nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Motivation Influences the Underestimation of Cumulative Risk

Past research has shown that people typically underestimate the cumulative risk of events. This effect has mainly been interpreted as resulting from the use of cognitive heuristics and judgment strategies, such as availability or anchoring and adjustment. The authors suggest that motivational processes can be an additional force in the generation of cumulative risk estimates. Using an experimental design, Study 1 shows that people underestimate the cumulative risk of infection with sexually transmitted diseases of appealing prospective sexual partners by using risk-irrelevant information for their judgment. Using a correlational design, Study 2 demonstrates that people underestimate the cumulative risk of being infected with a sexually transmitted disease and that commitment to the present partner is directly related to a low cumulative risk estimate as well as indirectly through its effect on the perceived risk of the present partner. Together, the two studies demonstrate that motivation influences the underestimation of cumulative risk.

Field of study: Psychology
Estimating Individualized Treatment Rules Using Outcome Weighted Learning

There is increasing interest in discovering individualized treatment rules (ITRs) for patients who have heterogeneous responses to treatment. In particular, one aims to find an optimal ITR that is a deterministic function of patient-specific characteristics maximizing expected clinical outcome. In this article, we first show that estimating such an optimal treatment rule is equivalent to a classification problem where each subject is weighted proportional to his or her clinical outcome. We then propose an outcome weighted learning approach based on the support vector machine framework. We show that the resulting estimator of the treatment rule is consistent. We further obtain a finite sample bound for the difference between the expected outcome using the estimated ITR and that of the optimal treatment rule. The performance of the proposed approach is demonstrated via simulation studies and an analysis of chronic depression data.

Field of study: Mathematics
Faint target detection based on wavelet transform and data fusion technology

Target detection in a sequence of image is difficult when this target is small, faint, and obscured. In this paper, a method based on wavelet multi-resolution analysis and data fusion technology is presented for faint-target detection. The detection method is put forward with the consideration of the practicality of the method, especially while the image involves the complex background and a lot of noise. First, the image is decomposed using wavelet transform. The second part of the algorithm performs a data fusion using the sub-images of different resolution. It is shown that the algorithm can detect the faint target with accuracy and stabilization in the experiment using real images. The size of these experimental images is 256×256 pixels, and the size of target in the image is under 10×10 pixels.

Field of study: Physics
An index replication scheme for wireless data broadcasting

In mobile distributed environment, data broadcasting has many applications because it has two desirable characteristics: energy efficiency and bandwidth efficiency. There have been some researches on the indexing mechanisms for wireless data broadcasting in the past. We first describe the problematic issue in the conventional index replication scheme, and then propose various index replication methods based on three criteria: accessibility , energy efficiency and adjacency . We evaluate the proposed scheme in analytic and experimental ways. We show that the proposed index replication scheme reduces the data access cost of mobile clients in an energy efficient manner. We also discuss the relaxation of the given criteria.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Cave microbial community composition in oceanic islands: disentangling the effect of different colored mats in diversity patterns of Azorean lava caves.

Processes determining diversity and composition of bacterial communities in island volcanic caves are still poorly understood. Here, we characterized colored microbial mats in 14 volcanic caves from two oceanic islands of the Azores using 16S rRNA gene sequences. Factors determining community diversity (α) and composition (β) were explored, namely colored mats, caves and islands, as well as environmental and chemical characteristics of caves. Additive partitioning of diversity using OTU occurrence showed a greater influence of β-diversity between islands and caves that may relate to differences in rare OTUs (singletons and doubletons) across scales. In contrast, Shannon diversity partitioning revealed the importance of the lowest hierarchical level (α diversity, colored mat), suggesting a dominance of cosmopolitan OTUs (>1%) in most samples. Cosmopolitan OTUs included members involved in nitrogen cycling, supporting the importance of this process in Azorean caves. Environmental and chemical conditions in caves did not show any significant relationship to OTU diversity and composition. The absence of clear differences between mat colors and across scales may be explained by (1) the geological youth of the cave system (cave communities have not had enough time to diverge) or/and (2) community convergence, as the result of selection pressure in extreme environments.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Resilience technologies in Ethernet

In choosing a network service technology, a subscriber considers many features such as latency, jitter, packet loss, security, and availability. The most important feature, and usually the one that determines the final selection, is the service availability. In this article, a full spectrum of applications are studied, ranging from the minimal constraints of home networks to the rigorous demands of Industrial Ethernet Networks. This is followed by a thorough examination of Ethernet layer resilience technologies. This paper provides the resilience characteristics that are key for each class of application

Field of study: Computer science
Electrocnic computation of human diets

Reading is a hobby to open the knowledge windows. Besides, it can provide the inspiration and spirit to face this life. By this way, concomitant with the technology development, many companies serve the e-book or book in soft file. The system of this book of course will be much easier. No worry to forget bringing the electronic computation of human diets book. You can open the device and get the book by on-line.

Field of study: Mathematics
How much crude oil can zooplankton ingest? Estimating the quantity of dispersed crude oil defecated by planktonic copepods.

We investigated and quantified defecation rates of crude oil by 3 species of marine planktonic copepods (Temora turbinata, Acartia tonsa, and Parvocalanus crassirostris) and a natural copepod assemblage after exposure to mechanically or chemically dispersed crude oil. Between 88 and 100% of the analyzed fecal pellets from three species of copepods and a natural copepod assemblage exposed for 48 h to physically or chemically dispersed light crude oil contained crude oil droplets. Crude oil droplets inside fecal pellets were smaller (median diameter: 2.4-3.5 μm) than droplets in the physically and chemically dispersed oil emulsions (median diameter: 6.6 and 8.0 μm, respectively). This suggests that copepods can reject large crude oil droplets or that crude oil droplets are broken into smaller oil droplets before or during ingestion. Depending on the species and experimental treatments, crude oil defecation rates ranged from 5.3 to 245 ng-oil copepod(-1) d(-1), which represent a mean weight-specific defecation rate of 0.026 μg-oil μg-Ccopepod(1) d(-1). Considering a dispersed crude oil concentration commonly found in the water column after oil spills (1 μl L(-1)) and copepod abundances in high productive coastal areas, copepods may defecate ∼ 1.3-2.6 mg-oil m(-3) d(-1), which would represent ∼ 0.15%-0.30% of the total dispersed oil per day. Our results indicate that ingestion and subsequent defecation of crude oil by planktonic copepods has a small influence on the overall mass of oil spills in the short term, but may be quantitatively important in the flux of oil from surface water to sediments and in the transfer of low-solubility, toxic petroleum hydrocarbons into food webs after crude oil spills in the sea.

Field of study: Environmental science
Re-insurance in the Swiss health insurance market: Fit, power, and balance.

Risk equalization mechanisms mitigate insurers' incentives to practice risk selection. On the other hand, incentives to limit healthcare spending can be distorted by risk equalization, particularly when risk equalization payments depend on realized costs instead of expected costs. In addition, cost based risk equalization mechanisms may incentivize health insurers to distort the allocation of resources among different services. The incentives to practice risk selection, to limit healthcare spending, and to distort the allocation of resources can be measured by fit, power, and balance, respectively. We apply these three measures to evaluate the risk adjustment mechanism in Switzerland. Our results suggest that it performs very well in terms of power but rather poorly in terms of fit. The latter indicates that risk selection might be a severe problem. We show that re-insurance can reduce this problem while power remains on a high level. In addition, we provide evidence that the Swiss risk equalization mechanism does not lead to imbalances across different services.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Single longitudinal mode GaAs-based quantum dot laser with refractive index perturbation.

We report on the design, fabrication, and characterization of single longitudinal mode InAs/GaAs quantum dot lasers emitting at the 1.3 µm communication band. The influence of simply etched surface high-order gratings in the ridge of the Fabry-Perot lasers has been studied. A 35th-order surface grating is fabricated by standard photolithography to introduce the refractive index perturbation, which leads to the reduced mirror loss at the desired wavelength and thus realizing single longitudinal mode lasing. Stable single-mode operations are maintained at the injection current range of 45-100 mA with a side-mode suppression ratio up to 33 dB.

Field of study: Physics
SU‐FF‐J‐81: A Feasibility Study for Real‐Time Tomosynthesis‐Guided Rapid Arc Therapy

To investigate the feasibility of real‐time mis‐alignment correction in Rapid Arc treatment and design a corresponding tomosynthesis acquisition protocol.  A CTimage set of an anthropomorphic pelvic phantom was used in the study. Simulated projection images were produced to resemble a simultaneous kV fluoro in Rapid Arc treatment. A modified Feldkamp algorithm was used to reconstruct the tomosynthesisimages. Various combinations of imagingreconstruction parameters including scan angle, angular interval, and slice thickness (mm) were tested: 1) 60°, 6°, 2.4; 2) 60°, 6°, 0.8; 3) 60°, 3°, 2.4; and 4) 30°, 3°, 2.4. A predefined 5 mm displacement in all three orthogonal directions modeled patient motion during treatment. After each successive tomosynthesis acquisition, registrations were performed between current reconstructions and reference images. The phantom position was corrected accordingly by shifting the treatment couch. Residual errors and their root mean square (RMS) values were recorded for evaluation.  The residual errors (L‐R, A‐P and S‐I directions in mm) for the 4 schemes after the first tomosynthesis acquisition were (1.2, 2.5, −0.2), (−1.2, 1.1, 0.0), (1.1, 1.9, 0.0) and (−1.2, 3.1, 0.0), and the corresponding RMSs were 1.6, 0.9, 1.3 and 1.9 respectively. The RMSs after a full arc delivery were 0.7, 0.5, 0.5 and 0.7. All schemes tested accurately corrected displacement in the SI direction after first acquisition. Scheme 2 performed better than scheme 1 at the expense of more computation time. By doubling projection numbers in scheme 1, scheme 3 improved correction ability in the L‐R direction. With a smaller 30° scan angle, scheme 4 was acceptable and will be improved after several acquisitions. Tomosynthesis scans can be used for real‐time mis‐alignment correction in Arc therapy after 30° gantry rotation.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Latency differentiation of hits and false alarms in an operant-psychophysical test.

Rats detected the luminance difference of standard and comparison stimuli in a go/no-go procedure. A key press was reinforced by brain stimulation only when the key's luminance was 10.53 ft-L (36.01 cd/m(2)), and key presses to dimmer comparison values produced a 5-sec timeout. These asymmetrical reinforcement contingencies maximized the bias toward hits and false alarms ("yes" reports), and thus the number of latencies available for analysis. False alarm latencies exceeded hit latencies, with the magnitude of differentiation proportional to luminance difference, demonstrating stimulus control on the very occasions that errors (key presses to comparison luminances) were emitted. Overall latencies decreased when the standard-comparison luminance difference was made smaller, suggesting a reduction in observing time when the stimuli became indiscriminable.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Expression of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide mRNA in the cochlea of rats.

Expression of mRNA for pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) was detected in the cochlea of rats using a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization. Examination of in situ hybridization demonstrated that cells in the spiral ganglion, and marginal cells in the stria vascularis expressed mRNA for PACAP. These findings suggest that PACAP may play an important role in regulating cochlear functions.

Field of study: Biology
Toxic effects of ammonia on vegetation in Ontario

Ammonia injury to vegetation has been observed frequently in Ontario in recent years due primarily to increased agricultural use of liquid ammonia fertilisers. Of twelve major incidents of ammonia injury to vegetation investigated recently, eleven involved the manufacture, storage or transportation of liquid ammonia fertiliser. One case involved spillage of ammonia from a large refrigeration system. Data on foliar injury symptoms and relative susceptibility to ammonia were compiled for over a hundred species of native and cultivated plants injured in these episodes. Symptoms of acute injury on woody plants usually consisted of large, irregular, dark brown or black necrotic lesions scattered over the surface of the leaf. Some thin-leaved herbaceous plants developed necrotic lesions that bleached to an ivory or light tan colour. The most susceptible species were balsam poplar, red mulberry and catnip. Maples and conifers appeared to be very resistant to foliar injury.

Field of study: Environmental science
Numerical Simulation on Temperature Field of Gradient Insulating Refractory Material Based on ProCAST

A gradient insulating refractory material was designed. And then its temperature field was numerically simulated by using finite element software ProCAST. The results show that, when the third layer thickness increases to 12 mm,insulation effect is the best, but continuing increase of thickness the effect is not obvious. Finally, application of the gradient insulating refractory material in the casting was numerically simulated. That compared with result of the ordinary process.The simulation result has a good insulation effect.

Field of study: Materials science
Preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of Bowman-Birk trypsin inhibitor from barley seeds.

Bowman-Birk trypsin inhibitor from barley seeds has been crystallized at room temperature using polyethylene glycol as precipitant. The crystal is tetragonal, belonging to the space group P41212 (or P43212), with unit cell parameters of a = b = 62.48 and c = 94.63 A. The asymmetric unit contains one molecule of Bowman-Birk trypsin inhibitor with corresponding crystal volume per protein mass (Vm) of 2.89 A3 Da-1 and the solvent content of 57% by volume. The crystals diffract to at least 1.9 A Bragg spacing upon exposure to synchrotron X-rays. X-ray data to 1.9 A have been collected from a native crystal.

Field of study: Chemistry
What does the Korringa ratio measure?

We present an analysis of the Korringa ratio in a dirty metal, emphasizing the case where a Stoner enhancement of the uniform susceptibility is present. We find that the relaxation rates are significantly enhanced by disorder, and that the inverse problem of determining the bare density of states from a study of the change of the Knight shift and relaxation rates with some parameter, such as pressure, has rather constrained solutions, with the disorder playing an important role. Some preliminary applications to the case of chemical substitution in the Rb 3-x K x C 60 family of superconductors is presented and some other relevant systems are mentioned.

Field of study: Physics
Impact of ENSO 2016–17 on regional climate and malaria vector dynamics in Tanzania

Large scale modes of climate variability, including the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), have been shown to significantly impact mosquito-borne diseases in the Tropics, including malaria. However, the mechanistic cascade from ENSO and the IOD, to induced changes in regional climate and ultimately mosquito abundance and behaviour is poorly understood. Mosquito population dynamics, behaviour and their potential to transmit disease are all sensitive to micro-climatic conditions. The warm phase of ENSO (El Nino) tends to be associated with increased precipitation and outbreaks of various vector-borne diseases, while the cold phase (La Nina) can cause drought during the short rains over East Africa. The sensitivity of Anopheles mosquito population dynamics and host-seeking behaviour to ENSO and to the resulting micro-climatic conditions, were investigated in the Kilombero Valley in Tanzania. From June 2016 to September 2017, changes in the timing and intensity of the rainy seasons and temperature due to the ENSO 2016–17 were observed. Mosquitoes were collected using Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps indoors and mosquito electrocuting traps in- and outdoors. Changes in abundance and biting behaviour of Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus were correlated with climate and micro-climate. The impacts of El Nino on climate and mosquito abundance were not clear. However, the study area experienced a drought due to La Nina during which both vector species declined significantly. An. arabiensis densities stayed more stable at higher temperatures and were found in higher numbers outdoors with respect to An. funestus. For both species, indoor temperature and season determined their host-seeking location, with higher temperatures and the wet season driving them outside. The study confirmed the influence of ENSO and micro-climate on malaria vector abundance and host-seeking behaviour, generating hypotheses for predicting the impact of future ENSO on malaria risk and vector control. Our observation of higher outdoor biting during warmer conditions indicates that indoor vector control strategies may become proportionally less effective during this time.

Field of study: Environmental science
From Enlightenment to Receptivity: Rethinking our ValuesBy Michael Slote

In this expansive yet modest book Michael Slote argues for the value of receptiveness in life, and overturns the Enlightenment�s �Faustian� emphasis on activity, rationality and control. In part one, Slote cautions that Faustianism over-values rational action and neglects the broad significance of empathy. In part two, he offers a positive account of receptiveness as a virtue.

In the first two chapters Slote locates emotion and empathy at the heart of rational life, and chides the Enlightenment for neglecting them. He acknowledges his Humean influences, but intends to show that Hume�s appeal to sympathy can have broader epistemic implications. Slote draws on Martin Hoffman�s psychological studies of the unfolding complexity of empathy in child development. With parental intervention, and inductive discipline, children develop an empathetic sense with active and passive aspects. Slote argues, surprisingly, that empathy is required if we are to be objective and open-minded both practically and theoretically. He contends that we can empathize with the opinions and beliefs of others (not just feelings) and that empathy plays a significant role in the acquisition of beliefs. Children learn by interacting empathetically with their parents, and failures of parental empathy can constitute disrespect for a child�s autonomy. Somewhat quickly, Slote argues that objectivity is consistent with ruling some beliefs out of hand; that we can be closed-minded to those who are closed-minded just as we are �

Field of study: Philosophy
The acquisition of word order in Dutch and German as L1 and L2

In a recent paper, Clahsen and Muysken (1986) argue that children acquiring German as their first language have access to the 'move alpha' matrix when constructing a grammar for German. This should explain why children have SOV base order and the rule of verb-fronting from the very beginning. In this paper, it is argued that children's OV utterances cannot be related trans formationally to VO utterances. Initially, children acquire OV and VO with different sets of verbs. Clahsen and Muysken (1986) also claim that interlanguage rules of adult L2 learners are not definable in linguistic theory. Du Plessis et al. (1987) reply to this in arguing that the interlanguage rules of adults acquiring L2 German word order fall within the range of systems permitted by the Headedness parameter, the Proper Government parameter, and the Adjunction parameter. Therefore, these adult learners should have access to Universal Grammar (UG). It is argued here that it is not necessary to make this assumption. The L2-acquisition data can be easily accounted for within a simple model of L1-structural transfer.

Field of study: Linguistics
Pedestrian Re-ID Based on Improved Triplet Loss

Person re-identification technology is an important foundation for security, pedestrian tracking and other fields, and is the key to building a safe and smart city. In recent years, a large number of researchers have trained pedestrian re-identification networks through triplet loss, especially the triplet loss with batch hard mining (BHTri loss) has greatly improved person re-identification networks on accuracy. However, triplet loss with batch hard mining for an anchor sample only select the hardest positive sample and the hardest negative sample to calculate the loss, ignoring the influence of other samples on network parameters. In response to the above issues, this paper proposes a variant of triplet loss with batch hard mining, which is called adaptive weight triplet loss with batch hard mining. After the training dataset extracts features from the backbone network, in the phase of calculating loss, it takes the average of the sum of the distances between an anchor sample and all corresponding positive samples as a threshold, and both positive samples with an anchor point distance greater than the threshold and negative samples smaller than the threshold are retained, then based on The distance of the anchor sample is given the corresponding sample weight for calculating the loss. Compared with BHTri, mAP have improved 1.79%, 2.04%, and 1.25% respectively on the Market1501, DukeMTMC-reID and CUHK03 datasets, indicating that the proposed algorithm is effective.

Field of study: Engineering