nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Microfacies and multi-isotope records of Anisian sequences from the Upper Yangtze Block: possible responses to tectonics and climate-driven relative sea-level change

The Middle Triassic epoch is the key to understanding the environment changes after the Permian–Triassic mass extinction. The Anisian Badong Formation is a carbonate and siliciclastic succession deposited on the Yangtze Platform, Upper Yangtze Block. In this paper, we use facies analysis combined with sequence stratigraphy of the Badong Formation in the Nashuixi section, Yangtze Block, to discuss the Anisian relative sea-level changes. Microfacies analyses were used to define ten microfacies in four depositional facies zones (tidal flat, restricted platform, restricted to open platform, and open platform) indicating an epeiric platform depositional environment. The lowstand, transgressive, and highstand systems tracts and two sequences were identified. Sequence stratigraphy interpretations indicate that relative sea-level at Nashuixi experienced two rises in the Middle Anisian, which is correlated with those in the Yangtze Block, confirming that sea-level changes during the Anisian were of eustatic origin. However, a distinct regression at Nashuixi occurred in the late Bithynian to IIIyrian while the global sea-level rose, which is likely to be caused by interference from regional tectonics during IIIyrian. The carbon and oxygen isotopic shifts in the Nashuixi section exhibit two negative-values stage in the time near end of Aegean and early Pelsonian, which is well correlated with the global typical sections, indicating two middle Anisian warming events. Our study indicated that the relative sea-level at Nashuixi was controlled by global sea-level change and regional tectonics (Indosinian Orogeny), and the C and O isotopes records respond to global climate change.

Field of study: Environmental science
Secondary-Task Effects on Learning With Multimedia: An Investigation Through Eye-Movement Analysis

This study investigates secondary-task interference on eye movements through learning with multimedia. We focus on the relationship between the influence of the secondary task on the eye movements of learners, and the learning outcomes as measured by retention, matching, and transfer. Half of the participants performed a spatial tapping task while studying the instructional materials, whereas the other half studied the materials, without spatial tapping. The results revealed suboptimal learning outcomes under the secondary task, which was accompanied by fewer transitions of gaze between the text and the figure. We propose that the suboptimal learning outcomes might be due to the disrupted processing of pictures, and possibly due to the less efficient integration, of the information gathered from the text and figures.

Field of study: Education
How a Workout Specialist Operates

A company on the brink of bankruptcy generally has three options: file for formal reorganization under chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Act, file for liquidation under chapter 7 or seek an informal reorganization. In many cases, informal reorganization is more attractive to management, stockholders and creditors because there is a better chance the company will recover; also, the informal procedure generally is less expensive. In an informal reorganization, management often turns for help to an outside consultant, called a workout specialist, whose initial goal is to try to turn the business around. Failing that, the consultant helps the business through either the chapter 11 reorganization or liquidation. THE PRICE TAG Workout consultants come with different experience and fee schedules. Some specialize in large companies, charging six- or even seven-figure retainers. Others focus only on small companies and charges as little as $125 per hour. In some cases the company in crisis hires the workout consultant; other times creditors form a committee to retain one. While some workout consultants specialize in a specific industry, most are generalists. Many accounting firms have workout divisions, and in recent years the field has become quite lucrative. Industry CPAs should know how workout consultants operate because professional accounting help always is required as the company crisis unfolds. A workout's success often depends on convincing the company's creditors to cooperate by not forcing the company into bankruptcy immediately. They generally are told bankruptcy could mean they'll receive little or nothing on their claims. The aim, of course, is to buy time--to give the business an opportunity to raise some cash and get its operations on a better financial footing. TURNAROUND STEPS Workout specialists usually take the following steps when they are called in a crisis: 1. The workout consultant conducts a fast study of the client. Since creditors are anxiously demanding their money, the consultant must devise remedial action quickly. Part of the strategy includes an assessment of the business's viability. The critical questions are: Can the company succeed in its present business if it is turned around? If not, is management capable of running another company that could be acquired if cash is located? 2. In the meantime, the consultant tries to negotiate "stand-still agreements" with principal lenders and suppliers. Such agreements usually last for up to 90 days. The parties agree to allow the company that time to begin solving its problems and find cash to pay some immediate debts.

Field of study: Business
An agonist anti-human CD40 monoclonal antibody that induces dendritic cell formation and maturation and inhibits proliferation of a myeloma cell line.

CD40, a 48-50 KD cell membrane molecule, member of the nerve growth factor receptor and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, is an important costimulatory molecule during the immune response. Anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody (MAb) has been shown earlier to costimulate with IgM or phorbol esters resting B cells to proliferate, differentiate, secrete immunoglobulins, and switch isotype. Here we report on an agonistic mouse anti-human CD40 MAb 5C11. The specificity of this MAb was verified by flow cytometry, Western blotting, and competition with anti-CD40 MAb 89. We studied the effects of MAb 5C11 on a multimyeloma cell line, XG2, that expresses the CD40 antigen strongly and found that this MAb caused the homotypic aggregation of XG2, strongly suppressed XG2 proliferation, and led to its apoptosis after 24 hr of treatment. Interestingly, MAb 5C11 also triggered the generation, proliferation, and maturation of dendritic cells from peripheral blood monocytes, either by itself or in combination with GM-CSF and IL-4.

Field of study: Biology
Polymorphisms of interleukin (IL)‐4 receptor alpha and signal transducer and activator of transcription‐6 (Stat6) are associated with increased IL‐4Rα–Stat6 signalling in lymphocytes and elevated serum IgE in patients with Graves' disease

Activated interleukin (IL)‐4Rα stimulates production of IgE through signal transducer and activator of transcription‐6 (Stat6) activation in lymphocytes. Genetic studies have shown an association between polymorphisms in the genes encoding IL‐4Rα and Stat6 and elevated serum IgE in patients with atopic disease. Some authors, including us, have reported an association of Graves' disease and elevated serum IgE. To analyse the relationship between IL‐4Rα and Stat6 polymorphisms and elevated serum IgE in patients with Graves' disease, 169 patients with Graves' disease were studied. We investigated whether these polymorphisms affect IL‐4Rα–Stat6 signalling in cultured human lymphocytes. A high frequency of both the Ile50 polymorphism in IL‐4Rα and 13GT repeat variants of the Stat6 gene was observed in patients with Graves' disease and elevated serum IgE (Ile50 allele; P < 0·05, 13GT allele; P < 0·01 versus controls) but not in subjects with normal IgE. Cultured human lymphocytes with the Ile50 IL‐4Rα polymorphism and the 13GT repeat variant of Stat6 showed increased IL‐4 (and/or IL‐13)‐induced Stat6 activation (2·7‐fold; P < 0·05 and 2·2‐fold; P < 0·05, respectively). These findings suggest that polymorphisms in the IL‐4Rα and Stat6 genes play an important role in elevation of serum IgE through increased Stat6 action in patients with Graves' disease.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Synthesis and spectral properties of vinylogs of heterylpolyenes based on pyran

Vinylogs of unsymmetrical benzothiazole- and indolenine-substituted polyenes — pyran derivatives — were synthesized. Their absorption spectra reveal that the vinylene shift decreases with an increase in the length of the chromophore. The deviations of unsymmetrical heterylpolyenes prove to be negative and, for the same length of the chromophore, increase in absolute value with an increase in the difference in the electron-donor character of the terminal groups.

Field of study: Chemistry
Police-Building in Weak States: Australian Approaches in Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands

Australia is engaged in a range of police-building exercises with its regional neighbours. The character of this assistance has changed across time and space reflecting, among other things, the development of new approaches to police-building in weak and post-conflict states. This article examines three such approaches adopted in Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands, respectively. Both countries comprise challenging development contexts marked by high levels of social diversity and topographical fragmentation, weak centralised states, resilient and largely self-regulating village-based societies, and police forces with limited reach, resources, and popular legitimacy. Among other things, the review of Australian police-building experience in the Pacific Islands indicates the need to engage more effectively with non-state actors and organizations in building appropriate and sustainable policing systems in such fragile national environments.

Field of study: History, Sociology
[A complex study of the movement biomechanics in patients with post-stroke hemiparesis].

The authors present results of a pilot study on biomechanics of non-cyclic movements of the human consequent verticalization in the ontogenesis of patients with post-stroke hemiparesis (10 patients in the acute stage of cerebral stroke) and 10 healthy volunteers without neurologic and orthopedic pathology. Some movements of therapeutic exercises Balance (a model of ontogenetic kinesitherapy) have been selected for the study. Cinematic parameters have been recorded using a system of motion 3D video analysis, a kinematic model was build in accordance to standard protocols. The skin (native and straightened) electromyogram (EMG) was recorded synchronously with kinematic data using 16-channel electromyography from the following pairs of muscles: mm. sternocleido-mastoideus, trapezius (горизонтальная порция), biceps brachii, triceps brachii, rectus femoris, adductor magnus. Major differences in the EMG picture between patients and controls were: 1) the EMG "monotony" with the involvement of multiple additional muscles in locomotions with the prevalence of the peculiar "tonic" muscle activity (low amplitudes without distinct peaks), stretching along the whole cycle of movement. In controls, EMG demonstrated variability and had mostly "phasic" character with distinct 1 or 2 peaks; 2) the asymmetry of EMG profile in symmetric movements. i.e. when performed simultaneously from the right and from the left sides. The latter feature may be considered as predictive because it was never found in healthy people. It allows to identify objectively weak muscles even in the absence of visible parethis during the routine neurological examination.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
A general plan for the governance of the independent college

The independent college is a new kind of non-governmental higher education institution,which combines the public higher education resources with non-governmental capital to hold higher education depending on the market mechanisms and modes.At the initial stage when the independent college just founded,all the staff should know very well the rules of the marketplace and foster the concepts of efficiency and public good through mandatory spreading of the concepts and regulations.At the stage of growing-up or taking-off,the independent college employs the decision-making framework of capital democracy,expert democracy and grass-roots unit job democracy to realize high efficient operation and to promote education quality and to improve institutional benefits,through guaranteeing the free flow and mutual feedback of the information between all kinds of democracy,insisting on the yardstick of efficiency to verify the democratic decisions and giving priority to the form of team democracy.

Field of study: Education
Microarray and genetic analysis reveals that csa-miR159b plays a critical role in abscisic acid-mediated heat tolerance in grafted cucumber plants.

Root-shoot communication plays a vital role in plant growth, development and adaptation to environmental stimuli. Grafting-induced stress tolerance is associated with the induction of plentiful stress-related genes and proteins; the mechanism involved, however, remains obscure. Here, we show that the enhanced tolerance against heat stress in cucumber plants with luffa as rootstock was accompanied with an increased accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA), down-regulation of a subset of microRNAs (miRNAs) but up-regulation of their target genes and CsHSP70 accumulation in the shoots. Significantly, luffa rootstock and foliar application of ABA both down-regulated csa-miR159b and up-regulated its target mRNAs CsGAMYB1 and CsMYB29-like and CsHSP70 accumulation in cucumber, while ectopic expression of csa-miR159b led to decreased heat tolerance, AtMYB33 transcript and AtHSP70 accumulation in Arabidopsis plants. Taken together, our results suggest that root-originated signals such as ABA could alter miRNAs in the shoots, which have a major role in the post-transcriptional regulation of the stress-responsive genes.

Field of study: Environmental science
Relating Ettringite Formation and Rheological Changes during the Initial Cement Hydration: A Comparative Study Applying XRD Analysis, Rheological Measurements and Modeling

In order to gain a deeper understanding of the rheological development of hydrating ordinary Portland cement (OPC) pastes at initial state, and to better understand their underlying processes, quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and rheological measurements were conducted and their results combined. The time-dependent relation between phase development and flow behavior of cement paste was investigated at two different temperatures (20 and 30 °C), over a period of two hours. Regarding the phase development during hydration, ettringite precipitation was identified as the dominant reaction in the first two hours. For both temperatures, the increasing ettringite content turned out to correlate very well with the loss of workability of the reacting cement paste. An exponential relationship between ettringite growth and flow behavior was observed that could be explained by applying the Krieger-Dougherty equation, which describes the influence of solid fraction on the viscosity of a suspension.

Field of study: Materials science
Large sample properties and confidence bands for component-wise varying-coefficient regression with longitudinal dependent variable

Longitudinal studies with repeatedly measured dependent variable (out-come) and time-invariant covariates are common in biomedical and epidemi-ological studies. A useful statistical tool to evaluate the effects of covariates on the outcome variable over time is the varying-coefficient regression, which considers a linear relationship between the covariates and the outcome at a specific time point but assumes the linear coefficients to be smooth curves over time. In order to provide adequate smoothing for each coefficient curve, Wu and Chiang ( 1999 ) proposed a class of component-wise kernel estimators and determined the large sample convergence rates and some of the constant terms of the mean squared errors of their estimators. In this paper we calcu¬late the explicit large sample mean squared errors, including the convergence rates and ail the constant terms, and the asymptotic distributions of the kernel estimators of Wu and Chiang ( 1999 ). These asymptotic distributions are used to construct point-wise confidence intervals and Bonferroni-type confidence bands for the coefficient curves. Through a Monte Carlo simulation, wre show that our confidence regions have adequate coverage probabilities. Applying our procedures to a NIH fetal growth study, we show that our procedures are useful to determine the effects of maternal height, cigarette smoking and al¬cohol consumption on the growth of fetal abdominal circumference over time during pregnancy.

Field of study: Mathematics
Metamorphic history of the central Himalaya, Annapurna region, Nepal, and implications for tectonic models

Pressure-temperature-time (P-T-t) conditions of metamorphism have been determined in the Annapurna region of central Nepal that place new constraints on the structural and tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogenic wedge. Peak P-T conditions increase structurally upward: ∼525 °C and 8 kbar in the Lesser Himalayan sequence, 650 °C and 12 kbar at the base of the Greater Himalayan sequence across the Main Central thrust, 750 °C and 12 kbar in the middle of the Greater Himalayan sequence, and 775 °C and 13 kbar near the top of the Greater Himalayan sequence. Metamorphic monazite ages in the Greater Himalayan sequence also increase structurally upward: 16–21 Ma for subsolidus growth at the base of the Greater Himalayan sequence to ∼25 Ma for peak-T metamorphism and anatexis near the top of the Greater Himalayan sequence. These ages are several million years older than at equivalent structural levels at Langtang, ∼200 km to the east. The P-T-t data recommend reinterpretation of the Bhanuwa fault within the Greater Himalayan sequence as a thrust, and the presence of a different thrust structurally above the Bhanuwa thrust, here named the Sinuwa thrust. The new data are consistent with progressive stacking of tectonic slices, with calculated overthrust rates that are consistent with some (but not all) models that presume ∼2 cm/yr convergence across the Himalaya since 25 Ma. Despite differences in absolute ages, similarities among the chemical systematics of monazite, peak P-T conditions, and overthrust rates calculated for Annapurna when compared to Langtang imply that the broad geodynamics in one part of an orogen can be realistically extrapolated within a few hundred kilometers, although the timing and duration of movement on discrete thrust surfaces may differ.

Field of study: Geology
Spectral-correlation study of fluctuations of the intensity of 0.63 μ radiation emitted from an He–Ne laser

A spectral-correlation experimental study was made of the fluctuations of the intensity of emission from a helium--neon laser. This study included measurements of the spectral power density of fluctuations of the emission intensity and discharge current, as well as measurements of the transfer coefficient and coefficient of mutual correlation between the current and emitted light. The measurements were carried out in the frequency range of discharge current fluctuations. The spectral power density of fluctuations of the radiation intensity was calculated. A qualitative analysis was made of the results obtained.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Evaluating Transfer Programmes within a General Equilibrium Framework

We develop a general equilibrium model for evaluating domestically financed transfer programmes and derive analytical expressions which provide a framework for combining results from a computable general equilibrium model with disaggregated household data. We separate the welfare impact into three components, i.e. "redistribution", "reallocative", and "distortionary" effects. We show how these are subsumed within one parameter, the "cost of public funds". Using a Mexican programme for illustration, we show that substantial welfare gains result from a switch from universal food subsidies to targeted transfers, reflecting both the improved targeting efficiency of the latter and the relaxation the trade-off between equity and efficiency when designing tax systems.

Field of study: Economics
Fault Detection and Protection of Transformer by Using Microcontroller

Karpe S R, Sandeep Shelar, Shraddha Garkad, Shruti Lakade Department of Electrical, SBPCOE. This paper presents a novel digital technique for transformer protection.This paper describe the fault detection and protection of transformer .The transformer is a key element in electrical power system .Proper protection is needed for economical and safe operation in electrical power system .Transformer protective relay should be sense the fault occurs in transformer and trip the circuit during internal fault measuring. This study describe the design and implementation of microcontroller based system for protecting transformer. Switchgear and Protection, Load Sharing and control, GSM System.

Field of study: Engineering
Pharmacokinetic and toxicity study of intravitreal erythropoietin in rabbits

To study the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of intravitreal erythropoietin (EPO) for potential clinical use.For toxicity study, 4 groups (60 rabbits) with intravitreal injection (IVit) of EPO were studied (10U, 100U, or 1 000U) per eye for single injection and 0.6 U/eye (the designed therapeutic level in rabbits) for monthly injections (6×). Eye examination, flash electroretinogram (ERG), and fluorescein angiography (FA) were carried out before and after injection. The rabbits were killed for histological study at different intervals. For the pharmacokinetic study, after IVit of 5 U EPO into left eyes, 44 rabbits were killed at different intervals, and the EPO levels in vitreous, aqueous, retina and serum were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.At all of the time points examined, the eyes were within normal limits. No significant ERG or FA change was observed. The histology of retina remained unchanged. The pharmacokinetic profile of EPO in ocular compartments was summarized as follows. The half-life times of EPO in vitreous, aqueous and serum were 2.84, 3.24 and 2.12 d, respectively; and Cmax were 4615.75, 294.31 and 1.60 U/L, respectively. EPO concentrations in the retina of the injected eye peaked at 1.36 U/g protein at 6 h following injection, with the half-life observed to be 3.42 d.IVit of EPO in a wide range is well tolerated and safe for rabbit eyes. At doses up to 10-fold higher than therapeutic levels, EPO has a pharmacokinetic profile with faster clearance, which is favorable for episodic IVit.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Zur Randschichttheorie der Trockengleichrichter

ZusammenfassungIm Rahmen der vereinfachten Randschichttheorie der Trockengleichrichter werden die Konzentrationsverteilungen der Defektelektronen berechnet, die sich bei verschiedenen Belastungen einstellen. Das Ergebnis zeigen die Abb. 2 und 3. Die Unipolarität der Randschicht bzw. die großen Unterschiede des Randschichtwiderstandes in Sperr- und Flußrichtung sind weniger durch die Variation der Gesamtbreite der Randschicht bedingt, als durch die Gestaltänderung der Konzentrationsverteilungskurven. Ursache dieser Gestaltänderungen wiederum ist der Umstand, daß in der randnächsten Schicht der Strom bei Sperrbelastung praktisch ausschließlich durch den Feldstrom, bei Flußbelastung dagegen durch den Diffusionsstrom der Defektelektronen getragen wird. In diesem physikalisch völlig verschiedenen Charakter des Leitungsvorganges in Fluß- und Sperrichtung ist also letzten Endes der tiefere Grund für das Auftreten der Unipolarität zu erblicken.

Field of study: Physics