nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Widespread fluid expulsion on a translational continental margin: Mud volcanoes, fault zones, headless canyons, and organic-rich substrate in Monterey Bay, California

Remotely operated vehicle (ROV)-based mapping of tectonic features, zones of anomalous reflectivity, and geomorphic targets in Monterey Bay, California, demonstrates the regional abundance of fluid expulsion along the active transform margin between the Pacific and North American plates. Cold seeps—extant communities characterized by chemosynthetic bivalves, bacterial mats, and rare tubeworms—are the surface manifestations of present-day fluid expulsion of sulfide- and methane-rich fluids, whereas slabs, veins, and chimneys of authigenic carbonate represent regions of either dormant methane-rich fluid expulsion, or areas where the present rate of flow is too low to support chemosynthetic fauna. We have found both active and dormant fluid seepage along fault zones, at the surface expression of mud volcanoes, on organic-rich or permeable substrate, and within headless canyons across a wide range of depths within Monterey Bay. The fluid egress at these sites may be driven by a combination of (1) pore-space reduction caused by rapid sedimentation and/or tectonic compaction related to residual Pacific–North America compression, and (2) increased buoyancy due to a decrease in pore-fluid density related to diagenesis and/or catagenesis at depth. Although provocative, the relationship between topographically driven aquifer discharge and sea-floor fluid expulsion remains speculative for Monterey Bay. The widespread distribution of fluid expulsion features controlled by a variety of conduits in Monterey Bay implies that cold seeps may be common features on translational margins.

Field of study: Geology
Effect of Working Temperature on Damping Capability of M2052 Alloy

The effects of working temperature on damping capacity of M2052 alloy as-annealed were studied by olympus optical microscope,XRD and reversal torsion pendulum.The results show that the damping capacity of M2052 alloy is good at room temperature.The damping capacity is rapidly improved with the increase of torsional strain amplitude,and remains unchanged with further increase of torsional strain amplitude.When working temperature is below the temperature of martensite transformation to austenite of M2052 alloy,with the increase of temperature,twin crystal density decreases,the number of the interface of twin crystal reduces,damping capacity decreases.When working temperature is above the temperature of martensite transformation to austenite,martensite begins to transform to austenite.The interface between parent phase and martensite(P/M) and martensite and martensite(M/M) decrease,and twin crystal continues to decrease,the damping capacity of M2052 alloy accelerates to decline.

Field of study: Materials science
Wear-out failure of an IGBT module in motor drives due to uneven thermal impedance of power semiconductor devices

The operating temperature of power semiconductor devices is one of the limiting factors that affects the overall reliability performance of the power electronic system. Therefore, an accurate thermal loading estimation is required for realistic reliability prediction of power electronics. However, the thermal analysis is typically performed based on rough approximations of the thermal impedance characteristic, which is provided by the manufacturer in the device datasheet. In this paper, the uncertainties introduced by the variation of IGBT thermal impedance on the lifetime prediction of a motor drive IGBT module are investigated and quantified. Thus, a better understanding of the underlying assumptions of the reliability estimation procedure and of the error margins introduced by the thermal modeling of power devices can be acquired. An analytical mission-profile-based reliability assessment methodology is used to quantify the impact of unevenly distributed IGBT thermal impedance on the power module wear-out failure under three different scenarios (e.g., realistic, worst-case, and best-case).

Field of study: Engineering
Improving TFHE: faster packed homomorphic operations and efficient circuit bootstrapping

In this paper, we present several methods to improve the evaluation of homomorphic functions, both for fully and for leveled homomorphic encryption. We propose two packing methods, in order to decrease the expansion factor and optimize the evaluation of look-up tables and random functions in TRGSW-based homomorphic schemes. We also extend the automata logic, introduced in [19, 12], to the efficient leveled evaluation of weighted automata, and present a new homomorphic counter called TBSR, that supports all the elementary operations that occur in a multiplication. These improvements speed-up the evaluation of most arithmetic functions in a packed leveled mode, with a noise overhead that remains additive. We finally present a new circuit bootstrapping that converts TLWE into low-noise TRGSW ciphertexts in just 137ms, which makes the leveled mode of TFHE composable, and which is fast enough to speed-up arithmetic functions, compared to the gate-by-gate bootstrapping given in . Finally, we propose concrete parameter sets and timing comparison for all our constructions.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Neuroscience and Digital Learning Environment in Universities: What Does Current Research Tell Us?.

The purpose of this article is to offer insights into current understanding of digital learning environments (DLEs) from a neuroscientific perspective. Cognitive neuroscience methods are increasingly applied in educational research to examine the neural underpinnings of learning. As such, neuroscientific evidence can play an important role in advancing current knowledge base from the existing self-reported data and behavioural measures in the field of educational technology. In this paper, we focus our review of neuroscience research on DLEs that can potentially transform the way we view learning and instruction. We discuss recent empirical studies done on DLEs using common cognitive neuroscience methods which included eye tracking, electroencephalography (EEG), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We offer recommendations for future applications of neuroscience methods in behavioural research within DLEs.

Field of study: Education
Propriety and Permissiveness in Bourbon Mexico (review)

This is perhaps the most intellectually pithy account of Enlightenment culture in Latin America since John Tate Lanning's work on Guatemala's University of San Carlos. The Bourbon state and Enlightened elites strove to impose their new culture despotically, Viqueira Alb&n persuasively argues, and nowhere was this more evident than in campaigns to remove the marvelous, the wondrous, the magical from Mexico City's theater and boisterous streets in favor of a sober and skeptical bourgeois sangfroid. In the theater, the dramatic capsizings, the flashy special effects, the sensual dances, the audiences' rowdy commentaries all irked elite late eighteenthcentury reformers, who sought to impose neo-classical "realism" and to represent the now scientific and "universal" verities of human nature. They failed miserably, and here Viqueira Alban is at his best, looking beyond the elite-generated edicts and codes to document the audiences who continued to cackle uproariously, the actors who drew attention to the play as a construct through their reliance on prompters, the unceasing audience penchant for the most outlandish fights of fancy and wild effects. What Enlightened despotism could not change, however, the market could, and elite theater was purged of the vulgar as the more scabrous popular entertainments moved to their own venues after Independence.

Field of study: History
Evaluation of Immunostimulatory Activities of Human CpG-ODN Containing 5'-GTCGTT-3' Motif in Murine Model

While bacterial DNA and synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides(ODN) containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotides with specific flanking sequences are well described activators of murine immune cells, CpG-ODN for activating human immune responses remains unclear. Recently Krieg et al. and our group have identified that the sequences with 5'-GTCGTT-3' motif acted as immunostimulatory CpG-ODN for human B lymphocytes, and also we found they cross-activated with murine immune cells. In the present study, we evaluated their activities in a murine model. In vitro, human CpG-ODN induced murine splenocyte transformation and production of IgM, but no IFN-γ. The in vivo adjuvanticity of human CpG-ODN for recombinant HBsAg was examined in mice. And the data showed that (1)human CpG-ODN induced a strong Th1 response with predominant IgG2a isotype, and (2)the immune response could be anchored at Th1 response when primed with human CpG-ODN, and (3)boosting with human CpG-ODN partially reversed the Th2 response induced by alum during priming, and (4)one dose of HBsAg with human CpG-ODN as adjuvant elicited a stronger humoral response (Th1 biased)than two doses of conventional vaccine with alum (Th2 biased). These studies demonstrated that mice may be used as an animal model for the evaluation of the activities of some human CpG-ODN, and it also indicated that CpG-ODN containing 5'-GTCGTT-3' motif is a candidate adjuvant for human vaccines.

Field of study: Biology
Ordovician and Silurian sea–water chemistry, sea level, and climate: A synopsis

Following the Cambrian Explosion and the appearance in the fossil record of most animal phyla associated with a range of new body plans, the Ordovician and Silurian periods witnessed three subsequent major biotic events: the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event, the end-Ordovician extinction (the first animal extinction and second largest of the five mass extinctions of the Phanerozoic), and the Early Silurian postextinction recovery. There are currently no simple explanations for these three major events. Combined extrinsic (geological) and intrinsic (biological) factors probably drove the biodiversifications and radiations, and the appearance and disappearance of marine habitats have to be analysed in the frame of changing palaeogeography, palaeoclimate and sea-water chemistry. The present paper reviews the relationships of the three biotic events to chemical and physical processes occurring in the ocean and atmosphere during the Ordovician and Silurian, including sea-level changes, geochemical proxies (δ13C, δ18O, 87Sr/86Sr) of the ocean waters, and the evolution of the atmosphere (oxygen and carbon dioxide content).

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Causes and diagnostic significance of macroscopic hematuria in children and young adults

Hematuria is common complaint brings patients to a physician. Macroscopic hematuria can be transient or persistent, and it may or may not associate with significant urinary system abnormalities.  The objective of this study is to determine the major causes of macroscopic hematuria in ages less 20 years.  Descriptive case series study carrried out as a collaborative study in Tripoli during Januray 2013 - December 2014. Patients who presented with macroscopic hematuria file were studied retrospectively for gender, age, possible associated diseases as glomerulalar diseases, urinary tract infection (UTI), and others.  Out of 126 patients had macroscopic hematuria, 107 patients had the required data that achieved the study protocol. They were 72 cases (67.28%) males and 35 cases (32.71%), and their age ranged between (7 and 20 years). Macroscopic hematuria was more frequently reported at the age 7–13 years, and it was reported in (58.87%) due to the glomerular lesion, and in (41.12%) due to nonglomerular cause. Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (AGN) was the most common cause of macroscopic hematuria (53.27%), UTI was the second cause of macroscopic hematuria (28.97%), and renal stone was (9.34%) of total causes. Macroscopic hematuria due to trauma reported in 3 cases (6.8%), and in 5 cases (2.27%) due to IgA nephropathy.  AGN and UTI are common causes of macroscopic hematuria. Urine microscopic examination is essential to differentiate between them before preceding to the other complicated, expensive, and invasive investigations.

Field of study: Medicine
Hybrid control method to suppress neutral-point voltage fluctuation for three-phase three-level VIENNA rectifier

Aiming at the problem of the third fundamental frequency fluctuation of the midpoint potential of VIENNA rectifier, the mathematical model of the midpoint current is established. The midpoint fluctuation form is analyzed, and the mathematical reason of midpoint fluctuation is pointed out by analysing the midpoint current mathematical model. To overcome the limitation of the traditional fixed adjustment factor control method to suppress neutral-point voltage fluctuation, a hybrid suppression method combining dynamic adjustment factor and capacitance deviation adjustment is proposed. This method realizes the automatic suppression of the midpoint potential fluctuation through looking for the tables for the deviation adjustment and the dynamic adjustment factor expression within the six sectors which is injected into the three-phase modulation waves, and further modified hybrid suppression method can effectively suppress the large fluctuation hybrid of the midpoint caused by asymmetry of the capacitance parameter and the unbalanced load. The experimental results verify the feasibility and validity of the strategy.

Field of study: Physics
Optimization of sterilizing technology for canned pig's trotters with vinegar-ginger

The sterilizing conditions of canned Pig's trotters with vinegar-ginger, a typical Cantonese dish made of pig trotters, egg, ginger and vinegar, was optimized by the quadratic general rotary unitized design. A mathematical model of sterilization based on the total score of microbial and sensory effect was given. The optimum technological conditions were as follows: pH value of 4.3, center temperature of the can when sealed of 71℃, sterilizing temperature of 112 ℃, sterilizing time of 35 min.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Postglacial transgressions in late Paleozoic basins of western Argentina: a record of glacioeustatic sea level rise

The areas marginal to main glaciated centers are appropriate sites to distinguish the record of glacioeustatic sea level fluctuations. The Late Paleozoic basins of western Argentina show a marginal position with respect to the glaciated areas of eastern South America (Brazil). In three of these basins (Tarija, Calingasta-Uspallata and Central Patagonian) widespread glacial-marine diamictites and their gravity-reworked counterparts pass upward to open-marine fine clastics (mudstones, shales and scarce fine sandstones) with fossils of the Levipustula zone of Middle Carboniferous (Late Namurian-Westphalian) age. The presence of fine-grained marine sequences capping the diamictitic deposits is interpreted as the sedimentary response to a glacioeustatic sea level rise, expressed as a transgression in stratigraphic terms. The glacioeustatic nature of this sea level rise is confirmed by the interbasinal, facies-based correlation of the transgressive episode and the paleolatitudinal positioning of this portion of Gondwanaland during Carboniferous times.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
The delta bond - an old story with a new twist

The nature of the two electron 6-bond is examined in detail, with attention to the four states that constitute the 6- manifold, viz., 'Al, (ground state), 3A2u, 'A2, and 'Al,*, in a species, M2X8"-, with D4, symmetry. The effects of increasing the M-M distance, twisting from D4, through D4 to D4d, and configuration interaction are then discussed. Experimental measurements of the lA1, - 3A2u separations in MO,C~,(P-P)~ complexes with twist angles between 17 and 40" as well as CASSCF calculations for the model system. Mo2C14(PH3), are discussed. It is concluded that the 6-bond energy is 12 (Exp.) - 17 (theor.) kcal mol-l and the rotational barrier is 24.5 kcal mol-l.

Field of study: Chemistry
Probing relativistic effects in the central engine of AGN

Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) are perfect laboratories to check General Relativity (GR) effects by using Broad Line Region (BLR) clouds eclipses to probe the innermost regions of the accretion disk. A new relativistic X-ray spectral model for X-ray eclipses is introduced. First we present the different observables that are involved in X-ray eclipses, including the X-ray emitting regions size, the emissivity index, the cloud's column density, ionization, size and velocity, the black hole spin, and the system's inclination. Then we highlight some theoretical predictions on the observables by using XMM-Newton simulations, finding that absorption varies depending on the photons' energy range, being maximum when the approaching side of the X-ray-emitting region is covered. Finally, we fit our relativistic model to actual XMM-Newton data from a long observation of the NLS1 galaxy SWIFT J2127.4+5654, and compare our results with a previous work, in which we addressed the BLR cloud eclipse from a non-relativistic prespective.

Field of study: Physics
On Characteristics of IT Names in Chat Room on Line

The IT chat room provides people chances to chat on internet.At the same time,the internet can give people a condition to make the IT names freely and at will.The artistic,functional,creative names always reflect people's personal interests and accomplishment.It is hard to see the IT names which reflect high intelligence quotient.For soul's release and the presentation of personal intelligence,the IT names in chat room are attracting more and more people to take part in the chat on line.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Image guidance protocol for synchrotron microbeam radiation therapy.

The protocol for image-guided microbeam radiotherapy (MRT) developed for the Australian Synchrotron's Imaging and Medical Beamline (IMBL) is described. The protocol has been designed for the small-animal MRT station of IMBL to enable future preclinical trials on rodents. The image guidance procedure allows for low-dose monochromatic imaging at 50 keV and subsequent semi-automated sample alignment in 3D with sub-100 µm accuracy. Following the alignment, a beamline operation mode change is performed and the relevant beamline components are automatically aligned for the treatment (pink) beam to be delivered on the sample. Here, the small-animal MRT station, the parameters and procedures for the image guidance protocol, as well as the experimental imaging results using phantoms are described. Furthermore, the experimental validation of the protocol using 3D PRESAGE(®) dosimeters is reported. It is demonstrated that the sample alignment is maintained after the mode change and the treatment can be delivered within the same spatial accuracy of 100 µm. The results indicate that the proposed approach is viable for preclinical trials of small-animal MRT.

Field of study: Physics
Another Indirect Tactic of (Self-) Image Management

Indirect tactics of image management are self-presentational techniques that manage information not about oneself but about one's associations. Prior work has documented several indirect techniques, such as "basking" in the reflected glory of another's success and "blasting" the accomplishments of one's rival. The present research found evidence for another indirect image management tactic: "boosting," wherein an individual confronted with a personal connection to another, especially a negative other, elevates aspects of the other's character. In the first study, subjects who became aware that they were born on the same day and month as a maligned historical figure (Rasputin, the "Mad Monk of Russia") significantly softened their views of his negativity. This was the case even though they thought that no one else knew of the birth date connection, suggesting that the tactic was performed for reasons of private rather than public regard. A second study replicated these findings regardless of whether subjects encountered the birth date connection before or after reading about Rasputin's negative traits. The results are interpreted in terms of the balance theory concept of unit connections.

Field of study: Psychology
The formation of trench-gate power MOSFETs with a SiGe channel region

The fabrication of trench-gate power MOSFETs with a SiGe channel region has been proposed to further improve the device performance. A larger Ge mole fraction of Si1−xGex may cause a smaller on-state resistance but more degradation of the blocking voltage. A proper Ge mole fraction of 0.2 may be available, implementing a device with a blocking voltage of 30 V and a specific on-state resistance of about 0.70 Ω cm. On the other hand, a gradually changed Ge mole fraction of the Si1−xGex channel region may be employed to enhance the electric field in the channel region, and a specific on-state resistance of about 0.68 Ω cm can be achieved. Moreover, for this device with a SiGe channel region, a thin n-SiGe layer may be used in the drain near the channel region. This scheme can even yield a specific on-state resistance of only about 0.66 Ω cm which is 10% smaller than that caused by a conventional Si-channel device with the same process parameters.

Field of study: Materials science
Electroneutral Acid Secretion in Frog Gastric Mucosa: An Electron Microprobe Analysis

To elucidate the mode of H secretion in the intact gastric mucosa, the cellular element concentrations and Rb uptake by individual surface and oxyntic cells of the short-circuited isolated frog gastric mucosa (Rana esculenta, Rana temporaria) were determined using electron microprobe analysis. The H secretion rate was measured by the pH stat method. Under normal conditions both surface and oxyntic cells exhibited typical cellular electrolyte patterns with low Na and high K concentrations. The apical parts of surface cells, in which large mucus-containing vesicles are located, were characterized by relatively high S and Ca concentrations. Histamine-stimulated H secretion in the gastric mucosa of R. esculenta and R. temporaria was about 2.0 and 0.5 µmol/cm2·h, respectively. In the presence of 20 mM Rb in the mucosal bathing solution, a substantial portion of cellular K was exchanged for Rb in oxyntic but not in surface cells. This K-Rb exchange was almost completely abolished by inhibition of H secretion with omeprazole indicating a specific H-Rb(K) exchange across the apical membrane of oxyntic cells. At a low H secretion of about 0.5 µmol/cm2·h about 70% of the H secretion rate could be matched by the omeprazole-inhibitable Rb uptake rate. Accordingly H secretion seems to be accomplished by an electroneutral H-Rb(K) exchange. The negligible Rb uptake into oxyntic cells at a mucosal Rb concentration of 5 mM might be explained by K recirculation across the mucosal membrane via a K conductance and the H-K-ATPase.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
A vision of London in the twenty-first century or just terrifying monsters: a semiotic analysis of the official mascots for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games

Almost every Olympic city has some form of legacy and while most commonly the types of legacies discussed concern physical facilities and their continuing utility, many of the most valuable legacies are ‘psychological or social in nature’. As part of the enduring legacy of any Olympic Games, the importance of the mascot as a live symbol of such an event must not be underestimated. In designing an effective mascot, the difficulty lies in creating a character that effectively represents a brand that resonates with both the Olympics and the image the host city wishes to convey to the global audience. The effectiveness of Olympic mascots has been analysed using a framework of semiotic metafunctions and through this lens, this paper examines the mascots for the Summer Olympic Games to be held in London in 2012.

Field of study: Sociology