nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Lack of inhibiting effect of oil emplacement on quartz cementation: Evidence from Cambrian reservoir sandstones, Paleozoic Baltic Basin

Currently, the question of whether or not the presence of oil in sandstone inhibits quartz cementation and preserves porosity is still debated. Data from a number of Cambrian sandstone oil fields and dry fields have been studied to determine the effects of oil emplacement on quartz cementation. The data show that the porosity distribution is not affected by the presence of oil in sandstones from oil fields and dry fields with similar porosity distribution. From this, it can be concluded that oil emplacement does not lead to preservation of primary porosity, and silica supply for quartz cementation is derived from internal sources. Rather, in spite of large variation in porosity and quartz cement content, a regular pattern of porosity decrease is related to increasing temperature or depth. The observed heterogeneity is due to local factors that influence the precipitation of quartz cement, including sandstone architecture, i.e., distribution of shales within the sandstone bodies, and sandstone thickness. Heterogeneity is inherent to sandstone architecture and to the fact that silica for quartz cementation is derived from heterogeneously distributed local pressure solution. Models predicting reservoir properties should encompass facies and architecture as important independent factors.

Field of study: Geology
Adipocytokines leptin and adiponectin, and measures of malnutrition-inflammation in chronic renal failure: is there a relationship?

Serum levels of adipocytokines such as leptin and adiponectin are significantly elevated in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). The effect of such adipocytokines on malnutrition in the CRF population has been of substantial interest. We sought to determine the relationship between plasma leptin and adiponectin levels and malnutrition-inflammation status in end-stage renal disease patients.



Thirty patients (15 women and 15 men; mean [+/-SD] age, 50 +/- 14 years) on hemodialysis, and 30 patients (12 women and 18 men; mean [+/-SD] age, 47 +/- 16) on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, were enrolled in this study. Adipocytokine levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Inflammatory markers, such as high-sensitivity serum C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), ferritin, and a nutritional inflammatory scoring system known as the malnutrition-inflammation score (MIS), were also measured in all patients.



Serum leptin had negative correlations with ferritin (r = -0.33, P = .016) and MIS (r = -0.39, P = .003). Adiponectin had a weak positive correlation with MIS (r = 0.26, P = .050), indicating that an increased level of serum adiponectin was associated with a worse nutritional status. Levels of hs-CRP, serum albumin, cholesterol, and triglycerides did not correlate with nutritional status.



Serum leptin concentration seems to be a marker of good nutritional status, rather than an appetite-suppressing uremic toxin, in patients with CRF. However, the positive correlation between serum adiponectin and worse nutritional-inflammatory status suggests that elevated adiponectin levels may contribute to the pathogenesis of malnutrition in such patients.

Field of study: Medicine
Prokaryotes: an overview with respect to biodiversity and environmental importance

A short overview of the biodiversity of prokaryotes (the domains bacteria and archaea) is given, with respect to morpholoy, physiology, and biochemistry. The importance of prokaryotes in food chains, nutrient and biogeochemical cycles, and for the maintenance of a balanced atmosphere is explained and stressed. The involvement of prokaryotes in symbiotic mutualisms and in pathogenicity is discussed.

Field of study: Environmental science
ARTICLES: Use of secondary electron in He-Ne lasers with a transverse microwave discharge

The results are presented of theoretical and experimental studies of He–Ne lasers having a transverse microwave discharge, in which the elements of the plane microwave transmission line are simultaneously secondary-electron emitters. It is shown that in such lasers the microwave field strength required for the formation of a discharge in the laser channel can be considerably reduced. The electron temperature of the gas, in the steady-state discharge regime, is practically unchanged. Possible advantages of such lasers are discussed. The experimental results confirm the promising outlook for using secondary emitters in small He–Ne lasers pumped by a transistor microwave oscillator.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
OF THE MULTIPLE-CHOICE AND TRUE-FALSE FORMATS

The present study was initiated to investigate the comparability of multiple-choice and true-false item formats when the time necessary to respond to each type of item was equated empirically. Also investigated was the relative difficulty of multiple-choice (MC), true true-false (Tf), and false true-false (tF) items mea suring the same content. Results indicated that true-false items result in a less reliable test than one using a four-option MC format, even when empirically determined differences in time needed to answer the respective formats were taken into account. When scores were corrected for guessing, the MC items were significantly easier than the true-false format.

Field of study: Education
Give calf diarrhoea the runaround (part 1)

Neonatal calf diarrhoea is characterised by life-threatening dehydration which is commonly associated with significant losses in bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, chloride and nutrients (hydro-electrolytic deficits) and physiological imbalances (metabolic acidosis). In Canada, a retrospective study performed over a 20-year period, demonstrated a significant improvement in the recovery rate of calves with diarrhoea that were treated with oral fluid therapy.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Sucrose cycling, Rubisco expression, and prediction of photosynthetic acclimation to elevated atmospheric CO2

Photosynthetic acclimation to elevated CO2 cannot presently be predicted due to our limited understanding of the molecular mechanisms and metabolic signals that regulate photosynthetic gene expression. We have examined acclimation by comparing changes in the leaf content of RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) with changes in the transcripts of Rubisco subunit genes and with leaf carbohydrate metabolism. When grown at 1000 mm3 dm–3 CO2, 12 of 16 crop species at peak vegetative growth had a 15–44% decrease in leaf Rubisco protein, but with no specific association with changes in transcript levels measured at midday. Species with only modest reductions in Rubisco content (10–20%) often had a large reduction in Rubisco small subunit gene mRNAs (> 30%), with no reduction in large subunit gene mRNAs. However, species with a very large reduction in Rubisco content generally had only small reductions in transcript mRNAs. Photosynthetic acclimation also was not specifically associated with a change in the level of any particular carbohydrate measured at midday. However, a threshold relationship was found between the reduction in Rubisco content at high CO2 and absolute levels of soluble acid invertase activity measured in plants grown at ambient or high CO2. This relationship was valid for 15 of the 16 species examined. There also occurred a similar, albeit less robust, threshold relationship between the leaf hexose/sucrose ratio at high CO2 and a reduced photosynthetic capacity ≥ 20%. These data indicate that carbohydrate repression of photosynthetic gene expression at elevated CO2 may involve leaf sucrose cycling through acid invertase and hexokinase.

Field of study: Environmental science
Automatic Parking Fee Management System Based on Single Chip Control

Introduces an automatic temporary parking lot fee management system based on single chip 89C51.It adopts the infrared detection method to compute the parking fee,which is better than the traditional methods.It can compute the parking fee automatically,query and show the parking area state in real time,print the information,open and close the parking lot gate automatically,change the charge standard at any moment,it also can be installed,debugged and used easily,and the cost is low.The system will solve the fee management problem in parking lot completely.

Field of study: Computer science
Relative Anfangsbesetzungszahlen der Zustände 2p und 3d folienangeregter Wasserstoffatome

The Lyman-α radiation of fast moving hydrogen atoms excited by a thin carbon foil is measured using a channel electron multiplier with a Mg F2 filter. The photonintensity-versus-distance curve exhibits the 2p (1.596 ns) decay followed by a cascade tail originating mainly from the 3d level (15.47 ns). The data is analyzed by a computer program using the known mean lives of the 2p, 3d, and 3s states and yields the relative initial state populationY=N2p0N3 d0 which depends on the kind of incident ions (H+ or H2+). For H2+ ions, excited with a single foil, there might be a slight dependence ofY on the beam velocity, but for H+ ions incident on the foil, no such dependence is found.

Field of study: Physics
Improvement of Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu Soldered Joints Between Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 Thermoelectric Material and a Cu Electrode

A Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 thermoelectric (TE) element was directly soldered to a Cu electrode using Sn-3Ag-0.5 Cu alloy. The interface was sound and the bonding strength was satisfactory (8.6 MPa). However, the solder layer was exhausted quickly during high-temperature storage (HTS) tests at 150°C for 300 h and 600 h, and the bonding strength drastically decreased to 1.5 MPa. The consumption of the solder was prevented by electroplating a Ni barrier layer on the TE element, though a low bonding strength of 1.9 MPa resulted. Adding a Sn-rich thin film and a Ni barrier layer onto the Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 element led to a high bonding strength of 12.1 MPa, which decreased only slightly after HTS reliability tests at 150°C for 1000 h. The sound interfaces of the Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3/Cu joints maintained their stability even after HTS at 175°C for 1000 h.

Field of study: Materials science
Some estimates for the maximum shear stress in plane, isotropic elasticity

Upper and lower bounds for the maximum shear stress in a configuration corresponding to a purely distortional deformation originating from a given undistorted (ground) state are obtained in the framework of plane, isotropic, nonlinear elasticity. The bounds are shown to be expressible in terms of the deformation and the boundary traction that is required for maintaining the purely dilatational deformation in the ground state.

Field of study: Mathematics
Thermal properties of the crust and the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary in the area of Poland from the heat flow variability and seismic data

High-resolution 3D seismic P-wave velocity model of Poland (Grad et al.,  2016) and corrected for paleoclimate heat flow map (Majorowicz and Wybraniec,  2011) gridded to a common mesh are used together with four independent thermal models of the crust and upper mantle to calculate heat flow variation with depth and geotherms. Heat flow at Moho depth are calculated and mapped and both confirm large variability with an elevated mantle heat flow (circa 30–40 mW/m2) in the Paleozoic Platform which is some 10–20 mW/m2 higher than Moho heat flow in the north-eastern and south-eastern Poland which belong to a variety of tectonic terranes (the oldest Precambrian Craton, younger Cadomian, Trans-European Suture Zone, Carpathians). Temperatures calculated for the crust show consistent pattern: higher temperatures beneath the Paleozoic Platform and lower temperatures beneath the Precambrian and Cadomian units. At 10 km depth this difference is about 150 °C, about 300 °C at 20 km depth, and about 400 °C at 50–60 km. Assuming the calculated isotherm 580 °C as Curie temperature the magnetic crust thickness was determined as 5–10 km only beneath the Polish Basin, circa 20 km in Carpathians, circa 30 km in Sudetes, and 35–40 km beneath the Precambrian and Cadomian units. Such a thick magnetic crust results from a great depth of Curie temperature, thick crystalline crust, and thin sediments. Mantle heat flow variability is mainly correlating with measured surface heat flow and influences geotherms. Calculated thermal LAB depth follows patterns of heat flow and Moho heat flow variability through Poland with thinnest lithosphere in the high surface heat flow and high mantle heat flow areas. Comparison of this thermal LAB depth estimates with seismic data based LAB depth shows general coincidences when Precambrian Craton vs Paleozoic Platform are considered along the P4 seismic experiment data model (circa 190 km depth vs some 90 km depth, respectively). However, significant differences exist in many areas and especially for the SE Poland when compared with map for the whole of Poland compiled from other seismic reported data.

Field of study: Environmental science
Adaptive and longitudinal pharmaceutical care instruction using an interactive voice response/text-to-speech system.

To develop a course structure that would more closely simulate the actual provision of pharmaceutical care.



An interactive voice response/text-to-speech system (hardware and software) for obtaining patient data was designed and used in a pharmaceutical care laboratory. Students called the system to collect data, listen to progress notes, make recommendations, and update the pharmaceutical care plan for virtual patients. Laboratory time was utilized to evaluate patient progress and respond to recommendations as well as to identify and solve drug-related problems.


ASSESSMENT
Students' recorded communications with the system and completed care plans were evaluated and a competency-based final examination was administered. Peer evaluations and course evaluations were administered.



This innovative approach challenged students and promoted interactive learning. Student evaluations indicated we achieved our objective of creating a course that more closely simulated the actual provision of pharmaceutical care.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Structure of the LCMV nucleoprotein provides a template for understanding arenavirus replication and immunosuppression.

The X-ray crystal structure of the Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus nucleoprotein C-terminal immunosuppressive domain (LCMV NPΔ340) was determined to 2.0 Å resolution. The structure indicates that LCMV NPΔ340, like the other structurally characterized arenaviral nucleoproteins, adopts the fold of an exonuclease. This structure provides a crucial three-dimensional template for functional exploration of the replication and immunosuppression of this prototypic arenavirus.

Field of study: Chemistry
Revisiting unfairness in Web server scheduling

This paper uses trace-driven simulation to study the unfairness properties of Web server scheduling strategies, such as Processor Sharing (PS) and Shortest Remaining Processing Time (SRPT). We use a general-purpose probe-based sampling approach to estimate the mean and variance of the job response time for different job sizes, for arbitrary arrival processes and service time distributions. The results illustrate two different aspects of unfairness called endogenous unfairness and exogenous unfairness. We quantify each, focusing on the mean and variance of slowdown conditioned on job size, for a range of system loads. Our work confirms recent theoretical results regarding the asymptotic convergence of scheduling policies with respect to slowdown, and illustrates typical performance results for a practical range of job sizes in an empirical workload. Finally, we show the sensitivities of SRPT and PS scheduling to selected characteristics of the arrival process and job size distribution.

Field of study: Computer science
Engineering the hole confinement for CdTe-based quantum dot molecules

We demonstrate an efficient method to engineer the quantum confinement in a system of two quantum dots grown in a vertical stack. We achieve this by using materials with a different lattice constant for the growth of the outer and inner barriers. We monitor the resulting dot morphology with transmission electron microscopy studies and correlate the results with ensemble quantum dot photoluminescence. Furthermore, we embed the double quantum dots into diode structures and study photoluminescence as a function of bias voltage. We show that in properly engineered structures, it is possible to achieve a resonance of the hole states by tuning the energy levels with electric field. At the resonance, we observe signatures of a formation of a molecular state, hybridized over the two dots.

Field of study: Physics
Establishment and Application of High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectral Library for Formulae Ingredients Identification of Traditional Chinese Medicine

High performance liquid chromatography mass library for traditional Chinese medicine ( TCM) formulae ingredients identification was established on quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization interface. By Chromalynx module in Masslynx workstation,peak detection,library search and ingredient identification could be rapidly performed. The establishing method could be applied on HPLC/UPLC-ESI-MS system to improve the efficiency and accuracy of ingredients identification in categorized formulae analysis. In this study,Si-Wu decoction categorized formulae were selected as an example to demonstrate the library establishment and application. The LC/MS/MS Library contains a total of 57 standard references of Si-Wu decoction categorized formulae,including the retention time,exact molecular weights of parent and fragment ions in positive and negative scan mode. The library supports the standard NIST spectra search and comparison methods.

Field of study: Chemistry
Commons, Coase, and the Unchanging Nature of the Social Provisioning Process

We compare the analytical approach of John R. Common and Ronald H. Coase to institutional analysis and social provisioning. In particular, we examine their similarities in (i) the definition and role of institutions in the economy, (ii) the allocative (social provisioning) role of institutions in the economy, and (iii) the inescapable and unchanging role of institutions in shaping the social provisioning process. We contend that Commons and Coase had more in common than did Coase and many of his followers in the “new institutional economics.” In particular, the two had strong similarities in both (a) their insights into the nature of institutions in the legal-economic nexus that is the foundation of the economy and (b) their methods for conducting economics research. Because this role of institutional evolution is, as Warren Samuels noted, an inescapable and unchanging part of an economy’s social provisioning process, it will remain an integral part of any such work in the future, regardless of the “school of analysis” or methodological approach.

Field of study: Economics
Site selection for artificial reefs using a new combine Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) tools for coral reefs in the Kish Island – Persian Gulf

The present study investigates the suitability of the Kish Island coastal areas for the establishment of Corals Artificial Reefs (CAR) using the new Spatial Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (SMCDM) tool. This new method based on the combination of existing Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) with Expert Systems (ES), Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) and field study. In this research suitable artificial reefs areas were determined through 3 stages of analysis: (i) evaluation (identification, scoping and weighting) criteria and sub criteria using literature review, Delphi method and Pair-Wise comparison (PWC), respectively; (ii) construction of the GIS model based on MCDM approach; and (iii) verification of the GIS model outputs and prioritization of the selected areas using field study and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), respectively. As a result, seven alternatives (7.2% of the study area) were identified as the most preferred areas for CAR sitting. Ranking of alternatives by AHP indicated that zones 7 and 6 obtained the highest priority and zones 5, 2, 3, 4 and 1 had the lowest priority for CAR establishing in Kish Island, respectively. In this study the WLC and AHP was used for identification and prioritization of the most preferred areas, respectively. There was a difference between the results of the WLC and AHP. We propose the WLC should be used for the identification and AHP should be used for prioritization of alternatives.

Field of study: Environmental science
Emittance Analysis of Beam Propagation in Low Pressure Air

Relativistic electron beam propagation in a conducting tube filled with low pressure air is investigated. Filling pressures from 20 to 320 mTorr were used. For all of the pressures in this range a significant portion of the beam current was transported over a 1 m tube length. Detailed emittance analysis characterizing beam propagation in the low pressure air is presented.

Field of study: Physics
Bound excitons in GaP under pressures up to 10 GPa

Excitons bound to isoelectronic centres (single atom nitrogen, nitrogen pairs) in GaP were investigated in detail from luminescence spectra under pressures of up to 10 GPa and temperatures of 1.7-100 K. A strong nonlinear dependence of EN,NNi(p) was observed. Excitons approaching the band edge under pressure become free or bound to donors.

Field of study: Materials science
Device for magneto-optic signal detection with a small crystal prism.

A device made of a birefringent crystal for signal detection of magneto-optic (MO) disks is presented. The light beam from a MO disk is separated into two orthogonally polarized components at the surface of a birefringent prism. After these two components are reflected by the top and the bottom surfaces of the prism inside, at the detector they become sufficiently separated from each other for discrete detection, even though the prism is small. A method for calculating the light intensities and the positions of focused beams in a birefringent prism and the results of a fundamental experiment are presented.

Field of study: Physics
[Identification of VP3 antigenic epitopes of infectious bursal disease virus].

Infectious bursal disease virus(IBD) causes infectious bursal disease (IBD), which infects bursal of chicken and can evoke immune suppression. This study identified the antigenic epitopes of four McAbs to IBDV VP3(HRB-3F, HRB-7B, HRB-7C and HRB-10E)with pepscan. A set of 17 partially overlapping or consecutive peptides (P1-P17) spanning VP3 were expressed for epitope screening by pepscan. Finally, two antigenic epitopes, 109-119aa and 177-190aa of IBDV VP3, were identified by Western blot and ELISA. The peptides on epitopes could react with IBDV, and they had better immunnogenicity. The sequences of epitopes were compared with that of several other IBDV strains in the same region, and was found they were totally homologous. This study showed the two epitopes were novel conserved linear B cell epitopes on the VP3 of IBDV. This study provides basis for the development of immunity-based prophylactic, therapeutic and diagnostic measures for control of IBD and further for structural and functional analysis of IBDV.

Field of study: Biology
High Performance Network Processor-Based IPv4/IPv6 Transition Gateway

Network address/port/protocol translation (NAPT-PT) is a scheme dedicated to serve for pure IPv4 host to communicate with pure IPv6 host during the transition period. How to improve the IPv4/IPv6 transition performance is critical.This paper gives the design of high-performance transition gateway using hardware pipeline technology on an Intel IXP1200 evaluation board. Comparing with the performance of open sourced NAT-PT running on a PC,the evaluation results shows that network processor-based NAPT-PT's performance is obviously better than the NAT-PT running on a PC.

Field of study: Computer science