nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
GABAA receptor partially mediated propofol-induced hyperalgesia at superspinal level and analgesia at spinal cord level in rats.

To observe effects of propofol on nociceptive response at superspinal and spinal level in rats.



Two hundreds and fifty-eight Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomized into thirty-two groups. Propofol and bicuculline were microinjected into lateral ventricle (icv), ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG), intrathecal (ith), and intraperitoneal (ip). The noxious responses were evaluated by hot plate and formalin test.



In hot-plate test, systemic and superspinal administration of propofol (40 mg.kg(-1) ip, 100 microg in 10 microL, icv, and 4 microg in 0.4 microL vlPAG microinjection) produced hyperalgesia (P<0.01). Hyperalgesia induced by vlPAG microinjection of propofol was significantly antagonized by 69.8 %, 71.2 %, 98.8 % at 10, 20, and 30 min by microinjection of bicuculline (10 ng in 0.4 microL, vlPAG) (P<0.01). Analgesia induced by ith propofol (100 microg.10 microL(-1)) was antagonized about 81.3 %, 54.8 %, 80.8 %, and 97.4 % at 10, 20, 30 and 40 min by ith bicuculline (P<0.05). In formalin test, systemic and superspinal administration of propofol (40 mg.kg(-1) ip, 4 microg in 0.4 microL, vlPAG) also produced hyperalgesia (P<0.01). The increased formalin pain scores were antagonized about 57.1 % by bicuculline (10 ng, vlPAG) (P<0.05) at 60 min after formalin injection. The decreased formalin pain scores induced by ith propofol (100 microg in 10 microL) were antagonized about 66.7 % at 30 min by ith bicuculline (P<0.05) after formalin injection. Hyperalgesia produced by ip propofol in both hot plate and formalin test could not be antagonized by vlPAG administration of bicuculline.



GABAA receptor partly mediated propofol-induced hyperalgesia at superspinal and analgesia at spinal cord in rats.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
On topologizable algebras

Let A be a linear associative algebra.  it is always possible to define a topology on A which makes of A a locally convex algebra with separately continuous multiplication (i.e. xα, x, y ∈ A, xα → x implies xαy → xy, yxα → yx). On the other hand (cf. ) in general it is not possible to introduce a topology on A which makes of A a locally convex algebra with jointly continuous multiplication (i.e. xα → x, yβ → y ⇒ xαyβ → xy). The aim of this note is to exhibit two examples which continue these investigations. In the first example we construct a commutative algebra which admits no topology. This gives a negative answer to the question raised in . In the second example we construct a topological algebra which admits no locally convex topology. All algebras in this paper will be complex (this condition, however, is not essential). We say that an algebra A is topologizable (topologizable as a locally convex algebra) if there exists a topology on A which makes of A a topological (locally convex) algebra with jointly continuous multiplication. It is easy to see that an algebra A is topologizable if and only if there exists a system V of subset of A (zero-neighbourhoods in A) satisfying (1) ⋂

Field of study: Mathematics
Pecularities of change transfer mechanism and dielectric properties of glasses Ag-Sb-S-I

Temperature dependence of electronic and ionic components of electric conductivity and dielectric permittivity of amorphic compounds Ag 0.25 Sb 0.25 S 0.5 , (AgSbS 2 ) 0.95 · (SbSI) 0.05 and (AgSbS 2 ) 0.9 ·(SbSI) 0.1 in the temperature range of 290–380 K have been investigated. The experimental data show that glasses investigated are solid electrolytes. Ionic conductivity as well as dielectric permittivity of the glasses Ag-Sb-S may be changed by introduction of SbSI.

Field of study: Materials science
Virtual E-Learning Application developed using Mobile Agents

E-Learning is one of the most interesting ”e-“domains available through the Internet. The main problem to create a Web-based, virtual environment is to model the traditional domain and to implement a new model using the new suitable technologies. Distance learning domain is analyzed and investigated the possibility to implement a context aware E-Learning service using mobile agent technologies. From these E-Learning services we focus on various teaching/learning entities. Here we attempt to build an Virtual Learning Environment which tries to impose E-Learning concepts such as content delivery, self-assessment ,final assessment and grading.  E-Learning, Virtual classroom, VLE, distance learning, mobile agents, Aglet

Field of study: Engineering
Study on the TIM-4 gene polymorphism and its association with the susceptibility to allergic asthma in Chinese Ban population of Hubei province

To investigate whether two polymorphism sites of the the exon 2 Lys65Lys(G/A) and exon 9 A) in T ceils immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain protein-4(TIM-4) are associated with asthma in Chinese Han population of Hubei province.  The polymorphisms were de-tected with polymerase ehain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP) in 185 cases of al-lergic asthma and 162 healthy controls. The genotype and allele frequencies were calculated and analyzed. Re-sults(1)The genotype frequencies of G/G, G/A and A/A in Lys65Lys(G/A)polymorphism were 0.840, 0.160 and 0 respectively in the healthy population, and were 0.859, 0.141 and 0 respectively in the allergic asthma population. No significant difference in genotype and allele frequencies was found between asthma pa-tients and the control subjects (P=0.603, P=0.618). (2) The polymorphism of the Val365 Met(G/A) was not detected in our study.  There is polymorphism site of the exon 2 Lys65Lys(G/A)in TIM-4, but this polymorphism site is not associated with asthma in Han nationality in Hubei Chinese population. There is no SNP of the exon 9 Val365Met(G/A) in TIM-4 in Chinese Han population of Hubei province. 
 
 
T cells immunoglobulin domain and muein domain protein-4 (TIM-4);  Single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP);  Allergic asthma

Field of study: Biology
Physical and structural studies on the cryocooling of insulin crystals.

Reflection profiles were analyzed from microgravity-grown ( micro g) and earth-grown insulin crystals to measure mosaicity (eta) and to reveal mosaic domain structure and composition. The effects of cryocooling on single-domain and multi-domain crystals were compared. The effects of cryocooling on insulin structure were also re-examined. Microgravity crystals were of larger volume, were more homogeneous and were of higher quality than earth crystals. Several micro g crystals contained a single mosaic domain which encompassed all or nearly all of the crystal with an eta(avg) of 0.005 degrees. The earth crystals varied in quality and all contained multiple domains with an eta(avg) of 0.031 degrees. Cryocooling caused a 43-fold increase in eta for micro g crystals (eta(avg) = 0.217 degrees ) and an eightfold increase for earth crystals (eta(avg) = 0.246 degrees ). These results indicate that very well ordered crystals are not completely protected from the stresses associated with cryocooling, especially when structural perturbations occur. However, there were differences in the reflection profiles. For multi-mosaic domain crystals, each domain individually broadened and separated from the other domains upon cryocooling. Cryocooling did not cause an increase in the number of domains. A crystal composed of a single domain retained this domain structure and the reflection profiles simply broadened. Therefore, an improved signal-to-noise ratio for each reflection was measured from cryocooled single-domain crystals relative to cryocooled multi-domain crystals. The improved signal from micro g crystals, along with the increase in crystal size, facilitated the measurement of the weaker high-resolution reflections. The observed broadening of reflection profiles indicates increased variation in unit-cell parameters, which may be linked to cryocooling-associated structural changes and disorder.

Field of study: Chemistry
Little Chief Granite Porphyry: Feldspar Crystallization History

The Little Chief Granite originated as an almost completely liquid magma with a water content of at least 3 wt %. The initial crystallizing phases were oscillatorilly zoned calcic plagioclase (An 45–65 ), magnetite, and rare augite. Upward movement and decrease of load pressure caused resorption of the calcic plagioclase followed by crystallization of intermediate plagioclase (An 31–44 ), hornblende, biotite, magnetite, and ilmenite as the magma stabilized at depth. After less than 5% crystallization, the magma again moved upward to form a laccolithic magma chamber whose roof was near a depth of 4 km. This magma chamber was zoned from a core with bulk compositions near 68 wt % SiO 2 at temperatures near 750 °C outward to a margin with bulk compositions near 77 wt % SiO 2 and temperatures near 700 °C, in a load pressure range of 1.2 to 1.7 kb. Crystallization of sanidine, sodic plagioclase (An 17–23 ), hornblende, biotite, magnetite, sphene, and ilmenite occurred from a melt that was water rich but probably not water saturated. In the core of the magma chamber, sanidine crystallized briefly and was then rimmed by oligoclase, whereas in the outer parts sanidine and oligoclase continued to coexist. After the magma was 30% to 50% crystallized, extensive assimilation of dolomitic wall rocks produced a contaminated, diopside-bearing marginal phase of the magma. Sufficient CO 2 vapor was generated that P fiuid > P load , causing extensive fracturing of the roof rocks, allowing a major dike swarm to be emplaced along the fractures, and initiating ascent of the magma. The over-pressure was recorded throughout the stock by single or paired macro-oscillations on the outer edges of the plagioclase phenocrysts. The magma moved upward and finally stabilized in the presently observed stock, which existed in a load pressure range of 0.3 to 0.9 kb and probably locally vented to the ground surface. During upward movement, sanidine was extensively replaced by sodic oligoclase (An 10–15 ) through a complex mechanism that included metastable patch perthite ex-solution. The groundmass feldspar composition varied as a function of depth in the magma chamber and apparently crystallized metastably under subsolidus “pressure quench” conditions at temperatures near 650 °C.

Field of study: Geology
Studies of fast-ion conducting Li3V2(PO4)3 coated LiFePO4 via sol–gel method

To improve the electrochemical performance and energy density, LiFePO 4 powders are firstly coated with the fast-ion conducting Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 using a sol–gel process. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and electrochemical measurements are used to study the structure and properties of the materials. The results show that a uniform coating layer of Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 /C exists on the surface of LiFePO 4 /C particles. The modified sample contains olivine LiFePO 4 and monoclinic Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 phases. Some V 3 + and Fe 2 + ions are doped into the lattices of LiFePO 4 and Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 separately, resulting in the lattice contraction and the formation of lattice defects. Compared with the commercial LiFePO 4 , the diffusion coefficient of lithium ion and exchange current density of modified LiFePO 4 is both improved by one order of magnitude. Electrochemical measurements indicate that the rate capability and cycle performance of LiFePO 4 are significantly enhanced by coating with Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , especially at high current rates. At 5 °C and 10 °C rates, the modified LiFePO 4 exhibits the initial discharge capacities of 134.85 and 104.99 mAh g − 1 and capacity retentions of 93.79% and 94.53% after 190 cycles, respectively, whereas the commercial LiFePO 4 shows much lower capacities of 100.61 and 40.58 mAh g − 1 at the same current rates.

Field of study: Materials science
Autoimmune thyroiditis: conversion of low-responder mice to high-responders by cyclophosphamide.

Inbred strains of mice are low- or high-responders with respect to the magnitude of thyroid infiltrates that appear after immunization with mouse thyroglobulin emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant. This aspect of the immune response to thyroglobulin is strongly controlled by the major histocompatibility complex. Low-responder strains treated with cyclophosphamide, before the antigenic challenge, were converted to high-responders. This suggests that in low-responder mice, a specific suppressor activity influences the development of the thyroid lesions characteristic for the autoimmune thyroiditis.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Detection of p-Nitrophenol Using Molecularly Imprinted Colloidal Array

( p -NP) molecularly imprinted colloidal microspheres were prepared by polymerization of functional monomers (acrylamide, AM) and template of p -NP in poly (methyl methacrylate, PMMA) pre-polymerization solution. Molecularly imprinted colloidal array (MICA) was prepared using the molecularly imprinted colloidal microspheres by self-assembly, and then fixed by an adhesive tape. The MICA on the adhesive tape was easy to handle and had strong stability. The MICA film combines both the high selectivity of molecular imprinting and facility to use of photonic crystal. This material senses p -NP in aqueous solution by shifting reflection wavelength. The adsorption of p -NP into molecularly imprinted colloidal microspheres would swell the microspheres, thus leading to a reflection peak red shift. The reflection peak redshifted nearly 60 nm when the concentration of p -NP increases from 0 mM to 30 mM, while non-imprinted molecularly imprinted colloidal array (NICA) red shifted about 40 nm. The color of MICA changed from red to blue-violet was observed. This method simplifies the preparation of photonic crystal material which is an efficient approach for developing high-performance chemical/biological sensors.

Field of study: Chemistry
The biosynthesis of gangliosides. Labelling of rat brain gangliosides in vivo.

1. After injection of [6-(3)H]glucosamine into 8-day-old rats it was found that all the major brain gangliosides and their sialyl groups were labelled at essentially the same rate, except the hematoside, which was the least labelled. In 18-day-old rats it was found that the two major gangliosides with the sialyl (2-->8)-sialyl linkage, and their sialyl groups were more labelled than the hematoside, the Tay-Sachs ganglioside, the other two major gangliosides and their respective sialyl groups. 2. No difference was found in any of the cases studied between the specific radioactivities of the neuraminidase-resistant and -labile sialyl groups belonging to the same ganglioside. The same was found for the specific radioactivities of the galactosyl groups proximal and distal to the ceramide moiety of total brain gangliosides from rats injected with [U-(14)C]glucose. From this it was concluded that partial turnover of the ganglioside molecule does not occur. 3. A model for the synthesis of gangliosides is presented that accounts for results from previous experiments in vitro and the lack of precursor-product relationships observed in experiments in vivo.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Influence of the G2m(n) allotype and age on IgG subclass distribution in antibodies to dietary proteins in children with coeliac disease

In 47 children with coeliac disease, IgG 1 was the dominant IgG subclass (mean 61 %) in antibodies to gliadin, a protein component of wheat; IgG2 (22%) and IgG3 (15%) were also found. Very little IgG4 (3%) was detected. Both G2m(n)allotype and the age of the patient had an independent effect on the subclass distribution. The effects of these two factors seem similar to those described earlier on responses to polysaccharides; both G2m(n) and age increase the expression of IgG2 antibodies and concomitantly the share of IgGl is decreased. The average increase in the share of IgG2 brought about by n/n‐genotype was 25‐3% (95% confidence limits 12.2–38.4%; P<0.001) and that brought about by each additional year of age of the patient 11% (0.3–1.9%;P=0.006). IgG antibodies to /Mactoglobulin and ovalbumin consisted mainly of IgGl and IgG4. The titres of the IgG subclasses were low and in many cases below detection level. No association with G2m(n) genotype and share of IgGl or IgG4 could be demonstrated. Age was inversely correlated with the shares of IgGl in antibodies to β‐Mactoglobulin and ovalbumin.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Study of the C IV ($\lambda\lambda$1548.187 - 1550.772), Si IV ($\lambda\lambda$1393.755 - 1402.770) and O IV ($\lambda$1401.156) Regions of the QSO J021327.25-001446.93

Broad Absorption Line Regions - BALR are composed of a number of successive independent absorbing density layers. Using the GR model, we analyze the UV Si IV ({\lambda}{\lambda}1393.755 - 1402.770), O IV ({\lambda}1401.156) and C IV ( resonance lines in the spectra of a certain QSO and discuss the results concerning its kinematic properties (rotational, radial and random velocities).

Field of study: Physics
Study Status of Wetability of Cast Gr/Al Matrix Self-lubrication Material

Aimed at the problem of poor wetability between graphite and aluminium matrix,the treatment methods from graphite pretreatment and casting process optimization were summarized.Cast graphite-aluminium matrix self-lubrication material combines the high specific strength and good thermal conductivity of aluminium matrix and the self-lubrication and chemical stability of graphite,it has a broad prospect in application.

Field of study: Materials science
Institutional innovation and establishment of high-level min ban colleges

In recent two decades, China's min ban (people\|run) higher education has experienced tortuous development and become an indispensable part of China's higher education system. The number and scale of min ban colleges have increased rapidly while their whole strength is not strong enough and their reputations are not recognized by society, thus their abilities of sustainable development are weak. Only by optimizing the outer environment and forming group, innvating institutions and establishing modern university institutions, can the whole level of min ban higher education be improved.

Field of study: Education
Identifying drivers for fishing pressure. A multidisciplinary study of trawl and sea snail fisheries in Samsun, Black Sea coast of Turkey

This study aims to investigate and model driving forces that lead to increased fishing pressure and an altered state of the environment in the coastal areas near Samsun on the Turkish Black Sea coast. We have applied a modified DPSIR model to structure our investigation and analysis and have investigated the drivers that generate fishing pressure in the Samsun fisheries. The overall health of the ecosystem is declining, and there is a consistent trend of deterioration in the condition of the three major species targeted by the trawl fisheries. Although introduced invasive species have brought significant changes to the Black Sea, it is clear that the state of the environment is significantly and negatively affected by the pressure exerted by fisheries. Fishing pressure has to a certain extent been redirected to pelagic trawling as bottom trawling has become less profitable and a rise in catch capacity has levelled off. This reduction is, however, offset by an increase in illegal trawling and dredging by a very rapidly growing sector of multi-purpose small boats, resulting in a considerable increase in the overall accumulated engine power of fishing boats in Samsun during 2000–2005. Fisheries in Samsun, in particular sea snail fisheries, have constituted a frontier of sorts open to the poorer populations of Samsun during the last 20 years, and, thereby, constitute one of the major drivers for fishing pressure. We identify eight drivers of importance for the period 2000–2005. Although the authorities can impact all or most of those drivers, most of them are beyond the scope of conventional ‘fisheries management’.

Field of study: Environmental science
Somatic Genomic Mosaicism in Multiple Myeloma

Somatic genomic mosaicism occurs when somatic cells of the body display different genotypes (Table 1), it has recently received increased attention because of its implications in disease, including neurodegenerative diseases and Down syndrome (Iourov et al., 2008, 2010, 2019; Biesecker and Spinner, 2013; Hultén et al., 2013; Vijg, 2014; Campbell et al., 2015; Fernández et al., 2016). Genomic mosaicism also contributes to high levels of cellular heterogeneity in pathological conditions, which is a distinguishing feature of cancer (Heng, 2015, 2019). In fact, high heterogeneity in cancer represents an extreme example of genomic mosaicism. The genomic basis of somatic genomic mosaicism, however, remains to be elucidated. Traditional explanations have focused on defective cellular processes, including imperfect DNA replication and repair, abnormal chromosomal machinery, and a faulty stress response to environmental challenges. As illustrated by the evolutionary mechanism of cancer (Ye et al., 2009), nearly all molecular pathways/mechanisms can contribute to variations in cellular systems. The conventional wisdom is that biosystems are not perfect and that error-generating opportunities exist. Thus, the major goals of molecular medicine have been to detect and fix these errors. Nevertheless, bioerrors (or imperfect-biosystems) do not explain the high degree of genomic mosaicism revealed by large-scale -omics technologies (Vattathil and Scheet, 2016), and plausible mechanisms are not yet revealed (Heng et al., 2016). These novel mechanisms should address (a) both the positive and negative contributions of cellular heterogeneity in normal and disease conditions and (b) the survival strategy of cancer cells to drastically elevate the level of heterogeneity in crisis conditions. Using multiple myeloma (MM) as an example, these mechanisms will be examined in the context of bio-information, adaptive systems (Table 1), and emergent behavior during cancer evolution.

Field of study: Biology
Analysis of Noise Contrastive Estimation from the Perspective of Asymptotic Variance

There are many models, often called unnormalized models, whose normalizing constants are not calculated in closed form. Maximum likelihood estimation is not directly applicable to unnormalized models. Score matching, contrastive divergence method, pseudo-likelihood, Monte Carlo maximum likelihood, and noise contrastive estimation (NCE) are popular methods for estimating parameters of such models. In this paper, we focus on NCE. The estimator derived from NCE is consistent and asymptotically normal because it is an M-estimator. NCE characteristically uses an auxiliary distribution to calculate the normalizing constant in the same spirit of the importance sampling. In addition, there are several candidates as objective functions of NCE. 
We focus on how to reduce asymptotic variance. First, we propose a method for reducing asymptotic variance by estimating the parameters of the auxiliary distribution. Then, we determine the form of the objective functions, where the asymptotic variance takes the smallest values in the original estimator class and the proposed estimator classes. We further analyze the robustness of the estimator.

Field of study: Computer science