nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Patterns of ethanol intake in preadolescent, adolescent, and adult Wistar rats under acquisition, maintenance, and relapse-like conditions.

Animal behavioral models of voluntary ethanol consumption represent a valuable tool to investigate the relationship between age and propensity to consume alcohol using an experimental methodology. Although adolescence has been considered as a critical age, few are the studies that consider the preadolescence age. This study examines the ethanol consumption/preference and the propensity to show an alcohol deprivation effect (ADE) after a short voluntary ethanol exposure from a developmental perspective.



Three groups of heterogeneous Wistar rats of both sexes with ad libitum food and water were exposed for 10 days to 3 ethanol solutions at 3 different ontogenetic periods: preadolescence (PN19), adolescence (PN28), and adulthood (PN90). Ethanol intake (including circadian rhythm), ethanol preference, water and food consumption, and ADE were measured.



During the exposure, the 3 groups differed in their ethanol intake; the greatest amount of alcohol (g/kg) was consumed by the preadolescent rats while the adolescents showed a progressive decrease in alcohol consumption as they approached the lowest adult levels by the end of the assessed period. The pattern of ethanol consumption was not fully explained in terms of hyperphagia and/or hyperdipsia at early ages, and showed a wholly circadian rhythm in adolescent rats. After an abstinence period of 7 days, adult rats showed an ADE measured both as an increment in ethanol consumption and preference, whereas adolescent rats only showed an increment in ethanol preference. Preadolescent rats decreased their consumption and their preference remained unchanged.



In summary, using a short period of ethanol exposure and a brief deprivation period the results revealed a direct relationship between chronological age and propensity to consume alcohol, being the adolescence a transition period from the infant to the adult pattern of alcohol consumption. Preadolescent animals showed the highest ethanol consumption level. The ADE was only found in adult animals for both alcohol consumption and preference, whereas adolescents showed an ADE only for preference. No effect of sex was detected in any phase of the experiment.

Field of study: Medicine
Identity and Professional Networking

Despite evidence that large professional networks afford a host of financial and professional benefits, people vary in how motivated they are to build such networks. To help explain this variance, the present article moves beyond a rational self-interest account to examine the possibility that identity shapes individuals’ intentions to network. Study 1 established a positive association between viewing professional networking as identity-congruent and the tendency to prioritize strengthening and expanding one’s professional network. Study 2 revealed that manipulating the salience of the self affects networking intentions, but only among those high in networking identity-congruence. Study 3 further established causality by experimentally manipulating identity-congruence to increase networking intentions. Study 4 examined whether identity or self-interest is a better predictor of networking intentions, providing support for the former. These findings indicate that identity influences the networks people develop. Implications for research on the self, identity-based motivation, and professional networking are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Pinhole interferometry with coherent hard X-rays.

This paper discusses the experimental realisation of two types of X-ray interferometer based on pinhole diffraction. In both interferometers the beam splitter was a thin metal foil containing micrometer pinholes to divide the incident X-ray wave into two coherent waves. The interference pattern was studied using an energy-dispersive detector to simultaneously investigate in a large spectral range the diffraction properties of the white synchrotron radiation. For a highly absorbing pinhole mask the interference fringes from the classical Young's double-pinhole experiment were recorded and the degree of coherence of X-rays could be determined. In the case of low absorption of the metal foil at higher X-ray energies (>15 keV) the interference pattern of a point diffraction interferometer was observed using the same set-up. The spectral refraction index of the metal foil was determined.

Field of study: Physics
Stabile Carbeniumionen, 27. Diarylchlorcarbeniumionen

Diarylchlorcarbenium-hexachloroantimonate werden als kristalline Salze dargestellt und charakterisiert. 
 
 
 
Stable Carbenium Ions, 271). - Diarylchlorocarbenium Ions 
 
 
 
Diarylchlorocarbenium hexachloroantimonates have been prepared as crystalline salts and are characterised.

Field of study: Chemistry
In Situ Neutron Scattering Study of Nanostructured PbTe-PbS Bulk Thermoelectric Material

Nanostructures play an important role in thermoelectric materials. Their thermal stability, such as phase change and evolution at elevated temperatures, is thus of great interest to the thermoelectric community. In this study, in situ neutron diffraction was used to examine the phase evolution of nanostructured bulk PbTe-PbS materials fabricated using hot pressing and pulsed electrical current sintering (PECS). The PbS second phase was observed in all samples in the as-pressed condition. The temperature dependent lattice parameter and phase composition data show an initial formation of PbS precipitates followed by a redissolution during heating. The redissolution process started around 570–600 K, and completed at approximately 780 K. During cooling, the PECS sample followed a reversible curve while the heating/cooling behavior of the hot pressed sample was irreversible.

Field of study: Materials science
Fungal diversity on submerged wood in a tropical stream and an artificial lake

Two collections of submerged wood were made from the Mushroom Research Centre in northern Thailand. One collection comprising 100 samples was made from an artificial lake, which had been made by damming a stream running through a secondary forest. The other collection comprising 90 samples was made from an adjacent non dammed shallow stream running through a similar forest. A total of 68 fungal taxa were recorded during the study and the Shannon–Weiner index (H′) was applied to evaluate the diversities of freshwater fungi. Sørensen’s index (S′) was calculated to evaluate the similarity of different fungal communities. The variation of freshwater fungi on submerged wood between lentic and lotic habitat is discussed and compared with previous studies. A dramatic decrease in species richness and diversity, with significantly changed species composition were observed in the artificial lake as compared to the non dammed stream.

Field of study: Environmental science
Paternal Low-Level Mosaicism-Caused SATB2-Associated Syndrome

Mutations of SATB2 (OMIM#608148) gene at 2q33.1 have been associated with the autosomal dominant SATB2-associated syndrome (SAS), which is still short of comprehensive diagnosis technologies for small deletions and low-level mosaicism. In this Chinese Han family, single nucleotide polymorphism array identified a 4.9-kb deletion in the SATB2 gene in two consecutive siblings exhibiting obvious developmental delay and dental abnormalities but failed to find so in their parents. Prenatal diagnosis revealed that their third child carried the same deletion in SATB2 and the pregnancy was terminated. To determine the genetic causes behind the inheritance of SATB2 deletion, gap-PCR was performed on peripheral blood-derived genomic DNA of the family and semen-derived DNA from the father. Gap-PCR that revealed the deletions in the two affected siblings were inherited from the father, while the less intense mutant band indicated the mosaicism of this mutation in the father. The deletion was 3,013 bp in size, spanning from chr2: 200,191,313-200,194,324 (hg19), and covering the entire exon 9 and part of intron 8 and 9 sequences. Droplet digital PCR demonstrated mosaicism percentage of 13.2% and 16.7% in peripheral blood-derived genomic DNA and semen-derived DNA of the father, respectively. Hereby, we describe a family of special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2-associated syndrome caused by paternal low-level mosaicism and provide effective diagnostic technologies for intragenic deletions.

Field of study: Biology
Acetoxy drug: protein transacetylase: A novel enzyme-mediating protein acetylation by polyphenolic peracetates

The acetylation of proteins in biological systems is largely catalyzed by specific acetyl transferases utilizing acetyl CoA as the acetyl donor. The enzymatic acetylation of proteins independent of acetyl CoA was unknown until we discovered a unique membrane-bound enzyme in mammalian cells catalyzing the transfer of acetyl groups from polyphenolic peracetates (PAs) to certain enzyme proteins, resulting in the modulation of their catalytic activities. Since for the enzyme, acetyl derivatives of several classes of polyphenols such as coumarins, flavones, chromones, and xanthones were found to be acetyl donors, the enzyme was termed as acetoxy drug: protein transacetylase (TAase). TAase was found to be ubiquitously present in tissues of several animal species and a variety of animal cells. Liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 (CYP), NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cytosolic glutathione S-transferase (GST) were found to be the targets for TAase-catalyzed acetylation by the model acetoxy drug 7,8-diacetoxy-4-methylcoumarin (DAMC). Accordingly, the catalytic activities of CYP-linked, mixed function oxidases (MFOs) and GST were irreversibly inhibited while the reductase was remarkably activated. In this report, we have reviewed the details concerning purification and characterization of TAase and the protein acetylation by DAMC. Quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) studies concerning the specificities of various PAs to liver microsomal TAase and TAase-related biological effects have also been reviewed.

Field of study: Chemistry
Effect of thermal treatment on the thermoelectric properties of Sb0.9Bi1.1Te2.9Se0.1 solid solution thin films

The effect thermal treatment in a vacuum has on the thermoelectric properties of Sb0.9Bi1.1Te2.9Se0.1 solid solution thin films obtained via ion-beam sputtering in an argon atmosphere is considered. It is established that the specific resistance and thermopower are determined by the type and concentration of intrinsic point defects of the Sb0.9Bi1.1Te2.9Se0.1 solid solution. The power factor values are found to be comparable to those of nanostructured materials based on (Bi,Sb)2(Te,Se)3 solid solutions.

Field of study: Physics
Characterization and partial purification of a novel neutrophil membrane-associated kinase capable of phosphorylating the respiratory burst component p47phox.

The phosphorylation of p47phox is widely viewed as an important step in the activation of the neutrophil respiratory burst oxidase system. The exact nature of the kinase(s) responsible remains to be elucidated. We show here that such a kinase was detected on neutrophil membranes activated by either PMA or formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine. This enzyme is not intrinsic to the neutrophil membrane and could be eluted with 0.5 M NaCl. The kinase activity was partially purified and was found not to be due to the presence of previously suggested kinases, including protein kinase C isotypes, mitogen-activated protein kinase and protein kinase B. Gel filtration and renaturation in substrate gels suggest a molecular mass of between 45 and 51 kDa. The kinase activity was independent of calcium and lipids but was potently inhibited by staurosporine. Treatment with protein phosphatase 2Ac suggested that the kinase was activated by serine/threonine phosphorylation. Phosphopeptide maps indicated that the kinase phosphorylated p47phox on similar sites to those found in vivo. These results indicate that activation of neutrophils by PMA results in the activation of a membrane-associated kinase that may play a part in the regulation of neutrophil NADPH oxidase through its ability to phosphorylate p47phox.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Partitioning changes in photosynthetic rate into contributions from different variables.

Changes in net CO2 assimilation rate (A) are often partitioned into contributions from changes in different variables using an approach that is based on an expression from calculus: namely the definition of the exact differential of A, which states that an infinitesimal change in A (dA) is equal to the sum of infinitesimal changes in each of the underlying variables, each multiplied by the partial derivative of A with respect to the variable. Finite changes in A can thus be partitioned by integrating this sum across a finite interval. The most widely used method of estimating that integral is a coarse discrete approximation that uses partial derivatives of the natural logarithm of A rather than A itself. This yields biased and ambiguous estimates of partitioned changes in A. We present an alternative partitioning approach based on direct numerical integration of dA. The new approach does not require any partial derivatives to be computed, and it can be applied under any conditions to estimate the contributions from changes in any photosynthetic variable. We demonstrate this approach using field measurements of both seasonal and diurnal changes in assimilation rate, and we provide a spreadsheet implementing the new approach.

Field of study: Environmental science
Competitive search equilibrium with multidimensional heterogeneity and two-sided ex-ante investments

We analyze a competitive search environment where heterogeneous workers and firms make costly investments (e.g. in education and physical capital, respectively) before they enter the labor market. A key novelty with respect to existing work is that we allow for multidimensional heterogeneity on both sides of the market. Our environment features transferable utility and symmetric information. As in classical hedonic models, wages depend both on the job's and on the worker's match-relevant characteristics. Yet the presence of search frictions implies that (unlike in those models) markets do not clear. The hedonic wage function and probabilities of finding and filling different jobs are determined endogenously in a competitive search equilibrium. We show that constrained efficient allocations can be determined as optimal solutions to a linear programming problem, whereas the wage function supporting these allocations and associated expected payoffs for workers and firms correspond to the solutions of the `dual' of that linear program. We use this characterization to show that a competitive search equilibrium exist and is constrained efficient under very general conditions. Jerez (2014) makes a similar point in the context of a model where all the match-relevant characteristics of the traders are exogenous. Here we extend the analysis to allow for two-sided ex-ante investments which are potentially multidimensional. The fact that linear programming techniques have been used for the structural estimation of frictionless matching models suggests that our framework is potentially useful for empirical studies of labor markets and other hedonic markets (like that for housing) where search frictions are prevalent

Field of study: Economics
Teaching Literature as Art

rj HIE question "What's the good of taking that?" seldom interrupts students' advisers when they are setting down "English Si," "20I," or whatever else it is that the course of study offers, because both required and elective courses in literature are quite as thoroughly accepted essentials in the curriculums of all schools and colleges as are subjects of any other sort. But when the question is asked, it deserves an answer-a better answer than some maunderings about the cultural value of such study or a counter-attack upon the student's presumedly excessive practicality. What is the reply to be? Should the undergraduate be led to expect merely a special approach to English history and a cultural veneer consisting of the names of authors, their chronological sequence, some gossip about them, and little more than the titles of their principal works? Or can he be promised a discipline which he can get nowhere else and from which he can learn to understand, respect, and enjoy some principal art forms? It is painfully clear, from annotated anthologies intended as bases for instruction in survey and "period" courses and from the ready acceptance which is given them, that the majority of the men and women who help frame courses of study and who teach college English perform for their students no more than the first of those functions, in part because they confuse literature with its peripheries and in part because they lack a technique for leading their students in a critical analysis of the works themselves. The following is a representative passage from the note on Milton's verse in Coffin and Witherspoon's Seventeenth-Century Prose and Poetry:

Field of study: Education
Variable-bit-rate speech transmission using punctured convolutional codes

Rate (n-1)/n punctured convolutional codes are very effective in conjunction with embedded differential pulse code modulation (EDPCM) in variable-bit-rate speech transmission. The authors investigate the performance of this variable-bit-rate EDPCM system in terms of probability of bit error and audio signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) versus channel SNR in an additive white Gaussian noise and Rayleigh fading channel using soft-decision decoding for specific sets of code generators of punctured convolutional codes. The results show that different sets of code generators affect the performance in terms of both the probability of bit error and the audio SNR. Improvements were obtained in the cases of Gaussian nonfading and Rayleigh fading channels using soft-decision decoding.

Field of study: Engineering
RF Perturbation Measurements in Long Linac Cavities

Equipment and procedures have been developed for measuring the axial accelerating electric field in proton linear accelerator cavities. The method used is the usual one of measuring the change in resonant frequency caused by a small perturbing sphere on the axis of the cavity. The frequency change is determined at millimeter intervals along the axis by measuring the corresponding period length using an on-line digital computer. The computation is carried out on the computer so that the derived fields can be obtained, integrated, plotted, and compared. The method is rapid and the increased precision of the measurement allows better knowledge of the fields in operating linear accelerators. This equipment has been used on the 50-MeV linac injector for the Zero Gradient Synchrotron at Argonne National Laboratory.1 It has also been used to measure the axial field in a cavity with fields which can be calculated using a field computational program.2 The measured and calculated field values have been compared.

Field of study: Physics
Very high temperature, moderate pressure metamorphism in the New Russia gneiss complex, northeastern Adirondack Highlands, metamorphic aureole to the Marcy anorthosite: Discussion

Alcock and Muller (1999) assert four inferences regarding Grenville gneisses near New Russia, N.Y. (named “New Russia gneiss complex” by them) and the adjacent ca. 1130 Ma Marcy anorthosite massif. These four inferences follow: (1) metamorphism and anatexis of the New Russia complex were due to contact effects in the thermal aureole of the ca.1130 Ma Marcy anorthosite; (2) pressure estimates in the gneiss suggest anorthosite emplacement pressures of ∼750 MPa; (3) heat from intrusion of the Marcy anorthosite and coeval anorthosite–mangerite–charnockite–granite (AMCG) plutons caused regional granulite-facies metamorphism of the Adirondack Highlands; and (4) the Marcy anorthosite massif, which commonly is only mildly deformed in its core, is a postkinematic intrusion, thus implying that the Adirondacks experienced no post-Marcy, Ottawan orogenesis at ca. 1090–1030 Ma. We consider all four assertions to be seriously flawed, and we address these and related issues, beginning with inference (4), above, which is critical to their entire argument.

Alcock and Muller ignore or misrepresent two critical pieces of widely reported data based upon field relations and U–Pb zircon geochronology. In addition, their own most recent geochronological results contradict the model that they propose. These critical issues are discussed below under three separate headings.

1. Alcock and Muller cite the existence of only “younger undeformed or mildly deformed granites” following the ca. 1150–1130 Ma AMCG plutonism of the Adirondack Highlands. This ignores the existence of the well-established Hawkeye granitic suite of the Highlands that is closely related to Buddington’s (1939) “younger hornblende granite” and has been dated (six samples from across the region), by U/Pb zircon, at 1095 ± 13 Ma (Chiarenzelli and McLelland 1991; McLelland et al. 1996, ). The Hawkeye suite commonly exhibits intense ductile strain  and, therefore, predates high grade, granulite-facies ( T ≈ 700–850°C) metamorphism and penetrative deformation of the Ottawan Orogeny (ca. 1090–1030 Ma) the age of which has …

Field of study: Environmental science
Pre-Saturation Technique of the Recycled Aggregates: Solution to the Water Absorption Drawback in the Recycled Concrete Manufacture †

The replacement of natural aggregates by recycled aggregates in the concrete manufacturing has been spreading worldwide as a recycling method to counteract the large amount of construction and demolition waste. Although legislation in this field is still not well developed, many investigations demonstrate the possibilities of success of this trend given that concrete with satisfactory mechanical and durability properties could be achieved. However, recycled aggregates present a low quality compared to natural aggregates, the water absorption being their main drawback. When used untreated in concrete mix, the recycled aggregate absorb part of the water initially calculated for the cement hydration, which will adversely affect some characteristics of the recycled concrete. This article seeks to demonstrate that the technique of pre-saturation is able to solve the aforementioned problem. In order to do so, the water absorption of the aggregates was tested to determine the necessary period of soaking to bring the recycled aggregates into a state of suitable humidity for their incorporation into the mixture. Moreover, several concrete mixes were made with different replacement percentages of natural aggregate and various periods of pre-saturation. The consistency and compressive strength of the concrete mixes were tested to verify the feasibility of the proposed technique.

Field of study: Materials science
Severity and speed of Northern Hemisphere glaciation pulses: The limiting case?

A brief pulse of ice-sheet growth of enormous amplitude predicted by the theory of Milankovitch is confirmed by oxygen-isotopic and other evidence in Pacific and North Atlantic cores. This glaciation bisected “interglacial” isotopic stage 7, lasted no more than 23,000 yr from inception to end, and resulted in a very large ice-volume buildup and a full-glacial climatic response of the North Atlantic Ocean. This pulse, along with other episodes of rapid and large-scale ice growth, does not conform to the conventional “sawtooth” model of slow ice accumulation and rapid ice decay. Ice-growth rates on such pulses can approach the mean ice-decay rates on isotopic glacial terminations.

Field of study: Geology