nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Carbon phases on nickel surfaces

The conditions of the formation of different carbon surface phases on nickel substrates by the example of a planar Ni( 110) surface and a stepped Ni(771 ) surface similar in structure were determined. The structure of the phases was investigated by means of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and the influence of carbon on the structure of the nickel surface was demonstrated. The process of graphene synthesis by propylene cracking is described. A method for forming graphene islands on nickel is proposed. A variety of phase transitions between the carbon surface phases (e.g., surface carbide, graphene, and graphene islands) and the reasons for their irreversibility are discussed. The relation between the structures of the surface carbide phases and the crystal structures of the initial surfaces for two different substrates is shown.

Field of study: Physics
A novel spliced form of meyoloid progenitor inhibitory factor-1

To study the structure and function of MPIF-1 (meyoloid progenitor inhibitory factor-1).   There was a novel spliced isoform MPIF-1β. DNA sequencing showed additional 17 amino acids encoded by the third exon, and replaced the 5′R with a G. SDS-PAGE showed that MPIF-1β recombinant protein has a molecular mass about 14kD-15kD. Bioassay showed that the MPIF-1β can also inhibite haemopoietic stem cell proliferation.  The MPIF-1β is a novel isoform of MPIF-1 with similar bioactivity.

Field of study: Biology
Visual method of fault diagnosis for a complicated process

A visual method of fault diagnosis for a complicated process was developed based on self-organizing map (SOM).Due to the high dimensionality of the complicated process, principal component analysis (PCA) was introduced to reduce the dimension of the process data.Then the self-organizing map was utilized to project the preprocessed data onto a 2D visualization space in which different process conditions were represented by different regions.Online monitoring could be achieved by the dynamic trajectory in the visualization space.The cause of certain fault could be deduced from the U-matrix of the derived SOM network and the loadings vector of the principal components.The application to the Tennessee Eastman process (TEP) demonstrated that fault detection and diagnosis could be carried out in a more intuitional and practical manner by using the proposed method.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Betulinic acid inhibits autophagic flux and induces apoptosis in human multiple myeloma cells in vitro

To investigate the effects of betulinic acid (BA) on apoptosis and autophagic flux in multiple myeloma cells and the relationship between the two processes.The proliferation of human multiple myeloma KM3 cells was measured with MTT assay. FITC/PI double-labeled flow cytometry (FCM) and Hoechst 33258 staining were used to analyze the cell apoptosis. Caspase 3, PARP, Beclin1, LC3-II, and P62 were detected using Western blotting.Treatment of KM3 cells with BA (5−25 μg/mL) suppressed the cell proliferation in time- and dose-dependent manners. The IC50 values at 12, 24, and 36 h were 22.29, 17.36, and 13.06 μg/mL, respectively. BA treatment dose-dependently induced apoptosis of KM3 cells, which was associated with the activation of caspase 3. However, Z-DEVD-FMK, a specific inhibitor of caspase 3, did not decrease, but rather sensitized the cells to BA-induced apoptosis, suggesting an alternative mechanism involved. On other hand, BA treatment dose-dependently increased the accumulation of LC3-II and P62 in KM3 cells, representing the inhibition of autophagic flux. Furthermore, BA treatment dose-dependently downregulated the expression of Beclin 1, an important inducer of autophagy, in KM3 cells. In the presence of BA, Z-DEVD-FMK induced autophagy and increased the amount of LC3-II in KM3 cells, which may occur via attenuating BA-induced decrease in the level of Beclin 1. Similarly, rapamycin, an autophagy inducer, increased the amount of LC3-II in KM3 cells. In the presence of BA, rapamycin caused further increase in the amount of LC3-II. Furthermore, rapamycin sensitized BA-treated KM3 cells to apoptosis.The results demonstrate that BA induces apoptosis and blocks autophagic flux in KM3 cells. Furthermore, in addition to activation of caspase 3, the inhibition of autophagic flux also contributes to the BA-mediated apoptosis of KM3 cells.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Multiproduct Equilibrium Price Dispersion

The model of Burdett and Judd (Econometrica51 (1993), 955-969) is generalized to the case of may goods. Consumers choose the best price observed for each good. There are two classes of equilibria, those that involve constant expected profits for each good independently of price and those with increasing profits for each good in price. A continuum of the latter type always exists. These equilibria are qualitatively different than the unique equilibrium of the single-good case. Journal of Economic Literature

Field of study: Economics
Suppression and feedback control of anomalous induced backscattering by pump-frequency modulation.

The possibility of induced backscattering parametric decay instability resonant suppression by harmonic pump-frequency modulation is demonstrated experimentally. It is shown that the pump anomalous reflection is strongly reduced at the modulation frequency equal to the difference of the decay instability eigenfrequencies. The parametric instability feedback control method is proposed based on this effect.

Field of study: Physics
Simulation and Experiment Research on the Dynamic Levitation Force of Bulk Superconductors Under a Varying External Magnetic Field

In practical high-temperature superconducting (HTS) maglev systems, it was found that the levitation force of the onboard bulk superconductors may attenuate gradually under the inhomogeneous magnetic field. The corresponding phenomenon is that the levitation height will decay in the macroscopic and affects the long-term stability of the maglev vehicle. Thus, it is of great significance to study the dynamic levitation force of bulk superconductors under a varying external magnetic field and lay a foundation for the moderate and high-speed HTS maglev system application. In this paper, first, an experiment related to the dynamic levitation performance of YBCO bulks is carried out with a self-developed HTS maglev dynamic measurement system for the investigation of force attenuation. Then, a corresponding two-dimensional simulation model based on the finite element software of COMSOL Multiphysics 5.3 is built to research the dynamic levitation force of bulk superconductors moving above a nonuniform magnetic field. In the simulation, the electromagnetic properties are calculated using the H-formulation, and the moving mesh is employed to implement the relative movement between the bulk superconductors and permanent magnets. The experiment process is repeated in the simulation model, and the simulation results agree with the experimental results.

Field of study: Physics
Les relations inter-organisationnelles sur le terrain de la consolidation de la paix: le cas de la Bosnie-et-Herzégovine (1995–2010)

Inter-organizational relations in peacebuilding operations: The case of Bosnia-and-Herzegovina (1995–2010) This article aims to understand the transformations of inter-organizational relations (IORs) within peacebuilding operations. It introduces a three-level framework which forms an interactive system: the first level of analysis is within the states and the international organizations (IOs) involved; the second level is at the international level; the third is between the IOs and between them and the host society. The second part of the article analyses the case of Bosnia-Herzegovina, from the Dayton peace agreement in 1995 until 2010. It shows a radical evolution from parallel action (1995–1997), based on the initial international political balance; to a close collaboration (1998–2005), which took the form of a trusteeship; to an open conflict about the approach to use (2006–2010), resulting from an incomplete transition of the leadership to the EU and the lack of an international political consensus.

Field of study: Political science
Synthesis of Acyclic Nucleotide Analogues Derived from 6-Hetarylpurines via Cross-Coupling Reactions of 9-[2-(Diethoxyphosphonylmethoxy)ethyl]-6-iodopurine with Hetaryl Organometallic Reagents

The title acyclic nucleotide analogues derived from 6-hetarylpurines were prepared by Pd(0)-catalysed cross-coupling reactions of 9-[2-(diethoxyphosphonylmethoxy)ethyl]-6-iodopurine ( 1 ) with hetarylorganometallics: (pyridin-2-yl)-, (imidazol-2-yl)- and (pyrrol-2-yl)zinc chlorides or (imidazol-5-yl)- stannanes, followed by deprotection in fair to good yields. The starting 6-iodopurine derivative 1 was prepared by iododeamination of the adenine derivative.

Field of study: Chemistry
Analyzing bug fix for automatic bug cause classification

During the bug fixing process, developers usually need to analyze the source code to induce the bug cause, which is useful for bug understanding and localization. The bug fixes of historical bugs usually reflects the bug causes when fixing them. This paper aims at exploiting the corresponding relationship between bug causes and bug fixes to automatically classify bugs into their cause categories. First, we define the code-related bug classification criterion from the perspective of the cause of bugs. Then, we propose a new model to exploit the knowledge in the bug fix by constructing fix trees from the diff source code at Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) level, and representing each fix tree based on the encoding method of Tree-based Convolutional Neural Network (TBCNN). Finally, the corresponding relationship between bug causes and bug fixes is analyzed by automatically classifying bugs into their cause categories. We collected 2000 real-world bugs from two open source projects Mozilla and Radare2 to evaluate our approach. The experimental results show the existence of observational correlation between the bug fix and the cause of the historical bugs, and the proposed fix tree can effectively express the characteristics of the historical bugs for bug cause classification.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Nitrate leaching in dairy farming: economic effects of environmental restrictions

Nitrate leaching is an important environmental problem, because it causes pollution of groundwater and surface water. Dairy farming makes an important contribution to nitrate leaching. This study analyses the economic impacts of reductions in nitrate leaching for dairy farms in the Netherlands. Using a non-linear partial optimisation model for the economic and ecological aspects of the problem, the study shows how the financial balances of dairy farms change when nitrate losses are reduced to the maximum admissible nitrate leakage of 34 kg N ha−1 year−1. Model results indicate that the differences in the reduction of financial balance vary between NLG 0 and 549 ha−1 year−1, while in some cases it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to reach the maximum admissible level.

Field of study: Environmental science
A controlled experiment investigation of an object-oriented design heuristic for maintainability

The study presented in this paper is a controlled experiment, aiming at investigating the impact of a design heuristic, dealing with the `god class' problem, on the maintainability of object-oriented designs. In other words, we wish to better understand to what extent a specific design heuristic contributes to the quality of designs developed. The experiment has been conducted using undergraduate students as subjects, performing on two system designs using the Coad & Yourdon method. The results of this study provide evidence that the investigated design heuristic: (a) affects the evolution of design structures; and (b) considerably affects the way participants apply the inheritance mechanism.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Natural history and cardiac manifestations of homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia.

Forty-nine patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (diagnosed on the basis of family history, xanthomatosis, total serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein receptor status) were studied over a period of 13 years, and underwent cardiovascular assessment. Eleven died, nine of myocardial infarction. Seven underwent coronary artery bypass, and another five had surgery to relieve supravalvular and valvular aortic stenosis. A distinctive pattern of disease was noted. Coronary ostial stenosis (four patients) and aortic root stenosis (six patients), both consequences of aortic root cholesterol deposition, were the typical manifestations of heart disease in childhood and adolescence. Adults developed severe coronary artery disease with a high incidence of main stem lesions (four of five patients). Surgery provided effective treatment for coronary artery disease and aortic outflow tract stenosis. Overall survival appeared to be better than reported in other studies which may reflect the 'receptor-defective' status of this group of patients.

Field of study: Medicine
Expression of GABAA receptor α5 subunit-like immunoreactivity in human hippocampus

To investigate the distribution of GABAA receptor α5 subunit expression in brain, polyclonal antisera were raised, characterised and applied to human and rat brain sections. The resultant antibodies detected a major band of 53 kDa in sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis immunoblots. Abundant immunostaining was demonstrated in the hippocampal formation in multiple cell types, although predominantly in pyramidal neurons. These data are supportive of GABA-ergic involvement in cognition, and suggest that this influence may be mediated through receptors containing the α5 subunit.

Field of study: Biology
Direct evidence for the role of streaming motion in the hot-hole p-Ge laser

To date the role of streaming motion in hot-hole p-Ge lasers has been inferred only through theoretical considerations; in this paper we present experimental proof of the importance of streaming motion for p-Ge lasers. We have performed magnetoabsorption measurements in p-Ge under intense crossed electric and magnetic fields. Observation of the change of a magneto-optical resonance from loss (absorption) to gain with increasing electric field has enabled us to identify directly the high-field lasing transition for the first time. It is confirmed to be the light-hole b-set n=1-0 transition in the coupled band model. By analysing emission data obtained with stressed laser crystals we suggest impurity-related cyclotron resonance transitions to be involved in the lasing process for high-concentration samples.

Field of study: Materials science
Graphitization of a diamond surface upon high-dose ion bombardment

Results from structural and morphological studies, measurements of the sheet electrical resistance, and estimating resistivity ρm of a graphite-like conducting surface layer formed upon high-dose irradiation of the (111) face of a synthetic diamond with Ar+ ions at an energy of 30 keV and a target temperature of 400°C are presented. It is found that the orienting effect of the diamond lattice is visible in the suppression of the formation of graphite crystallites with axis c perpendicular to the surface. The thickness of the modified layer is 40–50 nm, and its sheet resistance is 0.5 kΩ/sq. Resistivity ρm = 20–25 μΩ m of the modified layer lies within the range of ρ values of graphite and glassy carbon materials.

Field of study: Physics
Technology Experiment of ZL101A-T6 Aluminum Alloy Winstand Tank Body by V Modeling Casting

ZL101A-T6 aluminum alloy winstand tank body by V modeling casting was studied by ladder bottom injecting type gating system based on the modification and refined in the intermediate frequency furnace and.crucible insulation furnace.The results show that slag bringed by second oxidize of aluminum liquid is decreased. And pinholes of flange and network shrinkage defects are eliminated.Loose because of wall thick result in bad gas tightness problem is solved.the quantity of batch produces are verificatied that one check leak rate has attained above 92% for several years.And the technology of aluminum alloy winstand tank body by V modeling casting is offered.

Field of study: Materials science
The Study on the Storage System of the News Website

The primary service of the news website is to provide the internet users with news and information.Therefore its data is mainly consists of static files such as html pages. The traditional distributed storage mode under which the data is difficult to be shared and backup has brought great inconvenience to our system maintenance and administration. This article analyzes three most popular storage modes DAS SAN and NAS providing us with a storage solution which suits the news website best.

Field of study: Computer science
Perceived Academic Stress among Undergraduate Students in a Nigerian University

The purpose of the study was to investigate the levels of perceived academic stress among undergraduate students in a University in Nigeria. Purposive sampling was used to select three Faculties from the fourteen Faculties in the University. Simple random sampling was used to select 427 undergraduate students from the three Faculties to participate in the study. Data on perceived academic stress were collected with the aid of the Perceived Academic Stress Scale (PASS) which was adapted from Bedewy and Gabriel (2015) and re-validated for the study. Data collected for the study were analysed with descriptive and inferential statistics. The perceived academic stress levels of the respondents were compared on the basis of sex, age, level /year of study and Faculty /course of study. The hypotheses formulated for the study were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that male undergraduate students reported higher academic stress level than the females. Undergraduate students in the Faculty of Physical Sciences reported significantly higher academic stress levels than students in the Faculties of Education and Social Sciences. Final year students also reported higher academic stress than students in the first and middle years of study. There was no difference in perceived academic stress levels based on the age of the students. It was concluded that sex of student, level of study and course of study influence perception of academic stress among undergraduate students. Implications for Students’ counselling were discussed.

Field of study: Education, Sociology
The realized warming fraction: a multi-model sensitivity study

The degree of physical-biogeochemical equilibration of the climate system determines for how long global warming will continue after anthropogenic CO2 emissions have ceased. The physical part of this equilibration process is quantified by the realized warming fraction (RWF), but RWF estimates differ strongly between different climate models. Here we analyze the RWF spread and its physical causes in three model ensembles: 1. an ensemble of comprehensive climate models, 2. an ensemble of reduced-complexity models, and 3. an observationally constrained parameter ensemble of the Bern3D-LPX reduced-complexity model. We show that RWF is generally lower in models with higher equilibrium climate sensitivity. The RWF uncertainty from applying different extrapolation methods for climate sensitivity is substantial, but smaller than the inter-model spread in the three ensembles. We decompose the inter-model spread of RWF using a diagnostic global energy balance model, to compare the spread contribution by the climate sensitivity to contributions by other physical quantities: the efficiency and efficacy of ocean heat uptake, and the effective radiative forcing. In the ensembles of the comprehensive climate models and the Bern3D-LPX model, the spread of the RWF is mostly determined by the spread of the climate sensitivity; for the reduced-complexity models, the spread contribution by the ocean heat uptake efficiency is dominant. Compared to the comprehensive models, the reduced-complexity models have a lower range of climate sensitivities and lower, more unitary ocean heat uptake efficacies, resulting in higher RWF. However, by tuning such models to higher climate sensitivities, they can also achieve RWF values in the lower range of comprehensive models, as demonstrated for Bern3D-LPX. This suggests that reduced-complexity models remain useful tools for future climate change projections, but should employ a range of climate sensitivity tunings to account for the uncertainty in both the long-term warming and the RWF.

Field of study: Environmental science
Symmetry-guided large-scale shell-model theory

In this review, we present a symmetry-guided strategy that utilizes exact as well as partial symmetries for enabling a deeper understanding of and advancing ab initio studies for determining the microscopic structure of atomic nuclei. These symmetries expose physically relevant degrees of freedom that, for large-scale calculations with QCD-inspired interactions, allow the model space size to be reduced through a very structured selection of the basis states to physically relevant subspaces. This can guide explorations of simple patterns in nuclei and how they emerge from first principles, as well as extensions of the theory beyond current limitations toward heavier nuclei and larger model spaces. This is illustrated for the ab initio symmetry-adapted no-core shell model (SA-NCSM) and two significant underlying symmetries, the symplectic Sp ( 3 , R ) group and its deformation-related SU ( 3 ) subgroup. We review the broad scope of nuclei, where these symmetries have been found to play a key role—from the light p -shell systems, such as 6 Li, 8 B, 8 Be, 12 C, and 16 O, and s d -shell nuclei exemplified by 20 Ne, based on first-principle explorations; through the Hoyle state in 12 C and enhanced collectivity in intermediate-mass nuclei, within a no-core shell-model perspective; up to strongly deformed species of the rare-earth and actinide regions, as investigated in earlier studies. A complementary picture, driven by symmetries dual to Sp ( 3 , R ) , is also discussed. We briefly review symmetry-guided techniques that prove useful in various nuclear-theory models, such as Elliott model, ab initio SA-NCSM, symplectic model, pseudo- SU ( 3 ) and pseudo-symplectic models, ab initio hyperspherical harmonics method, ab initio lattice effective field theory, exact pairing–plus–shell model approaches, and cluster models, including the resonating-group method. Important implications of these approaches that have deepened our understanding of emergent phenomena in nuclei, such as enhanced collectivity, giant resonances, pairing, halo, and clustering, are discussed, with a focus on emergent patterns in the framework of the ab initio SA-NCSM with no a priori assumptions.

Field of study: Physics