nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment: The Planetary-Boundary-Layer Subprogram of GALE

The Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment (GALE), focused an intensive data-gathering effort along the mid-Atlantic coast of the United States from 15 January through 15 March 1986. Here, the general objectives and experimental layout are described with special emphasis on the planetary-boundary-layer (PBL) component of GALE. Instrumentation is described for buoys, ships, research aircraft, and towers. The networks of the cross-chain long range aid to navigation (LORAN) atmospheric sounding system (CLASS) and the portable automated mesonet (PAM II) are described and their impact on the operation of GALE is outlined. Special use of dual-Doppler radar to obtain detailed wind measurements in the PBL is discussed. Preliminary analyses for a selected observational period are given. Detailed observations of the offshore coastal front reveal direct mesoscale circulations imbedded in the frontal zone. Later in the period, during an intense cold-air outbreak, sensible-heat and latent-heat fluxes over the co...

Field of study: Environmental science
Primary Antituberculosis Drug Resistance at Turkish Military Chest Diseases Hospital in Istanbul

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of primary drug resistance to tuberculosis.  We evaluated the clinical data, radiological features and sputum samples from 365 newly diagnosed patients with a positive culture of pulmonary tuberculosis at the Turkish Military Chest Diseases Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey. No patients had taken antituberculosis drugs previously. The Bactec method was used to perform drug susceptibility testing for isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, and streptomycin.  Primary resistance to one or more drugs was detected in 87 (23.8%) patients; resistance to isoniazid was most common (54 patients) followed by resistance to ethambutol (n = 39), rifampicin (n = 11), and streptomycin (n = 9). One-drug resistance was detected in 69 patients; two-drug resistance in 11, three-drug resistance in 6, and four-drug resistance in 1. Multidrug resistance (resistance to at least isoniazid and rifampicin) was detected in 10 patients. In logistic-regression analysis, primary drug resistance was associated with radiological advanced tuberculosis (p < 0.001).  Primary resistance to one or more drugs used in treating tuberculosis is relatively high. It is necessary to regularly screen for and treat drug resistance among those who live in close quarters, such as army barracks, school dormitories and prisons. Regular surveillance of drug sensitivity patterns should be maintained to determine appropriate alternate drug regimens and detect the spread of resistant stains in the population.

Field of study: Medicine
Magnetic Cloak for Low Frequency AC Magnetic Field

Metal detection at low frequency (tens or hundreds of Hertz) is usually based on the phase and/or amplitude changes of the magnetic field measured in vicinity of the examined object by a system of coils. We have verified that it is possible to avoid such detection by putting the object into the shell from several layers of superconducting and ferromagnetic materials. When properly designed such structure can act as an invisibility cloak for magnetic field. In our laboratory, a small prototype of magnetic cloak with cylindrical shape has been manufactured. It was tested for hiding small copper and iron cylinders placed in AC magnetic field with the frequency of 72 Hz. The results show a significant reduction of the “visibility” of these cylinders determined by the phase and amplitude detection of voltage induced in a pick-up coil. The cloaking effect better than 80% was observed for the AC fields below 1.5 mT.

Field of study: Physics
Properties of Fibrous Concrete Made with Plastic Optical Fibers from E-Waste

This article presents research results relating to the potential for waste utilization in the form of polymer optical fiber (POF) scraps. This material is difficult to recycle due to its diverse construction. Three different volumes of POF were used in concrete in these tests: 1%, 2%, and 3%. The experimental studies investigated the basic properties of the concrete, the elastic and dynamic moduli, as well as deformation and deflection of reinforced beams. The microstructures, including the interfacial transition zones (ITZs), were recorded and analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. It was observed that 180 freezing–thawing cycles reduced the concrete frost resistance containing 3% POFs by half compared to the control concrete. The resistance to salt crystallization of this concrete decreased by about 55%. POFs have significant effects on the splitting tensile and flexural strengths compared to the compressive strength. The control beams were destroyed during the four-point static bending tests at half the force applied to the beams that were reinforced with POFs.

Field of study: Materials science
Read on identity and harmony – a friendly correction and simplification

At T10O5 however, there are two instantaneous, point-sized objects, one positioned at the 3:00 point and one positioned at the 9:00 point on our wall clock. Name them Here and There. Three is the diachronic fusion of Here with Common and Nine is the diachronic fusion of There with Common. Note that (as advertised) Three and Nine are temporally-con tinuous, spatially-unextended material objects that have a first and last moment of existence and that share all of their temporal parts up until their very last time-slice. Note also that (as advertised) although they never change in size, Three and Nine are a metre apart in distance at their last moment of existence.

Field of study: Philosophy
Der gegenwärtige Stand der Frage über die Existenz von Ladungen kleiner als das Elektron

ZusammenfassungAus den gesamten bisher vorliegenden Geschwindigkeitsmessungen an denselben submikroskopischen Pk verschiedener Dichten (von 0,9 bis 19,2) bei verschiedenen Gasdrucken folgt, daß die einzelnen Pk untersucht bis zur Größe 0,8.10−5 cm Kugelgestalt und normale Dichte haben. Die Ladungen dieser Pk sind vielfach kleiner als die des Elementarquantums der Elektrizität. Die Felllerbestimmung wurde durchgeführt und beweist, daß die kleinen Ladungen nicht durch die Beobachtungsfehler bedingt sein können.

Field of study: Physics
Fluoroscopic imaging optimization in children during percutaneous nephrolithotrispy.

Radiation protection management recommends radiation exposures that are as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA), while still maintaining image quality. The aim of the study is to compare radiation exposure during pediatric percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) before and after implementation of strategy for optimization of fluoroscopic imaging by measuring the Dose Area Product (DAP) and the Fluoroscopy time (FT) and study its effect on surgical outcomes.



We prospectively observed 56 children (group 1) undergoing PCNL for kidney stones in whom a radiation dose reduction strategy was adopted. The strategy included several intraoperative measures, including: optimizing position by keeping the fluoroscopy table as far from the X-ray tube as possible and the image intensifier close to the patient, preventing use of fluoroscopy for positioning, use of pulsed mode with last image hold technique, beam collimation and use of a designated fluoroscopy technician. Outcomes were compared to those in 42 children (group 2) before implementing dose reduction strategy.



DAP was decreased by 44% from 2.46 in group 2 to 1.38 mGy m2 in group 1 (p < 0.04). Total fluoroscopy time was significantly reduced by 55% from 100.8 s in group 2-45 s in group 1 (p < 0.002) after protocol implementation with very little loss of image quality.



Radiation exposure in children undergoing PCNL can be reduced significantly after optimization of fluoroscopy imaging. A reduced radiation protocol did not increase surgical complexity, operative time, or complication rates while reducing radiation exposure in a population vulnerable to its hazardous effects.

Field of study: Medicine
Privacy-Free Garbled Circuits for Formulas: Size Zero and Information-Theoretic

Garbled circuits are of central importance in cryptography, finding widespread application in secure computation, zero-knowledge (ZK) protocols, and verifiable outsourcing of computation to name a few. We are interested in a particular kind of garbling scheme, termed privacy-free in the literature. We show that Boolean formulas can be garbled information-theoretically in the privacy-free setting, producing no ciphertexts at all. Existing garbling schemes either rely on cryptographic assumptions (and thus require cryptographic operations to construct and evaluate garbled circuits), produce garbled circuits of non-zero size, or are restricted to low depth formulaic circuits. Our result has both theoretical and practical implications for garbled circuits as a primitive. On the theory front, our result breaks the known theoretical lower bound of one ciphertext for garbling an AND gate in this setting. As an interesting implication of producing size zero garbled circuits, our scheme scores adaptive security for free. On the practical side, our garbling scheme involves only cheap XOR operations and produces size zero garbled circuits. As a side result, we propose several interesting extensions of our scheme. Namely, we show how to garble threshold and high fan-in gates.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Determination of the Dicke narrowing in gaseous hydrogen by direct measurement of the dephasing time

A system was developed for transient coherent active Raman spectroscopy of molecular gases in which a picosecond optical parametric oscillator was used. This method was used to measure the dephasing time of molecular parametric oscillator vibrations and thus find the Dicke narrowing of the Q1 line of hydrogen and to demonstrate that a high spectral resolution was possible.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Crack-propagation sequence and pore-fluid conditions during fault-bend folding in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge, central Pennsylvania

Bedding-parallel (BPV), strike (SV), and cross-fold (CFV) veins represent a sequence of polyphase fracturing during the development of a fault-bend fold in lower Paleozoic carbonate beds in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge province,  Brecciation and layer-parallel shearing played important roles in the development of the earliest vein set (BPV) which propagated prior to folding. Fluid inclusions in calcite BPV are highly saline brines (23.4 wt% NaCI) trapped at conditions close to lithostatic (P ≤ 180 MPa, T ≤ 267 °C). While passing through the lower kink plane of a fault-bend fold, strike joints propagated in dolomitic beds located on the extensional side of neutral surfaces. Stylolitization of strike joint surfaces accompanied slip of the hanging wall up a ramp. Renewed extension upon passing through a second kink plane led to propagation of antitaxial SV along the stylolitized joints by the crack-seal process. Slightly less saline fluids (22.4 wt% NaCI) were trapped in SV at fluid pressures ≤144 MPa and temperatures ≤217 °C. With the concurrent formation of lateral ramps, the carbonates moved to the upper flat and were subjected to strike parallel extension as manifested by the propagation of antitaxial CFV. Due to further mixing of fresh waters, the salinity of fluids forming CFV decreased (20.5 wt% NaCl) with trapping conditions at P ≤ 116 MPa and T ≤ 179 °C. The fluid evolution path from BPV to CFV through SV shows a modest decrease in salinity with a sharp decrease in possible trapping pressures.

Field of study: Geology
On multilinear fractional integrals

In Rn, we prove Lp1 ×· · ·×LpK boundedness for the multilinear fractional integrals Iα(f1, . . . , fK)(x) = R f1(x− θ1y) . . . fK(x− θKy)|y|α−n dy where the θj ’s are nonzero and distinct. We also prove multilinear versions of two inequalities about fractional integrals and a multilinear Lebesgue differentiation theorem.

Field of study: Mathematics
Stereoselective Construction of Tetrahydrofuran by Tin (IV) Chloride Promoted [3+2] Cycloaddition of Allylsilane to α-Keto Ester

SnCl4 promoted [3+2] cycloaddition reactions of allylsilane to α-keto esters afforded tri- and tetrasubstituted tetrahydrofurans with excellent stereoselectivity via 1,2-silyl migration in good yields.

Field of study: Chemistry
The role of the AlGaAs doping level on the optical gain of two-dimensional electron gas photodetectors

We compare the optical response of two modulation-doped heterojunction photodetectors with identical growth structure, differing only in the doping level of the wide band material. The larger photoresponse of the higher doped device cannot be explained as photocuonductive gain because neither the transit time nor the recombination lifetimes are substantially altered by the change in doping. Alternatively, we propose to explain the results on the basis of an optical gating effect. It is shown that proper control of the two-dimensional electron gas (2-DEG) channel population in dark conditions allows one to optimize optical responsivity and external quantum efficiency.

Field of study: Materials science
Influence of long-term consumption of bitter apricot seeds on risk factors for cardiovascular diseases

The present study was designed to reveal whether long-term consumption of bitter apricot seeds causes changes in lipid profile and other risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. The study group consisted of 12 healthy adult volunteers (5 females and 7 males). The average age of women was 41.60 ± 11.28 years and the average age of men was 36.71 ± 13.70 years. Volunteers consumed 60 mg kg−1 of body weight of bitter apricot seeds divided into 8–12 doses daily for 12 weeks. Volunteers were recruited from the general population of Slovak Republic. After 12 weeks, mean body weight of the participants increased from 77.34 to 78.22 kg (P > 0.05). The average total cholesterol levels decreased from 4.86 mmol L−1 at the beginning of the study to 4.44 mmol L−1 at the end of the study (P < 0.05). We did not observe any significant increase in high-density cholesterol (from 1.55 to 1.60 mmol L−1). The average low-density cholesterol levels decreased from 2.93 mmol L−1 at the beginning of the study to 2.31 mmol L−1 at the end of the study (P < 0.001). Concentration of triglycerides increased significantly over the 12-week intervention period from 0.84 to 1.17 mmol L−1. After the intervention, the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level decreased from 1.92 to 1.23 mg L−1, but results were non-significant (P > 0.05). Creatine kinase serum levels increased from 2.31 to 2.77 mg L−1 (P > 0.05) over the 12-week intervention period. The results suggest that regular intake of bitter apricot seeds may be considered potentially useful for prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Useless Eaters

The methods used for mass extermination in the Nazi death camps originated and were perfected in earlier use against people with physical, emotional, and intellectual disabilities. This article describes the historical context of attitudes toward people with disabilities in Germany and how this context produced mass murder of people with disabilities prior to and during the early years of World War II. Several key marker variables, the manipulation of which allowed a highly sophisticated Western society to officially sanction the murder of people with disabilities, are examined. Important implications must continually be drawn from these sad events as we work with people with disabilities at the dawn of a new century.

Field of study: Education
SU‐FF‐I‐85: Optimization of Image Quality and Minimization of Radiation Dose for Chest Computed Radiography

To investigate the effects of x‐ray exposure parameters and added beam filtration on patient dose and image quality for optimization of chest computed radiography(CR).  A chest x‐ray phantom (CardinalHealth Model 76‐211) was used to simulate a patient of standard size. To achieve a small or a large patient size, one sheet of 25‐mm acrylic was removed or added, respectively. Pre‐ and post‐patient x‐ray spectra were measured using a CdTe x‐ray spectrometer at various exposure conditions and added filters. kVp stations of 80, 100, and 120 were selected. An Al plate of 0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 mm or a Cu plate of 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 mm was placed at the tube exit window for each exposure setting. Patient entrance exposure was measured using a Radcal ion chamber under automatic exposure control at each exposure condition. Corresponding CRimages were acquired at above conditions using a contrast‐detail phantom (CDRAD) placed between acrylic plates of the chest phantom for evaluating image quality. The same protocol for processing of CRimage plate was used throughout. Both printed films and digital images were archived. Reading sessions were conducted to interpret the 72 CRimages.  CDRAD images were ranked based on image quality. Corresponding patient dose and x‐ray spectrum were analyzed. Beam effective energy and spectrum information were evaluated. Optimal imaging condition was determined. In general, with increased beam filtration and effective energy, image quality decreased with dose saving as expected. However, at certain conditions of patient size, filtration, and kVp, image quality actually appeared improved with reduced or comparable patient dose.  Proper use of pre‐patient filtration can improve CR chest image quality while maintaining or reducing patient dose at carefully selected kVp setting for a patient. Optional filters should be made available for digital chest radiography.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
How do Fans and Oddsmakers Differ in their Judgments of Football Teams?

Mathematical models have been shown to be no more successful in predicting the outcomes of professional football games than professional oddsmakers. Study I demonstrated that the strategy used by the oddsmakers can be approximated by a simple linear model which subtracts average points allowed on defense from average points scored on offense and adjusts for quality of opponent. In Study 2, football fans were asked to judge the quality of nine football teams on the basis of their average offense and their average defense. The nine teams were selected to vary systematically on these dimensions and to complete the cells of a 3 x 3 factorial design. Only half of the subjects were also told from which professional teams the data were obtained. When fans do not know the names of the teams, they tend to use the information similarly to oddsmakers. However, when team identities are also given, fans tend to use the information differently—making it less likely they will be successful in predicting outcomes.

Field of study: Psychology
Conductivity relaxation phenomena of the oxide ion conductor Zn2-2xTi1+xO4

Impedance measurements were carried out on the oxide ion conductor Zn 2−2 x Ti 1+ x O 4 in the frequency range between 20 Hz and 10 6 Hz below 600°C. The frequency dependence of the electric modulus M ″ shows the double peak shape in the cubic structure. These results are different from the previously studied Zn 2− x /2 Ti 1− x Ta x O 4 system where the single and double peaks have been observed for cubic and tetragonal phases, respectively. The M ″ profile of the present system was not significantly varied with the composition and activation energies could be obtained from both lower- and higher-frequency peaks. The lower-frequency relaxation was supposed to be related to the long-range ion hopping, since the activation energy obtained from the lower frequency peak is close to that from the conductivity

Field of study: Materials science
Estimation of vapor pressures for polychlorinated biphenyls: a comparison of eleven predictive methods.

Eleven methods were used to predict vapor pressures at 25.0/sup 0/C for 15 polychlorinated biphenyls with experimental values. These results permitted an assessment of the predictive ability of these methods for compounds with low vapor pressures (<1.0 Pa) and one or less experimental determinations. The error for theoretically based methods was high and increased with decreasing vapor pressure. The correlative methods, based on a set of compounds with known vapor pressures, had much better predictive power. The best correlative method was based on a relationship between ..delta..G/sub v/ and gas-liquid chromatographic retention indexes. The predictive error for this method was estimated to be a factor of 1.75. Vapor pressures obtained by using the three best correlative methods for all polychlorinated biphenyls are reported.

Field of study: Environmental science
Involvement of the rat medial prefrontal cortex in novelty detection.

The prefrontal cortex in humans has been implicated in processes that underlie novelty detection and attention. This study examined the contribution of the rat medial prefrontal cortex to novelty detection using the targeting, or orienting, response (OR) as a behavioral index. Lesions to the medial prefrontal cortex (specifically the prelimbic and infralimbic cortices) influenced neither the OR to a novel visual stimulus from a localized light source (V1), nor the change in this OR over the course of a series of exposures to V1. However, after exposure to V1, the OR to a 2nd visual stimulus from the same source, V2, was more pronounced in control rats than in lesioned rats. These results suggest that the medial prefrontal cortex in the rat contributes to the process of novelty detection.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Irreducible Virasoro modules from tensor products

In this paper, we obtain a class of irreducible Virasoro modules by taking tensor products of the irreducible Virasoro modules Ω(λ,b)$\Omega(\lambda,b)$ with irreducible highest weight modules V(θ,h)$V(\theta ,h)$ or with irreducible Virasoro modules Indθ(N)$\mathrm{Ind}_{\theta}(N)$ defined in Mazorchuk and Zhao ( 2014). We determine the necessary and sufficient conditions for two such irreducible tensor products to be isomorphic. Then we prove that the tensor product of Ω(λ,b)$\Omega(\lambda,b)$ with a classical Whittaker module is isomorphic to the module Indθ,λ(Cm)$\mathrm{Ind}_{\theta, \lambda}(\mathbb{C}_{\mathbf{m}})$ defined in Mazorchuk and Weisner ( 2014). As a by-product we obtain the necessary and sufficient conditions for the module Indθ,λ(Cm)$\mathrm{Ind}_{\theta, \lambda}(\mathbb{C}_{\mathbf{m}})$ to be irreducible. We also generalize the module Indθ,λ(Cm)$\mathrm{Ind}_{\theta, \lambda}(\mathbb{C}_{\mathbf{m}})$ to Indθ,λ(Bs(n))$\mathrm{Ind}_{\theta,\lambda}(\mathcal{B}^{(n)}_{\mathbf{s}})$ for any non-negative integer n$n$ and use the above results to completely determine when the modules Indθ,λ(Bs(n))$\mathrm{Ind}_{\theta,\lambda}(\mathcal{B}^{(n)}_{\mathbf{s}})$ are irreducible. The submodules of Indθ,λ(Bs(n))$\mathrm{Ind}_{\theta,\lambda}(\mathcal{B}^{(n)}_{\mathbf{s}})$ are studied and an open problem in Guo et al. ( 2013) is solved. Feigin–Fuchs’ Theorem on singular vectors of Verma modules over the Virasoro algebra is crucial to our proofs in this paper.

Field of study: Mathematics