nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
X-ray crystallographic native sulfur SAD structure determination of laminarinase Lam16A from Phanerochaete chrysosporium.

Laminarinase Lam16A from Phanerochaete chrysosporium was recombinantly expressed in Pichia pastoris, crystallized and the structure was solved at 1.34 A resolution using native sulfur SAD X-ray crystallography. It is the first structure of a non-specific 1,3(4)-beta-D-glucanase from glycoside hydrolase family 16 (GH16). P. chrysosporium is a wood-degrading basidiomycete fungus and Lam16A is the predominant extracellular protein expressed when laminarin is used as the sole carbon source. The protein folds into a curved beta-sandwich homologous to those of other known GH16 enzyme structures (especially kappa-carrageenase from Pseudoalteromonas carrageenovora and beta-agarase from Zobelia galactanivorans). A notable likeness is also evident with the related glycoside hydrolase family 7 (GH7) enzymes. A mammalian lectin, p58/ERGIC, as well as polysaccharide lyase (PL7) enzymes also showed significant similarity to Lam16A. The enzyme has two potential N-glycosylation sites. One such site, at Asn43, displayed a branched heptasaccharide sufficiently stabilized to be interpreted from the X-ray diffraction data. The other N-glycosylation motif was found close to the catalytic centre and is evidently not glycosylated.

Field of study: Chemistry
Probabilistic contingency learning with limbic or prefrontal damage.

A fundamental capacity of the human brain is to learn relations (contingencies) between environmental stimuli and the consequences of their occurrence. Some contingencies are probabilistic; that is, they predict an event in some situations but not in all. Animal studies suggest that damage to limbic structures or the prefrontal cortex may disturb probabilistic learning. The authors studied the learning of probabilistic contingencies in amnesic patients with limbic lesions, patients with prefrontal cortex damage, and healthy controls. Across 120 trials, participants learned contingent relations between spatial sequences and a button press. Amnesic patients had learning comparable to that of control subjects but failed to indicate what they had learned. Across the last 60 trials, amnesic patients and control subjects learned to avoid a noncontingent choice better than frontal patients. These results indicate that probabilistic learning does not depend on the brain structures supporting declarative memory.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Preparation and characterisation of α-layered zirconium phosphate sulfophenylenphosphonates with variable concentration of sulfonic groups

Zirconium phosphate sulfophenylenphosphonates of general formula Zr(HPO 4 ) 2− x (SPP) x · n H 2 O, with SPP = O 3 PC 6 H 4 SO 3 H and x in the range 0.4–1.35, were precipitated from solutions containing H 3 PO 4 , H 2 SPP and ZrF 6 2− . The SPP/HPO 4 ratio in the solids is equal to the H 2 SPP/H 3 PO 4 ratio in the starting solutions for x  ≤ 1 and lower for x  > 1. The results coming from 31 P MAS NMR, X-ray powder diffraction, FTIR-PAS spectroscopy and density measurements, as well as from the intercalation of α,ω-alkyl diamines in Zr(HPO 4 ) 1.00 (SPP) 1.00 , suggest that the solids have a layered structure built up by the packing of symmetric α-layers where SPP and HPO 4 groups are uniformly distributed on both layer faces. Proton conductivity, at 100 °C and 70% relative humidity, increases with x and reaches a maximum of 0.04 S cm − 1 for x  = 1.35. The conductivity of Zr(HPO 4 ) 0.65 (SPP) 1.35 · n H 2 O was determined as a function of the water content at 100 °C and compared with that of Nafion 117 and of a sulfonated polyetherketone.

Field of study: Materials science
On The Philosophy of Higher Education:Interpretation and re-interpretation

There are the suspects of over-interpretation of Brubacher's On the Philosophy of Higher Education in China.The scientific and reasonable interpretation is needed to integrate the intention of the author,the text and the reader.On this basis,Brubacher's On The Philosophy Of Higher Education could be newly interpreted,and the significance of this work for China could also be more clearly understood.The research of the philosophy of higher education in China should get rid of the path-independence of Burbacher's theory,and meanwhile learn from Burbacher's wisdom to seek new research space for Chinese philosophy of higher education.

Field of study: Education
Direct comparison of four methods to construct xylem vulnerability curves: Differences among techniques are linked to vessel network characteristics.

During periods of dehydration, water transport through xylem conduits can become blocked by embolism formation. Xylem embolism compromises water supply to leaves and may lead to losses in productivity or plant death. Vulnerability curves (VCs) characterize plant losses in conductivity as xylem pressures decrease. VCs are widely used to characterize and predict plant water use at different levels of water availability. Several methodologies for constructing VCs exist and sometimes produce different results for the same plant material. We directly compared four VC construction methods on stems of black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa), a model tree species: dehydration, centrifuge, X-ray-computed microtomography (microCT), and optical. MicroCT VC was the most resistant, dehydration and centrifuge VCs were intermediate, and optical VC was the most vulnerable. Differences among VCs were not associated with how cavitation was induced but were related to how losses in conductivity were evaluated: measured hydraulically (dehydration and centrifuge) versus evaluated from visual information (microCT and optical). Understanding how and why methods differ in estimating vulnerability to xylem embolism is important for advancing knowledge in plant ecophysiology, interpreting literature data, and using accurate VCs in water flux models for predicting plant responses to drought.

Field of study: Environmental science
光卟啉（YHPD）光敏作用的分子机制：YHPD对蛋白质微观光敏...

本文用已确定空间结构的溶菌酶为对象,采用可同时探测其主、侧链各基团变化的激光喇曼光谱技术,研究了YHPD对蛋白质空间结构的微观光敏损伤,获得以下新结果:(1)除5种已经发表的氨基酸(Trp,Tyr,Met,1/2 Cys和 His)外,还有苯丙氨酸和胱氨酸亦受到了光敏损伤;(2)定出氨基酸各基团对光敏作用敏感的次序;(3)被“埋藏”在蛋白质三维结构内部的色氨酸和酪氨酸也受到较强的损伤;(4)蛋白质的主链构象亦发生了明显的变化,有序结构(α-螺旋、 β -折叠、 β -回折)减少,无规卷曲增加.

Field of study: Chemistry
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 and pancreatic islet cell tumours: an association which should be recognized.

A 75-year-old female with known NF-1 was being investigated for episodes of recurrent collapse. During one episode, she lost consciousness and on the arrival of the paramedics her capillary glucose was reported as 1.7 mmol/l: 1 mg intramuscular glucagon was administered and blood glucose was 2.7 mmol/l on admission to the Emergency Department, where she received intravenous dextrose. She described a 3-year history of episodes of collapse which begun with the onset of visual disturbance followed by the sensation of leg weakness. They occurred after fasting and her symptoms resolved on eating. The patient had a known diagnosis of aortic stenosis and a recent echocardiogram had shown an aortic valve area of 1 cm2, with a peak gradient of 57 mmHg. A gastrointestinal stromal tumour had been resected several years previously.

An inpatient 72-h fast was performed. The patient developed symptomatic hypoglycaemia with a blood glucose of 2.1 mmol/l some 12 h into the fast. A concomitant insulin was 82 pmol/l, C-peptide 0.81 nmol/l and β-hydroxybutyrate 0.9 mmol/l, with a plasma sulphonylurea screen which was negative. The IGF-2: IGF-1 ratio was below 10, excluding the probability of an IGF2-secreting tumour. These results confirmed the presence of endogenous hyperinsulinism according to recent guidelines.1,2 The patient was hypertensive and two sets of 24-h urinary collections showed elevated metadrenaline levels of 2.51 umol/24 h and 4.31 umol/24 h, respectively (laboratory upper limit of normal for urinary metadrenaline 1.40 umol/24 h).

An MRI scan with gadolinium showed …

Field of study: Medicine
15. Diffusions, Markov Processes and Martingales: Vol. 1, Foundations

15. Diffusions, Markov Processes and Martingales: vol. 1, Foundations, 2nd edn. By L. C. G. Rogers and D. Williams. ISBN 0 471 95061 0. Wiley, New York, 1994. xx + 386 pp. £55.

Field of study: Mathematics
Catalytically distinct states captured in a crystal lattice: the substrate-bound and scavenger states of acylaminoacyl peptidase and their implications for functionality.

Acylaminoacyl peptidase (AAP) is an oligopeptidase that only cleaves short peptides or protein segments. In the case of AAP from Aeropyrum pernix (ApAAP), previous studies have led to a model in which the clamshell-like opening and closing of the enzyme provides the means of substrate-size selection. The closed form of the enzyme is catalytically active, while opening deactivates the catalytic triad. The crystallographic results presented here show that the open form of ApAAP is indeed functionally disabled. The obtained crystal structures also reveal that the closed form is penetrable to small ligands: inhibitor added to the pre-formed crystal was able to reach the active site of the rigidified protein, which is only possible through the narrow channel of the propeller domain. Molecular-dynamics simulations investigating the structure of the complexes formed with longer peptide substrates showed that their binding within the large crevice of the closed form of ApAAP leaves the enzyme structure unperturbed; however, their accessing the binding site seems more probable when assisted by opening of the enzyme. Thus, the open form of ApAAP corresponds to a scavenger of possible substrates, the actual cleavage of which only takes place if the enzyme is able to re-close.

Field of study: Chemistry
A first map of tropical Africa's above-ground biomass derived from satellite imagery

Observations from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) were used in combination with a large data set of field measurements to map woody above-ground biomass (AGB) across tropical Africa. We generated a best-quality cloud-free mosaic of MODIS satellite reflectance observations for the period 2000‐2003 and used a regression tree model to predict AGB at 1 km resolution. Results based on a cross-validation approach show that the model explained 82% of the variance in AGB, with a root mean square error of 50.5 Mg ha −1 for a range of biomass between 0 and 454 Mg ha −1 . Analysis of lidar metrics from the Geoscience Laser Altimetry System (GLAS), which are sensitive to vegetation structure, indicate that the model successfully captured the regional distribution of AGB. The results showed a strong positive correlation (R 2 = 0.90) between the GLAS height metrics and predicted AGB.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Effect of Value Added Tax on Corporate Cash Flow in Ghana

This study investigated whether there is a relationship between value added tax (VAT) and corporate cash flow. In order to conduct the study, corporate entities registered with the Large Tax Payer Unit (LTU) of the Ghana Revenue Authority (GRA) were selected, and data from January 1, 2009, through December 31, 2011, were analyzed. The purpose of this study was to establish if there is a statistically significant relationship between VAT and corporate cash flow. Apart from providing empirical evidence of VAT effect on corporate cash flow, the study was expected to establish the major tax and corporate policy implications to decision makers. This will aid governments in making a choice between VAT and corporate tax—as sufficient literature on the effect of corporate income tax (CIT) on organizational cash flow already exists. The findings clearly suggested that there is a statistically significant difference in cash flow patterns between organizations that pay VAT and entities that do not pay VAT. The study further established that, apart from sales, all other selected independent variables had a negative relationship with VAT. However, the findings contradicted the assertion that the VAT burden is fully borne by only the final consumer.

Field of study: Business
A Study of Some Means of Presenting Information to Parents About the School Health Program

presenting information about the school health program to parents. Among the instruments specifically included in the analysis were parent bulletins, radio programs, newspaper advertise ments, window exhibits, health snorts at com mercial theatres and parent questionnaires on health topics. Certain of the techniques of public health education were employed in disseminating health information to the parents of specific groups of pupils, with the eventual evaluation based largely on the effectiveness of the im plements in influencing the health behavior of the pupils concerned. This judgment was taken with thoughtful regard of the difficulties in volved. Studies have pointed out significant differences between what we know about health and what we do about it.1 It has also been shown that health education programs may bring about decided gains in knowledge without materially affecting health practices.2 Other procedures such as newspaper articles, parent teacher meetings, nurse home visits, and home discussion of the school health experiences were not introduced as variables because of prior use. However, they were given indirect treat ment for comparative purposes. Specific questions it seemed possible to answer are as follows:

Field of study: Education
Fractional Talbot effect based measurement of laser-induced-damage thresholds

A method based on fractional Talbot effect is studied for single-shot measurement of laser-induced damage threshold.Using hexagonal phase grating,a laser beam is transformed into an ensemble of Gaussian-like spots with different energy densities at the test sample.Therefore,a statistical determination of the damage threshold of thin-film coatings can be performed by comparison of the intensity distribution with the damage pattern.Basic theories about the spectrum transmission and the fractional Talbot self-imaging are applied to calculating the Fresnel image of the hexagonal phase grating,and the results are testified by experiment.The laser-induced damage thresholds of HfO2/ SiO2 coating sample measured by this method and the traditional 1-on-1 method are 7.9 J/cm2 and 8.0 J/cm2,respectively.The errors of the single-shot measurement are analyzed.

Field of study: Physics
Analysis and Design of Multiple-Antenna Cognitive Radios With Multiple Primary User Signals

We consider multiple-antenna signal detection of primary user transmission signals by a secondary user receiver in cognitive radio networks. The optimal detector is analyzed for the scenario where the number of primary user signals is no less than the number of receive antennas at the secondary user. We first derive exact expressions for the moments of the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) statistic, yielding approximations for the false alarm and detection probabilities. We then show that the normalized GLRT statistic converges in distribution to a Gaussian random variable when the number of antennas and observations grow large at the same rate. Further, using results from large random matrix theory, we derive expressions to compute the detection probability without explicit knowledge of the channel, and then particularize these expressions for two scenarios of practical interest: 1) a single primary user sending spatially multiplexed signals, and 2) multiple spatially distributed primary users. Our analytical results are finally used to obtain simple design rules for the signal detection threshold.

Field of study: Engineering
Carbon monoxide mixing ratios over Oklahoma between 2002 and 2009 retrieved from Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer spectra

CO mixing ratios for the lowermost 2-km atmospheric layer were retrieved from downwelling infrared (IR) radiance spectra of the clear sky measured between 2002 and 2009 by a zenith-viewing Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI) deployed at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) observatory of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurements (ARM) Program near Lamont, Oklahoma. A version of a published earlier retrieval algorithm was improved and validated. Archived temperature and water vapor profiles retrieved from the same AERI spectra through automated ARM processing were used as input data for the CO retrievals. We found the archived water vapor profiles required additional constraint using SGP Microwave Radiometer retrievals of total precipitable water vapor. A correction for scattered solar light was developed as well. The retrieved CO was validated using simultaneous independently measured CO profiles from an aircraft. These tropospheric CO profiles were measured from the surface to altitudes of 4572 m a.s.l. once or twice a week between March 2006 and December 2008. The aircraft measurements were supplemented with ground-based CO measurements using a non-dispersive infrared gas correlation instrument at the SGP and retrievals from the Atmospheric IR Sounder (AIRS) above 5 km to create full tropospheric CO profiles. Comparison of the profiles convolved with averaging kernels to the AERI CO retrievals found a squared correlation coefficient of 0.57, a standard deviation of ±11.7 ppbv, a bias of -16 ppbv, and a slope of 0.92. Averaged seasonal and diurnal cycles measured by the AERI are compared with those measured continuously in situ at the SGP in the boundary layer. Monthly mean CO values measured by the AERI between 2002 and 2009 are compared with those measured by the AIRS over North America, the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes, and over the tropics.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Research on Regional Ecological Conditions of Qualified Personnel——Taking Northern Jiangsu Area as an Example

This essay is to interpret the relationship between each qualified personnel and the collective, the self of quali- fied personnel and the external conditions they are under in terms of ecology, and put forward the concept of ecological condi- tions of qualified personnel. This concept is applied to conduct experimental research on ecological environment of qualified personnel in the northern part of Jiangsu province, which needs urgent improvement, and a personality-oriented strategy of quali- fied personnel according to the regional diversity of qualified personnel.

Field of study: Economics
La Santa Muerte in Mexico City: The Cult and its Ambiguities

This article explores the worship of La Santa Muerte through a geo-mapping of street altars in Mexico City followed by an ethnographic analysis of the devotees' relationships with the saint. I find that this saint has gained momentum among the fast-growing prison population over the last two decades. In contrast to studies that emphasise the desertification of mass incarceration elsewhere, this study finds that La Santa Muerte connects families across the social abyss of imprisonment. I suggest that the family-like relationships that devotees maintain with this saint are crucial to understanding her success. Rather than a one-dimensional sacred defender of criminals and police she is adopted by prisoners, prison officers, police and their families as a capricious ‘family member’, embracing the same ambivalence as the forces she helps to navigate. Spanish abstract Este artículo explora el culto a la Santa Muerte a través de un geo-mapeo de los altares callejeros en la Ciudad de México seguido por un análisis etnográfico de las relaciones de los devotos con la santa. Yo encuentro que dicha santa ha ganado momento en las dos últimas décadas dentro de la rápidamente creciente población encarcelada. Al contrario de los estudios que enfatizan la desertificación del encarcelamiento masivo en varias partes, este estudio señala que La Santa Muerte conecta a las familias a través del abismo social de la prisión. Sugiero que las relaciones de tipo familiar que los devotos mantienen con la santa son cruciales para entender su éxito. En vez de ser una defensora sagrada unidimensional de criminales y policías ésta es adoptada por prisioneros, funcionarios carcelarios, la policía y sus familias como un “miembro familiar” caprichoso, estableciendo la misma ambivalencia de las fuerzas que ella ayuda a enfrentar.  Este artigo explora a adoração à La Santa Muerte através de um mapeamento geográfico dos altares de rua da Cidade do México seguido de uma análise etnográfica das relações dos devotos com a santa. Constato que, nas últimas duas décadas, a santa ganhou espaço entre a cada vez maior população carcerária. Ao contrário de estudos que enfatizam a desertificação do aprisionamento em massa em outros lugares, esta pesquisa indica que La Santa Muerte conecta famílias que vivem no abismo social do encarceramento. Eu sugiro que as relações do tipo familiar que os devotos mantêm com a santa são cruciais para a compreensão de seu sucesso. Ao invés de ser uma defensora sagrada e unidimensional de criminosos e policiais, a santa é adorada por presos, funcionários dos presídios, policiais e suas famílias como um “membro familiar” inconstante, ganhando a mesma ambivalência que as forças que ela ajuda a nortear.

Field of study: Political science
The screening of rubella virus IgG antibody in Kaohsiung area women of successive age groups

: In this study, 961 females subjects were observed and their serum Rubella virus IgG antibody was analyzed by the ELISA method (Abbott Rubazyme commercial kit). The sample included 457 students from junior high school, senior high school and college; 144 female hospital workers; and 360 females 16 weeks or less pregnant. The number of positive results was 605 (63.0%). The positive rate increased when age increased: 29.1% (32/110) for ages 12-14; 52.3% (101/193) for ages 15-19; 61.6% (98/159) for ages 20-24; 68.7% (57/83) for ages 25-29 and 78.6% (44/56) ages above 30. The study also found a positive rate of 29.6% (37/125) in junior high school students, 52.7% (79/150) in senior high school students and 62.6% (114/182) in college students; The mean positive rate for the student group is 50.3% (230/457). The positive rate in the female hospital workers group is 71.5% (103/144). The positive rate for the pregnant women is 75.8% (273/360) the highest among these three groupings. The difference in positive rate between the student group and female hospital workers group or between the student group and the pregnant women's group is statistically significant (p less than 0.001). This study found that, among females whose ages are between 20-30 or who are pregnant, only 67.5% (166/246) had been infected by Rubella virus and had Rubella virus IgG antibody. From the epidemiological stand-point, it is worthwhile to screen those female's serum Rubella virus IgG antibody to give them Rubella vaccination if they test negative before marriage.

Field of study: Biology
Children's concepts of the urinary tract.

To assess children's body concepts about anatomy and physiology of the urinary tract, children drew pictures responding to the question 'Where do you believe urine comes from?'



A total of 152 children in three groups were examined. 81 children were out-patients. Of these, 36 children were being seen for the first time and 45 children had previously undergone bladder and bowel group training. They were compared to 71 continent controls. Children were given a body silhouette, in which they drew their view of the urinary tract.



Half of the children (52.6%) drew a bladder and other organs; nearly 43% drew a tube or other anatomically incorrect pictures. Significant differences were found for group and age. Children who had undergone the group training more often drew a bladder and other organs (80%). Correct pictures and pictures of bladder and other organs were more common from children aged 11-16 years.



Children have subjective concepts of the urinary tract which do not follow actual anatomy and physiology. For medical interventions as well as any training programmes, it is essential to understand these concepts and provide instructions in a child-centred and developmentally adequate way.

Field of study: Medicine