nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Riprap Design Downstream of Submerged Pipe Outlets

Submerged pipe spillway outlet flow conditions can damage the downstream end of the spillway and the downstream channel. This study was conducted to determined the size and horizontal placement of riprap to stabilize the downstream channel geometry below pipe spillways with submerged flow conditions. Dimensionless relationships were developed to estimate the riprap size and its design size variation with distance from the outlet in the downstream channel using a laboratory scaled physical model with the following test conditions: pipe diameter (Do; 0.0628 and 0.0884 m); three submergence levels (TW/Do; 0.7, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0); five plunge depths (Z/Do; –2.5, –1.75, –1.0, –0.5, and 0.0); and flows varying from 0 to 7.2 Q2/gDo5. The resulting equations were tested and validated with additional laboratory studies with the following conditions: Do of 0.0884 and 0.0628 m; W/Do of 4.0, 8.0, and 11.3; Q2/gDo5 of 1.04, 1.13, 1.64, 1.99, 2.21, 5.37, and 3.18; TW/Do of 0.8, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0; and Z/Do of –2.5, –1.75, –1.0, –0.5, and 0.0 for selected cases. These validation tests resulted in minor changes in the design equations over the range of the variables. An example design problem is presented to illustrate the use of the recommended design method. The design equations and method will result in stable riprap without scour for submerged pipe outlet flow conditions over a wide range of flow conditions.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Radiation-Catalyzed Ortho-to-Para Transition in Solid Tritium

The ortho-to-para conversion time in solid tritium has been measured by NMR techniques. The observed rate is at least ten times faster than the temperature-independent self-conversion in solid H/sub 2/ and increases exponentially as the temperature decreases, e.g. the 1/e times are 490 min at 22.5 K and 64 min at 9.1 K. Because of the analogous situation in solid H/sub 2/, where atomic H is created when the solid is irradiated, it appears that in T/sub 2/, the T atoms are the most likely catalysts for the ortho-para conversion.

Field of study: Physics
Surgical decision-making in infants with suspected UPJ obstruction: stakeholder perspectives.

Although there are significant demographic and clinical variations in treatment decisions for infants with high-grade hydronephrosis concerning for ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO), there has been little research on the roles of parents and surgeons in the surgical decision-making (DM) process.



The purpose of this study was to understand parents' and surgeons' perceived roles in the surgical DM process for infants with high-grade hydronephrosis.



Semistructured interviews were conducted with pediatric urologists from three regionally diverse tertiary referral sites and parents of infants diagnosed and treated for unilateral Society for Fetal Urology grade 3 or 4 hydronephrosis at one tertiary pediatric urology practice. Purposive sampling was used to ensure adequate representation of parents based on treatment choice, patient gender, race/ethnicity, and distance from the practice. Survey domains included (1) discussions about diagnosis and treatment options, (2) factors guiding treatment choice, and (3) participants' role in the DM process. Transcribed data and field notes were analyzed using a team-based, inductive grounded theory qualitative approach.



Thirteen physicians and 32 parents were interviewed between November 2016 and November 2017. Parents and surgeons agreed that the surgeon was best equipped to guide treatment decisions because of their clinical knowledge and experience. Parents reported that their trust in the surgeon was the primary factor in their decisions. Surgeons reported tailoring discussions with parents to not only educate them about treatment options but also to develop an ongoing relationship with parents. Both parents and surgeons reported being satisfied with their roles in the DM process.



This study suggests that parental trust in the surgeon and surgeon recommendations drive DM. This may be due to a lack of explicit discussion of options or of parental values and preferences for care. Limited discussions may also impact parental understanding of risks and potential complications. These findings are similar to those of prior studies in adults and children considering elective surgery.



In this study, parents and surgeons reported that surgeon recommendations, rather than parent preferences, guide treatment choices for infants with suspected UPJO. Both parents and surgeons are satisfied with a physician-driven approach to DM, suggesting that, in situations where the perceived risk is low and parental knowledge is limited, parents may find a physician-led approach beneficial. Data gleaned from this study will be used to inform future quantitative studies evaluating factors guiding surgeon recommendations for treatment and their associations with underlying treatment variation.

Field of study: Medicine
Testing a vapour-phase model of stomatal responses to humidity.

This study tests two predictions from a recently proposed model for stomatal responses to humidity and temperature. The model is based on water potential equilibrium between the guard cells and the air at the bottom of the stomatal pore and contains three independent variables: gs(0), Z and Θ. gs(0) is the value of stomatal conductance that would occur at saturating humidity and will vary among leaves and with CO2 and light. The value of Z is determined primarily by the resistance to heat transfer from the epidermis to the evaporating site and the value of Θ is determined primarily by the resistance to water vapour diffusion from the evaporating site to the guard cells. This leads to the two predictions that were tested. Firstly, the values of Z and Θ should be constant for leaves of a given species grown under given conditions, although gs(0) should vary among leaves and with light and CO2. And secondly, the ratio of Z to Θ should be higher in leaves having their stomata in crypts because the distance for heat transfer is greater than that for water vapour diffusion. Data from three species, Nerium oleander, Pastinaca sativum and Xanthium strumarium support these two predictions.

Field of study: Environmental science
The alternative Dunford-Pettis Property in the predual of a von Neumann algebra

Let A be a be a type II von Neumann algebra with predual A . We prove that A does not satisfy the alternative Dunford-Pettis property introduced by W. Freedman [7], i.e., there is a sequence (’n) converging weakly to ’ in A with k’nk = k’k = 1 for all n 2 N and a weakly null sequence (xn) in A such that ’n(xn) 9 0. This answers a question posed in .

Field of study: Mathematics
Frank-Wolfe Bayesian Quadrature: Probabilistic Integration with Theoretical Guarantees

There is renewed interest in formulating integration as a statistical inference problem, motivated by obtaining a full distribution over numerical error that can be propagated through subsequent computation. Current methods, such as Bayesian Quadrature, demonstrate impressive empirical performance but lack theoretical analysis. An important challenge is therefore to reconcile these probabilistic integrators with rigorous convergence guarantees. In this paper, we present the first probabilistic integrator that admits such theoretical treatment, called Frank-Wolfe Bayesian Quadrature (FWBQ). Under FWBQ, convergence to the true value of the integral is shown to be up to exponential and posterior contraction rates are proven to be up to super-exponential. In simulations, FWBQ is competitive with state-of-the-art methods and out-performs alternatives based on Frank-Wolfe optimisation. Our approach is applied to successfully quantify numerical error in the solution to a challenging Bayesian model choice problem in cellular biology.

Field of study: Computer science
One-electron capture in collisions of fast ions with atoms

The properties of one-electron charge transfer between ions and atomsBZ++A →B(Z−1)+A+ are studied at relative velocities of the colliding particles higher than target electron velocities. Calculations of partial and total cross sections in collisions of protons and multiply-charged ions with neutral atoms are performed and compared with experimental data.The universal curve for the capture of the targetK- andL-electrons is given. In all cases at sufficiently high collision energies the electron capture from outer shells decreases and the capture of electrons from inner shells of the target atom becomes predominant.

Field of study: Physics
Multiplicity in root components via Geometric Satake

In this note we explicitly construct top-dimensional components of the cyclic convolution varieties. These components correspond (via the geometric Satake equivalence) to irreducible summands $V(\lambda+\mu-N\beta) \subset V(\lambda) \otimes V(\mu)$ for ${\bf G}=SL_{n+1}$, where $N\ge 1$ and $\beta$ is a positive root. Furthermore, we deduce from these constructions a nontrivial lower bound on the multiplicity of these subrepresentations when $\beta$ is not a simple root. In an appendix, we contrast this approach with a combinatorial proof of the same results using Littelmann paths.

Field of study: Mathematics
A wireless sensor system for validation of real-time automatic calibration of groundwater transport models

In this paper, we present the use of a wireless sensor network in a lab for subsurface contaminant plume monitoring with the objective of automatic calibration of groundwater transport models. A tank configured to simulate an aquifer was used as a testbed, and a 2D model was created based on the setup. To simulate a contaminant plume, an ion tracer was injected into the tank. Sensor probes capable of detecting the plume were buried inside the tank, and wireless motes used to take readings from the sensors and relay data to a base station. More importantly, a run-time fault detection and diagnosis for abnormal sensor readings is designed and integrated into the data acquisition system. Further, an adaptive data collection technique is integrated that is able to provide evidence about the effectiveness of the groundwater transport model in use. Results from the tracer tests are presented, as well as lessons gained.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
TU-B-213-04: MBAs for Medical Physicists: DABR-MBA Alumni Panel

A panel of board-certified medical physicists with MBA degrees will share their insights about business schools and career paths in a moderated discussion format. The panelists bring a broad range of experience in terms of medical physics specialties, MBA program types, current organizational roles, and business school alma maters. The discussion will include: 1) the process of deciding if, where, when, why, and how to pursue the MBA; 2) the MBA student experience, including workload, networking, and school-life-work balance; 3) post-MBA career impact, and 4) advice to medical physicists considering an MBA. The conversation will also include questions from the audience.
This session is the second of two consecutive sessions exploring the professional impact of supplementing medical physics credentials with formal business education, and is also part of a larger block of sessions concentrating on the Management, Business and Supervision aspects of Medical Physics.

1. 
To learn about the pre-, intra-, and post-MBA experiences of several medical physicists.
2. 
To gain a sense of possible career outcomes that business credentials could catalyze.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
High Thermoelectric Properties in Mg2Ge0.25Sn0.75−xSbx Solid Solution

Mg2Sn-based solid solutions Mg2Ge0.25Sn0.75−xSbx (x = 0, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, 0.10, 0.15) were synthesized by high-frequency melting in a graphite crucible, followed by spark plasma sintering. The effects of Sb substitution on the phase constitution and thermoelectric properties of the solution were investigated. All the samples were face-centered cubic Mg2Ge0.25Sn0.75 solutions without any additional phase arising from Sb in the compounds. The electrical resistivity decreased significantly from 202 μΩ m to 3.66 μΩ m at 300 K as lower Sb content x increased from 0 to 0.03, but increased slightly from 3.66 μΩ m to 11.6 μΩ m at 300 K as Sb content x further increased from 0.03 to 0.15. The Seebeck coefficient showed a similar pattern of change. The thermal conductivity of the solid solution clearly decreased from 3.6 W m−1 K−1 to 1.4 W m−1 K−1 at 300 K as Sb content x increased from 0 to 0.15. The highest power factor of 4010 μW m−1 K−2 was obtained in the sample of Mg2Ge0.25Sn0.72Sb0.03 at 573 K. The lowest thermal conductivity of 1.17 W m−1 K−1 was found in Mg2Ge0.25Sn0.65Sb0.1 at 473 K. The maximum ZT of 1.54 was obtained in Mg2Ge0.25Sn0.68Sb0.07 at 623 K. Compared with the value 0.03 for its parent alloy at the same temperature, this is a dramatic improvement.

Field of study: Materials science
Assessing the potential additionality of certification by the Round table on Responsible Soybeans and the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil

Commodity crop expansion has increased with the globalization of production systems and consumer demand, linking distant socio-ecological systems. Oil palm plantations are expanding in the tropics to satisfy growing oilseed and biofuel markets, and much of this expansion has caused extensive deforestation, especially in Asia. In Latin America, palm oil output has doubled since 2001, and the majority of expansion seems to be occurring on non-forested lands. We used MODIS satellite imagery (250 m resolution) to map current oil palm plantations in Latin America and determined prior land use and land cover (LULC) using high-resolution images in Google Earth. In addition, we compiled trade data to determine where Latin American palm oil flows, in order to better understand the underlying drivers of expansion in the region. Based on a sample of 342 032 ha of oil palm plantations across Latin America, we found that 79% replaced previously intervened lands (e.g. pastures, croplands, bananas), primarily cattle pastures (56%). The remaining 21% came from areas that were classified as woody vegetation (e.g. forests), most notably in the Amazon and the Petén region in northern Guatemala. Latin America is a net exporter of palm oil but the majority of palm oil exports (70%) stayed within the region, with Mexico importing about half. Growth of the oil palm sector may be driven by global factors, but environmental and economic outcomes vary between regions (i.e. Asia and Latin America), within regions (i.e. Colombia and Peru), and within single countries (i.e. Guatemala), suggesting that local conditions are influential. The present trend of oil palm expanding onto previously cleared lands, guided by roundtable certifications programs, provides an opportunity for more sustainable development of the oil palm sector in Latin America.

Field of study: Environmental science
Trends in neurosurgical care in Western Uganda: an interrupted time series analysis.

In addition to the rising burden of surgical disease globally, infrastructure and human resources for health remain a great challenge for low- and middle-income countries, especially in Uganda. In this study, the authors aim to explore the trends of neurosurgical care at a regional referral hospital in Uganda and assess the long-term impact of the institutional collaboration between Mulago National Referral Hospital and Duke University.



An interrupted time series is a quasi-experimental design used to evaluate the effects of an intervention on longitudinal data. The authors applied this design to evaluate the trends in monthly mortality rates for neurosurgery patients at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH) from March 2013 to October 2015. They used segmented regression and autoregressive integrated moving average models for the analysis.



Over the study timeframe, MRRH experienced significant increases in referrals received (from 117 in 2013 to 211 in 2015), neurosurgery patients treated (from 337 in 2013 to 625 in 2015), and operations performed (from 61 in 2013 to 173 in 2015). Despite increasing patient volumes, the hospital achieved a significant reduction in hospital mortality during 2015 compared to prior years (p value = 0.0039).



This interrupted time series analysis study showed improving trends of neurosurgical care in Western Uganda. There is a steady increase in volume accompanied by a sharp decrease in mortality through the years. Multiple factors are implicated in the significant increase in volume and decrease in mortality, including the addition of a part-time neurosurgeon, improvement in infrastructure, and increased experience. Further in-depth prospective studies exploring seasonality and long-term outcomes are warranted.

Field of study: Medicine
Rademacher functions in BMO

The Rademacher sums are investigated in the BMO space on (0;1). They span an uncomplemented subspace, in contrast to the dyadic BMOd space on (0;1), where they span a complemented subspace isomorphic to l2. Moreover, structural properties of infinite-dimensional closed subspaces of the span of the Rademacher functions in BMO are studied and an analog of the Kadec-Peczy«ski type alternative with l2 and c0 spaces is proved.

Field of study: Mathematics
Differential Effect of Ischemic and Pharmacological Preconditioning on PKC Isoform Translocation in Adult Rat Cardiac Myocytes

The role of PKC isoforms in the protection of ischemic preconditioning remains controversial. The aim of the present study was to compare PKC translocation in ischemic and pharmacological preconditioning and to test the hypothesis that induction of the preconditioned state results in a sustained translocation of PKC during the following ischemic period. Isolated rat cardiac myocytes were subjected to established pre-conditioning protocols using either transient ischemia or α1-adrenergic stimulation. Translocation of PKC isoforms, -α, -δ and -Ε to the particulate fraction during induction of preconditioning, post incubation or final sustained ischemia was assessed by immunoblotting. Ischemia alone caused the translocation of PKC-α and -Ε from the soluble to the particulate fraction. All three PKC isoforms examined were translocated to the particulate fraction in response to stimulation with α1-adrenergic agonists or phorbol esters. Ischemic preconditioning resulted in the translocation of only the PKC-Ε isoform while pharmacological precondi-tion-ing did not affect any of the isoforms. During the following sustained ischemic period, increased percentage of PKC-α and -Ε isoforms associated with the particulate fraction was observed only for the pharmacologically preconditioned cells. It is concluded that PKC translocation during preconditioning or the following ischemic period is not essential for the mediation of protection of rat cardiomyocytes in vitro.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
TTCN-3 Based Conformance Testing of SIP

SIP(Session  Protocol) is developed as an application-layer control protocol for creating, modifying and terminating multimedia sessions with several participants in an IP network. To ensure that different SIP implementations communicate reliably, it is necessary to carry out rigorous conformance testing and determine whether the SIP implementation conforms to the standard. TTCN-3(Testing and Test Control Notation version 3), the next generation test specification language developed by ETSI(European Telecommunications Standards Institute), plays an important role in conformance testing of SIP. This paper describes the design and implementation of a general TTCN-3 test system and experiences of using it for testing actual SIP implementation.

Field of study: Computer science
Emergent Dirac gullies and gully nematic quantum Hall states in ABA trilayer graphene

We report on quantum capacitance measurements of high quality, graphite- and hexagonal boron nitride encapsulated Bernal stacked trilayer graphene devices. At zero applied magnetic field, we observe a number of electron density- and electrical displacement-tuned features in the electronic compressibility associated with changes in Fermi surface topology. At high displacement field and low density, strong trigonal warping gives rise to emergent Dirac gullies centered near the corners of the hexagonal Brillouin and related by three fold rotation symmetry. At low magnetic fields of $B=1.25$~T, the gullies manifest as a change in the degeneracy of the Landau levels from two to three. Weak incompressible states are also observed at integer filling within these triplets Landau levels, which a Hartree-Fock analysis indicates are associated with Coulomb-driven nematic phases that spontaneously break rotation symmetry.

Field of study: Physics
Study on the Effect of Nozzle Parameters on Annular Flow in Oil-Air Lubrication

Based on the formation mechanism of two-phase flow in oil-air lubrication, the flow field of annular flow through the nozzle is simulated by the computational fluid dynamics software CFD. Study on the effect of different system parameters and structural parameters on the flow field of oil-air annular flow. According to the characteristics of oil-air lubrication, the optimum nozzle structure parameters are determined. Study on flow pattern change of oil-gas two-phase flow through nozzle in limited space and infinite space, analysis the flow field characteristics of oil and air two-phase flow after leaving the nozzle.

Field of study: Engineering
U-Pb zircon, titanite, and monazite ages in the Bras d'Or and Aspy terranes of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia: Implications for igneous and metamorphic history

New U-Pb ages from zircon, titanite, or monazite separates from 12 units in the Aspy and Bras d'Or terranes, Nova Scotia, range from late Precambrian to Devonian and generally support the interpretation that the 2 terranes had differing histories until juxtaposition in the Devonian. Five plutons of dioritic, tonalitic, and granodioritic compositions in the northern Bras d'Or terrane yielded zircon ages between 575 (maximum) and 556 ± 4 m.y. Younger titanite ages of 548 ± 2 and 521 ± 2 m.y. from two of these plutons may indicate younger metamorphism. Previously undocumented Early Ordovician plutonism (493 ± 2 Ma, zircon) and metamorphism (496 ± 5 Ma, titanite) also occurred in the Bras d'Or terrane.

In the Aspy terrane, a zircon age of 433 +7/-4 m.y. was obtained for a rhyolite unit in the upper part of a widespread metavolcanic-metasedimentary sequence, which together with higher-grade, probably correlative units, is characteristic of the terrane. The age is interpreted to indicate that most metamorphic rocks in the terrane are Ordovician to Early Silurian in age, in contrast to Precambrian ages in the Bras d'Or terrane. Devonian plutonism was widespread in the Aspy terrane, whereas Devonian plutonism in the Bras d'Or terrane appears restricted to the vicinity of the boundary with the Aspy terrane. Zircon, titanite, or monazite ages from 4 plutonic and orthogneissic units in the Aspy terrane and in the Bras d'Or terrane adjacent to the terrane boundary range from 403 ± 3 to 375 +5/-4 m.y.

Field of study: Geology
Study on Determining the Elastic Constants of Wood of Cunninghamia lanceolata by Means of Electric Resistance Strain Gauges

The elastic constants of wood of Cunninghamia lanceolata was determined and the limits of orthotropic model adopted for wood was studied. The results showed that the elastic constants of wood could be determined by means of electric resistance strain gauges,and the constants was satisfied to the limits of orthotropic.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences