nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
MODELING THE INACTIVATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 ON INOCULATED ALFALFA SEEDS DURING EXPOSURE TO OZONATED OR ELECTROLYZED OXIDIZING WATER

Alfalfa sprouts contaminated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella have been implicated in a number 
of foodborne disease outbreaks in recent years. Seeds are attributed to be the main source of contamination for sprouts.  
from studies on the treatment of E. coli O157:H7 inoculated alfalfa seeds with ozonated and electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water 
were used to develop models for predicting inactivation of the pathogen. Treatment times of 0 to 16 min were used for ozonated 
water at initial concentrations of 0 to 21 ppm. For EO water treatments, 0 to 19 amperage (A) data at treatment times of 0 to 
32 min were used to develop the models. A modified Monod model for bacterial death kinetics was developed by integrating 
the rate constant (k) as a Lorentzian function of treatment time (t). Regression constants for the Lorentzian function were 
determined at various ozone concentrations (ppm) or A. Validation showed that the model was an effective predictor at ozone 
concentrations below 8 ppm. As a second method, a response surface model (RSM) was utilized for which an RSM regression 
was performed between observed log10N/No and ppm (ozone) or A (EO water) and treatment time. A quadratic equation 
involving linear, quadratic, and interaction terms of the influencing parameters represented the model for ozonated and EO 
water treatments. The models were validated by back predicting log10N/No values. Although numerous other factors influence 
the accuracy of prediction of the models, these models can be useful tools to researchers and regulators for the development 
of improved seed sanitizing guidelines by facilitating assessment of efficacy of a treatment and enhancing food safety.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Public Policy, Peasants, and Rural Development in Honduras

For approximately the last two-and-a-half decades it has been a stated goal of both Honduran and U.S. policy to improve the welfare of the Honduran people, both directly through the provision of services and indirectly through the promotion of economic development. The need is great; Honduras has the lowest per capita GNP in Central America ($660 in 1984) and the highest population growth rate (3.4%). It also has the second highest percentage of its population living in rural areas (61%). Consequently, rural development has been a primary concern of development programs.

Field of study: Political science
Interlocking Memberships of Social Science Societies

Nearly 70 per cent of the statisticians have no other affiliation among the other three societies, possibly because of the large number interested in business enterprises. They have, however, a greater proportion of overlapping memberships than any other society, the economists coming next, with sociologists and political scientists following in the order named. In this article we present ables showing the extent of overlapping among the membership lists of four social science societies. The figures provide indices, first, of the degree to which the interests of each professional group are confined within its own organization; second, of the degree to which the interests of any two groups tend to coincide. Several specific questions which suggested the inquiry are of general interest, and at the same time illustrate, in the answers given, the utility which the data may have: i. The American Statistical Association at its annual meeting, December 28, I928, amended its constitution to provide for the election of six vice-presidents, each representing "a distinct field of statistical interest." The obvious intent was to counteract noticeable tendencies for the Association to become too closely identified with a single field. How pronounced have these tendencies become? Reference to our data shows that among the statisticians, economists are more than six times as numerous as sociologists, and more than sixteen times as numerous as political scientists. 2. The Social Statistics Committee of the American Statistical Association wishes to learn precisely the extent of common ground between statisticians and sociologists. We find that the number of 'The manuscript of this article was originally sent to this journal, suggesting publication in case the editor of the American Statistical Journal did not wish to use it. After it was in type Professor Rice informed the editors that the Journal of the American Statistical Association was printing it in its September issue. The editors have, with the consent of all parties concerned, decided to print it here since the information is of interest to our readers, of whom only about 5 per cent subscribe to the statistical journal.

Field of study: Mathematics
Die optischen Anregungsfunktionen der Quecksilberlinien

ZusammenfassungEs werden die optischen Anregungsfunktionen von über 70 Linien des Hg I-, Hg II-, Hg III- und Hg IV-Spektrums gemessen, in dem Bereich von 7 bis 500 Volt. Alle Linien zeigen ein Maximum der Lichtausbeute. Die Anregungsfunktionen aller vom gleichen Term ausgehenden Linien stimmen überein. Es bestehen Gesetzmäßigkeiten für die Linien gleicher Serie. Die Lage des Maximums ist für Singulett- und Triplettlinien charakteristisch. Das Intensitätsverhältnis benachbarter Linien wird in Abhängigkeit von der Spannung untersucht.

Field of study: Physics
Research on pretreatment of sorbic acid production wastewater

The quality of sorbic acid production wastewater is presented,and pretreatment is carried on the wastewater by coagulation,stripping and ozone oxidation.The results show that the removal rate of COD is 99.3%.So the wastewater is treated effectively and the resource is recycled simultaneity.This process is provided with good prospect in industry.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Age and Correlation of Pleistocene Deposits at Garfield Heights (Cleveland), Ohio

Radiocarbon dates and new exposures in the Mill Creek Valley in Garfield Heights, just southeast of Cleveland, Ohio, now permit a revised correlation of the Pleistocene deposits, Illinoian gravel is overlain by thick paleosol, Sangamonian in age. Above the paleosol is “Lower loess.” 4 feet thick, fossiliferous in the lower calcareous part, and late Altonian in age; it is overlain by calcareous, fossiliferous “Upper loess,” 2.5 feet thick, dated 28,195 ± 535 radiocarbon years B.P. and therefore early Farmdalian in age. Above this is pro-Kent lacustrine silt and clay with beetle fragments (described in the following paper by G. R. Coope); wood in the lowest part is dated as 24,600 ± 800 and 23,313 ± 391 years B.P. Kent Till overlying the lacustrine material is therefore about 23,250 years B.P. and thus earliest Woodfordian. Hiram Till, later Woodfordian, overlies the Kent Till and is the surface material.

Field of study: Geology
Improved WKB approximation for quantum tunneling: Application to heavy-ion fusion

In this paper we revisit the one-dimensional tunnelling problem. We consider Kemble’s approximation for the transmission coefficient. We show how this approximation can be extended to above-barrier energies by performing the analytical continuation of the radial coordinate to the complex plane. We investigate the validity of this approximation by comparing their predictions for the cross section and for the barrier distribution with the corresponding quantum-mechanical results. We find that the extended Kemble’s approximation reproduces the results of quantum mechanics with great accuracy.

Field of study: Physics
Mitigating transient loops through interface-specific forwarding

Under link-state routing protocols such as OSPF and IS-IS, when there is a change in the topology, propagation of link-state advertisements, path recomputation, and updating of forwarding tables (FIBs) will all incur some delay before traffic forwarding can resume on alternate paths. During this convergence period, routers may have inconsistent views of the network, resulting in transient forwarding loops. Previous remedies proposed to address this issue enforce a certain order among the nodes in which they update their FIBs. While such approaches succeed in avoiding transient loops, they incur additional message overhead and/or increased convergence delay. We explore an alternative approach, loopless interface-specific forwarding (LISF), that mitigates transient loops by forwarding a packet based on both its incoming interface and destination address. LISF needs to compute and update interface-specific instead of interface-independent forwarding tables. But it requires neither the synchronization of FIB updates at different nodes nor the modification of the existing link-state routing mechanisms. LISF is easily deployable with current routers if they already maintain a FIB at each interface for lookup efficiency. This paper presents the LISF approach, illustrates its strengths and limitations, discusses four alternative implementations of it and evaluates their performance.

Field of study: Computer science
Pharmacogenetic aspects of the activity of cytochromes P450 in the metabolism of antipsychotics

: Pharmacogenetic tests that allow the clinician to individualize dosage to the patient according to the activity of their metabolism are described. Pharmacogenetic aspects of the oxidative phase of antipsychotic biotransformation are reviewed. Depending on the rate of metabolism and enzyme activity of cytochrome (CYP) family (especially, CYP1 A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4) people can be divided into three groups: poor, rapid and ultrarapid metabolizers. Pharmacogenetic testing before the administration of therapy can be useful for choosing the optimal drug and its effective and acceptable dose for the individual patient. Along with the advantages and possibilities of pharmacogenetic testing, its difficulties and pitfalls are discussed. The authors emphasized that the investigation of cytochrome-based metabolism is only one of the components of individualized medicine.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Genotyping of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolated from Northeastern Forest Areas of China

To isolate Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato(B.b.s.l.) from ticks collected from Northeastern Forest Areas of China and to determine their genospecies and distribution. Methods BSKH medium was used to isolate B.b.s.l. from ticks. 5S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer from all the isolates was amplified by polymerase chain reaction(PCR). Restriction fragment length polymorphism(RFLP) method and sequencing analysis based on 5S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer were used for genotyping, identifying genotypes.  A total of 25 strains were isolated, of which 11,13 and 1 were obtained from Great Xing-an Mountains forest in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Small Xing-an Mountains forest in Heilongjiang province and Chang Bai Mountains in Jilin province, respectively. A target amplicon with 254 bp in size was generated from all 25 isolates. The 25 PCR products were digested using MseⅠ and yielded 4 different RFLP patterns: B, C, D and N. Of the 4 patterns, N seemed to be a new one(a new RFLP pattern). Among them, 21 isolates belonged to B.garinii and were divided into two different patterns: pattern B and C; 3 isolates belonged to B.afzelii and fell into one pattern D; another isolate, named as VH10, show a unique pattern. The phylogenitic tree deduced from the sequences of all the 25 strains showed the isolates belonging to 4 branching groups. One branching group comprised 3 isolates of B.afzelii, the others comprised 22 isolates belonged to B.garinii. All 3 B.afzelii isolates were obtained from Weihe area of Heilongjiang province. Twenty two B.garinii isolates were obtained from Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Heilongjiang province and Jilin province respectively.  In Northeastern Forest Areas of China, there are two genospecies, and B.garinii is dominant one. In order to genotype the isolates accurately, RFLP analysis basing on 5S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer should be combined with sequence analysis after PCR assay.

Field of study: Biology
Zur Frage des Widerspruches zwischen der klassischen Mechanik und Erfahrung bei Wärmestrahlung

ZusammenfassungEs wird gezeigt, in welchem Sinne aas dem Versagen der Rayleigh-Jeansschen Strahlungsformel auf die Strahlungseigenschaften wirklicher Materie zurück-geschlossen werden kann.

Field of study: Physics
Ionisation von Salzdämpfen. II

ZusammenfassungNach der Smythschen Methode wird die Ionisation von ZnCl2- und NaJ-Molekeln bei der Bombardierung des entsprechenden Salzdampfes mit langsamen Elektronen untersucht. Es wird der elektrolytische Zerfall der Moleküle wie auch die Bildung des Molekülions in beiden Fällen gefunden.

Field of study: Physics
Comparison of dimension reduction techniques in the analysis of mass spectrometry data

Online analysis with mass spectrometers produces complex
data sets, consisting of mass spectra with a large number of chemical
compounds (ions). Statistical dimension reduction techniques (SDRTs) are
able to condense complex data sets into a more compact form while preserving
the information included in the original observations. The general principle
of these techniques is to investigate the underlying dependencies of the
measured variables by combining variables with similar characteristics into
distinct groups, called factors or components. Currently, positive matrix
factorization (PMF) is the most commonly exploited SDRT across a range of
atmospheric studies, in particular for source apportionment. In this study,
we used five different SDRTs in analysing mass spectral data from complex gas-
and particle-phase measurements during a laboratory experiment investigating
the interactions of gasoline car exhaust and α -pinene. Specifically,
we used four factor analysis techniques, namely principal component analysis (PCA),
PMF, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and
non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), as well as one clustering
technique, partitioning around medoids (PAM). All SDRTs were able to resolve four to five factors from the gas-phase measurements,
including an α -pinene precursor factor, two to three oxidation product
factors, and a background or car exhaust precursor factor. NMF and PMF provided
an additional oxidation product factor, which was not found by other SDRTs.
The results from EFA and PCA were similar after applying oblique rotations.
For the particle-phase measurements, four factors were discovered with NMF:
one primary factor, a mixed-LVOOA factor and two α -pinene secondary-organic-aerosol-derived (SOA-derived)
factors. PMF was able to separate two factors: semi-volatile oxygenated organic aerosol (SVOOA) and low-volatility oxygenated organic aerosol (LVOOA). PAM
was not able to resolve interpretable clusters due to general limitations of
clustering methods, as the high degree of fragmentation taking place in the
aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) causes different compounds formed at different stages in the experiment
to be detected at the same variable. However, when preliminary analysis is
needed, or isomers and mixed sources are not expected, cluster analysis may
be a useful tool, as the results are simpler and thus easier to interpret. In
the factor analysis techniques, any single ion generally contributes to
multiple factors, although EFA and PCA try to minimize this spread. Our analysis shows that different SDRTs put emphasis on different parts of
the data, and with only one technique, some interesting data properties may
still stay undiscovered. Thus, validation of the acquired results, either by
comparing between different SDRTs or applying one technique multiple times
(e.g. by resampling the data or giving different starting values for
iterative algorithms), is important, as it may protect the user from
dismissing unexpected results as “unphysical”.

Field of study: Environmental science
Search for the neutrino magnetic moment in the elastic νe scattering

The possibility of detecting the anomalous neutrino magnetic moment from comparison of the “electromagnetic” and “electroweak” contributions to the differential and total cross sections of neutrino-electron scattering is considered. The results of quantitative analysis and a graphical image of the cross sections are presented for the case of scattering of beryllium solar neutrinos by an electronic target.

Field of study: Physics
Service-Learning and Mentoring: Effective Pedagogical Strategies.

Educational experiences need to (1.) increase student activities inside and outside the classroom; (2.) promote knowledge acquisition and educational performance; (3.) increase group-based and cooperative learning; and, (4.) assist students in developing solutions to real-world, complex problems. To address these issues, this research blended mentoring and service-learning as an active pedagogical strategy to foster civic responsibility, build teamwork and leadership skills, and increase citizenship behaviors among upper level and first-year students.  Service-learning offers effective pedagogical strategies and enhances student development through active learning and participation, engagement in the community, critical thinking, and information on real-life conflictual situations. In addition, integrating service-learning with in-class educational experiences has been shown to enhance student involvement, interpersonal skills, and personal reflection, increase self-confidence and a sense of civic responsibility, and promote moral development (Bringle & Hatcher, 2002; Piliavin, 2003; Pratt, 2002; Waldstein & Reiher, 2001). Service-learning researchers report the successful integration of service-learning activities into the course content of a variety of disciplines including occupational therapy, social work, medicine, communication, gerontology, and physical education (Blieszner & Artale, 2001; Dreuth & Dreuth-Fewell, 2002; Kendall, 1991; Keyton, 2001; Moorman & Arellano- 2002; Waskiewicz, 2001). In addition, a considerable amount of research suggests that courses in psychology also afford students ample opportunities to integrate service learning into course content (Bringle & Duffy, 1998; Chapdelaine & Chapman, 1999; Dunlap, 1998; Kretchmar, 2001; Pezdek, 2002; Raupp & Cohen, 1992; Reeb, Sammon, & Isackson, 1999; Wells, in press). Mentoring, as well, is a structured educational strategy for enhancing student development and academic achievement. In particular, published research reports positive outcomes associated with the mentoring of primary and secondary school children (Dondero, 1997; DuBois, Holloway, Valentine, & Cooper, 2002; Hicks, 2000; Hicks & Hofmann, 2000; King, Vidourek, Davis, & McClellan, 2002). On the other hand, there is a paucity of research on mentoring programs at the college and university levels (Bettencourt, Bol, & Fraser, 1994; Reeves, 1997; Wilson, 1994). Bettencourt, Bol, and Fraser (1994), for example, conducted a survey among 130 psychology graduate chairpersons and found that only 6% had formal mentoring programs. Incidentally, the authors conclude that survey results reported advantages of mentoring relationships between graduate and undergraduate students.

Field of study: Education
The research of indentation test method based on cone indenter of 70.3 degrees

Based on indentation theory and elasto-plastic finite element analysis(EPFEA) with contact elements,the constitutive relationship based on energy method of indentation(CR-EMI) is obtained by the indentation test of a cone indenter of 70.3 degrees.The new method revealed a linear relationship between the energy ratios of the indentation process and the yield stress in Hollomon model.Based on the linear relationship and P-h curve,the parameters in Hollomon model can be directly obtained with the new method.Obviously,the Brinell hardness based on energy method of indentation(H-EMI) can be predicted by using the Hollomon parameters.The availability and accuracy of CR-EMI method and H-EMI method are proved by the test results and finite element analyses of different metals.

Field of study: Engineering
Assessing woodpeckers as indicators of bird diversity and habitat structure in managed forests

Woodpeckers (family Picidae) are a specialised group of insectivores that are sensitive to forest degradation and fragmentation. We evaluated the woodpecker taxa as potential indicators of habitat quality and forest bird diversity in temperate moist hardwood forests (1500–2400 m asl), a threatened biome in the Western Himalaya. 74 forest sites, selected to represent a gradient of anthropogenic use, were surveyed for birds, vegetation structure and proportion of land under dense forest in the surrounding landscape. Individual woodpecker species were observed to quantify their foraging niche preferences. We found that forest sites with higher woodpecker richness were also rich in all other bird species. Further, the richness and abundance of woodpeckers and all other birds were affected by similar habitat variables. Four out of the eight woodpecker species occurring in the study area were found to fit our habitat models suitably, with canopy cover, tree density, and forest proportion proving to be important variables. Behavioural observations showed that the same four woodpecker species significantly preferred larger and taller trees for foraging. Given the difficulty of directly monitoring forest characteristics and total bird diversity over large landscapes, consistent monitoring of sensitive woodpecker species can provide answers to both. Further, as woodpeckers are moderately common and conspicuous birds, areas with high woodpecker diversity can be easily identified and prioritised for conservation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Assessing the Impact of Service Quality on Customers and Operators: Empirical Study

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the impact of Service Quality on Customer Satisfaction, Customer Loyalty and Operational Performance of telecom service industry in Sultanate of Oman. It also investigate how technology adds value to service delivery system and improvement of Service Quality. The empirical data were collected by administering 1,450 questionnaires and out of which 888 completed and usable responses were retrieved. The study is first of kind that evaluated well-established chain of service i.e. services provided by Original Equipment Manufacturers to Telecom Service Providers and further service provided by the Telecom Service Providers to the End Users. The feedback was taken on forward and backward chain to evaluate comprehensive service chain, instead of evaluating an individual chain i.e. Service provided by Original Equipment Manufacturers to Telecom Service Providers or vice versa or from Telecom Service Providers to the End Users. Questionnaires feedback was taken from comprehensive chain of services, i.e. forward and backward chain feedback was considered. Research findings suggest that technological support would improve service delivery system and service organizations shall put special emphasize on Service Quality for achieving critical success, which would improve overall Customer Satisfaction, Customer Loyalty, Operational Performance and Firm Profitability.

Field of study: Business
Extreme low thermal conductivity in nanoscale 3D Si phononic crystal with spherical pores.

In this work, we propose a nanoscale three-dimensional (3D) Si phononic crystal (PnC) with spherical pores, which can reduce the thermal conductivity of bulk Si by a factor up to 10,000 times at room temperature. Thermal conductivity of Si PnCs depends on the porosity, for example, the thermal conductivity of Si PnCs with porosity 50% is 300 times smaller than that of bulk Si. The phonon participation ratio spectra demonstrate that more phonons are localized as the porosity increases. The thermal conductivity is insensitive to the temperature changes from room temperature to 1100 K. The extreme-low thermal conductivity could lead to a larger value of ZT than unity as the periodic structure affects very little the electric conductivity.

Field of study: Physics