nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A simplified Green element method solution for a the biharmonic equation and its application to Stokes flows

Multidomain decomposition techniques are fast becoming recognized as the major numerical approach for improving the performance of the boundary element method (BEM). Adopting this procedure, the problem domain is divided into cells or computational units and on each subdomain, the governing equation is solved together with some additional equations that guarantee continuity at the boundaries of adjacent domains. With the same spirit, the equations which describe Stokes flows are solved with the Green element method (GEM). The GEM formulation in addition to its unique hybrid numerical features, facilitates the specification of the boundary conditions that arise from the vorticity equation. The accuracy of the GEM solutions are ascertained by solving some examples and studying the results.

Field of study: Mathematics
Editor's Corner: At last - some measured results of the "structured revolution"

So, according to DeMarco and Lister, contemporary code, as measured by both its structure and its modularity, is in well-structured shape. It’s not su~rising that there have been few quantitative answers, of course. Even in the middle of the revolution, when few, if any, software developers in the United States escaped from a training course or three in how to do it, few quantitative studies were conducted in what gains it produced, and those that were, were inconclusive and ineffective. In fact, there was a study that showed that there had been no good studies. Iris Vessey and Ron Weber published the results of a literature survey that found that the only quantitative studies that had been conducted were “equivocal” because the underlying theory was “~dimentary and inadequate.” They didn’t say there wasn’t any benefit. They simply said no one knew what the benefit was. And that’s too bad. And what of the second answer? It is similar to the first. In a survey reported in the September 1989 issue of Software Maintenance News, respondents at 100 U.S. mainframe sites, in listing the main problems of maintenance, found “code is too unstructured” to be a nearly nonexistent problem. In a list of six problems, “difficulty in attracting good personnel” was the leading problem, and unstructured code tied for last. Even more impressive was the distance between the problems43% saw “personnel” as the main problem, and only 19% saw it as unstructured code. The answer, then, seems clear-the structured revolution succeeded in largely eliminating the problem of unstructured software. And that’s good news indeed.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Le problèe des intrusions marginales

RésuméL'auteur rappelle les caractéristiques des manifestations éruptives basiques dans les orogénes profonds et se propose de rechercher leur signification dans les orogénes catazonaux à la lueur des domaines monocycliques de type catazonal profond du SW de la Norvége. Le fait dominant est l'impossibilité de faire venir ces intrusions basiques des parties situées sous les masses anorthositiques qui forment le sous-bassement de l'édifice tectonique; leur mise en place ne peut se faire que par voie latérale en empruntant les grandes surfaces horizontales liées á la structure en plis couchés, grâce auxquels s'édifient les orogénes profonds. Ces intrusions latérales sont liées á la constitution d'un orogéne «fondamental», c'est-a-dire d'un orogéne établi directement sur le craton océanique en bordure d'un domaine continental, avec évolution conduisant á un orogéne de type catazonal profond (Grundgebirge s.s.). Les conditions particuliéres engendrées au cours de la phase paroxysmale de l'orogenése déterminent la formation de magmas sur la marge de l'orogŋe tournée vers le craton océanique: ces magmas sont la source des intrusions «marginales» dans l'orogŋe; dans la partie profonde de l'orogéne, ils sont du type plagioclasique et donnent ainsi naissance aux tréfonds anorthositiques qui, avec les intrusions marginales, sont la marque des orogénes fondamentaux.ZusammenfassungDer Autor bringt die Merkmale des basischen Magmatismus in den Tiefen der Orogene in Erinnerung, um dann an Hand der monozyklischen tief-katazonalen Gebiete Südwestnorwegens ihre Bedeutung für den katazonalen Bau der Orogene zu untersuchen. Das hervorstechendste Merkmal ist, daß man diese basischen Intrusionen nicht aus den Bereichen unter den anorthositischen Massen beziehen kann, die die Unterlage des tektonischen Baues bilden; sie können nur von der Seite her eingedrungen sein, und zwar mit Benützung der großen Horizontalflächen, die mit den liegenden Falten verknüpft sind, woraus sich die Tiefen der Orogene aufbauen. Diese seitlichen Intrusionen sind an die Bildung eines „Fundamental-Orogens“ gebunden, das heißt eines unmittelbar auf dem ozeanischen Kraton am Rande eines Kontinents gebildeten Orogens, dessen Entwicklung zu einem Orogen von tief-katazonalem Typus (Grundgebirge s.s.) führt. Die besonderen beim Paroxysmus der Orogenese hervorgerufenen Zustände verursachen die Bildung von Magmen am gegen den ozeanischen Kraton gerichteten Rand des Orogens, und diese Magmen sind die Quelle der „Marginal-Intrusionen“; in den Tiefen der Orogene sind sie plagioklasisch, und aus ihnen bildet sich der anorthositische Unterbau, der zusammen mit den Marginal-Intrusionen das Kennzeichen der „Fundamental-Orogene“ ist.

Field of study: Environmental science
BANG: THE SUPERNOVA OF 1987

February was a great month for physics. The subject of high‐Tc Superconductors exploded as labs around the world pushed the transition temperature for a variety of compounds above 77 K. The Reagan Administration announced its support for the Superconducting Super Collider as a major investment to push back the frontiers of particle physics. And on 23 February, astronomers ended a 383‐year vigil as a naked‐eye supernova blazed forth in the southern sky.

Field of study: Physics
Has the US Lurched into a Process of Underdevelopment? Insights from Celso Furtado

In this paper, we apply Celso Furtado’s vision of the process of economic development to the United States’ economy. Furtado was a creator of Latin American structuralism and continues to be one of the region’s most influential economists. Yet, he is little known in the English literature. As we argue, there are few academics who offer a theoretical framework capable of robustly evaluating the current trajectory of U.S. economic development with the depth of Furtado. Through his analytical lens, and with some help from John Maynard Keynes, we examine the present reality, as well as the more remote economic history of the US. We argue that, seen through Furtado’s lens, the US can now be accurately described as an under-developing economy.

Field of study: Economics
Transcription of nucleoplasmatic and nucleolar sites of DNA sensitive to the protease inhibitor antipain

Age-related changes in the transcriptional activities of Purkinje cells chromatin and sympathetic cranial cervical ganglion under the influence of morphine and some natural and synthetic peptide compounds were found. It was shown that at different stages of the ontogenesis, morphine was capable of increasing the template activity of nucleolar and/or extranucleolar chromatin, and that this process was inhibited by antipain. The findings suggest the presence of DNA sites in the eucaryotic genome, that are induced by the protease mechanism and are likely to be similar to the SOS-genes of procaryotes. The SOS-genes of procaryotes are activated under unfavourable conditions and promote the survival of the microbial population, while in eucaryotes these genes are believed to provide the formation of definite cell populations whose composition is the most adequate for the living conditions of an adult organism.

Field of study: Medicine
Adaptive Wavetable Oscillators

An adaptive oscillator is a system that can lock on to a time-varying input signal, synchronizing its output to both the frequency and phase of the input. A wavetable oscillator generates a periodic output by indexing into a lookup table that stores a single period of the waveform. An adaptive wavetable oscillator (AWO) combines these two ideas in a technique which separates the periodic output waveform from the parameters that control the adaptation of the frequency and phase of the waveform. This separation is advantageous because it decouples the state of the oscillator from the dynamics of the adaptation, allowing the process of synchronization to be interpreted as a simple gradient optimization on a cost function. The oscillations remain stable over a large and easily described range of parameter values, and analysis of the synchronization can proceed along lines familiar from standard adaptive systems. Key issues in the design of AWOs are: the class of admissible inputs, the shape of the wavetable, the parameters that will be controlled, and the adaptive algorithm that adjusts the parameters. This paper examines these issues through analysis and simulation, focusing on conditions that achieve the desired synchronization between output and input.

Field of study: Engineering
Interpersonal Trust and Construct Complexity for Positively and Negatively Evaluated Persons

College subjects were administered Rotter's Interpersonal Trust Scale and a modified version of Bieri's grid procedure for measur ing cognitive complexity for positive and negative social stimuli. As hypothesized, low trusters had significantly more differentiated cognitions for socially distant persons than high trusters. Contrary to hypotheses, socially close persons yielded significantly lesser complexity for high trusters than low trusters and significantly greater complexity for females than males. It was concluded that low generalized expectancies for interpersonal trust might be more adaptive and less problematical than previously contended.

Field of study: Psychology
The Gomantong Limestone of eastern Borneo: a sedimentological comparison with the near-contemporaneous Luconia Province

The Luconia Province, lying to the North of Borneo, is an important hydrocarbon-bearing province. Faulting in the Oligo–Miocene led to the uplift of a series of blocks, upon which at least 240 carbonate build-ups were developed in the late Lower to Middle Miocene. As part of the search for appropriate analogues, an extensive field study was undertaken on the slightly older to contemporaneous Gomantong Limestone, which outcrops in eastern Sabah, some 800 km to the east of the Luconia Province. In eastern Sabah, southeast of the Crocker Range, Eocene to Miocene clastic and subordinate carbonate sedimentary rocks were deposited in a large east–west trending foreland basin. The Gomantong Limestone outcrops in the eastern third of this basin, the Central Sabah Basin, and is interpreted as having been deposited in shallower shoaling portions of the basin. Exposure is limited to isolated outcrops of deformed, often overturned or steeply dipping, carbonates. The studied localities form a linear trend extending some 50 km in a SSW–NNE orientation. The bulk of the limestone consists of coral-dominated framestones and boundstones and associated fore-reef and open marine facies. Coral morphology, foraminiferal/coralline red algal content and detailed sedimentological observations enabled an interpretation of the depositional settings of these carbonates to be made. The varied carbonate deposits were then interpreted in terms of palaeobathymetry. A very rich fauna is present throughout the formation, with some intervals dominated by large benthic foraminifera, particularly Lepidocyclina. These indicate a Chattian to Burdigalian age. Interpreted depositional environments range from open marine shelfal marls to a variety of reef-associated deposits. These have been subdivided on the basis of the dominant component: corals, coralline algae, foraminifera or siliciclastic components. Limited burial of these carbonates has resulted in excellent preservation of these sediments with very little diagenetic alteration. The Gomantong Limestone is interpreted to have been deposited in an open shelf setting, adjacent to an east–west trending shoreline. This shoreline bordered a palaeohigh within the foreland basin, and the basin is interpreted to have deepened to the north. This is in extreme contrast to the isolated carbonate build-ups in the Luconia Province to the west. Similarities in primary facies can be observed, and both the Gomantong Limestone and Luconia Province exhibit evidence of drowning events, but the facies are affected by very different diagenetic histories, which have left the two provinces with completely different reservoir characteristics. The disparity in secondary alteration shows the tremendous importance of diagenesis on the development of porosity in carbonates.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Purification and characterization of receptors for myoinositol trisphosphate and myoinositol tetrakis phosphate from Entamoeba histolytica.

The microsomal fraction from the log phase of Entamoeba histolytica cells contains Ins(1,4,5)P3 and Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 binding activity. The binding proteins/receptors for both Ins(1,4,5)P3 and Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 were purified and found to be specific for each ligand. The molecular masses for native proteins for InsP3 and InsP4 are 138 kDa and 130 kDa respectively having subunits of 69 kDa and 64 kDa respectively. That these proteins are associated with Ca2+ release was confirmed by including these proteins separately in proteoliposomes and adding InsP3 and InsP4 in both the cases.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Do Conservative Governments Make a Difference in Fiscal Policy? Evidence from the U.S. and the U.K.

In a recent paper, Ott, Belova, and Dolgopolov (2003) examined the effects of partisan politics on monetary policy for the United States and the United Kingdom (UK). They actually tested Secretary Simon's (1980) question "Do conservative governments make a difference in monetary policy!"l In his speech before the Mont Pelerin Society, William E. Simon developed his vision for the future of the nation in a program he called "An Action Program to Achieve National Goals." In this program, Simon elaborated on the use of monetary and fiscal policy to achieve the nation's goals (i.e., price stability, employment opportunity, economic and export growth and strong dollar). The program he put forth was quite comprehensive, one that required the coordination of national economic policies. Simon's action program consisted of five recommendations referred to as "rules." Rules 1, 2 and 3 were fiscal rules for addressing budget posture, the level of federal spending in relation to gross domestic product (GDP), and the tax burden. Rule 4 was the money rule, setting the growth rate of money, while rule 5 dealt with the scope of federal regulation. Simon's rule 4 was the focus of an Ott, Belova, and Dolgopolov (2003) paper. Simon's rules 1, 2, 3 and 5 are the focus of this paper. More specifically, we try to answer the question: "Do conservative governments make a difference in fiscal policy!" The next part of the paper offers a theoretical and empirical overview of the effects of partisan politics on fiscal policy along the lines of political cycles research. Section three formulates the. testable hypothesis and discusses data and methodology, while the fourth section presents the empirical results. The final section offers some concluding remarks.

Field of study: Economics
The discrepancy in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medications diffusion: 1994-2003--a global pharmaceutical data analysis.

The purpose of this paper was to examine the patterns of spending, price, and the utilization of ADHD medications during the 10-year period, from 1994 to 2003 among 4 different per capita GDP group countries.



This study used the IMS Health database and included both branded and generic ADHD medications. We examined the changes in quantity and price as well as the mixed effects of these changes in the U.S.A. and 3 other groups of countries classified according to their level of per capita GDP.



During this study (1994-2003), the U.S. expenditures for ADHD medications increased 594%; sales volume rose by 80%; and price increased by 285%. In other high GDP countries, expenditures increased 493%, sales volume 328%, and price increased by 39%. In the middle GDP countries, expenditures increased 164%, sales volume 141%, and price increased by 9%. In the countries with a lower per capita GDP, expenditures increased 149%, sales volume 464%, however price decreased by 37%.



The launch of long-acting ADHD medications has dramatically increased the total medication expenditure in the U.S. as well as in other high GDP markets. In the other countries quantity was the most important growth factor.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Type I methionine aminopeptidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a potential target for antifungal drug screening.

To screen antifungal drug candidates using in vitro and in vivo assays based on type I methionine aminopeptidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ScMetAP1).



A colorimetric assay suitable for high throughput screening (HTS) using recombinant ScMetAP1 protein expressed in Escherichia coli was established for antifungal lead discovery. A series of pyridine-2-carboxylic acid derivatives were characterized and a chemical library of 12,800 pure organic compounds was screened with the in vitro ScMetAP1 assay. Active compounds from the in vitro assay were further evaluated by a growth inhibition assay on yeast strain with deletion of ScMetAP1 gene map1 in comparison with the wild-type yeast strain and the yeast strain with deletion of type II enzyme (ScMetAP2) gene map2.



Active ScMetAP1 inhibitors were identified from HTS. Some of the pyridine-2-carboxylic acid derivatives (compound 2 and 3) had selective inhibition of the growth of map2 deletion yeast and weak inhibition on wild-type yeast growth, while no inhibition on map1 deletion yeast.



ScMetAP1 is a novel potential target for developing antifungal drugs. The in vitro and in vivo ScMetAP1 assays can serve as tools in discovering antifungal drug candidates.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Development of Alcohol-base Coating for EPC Aluminum Alloy Castings

By orthogonal experiment,a alcohol-base coating with optimum ingredient ratio for EPC aluminum alloy castings was prepared taking french chalk and alumina powder as refractory materials and phenol resin as bonding agent,and the various properties of the coating were investigated.The application results show that this coating is suitable and cheap.Therefore it could be widely used in EPC casting processes.

Field of study: Materials science
Design and analysis of a highly efficient coupler between a micro/nano optical fiber and an SOI waveguide.

A compact coupling structure is proposed for highly efficient coupling between a micro/nano fiber and a silicon-on-insulator waveguide. The proposed structure is characterized by high coupling efficiency, wavelength insensitivity, large misalignment tolerance, and easy fabrication. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation results show that coupling efficiency of >90% can be achieved with a taper length of ∼4.5  μm.

Field of study: Physics
Sutureless circumcision using 2-Octyl cyanoacrylate results in more rapid and less painful procedures with excellent cosmetic satisfaction.

Circumcision is the most common surgical procedure in male children in the world and is performed because of cultural, religious or medical reasons. Traditionally, interrupted sutures are used to close the wound, but 2-Octyl cyanoacrylate (2-OCA) tissue glue can be used as an alternative method to close the circumcision wound.



To compare the use of 2-OCA with absorbable sutures in circumcision wound closure in prepubescent patients in terms of operative time, complication rate, postoperative pain and cosmetic results.



We retrospectively evaluated 662 circumcision procedures using sutures and 609 procedures using 2-OCA for wound closure in prepubescent boys. All circumcision procedures were performed by 2 surgeons in a single centre. Operative time was collected from the hospital surgical software system. 62% of the patients in the suture group and 59% of the patients in the 2-OCA group presented for a postoperative check-up 6 weeks after the circumcision. Data regarding postoperative pain, need for analgesia, cosmetic satisfaction and the ease of wound care were collected through questionnaires completed by 25% of the boy's parents in the suture group and 53% of the parents in the 2-OCA group.



Mean operative time was significantly shorter in the 2-OCA group (13 min) than in the suture group (17 min). Complications were comparable and mostly minor. Reintervention was only required in 3 cases. According to the parents, the degree of postoperative pain and the postoperative need for analgesics was significantly lower in the 2-OCA group. Wounds closed with 2-OCA were easier to care for. The cosmetic results after 1 day, after 1 week and after 1 month in the 2-OCA group were significantly superior than in the suture group, according to the parents' evaluation.



The use of 2-OCA in circumcision wound closure has been reported before. Previous studies with mainly limited patient numbers report less pain, shorter procedure times and a higher surgeon satisfaction in terms of cosmetic results. This study is the largest study comparing the use of 2-OCA and interrupted sutures in circumcision wound closure. The retrospective character of the study, the lack of a validated questionnaire tool for the cosmetic evaluation and the use of the parent's evaluation are the limitations of this study.



The use of 2-OCA in circumcision wound closure results in a shorter operative time, in less postoperative pain, in easy postoperative wound care and in excellent cosmesis when compared to interrupted absorbable sutures. 2-OCA is our current technique of choice in circumcision wound closure.

Field of study: Medicine
The Layered Iron Arsenide Oxides Sr2CrO3FeAs and Ba2ScO3FeAs

The iron arsenide oxides Sr2CrO3FeAs and Ba2ScO3FeAs were synthesized by high temperature solid state reactions and their crystal structures determined by the X-ray powder diffraction. Their structures are tetragonal (P4/nmm; Sr2CrO3FeAs: a = 391.12(1) pm, c = 1579.05(3) pm; Ba2ScO3FeAs: a = 412.66(5) pm, c = 1680.0(2) pm, Z = 2) and isotypic to Sr2GaO3CuS. Iron arsenide layers are sandwiched between perowskite-like metal oxide layers and separated by ~1600 pm, which is much larger compared to the ZrCuSiAs-type ‘1111' iron arsenide superconductors. The bond lengths and angles within the FeAs layers are adapted to the space requirements of the oxide blocks. Measurements of the magnetic susceptibility, electrical resistivity and temperature-dependent crystal structure show no hint for a structural phase transition or magnetic anomaly in both compounds. Sr2CrO3FeAs shows Curie-Weiss paramagnetism above 160 K with an effective magnetic moment of 3.83(3) µB in good agreement with the theoretical value of 3.87 µB for Cr3+ (S = 3/2). Antiferromagnetic ordering was detected below TN ~ 31 K. 57Fe Mossbauer spectra of Sr2CrO3FeAs show one single signal that broadens below the Neel temperature due to a small transferred hyperfine field induced by the magnetic ordering of the chromium atoms. 57Fe-Mossbauer spectra of Ba2ScO3FeAs show single signals which are only subject to weak quadrupole splitting.

Field of study: Physics