nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Flexible Array of Radars and Mesonets (FARM)

The Flexible Array of Radars and Mesonets (FARM) Facility is an extensive mobile/quickly deployable (MQD) multiple-Doppler radar and in situ instrumentation network. The FARM includes four radars: two 3-cm dual polarization, dual frequency (DPDF), Doppler on Wheels (DOW6/DOW7), the Rapid-Scan DOW (RSDOW), and a quickly deployable (QD) DPDF 5-cm C band on Wheels (COW). The FARM includes three mobile mesonet (MM) vehicles with 3.5-m masts, an array of rugged QD weather stations (PODNET), QD weather stations deployed on infrastructure such as light/power poles (POLENET), four disdrometers, six MQD upper-air sounding systems and a Mobile Operations and Repair Center (MORC). The FARM serves a wide variety of research/educational uses. Components have deployed to >30 projects during 1995–2020 in the United States, Europe, and South America, obtaining pioneering observations of a myriad of small spatial- and temporal-scale phenomena including tornadoes, hurricanes, lake-effect snow storms, aircraft-affecting turbulence, convection initiation, microbursts, intense precipitation, boundary layer structures and evolution, airborne hazardous substances, coastal storms, wildfires and wildfire suppression efforts, weather modification effects, and mountain/alpine winds and precipitation. The radars and other FARM systems support innovative educational efforts, deploying >40 times to universities/colleges, providing hands-on access to cutting-edge instrumentation for their students. The FARM provides integrated multiple radar, mesonet, sounding, and related capabilities enabling diverse and robust coordinated sampling of three-dimensional vector winds, precipitation, and thermodynamics increasingly central to a wide range of mesoscale research. Planned innovations include S-band on Wheels Network (SOWNET) and Bistatic Adaptable Radar Network (BARN), offering more qualitative improvements to the field project observational paradigm, providing broad, flexible, and inexpensive 10-cm radar coverage and vector wind field measurements.

Field of study: Environmental science
SYNTHETIC STUDIES OF CARBOHYDRATE DERIVATIVES WITH PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTION. V. PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTION OF D-GLUCAL AND 2-HYDROXY-D-GLUCAL ACETATES WITH LACTONITRILE

3,4,6-Tri-O-acetyl-D-glucal and 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-hydroxy-D-glucal were found to give the corresponding 1′-cyanoethyl 4,6-di-O-acetyl-2,3-dideoxy- and 2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-3-deoxy-D-erythro-hex-2-enopyranosides in high yields in the photochemical reaction with lactonitrile accompanied by the elimination of acetic acid and the rearrangement of their double bond.

Field of study: Chemistry
Reflective Practice: A Tool for Enhanching Quality Assurance in Science Education at Nigerian Colleges of Education

This paper illustrates how reflective practice can be used as a tool to enhance quality assurance control in science education at tertiary level. It examines what quality assurance and reflective practice/teaching are, the approaches of reflective practice and how to be a reflective teacher as well as benefit that can be derived from being a reflective teacher. It further concludes that if experience, inexperience and pre-service teachers are given the chance to reflect continuously before, during and after a class, reflection can be turned to a habit which will encourage professional development as well as enhancing quality assurance in teaching and learning process. DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2013.v3n7p205

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Marketing to multicultural audiences - Ethnic marketing for Turks in the German automotive and telecommunications industries

This research paper sheds light on the chances and risks for German enterprises aiming to penetrate the sub-culture of the Turkish population in Germany. The research paper is based on secondary sources. Both the terminology and the history of ethnic marketing are defined. The potential of Turks in Germany as a target group is analyzed and the best course of action of how to penetrate this group is proposed. Furthermore, the authors give insights into the immigration of Turkish citizens to Germany and the cultural differences resulting from these circumstances. In addition, media use and recommendations for operative marketing and retail practice are given.Outcome and Conclusions ? The conclusions show distinct differences with regard to the Turkish and German target group with a focus on cultural aspects. These differences hold major pitfalls for German enterprises targeting the Turkish citizens using operative marketing tools related to sub-cultural patterns.

Field of study: Business
Traditional management of communal-property resources: the practice of the Sasi system

Throughout the feudal era up until the early 1970s a traditional management system was in effect in eastern Indonesian areas. However, this system was steadily replaced by centralized government control. This transformation had two impacts: (1) it resulted in conflicts among fishers regarding resource use; and (2) overexploitation of fisheries occurred in some fishing grounds. Recently, however, there has been a growing interest in reconsidering the adoption of the traditional system of fisheries resources management, with a slight modification towards a co-management system. Based on case study data this article describes the practice of traditional management of communal-property fisheries resources with particular reference to the Sasi system. The Sasi system is considered as effective in protecting and conserving fisheries resources in the coastal waters of a community. The continued existence of the system is supported by three elements: (1) a well-established traditional community organization; (2) an informal government endorsement of the Petuanan territory as a communal-property right; and (3) an attitude of compliance and cultural value attributed to the familial relationships existing among fishers.

Field of study: Environmental science
Pharmacogenomics in oncology care

Cancer pharmacogenomics have contributed a number of important discoveries to current cancer treatment, changing the paradigm of treatment decisions. Both somatic and germline mutations are utilized to better understand the underlying biology of cancer growth and treatment response. The level of evidence required to fully translate pharmacogenomic discoveries into the clinic has relied heavily on randomized control trials. In this review, the use of observational studies, as well as, the use of adaptive trials and next generation sequencing to develop the required level of evidence for clinical implementation are discussed.

Field of study: Biology
Asymmetrische Totalsynthese von 19-Nor-Steroiden mit photochemischer Schlüsselreaktion: Enantiomerenreine Zielverbindungen

Eine Totalsynthese der enantiomerenreinen 19-Nor-Steroide Ostron (1a), 19-Norandrost-4-en-3,17-dion (2a), ostradiol-17β (3a) und 19-Nortestosteron (4a) wird beschrieben. Sie folgt dem A + DADABCD-Aufbauprinzip, durchlauft ein lichtinduziertes, kinetisch instabiles o-Chinodimethan-Derivat und verwendet den chiralen Synthesebaustein (R)-2-Vinyl-1,1-cyclopropan-dicarbonsaure-dimethylester (12b). 12b ist durch eine Asymmetrie induzierende ScN′-Reaktion (s. Abb. 2) bequem zuganglich. Bei der Synthese fallt 12b enantiomerenrein an. Das analytische Procedere offenbart, das 12b mit einer optischen Reinheit oder mit einem Enantiomeren-uberschus jeweils von 95% zustande kommt. 
 
 
 
Asymmetric Total Synthesis of 19-Nor-Steroids via a Photochemical Key Reaction: Enantiomerically Pure Target Compounds 
 
 
 
A total synthesis of the enantiomerically pure 19-nor-steroids estrone (1a), 19-norandrost-4-en-3,17-dione (2a), estradiol-17β (3a), and 19-nortestosterone (4a) is described. It follows the A + DADABCD sequence, proceeds via a kinetically unstable o-quinodimethane derivative obtained in a light induced reaction, and employs the chiral synthetic building block dimethyl (R)-2-vinyl-1,1-cyclopropanedicarboxylate (12b). The latter is easily accessible by an asymmetry inducing ScN′ reaction. During the synthetic procedure it is isolated enantiomerically pure. The analytic procedure reveals that 12b is formed with an optical purity or an enantiomeric excess, respectively, of 95%.

Field of study: Chemistry
Physics in the Pre-pharmacy Curriculum

This study presents the results of a survey of the 81 colleges of pharmacy affiliated with the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy regarding requirements of physics in the pre-pharmacy curriculum. Responses included the number of semesters/quarters required, credit hours, group of students for whom the course is designed, mathematical basis, and length of time the physics requirement has been in place. Comments were made regarding strengths and weaknesses of the physics course at those colleges requiring physics, as well as reasons why physics is not required in the curriculum at the other colleges.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Genetic variability at promoters of IL-18 (pro-) and IL-10 (anti-) inflammatory gene affects susceptibility and their circulating serum levels: An explorative study of prostate cancer patients in North Indian populations.

Inflammation is an important hallmark of all types of cancers with a well-established role in carcinogenesis. The net inflammatory response is determined by the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, the levels of which may be affected by the genetic make-up. Interleukin (IL)-18, a pro-inflammatory cytokine expressed by various cells including those of the prostate, is a key mediator of anti-cancer immune response. IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine associated with tumour malignancy, causes escape from immune surveillance. This study hypothesizes that genetic variants of IL-18 (-607 C/A and -137 G/T) and IL-10 (-819 C/T and -592 C/A) may influence the circulating levels of these interleukins, thereby generating susceptibility risk to prostate cancer. The study was conducted on 676 subjects (controls and patients of prostate cancer (PCa): 291 each; and 94 patients with benign prostate hypertrophy (BPH)). Genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP and Real-Time PCR probe-based method. Circulating interleukin levels were obtained by ELISA. Circulating IL-18 levels were significantly elevated in cancer and BPH patients carrying GG genotypes for -137 of IL-18. The trend of circulating IL-18 levels was GG>GC>CC, observed in all groups. The -137 genetic variants of IL-18 significantly associated with PCa risk were GC, CC, and GC+CC, compared to GG (OR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.20-2.46; OR: 3.35, 95% CI: 2.03-5.53; and OR: 2.05, 95% CI: 1.46-2.87, respectively). A significant association of AA and CA+AA against CC genotype was observed at -607 locus of IL-18 (OR: 0.46, 95%CI: 0.29-0.72; OR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.41-0.90, respectively). Significantly elevated levels of IL-10 were observed with TT (wild) genotype at -819 of IL-10, compared to the CC (homozygous mutant) genotype in all three groups of subjects. However, no significant association was found between IL-10 promoter genotypes and PCa risk. We conclude that genetic variants of IL-18 and IL-10 promoters influence the circulating levels of these interleukins. Variations at -137 and -607 loci of IL-18 are associated with susceptibility to PCa.

Field of study: Medicine
Airborne measurements of the optical stratification of aerosols in turbid atmospheres.

A spectral scanning radiometer and corresponding algorithm of analysis were developed to evaluate optical stratification of aerosols from airborne measurements. Several flights were carried out to measure direct and circumsolar radiations simultaneously by a Swerlingen Merlin IV and a Cessna 206 aircraft. Results of the data analysis showed that our scheme can evaluate the optical depth of aerosols at any flight level from the ground to 400 mb, the highest flight level, with relative error of <10%. Vertical distribution and latitude–height cross sections of the optical thickness of aerosols and volume spectra of stratospheric aerosols were investigated.

Field of study: Physics
Boron paleosalinity proxy for deeply buried Paleozoic and Ediacaran fossils

Boron content is an indicator of paleosalinity for Mesozoic and Cenozoic clayey sediments, but is compromised by clay diagenesis in deeply-buried sediments of Paleozoic and Ediacaran age. This study of North American, Russian, and Australian, Paleozoic and Ediacaran fossils showed tight covariance of B (ppm) and K (wt%), confirming common wisdom that boron is carried largely by illlite-smectite clays. Ratios of B/K >40 μg/g distinguish modern marine and freshwater sediments, but this discrimination threshold declines to 21 μg/g for sequences with bituminous coal just below the anchimetamorphic zone, and to 5 μg/g for sequences within the anchimetamorphic zone toward greenschist facies. Marine and non-marine threshold B/K values can be predicted from Weaver and Kubler indices of illite crystallinity, as a measure of B depletion during deep burial and metamorphism. Deviations from that expectation (ΔB/K-Weaver and ΔB/K-Kubler) are positive in marine rocks, and negative in non-marine rocks. Trilobites, stromatolites and other marine fossils were correctly identified as marine by this proxy, and fossil land plants identified as non-marine, though in some cases by small margins because of declining B content with increased clay crystallinity. Cryogenian to Devonian problematic quilted fossils (Dickinsonia, Arumberia, Rangea, Pteridinium, Ernietta, Aspidella, Rutgersella, Protonympha) are indistinguishable from Devonian to Triassic plants using this proxy, and significantly different from trilobites, brachiopods, ammonites and other securely marine fossils.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
The role of myocardial gap junctions in electrical conduction and arrhythmogenesis.

Electrical activation of the heart requires cell-cell transfer of current via gap junctions, arrays of densely packed protein channels that permit intercellular passage of ions and small molecules. Because current transfer occurs only at gap junctions, the spatial distribution and biophysical properties of gap junction channels are important determinants of the conduction properties of cardiac muscle. Gap junction channels are composed of members of a multigene family of proteins called connexins. As a general rule, individual cells express multiple connexins, which creates the potential for considerable functional diversity in gap junction channels. Although gap junction channels are relatively nonselective in their permeability to ions and small molecules, cardiac myocytes actively adjust their level of coupling by multiple mechanisms including changes in connexin expression, regulation of connexin trafficking and turnover, and modulation of channel properties. In advanced stages of heart disease, connexin expression and intercellular coupling are diminished, and gap junction channels become redistributed. These changes have been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of lethal ventricular arrhythmias. Ongoing studies in genetically engineered mice are revealing insights into the role of individual gap junction channel proteins in normal cardiac function and arrhythmogenesis.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Targets--are they sensible?

Targets are becoming increasingly important in the new NHS for both purchasers and providers. Targets must be meaningful and carefully considered before it becomes sensible or realistic to attempt to achieve them. Choosing an unworkable target no matter how well-intentioned, will not achieve the desired result. This paper discusses the role of targets, comments on targets that are in use and proposes a set of 'Golden Rules' for the selection of targets.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Optimally Balanced Gaussian Process Propensity Scores for Estimating Treatment Effects.

Propensity scores are commonly employed in observational study settings where the goal is to estimate average treatment effects. This paper introduces a flexible propensity score modeling approach, where the probability of treatment is modeled through a Gaussian process framework. To evaluate the effectiveness of the estimated propensity score, a metric of covariate imbalance is developed that quantifies the discrepancy between the distributions of covariates in the treated and control groups. It is demonstrated that this metric is ultimately a function of the hyperparameters of the covariance matrix of the Gaussian process and therefore it is possible to select the hyperparameters to optimize the metric and minimize overall covariate imbalance. The effectiveness of the GP method is compared in a simulation against other methods of estimating the propensity score and the method is applied to data from Dehejia and Wahba (1999) to demonstrate benchmark performance within a relevant policy application.

Field of study: Mathematics
Genetic structure of Wuzhishan miniature pig by using microsatellite DNA markers

Genetic structure including diversity,polymorphism information content(PIC),heterozygosity(H) were chosen to study Wuzhishan miniature pig by using 9 microsatellite DNA markers.Microsatellite loci detected have 1～3 allelic genes,the frequence of allelic gene is between 0.1250 and 1.0000,heterozygosity is between 0.0000 and 0.6226,PIC is between 0.0000 and 0.5480,average heterozygosity is 0.3849 and average polymorphism information content is 0.3270.The average heterozygosity and polymorphism information content of three families are 0.2934,0.2075,0.3005 and 0.2227,0.1588,0.2408,respectively.The results indicated that with increasing of generation,genetic variation is reducing.It is suggested that WZSP is a genetically stability breed and satistifies the genetic standard of closed colony animal,and that the inbreeding degree of three lineages of WZSP are all high,and the richness of genetic diversity is lower than that in general commercial pig breeds.And this can provide theoretic foundation for the development of trial animals.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Alkaline precipitation in Bahia Blanca, Argentina.

The spatial, meteorological, and seasonal factors associated with precipitation pH in Bahia Blanca and its surroundings are presented. From April 1984 to April 1985, 85 rain events were studied from 12 sites that represent significant land-use sectors of the city. Mean pH for all sites ranged from 6.5 to 7.2. The area is characterized by alkaline precipitation since most stations reported maximum values in excess of 7.6. The highest values of pH were observed under the influence of continental air masses, which have traveled over the pampas soil, thus introducing large amounts of alkaline cations. The lowest pH values were obtained during the winter season when marine advection introduces high concentrations of spray. Stations located close to the estuary and the industrial park present the larger effect of sea spray but also of the incidence of an incipient atmospheric contamination.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Potential of CEB Reinforced Masonry Technology for (Re)construction in the Context of Disasters

More than 226 million people are affected by some type of disaster every year in various dimensions of human life, both in the short and long term. In this context, housing provision plays a leading role when it comes to basic needs and the choice of construction technologies and materials are determinant for a well-succeeded housing provision process. This work aims to analyze the viability of reinforced masonry technology with cement-stabilized compressed earth blocks as an alternative for the (re)construction process in situations that involve disaster risk reduction (DRR). To address this issue, a discussion from the literature and the main results obtained during the investigations carried out within the scope of the Simple Housing Solution (SHS) Project are presented. In the sequence, analyses are performed under United Nations Development Program/International Recovery Platform sustainability recommendations: environmental, technical, financial and socio-organizational aspects. It is concluded that the technology of Compressed Earth Blocks (CEBs) reinforced structural masonry has a high potential to be successfully applied in DRR situations, especially when associated with the community construction system in a joint effort.

Field of study: Materials science
Structure determination of the cancer-associated Mycoplasma hyorhinis protein Mh-p37.

The crystal structure of the Mycoplasma hyorhinis protein Mh-p37 has been solved and refined to 1.9 A resolution. This is the first de novo structure to be determined using the recently described heavy-atom reagent [Beck et al. (2008), Acta Cryst. D64, 1179-1182] 5-amino-2,4,6-triiodoisophthalic acid (I3C), which contains three I atoms arranged in an equilateral triangle, by SIRAS methods. Data collection was performed in-house at room temperature. SHELXD and SHELXE were used to determine the I-atom positions and phase the native protein and PHENIX AutoBuild software was used to automatically fit the amino-acid sequence to the electron-density map. The structure was refined using SHELX97 to an R(cryst) of 18.6% and an R(free) of 24.0%. Mh-p37 is an alpha/beta protein with two well defined domains which are separated by a deep cleft. An unanticipated ligand bound in the center of the molecule at the base of the cleft has been modeled as thiamine pyrophosphate or vitamin B(1). Retrospective attempts to solve the crystal structure by Patterson search methods using either isomorphous or anomalous differences failed. Additionally, attempts to use proteins with the highest structural homology in the Protein Data Bank to phase the data by molecular replacement were unsuccessful, most likely in hindsight because of their poor structural agreement. Therefore, the I3C reagent offers an alternative, quick and inexpensive method for in-house phasing of de novo structures where other methods may not be successful.

Field of study: Chemistry
Temporal and spatial variation in residential soil metal concentrations: implications for exposure assessments.

Understanding temporal and spatial variation in soil chemicals is critical in exposure assessments. We measured eight metals in subsamples, duplicates (~0.3 m), and repeat soil samples taken 1-6 years after initial sampling (~5 m). We estimated variance components (VCs) of metal concentrations using nested analyses accounting for sampling area, land use and soil type, and calculated coefficients of variation (CVs) for repeat sample pairs. Total variance for all metals was similar, but VCs were proportioned differently by metal and sample type. Spatial variation explained the majority of variance in duplicate samples. CVs of metal concentrations were not significantly different over the long time interval, but repeat samples had larger VCs for unexplained error. Sampling area and land use were important for Ba and Mn, and Pb and Hg, respectively. Results suggest metals are stable over long times and suitable for exposure assessments, but that individual metal behavior should be considered.

Field of study: Environmental science
Discussion on the Problems Existed and Improvement Method in the Teaching of C Programming Design

C Programming Design is a basic course in computer professional,is the key course to train students interested in computer programming.Proposes some problems existing in the process of C Programming Design,and then analyzes the problem,proposes a solution to the problem.At the same time according to the author's many years of teaching practice,illustrates some teaching methods and teaching experience in the teaching ideas and methods.This have a certain significance,can better improve the teaching level.

Field of study: Computer science