nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Tax Morale in Spain: A Study into Some of Its Principal Determinants

In this paper, the role of certain determinant factors of tax morale in Spain will be analyzed through information provided by the Survey into Tax Morale in Spain, which had a remit that covered the entirety of the national territory. To this end, discrete choice models have been employed, and a particular relevance of a number of categorical variables, as well as some macroeconomic variables have been observed. The relevant role that socioeconomic variables play, such as the age and gender of each interviewee, is prominent and observable, as is the importance of other factors - such as that of the interviewee's having presented their income tax return or their belief that immigrants have to make contributions - in positively indicating the interviewee's level of tax morale. It is also observed that, in regions with a higher GDP per capita, a lower rate of unemployment or the greater strength of the construction sector, the level of tax morale is considerably lower than the mean.

Field of study: Economics
[Molecular evolution and correlation of HN and P gene among the field Newcastle disease viruses].

The goal of this study is to research the genetic characteristics and relationship between HN and P genes of NDV. The nucleotide sequence and deduced amino acid sequence were analyzed for the Hemagglutinin-neuramindase (HN) and Phosphoprotein (P) gene of twelve field isolates of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) during 1997-2005 in China. The HN and P gene sequences of fifteen NDV reference strains from GenBank were also used in this study. The molecular evolution distance of nucleotides and amino acids were calculated by MEGA 4.0 software, and analysis of variance and correlations were analyzed by SPSS11.0 software among different length sequences of the HN gene or P gene. The nucleotide and amino acids correlation of HN and P gene were analyzed respectively. The correlation of evolution distance and isolation year were also calculated. The results indicated that there were difference and good correlation of nucleotide and amino acid among different length sequences of the HN gene or P gene. These results revealed that the HN and P gene of NDV have the different response to selective pressure to adopt to landscape and closely relationship on heredity mutations. Nucleotide variations of HN and P gene have relationship with isolation year of strains.

Field of study: Biology
Variations in Quality and Quantity of Slims River Water, Yukon Territory

The Slims River, one of the two outlets draining the Kaskawulsh Glacier of the Icefield Ranges, Yukon Territory, Canada, is seen to have a variation in both quality and quantity of discharge. These variations, studied for several 24 hour periods during the summer of 1970, are reflections of both the diurnal ablation pattern of the Kaskawulsh Glacier and of a shift in the glacial drainage, a shift which is thought to be due to ice movements at the glacial terminus. Water quality and quantity was measured at the bridge where the Alaska Highway crosses the Slims River and its delta in Kluane Lake. In addition, several similar measurements were taken on tributary streams entering the Slims River below the glacier terminus. Both sets of measurements show a distinct change during early August, the water quantity decreased by a factor of 3–5 and the quality became decidedly less fresh. The change in quality is considered to be a result of the decrease in the proportion of glacial melt water in the Slims River. T...

Field of study: Environmental science
[The follow-up study of epileptic patients discharged from neurological units of the emergency hospital].

: 50 epileptic patients of neurological units of the emergency hospital No 6 were subjected to retro- and prospective studies. Most important treatment defects on before and post hospital stages were analyzed. It was revealed t important patient contingent, which did not have systematic control by physicians--almost a half before and 30% after hospital discharge, only 6% got medical supervision by epileptologists. It was shown essential increase of treatment effect as result of supervision by epileptologist. It is grounded necessary of study by neurologists of special epilepsy program.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
La faveur du roi: Mignon et courtisans au temps des derniers Valois (vers 1547-vers 1589). Nicolas Le Roux

tacit condoning of the Catholic League's own use of obscenity to undermine royal authority during the reign of Henri III of France led subsequent kings to be suspicious of religious policing of moral matters. This is the beauty of Joan Dejean's book; it raises important issues that can inspire similar inquiry about other aspects of early modern culture. One can only hope that other scholars will take her lead, and continue to investigate the domain of censorship in early modern France. KATHLEEN PERRY LONG Cornell University

Field of study: History
A Thermal Energy Molecular Beam Source for Use in Scattering Experiments

A new nozzle source is discussed that produces a high-intensity molecular beam with very small dispersion in velocity. When signal-to-noise ratio in scattered beam experiments is used as a measure of performance this source is shown to be approximately equal in quality to a Kantrowitz-Grey source of comparable size. Furthermore it is argued that many existing Kantrowitz-Grey sources could be operated as simple nozzle sources with no appreciable loss in performance. The present source has several new features. The beam intensity is uniform over the beam cross section. Source performance is not strongly dependent on skimmer geometry; hence, a simple collimating hole in a plate suffices. Source performance is quite insensitive to the size of the collimating hole and its distance from the nozzle; thus, they may be adjusted to tailor the size and shape of the beam to the particular application. The present source may be uniquely suitable for a proposed new method of beam collimation.

Field of study: Physics
ResiDI: Towards a smarter smart home system for decision-making using wireless sensors and actuators

This article proposes ResiDI, an intelligent decision-making system for a residential distributed automation infrastructure based on wireless sensors and actuators. ResiDI transmits events using wireless technologies embedded in WSANs to reduce the wire load capacity of traditional systems. In addition, the nodes are equipped with batteries, as a backup system. These features allow the ResiDI to be installed anywhere in the house, without the need for drilling or changing any other pre-existing infrastructure. Furthermore, the roles and intelligence of ResiDI are distributed among the network nodes. Besides increasing precision in decision-making through a neural network, the ResiDI seeks to reduce node energy consumption by means of a temporal correlation mechanism. As proof of concept, a prototype was developed to integrate with ResiDI in order to demonstrate its viability. When compared with an approach in the literature, real and simulated results show that ResiDI makes three key contributions: (i) 22.03% increase in decision-making; (ii) 44.35% reduction in node energy consumption in a homogeneous way; and (iii) 95.24% efficiency in information transmission. Finally, ResiDI provides a gain in response time of 30.21%, so that the decision-making process is performed faster.

Field of study: Computer science
Enhanced yield ratio of light nuclei in heavy ion collisions with a first-order QCD phase transition

Using a transport model that includes a first-order chiral phase transition between the partonic and the hadronic matter, we study the development of density fluctuations in the matter produced in heavy ion collisions as it undergoes the phase transition, and their time evolution in later hadronic stage of the collisions. Using the coalescence model to describe the production of deuterons and tritons from nucleons at the kinetic freeze out, we find that the yield ratio $ N_\text{t}N_\text{p}/ N_\text{d}^2$, where $N_\text{p}$, $N_\text{d}$, and $N_\text{t}$ are, respectively, the proton, deuteron, and triton numbers, is enhanced if the evolution trajectory of the produced matter in the QCD phase diagram passes through the spinodal region of a first-order chiral phase transition.

Field of study: Physics
MicroRNA-661 Enhances TRAIL or STS Induced Osteosarcoma Cell Apoptosis by Modulating the Expression of Cytochrome c1

Osteosarcoma (OS) is an aggressive bone malignancy that affects rapidly growing bones and is associated with a poor prognosis. Our previous study showed that cytochrome c1 (CYC1), a subunit of the cytochrome bc1 complex (complex III) of the mitochondrial electron chain, is overexpressed in human OS tissues and cell lines and its silencing induces apoptosis in vitro and inhibits tumor growth in vivo. Here, we investigated the mechanism underlying the modulation of CYC1 expression in OS and its role in the resistance of OS to apoptosis.  qRT-PCR, luciferase reporter assay, western blotting, fow cytometry, and animal experiments were performed in this study.  MicroRNA (miR)-661 was identified as a downregulated miRNA in OS tissues and cells and shown to directly target CYC1. Ectopically expressed miR-661 inhibited OS cell growth, promoted apoptosis, and reduced the activity of mitochondrial complex III. miR-661 overexpression enhanced TRAIL or STS induced apoptosis and promoted the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol, which induced caspase-9 activation, and these effects were abolished by a caspase-3 inhibitor. Overexpression of CYC1 rescued the effects of miR-661 on sensitizing OS cells to TRAIL or STS induced apoptosis, indicating that the antitumor effect of miR-661 is mediated by the downregulation of CYC1. In vivo, miR-661 overexpression sensitized tumors to TRAIL or STS induced apoptosis in a xenograft mouse model, and these effects were attenuated by co-expression of CYC1.  Taken together, our results indicate that miR-661 plays a tumor suppressor role in OS mediated by the downregulation of CYC1, suggesting a potential mechanism underlying cell death resistance in OS.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Unidirectional shift in leaf morphology of coexisting species - a possible indicator of palaeoclimatic differences.

The pre-Neogene basement of the Pannonian domain is built up by a collage of terranes deriving from different parts of the Tethys, which finally accreted in the Late Oligocene–Early Miocene times. Combined stratigraphical, sedimentological, palaeomagnetic and tectonic investigations have revealed the palaeogeographic position of the Palaeogene Basin, including the Buda and Bukk tectonic units However, despite floristic similarities, the Buda and Bukk regions also show important physiognomic differences. In the vicinity of Budapest (Buda unit), the large size and width of leaves are conspicuous, whereas in Eger-Kiseged (Bukk unit), leaves are definitely smaller and narrower. In order to define the differences quantitatively, morphometrical measurements were adopted. The shape and size of leaf fossils were compared by means of a circular grid ( Hill, 1980 ). Leaves of 4 dominant species (Sloanea elliptica (Andreanszky) Z. Kvacek & Hably, Engelhardia orsbergensis (Wessel & Weber) Jahnichen, Mai & Walther, Eotrigonobalanus furcinervis (Rossmassler) Walther & Kvacek, and Zizyphus zizyphoides (Unger) Weyland were the target of our study. The average leaf area is 1.4–2.3 times larger in the Buda tectonic unit (Budapest locality) than in the Bukk tectonic unit (Eger-Kiseged locality). Statistical tests proved highly significant differences between these values. Regarding the asymmetry of the leaf lamina, the four species differed considerably. Nevertheless, a significant difference between the two localities was shown only in one of them (Sloanea elliptica). Consequently, a significant alteration of measures of asymmetry as a function of habitat conditions was not indicated. Smaller leaf area and significantly narrower leaf blade are possible indicators of drier climatic conditions in the Bukk unit.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Turbulent Marginal Separation and the Turbulent Goldstein Problem

A new rational theory of incompressible turbulent boundary-layer flows having a large velocity defect is presented on basis of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations in the limit of infinite Reynolds number. This wake-type formulation allows for, among others, the prediction of singular solutions of the boundary-layer equations under the action of a suitably controlled adverse pressure gradient, which are associated with the onset of marginally separated flows. Increasing the pressure gradient locally then transforms the marginal-separation singularity into a weak Goldstein-type singularity occurring in the slip velocity at the base of the outer wake layer. Interestingly, this behavior is seen to be closely related to (but differing in detail from) the counterpart of laminar marginal separation, in which the skin friction replaces the surface slip velocity. Most important, adopting the concept of locally interacting boundary layers results in a closure-free and uniformly valid asymptotic description of boundary layers that exhibit small, closed reverse-flow regimes. Numerical solutions of the underlying triple-deck problem are discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Forecasting of random sequences and Prony decomposition of finance data

In this paper, we propose an original method for forecasting data based on the Prony decomposition. We interpret the forecasting procedure as a possible prolongation of the fitting function that describes the known optimal trend in terms of the Prony decomposition. We give some arguments justifying the selection of the Prony method for obtaining the fitting function. This function should describe the segment of the random curve with high accuracy, that is supposed to be known and can be continued out from the fitting interval. Naturally, the boundaries of the sequential future interval are limited by the influence of future events that can change the tendencies “stretched out” from the known past, in general. This determination coincides with the definition of a forecasting procedure given by Chatfield. We establish the relationships between modes of the quasi-periodic Prony decomposition with the well-known Kondratiev or Elliot waves (K-, E-waves) that are known in economy for forecasting of long random time-series with trends. Our method adds new features to the conventional procedure and corrects the general conception of K(E)-waves for temporal cycles having different lengths. In fact, it helps us to find additional criteria for identifying the K-waves in the given random sequence analyzed. We propose two independent methods of forecasting: (a) from the segment that starts from the nearest past, and (b) from the curve that is remained as the self-similar curve to the initial one. In both cases we show that the results of such prolongation are similar to each other, which increases the reliability of the novel forecasting procedure. As an example we consider data associated with four basic fund markets.

Field of study: Philosophy
Uptake and intracellular compartmentation of thorium in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

When Saccharomyces cerevisiae was cultured in the presence of thorium, the element was accumulated by the cells and was visible in electron micrographs as electron dense granules. When thorium was present during exponential growth, these granules were located mainly in the vacuole, with some present in the cytosol. Where thorium was present only during the stationary phase, there appeared to be greater thorium deposition in the cell wall than during exponential growth and some vacuolar deposits were also evident. Thorium uptake by exponential-phase cells was not stimulated by glucose and was thus independent of metabolic energy.

Field of study: Environmental science
Based on Flex to Design the Automatic Scoring System of Flash Operation Questions

The use of Flex technology carried out the parsing of the SWF file for the Flash operation problem, to analyze and extract the internal data feature about the SWF file, to reverse the inference to revert the original operation on the Flash. The result will be compared with the requested operation to determine whether to meet the requirement or not. Then the score about the Flash opescoring problem will be given automatically.

Field of study: Engineering
Indicators of glial activation and brain oxidative stress after intraventricular infusion of endotoxin.

Glial activation and oxidative stress are both consequences of brain aging. To investigate whether glial activation causes oxidative stress or not, the immune activator, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), was intraventricularly injected into the rat brain. The expression of candidate genes were examined by in situ hybridization histochemistry (ISHH) combined with immunohistochemistry for glial markers over a period of time up to 24 h after the LPS injection. The mRNA for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was elevated around the injection site by 2 h, and the volume of elevated expression spread to the entire brain after 6 h, with higher levels present in the injected hemisphere. The level of inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (i-NOS) mRNA increased in a punctate-like pattern in the region of the injection by 6 h and this response spread to the entire brain after 12 h. These results indicate that the glia are activated for at least 24 h after a single LPS injection. The mRNAs for a heat-shock protein (HSP70) and for the manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) were elevated in the ipsilateral hemisphere as early as 2 h post-injection, but these responses subsided nearly to basal levels by 4 h. These levels of mRNAs for these genes increased again after 6 h of the LPS injection; thus, the earlier increases of the messages appeared to be associated with the survival surgery procedure. With microautoradiographic analysis, scattered OX-42 positive cells expressed i-NOS mRNA after 6 h post-injection, but elevation of Mn-SOD mRNA was not detected in either microglia or astrocytes at any time point examined. The level for Cu/Zn-SOD mRNA did not alter at any time point. The beta-amyloid precursor protein (betaAPP) mRNAs were elevated beginning at 6 h. These results indicate that chronic glial activation leads to a condition of oxidative stress in the brain. The data also suggest that LPS injection could be used to study the effects of chronic glial activation on the survival of neuronal populations that could be at risk from oxidative stress.

Field of study: Biology
Endobacteria in some ectomycorrhiza of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris).

The diversity of cultivable endobacteria associated with four different ectomycorrhizal morphotypes (Suillus flavidus, Suillus variegatus, Russula paludosa and Russula sp.) of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) was analysed by restriction fragment length polymorphism profiling of PCR-amplified rDNA intergenic spacer regions and by sequence analyses of 16S rRNA genes. Ectomycorrhizal root tip surface-sterilization methods were developed and assessed for their efficiencies. Bacterial communities from surface-sterilized ectomycorrhizal root tips were different from those of ectomycorrhizal root tips without surface-sterilization for all the morphotypes studied. Endobacteria belonging to the genera Pseudomonas, Burkholderia and Bacillus were isolated from more than one ectomycorrhizal morphotype, whereas species of Rahnella, Janthinobacterium and Rhodococcus were only isolated from the single morphotypes of S. variegatus, R. paludosa and Russula sp., respectively. Some of the isolated endobacteria utilized fungal sugars more readily than typical plant sugars in carbon utilization assays.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Graphische Darstellung einiger bandenspektroskopischer Ergebnisse

ZusammenfassungIn § 1 wird eine gewisse Regelmäßigkeit im Verlauf der Kernschwingungs-differenzen (Δ G) bei zweiatomigen Molekülen nachgewiesen durch Darstellung von (Δ G)2 als einer Funktion der Kernschwingungsquantenzahl v. In § 2 wird eine einfache Beziehung zwischen Δ G und der Rotationskonstante Bv gegeben. In § 3 wird eine graphische Konstruktion der Potentialkurve für H2 und CdH und O2, mit Hilfe des Wirkungsintegrals und des Bv-Wertes ausgeführt.

Field of study: Physics
Select and breed to beat the heat (part 3) : technology

The name Holstein-Friesian refers to the Friesland cattle bred in the "new world" and now, after many years of careful breeding, they are being exported all over the world. Being of northern hemisphere origin, they are cool-weather animals and particularly susceptible to hot and humid conditions, although they have undergone adaptation, acclimatisation and acclimation.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Synthesis, study of the structure, and modification of the products of the reaction of 4-aryl-4-oxobut-2-enoic acids with thiourea

A number of previously undescribed derivatives of 2-amino-5-(2-aryl-2-oxoethyl)thiazol-4(5H)-one containing electron-donating substituents in the aromatic ring were synthesized by the reaction of (E)-4-aryl-4-oxobut-2-enoic acids with thiourea. Reduction of the reaction products with NaBH4 yielded diastereomeric alcohols, whereas bromination in AcOH was accompanied by elimination of HBr and the formation of (Z)-2-amino-5-(2-aryl-2-oxoethylidene)thiazol-4(5H)-ones.

Field of study: Chemistry
The set of regular equilibria

Debreu has shown that the set of regular economies is open dense. This paper investigates the closely related issue of the size of the set of regular equilibria. It is shown that this set is an open dense subset of the equilibrium manifold. The proof exploits the real algebraic nature of the set of critical equilibria belonging to any given fiber of the equilibrium manifold. This proof yields as by-product an alternative proof of Debreu's theorem, a proof that does not hinge on Sard's theorem.

Field of study: Economics
Role of transverse structures in paleoseismicity and drainage rearrangement in rift systems: the case of the Valdecebro fault zone (Teruel graben, eastern Spain)

The E–W trending, nearly pure extensional Valdecebro fault zone is a transverse structure at the central sector of the N–S Teruel graben. It was activated by the Late Ruscinian (Early Pliocene, ca. 3.7 Ma), giving rise to structural rearrangement of the graben margin. Until the Late Pleistocene, it has accommodated a net slip ca. 205 m, with slip rate of 0.055 mm/a. Paleoseismicity has been analysed in a 29-m-long, 5-m-deep trench excavated through a fault branch that offsets a Pleistocene pediment surface. The paleoseismic succession includes a minimum of 6–7 events occurred since ca. 142 ka BP, although a model with 12 events could be more realistic. The following paleoseismic parameters have been inferred, assuming a minimum of 6 and a maximum of 12 events: average coseismic slip = 58–117 cm; recurrence period = 8.4–28.4 ka; potential moment magnitude Mw = 5.8–5.9. The recorded displacement since ca. 142 ka BP totalizes 7.0 m, with slip rate of 0.05–0.07 mm/a. Slip on the transverse Valdecebro fault zone has critically contributed to bulk deformation under a prevailing ‘multidirectional’ extensional regime. Drainage patterns have been rearranged, recurrently switching between westward and southward directions as a consequence of diverse slip episodes at the Valdecebro fault zone (E–W) and the neighbouring La Hita (N–S) and Concud (NW–SE) faults. The ultimate westward drainage of the Valdecebro depression incised and dismantled a southward-sloping Pleistocene pediment sourced at the Valdecebro mountain front, representing a capture by the Alfambra river occurred between 124 and 22 ka BP.

Field of study: Environmental science