nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Interaction of atomic systems with X-ray free-electron lasers.

The planned construction of an X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) will provide new opportunities for research in various areas of physics, chemistry and biology. The proposed design of the XFELs at DESY (Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron) and SLAC ( is built on the concept of a fourth-generation synchrotron source and will provide an intense pulse (I(0) approximately 10(16) W cm(-2), tau(gamma) approximately 100 fs) for photon wavelengths down to 1 A. Some guidelines for applications of these sources pertaining to atomic physics are presented here. Issues such as the onset of strong photon-field effects, multiple ionization and hollow-atom formation are analyzed. Attention is especially given to studying the interaction with rare-gas atoms, for which some numerical estimates are provided.

Field of study: Physics
Structural analysis of 2,3,6-trisubstituted 1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinolines by means of 13C and 15N NMR spectroscopy

Abstract2,6-Substituted 1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl esters were synthesized, and the effect of substituents on the migration of a hydrogen atom from the nitrogen atom to the oxygen atom was studied by 13C and 15N NMR spectroscopy. The presence of a 4-nitrophenylvinyl or 5-nitro-2-furylvinyl system in the 2 position of the compounds stabilizes their 4-oxoquinoline form.

Field of study: Chemistry
Flipping Content to Improve Student Examination Performance in a Pharmacogenomics Course

To develop, implement, and evaluate active learning in a flipped class to improve student examination performance in the genetic foundations of pharmacogenomics.  The flipped classroom model was adopted in which a guided-inquiry learning activity was developed and conducted to complement recorded, previously viewed didactic lectures. The activity was constructed to focus on critical thinking and application of core principles of genetic crosses and pedigree analysis. A combination of independent work and active discussion with volunteer and guided student response provided student-facilitator interaction. Assessment. Student learning was evaluated by comparing pretest and posttest formative assessment results and by the comparison of prior years’ examination performance on a subset of content for which no flipped classroom learning activities occurred. There was no significant difference between examination scores between the flipped classroom and previous approaches. An item-by-item analysis of the content reflected a significant change in performance on questions addressed in the flipped classroom exercise.  The flipped class instructional model in this project included active-learning activities and formative assessments that provided students spaced and repetitive curricular engagement. The intervention transformed the classroom interactions of faculty members and students and contributed to improved student examination performance.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Study on leakage via the radial clearance in a novel synchronal rotary refrigeration compressor

The leakage flow characteristics at the radial clearance between the rotor and the cylinder in a novel synchronal rotary (SR) refrigeration compressor were analyzed, and the oil–refrigerant two-phase leakage flow model was established. The leakage at different temperatures caused by wall velocity and pressure difference was calculated, and their influences on the total leakage were analyzed, respectively. The calculation results indicate that the leakage of the oil–refrigerant mixture decreases firstly and then increases with the increase in the temperature. However, the refrigerant leakage always decreases when the temperature increases. Moreover, the leakage caused by wall velocity has great influence on the total leakage, especially when the radial clearance is small.

Field of study: Engineering
A Multiple-Design, Experimental Strategy: Academic Probation Warning Letter's Impact on Student Achievement

We aimed to compare the findings of three research designs to bracket effect estimates of a strongly worded warning letter delivered by certified mail to students on academic probation. We embedded an experiment within a regression discontinuity design and calculated two achievement estimates, average GPA and percentage of students remaining on probation. Study participants attended a large Midwestern college. Cohen's d experimental effect size was .45. Regression discontinuity design results were validated by our experimental evidence, and outcome measures were generally statistically significant. We provided additional supportive evidence using comparative RD control group design logic. Regression point displacement design results were successfully replicated using a within-study comparison inside the experiment. In the context of probation, a diverse design, replicative approach provided considerable promise for more precise estimation of intervention effectiveness. We found no deleterious impact on reenrollment and concluded that the certified letter represents an inexpensive probation policy.

Field of study: Education
GAS STRIPPING IN SIMULATED GALAXIES WITH A MULTIPHASE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM

Cluster galaxies moving through the intracluster medium (ICM) are expected to lose some of their interstellar medium (ISM) through ISM-ICM interactions. We perform high-resolution (40 pc) three-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations of a galaxy undergoing ram pressure stripping, including radiative cooling, in order to investigate stripping of a multiphase medium. The clumpy, multiphase ISM is self-consistently produced by the inclusion of radiative cooling, and spans six orders of magnitude in gas density. We find no large variations in the amount of gas lost whether or not cooling is involved, although the gas in the multiphase galaxy is stripped more quickly and to a smaller radius. We also see significant differences in the morphology of the stripped disks. This occurs because the multiphase medium naturally includes high-density clouds set inside regions of lower density. We find that the lower density gas is stripped quickly from any radius of the galaxy, and the higher density gas can then be ablated. If high-density clouds survive, through interaction with the ICM, they lose enough angular momentum to drift toward the center of the galaxy where they are no longer stripped. Finally, we find that low ram pressure values compress gas into high-density clouds that could lead to enhanced star formation, while high ram pressure leads to a smaller amount of high-density gas.

Field of study: Physics
Re-dissolution of Zinc Powder in Alkali Metallurgy Process and the Influencing Factors Analysis

The paper analyzes the reason of zinc powder re-dissolution in alkali metallurgy process and the influence of various factors on zinc powder re-dissolution.It was found that the amount of zinc powder re-dissolution can be reduced by reducing temperature,shortening solid-liquid separation time,decreasing stirred speed and liberating fine grain size zinc powder by electrolysis method.

Field of study: Materials science
The Impact of Religious Practices and Values on Academic Achievements of Students at Secondary Level

Islam is our religion and a complete way of life for Muslims. Islam is the religion which gives complete directions and advices for all matters of life whether they would be personal or educational, economic or political, social or religious. For secondary level students when they are on the critical stage of their lives, it is necessary to teach them religious practices and values. Teachers should practice themselves as the role models for students. The objectives of this study were to find out the perception of teachers about religious practices and values, to explore the views of students about religious practices and values and to find out the impact of religious practices and values on the academic achievement of students. This study is of descriptive type. All students and teachers of Read Foundation high schools in district Bagh comprise the population of this study. The sample consists of students and teachers of10 schools which were selected on convenient basis. 400 students and 200 teachers were selected randomly as respondents for data collection. The questionnaire was used for data collection. The data has been collected personally by visiting schools of Read Foundation and analyzed by tables showing frequency and percentage through (SPSS-23). Findings show that majority of the teachers agreed that giving knowledge of religious practices and values should be obligatory for a teacher. Similarly, the majority of the students agreed that students should seek knowledge of religious practices and values for their educational achievement. The result has been discussed with the relevance of previous researches. It was observed that almost all students and teachers agreed with the researcher’s views that Islamic religious practices and values have more distinct impact on students’ academic achievement .  Religious Practices, Values, Academic Achievement DOI : 10.7176/JEP/10-12-05 Publication date : April 30 th 2019

Field of study: Education
Habitat specificity and variation of coleopteran assemblages between habitats in a Southern African (Swaziland) agricultural landscape

Assessment of Coleopteran diversity and abundance was carried out in the lowveld region of Swaziland by pitfall trapping in five distinct habitats. Additionally, the study was to ascertain if any of the families collected illustrated habitat fidelity. 18 coleopteran families, comprising 2903 individuals were collected, with an additional 29 unidentified specimens, totalling 2932 beetles. Numerically, the top five families were the Scarabaeidae (2425), Carabidae (211), Tenebrionidae (149), Nitidulidae (37) and Curculionidae (22). 66.6% of all specimens collected were harboured within the pine windbreak while the lowest number (2.6%) was collected from the mature citrus orchard. The highest proportion (77%) of scarabaeid beetles collected occurred within the pine windbreak. Habitat specificity was illustrated by one family, Meloidae, which was found only in the young orchard. Community analysis was further carried out to ascertain distribution patterns of the dominant coleopteran families. Three scarabaeid species were found only in the pine windbreak while three carabid species occurred only in the indigenous savanna. Significant differences between habitats were observed in the number of beetles collected while no significant differences were observed in terms of the number of families observed in each habitat (p<0.05). Results indicate that conservation of the various habitat patches within the mosaic studied could facilitate conservation of whole communities rather than individual species thus facilitating effective conservation of the agricultural landscape.

Field of study: Environmental science
Seven-hole cone probes for high angle flow measurement Theory and calibration

A non-nulling seven-hole conical pressure probe capable of measuring flow conditions at angles up to 75 deg relative to its axis is described. The theoretical rationale of the seven-hole probe is developed and the calibration procedure outlined. Three-variable third-order polynomial functions are used to represent local values of relative flow angles, total pressure, and total minus static pressure. These flow properties are determined explicitly from measured probe pressures. Flow angles are determined within 2.5 deg and Mach number within 0.05 with 95% certainty. The probe can be used in subsonic compressible and incompressible flows.

Field of study: Physics
Chloride Distribution and Steel Corrosion in a Concrete Bridge after Long-Term Exposure to Natural Marine Environment

Chloride-induced steel corrosion is the most concerning issue for the durability of concrete structures. Concrete and steel samples were obtained from a 30-year-old reinforced concrete bridge. The chloride content was measured by a potentiometric titration method and the microstructure of concrete was obtained by scanning electron microscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry. The rust phases of the steel were detected by X-ray diffraction and Raman analysis. It was found that the convection depth for chloride transport in cracked concrete was significantly larger than that in uncracked concrete. The concrete in a pier column facing upstream had greater porosity due to the water impact and calcium leaching. The coefficients of variability of chloride diffusivity of concrete for the bridge deck and the pier column were significantly different. Rust phases including lepidocrocite, goethite, akaganeite, magnetite, and maghemite were detected using Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The major phases of steel rust in the atmospheric zone were lepidocrocite and goethite, while they were lepidocrocite and maghemite in the tidal zone. The results of this study would provide information concerning the chloride-induced steel corrosion under a marine environment in order to predict long-term behaviors of a reinforced concrete structure.

Field of study: Materials science
The Cramér-Rao Bound for Estimating a Sparse Parameter Vector

The goal of this contribution is to characterize the best achievable mean-squared error (MSE) in estimating a sparse deterministic parameter from measurements corrupted by Gaussian noise. To this end, an appropriate definition of bias in the sparse setting is developed, and the constrained Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) is obtained. This bound is shown to equal the CRB of an estimator with knowledge of the support set, for almost all feasible parameter values. Consequently, in the unbiased case, our bound is identical to the MSE of the oracle estimator. Combined with the fact that the CRB is achieved at high signal-to-noise ratios signal-to-noise ratio (SNRs) by the maximum likelihood technique, our result provides a new interpretation for the common practice of using the oracle estimator as a gold standard against which practical approaches are compared.

Field of study: Engineering
Multistability of complex-valued recurrent neural networks with real-imaginary-type activation functions

This paper addresses the multistability problem of n-dimensional complex-valued recurrent neural networks with real-imaginary-type activation functions. Sufficient conditions are proposed for checking the existence of ( 2 α + 1 ) ( 2 β + 1 ) n ( α , β ? 1 ) equilibria. Under these conditions, ( α + 1 ) ( β + 1 ) n equilibria are locally exponentially stable and the others are unstable. Attractive basins of equilibria are also investigated. Complete attractive basins of equilibria in 1-dimensional complex-valued recurrent neural networks are obtained. The obtained stability results improve and extend the existing ones. Two numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the obtained results.

Field of study: Mathematics
Remarkable Rate Enhancement in CO Insertion into Pd-C Bond by Generating Cationic Organopalladium Complexes [PdR(s)L2]+BF4− (R = Alkyl Group, s = Acetone, L = Phosphine Ligands) from Neutral Monoorganopalladium Complexes [PdR(X)L2] (X = Halide)

Removal of the halide ligand X in PdR(X)L2 with AgBF4 generates solvent-coordinated cationic organopalladium complexes [PdR(s)L2]BF4 which show much higher reactivities for CO insertion than the parent neutral complexes.

Field of study: Chemistry
Topical application of synthetic pyrethroids to cattle as a source of persistent environmental contamination.

Following the application of permethrin or cyhalothrin to cattle for the control of ectoparasites, the occurrence and persistence of these chemicals was assessed on the animals and in their environment. The release of permethrin from ear tags containing 1 g of the drug on cattle was followed for 65 days and lead to concentrations of 5 to 35 micrograms of permethrin per gram of hair on the shoulders. On the flanks of the animals, the corresponding values were 10 times lower. Across the 1.5 acre pasture, high concentrations of permethrin were measured at various locations and long after treatment: 6 micrograms/g on bark of a birch after one week, 5 micrograms/g on a pole of the fence after two weeks, 1 microgram/g in grass from a resting site of the animal after six weeks, and 0.5 microgram/g in bark of a pine tree after three month and two weeks after the animals had left the pasture. In similar assays, cyhalothrin applied to milk cows as a pour-on preparation was monitored. One week following treatment with 0.2 g/animal, hair cut from the shoulders contained 5 micrograms/g of the insecticide, which disappeared with a half-life of 12 days. Dust collected two weeks after the pour-on treatment from the milk barn where the cows were milked twice daily contained 47 micrograms/g of cyhalothrin, which disappeared with a half-life of 44 days. These results show that synthetic pyrethroids used on farm animals can be the source of widespread and persistent contamination.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The CM SAF SSM/I-based total column water vapour climate data record: methods and evaluation against re-analyses and satellite

The European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring (CM SAF) aims at the provision and sound validation of well documented Climate Data Records (CDRs) in sustained and operational environments. In this study, a total column water vapour path (WVPA) climatology from CM SAF is presented and inter-compared to water vapour data records from various data sources. Based on homogenised brightness temperatures from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I), a climatology of WVPA has been generated within the Hamburg Ocean–Atmosphere Fluxes and Parameters from Satellite (HOAPS) framework. Within a research and operation transition activity the HOAPS data and operation capabilities have been successfully transferred to the CM SAF where the complete HOAPS data and processing schemes are hosted in an operational environment. An objective analysis for interpolation, namely kriging, has been applied to the swath-based WVPA retrievals from the HOAPS data set. The resulting climatology consists of daily and monthly mean fields of WVPA over the global ice-free ocean. The temporal coverage ranges from July 1987 to August 2006. After a comparison to the precursor product the CM SAF SSM/I-based climatology has been comprehensively compared to different types of meteorological analyses from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF-ERA40, ERA INTERIM and operational analyses) and from the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA–JRA). This inter-comparison shows an overall good agreement between the climatology and the analyses, with daily absolute biases generally smaller than 2 kg m−2. The absolute value of the bias to JRA and ERA INTERIM is typically smaller than 0.5 kg m−2. For the period 1991–2006, the root mean square error (RMSE) for both reanalyses is approximately 2 kg m−2. As SSM/I WVPA and radiances are assimilated into JMA and all ECMWF analyses and to assess consistency with existing WVPA climatologies, the SSM/I-based climatology is also compared to the time series of SSM/I and TMI (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager) WVPA from Remote Sensing Systems (RSS), leading to results consistent with the reanalyses results. This evaluation study gives confidence in consistency, accurateness and stability of the total water vapour climatology produced.

Field of study: Environmental science
Structure, localization and action of a novel inhibitory neuropeptide involved in the feeding of Lymnaea.

A neuropeptide that strongly inhibits the spontaneous contractions of the oesophagus in Lymnaea has been characterized as GAPRFVamide. Direct mass spectrometry of nervous tissues and immunocytochemical studies show that the peptide is synthesized by neurones in the buccal ganglia and transported to the oesophagus via the dorso-buccal nerve. In accordance with the function of the peptide, immunoreactive fibres are detected within the muscle layer of the oesophagus. Finally, mass spectrometry reveals the presence of a number of unidentified peptides in the nerves that innervate the oesophagus, which suggests that oesophageal activities may be modified by multiple peptides.

Field of study: Biology
Benzene photolysis on ice: implications for the fate of organic contaminants in the winter.

The members of the important class of organic pollutants known as BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) do not undergo direct photolysis in natural waters, because their absorption spectra do not overlap that of the solar radiation which reaches the Earth's surface. Recent work has shown that aromatic compounds undergo significant red-shifts in their absorption spectra when they are present at air-ice interfaces, suggesting that BTEX components could undergo direct photolysis at ice surfaces. Using glancing-angle laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) as a probe, we measured benzene photodegradation at lambda > 295 nm having a rate constant of (3 +/- 1 x 10(-4) s(-1)) under our experimental conditions. We predict that the photolysis rate at environmental ice surfaces will be similar, based on the photon flux dependence we measured. This study presents the first report of direct benzene photolysis under environmentally relevant conditions. The results suggest that direct photolysis could be an important removal pathway for organic pollutants such as BTEX in snow-covered regions, for example, in polar or urban areas contaminated by oil spills or leaks.

Field of study: Environmental science
Games of Property: Law, Race, Gender, and Faulkner's Go Down, Moses (review)

Clymer is strongest when providing such close readings of cultural contexts that testify to terrorism's role in shaping American institutions. The chapter on James, the only world-class novelist included, is less satisfying, perhaps because its London setting and the novelist's notorious indirections make connecting The Princess Casamassima to labor agitation and violence in the United States problematic. Finally, although the author does not insist on contemporary parallels, our current President's admonitions to combat terrorism by shopping suggest that the identification of national survival with corporate welfare still seems self-evident to many Americans.

Field of study: Art
[Progressive multifocal encephalopathy in neurological practice].

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is considered so far as a rare rapidly progressive demyelinating CNS disease caused by the JC virus activation. Current data suggest that PML developed in people with impaired immunity. However, in some cases PML developed in the absence of severe immunological deficit. In clinical practice, the early diagnosis of PML is difficult because symptoms are mild and, therefore, the physician should be familiar with diagnostic criteria of this disease to make the correct diagnosis and start the symptomatic therapy as soon as possible. This will help to improve patient's state though there is no effective treatment of PML so far. Up to the present moment, antiviral medications, cytostatic drugs, serotonin receptor antagonists, plasmapheresis are widely used. These methods can be used only if the causes of PML have been identified while the patient needs urgent help. Thus, the schemes of pathogenetic treatment with the drugs with pleiotropic effects should be used.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology