nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Investigation of systems for obtaining short high-power pulses by wavefront reversal of the radiation in a stimulated Brillouin scattering mirror

An investigation was made of optical systems performing wavefront reversal of the radiation in a stimulated Brillouin scattering (STBS) mirror and used to generate short (~10−9 sec) high-power pulses in neodymium-glass amplifiers. For a single-channel system the most suitable arrangement in practice was one in which reflection with wavefront reversal by an STBS mirror took place under steady-state STBS conditions, while a short pulse of the required duration was chopped out of the reflected radiation by a special switch. A method was found for eliminating depolarization of the radiation and inhomogeneities in the transverse distribution of the gain in the neodymium rods and this made it possible to achieve wavefront reversal of the radiation in a high-power laser system with a diffraction-limited accuracy (E≈50J, τ≈2 nsec, θ≈2×10−5 rad).

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Effect of Zr Content on Microstructure and Properties of Zn-11%Al-8%Cu-Mg Alloy

The effects of Zraddition on microstructure and properties of Zn-11%Al-8%Cu-Mg alloy were investigated by scanning electron microscope,electron probe micro-analyser,X-ray diffraction tensile test and hardness test.The results show that Zr addition refines microstructure,the element Zr usually exists in the form of compound ZrZnAl and distributes around primary grains;the strength and hardness are enhanced after Zr addition and the properties are best when the addition of Zris 0.4%.

Field of study: Materials science
RADIATION-HYDRODYNAMIC SIMULATIONS OF THE FORMATION OF ORION-LIKE STAR CLUSTERS. I. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ORIGIN OF THE INITIAL MASS FUNCTION

One model for the origin of typical Galactic star clusters such as the Orion Nebula Cluster (ONC) is that they form via the rapid, efficient collapse of a bound gas clump within a larger, gravitationally unbound giant molecular cloud. However, simulations in support of this scenario have thus far not included the radiation feedback produced by the stars; radiative simulations have been limited to significantly smaller or lower-density regions. Here we use the ORION AMR code to conduct the first ever radiation-hydrodynamic simulations of the global collapse scenario for the formation of an ONC-like cluster. We show that radiative feedback has a dramatic effect on the evolution: once the first ~10%-20% of the gas mass is incorporated into stars, their radiative feedback raises the gas temperature high enough to suppress any further fragmentation. However, gas continues to accrete onto existing stars, and, as a result, the stellar mass distribution becomes increasingly top-heavy, eventually rendering it incompatible with the observed initial mass function (IMF). Systematic variation in the location of the IMF peak as star formation proceeds is incompatible with the observed invariance of the IMF between star clusters, unless some unknown mechanism synchronizes the IMFs in different clusters by ensuring that star formation is always truncated when the IMF peak reaches a particular value. We therefore conclude that the global collapse scenario, at least in its simplest form, is not compatible with the observed stellar IMF. We speculate that processes that slow down star formation, and thus reduce the accretion luminosity, may be able to resolve the problem.

Field of study: Physics
Five four‐year colleges: Villa Madonna College

WE MUST CONTEND with a variety of problems that are common to many small colleges. For example, in past years there has been a steady flow of comments about the inadequate laboratory equipment and the weak format of laboratory training. Furthermore there had been noticeable shortcomings in mathematics instruction in addition to difficulties with the physics curriculum. A final example is that the faculty must labor under severe handicaps such as heavy teaching loads, small financial resources and a lack of technical and secretarial assistance. On the other hand, of course, there are a number of advantages to a small college such as Villa Madonna. However, before I discuss more extensively the strengths and weaknesses of our college, including methods for evaluation, I will deal with the curriculum itself.

Field of study: Physics
Relationships among Mental Health, Coping Styles, and Mood

The present study investigated the relationships between mental health (measured by the General Health Questionnaire—6 factors: General Illness, Somatic Symptoms, Sleep Disturbance, Social Dysfunction, Anxiety and Dysphoria, Suicidal Depression), coping styles (two strategies: Cognitive centered, Emotional centered), and mood (Tense Arousal, Energetic Arousal). 96 students answered questionnaires before their semester test which was a stressor. Analysis showed that (1) Tense Arousal scores correlated positively with overall General Health scores and all General Health factor scores, and Energetic Arousal scores correlated negatively with overall General Health scores and all General Health factor scores except one; (2) Anxiety and Dysphoria scores predicted Tense Arousal scores the best of General Health factor scores, while both Social Dysfunction scores and General Illness scores predicted Energetic Arousal scores. (3) Participants with high Energetic Arousal scores used a Cognitive centered coping strategy much more than an Emotional centered coping strategy That is, people with low Energetic Arousal scores seem to use the Emotional centered coping strategy and have anxiety/dysphoria, while people with high Energetic Arousal scores seem to use a Cognitive centered coping strategy and have good health and social activity. These results suggest that there are small but significant relationships among mental health, coping styles, and mood.

Field of study: Psychology
Immune responsiveness to Mycobacterium leprae and other mycobacterial antigens throughout the clinical and histopathological spectrum of leprosy.

Immunological responsiveness was studied throughout the clinical and histopathological spectrum of leprosy (Ridley–Jopling scale) by the methods of lymphocyte transformation, leucocyte migration inhibition and delayed skin hypersensitivity, 
 
The response to Mycobacterium leprae showed by all methods a continuous decrease from strong responses in the polar tuberculoid (TT) group to virtually negative responses in the polar lepromatous (LL) group. There was a good agreement between the in vitro methods and the lepromin skin test, giving support to the latter as useful tool in the evaluation of immune responsiveness to M. leprae in leprosy patients. 
 
The immune response to BCG and PPD on the other hand, decreased only slightly towards the lepromatous pole of the spectrum, confirming the high degree of specificity of the immune defect in lepromatous leprosy. Patients grouped histologically as subpolar tuberculoid (TT/BT) reacted particularly strongly to BCG and PPD. 
 
As it is likely that the methods used mainly measured T-lymphocyte function, the clinicopathological manifestations of leprosy appear to reflect the strength of the cellular immune response against M. leprae. Thus the findings give strong support to the concept of a host-determined, immunological diseases pectrum as expressed in the Ridley–Jopling classification.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
On the Transition of the Political Education Value Orientations in Germany after World WarII and Its Inspirations

After World WarⅡ,political education had played a vital role in the transformation from a submissive political culture to a participating one in Germany.During the process,German political education had experienced three transitions of value orientations,from political education as a tool of race purification and aggression﹠expansion,to a way to protect the constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany,to pursuing people’s freedom and liberation,and finally to the integration of political identity and people’s freedom and development.The transition could give us a lot of inspirations.

Field of study: Education
High-quality schottky and ohmic contacts in planar 4H-SiC metal semiconductor field-effect transistors and device performance

We have fabricated planar 4H-SiC, metal-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MESFETs) with high-quality metal/SiC contacts. To eliminate potential damage to the gate region caused by etching and simplify the device fabrication process, gate Schottky contacts were formed without any recess gate etching, and an ideality factor of 1.03 was obtained for these gate contacts. The interface state density between the contact metal and SiC was 5.7×1012 cm−2eV−1, which was found from the relationship between the barrier height and the metal work function. These results indicate that the interface was well controlled. Thus, a transconductance of 30 mS/mm was achieved with a 3-µm gate length as the performance figure of these MESFETs with high-quality metal/SiC contacts. Also, a low ohmic contact resistance of 1.2×10−6 Θcm2 was obtained for the source and drain ohmic contacts by using ion implantation.

Field of study: Materials science
Brain correlates of self-rated originality of ideas: evidence from event-related power and phase-locking changes in the EEG.

In the present study, we contrast oscillatory brain activity during the production of subjectively more versus less original ideas. A sample of 26 participants worked on two verbal creativity problems and subsequently rated the produced ideas with respect to their originality. On the basis of these self-ratings, ideas were divided into a more and a less original list within each participant. Cortical activity was assessed by means of event-related changes in EEG power (synchronization and desynchronization) and phase locking in two alpha bands. Analyses revealed that more, as compared with less, original ideas elicited a stronger event-related synchronization of alpha activity (power increases from the pre-stimulus reference to the activation interval) and higher phase coupling in the right hemisphere. These findings corroborate the importance of right-hemispheric cortical networks in creative idea generation.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Effects of heat treatment on hydriding/dehydriding characteristics of Ti_(18)Cr_(24)V_(55)Zr_3 alloy

The effects of heat treatment(at 1473 K for 2 h or 6 h) on the hydriding/dehydriding characteristics of Ti_(18)Cr_(24)V_(55)Zr_3 alloy were investigated.The microstructure analysis showed that the as-cast alloy consisted of a V-based solid solution main phase with BCC structure and a ZrCr_2 secondary phase,and the alloys treated at 1473 K for 2 h and 6 h had a small amount of Ti-rich phase besides the V-based solid solution and ZrCr_2 phase.It was found that the heat treatment led to an increase of the kinetics of the alloy and a slight decrease of the hydrogen absorption capacity at 20℃.However,the heat treatment increased the width and decreased the gradient of the plateau of the p-c isotherm.The result showed that the alloy treated at 1473 K for 2 h had good overall properties,such as activation behavior of 1 cycle,hydrogen absorption capacity of 394 ml·g~(-1) at 20℃ and effective desorption capacity of 232 ml·g~(-1) at 80℃.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Structural Risk Minimization for $C^{1,1}(\mathbb{R}^d)$ Regression

One means of fitting functions to high-dimensional data is by providing smoothness constraints. Recently, the following smooth function approximation problem was proposed: given a finite set $E \subset \mathbb{R}^d$ and a function $f: E \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$, interpolate the given information with a function $\widehat{f} \in \dot{C}^{1, 1}(\mathbb{R}^d)$ (the class of first-order differentiable functions with Lipschitz gradients) such that $\widehat{f}(a) = f(a)$ for all $a \in E$, and the value of $\mathrm{Lip}(\nabla \widehat{f})$ is minimal. An algorithm is provided that constructs such an approximating function $\widehat{f}$ and estimates the optimal Lipschitz constant $\mathrm{Lip}(\nabla \widehat{f})$ in the noiseless setting. 
We address statistical aspects of reconstructing the approximating function $\widehat{f}$ from a closely-related class $C^{1, 1}(\mathbb{R}^d)$ given samples from noisy data. We observe independent and identically distributed samples $y(a) = f(a) + \xi(a)$ for $a \in E$, where $\xi(a)$ is a noise term and the set $E \subset \mathbb{R}^d$ is fixed and known. We obtain uniform bounds relating the empirical risk and true risk over the class $\mathcal{F}_{\widetilde{M}} = \{f \in C^{1, 1}(\mathbb{R}^d) \mid \mathrm{Lip}(\nabla f) \leq \widetilde{M}\}$, where the quantity $\widetilde{M}$ grows with the number of samples at a rate governed by the metric entropy of the class $C^{1, 1}(\mathbb{R}^d)$. Finally, we provide an implementation using Vaidya's algorithm, supporting our results via numerical experiments on simulated data.

Field of study: Computer science
DMT1-Mutant Erythrocytes have Shortened Life Span, Accelerated Glycolysis and Increased Oxidative Stress

Deficiency of the divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) leads to hypochromic microcytic anemia. We have previously shown that DMT1 deficiency impairs erythroid differentiation and induces apoptosis of erythroid cells. Here we analyzed metabolic processes and survival of mature erythrocytes in order to address potential involvement of erythrocyte defect in the pathophysiology of the disease.  FACS analysis was used to determine the half-life of erythrocytes (CFSE fluorescence), phosphatidylserine exposure (Annexin V binding), cytosolic Ca2+ (Fluo3/AM fluorescence) and reactive oxygen species (ROS; DCF fluorescence). Enzyme activities were determined by standard biochemical methods. The concentration of ATP and ADP was measured on HPLC-MS/MS.  We observed an accelerated clearance of CFSE-labeled DMT1-mutant erythrocytes from circulating blood when compared to wild-type erythrocytes. In vitro, DMT1-mutant erythrocytes showed significantly increased Annexin V binding after exposure to hyperosmotic shock and glucose depletion. Despite exaggerated anti-oxidative defense, higher ROS levels were present in DMT1-mutant erythrocytes. Accelerated anaerobic glycolysis and reduced ATP/ADP ratio detected in DMT1-mutant erythrocytes indicate enhanced demand for ATP.  We propose that DMT1 deficiency negatively affects metabolism and life span of mature erythrocytes; two other aspects of defective erythropoiesis which contribute to the pathophysiology of the disease.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Correlation between some direct and indirect tests for screen detection of subclinical mastitis.

This study was undertaken to investigate the effectiveness of California mastitis test (CMT), white side test (WST), chlorine test and electrical conductivity (EC) in the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows in a comparison to somatic cell count (SCC) as a standard method for detection of subclinical mastitis. One hundred random samples of cow’s milk were collected from different dairy farms at Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. SCC revealed that 27% of samples contained less than 2×10 5 SCC/ml. and were considered negative for presence of subclinical mastitis, while mastitic samples (73%) contained higher numbers of SCC exceeded 2×10 5 /ml. CMT results revealed that 27.0% of the examined cow’s milk samples were negative and 73.0% were among the positive samples. The mean values of chlorine % of normal and mastitic cow’s milk samples were 0.093 and 0.157, respectively. EC of normal and mastitic cow’s milk samples revealed that the mean values were 4.08 and 7.42 mS/cm, respectively. Results showed significant correlation of these parameters in detection of subclinical mastitis milk samples.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
There's no place like home.

Ihave always been passionate about caring for patients at home. Among all medical disciplines, it is almost exclusively family doctors who offer housecalls. It is our territory. It is our history. It helps define us. We are the physicians who care for people across all geographic settings—not just in the office or hospital. It is the intimacy of treating patients and their families in the home environment that symbolizes for me the closeness of the personal relationship that exists between us and our patients. Caring for people at home is a core professional task of family physicians. 1 The cost and health benefits of keeping patients in their homes have been well documented. 2 The personal rewards help some physicians reconnect to the reasons they studied medicine in the first place. The appreciation of patients and their families for this care is usually beyond words. Much of my clinical practice involves caring for patients near the end of life in their homes. I love what I do and it is a privilege to be able to provide this kind of care. I recently reflected back to my residency, during which I undertook a study of “home birthing.” I concluded that it wasn’t a safe practice in Canada, but on a deeper level, it made intuitive sense to me. And now I’m helping people with “home dying.” Most Canadians would choose to be at home at the end of life, 3 but very few get the chance. And only about 10% to 18% of Canadians older than 65 years, depending on the province in which they live, receive any home care during their later years.

Field of study: Medicine
The Demos as a Plural Subject

This article offers a conceptualization of the demos based on a cohesive approach to its agency and composition inspired by Margaret Gilbert’s plural subject theory of social groups. It entails three improvements to the existing literature on collective action as applied to demos. First and foremost, it provides a coherent approach to disputed problems of composition (normatively deciding who should be included) and agency (the capacity to function as an actor). Second, by understanding the demos as a plural subject, it offers a nuanced understanding of how democratic collective agency is constituted and can be maintained in large-scale collectives. Third, it presents the normativity that is at stake in the debates on the demos not merely as freestanding normative theory, but as being entailed in the ontology of social structures and entities.

Field of study: Philosophy
Casting Technology of High-nickel Ductile Iron Exhaust Pipe

The casting process of high-nickel ductile iron exhaust pipe is summarized,and the saturation degree,which effects the spheroidization rate and mechanical properties of high-nickel austenite ductile cast iron,is discussed.When saturation A reaches up to 4.9,a casting with a good quality of spheroidization can also be produced.Furthermore,the chunky graphite on hot spots of high-nickel austenite ductile iron casting is solved utilizing proportional solidification technology.The heat treatment process is verified to be reasonable when compared with that in a foreign company.The mechanical properties of castings manufactured is far above the ASTM specification and the tensile strength of all castings is above 400 MPa.

Field of study: Materials science
Effects of electron inelastic transport through the potential relief of a spin dimer in a magnetic field

The influence of inelastic effects on electron quantum transport through the potential relief of a dimer system was studied by exact solution of the Schrodinger equation. The nature of this problem is due to the coherent superposition of the different potential profiles through which the spin-polarized electron tunnels. It was found that the low magnetic field initiates new peaks of resonant tunneling. In high magnetic fields, the transport of electrons with opposite spin polarization is qualitatively different.

Field of study: Physics
The A‐chain of insulin is a hot‐spot for CD4+ T cell epitopes in human type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is caused by T cell‐mediated destruction of the pancreatic insulin‐producing β cells. While the role of CD4+ T cells in the pathogenesis of T1D is accepted widely, the epitopes recognized by pathogenic human CD4+ T cells remain poorly defined. None the less, responses to the N‐terminal region of the insulin A‐chain have been described. Human CD4+ T cells from the pancreatic lymph nodes of subjects with T1D respond to the first 15 amino acids of the insulin A‐chain. We identified a human leucocyte antigen‐DR4‐restricted epitope comprising the first 13 amino acids of the insulin A‐chain (A1‐13), dependent upon generation of a vicinal disulphide bond between adjacent cysteines (A6–A7). Here we describe the analysis of a CD4+ T cell clone, isolated from a subject with T1D, which recognizes a new HLR‐DR4‐restricted epitope (KRGIVEQCCTSICS) that overlaps the insulin A1‐13 epitope. This is a novel epitope, because the clone responds to proinsulin but not to insulin, T cell recognition requires the last two residues of the C‐peptide (Lys, Arg) and recognition does not depend upon a vicinal disulphide bond between the A6 and A7 cysteines. The finding of a further CD4+ T cell epitope in the N‐terminal A‐chain region of human insulin underscores the importance of this region as a target of CD4+ T cell responses in human T1D.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Optimizing Fermentation Conditions of Bacillus subtilis Czk1,an Endophytic Antagonistic Bacterial Strain from Rubber Tree

Bacillus subtilis Czk1 is a bacterial strain isolated from the root of the rubber tree.In dual culture test it showed strong antagonism against many plant fungal pathogens,including all of five rubber root pathogens and eight important pathogens occurring on other crops.Therefore the bacterial strain could be potentially developed as a biological control agent.In this article its optimal culture medium and conditions were studied.The optimal culture meidium was determined by one factor experimental design and orthogonal experimental design.The results indicated that the best culture medium contained 2% glucose,1% yeast extract + tryptone + NH 4 Cl(2:2:1),0.3% Na 2 HPO 4,0.1% NaH 2 PO 4 and the proportion of C/N was 2:1.One factor experimental design was used to determine the optimal culture condition.The results showed that 33 ℃,the initial pH7.5,200 r/min,24 h culture duration,5% initial inoculation amount and 100 mL VE were the best culture conditions for Czk1.This study would provide useful data for the further exploitation of Czk1 as a biocontrol agent.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences