nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Improving the Strength of ZTA Foams with Different Strategies: Immersion Infiltration and Recoating

The combination of high strength and toughness, excellent wear resistance and moderate density makes zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA) a favorable ceramic, and the foam version of it may also exhibit excellent properties. Here, ZTA foams were prepared by the polymer sponge replication method. We developed an immersion infiltration approach with simple equipment and operations to fill the hollow struts in as-prepared ZTA foams, and also adopted a multiple recoating method (up to four cycles) to strengthen them. The solid load of the slurry imposed a significant influence on the properties of the ZTA foams. Immersion infiltration gave ZTA foams an improvement of 1.5 MPa in compressive strength to 2.6 MPa at 87% porosity, only resulting in a moderate reduction of porosity (2–3%). The Weibull modulus of the infiltrated foams was in the range of 6–9. The recoating method generated an increase in compression strength to 3.3–11.4 MPa with the reduced porosity of 58–83%. The recoating cycle dependency of porosity and compression strength is nearly linear. The immersion infiltration strategy is comparable to the industrially-established recoating method and can be applied to other reticulated porous ceramics (RPCs).

Field of study: Materials science
Levitation Performance of a Magnetized Bulk YBCO With Different Demagnetization Processes

The magnetized bulk high- superconductor (MBSCM) can provide dramatic improvements towards the levitation performance of HTS Maglev systems if sufficient and suitable magnetic excitation methods are employed. In the field-cooling excitation mode, the demagnetization process greatly influences the levitation performance of the MBSCM in some special operation modes. A difference in the levitation performance was observed from experimental tests under different demagnetization field strengths and rates. Simulation based on finite element method was used to calculate the temperature rise within the MBSCM during the studied demagnetization process. With experimental results and analyses, an optimal demagnetization process for the MBSCM for engineering applications was derived.

Field of study: Physics
Anaerobic degradation of mimosine-derived hydroxypyridines by cell free extracts of the rumen bacterium Synergistes jonesii

Synergistes jonesii is a rumen bacterium that degrades toxic pyridinediols from Leucaena leucocephala. This work presents progress on the characterization of the degradation of dihydroxypyridines from L. leucocephala by S. jonesii, and particularly by its cell free extracts. The substrate 3-hydroxy-4-[1H]-pyridone (3,4-DHP) induced degradation of both 3,4- and 2,3-dihydroxypyridine (2,3-DHP) isomers, while 2,3-DHP induced only degradation of 2,3-DHP. The 2,3-DHP was an intermediate of the degradation of 3,4-DHP by cultures. The compound 2,6-dihydroxypyridine inhibited degradation of 2,3-DHP by extracts of cells previously induced with this substrate. Cell-free extracts from S. jonesii had a high hydrogenase activity and degraded 2,3-DHP anaerobically either in the presence of methyl viologen under H2 or in the presence of α-ketoacids under H2 or N2. Specific activity of 2,3-DHP degradation was increased when FAD+ or CoA were present. The pyridine ring of the 2,3-DHP is enzymatically reduced by S. jonesii in reactions that demand reducing power provided by hydrogenase activity or by the metabolism of pyruvate. An unidentified non-polar amino compound appeared in thin layer chromatography as 2,3-DHP was degraded. We anticipate that gas chromatography mass spectrometry will permit the purification and identification of products from the cell-free reaction mix, which represents a simpler system than cell cultures, so that a pathway for pyridinediol metabolism by S. jonesii can be proposed.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Mexico Under Fox (review)

At the halfway mark in the six year term of Mexican President, Vicente Fox, coeditors Luis Rubio and Susan Kaufman Purcell assembled a group of experts well equipped to assess the performance of the Fox regime and the national and international standing of the President himself. Luis Rubio sets the tone for the volume with an opening chapter focused on the process of democratization, with particular emphasis on institution building, while Edna Jaime addresses the ambitious goals and largely disappointing results of Fox's economic program, and Juan Pardinas examines Fox's mixed record in the fight to raise the standard of living of the Mexican poor. However, a full half of the book is devoted to the examination of Mexico's foreign relations. In three chapters contributed by Andres Rozenthal, Luis Carlos Ugalde, and Susan Kaufman Purcell, knowledgeable commentators reflect on the Fox government's global and regional foreign policy initiatives and failures with particular emphasis on Mexico's relations with the United States.

Field of study: History
Application of Wireless Network Data Visualization Analysis in Teaching Management

In view of the large amount of Internet data generated by the campus WiFi wireless network, determining how to discover useful information from massive data and provide decision support and basis for school teaching management has become a problem. Based on data visualization technology, a method for visualization analysis of WiFi wireless network data was put forward. Firstly, this paper introduced the concept of data visualization, data visualization technology and the significant role in promoting optimization of teaching process. And then studied the wireless network data visualization analysis system and did the visualization analysis of the data. Finally, analyzed the results in a visual way. The results show that the visualization analysis of WiFi wireless network data plays a significant role in the teaching management of school and the teaching decision of teachers, and has been successfully used in our school.

Field of study: Engineering
The design and implementation of the Redland RDF application framework

Resource description framework (RDF) is a general description technology that can be applied to many application domains. Redland is a flexible and efficient RDF system that complements this power and provides high-level interfaces allowing instances of the model to be stored, queried and manipulated in C, Perl, Python, Tcl, Java and other languages. It is implemented using an object-based API, providing several of the implementation classes as modules which can be added, removed or replaced to allow different functionality or application-specific optimisations. The framework provides the core technology for developing new RDF applications, experimenting with implementation techniques, APIs and representations.

Field of study: Computer science
Ecophysiology of mycolic acid-containing Actinobacteria (Mycolata) in activated sludge foams.

Increasing incidences of activated sludge foaming have been reported in the last decade in Danish plants treating both municipal and industrial wastewaters. In most cases, foaming is caused by the presence of Actinobacteria; branched mycolic acid-containing filaments (the Mycolata) and the unbranched Candidatus'Microthix parvicella'. Surveys from wastewater treatment plants revealed that the Mycolata were the dominant filamentous bacteria in the foam. Gordonia amarae-like organisms and those with the morphology of Skermania piniformis were frequently observed, and they often coexisted. Their identity was confirmed by FISH, using a new permeabilization procedure. It was not possible to identify all abundant Mycolata using existing FISH probes, which suggests the presence of currently undetectable and potentially undescribed populations. Furthermore, some Mycolata failed to give any FISH signal, although substrate uptake experiments with microautoradiography revealed that they were physiologically active. Ecophysiological studies were performed on the Mycolata identified by their morphology or FISH in both foams and mixed liquors. Large differences were seen among the Mycolata in levels of substrate assimilation and substrate uptake abilities in the presence of different electron acceptors. These differences were ascribed mainly to the presence of currently undescribed Mycolata species and/or differences in foam age.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
SU‐E‐T‐50: The Determination of Conformation Number (CN) for IMRT Plan Evaluation

The Conformation Number (CN) defined by van't Riet et al. was adopted in this study to evaluate the degree of conformality for Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy(IMRT) plans. The purpose of this work is to find a set of reasonable CNs for different anatomical sites as our guideline for future IMRT planning. CN was calculated, retrospectively, for more than 170 previously approved and treatedIMRT cases. The average CNs and their standard deviations were determined for each site.  The CN is defined as CN = (VT,ref / VT) × (VT,ref/ Vref),where VT,ref is the volume of target receiving a dose equal to or greater than the reference dose, VT is the volume of target, Vref is the volume receiving a dose equal to or greater than the reference dose. Our reference dose was 95% of the prescribed dose. The first fraction defines the quality of coverage of the target whereas the second term evaluates the ability to avoid irradiation of the healthy tissue. The CN ranges from 0 and 1, where 1 is the ideal value. A value close to 0 indicates either total absence of conformation or a very large volume of irradiation compared to the target. In this study, the CN was calculated for each plan. The average CNs along with their standard deviations were analyzed for each treatment site. Treatment sites include prostate, H&N, chest wall, brain and other less common cases.  The CN averages for different sites ranged from 0.66 to 0.84. For Prostate, Lung and Brain case, average CN is around 0.80. The chest wall had an average of 0.76. Head and neck cases had an average of 0.66.  The established CN value for a specific treatment site can be used as a guide for future planning evaluation.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Oxidative Stress-Related Gene Polymorphisms Are Associated With Hepatitis B Virus-Induced Liver Disease in the Northern Chinese Han Population

Oxidative stress is closely related to the occurrence and development of various diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular and infectious diseases. We identified six critical genetic variants related to oxidative stress, and evaluated their main effects and their interaction effects on hepatitis B virus (HBV)-induced liver diseases. We enrolled 3,128 Han Chinese subjects into five groups: healthy controls, chronic hepatitis B (CHB), liver cirrhosis (LC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and natural clearance. We then determined the genotypes in each group for CYBA-rs4673, NCF4-rs1883112, NOX4-rs1836882, rs3017887, SOD2-rs4880, and GCLM-rs41303970, and evaluated the association between these variants and HBV-induced liver diseases. Gene-gene interactions were evaluated using generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction, logistic regression, and four-by-two tables. Significant associations were observed between healthy controls and the CIB group (CHB+LC+HCC). The CYBA-rs4673AG genotype was associated with a 1.356 rate of susceptibility of HBV-induced liver disease compared to the wild type GG genotype. The NCF4-rs1883112G allele occurred more frequently in healthy controls than in the CIB group in all three models (dominant, codominant, and recessive). Nox4-rs1836882 TC showed a protective association, being more frequent in healthy controls compared to the wild type TT genotype. GCLM-rs41303970A was associated with HBV-induced liver disease. The overall best model by multifactor dimensionality reduction was a five factor interaction model that had the highest cross validation consistency (10/10) and test accuracy (0.5669), P = 0.001. Oxidative stress-related gene polymorphisms are likely to be associated with HBV-induced liver disease, suggesting that information on these variations is useful for risk assessment of HBV-induced liver disease.

Field of study: Biology
Comparison of Analytical Estimation and 3-D Measurement of All Strands Location in CIC Conductor

It has been observed that the measured critical currents of cable-in-conduit-conductors (CICC) in some experiments are smaller than the expected ones. One of the reasons is the occurrence of unbalanced current at steady state caused by uneven contact resistances between strands. Because the contact resistance between strands is dependent on the contact length, the number of contacts and the loop length between strands, we need information about all strands' locations in the CICC. Therefore, we developed an evaluation method that describes the locations of every strand in the CICC in consideration of the twist disorder based on manufacture processes and elastic potential energy. Moreover, we compared the contact number and length between strands obtained by our calculated strands' positions with measured ones. We found that both results are in good agreement and clarified the validity of our calculation method of all strands' positions in the CICC.

Field of study: Physics
Climate volatility deepens poverty vulnerability in developing countries

Extreme climate events could influence poverty by affecting agricultural productivity and raising prices of staple foods that are important to poor households in developing countries. With the frequency and intensity of extreme climate events predicted to change in the future, informed policy design and analysis requires an understanding of which countries and groups are going to be most vulnerable to increasing poverty. Using a novel economic-climate analysis framework, we assess the poverty impacts of climate volatility for seven socio-economic groups in 16 developing countries. We find that extremes under present climate volatility increase poverty across our developing country sample—particularly in Bangladesh, Mexico, Indonesia, and Africa—with urban wage earners the most vulnerable group. We also find that global warming exacerbates poverty vulnerability in many nations.

Field of study: Environmental science
Habituation of Large and Small GSRs

105 college students merely sat in a soundproof, light-proof chamber for 10 min. while their spontaneous GSR activity was recorded. When the spontaneous GSRs were divided into large and small ones, the results indidicated that the large GSRs habituated over time while the small GSRs did not. The results were interpreted as supporting two different types of GSR activity.

Field of study: Psychology
Insertion of the amyloid precursor protein into lipid monolayers: effects of cholesterol and apolipoprotein E.

APP (amyloid precursor protein), together with Chol (cholesterol) and ApoE (apolipoprotein E), has been linked to Alzheimer's disease. We have examined the hypothesis that interaction of APP with the lipid membranes is modulated by Chol and ApoE. Insertion of APP into lipid monolayers was first evidenced as an increase in the surface pressure. APP injected into a subphase induced a substantial increase in the surface pressure of monolayers prepared from PC (L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine), Chol, SPM (sphingomyelin) and PS (L-alpha-phosphatidylserine), the major lipids present in the plasma membranes of brain cells. At a given initial pressure, the insertion of APP into expanded monolayers is higher than that in condensed monolayers, in the order Chol>PC>SPM>PS. The membrane insertion capacity of APP was also measured from surface pressure versus area (pi-A) isotherms of APP-lipid monolayers. The increase in the mean area per molecule in protein-lipid monolayers, in the order PC>Chol>PS>SPM, provides further evidence for protein-lipid interactions. These interactions occurred at optimum salt levels and optimum pH values close to physiological conditions (150 mM NaCl and pH 7.4). In addition, ApoE4 affected the insertion of APP into lipid films. APP-ApoE complexes showed a decreased ability to penetrate lipid monolayers at a constant area. APP-ApoE complexes expanded the pi-A isotherm of a Chol monolayer to a lesser extent than APP alone. These experiments demonstrate the roles of Chol and ApoE in the modulation of membrane insertion of APP.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Hyperon Production in $e^+ e^-$ Interactions in the $\Upsilon$ Region

We report measurements from CLEO detector of the rate of ..xi.. and ..lambda.. production in e/sup +/e/sup -/ interactions in the upsilon region. Hyperon production from the decay of the UPSILON(1S) is compared with continuum e/sup +/e/sup -/ data. The ratio of the production rates of ..lambda.. (and Lambda-bar) to K/sup 0/ (and K-bar /sup 0/) on the UPSILON(1S) is 0.21 +- 0.03, much larger than in the continuum, 0.07 +- 0.01. The ratios of the production rates of the ..xi.. and the ..lambda.. are comparable, 0.10 +- 0.02 (UPSILON(1S)) and 0.07 +- 0.02 (continuum). We discuss some implications of the data for gluon and quark fragmentation models.

Field of study: Physics
Determination of DC equivalent hot carrier stress times in scaled CMOS devices using novel AC stress methodology

A new AC hot carrier injection (HCI) test methodology replicating the switching in digital CMOS circuits is introduced to correlate HCI in discrete scaled CMOS devices to HCI in logic circuits. This technique allows us to demonstrate that the historic 50× reduction for definition of DC HCI lifetime targets for mid-Vg stress in scaled devices should be uplifted to 1000× based on the correlation with RO degradation for poly-Si/SiON and 14 nm FinFET data. This brings significant HCI relief for device optimization in scaled technology nodes.

Field of study: Engineering
Does the patient history predict hepatotoxicity after acute paracetamol overdose?

Initial management of patients who were presented to hospital after acute paracetamol overdose depends on the suspected amount ingested and more than 12 g is potentially fatal. However, the validity of this approach has received comparatively little attention.



The present study is sought to establish whether the stated paracetamol dose might predict systemic exposure and risk of hepatotoxicity. A prospective observational study of consecutive patients presenting to the Emergency Department due to acute paracetamol overdose was performed. Serum paracetamol concentrations between 4 and 15 h post-ingestion were compared with the Rumack-Matthew '200-line' nomogram, and hepatotoxicity was defined by prothrombin time ratio >1.3 or alanine transaminase > or =1000 U/l.



There were 987 patients, and the stated quantity of paracetamol ingested was 0-12 g in 475 (48.1%), >12 g in 349 (35.4%) and unknown in 163 (16.5%). Ingestion of >12 g was associated with paracetamol concentration above the '200-line' in 31.8% (95% CI 27.1-36.9%) vs. 3.2% (1.9-5.2%), P < 0.0001 by chi2 proportional test, and associated with hepatotoxicity in 6.9% (4.6-10.1%) vs. 1.3% (0.5-2.8%), P = 0.0001.



Therefore, ingestion of >12 g predicted higher paracetamol exposure and increased risk of hepatotoxicity and supports the validity of patient history in this context.

Field of study: Medicine
A fundamental improvement to Ericksen-Leslie kinematics

We demonstrate theory and computations for finite-energy line defect solutions in an improvement of Ericksen-Leslie liquid crystal theory. Planar director fields are considered in two and three space dimensions, and we demonstrate straight as well as loop disclination solutions. The possibility of static balance of forces in the presence of a disclination and in the absence of flow and body forces is discussed. The work exploits an implicit conceptual connection between the Weingarten-Volterra characterization of possible jumps in certain potential fields and the Stokes-Helmholtz resolution of vector fields. The theoretical basis of our work is compared and contrasted with the theory of Volterra disclinations in elasticity. Physical reasoning precluding a gauge-invariant structure for the model is also presented.

Field of study: Mathematics
Upper Ordovician carbon isotope chemostratigraphy on the Yangtze Platform, Southwestern China: Implications for the correlation of the Guttenberg delta C-13 excursion (GICE) and paleoceanic change

Samples of Upper Ordovician marine carbonates from four sections on the Yangtze Platform (1, the Liangcun section northeast of Xishui County Town, Guizhou Province; 2, the Zhuazhuayan section southwest of Leibo County Town, Sichuan Province; 3, the Xiaogangwan section east of Wulong County Town, Chongqing Municipality; 4, the Shatan section north of Nanjiang County Town, Sichuan Province) have been analyzed for carbon isotope (δ 13 C) chemostratigraphy. A distinct positive δ 13 C excursion (δ 13 C max  > 2) is observed in all sections, which ranges through the Hamarodus brevirameus conodont zone, and locally into slightly younger strata. The base of this zone is the First Appearance Datum (FAD) of H. brevirameus and its top coincides with the FAD of the conodont Protopanderodus insculptus . Based on its position in the H. brevirameus zone, this excursion is identified as the well-known Guttenberg Excursion (GICE) confirming the global significance of this paleoceanographic event. The fact that in the Black Knob Ridge section in the USA, the GSSP of the base of the global Katian Stage, the beginning of the GICE is just below the base of the Katian makes it possible to locate this key level in our study sections even in the absence of the diagnostic graptolite Diplacanthograptus caudatus . Our carbon curves through the GICE interval show three minor secondary peaks reflecting paleoceanographic changes or selective preservation of the isotope signal. However, because a global review of the GICE shows that such minor peaks, which are often based on a single elevated δ 13 C value, are of irregular occurrence, they are interpreted as local, rather than global, phenomena. The suggested global cooling in the early Katian might have favored the generation of methane hydrates and hence the reduction of the amount of 12 C in the marine carbonates.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Simple Technique for Predicting Type 11 and IV Shock Interference

3 Simpson, C. J. S. M, Chandler, T. R. D., and Bridgman, K. B., "Measurements of the Opening Times of Diaphragms in a Shock Tube and the Effects of the Opening Process on Shock Trajectories," Aero Rept. 1194, 1966, National Physical Lab., Teddington, Middlesex, England. 4 Drewry, J. E. and Walenta, Z. A., "Determination of Diaphragm Opening-Times and Use of Diaphragm Particle Traps in a Hypersonic Shock Tube," TN 90, 1965, University of Toronto, Institute for Aerospace Studies, Toronto, Canada. 5 Kirev, V. T., "On Motion of a Shock Wave During Noninstantaneous Opening of Diaphragm in Shock Tube," News of Academy of Science USSR, Technology Section, Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering, No. 6, 1962, pp. 144-146. 6 Sandeman, R. J. and Alien, G. H., "A Double Diaphragm Shock Tube for the 10-20 km/sec Range," Proceedings of the Eighth International Shock Tube Symposium, edited by J. L. Stollery, A. G. Gaydon, and P. R. Owen, Chapman and Hall, London, England, 1971. 7 Glass, I. I, Chan, S. K, and Erode, H. L., "Strong Planar Shock Waves Generated by Explosively-Driven Spherical Implosions," A1AA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 3, March 1974, pp. 367-374. 8 Chan, S. K., "An Analytical and Experimental Study of an Implosion-Driven Shock Tube," Rept. 191,1973, University of Toronto, Institute for Aerospace Studies, Toronto, Canada. 9 Weiss, V., ed., Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,  Ferrous Alloys, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, N.Y., 1963.

Field of study: Physics