nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Correlations of Depression and Total Mood Disturbance with Physical Activity and Self-Concept in Preadolescents Enrolled in an After-School Exercise Program

This preliminary investigation estimated relationships of depression and negative mood with physical activity and self-concept in 9- to 12-yr.-old boys and girls (n = 49) enrolled in an after-school exercise program for 12 wk. Multiple regression analyses indicated that a significant portion of the variance in scores on the Profile of Mood States subscales, Depression (R2 = .55, F = 28.00, p <.01), and Total Mood Disturbance (R2 = .40, F = 15.02, p < .01) were accounted for by simultaneously entering self-reported days of moderate-to-vigorous exercise per week and Self-description Questionnaire-I–General Self scores into the equation. A significant reduction on Depression within the treatment group and significantly greater reductions on Depression and Total Mood Disturbance for the treatment group compared to a no-exercise program control (n = 41) was also found. Effect sizes (ds = .35 to .53) were somewhat lower than reported for most adult samples. Findings supported social cognitive and self-efficacy theory and an association between physical activity and improved mental health in preadolescents.

Field of study: Psychology
MOTIVAÇÃO NAS AULAS DE EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA NO ENSINO MÉDIO

The aim of the present investigation was to make a diagnosis and analyze students’ motivation in Physical Education classes of the senior high school of the public school system in the city of Maringa , state of Parana , Brazil. This descriptive research comprised a population of 12,889 students, males and females, with 15-to-17-year average age, enrolled in the three grades of senior high school. The sample comprised 240 students randomly selected from four schools: 60 students per school, 20 from each grade, 10 males and 10 females. A questionnaire constituted by 16 mixed questions was applied to the students. The data were analyzed through frequency and percentage calculus. The results demonstrated that Physical Education classes are not so highly motivated, once the students have been given the same contents since the first grades, prevailing sports. Command and open teaching have been the most frequently used methodology, despite most of the students answering that they do what they want to in class. Evaluation comprises attendance and theoretical/practical classes. The students demonstrated a strong interest in classes, but those who are not so much interested answered that the classes were demotivating, besides backing appropriate materials and space. Thus it may be concluded that students motivation in Physical Education classes in the senior high school grades is not so clear.

Field of study: Education
A comparison between finite volume and switched moving boundary approaches for dynamic vapor compression system modeling

Most work in dynamic heat exchanger modeling for control design can be classified as either a finite volume or a moving boundary formulation. These approaches represent fundamentally different discretization approaches and are often characterized as contrasting accuracy with simulation speed. This work challenges that characterization by validating finite volume and moving boundary heat exchanger models with experimental data from a vapor compression system in order to demonstrate that these approaches are capable of achieving similar levels of accuracy. However, there are differences. The moving boundary model is found to have faster simulation speed, while the finite volume model is more flexible for adaptation to heat exchangers of different physical configuration. The formulation of each modeling approach used in this work is described in detail and techniques to increase simulation speed and avoid numerical issues in implementation are discussed.

Field of study: Engineering
Pionic X-rays from argon and hydrogen plus argon

Pionic X-ray spectra from argon and hydrogen plus argon have been measured with a high-pressure gas target. Energy and natural width of the 3d−2p)-line were determined to beE=168.88±0.10 keV andΓ=1.17±0.17keV, respectively. An upper limit of 56% at 90% confidence was obtained for the probability of pion transfer from hydrogen to argon.

Field of study: Physics
The Formation of the Goldfish-Like Fish Derived From Hybridization of Female Koi Carp × Male Blunt Snout Bream

Goldfish (Carassius auratus var., GF; 2n = 100) is the most popular ornamental fish in the world. It is assumed that GF evolved from red crucian carp (C. auratus red var., RCC; 2n = 100). However, this hypothesis lacks direct evidence. Furthermore, our knowledge of the role of hybridization in the formation of new species is sparse. In this study, goldfish-like fish with twin tails (GF-L; 2n = 100) was produced by self-mating red crucian carp-like fish (RCC-L; 2n = 100) derived from the distant crossing of koi carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus, KOC; 2n = 100; ♀) with blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala, BSB; 2n = 48; ♂). The phenotypes and genotypes of GF-L and RCC-L were very similar to those of GF and RCC, respectively. Microsatellite DNA and 5S rDNA analyses revealed that GF-L and RCC-L were closely related to GF and RCC, respectively. The presence of a twin tail of GF-L was related to a base mutation in chordinA from G in RCC-L to T in GF-L, indicating that the lineage of RCC-L and GF-L can be used to study gene variation and function. The sequences of 5S rDNA in GF-L and RCC-L were mapped to the genomes of CC and BSB, which revealed that the average similarities of both GF-L and RCC-L to CC were obviously higher than those to BSB, supporting that the genomes of both RCC-L and GF-L were mainly inherited from KOC. GF-L and RCC-L were homodiploids that were mainly derived from the genome of KOC with some DNA fragments from BSB. The reproductive traits of GF-L and RCC-L were quite different from those of their parents, but were the same as those of GF and RCC. RCC-L easily diversified into GF-L, suggesting that RCC and GF evolved within the same period in their evolutionary pathway. This study provided direct evidence of the KOC–RCC–GF evolutionary pathway that was triggered by distant hybridization, which had important significance in evolutionary biology and genetic breeding.

Field of study: Biology
Research on the microencapsulation of essential oil from Lavender by β-cyclodextrin

The method of preparing β-cyclodextrin microcapsule by saturated water solution was obtained,the inclusion effect were also observed on microscope.The optimum conditions was:The rate of β-cyclodextrin and essential oil is 8∶1,the inclusion temperature is 45℃,the inclusion time is 1.5 hours.The utilization ratio of the essential oil is 64.49%.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Gold Supported on Silica Catalyzes the Aerobic Oxidation of N,N‐Disubstituted Hydroxylamines to Nitrones

A new method for the preparation of nitrones through the aerobic oxidation of the corresponding N,N-disubstituted hydroxylamines has been developed by exploring a new catalytic reactivity of gold supported on silica. The oxidation occurs under very mild conditions (flux of air, methanol or water, room temperature). The oxidation of a range of highly functionalized hydroxylamines with complete conversions and excellent yields of nitrones illustrates the selectivity, efficiency, and reliability of this practical method. The oxidation was shown to take place chemoselectively in competition experiments with benzyl alcohol and dibutylamine.

Field of study: Chemistry
An efficient fuzzy extractor for limited noise

A fuzzy extractor is a security primitive that allows 
for reproducible extraction of an almost uniform key from a 
non-uniform noisy source. We analyze a fuzzy extractor scheme that 
uses universal hash functions for both information reconciliation and 
privacy amplification. This is a useful scheme when the number of 
error patterns likely to occur is limited, regardless of the error 
probabilities. We derive a sharp bound on the uniformity of the 
extracted key, making use of the concatenation property of universal 
hash functions and a recent tight formulation of the leftover hash 
lemma.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Harvested area gaps in China between 1981 and 2010: Effects of climatic and land management factors

Previous analyses have shown that cropland in China is intensifying, leading to an increase in crop production. However, these output measures leave the potential for further intensification largely unassessed. This study uses the harvested area gap (HAG), which expresses the amount of harvested area that can be gained if all existing cropland is harvested as frequently as possible, according to their potential limit for multi-cropping. Specifically, we calculate the HAG and changes in the HAG in China between 1981 and 2010. We further assess how climatic and land management factors affect these changes. We find that in China the HAG decreases between the 1980s and the 1990s, and subsequently increases between the 1990s and the 2000s, resulting in a small net increase for the entire study period. The initial decrease in the HAG is the result of an increase in the average multi-cropping index throughout the country, which is larger than the increase in the potential multi-cropping index as a result of the changed climatic factors. The subsequent increase in the HAG is the result of a decrease in average multi-cropping index throughout the country, in combination with a stagnant potential. Despite the overall increase in harvested area in China, many regions, e.g. Northeast and Lower Yangtze, are characterized by an increased HAG, indicating their potential for further increasing the multi-cropping index. The study demonstrates the application of the HAG as a method to identify areas where the harvested area can increase to increase crop production, which is currently underexplored in scientific literature.

Field of study: Environmental science
Backward Looks and Forward Glimpses from a Quincentennial Vantage Point

As the quincentennial of what we do not dare to call the discovery of the New World approaches, Spanish America remains impervious to the festive mood reigning in Spain. The reasons are painfully obvious: a region facing an at best uncertain future, while trying to close the wounds opened by a quarter-century of acute sociopolitical confrontation, and still reeling under the blows inflicted to its economy during the unlamented 'lost decade' just closed, has good reason to wonder whether it has anything to celebrate. Justified as it may be, the despondency caused by recent misfortunes does not offer the best inspiration to achieve a fair and balanced view of a five-centuries long historical experience. It is enough to compare the assessments inspired by the current centennial milestone with those of one century ago to discover how dangerous it is to pass judgement on such an experience by projecting onto it the dominant features of the immediate present. Yet in 1892 the times were not much more brilliant than today; several among the largest neo-hispanic countries were suffering the devastating impact of the worst economic crisis in their history: these circumstances did not, however, seriously undermine the optimism with which they looked at their future, an optimism that encouraged the founding fathers of their national historiographies to take in their stride the sombre aspects of the national past. If today a very different approach seems in order, it is not only because the atrocious history of our century has all but killed the faith nineteenth-century historians deposited in all kinds of manifest destinies, but perhaps also because of the justified suspicion that what Latin America faces today is different in kind from the streaks of bad luck all too frequent in its short history, that the world-wide transformations that reached spectacular culmination in the breakdown of the 'really existing socialism' are full of menace for the region, and the practical wisdom distilled from the experience of the past five centuries cannot offer any valid guidance for the challenges of the 'new world order' that is currently striving to be born.

Field of study: Political science
Insecticidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates from soil against larvae of Lepidopteran pests

Indigenous isolates 108 of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) were isolated and characterized from the soil samples collected from different habitats of GKVK campus of the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka. The morphological and biochemical traits were considered as the criteria for authentication of Bacillus thuringeinsis isolates. All the isolates were observed to be rod shaped, gram positive and spore formers. They were also tested for biochemical tests i.e. catalase, starch and casein hydrolysis. As many as 107 isolates were screened for toxicity against lepidopteran larvae, viz., Plutella xylostella (L.), Spodoptera litura (F.) and Amsacta albistriga (W.). Four isolates (SBT-3, SBT-15, SBT-18 and SBT-27) were found to be highly toxic to P. xylostella with mortality ranging between 93% to 100%. Ten isolates viz., SBT-13, SBT-14, SBT-15, SBT-28, SBT-38, SBT-44, SBT-45, SBT-46, SBT-53 and SBT-57 showed mortality of 100% against S. litura. Whereas 8 isolates viz., SBT-11, SBT-13, SBT-14, SBT-15, SBT-24, SBT-41, SBT-42 and SBT-51 showed mortality up to 70-86 % for the test insect A. albistriga.

Field of study: Biology
Adaptation and optimization of biological transport networks.

It has been hypothesized that topological structures of biological transport networks are consequences of energy optimization. Motivated by experimental observation, we propose that adaptation dynamics may underlie this optimization. In contrast to the global nature of optimization, our adaptation dynamics responds only to local information and can naturally incorporate fluctuations in flow distributions. The adaptation dynamics minimizes the global energy consumption to produce optimal networks, which may possess hierarchical loop structures in the presence of strong fluctuations in flow distribution. We further show that there may exist a new phase transition as there is a critical open probability of sinks, above which there are only trees for network structures whereas below which loops begin to emerge.

Field of study: Physics
Fabrication of Metallic Biomedical Scaffolds with the Space Holder Method: A Review

Bone tissue engineering has been increasingly studied as an alternative approach to bone defect reconstruction. In this approach, new bone cells are stimulated to grow and heal the defect with the aid of a scaffold that serves as a medium for bone cell formation and growth. Scaffolds made of metallic materials have preferably been chosen for bone tissue engineering applications where load-bearing capacities are required, considering the superior mechanical properties possessed by this type of materials to those of polymeric and ceramic materials. The space holder method has been recognized as one of the viable methods for the fabrication of metallic biomedical scaffolds. In this method, temporary powder particles, namely space holder, are devised as a pore former for scaffolds. In general, the whole scaffold fabrication process with the space holder method can be divided into four main steps: (i) mixing of metal matrix powder and space-holding particles; (ii) compaction of granular materials; (iii) removal of space-holding particles; (iv) sintering of porous scaffold preform. In this review, detailed procedures in each of these steps are presented. Technical challenges encountered during scaffold fabrication with this specific method are addressed. In conclusion, strategies are yet to be developed to address problematic issues raised, such as powder segregation, pore inhomogeneity, distortion of pore sizes and shape, uncontrolled shrinkage and contamination.

Field of study: Materials science
Investigation of adsorption and desorption behavior of small-volume cylinders and its relevance for atmospheric trace gas analysis

Atmospheric trace gas measurements of greenhouse gases are critical in their precision and accuracy. In the past 5 years, atmospheric measurement and gas metrology communities have turned their attention to possible surface effects due to pressure and temperature variations during a standard cylinder's lifetime. This study concentrates on this issue by introducing newly built small-volume aluminum and steel cylinders which enable the investigation of trace gases and their affinity for adsorption and desorption on various surfaces over a set of temperature and pressure ranges. The presented experiments are designed to test the filling pressure dependencies up to 30 bar and temperature dependencies from −10 ∘ C up to 180  ∘ C for these prototype cylinders. We present measurements of CO2 , CH4 , CO and H2O using a cavity ring-down spectroscopy analyzer under these conditions. Moreover, we investigated CO2 amount fractions using a novel quantum cascade laser spectrometer system enabling measurements at pressures as a low as 5 mbar. This extensive dataset revealed that for absolute pressures down to 150 mbar the enhancement in the amount fraction of CO2 relative to its initial value (at 1200 mbar absolute) is limited to 0.12  µ mol mol −1 for the prototype aluminum cylinder. Up to 80  ∘ C, the aluminum cylinder showed superior results and less response to varying temperature compared to the steel cylinder. For CO2 , these changes were insignificant at 80  ∘ C for the aluminum cylinder, whereas a 0.11  µ mol mol −1 enhancement for the steel cylinder was observed. High-temperature experiments showed that for both cylinders irreversible temperature effects occur especially above 130  ∘ C.

Field of study: Environmental science
Missing data and small area estimation in the UK Labour Force Survey

We apply multivariate shrinkage to estimate local area rates of unemployment and economic inactivity by using UK Labour Force Survey data. The method exploits the similarity of the rates of claiming unemployment benefit and the unemployment rates as defined by the International Labour Organisation. This is done without any distributional assumptions, merely relying on the high correlation of the two rates. The estimation is integrated with a multiple-imputation procedure for missing employment status of subjects in the database (item non-response). The hot deck method that is used in the imputations is adapted to reflect the uncertainty in the model for non-response. The method is motivated as a development (improvement) of the current operational procedure in which the imputed value is a non-stochastic function of the data. An extension of the procedure to subjects who are absent from the database (unit non-response) is proposed.

Field of study: Mathematics
Physical Characteristics of the Essential Oil Extracted from Released and Improved Spearmint Varieties, Peppermint and Japanese Mint

The mint species namely spearmint, peppermint and Japanese mint which belong to the genus mentha, the family Lamiaceaeare the most aromatic and medicinal plants those Wondo genet Agricultural research center is working on their different research activities and releasing different varieties. The essential oils were extracted using the hydrodistillation method. This study investigated the analysis of physical characteristics of spearmint varieties, peppermint and Japanese mint essential oils. The analyzed physical properties were Essential Oil Content (EOC), specific gravity (relative density) and refractive index. The three released spearmint varieties namely Liyu, WGSM03 and WGSPM Fran (java) have equal essential oil content and relative density with value 0.8% and 0.9210 respectively. WGSPM fran (java) has highest refractive index with the value 1.489 ± 0.002. The value of the refractive index for the other two varieties was 1.487 ± 0.002 and 1.485 ± 0.002 for WGSM03 and Liyu respectively. The oil content, specific gravity and refractive index of peppermint were 1.3%, 0.9215 and 1.462 respectively whereas Japanese mint contains 0.7% essential oil content, 0.9210 specific gravity (relative density) and 1.460 refractive indexes.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Nanomedicines based on nanoscale metal-organic frameworks for cancer immunotherapy

Cancer immunotherapy, with an aim to enhance host immune responses, has been recognized as a promising therapeutic treatment for cancer. A diversity of immunomodulatory agents, including tumor-associated antigens, adjuvants, cytokines and immunomodulators, has been explored for their ability to induce a cascading adaptive immune response. Nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (nMOFs), a class of crystalline-shaped nanomaterials formed by the self-assembly of organic ligands and metal nodes, are attractive for cancer immunotherapy because they feature tunable pore size, high surface area and loading capacity, and intrinsic biodegradability. In this review we summarize recent progress in the development of nMOFs for cancer immunotherapy, including cancer vaccine delivery and combination of in situ vaccination with immunomodulators to reverse immune suppression. Current challenges and future perspectives for rational design of nMOF-based cancer immunotherapy are also discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Assessing the extent and diversity of riparian ecosystems in Sonora, Mexico

Conservation of forested riparian ecosystems is of international concern. Relatively little is known of the structure, composition, diversity, and extent of riparian ecosystems in Mexico. We used high- and low-resolution satellite imagery from 2000 to 2006, and ground-based sampling in 2006, to assess the spatial pattern, extent, and woody plant composition of riparian forests across a range of spatial scales for the state of Sonora, Mexico. For all 3rd and higher order streams, river bottomlands with riparian forests occupied a total area of 2,301 km2. Where forested bottomlands remained, on average, 34% of the area had been converted to agriculture while 39% remained forested. We estimated that the total area of riparian forest along the principal streams was 897 km2. Including fencerow trees, the total forested riparian area was 944 km2, or 0.5% of the total land area of Sonora. Ground-based sampling of woody riparian vegetation consisted of 92, 50 m radius circular plots. About 79 woody plant species were noted. The most important tree species, based on cover and frequency, were willow species Salix spp. (primarily S. goodingii and S. bonplandiana), mesquite species Prosopis spp. (primarily P. velutina), and Fremont cottonwood Populus fremontii. Woody riparian taxa at the reach scale showed a trend of increasing diversity from north to south within Sonora. Species richness was greatest in the willow-bald cypress Taxodium distichum var. mexicanum—Mexican cottonwood P. mexicana subsp. dimorphia ecosystem. The non-native tamarisk Tamarix spp. was rare, occurring at just three study reaches. Relatively natural stream flow patterns and fluvial disturbance regimes likely limit its establishment and spread.

Field of study: Environmental science