nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The properties of ions with intermediate valence and the theory of high-pressure phase structure

Two models of phase transitions under pressure, accompanied by electronic structure rearrangement, are proposed. A distinctive feature of the proposed models is the consideration of pressure-induced isotropic deformations and phonons breaking the symmetry. A mutual solid solution of ions of the same element in different ionization states is assumed to be regular. The second model supplements the first one by taking into account the physical nature of deviation of the mutual solution from the ideal one. The violation of the Curie principle during phase transitions under isotropic pressure is explained within these models.

Field of study: Physics
On Modern Education and the Modern Literary Theory in China

China's modern education is an education developed from her traditional education under specific circumstance of the time. The Qing Dynasty began the reform in education by absorbing the essence of the West's and mixing it with the Chinese at the same period when foreign invaders began to attack China, in order to sustain its feudal reins. Therefore, the education of literary theory that developed at the time, different in both form and content from the traditional, was the result of Western invasion. This explains the fact why China's education of literary theory is characteristic of the transition from ancient features to the present. The present paper restudies the necessity and probability of the above points.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Determination of Free Calcium in Human Plasma by Capillary Electrophoresis-Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry

A new method was developed for the speciation analysis of calcium and determination of free calcium concentration in human plasma by on-line capillary electrophoresis(CE) with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES).Baseline separation of calcium speciation was achieved by CE-ICP-AES under the conditions of separation voltage of 20 kV and running buffer of 30 mmol/L Tris-HCl(pH=7.4).The forms of calcium in plasma has eight species.One of them is free calcium.The relative standard deviation(RSD,n=10) was 1.3% to 1.8% for migration time.Free calcium concentration in plasma was 42.2 mg/L.The recovery spiked with 5 mg/L free calcium was 94.8% to 104%.The detection limit was 25 μg/L.

Field of study: Chemistry
Language reform and Philosophical imperialism: Another round with Zeno

I wish to take issue with this statement, and will show (i) that the paradoxes not only arise in ordinary language, but that the only genuine solution is a linguistic one based on an analysis of the term 'infinite'; (ii) that this analysis and this solution are not recent innovations of " Oxbridge " philosophy but have a long tradition; (iii) that there are other legitimate interests in the paradoxes--what some wish to call another "solution "; (iv) that these interests or "solutions" are not in conflict unless Philosophical Imperialism enters the picture. By Philosophical Imperialism I mean that all too common tendency to take philosophical methods, doctrines or results from one area of philosophy and uncritically and heavy-handedly use them as applicable to or normative for the whole. I call this "Another Round With Zeno "

Field of study: Philosophy
Elaboration, high temperature oxidation test and metallographic characterization of a chromium-vanadium alloy

Neighbour to more common elements for superalloysÂÂ base (Co, Ni, Fe), chromium is itself a potentially very interesting element for this role thank to its elevated refractoriness and its beneficial effect on the high temperature oxidation behaviour of many metallic alloys devoted to uses in hot atmospheres. In this work a Cr-10V alloy was elaborated by casting and it was structurally characterized by electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Hardness at room temperature and oxidation rate at 1200°C were specified. Melting using a high frequency induction furnace under argon led to total melting and solidification of a {not melted part}-free and a {chemical segregation}-free alloy. This one was of not high hardness and easy to machine. In contrast its oxidation at 1200°C was very fast and almost linear, leading to particularly high final mass gain. In contrast no scale spallation occurred during cooling. Since the high refractoriness, the easy machinability and the absence of scale spallation at cooling are the sole qualities of this alloy, this one must be improved inn terms of high temperature mechanical and chemical properties. Carbides or intermetallic precipitates in bulk and deposition of another alloy on surface may be solutions to succeed in taking benefits of the previous qualities of such alloy.

Field of study: Materials science
Approximations for Multiple Scan Statistics on the Circle

Multiple scan statistic is usually used by epidemiologist to test the uniformity or clustering of data. In this article, we extend the work of Lin (1999) to give a general expression for the moments of multiple scan statistic on a circle, and use these moments to approximate its distribution using Markov chain and compound Poisson approximations proposed by Huffer and Lin (1997a) and Lin (1993). Numerical results are presented to evaluate the performance of these approximations.

Field of study: Mathematics
A novel accelerated life-test method under thermal cyclic loadings for electronic devices considering multiple failure mechanisms

A novel accelerated test method has been developed and applied to estimate the functional lifetime of system-level electronic devices that bear more than one potential failure mechanisms. Thermal cyclic loadings with temperature extremum and cyclic impact stress are designed to stimulate multiple failures simultaneously. Firstly, improvements are made analytically in the lifetime distribution of the product, underlying life-stress relationship, and the temperature dependence of basic acceleration model. Afterward, a comparison of the acceleration model between the proposed and traditional method is conducted by simulation, the results indicate that the proposed model has an advantage in reflecting the failure mechanisms which are sensitive to the low-temperature condition. Finally, real accelerated tests are employed on the custom-circuit samples and the data analysis shows that our method can effectively stimulate multiple failure mechanisms of electronic device while ensuring the accuracy of the reliability and lifetime assessment.

Field of study: Engineering
Application progress of ionic liquids

Ionic liquids are a new type of green solvents with many unique physical and chemical characteristics,and it has become the frontier of international research in recent years.Ionic liquids provide new opportunities for developing clean technology.The developments of the applications of ionic liquids in the fields of catalysis science,electrochemistry,materials science,environmental science and separation technology are particularly reviewed.The development direction of ionic liquids is also prospected.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Constraining the Outburst Properties of the SMBH in Fornax A Through X-ray, Infrared, and Radio Observations

Combined Spitzer, Chandra, XMM-Newton, and VLA observations of the giant radio galaxy NGC 1316 (Fornax A) show a radio jet and X-ray cavities from active galactic nucleus (AGN) outbursts most likely triggered by a merger with a late-type galaxy at least 0.4 Gyr ago. We detect a weak nucleus with a spectral energy distribution typical of a low-luminosity AGN with a bolometric luminosity of 2.4 x 10{sup 42} erg s{sup -1}. We examine the Spitzer IRAC and MIPS images of NGC 1316. We find that the dust emission is strongest in regions with little or no radio emission and that the particularly large infrared luminosity relative to the galaxy's K-band luminosity implies an external origin for the dust. The inferred dust mass implies that the merger spiral galaxy had a stellar mass of (1-6) x10{sup 10} M{sub sun} and a gas mass of (2-4) x10{sup 9} M{sub sun}. X-ray cavities in the Chandra and XMM-Newton images likely result from the expansion of relativistic plasma ejected by the AGN. The soft (0.5-2.0 keV) Chandra images show a small {approx}15'' (1.6 kpc) cavity coincident with the radio jet, while the XMM-Newton image shows two large X-ray cavities lying 320'' (34.8 kpc) eastmore » and west of the nucleus, each approximately 230'' (25 kpc) in radius. Current radio observations do not show emission within these cavities. The radio lobes lie at radii of 14.'3 (93.3 kpc) and 15.'6 (101 kpc), more distant from the nucleus than the detected X-ray cavities. The relative morphology of the large scale 1.4 GHz and X-ray emission suggests they were products of two distinct outbursts, an earlier one creating the radio lobes and a later one producing the X-ray cavities. Alternatively, if a single outburst created both the X-ray cavities and the radio lobes, this would require that the radio morphology is not fully defined by the 1.4 GHz emission. For the more likely two outbursts scenarios, we use the buoyancy rise times to estimate an age for the more recent outburst that created the X-ray cavities of 0.1 Gyr and the PV work done by the expanding plasma that created the X-ray cavities to estimate the outburst's energy to be 10{sup 58} erg. The present size and location of the radio lobes imply that the outburst that created them happened {approx}0.4 Gyr ago and released {approx}5 x 10{sup 58} erg.« less

Field of study: Physics
Conceptual Design of Bidirectional Hybrid DC Circuit Breaker for Quench Protection of the CFETR

This technical note presents the conceptual design of bidirectional hybrid dc circuit breaker for quench protection circuit (QPC) of the China fusion engineering test reactor. The rated parameter of bidirectional hybrid dc circuit breaker is up to 70 kA and 15 kV. The novel scheme based on a mechanical breaker and the controlled static circuit breaker (SCB) in parallel is proposed. The mechanical breaker consists of three independent control contacts to realize the rapid transfer of the large current and fast recovery of dielectric strength. The SCB is composed of the insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) unit and four diode units in a rectifier scheme for both current directions. Moreover, the feasibility of bidirectional dc circuit breaker, such as the turn-on reliability of IGBTs unit, and voltage sharing and current sharing of each IGBTs are investigated in this technical note, finally, the conceptual design result of the QPC is given.

Field of study: Physics
Poly C Binding Protein 1 Regulates p62/SQSTM1 mRNA Stability and Autophagic Degradation to Repress Tumor Progression

Accumulating evidence show that Poly C Binding Protein 1 (PCBP1) is deleted in distinct types of tumors as a novel tumor suppressor, but its tumor suppression mechanism remains elusive. Here, we firstly describe that downregulation of PCBP1 is significantly associated with clinical ovarian tumor progression. Mechanistically, PCBP1 overexpression affects various autophagy-related genes expression at various expression levels to attenuate the intrinsic cell autophagy, including the autophagy-initiating ULK, ATG12, ATG7 as well as the bona fide marker of autophagosome, LC3B. Accordingly, knockdown of the endogenous PCBP1 in turn enhances autophagy and less cell death. Meanwhile, PCBP1 upregulates p62/SQSTM1 via inhibition p62/SQSTM1 autophagolysome and proteasome degradation as well as its mRNA stability, consequently accompanying with the caspase 3 or 8 activation for tumor cell apoptosis. Importantly, clinical ovary cancer sample analysis consistently validates the relevance of PCBP1 expression to both p62/SQSTM1 and caspase-8 to overall survival, and indicates PCBP1 may be a master player to repress tumor initiation. Taken together, our results uncover the tumorigenic mechanism of PCBP1 depletion and suggest that inhibition of tumor cell autophagy with autophagic inhibitors could be an effective therapeutical strategy for PCBP1-deficient tumor.

Field of study: Biology
Low-Level Aflatoxin B1 Promotes Influenza Infection and Modulates a Switch in Macrophage Polarization from M1 to M2

Swine influenza virus (SIV) is a major pathogen of both animals and humans. Afatoxin B1 (AFB1) is one of the most common mycotoxins in feed and food. However, the central contribution of AFB1 to SIV infection remains unclear.  Here, TCID50 assays, fluorescence-based quantitative real-time PCR, western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, histopathological examination, flow cytometry and scanning electron microscopy were performed to investigate the involvement and underlying mechanism of AFB1 in SIV infection in vivo and in vitro using mouse models and porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) models, respectively.  The in vivo study showed that low levels of AFB1 promoted SIV infection and increased its severity, as demonstrated by the increased mRNA expression of viral matrix protein (M); by the increased protein expression of nucleoprotein (NP), matrix protein 1 and ion channel protein; and by animal weight loss, lung index and lung histologic damage. In addition, the increased occurrence of SIV infection accompanied by increases in the level of IL-10 in sera and lungs, in the spleen index and in the number of CD206-positive mouse alveolar macrophages but decreases in the level of TNF-α in sera and lungs, in the thymus index and in the number of CD80-positive mouse alveolar macrophages was observed in SIV-infected mice after low-level AFB1 exposure. The in vitro study showed that low concentrations of AFB1 promoted SIV infection, as demonstrated by the increases in viral titers and viral M mRNA and NP expression levels in SIV-infected PAMs as well as by the number of cells positive for NP protein expression. Furthermore, AFB1 promoted the polarization of SIV-infected PAMs to the M1 phenotype at 8 hpi and to the M2 phenotype at 24 hpi, as measured by the increases in IL-10 expression and in the number of CD206-positive PAMs as well as by the morphological changes observed by scanning electron microscopy. The administration of the immune stimulant lipopolysaccharide (LPS) reversed the switch in PAM polarization from M2 to M1 and thereby counteracted the promotion of influenza virus infection induced by AFB1.  Our results are the first to confirm that low-level exposure to AFB1 promotes SIV infection and modulates a switch in macrophage polarization from M1 to M2. The work reported here provides important data that point to a role for AFB1 in SIV infection, and it opens a new field of study.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Analysis of Measured Loss Probability and Grade-of-Service in ISDNs

The accuracy of measured call congestion in a trunk group shared by various types of traffic is analyzed. An asymptotic approximation is derived using the respective variances of the number of arrivals and the number of lost calls and their covariance in a measurement period. Comparisons of the accuracy of the measured call congestion and of a measured time congestion indicate the performance of measurement methods in ISDNs. In addition, it is shown that the grade-of-services in busy hours may be degraded as a result of integration. These results are significant for management and control of ISDNs.

Field of study: Computer science
SIMILE BETWEEN THE MODUS OPERANDI OF ANALGESIA OF TRAMADOL AND POISON OAK (RHUS TOXICODENDRON) ON FIBROMYALGIA

Fibromyalgia is a disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain accompanied by fatigue, sleep, memory and mood issues. Symptoms sometimes begin after a physical trauma, surgery, infection or significant psychological stress. In other cases, symptoms gradually accumulate over time with no single triggering event. Women are much more likely to develop fibromyalgia than are men. Many people who have fibromyalgia also have tension headaches, temporo-mandibular joint (TMJ) disorders, irritable bowel syndrome, anxiety and depression. Fibromyalgia is one of the most common chronic pain conditions. The disorder affects an estimated 10 million people in the U.S. and an estimated 3-6% of the world population. While it is most prevalent in women - 75-90 percent of the people who have fibromyalgia are women - it also occurs in men and children of all ethnic groups. The disorder is often seen in families, among siblings or mothers and their children. The diagnosis is usually made between the ages of 20 to 50 years, but the incidence rises with age so that by age 80, approximately 8% of adults meet the American College of Rheumatology classification of fibromyalgia. While there is no cure for fibromyalgia, a variety of medications can help control symptoms. In general, treatments for fibromyalgia include both medication and self-care. The emphasis is on minimizing symptoms and improving general health. Medications can help reduce the pain of fibromyalgia and improve sleep. Common choices include: Anal gesics (Tramadol). In this article we like to discuss on the similarity of action between the analgesic medicine (Tramadol) and the homoeopathic medicine Poison oak (Rhus toxicodendron) on fibromyalgia from the aetiopathogenetic point of view. Poison oak, a wild growing plant of the anacardiacea family is widely distributed and easily accessible and also a very common Homoeopathic remedy as Rhus toxicodendron.

Field of study: Medicine
Rotation Curve and Mass Distribution in the Galactic Center - From Black Hole to Entire Galaxy

Analyzing high-resolution longitude-velocity (LV) diagrams of the Galactic Center observed with the Nobeyama 45-m telescope in the CO and CS line emissions, we obtain a central rotation curve of the Milky Way. We combine it with the data for the outer disk, and construct a logarithmic rotation curve of the entire Galaxy. The new rotation curve covers a wide range of radius from r ∼ 1 pc to several hundred kpc without a gap of data points. It links, for the first time, the kinematical characteristics of the Galaxy from the central black hole to the bulge, disk and dark halo. Using this grand rotation curve, we calculate the radial distribution of surface mass density in the entire Galaxy, where the radius and derived mass densities vary over a dynamical range with several orders of magnitudes. We show that the galactic bulge is deconvolved into two components: the inner (core) and main bulges. Both the two bulge components are represented by exponential density profiles, but the de Vaucouleurs law was found to fail in representing the mass profile of the galactic bulge.

Field of study: Physics
How Did Air Pollution Change during the COVID-19 Outbreak in China?

According to the corresponding historical averages of air quality during each month of BF, AF1, and AF2 period ( In general, it shows more notable variations in air quality during the AF1 period than that of the AF2 period [ ]we will go through some detailed air quality variation in the AF1 period here According to the low normalized concentration in the BF period, SO2 concentration shows significant decrease throughout China in recent years, especially over northern China, indicating the importance of coal desulfurization and nationwide emission reduction Considering O3, the concentration of which is driven by two major classes of directly emitted precursors, i e , NOx and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), except for the Guangxi Province, O3 over the other provinces and areas increased significantly with the outbreak of coronavirus

Field of study: Environmental science
Parameters estimation of a repairable system

In this paper we estimate the value of unknown parameters in a repairable system. The maximum likelihood and Bayes estimates of the underlying parameters are obtained. The presented estimates are compared with the moment estimates of the same parameters available in the literature. One advantage of the new estimates is that they can be calculated for all available observations to the contrary of the moment estimates. The other advantage is that they are better than the moment estimates in the sense of having smaller percentage errors.

Field of study: Mathematics
The sleep of abstinent pure primary alcoholic patients: natural course and relationship to relapse.

Sleep in male pure primary alcoholic inpatients was examined at a mean of 16 days (n = 29), 19 weeks (n = 29), 14 months (n = 9), and 27 months (n = 4) of abstinence. Results were as follows: (1) the sleep of abstinent alcoholic patients is short, fragmented, and shallow early in abstinence; (2) a patient's sleep improves slowly over at least the first year of abstinence; however, (3) some facets of a patient's sleep remain abnormal even after 27 months of abstinence; (4) insomnia and sleep fragmentation after approximately 5 months of abstinence may be related to relapse by 14 months. The mechanism underlying the relationship between sleep and withdrawal in alcoholic patients is not well understood, and the issue of treating sleep problems as an adjunct to prevention of relapse warrants further investigation.

Field of study: Medicine
Unsupervised classification of vertical profiles of dual polarization radar variables

Vertical profiles of polarimetric radar variables can be used to identify fingerprints of snow growth processes. In order to systematically study such manifestations of precipitation processes, we have developed an unsupervised classification method. The method is based on k -means clustering of vertical profiles of polarimetric radar variables, namely reflectivity, differential reflectivity and specific differential phase. For rain events, the classification is applied to radar profiles truncated at the melting layer top. For the snowfall cases, the surface air temperature is used as an additional input parameter.
The proposed unsupervised classification was applied to 3.5 years of data collected by the Finnish Meteorological Institute Ikaalinen radar. The vertical profiles of radar variables were computed above the University of Helsinki Hyytiala station, located 64 km east of the radar. Using these data, we show that the profiles of radar variables can be grouped into 10 and 16 classes for rainfall and snowfall events, respectively. These classes seem to capture most important snow growth and ice cloud processes. Using this classification, the main features of the precipitation formation processes, as observed in Finland, are presented.

Field of study: Environmental science
Efeito do treinamento na capacidade de sprints repetidos em atletas de basquete: respostas individuais ou da equipe?

O objetivo foi investigar o efeito cronico do treinamento de forca e tecnico-tatico na capacidade de sprints repetidos (CSR) em atletas de basquete e posteriormente, comparar as respostas individuais com as da equipe. A amostra investigada foi constituida de 8 atletas de basquete adultas de nivel estadual (21,5 ± 2,0 anos; 170 ± 4,2 cm; 68,0 ± 8,3 kg). O estudo foi conduzido no inicio e final de uma pre-temporada de 4 semanas (28 sessoes de treinamento [16 tecnico-taticos e 12 de forca]). Foi avaliada a capacidade de sprints repetidos (CSR) pelo RAST teste calculando-se o melhor tempo de sprint (CSR melhor ) e tempo medio dos sprints (CSR media ). Nao foram encontradas diferencas entre pre e pos treinamento na CSR melhor (p = 0.146; d = -0.78, 90% CI [0.90]) e CSR media (p = 0.220; d = -0.58, 90% CI [0.81]). 2 atletas apresentaram piora em CSR melhor , 2 melhoria moderada, 1 grande e 3 sujeitos muito grande. Na CSR media 2 apresentaram piora, 1 melhoria moderada, 4 melhoria grande e 1 melhoria muito grande. Conclui-se que a media da equipe feminina de basquete analisada nao apresentou melhoria significativa na CSR, porem, quando as atletas foram analisadas individualmente, 75% das mesmas foram responsivas a intervencao proposta.

Field of study: Education