nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
BPD-based Triangle NAM for Image Representation

The binary-bit plane decomposition (BPD) is an effective method that can greatly reduce the complexity of a multivalued image. The triangle packing problem is one kind of special packing problems, which is widely applied in many fields and has a great theoretical value and practical meaning. Therefore, inspired by the concept of BPD and the triangle packing problem, aiming at improving the representation efficiency of a multi-valued image pattern, we present an image representation method of BPD-based triangle non-symmetry and anti-packing pattern representation model (NAM) in this paper. Also, an algorithm of BPD-based triangle NAM for a multi-valued image is described and implemented. The theoretical and experimental results presented in this paper show that the BPD-based triangle NAM method can reduce the data storage much more effectively than the popular linear quadtree method and is a better method to represent a multivalued image pattern.

Field of study: Computer science
Common-cause failure analysis of a redundant system with non-repairable units

This paper presents a newly developed generalized expression for mean time to failure, MTTF, of a non-repairable identical unit parallel system with warm standby and common-cause failures. Also presented is a modified version of this formula that takes into account the repairability of the warm standby and/or switching mechanism. Generalized expressions for system reliability and variance of time to failure are presented along with some tables and plots of system reliability and MTTF.

Field of study: Engineering
Die mesozoische Magnafazies-Abfolge in den nördlichen Anden (Peru, Ekuador, Kolumbien)

ZusammenfassungDie weit über 100 sedimentären Formationen und Gruppen im mesozoischen epikontinentalen bis kontinentalen „Oriente Andino“ der nördlichen Anden (Peru, Ekuador und Kolumbien) werden 6 zeitlich aufeinanderfolgenden Magnafazies-Einheiten zugeordnet. Dabei zeichnet sich deutlich eine einheitliche paläogeographisch-sedimentäre Entwicklung in den genannten Räumen ab, obwohl sich der geologische Bau der andinen West- bzw. Küstenkordilleren im Norden (Kolumbien, Ekuador) grundsätzlich vom Süden (Peru, Chile) unterscheidet.AbstractOver 100 sedimentary formations and groups are known from the epicontinental to continental Mesozoic (“Oriente Andino” sensu H.Bürgl) in the Andean region of Peru, Ecuador and Colombia. These lithostratigraphic (or facial) complexes are attached to 6 magnafacies-units which follow each other chronologically, thereby clearly evidencing a uniform paleogeographic-sedimentary development in the mentioned areas, although the geological structure of the Western respectively Coastal Cordilleras of the North (Colombia, Ecuador) is fundamentally different from that of the Southern ones (Peru, Chile).ResumenMás de 100 grupos y formaciones sedimentarios des »Oriente Andino« (sensu H.Bürgl) en los Andes septentrionales (PerÚ, Ecuador, Colombia) están asociados a 6 unidades magnafaciales que se suceden cronológicamente. Este »Oriente Andino« abarca las cuencas sedimentarias de tipo epicontiental a continental de la época mesozoica. Se bosqueja así claramente, en las áreas mencionadas, una evolución paleogeográfica-sedimentológica bastante uniforme, aunque las estructuras geológicas de las Cordilleras Occidentales (o Costeras, respectivamente) de la parte septentrional (Colombia, Ecuador) se diferencian fundamentalmente de las del Sur (PerÚ, Chile).кРАткОЕ сОДЕРжАНИЕБОлЕЕ 100 ОсАДОЧНых сВИт И гРУпп МЕжОжОИскИх ЁпИкОНтИНЕНтАльНых ДО кОНтИНЕНтАльНых Отл ОжЕНИИ „Oriente Andine“ сЕВЕРНых АНД (пЕРУ, ЁкВАДОР И кОлУМБИь) пОДРАжДЕлЕ Ны НА 6 сМЕНьУЩИх ДРУг Д РУгА БОльшИх ФАцИАльНых ЕДИНИц. пРИ ЁтОМ УстАН ОВлЕНО БОльшОЕ схОДс тВО В пАлОЕгЕОгРАФИЧЕскО М РАжВИтИИ ВсЕгО РЕгИОНА, хОть гЕ ОлОгИЧЕскОЕ стРОЕНИ Е жАпАДНых И пРИБРЕжНых кОРДИлыЕР НА сЕВЕРЕ (к ОлУМБИь, ЁкВАДОР) ОтлИ ЧАУтсь От тАкОВОгО НА УгЕ (пЕРУ, ЧИлЕ).

Field of study: Environmental science
Dynamics of numerical approximations

Assuming that a differential equation has a hyperbolic invariant set, we discuss the existence of a similar invariant set for the map defined by a numerical approximation, as well as the closeness of these sets in the C^1-topology. Particular emphasis is given to equilibrium points, periodic orbits and invariant tori for the differential equation. We present also a result on the preservation of structural stability for gradient systems.

Field of study: Mathematics
Impact of a flood disaster on sediment toxicity in a major river system--the Elbe flood 2002 as a case study.

The ecotoxicological implications of a flooding disaster were investigated with the exceptional Elbe flood in August 2002 as an example. Sediment samples were taken shortly after the flood at 37 sites. For toxicity assessment the midge Chironomus riparius (Insecta) and the mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gastropoda) were exposed to the sediment samples for 28 days. For a subset of 19 sampling sites, the contamination level and the biological response of both species were also recorded before the flood in 2000. The direct comparison of biological responses at identical sites revealed significant differences for samples taken before and immediately after the flood. After flood sediments of the river Elbe caused both higher emergence rates in the midge and higher numbers of embryos in the mudsnail. Contrary to expectations the toxicity of the sediments decreased after the flood, probably because of a dilution of toxic substances along the river Elbe and a reduction in bioavailability of pollutants as a result of increasing TOC values after the flood.

Field of study: Environmental science
The English You Need to Know: Language Ideology in a Citizenship Classroom.

This study examines the discursive construction of adequate English proficiency through error correction in citizenship classrooms. In particular, the microanalysis of corrective sequences demonstrates that such proficiency is viewed narrowly – as a practical tool for passing the naturalization interview and not necessarily a tool for broader functioning in the society. Hearable grammatical and phonological accuracy is constructed as a major component of the adequate command of English. The views on what it means to speak English well enough for the purposes of naturalization appear to be deeply rooted in the ideological notions of language for citizenship in the U.S.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
Three-component synthesis of tetrazolo-pyrimidines annelated by C6 to C8 carbocycles

By treatment of 3-amino-4H-1,2,4-triazole and 5-amino-1H-tetrazole with -unsaturated ketones of cyclohexanone series, we have previously obtained linearly structured azoloquinazolines with an admixture of isomers with angular ring fusion . Extension of this reaction to ylidenecyclohexanone analogs with a greater size of alicycle (C7, C8) was not appropriate due to their low yields. Bearing in mind the importance of substituted azolopyrimidines in the search for novel biologically active materials and the successful use of multicomponent reactions [2, 3] for heterocycle synthesis, we have studied the possibility of using three-component cyclocondensation for synthesis of tetrazolopyrimidines annelated by C6 to C8 carbocycles. The reactions were carried out by refluxing equimolar amounts of the 5-amino-1H-tetrazole, the aldehyde 1a,b (furfural, benzaldehyde), and ketone 2a-c (cyclohexanone, cycloheptanone, cyclooctanone). As a result, the partially reduced cyclanotetrazolopyrimidines 3a-f were obtained in 39-68% yields.

Field of study: Chemistry
Effect of ethanol on Munc13-1 C1 in membrane: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study.

Ethanol has a significant effect on synaptic plasticity. Munc13-1 is an essential presynaptic active zone protein involved in priming the synaptic vesicle and releasing neurotransmitter in the brain. It is a peripheral membrane protein and binds to the activator, diacylglycerol (DAG)/phorbol ester at its membrane-targeting C1 domain. Our previous studies identified Glu-582 of C1 domain as the alcohol-binding residue (Das, J. et al, J. Neurochem., 126, 715-726, 2013).



Here we describe a 250 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulation study on the interaction of ethanol and the activator-bound Munc13-1 C1 in the presence of varying concentrations of phosphatidylserine (PS).



In this study, Munc13-1 C1 shows higher conformational stability in ethanol than in water. It forms fewer hydrogen bonds with phorbol 13-acetate in the presence of ethanol than in water. Ethanol also affected the interaction between the protein and the membrane and between the activator and the membrane. Similar studies in a E582A mutant suggest that these effects of ethanol are mostly mediated through Glu-582.



Ethanol forms hydrogen bonds with Glu-582. While occupancy of the ethanol molecules at the vicinity (4Å) of Glu-582 is 34.4 %, the occupancy in the E582A mutant is 26.5 % of the simulation time. In addition, the amount of PS in the membrane influences the conformational stability of the C1 domain and interactions in the ternary complex. This study is important in providing the structural basis of ethanol's effects on synaptic plasticity.

Field of study: Medicine
INFLUENCE OF WALL THICKNESS ON FIRE RESISTANT PERFORMANCE OF RECYCLED CONCRETE TUBULAR STRUCTURES

In order to study the fire resistant performance of recycled concrete tubular structures,the test on the fire resistant performance of one normal concrete specimen and two recycled concrete specimens has been carried out.The differences of the fire endurance and temperature field distribution have been analyzed.Based on the experiment,the numerical simulation on temperature fields was processed;the influence of wall thickness on fire resistant performance was studied;the calculated formula of load bearing capacity of the specimens under high temperature was proposed as well.The load bearing capacity and fire endurance of 8 tubular structures with different wall thicknesses and different concrete were analyzed by numerical examples.Results show that comparing to normal concrete tubular structures with the same wall thickness,the fire endurance is a little shorter and the fire resistant performance is a little worse for the recycled concrete specimens.The load bearing capacity,the fire endurance and the fire resistant performance of recycled concrete tubular structures increase with the wall thickness increasing,which is the same as the normal concrete tubular structures.

Field of study: Engineering
The reaction of 6-substituted 4-pyrone-2-carboxylic acids with o-phenylenediamine. Synthesis and structure of 3-(1H-1,5-benzodiazepin-2(3Н)-ylidenemethyl)quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones

6-Aryl(alkyl)-4-pyrone-2-carboxylic acids upon refluxing in n-BuOH react with two equivalents of о-phenylenediamine, giving 26–85% yields of 3-(1H-1,5-benzodiazepin-2(3H)-ylidenemethyl)quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones, which exist in two tautomeric forms. The direction of the initial nucleophilic attack on the pyrone ring and the tautomeric composition of the obtained products is mainly determined by the substituent at the С-6 atom. Quantum-chemical calculations were used to estimate the stability of tautomers in the gas phase.

Field of study: Chemistry
An alternative derivation of Katsevich's cone-beam reconstruction formula.

In this paper an alternative derivation of Katsevich's cone-beam image reconstruction algorithm is presented. The starting point is the classical Tuy's inversion formula. After (i) using the hidden symmetries of the intermediate functions, (ii) handling the redundant data by weighting them, (iii) changing the weighted average into an integral over the source trajectory parameter, and (iv) imposing an additional constraint on the weighting function, a filtered backprojection reconstruction formula from cone beam projections is derived. The following features are emphasized in the present paper: First, the nontangential condition in Tuy's original data sufficiency conditions has been relaxed. Second, a practical regularization scheme to handle the singularity is proposed. Third, the derivation in the cone beam case is in the same fashion as that in the fan-beam case. Our final cone-beam reconstruction formula is the same as the one discovered by Katsevich in his most recent paper. However, the data sufficiency conditions and the regularization scheme of singularities are different. A detailed comparison between these two methods is presented.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
High-Duty Cycle, High-Power Linear Array Diode Laser Package Technique

WT5”BZ]The package technique of high duty cycle, high power linear array diode laser is studied and the measured results of the laser performance are presented. Over 40W peak power output at duty cycles up to 20%(200μs,1000Hz) is achieved. At 100Hz to 1000Hz repeat frequency, the center wavelength is 805～808ns with corresponding spectral width of 3.1～4.2nm. The instability of the output laser is less than 1%.

Field of study: Physics
Toughening of Epoxy Adhesives by Combined Interaction of Carbon Nanotubes and Silsesquioxanes

The extensive use of adhesives in many structural applications in the transport industry and particularly in the aeronautic field is due to numerous advantages of bonded joints. However, still many researchers are working to enhance the mechanical properties and rheological performance of adhesives by using nanoadditives. In this study the effect of the addition of Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) with Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS) compounds, either Glycidyl Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes (GPOSS) or DodecaPhenyl Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes (DPHPOSS) to Tetraglycidyl Methylene Dianiline (TGMDA) epoxy formulation, was investigated. The formulations contain neither a tougher matrix such as elastomers nor other additives typically used to provide a closer match in the coefficient of thermal expansion in order to discriminate only the effect of the addition of the above-mentioned components. Bonded aluminium single lap joints were made using both untreated and Chromic Acid Anodisation (CAA)-treated aluminium alloy T2024 adherends. The effects of the different chemical functionalities of POSS compounds, as well as the synergistic effect between the MWCNT and POSS combination on adhesion strength, were evaluated by viscosity measurement, tensile tests, Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), single lap joint shear strength tests, and morphological investigation. The best performance in the Lap Shear Strength (LSS) of the manufactured joints has been found for treated adherends bonded with epoxy adhesive containing MWCNTs and GPOSS. Carbon nanotubes have been found to play a very effective bridging function across the fracture surface of the bonded joints.

Field of study: Materials science
Twisted Whittaker category on affine flags and category of representations of mixed quantum group

Suppose that G is a reductive group. We have the geometric Satake equivalence which identifies Sph (G), the perverse G (O) equivalent D-modules on affine grassmannin as the category of finite dimensional representation of H, the Langlands dual group of G. We note that: Whit(Gr) = Sph(G). Here, Whit (Gr) is the module category D (N (K), \ chi) -equivalent on Gr. Now, the category of representation admits a deformation by the category of representations of quantum group. On the Whittaker side, we can consider the twisted D-modules on affine grassmannin. This is the fundamental local equivalence: Whit_q (Gr) = Rep_q (H) . Recently, D. Gaitsgory proposed its ramified version. We consider the affine flags instead of the affine grassmannians. In this case, we have to replace the category of quantum group representations with another category, the category of mixed quantum group representations. Whit_q (Fl) = Rep_q ^ {mix} (H) . We prove that the category of twisted Whittaker D-modules on the affine flags and the category of representations of the mixed quantum group are equivalent.

Field of study: Mathematics
Transfer of Nazca Ridge Pelagic Sediments to the Peru Continental Margin

A complex set of lithologies, including calcareous oozes, hemipelagites, and turbidites, was recovered from the landward wall of the Peru Trench at its intersection with the Nazca Ridge. The sequence occurs at a water depth of 4,900 m and overlies an acoustic basement in the lowermost continental slope. Early Pliocene calcareous ooze overlies Pliocene to Quaternary ooze; both of these deposits are sandwiched between late Pleistocene (⩽ 400,000 yr), organic-rich turbidites and hemipelagic deposits typical of the Peru Trench and margin. Planktonic and benthic foraminiferal assemblages indicate that the early Pliocene ooze originally was deposited on the Nazca Ridge above the calcium carbonate compensation depth (4,000 m) and to the west of the cool Peru-Chile Current. The Pliocene-Pleistocene ooze contains a temperate fauna associated with the Peru-Chile Current. Block faulting at the terminus of the Nazca Ridge displaced the calcareous ooze 1,900 m from the top of the ridge to the trench below. Apparently these lithologies were then folded against or thrust beneath the lower continental slope within the past 400,000 yr. The stratigraphic sequence and the physiographic setting of the Nazca Ridge–Peru Trench intersection indicate convergence of the Nazca Ridge with the South American block. A minimum convergence rate of 0.8 cm/yr is calculated for the Pleistocene based upon the past and present geographic positions of the calcareous ooze. The best estimate of the rate is 2.8 cm/yr.

Field of study: Geology
Effect of aerobic exercise and ginsenosides on lipid metabolism in diet-induced hyperlipidemia mice.

To study the effect of aerobic exercise and its combination with Gin (ginsenosides from stems and leaves of ginseng) on lipid metabolism in diet-induced hyperlipidemia mice.



The mouse hyperlipidemia model was set up by feeding high cholesterol diet. Unloaded swimming was designed to be a manner of aerobic exercise. The effects of aerobic exercise and its combination with Gin on total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) in serum, malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in liver tissue were measured; the thymus and liver were weighed.



(1) The mouse hyperlipidemia model was set up successfully: TC and MDA increased (P < 0.05) but HDL-c and SOD decreased (P < 0.05); the liver weight increased and the thymus weight reduced; fatty liver was found; (2) aerobic exercise reduced TC but increased MDA and HDL-c in cholesterol-rich diet mice; the liver weight did not reduce, and fatty liver did not clear up; and (3) when aerobic exercise combined with Gin, TC and TG decreased markedly (P < 0.01), and MDA also decreased (P < 0.05); SOD and HDL-c increased markedly (P < 0.01); the thymus weight increased and the liver weight decreased to normal level; fatty liver cleared up.



Aerobic exercise could lower serum lipid to some extent but could not satisfactorily regulate lipid metabolism. When combined with Gin, aerobic exercise could better lower serum lipid, regulate lipid metabolism, promote antioxidation, and enhance immune activity.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
The first attempt to create a national strategy for reducing waiting times in Poland: will it succeed?

The waiting lists package, proposed in March 2014, is the first attempt to create a national strategy to reduce waiting times for specialist care in Poland. The policy proposes a number of measures directed at primary, specialist ambulatory and hospital care with the goal of shifting patients to the lowest possible level of care. Initially, it has been welcomed by the patients and there has been, so far, no strong opposition against the reform from other stakeholders. However, this may be because there is some disbelief that the policy would actually be implemented (due to limited funding available for its implementation) and because some of the proposed changes are vague and have yet to be clarified. One stakeholder group that may obstruct the implementation of the reform, if they are not satisfied with the final shape of the proposed measures, is the primary care doctors. They are directly affected by the reform and enjoy a relatively strong bargaining position compared to other groups of medical professionals. Thus, the future of the reform remains uncertain.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Woodrow Wilson and Woman Suffrage: A New Look

"Barring the chilled, scandalized feeling that always overcomes me when I see and hear women speak in public," young Woodrow Wilson once wrote in 1884, describing a Woman's Congress meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Women in Baltimore, "I derived a good deal of whimsical delight ... from the proceedings." The future president's amusement, however, could not overcome his antipathy for feminine orators. Commenting on one speaker, "a severely dressed person from Boston, an old maid from the straitest sect of old maid," Wilson observed that she was "a living example-and lively commentary-of what might be done by giving men's places and duties to women. Surely the man who dismissed the participation of women in public affairs would have recoiled at the suggestion that one day he would write about the woman suffrage amendment: "I deem it one of the greatest honors of my life that this great event, so stoutly fought for, for so many years, should have occurred during the period of my administration."2 His own testimony demonstrates Wilson's political evolution concerning women. But it does not measure his contribution to the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, a contribution which has not been accorded careful attention by historians of either the Progressive era or the woman suffrage movement.3 Few presidents have been persuaded to exercise the full power of their

Field of study: Political science
Device for measuring secondary electron emission yield of insulator

A device for measuring secondary electron emission yield of insulator was set up successfully,which was made up of electron gun system,vacuum system and electrical system,the energy band of primary current produced by the device was 0.8～60 keV.By the single-pulse electron gun method,the secondary electron emission yield of polycrystal MgO yield was measured when the primary electron energy band was 0.8～45 keV.In the experimental measurement,the distance from material surface to secondary electron collector was 35 mm,the bias voltage was 45 V.The maximum measured yield of MgO produced by the method of magnetron sputtering was 2.83,which was in the range of 2 to 26,and the corresponding primary electron energy was 980 eV.These results proved that the secondary electron emission yield of insulator measured with the device is credible,but the yield of MgO is smaller than the normal yield of MgO.The reason might be that when the MgO is produced by the method of magnetron sputtering,too much impurity is set in the MgO,this condition results in the decrease of the yield of MgO.

Field of study: Physics