nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal analysis of the gait of children with Down Sindrome

The mais objective wuas to compare the spatiotemporal variables of the gait cycle in children with Down Syndrome as a function of age. A longitudinal study was conducted with 20 children, of both genders, aged between 24 and 83 months. Conventional techniques were used in the methodological procedures to record the children's anthropometry and two-dimensional cinematographic techniques for quantification of the spatiotemporal variables of their gait in relation to the global and partial variables.  The results showed differences in the behavior of the anthropometric and kinematic variables, stride time, stride frequency, and time of first simple support in children with Down Syndrome between the age of 24-59 months and 60-83 months. The children's gait pattern over the years was established by the changes in frequency instead of the changes in the stride length for the development of gait speed.  In conclusions, hehavior modifications in the anthropometric and spatiotemporal variables of the gait in children with Down Syndrome appear to be barely evident between 24 and 59 months of age.

Field of study: Education
Influence of active-medium inhomogeneities on the single-pulse emission characteristics of periodic lasers with unstable resonators

A study is made of the influence of a lens-like active medium, and of optical inhomogeneities induced in it, on the spatial and temporal characteristics of single-pulse emission from a solid-state laser having unstable resonators. The analysis is performed by numerically solving the integral equation for an open resonator, filled with an active thermally deformed medium. The real active-medium temperature distribution is taken into account in calculating the equivalent resonator instability and the effective gain over the cross section of the active medium and in analyzing the features of spectrum formation and of the angular distribution of the emitted radiation.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Inclusive development and coastal adaptiveness

Highlights •The problems of demographic concentration and climate change result in an appeal for new coastal governance strategies. •Much of the coastal zone management literature tends to take a technocratic, growth-oriented focus. •A technocratic, growth-oriented focus exacerbates the poor's relationship with ecosystem services in the developing world. •In the developed world it may lead to artificial ‘problem structuring’ and the ‘depoliticization’. •Only if both social and ecological issues are taken into account will coastal strategies be truly inclusive and sustainable.

Field of study: Environmental science
Induced TRPC1 expression sensitizes intestinal epithelial cells to apoptosis by inhibiting NF-kappaB activation through Ca2+ influx.

Apoptosis occurs within crypts and at the intestinal luminal surface and plays a critical role in mucosal homoeostasis. NF-kappaB (nuclear factor-kappaB) is the central regulator of the transcription of genes involved in apoptosis, and its activity is highly regulated in the intestinal mucosa. We have recently demonstrated that TRPC1 (transient receptor potential canonical-1) is expressed in IECs (intestinal epithelial cells) and functions as a Ca2+ permeable channel activated by Ca2+ store depletion. The present study tests the hypothesis that TRPC1 channels are implicated in the regulation of apoptosis by inhibiting NF-kappaB through the induction of TRPC1-mediated Ca2+ influx in the IEC-6 line. The expression of TRPC1 induced by stable transfection of IEC-6 cells with the wild-type TRPC1 gene (IEC-TRPC1 cells) increased Ca2+ influx after Ca2+ store depletion and repressed NF-kappaB transactivation, which was associated with an increase in susceptibility to apoptosis induced by exposure to TNFalpha (tumour necrosis factor-alpha) plus CHX (cycloheximide) (TNF-alpha/CHX), or STS (staurosporine). By contrast, the induction of endogenous NF-kappaB activity, by the depletion of cellular polyamines, promoted resistance to apoptosis, which was prevented by the ectopic expression of the IkappaBalpha super-repressor. Furthermore, inhibition of TRPC1 expression by transfection with siRNA (small interfering RNA) targeting TRPC1 (siTRPC1) decreased Ca2+ influx, increased NF-kappaB transactivation, and prevented the increased susceptibility of IEC-TRPC1 cells to apoptosis. Decreasing Ca2+ influx by exposure to a Ca2+-free medium also induced NF-kappaB activity and blocked the increased susceptibility to apoptosis of stable IEC-TRPC1 cells. These results indicate that induced TRPC1 expression sensitizes IECs to apoptosis by inhibiting NF-kappaB activity as a result of the stimulation of Ca2+ influx.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
SU‐FF‐T‐431: Uncertainties in Superficial Dose From Helical Tomotherapy Delivery Due to Target Localization Errors

To quantitate shallow‐depth dose calculation accuracy for IMRT breast treatment plans created with Tomotherapy system and to estimate the dose errors caused by setup errors.  A cylindrical solid water phantom with radiochromic film was used for this purpose. The split phantom can hold a film in coronal or sagittal planes. A 5cm thick PTV was contoured by extending it to the surface of the phantom. A plan was optimized to treat the superficial PTV while limiting the dose to the surrounding critical structures. To evaluate the setup uncertainties multiple phantom plans were generated by shifting the phantom 5, 10 and 20 mm to right and up (7, 14, and 28mm distance) and simulated doses were compared against the measured doses. The 3D dose matrices from TPS for no‐shift and shifted phantom plans were exported in DICOM and were analyzed in MatLab. Doses from eleven transverse slices were analyzed to estimate the dose differences in the shifted phantom plans. Shifted phantom plan dose distributions were transposed back onto the patient PTV and computed dose difference histograms (DDHs) in the PTV volume.  The planning system overestimated the shallow‐depth dose by as much as 14%, but was smaller than 3% at depths greater than 5mm. PTV DDHs for no and 7 mm shifts showed <5% dose differences, while for 14 mm, the dose differences were ⩽10% and were very large for the 28 mm shift.  Tomotherapy planning system computes the shallow‐depth dose within 14% accuracy at 1.0 mm and better than 3% for depths greater than 5mm. Setup errors ⩽7mm showed negligible dose errors, consistent with the use of image‐guided therapy. Large shifts were required to induce large dose errors in the PTV.  This work supported in part by Tomotherapy, Inc.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Effect of different packaging processing on apple peach during storage

Due to softening,browning and decaying,in order to lengthen the storage period,apple peach was packaged with modified atmosphere packaging boxes and plastic bags under cold-storage conditions.Hardness,soluble solids,titratable acidity,Vc,reducing sugar content,total sugar,polyphenol oidase(PPO),peroxidase(POD) and malondialdehyde(MDA) were examined from apple peach packaged with modified atmosphere packaging boxes and plastic bags at(2±1) ℃ and 80%~90% RH.The results showed that:during storage,apple peach packaged with modified atmosphere packaging boxes can maintain a high hardness,soluble solids,titratable acidity,Vc,reducing sugar content,total sugar and reduce decay rate.The activity of peroxidase(POD) and polyphenol oxidase(PPO) was inhibited,and the content of malondialdehyde increased slowly.Therefore,modified atmosphere packaging boxes had significantly lengthened the storage period of apple peach.After 60 d storage,modified atmosphere packaging boxes can obviously extend apple peach's storage period and shelf life.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Text Feature Selection Method Based on Improved TFIDF

Analyzes several common evaluation functions for feature selection,then applies the terms weight function in feature selection,proposes a new evaluation function based on improved TFIDF method called TFIDF-Dac.In order to show the ability of separating from categories,introduces the distribution information between categories of feature item in this new method and it made up the disadvantages of the traditional TFIDF.Experiments have proved that the improved feature selection method can effectively improve the precision of the text categorization result.

Field of study: Computer science
Did Veblen Generalize Darwinism (And Why Does It Matter)?

This paper examines the claim that Veblen's theory of cultural evolution has generalized Darwinian principles to socioeconomic phenomena. Our argument takes place in the debate around "generalized Darwinism" in evolutionary and institutional economics. We claim that Veblen frequently relied on the concept of selection and considered institutions both as units and as factors of selection. We also argue that some of Veblen's insights can be clarified by expressing them in evolutionary-game theoretic terms. Thus, we suggest a close connection between the ontological framework of generalized Darwinism and the technical study of evolutionary phenomena through evolutionary game theory.

Field of study: Economics
Experimental measurement and modelling of vapor-liquid equilibrium for 3,3,3- Trifluoropropene (R1243zf) and trans-1,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene (R1234ze(E)) binary system

The environmental performance becomes the critical factor of the selection of refrigerant. 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (R1243zf) and trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R1234ze(E)) are environmental friendly candidates to replace R134a. Whereas, in the consideration of environmental factor, safety, and energetic efficiency at the same time, none of the pure refrigerants has been proved to be a suitable solution. Mixed refrigerants provide an approach to this problem because the characteristics of refrigerant blends can be optimized for particular applications in the way pure component refrigerant alone cannot be. The purpose of this work is to explore an R1243zf/R1234ze(E) blend which can be possibly used as a long-term alternative to replace hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). We report the measurements of saturated vapor pressures of R1234ze(E) and R1243zf ranging from 273.17 to 353.13 K, and isothermal vapor-liquid equilibrium of R1243zf + R1234ze(E) systems from 283.15 to 323.14 K. The measurements are performed by static-analytic type apparatus coupled with two electromagnetic capillary samplers (ROLSI®, patent of Armines). The experimental data are correlated by the Peng-Robinson (PR) equation of state (EoS) associated with Mathias-Copeman (MC) alpha function and classical mixing rules. For the comparison of conventional mixing rules and excess free energy (GE) mixing rules models, classic van der Waals one fluid mixing rules and modified Huron-Vidal second-order (MHV2) mixing rules are employed respectively to the correlation of experimental VLE data. The modeling results are in good agreement with the measured data, while the PRMC-MHV2 model exhibits better performance in VLE prediction.

Field of study: Engineering
A Riemann problem for an elastic bar that changes phase

This paper is concerned with the dynamics of an elastic bar that can undergo reversible stress-induced phase transformations. We consider a Riemann problem in which the initial strains belong to a single metastable phase and prove uniqueness of solution that satisfy a nucleation criterion and a kinetic law at all subsonic and sonic phase boundaries. This paper generalizes the results of (3); the authors of (3) considered a piecewise linear material for which no wave fans exist, shock waves always travel at the acoustic speed and shock waves are dissipation-free. The material model of the present paper does not suffer from these degeneracies.

Field of study: Mathematics
Research Needs and Directions of Regional Climate Modeling Using WRF and CCSM

In final form 12 September 2006  Yet, climate modeling has long been approached using global models that can resolve only the broader scales of atmospheric processes and their interactions with land, ocean, and sea ice. Clearly, large-scale climate determines the environment for mesoscale and microscale processes that govern the weather and local climate, but, likewise, processes that occur at the regional scale may have significant impacts on the large-scale circulation. Resolving such scale interactions will lead to a muchimproved understanding of how climate both influences and is influenced by human activities. Since October 2003, the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) has supported an effort to develop regional climate modeling capability using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (see information online at www.wrfmodel.org/index.php) and the Community Climate System Model (CCSM) (information online at www. ccsm.ucar.edu/models). The goal is to develop a next-generation community Regional Climate Model (RCM) that can address both downscaling and upscaling issues in climate modeling. Downscaling is the process of deriving regional climate information based on large-scale climate conditions. Both dynamical and statistical downscaling methods have been used to produce regional climate change scenarios; however, their resolution and physical fidelity are considered inadequate. Hence, the global change community has expressed a strong demand for improved regional climate information to explore the implications of adaptation and mitigation and assess climate change impacts (see information online at www.climatescience. gov/events/workshop2002/). Upscaling encapsulates the aggregate effects of small-scale physical and dynamical processes on Research Needs and Directions of Regional Climate Modeling Using WRF and CCSM

Field of study: Environmental science
Clinical usefulness of bedside intracranial morphological monitoring: mobile computerized tomography in the neurosurgery intensive care unit. Report of three cases.

The practice of modern neurointensive care is based on the use of multimodality monitoring to respond rapidly to physiological, biochemical, or morphological changes and avoid secondary brain injury. Until recently, one important monitoring method, computerized tomography (CT), has not been available for bedside use. The authors have over 3 years of experience with the routine use of bedside CT scanning and have developed their own method of scanning the patients in their beds. In this report, they describe three illustrative cases in which the mobile CT scanner was of great value in the management of difficult neurosurgical intensive care problems. It is concluded that the availability of bedside morphological monitoring in the neurosurgery intensive care unit is of great help in management and clinical decision making.

Field of study: Medicine
Designing a Decision Support System to Diagnose Neonatal Clinical PICC Infection Using Fuzzy Logic

Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC) have entered neonatal intensive care units (NICU) as an instrument to reach blood vessels . Compared with central and peripheral venous catheters, PICCs have considerably reduced the side effects and complications [2-4]. The same instruments can be the cause of catheter-related bloodstream infection . The purpose of this study is to create a fuzzy expert system for the early diagnosis of catheter infection in newborns.  Factors effective in infection diagnosis were determined by a questionnaire and based on pediatric subspecialists’ comments. The system was designed bilingually (Persian and English) using C# software and SQL Server database. The output of the system is the percentage of infection risk. The system was assessed by the data of newborns’ files in one of the hospitals in Tehran.  Following the assessment, the sensitivity of the system turned out to be 95% and its Specificity and accuracy were 88 and 91 percent, respectively.  Non-specificity of clinical signs and laboratory findings of newborns’ blood infection made its diagnosis difficult and uncertain. Using the designed expert system can be effective in the diagnosis of catheter-related blood infection.

Field of study: Medicine
Extrapolation of mean-field models to superheavy nuclei

The extrapolation of self-consistent nuclear mean-field models to the region of superheavy elements is discussed with emphasis on the extrapolating power of the models. The predictions of modern mean-field models are confronted with recent experimental data. It is shown that a final conclusion about the location of the expected island of spherical doubly-magic superheavy nuclei cannot be drawn on the basis of the available data.

Field of study: Physics
cine Substitution and the Cu Effect in Stille Cross‐Coupling Reactions: Mechanistic Perspectives and Synthetic Utility

cine Substitution arising from slow transmetallation occasionally occurs in classic Pd-catalyzed Stille cross-coupling reactions with sterically hindered vinyltin components. Mechanistic explanations of this "abnormal" cross-coupling mode and the intriguing co-catalytic effects of metallic Cu species in restoring the ipso selectivity are summarized. Typical synthetic applications of this unique Cu effect and the advent of Cu-catalyzed Stille-type cross-coupling are also demonstrated.

Field of study: Chemistry
Cost-Effective Production of TiO2 with 90-Fold Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity Via Facile Sequential Calcination and Ball Milling Post-Treatment Strategy

Titanium dioxide (TiO2), the golden standard among the photocatalysts, exhibits a varying level of photocatalytic activities (PCA) amongst the synthetically prepared and commercially available products. For commercial applications, superior photoactivity and cost-effectiveness are the two main factors to be reckoned with. This study presents the development of simple, cost-effective post-treatment processes for a less costly TiO2 to significantly enhance the PCA to the level of expensive commercial TiO2 having demonstrated superior photoactivities. We have utilized sequential calcination and ball milling (BM) post-treatment processes on a less-costlier KA100 TiO2 and demonstrated multi-fold (nearly 90 times) enhancement in PCA. The post-treated KA100 samples along with reference commercial samples (P25, NP400, and ST01) were well-characterized by appropriate instrumentation and evaluated for the PCA considering acetaldehyde photodegradation as the model reaction. Lattice parameters, phase composition, crystallite size, surface functionalities, titanium, and oxygen electronic environments were evaluated. Among post-treated KA100, the sample that is subjected to sequential 700 °C calcination and BM (KA7-BM) processes exhibited 90-fold PCA enhancement over pristine KA100 and the PCA-like commercial NP400 (pure anatase-based TiO2). Based on our results, we attribute the superior PCA for KA7-BM due to the smaller crystallite size, the co-existence of mixed anatase-srilankite-rutile phases, and the consequent multiphase heterojunction formation, higher surface area, lattice disorder/strain generation, and surface oxygen environment. The present work demonstrates a feasible potential for the developed post-treatment strategy towards commercial prospects.

Field of study: Materials science
Ordered analytic Hilbert spaces over the unit disk

Let f , g be in the analytic function ring Hol(D) over the unit disk D. We say that f g if there exist M > 0 and 0 < r < 1 such that |f(z)| ≤ M |g(z)| whenever r < |z| < 1. Let X be a Hilbert space contained in Hol(D). Then X is called an ordered Hilbert space if f g and g ∈ X imply f ∈ X. In this note, we mainly study the connection between an ordered analytic Hilbert space and its reproducing kernel. We also consider when an invariant subspace of the whole space X is similar to X.

Field of study: Mathematics
Serum cholesterol in mental retardation.

Examination of serum cholesterol values from over 1,400 mentally retarded patients revealed that these results were significantly lower than corresponding results from normal subjects, and that the male patients had significantly lower results than the female patients. There appeared to be no significant correlation between serum cholesterol values and IQ, systolic or diastolic blood pressures, drugs used in treatment, presence or absence of epilepsy. There was no clinical evidence of underlying hyperthyroidism. Patients with Down's syndrome and phenylketonuria did not appear to have serum cholesterol values outside the range found for the other patients. The significance of these findings and possible causes for the low cholesterol values are discussed.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are sensors for ethanol in lung fibroblasts.

Chronic ethanol (EtOH) abuse in humans is known to independently increase the incidence of and mortality due to acute lung injury in at-risk individuals. However, the mechanisms by which EtOH affects lung cells remain incompletely elucidated. In earlier work, we reported that EtOH increased the expression in lung fibroblasts of fibronectin, a matrix glycoprotein implicated in lung injury and repair. This effect was blocked by α-bungarotoxin, a neurotoxin that binds certain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) thereby implicating nAChRs in this process. Here, we examine the identity of these receptors.



Mouse lung fibroblasts were stimulated with EtOH (60 mM) or acetylcholine (100 to 500 μM) and evaluated for the expression of fibronectin and nAChRs. Inhibitors to nAChRs or the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) were used to assess changes in fibronectin expression. Animals exposed to EtOH for up to 6 weeks were used to evaluate the expression of nAChRs in vivo.



First, in EtOH-treated fibroblasts, we observed increased expression of α4 and α9 nAChR subunits. Second, we found that acetylcholine, a natural ligand for nAChRs, mimicked the effects of EtOH. Dihydro-β-erythroidin hydrobromide, a competitive inhibitor of α4 nAChR, blocked the increase in fibronectin expression and cell proliferation. Furthermore, EtOH-induced fibronectin expression was inhibited in cells silenced for α4 nAChR. However, EtOH-treated cells showed increased α-bungarotoxin binding suggesting that α4 nAChR mediates the effects of EtOH via a ligand-independent pathway. Knowing there are several important cysteine residues near the ligand-binding site of α4 nAChRs, we tested the antioxidant NAC and found that it too blocked the induction of fibronectin expression by EtOH. Also, fibroblasts exposed to oxidant stress showed increased fibronectin expression that was blocked with α-bungarotoxin. Finally, we showed increased expression of α4 nAChRs in the lung tissue of mice and rats exposed to EtOH suggesting a role for these receptors in vivo.



Altogether, our observations suggest that α4 nAChRs serve as sensors for EtOH-induced oxidant stress in lung fibroblasts, thereby revealing a new mechanism by which EtOH may affect lung cells and tissue remodeling and pointing to nAChRs as potential targets for intervention.

Field of study: Medicine