nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Adolescents' Reported Motivations to Use or Not to Use Alcohol or Other Drugs

ome African American scholars S insist that examining cultural values and social practices within a specific ethnic group is the most effective way to understand behaviors (Bass 1993; Blackwell 1991). They contend that the cultural values indigenous to particular ethnic groups may provide a vantage point to a more accurate interpretation of ethnic differences in drug use behavior. To date, the cultural approach to understanding adolescent drug use patterns has, unfortunately, been neglected (Botvin, Schinke, and Orlandi 1995; Miller et al. 1999). A cultural approach to adolescent drug use behavior entails investigating and describing a culture’s normative beliefs and its members’ perception that those beliefs are tied to cultural practices. For this study, we investigated

Field of study: Sociology
Autonomous Landing of a Fixed Wing UAV with a Ground-based Visual Guidance System

Fixed wing UAV autonomous landing guidance system needs high precision, fast tracking speed. This paper designs and built a set of Ground-based visual guidance system, which first introduces the visual landing guidance system principle, composition, analysis of the mathematical model and error analysis of the system; The Adaboost algorithm is applied to the recognition of UAV, where UAV samples and non-UAV are chosen for training cascade classifie. After the recognition of UAV, the UAV tracking system based on vision is designed. Finally, the reliability, tracking speed and precision of the system are verified by field experiments. The experimental results show that the designed landing guidance system could meet the requirements of the precise autonomous landing of a fixed wing UAV.

Field of study: Engineering
ON THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF ABLATION OF SEA ICE

A study has been made of the heat budget just before and during the season of ablation, of first year sea ice near the head of Tanquary Fiord. Ablation started as the air temperature approached 0 °C, producing a decrease in albedo from approximately 0.6 to 0.2 in less than a week. Typical values of incident shortwave radiation were 800 cal cm−2 day−1 on clear days and 400 cal cm−2 day−1 during heavy overcast. The net influx of all-wave radiation was about 350 cal cm−2 day−1 during the ablation period, and resulted in a rate of ablation of ice of approximately 4 cm day−1.It is shown that the flux of radiative heat is the dominant factor determining the ablation rate and the change in thermal content of the ice sheet. Upward conduction from the sea is small, except when surface melt runoff occurs and collects in a stable layer immediately under the ice sheet. Even partial refreezing in this layer may release large quantities of latent heat to increase the rate of bottom conduction appreciably.

Field of study: Environmental science
Classical Nernst engine.

We introduce a simple model for an engine based on the Nernst effect. In the presence of a magnetic field, a vertical heat current can drive a horizontal particle current against a chemical potential. For a microscopic model invoking classical particle trajectories subject to the Lorentz force, we prove a universal bound 3-2√2≃0.172 for the ratio between the maximum efficiency and the Carnot efficiency. This bound, as the slightly lower one 1/6 for efficiency at maximum power, can indeed be saturated for a large magnetic field and small fugacity.

Field of study: Physics
Dr. Faustus: theist or atheist?

Dr. Faustus is the greatest but the most controversial of Marlowe’s plays. Among the causes of controversy, whether Dr. Faustus is an atheist or theist deserves utmost attention. This paper is intended to deal with the issue. Though at various stages of the development of the action, Dr. Faustus abjures Trinity, resorts to necromancy, becomes guilty of demoniality, for which he is called an atheist, the intensity of his later wish for having redemption and the destruction of his self makes him emerge as a theist. Without these qualities, Dr. Faustus is said to the embodiment of the character of Christopher Marlowe himself, who was an atheist or a member of an atheist group. Therefore, it is also an object of discussion to correlate Dr. Faustus with Marlowe.

Field of study: Education
Ex Ante Evaluation of Health States and the Provision for Ill-Health

This paper examines the motivation for States to intervene in the provisions that their citizens make for ill-health. The author examines arguments that relate to imperfect information and a kind of misperception which he calls evaluator relativity. He identifies ex post regret as being the force that may justify intervention that helps to sidestep some of the problems that arise when expected utility is invoked as a welfare criterion.

Field of study: Economics
A Wright–Fisher model with indirect selection

We study a generalization of the Wright–Fisher model in which some individuals adopt a behavior that is harmful to others without any direct advantage for themselves. This model is motivated by studies of spiteful behavior in nature, including several species of parasitoid hymenoptera in which sperm-depleted males continue to mate despite not being fertile. We first study a single reproductive season, then use it as a building block for a generalized Wright–Fisher model. In the large population limit, for male-skewed sex ratios, we rigorously derive the convergence of the renormalized process to a diffusion with a frequency-dependent selection and genetic drift. This allows a quantitative comparison of the indirect selective advantage with the direct one classically considered in the Wright–Fisher model. From the mathematical point of view, each season is modeled by a mix between samplings with and without replacement, and analyzed by a sort of “reverse numerical analysis”, viewing a key recurrence relation as a discretization scheme for a PDE. The diffusion approximation is then obtained by classical methods.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
2-Bit Random Projections, NonLinear Estimators, and Approximate Near Neighbor Search

The method of random projections has become a standard tool for machine learning, data mining, and search with massive data at Web scale. The effective use of random projections requires efficient coding schemes for quantizing (real-valued) projected data into integers. In this paper, we focus on a simple 2-bit coding scheme. In particular, we develop accurate nonlinear estimators of data similarity based on the 2-bit strategy. This work will have important practical applications. For example, in the task of near neighbor search, a crucial step (often called re-ranking) is to compute or estimate data similarities once a set of candidate data points have been identified by hash table techniques. This re-ranking step can take advantage of the proposed coding scheme and estimator. 
As a related task, in this paper, we also study a simple uniform quantization scheme for the purpose of building hash tables with projected data. Our analysis shows that typically only a small number of bits are needed. For example, when the target similarity level is high, 2 or 3 bits might be sufficient. When the target similarity level is not so high, it is preferable to use only 1 or 2 bits. Therefore, a 2-bit scheme appears to be overall a good choice for the task of sublinear time approximate near neighbor search via hash tables. 
Combining these results, we conclude that 2-bit random projections should be recommended for approximate near neighbor search and similarity estimation. Extensive experimental results are provided.

Field of study: Computer science
Study on the Directed Evolution of Interferon Family

This is the report of dir ected evolution of Human Interfero n Alpha Genes using DNA shuffling combined with phage display techno logy and cell-based competitive sc reening methods.The novel interfer on alpha hybrid with improved bioa ctivity was obtained and shows a g reat prospect in production.This s trategy also offers some informati on on the way of directed evolutio n of other cytokines or proteins.

Field of study: Biology
The relationship between genetic influences on alcohol dependence and on patterns of alcohol consumption.

Genetic factors impact substantially both on alcohol consumption (AC) and on the risk for alcohol dependence (AD). However, we know little about the degree to which measures of AC index the genetic risk for AD.



We assessed a lifetime history of AD by DSM-IV criteria and four measures of AC at the time of heaviest drinking (drink frequency, regular quantity, maximum quantity, and drunk frequency) in 5,073 adult twins from same-sex pairs from the Virginia Twin Registry. Structural models were fitted using Mx.



We found evidence for different genetic structure in the sexes. In women, genetic risk for AD and for the four measures of AC was entirely shared. In men, the AC measures captured 85% of the genetic risk for AD. In women, the genetic relationship with AD was strongest for drunk frequency and in men for both drunk frequency and regular quantity.



In a population-based sample of twins, four relatively simple measures of AC obtained for the time of lifetime heaviest drinking were able to capture all (in women) or a very large proportion (in men) of the genetic risk for the complex multi-dimensional construct of AD. If replicated, these results have practical implications for studies aiming to assess genetic risk for AD.

Field of study: Medicine
Quality assurance for emissions analysis systems.

The application of quality assurance practices is having a significant, positive impact on the quality of environmental data being generated. One such practice is the performance audit, which involves one laboratory providing ''unknown'' or ''blind'' samples to another laboratory for analysis. A performance audit conducted simultaneously with a source emission sample analysis provides an assessment of analysis accuracy. This accuracy assessment is important for data use in setting standards and for compliance testing after standards have been promulgated. When it has been demonstrated that specific organic gases are stable enough to be used as performance audit materials in the 5-20-ppm concentration range, a performance audit will be included as an integral part of the promulgated test method. Two EPA test methods for vinyl chloride and benzene currently include the requirement for a performance audit during source test analyses. Under a contract to the EPA, the Research Triangle Inst. is developing an extensive repository of gaseous compounds for use in audits a description of which is given in tables.

Field of study: Environmental science
Alterations in brain protein kinase C isoforms following developmental exposure to a polychlorinated biphenyl mixture.

PCBs have been shown to alter several neurochemical end-points and are implicated in the etiology of some neurological diseases. Recent in vivo studies from our laboratory indicated that developmental exposure to a commercial PCB mixture, Aroclor 1254, caused perturbations in calcium homeostasis and changes in protein kinase C (PKC) activities in rat brain. However, it is not known which molecular substances are targets for PCB-induced developmental neurotoxicity. Since the PKC signaling pathway has been implicated in the modulation of motor behavior as well as learning and memory, and the roles of PKC are subspecies specific, the present study attempted to analyze the effects on selected PKC isozymes in the cerebellum and the hippocampus following developmental exposure (gestational day 6 through postnatal day 21) to a PCB mixture, Aroclor 1254. The results indicated that the developmental exposure to PCBs caused significant hypothyroxinemia and age-dependent alterations in the translocation of PKC isozymes; the effects were greatly significant at postnatal day (PND) 14. Immunoblot analysis of PKC-alpha (alpha) from both cerebellum and hippocampus revealed that developmental exposure to Aroclor 1254 caused a significant decrease in cytosolic fraction and an increase in particulate fraction. There was no significant difference between these two brain regions on the level of fractional changes. However, the ratio between the fractions (particulate/cytosol) from cerebellum only was increased in a dose-dependent manner. Analysis of PKC-gamma (gamma) in cerebellum on PND14 showed a decrease in cytosolic fraction in both dose groups and an increase in particulate fraction at high dose (6 mg/kg) only. The ratio between the two fractions was increased in a dose-dependent manner. In the hippocampus, there was a significant decrease in PKC-gamma in cytosolic fraction of the high-dose group and a significant increase in particulate fraction of the low-dose group. But, the ratio between the fractions showed a significant increase (2.6-fold increase in high dose on PND14). Analysis of PKC-epsilon (epsilon) in cerebellum showed a significant decrease in cytosolic fraction at PND14, while particulate PKand an increase in ratio between fractions at 6 mg/kg on PND14. The results from this study indicate that the patterns of subcellular distributions of PKC isoforms following a developmental PCB exposure were PKC isozyme- and developmental stage-specific. Considering the significant role of PKC signaling in motor behavior, learning and memory, it is suggested that altered subcellular distribution of PKC isoforms at critical periods of brain development may be a possible mechanism of PCB-induced neurotoxic effects and that PKC-alpha, gamma, and epsilon may be among the target molecules implicated with PCB-induced neurological impairments during developmental exposure. It is believed that this is the first report successfully identifying PKC isoforms responding to PCBs during developmental exposure.

Field of study: Biology
Incompressibility and mesh sensitivity analysis in finite element simulation of rubbers

Non-linear finite element calculations are indispensable when important information of the material response under load of a rubber component is desired. Although the material characterization of a rubber component is a demanding engineering task, the changing contact range between the parts and the incompressibility behaviour of the rubber further increase the complexity of the investigations. In this paper the effects of the choice of the numerical material parameters (e.g. bulk modulus) are examined with regard to numerical stability, mesh density and calculation accuracy. As an example, a rubber spring is chosen where contact problem is also handled.

Field of study: Engineering
Assessing the Relationship Between Gut Microbiota and Bone Mineral Density

Recent study demonstrates the comprehensive effects of gut microbiota on complex diseases or traits. However, limited effort has been conducted to explore the potential relationships between gut microbiota and BMD.  We performed a polygenetic risk scoring (PRS) analysis to systematically explore the relationships between gut microbiota and body BMD. Significant SNP sets associated with gut microbiota were derived from previous genome-wide association study (GWAS). In total, 2,294 to 5,065 individuals with BMD values of different sites and their genotype data were obtained from UK Biobank cohort. The gut microbiota PRS of each individual was computed from the SNP genotype data for each study subject of UK Biobank by PLINK software. Using computed PRS as the instrumental variables of gut microbiota, Pearson correlation analysis of individual PRS values and BMD values was finally conducted to test the potential association between gut microbiota and target trait.  In total, 31 BMD traits were selected as outcome to assess their relationships with gut microbiota. After adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, and the first 5 principal components (PCs) as the covariates using linear regression model, pelvis BMD (P = 0.0437) showed suggestive association signal with gut microbiota after multiple testing correction.  Our study findings support the weak relevance of gut microbiota with the development of BMD.

Field of study: Biology
Principle and Application of Remote Network Controllable Electronic Switch System

Remote network controllable electronic switch system is a high technology product which consists of hardware and software, using the Internet to control long-distance power. The hardware system can receive instructions through the network cable and control alternating voltage. The part of software is a management platform that controls long-distance power. This system is often used to control switches automatically. Using the management software, it can monitor the state of electric circuit and manage it. Especially it's beneficial to control the switches in dangerous occasions or far away.

Field of study: Computer science
Matrimoni di antico regime. Daniela Lombardi

contrast with the decorous formalism of painting (51-52), surely owes much of its emotional charge to Giovanni's upbringing as the sole surviving child of his widowed mother. My chief complaint about this elegant and potent book is its restrictive insistence on the revelatory power of literary texts. As an aficionado of vernacular chronicles, I would take exception with Martines' brusque dismissal of "traditional historical sources such as chronicles and other forms of flat (prose) documentation: these require no concerted analysis in the literary-social mode" (266). For all their apparent artlessness, chronicles can reveal the passions, obsessions, rancor, and affections of their authors as clearly as the poetry of a Francesco degli Alberti does his — if they are read with the informed and sensitive intelligence that Martines applies to Alberti's poetry. Nor would I agree that "[a]s a guide to the minds and sensibilities of people, the flat document, the prosaic record, must always be . . . oversimple and perfunctory" (267). Of course, any historian's presentation of Victorian England is bound to blur and fade beside the indelible precision of Dickens' characters and settings, but so too will nearly any other novelist's. As evocations of human emotions and social interactions, scholarly readings of the documentary record may all too often seem oversimple and perfunctory; but must they always be so? The fault, I fear, lies not in our documents, but ourselves. When read well, read wisely, read above all imaginatively — in a word, when read as Martines reads his love sonnets, political canzoni, and cruel beffe — even so prosaic a text as an account book or an inventory can disclose just as effectively as poetry "the ways in which people both daydreamed and carried out their ordinary activities under an aura of social ideals and stresses" (267). DANIEL BORNSTEIN Texas A & M University

Field of study: History
Trait Implications as a Moderator of Recall of Stereotype-Consistent and Stereotype-Inconsistent Behaviors

The assumption was tested that organization in memory of behavioral information and recall depends on the descriptive relatedness of consistent information with inconsistent information. Subjects read stereotype-consistent and stereotype-inconsistent behavioral descriptions implying the same trait dimension (e.g., intelligent and stupid behaviors) or different trait dimensions (e.g., intelligent and aggressive behaviors). It was hypothesized that if stereotype-inconsistent behaviors were associated with consistent behaviors because of shared trait implications, these behaviors would be recalled better than stereotype-consistent behaviors. Conversely, it was expected that if subjects were provided with inconsistent information that, because of differential trait implications, could not be associated with consistent information, inconsistent information would be stored separately, and recall of this information would be worse. These predictions were corroborated in a recall task. Conditional recall probabilities and clustering scores supported the proposed underlying organization of information in memory.

Field of study: Psychology
THE AXIAL COMPRESSION BEARING CAPACITY OF THE CONCRETE FILLED STEEL TUBULAR COLUMN-BEAM JOINT WITH THE COLUMN TUBE DISCONTINUOUS IN JOINT ZONE

The mechanics characteristic of the concrete filled steel tubular column-beam joint in which the column tube is discontinuous under axial compression is analyzed. The main influence factors are figured out, which include the strength of concrete, the ratio of the area of the joint section and the area of the steel tube, the amount of the steel ring bars and the height of the joint. Based on the theory of local compression, as well as according to the confined concrete theory, the concept of gradual superposition of the confinement from multilayer steel ring bars to the core concrete is presented, the joint height coefficient is introduced, and then the formula for calculating the ultimate axial capacity is put forward. The comparison between the results of calculation and experiment shows that they are consistent with each other.

Field of study: Engineering
Features of phase transformations in a NiV–Pt–Si system during stationary stepped annealing

Electron diffraction methods in reflection geometry are used to investigate the distinctive features of phase transformations that occur in a NiV–Pt–Si system during stationary stepped annealing. A platinum film 0.015–0.02 µm thick and then a vanadium-alloyed nickel film 0.08 µm thick are magnetron-sputtered on the surface of a silicon wafer of KEF-0.5 grade with (111) orientation. Annealing is performed in a nitrogen atmosphere. It is shown that depending on the degree of homogenization of the mutual Ni–Pt solid solution and the interaction at the Pt–Si interface at the first step of annealing, which lasts for long periods of time at temperatures of 240 or 350°C, subsequent high-temperature annealing at 550°C for 30 min leads to the formation of Ni1–xPtxSi- or Pt1–xNixSi silicides with NiSi- or PtSi-type crystal lattices.

Field of study: Physics
Effect of atomization on membrane structure and characteristics during manufacture of polymer-coated controlled-release fertilizer

Controlled-release membrane was prepared based on the phase inversion method in which circulated urea particles were coated with polyethylene and olefin dispersed in tetrachloroethylene solution.The effect of atomizing on the membrane structure and nutrients release characteristics was investigated systematically.The results showed that as atomizing diameter changed from 43 μm to 120 μm, the average pore diameter of membrane increased from 25.1 nm to 149.2 nm, thus, the release duration of nitrogen coated-urea dropped from 360 d to 96 d consequently.Atomizing diameter played an important role in the structure and characteristics of the membrane and atomizing influenced the membrane formation during phase inversion, therefore, nitrogen release rate of controlled-release urea was manipulated by the mini-pore structure of membrane.Furthermore, in order to obtain satisfactory release, the atomizing diameter should be optimized around 40—120 μm , and the ideal average diameter of the membrane pores should be in the range of 50—150 nm.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science