nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Mesozoic California and the Underflow of Pacific Mantle

The Mesozoic evolution of California is interpreted as dominated by the underflow of oceanic mantle beneath the continental margin. Underflow during part of Late Cretaceous time of more than 2000 km of the eastern Pacific plate seems required by the marine magnetic data. Correspondingly, varied oceanic environments—abyssal hill, island arc, trench, oceanic crust, and upper mantle, perhaps also continental rise and abyssal plain—appear to be represented in the eugeosynclinal terranes of California. The rock juxtapositions accord with the concept that these materials were scraped off against the continent as the oceanic plate slid beneath it along Mesozoic Benioff seismic zones, which are now seen as serpentine belts separating profoundly different rock assemblages. The chaotic Franciscan Formation of coastal California consists of deep-ocean Late Jurassic to Late Cretaceous sedimentary, volcanic, crustal, and mantle materials. As open-ocean abyssal oozes and the oceanic crust beneath them were swept into the Benioff-zone trench at the continental margin, they were covered by terrigenous clastic sediments, and the entire complex was carried beneath the correlative continental-shelf and continental-slope deposits (Great Valley sequence) and the older Mesozoic complexes. The other eugeosynclinal terranes of California can be interpreted, albeit with less confidence, in similar terms of underflow of Pacific mantle. In the Klamath Mountains and northern Sierra Nevada, for example, Ordovician and Silurian ocean-floor materials, overlain by or juxtaposed against an Upper Silurian to Permian island arc, were swept in first to the continent, along with a large fragment of oceanic crust and mantle and another fragment of an old orogenic belt. This debris was followed by Permian and Triassic ocean-floor deposits. Late Triassic and Jurassic volcanic products from stocks and batholiths forming in the welded complexes lapped across both landward and oceanward sides of the region. Reversal of Cenozoic extension, strike-slip faulting, and volcanic crustal growth in the western United States reveals a Cretaceous tectonic pattern strikingly like the modern pattern of the Andes, so the paleotectonic setting of North America can be inferred from the South American present. The Mesozoic batholiths of North America, like the late Cenozoic volcanic belt of the central Andes, are products of the same rapid motion of oceanic plates that carried oceanic sediments against the continent to form eugeosynclinal terranes. Magmas generated in the Benioff zones formed the batholiths and the volcanic fields which initially capped them.

Field of study: Geology
A lightweight group-key management protocol for secure ad-hoc-network routing

Secure routing protocols for ad hoc networks use group keys for authenticating control messages without high energy consumption. A distributed and robust group-key management is, thus, essential. This paper proposes and specifies a protocol for distributing and managing group keys in ad hoc environments based on the Secure Optimized Link State Routing protocol (SOLSR). The proposed protocol manages group keys taking into consideration frequent network partitions/mergers and also reduces the impact of non-authorized users that try to illegitimately obtain the group key to use network resources. The analysis shows that our proposal provides high availability and presents low energy consumption for the two most important group events in ad hoc network: joining-node events and network-partition-merging events. Our protocol reduces both the number of control messages and the energy spent with cryptographic operations by up to three orders of magnitude when compared to contributory group-key agreement algorithms. The proposed protocol provides an efficient key management in a timely manner.

Field of study: Computer science
Disease in the History of Modern Latin America: From Malaria to AIDS (review)

Waxer uses Cali's salsa culture to enter an important contemporary debate: Is "mass culture," especially globalized mass culture such as that represented by internationally distributed music recordings, inherently homogenizing and destructive of local cultures? Waxer emphasizes that Cali's salsa culture was founded on imported records (not always played at the intended speed!) but that Calenos eventually put their own stamp on that culture, forging distinctive musical and dance styles, and thus making salsa a cherished and profoundly organic aspect of their identity. In addition, Calenos created distinctive forms of salsa sociability, such as the viejotecas where people gather today to listen and dance to the old musica antillana that 'so transformed the city's social life decades ago. (Hence, "the city of musical memory," one of Cali's more recent salsa-related identities, along with the older "branch office of heaven.")

Field of study: History
Identification of a novel regulatory region in the interleukin-6 gene promoter.

Interleukin-6 (IL6) is an important pleiotropic cytokine that is regulated at the transcriptional level. To date, most work on its regulation has focused on a 1.2kb region 5' from the start of transcription, similar to published reports on other cytokine genes. This report demonstrates for the first time that a cytokine gene can be regulated by cis-acting regions much further upstream than previously examined. Comparative genomic analysis showed that a 120 kb region contains blocks of sequence conservation between human and rodent genomes, and that a 15 kb region proximal to the start of transcription contains 10 highly homologous sequence blocks of between 100 and 250 bp. By means of a reporter gene assay, a novel transcriptionally active region located between -5307 and -5202 bp upstream from the start of transcription was identified. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed nuclear protein(s) binding to this region, thus raising the possibility that the regulatory activity shown by the reporter gene constructs may be mediated by these proteins. These results suggest that the regulation of IL6 expression involves a much larger upstream region than previously examined and the control of IL6 transcription is likely to be regulated by a complex mechanism of modular cis-regulatory elements.

Field of study: Medicine
Comparação entre o sistema Petrifilm RSA® e a metodologia convencional para a enumeração de estafilococos coagulase positiva em alimentos

Foods are examined for the presence of coagulase-positive staphylococci using selective and differential media followed by characterization for coagulase, thermoestable nuclease, Gram and catalase tests. These tests may require up to four days to obtain the results, besides time and material used. The Petrifilm® rapid S.aureus count plate is a alternative to traditional methodology. In this study, 62 samples of several foods were analysed comparing the BPA method followed by coagulase or latex agglutination tests and Petrifilm® RSA method. The Petrifilm RSA method was significantly different to BPA method, with higher mean log counts. The BPA method followed by latex agglutination test for typical and atypical colonies were significantly different from the other methods used. The Petrifilm® RSA method is an alternative on enumeration of coagulase-positive staphylococci in foods, because true quantitave results were obtained in approximately 31 hours. Typical and atypical colonies on BPA should be tested to obtain accurate results. This count is more significative when latex agglutination test is used. Food analyses for staphylococci showed several limitations.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Enhanced Thermal Conductivity and Dielectric Properties of h-BN/LDPE Composites

Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), as an excellent dielectric insulating material, is widely used in electrical equipment insulation, whereas its low thermal conductivity limits its further development and application. Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) filler was introduced into LDPE to tailor the properties of LDPE to make it more suitable for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) cable insulation application. We employed melt blending to prepare h-BN/LDPE thermally conductive composite insulation materials with different contents. We focused on investigating the micromorphology and structure, thermal properties, and electrical properties of h-BN/LDPE composites, and explained the space charge characteristics. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) results indicate that the h-BN filler has good dispersibility in the LDPE at a low loading (less than 3 phr (3 g of micron h-BN particles filled in 100g of LDPE)), as well as no heterogeneous phase formation. The results of thermal conductivity analysis show that the introduction of h-BN filler can significantly improve the thermal conductivity of composites. The thermal conductivity of the composite samples with 10 phr h-BN particles is as high as 0.51 W/(m·K), which is 57% higher than that of pure LDPE. The electrical performance illustrates that h-BN filler doping can significantly inhibit space charge injection and reduce space charge accumulation in LDPE. The interface effect between h-BN and the substrate reduces the carrier mobility, thereby suppressing the injection of charges of the same polarity and increasing the direct-current (DC) breakdown strength. h-BN/LDPE composite doped with 3 phr h-BN particles has excellent space charge suppression effect and high DC breakdown strength, which is 14.3% higher than that of pure LDPE.

Field of study: Materials science
Home and community care sector accountability.

This paper focuses on accountability for the home and community care (HCC) sector in Ontario. The many different service delivery approaches, funding methods and types of organizations delivering HCC services make this sector highly heterogeneous. Findings from a document analysis and environmental scan suggest that organizations delivering HCC services face multiple accountability requirements from a wide array of stakeholders. Government stakeholders tend to rely on regulatory and expenditure instruments to hold organizations to account for service delivery. Semi-structured key informant interview respondents reported that the expenditure-based accountability tools being used carried a number of unintended consequences, both positive and negative. These include an increased organizational focus on quality, shifting care time away from clients (particularly problematic for small agencies), dissuading innovation, and reliance on performance indicators that do not adequately support the delivery of high-quality care.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
The Motivational Bases of Right-Wing Authoritarianism and Social Dominance Orientation: Relations to Values and Attitudes in the Aftermath of September 11, 2001

Research suggests that different motivational dynamics underlie right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO). These differences may be framed in the theory of basic human values. RWA may trace back to conservation versus openness-to-change values, and SDO to self-enhancement versus self-transcendence values. Based on a large-scale German survey, associations of RWA and SDO with personal values and attitudes in the aftermath of September 11, 2001, were analyzed. Results indicated that RWA related more strongly than SDO to conservation values and threat-related attitudes toward Islam as an expression of the motivational goals of social control and security, whereas RWA and SDO related equally to self-enhancement versus self-transcendence values and concern for negative consequences of military action as an expression of the motivational goal of altruistic concern. Thus, the motivational bases of RWA and SDO appear to be only partly different.

Field of study: Psychology
Flat-field-correction method for image taken by a fiber optic taper coupled CCD camera

Image taken by a fiber optic taper coupled CCD camera system characterizes the great difference among its pixels responsivity. This difference will obviously degrades image quality and makes it difficulty to get a clear image. The flat field correction method especially for the system mentioned above is a very useful method to get a better clear image. The flat field correction method includes three steps:1.A black background image is firstly obtained from such a system under the certain temperature and integration time; 2.The image which will be treated as a reference image for flat field correction should be taken under uniformity irradiation as possible and the same temperature and integration time;3.Subtracting the black background image from the reference image will obtain an important lookup table image and can calibrate each pixels responsivity to get a clear image. In our works, some images with very big PRNU problem are processed by the flat field correction method and the good result can be obtained.

Field of study: Physics
Path analysis for discrete variables: the role of education in social mobility

An important open question in sociology with obvious policy implications is how to assess the magnitude of the effect of educational attainment on intergenerational social mobility. To examine this, we propose a general method of path analysis, which can be used to estimate direct and indirect effects even in systems where some of the variables are categorical. It provides an additive decomposition of total effects which is exact when the effects are expressed as mean differences, and approximate but typically quite accurate for other measures of association such as log-odds-ratios. Estimates of the effects and their standard errors can be calculated by using standard output for fitted models. The method is illustrated by an analysis of British survey data on social mobility.

Field of study: Mathematics
Considerations on preestablished tree rerouting handoff protocols for wireless ATM PCN

Handoff in an ATM-based wireless network is an important and hard problem. Mobile virtual circuit (MVC) and virtual connection tree (VCT) represent an approach of preestablished tree rerouting. However, a major error is found in the MVC based handoff scheme. Possible remedies to it are suggested. Comparisons between MVC and VCT are made and limitations of VCT are discussed. For a better solution, an architecture for an ATM-based wireless PCN is proposed and a simple but efficient handoff scheme based on this architecture is described. Analysis shows that it shares the advantages of VCT while overcoming the latter's limitations.

Field of study: Computer science
Oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon isotopic studies of the Great Bear Lake silver deposits, Northwest Territories

The native-silver-bearing deposits of the Great Bear Lake region occur within two separate domains, namely the Echo Bay sector and the Camsell River sector. In all these deposits, native silver occurs in veins, associated with a wide range of Ni-, Co-, and Fe- arsenides, Cu-, Fe-, Ni-, and Co-sulfides, and pitchblende in gangues of quartz, calcite, dolomite, siderite, rhodochrosite, and fluorite. The host rocks of the veins are for the most part Aphebian volcano-sedimentary roof pendants within the Great Bear batholithic complex. The carbonates (calcite, dolomite, siderite, and rhodochrosite) show a wide range of δ18O (6.8 to 22.5‰, SMOW) and δ13C (−2.7 to −13.3‰, PDB) values. A single analysis of quartz gave a δ18O value of 16.54‰ (SMOW). The δD of water in fluid inclusions in quartz, dolomite, and calcite shows a range from −62.2 to −98.5‰ (SMOW). The δD of present-day meteoric waters from the region shows a range of −146.5 to −165.2‰ (SMOW). The δ18O of the hydrothermal fluids (0.47 to 9.12‰, SMOW) was...

Field of study: Environmental science
Support varieties and the Hochschild cohomology ring modulo nilpotence

This paper is based on my talks given at the '41st Symposium on Ring The- ory and Representation Theory' held at Shizuoka University, Japan, 5-7 September 2008. It begins with a brief introduction to the use of Hochschild cohomology in developing the theory of support varieties of (50) for a module over an artin algebra. I then describe the current status of research concerning the structure of the Hochschild cohomology ring modulo nilpotence.

Field of study: Mathematics
Beitrag zur Kernspektroskopie an36Cl,90Y und40K durch Messung der Polarisation von γ-Strahlung nach Neutroneneinfang

The circular polarization ofγ-rays following the capture of polarized thermal neutrons in nuclei was measured. The degree of polarization confirmed the spin 2+ for the 0.777 MeV level of90Y and the spin 0− or 3− for the 0.029 MeV level of40K. Further theE2/M1 mixing ratio of the 8.58 MeV decay to the ground state of36Cl was measured.

Field of study: Physics
Fatigue life prediction for high-heat-load components made of GlidCop by elastic-plastic analysis.

A procedure to predict the fatigue fracture life of high-heat-load components made of GlidCop has been successfully established. This method is based upon the Manson-Coffin equation with a cumulative linear damage law. This prediction was achieved by consolidating the results of experiments and analyses, and considered the effects of environment and creep. A low-cycle-fatigue test for GlidCop was conducted so that environment-dependent Delta(t)-N(f) diagrams for any temperature could be prepared. A special test piece was designed to concentrate the strain in a central area locally, resulting in the low-cycle-fatigue fracture. The experiments were carried out by repeatedly irradiating a test piece with an electron beam. The results of the experiment confirmed that the observed fatigue life was within a factor of two when compared with the predicted fatigue life, yet located on the safer side.

Field of study: Physics
Control by sample location in pigeons' matching to sample.

Three experiments assessed the impact of sample location in pigeons' matching to sample. Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated that after line or hue identity matching was acquired to high levels of accuracy with center-key samples, varying sample location across the three keys disrupted performances. The drop in accuracy occurred following both zero-delay and simultaneous training and was mostly confined to trials in which the sample appeared on a side key. Experiment 3 attempted to diminish control by location by training birds to match samples that could appear in any location prior to center-key sample training and moving-sample testing with another set of stimuli. In testing, all birds performed accurately on center-sample trials and on side-key sample trials in which the matching choice appeared on the center key. Accuracy was below chance, however, on side-key sample trials in which the matching choice appeared on the other side key. One implication of the persistent control by sample location in the three-key paradigm is that it precludes the possibility of symmetry because symmetry tests require a change in the locations at which samples and comparisons appear.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Phenotypic changes and proliferative activity of human gamma delta T cell receptor-bearing cells upon activation.

We first compared the proliferative activity of alpha beta T cell receptor (TCR) (beta F1+) and gamma delta TCR (TCR delta-1+) human T cells after phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation by using double-colour immunofluorescence staining with Ki67 and anti-BrdU monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs). The dividing activity was higher within the alpha beta TCR cells: after 3 days of culture 69.9 +/- 5.9% of beta F1+ cells expressed Ki67, and 44.8 +/- 4.8% of these cells synthesized DNA as revealed by BrdU incorporation. In contrast, only 18.9 +/- 1.6% and 12.0 +/- 1.2% of TCR delta-1+ cells in the same samples were Ki67+ and BrdU+, respectively. Cells with V delta 1-J delta 1 usage (delta TCS-1+) showed a higher cycling activity than the rest of gamma delta TCR cells: after 3 days of PHA stimulation, 51.1 +/- 18.3% and 18.3 +/- 6.1% of such cells were in cycle and synthesized DNA, respectively. Next, we studied the expression of CD45 isoforms on peripheral blood alpha beta TCR and gamma delta TCR lymphocytes. Within the alpha beta TCR cells, two distinct subpopulations were distinguishable after labelling with SN130 (CD45RA) MoAb: 64.1 +/- 10.2% were bright, and 35.9 +/- 10.2% were dim or negative. Likewise, most TCR delta-1+ cells expressed SN130 (CD45RA): 87.5 +/- 3.0% were bright and 12.5 +/- 3.0% were dim. However, in contrast to alpha beta TCR+ cells, a high proportion (55.6 +/- 4.0%) of gamma delta TCR+ cells also expressed CD45RO molecules. Thus, most resting gamma delta TCR cells showed a pattern of CD45 isoform expression similar but not identical to that of 'memory' alpha beta TCR cells. Within the gamma delta TCR cell population the expression of CD45RO was heterogeneous because only 19.8 +/- 5.9% of cells bearing the V delta 1-J delta 1 form of the receptor (delta TCS-1+) were UCHL1 (CD45RO)+. Therefore, most gamma delta TCR cells with V delta 1-J delta 1 usage showed a CD45 isoform profile resembling that of 'naive' alpha beta TCR cells. These phenotypic features changed upon PHA stimulation: after 5 days of culture the proportion of TCR delta-1+ cells expressing UCHL1 increased to 86.0 +/- 3.1% and a two-fold increase in CD45RO expression was also observed in the delta TCS-1+ subpopulation.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Seasonal dynamics of pH and soil nutrients of Cunninghamia lanceolata forest after reconstruction with broadleaved trees

Cunninghamia lanceolata forest reconstruction was conducted using seedlings of Castanopsis hystrix,Michelia macclurel,Castanopsis fissa,Elaeocarpus sylvestris,Cinnamomum camphora,and soil nutrient dynamics was studied in five young Cunninghamia lanceolata stands after reconstruction with broadleaved trees from April 2008 to April 2009.The results showed that the soils of the five young stands were rather strong in acidity with the pH value ranged from 4.3 to 5.1,which firstly decreased,and then increased.Alkali-hydrolyzable N content decreased followed by a increase in 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers of C.hystrix stand,and in 0-20 cm soil layer of the stands of M.macclurel,C.fissa and E.sylvestris,whereas it decreased followed by an increase and then decreased again in 0-20 cm soil layer of C.camphora stand and 20-40 cm soil layer of the five stands.Available P content was relatively high in July and low in October in all stands,whereas available K content tended to decrease and then increased.Available nutrients in the 0-20 cm layer were higher than those in 20-40 cm layer.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Influence of substrate temperatures on the properties of GdF(3) thin films with quarter-wave thickness in the ultraviolet region.

High-quality coatings of fluoride materials are in extraordinary demand for use in deep ultraviolet (DUV) lithography. Gadolinium fluoride (GdF3) thin films were prepared by a thermal boat evaporation process at different substrate temperatures. GdF3 thin film was set at quarter-wave thickness (∼27  nm) with regard to their common use in DUV/vacuum ultraviolet optical stacks; these thin films may significantly differ in nanostructural properties at corresponding depositing temperatures, which would crucially influence the performance of the multilayers. The measurement and analysis of optical, structural, and mechanical properties of GdF3 thin films have been performed in a comprehensive characterization cycle. It was found that depositing GdF3 thin films at relative higher temperature would form a rather dense, smooth, homogeneous structure within this film thickness scale.

Field of study: Physics