nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Chronic Binge Alcohol Administration Increases Intestinal T-Cell Proliferation and Turnover in Rhesus Macaques.

Alcohol use results in changes in intestinal epithelial cell turnover and microbial translocation, yet less is known about the consequences on intestinal lymphocytes in the gut. Here, we compared T-cell subsets in the intestine of macaques before and after 3 months of chronic alcohol administration to examine the effects of alcohol on intestinal T-cell subsets.



Rhesus macaques received either alcohol or isocaloric sucrose as a control treatment daily over a 3-month period via indwelling gastric catheters. Intestinal lymphocyte subsets were identified in biopsy samples by flow cytometry. Twenty-four hours prior to sampling, animals were inoculated with bromo-deoxyuridine (BrdU) to assess lymphocyte proliferation. Immunohistochemistry was performed on tissue samples to quantitate CD3+ cells.



Animals receiving alcohol had increased rates of intestinal T-cell turnover of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as reflected by increased BrdU incorporation. However, absolute numbers of T cells were decreased in intestinal tissues as evidenced by immunohistochemistry for total CD3 expression per mm(2) intestinal lamina propria in tissue sections. Combining immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry data showed that the absolute numbers of CD8+ T cells were significantly decreased, whereas absolute numbers of total CD4+ T cells were minimally decreased.



Collectively, these data indicate that alcohol exposure to the small intestine results in marked loss of CD3+ T cells, accompanied by marked increases in CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell proliferation and turnover, which we speculate is an attempt to maintain stable numbers of T cells in tissues. This suggests that alcohol results in accelerated T-cell turnover in the gut, which may contribute to premature T-cell senescence. Further, these data indicate that chronic alcohol administration results in increased levels of HIV target cells (proliferating CD4+ T cells) that may support higher levels of HIV replication in intestinal tissues.

Field of study: Medicine
Employment Opportunities, Earnings, and the Journey to Work of Minority Workers in Great Britain

The cost to minority workers of employer discrimination is generally measured in a competitive framework which focuses upon differences in on-the-job benefits (usually wage rates) between racial groups after training and experience are allowed for, with other potential costs of employer discrimination given at best more subsidiary attention (Chiswick (i 98 I), Dex (i 984), McNabb and Psacharopoulos (I982), McCormick (i986), and Stewart (I983) have recently provided analyses of Asian and West Indian workers in the United Kingdom). This paper explores the consequences of employer discrimination if firms cannot discriminate by offering different wages for the same job, but may set higher job rejection rates perhaps costlessly because markets do not clear. Our primary focus is upon comparative journey-to-work patterns and expenditures for Asian and West Indian workers in the United Kingdom, and whether these workers accept jobs at locations that would be unacceptable to whites in order to avoid either a longer spell of unemployment or an inferior occupation with commensurate lower earnings. Thus, within a given residential area minority workers may experience greater commuting expenditures, ceteris paribus, which are overlooked when comparing earnings or occupational status. Unlike previous models of search and discrimination in labour markets, the focus is placed upon employee response to discrimination rather than the search behaviour of discriminating employers (see Lippman and McCall, I 976). The possibility that the costs of reaching suitable work-sites should be incorporated into our understanding of the problems faced by minority workers has been investigated in the United States, although in a different context, by Kain (i 964, I 968, I 980) and various other authors, including, recently, Ellwood (i983). Kain considers that the cost of housing-market discrimination is understated by focusing upon the relative price of housing for blacks, because this overlooks how obstacles to black workers obtaining suburban accommodation concentrates the supply of black labour into comparatively declining inner-city areas. Whereas Kain argues that housing-market discrimination reduces, earnings net of travel costs by creating a spatial mismatch of workers and jobs, the concern in this paper is that earnings net of travel costs are reduced because job-market discrimination may increase average journey to work distance.

Field of study: Economics
Feature interaction detection: a LOTOS-based approach

A methodology to detect feature interactions in the design of telephone systems is presented. First, the system with its features is specified in language of temporal ordering specification (LOTOS). With the use of tools, the specification is then expanded into a state transition model, representing either the entire global state space or significant portions of it. Properties describe proper system and feature behavior; violations to these properties are symptoms of feature interaction. Observers, watchdogs, and trace analysis tools are constructed to check for deviations from these properties. These processes are used to search the state transitions, both during and after the construction of the state transition model. Traces presenting violation of properties are printed as message sequence charts (MSCs).

Field of study: Computer science
Intracellular Ca~(2+) level changes and apoptosis during internalization of {\sl Leptospira interrogans}

Intracellular free Ca~(2+) levels in the J774A.1 cells infected with L. interrogans strain 56601 rapidly elevated with a double peak curve and the two peak fluorescence intensity change percentages were (747.5±35.7)% and (804.6±40.8)%, respectively. Intracellular free Ca~(2+) levels in the J774A.1 cells infected with L. interrogans strain 56608 slowly risen with a single slope-like curve and its maximum of fluorescence intensity change percentages was (402.4±23.6)%, which was significantly lower than those in the cells infected with L. interrogans strain 56601 (P<0.01). Apoptosis rates in the Vero cells adhered with living and UV-killed L. interrogans strain 56601 were 84.5% and 78.2%, respectively, while in J774A.1 cells with the same treatment were 34.5% and 30.9% respectively.

Field of study: Biology
Free Primary Education in Kenya and its challenges in fighting Illiteracy

For a country to realize full economic potential education is paramount. A population with ability to read and write compounded with technology savvy is key ingredients for growth. One of the pillars identified in the MDG is among others universal primary education for all. It is within this pretext that the government of Kenya introduced free primary education in Kenya. The main aim of introducing free primary education was to fight illiteracy; five years down the line a lot of facts still have to be addressed so that the appropriate scheme could be addressed in real time to fight the real problem at hand. Though a noble gesture, it has had its share of challenges and pitfalls. The current study highlights the challenges of free primary education in fighting illiteracy. Some of the challenges identified included Under Staffing, Poor working conditions, inadequate funding, Kenya's primary Education system and acquisition of literacy and Lack of school libraries. The study concludes that a clear policy on FPE implementation that defines the roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders must be stipulated. For the program to succeed there must be continuous dialogue with stakeholders such as parents, school committees, and local communities to inform them from the onset of their specific roles in supporting the policy.

Field of study: Education
Key Mismatch Attack on NewHope Revisited

One of the NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization Process Round 2 candidates is the NewHope cryptosystem, which is a suite of two RLWE based key encapsulation mechanisms. Recently, four key reuse attacks were proposed against NewHope by Bauer et al., Qin et al., Bhasin et al. and Okada et al. In these attacks, the adversary has access to the key mismatch oracle which tells her if a given ciphertext decrypts to a given message under the targeted secret key. Previous attacks either require more than 26 000 queries to the oracle or they never recover the whole secret key. In this paper, we present a new attack against the NewHope cryptosystem in these key reuse situations. Our attack recovers the whole secret key with the probability of 100% and requires less than 3 200 queries on average. Our work improves state-of-the-art results for NewHope and makes the comparison with other candidates more relevant.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
The Effect of Various Grading Scales on Student Grade Point Averages

To investigate changes in and the impact of grading scales from 2005 to 2010 and explore pharmacy faculty and student perceptions of whole-letter and plus/minus grading scales on cumulative grade point averages (GPAs) in required courses.  Grading scales used in 2010 at the University of Cincinnati College of Pharmacy were retrospectively identified and compared to those used in 2005. Mean GPA was calculated using a whole-letter grading scale and a plus/minus grading scale to determine the impact of scales on GPA. Faculty members and students were surveyed regarding their perceptions of plus/minus grading.  Nine unique grading scales were used throughout the curriculum, including plus/minus (64%) and whole-letter (21%) grading scales. From 2005 to 2010 there was transition from use of predominantly whole-letter scales to plus/minus grading scales. The type of grading scale used did not affect the mean cumulative GPA. Students preferred use of a plus-only grading scale while faculty members preferred use of a plus/minus grading scale.  The transition from whole-letter grading to plus/minus grading in courses from 2005 to 2010 reflects pharmacy faculty members’ perception that plus/minus grading allows for better differentiation between students’ performances.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Sampling-Based Approaches to Calculating Marginal Densities

Stochastic substitution, the Gibbs sampler, and the sampling-importance-resampling algorithm can be viewed as three alternative sampling- (or Monte Carlo-) based approaches to the calculation of numerical estimates of marginal probability distributions. The three approaches will be reviewed, compared, and contrasted in relation to various joint probability structures frequently encountered in applications. In particular, the relevance of the approaches to calculating Bayesian posterior densities for a variety of structured models will be discussed and illustrated.

Field of study: Mathematics
A review of ULSI failure analysis techniques for DRAMs. Part II: Defect isolation and visualization

In this paper the basic techniques for defect isolation and visualization used in physical failure analysis of trench technique dynamic random access memories (DRAMs) are reviewed. The methods described are state-of-the-art for DRAM failure analysis down to 0.14 μm feature size and beyond. In addition to defect isolation and defect visualization from the front side of a die, the backside preparation approach is reviewed. Beginning with basic sample preparation techniques including mechanical polishing, wet and dry etching and focused ion beam (FIB) applications advantages and disadvantages of various techniques are discussed. In the second section of the paper different types of optical microscopes are covered as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopes. The imaging capabilities of the FIB systems are included in this section. Finally, some applications of scanning probe techniques especially for dopant measurements and thin oxide characterization are described.

Field of study: Engineering
Time-periodic convective patterns in a horizontal porous layer with through-flow

We investigate the time-periodic convective patterns which set on in an infinite porous layer saturated by a fluid, under the influence of a vertical temperature gradient, superimposed to a horizontal seeping through-flow. When the seepage velocity keeps moderate, it obeys the Darcy law, while the heat equation rules the evolution of the temperature. The transition towards convection is governed by the filtration Rayleigh number, and the above-mentioned system of partial differential equations has Galilean invariance: travelling waves, stationary with respect to a moving frame, solve this problem near the threshold. This follows directly from the study of natural convection. With the help of the center manifold theory, we show that other kinds of time-periodic two-dimensional structures exist: upstream to a fixed zone, their amplitude vanishes. Downstream, they resemble the travelling waves. Numerical simulation of the governing equations reproduces elements of both sets of convective structures, indexed by definite values of the time-frequency.  A forced horizontal flow superimposed to a vertical temperature gradient can give rise to time-periodic convective structures. Many papers have been devoted to the case of a fluid layer, among which we note [4], [22], [23], and . The experimental studies of [8] and [17] have treated the case of a horizontal porous layer, heated from below. They have put into evidence two qualitatively different regimes, beyond the convective onset; time-periodic patterns are observed at moderate values of the flowrate. Received February 10, 1998. ; Secondary 35B32.

Field of study: Mathematics
Do drying and rewetting cycles modulate effects of sulfadiazine spiked manure in soil?

Naturally occurring drying-rewetting events in soil have been shown to affect the dissipation of veterinary antibiotics entering soil by manure fertilization. However, knowledge of effects on the soil microbial community structure and resistome is scarce. Here, consequences of drying-rewetting cycles on effects of sulfadiazine (SDZ) in soil planted with Dactylis glomerata L. were investigated in microcosms. Manure containing SDZ or not was applied to the pregrown grass and incubated for 56 days in a climate chamber. Water was either added daily or reduced during two drying events of 7 days, each followed by a recovery phase. Total community DNA was analyzed to reveal the effects on the bacterial community structure and on the abundance of sul1, sul2, intI1 ,intI2, qacE+qacEΔ1, traN and korB genes relative to 16S rRNA genes. 16S rRNA gene-based DGGE fingerprints indicated that drying-rewetting cycles modulated the effects of SDZ on the bacterial community structure in the soil. Furthermore, the SDZ treatment increased the relative abundance of sulfonamide resistance and integrase genes compared to the control. However, this increase was not different between moisture regimes, indicating that drying-rewetting had only a negligible effect on the selection of the resistome by SDZ in the manured soil.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Diffusion Bonding of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy and AZ31B Using Copper Interlayer

The experimental investigation of diffusion bonding of titanium alloy(Ti-6Al-4V) to magnesium alloy(AZ31B) in vacuum was carried out by using pure copper as transition metal. The microstructure of the welded joints was studied by SEM, EDS, etc and the mechanical properties of the samples were tested by tensile experiments. The results show that: under the condition of 530℃ in holding time for 45 min and pressure 2.5MPa, the microstructure at interface zone of diffusion brazing joint includes γ-Cu solid solution, Cu3 Ti, Cu2 Al, Mg-Cu-Al ternary intermetallic compounds, Mg17(Cu,Al)12and(α-Mg+Mg2Cu) eutectic structure. When the welding temperature is 520℃, there is no liquid in AZ31B/Cu interface zone,and it is unable to realize the connection of AZ31 B and Ti-6Al-4V. At welding temperature of 530℃, the eutectic structure and intermetallic compounds are simultaneously distributed in the interface zone to form a metallurgical bond. As the welding temperature is 550℃, the eutectic structure disappears and the Mg-Cu-Al ternary intermetallic compounds show a continuous network distribution. As the holding time increasing, the shear strength shows an increasing trend at first and then decreasing.When the welding process is 530℃ keeping for 30 min, the welding pressure is 2.5 MPa, the highest shearing strength of the welded joint can reach 61 MPa.

Field of study: Materials science
Evaluation of Medical Officer Certificate Programme Course Competency Based Learning

Medical Officer Certificate Programme (MOCP) is a 6 months training programme in Pediatrics/Medicine at medical colleges wherein doctors work like postgraduate students, learn various Out Patients and In Patient Department (OPD and IPD) procedures, attain hands on skills, perform day and night duties, attend postgraduate training programmes and specialty clinics. This is a course unique to Maharashtra. It has been designed to overcome shortage of Pediatricians and Physicians in the state.  To evaluate the efficacy of MOCP courses for medical officers by finding out if their clinical skills have improved and if they have achieved expected level of competence.  Public Health Department deputed 28 medical officers of primary health centers. At the end of 6 months training course, they were evaluated during 2012-2013.  OPD increased by 24% and IPD by 54%. There was a decrease in the number of cases referred to tertiary centers by 24%, post-MOCP training. Infant immunization increased by 35% after training. Number of children with severe acute malnutrition/moderate acute malnutrition treated increased by 22%, treatment of neonatal emergencies, resuscitation, sepsis, jaundice increased by 36%. Number of adults with diarrhoea and snake bite treated increased by 40% and 63% respectively. Number of ECGs taken and myocardial infarctions managed also has shown rising trend.  There was tremendous benefit to the patients after MOCP training. Skill of doctors was found to have enhanced. It is therefore recommended that such novel trainings should be imparted in other states of India too.

Field of study: Medicine
Failing Financial and Training Institutions: The Marginalization of Rural Household Enterprises in the Indian Punjab

The tiny, family-owned and managed household enterprise is the overwhelmingly dominant form of private, non-farm, economic organization in the developing world. Harnessing the latent potential of these own account enterprises (OAEs) is now widely acknowledged as a legitimate policy objective to generate productive employment and to promote sustainable long-term growth [ILO 1995; World Bank 1995]. The design of appropriate institutions, and the reform of existing ones, is recognized as occupying a key part of this process now that the "market-versusstate" dichotomy has been replaced by the more pragmatic "market-and-state" approach. Such a program assumes particular urgency in rural areas. In the countryside, entrepreneurs face daunting hurdles relating to both the startup and consolidation of business. Two of the most significant are raising finance at affordable terms and acquiring necessary skills. The purpose of our paper is to highlight, through a village study, these constraints in the populous Indian economy. We argue that problems of administative complexity, limited information, discrimination and gender bias, and stymied access to formal institutions have helped to create and perpetuate a culture of corruption. The result is that entrepreneurs are forced to fall back on a weak local resource base and to rely heavily on informal avenues of finance and know-how. This condemns the majority of OAEs to operate on the margins of viability and the households to remain in poverty [World Bank 1997].

Field of study: Economics
The role of emotional dysregulation in perfectionism and psychological distress.

Data from a sample of university students (N = 349) were used to test a model in which emotional dysregulation (a composite of emotional reactivity and splitting) was expected to account for the effect of perfectionism on general psychological distress. Significant positive effects were observed between maladaptive perfectionism and distress, whereas significant inverse effects were found for adaptive perfectionism. Structural equations analyses revealed support for a possibly mediational role of emotional dysregulation. Future research suggestions as well as counseling recommendations are proposed that target emotional regulatory features of the client with perfectionistic tendencies.

Field of study: Psychology
Production and verification of an anti-ovine IgE monoclonal antibody.

Recombinant mouse/sheep IgE was used in the production of an anti-IgE monoclonal using conventional hybridoma techniques. The specificity of hybridomas secreting anti sheep IgE monoclonal antibodies was verified using a number of assays including competitive ELISAs, ability to induce mediator release from mast cells, and IgE binding using western blotting. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated the binding of putative anti-IgE monoclonals to the sheep mast cell surface. The isotype of the antibody was IgG1:K.

Field of study: Biology
Even hard-sphere colloidal suspensions display Fickian yet non-Gaussian diffusion.

We scrutinize three decades of probability density displacement distribution in a simple colloidal suspension with hard-sphere interactions. In this index-matched and density-matched solvent, fluorescent tracer nanoparticles diffuse among matrix particles that are eight times larger, at concentrations from dilute to concentrated, over times up to when the tracer diffuses a few times its size. Displacement distributions of tracers, Gaussian in pure solvent, broaden systematically with increasing obstacle density. The onset of non-Gaussian dynamics is seen in even modestly dilute suspensions, which traditionally would be assumed to follow classic Gaussian expectation. The findings underscore, in agreement with recent studies of more esoteric soft matter systems, the prevalence of non-Gaussian yet Fickian diffusion.

Field of study: Physics
Another View of the Mission as a Frontier Institution: The Guaycuruan Reductions of Santa Fe, 1743-1810

H TOSTILITIES between Guaycuruans of the Gran Chaco and Spaniards complicated life in the Upper Plata region for three centuries. The relationship between the two cultures, never static, was radically altered in the eighteenth century, as missions were founded. This article will analyze the mission on the Chaco frontier to discover what role it played in the larger history of Spanish-Guaycuruan relations. The focus will be on relations between two Guaycuruan groups who requested missions, Abipones and Mocobies, and the city of Santa Fe. In the mid-eighteenth century, Abipones numbered 5,ooo and Mocobies possibly 15i8,ooo.' The city of Santa Fe had 1,076 residents in 1662, about 1,500 in 1698, and between 4,ooo and 5,000 in 1793.2 Since Charles III's expulsion of the Jesuits, observers have debated the reasons for the ensuing "failure" of their Chaco reductions. These missions, settled from 1743 to 1765, were established to convert "nonsedentary"3 Guaycuruan peoples of the eastern Chaco to Christianity and to persuade them to lead sedentary lives subordinate to Spanish control. Two explanations have emerged.

Field of study: History