nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Atmospheric CO2, plant nitrogen status and the susceptibility of plants to an acute increase in temperature

. Elevated levels of CO2 in the atmosphere are expected to affect plant performance and may alter global temperature patterns. Changes in mean air temperatures that might be induced by rising levels of CO2 and other greenhouse gases could also be accompanied by increased variability in daily temperatures such that acute increases in air temperature may be more likely than at present. Consequently, we investigated whether plants grown in a CO2 enriched atmosphere would be differently affected by a heat shock than plants grown at ambient CO2 levels. Plants of a C3 annual (Abutilon theophrasti), a C3 annual crop (Sinapis alba) and a C4 annual (Amaranthus retroflexus) were grown from seed in growth chambers under either 400 or 700cm3 m−3 CO2, and were fertilized with either a high or low nutrient regime. Young seedlings of S. alba, as well as plants of all species in either the vegetative or reproductive phase of growth were exposed to a 4-h heat shock in which the temperature was raised an additional 14–23°C (depending on plant age). Total biomass and reproductive biomass were examined to determine the effect of CO2, nutrient and heat shock treatments on plant performance. Heat shock, CO2, and nutrient treatments, all had some significant effects on plant performance, but plants from both CO2 treatments responded similarly to heat shocks. We also found, as expected, that plants grown under high CO2 had dramatically decreased tissue N concentrations relative to plants grown under ambient conditions. We predicted that high-CO2-grown plants would be more susceptible to a heat shock than ambient-CO2-grown plants, because the reduced N concentrations of high-CO2 grown plants could result in the reduced synthesis of heat shock proteins and reduced thermotolerance. Although we did not examine heat shock proteins, our results showed little relationship between plant nitrogen status and the ability of a plant to tolerate an acute increase in temperature.

Field of study: Environmental science
The occupation of cropland by global urban expansion from 1992 to 2016 and its implications

Large-scale urban expansion worldwide has exerted great impacts on cropland and its net primary productivity (NPP), which can affect whether food security and sustainable development goals will be met at global and local scales. Although important, the impacts at the global scale over the last 25 years remain unclear. Based on the latest long-term dynamic urban expansion data, this study analyzed global urban expansion and its impacts on cropland NPP from 1992 to 2016 at multiple scales. The results showed that the expansion of urban land occupied a total of 159,170 km2 of cropland, accounting for 45.9% of the total expanded urban area. The cropland NPP decreased by 58.71 (56.52~59.81, 95% confidence interval) TgC as a result of urban expansion, which represents approximately 0.42% (0.40%~0.43%) of the multiyear average of total cropland NPP from 2000 to 2015. If the cropland NPP losses were converted to the grain production (i.e., 1.44×107 tons), it is equivalent to the minimum annual food intake demands for at least 36 million people. More importantly, urban expansion is exacerbating the risk of food security in developing countries in Asia and Africa, such as China, Vietnam and Egypt. In the future, these countries should balance urban expansion with cropland protection by strictly restricting the occupation of cropland and encouraging smart urban growth.

Field of study: Environmental science
English Provincial Towns in the Later Middle Ages

U rban studies are very much the current fashion. But gloom pervades them. Towns are forever declining from some golden age in the distant and undefined past. Crises oppress them. Insoluble problems sap their vitality. If they are early into clothmaking, rural competition presently overwhelms them. If they have urban neighbours these soon supplant them, only to be overtaken in their turn by some local misfortune, as we are told that sixteenth-century Coventry was,1 or by more general calamities. Once the theme has been proposed the evidence with which to support it seems to lie all about us. A grievance eloquently phrased, the lightest words of a passing traveller, a petition for relief acceded to by the king, evidence of falling property values or dilapidations-from insubstantial indications such as these, we may, apparently, draw sweeping conclusions about the economic fortunes of decades, sometimes of whole centuries, of urban history. No argument in support of this defamatory campaign needs excessive scrutiny. If Hull declines it does so partly because York's decline in the fifteenth century has dragged it down. But if Southampton declines it does so in spite of Salisbury's rise to supremacy in clothmaking and its importance as an entrepot for the region that uses Southampton as its port. Even Italian patronage of Southampton somehow counts against it. If certain towns are high in the tax lists that is because their tax is paid by one or two exceptionally rich men who happen to be citizens. But if townsmen are ever impoverished by the crippling obligations imposed upon them by civic extravagance that is because their rich fellow-citizens have bribed or bullied their way out of paying their share of a communal burden. If the towns are ruinous it shows in the decline of rents; but if merchants wax rich in them they demonstrate the quality of their commercial acumen by devoting substantial sums of money to investment in town property. "

Field of study: Economics, History
Standard form of the scattering matrix for time reversal symmetric system

In this paper, we present the standard form of the scattering matrix of mesocopic system with spin-orbital coupling which preserves time reversal symmetry. We found some analytical structure of the scattering matrix related to the sub-matrices between arbitrary two channels. In particular, we proved that in the two-terminal mono-channel scattering problem, the transmission matrix is proportional to a SU(2) matrix. We obtained these properties through direct and elementary way and found it in agreement with polar decomposition known before.

Field of study: Physics
Amino acid distributions around O-linked glycosylation sites.

To study the sequence requirements for addition of O-linked N-acetylgalactosamine to proteins, amino acid distributions around 174 O-glycosylation sites were compared with distributions around non-glycosylated sites. In comparison with non-glycosylated serine and threonine residues, the most prominent feature in the vicinity of O-glycosylated sites is a significantly increased frequency of proline residues, especially at positions -1 and +3 relative to the glycosylated residues. Alanine, serine and threonine are also significantly increased. The high serine and threonine content of O-glycosylated regions is due to the presence of clusters of several closely spaced glycosylated hydroxy amino acids in many O-glycosylated proteins. Such clusters can be predicted from the primary sequence in some cases, but there is no apparent possibility of predicting isolated O-glycosylation sites from primary sequence data.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Anomalous Normal State Transport in Underdoped Cuprates: A Preformed-Pair Alternative to the Vortex Scenario

We address those puzzling experiments in underdoped high $T_c$ superconductors which have been associated with normal state "vortices" and show these data can be understood as deriving from preformed pairs with onset temperature $T^* > T_c$. For uncorrelated bosons in small magnetic fields, and arbitrary $T^*/T_c$, we present the exact contribution to \textit{all} transport coefficients. In the overdoped regime our results reduce to those of fluctuation theories ($T^*\approx T_c$). Semi-quantitative agreement with Nernst, ac conductivity and diamagnetic measurements is quite reasonable.

Field of study: Physics
Comments on "Canonical coordinates and the geometry of inference, rate, and capacity"

In a paper by Scharf and Mullis (see ibid., vol.48, p.824-31, Mar. 2000), the circulant Gaussian channel was presented as an example to compute canonical correlations and to derive Shannon's capacity theorem. The objective of this article is to present a simpler real-valued discrete Hartley transform (DHT) representation for a real, symmetric, circulant covariance matrix in place of the complex-valued discrete Fourier transform (DFT) representation.

Field of study: Engineering
Increase in respiratory cost at high growth temperature is attributed to high protein turnover cost in Petunia x hybrida petals.

It is widely believed that turnover of nitrogenous (N) compounds (especially proteins) incurs a high respiratory cost. Thus, if protein turnover costs change with temperature, this would influence the dependence of respiration rate on growth temperature. Here, we examined the extent to which protein turnover cost explained differences in N-utilization costs (nitrate uptake/reduction, ammonium assimilation, amino acid and protein syntheses, protein turnover and amino acid export) and in respiration rate with changes in growth temperature. By measurements and literature data, we evaluated each N-utilization cost in Petunia x hybrida petals grown at 20, 25 or 35 degrees C throughout their whole lifespans. Protein turnover cost accounted for 73% of the integrated N-utilization cost on a whole-petal basis at 35 degrees C. The difference in this cost on a dry weight basis between 25 and 35 degrees C accounted for 75% of the difference in N-utilization cost and 45% of the difference in respiratory cost. The cost of nitrate uptake/reduction was high at low growth temperatures. We concluded that respiratory cost in petals was strongly influenced by protein turnover and nitrate uptake/reduction, and on the shoot basis, C investment in biomass was highest at 25 degrees C.

Field of study: Environmental science
Beyond Geopolitics: New Histories of Latin America at the League of Nations ed. by Alan McPherson, Yannick Wehrli (review)

major achievements is to have pieced together from largely fragmentary documentary sources vividly realized portraits of individuals who made significant contributions to anarchist causes on both sides of the Atlantic. No less commendable is the fact that, by directing the reader’s attention to the transnational and migration processes that shaped the development of anarchism in these two countries, Bauer has highlighted the historiographical limitations of nation-centered studies of these movements. The book provides a persuasive argument for viewing historical issues through a wider geographical lens; therefore, it should prove indispensable reading for anyone interested in the social and labor history of modern Spain and Latin America.

Field of study: History
Neurokinin type-3 receptor stimulation impairs ethanol-associated appetitive behavior in Wistar rats.

Stimulating central neurokinin type-3 (NK-3) receptors decreases ethanol intake in rats. Although paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) has a high density of NK-3 receptors, their influence on ethanol reinforcement has not been examined. This study's purpose was to assess the effects of intra-PVN infusion of senktide, a NK-3 receptor agonist, on ethanol self-administration. In a follow-up study, senktide's effects on ethanol self-administration after intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion were examined.



Male Wistar rats were trained to self-administer 10% ethanol (10E) in the "Sipper Tube" model described by Samson and colleagues, Guide cannula were then aimed bilaterally at the PVN or unilaterally at the lateral cerebral ventricle. Intra-PVN (5-100 ng/side) or ICV (30-500 ng/rat) effects of senktide on 10E self-administration were also examined as a preliminary test of senktide's selectivity.



Intra-PVN and ICV infusion of senktide reduced the average number of consecutive lever presses and increased the time taken to complete the lever press requirement when 10E served as the reinforcer. Increased duration of the lever-pressing component was observed when senktide was administered prior to 2S self-administration sessions. Neither PVN nor ICV senktide administration significantly altered 10E or 2S consumption.



These data suggest that stimulation of central neurokinin typ-3 receptors in the Wistar rat reduces appetitive behavior while having little or no impact on consummatory behavior. Ethanol "seeking" appeared more sensitive to disruption by senktide than sucrose "seeking." However, further studies assessing the senktide's effects on sucrose-maintained behavior are needed to verify this hypothesis. Lastly, it is hypothesized that lack of effect of senktide on intake is in part related to the use of outbred Wistar rats in these studies instead of selectively bred rats.

Field of study: Medicine
The Deanship and Its Faculty Interpreters: Do Mertonian Norms of Science Translate into Norms for Administration?

This study presents research comparing faculty-held norms for academic deans' behavior to Mertonian norms of science. Findings indicate that while some elements of Mertonian norms hold true, it is not the best pattern of grouping faculty expectations for deans. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Field of study: Education
Die Bremsstrahlung von Plasmen bei geringer Ionisation

It is shown, that the continuous spectrum (free-free radiation) of a plasma in a thermal equilibrium — if the degree of ionization is slight — is produced not only by the electron-ion impacts, but also to a considerable extent by the impacts of electrons with the neutral atoms. Under this assumption the radiation of a mercury arc plasma in the infra-red is calculated. The results are in good agreement with absolute radiation measurements in a wide range of frequencies and pressures.

Field of study: Physics
Treating fluid noncompliance in the hemodialysis population using unit wide contests.

Our dialysis unit observed fluid noncompliance over a wide variety of patients. The consequences of fluid abuse that can include systemic and cardiovascular overload are a frequent clinic complication of hemodialysis patients. In spite of all our attempts, our dialysis unit continued to have a substantial group of patients who could not adhere to their fluid restriction. Our dialysis unit needed a novel program to help motivate patients to comply with diet/medication fluid regimens. A method that seems to work well in our dialysis unit is playing unit-wide games. We developed "The Fluid Game," an original patient education idea, for providing renal patients with a fun incentive to keep their interdialytic weight gains within acceptable limits.

Field of study: Medicine
RESEARCH ON WARPING TORSION OF SPOT-WELDED THIN-WALLED BOX SECTION BEAM

The spot-welded thin-walled beam, a component of automobile body structure, can be supposed as a half-closed-section beam composed of interval series (closed-section parts and opened-section parts). It is proposed to apply general theory of torsion based on the warping torsion theory (solution of H. Wagner) to this kind of thin-walled box beams with spot-welded joints. Considering the elastic character of weld spots on the thin-walled spot-welded beam, a continuous shear-spring with character of shearing deformation is used for replacing the weld spots on the beam. After a study on this hypothesized spring beam, a method for analyzing warping torsion on spot-welded thin-walled box section beam has been presented. The accuracy and rationality of the method are proved by comparing theoretical analysis and experimental testing results. This method can be applied to solve for torsional rigidity of the double-hat beams, and the effects of binding warping of double-hat beams on the torsional rigidity was also clarified. The research lay the theoretical foundation for later studies on solving real warping problems with multiple restraints.

Field of study: Engineering
The Post-wartime Trajectory of CNDD-FDD Party in Burundi: A Facade Transformation of Rebel Movement to Political Party

Since the Conseil National pour la Défense de la Démocratie-Forces de Défense de la Démocratie (CNDD-FDD’s) accession to power following the 2005 elections in Burundi, governance setbacks were of great concern and constantly criticized throughout the post-wartime. This study contributes to the understanding of how legacies of wartime shape post-war trajectory of a former rebel movement by analysing the relationship between main post-2005 features of CNDD-FDD and some key elements of its history. There is substantial evidence showing that the CNDD-FDD leadership, lacking political will for real changes, has continued during the post-wartime its armed movement practices from the maquis era, leading to the conclusion of a facade transformation of CNDD-FDD rebel movement-to-political party.

Field of study: History, Sociology
Protection Against Judicially Compelled Disclosure of the Identity of News Gatherers' Confidential Sources in Common Law Jurisdictions

In many common law liberal democracies today, news gatherers are resisting efforts to use the powers of the courts to compel them to identify their confidential sources. Often the struggles are epic. Often the public interest in effective news gathering fuelling the vitality of a modern liberal democracy is insufficiently recognised. The article uses recent cases to spotlight the shortfalls in the approach and legacy of the common law in dealing with news gatherer/confidential source relationships. Post Human Rights Act English decisions, especially that of Tugendhat J in Ackroyd, combining European style commitment to the public interest in vigorous newsgathering with common law style analysis of evidence, point the way to a more effective approach. US and Hong Kong cases remind news gatherers of their public interest responsibilities.

Field of study: Law
Three-level molecular iodine laser pumped by a cw dye laser

An experimental investigation was made of laser action due to the B3ΠOu+–X1Σg+ electronic transition in molecular iodine in the 0.67–1.24 μ range pumped by a cw rhodamine 6G dye laser. The total number of lasing lines in this range was estimted to be ~105. The threshold pump power was 10–30 mW for the 1.1–1.2 μ range and 30–100 mW outside this range. An investigation was made of the lasing line profile.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Air Carrier Technique for Row Crop Spraying Applications

THIS study focuses on the problem of applying spray material to upper-plant, underside-leaf surfaces of corn and soybean plants. Aircraft and ground pressure-atomizer applications of spray solution were quantified. Percent coverage values were generally less than 1 % on the sampling locations. Flat and hollow cone nozzle air carrier units were developed and evaluated for spray application to the upper-plant, bottom leaf surface. The air carrier method tested within a shroud improved spray deposition to the entire plant by 100% for corn and 234% for soybeans. Deposition to the upper-plant, bottom leaf surface was increased by 900% and 400% for corn and soybean plants, respectively. Deposition uniformity was also improved with the air carrier method.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Momentum and Doping Dependence of Spin Excitations in Electron-Doped Cuprate Superconductors

Superconductivity in copper oxides emerges on doping holes or electrons into their Mott-insulating parent compounds. The spin excitations are thought to be the mediating glue for the pairing in superconductivity. Here the momentum and doping dependence of the dynamical spin response in the electron-doped cuprate superconductors is studied based on the kinetic-energy-driven superconducting mechanism. It is shown that the dispersion of the low-energy spin excitations changes strongly upon electron doping; however, the hour-glass-shaped dispersion of the low-energy spin excitations appeared in the hole-doped case is absent on the electron-doped side due to the electron–hole asymmetry. In particular, the commensurate resonance appears in the superconducting state with the resonance energy that correlates with the dome-shaped doping dependence of the superconducting gap. Moreover, the spectral weight and dispersion of the high-energy spin excitations in the superconducting state are comparable with those in the corresponding normal state, indicating that the high-energy spin excitations do not play an important part in the pair formation.

Field of study: Physics
Graptolites with Multiple Genicular Spines from the Upper Ordovician of Western North America

A careful restudy has been made of the types of Climacograptus innotatus var. pacificus Ruedemann from the topmost Ordovician of western North America and of topotype material of Climacograptus innotatus Nicholson from the Lower Silurian of Scotland. The study shows that these two forms are morphologically unrelated, the former being represented by short, stubby individuals with complex spinose growths, including double genicular spines, and the latter by slender, lanceolate individuals apparently provided with genicular flanges. Var. pacificus is here recognized as a distinct species, Climacograptus pacificus, and typifies and is restricted to Late Ordovician graptolite faunas of western North America and the Pacific Faunal Province.A deformed individual from Idaho characterized by three or four genicular spines is distinguished as Climacograptus pacificus pilosus, subspec. nov.

Field of study: Environmental science
Risk assessment of bar gene transfer from B and D genomes of transformed wheat (Triticum aestivum) lines to jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica)

The risk assessment of Bar gene transfer from B and D genomes of transformed wheat lines to jointed goatgrass was done by investigating the seed set of hybrids of crosses and back crossess.Transformed Bobwhite 31 line with Bar gene in B genome,71 line with Bar gene in D genome and jointed goatgrass served as the parents.Three ways of pollination,including non emasculation and spontaneous pollination,emasculation and spontaneous pollination,and emasculation and artificial pollination were adopted in order to verify the effects to bar gene transfer under the different pollination conditions.By testing the ratio of resistant plants in backcross population the safety assessment to Bar gene locating on B genome and on D genome was done.The results showed that the seed set was very poor using the way of non emasculation and spontaneous pollination,actually no seed was obtained in this experiment,however,the hybrids were available under the condition of artificial pollination.As to Bar gene transfer there was significant difference between the gene loci in B genome and in D genome.The former was more difficult to be transferred from transformed wheat to jointed goatgrass than the later,because wheat consists of AABBDD genomes and jointed goatgrass is CCDD genomes,which share a common D genome,so the chromosomes of D genome will not become univalent and be lost in forming gamete.In this experiment,a higher ratio of resistant plants was found in population of (71 line×jointed goatgrass)×jointed goatgrass,and no resistant plants existed in the population of .Therefore the transformed wheat with Bar gene in B or A genome can be used to control grass in order to mitigate the risk of gene transfer from transformed wheat to jointed goatgrass.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The spherical to asymmetric shape transition in the mass region with 50<(N, Z)<82

Collective potential energy surfaces were determined in the mass region with 50<(N, Z)<82 by fitting experimental level spectra andB(E 2)-values on the basis of the generalized collective model of Gneuss and Greiner. While the nuclides withN=80 and withZ=52 are rather soft vibrators we find an abrupt transition to asymmetric rotators forN=78 and forZ=54 tending to more symmetric shapes further away from the closed shells. The results predict the position of levels not yet observed andB(E 2)-values.

Field of study: Physics