nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Eine neue Art von Glimmentladung ohne Hittorfschen Dunkelraum und ohne Kathodenfall

ZusammenfassungWird eine kreisförmige Scheibe von 15 mm Dicke, 60 mm Durchmesser und beispielsweise 10000 Ohm Widerstand bei 200 Volt Spannung aus dem Widerstandsmaterial Ozelit als Kathode einer Glimmentladung in Edelgasen oder Molekülgasen eingeschaltet, so ist weder ein Hittorfscher Dunkelraum noch ein Kathodenfall in Gas vorhanden. Das negative Glimmlicht sitzt unmittelbar auf der Kathode auf. Bei Gasdrucken bis hinab zu 0,01 Tor kann eine solche Kathode von 30 cm2 Oberfläche ohne Kathodenfall mit Strömen bis 100 mA belastet werden. Bei noch geringeren Drucken beginnt ein geringfügiger Dunkelraum zusammen, mit einem entsprechenden Kathodenfall zu entstehen. Sondenmessungen in Wasserstoff von 0,33 Tor ergaben nicht einmal 1 Volt Kathodenfall. Nach etwa achtstündiger Dauereinschaltung beginnt sich ein Dunkelraum und Kathodenfall auszubilden. Die Kathode verliert ihre Wirksamkeit. Durch Glühen in Luft oder Entladung in Sauerstoff kann sie wieder wirksam gemacht werden. — Die Erscheinungen zwingen zu dem Schluß, daß aus der Oberfläche der Ozelitkathode Elektronen mit Geschwindigkeiten von etwa 20 bis 30 Volt herausfliegen. Es wird angenommen, daß sie diese Geschwindigkeit in einer äußerst dünnen, hochisolierenden Oberflächenschicht erhalten, die durch Oxydation des Materials entsteht und in der infolge ihres sehr großen Widerstandes eine außerordentlich hohe Feldstärke herrscht.

Field of study: Physics
Regularization of singular terms in the N¯ potential model

We suggest a method of singular terms regularization in a potential model of the N¯ interaction. This method is free from uncertainties related to the usual cut-off procedure and is based on the fact that, in the presence of sufficiently strong short-range annihilation, N and ¯ never approach close enough to each other. In such a case the low-energy scattering is shown to be fully determined by the OBEP tail, while any details of the short-range core of the N¯ interaction are excluded from the observables. The obtained results for S- and P-wave scattering lengths are in agreement with the well-established theoretical models.

Field of study: Physics
Circuit Privacy for Quantum Fully Homomorphic Encryption

We study the problem of enforcing circuit privacy for the homomorphic evaluation of quantum circuits. We present a generic transformation from semi-honest to malicious circuit privacy for quantum fully homomorphic encryption (QFHE). Our compiler assumes minimal structural properties of the underlying QFHE scheme, which are satisfied by recent candidate constructions [Mahadev, FOCS 2018]. Thus we obtain a maliciously circuit private QFHE scheme, assuming the quantum hardness of (a circular variant of) the learning with errors (LWE) problem. This immediately implies the existence of a two-round secure function evaluation protocol for quantum circuits with input-indistinguishable security for the client (holding a quantum state |ψ〉) and unbounded simulation security for the server (evaluating a quantum circuit C). Max Planck Institute for Security and Privacy

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Memorias del Mestizaje: Cultura política en Centroamérica de 1920 al presente (review)

like Tlatelolco) the facts themselves would grab the reader from the opening chapter in which the exhilaration engendered by the defeat of the Partido Revolucionario Institucional pours off the page, to the final section that recounts the onset of disillusionment with Fox—whose principal contribution to history was getting himself elected. Of course Preston and Dillon are fortunate, in a way, to have ended their work as correspondents as well as their book with the August 2000 election. This is because the Fox sexenio was a lot less thrilling than the Fox victory, and nothing about the contested presidential election outcome in 2006 would arouse much hope that the process of transition to democracy, which is the theme of this book, has continued at the same encouraging pace.

Field of study: History
Cloud Tracking with Satellite Imagery: From the Pioneering Work of Ted Fujita to the Present

Tetsuya (Ted) Fujita was a pioneer in remote sensing of atmospheric motion. When meteorological satellites were introduced, he developed techniques for precise analysis of satellite measurements (sequences of images from polar orbiting platforms first and then from geostationary platforms). Soon after his initial work, the ability to track clouds and relate them to flow patterns in the atmosphere was transferred into routine operations at the national forecast centers. Cloud motion vectors derived from geostationary satellite imagery have evolved into an important data source of meteorological information, especially over the oceans. The current National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service operational production of Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite cloud and water vapor motion winds continues to perform well; rms differences with respect to raob's are found to be 6.5–7.5 m s–1.

Field of study: Environmental science
Homosexual Parents in Custody Disputes: A Thousand Child-Years Exposure

Through 1998, 78 custody appeal decisions involving 79 homosexual parents were evaluated. The 142 children involved in these cases were exposed to a thousand child-years of homosexual parenting. In appeals records (a) parents recorded as lying or engaging in criminality or homosexuality were more apt to be recorded as harming children; (b) homosexuals more frequently were recorded as lying or engaging in criminality; (c) in 54 (70%) disputes the homosexual parent or his associates and in 4 (5%) the heterosexual parent was recorded as having exposed the children to harm(s), e.g., neglect, seduction; and (d) homosexuals were responsible for 111 (97%) of the 115 recorded harms to children. For 78 nonhomosexual vs nonhomosexual control cases, in 11 (14%) the 141 children were exposed to 12 harms.

Field of study: Psychology
Theta lifts of generic representations for dual pairs $(\mathrm{Sp}_{2n}, \mathrm{O}(V))$

We determine the occurrence and explicitly describe the theta lifts on all levels of all the irreducible generic representations for the dual pair of groups $(\mathrm{Sp}_{2n}, \mathrm{O}(V))$ defined over a local nonarchimedean field $\mathbb{F}$ of characteristic $0$. As a direct application of our results, we are able to produce a series of non-generic unitarizable representations of these groups.

Field of study: Mathematics
Rationally Designing Relaying Protection Scheme for Power System Black-Start

Power system black-start is a very important choice after system black out.Due to the great difference be-tween normal operation and black-start,the fault current should be calculated again in the process of designing pro-tection scheme for system black-start.This paper discusses the method to make protection scheme for system black-start with the case of the first black-start test of Hubei power system.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Research and Constructing Carbon Emission Prediction Model in China Electricity Industry Based on Energy Internet

The deep integration with energy technology and Internet technology provides the possibility of reducing environmental pollution and solving the problem of energy shortage. In the context of energy Internet, this paper analyzes the influencing factors of carbon emission in the electricity industry, constructs a carbon emission prediction model in China electricity industry based on the ridge estimation and multiple linear regression method, and carries out simulated analysis and accuracy test of the prediction model by bringing in the relevant data. The results show that the power supply structure, economic development, electricity consuming structure and electricity loss have a promoting effect on the carbon emission, while the implementation of power demand side management and the industrial structure have an inhibiting effect. Goodness of fit of the prediction model is up to 99.4%.

Field of study: Engineering
Method for Shifting Natural Frequencies of Damped Mechanical Systems

A method for shifting the natural frequency of a damped mechanical system to a desired value is discussed. The solution is derived from the force response equation of the original system. The final equation contains only the degrees of freedom connected to the modifying parameter. Iterations are required, but the solution converges rapidly. Modal coupling effects and sensitivity for shifting a frequency are also derived. Numerical results indicate that the method is effective for system dynamics modification.

Field of study: Physics
Effects of gonadectomy in infancy and adulthood on handedness in male and female Mongolian gerbils.

When assuming a species-typical tripodal posture, female Mongolian gerbils most often rest on their left forepaws and hold their right forelimbs aloft; male gerbils most often do the reverse. This experiment examined effects of gonadectomy, both in infancy and in adulthood, on the sexually dimorphic asymmetry in forelimb use by Mongolian gerbils when maintaining a tripodal stance. In adulthood, both male and female gerbils that had been gonadectomized at birth reversed their forelimb use while in a tripodal stance: Gonadectomized males used their forelimbs as did sham-operated females, and gonadectomized females used their forelimbs as did sham-operated males. Gonadectomy in adulthood abolished the sexual dimorphism in forelimb use seen in sham-operated subjects. It was concluded that gonadal hormones have organizational as well as possible activational effects on adult patterns of forelimb use by gerbils.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Family centered maternity care.

Current practices of obstetrical care tend to hinder rather than facilitate family development and maturation. A program of family centred maternity care is described. Husbands are invited to prenatal visits, and are involved in intensive preparation for labor and delivery. Their presence and active participation in labor, delivery, and postpartum course are encouraged. This, along with a rooming-in policy for the baby, and the utilization of the postpartum period for an intensive training in parenthood, appears to produce a safe and satisfying obstetrical experience for the family.

Field of study: Medicine
Social Anxiety and Training in Neurolinguistic Programming

The Liebowitz Social Phobia Scale measured the effect of training on social anxiety responses of 28 adults prior to and following a 21-day residential training, and at 6 mo. follow-up. Significant reductions posttraining and at follow-up were evident in the mean self-reported global scale scores on fear and avoidance behavior in social situations. The item scores, aggregated to reflect the situational domains of formal and informal speaking, being observed by others, and assertion, showed significant and continuing reduction from posttraining through follow-up. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that this training may be associated with reduced responses to social anxiety, but as there was no formal control group, pretest scores from another study were used. Interpretation is limited.

Field of study: Psychology
Independent Jamaica Enters World Politics: Foreign Policy in a New State

Of all the changes in the international system since World War II, few have had more impact on world politics than the dismantlement of European colonial empires and the creation of what today are about eighty new states. The number of nation-states in the international system about doubled, increasing the complexity of the system and creating alternative subsystems of associations. Three more or less overlapping, newly emergent and articulate groups of nations appeared, the "less developed," the "nonaligned," and the "Third World."' The increase of cordiality and trade that came with detente between the United States and the Soviet Union on the one hand, and between the United States and China on the other, prompted other countries, especially the new and small states, to question the value of alliances with superpowers. It sent them seeking new networks of interactions with a diversity of countrieswithin both Western and Communist spheres-that would serve their own interests. It also sent them seeking new world views and theoretical explanations to serve as organizing principles to challenge the old international order that had permitted the rich nations to become richer and intercountry inequality to

Field of study: Political science
Superconductivity from Repulsion: Ginzburg–Landau Phenomenology of Cuprates

We develop Ginzburg–Landau approach to the problem of superconducting pairing with large momentum under screened Coulomb repulsion (ηK-pairing). Two-component order parameter arising in this scheme can be associated with charge and orbital current degrees of freedom of the relative motion of ηK-pair corresponding to superconducting and orbital antiferromagnetic ordered states, respectively. All basic features of the phase diagram of cuprate superconductors result directly from the ηK-pairing concept.

Field of study: Physics
Provenance analysis of the Voirons Flysch (Gurnigel nappe, Haute-Savoie, France): stratigraphic and palaeogeographic implications

The Chablais Prealps (Haute-Savoie, France) represent a well-preserved accretionary wedge of the Western Alpine Tethys. They comprise a stack of sedimentary nappes related to palaeogeographic realms ranging from the Ultrahelvetic to the Southern Penninic. The provenance analysis is based on the Gazzi-Dickinson method and on QEMSCAN® for heavy-minerals. The Quartzose petrofacies is the most important of the two sources, and supplied three of the four formations of the Voirons Flysch. It is similar to the sources that fed the other flyschs from the Gurnigel nappe. It is characterised by a mature, quartz-rich assemblage and a heavy-mineral population dominated by apatite and the zircon–tourmaline–rutile mineral group. These observations suggest a Clastic wedge provenance. The Feldspathic petrofacies is derived from a feldspar-rich source associated with metamorphic clasts and a heavy-mineral population dominated by garnet. This provenance characterises only one formation of the Voirons Flysch, and is related to the axial belt provenance. This provenance analysis shows that the Middle Eocene to Early Oligocene Voirons Flysch was fed by two sources, in contrast to the other flyschs of the Gurnigel nappe, and further suggests that this flysch was not deposited in the Piemont Ocean but in the Valais domain. Based on the results and comparative provenance analysis with the other flyschs of the Gurnigel nappe, we propose a generic feeding model which involves the Sesia–Dent Blanche nappe, the sedimentary nappes incorporated in the accretionary prism, and probably the Briançonnais basement.

Field of study: Environmental science
Real-time RT-PCR for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid

To investigate the performance of real-time RT-PCR for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid in clinical diagnosis of COVID-2019. 
 
 
 
Laboratory test data and basic case information of Henan COVID-19 cases were collected from the China's Infectious Disease Information System as of March 5, 2020. All information was entered by local hospitals and Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Local hospitals or country CDC were responsible for sampling and municipal CDC was responsible for nucleic acid testing. 
 
 
 
A total of 6 714 specimens were detected and the positive rate of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid was 23.82%. The specimens were collected from 1 200 confirmed cases, 2 178 suspected cases and 77 asymptomatic cases. The nucleic acid diagnosis rate of COVID-19 was 36.96% (1 277/3 455). In all cases, the positive rates of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid in nasal swabs, sputum samples and throat swabs were 19.38%, 28.59% and 23.53%, respectively (χ2=15.896, P<0.01). The positive rate of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid in confirmed COVID-19 cases was 63.10%. The positive rates in nasal swabs, sputum samples and throat swabs were 50.80%, 58.71% and 65.21 (χ2=18.612, P<0.01). The positive rates of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid were 43.51%, 23.98%, 22.82%, 12.17%, 14.46% and 13.21% in samples collected on the day of symptom onset and one week, two weeks, three weeks, four weeks, five weeks and above five weeks after the onset, respectively. The positive rates in confirmed cases were respectively 89.03%, 86.57%, 52.30%, 17.53%, 17.69% and 24.14% at those time points. 
 
 
 
Real-time RT-PCR is the most effective method for early pathogenic diagnosis of COVID-19. The highest detection rate of nucleic acid is achieved within one week after the onset of COVID-19, and the latest time for nucleic acid detection is 38 d after the onset. 
 
 
 
SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Real-time RT-PCR

Field of study: Biology
Bacterial communities in Arctic fjelds of Finnish Lapland are stable but highly pH-dependent.

The seasonal and spatial variations of microbial communities in Arctic fjelds of Finnish Lapland were studied. Phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA) and terminal restriction fragment analysis (T-RFLP) of amplified 16S rRNA genes were used to assess the effect of soil conditions and vegetation on microbial community structures along different altitudes of two fjelds, Saana and Jehkas. Terminal restriction fragments were additionally analysed from c. 160 cloned sequences and isolated bacterial strains and matched with those of soil DNA samples. T-RFLP and PLFA analyses indicated relatively similar microbial communities at various altitudes and under different vegetation of the two fjelds. However, soil pH had a major influence on microbial community composition. Members of the phylum Acidobacteria dominated especially in the low pH soils (pH 4.6-5.2), but above pH 5.5, the relative amount of terminal restriction fragments corresponding to acidobacterial clones was substantially lower. Both T-RFLP and PLFA analysis indicated stable microbial communities as the DNA and fatty acid profiles were similar in spring and late summer samples sampled over 3 years. These results indicate that differences in microbial community composition could be explained primarily by variation in the bedrock materials that cause variation in the soil pH.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Facile Fabrication of Nickel Oxide Hollow Spheres and Amorphous Carbon/Nickel Nanoparticles Composites Using Colloidal Carbonaceous Microspheres as Template

Core/shell structure with colloidal carbonaceous microspheres as core and nanowhisker-like Ni(OH) 2 as shell was synthesized by a facile precipitation method. NiO hollow spheres with hierarchical nanostructure and amorphous carbon/nickel nanoparticles composites were obtained by heat treatment in air and nitrogen, respectively. Nitrogen adsorption and desorption analysis indicated that these two novel products are both nanoporous materials with high specific surface area and large pore volume.

Field of study: Chemistry
Glacial Geology of the Dakota County Area, Minnesota

Dakota County in southeastern Minnesota provides unique exhibits for the study of Pleistocene drifts derived from north and northwest of the Lake Superior region.

No known Nebraskan till was found, but the Kansan is exposed in road cuts in the central and western parts of the county. The surficial geology consists of tills of Illinoian, Early Wisconsin (Iowan), and Late Wisconsin (Cary of both Keewatin and Patrician origins and Mankato) ages and extensive areas of outwash.

The stratigraphic relationships of the once much-disputed Iowan to the Illinoian and the Illinoian to the Kansan are revealed in road cuts in the west.

Post-Iowan tills are restricted to the north and west. The terms “Keewatin” and “Patrician” are retained to indicate the sources of the Cary drifts.

Field of study: Geology
Displacement Prediction Model of Earth-Rock Dam Based on Outlier-robust Extreme Learning Machine

Aiming at the problem of low precision and poor forecasting results of traditional statistical model and neural network model under the influence of abnormal discrete values. This paper construct a new dam displacement prediction model based on outlier-robust extreme learning machine and the characteristics of environmental factors affecting the deformation of earth-rock dam. Compared with other models, the outlier-robust extreme learning machine model is more robust, anti-noise and easy to generalize. The analysis of engineering example shows that the ORELM model has higher fitting precision and better forecasting results. It is advanced and reasonable in the prediction of earth-rock dam displacement, and it can be used as a reference for similar projects.

Field of study: Engineering
High-resolution neutron protein crystallography with radically small crystal volumes: application of perdeuteration to human aldose reductase.

Neutron diffraction data have been collected to 2.2 Angstrom resolution from a small (0.15 mm(3)) crystal of perdeuterated human aldose reductase (h-AR; MW = 36 kDa) in order to help to determine the protonation state of the enzyme. h-AR belongs to the aldo-keto reductase family and is implicated in diabetic complications. Its ternary complexes (h-AR-coenzyme NADPH-selected inhibitor) provide a good model to study both the enzymatic mechanism and inhibition. Here, the successful production of fully deuterated human aldose reductase [h-AR(D)], subsequent crystallization of the ternary complex h-AR(D)-NADPH-IDD594 and neutron Laue data collection at the LADI instrument at ILL using a crystal volume of just 0.15 mm(3) are reported. Neutron data were recorded to 2 Angstrom resolution, with subsequent data analysis using data to 2.2 Angstrom. This is the first fully deuterated enzyme of this size (36 kDa) to be solved by neutron diffraction and represents a milestone in the field, as the crystal volume is at least one order of magnitude smaller than those usually required for other high-resolution neutron structures determined to date. This illustrates the significant increase in the signal-to-noise ratio of data collected from perdeuterated crystals and demonstrates that good-quality neutron data can now be collected from more typical protein crystal volumes. Indeed, the signal-to-noise ratio is then dominated by other sources of instrument background, the nature of which is under investigation. This is important for the design of future instruments, which should take maximum advantage of the reduction in the intrinsic diffraction pattern background from fully deuterated samples.

Field of study: Chemistry