nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
[Autoimmune anti-NMDA-R encephalitis].

Anti-NMDA-R encephalitis is a relatively frequent form of autoimmune encephalitis. Initial clinical features of anti-NMDA-R encephalitis resemble those of schizophrenia exacerbation which resulted in hospitalization of patients to mental care facilities. Taking into account high lethality and potential curability, detection of this condition is an important clinical problem. The authors describe a case report of encephalitis with NMDA-R antibodies. This report is the first in the domestic literature. The difficulties of timely diagnosis, diagnostic criteria and treatment algorithm are presented.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Study on extraction of dihydroquercetin by adsorbing

Dihydroquercetin was effectively extracted from larch by adsorbing. The key factors including the extraction temperature, extraction time, the ratio between water and material, and the amount of polyamide are all studied. By using single factor and orthogonal test, the optimal conditions were identified: extraction temperature 90℃, extraction time 1h, the ratio of liquid to solid 18∶1, and the amount of polyamide for 23% of material. Under the optimal condition, the extraction yield of dihydroquercetin from larch can reach 0.814%.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Treatment with hydrogen molecule attenuates cardiac dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice.

Diabetic cardiomyopathy, a disorder of the heart muscle in diabetic patients, is one of the major causes of heart failure. The aim of present study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of hydrogen molecule on streptozotocin-induced diabetic cardiomyopathy in mice.



Diabetes was induced in adult male mice by consecutive peritoneal injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg/day) for 5 days. Then, they were treated with hydrogen water (1.3±0.2 mg/l) for 8 weeks (four groups, n=83-88 in each group).



Although treatment of diabetic mice with hydrogen water did not significantly affect blood glucose level, it significantly attenuated cardiac hypertrophy and reduced expression of atrial natriuretic factor and β-myosin heavy chain; it alleviated cardiac fibrosis and reduced expression of collagen I and III, transforming growth factor beta, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and osteopontin; it reduced cardiac caspase-3 activity and ratio of bax/bcl-2. Importantly, hydrogen water treatment improved cardiac function in streptozotocin-diabetic mice. Furthermore, it was found that hydrogen water treatment abated oxidative stress, suppressed inflammation, and attenuated endoplasmic reticulum stress in the hearts of streptozotocin-diabetic mice. In addition, hydrogen water treatment suppressed activation of Jun NH2-terminal kinase and p38 mitogen activated protein kinase signaling and nuclear factor κB signaling in the hearts of streptozotocin-diabetic mice.



Treatment with hydrogen molecule attenuated cardiac dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, which was independent of glycemic control.



Treatment with hydrogen molecule attenuated cardiac dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic mice. Molecular hydrogen could thus be envisaged as a nutritional countermeasure for diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Species Richness and Habitat Use of Small Carnivores in the Arusha National Park (Tanzania)

The carnivore community of Arusha National Park, Tanzania, was monitored using live trapping and diurnal and nocturnal visual counts and recording of tracks and signs along line transects. Nine carnivore species were recorded. Hyena (Crocuta crocuta), the most common large species, leopard (Panthera pardus) and African civet (Civettictis civetta) were detected along line transects, while the smaller species were counted and/or captured. Mungos mungo, Galerella sanguinea, and Genetta maculata were the most prevalent at transect counts, while G. sanguinea, Bdeogale crassicauda, and G. maculata were most frequently captured. Ichneumia albicauda and Ictonyx striatus were captured at only a single site. Carnivores selected natural habitat types, multilayered forest, open shrubs and herbaceous savannah, and were absent, or tended to avoid disturbed (man-made) habitats. Species of which sufficient data were gathered seemed to behave as habitat generalists (C. crocuta, G. sanguinea, G. maculata, M. mungo and I. striatus). The need for more detailed studies on small carnivore ecology and the importance of smaller protected areas for their conservation are discussed.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effects of Latent Variable Nonnormality and Model Misspecification on Testing Structural Equation Modeling Interactions

Interest in testing interaction terms within the latent variable modeling framework has been on the rise in recent years. However, little is known about the influence of nonnormality and model misspecification on such models that involve latent variable interactions. The authors used Mattson's data generation method to control for latent variable distributional properties, and they examined how data nonnormality and model misspecification affected latent variable interaction models in relation to varying sample sizes and different magnitudes of incorrectly constrained model parameters. The authors conducted 600 replications for each of the 54 configurations of the 4-factor completely crossed balanced deign. In general, results were suggestive of less bias under conditions of latent variable normality, large sample sizes, correctly specified models, and smaller parameters that were incorrectly constrained (i.e., misspecified). Similarly, these conditions were also found to produce better fitting models as gauged by several popular measures of model fit.

Field of study: Education
Chemical abundances of giant stars in the Crater stellar system

We obtained spectra for two giants of Crater (Crater J113613-105227 and Crater J113615-105244) using X-Shooter at the VLT, with the purpose of determining their radial velocities and metallicities.  Radial velocities were determined by cross-correlating the spectra with that of a standard star. The spectra were analysed with the MyGIsFOS code using a grid of synthetic spectra computed from one-dimensional, local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) model atmospheres. Effective temperature and surface gravity were derived from photometry measured from images obtained by the Dark Energy Survey.  The radial velocities are 144.3±4.0 km s−1 for Crater J113613-105227 and and 134.1±4.0 km s−1 for Crater J113615-105244. The metallicities are [Fe/H] = −1.73 and [Fe/H] = −1.67, respectively. In addition to the iron abundance, we were able to determine abundances for nine elements: Na, Mg, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, and Ba. For Na and Ba we took into account deviations from LTE because the corrections are significant. The abundance ratios are similar in the two stars and resemble those of Galactic stars of the same metallicity. In the deep photometric images we detected several stars that lie to the blue of the turn-off.  The radial velocities imply that both stars are members of the Crater stellar system. The difference in velocity between the two taken at face value implies a velocity dispersion >3.7 km s−1 at a 95% confidence level. Our spectroscopic metallicities agree excellently well with those determined by previous investigations using photometry. Our deep photometry and the spectroscopic metallicity imply an age of 7 Gyr for the main population of the system. The stars to the blue of the turn-off can be interpreted as a younger population that is of the same metallicity and an age of 2.2 Gyr. Finally, spatial and kinematical parameters support the idea that this system is associated with the galaxies Leo IV and Leo V. All the observations favour the interpretation of Crater as a dwarf galaxy.

Field of study: Physics
On the Langlands retraction

Given a root system in a vector space V, Robert Langlands defined in 1973 a canonical retraction of V onto the dominant chamber. In this note we give a short review of the material on this retraction (which is well known under the name of "Langlands' geometric lemmas"). 
The main purpose of this review is to provide a convenient reference for e-print  by D.Gaitsgory and me, in which the Langlands retraction is used to define a certain coarsening of the Harder-Narasimhan-Shatz stratification of the stack of G-bundles on a smooth projective curve.

Field of study: Mathematics
Distributed Intrusion Prevention System for SIP DDoS Attack

This paper studies the theory of SIP DDoS attack,detection algorithms and the characters of SIP protocol itself.Combined w ith the distributed intrusion prevention systems in general netw ork,a highly efficient distributed prevention system is proposed and the load interaction process and firew all module for the system are designed.The system can detect SIP DDoS attack w ith detecting algorithms w hile defending attack at the same time.According to the SIP load balance algorithms and the requirements of detection algorithms,a tw o level load balance strategy for the system is designed.The first level load balance module distributes messages according to the head fields of the messages to keep the integrity of dialog and meet the requirements of detecting algorithms.The second level lord balance module distributes messages according to the load of defending and detecting nodes to keep the load balance of these nodes.The simulation results show that the tw o level load balance strategy of the system can meet the requirements of detection algorithms and make a good performance of load-balancing features.

Field of study: Computer science
Architectural Culture Relevancy——Chinese Traditional Architectural Culture Connotation

The concept of Chinese architectural culture is an "organic architecture" theory that human is compatible with nature.The architectural space under the influence of Chinese architectural ethic culture emphasizes the "etiquette" system and has a regard for propriety,ranking clearly.Chinese traditional architectural decoration represents culture connotation through pictures,hieroglyphs,sound and meaning expression.In architectural creation,not only take into account the effect of traditional culture on people's living,developing humanistic spirit,creating architectural style and environment with national features and manifold culture characteristics,suitable for the living habits of local people,but also the trend of Chinese architectural culture: intergrowth of informatization,globalization and regional cultures and combination of regionality and nationality with the world.

Field of study: Materials science
Association between workers' compensation claim processing times and work disability duration: Analysis of population level claims data.

Delays in workers' compensation claim processing (CP) times have been associated with reduced recovery and delayed return-to-work. This study aimed to (1) determine the injury, worker, and workplace factors associated with CP delays and (2) investigate whether CP delays are associated with longer disability duration after adjusting for these factors. Retrospective cohort analysis of Australian workers' compensation claims was conducted from 1st July 2009 to 30th June 2016 for objective (1) and to 30th June 2014 for objective (2). CP times were derived by calculating differences in days between: injury and lodgement dates (lodgement); lodgement and decision dates (decision) and; injury and decision dates (total). All CP times were shorter for younger workers and those with fractures or traumatic injury, and longer for those with neurological or mental health conditions, and other diseases. Claims from self-insured employers had shorter decision times. With increasing lodgement, decision and total time there was significantly higher hazard of longer disability duration. Findings suggest the need for more efficient claims management to ensure fewer barriers to claim lodgement or approval. This in turn should reduce disability duration and ensure improved return-to-work outcomes.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Section 47 of the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013: A Flawed Reform of the UK Cartel Offence

On 1 April 2014, section 47 of the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 (ERRA) entered into force, ensuring significant changes to the UK cartel offence. The criminal offence, contained in section 188 of the Enterprise Act 2002, was enacted to secure the deterrence of cartel activity affecting the UK. Following almost ten years of enforcement, the cartel offence had failed to live up to expectations. Consequently, following a public consultation, it was reformed in substance.  ERRA, removed the (controversial) definitional element of ‘dishonesty’ from the offence, created a number of ‘carve outs’ from the offence, and created three additional defences. This article examines in detail the specific reforms of the cartel offence and argues that, although considerable improvement has been made, the UK offence is fundamentally flawed and unworkable in practice. Further reform is therefore advised.

Field of study: Law
A Test and Extension of Objectification Theory as It Predicts Disordered Eating: Does Women's Age Matter?.

When predicting disordered eating, models incorporating several of objectification theory’s (B. L. Fredrickson & T. A. Roberts, 1997) core constructs (i.e., sexual objectification, self-objectification, body shame, poor interoceptive awareness) have been empirically supported with women of traditional undergraduate age who are consistent in age with the youthful-ideal prototype for women presented in the media. The present study extended this research by testing these core constructs with women ages 25–68 years (n 330), as their experiences with these constructs may differ as they deviate from this youthful prototype. A multiple-groups analysis comparing these women with women ages 18–24 (n 329) indicated that objectification theory can be extended to women ages 25 and older, as the model provided an adequate fit to the data. However, structural invariance analysis revealed that what takes place within the model may not be identical for these groups. The older group had a stronger relationship between body shame and disordered eating and a weaker relationship between poor interoceptive awareness and disordered eating than did the younger group.

Field of study: Psychology
Antioxidant-Sensitive Triiodothyronine Effects on Characteristics of Rat Liver Mitochondrial Population

Whole mitochondrial population and three mitochondrial fractions were resolved by differential centrifugation from liver homogenates from euthyroid, hyperthyroid (ten daily i.p. injections of triiodothyronine (T3), 10 μg/100 g body weight) and hyperthyroid vitamin E-treated (ten daily i.m. vitamin E injections, 20 mg/100 g body weight) rats. Homogenates and mitochondrial preparations were examined for their protein content, oxidative capacity, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant status, and susceptibility to oxidative stress. In all groups, antioxidant level was smaller and oxidative capacity, lipid peroxidation, and susceptibility to oxidants were greater in the heavy mitochondrial fraction. T3 treatment was associated with increased oxidative capacity, lipid peroxidation, and susceptibility to oxidative stress, and decreased antioxidant levels in all preparations. It was also associated with increased mitochondrial protein content of homogenate and altered quantitative presence of the mitochondrial fractions. The vitamin E effects on the T3-induced changes were different for the different parameters. Vitamin E did not modify the mitochondrial protein content in liver and oxidative capacity of the various preparations, reduced the changes in both susceptibility to oxidants and contribution of each fraction to the whole mitochondrial population, and reinstated euthyroid values for antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation. The incomplete recovery of euthyroid resistance to oxidants in vitamin E-treated rats is due to the vitamin inability to reinstate the levels of both antioxidants and hemoproteins, on which such a resistance depends. The vitamin E effect on the composition of the mitochondrial population is more difficult to explain, because of the complexity of the mechanisms underlying the mitochondrial population modulation by thyroid hormone. However, available data suggest that such a modulation occurs through changes in the turnover of the mitochondrial fractions to which an induction of mitochondrial protein synthesis and accelerated antioxidant-sensitive degradation contribute in different measure.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Late Pleistocene and Holocene subtropical vegetation dynamics recorded in perched lake deposits on Fraser Island, Queensland, Australia

The dune system of Fraser Island in subtropical Queensland, Australia, contains numerous perched lakes with organic-rich sediments. These lakes are located in the subtropics and their water levels are strongly influenced by precipitation. The lakes act as natural rainfall gauges, which make them highly sensitive to environmental change. Paleoecological and paleoclimatological investigations are performed on sediment cores from Lake Allom, a small perched lake on central Fraser Island. A detailed chronology is based on a series of closely spaced AMS-radiocarbon dates, supplemented with sedimentological information. Based on extrapolation, the chronology indicates an age range from ∼ 56 14C kyr BP to present, with a major hiatus occurring during the Last Glacial Maximum. Pollen analysis of the Lake Allom sediment record reveals strong changes between rainforest and open woodland vegetation. The Holocene portion of the record shows a stepwise vegetation development, from dry conditions in the early Holocene, to high lake levels and increasing forest between 5.5 and 3 cal kyr BP. At 3–2 cal kyr BP, a large diversification occurred towards the present-day heterogeneous sub-tropical rainforest vegetation, followed by a small rainforest decline at 0.45 cal kyr BP. Additionally, charcoal analysis indicates increases in fire occurrence contemporaneously with periods of drier vegetation and/or low lake levels. Part of the reconstructed vegetation changes can be related to local and regional factors including forest succession, dune formation, sea-level rise and human impact. Comparison with paleoclimate records from tropical and temperate regions indicates that the temporal and spatial dynamics of vegetation changes in eastern Australia are primarily controlled by climate variability. Particularly the increasing activity of the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) during the late Holocene caused greater climate variability in eastern Australia, resulting in more heterogenous vegetation cover.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Preparation of 2-(1-adamantyl)-1H-benzimidazole and novel derivatives thereof

2-(1-Adamantyl)-1H-benzimidazole has been synthesized, its nitration and reduction of the nitro derivative have been carried out. By condensation of the obtained 2-(1-adamantyl)-1H-benzimidazol-5(6)-amine with aromatic aldehydes and acyl chlorides, the corresponding novel Schiff bases and amides have been accessed.

Field of study: Chemistry
A Fabrication Technique for Significantly Reducing the Capacitance of Large-Volume Ge LID Detectors

Practical drift depths for Ge LID detectors are limited to less than 15 mm so that large-volume detectors have a relatively high capacitance because of their increased junction area. A fabrication technique has been developed and evaluated which significantly reduces this capacitance by increasing the effective thickness of the intrinsic material between the junctions and decreasing the junction area. In making a large-volume, low-capacity detector, a conventional Ge diode is first drifted to a depth greater than 1 cm. The original junctions used for the drifting operation are then removed and new junctions are applied to the compensated material in a more favorable geometry. A number of these detectors have been fabricated with a contact structure consisting of a gold surface-barrier P-type contact and a diffused-lithium N-type contact. The diodes that were made had an active volume of 4.5 cm3 and a final capacity of less than 2 pF as compared to their original capacity of 9 pF. The detector performance with a preamplifier and a source confirmed the improvement in resolution that would be expected for this decrease in the diode capacitance without a significant reduction in the active detector volume. This technique may be extended to larger detectors and would make possible the fabrication of a 30-cm3 Ge LID detector with a capacitance less than 5 pF.

Field of study: Physics
EXCLUSIVE PRODUCTION OF ρ0ρ0 PAIRS IN ULTRARELATIVISTIC HEAVY ION COLLISIONS

We disuss exclusive electromagnetic production of two neutral ρ0 mesons and show the predictions for the AA → AAρ0ρ0 reactions for gold-gold collisions at the energy of and for lead-lead collisions at the energy of . The elementary cross section is calculated with the help of the vector-dominance-model (VDM)-Regge approach which usually very well describes the experimental data at large γγ energy. The low-energy γγ → ρ0ρ0 cross section is parametrized. The cross section for nuclear process is calculated by means of the equivalent photon approximation (EPA). We compare the results with realistic charge density with the results for monopole form factor.

Field of study: Physics
On the pos and cons of modern Chinese Wushu transformation and competitive Wushu

Based on summarizing modern Wushu transformation in the early days,the author concluded that the formation of the national martial art system was the result of constant development and accumulation of modern Wushu transformation in modern times,a rational way of the modernized development of traditional cultures,and hence put forward the following opinions:the indiscriminate abandon and rejection of cultural heritages and ex-perimental results in the old days by competitive Wushu during its development has not only directly caused the rupture of traditional Wushu culture,but also caused the loss of the traditional Wushu value system,as well as the degradation of modern Wushu value view,will ultimately result in that during its development the traditional na-tional sport major will go into a bottleneck situation and face many problems such as the lack of professionals and the deterioration of academic performance,and that traditional Chinese body culture represented by Wushu will pay a high price in the process of modernization.

Field of study: Education
Competition, Market Selection and Growth

We study the effect of the competitive selection process on the economy's rate of growth. In an extension of standard quality-ladder models of endogenous growth, we allow for the possibility that in each period several asymmetric firms (representing an endogenously determined number of past innovators) may be simultaneously active in an industry. Stronger competitive pressure then has conflicting effects on the incentive to innovate, lowering prices but also selecting the more efficient firms. We show that the market selection effect of competition always increases the incentive to innovate and find circumstances in which it can outweigh the traditional negative effect of lower prices.

Field of study: Economics
Phase measurement for accurate mapping of chemical bonds in acentric space groups.

Although the electron density is fundamental to the study of chemical bonding and density-functional theory, it cannot be accurately mapped experimentally for the important class of crystals lacking inversion symmetry, since structure factor phase information is normally inaccessible. We report the combination of x-ray and electron diffraction experiments for the determination of the electron density in acentric AlN, using multiple-scattering effects in convergent-beam electron diffraction to obtain sensitivity to structure factor phases, and describe a new error metric and weighting scheme for multipole refinement using combined measurements of structure factor magnitudes and phases.

Field of study: Physics