nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Translocation-independent activation of protein kinase C by platelet-activating factor, thrombin and prostacyclin. Lack of correlation with polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis in rabbit platelets.

The relationship between polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis and protein kinase C (PKC) activation was explored in rabbit platelets treated with the agonists platelet-activating factor (PAF), thrombin and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), and with the anti-aggregant prostacyclin (PGI2). Measurement of the hydrolysis of radiolabelled inositol-containing phospholipids relied upon the separation of the products [3H]inositol mono-, bis- and tris-phosphates by Dowex-1 chromatography. PKC activity, measured in platelet cytosolic and Nonidet-P40-solubilized particulate extracts that were fractionated by MonoQ chromatography, was based upon the ability of the enzyme to phosphorylate either histone H1 in the presence of the activators Ca2+, diacylglycerol and phosphatidylserine, or protamine in the absence of Ca2+ and lipid. Treatment of platelets for 1 min with PAF (2 nM) or thrombin (2 units/ml) led to the rapid hydrolysis of inositol-containing phospholipids, a 2-3-fold stimulation of both cytosolic and particulate-derived PKC activity, and platelet aggregation. Exposure to TPA (200 nM) for 5 min did not stimulate formation of phosphoinositides, but translocated more than 95% of cytosolic PKC into the particulate fraction, and induced a slower rate of aggregation. PGI2 (1 microgram/ml) did not enhance phosphoinositide production, and at higher concentrations (50 micrograms/ml) it antagonized the ability of PAF, but not that of thrombin, to induce inositol phospholipid turnover, even though platelet aggregation in response to both agonists was blocked by PGI2. On the other hand, PGI2 alone also appeared to activate (by 3-5-fold) cytosolic and particulate PKC by a translocation-independent mechanism. The activation of PKC by PGI2 was probably mediated via cyclic AMP (cAMP), as this effect was mimicked by the cAMP analogue 8-chlorophenylthio-cAMP. It is concluded that this novel mechanism of PKC regulation by platelet agonists may operate independently of polyphosphoinositide turnover, and that activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase represents another route leading to PKC activation.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Silicon microsystem passivation for high-voltage applications in DNA chips

DNA chips conform to a field of primary interest, where many different knowledge areas converge into a multidisciplinary effort to develop new devices and methodologies for DNA analysis. In DNA electrophoresis techniques, silicon chips present many advantages (such as the possibility of integrating electronic and optical circuitry, an established know-how on processing, etc.), but they also pose the problem of effective isolation for the application of the required electric fields. In this article, we describe a novel methodology, compatible with device sealing techniques, for electrically isolating a DNA chip.

Field of study: Engineering
Optimization of sterilization technique of high-moisture dried longan

Effects of sterilization temperature,sterilization time,moisture content and packaging method on germicidal efficacy of high-moisture dried longan were studied.Based on single factor test,orthogonal tests were applied to optimize the sterilizing technique for high moisture dried longan.Results showed that the optimal sterilizing conditions were moisture content 40%,sterilization time 35 min,sterilization temperature 85 ℃ for non-vacuum-packed dried longan and moisture content 45%,sterilization time 35 min,sterilization temperature 85 ℃ for vacuum-packed dried longan.Effects of sterilization temperature and sterilization time on germicidal efficacy of high-moisture dried longan were similar,while effect of moisture content of dried longan was much smaller.Under the same sterilizing conditions,the sterilizing rates of vacuum-packed dried longan were higher than those of non-vacuum-packed dried longan.Influences of moisture content on sterilizing rate didn't show obvious changes in vacuum-packed dried longan. However, in non-vacuum-packed dried longan, the sterilizing rate decreased as the moisture content increased.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Examination of the Ability of Classroom Teacher Candidates’ Making Written Arguments

The purpose of this study is to examine the ability of classroom teacher candidates’ written arguments. 100 teacher candidates who are 3rd grade, participated in the study. For this purpose, a worksheet was prepared which contains 4 problems about the physical and chemical changes, the state of matter and mixtures from General Chemistry course. The worksheet was prepared according to the method of argumentation. The second problem in the worksheet consists of two different interrelated questions within itself. The answers given by teacher candidates to problem situations were scored by argumentation scale. The firstly to evaluate the answers given, it must be true in the field of chemistry. Wrong answers show that there may be misconception. When the data obtained from the study are analysed, it is seen that only the ratio of those who make correct in the first question of the second item is higher than those who do wrong. In other problems, it is seen that the ratio of the wrong answer is higher. This shows that teacher candidates have misconceptions about physical and chemical change. On the other hand, a simple linear correlation process was applied to determine the relationship between teacher candidates' grades of Science Information Laboratory Practice grade and the points they got from the argumentation scale. The result shows that there is a negative relationship between the passing score and the argumentation score. This means that the level of argumentation of students who are very successful in academic terms is not high.  Argumentation, Written Argument Skills, Classroom Teacher DOI : 10.7176/JEP/10-6-06

Field of study: Education
Cerium‐Catalyzed Reaction of β‐Dicarbonyl Compounds with Styrene and Atmospheric Oxygen

The cerium-catalyzed C−C coupling reaction of carbo- and heterocyclic β-dicarbonyl compounds 1 with styrenes 4, using oxygen (air) as the oxidant, at ambient temperature, is reported. The reaction afforded a mixture of diastereoisomeric hydroperoxides 5 which could be transformed into the unique dioxo compounds 6 by disproportionation of the peroxo function under treatment with acetyl chloride/pyridine.

Field of study: Chemistry
Analysis of Common Errors Made by Second Year English Language Department Students in Writing Academic Paragraph: The Case of Gilgel Beles CTE

The purpose of this study was to explore and analyze the common errors of second year English department students in writing paragraph with reference to Gilgel Beles CTE.  The students wrote paragraphs (about causes of environmental pollution) with the range of 150 to 200 words approximately. They also completed the questionnaires that were adapted from Korbel (2001) regarding their views toward writing skills. The instructors completed the questionnaire and replied for opened–ended question. The study was a survey method using 4-point Likert Scale questionnaire. Systematic sampling technique was implemented to select 10 students in each section from the total population of 196 students. Though the total numbers of the students were 196, only 50 students had responded to the questionnaire. Among 50 sample sizes, only forty-five students completed the questionnaire formally. Two students completed the questionnaire wrongly whereas three students were absent during data gathering. Comprehensive (available) sampling technique was used to select instructors. Among the seven English instructors, six instructors completed the questionnaire formally and returned to the researcher. This study employed a mixed method design which includes both quantitative and qualitative research analysis methods. In general, there were different types of errors; grammatical errors in particular, were made by the students. These were passive voice, verb form, subject-verb agreement, word order, prepositions, articles, plurality and auxiliaries. Especially, words spelling and the lack of sense of sentences/paragraphs/ are the most problems. This incomprehensibility of grammar rules has negative effect on student compositions. After analyzing students’ and teachers’ questionnaire, it has been found out that the students made grammatical errors due to many reasons: the lack of practices daily, lack of motivation, problem of teaching methods, lack of writing activities, teachers escape writing lesson, school text book is not conducive (it focuses more on speaking) and the lack of opportunities to practice writing skills.  common errors, writing paragraph DOI : 10.7176/JEP/10-13-07 Publication date :May 31 st 2019

Field of study: Education
Relations Between Implicit and Explicit Measures of Attitudes and Measures of Behavior: Evidence of Moderation by Individual Difference Variables

The moderating role of individual difference variables (Self-Reported Habit Index [SRHI], Need for Cognition [NFC]) on relationships between implicit (Implicit Association Test [IAT], Extrinsic Affective Simon Test [EAST]) or explicit measures of attitude and behavior is assessed in two studies. A dissociation pattern is found on self-report diary measures of behavior. In Study 1, the EAST—behavior relationship is moderated by SRHI; explicit measures of the attitude—behavior relationship are moderated by NFC. In Study 2, the IAT—behavior relationship is moderated by SRHI; explicit measures of the attitude—behavior relationship are moderated by NFC. Higher levels of SRHI and NFC are associated with stronger relationships between the implicit or explicit measures of attitude and the measure of behavior. In Study 2, the SRHI × IAT interaction is replicated for an objective behavior measure. Implications for understanding the relationship between implicit and explicit measures of attitudes and measures of behavior are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
A Review of Evaluation and Selection of Open Source Software in Electronic Medical Record

The valuation and choice of unsuitable open source software in electronic medical record (OSS-EMR) groups negatively affects the functions of organization and business processes. This study provides an insight into the assessment and choice of OSS-EMR groups in two ways. Firstly, quality characteristics are determined to evaluate OSS-EMR sets according to current frameworks and quality models. Secondly, the capabilities of appropriate choose methods for resolving OSSEMR groups problems are discussed on the basis of Multi-criteria assessment and select issues are considered for choosing the best OSS-EMR. The obtained results can be attributed to the following: (1) quality characteristics considered for the evaluation of OSS-EMR groups; (2) the gap in the assessment criteria used in EMR and other issues; and Multi-Criteria or Multi-Attribute Decision Making techniques used in framework for evaluating and selecting OSS in health informatics as part of a recommended solution

Field of study: Engineering
The Politics of Disease Control: Yellow Fever and Race in Nineteenth Century Rio de Janeiro

During the first half of the nineteenth century, as cholera and yellow fever epidemics ravaged the Old and the New World alike, Brazil seemed to enjoy the reputation of being a remarkably salubrious country. In spite of its geographical position, its climate and the abundance of those elements that prevailing medical wisdom considered conducive to the more aggravated forms of disease, the fact was that Brazil long remained free of the two most visible scourges of the times.

Field of study: Political science
Sertorio Quattromani lettore di Bembo: I “Luoghi difficili” delle “Rime.” Pietro Petteruti Pellegrino, ed. Biblioteca dell'Arcadia: Studi e testi 5. Rome: Edizioni di storia e letteratura, 2018. vi + 498 pp. €51.

ical apparatus of the book, which highlights and discusses the problems of transmission and the unsolvable cruces generated by such a philological situation. The book is not a new critical edition, but it diverges from Bolaffi’s in a significant number of loci and makes it easy for the reader to understand the textual stratigraphy of F and the history and configuration of EP 1553. It meaningfully contributes to the scholarly understanding of the texts that it restores while also making them accessible to any anglophone reader. It reveals how underestimated Ariosto’s memory of Latin auctoritates was, as well as how actually varied his library was: an aspect of the author’s humanistic culture that promises to gain more space in the analyses of his more famous vernacular works. One of the most useful parts of the book is the rich section “Notes to the Translation,” which occupies almost a fourth of the volume and provides intertextual and explanatory notes as well as an introductory comment for each poem. Since most commentaries and secondary sources on Ariosto’s work in Latin are outdated, out of print, or hard to access for an anglophone reader, this new resource (opened by an informative introduction and completed by a thorough bibliography and index) represents a gift and an invitation to researchers in the field of Renaissance studies at large.

Field of study: History
Pterostilbene exerts an anti-inflammatory effect via regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress in endothelial cells.

Pterostilbene (PT), an analog of resveratrol, exerts a potent anti-inflammatory effect. However, the protective effects of PT against inflammation in endothelial cells have not been elucidated. Previous studies have confirmed that endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) plays an important role in regulating the pathological process of endothelial cell inflammation. In this study, we explored the effect of PT on the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced inflammatory response in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and elaborated the role of ERS in this process. TNF-α treatment significantly upregulated the levels of inflammation-related molecules in cell culture media, increased the adhesion of monocytes to HUVECs, and enhanced the expression of the MMP9 and ICAM proteins in HUVECs. Additionally, TNF-α potently increased ERS-related protein levels, such as GRP78 and p-eIF2α. However, PT treatment reversed the increased production of inflammatory cytokines and the adhesion of monocytes to HUVECs, as well as reduced the TNF-α-induced effects exerted by ERS-related molecules. Furthermore, thapsigargin (THA), an ERS inducer, attenuated the protective effect of PT against TNF-α-induced inflammation and ERS in HUVECs. Additionally, the downregulation of ERS signaling using siRNA targeting eIF2α and IRE1 not only inhibited ERS-related molecules but also simulated the therapeutic effects of PT on TNF-α-induced inflammation. In summary, PT treatment potently attenuates inflammation in vascular endothelial cells, which at least partly depends on the reduction of ERS.

Field of study: Medicine
Modern universities' inheritance of medieval universities and its rebellion against medieval universities

As "knowledge community",with the development of modernization,the meaning of university has changed from a guild organization of teachers and students in the Middle Ages to a top institution of higher education.Although both of institutions are called university,they are alienated in the process of modernization.In respect of character,structure and function,university not only inherits its traditional meaning,but also revolts to itself.When we criticize the modern university and reconstruct the modern university system,because of the disagreement between the nature and function of Middle Ages University and the modernity of today's university,it's a non-rational way to compare it with the Middle Ages University.

Field of study: Education
Progress in semiconducting oxide-based thin-film transistors for displays

Recent progress in the development of transparent thin-film transistors for integration with flexible displays is discussed. Specifically, the fabrication and properties of ZnO-based thin-film transistors on glass are described. Top-gate-type thin-film transistors with transparent n-type ZnO as the active channel layer have been fabricated via wet photolithography processing. The ZnO layers were deposited using pulsed laser deposition. A low leakage current of 10−7 A cm−2 was realized with amorphous HfO2 or (Ce, Tb)MgA11O19 as the gate dielectric. N-channel depletion-mode operation was shown for the undoped ZnO thin-film transistors. Phosphorus-doped ZnO and (Zn, Mg)O were also utilized as channel materials in order to realize a reduction in carrier density. The current–voltage measurements demonstrate an enhancement-mode device operation for the thin-film transistors with P-doped (Zn, Mg)O as the active channel layer and HfO2 serving as the gate dielectric.

Field of study: Materials science
Synthesis of γ-pyrone precursors by condensation of acetyl ketene dithioacetals with ethyl polyfluorocarboxylates and diethyl oxalate

β-Dicarbonyl compounds with the ketene dithioacetyl fragment were obtained by condensation of acetyl ketene dithioacetals with ethyl polyfluorocarboxylates and diethyl oxalate in the presence of NaH in Et2O at room temperature in 65–94% yields. These compounds can be used for the synthesis of 6-polyfluoroalkyl(ethoxycarbonyl)-2-methylsulfanyl-4-pyrones.

Field of study: Chemistry
Provision of guaranteed services in broadband LEO satellite networks

The provision of guaranteed services in low earth orbit (LEO) satellite networks is rather complicated due to the mobility of satellites. Users may be handed-off from one spot beam to another and/or from one satellite to another frequently during the lifetime of their calls. Traffic on inter-satellite links (ISLs) incident on a particular satellite change as the user traffic served by the satellite changes due to satellite mobility. The variation of user traffic over the ISLs may cause violation of quality of service (QoS) requirements of ongoing connections. We propose a novel protocol which we call the predictive routing protocol (PRP), which exploits the deterministic nature of the LEO satellite topology to maximize the total number of users served by the system, while maintaining each user's QoS requirements. PRP predicts the traffic load on the ISLs up to a short time in the future by using the deterministic knowledge of the LEO satellite topology and user location information. PRP determines multiple paths for a particular connection that effectively help avoid possible future bottlenecks as predicted by estimated future traffic on the ISLs. The protocol is compared with other non-predictive routing protocols such as IP routing by simulations and it is shown that PRP can deliver deterministic QoS guarantees (such as delay or delay jitter), without over-reserving channel bandwidth. An admission control curve has also been obtained which may be used to limit the number of users in order to ensure that the desired QoS metrics may be guaranteed.

Field of study: Computer science
Some Problems of the Nonmetallics

In a presidential address delivered before this Society not long ago, the former speaker divided such addresses into two groups. To the one belonged those in which the retiring president sought to develop some favorite theory of his own; to the other those which in general treated of the progress of some particular science or branch thereof. The address which I have to present this evening belongs, I believe, to the second group, although I may trespass slightly on the field of the first by suggesting a few ideas for your consideration. If they arouse discussion, so much the better, as it may lead more rapidly to a true solution of some of the problems referred to. I make no apologies for the selection of my topic, because it represents a field in which my interests lie, but it is unfortunately one in which, as a whole, few specialists . . .

Field of study: Geology
Computational Analysis of Mach Number Effects on the Edgetone Phenomenon

W HEN a jet impinges on a sharp edge, the flow near the edge is excited and emits an edgetone. The edgetone phenomenon is observed in some instruments, such as pipe organs and flutes, and some researchers  have attempted to use its mechanism to enhance fluid mixing. The basic characteristics of the edgetone phenomenon have been investigated in previous studies [2–15]. Powell [4,6] constructed a feedback-loop equation predicting the peak frequency of the edgetone:

Field of study: Physics
Construction of a Vero cell-based high-yield H7N9 influenza vaccine candidate strain

To construct an H7N9 vaccine strain by using a previously obtained Vero cell-based high-yield influenza A virus as the donor strain. 
 
 
 
The recombinant virus strains, 4mut-H7N9 and PR8-H7N9, were respectively rescued with reverse genetics technique by combining the genes encoding hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of H7N9 virus with the 6 internal genes of PR8-4mut or PR8 virus strains. The growth feature of 4mut-H7N9 virus strain was compared with that of PR8-H7N9 virus strain with growth curves and plaque assays. The viral proteins produced by 4mut-H7N9 and PR8-H7N9 virus strains were measured by Western blot and Coomassie blue staining. 
 
 
 
The PR8-H7N9 and 4mut-H7N9 virus strains were successfully rescued. The virus titer of 4mut-H7N9 strain was about 3000 times higher than that of PR8-H7N9 strain at 72 hours after infecting Vero cells. The 4mut-H7N9 virus strain formed plaques of about 1 mm in diameter on Vero cells, while the PR8-H7N9 virus strain only formed pinpoint plaques on Vero cells. The levels of viral proteins encoded by purified 4mut-H7N9 virus strain were significantly higher than that of the PR8-H7N9 virus strain as indicated by both Western blot and Coomassie blue staining. Moreover, the 4mut-H7N9 virus strain was less pathogenic than PR8-H7N9 strain in mice, and retained the trypsin dependence for infecting cells. 
 
 
 
The reassortant 4mut-H7N9 vaccine strain as established by reverse genetics technique grew faster and better in Vero cells, suggesting the possibility of using it as a candidate vaccine strain whenever facing a potential epidemic of H7N9 virus. 
 
 
 
H7N9; Vero cell; High-yield vaccine candidate strain

Field of study: Biology