nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantization effects on the phonon-limited electron mobility in ultrathin SOI, sSOI and GeOI devices

The phonon-limited electron mobility in inversion layers is studied in fully depleted silicon-on-insulator (FD-SOI) MOSFET as a function of transverse effective field and semiconductor film thickness. A quantum-mechanical procedure based on the solution of 1D-coupled Poisson/Schrodinger equations is employed to calculate the phonon–electron mobility using a relaxation time approximation. The influence of quantization effects on the phonon-limited electron mobility in ultrathin SOI, strained-SOI and GeOI MOSFET is investigated. A comparative study of mobility shows an enhancement factor varying from 1.5 to 2.5 for film thicknesses ranging from 5 nm to 20 nm using both strained-silicon and germanium materials.

Field of study: Materials science
Rayleigh scattering for the Kelvin-inverted ellipsoid

The Kelvin-inverted ellipsoid, with the center of inversion at the center of the ellipsoid, is a nonconvex biquadratic surface that is the image of a triaxial ellipsoid under the Kelvin mapping. It is the most general nonconvex 3-D body for which the Kelvin inversion method can be used to obtain analytic solutions for low-frequency scattering problems. We consider Rayleigh scattering by such a fourth-degree surface and provide all relevant analytical calculations possible within the theory of ellipsoidal harmonics. It is shown that only ellipsoidal harmonics of even degree are needed to express the capacity of the inverted ellipsoid. Special cases of prolate or oblate spheroids and that of the sphere are recovered through appropriate limiting processes. The crucial calculations of the norm integrals, which are expressible in terms of known ellipsoidal harmonics, are outlined in Appendix B.

Field of study: Mathematics
The Relationship Between Hand Grip Strength and Nutritional Status Determined by Malnutrition Inflammation Score and Biochemical Parameters in Hemodialysis Patients.

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In hemodialysis patients, malnutrition and inflammation are prominent determinants of mortality. Reduced muscle mass is considered to be one of the most valid criteria in malnutrition diagnosis, and hand grip strength (HGS) is used as an efficient tool for evaluating muscle functioning. The aim of this study was to determine if HGS is associated with the nutritional status determined with malnutrition-inflammation score (MIS) and biochemical parameters in HD patients.



Patients who have been on hemodialysis treatment for at least 6 months were included in this cross-sectional study. HGS was measured by a hand dynamometer. MIS was used to evaluate malnutrition, and Modified Charlson Comorbidity Index was used to rank comorbidities.



A total of 132 hemodialysis patients, 73 (55.3%) males and 59 (44.7%) females, were included. The mean age of the patients was 56.90 ± 13.73 years. The mean age was 60.66 ± 13.42 years in the low-HGS group and 52.91 ± 13.00 years in the high-HGS group. HGS significantly decreased as age increased (P = .001). In patients with diabetes mellitus, HGS was significantly lower (67.4% and 43%; P = .013). Male patients with high HGS had significantly higher body weight (74.75 kg and 66 kg; P = .012). But there was no significant relationship between HGS and weight for female patients. HGS decreased when Charlson Comorbidity Index score (5 in low-HGS group and 4 in high-HGS group) and MIS values increased (8 in low-HGS group and 6 in high-HGS group) (P = .001 and P < .001, respectively). Only MIS was observed to have a statistically significant impact on HGS in the regression model (P < .001).



A significant relationship was found between MIS and HGS; HGS's relationship with comorbidities was also presented in our study.

Field of study: Medicine
Factors Influencing the Adoption of Internet Banking in Tunisia

The purpose of this paper is to determine those factors that influence the adoption of internet banking services in Tunisia. A theoretical model is provided that conceptualizes and links different factors influencing the adoption of internet banking. A total of 253 respondents in Tunisia were sampled for responding: 95 were internet bank users, 158 were internet bank non users. Factor analyses and regression technique are employed to study the relationship. The results of the model tested clearly that use of internet banking in Tunisia is influenced most strongly by convenience, risk, security and prior internet knowledge. Only information on online banking did not affect intention to use internet banking service in Tunisia. The results also propose that demographic factors impact significantly internet banking behaviour, specifically, occupation and instruction. Finally, this paper suggests that an understanding the factors affecting intention to use internet banking is very important to the practitioners who plan and promote new forms of banking in the current competitive market.

Field of study: Business
Über die elektrische Leitfähigkeit von Stahl und Nickel bei hohen Gasdrucken

ZusammenfassungBei hohen Gasdrucken soll in Wasserstoff bzw. Stickstoff die elektrische Leitfähigkeit von Stahlbzw. Nickelrohren in einer diesen Zwecken angepaßten Hochdruckapparatur zur Untersuchung gelangen und der Einfluß der Aktivierung dieser Metalle auf ihr elektrisches Verhalten beobachtet werden.

Field of study: Physics
Nitrates in drinking water and the early onset of hypertension

Eighteen communities of Weld County, Colorado, USA were selected to study the possible relationship between high nitrate levels in potable water supplies and the incidence of hypertension. The control group consisted of nine communities that had no nitrates in their potable water supplies and the study group of nine communities that had nitrate levels ranging from 19 to 125 ppm. A survey of Weld County General Hospital records yielded 487 cases of both primary and secondary hypertension in patients from the exposed and control communities for the period 1 January 1969 to 1 January 1975. The mean annual incidence rate for the control group was 7·9/1000 population compared with a rate of 5·9/1000 population for the exposed group. There was an earlier onset of hypertension amongst those residents of the exposed communities; i.e. the exposed group exhibited a peak among the 50 to 59 age group and the control group peaked later in the 70 to 70 age group.

Field of study: Environmental science
EFFECT OF IMAGE FORCES ON ELECTRONS CONFINED IN LOW-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES UNDER A MAGNETIC-FIELD

We consider the effect of image forces, arising due to a difference in dielectric permeabilities of the well layer and barrier layers, on the energy spectrum of an electron confined in a rectangular potential well under a magnetic field. Depending on the value and the sign of the dielectric mismatch, image forces can localize electrons near the interfaces of the well or in the well centre and change the direct intersubband gaps into indirect ones. These effects can be controlled by variation of the magnetic field, offering possibilities for exact tuning of electronic devices.

Field of study: Materials science
The Foreign Policy Conflict in American Labor

In 1966 foreign policy issues and overseas operations overshadowed almost all others that came before the governing bodies of the AFL-CIO. On three separate occasions the Executive Council gave considerably more than routine attention to foreign affairs. In June, an extraordinary meeting approved the American worker delegate's boycott of the International Labor Conference in Geneva. In August, the regular session rejected criticism of labor's Latin American operations and voted a strong endorsement of American policy in Vietnam. In November, the Council reaffirmed all major foreign policy positions taken since the merger in 1955. All three gatherings evoked well publicized internal disagreements. The first two concluded with split votes, though rather lopsided ones. The third one faintly portended the possibility of a break in labor unity when UAW President Walter Reuther decided at almost the last minute not to attend a comprehensive foreign policy review held at his own request. These events reveal a side of American labor's activities which does not often receive notice. There can certainly be no doubt that over the past two decades labor's commitment to a variety of international activities and causes has become substantial, controversial, and probably irreversible. It is equally clear that the emotions which international issues arouse among the small group of

Field of study: Political science
Prevention of adjuvant arthritis in rats by a nonapeptide from the 65‐kD mycobacterial heat‐shock protein

Adjuvant arthritis in Lewis rats is a model of T cell‐mediated autoimmune arthritis resembling human rheumatoid arthritis. A nonapeptide from the 65‐kD heat‐shock protein of Mycobacterium bovis BCG, amino acid sequence 180–188, has been described to carry the dominant immunogenic epitope(s) for both arthritis‐protective and arthritogenic T cell clones. Here we demonstrate that immunizations with the synthetic nonapeptide completely protected rats against adjuvant arthritis induced by M. tuberculosis. Interestingly, deletion of the N‐teminal threonine of the nonapeptide resulted in loss of the protective activity. Pretreatments with the nonapeptide resulted in an immune response to the nonapeptide and to M. tuberculosis. After immunizations with the synthetic nonapeptide, only low titres of nonapcptidc‐spccific antibodies were produced, whereas a significant cellular immune response to the nonapeptide was observed. In addition, the protection was transferable to naive rats by spleen T cells. These findings document the requirement of a T cell‐specific immune response to the dominant epitope of the 65‐kD mycobacterial heat‐shock protein for the protection against adjuvant arthritis and suggest the feasibility of immune intervention in autoimmune arthritis through the use of synthetic peptides.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
New Works by Zwelethu Mthethwa (review)

Now approaching his second decade of fine arts practice, Zwelethu Mthethwa continues to use color photography and artist-subject collaborations to restore the dignity of his sitters. New Works at the Jack Shainman Gallery in New York City, consisting of seventeen digital C-prints from The End of an Era (2010), The Brave Ones (2010), and Hope Chest (2012), represents the work of an artist whose images have become iconic in both postapartheid South Africa and the international art world. The End of an Era’s still lifes attest to the grooming habits, romances, and interests of Zimbabwean and Mozambican migrants who trek between hostels seeking better-paying jobs in South Africa. Hope Chest continues the concept of an absent presence by capturing the relationships women form with the chests and goods given to them as brides. In The Brave Ones Mthethwa uses his signature portraiture to consider the Iscotch, youthful followers of the Shembe religion identifiable by their mix of European and Zulu sartorial traditions.

Field of study: Art
Function and distribution pattern of human T lymphocytes. I. Production of anti-T lymphocyte specific sera as estimated by cytotoxicity and elimination of function of lymphocytes.

Antisera were prepared in rabbits against lymphoid cells from peripheral blood of a patient with Bruton-type agammaglobulinaemia. Such antisera could be shown to display a two plateau level of cytotoxicity against human peripheral lymphocytes in the presence of complement. This suggested the presence of species- as well as subgroup-specific antibodies in these antisera. 
 
The subgroup-activity of the antisera could be shown to be directed against human T lymphocytes on the basis of the following results. When lymphocytes are filtered through columns coated with anti-immunoglobulin antibodies lymphocytes with high surface concentrations of immunoglobulin are retained. The filtered cells are highly enriched in cells sensitive to the subgroup-specific antibodies. A close to complete inactivation of mixed leucocyte reactivity or stimulability with soluble PHA was induced by preincubating with the antisera and complement. Using identical conditions only marginal inhibition of immunoglobulin production of peripheral lymphocytes in vitro was induced. 
 
In conclusion, we believe these antisera to selectively kill human T lymphocytes at serum concentrations, which will not kill or inhibit the function of human B lymphocytes.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Next Generation Very Large Array Memo No. 7 Science Working Group 2: "Galaxy Ecosystems": The Matter Cycle in and Around Galaxies

This white paper discusses how a "next-generation" Very Large Array (ngVLA) operating in the frequency range 1-116 GHz could be a groundbreaking tool to study the detailed astrophysics of the "matter cycle" in the Milky Way and other galaxies. If optimized for high brightness sensitivity, the ngVLA would bring detailed microwave spectroscopy and modeling of the full radio spectral energy distribution into regular use as survey tools at resolutions of 0.1- 1 arcseconds. This wavelength range includes powerful diagnostics of density, excitation, and chemistry in the cold ISM, as well as multiple tracers of the rate of recent star formation, the magnetic field, shocks, and properties of the ionized ISM. We highlight design considerations that would make this facility revolutionary in this area, the foremost of which is a large amount of collecting area on ~km-length baselines. We also emphasize the strong case for harnessing the large proposed collecting area of the ngVLA for very long baseline applications as part of the core design. This would allow measurements of the three dimensional space motions of galaxies to beyond the Local Group and mapping of the Milky Way out to the far side of the disk. Finally, we discuss the gains from the proposed combination of very high resolution and sensitivity to thermal emission, which include observing the feeding of black holes and resolving forming protoclusters.

Field of study: Physics
Institutional objectives, structural barriers, and deregulation in the electric-utility industry

Regulation is not in vogue. Rarely preferred by traditional economists as an instrument of allocation, regulation has fallen into disrepute with politicians and a broad cross-section of the populace. Deregulation has become the popular nostrum for the economic malaise affecting the nation. And by legislative enactment or administrative fiat, regulatory controls recently have been scaled back in many areas, including transportation, energy, telecommunications, financial services, product and workplace safety, and environmental protection. With the rising tide of concern over ''excessive government," one should not be surprised that deregulation has become a topic of interest among those who observe and participate in one of the nation's most intensely regulated industries, the electric utility industry.' Though the current debate over electric utility deregulation is still in the formative stages, the dimensions of various deregulatory options have started to crystalize. The purpose of this article is to review the alternative deregulatory proposals within the context of concerns common to many institutional economists and against the backdrop of the current structural realities of the electric utility industry.

Field of study: Economics
Sex and wildlife: the role of reproductive science in conservation

This essay explains the role of reproductive science, including what are termed reproductive technologies (i.e. artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, embryo transfer, cloning), in conservation biology. Reproductive techniques (high- and low-tech) find their greatest application in understanding species uniqueness, adaptations and physiological mechanisms, not in the large-scale assisted breeding and the production of offspring. Models of how to use these tools to study reproductive fitness are emerging to help insure gene diversity and even propagate endangered species, but only after fundamental databases have been developed. Examples are provided of how non-invasive hormone metabolite monitoring, artificial insemination and genome resource banking are being used ex situ and in situ to understand wildlife biology. We predict that as the fundamental, multi-species database grows, so will the applied benefits for: (1) developing genome banks for insuring extant genetic diversity; (2) assessing the relationship of physiology, behaviour and environmental perturbations; (3) managing small populations; and (4) dealing with dilemmas ranging from contraception to skewed sex ratios to animal welfare. Most progress will be made in using these tools in systematic studies to solve the mystery of how thousands of unstudied species reproduce. Carried out appropriately, financial costs will be consistent with any approach for generating sound scientific knowledge.

Field of study: Environmental science
Lyotropic liquid crystals

In mixtures of soap and water, the special properties of soap molecules cause them to form clusters—and clusters of clusters—in a variety of interesting geometrical shapes. Some of these aggregates are liquid crystals, known as lyotropic, which are quite different from thermotropic liquid crystals, the focus of most of the work described in this issue of PHYSICS TODAY. Lyotropic liquid crystals are now receiving a great deal of scientific and technological attention because of the way they reflect the unique properties of their constituent molecules.

Field of study: Physics
Score Differences in WAIS—R Scatter for Schizophrenics, Depressives, and Personality Disorders: A Preliminary Analysis

Previous research has suggested that differences in subtest scatter may be indicated for diagnostic groups, although no one has applied DSM-III categories or used the WAIS—R for this purpose. This study yielded significant differences between small groups of patients diagnosed with Schizophrenia, Depression, and Personality Disorders on Information, Arithmetic subtests, and over-all Verbal-Performance IQ differences.

Field of study: Psychology
An Artistic Active-Learning Approach to Teaching a Substance Use Disorder Elective Course

To incorporate an artistic, multimedia approach to teaching within a substance use disorder (SUD) elective course to intellectually, visually, physically, and emotionally engage Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) students in learning and applying clinical and legal SUD topics.  Faculty members created a two credit-hour SUD elective course that required students to engage in visual, linguistic, and performing art forms, including acting, screenwriting, choreography, dancing, artwork, writing movie reviews, writing book reports, writing journal reflections, create-your-own-adventure storytelling, speech writing, examination writing, policy writing, and creative thinking in an escape room gaming environment to learn about SUD and related topics.  Student learning and perception of the activities was evaluated using faculty-created analytic rubrics, pre- and post-intervention tests, student feedback, and student responses on standard course evaluations. Students performed well on the graded assignments. Pre- and post-intervention tests administered for the escape room activity demonstrated an increase in scores from 56.7% to 94.9%. Student feedback and course evaluations revealed student engagement with subject material and enthusiasm for creative applications, critical thinking, and collaborative aspects of the activities.  The PharmD students consistently rated the interactive class format highly on course evaluations and reported having the perception of simultaneously learning and having fun. Pharmacy instructors are encouraged to incorporate creative projects and activities in courses to enhance student learning experiences and increase student motivation to engage with the material, their classmates, and other professionals.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Investigation and analysis of the current state of public sports services in Shanghai.

By means of literature data,questionnaire survey and expert interview,the authors investigated and ana-lyzed the current state of development of public sports services in Shanghai,and revealed the following findings: public sports service platforms in Shanghai have not been completely established;the degree of market populariza-tion is not high;the functions of sports organizations have not been fully exerted;public sports products and ser-vices are total volume sufficient,and irrationally distributed;social sports instructor teams are total number insuffi-cient,and lacking in action-specific instructions;corresponding supporting laws and legislations need to be further perfected.

Field of study: Education
Experimental evaluation of an ejector as liquid re-circulator in an overfeed NH3 system with a plate evaporator

This paper deals with the experimental performance evaluation of an ejector, linked to a manual expansion valve, working as a liquid re-circulator component in an overfeed NH 3 plate evaporator. The evaporator was tested in a single stage system belonging to a cascade refrigeration system prototype. The evaporator is an ALFANOVA HP76 plate heat exchanger with 50 plates. A Phillips ejector with a 1/2″ diameter throat and 1.4 mm diameter nozzle was used. The recirculation rate was experimentally determined for different operating conditions. Experimental data are reported for volumetric flow rate at the manual expansion valve inlet from 0.8 to 1.6 l min −1 , evaporating pressure from 0.14 to 0.22 MPa and condensing pressure from 0.85 to 1 MPa. The experimental result showed recirculation rates between 2 and 4. The evaporating capacity varied from 9.48 kW to 18.37 kW. In addition, another two nozzles were tested and the results are also presented and discussed.

Field of study: Engineering
Respiratory muscle function and ventilatory control. I in patients with motor neurone disease. II in patients with myotonic dystrophy.

We have investigated the severity and functional consequences of weakness of the respiratory muscles in 12 patients with motor neurone disease and 19 patients with myotonic dystrophy. We have also evaluated the control of ventilation and have assessed the influence of both overall respiratory muscle involvement and specific weakness of the diaphragm on various indices of ventilatory control. Measurements were made of chest wall motion, static and dynamic lung volumes, maximum voluntary ventilation, maximum static respiratory (mouth) pressures, mixed venous PCO2 and various indices derived from the ventilatory response to rebreathing CO2. In 19 patients (eight motor neurone disease, 11 myotonic dystrophy) direct measurements of transdiaphragmatic pressure were made during maximum static inspiratory efforts and during a full inspiration. 
 
Respiratory muscle weakness was found in almost all the patients. In motor neurone disease this correlated in general with the overall severity but in myotonic dystrophy its degree was often unsuspected clinically. 
 
In both groups of patients reductions in the ventilatory response to CO2 were common and could be attributed to weakness. There was no evidence of disproportionate involvement of the diaphragm but the most severely affected patients with motor neurone disease had hypercapnia and evidence of severe diaphragmatic weakness. In myotonic dystrophy the presence of CO2 retention did not correlate well with the ventilatory response to CO2, and could not be clearly attributed to weakness of the diaphragm. Grossly irregular patterns of breathing were seen in several patients. A defect of medullary respiratory control has been proposed in myotonic dystrophy but there is no direct evidence for this and the possible influence of disordered afferent information from the diseased muscles remains to be explored.

Field of study: Medicine