nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Pay for Performance, Performance Management, and Internal Promotional Opportunities of Human Resource Practices with Job Performance

This study explores the relationship and the impact of pay for performance, performance management, and internal promotional opportunities of human resources practices toward task performance and contextual performance of job performance. The study was conducted on the electrical and electronics (E&E) engineers in the Bayan Lepas Free Trade Zone, Penang. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed through the E&E manufacturing companies’ human resource managers. A total of 1,100 questionnaires were distributed that adapted and adopted the research tools of Rhoades et al. on pay for performance, Allen et al. on performance management, Wayne et al. on internal promotional opportunities, Williams and Anderson on task performance, and Hochwarter et al. on contextual performance. A total of 181 were returned but 150 questionnaires were useable for this study. The engineers indicated that only the internal promotional opportunities had a relationship with task performance and contextual performance. On the other hand, pay for performance and performance management had a relationship with contextual performance but not with task performance. Moreover, engineers indicated that none of the human resource practices, namely pay for performance, performance management, and internal promotional opportunities, had an impact on both of their job performance, namely task performance and contextual performance.

Field of study: Business
Simultaneous Multibeam Resource Allocation Scheme for Multiple Target Tracking

A colocated multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar system has the ability to address multiple beam information. However, the simultaneous multibeam working mode has two finite working resources: the number of beams and the total transmit power of the multiple beams. In this scenario, a resource allocation strategy for the multibeam working mode with the task of tracking multiple targets is developed in this paper. The basis of our technique is to adjust the number of beams and their directions and the transmit power of each beam through feedback, with the purpose of improving the worst tracking performance among the multiple targets. The Bayesian Cramér-Rao lower bound (BCRLB) provides us with a lower bound on the estimated mean square error (MSE) of the target state. Hence, it is derived and utilized as an optimization criterion for the resource allocation scheme. We prove that the resulting resource optimization problem is nonconvex but can be reformulated as a set of convex problems. Therefore, optimal solutions can be obtained easily, which greatly aids real-time resource management. Numerical results show that the worst case tracking accuracy can be efficiently improved by the proposed simultaneous multibeam resource allocation (SMRA) algorithm.

Field of study: Engineering
Petrology of the Mount Whitney Intrusive Suite, eastern Sierra Nevada, California: Implications for the emplacement and differentiation of composite felsic intrusions

The Mount Whitney Intrusive Suite is a nested intrusion composed of three granitic plutons that were emplaced along the eastern margin of the Sierra Nevada batholith between 88 and 83 Ma. Geologic relations indicate the suite was formed by magmas that spread laterally at a depth of ~10 km after initially rising along fractures developed at an extensional stepover between the proto–Kern Canyon fault and the Sierra Crest shear zone. Cenozoic uplift and erosion have exposed the interior of the suite, making it possible to study textural and compositional variations within the body that yield insights into the complementary roles of source variability and crystal fractionation in producing zoned intrusions. Although isotopic data indicate that contributions to the Mount Whitney Intrusive Suite from preexisting crustal rocks increased over time, major differences in the compositional and textural zoning of its members also refl ect gradual warming of the upper crust. The oldest pluton is isotopically and compositionally diverse, and consists of distinct phases that apparently underwent limited mixing and fractionation following their emplacement into cool host rocks. Conversely, the younger members are more isotopically uniform, and the youngest displays regular pluton-scale variations in composition and texture consistent with individual inputs having mixed, fractionated, and undergone textural coarsening as it cooled slowly within the older members or wall rocks warmed by them. A thermal model of the suite indicates that the intervals during which successive magma inputs were likely to hybridize and undergo subsequent in situ differentiation increased as the intrusion grew. For recharge at an interval intermediate between those required for 50% crystallization in different parts of the suite, model results suggest that the outer part would have developed as a composite body in which individual phases underwent limited differentiation, whereas the inner part would have developed as a more homogeneous body capable of large-scale differentiation. These predictions match trends among the suite’s members and suggest that warming of the upper crust may account for much of its textural and compositional diversity. Local differentiation also occurred in the upper parts of the younger members, where rhyolitic melts were segregated as a result of solidifi cation front instability.

Field of study: Geology
A dicotyledon-specific glutaredoxin GRXC1 family with dimer-dependent redox regulation is functionally redundant with GRXC2.

The major known function of glutaredoxins (Grxs) is to reduce disulphide bridges. Recently, some have also been shown to interact with iron-sulphur clusters. These can be classified in two subgroups: class II Grx are found in all living organisms and are implicated in assembly of iron-sulphur clusters, while class I Grx are represented by only two members known to form a holodimer structure containing a cluster in vitro, but with an unknown function different from class II. Here, we report that in eukaryotic plants, GRXC1 (class I) orthologs are exclusively present in dicotyledonous plants, suggesting a specific function. Indeed, in Arabidopsis thaliana, reducing activity of recombinant GRXC1 is regulated by redox-dependent stability of the cluster. In planta, GRXC1 has been found predominantly in a holodimeric form, indicating the presence of the cluster in vivo. This suggests that GRXC1 acts as a redox sensor, reducing downstream pathways under oxidative conditions. GRXC2, the closest homolog of GRXC1, is unable to form a cluster in vitro. Knock-out mutants in grxc1 or grxc2 are aphenotypic, but the double mutant produces a lethal phenotype at an early stage after pollinization, suggesting that GRXC1 and GRXC2 share redundant and vital functions.

Field of study: Environmental science
[Pharmacological neuroprotection in stroke in clinical practice: new perspectives].

Despite recent advances in acute stroke care, clinical armamentarium against stroke remains limited. Furthermore, highly effective approaches to stroke treatment, such as systemic reperfusion and mechanical thrombectomy, cannot be performed in the majority of patients. Neuroprotective strategies, i.e. prevention of irreversible cell damage due to the ischemia, may improve stroke outcomes. However, only few pharmacological agents demonstrated clinical efficacy. Citicoline is an endogenous mononucleotide with neuroprotective effect and established clinical safety and tolerability, which effectiveness in acute stroke was studied in several large, well-controlled trials. Recent meta-analysis confirmed benefit of citicoline treatment in terms of increase of chance for better recovery of functional independence compared to placebo. Maximal effect of citicoline is seen when it is administered as soon as possible after stroke onset in patients who are not eligible for reperfusion therapy.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Analysis of the difference of drought tolerance in Saccharum officinarum and Erianthus arundinaceum Retz

Changes of osmotic adjustment and active oxygen metabolism of Erithanus arundinaceum and Saccharum officinarum (cv. Badila) under water stress were studied. The results indicated that the increment of MDA in Erithanus arundinaceum was less than that in S. officinarum with the water stress. On the contrary, the specific activities of SOD and POD were both obviously higher than those in Badila. The isozymes (SOD_(b1), SOD_(b2) and POD_(a1)) of Erianthus arundinaceum were stronger and obviously different from those of Badila. In addition, a new isozyme POD_(b2), the same as in Badila, was induced in Erianthus arundinaceum when re-watered after severe water stress. The results also showed that CAT specific activity declined rapidly in Badila but increased in Erianthus arundinaceum after water stress, suggesting that Erianthus arundinaceum was more adaptive to water stress and that the drought resistance gene could be cloned from Erianthus arundinaceum.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Verification of protocol conformance test cases using reachability analysis

A methodology is presented to verify manually written test cases against the formal specification of a protocol. Initially, a protocol and a test case are modeled as nondeterministic finite state machines and test case verification is viewed as a reachability analysis problem. An existing reachability analysis algorithm, based on the well-known perturbation technique, is modified to take nondeterminism in protocols and special test case features (timeouts and OTHERWISE events) into account. Correctness aspects of the reachability algorithm are proved. The notion of a synchronization error manifesting in a test case due to the nondeterministic nature of a protocol specification is studied. To verify data flow aspects of test cases, we extend our technique by modeling the test case and protocol specification as extended finite state machines. A test case from a proprietary test suite for the transport protocol Class 2 is taken as an example and is shown to contain several design errors.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Gauging Public Opinion.

Reading is a hobby to open the knowledge windows. Besides, it can provide the inspiration and spirit to face this life. By this way, concomitant with the technology development, many companies serve the e-book or book in soft file. The system of this book of course will be much easier. No worry to forget bringing the gauging public opinion book. You can open the device and get the book by on-line.

Field of study: Mathematics
Gender Distribution of Teachers Supply in Primary Schools in Bayelsa State: Implication for the Primary School Child Education

The paper investigated the gender distribution of teachers supply in primary schools in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Available statistics revealed that, there were more male teachers in the employment of the state government. The t-test result at 0.05 significance level also revealed that, there was a significant difference among the male and female groups in the distribution of teachers in primary schools in Bayelsa State in favour of male teachers. The implication for the primary school child education was that, the society was likely to produce children who may not have affection for one another since the motherly affection required at this developmental stage shall be lacked. It was recommended that, government should motivate the girl child to go to colleges of education and the universities through special scholarship schemes and legislation on the need to abolish early child marriages in order to mitigate the un-equal distribution of teachers in primary schools.

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Coil bobbin composed of high-strength polyethylene fiber reinforced plastics for a stable high-field superconducting magnet

High-field superconducting solenoid magnets sometimes quench by wire motion induced by electromagnetic force. Fiber reinforced plastic [Dyneema fiber reinforced plastic (DFRP)] pipes composed of high-strength polyethylene fiber by filament winding method could be constructed so as to expand in the circumferential direction when cooled to low temperature with an appropriate selection of winding angle and shape of the pipes. In the case of a superconducting coil fabricated with a DFRP bobbin, it is expected that wire motions in high field are decreased by expansion of the coil bobbin. In this paper, tap voltage between both ends of the coils fabricated with DFRP bobbin and stainless steel (SUS) bobbin were measured with increasing current. The coil using SUS bobbin showed many sharp peaks in tap voltage induced by quick wire motions. In contrast, those using DFRP bobbin showed only a few small peaks. These results suggest that wire motions were constrained by DFRP bobbin. The training effects were observed in both cases.

Field of study: Physics
[Research on construction of sheep lung adenomas virus pEGFP-C1/exJSRV-env and induction of malignant transformation in NIH3T3].

This study aims to construct a eukaryotic expression system for envelope gene of Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus, observes its localization in 293T cells, and investigates the potential in inducing malignant transformation of NIH3T3 cells. By RT-PCR, the full-length cDNA of envelope gene of Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (exJSRV-env) was amplified from the extract of naturally infected sheep lung. The clone of target gene was sub-cloned into eukaryotic expression system pEGFP-C1, and validated by PCR, restriction endonuclease, and sequencing. Bioinformatic analysis concerning biological function and cellular localiza tion of exJSRV-env was also performed. The recombinant clone of exJSRV-env was transfected into 293T cells and NIH3T3 cells by Lipofectamine LTX. The expression and celluar localization in 293T cells were validated by confocal microscopy. Soft agar colony formation assay was employed to test the anchorage-independent growth of NIH3T3. DNA sequencing and restriction enzyme digestion with Kpn I and Hind III indicated the correct construction of the recombinant plasmid, which was named pEGFP-C1/exJSRV-env. Amino acid sequence alignment of exJSRV-env with reference sequences found 85%-100% homogeneity. A YRNM motif was discovered at the cytoplasmic tail of envelope gene, which is exclusively found in exogenous viruses. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that our clone of exJSRV-env clustered closely with pathogenic exogenous Jaagsiekte sheep retroviruses. Fluorescence microscopy indicated typical membrane localization of exJSRV-env protein. NIH3T3 cells transfected with exJSRV-env lost contact inhibition, and acquired colony forming ability in soft agar. This study indicated that envelope protein of Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus can induce malignant transformation of mouse fibroblast cell NIH3T3. Discoveries of this study provide a basis for further structural and functional research on Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus envelope protein.

Field of study: Biology
Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the Konin Basin (central Poland) during lignite accumulation linked to the mid-Miocene climate optimum

We reconstruct palaeoenvironmental conditions during the formation of the first Mid-Polish Lignite Seam (MPLS-1) of the Konin Basin of central Poland, which is of mid-Miocene age. In terms of macropetrography, the MPLS-1 comprises different lithotype associations, predominantly xylodetritic lignite, and represents the peat deposits of mires most likely inhabited by Myricaceae-Cyrillaceae shrubs. Palynological assemblages obtained from the MPLS-1 at the Adamow Lignite Opencast Mine indicate the existence of wetland/palustrine and mesophytic vegetation during the accumulation of the peat. Applying the Coexistence Approach to the palynological assemblages, climate is inferred to have been warm temperate and humid with a mean annual temperature (MAT) of 15.7–18.0 °C with plant communities similar to modern pocosins developed on coastal plains in southeastern USA. The palynological assemblages from the MPLS-1 at Joźwin IIB Lignite Opencast Mine show palaeofloristic cyclicality. In the studied section, five cycles were identified, dominated by swamp forests (Taxodium/Glyptostrobus–Nyssa) similar to modern forests in southeastern USA and China. The climate at that time was warm temperate and humid (MAT = 15.7–20.5 °C) based on CA application. This is consistent with the significant contribution of warm temperate plants, typical of mixed mesophilous forests, which grew in the vicinity of the swamp forests. The results of geochemical analyses are generally in agreement with palaeobotanical studies, indicating angiosperm dominated the peat-forming vegetation. However, the geochemically-derived average temperature ranges of ca. 24.2–25.0 °C, based on the carbon preference index (CPI), is significantly higher. These differences between palynologically- and geochemically-derived MATs can be explained by the influence of changes in vegetation on the CPI values. The periodic contribution of algae and microorganisms to the biomass while the water table was raised is indicated by elevated abundances of short-chain n-FAs. In contrast, under acidic conditions, bacterial activity was limited, as indicated by ββ/(ββ + αβ) hopane ratios and low sulfur content. Based on sedimentological data, the MPLS-1 was mainly formed either proximal (Joźwin IIB, Tomislawice) or more distal (Adamow) to the river channels as evidenced by the presence or absence of siliciclastic partings within the MPLS-1. In summary, the MPLS-1 accumulated mostly as low-lying mires under freshwater conditions, corresponding to the last peak of the Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum and to the period thereafter when the climate showed a cooling trend. Our findings are placed in the context of palaeotectonics and palaeoclimates at regional and global scales.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Palaeobiogeographic context in the development of shallow-water late Viséan-early Bashkirian benthic foraminifers and calcareous algae in the Cantabrian Mountains (Spain)

The late Visean to early Bashkirian shallow-water carbonate Valdediezma Platform in the Picos de Europa Province of the Cantabrian Zone, has been subdivided into eight microbiotic intervals by means of similarity clusters (using the Morisita coefficient). The most complete Visean-Bashkirian interval is represented in the Valdediezma Valley – Jitu l'Escarandi –road to Tresviso, where only the Steshevian to lower part of the Protvian (middle Serpukhovian) is missing. This interval is better represented in the Pompedrei Bridge to La Hermida composite section, and also in the deeper water section at Vegas de Sotres. These intervals contain a succession from the Mikhailovian (upper Visean) up to the Krasnopolyanian (lower Bashkirian). The assemblages of the Valdediezma Limestone show, comparatively, low similarity indices with the neighbouring basins in the collisional front in the western extremity of the Palaeotethys during the progression of the Variscan Orogeny. In this mobile belt, two domains are recognized; a western domain composed of outcrops in south-western Spain and in the Moroccan Meseta, and an eastern domain comprising basins located in southern France. Some basins, such as the Betic Cordillera, initially had more influence from the western domain, but later, during the late Serpukhovian, it is considered as being part of the eastern domain. The Valdediezma Platform foraminiferal and algal content is coincident with its location as an isolated platform, surrounded by deep-water seas, and with higher similarities with the eastern domain. Regional tectonic events are recognized from the late Visean onward, and they are mostly masked by the overprint of latest Pennsylvanian events. Facies changes are commonly observed, particularly at the base of the intervals, suggesting that facies control is the most important factor controlling the assemblages. It is considered that eustatic sea-level changes exerted a certain control on the assemblages.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Polyhalogenierte Bicyclo[4.2.0]octa‐1,5,7‐triene, XI. Darstellung und Reaktionen von Bicyclo[4.2.0]octa‐1,3,5‐trien‐7,8‐diylsulfaten

Die cyclischen Schwefelsaureester 4a, d und e werden aus 1a, d und e mit Schwefelsaure bei Raumtemperatur dargestellt. Bei hoherer Temperatur entstehen die Diketone 3a oder b. Sowohl die Thermolyse der Schwefelsaureester bei 180–200°C als auch ihre Saurehydrolyse fuhren ebenfalls zu 3a oder b. Dagegen ergibt die alkalische Hydrolyse die Phthalide 5a oder b. Analoge Reaktionsablaufe beobachtet man mit Alkoholaten zu 5c, d und f, mit Methanthiolat zu 5e und sekundaren Aminen zu 8a—f. Im Gegensatz dazu gehen aus der Reaktion mit Ammoniak und primaren Aminen die Phenylglyoxylsaureamide 13a—f hervor. Die anderen Ringoffnungsprodukte 9a, b, 10 und 11 werden aus 4a mit Phenolaten unter verschiedenen Bedingungen erhalten. Die Isolierung der Zwischenprodukte 6 und 7 in den Reaktionen 4 8 erlaubt einige allgemeine mechanistische Erklarungen. 
 
 
 
Polyhalogenated Bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,5,7-trienes, XI1). — Preparation and Reactions of Bicyclo-[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7,8-diyl Sulfates 
 
 
 
The cyclic sulfates 4a, d and e were prepared from 1a, d, and e with sulfuric acid at room temperature. At a higher temperature the diketones 3a or b are produced. Thermolysis of the sulfates at 180–200°C as well as acidic hydrolysis lead likewise to 3a or b. Alkaline hydrolysis, however, yields the phthalides 5a or b. Analogous reaction courses are observed with alkoholates yielding 5c, d, f, methanethiolate giving 5e, and secondary amines 8a—f. Contrary, with ammonia and primary amines the phenylglyoxylic amides 13a—f are formed. The other ring opening products 9a, b, 10, and 11 are obtained from 4a with phenolates under different conditions. In the reactions 4 8 the intermediates 6 and 7 can be isolated, so that some general mechanistic interpretations are possible.

Field of study: Chemistry
Some stress-strength reliability models

This paper presents reliability expressions for five stress-strength models of parallel systems with non-identical units. Models are developed for the following systems: 1. (1) when system stress probability density function is exponentially distributed 2. (2) the stress probability density function follows gamma distribution 3. (3) system stresss probability density function can be described by beta distribution 4. (4) stress probability density function is given by a power series 5. (5) and finally, when system stress probability density function follows chi-square distribution. In these models, the unit strength probability density function is exponentially distributed with constant failure rate.

Field of study: Engineering
Learning multi-planar scene models in multi-camera videos

Many man-made environments are constructed with multiple levels where people walk, joined by stairs, ramps and overpasses. This study proposes a novel method to learn the geometry of a scene containing more than a single ground plane by tracking pedestrians and combining information from multiple views. The method estimates a scene model with multiple planes by measuring the variation of pedestrian heights across each camera's field of view. It segments the image into separate plane regions, estimating the relative depth and altitude for each image pixel, thus building a three-dimensional reconstruction of the scene. By estimating the multiple planes, the method enables tracking algorithms to follow objects (pedestrians and/or vehicles) that are moving on different ground planes in the scene. The authors also introduce what they believe is the first public dataset with pedestrian traffic on multiple planes to encourage other researchers to compare their work in this field.

Field of study: Computer science