nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Scoping Review of the Pharmacy Curriculum Outcomes Assessment Literature

To identify themes, gaps, and sources of evidence from the literature to inform practice and additional areas for research in pharmacy education with respect to the Pharmacy Curriculum Outcomes Assessment (PCOA).  Nineteen articles have been published describing the administration and use of PCOA. Since PCOA was made a curricular requirement by the Accreditation Council of Pharmacy Education in 2016, the focus of PCOA related literature has shifted from administration practices (4 vs 2, respectively) to determining models that may predict student performance on the assessment (2 vs 5, respectively) or how the examination might be used to predict future performance (1 vs 7, respectively), especially on the North American Pharmacist Licensing Examination. While there has been growing literature recently focused on the PCOA’s utility for measuring performance, few variables have been consistently used.  This review found no studies whose objectives aligned with the initial intended use of the PCOA defined by National Association of Boards of Pharmacy including tracking individual student performance throughout the curriculum, benchmarking programs against other programs, and evaluating if a program is meeting their desired outcomes. Additionally, there is no consensus across the Academy as to the proper use of the PCOA and a paucity of literature of how the PCOA informs schools/colleges of the effectiveness of their curriculum. There is a need for the Academy to establish a uniform application for PCOA, assess resources required of programs for this required assessment, and its utility to measure curricular effectiveness and/or student performance.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Evidence for aπ−πResonance in theI=1,J=1State

The reactions pi /sup -/ + p yields pi /sup -/ + pi /sup o/ + p, pi /sup -/ + p yields pi /sup -/ >s + pi /sup +/ + n, and pi /sup -/ + p yields pi /sup o/ + pi /sup o/ + n are studied at 1.69 Bev/c. Events with nucleon momentum transfer >400 Mev/c are excluded, in order to avoid interference from rescattering processes. The data indicate that an 1 = 1, J = 1 di-pion state exists at about 750 Mev.

Field of study: Physics
Purification, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic studies of the ligand-binding domain of a plant vacuolar sorting receptor.

Vacuolar sorting receptor (VSR) proteins bind soluble protein ligands in a sequence-specific manner and target them to the lytic vacuole in plant cells. A VSR from Arabidopsis thaliana, AtBP80b, has been successfully purified after heterologous expression in Drosophila S2 cells. The AtBP80b protein (560 amino acids) was crystallized by the hanging-drop method with a PEG 400-based precipitant. Preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of an AtBP80b crystal showed that it belongs to the cubic space group P2(1)3 (or P4(2)32) and has unit-cell parameters a = b = c = 145.9 A. Crystals of the VSR diffract beyond 2.5 A resolution.

Field of study: Chemistry
Some aspects of the mechanism of the stereospecific polymerization of α-olefins

INTRODUCTION a-Olefins can be polymerized stereospecifically to give crystalline isotactic polymers and, in the case of propylene, under certain specific conditions, also crystalline syndiotactic polymers. The most active and stereospecific catalyst systems in the polymerization to isotactic polymers consists of a halide of some transition metal (e.g. violet TiCJ3 or other metals of the second period) and a halide of an organometallic compound of a light metal (e.g. A1R3, A1R2C1)"2. Other systems which are active in this polymerization are prepared from only one transition metal compound [e.g. TiC13CH3 (refs. 3, 4) or Ti ± TiC13 (ref. 5)]. The last named systems are less active and are also often less stereospecific. All the systems quoted so far are heterogeneous in hydrocarbon diluents. The most interesting catalyst systems for the polymerization of propylene to syndiotactic polymer also consist of a transition metal compound (e.g. VC14, VAc3) and an organometallic compound of a light metal (e.g. A1R2C1)6. These systems are homogeneous—or anyhow very dispersed— in hydrocarbon solvents, and active and very stereospecific in the polymerization under consideration at sufficiently low temperatures, e.g. <—50°C. These different catalyst systems are generally called Ziegler— Natta catalysts. Since the discovery of these processes by Natta7, which dates back to 1954, several hypotheses have been put forward as to the nature of the catalytic complexes that are active in the stereospecific polymerization and the causes determining stereospecificity8; however, none of these hypotheses has been supported so far by completely demonstrative experimental data. The catalyst systems, which have been investigated or considered in more detail by various workers are those quoted first; these are bimetallic and active in the polymerization to isotactic polymers. The discussions on these systems not only concern the reaction mechanism, but also the nature of the components of the catalytic complexes and of the metal—carbon bond the polymeric chain grows on. For instance, it has not been demonstrated so far whether for the bimetallic systems considered [e.g. the systems TiC13—A1(C2H5)2ClJ, the catalytic complexes contain or do not contain both metals, and whether the polymeric chain grows on a Ti—C or Al—C bond. In this communication, it is my desire to particularly discuss these topics, essentially on the basis of the experimental data (most of which are recent)

Field of study: Chemistry
Stand-level management of plantations to improve biodiversity values

As conservation reserves expand, the likelihood that they will capture areas degraded by previous land use increases. Ecological restoration of such areas will therefore play an increasing role in biodiversity conservation. On the New South Wales North Coast, recent expansion in the conservation estate has captured over 300 softwood and hardwood plantations, many with understoreys dominated by exotic weeds. Here we present an overview of the practices we have adopted in managing flooded gum (Eucalyptus grandis) plantations infested with lantana (Lantana camara) to enhance their biodiversity value. Experiments designed to overcome barriers limiting regeneration of native forest in conjunction with measurement of soil and plant responses yielded insights into the management of former timber plantations for biodiversity. Canonical Correspondence Analysis indicated that the level of canopy retention (or logging intensity) within sites consistently explained the greatest amount of variation in plant community composition (32–38% post-treatment). Thinning and burning stimulated regeneration of native species. Retained canopy cover was proportional to the richness or abundance of native woody shrubs, understorey trees and native perennial herbs, indicating that management intensity can be varied to promote a range of conservation values. A state-and-transition model summarising purported management actions and likely outcomes for these plantations is presented. This is the first time plantations have been managed solely for biodiversity. Logging income means that plantation restoration can be cost-neutral, and the positive influence of a cover crop of trees means that plantation management may generally be manipulated to promote biodiversity conservation.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Retrospective Study Comparing Crossed and Lateral Wire Configurations in Paediatric Supracondylar Fractures

Supracondylar fractures are common in children and are associated with significant morbidity. The purpose of our study was to assess and compare the clinical and radiological outcome of management of supracondylar fractures by both wire configurations, along with identifying factors that predispose to complications.  We retrospectively reviewed all paediatric cases admitted with a supracondylar fracture over a five year period. We reviewed case notes, theatre records and radiographs to determine the age of the patient, classification of fracture, treatment method, delay to theatre, duration of surgery, wire configuration, Baumann´s angle, radiocapitellar alignment, anterior humeral alignment and complications.  During the five year period we admitted 132 patients and complete notes were available for 123 patients for analyses. For all the patients managed with wire stabilisation 23% developed complications, including 13% with significant complications including nerve injuries and fracture displacements. All five nerve injuries had crossed wires, whereas all for fracture displacements had lateral wires. Baumann´s angle was 76.7 degrees in the group with no complication and 72.2 degrees in the significant complication group (p=0.02). Radiocapitellar line and anterior humeral line were not satisfactory in 5% and 15% of the group with no complications, and 17% and 33% of the group with significant complications.  We found more complications in lateral pinning configurations, although all nerve injuries were in patients with crossed wire configurations. The factors we believe are associated with a higher likelihood of complications are inadequate post-operative radiological appearance.

Field of study: Medicine
The Ice Selective Inlet: a novel technique for exclusive extraction of pristine ice crystals in mixed-phase clouds

Climate predictions are affected by high uncertainties partially due to an insufficient knowledge of aerosol–cloud interactions. One of the poorly understood processes is formation of mixed-phase clouds (MPCs) via heterogeneous ice nucleation. Field measurements of the atmospheric ice phase in MPCs are challenging due to the presence of much more numerous liquid droplets. The Ice Selective Inlet (ISI), presented in this paper, is a novel inlet designed to selectively sample pristine ice crystals in mixed-phase clouds and extract the ice residual particles contained within the crystals for physical and chemical characterization. Using a modular setup composed of a cyclone impactor, droplet evaporation unit and pumped counterflow virtual impactor (PCVI), the ISI segregates particles based on their inertia and phase, exclusively extracting small ice particles between 5 and 20 μm in diameter. The setup also includes optical particle spectrometers for analysis of the number size distribution and shape of the sampled hydrometeors. The novelty of the ISI is a droplet evaporation unit, which separates liquid droplets and ice crystals in the airborne state, thus avoiding physical impaction of the hydrometeors and limiting potential artefacts. The design and validation of the droplet evaporation unit is based on modelling studies of droplet evaporation rates and computational fluid dynamics simulations of gas and particle flows through the unit. Prior to deployment in the field, an inter-comparison of the optical particle size spectrometers and a characterization of the transmission efficiency of the PCVI was conducted in the laboratory. The ISI was subsequently deployed during the Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiment (CLACE) 2013 and 2014 – two extensive international field campaigns encompassing comprehensive measurements of cloud microphysics, as well as bulk aerosol, ice residual and ice nuclei properties. The campaigns provided an important opportunity for a proof of concept of the inlet design. In this work we present the setup of the ISI, including the modelling and laboratory characterization of its components, as well as field measurements demonstrating the ISI performance and validating the working principle of the inlet. Finally, measurements of biological aerosol during a Saharan dust event (SDE) are presented, showing a first indication of enrichment of bio-material in sub-2 μm ice residuals.

Field of study: Environmental science
Restoration management of abandoned chalk grassland in the Netherlands

After abandonment of chalk grassland in the Netherlands, Brachypodium pinnatum had become very dominant and this resulted in a dramatic decrease of plant diversity. Restoration of these abandoned sites is important, because of its former high diversity with many nationally endangered species. To restore the chalk grassland vegetation, the impact of the introduction of different experimental cutting regimes was investigated during three years. The thick litter layer and the dominance of Brachypodium was strongly reduced after introduction of all cutting regimes. In all cutting treatments forb phytomass increased considerably, especially in the twice-a-year cutting vegetation, where the forb phytomass became as high as that of Brachypodium. Phanerogamic species diversity was stimulated in all cutting regimes. Especially the number of short-lived forbs. with a persistent seed bank, increased markedly in the twice-a-year cutting treatment. It is concluded that cutting the vegetation twice is adequate to reduce the negative effects of the thick litter layer and the abundant growth of Brachypodium. It creates an appropriate starting point for more detinite management, whether mowing or grazing. However, the restoration of a more complete species assortment strongly depends on the re-invasion possibilities of these species.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Secure Anonymous Identity-based Key Agreement Protocol for Distributed Computer Networks

Recently, Hsu and Chuang proposed an efficient user identification scheme with key preserving user anonymity for distributed computer networks. Their protocol addressed an identity disclosure attack on the Yang et al. and Mangipudi-Katti schemes. Unfortunately, Hsu and Chuang’s new scheme posed vulnerability that the service provider could compute the private key of the user and imitate the user to send the service request to other service provider. In this paper, we analyzed Hsu-Chuang scheme and presented the vulnerability. We further secured their protocol by proposing a novel protocol that overcomes the above limitation while achieving the same security features. Besides, we made a demonstration of the correctness of our new scheme and analyzed the security properties. After compared Hsu-Chuang scheme and the new scheme, we also illustrated an example to illustrate the application of our improved protocol.

Field of study: Computer science
Neutron irradiation effects in GaN-based blue LEDs

The neutron irradiation effects in GaN-based double heterojunction (DH) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are investigated. Both optical and electrical properties showed significant degradation after neutron irradiation. The basic mechanisms responsible for both electrical and optical degradation are discussed. Some optical and electrical recovery due to an injection-enhanced annealing effect is observed in our irradiated LEDs.

Field of study: Physics
GOME-2 total ozone columns from MetOp-A/MetOp-B and assimilation in the MACC system

The two Global Ozone Monitoring Instrument (GOME-2) sensors operated in tandem are flying onboard EUMETSAT's (European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites) MetOp-A and MetOp-B satellites, launched in October 2006 and September 2012 respectively. This paper presents the operational GOME-2/MetOp-A (GOME-2A) and GOME-2/MetOp-B (GOME-2B) total ozone products provided by the EUMETSAT Satellite Application Facility on Ozone and Atmospheric Chemistry Monitoring (O3M-SAF). These products are generated using the latest version of the GOME Data Processor (GDP version 4.7). The enhancements in GDP 4.7, including the application of Brion–Daumont–Malicet ozone absorption cross sections, are presented here. On a global scale, GOME-2B has the same high accuracy as the corresponding GOME-2A products. There is an excellent agreement between the ozone total columns from the two sensors, with GOME-2B values slightly lower with a mean difference of only 0.55±0.29%. First global validation results for 6 months of GOME-2B total ozone using ground-based measurements show that on average the GOME-2B total ozone data obtained with GDP 4.7 are slightly higher than, both, Dobson observations by about 2.0±1.0% and Brewer observations by about 1.0±0.8%. It is concluded that the total ozone columns (TOCs) provided by GOME-2A and GOME-2B are consistent and may be used simultaneously without introducing systematic effects, which has been illustrated for the Antarctic ozone hole on 18 October 2013. GOME-2A total ozone data have been used operationally in the Copernicus atmospheric service project MACC-II (Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate – Interim Implementation) near-real-time (NRT) system since October 2013. The magnitude of the bias correction needed for assimilating GOME-2A ozone is reduced (to about −6 DU in the global mean) when the GOME-2 ozone retrieval algorithm changed to GDP 4.7.

Field of study: Environmental science
Study on Microstructure and Properties of 00Cr25Ni8Mo3CuN Duplex Stainless Steel

The phase composition and properties of 00Cr25Ni8Mo3CuN steel were studied,which has several different key elements' content,and the adjustment of element content is on the basis of the traditional SAF2507 duplex stainless steel.The results show that the duplex stainless steel contains the phase of ferrite phase and austenitic phase,and there are also a small amount of precipitated phases.Therefore,the plastic property and hardness of the steel are higher,and the steel has excellent performance of pitting resistance.

Field of study: Materials science
$H^{∞}$ functional calculus for sectorial and bisectorial operators

We give a concise exposition of the basic theory of H∞ functional calculus for N -tuples of sectorial or bisectorial operators, with respect to operator-valued functions; moreover we restate and prove in our setting a result of N. Kalton and L. Weis about the boundedness of the operator f(T1, . . . , TN ) when f is an R-bounded operator-valued holomorphic function.

Field of study: Mathematics
Concerning two-gap ARPES data, the pseudogap, 2-q striping and magnetc circular dichroism from the negative-U HTSC perspective

Recent photoemission work on underdoped cuprates between Tc and T*, the pseudogap temperature, are interpreted within the framework of a previously developed negative-U scenario. From this exposition, incorporating a developed 2q diagonal striping model, detailed understanding follows of the ARPES results, together with certain STM and far infrared optical data. Identification of the origin of the magnetic circular dichroism and related effects exhibited by such materials below T* also appears to have been achieved.

Field of study: Physics
Physically-based extraction methodology for accurate MOSFET degradation assessment

This paper analyzes conventional parameter extraction methodologies applied to MOSFET devices subject to electrical stress and highlights the complexity to accurately get and separate both electrostatic and transport degradations. It is shown that an accurate Coulomb scattering assessment from the linear Id-Vg characteristics is mandatory whenever the amount of interface charges/traps becomes significant. Thus, this paper proposes a novel technique able to extract the electrostatic drift and the field-dependent mobility directly from the experimental data without any a priori assumption for the transport. Applied to MOSFETs experiencing Hot Carrier Stress, the proposed methodology provides deeper insights into the relationship between stress-induced defects location and their impact on electrostatic and transport degradations.

Field of study: Engineering
Mouse monoclonal antibodies against human c-Mpl and characterization for flow cytometry applications.

Mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against human c-Mpl, the cognate receptor for thrombopoietin (TPO), were generated using hybridoma technology and characterized by various assays to demonstrate their specificity and affinity. Two such MAbs, 1.6 and 1.75, were determined to be superior for flow cytometry studies and exhibited double-digit picomolar (pM) affinities to soluble human c-Mpl protein. Both MAbs specifically bound to cells engineered to overexpress human c-Mpl protein, immortalized human hematopoietic cell lines that express endogenous c-Mpl, primary human bone marrow and peripheral blood-derived CD34(+) cells, and purified human platelets. No binding was detected on cell lines that did not express c-Mpl. Receptor competition and siRNA knock-down studies further confirmed the specificity of antibodies 1.6 and 1.75 for human c-Mpl. In contrast to these newly generated MAbs, none of eight commercially available anti-c-Mpl antibodies tested were found to bind specifically to human c-Mpl and were thus shown to be unsuitable for flow cytometry studies. Monoclonal antibodies 1.6 and 1.75 will therefore be useful flow cytometry reagents to detect cell surface c-Mpl expression.

Field of study: Biology
Safety of metformin use during the first trimester.

We read Dr Kelly and colleagues’ article1 along with Dr Harris’s editorial2 with great interest and considered it prudent to present data from a recent meta-analysis conducted by the Motherisk Program at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ont. 
 
Our data, presented at the 2005 annual meeting of the Canadian Society for Clinical Pharmacology, are encouraging with respect to the safety of metformin use in the first trimester of pregnancy. In performing a meta-analytic summary, which included eight studies (only five of which could be analyzed statistically), we found an odds ratio of 0.50. Examining the numbers showed three malformed babies among the 172 cases in the exposed group. There were 17 among 236 in the control group. Examining all the data available on pregnancy outcomes (including those not included in the meta-analysis due to lack of controls), we arrived at an overall malformation rate of 1.01% in 496 first-trimester exposures, which is well within what we would expect to find in the general population. 
 
Our results also present the possibility of a protective effect of metformin during the first trimester. It is biologically possible that, by reversing insulin resistance, metformin does protect against malformation. Although our data are encouraging, it is important to note that we examined only major malformations. This being said, our study does encourage future research into the safety of metformin during the first trimester of pregnancy.

Field of study: Medicine
A Deep Study of an Intermediate-age Open Cluster SAI 35 (Juchert 20) Using Ground-based Imaging and Gaia EDR3 Astrometry

We present a CCD UBVI photometric study of poorly studied intermediate-age open cluster SAI 35 (Juchert 20) for the first time. To accomplish this study, we also used LAMOST DR5, Two Micron All Sky Survey, and Gaia EDR3 databases. We identified 214 most probable cluster members with membership probability higher than 50%. The mean proper motion of the cluster is found as and μ δ = −1.66 ± 0.01 mas yr−1. We find the normal interstellar extinction law using the various two-color diagrams. The age, distance, reddening, and radial velocity of the cluster are estimated to be 360 ± 40 Myr, 2.9 ± 0.15 kpc, 0.72 ± 0.05 mag, and −91.62 ± 6.39 km s−1, respectively. The overall mass function slope for main-sequence stars is found to be 1.49 ± 0.16 within the mass range 1.1–3.1 M ⊙, which is in agreement with Salpeter’s value within uncertainty. The present study demonstrates that SAI 35 is dynamically relaxed. Galactic orbital parameters are determined using Galactic potential models. We found that this object follows a circular path around the Galactic center.

Field of study: Physics