nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
PREDICTORS AND IMPLICATIONS OF VALUES CLARITY IN FIRST-YEAR COLLEGE STUDENTS.

The importance of clarifying personal values has gained popularity in brief interventions recently, but little is known about factors that predict clarity in values or the benefits of values clarity in non-clinical populations. First-year college students and their mothers (99 dyads) completed an online survey where they rated the importance of 20 values and students indicated how they thought their mothers would rate each value. An overall values clarity score was created for both dyad members by taking the mean across the 20 values. Students reported their alcohol use in the past 30 days and their emotional wellbeing. Results revealed that students who perceived their mothers to have strong values clarity reported having greater values clarity themselves and consistent with Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) principles, students with higher values clarity scores reported drinking less frequently, fewer instances of binge drinking, and greater positive affect.

Field of study: Education
Holocene vegetation variations and the associated environmental changes in the western part of the Chinese Loess Plateau

The western part of the Chinese Loess Plateau has experienced a series of environmental changes during the Holocene. A desert-steppe of late glacial was succeeded by a forest-steppe from 8850 to 7540  14 C years BP, and a Pinus -dominated forest occupied the landscape from 7540 to 6560  14 C years BP. A deciduous forest of high density and diversity existed from 6560 to 5790  14 C years BP. Afterwards the vegetation changed to a Pinus -dominated forest-steppe (5790–4950  14 C years BP) and then to an Ulmus -dominated forest-steppe (4950 to ∼ 4000  14 C years BP). The vegetation subsequently changed to a steppe from ∼ 4000 to 3120  14 C years BP and further to a desert-steppe from 3120 to 2900  14 C years BP. After a period of vegetation improvement (steppe) from 2900 to 2460  14 C years BP, a desert-steppe resumed (2460–2020  14 C years BP). Steppe vegetation was re-established around 2020  14 C years BP and seems to have then deteriorated again around 1000  14 C years BP. The general trend of aforementioned climatic changes is proposed here to have been modulated by the insolation changes. Specifically, the insolation started to increase around 15,000 years BP and peaked around 9000 years BP when the obliquity-driven seasonality reached a maximum with the summer insolation being about 8% more than the present. As a result, tropical Holocene SST increased steadily from ∼ 10,000 to ∼ 6,000 years BP, thus effectively strengthening the East Asian summer monsoon. In addition, the documented high temperatures from 10,000 to 4000 years BP in high northern latitudes might have weakened the strength of the winter monsoon and thus enhanced the strength of the summer monsoon probably via lengthening of the rainy season, directly contributing to the “megahumid” climate between 10,000 and 4000 years BP in the western part of the Chinese Loess Plateau.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
The unfolding of the real relationship and the outcome of brief psychotherapy.

This study sought to assess the association of client- and therapist-rated real relationship with each other and with the outcome of brief psychotherapy. It also aimed to determine whether changes over time in perceptions of the real relationship and increasing convergence between clients' and therapists' ratings of the real relationship were associated with outcome. Forty-two clients and their therapists (n = 19) at 2 university counseling centers completed measures assessing the strength of their real relationship after every session of brief psychotherapy. They also completed an outcome measure at the end of treatment. Clients' ratings of the real relationship after the first session, first quarter of treatment, and after all sessions combined related to outcomes. Therapists' ratings of the real relationship at these time points did not relate to outcome. However, increases over time in therapists' ratings of real relationship strength, as well as increasing convergence with clients' ratings of the real relationship, did relate to outcome. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Joint Configuration and Numerical Analysis of a Plate Type Assembly Structure

The configuration of major connectors in a plate type assembly structure is briefly introduced, which provides reference for the design of similar structure. The numerical analysis of the structure is carried out. We used YJK software for structural analysis, get the force of each component; then using MIDAS to analysis two walls, calculating the stress state of the connectors and provide the mechanical condition for the design of the connectors.

Field of study: Engineering
Nonlinear magnetotransport theory and Hall induced resistance oscillations in graphene.

The quantum oscillations of nonlinear magnetoresistance in graphene that occur in response to a dc current bias are investigated. We present a theoretical model for the nonlinear magnetotransport of graphene carriers. The model is based on the exact solution of the effective Dirac equation in crossed electric and magnetic fields, while the effects of randomly distributed impurities are perturbatively added. To compute the nonlinear current effects, we develop a covariant formulation of the migration center theory. The current is calculated for short- and large-range scatterers. The analysis of the differential resistivity in the large magnetic field region, shows that the extrema of the Shubnikov de Hass oscillations invert when the dc currents exceed a threshold value. These results are in good agreement with experimental observations. In the small magnetic field regime, corresponding to large filling factors, the existence of Hall induced resistance oscillations are predicted for ultra clean graphene samples. These oscillations originate from Landau-Zener tunneling between Landau levels, that are tilted by the strong electric Hall field.

Field of study: Physics
Mapping of n-GaN Schottky contacts formed on facet-growth substrates using near-ultraviolet scanning internal photoemission microscopy

Scanning internal photoemission microscopy (SIPM) is applied to characterize Ni Schottky contacts formed on a thick low-carrier-density drift layer grown on facet-growth freestanding GaN substrate. Four variations of the Schottky contact dots are prepared, those formed in the c-plane growth region, in the facet growth region, in the region including the boundary between the c-plane and facet regions, and in a region including a large-dislocation-density area at the center of the facet growth region. For all the samples, the SIPM photoyield (Y) maps obtained using visible lasers showed that the Y and Schottky barrier height were sufficiently uniform over the contacts, resulting in uniform metal–semiconductor interfaces. The growth mode boundary and the large-dislocation area, as a vague pattern consisting of large- and small-Y regions of about 100 μm, are clearly observed in the Y map using a near-ultraviolet laser. Device breakdown under high voltage occurred in the large-dislocation-density region with large Y. The results indicate that this method can predict device failure in conjunction with crystal defects and the electrical characteristics of Schottky contacts.

Field of study: Materials science
The influence of job-hunting conception on graduates' employment ——Based on an empirical study of 2007 university graduates

The conception of employment is an important factor affecting university students' employment.Our empirical study found that while hunting a job,graduates witness negative correlation between their expectation of organization nature and vocational prestige and the accessibility to a post and income after in the post;positive correlation between students' initiative and employment opportunities;positive correlation between salary expectation and income after access to the position;negative correlation between mental preparation for hardship and vocational satisfaction.Therefore,institutions of higher learning must strengthen their employment education,guiding students to foster a sound sense of competition,sense of vocational position,mental preparation for vocational hardship.So that students can rectify their attitude towards employment,adjust their conception of employment,benefiting them in gaining a position.

Field of study: Education
Insulin and the regulation of adipose tissue acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase.

Rat epididymal fat-pads were incubated for 30min with glucose (2mg/ml) in the presence or absence of insulin. A twofold or greater increase in acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity was observed in extracts from insulin-treated tissue provided that assays were performed rapidly after extraction. This effect of insulin was evident whether or not extracts were prepared with albumin, and was not noticeably diminished by the presence of citrate or albumin or both in the assay. Incubation of extracts before assay led to activation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and a marked diminution in the insulin effect. The enzyme in extracts was very sensitive to reversible inhibition by palmitoyl-CoA even in the presence of albumin (10mg/ml); inhibition persisted on dilution of enzyme and inhibitor. It is suggested that the observed activation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase by insulin may reflect changes in enzyme activity in the fat-cell resulting from the reduction of long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA that occurs in the presence of insulin. Activation of the enzyme with loss of the insulin effect on incubation of the extracts may be due to the slow dissociation of long-chain fatty acyl-CoA from the enzyme.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Numerical simulation of radial three-cavity transit time oscillator

A new low-impedance of HPM source called radial three-cavity transit time oscillator is proposed based on the transition radiation and the low-impedance character of the radial structure.The oscillator is consisted of three side-coupling coaxial cavities which have the same cavity height.Circle symmetrical models are designed to effect with the electrons which moving in the radial direction.Through the PIC simulation,A C-band oscillator is designed,and the average operation power of 7.4 GW at 4.1 GHz is obtained,when excited by a 450 keV,60 kA radial electron beam,with an impedance of 7.5 Ω.The vital character lines are obtained by simulation.Analysis result reveals that the oscillator has the basic characters of the transit time effect,and is of a transition radiation oscillator which has traits as follows: low impedance,high efficiency,less modes competition and low requirement for the characters of the electron beam.

Field of study: Physics
Irish ploughing and innovation

Thanks to a generous sponsorship from Enterprise Ireland in South Africa, The Dairy Mail was able to attend the 85th Irish National Ploughing Championships in Tullamore, Ireland recently. Although the name conjures up images of a country ploughing competition, this is also Europe's largest outdoor agricultural trade exhibition. This year saw the most successful championships ever, with over 1 500 exhibitors and a record-breaking 283 000 visitors attending over three days.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Faunal Correlation of the Ellenburger Limestone of Texas

Work in the last few years has brought out several interesting facts regarding the stratigraphy of the Ellenburger limestone of the Central Mineral Region of Texas. The senior author spent about six weeks in the area, measuring detailed sections and making many fossil collections. Later both authors spent a week revisiting most of these sections and making additional collections. Still later the junior author spent another week in the area in company with E. O. Ulrich, again revisiting many of the sections and adding to the fossil collections. All the fossils have been studied in considerable detail by Ulrich and the junior author and compared with collections from equivalent strata elsewhere. The Ellenburger Basement WILBERNS BEDS That our use of formation names may not be confused, it is imperative that we determine just what boundary Paige 5 intended to draw between the Wilberns and the Ellenburger. In the area . . .

Field of study: Geology
Productivity estimates for the Mediterranean: evidence of accelerating ecological change

This paper re-examines recent trends in fish landings in the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins separately for each GFCM (General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean) statistical area and compares estimates of production in different basins using comparable units of measurement, namely the productivity in tonnes per surface area of continental shelf. Comparisons were based on Geographical Information System (GIS) databases, and maps of catches were created per type of fishery per statistical and continental shelf area. Despite generally high exploitation rates, the overall Mediterranean landings for all species continued to rise in the 1970s and 1980s (Fishery fleet statistics, 1970, 1975, 1980–1989. Bulletin of Fishery Statistics. FAO, Rome, 1991, . This is not easy to explain in terms of steady state fisheries theory, given that landings were expected to decline as effort further increased and stocks became depleted. An examination of human-induced environmental trends over the last few decades pointed to the likely importance of nutrient enrichment for increasing fishery productivity within the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins, seas where biological and fishery productivity were formerly considered to be strongly limited by low nutrient levels. It seems from the GFCM statistics that an increase in fishery production in the 1970s and early 1980s was particularly evident for semi-enclosed basins such as the Black Sea and Adriatic, where nutrient enrichment from land and river runoff has been more pronounced than for the generally nutrient-poor regions of the eastern Mediterranean and around Sardinia. The effects of large inputs of nutrients, as for the Aegean Sea (receiving nutrient-rich water from the Black Sea outflow), and the Gulf of Lions (from the Rhone river), also appear to be reflected in recent landing trends, as well as where there is a more diffuse discharge of nutrients from human activities on shore. The still largely oligotrophic nature of water masses in the southern Mediterranean appears to be reflected in the significantly lower productivities in terms of tonnes of fish production per shelf area.

Field of study: Environmental science
Multi-Set Low-Rank Factorizations With Shared and Unshared Components

Low-rank matrix/tensor factorizations play a significant role in science and engineering. An important example is the canonical polyadic decomposition (CPD). There is also a growing interest in multi-set extensions of low-rank matrix/tensor factorizations in which the associated factor matrices are partially shared. In this paper we propose a more unified framework for multi-set matrix/tensor factorizations. In particular, we propose a multi-set extension of bilinear factorizations subject to monomial equality constraints to the case of shared and unshared factors. The presented framework encompasses (generalized) canonical correlation analysis (CCA) and (coupled) CPD models as special cases. CPD, CCA and hybrid models between them feature interesting uniqueness properties. We derive uniqueness conditions for CCA and multi-set low-rank factorization with partially shared entities. Computationally, we reduce multi-set low-rank factorizations with shared and unshared components into a special CPD problem, which can be solved via a matrix eigenvalue decomposition. Finally, numerical experiments demonstrate the importance of taking the coupling between multi-set low-rank factorizations into account in the actual computation.

Field of study: Engineering
Disease management and health care reforms in Germany - does more competition lead to less solidarity?

Up to the 1990s German health care legislation was dominated by measures regulating the supply side. Measures, such as budgets, aimed at volume control and sought to confine the increase of health care spending to the growth of the national income. To curb costs more effectively, competitive elements were introduced in the 1990s with free choice of sickness funds (open enrollment). To balance competition and solidarity, a risk compensation scheme (RCS) was implemented two years prior to open enrollment. Since then, balancing competition and solidarity has been a key feature of all consecutive health care reforms. The implementation of disease management programs in the statutory health insurance (SHI) served the dual purpose to promote quality of care and to foster competition. Preliminary experiences suggest, that the aligning of disease management programs with a RCS can greatly aid its implementation and benefit solidarity and competition.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Which New Small and Medium Enterprises in South Africa Have Access to Bank Credit

New SMEs are very important to the economy of South Africa. Their failure rate at about 75% is one the highestin the world. Lack of finance is one of the primary reasons for the failure of new SMEs in South Africa. About75% of all applications for bank credit by new SMEs are rejected. This objective of the paper was to investigatethe determinants of credit approval for new SMEs. The survey method and self-administered questionnaires wereused for data collection. 445 respondents took part in the survey. Data was analysed by logistic regression. Theresults indicate that managerial competencies, business information, networking, location, crime, business sizeand incorporation are significant determinants of credit approval.

Field of study: Business
Mikulicz's recurrent oral aphthae: the effect of anti-lymphocyte serum upon the in vitro cytotoxicity of lymphocytes from patients for oral epithelial cells.

Preincubation with rabbit anti-human lymphocyte serum suppressed the in vitro cytotoxicity of peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients suffering from Mikulicz's recurrent oral aphthae for oral epithelial cells. Further studies revealed that although the anti-lymphocyte antibody remained bound to the lymphocytes after the pre-incubation procedure it exerted no demonstrable cytotoxic effect and induced a minimal degree of transformation. The mechanisms by which the anti-lymphocyte serum may have suppressed the lymphocytotoxicity are discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Thermodynamic design and simulation of a CO2 based transcritical vapour compression refrigeration system with an ejector

A two phase ejector suitable as an expansion device in a CO2 based transcritical vapour compression refrigeration system is designed by extending the thermodynamic analysis and by interfacing with the system simulation model. A converging diverging nozzle is considered as primary nozzle of the ejector. For both design and parametric analyses, the efficiencies of nozzles and diffuser have been assumed to be 85% each. Further, choked condition in the primary C-D nozzle and constant pressure mixing are assumed. Parameters such as COP, entrainment ratio, pressure lift and cooling capacity were obtained for varying motive inlet and evaporator conditions. Motive inlet is found to be crucial for both performance and range of feasible application. Results show a COP improvement of 21% compared to an equivalent conventional CO2 system. A comprehensive exergy analysis of the system establishes the justification of replacement of throttle valve by ejector in such systems.

Field of study: Engineering
Density-based region search with arbitrary shape for object localisation

Region search is widely used for object localisation in computer vision. After projecting the score of an image classifier into an image plane, region search aims to find regions that precisely localise desired objects. The recently proposed region search methods, such as efficient subwindow search and efficient region search, usually find regions with maximal score. For some classifiers and scenarios, the projected scores are nearly all positive or very noisy, then maximising the score of a region results in localising nearly the entire images as objects, or causes localisation results unstable. In this study, the authors observe that the projected scores with large magnitudes are mainly concentrated on or around objects. On the basis of this observation, they propose a region search method for object localisation, named level set maximum-weight connected subgraph (LS-MWCS). It localises objects by searching regions by graph mode-seeking rather than the maximal score. The score density by localised region can be controlled by a parameter flexibly. They also prove an interesting property of the proposed LS-MWCS, which guarantees that the region with desired density can be found. Moreover, the LS-MWCS can be efficiently solved by the belief propagation scheme. The effectiveness of the author's method is validated on the problem of weakly-supervised object localisation. Quantitative results on synthetic and real data demonstrate the superiorities of their method compared to other state-of-the-art methods.

Field of study: Computer science
Enhanced binding activity observed between anti-carcinoembryonic monoclonal antibodies.

Six anti-carcinoembryonic monoclonal antibodies (CEA MAbs) were isolated and characterized. Through blocking studies, only two were found to share the same epitope, indicating that CEA has at least five different epitopic sites. One of the group, 31C5A4 was found to enhance greatly the binding of CEA by 20C2H1. When (31C5A4) was fragmented, both the F(ab')2 and Fab bound CEA and blocked the binding of CEA by intact 31C5A4; however, only F(ab')2 was able to enhance. Fab could be induced to enhance after being restructured into a divalent form with rabbit anti-mouse (RAM) (heavy and light chains). The addition of the enhancing MAb (31C5A4) to the CEA-20C2H1 RAM-staph A (SA) complex caused a striking decrease in the rate at which the CEA dissociated from the complex. The data suggest that the enhancement observed with these anti-CEA MAbs was the result of the formation of a stable cyclic complex.

Field of study: Biology
Desenvolvimento e avaliação de embalagem ativa com incorporação de lactase

Lactose intolerance is caused by reduced or absent activity of lactase that prevents the splitting of lactose. People deficient in lactase should eliminate diet milk and milk products due to the gastrointestinal symptoms caused by the individual inability to hydrolise the lactose. Therefore, the aim of this work is to develop celulosic film incorporated with lactase to reduce the lactose level in milk. The films were cast immersed in 100 mL pasteurized milk and kept at 25 °C/25 hours or at 7 °C/48 hours. The films incorporated with 1 and 1.5 mL of lactase enzyme reduced respectively, 78 and 85% of lactase after 24 hours/7 °C and 92% and 100% after 25 hours/25 °C. These films presented stability when stored at room and refrigerated temperatures. Migrations test showed, on average, 21.94% of the incorporated enzyme migrated to aqueous solution after 14 days. Therefore, the developed films showed a potential use as an internal layer of milk multilayer carton packaging.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences