nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Education and Family Ties in Italy, France and Sweden

Education is actually a crucial element of social stratification. While research has often focused on education’s effect on labor market opportunities and intergenerational class mobility, it has seldom been analyzed its association with the structure of family ties. However, as a consequence of unprecedented demographic changes, multigenerational bonds are becoming increasingly important for the solidarity within families and the future sustainability of welfare state.The main argument underlying this study is that individuals’ level of education is likely to affect both the preferences and the structure of restrictions and opportunities. First, higher educated individuals are expected to acquire more individualistic values, and thus to be less oriented toward family issues. Second, the higher educated individuals are more likely to look for job opportunities in specific and selected areas, and thus to loosen family ties because of a greater geographical mobility.Moreover, the association between education and family ties is likely to be affected by the peculiar combination of institutional and cultural features. The country-specific context is, indeed, likely to pattern the structure of costs, opportunities, and individual preferences related to the maintenance of more-or-less strong intergenerational relations. Using data from Share 2004-2007, this paper assesses the effect of education on the relationships between family members in Italy, France and Sweden. In particular, empirical evidence is provided for parent–child geographical proximity and frequency of contacts.

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Direct Interpolation Algorithm for Pen-Cutting of Sculptured Surface

Tool paths are free-form curves on the surface in the process of sculptured surface pen-cutting machining.A direct interpolation algorithm for pencutting of sculptured surface is proposed in this paper.It can directly carry out the interpolative calculation for projective curve lying on the sculptured surface and generated the motion commands for machine tool controller.This method extends the function of locus-controlled in the CNC system effectively and improved the efficiency for the NC machining of sculptured surface.The simulated and experimental results show the proposed algorithm is feasible and practical.This algorithm also can be applied to the machining of the whole surface.

Field of study: Computer science
Effects of acute restraint stress on tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA expression in locus coeruleus of Wistar and Wistar-Kyoto rats.

Norepinephrine (NE) is thought to play a role in the stress response, and may be involved in stress-related psychopathological conditions such as depression or anxiety. Heterogeneity in individual responses to the same stressor suggest that a genetic susceptibility to the effects of stress may contribute to such pathology. To address possible mechanisms underlying this genetic aspect of the stress response, we examined acute stress-induced changes in mRNA expression for several components of the NE system in the locus coeruleus (LC) and adrenal medullae of stress-susceptible Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats and their parent Wistar (W) strain. Expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), NE transporter (NET) and alpha(2A) receptor mRNA were measured in the LC by in situ hybridization 30 min and 2 h after the onset of 30 min restraint stress. Adrenal TH mRNA was measured by slot blots. No basal differences were observed for any measure, but in the LC, expression of TH mRNA increased by 40% in W rats at 30 min (n=8, p<0.05) and returned toward baseline by 2 h, while WKY rats showed only a non-significant 29% increase at 2 h. In contrast, adrenal TH mRNA expression increased in WKY rats at 2 h (n=3, p<0.05), with no significant change in W rats. NET and alpha(2A) mRNA were unaltered by restraint stress in both strains. Differences in the stress-reactivity of TH gene expression in the central and peripheral noradrenergic systems may be related to differences in behavioral coping strategies and autonomic responsivity to stress in these strains, and suggest that differences in noradrenergic reactivity may contribute to genetic susceptibility to stress-related pathology.

Field of study: Biology
Partial characterization and inactivation of peroxidases and polyphenol-oxidases of umbu-cajá (Spondias spp.)

A crude extract of Spondias spp. was evaluated for the influence of pH and temperature on the activity and stability of its peroxidases and polyphenol-oxidases. In order to evaluate the conditions for the inactivation of the enzymes by heat treatment and by addition of a reducing agent, a factorial experimental design (n = 3) was employed using the Statistica (6.0) software package for data analysis. The optimal conditions found for peroxidases were: pH = 5.0 and temperature = 40 °C, and for polyphenol-oxidases they were pH = 7.0 and temperature = 40 °C. The peroxidases and polyphenol-oxidases were stable at all pH values tested (3.0 – 10.0) and maintained more than 60% of their activity at temperatures above 30 and 40 °C, respectively. To achieve the total inactivation of these enzymes, two alternatives can be suggested: incubation at 92 °C for 3.15 minutes with 200 mg.L –1 of ascorbic acid or incubation at 96 °C for 2.80 minutes with 100 mg.L –1 of ascorbic acid.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
CO2-plant effects do not account for the gap between dryness indices and projected dryness impacts in CMIP6 or CMIP5

Recent studies have found that terrestrial dryness indices like the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), and Aridity Index calculated from future climate model projections are mostly negative, implying a drying land surface with warming. Yet, the same models’ future runoff and bulk soil moisture projections instead show regional signals of varying sign, and their vegetation projections show widespread greening, suggesting that the dryness indices could overstate climate change’s direct impacts. Most modeling studies have attributed this gap to the indices’ omission of CO2-driven stomatal closure. However, here we show that the index-impact gap is still wide even in future-like model experiments that switch off CO2 effects on plants. In these simulations, mean PDSI, Aridity Index, and SPEI still decline broadly with strong warming, while mean runoff, bulk soil moisture, and vegetation still respond more equivocally. This implies that CO2-plant effects are not the dominant or sole reason for the simulated index-impact gap. We discuss several alternative mechanisms that may explain it.

Field of study: Environmental science
Revisiting the Casa-grande: Plantation and Cane-Farming Households in Early Nineteenth-Century Bahia

Nicolau Parés, Tercina and José Vergolino, Martha Few, Tracy Alexander, Donna Guy, Suzanne Wilson, Lyman Johnson, and Miridan Britto Falci, as well as the two anonymous HAHR readers, for their comments, suggestions, and help in locating sources. In the text and notes, percentages, including those taken from other authors, have been rounded to the nearest full percent. On the terms cane-farming and cane farmer, see n. 15 below. The following abbreviations are used: APEB, Arquivo Público do Estado da Bahia, Salvador; SH, Seção Histórica; SJ, Seção Judiciária; IT, Inventários e testamentos; inv., inventory; RET, Registros eclesiásticos de terrras; reg(s)., registro(s); ARC, Arquivo Regional da Cachoeira, Cachoeira, Bahia. 1. John Manuel Monteiro, review of Family and Frontier in Colonial Brazil: Santana de Parnaíba, 1580–1822, by Alida C. Metcalf,  (1994): 150; Gilberto Freyre, Casa-grande & senzala: Formação da família brasileira sob o regime de economia patriarcal, 43rd ed. (1933; Rio de Janeiro: Record, 2001); Freyre, Sobrados e mucambos: Decadência do patriarcado rural e desenvolvimento do urbano, 12th ed. (1936; Rio de Janeiro: Record, 2000); and Freyre, Ordem e progresso, 5th ed. (1959; Rio de Janeiro: Record, 2000). Monteiro (p. 150) also asserts that, outside “the limited circle of family historians,” Freyre currently holds little relevance for Brazilian scholars. Yet, all of Freyre’s

Field of study: History
Cadimium Sulfate Quantum Dots Synthesized and Coupled with Listeria Monocytogenes Antibody IgG

The CdS quantum dots were synthesized by using the precursors including CdCl2 and Na2S and thioglycoli acid (TGA) as stabilizing agent in aqueous solution. The optimal conditions for synthesis of CdS quantum dots were as follows: reaction time of 3 h, 2∶1 of ratio of [Cd2+] to [S2-], TGA volume of 50 μL, system pH value of 8.0 and reaction temperature of 30 ℃ for preparing the CdS quantum dots. The Listeria monocytogenes antibody IgG was successfully coupled to the CdS quantum dots by using the EDC·HCl and the NHS as coupling reagents. The fluorescence intensity of Listeria monocytogenes antibody IgG coupled with the CdS quantum dots was enhanced significantly and was four times of that coupled before. The results of serum agglutination reaction and direct immunofluorescence test showed that the characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes antibody coupled with CdS quantum dots did not changed, and the Listeria monocytogenes could be detected quickly and sensitively by fluorescence microscope. This method can be effectively used in the rapid detection of pathogens in the food because of its high specificity, stability and repeatability.

Field of study: Chemistry
Study on some properties of acid-soluble collagens isolated from fish skin and bones of rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss).

To make more effective use of fish–byproduct resources, acid-soluble collagen (ASC) was isolated from the skin and bones of rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) with yields of 9.448% and 1.122% on a wet weight basis, respectively. Based on their electrophoretic pattern, both collagens were classified as type І with slightly different amino acid compositions and low imino acid content. From the result, both collagens were rich in interand intra-molecular cross-linked components, ß and γ components with bone collagen having more band intensity. Similar changes in viscosity of collagens from the skin and bone of rainbow trout were observed. Collagens from the skin and bones had minimum solubility at pH 9 and 7, respectively. No changes in solubility were observed in the presence of NaCl up to 3% (w/v). However, a sharp decrease in solubility was found above 3% NaCl.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Zur Theorie der Rückstreuung monoenergetischer Elektronen

ZusammenfassungDie einfache Diffusionstheorie nachBothe für die Rückstreuung senkrecht auf ein Target einfallender monoenergetischer Elektronen in den rückwärtigen Halbraum 2π wurde durch Einführung genauerer, energieabhängiger Parameter und Beachtung der im Ansatz vonBothe nicht enthaltenen mehrfachen Umkehr von Elektronen im Rückstreuer auf ihre Brauchbarkeit geprüft; es zeigte sich, daß sie im allgemeinen nicht in der Lage ist, die Rückstreu-Energieverteilung monoenergetischer Elektronen zu beschreiben. In der Diskussion wurde qualitativ gezeigt, daß erst durch Berücksichtigung auch der Einzel- und Vielfachstreuung sowie des Straggling (Energieverluststreuung) der Verlauf befriedigend erfaßt werden kann; speziell für große Primärenergien (um 2 MeV) sind allerdings diese Einflüsse nur gering, so daß die einfache Diffusionstheorie dort bereits zufriedensteEende qualitative Ergebnisse liefert.Die sich aus experimentellen Resultaten verschiedener Autoren ergebende Abhängigkeit des Rückstreufaktors (für den Halbraum 2π bei senkrechtem Einfall) sowie des wahrscheinlichsten Energieverlustes von der Primärenergie konnte ebenfalls durch Zusammenwirken von Einzel- und Vielfachstreuung sowie der Diffusion qualitativ erklärt werden; für große Primärenergien (um 2 MeV) war es möglich, aus der Botheschen Diffusionstheorie allein nach Anbringung von Korrekturen bezüglich wiederholter Umkehr auch quantitativ brauchbare Ergebnisse abzuleiten.

Field of study: Physics
A novel neutralizing monoclonal antibody against both ricin toxin A and ricin toxin B, and application of a rapid sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Two strains of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) anti-ricin, both B chain and A chain, named 3D74 and 4C13, were generated efficiently. The two antibodies recognized different epitopes located in a separated toxin structure domain characterized by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting. 3D74 recognized space conformation epitope, whereas 4C13 recognized linearity epitope of ricin. 4C13 possessed a novel neutralizing ability; the safe period for intraperitoneal injection of 100 microg of antibody was 30 min after intraperitoneal injection of 2 microg of ricin (10 times LD50). Using 3D74 and 4C13 as pair-matching antibodies, we established sandwich ELISA and rapid ELISA for detection of ricin. The detection sensitivities were 31.3 and 156 pg/ml, respectively. Rapid sandwich ELISA was sufficiently sensitive and was performed easily for ricin detection without any special instruments.

Field of study: Biology
Sequentially consistent rules of choice under complete uncertainty

This work analyzes the problem of individual choice under complete uncertainty. In this context, each alternative action consists of a set of different possible outcomes with no associated probability distribution. The work examines and defines a class of rules such that: (a) the evaluation of sets (actions) follows a certain procedural pattern; and (b) an assumption of sequential contraction consistency, which is an adaptation of Sen's α condition, is satisfied. In this framework, some results of characterization show that several well-known rules for comparing sets of outcomes can be reinterpreted in procedural terms.

Field of study: Economics
Assessment of large-vertebrate species richness and relative abundance in Neotropical forest using line-transect censuses: what is the minimal effort required?

Line-transect sampling is a strategy commonly used to assess richness and abundance of large diurnal vertebrates in tropical forests, but the relationships between the sampling effort (measured as transect length in km) and the accuracy of the estimates based on the field data have rarely been investigated. Using data from 17 distinct surveys in French Guiana, we demonstrated that 85 km of transect are sufficient to extrapolate species richness whatever the forest type and the disturbance level of the habitat. Concerning species abundances, reliable estimations were obtained after 40–90 km of transects for large birds, howlers, tamarins, and agoutis. In contrast, relative abundances of capucins, sakis, and ungulates, were still not stabilized after 100 km but can still be reliably assessed with this effort. These species have larger home range than the former, and the accuracy of abundance assessment may be related to use of space. Since species with small area requirements regularly use their entire home range, abundance prediction with a moderate sampling effort may be facilitated. On the contrary, species with large home ranges may exhibit strong seasonal habitat partitioning, therefore decreasing the accuracy of abundance estimation on a low-effort survey. This analysis provides the first evidence of the minimal efforts required to assess large vertebrate richness and relative abundance of some species in a neotropical rainforest. We encourage similar works on other sites, to collect additional information on the influence of forest productivity and species assemblage composition on the minimal required sampling effort. This would permit confident extrapolations of species richness and abundance in other Neotropical forests and may provide efficient guidelines to integrate the predictive analytical tool developed in this work in future biodiversity management plans.

Field of study: Environmental science
Contemporary Women Writers in Italy: A Modern Renaissance, and: Calvino and the Age of Neorealism: Fables of Estrangement (review)

In his introduction to Contemporary Women Writers, Santo AricÃ3 chronicles a history of neglect of women writers and exclusion from the pedagogical and critical canon that the present volume hopes to correct. The volume includes essays on writers well-known in the English speaking worldÂ—Natalia Ginzburg, Elsa Morante, Oriana Fallad, Dacia MarainiÂ—as well as writers whose work is yet untranslatedÂ— Lalla, Cialente, Manzini, Lagorio, Guiducci, and Cederna. The chapters on Elsa Morante and Natalia Ginzburg provide important new interpretive keys to these writers' well-known works. One hopes that Giovanna Miceli-Jeffries' essay on the lesser known Gianna Manzini will draw attention to her work, particularly her most innovative novel Lettera all'editore (not yet translated). Interspersed with these broad-ranging discussions of Italy's foremost women writers are several interesting close readings of single works. Anthony Tamburri provides an insightful reading of gendered roles in Maraini's Donne in guerra (Women at War). Santo AricÃ3 situates Fallad's Niente e cost sia (Nothing and Amen) in the context of the new journalism of Tom Wolfe, Truman Capote, and Norman Mailer. Deborah Heller's reading of Anna Banti's Artemisia is one of the most interesting essays in the volume. Banti's novel is based on the story of the seventeenthcentury painter Artemisia Gentileschi who was raped at an early age and subsequently tortured during cross examination at the public rape trial. Heller analyzes the complex interplay between author-narrator and protagonist and suggests that "through her resuscitation of Artemisia she [Banti] will ultimately come into possession of the inheritance for which there is, tellingly, no adequate word in English or Italian: her rightful female patrimony." In a masterful analysis blending history, art history, and literary criticism, Heller shows how the discrepancies between the historical Artemisia and Banti's fictional Artemisia "seem designed to emphasize Artemisia's solitude as a necessary preparation for her sense of achievement."

Field of study: Art
The Political Consequences of Social Mobility

This paper examines the effect of social mobility on voting behaviour by using diagonal reference models. The EM algorithm is used to fit the models. Asymmetrical mobility effects are found on voting for the Labour party, the downwardly mobile from the salariat being more likely to retain the voting patterns of their class of origin than are the upwardly mobile into the salariat. It is suggested that this asymmetry can be explained by countermobility. The effect of social mobility on political behaviour has long puzzled sociologists and political scientists. That people's current social class affects (or at least is associated with) their voting behaviour is one of the best established propositions in political sociology. But researchers have often suspected that downwardly mobile individuals did not behave entirely in the same way as the intergenerationally stable members of their classes of destination. More specifically, data from five industrial nations suggested to Lipset and Bendix that, although the upwardly mobile tended to conform to the patterns of their class of destination, the downwardly mobile tended in contrast to retain the patterns of their class of origin: 'The majority of the men who rise to middle-class status become politically conservative (more in America than in Europe but still a majority on both continents), while a large minority of those who are reduced to working-class status in the United States, and a majority of men mobile downward in Europe, remain adherents of conservative movements'

Field of study: Mathematics
Review on magnetic refrigeration devices based on HTSC materials

The development of a high-efficiency magnetic refrigerating machine (magnetic refrigerator) with a superconducting magnetic field source operating in the room temperature range is currently an actual scientific and engineering problem. The analysis of scientific and technical literature, regulatory documentation, other materials as well as existing patent landscape for the specified topic is carried out in the paper. Main areas of further research are considered, and comparative assessment of their efficiency is carried out. Different concepts of the magnetic refrigerating machine with a superconducting magnetic system are discussed including general schemes of implementation of both the machine and its assemblies.

Field of study: Engineering
Local study of fissure caries by Fourier transform infrared microscopy and X-ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation.

Investigations of intact dental enamel as well as carious-affected human dental enamel were performed using infrared spectromicroscopy and X-ray diffraction applying synchrotron radiation. Caries of enamel was shown to be characterized by an increase in the number of deformation and valence vibrations for N-C-O, N-H and C=O bonds, a decrease of the crystallinity index, and by the absence of the preferable orientation of hydroxyapatite crystals within the affected enamel. This indicates the presence of destructive processes in the organic matrix of hard tooth tissues.

Field of study: Physics
Estimation of sampling uncertainty for pesticide residues in root vegetable crops

The sampling uncertainty for pesticide residues in carrots, parsley leaves and selected medium size crops was estimated with simple random sampling by applying range statistics. The primary samples taken from treated fields consisted of individual carrots or a handful of parsley leaves. The samples were analysed with QUEChERs extraction method and LCMS/MS detection with practical LOQ of 0.001 mg/kg. The results indicate that the average sampling uncertainties estimated with simple random sampling and range statistics were practically the same. The confidence interval for the estimated sampling uncertainty decreased with the number of replicate samples taken from one lot and the number of lots sampled. The estimated relative ranges of sampling uncertainty are independent from the relative standard deviation of the primary samples. Consequently the conclusions drawn from these experiments are generally applicable. There is no optimum for sample size and number of lots to be tested for estimation of sampling uncertainty. Taking a minimum of 6 replicate samples from at least 8–12 lots is recommended to obtain a relative 95% range of sampling uncertainty within 50%. The cost of sampling/analyses, the consequences of wrong decision should also be taken into account when a sampling plan is prepared.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Rotational bands and signature inversion phenomena in πh9/2⊗νi13/2 and πi13/2⊗νi13/2 structures in odd-odd 176Ir

High-spin states in 176Ir have been investigated via the 149Sm(31P,4nγ) 176Ir reaction through excitation functions, X-γ and γ-γ coincidence measurements. Four rotational bands have been identified for the first time and their configurations are suggested on the basis of the existing knowledge of band structures in odd-odd nuclei as well as the measured in-band B(M1)/B(E2) ratios. Among the four bands observed, the πh9/2⊗νi13/2 and πi13/2⊗νi13/2 bands exhibit an anomalous signature splitting. The signature inversion point is observed in the former at Ic = 18? which is consistent with expectations; this signature inversion spin in the πi13/2⊗νi13/2 band may be larger than 25?. The combined effects of Coriolis and p-n residual interactions involved in such an inversion phenomenon have been discussed qualitatively.

Field of study: Physics
Data Mining in Dynamic Information System Based on Rough Set

Under the dynamic information system model,adapts mines rules in the change of time and scene.In the condition of fixed universe,introduces the concept of differential information system and constructing process.Based on these,proposes a heuristic rules mining algo-rithm and analyses its complexity.Such decision rules,gotten from the algorithm,reflect the inner relation between the change of condition attribute values and the trend of decision-making.

Field of study: Computer science