can rescue susceptible mice, such as cystic fibrosis-, burn injured- or aged mice from bacterial pulmonary infection. While preventing lung infections in susceptible patients has obvious clinical merit, treatment strategies for an established infection are also direly needed, particularly in the times of rising antibiotic resistance. Here, we tested the potential of sphingosine in treating an established pulmonary infection.



We used a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model in male CF-1 mice and a Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain that was isolated from a septic patient (P. aeruginosa 762). We determined susceptibility to intranasal infection and ascertained when the pulmonary infection was established by continuous core body temperature monitoring. We quantified sphingosine levels in the tracheal epithelium by immunohistochemistry and studied the effects on sphingosine on bacterial membrane permeabilization and intracellular acidification using fluorescent probes.



We first determined that septic mice are highly susceptible to P. aeruginosa infection 2 days after indu-cing sepsis. Additionally, at this time, sphingosine levels in the tracheal epithelium are significantly reduced as compared to levels in healthy mice. Secondly, upon intranasal Pseudomonas inoculation, we ascertained that pulmonary infection was established as early as 2.5 h after inoculation as evidenced by a significant drop in core body temperature. Using these times of infection susceptibility and detection (2 days post CLP, 2.5h after inoculation) we treated with inhaled sphingosine and observed pulmonary bacterial loads reduced to levels found in infected healthy mice after inoculation and decreased infection-associated mortality. Further, our data demonstrate that sphingosine induces outer membrane permeabilization, disrupting the membrane potential and leading to intracellular acidification of the bacteria.



Sphingosine shows efficacy in treating P. aeruginosa lung infections not only prophylactically, but also therapeutically.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Circadian regulation of Fos B is different from c-Fos in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus.

We measured immunoreactive Fos B protein levels in the ventrolateral subdivision of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as a function of light and time of day. Immunohistochemistry revealed high levels of Fos B that were uniformly expressed throughout the 12 h:12 h light-dark cycle. Levels remained high in constant darkness and were modestly increased (about 2-fold) after a 2 h light pulse administered during the subjective night, but not after a light pulse during the subjective day. Fos B and c-Fos immunoreactivities could be colocalized within individual SCN cell nuclei using a double-label immunofluorescence method. Thus, despite their structural similarities, these two members of the fos gene family exhibit different patterns of expression in the rat SCN. These and previous data suggest that Fos/Jun DNA-binding complexes in the SCN are composed of constant, as well as variable, protein components; in at least some SCN cells, light-induced changes in the composition of these constituent proteins may lead to altered transcription of target genes.

Field of study: Biology
Power as a Function of Office Space and Physiognomy: Two Studies of Influence

Although the use of power is one of the most pervasive facts of personal and organizational life, relatively few studies have been reported which focus directly on this topic. This study tested two hypotheses: organizational power is associated with office size and interpersonal power is associated with predominant facial features. Analyses of data from three organizations strongly supported the first hypothesis. In the second study, 99 subjects ranked, according to perceived power, nine composite pictures in which two facial features were varied. The results did not support the second hypothesis.

Field of study: Psychology
Polymer-supported metal complex oxidation catalysts

(III), chromium (111) and cerium (IV) complexes are described and their potential for application in hostile chemical environments emphasised. Alkene epoxidations using t-butyl hydroperoxide catalysed by polymersupported vanadium (V) and molybdenum (VI) species are dealt with in some detail because of the industrial potential of these systems, and the recent advances reported in the literature. Finally polymer-supported arsenic, selenium and tellurium based catalysts are described. Though not strictly metal complexes, these are very closely related to metal complex catalysed hydrogen peroxide oxidations. Supported metallo-porphyrins are described for the reversible The important area of di-alkyl phenol

Field of study: Chemistry
Adsorption of ligand on recorded lipase polymers in organic phase

Lipase and lauric acid were added into a copolymer system, which contained PEG400-dimethacrylate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, and a surface-active agent.The polymerization was initiated by ultraviolet irradiation .Then recorded lipase polymers (RLP) of locking lipase conformation were obtained after lauric acid was extracted by a neat organic solvent.The adsorption of RLP in the lauric acid solution was studied.The adsorption isothermal curves were measured at temperature 30—50℃.The results indicated that RLP’s adsorption capacity was far stronger than blank carrier’s and immobilized lipase polymers (ILP)’s,about 8.7 and 3.9 times respectively.The adsorption process followed the Langmuir and Freundlich isothermal adsorption equations.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Involvement of gaseous low molecular monoxides in the cutaneous reverse passive Arthus reaction: cytoprotective action of carbon monoxide

The deposition of immune complexes (IC) induces an acute inflammatory response with tissue injury, for which the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) has been suggested. NO is induced by NO synthase (NOS) and CO is generated by haeme oxygenase (HO). Among HO isoenzymes, HO‐1 is an induced type. To assess the role of NO and CO in the pathogenic process, the cutaneous reverse passive Arthus reaction was examined using NOS inhibitor, HO‐1 stimulator and HO‐1 inhibitor. To evaluate the reaction we considered oedema, tumour necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐6, and neutrophil number. The values of these four parameters were significantly reduced in mice treated with HO‐1 stimulator as compared with the positive control mice. Quite the reverse was observed in mice treated with HO‐1 inhibitor. These results suggest that the HO‐1/CO signalling pathway is a therapeutic target for human IC‐mediated disease.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Effect of Different Media on Regeneration of Immature Embryo of Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Three genetic wheat embryos from the experimental field of Anhui Agricultural University were cultured in different media. The immature embryos were implanted into two kinds of media,SD2 and MM, to study effect of different media on regeneration of embryos. From a series of parameters,including frequency of callus induction, quality of callus induction and frequency of compact differentiation, a conclusion was drawn that SD2 medium had a positive effect on the regeneration process, which may serve as a selection in transgenic breeding of wheat.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences