nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Orbital and spin effects for the upper critical field in strongly disordered iron pnictide superconductors

We report upper critical field, resistivity, and Hall data for disordered (As deficient) LaO_0.9F0.1FeAs_1-\delta in high fields up to 60 T. Due to the large linear initial slope of Bc2 near T_c the in-plane Bc2(T) shows a flattening near 23 K above 30 T which points to the onset of a Pauli-limited (PL) behavior with Bc2(0) about 65 T. We interpret the hitherto unexplained flattening of the Bc2(T) curves reported for several other disordered related systems as the Co-doped 122 or the (Ba,K)Fe2As2 (single crystals) for applied fields H || (a,b) also as evidence for PL. Their Maki parameters alpha about 0.9 -1.5 and similarly alpha about 3.5 for NdO_0.7F_0.3FeAs to be compared with alpha about 1.3 for our As deficient La-1111 sample have been estimated analyzing the Bc2(T) data within the WHH model. The significant paramagnetic effect observed for several 122 single crystals obtained from a Sn-flux is attributed also to a pronounced As deficiency based on wave length dispersive x-ray spectroscopy data reported by Ni et al. (2008 (PRB, v.78 014507). Consequences of our results are discussed in terms of disorder effects within conventional and unconventional superconductivity (SC). Proposed unconventional p- and d-wave scenarios of SC can be discarded for our samples. The enhancement of the upper critical field slope near Tc by strong disorder provides evidence for an important attractive intraband contribution to pairing of Cooper pairs in Fe pnictides. We compare our results with Bc2 data in the literature which show often no Pauli-limiting behaviour for fields below 60 to 70 Tesla measured so far. A novel disorder related scenario of SC with 2 different competing magnetic instabilities is proposed.

Field of study: Physics
The g-factor and the electric quadrupole moment of the 7/2+ isomer in125Xe

The time differential perturbed angular distribution method (PAD) was used to measure theg-factor and the electric quadrupole interaction in a Cd single crystal for thet1/2=140 ns,Iπ=7/2+ isomer in125Xe. Theg-factor isg=+0.264(10) and the quadrupole coupling constante2Qq/h=122.1 (6) MHz at 552 K. The lifetime of theIπ=11/2+ state was measured to beτ=11.3 (1.1) ps by the recoil distance method (RDM). From an analysis of the spectroscopic data using the triaxial-rotor-plus-particle (TRPP) model the quadrupole moment of the 7/2+ isomer is deduced to beQ=1.40 (15) b yielding an electric field gradient (efg)eq=3.6(4)·1017 V/cm2 for XeCd.

Field of study: Physics
The Impact of Environmental Pollution in Imo State: A Case Study of Okigwe Local Government Area

Environmental pollution is one of the phenomena that have gained international attention. Imo state is not an exception, hence the case of Okigwe local Government Area.This study was borne out of the inquisitives to verify the problems associated with the refuse disposal and how they affect the personal and environmental health of inhabitants. Environment concerns have become a major development issue in Nigeria as can be seen in the establish mental agency (Imsepa) and its equivalent at state levels and in all the local Governments of Imo state. Samples of 1000 people were selected using stratified random sampling. Questionnaire was employed for the data collection. Ten research questions were formulated for the study. The data collection. Using percentages. Findings from the study were discussed. Based on the findings suggestions were made on how to improve on Environmental refuse disposal for good personal and Environmental health. The suggestions were made not only to the Okigwe local Government Area but also to the society, Parents, especially women, students, school and wards of every household. 
 DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2013.v3n5p79

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Sixth WMO International Cloud Modeling Workshop

In final form 16 December 2005  2004, hosted by the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M) and cochaired by Daniela Jacob (MPI-M) and Wojciech Grabowski [National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)]. It extended to 20 years the long tradition of such meetings, starting in 1985 with the workshop in Irsee, Germany. Previous workshops were held in Toulouse, France (1988); Toronto, Ontario, Canada (1992); Clermont-Ferrand, France (1996); and Glenwood Springs, Colorado (2000). Because these workshops were rooted in the WMO’s weather modification activities, their emphasis has always been on the modeling of cloud microphysics and the interaction between cloud microphysics and cloud dynamics. About 60 scientists from Canada, China, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Israel, Japan, Libya, Namibia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Ukraine, and the United States participated in the workshop. (Interested readers are encouraged to visit the workshop Web page located at http://box.mmm.ucar.edu/events/ wmo_workshop04/. The Web page provides links to workshop cases, the workshop agenda, and most of the workshop-contributed papers.) Aside from a miniworkshop on convection parameterization, presentations and discussions focused on cases.

Field of study: Environmental science
Inhomogeneity in Doped Mott Insulator

We introduce the concept that there are two generic classes of Mott insulators in nature. They are distinguished by their responses to weak doping. Doped charges form cluster (i.e. distribute inhomogeneously) in type I Mott insulators while distribute homogeneously in type II Mott insulators. We present our opinion on the role inhomogeneity plays in the cuprates.

Field of study: Physics
Estimation of river ecosystem biodiversity based on the Chao estimator

The research was focused on identification of plant diversity assessment approach which would be suitable for flowing waters. Moreover, the study attempted to estimate the extent of the survey (sampling effort) needed for detection of full plant diversity in river ecosystems. The analysed data were collected in a botanical survey carried out on the lowland sandy bottom Wel river, which is a very common river type in Europe. The Chao method of estimation of total species richness of macrophytes and Hill numbers were used to estimate the diversity based on very common plants (inverse Simpson index) as well as frequent species (Shannon index) and also including rare species (species richness). The analysis showed that using standard macrophyte survey approach for rivers, it is relatively easy to record abundant plants, but it is not possible to detect all species, because many aquatic macrophytes occur with low frequency and abundance requiring enormous sampling effort to detect all of them. It exceeds capabilities of most scientific projects. To improve the accuracy of diversity estimation, the rarefaction and extrapolation method was recommended. This method can reduce the bias in diversity estimates based on limited observational data, and thus limit inaccurate conclusions and subsequent wrong decisions in the conservation frameworks related to freshwater protection.

Field of study: Environmental science
Rising medical costs and the reform of Japan's health insurance system

From the early twentieth century until recently, the Japanese health insurance system consistently expanded its coverage and benefits. In 1961, Japan achieved universal coverage for health insurance. In the 1970s, however, the insurance system began to experience severe fiscal problems, as total medical expenditures rose faster than national income, as medical costs for the elderly increased rapidly, and as enormous budget deficits accumulated in several insurance schemes. Controlling the increase in medical care expenditures became the top priority of the 1980s for the Ministry of Health and Welfare. The paper presents recent government policies and efforts to contain medical expenditures and establish a firm financial basis for Japan's social security system. The government began with regulating the demand side of medical care but is also introducing planning measures for supply factors. Possible government interventions to contain medical expenditures are proposed for both demand and supply approaches. Measures for cost containment, however, need to be balanced with efforts to improve people's health and maintain equity in the health insurance system.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Positive dependence of random variables with a common marginal distribution

In this paper we review some notions of positive dependence of random variables with a common univariate marginal distribution and describe the related moment and probability inequalities. We first present a comparison between i.i.d. random variables and exchangeable random variables via an application of de Finetti's theorem, then describe some useful probability inequalities via partial orderings of the strength of their positive dependence. Finally, we state a result for random variables which are not necessarily exchangeable. Special applications to the multivariate normal distribution will be discussed, and the results involve only the correlation matrix of the distribution.

Field of study: Mathematics
Thia-Diels–Alder reactions of hetaryl thioketones with nonactivated 1,3-dienes leading to 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyrans: evidence for a diradical mechanism

Dihetaryl thioketones possessing thiophen-2-yl and selenophen-2-yl rings react as “superdienophilic” reagents with nonactivated 1,3-dienes such as 2,3-dimethylbuta-1,3-diene, cyclopentadiene, and mixtures of isomeric hexa-2,4-dienes to produce the expected 2H-thiopyrans in moderate to excellent yields. In the latter case, the corresponding cis-2,2-dihetaryl-3,6-dimethyl-3,6-dihydro-2H-thiopyrans are formed as the sole products in a stereoconvergent thia-Diels–Alder reaction. A stepwise mechanism via delocalized diradical intermediates is postulated to rationalize the observed reaction course. Treatment of 4,5-dimethyl-2,2-di(thiophen-2-yl)-3,6-dihydro-2H-thiopyran with excess of m-CPBA at room temperature leads to the oxidation of the C=C bond and the sulfur atom in the six-membered ring.

Field of study: Chemistry
Relationship between male reproductive function and estrogen. VI. Effect of estradiol benzoate on the secretion of accessory sex glands in the bull

1.正常牛にestradiol 6mg30日間投与した場合の精液性状は,DESを投与した時と全く同じように精液量の減少,精子活力の減弱,精子数の軽度の減少,奇形率の増加(主としてlooped tail)などの所見が得られた。また精漿の交換試験では明らかに正常精子の運動性を減弱させた。2.精管結紮牛にestradiolを1~2mg連日7日間投与して採取した精漿の性状は,本牛精漿を添加した正常精子の生存性は低下した。3.去勢牛に試験期間50~100mgのtestosteroneを隔日に注射し,これにestradiolを5~10mg連日7~10日間投与し,1日のE:Tが1:2.5~1:10の割合になるようにした場合の精漿も前記同様,pHはアルカリ性に強く傾き,緩衝能力の減弱,果糖量の減少などが認められた。精漿の交換試験においてもEd投与未期および中止後の精漿は精子に対して阻害作用を呈した。4.これらの雄牛の精漿中無機質の濃度は,estradiolの投与によってNaの増加,Kの減少,Clは正常牛は減少,他は増加,Caについては正常牛は増加したが,他は著変がみられなかった。5.試験終了時に解剖して採取した副性器の組織所見では,末期testosteroneのみ投与のNo.3と,estradiolのみ投与のNo.4の問に若干の差が認められ,estrogenの影響が強かったNo.4では,前立腺部尿道のえ死,分泌物充満,尿道球腺の腺胞および排泄管内腔の分泌増加などの所見が得られた。以上のことからestragenが精巣における精子形成障害を起す以前のかなり早期に,副生殖腺の分泌物の性状に異常を誘起し,それが生産された精子に対して悪影響をおよぼすものと考える。

Field of study: Biology
Facile Synthesis and Structural, Linear and Nonlinear Optical Investigation of p-type Cu2ZnGeS4 Thin Films as a Potential Absorber Layer for Solar Cells

The fabrication of new kesterite absorber layers has drawn tremendous attention among a number of researchers. This article reports the preparation of good-quality copper zinc germanium sulfide Cu2ZnGeS4 (CZGS4) thin films via a convenient spray pyrolysis method. The fabrication of an Al/n-Si/Cu2ZnGeS4/Au heterojunction is also presented. X-ray diffraction results confirmed the tetragonal structure in the CZGS4 samples. Additionally, energy-dispersive x-ray examination illustrated that the Cu2ZnGeS4 samples possess a nearly stoichiometric composition. From the transmittance and reflectance data, the energy gap (Eg), refractive index (n) and absorption coefficient (α\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\alpha$$\end{document}) were assessed. According to the Tauc relation, the Cu2ZnGeS4 thin samples exhibit a direct optical transition. The energy gap values were found to be in the range of 1.52–1.27 eV. The dispersion and nonlinear optical parameters of the Cu2ZnGeS4 samples were also investigated. Electrical studies showed that the Al/n-Si/Cu2ZnGeS4/Au heterojunction has good rectifying properties, with efficiency of 3.3%.

Field of study: Materials science
Phonon Heat Conduction in Corrugated Silicon Nanowires Below the Casimir Limit

The thermal conductance of straight and corrugated monocrystalline silicon nanowires has been measured between 0.3 K and 5 K. It is demonstrated that the corrugation strongly reduces the thermal transport by reducing the mean free path of the phonons. The experimental averaged mean free path is remarkably smaller than the smaller diameter of the nanowire, evidencing a phonon thermal transport reduced below the Casimir limit. Monte Carlo simulations highlight that this effect can be attributed to significant multiple scattering of ballistic phonons occurring on the corrugated surfaces. This result suggests an original approach to transforming a monocrystalline material into a phonon glass.

Field of study: Physics
Redox Catalysis of Halide Ion for Formal Cross-dehydrogenative Coupling: Bromide Ion-catalyzed Direct Oxidative α-Acetoxylation of Ketones

A novel catalytic approach for formal cross-dehydrogenative coupling using the redox property of bromide ion is reported. Simple bromide salts MBr can work as catalyst for direct oxidative α-acetoxylation of ketones.

Field of study: Chemistry
Influence of biofilm thickness on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from denitrifying fluidized bed bioreactors (DFBBRs).

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a significant anthropogenic greenhouse gas emitted from biological nutrient removal (BNR) processes. This study tries to get a deeper insight into N2O emissions from denitrifying fluidized bed bioreactors (DFBBRs) and its relationship to the biofilm thickness, diffusivity, and reaction rates. The DFBBR was operated at two different organic and nitrogen loading rates of 5.9–7 kg COD/(m3 d) and 1.2–2 kg N/(m3 d), respectively. Results showed that the N2O conversion rate from the DFBBR at a biofilm thickness of 680 μm was 0.53% of the total influent nitrogen loading while at the limited COD and a biofilm thickness of 230 μm, the N2O conversion rate increased by 196–1.57% of the influent nitrogen loading concomitant with a sevenfold increase in liquid nitrite concentration. Comparing the N2O emissions at different biofilm thickness showed that the N2O emission decreased exponentially with biofilm thickness due to the retention of slow growth denitrifiers and the limited diffusivity of N2O.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Assessment and strategic management of HEIs'resources

Resources are vital conditions for the development of HEIs(Higher Education Institutes).During the stage of higher education massification,inadequate and lacking re- sources are the outstanding problems that HEIs are now confronted with.HEIs'resources contain tangible and intangible ones with different functions.We should offer precise assess- ment in order to lay a good resource foundation for HEIs'strategic management.

Field of study: Education
Design and Implementation of Information Monitoring System of Corporate Stationary Pollution Sources Based on Google Maps

Describes the development processes of enterprise information monitoring system on stationary pollution sources based on Google Maps API and database techniques.Discusses the design of the system architecture,the Google Maps API programming initialization,the system operation on maps,and the overall system and subsystems function design.When the environmental pollution accident occurs caused by corporate stationary pollution sources of non-normal emissions, the system has quick and timely response and disposal,and has given out a scientific basis to determine the pollution accident source quickly and accurately in dealing with appeal of environment pollution.

Field of study: Computer science
[Effects of protein kinase C activator and inhibitor on release of tumor necrosis factor from mouse peritoneal macrophages].

The effects of protein kinase C (PKC) activator 1-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and inhibitor 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H-7) and quercetin were studied on release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) from mouse peritoneal macrophages primed with Propionibacterium acnes (PA). The results showed that TPA (1-100 ng.ml-1) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) (1-100 ng.ml-1) induced the release of TNF from PA-primed mouse peritoneal macrophages in dose- and time-dependent manners in vitro, and the effects of TPA and LPS were inhibited by H-7 (12.5-100 mumol.L-1) or quercetin (6.25-25 mumol.L-1) in a dose-dependent manner. After ip H-7 (50 mg.kg-1), LPS-induced release of TNF in vivo decreased significantly. These results suggest that PKC may play a critical role in release of TNF from PA-primed macrophages.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Numerical Study of Magnetic Flux in the LJJ Model with Double Sine-Gordon Equation

The decrease of the barrier transparency in superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) Josephson junctions leads to the deviations of the current-phase relation from the sinusoidal form. The sign of second harmonics is important for many applications, in particular in junctions with a more complex structure like SNINS or SFIFS, where N is a normal metal and F is a weak metallic ferromagnet. In our work we study the static magnetic flux distributions in long Josephson junctions taking into account the higher harmonics in the Fourier-decomposition of the Josephson current. Stability analysis is based on numerical solution of a spectral Sturm-Liouville problem formulated for each distribution. In this approach the nullification of the minimal eigenvalue of this problem indicates a bifurcation point in one of parameters. At each step of numerical continuation in parameters of the model, the corresponding nonlinear boundary problem is solved on the basis of the continuous analog of Newton's method. The solutions which do not exist in the traditional model have been found. The influence of second harmonic on stability of magnetic flux distributions for main solutions is investigated.

Field of study: Physics
Reaction of 2-chloroethyl isothiocyanate with N-phenylethyleneimine and ethylene sulfide

The reaction of 2-chloroethyl isothiocyante with N-phenylethyleneimine in the presence of triethylamine gives 2-(2-chloroethyl)imino-3-phenyl-1,3-thiazolidine. A mixture (1∶2) of 2-(2-chloroethyl)imino-3-phenyl-l,3-thiazolidine and 7-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo-[2,1-b]thiazolinium chloride is obtained in the absence of a catalyst. The reaction of 2-chloroethyl isothiocyanate with ethylene sulfide in the presence of triethylamine gives 2,3,5,6-tetrahydrothiazolo[2,3-b]thiazolinium chloride, while the reaction with tetraethyl-ammonium bromide gives 2-ethyleneiminium-l,3-dithiolane chloride.

Field of study: Chemistry
Quaternary structure of UEA-II, the chitobiose specific lectin from gorse.

The chitobiose specific Ulex europaeus lectin II crystallizes in space group P3221 with unit-cell dimensions a = b = 105.54, c = 176.26 A. The asymmetric unit contains a complete lectin tetramer. The crystals were shown to diffract to 4.5 A on a rotating-anode source and to 2.7 A at the Daresbury synchrotron source. Molecular replacement and subsequent rigid-body refinement using data to 4.5 A yielded a solution corresponding to a tetramer very similar to that of phytohemagglutinin-L and soybean agglutinin. The monomers in the Ulex lectin tetramer are rotated approximately 5 degrees compared with the phytohemagglutinin-L and soybean agglutinin structures.

Field of study: Chemistry
Globalising Intellectual Property Rights: The TRIPs Agreement

Price System, and Absentee Ownership and Business Enterprise in Recent Times. He expanded on earlier themes and introduced new ideas, including the "soviet of technicians" and the illegitimacy of stock ownership. In Absentee Ownership he argued that America's greatest threat lay not in Bolshevism and the IWW but in the "One Big Union of financial interests" which controlled America's economy. Spindler argues that Veblen's later writings differ from his pre-war writings more in tone than in substance. In his early writings, he seemed more of a disinterested spectator making scientific observations on his subject matter. Afrer he left the academic world for good in 1918,his writing became more acerbic and polemic. Now he was making judgments as well as observations. Veblen was also the first to point out the factors that were changing American society from a production-driven economy to a consumer-driven one. America during and after the first World War saw a rise in the availability of durable goods including the automobile. The possession of goods became more than just a need to use them; it also was a measure of a person's social status. Production of products became less important than the marketing of products. In this, Veblen saw the middle class emulating the leisure class. Spindler reviews the influence of Veblen in two chapters. In one, he provides a quick literature search of books and articles pertaining to Veblen from the publication of Leisure Class to the present day along with a brief comment on their contents. Veblen was fairly well received during his lifetime and until the 1950s. His views on the inherent contradictions of business and industry seemed prescient after the crash of 1929, and he was held in wide esteem. In the 1950s and early 1960s, however, his reputation began to sink, in part due to the political climate of the era. Through the 1970s and 1980s, his significance was debated, and only during the past decade does there appear to be a revival of the interest that was shown in him during the early part of the twentieth century. Spindler, who teaches American literature, also devotes a chapter to tracing the influences Veblen had on American writers of fiction in the 1920s and 1930s. These show particularly in the novels of Sinclair Lewis, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and John Dos Passos. This is an excellent book to introduce Veblen to readers who have had little or no previous contact with his ideas. It is not a biography or an in-depth study of his ideas. Rather it is a summary of them that whets the appetite to learn more about him.

Field of study: Economics
Weil Representation and Metaplectic Groups over an Integral Domain

Given F a locally compact, nondiscrete, non-archimedean field of characteristic ≠ 2 and R an integral domain such that a non-trivial smooth character χ: F → R × exists, we construct the (reduced) metaplectic group attached to χ and R. We show that it is in the expected cases a double cover of the symplectic group over F. Finally, we define a faithful infinite dimensional R-representation of the metaplectic group analogue to the Weil representation in the complex case.

Field of study: Mathematics