nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Violation of the rate-window concept in the charge deep-level transient spectroscopy using second-order filtering

When applying the thermal-scan charge deep-level transient spectroscopy (Q-DLTS) utilizing second-order filtering to diamond- or GaAs-based Schottky-like diodes, we found correlated Q-DLTS signals which increased monotonically with temperature and did not depend on the rate window set at t1−1. In accordance with the hyperbolic kinetics of the transient current in diamond films, the related transient charge Q(t) (integrated current), when correlated, is invariant for the rate window. Thermal activation energy of the transient current is easily deduced from the Q-DLTS experiment. Possible consequences for feedback-charge capacitance–voltage measurements, which may also be classified as second-order filtering in the time domain, are pointed out. One of them might be a sign reversal of the excess capacitance at short times of observation.

Field of study: Materials science
Central extensions of preprojective algebras, the quantum Heisenberg algebra, and 2-dimensional complex reflection groups

Preprojective algebras of quivers were introduced in 1979 by Gelfand and Ponomarev [GP], because for quivers of finite ADE type, they are models for indecomposable 
representations (they contain each indecomposable exactly once). Twenty years later, these algebras and their deformed versions introduced in [CBH] (for arbitrary quivers) became a subject of intense interest, since their representation varieties, called quiver varieties, 
played an important role in geometric representation theory. Ironically, it is exactly for quivers of finite ADE type that preprojective algebras fail to have good properties—they are not Koszul and their deformed versions are not flat.

Field of study: Mathematics
Performing for Strangers: Women, Dance, and Music in Quattrocento Florence*

Contrary to a tradition of scholarly insistence on the invisibility of Florentine patrician women outside the domestic sphere, it can be argued such women did in effect perform a significant, public, or quasi-public, function in the negotiation of relationships between the Republic and other Italian, and European, elites. This article assembles fragmentary evidence concerning dancing and musical performance by women directed towards the entertainment of visiting notables in the second half of the Quattrocento, and uses modern concepts of gendered performance and the performance of gender to speculate on the nature of that experience for the women involved.

Field of study: History
Adenocarcinoma with Unknown Primary: Diagnostic Implications using Immunohistochemistry

Carcinoma of unknown primary site (CUP) is a heterogeneous group of cancers defined by the presence of metastatic disease with no identifiable primary tumor at presentation. We undertook this study to assess the utility of immunohistochemistry (IHC) for the determination of primary tumor site in adenocarcinomas. This retrospective study included 51 cases with a morphological diagnosis of metastatic adenocarcinoma with unknown primary. Basic IHC panel that included cytokeratin 7 (CK-7), cytokeratin 20 (CK-20), pan-cytokeratin (pan-CK), thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), and caudal type homebox 2 (CDX-2) was used. Additional extended panel with specific IHC markers was used in cases where the primary could not be determined using the basic panel. The male-to-female ratio was 1.4:1 with mean age of 50 years. The most common metastatic site was lymph node followed by liver. A conclusive diagnosis using IHC was achieved in 30 cases (58.82%). Specific diagnosis could be made in 8 cases (16%) using basic IHC panel. Extended panel yielded specific diagnosis in additional 22 cases (43.13%). Primary site could not be determined using even both the panels in 21 cases (41.18%). The panels for identification of the primary need to be flexible depending on the site of metastasis, age/sex of the patient, and detailed history, which may determine sensitivity and specificity of primary detection.

Field of study: Medicine
Four Faces of Up as a Functional Particle

The main claim of this paper is that the particle up in an English two-word verb is a function word compensating for or equivalent to a portion of a cognitively synonymous verb phrase to which the two-word verb corresponds. This portion may be a (direct-object) noun phrase, an adverbial phrase, a derivational marker, a verb-internal element or a combination of two or more of these. The particle thus often turns out to be anything but adverbial, which runs counter to its traditional characterization as an adverbial. Another major byproduct of this paper is the light it apparently sheds on the underlying meaning of the particle under discussion.

Field of study: Linguistics
Reversible decreases in the bulk elastic modulus of mature leaves of deciduous Quercus species subjected to two drought treatments

Changes in leaf water relations under water stress were examined. In experiment 1, water stress was imposed by withholding irrigation to potted seedlings of deciduous oak, Quercus crispula and Q. serrata. Changes in the pressure-volume (P-V) curve in mature leaves were followed. The leaf water potential at turgor loss (Ψ l,tip ) significantly decreased after 13 d of drought treatment. The bulk elastic modulus (e) significantly decreased, which contributed to the maintenance of cell turgor together with the decrease in osmotic potential. In experiment 2, water stress was imposed by notching a branch of a Q. serrata tree. After the notching, the daily minimum leaf water potential (Ψ 1 ) decreased, and a significant decrease in Ψ l,tlp was observed 15 d after notching. The osmotic potential at water saturation (Ψ π,sat ) did not decrease significantly until 25 d after notching whereas, e had already decreased significantly within 15 d after notching and increased promptly after substantial precipitation. It was confirmed that e of mature leaves decreased reversibly in water stress. This response of e was more rapid than that of the osmotic potential and, thus, effectively maintained cell turgor when water stress was suddenly imposed on the leaves.

Field of study: Environmental science
cDNA cloning and characterization of human Δ5-desaturase involved in the biosynthesis of arachidonic acid

Two human expressed sequence tag (EST) cDNA sequences with identity with ∆ 5 - and ∆ 6 -desaturases from a filamentous fungus, Mortierella alpina , were identified from the LifeSeq ® database of Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Palo Alto, CA, U.S.A.). An oligonucleotide complementary to the 3ʹ EST cDNA sequences was used to screen human liver cDNA using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE)-PCR. The amplified DNA fragment had 98% identity with a putative open reading frame (ORF) predicted from a human genomic sequence, and encoded 444 amino acids. Expression of this ORF in mouse fibroblast cells demonstrated that the encoded protein was a ∆ 5 -desaturase, as determined by the conversion of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (C 20:3, n -6 ) into arachidonic acid (C 20:4, n -6 ). The human ∆ 5 -desaturase contained a predicted N-terminal cytochrome b 5 -like domain, as well as three histidine-rich domains. A tissue expression profile revealed that this gene is highly expressed in fetal liver, fetal brain, adult brain and adrenal gland. A search of the existing databases led to localization of this ORF within a 14 kb interval flanked by the flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1) and vitelliform macular dystrophy (Best9s disease; VMD2) loci of chromosome 11q12.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Large multi-unit auctions with a large bidder

We compare equilibrium bidding in uniform-price and discriminatory auctions when a single large bidder (i.e., with multi-unit demand) competes against many small bidders, each with single-unit demands. We show that the large bidder prefers the discriminatory auction over the uniform-price auction, and we provide general conditions under which small bidders have the reverse preference. We use examples to show that the efficiency and revenue rankings of the two auctions are ambiguous.

Field of study: Economics
Analysis of Utilization of FDI in the Yangtze River Delta

Since 1990s, FDI are booming in china gradually and become essential impetus in the development of world’s economy and economy in developing countries especially. The Yangtze River Delta is an important region for foreign direct investment, including two provinces and shanghai city. FDI contributes a lot to the economic development in Yangtze River Delta. However, there exist many problems, for example, uneven development and scales of FDI in different cities, imbalanced development in three industries etc. In this paper, I analyze the problems and come up with resolutions to improve the FDI environment and its utilization for more economic boost to this region and China as a whole.

Field of study: Business
The Patient–Doctor Relationship Questionnaire (PDRQ-9) in Primary Care: A Validity Study

This study assessed the validity of the Patient–Doctor Relationship Questionnaire-9 (PDRQ-9) in a primary care sample (N = 180). Convergent validity was assessed through a correlation between the patient-rated PDRQ-9 and the physician-rated Difficult Doctor Patient Relationship Questionnaire-10 (DDPRQ-10). Discriminant validity was assessed through correlations between the PDRQ-9 and patient age, patient- and physician-reported health and psychological distress. To determine if the PDRQ-9 could discriminate between groups, patient PDRQ-9 ratings were compared between patients who were treated by faculty physicians versus those who were treated by residents. An exploratory factor analysis confirmed that the PDRQ-9 was made up of a single factor. The PDRQ-9 scale was internally consistent (α = .96) and significantly and negatively correlated with the DDPRQ-10 (r = −.22, p = .003) and was not significantly correlated with patient age, health, or psychological distress. PDRQ-9 ratings were statistically greater in patients who were treated by faculty physicians than those who were treated by residents (p = .01). This study provides additional support for the reliability and validity of the PDRQ-9 as a measure of the doctor–patient relationship in a primary care sample.

Field of study: Psychology
Structural evolution of the Alaska Juneau lode gold deposit, southeastern Alaska

The Alaska Juneau lode gold deposit is hosted by a series of polydeformed Permian to Late Triassic volcanic, pelitic, volcaniclastic, and mafic intrusive rocks. Rocks in the mine area have been sheared and metamorphosed to greenschist grade. Interpretation of rock fabrics indicates several generations of ductile and brittle deformation. Prior to mineralization, reverse shear occurred along northwest-striking and northeast-dipping ductile shear zones. Mineralization consists of Eocene auriferous quartz–carbonate veins, which cut the regional metamorphic fabrics. Mineralization was followed by reverse right-lateral shear along northwest-trending ductile–brittle shear zones. Two northwest-striking and steeply dipping vein sets host the bulk of the ore. Orientation of carbonate fibers within the quartz veins were used to determine the deformation regime that existed during mineralization. Plunge of the fibers indicate that down-to-the-northeast extension occurred synchronous with mineralization. Structural da...

Field of study: Environmental science
[Inhibitory effects of paeonol on experimental atherosclerosis and platelet aggregation of rabbit].

Aortic intimal abnormalities in rabbits treated with paeonol (100 mg/kg ip. qd x 6 wk) were significantly less than in the atherosclerotic control group. The serum llpoproteins contents had no obvious difference in the two groups at the end of the experiment. Paeonol clearly inhibited the platelet aggregation of rabbits in vitro (50, 100, 200 mg/ml PRP) and of rats in vivo (50 mg/kg iv) induced by thrombin. 5-HT release of platelet in rats was restrained by paeonol and the cAMP concentration of platelet in rabbits was significantly increased. These evidences suggest that the anti-atherogenic action of paeonol may be related to the inhibition of platelet aggregation and release.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Strengthening Techniques of Spot-welding Electrode Applied to Zinc Coated Steel

The poor weldability of zinc coated steel results in early failure of the resistance spot-welding electrodes.Hence,reinforcement of the electrode draws growing attention,and matrix enhancement and surface modification are two major technologies.The electrode is commonly cold worked copper alloy strengthened by Zr and Cr alloys.It can be further hardened by dispersion strengthening of the matrix with Al2O3,TiB2,ZrO2,and cryogenic treatment,surface treatment such as brush plate of Co,ion injection of W,electrospark deposition of TiC,TiB2 and TiN.All these methods are available to improve its lifetime.TiC based coating deposited on its surface by electrospark is a hopeful surface technology among them,which proves to be very effective by industrial applications.

Field of study: Materials science
Potassium doping effect on the lattice softening and electronic structure of Ba(1-x)K(x)Fe(2)As(2) probed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy.

Ba(1-x)K(x)Fe(2)As(2) superconducting samples (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5) were synthesized by the solid-state reaction method. In this contribution the doping effect of potassium on the lattice dynamics in this newly discovered Ba(1-x)K(x)Fe(2)As(2) superconductor has been investigated by extended X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy. The analysis shows that with potassium doping an increased disorder in the iron layers is mainly related to the softening of the Fe-Fe bond. Information about the electronic structure of these materials has also been obtained by looking at the X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectra that point out the presence of holes in the Fe-3d/As-4p hybridized orbital of the BaFe(2)As(2)-based system.

Field of study: Physics
Effect of localized traps on the anomalous behavior of the transconductance in nanocrystalline TFTs

It has been reported that nanocrystalline and microcrystalline devices show an anomalous behavior in the transconductance where several rates of increase of the transconductance with applied gate voltage, not present in amorphous TFTs are observed. In this paper we show that the anomalous effect of the transconductance is observed for an acceptor tail states activation energy similar to the normal values for hydrogenated silicon amorphous devices, (a-Si:H), provided that some conditions are met regarding the density of trapped charge in tail and deep states and the density of free charge in the material, which does not necessarily suggest a behavior in between amorphous and polycrystalline. The effect appears if the density of deep tail states, is smaller (higher) than the typical values in a-Si:H. The localized state distribution present in a nanocrystalline TFT prepared by hot wire deposition technique is estimated by comparison of experimental and simulated transconductance curves. In our case a lower density of deep states is obtained, which corresponds with their better light and bias stability.

Field of study: Engineering
Über elektrische Ströme in fließendem Quecksilber, hervorgerufen durch Diffusion der Leitungselektronen

ZusammenfassungAn einer rasch abklingenden zirkularen Strömung von Quecksilber wird ein durch verschieden große Diffusion der Leitungselektronen und der Atomrümpfe erzeugter elektrischer Strom bestimmt.Aus der Richtung des Stromes und einem Vergleich mit der Theorie wird gefolgert, daß in flüssigem Quecksilber Elektronen und Löcher mit einer „freien Weglänge“ vorhanden sind, und diese freie Weglänge bei den Elektronen um etwa 2% größer als bei den Löchern ist.Die Hall-Konstante für flüssiges Quecksilber läßt sich aus den Messungen zu −6,3 · 10−12 m3/A sec abschätzen.

Field of study: Physics
Antioxidant and collagenase inhibitory activity of ether soluble phenolic components of n-butanol fraction (ESP-BF) of flaxseed.

The present study was conducted to investigate antioxidant, collagenase inhibitory activity of ether soluble phenolic components of n-butanol fraction (ESP-BF) of flaxseed. Results demonstrated that ESP-BF had potent DPPH radical scavenging (IC50 51.18 μg/ml) and antilipid peroxidation (IC50 70.74 μg/ml) activity better than standard, ascorbic acid. ESP-BF also showed a dose dependent increase in reducing power. However, the observed ABTS scavenging activity of ESP-BF was weaker than standard, trolox. ESP-BF showed high concentration of total phenolics than flavonoids. Preliminary phytochemical screening and HPTLC profiling of ESP-BF could exhibit presence of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), flavonoids and phenyl propanoids. Furthermore, ESP-BF inhibited collagenase activity and had IC50 of 78.80 μg/ml. In conclusion, ESP-BF possesses potent antioxidant and collagenase inhibitory activity, which could be due to its SDG and flavonoids content.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The Role of Classroom Conduct in the Promotion and Retention of Elementary School Children

A group of elementary-school students, who were repeating the current grade, was matched for report card grades in academic subjects with a group that had been promoted. When their report card marks for behavior were compared, the girl repeaters had significantly more disruptive classroom conduct than the promoted girls. The two groups of boys did not differ in conduct. Teachers appear to decide whether or not to promote girls partly on the basis of their behavior and not just on their achievement.

Field of study: Education
Comparative study of the fire behaviour of glass-fibre reinforced unsaturated polyesters using a cone calorimeter

This work deals with the fire behaviour of unsaturated polyester resin-based composites and with the influence of glass-fibre level on limiting oxygen index and oxygen consumption (in particular the rate of heat release). The combustion products are identified. 65 wt.% reinforcement allows reasonable FR properties using a first generation type resin.

Field of study: Materials science
Study on a method to induce freezing of supercooled solution using a membrane

Supercooling state is a statistical phenomenon and it is difficult to control solidification. For example, in the area of transportation in cold chain, package with salt water as a cold storage material is placed with food to keep the temperature inside the container constant. It is necessary to freeze the cold storage material before loading, but supercooling phenomenon exists to suppress the solidification. A new method introduced in this report does not need any special handling to induce solidification, and furthermore an electrical power for refrigerator can be reduced, significantly. Experiments were carried out and the behavior of propagation of ice was investigated. Propagation phenomenon was clarified by varying the concentration and the degree of supercooling. It was found that the ice propagates through membrane especially at a higher degree of supercooling.

Field of study: Engineering
Kostant’s problem and parabolic subgroups

This thesis consists of a summary and three papers, concerning some aspects of representation theory for complex finite dimensional semi-simple Lie algebras with focus on the BGG-category O.Paper I is motivated by the many useful properties of functors on category O given by tensoring with finite dimensional modules, such as projective functors and translation functors. We study properties of functors on O given by tensoring with arbitrary (possibly infinite dimensional) modules. Such functors give rise to a faithful action of O on itself via exact functors which preserve tilting modules, via right exact functors which preserve projective modules, and via left exact functors which preserve injective modules.Papers II and III both deal with Kostant's problem. In Paper II we establish an effective criterion equivalent to the answer to Kostant's problem for simple highest weight modules, in the case where the Lie algebra is of type A. Using this, we derive some old and new results which answer Kostant's problem in special cases. An easy sufficient condition derived from this criterion using Kazhdan-Lusztig combinatorics allows for a straightforward computational check using a computer, by which we get a complete answer for simple highest weight modules in the principal block of O for algebras of rank less than 5.In Paper III we relate the answer to Kostant's problem for certain modules to the answer to Kostant's problem for a module over a subalgebra. We also give a new description of a certain quotient of the dominant Verma module, which allows us to give a bound on the multiplicities of simple composition factors of primitive quotients of the universal enveloping algebra.

Field of study: Mathematics
The emerging mental health strategy of the European Union: a multi-level work-in-progress.

Policy-making in the European Union (EU) is a complex process that can appear impenetrable and opaque. This paper examines the ongoing process of mental health policy-making in the EU. In 2005, the Health and Consumer Protectorate Director-General of the European Commission published a Green Paper and launched a consultation process aimed at mental health service-users, advocates, providers, business, social services and governments. While there were varying levels of participation between member states, a range of trans-national, national and infra-national actors made contributions. Based on these consultations, a 'Consultative Platform' was created and made 10 recommendations centered on the principles of partnership; establishing policy competencies; integrating mental health into national policies; involving stakeholders; and protecting human rights. This ongoing process illustrates many features of EU policy-making: (a) the European Commission generates an initiative; (b) policy focuses on EU standardization, with member states remaining central actors in service-delivery; (c) policy focuses on social inclusion; (d) the European Commission coordinates diverse networks of actors; and (e) there is 'multi-level' involvement, with direct interaction between trans-national, national and infra-national actors. An enhanced focus on epidemiological data and 'evidence-based policy' would increase rigor and focus further attention on this relatively neglected policy area.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Retention of Deuterium in the Surface Layers of Tungsten Preliminarily Irradiated with Helium Ions

The retention of deuterium in tungsten preliminarily irradiated with helium ions is investigated by means of thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). Preliminary irradiation is performed with a He+ ion beam having an energy of 3 keV and fluence ranging in the interval 1019–1021 He m−2, in order to produce a defect structure typical of different degrees of damage. The specimens are then irradiated with 
$${\text{D}}_{3}^{ + }$$

 ions having an energy of 2 keV and a weak fluence of 1019 D m−2, with subsequent TDS analysis to characterize the interaction between deuterium and helium-induced defects. It is shown that an increase in the deuterium retention is observed as soon as irradiation with the minimal fluence of helium ions, but it falls to the background level at fluences above 5 × 1021 He m−2 .

Field of study: Physics