nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Low Income Housing in Brazil: The Case of Sao Sebastiao

In the winter of 2006, the CRP department received visiting researcher Flavio Malta from Brazil. He presents us with an overview of one of the most challenging planning problems faced by Brazilian cities: the exploding housing demand for the poor and the conflicts that it generates. Through the case of São Sebastião municipality, in São Paulo, he discusses some of the issues he deals with in his job as a city planner: the control of illegal settlements and the production of low income housing in a city which depends on tourism development and is located in an environmentally protected costal zone.

Field of study: Medicine
Diverse According to Whom? Racial Group Membership and Concerns about Discrimination Shape Diversity Judgments

People often treat diversity as an objective feature of situations that everyone perceives similarly. The current research shows, however, that disagreement often exists over whether a group is diverse. We argue that diversity judgments diverge because they are social perceptions that reflect, in part, individuals’ motivations and experiences, including concerns about how a group would treat them. Therefore, whether a group includes in-group members should affect how diverse a group appears because the inclusion or apparent exclusion of in-group members signals whether perceivers can expect to be accepted and treated fairly. Supporting our claims, three experiments demonstrate that racial minority group members perceive more diversity when groups included racial in-group members rather than members of other racial minority groups. Moreover, important differences exist between Asian Americans and African Americans, which underscore the need for more research to explore uniqueness rather than commonalities across racial minority groups.

Field of study: Psychology
Combining Suppression Subtractive Hybridization(SSH)and cDNA Microarray for Rapid Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes From Influenza Virus Infected Host Cells

Current antiviral drugs mainly target to viral proteins,such as reverse transcriptase and proteinase.However,virus protein-targeted drugs usually bring alout resistance.On the other hand,the number of targets for virus is limited due to the small coding capacity of viral genome.So,an alternative strategy for antiviral drug target research is to screen and validate the host-derived genes and/or proteins that are essential for the virus to complete its replication.To find the potential cellular antiviral targets which are the differentially expressed genes during influenza virus infection,subtractive cDNA library was constructed by suppression subtractive hybridization(SSH)with influenza virus A/Lufang/93-9(H3N2)infected-MCDK cells as tester and the mock-infected MDCK cells as driver.Then cDNA microarray containing 768 cDNA fragments and control genes was used to further identify the differentially expressed genes in cDNA library.It showed that the length of inserts in subtractive cDNA library were between 250～1000bp.18 differentially expressed clones were selected by cDNA microarray to be novel ESTs as no functional clues were associated with them by bioinformatic analysis.These novel ESTs differentially expressed in the course of influenza virus infection would provide a good foundation for further finding of host-derived antiviral target and/or diagnostic biomarker,and also using for dissection of the molecular pathogenesis of influenza virus infection.

Field of study: Biology
A spectroscopic prism coupler for measuring the refractive indices and thicknesses of dielectric films

A spectroscopic prism coupler is created for measuring refractive indices nf and thicknesses Hf of dielectric films. The operating principle of the device is based on the simultaneous resonance excitation of several waveguide modes in a film by a focused TE or TM polarized light beam in the geometry of frustrated total internal reflection. Calculations of nf and Hf are performed using measured angular positions θm of dark m-lines in the cross section of the specularly reflected beam. Using obtained angles θm, we can calculate effective refractive indices βm of modes. By solving a set of nonlinear dispersion equations for the modes of a planar waveguide, we can calculate refractive index nf and thickness Hf of a film. The proposed prism coupler has no moving parts and allows us to measure the optical parameters of films 0.5–10 μm thick in the 400–1100 nm range of wavelengths. The device can also be used as a spectroscopic refractometer for measuring the refractive indices of bulk media. The device is used to measure refractive index and thickness of a SiO film and the refractive index of TF4 glass.

Field of study: Physics
Fuzzy-similitude-priority and fuzzy-judgement of the dominant pests and their superior natural enemies in plum orchards.

The correlations of the major pests and the dominant natural enemies on quantity in plum orchards were analyzed by the method of fuzzy-similitude-priority(FSP)and fuzzy-judgement(FJ)in this paper.The results of FSP showed that the dominant natural enemy of Emposca larescens,was Tetragnathida,Misumenops tricuspidatus secondly;The dominant natural enemy of Myzus persicae was Chrysopa sinica,Propylaea japonica secondly;The dominant natural enemy of Cleoporus variabilis was Propylaea japonica,Leis axyridis secondly.The results of FJ showed that the dominant natural enemies of Emposca larescens,was also Tetragnathida.The results of FSP and FJ also showed the same trend.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Child Care Administrators Leading Quality Improvement at Work: Access to and Use of Technology

This study is an examination of the access to and use of technology by 128 child care administrators participating in Delaware’s Quality Rating and Improvement System (QRIS).  It is in response to how little research had been conducted on child care administrators’ access to and use of technology for their own work given the prevalence of technology in modern society’s every day activities.  Having a better understanding of how technology is being used will help guide professional development efforts for administrators leading quality efforts in their programs.  Through survey research methods, this study explored the overall access to technology by administrators with examination of the differences in access to and use of technology by program type and geographical location.  Participants were asked about their access to and use of basic technologies including desktop or laptop computer, working printer, high-speed Internet, mobile technologies like tablets or an iPad, and the Microsoft® Office™ bundle.  Findings indicated that administrators across program types had adequate access to a variety of basic technologies to assist in their work although differences were found in how frequently and which types of technology were used. Overall, the results of this study provide practical considerations to support increased use of technology by child care administrators with recommendations for further investigation into more current and mobile technologies.  child care administrators, early childhood education, leadership, quality rating and improvement systems, technology

Field of study: Education
The Shortage of Priests in Latin America: A Historical Evaluation of Werner Promper’s Priesternot in Lateinamerika

This book is a major study of one of the most serious problems of the Church in Latin America today, the shortage of priests, by the Secretary General of the Latin-American College of Louvain University. Ten years have been devoted to research, and this effort is reflected in the extensive bibliography, numerous statistical tables, and the wide range of facts contained in the text. In a word, this study is a notable effort to understand and explain the lack of priests in an area which is traditionally looked upon as Catholic.

Field of study: History
Rapid detoxification of heroin dependence by buprenorphine.

To evaluate the clinical efficacy of buprenorphine (Bup) in treatment of acute heroin withdrawal.



Bup was given sublingually daily to 60 cases of heroin addicts in 3 groups: low, medium, and high doses. Withdrawal signs and symptoms of heroin were rated by Clinical Institute Narcotic Assessment. Craving for heroin during detoxification was assessed by Visual Analogue Scale. The side effects of Bup was assessed by Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale.



The mean daily consumption of Bup in low, medium, and high group was 2.0, 2.9, and 3.6 mg, respectively. Bup not only suppressed objective signs and withdrawal symptoms for heroin withdrawal, but also reduced the duration for heroin detoxification over 7-8 d.



Bup is an effective and rapid detoxification agent with fewer side effects for treatment of acute heroin withdrawal.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
STUDY ON THE IN-PLANE DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR OF FOAM-IN-PLACE CAVITY WALL

In order to study the in-plane deformation behavior of a new energy-saving wall,namely the foam-in-place cavity wall,13 patches of cavity walls and 1 patch of solid wall were built and tested.The dynamic hysteretic loop curves,the backbone curves and time history curves of displacement were obtained considering the variation of heights,ductility,energy dissipation and stiffness degradation.The effects of axial compression ratio,shape and layout of ties,and insulation layer thickness on structural seismic behaviors were investigated.The experimental results show that the deformation capacity and the overall performance of the cavity wall is improved efficiently with constructional columns,ties and reinforced concrete strip ears,and the cavity walls have good deformation and energy dissipation behaviors.

Field of study: Engineering
The Asymptotic Distribution of the Renyi Maximal Correlation

Renyi (1959) defined the maximal correlation ρ between a pair of random variables (U, W) as where the supremum is taken over all functions of U and W with finite second moments. In this paper we derive the asymptotic distribution of the estimate of the Rbnyi correlation coefficient based on a sample of independent observations under the assumption that (U, W) are independent and assume only a finite number of values.

Field of study: Mathematics
Reaction of Acetone Cyanohydrin with Thiosemicarbazide

We have established that when acetone cyanohydrin is heated with thiosemicarbazide in aqueous medium, 3-mercapto-6,6-dimethyl-1,2,4-triazin-5-one and 2-methyl-2-thiosemicarbazidopropanoic acid are formed. Cyclization of the latter in dioxane in the presence of H3BO3 leads to 2-amino-5,5-dimethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazin-6-one.

Field of study: Chemistry
1-week withdrawal from 8 weeks alcohol consumption protects the heart from sepsis-induced dysfunction.

Gram-negative sepsis causes a depression of the myocardium such that ventricular function curves generated on isolated perfused hearts removed from septic rats are displaced downward and to the right of control. Alcohol consumption can also cause a depression of the myocardium, especially if the period of alcohol feeding is prolonged. However, even before overt changes in the myocardium can be measured as a result of alcohol consumption, chronic alcoholism can result in a potentiation of sepsis-induced cardiac depression (H1857-H1863, 1991). The purpose of the present study was to determine if 1 week of withdrawal of alcohol from the diet after 8 weeks of alcohol consumption would reverse the potentiation by alcohol of sepsis-induced cardiac depression. Animals were fed an ethanol-containing diet in which ethanol contributed 36% of the total calories. Rats were fed this diet or a control liquid diet for 8 weeks, and then some animals were taken off the alcohol diet and placed on the control diet for 1 week. Sepsis was induced in control-fed, alcohol-fed or withdrawal animals by the administration of Escherichia coli into the dorsal subcutaneous space. Nonseptic animals received sterile saline in this space. The following day animals were anesthetized, and the hearts were removed and studied as isolated working hearts. Hearts removed from septic and alcohol septic animals showed severe depression of cardiac contractile performance. Hearts from the withdrawal group, however, were less compromised by sepsis and showed only a few signs of cardiac dysfunction. Withdrawal from alcohol for 1 week thus resulted in protection of the heart from sepsis-induced cardiac depression.

Field of study: Medicine
Client Retrospective Recall of Resolved and Unresolved Misunderstanding Events.

Client retrospective recall of major misunderstanding events was studied in 19 cases of therapy. A qualitative methodology was used to describe the sequence of 11 resolved and 8 unresolved misunderstanding events. Results indicated that a good relationship, clients' willingness to assert negative feelings about being misunderstood, and therapists' facilitation of a mutual repair effort through maintaining a flexible and accepting stance typically led to resolution. In contrast, a poor relationship, therapists* unwillingness to discuss or accept clients' assertion of negative reactions to being misunderstood, or therapists' lack of awareness of clients' negative feelings led to unresolved misunderstandings and often to clients quitting therapy. The ability of clients and therapists to survive lapses in understanding and to put these critical moments to therapeutic use has been extensively explored from a theoretical perspective (Bordin, 1979; Luborsky, 1983; Safiran, 1993; Safran, Crocker, McMain, & Murray, 1990; Weiss & Sampson, 1986). For example, Kohut (1984) suggested that successive minor lapses in empathy enable clients to learn how to negotiate separateness from their therapists in tolerable doses. Growth, from Kohut's perspective, is evidenced when clients progress from experiencing the most minor misunderstanding as a near rupture to being able to tolerate the inevitable disappointments and misunderstandings that occur within the course of the therapeutic relationship. The ability of clients to communicate openly about their experiences to their therapists when they feel misunderstood is seen as a critical juncture because clients must assert themselves as separate from their therapists if they are to preserve and authorize their own experience. Similarly, experiential and interpersonal theorists acknowledge the importance of helping clients directly communicate their felt experiences. An important part of the change process in experiential therapy is for therapists to help clients identify and bring into awareness what they are feeling at a given moment, including suppressed or unarticulated negative feelings (Greenberg, Rice, & Elliott, 1993; Mitchell, 1988; Safran & Segal, 1990).

Field of study: Psychology
Metal accumulation in earthworms inhabiting floodplain soils.

The main factors contributing to variation in metal concentrations in earthworms inhabiting floodplain soils were investigated in three floodplains differing in inundation frequency and vegetation type. Metal concentrations in epigeic earthworms showed larger seasonal variations than endogeic earthworms. Variation in internal levels between sampling intervals were largest in earthworms from floodplain sites frequently inundated. High and low frequency flooding did not result in consistent changes in internal metal concentrations. Vegetation types of the floodplains did not affect metal levels in Lumbricus rubellus, except for internal Cd levels, which were positively related to the presence of organic litter. Internal levels of most essential metals were higher in spring. In general, no clear patterns in metal uptake were found and repetition of the sampling campaign will probably yield different results.

Field of study: Environmental science
Applications of a microlens array and a photomask to the laser microfabrication of a periodic photopolymer rod array.

We report the simultaneous multipoint fabrication of polymer rods by the femtosecond laser processing of a negative photoresist using a microlens array (MLA). The rods were periodically arranged in the form of an array corresponding to the MLA and free-standing on a glass substrate. The use of a photomask enabled us to define the contour of the rod array. Furthermore, sample translation techniques were demonstrated for the effective fabrication of large-area structures.

Field of study: Physics
SU‐E‐T‐253: Treatment Planning and Dose Delivery of Photon Radiation Therapy of Cardiac Arrhythmias for Isolated Perfused Porcine Hearts

To develop treatment plans and delivery techniques for ex situ isolated perfused (Langendorff) porcine hearts in order to explore the feasibility of using photon radiation to create cardiac lesions as a treatment for cardiac arrhythmias.  Six domestic swines were used for the creation of Langendorff preparation, of which three received radiation and three served as a control group. For the study group, treatment planning was performed on their CT images. Two stainless‐steel clips in the CS ostium and in the pulmonary artery and the beaker were contoured and assigned to the proper CT numbers. Treatment couch attenuation and clip scattering were also taken into account. The AV node was contoured and was positioned at the isocenter of the accelerator. MLC were used to provide conformal shaping of the photon beam and a 1 cm margin was added around the AV node to accommodate cardiac motion. 3D conformal planning technique was chosen. Two orthogonal KV images were acquired before the radiation delivery for accurate positioning of the heart.  200 Gy was successfully delivered to the AV node of the heart in the service mode of the machine. The field size was about 3 × 3 cm^2. The dose distribution was not uniform in the target due to the one or three fixed beam arrangement. The averaged delivery time was about 40 minutes with an averaged dose rate of 600 MU/min. Complete heart block was observed during treatment and notable cellular damages were presented in the histological specimen.  Simple and efficient treatment plan and delivery technique are required to deliver high dose to the ex situ isolated hearts in a short time window. Flattening‐Filter‐Free mode of the Linac will dramatically decrease the delivery time and therefore allow the development of more complicated treatment plans, for example, the IMRT. Dr. DL Packer in the past 12 months has provided consulting services for Abiomed, Biosense Webster, Inc., Boston Scientific, CardioFocus, CardioInsight, Excerpta Medica, FoxP2 Medica LLC, InfoBionic, Inc., Johnson & Johnson Healthcare Systems, Johnson & Johnson, MediaSphere Medical, LLC, Medtronic CryoCath, OrthoMcNeill, Sanofi‐aventis, Siemens, St. Jude Medical, and Siemens AG. Dr. Packer received no personal compensation for these consulting activities.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Fishery trends, resource-use and management system in the Ungwana Bay fishery Kenya

The present study assessed trends in resource-use, partitioning and management in the Ungwana Bay fishery, Kenya, using surplus production models. The fishery is one of East Africa’s important marine fisheries sustaining a bottom trawl commercial fishery and a resident-migrant artisanal fishery. Two models: Schaefer (1954) and Gulland and Fox (1975) were applied to catch-effort data over a 21-year period to model maximum sustainable yield (MSY) and optimal effort (fMSY) to examine the status of resource exploitation and provide reference points for sustainable management. In the artisanal fishery, model MSYs range from 392–446 t to 1283–1473 t for shrimps and fish respectively compared to mean annual landings of 60 t for shrimp and 758 t for fish. These landings represent 0.7 fMSY. Resource management in the bay is faced with numerous problems including resource-use conflicts, poor economic conditions in artisanal fishery, poor legislation, and inadequate research augmented by poor reporting systems for catch-effort statistics. Thus, the fishery lacks clearly defined exploitation regimes. Fisheries research and assessment of the marine resources are important for sustainability of the fishery. Moreover, income diversification in the poverty ridden artisanal fishery would go a long way in addressing resource-use conflicts and use of deleterious fishing methods in the sub-sector. Borrowing from the successes of the Japanese community-based fisheries resource management (CBFRM) which has easily resolved numerous fisheries management issues in coastal small-scale commercial fisheries, and the beach management unit (BMU) system which has been applied to the artisanal fisheries of south coast Kenya with enormous benefits, it is envisaged that a hybrid CBFRM–BMU system presents the best approach to sustainable resource-use in the Ungwana Bay fishery.

Field of study: Environmental science
Characterization and testing of a new environmental chamber

A 29 m3 Teflon chamber, designed for studies on the aging of combustion aerosols, at the University of Eastern Finland is described and characterized. The chamber is part of a research facility, called Ilmari, where small-scale combustion devices, a dynamometer for vehicle exhaust studies, dilution systems, the chamber, and cell and animal exposure devices are located side by side under the same roof. The small surface-to-volume ratio of the chamber enables reasonably long experiment times, with particle wall loss rate constants of 0.088, 0.080, 0.045, and 0.040 h−1 for polydisperse, 50, 100, and 200 nm monodisperse aerosols, respectively. The NO2 photolysis rate can be adjusted from 0 to 0.62 min−1. The irradiance spectrum is centered at either 350 or 365 nm, and the maximum irradiance, produced by up to 160 blacklight lamps, is 29.7 W m−2, which corresponds to the ultraviolet (UV) irradiance in Central Finland at noon on a sunny day in the midsummer. The temperature inside the chamber is uniform and can be kept at 25±1 °C. The chamber is kept in an overpressure with a moving top frame, which reduces sample dilution and entrance of contamination during an experiment. The functionality of the chamber was tested with oxidation experiments of toluene, resulting in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) yields of 12–42%, depending on the initial conditions, such as NOx concentration and UV irradiation. The highest gaseous oxidation product yields of 12.4–19.5% and 5.8–19.5% were detected with ions corresponding to methyl glyoxal (m/z 73.029) and 4-oxo-2-pentenal (m/z 99.044), respectively. Overall, reasonable yields of SOA and gaseous reaction products, comparable to those obtained in other laboratories, were obtained.

Field of study: Environmental science
Enhancement of transport critical current density of SmFeAsO1−xFx tapes fabricated by an ex-situ powder-in-tube method with a Sn-presintering process

SmFeAsO1−xFx (Sm1111) tapes were prepared by an ex-situ powder-in-tube method with a Sn-presintering process. Scanning electron microscopy revealed apparent difference in microstructure between Sn-presintered tapes and the previously reported polycrystalline Sm1111 bulk, since Sn has reduced FeAs wetting phase and filled the voids between Sm1111 grains. The Sn-presintered tapes showed significant enhanced field dependences of transport Jc compared with Sn-added tapes. A highest transport critical current density (Jc) of 3.45 × 104 A cm−2 at 4.2 K and self-field is achieved. Magneto-optical imaging further confirmed large and well-distributed global and intergranular Jc in Sn-presintered Sm1111 tapes.

Field of study: Physics
Nature of the antigen present in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum of patients with group A meningococcal meningitis.

The antigen detectable by counter-current immunoelectrophoresis in the cerebrospinal fluid and sera of patients with group A meningococcal meningitis was found to be a high molecular weight polysaccharide. Its composition was deduced from its immunochemical identity with a known group A meningococcal polysaccharide which has previously been shown to be a polymer of N-acetyl, O-acetyl mannosamine phosphate.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine