nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
MODEL AND EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OFRADIATION ENERGY DISTRIBUTION IN NOVEL PACKED-BED PHOTOCATALYTIC REACTOR

Heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants has attracted m uch attention of both scientists and engineers around the world. Up to now the o ptimum photocatalytic reactor design is the most significant unresolved issue. I n the present paper,a novel reactor design for the use of titanium dioxide-co ated glass-springs is developed for photocatalytic purification and treatment of water and air.The manufacture of the coating of the glass-springs is discusse d in detail.An experimental device was designed for testing the radiation intens ity distribution of gas-solid photocatalytic reactor.The model parameters of the extended two-flux model were measured,then radiation intensity distribution in side the reactor was computed.The experimental results agreed with the model-com puted results.Moreover,the radiation intensity distribution and the total radia tive energy absorption rate were described by the above-mentioned model in gas-s olid parallel-plate reactor packed with the photocatalyst supported on glass-spr ings.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Hydrocarbon refrigerant charge limits for quiescent rooms

Concentration measurements and analysis have been used to develop new methodology for estimating the allowable charge limit (ACL) of flammable refrigerants, particularly R290. Attention has been given to the impacts of construction and dimensional characteristics of the RACHP enclosures, in particular the size and position of the openings, on the concentrations exiting the enclosure. Analysis of the data has shown that these are critical aspects that influence floor concentration and/or safe allowable refrigerant charge limits. Formulae have been proposed to estimate layer-volume heights and ultimately ACL. The results illustrate that current standard's ACLs are overly restrictive, especially for certain types of RACHP equipment.

Field of study: Engineering
Effect of Friction on Multi-axial Compression Process

The effects of friction on compression load,effective strain and damage value were analyzed by the method of rigid-plastic finite element during multi-axial compression.The results show that the maximum compression load increases gradually with the increase of the number of compression.The effective strain distributes in the form of ringwise,the maximum lies in the center and the minimum at the surface.The damage is inclined to appear at the drum shape perpendicular to the longest axis.With the increase of friction coefficient,the maximum compression load,strain inhomogeneity and damage value increase at the same number of compressions.The results indicate that friction is adverse for multi-axial compressions.We should shoose the appropriate lubricating steps must be adopted to decrease the effect of friction force.

Field of study: Materials science
Bioinformatics approaches for detecting gene-gene and gene-environment interactions in studies of human disease.

Neurological and mental disorders occur often, with approximately 450 million people suffering from them worldwide. Like most other common diseases, neurological disorders are hypothesized to be highly complex, with interactions among genes and risk factors playing a major role in the process. In recent years it has become obvious that for common diseases there may be more complex interactions among genes with and without strong independent main effects. These effects are more difficult to detect using traditional methodologies. In this manuscript the author introduces the concept of epistasis and the challenges associated with detecting it. Next, she briefly mentions a number of bioinformatics approaches that have been developed to deal with this issue. Multifactor dimensionality reduction is a methodology developed specifically to deal with the challenge of detecting interaction effects in the absence of statistically detectable main effects in studies of common disorders, such as Alzheimer disease or brain cancer. Finally, the author describes the future directions for this technique and related methodologies.

Field of study: Medicine
The Cascading Coaching Model for Supporting Service Providers, Caregivers, and Children

Teaching caregivers to support their young children’s language development is recommended as an effective early language intervention, and caregiver-implemented interventions are recognized as evidence-based. However, as the natural change agents for training and coaching caregivers, early intervention (EI) service providers are in need of professional development to effectively coach caregivers to use interventions with their child. The purpose of this study was to examine the Coaching Caregivers Professional Development program (CoCare PD) in which researchers train and coach EI service providers via telepractice in caregiver coaching, a set of skills useful in nurturing partnerships with families to support caregivers’ use of evidence-based practices with their young children with disabilities. A single-case research study across four EI service providers was conducted and findings support a functional relation between training and coaching EI service providers via telepractice and providers’ use of coaching practices with families on their caseload.

Field of study: Education
The Self-Apparent Word: Fiction as Language/Language as Fiction, and Making Believe: Philosophical Reflections on Fiction, and Style and Structure in the Novel: An Introduction

"Reminding readers that fictions are provisional realities and not bedrock truth is the essence of self-apparent writing," declares Jerome Klinkowitz, who, as the prolific seismologist of disruptions in contemporary, and what he calls postcontemporary, culture, is otherwise chary of essences. He presents 7"Ae SelfApparent Word as the culminating triptych to a series of meditations that includes Literary Disruptions (1975, revised 1980) and TAe American 1960s (1980). But much of the rest of Klinkowitz's vast output is likewise a description and celebration of a radical shift in American sensibilities during the past two decades. Klinkowitz has been the Harold Rosenberg to a literary movement he likens to abstract expressionism, the foremost apologist for "innovative fiction," by which he means writing that rejects realist conventions of representationalism. Refusing to treat the signifier as a mere means toward apprehending some extratextual signified, such literature is deliberately foregrounded. In Klinkowitz's vitreous metaphor, its medium is opaque and not transparent; its words are self-apparent, not invisible windows on a stable, external universe. TAe SelfApparent Word studies and champions novels that never indulge in the puerile game of trompe l'oeil, that never allow us to forget that they are sequences of words. Klinkowitz invokes a kind of truth-in-packaging criterion to determine whether a story by Ronald Sukenick merits inclusion in his new canon: "If the memory deals in language rather than in signs, if it is the word itself which is recalled rather than its cumbersome worldly object or event, then 'Momentum' is self-apparent fiction." Klinkowitz's valorization of fictions that are their own dramas leads him

Field of study: Art
Polycyclische Verbindungen II. Zwei Synthesen des 2‐Methoxy‐chrysens und die Konfigurations‐bestimmung von α‐Phenyl‐β‐[6‐methoxy‐naphthyl‐(1)]‐ und α‐Phenyl‐β‐(1‐naphthyl)‐äthylen


Field of study: Chemistry
Mobile π-kinks and half-integer zero-field-like steps in highly discrete alternating 0–π Josephson junction arrays

The dynamics of a one-dimensional, highly discrete, linear array of alternating 0- and π-Josephson junctions is studied numerically, under constant bias current at zero magnetic field. The calculated current–voltage characteristics exhibit half-integer and integer zero-field-like steps for an even and an odd total number of junctions, respectively. Inspection of the instantaneous phases reveals that, in the former case, single π- kink excitations (discrete semi-fluxons) are supported, whose propagation in the array gives rise to the 1/2-step, while in the latter case, a π-kink–π-antikink pair appears, whose propagation gives rise to the 1-step. When additional 2π- kinks are inserted in the array, they are subjected to fractionalization, transforming themselves into two closely spaced π-kinks. As they propagate in the array along with the single π-kink or the π-kink–π-antikink pair, they give rise to higher half-integer or integer zero-field-like steps, respectively.

Field of study: Physics
Variegate porphyria. Twelve years' experience in Finland.

Fifty-seven patients with variegate porphyria belonging to nine families are described. The prevalence of variegate porphyria in Finland is 1.3 per 100 000. Eighteen patients had had acute attacks. During on average 5.7 years' follow-up only two of 48 patients had symptoms, which were temporary and acute. The length of life of 13 genealogically traced gene carriers who lived mostly during the 19th century did not differ from that of the general population. Skin fragility occurred in 45 per cent of the patients and was usually mild. No patients were sensitive to sunlight but seven of 14 tested reacted abnormally to artificial light. The characteristic increase in the excretion of faecal proto- and coproporphyrin was usually apparent even in the latent stage of porphyria, but increased excretion of urinary porphyrin precursors occurred only during an acute attack. However, in seven of 48 patients studied during the latent stage, faecal prophyrins were only slightly elevated or even normal, causing problems in diagnosis. Determination of faecal X-porphyrin was of no help in diagnosis. Red cell free protoporphyrin was significantly higher and serum haemopexin lower than in controls. Red cell uroporphyrinogen I synthase activity was normal in 17 of 18 patients studied. We conclude that variegate porphyria may be commoner than hiherto suspected; only half the patients in temperaure and cold climates have skin symptoms, the risk of developing an acute attack is low, and some adult patients excrete normal or only slightly abnormal amounts of porphyrin.

Field of study: Medicine
Uptake, translocation and accumulation of the fungicide benzene kresoxim-methyl in Chinese flowering cabbage (Brassica campastris var. parachinensis) and water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica).

Benzene kresoxim-methyl (BKM) is an important methoxyacrylate-based strobilurin fungicide widely used against various phytopathogenic fungi in crops. Uptake, translocation and accumulation of BKM in vegetables remain unknown. This study was designed to investigate uptake, translocation, and accumulation of 14C-BKM and/or its potential metabolites in Chinese flowering cabbage and water spinach. 14C-BKM can be gradually taken up to reach a maximum of 44.4% of the applied amount by Chinese flowering cabbage and 34.6% by water spinach at 32 d after application. The 14CO2 fractions released from the hydroponic plant system reached 37.8% for cabbage and 45.8% for water spinach, respectively. Concentrations of 14C in leaves, stems and roots all gradually increased as vegetables growing, with relative 44.9% (cabbage) and 26.8% (water spinach) of translocated from roots to edible leaves. In addition, 14C in leaves was mainly accumulated in the bottom leaves, which was visualized by quantitative radioautographic imaging. The bioconcentration factor of 14C ranged from 7.1 to 38.2 mL g-1 for the cabbage and from 8.6 to 24.6 mL g-1 for the water spinach. The translocation factor of BKM ranged from 0.10 to 2.04 for the cabbage and 0.10-0.46 for the water spinach throughout the whole cultivation period, indicating that the cabbage is easier to translocate BKM from roots to leaves and stems than water spinach. In addition, the daily human exposure values of BKM in both vegetables were much lower than the limited dose of 0.15 mg day-1. The results help assess potential accumulation of BMK in vegetables and potential risk.

Field of study: Environmental science
BT-Nets: Simplifying Deep Neural Networks via Block Term Decomposition

Recently, deep neural networks (DNNs) have been regarded as the state-of-the-art classification methods in a wide range of applications, especially in image classification. Despite the success, the huge number of parameters blocks its deployment to situations with light computing resources. Researchers resort to the redundancy in the weights of DNNs and attempt to find how fewer parameters can be chosen while preserving the accuracy at the same time. Although several promising results have been shown along this research line, most existing methods either fail to significantly compress a well-trained deep network or require a heavy fine-tuning process for the compressed network to regain the original performance. In this paper, we propose the \textit{Block Term} networks (BT-nets) in which the commonly used fully-connected layers (FC-layers) are replaced with block term layers (BT-layers). In BT-layers, the inputs and the outputs are reshaped into two low-dimensional high-order tensors, then block-term decomposition is applied as tensor operators to connect them. We conduct extensive experiments on benchmark datasets to demonstrate that BT-layers can achieve a very large compression ratio on the number of parameters while preserving the representation power of the original FC-layers as much as possible. Specifically, we can get a higher performance while requiring fewer parameters compared with the tensor train method.

Field of study: Computer science
A Metathesis Approach to Aromatic Heterocycles

The ring closing metathesis (RCM) reaction can be used to prepare substituted furans and pyrroles. By utilising a Pd-catalysed coupling reaction with methoxyallene, allylic alcohols and sulfonamides can be converted into substrates that are ideal precursors to ring closing metathesis. After the RCM reaction is complete, the addition of acid promotes an elimination of methanol to form the fully aromatised system. A range of different substitution patterns and functional groups are compatible with this sequence. Double allene coupling, RCM and elimination reactions are also possible and allow the formation of biaryl systems.

Field of study: Chemistry
Synthesis and Thermal Stability of Crosslinked Carbazole-Substituted Poly(Dimethylsiloxane) for Led Encapsulation

A series of carbazole substituted poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) was synthesized by hydrosilylation reaction of 9-vinyl carbazole into PDMS structure. It was then crosslinked with vinyl trimethoxysilane by condensation reaction. The fabricated product increased in refractive index with increasing carbazole content. The higher carbazole content also produced high thermal stability with an increase in Tg and degradation temperature. This behaviour owe much to the carbazole moiety as well as the formation of crosslink network These features contribute to potential use as electronic devices encapsulants and coatings.

Field of study: Materials science
Exact timing of granulite metamorphism in the Namche-Barwa, eastern Himalayan syntaxis: new constrains from SIMS U–Pb zircon age

Zircon grains separated from 2 granulites from the eastern Himalaya were investigated by Raman spectroscopy, cathodoluminescence imaging, and secondary ion mass spectrometry. These grains have a thin homogeneous rim and an oscillatory inner zone domain with or without a relict inherited core. Garnet, kyanite, and rutile inclusions were identified within only the rim domain of zircon grains, indicating that the rim had formed during peak granulite-facies metamorphism. U–Pb zircon data record three distinct age populations: 1,805 Ma (for the inherited core), ca. 500 Ma (oscillatory inner zone), as well as 24–25 Ma and ca. 18 Ma (for the metamorphic rim). These new precision ages suggest that the peak metamorphic age for the HP granulite is at ca. 24–25 Ma, and subsequent amphibolite-facies retrograde metamorphism occurred at ca. 18 Ma.

Field of study: Environmental science
Two neutron decay of 16Be

Recently, the first example of two-neutron decay from the ground state of an unbound nucleus, 16 Be, was seen (A. Spyrou, et. al .,  (2012)). Three-body methods are ideal for exactly treating the degrees of freedom important for these decays. Using a basis expansion over hyperspherical harmonics and the hyperspherical R-matrix method, we construct a realistic model of 16 Be in order to investigate its decay mode and the role of the two-neutron interaction. The neutron-14 Be interaction is constrained using shell model predictions. We obtain a ground state for 16 Be that is under-bound by approximately 0.7 MeV with a width of approximately 0.17 MeV. For such a system, an attractive three-body force must be included to reproduce the experimental ground state energy.

Field of study: Physics
Synchrotron-radiation-induced oxidation of selenite to selenate in coal-derived fly ash.

Systematic changes observed in consecutive XANES spectra of selenium in samples of fly ash from a power plant in Alberta, Canada, burning subbituminous coal have been interpreted as arising from synchrotron-radiation-induced oxidation of a selenite species to selenate. It was estimated that about 15-20% of the selenite was oxidized to selenate during the 2 h exposure of the fly ash to the synchrotron beam. In contrast, the XANES spectra of arsenic (and other trace elements not documented herein) showed no variation. It is believed that this is the first time that radiation-induced changes have been observed for an element in coal-derived fly ash.

Field of study: Physics
Green latency-aware data placement in data centers

Large-scale Internet applications provide service to end users by routing service requests to geographically distributed data centers. Two concerns exist in service provisioning by the data centers. One is that users require to experience low latency while accessing data from data centers. The other is to reduce the energy consumed by network transport and the servers in the data centers. In this paper, we tackle the problem of green data placement in data centers to strike a tradeoff among access latency, energy consumption of data centers and network transport. We propose two request-routing algorithms, GLDP-NS (Green Latency-aware Data Placement - No consideration of the current data placement Status of the server) and GLDP-WS (Green Latency-aware Data Placement - With consideration of the current data placement Status of the server). We show that the green latency-aware data placement problem is NP -complete and algorithm GLDP-NS is a 3-approximation algorithm for the data placement problem without considering the data placement status of the server. We evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms through simulations, and the simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms can achieve good integrated cost performance of the latency, the energy consumption of data centers and network transport.

Field of study: Computer science
The use of directional traps for the assessment of short-term phenanthrene effects upon soil springtail communities.

Directional traps, both horizontal and vertical, were used to assess the behavioural impact of phenanthrene application on soil springtail communities. Avoidance was not detected. Rather, a vertical attraction of the dominant species, Folsomia manolachei, was demonstrated, as well as a decrease in horizontal movements of Lepidocyrtus lanuginosus, another important species mainly captured at the soil surface. Ecological consequences of the results are discussed.

Field of study: Environmental science
The association between proinflammatory cytokine polymorphisms and cerebral palsy in very preterm infants.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a nonprogressive motor disorder caused by white matter damage in the developing brain and is often accompanied with cognitive and sensory disabilities. The risk of CP is higher among infants born preterm than in more mature infants. Intrauterine infection/inflammation, activation of the cytokine network and elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines in neonatal blood or in amniotic fluid to which the preterm infant is exposed, has been identified as the most common cause of preterm delivery, periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) and CP. The aim of our study was to evaluate the possible association of four TNFα promoter single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (-1031 T/C, -857 C/T, -308 G/A and -238 G/A), two IL1β SNPs (-511 C/T and +3954 C/T) and one IL6 (-174 C/G) polymorphism with susceptibility to CP in very preterm infants. Statistically significant association between TNFα -1031 T/C high expression genotypes (TC and CC) (OR, 2.339; p=0.016) as well as between TNFα -1031 C high expression allele (OR, 2.065; p=0.013) and risk of CP was observed. In addition, statistically significant association was found between TNFα TC, CC, GG, GG -1031/-857/-308/-238 genotypes combination (OR, 3.286; p=0.034) and risk of CP. Statistically significant association between IL1β TT, CC -511/+3954 genotypes combination and risk of CP (OR, 4.000; p=0.027) was also found. In CP patients with cystic PVL (cPVL) statistically significant association was found between TNFα -1031 T/C high expression genotypes (TC and CC) (OR, 2.361; p=0.038), IL1β -511 C/T high expression genotype TT (OR, 3.215; p=0.030) as well as IL1β -511 T high expression allele (OR, 1.956; p=0.019) and risk of CP. Statistically significant association was also found in patients with cPVL between TNFα TC, CC, GG, GG -1031/-857/-308/-238 genotypes combination (OR, 4.107; p=0.024), as well as IL1β TT, CC -511/+3954 genotypes combination (OR, 7.333; p=0.005) and risk of CP. Our results suggest the role of TNFα and IL1β polymorphisms which have previously been associated with higher circulating levels of these cytokines in genetic susceptibility to white matter damage and consequently CP in very preterm infants.

Field of study: Medicine
The Time-Scaling Analysis of Chinese Stock Market Based on Fractal Methods

Detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA), detrended cross-correlation fluctuation analysis (DCCA) and multifractal methods are applied to the time-scaling properties analysis of daily closing prices of Shanghai composite index (SHCI) and Shenzhen composite index (SZCI) of Chinese stock market. The results show that these index series are characterised by long-term memory, multifractal scaling and power-law behavior, and these characteristics have obvious differences between the SHCI and SZCI. The comparison results suggest that heterogeneity (disordered state) characterises of the SHCI dynamics owing to the wider fluctuation of the power of impulsion and suppression outside to stock, and other related factors in Shanghai stock market than that of SZCI in Shenzhen stock market. Furthermore, we investigated the frequency-size distribution of SHCI and SZCI series. This work can be helpful to improvement of modelling of Chinese stock market.

Field of study: Engineering