nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Magnetic resonance-guided, high-intensity focused ultrasound sonolysis: potential applications for stroke.

Stroke is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and a significant source of long-term morbidity. Unfortunately, a substantial number of stroke patients either are ineligible or do not significantly benefit from contemporary medical and interventional therapies. To address this void, investigators recently made technological advances to render transcranial MR-guided, high-intensity focused ultrasound (MRg-HIFU) sonolysis a potential therapeutic option for both acute ischemic stroke (AIS)-as an alternative for patients with emergent large-vessel occlusion (ELVO) who are ineligible for endovascular mechanical thrombectomy (EMT) or as salvage therapy for patients in whom EMT fails-and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)-as a neoadjuvant means of clot lysis prior to surgical evacuation. Herein, the authors review the technological principles behind MRg-HIFU sonolysis, its results in in vitro and in vivo stroke models, and its potential clinical applications. As a noninvasive transcranial technique that affords rapid clot lysis, MRg-HIFU thrombolysis may develop into a therapeutic option for patients with AIS or ICH. However, additional studies of transcranial MRg-HIFU are necessary to ascertain the merit of this treatment approach for thrombolysis in both AIS and ICH, as well as its technical limitations and risks.

Field of study: Medicine
A note on the estimation of variance of sample mean Using the knowledge of coefficient of variation in normal population

A class of estimators for the variance of sample mean is defined and its properties are studied in case of normal population. It is identified that the usual unbiased estimator, Singh, Pandey and Hirano (1973) -type estimator and Lee (1931) estimator are particular members of the proposed class of estimators. It is found that the minimum Mean Squared Error (MSE) of the proposed class of estimators is less than that of other estimators.

Field of study: Mathematics
IFNG +874 A/T is associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Mexican Mestizos

HighlightsThis is the first study done in a large sample size of Mexican patients with ALL.IFNG +874 T (pc = 0.00004) and TT (pc = 0.0001) are strongly protective for ALL.IL2 −330 G/T is not involved in the expression of ALL.Males are less prone to develop ALL, if carriers of IFNG TT (pc = 0.006).High frequency of low IFNG producers are partly responsible of ALL incidence.  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the most common type of cancer in children worldwide, has one of the highest incidence rates in Mexico. It is a multifactorial disease and different cytokine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), have been associated with ALL expression. Few studies have been published analyzing IFNG +874 T/A and IL2 −330 G/T in this type of leukemia. These SNPs are involved in high or low expression, and are central to cellular immunity, influencing greatly tumor growth. The purpose of this work was to explore the association of IFNG +874 A/T (rs2430561) and IL2 −330 G/T (rs2069762) SNPs with ALL susceptibility and/or protection in 488 Mexican Mestizos patients, as compared to 950 Mexican Mestizo healthy controls. The results demonstrated that IFNG +874 T allele (pc = 0.00004, OR = 0.673) and the TT genotype (pc = 0.00015, OR = 0.349), protect against ALL expression with no specific gender association; however, the TT homozygote genotype (vs. TA+AA) seems more protective in males (pc = 0.00683). IL2 −330 G/T does not contribute to the development of ALL. In healthy Mexicans, the most common genotypes for IL2 and IFNG, are the low cytokine producers, suggesting that the genetic background in this ethnic group, may be partly responsible for the high incidence of ALL. These results show for the first time in Mexicans, the relevant role that IFNG SNP has in the genetic etiology of ALL. Thus, a large group of patients belonging to different ethnicities will be very helpful to study in order to demonstrate if these SNPs contribute to the genetic etiology of ALL, as shown here in Mexican Mestizos.

Field of study: Medicine
Geochemical denudation rates and solute transport mechanisms in a maritime temperate glacier basin

Dissolved cation loss from the basin of Berendon Glacier, northwestern British Columbia is calculated at 947 mequiv m−2 year−1 with calcium accounting for nearly all of this loss. This geochemical denudation rate is substantially greater than the world average of 390 mE m−2 year−1 but agrees well with similar studies from the Cascade Range in the northwestern United States. Abundant precipitation is likely responsible for the significant geochemical denudation despite reduced chemical activity at low annual temperatures. When absorption is considered in the removal process, the major cation denudation rate increases by about 10% and doubles the loss of certain cations such as sodium. This finding complements previously published sedimentological evidence (SEM of quartz grains) of high rates of chemical activity in the basin.Debris–water contact time appears to exert a significant control on the cation and silica concentrations exhibited by the various water types moving through the basin. Firn, glacier ic...

Field of study: Environmental science
Synthesis of 3-N-substituted exo-3,4 diazatricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]dec-4-enes

Treatment of exo-3,4-diazatricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]dec-4-ene with methyl acrylate, acrylonitrile, ethylene oxide, acetic acid and nitrosonium cation gave a series of 3-N-substituted exo-3,4-diazatricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]dec-4-enes.

Field of study: Chemistry
‘Stand out, not up’: bodyboarders, gendered hierarchies and negotiating the dynamics of pride/shame

In this paper, bodyboarders who surf the breaks of the Illawarra, New South Wales talk about their surfing experiences. We are particularly interested in leisured exclusions. Bodyboarders’ principal concern appears to be territorialisation of surf breaks and the legitimisation of bodyboarding in a sport where they are disavowed a ‘real’ surfing identity based on shortboarders’ desire to claim superiority. The paper explores how bodyboarders’ experiences of pride and shame articulate with understanding of space, self and masculinities. Alongside the physical environment of the surf break, interpersonal relationships between shortboarders and bodyboarders figure heavily in participant’s negotiation and construction of their gendered identities. We argue how individual bodyboarders negotiate the pride/shame nexus has important implication for understanding gender and territorialisation of the surf.

Field of study: Sociology
Asymmetric duopoly and the core

It has recently been proposed that an exchange economy with “small” and “large” traders be represented by a measure space whose atoms represent the set of large traders and whose atomless part represents the set of small traders. For such mixed markets, the equivalence of the core and the set of competitive allocations, which holds when the set of atoms is of measure zero, no longer holds necessarily when this set has positive measure. However, if this set consists of identical traders, the equivalence is restored. The asymptotic analogs of these propositions are proved here.

Field of study: Economics
Measurement of the D s + VIηℓ + ν and D s + VIη ′ ℓ + ν branching ratios

Using the CLEO II detector we measure B(D s + Ⅵηe + ν)/B(D s + Ⅵφe + ν)=1.24±0.12±0.15, B(D s + Ⅵη ′ e + ν)/B(D s + Ⅵφe + ν)=0.43±0.11±0.07, and B(D s + Ⅵη ′ e + ν)/B(D s + Ⅵηe + ν)=0.35±0.09±0.07. We find the ratio of vector to pseudoscalar final states, B(D s + Ⅵφe + ν)/B(D s + Ⅵ(η+η ′ )e + ν)=0.60±0.06±0.06, which is similar to the ratio found in nonstrange D decays.

Field of study: Physics
High Quantities of Microplastic in Arctic Deep-Sea Sediments from the HAUSGARTEN Observatory.

Although mounting evidence suggests the ubiquity of microplastic in aquatic ecosystems worldwide, our knowledge of its distribution in remote environments such as Polar Regions and the deep sea is scarce. Here, we analyzed nine sediment samples taken at the HAUSGARTEN observatory in the Arctic at 2340-5570 m depth. Density separation by MicroPlastic Sediment Separator and treatment with Fenton's reagent enabled analysis via Attenuated Total Reflection FTIR and μFTIR spectroscopy. Our analyses indicate the wide spread of high numbers of microplastics (42-6595 microplastics kg-1). The northernmost stations harbored the highest quantities, indicating sea ice as a possible transport vehicle. A positive correlation between microplastic abundance and chlorophyll a content suggests vertical export via incorporation in sinking (ice-) algal aggregates. Overall, 18 different polymers were detected. Chlorinated polyethylene accounted for the largest proportion (38%), followed by polyamide (22%) and polypropylene (16%). Almost 80% of the microplastics were ≤25 μm. The microplastic quantities are among the highest recorded from benthic sediments. This corroborates the deep sea as a major sink for microplastics and the presence of accumulation areas in this remote part of the world, fed by plastics transported to the North via the Thermohaline Circulation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Spin injection into semiconductors, physics and experiments

In this paper we review and extend our modelling of the physics governing electrical spin injection into non-magnetic semiconductors. A critical evaluation is given of several approaches to circumvent the impedance mismatch that prohibits spin injection in the diffusive transport regime, i.e. ballistic transport, the use of tunnel barriers and the physics of a Schottky contact. We conclude by discussing an experimental illustration of our modelling. In an all-electrical geometry, we utilize spin injection from a paramagnetic injector to demonstrate a novel magnetoresistance effect.

Field of study: Materials science
A Laramide-age push-up block: The structures and formation of the Terlingua-Solitario structural block, Big Bend region, Texas

The Terlingua-Solitario structural block represents a Laramide-age push-up block in the Big Bend region of Texas. Folding, thrust faults, monoclines, east-northeast-trending strike-slip faults and grabens, and tectonic stylolites are associated with push-up block development. Laramide-age east-northeast-directed compression caused sinistral movement on two east-trending, right-stepping, en echelon fault zones. This fault movement placed the area between fault overlap under transpression, which then responded by broad uplift on a northwest-trending fold axis. Local stratigraphic and structural controls suggest uplift initiation between 68-66 Ma with the completion of push-up block formation by about 50 Ma. This push-up block exists within a zone of transfer for Laramide sinistral faulting along the northern and southern boundary of the Texas Lineament zone. Laramide stress trajectories across the uplift as defined by tectonic stylolites indicate a single compressive event, but with stress, trajectory changes locally at developing structures. More recently, during Basin and Range age deformation (24 Ma), dextral movement along the two en echelon fault zones placed the structural block under transtension. Northwest-trending faults and grabens now cut through the eastern half of the push-up block and die out along the southern boundary of the uplift. Local dextral movement was also identified along some of these northwest-trending faults.

Field of study: Geology
Coadsorption of bulky ions by surfactants. Monomolecular layers of tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) complex with sodium lauryl sulphate on glassy carbon, platinium, n-SnO 2 , and n-Si electrodes

Etude des comportements electrochimique et photochimique du complexe de tris(bipyridyle-2,2') ruthenium (II), (I), sur des electrodes de carbone vitreux, de platine, de SnO 2 -n et de Si-n, en presence de laurylsulfate de Na (II). L'agent de surface, induit aux faibles concentrations, une auto-association du cation complexe et son accumulation a l'interface electrode-solution. Aux concentrations optimales il y a formation de couches monomoleculaires formees des ions antagonistes I et II. Dans le cas d'electrodes en semiconducteurs, les films superficiels augmentent le rendement de conversion de l'energie radiante en energie electrique

Field of study: Chemistry
THE ASSESSMENT OF THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF PRODUCTION PROCESS—SIMULATION APPROACH

The problem of the economic efficiency assessment of the production process is a very complex task. The holistic approaches to the assessment are still very limited in the literature. Both academia and practitioners use many different indicators and indices for economic efficiency analyses. The authors propose a model that allows the assessment of the economic efficiency of the production process in a holistic way. The model consists of four dimensions, as follows: financial perspective, customer’s perspective, internal processes’ perspective and the development’s perspective. The proposed evaluation approach is developed based on the assumption that different perspectives are equivalent in decision-making. In order to validate the model the authors use a simulation in iGrafx Process 2011. The authors present the numerical examples for model validation, using different variants of a real production process.

Field of study: Engineering
Distorted Copulas: Constructions and Tail Dependence

Given a copula C, we examine under which conditions on an order isomorphism ψ of [0, 1] the distortion C ψ: [0, 1]2 → [0, 1], C ψ(x, y) = ψ{C[ψ−1(x), ψ−1(y)]} is again a copula. In particular, when the copula C is totally positive of order 2, we give a sufficient condition on ψ that ensures that any distortion of C by means of ψ is again a copula. The presented results allow us to introduce in a more flexible way families of copulas exhibiting different behavior in the tails.

Field of study: Mathematics
Cold stress alters Mytilus edulis pedal ganglia expression of mu opiate receptor transcripts determined by real-time RT-PCR and morphine levels.

Previous pharmacological, biochemical and molecular evidence prove that mu-subtype opiate receptors and opiate alkaloids, i.e. morphine, are present in the ganglionic nervous system of the mollusk Mytilus edulis (bivalve). We now present molecular evidence on the effect of rapid temperature changes on mu opiate receptor expression and morphine levels. Using primers, a labeled Taq-Man probe derived from the human neuronal mu1 opiate receptor, and real-time RT-PCR to measure the expression of mu transcripts from Mytilus pedal ganglia, we observe, in animals placed in cold water from room temperature, an enhanced morphine and morphine 6 glucuronide level in addition to a decrease in mu opiate receptor gene expression. This study provides further evidence that mu-type opiate receptors and morphine are expressed in mollusk ganglia and appear to be involved in physiological processes responding to thermal stress.

Field of study: Biology
Expanding frontiers in deep subsurface microbiology

The subsurface biosphere on Earth appears to be far more expansive and physiologically and phylogenetically complex than previously thought. Here, several aspects of subsurface microbiology are discussed. Molecular and biogeochemical data, as well as characteristics from new isolates, suggest that ecosystems below deep-sea hydrothermal vents are inhabited primarily by thermophilic archaea and bacteria. The void spaces and conduits in basalt at mid-ocean ridges, and, even more so, at sediment-covered hydrothermal vent sites represent promising hunting grounds for novel chemosynthetic archaea and bacteria. As examples, we highlight the subsurface microbial communities within the basalt flanks of the Juan de Fuca Ridge off British Columbia, and the hydrothermal sediments at the Guaymas Basin in the Gulf of California and at Middle Valley on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. In the deep continental subsurface, microbial studies have primarily targeted aquifers in basaltic and granitic rock, with an almost exclusive emphasis on H2-driven chemolithoautotrophy. For example, in the subsurface water from Lidy Hot Springs, Idaho (USA), H2-consuming methanogenic archaea represent the most populous organisms, comprising >95% of all cells. Besides H2, other potential sources of chemical energy (reducing power) are considered, including abiotically synthesized organic matter and reduced sulfur compounds. In addition, the well-established sequences of redox couples in microbial metabolism are investigated at elevated temperatures using a thermodynamic approach. Values of peo for 11 common reduction half-reactions are tabulated at 25, 50, 100, and 150 °C. Although many modes of metabolism may be employed by subsurface biota, sulfate reduction appears to be one of the more ubiquitous strategies. Recent studies of sulfate-reducing archaea and bacteria in marine and continental systems are reviewed.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Minority Political Empowerment in New York City: Beyond the Voting Rights Act

The 1991 elections for the New York City Council resulted in substantial political change in the composition of that body. Minorities of virtually every description found themselves in new positions among the city's politically empowered communities. This article discusses how the districting process resulted in fundamental changes to the city's legislature. It suggests that the 1965 Voting Rights Act (the act) -including its 1982 amendments and the developing case law -is not the most appropriate method or tool by which to address the continuing empowerment of minority communities after their members are elected to public office in substantial numbers. The authors, who were key participant observers in this process, argue that the New York City districting process was a logical outgrowth of the act and that the act must be expanded to meet new needs. Twelve African Americans (up from six) and nine Latinos (up from three) were elected to the new council. For the first time in the history of the city, a minority council member was elected to represent a district where less than 80

Field of study: Political science
Properties of a Novel Siloxane-containing Epoxy Resin

To fabricate self-organized gradient material using bisphenol-A epoxy resin (E51) and siloxane, the properties of a novel synthesized siloxane-containing epoxy resin (SE) were investigated in advance. It is found that SE behaves like Newtonian fluid at low shear rates, while like non-Newtonian fluid at high shear rates. Similar to E51, SE is soluble in most solvents. Although curing process of two epoxy resins submits to first-order reaction kinetics, curing activity of SE is higher slightly. Contrary to the cured E51, the cured SE is hydrophobic and characterized by ductile fracture. It is also observed that the cured SE is more stable in thermal decomposition than the cured E51.

Field of study: Materials science
Compulsory admission to hospital: an operational review of the Mental Health (Scotland) Act 1960.

The working of the Mental Health (Scotland) Act 1960 is examined by analysis of compulsory admissions both nationally and to one Glasgow hospital. Comparisons are drwn with England and Wales. Despite a six-fold increase in admissions since 1945 the use of compulsory powers has remained almost constant. It is suggested that an annual number of 45 compulsory admissions per 100,000 population may represent an inevitable basic level as foreseen by the Royal Commission in 1957. Section 31 ('Emergency Recommendation') secures 80 per cent of Part IV admissions, and Section 24 ('Full Recommendation') is employed in only 25 per cent. Part V accounts for only 300 admissions per annum, mostly remands for psychiatric report. Two suggestions are made for possible future amendments to the Act.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Cascading Model of Infrastructure Networks based on Complex Network

The paper focuses on the cascading failure phenomenon of infrastructure networks. A new cascading model is proposed to analyze the cascading failure characteristics of the systems. Based on the model, we present a good evaluation method of node importance to identify the key nodes which may cause cascading failures of infrastructure networks. Finally, the damage degree of infrastructure networks considering cascading failures is investigated through our cascading model. The simulation results indicate the validity and practicality of the proposed model. The research is helpful to protect the key components of infrastructure networks and decrease the network vulnerability. Meanwhile, the proposed method provides valuable reference to many actual networks in nature.

Field of study: Computer science
Making Learning Personally Meaningful: A New Framework for Relevance Research

Personal relevance goes by many names in the motivation literature, stemming from a number of theoretical frameworks. Currently these lines of research are being conducted in parallel with little synthesis across them, perhaps because there is no unifying definition of the relevance construct within which this research can be situated. In this paper we propose a new framework to synthesize existing research on relevance and provide a common platform for researchers to communicate and collaborate. In light of this new framework we review the role of relevance in three prominent theories in the motivation literature: the four-phase model of interest development, expectancy-value theory, and self-determination theory. We then explore eight relevance constructs commonly used in the literature and the educational interventions that derive from them. Finally, we offer a synthesis of these constructs and suggest some directions for future research.

Field of study: Education
Orbitally-driven climate forcing in late Pliocene lacustrine siderite-rich clastic rhythms (Upper Valdarno Basin, Northern Apennines, Italy)

Distinctive siderite-rich lacustrine strata are exposed along the western margin of the Upper Valdarno Basin (Northern Apennines, Italy). These late Pliocene deposits belong to the Castelnuovo Synthem, which is the oldest unconformity bounded stratigraphic unit of the basin fill. Facies analyses were performed on a paleomagnetically calibrated log, depicting two palustrine to lacustrine systems separated by a short-lived fluvial phase. The lacustrine deposits are structured in rhythms and composed of lower clastic and upper siderite-enriched beds. The rhythmic stacking pattern has been analysed and subjected to a cyclostratigraphic analysis: similar trends between a local facies-derived base level curve and global isotopic stacks suggest climate forcing, which is confirmed by the straightforward tuning of the lacustrine rhythms to precession-related insolation phases. Clastic deposition has been linked to colder and drier phases, involving vegetation retreat and enhanced sediment production and transport. Prevalent chemical deposition (siderite) instead occurs during hot and wet phases and is characterised by vegetation blooming and then a generalised reduction in clastic supply. This mechanism is probably coupled with lake level fluctuations that are related to variations in the regional hydrological balance. The orbital behaviour of the Castelnuovo Synthem is characterised by major sensitivity to precession, but a weaker response to 100 ky eccentricity. However, eccentricity modulation is marked by a 400 ky minimum, which recurs in correspondence with a sub-aerial exposure between the two lacustrine bedsets. No obliquity-related rhythmicity has been recorded. The succession investigated here is consistent with other Pliocene palustrine to lacustrine circum-Mediterranean case studies. The results have also been compared to a previous cyclostratigraphic framework elaborated from magnetic susceptivity, allowing critical comparisons to be made between this latter proxy and the analysis of sedimentary facies cycles.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography