nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and decay process of superheavy nuclei with Z=119-122 via hot-fusion reactions

In this research article attempts have been made to calculate the superheavy-nuclei synthesis characteristics including, the potential energy parameters, fusion probability, fusion and evaporation residue (ER) cross sections as well as, decay properties of compound nucleus and the residue nuclei formation probability for elements with Z=119-122 by using the hot-fusion reactions. It is concluded that, although a selection of double magic projectiles such as 48Ca with high binding energy, simplifies the calculations significantly due to spherical symmetric shape of the projectile, resulting in high evaporation residue cross section, unfortunately, nuclei with $ Z > 98$ do not exist in quantities sufficient for constructing targets for the hot-fusion reactions. Therefore, practically our selection is fusion reactions with titanium projectile because the mass production of target nuclei for experimental purposes is more feasible. Based upon our findings, it is necessary, for new superheavy-nuclei production with $ Z > 119$, to use neutron-rich projectiles and target nuclei. Finally, the maximal evaporation residue cross sections for the synthesis of superheavy elements with Z=119-122 have been calculated and compared with the previously founded ones in the literature.

Field of study: Physics
Asymmetric [2,3]-Wittig rearrangement as a general tool for asymmetric synthesis

Recent advances in the asymmetric (2,3)-Wittig rearrangement as a general tool for asymmetric synthesis of homoallylic alcohols are described. First, the synthetic utilities of the asymmetric transmission type and the two asymmetric induction types are demonstrated, including applications in asymmetric syntheses of natural products and steroid side chains. Second, some examples are presented of the enantioselective versions involving a chiral ligand-bound boron enolate and organolithium as the migrating terminus. Finally, the mechanistic grounds of the asymmetric versions are discussed on the basis of the stereochemical analyses of the asymmetric version involving an enantiomerically-defined carbanion terminus. The (2,3)-Wittig rearrangement is a special class of (2,3)-sigmatropic rearrangement which involves an a- oxy carbanion as the migrating terminus to afford various types of homoallylic alcohols. As can be seen in the general formula (eq. l), this type of carbanion rearrangement possesses synthetically valuable features, including (a) the regiospecific carbon-carbon bond formation with allylic transposition of the oxygen function, (b) the stereoselective formation of a new olefinic bond, and (c) the stereoselective creation of vicinal chiral centers. Thus, the (2,3)-Wittig rearrangement currently enjoys widespread application in many facets of organic synthesis, particularly in the context of acyclic stereocontrol and natural product synthesis (ref. 1). The most significant feature is its ability of efficient diastereocontrol over the newly-created chiral centers through the proper choice of the combination of G group and substrate geometry. Some of the highly diastereoselective variants thus developed are shown below which provide a higher than 95% of either threo or erythro diastereoselectivity (refs. 1, 2).

Field of study: Chemistry
SU‐FF‐J‐59: Adaptive Gating of Radiotherapy Treatment Based On Marker‐Less Tracking of Lung Tumors with KV Fluoroscopy

We investigated using kV fluoroscopy for adapting the respiratory gating window prior to each radiation treatment fraction. The gate adaptation was based on marker‐less tracking of the target and correlating the internal motion trace with the external breathing signal.  A phantom study was performed with the on‐board kV imager of the Novalis Tx machine. A dynamic chest phantom with a water‐filled sphere placed inside a movable lung density insert was utilized. Breathing traces from patients that underwent lungSBRT were used to drive the target and external surrogate motion. The Varian RPM gating system was employed to obtain an external breathing signal, while acquiring kV fluoroscopyimages. The moving target was tracked and an internal signal was generated. One kV acquisition was used for adapting the gating window based on the correlation of the internal and external signal and another one for verifying the gated position of the target. Gating at end‐exhale is the most commonly used technique in the clinic, while gating at mid‐ventilation makes it more likely that the tolerance window for residual motion includes the tumor during the entire breathing cycle. The two gating windows were investigated and the results were compared.  No significant difference in the gated target position errors was observed between the two gating windows. The target was in the expected position about 90% of the time for each one. The maximum deviation outside the tolerance window for residual motion was 1.9mm for the end‐exhale and 2.2mm for the mid‐motion gating windows.  The adapt and verify procedure examined in this study, if applied in real‐time, has the potential to improve the accuracy of lungcancerradiotherapy by facilitating the reduction of safety margins used for moving tumors. Conflict of Interest: Varian Medical Systems, Inc.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
A coalitional game approach on improving interactions in multiple overlay environments

The overlay network has been widely deployed by Service Providers (SPs) to provide services. Since there are multiple SPs built upon the same Internet Service Provider (ISP), their overlays are co-existing and may interfere with each other. The selfishness of overlay may lead to sub-optimal performance and traffic arrangement dilemma for overlays. To optimize the performance of overlays and maximize the benefit of SPs, we propose a cooperative overlay optimization approach, in which overlays can form coalitions freely for the purpose of cooperation. This approach performs a two-step process: the coalition optimization process and the coalition formation process. Several models are applied to describe these two processes. The overlay routing problem of a coalition, the revenue allocation problem, and the convergence problem of coalition formation are analyzed and solved. In the coalition formation process, the relationship between co-existing overlays is also analyzed. Simulations are performed to evaluate our approach, which is proved to be effective on improving the performance and balancing the fairness of co-existing overlays.

Field of study: Computer science
Strategies to Improve the Energy Storage Properties of Perovskite Lead-Free Relaxor Ferroelectrics: A Review

Electrical energy storage systems (EESSs) with high energy density and power density are essential for the effective miniaturization of future electronic devices. Among different EESSs available in the market, dielectric capacitors relying on swift electronic and ionic polarization-based mechanisms to store and deliver energy already demonstrate high power densities. However, different intrinsic and extrinsic contributions to energy dissipations prevent ceramic-based dielectric capacitors from reaching high recoverable energy density levels. Interestingly, relaxor ferroelectric-based dielectric capacitors, because of their low remnant polarization, show relatively high energy density and thus display great potential for applications requiring high energy density properties. In this study, some of the main strategies to improve the energy density properties of perovskite lead-free relaxor systems are reviewed, including (i) chemical modification at different crystallographic sites, (ii) chemical additives that do not target lattice sites, and (iii) novel processing approaches dedicated to bulk ceramics, thick and thin films, respectively. Recent advancements are summarized concerning the search for relaxor materials with superior energy density properties and the appropriate choice of both composition and processing routes to match various applications’ needs. Finally, future trends in computationally-aided materials design are presented.

Field of study: Materials science
Understanding Peripartum Depression Through Neuroimaging: a Review of Structural and Functional Connectivity and Molecular Imaging Research

Purpose of ReviewImaging research has sought to uncover brain structure, function, and metabolism in women with postpartum depression (PPD) as little is known about its underlying pathophysiology. This review discusses the imaging modalities used to date to evaluate postpartum depression and highlights recent findings.Recent FindingsAltered functional connectivity and activity changes in brain areas implicated in executive functioning and emotion and reward processing have been identified in PPD. Metabolism changes involving monoamine oxidase A, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, serotonin, and dopamine have additionally been reported. To date, no studies have evaluated gray matter morphometry, voxel-based morphometry, surface area, cortical thickness, or white matter tract integrity in PPD.SummaryRecent imaging studies report changes in functional connectivity and metabolism in women with PPD vs. healthy comparison women. Future research is needed to extend these findings as they have important implications for the prevention and treatment of postpartum mood disorders.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Persistence of Nonylphenol Ethoxylate Surfactants and Their Primary Degradation Products in Sediments from near a Municipal Outfall in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada

Marine sediment cores and surface grabs were collected from the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada, near the Iona municipal outfall and were analyzed for nonylphenol (NP) and its ethoxylate compounds (NPnEOs). We used normal-phase liquid chromatography with electrospray mass spectrometric detection to determine concentrations of ethoxylates from n = 1 to n = 19. Over half the NPnEO inventory in marine sediments resides in ethoxylates of chain length greater than n = 2, suggesting that analyses limited to short-chain ethoxylates (n = 2) are under-reporting total NPnEO by a factor of 2. The NPnEO vertical profiles and oligomer distributions in dated sediment cores suggest that little degradation occurs once these compounds enter the sediments:  the half-life for these compounds is estimated to be greater than 60 yr. The lack of change in NPnEO oligomer distribution with age suggests that degradation by chain shortening does not occur significantly. A rough inventory shows that over 30 t of NPnEO re...

Field of study: Environmental science
Tailoring spin-orbit torque in diluted magnetic semiconductors

We study the spin orbit torque arising from an intrinsic linear Dresselhaus spin-orbit coupling in a single layer III-V diluted magnetic semiconductor. We investigate the transport properties and spin torque using the linear response theory, and we report here: (1) a strong correlation exists between the angular dependence of the torque and the anisotropy of the Fermi surface; (2) the spin orbit torque depends nonlinearly on the exchange coupling. Our findings suggest the possibility to tailor the spin orbit torque magnitude and angular dependence by structural design.

Field of study: Physics
SU‐FF‐T‐304: Monte Carlo Investigation of Electron Beams Collimated by An Electron‐Specific MLC for Modulated Electron Radiotherapy

This work investigates clinical electron beams collimated by an electron multileaf collimator (eMLC) for modulated electron radiotherapy (MERT) treatment optimization and dose calculation.  In this work we used MCBEAM and MCSIM codes for accelerator simulation and phantom/patient dose calculation, respectively. Particle phase space files at a plane directly above the eMLC were generated using MCBEAM. For each energy we first simulated with several monoenergetic electron beams. Then a previously developed optimization code was used to derive the energy spectra of the clinical electron beam to match the measured percent depth doses (PDD). The derived spectrum was used in the MCBEAM to generate the phase space file. Simulations were done to generate phase space files for all the energies available 6, 9, 12, 16, and 20MeV. The MCSIM code was used to simulate the eMLC using the generated phase space files as the source to calculate the dose distribution in a water phantom. Regular and irregular shapes were formed by positioning leaves of the eMLC. Selected shapes were then simulated. Monte Carlo simulated dose distributions were compared with measurements.  Good agreement (2%/1mm) was achieved between Monte Carlo simulations and measurements for PDDs collimated by both electron applicators/cutouts and by the eMLC for all electron energies and square fields. The Monte Carlodose distributions resulting from multiple static electron fields collimated by the eMLC agreed to 3%/2mm with ion chamber and film measurements.  In this study we have, through extensive verification, shown that our Monte Carlo code with the source represented by phase space files is capable of accurately modelingelectron beam delivery with the eMLC.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Donnees paleoclimatiques du neogene de la Vallee du Rhone (France)

The Mediterranean Neogene climatic history has been delineated on the basis of an analysis of various marine and terrestrial fossil groups: large Foraminifera, Madreporaria, Bryozoa, Mollusca, Crustacea, Echinodermata, Amphibia, Reptilia, macro- and micro-Mammalia, and the spore and pollen assemblages. Studies were conducted independently on these groups, and inter-group discrepancies in interpretation are of only a minor nature. A synoptic view of the climatic history is presented. Two kinds of climatic changes have been recognized, major and minor, occurring in the middle Miocene and middle Pliocene. The climate was warm and damp during the early Miocene, with a warming trend leading to maximum temperatures observed in the later part of the early Miocene. During the middle Miocene a reduction in temperature and moisture is observed. The late Miocene is characterized by increasing aridity. The Pliocene climate was more variable depending upon geographic location. During the late Pliocene climatic cooling occurred heralding the gradual intensification of cold climatic conditions during the Quaternary.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
A numerical method for calculating moments of coalescent times in finite populations with selection

A numerical method is developed for solving a nonstandard singular system of second-order differential equations arising from a problem in population genetics concerning the coalescent process for a sample from a population undergoing selection. The nonstandard feature of the system is that there are terms in the equations that approach infinity as one approaches the boundary. The numerical recipe is patterned after the LU decomposition for tridiagonal matrices. Although there is no analytic proof that this method leads to the correct solution, various examples are presented that suggest that the method works. This method allows one to calculate the expected number of segregating sites in a random sample of n genes from a population whose evolution is described by a model which is not selectively neutral.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Spectral Dynamics of the n-InSe/p-BN Heterojunction

The design and characterization of the InSe/BN heterojunction were investigated by study of optical reflectance, transmittance, and absorbance spectra in the incident wavelength range 300–1100 nm. Three absorption band edges related to conduction–valence band splitting of 2.75, 1.49, and 3.90 eV were observed. These bands shifted to 1.06 eV, 2.25 eV, and 3.85 eV on preparation of the InSe/BN interface. Analysis of dielectric spectra in the frequency range 275–1000 THz revealed the presence of three main resonance peaks at 333, 308, and 280 THz for the InSe substrate and at 341, 316, and 286 THz for the InSe/BN interface. The dispersion energy of the substrate increased from 27.43 eV to 33.77 eV on preparation of the InSe/BN interface. The quality factor of the heterojunction was found to be three times greater than that of InSe. The device seems to have potential, because the results suggest use of the heterojunction in thin-film transistor and optical communication technology.

Field of study: Materials science
Large-Scale Cross-Stratification in the St. Peter Sandstone

Large-scale cross-stratification is present in the St. Peter Sandstone of southern Wisconsin. Sets of cross-bedding are as much as 35 ft thick and are made up of thick master fore-set units which contain sets of smaller scale, internal cross-stratification. The master fore-set units occur as two types of cross-stratification: convex upward, planar and convex downward, tangential. Both the large-scale master fore-set bedding and the small-scale internal fore-set bedding dip toward the southwest, parallel to the regional paleocurrent pattern. The large-scale cross-stratification in the St. Peter Sandstone is the result of internal structures developed in large migrating sand waves, dunes, banks, or ridges.

Field of study: Geology
Partial hippocampal inactivation: effects on spatial memory performance in aged and young rats.

Changes in anatomical or functional connectivity during normal aging are thought to contribute to cognitive alterations over the lifespan. Neural network theories predict that synaptic loss in an aging brain could place the organism near the point of dysfunction in the nonlinear curve defining neural compromise versus performance. The present experiments examined whether aged rats are closer to this point of behavioral dysfunction by reversibly inactivating one or both hippocampal hemispheres. As expected, bilateral tetracaine inactivation of the hippocampus disrupted spatial memory in both age groups. Unilateral left hippocampal inactivation significantly increased errors only in aged rats; however, unilateral inactivation of the right hippocampus had no effect. The present outcome could reflect more extensive synaptic dysfunction in the aged right hippocampus or a greater involvement of the left hippocampus in spatial working memory problems.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
RESEARCH ON STATIC OPTIMIZATION OF CABLE-STAYED LATTICE STRUCTURE

The four-level optimized method is used for the optimization design of a cable-stayed lattice structure.The height of the mast is considered as an additional variable so as to expand the optimized scope.The cross-sections of members and cables are optimized by the full stress method.The prestress value of cables is optimized by the improved iterative matrix method based on the objective function of key point displacements.The height of mast is optimized using the complex method and the sensitivity of the mast height to the steel weight of the structure is analyzed.The optimized computation program is compiled using APDL parametric design language of an ANSYS procedure.The program is verified by an engineering example.The results show that the optimization can be achieved after 4 or 5 iterations.

Field of study: Engineering
What would Darwin have written now?

We often wonder how many of the pristine places left on Earth we can protect from deterioration before it is too late. The assumption that remote regions remain pristine plays a key role in directing policies for regional environmental management and conservation, and affects the local and global financial impetus to do so. In this paper, we use Argentinean Patagonia and the SW Atlantic as examples to argue that the assumption ‘remote region = pristine region’ is unjustified and based on a lack of information rather than on scientific evidence. We also discuss the major existing environmental threats to this supposedly ‘pristine’ region, and use emblematic examples to provide a more realistic picture of the regional environmental integrity and to set recommendations directed to improve environmental management and conservation within this context.

Field of study: Environmental science
Dexamethasone therapy of infertile men with sperm autoantibodies: immunological and sperm follow-up.

A group of 14 infertile men with significant titres of anti-sperm antibodies in their sera and seminal plasma were treated with dexamethasone acetate at 2 of 3 mg/day for s13 or 9 weeks respectively. Response to the treatment was evaluated by the evolution of seminal and circulating anti-sperm antibodies and semen characteristics. An overall decline in the anti-sperm antibodies was observed. Serum spermotoxicity and seminal agglutinins decreased below detectable levels in 67 and 58% of the men respectively. The decrease in both kinds of antibodies was closely correlated. Serum sperm agglutination titres fell slightly (2 to 3 log2 dilutions) in most cases. The disappearance of antibodies from the semen was accompanied by decreased autoagglutination and increased percentages of progressively motile spermatozoa. In two oligozoospermic men a striking increase in the sperm count was observed. Pregnancies occurred in three couples at times when serum spermotoxic and seminal agglutinating antibodies were undetectable and semen characteristics were normal.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Dissipation of 14c‐p,p'‐DDT in two Panamanian soils

Dissipation of 14C‐p,p'‐DDT in two Panamanian soils was studied up to two years under field conditions. The highland soil from Cerro Punta had an organic matter content of 7.1% and pH 6.1, while the lowland soil from El Coco had an organic matter content of 1.9% and pH 5.5. The time required for the initial dissipation of 50% of 14C was 135 and 365 days for Cerro Punta and El Coco soils respectively. After 2 years, extractable 14C was 16% and 28% for Cerro Punto and El Coco soils respectively. As the climatic conditions were the same, these differences in dissipation rates must relate to the soil properties. While the organic content and microbiological complexes may differ, it is also likely that the soil pH can play a role, where the higher acidity may retain the insecticide and its products for longer periods. Binding to soil amounted to approximately 9% after 2 years in both soils. It is concluded that p,p'‐DDT dissipates from Panamanian tropical soils at rates higher than those reported for ...

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Orientations toward Authority in an Authoritarian State: Moscow in 1990

Little is known about citizens' orientations to authority in authoritarian regimes. A 1990 Moscow survey offered an unusual opportunity to examine socialist citizens' views of military crimes of obedience, their attitudes toward political dissent, and predictors of each. In fact, there was no relationship between respondents' attitudes about disobedience (whether they would refuse orders to carry out military war crimes) and their responses about political dissent. However, greater education was associated both with claiming that one would disobey and with engaging in dissent. Exploratory analyses of additional attitude questions revealed two orthogonal factors-socialist conservatism and political powerlessness-which account for some of the effect of education and help explain the role of Communist Party membership. Party members felt more politically efficacious, but nonmembers were more likely to protest.

Field of study: Psychology