nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The effects of Triton X-100 and n-octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside on energy transfer in photosynthetic membranes.

The effects of the non-ionic detergents Triton X-100 and n-octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside on energy transfer between pigment-protein complexes of Pisum sativum thylakoids were investigated. This was done by monitoring the 77K fluorescence-emission characteristics of stacked and unstacked thylakoids exposed to a range of detergent concentrations. At sub-critical micellar concentrations, the detergents had little effect, whereas above these concentrations they caused increases of up to 20-fold in short-wavelength fluorescence intensity and a shift in its maximum wavelength from 685 to 680 nm. Fluorescence-emission intensities at 695 and 735 nm were relatively unaffected by detergent treatments, although Triton X-100 caused a wavelength shift in the emission peak from 735 to 728 nm. The results are discussed in terms of reversible dissociation of pigment-protein complexes induced by mild detergent solubilization and the consequent cessation of inter-complex energy transfer.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
[Inhibitory action of 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde on membrane potential duration and contraction of the papillary muscles in guinea pigs].

The electrophysiological effects of 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (DB), a soluble extract from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, on action potential (AP) and contraction of papillary muscles in right ventricles of guinea pigs were examined with the aid of conventional intracellular microelectrodes. The effects of DB on effective refractory period (ERP) and excitability were also observed by using the technique of stimulating and recording in the same cell through a single microelectrode. DB (30-300μg/ml) markedly shortened action potential duration (APD), and suppressed or eliminated the phase 2 of AP, while within the same range of concentrations it increased the repolarizing rate of the phase 3 of AP. DB up to 400μg/ml had no significant influence on the rising rate of the phase O of AP, excitability and at (K+)0=6 mmol/L. ERP was shortened as well as APD, but the rate of ERP/APD90 was slightly enlarged. In the presence of DB, reduction of peak contraction force of papillary muscle was observed. The changes of contraction force were linear with those of APD. The direct Ca++ entrance block mechanism was ruled out and finally it was concluded that DB increased the permeability to K+ and decreased the time constant of repolarizing current IK.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Modified maximum likelihood estimation for rayleigh distribution

For defining a Modified Maximum Likelihood Estimate of the scale parameter of Rayleigh distribution, a hyperbolic approximation is used instead of linear approximation for a function which appears in the Maximum Likelihood equation. This estimate is shown to perform better, in the sense of accuracy and simplicity of calculation, than the one based on linear approximation for the same function. Also the estimate of the scale parameter obtained is shown to be asymptotically unbiased. Numerical computation for random samples of different sizes from Rayleigh distribution, using type I1 censoring is done and is shown to be better than that obtained by Lee et al. (1980)

Field of study: Mathematics
Assessing the vulnerability of European butterflies to climate change using multiple criteria

Vulnerability of 100 European butterfly species to climate change was assessed using 13 different criteria and data on species distributions, climate, land cover and topography from 1,608 grid squares 30′ × 60′ in size, and species characteristics increasing the susceptibility to climate change. Four bioclimatic model-based criteria were developed for each species by comparing the present-day distribution and climatic suitability of the occupied grid cells with projected distribution and suitability in the future using the HadCM3-A2 climate scenario for 2051–2080. The proportions of disadvantageous land cover types (bare areas, water, snow and ice, artificial surfaces) and cultivated and managed land in the occupied grid squares and their surroundings were measured to indicate the amount of unfavourable land cover and dispersal barriers for butterflies, and topographical heterogeneity to indicate the availability of potential climatic refugia. Vulnerability was also assessed based on species dispersal ability, geographical localization and habitat specialization. Northern European species appeared to be amongst the most vulnerable European butterflies. However, there is much species-to-species variation, and species appear to be threatened due to different combinations of critical characteristics. Inclusion of additional criteria, such as life-history species characteristics, topography and land cover to complement the bioclimatic model-based species vulnerability measures can significantly deepen the assessments of species susceptibility to climate change.

Field of study: Environmental science
High-spin Structure of $^{87}$Sr and $^{87}$Zr Nuclei: Shell-model Interpretation

In the present work we report a comprehensive analysis of shell model results for high-spin states of $^{87}$Sr and $^{87}$Zr for recently available experimental data within the full $f_{5/2}pg_{9/2}$ model space using JUN45 and jj44b effective interactions developed for this model space. In this work we have compared the energy levels, electromagnetic transition probabilities, quadrupole and magnetic moments with available experimental data. We have confirmed structure of high-spin states of these two nuclei which were tentatively assigned in the recent experimental work. In the case of $^{87}$Sr, for positive parity states up to $\sim$ 7.5 MeV, both interactions predict very good agreement with experimental data, while negative parity states are slightly suppressed in jj44b calculation.For the $^{87}$Zr nucleus, the jj44b interaction predicts higher energies for the negative parity states beyond $J \geq 27/2^{-}$. The configuration, which have one hole in $\nu g_{9/2}$ orbital, is responsible for generating the states in $^{87}$Sr. In the case of $^{87}$Zr, low-lying positive parity states come with the configuration having three holes in the $\nu g_{9/2}$, while the odd-parity states have configuration $\nu

Field of study: Physics
Electroacupuncture stimulation suppresses the increase in alcohol-drinking behavior in restricted rats.

Although a number of studies on traditional eastern or Chinese medicine, such as acupuncture, moxibustion, and herbal drugs, have been reported, few reports describe electroacupuncture (EAC) effects on drug- and alcohol-seeking behaviors in animal models. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of EAC on changes in alcohol-drinking behavior in rats challenged with restriction and immobilization stress.  Male Sprague Dawley® rats (260-280 g) were tightly hung and immobilized in restriction models for 10 min. These immobilization stresses were performed twice a week for 1 week and for 3 consecutive weeks for the short- and long-restricted stress groups, respectively. EAC was applied for 10 min to the hindlimb point, Tsu-San-Li (ST 36), and the lumbar point, Shen-Shu (BL 23). These points are used to treat mental and psychosomatic disorders and are known clinically to produce a sedation effect. Time-access alcohol-drinking behavior was determined at 24 hr after the termination of EAC. Finally, brain dopamine (DA) levels were assayed in the two groups. A sham-control group underwent only restricted stress without EAC.  Time-access alcohol-drinking behavior increased significantly in the long-restricted group compared with the short-restricted group and controls. EAC applied to the ST 36 (Tsu-San-Li) point suppressed the increased alcohol-drinking behavior in restricted rats. However, EAC applied to the Shen-Shu (BL 23) point was not effective, because alcohol-drinking behavior was significantly increased in long-restricted rats compared with short-restricted rats. Striatal DA levels of restricted rats with EAC stimulated at Tsu-San-Li were increased significantly compared with the rats with EAC applied to the Shen-Shu point.  These findings suggest that EAC applied at ST 36 (Tsu-San-Li) was more effective for reducing the increased alcohol-drinking behavior in restricted rats, and they showed that a point specific in EAC procedure was associated with an increase of striatal DA levels. These findings provide new information for understanding alcohol-drinking behavior and for treating human alcoholics.

Field of study: Medicine
Zur Mechanik der ostalpinen Deckenbildung

ZusammenfassungDie Mechanik der Deckenbildung ist eine aktuelle Streitfrage bei der Deutung alpiner Gebirgsbildung. Zwei Leitvorstellungen stehen zur Diskussion: 1. Tangentialdruck in der Erdkruste verursacht Faltungen und Deckenüberschiebungen in der mobilen geosynklinalen Zone; 2. Gravitationstektonik zufolge von endogen bedingten Hebungen und Senkungen verursacht die lateralen Massenverlagerungen der alpinen Orogenese.Im ersten Falle also Mobilismus (Wandertektonik), mit Einengung der Geosynklinale, begleitet von Verschluckung der Sialkruste oder „crustal buckling“. Im zweiten Falle Fixismus (Standtektonik), das heißt nur Durchbewegung der Tektonosphäre zufolge von Materialkreisläufen im geosynklinalen Bereiche, ohne daß notwendigerweise auch die Nebengebiete mitbeteiligt werden und sich nähern müssen.An der Hand von drei genetischen Profilen über Salzburg und die Hohen Tauern wird erläutert, daß es möglich ist, die ostalpine Orogenese mit Hilfe des zweiten Leitbildes zu erklären.Die Gravitationstektonik oder Sekundärtektogenese tritt in verschiedenen Stockwerken auf. Die Abgleitung der alpinen Sedimenthaut liefert Decken von helvetischem Typ. Wenn auch das kristalline Grundgebirge am lateralen Transport mitbeteiligt ist, entstehen Decken vom ostalpinen Typ. Die Verfließungen der tiefen, rheomorphen Teile der Kruste (Migma und z. T. palingenes Magma) liefern die Decken penninischen Charakters, welche im Tauernfenster aufgeschlossen sind.Die erste orogene Hauptphase war die tieforogene oder Gosauphase der mittleren Kreide, wobei die Proto-Austriden und Proto-Penniden in die Tauernvortiefe wanderten.Die zweite orogene Hauptphase war die hochorogene oder Molassephase des Mitteltertiärs, wobei die Tauernzone als Geantiklinale emporgewölbt wurde. In den nördlichen Kalkalpen fanden nordvergente, in den südlichen Kalkalpen südvergente Bewegungen statt.Zum Schlusse wurden die nördlichen Kalkalpen gegen die Molasse aufgeschoben, welche Bewegung im zentralen Tauernsektor wahrscheinlich mechanisch mit der Gailabschiebung in der Südflanke der Geantiklinale zusammenhängt.Die Deutung der Mechanik der ostalpinen Deckenbildung nach dem Leitbild der Schwerkrafttektonik führt also zum Ergebnis, daß Krustenverkürzung keine notwendige Begleiterscheinung alpiner Orogenese ist. Diese Schlußfolgerung steht in Übereinstimmung mit gravimetrischen und seismischen Beobachtungen.

Field of study: Environmental science
Quantifying uncertainty in European climate projections using combined performance-independence weighting

Uncertainty inmodel projections of future climate change arises due to internal variability,multiple possible emission scenarios, and differentmodel responses to anthropogenic forcing. To robustly quantify uncertainty inmulti-model ensembles, inter-dependencies betweenmodels as well as a models ability to reproduce observations should be considered. Here, amodel weighting approach, which accounts for both independence and performance, is applied to European temperature and precipitation projections from theCMIP5 archive. Two future periods representingmidand endof-century conditions driven by the high-emission scenario RCP8.5 are investigated. To inform theweighting, six diagnostics based on three observational estimates are used to also account for uncertainty in the observational record.Ourfindings show thatweighting the ensemble can reduce the interquartile spread bymore than 20% in some regions, increasing the reliability of projected changes. Themean temperature change ismost notably impactedby theweighting in theMediterranean,where it is found tobe 0.35 °Chigher than the unweightedmean in the end-of-century period. For precipitation the largest differences are found forNorthernEurope,with a relative decrease in precipitationof 2.4% and3.4% for the two future periods compared to the unweighted case. Based on a perfectmodel test, it is found thatweighting the ensemble leads to an increase in the investigated skill score for temperature and precipitationwhileminimizing the probability of overfitting.

Field of study: Environmental science
Simulation of Narrow Blade Performance in Different Soils

FOUR mathematical models that predict draft force and disturbed soil area by a narrow blade were compared through a computer simulation and experimental measurements taken in two soil textures at different field soil moisture conditions. The models studied were: (a) Hettiaratchi and Reece (1967); (b) Godwin and Spoor (1977); (c) McKyes and Ali (1977); (d) Grisso et al. (1980). Computer simulation was then utilized to predict the effects of different parameters on the blade performance using the four models.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Optimising a High-Current Injector to Incorporate a Fast Beam Kicker

In addition to the requirement that the beam current limit imposed by space charge forces be as high as possible, provision should also be made in the injector for fast switching of the high-power beam. The intolerableness of beam losses in a high-current linear accelerator, such as proposed for the German spallation neutron source (SNQ) project, requires that the beam switching occurs cleanly between the beam bunches. The method of accomplishing this technically demanding beam switching is limited by the constraints on the injector chain such as the final energy and operating frequency. These boundary conditions, plus the choice of ion source voltage also come to bear on the current limit in the injector. In the SNQ the injector is asked to supply 200 mA of protons at 200 MHz at an energy of 2 MeV, while the ion source voltage has been chosen to be 50 keV. In order to satisfy all the constraints on the injector and at the same time deliver the maximum current, a frequency jump becomes necessary. The requirements for rf power efficiency in the high-energy linac also demand that all rf buckets be filled. A funneling scheme has been proposed for the SNQ wheremore » this can be achieved by doubling the current and bunch frequency from a pair of injectors operating at half the frequency. A new technique is also put forward in this paper for debunching a beam at an intermediate energy between two RFQ accelerators allowing an arbitrarily large frequency transition to be made between the two RFQ's and raising the current limit even further.« less

Field of study: Physics
Carrots and sticks for democracy in the OAS: Comparison with the east European experience

Regional European organizations have been heavily involved in promoting democracy in Eastern Europe over the past decade. This article summarizes tools that exist in the Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) for promoting democracy, and suggests similar mechanisms that the Organization of American States (OAS) could adopt in order to enforce and encourage member states’ adherence to the principles included in the OAS Democratic Charter. These organizations are examined because their composition and power are similar to those of the OAS. The author suggests modifications to the Inter‐American human rights process and norms of election monitoring, as well as ways of structuring democracy assistance programs to maximize effectiveness.

Field of study: Political science
Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) genetic variants as determinants of hyperhomocysteinemia: implications in stroke susceptibility.

The rationale of this case-control study is to ascertain whether glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) variants serve as determinants of hyperhomocysteinemia and contribute to the etiology of stroke. Hyperhomocysteinemia was observed in stroke cases compared to controls (14.09 +/- 7.62 micromol/L vs. 8.71 +/- 4.35, P < 0.0001). GCPII sequencing revealed two known variants (R190W and H475Y) and six novel variants (V108A, P160S, Y176H, G206R, G245S and D520E). Among the haplotypes of GCPII, all wild-haplotype H0 showed independent association with stroke risk (OR: 9.89, 95% CI: 4.13-23.68), while H2 representing P160S variant showed reduced risk (OR: 0.17, 95% CI: 0.06-0.50). When compared to subjects with H2 haplotype, H0 haplotype showed elevated homocysteine levels (18.26 +/- 4.31 micromol/L vs. 13.66 +/- 3.72 micromol/L, P = 0.002) and reduced plasma folate levels (7.09 +/- 1.19 ng/ml vs. 8.21 +/- 1.14 ng/ml, P = 0.007). Using GCPII genetic variants, dietary folate and gender as predictor variables and homocysteine as outcome variable, a multiple linear regression model was developed. This model explained 36% variability in plasma homocysteine levels. To conclude, GCPII haplotypes influenced susceptibility to stroke by influencing homocysteine levels.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Integrating family medicine residents into a rural practice.

Integrating residents into community family practices can be challenging for busy doctors, especially when new preceptors have no formal preparation or teaching experience.



To develop an organized and practical approach to teaching residents in our busy rural group practice. Our seven northern Ontario family doctors have been training elective residents and clerks for 15 years. Recently, we have gone from hosting elective residents and students to teaching core family medicine residents. Our precepting plan allows us to dedicate a reasonable time to teaching while fulfilling our primary care duties.



The program involves contracting, teaching, monitoring, feedback, and evaluation.



We think we have developed a sustainable, workable set of teaching parameters that is applicable by various preceptors in different settings. It has simplified our teaching role and lessened our anxieties. Residents have benefited from the consistent protocol, which can be flexible enough to adapt to individual residents and preceptors, and have valued this teaching approach.

Field of study: Medicine
Consumed in Theory: Alternative Perspectives on the Economics of Consumption

In many disciplines, the study of consumption has become a dynamic, changing field. A new interdisciplinary area of research on consumption has emerged in the last 10-15 years, drawing contributions and participants from sociology, anthropology, history, philosophy, literature, and marketing-even, on occasion, from economics.  for a collection of bibliographic essays and surveys from each of the relevant disciplines.) Yet despite the central role that consumption plays in economic theory, economics has been one of the least important contributors to the new wave of research-and one of the disciplines least affected by new approaches to consumption of any variety. A recent review of innovations in neoclassical economic theory simply asserts that "the microeconomic theory of consumer choice under conditions of certainty is well developed, and has not been the subject of any significant advances in recent years" . Economists' lack of interest in new approaches to consumption largely reflects the rigidity of the conventional economic theory of consumer behavior. That theory, of course, assumes that consumers come to the market with well-defined, insatiable desires for private goods and services; those desires are not affected by social interactions, culture, economic institutions, or the consumption choices or well-being of others. Only prices, incomes, and personal tastes affect consumption-and since tastes are exogenous to neoclassical economics, there is little point in talking about anything but prices and incomes. The correspondence between this theory and the visible facts of economic life is tenuous at best. If there have been no recent advances in the microeconomics of consumer behavior, it is not because of a lack of room for improvement.

Field of study: Economics
Highly efficient Tm:CaYAlO4 laser in-band pumped by a Raman fiber laser at 1.7  μm.

This paper discusses the high power, efficient operation of a Tm:CaYAlO4 (Tm:CYA) laser in-band pumped by a Raman fiber laser at 1.7 μm. We have investigated and compared laser characteristics of 4.0 at. % and 6.0 at. % doped Tm:CYA samples with both a-cut and c-cut configurations. Up to 6.8 W of output power has been generated at 1968.3 nm using a 6.0 at. % doped and a-cut Tm:CYA crystal, corresponding to a slope efficiency with respect to incident pump power of 52.3%. Laser output from both a- and c-cut samples are nearly linearly polarized with the polarization extinction ratio (PER) reaching 24 dB for the a-cut sample.

Field of study: Physics
Transformations of 10-Substituted Tetrahydrobenzo[b][1,6]naphthyridines through Interaction with Dehydrobenzene

The regioselectivity of dehydrobenzene reaction with 10-substituted benzo[b][1,6]naphthyridines was found to depend on electronic effects due to the C-10 substituent. Stevens rearrangement of 10-cyano-substituted naphthyridines produced 1-alkyl-2-phenyltetrahydrobenzonaphthyridines. 10-Carbamoyl-substituted naphthyridines underwent Hoffman cleavage of the tetrahydropyridine ring, giving 3-phenylallylaminomethyl-2-vinylquinolines.

Field of study: Chemistry
Feature Model-driven Method of Component Composition and Optimization for Internetware

The method of feature-oriented domain analysis can support efficiently ordering resources for Internetware.In terms of domain engineering,a feature model-driven method of component composition and optimization was proposed,in which the i-Jackson graph was used to describe the feature model of Internetware,and a transformation mechanism from feature model to business component-oriented composition model based on workflow graph was presented.By employing graph theory,the component composition structure graph centering on domain feature cluster was put forward on the basis of composition model.A multi-objective QoS model was defined,and the mathematical model of component composition was established for Internetware in Internet environment,and ant colony optimization algorism was introduced to solve the global optimization problem.Finally,prototype and related experiments proved that this method was feasible and effective.

Field of study: Computer science
Trophic interactions in the methanogenic microbial community of low-temperature terrestrial ecosystems.

The formation of methane in various ecosystems is due to the functioning of an anaerobic community, which combines trophically different groups of microorganisms. The methanogenic microbial community is a complex biological system, which responds to low temperatures by changes in its trophic structure resulting in redistributing matter flows. The enhanced activity of homoacetogenic bacteria at low temperature plays a significant role in this redistribution. Due to their relatively high growth rates and metabolic versatility, homoacetogens can successfully compete with fermenting bacteria and hydrogenotrophic methanogenic archaea for common substrates. The concentration of hydrogen is an important regulatory factor in the psychroactive methanogenic community. At low temperature methanogenic archaea possessing a higher affinity for hydrogen than homoacetogens provide for interspecies H2 transport in syntrophic reactions of fatty acid decomposition. The formation of a balanced community at low temperature is a longtime process. Cold terrestrial ecosystems are dominated by psychroactive (psychrotolerant) microorganisms, which can grow over a wide range of ambient temperatures.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science