nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Diagenesis of dinosaur eggshell from the Gobi Desert, Mongolia

In order to test for paleoenvironmental and paleoecological parameters important in dinosaur evolution, thirty-four fragments of dinosaur eggshell, paleosol carbonates from six localities, and calcite crystals from inside a dinosaur femur were collected from the Campanian to Maastrichtian Baruungoyot and Nemegt formations, Gobi Desert, Mongolia. The samples were examined for diagenesis using light microscopy, SEM, and cathodoluminescence, and each was analyzed for δ13C and δ18O values. Eggshell isotope values plot along two trends of enrichment, with paleosol carbonate nodule values plotting along locality specific trends. Convergence of the trends suggests similar initial conditions among localities. Permian-age detrital zircons in the fossiliferous sediment suggest that enriched eggshell and paleosol carbonate nodule δ13C values may have been caused by phreatic zone diagenetic alteration by waters with an aqueous bicarbonate component derived from interaction and dissolution of Permian calcareous marine host rocks. Our hypothetical model for eggshell diagenesis assumes a stable carbon- and oxygen-isotope domain space delimited by three end members: (1) apparently unaltered eggshell with primary microstructure, (2) non-luminescent eggshell with no preserved microstructure, and (3) luminescent eggshell with no preserved microstructure. The two end members showing no preservation of microstructure indicate different phases of diagenetic alteration in the presence of vadose and phreatic waters. None of the samples analyzed can be shown to be sufficiently unaltered for analysis using standard techniques. Biologically, eggshell is porous to facilitate the movement of gases while an embryo is developing within the egg. Geologically, that same property allows the flow of diagenetic ground waters, which modifies the primary isotopic signature of eggshell.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Wapussakatoo Mountains, Labrador

During the summer of 1933, the writers were engaged in investigations near the headwaters of the Hamilton River system in western Labrador. The expedition was organized to explore for mineral deposits, and especially to investigate certain quartz veins which were reported to exist in this area and to carry important gold values. The reported deposits proved to be of no value. The geological observations made in connection with this work extended over some 300 square miles and are the first to be recorded from this area. A report made by A. P. Low,1 on explorations carried out for the Geological Survey of Canada, provides the only available published information on the geology of adjacent parts of Quebec and Labrador. LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITY The area discussed in this paper lies between latitudes 52° 45′ and 53° 10′ N. and longitudes 66° 35′ and 67° 05′ W., adjacent to the height . . .

Field of study: Geology
Oxidative C-H/C-H coupling of azine and indole/pyrrole nuclei: Palladium catalysis and synthesis of eudistomin U

We have developed a palladium-catalyzed C–H/C–H coupling reaction of indoles or pyrroles with azine N-oxides. The reaction proceeds selectively at the C3 position of indoles/pyrroles and the C2 pos...

Field of study: Chemistry
Protective Estimation of Longitudinal Categorical Data With Nonrandom Dropout

Partially observed longitudinal categorical data, where the partial classification arises due to monotone dropout, are analyzed using a protective estimator, which was first suggested by Brown (Biometrics, 1990) for normally distributed data. It is appropriate when dropout depends on the unobserved outcomes only, a particular type of nonignorable nonresponse. Estimation of measurement parameters is possible, without explicitly modelling the dropout process. Necessary and sufficient conditions are derived in order to have a unique solution in the interior of the parameter space. It is shown that precision estimates can be based on the delta method, the EM algorithm, and on multiple imputation. The relative merits of these techniques are discussed and they are contrasted with direct likelihood estimation and with pseudo-likelihood estimation. The method is illustrated using data taken from a psychiatric study.

Field of study: Mathematics
A SINGLE EVENTWIND EROSION MODEL

A Single Event Wind Erosion Model (SEEM) has been developed and tested with field erosion data. Estimates of 
mass transport and critical field lengths are possible with SEEM when given simple inputs for soil, crop, field, and weather 
conditions. With the transport and critical field length coefficients in a sigmoid equation, average soil loss can be computed. 
Estimates of soil loss from 2.6 ha circular fields with SEEM ranged from 0.03 to 6.64 kg/m2, measured values ranged from 
0.015 to 8.03 kg/m2. Calculated soil losses were correlated with measured losses for seven sites and eleven storms (r2 = 
0.88).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Material Design Methodology for Optimized Wear-Resistant Thermoplastic–Matrix Composites Based on Polyetheretherketone and Polyphenylene Sulfide

The main goal of this paper is to design and justify optimized compositions of thermoplastic–matrix wear-resistant composites based on polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and polyphenylene sulfide (PPS). Their mechanical and tribological properties have been specified in the form of bilateral and unilateral limits. For this purpose, a material design methodology has been developed. It has enabled to determine the optimal degrees of filling of the PEEK- and PPS-based composites with carbon microfibers and polytetrafluoroethylene particles. According to the results of tribological tests, the PEEK-based composites have been less damaged on the metal counterpart than the PPS-based samples having the same degree of filling. Most likely, this was due to more uniform permolecular structure and greater elasticity of the matrix. The described methodology is versatile and can be used to design various composites. Its implementation does not impose any limits on the specified properties of the material matrix or the reinforcing inclusions. The initial data on the operational characteristics can be obtained experimentally or numerically. The methodology enables to design the high-strength wear-resistant composites which are able to efficiently operate both in metal–polymer and ceramic–polymer friction units.

Field of study: Materials science
Writing Under Tyranny: English Literature and the Henrician Reformation (review)

explores Bacon’s use and engagement with the language and process of contemporary exploration and discovery, noting that Bacon himself drew a congruity between policy and nature. Finally, Catherine Martin and William Lynch seek to reassess recent feminist critiques painting Bacon’s thought and writings as relentlessly patriarchal, and explore the methodological unity Bacon unwittingly bequeathed to the Royal Society, respectively. A useful addition to the ongoing debate on Bacon and his importance to both the early modern and the modern world, the success of this collection mirrors the success of Bacon’s own project, as while it never quite achieves the unity of critical discourse it plainly desires, it is none the worse for that. PETE LANGMAN Queen Mary, University of London

Field of study: History
Changes in the vertical distribution of leaf area enhanced light interception efficiency in maize over generations of selection.

Breeders select for yield, thereby indirectly selecting for traits that contribute to it. We tested if breeding has affected a range of traits involved in plant architecture and light interception, via the analysis of a panel of 60 maize hybrids released from 1950 to 2015. This was based on novel traits calculated from reconstructions derived from a phenotyping platform. The contribution of these traits to light interception was assessed in virtual field canopies composed of 3D plant reconstructions, with a model tested in a real field. Two categories of traits had different contributions to genetic progress. (a) The vertical distribution of leaf area had a high heritability and showed a marked trend over generations of selection. Leaf area tended to be located at lower positions in the canopy, thereby improving light penetration and distribution in the canopy. This potentially increased the carbon availability to ears, via the amount of light absorbed by the intermediate canopy layer. (b) Neither the horizontal distribution of leaves in the relation to plant rows nor the response of light interception to plant density showed appreciable trends with generations. Hence, among many architectural traits, the vertical distribution of leaf area was the main indirect target of selection.

Field of study: Environmental science
The AMBRE Project: formation and evolution of the Milky Way disc

We study the chemical evolution of the thick and thin discs of the Galaxy by comparing detailed chemical evolution models with recent data from the AMBRE Project. The data suggest that the stars in the thick and thin discs form two distinct sequences with the thick disc stars showing higher [{\alpha}/Fe] ratios. We adopt two different approaches to model the evolution of thick and thin discs. In particular, we adopt: i) a two-infall approach where the thick disc forms fast and before the thin disc and by means of a fast gas accretion episode, whereas the thin disc forms by means of a second accretion episode on a longer timescale; ii) a parallel approach, where the two discs form in parallel but at different rates. By comparing our model results with the observed [Mg/Fe] vs. [Fe/H] and the metallicity distribution functions in the two Galactic components, we conclude that the parallel approach can account for a group of {\alpha}-enhanced metal rich stars present in the data, whereas the two-infall approach cannot explain these stars unless they are the result of stellar migration. In both approaches, the thick disc has formed on a timescale of accretion of 0.1 Gyr, whereas the thin disc formed on a timescale of 7 Gyr in the solar region. In the two-infall approach a gap in star formation between the thick and thin disc formation of several hundreds of Myr should be present, at variance with the parallel approach where no gap is present.

Field of study: Physics
Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.

Field of study: Engineering
Carbon 12 as a nucleus of symmetry [444]

TheT=0 spectrum of C12 is calculated by diagonalising a realistic 12-nucleon Hamiltonian in a space of cluster wave functions with spatial symmetry Young diagram [444]. The results give a good correspondence with the low-lying experimental levels. A good qualitative description of these levels is given by a simple model of three bosons which move translationally invariant in a harmonic oscillator; this model serves as a starting point for the calculation.

Field of study: Physics
Identification of Minimal p53 Promoter Region Regulated by MALAT1 in Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells

The MALAT1 long noncoding RNA is strongly linked to cancer progression. Here we report a MALAT1 function in repressing the promoter of p53 (TP53) tumor suppressor gene. p21 and FAS, well-known p53 targets, were upregulated by MALAT1 knockdown in A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells. We found that these upregulations were mediated by transcriptional activation of p53 through MALAT1 depletion. In addition, we identified a minimal MALAT1-responsive region in the P1 promoter of p53 gene. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that MALAT1-depleted cells exhibited G1 cell cycle arrest. These results suggest that MALAT1 affects the expression of p53 target genes through repressing p53 promoter activity, leading to influence the cell cycle progression.

Field of study: Biology
Contribution of Nano- to Microscale Roughness to Heterogeneity: Closing the Gap between Unfavorable and Favorable Colloid Attachment Conditions.

Surface roughness has been reported to both increase as well as decrease colloid retention. In order to better understand the boundaries within which roughness operates, attachment of a range of colloid sizes to glass with three levels of roughness was examined under both favorable (energy barrier absent) and unfavorable (energy barrier present) conditions in an impinging jet system. Smooth glass was found to provide the upper and lower bounds for attachment under favorable and unfavorable conditions, respectively. Surface roughness decreased, or even eliminated, the gap between favorable and unfavorable attachment and did so by two mechanisms: (1) under favorable conditions attachment decreased via increased hydrodynamic slip length and reduced attraction and (2) under unfavorable conditions attachment increased via reduced colloid-collector repulsion (reduced radius of curvature) and increased attraction (multiple points of contact, and possibly increased surface charge heterogeneity). Absence of a gap where these forces most strongly operate for smaller (<200 nm) and larger (>2 μm) colloids was observed and discussed. These observations elucidate the role of roughness in colloid attachment under both favorable and unfavorable conditions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Life-cycle inventory and impact evaluation of mining municipal solid waste landfills.

Recent research and policy directives have emerged with a focus on sustainable management of waste materials, and the mining of old landfills represents an opportunity to meet sustainability goals by reducing the release of liquid- and gas-phase contaminants into the environment, recovering land for more productive use, and recovering energy from the landfilled materials. The emissions associated with the landfill mining process (waste excavation, screening, and on-site transportation) were inventoried on the basis of diesel fuel consumption data from two full-scale mining projects (1.3-1.5 L/in-place m(3) of landfill space mined) and unit emissions (mass per liter of diesel consumption) from heavy equipment typically deployed for mining landfills. An analytical framework was developed and used in an assessment of the life-cycle environmental impacts of a few end-use management options for materials deposited and mined from an unlined landfill. The results showed that substantial greenhouse gas emission reductions can be realized in both the waste relocation and materials and energy recovery scenarios compared to a "do nothing" case. The recovery of metal components from landfilled waste was found to have the greatest benefit across nearly all impact categories evaluated, while emissions associated with heavy equipment to mine the waste itself were found to be negligible compared to the benefits that mining provided.

Field of study: Environmental science
SGEESS: Smart green energy-efficient scheduling strategy with dynamic electricity price for data center

Nowadays, it becomes a major trend to use the green renewable energy in the data center when considering the environment protection and the energy crisis. To improve the energy efficiency and save the system cost, the computational tasks of data center should match to the renewable energy supply. This paper aims to develop a smart green energy-efficient scheduling strategy to increase utilization of renewable energy, reduce system running cost and improve the task satisfaction rate in a data center partially powered by the renewable energy. We first define three mathematical models, i.e., task model, energy model and scheduling model for the proposed problem. Then, a smart green energy-efficient scheduling strategy is proposed for the task scheduling in the data center, based on the renewable energy prediction and the dynamic grid electricity price. In the experiments, three other scheduling strategies, i.e., Green-Scheduling Strategy, Price-Scheduling Strategy and Greedy-Energy-Efficient Strategy, are provided for comparisons, a real-world trace of Google cloud trace is also tested. The experimental results confirm the superiority and effectiveness of the proposed scheduling strategy.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
The Wage Is Right!

and-demand model, high school economics students spend considerable time studying competitive markets for such goods as wheat, apples, and corn. They usually spend less time studying markets for labor. That is a shame, because high school students have a vital interest in understanding why some jobs pay more than others and why in the future, certain occupations are likely to experience much faster growth than others. The supply-and-demand model is the ideal tool for shedding light on these matters. In this article, I describe a set of brief classroom games that encourages students to apply the supply-and-demand model to labor markets. The games are patterned after The Price Is Right, a longrunning game show on CBS in which contestants guess the prices of various goods. In the class version, the students guess the median earnings of different occupations and predict which will grow the fastest. The games acquaint students with different occupations and help them understand how earnings are related to training, talent, and other factors. Once the students understand the rules, each game lasts about ten minutes. The students can play several games during one or two class periods or use the game to fill brief time slots throughout the school term. The activity correlates with the National Council on Economic Education’s Content Standard 13 for the twelfth grade.

Field of study: Sociology
Serendipitous ALMA detection of a distant CO-emitting galaxy with a buried active galactic nucleus beyond the nearby merging galaxies VV114

We report the detection of a distant star-forming galaxy, ALMA J010748.3-173028, which is identified by a 13-sigma emission line at 99.75 GHz (SdV = 3.1 Jy km/s), behind the nearby merging galaxies VV114 using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) Band 3. We also find an 880-um counterpart with ALMA Band 7 (S_880um = 11.2 mJy). A careful comparison of the intensities of the line and the continuum suggests that the line is a redshifted 12CO transition. A photometric redshift analysis using the infrared to radio data favors a CO redshift of z = 2.467, although z = 3.622 is acceptable. We also find a hard X-ray counterpart, suggesting the presence of a luminous (L_X ~ 10^44 erg/s) active galactic nucleus obscured by a large hydrogen column (N_H ~ 2 x 10^23 cm^-2 if z = 2.47). A cosmological simulation shows that the chance detection rate of a CO-emitting galaxy at z > 1 with \ge 1 Jy km/s is ~ 10^-3 per single ALMA field of view and 7.5-GHz bandwidth at 99.75 GHz. This demonstrates that ALMA has sufficient sensitivity to find an emission-line galaxy such as ALMA J010748.3-173028 even by chance, although the likelihood of stumbling across such a source is not high.

Field of study: Physics
The Effect of the Global Financial Crisis on the Level of Accounting Conservatism in Commercial Banks: Evidence from Jordan

This paper intends to investigate whether the financial crisis (2008) exerted an impact on the level of accounting conservatism in the case of Jordanian commercial banks before and during the financial crisis. The sample of this study includes 78 observations; these observations are based on the financial statements of all commercial banks in Jordan and may be referred to as cross-sectional data, whereas the period from 2005 to 2011 represents a range of years characterized by time series data. The appropriate regression model to measure the relationship between cross-sectional data and time series data is in this case the pooled data regression (PDR) using the ordinary least squares (OLS) method. The results indicate that the level of accounting conservatism had been steadily increasing over a period of three years from 2005 to 2007. The results also indicate that the level of accounting conservatism was subjected to an increase during crisis period between 2009 and 2011 compared with the level of accounting conservatism for the period 2005-2007 preceding the global financial crisis. The F-test was used in order to test the significant differences between the regression coefficients for the period before and during the global financial crisis. The results indicate a positive impact on the accounting conservatism during the global financial crisis compared with the period before the global financial crisis. The p-value is 0.040 which indicates that there are statistically significant differences between the two periods; these results are consistent with the results in Sampaio (2015).

Field of study: Business
Sand nourishment strategies to mitigate coastal erosion and sea level rise at the coasts of Holland (The Netherlands) and Aveiro (Portugal) in the 21st century

Coastline retreat is an evident sign of the vulnerability of low-lying sandy coasts to erosion and sea level rise (SLR). Sand nourishments are commonly used to maintain foreshores, beaches, and dunes to preserve their role in flood protection, beach recreation and biodiversity. The feasibility of sand nourishments for long-term maintenance of large-scale coastal systems is hard to determine with detailed numerical morphological models. This study presents a method using a sand nourishment impact model (Ntool) that accounts for repeated sand nourishments over time as well as erosion and SLR impacts on the shoreline position. In Ntool the redistribution of sediment alongshore is based on detailed simulations of the current situation of waves (Delft3D-WAVE) and shoreline development (UNIBEST-CL+). Two sand nourishment strategies for the period 2010–2100 were evaluated and compared for the ca. 100 km long sandy shores of the Dutch coast (the Netherlands) and the Aveiro coast (Portugal): i) the hold-the-line strategy, in which coastline retreat is directly restored by means of local sand nourishments and ii) the sand balance strategy, in which sand nourishments are applied each five years at high-value locations with volumes equal to the sand deficiencies due to sea level rise plus other known structural sediment losses in a particular sediment cell. Regionalised SLR projections of up to 0.5, 0.7 and 1.9 m by 2100 were taken into account. Results show that sand nourishments remain a cost-effective method of flood protection for the Dutch coast and are feasible for the centuries to come, even under the high-end SLR scenario, because large sand resources are available in the North Sea. For the Aveiro coast, large-scale sand nourishments might be feasible in combination with a policy of managed retreat for low-value areas to avoid expensive locked-in situations. The sand balance strategy is considered the most practical and has the advantage of economy of scale.

Field of study: Environmental science