nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Oxygen isotope evolution of biogenic calcite and apatite during the Middle and Late Devonian

Oxygen isotope ratios of well-preserved brachiopod calcite and conodont apatite were used to reconstruct the palaeotemperature history of the Middle and Late Devonian. By assuming an oxygen isotopic composition of −1‰ V-SMOW for Devonian seawater, the oxygen isotope values of Eifelian and early Givetian brachiopods and conodonts give average palaeotemperatures ranging from 22 to 25 °C. Late Givetian and Frasnian palaeotemperatures calculated from δ18O values of conodont apatite are close to 25 °C in the early Frasnian and increase to 32 °C in the latest Frasnian and early Famennian. Oxygen isotope ratios of late Givetian and Frasnian brachiopods are significantly lower than equilibrium values calculated from conodont apatite δ18O values and give unrealistically warm temperatures ranging from 30 to 40 °C. Diagenetic recrystallization of shell calcite, different habitats of conodonts and brachiopods, as well as non-equilibrium fractionation processes during the precipitation of brachiopod calcite cannot explain the 18O depletion of brachiopod calcite. Moreover, the 18O depletion of brachiopod calcite with respect to equilibrium δ18O values calculated from conodont apatite is too large to be explained by a change in seawater pH that might have influenced the oxygen isotopic composition of brachiopod calcite. The realistic palaeotemperatures derived from δ18O apatite may suggest that biogenic apatite records the oxygen isotopic composition and palaeotemperature of Palaeozoic oceans more faithfully than brachiopod calcite, and do not support the hypothesis that the 18O/16O ratio of Devonian seawater was significantly different from that of the modern ocean.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effects of Different Rates of N and K on the Nutrient Uptakeand Partition of Cabbage

The field trial was conducted for studying the effects of different rates of N and K on the nutrient uptake and partition of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var.capitata L.).The results revealed that sole application of nitrogen could increase the contents of N, B, Mn, Zn and decrease the contents of K,Ca, Mg,Cu and Fe.The sole potassium fertilizer could increase the K and contents of all microelements in cabbage heads, but decease the contents of other nutrients such as N, Ca and Mg. The combination of N,K fertilizer could alleviate the negative impacts of N fertilizer on K content, and K fertilizer on Mg content. The effect of combined N and K on the microelement contents would depend upon the response of sole application of N and K, and their interactions. Nitrogen and potassium fertilizer enhanced the nutrient uptakes,and the translocation of Ca and Mg from side leaves to heads. Application of N and K obviously increased the proportion of nutrients in the cabbage heads, and decreases the proportion in side leaves, which had positive influences on the growth, yield, quality and nutritional values of cabbage heads.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Terahertz excitation of the higher-order plasmon modes in field-effect transistor arrays with common and separate two-dimensional electron channels

Using a rigorous electrodynamic approach, the spectra of the terahertz response of periodically ordered arrays of field-effect transistors with two-dimensional electron channel were calculated. It was shown that the higher-order plasmon resonances can be excited in such structures at frequencies above 10 THz.

Field of study: Physics
PIaaS: Cloud-oriented secure and privacy-conscious parking information as a service using VANETs

In this paper, we present a VANET-oriented cloud framework more explicitly as VANET commissioning clouds and propose a novel security and privacy-conscious service termed as Parking Information as a Service (PIaaS) employing VANET-oriented clouds. PIaaS offers more elegant parking information from cloud infrastructure to vehicular nodes in a security and privacy-conscious manner. The authentic vehicular nodes (verified by the Traffic Management Bureau (TMB)) along with Parking Side Units (PSUs) communicate their frequent parking information termed as Parking Mobility Vectors (PMVs) with the cloud infrastructure through the Road Side Units (RSUs) named as Communication Terminals (CTs). The CTs forward the inelegant parking information (PMVs) from vehicular nodes to the cloud system, while after processed by the cloud infrastructure in coordination with PSUs construct and transmit more elegant parking information towards the respective physical location of the vehicular nodes. All the communication and exchange of parking information between cloud infrastructure and vehicular nodes is handled in a privacy-conscious anonymous way. It is hard to linkage PMVs to certain vehicular nodes for some kind of information leakage or exploitation. The proposed PIaaS scheme using identity-less PMVs that protects movement profiles of the vehicular nodes from the exploitation of both insider and outsider attacks. Moreover, we proposed a novel geo-location-based parking lock encryption mechanism for location privacy and non-frameability. The cooperation among vehicular nodes, PSUs, and the cloud infrastructure is not only limited to the parking information dissemination but it also provides various kind of useful services such as route-based traffic congestion reports, vehicle theft control, and malicious vehicle detection. The cloud-oriented centralized information storage of the PMVs is very much helpful for analysis and forensics by TMB. In a nutshell, cloud infrastructure process the Big Parking Data (BPD) and yields the most significant parking information in a dynamic, pertinent, privacy and confidentiality preserved manner.

Field of study: Computer science
Identification, characterization and regulation of two secreted polygalacturonases of the emerging rice pathogen Burkholderia glumae.

Burkholderia glumae is an emerging seed-borne rice pathogen in many areas around the world. Previous studies have demonstrated that B. glumae produces two major virulence factors: the phytotoxin toxoflavin and a secreted lipase. This synthesis of both of these factors is regulated by an N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL)-dependent, cell-density-dependent quorum-sensing regulation system. This study reports the production and secretion of two highly similar endo-polygalacturonases (designated PehA and PehB) by B. glumae. The two enzymes were purified to homogeneity and the corresponding genetic determinants were identified and characterized. When either polygalacturonase gene was inactivated, B. glumae retained rice virulence comparable to that of the wild-type parent strain. Furthermore, the role of AHL-dependent quorum sensing and of plant cell wall degradation compounds in their regulation was investigated.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
The Development of Institutions of Higher Learning & the Quality of Talents

The relationship of the development of institutions of higher learning and the quality of talents is the contrary unification, which implies two contraries of quality v. quantity and scale v. efficiency.Two inclinations should be avoided, i.e. to pursuit the rapid development at the expense of quality;or to ignore the request for development but with all the concentrations on quality. So we must deal well with the relationships and be careful not to slip down to either extreme.

Field of study: Education
Effect of Thermomechanical Treatment on Structures and Properties of 7A04 Aluminum Alloy

The effects of thermomechanical treatment on the structures and properties of 7A04 aluminum alloy were studied by mechanical tensile test,metallographic and TEM analysis.The results show that thermomechanical treatmen is the effective method to increase the strength and plasticity of 7A04 aluminum alloy.

Field of study: Materials science
Detection of circulating intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 antigen in malignant diseases

A new monoclonal antibody (MoAb) H A58 (IgG 1) was prepared, which recognizes the binding site on the intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) antigen to the lymphocyte function‐associated antigen‐1 (LFA‐1). The double‐determinant immunoassay (DDIA) was established with use of MoAb HAS8 and another anti‐ICAM‐1, MoAb CL207, to detect the soluble, shedding ICAM‐1 antigen. Human recombinanl interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) induced not only the expression of cell surface ICAM‐1, but also the shedding ICAM‐I antigen in an IFN‐y concentration‐dependent and incubation‐time‐dependent manner. DDIA was applied to detect the shedding ICAM‐1 antigen in the sera of patients with malignant or benign diseases. The incidence of posilivity for ICAM‐I antigen in malignant diseases was higher than that in benign diseases or in healthy controls. Furthermore, the sera of cancer patients with liver metastasis showed higher levels of the shedding ICAM‐1 antigen. These findings suggest that serum ICAM‐1 antigen may be a useful marker to monitor tumor burden in cancer patients.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
The Social Media Usage and its Impact on the Innovative Behavior: The Mediator Role of Information Technology: A Field Study in the Information and Communication Technology Organizations in Jordan

This study aimed to shed the light on the role of Social Media usage in the innovative behavior through the recent information technology (IT) in the organizations specialized in the information and communication technology (ICT) field. The study population consisted of the ICT organizations operating in Jordan as affiliated with the Information and Communication Technology Association (INTAJ) amounting to 161 organization. The analysis unit consisted of the managers in the top and middle level. The study relied on the simple random sample; and it reached a number of conclusions the most important of which is that the perceptions by respondents of the independent variable Social Media Usage were medium; and the same applies to all its dimensions. 

The dependent variable Innovative Behavior was also medium, as well as all its dimensions. As for the mediator variable IT, the respondents' perceptions were high, along with all its dimensions. The study indicated that there is a statistically significant impact for the Social Media usage with its component on the innovative behavior. Also, it was found that a statistically significant impact for the Social Media usage with its component on the innovative behavior through the IT in the organizations operating in the ICT field in Jordan. These conclusions indicated that there is an opportunity for the ICT organizations to promote its innovative behavior through the Social Media usage. Based on the reached conclusions, the study concluded a set of recommendations the most important of which is that the awareness should be increased with respect to the capacities that are available due to the use of the Social Media as well as the advantages that can be utilized by the ICT organizations in Jordan through this use; the organization should well utilize the Social Media usage especially the Groups and Sharing by taking the necessary decision that lead to the activation of the Social Media role in the various phases of the innovative behavior; and the need for the organizations to direct the use of Social Media through the dissemination of a culture of innovation based on the use of Social Media.

Field of study: Business
Revised: Block Cipher Based Hash Function Construction From PGV

Preneel, Govaerts, and Vandewalle[12] considered the 64 most basic ways to construct a hash function from a block cipher, and regarded 12 of these 64 schemes as secure. Black, Pogaway and Shrimpton[3] proved that, in black-box model, the 12 schemes that PGV singled out as secure really are secure and given tight upper and lower bounds on their collision resistance. And also they pointed out, by stepping outside of the Merkle-Damgard[5] approach to analysis, an additional 8 of the 64 schemes are just as collision resistant as the first group of schemes. In this paper we point out that the 12 compression functions that PGV singled out are free start collision resistant and others are not, the additional 8 compression functions are only fix start collision resistant as singled out by BRS, the hash functions based on those 20 schemes are fix start collision resistant, the upper bound of collision resistance and preimage resistant are given based on conditional probability of | ( ) = Y X x P y , | ( ) = Y K k P y of compression function, not based on assumption of random oracle model, the bounds have more practical value than the bounds given by BRS. In view point of collision resistant, the best 4 schemes are not among the 12 schemes singled by PGV, and among the 8 schemes point out by BRS, and block cipher E itself is the best compression to build a collision resistant hash function. At the end of the paper, two recommend structure of block cipher based hash function are given, and a prove of their securities are also given.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Estimation of spectral slit width and blind deconvolution of spectroscopic data by homomorphic filtering.

A numerical method is developed to estimate the spectral slit width of a spectrophotometer which degrades the spectral resolution of the measured data. The slit width is estimated from the measured spectrum in certain conditions. This method is based on homomorphic filtering and utilizes the cepstrum of the average log Fourier spectrum of the section spectra. Computer simulations and experimental examples for infrared absorption spectra of ammonia gas demonstrate the potential of the method for practical applications to the preprocessing of deconvolution. A blind deconvolution method is also examined through the experimental result with an ammonia gas spectrum.

Field of study: Physics
The cost-effectiveness of radon-proof membranes in new homes: a case study from Brixworth, Northamptonshire, UK.

Installing radon-proof membranes in new homes can reduce the exposure of those living in the properties to the radiation caused by a build up of radon gas. This paper considers whether doing so is cost-effective for a group of new houses constructed in the village of Brixworth, Northamptonshire, UK. The measure of cost-effectiveness used is cost per quality-adjusted life-year gained. Brixworth is situated in a high-radon area of the UK. As a result, all properties built there must comply with building regulations that require installation of membranes. When compared with a number of medical interventions and a well-established threshold value for cost-effectiveness, the use of membranes in new properties in the village is shown to be cost-effective. This result also pertains when adjustment is made for a number of assumptions adopted in estimating the cost per quality-adjusted life-year gained. The paper concludes with suggestions for future research to establish whether or not the use of membranes in new properties in other areas would be cost-effective.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Provenance of Cretaceous clastics in the Subhercynian Basin: constraints to exhumation of the Harz Mountains and timing of inversion tectonics in Central Europe

The Harz Mountains and the adjacent Subhercynian Cretaceous Basin figure as the most prominent surface representative for Late Cretaceous inversion structures in Central Europe. Facies, depositional architecture and provenance of the basin fill reflect mechanisms and timing of the exhumation of the Harz. From Hauterivian to Early Santonian there is no evidence for detrital input from the nearby Harz area. Sediments are mature quartzarenites derived from Paleozoic basement rocks and/or recycled Permian to Mesozoic sedimentary rocks. This situation changed drastically in Middle to Late Santonian when freshly exhumed and eroded Mesozoic sedimentary cover rocks of the Harz were delivered into the basin. Feldspar and lithoclasts reflect erosion of Triassic and, in places, Jurassic to Turonian strata. Apatite and garnet in heavy mineral spectra are derived from largely unweathered Lower Triassic Buntsandstein as indicated by apatite and garnet chemistry. In Early Campanian, Paleozoic lithoclasts indicate erosion cutting down into the basement of the Harz. Simultaneous strong decrease of feldspar, garnet and apatite suggest an almost complete removal of the 2–3 km thick Mesozoic cover of the Harz within only 2–4 Myr. This translates into an exhumation rate of approximately 1 mm/a consistent with apatite fission track data from granitoid rocks of the Harz Mountains.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Elephant in the Room: Detrimental Effects of Animals' Property Status on Standing in Animal Protection Cases

Animalsr long-standing status as property serves tonhinder many attempts to secure rights and protections fornanimals in the legal arena. Even within the realm ofnproperty law, states vary on how animals are viewed andnprotected. Because of these long-held views andninconsistencies, the rights of animals are not taken asnseriously as is warranted. Moreover, a personrs interest innanimals has been trivialized, especially regarding the...

Field of study: Law
Reduced Mean-Square Error Quadratic Inverse Spectrum Estimator

A new spectrum estimator is introduced. The new estimator exploits quadratic-inverse theory to attain improved mean-square error performance over the standard multitaper spectrum estimators. The standard, non-adaptive, eigenvalue weighted multitaper estimator is obtained by averaging a high-resolution inconsistent spectrum estimator over the estimator bandwidth. The improved performance of the proposed estimator results from replacing this average with a weighted average computed in the space spanned by the quadratic-inverse basis. The weighting, determined analytically, is chosen such that the resulting estimator minimizes the sum of the variance and the square of the in-band bias; neglecting bias due to spectral leakage and potential bias due to the possible incompleteness of the quadratic-inverse basis. For a white spectrum the neglected bias is found to be as small as that of a standard, non-adaptive multitaper spectrum estimator. The relative reduction of the mean-square error of the proposed spectrum estimator is validated by simulation for an ARMA(4,2) process, and results in a typical mean-square error reduction of 5% for large time-bandwidth parameters and 20% for a time-bandwidth parameter of four, when compared to the non-adaptive, non-eigenvalue weighted multitaper estimator. When compared to the adaptive multitaper spectrum estimator, larger mean-square error improvements are attainable. An expression for the theoretical probability density function for the proposed estimator is given. It is found to be as accurate as the asymptotic probability density function for the standard multitaper estimator.

Field of study: Engineering
Simplicity of rings of differential operators in prime characteristic

Let $W$ be a finite dimensional representation of a linearly
 reductive group $G$ over a field $k$. Motivated by their work on classical
 rings of invariants, Levasseur and Stafford asked whether the
 ring of invariants under $G$ of the symmetric algebra of $W$ has a simple ring
 of differential operators. In this paper, we show that this is true in prime characteristic.
 Indeed, if $R$ is a graded subring of a polynomial ring over a perfect field
 of characteristic $p>0$ and if the inclusion $R\hookrightarrow S$ splits, then
 $D_k(R)$ is a simple ring. In the last section of the paper, we discuss how
 one might try to deduce the characteristic zero case from this result.
 As yet, however, this is a subtle problem and the answer to the question of
 Levasseur and Stafford remains open in characteristic zero. http://www.luc.ac.be/Research/Algebra 1991

Field of study: Mathematics
An Elective Course to Promote Academic Pharmacy as a Career

To implement and assess an elective course that engages pharmacy students’ interest in and directs them toward a career in academia.  A blended-design elective that included online and face-to-face components was offered to first through third-year pharmacy students Assessment. Students’ knowledge, skills, and attitudes toward academic pharmacy were measured by pre- and post-course assessments, online quizzes, personal journal entries, course assignments, and exit interviews. The elective course promoting academic pharmacy as a profession was successful and provided students with an awareness about another career avenue to consider upon graduation. The students demonstrated mastery of the course content.  Students agreed that the elective course on pharmacy teaching and learning was valuable and that they would recommend it to their peers. Forty percent responded that after completing the course, they were considering academic pharmacy as a career.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Effects of chronic and acute exposure to sulphur dioxide on the growth of hybrid poplar cuttings

Hybrid poplar clones were fumigated in controlled-environment chambers with either 5 ppm sulphur dioxide for 1 1 2 , 3, and 6 h or with 0·25 ppm sulphur dioxide for six weeks. Multivariate analyses were made from shoot-growth data before and after treatment and on the foliar injury induced by SO 2 . Both short- and long-term fumigation produced similar plant-behaviour responses to the two SO 2 concentrations.

Field of study: Environmental science
Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds in Printing and Plastic Packaging Materials of Instant Noodles by Headspace Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

A headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometric(HS/GC-MS) method was used to analyze seven volatile organic compounds(VOCs) including isopropyl alcohol,ethyl acetate,benzene,butyl acetate,ethylbenzene,m/p-Xylene,o-Xylene in printing and packaging materials of instant noodles.The important experiment parameters related to the HS/GC-MS method were optimized,equilibrium temperature of 80 ℃ and headspace equilibrium time of 40 min.In the experiment,linear calibration curves of the seven VOCs were obtained with correlation coefficients of more than 0.9991,the detection limits were in the range of 0.004-0.007 mg/m2,the recoveries ranged from 93% to 102% with RSD less than 3.1%.The results indicated unprinted plastic film contained isopropyl alcohol,ethyl acetate,butyl acetate,printed plastic film contained the seven VOCs,and the contents of the three VOCs including isopropyl alcohol,ethyl acetate and butyl acetate were higher than unprinted plastic film.Plastic laminated films contained the seven VOCs,the contents of the five VOCs including isopropyl alcohol,ethyl acetate,butyl acetate,m/p-Xylene,o-Xylene were higher than printed plastic film,and the contents of benzene and ethylbenzene were lower.The amount of the seven VOCs in the plastic laminated films was 0.42 mg/m2,and the benzene solvent content was 0.25 mg/m2.The content of VOCs in black ink was higher,followed by yellow ink and magenta ink,while white ink had the lower content.Binder contained isopropyl alcohol,ethyl acetate,butyl acetate,m/p-Xylene,o-Xylene.Reducing benzene solvent contents in printing inks and binder was an important procedure to ensure the safety of the packaging materials of instant noodles.Longer drying time and higher drying temperature could help reduce the residual quantity of VOCs in packages of instant noodles.

Field of study: Chemistry