nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The inhibitive effect and some quantum chemical parameters of cationic surfactants on the corrosion of carbon steel in 1M HCl

The inhibitive effect of two cationic gemini surfactants,with different spacer lengths (12-2-12, 12-5-12), and their conventional form(DOTAB) on carbon steel corrosion in 1MHCl solution was studied. The chemical structures of synthesized surfactantswere characterized by the methodologies 1H-NMR, elemental analysis and XRD. Corrosion inhibition efficiency was investigated by weight loss and Potentiodynamic polarization techniques. The studied surfactants showed good inhibitive characteristics. The obtained data elucidated that the efficiencies vary with concentration, and increases in the following order: 12-2-12 >12-5-12 >DOTAB.Adsorption of the tested surfactants on carbon steel surface in the acid medium obeyed Langmuir isotherm. Adsorption isotherm parameters (Kads, AGads) were determined. The morphology of carbon steel surfaces was examined by scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM). Quantumchemical calculations were further applied to reveal the molecular structure and explain its effect on the inhibition efficiency. The molecule structural parameters such as highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels, energy gap (EHOMO-ELUMO), the dipole moment and charge densities were calculated.

Field of study: Materials science
Education for the Art of Living

G REEK," boasts Stephen Leacock's professor, " has made me what I am today." "This, i f true," mutters the professor of economics, "is a very serious charge." I agree. A great English classicist has put it that " those who most appreciate the true value of Hellenism will never claim for it that, by itself, it can suffice for the needs of modern humanity." The case that I would put is for the humanities in general: language, philosophy, history, art, music, without any intent to make invidious distinctions at the expense of the social or natural sciences, which nowadays are quite capable of taking care of themselves. To begin with, to speak of the art of living is to make an Aristotelean distinction between living and living well, not materialistically, of course. A humanist is not wealthy, but he has certain blessings to count.  Aristotle's distinction implies a theory of the leisure class, and with this I most emphatically do not agree. To live, according to him, is to earn your bread in the sweat of your brow. To live well is to have leisure for uninterrupted intellectual activity. Now I would make a distinction between a job and a profession. To lhave a job is to exchange labor for money. To have a profession is to be paid, as a rather surprising and pleasant bonus, for doing that which you would rather do than anything else in the world, and which you would gladly pay for the privilege of doing-if you could afford it. Professional humanists, deep in teaching, research, and committees, indignantly deny membership in a leisure class. They resent Veblen's saying that knowing an ancient language is conspicuous consumption and conspicuous waste, like growing your fingernails long and painting them, or keeping a Pekingese. And others who are not professionals, but pursue the humanities as a part of the art of living, are not mere dilettantes either. The time they devote to their avocation is hardbought, but it is not grudged. The point I would make here in passing is that we must be careful not to let the distinction between living and living well become a distinction between vocational and liberal education. This last is a pernicious distinction, because it is snobbish, and there is no room for snobbery in a genuinely democratic society. Purely vocational education is an insult to the best in man. It degrades him to the level of the machine he serves. Purely liberal education, in the bad sense of leisure-class dabbling in subjects which to be admissible have to be proved impractical, is something

Field of study: Education
Methodological Contributions about Systolic Pulmonary Artery Pressure

Another point with regard to the PASP measurement of the patients in this study was made of tricuspid regurgitant jet. At the same time, the mean tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity was 1.7 ± 0.5 m/s in the patient population. When this value was analyzed, it gave the impression that sufficient flow was not obtained over the tricuspid valve. For this reason, since guidelines recommend to use contrast echocardiography with agitated saline in subjects where the measurement of tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity is difficult (insignificant/mild tricuspid regurgitant), we think this procedure would have enabled them to make a more appropriate evaluation by augmenting Doppler signals significantly [4] , thus giving an opportunity to measure PASP in SCD patients more accurately. In conclusion, we congratulate the authors for this original trial and hope it could pioneer other studies like this.  We have read the article by Marouf et al.  entitled ‘Transthoracic echocardiography and 6-min walk test in Kuwaiti sickle cell disease patients’ with great interest. The authors had evaluated echocardiographic parameters and 6-min walk test results in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) living in Kuwait. As a result of the study, when compared with healthy volunteers, a marked decrease in 6-min walk test distance was seen in SCD patients. Also, pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) was over 30 mm Hg in only 8% of SCD patients. The study is noteworthy in terms of pointing out cardiac problems in SCD patients. Nevertheless, there are some aspects of the study that need further explanation. First, there should have been a table showing baseline characteristics, where patient and control groups were compared statistically. This table should have provided enough information on age, sex, body mass index and smoking status because it must be taken into consideration that physiologic range of PASP varies with age, sex and body mass index. Moreover, PASP can be considered normal until 40 mm Hg in the elderly and obese  . The effect of smoking on PASP is evident  . That is why it could have been more valuable to see those data in this trial.  2015

Field of study: Medicine
Research and Advances on Systematic Methodology for Elasticity

This paper presents some recent research work and advances on systematic methodology for elasticity, (i) A new orthogonality relationship is firstly proposed, and the related system of dual equations can be derived out directly without the concept of symplectic geometry; (ii) Based on the new orthogonality relationship, a direct solution method by eigenfunction expansion is established for 2-D elasticity, and thus, the explicit close solutions under diagonalizable boundary conditions can be obtained; (iii) The dual systematic methodology is generalized to multi-directions of coordinates, i.e., the dual differential equation and its solution system are established for multi-directions of coordinates; (iv) The bending theory of elastic plate domain is developed by the operator method for partial differential equations, and the solutions of this theory are decomposed into bending homogeneous solutions, particular solutions and attenuation solutions; (v) The dual systematic methodology is also generalized to the problems of thin and thick plates, related dual differential equations, orthogonality relationships and variational principles are successfully established.

Field of study: Engineering
Der Ionisierungsaufwand von radioaktiven Rückstoßatomen

ZusammenfassungEs wird eine Methode angegeben, welche die Gesamtionisation der Rückstoß-atome von zerfallendem ThC′ im Einzelprozeß zu messen gestattet. Der aus der gefundenen Anzahl der Ionen berechnete Ionisierungsaufwand stimmt innerhalb der Fehlergrenzen mit dem fürα-Strahlen überein.

Field of study: Physics
Wavelets analysis of pressure fluctuation in agitated fluidized bed

In an agitated fluidized bed using Geldart D particles as fluidized materials with a static bed height of 400 mm and an inner diameter of 188 mm, the pressure fluctuation signals at different rotation speeds of stirrer blade and gas velocities were analyzed with the wavelet analysis method for investigating the influence of agitation of stirrer blade on the fluidization behavior.The pressure fluctuation signals were decomposed into 9 scales by Dau2 wavelet.Experimental results indicated that the wavelet energy characteristics of Scale 1 detailed signal changed sharply in a certain range of gas velocity.Then the criteria of the minimum bubbling velocity and full bubbling velocity were developed.The Geldart D particles showed particulate fluidization due to the rotation of stirrer blade.The minimum bubbling velocity and full bubbling velocity increased linearly with increasing rotation speeds of stirrer blade, while the fluidized bed transformed from bubbling fluidization to particulate fluidization.Gas velocity was the major cause for the pressure fluctuation in the bubbling fluidization regime and increasing rotation speed of stirrer blade had little effect on the bubble frequency, but made the bubble size smaller obviously.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
SU-E-J-60: In Vivo Management of Suspectibility-Induced Distortions for Intracranial MRI Guided Therapies at 3 Tesla.

To assess, in vivo, subject-dependent susceptibility-induced shifts along the frequency encode direction, and develop a strategy for correcting such distortions for applications in need of high spatial accuracy.



Distortion maps of the brain were created for 5 volunteers using data from a 16-echo multiple gradient echo (MFGRE) sequence, acquired on a 3 Tesla scanner for R2* mapping applications. Both an R2* map and a proton resonance frequency (PRF) map was calculated using a single peak autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model, and aliased frequencies were unwrapped with a compressed sensing type non-convex optimization method, using the assumption that sharp changes in the field are sparse. A map of susceptibility induced shifts is then calculated with knowledge of the frequency gradient, which scales with field of view and receiver bandwidth. The need for distortion correction is then determined either visually or automatically based on a threshold. If distortion correction is necessary, a smoothed version of the distortion map can be corrected to subvoxel resolution using conventional image deformation techniques.



Due to the high frequency encoding gradient of MFGRE sequences (±125 kHz over 25.6 cm FOV in our protocol), susceptibility-induced distortions within the brain were less than 0.7 mm. However, the distortion map and correction method was applied to sequences with lower bandwidth in the same slice locations. Most distortions occurred in high susceptibility areas near the sinuses, with the optic chiasm shifting by approximately one pixel on low bandwidth, high resolution images.



The creation of field and distortion maps for assessment and correction of distortion was performed using data from an MFGRE sequence. The additional R2* information from the same sequence provides an added benefit over dedicated field mapping sequences. With proper design of imaging protocols, distortions in the brain can be adequately contained for therapy planning purposes. Ken-Pin Hwang is an employee of General Electric Healthcare.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Carcass glycogen as a potential source of glucose during short-term starvation.

In small rats deprived of food for 19h (or 43h), 36% (or 39%) of the glycogen that disappeared was lost from the carcass and 64% (or 61%) from liver. Carcass glycogen is potentially a substantial source of glucose during short-term starvation via the Cori cycle.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
A simulation study of ventilation and indoor gaseous pollutant transport under different window/door opening behaviors

The window/door opening behavior of occupants is a very important factor in determining the airflows and ventilation conditions in buildings, on which indoor pollutant concentration and transport are highly dependent. A two-room residence model was simulated in this study to analyze the airflow characteristics and pollutant transport under different window/door opening behaviors. Airflows were unidirectional and the residence could not be treated as a well-mixed zone when there were no temperature differences. If there were temperature differences, two-way airflow occurred at the exterior window of the room when it was open and the interior door was closed, resulting in a much larger ventilation rate than the situation without temperature differences. Strong two-way airflow occurred at the interior door in the case of the exterior window closed and interior door open, as the air in the two connected rooms was well mixed after the interior door was opened for tens of minutes. The ventilation rate of the room with double-sided ventilation was much higher than that of the room with single-sided ventilation, even though the total opening areas were the same. Opening the exterior window and closing the interior door could effectively remove pollutants from a polluted room and prevent their transport to a clean room. Field experiments were performed and the main conclusions of the simulation were verified.

Field of study: Engineering
Self-assembly and macromolecular design

The viability of self-assembly as a new concept for the synthesis of novel materials is being vindicated by the creation of increasingly complicated molecular and supramolecular architectures. The extrapolation from alternating donor/acceptor stacks of aromatic rings in the solid state to polycatenanes, polyrotaxanes and double helices in the solution state requires the precise control of molecular recognition processes. This precision is demonstrated by the template-directed synthesis of a wide range of catenanes and rotaxanes. It emerges that, provided the building blocks contain enough molecular information to induce formation of continuously ordered stacks in the crystalline state, then it is possible to exploit this "intelligence" in the self-assembly of exotic macromolecules and polymeric supermolecules in solution.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Emergence of Probability

The Greeks discussed randomness in a qualitative way: Democritus (460BC), Epicurus (341BC) … Yet, mathematical theory of probability came very late:-Gerolamo Cardano (b. 1501, Pavia); Ars Magna 1545-published solutions of cubic and quartic equations (derived by Tartaglia & Ferrari)-1526 Liber de ludo alaea-a gambler's handbook In physics, probability entered very late:-Gauss' theory of errors (~ 1800)-statistical mechanics (Boltzmann, 1871)-this probabilistic theory was not accepted until the 20th C-Einstein (1905) linked macroscopic Brownian motion with atomic properties-quantum mechanics brought genuine randomness into physics in the 1920's Statistics and probability were driven by biological questions:-Francis Galton pioneered biometrics-Karl Pearson developed the mathematics of the normal distribution in order to understand inheritance of continuous traits-Fisher (1918)-showed how continuous variation could be partitioned into components: ANOVA-developed modern statistical inference The course focusses on stochastic models rather than statistical inference-but these are closely connected

Field of study: Mathematics
Differential Fault Analysis on A.E.S

DFA is no new attack. It was first used by Biham and Shamir who took unfair advantage of DES Feistel structure to carry it out. This structure is not present in AES. Nevertheless, is DFA able to attack AES another way? This article aims at setting out a means of applying DFA to AES that exploits AES internal structure. We can break an AES128 key with ten faulty messages within a few minutes.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Rethinking Terrorist Safe Havens: Beyond a State-Centric Approach

Over the last decade, the term safe haven has stirred controversy both in the political arena as well as in the academic literature. Several authors have emphasised the imprecise and commonly ill-conceived use of this terminology. This article intends to provide a fresh analytical framework to better understand the notion of terrorist safe haven. Rejecting the orthodox state-centric approach that envisions terrorist safe havens solely in their static and territorial dimensions, we focus rather on the social dynamics that characterise these spaces. We contend that although they might appear socially fragmented, these geographical areas are ruled by alternative modes of governance that impose a form of social order regulating interactions among actors. We use the concept of ‘social space’ to capture the framework in which social interactions between local actors are taking place. While we recognise that the social order that governs a given social space imposes constraints for actors, we contend that it can be subjected to internal contestation, opening a series of opportunities for transnational terrorist networks. We then try to highlight how terrorist groups might take advantage of these internal dynamics and create new ones to ensnare some local actors into forming alliances with them. This article addresses several case studies to further illustrate the theoretical discussion. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the importance of interpersonal relationships between local and transnational actors. While this article proposes a preliminary analysis of the question, it opens up new research avenues in conceptualising why and how some regions have come to attract transnational terrorist groups.

Field of study: History, Sociology
A versatile nanoplatform for synergistic combination therapy to treat human esophageal cancer

One of the major goals of precision oncology is to promote combination therapy to improve efficacy and reduce side effects of anti-cancer drugs based on their molecular mechanisms. In this study, we aimed to develop and validate new nanoformulations of docetaxel (DTX) and bortezomib (BTZ) for targeted combination therapy to treat human esophageal cancer. By leveraging our versatile disulfide cross-linked micelles (DCMs) platform, we developed nanoformulations of DTX and BTZ (named DTX-DCMs and BTZ-DCMs). Their physical properties were characterized; their anti-cancer efficacies and mechanisms of action were investigated in a human esophageal cancer cell line in vitro. Furthermore, the in vitro anti-tumor activities of combination therapies (concurrent drug treatment, sequential drug treatment, and treatment using different ratios of the drugs) were examined in comparison with the single drug treatment and free drug strategies. These drug-loaded nanoparticles were spherical in shape and relatively small in size of approximately 20–22 nm. The entrapment efficiencies of DTX and BTZ into nanoparticles were 82.4% and 84.1%, respectively. The drug release rates of DTX-DCMs and BTZ-DCMs were sustained, and greatly increased in the presence of GSH. These nanodrugs were effectively internalized by KYSE30 esophageal cancer cells, and dose-dependently induced cell apoptosis. We further revealed a strong synergistic effect between DTX-DCMs and BTZ-DCMs against KYSE30 esophageal cancer cells. Sequential combination therapy with DTX-DCMs followed by BTZ-DCMs exhibited the best anti-tumor efficacy in vitro. This study demonstrates that DTX and BTZ could be successfully nanoformulated into disulfide cross-linked micelles. The nanoformulations of DTX and BTZ demonstrate an immense potential for synergistic combination therapy to treat human esophageal cancer.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Ribose Treatment Reduced the Infarct Size and Improved Heart Function after Myocardial Infarction in Rats

In this study the effect of ribose on heart function and infarct-size was analyzed 6 h after myocardial infarction (MI) in rats.  Continuous i.v.-infusion of NaCl or ribose (200 mg/kg/h) was started one day prior to induction of MI in female Sprague-Dawley rats which was done by ligation of the left coronary artery. Six hours after MI heart function was measured with 3F tip catheter, cardiac output by thermodilution method. Thereafter the ischemic area was delineated by Evans Blue infusion, and the infarct area was visualized by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. The mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, and -9 was measured by ribonuclease protection assay.  Heart function was severely depressed 6 hours after coronary artery occlusion, but recovered significantly under the influence of ribose. Left ventricular (LV) systolic pressure (LVSP) and contractility (LVdP/dtmax) were restored to the normal levels of sham-operated animals, while parameters of LV relaxation (LVdP/dtmin and time constant of relaxation τ) were impaired compared to sham-operated animals, but significantly improved by ribose treatment compared to sham-treated MI-rats. Moreover, the infarct size was significantly smaller in the ribose treated animals despite a comparable ischemic area at risk in all MI-rats. The cytokine mRNA expression after MI was significantly reduced after ribose treatment, while there were no differences regarding MMP expression.  MI size was significantly reduced and LV function significantly improved by ribose treatment at 6 h after MI. This seemed to be based on slowing the velocity of the necrotic wave front across the LV wall after MI resulting in smaller infarcts.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
The role of effective leaf mixing length in the relationship between the δ18 O of stem cellulose and source water across a salinity gradient.

Previous mangrove tree ring studies attempted, unsuccessfully, to relate the δ(18) O of trunk cellulose (δ(18) O(CELL) ) to the δ(18) O of source water (δ(18) O(SW) ). Here, we tested whether biochemical fractionation associated with one of the oxygen in the cellulose glucose moiety or variation in leaf water oxygen isotope fractionation (Δ(LW) ) can interfere with the δ(18) O(SW) signal as it is recorded in the δ(18) O(CELL) of mangrove (saltwater) and hammock (freshwater) plants. We selected two transects experiencing a salinity gradient, located in the Florida Keys, USA. The δ(18) O(CELL) throughout both transects did not show the pattern expected based on that of the δ(18) O(SW) . We found that in one of the transects, biochemical fractionation interfered with the δ(18) O(SW) signal, while in the other transect Δ(LW) differed between mangrove and hammock plants. Observed differences in Δ(LW) between mangroves and hammocks were caused by a longer effective leaf mixing length (L) of the water pathway in mangrove leaves compared to those of hammock leaves. Changes in L could have caused the δ(18) O(CELL) to record not only variations in the δ(18) O(SW) but also in Δ(LW) making it impossible to isolate the δ(18) O(SW) signal.

Field of study: Environmental science
Bayesian analysis of capture reactions $$\varvec{^3}\hbox {He}\varvec{(\alpha ,\gamma )^7}\hbox {Be}$$3He(α,γ)7Be and $$\varvec{^3}\hbox {H}\varvec{(\alpha ,\gamma )^7}\hbox {Li}$$3H(α,γ)7Li

Bayesian analysis of the radiative capture reactions 
$$^3\mathrm {He}(\alpha ,\gamma )^7\mathrm {Be}$$

 and 
$$^3\mathrm {H}(\alpha ,\gamma )^7\mathrm {Li}$$

 are performed to draw inferences about the cross sections at threshold. We do a model comparison of two competing effective field theory power countings for the capture reactions. The two power countings differ in the contribution of two-body electromagnetic currents. In one power counting, two-body currents contribute at leading order, and in the other they contribute at higher orders. The former is favored for 
$$^3\mathrm {He}(\alpha ,\gamma )^7\mathrm {Be}$$

 if elastic scattering data in the incoming channel is considered in the analysis. Without constraints from elastic scattering data, both the power countings are equally favored. For 
$$^3\mathrm {H}(\alpha ,\gamma )^7\mathrm {Li}$$

, the first power counting with two-body current contributions at leading order is favored with or without constraints from elastic scattering data.

Field of study: Physics