nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Magnitude Effect in Judgments of Subjective Closeness

Events can be far away from or near an observer in several respects: They can be distant or close in a spatial, temporal, social, or hypothetical sense. They can also vary in magnitude, physically, or in terms of impact and importance. We examine the existence of a general effect of perceived magnitude on judgments of subjective closeness. Studies 1 to 4 show that proximity judgments, of any type, are affected by the severity of an event so that a highly severe event will be described as closer than a less severe one. Study 5 demonstrates the Magnitude Effect for positive events. Finally, Study 6 shows that the effect can be extended to distances between comparable events, in addition to the distance from an observer to an event. We see the Magnitude Effect as a spillover from the scales used to describe events to the scales used to describe distances.

Field of study: Psychology
Über permische und tertiäre Magmatite im Untergrund des Mainzer Beckens

Grund der in der Bohrung Olm 1–10 km südwestlich von Mainz — gefundenen permischen (rotliegenden) Decken-Basalte und intrusiven tertiären Limburgite wurde eine Untersuchung ähnlicher Gesteine im Raum des Mainzer Beckens i. w. S. angeschlossen. Dabei stellte sich heraus, daß die permischen (rotliegenden) Deckenbasalte der Grenzlagergruppe des Saar-Nahe-Gebietes durch den Oberrheingraben in den Sprendlinger Horst und bis nach Oberhessen zu verfolgen sind. Die Limburgite der Bohrung Olm 1 werden zu den Grabenvulkaniten gerechnet. Für diese Na-betonten Magmatite wird, ausgehend von den Limburgiten der Bohrung Olm 1, ein paleozänes-eozänes, zumindest alttertiäres (prämitteloligozänes) Alter angenommen.AbstractBecause of the Permian plateau basalts and intrusive Tertiary Limburgites found in the well Olm 1, 10 km southwest of Mainz, an investigation of analogous igneous rocks was added in the “Mainzer Becken” area. It turned out that the Permian plateaubasalts of the “Grenzlagergruppe” (Saar-Nahe area) are to be traced through “Oberrheingraben” into “Sprendlinger Horst” as far as “Oberhessen”. The Limburgites of the well Olm 1 rank among the volcanic rocks of the “Oberrheingraben”. On the basis of the Limburgites of the Olm 1 well, for these Na-accentuated igneous rocks a Paleocene-Eocene — at the very least early Tertiary — age is to be concluded.RésuméSuite à la découverte des basaltes des plateaux d'âge permien et des limburgites intrusives d'âge tertiaire dans le sondage Olm 1 (à 10 km au sud-ouest de Mayence) une étude a été consacrée aux roches semblables du bassin de Mayence et de ses confins. Il s'est montré, alors, que les basaltes des plateaux d'âge permien appartenant au groupe du «Grenzlager» du bassin de la Sarre-Nahe se poursuivent à travers du fossé rhénan jusqu'au «Sprendlinger Horst» et à la Hesse méridionale. Les limburgites du sondage Olm 1 par contre appartiennent à la suite volcanique à caractère sodique du fossé rhénan. En se basant sur ces limburgites un âge paléocène à éocène — ou pour le moins antéoligocène moyen — de la suite volcanique du fossé d'effondrement paraît démontré.Краткое содержаниеТ. к. буровой скважино й Ольм 1–10 км на югоаапа д от г. Майнца — установили наличие пермских по кровных базальтов и интрузивных третичных лимбургит ов, то провели исследо вания сходных пород во всей области Майнцкого ба ссейна. Оказалось, что пермские покровные базальты пограничной простир ающейся группы облас ти Саар-Наге проходят через грабен долины верхне го Рейна до Шпрендлин гского горста и до верхнего Гессена. Лимбургиты буровой скважины Оль м I причисляются к вулка нитам грабена. Возраст этих насыщенных натрием м агматитов, по-видимому, палеоценово-эоценов ый, или, по-крайней мере, ранне третичный (предсредн еолигоценовый).

Field of study: Environmental science
Functional assessment of a B cell defect in patients with selective IgA deficiency.

The cellular basis of selective IgA deficiency was investigated by examining the terminal differentiation of B lymphocytes co-cultured with varying ratios of T lymphocytes in the presence of pokeweed mitogen. Eight patients were studied who had serum IgA concentrations <0·05 mg/ml, salivary IgA <0·01 mg/ml, and between 0·8 and 4% lymphocytes with surface IgA markers. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients and normal donors were separated into B cell (non T cell) and T cell fractions by E-rosetting. Microcultures were established at eleven B cell to T cell ratios from 100% B cells to 100% T cells. After 7 days, immunoglobulin in the supernatant fluid was measured by radioimmunoassay. Cultures containing patients' B cells and either autologous or allogeneic T cells produced very low or undetectable amounts of IgA. However, cultures from six out of eight patients contained cells with intracytoplasmic IgA. Secretion of IgM by the patients' B cells was identical to that of normal donors. Surprisingly, IgG production by patients' B cells was less than that produced by normal B cells especially in the mid-range ratios of the microcultures. Production of IgA, IgG and IgM by normal B cells from peripheral blood or tonsils was very similar in the presence of normal T cells or patients' T cells. In cultures containing optimal ratios of normal B cells, the patients' T cells not only did not suppress IgA production but also gave normal help for IgA production. It was concluded, on the basis of these studies, that a defect in patients with selective IgA deficiency was the functional inability of their B cells to produce normal amounts of IgA in vitro even when provided with normal allogeneic T cell help.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Spectroscopic Measurements of Argon Plasma Formation by a High-Intensity Lithium Ion Beam

We describe the first measurements of plasma formation by a 20thinspthinspnsec, 9thinspthinspMeV, 20 kA/cm{sup 2} Li{sup +3} ion beam injected into 2-Torr argon, conditions similar to inertial-fusion ion-beam transport requirements. A new visible-spectroscopy diagnostic exploits ion-beam-excited Ar II transitions to measure the time-resolved plasma electron density (10{sup 15} cm{sup {minus}3}{endash}10{sup 16} cm{sup {minus}3}) and temperature (1{endash}2thinspthinspeV) during the initial breakdown phase. Stark broadening and line intensity ratios are used as diagnostics after the plasma forms. Comparisons with computer simulations examine intense-beam effects important for the transport of light- and heavy-ion beams.

Field of study: Physics
Can this fault be detected: A study on fault detection via automated test generation

Automated test generation can reduce the manual effort in improving software quality. A test generation method employs code coverage, such as the widely-used branch coverage, to guide the inference of tests. These tests can be used to detect hidden faults. An automatic tool takes a specific type of code coverage as a configurable parameter. Given an automated tool of test generation, a fault may be detected by one type of code coverage, but omitted by another. In frequently released software projects, the time budget of testing is limited. Configuring code coverage for a testing tool can effectively improve the quality of projects. In this paper, we conduct a study on whether a fault can be detected by specific code coverage in automated test generation. We build predictive models with 60 metrics of faulty source code to identify detectable faults under eight types of code coverage. In the experiment, an off-the-shelf tool, EvoSuite is used to generate test data. Experimental results based on four research questions show that different types of code coverage result in the detection of different faults; a code coverage can be used as a supplement to increase the number of detected faults if another coverage is applied first; for each coverage, the number of detected faults increases with its cutoff time in test generation. Our result shows that the choice of code coverage can be learned via multi-objective optimization from sampled faults and directly applied to new faults. This study can be viewed as a preliminary result to support the configuration of code coverage in the application of automated test generation.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Commentary Reform and Special Education: A Mainstream Perspective

Statements in the extreme are often useful. They may crystallize and clarify the arguments for and against a given position. By outlining the most radical possible consequences of current trends, they help others steer a mainstream course that avoids the shoals of extremity. In this light, Kauffman's (1989) recent analysis of the Regular Education Initiative deserves careful consideration. He has identified some of the rocks that reformers must avoid in charting a new course for special education. Resources must be maintained (Wang, Reynolds, & Walberg, 1989). Perpetual cries for accountability and "excellence" must be met with insistent reminders that excellence cannot be achieved at the expense of equity (Sapon-Shevin, 1987). Important gains in service to children with disabilities cannot be sacrificed in the pursuit of innovation (National Coalition of Advocates for Students, 1987; Will , 1986). In short, caution is appropriate, perhaps critical, if reformers are not to destroy inadvertently what they seek to improve. Extreme positions may also generate fear and divisiveness. In a manner reminiscent of the protagonist of Shelley's Frankenstein, Kauffman has carefully dug through representative specimens, chosen pieces from each, and created a monster that is frightening to behold. He has gathered the most extreme statements from the most urgent calls for reform (Gartner & Lipsky, 1989; Stainback 8c Stainback, 1988), and even added some o f his own (e.g., "teaching all students well requires that the teacher make relatively minor adjustments of strategy or accommodation for individual differences"; "education outside the regular classroom is not required for anyone"; italics added; p. 258). In so doing, Kauffman has assembled a picture that is startling to anyone concerned about the rights of children with disabilities. Like Shelley's gothic creation, Kauffman's monster is exquisitely drawn, and emotionally affecting. Yet, like that monster, it is ultimately fiction. It seems safe to assert that the education of students served by special education, like the education of all others in the system, is a legitimate target o f reform. It is in the spirit of that reform that several responses to Kauffman's position seem warranted. W e will discuss (a) the appropriateness of the metaphor used to describe

Field of study: Education
Classifying Algorithm Based on P-SVM

SMO(Sequence Minimum Optimization) algorithm has less complexity of time and space compared with traditional block algorithm and fixative sample collection algorithm, however, as the sample needed in real application field is very large, marking on samples is a waste work of time and power. This paper propose a method that can reduce the demanding quantity of samples by introducing the information on prior knowledge to the samples. The paper also gives the related algorithm named P-SMO. In the application of heribalist disease data, putting the P-SVM idea and P-SMO algorithm into the experiment, the result show a great improvement in classifying efficiency.

Field of study: Computer science
The secure-base hypothesis: Global attachment, attachment to counselor, and session exploration in psychotherapy.

This study explored J. Bowlby's (1988) secure-base hypothesis, which predicts that a client's secure attachment to the therapist, as well as the client's and the therapist's global attachment security, will facilitate in-session exploration. Volunteer clients (N = 59) and trainee counselors (N = 59) in short-term therapy completed the Experiences in Close Relationship Scale (K. A. Brennan, C. L. Clark, & P. R. Shaver, 1998) as a measure of adult global romantic and peer attachment orientations; the Client Attachment to Therapist Scale (B. Mallinckrodt, D. L. Gantt, & H. M. Coble, 1995) as a measure of attachment to counselor; the Working Alliance Inventory (A. O. Horvath & L. Greenberg, 1989) as a measure of working alliance; and the Session Evaluation Questionnaire-Depth Subscale (W. B. Stiles & J. S. Snow, 1984) as a measure of session depth. In line with Bowlby's hypothesis, the findings suggest that session depth is related to the client's experience of attachment security with the counselor and that counselor global attachment moderates the relationship between client global attachment and session exploration.

Field of study: Psychology
Formation mechanism of MFI type zeolite membrane by template-free secondary growth

Based on two template-free secondary growth methods, the formation mechanism of single-layer and multi-layer zeolite membranes was investigated. The composition of the synthesis solution did not affect the membrane structure, whereas the position-setting of the seeded support in the synthesis solution and the ageing process of the synthesis solution were two critical factors in the formation of the membrane. The synthesis solution with lower viscosity could easily penetrate into the gap between seeds boundaries, resulting in the formation of multi-layer membranes.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Effect of temperature and pH on the extraction equilibrium of catechins

The coefficients of ethyl acetate-water of tea polyphenol were measured by shake-flask-spectrophotometric method at different temperature and different pH. The results show that the partition coefficients are changed large with different temperature and pH, the partition coefficient of 285.15K and pH4.6 is 2.23 times as large as the ones of 313.15K and pH6.0. Tea polyphenol can be extracted more effective at low temperature and pH4.6.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Fluctuation analysis of a two-layer backpropagation algorithm used for modelling nonlinear memoryless channels

Neural networks have previously been used for modelling the nonlinear characteristics of memoryless nonlinear channels using the backpropagation learning (BP) with experimental training data (Ibnkahla et al. 1997). The mean transient and convergence behavior of a simplified two-layer neural network have also been studied (Bershad et al. 1997). The network was trained with zero mean Gaussian data. This paper extends these results to include the effects of the weight fluctuations upon the mean-square-error (MSE). A new methodology is presented which can be extended to other nonlinear learning problems. The new mathematical model is able to predict the MSE learning behavior as a function of the algorithm step size /spl mu/. Linear recursions are derived for the variance and covariance of the weights which depend nonlinearly upon the mean weights. As in linear gradient search problems (LMS, etc.), there exists an optimum /spl mu/ (minimizing the MSE) which is the trade-off between fast learning and small weight fluctuations. Monte Carlo simulations display excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions for various /spl mu/.

Field of study: Engineering
Serum ionized calcium and parathyroid hormone in renal stone disease.

Serum ionized calcium was shown to be significantly elevated in a group of twenty-eight subjects with idiopathic hypercalciuria in whom the mean total serum calcium concentration was within normal limits. Measurement of parathyroid hormone levels confirmed that elevated values are suppressible by infusion of calcium. Ten subjects with simultaneous elevation of serum ionized calcium and parathormone levels above 3 S.D. of normal were referred for neck exploration, and a parathyroid adenoma was found and removed in nine. Significant decreases to normal values of serum ionized calcium and parathormone levels of urine and calcium excretion were documented some weeks following operation. The results conflict with both the alimentary calcium hyperabsorption theory and the renal calcium leak theory of the aetiology of idiopathic hypercalciuria, and support the possibility that idiopathic hypercalciuria in many cases represents an early or mild form of 'normocalcaemic' primary hyperparathyroidism.

Field of study: Medicine
Substrate induced molecular conformations in rubrene thin films: A thickness dependent study

A systematic study about substrate induced molecular conformation in rubrene thin films by varying film thickness from sub-monolayer to multilayer, which currently attracts substantial attention with regard to its application in organic electronics, is performed. The clean polycrystalline Au and Ag were used as noble-metals, whereas, H passivated and SiO 2 terminated Si (100) were used as dielectric substrates. Angle dependent near edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS) was employed to understand the molecular conformation and orientation whereas atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to investigate the surface morphologies of the film. X-ray absorption spectrum (XAS) of rubrene molecules with twisted conformation was calculated using density functional theory (DFT). Percentage of twisted rubrene molecules are gradually reducing with increasing film thickness. But the change of degree of molecular conformationa is found to depend on substrate surface properties. Deposited molecules retain the twisted geometry of the free rubrene molecule at sub-monolayer coverage on four studied substrates. At 200 A thick rubrene film, molecules are in lying configuration on the Ag substrate and randomly oriented on other three substrates. The Ag surface comprised of comparatively wider, flatter terrains separated by large height differences help to achieve rubrene film with larger closely packed grains. The results have important implications for the understanding of the substrate induced molecular conformations in rubrene thin films with its thickness and are beneficial for the improvement of the device performance.

Field of study: Physics
Identification of heat shock protein 60 as the regulator of the hypoxia-inducible factor subunit HIF-1α

The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) takes part in transcriptional activation of hypoxia-responsive genes such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insulin-like growth factor, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Since VEGF plays an important role in pathological angiogenesis such as tumor growth and ischemic diseases, the inhibition of VEGF inducer HIF is an attractive approach for the inhibition of pathological angiogenesis. Recently, we have reported that the introduction of boronic acid and a carborane moiety into phenoxyacetanilide induced a potent inhibitory effect on HIF-1α activation under hypoxic conditions. In the present study, to clarify the mechanism of action of carboranylphenoxyacetanilide GN26361 against HIF inhibition, we designed and synthesized molecular probes of GN26361 substituted with benzophenone to induce covalent binding with the target protein by UV (photoaffinity labeling) and an acetylenic moiety to conjugate with the green-fluorescent Alexa Fluor 488-azide by click reaction. In-gel fluorescent imaging of target protein bound with the probe was identified as heat shock protein 60 (HSP60). Moreover, direct binding in gel fluorescent imaging was observed by photoaffinity labeling and click reaction of the probe with recombinant HSP60. These results indicate that HSP60 is the target protein of GN26361 and might be a new molecular target for HIF inhibition.

Field of study: Chemistry
Empirical Likelihood Ratio Test for a Change-Point in Linear Regression Model

A nonparametric method based on the empirical likelihood is proposed to detect the change-point in the coefficient of linear regression models. The empirical likelihood ratio test statistic is proved to have the same asymptotic null distribution as that with classical parametric likelihood. Under some mild conditions, the maximum empirical likelihood change-point estimator is also shown to be consistent. The simulation results show the sensitivity and robustness of the proposed approach. The method is applied to some real datasets to illustrate the effectiveness.

Field of study: Mathematics
Correlation of the Coal Measures of Maryland

The Coal Measures of Maryland have frequently been considered by geologists independently of the deposits of the same age in the adjacent states of Pennsylvania and West Virginia. This has been in large measure due to the fact that the study of the Maryland Coal Measures has been mainly confined to the Georges Creek basin, a deep synclinal trough that presents the only full representation of the formations of the Coal Measures within the limits of the state. The consequent lack of continuity in many of the coal seams of this basin with those of other regions in Maryland and adjacent states has led to the establishment of local terms in denominating these seams, with the result that much confusion exists as to their equivalents in the other areas. Even the relatively small amount of consideration hitherto given to the Garrett County basins has been chiefly confined to the . . .

Field of study: Geology
Growth and characterization of AlxGa1−xAs Bragg reflectors by LP-MOCVD

Using a moderate-sized LP-MOCVD production reactor, we have demonstrated the growth of Bragg reflector structures that reflect nearly 100% of the light at the design wave-length of 850 nm. The designs studied consist of alternating layers of Al0.10Ga0.90As and Al0.85Gao0.15As, with up to 30 periods. Characterization data show the structures to be highly reproducible and uniform, with good agreement between data obtained by double-crystal x-ray rocking curve analysis, cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy, and optical-reflectance spectroscopy. GaAs solar cells utilizing Bragg reflectors have been fabricated and characterized.

Field of study: Materials science
Effects of Programs for Prevention of Early Childhood Caries

To determine the most effective intervention program for prevention of early childhood caries.  All studies published after 1966 were identified by searching electronic databases (Medline, The Cochrane Library, Embase, Dissertation and Serfile databases) and manual searching. Studies were included if they analyzed the effect of an intervention to prevent caries in 0- to 5-year-old children, recorded caries as dmfs, dmft, dfs or dft, and utilized a randomized controlled study design.  The initial search produced 916 citations, 19 of which met the inclusion criteria. The quality of the articles was assessed independently by the reviewers based on randomized selection and double blinding. The 7 articles included in the actual review evaluated the effects of dental health education, prenatal fluoride administration, topical fluoride application, preventive dental programs, and use of fluoridated toothpaste. Meta-analysis was not possible because of differences in the types of intervention among the studies.  Conclusive evidence regarding the best intervention to prevent early childhood caries could not be drawn due to the flawed design of somepapers. However, fluoride-based interventions appear to be effective in young children. More studies are required to determine the best method of delivery.

Field of study: Medicine