nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The application of environmental ethics in biological conservation: a case study from the southernmost tip of the Americas

Biological conservation is not only about facts and technical measures concerning ecology, rather it must also consider values. This pertains to both the balancing of various human interests and also to the ethical evaluation of human actions towards nature. Here we discuss how environmental ethics can be incorporated into conservation decisions, and what implications the inclusion of ethical valuation has for the practice of conservation biology. While this is done mostly on a rather abstract level, we illustrate this here by applying ethical theory to a case study: the options for management of the introduced North American beaver (Castor canadensis) in the very south of Chile (Navarino Island). The beaver is an exotic species to the area and has substantially altered the ecological systems of the region. We discuss different options for dealing with the beaver (eradicate, control, tolerate, promote) from the viewpoint of anthropocentric environmental ethics and biocentric ethics. The results of our analysis demonstrate the value of ethical discussions in clarifying and underpinning arguments for and against specific actions. At the same time, they also show that ethical arguments do not decrease the need for sound scientific data but, on the contrary, may even increase this demand. We also highlight that the conclusions regarding adequate actions to be taken vary depending on the specific ethical theory embraced.

Field of study: Environmental science
Overexpression of striatal enriched phosphatase (STEP) promotes the neurite outgrowth induced by a cAMP analogue in PC12 cells.

A cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) designated as striatal enriched phosphatase with a molecular weight of 46 kDa (STEP46) is highly expressed in striatal neurons with dopamine D1-receptors. To examine the hypothesis that STEP46 is involved in the neuronal functions modulated by the cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-signaling system, we introduced the complementary DNA of STEP46 into the pheochromocytoma cell line PC12, which exhibits neuronal differentiation characterized by neurite outgrowth in response to cAMP and nerve growth factor stimulation, and we established subclonal cell lines that constitutively overexpress STEP46 protein with PTPase activity. The subclones expressing STEP46 showed increased neurite outgrowth during differentiation induced by a cAMP analogue (dibutyryl cAMP). The positive regulatory role of STEP46 in the cAMP-induced neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells indicates that STEP46 may play a role in neuronal processes modulated by the cAMP-signaling cascade as a PTPase.

Field of study: Biology
Design and Implementation of Rotation Around Tool Center Point Algorithm for 5-Axis CNC

To realize high effective 5-axis maching,the RTCP technology is deeply studied in this article.By the revolving angle subdivision and the non-linear error compensation at the interpolation point,the non-linear error has been decreased and the realtime capability for compensation has been ensured.By the foreseen control for the velocity and acceleration of cutter control point,the machine tool oscillation has been minished,so as to improve the quality of the workpiece exterior.The writer has put forward the union kinematics model based on the parameters configuration to improve the transplant performance of the workpiece programme.Finally,the algorithm has been added to the GJ-310 NC system and the efficiency of the algorithm has been validated.

Field of study: Computer science
Remote sensing of aerosols with small satellites in formation flight.

Determination of aerosol optical properties with orbital passive remote sensing is a difficult task, as observations often have limited information. Multi-angle instruments, such as the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) and the POlarization and Directionality of the Earth's Reflectances (POLDER), seek to address this by making information rich multi-angle observations, which can be used to better retrieve aerosol optical properties. The paradigm for such instruments is that each angle view is made from one platform, with, for example, a gimbaled sensor or multiple fixed view angle sensors. This restricts the observing geometry to a plane within the scene Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF ) observed at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). New technological developments, however, support sensors on small satellites flying in formation, which could be a beneficial alternative. Such sensors may have only one viewing direction each, but the agility of small satellites allows one to control this direction and change it over time. When such agile satellites are flown in formation and their sensors pointed to the same location at approximately the same time, they could sample a distributed set of geometries within the scene BRDF . In other words, observations from multiple satellites can take a variety of view zenith and azimuth angles, and are not restricted to one azimuth plane as is the case with a single multi-angle instrument. It is not known, however, if this is as potentially capable as a multi-angle platform for the purposes of aerosol remote sensing. Using a systems engineering tool coupled with an information content analysis technique, we investigate the feasibility of such an approach for the remote sensing of aerosols. These tools test the mean results of all geometries encountered in an orbit. We find that small satellites in formation are equally capable as multi-angle platforms for aerosol remote sensing, as long as their calibration accuracies and measurement uncertainties are equivalent. As long as the viewing geometries are dispersed throughout the BRDF , it appears the quantity of view angles determines the information content of the observations, not the specific observation geometry. Given the smoothly varying nature of BRDF 's observed at the TOA, this is reasonable, and supports the viability of aerosol remote sensing with small satellites flying in formation. The incremental improvement in information content that we found with number of view angles also supports the concept of a resilient mission comprised of multiple satellites that are continuously replaced as they age or fail.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Contingent Use of Teacher Attention and Praise in Reducing Classroom Behavior Problems

1 We are extremely indebted to the principal of Hays School. Urbana. 111.. John M. Bustard, for his complete .support of our work and to the teachers who made this research possible: Connie Carlson. Barbara Creinin. Joan Gusinow, Ozella Kelker and Mary Thomas. We also wish to acknowledge the assistance and support of Dr. Lowell M. Johnson. Director of Elementary Education. Urbana School District, Unit S116. This study was supported by grant HD40881-04 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.

Field of study: Education
Stochastic behaviour of various specific computer reliability models

This paper introduced two stochastic models related to various computer configurations, an expert system and a UNIX environment performance system. These types of system are useful in many areas such as diagnosis, monitoring, debugging, instruction, control, prediction, interpretation, designing and planning. It is the best tool for good decision making. In these systems, input information and data enter into control mechanism and, after that, processing in various facilities. After processing the data, conclusions or recommendations can be achieved in the form of output data. A practical problem also arises in this process, i.e., rebooting. Preventive maintenance (PM) is required to increase the working capacity of such a computer. Several cost effective reliability measures have been obtained using the Markov renewal process and graphical representations are also provided for further study.

Field of study: Engineering
Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Scrap Cans Alloy

Some cryogenic treatment experiments were carried out on aluminum scrap cans alloy at liquid nitrogen temperature for 48 h,and the mechaninal properties were tested and the microstructures were observed and analyzed.The experimental results show that cryogenic treatment can significantly improve the mechaninal properties of the alloy,the tensile strength and elongation is increased by 10.7% and 36.2%,respectively.

Field of study: Materials science
Effects of alternative reinforcement on human behavior: the source does matter.

Competing theories regarding the effects of delivering periodic response-independent reinforcement (more accurately, response-independent points exchanged for money) on a baseline rate of behavior were evaluated in human subjects. Contiguity theory holds that these events decrease target responding because incompatible behavior is adventitiously strengthened when the point deliveries follow target behavior closely in time. Matching theory holds that response-independent points, like any other alternative reinforcer, should reduce target responding. On this view, temporal contiguity between target responding and response-independent point delivery is unimportant. In our experiment, four different responses (moving a joystick in four different directions) were reinforced with points exchangeable for money according to four independent variable-interval schedules. Different schedules of point delivery were then superimposed on these baselines. When all superimposed point deliveries occurred immediately after one of the four responses (the target response), time allocated to target responding increased. When the superimposed point deliveries could be delivered at any time, time allocated to target responding declined and other behavior increased. When superimposed points could never immediately follow target responses, time allocated to target responding decreased further and other behavior or pausing predominated. The findings underscore the contribution of temporal contiguity in the effects of response-independent deliveries of food, money, points, etc.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Multi-stream 3D CNN structure for human action recognition trained by limited data

Here, the authors proposed a solution to improve the training performance in limited training data case for human action recognition. The authors proposed three different convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures for this purpose. At first, the authors generated four different channels of information by optical flows and gradients in the horizontal and vertical directions from each frame to apply to three-dimensional (3D) CNNs. Then, the authors proposed three architectures, which are single-stream, two-stream, and four-stream 3D CNNs. In the single-stream model, the authors applied four channels of information from each frame to a single stream. In the two-stream architecture, the authors applied optical flow-x and optical flow-y into one stream and gradient-x and gradient-y to another stream. In the four-stream architecture, the authors applied each one of the information channels to four separate streams. Evaluating the architectures in an action recognition system, the system was assessed on IXMAS, a data set which has been recorded simultaneously by five cameras. The authors showed that the results of four-stream architecture were better than other architectures, achieving 87.5, 91.66, 91.11, 88.05, and 81.94% recognition rates for cameras 0-4, respectively, using four-stream structure (88.05% recognition rate in average).

Field of study: Computer science
Chicken Thieves, Witches, and Judges: Vigilante Justice and Customary Law in Guatemala

This article explores the reasons for the spread of vigilante justice (linchamientos) in contemporary Guatemala. It investigates three specific linchamientos and suggests that the roots of such vigilante justice lie in a collapsing peasant economy, insecurity of all sorts, and an unravelling of the social fabric in rural communities through the militarisation of rural Guatemala. The article also argues that linchamientos are caused partly by a conflict over the attempts by the Guatemalan state to impose a certain type of order in rural Guatemala. It discusses the literature on customary law, in Guatemala and in various other locales around the world, and suggests that attempts to impose a state sanctioned legal system without adequate provision for customary law has helped contribute to a perception that the legal system is illegitimate, not just incompetent.

Field of study: Political science
[Acute back pain: minimizing the risks of therapy as the basis for effective treatment].

Dorsopathies are one of the most common pathologies in the practice of a neurologist and therapist. Lower back pain as a leader in years lived with disability. Clinical differential diagnosis using red flags can significantly reduce the proportion of patients with unreasonable examinations. Stratifying patients for the risk of chronic pain and delayed recovery also reduces the risks of prolonged NSAID therapy. Identification of risk groups for cardiovascular and gastrointestinal complications and differentiated prescription of drugs helps to reduce the risks of therapy.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
P-odd, T-odd asymmetries in the binary and ternary fissioning of oriented target nuclei by cold polarized neutrons

Since P-odd and T-odd asymmetries are generally not observed during the fissioning of unoriented target nuclei by polarized neutrons and oriented target nuclei by unpolarized neutrons, analogous asymmetries in angular distributions of products from binary and ternary fissioning of oriented target nuclei by cold polarized neutrons are thoroughly analyzed within the quantum theory of fission for finding these correlations. It is demonstrated that these correlations occur only when interference of the compound fissioning nucleus states with different spins is considered. Contributions from target nucleus orientations of different orders to coefficients of the asymmetries in question for fission fragments are estimated. Characteristics of analogous asymmetries for prescission and evaporation third particles are analyzed.

Field of study: Physics
Effects of phytase on the excretion of N and P in corn-soybean diets for piglets

Two 2×2 factorial balance experiments using 48 Landrace×Rongchang piglets were conducted to study the effects of phytase supplementation in the diets on the N and P of excretion.The experiment lasted for 2 weeks.In each experiment,there were 4 treatments with 2 dietary levels of available phosphorus(AP)(0.36% and 0.26%)and 2 levels of phytase supplementation(0 and 750 FIU·kg-1).Each treatment had 6 replicates with 1 pig.Dietary DE was 14.3 MJ·kg-1 and initial bodyweight of pigs was 9.2 kg for Exp.1,and 12.8 MJ·kg-1,16.9 kg for Exp.2.It is concluded that 750 FTU·kg-1 phytase supplementation reduces percent of P,Ca,N in feces and reduces the quantity excretion of N,Ca,P of units metabolize weight,decreased the percent of P and quantity excretion of P in feces(P0.05,P0.01),decreased the environmental pollution of P.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Collagen‐induced arthritis increases inducible nitric oxide synthase not only in aorta but also in the cardiac and renal microcirculation of mice

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may promote endothelial dysfunction. This phenomenon requires further investigation, especially in collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA), as it is considered the experimental model most similar to RA. The objectives of this study were to identify CIA‐induced changes in noradrenaline (NE) and acetylcholine (ACh) responses in mice aortas that may suggest endothelial dysfunction in these animals. Moreover, we characterize CIA‐induced modifications in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in the aortas and cardiac and renal tissues taken from these mice that may be related to possible endothelial dysfunction. Male DBA/1J mice were immunized with 100 μg of emulsified bovine collagen type II (CII) plus complete Freund's adjuvant. Twenty‐one days later, these animals received a boost of an additional 100 μg plus incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Fifteen days after the onset of the disease, aortic rings from CIA and control mice were challenged with NE and ACh in an organ bath. In these animals, iNOS was detected through immunohistochemical analysis of aorta, heart and kidneys. Plasma nitrite concentration was determined using the Griess reaction. CIA did not change NE or ACh responses in mice aorta but apparently increased the iNOS expression not only in aorta, but also in cardiac and renal microcirculation. In parallel, CIA reduced nitrite plasma concentration. In mice, CIA appears to increase the presence of iNOS in aorta, as well as in heart and in kidney microcirculation. This iNOS increase occurs apparently in parallel to a reduction of the bioavailability of NO. This phenomenon does not appear to change NE or ACh responses in aorta.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
A Comparative Study of Achievement Test Scores of Boys And Girls Taught Through Cooperative Learning Strategy

This study sought to determine the effects of Students Teams – Achievements Divisions, cooperative learning teaching strategy on students’ mathematics achievement in sequence and series topic by gender (sex). A quasi – experimental study was carried out on two form three classes in Komenda Edina Eguafo Abrem Municipality (KEEAM) in the Central Region of Ghana. The sample size was 97 comprising of 44 boys and 53 girls. One class ( n 1 = 47) was assigned as an experimental group and the other ( n 2 = 50) was assigned as a control group. A simple random sample technique was used to select the two schools that formed the study. The two groups were pretested prior to the implementation of the intervention. At the end of the study, posttest was given. Data collected were analysed using the t- test to compare the performance of boys and girls in the experimental group. The results indicated that there was no gender difference in students’ mathematics achievement after being taught sequence and series through cooperative learning.  Cooperative learning, Achievement, Gender

Field of study: Education
An optimal unrestricted learning procedure

We study learning problems involving arbitrary classes of functions $F$, distributions $X$ and targets $Y$. Because proper learning procedures, i.e., procedures that are only allowed to select functions in $F$, tend to perform poorly unless the problem satisfies some additional structural property (e.g., that $F$ is convex), we consider unrestricted learning procedures that are free to choose functions outside the given class. 
We present a new unrestricted procedure that is optimal in a very strong sense: the required sample complexity is essentially the best one can hope for, and the estimate holds for (almost) any problem, including heavy-tailed situations. Moreover, the sample complexity coincides with the what one would expect if $F$ were convex, even when $F$ is not. And if $F$ is convex, the procedure turns out to be proper. Thus, the unrestricted procedure is actually optimal in both realms, for convex classes as a proper procedure and for arbitrary classes as an unrestricted procedure.

Field of study: Computer science
Quantitative indices of gait in patients with psychogenic and organic dysbasia

: The study aimed at comparison of quantitative indices of gait in patients with hysteria and organic dysbasia. Two groups of patients were studied - 28 patients with psychogenic dysbasia and 22 with organic gait disturbances (cerebellar ataxia in multiple sclerosis and post stroke hemiparesis). A control group included 10 healthy subjects. Space and temporal gait characteristics were investigated using an impregnation method (footprint), i.e. analysis of gait parameters by footprints. Step width (base) and length, step frequency and gait speed were assessed. All parameters were recorded both at normal speed and accelerated gait. At accelerated gait, changes of step base (SB) were in different directions: in patients with hysteria and controls SB decreased and in patients with organic dysbasia increased. SB index (ratio of SB at accelerated gait to that at normal speed) was 1 in 91% of patients with organic gait disturbances. Maximal differences were found between subgroups with psychogenic and organic ataxia and less marked differences - in paresis.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
The application of the Poincaré-transform to the Lotka-Volterra model

In this article, we show how to apply the Poincaré-transform to the general Lotka-Volterra model and investigate the question of the global asymptotic stability of the locally stable equilibrium point. An attempt is made to estimate the domain of attraction when the critical point is not globally stable. Results for the two dimensional case, due to Goh , are improved.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Coastal use synergies and conflicts evaluation in the framework of spatial, development and sectoral policies

Coastal zones are submitted to pressures, due to population growth and continuous expansion of human activities, which become more intense by the effects of climate change. These pressures lead coastal administrators and stakeholders into taking actions to protect and further develop the coastal zones. Those actions are not always within the framework of spatial plans. Land-Sea interaction is an important factor that should be taken into account during the implementation of Spatial Plans. To this end, assuring the coherence between coastal terrestrial and marine planning is a prerequisite, as the coastal zone is the link between marine and terrestrial space. This paper aims to identify the land and sea uses interactions that result from a series of projects. As case study, the wider area of Heraklion, Crete Island, is considered. In Heraklion area, a series of projects in coastal zone are proposed to be implemented, by different stakeholders operating in the area. The methodology follows, a holistic decision making procedure that include the analysis of alternatives, categorisation and quantification of the consequences and implementation of trade-offs, aiming to introduce a method to assess the interactions between future land and sea uses, identify the land and sea uses interactions by quantifying the consequences of each intervention.

Field of study: Environmental science
Detection and analysis of human papillomavirus type 1 infection of skin warts from a dermatology clinic in Taiwan by southern hybridization.

Thirty cases of skin warts from the Dermatology Clinic at Tri-Service General Hospital were analyzed for the presence of human papillomavirus type 1 sequences by Southern blot hybridization. Thirteen of the 30 cases were HPV-1 positive. The prevalence was 43%. Episomal HPV-1 sequences were detected in 11 of 13 HPV-1 positive cases. There are two cases which probably contained integrated forms, one contained the higher molecular weight bands, and the other with 6 kb viral genome may be the result of rearrangement and deletion. Histological studies from HPV-1 positive specimens also indicated the typical features of HPV infection. Some cases with high copy number had a high frequency of inclusion bodies. Chi-square analysis showed that HPV-1 prevalence is not related to sex and different lesion locations, but the prevalence of HPV-1 in recurrent lesions is higher than that of initial lesions.

Field of study: Biology