nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Introducing TRAILS: A tool supporting traceability, integration and visualisation of engineering knowledge for product service systems development

Developing state of the art product service systems (PSS) requires the intense collaboration of different engineering domains, such as mechanical, software and service engineering. This can be a challenging task, since each engineering domain uses their own specification artefacts, software tools and data formats. However, to be able to seamlessly integrate the various components that constitute a PSS and also being able to provide comprehensive traceability throughout the entire solution life cycle it is essential to have a common representation of engineering data. To address this issue, we present TRAILS, a novel software tool that joins the heterogeneous artefacts, such as process models, requirements specifications or diagrams of the systems structure. For this purpose, our tool uses a semantic model integration ontology onto which various source formats can be mapped. Overall, our tool provides a wide range of features that supports engineers in ensuring traceability, avoiding system inconsistencies and putting collaborative engineering into practice. Subsequently, we show the practical implementation of our approach using the case study of a bike sharing system and discuss limitations as well as possibilities for future enhancement of TRAILS.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
A rare case of symptomatic gastric sarcoidosis.

Endoscopic appearance of gastric sarcoidosis can be normal. The diagnosis requires biopsy.

A 65-year-old Caucasian male presented to our institute with a 3-week history of anorexia, nausea and watery diarrhea accompanied by a 1-week history of fever, dry cough and mild shortness of breath. Physical examination was only remarkable for red subcutaneous nodules at left thigh. Initial laboratory investigations, including complete blood cell count, blood chemistry, liver function test and serum angiotensin converting enzyme, were within normal range. His stool studies including stool culture, stool for Giardia antigen, Cryptosporidium antigen and Clostridium difficile toxins were all negative. His initial chest X-ray was unremarkable but his computed tomography …

Field of study: Medicine
Polarity change switch for Peltier current lead

Peltier current lead is a promising method to reduce heat leakage from current lead. This paper reports development of Peltier current lead (PCL) with switching facilities to adopt the PCL to polarity-reversible superconducting magnet. In the present work, two types of the PCL were discussed. We mainly investigated the PCL with switching element installed in the copper part. Numerical analysis revealed that it is preferable to reduce heat leakage at the low temperature end of Peltier element. With switch resistance of /spl sim/100 /spl mu//spl Omega/, which enabled switch induced increment of the heat leakage to be suppressed by less than 10%. A transistor switching module with appropriate resistance were manufactured. We demonstrated that a temperature gradient at the end of the lead, corresponding to the heat leakage, could be reduced compared to a conventional current lead (CCL) even when the module was installed with the PCL.

Field of study: Physics
Regularized moving least-square method and regularized improved interpolating moving least-square method with nonsingular moment matrices

The moving least-square (MLS) method has been popular applied in surface construction and meshless methods. However, the moment matrix in MLS method may be singular for ill quality point sets and the computation of the inverse of the singular moment matrix is difficult. To overcome this problem, a regularized moving least-square method with nonsingular moment matrix is proposed. The shape functions obtained from the regularized MLS method still do not have the delta function property and may result in difficulty for imposing boundary conditions in regularized MLS based meshless method. To overcome this problem, a regularized improved interpolating moving least-square (IIMLS) method based on the IIMLS method is also proposed. Compared with the regularized MLS method, the regularized IIMLS not only has nonsingular moment matrices, but also obtains shape functions with delta function property. Shape functions of the proposed methods are compared in 1D and 2D cases, and the methods have been applied in curve fitting, surface fitting and meshless method in numerical examples.

Field of study: Mathematics
Theory of the double-edge technique for Doppler lidar wind measurement.

The theory of the double-edge technique is described by a generalized formulation that substantially extends the capabilities of the edge technique. It uses two edges with opposite slopes located about the laser frequency. This doubles the signal change for a given Doppler shift and yields a factor of 1.6 improvement in the measurement accuracy compared with the single-edge technique. Use of two high-resolution edge filters reduces the effects of Rayleigh scattering on the measurement by as much as an order of magnitude and allows the signal-to-noise ratio to be substantially improved in areas of low aerosol backscatter. We describe a method that allows the Rayleigh and aerosol components of the signal to be independently determined. The effects of Rayleigh scattering are then subtracted from the measurement, and we show that the correction process does not significantly increase the measurement noise for Rayleigh-to-aerosol ratios as high as 10. We show that for small Doppler shifts a measurement accuracy of 0.4 m/s can be obtained for 5000 detected photons, 1.2 m/s for 1000 detected photons, and 3.7 m/s for 50 detected photons for a Rayleigh-to-aerosol ratio of 5. Methods for increasing the dynamic range to more than +/-100 m/s are given.

Field of study: Physics
Regulation of hematopoiesis by the chemokine system.

Although chemokines are best known for their role in directing cell migration, accumulating evidence indicate their involvement in many other processes. This review focus on the role of chemokines in hematopoiesis with an emphasis on myelopoiesis. Indeed, many chemokine family members are an important component of the cytokine network present in the bone marrow that controls proliferation, retention, and mobilization of hematopoietic progenitors.

Field of study: Medicine
Animal study for residual virulence, immunogenicity and protective effect of alive bivalent Shigella vaccine candidate strain DOM3

To develop a 
polyvalent, safe, highly effective and non antibiotic resistance vaccine.  Animal 
model was used to evaluate the residual virulence, immunogenicity and protective effect of a 
live bivalent Shigella vaccine candidate strain DOM3(expressing S.flexneri 2a and 
S.dysenteriae Ⅰ somatic antigen) constructed by balanced plasmid chromosome lethal gene 
expressing system based on thyA gene.  The virulence of DOM3 was 120 and 57 times 
respectively less than that of the wild type strains S.flexneri 2a 301 and S.dysenteriae Ⅰ 
112 in Kunming mice, 875 and 195 times respectively less than that of wild type strains 
S.flexneri 2a 301 and S.dysenteriae Ⅰ112 in SPF BALB/c mice. DOM3 had the similar 
immunogenicity to S.flexneri 2a 301, but weaker immunogenicity than S.dysenteriae Ⅰ 
112. The peak of serum IgA and IgG of immunized mice appeared in the second week after the 
last injection, but IgM in the first week. Antibody titers were likely to be stable after 6 weeks. 
Anti S.flexneri 2a and anti S.dysenteriae Ⅰantibodies appeared with similar trendency. 
The mice subcutaneously inoculated with DOM3 could be protected from the challenge of 30 LD 
50 (6.13×10 7 CFU) wild type strain S. flexneri 2a 301 and 21 LD 50 (6.26×10 7 CFU) 
wild type strain S.dysenteriae Ⅰ112 respectively in Kunming mice, and 20 LD 50 (1.38× 
10 6 CFU) wild type strain S.flexneri 2a 301 and 23 LD 50 (6.95×10 6 CFU) wild type 
strain S.dysenteriae Ⅰ112 in SPF BALB/c mice, through intraperitoneal injection, the 
protective rate was 90% and 70% respectively in Kunming mice, and 100% and 80% 
respectively to SPF BALB/c mice. Conclusions DOM3 may be a promising Shigella vaccine 
candidate strain. Volunteer study on safety, immunogenicity should be done based on the 
results above.

Field of study: Biology
VLSI architectures for high-speed and flexible two-dimensional digital filters

Flexible VLSI architectures for high-speed 2-D finite-impulse-response (FIR) and infinite-impulse-response (IIR) digital filters are described. Cyclical parallel processing structures for 2-D FIR and IIR digital filtering are derived from the employment of storage elements. The hardware architectures that realize the parallel processing structures are developed. The resulting architectures, which are mainly constructed of three types of standard cells, exhibit a high degree of modularity and regularity, and thus a high suitability for VLSI implementation. The architectures can process 2-D data arrays of arbitrary dimensions in real time or near real time and have higher hardware efficiency and lower implementation cost than the direct-form realization.

Field of study: Engineering
Analysis of temperature dependent forward characteristics of Ni/ β-Ga2O3 Schottky diodes

In this paper, the temperature dependence of the turn-on characteristics of Schottky barrier diodes fabricated on oriented n-type β-Ga2O3 is reported. The barrier height (qΦbn) and ideality factor (n) for Ni- β-Ga2O3 was found to be 1.08 ± 0.05 eV and 1.19 respectively at room temperature. The effective Richardson constant (A **) is determined to be 42.96 A cm−2 K−2, in close agreement with the theoretical value. At low temperatures (85–273 K), the current–voltage characteristics reveal a strong temperature dependence of Schottky barrier heights and ideality factors and a corresponding deviation from the barrier height extracted from capacitance–voltage measurements. A detailed analysis is presented, which suggest that these effects can be attributed to a large barrier inhomogeneity at metal/β-Ga2O3 interfaces, possibly resulting from interfacial defects, which can be modeled using a potential fluctuation model.

Field of study: Materials science
The role SWISS-PROT and TrEMBL play in the genome research environment.

SWISS-PROT, a curated protein sequence data bank, contains not only sequence data but also annotation relevant to a particular sequence. The annotation added to each entry is done by a team of biologists and comes, primarily, from articles in journals reporting the actual sequencing and sometimes characterisation. Review articles and collaboration with external experts also play a role along with the use of secondary databases like PROSITE and Pfam in addition to a variety of feature prediction methods. Annotation added by these methods is checked for relevance and likelihood to a particular sequence. The onset of genome sequencing has led to a dramatic increase in sequence data to be included in SWISS-PROT. This has led to the production of TrEMBL (Translation of the EMBL database). TrEMBL consists of entries in a SWISS-PROT format that are derived from the translation of all coding sequences in the EMBL nucleotide sequence database, that are not in SWISS-PROT. Unlike SWISS-PROT entries those in TrEMBL are awaiting manual annotation. However, rather than just representing basic sequence and source information, steps have been taken to add features and annotation automatically. In taking these steps it is hoped that TrEMBL entries are enhanced with some indication as to what a protein is, could or may be.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Sex, Marriage, and Family Life in John Calvin's Geneva. Vol. 1, Courtship, Engagement, and Marriage (review)

Catherine, who wrote in all genres (except for the prose dialogues, which are only by Catherine). The volume, like the Labé edition, is extremely scholarly, and helps the reader with explanations of classical references, contemporary historical and social background, and attention to the later “fortunes” of the Dames des Roches. The bibliography is excellent, and includes both the best-known and lesser-known works by and about women in the French Renaissance. The prose “Dialogues” of Catherine are presented only in English, as is true for the prose letters of Madeleine and Catherine. The translations of poetry are in verse, but are not rhymed. The translations are very readable and give the flavor of the originals. Whereas Madeleine often talks about problems such as illness or her legal affairs, Catherine’s major theme is her status as a single, learned woman who dares to publish. One of the best-known poems of Catherine is “A ma quenouille” (“To my distaff”), which concludes that she would like to hold both the spindle and the pen, showing that she does not see a conflict between the demands of housework and of writing. In reading through the entire collection, one gets a good sense of just how involved these women were with their community. We find poems to friends and relatives, to scholars such as Odet de Turnèbe and Estienne Pasquier, and to nobles such as Jeanne de Bourbon and even to the king. The prose “Dialogues” pursue the theme of women’s education, but in an allegorical or mythological format. There are some similarities here to Labé’s “Debate,” which the Des Roches may have known. The prose “Letters,” published a year before the death of both women from the plague, show that both wrote letters, and the collection begins with epistles by each to the other, reinforcing the theme of mother-daughter love found throughout the volume. Several letters are to their publisher, Abel L’Angelier, one may be to Ronsard, and several express relief that the hostilities of the wars of religion appear to be over (another frequent theme of their writing). It is difficult to do justice to these two translations in a short review. Students and scholars alike will benefit from the creativity and erudition displayed in both volumes. We will look forward to future additions to the Other Voice series. CATHLEEN M. BAUSCHATZ University of Maine

Field of study: History
Stability of multispecies communities in randomly varying environment

SummaryIn this work, we initiate a stability study of multispecies communities in stochastic environment by-using Itô's differential equations as community models. By applying the decomposition-aggregation approach in the context of Liapunov's direct method, we will obtain sufficient condition for stability in the mean of the equilibrium populations. As a by-product of this analysis, we will exhibit important structural properties of the stochastic density-dependent models, and establish tolerance of community stability to a broad class of nonlinear and time-varying perturbations.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Hopf algebras, distributive (Laplace) pairings and hash products: a unified approach to tensor product decompositions of group characters

We show for bicommutative graded connected Hopf algebras that a certain distributive (Laplace) subgroup of the convolution monoid of 2-cochains parameterizes certain well behaved Hopf algebra deformations. Using the Laplace group, or its Frobenius subgroup, we define higher derived hash products, and develop a general theory to study their main properties. Applying our results to the (universal) bicommutative graded connected Hopf algebra of symmetric functions, we show that classical tensor product and character decompositions, such as those for the general linear group, mixed co- and contravariant or rational characters, orthogonal and symplectic group characters, Thibon and reduced symmetric group characters, are special cases of higher derived hash products. In the appendix we discuss a relation to formal group laws.

Field of study: Mathematics
Structural changes in a cryo-cooled protein crystal owing to radiation damage.

The high intensity of third-generation X-ray sources, along with the development of cryo-cooling of protein crystals at temperatures around 100 K, have made it possible to extend the diffraction limit of crystals and to reduce their size. However, even with cryo-cooled crystals, radiation damage becomes a limiting factor. So far, the radiation damage has manifested itself in the form of a loss of overall diffracted intensity and an increase in the temperature factor. The structure of a protein (myrosinase) after exposure to different doses of X-rays in the region of 20 x 10(15) photons mm(-2) has been studied. The changes in the structure owing to radiation damage were analysed using Fourier difference maps and occupancy refinement for the first time. Damage was obvious in the form of breakage of disulfide bonds, decarboxylation of aspartate and glutamate residues, a loss of hydroxyl groups from tyrosine and of the methylthio group of methionine. The susceptibility to radiation damage of individual groups of the same kind varies within the protein. The quality of the model resulting from structure determination might be compromised owing to the presence of radiolysis in the crystal after an excessive radiation dose. Radiation-induced structural changes may interfere with the interpretation of ligand-binding studies or MAD data. The experiments reported here suggest that there is an intrinsic limit to the amount of data which can be extracted from a sample of a given size.

Field of study: Chemistry
The potential of willow for remediation of heavy metal polluted calcareous urban soils.

Growth performance and heavy metal uptake by willow (Salix viminalis) from strongly and moderately polluted calcareous soils were investigated in field and growth chamber trials to assess the suitability of willow for phytoremediation. Field uptakes were 2-10 times higher than growth chamber uptakes. Despite high concentrations of cadmium (>/=80 mg/kg) and zinc (>/=3000 mg/kg) in leaves of willow grown on strongly polluted soil with up to 18 mgCd/kg, 1400 mgCu/kg, 500 mgPb/kg and 3300 mgZn/kg, it is unsuited on strongly polluted soils because of poor growth. However, willow proved promising on moderately polluted soils (2.5 mgCd/kg and 400 mgZn/kg), where it extracted 0.13% of total Cd and 0.29% of the total Zn per year probably representing the most mobile fraction. Cu and Pb are strongly fixed in calcareous soils.

Field of study: Environmental science
ISSR Analysis of Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Bian Gan Germplasm Resources

This study aimed at accurately understanding of resource status and types,taxonomic status and genetic relationship of Guangxi Citrus reticulata Blanco cv.Bian Gan,thus promoting its utilization.Thirty-five accessions of Citrus germplasm,including 21 Guangxi Citrus reticulata Blanco cv.Bian Gan species,2 Vietnam samples and 12 closely related varieties were analysed by using inter-simple sequence repeat(ISSR) and the results showed that 134 fragments of DNA were amplified with 10 primers by using ISSR-PCR,among which 108(81%) fragments were polymorphic.The genetic distance was analyzed,and a tree diagram constructed by using UPGMA algorithm.The genetic similarity coefficients among the accessions were calculated with NTSYS-pc2.10e software and the values were between 0.64 and 1.00.The 35 materials could be clustered into 5 groups at the similarity coefficient level of 0.80,all Citrus reticulata Blanco cv.Bian Gan samples had the greatest genetic similarity with Ponkan and Nanfeng mandarin,indicating that Citrus reticulata Blanco cv.Bian Gan was mandarin.Citrus reticulata Blanco cv.Bian Gan had a near relationship because of a high index which was above 0.90.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Progression of disease in unilateral moyamoya syndrome.

OBJECT
Progression of vasculopathy associated with moyamoya syndrome is extremely variable. The authors review their experience in patients with unilateral moyamoya syndrome to identify factors predictive of contralateral clinical and imaging-documented disease progression.



The authors reviewed the clinical and imaging records of all patients with moyamoya syndrome and unilateral disease who underwent cerebral revascularization surgery between January 1985 and June 2006 by using a standardized surgical procedure, pial synangiosis.



Of 235 surgically treated patients with moyamoya syndrome, 33 (14%) presented with unilateral disease (4 adults and 29 children). There were 16 female and 17 male patients, with an average age of 10.4 years (26.8 years for adults and 8.1 years for children; range 1.5-39 years). Twenty patients presented with left-sided disease and 13 with right-sided disease. The average follow-up after surgery was 5.3 years (3.1 years for adults and 5.6 years for children; range 1-16 years). During this period, 10 (30%) of 33 patients progressed to bilateral disease. The mean time until disease progression was 2.2 years (range 0.5-8.5 years). Factors associated with progression in this series included contralateral abnormalities on initial angiography, previous history of congenital cardiac anomaly, cranial irradiation, Asian ancestry, and familial moyamoya syndrome. Young age at diagnosis was associated with a more rapid rate of progression (age < 7 years, 0.9 years to progression and age >or= 7 years, 3.1 years to progression).



Of patients with unilateral moyamoya syndrome, 30% will have progression of arteriopathy during long-term follow-up. In this series, the average time of progression from unilateral to bilateral angiographic disease was 2.2 years. Several factors, including contralateral abnormalities on initial imaging, congenital cardiac anomaly, previous cranial irradiation, Asian ancestry, and familial moyamoya syndrome, were associated with an increased risk of progression. Patients with known unilateral angiographic disease should undergo continued monitoring by using MR imaging and MR angiography at regular intervals. Treatment with pial synangiosis is safe and confers durable protection against stroke in patients with both bilateral and unilateral moyamoya syndrome.

Field of study: Medicine
MICROWAVE SPECTRUM AND STRUCTURE OF VANADYL(V) CHLORIDE

The microwave spectrum of vanadyl(V) chloride was measured, and the following rotational constants (in MHz) were determined: Bo =1741.72±0.01 for OV35Cl3, Bo =1665.20±0.02 for OV37 Cl3, Ao =1739.94±0.05, Bo =1692.17±0.05, Co =1139±1 for OV35Cl237Cl. From these constants the ro structure was determined: r(V–O)=1.595±0.005 A, r(V–Cl)=2.131±0.001 A and ∠(Cl–V–Cl)=111.8±0.2°.

Field of study: Chemistry
Modeling the effects of propionic acid bacteria in silage

A simulation model of the growth and fermentation of propionic acid bacteria (PAB) in silage was developed 
from literature data with pure cultures or mixed cultures with lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Effects of temperature, pH, 
water activity, and lactate, acetate, and propionate concentrations on growth rate and end product formation were 
included. The PAB were assumed to grow in succession to the LAB in silage and to ferment only lactate. A three-stage 
simulation was performed: LAB fermentation using a previous silage-fermentation model, PAB fermentation using the 
present model, and aerobic deterioration using a previous fungal-growth model. Inoculation with PAB was predicted to 
increase the aerobic stability of alfalfa silages of 20, 35, or 45% dry matter (DM), but to effect only minor improvements 
in 35% DM corn silage. Inoculation of PAB in combination with LAB at ensiling had a synergistic effect on aerobic 
stability. Comparison with two silage studies from the literature suggests uncertainty in the pH sensitivity of PAB in silage 
which may reduce the effect of LAB and PAB inoculation. In general, inoculation of PAB was predicted to have the 
smallest potential benefit for silages most prone to aerobic deterioration.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences