nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Eisenstadt, The New Reproductive Technologies and the Single Parent

Two cases of great importance show the evolution of court philosophy on the mores of the American people. It is often argued that the court has little to do with such inOuence and that the argument is e cOn/raria. that is. the court's ethical standards are determined by American mores not vice versa. The following case study will attempt to show the opposite: people's mores are basically inOuenced by a moral choice of the court which tends to legitimatize forms of behavior in society under the rubric of "privacy." Th is has been particularly true in the area of sexual morality which is particularly susceptib le to every expansion of its exercise. There has never been any society which has not mandated sexua l restraint for a who le variety of reasons: religious. economic. patriarchial. etc . Our society. of course. is no exception. We have tended in the past 20 years to expand its

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Possible Lower Limit to Linac Emittance

Numerical calculations made by several groups have always shown that an asymptotic lower exit emittance exists for linacs operating with high beam current as the input emittance is reduced to zero. In this paper, a mechanism for this limit is shown to be spread in the betatron frequencies of the individual particles due to the combination of space charge and r.f. gap forces, causing different transverse trajectories correlated with the instaneous longitudinal position of the particle. These trajectories cannot all be simultaneously matched to the average restoring forces, resulting in an overall emittance increase if the space charge force is a large fraction of the restoring force. In principle, equilibrium distributions may exist which would not grow. Raising the linac frequency or reducing longitudinal emittance improves the situation, but higher injection energy does not.

Field of study: Physics
Concerning Function Algebras.

This paper is devoted to an investigation of collections of functions that satisfy a condition similar to the hypothesis of Morera's theorem. We start with a function g that is continuous on the closed unit disk, and of hounded variation on each simple closed rectifiable curve C contained in the open unit disk U. We denote by A(g), the collection of all complex-valued simple closed rectifiable curve C contained in U. A(g) , with the usual pointwise addition and scalar multiplication of functions, is a Banach space under supremum norm. One of our main concerns is the study of conditions under which A(g) is closed under pointwise multiplication,and hence becomes a Banach algebra. In Chapter I, we impose conditions such that A(g) becomes an algebra. In three cases, A(g) is then identified with an algebra of analytic functions. These conditions are, respectively, that A(g) contain a nonconstant analytic function, that g be one-to-one and that g ̂ be of bounded variation on simple closed rectifiable curves, and that A(g) contain such a function. In the fourth case considered, A(g) can be identified with all complex-valued continuous functions on an arc. In Chapter II, we develop some of the general theory continuous functions on (T such that C 0 for each

Field of study: Mathematics
Micellar partitioning and its effects on Henry's law constants of chlorinated solvents in anionic and nonionic surfactant solutions.

Micellar partitioning of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons in surfactant solutions and its effects on vapor-liquid equilibrium is fundamental to the overall design and implementation of surfactant-enhanced aquifer remediation. Surfactant micelles greatly enhance contaminant recovery from the subsurface; however, the reduced volatility of organic compounds compromises the aboveground treatment of surfactant-laden wastewaters using air-stripping process. Batch equilibrium tests were performed to acquire micellar partition coefficients (Km) and apparent Henry's law constants (H*) of three prominent groundwater contaminants (tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, cis-dichlorethylene) in the presence of two anionic surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS; sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, SDBS) and two nonionic surfactants (Triton X-100 and Tween 80). The H* values were significantly reduced in the presence of all four surfactants over their critical micelle concentrations (cmc's). On a cmc basis, the anionic surfactant SDS had the greatest effect on H*, followed by SDBS, Triton X-100, and Tween 80. Anionic surfactants decreased H* to an order of magnitude lower than nonionic surfactants, although nonionic surfactants decreased the H* at concentrations significantly lower than the anionic surfactants due to their lower cmc's. Nonionic surfactants present higher Km and molar solubilization ratio than anionic surfactants. Tetrachloroethylene has the highest Km values among three chlorinated solvents, which agrees well with the hydrophobicity (Kow) of these chemicals. An empirical correlation between log Km and log Kow is developed on the basis of data from this study and the Km values reported for a number of chlorinated and nonchlorinated hydrocarbons. Equilibrium data were also tested against three sets of models that describe the partitioning of volatile compounds in vapor-water-micelle phases. Applications of these models in experimentally determining Km from batch vapor-water equilibrium data are discussed.

Field of study: Environmental science
Adult psychosis, common childhood infections and neurological soft signs in a national birth cohort.

Neurological soft signs preceding adult-onset schizophrenia suggest a neurodevelopmental origin and could reflect physical illness in childhood.



To investigate possible associations of adult-onset psychosis with neurological soft signs and common infectious illnesses in childhood.



Using data from the UK National Child Development Study, a longitudinal general population sample, odds ratios were calculated for clinical diagnoses of common childhood viral illnesses and later adult psychotic illness, childhood epilepsy and a range of neurological soft signs.



The number of illnesses per individual did not relate either to the number of soft signs, or to any particular adult outcome. Schizophrenia, affective psychosis and epilepsy were not associated with common childhood illness but were associated with neurological soft signs and an increased, but small, frequency of previous meningitis and tuberculosis.



Overall the data support the notion of neurological soft signs as markers of disordered neurodevelopment in schizophrenia (but the early neurological abnormalities are not caused by infectious illness) and an association between meningitis or tuberculosis in childhood and a small proportion of cases of epilepsy, affective psychosis and schizophrenia.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Effect of the Heating Rate on the Stability of the Three-phase Interstellar Medium

We investigate the impact of the far ultraviolet (FUV) heating rate on the stability of the three-phase interstellar medium using three-dimensional simulations of a $1$ kpc$^2$, vertically-extended domain. The FUV heating rate sets the range of thermal pressures across which the cold ($\sim10^2$ K) and warm ($\sim10^4$ K) neutral media (CNM and WNM) can coexist in equilibrium. Even absent a variable star formation rate regulating the FUV heating rate, the gas physics keeps the pressure in the two-phase regime: because radiative heating and cooling processes happen on shorter timescales than sound wave propagation, turbulent compressions tend to keep the interstellar medium within the CNM-WNM pressure regime over a wide range of heating rates. The thermal pressure is set primarily by the heating rate with little influence from the hydrostatics. The vertical velocity dispersion adjusts as needed to provide hydrostatic support given the thermal pressure: when the turbulent pressure $\langle\rho\rangle\sigma_z^2$ is calculated over scales $\gtrsim500$ pc, the thermal plus turbulent pressure approximately equals the weight of the gas. The warm gas volume filling fraction is $0.2<f_w<0.8$ over a factor of less than three in heating rate, with $f_w$ near unity at higher heating rates and near zero at lower heating rates. We suggest that cosmological simulations that do not resolve the CNM should maintain an interstellar thermal pressure within the two-phase regime.

Field of study: Physics
Pions in the light-cone nucleon and electromagnetic form factors

The light-cone Fock-state decomposition of the nucleon involves pion-quark core (π′N′ andπ′Δ′) components. The size of the quark core is at present of special importance for the analysis of the onset of colour transparency in the A(e,e′p) reactions. With the light-coneNπ′N′ andNπ′Δ′ vertex functions deduced from experimental data on high-energy proton fragmentation into nucleons and isobars, we evaluate the effect of the pionic cloud on the electromagnetic form factors of nucleons. We find the quark core radius to be about 10% smaller than the nucleon's radius. Analysis of the renormalization of the total nucleon-nucleon cross section for the presence of the pionic cloud suggests a similar core radius.

Field of study: Physics
Practice patterns in classic bladder exstrophy: A global perspective.

While evaluation and management options for classic bladder exstrophy (CBE) patients are numerous and varied, little is known regarding the relative utilization of these different methods throughout the world. A large group of exstrophy surgeons practicing globally was surveyed, seeking to document their methods of care.



A list of international exstrophy surgeons' email addresses was compiled using professional contacts and referral networking. An online survey was sent to each email address. Surgeons who had not performed a CBE closure within the previous 5 years were excluded. Survey questions queried the respondents' surgical practice type, years since training, and their preferred methods of preoperative evaluation, operative management, and postoperative management. Survey invitations were sent out starting in December 2014 and responses were collected for approximately 6 months.



A total of 1152 valid email addresses were invited, resulting in 293 respondents (25%) from 39 countries and every American Urological Association (AUA) section. Seventy-six were excluded, leaving 217 respondents (Table). Respondents reported a median of 17 years since finishing their surgical training (IQR 8-25 years). Practice types included pediatric urology (n = 209), general urology (n = 9), pediatric surgery (n = 59), and other practice makeup (n = 3). On subgroup analyses, there were no significant regional practice differences, with the exception of complete primary repair of exstrophy (CPRE) and oral opioid prescribing being significantly higher in North America compared to other regions.



Findings indicate that there may be diversity in CBE practice patterns globally. While most responding surgeons from regions outside of North America indicated modern staged repair of exstrophy (MSRE) as their preferred closure technique, a relatively equal distribution of respondents from North America selected CPRE and MSRE. A majority of North American surgeons chose performing osteotomies for both newborn and delayed closures, while an appreciable number of respondents from other regions selected never using osteotomies in their closures. Limitations to this study include a low survey response rate, particularly from surgeons outside of the United States, which may have significantly impacted the ability to draw meaningful global comparisons.



Global variation among practices of surgeons performing CBE closures may exist. The wide range of methods demonstrated by this survey suggests the need for more conclusive comparative studies to elucidate whether an optimal standard exists. Local social factors, access to surgical expertise and transportation to referral centers, and finances play a role in what constitutes the best operative approach.

Field of study: Medicine
Reliability and prediction of long-term performance of polymer-based materials

The prediction of long-term performance from short-term tests is the bottom line of polymer science and engineering for users of polymer-based materials (PBMs) - which means for scientists, engineers, and laymen, or, literally, for everybody. Methods of prediction of mechanical properties (creep, stress relaxation, dynamic mechanical behavior, tension, etc.) based on the chain relaxation capability (CRC), the stress-time and temperature-time correspondence principles are presented. The methods can be applied even to small amounts of experimental data (2 or 3 isotherms or 2 or 3 stress levels) and can produce much better results than the still used 1955 Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) equation. Successful applications of the CRC approach include multiphase systems, including polymer liquid crystal (PLC) copolymers. An extension to the tribological properties of PBMs (in particular, scratch healing) is outlined. A quantitative definition of materials brittleness was formulated in 2006; it is connected to results in both the mechanics and tribology of PBMs.

Field of study: Chemistry
SURFACE CONFIGURATION AND MOISTURE TRANSFERENCE DURING SEWAGE SLUDGE DRYING

The drying mechanism is important to the drying technology of sewage sludge.Using dynamic electronic balance and image acquisition technique, the paper studies the change of surface configuration and characteristics of moisture transference for three kinds of sewage sludge during drying.In the meantime,the paper also analyses the influence of sludge shape on moisture transference and the change of sludge apparent volume and porosity in the course of drying.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Methods and findings in an analysis of a vocal operant.

The relations among acoustic parameters of a vocal operant were considered and some methods for their measurement are described. Four human subjects (Ss) and one chick were employed in an experiment on the relations among vocal rate, vocal topography, and schedules of reinforcement. The earlier finding that schedules of reinforcement control human and infra-human vocal responding as they do other operants was replicated and extended to the case of variable-interval reinforcement. An analysis of response amplitude, pitch, and duration showed that the mean and variance of these parameters typically increase from CRF to VI, from VI to EXT and, for a second group of Ss, from CRF to EXT. The topography of the chick's vocal response appears to stand in the same relation to reinforcement operations as does the human vocal response.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Weight functions for a class of Liapunov functions in the plane

In this paper we give a class of weight functions which generate Liapunov functions for a general second-order differential system. In the special case of a Lienard equation we give conditions under which these weight functions may be chosen so as to improve certain known estimates of regions of asymptotic stability. The procedure is applied to a well-known equation and new estimates are obtained.

Field of study: Mathematics
Sorption and desorption of lindane by wood charcoal in fixed‐bed reactor

Sorption and desorption of lindane (y‐HCH) by wood charcoal (WC) and wood charcoal treated by 1N HNO3 (WCT) in fixed‐bed reactor (FBR) were investigated in this study. WCT revealed a better performance than WC, in removing lindane in FBR. The breakthrough of lindane was significantly affected by the size of WCT, flow rate to the FBR, and depth of WCT bed. The removal of lindane in the presence of mixture of other pesticides was considerably reduced. The design parameters for FBR were calculated based on the bed‐depth service time (BDST) approach. Many parameters Viz. depth of sorption zone, velocity of sorption, sorbent use rate, critical bed‐depth, bed efficiency, and service time, were determined for design of the fixed‐bed. Using the material balance principle, the characteristics of the wave‐front were evaluated and found that the wave‐front velocity is approximately equal to the sorption velocity determined from the BDST approach. Desorption studies were performed in dilute organic solvent m...

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Mean Beck Depression Inventory-II Total Scores by Type of Bipolar Episode

The 1996 Beck Depression Inventory-II was administered to 120 outpatients diagnosed with DSM-IV-TR bipolar I disorders who had recently experienced manic, mixed, or depressed episodes. A focused contrast supported the hypothesis that the mean Beck-II total score for the 40 patients with depressed episodes (M = 34.1, SD = 13.2) was higher than the mean Beck-II total score for the 40 patients with mixed episodes (M = 25.9, SD = 13.6) which was, in turn, higher than the mean Beck-II total score for the 40 patients with manic episodes (M = 11.7, SD = 7.8, p <.001). The Beck Depression Inventory-II appears to be useful for measuring self-reported depression in patients with bipolar I disorders.

Field of study: Psychology
A Hidden Sphinx by Agnolo Bronzino, "ex tabula Cebetis Thebani"

N 1568 GIORGIO VASARI DESCRIBED (from already dim memories) a now-famous allegorical painting that had been painted by Bronzino (Agnolo Allori) for Cosimo I de' Medici. Now usually known as The Exposure of Luxury, the picture in the National Gallery in London seems by general acknowledgement to have been done around 1545 made a picture of singular beauty" that was sent to the king of France, Franqois I. As best as Vasari could recall, the particulars of its complicated iconographic program were all devoted to variations on an erotic theme inasmuch as the picture included figures of "a nude Venus with [her son] Cupid, who was [shown] kissing her, and alongside [them] there were [other representations of] 'Pleasure il Piacere' and 'Idle Sport il Giuoco' accompanied by other 'Loves -Amori.' On the other side [of the composition] there were 'Fraud la Fraude,' 'Jealousy la Gelosia, and other [figurations of] 'Amorous Passions' [passioni d'amore]. "3 That there should be, then as now, a variety of interpretations of the intrinsic meanings of the individual figures in this complex painting is scarcely surprising. As a representative cultural product of the early Mannerist era, Bronzino was of course working at a time

Field of study: History
A Tribute to Hyman P. Minsky

Hyman P. Minsky (September 23, 1919-October 24, 1996) was the outstanding financial Keynesian of our time. He began his career as a professional economist in 1949, when he joined the economics faculty of Brown University. He learned economics during his undergraduate years from the University of Chicago "greats" that included Paul Douglas, Oscar Lange, Frank Knight, Henry Simons, Jacob Viner, and his close friend Gerhard Meyer, who was always available to explain what was not clear, and later at Harvard from Alvin Hansen, Wassily Leontief, and Joseph Schumpeter. The combined views of Hansen, who believed that the behavior of a market economy could be controlled by aggregate interventions, Simons, who believed that the efficiency and efficacy of aggregate interventions depended on market structures, and Lange, who was convinced that policy-oriented thinking and formulation need not consider allocation and accumulation issues simultaneously, formed the basis of Hy's research program. In developing the "financial fragility" paradigm, Minsky was especially influenced by Henry Simons. As Minsky saw it, in emphasizing the importance of the organization of production in a market economy, Simons implicitly advocated the need for a financial structure that would ensure the dynamic nature of the economic system. Hy became well-known as the author of four influential books, including John Maynard Keynes [1975], an incisive study of the "great man," Stabilizing an Unstable Economy [1986], and a score of articles in academic journals and the financial press. He was uncomfortable with ideological labels since on one hand, he

Field of study: Economics
A Study of the Difficulties of Chinese Rural Immigrants' Children's School Entering from the View of International Law

The Paper, from the international point of view, points out that lack of free migrating right causes the difficulties of rural immigrants' children's school entering , unfair education right causes the difficulties of their going to school, sex discrimination causes the difficulties of rural immgrants' daughters' going to college, and the unhealthy environment causes the difficulties of these rural immgrants' children in study .

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Ultrahigh-Q optomechanical crystal cavities fabricated in a CMOS foundry

Photonic crystals use periodic structures to create frequency regions where the optical wave propagation is forbidden, which allows the creation and integration of complex optical functionalities in small footprint devices. Such strategy has also been successfully applied to confine mechanical waves and to explore their interaction with light in the so-called optomechanical cavities. Because of their challenging design, these cavities are traditionally fabricated using dedicated high-resolution electron-beam lithography tools that are inherently slow, limiting this solution to small-scale or research applications. Here we show how to overcome this problem by using a deep-UV photolithography process to fabricate optomechanical crystals in a commercial CMOS foundry. We show that a careful design of the photonic crystals can withstand the limitations of the photolithography process, producing cavities with measured intrinsic optical quality factors as high as Qi = (1.21 ± 0.02) × 106. Optomechanical crystals are also created using phononic crystals to tightly confine the GHz sound waves within the optical cavity, resulting in a measured vacuum optomechanical coupling rate of g0 = 2π × (91 ± 4) kHz. Efficient sideband cooling and amplification are also demonstrated since these cavities are in the resolved sideband regime. Further improvements in the design and fabrication process suggest that commercial foundry-based optomechanical cavities could be used for quantum ground-state cooling.

Field of study: Physics
Cigarette smoking enhances T cell activation and a Th2 immune response; an aspect of the pathophysiology in periodontal disease.

Smoking is a strong risk factor for periodontitis. Treated patients who smoke show increased risk for further periodontal breakdown, despite receiving maintenance care. Previous work indicated that such patients have a monocytic cytokine response favoring Th2 activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the T lymphocytic cytokine production representing Th1 and Th2 subpopulations in smokers and non-smokers. Venous blood was collected from 30 treated periodontitis patients (12 smokers) and 24 healthy subjects (12 smokers). Whole blood cell cultures were stimulated and interferon (IFN)-gamma and interleukin (IL)-13 were measured in the culture supernatants, representing types 1 and 2 Th subpopulations, respectively. Unadjusted data showed that smokers had more lymphocytes, and higher levels of IFN-gamma and IL-13, irrespective of being periodontal patient. However in a multivariate analysis, increased IFN-gamma production was not significantly explained by smoking, while higher IL-13 was strongly explained by smoking (21%, p<0.001). We suggest that the increased Th activity and specifically an elevated Th2 profile in smokers may constitute a risk for smoking patients which may induce conversion of periodontal stability into progressive disease. This phenomenon may be equally important in other conditions, where connective tissue and bone loss are hallmarks of disease pathophysiology.

Field of study: Medicine