nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Finite Element Analysis of Drip Irrigation Submain Units

Amethod for using the finite element approach to analyze drip irrigation submain units was developed. The method is based on the iterative solution of a set of linearized flow equations. Either the Darcy-Wiesbach or the Hazen-Williams equations can be used. The finite element method results in a symmetric banded matrix which requires minimal computer storage. The advantages of this technique include, possible implementation through existing finite element computer programs, simplicity of application, to large irrigation hydraulic networks, quickness of convergence and the potential for use with small computers.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Moctezuma’s Children: Aztec Royalty Under Spanish Rule, 1520-1700 . By Donald Chipman. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2005. Pp. xxiii, 200. Illustrations. Tables. Maps. Glossary. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $45.00 cloth.

ing and combining these metals as alloys, are associated with cosmological gestation, the importance of "seeds" that contain germs of life, bees as agents of fertility, lost-wax casting techniques, body ornaments, systems of matrimonial exchange and long-distance trade, and votive offerings. All of these aspects attest to beliefs that metals' magical powers can ensure social survival and existential identity. Both of these papers offer exceptional glimpses into the tremendous complexity, intellectual depth, and metaphysical richness of Amerindian systems of thought.

Field of study: History
A versatile experimental testbed for ultrabroadband communication networks above 100 GHz

Communication at terahertz (THz) frequencies is envisioned as a near-future landmark in wireless networking and a key component of the sixth generation (6G) wireless systems and beyond. In the last decade, major progress has happened in terms of device technology development as well as THz-wave propagation and channel modeling. In order to advance THz communication and networking research, there is tremendous necessity in developing programmable software-defined hardware and architectures that operate at THz frequencies and are able to process signals with tens to hundreds of GHz of bandwidth, thus making most out of moving to THz band. This paper presents a versatile testbed for conducting wireless experimental research above 100 GHz. The platform consists of multiple sets of analog front-ends at three different frequencies between 100 GHz and 1 THz as well as three different digital signal processing back-ends, able to manipulate more than 10 GHz of bandwidth in real-time. Implementation details and early experimental results to demonstrate the platform capabilities are presented.

Field of study: Computer science
Genetic analysis of the physiological responses to low boron stress in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient for higher plants. There is wide genetic variation in the response to B deficiency among plant species and cultivars. The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) that control B efficiency in natural Arabidopsis accessions. The B efficiency coefficient (BEC) and seed yield under low B conditions (SYLB) were investigated by solution culture in two separate experiments in an Arabidopsis recombinant inbred line (RIL) population. Both of the traits studied exhibited high transgressive variation in the RIL population, and, in total, five and three QTL were identified for BEC and SYLB, respectively. Three of the five QTL, including the QTL, AtBE1-2, that has a large effect on the BEC, were found at the interval of the corresponding QTL for SYLB in both experiments. The close genetic relationship between BEC and SYLB was further confirmed by conditional QTL mapping in the RIL population and unconditional QTL mapping in an AtBE1-2-segregated F(2) population. Epistatic interactions for the tested traits were analysed, and were found to be widespread in the detected QTL of Arabidopsis in the RIL population. Comparison of the QTL interval for B efficiency with reported B-related genes showed that 10 B-related genes, together with one BOR1 homolog (BOR5, At1g74810) were located in the QTL region of AtBE1-2. These results suggest that natural variation in B efficiency in Arabidopsis has a complex molecular basis. They also provide a basis for fine mapping and cloning of the B-efficiency genes, with the ultimate aim of discovering the physiological mechanism of action of the genes.

Field of study: Environmental science
Variable-ratio conditioning history produces high- and low-rate fixed-interval performance in rats.

Four rats were exposed to an A-B-A-B series of 30 sessions each of variable-ratio 20 (A) and fixed-interval 30-s (B) schedules. Four other rats received 120 sessions of fixed-interval 30 s. The rats with a history of variable-ratio responding subsequently showed primarily high or low response-rate patterns on the fixed-interval schedule without evidence of classical scalloping (i.e., increased rates of responding throughout the interreinforcement interval), except infrequently in 1 rat. The rats exposed to only the fixed-interval 30-s schedule displayed the expected sequence of scalloping giving way to lower rate break-run or simply low-rate responding over time. This experiment shows that when naive rats are exposed to even a simple history of reinforcement (in this case, a variable-ratio 20), their subsequent fixed-interval performance is very different from comparable performance in naive rats, and might be said to be more similar to the responding of adult humans. The argument is made that care should be taken in comparing the fixed-interval performance of humans and nonhumans because humans have a complex history of reinforcement, whereas laboratory nonhumans are typically naive.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Study of Microstructure and Properties of High Chromium Iron After Different Treatment

The microstructure and mechanical properties of high chromium iron after different treatment were studied, and the effect of modification and heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of high chromium iron was analyzed. The results show that, after modification, the microstructure of high chromium iron gets small, hardness and toughness increase; after modification and heat treatment, the microstructure of high chromium iron gets smaller, the mechanical properties increase more. The reason is that RE-Mg can thin matrix- structure and carbonization, and heat treatment can increase carbon content in matrix and make the closed angle of carbonization more smooth.

Field of study: Materials science
DIRECT DISPLACEMENT-BASED DESIGN FOR BUILDINGS WITH PASSIVE ENERGY DISSIPATION DEVICES

A simple method for calculating pushover curves of asymmetric structure with displacement- dissipative devices is presented. The calculated progress of this method is carried out throughout decomposing the shaped structure to translation and torsion ones. The pushover curves of asymmetric structure with displacement-dissipative devices are formed by integrating the two curves. Numerical example result calculated by simple method was compared with that obtained by software Sap2000. The comparison shows that the simple method can provide an approving procession for engineering analysis.

Field of study: Engineering
Frequency and Risk Factors of Kidney Alterations in Children and Adolescents who Are Overweight and Obese in a Primary Health-care Setting.

Obesity is clearly associated to kidney disease in adult population; however, there is scarce evidence in children and adolescents. The aim was to compare frequency of renal damage according to the presence of overweight-obesity in children and adolescents, as well as to compare nutritional and biochemical risk factors, according to the presence of kidney alterations.



Cross-sectional study; 172 children and adolescents, 6-16 years old, without malnutrition, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and independent comorbid conditions associated to obesity or kidney disease, as well as transitory causes of microalbuminuria (MA) from a Primary Health-Care Unit were included. Clinical, biochemical, anthropometric and dietetic evaluations were measured in all subjects; subsequently they were classified as normal weight, overweight and obesity groups according to sex- and age-adjusted body mass index (BMI). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR, estimated by Schwartz equation) and albuminuria (albumin/creatinine ratio) were determined. Presence of kidney alterations was measured as decreased GFR (<90 mL/min/1.73m2), hyperfiltration (>170 mL/min/1.73m2) and MA (30-300 mg/g).



Compared with controls, subjects with overweight-obesity had significantly (P<.05) abdominal obesity (0 vs 69%), hypertension (19 vs 26%), hypertriglyceridemia (11 vs 47%), high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (2 vs 8%) and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol; 2 vs 28%), hyperuricemia (11 vs 28%) and hyperinsulinemia (8 vs 70%). Hyperfiltration and MA were present in 5 and 4 subjects with overweight/obesity, respectively, whereas decreased GFR was present in only 1 subject with obesity. Normal weight subjects had no kidney alterations. In multivariate analysis, kidney alterations were significantly predicted by higher BMI and lower HDL-cholesterol.



Kidney alterations were observed only in subjects with overweight (3.6%) and obesity (9.9%), who additionally, displayed cardiometabolic and kidney disease risk factors more frequently than normal weight subjects.

Field of study: Medicine
Performance Analysis of Compound Rubber and Steel Slag Filler Modified Asphalt Composite

A new treatment method of combined crumb rubber and steel slag modifier for asphalt binders was proposed in this work. The viscosity, rheological properties, and thermogravimetric analysis of modified asphalt mortar were then investigated. The modified asphalt composite was prepared in laboratory by two steps. Rubber powder was firstly added into hot asphalt flux to make rubber modified asphalt (RA), and then RA binders were wrapped with steel slag powder by granulation machine to make compound rubber and steel slag filler modified asphalt composite (RSAC). Test results showed that the viscosity–temperature susceptibility of RSAC was superior to that of modified asphalt binder with only one additive. The softening point differences of RSAC was 2.1 °C. The complex modulus and phase angle were significantly influenced by the addition of steel slag fillers. Creep tests show that a better anti-permanent deformation performance of RSAC can be obtained, which means a better low temperature performance could be predictable. The CAM (Christensen-Anderson-Marasteanu) and Burgers models can be used to describe the change of complex modulus and viscous-elasticity performance of RSCA. The lower value of me (0.6344) and R (0.1862) from the CAM model indicated that RSAC was slightly related to the sensibility of frequency. The higher value of λ∞ and E0 of RSAC indicated a better ability of shear-creep resistance.

Field of study: Materials science
Marital status, social capital, material conditions and self-rated health: a population-based study.

Associations between marital status and self-rated health were investigated, adjusting for material conditions and trust (social capital).



The 2004 public-health survey in Skåne is a cross-sectional study. A total of 27,757 persons aged 18-80 years answered a postal questionnaire, which represents 59% of the random sample. A logistic regression model was used to investigate associations between marital status and self-rated health, adjusting for economic problems and trust.



The prevalence of poor self-rated health was 28.7% among men and 33.2% among women. Older respondents, respondents born abroad, with medium/low education, low emotional support, low instrumental support, economic problems, low trust, never married and divorced had significantly higher odds ratios of poor self-rated health than their respective reference group. Low trust was significantly higher among the divorced and unmarried compared to the married/cohabitating. Adjustment for economic problems but not for trust reduced the odds ratios of poor self-rated health among the divorced, which became not significant among men.



Never married and the divorced have significantly higher age-adjusted odds ratios of poor self-rated health than the married/cohabitating group. Economic problems but not trust seem to affect the association between marital status and poor self-rated health.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Quaternary aminostratigraphy of the Bonneville Basin, western United States

The deposits of at least four distinct deep-lake cycles of Pleistocene Lake Bonneville are recognized on the basis of isoleucine epimerization in fossil gastropod shells. Deposits of the earliest recognized cycle predate the Lava Creek ash (600,000 yr B.P.). Three younger cycles of Lake Bonneville are represented by lacustrine deposits of the Pokes Point Alloformation (∼200,000 yr B.P.), the Little Valley Alloformation (∼140,000 yr B.P.), and the Bonneville Alloformation (∼30,000 to 11,000 yr B.P.). Analyses of fossil shells from the Main Canyon Formation in the Gentile Valley of southern Idaho support the contention that those deposits span an interval of time from before 2 m.y. B.P. to sometime between the last two cycles of Lake Bonneville, perhaps as recent as 30,000 yr B.P. It is concluded that isoleucine epimerization in non-marine gastropods can provide a useful stratigraphic tool for the study of Quaternary lacustrine deposits.

Field of study: Geology
Effects of ozone and water stress on net photosynthetic rate of field-grown soybean leaves

Detailed physiological measurements were taken in controlled field experiments to better elucidate how environmental stresses interact to affect a soybean plant's physiology and growth. Nondestructive techniques were used to measure weekly and diurnal effects of ozone and water stress on net photosynthesis, stomatal resistance, and water status of field-grown soybean leaves. Open-top field chambers were used to expose soybeans to seasonal 12-h/day mean concentrations of 0.018 (CF), 0.059 (1.3NF) and 0.085 (1.9NF) ppm ozone. Soil water levels were well watered (WW) and water stressed (WS). Net carbon exchange-rate measurements (CER) were taken between 1000 and 1230h EST on center trifoliates with uniform exposure to sunlight. Average CER rates expressed as percent of CF over the growing season were 75% and 55% for WW 1.3NF, and 1.9NF and 90% and 61% for WS 1.3NF and 1.9NF, respectively. Measured mean seasonal photosynthesis rates of the WS CF treatments were 68% of those for the WW CF treatments.

Field of study: Environmental science
Understanding and Prioritizing Technology Management Challenges

The purpose of this study was to identify the perceived relative importance of the technology issues among managers. A survey instrument that described 10 technology management issues was administered to IT managers of various organizations. The survey also included an open-ended question asking the respondents to describe what they saw as the three greatest challenges to effectively managing information technology. Data privacy, data management, meeting legal requirements and protecting systems from hackers were identified as very important by the IT managers. Less than one-half of the managers deemed employee penetration and staff training as very important IT management issues. Respondents' answers to the open-ended questions indicating major challenges yielded into three separate categories: shrinking IT budgets; need for enhanced security; and data management with regulatory requirements. Discussion and recommendations are made based on the study findings.

Field of study: Computer science
Chemiexcitation of Naphthacenequinone Derivative via the Thermal Cycloreversion of the Corresponding hemi-Dewar-naphthacenequinone

7,8,9-Tri-t-butyl-1,4-Dewar-5,12-naphthacenequinone (1) was synthesized. Upon thermolysis of 1 the formation of the detectable amount of naphthacenequinovalene (3) was observed. Singlet excited state of 7,8,9-tri-t-butyl-5,12-naphthacenequinone produced via the thermal cycloreversion of 1 is responsible for the formation of 3.

Field of study: Chemistry
Practices and Challenges of Instructional Supervision in Government Secodary Schools of Wolaita Zone

The purpose of this study was to assess practices and challenges of instructional supervision     in government secondary schools of Wolaita Zone. Three research questions were formulated. They are aimed at determining the extent to what instructional supervisors give professional support to teachers; to what extent are instructional supervisors effective in supervisory tasks and finding out the main challenges that existed in the implementation of instructional supervision. Descriptive survey design and mixed methods were employed.  Five woredas and six secondary schools were selected by simple random sampling technique. Five woreda education office supervision coordinators, five assigned supervisors, 15 principals were selected by purposeful sampling technique. Eighty five teachers were selected by simple random selection method. Instruments of data collection were developed by the researcher and pilot-tested by using Cronbach’s Alpha.  Quantitative data were gathered through questionnaire. Qualitative data were gathered through interview. Data were analyzed in quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative data were filled into SPSS version 20. Frequency, percent and mean were used to analyze quantitative data. Qualitative data were analyzed by narration. The findings of the study indicated that instructional supervisors didn’t give regular and adequate support to teachers in professional and curriculum development. They didn’t give training to teachers either in pedagogical issues or in importance of instructional supervision. Instead of spending more support time in academic tasks, they spend their time doing administrative tasks. On the other hand, instructional supervisors faced different challenges that influenced effective implementation of supervision. These were: problem in selecting and assigning right persons as instructional supervisor, lack of supervision manuals, lack of adequate budget, facilities and materials, resistance of teachers to supervision due to lack of awareness for teachers in importance of supervision, excessive workloads of principals and lack of right training for supervisors. Based on the findings, it was recommended that supervisors need to give regular and adequate support to teachers on professional and curriculum development and it is better to focus on academic tasks by delegating administrative tasks to other personnel. Woreda education office is suggested to select and assign right persons as instructional supervisors. Regional education bureau, zone education department and woreda education office are suggested to fulfill supervision manuals for instructional supervisors.  Instruction; Supervision; Secondary School and Zone DOI : 10.7176/JEP/10-13-05 Publication date :May 31 st 2019

Field of study: Education
The biotic response to Neoproterozoic snowball Earth

The commonly held notion among earth scientists that Neoproterozoic low latitude glaciation (ca. 720–585 Ma), sometimes referred to as snowball Earth, caused major extinctions and imparted important evolutionary consequences upon the biosphere is not supported by the microfossil record. In particular, silicified microfossils from pre- and syn-glacial units in the Death Valley region, California, reveal little change during the glacial interval; in fact, the syn-glacial microbiota is slightly more diverse and contains more putative autotrophic and heterotrophic eukaryotes than underlying strata. In Australia, pre- and post-glacial acritarch assemblages from shale reveal no change in diversity across the glacial interval. In modern glacial environments, productive and diverse modern microbial communities live within and upon sea and glacial ice and may provide an analogue for a more robust snowball Earth biosphere than previously considered.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
An electrochemical cell with sapphire windows for operando synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction and spectroscopy studies of high-power and high-voltage electrodes for metal-ion batteries.

A new multi-purpose operando electrochemical cell was designed, constructed and tested on the Swiss-Norwegian Beamlines BM01 and BM31 at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. Single-crystal sapphire X-ray windows provide a good signal-to-noise ratio, excellent electrochemical contact because of the constant pressure between the electrodes, and perfect electrochemical stability at high potentials due to the inert and non-conductive nature of sapphire. Examination of the phase transformations in the Li1-xFe0.5Mn0.5PO4 positive electrode (cathode) material at C/2 and 10C charge and discharge rates, and a study of the valence state of the Ni cations in the Li1-xNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode material for Li-ion batteries, revealed the applicability of this novel cell design to diffraction and spectroscopic investigations of high-power/high-voltage electrodes for metal-ion batteries.

Field of study: Physics
Optimization of Mix Ratio of Epoxy Mortar with Super-Early Strength Based on Orthogonal Test

Through adding accelerator to common epoxy mortar and optimizing its mix ratio by orthogonal test, the influences of the contents of filler, diluent, curing agent and accelerator on the early strength of epoxy mortar were studied respectively. Results showed that the filler content has the most significant influence on the compressive strength and splitting strength of epoxy mortar, and the optimum combination of these four contents is A2B2C3D2, on which condition compressive strength of epoxy mortar can reach 71.4 MPa and splitting strength 6.72 MPa at super-early stage (4h, at nursing temperature 25 C). Pull-out test on the anchor bolts with optimum-mix-ratio epoxy mortar as anchorage agent was carried out, and compared to tests with quick setting cement as anchorage agent, proving that the pull-out strength with epoxy mortar as anchorage agent was much higher than that of quick-setting cement. The ultimate pull-out strength of the anchor increased with anchorage depth at pull-out bonding failure, which indicates that the optimized epoxy mortar with super-early strength can meet the needs of emergency repair and other special projects, and can be applied in the fields of structural reinforcement and rapid repair of traffic engineering.

Field of study: Engineering
Cerebrospinal fluid eotaxin and eotaxin-2 levels in human eosinophilic meningitis associated with angiostrongyliasis.

Eosinophilic meningitis associated angiostrongyliasis (EOMA) is a harmful disease of the brain and spinal cord caused by a parasitic helminth, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, presenting with severe headaches and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) eosinophilia. However, the immunologic pathophysiology especially in relation to the eosinophilic inflammation is still unknown. We measured the CSF concentrations of eotaxin and eotaxin-2 of 30 patients and 10 controls. The CSF eotaxin and eotaxin-2 levels of the EOMA patients were significantly higher than those of the controls (p<0.001). The positive detection values were 83.3% (25/30) and 93.3% (28/30) for eotaxin and eotaxin-2, respectively. CSF eotaxin-2 levels also correlated with CSF eosinophilia (p=0.002). These results might indicate that the recruitment of eosinophils to the brain and spinal cord in EOMA patients could be related to elevated eotaxin-2 levels.

Field of study: Medicine