nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Structure and Profitability of Royal Finance in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1790

HE SPANISH AMERICAN EMPIRE was the most bureaucratic and sophisticated royal government operating in eighteenth-century America. The complexity of its intelvention in the daily economic, social and political life of its citizens was reflected in the number of paid royal officials in the judicial, administrative, military and religious hierarchies. To maintain this bureaucracy, the Crown developed a complex system of taxation on colonial production, commerce and population. It also established state monopolies (tobacco products, playing cards, mercury, stamped paper, etc.) for further extraction of funds from its subjects. The tax structure was administered by a large number of paid royal treasury officials, supplemented by private tax farmers. The resulting proliferation of royal treasury account records is extraordinary, constituting a vely rich but little used source of documentation on the economic life of the colonies. Historians have, of course, looked into these sources. But in the historiography of the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata, with which this study is particularly concerned, there have been few systematic and detailed analyses based on these  It is the aim of the present essay to begin an exploration of the most general of these

Field of study: History
Characterization of Strain Due to Nitrogen Doping Concentration Variations in Heavy Doped 4H-SiC

Highly doped 4H-SiC will show a significant lattice parameter difference with respect to the undoped material. We have applied the recently developed monochromatic contour mapping technique for 4H-SiC crystals to a 4H-SiC wafer crystal characterized by nitrogen doping concentration variation across the whole sample surface using a synchrotron monochromatic x-ray beam. Strain maps of 0008 and − 2203 planes were derived by deconvoluting the lattice parameter variations from the lattice tilt. Analysis reveals markedly different strain values within and out of the basal plane indicating the strain induced by nitrogen doping is anisotropic in the 4H-SiC hexagonal crystal structure. The highest strain calculated along growth direction [0001] and along [1-100] on the closed packed basal plane is up to − 4 × 10−4 and − 2.7 × 10−3, respectively. Using an anisotropic elasticity model by separating the whole bulk crystal into numerous identical rectangular prism units, the measured strain was related to the doping concentration and the calculated highest nitrogen level inside wafer crystal was determined to be 1.5 × 1020 cm−3. This is in agreement with observation of double Shockley stacking faults in the highly doped region that are predicted to nucleate at nitrogen levels above 2 × 1019 cm−3.

Field of study: Materials science
Brazilian cerrado antioxidant sources: cytotoxicity and phototoxicity in vitro

Annona crassiflora (araticum), Eugenia dysenterica (cagaita), and Caryocar brasiliense (pequi) are tropical fruits of the second biggest Brazilian biome: the cerrado. Nowadays, the cerrado faces two different realities: 1) the great possibility of food production since it is considered as the biggest storehouse of the world; and 2) the rich biodiversity that has been newly discovered and known. Previous studies showed that certain cerrado fruits demonstrate high content of total phenols and excellent antioxidant activity in in vitro models. Moreover, using fingerprinting analysis, important bioactive molecules were identified as probably responsible for their antioxidant activity. In this study, the cytotoxicity and phototocixity of ethanolic extracts from cerrado fruits were evaluated using the in vitro Neutral Red Uptake (NRU). Regarding cytotoxicity, the extracts of araticum peel and cagaita seed did not shown any cytotoxic potential up to 300 µg.mL-1. Ethanolic extracts of araticum seed and pequi peel presented low cytotoxic potential and, according to linear regressions, the estimated LD50 were de 831.6 and 2840.7 mg.kg-1, respectively. In the evaluated conditions, only the araticum peel extract presented a phototoxic potential. This is the first attempt to screen the toxicity of cerrado fruits with high antioxidant activity.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
TU-AB-202-04: Development of a DeformableImage Registration (DIR) Error Correction Method Employing Kolmogorov-Zurbenko(KZ) Filter.

This study aims to develop a DIR error correction method capable of utilizing sparse ground-truth motion information and recovering missing data with the Kolmogorov-Zurbenko (KZ) filter.



The error correction method employs a two-step approach. First, sparse ground-truth displacement vectors are integrated into a pre-correction deformable vector field (DVF) to estimate a post-correction DVF with coarse resolution. Second, the coarse post-correction DVF is boosted to a full-resolution DVF through convolution with the KZ filter. To validate the use of the KZ filter for missing data recovery, recovery errors were determined by comparing a DVF recovered from down-sampling with the original full-resolution DVF. The entire error correction method was tested on an in-house developed digital lung motion phantom consisting of a primary volume, a DVF, and a secondary volume synthesized by applying the DVF on the primary volume. Five pre-correction DVFs were obtained by performing DIR between the two volumes using Velocity, MIM, ILK and OHS algorithms in DIRART toolbox, and Elastix, and then corrected. Primary volumes were synthesized with pre- and post-correction DVFs, respectively. The error correction method was evaluated with pre- and post-correction registration errors, and intensity errors in synthesized primary volumes.



Our test results for sparsely down-sampled (<0.4%) DVFs showed that the KZ filter outperformed the cubic polynomial interpolation method for whole lung DVF map recovery in terms of median error (0.60mm vs 0.73mm) and mean error (1.18mm vs 1.29mm). Pre- and post-correction 3D registration errors per voxel for Velocity, MIM, ILK, OHS, and Elastix are reduced by 2.39 mm on average. Pre- and post-correction intensity errors are reduced by 0.37 in unit of image intensity on average.



We have implemented a two-step method capable of utilizing sparse ground-truth displacement vectors for DIR error reduction, allowing DIR accuracy improvement utilizing clinically available motion data. This study is supported by NIH grant 1R21CA165384.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Reliability and Validity of Nonverbal Thin Slices in Social Interactions

Four studies investigated the reliability and validity of thin slices of nonverbal behavior from social interactions including (a) how well individual slices of a given behavior predict other slices in the same interaction; (b) how well a slice of a given behavior represents the entirety of that behavior within an interaction; (c) how long a slice is necessary to sufficiently represent the entirety of a behavior within an interaction; (d) which slices best capture the entirety of behavior, across different behaviors; and (e) which behaviors (of six measured behaviors) are best captured by slices. Notable findings included strong reliability and validity for thin slices of gaze and nods, and that a 1.5-min slice from the start of an interaction may adequately represent some behaviors. Results provide useful information to researchers making decisions about slice measurement of behavior.

Field of study: Psychology
Primary aldosteronism as an endocrinological challenge – old doubts and new diagnostic possibilities

Hypertension constitutes a common clinical problem worldwide. In fact, a systematic increase in its detection is predicted in the following years, with early detection, accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of hypertension being a priority. The most common endocrinological cause of hypertension is primary aldosteronism. What is more, elevated aldosterone levels cause a deterioration in blood pressure normalization, diabetes, and significantly increase cardiovascular risk. There are two distinct causes of primary aldosteronism – aldosterone producing adenoma (APA), as well as bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (BAH) and proper differentiation between APA and BAH has clinical implications. In the case of the former adrenalectomy is advised, whereas the latter is followed by introduction of proper pharmacotherapy with aldosterone antagonists (spironolactone, eplerenone).

Field of study: Medicine
The SUPERFAMILY database in structural genomics.

The SUPERFAMILY hidden Markov model library representing all proteins of known structure predicts the domain architecture of protein sequences and classifies them at the SCOP superfamily level. This analysis has been carried out on all completely sequenced genomes. The ways in which the database can be useful to crystallographers is discussed, in particular with a view to high-throughput structure determination. The application of the SUPERFAMILY database to different target-selection strategies is suggested: novel folds, novel domain combinations and targeted attacks on genomes. Use of the database for more general inquiry in the context of structural studies is also explained. The database provides evolutionary relationships between target proteins and other proteins of known structure through the SCOP database, genome assignments and multiple sequence alignments.

Field of study: Chemistry
Air Quality and Health Cobenefits of Different Deep Decarbonization Pathways in California.

As the world's fifth-largest economy, California has committed to reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. While previous studies have shown that GHG reductions could synergistically decrease air pollutant emissions and protect public health, limited research has been conducted to compare the health cobenefits of different technology pathways toward deep decarbonization. Using an integrated approach that combines energy and emission technology modeling, high-resolution chemical transport simulation, and health impact assessment, we find that achievement of the 80% GHG reduction target would bring substantial air quality and health cobenefits. The cobenefits, however, highly depend on the selected technology pathway largely because of California's relatively clean energy structure. Compared with the business-as-usual levels, a decarbonization pathway that focuses on electrification and clean renewable energy is estimated to reduce concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) by 18-37% in major metropolitan areas of California and subsequently avoid about 12 100 (9600-14 600) premature deaths. In contrast, only a quarter of such health cobenefits, i.e., 2800 (2300-3400) avoided deaths, can be achieved through a pathway focusing more on combustible renewable fuels. After subtracting the cost, the net monetized benefit of the electrification-focused pathway still exceeds that of the renewable fuel-focused pathway, indicating that a cleaner but more expensive decarbonization pathway may be more preferable in California.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effect of Noise on Moving Cut Data-Permutation Entropy

The effect of peak noise and white Gaussian noise on moving cut data-permutation entropy method is discussed by constructing the nonlinear ideal time series. The results show that the moving cut data-permutation entropy method can accurately detect the location of the mutational point, even if the time series with high noise level, which showed that the effect of peak noise and white Gaussian noise on the result of this method is small. The moving cut data-permutation entropy has strong anti-noise ability, which is beneficial to the application of this method in actual observation data.

Field of study: Engineering
Female Headship and the Economic Status of Young Men in the United States, 1977-2001

Poverty rates among female-headed households in the United States are substantially, and persistently, higher than poverty rates for households headed by married persons or unmarried males . This fact is presented as evidence in support of the claim that choices by women to live in nontraditional arrangements rank as an important cause of poverty and that, moreover, an effective anti-poverty policy should focus on redesigning welfare programs and the tax code so as to strengthen incentives to marriage and disincentives to nonmarital births.1 The family promotion initiatives favored by the political right are underpinned by viewpoints about the causes of rising female headship and illegitimacy-views articulated by Charles Murray (1984).2 For Murray, the modern welfare state is supported by an ideology that blames "the system" for society's ills and relieves those dwelling at its fringes of moral responsibility for their own economic fortunes. As a result, behavioral patterns that in a more enlightened society are stigmatized and discouraged have been de-stigmatized and encouraged.3 The solution is a re-establishment of personal responsibility. The Personal Responsibility and Work Reconciliation Act of 1996 (the welfare reform bill) apparently marks a movement toward this goal. There remains a perplexing question to which Murray and others on the political right have not given a satisfactory answer. Specifically, if marriage offers a dependable route to a better economic station, why do so many poor females remain single or become divorced?

Field of study: Economics
P090 Role of TREM2 in the pathogenesis of DSS-induced IBD

Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM-2) is a cell surface receptor that participates in diverse cellular functions including inflammation, bone homeostasis and neurological development. We examined the effects of TREM-2 on experimentally induced inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in mice.  Wild type (WT) and TREM2 transgenic (TREM2 TG) mice were administrated with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to induce IBD. The gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines were examined using RT-PCR and histopathological analysis was performed by H&E staining. The population of regulatory T cells was analyzed by flow cytometry.  We found that body weight and colon length were remarkably decreased by treatment of DSS in TREM2-TG mice compared with WT littermates. Gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines including TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-17F, and IL-6 was increased in colonic tissue of DSS-treated TREM2-TG mice. In addition, recruitment of immune cells into colon tissue was also increased by DSS treatment in TREM2-TG mice, but population of regulatory T cells was decreased.  Our data suggest that TREM2 may be involved in the pathogenesis of IBD by upregulating proinflammatory cytokines due to the reduction of regulatory T cells.

Field of study: Medicine
Public-Private Partnership as Mechanism for Employment Creation in Nigeria

Public-Private Partnership could be defined as the collaboration between two for improved services to bring about change that will influence employment creation and boost the economy of any country. In this paper, it is perceived as a twin sister that could work together for effectiveness and efficiency to promote employment creation. While on the other hand, employment creation is the process of creating new jobs, especially for people who are unemployed. With the current trend in Nigeria, public-private partnership seems to be the best option in resolving the menace of unemployment. There are valuable physical and mineral resources in Nigeria which could be used to create employment at local, national and international level. However, public sector has been pulling weight in offering employment to Nigerian youths, but due to the series of organizational problems it has been difficult for the public sector to cope with the fast growing population in terms of employment. Hence, this paper discussed the necessity for public-private partnership for employment creation in Nigeria. The paper examines the possible partnership areas between public and private sectors for employment creation in Nigeria. It elucidates the possible benefits and challenges of public-private partnership on employment creation. The paper recommended tapping of resources available in the socio-political zones to create jobs as well as vibrant economic policies and stable political climate which be put in place to enhance effective partnership between public and private sectors for employment creation.  Public-Private Partnership, Employment creation

Field of study: Education
A low-frequency superconductor oscillator with a 10^10-quality factor

This letter describes a very simple electromechanical oscillator, consisting of a strong-pinning Nb-Ti superconductor loop subjected to static magnetic fields. A detailed calculation of the losses occurring during its low-frequency oscillations is carried out. The conclusion is that the quality factor for such oscillator might reach the 10^10-10^11 range, something comparable only to the best optical microcavities. Such device might permit the measurement of variations in static forces with the same precision a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) measures variations of magnetic field, providing a new tool for probing minute variations of the gravitational field. for instance.

Field of study: Physics
Blockage of Peripheral NPY Y1 and Y2 Receptors Modulates Barorefex Sensitivity of Diabetic Rats

Abnormal baroreceptor reflex sensitivity (BRS) and elevated plasma neuropeptide Y (NPY) are prevalent in diabetic patients. The present study was conducted to determine whether NPY Y1 receptor (Y1R) and NPY Y2 receptor (Y2R) contribute to the regulatin of BRS in diabetic rats.  Diabetes mellitus (DM) rats with hyperlipidemia were developed by an emulsion diet enriched with fat, sucrose and fructose followed by streptozocin (STZ). Y1R and Y2R specific antagonists (BIBP 3226 and BIIE 0246) were administered by a mini-osmotic pump. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), heart rate (HR), BRS and heart functions, as well as the plasma NPY and lipid level were measured after treatment for 4 weeks.  Both BIBP 3226 and BIIE 0246 treatment reversed the elevated total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) level, and reduced high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) level in DM rats. BIIE 0246 may attenuate the increased triglyceride (TG) level in DM rats. In addition, neither BIBP 3226 nor BIIE 0246 treatment produced significant effects on BRS, SBP or HR (P>0.05) in DM rats, even after PE and SNP challenge. However, BIBP 3226 and BIIE 0246 further impaired LVSP, LVEDP, +dp/dtmax and -dp/dtmax.  This study provided us with the evidence that the inhibition of peripheral Y1R and Y2R did not affect impaired BRS but amplified the deterioration of the compromised cardiac function in STZ-induced DM rats with hyperlipidemia.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Pitfalls on the race for an ultimate Tethys model

In the past 10 years an abundance of new models aimed at finding a better or even the ultimate solution for the structure and evolution of the Mediterranean Tethys have been published. These models are based on new geophysical (mainly paleomagnetic) results, refined stratigraphic and facies data, and sometimes even on detailed geochemical analyses. They were constructed with the help of paleaogeographic computer programs. Unfortunately, some authors, fascinated by their own reconstructions, forgot to take into consideration the historical development of certain terms, geometrical restrictions mainly published in geological maps, stratigraphic columns and basin developments. In this paper we point to some critical areas in the Alpine/Carpathian orogen, where previously published geological data were neglected or misinterpreted. We do not review all models of the Mediterranean Tethys, but show that some of the models need extensive correction. We suggest more careful use of Tethyan terminology and the correlation of units.

Field of study: Environmental science
Retrofitting HFC134a into existing CFC12 systems

The CFC phasing-out regulations call for the phasing out of CFCs before the end of the decade. The process of revision of these regulations continues and the dates for phasing-out may be brought forward even more. After the phasing out of CFCs it will be important for the refrigeration industry to be able to use the existing equipment currently running on CFC12. This paper gives a brief outline of ICI developmental work on the new range of ester oils suitable for the alternative refrigerants. The simple procedure developed to enable the refrigeration industry to convert from CFC12 to HFC134a is described. The flushing procedure and the determination of residual mineral-oil content are set out. Five case studies where HFC134a has been retrofitted in five different application sectors are given at the end of the paper.

Field of study: Engineering
Decay rate constants of sputtered vanadium oxide clusters

Results from studying the emission and fragmentation of VnOm± clusters sputtered from a vanadium surface by Xe+ ions at O2 pressures of P = 4–5 × 10−3 Pa are presented. The average decay rate constants of VnOm± clusters for major fragmentation channels are determined. It is shown that the decay rate constants for clusters of similar stoichiometry do not depend on their charge states.

Field of study: Physics
Photochemical synthesis of peroxyacyl nitrates in gas phase via chlorine-aldehyde reaction

A new peroxyacyl nitrate synthesis in the gas phase has been developed. Molecular chlorine is photolyzed to yield chlorine atoms that abstract aldehydic hydrogen from the aldehyde. The acyl radical then adds oxygen and nitrogen dioxide to form the PAN. Any member of the PAN family can thus be produced from its parent aldehyde cleanly and in very high yield.

Field of study: Environmental science
Glacial geology of the Monarch Valley, Grand County, Colorado

The Monarch Valley, in Grand County, Colorado, on the western slope of the Front Range, was studied to determine evidence of glacial advances other than the two generally recognized on the eastern slope of the range. Greater extent of the Pleistocene ice on the western than on the eastern slope necessitated a careful review of criteria used in former studies. Five terminal moraines, of four ages, were found. Methods of correlating these moraines with polished rock surfaces and rock terraces were developed, and some trans-range correlations were found possible. The four major ice advances, called “stages” in this paper, were named, in stratigraphic order, Monarch, Arapaho, River, and Stillwater. The ages tentatively assigned them are, respectively: Late Wisconsin, Middle Wisconsin, Early Wisconsin (Iowan), and not younger than Illinoian. Some investigation of preglacial stratigraphy and history was found desirable in connection with this study. Climatic inferences were drawn from recessional history; the present condition of existing glaciers in the area was described; and the work necessary to secure a complete picture of Pleistocene glaciation in the Rocky Mountain region was mentioned.

Field of study: Geology