nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Pterosaur trackways from the Lower Cretaceous Jiaguan Formation (Barremian-Albian) of Qijiang, Southwest China

The Lotus Fortress tracksite in the Qijiang National Geological Park, in Qijiang District, Chongqing Municipality consists of two distinct assemblages associated with different surfaces (Qijiang Layers 1 and 2). The lower of these two assemblages, here labeled as the “Wupus-Pteraichnus ichnoassemblage” is dominated by multiple, mainly parallel trackways of a small tridactyl and five trackways of pterosaurs (Pteraichnus). The upper surface assemblage, here labeled as the “Caririchnium ichnoassemblage”, is dominated by the tracks of ornithopods (Caririchnium lotus). Here we give a detailed description of the Pteraichnus tracks and evaluate their paleoecological significance together with other reports of pterosaur tracks from East Asia.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
AGE OF THE BLACK HILLS GOLD MINERALIZATION

Two galenas from the Black Hills were isotopically analyzed for lead. One galena was associated with the gold quartz veins in the Homestake Gold Mine, while the other was from a lead vein in the Spokane Mine. The ages as calculated from the lead isotope data are 1500 to 1700 million years for the Homestake galena and less than 400 million years for the Spokane galena. It is concluded that there was a period of Precambrian mineralization in the Homestake deposit which was probably contemporaneous with the pegmatites of the southern Black Hills.

Field of study: Geology
The effects of environmental conditioning and self-healing on the transport and mechanical property of engineered cementitious composites at early ages

Autogenous recovery of mechanical properties and transport properties of ECC at early-ages under different environmental conditioning is reported in this paper. The mechanical properties studied include dynamic modulus, tensile stiffness, strength and ductility. The transport properties studied include water permeability and chloride diffusivity. The chemical make-up and physical properties, self-controlled tight crack width and high tensile ductility in particular, of ECC makes self-healing prevails in a variety of environmental conditions, include water permeation and submersion, environmental temperature, wetting and drying cycles. It is demonstrated by microstructure observation that self-healing of pre-damaged composite takes place automatically at cracked locations without external intervention. The establishment of self-healing in ECC can improve the long termductility and durability of civil engineering structures after cracking.

Field of study: Materials science
An estimate of the lower limit of global fungal diversity

We conservatively estimate that there is a minimum of 712,000 extant fungal species worldwide, but we recognize that the actual species richness is likely much higher. This estimate was calculated from the ratio of fungal species to plant species for various ecologically defined groups of fungi in well-studied regions, along with data on each groups’ level of endemism. These calculations were based on information presented in the detailed treatments of the various fungal groups published in this special issue. Our intention was to establish a lower boundary for the number of fungal species worldwide that can be revised upward as more information becomes available. Establishing a lower boundary for fungal diversity is important as current estimates vary widely, hindering the ability to include fungi in discussions of ecology, biodiversity and conservation. Problems inherent in making these estimates, and the impact that additional data on fungal and plant species diversity will have on these estimates are discussed.

Field of study: Environmental science
[Adhesive molecules as immunologic markers of activity of multiple sclerosis].

The correlations between concentrations of the adhesive circulating molecules cICAM-1 and cVCAM-1 in the peripheral blood of patients with relapses-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) in different clinical phases and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) activity are presented. The patients in clinically active phase with Gd-enhancing lesions had elevated blood levels of cICAM-1. However, 5 patients without Gd-enhancing lesions exhibited elevated cICAM-1 and cVCAM-1 levels in active phase comparing to those in remission stage that indicate a high level of sensibility of these immunologic parameters.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Measurement of chlorine utilization by spontaneous raman scattering technique

The principle and experimental setup that can measure the chlorine utilization in singlet oxygen generator (SOG) for COIL have been introduced, and the results from the tests that contacted on a 0.1mol/s SOG has been presented. The error in the chlorine utilization measurement is less than 12%. The additional experiment is needless that the error is minished because we can get the chlorine utilization by the ratio of relative intensity of Raman spectrum. So the measurement efficiency is improved.

Field of study: Physics
Methylation of the circadian Clock gene in the offspring of a free-living passerine bird increases with maternal and individual exposure to PM10.

The consequences of exposure to particulate matter (PM) have been thoroughly investigated in humans and other model species, but there is a dearth of studies of the effects of PM on physiology and life-history traits of non-human organisms living in natural or semi-natural environments. Besides toxicological relevance, PM has been recently suggested to exert epigenetic effects by altering DNA methylation patterns. Here, we investigated for the first time the association between the exposure to free-air PM10 and DNA methylation at two loci ('poly-Q exon' and '5'-UTR') of the Clock gene in blood cells of the nestlings of a synanthropic passerine bird, the barn swallow (Hirundo rustica). The Clock gene is a phylogenetically highly conserved gene playing a major role in governing circadian rhythms and circannual life cycles of animals, implying that change in its level of methylation can impact on important fitness traits. We found that methylation at both loci significantly increased with PM10 levels recorded few days before blood sampling, and also with PM10 exposure experienced by the mother during or shortly before egg laying. This study is the first where methylation at a functionally important gene has been shown to vary according to the concentration of anthropogenic pollutants in any animal species in the wild. Since early-life environmental conditions produce epigenetic effects that can transgenerationally be transmitted, DNA methylation of genes controlling photoperiodic response can have far reaching consequences for the ecology and the evolution of wild animal populations.

Field of study: Environmental science
Generic tests of the existence of the gravitational dipole radiation and the variation of the gravitational constant

We present results from the high precision timing analysis of the pulsar-white dwarf (WD) binary PSR J1012+5307 using 15 years of multi-telescope data. Observations were performed regularly by the European Pulsar Timing Array (EPTA) network, consisting of Effelsberg, Jodrell Bank, Westerbork and Nancay. All the timing param- eters have been improved from the previously published values, most by an order of magnitude. In addition, a parallax measurement of π = 1.2(3)mas is obtained for the first time for PSR J1012+5307, being consistent with the optical estimation from the WD companion. Combining improved 3D velocity information and models for the Galactic potential the complete evolutionary Galactic path of the system is obtained. A new intrinsic eccentricity upper limit of e < 8.4× 10 7 is acquired, one of the smallest calculated for a binary system and a measurement of the variation of the projected semi-major axis also constrains the system's orbital orientation for the first time. It is shown that PSR J1012+5307 is an ideal laboratory for testing alternative theories of gravity. The measurement of the change of the orbital period of the system of u Pb = 5(1)× 10 14 is used to set an upper limit on the dipole gravitational wave emission that is valid for a wide class of alternative theories of gravity. Moreover, it is shown that in combination with other binary pulsars PSR J1012+5307 is an ideal system to provide self-consistent, generic limits, based only on millisecond pulsar data, for the dipole radiation and the variation of the gravitational constant u G.

Field of study: Physics
Towards Boosting Vocational and Technical Education for Self-reliance; Issues and Panorama

The Target date is 2015 when Education shall be for All (EFA).   This is one of the anticipated outcomes of educational reforms of the present administration.   Other aspects of the reforms that permeate the entire sectors of the economy include health, transport, housing and finance, just to mention a few, all of which are aimed at meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). This paper identifies some of the implementation problems of And Technical Education which range from  inadequate  facilities,  curriculum  defect,  use  of incompetent  (non-professional)  teachers,   dearth   of  qualified   and Technical  education   teachers,   etc. Consequent upon this, the paper posited that, as an aspect of education, the And Technical Education  prcgrammes  should  be  re-strategized  through   Repositioning  and   re-engineering in the area of curriculum restructuring, engagement of professionally qualified and competent teachers, government release of adequate funds for equipment   procurements,   among   others,   towards   overcoming   the   inherent implementation problems.    This strategy would not only ensure the economic empowerment of Nigeria, but also facilitate rapid national economic development. Anything short of this shall make "Education for AH" become "Education for None".  Repositioning, Vocational, Technical, Education, Strategy and Developing

Field of study: Education
CQS3:a Server Selection Scheme for Mobile Multimedia Delivery

With the popularization of mobile Internet,more and more users get access to Internet applications through mobile terminal equipment.Although traditional content delivery network can improve the mobile service quality to a certain extent,it still can′t adapt to the mobility of users and meet the demand of higher experience of service.To this end,this paper puts forward a Mobility-Aware Multimedia System(MAMS),and on this basis further proposes a Client-Driven QoS-Oriented Server Selection Scheme(CQS3),in which mobile terminals measure service quality of mobile multimedia periodically,and take both the loads and comprehensive service quality grades of edge servers into consideration when selecting the best edge servers.Simulation results show that compared with closest surrogate scheme,this scheme could ensure a similar delay performance while significantly improves PSNR,and it is also well adapt to user mobility.

Field of study: Computer science
Row structure and foliage geometry as determinants of the interception of light rays in a sorghum row canopy.

The interception of light rays by the canopy of a widely spaced sorghum row crop was assessed from a series of hemispherical photographs taken on five occasions during its vegetative growth. Analysis of the photographs shows that most of the temporal and spatial variation in the canopy's interception could be accounted for by treating the row as an array of solid parallel walls with rectangular cross sections. Within the space occupied by rows, the effect of the distribution of foliage elements on interception could be assessed by the porosity of a single row. The north-south asymmetry observed in the distribution of ray interception indicates that this sorghum canopy, grown under unirrigated, arid summer conditions, adopted a light-avoiding growth pattern.

Field of study: Environmental science
X-ray Detection Efficiency Characteristics of CsI(Na) and ST401 Double Layer Crystals using Monte Carlo Simulation Method

We investigated the soft X-ray detection efficiency of CsI(Na) and ST401 double crystals using Monte Carlo method when the CsI(Na) thickness is 1 μm, 3 μm, 5 μm, 7 μm, 9 μm respectively. The simulation results reveal that the detection efficiency of CsI(Na) and ST401 and their ratios increase as the CsI(Na) crystal thickeness increased, and the CsI(Na) crystal with 9μm thickness absorbs mostly more photons than one order of magnitude compared to ST401 plastic scintillator under 1-6 KeV X-ray point source energy stimulated. But when the X-ray point source energy is in the range of 6-10 KeV, the photons absorbed by the ST401 plastic scintillator are very close to those of CsI(Na) crystal absorbed with the incident photon energy increasing.

Field of study: Engineering
Mildewproof and preservation of organically-grown red globe table grapes under the atmosphere of high CO_2

For more than 100 years,SO 2 and its preparation is used for commercial mildewproof and preservation of grapes at home and abroad,however,it is not permitted for organic food.The effect on preventing mildew and preservation of organically-grown red globe table grapes at the atmosphere of 2%O 2 +1%,5%,20%,50% CO2 was evaluated during storage at 0 ℃.Control group was stored in air without CO2,and fruit quality attributes including respiration strength,polyphenol oxidase(PPO),malonaldehyde(MDA),relative conductivity and browning index were measured at regular intervals.Results indicated that the effects of preservation of the treatments of 1%,5%,20%,50% CO2 was superior than control group,but damages occurred on the treatment of 50% CO2.The treatment of CO2 during 0 ℃ has the best effect among the five groups,and the respiration strength,PPO,browning index was 638.24 mg CO2 /(kg·h),3.81 U,0.24,respectively.The fresh rate was 97.2%,while the control group was only 52.1%,and this can be an effective approach to prevent mildew and keep freshness`of organiallygrown red globe table grapes.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Symmetrieeigenschaften der KrÄfte in Atomkernen und Folgen für deren ZustÄnde, insbesondere der Kerne bis zu sechzehn Teilchen

ZusammenfassungWie in der Atomhülle, so kann man auch beim Atomkern eine Reihe qualitativer Eigenschaften der ZustÄnde aus Betrachtung der Symmetrieeigenschaften herleiten. Insbesondere ermöglicht die Annahme gleicher KrÄfte zwischen gleichen und ungleichen Kernteilchen einfache Ergebnisse. Au\er der gewöhn-lichen „SpinmultiplizitÄt“ der Terme gibt es eine „LadungsmultiplizitÄt“, die eine Beziehung zwischen den Termen isobarer Kerne ausdrückt. Eine BeschrÄnkung auf KrÄfte, die nur von den Ortskoordinaten abhÄngen, scheint eine AnnÄherung an die Wirklichkeit zu sein, zusammen mit der NÄherung, die von ZustÄnden der einzelnen Teilchen ausgeht, lÄ\t sie einfache Rechnungen über die Energien der ZustÄnde zu. Insbesondere ergeben sich die potentiellen Energien der Kerne von 5 bis 16 Teilchen, in denen der Ausbau der „p-Schale“ stattfindet, als einfache lineare Funktionen von zwei Integralen. Diese Rechnungen zeigen, warum ein „Schalenbau“ der Kerne in ihren empirischen Eigenschaften so wenig in Erscheinung tritt und warum stattdessen eine Viererfolge angedeutet ist.

Field of study: Physics
Study on connecting way of gas reservoir in a double-cold-finger pulse tube refrigerator

Double-cold-finger pulse tube refrigerator (PTR) driven by a linear compressor possesses important application values. To research the influences on the performance of a double-cold-finger PTR under different connecting ways between inertance tubes and reservoirs, an experimental system of the double-cold-finger PTR was built. Comparing with the double-cold-finger PTR with two gas reservoirs, the double-cold-finger PTR with a common reservoir would have smaller pressure amplitude at the inlet of cold finger and bigger phase angle between velocity and pressure, which would bring more losses in regenerator and further weaken cooling performance. With the same operating parameters, the cooling temperatures of two cold fingers with a common reservoir are higher than that of two cold fingers with two reservoirs. The gas flow in reservoir was simulated to explain the test results. It is important to choose a good connecting way between common reservoir and inertance tube to match cold load.

Field of study: Engineering
Local Fights in National Conflicts: Understanding the Location of Conflict Events during Intrastate Conflict

How do rebel groups determine their targets during intrastate conflict? We build upon two competing theories in conflict studies that emphasize either the social or economic determinants of violence during war and use geographic information systems (GIS) analysis to explore these competing theories. To do this, we utilize a subnational analysis of the most likely case of the Democratic Republic of the Congo to understand whether ethnicity or natural resources motivates the location of conflict events. Accounting for geography, we find that economic endowments in the form of natural resources are highly related with the number of violent attacks, while the presence of competing ethnic groups does not offer much help in understanding the location of conflict events.

Field of study: History, Sociology
Experiments with CO 2 -in-air reference gases in high-pressure aluminum cylinders

Long-term monitoring of carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) in the atmosphere is key
for a better understanding of the processes involved in the carbon cycle that
have a major impact on further climate change. Keeping track of large-scale
emissions and removals (sources and sinks) of CO2 requires very
accurate measurements. They all have to be calibrated very carefully and have
to be traceable to a common scale, the World
Meteorological Organization (WMO) CO2 X2007 scale, which is
maintained by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Earth System
Research Laboratory (ESRL) in Boulder, CO, USA. The international WMO GAW (Global Atmosphere Watch) program sets as
compatibility goals for the required agreement between different methods and
laboratories ±0.1 µ mol mol −1 for the Northern Hemisphere
and ±0.05 µ mol mol −1 for the Southern Hemisphere. The
reference gas mixtures used to pass down and distribute the scale are stored
in high-pressure aluminum cylinders. It is crucial that the standards remain
stable during their entire time of use. In this study the tested vertically
positioned aluminum cylinders showed similar CO2 enrichment during low-flow conditions (0.3 L min −1) , which are similar to flows often used
for calibration gases in practical applications. The average CO2 
enrichment was 0.090±0.009 µ mol mol −1 as the cylinder
was emptied from about 150 to 1 bar above atmosphere. However, it is
important to note that the enrichment is not linear but follows Langmuir's
adsorption–desorption model, where the CO2 enrichment is almost
negligible at high pressures but much more pronounced at low pressures. When
decanted at a higher rate of 5.0 L min −1 the enrichment becomes
 0.22±0.05 µ mol mol −1 for the same pressure drop. The
higher enrichment is related to thermal diffusion and fractionation effects
in the cylinder, which were also dependent on the cylinder's orientation and
could even turn negative. However, the low amount of CO2 adsorbed on the
cylinder wall and the fact that the main increase happens at low
pressure lead to the conclusion that aluminum cylinders are suitable to store
ambient CO2 -in-dry-air mixtures provided they are not used below 20 bar.
In cases where they are used in high-flow experiments that involve significant
cylinder temperature changes, special attention has to be paid to possible
fractionation effects.

Field of study: Environmental science
Answering Reading Comprehension Items without the Passages on the SAT–I

Research has shown that many items on the old SAT reading task are answered correctly when the accompanying passages are missing. The purpose of this study was to find out if the new SAT (SAT–I) is similarly flawed. Reading tasks from two parallel forms of the SAT–I were administered with and without the passages. Analysis showed that, without the passages, examinees performed much better than would be expected by chance. Also, over-all scores in the without-passage condition were strongly correlated with SAT Verbal score. Finally, an item analysis showed that more than 60% of all items were flawed. It appears that performance on the SAT–I reading task, like that on its predecessor, is primarily associated with factors unrelated to reading the passage.

Field of study: Psychology
DEFIDNET: A framework for optimal allocation of cyberdefenses in Intrusion Detection Networks

Intrusion Detection Networks (IDN) are distributed cyberdefense systems composed of different nodes performing local detection and filtering functions, as well as sharing information with other nodes in the IDN. The security and resilience of such cyberdefense systems are paramount, since an attacker will try to evade them or render them unusable before attacking the end systems. In this paper, we introduce a system model for IDN nodes in terms of their logical components, functions, and communication channels. This allows us to model different IDN node roles (e.g., detectors, filters, aggregators, correlators, etc.) and architectures (e.g., hierarchical, centralized, fully distributed, etc.). We then introduce a threat model that considers adversarial actions executed against particular IDN nodes, and also the propagation of such actions throughout connected nodes. Based on such models, we finally introduce a countermeasure allocation model based on a multi-objective optimization algorithm to obtain optimal allocation strategies that minimize both risk and cost. Our experimental results obtained through simulation with different IDN architectures illustrate the benefit of our framework to design and reconfigure cyberdefense systems optimally.

Field of study: Computer science
Factors Affecting Students' Achievement in English Language Learning

This article investigates the effect that some factors would have on the achievement of students learning English as a foreign language. Secondary school students' grades of the first semester 2013 / 2014 in English have been used as parameter of achievement. The factors (attitudinal, social, socioeconomic, and extracurricular) which are believed to influence students' achievement have been included in a 16 item yes / no questionnaire. Findings show that there is significant relationship between the factors and students' achievement in English language learning. DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2016.v6n2p9

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Role of protein tyrosine kinase in activation of MAPKs induced by TNF α in fibroblast like synoviocytes of rheumatoid arthritis

To study on MAPKs (mitogen activated protein kinases) activation in rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast like synoviocytes (RA FLS) under the stimulation of TNF α, and to elucidate the role of protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) in activation of MAPKs.  RA FLS were primarily cultured. Western blots were applied to examine transient change of protein tyrosine phosphorylation status and MAPKs activation in RA FLS stimulated with various doses and periods of TNF α. Genistein, the specific PTK inhibitor was used to evaluate the inhibitory role in activation of MAPKs by TNF α.  TNF α transiently increased protein tyrosine phosphorylation, and activated MAPKs cascades (mainly ERK2, JNK2, P38) in RA FLS. The peak activation of ERK2 and JNK2 were obtained at 10IU/ml, but that of P38 was at 100IU/ml. The maximal activation of ERK2, JNK2 and P38 was observed at 5, 15 and 15 minutes respectively after stimulation with TNF α. The activation of ERK2 was strongly inhibited by genistein, but the inhibitory role on that of JNK and P38 was relatively weak.  During signal transduction of TNF α in RA FLS, tyrosine phosphorylation were increased transiently, MAPKs cascades were activated in a few minutes, PTK plays a significant role in the activation of ERK, but has only weak effect on that of JNK and P38.

Field of study: Biology