nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Field Quality From Tolerance Analyses In Eight-Piece Quadrupole Magnet

Quadrupole magnets are used extensively in particle accelerators, synchrotrons, and storage rings all over the world. Excellent field quality is needed in these magnets, which requires machining the magnet parts to high precision. An eight-piece quadrupole design and assembly method is developed that produces the desired magnetic field quality by accurately positioning the pole tips. In this magnet design, all the parts need to be machined only within standard machining tolerances. This paper presents the magnetic and mechanical tolerance analyses of this quadrupole design. We performed mechanical tolerance stack-up analyses using the Teamcenter Variation Analysis software to evaluate the relationship of part-level machining tolerances to final magnet assembly errors. We then performed finite element analyses using OPERA to estimate the effect of assembly errors on magnetic field quality; and in turn to set the acceptable machining tolerances for parts to achieve the desired magnetic performance. We conclude from our tolerance analyses that a 0.025-mm symmetry in pole tip gaps and pole tip diagonal gaps can be achieved with 0.050-mm standard machining tolerances, resulting in improved field quality. The analysis results are compared to the magnetic measurements in an R&D eight-piece quadrupole magnet.

Field of study: Physics
Analysis of Atmospheric Electric Field Variation Signals using Aspectum of the Digital Natural Observation Method—Detection of Instantaneous Variation of Atmospheric Electric Field with Wind—

As the atmospheric electric field always fluctuates its observed waveforms are very complicated. It is important to detect the characteristic variation from the observed signals and find out its cause. The natural observation method is adequate to analyze such non-periodic signals as the atmospheric electric field signals. In this method the aspectum is proposed as the quantity to estimate the instantaneous power. In this study signal processing by the aspectum was applied to signals of atmospheric electric field variation. It was clarified that there exists the strong correlation between the instantaneous fluctuation of atmospheric electric field and the wind speed in the convenient meteorological environment.

Field of study: Computer science
HEXACARBONYLMOLYBDENUM- OR NONACARBONYLDIIRON-INDUCED REACTION OF 1,3-OXAZEPINE RING SYSTEM. EVIDENCE FOR THE VALENCE ISOMERIZATION BETWEEN 1,3-OXAZEPINE AND PYRIDINE-2,3-OXIDE

Upon treatment with [Mo(CO)6] or [Fe2(CO)9], phenyl-substituted 1,3-oxazepines undergo the C-2-O and C-7-O bond cleavage to give pyridine and pyrrole derivatives via a coordinated pyridine-2,3-oxide.

Field of study: Chemistry
Adaptive Student Questioning and Students' Verbal Ability

The authors examined the relationship between fifth-grade students' verbal ability level and the adaptive nature of the questions that these students asked in attempting to find a correct synonym for vocabulary items. Questions were divided into necessary questions (questions posed after a wrong provisional answer) and unnecessary questions (questions posed after a right provisional answer). Another division of questions was into helpful questions (questions that led to a correction of a wrong provisional answer) and harmful questions (questions that led to a shift from a right to a wrong answer). Also examined were discontinued inquiries (instances in which a student decided to break off an inquiry in favor of inferring the right alternative). The results showed that students with high verbal ability asked more necessary questions and stepped up the number of unnecessary questions for difficult items, signaling that these questions were asked to increase confidence in knowing. Students' verbal a...

Field of study: Education
Association between household fuel types and undernutrition status of adults and children under 5 years in 14 low and middle income countries

Polluting biomass fuel use has adverse effects on human health, but there are limited studies exploring the association between biomass fuel use and undernutrition in adult and child population. The study aims to investigate the association between biomass fuel use and undernutrition status of adults and children under 5 years of age in low and middle income countries (LMICs). Data were from the Demographic and Health Surveys in 14 LMICs. The main exposure variable was type of fuel the household mainly used for cooking. Linear regression models and Modified Poisson regression models with robust error variance in consideration of complex survey design were used to estimate the association between type of fuel used for cooking and the outcomes of interest. Personal and household data were collected by questionnaire, and anthropometry data were collected by measurement with a standardised protocol. A total of 532 987 households were included in the analysis, and the majority of households (63.9%) used high polluting fuels. For women, use of high polluting fuels lead to a 0.66 kg m−2 (95% CI: −0.74, −0.58) decrease in BMI and a 10% (95% CI: 7%, 13%) higher risk of underweight. For men, high polluting fuels lead to a 0.63 kg m−2 (95% CI: −0.88, −0.38) decrease in BMI and a 11% (95% CI: 5%, 18%) higher risk of underweight. For children, high polluting fuels resulted in a 0.16 (95% CI: −0.20, −0.11), 0.17 (95% CI: −0.22, −0.11), and 0.09 (95% CI: −0.14, −0.04) unit decrease in weight-for-age, height-for-age, and weight-for-height z scores, respectively; high polluting fuel use can lead to a 10% (95% CI: 3%, 18%) higher risk of underweight and a 13% (95% CI: 7%, 19%) higher risk of stunting, respectively. Effective interventions should be adopted by policymakers to accelerate the transition of polluting fuels to cleaner energy in LMICs.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effects of error and errorless discrimination acquisition on reversal learning.

The effectiveness of trial-and-error, graded-choice, and verbal-instruction procedures on the acquisition and maintenance of a two-choice simultaneous color discrimination in an intradimensional double-reversal learning situation was studied using 18 first-grade children. After acquiring a red-green discrimination during one 70-trial session, the discriminative roles of the stimuli were reversed for 30 trials, followed by a second reversal for 30 trials. Children in the graded-choice and verbal-instruction groups acquired and maintained the discriminations with fewer errors than children who learned by trial and error. The importance of the results in terms of two-stage discrimination learning theories is pointed out and similarities between errorless learning and overtraining are discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Influence of Demography, Religiosity and Porting Behaviour on Switching Behaviour of Mobile Subscribers: Evidence from A Developing Country

The paper examines the extent to which consumer demography, religiosity and porting behaviour predict consumer switching behaviour (CSB) in the context of mobile subscribers from an emerging market perspective. Drawing from relevant literature, a predictive model was developed to test the influence of demography, religiosity and porting behaviour on CSB. Empirical data were collected through a cross-sectional survey design involving 736 mobile subscribers from six telecoms in Ghana. Data were analysed using binary logistics regression to test the proposed model. The results indicate that the effect of some demographics (age, income and length of relationship) and porting behaviour were statistically significant in predicting mobile subscribers’ switching behaviour, while other demographics (gender, education, marital status and phone use experience) and religiosity did not contribute to predicting switching behaviour of mobile subscribers in Ghana. The theoretical and managerial implications of this study are discussed. The limitations of this study offer avenues for future research.

Field of study: Business
Low temperature synthesis of layered LiNiO2 cathode material in air atmosphere by ion exchange reaction

The layered LiNiO 2 cathode material for lithium ion battery was synthesized by ion-exchange reaction at low temperature in air atmosphere. The influence of synthesis conditions on the electrochemical performance of the resulting LiNiO 2 was investigated. The LiNiO 2 samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and infrared (IR) analysis. The results indicate that low temperature fabricated LiNiO 2 powders keep a single layered hexagonal structure and homogenous spheric shape like the raw material NiOOH. Charge and discharge tests show that the resultant LiNiO 2 exhibits good electrochemical properties. The first charge and discharge capacities of the sample are 183.4 mA h g − 1 and 169.5 mA h g − 1 at 0.5 mA cm − 2 , respectively. Galvanic charge/discharge and cyclic voltammetry tests reflect that LiNiO 2 electrode exhibits good cycle reversibility.

Field of study: Materials science
Electron beam lithography with a Gaussian current distribution for nanolithography

The parameters of a system of electron beam lithography with a Gaussian current density distribution are studied. The dependence of resolution on magnification and the ratio of anode potentials are analyzed. A model of a three-electrode electron gun with a ZrO/W cathode is used. Stochastic aberration is taken into account. It is shown that a resolution of 10 nm is obtainable even if an electron gun with the simplest geometry is used.

Field of study: Physics
Urban Areas and Isolated Remnants of Natural Habitats: An Action Proposal for Botanical Gardens

The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) advocates an increase of the number of botanical gardens throughout the world as one of the measures that can help to preserve the world's biodiversity. To implement this strategy, the present work brings forward a suggestion particularly suited to tropical regions: establishing municipal botanical gardens. It refers to the experience of a newly opened municipal botanical garden in Brazil, comparing its attractive power on visitors to that of other botanical gardens included in the Brazilian network of Botanical Gardens. It also presents considerations on in situ conservation in small remnants and on the importance of urban reserves to preserve the regional biodiversity and spread the conservationist philosophy. The present proposal promotes the participation of local communities making the public opinion more aware and active, besides being able to counterbalance proposals that support protecting the world biodiversity through interventionist actions. It assumes that, through actions planned and coordinated by regional and national botanical garden networks, the measure proposed can mitigate the anthropic actions exerted on important natural reserves all over the world.

Field of study: Environmental science
Experiences in transferring a software process improvement methodology to production laboratories

This article describes the experience of transferring a software process improvement methodology developed in a research laboratory to different production laboratories at IBM. The methodology involves the classification and analysis of software defects with a view to improving the software development process. The experience is reported in two parts. The first part details those factors that were anticipated, at least to some extent, or that seem more obvious. The second part details those parts of the experience that were completely unanticipated, appear quite subtle, and are probably not well known.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Permanent victims of violence: A sociological study of women victims of communal violence

How is gender implicated in communal violence? The article addresses this question, primarily in relation to the 1984 anti-Sikh riots that followed the killing of Indira Gandhi by her Sikh bodyguards. Estimates vary, but it is likely that more than 3,000 people were killed. Most of these were men, leaving their wives as permanent victims. These women continued to suffer from the memories of bloodshed, rope and the destruction of their houses and possessions, from the loss of loved ones, from the hardship of being a single parent, and from social approbation, including suspicions about sexual activities. In offering a gendered perspective, one should also recognize that women too sometimes engage in communal violence, and that such violence can re-enforce communal identity.

Field of study: Sociology
[Complement componenets, C3 and factors B, in the blood of patients with acute ischemic stroke].

: Several studies suggest that activation of compliment cascade contributes to the development of the inflammatory immune response in ischemic stroke and results in tissue injury by initiating apoptosis and necrosis. It is proposed that suppression of the compliment activation may have positive effect on stroke severity and outcome. However, the majority of data relevant to involvement of the compliment in the pathogenethic mechanisms of stroke have been obtained in animal models of stroke that does not allow to extrapolate these data to humans. Our previous studies were the first ones demonstrated the involvement of both the classical and the alternative complement activation pathways in the pathogenetic mechanisms of generation and development of stroke in humans. In the present work, using immunoblotting, we determined the levels of key components of the classical and alternative pathways of complement activation, C3 and factor B, in the blood of patients with ischemic stroke. Comparing to healthy controls, patients with ischemic stroke are characterized by the increased level of C3 and decreased level of factor B.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Nucleon–nucleon effective potential in dense matter including rho-meson exchange

We obtain the RPA summed one-meson exchange potential between nucleons in symmetric nuclear matter at zero temperature, from a model which includes ρ , σ , ω and π mesons. The behavior of rho mesons inside the medium is first discussed using different schemes to extract a finite contribution from the vacuum polarization. These schemes give qualitatively different results for the in-medium rho mass. The results are discussed in connection with the nonrenormalizability of the model. We next study the modified potential as density increases. In the intermediate-distance range, it is qualitatively modified by matter and vacuum effects. In the long-distance range ( r >2 fm), one observes the presence of oscillations, which are not present in free space. Features on this distance range are insensitive to the renormalization scheme.

Field of study: Physics
Chemical Stabilization of Oils Rich in Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids During Storage

During the microencapsulation process, the fish oil undergoes multiple changes in its physical properties such as bulkiness and dispersibility in aqueous phase and dry matrix. Autoxidation already occurred in the first stages of the microencapsulation process itself during emulsification and spray-drying. An efficient stabilization was achieved using a ternary combination of lipophilic antioxidants, synergistic compounds and a trace metal chelator, e.g. a combination of tocopherols, rich in the δ-derivative and low in the α-derivative, with ascorbyl palmitate and lecithin. Trace metal chelation by, e.g. Citrem or lecithin in combination with ascorbyl palmitate proved to be of particular importance in the emulsion, but not during the storage of the microencapsulated oil. In the microencapsulated oil, the addition of rosemary extract rich in carnosic acid to ternary blends of tocopherols, ascorbyl palmitate and lecithin or Citrem significantly retarded autoxidation.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A note on "An accurate error analysis model for fast Fourier transform"

The expressions derived by Ma (see ibid., vol.45, p.1641, 1997) for error variance and average power expectation using the model that has been proposed are not accurate. In this paper, all the possible correlations have not been considered. The expressions have been modified to make them exact. Closed-form expressions for the correlation between errors of different stages have been derived. The expressions have been verified by comparing the predicted values using these expressions with the simulation values given by Ma.

Field of study: Engineering
Epi-Inositol and inositol depletion: Two new treatment approaches in affective disorder

Inositol is a simple polyol precursor in a second messenger system important in brain myo-insitol, the natural isomer, which has been found to be therapeutically effective in depression, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder in double-blind controlled trials. Recently, epiinositol, an unnatural stereoisomer of myo-inositol, was found to have effects similar to those of myo-inositol to reverse lithium-pilocarpine seizures. We measured the behavior of rats in an elevated plus maze model of anxiety after chronic treatment of 11 daily intraperitoneal injections of epi-inositol, myo-inositol, or control solution. Epi-inositol reduced anxiety levels of rats compared with controls, and its effect was stronger than that of myoinositol. Lithium has been hypothesized to alleviate mania by reducing brain inositol levels. Inositol in brain derives from the second messenger cycle, from new synthesis, or from diet via transport across the blood brain barrier. Because the first two are inhibited by lithium, we propose that an inositol-free diet will augment lithium action in mania by enhancing restriction of inositol.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Mallows-Type Bounded-Influence-Regression Trimmed Means

The influence functions of the regression trimmed-mean estimators proposed by Koenker and Bassett (1978) and Welsh (1987) are bounded in the dependent-variable space but not in the independent-variable space. This article follows the approach of Mallows (1973, 1975) and modifies these estimators so that the resulting estimators have bounded-influence functions. The large-sample behavior of these estimators is studied, and it is shown that they have the same asymptotic distribution. The small-sample behaviors of the ordinary-regression and bounded-influence-regression trimmed means are then investigated by means of a Monte Carlo study and by applying the estimators to water-salinity data (see Ruppert and Carroll 1980). Based on these results we conclude that one can potentially gain much by using bounded-influence-regression trimmed means over ordinary-regression trimmed means; however, there does not seem to be a clear choice between the Koenker-Bassett and Welsh versions.

Field of study: Mathematics
A Comparative Study Among Folic Acid and Its Related Metabolites on Risk Assessment and Prediction of Neural Tube Defects

Quantitative method and multiple statistical methods were used to compare the effect of folic acid and its related metabolites on risk assessment and prediction of neural tube defects.First,a previously established HPLC-MS/MS method was employed to determine the levels of these metabolites in maternal serum samples of 121 cases and 118 controls.Then two-sample t test(p0.05) was used to obtain differential metabolites between these two groups.At last,Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic(ROC) analysis were employed to calculate the odds ratio,sensitivity and specificity,positive and negative predictive rate of these metabolites.Results showed that among the 4 differential metabolites,5-methyltetrahydrofolate and homocysteine both got higher odds ratio,positive and negative predictive rate than folic acid.The method was suitable for screening and assessment of disease biomarkers.

Field of study: Chemistry
The chemokine network. II. On how polymorphisms and alternative splicing increase the number of molecular species and configure intricate patterns of disease susceptibility

In this second review on chemokines, we focus on the polymorphisms and alternative splicings and on their consequences in disease. Because chemokines are key mediators in the pathogenesis of inflammatory, autoimmune, vascular and neoplastic disorders, a large number of studies attempting to relate particular polymorphisms of chemokines to given diseases have already been conducted, sometimes with contradictory results. Reviewing the published data, it becomes evident that some chemokine genes that are polymorphic have alleles that are found repeatedly, associated with disease of different aetiologies but sharing some aspects of pathogenesis. Among CXC chemokines, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CXCL8 and CXCL12 genes stand out, as they have alleles associated with many diseases such as asthma and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), respectively. Of CC chemokines, the stronger associations occur among alleles from SNPs in CCL2 and CCL5 genes and a number of inflammatory conditions. To understand how chemokines contribute to disease it is also necessary to take into account all the isoforms resulting from differential splicing. The first part of this review deals with polymorphisms and the second with the diversity of molecular species derived from each chemokine gene due to alternative splicing phenomena. The number of molecular species and the level of expression of each of them for every chemokine and for each functionally related group of chemokines reaches a complexity that requires new modelling algorithms akin to those proposed in systems biology approaches.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Absolute intensity determination of the 140. 5 KeV gamma ray of /sup 99/Mo, /sup 99m/ Tc

The absolute intensities of the 140.5 KeV gamma ray of /sup 99/Mo and/or /sup 99m/ Tc in a nonequilibrium state, have been measured using Ge(Li) gamma spectrometer. In various literatures, these values were scattered ranging from 1.44% to 5.7%. In the present work, the results obtained are 0.0510 + or - 0.0016, 0.882 + or - 0.026 and 0.895 + or - 0.024 for /sup 99/Mo, /sup 99m/ Tc and /sup 99/Mo- /sup 99m/ Tc in a equilibrium state, respectively. The absolute intensities of the 181.1 KeV and 739.4 KeV gamma-ray have also been measured, they are 0.0579 + or - 0.0016 and 0.119 + or - 0.003, respectively.

Field of study: Physics
Warren Christopher's In the Stream of History: A Review Essay

"Every man looks at his woodpile with a kind of affection," Henry David Thoreau said. Every secretary of state views his speeches that way too, a fact perhaps fully appreciated only by those staff aides who stoically endure the excruciating production of draft after draft, solicitation of colleagues' comments, the clearance process, the proofreading, teleprompting, and backgrounding of the press, whose reporting is "embargoed until delivery." And then they are dismayed when the public pays scant attention to what has been so carefully prepared. Every former secretary of state is tempted to collect and publish all those speeches to give the world a second chance to see what important substance they set forth in such elegant style. And just as invariably the ex-cabinet officer is prevailed upon by friends, colleagues, and literary agents to forget about it, because speeches don't sell; only a "real" memoir can fulfill one's debt to history. Warren Christopher has not heeded such advice. He has done it his way, in a handsome volume of thirty-seven speeches, each preceded by a brief essay.' Although none of these speeches is likely to be considered by William Safire for his next collection of rhetorical gems of the genre, they are (almost) jargonfree models of clarity and serious purpose in which now and again the distinctive Christopher voice can be heard. At just those points when the listener's attention is about to flag, a freshly apt word or phrase pops up. The man behind the thesaurus seems to be Christopher himself, for we are surprised to learn at

Field of study: Political science