nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimized Binary GCD for Modular Inversion

In this short note, we describe a practical optimization of the well-known extended binary GCD algorithm, for the purpose of computing modular inverses. The method is conceptually simple and is applicable to all odd moduli (including nonprime moduli). When implemented for inversion in the eld of integers modulo the prime 2255 − 19, on a recent x86 CPU (Co ee Lake core), we compute the inverse in 6253 cycles, with a fully constant-time implementation. Note.  which was wrong. The gap in the proof was discovered by Tim Taubert, and further discussions showed a counterexample for which the algorithm failed. The current version of the algorithm, and the revised proof, are believed correct. A side e ect of the x is to enable extra optimizations in the implementation of the inner loop, leading to substantially better performance, now at 6253 cycles (from an original 7490 cycles).

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Comparative Analysis of the Vitamin Composition of Two Different Species of Garden Egg (Solanum Aethiopicum and Solanum Macrocarpon)

The vitamin contents of two species of garden egg, Solanuma ethiopicum and Solanum Macrocarpon, were determined using specrophotometric methods. The Solanum aethiopicum recorded higher concentrations of retinol (53.550±0.55), calciferol (0.010±0.00), tocopherol (0.310±0.00), thiamine (0.037±0.00) and riboflavin (0.034±0.00) ( in mg/100g) while Solanum macrocarpon contained higher amount of ascorbic acid (2.400±0.00mg/100g). The niacin contents of both species were relatively the same. Solanum aethiopicum could serve a better source of vitamins than Solanum macrocarpon.

Field of study: Medicine
Full-wave characterization of high-T/sub c/ superconducting transmission lines

A full-wave numerical analysis is applied to accurately characterize superconducting transmission lines embedded in a layered dielectric medium. A volume integral equation formulation is developed by using a spectral domain dyadic Green's function for stratified media. Galerkin's method with rooftop basis functions for the electric field distribution inside the superconductor is then employed to solve the complex propagation constant. The thickness of the superconducting film is arbitrary in this analysis, and the formulation rigorously accounts for the anisotropy of the superconducting film. The propagation characteristics of a superconducting microstrip transmission line with a thin dielectric buffer layer are investigated. A superconducting stripline configuration with an air gap is also studied.<<ETX>>

Field of study: Physics
A Bayesian Approach for Zero-Inflated Count Regression Models by Using the Reversible Jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo Method and an Application

In this study, estimation of the parameters of the zero-inflated count regression models and computations of posterior model probabilities of the log-linear models defined for each zero-inflated count regression models are investigated from the Bayesian point of view. In addition, determinations of the most suitable log-linear and regression models are investigated. It is known that zero-inflated count regression models cover zero-inflated Poisson, zero-inflated negative binomial, and zero-inflated generalized Poisson regression models. The classical approach has some problematic points but the Bayesian approach does not have similar flaws. This work points out the reasons for using the Bayesian approach. It also lists advantages and disadvantages of the classical and Bayesian approaches. As an application, a zoological data set, including structural and sampling zeros, is used in the presence of extra zeros. In this work, it is observed that fitting a zero-inflated negative binomial regression model creates no problems at all, even though it is known that fitting a zero-inflated negative binomial regression model is the most problematic procedure in the classical approach. Additionally, it is found that the best fitting model is the log-linear model under the negative binomial regression model, which does not include three-way interactions of factors.

Field of study: Mathematics
High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) in maternal plasma affects Th17/Treg balance via receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE)-IL-6 pathway in preeclamptic pregnancies

To analyze the relationships of high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) with regulatory T cells (Treg), T helper 17 cells (Th17) and cytokine secrtion in peripheral blood of gravidas with preeclampsia (PE), and to investigate the mechanism of HMGB1 in regulating Th17/Treg ratio via receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE)-IL-6 pathway. 
 
 
 
Forty gravidas with mild (20 cases) and severe (20 cases) PE were recruited as experimental groups, 20 heathy gravidas in the third trimester of pregnancy were enrolled as control group. Concentrations of HMGB1, IL-6, IL-17 and TGF-β in peripheral blood of all subjects were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of RAGE at mRNA level in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The percentages of Treg and Th17 cells were determined by flow cytometry. RT-PCR was performed to analyze changes in the expression of RAGE, IL-6, Foxp3 and RORγt at mRNA level after the PBMCs isolated from 20 garvidas with PE were cultured in vitro and stimulated with recombinant human HMGB1 (rhHMGB1). 
 
 
 
The levels of HMGB1, IL-6, Th17 and IL-17 in peripheral blood of gravidas with PE were significantly higher than those in the normal pregnancy group. Moreover, HMGB1 level was positively correlated with IL-6 level and ratios of Th17/Treg and IL-17/TGF-β in preeclamptic pregancies. In vitro stimulation of PBMCs with rhHMGB1 significantly enhanced the expression of RAGE, IL-6 and RORγt at mRNA level, but suppressed the expression of Foxp3 at mRNA level. 
 
 
 
Enriched HMGB1 in plasma shifts the Th17/Treg balance towards Th17 dominance via the RAGE-IL-6 pathway, which exacerbates inflammation and participates in the onset of preeclampsia during pregnancy. 
 
 
 
Preeclampsia; High mobility group box 1 protein; Receptor for advanced glycation end products; Th17/Treg balance

Field of study: Biology
Photoionized mixing layer models of the diffuse ionized gas

It is generally believed that O stars, confined near the galactic midplane, are somehow able to photoionize a significant fraction of what is termed the "diffuse ionized gas" (DIG) of spiral galaxies, which can extend up to 1-2 kpc above the galactic midplane. The heating of the DIG remains poorly understood, however, as simple photoionization models do not reproduce the observed line ratio correlations well or the DIG temperature. We present turbulent mixing layer models in which warm photoionized condensations are immersed in a hot supersonic wind. Turbulent dissipation and mixing generate an intermediate region where the gas is accelerated, heated and mixed. The emission spectrum of such layers are compared with observations of Rand (ApJ 462, 712) of the DIG in the edge-on spiral NGC2363. We generate two sequence of models that fit the line ratio correlations between [SII]/H-alpha, [OI]/H-alpha, [NII]/[SII] and [OIII]/H-beta reasonably well. In one sequence of models the hot wind velocity increases while in the other the ionization parameter and layer opacity increases. Despite the success of the mixing layer models, the overall efficiency in reprocessing the stellar UV is much too low, much less than 1%, which compels us to reject the TML model in its present form.

Field of study: Physics
Faulting within the Mount St. Helens conduit and implications for volcanic earthquakes

The 2004–2008 eruption of Mount St. Helens produced seven dacite spines mantled by cataclastic fault rocks, comprising an outer fault core and an inner damage zone. These fault rocks provide remarkable insights into the mechanical processes that accompany extrusion of degassed magma, insights that are useful in forecasting dome-forming eruptions. The outermost part of the fault core consists of finely comminuted fault gouge that is host to 1- to 3-mm-thick layers of extremely fine-grained slickenside-bearing ultracataclasite. Interior to the fault core, there is an ∼2-m-thick damage zone composed of cataclastic breccia and sheared dacite, and interior to the damage zone, there is massive to flow-banded dacite lava of the spine interior. Structures and microtextures indicate entirely brittle deformation, including rock breakage, tensional dilation, shearing, grain flow, and microfaulting, as well as gas and fluid migration through intergranular pores and fractures in the damage zone. Slickenside lineations and consistent orientations of Riedel shears indicate upward shear of the extruding spines against adjacent conduit wall rocks. Paleomagnetic directions, demagnetization paths, oxide mineralogy, and petrology indicate that cataclasis took place within dacite in a solidified steeply dipping volcanic conduit at temperatures above 500 °C. Low water content of matrix glass is consistent with brittle behavior at these relatively high temperatures, and the presence of tridymite indicates solidification depths of More than a million small and low-frequency "drumbeat" earthquakes with coda magnitudes (M d ) 2 ) slip patches, possibly along observed extensive principal shear zones within the fault core but probably not along the smaller Riedel shears. Although our field and structural data are compatible with stick-slip models, they do not rule out seismic and infrasound models that call on resonance of steam-filled fractures to generate the drumbeat earthquakes. We suggest that stick-slip and gas release processes may be coupled, and that regardless of the source mechanism, the distinctive drumbeat earthquakes are proving to be an effective precursor for dome-forming eruptions. Our data document a continuous cycle of deformation along the conduit margins beginning with episodes of fracture in the damage zone and followed by transfer of motion to the fault core. We illustrate the cycle of deformation using a hypothetical cross section of the Mount St. Helens conduit, extending from the surface to the depth of magmatic solidification.

Field of study: Geology
Three-Dimensional Tire Deformation on Deformable Surfaces

ABSTRACTAsystem was devised to measure three-dimensional deformation of a pneumatic tractor tire at three positions across the tread width on both lug and undertread surfaces. Tire deformations were compared to measured radial and tangential stresses at the soil-tire contact surface. Results showed that maximum normal stress occurred at an angular position on the tire ahead of maximum radial deformation. Maximum tangential stress occurred at a tire angular position before maximum tangential deformation.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Thermal performance analysis of auto-cascade heat pump circular system

By the limit of heat source temperature as well as system performance,outlet water temperature of single-stage vapour-compression is generally around 50℃.No way to be satisfied with the occasions in which large temperature difference is requested does this heat pump have.Large temperature difference can be achieved by auto-cascade heat pump system.Data computation and thermal energy performance analysis are carried on this cycle system,on the basis of the design of the system and the choice suits the system operation in non-azeotropic mixture foundation.Theoretical analysis shows that the suction and exhaust pressure will increase with R134a filling concentration charges.A maximum value of COP and a minimum value of pressure ratio appear with the increase of the concentration.Linear relationship of the exhaust pressure and the filling concentration,basically,is assumed condensing the lowest minimum and vaporization temperature is certain.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
On reform of Wushu elective course of college public course

This essay is summed up by means of interviewing (by telephone) to the wushu elective course teachers from 10 universities and colleges in Guangdong,and paper investigating to the Grade 97 and Grade 98 students of Wushu elective course in South China University of technology.It suggests that contents arrangement of Wushu elective course in colleges and universities should take the students' interest of P.E and psychological inclination as a basis and the sanshou(Free combat)and Taekwondo as the dominant.

Field of study: Education
Time-resolved measurements of dislocation-related photoluminescence bands in silicon

Time decay measurements of dislocation-related PL have been performed for plastically deformed Si samples. Dislocation structures with different spectra were realized by deformation and subsequent thermal treatment. In all cases the decay time of the D1 band is less than that of the D2 band. Intrinsic properties of dislocations may therefore define the difference in decay times between the two bands. We compare this observation with previous results and propose a model of recombination between shallow and deep levels for D1/D2 bands. Different decay times are attributed to different spatial separation of shallow traps from a common deep trap.

Field of study: Materials science
Dibaryon model for nuclear force and the properties of the 3N system

The dibaryon model for N N interaction, which implies the formation of an intermediate six-quark bag dressed by a σ field, is applied to the 3N system, where it results in a new three-body force of scalar nature between the six-quark bag and a third nucleon. A new multicomponent formalism is developed to describe three-body systems with nonstatic pairwise interactions and nonnucleonic degrees of freedom. Precise variational calculations of 3N bound states are carried out in the dressed-bag model including the new scalar three-body force. The unified coupling constants and form factors for 2N-and 3N-force operators are used in the present approach, in sharp contrast to conventional meson-exchange models. It is shown that this three-body force gives at least half the 3N total binding energy, while the weight of nonnucleonic components in the 3H and 3He wave functions can exceed 10%. The new force model provides a very good description of 3N bound states with a reasonable magnitude of the σN N coupling constant. A new Coulomb 3N force between the third nucleon and dibaryon is found to be very important for a correct description of the Coulomb energy and rms charge radius in 3He. In view of the new results for Coulomb displacement energy obtained here for A = 3 nuclei, an explanation for the long-term Nolen-Schiffer paradox in nuclear physics is suggested. The role of the charge-symmetry-breaking effects in the nuclear force is discussed.

Field of study: Physics
High-calorie nutrition for infants with chronic renal disease

This report describes the administration of high-calorie formula (HCF), with caloric densities between 40 kcal/oz and 60 kcal/oz, to children with renal disease and severe fluid restrictions.  Retrospective Descriptive Analyses.  Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.  Records of all infants with chronic renal disease treated at Children's Hospital between 1984 and 1991 and who received supplemental formulas with a minimal caloric density of 40 kcal/oz were reviewed.  Commercial formulas were modified with glucose polymers and corn oil to attain caloric densities of 40 kcal/oz to 60 kcal/oz. The target caloric density for each patient was selected based on each infant's fluid restrictions and recommended daily allowance requirements. Patients were evaluated monthly for compliance, and formula changes were adjusted to ensure adequate caloric intake and fluid balance.  Patient tolerance of the HCF was defined by the absence of noninfectious diarrhea and vomiting while receiving the HCF. Progression of formula advancement (either in volume or concentration) required the stools be tested negative for reducing substances. The review was discontinued when the following occurred: fluid liberalization, transplantation, or death.  Seventeen infants given the HCF were reviewed. Sixteen infants required nasogastric feedings (usually given continuously at night). The mean average daily caloric intake achieved was 113.2 kcal/kg/d. Fifty-nine percent of the patients were tolerant of the HCF. The type and duration of dialysis did not affect tolerance of the HCF.  The HCF was well tolerated with minimal side effects and should be considered for any infant with severe fluid restrictions.

Field of study: Medicine
Revisiting the symmetric reactions for synthesis of super-heavy nuclei of Z⩾120

Extensive efforts have been made experimentally to reach nuclei in the super-heavy mass region of Z = 110 and above with suitable choices of projectile and target nuclei. The cross sections for production of these nuclei are seen to be in the range of a few picobarn or less, and pose great experimental challenges. Theoretically, there have been extensive calculations for highly asymmetric (hot-fusion) and moderately asymmetric (cold-fusion) collisions and only a few theoretical studies are available for near-symmetric collisions to estimate the cross sections for production of super-heavy nuclei. In the present article, we revisit the symmetric heavy ion reactions with suitable combinations of projectile and target nuclei in the rare-earth region, that will lead to super-heavy nuclei of Z ⩾ 120 with measurable fusion cross sections.

Field of study: Physics
Biomarker paleo-reconstruction of the German Wealden (Berriasian, Early Cretaceous) in the Lower Saxony Basin (LSB)

During the Early Cretaceous (Berriasian; Wealden 3–4), Northwestern Germany was covered by an east–west elongated tentatively brackish lake in which locally more than 700 m-thick black shales were deposited. While the distribution of organofacies’ in the basin is relatively well documented, the paleoenvironmental conditions in the basin center (e.g., occurrence and spread of water column stratification) and the spatial record of biomarkers in Wealden 3–4 shales (and coals) are rarely known. We here present respective data from the entire basin. In large areas, total organic carbon (TOC) contents are above 5 wt% and HI values above 700 mg hydrocarbons (HC)/g TOC, supporting the high potential of shales in the central basin as petroleum source rocks. Furthermore, bulk geochemical data as well as biomarkers clearly mirror the Wealden 3–4 facies distribution with the differentiation of a predominantly terrestrial setting east of the Weser River and an aquatic and brackish lake setting in the west. Certain biomarkers such as isorenieratane, specific for green sulfur bacteria, indicate that the basin consisted of a permanently stratified water column with a brackish/marine deep water body and an oxic–anoxic transition zone in the photic zone. In the southwestern gate of the lake (including the Isterberg area) and towards the east, no water column stratification developed. Characteristic of Wealden 3–4 black shale organic matter are: high relative abundances of saturated versus aromatic hydrocarbons (most likely due to high Botryococcus algal input), highly negative δ13C values in the extract fractions, low isotopic “canonical variables” (sensu Sofer in  1984), and high gammacerane, dinosterane, and C35-homohopane relative abundances. Interpreting those data, the different sub-facies of the environmental setting can be excellently documented. Particularly, in the western part of the basin, Wealden 3–4 shales are important petroleum source rocks. However, an overlap of biomarker signatures with those from Jurassic Posidonienschiefer Formation (“Posidonia”) shales from the same area shows that oil–source rock correlations in this area remain challenging.

Field of study: Environmental science
Are behaviors at one alternative in concurrent schedules independent of contingencies at the other alternative?

Some have reported changing the schedule at one alternative of a concurrent schedule changed responding at the other alternative (Catania, 1969), which seems odd because no contingencies were changed there. When concurrent schedules are programmed using two schedules, one associated with each alternative that operate continuously, changing the schedule at one alternative also changes the switch schedule at the other alternative. Thus, changes in responding at the constant alternative could be due to the change in the switch schedule. To assess this possibility, six rats were exposed to a series of conditions that alternated between pairs of interval schedules at both alternatives and a pair of interval schedules at one, constant, alternative and a pair of extinction schedules at the other alternative. Comparing run lengths, visit durations and response rates at the constant alternative in the alternating conditions did not show consistent increases and decreases when a strict criterion for changes was used. Using a less stringent definition (any change in mean values) showed changes. The stay/switch analysis suggests it may be inaccurate to apply behavioral contrast to procedures that change from concurrent variable-interval variable-interval schedules to concurrent variable-interval extinction schedules because the contingencies in neither alternative are constant.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Architecture to improve the accuracy of automatic image annotation systems

Automatic image annotation (AIA) is an image retrieval mechanism to extract relative semantic tags from visual content. So far, the improvement of accuracy in newly developed such methods have been about 1 or 2% in the F1-score and the architectures seem to have room for improvement. Therefore, the authors designed a more detailed architecture for AIA and suggested new algorithms for its main parts. The proposed architecture has three main parts: feature extraction, learning, and annotation. They designed a novel learning method using machine learning and probability bases. In the annotation part, they suggest a novel method that gains the maximum benefit from the learning part. The combination of the proposed architecture, algorithms, and novel ideas resulted in new accuracy milestones in F1-score on most commonly used datasets. In their architecture, N+ measure which shows the number of tags with non-zero recalls showed that they could recall all tags for IAPRTC-12 and ESP-Games datasets.

Field of study: Computer science
Revisiting Dynamical Friction: The Role of Global Modes and Local Wakes

The orbital decay of a perturber within a larger system plays a key role in the dynamics of many astrophysical systems—from nuclear star clusters or globular clusters in galaxies, to massive black holes in galactic nuclei, to dwarf galaxy satellites within the dark matter halos of more massive galaxies. For many decades, there have been various attempts to determine the underlying physics and timescales of the drag mechanism, ranging from the local dynamical friction approach to descriptions based on the back-reaction of global modes induced in the background system. We present ultra-high-resolution N-body simulations of massive satellites orbiting a Milky Way-like galaxy (with > 108 particles), that appear to capture both the local “wake” and the global “mode” induced in the primary halo. We address directly the mechanism of orbital decay from the combined action of local and global perturbations and specifically analyze where the bulk of the torque originates.

Field of study: Physics