nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of disulfiram on positron emission tomography and neuropsychological studies in severe chronic alcoholism.

Disulfiram is an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor that is widely used as an adjunctive agent in the treatment of patients with severe chronic alcoholism. Recent positron emission tomography (PET) studies of local cerebral metabolic rates for glucose (ICMRglc) and benzodiazepine receptor binding in alcoholic patients have shown regional cerebral abnormalities; however, some of the patients were studied while receiving disulfiram, which could influence the biochemical processes under investigation. In a retrospective investigation, we examined the influence of disulfiram administration on the results of PET studies of ICMRglc and benzodiazepine receptor binding and neuropsychological tests of cognition and executive function in patients with severe chronic alcoholism. [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose was used to measure ICMRglc in 48 male patients, including 11 receiving and 37 not receiving disulfiram in therapeutic doses. [11C]Flumazenil was used to measure benzodiazepine receptor binding in 17 male patients, including 3 receiving and 14 not receiving disulfiram. All patients studied with FMZ were also examined with fluorodeoxyglucose. PET studies of ICMRglc revealed significantly decreased global values in the patients receiving disulfiram compared with those not receiving disulfiram. PET studies of benzodiazepine receptor binding revealed decreased flumazenil influx and distribution volume in patients receiving disulfiram. The neuropsychological tests demonstrated no differences between the two groups of subjects. The findings suggest that disulfiram may influence the results of PET studies of glucose metabolism and benzodiazepine receptor binding.

Field of study: Medicine
On the Commuting variety of a reductive Lie algebra and other related varieties.

The nilpotent cone of a reductive Lie algebra has a desingularization given by the 
cotangent bundle of the flag variety. Analogously, the nullcone of a cartesian 
power of the algebra has a desingularization given by a vector bundle over the 
flag variety. As for the nullcone, the subvariety of elements whose components 
are in a same Borel subalgebra, has a desingularization given by a vector bundle over 
the flag variety. In this note, some properties of these varieties are given. For 
the study of the commuting variety, the analogous variety to the flag variety is 
the closure in the Grassmannian of the set of Cartan subalgebras. So some 
properties of this variety are given. In particular, it is smooth in codimension $1$. 
We introduce the generalized isospectral commuting varieties and give some properties. 
Furthermore, desingularizations of these varieties are given by fiber bundles over a 
desingularization of the closure in the grassmannian of the set of Cartan subalgebras 
contained in a given Borel subalgebra.

Field of study: Mathematics
Field Theory of Quantum Hall Effects, Composite Bosons, Vortices and Skyrmions

A field theory of quantum Hall effects is constructed based on the \CB picture. It is tightly related with the microscopic wave-function theory. The characteristic feature is that the field operator describes solely the physical degrees of freedom representing the deviation from the Laughlin state. It presents a powerful tool to analyze excited states within the \LLL. It is shown that all excitations are nonlocal topological solitons in the spinless quantum Hall system. On the other hand, in the presence of the spin degree of freedom it is shown that a quantum coherence develops spontaneously, where excitations include a Goldstone mode besides nonlocal topological solitons. Solitons are vortices and Skyrmions carrying the U(1) and SU(2) topological charges, respectively. Their classical configurations are derived from their microscopic wave functions. The Skyrmion appears merely as a low-energy excitation within the \LLL and not as a solution of the effective nonlinear sigma model. We use it as a consistency check of the Skyrmion theory that the Skyrmion is reduced to the vortex in the vanishing limit of the Skyrmion size. We evaluate the activation energy of one Skyrmion and compare it with experimental data.

Field of study: Physics
Structural insights into interactions of C/EBP transcriptional activators with the Taz2 domain of p300.

Members of the C/EBP family of transcription factors bind to the Taz2 domain of p300/CBP and mediate its phosphorylation through the recruitment of specific kinases. Short sequence motifs termed homology boxes A and B, which comprise their minimal transactivation domains (TADs), are conserved between C/EBP activators and are necessary for specific p300/CBP binding. A possible mode of interaction between C/EBP TADs and the p300 Taz2 domain was implied by the crystal structure of a chimeric protein composed of residues 1723-1818 of p300 Taz2 and residues 37-61 of C/EBPℇ. The segment corresponding to the C/EBPℇ TAD forms two orthogonally disposed helices connected by a short linker and interacts with the core structure of Taz2 from a symmetry-related molecule. It is proposed that other members of the C/EBP family interact with the Taz2 domain in the same manner. The position of the C/EBPℇ peptide on the Taz2 protein interaction surface suggests that the N-termini of C/EBP proteins are unbound in the C/EBP-p300 Taz2 complex. This observation is in agreement with the known location of the docking site of protein kinase HIPK2 in the C/EBPβ N-terminus, which associates with the C/EBPβ-p300 complex.

Field of study: Chemistry
Numerical evaluation of eigenvalues of the sheet diffusion problem in the surface/diffusion mixed regime

In relaxation experiments where both bulk diffusion and surface processes are rate controlling, the theoretical transient depends on the roots βn of the transcendental equation βn tan βn=L, in which L contains the surface rate constant, the diffusion constant and sample dimensions. A method is presented to numerically evaluate the roots βn to high precision, which is necessary in the evaluation of the surface and bulk transport parameters through curve fitting. The method is simple, fast and accurate. It is demonstrated that large errors in these parameters can occur if the roots are not evaluated to high precision.

Field of study: Materials science
The middle to late Miocene climatic development of Southwest Africa derived from the sedimentological record of ODP Site 1085A

Sediments from the ODP Site 1085A were studied to investigate the impacts of global cooling in the Middle and Late Miocene on the climate in Southwestern Africa. The size composition of the sediment was analysed emphasising the silt fraction. A comparison with the modern grain size distribution and suitable transport processes made it possible to assign specific transport processes to the grain size composition. Three processes are considered for transport of terrigeneous silt: while there was no evidence found for (1) transport by ocean currents, the analyses showed signals of (2) wind transport indicating dry conditions associated with a cool climate and (3) fluvial transport that points to humid and warm conditions. Three climatic phases were defined. The first phase from 13.8 to 11.8 Myr reveals a stable humid climate in Southwest Africa independent of the Antarctic glaciations. During the second phase from 11.8 to 10.4 Myr the regional climate cooled considerably but was not drier. Additionally, the climate during this phase reacted to the Antarctic glaciations. This cooling-trend continued during phase 3 from 10.4 to 9.0 Myr with a significant increase in dust input, pointing to overall drier conditions. However, fluvial transport still remained as the main source.

Field of study: Environmental science
Characteristics of Air Pollution Index in Urumqi From 2002 to 2011

Based on the daily data of air pollution index(API) and the ground meteorological variables of corresponding period from 2002 to 2011, this paper has researched change characteristics of API and the correlations between API and meteo-rological variables in Urumqi. The conclusions are as follows: During the period of 2002 and 2011, the air pollution conditions have been improved gradually. The annual coefficient of API variation of-3.2. The proportion of air quality excellent varied between 59.1% to 77.4%, and the air quality in summer is the best and in winter is the worst among four seasons. The number of days in Class Ⅰ accounted for 9.34% ~34.82% of total number of days in the spring, summer and autumn. The number of days in Class Ⅲ and above is very much in winter, which reaching 82.97% of total number of days. The monthly average API has a positive correlation with air pressure and relative humidily while it has a negative correlation with wind speed, air temperature, average vapor pressure and sunshine hours. Under seasonally average size, the correlation coefficient between API and meteorological vaiables are consistent with monthly average API, and the correlation coefficient has increased significantly. The correlation coefficient between API and meteorological vaiables have larger change in the different levels of pollution. According to an analysis of the distribution of pollution days for different wind directions, Urumqi is mainly influenced by extreme wind speed and maximum wind speed from north-northwest and north in non-pollution days while from north-northeast and east in pollution days.

Field of study: Environmental science
РОССИЙСКИЕ БАНКИ ЗА ТРИ КВАРТАЛА 2014 Г

За прошедшие три квартала 2014 г. банковский сектор столкнулся со сжатием или замедлением роста всех своих основных источников ресурсов. Средства населения и иностранные пассивы сократились, а прирост средств корпоративных клиентов упал до минимальных уровней. В качестве компенсации выступили средства денежных властей, на которые в этот период пришелся основной вклад в рост ресурсной базы банковского сектора. Главным направлением использования ресурсов банковского сектора по-прежнему остается кредитование, при этом его темпы падают. Качество кредитов ухудшается пока только на розничном сегменте кредитного рынка.

Field of study: Economics
Gluttony and Gratitude: Milton's Philosophy of Eating. Emily E. Stelzer. Medieval and Renaissance Literary Studies. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2017. xii + 364 pp. $79.95.

ing on this edition, such as Lara Crowley’s Manuscript Matter: Reading John Donne’s Poetry and Prose in Early Modern England (2018), are already demonstrating how the Variorum’s function is not only to record but also, and more importantly, to spark the most significant critical responses to the poet. In that, the volume resembles Donne and his writings: prolific, ambitious, daring, at first a little obscure or daunting, perhaps, but undeniably generous in the erudition it spreads, and the legacy it promises to leave behind.

Field of study: History
Isoprenoid emission in trees of Quercus pubescens and Quercus ilex with lifetime exposure to naturally high CO2 environment

The long-term effect of elevated atmospheric CO 2 on iso- prenoid emissions from adult trees of two Mediterranean oak species (the monoterpene-emitting Quercus ilex L. and the isoprene-emitting Quercus pubescens Willd.) native to a high-CO 2 environment was investigated. During two con- secutive years, isoprenoid emission was monitored both at branch level, measuring the actual emissions under natural conditions, and at leaf level, measuring the basal emissions under the standard conditions of 30 ∞ C and at light intensity of 1000 m mol m - 2 s - - - 1 . Long-term exposure to high atmo- spheric levels of CO 2 did not significantly affect the actual isoprenoid emissions. However, when leaves of plants grown in the control site were exposed for a short period to an elevated CO 2 level by rapidly switching the CO 2 con- centration in the gas-exchange cuvette, both isoprene and monoterpene basal emissions were clearly inhibited. These results generally confirm the inhibitory effect of elevated CO 2 on isoprenoid emission. The absence of a CO 2 effect on actual emissions might indicate higher leaf temperature at elevated CO 2 , or an interaction with multiple stresses some of which (e.g. recurrent droughts) may compensate for the CO 2 effect in Mediterranean ecosystems. Under elevated CO 2 , isoprene emission by Q. pubescens was also uncoupled from the previous day's air temperature. In addi- tion, pronounced daily and seasonal variations of basal emission were observed under elevated CO 2 underlining that correction factors may be necessary to improve the realistic estimation of isoprene emissions with empirical algorithms in the future. A positive linear correlation of isoprenoid emission with the photosynthetic electron trans- port and in particular with its calculated fraction used for isoprenoid synthesis was found. The slope of this relation- ship was different for isoprene and monoterpenes, but did not change when plants were grown in either ambient or elevated CO 2 . This suggests that physiological algorithms may usefully predict isoprenoid emission also under rising CO 2 levels.

Field of study: Environmental science
Practical considerations concerning the use of stem cells for peripheral nerve repair.

In this review the authors intend to demonstrate the need for supplementing conventional repair of the injured nerve with alternative therapies, namely transplantation of stem or progenitor cells. Although peripheral nerves do exhibit the potential to regenerate axons and reinnervate the end organ, outcome following severe nerve injury, even after repair, remains relatively poor. This is likely because of the extensive injury zone that prevents axon outgrowth. Even if outgrowth does occur, a relatively slow growth rate of regeneration results in prolonged denervation of the distal nerve. Whereas denervated Schwann cells (SCs) are key players in the early regenerative success of peripheral nerves, protracted loss of axonal contact renders Schwann cells unreceptive for axonal regeneration. Given that denervated Schwann cells appear to become effete, one logical approach is to support the distal denervated nerve environment by replacing host cells with those derived exogenously. A number of different sources of stem/precursor cells are being explored for their potential application in the scenario of peripheral nerve injury. The most promising candidate, transplant cells are derived from easily accessible sources such as the skin, bone marrow, or adipose tissue, all of which have demonstrated the capacity to differentiate into Schwann cell-like cells. Although recent studies have shown that stem cells can act as promising and beneficial adjuncts to nerve repair, considerable optimization of these therapies will be required for their potential to be realized in a clinical setting. The authors investigate the relevance of the delivery method (both the number and differentiation state of cells) on experimental outcomes, and seek to clarify whether stem cells must survive and differentiate in the injured nerve to convey a therapeutic effect. As our laboratory uses skin-derived precursor cells (SKPCs) in various nerve injury paradigms, we relate our findings on cell fate to other published studies to demonstrate the need to quantify stem cell survival and differentiation for future studies.

Field of study: Medicine
Monoaminergic regulation of proopiomelanocortin messenger RNA concentrations in primary cell cultures of rat hypothalamus.

The effect of monoaminergic neurotransmitters on a 1.1-kb proopiomelanocortin messenger RNA (POMC mRNA) detected in rat hypothalamic cells maintained in culture has been evaluated. Serotonin caused a 15% increase in POMC mRNA levels, an effect which was blocked by the 5-HT2 receptor antagonist ketanserin. Dopamine markedly decreased POMC mRNA levels in a dose related manner. Haloperidol and the selective D2 antagonist (+)-butaclamol prevented the inhibitory effects of both dopamine and the selective D2 agonist, 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine. The selective dopamine D1 receptor agonist, SKF 38393, as well as norepinephrine and acetylcholine did not affect POMC mRNA levels. It is concluded that serotonin exerts a positive control and dopamine a negative control on POMC mRNA concentrations in primary cultures of rat hypothalamic neurons. The negative effect of dopamine appears to be exerted via D2 receptor-mediated mechanism.

Field of study: Biology
DNA degradation by aqueous extract of Aloe vera in the presence of copper ions.

The plant Aloe vera has long been used in medicine, as dietary supplements and for cosmetic purposes. Aloe vera extracts are a rich source of polyphenols, such as aloin and aloe emodin and have shown a wide range of pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. The bioactive component aloe emodin has been reported to induce apoptosis in various cancer cell lines. Many of the biological activities of Aloe vera have been attributed to its antioxidant properties. However, most plant-derived polyphenols that are also present in Aloe vera may exhibit pro-oxidant properties either alone or in the presence of transition metals, such as copper. Previous reports from this laboratory have implicated the pro-oxidant action as one of the mechanisms for their anti-cancer properties. In the present paper, we show that aqueous extract of Aloe vera is also able to cause DNA degradation in the presence of copper ions. Further, the extract is also able to reduce Cu(II) to Cu(I) and generate reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide anion and hydroxyl radicals in a dose-dependent manner, which correlates with ability of the extract to cause DNA breakage. Thus, the study shows that in addition to antioxidant activity, Aloe vera extract also possess pro-oxidant properties, leading to oxidative DNA breakage.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Design of continuous phase plates for controlling spatial spectrum of focal spot

A method of designing continuous phase plates(CPP) for beam smoothing has been studied.The new CPP was obtained through adding some procedures into the traditional Gerchberg-Saxton(G-S) algorithm that was giving a new way of initial phase,adding steps of unwrapping and filtering in iterative procedure and aiming at controlling the spatial spectrum of focal spot.The surface of CPP was continuous and controllable,and compared to the traditional design,it could reduce the GRMS of CPP,get better focal spot shape,and depress the special frequency region's modulation.Combined with SSD,the new CPP have the better effect for controlling focal spot than the CPP designed by "standard" method.

Field of study: Physics
Near-field scanner for moving molecules.

We have fabricated using electron beam nanolithography a fixed slit near-field optical scanning device which uses near-field fluorimetry to achieve 200 nm spatial resolution of objects moving over the slits. We explore the basic physics of operating narrow slits in the waveguide cutoff mode and present data from the passage of extended double-stranded DNA molecules passing over the slits as a first example of how this device can be used to do ultrahigh spatial resolution mapping of long polymers.

Field of study: Physics
The establishment of cell lines from chronic B cell leukaemias: evidence of leukaemic origin by karyotypic abnormalities and Ig gene rearrangement.

We have studied the capacity of peripheral blood cells from 26 chronic B cell leukaemias to proliferate continuously in culture; 72 attempts to establish cell lines were made. The cells were treated in vitro with or without stimulating agents: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and/or phorbol-ester (TPA) were the most frequently used. Fourteen cell lines of continuous growth were established from cells from 11 patients, but only four of these were proven to be derived from the original leukaemic cells. Only in the latter four lines were the karyotypic abnormalities and the patterns of immunoglobulin (Ig)-gene rearrangements identical to those found in the patients' leukaemic cells. On the other 10 lines, five had both kappa- and lambda-producing cells, and the remaining five, despite showing light-chain restriction, were proved to be non-leukaemic clones by comparing the Ig-gene rearrangement patterns before and after culture. Three of the four leukaemic cell lines (JVM-2, JVM-3 and JVM-13) were induced by EBV + TPA and derived from prolymphocytic leukaemia (PLL) cases; the fourth (JVM-14) originated from a case of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) with increased percentage of prolymphocytes whose cells were stimulated in vitro with EBV. The immunophenotype of the three PLL lines is more mature than that of the original prolymphocytes, as shown by a reduction in surface-Ig and FMC7 expression, enhancement of cytoplasmic-Ig and increase in CD38- and transferrin receptor-positive cells. The cells from line JVM-14 retained the CD5-antigen, a marker of CLL. This study suggests that PLL and some CLL clones are arrested at a stage of maturation ideally suited to be triggered to continuous proliferation in culture. The presence of consistent chromosomal abnormalities in PLL may offer an alternative explanation for the greater proliferative potential of these cells in vitro.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Investigation of the structure and function of the “high pathogenicity island” of Yersinia enterocolitica WA in enteroaggregative E.coli strains

To detect the “high pathogenicity island”(HPI) of Yersinia enterocolitica(Yen) WA in enteroaggregative E.coli, as the theoretical base of bacterial evolution process and the different structure of E.coli.  Polymease chain reaction(PCR), nucleic acid hybridization in situ, DNA sequencing and SDS-PAGE.  Five strains were isolated from 6 EAggEC strains, in these isolates, the HPI bordered by an asntRNA locus, as in Yersinia spp, at the condition of iron deficiency, EAggEC expressed two high molecular weight proteins, HMWP1 and HMWP2.  The HPI of Yen was found in EAggEC, and the HPI which habored the asntRNA locus has full structure and same iron uptake function as Yersinia, maybe the HPI of EAggEC and Yen shares a same mechanism of transfer.

Field of study: Biology
Influência do uso simultâneo de ácido ascórbico e azodicarbonamida na qualidade do pão francês

The aim of this work was to evaluate the simultaneous use of ascorbic acid and azodicarbonamide in a bakery product by using the response of the surface methodology. The experimental design (22) responses were the specific volume and total count of the external and internal characteristics of French bread. The action of ascorbic acid on the increase of the specific volume of French bread had significant linear and quadratic effects (p < 0.05 or near values). For azodicarbonamide, the quadratic effect was observed, and there was no interaction effect between the two studied oxidants agents. The application of ascorbic acid and azodicarbonamide using concentrations above 75 mg.kg -1 of wheat flour and 30mg.kg -1, considering the studied levels, provided French bread production with a higher specific volume.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences