nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Bystander communication and cell cycle decisions after DNA damage

The DNA damage response (DDR) has two main goals, to repair the damaged DNA and to communicate the presence of damaged DNA. This communication allows the adaptation of cellular behavior to minimize the risk associated with DNA damage. In particular, cell cycle progression must be adapted after a DNA-damaging insult, and cells either pause or terminally exit the cell cycle during a DDR. As cells can accumulate mutations after a DDR due to error-prone DNA repair, terminal cell cycle exit may prevent malignant transformation. The tumor suppressor p53 plays a key role in promoting terminal cell cycle exit. Interestingly, p53 has been implicated in communication of a stress response to surrounding cells, known as the bystander response. Recently, surrounding cells have also been shown to affect the damaged cell, suggesting the presence of intercellular feedback loops. How such feedback may affect terminal cell cycle exit remains unclear, but its presence calls for caution in evaluating cellular outcome without controlling the cellular surrounding. In addition, such feedback may contribute to how the cellular environment affects malignant transformation after DNA damage.

Field of study: Biology
In vitro cytotoxicity by human lymphocytes from individuals immunized against histocompatibility antigens. I. Kinetics and specificity of the reaction. Influence of metabolic inhibitors and anti-lymphocyte serum.

Lymphocytes from humans that had rejected allogeneic skin grafts acquired a cytotoxic potential, which was expressed in vitro upon contact with fibroblast monolayer cultures of the skin donor genotype. No cytotoxic effect was obtained on autochthonous fibroblasts, but did occur on other allogeneic fibroblasts, non-related to the skin donor, suggesting shared histocompatibility antigens. The damage to the target cells developed at the area of lymphocyte application and was detected after 48 hr. The cytotoxic effect of the immune lymphocytes on the specific target cells was suppressed by treatment with actinomycin-C, Mitomycin-C and prednisolone, indicating that cellular synthetic processes and cell divisions are required for cytotoxicity to be expressed. Anti-lymphocyte serum also inhibited the cytotoxic reaction, probably by coating the lymphocyte surface. 
 
In view of previous investigations, concerning cytotoxicity exerted by non-immunized lymphocytes stimulated by non-specific agents, the present results suggest that the specificity of the cytotoxic damage by immunized lymphocytes is confined to the initial immunological recognition of the antigen(s) on the target cells. This reaction triggers the lymphocytes to a cytotoxic state which can be non-specifically expressed. The need for synthetic processes within the lymphocytes may be required for magnifying the process by increasing the number of cytotoxically activated cells and probably also for the continuous synthesis of the antigen-specific receptors.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Subspace Learning and Feature Selection via Orthogonal Mapping

A plethora of dimensionality reduction (DR) techniques, stemming from statistics, machine learning, or graph theory, has been developed. Their ultimate objective is to eliminate data redundancy without a significant information loss. A general formulation, known as graph embedding, offers a unified framework for describing several well-known DR algorithms. In this paper, the inclusion of several DR algorithms within this unified framework is demonstrated. The enforcement of orthogonality to the projection matrix within this framework is proven to be of vital importance, since Orthogonal Neighborhood Preserving Projections, Orthogonal Locality Preserving Projections, Orthogonal Isometric Projection, Orthogonal Linear Discriminant Analysis, and Orthogonal Local Tangent Space Alignment algorithms outperform their non-orthogonal counterparts, e.g., Neighborhood Preserving Embedding, Locality Preserving Projections, Isometric Mapping, Linear Discriminant Analysis, and Local Tangent Space Alignment. One may simultaneously also impose the $\ell _{2,1}$ norm regularization on the projection matrix, seeking for row-sparsity. This leads to the known Joint Feature Selection and Subspace Learning (JFSSL) framework. All DR algorithms are employed within JFSSL. It is proven that the use of orthogonal mapping algorithms within JFSSL against their non-orthogonal counterparts does not improve the recognition rate of NN classifier.

Field of study: Engineering
Effects of Zn and Sn on Properties of Vacuum Casting Tin Bronze

The effects of Zn, Sn on properties and microstructure of vacuum casting tin bronze were studied. The experimental results show that the replacement of partial Sn by the same mass Zn can improve mechanical property of the alloy. Zn may totally dissolve in the matrix, but the gas pores appear easily in the alloy with high content Zn. Parts of Sn dissolve in the matrix of the alloy, the others precipitate along grain boundary, which results in the decrease of strengthening effect of Sn.

Field of study: Materials science
Mission to planet Earth: Role of clouds and radiation in climate

The role of clouds in modifying the earth's radiation balance is well recognized as a key uncertainty in predicting any potential future climate change. This statement is true whether the climate change of interest is caused by changing emissions of greenhouse gases and sulfates, deforestation, ozone depletion, volcanic eruptions, or changes in the solar constant. This paper presents an overview of the role of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Earth Observing System (EOS) satellite data in understanding the role of clouds in the global climate system. The paper gives a brief summary of the cloud/radiation problem, and discusses the critical observations needed to support further investigations. The planned EOS data products are summarized, including the critical advances over current satellite cloud and radiation budget data. Key advances include simultaneous observation of radiation budget and cloud properties, additional information on cloud particle size and phase, improved detection ...

Field of study: Environmental science
Research on the Public Intervene and Its Improvement in the Process of the Liquidation of Company Dissolution

The supreme conrt has extended a juridication for the appointment of Liquidator while a company be dissolved and defined that Law firm.CPA firm and liquidaion firm can be invowed in the ciquidation group.This paper talk about the character of this social orginzation unden Economic law view and the whole sacial interest based on they are regowded as the main power in the proless of liquidation.There fore,it suggests How to improve this pulie intervene.

Field of study: Economics
Prediction of treatment outcome in psychotherapy by patient initial symptom distress profiles.

Understanding how different groups of patients change at different rates is important for treatment selection, planning and evaluation. This study aimed to assess whether an approach to classifying patients on the basis of initial symptom distress profiles (ISDPs) derived from a self-rated questionnaire measuring psychological distress may be useful in predicting treatment response. The Clinical Outcome in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure were collected from 1,095 first line mental health service patients (M [SD] age = 37.3 [14.3] years; 74% female) prior to every session. Latent profile analysis was performed on the questionnaires from the first session to classify participants into subtypes, which were then used to predict change rates. The best-fitting model identified 4 ISDP subtypes with significantly different treatment responses. Profile 1 predicted very slow change rate and indicated low initial distress coupled with low deviations among problem areas. Profile 2 predicted slow change rate with average initial distress and low emphasis on questions relating to risk of harming oneself and/or others. Profile 3 predicted fast improvement rate and showed high initial distress combined with low emphasis on the risk area. Profile 4 predicted moderate change rate and displayed very high initial distress accompanied with more emphasis on the risk area. Findings support the potential utility of ISDP subtypes to predict treatment response, suggesting that intake data that is easily collected by the clinician contain reliable information about treatment prognosis. The study is exploratory and needs to be replicated before stable conclusions can be drawn.

Field of study: Psychology
Electropharmacological properties of telmisartan in blocking hKv1.5 and HERG potassium channels expressed on Xenopus laevis oocytes

The objectives of this study were to investigate the inhibitory action of telmisartan, a selective angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist, on hKv1.5 and human ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG) channels expressed on Xenopus laevis oocytes.hKv1.5 and HERG channels were expressed on Xenopus laevis oocytes and studied using the 2-microelectrode voltage clamp technique.In hKv1.5 channels, telmisartan produced a voltage- and concentration-dependent inhibition; the efficacies of blockade were different at peak and 1.5 s end-pulse currents, which were 7.75%±2.39% (half-maximal inhibition concentration [IC50;[equals;2.25±0.97 μmol/L) and 52.64%±3.77% (IC50=0.82±0.39 μmol/L) at 1 μmol/L telmisartan, respectively. Meanwhile, telmisartan accelerated the inactivation of the channels. However, telmisartan exhibited a low affinity for HERG channels (IC50=24.35±5.06 μmol/L); the blockade was voltage- and concentration-dependent. Telmisartan preferentially blocked open-state HERG channels. The slow time constants of deactivation were accelerated (n=6, P<0.05), which was inconsistent with the “foot-in-the-door” effect.Telmisartan blocks hKv1.5 potassium channels involving open and inactivated states at plasma concentration levels of therapeutic doses; whereas the blockade of HERG channels occurs only at supra plasma concentration levels of therapeutic doses and preferentially in open and closed-state channels.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Has Medicine Lost the Ethics Battle?

Modem medicine began with the Greeks and has developed over the past 2,500 years. Medical ethics, which was also initiated by the Greeks, and summarized in the Hippocratic Oath, has guided the moral actions of the physician in his medical practice for the past two and one half millennia. Recently, however, there have been profound changes in bioethics, not only in how the basic Hippocratic cannon is understood but also in who interprets that code. The purpose of this essay is to explain why the clinical decisionmaking role of the physician has been overshadowed by ethical theories and ethical specialists. To this end we shall briefly review the history of medical ethics (Table 1) with an emphasis on the recent past (1960 present). The Hippocratic tradition of the art of medicine refers not just to diagnosis and treatment modalities, but to the moral dimension of life and death decisions affecting the patient. It is this latter dimension of the medical profession which has been usurped by non-physicians in the ethics debate, as we shall explain. It is the thesis of this review that the operative relationship in medical ethics, the doctor-patient relationship, and the physician's judgment, are being displaced by the intrusion of third parties who do not have the experiential prudence of the practicing physician.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Waveform Control of Multi-Pulse Flat-Top High Magnetic Field Based on Pulsed Generator System

Multi-pulse flat-top high magnetic field (MFHMF) can promote neutron diffraction, terahertz source and other research fields. Due to the limited heat dissipation capability of pulsed magnet, the magnet resistance gradually increases, which leads to inconsistencies of the waveforms and limits the quantity of flat-top magnetic field waveforms. For the sake of getting the MFHMF with high consistency, a pulsed generator-rectifier system is used as the power supply by analyzing the impedance characteristic of multi-pulse magnet in this paper. Based on the accurate external characteristics modeling of power supply, a control method of generalized model predictive control (GPC) is proposed. In this GPC method, a 3-level least square method (LSM) is designed to calculate the real-time magnet resistance, and the influence of disturbance by the magnetic resistance is eliminated by the controller. Finally, the results based on MATLAB/ Simulink simulation verified the feasibility and validity of the waveform control method of MFHMF.

Field of study: Physics
Luminescence of organic and inorganic systems

Last October the Physics Department of New York University at Washington Square played host to about 300—shall we call them luminaries?—in the field of luminescence at a five‐day international conference. It was the first time an attempt was made, on a large scale, to bring together researchers in the luminescence of organic systems and those investigating inorganic systems. As the chairman of the conference, Professor Hartmut P. Kallmann of NYU, one of the rare few who work in both fields, said: “I feel a little like a man who has two very good friends, but these two friends don't speak to one another.”

Field of study: Physics
Cretaceous and early Tertiary of northern California and Oregon

Cretaceous. The Areas and Problems investigated .—In northwestern California and southwestern Oregon, where the Sierra Nevada, Cascade and Coast ranges meet, there is a plexus of mountains which may for convenience be called the Klamath mountain group. The Klamath mountains extend from the fortieth to near the forty-fourth parallel, and include the Yallo Bally, Bully Choop, South Fork, Trinity, McCloud, Scott and Salmon mountains of California, and the Siskiyou, Rogue river, and perhaps others in Oregon. The outline of the Klamath mountain group is indicated on the accompanying map by a heavy broken line. The map (plate 4) contains nearly all the localities mentioned in this paper.

In his excellent correlation paper on the Cretaceous,[*][1] Dr C. A. White has given a bibliography and concise review of the work already done on the rocks of that system in the Pacific border region from California to Alaska. The present state . . .

Field of study: Geology
Finite Element Analysis of the Dynamic Interaction Between Soil and Tillage Tool

Tillage is one of the main energy consuming operations in an agricultural production system. The soil dynamic response of a tillage tool was analyzed by using the Newmark integral scheme in an incremental and iterative form. The geometric and material nonlinearity of soil deformation were considered in the analysis. The draft requirements of a simple blade in clay soil was predicted using a finite element method and was compared with the experimental data.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Testing the use of specimen collection data and GIS in biodiversity exploration and conservation decision making in Guyana

This paper presents the results of a study conducted at the request of the Government of Guyana by the Centre for the Study of Biological Diversity at the University of Guyana, and the Smithsonian Institution. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the utility of using systematic collections in identifying areas with a high priority for conservation. A biodiversity database and a gazetteer were assembled and interpreted primarily through the use of maps generated in ARC/INFO and ArcView. The data were examined to determine coverage and completeness, and while in general the results support a continued use of the methodology for making informed decisions in conservation related issues, several recommendations are offered in order to enhance the data. The primary use of the results of this study is in the identification of areas of interest for conservation and in the location of eleven areas covering most ecoregions in Guyana that are in need of additional study. The eleven areas have been chosen to avoid areas that are already allocated to logging and mining concessions or Amerindian lands. While it is true that this study would benefit from additional data and further analysis of those data, it is also true that decisions concerning areas for conservation in Guyana are being made in the near future, and if any data are to be used in this process, it will be those data presented in this paper.

Field of study: Environmental science
A study of accurate latent heat measurement for a PCM with a low melting temperature using T-history method

When the latent heat of a phase change material (PCM) with a lower melting point than ambient temperature was assessed according to the standard T-history method using a vertically oriented test tube, a temperature gradient occurred in the longitudinal direction of the tube due to natural convection. This led to a decrease in the accuracy of the latent heat of fusion measurement. In this study, the accuracy of the measurement with the original T-history method was improved without decreasing the test's simplicity and convenience by setting the test tube horizontally. The heat transfer to the vapor-layer of the tube under volume change during melting was assumed to be negligible and the results were calculated using the two inflection points of temperature as the start and end of latent heat period. Under these assumptions, the results agree closely with other reference data. And, the new method proposed in this study showed a remarkable reduction in data scattering.

Field of study: Engineering
Influence of magnetoelasticity on frequency equation of Shear wave propagation in a multilayered magnetoelastic anisotropic monoclinic medium

The present paper deals with the Shear wave propagation in a multilayered magnetoelastic anisotropic monoclinic medium with finite difference modeling to comprehend the stability criteria, phase velocity, and group velocity. Utilizing Maxwell’s fundamental theory of magnetoelasticity, the problem has been constructed. Haskell’s matrix technique has been utilized to obtain the frequency equation. Stability analysis has been conducted based on the finite difference technique to reduce the soaring error values and control its stability. Numerical evaluation as well as graphical representation, have been employed to enlighten the effects of different values of courant number and magnetoelasticity on the phase and group velocities.

Field of study: Mathematics
Cold gas in group-dominant elliptical galaxies

We present IRAM 30 m telescope observations of the CO(1–0) and (2–1) lines in a sample of 11 group-dominant elliptical galaxies selected from the CLoGS nearby groups sample. Our observations confirm the presence of molecular gas in 4 of the 11 galaxies at >4σ significance, and combining these with data from the literature we find a detection rate of 43 ± 14%, comparable to the detection rate for nearby radio galaxies, suggesting that group-dominant ellipticals may be more likely to contain molecular gas than

Field of study: Physics
A middleware architecture for privacy protection

The issue of user privacy is constantly in spotlight since an ever increasing number of online services collects and processes personal information from users, in the context of personalized service provision. In fact, recent advances in mobile communications, location and sensing technologies and data processing are boosting the deployment of context-aware personalized services and the creation of smart environments; but at the same time, they pose a serious risk on individuals' privacy rights. Although technology makes the collection of data easy, its protection against abuse is left to data protection legislation. However, the privacy requirements, other than being general and abstract terms to be regarded as legislature issues, should be brought down in technological reality and carefully accounted for in devising technical solutions. In order to limit the disclosure and avoid the misuse of personal data, this paper discusses an architectural proposal for a middleware system that will enforce protection of user privacy through technical means. The proposed architecture mediates between the users, the service providers and the law, constituting a middleware shield for individuals' personal data.

Field of study: Computer science
Briefly analyzing transformation of moral education in China since May Fourth Movement——Also mentioning culture forgetting in moral education

Since then,China's moral education has gone through three vital transformation along with society change.Firstly,it took place at the time from traditional Confucian ethic to modern moral education;secondly,revolution ethic education dominated in schools by gradually replacing the latter;thirdly,China's moral education returned to modern one away from restrictions of the former after reform and opening-up.Analyzing on the these transformations,we find out that Confucian culture,the essence of the traditional culture of Chinese nation,has slowly lost its dominant position,that is to say,it is forgotten in a sense.It is worthy for us to be further deliberated and explored that sort of culture forgetting is the pros and cons.

Field of study: Education
Identifying differentially expressed genes in microarray experiments with model-based variance estimation

Statistical tests have been employed to identify genes differentially expressed under different conditions using data from microarray experiments. The variance of gene expression levels is often required in various statistical tests; however, due to the small number of replicates, the variance estimated from the sample variance is not accurate, which causes large false positive and negative errors. More accurate and robust variance estimation is thus highly desirable to improve the performance of statistical tests. In this paper, cluster analysis was performed on the microarray data using a model-based clustering method. The variance for each gene was then estimated from cluster variances. Since cluster variances are estimated from multiple genes whose microarray data have similar variance, the proposed estimation method pools the relevant genes together; this effectively increases the number of samples in variance estimation, thereby improving variance estimation. Using simulated data, it is shown that with the novel variance estimation, the performance of the t-test, regularized t-test, and a variant of SAM test, which is called the S-test here, can be improved. Using colon microarray data of Alon et al., it is demonstrated that the proposed method offers better or comparable performance compared with other gene pooling methods. Using the IHF microarray data of Arfin et al., it is shown that the proposed novel variance estimation decreases the significance of those genes having a small fold change but a high significant score assigned by the t-test using the sample variance, which potentially reduces false positive probability.

Field of study: Engineering
A Concise Synthesis of Mupirocin H Using a Cross‐Metathesis‐Based Strategy

A highly efficient (10.1 % overall yield) and convergent (longest linear sequence of 16 steps) synthesis of mupirocin H has been achieved, starting from commercially available (+)-(R)-Roche ester. The route relies on an efficient Grubbs cross-metathesis reaction to generate a key, late-stage E-olefin intermediate, and a cobalt-catalysed diastereoselective Reformatsky reaction to produce a β-hydroxy ester that serves as a late-stage intermediate.

Field of study: Chemistry