nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Eccentric circummeatal based flap with limited urethral mobilization: An easy technique for distal hypospadias repair.

Hypospadias is a common congenital anomaly. Over 300 techniques have been described for repairing hypospadias.



Eccentric circummeatal based flap with combined limited urethral mobilization technique (ECMB-LUM) is a simple procedure to repair distal hypospadias with minimal complication rate. This study presents results of this technique, highlighting surgical pitfalls to achieve the best result.



Medical records of patients with distal hypospadias operated on using the same technique between 1998 and 2011 were reviewed retrospectively. Age at surgery, position of meatus preoperatively and postoperatively, duration of urethral catheterization and hospitalization, early and late complications, previous hypospadias repairs, and secondary surgical interventions were evaluated. In the surgical technique an eccentric circummeatal based flap is outlined. The proximal part of the flap is dissected from the underlying urethra and Buck's fascia. If the flap is not long enough, the distal urethra is mobilized a few millimeters . The eccentric flap is sutured to the tip of the glans. The glans wings are approximated in the midline. A urethral catheter of 6 Fr or 8 Fr is passed and left in the bulbous urethra or the urinary bladder. Diverged limbs of corpus spongiosum are approximated on the urethra, then, the glans and skin of the penile shaft are sutured.



Of the 171 consecutive patients operated on using the ECMB-LUM technique; 115 had coronal, 47 had subcoronal, and nine had glanular meatus. The mean age at surgery was 4.5 (1-17) years. Patients were hospitalized for 2.2 ± 0.7 days. Mean duration of urethral catheterization was 2.3 ± 0.5 days. All but eight patients had ECBF-LUM as primary repair. There were no early complications such as bleeding, hematoma, and wound infection. All patients voided spontaneously after catheter removal. Late complications were meatal stenosis, urethrocutaneous fistula, meatal regression, and glandular dehiscence (Table). These patients were treated using dilatation, fistula repair, meatoplasty, and secondary repair with the same technique, respectively. Eventually all patients had a vertical slit-like meatus on the tip of a natural looking glans.



The most commonly used distal hypospadias repair techniques are glanular approximation, meatal advancement and glanuloplasty, Koff, Mathieu, Thiersch-Duplay procedure, tubularized incised plate repairs, and modifications of these techniques. Cosmetic and functional results and complication rates of ECMB-LUM technique are comparable with those of the commonly used techniques.

Field of study: Medicine
Revised theoretical limit of subthreshold swing in field-effect transistors

This letter reports a temperature-dependent limit for the subthreshold swing in MOSFETs that deviates from the Boltzmann limit at deep-cryogenic temperatures. Below a critical temperature, the derived limit saturates to a value that is independent of temperature and proportional to the extent of a band tail. Since the saturation is universally observed in different types of MOSFETs (regardless of dimension or semiconductor material), the band tail is attributed to the finite periodicity of the lattice in a semiconductor volume, and to a lesser extent to additional lattice perturbations such as defects or disorder.

Field of study: Physics
Recent benthic foraminiferal provinces between Newfoundland and Yucatan

In 219 papers published over 130 years, 1,241 species of Recent benthic foraminifera were recorded from 968 localities on the Atlantic continental margin of North America and in the Gulf of Mexico. On the Atlantic continental margin, 876 species were recorded and in the Gulf of Mexico, 848; 483 species (39% of 1,241) occur in both areas. On the Atlantic continental margin, 149 species occur at 4% or more of 542 localities, and in the Gulf of Mexico 295 species occur at 4% or more of 426 localities; 71 of these species (19% of 373) commonly occur in both areas. These comparisons show that the two areas differ fundamentally in faunal composition.

Cluster analysis of presence or absence distributional data (live and dead foraminifera) delimited seven large provinces on the Atlantic continental margin and four provinces in the Gulf of Mexico. Atlantic continental margin: (a) Northern Coastal Province, (b) Northern Shelf Province, (c) Northern Outer Shelf and Slope Province, (d) Northern Slope and Rise Province, (e) Southern Shelf Province, (f) Southern Slope Province, (g) Bahaman Province. Gulf of Mexico: (a) Coastal Province, (b) Inner Shelf Province, (c) Outer Shelf Province, (d) Slope and Abyssal Plain Province.

Bottom-water mass and provincial patterns show good spatial correlation on the Atlantic continental margin and in the Gulf of Mexico.

Field of study: Geology
Characterization of SiO 2 Films Deposited by VUV-CVD Using Organic Siloxane Gases

Recently, much attention has been paid to novel photochemical vapor deposition using vacuum ultraviolet excimer lamps (VUV-CVD), because thin films can be deposited at room temperature. We show some characterization of films and discuss about the reaction mechanism using organic siloxane gases in VUV-CVD. VUV photons dissociate organic gases into radical reactants of Si-O and impurities such as C-H and O-H in the gas phase. The reactants finally condense on the surface into films included SiO2 and impurities. The reaction is different by adding O2. It is caused by the behaviors of ozone and activated oxygen that VUV photons dissociate O2 and are generated. The deposition efficiency is improved both by the low substrate temperature and the higher light-intensity of an excimer lamp. The film deposition at room temperature in VUV-CVD that either thermal or plasma induced damages are completely avoided must become a novel technique in thin films preparations.

Field of study: Computer science
The role of DC-SIGN in HIV-1 transmission through dendritic cells

To identify the role of DC-SIGN in HIV-1 transmission by peripheral dendritic cells (DC).Methods Immature DC(iDC) and mature DC(mDC) stimulated with M-or T-tropic HIV-1 primary isolates were cocultured with activated CD4~+ T cells.The level of HIV-1 p24 antigen in ceculture supernatant was detected by quantitative ELISA method at day 4,7,10,14 to evaluate the role of DC in dissemination of HIV-1.iDC and mDC were preincubated with anti-DC-SIGN monoclonal antibody(McAb) and/or anti-ICAM-3 McAb before HIV-1 stimula- tion to find the effects of the two antibodies on DC transmission of HIV-1.Results The level of p24 antigen in cocul- ture supernatant of iDC stimulated by M-tropic HIV-1 and mDC stimulated by M- and T-tropic HIV-1 increased and was significantly higher than that of the controls (P=0.001).The upregulated level of p24 antigen in coculture super- natant of T-tropic HIV-1-stimulated iDC was not observed in controls.The level of p24 antigen decreased in supernat ants of iDC primed with M-tropic HIV-1 and mDC primed with M- or T-tropic HIV-1 after preincubation with anti-DC- SIGN McAb,but not with anti-ICAM-3 McAb. iDC may play a role in the transmission of HIV-1 with M-tropic,but not T-tropic HIV-1 transmission,mDC may transmit both M-tropic and T-tropic HIV-1 to CD4~+ T cells. The inhibition of HIV-1 transmission by anti-DC-SIGN McAb showed that DC-SIGN may facilitate HIV-1 dissemination from DC to T cells.

Field of study: Biology
Imaging and Identification of Phospholipids in Mouse Liver Tissue by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (MALDI-FTICR MS)-based mass spectrometric imaging (MSI) was applied to profile and identify phospholipid molecules in mouse liver tissues, which were cut into tissue sections (7 μm) by a cryostat at −20°C and covered with 7 g L −1 of alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid as matrix in 50% methanol/0.2% trifluoroacetic acid solution. 13 phospholipid compounds, which are classified as 5 different classes, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylserine, were accurately identified. Their molecular weights are between 700 and 900 Da. The results indicate that MALDI-FTICR MS-based MSI is a powerful tool to explore the distributions of disease-related molecules and drug metabolites in tissues.

Field of study: Chemistry
Differential precipitation of the Clq subcomponent of the first complement component (C1) by polyethylene glycol from normal human serum and sera of patients with collagen diseases.

Sera were, under strictly standardized conditions, centrifuged in the presence of 0-5% PEG and the Clq concentration in the precipitates was measured by radial immunodiffusion. The presence of circulating immune complexes and rheumatoid factor(s) resulted in a shift of Clq precipitation to lower PEG concentrations. Clq precipitation at 1.5% PEG was shown to be specific for sera containing immune complexes. Under similar conditions addition of aggregated IgG to normal human serum gave rise to Clq precipitation directly proportional to the amount of aggregated IgG. Precipitation of endogenous Clq at 1.5% PEG and assay by radial immunodiffusion may therefore be useful for the detection and quantitation of immune complexes in human serum.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
CALCULATION OF MULTIPHASE AND MULTICOMPONENT CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM USING GENETIC AL GORITHM

This paper proposes a stochastic optimal technique based on Genetic Algorit hm ( GA ) for t he calculation of multip hase and multicomponent chemical equilibrium by minimization of Gibbs f ree energy1 Three aspect s are improved based on t he drawbacks of t he conventional GA. An alternative decimal encoding st rategy is adopted to enhance t he precision of calculation. A dynamic encoding met hod t hat can limit t he bounds of optimized variables wit hin t heir feasible regions is developed to cope wit h t he complex const raint s of t he problem. Finally , sequential search technique is applied to improve GA to approach global optima. It is shown t hrough t he calculation of complex chemical systems , in which non2ideal , multireaction and multip hase coexistence are simultaneously involved , t hat t he presented GA is general and efficient for t he addressed

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Quantifying the accuracy of shark bycatch estimations in tuna purse seine fisheries

Estimating bycatch is essential for monitoring the ecological impacts of a fishery in order to set management and mitigation priorities. Purse seine vessels targeting tropical tunas incidentally catch pelagic sharks (mainly silky and oceanic whitetip sharks), which are brought onboard and can be observed on the upper and lower decks. Currently, single onboard observers can only be efficiently stationed on one of the two decks, and thus often rely on information provided by the crew to complement their bycatch estimations. In this study, we used dedicated scientists strategically positioned during fishing sets in order to establish a reference count of captured sharks during conventional commercial fishing trips. We then assessed the accuracy of the counts made by (i) single observers onboard during the same fishing trips in the Pacific Ocean (where observers' main duty is to estimate catch of target species and bycatch estimation is of a lower priority) and the Atlantic Ocean (where observers’ focus is on bycatch) and (ii) Electronic Monitoring System (EMS) in the Indian Ocean. A total of 74 fishing sets conducted during four purse seine fishing trips revealed that shark counts were underestimated for 50%–100% of the sets, with the mean shark count underestimation, at the fishing trip level, ranging from 9% to 40% (onboard observers) and 65% for EMS. Given the importance of monitoring populations of vulnerable species, we strongly encourage specific studies during which the complementary counts of two onboard observers are used simultaneously to assess the accuracy of various EMS configurations, bearing in mind that single onboard observers appear to underestimate the number of captured sharks.

Field of study: Environmental science
Particlization in hybrid models

In hybrid models, which combine hydrodynamical and transport approaches to describe different stages of heavy-ion collisions, conversion of fluid to individual particles, particlization, is a non-trivial technical problem. We describe in detail how to find the particlization hypersurface in a 3+1 dimensional model, and how to sample the particle distributions evaluated using the Cooper-Frye procedure to create an ensemble of particles as an initial state for the transport stage. We also discuss the role and magnitude of the negative contributions in the Cooper-Frye procedure.

Field of study: Physics
Emotional Intelligence and Employee Performance as an Indicator for Promotion, a Study of Automobile Industry in the City of Belgaum, Karnataka, India

This study is undertaken to understand the performance level of managers and supervisors at an automobile retailer in the city of Belgaum, the study focuses on understanding the emotional intelligence of the managers and supervisors and its link to their performance level on the job. The findings of the study indicate that emotional intelligence has an impact on the performance level of the managers and supervisors.

Field of study: Business
Real-time Face Recognition Algorithm Using Hidden Markov Model Based on Complex Feature Extraction

An algorithm of face recognition based on Hidden Markov Model (HMM for abbreviation) is presented here.First,the difference algorithm was used to analyze each of the frames of the picture captured from camera in a real time and to position the region of the face shortly.Then,the data of the region of the face was normalized.DCT and gray transforms were applied to the raw picture,and the transformed data used as eigenvectors were clustered.Next,the clustered eigenvectors were the vector of observation of HMM.The samples were trained and the results were saved as the face recognition template.Finally,the picture of face captured in real time was recognized by the templates.The experimental results show that the algorithm identifies the picture of face with great efficiency and speed.

Field of study: Computer science
Detailed Simulations of Atmospheric Flow and Dispersion in Downtown Manhattan: An Application of Five Computational Fluid Dynamics Models

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model simulations of urban boundary layers have improved in speed and accuracy so that they are useful in assisting in planning emergency response activities related to releases of chemical or biological agents into the atmosphere in large cities such as New York, New York. In this paper, five CFD models [CFD-Urban, Finite Element Flow (FEFLO), Finite Element Model in 3D and Massively-Parallel version (FEM3MP), FLACS, and FLUENT–Environmental Protection Agency (FLUENT-EPA)] have been applied to the same 3D building data and geographic domain in Manhattan, using approximately the same wind input conditions. Wind flow observations are available from the Madison Square Garden 2005 (MSG05) field experiment. Plots of the CFD models' simulations and the observations of near-surface wind fields lead to the qualitative conclusion that the models generally agree with each other and with field observations over most parts of the computational domain, within typical atmosp...

Field of study: Environmental science
Variability of agro-silvo-pastoral systems in Tuscany, Central Italy

The variability of climates, soils and management intensity present in Tuscany has favoured the development of diversified and sometimes complex agro-silvo-pastoral 
systems. 
This research has investigated the variability of systems organized in all the Provinces of the regional territory. The number of resources that compose the systems is higher in farms located on mountains and high hills than in farms of plains, and it is higher in large farms than in little units. 
The variability of resources favours the maintenance of landscape beauty and the integration of rural economy with farm services offered to tourists. The conservation of resource variability and their valorisation by integration of rural activities and town economy can be advised also in developing countries in order to increase farmers incomes.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The Problem of Grain Safety of Nnajing City and the Countermeasures Against It

It is necessary of the extended grain safety in Naning for the coordinating development of grain produce, local storage, market construction and the source of grain so as to assure that there is enough grain in the circulate market. In expatia- ting signification of grain safety, the main problems of grain safety in Nanjing are analyzed. The basic principle which is in view of the scientific development point and reasonable cost and countermeasures are advanced to ensure the grain safety for Nanjing.

Field of study: Economics
Compatibility Between Pesticides/Plant Nutrients: Effect of Mixing Certain Fungicides and Urea on the Functional Compatibility of Insecticides

Nine insecticidal formulations were bioassayed for their functional compatibility when mixed with five different fungicides and urea. Results showed a general compatibility for phos-phamidon, dimethoate, folithion and fenthion. Enhancement of action was evidenced in quinal-phos and malathion whereas there was an indication of functional incompatibility in fenitrothion, endosulfon and phosalone. Addition of urea did not alter the insecticidal value of any insecticide tested.

Field of study: Biology
Minding our Ps and Qs? Financial incentives for efficient hospital behaviour.

In this paper, the empirical evidence addressing the particular issue of how hospitals may be reimbursed is reviewed. Most forthcoming is the indeterminate effect of prospective payment systems using diagnosis-related groups as a means of controlling costs. Such systems, by controlling only the price of hospital care, remain vulnerable to compensatory increase in patient throughput, cost-shifting and patient-shifting despite hospital cost per case being reduced. Health maintenance organisations have been shown to reduce hospital costs, but their effects on patients selection and patient outcome are unclear. Selective contracting in California (similar to the U.K. Government's proposed internal market) has also been shown to reduce costs by affecting both the price and quantity of hospital care. But these effects have occurred only in areas with high concentrations of hospitals. Global and clinical budgeting (which control price times quantity) seem to offer the most potential for cost reduction whilst maintaining patient outcome. By monitoring both cost and outcome within clinical budgets it should be possible to reduce wasteful variations in health care and so establish more efficient hospital practice.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Über den Anregungsmechanismus einer HF-Fackelentladung bei 2400 MHz

This paper presents an experimental and theoretical research into the mechanism of a high frequency electronic torch operating at 2400 mc/s.Abel's formula is used to determine the temperature profile of the torch, the peak temperature is of the order of 5700°K. The calculation of electron distribution shows the energy of electrons being too small for direct excitation of the appearing band-spectrum. The metastables of the gas are found to be very important for the discharge. It becomes evident, that the hf-field acts on the gas also out of the coaxial burner-system.ZusammenfassungEs werden experimentelle und theoretische Untersuchungen über den Anregungsmechanismus in einer 2400 MHz Fackelentladung mitgeteilt. Mit Hilfe eines Analogrechengerätes zur Lösung der Abelschen Integralgleichung wird das Temperaturprofil der Fackel aufgestellt, deren Maximaltemperatur 5700°K beträgt. Aus der berechneten Elektronenenergie-verteilung kann die Anregung des erscheinenden Bandenspektrums nicht erklärt werden, vielmehr scheinen Stufenprozesse unter Mitwirkung metastabiler Zustände des Arbeitsgases für die Anregung wesentlich zu sein. Das HF-Feld setzt sich außerhalb des koaxialen Brennersystems in das Plasma hinein fort, was mit Erscheinungen der Argon-Fackel experimentell und mit Hilfe der Telegraphengleichung rechnerisch gefunden wird.

Field of study: Physics
Síndrome de burnout em atletas infanto-juvenís e juvenís de voleibol feminino participantes do campeonato brasileiro de seleções

O Voleibol e um dos principais esportes do Brasil e para atingir bons niveis competitivos sao necessarios muitos treinos, que consequentemente geram desgastes fisicos e psicologicos. O resultado deste processo pode ocasionar um estresse cronico nos praticantes, conhecido como Sindrome de Burnout. O presente estudo objetivou investigar a ocorrencia desta sindrome em atletas de Voleibol do sexo feminino participantes dos Campeonatos Brasileiros de Selecoes nos anos de 2012 e 2013. Foi aplicado o Questionario de Burnout Para Atletas, respondido por 576 jogadoras ( M = 16.4 anos, DP = 1.12). Utilizou-se de estatistica descritiva de medias e desvio padrao para caracterizacao da sindrome e o Teste de Correlacao Nao Parametrico de Kendall’s tau-b para verificacao da correlacao entre as dimensoes do burnout e o Tempo de Pratica (TP). As atletas apresentaram escores medios de 2.01 ±0.53 para burnout total e correlacoes significativas com TP de sete anos ou mais, alem do Geral.

Field of study: Education
Retroactive Elaboration as Non-error Repair in English Conversation*

Kim, Haeyeon. (2005). Retroactive elaboration as non-error repair in English conversation.  In conversation analysis, repair has often been used as a broad cover term which refers to practices for dealing with problems or troubles in speaking, hearing, and understanding the talk. This research explores types and functions of a special type of non-error self-repair, here termed as retroactive elaboration, in English conversation from an interactional perspective. This study discusses types of retroactive elaboration in the following three categories: (i) replacement repair, (ii) replacement repair of pronominal elements, and (iii) retroactive elaboration with unattached NPs or adverbial elements. After discussing types and functions of retro­ active elaboration, this research explores interactional motivations for the occurrence of retroactive elaboration in terms of lack of recipient uptake and recipient design. In sum, through an examination of types and func­ tions of retroactive elaboration, this research shows an interactive nature of conversation manifested in the act of retroactive elaboration, which re­ flects how negotiation among participants is made in shaping forms of Teus and determining TRPs.

Field of study: Linguistics
Analysis of Chiral Secondary Aromatic Alcohols by Capillary Electrophoresis Using Sulfated β-Cyclodextrin as Chiral Selector

A convenient CZE method was developed to separate 7 chiral secondary aromatic alcohols using sulfated β-cyclodextrin(S-β-CD)as chiral selector.The baseline separation of the enantiomers of these secondary aromatic alcohols was obtained under the optimal conditions,such as 6% S-β-CD,pH 2.5,20 mmol/L background electrolyte of phosphate acid-triethanolamine,at-15 kV,20 ℃ and 214 nm UV detection.The established method was also successfully applied to determine the enantiomeric excesses value(% ee)of products of asymmetric transfer hydrogenation reactions.It was found that accuracy of this method was in accordance with that of HPLC and GC method.Moreover,this method is simple,precise and can be applied to the chiral separation of secondary aromatic alcohols enantiomers and determination of their optical purity.

Field of study: Chemistry