nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Clustering-based Routing Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks with Mobile Sink

Most of the existing data gathering strategies are based on the structure of stationary Sink in Wireless Sensor Networks, which will lead to rapidly energy consumption of sensor nodes near the sink for the reason that these nodes burden the data transmission from the whole network. This paper proposes a clustering-based routing algorithm in wireless sensor networks with mobile sink (CRA) to solve this kind of problem. In the CRA, sink node moves in a circle around the regional center and the circular area near this trajectory is set as buffer area, in which nodes are connected as backbone datalink. Data is transmitted to the annular buffer area and then reach the sink through the backbone datalink. This paper figures out the optimal location and size of the buffer area in order to minimize the average load of the nodes in the area. Furthermore, this paper proposes CRA-1, which improves the original algorithm by density controlling, for the purpose of balancing the energy consumption of the whole network

Field of study: Computer science
The rise of large-scale marine protected areas: Conservation or geopolitics?

In the last two decades, increasing number of international agreements have challenged traditional MPA design and management by calling for the implementation of large-scale marine protected areas (LSMPAs) within national jurisdictions and into the high seas. Since 2004, ten LSMPAs were established representing more than 80% of the worldwide MPA coverage, most of them in the Pacific. Here we analysed the drivers behind the establishment of LSMPA. This recent phenomenon is mainly driven by political reasons due to international conservation targets and intense domestic and international advocacy. Although we still lack scientific studies showing the benefit or the effectiveness of large-scale conservation, scientists advocate protecting marine biodiversity in remote places as a precautionary approach. International conservation targets provided political motivation for LSMPA establishment enabling coastal states to benefit from several legal mechanisms to strengthen their sovereignties over sea spaces. The rise of LSMPAs boosted the awakening of indigenous communities at the international, national, cultural and political level. In some cases the conservation initiatives catalysed indigenous claims to preserve their traditional and future rights forcing States to make sovereignty compromises on traditional rights. Ultimately, LSMPAs raise many issues of enforcement, management costs and governance structure that may challenge their effectiveness.

Field of study: Environmental science
Molecular cloning and expression of a chicken pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor.

Although, since the isolation of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), a wealth of literature has been published describing its localization, binding sites, and biological activities in a variety of mammalian tissues, only very little is known about PACAP in avian species. Therefore, in order to find out the sites of actions of PACAP and to elucidate its physiological significance in birds, we identified a chicken PACAP receptor homologue of the mammalian type I receptors (PAC(1)-Rs). The chicken PACAP type I cDNA sequence was obtained using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in combination with 3'- and 5'-RACE PCR. This cDNA encodes a 471 amino acid precursor protein, sharing 81-83% sequence identity with mammalian analogs and 76% amino acid identity with the goldfish type I PACAP receptor. Northern blot analysis of chicken brain poly(A)(+)-rich RNA revealed the presence of a 5.5 kb and 7.5 kb PAC(1) receptor transcript. RT-PCR revealed that the chicken PACAP receptor is mainly expressed in the brain and gonads. A smaller amount of the receptor mRNA was found in pituitary, adrenal gland, kidney, intestine, pancreas, lung, and heart tissue. In situ hybridization with specific antisense oligodeoxynucleotide probes showed a widespread distribution of PAC(1) receptor mRNA in the chicken brain, with the highest expression being found in the dorsal telencephalon, olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, optic tectum, and cerebellar cortex. These findings suggest that PACAP affect a variety of functions both in the brain and peripheral tissues of the chicken.

Field of study: Biology
Training final year students in data presentation skills with an iterative report-feedback cycle

Although practical laboratory activities are often considered the linchpin of science education, asking students to produce many large practical reports can be problematic. Practical reports require diverse skills, and therefore do not focus the students' attention on any one skill where specific skills need to be enhanced. They are also time-consuming to write and mark, limiting the speed at which feedback can be returned. To focus students specifically on the skills of data presentation and interpretation, a weakness noted in many reports in the past, students were required to produce a results figure, as would be found in a journal article, one for each of four practical topics. The students found this a challenge, but their skills improved markedly over the semester due to an efficient feedback cycle. Students were very engaged with this assessment, as it caused them to re-consider what they understood about the results of the practical. As this assessment is a small focused version of a practical report, it allows faster marking and return of practicals. This is therefore a successful method of focusing students' attention on presenting and interpreting practical results, in an efficient and cost-effective manner.

Field of study: Education
Differential Fault Analysis of AES Block Cipher Base on S-box

This paper examines the strength of AES block cipher against the differential fault attack.The attack applies the byte-oriented fault model and combines the differential analysis method,after injecting one byte single fault into the 8th round of AES encryption before the MixColumns function,one faulty ciphertext is able to reduce AES key searching space from 2128 to 232.3,two faulty ciphertexts can extract the full 128-bit AES key without any brute-force search with about 93.6% probabilities.Mathematical analysis and experiments demonstrate that: the non-full coverage feature of the block cipher differential S box provides the probabilities of differential fault analysis,and the great diffusion property of AES MixColumns function greatly improves the attack efficiency of key recovering,meanwhile,the fault analysis model proposed in this paper can be applied into the fault analysis of other block ciphers with S-box.

Field of study: Computer science
Stable biradical in the benzimidazoline series, containing two cation-radical fragments with strong exchange interactions

A large number of uncharged stable biradicals are known [i]; there have been practically no reports, however, of biradicals containing two cation-radical fragments [bi(cationradicals)]. The only reported examples of radicals of this type have been polymeric viologens containing two or more unpaired electrons, in which the cation-radical functional groups are composed of nonaromatic y,y-dipyridylidene units [2]~ The exchange interaction between the unpaired electrons in this class of radicals is negligible; thus, their EPR spectra do not differ from the spectra of the corresponding viologen monoradicals. Viologenic biand poly(cation-radicals) are formed upon reduction of polypyridinium salts . It is assumed that two-electron oxidation of compounds of the type R-X-R, in which the R groups are more readily ionized than the bridging group X, should provide a more general method for the preparation of hi(cation-radicals). We succeeded in carrying out this type of reaction in the case of 1,4-di(l,2,3-trimethylbenzimidazolinyl-2)benzene (I), * which contains two benzimidazoline functional groups linked by a nonconjugating p-phenylene bridge.

Field of study: Chemistry
Subvalvular left ventricular outflow tract obstruction caused by "rhinonodular" calcification.

Cardiac calcification is a common problem in patients with renal failure. Calcific deposits often affect the mitral annulus, the aortic valve, and the coronary arteries. We report an atypical case of cardiac calcification obstructing the left ventricular outflow tract with minimal aortic valve calcification.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Quantitative assessment of carbon sequestration reduction induced by disturbances in temperate Eurasian steppe

The temperate Eurasian steppe (TES) is a region where various environmental, social, and economic stresses converge. Multiple types of disturbance exist widely across the landscape, and heavily influence carbon cycling in this region. However, a current quantitative assessment of the impact of disturbances on carbon sequestration is largely lacking. In this study, we combined the boreal ecosystem productivity simulator (BEPS), the Shiyomi grazing model, and the global fire model (Glob-FIRM) to investigate the impact of the two major types of disturbance in the TES (i.e. domestic grazing and fire) on regional carbon sequestration. Model performance was validated using satellite data and field observations. Model outputs indicate that disturbance has a significant impact on carbon sequestration at a regional scale. The annual total carbon lost due to disturbances was 7.8 TgCyr, accounting for 14.2% of the total net ecosystem productivity (NEP). Domestic grazing plays the dominant role in terrestrial carbon consumption, accounting for 95% of the total carbon lost from the two disturbances. Carbon losses from both disturbances significantly increased from 1999 to 2008 (R= 0.82, P < 0.001 for grazing, R= 0.51, P< 0.05 for fire). Heavy domestic grazing in relatively barren grasslands substantially reduced carbon sequestration, particularly in the grasslands of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and the far southwest of Inner Mongolia. This spatially-explicit information has potential implications for sustainable management of carbon sequestration in the vast grassland ecosystems.

Field of study: Environmental science
Vaslav Nijinksy — in 100 words

Russian ballet dancer and choreographer, Vaslav Nijinsky is renowned as the greatest male dancer of the early 20th century. His divisive choreography of hyper-extended wrists in Jeux, turned-in feet in Le Sacre du Printemps, and twisted necks in Till Eulenspiegel hint at the pathological movements

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
A lightweight framework for describing software practices

In order to maximise software project outcomes, software organisations adapt development methodologies and implement practices in a way that is appropriate for project contexts. This suggests that 'Best Practice' is context-dependent. To better understand the contextual nature of best practice, we want to explore how organisations actually go about achieving software objectives. We require a research framework that captures this information in a way that makes no assumptions about practices and that is descriptive in nature. We have developed a framework based on the perspective that practices exist to meet specific objectives. We have experimented with the framework by using it to capture the practices of three New Zealand organisations and by application to an idealised XP process. Our capture of organisational practices revealed interesting mechanisms for further study, including a dependence upon informal practices linked with strong communication and the idea of 'push' versus 'pull' for information elicitation. Our capture of XP exposed some context-dependent risks.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Electrification, Tractorization, and Motorization: Revisiting the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act

The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930 has been typically viewed as being the Republican Party’s policy response to weak farm prices which – via political logrolling – snowballed into a full-fledged, across-the-board tariff bill, wreaking havoc at home and abroad (Irwin 2011; Shattschneider 1935; Taussig 1930). Empirical evidence, however, has failed to confirm this hypothesis (Callahan, McDonald and O’Brien 1994; Destler 1986; Pastor 1980). Rather, voting patterns in the Senate have been consistent with the “party platform” hypothesis. This paper presents an alternative account of the origins of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930, which is in keeping with the “party platform” hypothesis, and whose results are consistent with the “log-rolling” hypothesis. Specifically, I argue that the demand for protection on the part of U.S. farmers and manufacturers in the late 1920s, and the subsequent supply of protection by the Republican Party, were the direct result of a general-purpose technology shock – namely, electrification whose diffusion throughout the 1920s led to significant excess capacity in manufacturing and agriculture. In manufacturing, more productive firms became increasingly constrained on product markets. The resulting tractorization of U.S. agriculture and the motorization (trucks and automobiles) of transportation throughout the 1920s wreaked havoc on an already weakened agricultural sector (owing to lower post-war exports) by decreasing the demand by 48,294,887 grain- and hayequivalent acres. The proposed tariff bill sought to increase domestic firms’ market share in these industries by reducing imports.

Field of study: Economics
Effect of Reynolds Number on Laminar Separation of a Supersonic Stream

Accurate numerical solutions for both interacting boundary-layer and asymptotic triple-deck equations are presented for a closed separation region generated by a compression wedge on a flat plate in supersonic flow. Interacting boundary-layer solutions were obtained for a range of Reynolds numbers from Re-lQ (where experimental verification is obtained) to Re10 (where agreement with triple-deck solutions is reached). These results provide insight into the development of the separating flow structure as the shear-layer thickness collapses with increasing Reynolds number. It is shown that the triple-deck model identifies the dominant length scales and important correlation parameters, and that the interacting boundary-layer model correctly approaches a triple-deck solution in the limit /fe-~oo, while producing accurate results at finite Reynolds number.

Field of study: Physics
Implementation of VHDL in ASK,FSK Modem Based on Random Number

By using the Virtex II-Pro series board which has the core of XC2VP30 FPGA,we can get the implementation of VHDL in ASK,FSK modem based on random number.In this method,without using special encryption and decryption chip,we can add a user-defined random number as sys_random.Compared with the traditional communications system which use a single ASK,FSK modem,this method can improve the security performance to some extent.

Field of study: Computer science
Post-Industrial Metaphors: Understanding Corporate Restructuring and the Economic Environment of the 1990s

The most used and abused word of the 1990s is "change." Indeed, in the 1992 election, Americans voted for "change." Bill Clinton's challenge to Americans to have the "courage to change" echoes the refrain of corporate America throughout the 1980s. During this period, managers were advised to have the "courage to change," and many did. They spearheaded the process of restructuring, which included mergers, acquisitions, divestitures, plant closings, the relocation of production offshore, downsizing, and extensive reorganization of the workplace. Americans are being urged to change because the world is changing. We are experiencing the convergence of three revolutionary forces. First, global market conditions have changed irrevocably. Second, computer technology is continuing to change the way Americans work. Third, managerial practices are changing to reflect today's market

Field of study: Economics
Research Progress on Plant Chloroplast Proteomics

Subcellular proteomics is a hotspot in the study of proteomics in recent years,and proteomic analysis is a powerful approach to identify plant functional proteins.As an important plant organelle,chloroplast has been intensively studied in plant proteomics.With the sensitivity improvement of two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry,and combining with the in-creasing database information from Arabidopsis,rice,corn and other plants,many chloroplast proteins can be quickly identified.Compared with other subcellular proteomics,chloroplast proteome is more comprehensive.Sub-cell separation system,together with two-dimensional electrophoresis that identify the protein components of chloroplast proteins is a useful method to obtain information of chloroplast proteins and to identify the function.This paper mainly describes the development of proteomics and proteomics technologies,and gives a review of chloroplast proteins in order to fully understand the composition and character of chloroplast proteins,and their role in chloroplast metabolic network.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Comparisons of Time Series of Annual Mean Surface Air Temperature for China since the 1900s: Observations, Model Simulations, and Extended Reanalysis

AbstractTime series of global or regional average surface air temperature (SAT) are fundamental to climate change studies. A number of studies have developed several national and regional SAT series for China, but because of the diversity of the meteorological observational sites, the different quality control routines for processing the data, and the inconsistency of the statistical methods used, they differ in their long-term trends. This paper assesses the similarities and differences of the existing time series of the annual average SAT for China that are based upon historical meteorological observations since the 1900s. The results indicate that the China average is similar to the series for the Northern Hemisphere (NH) landmass, except that the initial warming of the NH series derived from the CRUTEM3/4 datasets, which represent global historical land surface air temperatures and near-surface air temperature anomalies over land, respectively, ends earlier (before the early 1940s) than in China’s ser...

Field of study: Environmental science
Determination of total lysozyme in honey with ultraviolet spectrophotometry

To establish a UV method for determination of the content of total lysozyme for honey.Honey was dialysed in 0.01 mol/L pH6.5 buffer for 5 days and condensed with PEG.The condensed liquid was centrifugated.Lysozyme was determined at 290 nm in the sample solution.The total lysozyme showed a good linear relationship at 50～250 μg/mL,r=0.9999,the average recovery was 96.0%,RSD=2.64%.The method was accurate and could be used as the quality evaluation of honey.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
"To know, to fly, to conjure": situating Baconian science at the juncture of early modern modes of reading.

THIS IS AN ESSAY ABOUT READING. Though my central texts are visual ones, with what we might now regard as journalistic or anthropologic aims, the thrust of my argument extends beyond any one medium of communication, specific subject, or genre of inquiry. My framing concern here is to examine a historically specific structure, one that Tony Bennett has called a "reading formation": "a set of discursive and intertextual determinations that organize and animate the practice of reading, connecting texts and readers in specific relations to one another by constituting readers and reading subjects of particular types and texts as objects-to-be read in particular ways. This entails arguing that texts have, and can have, no existence independently of such reading formations . ... Texts exist only as always-already organized, or as activated to be read in certain ways, just as readers exist as always-already activated to read in certain ways."I Though Bennett's formulation derives from his examination of literary writing and revolves around the interchange between book-readers and books, his model is easily assimilable to other, less evidently textual, occasions when readers read. The reading formation that will be attended to here is situated within the practice of natural philosophy in late Tudor and early Stuart England. Our readers are natural philosophers engaged in empirical observation; the objects read, the flora, fauna, and humans that inhabit the natural world. One, admittedly important, dimension of Bennett's project-how "always-already organized" texts exist to be "read in certain ways" -will be neglected. My focus instead will be on the constitution of the reader, who, in Bennett's words, is "activated to read in a certain way" within a given reading formation. My specific object of study will be the scientific reader's way of reading, both the character of the perceptual act itself and the use to which the repertoire of previous experiences and textual notions

Field of study: History
Mismodeled purines: implicit alternates and hidden Hoogsteens.

Hoogsteen base pairs are seen in DNA crystal structures, but only rarely. This study tests whether Hoogsteens or other syn purines are either under-modeled or over-modeled, which are known problems for rare conformations. Candidate purines needing a syn/anti 180° flip were identified by diagnostic patterns of difference electron-density peaks. Manual inspection narrowed 105 flip candidates to 20 convincing cases, all at ≤2.7 Å resolution. Rebuilding and refinement confirmed that 14 of these were authentic purine flips. Seven examples are modeled as Watson-Crick base pairs but should be Hoogsteens (commonest at duplex termini), and three had the opposite issue. Syn/anti flips were also needed for some single-stranded purines. Five of the 20 convincing cases arose from an unmodeled alternate duplex running in the opposite direction. These are in semi-palindromic DNA sequences bound by a homodimeric protein and show flipped-purine-like difference peaks at residues where the palindrome is imperfect. This study documents types of incorrect modeling which are worth avoiding. However, the primary conclusions are that such mistakes are infrequent, the bias towards fitting anti purines is very slight, and the occurrence rate of Hoogsteen base pairs in DNA crystal structures remains unchanged from earlier estimates at ∼0.3%.

Field of study: Chemistry