nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Some Remarks Concerning André Thevet1

Andre Thevet, priest and friar, almoner to Catherine de Medici, cosmographer to four kings of France, is remembered by students of Brazilian history as one of the chroniclers of the unsuccessful attempt on the part of Nicolas Durand de Villegagnon (1510–1571) to found a French settlement in Rio bay. One might say that Thevet’s career was in a very real sense the product of the Christian humanism of the sixteenth century, and his life practically spanned those momentous one hundred years. Apparently of humble stock, he was born in the ancient town of Angouleme in 1502, almost at the time when Brazil was discovered. Of his early life and education virtually nothing is known, and a search for records made a number of years ago in his native city failed to disclose anything that might throw light on his first years.

Field of study: History
Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumor of Infancy of the Upper Arm

To present a case of a 6-month-old infant with melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy (MNTI) in the upper arm.  A 6-month-old female presented with a well-circumscribed lesion of the upper arm at the Children's Hospital Zagreb. A biopsy was performed and microscopy revealed 2 cell populations consisting of small neuroblastic cells and larger melanin-containing epithelial cells. An excisional biopsy performed 1 month later confirmed the initial diagnosis of MNTI, but the tumor had increased in size since the initial biopsy. After complete surgical excision the patient recovered well with no recurrence.  The MNTI located in the upper arm was diagnosed on first biopsy and surgically excised completely. The patient recovered without recurrence in a follow-up of 2.5 years.

Field of study: Medicine
Tomato GLR3.3 and GLR3.5 mediate cold acclimation-induced chilling tolerance by regulating apoplastic H2 O2 production and redox homeostasis.

Plant GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE (GLR) genes play important roles in plant development and immune response. However, the functions of GLRs in abiotic stress response remain unclear. Here we show that cold acclimation at 12°C induced the transcripts of GLR3.3 and GLR3.5 with increased tolerance against a subsequent chilling at 4 °C. Silencing of GLR3.3 or/and GLR3.5 or application of the antagonist of ionotropic glutamate receptor 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX), all compromised the acclimation-induced increases in the transcripts of RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG1 (RBOH1), activity of NADPH oxidase, the accumulation of apoplastic H2 O2 and the ratio of reduced glutathione (GSH) to oxidized glutathione (GSSG), resulting in an attenuated chilling tolerance, the effect, however, was rescued by foliar application of H2 O2 or GSH. Both RBOH1-silenced and glutathione biosynthesis genes, γ-GLUTAMYLCYSTEINE SYNTHETASE (GSH1)- and GLUTATHIONE SYNTHETASE (GSH2)-cosilenced plants had decreased chilling tolerance with reduced GSH/GSSG ratio. Moreover, application of DNQX had little effects on the GSH/GSSG ratio and the tolerance in RBOH1-silenced plants and GSH1- and GSH2-cosilenced plants. These findings unmasked the functional hierarchy of GLR-H2 O2 -Glutathione cascade and shed new light on cold response pathway in tomato plants.

Field of study: Environmental science
TWO DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF DRYING SHRINKAGE MICRO-CRACKING IN CONCRETE WITH MODIFIED SMEARED CRACKING MODEL

The traditional fracture energy cracking criterion in a smeared cracking model,with the limitation of poor convergence and misjudgement of micro-cracks,is not applicable in the meso-level simulation of drying shrinkage micro-cracking in concrete.A modified smeared cracking model with an equivalent fracture energy cracking criterion is proposed and employed in the simulation of drying shrinkage micro-cracking in concrete specimens using an explicit method available in the commercial software ABAQUS.The micro-crack patterns from simulations of single-aggregate and random-aggregate-structure specimens agree well with the experimental results,showing the applicability of the modified smeared cracking model in modeling the meso-level drying shrinkage micro-cracking in concrete.

Field of study: Engineering
The origin of oil in the Cretaceous succession from the South Pars Oil Layer of the Persian Gulf

The origin of the oil in Barremian–Hauterivian and Albian age source rock samples from two oil wells (SPO-2 and SPO-3) in the South Pars oil field has been investigated by analyzing the quantity of total organic carbon (TOC) and thermal maturity of organic matter (OM). The source rocks were found in the interval 1,000–1,044 m for the Kazhdumi Formation (Albian) and 1,157–1,230 m for the Gadvan Formation (Barremian–Hauterivian). Elemental analysis was carried out on 36 samples from the source rock candidates (Gadvan and Kazhdumi formations) of the Cretaceous succession of the South Pars Oil Layer (SPOL). This analysis indicated that the OM of the Barremian–Hauterivian and Albian samples in the SPOL was composed of kerogen Types II and II–III, respectively. The average TOC of analyzed samples is less than 1 wt%, suggesting that the Cretaceous source rocks are poor hydrocarbon (HC) producers. Thermal maturity and Ro values revealed that more than 90 % of oil samples are immature. The source of the analyzed samples taken from Gadvan and Kazhdumi formations most likely contained a content high in mixed plant and marine algal OM deposited under oxic to suboxic bottom water conditions. The Pristane/nC17 versus Phytane/nC18 diagram showed Type II–III kerogen of mixture environments for source rock samples from the SPOL. Burial history modeling indicates that at the end of the Cretaceous time, pre-Permian sediments remained immature in the Qatar Arch. Therefore, lateral migration of HC from the nearby Cretaceous source rock kitchens toward the north and south of the Qatar Arch is the most probable origin for the significant oils in the SPOL.

Field of study: Environmental science
New generation EU directives, sustainability, and the role of transnational coordination in Baltic Sea maritime spatial planning

The EU MSP Directive is an example of a so-called new generation directive, which gives Member States room for adaptation to national contexts. The main objective in this article is to identify and analyse potential obstacles to effective and efficient planning caused by the diversity among national MSP frameworks that the Directive's broad regulatory boundaries have led to. It is shown that planning approaches can differ substantially between neighbouring countries, which can make it challenging to coordinate across national borders. Divergence between national MSP frameworks can also emerge from how political, jurisdictional and, administrative systems and traditions are organised in different Member States. It is shown that neighbouring countries can diverge substantially in how the ecological, economic and social dimensions of sustainability are balanced, which can make transnational coordination challenging. Furthermore, it is shown that stakeholder consultations differ among Member States in terms of, for example, who were invited, how the consultations were undertaken, and the role they play in relation to political decision-making. Because of these, and other differences in how MSP frameworks are being developed in the Member States, it is suggested that regional integration should be promoted with discretion. From this perspective, it seems reasonable to embrace diversity, while simultaneously promoting the adaptive management of coordination problems at lower levels, when, or if, they emerge or can be foreseen. Thus, increased integration of national MSP frameworks should be viewed as an instrument to reduce concrete efficiency losses, rather than as an intrinsic good.

Field of study: Environmental science
Quantifying Published Scholarly Works of Experiential Education Directors

To determine the amount and potential impact of scholarly works that directors of experiential education in US colleges and schools of pharmacy have published since 2001.  A search in Web of Science was used to identify publications and citations for the years 2001-2011 by experiential education directors as identified by the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) Roster of Faculty and Professional Staff in 2011. Publication productivity was analyzed by position title, faculty rank, and type of institution (public vs private, research vs nonresearch-intensive). Types of published works were characterized, related citations were identified, and a reported h-index was collected for each person who published during this period.  Ninety-seven of 226 (43%) experiential education directors published 344 scholarly works which had received 1841 citations, for an average of 1 publication every 3 years and an average citation rate of 5.3 per publication. Directors at publicly funded and research-intensive institutions published slightly more than did their counterparts at private and nonresearch-intensive schools. Publications were concentrated in 6 journals with a weighted mean publication impact factor of 1.5.  Many experiential education directors have published scholarly works even though their titles and ranks vary widely. While the quantity of such works may not be large, the impact is similar to that of other pharmacy practice faculty members. These results could be used to characterize the scholarly performance of experiential education directors in recent years as well as to establish a culture of scholarship in this emerging career track within pharmacy education.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Focusing and reflection by a bent crystal for high-energy synchrotron radiation.

The focusing properties and resolution of a doubly bent crystal in the Bragg case have been analytically studied from a geometrical viewpoint. Simulation using the Takagi-Taupin equations was also performed for singly bent crystal reflections to study the reflectivity. The critical radius of curvature for changing from dynamical to kinematical diffraction is calculated to be of the order of a few tens of metres for an Si 400 reflection of 110 keV X-rays.

Field of study: Physics
Illumination invariant stationary object detection

A real-time system for the detection and tracking of moving objects that becomes stationary in a restricted zone. A new pixel classification method based on the segmentation history image is used to identify stationary objects in the scene. These objects are then tracked using a novel adaptive edge orientation-based tracking method. Experimental results have shown that the tracking technique gives more than a 95% detection success rate, even if objects are partially occluded. The tracking results, together with the historic edge maps, are analysed to remove objects that are no longer stationary or are falsely identified as foreground regions because of sudden changes in the illumination conditions. The technique has been tested on over 7 h of video recorded at different locations and time of day, both outdoors and indoors. The results obtained are compared with other available state-of-the-art methods.

Field of study: Computer science
The relationships of self-efficacy for the Holland themes to gender, occupational group membership, and vocational interests.

The studies presented in this article resulted in the findings that gender differences in self-efficacy for the Holland themes are consistent with previous findings regarding gender differences in Holland interest patterns, although the gender differences are less pronounced in employed adults than in college students. Within occupational group, the self-efficacy profiles of women and men were very similar and closely corresponded to the Holland interest code of the occupation. Confidence for and interest in a theme were moderately correlated, and recommendations for the counseling use of joint combinations of interests and self-efficacy are made.

Field of study: Psychology
The Use of Maximum Likelihood Estimates in {\chi^2} Tests for Goodness of Fit

The usual test that a sample comes from a distribution of given form is performed by counting the number of observations falling into specified cells and applying the χ2 test to these frequencies. In estimating the parameters for this test, one may use the maximum likelihood (or equivalent) estimate based (1) on the cell frequencies, or (2) on the original observations. This paper shows that in (2), unlike the well known result for (1), the test statistic does not have a limiting χ2-distribution, but that it is stochastically larger than would be expected under the χ2 theory. The limiting distribution is obtained and some examples are computed. These indicate that the error is not serious in the case of fitting a Poisson distribution, but may be so for the fitting of a normal.

Field of study: Mathematics
The Missing Premise in the HIV-Condom Debate.

In a recent article in this journal, "Condoms and HIV: The State of the Debate," William Newton argues that there are basically two issues around which parties dispute. The first is whether the use of a condom by a discordant couple amounts to performing a contraceptive act. At issue here is whether a couple's use of a condom to prevent disease transmission renders the act a contraceptive act. The second issue pertains to whether the use of a condom, apart from whatever the intentions of the agents are, is itself a failure to consummate a marital act. It is the second issue that I wish to address in this paper. I aim to argue that the Canon-Law argument, as I will call it, wishes to argue that because condomistic sex fails to consummate a marriage, the sexual act performed is immoral. I argue against this inference on two grounds: the first is that the conclusion succumbs to counterexamples, and second, the inference must rely on a premise that I show is false.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
WE‐D‐207‐00: CT Lung Cancer Screening and the Medical Physicist: Moving Forward

In the United States, Lung
Cancer is responsible for more cancer deaths than the next four cancers combined. In addition, the 5 year survival rate for lung
cancer patients has not improved over the past 40 to 50 years. To combat this deadly disease, in 2002 the National Cancer Institute launched a very large Randomized Control Trial called the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST). This trial would randomize subjects who had substantial risk of lung
cancer (due to age and smoking history) into either a Chest X-ray arm or a low dose CT arm. In November 2010, the National Cancer Institute announced that the NLST had demonstrated 20% fewer lung
cancer deaths among those who were screened with low-dose CT than with chest X-ray. In December 2013, the US Preventive Services Task Force recommended the use of Lung
Cancer Screening using low dose CT and a little over a year later , CMS announced that Medicare would also cover Lung
Cancer Screening using low dose CT. Thus private and public insurers are required to provide Lung
Cancer Screening programs using CT to the appropriate population(s). The purpose of this Symposium is to inform medical physicists and prepare them to support the implementation of Lung Screening programs. This Symposium will focus on the clinical aspects of lung
cancer screening, requirements of a screening registry for systematically capturing and tracking screening patients and results (such as required Medicare data elements) as well as the role of the medical physicist in screening programs, including the development of low dose CT screening protocols.

1. 
To understand the clinical basis and clinical components of a lung
cancer screening program, including eligibility criteria and other requirements.
2. 
To understand the data collection requirements, workflow, and informatics infrastructure needed to support the tracking and reporting components of a screening program.
3. 
To understand the role of the medical physicist in implementing Lung
Cancer Screening protocols for CT, including utilizing resources such as the AAPM Protocols and the ACR Designated Lung Screening Center program.
UCLA Department of Radiology has an Institutional research agreement with Siemens Healthcare; Dr. McNitt-Gray has been a recipient of Research Support from Siemens Healthcare in the past. Dr. Aberle has been a Member of Advisory Boards for the LUNGevity Foundation (2011-present) and Siemens Medical Solutions. (2013).

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
A Four Parameter E vs dE/dx and Tie-of-Flight Computerized Charged Particle Experiment

For detection of charged particles from 1 to 60 MeV, three solid state detectors are utilized in a dE/dx telescope configuration. Signals are summed digitally and displayed on a 2-dimensional "flicker box" and transmitted off-line to a larger computer for "tail corrections", dead layer corrections, and final analysis. Time-of-flight is utilized for nonpenetrating particles. p, D, T, 3He, ?, etc. can be distinguished from 1 to 60 MeV with ~180 keV system energy resolution.

Field of study: Physics
Calculation of prefectural disability-adjusted life expectancy (DALE) using long-term care prevalence and its socioeconomic correlates in Japan.

The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the disability weight, "utility", for calculation of disability-adjusted life expectancy (DALE) using the prevalence of long-term care; (2) to calculate prefectural DALE; and (3) to clarify the relation between DALE and area socioeconomic conditions in Japan.



Disability utility by care level (support and levels I-V) of long-term care insurance was determined by a survey of 236 professionals with four standard utility measures: EuroQol-5D, time trade-off, standard gamble, and visual analogue scale. DALE at age 65 (DALE65) and age-adjusted weighted disability prevalence (WDP) of 47 prefectures were calculated using the determined utilities, prevalence of long-term care, and life tables. The relationships of DALE and WDP to mortality from major causes and socioeconomic indicators were examined by correlation analysis.



The determined utilities were: support, 0.78; level I, 0.68; level II, 0.64; level III, 0.44; level IV, 0.34; and level V, 0.21. The prefectural DALE65 ranged from 17.11 to 15.29 years for men and from 20.21 to 18.42 years for women. Strong correlations were found between DALE65 and mortality for both sexes. Male DALE65 was correlated with no socioeconomic indicators, while female DALE65 was correlated with some indicators. WDP was positively associated with indicators representing socioeconomic disadvantage, such as unemployment rate and percentage of elderly single households.



The socioeconomic correlates of DALE and WDP suggested that favorable socioeconomic policies, in addition to a decrease in mortality from major causes, will contribute to significant extension of the independence period in the elderly. The method proposed here encourages the practical use of health expectancy in health policy, especially at local and regional levels.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
A Data-aggregation Scheme for WSN based on Optimal Weight Allocation

Since the measuring accuracy and environment of each sensor are different, there must exist difference in the correctness of measurement. If the testing data is not processed and utilized with distinction, it will cause impreciseness to the testing results and lead to errors of the system. It is necessary to selectively distinguish the importance among the sensors, contraposing the situation of each sensor in the testing system and the accuracy of tests. So the related concepts of data aggregation technology in wireless sensor networks and the aggregation algorithm performance evaluation criteria are introduced. The core problem in WSN, aggregation operation for sensing data, is studied deeply. The problems in node data group when the distributed clustering technology is implemented to WSN are also analyzed. Then a distributed K-mean clustering algorithm based on WSN is proposed. On the basis of this improved algorithm, we realize a network data aggregation processing mechanism based on adaptive weighted allocation of WSN. DKC algorithm is mainly used to process the testing data of bottom nodes. When reducing the data redundancy it can provide more accurate field testing information and system status information. It can make rapid packet for the network nodes. The packed data will be used to provide correct judgement, according to the size of its corresponding weight, to acquire more reasonable results. The experiments have demonstrated that our method can greatly decrease the data redundancy of WSN and save large amount of storage resources. The network bandwidth consumption is also reduced. So this scheme has high efficiency and good scalability.

Field of study: Computer science
Effect of Germanium Doping on the Production and Evolution of Divacancy Complexes in Neutron Irradiated Czochralski Silicon

Fourier transformed infrared absorption spectroscopy was used to investigate the effect of germanium (Ge) doping on the production and evolution of divacancy (V2) complexes in neutron irradiated Czochralski (Cz) silicon. The generation rates of V2 and vacancy–oxygen (VO) complexes were found to increase in Ge doped silicon as compared with the controlled Cz silicon, which could be ascribed to the increased availability of vacancies in Ge doped silicon arising from the temporary trapping of vacancies associated with the transient GeV pairs. Upon annealing, most of the V2 complexes were eliminated via the reaction between divacancy and self-interstitials (Sii) (V2 + Sii → V), while only 6–24% of V2 complexes were transformed into V2O complexes via the trapping of V2 complexes by interstitial oxygen (Oi), as V2 diffuses much faster than Oi. It was observed that Ge doping accelerated the V2 annihilation and in turn suppressed the transformation of V2 into V2O complexes. Those phenomena can be attributed to the increased availability of free self-interstitials in Ge doped silicon, which enhances the recombination of V2 with Sii. Additionally, an increased production of V3O complexes was observed in Ge doped silicon. The role of Ge atoms in the V3O formation was discussed in view of the two reactions V2 + VO → V3O and V2O + V → V3O.

Field of study: Materials science
A geophysical model for the Kapuskasing uplift from seismic and gravity studies

The Kapuskasing uplift is an oblique cross section of Archean crust exposed by a major thrusting event in Early Proterozoic times. Previous results from the traveltime and amplitude analysis of compressional-wave (P-wave) arrivals from a seismic-refraction experiment have been used to constrain the modelling of shear-wave (S-wave) arrivals and gravity anomalies along the seismic profiles. S-wave and P-wave velocity information have been combined to obtain the variations of Poisson's ratio within the crust. High and low Poisson's ratio values have been linked to the mafic and felsic content, respectively, of the Shield rocks. Density variations along the profiles, constrained by the P-wave velocity structures and the observed gravity anomalies, again have been linked to the lithological variations as observed in the exposed cross section. Geological models, constrained by the geophysical observations and the cross-sectional exposure, have been constructed for profiles across the northern and southern porti...

Field of study: Environmental science