nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of surface treatments on the frosting/defrosting behavior of a fin-tube heat exchanger

The effects of the heat exchanger surface treatment on the frosting/defrosting behavior in a fin-tube heat exchanger are investigated experimentally. It is found that the hydrophilic surface mainly influences the frosting behavior, while the hydrophobic surface has some influence on the defrosting behavior. In view of the frosting, a surface-treated heat exchanger with either hydrophilic or hydrophobic characteristic shows little improvement in the thermal performance rather than the bare aluminum heat exchanger. The results reveal that the heat exchanger with a hydrophobic surface treatment is more effective in view of the defrosting efficiency and time. The amount of residual water on the surface-treated heat exchangers is shown to be smaller than that of the bare heat exchanger. Therefore further improvements on the performance of re-operations are expected.

Field of study: Engineering
Ammonoid faunas from the Cardium Formation (Turonian-Coniacian, Upper Cretaceous) and contiguous units, Alberta, Canada: I. Scaphitidae

While the Cardium Formation (TuronianConiacian, Upper Cretaceous) is one of the major hydrocarbon sources, and consequently one of the most intensely studied siliciclastic formations in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, it remains one of the more controversial units in terms of understanding the depositional environments and processes it represents, and correlations between subsurface and outcrop. Proposed subsurface subdivisions based on sequence stratigraphic concepts, and relation of these allomembers to long-established members of the outcrop belt, have provoked further disagreements. The general lack of biostratigraphic data within the Cardium Formation makes it difficult to test different models and to resolve conflicting proposals. This paper provides stratigraphic and taxonomic information on all known scaphitid ammonoids from the Cardium Formation and correlation of these faunas with the Turonian and Coniacian zonal scheme established in the United States Western Interior; future publication...

Field of study: Environmental science
Coherent and Collective Quantum Optical Effects in Mesoscopic Systems

A review of coherent and collective quantum optical effects like superradiance and coherent population trapping in mesoscopic systems is presented. Various new physical realizations of these phenomena are discussed, with a focus on their role for electronic transport and quantum dissipation in coupled nano-scale systems like quantum dots. A number of theoretical tools such as Master equations, polaron transformations, correlation functions, or level statistics are used to describe recent work on dissipative charge qubits (double quantum dots), the Dicke effect, phonon cavities, single oscillators, dark states and adiabatic control in quantum transport, and large spin-boson models. The review attempts to establish connections between concepts from Mesoscopics (quantum transport, coherent scattering, quantum chaos), Quantum Optics (such as superradiance, dark states, boson cavities), and (in its last part) Quantum Information Theory.

Field of study: Physics
tRNA-Derived Fragments as Novel Predictive Biomarkers for Trastuzumab-Resistant Breast Cancer

Resistance to trastuzumab remains a common challenge to HER-2 positive breast cancer. Up until now, the underlying mechanism of trastuzumab resistance is still unclear. tRNA-derived small non-coding RNAs, a new class of small non-coding RNA (sncRNAs), have been observed to play an important role in cancer progression. However, the relationship between tRNA-derived fragments and trastuzumab resistance is still unknown.  We detected the levels of tRNA-derived fragments expression in normal breast epithelial cell lines, trastuzumab-sensitive and -resistant breast cancer cell lines using high-throughput sequencing. qRT-PCR was conducted to validate the differentially expressed fragments in serums from trastuzumab-sensitive and -resistant patients. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to evaluate the power of specific tRNA-derived fragments. Progression-free survival (PFS) was analyzed using Cox-regression.  Our sequence results showed that tRNA-derived fragments were differentially expressed in the HBL-100, SKBR3, and JIMT-1 cell lines. tRF-30-JZOYJE22RR33 and tRF-27-ZDXPHO53KSN were found significantly upregulated in trastuzumab-resistant patients compared to sensitive individuals, and the ROC analysis showed that tRF-30-JZOYJE22RR33 and tRF-27-ZDXPHO53KSN were correlated with trastuzumab resistance. In a multivariate analysis, higher levels of tRF-30-JZOYJE22RR33 and tRF-27-ZDXPHO53KSN expression were associated with significantly shorter PFS in patients with metastatic HER-2 positive breast cancer.  Our results suggest that tRF-30-JZOYJE22RR33 and tRF-27-ZDXPHO53KSN play important roles in trastuzumab resistance. Patients with high levels of tRF-30-JZOYJE22RR33 and tRF-27-ZDXPHO53KSN expression benefitted less from trastuzumab-based therapy than those that express lower-levels of these molecules. tRF-30-JZOYJE22RR33 and tRF-27-ZDXPHO53KSN may be potential biomarkers and intervention targets in the clinical treatment of trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Inhibition of CaSO_4 of Various Inhibitors with Partial Permeate Withdrawal Method

Scaling of reverse osmosis (RO) membrane as one of main problems in desalination process, currently there is no satisfactory method for reliable evaluation of scaling limits and for confident selection of the most cost effective inhibitors. Method of partial recycle of permeate was used to evaluate inhibitor efficiency. The sharp drop in membrane parameters such as turbidity, supersaturation and permeability at the onset of scaling was used to determine the limiting water recovery. Three kinds of inhibitors were evaluated, with detailed description of the scaling process of reverse osmosis.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effect of temperature on the molding of chalcogenide glass lenses for infrared imaging applications.

We examine the effect of temperature on the molding of chalcogenide glass for infrared (IR) lens fabrication and evaluate a molded chalcogenide glass lens. Both the adhesion of the chalcogenide glass to the mold's surface and lens breakage depended on the initial heating temperature and on the molding temperatures in the glass molding process. In addition, the molded chalcogenide glass lens was evaluated based on transcription characteristics of the mold's surface, IR transmittance, and x-ray diffraction patterns. From the analysis results, we verified that the chalcogenide glass lens for IR imaging application could be fabricated by well-controlled temperature conditions.

Field of study: Physics
ФЕДЕРАЛЬНЫЙ БЮДЖЕТ: РИСК УХУДШЕНИЯ СТРУКТУРЫ РАСХОДОВ

В 2015 г. федеральный бюджет сведен с дефицитом в 2,7% ВВП (в 2014 г. – 0,5% ВВП). По сравнению с 2014 г. доходы снизились существенно – на 2,0 п.п. ВВП, объем расходов незначительно вырос – на 0,2 п.п. ВВП. 2016 г. и последующий среднесрочный период при отсутствии своевременного принятия оперативных и стратегических мер по адаптации бюджетной системы к новым реалиям могут оказаться гораздо более сложными для бюджета и отечественной экономики в целом. Сокращение доходной части в среднесрочном периоде неизбежно ставит вопрос о сокращении и расходов. В то же время повторение технического десятипроцентного секвестра при наличии защищенных статей (социальные обязательства, оборона, зарплата бюджетников) несет в себе риски дальнейшего ухудшения структуры расходов федерального бюджета с уменьшением доли расходов, способствующих экономическому росту в долгосрочном периоде (на человеческий капитал и инфраструктуру).

Field of study: Economics
A similarity‐based approach for macroeconomic forecasting

In the aftermath of the recent financial crisis there has been considerable focus on methods for predicting macroeconomic variables when their behaviour is subject to abrupt changes, associated for example with crisis periods. We propose similarity‐based approaches as a way to handle parameter instability and apply them to macroeconomic forecasting. The rationale is that clusters of past data that match the current economic conditions can be more informative for forecasting than the entire past behaviour of the variable of interest. We apply our methods to predict both simulated data in a set of Monte Carlo experiments, and a broad set of key US macroeconomic indicators. The forecast evaluation exercises indicate that similarity‐based approaches perform well, in general, in comparison with other common time‐varying forecasting methods, and particularly well during crisis episodes.

Field of study: Mathematics
Polynuclear aromatic hycrocarbons

Current research has shed new light on the mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH's) in the environment. PAH's in the environment originate from vehicle exhaust, refuse, carbon black, residual oil, and other sources. The biochemical mechanisms of PAH effects have been investigated in laboratory studies. Most study results suggest that PAH epoxides or arene oxides are the electrophilic chemical species that initiate benzo-a-pyrene mediated carcinogenesis. Analytical techniques for metabolite identification and analysis are being developed.

Field of study: Environmental science
TH-AB-207A-02: Do Low-KVp CT Scans Increase the Dose Received by Superficial Organs?

Tube voltages below 120 kVp are increasingly used in clinical CT. There are concerns that dose to superficial organs such as skin, thyroid, and breasts may be elevated at a low-kVp setting. Our purpose was to investigate the effect of low-kVp imaging on the dose received by deep-seated and superficial organs as well as the effective dose.



Three computational patient models were included. They represented normal-weight, overweight, and obese adult females (BMI: 20-42). A Monte Carlo program developed and validated for a 128-slice CT system (Definition Flash, Siemens Healthcare) was used to simulate organ dose for chest and abdomen-pelvis scans at 70, 80, 100, 120, 140 kVps. Organ dose was subsequently used to calculate effective dose.



In chest CT, when CTDIvol was held constant, thyroid, breast, lung, and esophagus doses reduced with reducing kVp and were 22%, 5%, 9%, and 20% lower at 70 than 120 kVp for the normal-weight patient. The dose reduction percentages were even greater in general for the overweight and obese patients. Similar reduction in liver, colon, bladder, and ovary doses was found in abdomen-pelvis CT. Whole body averaged skin dose was nearly independent of kVp. In contrast, peak skin dose (over a 2 × 2 cm2 area) increased with reducing kVp and was 8-10% higher at 70 than 120 kVp. Regardless of patient size and exam type, when DLP was kept constant, effective dose reduced with reducing kVp and was 12-27% lower at 70 than 120 kVp.



In adult body CT, using a low kVp setting to reduce CTDIvol corresponds to an even greater reduction in effective dose as well as the average dose received by deep-seated and most superficial organs. Provided that the low-kVp setting reduces CTDIvol by >10%, there will be no elevation of peak skin dose.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Assortative Mating on Ancestry-Variant Traits in Admixed Latin American Populations

Assortative mating is a universal feature of human societies, and individuals from ethnically diverse populations are known to mate assortatively based on similarities in genetic ancestry. However, little is currently known regarding the exact phenotypic cues, or their underlying genetic architecture, which inform ancestry-based assortative mating. We developed a novel approach, using genome-wide analysis of ancestry-specific haplotypes, to evaluate ancestry-based assortative mating on traits whose expression varies among the three continental population groups – African, European, and Native American – that admixed to form modern Latin American populations. Application of this method to genome sequences sampled from Colombia, Mexico, Peru, and Puerto Rico revealed widespread ancestry-based assortative mating. We discovered a number of anthropometric traits (body mass, height, and facial development) and neurological attributes (educational attainment and schizophrenia) that serve as phenotypic cues for ancestry-based assortative mating. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) loci show population-specific patterns of both assortative and disassortative mating in Latin America. Ancestry-based assortative mating in the populations analyzed here appears to be driven primarily by African ancestry. This study serves as an example of how population genomic analyses can yield novel insights into human behavior.

Field of study: Biology
The (Im)possibilities of constructing multicultural language practices in research and pedagogy

This paper examines the possibilities and challenges encountered in developing and researching more democratic language practices in a first/second grade classroom serving a heterogeneous community. Two university researchers and a school-based teacher researcher collaborated in developing strategies for family participation in language arts instruction and conducted ethnographic research on language practices during family visits in the classroom. Drawing on sociolinguistic, critical, and poststructural conceptualizations of language practices, the authors use the notion of hybridity to frame a way of understanding multicultural classroom language practices as creating spaces where new, hybrid practices may be constructed out of dialogue across different practices. Microanalyses based on Bloome and Egan-Robertson's (1993) approach to the social construction of intertextuality allow researchers to make visible the negotiation of multiple practices during classroom interaction. The authors draw on such microanalyses and consultation with cultural insiders to describe the broad patterns of interaction during family visits and to provide a close textual analysis of the visit of one Puerto Rican family. The discussion of this visit explores the negotiation of tensions involving the nature of the event, the social identities of participants, and differences in cultural ideologies. The analysis shows that both participants and researchers struggled to make sensible, respectful readings of each other but were sometimes drawing on contradictory discourses that led to incomprehensibility and misreadings. Although creating spaces for dialogue across difference entails moments of discomfort and vulnerability, the authors argue that examining and reflecting on these moments of incomprehensibilty opens up the potential for constructing a more democratic pedagogy.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
The Application Study of Real Time Clock X1203 in Single-Chip System

This article gives a general description of integrated chip Real Time Clock/Calendar--X1203, which is produced by Xicor Co.. The article shows the basic functionality of the chip, and presents several important parts of its communication protocol, especially the valid start and stop conditions, valid data changes, and the "Acknowledge: protocol. An application is given in an AT89C51 Single-Chip system.

Field of study: Engineering
Analysing stakeholders’ perceptions of wolf, lynx and fox in a Dutch riverine area

In the last decades, populations of large carnivores have been making a spectacular return, especially in the USA and Western Europe. These population recoveries result partially from protective legislation and reintroduction programs, but possibly also from land use changes and from large carnivores adapting to human environments. Although public support for large carnivore protection seems to be growing, some stakeholders still have a negative perception of large carnivores because of their alleged negative impacts on livestock and humans. Perceptions of large carnivores are partly determined by underlying visions of nature which differ between stakeholder groups. We therefore examined the relationship between different stakeholder groups’ perceptions of nature and the presence of the fox (Vulpes vulpes), and the possible establishment of the wolf (Canis lupus) and lynx (Lynx lynx) in a Dutch riverine landscape. Stakeholder groups comprised the general public, farmers, scientists and nature conservationists. Although perceptions of large carnivores differed significantly across the stakeholder groups, public support for large carnivores was generally higher than expected. Farmers show the most negative perception, especially regarding the wolf and lynx. This is related to their vision of nature, which is more strongly aligned with mastery over nature compared to other stakeholder groups. Scientists, prominent adherers of stewardship of nature, appear to have the most positive perception of large carnivores. Despite these differences in visions of nature, respondents generally adhere to the stewardship of nature relationship. This could be a good starting point to find common ground when disputes arise over large carnivores.

Field of study: Environmental science
Research on scatter law of tungsten sphere in high energy flash X-ray radiography

It is studied, with the analytic method and the Monte-Carlo numerical simulation for the flash X-ray radiography of the tungsten sphere, that the scattered exposure and its space distribution are influenced by the sphere radius, the configuration of cells in the sphere, and the distance between the back cone and the recording plane. The results show that the scattered component of exposure is not homogeneous in space and increase while the radius increases. Enlarge the distance from the back cone to the recording plane can mitigate this inhomogeneity. It can be confirmed that the back cone is the primary source of the scattered exposure, and that increasing the distance between the back cone and the recording plane can reduce the scattered exposure effectively.

Field of study: Physics
SPARQ-SGD: Event-Triggered and Compressed Communication in Decentralized Stochastic Optimization

In this paper, we propose and analyze SPARQ-SGD, which is an event-triggered and compressed algorithm for decentralized training of large-scale machine learning models. Each node can locally compute a condition (event) which triggers a communication where quantized and sparsified local model parameters are sent. In SPARQ-SGD each node takes at least a fixed number ($H$) of local gradient steps and then checks if the model parameters have significantly changed compared to its last update; it communicates further compressed model parameters only when there is a significant change, as specified by a (design) criterion. We prove that the SPARQ-SGD converges as $O(\frac{1}{nT})$ and $O(\frac{1}{\sqrt{nT}})$ in the strongly-convex and non-convex settings, respectively, demonstrating that such aggressive compression, including event-triggered communication, model sparsification and quantization does not affect the overall convergence rate as compared to uncompressed decentralized training; thereby theoretically yielding communication efficiency for "free". We evaluate SPARQ-SGD over real datasets to demonstrate significant amount of savings in communication over the state-of-the-art.

Field of study: Computer science
Qualitative Analysis of Common Definitions for Core Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences

To determine how colleges and schools of pharmacy interpreted the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education’s (ACPE’s) Standards 2007 definitions for core advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs), and how they differentiated community and institutional practice activities for introductory pharmacy practice experiences (IPPEs) and APPEs.  A cross-sectional, qualitative, thematic analysis was done of survey data obtained from experiential education directors in US colleges and schools of pharmacy. Open-ended responses to invited descriptions of the 4 core APPEs were analyzed using grounded theory to determine common themes. Type of college or school of pharmacy (private vs public) and size of program were compared.  Seventy-one schools (72%) with active APPE programs at the time of the survey responded. Lack of strong frequent themes describing specific activities for the acute care/general medicine core APPE indicated that most respondents agreed on the setting (hospital or inpatient) but the student experience remained highly variable. Themes were relatively consistent between public and private institutions, but there were differences across programs of varying size.  Inconsistencies existed in how colleges and schools of pharmacy defined the core APPEs as required by ACPE. More specific descriptions of core APPEs would help to standardize the core practice experiences across institutions and provide an opportunity for quality benchmarking.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Radiometric Age (Late Ordovician) of the Quincy, Cape Ann, and Peabody Granites from Eastern Massachusetts

A geochronologic study of several intrusive bodies of alkalic granite from eastern Massachusetts yields the following radiometric ages (in millions of years). ![Formula][1] 

The zircon ages show only mild internal discordancies and most diffusion models used to discuss U-Th-Pb isotopic systematics would give a true age about equal to that of the Pb207/Pb206 value. When plotted on a concordia diagram, the zircon data indicate a time of emplacement of 450 ± 25 m.y. for all three granite bodies. This Late Ordovician age for post-tectonic granites suggests that revisions in the commonly accepted geologic interpretation of eastern Massachusetts may be required. Previously, because of their massive, undeformed nature, the alkalic rocks were generally regarded as being Mississippian or Devonian in age and younger than the Early to Middle Devonian Acadian orogeny.

The amphibole K-Ar and whole-rock Rb-Sr systems have responded in a complex way to postcrystallization disturbances. We interpret the pattern of ages for the Quincy Granite to reflect a late Paleozoic(?), low-temperature alteration that accompanied extensive faulting, and the patterns of ages for the Cape Ann and Peabody Granites to reflect a Devonian heating possibly related to contact metamorphism by a nearby mafic pluton.

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Field of study: Geology
The Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory: Psychometric Properties in a Spanish Sample

This study is a validation of the Spanish version of the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory using a nonclinical sample (198 participants) and a clinical sample (72 participants with social phobia). The factor structure and concurrent validity with Fear of Negative Evaluation and Social Avoidance and Distress scales were analyzed. The Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory demonstrated good concurrent validity, showing statistically significant relationships with Fear of Negative Evaluation and Social Avoidance and Distress. Results confirmed the rationale for the division of the SPAI into two subscales. Results also demonstrated the utility of the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for differentiating between a nonclinical sample and participants with a social phobia, and its adequate reliability.

Field of study: Psychology
Highly Chemoselective Mono‐Suzuki Arylation Reactions on All Three Dichlorobenzene Isomers and Applications Development

A Pd catalyst system is described that allows very high chemoselective monoarylation on all three isomers of dichlorobenzene. Direct application of these commodity chemicals to high-value ligands, anilines, azides, and carbazoles was achieved through this process discovery.

Field of study: Chemistry