nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Treatment of spasticity

Spasticity is the most common abnormality of muscle tone; it is the most common form of hypertonicity, and it affects tens of thousands of patients. Untreated, it causes terrible consequences, including joint contractures and deformities, disability, and pain. Twenty years ago, the neurosurgical treatment of spasticity was essentially limited to Bischof myelotomies. Now, neurosurgeons use botulinum toxin injections, selective rhizotomies (intraspinal and peripheral), and intrathecal baclofen (ITB) to treat both focal and generalized spasticity. The efficacy of botulinum toxin injections, selective lumbar rhizotomies, and bolus injections of ITB has been confirmed in randomized controlled clinical trials. Articles in this issue review the indications, techniques, and outcomes for the three modalities. Numerous questions remain about each modality. For botulinum toxin injections, better data are needed about the optimal choices for the following aspects of treatment: what dose to inject; the agent’s dilution; number of sites to inject per muscle; and the appropriate duration of therapy. For selective lumbar rhizotomies, we need to know whether selective rhizotomies yield results that are superior to nonselective ones, whether the frequency of lordosis and scoliosis are significantly increased, and the frequency with which young children with spastic quadriparesis who undergo lumbar rhizotomy subsequently experience significant dystonia or other movement disorders. Questions about ITB include the duration of spasticity before a pump should be implanted (a pertinent consideration in posttraumatic spasticity); whether oral medications must fail to bring relief in patients with severe spasticity before pump implantation is considered; whether bolus screening doses are needed, given the virtually 100% response rate in patients with clear-cut spasticity; whether the frequency of scoliosis is significantly increased; and whether in many patients in whom “tolerance” to baclofen is diagnosed the catheters have in fact migrated from the subarachnoid into the subdural space. Regardless of the modality selected, it is imperative that treatment goals be carefully identified and agreed on by the physician and the patient before treatment commences. “Reducing spasticity” per se is not an appropriate treatment goal. Appropriate goals are more likely to include increasing range of motion, easing care, decreasing pain, improving quality of life, improving gait, or decreasing the development of contractures. The procedures used to treat spasticity are relatively straightforward and lack the technical challenges of aneurysm clip occlusion or tumor resection, but their effects on the quality of life and function in these patients can be as dramatic as the effects of any neurosurgical operation.

Field of study: Medicine
E0 transition strengths in 110Pd

Internal conversion coefficients have been measured for transitions in 110Pd to allow the determination of electric monopole (E0) transition strengths. Excited states were populated through inelastic alpha scattering and the SPICE+TIGRESS detectors at TRIUMF-ISAC-II were used to detect the emitted gamma rays and internal conversion electrons. The E0 transition strengths are found to be small and are consistent with the expectation for transitions from a K = 2 band to the K = 0 ground-state band in the axial rotor model.

Field of study: Physics
In-The-Field Monitoring of Functional Calls: Is It Feasible?

Collecting data about the sequences of function calls executed by an application while running in the field can be useful to a number of applications, including failure reproduction, profiling, and debugging. Unfortunately, collecting data from the field may introduce annoying slowdowns that negatively affect the quality of the user experience. So far, the impact of monitoring has been mainly studied in terms of the overhead that it may introduce in the monitored applications, rather than considering if the introduced overhead can be really recognized by users. In this paper we take a different perspective studying to what extent collecting data about sequences of function calls may impact the quality of the user experience, producing recognizable effects. Interestingly we found that, depending on the nature of the executed operation and its execution context, users may tolerate a non-trivial overhead. This information can be potentially exploited to collect significant amount of data without annoying users.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Graded Holonomic D-modules on Monomial Curves

In this paper, we study the holonomic $D$-modules when $D$ is the ring of $k$-linear differential operators on $A = k[\Gamma]$, the coordinate ring of an affine monomial curve over the complex numbers $k = \mathbb C$. In particular, we consider the graded case, and classify the simple graded $D$-modules and compute their extensions. The classification over the first Weyl algebra $D = A_1(k)$ is obtained as a special case.

Field of study: Mathematics
An Elementary Introduction to Several Problems Encountered in the Linking-up of Secondary Vocatinal Education with Higher Professional Education

The topic of linking-up secondary vocational with higher professional education is an ur- gent important task in the rapid development of professional education. This thesis tries to analyze the internal relations between secondary and higher professional education and raise several aspects and questions which ought to be focused and discussed in realizing successfully the linking-up of secondary vocational education with higher professional education.

Field of study: Education
Electrocarboxylation of Chlorinated Aromatic Compounds

Chorinated benzenes ( 1 , 4 ), biphenyls ( 6 , 9 ), dibenzofurans ( 10 , 15 , 17 , 18 ), 2-chlorodibenzo[1,4]dioxine ( 24 ) and 1-chloronaphthalene ( 26 ) as well as dibenzofuran ( 12 ) and naphthalene ( 27 ) themselves were transformed into carboxylic acids by galvanostatic electroreduction in the presence of carbon dioxide ("electrocarboxylation"). Dry DMF was used as solvent, zinc or stainless steel as cathode and magnesium as a sacrificial anode in an undivided cell. Hydrogenation of aromatic rings was not observed. However, reductive addition of two molecules of carbon dioxide to form dihydrodicarboxylic acids, e.g. 22 and 29 , occurs in the dibenzofuran and naphthalene series.

Field of study: Chemistry
Radiative capture in 4He12C channel of 16O nucleus in the potential cluster model

Radiative capture processes in 4He12C channel of 16O nucleus are considered on the basis of potential two-cluster model with intercluster interactions which contain forbidden states and reproduce phase shifts of elastic scattering and some characteristics of bound states. Astrophysical S-factors are calculated at low energies. It was shown that the model used enables to describe the total cross-sections of the photoprocesses.

Field of study: Physics
Work environment and well being among physician managers. The importance of organisational influence and support

During the last decade, there has been a renewed interest in physicians´ working conditions at a time when health care is undergoing major structural and financial changes. Physicians report decreasing work satisfaction and at the same time increasingly contemplate on leaving their profession. Despite an increasing proportion of female physicians, they are underrepresented in management positions. Very often, female physicians also report worse personal health and less organisational influence than their male colleagues. Management programs have been viewed as an important vehicle to improve working conditions and career development for female physicians.The aim of the present thesis was to evaluate the effects on individual health, professional development, perception of organisational structure and career development. Fifty-two female physicians participated in structured 1-year management programs. The control group consisted of 52 physicians not participating in any formal management education during the study period. The female physicians were compared with 157 male physicians in order to evaluate possible gender and manager-reported differences on individual and organisational well-being. The study also assessed occupational predictors of individual well-being, health and professional development for managers.Participants in management programs reported a clearer organisational structure and improved professional development and influence. However, there were no significant effects with regard to health, sickness absenteeism, nor career development. Male and female physicians differed in several areas when assessed as a group, but stratifying for management level, most of the gender-related differences disappeared. When managers rated clearer organisational structure, this was associated with higher ratings on individual well-being and professional development.Management programs for female physicians might have some beneficial effects but these programs need to be better defined and targeted to the most important issues at hand to recruit future managers. Furthermore, these programs must be better integrated with other processes to create efficient and able managers.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Research of Trunk Technology Oriented Topology Discovery Algorithm

With the enterprise's network being a large scale and complex,along with VLAN technology getting widely used in data-link layer network,the current topology discovery algorithm has weakness in discovery efficiency and adaptability.This paper analyzes the Trunk technical characteristics combining with address forwarding information and the Trunk network to come up with a new topology discovery algorithm,the algorithm improves the network topology discovery algorithm operating efficiency and accuracy of the results found,In addition,the algorithm analyzing multi-vendor data so that the algorithm will be suit for the current mainstream of multi-VLAN switching network topology and it will give a logical connection information,at the same time,this paper presents the test results of algorithm implementation in a campus network.

Field of study: Computer science
Gut microbiome alterations induced by tributyltin exposure are associated with increased body weight, impaired glucose and insulin homeostasis and endocrine disruption in mice.

Tributyltin (TBT), an organotin compound once widely used in agriculture and industry, has been reported to induce obesity and endocrine disruption. Gut microbiota has a strong connection with the host's physiology. Nevertheless, the influences of TBT exposure on gut microbiota and whether TBT-influenced gut microbiota is related to TBT-induced toxicity remain unclear. To fill these gaps, ICR (CD-1) mice were respectively exposed to TBT at NOEL (L-TBT) and tenfold NOEL (H-TBT) daily by gavage for 8 weeks in the current study. The results showed that TBT exposure significantly increased body weight as well as epididymal fat, and led to adipocyte hypertrophy, dyslipidemia and impaired glucose and insulin homeostasis in mice. Additionally, TBT exposure significantly decreased the levels of T4, T3 and testosterone in serum. Also of note, TBT exposure changed gut microbiota composition mainly by decreasing Bacteroidetes and increasing Firmicutes proportions. To confirm the role of gut microbiota in TBT-induced overweight and hormonal disorders, fecal microbiota transplantation was performed and the mice receiving gut microbiota from H-TBT mice had similar phenotypes with their donor mice including significant body weight and epididymal fat gain, glucose and insulin dysbiosis and hormonal disorders. These results suggested that gut microbiome altered by TBT exposure was involved in the TBT-induced increased body weight, impaired glucose and insulin homeostasis and endocrine disruption in mice, providing significant evidence and a novel perspective for better understanding the mechanism by which TBT induces toxicity.

Field of study: Environmental science
Large-Scale CO Maps of the Lupus Molecular Cloud Complex

Fully sampled degree-scale maps of the 13CO 2-1 and CO 4-3 transitions toward three members of the Lupus Molecular Cloud Complex?Lupus I, III, and IV?trace the column density and temperature of the molecular gas. Comparison with IR extinction maps from the c2d project requires most of the gas to have a temperature of 8-10 K. Estimates of the cloud mass from 13CO emission are roughly consistent with most previous estimates, while the line widths are higher, around 2 km s?1. CO 4-3 emission is found throughout Lupus I, indicating widespread dense gas, and toward Lupus III and IV. Enhanced line widths at the NW end and along the edge of the B 228 ridge in Lupus I, and a coherent velocity gradient across the ridge, are consistent with interaction between the molecular cloud and an expanding H I shell from the Upper-Scorpius subgroup of the Sco-Cen OB Association. Lupus III is dominated by the effects of two HAe/Be stars, and shows no sign of external influence. Slightly warmer gas around the core of Lupus IV and a low line width suggest heating by the Upper-Centaurus-Lupus subgroup of Sco-Cen, without the effects of an H I shell.

Field of study: Physics
Present Situation on Research and Applications of the Silver Alloys for Jewelry

The causes of the tarnishing of silver alloys for jewelry were simply analyzed,among which the sulfidation of silver and the oxidation fire scale of copper were considered as the main causes.Meanwhile,the paper introduced the present research situation of several categories of anti-tarnishing silver alloys,including precious metals alloying,rare earth alloying and other active elements alloying.And the main problems encountered by jewelry enterprises in the application of typical anti-tarnishing silver alloys,such as insufficient discoloration resisting property,inadequate hardness,casting flaws and polishing defects were discussed.And the performance assessment methods of anti-tarnishing silver alloys for jewelry were suggested at the end.

Field of study: Materials science
Cytokines and the regulation of fungus-specific CD4 T cell differentiation.

CD4 T cells play important and non-redundant roles in protection against infection with diverse fungi. Distinct CD4 T cell subsets can mediate protection against fungal disease where Th1 and Th17 CD4 T cell subsets have been found to promote fungal clearance and protective immunity against diverse fungal pathogens. The differentiation of naïve CD4 T cells into Th1 or Th17 cells is crucially controlled by their interaction with dendritic cells and instructed by cytokines. IL-12 and IFN-γ promote Th1 differentiation while TGF-β, IL-6, IL-1, IL-21 and IL-23 promote Th17 differentiation and maintenance. The production of these cytokines by DCs is in turn regulated by innate receptors triggered in response to fungal infection. In this review we will discuss the contributions of cytokines found to influence fungus-specific CD4 T cell differentiation and their role in defense against fungal disease. We will also highlight the contributions of innate receptors involved in recognition of fungi and how they shape cytokine secretion and CD4 T cell differentiation.

Field of study: Medicine
Population dynamics of insect pests of sugarcane in Punjab.

Regular surveys were conducted in the 16 sugar mills located in nine districts of Punjab state from 2001 to 2004 to develop survey schedule for recommending control measures and to determine the spatial pattern and intensity of different sugarcane pests. Among the various pests, stalk borer, top borer, Pyrilla and black bug can be considered as key pests, while early shoot borer, root borer, while grub and whiteflx as localized pests. The third brood of top borer can be controlled on the basis of incidence of second brood. The surveillance can be conducted in the months of April for black bug, Pyrilla, thrips and mite, in June for top borer (II brood), shoot borer and termite in September for top borer (III brood), root borer, gurdaspur borer, whitefly, and Pyrilla and at the time of harvesting for stalk borer.

Field of study: Biology
Effects of Mucuna pruriens on Free Fatty Acid Levels and Histopathological Changes in the Brains of Rats Fed a High Fructose Diet

To investigate free fatty acid levels and histopathological changes in the brain of rats fed a high fructose diet (HFrD) and to evaluate the effects of Mucuna pruriens, known to have antidiabetic activity, on these changes.  The study comprised 28 mature female Wistar rats. The rats were divided into 4 groups, each included 7 rats. Group 1: control; group 2: fed an HFrD; group 3: fed normal rat chow and M. pruriens; group 4: fed an HFrD and M. pruriens for 6 weeks. At the end of 6 weeks, the rats were decapitated, blood and brain tissues were obtained. Serum glucose and triglyceride levels were measured. Free fatty acid levels were measured in 1 cerebral hemisphere of each rat and histopathological changes in the other. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare quantitative continuous data between 2 independent groups, and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare quantitative continuous data between more than 2 independent groups.  Arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid levels were significantly higher in group 2 than in group 1 (p < 0.05). Free arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid levels in group 4 were significantly less than in group 2 (p < 0.05). Histopathological examination of group 2 revealed extensive gliosis, neuronal hydropic degeneration, and edema. In group 4, gliosis was much lighter than in group 2, and edema was not observed. Neuronal structures in group 4 were similar to those in group 1.  The HFrD increased the levels of free arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid probably due to membrane degradation resulting from possible oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain. The HFrD also caused extensive gliosis, neuronal hydropic degeneration, and edema. Hence, M. pruriens could have therapeutic effects on free fatty acid metabolism and local inflammatory responses in the brains of rats fed an HFrD.

Field of study: Medicine
The measurement of membrane potential during photosynthesis and during respiration in intact cells of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata by both electrochromism and by permeant ion redistribution.

1. The membrane potential in intact cells of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata during photosynthesis and during dark respiration has been measured by two independent methods. 2. The light-induced and O2-induced shifts in the carotenoid absorption spectrum were measured in the intact cells. The shift was calibrated with K+-diffusion potentials in chromatophores derived from those cells. The light-induced and O2-induced membrane potentials were -290 mV and -230 mV respectively. 3. The energized uptake of butyltriphenylphosphonium ions was measured in the same batch of cells. The light-induced and O2-induced membrane potentials calculated from the Nernst equation were -160 mV and -120 mV respectively. 4. It is concluded that the two kinds of probe measure the electric potentials across different domains of the cytoplasmic membrane, but it is difficult to reconcile the existence of such domains with simple electrical analogues of the membrane and aqueous phases.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Micro-beam X-ray absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies at GSECARS: APS beamline 13ID.

GeoSoilEnviroCARS, sector 13 of the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory, provides a micro-beam facility for XAFS, XANES, XRE and x-ray diffraction studies. A KirkpatrickBaez mirror pair gives a focussed monochromatic undulator beam down to 1 x 1/zm with sufficient intensity for x-ray fluorescence mapping and extended XAFS of dilute systems at energies above 4KeV. Special emphasis for these facilities has been given to environmental and earth science studies, including dilute contaminants in natural sediments. As an example, XRF maps and EXAFS data taken with a 4pm by 7#m spot size are shown for the Pu LIII edge of a natural tuff exposed to a dilute aqueous solution of Pu. In addition, x-ray diffraction and scattering capabilities allow the study of surfaces and surface adsorbates with micron-sized beams using xray reflectivity, x-ray standing-waves, and grazing-incidence XAFS.

Field of study: Physics
The Pressurized de/Dx System in the Cleo Detector at Cesr

A unique part of the CLEO detector at CESR is the pressurized wire proportional chamber system for particle identification using measurements of ionization loss (dE/dx) in gaseous Argon. Each particle traversing the ~80 cm thick detector leaves 117 ionization samples. Data obtained from e+e- collisions at CESR in the 10 GeV center-of-mass energy region have been analyzed. Initial results showing the most probable ionization loss of hadrons and leptons as a function of their momenta will be presented. We describe the geometrical, mechanical and electrical construction of this device.

Field of study: Physics
On super-weakly compact sets and uniformly convexifiable sets

This paper mainly concerns the topological nature of uniformly convexifiable sets in general Banach spaces: A sufficient and necessary condition for a bounded closed convex set C of a Banach space X to be uniformly convexifiable (i.e. there exists an equivalent norm on X which is uniformly convex on C) is that the set C is super-weakly compact, which is defined using a generalization of finite representability. The proofs use appropriate versions of classical theorems, such as James’ finite tree theorem, Enflo’s renorming technique, Grothendieck’s lemma and the Davis–Figiel–Johnson–Pełczyński lemma.

Field of study: Mathematics
Research on Tokenizing Behavior Footprints of Incomplete Transaction

The paper investigates the problem of tokenizing behavior footprints of incomplete transaction,starts from the software interactive behavior itself,tracks and analyses behavior sequences which generated by transactions,and finds the attribution for the behavior which lost token.We propose a system model in which transaction processing satisfied with the semi-Markov process under distributed environment,we use state division algorithm to strip transactions with random order,then,match the bipartite subsystems separately according to the maximum likelihood rule,finally,splice the matched results and form the complete transaction sequences,which improves the efficiency of the monitoring information.The simulation experiment has proved our method has both validity and accuracy in tokenizing incomplete transaction.

Field of study: Computer science
Contemplation of the basic conception of health first

By probing into such two issues as the meaning of health first and how to understand health first,the au-thors put forward the following opinions: health first is an overall guiding ideology set forth by China in the process of capacity education;correctly understanding and recognizing its scientific connotations is the basic assurance for establishing the grand view of health and implementing health first in scholastic physical education;scholastic physical education should fully exert its unique functions in the process of people cultivation,and focus on enhanc-ing student’s sports capacities,so as to boost the realization of capacity education objectives.

Field of study: Education
A convenient synthesis and structural analysis of novel 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-indazoles

A new series of t-4-aryl-3,c-6-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-indazole-r-5-carboxylic acid isopropyl esters has been synthesized by adopting a conventional method from cyclic β-keto esters. 1H, 13C NMR, and IR spectra for all the compounds were investigated. HMBC, HSQC, COSY, and NOESY spectra of the representative compounds were studied. The stereochemistry of a six-membered ring of the fused indazoles resembled that of keto esters. From the HMBC correlations the indazole structure was confirmed as 1H-indazole.

Field of study: Chemistry