nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Chloroquine cardiotoxicity: clinicopathologic features in three patients and comparison with three patients with Fabry disease.

Microscopic features of chloroquine cardiotoxicity are similar to those of Fabry disease. The purpose of the study was to compare clinicopathologic findings in both disorders.



Patients with a diagnosis of chloroquine cardiotoxicity or Fabry disease were identified who had undergone endomyocardial biopsy or autopsy at Mayo Clinic Rochester (1976-2000). Clinical information was collected from medical records and letters from referring physicians. Light and electron microscopy were performed in all cases.



Three patients (two women, one man) with chloroquine cardiotoxicity ranged in age from 53 to 73 years. Chloroquine was given for rheumatoid arthritis in two and systemic lupus erythematosus in one. Three patients (two men, one woman) with Fabry disease ranged in age from 58 to 76 years. Two had angiokeratomas, but only one had a previous diagnosis of Fabry disease. All six patients presented with dyspnea. Light microscopy from all six revealed myocyte enlargement due to perinuclear vacuolization. By transmission electron microscopy, all six showed abundant myelinoid figures within involved myocytes. Curvilinear bodies were observed in two patients with chloroquine cardiotoxicity and in none with Fabry disease.



Patients with cardiac dysfunction due to chloroquine cardiotoxicity or Fabry disease have similar ages, presenting clinical symptoms, cardiac light microscopy and sarcoplasmic myelinoid bodies ultrastructurally. Patients with Fabry disease may not have a personal or family history of the disease. Similarly, a history of chloroquine usage may not be known to the pathologist. In these settings, the presence of curvilinear bodies ultrastructurally is useful for the diagnosis of chloroquine cardiotoxicity.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
What “Wuque”(A kind of Birds)Refers to and Is Compared to in a Poem

The poem “Duan Ge Xing”,written by Cao Cao,is passed and spoken highly of generation after generation.However,it is really controversial what“Wuque”,as “Wuque”flies to the south in the poem,refers to and is compared to.This essay is a systematic probe into it from the perspectives of language,literature,culture and history.ln this essay,it is thought that “Wuque”should refer to the wild category of birds,which means“Niaoque”(birds)in modern Chinese.and they are compared to the homeless refugees during the war in the East Han Dynasty.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Cytokine production in Linomide-treated nod mice and the potential role of a Th (1)/Th(2) shift on autoimmune and anti-inflammatory processes.

Linomide prevents the development of autoimmune insulitis and insulin-deficient diabetes mellitus in female NOD mice. Linomide prevents development of autoimmune manifestations in other experimentally induced and spontaneous autoimmune diseases as well, but the mechanism of action is unknown. The present report summarizes our investigations on the effect of Linomide on different functional T cell subsets in NOD mice analyzed according to their cytokine profile. Supernatants from cultured splenocytes and peritoneal cells taken from Linomide-treated mice contained lower levels of TNFalpha, IL-1 beta, IFN gamma and IL-12 versus higher levels of IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 in comparison with supernatants from cultures of untreated mice. Our results suggest that regulation of autoimmunity following oral Linomide administration in NOD mice induces a shift from Th(1) to Th(2) phenotype response, thereby preventing the development of diabetes by active cytokine-induced immunoregulation of T cell subsets, including downregulation of Th(1) and upregulation of Th(2).

Field of study: Medicine
Charter School Statutes and Special Education

Charter schools are a growing and evolving component of the public education sector. These schools may be exempt from state or local regulations, but they are part of the public system and subject to federal laws and many regulations. Research has documented policy tensions and basic challenges associated with developing special education programs in charter schools. A key source of these issues is ambiguity in individual state charter laws regarding roles and responsibilities related to special education. This article presents findings from a review of 41 charter statutes. The review reveals variability and lack of specificity among states in the legislative structures they maintain for charter schools and how responsibility for special education is assigned. These findings highlight the importance of federal, state, and district policy leaders developing a nuanced understanding of statutes shaping the parameters of responsibility for special education in the charter sector.

Field of study: Education
Information systems planning in small business: A stages of growth analysis

In this article, the use of Information Systems in the context of small business is discussed, showing current research focus and presenting some parts of research areas which have not yet been tackled. The surrounding environment that facilitates the creation of small entrepreneurial businesses is further examined, together with the IS planning practices in such an environment. We find that these practices do not follow the conventional theories for IS planning. The main argument is that their management style and organizational structure determine to a significant extent the process and nature of IS planning. This relationship is envisaged under a broader perspective where we consider the inter-dependence between organizational structure and culture. We are proposing a shift of focus for IS planning research by suggesting a smodel that combines the above concepts.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Analysis of Coulomb displacement energies and its relation to the proton halo structure of nuclei

We investigate the Coulomb displacement energies of the nuclear systems16O core plus several nucleons. This analysis is performed in order to search for peculiarities of the nucleus20Mg which was experimentally found to be a candidate for the occurrence of a proton halo. The structure of20Mg is discussed on the basis of this analysis. Some evidence is presented that proton correlations play an important role in the structure of this nucleus.

Field of study: Physics
Critical Passions: Selected Essays (review)

obvious explanation for the difference relates to the contrasting social orders in the two countries. In conclusion, Adelman has shown us how much we may profit from in-depth empirical research into the institutional structure by which Latin America continued its participation in world markets in the nineteenth century. Yet if we feel compelled to answer North’s interrogatory, how did Latin America fall behind, historians need to look beyond the NIE. How else can the reader make sense of Adelman’s postscript on Argentina’s twentieth century? He makes mention there of many workers and migrants being left “outside the realm of formal representation” and of “emerging ideas of social entitlements” among the popular classes (p. 291). Political economic analysis gives us no inkling as to the historical antecedents to the populist and statist polices of the mid-twentieth century. Neither do we acquire any understanding as to why the popular classes today continue to resist market reforms. Therefore, we scholars might profit in pursuing research agendas guided just as much by social history as by the New Institutional Economics.

Field of study: History
Novel experience prior to training attenuates the amnestic effects of posttraining ECS.

In this article, mice were given a novel exploratory experience 1 hr prior to training on a one-trial inhibitory avoidance task or a Y-maze shock-motivated visual discrimination task. Half of the animals in each group received immediate posttraining electroconvulsive shock (ECS) delivered through implanted cortical screws. Retention was tested 24 hr later. In the inhibitory avoidance task, retention was assessed by the response latencies on Day 2. In the Y-maze, the discrimination was reversed on Day 2 and retention of the original discrimination was assessed by errors made on six reversal training trials. Comparable results were obtained in the two tasks: ECS impaired retention in controls not given the novel experience but did not affect retention in mice given the novel experience. These findings are interpreted in terms of previous evidence, which suggests that ECS-induced amnesia may be mediated by the release of brain beta-endorphin.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Holography in a random spatially inhomogeneous medium.

The Huygens-Fresnel principle, extended to a medium that exhibits a random spatial variation in the index of refraction, is used to calculate the resulting fringe patterns in the Fresnel-Fraunhofer and pointreference Fourier-transform methods of holography. The resolution limits pertaining to these two methods are derived. In the Fresnel-Fraunhofer method, the effect of the medium is a lateral reduction in the size of the hologram that leads to a corresponding loss of resolution. In the point-reference Fourier-transform method, on the other hand, the medium does not limit the lateral extent of the hologram but gives a uniform reduction in amplitude to the resulting fringe pattern. Thus in the latter method, resolution is not degraded; but the medium does limit the size of objects that can form holograms. Numerical results pertaining to underwater holography are given.

Field of study: Physics
New Saddle-Point Technique for Non-Coherent Radar Detection With Application to Correlated Targets in Uncorrelated Clutter Speckle

This paper presents a novel implementation of the saddle-point technique for calculating the non-coherent detection probability of targets by airborne surveillance radar in the presence of pulse-to-pulse correlation. It is based on the inverse Laplace transform of the moment generating function for the returned power distribution by means of integration along the path of steepest descent. To illustrate the methodology, the problem of non-coherent pulse integration for a target with gamma-fluctuating partially correlated radar cross-section embedded within compound surface clutter with uncorrelated speckle is revisited. This situation arises for maritime or overland surveillance radar with sufficient frequency agility to fully decorrelate the clutter speckle but not the fluctuations of the target radar cross-section. An exact method and a hierarchy of approximations are described, all of which perform well for this problem. Monte Carlo simulation at the quadrature component level is used to verify the results.

Field of study: Engineering
Differing urinary urea excretion among children with idiopathic hypercalciuria and/or hyperuricosuria.

To estimate dietary protein intake in children with idiopathic hypercalciuria (HC) and/or hyperuricosuria (HU).



We compared the 24-h urinary excretion of urea, as a reflection of protein intake, in four age- and sex-matched groups, each comprising 56 consecutive children: (1) HC, (2) HU, (3) HC+HU and (4) control.



Urinary urea excretion was significantly higher in HC, HU and HC+HU than in controls. HC and HU children had similar urea excretion. HC+HU children had urinary urea significantly higher than HC and HU, but urinary calcium similar to HC and urinary uric acid excretion similar to HU subjects. Urinary calcium was significantly (R(2)=0.21) correlated with urea excretion in HC children only, whereas urinary uric acid was significantly (R(2)=0.21) correlated with urinary urea in HU children only. No significant correlation between urinary urea and calcium or uric acid excretion was found in HC+HU patients although they had the highest urinary urea. A significant (p=0.004) interaction between urinary urea and sodium in increasing urinary calcium excretion resulted only in the HC group.



The association of dietary protein excess with HC and/or HU is conditioned by an individual (genetic?) predisposition and may be produced by different mechanisms.

Field of study: Medicine
The synthesis of some monomethylanthraceneamines

The synthesis of 2-methyl-1-anthracenamine ( 2 ), 3-methyl-1-anthracenamine ( 7 ), 4-methyl-1-anthracenamine ( 14 ), 1-methyl-2-anthracenamine ( 20 ), 3-methyl-2-anthracenamine ( 26 ), and 1-methyl-3-anthracenamine ( 30 ) from the corresponding 9,10-anthraquinones in order to confirm their presence in coal-derived products is reported.

Field of study: Chemistry
Quantitative elution studies in experimental immune complex and nephrotoxic nephritis.

Optimal conditions have been determined for elution of antiglomerular basement-membrane antibodies and antigen-antibody complexes from nephritic kidneys, obtained from rabbits with nephrotoxic nephritis and various forms of BSA-induced immune complex disease. Elution from kidney homogenates was performed with acid and alkaline buffers, solutions of chaotropes, urea, sodium and magnesium chloride and other agents. Functional activity of antibodies exposed to elution procedures was tested by immunofluorescence, or by a modified Farr's technique. Antibodies of progressively greater binding capacity were eluted by a stepwise acid gradient (pH 3-2--2-8) using low or high ionic strength glycine--HCl buffer. Antigen-antibody complexes were best eluted using 3 M KBr (pH 9) using several extractive steps. A stepwise alkaline gradient (pH 10-5--11-1 using 0-1 M glycine-NaOH buffer) or 8 M urea were found to be satisfactory alternative methods of eluting immune complexes. Elution procedures were best carried out in the cold in all circumstances. Other eluting agents were found to be less successful or less practical.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Elliptic functions, area integrals and the exponential square class on $B_{1}(0) \subseteq {\Bbb R}^{n},n>2$

For two strictly elliptic operators L0 and L1 on the unit ball in R, whose coefficients have a difference function that satisfies a Carleson-type condition, it is shown that a pointwise comparison concerning Lusin area integrals is valid. This result is used to prove that if L1u1 = 0 in B1(0) and Su1 ∈ L∞(Sn−1) then u1|Sn−1 = f lies in the exponential square class whenever L0 is an operator so that L0u0 = 0 and Su0 ∈ L∞ implies u0|Sn−1 is in the exponential square class; here S is the Lusin area integral. The exponential square theorem, first proved by Thomas Wolff for harmonic functions in the upper half-space, is proved on B1(0) for constant coefficient operator solutions, thus giving a family of operators for L0. Methods of proof include martingales and stopping time arguments. The subject treated here is the exponential square class for elliptic operator solutions in the unit ball in Rn. The main result is given in Theorem 4, where it is proved that if solutions for one operator L0u0 = 0 in B1(0) satisfy the exponential square result (i.e. if the Lusin area integral Su0 is in L∞(∂B1(0)) then u0|∂B1(0) = f lies in the exponential square class) then solutions u1 to L1u1 = 0 in B1(0) will also satisfy the exponential square theorem if the coefficients of L1 satisfy a Carleson-type condition with vanishing trace with respect to the coefficients of L0. The main ingredient in the proof is to establish a comparison of area integrals by methods similar to those of Fefferman, Kenig and Pipher [FKP] in their proof of Dahlberg’s preservation of Bq for elliptic measures. In order to ensure that the result is not vacuous, the exponential square theorem is proved on B1(0) for harmonic functions. The martingale argument of Chang, Wilson and Wolff [CWW] can be adapted to the geometry on B1(0). This result is established in part I in detail, using spherical coordinates. To establish the formula that served in place of the Calderón reproducing formula, and to establish the martingale proof, it seemed better to use spherical coordinates. A similar formula shows that solutions to constant coefficient equations also satisfy the exponential square result.

Field of study: Mathematics
Measurements of absolute line intensities in carbon dioxide bands near 5.2 microm.

A nonlinear least-squares spectral fitting procedure has been used to derive experimental absolute intensities for over 300 unblended lines belonging to twelve bands of (12)C(16)O2, (13)C(16)O2, (16)O(12)C(18)O, (16)O(12)C(17)O, and (16)O(13)C(18)O in the 5.2-microm region. The spectral data were recorded at 0.01-cm(-1) resolution and room temperature with the Fourier transform spectrometer in the McMath solar telescope complex at the National Solar Observatory on Kitt Peak and have a signal-to-rms noise ratio of 2000-4000. A natural sample of carbon dioxide was used as the sample gas. For each band, the measured line intensities have been analyzed to derive the vibrational band intensity and coefficients of the F factor. The results are compared to the values used to calculate the intensities in the 1982 Air Force Geophysics Laboratory line parameters compilation.

Field of study: Physics
Metabolic risks in older adults receiving second-generation antipsychotic medication

Metabolic syndrome is prevalent in older adults and increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Second-generation antipsychotics (aripiprazole, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, and ziprasidone) increase the risk of metabolic syndrome and present many challenges for psychiatrists. In this article, we review the relationships between second-generation antipsychotics and metabolic syndrome with a focus on older adults. Because few studies focus exclusively on older adults, we augment this review with relevant findings from younger adults. The differential risk factors of each medication are reviewed, as are recent findings in monitoring and treating metabolic syndrome. Olanzapine and clozapine are more strongly associated with metabolic risks, whereas aripiprazole and ziprasidone are less associated. Although lifestyle modifications can help to reduce some aspects of metabolic syndrome, lifestyle modifications in conjunction with metformin therapy appear to be most effective.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
A Text Compression Algorithm Based on Multiple-Pattern Matching

According to LZSS algorithm,introduces multi-pattern matching ideas and presents a WM compression algorithm(WM_LZSS).This algorithm automatically records the long matching phrases which has appeared in the previous text through a patterns library,and does multi-pattern matching in advance in the process of compression.The result shows that WM_LZSS compression ratio is higher than LZSS.Especially,this algorithm has better performance when the text is similar or big.

Field of study: Computer science
The Intellectual Property and Its Proper Use During the Construction and Sharing of Digital Library Resources with a Reference to Li Changkui's Lawsuit Case

Through the analysis of a typical case of infringing intellectual property rights by Li Changkui's prosecuting Beijing Superstar Information Technology Development Co.Ltd.,Beijing Superstar Digital Map Information Technology Co.,Ltd.and Guizhou University,the paper illustrates that when the university library constructs,purchases and collects digital resources,it should take reasonable care as the premise and ensure that the digital resources purchased are the legal products.The library should take the initiative on the issue of copyright protection through defining the rights and obligations of parties under contract to carry out the right of proper use and get the protection from the lawful and technical aspects.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Stability of cluster solutions in a cooperative consumer chain model

We study a cooperative consumer chain model which consists of one producer and two consumers. It is an extension of the Schnakenberg model suggested in Gierer and Meinhardt [Kybernetik (Berlin), 12:30–39, 1972] and Schnakenberg ( 1979) for which there is only one producer and one consumer. In this consumer chain model there is a middle component which plays a hybrid role: it acts both as consumer and as producer. It is assumed that the producer diffuses much faster than the first consumer and the first consumer much faster than the second consumer. The system also serves as a model for a sequence of irreversible autocatalytic reactions in a container which is in contact with a well-stirred reservoir. In the small diffusion limit we construct cluster solutions in an interval which have the following properties: The spatial profile of the third component is a spike. The profile for the middle component is that of two partial spikes connected by a thin transition layer. The first component in leading order is given by a Green’s function. In this profile multiple scales are involved: The spikes for the middle component are on the small scale, the spike for the third on the very small scale, the width of the transition layer for the middle component is between the small and the very small scale. The first component acts on the large scale. To the best of our knowledge, this type of spiky pattern has never before been studied rigorously. It is shown that, if the feedrates are small enough, there exist two such patterns which differ by their amplitudes.We also study the stability properties of these cluster solutions. We use a rigorous analysis to investigate the linearized operator around cluster solutions which is based on nonlocal eigenvalue problems and rigorous asymptotic analysis. The following result is established: If the time-relaxation constants are small enough, one cluster solution is stable and the other one is unstable. The instability arises through large eigenvalues of order $$O(1)$$. Further, there are small eigenvalues of order $$o(1)$$ which do not cause any instabilities. Our approach requires some new ideas: (i) The analysis of the large eigenvalues of order $$O(1)$$ leads to a novel system of nonlocal eigenvalue problems with inhomogeneous Robin boundary conditions whose stability properties have been investigated rigorously. (ii) The analysis of the small eigenvalues of order $$o(1)$$ needs a careful study of the interaction of two small length scales and is based on a suitable inner/outer expansion with rigorous error analysis. It is found that the order of these small eigenvalues is given by the smallest diffusion constant $${\epsilon }_2^2$$.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Effect of Temperature on Structural and Morphologic Properties of ZnO Films Annealed in Ammonia Ambient

ZnO thin films were prepared on Si(111) substrates by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Then, the samples were annealed at different temperatures in NH3 ambient and their properties were investigated particularly as a function of annealing temperature. The structure, morphology, and optical properties of ZnO films were studied by x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and photoluminescence (PL). The results show that the increase of annealing temperature makes for the improvement in the crystal quality and surface morphology below the temperature of 650°C. However, when the annealing temperature is above 650°C, the ZnO films will volatilize and, especially at 750°C, ZnO will volatilize completely.

Field of study: Materials science