nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Outlier Detection Approach Survey for Imperfect Data Labels

The task of outlier detection is to identify data objects that are markedly different from or inconsistent with the normal set of data. However, in addition to normal data, there also exist limited negative examples or outliers in many applications, and data may be corrupted such that the outlier detection data is imperfectly labeled. These make outlier detection far more difficult than the traditional ones. Outlier detection approach to address data with imperfect labels and incorporate limited abnormal examples into learning. To deal with data with imperfect labels, use likelihood values for each input data which denote the degree of membership. Mainly approach works in two steps. In the first step, generate a pseudo training dataset by computing likelihood values of each example based on its local behavior. Kernel k-means clustering method and kernel LOF-based method to compute the likelihood values. In the second step, incorporate the generated likelihood values and limited abnormal examples into SVDDbased learning framework to build a more accurate classifier for global outlier detection. By integrating local and global outlier detection, the method explicitly handles data with imperfect labels and enhances the performance of outlier detection.

Field of study: Engineering
Comparison of exposure standards in the mammography x-ray region.

Direct comparisons of the National Institute of Standards and Technology's (NIST) Ritz 20 kV to 100 kV standard free-air ionization chamber and a portable variable-length free-air ionization chamber designed by the University of Wisconsin-Madison Accredited Dosimetry Calibration Laboratory (UW-ADCL) were made on NISTs low-energy tungsten x-ray range. As a result of this direct comparison, NIST has established a UW-ADCL designed chamber, the Attix chamber, as the national standard chamber for the mammography energy x-ray range. The Ritz standard chamber and the Attix standard chamber have been extensively compared using the new molybdenum and rhodium beam qualities. The results indicate that exposure measurements in the mammography energy x-ray region with the two free-air chambers can be made with a discrepancy of less than 0.35%.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Structure of aluminium‐bound ovotransferrin at 2.15 Å resolution

Transferrin, well known as an iron-transport protein, can bind other metal ions, including toxic ones, and is considered to play an important role in the transportation of such metal ions. Here, a crystal structure of aluminium-bound transferrin is described for the first time. Colourless needle-shaped crystals of aluminium-bound ovotransferrin were obtained in PEG 400 solution. Structural determination was performed by molecular replacement using diferric (iron-bound) ovotransferrin as a model and the structural refinement was performed in the 50-2.15 Angstroms resolution range. The overall organization of the aluminium-bound form is almost the same as the iron-bound form: the protein is folded into two homologous lobes (N- and C-lobes) with two domains; two metal-binding sites are located within the inter-domain clefts of each lobe. Four residues (one Asp, two Tyr and one His) and one bicarbonate anion were found to bind an aluminium ion in either lobe, as in the iron-bound form. The highly similar domain-closed structure of the Al(3+)-bound form may permit the binding of Al(3+)-bound transferrin to the transferrin receptor. An unusual interaction, the dilysine trigger, which facilitates iron release at low pH in the endosome, was also found in the Al(3+)-bound form. These findings support the participation of transferrin in the transport of Al(3+) ions in vivo.

Field of study: Chemistry
Measuring the value of culture: methods and examples in cultural economics

● To assist those who wish to conduct an unbiased economic valuation of a cultural activity or organisation. ● To demonstrate what common methods actually measure and where misrepresentation may exist. ● To provide an overview of the current theory of economic valuation for academic researchers and a ‘starting point for further investigation’. ● To provide practical help for those wishing to conduct an economic valuation by providing guidance as to which methods are appropriate and how results can be interpreted.

Field of study: Sociology
Recent Advances in Genetic and Epigenetic Modulation of Animal Exposure to High Temperature

Animals have evolved multiple systems, including genetic and epigenetic systems, to respond accordingly to heat exposure and heat acclimation. Heat exposure greatly affects immunity, changes metabolic processes, and poses a serious threat to animals. Heat acclimation is induced by repeated organism exposure to heat stress to dissipate heat. This review focuses on genetic modulation via heat shock transcription factors and calcium as two important factors and compares the changes in HSPs under heat stress and heat acclimation. Epigenetic regulation summarizes the role of HSPs in DNA methylation and histone modifications under heat stress and heat acclimation. These genetic and epigenetic modifications protect cells from thermal damage by mediating the transcriptional levels of heat-responsive genes. This review highlights recent advances in the genetic and epigenetic control of animal thermal responses and their interactions.

Field of study: Biology
Forging Attacks on two Authenticated Encryptions COBRA and POET

In FSE 2014, an authenticated encryption mode COBRA [4], based on pseudorandom permutation (PRP) blockcipher, and POET , based on Almost XOR-Universal (AXU) hash and strong pseudorandom permutation (SPRP), were proposed. Few weeks later, COBRA mode and a simple variant of the original proposal of POET (due to a forging attack [13] on the original proposal) with AES as an underlying blockcipher, were submitted in CAESAR, a competition  of authenticated encryption (AE). In this paper we show a forging attack on the mode COBRA based on any n-bit blockcipher. Our attack on COBRA requires about O(n) queries with success probability about 1/2. This disproves the claim proved in FSE 2014 paper. We also show both privacy and forging attack on the parallel version of POET, denoted POET-m. In case of the modes POET or POE (the underlying modes for encryption), we show one query distinguishing attack when we instantiate the underlying AXU-hash function with some other AXU hash function, namely uniform random involution. Thus, our result violates the designer’s main claim (Theorem 8.1 in ). However, the attacks can not be extended directly for the specific choices of existing submitted versions to the CAESAR competition.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Quantum Spin Dynamics in Single-Molecule Magnets

This thesis contains a thorough investigation of the quantum spin dynamics in Mn12-ac and Mn6 Single-molecule magnets. In particular, we have investigated the interplay between quantum tunneling of magnetization and nuclear spin dynamics in Mn12-ac by ultra-low temperature NMR experiments. We discuss the effect of quantum tunneling on the nuclear spin-lattice relaxation, the nuclear spin diffusion, the thermalization of the nuclear spins, the isotope effect, the influence of strong perpendicular fields, and we propose a model to unify all our observations. For the isotropic Mn6 molecule, we report the observation of long-range ferromagentic ordering of the cluster spins, due to dipolar interactions only. The nuclear spin dynamics provides an interesting comparison with the case of Mn12-ac. Two large introductory chapters describe the design of our ultra-low temperature setups, and the theoretical background necessary to understand the interplay between nuclear spins and quantum tunneling, with emphasis on the Prokof'ev-Stamp theory of the "spin-bath".

Field of study: Physics
Early behavioral development in the spontaneously hypertensive rat: a comparison with the Wistar-Kyoto and Sprague-Dawley strains.

The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is often used as a model for childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). To investigate behavioral maturation in SHR, body weight, age at eye opening, and performance in several behavioral tasks in male and female SHR, Wistar-Kyoto (WKY), and Sprague-Dawley rats were compared. SHRs were slower in performing the righting reflex on PND 4 and negative geotaxis compared with WKY and Sprague-Dawley. Both SHR and WKY were delayed relative to Sprague-Dawley in eye opening and beam walking. Rotarod performance was comparable in the 3 strains. Males were faster to right themselves than females, but there were no other significant sex differences nor Sex X Strain interactions. Delayed development in SHR may be related to a maturational delay observed in children with ADHD. Research assessing early behaviors in SHR, WKY, and other strains will help determine the most appropriate model for childhood ADHD and may help predict later behavioral dysfunction.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
The Effects of Gamma Irradiation on Medical Grade Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)

Within developing countries the most cost-effective polymer used in the fabrication of rigid intraocular lenses (IOLs) is poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), for which gamma irradiation is increasingly being used as the preferred method of sterilisation. Medical grade PMMA samples sterilised using a dose of 29kGy of gamma irradiation, were immersed in a simulated aqueous humour solution (SAHS) (pH 7.4, 35 °C), and periodically removed to assess changes in their thermal and structural properties with respect to control samples. Triple-detection gel permeation chromatography indicated that substantial chain scission had occurred during gamma irradiation, an adverse effect that also resulted in a small increase in the rate of diffusion of the SAHS into the PMMA. The diffusion coefficient of SAHS into the gamma-sterilised PMMA was 2.7 ± 0.6 × 10−12 m2s−1, and that for the control samples was 2.0 ± 0.5 × 10−12 m2 s−1. Thermomechanical analysis revealed a decreasing Tg with time for samples incubated in SAHS, showing that the solution caused plasticisation irrespective of irradiation; however, the γ-sterilised PMMA had a Tg 7 °C lower than the control PMMA, which indicates the effect of the γ-irradiation on the rigidity of the polymer.

Field of study: Materials science
Vortex matter in low-dimensional systems with proximity-induced superconductivity

We theoretically study the vortex matter structure in low-dimensional systems with superconducting order induced by proximity to a bulk superconductor. We analyze the effects of microscopic coupling mechanisms between the two systems and the effects of possible mismatch in the band structures of these materials on the energy spectrum of vortex-core electrons. The unusual structure of vortex cores is discussed in the context of recent tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy experiments.

Field of study: Physics
Art and Writing in the Maya Cities, A.D. 600-800: A Poetics of Line. By Adam Herring. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. xvi, 316. Illustrations. Maps. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $85.00 cloth.

Like Adam Herring, the author of this fine first book, the reviewer trained at Yale. More than any other place, this was where an art history of Precolumbian imagery became possible. By sheer chance, the university had hired people such as George Kubler, Floyd Lounsbury, and Michael Coe. There was no grand plan. Kubler secured his position as a specialist in colonial and hispanic productions; ' Lounsbury was renowned for his impeccable scholarship on kinship and Iroquoian languages, Coe as an early researcher on the New World "neolithic." Gradually, all shifted emphasis, at least in part, to Precolumbian and, more relevant here, Mesoamerican imagery and writing. They helped define the field, attracting graduate students and, in the case of Herring's professor, Mary Miller, a worthy, eventual successor to Kubler.

Field of study: History
Changes in sodium and potassium in Nitellopsis cells treated with transient salt stress

Nitellopsis cells grown in fresh water have a relatively low cytoplasmic Na+ (11 mol m−3) and high cytoplasmic K+ (90 mol m−3) content. A 30-min treatment with 100 mol m−3 external NaCl resulted in a high [Na+]c (90 mol m−3) and a low [K+]c (33 mol m−3), Subsequent addition of external Ca2+ (10 mol m−3) prevented Na+ influx and then [Na+]c decreased slowly. Changes in [K+]c were opposite to [Na+]c During the recovery time vacuolar Na+ increased, while vacuolar K+ decreased. Since all these processes proceeded also under ice-cold conditions, the restoration of original cytoplasmic ion compositions is suggested to be a passive nature. The notion that the passive movement of ions across the tonoplast can act as an effective and economic mechanism of salt tolerance under transient or under mild salt stress conditions is discussed.

Field of study: Environmental science
Imagined communities and identities: A spaciotemporal discourse analysis of one woman's literacy journey

This study investigates the narratives of Marla, a 25-year old bilingual and biliterate transnational Latina mother. Data for this study came from an overarching ethnographic narrative inquiry study that investigated how five women tutors in a neighborhood literacy initiative constructed, enacted, and expressed their literacy identities. Marla's narratives illuminated a spatial and temporal framework that warranted a closer, more nuanced look at how she positioned herself in time and space. The authors inquired into what Marla's narratives suggested about her constructions of literacy and identity. Specifically, we focus on Marla's use of deictics, which illuminated a sophisticated storying of self that she used to position herself as a global citizen, a good student, and a mature family woman. Findings highlight how Marla restoried herself, constructing a new “now” self that she actualized in the present as she imagined a new future for her and her family.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
[Pathological redundancy of the motor act: modern concepts of the pathogenesis and approaches to the pharmacological treatment].

The authors present characteristics of pathogenetic mechanisms of pathological motor redundancy in children with neurological and psychoneurological pathologies examined in accordance with the original author's concept. Pathological mechanisms of the development of motor redundancy, including obsessive movements, hyperkinesia, compulsions, motor and sensory stereotypes, taking into account a certain unity of mechanisms of their origin at the anatomical level, are described. The article demonstrates the differences in the formation of these pathological motor acts associated with changes in their function, i.e. neuromediation and neuromodulation, in certain structures of the central nervous system.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
News on strangeness at ultrarelativistic energies—review of microscopic models

We review recent developments in the field of microscopic transport model calculations for ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions. In particular, we focus on the strangeness production, for example, the -meson and its role as a messenger of the early phase of the system evolution. Moreover, we discuss the important effects of the (soft) field properties on the multiparticle system. We outline some current problems of the models as well as possible solutions to them.

Field of study: Physics
Predicting sugar content of candied watermelon rind during osmotic dehydration

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus) is an important vegetable crop with a worldwide annual production of 104 million tons (United States Department of Agriculture, 2011). Watermelon consists of about 50% red or yellow flesh which is edible; the other parts, consisting of about 35% rind and 15% peel, are usually discarded (Rimando & Perkins-Veazie, 2005). Watermelon rind contains vitamins, minerals, fiber and citrulline, but most people avoid eating it due to its unappealing flavor and lack of sweetness (Al-Sayed & Ahmed, 2013; Johnson et al., 2012). Watermelon rind is about 95% water, which makes it susceptible to deterioration. Thus, it is important to reduce the moisture content of the watermelon rind in order to produce products with a stable shelf life. Dsmotic dehydration can be applied to remove the water, improve the flavor and increase the sugar content of watermelon rind for the purpose of obtaining a candied product.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Activation of lymphocytes after platelet allotransfusion possessing only class I MHC product

After platelet allotransfusion, we found a characteristic increase in the expression of interleukin‐2 receptor, dipeptydilpeptidase IV (CD26), activation‐inducer molecule (AIM, CD69) and transferrin receptors (CD71) on day 3 indicating that important functional molecules expressed on the activation of lymphocytes by allogeneic platelets. At the same time, no consistent increase of other activation molecules such as Ki‐1 (CD30), intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM‐1, CD54) and Ki‐24 (CDw70) antigen expression was detected, probably as a result of the selective activation of some lymphocyte subsets. In order to obtain further evidence for the in vivo activation triggered by allogeneic platelets, a subsequent step of T cell activation towards differentiation was investigated with monoclonal antibodies to leucocyte common antigens. A sharp expression of the UCHL1, coupled with a decrease of the CD45R molecule was detected on day 7 or 14, suggesting a T cell priming.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Maximum likelihood trend estimation in exponential noise

This paper considers the problem of estimating a linear trend in noise, where the noise is modeled as independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) random process with exponential distribution. The corresponding maximum likelihood parameter estimator of the trend and noise parameters is derived, and its performance is analyzed. It turns out that the resulting maximum likelihood estimator has to solve a linear programming problem with number of constraints equal to the number of received data. A recursive form of the maximum likelihood estimator, which makes it suitable for implementation in real-time systems, is then proposed. The memory requirements of the recursive algorithm are data dependent and are investigated by simulations using both computer-generated and recorded data sets.

Field of study: Engineering
Biodegradation of 4-nonylphenol in seawater and sediment.

Biodegradation of 14C-labelled nonylphenol at the concentration 11 microg litre (-1) in seawater has been estimated by collection and quantification of the formed labelled carbon dioxide. Initially degradation was very slow but when the microorganisms had become adapted, after four weeks at 11 degrees C, the degradation rate increased rapidly and after 58 days about 50% of 14C from NP was found in the CO2 fraction. In the presence of sediment the initial degradation rate was high and did not increase after longer incubation. Lack of oxygen reduced the degradation rate by half in the presence of sediment.

Field of study: Environmental science
Multinationals: The “Who Is Us” Debate

In a 1993 meeting with fellow cabinet members, U.S. Trade Representative Mickey Kantor reportedly asked "Who are my clients American companies or American workers?" The question actually had nothing to do with traditional labor-management conflicts and everything to do with the complex issue of determining corporate nationality in an increasingly globalized economy. What lay behind Ambassador Kantor's question was the concern that American corporations have become so multinational or "globalized" in terms of where they manufacture and conduct research that they are no longer truly American. Some of America's leading electronics companies firms like IBM, Texas Instruments, Hewlett-Packard, and Motorola employ hundreds of software engineers in Bangalore, India. Is what is good for these companies good for America or good for India? Questions have also arisen about just how foreign are the foreign-owned U.S. subsidiaries that are becoming larger and larger contributors to the U.S. economy. A plant in Kentucky produces Toyota Camrys. A plant in Tennessee churns out Nissan Altimas. Are not these subsidiaries, for all intents and purposes, American companies? This globalization trend is more than just a topic of debate among business economists. It carries significant public policy implications. Should U.S. trade, technology, and tax policies favor U.S. firms over foreign-owned U.S. subsidiaries? How should foreign investment in the United States be treated? Should the U.S. government be in the business of helping U.S. firms invest overseas? And should foreign companies be allowed to participate in U.S. taxpayer-funded technology programs? These questions are enormously complex. Nonetheless, a review of the relevant economic data and a thorough analysis of the public policy implications produce the following conclusions. First, U.S. multinational corporations remain significantly more "national" than "multi" and are major engines of growth for the U.S. economy. Second, many foreign-owned U.S. subsidiaries are playing an increasingly important role in our economy; their presence should be welcomed. But financial, legal, cultural, and management-accountability realities will differentiate many foreign-owned U.S. subsidiaries from U.S. companies for the foreseeable future.

Field of study: Economics
Magnetic-Thermal Coupling Analysis of the Cold Dielectric High Temperature Superconducting Cable

A finite element analysis model of the cold dielectric high-temperature superconducting (HTS) cable was built considering the feature of current and heat transfer boundary condition, based on which the magnetic-thermal coupled field was studied and simulated. Then the boundary conditions in the finite element analysis model, such as temperature, magnetic field and the current distribution in HTS cable conductor, were iteratively renewed based on the results of the simulation. Also, the magnetic-thermal coupled field in HTS cable was simulated again using the fixed boundary conditions. The change regularity of the magnetic-thermal coupled field in HTS cable was obtained through the cycle of dynamic simulation of the magnetic-thermal coupled field.

Field of study: Physics
The Method of Path Coefficients

The Method of path coefficients was suggested a number of years ago (Wright 1918, more fully 1920, 1921), as a flexible means of relating the correlation coefficients between variables in a multiple system to the functional relations among them. The method has been applied in quite a variety of cases. It seems desirable now to make a restatement of the theory and to review the types of application, especially as there has been a certain amount of misunderstanding both of purpose and of procedure.

Field of study: Mathematics
Efficient Square-Based Montgomery Multiplier for All Type C.1 Pentanomials

In this paper, we present a low complexity bit-parallel Montgomery multiplier for <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$GF(2^{m})$ </tex-math></inline-formula> generated with irreducible Type C.1 pentanomials <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$x^{m}+x^{m-1}+x^{k}+x+1$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Based on a combination of generalized polynomial basis (GPB) squarer and a newly proposed square-based divide and conquer approach, we can partition field multiplication into a composition of sub-polynomial multiplications and Montgomery/GPB squarings, which have simpler architecture and thus can be implemented efficiently. Consequently, the proposed multiplier roughly saves 1/4 logic gates compared with the fastest multipliers, while the time complexity matches previous multipliers using divide and conquer algorithms.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics