nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
An Improved Three-dimensional Localization Scheme based on APIT

In wireless sensor networks, location information is essential to its monitoring activities. In view of the “boundary effect” and lack of accuracy in APIT-3D, this paper proposes an improved three-dimensional localization scheme based on APIT named IAPIT-3D. In the scheme, the probability of misjudgment is reduced by adding the conditions of judgment. On one hand, the signal strength that all of the neighbor nodes receive should be compared with the one of the unknown node. On the other hand, two variables are set for comparison to determine the position of the node relative to the triangular pyramid. Furthermore, narrowing down the targeted area through “Perpendicular Median Surface Cutting” reduces the localization error. The results of simulation show that compared with APIT-3D, IAPIT-3D can improve the accuracy of localization.

Field of study: Computer science
The moving spotlighter’s way of ‘unfreezing the spotlight’

In their 2020 paper ‘Unfreezing the spotlight’, Correia and Rosenkranz argue that the spotlight theory – the mix of the view that, always, everything always exists and the view that there is a metaphysically robust property of presentness for times – is sufficient for temporal passage, and that the fact ‘that this robust property of presentness attaches to different times as time goes by … is unnecessary’. In this paper, I shall reveal that Correia and Rosenkranz’s spotlight theory is a moving spotlight theory in disguise.

Field of study: Philosophy
KFFM-based Large-scale Project Earned Value Management Completion Prediction

Earned value management lacks research on the project completion trend forecasting method at the following two points: The project completion trend forecast is based on the state indicators at the project monitoring point, and the project execution efficiency before the monitoring time point is rarely considered; the project performance evaluation index How to reduce the non-efficiency noise caused by uncontrollable factors in the existing prediction methods when singularities occur. The above issues will affect the accuracy and stability of the earned value management forecasting system. This paper attempts to introduce the Kalman filtering method (KFFM) into the earned value management completion prediction calculation, and comprehensively considers the project execution efficiency in the logical order of “prediction-measure-correction”, and improves the prediction accuracy through dynamic correction of cost/progress indicators. And effectively reduce the impact of the earned value management forecasting system due to singularities

Field of study: Engineering
Upper and lower bounds for the solution of a melting problem

A slab, melting under an arbitrary heat input on one face and insulated on the other is studied. Variable material properties are taken into account. After preliminary general considerations, it is shown that the solution to the stated problem is unique. It is then proved that higher rates of melting and higher temperatures will result from higher heating rates; from this intuitively plausible result upper and lower bounds for the solution are easily constructed. An example is worked out in detail.

Field of study: Mathematics
Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor and its Phosphomimetic Mutant Induce JNK-Dependent Apoptosis and P38-Mediated Migration Arrest

Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a potent endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis, and a promising anticancer agent. We have previously shown that PEDF can be phosphorylated, and that distinct phosphorylations differentially regulate its physiological functions. We also demonstrated that triple phosphomimetic mutant (EEE-PEDF), has significantly increased antiangiogenic activity, and is much more efficient than WT-PEDF in inhibiting neovascularization and tumor growth. The enhanced antiangiogenic effect was associated with a direct ability to facilitate apoptosis of tumor-residing endothelial cells (EC), and subsequently, disruption of intratumoral vascularization. In the present report, we elucidated the molecular mechanism by which EEE-PEDF exerts more profound effects at the cellular level.  Here we used Western blotting, as well as in vitro binding, proliferation, apoptosis and migration assays to follow the signaling components responsible for the PEDF and EEE-PEDF effects.  We found that EEE-PEDF suppresses EC proliferation due to caspase-3-dependent apoptosis, and also inhibits migration of the EC much better than WT-PEDF. Although WT-PEDF and EEE-PEDF did not affect proliferation and did not induce apoptosis of cancer cells, these agents efficiently inhibited cancer cell motility, with EEE-PEDF showing stronger effect. The stronger activity of EEE-PEDF was correlated to a better binding to laminin receptors. Furthermore, the proapoptotic and antimigratory activities of WT-PEDF and EEE-PEDF were found respectively regulated by differential activation of two distinct MAPK pathways, namely JNK and p38. We show that JNK and p38 phosphorylation is much higher in cells treated with EEE-PEDF. JNK leads to apoptosis of ECs, while p38 leads to antimigratory effect in both EC and cancer cells.  These results reveal the molecular signaling mechanism by which the phosphorylated PEDF exerts its stronger antiangiogenic, antitumor activities.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Regular pulsations of the intensity of stimulated radiation emitted by a neodymium glass fiber laser

An investigation was made of regular pulsations of the emission intensity (spikes) resulting from the appearance of absorption centers generated by the ultraviolet part of the pumping radiation. The concentration of these absorption centers was varied by altering the concentration of an aqueous solution of K2Cr2O7 which absorbed the ultraviolet part of the pumping spectrum. A study was made of the dependence of the spiking period and the delay time of laser emission on the pumping power. An anomalous increase in the spiking period was observed when the pumping power was increased: this was due to the formation of absorption centers in the glass fiber. The rate equations and the experimental results were used to find the dependences of the threshold value of the population inversion of the active levels on the pumping power and on the relative concentration of the absorption centers. The ratio of the threshold value of the difference between the level populations to the total number of neodymium atoms was 0.7–0.9 for a fiber laser. A steady-state value of the absorption coefficient was established at low concentrations of the absorption centers.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Structure and evolution of the global seafood trade network

The food production system is increasingly global and seafood is among the most highly traded commodities. Global trade can improve food security by providing access to a greater variety of foods, increasing wealth, buffering against local supply shocks, and benefit the environment by increasing overall use efficiency for some resources. However, global trade can also expose countries to external supply shocks and degrade the environment by increasing resource demand and loosening feedbacks between consumers and the impacts of food production. As a result, changes in global food trade can have important implications for both food security and the environmental impacts of production. Measurements of globalization and the environmental impacts of food production require data on both total trade and the origin and destination of traded goods (the network structure). While the global trade network of agricultural and livestock products has previously been studied, seafood products have been excluded. This study describes the structure and evolution of the global seafood trade network, including metrics quantifying the globalization of seafood, shifts in bilateral trade flows, changes in centrality and comparisons of seafood to agricultural and industrial trade networks. From 1994 to 2012 the number of countries trading in the network remained relatively constant, while the number of trade partnerships increased by over 65%. Over this same period, the total quantity of seafood traded increased by 58% and the value increased 85% in real terms. These changes signify the increasing globalization of seafood products. Additionally, the trade patterns in the network indicate: increased influence of Thailand and China, strengthened intraregional trade, and increased exports from South America and Asia. In addition to characterizing these network changes, this study identifies data needs in order to connect seafood trade with environmental impacts and food security outcomes.

Field of study: Environmental science
Semantic Changes of English Preposition against A Grammaticalization Perspective

This paper describes semantic changes of English preposition against that occurred in the course of its grammaticalization. Based on semantic designations provided in Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.; 1991), this paper shows how particular meanings of the word evolved. Four major mechanisms of semantic change are invoked here to explain such semantic changes, Le., metaphor, generalization, subjectification, and frame-of-focus variation. Metaphorical transfer extends formerly concrete meanings that made reference to physical space onto more abstract meanings such as temporal reference. Generalization changes relatively specific meanings or meanings largely restricted to a particular domain into those that could be used in larger contexts. Subjectification changes meanings formerly associated with description of the external world into those associated with personal emotion and evaluation. Finally, variation of the frame of focus on the source image schema gives rise to various meanings that are in apparent antonymy. This investigation shows that semantic change is a complex process in which multifarious factors and mechanisms interplay.

Field of study: Linguistics
Speed contingencies, number of stimulus presentations, and the nodality effect in equivalence class formation.

Two experiments compared performances on conditional discrimination tasks using single-participant designs with and without speed contingencies. Experiment 1 was a systematic replication of Spencer and Chase (1996). Experiment 2 presented equal numbers of training and testing trials. In each experiment, 2 female undergraduates participated. Each formed three five-member and three seven-member equivalence classes in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Response speed was an inverse function of nodal number and relational type in Experiment 1, but only of relational type (i.e., baseline, symmetry, transitivity, and equivalence) in Experiment 2, with and without the speed contingency. Accuracy tended to peak without the speed contingency in both experiments. Adding the speed contingency increased response speeds in both experiments, more so in Experiment 2 with a lower limited hold for I participant. The results of Experiment 2 cast doubt on previous reports of the nodality effect and on the notion of "relatedness" among class members, and they support a reinforcement-contingency, rather than a structural, account of equivalence class formation.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Probabilistic Propositional Logic is the Event Semantics for Classical Formal System of Propositional Calculus

The well formed formulars(wffs) in classical formal system of propositional calculus(CPC) are only some formal symbols,whose meanings are given by a interpretation.Probabilistic logic,based on a standard probabilistic space,is the event semantics for CPC,in which set operations are the semantic interpretation for connectives,event functions are the semantic interpretation for wffs,the event(set) inclusion  is the semantic interpretation for logical implication,and the event equality = is the semantic interpretation for logical equivalence.We can perform event calculus instead of probability calculus in CPC.CPC is applicable to probabilistic propositional calculus completely.

Field of study: Computer science
Formation of Wigner crystals in conducting polymer nanowires

The search for theoretically predicted Wigner crystal in one-dimensional (1D) wires of structurally disordered materials exhibiting properties of charge-density-waves have remained unsuccessful. Based on the results of a low temperature conductivity study we report here formation of such 1D Wigner crystal (1DWC) in polypyrrole nanowires having low electron densities. The current-voltage characteristics of all the nanowires show a 'gap' that decreases rapidly as the temperature is increased - confirming the existence of long-range electron-electron interaction in the nanowires. The measured current show power-law dependence on voltage and temperature as expected in 1DWC. A switching transition to highly conducting state has been observed above a threshold voltage, which can be tuned by changing the diameters of the nanowires and the temperature. Negative differential resistance and enhancement of noise has been observed above the threshold as expected.

Field of study: Physics
Fabrication and Performance of Micron Thick CsI(Tl) Films for X-Ray Imaging Application

CsI(Tl) scintillator films with columnar structure are widely applied as the conversion screens for the indirect X-ray imaging. In this work, CsI(Tl) films with different micron thickness were fabricated on glass substrates by the thermal deposition method under the same deposition conditions. The influence of film thickness on the microstructure and crystalline property of the films was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The photoluminescent spectra of the films were measured, which appeared by the bimodal distribution peaking at 550 nm and 740 nm respectively. The radioluminescence and imaging performances were observed by the micron thick films coupled with CCD camera system under X-ray exposure conditions.

Field of study: Physics
O‐α‐L‐Rhamnopyranosyl‐D‐glucosen

Es wurden β-D-Glucopyranosyl-α-L-rhamnopyranosid (1), 3- und 4-O-α-L-Rhamnopyranosyl-D-glucosen (2 bzw. 3), α-L-Rhamnopyranosyl-α-L-rhamnopyranosid (5) und 1-Cyan-2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-α-L-rhamnopyranosid (4) synthetisiert. Verbindungen 1, 2 und 3 wurden NMR-spektroskopisch untersucht und von den Verbindungen 1, 2, 3, 5 sowie von 6- und 2-O-α-L-Rhamnopyranosyl-D-glucose (6 bzw. 7) (Rutinose und Neohesperidose) die Massenspektren aufgenommen. 
 
 
 
O-α-L-Rhamnopyranosyl-D-glucoses 
 
 
 
We have synthesized β-D-glucopyranosyl-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (1), 3- and 4-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-D-glucoses (2 and 3), α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (5), and the 1-cyano-2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (4). Compounds 1–3 have been investigated by NMR-spectroscopy. A mass spectrometrical study of 1, 2, 3, 5, and of 6- and 2-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-D-glucose (6 and 7) (rutinose and neohesperidose) has also been carried out.

Field of study: Chemistry
Reductive Nitrosylation of V2O5 and MoO3 with Hydroxylamine in the Presence of 1,4,7-Triazacyclononane

From the reaction mixture of an alkaline aqueous solution of V 2 O 5 , 1,4,7-triazacyclononane (tacn) and hydroxylamine, orange, diamagnetic crystals of [V(tacn)(NO) 2 (NH 3 )]I were obtained upon addition of NaI. Air-stable [V(tacn)(NO) 2 (N 3 )] has also been isolated and characterized by X-ray crystallography. In a similar reaction using MoO 3 as starting material, yellow crystals of [MoCl(tacn)(NO)(H 2 NO)]ClO 4 were isolated and characterized by X-ray crystallography. A less reducing reagent, N -methylhydroxylamine, produces in the above reaction mixture colorless crystals of [Mo VI (tacn)(O) 2 (MeNHO)]ClO 4 ; its structure has also been determined. A mechanism for the formation of {M(NO) 2 } 6 complexes (M = Mo, V) from high-valent oxometallates and hydroxylamine is proposed.

Field of study: Chemistry
Homosexuality among Oxford undergradutes.

1. Figures are given for the incidence and persistence of homosexual trends and practices among 51 of 100 Oxford undergraduate psychiatric patients and 35 of 100 freshmen controls. In all these incidences, the patients significantly exceeded the controls. In 18 patients homosexuality was the main cause of breakdown.

2. Lack of heterosexual interest corresponded with homosexual interest in the patients but not the controls.

3. Ten patients, 27 controls showed “pattern 1” of homosexuality in which an adolescent phase of interest in or practice with co-evals occurred in subjects having more brothers than average or going to boarding schools. Their stability was relatively high. The patients were relatively mesomorphic but in severe conflict with their mothers : the controls were mesopenic and in less maternal conflict. They may be “facultative” homosexuals.

4. Forty-one patients, 8 controls displayed “pattern 2” wherein the greater the muscle lack, the worse the prognosis. Constitutional and dynamic factors appeared along a normal curve of distribution among the patients. The group consisted mainly of day pupils. The controls tended to be in the lower social grades. The patients tended to relations with older men more than the subjects of “pattern 1”.

5. Among the patients, at least 24 or 47 per cent. of all homosexuals were estimated to come into Kinsey gradings of 4 or more. In 14 the prognosis for “swing” over was considered dubious, in a further 10 definitely poor. Homosexuality was associated among the patients with suicidal attempts, gestures or urges. Psychotherapy was considered helpful in 5 patients.

6. The importance in these subjects of mesopenia and conflict with mother is stressed.

7. Lack of heterosexual interest was synonymous with homosexuality among the patients but not among the controls.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Designing a nearly perfect infrared absorber in monolayer black phosphorus.

Black phosphorus (BP) is a type of 2D layered material with a direct bandgap that displays high carrier mobility and strong in-plane anisotropy; it also exhibits potential as a promising optoelectronic material for IR applications. In this paper, we propose a nearly perfect IR absorber composed of a metal film, a spacer with a monolayer BP inside, and a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR). The electric field is confined inside the resonator generated by the metal film and DBR, and the absorption can be enhanced up to nearly 100%, owing to the strong interaction of BP with the confined field. Our results show that the absorption performance of the proposed structure is not only critically dependent on the electron density but also relies on the position of the BP within the spacer. This dependence can be mitigated because the absorption peak wavelength can be tuned by adjusting the angle of the light and the parameters of the DBR. Moreover, the absorber can be served as a reflective linear polarizer based on the anisotropic absorption properties. Our work can be helpful in designing a narrow perfect absorber and polarization-sensitive devices for IR waves.

Field of study: Physics
Amazon cone isotopic stratigraphy: evidence for the source of the tropical freshwater spike

The isotopic stratigraphy of piston cores from the upper fan of the Amazon Cone reveals a negative planktic foraminiferal δ18O deviation from the global oxygen isotope signal that extends back into the last deglacial period. The benthic foraminiferal δ18O signal agrees with the global oxygen isotope signal and supports the lithological interpretation that the glacial/interglacial boundary occurs at the iron-rich crust on the Amazon Cone. The negative planktic foraminifera δ18O deviation from the global δ18O signal is interpreted as evidence of increased deglacial Amazon freshwater discharge to the equatorial Atlantic Ocean. 14C dates suggest that the Amazon tropical freshwater discharge initiated at 13.5 ky B.P., peaked at 9.6 ky B.P., and terminated at approximately 6 ky B.P. The timing of the tropical meltwater spike (Showers and Margolis, 1985) which peaked in the southern Venezuelan Basin at 9.6 ky B.P. can be linked to the flooding of the Amazon shelf and the reinitiation of the Brazilian Coastal Current. This change in equatorial circulation and advection of Amazon River freshwater to the North Atlantic via the Caribbean Surface Current, the Gulf of Mexico-Loop Current, the western Atlantic-Gulf Stream and the North Atlantic Drift may be the cause for the rapid termination of the Younger Dryas cool period.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Recombinant hepatitis B virus surface antigen carrying the pre-S2 region derived from yeast: purification and characterization

Modified hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) carrying the pre-S2 region (HBsAg M-P31c) has been highly purified from the recombinant yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae . The purified HBsAg M-P31c formed spherical particles with a diameter of about 20 nm, which were similar in both shape and size to human plasma-derived HBsAg small particles (h-HBsAg). The M-P31c particles were composed of two major glycoproteins with molecular masses of 37 kDa (GP37) and 34 kDa (GP34). GP37 and GP34 had identical polypeptide backbones (P31) of 31 kDa and had N-linked sugar chains with a molecular mass of about 3 kDa at the Asn 4 residue. GP37 has additional sugar chain(s) in the pre-S2 region. The sugar chains were composed of mannose and N -acetylglucosamine. Like h-HBsAg, the particles also contained phospholipids, triglycerides, and free fatty acids. On the other hand, little cholesterol was contained in the particles. M-P31c vaccine adsorbed on Al(OH) 3 gel elicited anti-pre-S2 antibodies in addition to anti-S antibodies. These results demonstrate that M-P31c particles are promising as an improved immunogen for the hepatitis B vaccine.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Keeping Track of Needs and Inputs of Friends and Strangers

Proceeding from the distinction between communal and exchange relationships drawn in previous work, it was hypothesized that keeping track of the needs of a friend would be greater than keeping track of the needs of a stranger and that keeping track of a stranger's inputs into a joint task would be greater than keeping track of the inputs of a friend. These hypotheses were tested in an experiment in which the number of times subjects looked at lights (which never changed) was the dependent measure. In the "needs" condition, a change in the lights meant the other person needed help (which the subject could not provide). In the "inputs" condition, a change in the lights meant the other had made a substantial contribution to a joint task. In support of the hypotheses, it was found that the number of looks at the lights in the "needs" condition was significantly greater when the other was a friend than a stranger, while the number of looks in the "inputs" condition was significantly greater when the other was a stranger than a friend.

Field of study: Psychology