nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Lost Art of Economics

contemporary radical subjectivists. The past twenty or so years have seen a number of Lachmann's followers attempt to develop radical subjectivism in a direction very similar to that suggested by Gloria-Palermo. Scholars such as the late Don Lavoie, Peter Boettke, Steve Horwitz, and David Prychitko have attempted to shift Austrian economics away from a crude, atomistic form of methodological individualism toward a more sophisticated approach which acknowledges that people are social beings who are firmly embedded in networks of shared meanings (see, for example, Boettke 1990; Boettke and Storr 2002; and the essays collected in Lavoie 1990 and Prychitko 1995). In doing so, contemporary radical subjectivists have also begun to bridge the gap between their position and institutional economics. Whether the bridgework that is in place has been completed to the satisfaction of institutionalists is an open question, and one that it would have been interesting to see Gloria-Palermo address. Nonetheless, The Evolution of Austrian Economics is an interesting book, and I look forward to future offerings from its author.

Field of study: Economics
Incidental os odontoideum: current management strategies.

Os odontoideum was first described in the late 1880s and still remains a mystery in many respects. The genesis of os odontoideum is thought to be prior bone injury to the odontoid, but a developmental cause probably also exists. The spectrum of presentation is striking and ranges from patients who are asymptomatic or have only neck pain to those with acute quadriplegia, chronic myelopathy, or even sudden death. By definition, the presence of an os odontoideum renders the C1-2 region unstable, even under physiological loads in some patients. The consequences of this instability are exemplified by numerous cases in the literature in which a patient with os odontoideum has suffered a spinal cord injury after minor trauma. Although there is little debate that patients with os odontoideum and clinical or radiographic evidence of neurological injury or spinal cord compression should undergo surgery, the dispute continues regarding the care of asymptomatic patients whose os odontoideum is discovered incidentally. The authors' clinical experience leads them to believe that certain subgroups of asymptomatic patients should be strongly considered for surgery. These subgroups include those who are young, have anatomy favorable for surgical intervention, and show evidence of instability on flexion-extension cervical spine x-rays. This recommendation is bolstered by the fact that surgical fusion of the C1-2 region has evolved greatly and can now be done with considerable safety and success. When atlantoaxial instrumentation is used, fusion rates for os odontoideum should approach 100%.

Field of study: Medicine
Cross-talk between calcium and reactive oxygen species originated from NADPH oxidase in abscisic acid-induced antioxidant defence in leaves of maize seedlings.

The signal interactions between calcium (Ca2+) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) originated from plasma membrane NADPH oxidase in abscisic acid (ABA)-induced antioxidant defence were investigated in leaves of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings. Treatment with ABA led to significant increases in the activity of plasma membrane NADPH oxidase, the production of leaf O2-, and the activities of several antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR). However, such increases were blocked by the pretreatment with Ca2+ chelator EGTA or Ca2+ channel blockers La3+ and verapamil, and NADPH oxidase inhibitors such as diphenylene iodonium (DPI), imidazole and pyridine. Treatment with Ca2+ also significantly induced the increases in NADPH oxidase activity, O2- production and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, and the increases were arrested by pretreatment with the NADPH oxidase inhibitors. Treatment with oxidative stress induced by paraquat, which generates O2-, led to the induction of antioxidant defence enzymes, and the up-regulation was suppressed by the pretreatment of Ca2+ chelator and Ca2+ channel blockers. Our data suggest that a cross-talk between Ca2+ and ROS originated from plasma membrane-bound NADPH oxidase is involved in the ABA signal transduction pathway leading to the induction of antioxidant enzyme activity, and Ca2+ functions upstream as well as downstream of ROS production in the signal transduction event in plants.

Field of study: Environmental science
Toward the Extension of Antecedents of Compulsive Buying: The Influence of Personal Values Theory

Although a great deal of research has been conducted on compulsive buying, little if any, research has explored compulsive buying from a wider theoretical perspective, encompassing all types of values as potential drivers of compulsive buying. In particular, no comprehensive research has been conducted in the diagnosis of mechanisms that direct the development of compulsive buying from the perspective of personal values theory. Thus, the objective of the current research was to explore compulsive buying within Schwartz’s value model, as well as examining the role particular values play as predictors of compulsive buying. Data were obtained from randomly selected students (young adults), whose ages ranged from 17 to 25 years-old, enrolled at professional and high schools, and at universities in Poland. Personal values were measured by the Polish version of Personal Values Questionnaire, while compulsive buying propensity was assessed by the Polish version of the Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale. Generally, the study’s hypotheses were supported by SEM analysis. That is, those who held values comprising “Self-Enhancement” and “Openness to Change” were more likely to be compulsive buyers. In contrast, those who held values comprising “Self-Transcendence” and “Conservation” were more likely to be non-compulsive buyers. Compulsive buyers were more self-focused, hedonistic, power- and achievement-oriented than non-compulsive buyers. Finally, values that emphasized importance of communal rather than individualistic goals appeared to prevent compulsive buying.

Field of study: Psychology
Observation of persistent photoconductivity in GaxIn1-xP/InP:Fe (0<or=x<0.18)

Persistent photoconductivity (PPC) has been observed in GaxIn1-xP/InP:Fe (0<or=x<0.18) in a large temperature range from room temperature down to 77 K. The relationships between PPC and sample structure, material parameters, temperature and excitation time have been experimentally investigated. The results have been explained by the assumption that a macroscopic potential barrier between the film and the substrate separates the charge and thus delays recombination.

Field of study: Materials science
The Role of Contacts in Molecular Electronics

Molecular electronic devices are the upmost destiny of the miniaturization trend of electronic components. Although not yet reproducible on large scale, molecular devices are since recently subject of intense studies both experimentally and theoretically, which agree in pointing out the extreme sensitivity of such devices on the nature and quality of the contacts. This chapter intends to provide a general theoretical framework for modelling electronic transport at the molecular scale by describing the implementation of a hybrid method based on Green function theory and density functional algorithms. In order to show the presence of contact-dependent features in the molecular conductance, we discuss three archetypal molecular devices, which are intended to focus on the importance of the different sub-parts of a molecular two-terminal setup.

Field of study: Physics
UV‐B‐induced DNA damage and expression of defence genes under UV‐B stress: tissue‐specific molecular marker analysis in leaves

The aim of this study was to investigate the regulatory effect of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation on a number of key stress response genes found in the epidermis and mesophyll of Pisum sativum L., Argenteum mutant. This mutant was chosen for the ease with which the entire epidermis can be removed from the mesophyll tissue. An additional goal was to explore the potential modifying effect of pre-acclimation of plants to UV-B radiation prior to exposure by UV-B during treatment. Results showed that mRNA accumulation was similar during acute short-term UV-B exposure for chalcone synthase (Chs) and short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase (SadA) in both epidermis and mesophyll. In contrast, the mRNA levels differed considerably between tissues for phenylalanine ammonia lyase, chalcone isomerase and lipid transfer protein. After 24 h incubation in visible light after cessation of UV-B exposure, the regulation of mRNA levels also differed between Chs and SadA, the former showing no expression in the epidermis and the latter none in the mesophyll. Acclimation to low UV-B levels before acute exposures resulted in delayed induction of Chs and SadA. Measurements of UV-B-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) showed a greater formation in epidermis than in mesophyll. In addition, acclimation at low UV-B levels resulted in significantly higher basal levels of CPDs than in non-acclimated plants in both mesophyll and epidermis and also in increased damage in concomitant acute exposures. The lack of correlation between the number of CPDs and levels of transcripts for defence genes, indicates that DNA damage does not control transcription of these genes.

Field of study: Environmental science
Interpretation of the body relaxing exercise in Japanese physical education curriculum

In order to emphasize the integration of the body and mind,and to strengthen the relation between sport and health,Japan has changed the “Gymnastics” provision in previous Learning Instructions into “Physical Consti-tution Enhancing Exercises”,and added a new item,namely,“Body Relaxing Exercise”,into it.The body relaxing exercise mainly focuses on enhancing student’s perception,cultivating student’s self-adjustment ability,so as to es-tablish a friendly relationship between the students.The body relaxing exercise requires the teachers to exert their creative spirit,change exercising manner and method,and strive to relax the body and mind of the students.

Field of study: Education
Modeling of high-frequency characteristics for epoxy-sealed micro vacuum capacitors

The high-frequency loss tangent of micro vacuum dielectric capacitors (VDCs) is modeled based on the experimental results using equivalent circuit approach. We found that the dielectric loss of the capacitor at high frequency mainly arises from the dielectric loss of the periphery sealant for the capacitors. Meanwhile, the resonant frequency of the VDCs also depends on that of the sealant. However, within the constraint of sealant material, the characteristics of the VDC can still be optimized by properly choosing the geometric factors. Smaller value of the width of boundary sealant layer to the capacitor side length ratio will result in a smaller value of loss tangent.

Field of study: Engineering
Small regulatory RNAs in Streptococcus pneumoniae: discovery and biological functions

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a prominent human pathogen responsible for many severe diseases and the leading cause of childhood mortality worldwide. The pneumococcus is remarkably adept at colonizing and infecting different niches in the human body, and its adaptation to dynamic host environment is a central aspect of its pathogenesis. In the last decade, increasing findings have evidenced small RNAs (sRNAs) as vital regulators in a number of important processes in bacteria. In S. pneumoniae, a small antisense RNA was first discovered in the pMV158 plasmid as a copy number regulator. More recently, genome-wide screens revealed that the pneumococcal genome also encodes multiple sRNAs, many of which have important roles in virulence while some are implicated in competence control. The knowledge of the sRNA-mediated regulation in pneumococcus remains very limited, and future research is needed for better understanding of functions and mechanisms. Here, we provide a comprehensive summary of the current knowledge on sRNAs from S. pneumoniae, focusing mainly on the trans-encoded sRNAs.

Field of study: Biology
The Response in Personal Structures

This paper has two major purposes. The first is to present a conceptual framework for treating responses in a way consistent in orientation with the approach employed in developing the concept of personal structures. The second purpose is to show that it is possible to consider the collection of responses as having a structure just as we consider judgments, attitudes, opinions, perceptions, etc., as having a structure. Once we begin to develop ways to represent the structure of an individual's responses, or possible responses in their relation to the environment, we can speak more meaningfully of “those responses characteristic of the individual” for we can begin to describe some of the limits these characteristic responses place on the individual's ability to influence his environment. This paper is largely conceptual.

Field of study: Psychology
Two-phase heat transfer coefficients of three HFC refrigerants inside a horizontal smooth tube, part I: evaporation

This paper presents experimental heat transfer results obtained during the evaporation of Isceon 59, R407C and R404A in a horizontal tube. The results have been compared with existing correlations which characterise the evaporative heat transfer coefficient to assess the validity of these models for refrigerant mixtures. The results compared well with the (Gungor K.E., Winterton, R.H.S. Simplified general correlation for saturated flow boiling and comparisons of correlations with data. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, Chemical Engineering Research & Design 1987;65(2):148–156 and Shah M.M. Chart correlation for saturated boiling heat transfer: equations and further study.  correlations over a 0.2 to 0.8 vapour quality range. These correlations, however, did not accurately predict the results obtained during the dry-out at high vapour quality. A model, developed by (Kattan N., Thome J.R., Favrat D., 1998. Flow boiling in horizontal tubes: part 1 — development of a diabatic two-phase flow pattern map. Journal of heat transfer, transactions of ASME, Vol. 120, pp. 140-147; Kattan N., Thome J.R., Favrat D., 1998. Flow boiling in horizontal tubes: part 2 — new heat transfer data for five refrigerants. Journal of Heat Transfer,  Kattan N., Thome J.R., Favrat D., 1998. Flow boiling in horizontal tubes: part 3–development of a new heat transfer model based on flow pattern. , was found to express the local variations in heat transfer during the whole evaporation process. This model was modified to fit the three new refrigerants. The modified Kattan model offers a good prediction of the heat transfer results, with a standard deviation of 6.1%.

Field of study: Engineering
An Example of a Research Experience for Undergraduates

This paper illustrates the Planning and conduct of a Research Experience for Undegraduates (REU) project associated with the 1989 North Dakota Thunderstorm Project held in June/July of that year near Bismarck, North Dakota. This was a National Science Foundation/REU site award and required students from more than one school to participate. Ten students from seven schools were selected. They operated instruments on research aircraft, ran atmospheric sounding equipment, intercepted hailstorms and tested hailstone sensors, and coordinated Doppler radar data acquisition.

Field of study: Environmental science
Tetramethylpyrazine suppresses HIF-1α, TNF-α, and activated caspase-3 expression in middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced brain ischemia in rats

To examine the detailed mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effect of tetramethylpyrazine (TMPZ) in inflammatory and apoptotic responses induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats.MCAO-induced focal cerebral ischemia in rats was used in this study. The hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), activation of caspase-3, and TNF-α mRNA transcription in ischemic regions were detected by immunoblotting and RT-PCR, respectively. Anti-oxidative activity was investigated using a thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) test in rat brain homogenate preparations.We showed the statistical results of the infarct areas of solvent- and TMPZ (20 mg/kg)-treated groups at various distances from the frontal pole in MCAO-induced focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Treatment with TMPZ (20 mg/kg) markedly reduced the infarct area in all regions, especially in the third to fifth sections. MCAO-induced focal cerebral ischemia was associated with increases in HIF-1α and the activation of caspase-3, as well as TNF-α transcription in ischemic regions. These expressions were markedly inhibited by treatment with TMPZ (20 mg/kg). However, TMPZ (0.5-5 mmol/L) did not significantly inhibit TBARS reaction in rat brain homogenates.The neuroprotective effect of TMPZ may be mediated at least by a portion of the inhibition of HIF-1α and TNF-α activations, followed by the inhibition of apoptosis formation (active caspase-3), resulting in a reduction in the infarct volume in ischemia-reperfusion brain injury. Thus, TMPZ treatment may represent an ideal approach to lowering the risk of or improving function in ischemia-reperfusion brain injury-related disorders.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Synthesis of Concave 1,10-Phenanthrolines by a Combination of Suzuki Coupling, Ring Closing Metathesis and Hydrogenation

A wide variety of saturated and unsaturated concave 1,10-phenanthrolines 2 and 4 have been synthesized in good yields starting from dichloro-1,10-phenanthroline 14. In the three step synthesis, Suzuki couplings of bis-ortho-substituted boronic acids were used to introduce two different or two identical aryl bridgeheads into the 2- and 9-positions of the 1,10-phenanthroline (yields ⩾70%). The resulting diaryl-1,10-phenanthrolines 3, substituted with alkenyloxy groups of different lengths, underwent ring closing metathesis reactions giving (bi)macrocyclic 1,10-phenanthrolines 4 in yields between 73 and 96%. The alkene chains of 4 were saturated using hydrogen and Pd/C giving the concave 1,10-phenanthrolines 2 in yields between 75 and 99%.

Field of study: Chemistry
Elephant survival, rainfall and the confounding effects of water provision and fences

Elephant are increasing across some areas of Africa leading to concerns that they may reduce woodlands through their feeding. Droughts may help limit elephant numbers, but they are generally both episodic and local. To explore more general impacts of rainfall, we examine how its annual variation influences elephant survival across ten sites. These sites span an almost coast-to-coast transect of southern Africa that holds the majority of the ~500,000 remaining savanna elephants. Elephants born in high rainfall years survive better than elephants born in low rainfall years. The relationship is generally weak, except at the two fenced sites, where rainfall greatly influenced juvenile survival. In these two sites, there are also extensive networks of artificial water. Rainfall likely affects elephant survival through its influence on food. The provision of artificial water opens new areas for elephants in the dry season, while fencing restricts their movements in the wet season. We conclude that the combination of these factors makes elephant survival more susceptible to reductions in rainfall. As a result, elephants living in enclosed reserves may be the first populations to feel the impacts of global warming which will decrease average rainfall and increase the frequency of droughts. A way to prevent these elephants from damaging the vegetation within these enclosed parks is for managers to reduce artificial water sources or, whenever practical, to remove fences.

Field of study: Environmental science
Integration of a preemptive priority based scheduler in the Palladio Workbench

We present an extension of Palladio Component Model for embedded systems.A set of patterns has been defined to model real-time systems in Palladio.A set of validation tests is provided to prove the correctness of the solution.A complete use case based on a real system is provided. This paper presents an extension to the Palladio Component Model (PCM), together with a new performance analysis infrastructure that supports the fixed-priority preemptive scheduling policy. The proposed solution allows modelling and analysing component-based embedded software applications that are defined using a specific pattern in which each component is executed by a task with a specific priority. The infrastructure is also capable of analysing the system performance when the tasks access shared resources, using either immediate priority ceiling, or priority inheritance protocols, in order to avoid the priority inversion problem. The paper shows the set of rules that enable the transformation between an application, compliant with the proposed design pattern, and its corresponding PCM. Finally, a use case example based on a real system, and a set of tests that validates the analysis infrastructure, are provided. This system is the on-board software of a satellite payload that is currently being developed by the Space Research Group of the University of Alcala. This software is in charge of managing the Instrument Control Unit of the Energetic Particle Detector, which will be launched as part of the Solar Orbiter mission of the European Space Agency and United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
DNSxP: Enhancing data exfiltration protection through data plane programmability

According to a 2019 Radware report, guarding sensitive data is the highest priority area for investment in cyber security. This is no surprise given the high number of reported data breach incidents annually, and the implication of these on the individuals or organisations targeted. Data exfiltration is a key stage in this form of cyber-attack, and the use of the Domain Name System protocol for data exfiltration is popular due to the essential nature of the protocol for network communication. This paper presents a DNS data exfiltration Protection (DNSxP) security architecture leveraging Software-Defined Networking and Data Plane Programmability. The solution is developed based on analysis of different malicious use cases for transmitting data over the DNS protocol. By performing coarse-grained packet filtering and analysis in the data plane, clear benign or malicious traffic can be identified quickly, while suspicious traffic is passed to additional security controls at the SDN controller for classification. As the results demonstrate, this approach offers the combined benefit of reducing data loss during an exfiltration attack and reducing network resource consumption.

Field of study: Computer science
Magnetic-field-induced resonance in a triple-barrier resonant tunnelling diode

Resonant tunnelling through a GaAs-AlAs triple-barrier structure with coupled quantum wells of unequal widths has been studied experimentally. Peaks in the current-voltage characteristic due to tunnelling via the lowest subband of each well were observed. Application of a magnetic field parallel to the interfaces broadens the peaks and at a certain critical field an additional resonance peak appears at a bias voltage between the original resonances. The field-induced peak is interpreted as a double-resonance effect, even though the subbands are not energetically aligned. This interpretation is supported by detailed calculations of current-voltage characteristics using a transfer-matrix approach.

Field of study: Materials science