nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Motivational Orientations of Older Adults in University Courses as Described by Factor and Cluster Analyses

AbstractFew studies have been done on the motivation of older adults in higher education, and fewer yet of the structure of their reasons for participation. This study sought to fill this void by using data on 78 adult learners aged 62 to 85. Both factor and cluster analyses were done on an expanded inventory of reasons including subsets as markers for factors established on younger adults and additional items to fit this life stage. The factor pattern and a five-cluster solution differed appreciably from patterns found on younger adults. The findings challenge a recent assertion that the structural foundations of such motivational orientations have now been well set.

Field of study: Education
Neonatal testosterone propionate treatment in the female gerbil: morphological and behavioral effects.

The present experiment examined the effects of a single neonatal injection of 1 mg or 100 micrograms of testosterone propionate (TP) on the sexual behavior and morphology of the female Mongolian gerbil. Four groups were created: vehicle-treated males (VM), 1-mg TP-treated females (HTP), 100-micrograms TP-treated females (LTP), and vehicle-treated females (VF). In adulthood, tests of sexual behavior were carried out after gonadectomy and appropriate hormone replacement therapy. Results indicated that LTP, HTP, and VM animals were significantly less receptive than VF animals. In addition, VM animals displayed significantly more male sexual activity than HTP, LTP, or VF animals. Immediately after the final test for male sexual behavior, subjects were weighed, anogenital distances recorded, and scent glands measured (length and width). Results indicated that a significant degree of morphological masculinization had occurred in HTP subjects for all measures and for LTP subjects for scent gland width and anogenital distance. These findings suggest that in the gerbil, significant morphological masculinization and behavioral defeminization can both occur in teh absence of significant behavioral masculinization.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Monitoring of biochemical indexes of marathoner LI Zhu-hong during sub highland training

For preparing for the Beijing Olympic Games,marathoner LI Zhu-hong carried out 4-week action specific training on a sub highland 1750 meters above sea level in Yuzhong,Lanzhu.In order to understand the degree of simulation produced by exercise loads subjected to LI Zhu-hong during sub highland training to his body,and to grasp sub highland training patterns,the authors tracked and tested conventional uric indexes and some biochemical indexes of LI Zhu-hong at different training load stages during sub highland training,and revealed the following findings: different exercise loads and intensities have no significant effect on the number of red blood cells;training with high exercise intensities can increase the levels of serum urea nitrogen and creatine kinase,and significantly increase the percentages of testosterone and cortisol,which recovered their normal levels after exercising;there is no significant change in specific gravity of urine,acetone body,nitrite and white blood cells before and after exercise loads;the levels of urine protein,occult blood,bilirubin and urine bladder essence increase after exercising.It is discovered via biochemical index test and analysis that sub highland training can produce a relatively profound effect on the body of the athletes,which is helpful to athlete training.

Field of study: Education
Acquaintanceship, familiarity, and coordinated laughter in writing tutorials

This study compared the frequency, structure, and purposes of laughter in writing tutorials between 46 acquainted and unacquainted tutor–student pairs. Of particular interest were instances of shared, or coordinated laughter, which took the form of sequenced, simultaneous, and extended laughter. Familiarity, viewed as a continuum, was also investigated with reference to coordinated laughter. Results showed that coordinated laughter was indeed more frequent in acquainted-pair interactions, and in those interactions where both tutor and student moved beyond laughter as a way of mitigating face threat to a resource in developing familiarity. Implications are suggested for future research on acquaintanceship, familiarity, and laughter in educational settings.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
Effect of Sowing Time on Incidence of Shoot Fly, Atherigona miliaceae in Little Millet

Trials were conducted duringkharif 1991 and 1992 at the Agriculture Research Station (OUAT), Berhampore, Ganjam, Orissa, India to study the effect of sowing time on the incidence of shoot fly (Atherigona miliacae Malloch) in little millet. Early-sown crop (up to 21st July) was less vulnerable than late-sown crops. Grain yield of the late-sown crops was comparable to the early-sown crops in both years. Differences in shoot fly damage among the varieties were not significant. On yield basis, SS 81-1 was considered to be a suitable variety for this region.

Field of study: Biology
Quantitative analysis of myelin protein gene expression during development in the rat sciatic nerve.

We determined the temporal profile of expression of the genes encoding the P0 glycoprotein, the myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), the myelin basic protein (MBP), the proteolipid protein (PLP), and 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNP) in the sciatic nerve of rats. The level of expression of the MAG gene occurred maximally in animals 13 days of age, approximately one week earlier than the peak expression of the MBP and P0 genes. The genes encoding PLP and CNP were not expressed developmentally in a manner that correlated with the myelination of the sciatic nerve. Furthermore, using RNA synthesized in vitro, specific for each of the myelin protein genes, we have determined the absolute amounts of messenger RNA for the various myelin proteins in total RNA from sciatic nerves. P0 and MBP RNA were present at very high levels, whereas the amount of MAG, PLP and CNP RNA were much less.

Field of study: Biology
Populist foreign policy: the case of Italy

The purpose of this paper is to answer the following four questions using Italy as a case study: (A) does populism represent, in the realm of foreign policy, a substantive rupture with its predecessors? (B) Are there differences between left-wing and right-wing populists in the realm of foreign affairs?  In what ways do domestic institutions constrain or enable populist action in the international arena? (D) Are international opportunities and constraints, especially ones which derive from a country’s geopolitical position in the international system, an important determinant of populist foreign policy? General conclusions derived from the Italian case are that populist foreign policy does represent a substantive rupture with the international political orientations of traditional parties; that there are some differences between left-wing and right-wing populists in the realm of international affairs but that their similarities are more important; domestic institutions only partially constrain populists’ foreign policy; and that structural international pressures are an important determinant of populist foreign policy. Another general conclusion is that populist governments among medium- or weaker-sized states use “soft balancing” as a tool of foreign policy.

Field of study: Political science
Learning Languages without Grammar

This article presents how natural approach is effective in teaching or learning language using this Natural Approach learners will be able to elicit the language like small children are learning their mother tongue in their family. Many language teachers of English, Turkish and Arabic insist on the structure of the language, they claimed that it should be firstly taught the grammar then the learner will be able to learn and use it. This paper examines Stephen Krashen, and Tracy David Terrell’s The Natural Approach .Whereas well-given examples of Communicative Approach that, was developed by Robert Langs MD, in the early 1970's.The results show that learners should get input in the current language. By using and practicing the input, language learners will get improvement. The work presented here was profound implications for future studies of language learning and may help solve the problem of practicing foreign language. DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2014.v4n2p39

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Heat shock factor-1 mediates the transcriptional activation of Alzheimer's beta-amyloid precursor protein gene in response to stress.

Stress may be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. There is a heat shock element located at position -317 bp on the beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP) gene promoter. Recently we demonstrated [4] that stress, in the form of heat shock, ethanol and sodium arsenite treatment, transcriptionally activates the beta-APP gene. In this report we demonstrate that the nuclear factor that mediates this activation is heat shock factor-1.

Field of study: Biology
Non-syndromic Oculocutaneous Albinism: Novel Genetic Variants and Clinical Follow Up of a Brazilian Pediatric Cohort

Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is a genetic disorder characterized by skin, hair, and eye hypopigmentation due to a reduction or absence of melanin. Clinical manifestations include vision problems and a high susceptibility to skin cancer. In its non-syndromic form, OCA is associated with six genes and one chromosomal region. Because OCA subtypes are not always clinically distinguishable, molecular analysis has become an important tool for classifying types of OCA, which facilitates genetic counseling and can guide the development of new therapies. We studied eight Brazilian individuals aged 1.5–18 years old with clinical diagnosis of OCA. Assessment of ophthalmologic characteristics showed results consistent with albinism, including reduced visual acuity, nystagmus, and loss of stereoscopic vision. We also observed the appearance of the strabismus and changes in static refraction over a 2-year period. Dermatologic evaluation showed that no participants had preneoplastic skin lesions, despite half of the participants reporting insufficient knowledge about skin care in albinism. Whole-exome and Sanger sequencing revealed eight different mutations: six in the TYR gene and two in the SLC45A2 gene, of which one was novel and two were described in a population study but were not previously associated with the OCA phenotype. We performed two ophthalmological evaluations, 2 years apart; and one dermatological evaluation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to perform clinical follow-up and genetic analysis of a Brazilian cohort with albinism. Here, we report three new OCA causing mutations.

Field of study: Biology
Habituation and dishabituation of the proleg withdrawal reflex in larvae of the sphinx hawk, Manduca sexta.

The neural circuit for the proleg withdrawal reflex (PWR) of Manduca sexta larvae exhibits activity-dependent plasticity. This study demonstrates habituation and dishabituation of PWR behavior. Repeated deflection of 1 or 5 mechanosensory hairs on a proleg at a 60-s interstimulus interval (ISI) for 20 trials produced a significant decrease in evoked force of proleg withdrawal. Habituation was similar with 30-s and 60-s ISIs and nonsignificant with a 5-min ISI or without repeated stimulation. Habituated responses recovered after cessation of stimulation or pinch of the body wall (dishabituation). The role of intersegmental influences was tested by severing connectives to leave different numbers of ganglia connected to the test segment. Habituation was robust even in test segments that were disconnected from the rest of the central nervous system. The PWR of Manduca is appropriate for further analysis of cellular mechanisms underlying learning.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Reversal of sensorimotor gating abnormalities in Fmr1 knockout mice carrying a human Fmr1 transgene.

Fragile X syndrome is caused by a CGG trinucleotide repeat expansion of the FMR1 gene. Individuals with fragile X display several behavioral abnormalities including hyperactivity, social anxiety, autistic-like features, impaired cognitive processing, and impaired sensorimotor gating. The Fmr1KO mouse model of fragile X exhibits several related behavioral phenotypes such as increased activity and altered social interactions. Individuals with fragile X also have impaired sensorimotor gating as measured using the prepulse inhibition of startle response. The authors have recently shown that Fmr1KO mice with a yeast artificial chromosome containing the human FMR1 gene have corrected or overcorrected abnormal behaviors including hyperactivity and altered social interactions. Here the authors present results from a study examining abnormal sensorimotor gating in Fmr1KO mice. Consistent with previous findings, Fmr1KO mice have increased prepulse inhibition. The KO mice with the yeast artificial chromosome containing the human FMR1 gene had levels of prepulse inhibition comparable to WT mice, indicating not only a correction of this phenotype, but also clearly demonstrating that in mice levels of the fragile X mental retardation protein regulate sensorimotor gating.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
[HIV-1 infection up-regulating expression of interferon-stimulated gene 15 in cell lines].

To investigate whether HIV-1 infection affects expression of interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) and determine the antiviral effect of ISG15 in vitro, ISG15 expression at transcription and protein level and supernatant p24 of HIV-1 was detected in various HIV-1 infected or transfected cell lines, respec tively. HIV-1 molecular clone pNL4-3 was used to transfect 293T, TZM-bl and HeLa cells while HIV-1 pseudo-typed virus was used to infect Jurkat, MT-1 and THP-1 cells. After twenty-four hours post infection or transfection, cells were harvested for extraction of total RNAs and subsequently used in real time PCR for quantification of ISG15 transcriptional expression. After forty-eight hours post infection or transfection, cells were harvested for extraction of total proteins to detect ISG15 protein expression. A significant up-regulation of ISG15 at transcription level was observed in HIV-1 infected or transfected cell lines, particulaly in THP-1 and TZM-bl cells. Up-regulation of ISG15 protein was observed only in TZM-bl cell. Cotransfection of ISG15 and HIV-1 indicated that ISG15 inhibited production of HIV-1 progeny virus in a dose and time depend manner in 293T cell but not TZM-bl cell. These results revealed upregulating ISG15 expression in transcriptional level and potential antagonistic mechanism against ISG15 by HIV-1 infection, simultanelusly.

Field of study: Biology
Protein kinase C in the rat retina: immunocharacterization of calcium-independent δ, ϵ and ζ isoenzymes

Using isoenzyme-specific antibodies, subtypes of protein kinase C were determined in isolated retinae of dark adapted and light-exposed rats by SDS-PAGE-Western blotting. In addition to the previously observed α and β-subspecies, the rat retina also expressed the δ, ϵ- and ζ-isoenzymes of protein kinase C. Exposure of the animals to physiological or high levels of light does not elicit changes in the pattern or in the distribution of the different isoenzymes in the cytosolic or particulate fractions. This study demonstrates, for the first time, the presence of three calcium-independent protein kinase C isoenzymes in the rat retina.

Field of study: Biology
Generalization of free-operant avoidance behavior in pigeons.

Three groups of four pigeons, trained to press a treadle on a free-operant avoidance schedule, were given auditory discrimination training. Alternating 2-min components of avoidance and no shock were paired with either a tone or white noise. The pigeons were subsequently given two types of generalization tests, with and without avoidable shocks scheduled. Two of the groups, trained interdimensionally, produced excitatory and inhibitory generalization gradients along the tone frequency dimension. A predicted post-discrimination gradient was computed from the algebraic summation of these gradients of excitation and inhibition. The predicted gradient was compared with the actual post-discrimination gradient obtained from the third group of pigeons that had been given intradimensional discrimination training on the tone frequency dimension. The predicted postdiscrimination gradient agreed in shape with the empirical postdiscrimination gradient. The results in general support Spence's (1937) gradient interaction theory.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Teachers’ Career Satisfaction and Students’ Academic Performance in Delta Public Secondary Schools

This study examined the influence of teachers’ gender, educational and teaching experience on teacher’s career satisfaction. It further looked at the contribution of the limited literature on teachers’ career satisfaction in developing countries like Nigeria. It critically examined the influence of teachers’ gender, educational and teaching experience on teachers’ career satisfaction and students’ academic performance. The instrument used for the study was tagged teachers’ career satisfaction questionnaire (TCSQ). The instrument had a reliable coefficient of 0.87. The result of the analysis showed that female teachers were slightly more satisfied than male teachers: the higher the educational attainment of teachers the lower the teachers’ career satisfaction; and that the most experienced teachers were least satisfied. Sources of dissatisfaction are low salary structure, low public image and lack of self esteem of teachers, due to the fact that highly qualified and experienced teachers are not being rewarded adequately. Some factors are predictable but other are less so having to do with societal values of teachers in Nigeria. It was recommended that government and other stakeholders in education should implement measures that will ensure a high level of career satisfaction for teachers in all ramifications.

Field of study: Education, Sociology
The Feasibility of Using Computer and Internet in Teaching Family Education for the 8th Grade Class.

This paper is just a sample template for the prospective authors of IISTE Over the decades, the concepts of holons and holonic systems have been adopted in many research fields, but they are scarcely attempted on labour planning. A literature gap exists, thus motivating the author to come up with a holonic model that uses exponential smoothing to forecast some quantitative variables in labour-intensive production. These varying parameters include the machine utilisation that reflects the demand and the worker absenteeism and turnover that constitute the disturbance. Collective equations are formulated to periodically compute the number of workers required. For model validation purpose, twenty-four-month data analysis is conducted on a mock-up basis.  computer, internet, teaching, family education.

Field of study: Education
The importance of awareness for eyeblink conditioning is conditional: theoretical comment on Bellebaum and Daum (2004).

Eyeblink conditioning entails a variety of paradigms that differ in terms of the brain systems that support conditioning and the importance of awareness. In this issue, C. Bellebaum and I. Daum (2004) that reports that conditional discrimination learning depends on awareness. Their findings, along with other recent work, suggest a framework whereby the temporal features of the conditioning paradigm are critical in determining the ability of the cerebellum to support conditioning and, as a result, the role of awareness in conditioning.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Age-related alterations in cytochrome c-mediated caspase activation in rhesus macaque monkey (Macaca mulatta) brains.

Age-related changes and regional differences in caspase expression were determined in the primate brain. Using immunoblot analysis, the levels of endogenous caspase-3, caspase-9 and cytochrome c-triggered activated caspase-3 were examined in brain homogenates from the prefrontal, motor and visual cortices, cerebellum, hippocampus and amygdala of 4-year-old and 20-year-old rhesus macaques. Procaspase-3 was detected in similar quantities in all brain regions of both young and aging macaques. Being found in all brain regions, caspase-9 was significantly elevated in old macaques as compared to young ones. After incubation with cytochrome c, active forms of caspase-3 were detected in all brain regions of young and old macaques. In almost all brain regions of old monkeys, the levels of cytochrome c-dependent caspase-3 activation were higher than those of young macaques. These results suggest that the aging rhesus macaque brain has a lower threshold to apoptotic stimuli.

Field of study: Biology
TINGKAT KEBUGARAN JASMANI ANGGOTA UKM FUTSAL UNIVERSITAS TEKNOKRAT INDONESIA

Sports Activity is related to achievements that is inseparable from some factors and one of them is physical fitness. Following the physical fitness by the members of Futsal Club Universitas Teknokrat Indonesia is unknown. This research aims to reveal the level of physical fitness of the members of Futsal Student Activity Universitas Teknokrat Indonesia, with 29 members involved. The data collecting technique uses the instrument of TKJI that consists of 5 tests that are: 50 meters Running Test, Push Up, Sit Up, Vertical Jump, Run 1.2 Kilometers, the data analyzing technique of this research uses the descriptive statistics analysis with percentage. The result shows that the level of physical fitness of Futsal Club Universitas Teknokrat Indonesia, 5 students (17,24%) classified as good, 20 students (68,96%) classified as average, 4 students (13,79%) classified as deficient, and there are no students that classified great and awful. Hence, the result of the physical fitness level test towards the members of Futsal Club Universitas Teknokrat Indonesia can be classified as average.  Physical Fitness, Test , Run, Push Up, Sit Up, Vertical Jump

Field of study: Education
Sensorimotor Representation and Functional Motor Changes Following Short-Term Arm Immobilization

Limb immobilization paradigms are increasingly used to investigate changes in brain plasticity and support potential rehabilitation techniques that might help counteract motor impairments. Yet, it remains unclear how unilateral arm immobilization may influence the sensorimotor representation and functional output for both arms. Using a randomized crossover design, 14 participants underwent a baseline test, followed by two experimental conditions separated by 1 week: a right (dominant) arm immobilization phase over a period of 8 hr and a no-immobilization (or control) phase also lasting 8 hr. Before and after each condition, participants were tested on a hand laterality judgment task to assess changes in sensorimotor representation of the hands, followed by an out-and-back reaching motor task measuring changes in spatiotemporal components of motor actions. Data from the hand laterality judgment task revealed that participants were faster at identifying right-hand pictures after the control phase, but such improvement was not observed after the immobilization phase, with no effect of immobilization for pictures depicting the overused left hand. Results from the reaching motor task revealed that the right-arm movement planning component was altered after immobilization, whereas there was no effect for the overused left arm. Altogether, these findings demonstrate that an 8-hr period of unilateral immobilization affects sensorimotor representation and functions of the corresponding limb, but not of the overused, nonimmobilized hand.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology