nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Exocytosis in chromaffin cells: evidence for a MgATP-independent step that requires a pertussis toxin-sensitive GTP-binding protein.

We have previously described that mastoparan, an amphiphilic tetradecapeptide that activates heterotrimeric G-proteins, inhibits Ca(2+)-induced MgATP-dependent secretion from streptolysin-O-permeabilized chromaffin cells [Vitale, Mukai, Rouot, Thiersé, Aunis and Bader (1993) ]. Our observations suggest the involvement of an inhibitory G(o)-protein, possibly located on the membrane of secretory granules, in the final stages of the exocytotic pathway in chromaffin cells. Here, we demonstrate that mastoparan is also able to stimulate the Ca(2+)-dependent secretion of catecholamines in the absence of MgATP in the medium. This MgATP-independent secretion is totally blocked by tetanus toxin, a potent inhibitor of exocytosis in all neurosecretory cells so far investigated, suggesting that the mastoparan target is a component of the exocytotic machinery. Mas17, a mastoparan analogue inactive on G-proteins, had no effect on catecholamine secretion whereas both Mas7, a highly active analogue of mastoparan, and AlF4-, which selectively activates trimeric G-proteins, triggered MgATP-independent secretion. Non-hydrolysable GTP analogues (GTP[S] and p[NH]ppG) mimicked the dual effects of mastoparan on secretion: they inhibited exocytosis in the presence of MgATP and stimulated MgATP-independent secretion. The different potencies displayed by these two analogues suggest the involvement of two distinct G-proteins. Accordingly, the mastoparan-induced MgATP-independent secretion is highly sensitive to pertussis toxin (PTX) whereas the inhibition by mastoparan of secretion in the presence of MgATP is resistant to PTX treatment. When permeabilized cells were incubated with mastoparan, the release of arachidonic acid increased in a PTX-sensitive manner. 7,7-Dimethyl-5,8-eicosadienoic acid, a potent inhibitor of intracellular phospholipase A2, inhibited both the arachidonate release and the MgATP-independent catecholamine secretion evoked by mastoparan. In contrast, neomycin, an inhibitor of phospholipase C, had no significant effect on either the release of arachidonic acid or the secretion of catecholamines provoked by mastoparan. We conclude that two distinct heterotrimeric G-proteins act in series in the exocytotic pathway in chromaffin cells: one controls an ATP-dependent priming step through an effector pathway that remains to be determined, and the second is involved in a late Ca(2+)-dependent step which does not require MgATP but possibly involves the generation of arachidonic acid.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
A mathematical model of the coupled mechanisms of cell adhesion, contraction and spreading

Recent research has shown that cell spreading is highly dependent on the contractility of its cytoskeleton and the mechanical properties of the environment it is located in. The dynamics of such process is critical for the development of tissue engineering strategy but is also a key player in wound contraction, tissue maintenance and angiogenesis. To better understand the underlying physics of such phenomena, the paper describes a mathematical formulation of cell spreading and contraction that couples the processes of stress fiber formation, protrusion growth through actin polymerization at the cell edge and dynamics of cross-membrane protein (integrins) enabling cell-substrate attachment. The evolving cell’s cytoskeleton is modeled as a mixture of fluid, proteins and filaments that can exchange mass and generate contraction. In particular, besides self-assembling into stress fibers, actin monomers able to polymerize into an actin meshwork at the cell’s boundary in order to push the membrane forward and generate protrusion. These processes are possible via the development of cell-substrate attachment complexes that arise from the mechano-sensitive equilibrium of membrane proteins, known as integrins. After deriving the governing equation driving the dynamics of cell evolution and spreading, we introduce a numerical solution based on the extended finite element method, combined with a level set formulation. Numerical simulations show that the proposed model is able to capture the dependency of cell spreading and contraction on substrate stiffness and chemistry. The very good agreement between model predictions and experimental observations suggests that mechanics plays a strong role into the coupled mechanisms of contraction, adhesion and spreading of adherent cells.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Asymptotic shapley value based resource allocation scheme for IoT services

Inspired by the development of new communication technologies, society has shifted its focus from the original network connection services to pervasive information services. With this shift, the Internet of Things (IoT) has developed rapidly. To realize IoT services, spectrum resources should be allocated adaptively to ensure service requirements. In this paper, we propose a novel solution that addresses the resource allocation problem by adopting cooperative game values. In our game model, the concept of the Shapley value is extended and practically applied to design a new bandwidth allocation algorithm. Numerical results show that our proposed approach can guarantee performance balance while improving the overall system resource utilization, as compared with the existing schemes that also address the resource allocation problem. Under dynamic IoT system environments, this result proves the efficiency of our approach for multimedia traffic services.

Field of study: Computer science
A Comparison of Similarity and Interdependence as Triggers for In-Group Formation

In four experiments, subjects were informed of a threat from various sources to members of a social category to which they belonged. They were also given the opportunity to help a target person. The results of the first two experiments showed that in-group bias occurred only when the threat was from a social source rather than a nonsocial source or when there was no threat. The third experiment showed that the bias favored only those similar on the threatened category rather than those similar on another non-threatened category. The fourth experiment showed that when subjects knew the source of the threat, the bias was against only members of the threatening group, even when the threat was attributed to similar others. These findings indicate that interdependence resulting from a shared threat, rather than similarity alone, seems to play a key role in the formation of in-group boundaries.

Field of study: Psychology
Erklärungsversuch zum Mechanismus der Ignimbritausbrüche

ZusammenfassungIgnimbrite sind flächenhaft auftretende Vulkanite, die vorwiegend aus verschweißten Glas-Aschen bestehen. Der Begriff ist vulkanologisch, nicht petrographisch gemeint. Ignimbrite entstehen aus überquellenden Glutwolken, die von absteigenden und zurückfallenden Glutwolken unterschieden werden. Nähere Analyse und Kennzeichnung des Vorgangs wird gegeben.AbstractThe author defines Ignimbrites: Pyroclastic rocks forming layers of some extent and consisting mainly of glass-ashes welded together. Ignimbrites are formed by special types of glowing clouds. The author subdivides such clouds (or blasts) into several types. The origin of “overflowing” clouds is discussed. ignimbrites sont des volcanites d'allure horizontale qui consistent essentiellement en cendres et matières vitreuses soudées. Cette notion doit être comprise comme étant vulcanologique et non pétrographique. Les ignimbrites prennent naissance à partir de nuées ardentes d'allure largement débordante, qui sont à distinguer des nuées plongeantes. L'auteur donne une analyse du processus ainsi que ses caractéristiques.Краткое содержаниеАвтор формулирует по нятие „игнибритные п ороды“ и подробно описывает процессы, приведшие к их образованию.

Field of study: Environmental science
Pourquoi les soignants feraient-ils de la recherche en réanimation ?

Resume Objectifs Dans cet article, nous proposons une reflexion sur l’evolution de la recherche clinique conduite par les infirmiers en medecine intensive. En France, cette recherche est une activite emergente, qui commence a se structurer dans toutes les disciplines ; plus encore dans la jeune specialite de soins au patient critique, car de nombreux savoirs sont encore a construire. Il se pose alors la pertinence du developpement de cette recherche, et son role dans la creation d’un corps de savoirs propres. Methode A travers une recherche epistemologique exploratoire, nous allons tenter de formaliser les barrieres et les leviers de cette recherche, les possibilites qu’elle offre et les raisons qui peuvent inciter les professionnels a s’investir dans cette voie. Resultats Les soins infirmiers sont traditionnellement un metier pratique, avec un apprentissage base souvent sur le tutorat et l’experience et sous une tres forte emprise medicale, ce qui peut constituer un frein pour cette reflexion ; d’autre part, l’evolution des pratiques depuis la parution des donnees probantes, le developpement d’autres modeles d’apprentissage et les perspectives ouvertes dans d’autres pays ont permis d’amorcer un mouvement de creation des savoirs propres bases sur la recherche infirmiere.  Malgre des points de debat, la recherche infirmiere a un role primordial dans la creation de savoirs, la professionnalisation et l’epanouissement des personnels qui s’y engagent.

Field of study: Philosophy
Mixed expired nitric oxide in primary pulmonary hypertension in relation to lung diffusion capacity.

The mixed expired nitric oxide (NO) production of the lungs of patients with primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) and normal subjects was measured to determine the relationship between NO production and the diffusion capacity of the lung (KCO). Expired air was collected from eight patients with PPH and 20 healthy volunteers for analysis by a chemiluminescent analyser. Mean pulmonary artery pressure in the PPH patients was 59.5 +/- 6.45 mmHg and their mean cardiac output was 2.95 +/- 0.35 l/min. All patients and subjects underwent measurements of FEV1, VC and KCO. The rate of production of NO in mixed exhaled air was lower in the PPH group compared to the controls (2.85 +/- 0.7 vs. 4.69 +/- 0.35 nM/min; p < 0.05). There was a good correlation of expired NO with the KCO (r = 0.7; n = 30; p < 0.001). When corrected, KCO differences in exhaled NO were not significant (p = 0.09). We conclude that the low exhaled NO observed in PPH patients is a reflection of the reduced blood capillary volume in these patients rather than a decreased basal production of NO.

Field of study: Medicine
An assessment of the value of triplicated redundancy in digital systems

The use of redundant components has been suggested as a method of improving both the manufacturing yields of “integrated” electronic devices and the reliability of operation of electronic digital systems. One method is to employ three copies of the equipment and take a “vote” on the output. Provided only one system is in error, the correct output will be maintained, but two systems in error will produce an erroneous result. The basic idea can be improved by undertaking voting at more than one place in the system so that a multiplicity of faults may (with calculable probability) be tolerated. The number of stages of voting can be optimized with respect to parameters which include the reliability of individual components and the size of the system. A further improvement can be achieved by triplicating the voting circuits themselves. This latter system is more reliable than the former but requires the use of six times as many components as the equivalent non-redundant system. Significant improvements in yield and reliability over that obtained with the non-redundant system, while maintaining reasonable levels of yield and reliability are only obtained with very large systems employing very good components.

Field of study: Engineering
Superconductivity at 33 K in "111" single crystals at ambient pressure

We have successfully grown single crystalline NaFeAs with cobalt or phosphor doping. Bulk superconductivity occurs in NaFe$_{0.95}$Co$_{0.05}$As at 19 K while much higher transition temperature is observed in NaFeAs$_{0.8}$P$_{0.2}$, in which the Tc of 33 K is even higher than the highest value realized by applying pressure in NaFeAs and all other isoelectronic element substituted samples. We discuss these behaviours by comparison with 122 and 1111 systems. We hope that our findings will help improve our understanding of iron-based superconductivity.

Field of study: Physics
Brief Analysis of Underwater Movements of Spherical Robot

Underwater robot has become an important tool for people to understand, develop and utilize the ocean. At present, thousands of underwater robots have been developed to satisfy the requirement of underwater tasks and many researchers pay more attention on the underwater robots. This paper uses CFD to simulate the horizontal motion, downward motion and rotary motion of the spherical underwater robot to analyze the influence of spherical robot underwater structure on velocity and pressure, which provides the basic data of underwater motion of the robot and lays the foundation for optimizing the control method of the robot.

Field of study: Engineering
Is the Paleoproterozoic Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt (North China Craton) a rift?

As a typical example of the Paleoproterozoic crust in the Eastern Block of the North China Craton, the Paleoproterozoic Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt consists principally of the Liaohe Group (and its equivalents), Liaoji granites and mafic intrusions. Previous studies indicate that the evolution of the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt has been mainly attributed to the opening and closing of an intracontinental rift along the eastern continental margin of the North China Craton. Here we synthesize the Paleoproterozoic magmatism, sedimentation, metamorphism and metallogeny against the rift model and propose a process of arc-continent collision between the northern Longgang and the southern Nangrim Blocks. This conclusion is consistent with the observations, including that (a) the 2.0- to 2.2-Ga magmatism shows a typical subalkaline series, rather than a bimodal distribution, since the mafic rocks mostly have arc affinities and the acidic–intermediate rocks belong to the calc-alkaline series; (b) the main source of the 1.9- to 2.0-Ga sedimentary rocks is the Paleoproterozoic arc materials, indicating a fore-arc or back-arc basin setting; (c) a couple of big borate deposits occur in the boron-rich volcanic rocks that were formed in convergent continental margins; (d) the North and South Liaohe Groups show different rock associations and metamorphic histories (P–T paths); and (e) the Nangrim and Longgang Blocks vary in lithological units, geochronology and metamorphic features. Thus, an arc-continent collision tectonic scenario for the Paleoproterozoic Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt is involved: (a) a southward subduction in the period 2.0–2.2 Ga; (b) sedimentation during the period 1.9–2.0 Ga; (c) arc-continent collision at ca. 1.9 Ga; and (d) post-collisional extension at 1.82–1.87 Ga, marking the end of the Paleoproterozoic tectonothermal event.

Field of study: Environmental science
An Assessment of the Attitudes of Students towards History and Government in Selected Secondary Schools in Bomet County in Kenya

History and Government is a subject that is an integral part of the Kenyan secondary school curriculum. Over the years, many students have been developing little or no interest in the subject because it is perceived as being marginal as compared to sciences. Several studies in Kenya have discovered that performance in secondary schools is hugely determined by students’ capacity and motivation to learn. Thus, this study thus set out to establish the cause of this decline in interest of students towards History and Government in secondary schools. The study sought to determine the attitudes of form two and three students towards History and Government in Selected Secondary Schools in Bomet County. The target population comprised of all public secondary schools, all the fifty two principals, all the History and Government teachers teaching History and Government in form two and form three and all the students taking History and Government in the study area. From the target population, the researcher used stratified random sampling to select 18 secondary schools, 18 school principals, 24 History and Government teachers and 410 forms 2 and 4 students taking History and Government.  The researcher used both closed questionnaire to obtain information from History and Government teachers and students. Semi-structured interview schedule was used to elicit information from school principals. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the collected data using SPSS software. Out of the four hundred and ten students who responded to the questionnaire 71% of them expressed that they enjoy learning History and Government. 87.3% of the students considered the subject useful for their future careers. Only 12.7% responded that they do not enjoy learning History and Government the main reason being that it is not enjoyable since it lacked room for creativity and challenging content and its lessons are hence boring. 88.9% of principals agreed that students in their schools like History and Government. The reason given by the principals was that history leads one to pursue arts related courses. , 66.7% of the principals responded that it should continue being an optional subject in secondary schools. The research concluded that majority of the students had positive attitude towards History and Government. The research recommended that principals and teachers should endeavor to cultivate positive attitude in students for all the subjects since most teachers encourage the students to take sciences more seriously than humanities. More research should be carried out to determine the major reason why the failure and low interest of students in the subject in the study area is still persistent.  Student’s Attitude, History and Government, Secondary Schools

Field of study: Education
The Trial of Convoy PQ17 and the Royal Navy in Post-War British Cultural Memory.

This article explores the 1970 case of Broome v. Cassell & Co. in which an elderly wartime naval officer was awarded unprecedented damages for defamation in David Irving's account of the sinking of wartime Allied convoy PQ17 in 1942. The article examines the discourses and images deployed in this landmark British libel action, as a means of analysing how cultural memories of convoy PQ17 and the wartime Royal Navy were shaped and transmitted in post-war Britain. It is argued here that the trial offers a prism through which to explore wider anxieties that the generation who fought the Second World War held during the late 1960s. It maps how contemporary generational tensions, fears of national decline, and concerns about distorted cultural representations of war in Britain were embedded into the trial. This libel case thus became invested with considerable cultural significance among an ageing community of wartime survivors who were intent upon safeguarding wider memories of 'their' war.

Field of study: History
Prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 among libyan women in tripoli libya

Despite the well-known association between human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer, yet there are no available data concerning the prevalence of HPV and its type distribution among Libyan women. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of the most common high-risk HPV types 16 and 18 among Libyan women in Tripoli and to compare it with the cytological findings of the cervix.  A total of 132 cervical samples were collected from women who sought medical attention at the gynecology outpatient clinic of the Tripoli University Hospital and other gynecology private clinics in Tripoli region. Cervical cytological status was classified according to the Bethesda System 2014. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to facilitate the specific detection of HPV types 16 and/or 18.  The cytopathological examination showed that 92.4% of women had normal cervical cytology (n = 122/132) and 7.5% (n = 10/132) of them had cervical lesions. The overall prevalence of the most common oncogenic HPV types was 4.5%, as only six samples (n = 6/132) were confirmed of harboring HPV-DNA. Concerning the cytological status of the cervix, HPV-DNA was not found (0%) in women with a normal cervix, and it was present in 60% of women with cervical lesions. The high-risk HPV type 16 was the exclusive type among our all positive samples, with no detection of HPV type 18 among all our recruited subjects.  Even though our findings showed a low overall prevalence of high-risk HPV types among Libyan women, the burden of HPV 16 among women with cervical lesions highlights the need to raise attention toward expanding research about HPV and adopt measures to prevent cervical cancer by vaccination and national screening program. The introduction of HPV-DNA testing in cervical cancer management will greatly benefit early-stage HPV detection and help prevent cervical lesions from progression to cancer.

Field of study: Medicine
Case Tools Revisited: A Comparison of Case User and Non-User Perceptions

A survey of information systems (IS) programmer/analysts in seven firms located in the Southwest reveals that CASE tools are still used, and that the majority of users would rather invest what is often a substantial amount of time learning CASE than to work without it. CASE user perceptions of the effect of CASE tools on a variety of systems development and personal productivity issues are presented. Insights into various aspects of satisfaction with CASE tool outcomes, training time, and the learning curve are also presented. In addition, CASE user and non-user perspectives are compared, revealing that the two views are surprisingly similar. Finally, implications for future research and for upper level management are presented.

Field of study: Computer science
The Serious Consideration on Establishment of House Tax

The issue of establishment of house tax have produced important effect recently.The important thing how to solute the some issues are the foundation of house tax policy.The first is transformation of land price;The second is the problem caused by taxes and fees existed in house construction and transaction;the final is some technical and detail problems of tax regulation.When and how to enact house tax law should be consideration fually.

Field of study: Economics
Funkenspektrum des Chlors (Cl II)

ZusammenfassungEs wird das erste Funkenspektrum des Chlors (Cl II) mit einem 1 m-Gitter und einem Prismenapparat aufgenommen und ausgemessen. Ein großer Teil von Triplettermen, die auf4S und2D von Cl III basiert sind, sind identifiziert Aus den spektroskopischen Daten ergibt sich als Ionisierungsspannung von Cl II 23,70 Volt.

Field of study: Physics