nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Distribution of Fe, Cu and Zn in Cellular Spheroid Derived Human Prostate Tumor Cells by Synchrotron X-Ray Fluorescence

The formation of three-dimensional cell microspheres such as spheroids has attracted attention as a useful culture technique. In this study, we investigated the distribution (mapping) of Fe, Cu and Zn in cellular spheroid derived human prostate tumor cells. The measurements were performed in standard geometry of 45° incidence, exciting with a white beam collimated with the help of a 20 μm diameter optical capillary in the XRF beam line at the Synchrotron Light National Laboratory (Campinas, Brazil). The results showed that all the elements analyzed presented non-uniform distribution. The spheroids analyzed showed different elemental distribution of Fe and Cu. Zinc concentrations were higher in the central regions of the spheroids analyzed.

Field of study: Physics
Intermediates, catalysts, persistence, and boundary steady states

For dynamical systems arising from chemical reaction networks, persistence is the property that each species concentration remains positively bounded away from zero, as long as species concentrations were all positive in the beginning. We describe two graphical procedures for simplifying reaction networks without breaking known necessary or sufficient conditions for persistence, by iteratively removing so-called intermediates and catalysts from the network. The procedures are easy to apply and, in many cases, lead to highly simplified network structures, such as monomolecular networks. For specific classes of reaction networks, we show that these conditions for persistence are equivalent to one another. Furthermore, they can also be characterized by easily checkable strong connectivity properties of a related graph. In particular, this is the case for (conservative) monomolecular networks, as well as cascades of a large class of post-translational modification systems (of which the MAPK cascade and the n-site futile cycle are prominent examples). Since one of the aforementioned sufficient conditions for persistence precludes the existence of boundary steady states, our method also provides a graphical tool to check for that.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
The development and future of Canadian–Turkish relations

Despite the passage of approximately 70 years of diplomatic relations between Canada and Turkey, the development of the relationship and its future have received little in the way of scholarly atten- tion. This paper, therefore, examines the development of CanadianTurkish relations and discusses how the relationship is likely to unfold. The discussion begins with a review of the current literature and then focuses on the early years of the relationship in the Cold War period up until the 1983 election of Prime Minister Turgut O¨ zal. This is followed by an examination of the post-1983 period and Canada s contemporary relations with Turkey. The paper argues that Turkey offers Canada long-term economic opportunities, but current domestic and regional challenges facing Ankara likely mean that bilateral relations will not accelerate in the near term.

Field of study: Political science
Salt tolerance in Eucalyptus spp.: identity and response of putative osmolytes

In four species of salt-tolerant eucalypts (Eucalyptus raveretiana, E. spathulata, E. sargentii and E. loxophleba), we found substantial concentrations of quercitol – a cyclitol known for its accumulation in seeds of Quercus. Quercitol was absent in old foliage of E. globulus, a species noted for greater susceptibility to salinity, and also absent in the moderately tolerant E. camaldulensis, but, relative to other species, both had higher foliar concentrations of inositol. Simple sugars and cyclitols accumulated to osmotically significant concentrations in all species. The osmotic potential of expressed sap was always less than that of the external ‘soil’ solution and increasing salinity produced predictable reductions in growth and increases in ion concentrations in foliage of saplings of four eucalypt species. The more salt-tolerant species, E. spathulata, E. loxophleba and E. sargentii, were able to maintain well-regulated leaf Na+ concentrations even at 300 mol m−3 NaCl. These more salt-tolerant species also showed an apparent increase in net selectivity for K+ over Na+ as salinity increased, irrespective of the Na+ : Ca2+ ratio of the external medium (range 25 : 1 to 75 : 1; Ca2+ always ≥ 4.0 mol m−3). By contrast, E. globulus was unable to exclude Na+ when exposed to higher NaCl concentrations (e.g. 200 and 300 mol m−3). Carbon isotope signatures of foliage reflected imposed salinity but were not strongly enough correlated with growth to support previous suggestions that isotope discrimination be a means of evaluating salt tolerance. On the other hand, patterns of sugar and cyclitol accumulation should be further explored in eucalypts as traits contributing to salt tolerance, and with potential use as markers in breeding programmes.

Field of study: Environmental science
Data-Depend Hash Algorithm

Hash algorithm is the algorithm that computes a fixed size message digest from arbitrary size messages. After SHA-0 was published, some technologys that analyse and attack hash algorithm are developed. The major technologys is differential attack. Papers[Wy05, Dau05] has explain the attack. Differential attack is the best technique to attack hash function. To attack hash function, it need do the work as follow: 1. Constitute a feasible difference path that has good possibility. 2. Constitute the adequate conditions for the difference path. 3. Find some technique to raise the possibility of the difference path. From mentioned above description of differential attack, it is easy to know that constituting a feasible difference path is the hinge. If it can make it hard to constitute a feasible difference path, it will be hard to attack the hash function. In appenix 1, we know that the data-depend circular shift has good defence feature. And we find a message expension function that make any difference path will has at least eight data-depend circular shift difference [appenix 2]. This make it hard to constitute a feasible difference path. At the same time, we study some technologys[1,2] that used to attack hash algorithm, DDHA use some ways to resist these attack technologys.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
A Reply to Posner

In The First Amendment's Purpose,' I criticized the cost-benefit approach to free speech, of which Richard Posner has been a leading  On the cost-benefit view (or at least Posner's view of that view), speech can be prohibited when "in American society its harmful consequences are thought to outweigh its expressive value."3 Or, in another formulation: "[S]peech should be allowed if but only if its benefits equal or exceed its costs."4 In a sense, stating these formulations should be sufficient to refute them. After all, from the cost-benefit viewpoint, all activity "should be allowed if but only if its benefits equal or exceed its costs." In other words, the cost-benefit approach to free speech holds that individuals have no greater freedom to speak than to engage in any other activity. Which is to say, in an important sense, that there is no freedom of speech at all-no special, constitutional freedom to speak that is different from and greater than the freedom to do anything else. Nevertheless, cost-benefit notions, together with their cousin, the "balancing test," are legion in First Amendment law today.  This way of thinking seems natural to a lot of people, even unavoidable. Don't we all know that the freedom of speech is not "absolute," that it must be "weighed" against other "interests"?

Field of study: Law
Demineralization of a wide variety of foods for the renal patient.

To develop the (1) simplest, most efficacious, mineral (phosphorous, potassium, and sodium) reduction procedures applicable to a total dietary selection of foods that will (2) preserve postprocessing food taste and texture expectations.



Preprocessing and postprocessing mineral analysis of more than 245 individual samples.



Analysis of mineral content performed at certified food laboratory in Omaha, NE.



Renal and control volunteers participated as postprocessing test consumers.



Food materials were subjected to aqueous mineral extraction involving variations in (1) pretreatment handling, (2) aqueous temperatures, and time depending on cell type and initial state (raw, canned, dried). Measurements of remaining mineral concentrations of phosphorous, potassium, and sodium were performed on samples drawn at various time points.



Determination of remaining postprocessing concentrations of target minerals and calculation of the maximum mineral reduction achieved with each food type.



The phosphorous reduction range for vegetables, legumes, meats, flours, and cheddar cheese was 51% +/- 33%, 48% +/- 25%, 38.5% +/- 22.5%, 70.5% +/- 13.5%, and 19%, respectively; for potassium, the reduction range for vegetables, legumes, meats, flours, cheddar cheese, and fruit was 59% +/- 40%, 78.5% +/- 20.5%, 57% +/- 41%, 94% +/- 3%, 99%, and 43% +/- 16%, respectively; for sodium, the reduction range for vegetables, meats, and cheddar cheese was 83.5% +/- 14.5%, 67.5% +/- 27.5%, and 97%, respectively.



Consuming a total dietary selection of demineralized foods is expected to have a significant positive impact on the renal patient's problematic hematologic mineral values and nutritional profile. Reducing food mineral load will make restricted foods permissible once again.

Field of study: Medicine
Fossil weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from latitude 85‡S Antarctica

Two species of fossil listroderine weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Rhytirhinini: Listroderina) are reported from the Meyer Desert Formation at a locality on the Beardmore Glacier in the Transantarctic Mountains about 500 km from the South Pole. Associated fossils include wood, leaves and pollen of Nothofagus, stems and leaves of several species of mosses, achenes of Ranunculus, shells of freshwater molluscs and a fish tooth. The age of the fossiliferous strata is contentious but probably within the range of Pliocene to mid-Miocene. The fossils represent organisms that colonised the margins of a glacier at the head of a fjord during an interglaciation. The autecology of the listroderine species indicates that temperatures during summer months averaged 5‡C. The mean annual temperature, with winter temperatures constrained by 6 months of darkness, is estimated to have been about 38‡C compared to the 326‡C estimated for sea level at latitude 85‡S today. The closest evolutionary link of the fossil listroderines is with South American rather than Australian or New Zealand taxa. Divergence of the taxa, at least at the level of tribe, had most probably occurred on Gondwana before the continent broke apart. The fossil species are considered to be the descendants of Antarctic lineages which evolved on the continent in the Late Cretaceous or Palaeogene and survived until the Neogene. Extinction of the listroderines and most other Antarctic terrestrial biota occurred with the growth of the polar ice sheets and the change to the polar desert climate. 9 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Tracing of sports sociology in France——Reviewing Sports Sociology Program by Pierre Bourdieu

By analyzing Sports Sociology Program,a thesis written by Pierre Bourdieu,a sociologist in France,the author probed into relations of inheritance and retrospection between theories of sports sociology and structuralist sociology in France,reflections of sports sociology on specific social conditions,and new dimensions of study pro-vided by sports sociology.By combining the reality of study of sports sociology in China,the author retrospected the conceptual definition,study methods and study areas of sport.

Field of study: Education
A projected Weiszfeld algorithm for the box-constrained Weber location problem

The Weber problem consists of finding a point in R n that minimizes the weighted sum of distances from m points in R n that are not collinear. An application that motivated this problem is the optimal location of facilities in the 2-dimensional case. A classical method to solve the Weber problem, proposed by Weiszfeld in 1937, is based on a fixed-point iteration. In this work we generalize the Weber location problem considering box constraints. We propose a fixed-point iteration with projections on the constraints and demonstrate descending properties. It is also proved that the limit of the sequence generated by the method is a feasible point and satisfies the KKT optimality conditions. Numerical experiments are presented to validate the theoretical results.

Field of study: Mathematics
What is the 'L2 initial state'?

state’ refers to the starting point of non-native grammatical knowledge. This lacuna is particularly surprising within the framework of generativist L2 acquisition research. Even among those who maintain that L2 development is in some sense guided or constrained by the principles of Universal Grammar (UG),’ there are no standard assumptions regarding the linguistic properties of the initial system which will be modified or elaborated upon by the interaction of input and UG during the course of L2 development. The three articles in this thematic issue of Second Language Research2 seek to address this important research topic, which in one sense continues the long tradition of L2 acquisition research concerned with determining the extent of native-language (Ll) influence, but in another sense breaks new theoretical ground.’ A brief foray into the debate surrounding the initial state of Ll acquisition will perhaps help to show how the topic of the L2 initial state as conceived here is novel.

Field of study: Linguistics
Mild solutions for the relativistic Vlasov-Maxwell system for laser-plasma interaction

We study a reduced 1D Vlasov-Maxwell system which describes the laser-plasma interaction. The unknowns of this system are the distribution function of charged particles, satisfying a Vlasov equation, the electrostatic field, verifying a Poisson equation and a vector potential term, solving a nonlinear wave equation. The nonlinearity in the wave equation is due to the coupling with the Vlasov equation through the charge density. We prove here the existence and uniqueness of the mild solution (i.e., solution by characteristics) in the relativistic case by using the iteration method.

Field of study: Mathematics
Correlated nanoscopic Josephson junctions

We discuss correlated lattice models with a time-dependent potential across a barrier and show how to implement a Josephson junction-like behaviour. The pairing occurs by a correlation effect enhanced by the symmetry of the system. In order to produce the effect we need a mild distortion which causes avoided crossings in the many-body spectrum. The Josephson-like response involves a quasi-adiabatic evolution in the time-dependent field. We also observe an inverse Josephson (Shapiro) current by applying an AC bias; a supercurrent in the absence of electromotive force can also be excited. The qualitative arguments are supported by explicit exact solutions in prototype five-atom clusters with on-site repulsion. These basic units are then combined in ring-shaped systems, where one of the units sits at a higher potential and works as a barrier. In this case the solution is found by mapping the low-energy Hamiltonian into an effective anisotropic Heisenberg chain. Once again, we present evidence for a superconducting flux quantization, i.e. a Josephson junction-like behaviour suggesting that an effective order parameter is already being built up in few-electron systems. Some general implications for the quantum theory of transport are also briefly discussed, stressing the nontrivial occurrence of asymptotic current oscillations for long times in the presence of bound states.

Field of study: Physics
Evolutionarily distant pathogens require the Arabidopsis phytosulfokine signalling pathway to establish disease.

Secreted peptides and their specific receptors frequently orchestrate cell-to-cell communication in plants. Phytosulfokines (PSKs) are secreted tyrosine-sulphated peptide hormones, which trigger cellular dedifferentiation and redifferentiation upon binding to their membrane receptor. Biotrophic plant pathogens frequently trigger the differentiation of host cells into specialized feeding structures, which are essential for successful infection. We found that oomycete and nematode infections were characterized by the tissue-specific transcriptional regulation of genes encoding Arabidopsis PSKs and the PSK receptor 1 (PSKR1). Subcellular analysis of PSKR1 distribution showed that the plasma membrane-bound receptor internalizes after binding of PSK-α. Arabidopsis pskr1 knockout mutants were impaired in their susceptibility to downy mildew infection. Impaired disease susceptibility depends on functional salicylic acid (SA) signalling, but not on the massive up-regulation of SA-associated defence-related genes. Knockout pskr1 mutants also displayed a major impairment of root-knot nematode reproduction. In the absence of functional PSKR1, giant cells arrested their development and failed to fully differentiate. Our findings indicate that the observed restriction of PSK signalling to cells surrounding giant cells contributes to the isotropic growth and maturation of nematode feeding sites. Taken together, our data suggest that PSK signalling in Arabidopsis promotes the differentiation of host cells into specialized feeding cells.

Field of study: Environmental science
Supporting primary health care nurse practitioners' transition to practice.

To examine role transition and support requirements for nurse practitioner (NP) graduates in their first year of practice from the perspectives of the NPs and coparticipants familiar with the NPs' practices; and to make recommendations for practice, education, and policy.



Descriptive qualitative design informed by focused ethnography and narrative analysis using semistructured, in-depth, qualitative interviews.



Primary health care (PHC) settings in Ontario in which NPs worked.



Twenty-three NPs who had graduated from the Ontario Primary Health Care Nurse Practitioner program, and 21 coparticipants including family physicians, NPs, and managers who were familiar with the NPs' practices.



Anglophone and francophone NPs in their first year of practice in PHC settings were contacted by e-mail or letter. Participating NPs nominated colleagues in the workplace who could comment on their practice. Interviews were conducted within the first 3 months, at 6 months, and at 12 months of the NPs' first year of practice and were transcribed verbatim and coded. Job descriptions and organizational charts demonstrating the NPs' organization positions were also analyzed. The researchers collaboratively analyzed the interviews using a systematic data analysis protocol.



Familiarity of colleagues and employers with the NP role and scope of practice was an important element in successful NP role transition. Lack of preparation for integrating NPs into clinical settings and lack of infrastructure, orientation, mentorship, and awareness of the NP role and needs made the transition difficult for many. One-third of the NPs had changed employment, identifying interprofessional conflict or problems with acceptance of their role in new practice environments as reasons for the change.



The transition of NP graduates in Ontario was complicated by the health care environment being ill-prepared to receive them owing to rapid changes in PHC. Strategies for mentorship and for the integration of new NPs into PHC settings are available and need to be implemented by health professionals and administrators. Recommendations for family physicians to support NP graduate transition into practice are provided.

Field of study: Medicine
Roselle Lineament of Southeast Missouri

Examination of side-looking radar imagery of the St. Francois Mountains of southeast Missouri has revealed many structural features which are obscure or only poorly depicted on conventional aerial photographs. Most prominent is a distinct linear element extending southward across the imagery from east of Flat River to southeast of Ironton, Missouri, through the southeast Missouri Lead Belt. Field examination has confirmed a fault zone, named the Roselle fault by the author. This structure has not previously been recognized; no mention of it was found in literature, nor is it shown on any geologic map of the area. The structure traverses Precambrian and Paleozoic rocks. Analysis of geologic and topographic maps north and south of the area covered by radar imagery reveals a series of topographic and structural features remarkably well aligned with the Roselle fault. To the south, these include drainage alignments and a buried Precambrian scarp, and to the north, the Plattin anticline and the course of the Mississippi River north of Crystal City. These features form an almost continuous alignment extending for over 155 mi from southwest of Poplar Bluff, Missouri, north-northeast to the vicinity of the junction of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. This alignment of features is termed the Roselle lineament. I suggest this lineament has been in existence since the Precambrian as a major lineament of this portion of the crust and that it may have been important in localization of mineral deposition in southeast Missouri.

Field of study: Geology
Icariin potentiates the antitumor activity of gemcitabine in gallbladder cancer by suppressing NF-κB

Gemcitabine has been increasingly prescribed for the treatment of gallbladder cancer. However, the response rate is low. The aim of this study is to determine whether icariin, a flavonoid isolated from Epimedi herba, could potentiate the antitumor activity of gemcitabine in gallbladder cancer.Human gallbladder carcinoma cell lines GBC-SD and SGC-996 were tested. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were analyzed using MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The expression of apoptosis- and proliferation-related molecules was detected with Western blotting. Caspase-3 activity was analyzed using colorimetric assay, and NF-κB activity was measured with ELISA. A gallbladder cancer xenograft model was established in female BALB/c (nu/nu) mice. The mice were intraperitoneally administered gemcitabine (125 mg/kg) in combination with icariin (40 mg/kg) for 2 weeks.Icariin (40–160 μg/mL) dose-dependently suppressed cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in both GBC-SD and SGC-996 cells, with SGC-996 cells being less sensitive to the drug. Icariin (40 μg/mL) significantly enhanced the antitumor activity of gemcitabine (0.5 μmol/L) in both GBC-SD and SGC-996 cells. The mice bearing gallbladder cancer xenograft treated with gemcitabine in combination with icariin exhibited significantly smaller tumor size than the mice treated with either drug alone. In GBC-SD cells, icariin significantly inhibited both the constitutive and gemcitabine-induced NF-κB activity, enhanced caspase-3 activity, induced G0-G1 phase arrest, and suppressed the expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and surviving proteins.Icariin, by suppressing NF-κB activity, exerts antitumor activity, and potentiates the antitumor activity of gemcitabine in gallbladder cancer. Combined administration of gemcitabine and icariin may offer a better therapeutic option for the patients with gallbladder cancer.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine