nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Differentially Expressed Circular RNAs in the Substantia Nigra and Corpus Striatum of Nrf2-Knockout Mice

The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway plays a protective role in both acute neuronal damage and chronic neurodegeneration-related oxidative stress. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved with various diseases in the central nervous system (CNS). This study aimed to identify the key circRNAs involved in Nrf2-neuroprotection against oxidative stress.  The differentially expressed circRNAs (DEcircRNAs) in the substantia nigra and corpus striatum between Nrf2 (-/-) and Nrf2 (+/+) mice were identified by microarray analysis. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was then used to validate the expression of selected DEcircRNAs in the substantia nigra and corpus striatum between Nrf2 (-/-) and Nrf2 (+/+) mice. Based on our previous microarray analysis of the differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs) in the substantia nigra and corpus striatum between Nrf2 (-/-) and Nrf2 (+/+) mice, the DEcircRNA-miRNA-DEmRNA interaction network was constructed. Functional annotation of DEmRNAs that shared the same binding miRNAs with DEcircRNAs was performed using gene ontology (GO) and pathway analyses.  A total of 65 and 150 significant DEcircRNAs were obtained in the substantia nigra and corpus striatum of Nrf2 (-/-) mice, respectively, and seventeen shared DEcircRNAs were found in both these two tissues. The qRT-PCR results were generally consistent with the microarray results. The DEcircRNA-miRNA-DEmRNA interaction network and pathway analysis indicated that mmu_circRNA_34132, mmu_circRNA_017077 and mmu-circRNA-015216 might be involved with Nrf2-mediated neuroprotection against oxidative stress. Mmu_circRNA_015216 and mmu_circRNA_017077 might play roles in the Nrf2-related transcriptional misregulation and Nrf2-mediated processes of rheumatoid arthritis, respectively. In addition to these two processes, mmu_circRNA_34132 may be a potential regulator of Nrf2-mediated protection for diabetes mellitus and Nrf2-mediated defence against ROS in hearts.  In conclusion, our study identified the key DEcircRNAs in the substantia nigra and corpus striatum of Nrf2 (-/-) mice, which might provide new clues for further exploring the mechanism of Nrf2-mediated neuroprotection against oxidative stress and other Nrf2-mediated processes.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Principals' Competency Needs for Effective Schools' Administration In Nigeria

The issue of poor academic performance of students in Nigeria could be attributed to poor administrative skills of school administrators. This study investigated the competency needs of principals for effective schools' administration at secondary school level. This was carried out in South West Geo - Political Zone of Nigeria. Principal Administrative Skills Survey Questionnaire (PASSQ) was used to obtain information through a thirty (30) item questionnaire on instructional skills, personnel management skills and financial skills needed by principals for effective administration. Three research questions formulated to guide the study. Mean scores of principals' opinion were used to answer the research questions.

Field of study: Education
A Forged Commentary on Zárate’s Relaciones del Nuevo México

_ary 21, 1790, ordered to be copied and sent to Spain was the well-known work entitled Las relaciones del Nuevo Mexico by Geronimo de Zarate Salmeron, a Franciscan. This important source composed in 1626 by one who had accompanied Juan de Ofiate to New Mexico, was copied into the second volume of the Memorias de Nueva Espana. One of these copies of Zarate's account is preserved in the second volume of the section "Historia" of the Archivo General de la Nacion in Mexico City.' It was first printed in the third series of the Documentos para la historia de Mexico (Mexico City, 1856) and was reprinted from this edition in the Doctmentos para servir a la historia del Nuevo Mexico, 1538-1778 (Madrid, 1962). The handwritten transcript and the two printed editions append to Zarate's Relaciones a mysterious commentary, which is the object of the present brief study.2 The title of the commentary attributed to a certain Jesuit missionary-priest in Mexico, Juan Amando Niel, is given under two different forms: *The editor is a member of the Institutum Historicum S. J., Rome. 1 See H. E. Bolton, Guide to Materials for the History of the United States in the Principal Archives of Mexico (Washington, D.C., 1913), pp. 20-22. 2 In the 1856 edition Zdarate 's account is found oni pp. 3-55, and Niel 's commentary follows oni pp. 56-112; in the 1962 reprint they are on pp. 114-204 and 205-304, respectively. We shall cite both editions by paragraph numbers. Zarate 's Belaciones were divided into 138 paragraphs; Niel 's commentary breaks off abruptly in the middle of a sentence in paragraph 117; this corresponds to the third-last Relacion by Zarate, namely: "Noticias de la Nacion Mexicana que pobl6 esta tierra de la Nueva-Espafia." IRamnirez observed that his ms. copy went no further (see below, note 24). The two printed editions follow the AGN ms. that takes up folios 93r to 189v. The 1962 reprint forms part of a most valuable volume on New Mexican history; in fact, the entire collection (Colecci6n Chimalistac) of 14 volumes at the present writing is one of the most important series of documents and rare editions for Mexican history. There is a ms. fragment of Niel 's Apuntamientos in the Arcliivo Historico del Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, designated Ant. 226 (formerly 119), folios 339v-345r. Vetancurt also used a ms. copy of the Belaciones (see below, note 25).

Field of study: History
Characterization of synovial cell clones isolated from rheumatoid arthritis patients: possible involvement of TNF-alpha in reduction of osteoprotegerin in synovium.

To elucidate the role of the synovium in bone destruction by osteoclasts in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), primary synovial cells isolated from RA patients were cultured and characterized. The cultured primary cells did not produce RANKL (TRANCE/ODF/OPGL/TNFSF11/CD254), an inducer of osteoclast differentiation, but constitutively produced its inhibitor, osteoprotegerin (OPG). Addition of TNF-alpha to the primary cultures of synovial cells reduced the cell viability and strongly suppressed OPG production. We then established nine synovial cell clones, including SYM-1, responsible for OPG production from primary synovial cell cultures. TNF-alpha induced apoptosis of SYM-1 cells within 24h and decreased OPG levels, while infliximab, a chimerical form of the anti-TNF-alpha antibody drug, suppressed the apoptosis and restored OPG levels. These results suggest the existence of fibroblastic cells producing OPG in the synovium, while TNF-alpha suppresses OPG production by inducing apoptosis in those cells. Further, infliximab is considered to inhibit bone destruction through restoration of OPG levels in RA.

Field of study: Medicine
On the true extrema of Young's modulus in hexagonal materials

In a paper, which has been recently published in Applied Mathematics and Computations , Khan and Ahmad (2012)  deal with the detection of the extrema of Young’s modulus, E ,  A few issues presented in that paper, which deserve being outlined and thoroughly discussed, are tackled. Moreover, in the case of hexagonal materials, a suitable classification is suggested, an exhaustive panoramic view of the possible shape of the surface E ( n ) generated by Young’s modulus for all possible orientations n is illustrated, and some meaningful numerical examples are proposed.

Field of study: Mathematics
CYTOKININS AND TRNAS : A HYPOTHESIS ON THEIR COMPETITIVE INTERACTION VIA SPECIFIC RECEPTOR PROTEINS

A hypothesis concerning the molecular mechanism of cytokinin action in plants is presented. Free cytokinins and some cytokinin-containing tRNAs are supposed to compete in the binding to a postulated receptor protein. As a result, the activity of some isoacceptor tRNAs would depend on cytokinin concentration in a cell. This explains a stimulatory effect of cytokinins on the translation of a definite set of cellular mRNAs. Various aspects of the hypothesis are briefly discussed.

Field of study: Environmental science
Development and Validation of the 7Li(p, n) Nuclear Data Library and Its Application in Monitoring of Intermediate Energy Neutrons

Systematics have been created for neutron spectra from the 7Li(p, n) reaction at 0° in the 50-200 MeV proton energy region. The available experimental data in the continuum part of the spectra show satisfactory overall agreement with a representation based on the phase-space distribution corresponding to the three-body breakup process 7Li(p, n 3He)α, with empirical correction factors, which depend regularly on incident energy. Validation of the systematics included folding of the predicted neutron spectra with standard 238U neutron fission cross section. Modeled in this way distributions of neutron-induced fission events agree reasonably with experimental data.

Field of study: Physics
Intracytoplasmic Re-localization of miRISC Complexes

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a conserved class of non-coding RNAs of 22 nucleotides that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression through translational repression and/or mRNA degradation. A great progress has been made regarding miRNA biogenesis and miRNA-mediated gene regulation. Additionally, an ample amount of information exists with respect to the regulation of miRNAs. However, the cytoplasmic localization of miRNAs and its effect on gene regulatory output is still in progress. We provide a current review of the cytoplasmic miRNA localization in metazoans. We then discuss the dynamic changes in the intracytoplasmic localization of miRNAs as a means to regulate their silencing activity. We then conclude our discussion with the potential molecules that could modulate miRNA localization.

Field of study: Biology
Moving beyond individualism in leisure theory: a critical analysis of concepts of community and social engagement

In the latter years of the twentieth century, the social relevance of the leisure field diminished as consumption and individualism came to dominate leisure and recreation research and praxis across modern democratic nations. A consequence of this focus in leisure studies has been a neglect of community and the common good. Now, at the commencement of the twenty-first century, three interrelated crises become increasingly apparent - the crisis of identity or self, a social crisis, and a political crisis. If leisure studies is to contribute to an attempt to address these crises and rebuild community, how might this happen without returning to the norms, duties and traditional structures that have oppressed and marginalized citizens? In this paper the notion of social capital is used to examine community structures and their potential contribution to social cohesion, trust, mutuality, co-operation and openness. The challenge is to develop a concept of community that can provide spaces for the social self and civic engagement to emerge. The paper explores the role of leisure practices in this pursuit. Central to the discussion is Borgmann's notion of focal practices - those pursuits which bring an engagement of mind and body and a centring power - and the way in which such practices create shared meaning and communities of celebration. Participation in communities of celebration entails people coming together in sports, festivals, hobbies, volunteering, and the arts, and finding in these leisure activities common and public goods. This communitarian conceptualization of leisure stands in stark contrast to the privatization of leisure that has become commonplace in recent decades.

Field of study: Sociology
From need to choice: R(A) v Lambeth LBC; R(Lindsay) v Lambeth LBC

In the housing Green Paper, published in 2000, it was suggested that many of the ills of social housing could be alleviated by changing the way it is allocated from a system based upon a bureaucratic assessment of housing need to one which respects and prioritises customer choice.' It was suggested that the government wanted local authorities 'to see themselves more as providers of a lettings service which is responsive to the needs and wishes of individuals, rather than purely as housing "allocators"'.2 In 2001, the government funded a pilot programme of 27 schemes implementing choice-based lettings.3 The Government has announced that, by 2005, it expects 25 per cent of local authorities to let properties on a choice basis, to increase to all local authorities by 2010, although it is not prescriptive as to how that should be done and further guidance awaits the results of the evaluation of the pilot programme. Lambeth LBC was not one of the pilots funded under the Government programme, but, perhaps sensing the way the wind was blowing, elected to develop its own brand of choice based letting scheme. The Court of Appeal has now determined that Lambeth's scheme is unlawful because it did not give a 'reasonable preference' to those households required by legislation.4 Thejudgment poses questions regarding the legality both of the models of choice based lettings developed as part of the pilot programme and of schemes developed elsewhere. This doubt is not materially affected by the implementation of the Homelessness Act 2002. Thus, despite considerable financial resources ploughed into the pilots and other local authority housing capital resources,5 a discursive and ideological

Field of study: Law
Optimization design of irradiance array for LED uniform rectangular illumination.

Light-emitting diode (LED) large-scale uniform rectangular illumination has a wide range of applications and is usually created by an irradiance superposition scheme. Abandoning the traditional method, we propose an approach to generate this illumination mode and enhance efficiency. With this method, an independent rectangular irradiance distribution is generated by each LED lens unit, and the large-scale illumination is obtained by arraying the irradiance distribution. Two slim direct-lit LED backlightings with a distance-height ratio of 3 were designed. An optical performance with irradiance nonuniformity less than 0.0228 and efficiency greater than 96% were obtained. Compared with the traditional methods, the efficiency is significantly enhanced and the number of the LED units is dramatically reduced by this new method.

Field of study: Physics
Upholding the Laborer's Lawful Rights and Interests and Promoting the Harmonization of Labor Relations

The internal tendency of the capital to infringe the laborer's rights and interests and the shortage of appropriate guarding measures result in fairly common phenomena of infringement to the laborer's lawful rights and interests, which severely affect the social stabilization and development. It is the essence and core of the Scientific Development Concept that we lay emphasis on humanity, so it is suggested that we take action to practically protect laborers' lawful rights and interests and to promote the harmonious development of our country's economy and society.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Research on EM Algorithm and Its Application in Text Processing

Introduces the current situation of the development of today,text processing,and introduces EM iterative algorithm for the classic one,and the derivation of the EM algorithm,and the specific implementation steps of algorithm of poly a further description;then after the summary of several methods commonly used nowadays in text classification,focuses on the analysis of Bayes classification methods,and the combination of EM and Bayes algorithm,application of enhanced Bayes classifier in text processing and text classification,indirectly,to improve the classification accuracy of Bayes,and describes the deficiencies in the face of the future data times how to compensate for the EM algorithm.

Field of study: Computer science
The Quest for Ethical Teachership as an Embodiment of Professionalism Through Spirituality and Moral Reasoning Among Ghanaian Teachers

The quest for ethical teachership has led to this investigation purposely to examine the relationship between spirituality and moral reasoning among teachers in Ghana. The issue is the need for ethical leadership within the work of teaching. The study employs an associational design that involved a purposive sample of 156 teachers who were available at a SEIP workshop organized by the Ministry of Education. In all 136 participants responded with usable data from a survey questionnaire which had items on spirituality (SI), moral reasoning (MR), and biographic information. Results showed respondents’ levels of SI and MR which were appropriated along the principles of ethical teachership. The correlation between SI and MR was found to be positive (r=0.27). Tests of group differences showed no statistical significance among gender (t=1.46, df=134, p=0.146) but a statistical significance difference among age groups (F(4.58), df=134, p=0.004). Discussions surrounded the purposefulness and moral domain in the work of teaching, a practical interest in authentic learning, and ethical teachership for the success of NTC teacher licensure policy in Ghana. Study recommendations include:(i) such humansitic conceptss are to be taken seriously practice and policy leadership; (ii) ethical teachership can guarantee trusted educational results, and (iii) scholarship must engage on such socio-moral-scientific discussions surrounding ethical issues in educaton. Despite methodological limitations, further research should look at other adulthood concepts within the framework of teachership.  ethical teachership, Ghana education, moral reasoning, spirituality, teachers DOI : 10.7176/JEP/10-20-05 Publication date :July 31 st 2019

Field of study: Education
Low-volume obstetrics. Characteristics of family physicians' practices in Alberta.

To compare the obstetric practices of family physicians who attended fewer than 25 births per year (low-volume) with the practices of family physicians who attended more than 25 births per year (high-volume) and the practices of obstetricians.



Retrospective cohort study using data from administrative databases.



Alberta.



All physicians who provided intrapartum care between April 1, 1997, and March 31, 2000.



Type of delivery, size of hospitals where deliveries took place, characteristics of patients, and number of medical interventions.



Of 1026 family physicians, 543 (53%) were low-volume providers of intrapartum care. In 1997-1998, low-volume family physicians (LVFPs) attended 24% of all vaginal and cesarean births attended by family physicians; by 1998-1999, that percentage had decreased to 9%; and by 1999-2000, to 5%. In contrast, the number of births attended by all family physicians remained relatively constant at 43% during the 3 years. In hospitals that had fewer than 50 deliveries a year, LVFPs attended almost half the births. Although LVFPs did fewer medical inductions, vacuum extractions, and epidural anesthetics and more forceps extractions, episiotomies, and cesarean sections than high-volume family physicians (HVFPs), the differences between their practices were much smaller than the differences between all family physicians' practices and the practices of obstetricians (who treat higher-risk mothers and newborns).



The decrease in LVFPs' obstetric practices could make a pronounced difference at smaller hospitals where most low-volume practice occurs.

Field of study: Medicine
A New Cooling-Rate Dependent Thermochromism of Poly(dioctylsilane)

A rapidly cooled poly(dioctylsilane) (PDOS) is found to exhibit unprecedented thermochromic behavior showing λmax at 353 nm as the major absorption which is accompanied with a minor one at 375 nm. On heating, the absorption at 353 nm begins to decrease at 250 K and, then, the minor one does at 280 K. Similar temperature dependent behavior is observed in the X-ray powder diffraction around 2θ = 6° which is ascribable to inter-chain alignment. On heating diffraction at 2θ = 6.2° (d = 1.43 nm) disappears firstly, and then that at 6.4° (d = 1. 38 nm) is displaced by the diffraction at 5.8° (d = 1.52 nm).

Field of study: Chemistry
Do Muslims engage in more domestic conflict than other religious groups?

This article examines the validity of the stereotypical idea which is not endorsed here, that Muslim groups are more violent than groups of other religions, using data on domestic conflict from 1950 to 1996 from the State Failure dataset. The theories of Islam and violence in the literature can be divided into three categories: those that say Muslims in general are more violent, those that say certain Muslims are more violent and those that say Muslims are no more violent than other religious groups. The results show that while on some measures Muslim groups are more violent than other groups, on others they are not. That is, while on one measure Muslim groups show the highest levels of violence, on other measures, Christian and Buddhist groups score the highest. Thus, while there is some evidence that Muslim groups are more violent, it is not conclusive and is certainly not enough to support the stereotype of the Islamic militant.

Field of study: History, Sociology
Effect of ammonia nitrogen and dissolved organic matter fractions on the genotoxicity of wastewater effluent during chlorine disinfection.

Chlorine is a widely used disinfectant which prevents the spread of harmful pathogens when reusing wastewater, but harmful byproducts might be formed and cause adverse ecological and health effects. In this study, the potential effects of chlorination on the genotoxicity of different biologically treated wastewater samples were investigated using the umutest. For the firsttime, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) was found to significantly influence genotoxicity during wastewater chlorination. After chlorination, the genotoxicity decreased in wastewater with a low NH3-N concentration (<10-20 mg/L), but it increased notably in wastewater with a high NH3-N concentration (>10-20 mg/L). By fractionating the DOM (dissolved organic matter) in wastewater into different fractions, it was found that the hydrophilic substances (HIS) fraction of DOM was the key fraction involved in decreasing genotoxicity during the chlorination of wastewater with a low NH3-N concentration, while the hydrophobic acids (HOA) fraction of DOM was the key fraction involved in increasing genotoxicity during chlorination of wastewater with a high NH3-N concentration. Furthermore, fluorescence spectroscopy analysis on different fractions indicated that some free or combined aromatic amino acids might produce highly genotoxic byproducts during the chlorination of wastewater with a high NH3-N content, and this was then demonstrated through experiments on the chlorination of free aromatic amino acids.

Field of study: Environmental science