nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparative Research of Different Attribute Reduction Definitions

To study the relationships of the attribute reduction definitions based on Hu's discernibility matrix,information entropy,distribution,maximum distribution,approximate and positive region,we construct the Hu's simplified discernibility matrix at first.Secondly,simplified discernibility matrix based on positive region is also constructed,and the corresponding attribute reduction definition is proposed.At the same time,it is proved that the attribute reduction definition of simplified discernibility matrix based on positive region is equal to that based on positive region.Thirdly,by using Hu's simplified discernibility matrix,it is proved that if B satisfies φ≠mij∈M■mij∩B≠φ,where M is Hu's discernibility matrix,then B must satisfy H(D|B)=H(D|C).By exploiting simplified discernibility matrix based on positive region and simplified discernibility matrix based on approximate reduction,it is also proved that if B is approximate consistent set,then B must satisfy POSB(D)=POSC(D).According to the existed research results,the relationships of these six different definitions about attribute reduction are obtained.

Field of study: Computer science
Improving nitrogen management via a regional management plan for Chinese rice production

A lack of basic information on optimal nitrogen (N) management often results in over- or under-application of N fertilizer in small-scale intensive rice farming. Here, we present a new database of N input from a survey of 6611 small-scale rice farmers and rice yield in response to added N in 1177 experimental on-farm tests across eight agroecological subregions of China. This database enables us to evaluate N management by farmers and develop an optimal approach to regional N management. We also investigated grain yield, N application rate, and estimated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in comparison to N application and farming practices. Across all farmers, the average N application rate, weighted by the area of rice production in each subregion, was 210 kg ha−1 and ranged from 30 to 744 kg ha−1 across fields and from 131 to 316 kg ha−1 across regions. The regionally optimal N rate (RONR) determined from the experiments averaged 167 kg ha−1 and varied from 114 to 224 kg N ha−1 for the different regions. If these RONR were widely adopted in China, approximately 56% of farms would reduce their use of N fertilizer, and approximately 33% would increase their use of N fertilizer. As a result, grain yield would increase by 7.4% from 7.14 to 7.67 Mg ha−1, and the estimated GHG emissions would be reduced by 11.1% from 1390 to 1236 kg carbon dioxide (CO2) eq Mg−1 grain. These results suggest that to achieve the goals of improvement in regional yield and sustainable environmental development, regional N use should be optimized among N-poor and N-rich farms and regions in China.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effect of water stress on primary photosynthetic process: interaction with light and temperature.

Effect of water stress alone and in combination with light and temperature on chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic electron transport have been studied in drought-resistant wheat. It was observed that water stress alone-did not modify the amplitude of variable fluorescence in leaf but showed slight decrease in photosynthetic electron transport. However, interaction with light caused significant decrease in the efficiency of photosynthesis. This was greater when photoinhibited at 30 degrees C than at 10 degrees C. Results suggest that water stress alone does not lead to significant damage to the primary photochemistry but photoinhibition causes both inhibition of electron transport activity and chlorophyll fluorescence. The damage was further enhanced by the combination of water stress and high temperature.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Preparation of monoclonal antibodies against insulin and their applications.

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against insulin are useful for insulin assays because of their specificity and plentiful supply. We have produced four monoclonal cell strains stably secreting the monoclonal antibodies against insulin; further established subpopulation, titer, affinity; and identified the antibodies as being of subclass IgG(2b)(kappa), one strain, or IgG(1)(kappa), three strains. The smallest detectable level of human insulin by ELISA using this IgG(1) was 1.25 microg/L. The monoclonal antibodies have been used for analyzing insulin content from the sera of type 2 diabetes patients and normal subjects.

Field of study: Biology
Efficacy of celecoxib in the treatment of CNS lymphomas: an in vivo model.

OBJECT
The incidence of primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSLs) has increased over the past several decades. Unfortunately, even with the most effective therapeutic regimen (that is, methotrexate with wholebrain radiation therapy), PCNSL recurs within a few years in more than half of the treated patients and is eventually fatal. Because PCNSL usually occurs in older patients and in those with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, combination treatments in which both chemo- and radiation therapy are used is often poorly tolerated and results in a significant reduction in the quality of life. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the selective cyclooxygenase- 2 inhibitor celecoxib (Celebrex), can block the growth of lymphoma cells in vitro.



To create an experimental animal model in vivo for the PCNSL study, the authors intracranially injected a human B-cell lymphoma cell line into nude mice. Their data demonstrate that this experimental model is an excellent one for human PCNSL with brain and leptomeningeal involvement. They also evaluated the feasibility of using celecoxib as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of PCNSL. Nude mice with intracranial lymphomas were treated with celecoxib contained in the animal chow. The treated animals demonstrated significantly prolonged survival times compared with the untreated animals.



Based on the authors' data, celecoxib may be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of PCNSL.

Field of study: Medicine
A group signature scheme with strong separability

Group signatures, introduced by Chaum and van Heijst, allow members of a group to sign messages anonymously on behalf of the group. Only a designated group manager is able to identify the group member who issued a given signature. Many applications of group signatures, for example, electronic market, require that the group manager can be split into a membership manager and a revocation manager. The former is responsible for adding new members to the group. The latter is responsible for opening signatures. Previously proposed group signatures schemes can only achieve a weak form of separability. That is, the revocation manager and the membership manager must work in concert to reveal the identity of the signer. In this paper, we propose a group signature scheme with strong separability in which the revocation manager can work without the involvement of the membership manager.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Oxidative Trifluoromethylthiolation of Terminal Alkynes with AgSCF3: A Convenient Approach to Alkynyl Trifluoromethyl Sulfides

A new method for the efficient synthesis of alkynyl trifluoromethyl sulfides was developed. By combining AgSCF3 and NCS in N,N-dimethylacetamide, an electrophilic active intermediate was produced, which was then treated with a variety of terminal alkynes to afford the corresponding trifluoromethanesulfenylated products in moderate to excellent yields.

Field of study: Chemistry
Evaluating 'Australian Women in Agriculture': 1992-2002

Australian Women in Agriculture (AWiA) will be 10 years old this year. This paper draws on 20 interviews with members of AWiA to describe the changing nature of the group over this period and to examine its achievements and future in terms of its five stated goals. The group has been most successful in achieving its first aim: raising the profile of women in agriculture. AWiA has achieved its second aim: securing local, regional and international recognition; and its third aim: of being seen as a political force. There is, however, still much for the group to achieve in meeting its final two goals: addressing rural and agricultural inequities and ensuring the survival of agriculture for future generations. The AWiA, having achieved status and recognition, is now in a strategic position to address these goals. How it may do this and not unsettle the members' shared identity as ‘women in agriculture’ to the point where the future of the group is threatened is the challenge for AWiA as it begins its second decade.

Field of study: Political science
Nuclear first order phase transition associated with Helmholtz free energy of canonical ensemble

It was shown that in the canonical ensemble the simple exactly soluble statistical model of nuclei decay into nucleons, which is a limiting case of the statistical multifragmentation model, predicts the nuclear first order phase transition associated with the Helmholtz free energy different from the first order phase transition of the liquid-gas type associated with the Gibbs free energy. The main thermodynamic properties of this phase transition were explored on the basis of the method of the thermodynamic potential and its first and second derivatives in the thermodynamic limit. It was established that the thermodynamic potential $F$ is a piecewise smooth function and its first order partial derivatives with respect to variables of state are piecewise continuous functions. At the points of phase transition, the energy in the caloric curve is discontinuous at the constant temperature and fixed values of the specific volume, while the pressure and the chemical potential in the equations of state are discontinuous at the constant specific volume and fixed values of the temperature.

Field of study: Physics
Transformation-Induced Plasticity in Sn-In Solder Joints

The research reported here concerns the contribution of transformation- induced plasticity (TRIP) to the shear deformation of Sn-x wt.%In solders with Cu or Ni metallization, where the In content (x) ranges from 9 wt.% to 15 wt.%. In this concentration range the high-temperature γ-phase (hexagonal structure) transforms to the low-temperature β-phase (β-Sn structure) on cooling, and the transformation can be martensitic. The results show that Sn-9In and Sn-11In solder joints do exhibit TRIP that significantly enhances their ductility when tested at temperatures between the deformation-induced martensite temperature (Md) and the stress-induced martensite temperature (My). For Sn-9In, Md ≈ 105°C, and the TRIP effect is optimal near My ≈ 80°C, where the total elongation reaches ~100% when the substrate metallization is Cu. The TRIP elongation is less spectacular with Ni metallization because of weakness at the solder–substrate interface. Sn-11 wt.%In joints also show extensive TRIP effect, with an Md temperature near 60°C, and an My of 35°C or less. The total elongation of 11 wt.% In joints on Cu reaches 350% at 35°C. Sn-15 wt.%In joints with Cu metallization also have excellent ductility at low temperature, with total elongation of ~50% at 35°C. In this case, however, the excellent ductility is due to the fine-grained, two-phase microstructure of the solder rather than any TRIP effect.

Field of study: Materials science
Detection and diagnosis of data inconsistency failures in wireless sensor networks

Most fault-tolerant schemes for wireless sensor networks focus on power failures or crash faults. Little attention has been paid to the data inconsistency failures which occur when the binary contents of a data packet are changed during processing. In this event, a faulty node may produce incorrect data and transmit them to other sensors. Hence, erroneous results are propagated throughout the entire network and the sink may make inappropriate decisions as a result. Accordingly, this study proposes a mechanism which can both tolerate and locate data inconsistency failures in sensor networks. Node-disjoint paths and an automatic diagnosis scheme are utilized to identify the faulty sensor nodes. The proposed mechanism was implemented with the ns-2 simulator. The evaluation results demonstrate the ability of the mechanism to identify faulty nodes efficiently and with limited overheads. Using the scheme, more than 99.99% of the inconsistent data packets were successfully detected by the sink.

Field of study: Computer science
Molecular design of high spin polymers with ferromagnetic coupling among the electrons. Two types of 1-D π-conjugated polymers: Charge transfer and polaronic ferromagnets

Based on Anderson's general theory of magnetism, the sufficient con- ditions for the existence (arising) of high spin (HS) states with ferromagnetical coupling between the electrons within the half-filled band (HFB) in 1D infinite n-conjugated systems are described here. The structure and magnetic properties of two classes of HS systems are investigated. A). 1D polymers, in which charge transfer triplet biradicals are intrinsic parts of the polymer chain. B). The term dendralene is generalized for a large class of n-conjugated systems. In these systems the polaron (on a reductively or oxidatively doped n-fragment) is strictly localized in one elementary unit. This property, caused by the topology of the x- network, determines the good localization of the Wanniere states in a narrow HFB, and give rise to a HS ground state.

Field of study: Chemistry
Philosophical and Sociological Overview Of Vocational Technical Education in Nigeria

Vocational Technical Education is any kind of education which has the main purpose of preparing one for employment in recognized occupation. The foundation of vocational technical education is based on philosophy which was mainly established for self- employment and self-reliance of the individual(s) who partake in it. Viewing the philosophy and sociology of vocational technical education in the Nigerian school system, it is not a hidden fact that the impact of the philosophy is not felt in the society. By now, Nigeria ought to have been competing favourably with the developed nations of the world technologically. Today it is unfortunate to mention that the country cannot boast of manufacturing a single pin by themselves. How could they have achieved this task when the philosophy of vocational education is not judiciously followed and implemented. The sociological influence of the society on vocational education has made the matter worse. Vocational technological education has remained a subordinate discipline in terms of societal recognition, adequate funding and parental/children choice. It is in view of this fact that the paper made a critique of the various aspects of the philosophy of vocational technical education and analysed the influence of the society on this profession and also made recommendations on how vocational education in Nigeria can move forward.

Field of study: Education
Modelling photosynthetic responses to temperature of grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Semillon) leaves on vines grown in a hot climate.

Field measurements of photosynthesis of Vitis vinifera cv. Semillon leaves in relation to a hot climate, and responses to photon flux densities (PFDs) and internal CO(2) concentrations (c(i) ) at leaf temperatures from 20 to 40 °C were undertaken. Average rates of photosynthesis measured in situ decreased with increasing temperature and were 60% inhibited at 45 °C compared with 25 °C. This reduction in photosynthesis was attributed to 15-30% stomatal closure. Light response curves at different temperatures revealed light-saturated photosynthesis optimal at 30 °C but also PFDs saturating photosynthesis increased from 550 to 1200 µmol (photons) m(-2)s(-1) as temperatures increased. Photosynthesis under saturating CO(2) concentrations was optimal at 36 °C while maximum rates of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylation (V(cmax)) and potential maximum electron transport rates (J(max)) were also optimal at 39 and 36 °C, respectively. Furthermore, the high temperature-induced reduction in photosynthesis at ambient CO(2) was largely eliminated. The chloroplast CO(2) concentration at the transition from RuBP regeneration to RuBP carboxylation-limited assimilation increased steeply with an increase in leaf temperature. Semillon assimilation in situ was limited by RuBP regeneration below 30 °C and above limited by RuBP carboxylation, suggesting high temperatures are detrimental to carbon fixation in this species.

Field of study: Environmental science
COBOL: Is it dying or thriving?

Some say COBOL is a disreputable old language that no one should use any more. Some say COBOL is a national treasure, a language used by upward of two-thirds of those developing and maintaining software. How can both of these statements exist in the same disciplinary field? Why is there such dramatic disagreement about COBOL’s merits? And in particular, what about those new languages that some are saying should replace COBOL for business application work? In other words, what’s with COBOL? That may be one of the most burning questions of the day for those interested in the topic of Information Systems. Practitioners are being urged to abandon COBOL for new developments, especially client/server software, and yet they are flocking to it for the maintenance of legacy systems, especially in the face of the year 2000 problem. IS academics are abandoning COBOL as the primary language for teaching business systems software development, while at the same time keeping their finger in the pie by offering it as an optional course. All of those COBOL questions have intrigued me over the last several years. There’s nothing new about their thrust, of course; people have been predicting the demise of COBOL in favor of some new language just about every decade since the sixties romped into the seventies. But the drum beat seems stronger now, as the turning of the decades evolves into the turning of the millennium. Is COBOL, finally, on its way out? Recently I decided to investigate the drum beat. I began to explore two questions:

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
The Influence of the Discipline and Compensation against Work Productivity (Study on the Security Services Company, PT Garuda Milky Artha Surabaya)

The purpose of this research is for to know and test whether there is influence of discipline and compensation of employees on work productivity PT. Garuda Milky Artha in Surabaya.The research method used, i.e. a quantitative approach and sampling Techniques using sample random sampling. Data collection techniques used is questionnaire. While its data analysis techniques using multiple linear regression tests.The results of data analysis in this study is there is a significant influence on the value of discipline and compensation against work productivity with significance value of discipline and the value of 0.05 < 0,011 significance compensation amounting to 0.028 < 0.05. This shows that the two variables are declared Ho denied. So it can be concluded that there is a significant influence on the value of discipline and compensation against work productivity at PT. Garuda Milky Artha in Surabaya.

Field of study: Business
Population Genetic Analysis of Theileria annulata from Six Geographical Regions in China, Determined on the Basis of Micro- and Mini-satellite Markers

Theileria annulata, a tick-borne apicomplexan protozoan, causes a lymphoproliferative disease of cattle with high prevalence in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Understanding the genetic diversity and structure of local populations will provide more fundamental knowledge for the population genetics and epidemics of protozoa. In this study, 78 samples of T. annulata collected from cattle/yaks representing 6 different geographic populations in China were genotyped using eight micro- and mini-satellite markers. High genetic variation within population, moderate genetic differentiation, and high level of diversity co-occurring with significant linkage disequilibrium were observed, which indicates there is gene flow between these populations in spite of the existence of reproductive and geographical barriers among populations. Furthermore, some degree of genetic differentiation was also found between samples from China and Oman. These findings provide a first glimpse of the genetic diversity of the T. annulata populations in China, and might contribute to the knowledge of distribution, dynamics, and epidemiology of T. annulata populations and optimize the management strategies for control.

Field of study: Biology
Modeling the Development of Cultivated Rice and Weedy Red Rice

Development models are an important part of crop simulation models and are useful tools for field operations. The objective of this study was to simulate the development of cultivated rice and weedy red rice with a linear model (thermal time model) and with a non-linear model (WE model). Data from a four-year experiment conducted during the 2003-2004, 2004-2005, 2005-2006, and 2006-2007 growing seasons in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, with nine cultivated rice genotypes and two weedy red rice biotypes were used. Plants were grown in 12 L pots during the four years and in a paddy rice field during the 2006-2007 growing season. Developmental data available and used in this study were dates of emergence (EM), panicle differentiation (R1), anthesis (R4), and all grains with brown hulls (R9) recorded in five plants per replication in each sowing date. Data collected in the 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 growing seasons were used to estimate the coefficients of the two models, and data collected in the 2003-2004 and 2006-2007 growing seasons were used as an independent data set for models evaluation. The root mean square error (RMSE) for all developmental stages varied from 4.9 to 10.5 days with the thermal time model and from 4.3 to 10.9 days with the WE model. The WE model gave better predictions in six out of eleven genotypes, with better predictions for early (R1) than for later (R4 and R9) developmental stages. The WE model described properly the development of rice plants grown in pots and in a paddy rice field and can be recommended as an alternative model to the thermal time model for rice in situations when the air temperature falls into the non-linear range of the response of development to temperature.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Theory of Knight Shift and Spin-Lattice Relaxation Rates of Pu-115

We calculated the Knight shift and spin-lattice relaxation rates of Pu-115 compounds assuming d-wave superconductivity in the presence of strong impurity scattering. We discuss the implications for recent measurements of the spin-lattice relaxation rate in the Pu-115 compound PuRhGa5 by Sakai and coworkers  and present a prediction for the corresponding Knight shift. In addition, we noticed a significant round-off of the spin-lattice relaxation rate 1/T1 just above the superconducting transition temperature that is not observed in the sister compound PuCoGa5. It appears that in PuRhGa5 superconductivity is mediated by spin fluctuations, too. This provides additional support to the scenario of superconducting pairing mediated by spin fluctuations in the Pu-115 compounds similar to the Ce-115 compounds and the high-temperature copper-oxide superconductors.

Field of study: Physics