nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Electron fluence driven, Cu catalyzed, interface breakdown mechanism for BEOL low-k time dependent dielectric breakdown

During technology development, the study of low- k time dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) is important for assuring robust chip reliability. It has been proposed that the fundamentals of low- k TDDB are closely correlated with the leakage conduction mechanism of low- k dielectrics. In addition, low- k breakdown could also be catalyzed by Cu migration occurring mostly at the interface between capping layer and low- k dielectrics. In this paper, we first discuss several important experimental results including leakage modulation by changing the capping layer without changing the electric field, TDDB modulation by Cu-free and liner-free interconnect builds, 3D on-flight stress-induced leakage current (SILC) measurement, and triangular voltage sweep (TVS) versus TDDB to confirm the proposed electron fluence driven, Cu catalyzed interface low- k breakdown model. Then we review several other low- k TDDB models that consider only intrinsic low- k breakdown, especially the impact damage model. Experimental attempts on validation of various dielectric reliability models are discussed. Finally, we propose that low- k breakdown seems to be controlled by a complicated competing breakdown process from both intrinsic electron fluence and extrinsic Cu migration during bias and temperature stress. It is hypothesized that the amount of Cu migration during TDDB stress strongly depends on process integration. The different roles of Cu in low- k breakdown could take different dominating effects at different voltages and temperatures. A great care must be taken in evaluating low- k dielectric TDDB as its ultimate breakdown kinetics could be strongly dependent on interconnect space, process, material, stress field, and stress temperature.

Field of study: Engineering
Single Layer Broadband Anti-Reflective Coatings for Plastic Substrates Produced by Full Wafer and Roll-to-Roll Step-and-Flash Nano-Imprint Lithography

Anti-reflective coatings (ARCs) are used to lower the reflection of light on the surface of a substrate. Here, we demonstrate that the two main drawbacks of moth eye-structured ARCs—i.e., the lack of suitable coating materials and a process for large area, high volume applications—can be largely eliminated, paving the way for cost-efficient and large-scale production of durable moth eye-structured ARCs on polymer substrates. We prepared moth eye coatings on polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and polycarbonate using wafer-by-wafer step-and-flash nano-imprint lithography (NIL). The reduction in reflection in the visible field achieved with these coatings was 3.5% and 4.0%, respectively. The adhesion of the coating to both substrates was good. The moth eye coating on PMMA demonstrated good performance in three prototypical accelerated ageing tests. The pencil hardness of the moth eye coatings on both substrates was <4B, which is less than required for most applications and needs further optimization. Additionally, we developed a roll-to-roll UV NIL pilot scale process and produced moth eye coatings on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) at line speeds up to two meters per minute. The resulting coatings showed a good replication of the moth eye structures and, consequently, a lowering in reflection of the coated PET of 3.0%.

Field of study: Materials science
Influence of ventilation arrangements on particle removal in industrial cleanrooms with various tool coverage

This paper aims to investigate the influence of comparative ventilation arrangements (wall-return, locally balanced ceiling-return, and four-way ceiling-return) on the airflow distribution and particle fates within cleanrooms of ISO cleanliness class 7 with various tool coverage ratios (0%, 38%, and 60%). Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was employed to analyze and compare the influence of the three ventilation arrangements on concentrations for particles of various sizes (diameters ranging from 0.01 to 100 μm) in the cleanrooms. The techniques of Eulerian and Lagrangian in CFD were employed for solving the continuous fluid and tracking the particle trajectory, respectively. The outcomes from this study suggested that particle removal rates for the given cleanrooms were significantly affected by the tool coverage ratios, the design of ventilation, and the particle sizes of concerns. In the cases of heavy tool coverage, the locally balanced ceiling-return ventilation arrangements can minimize the need for the relocation of the production lines and layouts of the production tools in cleanrooms, and may provide viable solutions to effective contamination without compromising contamination effectiveness or efficiency.

Field of study: Engineering
Альфа-липоевая кислота – основное фармакологическое лечение диабетической полиневропатии в стационаре и поликлинике

α-Lipoic acid (thioctic) (ALA) is the most applicable pharmacological drug for treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy. The articles explores the results of experimental studies on α-Lipoic acid effect upon formation mechanisms of peripheral nerves affection under hyperglycemia and also the data of numerous randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses on studying ALA efficiency under symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy. It was proved that amelioration of patients with diabetic polyneuropathy is observed both while using ALA infusions and tableted form of the drug. The authors conclude that α-lipoic acid is a drug for treatment of pathogenetic development mechanisms of diabetic polyneuropathy with the most demonstrated efficiency.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Anomalous scattering rate and microwave absorption in $Bi_{2}Sr_{2}CaCu_{2}O_{8+\delta}$ and $YBa_{2}Cu_{3}O_{7-\delta}$

We determine the scattering rate from microwave measurements for an optimally doped Bi-2212 single crystal, using a simple two fluid model with a d-wave symmetry order parameter. In the superconducting state, the calculated scattering rate is three orders of magnitude smaller than that determined from ARPES experiments. A similar anomalously large decrease in the scattering rate is also required to explain the data within a gap-quasiparticle scenario for other HTS, such as $YBa_{2}Cu_{3}O_{7-\delta}$. The results suggest that the assumption of normal excitations vanishing at low $T$ is invalid and an additional charge mode is responsible for the microwave absorption.

Field of study: Physics
From Digital to Manual Conversion Between Number Systems: An ASSURE Learning Design

Technology integration in educational setting has gained wide acceptance and practice since it makes easy and quickens students’ learning. However, developing students’ number systems conversion skill without proper resources calls for teacher’s intervention. This educational action research put into operation the ASSURE Model to develop students’ competence in converting numerical data between each number system. Participants included all of the twenty four 9 th Graders taking Creative Technologies under the Special Science Program at Laoang National High School. Data collection involved survey questionnaires, focus group discussion, unstructured interviews, documents, participant observation, and teacher-made test which underwent proper validation. Descriptive statistics, thematic analysis, and document analysis were employed. Learners analysis revealed that the participants were female dominated, at regular age, indigents, lived outside town proper, owned gadget, used free data for internet access, learned better with sounds and tangible learning materials, and strongly driven to finish activities when given task. Findings showed increasing number of learners who achieved outstanding scores in the series of conversion tests given as manifested in answer sheets and field notes. To further corroborate these results, participants articulated that the learning design used made manual conversion between number systems easy and quick,   guided in-depth analysis of conversion process, and encouraged knowledge sharing among themselves. Regulated and proper use of smartphones and internet access in teaching and learning processes was highly recommended.  ASSURE Model, learning styles, motivational factors, action research, number systems conversion

Field of study: Education
Application Research of HMAC in Intelligent Substation Communication Security

GOOSE message is an important part in the substation. In this paper, the HMAC algorithm is applied to the security reinforcement of the substation GOOSE message. The integrity and sender identity can be verified at the receiving end of the message. This paper discusses the HMAC process of intelligent substation. The network delay simulation is researched by OPNET software. It is verified that the GOOSE message transmission performance after HMAC can meet the requirement of substation.

Field of study: Engineering
A functional classification of herbaceous hedgerow vegetation for setting restoration objectives

Hedgerows are valuable habitats for biodiversity in farmed landscapes. The herbaceous vegetation at the hedge base is an important component of this habitat but its condition in Britain has deteriorated due to a combination of nutrient and pesticide contamination, and inappropriate management or neglect. The condition of herbaceous hedgerow vegetation is included in policy targets for biodiversity conservation, so a strategy is required for its restoration. This vegetation can be highly variable, so a classification of the main types is required to set realistic objectives. Vegetation classifications based on species’ functional characteristics can have more general application that those based on species identity. Using existing datasets from a countrywide survey, a functional classification of herbaceous vegetation from hedgerows in Britain was developed. Cluster analysis of vegetation plots, based on attributes of the species present, produced thirteen vegetation types in six broad groups. These were differentiated by the association of the component species with woodland, grassland or arable habitats and by gradients of soil nutrient status and pH, light availability, disturbance and grazing tolerance. By using species’ ecological characteristics as a basis for the classification, the condition of vegetation can be established and the prevailing environment predicted. From this information, a realistic strategy for restoration can then be determined.

Field of study: Environmental science
37 GHz methanol masers : Horsemen of the Apocalypse for the class II methanol maser phase?

We report the results of a search for class II methanol masers at 37.7, 38.3 and 38.5 GHz towards a sample of 70 high-mass star formation regions. We primarily searched towards regions known to show emission either from the 107 GHz class II methanol maser transition, or from the 6.035 GHz excited OH transition. We detected maser emission from 13 sources in the 37.7 GHz transition, eight of these being new detections. We detected maser emission from three sources in the 38 GHz transitions, one of which is a new detection. We find that 37.7 GHz methanol masers are only associated with the most luminous 6.7 and 12.2 GHz methanol maser sources, which in turn are hypothesised to be the oldest class II methanol sources. We suggest that the 37.7 GHz methanol masers are associated with a brief evolutionary phase (of 1000-4000 years) prior to the cessation of class II methanol maser activity in the associated high-mass star formation region.

Field of study: Physics
Production of Slit2 LRR domains in mammalian cells for structural studies and the structure of human Slit2 domain 3.

Slit2 and Roundabout 1 (Robo1) provide a key ligand-receptor interaction for the navigation of commissural neurons during the development of the central nervous system. Slit2 is a large multidomain protein containing an unusual domain organization of four tandem leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains at its N-terminus. These domains are well known to mediate protein-protein interactions; indeed, the Robo1-binding region has been mapped to the concave face of the second LRR domain. It has also been shown that the fourth LRR domain may mediate Slit dimerization and that both the first and second domains can bind heparin. Thus, while roles have been ascribed for three of the LRR domains, there is still no known role for the third domain. Each of the four LRR domains from human Slit2 have now been successfully expressed in milligram quantities using expression in mammalian cells. Here, the crystallization of the second and third LRR domains and the structure of the third LRR domain are presented. This is the first structure of an LRR domain from human Slit2, which has an extra repeat compared with the Drosophila homologue. It is proposed that a highly conserved patch of surface residues on the concave face may mediate any protein-protein interactions involving this LRR domain, a result that will be useful in guiding further studies on Slit2.

Field of study: Chemistry
Reward and aversive stimuli produce similar nonphotic phase shifts.

Circadian rhythms in rodents respond to arousing, nonphotic stimuli that contribute to daily patterns of entrainment. To examine whether the motivational significance of a stimulus is important for eliciting nonphotic circadian phase shirts in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus), the authors compared responses to a highly rewarding stimulus (lateral hypothalamic brain stimulation reward [BSR]) and a highly aversive stimulus (footshock). Animals were housed on a 14:10-hr light-dark cycle until test day, when they were given a 1-hr BSR session (trained animals) or a 1-mA electric footshock at 1 of 8 circadian times, and were maintained in constant dark thereafter. Both BSR pulses and footshock produced nonphotic phase response curves. These results support the hypothesis that arousal resulting from the motivational significance of a stimulus is a major factor in nonphotic phase shifts.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Integrated systems for biosurfactant synthesis

Biosurfactants are difficult to produce in an economic manner for several reasons: 1. Overproducing strains of bacteria are rare and those found generally display a very low productivity. In addition complex media need to be applied. 2. The regulation of biosurfactant synthesis is hardly understood, seemingly it represents a "secondary metabolite" regulation. Among others 02-limitation has been described as an essential parameter to govern biosurfactant production. 3. An improvement of the production yield is hampered by the strong foam formation. Consequently diluted media have to be applied and only immobilized systems provided an increased productivity of about 3 g 1-1 h-1. In the following improved cultivation methods with developed defined media are described leading to enhanced productivities with the potential of 5 to 10 g 1-1 h-1 upon optimization of the bleeding rate of an integrated continuous process. Instead of indirect product analytics by physical methods (ChlC, surface tension) HPLC analysis for a new biosurfactant has been developed.

Field of study: Chemistry
Chemical compositions of six metal-poor stars in the ultra-faint dwarf spheroidal galaxy Boötes I

Ultra-faint dwarf galaxies recently discovered around the Milky Way (MW) contain extremely metal-poor stars, and might represent the building blocks of low-metallicity components of the MW. Among them, the Bootes I dwarf spheroidal galaxy is of particular interest because of its exclusively old stellar population. Detailed chemical compositions of individual stars in this galaxy are a key to understanding formation and chemical evolution in the oldest galaxies in the Universe and their roles in building up the MW halo.  Previous studies of the chemical abundances of Bootes I show discrepancies in elemental abundances between different authors, and thus a consistent picture of its chemical enrichment history has not yet been established. In the present work, we independently determine chemical compositions of six red giant stars in Bootes I, some of which overlap with those analyzed in the previous studies. Based on the derived abundances, we re-examine trends and scatters in elemental abundances and make comparisons with MW field halo stars and other dwarf spheroidal galaxies in the MW.  High-resolution spectra of a sample of stars were obtained with the High Dispersion Spectrograph mounted on the Subaru Telescope. Abundances of 12 elements, including C, Na, α, Fe-peak, and neutron capture elements, were determined for the sample stars. The abundance results were compared to those in field MW halo stars previously obtained using an abundance analysis technique similar to the present study.  We confirm the low metallicity of Boo-094 ([Fe/H] = −3.4). Except for this star, the abundance ratios ([X/Fe]) of elements lighter than zinc are generally homogeneous with small scatter around the mean values in the metallicities spanned by the other five stars (−2.7 −2.7 show no significant enhancement of carbon. The [Mg/Fe] and [Ca/Fe] ratios are almost constant with a modest decreasing trend with increasing [Fe/H] and are slightly lower than the field halo stars. The [Sr/Fe] and [Sr/Ba] ratios also tend to be lower in the Bootes I stars than in the halo stars.  Our results of small scatter in the [X/Fe] ratios for elements lighter than zinc suggest that these abundances were homogeneous among the ejecta of prior generation(s) of stars in this galaxy. The lower mean [Mg/Fe] and [Ca/Fe] ratios relative to the field halo stars and the similarity in these abundance ratios with some of the more luminous dwarf spheroidal galaxies at metallicities [Fe/H] < −2 can be interpreted as star formation in Bootes I having lasted at least until Type Ia supernovae started to contribute to the chemical enrichment in this galaxy.

Field of study: Physics
Positioning the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning Squarely on the Center of the Desk

The scholarship of teaching and learning (SOTL) is one of four traditionally defined domains of research. Yet faculty members who pursue the SOTL may feel disadvantaged because of its relatively low perceived value by many institutions. Thus, interested faculty members may relegate the SOTL to a limited, secondary line of research and instead pursue other types of research that appear to be more highly valued by the institution. This commentary explores the benefits to the institution when the SOTL is expressly valued and purposefully supported. We advocate for a multifaceted approach by which pharmacy education leaders can examine how the SOTL is valued, encouraged, and supported through organizational structure and policy. Approaches to solidify and communicate the institutional value of the SOTL are discussed. Specific attention to ensure the SOTL is represented in rewards and incentive systems, such as the college or school’s promotion and tenure policies, may empower faculty members to pursue success in this area of research.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Applicability of ecological assessment tools for management decision-making: A case study from the Lima estuary (NW Portugal)

The Water Framework Directive (WFD) aims to achieve and conserve a good ecological status of all surface waters, including estuarine environments, which should be assessed considering several biological elements, together with physical, chemical and pollution elements. In this study, we investigated the applicability of ecological indicators for a practical management issue: selection of the most suitable location for a marina in a salt-marsh temperate estuary (River Lima, NW Portugal). Considering the WFD principles, we assumed that the most suitable location for the implementation of a marina should be the one with the least ecological value, considering that it could be an opportunity for ecological rehabilitation. In order to attain this purpose, the ecological quality status of five potential locations in the navigable lower stretch of the Lima estuary was assessed following an ecosystem-based approach. Several key ecological quality elements such as physical and chemical parameters of water and sediment, phytoplankton biomass, as well as macroinvertebrate and fish communities were surveyed. In addition, heavy-metal analyses, fecal indicator evaluation and “first-screening” toxicity tests were also performed. All collected information was integrated using a scaled value approach, in order to rank the five locations. Furthermore, for the assessment of the ecological quality status of the potential sites, a macroinvertebrate (M-AMBI) and a demersal community based (EDI-Estuarine Demersal Indicators) indices were used. Different human pressures were detected, being the uppermost site more susceptible to urban wastewater discharge, whereas the location downstream the commercial seaport was more prone to accumulate contaminants in the sediments. The scaled values approach allowed the ranking of the potential sites, where the uppermost location ranked last. M-AMBI and EDI also classified that location with the lower ecological quality status. Both biological indices were in agreement concerning the discrimination of the location with the lowest ecological quality status, which coincided with the one ranked last by the scaled values approach. The selected biological indices proved to be useful tools for decision-making support in an environmental management context.

Field of study: Environmental science
House Turnover and the Principle of Rotation

The two centuries since the American Revolution have seen the eclipse in Congress of a long-standing principle of government. Under the Articles of Confederation maximum congressional service was three years in six, in order, argued Thomas Jefferson, "to prevent every danger which might arise to American freedom by continuing too long in office the members of the Continental Congress."1 After 1789 rotation in the legislative branch was no longer obligatory by law. In practice, however, turnover continued so sweeping that, as late as the nation's centennial year, members of the U.S. House of Representatives averaged less than one prior term in that chamber.2 During the twentieth century the constitutional system of biennial elections has not prevented the House from rivaling in tenure both the U.S. Supreme Court and the Senate.3 Average tenures in the three bodies since World War II

Field of study: Political science
Modelling of threshold voltage and subthreshold slope of strained-Si MOSFETs including quantum effects

In this paper, the threshold voltage and subthreshold slope of strained-Si channel n-MOSFETs are determined, taking into account quantum-mechanical effects, and the effect of bandgap narrowing due to heavy channel doping and the effect of surface roughness at the Si/SiGe heterointerface for ultra thin channels. Quantum-mechanical effects have been incorporated by considering three components, (1) the modified subband energy of 2D inversion layer charges at the silicon dioxide–silicon interface, (2) the increased effective oxide thickness and (3) the altered value of ground state energy due to surface roughness. The analytical results of threshold voltage and threshold voltage difference are presented with reference to unstrained-Si channel for strained-Si MOSFETs by employing poly-Si gate and titanium nitride gate, the work function of which can be varied over a wide range. In addition, we have predicted the dependence of threshold voltage on different values of oxide thickness, channel doping concentration, and on the molar content, x, of Ge in the Si1−xGex virtual substrate. When compared with the theoretical data of Nayfeh et al our analytical results agree more closely with our experimental results and also with measured and simulated data of threshold voltage for a wide range of devices available in the literature. Furthermore, we have calculated the subthreshold slope of strained-Si channel MOSFETs for different amounts of Ge in the SiGe layer.

Field of study: Materials science