nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Psychology and Medical Education: Collaborations for Culturally Responsive Care

Recent years have witnessed an increasing attention to the vast and alarming health disparities in the United States. This paper explores provider factors in health disparities, considering the role of medical education in training health care providers to practice culturally responsive health care toward a diminution of health inequalities. The paper begins with a description of culturally responsive care along with an overview of the key elements of a comprehensive curriculum for health care providers in this arena. Next, the paper explores the key contributions from the field of psychology to collaborative instruction of health care providers in the areas of attitudes/awareness, knowledge and skills components of culturally responsive care. Finally, the paper concludes with a description of collaborative teaching from a family medicine residency program where a 33-h ‘cultural medicine curriculum within the curriculum’ is delivered over the course of 3 years.

Field of study: Psychology
Crystal capture, sorting, and retention in convecting magma

The mystery of producing strong compositional diversity among suites of comagmatic igneous rocks is investigated by considering the dynamic evolution of basaltic magma in a sheet-like chamber. A central conclusion is that inward-progressing crystallization produces strong viscosity and temperature gradients that promote convection only near the leading edge of the upper thermal boundary layer. Convection is apparently confined to an essentially isoviscous, isothermal region that hugs the downward-growing roof zone. Strong changes in viscosity with crystallization divide the upper and lower thermal boundary layers into regions of decreasing viscosity and crystallinity (N) called "rigid crust" (N ≥ 0.5), "mush" (0.5 ≥ N ≥ 0.25), and "suspension" (N ≤ 0.25). The strong increase in viscosity near the mush-suspension interface acts as a capture front that overtakes and traps slowly settling crystals. Initial phenocrysts mostly escape capture, but crystals nucleated and grown in the suspension zone can escape only if the capture front slows to a critical rate attainable only in bodies thicker than about 100 m. Escaping crystals are redistributed and sorted by convection driven by the advance of the capture front itself. Crystal-laden plumes traverse the central, hot core of the body and deposit partially resorbed and sorted crystals within the lower suspension zone. Convection is never vigorous but is part of an overall intimate balance between roofward heat loss, rigid-crust growth, crystallization kinetics, and transport and sorting of sinking escaped crystals. There is a strong similarity between these processes and those producing both varves and saline pan deposits. It is clear that lavas, lava lakes, and sills are indeed examples of true magma chambers strongly exhibiting certain aspects of this over-all process. These aspects commonly also characterize the large mafic magmatic bodies. Because strong compositional changes in the residual melt occur largely outward (that is, at lower temperatures and higher crystallinities) of the capture front, which is immobile and mostly within rigid crust, the possible range in comagmatic compositions available for eruption anywhere within the active magma is very limited. This is in broad agreement with the compositional range observed in basaltic lava lakes, sills, and plutons like Skaergaard. The tuning of convection, crystallization kinetics, and phase equilibria in chambers of this type can produce a variety of textures and layering but not a diversity of compositions.

Field of study: Geology
Tailored Approaches towards the Synthesis of l-S-(Trifluoromethyl)cysteine- and l-Trifluoromethionine-Containing Peptides

Among the fluorinated noncanonical amino acids, l-trifluoromethionine (TFM) and l-S-(trifluoromethyl)cysteine (TfmCys), fluorinated analogues of methionine and cysteine, are of particular interest because of their ability to locally increase the hydrophobicity of peptides. We report herein the synthesis of tert-butoxycarbonyl/benzyl-protected TFM and TfmCys by using a cheap and user-friendly radical trifluoromethylation approach. The benzyl protecting group of these fluorinated amino acids could be conveniently removed by hydrogenolysis, which circumvented troublesome saponification reactions. For the first time, TfmCys was inserted into a peptide sequence by liquid- or solid-phase peptide synthesis. Finally, a late trifluoromethylation strategy with the use of Togni's reagent on disulfide-bridged peptides was also efficient to incorporate TFM or TfmCys at both N-terminal and internal positions.

Field of study: Chemistry
Research on the Mechanism of Residual Stress and Its Influence on Fatigue Life in Grinding Superalloy

This research is focused on the formation mechanism of residual stress and effect of various process parameters, thermal coupling levels and grinding ways on residual stress during grinding superalloy, as well as analyzed the relationship between residual stress and fatigue life. The results show that the residual stress for grinding process is caused by the interaction between grinding temperature and grinding force, and in general the thermoplastic deformation and the plastic pressure coarse effect generated tensile residual stress because of grinding temperature and abrasive mechanical action, respectively, while the burnishing effect generated the compressive residual stress. From the experimental results, it is observed that using plunge-cut grinding process resulted in tensile residual stress on machined surface and the tensile residual stress increases with increasing grinding depth and wheel speed, while the maximum tensile residual stress occurred near the grinding surface, and then declined sharply. The residual stress layer is approximately 100μm while the depth of residual stress layer and the maximum tensile residual stress are increased with increases the grinding parameters. Meanwhile, the studies also indicate that the fatigue life improves with increase in compressive residual stress, whereas the tensile residual stress has the opposite effect on fatigue life. Thus, this paper provides the related experimental data for the study of anti-fatigue manufacturing in grinding superalloy.

Field of study: Engineering
On-line measurement of grain quality with NIR technology

A feasibility study was conducted to measure grain quality (moisture and protein content) with near-infrared reflection 
(NIR) technology on a conventional New Holland TX64 combine harvester. A Zeiss Corona NIR sensor was installed 
on a bypass unit of the clean grain elevator, and reference samples were taken at the end of the bubble-up auger, which transports 
the grain from the clean grain elevator to the grain bin. Measured signals at the diode array of the spectrophotometer 
were highly variable in time, and an appropriate low-pass filter was designed to extract relevant spectra at a sampling rate 
of 1 Hz. In addition, an optimal time shift was calculated between the location of the NIR measurement and the reference 
sampling to guarantee an optimal synchronization between the measured spectra and reference values. Preprocessing, calibration, 
and validation were executed using the PLSplus/IQ module of the GRAMS/32 software package. The calibration 
models were developed using the PLS algorithm and validated through cross-validation. Cross-validation errors of 0.57% 
and 0.31% were achieved for the on-line protein and moisture content measurements, respectively. These accuracies are comparable 
with the prediction accuracy that was achieved on a similar, but stationary, unit and prove the technical feasibility 
of estimating grain quality on-the-go with NIR technology.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
On Positive Theories of Redistribution

In recent years there have been numerous attempts, both theoretical and empirical, to explain redistribution. One line or argument, stemming from the seminal article of Harold Hochman and James Rodgers [1969], has concentrated on explaining the extent of charitable transfers, public and private. A second line has focused on the efforts by individuals to use the governmental apparatus and the consequences of these efforts. The concern in this article will be with the second line of argument. Since an increasing amount of research is now being channeled into redistribution issues, it is useful to pause and reflect on the conceptual complexity involved in theorizing about redistribution and marshaling evidence for those theories. The basic hypothesis of these positive redistribution theories is that people will use their stock of resources (including the voting franchise) to influence the government, and as a result of that influence certain redistributional outcomes will be observed. There are two basic variants

Field of study: Economics
MACRO KINETIC MODEL FOR ACRYLONITRILE CONTINUOUS AQUEOUS POLYMERIZATION

Based on predecessors'work, and the plant data of total conversion rate and number averaged molecular mass, the Cauchy distribution of micro cores is proposed in terms of the principle of probability and statistics. The macro kinetic model with expressions of the total conversion rate and number average molecule mass is derived from the macro mixed method. Additionally, the neural network sub model and the regression sub model are used in the model for building up the correlation functions of intermediate parameters k 1, k 2, and k 3 with the operation conditions. It is verified by the simulation and practical running results that the model can present practical process properties.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Fracture characteristics of discontinuous carbon fibre-reinforced PPS and PES-C composites

Tensile strength, σ b , Young's modulus, E, and critical stress intensity factor, K IC , of two types of short carbon fibre (CF) reinforced high performance brittle thermoplastics (CF/PPS and CF/PES-C) have been measured for different volume fraction, V f of CF. Young's modulus increases linearly with increasing of V f with a Krenchel's efficiency factor of 0.05, whereas σ b and K IC initially rise and then level up at V f of 25 vol.%. With the help of loas-deflection curves and fractography, the experimental results have been analysed in the light of fibre-matrix adhesion characteristics

Field of study: Materials science
Street Games in J. D. Salinger and Gerald Green

One of the main issues, it seems to me, in defining what it is to be American is the issue of conformity vs. nonconformity. This issue is especially problematic for those people who by definition are "different": racial or religious minorities, immigrantsÂ—people who are forced to confront the question of how much of their previous culture they can preserve, hang on to, and how much of it they have to give up in order to "melt" into the American pot. Although in its idealistic moments America celebrates uniqueness, idiosyncrasy, individualism, and nonconformity, in its more practical, realistic, and mundaneÂ—and much more frequentÂ— moments, it produces unrelenting pressure to conform. A look at the treatment of street games by two contemporary novelists, J. D. Salinger and Gerald Green, shows two diametrically opposed responses to this pressure. (I call Salinger "contemporary" even though he's been literarily "dead" for twenty years because he's still alive and, reports have it, still writing; he's just not publishing.) Both novelists use street games as an important device in establishing a central character's sense of self in relation to society: in the case of Salinger's Seymour Glass in Seymour: An Introduction, the ultimate individualist; in the case of Albert Abrams in Green's To Brooklyn with Love,

Field of study: Art
Preparation of New Terpenyl β‐D‐Glucopyranosides by a Modified Königs‐Knorr Procedure

Ten new hemi- and monoterpenyl β-D-glucopyranosides have been prepared by a modification of the Konigs-Knorr procedure which utilises silver fluoroacetate as a soluble catalyst coupled with the introduction of a basic ion-exchange resin to effect the deacetylation step. Most of these compounds could not be obtained in acceptable yields using the classical procedure.

Field of study: Chemistry
Estrogenic activity of bio-degradation products of C-heavy oil revealed by gene-expression profiling using an oligo-DNA microarray system.

Degradation of heavy oil by bacteria to decompose organic compounds such as aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons has been used in bioremediation. However, the biological and environmental effects of the degradation products including intermediates are still not clear. Here, we monitored the degradation of C-heavy oil by analyzing the products formed in cultures with oil-degrading bacteria (complex microbes or a single bacterial strain). Furthermore, proliferation assays using breast cancer MCF-7 cells and gene-expression profiling of MCF-7 cells using oligonucleotide-DNA microarrays were performed to evaluate the estrogenic activity of the degradation products. While the products did not show any significant cell-proliferative activity, the oil samples cultured for longer periods (2-3 months), whether cultured with mixed microbes or a single bacterial strain, showed gene-expression profiles similar to that of 17β-estradiol (E2). These results suggest that oil-degradation products have estrogenic activity, and estrogen-like components could possibly be produced during the degradation process.

Field of study: Environmental science
A skewed distributed indexing for skewed access patterns on the wireless broadcast

Data broadcast is an efficient way to disseminate information to a large number of mobile clients in the wireless environment. Adding an index data organization to the broadcast file can save client power consumption with little increase in client waiting time. The existing index technologies only consider equal access probabilities of data items. However, in real-life applications, some data items may be more popular than others; that is, access patterns of clients are skewed. In this paper, we propose a skewed distributed indexing, SDI, which considers the access probabilities of data items and the replication of index nodes. The proposed algorithm traverses an index tree to determine whether an index node should be replicated by considering the access probability of its child node. In our experimental results, we have shown that our proposed algorithm outperforms the variant-fanout index tree and the distributed indexing.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
The biological effects and criteria for assessing the danger of laser radiation

Biological effects of laser radiation (LR) are determined by the absorption properties of the irradiated tissues and physiological characteristics of radiation. The high intensities of the effect are accompanied by melting, evaporation, substance ionization, formation of shock and acoustic waves. Under the action of the low-intensity LR there prevail photochemical, photobiological and thermal processes. The action of LR of one or another wave length is determined by the initial stages of its interaction with biological substrate. The biostimulating action of LR is widely used in clinical medicine. On the contrary, the effects that give rise to morphofunctional lesions of biological tissues determine the necessity of elaborating preventive measures ensuring protection of man from LR. It is generally accepted that thresholds of the damaging action on the retina and skin may be used as the main criterion for maximum allowable level (MAL) basing. In addition to the changes observable in the directly irradiated tissues, many authors point to a possibility of functional disturbances on the part of certain organs and systems of the body, followed by the formation of asthenic and vegetovascular syndromes. The experimental and clinical data confirm that the body may develop common nonspecific changes which, together with the local damaging effects, can be regarded as criteria for an adverse action of LR and, therefore, taken into account in MAL derivation.

Field of study: Medicine
Beer congener stimulates gastrointestinal motility via the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.

Ethanol and alcoholic beverages are known to affect upper gastrointestinal motility in humans. Beer has been reported to accelerate gastric emptying compared with other beverages that contain the same ethanol concentrations. In this study, we investigated the mechanism that underlies the effects of beer congener on gastrointestinal motility.



Gastric emptying activity was measured by means of movement of a semisolid test meal (0.05% phenol red/1.5% methylcellulose) in mice. To elucidate the mechanism for the effect of beer congener on gastrointestinal motility, we conducted receptor binding assays and contraction study by using longitudinal muscle from guinea pig ileum.



Beer congener (1 g/kg orally) enhanced gastric emptying of a semisolid meal in mice. The receptor binding assay revealed that beer congener bound to dopamine D2 receptor and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)3 receptor. These IC50 values were more than 5 mg/ml. However, beer congener bound to 5-HT2 receptor, 5-HT4 receptor, and muscarinic M3 receptor with IC50 values of 2, 0.9, and 2 mg/ml, respectively. Beer congener (0.05-2 mg/ml) induced the contraction of longitudinal muscle from guinea pig ileum in a dose-dependent manner. This effect was not affected by either tetrodotoxin (10(-6)M) or ketanserin (10(-7)-10(-5)M), an antagonist for the 5-HT2 receptor. On the other hand, 4-DAMP (10(-8)-10(-5)M), an antagonist for the muscarinic M3 receptor, inhibited the contraction of the longitudinal muscle induced by beer congener (2 mg/ml) dose dependently.



Beer congener stimulates gastrointestinal motility via the muscarinic M3 receptor.

Field of study: Medicine
Interfacial fracture toughness of Pb-free solders

Increasing environmental concerns and pending government regulations have pressured microelectronic manufacturers to find suitable alternatives to Pb-bearing solders traditionally used in electronics packaging. Over recent years, Sn-rich solders have received significant attention as suitable replacements for Pb-bearing solders. Understanding the behavior of intermetallics in Sn-rich solders is of particular concern as the microelectronics industry progresses towards Pb-free packaging. The formation of intermetallic compounds results from the reaction of the solder with the metallization on the substrate in the electronic package. While the presence of the intermetallic is an indication of good wetting, excessive growth of the intermetallic can have a dramatically adverse effect on the toughness and reliability of the solder joint. Understanding their fracture behavior will lend insight to their reliability under mechanical and thermomechanical strains. We investigated the intermetallic compound growth associated with Sn–0.7Cu and Sn–4.0Ag–0.5Cu solders on Ni–Au, Ni–Pd, and Cu substrates. (Ni,Cu) 3 Sn 4 was present at the Ni interface for both solders but was coarser in the case of Ni–Pd. Cu 6 Sn 5 and Cu 3 Sn were observed for both solder types. The Cu 3 Sn layer was similar in thickness and appearance for both solders, but the Cu 6 Sn 5 was smoother and rounder in the case of Sn–0.7Cu. Additional time above liquidus resulted in growth of the Cu 6 Sn 5 layer and eventual spalling of the IMC grains. The effect of the intermetallic on the toughness ( K Q ) of the solder joint was investigated using a modified compact tension specimen. Typical failure modes included bulk solder failure, intergranular separation, and intermetallic fracture, or cleavage. In some cases, additional time above solder liquidus was used to shift the dominant failure mode from that dominated by the bulk solder to interfacial delamination through the intermetallics. Solder joint fracture toughness was different between Ni–Sn and Cu–Sn interfacial intermetallics and was also affected by the relative intermetallic thickness. The relationship between solder and intermetallic microstructure and mechanical properties is discussed.

Field of study: Engineering
Nd isotopes and the origin of 1.9-1.7 Ga Penokean continental crust of the Lake Superior region

Nd isotopic data on 26 samples demonstrate the origin of the Early Proterozoic crust of the Penokean orogen. The three major components are (1) the Marquette Range Supergroup, a predominantly miogeoclinal continental-margin sequence deposited before 1.85 Ga on Archean basement; (2) ca. 1.88 Ga felsic metavolcanic rocks of the Wisconsin magmatic terrane to the south, of evolved island-arc affinity; and (3) 1.87-1.76 Ga granitoids that intrude the metavolcanic rocks. Initial ϵ Nd values for the metavolcanic rocks of the magmatic terrane range between 0.0 and +2.4 and T DM ages between 1.9 and 2.2 b.y. The volcanic rocks primarily represent new crustal material that had only a limited Archean input, probably through mixing of subducted sediments into the magma source area. ϵ Nd (T) values for sedimentary rocks in the lower part of the Marquette Range Supergroup indicate an Archean source, most likely the 2.7 Ga Superior province to the north. On the other hand, the sedimentary rocks in the upper part of the Marquette Range Supergroup (graywackes of the upper Michigamme Formation) have initial ϵ Nd values between -0.8 and +1.5, indicative of an Early Proterozoic source. These graywackes probably are foredeep deposits derived from the volcanic rocks of the Wisconsin magmatic terrane to the south. Thus, the time of deposition of the upper Michigamme Formation dates the final convergence of the Wisconsin magmatic terrane with the continental margin. The granitoids of the Wisconsin magmatic terrane have a wide range of ϵ Nd (T) values, from -4.5 to +4.0. They represent mixtures of variable amounts of new crustal material and recycled Archean detritus. The more negative ϵ Nd (T) values occur in samples close to the northern boundary of the Wisconsin magmatic terrane, which is marked by a mylonitic shear zone (the Niagara fault zone). We suggest that the miogeoclinal lower Marquette Range Supergroup rocks having an Archean Nd signature became involved in magma genesis close to the collisional boundary, whereas increasingly lesser amounts of this older material were available for mixing farther away from the suture. The 1.9-1.7 Ga Penokean events involved major growth of new crust from the mantle.

Field of study: Geology