nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Change of chemical compositions duringfrozen noodle storage under low temperature conditions

This paper mainly studied the change of main chemical compositions of frozen noodle, such as glutenin, gliadin, SDS solubility glutenin, GMP, amylose, α-amylase, reducing sugar and pentosans under low temperature conditions in different periods, and at the same time researching the reasons of edible quality dropping, we can get a conclusion that the content of prolamin and GMP had a declined trend but SDS solubility glutenin had an opposite trend; furthermore, we also found the content of amylose and pentosans were constantly reduced; α-amylase and reducing sugar showed the obviously trend of up firstly and then down later.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Hyperglycemia induces inflammatory mediators in the human chorionic villous

HighlightsHyperglycemic activate caspase‐1 and downstream inflammatory cytokine production.Inflammatory mediators contribute insulin‐resistance during diabetic condition.In mild gestational hyperglycemia the activation of inflammasomes may be associated with complications.  This study was based on the hypothesis that IL‐1&bgr; and its central regulator, the inflammasome, may play a role in the inflammatory condition exhibited by placental tissues from mothers with different gestational hyperglycemia levels. Pregnant women were classified according to the glycemic reference as non‐diabetic (n = 15), mild gestational hyperglycemia (n = 15), gestational diabetes mellitus (n = 15) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (n = 15). We investigated levels of pro‐inflammatory factors in maternal plasma and placental tissues (by ELISA or immunohistochemistry) and, NFKB activity (by electrophoretic mobility shift assay) and inflammasome protein expression (by Western blot) in chorionic villous. Maternal plasma and placental levels of inflammatory factors (IL‐1&bgr;, IL‐6, and MCP‐1) were increased during all hyperglycemic conditions. Villous stroma cells showed strong immunoreactivity to CD68. In addition, with syncytiotrophoblast, the villous stroma cells were also stained to detect iNOS, MCP‐1, TLR2, and TLR4. Although the levels of protein had fluctuated in the groups, NLRP1, NLRP3, ASC, and Caspase 1 were up‐regulated in all hyperglycemic groups suggesting the inflammasome may be assembled in these pregnant women. The NFKB activity also exhibited higher levels in hyperglycemic groups, which might imply in pro‐inflammatory cytokines production. In summary, increased maternal glucose levels during pregnancy changed systemic and placental inflammatory patterns, which occurred in parallel with the expression of inflammasome factors and processing and secretion of the pro‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐1&bgr;. These results suggest an inflammatory condition in all gestational hyperglycemic conditions, even in hyperglycemia that is less severe than gestational or overt diabetes, likely associated with inflammasome activation and inflammatory cytokine secretion. Inflammasome activation as a possible source of inflammatory factors may be an important target to be considered while managing hyperglycemia and preventing adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Field of study: Medicine
Handling Innovation in Small Family Firms: The Role of Context

Innovation management in family firms is a paradoxical challenge. The constant tension between innovation and tradition confers to this topic a fascinating mystery area that calls to action scholarly efforts and further studies to underscore whether family firms are innovating or not. This debate becomes even more intriguing and interesting when family businesses are small-sized and embedded in local contexts strongly attached to traditions and cultures that inhibit change. Based on the curiosity of analyzing the innovation proclivity of small family firms rooted in such a context and building on previous studies that were focused on innovation in family run businesses, we deeply investigated two cases. Findings uncovered a twofold and opposite role of the context:  on the one hand, a constraint and, on the other hand, leverage of innovation. Interesting scholars and practical implications are discussed, and future studies are suggested.

Field of study: Business
Causal linkage of subjects to promote science academic performance for the skills-gap

A critical question addressed in this paper concernsthe casual linkage of Ordinary-Level subjects to promote science academic performance. We develop a structural equation model to determine the contribution of vocational, social science and language subjects to students’ grades in mathematics and subsequently science subjects.  The paper uses secondary data from the Uganda National Examinations Board (UNEB) for the year 2014.  The results of structural equation modeling demonstrate that grades obtained in social science and vocational subjects negatively contribute to the grades obtained in mathematics and this effect was significant at 1 and 5 percent level respectively. In contrast, thepath for the latent variable Language show that high academic achievement in Language subjects is positively and significantly (p<.01) related with performance in mathematics. It was also established that grades obtained in mathematics positively significantly (p<.01) impact on the grades obtained in Science related subjects.  We recommend that students wishing to specialize in science related disciplines must be informed about the core subjects that enhance their likelihood of understanding science. Going by the findings, teachers should always emphasize the importance of language in developing students’ competency in mathematics which also significantly impacts academic achievement in science.

Field of study: Education
Experimental Evaluation on Fuel Economy and Emissions of a HEB

The working principle of a novel power-split powertrain was introduced. And then a novel power-split HEB was tested on chassis dynamometer to valid fuel economy and emission reduction. Test results showed that, this system could improve the fuel economy by 34.9%, and improve NOx emission by 23.2%, and PM by 29.4%. From the point of correction method of fuel consumption and emission, compared with Linear regression correction way, the usual correction method (1L fuel consumption =3.02g/kW.h electricity consumption) is not suitable for the correction of fuel consumption. The Linear regression correction way may be not the best method for the correction of emission.

Field of study: Engineering
Reserpine causes differential changes in the mRNA levels of chromogranin B, secretogranin II, carboxypeptidase H, alpha-amidating monooxygenase, the vesicular amine transporter and of synaptin/synaptophysin in rat brain.

Brains of rats treated with a high dose of reserpine were analyzed by in situ hybridization. The mRNA levels of several components of large dense core and small synaptic vesicles were determined. After drug treatment the secretogranin II message was elevated in the parvocellular neurons of the paraventricular nucleus, in the zona incerta, dorsal raphe, locus coeruleus and in the nucleus tractus solitarius. The levels of chromogranin B mRNA were increased in the dorsal raphe and in the substantia nigra compacta. In control animals messages for synaptin/synaptophysin could be found in most of the nuclei investigated, that of the vesicular amine transporter was only detectable in substantia nigra compacta, the dorsal raphe and the locus coeruleus whereas those of carboxypeptidase H and the alpha-amidating monooxygenase could only be determined in the paraventricular nucleus. All these messages were not changed after reserpine. We conclude that the chromogranin B/secretogranin II messages are regulated concomitantly with various neuropeptides. They represent useful general markers to identify stimulated neurons. Our results are consistent with the concept that stimulation of neurons leads to an increased synthesis of secretory peptides and consequently to large dense core vesicles filled with higher quanta of peptides.

Field of study: Biology
Measurement of LED chips using a large-area silicon photodiode.

We propose the output power measurement of bare-wafer/chip light-emitting diodes (LEDs) using a large-area silicon (Si) photodiode with a simple structure and high accuracy relative to the conventional partial flux measurement using an integrating sphere. To obtain the optical characteristics of the LED chips measured using the two methods, three-dimensional ray-trace simulations are used to perform the measurement deviations owing to the chip position offset or tilt angle. The ray-tracing simulation results demonstrate that the deviation of light remaining in the integrating sphere is approximately 65% for the vertical LED chip and 53% for the flip-chip LED chip if the measurement distance in partial flux method is set to be 5-40 mm. By contrast, the deviation of light hitting the photodiode is only 15% for the vertical LED chip and 23% for the flip-chip LED chip if the large-area Si photodiode is used to measure the output power with the same measurement distance. As a result, the large-area Si photodiode method practically reduces the output power measurement deviations of the bare-wafer/chip LED, so that a high-accuracy measurement can be achieved in the mass production of the bare-wafer/chip LED without the complicated integrating sphere structure.

Field of study: Physics
Experimental Study on Torsional Vibration of Transmission System Under Engine Excitation

Aiming to the problem of torsional vibration of the automobile transmission system caused by engine excitation, the experiment with dual mass flywheel small SUV cars as example, conducting torsional vibration test. The torsional vibration signal is tested by the equal angle sampling technique and the order analysis method. The torsional vibration data of the constant speed working condition obtained are dealt with and analyzed by MATLAB, and the order signal of the engine excitation is obtained. The influence of the engine excitation response on the torsional vibration of the transmission system and the torsional vibration reduction effect of the dual mass flywheel is verified, which serves as a basis and reference for torsional vibration analysis and the design and improvement of dual mass flywheel.

Field of study: Engineering
The Boer War and the Media (1899–1902)

The South African War that broke out in October 1899 was both very old and very new. It was a traditional war, the last of the old fashioned British imperial wars, with cavalry playing a significant part. But it was also a very modern war, for instance in the British Army's use of railways to subdue the Boers in the early months of 1900, or the use of trench warfare by the Boers along the Modder river. It was disturbingly new in the way that it changed in   

Field of study: History
Degradation-free electron cyclotron resonance plasma etching of InP

The authors report the first demonstration of featureless surface morphology on InP plasma etched in CH4/H2/Ar electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) discharges. At a plasma composition of 5 CH4/17 H2/8 Ar it is necessary to limit the microwave input power to or=3 compared with CH4/H2 alone, indicating that some additional degree of ion bombardment is necessary with this gas chemistry even under ECR conditions. Degradation of the InP photoluminescence as a result of plasma etching at bias voltages less than 150 V can be completely quenched by the addition of PCl3 to the discharge. This provides a phosphorus partial pressure during the etch, maintaining the stoichiometry of the InP surface.

Field of study: Materials science
Purines, pyrimidines, and condensed systems based on them. 17. Reactions of 6,8-dimethyl-3-chloropyrimido-[4,5-c]pyridazin-5,7(6H,8H)dione with C-nucleophiles

Abstract6,8-Dimethyl-3-chloropyrimido-[4,5-c]pyridazin-5,7(6H,8H)dione reacts with malonodinitrile, cyanoacetic ester, and nitromethane in the presence of bases to give products of nucleophilic substitution of the chlorine atom. The products containing the cyanoacetic ester and nitromethane residues exist exclusively in the chelated methylidene form in CHCl3 and DMSO solutions. Reactions of pyridazinouracil with methylmagnesium chloride and butyllithium gave products of nucleophilic addition at C(4).

Field of study: Chemistry
The role of orthotactic probability in incidental and intentional vocabulary acquisition L1 and L2

Four experiments were conducted to examine the role of orthotactic probability, i.e. the sequential letter probability, in the early stages of vocabulary acquisition by adult native speakers and advanced learners of German. The results show different effects for orthographic probability in incidental and intentional vocabulary acquisition: Whereas low orthographic probability contributed positively to incidental acquisition of novel word meanings in first language (L1), high orthographic probability affected positively the second language (L2) intentional learning. The results are discussed in the context of the following concepts: (1) triggering the establishment of a new representation, (2) noticing of new lexemes during reading, and (3) vocabulary size of the L1 and L2 mental lexicons.

Field of study: Linguistics
The CNS status of newborn infants delivered by cesarean section (based on EEG data)

Dynamic EEG performed in 20 cesarean section newborns provided evidence on functional immaturity and instability of the brain in these infants undergoing early neonatal adaptation. On EEG this is shown by late activation of cerebral bioelectrical processes in response to rhythmical activity, delayed organization of circadian sleep pattern, low threshold of convulsive excitability. The data obtained confirm compensatory incompetence of the brain in cesarean section newborns.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Diskless Boot Technology and File System Architecture in KD-50-I

In KD-50-I,all computing units are diskless. So when boot the high performance computer,all units need to download operation system kernel form some servers. To do this,the BIOS of LoongSon CPU should be modified and some driver program should be added to the BIOS so that all units can do download and boot work automatically. In this paper,we introduce the implement of the diskless boot technology and the file system architecture in KD-50-I.

Field of study: Computer science
The Use of Rotating Samples in the Census Bureau's Monthly Surveys

Two procedures which can be used to increase the reliability of estimates from rotating samples are described. One is the composite estimation procedure which in effect weights results from past and present rotating panels to produce an efficient estimate for the current period. The other procedure is the large observation procedure in which unusually large observations from two or more panels are enumerated currently with reduced weights. The latter procedure is particularly effective in reducing the variance of estimates of month-to-month change. Applications of the procedures to the Monthly Retail Trade Survey of the Bureau of the Census are described. In this survey use of the procedures has reduced the variances of dollar volume estimates and ratios of these estimates (such as month-to-month or year-to-year ratios) far below the variances obtained from a nonrotating sample. These striking variance reductions are achieved with only a slight increase in cost over a nonrotating sample.

Field of study: Mathematics
SU‐E‐T‐757: Improvement of Electron Beam SSD Corrections by Variable Effective SSD

To determine whether corrections of electron beam dose per MU for treatment distance can be refined.  The output of standard electron applicators was measured for all energies at distances ranging from 100 cm SSD to 125 cm SSD with data used to compute the average effective SSD per text‐book methods. At each distance of measurement an effective SSD was computed that would yield an output equal to the measured output.  A single value of effective SSD determined in standard manner from a plot of the square root of Io/I vs. gap yielded calculated output that differed from measured values by more than 3% in some situations. A plot of the alternate effective SSD computed at each value of gap vs. gap showed a linear relationship with negative slope for some applicators and energies and a positive slope for others. The point effective SSD differed for some combinations by more than 10 cm over the range of gaps tested.  A simple linear variation in effective SSD as a function of gap is easy to determine and implement into calculations and can reduce differences between calculation and measurements to less than 1%. This does not obviate the need to assess cut‐out factors at the actual treatment distance but should facilitate SSD corrections for standard sizes.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Reversible data hiding of high payload using local edge sensing prediction

This paper tries to analyse a new framework in lossless data hiding research. Its key is how adaptively to get better difference image architectures for given applications. A unique sampled pattern is introduced and described in term of high-similar interpolation image. The proposed method updates a type of conventional algorithm, smoothly accesses to current reconstruction implementation, and outperforms solo weighing approach, particularly in the perceptual quality. Combinational weight factor can be adaptively adjusted by estimating interpolation errors around neighbor pixels. Seeking higher peak value in the difference-image is also our concerns. As an entire algorithm, reversible data hiding based on histogram-difference-shift is also reported. Simulations results demonstrate and verify that our approach is much effective than some recent methods with good generalization performance.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Effect of fluoride on pH, organic matter and solubility of elements in soils.

The effect of NaF addition on pH, organic matter and the solubilities of fifteen elements was investigated on twenty-eight surface soil samples. Four concentrations of NaF were added: 0, 10(-2.7), 10(-1.7) and 10(-1.0)m F in solution. Addition of NaF increased the pH and the solubility of organic matter for all soils. The magnitude of these increases was higher for acid than for alkaline soils. Aluminum, Fe and Ca showed the greatest increases in solubility while Mg, K, Mn and P showed intermediate increases. The elements Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, B, Mo and Ba showed only slight increases in solubility. Another experiment was conducted to test whether the effects of NaF on pH, organic matter and the solubilities of various elements were due to F or Na. Four levels of NaCl similar to those for NaF were added to three acid and two alkaline soils. The results confirmed the effects of F on soil pH, organic matter and the solubilities of all elements investigated except those of K, Ca and Mg. Addition of Na as NaF resulted in release of K, Ca and Mg from the exchange sites on solid surfaces into solution.

Field of study: Environmental science
Diversity of Porphyromonad gingivalis lipopolysaccharide induced IL-1β, TNF-αand IL-6 levels in HL-60 cells and the associated Toll-like receptors and signaling pathways

To determine the diversity of Porphyromonad gingivalis (Pg) lipopolysaccharide induced IL-1β, TNF-αand IL-6 levels in HL-60 cells and the associated Toll-like receptors and signaling pathways.  Pg strain ATCC33277 lipopolysaccharide (Pg-LPS) was prepared using phenol-water method. The levels of IL-1β, TNF-αand IL-6 secreted by HL-60 cells under inducement of Pg-LPS were quantitatively detected using commercial ELISA kits. The blocking test using anti-TLR2 or anti-TLR4 monoclonal antibody (McAb) plus the ELISA were used to determine the types of Pg-LPS binding Toll-like receptors (TLR) on the surface of target cells. The blocking test respectively using the specific inhibitors of JNK, P38MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways were applied to confirm the associated signaling pathways of Pg-LPS inducing HL-60 cells to secrete IL-1β, TNF-αand IL-6 . A commercial E . coli strain O 1 1 1 : B4 LPS was used as a control in this study .  When 1μg/ml Pg-LPS acted for 24, 48 and 48 h or 1μg/ml E-LPS acted for 48, 48 and 72 h, the levels of IL-1β, TNF-αand IL-6 secreted by HL-60 cells were remarkably increased ( P 0.01). The maximal TNF-αconcentration induced by Pg-LPS was similar to that induced by E-LPS ( P 0.05), while the maximal concentrations of IL-1βand IL-6 were obviously higher that induced by E-LPS ( P 0.05). The activity of Pg-LPS inducing HL-60 cells to secrete the three cytokines could be blocked with TLR2 McAb alone ( P 0.05). TLR4 McAb showed the effects blocking the three cytokine secretion in HL-60 cells under inducement of E-IJPS ( P 0.05). In HL-60 cells, the signaling pathways responsible for Pg-LPS inducing IL-1β, TNF-αand IL-6 were JNK and NF-κB, all the three pathways, JNK and P38MAPK, respectively (P0.05), while for E-LPS were all the three pathways, P38MAPK and NF-κB, P38MAPK and NF-κB ( P 0.05).  Pg-LPS shows higher activity inducing HL-60 cells to secrete IL-1β, TNF-αand IL-6 compared to E-LPS. TLR2 is the receptor of Pg-LPS and TLR4 acts as the receptor of E-LPS. The signaling pathways in HL-60 cells to transfer the signals of Pg-LPS inducing the synthesis of cytokines remarkably differ to that of E-LPS. The signaling pathways for Pg-LPS inducing the synthesis of the three different cytokines are also dissimilar.

Field of study: Biology
Transformation of acoustic modes in acousto-optical devices

The results from studying previously unknown cases of the reflection of bulk acoustic waves in an acousto-optical paratellurite crystal with arbitrary incidence of an elastic wave on a free interface between the crystal and vacuum are presented. The incidence of waves at different angles in the XOY plane of the material is analyzed. New cases of the reflection of acoustic waves are considered and the efficiency of the transformation of energy from an incident elastic wave into the energy of reflected waves are investigated.

Field of study: Physics
Effects of Different Concentrations of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) Treatments on Physiology and Fresh-keeping of Harvested Carambola Fruits

The effects of different concentrations of 1-methylcyclopropene(1-MCP) at(0,0.3,0.6 and 0.9 μL/L) on physiology and fresh-keeping of harvested ‘Xiangmi' Averthoa carambola(Averrhoa carambola Linn. cv. Xiangmi)fruit during storage at(15±1)°C and 90% relative humidity were investigated. The results showed that as compared with the control fruits,1-MCP treatments delayed the increase of cell membrane relative leakage rate of fruit,kept higher firmness of fruit,higher contents of chlorophyll in pericarp and titratable acid in fruit,and decreased fruit weight loss and fruit decay. Among the above 1-MCP treated fruits,the fruits pre-treated with 0.6 μL/L 1-MCP for 12 hours could keep best fruit quality. After 20 days storage at(15 ±1)℃,the fruits still maintained fresh green with 72% healthy fruit,the texture of pulp was hard,and there were proper sour-sweet of taste. From the results,it could be concluded that pre-treatment with 0.6 μL/L 1-MCP for 12 hours could be used as the optimum conditions for maintaining fruit quality and prolonging storage life of ‘Xiangmi'Averthoa carambola fruits during storage at(15±1)°C and 90% relative humidity.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences