nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
An Exploratory Study to Identify the Impact of Leadership Styles on Achieving Institutional Excellence in the Public Sector: United Arab Emirates

The main purpose of the study was exploratory the influence of leadership styles (LS) on institutional excellence (IE) to find out the best indicators for developing the UAE leadership, and achieving (IE). In the modern era, the leadership styles in organizations are facing several challenges due to the dynamic nature of the environment. The research questions seek to uncover (a) appropriate leadership styles within successful organizations, and (b) what, if any, the role exists between leadership styles and measures of success on (IE).  The aim of this study was to find out the most suitable leadership styles in the public sector to achieve better institutional excellence. The study employed a quantitative approach; data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire consist of (49) items. Convenience sampling was used to collect data from (329). The results indicate a positive effect between Transformational model (LS) and (IE) with (R= 0.845/ R2= 0.714/ sig. = 0.00). However, findings indicate that leadership expects to: enter the profession prepared to fulfill the requirement of the position, have the ability to make a difference, and be provided with support from their organization. Findings the most stabile leadership styles in UAE organizations were both transformational and transactional leadership with majority respondents statistically significant and all hypotheses supported the seven leadership styles on institutional excellence. The study concludes with some brief prospects that the organization needs to realize the importance of leadership styles for maximizing the level of institutional excellence. This research may benefit society by encouraging people to contribute more to their jobs and may help them in the organization's growth and development.

Field of study: Business
Genetic and Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Revealed DEGs Involved in the Purple Leaf Formation in Brassica juncea

Brassica juncea is an important dietary vegetable cultivated and consumed in China for its edible stalks and leaves. The purple leaf mustard, which is rich in anthocyanins, is eye-catching and delivers valuable nutrition. However, the molecular mechanism involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis has not been well studied in B. juncea. Here, histological and transcriptome analyses were used to characterize the purple leaf color and gene expression profiles. Free-hand section analysis showed that the anthocyanin was mainly accumulated in the adaxial epidermal leaf cells. The anthocyanin content in the purple leaves was significantly higher than that in the green leaves. To investigate the critical genes and pathways involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation, the transcriptome analysis was used to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the purple and green leaves from the backcrossed BC3 segregation population in B. juncea. A total of 2,286 different expressed genes were identified between the purple and green leaves. Among them, 1,593 DEGs were up-regulated and 693 DEGs were down-regulated. There were 213 differently expressed transcription factors among them. The MYB and bHLH transcription factors, which may regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis, were up-regulated in the purple leaves. Interestingly, most of the genes involved in plant–pathogen interaction pathway were also up-regulated in the purple leaves. The late biosynthetic genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis were highly up-regulated in the purple leaves of B. juncea. The up regulation of BjTT8 and BjMYC2 and anthocyanin biosynthetic genes (BjC4H, BjDFR, and BjANS) may activate the purple leaf formation in B. juncea. This study may help to understand the transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in B. juncea.

Field of study: Biology
17O NMR study of ortho and alkyl substituent effects in substituted phenyl and alkyl esters of benzoic acids

17 O NMR spectra for 44 ortho -, meta - and para -substituted phenyl and alkyl benzoates (C6H 5 CO 2 C 6 H 4 -X, C 6 H 5 CO 2 R) at natural abundance in acetonitrile were recorded. Substituent effects on the 17 O NMR chemical shifts, δ( 17 O), of the carbonyl oxygen and the single-bonded phenoxy (OPh) and alkoxy (OR) oxygens have been studied. The δ( 17 O) values of the carbonyl oxygen for para derivatives showed a good correlation with the σ° constants. The δ( 17 O) values of carbonyl oxygen for ortho derivatives were found to be described well with the Charton equation containing the inductive, σ I , resonance, σ° R , and steric, E s B , substituent constants in case the data treatment was performed separately for electron-donating + R and electron-attracting – R substituents. The electron-donating + R ortho and para substituents in substituted benzoates caused shielding and the electron-withdrawing – R substituents produced deshielding of the O signal. The steric interaction of ortho substituents with the ester group decreased the electron density at the carbonyl oxygen. In alkyl benzoates the δ( 17 O) values were found to be described well with the inductive, σ I , and the steric, E s B , substituent constants.

Field of study: Chemistry
A Probe into Operational Mechanism of Agricultural Universities Participating in Combination of Agriculture,Science & Technology and Education

As important source and power of the innovation of agricultural science technology and the training bases of talented person,agricultural universities are continuously acting as an important role in the combination of agriculture,science technology and education.Firstly,the paper briefs the importance of agricultural universities to participate in the combination of agriculture,science technology and education.Secondly,the paper discusses four barrier factors in the activity.Finally,the article probes the operational mechanism from five aspects.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Procedencia original de los arcos de la tribuna de San Miguel de Liño: reutilización de materiales de Santa María de Naranco

El estudio emprendido en las iglesias de San Miguel de Lino y en Santa Maria de Naranco llega a la conclusion fundamental de que un importante conjunto de piezas escultoricas procedentes de Santa Maria de Naranco fueron reutilizadas en la tribuna de la iglesia de Lino. Los cuatro arcos situados en las puertas de las habitaciones y las escaleras de acceso a la tribuna de la iglesia de San Miguel de Lino son piezas reutilizadas, de spolia, cuya original procedencia se encuentra en el contiguo edificio civil de Santa Maria de Naranco (848). Los estudios precisos de caracter arqueologico y artistico asi lo confirman con un alto grado de confianza. Se pueden, pues, valorar con cierta fiabilidad los elementos introducidos en la obra original y aquellos que han sido objeto de una disposicion para la que no habian sido fabricados y que cumpliran ahora una funcion de sustitucion como elementos reaprovechados. Palabras clave: spolia, tribuna regia, arquitectura aulica, arte asturiano, taller aulico.  A study of the church of San Miguel de Lino and Santa Maria de Naranco has concluded that a significant group of sculptures from Santa Maria were reused in the tribune of Lino. The four entry arches to the rooms and the stairs that give access to the tribune of the church of San Miguel de Lino are spolia from the neighbouring civil building of Santa Maria de Naranco (848). Detailed archaeological and artistic studies have confirmed this hypothesis to a high degree of certainty. We may thus reliably judge the elements that were originally in the building and those which were displaced from their original layout and have been reused as substitutes.  spolia, royal tribune, court architecure, Asturian art, court workshop.

Field of study: Engineering
A new Lower Cretaceous (lower Albian) ichthyosaur genus from the Clearwater Formation, Alberta, Canada

A new, articulated skeleton of an ichthyosaur from the Lower Cretaceous (lower Albian) Wabiskaw Member of the Clearwater Formation near Fort McMurray, Alberta, is the most complete and stratigraphically oldest known ichthyosaur from the Cretaceous of North America and represents a new genus and species of ophthalmosaurian, Athabascasaurus bitumineus. The specimen consists of a nearly complete, dorsoventrally compressed skull, a complete and articulated presacral and partial caudal vertebral series, portions of the right pectoral girdle, and the right pelvic girdle and femur. The new taxon is characterized by the lack of a robust supranarial process of the premaxilla, an elongate maxilla that has its tallest point (in lateral view) posterior to the external naris, a wide postorbital region, the presence of a rectangular squamosal, an angular with greater lateral exposure on the posterior jaw ramus than the surangular, a dentition with extremely light enameled ridges, and a reduced presacral count of 42 ver...

Field of study: Environmental science
Prognostic criteria of speech rehabilitation in patients with sequelae after ischemic stroke

: Structural analysis concerning a complex of both neuropsychologic and clinical data of the patients with sequelae of ischemic stroke was performed. It was revealed, that a character of the local alterations of electric activity (EA) on EEG, testifying a functional state of cerebral structures, was an important prognostic criterion of the efficiency of neurorehabilitation. The local EA changes in form of groups of theta-waves and sharp waves of alpha- and theta-activities were prognostically favourable signs; meanwhile polymorphic slow-wave was unfavourable background for performing a restorative education. An analysis of the speech disorders revealed that both semantic and dynamic aphasias occur more frequently after ischemic stroke. A semantic aphasia was always accompanied by the dynamic one and each form may be both leading and secondary. It may be dependent on location of a focus (according to EEG) as well as on the character and manifestation of the accompanying neuropsychologic symptomatology.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Ethical Ideologies of the Machiavellian

Although Machiavellian individuals (Machs) have been characterized as lacking a concern for conventional standards of morality, it is clear from previous research that high Machs are not consistently more amoral or immoral than low Machs. A study was conducted to explore the ethical orientations of persons who score low versus high in Machiavellianism. The Mach V Scale and the Ethics Position Questionnaire were completed by 119 subjects. Results showed that Machiavellian subjects endorsed ethical positions that were more relativistic and less idealistic than subjects who scored low in Machiavellianism.

Field of study: Psychology
The ISM in Distant Galaxies

The interstellar medium (ISM) is a key ingredient in galaxy formation and evolution as it provides the molecular gas reservoir which fuels star formation and supermassive black hole accretion. Yet the ISM is one of the least studied aspects of distant galaxies. Molecular and atomic transitions at (sub)millimetre wavelengths hold great promise in measuring macroscopic properties (e.g. masses, morphologies, star formation laws), as well as microscopic properties (e.g. gas densities, temperatures, cooling) of high- z galaxies. In this overview I summarize the growing number of high- z molecular line detections, highlighting some of the most intriguing results along the way. I end by discussing a few areas where future facilities (e.g. ALMA, EVLA, CCAT, LMT) will drastically improve on the current state of affairs.

Field of study: Physics
The moderating effect of religiosity on the genetic variance of problem alcohol use.

Previous studies have demonstrated that the heritability of alcohol-related phenotypes depends upon the social background in which it is measured (e.g., urbanicity, marital status, and religiosity). The aim of the current study was to identify whether religiosity moderated the genetic variance of problem alcohol use in men and women at two time points: adolescence and early adulthood.



Participants were 312 male MZ pairs, 379 female MZ pairs, 231 male DZ pairs, 235 female DZ pairs, and 275 opposite sex DZ pairs participating in the University of Colorado Center on Antisocial Drug Dependence. Religiosity was measured using the Value on Religion Scale (Jessor and Jessor, 1977), and problem alcohol use was measured using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Substance Abuse Module (Cottler et al., 1989). Data were analyzed using a model-fitting approach to the twin data.



In adolescence, genetic variance of problem alcohol use decreased significantly with increasing levels of religiosity in both men and women, whereas in early adulthood, religiosity did not moderate the genetic variance of problem alcohol use in either men or women.



Religiosity appears to moderate the genetic effects on problem alcohol use during adolescence, but not during early adulthood. The reduced genetic variance for problem alcohol use in adolescence may be the consequence of greater social control in adolescence than in young adulthood.

Field of study: Medicine
Complement activation in Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia.

Serum levels of complement components C3, C4 and factor B were measured in twenty-five patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. The levels of C3 were depressed in nine patients, five of whom also had low C4 levels, indicating activation of complement via the classical pathway. Two patients with low C3 levels also had low factor B levels, one of these being in association with a low C4 level, which indicates activation of both the classical and alternative pathways, the latter being via the C3b feedback cycle. The protein A content of the S. aureus cultures, as shown by the indirect haemagglutination titre, was high in nine patients with C3 hypocomplementaemia. There was some correlation between the presence of a high protein A content of the S. aureus culture and a low serum C3 level in the patient. Some clinical evidence of immune complex disease was found in three patients. Complement activation in S. aureus bacteraemia is most likely due to complex formation resulting from the interaction between the Fc portion of IgG and staphylococcal protein A. These complexes may also result in clinical symptoms of immune complex disease.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Fracture controls on valley persistence: the Cairngorm Granite pluton, Scotland

Valleys are remarkably persistent features in many different tectonic settings, but the reasons for this persistence are rarely explored. Here, we examine the structural controls on valleys in the Cairngorms Mountains, Scotland, part of the passive margin of the eastern North Atlantic. We consider valleys at three scales: straths, glens and headwater valleys. The structural controls on valleys in and around the Cairngorm Granite pluton were examined on satellite and aerial photographs and by field survey. Topographic lineaments, including valleys, show no consistent orientation with joint sets or with sheets of microgranite and pegmatitic granite. In this granite landscape, jointing is not a first-order control on valley development. Instead, glens and headwater valleys align closely to quartz veins and linear alteration zones (LAZs). LAZs are zones of weakness in the granite pluton in which late-stage hydrothermal alteration and hydro-fracturing have greatly reduced rock mass strength and increased permeability. LAZs, which can be kilometres long and >700 m deep, are the dominant controls on the orientation of valleys in the Cairngorms. LAZs formed in the roof zone of the granite intrusion. Although the Cairngorm pluton was unroofed soon after emplacement, the presence of Old Red Sandstone (ORS) outliers in the terrain to the north and east indicates that the lower relief of the sub-ORS basement surface has been lowered by <500 m. Hence, the valley patterns in and around the Cairngorms have persisted through >1 km of vertical erosion and for 400 Myr. This valley persistence is a combined product of regionally low rates of basement exhumation and of the existence of LAZs in the Cairngorm pluton and sub-parallel Caledonide fractures in the surrounding terrain with depths that exceed 1 km.

Field of study: Environmental science
Cognitive Mechanisms in Learning from Metaphors

AbstractThree different theories have been presented to explain how metaphors help in the learning process: concretizing, assimilation, and structurizing. Each of the theories was outlined along with its theoretical and empirical support. These three theories were shown to predict different patterns of inferences and errors in solving problems. In an experiment using metaphors as teaching aids in university lectures in applied statistics, posttests were used to probe the distinct pattern of predictions made by each theory. The results supported structurizing over concretizing in that very general inferences were made by the students taught with metaphors. Structurizing was also favored over assimilation theory because these general inferences were made without the intrusion of technical errors predicted by assimilation theory. Implications of the results for human information processing and education are discussed.

Field of study: Education
Constraining the Volume Density of Dusty Star-forming Galaxies through the First 3 mm Number Counts from ALMA

We carry out a blind search of 3mm continuum sources using the ALMA Science Archive to derive the first galaxy number counts at this wavelength. The analyzed data are drawn from observations towards three extragalactic legacy fields: COSMOS, CDF-S, and the UDS comprising more than 130 individual ALMA Band 3 pointings and an effective survey area of ~200 sq. arcmin with a continuum sensitivity that allows for the direct detection of unlensed Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies (DSFGs) dust emission beyond the epoch of reionization. We present a catalog of 16 sources detected at >5sigma with flux densities S_3mm = 60 - 600 uJy from which number counts are derived. These number counts are then used to place constraints on the volume density of DSFGs with an empirical backward evolution model. Our measured 3mm number counts indicate that the contribution of DSFGs to the cosmic star formation rate density at z >~ 4 is non-negligible. This is contrary to the generally adopted assumption of a sharply decreasing contribution of obscured galaxies at z > 4 as inferred by optical and near-infrared surveys. This work demonstrates the power of ALMA 3mm observations which can reach outstanding continuum sensitivities during typical spectral line science programs. Further constraints on 3mm-selected galaxies will be essential to refine models of galaxy formation and evolution as well as models of early Universe dust production mechanisms.

Field of study: Physics
Proximity effect in NiCu-based Josephson tunnel junctions

We present experimental results concerning both the fabrication and the characterization of superconducting tunnel junctions based on Nb/NiCu superconductor/ferromagnet (S/F) bilayers. Josephson junctions have been characterized down to T=1.4 K in terms of current-voltage I-V characteristics, Josephson critical current vs magnetic field, role of external magnetic field. Proximity parameters of the bilayer, such as the coherence length and the exchange field energy of the F metal, have been estimated by means of a numerical deconvolution of the I-V data the electronic density of states on both sides of the S/F bilayer. Results have been compared with theoretical predictions from a proximity model for S/F bilayers in the dirty limit in the framework of Usadel equations for the S and F layer, respectively.

Field of study: Physics
Omega Windfinding and GATE

When fully implemented, Omega will be a system of eight very low frequency (VLF) transmitters providing global coverage for navigation. Recently, intensive design and development has exploited Omega for tracking sondes (both free-rising and free-falling) to determine wind velocity as a function of height. During the summer of 1974, several GATE measurement systems, including radiosondes launched from ships and dropsondes released from both aircraft and constant level balloons, will provide winds derived from Omega signals. While some GATE ship radiosonde systems will use other VLF transmitters for windfinding, the principles involved are essentially identical to those required for Omega windfinding. This paper formulates the analytical techniques needed to use Omega or other VLF transmitters for windfinding, discusses sources of measurement errors, reviews Omega wind measurement error experiments, and projects wind errors into the GATE “B” area near 10N latitude and 25W longitude.

Field of study: Environmental science
SOME DETERMINERS OF ATTENTION1

Three experiments, using a total of 13 pigeons, examined the stimulus control acquired by the separate components of a compound visual stimulus transilluminating the pecking key. Experiment I measured the control acquired by components of compound discriminative stimuli used in discrimination training. Experiment II sought to demonstrate the effect of pretraining a single stimulus discrimination on control acquired by each component in a compound stimulus discrimination. It also investigated the effect of training the compound stimulus discrimination before the single stimulus discrimination. Experiment III sought a continuous stimulus control function when pretraining stimulus intensities were varied. The results suggest that the extent to which a bird “pays attention” to a stimulus, defined in terms of the degree of stimulus control acquired by that stimulus, is determined by how well it previously learned to discriminate that stimulus from other stimuli.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
SPAK and OSR1: STE20 kinases involved in the regulation of ion homoeostasis and volume control in mammalian cells.

Since the discovery of an interaction between membrane transport proteins and the mammalian STE20 (sterile 20)-like kinases SPAK (STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase) and OSR1 (oxidative stress-responsive kinase-1), a significant body of work has been performed probing the molecular physiology of these two kinases. To date, the function of SPAK and OSR1 is probably the best known of all mammalian kinases of the STE20 family. As they regulate by direct phosphorylation key ion transport mechanisms involved in fluid and ion homoeostasis, SPAK and OSR1 constitute key end-of-pathway effectors. Their significance in such fundamental functions as ion homoeostasis and cell volume control is evidenced by the evolutionary pressure that resulted in the duplication of the OSR1 gene in higher vertebrates. This review examines the distribution of these two kinases in the animal kingdom and tissue expression within a single organism. It also describes the main molecular features of these two kinases with emphasis on the interacting domain located at their extreme C-terminus. A large portion of the present review is devoted to the extensive biochemical and physiological studies that have resulted in our current understanding of SPAK/OSR1 function. Finally, as our understanding is a work in progress, we also identify unresolved questions and controversies that warrant further investigation.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science