nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Iterative Random Forests to detect predictive and stable high-order interactions

Genomics has revolutionized biology, enabling the interrogation of whole transcriptomes, genome-wide binding sites for proteins, and many other molecular processes. However, individual genomic assays measure elements that interact in vivo as components of larger molecular machines. Understanding how these high-order interactions drive gene expression presents a substantial statistical challenge. Building on Random Forests (RF), Random Intersection Trees (RITs), and through extensive, biologically inspired simulations, we developed the iterative Random Forest algorithm (iRF). iRF trains a feature-weighted ensemble of decision trees to detect stable, high-order interactions with same order of computational cost as RF. We demonstrate the utility of iRF for high-order interaction discovery in two prediction problems: enhancer activity in the early Drosophila embryo and alternative splicing of primary transcripts in human derived cell lines. In Drosophila, among the 20 pairwise transcription factor interactions iRF identifies as stable (returned in more than half of bootstrap replicates), 80% have been previously reported as physical interactions. Moreover, novel third-order interactions, e.g. between Zelda (Zld), Giant (Gt), and Twist (Twi), suggest high-order relationships that are candidates for follow-up experiments. In human-derived cells, iRF re-discovered a central role of H3K36me3 in chromatin-mediated splicing regulation, and identified novel 5th and 6th order interactions, indicative of multi-valent nucleosomes with specific roles in splicing regulation. By decoupling the order of interactions from the computational cost of identification, iRF opens new avenues of inquiry into the molecular mechanisms underlying genome biology.

Field of study: Computer science
Reclaiming the ‘L’ word: Leisure Studies and UK Higher Education in neoliberal times

Leisure is a major sphere of both private and public life. It is thus of concern that the identity and profile of Leisure Studies in the Higher Education curricula of the United Kingdom have declined in prominence over the past decade. This trend is not peculiar to Leisure Studies; the social sciences as a whole are threatened by a neoliberal economic discourse which increasingly informs Higher Education strategic management. The aim of this article is to investigate the impacts of the declining status of Leisure Studies as experienced by lecturers and researchers in the subject field. It is based upon a project commissioned by the Higher Education Academy in 2015. It was found that Leisure Studies faces two principal challenges. The first is to re-establish its status as a subject field within the social sciences, the second is to ensure it retains a relevance to leisure practice, particularly in terms of the management of its provision. The article proposes greater academic engagement in ideational ‘border crossings’ to advance thinking on leisure in the social sciences and to explore opportunities for collaboration within them. We conclude that Leisure Studies arguably suffers from a crisis of representation, as opposed to a crisis of relevance.

Field of study: Sociology
Can Cp2Zr(C2H4) Easily React with Hydrosilane? Theoretical Study

DFT calculations clearly show that a zirconocene–ethylene complex, Cp2Zr(C2H4), easily reacts with hydrosilane, SiH4, to afford either Cp2Zr(H)(C2H4SiH3) or Cp2Zr(SiH3)(C2H5). In the transition state, the Si–H anti-bonding σ*-orbital of SiH4 overlaps well with the π-back donating molecular orbital between Zr dπ and C2H4 π* orbitals.

Field of study: Chemistry
On the Validity of Hypotheses Derived from the Rorschach: The Relationship between Shading and Anxiety, Update 1992

Research on the hypothesis that shading responses on the Rorschach reflect how people deal with their anxiety was reviewed. The research does not lend support to the hypothesis, but serious methodological and conceptual problems with this research make it difficult to assess the meaning of the results of these studies. The nature of needed research is discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Study on the enhancement of the non-biological stability of the rice wine by the inorganic ceramic membrane ultrafiltration

The rice wine was filtrated by the inorganic ceramic membrane ultrafiltration equipment at about 20~25℃.The results show that when the rice wine is filtrated by the membrane whose aperture is 0.15μm,the removal percentage of high-molecular proteins is 56.9%.The stability of the rice wine is enhanced significantly.The physics and chemistry indicator is up to the standard and the traditional flavor of rice wine is maintained.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Soy milk consumption and blood pressure among type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of soy milk consumption cardiovascular risk and biomarkers of renal function in type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy.



This randomized, crossover, controlled clinical trial was conducted in 29 type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy. Participants were randomly assigned to consume a diet containing soy milk, or a diet containing cow's milk, each for 4 weeks. There was a 2-week washout between the two intervention periods. Anthropometric and biochemical measurements were performed according to standard protocols.



The mean age and body mass index of patients were 51 ± 10 years and 28 ± 4 kg/m(2), respectively. Consumption of soy milk resulted in a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure compared with consumption of cow's milk (percent change: -4.50 vs. 5.89%; P = .03). Serum triglyceride levels decreased significantly after soy milk consumption (percent change: -15.22 vs. 2.37%; P = .02). After adjustment for carbohydrate intake, the effect of soy milk on triglyceride level was not significant. There were no significant differences between soy milk and cow's milk consumption in terms of their effect on cardiovascular risks and markers of kidney function.



Soy milk consumption was associated with better blood pressure control among diabetic patients with nephropathy.

Field of study: Medicine
A comparison theorem of the improving Gauss-Seidel method for H-matrix and its comparison matrix

In 1997, Kohno et al. have reported that the improving modified Gauss-Seidel method, which was referred to as the IMGS method, was superior to the classical iterative methods. H-matrix is a widely used matrix. In this paper, we apply this method to H-matrix and its comparison matrix, with a more general splitting we present the corresponding convergence results and the comparison results of the spectral radius. The convergence rates are as well as compared. Some recent results are improved.

Field of study: Mathematics
The Use of Academic Libraries among Students in Tertiary Institutions in the Sunyani Municipality, Ghana.

The paper surveys library use among students in tertiary education institutions in the Sunyani Municipality of Ghana. A response rate of 77.4% (697 responses) out of the 900 randomly distributed questionnaires from the three tertiary institutions in the Municipality was recorded for the study. The study was motivated by the advent of information technology’s role in information provision. It intended to unravel how best the academic libraries are meeting the information resource needs of users in the digital world.  . The study showed, inter alia, that many students principally used the libraries as a place to prepare for examinations and to do their assignments. Recommended course textbooks, reference books and past examination questions were the most sought after materials among the respondents. Few of them had eyes for fiction and periodical resources. Even though majority of the tertiary students find the stock in the libraries to be fairly old, it did not ward them off from using the libraries. It is instructive that if the libraries continue to hold on to old books, it could lead to low patronage of the libraries in the advent of new platforms  that have the potential to make large amount of electronic information available  to users.  Academic libraries, Library use

Field of study: Education
Robust Variable and Interaction Selection for Logistic Regression and General Index Models

Under the logistic regression framework, we propose a forward-backward method, SODA, for variable selection with both main and quadratic interaction terms. In the forward stage, SODA adds in predictors that have significant overall effects, whereas in the backward stage SODA removes unimportant terms to optimize the extended Bayesian information criterion (EBIC). Compared with existing methods for variable selection in quadratic discriminant analysis, SODA can deal with high-dimensional data in which the number of predictors is much larger than the sample size and does not require the joint normality assumption on predictors, leading to much enhanced robustness. We further extend SODA to conduct variable selection and model fitting for general index models. Compared with existing variable selection methods based on the sliced inverse regression (SIR), SODA requires neither linearity nor constant variance condition and is thus more robust. Our theoretical analysis establishes the variable-selection consistency of SODA under high-dimensional settings, and our simulation studies as well as real-data applications demonstrate superior performances of SODA in dealing with non-Gaussian design matrices in both logistic and general index models.

Field of study: Mathematics
Uninterrupted Network Relocation of Power Dispatching Center Equipment Room Based on VRRP

Power dispatch automation equipment room with many computer systems,their structure are complex,involving numbers of dispatches in dispatch department and a wide range of time span.Because of the particularity of the power production,the requirements in the relocation work must also be uninterrupted.Network is the basis of the whole equipment room,so uninterrupted network relocation is the key of the entire uninterrupted relocation.Describes the basic ideas and methods of uninterrupted network relocation of the Sichuan Electric Power Corporation Dispatching Center equipment room based on the VRRP technology,including the technical preparations in the network before moving the relocation process,the implementation of the relocation process and how to achieve network control of smooth transition.

Field of study: Computer science
Untersuchung der Neutronendepolarisation von Dy in der Umgebung von magnetischen Umwandlungspunkten

It is possible to determine the dimensions of the ferromagnetic correlation range by depolarisation measurements of polarized thermal neutrons near magnetic transition points, where small magnetic domains (< 10−4 cm) are present. The dimensions of the magnetic domains of Dy were determined in the temperature range from 4,2 °K to room temperature and in an external magnetic field from 0 to 2,4 kOe. The size of the domains increases with decreasing temperature and increasing external field. For low temperatures a sort of internal coercive force for the wall mobility was observed, which strongly hinders the formation of greater ferromagnetic domains. At the Curie-point the ferromagnetic correlation range shows a continuous transition and goes only slowly to zero when the temperature increases.

Field of study: Physics
VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLES FOR NONLINEAR ELASTOSTATICS OF MEMBRANE STRUCTURES

By a simple and unified new way proposed by Luo, some variational principles for nonlinear elastostatics of membrane structures can be established systematically. An important integral relation is given, which can be considered as the generalized principle of virtual work for statics of membrane structures in mechanics. Based on this relation, it is possible not only to obtain the principle of virtual work for statics of membrane structures, but also to derive systematically the complementary functionals for three-field, two-field variational principles and principles of stationary total potential energy and stationary total complementary energy for nonlinear elastostatics of membrane structures by the generalized Legendre transformations given in this paper. Furthermore, with this approach, the intrinsic relationship among the various principles can be explained clearly.

Field of study: Engineering
Ultraschallausbreitung in Kohlensäure in der Nähe des kritischen Punktes

ZusammenfassungMit einem Ultraschallhochdruckinterferometer wird die Schallgeschwindigkeit in Kohlensäure in der Nähe des kritischen Punktes bei einer Frequenz von 410 kHz gemessen. Ein Vergleich mit den von anderen Autoren bei anderen Frequenzen bestimmten Werten bei Hinzuziehung der aus einem bekanntenpv T-Diagramm ermittelten der Frequenz Null entsprechenden Schallgeschwindigkeit lä\t gro\e Unterschiede erkennen, die nicht auf eine Dispersion zurÜckgefÜhrt werden können. Eine Dispersion als Folge einer Strukturrelaxation bei MolekÜlschwarmbildung wäre nur in unmittelbarer Nähe des kritischen Punktes zu erwarten. Die Abweichungen von den der Literatur entnommenen Werten sowie dieser untereinander können nicht gedeutet werden.Aus der experimentell ermittelten Schallgeschwindigkeit wird mit Hilfe despv T-Diagramms die spezifische Wärme bestimmt. Diese Methode ist genauer als die, die mit demp v T-Diagramm allein auskommt.

Field of study: Physics
Additive wake-promoting actions of medial basal forebrain noradrenergic α1- and β-receptor stimulation.

The locus coeruleus-noradrenergic system exerts an activating influence on forebrain neuronal and behavioral activity states, in part through the actions of noradrenergic beta-receptors in the medial septal (MS) and medial preoptic (MPOA) areas. MPOA alpha1-receptors exert similar wake-promoting actions. The current study examines the influence of alpha1-receptors located within MS on sleep-wake state. In addition, the extent to which alpha1- and beta-receptors located within MS and MPOA interact in the modulation of behavioral state was investigated by examining the effects of individual or combined infusion of alpha1- and beta-agonists into these regions. Results show that alpha1-receptors located within MS exert wake-promoting actions. Within both MS and MPOA, additive wake-promoting actions were observed with alpha1- and beta-receptor stimulation, the sum of which contributes to the overall arousal state of the animal.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Sedimentation in Cascadia Deep-Sea Channel

Cascadia Channel is the most extensive deep-sea channel known in the Pacific Ocean and extends across Cascadia Basin, through Blanco Fracture Zone, and onto Tufts Abyssal Plain. The channel is believed to be more than 2200 km in length and has a gradually decreasing gradient averaging 1:1000. Maximum channel relief reaches 300 m on the abyssal plain and 1100 m in the mountains of the fracture zone. The right (north and west) bank is consistently about 30 m higher than the left (south and east). Turbidity currents have deposited thick, olive-green silt sequences throughout upper and lower Cascadia Channel during Holocene time. The sediment is derived primarily from the Columbia River and is transported to the channel through Willapa Canyon. A cyclic alternation of the silt sequences and thin layers of hemipelagic gray clay extends at least 650 km along the channel axis. Similar Holocene sequences which are thinner and finer grained, occur on the walls and levees of the upper channel and indicate that turbidity currents have risen high above the channel floor to deposit their characteristic sediments. A thin surficial covering of Holocene sediment along the middle channel demonstrates the erosional or non-depositional nature of the turbidity currents in this area. The Holocene turbidity current deposits are graded texturally and compositionally, and contain Foraminifera from neritic, bathyal, and abyssal depths which have been size-sorted. A sequence of sedimentary structures occurs in the deposits similar to that found by Bouma in turbidites exposed on the continent. There is a sharp break in the textural and compositional properties of each graded bed. The coarser grained, basal zone of each bed represents deposition from the traction load; the finer grained, organic-rich, upper portion of each graded bed represents deposition from the suspension load. Individual turbidity current sequences are thinnest in the upper and thickest in the lower channel. Recurrence intervals between flows range from 400 years in the upper to 1500 years along portions of the lower channel. Evidently each flow recorded near shore did not extend its entire length. Turbidity currents have reached heights of at least 117 m and spread laterally 17 km from the channel axis. Calculated flow velocities range from 5.8 m/sec along the upper channel to 3.3 m/sec along the lower portion. Pleistocene turbidity currents within Cascadia Basin were much more extensive areally than the Holocene flows, and they deposited sediment which was coarser and cleaner. Pronounced levees which border the upper channel are due chiefly to Pleistocene overflow. Coarse gravels and ice-rafted pebbly clays were also deposited along Cascadia Channel during Pleistocene time.

Field of study: Geology
Microstructure Evolution of AZ91D Alloy in Casting and Forging Compound Forming Process

Taking AZ91D cast magnesium alloy as research object,the evolution of microstructure of the alloy before and after isothermal die forging was analyzed,and the average grain length of the primary phase was quantitatively measured by using particle size analysis software.The results show that: after isothermal forging,the matrix phase and second phase are elongated along the direction of the vertical pressure,gradually evolve into fibrous shape,and show characteristics of a significant flow line.Meanwhile,the average grain length of the primary phase increases by about 80%,and the largest crystal grain length increases by about 90.3%.

Field of study: Materials science
Long Waves in Building in the British Economy of the Nineteenth Century: A Comment

The evidence recently adduced by E. W. Cooney I to suggest that there were no long waves in building activity in Britain before c. I 870 and that consequently the origin of the inverse movements between Britain and the United States must be found in the course of events around that date seems in fact, when manipulated in a slightly different fashion, to provide little if any support for both these hypotheses. His own graph (Figure i), indeed, suggests inverse

Field of study: Economics, History
Assessing the conservation value of waterbodies: the example of the Loire floodplain (France)

In recent decades, two of the main management tools used to stem biodiversity erosion have been biodiversity monitoring and the conservation of natural areas. However, socio-economic pressure means that it is not usually possible to preserve the entire landscape, and so the rational prioritisation of sites has become a crucial issue. In this context, and because floodplains are one of the most threatened ecosystems, we propose a statistical strategy for evaluating conservation value, and used it to prioritise 46 waterbodies in the Loire floodplain (France). We began by determining a synthetic conservation index of fish communities (Q) for each waterbody. This synthetic index includes a conservation status index, an origin index, a rarity index and a richness index. We divided the waterbodies into 6 clusters with distinct structures of the basic indices. One of these clusters, with high Q median value, indicated that 4 waterbodies are important for fish biodiversity conservation. Conversely, two clusters with low Q median values included 11 waterbodies where restoration is called for. The results picked out high connectivity levels and low abundance of aquatic vegetation as the two main environmental characteristics of waterbodies with high conservation value. In addition, assessing the biodiversity and conservation value of territories using our multi-index approach plus an a posteriori hierarchical classification methodology reveals two major interests: (i) a possible geographical extension and (ii) a multi-taxa adaptation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Are microtubules discrete or continuum systems?

In this paper we study nonlinear dynamics of microtubules (MTs) relying on so-called u-model. A crucial discrete differential equation is transformed into a partial differential equation using a continuum approximation. Both the continuum and the discrete equations are solved and an excellent agreement of the results shows that MTs can be viewed as continuum systems. Thus we proved that the continuum approximation is applicable in research of nonlinear dynamics of MTs.

Field of study: Mathematics
Deposition of ozone to a mature spruce forest: measurements and comparison to models.

Removal of ozone at terrestrial surfaces provides a major sink for tropospheric ozone and, therefore, a constraint on the peak concentrations achieved during photochemical episodes. This study reports results from 5 years of almost continuous measurements of vertical profiles of ozone and related meteorological variables over a mature spruce forest in Bavaria. Deposition velocities calculated from flux/gradient and eddy correlation flux measurements have been compared with estimates based on a resistance model and yield satisfactory agreement during fine weather conditions. The results also suggest that biogenic emissions of reactive hydrocarbons from the forest influence the vertical profile of ozone.

Field of study: Environmental science
The hypochromic anemias.

Hypochromic anemia is the commonest type of anemia encountered in family practice. Although iron deficiency is by far the most common cause, it cannot be readily distinguished from hypochromic anemia due to other causes (thalassemia, secondary anemia and sideroblastic anemia) without knowing the state of the tissue iron stores. Treatment with iron should not be commenced until this is known. To establish the reason for the hypochromic state, the following tests are suggested: serum ferritin, bone marrow assessment of iron stores, plus serum iron and iron binding capacity.

Field of study: Medicine
Variscan eclogites from the Argentera–Mercantour Massif (External Crystalline Massifs, SW Alps): a dismembered cryptic suture zone

We document structural, geochemical, petrological and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar geochronological data performed on Variscan eclogites from the Argentera–Mercantour Massif, southwestern Alps. Based on the high-resolution field mapping, we present new eclogite occurrences and discuss the relationships between eclogites and surrounding migmatites. We recognized for the first time preserved eclogite facies assemblages. Trace elements and REE patterns establish that eclogites protoliths are MORBs contaminated by continental crust. Standard thermobarometry and thermodynamic modeling are consistent with P – T values of 640–740 °C for 1.5 ± 0.25 GPa, coherent with paleo-geotherms predicted for warm subduction of oceanic crust. We interpret these eclogites as a dismembered cryptic suture zone. 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating on amphiboles yields an age of 339.7 ± 12 Ma for eclogite retrogression under amphibolite facies conditions. All these data are combined to link the Argentera–Mercantour Massif in the tectonic framework of both pre-Mesozoic Alpine basement and European southern Variscides.

Field of study: Environmental science