nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of energy relaxation rates at threshold well widths in quantum well structures

A theory is outlined leading to the prediction that the rate of LO-phonon-mediated inter-subband transitions in quantum well structures can vary significantly with varying well widths and attains a maximum at a threshold well width. Using typical parameters for GaAs/Ga0.7Al0.3As superlattices with a fixed barrier width d1=100 AA, the authors demonstrate that the transition rate between the lowest subbands varies by two orders of magnitude for well widths between 50 AA and 180 AA. Results for the corresponding variation of transition rate with well width for the case of an infinite potential well are also given and compared with those for the superlattice.

Field of study: Materials science
Linear Buckling Analysis of the Cabin Structure of the Family Refuge Chamber

Family refuge chamber was a thin shell structure, and it is very critical to evaluate the dynamic stability of chamber structure by the buckling analysis. Firstly the principle of buckling analysis was introduced, and according to the actual situation of family refuge chamber to established three-dimensional mathematical model. Then operated the capsule structure static analysis based on ANSYS Workbench. Lastly operated the cabin structure buckling analysis which was based on static analysis, and to predict its theoretical buckling strength, to determine its flexion site, and to calculate its critical buckling load. The results show that the strength and stability of the designed rescue capsule are all satisfied, and the research has a guiding significance for the design and optimization of family refuge chamber.

Field of study: Engineering
Direct Decarboxylative Allylation and Arylation of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids Using Flavin‐Mediated Photoredox Catalysis

This work was generously supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (CTQ2017–88171-P) and the Generalitat Valenciana (AICO/2017/007). N. P. R. thanks to Instituto de Sintesis Organica for financial support.

Field of study: Chemistry
Effects of Differential Criterion Levels on the Discrimination of Letters

The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of criterion level on the discrimination of highly confusable letters in beginning reading. Forty children were randomly assigned to four conditions. One-half of the subjects were exposed to simultaneous discriminations and the other one-half to successive discriminations. The groups were equally divided as to criterion level, i.e., four vs. nine consecutively correct responses. A verbal associates transfer task followed criterion on visual discrimination. The simultaneous mode produced fewer trials to criterion than the successive mode on visual discrimination but not on transfer. On successive discriminations, a criterion of four required fewer trials than a criterion of nine on visual discrimination but a significantly greater number of trials on transfer.

Field of study: Education
The Fetus as Our Patient: The Confluence of Faith and Science in the Care of the Unborn

And it came to pass, that, when Elisabeth heard the salutation of Mary, the babe leaped in her womb; and Elisabeth was filled with the Holy Ghost: And she spake out with a loud voice and said, "Blessed art thou among women and blessed is the fruit of thy womb. "And whence is this to me, that the mother of my Lord should come to me? "For, 10, as soon as the voice of thy salutation sounded in mine ears, the babe leaped in my womb for joy." • -Luke 1:41-44'

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Predictor-corrector methods for multi-valued hemiequilibrium problems

In this paper, we introduce and analyze a new class of equilibrium problems known as multi-valued hemiequilibrium problems. It is shown that this class includes hemiequilibrium problems, hemivariational inequalities and complementarity problems as special cases. We use the auxiliary principle techniques to suggest some predictor–corrector type iterative methods for solving multi-valued hemiequilibrium problems. We also analyze the convergence analysis of these new iterative methods under some mild conditions.

Field of study: Mathematics
Accumulation of glucosaminyl(acyl)phosphatidylinositol in an S3 HeLa subline expressing normal dolicholphosphomannose synthase activity.

Glucosaminyl(acyl)phosphatidylinositol [GlcN(acyl)PI], the third intermediate in the mammalian glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor pathway, is undetectable in most cells. This intermediate was previously shown to accumulate, however, in murine lymphoma mutant E and in yeast mutant dpm1, both of which lack dolicholphosphomannose synthase activity. Here we report that a mammalian HeLa S3 subline, denoted D, produces large amounts of GlcN(acyl)PI. The level of GlcN(acyl)PI in this subline is twice that in the murine lymphoma mutant E and 4 times that in the parental S3 line. This HeLa D subline differs from the previously reported mutants that accumulate GlcN(acyl)PI because no defects in the synthesis or utilization of dolicholphosphomannose were found. Kinetic analysis indicated that in this HeLa subline there is an increased rate of synthesis of GlcN(acyl)PI, whereas the rate of metabolism for this GPI is comparable to that in wild-type cells. Furthermore, HeLa D cells accumulate GlcN(acyl)PI without a block in the synthesis of the downstream mannosylated GPI anchor precursors and GPI-anchored proteins. These findings might be relevant for understanding the regulation of the GPI pathway.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Single-Transmission Distributed Detection via Order Statistics

Consider a sensor network made of remote nodes connected to a common fusion center. In a recent work, Blum and Sadler proposed the idea of ordered transmissions-sensors with more informative measurements deliver their messages first-and they proved that optimal detection performance can be achieved using only a subset of the measurements available to the system. Taking to one extreme this approach, we show that using only one transmission the detection error can be made as small as desired, provided that the network size n is large enough. Indeed, we design a distributed detection scheme and prove its asymptotic consistency with respect to n, when the decision is made using just one-but the best-out of n collected samples.

Field of study: Engineering
Electronically controlled delivery system for beneficial insect eggs in liquid suspensions

A mechanical system was developed to meter and discharge liquid suspensions of insect eggs for release of 
biological pest control agents. The system consisted of a reservoir that was pressurized by compressed air which 
distended the bottom surface of the reservoir, agitated the suspension and forced it through a liquid supply tube which 
terminated in a tapered orifice. A pulse-width modulated valve provided intermittent flow which produced large droplets 
(ca. 2 mm diameter) of suspension. The duration of and intervals between liquid pulses, which determined application 
rate of and spacing between discharged eggs, respectively, was controlled by a microprocessor. Liquid droplets could be 
propelled outward to 3 m and at flowrates ranging from 25 to 250 mL/min per orifice. In operation, discharge distance of 
the eggs was controlled by the reservoir pressure, ranging from 10 to 50 kPa, and the flowrate was controlled by the duty 
cycle, or relative open time of the metering valve (10 to 100%). The system provided adequate agitation to discharge 
uniform suspensions of eggs in liquid carriers for 50 min and did not reduce viability of green lacewing eggs as measured 
by bioassays of larvae emergence from discharged eggs.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Battling about equations.

One of the most exciting episodes in the study of human heredity was the battle between two incompatible algebraic expressions to describe its properties in the beginning of the 20th Century. In one corner was Karl Pearson (1857–1936) with his 1898 formulation for ancestral heredity, which had the authority of Charles Darwin and Francis Galton for  It reads:

The inherited contribution of parent to offspring (y) can be formulated as: ![Formula][1] where σ/σn are the ratios of the standard deviations of measurable traits in the offspring to the standard deviations of the mid-parental generation; and k1,k2 … kn are the deviations of the mid-parental means from the mean of the offspring for each trait. He admits to reservations of how ‘mid-parent’ should be defined. The subscripts refer to each of the ancestral generations (parents, grandparents, great-grandparents, etc.). The original paper should be consulted for fuller details.2

Pearson has elaborated on earlier formulations using a convergent geometric series to represent the hereditary contribution (f(y)) by the parents, the four grand parents, eight great-grand parents, etc. to the offspring.1 This type of convergent series is of the general form: ![Formula][2] where A,B,C,D … are constants independent of x (=0.5n in Pearson's expression). The expression can be used to represent a great many biological phenomena. The formulation has no theoretical significance; all it postulates is that the phenomenon in question varies continuously. Then Maclaurin's or Taylor's theorems (depending on the number of variables involved) can be used to determine the values of the coefficients that will make the series useful to any desired degree of approximation.3

Pearson's equation certainly satisfies the requirements for continuous variation of inherited traits which Darwin believed to be true; and it reaches a limit …

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Field of study: Medicine
Intercorrelations of Scores on the SONSO Personality Inventory and on the Gordon Personal Profile and Inventory

The SONSO Personality Inventory, an adjective self-rating measure of five factors, was administered with the Gordon Personal Profile to a sample of 200 university students and with the Gordon Personal Inventory to another sample of 200 students. Four of the SONSO factors had at least one correlation above .45 on one of the Gordon scales. The multiple correlations of the SONSO Personality Inventory with each of the Gordon scales were higher for the Gordon Personal Profile than for the Gordon Personal Inventory. Relations of the scales to Eysenck's Extraversion and Neuroticism were also mentioned.

Field of study: Psychology
Die Richtungsverteilung koinzidierender Höhenstrahlen in Seehöhe

ZusammenfassungDie Richtungsverteilung koinzidierender Höhenstrahlen in Seehöhe wird aus Koinzidenzmessungen mit einer G-Anordnung nach der Koinzidenztheorie von Jánossy bestimmt. Durch diese Theorie kann eine quantitative und absolute Auswertung der experimentellen Ergebnisse erzielt werden, selbst wenn man die Versuche, wie hier, mit kleinem Achsenabstand der Zählrohre ausführt. Dieser wurde gewählt, weil er größere Meßgenauigkeit gewährleistet. Die so für Seehöhe ermittelte Richtungsverteilung zeigt einen besonders steilen Ab-fall der Strahlungsintensität zwischen 20 und 70° Zenitabstand, vor und nachher eine verlangsamte Abnahme und schließlich aus horizontaler Richtung noch ungefähr 4% der vertikal einfallenden Intensität. Diese muß als koinzidenzfähige Streustrahlung aus den durchsetzten Luftschichten gedeutet werden. Jedenfalls kann sie nicht herrühren von Strahlen, welche, nur in horizontaler Richtung laufend, eine rund 25fach dickere Luftschicht als. die Atmosphäre durchsetzt haben. Die Richtungsverteilung entspricht in Seehöhe, also bei einem Wasseräquivalent von rund 10 m, in erster Näherung einer cos2-Verteilung. Die Intensitätsmessungen in absoluten Einheiten ermöglichen eine Neubestimmung der spezifischen Ionisation und anderer Konstanten koinzidierender Höhenstrahlen.

Field of study: Physics
CFD Simulation of Gas-Liquid Flow in Bubble Column with Two-bubble Phase Population Balance Model

A two-bubble phase population balance model (TBPBM) was proposed by treating gas phase (bubbles) as two groups consisting of small and large bubbles, i.e. accounting for small and large bubble phases in terms of different laws of bubble dynamics based on the sizes of bubbles, in which the population balance model was applied and solved respectively for each bubble group to predict the bubble Sauter diameters. The use of two-fluid model coupled with the TBPBM has been tested to simulate hydrodynamics in a bubble column of 440 mm in diameter at the superficial gas velocity of 0.1 m/s. Bubble classes holdup-based probability distribution, radial profiles of time-averaged axial liquid velocity and gas holdup and bubble size distribution for each phase were obtained. The simulation has demonstrated that the predicted profiles of mean gas holdup and liquid velocity are in good agreement with the experimental data and the existing results reported in the literature. The simulation also indicates that the TBPBM model is superior to the SBPBM and mean bubble size models in bubble column hydrodynamics simulation. The error of the predicted overall gas holdup caused by using TBPBM model is 5.7%, while the errors by using SBPBM model and mean bubble size model are 27.2% and 17.3%, respectively.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Upper Paleozoic Glacial Deposits of South Africa and Southern Australia

Glacial deposits of Late Carboniferous and Early Permian age have long been recognized throughout broad areas of the “Gondwana” continental masses. This paper describes some of these deposits in South Africa and southern Australia, and summarizes information from the literature on deposits of these and other regions. The following features in combination are widespread in the Paleozoic deposits and prove continental glaciation: polished and striated pavements and roches moutonnees; massive, nonsorted debris (tillite) containing abundant clay-free rock flour, abundant fresh grains of easily weathered minerals, and stones including faceted and striated blocks from both local and distant sources; and laminated, fine-grained sediments enclosing numerous drop-stones. Electron-microscopy studies have shown that surface textures of sand grains in modern sediments vary diagnostically from one environement to another. The large suite of surface textures that uniquely characterizes Quaternary glacial grains also characterizes Paleozoic ones. X-ray study shows that the clay-sized fraction of unweathered tillites and glacial shales is largely devoid of clay. Most of the well-dated Gondwana glacial deposits are of very Early Permian age. At least local glaciation occurred during the Late Carboniferous and also during the later Early Permian. Glacial stages alternated with interglacial ones. The continental glaciers of even the now-tropical Gondwana continents reached sea level for marine deposits occur with glacial drift. Ice sheets bearing continental-shield debris flowed onto each continent from the direction of present oceans. The distribution of warm-climate Early Permian deposits is as aberrant as that of glacial deposits; red beds, evaporites, thick biochemical limestones, diverse-fauna coral bioherms, and large foraminifera occur, for example, in the northernmost lands of the Atlantic sector of the Arctic. Only continental drift offers a rational solution to the problems of distribution of paleoclimatic indicators. All the glaciated lands lay in latitudes between 45° and 90° S. in the since-fragmented continent of Gondwanaland. Long-lasting sedimentary basins were produced by permanent changes in crust and mantle configuration resulting from glacial loading.

Field of study: Geology
Evaporation from weighing precipitation gauges: impacts on automated gauge measurements and quality assurance methods

Evaporation from a precipitation gauge can cause errors in the amount of measured precipitation. For automated weighing-bucket gauges, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) suggests the use of evaporative suppressants and frequent observations to limit these biases. However, the use of evaporation suppressants is not always feasible due to environmental hazards and the added cost of maintenance, transport, and disposal of the gauge additive. In addition, research has suggested that evaporation prior to precipitation may affect precipitation measurements from auto-recording gauges operating at sub-hourly frequencies. For further evaluation, a field campaign was conducted to monitor evaporation and its impacts on the quality of precipitation measurements from gauges used at U.S. Climate Reference Network (USCRN) stations. Two Geonor gauges were collocated, with one gauge using an evaporative suppressant (referred to as Geonor-NonEvap) and the other with no suppressant (referred to as Geonor-Evap) to evaluate evaporative losses and evaporation biases on precipitation measurements. From June to August, evaporative losses from the Geonor-Evap gauge exceeded accumulated precipitation, with an average loss of 0.12 mm h−1. The impact of evaporation on precipitation measurements was sensitive to the choice of calculation method. In general, the pairwise method that utilized a longer time series to smooth out sensor noise was more sensitive to gauge evaporation (−4.6% bias with respect to control) than the weighted-average method that calculated depth change over a smaller window (

Field of study: Environmental science
Dynamic evaluation of antibodies against serogroup A, C, Y and W135 strains in healthy adults im-munized with one dose of quadrivalent meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine

To dynamically analyze the antibodies with regard to in vitro serum bacteri-cidal activity and the quantity of IgG in healthy adults received one dose of immunization with ACYW 135 me-ningococcal polysaccharide vaccine .To investigate the term of protection with polysaccharide vaccine and the correlation between bactericidal titer and IgG concentration .Methods Twenty healthy adults were given one dose of immunization with quadrivalent meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine .Serum samples were col-lected before and after vaccination at specific time points .Test for serum bactericidal activity （ SBA ） and quantitative ELISA were performed to detect bactericidal titers and IgG concentrations in serum samples .Re-sults Certain levels of antibodies against capsular polysaccharides of serogroup A , C, Y and W135 strains had already existed prior to immunization .Moreover, bactericidal titers against serogroup A , Y and W135 strains except serogroup C strain were relatively high .Specific IgG concentrations and bactericidal titers for all serogroup stains were significantly increased on day 15 after vaccination （P〈0.05）, and then sustained at a high level during a time period from day 30 to day 160.Both IgG concentrations and bactericidal titers dropped to the levels similar to that before preimmunization in about 3 years.No significant correlation was observed between bactericidal titers and IgG concentrations （r〈0.3, P〉0.05）.However, a close correla-tion was demonstrated between GMTs and GMCs of serum samples （r〉0.7, P〈0.05）. The geometric mean titers （ GMTs） and geometric mean concentrations （ GMCs） of serum samples collected be-fore and after vaccination at different time points were reliable and consistent parameters for the evaluation of vaccine .The term of protection of quadivalent meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine was about 3 years upon a single dose of immunization . 
 
 
Serogroup ACYW135 meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine;  Serum bactericidal activity （SBA） ;  Enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay （ELISA）

Field of study: Biology
Strontium fructose 1,6-diphosphate prevents bone loss in a rat model of postmenopausal osteoporosis via the OPG/RANKL/RANK pathway

To evaluate the protective effects of strontium fructose 1,6-diphosphate (FDP-Sr), a novel strontium salt that combined fructose 1,6-diphosphate (FDP) with strontium, on bone in an ovariectomy-induced model of bone loss.Eighty female Sprague-Dawley rats were ovariectomized (OVX) or sham-operated. Three months later, the rats were assigned to six groups (10 for each): sham-operated, OVX control, OVX+FDP-Sr (110, 220, or 440 mg/kg), or OVX+strontium ranelate (SR, 180 mg/kg). Drugs were administered orally for 3 months. When the treatment was terminated, the following parameters were assessed: bone mineral density (BMD), the biomechanical properties of the femur and lumbar vertebrae, trabecular histomorphology, serum phosphorus, calcium, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (B-ALP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP5b), N-telopeptide of type I collagen (NTx) and a series of markers for oxidative stress. Receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) levels in serum were measured using ELISA and their gene expression levels in the bone were measured using R-T PCR.Results:Treatment with FDP-Sr (220 or 440 mg/kg) or SR (180 mg/kg) significantly increased the BMD and improved the bone microarchitecture and bone strength in OVX rats. The treatments also decreased in the levels of H2O2 and MDA, restored the CAT level in serum and bone marrow, increased the serum B-ALP and decreased NTx and TRACP 5b in OVX rats. Treatment with FDP-Sr decreased the RANKL level, and increased the OPG level in serum in a dose-dependent manner. It also significantly down-regulated the RANKL expression and up-regulated OPG expression in bone marrow.FDP-Sr may be an effectve treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis that acts, in part, via a decrease in osteoclastogenesis through the OPG\RANKL\RANK pathway.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Evidence of improved surgical outcome following endoscopy for nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma removal.

Because of their size and lateral extension, total removal of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) remains a challenge and postoperative tumor remnants are frequent. Endoscopy has improved the surgeon's view; however, its superiority in terms of surgical outcome remains undetermined. The authors' aim in this study was to compare the clinical results and morbidity between microscopic and endoscopic techniques in 164 patients with NFPAs.



Tumoral (3D MR imaging), endocrinological, and ophthalmological results and morbidity were compared between 2 groups of 82 patients with newly diagnosed NFPAs surgically treated via either a sublabial microscopic approach (Group B) or a fully endonasal endoscopic technique (Group A).



The groups showed no difference in terms of clinical features, tumor size, or cavernous sinus invasion (p > 0.05). One year postoperatively, the quality of resection was significantly improved in Group A (gross-total removal [GTR]: 74% vs 50% in Group B, p = 0.002) with greater control of lateral extension (Knosp Grade 2: GTR 88.2% vs 47.8% in Group B, p = 0.02; Knosp Grade 3: 67.9% vs 16.7% in Group B, p < 0.001) and suprasellar extension (tumor height 20-30 mm: GTR 76% vs 53% in Group B, p = 0.01). Endocrinological outcome in patients with a partial deficiency in anterior pituitary function preoperatively was significantly better in Group A (improvement 56% vs 25% in Group B, stabilization 22% vs 46%, and aggravation 22% vs 29%; p = 0.01). Among the ophthalmologically symptomatic patients, 100% from Group A improved compared with 93% in Group B (p = 0.35). Lastly, no significant difference was found regarding morbidity. These data were supported by the literature in which the GTR rate is consistently higher for endoscopy compared with microscopy.



In this large series of patients with NFPAs, endoscopy improved the quality of resection and endocrinological outcome. Larger studies focusing on the impact of these promising results on the long-term recurrence of NFPAs are warranted.

Field of study: Medicine