nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Romances of the White Man’s Burden: Race, Empire, and the Plantation in American Literature, 1880–1936 by Jeremy Wells (review)

Artist as a Young Man returns to the figure of Parnell, who "serve[d] to denaturalize the manly ideal for Joyce," by providing an extended close reading of the Christmas Day argument (190). Valente devotes an entire subsection to "Counterparts" from Dubliners that traces the same logic of exclusion evidenced in the double bind of manliness in the metrocolonial double bind by focusing on three (failed) tests of Farrington's manliness. The "Cyclops" episode of Ulysses dominates the final section of the chapter. Instead of interrogating Irish cultural and political nationalism, Valente views the encounter between Bloom and the Citizen as Joyce's most deliberate critique of the post-Victorian manliness and "its complex effect on the exacerbation of ethnic antagonisms among the colonized" (220). Joseph Valente's The Myth of Manliness in Irish National Culture, 1880–1922 will provide a significant contribution to the field of Irish literary and gender studies because its cogent and insightful analysis both reasserts a fundamental social environment that influenced the period of the Irish Literary Revival and, by doing such, produces a new map for reading some of the foundational texts of twentiethcentury Irish literature.

Field of study: Art
Is Self-Grading the Answer?

The article entitled "Self-Grading: An Experiment in Learning" by Peter G. Filene, which appeared in the June, I969, issue of the JOURNAL,' is a clear example of a trend that is gaining in acceptance at many colleges and universities. In order to test an hypothesis that had interested me for some time, I employed a similar method in a class in introductory psychology during the summer school session of I969 at the University of Windsor. I was of the opinion that if students had the chance to assign themselves their own course grade they would give themselves a lower mark than would the professor. On the last day of class, during the final examination, which as a graduate assistant and grader I happened to be proctoring, I requested the students to write on the back of the last page of their exam the mark that they thought they deserved and, in two or three sentences, the reason why they felt they deserved that mark. I made it clear that this was completely voluntary and that if they preferred not to participate, it would not be held against them. As a matter of fact, the professor

Field of study: Education
Projected effects of declining anthropogenic aerosols on the southern annular mode

Declining emissions of anthropogenic aerosols have been shown to contribute to global warming in climate projections from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). This study considers the response of the southern annular mode (SAM) in austral summer to declining aerosols in simulations forced by Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 (RCP4.5) using CSIRO-Mk3.6, a CMIP5-generation model. A ten-member ensemble forced by RCP4.5 for the period 2006?2100 is compared with another experiment, which is identical except that emissions of anthropogenic aerosols are held fixed at their 2005 values.With fixed aerosol emissions, the model simulates a negative (but statistically insignificant) ensemble-mean SAM trend in austral summer, suggesting that the effects of recovering stratospheric ozone slightly outweigh the effects of increasing long-lived greenhouse gases (GHGs). In contrast, the standard RCP4.5 experiment (including additional warming due to declining aerosols) simulates a positive ensemble-mean SAM trend, and the difference between the two trends is significant at 5%. The response of Southern Hemisphere zonal-mean atmospheric circulation and temperature to declining aerosols resembles the response to increasing GHGs; this suggests that the positive SAM trend due to declining aerosols may be driven by mechanisms that are similar to those that cause the positive SAM trend in response to increasing GHGs.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Origins of Nonverbal Sensitivity

A prospective longitudinal design was used to examine the relation between temperament and early parenting variables at age 5 and sensitivity to nonverbal cues at age 31 as measured by the Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity (PONS). The results showed that 26% of the variance in adult nonverbal sensitivity was accounted for by the childhood variables. Three predictors contributed to good adult decoding skills: easy child temperament, parental harmony, and moderate father strictness. Temperament accounted for the largest percentage of unique variance in adult nonverbal sensitivity (8.8%). No sex differences were found.

Field of study: Psychology
Boer beter Morgenzon wys hoe

Die Hoeveld Suiwelstudiegroep, wat ook bekend staan as die Morgenzon-studiegroep, se kerndoel is om sy lede in staat te stel om beter te kan boer, verduidelik die voorsitter van die studiegroep, James Sutherland. Hy is melkerybestuurder vir die bekende Vos Grey in die Ermelo-distrik.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A Note on the Test for the Location Parameter of an Exponential Distribution

BY KEI TAKEUCHI New York University and University of Tokyo Suppose that X is distributed according to an exponential distribution with density (1) f(x) = 0-lexp [-0-'(x )] if x > y, = 0 otherwise where both 0 and y are unknown parameters. Let Y be another positive random variable independent of X and distributed according to a continuous distribution with scale parameter 0, and density g(y/0)/0, where g is a known function. Consider the hypothesis 7 = 7o, and let the procedure be such that the hypothesis is rejected if and only if (2) (X-yo)/Y ? a or (Xyo)/Y > b where 0 < a < b < oo . Since (X yo)/Y is independent of 0 under the hypothesis, a and b can be determined so that Pr {a < (X-7yo)/Y < b lI7o} = 1-(a for all 0. Then the following theorem holds true. THEOREM 1. For the alternative y < 7yo, the power of the test (2) above is given by (3) P(y) = 1 (1 a) exp [-0-(7o 7)] i.e. it is independent of the distribution of Y, and also of a or b. PROOF.

Field of study: Mathematics
Electrical joints in the CMS superconducting magnet

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) is one of the general-purpose detectors to be provided for the LHC project at CERN. The design field of the CMS superconducting magnet is 4 T, the magnetic length is 12.5 m and the free bore is 6 m. The CMS coil consists of five independent modules each containing four winding layers. Each winding layer is composed of a single length of aluminum stabilized and aluminum alloy reinforced conductor. Each of the four conductor lengths within a module will be electrically joined after winding is completed, and each of the five modules will be connected to the magnet bus bars during module assembly. Due to the large dimensions of the conductor and to the high current it carries, the conductor joints are sources of substantial and nontrivial joule heating during nonsteady state operation of the magnet. In addition to steady-state conditions, three transient conditions have been analyzed. The first is related to the current diffusion during a magnet transient that results in a time dependent joint resistance. The second is the current induced in a joint during a transient. The third is connected to the joint protection in case of quench. A complete analysis of the joint behavior is reported.

Field of study: Physics
Asymptotic expansion in the limit theorem for the convergence to laplace distribution

Let {ξn}1∞ be a sequence of non-negative identically distributed random variables with zero mean and finite variance σ2, {ν = ν(ϵ)} a sequence for random variable independent of {ζν}, taking non-negative integer values and having a geometric distribution and with ζν = Σ1νζν. Gnedenko and Fraier. [Some notes on a work of Kowa lenka U. N. Letovsk Math. Sb. 1, 181–187 (1969)] proved a convergence theorem for ζν and some other authors proved other convergence theorems. This paper is concerned with some theorems about the asymptotic expansions and their consequences on the extremal properties of the Bernoulli random variable.

Field of study: Engineering
What Can We Expect to Gain from Reforming the Insolvent Trading Remedy?

This paper argues that reform of the wrongful trading remedy in section 214 of the Insolvency Act 1986 is unlikely to yield significant increases in civil recovery for creditors of insolvent companies. The paper argues that the widely held view that procedural restrictions in the provision have unduly limited the application of the remedy are without foundation and, likewise, that there is little evidence that current modest levels of litigation under the provision demonstrate underperformance in the sanction relative to the scale of the misconduct against which it is directed. The paper draws on a wide range of analytical and empirical evidence to argue that the scope for application of the sanction is inherently limited by factors independent of the particular rules within the statutory remedy.

Field of study: Law
MO-C-17A-03: A GPU-Based Method for Validating Deformable Image Registration in Head and Neck Radiotherapy Using Biomechanical Modeling.

Deformable image registration (DIR) plays a pivotal role in head and neck adaptive radiotherapy but a systematic validation of DIR algorithms has been limited by a lack of quantitative high-resolution groundtruth. We address this limitation by developing a GPU-based framework that provides a systematic DIR validation by generating (a) model-guided synthetic CTs representing posture and physiological changes, and (b) model-guided landmark-based validation.



The GPU-based framework was developed to generate massive mass-spring biomechanical models from patient simulation CTs and contoured structures. The biomechanical model represented soft tissue deformations for known rigid skeletal motion. Posture changes were simulated by articulating skeletal anatomy, which subsequently applied elastic corrective forces upon the soft tissue. Physiological changes such as tumor regression and weight loss were simulated in a biomechanically precise manner. Synthetic CT data was then generated from the deformed anatomy. The initial and final positions for one hundred randomly-chosen mass elements inside each of the internal contoured structures were recorded as ground truth data. The process was automated to create 45 synthetic CT datasets for a given patient CT. For instance, the head rotation was varied between +/- 4 degrees along each axis, and tumor volumes were systematically reduced up to 30%. Finally, the original CT and deformed synthetic CT were registered using an optical flow based DIR.



Each synthetic data creation took approximately 28 seconds of computation time. The number of landmarks per data set varied between two and three thousand. The validation method is able to perform sub-voxel analysis of the DIR, and report the results by structure, giving a much more in depth investigation of the error.



We presented a GPU based high-resolution biomechanical head and neck model to validate DIR algorithms by generating CT equivalent 3D volumes with simulated posture changes and physiological regression.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Structure and biochemical characterization of proliferating cellular nuclear antigen from a parasitic protozoon.

Proliferating cellular nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a toroidal-shaped protein that is involved in cell-cycle control, DNA replication and DNA repair. Parasitic protozoa are early-diverged eukaryotes that are responsible for neglected diseases. In this work, a PCNA from a parasitic protozoon was identified, cloned and biochemically characterized and its crystal structure was determined. Structural and biochemical studies demonstrate that PCNA from Entamoeba histolytica assembles as a homotrimer that is able to interact with and stimulate the activity of a PCNA-interacting peptide-motif protein from E. histolytica, EhDNAligI. The data indicate a conservation of the biochemical mechanisms of PCNA-mediated interactions between metazoa, yeast and parasitic protozoa.

Field of study: Chemistry
Long Noncoding RNA (lncRNA) CTTN-IT1 Elevates Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cell Proliferation and Differentiation by Acting as ceRNA for YAP1 Through Absorbing miR-29a in Hu Sheep

Characterizing the factors that regulate the growth and development of muscle is central to animal production. Skeletal muscle satellite cells (SMSCs) provide an important material for simulating the proliferation and differentiation of muscle cells. YAP1, which can promote muscle growth, is closely related to the proliferation of SMSCs in Hu sheep (Ovis aries). In addition, some miRNAs, such as miR-541-3p, miR-142-5p, and miR-29a, can play critical roles in muscle growth by specifically binding with their target mRNAs. Meanwhile, lncRNA can competitively bind these miRNAs and reduce the regulatory effect of miRNAs on their target genes and thus play critical roles themselves in muscle growth. However, the regulatory molecular mechanism of miRNA and lncRNA on SMSC proliferation through YAP1 remains unclear. Here, we characterized the regulatory network among YAP1 and its targeted miRNAs and lncRNAs in Hu sheep SMSCs. The potential ncRNAs that regulate YAP1 (miR-29a and CTTN-IT1) were predicted through multilevel bioinformatics analysis. Dual-luciferase assays, RT-qPCR, and western blots revealed that miR-29a can significantly reduce the mRNA and protein expression level by binding to a specific 3′-UTR of YAP1 (P < 0.05), while CTTN-IT1 can restore the expression of YAP1 through competitive binding to miR-29a. Furthermore, the mRNA and protein expression levels of MyoG, MyoD, and MyHC showed that miR-29a can inhibit the expression of genes related to the differentiation of SMSCs, and CTTN-IT1 can increase the expression of these same genes. Thus, miR-29a may inhibit the differentiation of SMSCs and CTTN-IT1 can restore this inhibition. The EdU staining assay indicated that excessive miR-29a can significantly reduce the proliferation ability of SMSCs (P < 0.05), while overexpression of CTTN-IT1 can significantly increase the proliferation of SMSCs (P < 0.01). CTTN-IT1 is a novel lncRNA that is a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) of miR-29a and can promote SMSC proliferation and differentiation by restoring the expression of YAP1 when it is inhibited by miR-29a in Hu sheep. Overall, our findings construct a CTTN-IT1-miR-29a-YAP1 regulatory network that will help contribute new insight into improving the muscle development of Hu sheep.

Field of study: Biology
An investigation of the salt dissociation effects on solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formation using linear carbonate-based electrolytes in lithium ion batteries

Lithium salts possess dissociating properties that are useful for passivation layer formation. In this study, these properties are investigated in the context of three kinds of linear carbonate electrolytes using several techniques, such as physical properties, AC impedance, electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The lithium salts are completely dissociated to the lithium ions by the unsymmetrical linear carbonate structure; therefore, the transference number and diffusion coefficient of the cations show that the lithium ions are important and dominate the ionic transfer and the passivation layer properties that are important and relate to battery performance. These data suggest that battery performance is influenced by ionic transfer properties, lithium salt and electrolyte structure.

Field of study: Materials science
Cultural responsibility in the preservation of local economic plant resources

Understanding the relationships between indigenous people and their threatened economic plants can aid the conservation effort on many levels. Understanding ethnic perceptions of the taxon is critical toin situ andex situ conservation projects and enhances the accompanying educational effort. Examples are discussed from the experience of a grassroots conservation group in southwestern United States, Native Seed/SEARCH. Four levels of economic plant vulnerability are examined among 1) wild-harvested plants, 2) husbanded wild plants, 3) domesticates, and 4) wild relatives of domesticates. Legal interpretations of endangered husbanded and domestic plants are discussed, and further documentation encouraged. Genetic dynamism of threatened indigenous crops is examined and the concept of Systems Conservation (i.e. the plant/human interactive systems) is introduced. Guidelines are offered for incorporating better cultural responsibility intoex situ conservation strategies. The concept of Biocultural Restoration is introduced with an example from an O'odham community. Examples are given of ways indigenous peoples and their knowledge can assist in the conservation effort.

Field of study: Environmental science
Método simplex supermodificado como estratégia de otimização para respostas combinadas em sistemas alimentares

The objective of this work was to combine response surface methodology (RSM) with super-modified simplex optimisation for treatment of cases that are interesting for food science and technology through the application of the function of Derringer & Suich for combined responses. A microcomputer program called MULTIPLEX was developed and tested in the multiresponse optimisation of three food systems selected in specialised literature: 1) inactivated lipoxygenase and lipase and preserve phytase activity in barley during soaking; 2) vapor induced puffing in apple dehydration; 3) hexametaphosphate-assisted extraction of flaxseed protein. A rigorous statistics analysis was accomplished in order to test the predictive ability of the models. The super-modified simplex method with automatic initialisation was the instrument for the numerical solution of the function of Derringer & Suich for combined responses. The program that was developed has show itself to be efficient and trustworthy for the optimisation of multiresponse, and can be executed in microcomputer that has a PC 486 and MS-DOS.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
SU‐C‐BRC‐02: Plan Quality and Delivery Efficiency with Varian TrueBeam FFF Mode at High Dose Rate

The maximum dose rate at the regular filter mode of a Varian Linac is 600 MU/min. In comparison, the dose rate for flattering filter free (FFF) mode of Varian TrueBeam linac is up to 1400 MU/min at 6MV. The purpose of this study is to investigate the clinical use of IMRT treatment in FFF mode at high dose rate.  Ten prostate patients' plans were generated using regular and FFF mode at 6 MV using Eclipse treatment planning system. PTV varies from 122–233 cc. Four types of plans were generated for each patient: multifield IMRT using regular filter mode, multifield IMRT using FFF mode, RapidArc(RA) using filter mode, RA using FFF mode. To facilitate comparison, same constraint table was used for each patient to optimize the fluence. Continuous high definition MLC sequences were generated at maximum dose rate of each mode.  With same optimization parameters, the plan quality is comparable for each plan. The maximum doses to target and organs are slightly higher for FFF mode with the same IMRT technique. Total MU for FFF mode and multifield IMRT technique is much higher than their counterparts. Nonetheless the beam‐on time is substantially lower for FFF mode due to higher dose rate.  IMRT plans for the two filter modes are comparable. Although the dose rate for FFF mode is much higher than filter mode, FFF mode requires much more MUs to deliver the same amount of dose. Many MUs are used to move MLC leaves to compensate sloping region of beam profile in FFF mode. This reduces MU efficiency when irradiating large targets with irregular shapes. High dose rate treatment in FFF mode is more efficient to SRS treatment for small target. RapidArc technique may help reduce the delivery time for treatment of large target.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Symbolic Politics and Institutional Boundaries in Curriculum Reform: The Case of National Sectarian University

Employing a neo-institutional analytic framework, this paper considers one case of generaleducation reform, focusing on proposed changes to curricular structure, cultural diversity requirements, and curriculum oversight. The study explores how institutionalized organizational factors may influence the development of reform proposals, as well as how the reform process can yield useful symbolic outcomes that are distinct from technical change.

Field of study: Education
Temperature-dependent sensitivity of a marine diatom to cadmium stress explained by subcelluar distribution and thiol synthesis.

This study examined the potential bioaccumulation and biochemical mechanisms (phytochelatin and other thiols induction) in the temperature-dependent sensitivity of a marine diatom Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii to cadmium (Cd) stress. A higher environmental temperature increased the sensitivity of diatoms to Cd toxicity. Either increased cellular Cd accumulation or a poorer detoxification ability was responsible for the higher concentration of metal-sensitive fraction (MSF)-Cd in the diatoms and subsequently the higher Cd sensitivity with increasing temperature. In addition, N-deficiency or glutathione depletion may partly explain the highest sensitivity at the highest tested temperature (30.5 degrees C). Although temperature affected the biochemical composition (e.g., the N/C ratio and phytochelatin induction), physiological processes (e.g., the growth rate, photosynthesis, Cd uptake, accumulation, and subcellular distribution) and the resulting differential tolerances, Cd concentration in MSF or organelles served as the best indicators of Cd toxicity in diatoms at different temperatures. Phytochelatins (PCs) were induced by increasing [Cd2+] and the significant relationship between the intracellular Cd and PC-SH concentration suggested that PC-SH is a biomarker for cellular metal stress. However, the intracellular Cd/ PC-SH ratio did not always explain the temperature-dependent metal tolerance. The functions of PCs other than metal chelation and detoxification need to be further examined.

Field of study: Environmental science
Oxidative stress in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer: early effects of radioiodine therapy.

Ionizing radiation in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) patients treated with radioiodine (131-I) produces reactive oxygen species (ROS), which could induce oxidative stress with disturbance of redox balance. The aim of this study was to evaluate oxidative stress in DTC patients treated with 3.7 or 5.5 GBq of 131-I using values for serum malondialdehyde (MDA, a marker of oxidative stress), uric acid (to determine antioxidant status) and total antioxidative status (TAS). The study population included 20 DTC patients and 20 healthy controls. Significant differences in MDA concentrations were found between DTC patients before 131-I therapy and control subjects (p = 0.001), while TAS values were similar in both populations (p > 0.05). There was a negative correlation between MDA concentrations and TAS in the DTC group before therapy (R2 = 0.2973, p = 0.013). Three days after 131-I therapy, MDA concentrations were higher than the pretreatment values (3.36 +/- 1.69 nmol/mL vs. 2.93 +/- 1.31 nmol/mL; p = 0.006), while serum uric acid concentrations declined progressively from 341.0 +/- 80.39 micromol/L to 304.25 +/- 77.25 micromol/L (p = 0.026) in 3 days and 291.2 +/- 88.86 micromol/L (p = 0.009) in 7 days after 131-I therapy. There was no dose-dependent effect on MDA, or uric acid concentrations and TAS. Thus, 131-I therapy in DTC patients induced oxidative stress, which was accompanied by a simultaneous and extended reduction in uric acid concentration, but without significant disturbances in TAS. This is the first study that evaluated TAS capacity in DTC patients before and 7 days after 131-I therapy. The relatively stabile TAS values in these patients indicated a good protection from oxidative stress induced by high doses of ionizing radiation.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics