nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Terbufos residues in wheat and barley.

A granular formulation of terbufos (Counter 15G) was added in-furrow at time of planting of wheat and barley. Foliage collected at several times was analyzed for total terbufos residues as terbufoxon sulfone. Maximum residues from application of 1.5 and 3.0 kg/ha were 7.4 and 10.6 ppm, respectively, in wheat foliage samples collected 10 days postseeding. Wheat foliage collected at 53 days postseeding had residues averaging 0.32 and 0.58 ppm from the 1.5 and 3.0 kg/ha applications, respectively. In 1985 residues in barley were consistently less than in wheat in 1985 with 4.4 and 7.0 ppm detected in foliage collected 10 days post application from the 1.5 and 3.0 kg/ha applications, respectively and 0.21 and 0.34 ppm detected at 53 days. Grain samples had 0.01 ppm or less residue at harvest. Straw samples had up to 0.75 ppm total terbufos residues at harvest.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A construction of Coxeter group representations (II)

An axiomatic approach to the representation theory of Coxeter groups and their Hecke algebras was presented in [R.M. Adin, F. Brenti, Y. Roichman, A unified construction of Coxeter group representations (I),  ]. Combinatorial aspects of this construction are studied in this paper. In particular, the symmetric group case is investigated in detail. The resulting representations are completely classified and include the irreducible ones.

Field of study: Mathematics
Dependence of mobility on DX-centre configuration in GaAlAs alloy

A combined effect of illumination, pressure and temperature allows the authors to obtain GaAlAs material with different DX-centre configurations populated at different rates. Study of the effects of temperature on Hall effect and resistivity in Si-doped GaAlAs alloy (Al content x=15%) has made it evident that the mobility in the sample in non-equilibrium conditions is not a single-value function of free carrier concentration, and that with increasing carrier concentration the mobility can either decrease or increase, depending on the distribution of DX-centres between different configurations. The observed behaviour can be explained qualitatively within the framework of a multilevel negative-U DX-centre model, if the effects of spatial correlations between DX- and d+ centres are taken into account.

Field of study: Materials science
Detection of GLE of December 13, 2006, using the muon hodoscope

GLE of December 13, 2006, is analyzed based on the data of the muon hodoscope located at MEPhI (Moscow). The setup supermodules registered that the muon flux intensity started increasing at 0254 UTC. An increase at a maximum (0300 UTC) was 0.61 ± 0.09% (for the 10-min data), which is larger than six standard deviations. The detection of the muon flux in the hodoscope mode for the first time made it possible to obtain the two-dimensional images of an increase in the muon flux. A comparison of the muon hodoscope and neutron monitor data makes it possible to conclude that the muon event was caused by a highly collimated bunch of the solar proton fast component.

Field of study: Physics
Free amino acid, ammonium and nitrate concentrations in soil solutions of a grazed coastal marsh in relation to plant growth

Soluble free amino acids, ammonium and nitrate ions as sources of nitrogen for plant growth were measured in soils of a coastal marsh grazed by snow geese in Manitoba, Canada. Amounts of nitrogen, primarily ammonium ions, increased in the latter half of the growing season and over winter, but fell to low values early in the growing season. Free amino acid concentrations relative to ammonium concentrations were highest during the period of rapid plant growth in early summer, especially in soils in the intertidal zone, where the median ratio of amino acid nitrogen to ammonium nitrogen was 0·36 and amino acid concentrations exceeded those of ammonium ions in 24% of samples. Amino acid profiles, which were dominated by alanine, proline and glutamic acid, were similar to goose faecal profiles. In a continuous flow hydroponic experiment conducted in the field, growth of the salt-marsh grass, Puccinellia phryganodes, on glycine was similar to growth on ammonium ions at an equivalent concentration of nitrogen. When supplies of soil inorganic nitrogen are low, amino acids represent a potentially important source of nitrogen for the re-growth of plants grazed by geese and amino acid uptake may be as high as 57% that of ammonium ions.

Field of study: Environmental science
On the mechanisms of the internalization of S4(13)-PV cell-penetrating peptide.

Cell-penetrating peptides have been shown to translocate across eukaryotic cell membranes through a temperature-insensitive and energy-independent mechanism that does not involve membrane receptors or transporters. Although cell-penetrating peptides have been successfully used to mediate the intracellular delivery of a wide variety of molecules of pharmacological interest both in vitro and in vivo, the mechanisms by which cellular uptake occurs remain unclear. In the face of recent reports demonstrating that uptake of cell-penetrating peptides occurs through previously described endocytic pathways, or is a consequence of fixation artifacts, we conducted a critical re-evaluation of the mechanism responsible for the cellular uptake of the S4(13)-PV karyophilic cell-penetrating peptide. We report that the S4(13)-PV peptide is able to accumulate inside live cells very efficiently through a rapid, dose-dependent and non-toxic process, providing clear evidence that the cellular uptake of this peptide cannot be attributed to fixation artifacts. Comparative analysis of peptide uptake into mutant cells lacking heparan sulphate proteoglycans demonstrates that their presence at the cell surface facilitates the cellular uptake of the S4(13)-PV peptide, particularly at low peptide concentrations. Most importantly, our results clearly demonstrate that, in addition to endocytosis, which is only evident at low peptide concentrations, the efficient cellular uptake of the S4(13)-PV cell-penetrating peptide occurs mainly through an alternative, non-endocytic mechanism, most likely involving direct penetration across cell membranes.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
A NEW MODIFICATION METHOD FOR STRUCTURAL DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS

This article presents a new modification method for the structural dynamic characteristics. The modification procedure is to reset the natural frequency of the original structure by adding the structural mass and stiffness Upon the completion of the modification, the dynamic characteristics of modified structures is satisfactory accrording to the design requirements The method adopts the cross-model cross-mode (CMCM) method originally developed for model updating, with the complete modal data replaced by the target frequencies. Numerical example is given for a five-degree-of-freedom spring-mass system. Several scenarios are studied including resetting single frequency and muti-frequency. Numerical results indicate the modifaction method is applicable to the modification of structural frequency.

Field of study: Engineering
Shotgun crystallization strategy for structural genomics: an optimized two-tiered crystallization screen against the Thermotoga maritima proteome.

As the field of structural genomics continues to grow and new technologies are developed, novel strategies are needed to efficiently crystallize large numbers of protein targets, thus increasing output, not just throughput [Chayen & Saridakis (2002). . One strategy, developed for the high-throughput structure determination of the Thermotoga maritima proteome, is to quickly determine which proteins have a propensity for crystal formation followed by focused SeMet-incorporated protein crystallization attempts. This experimental effort has resulted in over 320 000 individual crystallization experiments. As such, it has provided one of the most extensive systematic data sets of commonly used crystallization conditions against a wide range of proteins to date. Analysis of this data shows that many of the original screening conditions are redundant, as all of the T. maritima proteins that crystallize readily could be identified using just 23% of the original conditions. It also shows that proteins that contain selenomethionine and are more extensively purified often crystallize in distinctly different conditions from those of their native less pure counterparts. Most importantly, it shows that the two-tiered strategy employed here is extremely successful for predicting which proteins will readily crystallize, as greater than 99% of the proteins identified as having a propensity to crystallize under non-optimal native conditions did so again as selenomethionine derivatives during the focused crystallization trials. This crystallization strategy can be adopted for both large-scale genomics programs and individual protein studies with multiple constructs and has the potential to significantly accelerate future crystallographic efforts.

Field of study: Chemistry
American bullfrog invasion in Argentina: where should we take urgent measures?

Argentina is the country with the most geographically extended biological invasion of the American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) in South America after Brazil. Here, we used a maximum entropy ecological niche modeling algorithm (using records of the native range of American bullfrog) to project the model onto the whole of Argentina. We determined the most suitable habitats for this invasive alien species and where we consider urgent measures should be taken. Our projections showed good agreement with known feral populations of American bullfrog in Argentina. By implementing the “Multivariate Environmental Similarity Surface” analysis, we be able to determine that factors such as low precipitations or highest altitudes could be limiting the species’ ability to invade the west and south of the country. We suggest that strategies should focus on detecting established feral populations of the American bullfrog and preventing further introductions or range expansion of feral populations in the northeast portion of the country. Lastly, we report a new feral population of bullfrogs in Argentina.

Field of study: Environmental science
Induction of acyl-CoA-binding protein and its mRNA in 3T3-L1 cells by insulin during preadipocyte-to-adipocyte differentiation.

The induction of acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP) and ACBP mRNA was investigated in 3T3-L1 cells during growth and insulin-induced differentiation. The level of ACBP relative to both total soluble protein and DNA increased during insulin-stimulated conversion of 3T3-L1 cells from preadipocytes into fully developed adipocytes. So did the total rate of lipogenesis, as measured by incorporation of [1-14C]acetate. A similar increase in ACBP mRNA relative to total RNA was observed. These results therefore suggest that ACBP plays a specific role in the lipogenic process. However, this role might be indirect, as the increase in lipogenesis preceded the increase in ACBP. The significance of this finding is discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Small bandgap features achieved in atomically precise 17-atom-wide armchair-edged graphene nanoribbons

Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) synthesized using a bottom-up technique potentially enable future electronic devices owing to the tunable electronic structures depending on the well-defined width and edge geometry. For instance, armchair-edged GNRs (AGNRs) exhibit width-dependent bandgaps. However, the bandgaps of AGNRs synthesized experimentally thus far are relatively large, well above 1 eV. Such a large bandgap may deteriorate device performances due to large Schottky barriers and carrier effective masses. We describe the bottom-up synthesis of AGNRs with a smaller bandgap using dibromobenzene-based precursors. Two types of AGNRs with different widths of 17 and 13 carbon atoms were synthesized on Au(111), and their atomic and electronic structures were investigated by scanning probe microscopy and spectroscopy. We reveal that the 17-AGNRs has the smallest bandgap as well as the smallest electron/hole effective mass among bottom-up AGNRs reported thus far. The successful synthesis of 17-AGNRs is a significant step toward the development of GNR-based electronic devices.

Field of study: Physics
Effect of Platinum loaded Multi Walled Carbon Nanotube Counter Electrode on Dye Sensitized Solar Cell

Dye Sensitized solar cells were the Photovoltaic cell that converts visible light energy into electrical energy. DSSC can be used to produce electrical energy in a wide range of light conditions. They can be used indoor as well as outdoor. DSSC convert both artificial and natural light into energy that can be used in electronic devices. Dye Sensitized solar cells are able to provide energy with a more affordable cost of fabrication and the production than solar cells that are made from crystalline silicon. Counter electrode also known as Auxiliary electrode. It is made from fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass which is coated with Catalyst layer to increase electron transfer rate. In order to obtained enhanced energy conversion rate of DSSC, Multi-Walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were used in counter electrode. Platinum counter electrode and Platinum-Multi-Walled CNT counter electrode were fabricated. All these counter electrodes were fabricated on FTO glasses. The performance of solar cell was measured with the help of solar light simulator. The Structure of counter electrodes were studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy images. Results shows that enhanced efficiency was obtained by using the Pt-MWCNT Counter Electrode. DSSC, Counter Electrode, Pt, MWCNT, Efficiency

Field of study: Engineering
Ultraviolet-renormalon calculus.

We consider the status of the so-called ultraviolet (UV) renormalon which contributes to large order divergences of perturbative expansions in quantum chromodynamics. We argue that although the renormalon is associated with short distance dynamics, the class of renormalon graphs is not well defined and its overall weight is not controlled by theory. From this point of view there is not much difference from the case of Borel nonsummable singularities. Phenomenologically the UV renormalon is related to an effective four-fermion interaction originating within fundamental QCD.

Field of study: Physics
Maximal invariant subspaces in the Bergman space

here, dS(z)=dx dy is area measure in the plane (z=x+iy). This space is usually called the Bergman space. A closed subspace 34 of A 2 is said to be invariant (or z-invariant) if z34 is contained in 34. Since the operator of multiplication by z is bounded below on A 2, z M is a closed subspace of M . We define the index of the invariant subspace 34 to be the dimension of the quotient space 3 4 / z 3 d , with values in the set {0, 1, 2 , . . . , +oc}. We will at times refer to this number as ind(34). The index of 34 can only equal 0 if 34 is the zero subspace. There are invariant subspaces of arbi t rary index , . Let z[34] denote the operator on A2/34 induced by z, z [ M ] ( f + 3 4 ) = zf+34.

Field of study: Mathematics
Antibiotic Resistance in Pseudomonas Aeruginosa is Associated with Decreased Fitness

The number of clinical specimens containing β-lactam-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates is increasing. However, whether resistance is associated with reduced fitness is still uncertain in clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. In this study, we aimed to determine whether β-lactam resistance conferred a fitness cost in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Growth rate, extracellular slime production, elastase activity, proteolytic activity, LasA protease activity, biofilm formation, and pairwise in vitro competition experiments were investigated in a collection of 11 isogenic, β-lactam-susceptible and -resistant (≥8-fold increase in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)) pairs of P. aeruginosa clinical isolates; each pair was recovered from a different patient treated with β-lactam antibiotics. All β-lactam-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates showed a significant reduction in elastase activity. In addition, 90.9% (10/11) of β-lactam-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were associated with markedly lower growth rate and proteolytic activity, and 81.8% (9/11) of β-lactam-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates had less extracellular slime production, compared to susceptible isolates. Meanwhile, LasA protease activity and biofilm formation ability were variable among isolates. Pairwise in vitro competition experiments showed that 72.7% (8/11) of β- lactam-susceptible strains could outgrow resistant strains. In conclusion, resistance development with β-lactam exposure confers a fitness cost, resulting in a decreased invasion potential, while the effect on viability varied. Thus, the potential for the dissemination of β-lactam-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates should not be underestimated.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Factors Associated With Where Secondary Students With Disabilities Are Educated and How They Are Doing

The focus of this study was on increasing the knowledge base on students with disabilities at the secondary level. Data were gathered on 559 classified secondary students with disabilities served in four educational options: cotaught classes, resource rooms, alternate day support programs, and no direct supports. Results indicate that there are associations between classification and placement options, differences in full-scale IQ by placement option, differences in the numbers of related services and the number of testing accommodations students receive based on placement option, associations among placement option and both related services and testing accommodations, and no differences in grades by placement option. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

Field of study: Education
Electrochemical recognition for saccharide by boronic acid carrying self-assembled monolayer

Thiol compound (TGA-PBA) that carried boronic acid groups at its ends was prepared by coupling of 3-amino-phenylboronic acid (PBA) with mercaptoacetic acid (TGA). The compound obtained formed a self-assembled monolayer on gold electrode as proved by X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The self-assembled monolayer TGA-PBA/Au showed the strong binding affinity toward sacharide with the binding constant of 1.94×10~(8)L/mol to D-galactose, and hindered the electron transfer of [Fe(CN)_(6)]~(3-/4-) marker on the electrode surface. A high sensitive electrochemical sensor for saccharide was developed based on this principle.

Field of study: Chemistry
Vascular causes of sudden death in infancy, childhood, and adolescence.

Vascular causes of sudden death in infancy, childhood, and adolescence range from primary disorders of the vasculature involving structural compromise, as in anomalous coronary arteries, to vascular problems that may arise as secondary phenomena, such as the infectious arteritides. The etiology of the underlying condition may be understood, as in fatal pulmonary thromboembolism, or it may be shrouded in mystery, as in idiopathic arterial calcinosis. The absence of a clinical history indicating an underlying vascular problem in a number of disorders that may cause sudden childhood death underlines the importance of a meticulous autopsy examination in such cases.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Bit-coding Aggregation Tree for Global Network Link Quality Representation in WSN

Link quality monitoring in wireless sensor network has been studied in detail . There are many measurements for link quality in WSN presented by researchers. Relative to the comprehensive study for link quality monitoring, there are very little research for link quality aggregation and representation for link situation of the whole network. This paper presents a three levels framework for global network link quality aggregation and representation (LQAR) and a bit-coding aggregation tree (BAT) algorithm for link quality aggregation and routing to sink node. The LQAR framework includes three levels: storage and digest level, aggregation level and representation level. Storage and digest level defines what data should be stored in a node and how to calculate the digest value representing the link situation around the node. Aggregation level uses BAT algorithm to aggregate the digest values of nodes and transmits them to sink node. Representation level solves how to visualize these data. BAT algorithm integrates bit-coding method with aggregation tree for energy saving. The simulation results show that BAT can reduce the total number of messages and decrease energy loss greatly.

Field of study: Computer science
Screening and characterization of inhibiting peptides binding to the tumor vascular growth factor receptor

To screen the phage-epitope library to predict the receptor recognition site on VEGF,identify peptide that is able to block the interaction of VEGF-KDR and to find a potent vaccine against tumor angiogenesis through targeting VEGF.  Two phage-epitope libraries were screened with two anti-VEGF neutralizing monoclonal antibodies JH121 and VG189. The clones were tested by Dot blot and the positive clones were used to immunize mice. The serum, phage peptides and 7-mer peptide(GWYYDAL) were added to measure their effects on the growth of HUVEC(human umbilical vascular endothelial cell).  All the selected clones gave strong signal in Dot blot. The 7-mer peptide and 12-mer peptide selected from the peptide library elicited strong anti-VEGF antibody immuno-reaction in mice. The antibody induced by peptide GWYYDAVL abolished VEGF-induced HUVEC growth. Moreover, the peptide GWYYDAL, VASAVFYSALVE displaying on phage and the synthetic peptide, also inhibited the growth of HUVEC.  Our results suggested that the two peptides GWYYDAL and VASAVFYSALVE were both effective mimickers of VEGF and might function as potent inhibitors of KDR.

Field of study: Biology
The role of multiple-exemplar training and naming in establishing derived equivalence in an infant.

The conditions under which symmetry and equivalence relations develop are still controversial. This paper reports three experiments that attempt to analyze the impact of multiple-exemplar training (MET) in receptive symmetry on the emergence of visual-visual equivalence relations with a very young child, Gloria. At the age of 15 months 24 days (15m24d), Gloria was tested for receptive symmetry and naming and showed no evidence of either repertoire. In the first experiment, MET in immediate and delayed receptive symmetrical responding or listener behavior (from object-sound to immediate and delayed sound-object selection) proceeded for one month with 10 different objects. This was followed, at 16m25d, by a second test conducted with six new objects. Gloria showed generalized receptive symmetry with a 3-hr delay; however no evidence of naming with new objects was found. Experiment 2 began at 17m with the aim of establishing derived visual-visual equivalence relations using a matching-to-sample format with two comparisons. Visual-visual equivalence responding emerged at 19m, although Gloria still had not shown evidence of naming. Experiment 3 (22m to 23m25d) used a three-comparison matching-to-sample procedure to establish visual-visual equivalence. Equivalence responding emerged as in Experiment 2, and naming emerged by the end of Experiment 3. Results are discussed in terms of the history of training in bidirectional relations responsible for the emergence of visual-visual equivalence relations and of their implications for current theories of stimulus equivalence.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
ABOUT THE INCONSISTENCY BETWEEN BOHR-WHEELER'S TRANSITION-STATE METHOD AND KRAMERS' ESCAPE RATE IN NUCLEAR FISSION

The problem of an apparent inconsistency between the fission rates derived on the basis of Bohr-Wheeler's transition-state method and Kramers' dynamical model of nuclear fission, first pointed out by Strutinsky in 1973, is revisited. The study is based on studying the features of individual trajectories on the fission path.

Field of study: Physics