nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
LOADING BEHAVIOR AND REINFORCEMENT DESIGN OF ANCHORAGES OF EXTERNAL PRESTRESSED BRIDGES

Based on the behavior analysis of two external pre-stressing concrete bridges with different cross section, three dimensional stress distribution characteristics of anchorages were obtained and the weakness of anchorages was indicated. In addition, the influence of angle iron, steel tie plate, external pre-stressing steel tube, was analyzed. Based on the loading transmitting path combined with strut-and-tie model, this paper proposes the strut-and-tie models for the reinforcement calculation of anchorage, and corresponding design suggestions. Analysis shows that the angle iron placed at the connection of the anchorages and girder effectively reduces the stress concentration caused by the huge tensile force. Considering material nonlinearity and the contributions of such members as the angle iron, steel tie plate, external pre-stressing steel tube, reinforcement web, and distributed reinforcement, the concrete stress of anchorage is reduced significantly.

Field of study: Engineering
Finite element analysis for active polishing lap

In optics polishing process, the active lap can reshape the profile for fitting the surface of large optical component with different local position and rotating angle in real time. In this paper, the working process of active lap is modeled, and the possibility of active lap for optical polishing is also discussed. The deforming capability of the active lap is simulated by finite element method (FEM) to reform a parabolic mirror with diameter 1.5m, f1/2. The results show that the active 1ap enable reshaping fine quadratic curved face symmetrically or dissymmetrically.

Field of study: Physics
Protein degradation in cat liver cells.

Body proteins in cats were prelabelled with [14C]valine, and protein degradation was studied in isolated hepatocytes. Amino acids appeared to have a direct inhibitory effect on protein degradation, but the effects were generally smaller than those previously shown in the rat. The amino acid control of protein degradation in the cat differs from that in the rat, as shown by the lack of effects of glutamine, asparagine, arginine or methionine in cat hepatocytes. This may be related to the unique features of protein metabolism of this species. NH4Cl, leupeptin and amino acids, which suppress lysosomal protein degradation by different mechanisms, caused less than 30% inhibition of protein degradation when used at the optimum concentrations reported for the rat. The ability of the lysosomal system to respond to nutritional deprivation is apparently lower in the cat than in the rat.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Effect of cellulose physical characteristics, especially the water sorption value, on the efficiency of its hydrolysis catalyzed by free or immobilized cellulase.

Cellulase, an enzymatic complex that synergically promotes the degradation of cellulose to glucose and cellobiose, free or adsorbed onto Si/SiO(2) wafers at 60°C has been employed as catalyst in the hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel), microcrystalline cellulose pre-treated with hot phosphoric acid (CP), cotton cellulose (CC) and eucalyptus cellulose (EC). The physical characteristics such as index of crystallinity (I(C)), degree of polymerization (DP) and water sorption values were determined for all samples. The largest conversion rates of cellulose into the above-mentioned products using free cellulase were observed for samples with the largest water sorption values; conversion rates showed no correlation with either I(C) or DP of the biopolymer. Cellulose with large water sorption value possesses large pore volumes, hence higher accessibility. The catalytic efficiency of immobilized cellulase could not be correlated with the physical characteristics of cellulose samples. The hydrolysis rates of the same cellulose samples with immobilized cellulase were lower than those by the free enzyme, due to the diffusion barrier (biopolymer chains approaching to the immobilized enzyme) and less effective contact between the enzyme active site and its substrate. Immobilized cellulase, unlike its free counterpart, can be recycled at least six times without loss of catalytic activity, leading to higher overall cellulose conversion.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
The role of pyrimidine nucleobase excimers in DNA photophysics and photoreactivity

Quantum chemical studies using the accurate CASPT2//CASSCF procedure show that π-stacked interactions in biochromophores such as pyrimidine (Pyr) DNA/RNA nucleobases pairs yield excimer-like situations which behave as precursors of processes like charge transfer (CT) or photoreactivity and are the source of the emissive properties in DNA. Examples are the CT between adjacent DNA nucleobases in a strand of oligonucleotides and the photodimerization taking place in cytosine (C) pairs leading to cyclobutanecytosine (CBC) mutants. These processes take place through nonadiabatic photochemical mechanisms whose evolution is determined by the presence and accessibility of conical intersections (CIs) and other surface crossings between different electronic states.

Field of study: Chemistry
Effects of Waterlogging Stress on Nitrogen Metabolism and Yield in Winter Wheat at Booting Stage

Effects of waterlogging at booting stage on N nutrition and yield were studied from 1998 to 2000 by applying simulation waterlogging method.The results showed that waterlogging at booting stage significantly influenced N nutrition absorbtion content,and reduced the total chlorophyll content,net photosynthesis rate of flag leaf,the grain weight,and economic yield finally.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Influences of bilingualism on metalinguistic development

The relationship between metalinguistic awareness and bilingualism is interpreted in terms of a framework which defines metalinguistic awareness as consisting of two processing components: analysis of linguistic knowledge, and control of linguistic processes. It is argued that bilingualism enhances only the latter of these processing components, so global assessments of metalinguistic ability by bilingual subjects are bound to lead to inconsistent results. Some studies are reported in which these two processing components are separated. Bilingual children are shown to be superior to monolingual children on measures of control of linguistic processes.

Field of study: Linguistics
Glacier surges in West Spitsbergen

Surges constitute a common form of glacier advance in Spitsbergen. The fastest movement observed is that of the Negri Glacier, with an advance of ~ 12 km in less than a year. Observations on the Finster-walder Glacier indicate that the ice flow is too small to maintain a steady-state slope. At intervals, of the order of 100 years, the glacier will balance this build-up by surging. A small surging glacier in the Dickson Valley has a sheet of refrozen meltwater in the front. This refrozen meltwater is possibly generated by the surge.

Field of study: Environmental science
Role of the striatopallidal pathway in renewal and reacquisition of alcohol seeking.

The ventral pallidum (VP) is a key component of the neural circuitry mediating relapse to drug seeking, but the critical afferent pathways to VP recruited during relapse remain poorly understood. We studied the role of the nucleus accumbens core (AcbC) → VP pathway in ABA renewal and reacquisition of alcohol seeking. Rats received application of adenoviral vectors encoding eYFP, ChR2(H134R), or eNpHr3.0 to AcbC and implantation of fiber optic cannulas into VP to permit photostimulation of AcbC terminals there. Rats were then trained to self-administer alcoholic beer in 1 context (A), extinguished in a second context (B), tested in the extinction (ABB) and training (ABA) contexts, and were then tested for reacquisition of alcoholic beer seeking. There was ABA renewal of alcohol seeking, but neither optogenetic excitation nor inhibition of the AcbC → VP pathway affected this renewal. In contrast, optogenetic inhibition of the AcbC → VP striatopallidal pathway reduced reacquisition of alcohol seeking-measured either by the number of active nosepokes emitted or by the number of alcohol rewards earned and consumed. Moreover, optogenetic excitation of the AcbC → VP striatopallidal pathway increased magazine entries during reacquisition test. This finding shows the importance of the AcbC → VP pathway in controlling relapse when the drug reinforcer is present on test and is consistent with a role for the AcbC → VP pathway in regulating the hedonic or incentive motivational properties of drug reinforcers.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
The isotopic record of ocean chemistry and diagenesis preserved in non-luminescent brachiopods from Mississippian carbonate rocks, Illinois and Missouri

Fossil brachiopod shells are commonly used as a faithful record of the chemical and isotopic composition of the ancient ocean water in which they grew, owing to their stable mineralogy and their presence in marine strata throughout Phanerozoic time. The utility of these fossils for preserving ocean-water compositions is evaluated through analyses of multiple specimens that grew in contemporaneous sea water at individual stratigraphic horizons in the Mississippian-age Burlington-Keokuk Formation of mid-continent North America. Significant variations in Sr, C, and O isotopic compositions are observed in contemporaneous, non-luminescent shells, indicating that apparently pristine brachiopod shell material has been altered by post-depositional processes of diagenesis. The least-altered compositions at each horizon are used to estimate secular variations of 87 Sr/ 86 Sr in Early Mississippian ocean water. The estimated rates of change of ocean-water 87 Sr/ 86 Sr are comparable in magnitude to the rapid Sr isotopic changes documented for Cenozoic ocean water, for which high-frequency glacial cycles are inferred as a driving mechanism. The rigorous assessment of diagenetic effects on the isotopic signatures of marine phases is requisite for the advancement of high-resolution reconstructions of paleo-ocean chemistry.

Field of study: Geology
Practical methods for graph two-sample testing

Hypothesis testing for graphs has been an important tool in applied research fields for more than two decades, and still remains a challenging problem as one often needs to draw inference from few replicates of large graphs. Recent studies in statistics and learning theory have provided some theoretical insights about such high-dimensional graph testing problems, but the practicality of the developed theoretical methods remains an open question. In this paper, we consider the problem of two-sample testing of large graphs. We demonstrate the practical merits and limitations of existing theoretical tests and their bootstrapped variants. We also propose two new tests based on asymptotic distributions. We show that these tests are computationally less expensive and, in some cases, more reliable than the existing methods.

Field of study: Computer science
Efeito de diferentes intervalos de recuperação sobre a resistência de força em indivíduos de ambos os sexos doi: 10.4025/reveducfis.v24i2.16996

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o desempenho motor de homens e mulheres em diferentes intervalos de recuperacao em series multiplas a 70% de 1-RM. Quatorze individuos, sete homens (21,5 ± 0,6 anos; 76,2 ± 2,5 kg; 176,4 ± 6,4 cm) e sete mulheres (19,6 ± 0,7 anos; 66,3 ± 2,1 kg; 163,1 ± 6,7 cm) executaram tres series a 70% de 1-RM no exercicio supino em banco horizontal e extensao de perna, com intervalos de 60 e 90 s entre as series . ANOVA fatorial identificou interacao significante serie vs. intervalo ( F = 17,56; P < 0,001) e o efeito principal do exercicio ( F = 7,04; P < 0,021), sem diferencas entre os sexos ( F = 0,17; P = 0,691). Os resultados sugerem que a queda de desempenho motor induzida por series multiplas a 70% de 1-RM e semelhante em homens e mulheres, independente dos intervalos de recuperacao adotados entre as series.

Field of study: Education
Flannery O'Connor, Hermit Novelist (review)

seems inclined to complicate, if not resist. Class and gender issues appear in Bouson's analysis, but largely as subsidiaries of the master category of race, and to describe Morrison's "aesthetic mastery" as emerging solely out of a desire to contain or manage racial shame seems a bit simplistic. In her insistence on a single-issue "skeleton key" to the novels, then, Bouson seems willing to bypass a good deal of the complexity of Morrison's work for the sake of the theory. At one point in her discussion of Jazz, Bouson cites the novel's self-criticism of its portrait of Golden Gray: "How could I have imagined him so poorly? Not noticed the hurt that was not linked to the color of his skin [. . .]." Though Quiet As It's Kept has its strengths, some readers may wish Bouson had lingered over this question.

Field of study: Art
Moisture-resistant protective film for KDP crystal based on bridged polysilsesquioxane

A novel bridged silsesquioxane with long bridging groups was synthesized with m-xylylene diisocyanate and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane.Bridged polysilsesquioxane sol was prepared by the sol-gel polycondensaion of as-synthesized bridged silsesquioxane under basic catalysis.Thin film was obtained by dip-coating the bridged polysilsesquioxane sol on the KDP crystal.1H NMR was used to characterize the bridged silsesquioxane.29Si MAS NMR and N2 absorption/desorption analysis were adopted to study the xerogel structure.The morphology of film was observed by AFM analysis.The moisture-resistance of film under relative humidity 60% for KDP crystals was studied.The laser-induced damage threshold(LIDT) of bridged polysilsesquioxane film at 355 nm and 1 064 nm was measured.The results show that the bridged polysilsesquioxane film exhibits excellent moisture-resistance for KDP crystal and relative high LIDT.

Field of study: Physics
Tree-based coverage hole detection and healing method in wireless sensor networks

In wireless sensor networks, coverage is a fundamental issue affecting the quality of service. A coverage hole may appear anywhere in the area being monitored at any time because of many reasons. Thus, hole detection and healing have become major challenges towards achieving perfect coverage. This study provides a novel algorithm using trees and graph theory to detect and describe the existing holes in the region of interest. Simulation results show that the tree-based method can indicate the location, size, and shape of coverage holes accurately. Based on the results for hole detection, a tree-based healing method is also proposed. The method is divided into two phases, namely, hole dissection and optimal patch position determination. Results obtained from the experimental evaluation reveal that the proposed healing method can increase the coverage rate with only a few additional sensors compared to other related methods.

Field of study: Computer science
Power module thermal cycling tester for in-situ ageing detection

The success of the electric car depends heavily on battery technology and on compact, reliable and efficient power converters in which power modules are a key element. Power Module technology is evolving rapidly. New semiconductor chips are developed to improve electrical performance and reduce power losses. Innovative design architectures are introduced to improve thermal management. Before mass production launch, the performance and lifetime of these technological innovations needs to be evaluated to respect the longer warranty requirements. This is usually achieved by Accelerated Testing. In this case, the effect of thermal cycles on the lifetime of power modules is usually studied by placing unpowered power modules in a thermal chamber and checking that their performance matches the specification after a given number of thermal cycles. However this method provides no information on the power module performance degradation due to cyclic thermal stresses. The Thermal Cycling Tester presented in this paper reproduces the stresses created in use conditions by environmental thermal cycles. This approach makes it possible to monitor ageing by applying power cycles periodically and measuring thermal and electric parameters. These results are then combined with mechanical and acoustic microscopy characterizations and finite element modeling results to provide a better understanding of the failure mechanisms.

Field of study: Engineering
Applications of the combined tanh function method with symmetry method to the nonlinear evolution equations

Based on the symbolic computation, we combined the tanh function method with the symmetry method to construct new type of solutions of the nonlinear evolution equations for the first time. With the combined method, some new types of solutions of the coupled (2 + 1)-dimensional nonlinear system of Schrodinger equations were obtained and their properties were studied by analyzing their figures.

Field of study: Mathematics
Anion exchange composite membranes composed of poly(phenylene oxide) containing quaternary ammonium and polyethylene support for alkaline anion exchange membrane fuel cell applications

Novel anion exchange composite membranes with controlled thicknesses have been developed by a simple pore-filling method using poly(phenylene oxide) containing a quaternary ammonium group as an anion conducting polymer electrolyte and a polyethylene porous substrate support for alkaline anion exchange membrane fuel cell applications. The thickness optimization could be done by controlling the viscosity of the polymer electrolyte solution. The resulting composite membrane prepared using 5 centipoise (cP) viscous polymer electrolyte solution composed of the co-solvent system such as dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and ethanol showed a uniformly thin structure of about 40 μm thickness. Among the composite membranes developed here, the membrane with the optimized thickness exhibited high tensile strength (45.6 MPa), and a low contact angle (13.19°) indicative of a hydrophilic surface, as well as high hydroxide conductivity (38.9 mS/cm) due to the combined effect of the reinforcement of the robust PE substrate and the sound impregnation of aminated poly(phenylene oxide). Membrane electrode assembly using A-PPO30E200 revealed excellent cell performance (peak power density:153 mW/cm2 at 0.43 V) than those of commercial FAA-3-50 Fumatech anion exchange membrane (peak power density:114 mW/cm2 at 0.43 V) under the operating condition of 60 °C and 100% RH.

Field of study: Materials science
Relative Potency Estimation in Parallel-Line Assays – Method Comparison and Some Extensions

Relative potency estimations in both multiple parallel-line and slope-ratio assays involve construction of simultaneous confidence intervals for ratios of linear combinations of general linear model parameters. The key problem here is that of determining multiplicity adjusted percentage points of a multivariate t-distribution, the correlation matrix R of which depends on the unknown relative potency parameters. Several methods have been proposed in the literature on how to deal with R . In this article, we introduce a method based on an estimate of R (also called the plug-in approach) and compare it with various methods including conservative procedures based on probability inequalities. Attention is restricted to parallel-line assays though the theory is applicable for any ratios of coefficients in the general linear model. Extension of the plug-in method to linear mixed effect models is also discussed. The methods will be compared with respect to their simultaneous coverage probabilities via Monte Carlo simulations. We also evaluate the methods in terms of confidence interval width through application to data on multiple parallel-line assay.

Field of study: Mathematics
Quantum Tomography of Solitary Electrons

Initializing and measuring the wave-function of single freely-propagating particles are challenging but fundamental tasks for applications in quantum information processing and enhanced sensing. Recently, continuous-variable quantum tomography techniques developed for atomic beams and photonic modes have been adapted for on-demand electronic excitations but are limited to the region in energy-time phase space immediately around the Fermi level. Here we present a general, broad-band method for mapping the single-particle phase space Wigner distribution. We reconstruct the Wigner representation of the mixed-state density matrix for \textit{solitary} electrons emitted by an on-demand source. This reveals highly localised distributions isolated from the Fermi sea. Our method can be used to test the degree of `quantumness' of an electron source from measurements of the phase-space density. While both source purity and detector fidelity are suppressed by classical fluctuations, here we resolve fine structure of the wavepackets (a chirp controlled by emission conditions) and find that the resolution should be sufficient to enable quantum-limited measurements. Our technique will provide key information required to master electron coherence and entanglement at the individual particle level, for instance to create excitations from multiple sources that are indistinguishable.

Field of study: Physics
Effects of Instructing Subjects to Pretend Forgetting on Disorganized Recall

Two experiments investigated the role of instructions to pretend forgetting on disorganized recall. Exp. 1 indicated that the wording of instructions to pretend influenced both the tendency of subjects to show disorganization and their tendency to guess the disorganization hypothesis. Importantly, only instructions to pretend that led to guessing the hypothesis also led to disorganization. Exp. 2 indicated that subjects exhibited significant disorganization even when they were instructed both to pretend to forget and to recall a specific number of words. Implications of these findings for research on hypnotic amnesia are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
North American Rawinsonde Observations: Problems, Concerns, and a Call to Action

Meteorologists, like most scientists, often use observational data assuming the necessary steps have been taken to ensure that the quality of the data has been properly controlled. Experience developing an archive of upper-air observations from historical and real-time data suggests that some of the steps necessary to assure the basic scientific integrity of these data have not, in fact, been taken. This is especially so in recent years, since the introduction of automation into data observing and processing. Some of the problems and issues related to the observation, collection, and archiving of upper-air data are discussed. The intent of this paper is to stimulate dialogue within the upper-air-data-user community about these issues so that appropriate action can be formulated and implemented.

Field of study: Environmental science