nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental melanin‐induced uveitis in the Fischer 344 rat is inhibited by anti‐CD4 monoclonal antibody, but not by mannose‐6‐phosphate

Experimental melanin‐induced uveitis (EMIU) is a rodent model of acute anterior uveitis which was described in 1993. We investigated strain susceptibility, and age and gender characteristics of the model, undertook histological and immunohistochemical studies to investigate underlying cellular mechanisms, and examined several treatment options. Rats were immunized with bovine ocular melanin (250 μg), and disease was followed by slit lamp examination. Lewis, Fischer 344 and Porton rats were found to be susceptible to EMIU, whereas Wistar‐Furth, DA, and Hooded Wistar strains were resistant. EMIU was neither age‐ nor gender‐dependent. In Fischer 344 rats, EMIU was characterized clinically by florid anterior segment inflammation. Histopathological findings included infiltration of ciliary body and iris with mononuclear cells and neutrophils. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes were prominent. Rats were then treated with intraperitoneal injections of anti‐CD4, anti‐CD8 or irrelevant isotype‐matched MoAb on days −3, 0, 3, 6 and 9 with respect to melanin immunization. Incidence of uveitis was significantly reduced in rats treated with a non‐depleting cocktail of anti‐CD4 MoAbs (P = 0.007), whereas a depleting anti‐CD8 antibody had no effect on the disease. Mannose‐6‐phosphate inhibits lymphocyte migration in some models of T cell‐mediated inflammation. This simple sugar was administered to additional rats via intraperitoneal osmotic pumps for 14 days following disease induction, but did not influence the uveitis. We conclude that EMIU is controlled by CD4+ T cells, and disease may be abrogated by treatment with anti‐CD4 MoAbs.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
All-Inkjet-Printed Bottom-Gate Thin-Film Transistors Using UV Curable Dielectric for Well-Defined Source-Drain Electrodes

Technological restrictions of the inkjet printing technology for printed electronics can hinder its application potential, mainly due to the limited resolution and layer homogeneity in comparison to conventional manufacturing techniques for electronics. The manufacturing of active devices such as thin-film transistors with appropriate performance using printing technologies is still one of the current challenges towards industrial applications. This work demonstrates the application of an ultraviolet (UV) curable ink as insulating material for the gate dielectric. The advantage of the UV curable ink is its fast curing and the smooth surface enabling high resolution patterns on top of it. In this way, all-inkjet-printed organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) were fabricated with silver electrodes, UV curable gate dielectric, and 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene for the active semiconductor layer. By fine tuning of processing parameters and pattern geometries, a stable channel length of about 10 μm was obtained in the bottom-gate configuration without the need of additional steps, suggesting a way to build low-cost all-inkjet-printed OTFTs with well-defined source-drain electrodes and fast UV curable dielectric without any additional steps. The inkjet-printed device is characterized by an electron mobility of 0.012 cm2 V−1 s−1 and on/off ratio of 103.

Field of study: Materials science
Agrostidoideous Flora(Agrostidoideae) on the Coastal Region of Hainan Island

The Agrostidoideous flora on the coastal region of Hainan Island consists of 140 species in 82 genera.It is conspicuous for tropical elements.The tropical areal-types of genera take up 94.6% of the total ones.In the total genera,pantropics,old world tropics,tropical Asia to tropical Africa takes up 47.30%,16.22% and 13.51%,respectively.In the level of species the tropical elements accounts for 78.9% of the total with the tropical Asia ones accounting for 35.16%,the old world tropics for 14.84%,the tropical Asia to tropical Australasia ones for 12.50%,and the pantropics for 11.72%.The flora has a lot of monodominant species or dominant species in the coastal communities.The relationships of the Agrostidoideous flora between the coastal region of Hainan with its vicinity are analysed.Concise assessment on the Agrostidoideous resources in the coastal region of Hainan is presented in the paper.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Actuality and knowability

It is widely believed that for all p, or at least for all entertainable p, it is knowable a priori that (p iff actually p). It is even more widely believed that for all such p, it is knowable that (p iff actually p). There is a simple argument against these claims from four antecedently plausible premises. The argument is given below. Here ‘A’, ‘E’, ‘K’, ‘ ’, ‘^’ stand for ‘Actually’ ‘Someone entertains’, ‘Someone knows’, ‘Necessarily’, and ‘Possibly’, while ‘→’ and ‘↔’ are the material conditional and biconditional. In addition, q is any (entertainable and expressible) proposition that no-one actually entertains, while r is ¬Eq, the proposition that no-one entertains q.1

Field of study: Philosophy
A new characterization of the Sobolev space

The purpose of this paper is to provide a new characterization of the Sobolev space W 1,1(Rn). We also show a new proof of the characterization of the Sobolev space W 1,p(Rn), 1 ≤ p <∞, in terms of Poincaré inequalities. The Sobolev space W 1,p(Rn), 1 ≤ p < ∞, consists of functions u ∈ Lp(Rn) such that |∇u| ∈ Lp(Rn). It is a Banach space with respect to the norm ‖u‖1,p = ‖u‖p + ‖∇u‖p. Let us point out that from the point of view of Banach spaces the structure of various Sobolev type spaces, with the particular emphasis on W 1,1, has been investigated by A. Pe lczyński, M. Wojciechowski and others; see e.g. [4], [40]–[43] and references therein. The purpose of this paper is to provide a new characterization of the Sobolev space W 1,1(Rn). Here, however, we emphasize future applications in geometric analysis and analysis on metric spaces rather than the theory of Banach spaces. Actually one of the reasons for finding new characterizations of the Sobolev space is the development of analysis on metric spaces; see e.g. , , , , , [13], [15]–[19], [21], [23], [24], [28]–[31], [38], [47]–[49], [51]. More references will be given later. In order to define a Sobolev type space on a metric-measure space we need a characterization of the space W 1,p(Rn) that does not involve derivatives. One such characterization is given in the following result. Theorem 1 (). u ∈W 1,p(Rn), 1 < p <∞, if and only if u ∈ Lp(Rn) and there exists 0 ≤ g ∈ Lp(Rn) such that |u(x)− u(y)| ≤ |x− y|(g(x) + g(y)) a.e.  This work was supported by the KBN grant 2 PO3A 028 22. The research was completed during the stay of the author in Department of Mathematics at University of Michigan. The author wishes to thank the University for the support and hospitality.

Field of study: Mathematics
Coupled electron-hole transport.

We report on transport measurements in a novel system composed of two parallel 2D electron and hole gases separated by a barrier which is high enough to prevent tunneling and recombination while thin enough to allow for strong interlayer Coulomb interaction. Separate electrical contacts to each layer and independent control or both carrier densities facilitate a detailed study of the electron-hole interaction. Current driven in one layer is found to induce opposite current in the other layer

Field of study: Physics
Les industries agro-alimentaires et la chaîne du froid

Resume La chaine du froid est un des elements essentiels des industries agro-alimentaires (IAA). Elle a contribue de facon plus importante que l'on ne l'imagine d'ordinaire a l'evolution dans les pays industrialises, non seulement des habitudes alimentaires, mais aussi de la societe et de l'economie. L'auteur examine en particulier l'impact des procedes frigorifiques sur la preservation de l'hygiene publique, sur le cout de la vie, sur l'evolution sociale, sur les regimes dietetiques et sur les echanges mondiaux de denrees perissables. Il evoque l'evolution, deja amorcee, de l'agriculture dont les productions doivent satisfaire les exigences de l'industrie (et non plus l'inverse). Enfin, il mentionne le difficile probleme que pose - aux constructeurs frigorifiques - la suppression prochaine de certains chlorofluorocarbures (CFC). En conclusion, l'epoque actuelle est une epoque critique du fait des changements en cours, tant dans le monde agricole que pour fabriquer des equipements frigorifiques non polluants pour l'environnement.

Field of study: Engineering
An Assessment of the Professional Capacity Needs of Counsellors to Cope with Poverty-Prone at Risk Secondary School Students in Osun State, Nigeria.

The study assessed the professional capacity needs of counselor and difference in the capacity needs to cope with at risk students in terms of their sex, age and years of professional experience with a view to assisting the counsellors to improve service delivery in secondary schools. The study adopted survey design. The population for the study comprised all school counsellors in Osun State. A sample of 60 school counsellors was randomly selected for the study. A Professional Counsellors Needs Assessment Instrument (PCNA) was designed and validated to identify the needs of secondary school counsellors and determine gaps in their operations. The instrument consisted of two sections.  A and B. Section A consisted of demographic characteristics of the respondents. Section B contained items on the professional capacity needs of counsellors. The pilot study of the instrument was carried out and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was used to analyze the data which yielded reliability coefficient of 0.75 which is significant at 0.05 level of significance. Permission was given to the researcher by the school authority to administer on the professional counsellors. The results showed that 25 (41.7%) of the counsellors had moderate capacity needs to cope with at-risk students. It also revealed that male and female counsellors are not significantly different in their capacity to cope with student at-risk (t=1.197; >.05). The results further showed that the age of the counsellors do not significantly show difference in their capacity needs to cope with at-risk students (F=1.779; >.05). Finally, the results revealed there was no significant difference in the capacity needs of the professional counsellors in terms of their years of experience on the job (F=0.179; >.05). The study therefore concluded that professional counsellors in secondary schools require more professional skills, strategies and capacity needs to cope with at-risk students.  Professional counsellors, At-risk students, and Capacity needs

Field of study: Education
Qualitative insight and quantitative analysis of the effect of temperature on the coercivity of a magnetic system

The temperature dependence of the response of a magnetic system to an applied field can be understood qualitatively by considering variations in the energy surface characterizing the system and estimated quantitatively with rate theory. In the system analysed here, Fe/Sm-Co spring magnet, the width of the hysteresis loop is reduced to a half when temperature is raised from 25 K to 300 K. This narrowing can be explained and reproduced quantitatively without invoking temperature dependence of model parameters as has typically been done in previous data analysis. The applied magnetic field lowers the energy barrier for reorientation of the magnetization but thermal activation brings the system over the barrier. A 2-dimensional representation of the energy surface is developed and used to gain insight into the transition mechanism and to demonstrate how the applied field alters the transition path. Our results show the importance of explicitly including the effect of thermal activation when interpreting experiments involving the manipulation of magnetic systems at finite temperature.

Field of study: Physics
A METHOD FOR FAST ANALYSIS OF LOW-ORDER FREQUENCIES IN COMPLICATED BEAM-TYPE STRUCTURES BASED ON BEAM THEORY

In modern engineering calculations, we often have to deal with dynamic analysis, or even optimization of dynamic performance for complicated slender structures whose longitudinal dimensions are significantly larger than their transverse ones. Based on a fine FEM model of such complicated structures, constructing an approximate physical model which requires only a small amount of work and can be used to predict the structural dynamic performance and meet the requirements of design, optimization, simulation, and other tasks in the preliminary design stage is still very valuable in many design departments. This paper presents a model reduction method for these structures, which is based on the plane cross-section assumption and displacement interpolation function of beam, and results in a physical reduced model. By using the vibration modal vectors of the reduced model and constructing an initial guess of vibration modes of the original structure, one Rayleigh-Ritz iteration results in a high-accuracy estimate of vibration frequency, which is also compared with the Krylov subspace methods. The examples show the validity of this method.

Field of study: Engineering
Privacy-preserving Hybrid Recommender System

Privacy issues in recommender systems have attracted the attention of researchers for many years. So far, a number of solutions have been proposed. Unfortunately, most of them are far from practical as they either downgrade the utility or are very inefficient. In this paper, we aim at a more practical solution, by proposing a privacy-preserving hybrid recommender system which consists of an incremental matrix factorization (IMF) component and a user-based collaborative filtering (UCF) component. The IMF component provides the fundamental utility while it allows the service provider to efficiently learn feature vectors in plaintext domain, and the UCF component improves the utility while allows users to carry out their computations in an offline manner. Leveraging somewhat homomorphic encryption (SWHE) schemes, we provide privacy-preserving candidate instantiations for both components. Our experiments demonstrate that the hybrid solution is much more efficient than existing solutions.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Aromatization of butylenes over nano-sized ZSM-5 zeolite

The aromatization of the butylenes in C4 liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) over a nano-sized ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst,denoted DLG-1,was studied at a mild temperature.Emphasis was given to the influence of feed impurities and reaction conditions,such as reaction temperature,pressure,weight hourly space velocity of LPG (WHSVLPG) on the activity and stability of the aromatization catalyst.The results showed that,both diene and alkaline nitrogen-containing compounds had negative influence on the aromatization stability of the catalyst.Comparatively,the negative influence of the alkaline nitrogen-containing compounds (mainly in the manner of strong chemisorption on the acid sites) was much stronger than that of diene.On the other hand,reaction temperature,pressure and WHSVLPG also showed significant influence on the performance of the catalyst.The optimum reaction conditions were 450℃,2.0 MPa and WHSVLPG 0.83 h-1.A high coking rate of the catalyst was observed when higher temperature,higher pressure and higher WHSVLPG were used.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Perspectives on Higher Education and the American Dream: A Review Essay

RESEARCH ON HIGHER EDUCATION HAS COMPETING perspectives. On the one hand, colleges and universities are the conduits of upward mobility, allowing children of all financialmeans an opportunity for a better life by discovering advanced information and knowledge, by acquiring research and study skills, and by accessing rewarding jobs and careers. Government encourages opportunity by funding students from every economic background. This vision defines the American Dream model, in which each generation improves its financial standing and life satisfaction to a level above the previous generation. On the other hand, colleges and universities divide families by income, providing access to the best schools for those with accumulated wealth. Lowor moderate-income families are relegated to less prestigious schools, where the resources for advancement are fewer than those provided at better-financed schools. Government and institutional subsidies in financial aid may blunt the trend, but they also saddle low-income students with debt obligations beyond their ability to pay. The pattern of wealthy families sending children to prestigious schools and lowor moderate-income families sending children to two-year or less prestigious schools, or not attending college at all, perpetuates inequalities across generations—the so-called stratification model. We explore it later in the essay. Ideally, social science research would contrast these models, testing which one better explains the circumstances of college students. In Degrees

Field of study: Political science
Thermal decomposition of SnSO_4 in catalyst preparation

SnSO4 is an important promoter of catalyst for preparing naphthalene quinone with oxidation of naphthalene by air.Its thermal decomposition kinetics in N2was studied with NETZSCH-STA409PC thermal analyzer.SnSO4 thermal decomposition was an endothermic reaction and mainly occurred at 450-550℃.The total mass loss was 29.36%,so the reaction products were SnO2 and SO2.Kinetic function was obtained and kinetic parameters were calculated with linear regression provided by NETZSCH Instruments Co.Ltd.The correlation coefficient was 0.9997.The results showed that SnSO4 decomposition was a self-catalysis reaction and the catalyst was its reaction product.The kinetic function predicted that SnSO4 decomposition was 20% at 450℃ for 120 min and 100% at 480℃ for 106 min,and the process of catalyst preparation can be optimized.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Group Object Structure and State Estimation With Evolving Networks and Monte Carlo Methods

This paper proposes a technique for motion estimation of groups of targets based on evolving graph networks. The main novelty over alternative group tracking techniques stems from learning the network structure for the groups. Each node of the graph corresponds to a target within the group. The uncertainty of the group structure is estimated jointly with the group target states. New group structure evolving models are proposed for automatic graph structure initialization, incorporation of new nodes, unexisting nodes removal, and the edge update. Both the state and the graph structure are updated based on range and bearing measurements. This evolving graph model is propagated combined with a sequential Monte Carlo framework able to cope with measurement origin uncertainty. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is illustrated over scenarios for group motion estimation in urban environments. Results with challenging scenarios with merging, splitting, and crossing of groups are presented with high estimation accuracy. The performance of the algorithm is also evaluated and shown on real ground moving target indicator (GMTI) radar data and in the presence of data origin uncertainty.

Field of study: Engineering
The NRL Autoaccelerator Concept

A technique for the collective acceleration of an intense electron beam to very high energies is presented. A long pulse electron beam (800 ns) with a linear current rise is used to load a set of N cavities with magnetic field energy. At a time T the beam current is dropped and the stored energy in the cavities is transferred to a small portion of the following beam. Very efficient energy transfer is possible in this system, and the possibility of generating beams with energy in excess of 1 GEV exists. Verification of the acceleration mechanism in one and two cavity systems is presented.

Field of study: Physics
Assessment of the quality of OSIRIS mesospheric temperatures using satellite and ground-based measurements

The Optical Spectrograph and InfraRed Imaging System (OSIRIS) on the Odin satellite is currently in its 12th year of observing the Earth's limb. For the first time, continuous temperature profiles extending from the stratopause to the upper mesosphere have been derived from OSIRIS measurements of Rayleigh-scattered sunlight. Through most of the mesosphere, OSIRIS temperatures are in good agreement with coincident temperature profiles derived from other satellite and ground-based measurements. In the altitude region of 55–80 km, OSIRIS temperatures are typically within 4–5 K of those from the SABER, ACE-FTS, and SOFIE instruments on the TIMED, SciSat-I, and AIM satellites, respectively. The mean differences between individual OSIRIS profiles and those of the other satellite instruments are typically within the combined uncertainties and previously reported biases. OSIRIS temperatures are typically within 2 K of those from the University of Western Ontario's Purple Crow Lidar in the altitude region of 52–79 km, where the mean differences are within combined uncertainties. Near 84 km, OSIRIS temperatures exhibit a cold bias of 10–15 K, which is due to a cold bias in OSIRIS O2 A-band temperatures at 85 km, the upper boundary of the Rayleigh-scatter derived temperatures; and near 48 km OSIRIS temperatures exhibit a cold bias of 5–15 K, which is likely due to multiple-scatter effects that are not taken into account in the retrieval.

Field of study: Environmental science
Growth and smooth spectral synthesis in the Fourier algebras of Lie groups

Let G be a Lie group and A(G) the Fourier algebra of G. In this paper we decribe sufficient conditions for complex-valued functions to operate on elements u ∈ A(G) satisfying certain degrees of differentiability in terms of the dimension of the group G. Furthermore, generalizing a result of Kirsch and Muller [ (1980), no. 2, 145–155] we prove that closed subsets E of a smooth m-dimensional sub-manifold of a Lie group G having a certain cone property are sets of smooth spectral synthesis. For such sets we give an estimate of the degree of nilpotency of the quotient algebra IA(E)/JA(E), where IA(E) and JA(E) are the largest and the smallest closed ideal in A(G) with hull E.

Field of study: Mathematics
Submergence tolerance threshold of maize under flooded conditions

We studied the maize response to flooding stress,and quantitatively determined the expression and submergence tolerance threshold of the maize under flooded conditions in the low-lying areas along Huai River.Test was conducted in the lime concretion black soil of the Original soil column,6 treatments were treated with burying the corresponding root bag,and flooding in six leaf stage and Huge bellbottom period,respectively.Nutrient content and biomass of two root bags of maize stalk were measured each day during the flood,and overall measurement was performed by uniform sampling after the flood.Significant impact of water-logging on maize growth was found.For the two studied periods,biomass dropped substantially with the extension of submergence time,and absorption of the nutrition elements(N,P,K) was severely inhibited.They were more sensitive in Six leaf stage than in Huge bellbottom period.At Six leaf stage,a parabola relationship(R2 = 0.986) could be fitted between biomass and the flooded time.According to the equation,the time for biomass reduction to half of CK,i.e.submergence tolerance threshold,is three days.The result is consistent with the analysis between biomass and nitrogen content or its cumulant.In conclusion,water-logging would influence the growth of maize seriously,with lower biomass and restraint of nutrients absorption.Varied degrees of influence was observed for different periods of submergence.The submergence tolerance threshold for Six leaf stage is approximately three days.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Eneas Silvius Piccolomini .Germania. Ministero per i beni e le Attività Culturali 4. Edizione nazionale dei testi della storiografia umanistica 5. Florence: SISMEL, Edizioni del Galluzzo, 2009. xxiv + 328 pp. index. append. bibl. €58. ISBN: 978–88–8450–354–1.


Field of study: History