nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Measuring software misinterpretation

In practice, when assessing the understandability of a software-related product, one is often concerned not only with the degree to which the information is comprehended but also with the degree to which it is misinterpreted. For example, because requirements specifications are used during the planning phase of the software life-cycle, how much the specification is misinterpreted is often as important as how much of it is comprehended. Low comprehension can be recognized before design proceeds. However, misinterpretations can easily go unnoticed until later in the life-cycle, when they are more expensive to resolve. This distinction between comprehension and misinterpretation is difficult to address experimentally because of measurement difficulties. Construction of an operational definition of the degree to which information is misinterpreted is difficult to achieve using traditional methods. In this paper a technique is described that can be used to measure both software misinterpretation and comprehension. The results of an experiment are presented in which the measurement technique was used to assess misinterpretation and comprehension of requirements specifications. The impact of specification language on misinterpretation was different from its impact on comprehension in the experiment, underscoring the value of measuring both misinterpretation and comprehension.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Die allgemein kovarianten elektromagnetischen Feldgleichungen, interpretiert vom Standpunkte des absoluten Raumes und der universellen Zeit

Zusammenfassung1.Deutet man die allgemein kovarianten elektromagnetischen Feldgleichungen vom Standpunkte des absoluten Raumes und der universellen Zeit aus, so ergibt sich als Hodograph der Lichtgeschwindigkeiten für den Fall eines konstanteng-Feldes ein Ellipsoid.2.Eine konsequente Verallgemeinerung des Paschkyprinzips führt formal zu denselben Gleichungen des elektromagnetischen Feldes wie die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie, wobei abergik nicht mehr als metrischer Fundamentaltensor zu deuten ist. Es werden auch vom Paschskyprinzip noch fünf Beziehungen zwischen dengik gefordert.

Field of study: Physics
Policy-Enhanced Private Set Intersection: Sharing Information While Enforcing Privacy Policies

Companies, organizations, and individuals often wish to share information to realize valuable social and economic goals. Unfortunately, privacy concerns often stand in the way of such information sharing and exchange. 
 
This paper proposes a novel cryptographic paradigm called Policy-Enhanced Private Set Intersection (PPSI ), allowing two parties to share information while enforcing the desired privacy policies. Our constructions require minimal additional overhead over traditional Private Set Intersection (PSI) protocols, and yet we can handle rich policy semantics previously not possible with traditional PSI and Authorized Private Set Intersection (APSI) protocols. Our scheme involves running a standard PSI protocol over carefully crafted encodings of elements formed as part of a challenge-response mechanism. The structure of these encodings resemble techniques used for aggregating BLS signatures in bilinear groups. We prove that our scheme is secure in the malicious model, under the CBDH assumption, the random oracle model, and the assumption that the underlying PSI protocol is secure against malicious adversaries.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Frequency of Alarm Barks in Two Black-Tailed Prairie Dog Towns

The frequency of alarm barks of prairie dogs was found to increase as the distance from an observer to the prairie dog decreased. This orderly relationship occurred in both a town heavily visited by tourists and in an isolated town. However, the frequency of barking, the distance at which barking began, and the distance between the observer and the prairie dog before the prairie dog retreated into its burrow were all greater for the prairie dogs in the isolated town.

Field of study: Psychology
Chiral tunneling of topological states: towards the efficient generation of spin current using spin-momentum locking.

We show that the interplay between chiral tunneling and spin-momentum locking of helical surface states leads to spin amplification and filtering in a 3D topological insulator (TI). Our calculations show that the chiral tunneling across a TI pn junction allows normally incident electrons to transmit, while the rest are reflected with their spins flipped due to spin-momentum locking. The net result is that the spin current is enhanced while the dissipative charge current is simultaneously suppressed, leading to an extremely large, gate-tunable spin-to-charge current ratio (∼20) at the reflected end. At the transmitted end, the ratio stays close to 1 and the electrons are completely spin polarized.

Field of study: Physics
Phase-dependent induction by light of rat Clock gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

To clarify the role of Clock in the photic signal transduction of rat circadian clock, we cloned and sequenced rat Clock and examined the effect of a single light pulse on the Clock mRNA expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) by in situ hybridization. Rats were exposed to a 30 min light pulse ( approximately 300 lx) at one of six circadian phases in constant darkness (DD), and sacrificed 60 min after the light on. In the rats without light exposure, the mRNA level in the SCN was high at ZT (Zeitgeber time) 6 and low at ZT 18 and 22. Light exposure increased Clock mRNA level in the SCN in phase dependent manner. The mRNA level was significantly increased during the subjective night (ZT10-22). The light had no effect on the mRNA level during the subjective day (ZT2 and 6). The Clock mRNA was also detected in the piriform cortex (PC), and increased by light at ZT14. These results suggest that Clock transcription in the SCN is involved in the photic signal transduction of circadian clock in rats.

Field of study: Biology
Effect of stover fraction on glucose production using enzymatic hydrolysis

Corn stover was fractionated into three fractions: cobs, stalks, and leaves and husks. The fractions were dried and 
ground through a 2 mm screen. Samples of the three fractions and whole corn stover with and without NaOH pretreatment 
were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis in order to determine the effect of fractionation on glucose production. The average 
amounts of glucose released after 60 h of hydrolysis from pretreated cobs, leaves and husks, stalks, and whole stover were 
0.50, 0.36, 0.28, and 0.36 g/g dry biomass, respectively. The average amounts of glucose released after 60 h of hydrolysis 
from nonpretreated cobs, leaves and husks, stalks, and whole stover were 0.32, 0.23, 0.17, and 0.20 g/g dry biomass, respectively. 
Pretreatment resulted in an average increase of 60% in glucose production for all fractions and whole stover. The effect 
of stover fraction type on glucose production was significant with and without pretreatment. By collecting the fractions of 
the corn stover with the highest glucose potential (all the cobs and 74% of the leaves and husks) and leaving the remaining 
fraction (26% of the leaves and husks, and all the stalks) in the field for erosion control, the glucose potential of the collected 
biomass would increase by 21%. This could represent a decrease of up to 17% in the cost of ethanol production. This indicates 
that fractionation and collection of the biomass with the highest glucose potential may produce a higher quality feedstock 
for glucose production.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Simultaneous Determination of Chlorofluorocarbons and Sulfur Hexafluoride in Seawater Based on a Purge and Trap Gas Chromatographic System

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) are types of anthropogenic halogenated compounds, and are very important for ocean processes, including air-sea and water mass exchanges. Meanwhile, they can also be used to calculate some key physical and biogeochemical parameters such as the apparent oxygen utilization rate and anthropogenic CO2. Compared to CFCs, SF6 is quite difficult to measure in seawater due to its low solubility. However, it is useful to study the ocean processes based on both CFCs and SF6. In this study, a purge and trap gas chromatography system was developed to simultaneously measure CFC-12 and SF6 in seawater. The optimal conditions were as follows: trap temperature of −70 °C, purge time of 8 min, purge gas pressure of 310 kPa, desorption time of 30 s, desorption temperature of 90 °C. The method was simple and sensitive. The detection limit were 0.02 pmol kg−1 for CFC-12 and 0.03 fmol kg−1 for SF6. The analytical precision of CFC-12 was ±1.2% and that of SF6 was ±0.5%. The correlation coefficient (R2) values of all calibration curves were greater than 0.9995. This method was successfully used in the analysis of sea water samples collected during the 6th Chinese Arctic Research Expedition.

Field of study: Chemistry
How Humanae Vitae has Advanced Reproductive Health 1

By encouraging doctors and scientists to improve the regulation of births through the observation of natural fertility rhythms, Humanae vitae promoted the development of natural family planning (NFP). The study of NFP has lead to NFP-based methodologies in reproductive healthcare that are promoting advances in treatment of infertility, miscarriage, and a number of reproductive health disorders. In contrast, the contraceptive mentality has stunted the development of reproductive healthcare. Humanae vitae has provided a great gift to science and reproductive healthcare that all Catholics should be proud of.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Brainstem hypoperfusion in CFS.

Sir, Costa and his colleagues  1995; ) are to be congratulated for providing more information about chronic fatigue syndrome. Hypocapnia is a powerful and readily available cerebral vasoconstrictor. 1 The 'cerebral vasoconstric-tion, and reduction in cerebral blood flow, are initiated when the arterial pCO 2 has fallen 2 mmHg below normal. When the pCO 2 has fallen by 25 mmHg, cerebral blood flow is decreased by about one third ... the maximum possible reduction of blood flow that can be achieved by respiratory alkalaemia is of the order of 40 per cent'. 2 Unless proved otherwise, it might be rational and prudent to attribute the findings of Costa's group to dysfunctional breathing, an essential element of effort syndrome.

Field of study: Medicine
Unique Features of the Texas A & M Variable Energy Cyclotron

This paper describes some of the design, engineering, construction and procurement details of the Texas A & M University Variable Energy Cyclotron (TAMVEC). All major engineering has been completed, and system components are presently under construction at various vendor plants throughout the country. Assembly and installation of the machine will begin in the latter part of June 1966. It is anticipated that construction and check out of the machine will require only 9 months. The TAMVEC machine is funded by the United States Atomic Energy Commission. Engineering, procurement, and construction of the machine is being performed by the Bechtel Corporation. TAMVEC is a variable-energy cyclotron basically similar in physics and arrangement to the 88-inch variable energy, spiral-ridge cyclotron(1) installed at Lawrence Radiation Laboratory (LRL) in Berkeley, California. However, as a result of LRL, Texas A & M University, and Bechtel staff experience and recommendations, the TAMVEC machine has several improved design features incorporated in it. These are discussed in the following paragraphs.

Field of study: Physics
Patterns of Fusarium community structure and abundance in relation to spatial, abiotic and biotic factors in soil.

Members of the Fusarium genus are important components of many plant-soil systems worldwide and are responsible for many crop diseases. Knowledge of the relative influence of biotic and abiotic factors on this genus is therefore of broad economic and ecological importance. In order to address this issue, we examined Fusarium communities in soils nearby apparently healthy and symptomatic asparagus plants in 50 fields scattered in four agricultural regions of Québec, Canada. Fusarium community structure and abundance were assessed using genus-specific PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and CFU counts, respectively. Multivariate statistical analyses were used to detect community patterns related to spatial, abiotic and biotic factors. Results suggested that Fusarium community structure (i.e. the presence and absence of the different Fusarium sequence variants in the samples) in soil is mainly related to biotic factors (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and bacterial community structure), whereas Fusarium abundance is more closely related to abiotic factors (mainly clay, organic matter, NH(4), Na and Cu). Some degree of influence of spatial patterns was also observed on both Fusarium community structure and abundance with, for instance, a large regional variation in Fusarium community structure. However, Fusarium community structure was not directly related to the disease status of nearby asparagus plants.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Pliocene-Pleistocene magneto-cyclostratigraphy of IODP Site U1499 and implications for climate-driven sedimentation in the northern South China Sea

A high-resolution astronomical-tuned magnetostratigraphy was obtained from a continuous 333-m succession recovered at International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Hole U1499A in the north margin of the South China Sea (SCS) during joint Legs 367 & 368. A total of 12 magnetic reversals are identified through the Pliocene and Pleistocene. The cycle analysis of natural gamma ray (NGR) data shows an average suite of ca. 33 m and 8 m wavelengths with lesser 1.5-m cycles, which are consistent with the ratios of Milankovitch orbital-climate oscillations caused by long eccentricity (405 kyr), short eccentricity (~100 kyr), and precession (~20 kyr). The astronomical-tuned magnetostratigraphy correlates with nearly all features of the Pliocene-Pleistocene geomagnetic polarity time scale. There was a significant shift to ~100-kyr-dominated cyclicity at ca. 1.3 Ma, which marks the onset of the Mid-Pleistocene Transition, during which the influx of the clay component decreased. A general enrichment in silt-sand influx during the past 0.4 Myr was punctuated by surges in coarser-grained components (lowest NGR) during or at the end of each major global glacial event. Comparison to a high-resolution sediment record spanning the Pliocene-Pleistocene on the southern margin of the SCS (ODP Site 1143) indicates common intervals of changing rates of sediment accumulation. In both regions, there are relatively lower rates of sediment accumulation during the late Zanclean (mid-Pliocene; ca. 4.1 to 3.6 Ma), early Gelasian (ca. 2.5 to 2.0 Ma), early Calabrian (ca. 1.6 to 1.4 Ma) and the earliest Middle Pleistocene (ca. 0.6 Ma). The merger of magnetostratigraphy, cyclostratigraphy and the NGR record to produce a high-resolution profile of bulk sediment accumulation rates and relative clay to sand-silt components is a powerful tool and climate proxy to reconstruct the general history of sediment input into the SCS and its relationships to East Asia monsoon and tectonic evolution.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Mechanical, Thermal and Instrumented Impact Properties of Bamboo Fabric-Reinforced Polypropylene Composites

Many automotive companies are experimenting with natural fibres as a substitute for glass fibres in polymer composites, especially polypropylene (PP) based composites. PP composites reinforced by plain woven bamboo fabric have recently been widely investigated. Bamboo in woven fabric form embedded in the polymer results in easier material handling during production and reduction in the manufacturing cost of the composites. In the current study, the performance of twill-weave bamboo fabric-reinforced PP composites, which were fabricated using a compression moulding method, was evaluated. The mechanical, thermal and impact performances of the bamboo fabric-reinforced PP (BPP) composites were evaluated in comparison to those of PP, at various bamboo contents and stacking sequences. The incorporation of bamboo fabric resulted in the improvement of tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus and Charpy impact strength of PP by 238%, 110%, 180%, 170% and 160%, respectively. The integration of bamboo fabric slightly increased the melting temperature and the degree of crystallinity of the composites. A 40% decrease in the heat of fusion of the composites was observed compared to that of PP. Impact tests were also conducted using an instrumented drop weight impact test system. The perforation impact energy, peak load and energy absorbed of the composites increased when the bamboo content was increased. The perforation impact energy was at 55 J for the BPP50% composite, compared to that of neat PP at 20 J. The crack damage in the composites was also reduced with the presence of fabric reinforcement. These results indicate that bamboo fabric is truly a new contender for developing excellent and economical light-weight composites as interior components in automobiles.

Field of study: Materials science
Use and misuse of the PSE.

The principles underlying the development of the Present State Examination and the instruments and computer programmes associated with it are discussed in the light of comments made in three recent papers by psychiatrists trained in the German tradition of clinical phenomenology. Many of their comments are cogent and highly relevant to the future development of the system. Some common misunderstandings are also considered; in particular, those that lead to results being interpreted outside the limits of the specifications laid down. The potential for improvement in the system is emphasized and the next stage of development briefly described.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Facile Preparation and Charge-Transfer Complexes of Naphtho[1,8-bc:4,5-b′c′]dithiophene and 2,5-Dimethyl and Bis(methylthio) Derivatives

Naphtho[1,8-bc:4,5-b′c′]dithiophene was conveniently prepared via annulation of benzo[1,2-b:4,3-b′]dithiophene and converted to 2,5-dimethyl and bis(methylthio) derivatives. The parent and methylthio compounds have a herringbone type of crystal structures, and formed conductive charge-transfer complexes with iodine and with DDQ.

Field of study: Chemistry
Effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on root development in wheat

Wheat seedlings inoculated with 24 plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR) strains isolated from the rhizosphere of wheat, cotton, and rice were cultured in the semisolid medium or potting soil. Nine growth parameters of the root and stem were measured. In the semi-solid experiment, among 9 PGPR strains that significantly promoted the root dry weight, 7 promoted the total root length, 9 promoted the total root surface area, 5 increased the number of root tips, 8 increased the number of lateral roots and the stem height, and 7 improved the stem dry weight. In the pot experiment, in 10 PGPR strains that significantly promoted the dry weight of root, 10 promoted the total root length and total root surface area, 6 increased the number of root tips, 8 increased the number of lateral roots, 9 promoted the height of stem, and 7 enhanced the dry weight of stem. Five strains showed more than 5 significant growth-promoting parameters in both semisolid and pot experiment, among which 4 strains were Pseudomonas spp., indicating that Pseudomonas had better growth-promoting effects on wheat growth. PGPRs promoted the total length of the root,total surface area of the root,the number of root tips and lateral roots significantly.These parameters had significant correlations with the root dry weight, stem height and stem dry weight.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
On the relative need for satellite remote soundings and rocket soundings of the upper atmosphere.

A review of engineering and research data requirements for altitudes 30–100 km is made, indicating a variety of concrete data applications above 30 km (10 mb). The required data have in large measure been provided from meteorological rocket soundings, of which 18,000 have been taken, at considerable cost, since 1959. Remote vertical soundings based on satellite infrared radiation measurements have been obtained since 1969 with considerable success to an altitude of 25 km (30 mb). From developmental work in progress, it is expected that reliable temperature soundings may be obtained to 40–45 km. A discussion of the overall reliability and utility of the satellite data leads to several conclusions regarding the continuing need for rocket soundings.

Field of study: Environmental science
Specialty choice and physicians' career paths in Japan: an analysis of National Physician Survey data from 1996 to 2006.

To investigate trends of specialty distribution and physicians' career paths in Japan, and to discuss potential policy implications.



Distribution of main area of practice, relation between board-certified specialists and reported main area of practice, and migration of main area of practice by career stage were analyzed in data from the National Physician Survey, collected between 1996 and 2006.



The percentages of physicians involved in internal medicine, surgery, neurosurgery, pediatrics, ophthalmology, obstetrics and gynecology and otorhinolaryngology decreased from 1996 to 2006. Overall, the numbers reported for the main area of practice matched the number of board-certified specialists. Among physicians who began their careers as internal medicine physicians in the 1996 registration cohort, the proportion of those engaged in internal medicine fell from 82.5% in 1996, to 43.6% in 2000, to 37.0% by their 10th year. Among five registration cohorts analyzed, 9.1-16.8% of the surgical specialties group switched their main area of practice to internal medicine within 10 years.



While there is a general trend toward specialization, it is important to balance between general practice and specialization to strengthen health care systems. Developing a certification system and maintaining the quality of specialist physicians are also crucial.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
An investigation into the characteristics and formation mechanisms of particles originating from the operation of laser printers.

While current research has demonstrated that the operation of some laser printers results in emission of high concentrations of ultrafine particles, fundamental gaps in knowledge in relation to the emissions still remain. In particular, there have been no answers provided to questions such as the following: (1) What is the composition of the particles? (2) What are their formation mechanisms? (3) Why are some printers high emitters, while others are low? Considering the widespread use of printers and human exposure to these particles, understanding the process of particle formation is of critical importance. This study, using state-of-the-art instrumental methods, has addressed these three points. We present experimental evidence that indicates that intense bursts of particles are associated with temperature fluctuations and suggest that the difference between high and low emitters lies in the speed and sophistication of the temperature control. We have also shown, for the first time, that the particles are volatile and are of secondary nature, being formed in the air from VOC originating from both the paper and hot toner. Some of the toner is initially deposited on the fuser roller, after which the organic compounds evaporate and then form particles, through one of two main reaction pathways: homogeneous nucleation or secondary particle formation involving ozone.

Field of study: Environmental science