nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Potential-inserted InGaAs - AlGaInAs shallow quantum wells for electro-optical modulation at

We show that the insertion of ultra thin layers of barrier material in InGaAs quantum wells allows separate control of the working wavelength, barrier height and quantum well thickness in InGaAs - AlGaInAs quantum well electroabsorption modulators, resulting in a drastic improvement of the overall performances of these devices.

Field of study: Materials science
Which Type of High School Maximizes Students’ College Match? Unequal Pathways to Postsecondary Destinations for Students From Varying High School Settings

Through multilevel analyses of Educational Longitudinal Study and National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)-Barron’s data sets, this study examined unequal chances for college enrollment for students from different high school types and locations. The study shows that students from more privileged high school sectors are able to maximize attendance at better academically matched colleges and that the structural type and location of high school both as hierarchically ranked and as providing varied opportunities and norms are key factors in college matching. The problem of undermatching is more prevalent among students in urban public open schools, suburban disadvantaged public schools, and rural schools. In contrast, students in urban magnet test-in schools, suburban advantaged public schools, Catholic schools, and independent private schools exhibit markedly better patterns of college matching. Our findings reveal nuanced differences within each location and sector, and we explore mechanisms by which the diverse opportunity structure and culture of such varied high schools produce different college-matching results.

Field of study: Education
Extraordinary body-self narratives: sport and physical activity in the lives of transgender people

Physical activity and sports can be regarded as particularly challenging social practices for transgender people, regarding the centrality of the body, gendered structures like changing rooms and competitions, and normative gender ideologies. In the emerging body of literature on transgender people and sport, the main focus has been on mainstream, competitive sports as non-inclusive. In this article, I present body-self narratives in physical activity and sports (PA/S) during different stages of their gender transition, based on interviews with 12 transgender people in the Netherlands. The results confirm that mainstream sports and physical activity spaces like swimming pools are often experienced as relatively unsafe by transgender people, both pre- and post-transition and especially during the ‘liminal’ transition phase. However, apart from places of shame for or control of the ‘wrong’ body-object and places of felt/enacted stigma, the body-self narratives also indicated that PA/S had been important enabling and empowering activities at different times in the lives of transgender people. For example, regarding gender (dis)identification or as coping strategy in de pre-transition phase and for ultimately gaining body-subject awareness, gender recognition and pride of the ‘right’ body-self.

Field of study: Sociology
The effects of solar ultraviolet-B radiation on the growth and yield of barley are accompanied by increased DNA damage and antioxidant responses

There is limited information on the impacts of present-day solar ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B) on biomass and grain yield of field crops and on the mechanisms that confer tolerance to UV-B radiation under field conditions. We investigated the effects of solar UV-B on aspects of the biochemistry, growth and yield of barley crops using replicated field plots and two barley strains, a catalase (CAT)-deficient mutant (RPr 79/4) and its wild-type mother line (Maris Mink). Solar UV-B reduced biomass accumulation and grain yield in both strains. The effects on crop biomass accumulation tended to be more severe in RPr 79/4 (≈ 32% reduction) than in the mother line (≈ 20% reduction). Solar UV-B caused measurable DNA damage in leaf tissue, in spite of inducing a significant increase in UV-absorbing sunscreens in the two lines. Maris Mink responded to solar UV-B with increased CAT and ascorbate peroxidase (APx) activity. No effects of UV-B on total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were detected. Compared with the wild type, RPr 79/4 had lower CAT activity, as expected, but higher APx activity. Neither of these activities increased in response to UV-B in RPr 79/4. These results suggest that growth inhibition by solar UV-B involves DNA damage and oxidative stress, and that constitutive and UV-B-induced antioxidant capacity may play an important role in UV-B tolerance.

Field of study: Environmental science
The abuse of regression in the National Health Service allocation formulae: response to the Department of Health's 2007 ‘resource allocation research paper’

Weighted capitation formulae for the allocation of funds to England's regional health authorities go back decades. In 2006, a paper in the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A, criticized the formula that has been used, with little change, from 2003 to 2009. The Department of Health has responded tangentially in a report from a team of academics whose remit was to revise the formula for its continued use beyond 2009. The Series A critique is here renewed and strengthened by analysis of the role of some elementary statistical tools in the construction of the latest formula. The conclusion is that, if the force of the extended critique is accepted, other approaches will have to be considered.

Field of study: Mathematics
[The relationship between schizophrenia and epilepsy: the history and current state of the problem].

The review deals with the background and current state of the relationship between schizophrenia and epilepsy. The author presents results of recent epidemiological, neuropsychological, neurophysiological and genetic studies, indicating that these diseases may be different clinical variants of a common etiologic process (neurodevelopmental brain abnormalities), while epilepsy with chronic psychotic symptoms can be considered as an experimental model of schizophrenia pathogenesis.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Improved Instruction in the Junior College: Key to Equal Opportunity.

The national commitment to equality of higher educational opportunity has created many complex problems, at the academic center of which is the need for significant modifications in traditional methods of college-level instruction. Sweeping changes in instructional methodology are necessary to accommodate not only the educational aspirations but the fundamental and pervasive learning problems of large and growing segments of college populations which are obviously not composed of traditional college-level students. Otherwise, ''equal opportunity" may prove to be merely another illusion for the very students (i.e., low-achieving, minority group, socioeconomically deprived, culturally disadvantaged, handicapped) for whom it should have the greatest meaning. Many colleges have recently made dramatic efforts to restructure both their curricular programs and their student services for academically disenfranchised students. Their laudable aim is to bridge the gap between emerging educational

Field of study: Education
Structural integration and performance of inter-sectoral public health-related policy networks: An analysis across policy phases.

Inter-sectoral policy networks may be effective in addressing environmental determinants of health with interventions. However, contradictory results are reported on relations between structural network characteristics (i.e., composition and integration) and network performance, such as addressing environmental determinants of health. This study examines these relations in different phases of the policy process.



A multiple-case study was performed on four public health-related policy networks. Using a snowball method among network actors, overall and sub-networks per policy phase were identified and the policy sector of each actor was assigned. To operationalise the outcome variable, interventions were classified by the proportion of environmental determinants they addressed.



In the overall networks, no relation was found between structural network characteristics and network performance. In most effective cases, the policy development sub-networks were characterised by integration with less interrelations between actors (low cohesion), more equally distributed distances between the actors (low closeness centralisation), and horizontal integration in inter-sectoral cliques. The most effective case had non-public health central actors with less connections in all sub-networks.



The results suggest that, to address environmental determinants of health, sub-networks should be inter-sectorally composed in the policy development rather than in the intervention development and implementation phases, and that policy development actors should have the opportunity to connect with other actors, without strong direction from a central actor.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Preparation of Multivalent Carbohydrate Mimetics Based on Enantiopure 1,2‐Oxazines by Sonogashira Coupling and Subsequent Reductive Ring‐Opening

A modular approach to aryl C-glycosides and their multivalent analogues is presented. Sonogashira coupling reactions connected the key compounds, enantiopure bicyclic 1,2-oxazine derivatives bearing p-bromophenyl substituents, with alkynes. Subsequent hydrogenolyses or a combination of hydrogenolysis and samarium diiodide mediated reductions converted the coupling products into new unnatural amino carbohydrate mimetics with a D-talose configuration. By Glaser coupling reactions we obtained products with a 1,3-diyne linker and divalent compounds derived therefrom. Through Sonogashira reactions of compound 8 with several iodobenzene derivatives, di-, tri-, and tetravalent compounds were prepared in high yields. The subsequent reductive processes converted the 1,2-oxazine moieties into the corresponding aminopyrans. Severe purification problems were solved in most cases by following the appropriate strategies as an apt sequence of steps or by acetylation of the intermediates.

Field of study: Chemistry
Social connectedness, dysfunctional interpersonal behaviors, and psychological distress: Testing a mediator model.

The study examined the relationship among social connectedness, dysfunctional interpersonal behaviors, and psychological distress. The authors specifically hypothesized that the direct negative effect of social connectedness on psychological distress would be mediated by dysfunctional interpersonal behaviors. Prior to testing the hypothesis, the authors revised the original Social Connectedness Scale (SCS; R. M. Lee & S. B. Robbins, 1995). Studies 1 and 2 describe the revision and validation of the SCS on separate samples of college students. In Study 3, the authors surveyed 184 college students and found support for the mediation hypothesis on general psychological distress. The importance of assessing social connectedness and tailoring counseling interventions for people with low connectedness and dysfunctional interpersonal behaviors is addressed.

Field of study: Psychology
Influence of cold-storage conditions on the quality of unshelled walnuts

In this work the influence of cold-storage conditions on unshelled walnut quality is studied. Quarterly, over a period of one year, the evolution of different walnut quality parameters has been analysed (kernel and whole walnut water content, faulty fruit presence, kernel colour, oil-free acidity, oxidative stability of the oil and fatty acids composition), in walnuts stored under two relative humidity conditions (40% and 60%) and three temperatures (3°C, 7°C and 10°C). The assays have been repeated for two consecutive years. It was observed that the whole walnut quality was maintained, for a period of at least 12 months, at 10°C and relative humidity conditions of 60%. With walnuts, cold storage at 40% relative humidity does not improve the final quality of the product, and causes a significant weight loss of dehydration. The tendency of the walnut kernel to darken depends on the variety and harvest or year.

Field of study: Engineering
First-principles Study of the Interactions of Electron Donor and Acceptor Molecules with Phosphorene

Density functional theory calculations have been carried out to investigate single-layer phosphorene functionalized with two kinds of organic molecules, i.e. an electrophilic molecule tetracyano-p-quinodimethane (TCNQ) as electron acceptor and a nucleophilic molecule tetrathia-fulvalene (TTF) as electron donor. The TCNQ molecule introduces shallow acceptor states in the gap of phosphorene close to the valence band edge (VBE), which makes the doped system a p-type semiconductor. However, when the TTF molecule is adsorbed on the phosphorene, the occupied molecular states introduced into the gap are of deep donor states so that effective n-doping for transport cannot be realized. This disadvantageous situation can be amended by applying an external electric field perpendicular to the phosphorene surface with direction from the phosphorene to the TTF molecule, under which the TTF-introduced donor states move closer to conduction band edge (CBE) of the phosphorene and then the TTF-doped phosphorene system becomes an n-type semiconductor. The effective bipolar doping of single-layer phosphorene via molecular adsorption predicted above, especially n-doping against its native p-doping propensity, would broaden the way to the application of this new type of two-dimensional material in nanoelectronic and optoelectronic devices.

Field of study: Physics
Capitalism, God, and a Good Cigar: Cuba Enters the Twenty-First Century. By Lydia Chávez. Durham: Duke University, 2005. Pp. X, 253. Illustrations. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $21.95 paper.

One criticism is called for, that by no means outweighs the considerable value of this book. The phrase "tourist gaze" should be retired. It has lost its analytical usefulness, if it ever had any. Humans everywhere look, "gaze," and sometimes stare at others; we commonly call it "people watching." We watch one another, and visitors to the United States watch us. It is disingenuous to criticize tourists for wanting to look at or photograph the Antigua vendors when the Maya attempt to attract tourists with female tipica vendors in traditional dress. In a sense, traditional dress is used as a form of advertising, and the Maya realize that women are more successful than males wearing Euro-Americanized clothing. Otavalos in Ecuador, Taquileans in Peru, and other indigenous people, like the Maya, know that their dress signals their status not only as indigenas, but as vendors of crafts, and use this strategically to attract customers. This does not excuse rude behavior by tourists anywhere, but asks for finer distinctions among tourists' behavior in works such as this.

Field of study: History
Tamoxifen enhances choline acetyltransferase mRNA expression in rat basal forebrain cholinergic neurons.

Novel estrogen-like molecules known as SERMs (selective estrogen receptor modulators) produce many of the beneficial estrogen-like actions without the detrimental side-effects. The SERM, tamoxifen, an estrogen-like molecule with both agonist and antagonist properties, is widely prescribed for the treatment of breast cancer. While the effects of tamoxifen are being evaluated in many peripheral tissues, its effects in the central nervous system (CNS) have been largely ignored. In the present study, we begin to evaluate the effects of tamoxifen in the rat basal forebrain, a region known to be highly responsive to estrogen. We compared the effects of short-term (24 h) tamoxifen treatment to that of estrogen on ChAT mRNA expression in cholinergic neurons. In addition, we examined the effect of tamoxifen in the presence and absence of estrogen. Our results indicate that tamoxifen enhances ChAT expression in a manner similar to that of estrogen in several basal forebrain regions. In contrast, tamoxifen exhibits antagonist properties with respect to estrogen-induction of progesterone receptor mRNA in the medial preoptic nucleus. These results indicate tamoxifen has estrogenic properties with respect to cholinergic neurons, suggesting a previously unidentified effect of this agent in the CNS.

Field of study: Biology
Icariin prevents bone loss by inhibiting bone resorption and stabilizing bone biological apatite in a hindlimb suspension rodent model

Bone loss induced by microgravity is a substantial barrier to humans in long-term spaceflight. Recent studies have revealed that icariin (ICA) can attenuate osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and ovariectomized rats. However, whether ICA can protect against microgravity-induced bone loss remains unknown. In this study, the effects of ICA on a hindlimb suspension rodent model were investigated. Two-month-old female Wistar rats were hindlimb suspended and treated with ICA (25 mg·kg−1·d−1, i.g.) or a vehicle for 4 weeks (n = 6). The bone mass density of the hindlimbs was analyzed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and micro-CT. mRNA expression of osteogenic genes in the tibia and the content of bone metabolism markers in serum were measured using qRT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. The bone mineral phase was analyzed using X-ray diffraction and atomic spectrometry. The results showed that ICA treatment significantly rescued the hindlimb suspension-induced reduction in bone mineral density, trabecular number and thickness, as well as the increases in trabecular separation and the structure model index. In addition, ICA treatment recovered the decreased bone-related gene expression, including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone glaprotein (BGP), and osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of the NF-κB ligand ratio (OPG/RANKL), in the tibia and the decreased bone resorption marker TRACP-5b levels in serum caused by simulated microgravity. Notably, ICA treatment restored the instability of bone biological apatite and the metabolic disorder of bone mineral elicited by simulated microgravity. These results demonstrate that ICA treatment plays osteoprotective roles in bone loss induced by simulated microgravity by inhibiting bone resorption and stabilizing bone biological apatite.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Distribution of mineral deposits in accreted terranes and cratonal rocks of western United States

The western margin of the conterminous United States, covering roughly 300 000 mi2 (777 000 km2), is an agglomeration of tectonostratigraphic terranes accreted to the North American craton mainly during Mesozoic time. The terranes represent a number of fundamental crustal types: oceanic crust, island-arc crust, melange, various combinations of the preceding three, batholithic, miogeoclinal, and platform.The distribution patterns of types of mineral deposits show that miogeoclinal terranes of the craton are characterized by replacement and vein-type lead–zinc–silver, skarn tungsten deposits, molybdenum, and tin, whereas accreted terranes contain all the known volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits, all chromite and chert-associated manganese, and all the large gold quartz-vein deposits, except Goldfield, Nevada. Carlin-type disseminated fine-grained gold deposits occur mostly in windows of Paleozoic miogeoclinal rocks in Nevada, but the only known fine-grained gold deposit in California is in very youthful ...

Field of study: Environmental science
Multimedia streaming in information-centric networking: A survey and future perspectives

Information-centric networking (ICN) is considered to be a fresh solution to conventional IP-based networking issues. In ICN, instead of a host name or identifier the data are retrieved by a data name. This method of exchanging data quickly and effectively disseminates data in the network leveraging in-network caching capabilities, depending on the policy. Information-centric networking is known to be a third revolution in the field of telecommunications. In its design, implementation, and practical use, it considers the properties of a network that are studied in IP-based networking. Several recent attempts have been made to develop various applications supported by ICN, including multimedia streaming, with particular focus being placed on the popular video streaming. In this paper, we therefore, survey the recent advancements in the emerging field of ICN and its architectures along with the most recent literature concerning multimedia support. Furthermore, we identify the gray areas and provide a road map for the research community working in the same domain. To the best of our knowledge, our examination is the first attempt to provide a thorough survey of studies on multimedia streaming in ICN.

Field of study: Computer science
Near-field microscopy of waveguide architectures of InGaN/GaN diode lasers

Waveguide (WG) architectures of 420 nm emitting InGaN/GaN diode lasers are analyzed by photoluminescence and photocurrent spectroscopy using a nearfield scanning optical microscope that scans along their front facets. The components of the 'optical active cavity', quantum wells, WGs, and cladding layers are individually inspected with a spatial resolution of ~100 nm. Separate analysis of the p- and n-sections of the WG was achieved, and reveals defect levels in the p-part. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the homogeneity of the n-WG section directly affects the quantum wells that are grown on top of this layer. Substantially increased carrier capture efficiencies into InGaN/GaN-WGs compared to GaN-WGs are demonstrated.

Field of study: Materials science
SOME NOTES ON CONDITIONED SUPPRESSION AND REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES.

Two pigeons were trained on an FR 150 schedule of reinforcement. An Estes-Skinner conditioned suppression procedure was then superimposed on this performance at varied intervals. If the CS occurred during the early stages of the ratio run, complete suppression resulted. If the CS occurred during the later stages of the run, the birds continued to respond until the reinforcement was obtained, which was then followed by complete suppression.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Scoring the Completeness of Software Designs

A standardized system for scoring the completeness of software designs produced in experimental settings is proposed. The system produces a complete and multifaceted expression of a software design, making it ideal for comparing designs generated in different languages, paradigms, and methodologies. The system decomposes a design into a large number of atomic design “features” and thus is able to characterize the different strengths (and weaknesses) that each design possesses, and to do so in a way that is “paradigm neutral”, that is, not unfairly biased towards one language, paradigm, or methodology. As a result of the thoroughness of this scoring system, an absolute completeness score for a design may be computed, facilitating the comparisons of designs across studies, across design problems, and across experimental conditions. The scoring system allows for the representation of design alternatives and optional features, recognizing that software design problems are neither uniquely understood nor sufficiently constrained to identify a unique solution. In addition, the scoring system characterizes each component of a design as being specified to a certain level of detail or “refinement”. Techniques for scoring designs and generating dependent measures are proposed. Alternative notions of design quality and correctness are described, and it is shown how they can be incorporated into the scoring system. Using the scoring system methodology as the basis for creating a software design problem typology is discussed.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering