nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
NASA’s Hurricane and Severe Storm Sentinel (HS3) Investigation

AbstractThe National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) Hurricane and Severe Storm Sentinel (HS3) investigation was a multiyear field campaign designed to improve understanding of the physical processes that control hurricane formation and intensity change, specifically the relative roles of environmental and inner-core processes. Funded as part of NASA’s Earth Venture program, HS3 conducted 5-week campaigns during the hurricane seasons of 2012–14 using the NASA Global Hawk aircraft, along with a second Global Hawk in 2013 and a WB-57f aircraft in 2014. Flying from a base at Wallops Island, Virginia, the Global Hawk could be on station over storms for up to 18 h off the East Coast of the United States and up to about 6 h off the western coast of Africa. Over the 3 years, HS3 flew 21 missions over nine named storms, along with flights over two nondeveloping systems and several Saharan air layer (SAL) outbreaks. This article summarizes the HS3 experiment, the missions flown, and some preliminary ...

Field of study: Environmental science
Late-life Anxiety Disorders: A Review

Anxiety disorders are a major clinical problem in late life; estimated prevalence rates vary from 6% to 10%, and the disease impact is considerable and equal to that of depression. However, anxiety disorders often remain undetected and untreated in older adults. This discrepancy may be accounted for by a combination of patient variables (eg, a lack of help-seeking behavior and long duration of illness) and variables related to current clinical practice (eg, a lack of knowledge regarding late-life anxiety and ageism). Because anxiety disorders usually have an age at onset earlier in life, patients and mental health professionals may be inclined to attribute the anxiety and avoidance symptoms to personality factors instead of a treatable syndrome. Comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders, such as depressive disorder, may complicate the appropriate diagnosis. Identification may be further obscured because the phenomenology of anxiety disorders in older adults tends to differ from the phenomenology in younger adults. Randomized controlled trials have yielded support for the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and serotonergic antidepressants. However, both treatments seem hampered by relatively high dropout rates, and the available data are based primarily on a relatively healthy, well-educated, and “young” older population. The dissemination of knowledge regarding late-life anxiety disorders is vital, as evidence-based treatments are available but are still rarely implemented.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Multimodality and footing in peer correction in reading picture books

This paper is a talk-in-interaction investigation of the multimodal design of peer correction in reading picture books. The focus is on what Erickson (1982a) calls the “double functionality” of moves involved in engaging in a learning task, where one aspect is subject matter content (e.g., correction of a misread word) and the second is a social relational aspect. In examining these features of children’s peer reading, Goffman’s (1981) notion of footing is applied so as to explore the diverse modalities through which children establish their own social order. This paper argues that by locating the achievement of reading a new word within the situated activity of reading with a peer, we are able to see children’s competence and agency in enacting an environment for language and literacy learning. The evidence presented to support this argument draws into question dominant characterizations of peer talk in classroom settings as being unproductive or impoverished.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
The Municipal Parks and Recreation Master Plan: process, product, and philosophy

The Municipal Parks and Recreation Master Plan, and how it has been drawn up, reflects much about a community. The paper discusses how the rate of population growth in two towns in Ontario, Canada, resulted in very different planning processes for their master plans. The two case studies are based on recreation planning theory dealing with the relationship between rate of growth, and social and physical planning. The planning of one key element in each master plan — the derivation of community-specific facility standards, and the identification and ranking of recreation needs — are described in detail. The paper concludes with a critical assessment of the two planning processes, and a philosophical view of the future of parks and recreation master plans.

Field of study: Sociology
Scaling up microbial fuel cells.

The goal of this study was to quantify the relation between the surface area of the current-limiting electrode of a microbial fuel cell (MFC) and the power density generated by the MFC. Shewanella oneidensis (MR-1) was grown anaerobically in the anodic compartment of an MFC utilizing lactate as the electron donor. Graphite plate electrodes of various sizes were used as anodes. Commercially available air electrodes, composed of manganese-based catalyzed carbon bonded to a current-collecting screen made of platinum mesh, were used as cathodes, and dissolved oxygen was used as the cathodic reactant. The surface area of the cathode was always significantly larger than that of the anode, to ensure that the anode was the current-limiting electrode. The power density generated by the MFC decreased as the surface area of the anode increased, which fits well with the trend we detected comparing various published results. Thus, our findings bring into question the assertion that the overall power density generated by an MFC with large electrodes can be estimated by extrapolating from an electrode with a small surface area. Our results indicate that the maximum power density generated by an MFC is not directly proportional to the surface area of the anode, but is instead proportional to the logarithm of the surface area of the anode.

Field of study: Environmental science
Deficits for representational memory induced by septal and cortical lesions (singly and combined) in rats.

A differentiation was made between dispositional memory and representational memory. A delayed-nonmatching-to-sample task in a T-maze operationalized this distinction. Experimental brain lesions in posterior septum and in prelimbic cortex resulted in amnesia for representational memories. The amnesia ameliorated as a function of continued reinforced postoperative testing. When lesions were placed in both structures in the same animals, amnesia for representational memories also occurred, and with further testing, the amnesia ameliorated as indicated by group data. However, examination of the behavioral performance and the lesions in individual animals revealed that when both lesions were adequate, choices remained at chance levels, results suggesting permanent amnesia for representational memories. That the lesion-induced amnesia was restricted to representational memory was indicated by the fact that the rats displayed no amnesia for dispositional memories regarding what to do in the maze. They did not act like naive animals, as they should if they had forgotten the dispositional memories necessary for successful T-maze performance.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Information Technology Outsourcing and Virtual Team

Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of IT outsourcing which entails collaboration among geographically distributed teams. Therefore, a good understanding of the performance of virtual teams can largely contribute to the IT outsourcing practice. Taking into account three potential factors (task, technology, and time) that help to manifest the performance of virtual teams, the authors designed a three-week experiment involving eight virtual teams and eight face-to-face (FTF) teams at two major universities to uncover the aspects in which virtual teams under-perform. Results indicate that mission clarity, group cohesion, and personal satisfaction were significantly different between virtual teams and FTF teams. Implications of the findings for IT outsourcing are discussed.

Field of study: Computer science
Uniform Design for Experiments with Mixtures

The goal of uniform mixture design is to scatter the design points in the experimental region uniformly. The commonly used criteria, such as mean square distance, are based on the Euclidean distance. Based on the Lee distance, a new criterion is proposed in this article. And an algorithm, called NTLBG, is also proposed to refine the randomly generated design for the experimental design with mixtures. Some examples show that the design generated by the NTLBG algorithm has a lower criteria value.

Field of study: Mathematics
Hadron properties in a nuclear medium and effective nuclear force from quarks: the quark-meson coupling model.

We give a short review of the quark-meson coupling (QMC) model, the quark-based model of finite nuclei and hadron interactions in a nuclear medium, highlighting on the relationship with the Skyrme effective nuclear forces. The model is based on a mean field description of nonoverlapping nucleon MIT bags bound by the self-consistent exchange of Lorentz-scalar-isoscalar, Lorentz-vector-isoscalar, and Lorentz-vector-isovector meson fields directly coupled to the light quarks up and down. In conventional nuclear physics the Skyrme effective forces are very popular, but, there is no satisfactory interpretation of the parameters appearing in the Skyrme forces. Comparing a many-body Hamiltonian generated by the QMC model in the zero-range limit with that of the Skyrme force, it is possible to obtain a remarkable agreement between the Skyrme force and the QMC effective interaction. Furthermore, it is shown that 3-body and higher order N-body forces are naturally included in the QMC-generated effective interaction.

Field of study: Physics
Electronic properties of CVD diamond

The electronic properties of chemical vapour deposited (CVD) diamond are reviewed based on data measured by transient and spectrally resolved photoconductivity experiments, photo-thermal deflection spectroscopy (PDS) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) where substitutional nitrogen (P1-centre) and carbon defects (H1-centre) are detected. The results show that nominally undoped high quality polycrystalline CVD diamond is a n-type semiconductor due to the presence of substitutional nitrogen. The sub-band-gap optical absorption is governed by amorphous graphite present at grain boundaries. Spectrally resolved photoconductivity experiments measured in the same regime are partially dominated by diamond bulk properties which are comparable to single crystalline Ib and IIa diamond and partially by grain boundaries. Mobilities and drift length of carriers are discussed and compared to properties of single crystalline diamond.

Field of study: Materials science
Barbaloin inhibits ventricular arrhythmias in rabbits by modulating voltage-gated ion channels

Barbaloin (10-β-D-glucopyranosyl-1,8-dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-9(10H)-anthracenone) is extracted from the aloe plant and has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antibacterial, and other biological activities. Here, we investigated the effects of barbaloin on cardiac electrophysiology, which has not been reported thus far. Cardiac action potentials (APs) and ionic currents were recorded in isolated rabbit ventricular myocytes using whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Additionally, the antiarrhythmic effect of barbaloin was examined in Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts. In current-clamp recording, application of barbaloin (100 and 200 μmol/L) dose-dependently reduced the action potential duration (APD) and the maximum depolarization velocity (Vmax), and attenuated APD reverse-rate dependence (RRD) in ventricular myocytes. Furthermore, barbaloin (100 and 200 μmol/L) effectively eliminated ATX II-induced early afterdepolarizations (EADs) and Ca2+-induced delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs) in ventricular myocytes. In voltage-clamp recording, barbaloin (10–200 μmol/L) dose-dependently inhibited L-type calcium current (ICa.L) and peak sodium current (INa.P) with IC50 values of 137.06 and 559.80 μmol/L, respectively. Application of barbaloin (100, 200 μmol/L) decreased ATX II-enhanced late sodium current (INa.L) by 36.6%±3.3% and 71.8%±6.5%, respectively. However, barbaloin up to 800 μmol/L did not affect the inward rectifier potassium current (IK1) or the rapidly activated delayed rectifier potassium current (IKr) in ventricular myocytes. In Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts, barbaloin (200 μmol/L) significantly inhibited aconitine-induced ventricular arrhythmias. These results demonstrate that barbaloin has potential as an antiarrhythmic drug.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Yvette Bruijnen.Jan Rombouts: The Discovery of an Early Sixteenth-Century Master in Louvain. Trans., Michael Hoyle. Ars Nova: Studies in Late Medieval and Renaissance Northern Painting and Illumination. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2011. 312 pp. €120. ISBN: 978–2–503–52569–3.


Field of study: History
Validating Steady-State and Transient Modeling Tools for High-Power-Density Thermoelectric Generators

Steady-state and transient models have been created in a MATLAB/Simulink environment for high-power-density thermoelectric generators (TEG). These numerical models, comprising simultaneously solved, nonlinear, energy balance equations, simulate novel TEG architectures, such as a cylindrical TEG with gas/liquid heat exchangers. Model validation studies, including component-level testing of thermoelectric (TE) subassemblies, interface thermal resistance tests, and full-scale TEG tests, were performed under different operating conditions and designs. Targeted finite-element analysis studies were also conducted. A full-scale cylindrical-shaped TE generator was built using high-power-density, segmented TE elements and tested on a test-bench with hot air and cold water with maximum power output of 608 W. Measured performance data from these tests were used in model validation. Process outlet temperatures, pressure drops, hot and cold shunt temperatures along the length of the TEG, TEG voltage, and TEG current are some of the performance variables included in the model validation. The validated model is now being used with more confidence to optimize new TEG designs for different applications.

Field of study: Materials science
Myth of the Presidential Mandate

... not simply a mandate for a change but a mandate for peace and freedom; a mandate for prosperity; a mandate for opportunity for all Americans regardless of race, sex, or creed; a mandate for leadership that is both strong and compassionate . .. a mandate to make government the servant of the people in the way our founding fathers intended; a mandate for hope; a mandate for hope for the fulfillment of the great dream that President-elect Reagan has worked for all his

Field of study: Political science
Cloning and characterization of novel tumor-targeting immunocytokines based on murine IL7.

We generated and characterized novel antibody-cytokine fusion proteins ("immunocytokines") based on murine interleukin-7 (IL7), an immunomodulatory protein which has previously shown anti-cancer activity in preclinical models and whose human counterpart is currently being investigated in clinical trials. The sequential fusion of the clinical-stage antibody fragment scFv(F8), specific to a tumor-associated splice isoform of fibronectin, yielded an immunocytokine (termed "F8-mIL7") of insufficient pharmaceutical quality and in vivo tumor targeting performance, with a striking dose dependence on tumor targeting selectivity. By contrast, a novel immunocytokine design (termed "F8-mIL7-F8"), in which two scFv moieties were fused at the N- and C-terminus of murine IL7, yielded a protein of excellent pharmaceutical quality and with improved tumor-targeting performance [tumor: blood ratio=16:1, 24h after injection]. Both F8-mIL7 and F8-mIL7-F8 could induce tumor growth retardation in immunocompetent mice, but were not able to eradicate F9 tumors. The combination of F8-mIL7-F8 with paclitaxel led to improved therapeutic results, which were significantly better compared to those obtained with saline treatment. The study indicates how the engineering of novel immunocytokine formats may help generate fusion proteins of acceptable pharmaceutical quality, for those immunomodulatory proteins which do not lend themselves to a direct fusion with antibody fragments.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Challenges in the Australasian neurosurgery training program: who should be trained and where should they train?

Neurosurgical training poses particular challenges in Australia and New Zealand, given the large landmass, small population, and widely separated, often small, neurosurgical units. Such factors have necessitated a move away from autonomous, single-institution-based training to the selection of trainees by a centralized binational process. The success of this system is based on rigorous standardized evaluation of candidates' academic achievements, anatomical knowledge, references, and interview performance. Similarly, the accreditation of hospitals to train successful candidates has been standardized. The authors review the evolution of trainee selection and the accreditation of training posts in Australia and New Zealand.



The records of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia Surgical Education and Training Board were reviewed for documents pertaining to the selection of neurosurgical trainees and the accreditation of training posts. Application records and referee scores from 2014 to the present were reviewed to encompass process changes, in particular the change from written referee reports to standardized interviews of referees. Surgical logbook case numbers for 23 trainees completing training in 2016, 2017, and 2018 were collated and presented in an aggregated, de-identified form as a measure of adherence to accreditation standards. Written evaluations of the training experience were also sought from two trainees reflecting on the selection process, the quality of training posts, and training limitations.



While a time-consuming process, the method of obtaining referee reports by interview has resulted in a wider spread of scores, more able to separate high- and low-scoring applicants than other components of the selection process. Review of the training post accreditation records for the last 2 years showed that adherence to standards has resulted in loss of accreditation for one unit and shortened periods of review for units with more minor deficiencies. Two applications for accreditation have been denied. Examination of caseload data showed that trainees more than fulfill minimum requirements in accredited training posts, confirming the robust nature of this aspect of unit accreditation.



A key factor determining the success of neurosurgical training in Australia and New Zealand has been a willingness to evolve selection and other processes to overcome challenges as they become apparent. According to available analyses, the revised referee process and strict accreditation standards appear effective. The benefits and challenges of the current training system are discussed in the context of a paucity of international literature.

Field of study: Medicine
SAN JACINTO FAULT IN NORTHWESTERN SONORA, MEXICO

Pleistocene and Recent delta sediments immediately east of the mouth of the Colorado River have been cut by a zone of faults which is believed to be a continuation of the San Jacinto fault of California. Sediments on the northeast side of the zone have been elevated and a small amount of right-lateral displacement has occurred. Most of the zone trends northwest but to the southeast faults strike east–west and have an effect on outline of the coast.

Field of study: Geology
Cyclodextrin, a novel therapeutic tool for suppressing amyloidogenic transthyretin misfolding in transthyretin-related amyloidosis.

TTR (transthyretin), a β-sheet-rich protein, is the precursor protein of familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy and senile systemic amyloidosis. Although it has been widely accepted that protein misfolding of the monomeric form of TTR is a rate-limiting step for amyloid formation, no effective therapy targeting this misfolding step is available. In the present study, we focused on CyDs (cyclodextrins), cyclic oligosaccharides composed of glucose units, and reported the inhibitory effect of CyDs on TTR amyloid formation. Of various branched β-CyDs, GUG-β-CyD [6-O-α-(4-O-α-D-glucuronyl)-D-glucosyl-β-CyD] showed potent inhibition of TTR amyloid formation. Far-UV CD spectra analysis showed that GUG-β-CyD reduced the conformational change of TTR in the process of amyloid formation. In addition, tryptophan fluorescence and 1H-NMR spectroscopy analyses indicated that GUG-β-CyD stabilized the TTR conformation via interaction with the hydrophobic amino acids of TTR, especially tryptophan. Moreover, GUG-β-CyD exerted its inhibitory effect by reducing TTR deposition in transgenic rats possessing a human variant TTR gene in vivo. Collectively, these results indicate that GUG-β-CyD may inhibit TTR misfolding by stabilizing its conformation, which, in turn, suppresses TTR amyloid formation.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
A large-volume gas cell for high-energy X-ray reflectivity investigations of interfaces under pressure.

A cell for the investigation of interfaces under pressure is presented. Given the pressure and temperature specifications of the cell, P ≤ 100 bar and 253 K ≤ T ≤ 323 K, respectively, high-energy X-rays are required to penetrate the thick Al(2)O(3) windows. The CH(4)(gas)/H(2)O(liquid) interface has been chosen to test the performance of the new device. The measured dynamic range of the high-energy X-ray reflectivity data exceeds 10(-8), thereby demonstrating the validity of the entire experimental set-up.

Field of study: Physics
Alpha Decay of Superheavy Nuclei

Recently synthesis of superheavy nuclei has been achieved in hot fusion reactions. A systematic theoretical calculation of alpha decay half-lives in this region of the periodic system, may be useful in the identification of new nuclei in these type of reactions. Alpha decay half-lives are obtained in the framework of the barrier penetration theory, built with the use of proximity and Coulomb forces. It is estimated from a classical viewpoint, a possible angular momentum maximum value for odd and odd-odd nuclei alpha particles. The masses of the nuclei are obtained from a macro-microscopic model, with the use of the two center shell model. Decay half-lives are compared with experimental results.

Field of study: Physics
Shift of Fe 3d Band due to Chlorine for Fe(III)(salen)

The valence band (VB) spectrum of an iron(III) complex, [Fe(salen)Cl], in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been calculated with the DV-Xα molecular-orbital method. The influence of chlorine (Cl) in the VB spectrum is examined. It is found that the shallowest binding energy peak in VB spectrum originates from Cl 3p and Fe 3d, and Fe 3d band is deepened due to chlorine for the Fe(III) Schiff base complex in the XPS VB spectra.

Field of study: Chemistry