nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Course Structure on the Accuracy of Nonsterile Compounded Preparations

To investigate if students in the new course structure attained the same level of compounding competency as students in the legacy course structure.  Students compounded four nonsterile preparations common to both the legacy curriculum (PCL) and the transformed curriculum (TC). The preparations were compared using relative potency or weight variation as a measure of compounding competency. They represented the broad range of compounding complexities required in compounding courses at the school.  The mean relative potencies of three nonsterile preparations were statistically different, with only the mean of the TC hydrocortisone medication stick being outside of the acceptable range of the laboratory’s criteria. However, the standard deviation (SD) was markedly different in each preparation pair suggesting that the number of students correctly compounding the preparation in the first attempt might be an important factor in the analysis. In contrast, the mean weight variation data of the phenol-menthol soft troches and enalapril tablet triturates were almost identical.  The relative potency results suggested that equivalent competency in the two student groups was possible for preparations that involved simple solutions or filled fixed volume molds. However, the hydrocortisone medication stick data indicated that understanding the science of a preparation may require more knowledge or time.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
The MC68020-Based FASTBUS Read-Out Processor of the Aleph Time Projection Chamber

72 double-width Fastbus modules, built around a MC68020 processor, are used in the read-out of the TPC (Time Projection Chamber) of the Aleph experiment at CERN, Geneva. They perform basic data acquisition tasks as well as processing of events and monitoring of the set-up. A very fast and original Fastbus coprocessor has been developed. Performance of the module and problems related to the complexity of the system are discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Evolutionary consequences of the latest Paleocene thermal maximum for tropical planktonic foraminifera

Study of planktonic foraminiferal assemblages preserved in the central, equatorial Pacific (ODP Site 865) reveal that genera which inhabited the near-surface, mixed layer diversified during the latest Paleocene thermal maximum (LPTM). This transient diversification gave rise to a suite of short-lived (50 to several 100 ka), distinctive morphotypes (Morozovella allisonensis sp. nov., M. africana, and Acarinina sibaiyaensis) that are restricted to the LPTM interval. Parallel morphometric and stable isotopic data have been recorded from individual shells of members of the M. velascoensis/M. allisonensis and A. soldadoensis/A. sibaiyaensis lineages. The single-specimen isotope data confirm that M. allisonensis and A. sibaiyaensis are indeed stratigraphically restricted to the LPTM carbon isotope excursion; all specimens recorded anomalously low δ13C values. A stratigraphic succession of single-specimen isotope data from within the δ13C excursion interval was used to reconstruct the complex population dynamics which mediated the rapid (<10 ka) evolution of the LPTM taxa. These data reveal that local populations of ancestral M. velascoensis temporarily collapsed with the descendant M. allisonensis suddenly originating from a peripherally isolated population. This pattern is most consistent with peripatric speciation. Overall, the evolutionary transition from Acarinina soldadoensis to A. sibaiyaensis is most consistent with sympatric speciation, although certain elements of this transition are suggestive of a parapatric mechanism. We postulate that the rapid evolution of the LPTM taxa A. sibaiyaensis and M. allisonensis was fostered by a deepening of the nutrient-depleted, mixed layer. Alternatively, the LPTM morphotypes M. allisonensis and A. sibaiyaensis may have been extreme ecophenotypic variants arrayed along an intensified ecological gradient. Support for this latter interpretation is derived from the morphometric data which clearly show the morphological intergradation of the LPTM taxa with their respective ancestors. Thus, the morphologic diversification seen during the LPTM may represent failed speciations. Both scenarios invoke a temporary steepening of clinal gradients in response to intensified oligotrophy. The strong size-dependencies displayed by the δ18O and δ13C signatures of M. allisonensis and A. sibaiyaensis suggest that photosymbiosis facilitated the evolutionary success of the morozovellids and acarininids during the LPTM.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Design and Evaluation of a Regenerating Scrubber for Reducing Animal House Emissions

Animal houses can emit substantial quantities of air pollutants. Compared with other pollutants, ammonia is emitted from animal houses in relatively large quantities and can have adverse public health and environmental impacts. This article describes the development and evaluation of a novel scrubber prototype, consisting of an endless polypropylene screen running in a trough of alum solution, that could be used to reduce ammonia emissions from animal houses. When building exhaust ventilation air contacts the screen, ammonia is dissolved in the aqueous solution on the screen and transported into the trough. Low ammonia concentration ( 66 h of evaluation under low and high concentration conditions, with a weighted average airflow rate of 0.93 m3 s-1 and velocity of 0.52 m s-1, the scrubber reduced ammonia emissions by 58.3%. Compared with commercial spray and packed column scrubbers used in industry, it had a lower pressure drop (~110 Pa). It also had a low water consumption of ~1 mL m-3 treated air. Further evaluation of the scrubber in different types of animal houses and for different pollutants is required. Its design should be improved to increase ammonia removal efficiency and reduce pressure drop, footprint size, and cost. There is also need to model gas transfer in this type of scrubber.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
VIA Reliability Evaluation of Embedded MLCC through Pressure Cooker Test

A via reliability test of PCB board using embedded MLCC was evaluated by HALT and Pressure Cooker Test PCT. The reliability of HALT was evaluated at 125 , 4Vr, and 12Hr. The purpose of this test was to verify the stability of the MLCC by predicting the lifetime of the PCB. The PCBT conditions were measured at 85% humidity and 2 atm, and the reliability of the PCBs under severe conditions than HALT was evaluated. The basic characteristics of MLCC size are 0603 (600x300um), Capacitance 100nF, thickness 150µm. The initial electrical characteristics of the MLCC size are 0603 (600 x 300 um), Capacitance 100 nF, thickness 150 um. The initial electrical characteristics of the MLCC were measured at a rated voltage (10V) with a capacitance value of 98 ~ 103 nF, a loss rate of 0.048%, and an insulation resistance of 1.08 x 1010 (omega). The HALT test results showed that all the measured samples showed a value of 1 x 107 (omega) or more, and passed for the HALT test. The PCBT test resulted in failure, and the first sample fell below the poor insulation resistance at the start of the PCBT test. In the case of the second sample, the insulation resistance dropped to less than the defective insulation resistance for more than 30 hours, and the third sample has an appropriate insulation resistance of 1.0x106 even for more than 60 hours. It is confirmed that there is the greatest the possibility of failure in the part between the embedded chip and via that Cu plating is performed to form via by fill plating. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the plating thickness and size conditions because the embedded MLCC has a high probability that defects mainly occur in VIA crack or delamination

Field of study: Engineering
RRTxFM: Probabilistic Counting for Differentially Private Statistics

Data minimization has become a paradigm to address privacy concerns when collecting and storing personal data. In this paper we present two new approaches, RSTxFM and RRTxFM, to estimate the cardinality of a dataset while ensuring differential privacy. We argue that privacy-preserving cardinality estimators are able to realize strong privacy requirements. Both approaches are based on a probabilistic counting algorithm which has a logarithmic space complexity. We combine this with a randomization technique to provide differential privacy. In our analysis, we detail the privacy and utility guarantees and expose the impact of the various parameters. Moreover, we discuss workforce analytics as application area where strong privacy is paramount.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Pharmacokinetic characteristics of vincristine sulfate liposomes in patients with advanced solid tumors

To evaluate the single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of vincristine sulfate liposomes (VSLI) in patients with advanced solid tumors.In single-dose pharmacokinetic study, 16 patients were administered VSLI (1.5, 2.0, or 2.3 mg·m−2) through intravenous infusion. Another 6 patients receiving vincristine sulfate (VCR, 2.0 mg) were taken as the control. In multiple-dose pharmacokinetic study, 12 patients were administered VSLI (1.5 or 1.8 mg·m−2) through intravenous infusion weekly for 4 consecutive weeks. The plasma concentration of VSLI was determined using the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method.After intravenous infusion of the single dose of VSLI, the plasma concentrations were characterized by bi-exponential decline curves. No statistically significant differences were observed between the main pharmacokinetic parameters in the 3 dose groups. Compared with the patients receiving VCR, the patients treated with VSLI displayed an increase in the area under the plasma concentration vs time curve (AUC), and a decrease in plasma clearance rates. On the 4th cycle in the multiple-dose study, the plasma concentration of VCR in all subjects prior to the weekly administration was below the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ). The calculated pharmacokinetic parameters from the subjects in the multiple- and single-dose (1.5 mg·m−2) groups had no significant differences. Although the administration of liposomal VCR may significantly elevate the plasma concentration of VCR, VSLI-associated adverse events were similar to those associated with conventional VCR.Conclusion:VSLI exhibits a lower clearance and a higher AUC compared with conventional VCR. No accumulation was observed in patients exposed to VSLI for 4 consecutive weeks. VSLI was generally tolerated in the subjects. The phase II dose of VSLI may be recommended as 4 doses of 1.5 mg·m−2 for treatment of patients with advanced solid tumors.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
ID: 129: Role of the IL-36 pathway in inflammatory responses in mouse neonates

IL-36 synergizes with IL-12 to induce T helper (Th)1 differentiation. To investigate IL-36’s TH1-biased immunostimulatory potential, neonates (1wk-old) were immunized with aluminum (Alum)-adsorbed tetanus toxoid (TT/Alum) and recombinant IL-36 β . Unexpectedly, the combination of IL-36 β (0.1  μ g/g) with TT/Alum resulted in rapid mortality, which was not observed in 1 wk old IL-36R deficient or in adult wild-type mice.  Understand the mechanisms of IL-36-induced toxicity in early life.  1 wk-, 3 wk- old (infants) and adult (6–8 wk) mice were immunized with TT/Alum, different doses of IL-36 β or a combination thereof. Cytokine levels were measured in serum and organ total RNA. Liver and spleen lymphoid and myeloid cells were sorted.  Upon IL-36 injection, mRNA levels of TNF- α , IFN- γ , and of several other cytokines were significantly and specifically increased in the liver of neonates, as compared to 3 wkold and adult mice. Liver IL-36R mRNA levels were elevated in neonates and rapidly decreased with age, which correlated with a higher number of leukocytes, especially B cells, monocytes and neutrophils in neonatal liver. IL-36R mRNA was expressed in dendritic cells,and to a lesser extent in B cells, T cells, NK/NKT cells, monocytes and neutrophils. TNF- α and IFN- γ were mainly produced by myeloid (monocytes and neutrophils) and lymphoid (NK1.1+ and T cells) cells respectively. Importantly, mice injected with a monoclonal anti-TNF- α antibody were fully protected from IL-36-induced lethality.  IL-36-induced toxicity in neonates is associated with a higher number of liver IL-36R expressing myeloid cells, leading to excessive TNF- α production.

Field of study: Medicine
A win-win strategy for ecological restoration and biodiversity conservation in Southern China

Environmental degradation and poverty are linked, and must be tackled together. Doing so requires a win-win strategy that both restores the environment and ensures a sustainable livelihood for those who are affected by the restoration project. To understand the importance of combining ecological restoration and biodiversity conservation objectives with a consideration of the livelihoods of residents, we examined a successful project in ecologically fragile Changting County, Fujian Province, China. We attribute the project's success to the development of a win-win strategy that sustainably improved resident livelihoods, in contrast with traditional strategies that focus exclusively on establishing forests and grassland. To develop this win-win strategy, we performed long-term monitoring (since 1984) under a program designed to permit ecological restoration and biodiversity conservation in the county. For our analysis, we chose a range of natural and socioeconomic indicators that could affect the ecological restoration; we then used a contribution model to identify the relative influence of each social, economic, or environmental factor on the dependent variables (vegetation cover, soil erosion, number of plant species). The results showed that by improving livelihoods and mitigating poverty in the long term, the project also reduced damage to the environment by local residents. Our calculations suggest that accounting for socioeconomic factors played a key role in the successful ecological conservation. This win-win path to escaping the poverty trap during ecological restoration provides an example that can be followed by restoration projects elsewhere in the world with suitable modifications to account for unique local conditions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Literacy Competence Formation of the Modern School

In 2006  45 countries carried out  the international literacy survey which revealed  that the majority of 9-10 years children have not proper basic reading skills. Georgian children also took part in the survey. The fact that I work with futureteachers, who have to teach children to read and write, led me to become interested in this issue.Literacy is the basis in the formation of multi-educated personality. The national curriculum puts important tasks for school by foreseeing the aims of general education and public requirements, in order to develop students’ literacy competence. Literacy includes different kind of skills such as reading, writing, processing the information, ideas and opinions, decision-making and problem-solving. Students' writing and reading skills development is becoming an important part of modern school education. Native language program is beyond the scope of these skills, therefore it joins to subject departments responsibility. This includes enrichment of training programs with the new methods and a wide variety of reading materials. Any subject teacher should use the methods, strategies and activities that develop reading and writing skills and can provide with literacy-oriented environment.  literacy, modern school, competence, reading strategies, text comprehension

Field of study: Education
Comment on "Response of Nonlinear Flat Panel to Periodic and Randomly Varying Loadings"

L1 presents an interesting analysis of the dynamic response of a flat plate when the nonlinear effects of the membrane forces are significant. Unfortunately, the author has neglected to reference several previous publications presenting results pertinent to this problem, some of which are listed here. Also, the author's treatment of the random-excitation case deserves some comment. The equivalent linearization technique used seems to be of questionable value in this case, since an exact solution for the mean-square response (as well as other statistical measures) of the randomly excited cubic system is available.' It is true that the exact solution is limited to the case of white-noise excitation; however, the limitations of the equivalent linearization method imply much the same restriction. That is, the "true" linear frequency and the equivalent linear frequency cannot be far separated, and the spectrum of the excitation normally may be considered constant over this restricted frequency range. In any case, it is not clear from the article why the author feels that the results of this approximate technique are valid for the case of nonwhite excitation. The statements concerning the "effective transfer function" also may be questioned. Not all people who are working on the problem of nonlinear panel response would agree that physical occurrence of the upper branch of the nonlinear response curve is as unusual as the author implies. Certainly, if the response of a panel does lie on the upper branch, the effect of damping may not be considered unimportant.

Field of study: Physics
Innovation Potential of the Non-Faraday Polarization Twisting of Photon Echoes on Special Exciton States in Thin Textured Films

The advantages of thin textured films over other resonant media that allow detection of the effect produced by the non-Faraday polarization twisting of photon echoes at room temperature are demonstrated. The possibility is discussed of using this effect to record record-short femtosecond time intervals, and for optical processors operating with quaternion algebra in order to effectively solve navigation problems in both aviation and medicine.

Field of study: Physics
Regulatory Domain and Regulatory Dexterity: Critiquing the UK Governance of ‘Fracking’

This article provides a critique of the UK government's regulatory response to ‘fracking’. It shows how government has adopted two distinct schemas of regulation, which may usefully be classified under the headings ‘regulatory domain’ and ‘regulatory dexterity’. These schemas rely on very different interpretive conventions and are in many ways contradictory. Yet, government uses both ‘domain’ and ‘dexterity’ arguments simultaneously in order to advance its policy in favour of fracking. The article explains how two seemingly different regulatory approaches work together towards the same policy goal, and highlights the role of law in facilitating technological development.

Field of study: Law
Diagonals of real symmetric matrices of given spectra as a measure space

The set of diagonals of real symmetric matrices of given non negative spectrum is endowed with a measure which is obtained by the push forward of the Haar measure of the real orthogonal group.\\ We prove that the Radon Nicodym derivation of this measure with respect to the relative Euclidean measure is approximated by the coefficients of a sequence of zonal sphere polynomials corresponding with the given spectrum. 
There is a striking similarity between the role of the zonal sphere polynomials in the orthogonal case, and that of the Schur function in the Hermitian case.\\ Following this we obtain a combinatorial approximation for the probability of real symmetric matrix of a given spectrum to appear as the sum of two real symmetric matrices, each of a given spectrum. In addition we obtain a real orthogonal analogue to the Zuber Itzykson Harish Chandra integration formula.

Field of study: Mathematics
The tectonics and depositional history of the Ordovician and Silurian rocks of Notre Dame Bay, Newfoundland: Discussion

Scarcity of fossils has been one of the major problems in unravelling the complex geologic history of Newfoundland. The new fossil findings reported by Amott et al. are thus very important. The authors combine these new data with the known fossil evidence from literature to make time-stratigraphic correlations across the Notre Dame Bay area. Then they use the paleontological and stratigraphic data "together with an appreciation of the influence of contemporary faulting on the sedimentation" (p. 607) to reconstruct the depositional and tectonic history of the area. However, the report suffers from repetition of some old ideas, which may no longer be acceptable in the light of available new evidence. The main theme of the Amott et al. review is the stratigraphic unity of the Notre Dame Bay area. A number of workers (see Dean (1978) and references therein) have contemplated this idea previously; however, most geologists were discouraged by the distinctiveness of the terranes to the north and south of the Lukes Arm fault zone (Home and Helwig 1969). Poor fossil control and a lack of understanding of the region's structural complexities have inhibited these investigations even further. In fact, the nature and timing of movements on major faults in the Notre Dame Bay area are still unresolved (e.g., Dean and Strong 1977; Karlstrom et al. 1982, 1983; P. F. Williams, personal communication, 1985). One must also bear in mind the disturbing possibility that some of these faults were reactivated in post-Ordovician or Silurian times, and, therefore, the restoration of the last recorded movement may not always recreate the original arrangement of presently fault-bounded sequences (Kay 1967). This complicates interpretation of time-stratigraphic correlations, as the fossil-based time equivalence of two rock sequences does not necessarily prove their geologic or geographic unity. Amot et al. attempt to overcome this dilemma by calling on a variety of sedimentological and geochemical evidence to support their idea of stratigraphic unity for the entire Notre Dame Bay region. However, we disagree with several of their conclusions and also wish to point out some flaws in their arguments. Our first series of comments concerns Amott et al.'s interpretations of the geochemical data on the Notre Dame Bay volcanic rocks. Throughout the report they use the term "Notre Dame Bay arc." This idea, although long held (e.g., Strong 1977; Dean 1978; Kean et al. 1981), is not firmly substantiated on geochemical grounds. It should be stressed

Field of study: Environmental science
Granitic association of northeastern Sudan

Granitic rocks of magmatic origin form about 60 percent of the crystalline basement in the northeastern Sudan. Although divisible on field evidence into older (batholithic) and younger granites and overlying, horizontally disposed rhyolitic volcanic rocks, most units have an isotopic age of 700 m.y.; quantitatively minor intrusive masses have ages of 500 and 100 m.y. Field, geochemical, and, to a lesser extent, petrographic and mineralogic evidence indicates that the Eocambrian granitic rocks represent the cratonization of an island arc. The distribution of ultramafic (ophiolite) masses in northeastern-Africa and western Arabia suggests that several arc systems have been swept together. Paleomagnetic parameters that preclude extensive horizontal movement and closely spaced arc systems, like those of the present-day southwestern Pacific, are envisaged. The later minor magmatic activity was within-plate; a hot-spot origin is thus postulated.

Field of study: Geology