nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF LOW-LEVEL RADIOACTIVITY OF PENNSYLVANIAN BLACK FISSILE SHALE IN ILLINOIS

Black fissile shale in Pennsylvanian cyclothems in the western part of the Illinois Basin shows low-level radioactivity as measured by alpha-particle emission. Preliminary analysis showed a ten-fold variability in radioactivity among closely spaced samples, with no apparent concentration in particular zones of the thin shale units. These relations favored design of a sampling experiment for evaluation of average radioactivity of the shale and for detection of regional radioactivity gradients. Interlocked regional and local sampling designs were set up and provided 176 samples for a regional study and 32 samples for a local study, including evaluation of the experimental error. The interlocked designs furnished data for estimating stratigraphic variability of samples spaced from about 1 foot to 18 miles apart. Strip mines, mine dumps, and some well cores provided regional samples of the 3-foot black fissile shale bed overlying Coal No. 6 in an area about 200 miles long and 20 miles wide. The local samples were collected from four localities within a single mine. In both sampling designs the maximum variability occurred at the lowest sampling level, indicative of a “spotty” distribution of radioactivity in the black shale. Neither the geological evidence nor the statistical analysis suggested any strong regional gradient in radioactivity over the area studied. Both the geological and statistical data support the inference that the radioactive material was associated with the depositional environment, rather than introduced by wholly diagenetic processes.

Field of study: Geology
The Crvenka loess-paleosol sequence: A record of continuous grassland domination in the southern Carpathian Basin during the Late Pleistocene

In this study, we compare two independent paleoenvironmental proxies for a loess sequence in northern Serbia, in the southern Carpathian Basin: novel n-alkane biomarkers and traditional land snail assemblages. Both are associated with other, more widely used proxy data for loess sections, such as environmental magnetism, grain size, and geochemical indices. Together, these paleoenvironmental proxy records provide evidence for the continued dominance of grasslands during the Late Pleistocene in the Southern Carpathian Basin. It is contrary to other European loess provinces, which are characterized by high diversity of Late Pleistocene environments (ranging from tundra-like to deciduous forest habitats). These findings highlight the southeastern part of Carpathian Basin as an important, but still insufficiently investigated, biogeographical refugium, and biodiversity preservation zone. The reason for this is a mostly stable paleoclimate for much of the Late Pleistocene.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Three body system in leading order effective field theory without three body forces

The use of leading order effective field theory (EFT) to describe neutron-deuteron scattering leads to integral equations that have unusual behaviour: when only two-body interactions are included, the scattering amplitude does not approach a limit when the cutoff used to solve the equations is removed. It has recently been shown that this cutoff dependence can be eliminated by the careful inclusion of a three-body force. In this paper we show that the cutoff dependence is just a reflection of the fact that the aforementioned integral equations admit an infinite number of solutions amongst which only one corresponds to the physical scattering amplitude. We show how to numerically extract the physical scattering amplitude from the general solution and in this way explicitly demonstrate that the amplitude for a particle scattering off a two-body bound state, in leading order EFT, is in fact determined entirely by two-body forces.

Field of study: Physics
Decision-making algorithm for minimally invasive approaches to anterior skull base meningiomas.

Anterior skull base meningiomas are benign lesions that cause neurological symptoms through mass effect on adjacent neurovascular structures. While traditional transcranial approaches have proven to be effective at removing these tumors, minimally invasive approaches that involve using an endoscope offer the possibility of reducing brain and nerve retraction, minimizing incision size, and speeding patient recovery; however, appropriate case selection and results in large series are lacking.  The authors developed an algorithm for selecting a supraorbital keyhole minicraniotomy (SKM) for olfactory groove meningiomas or an expanded endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) for tuberculum sella (TS) or planum sphenoidale (PS) meningiomas based on the presence or absence of olfaction and the anatomical extent of the tumor. Where neither approach is appropriate, a standard transcranial approach is utilized. The authors describe rates of gross-total resection (GTR), olfactory outcomes, and visual outcomes, as well as complications, for 7 subgroups of patients. Exceptions to the algorithm are also discussed.  The series of 57 patients harbored 57 anterior skull base meningiomas; the mean tumor volume was 14.7 ± 15.4 cm3 (range 2.2-66.1 cm3), and the mean follow-up duration was 42.2 ± 37.1 months (range 2-144 months). Of 19 patients with olfactory groove meningiomas, 10 had preserved olfaction and underwent SKM, and preservation of olfaction in was seen in 60%. Of 9 patients who presented without olfaction, 8 had cribriform plate invasion and underwent combined SKM and EEA (n = 3), bifrontal craniotomy (n = 3), or EEA (n = 2), and one patient without both olfaction and cribriform plate invasion underwent SKM. GTR was achieved in 94.7%. Of 38 TS/PS meningiomas, 36 of the lesions were treated according to the algorithm. Of these 36 meningiomas, 30 were treated by EEA and 6 by craniotomy. GTR was achieved in 97.2%, with no visual deterioration and one CSF leak that resolved by placement of a lumbar drain. Two patients with tumors that, based on the algorithm, were not amenable to an EEA underwent EEA nonetheless: one had GTR and the other had a residual tumor that was followed and removed via craniotomy 9 years later.  Utilizing a simple algorithm aimed at preserving olfaction and vision and based on maximizing use of minimally invasive approaches and selective use of transcranial approaches, the authors found that excellent outcomes can be achieved for anterior skull base meningiomas.

Field of study: Medicine
Foraminiferal record of environmental changes: Messinian of the Los Yesos area (Sorbas Basin, SE Spain)

The Late Messinian of the Sorbas Basin (Betic Cordillera, SE Spain) has been sampled to estimate (1) the paleoenvironmental changes recorded by the benthic foraminifers in pre-evaporitic and evaporitic units, and (2) the impact of the`Messinian Salinity Crisis' on the foraminiferal biodiversity. In the pre-evaporitic unit, foraminifers indicate a circalittoral to bathyal environments and show significant changes in bottom-water oxygenation. Simultaneously, the occurrences of epiphytic damaged foraminifers and the blocks of Porites point out the presence of plant substrates and coral-reefs on the infralittoral zone. The overlying evaporitic unit is characterized by four subaqeous selenitic gypsum layers and three marine fossiliferous intercalations. Each episode of gypsum deposition ends with a desiccation event. Each fossiliferous intercalations traduce a rapid reflooding of the basin by marine waters corresponding to infralittoral to upper bathyal environments with normal marine conditions. During the evaporitic period, the ecological conditions in the water column were intermittently favorable to the development of marine organisms, and moreover, the marginal basins of the Betic Cordillera were not continuously desiccated during the Messinian. The low percentage of extinct species (5%) at the Messinian^Pliocene boundary and the occurrences of benthic foraminifers in the evaporitic unit indicate that the infralittoral to upper bathyal environments have not been completely modified and/or barren during the`Messinian Salinity Crisis', i.e. the`Messinian Salinity Crisis' is not associated with a biological crisis.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Sertoli和Leydig细胞的相互作用及其PA/PAI-1表达的调节

用细胞培养,SDS-凝胶电泳,纤蛋白铺盖和反向纤蛋白自显影等技术研究了大鼠睾丸支持细胞(Sc)和间质细胞(Lc)的相互作用。实验结果表明,Sc产生两种纤溶酶原激活因子(PA),即组织型PA(tPA)和尿激酶型PA(uPA)及一种PA的抑制因子(PAI-1)。tPA及PAI-1的分泌受FSH,forskolin(FK)。双丁酰环腺苷酸(dbcAMP),GnRH及生长因子(EGF,FGF)的调节;但不受hCG和雄烯二酮(△~4)的影响;FSH也刺激Sc产生PAI-1。本项研究证明大鼠Sc能同时产生tPA,uPA和PAI-1;而Lc和Sc的相互作用是tPA和PAI-1表达的重要条件。

Field of study: Chemistry
Research on the Problem of Error Encoding Based on the Application of J2EE+Tomcat 5.0+MySQL 5.5

We often encounter the problem of garbled characters display in Java programming,especially in the development of Web application with Java,Tomcat and MySQL.Summaries difference situations in the development of Web based on the discussion of the character set and character encoding.And describes every situation in details and proposes the corresponding solution.

Field of study: Computer science
Market your brand successfully

Taking the next big step in your business as a producer and distributor of dairy products probably means marketing to a regional or national retailer. This can be a daunting experience, as the retailer needs to protect his business from unreliable quality products. The retailer may also dictate the frequency and quantity of products at different times of the year. All these factors and many other practical implications of obtaining a contract with a retailer pose tough challenges for smaller dairy processors.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON LOCAL FLEXIBILITY OF PIPE WITH A PART-THROUGH CIRCUMFERENTIAL CRACK

The part-through circumferential crack is a typical crack form in pipe structure,and is also one of the main causes of pipe rupture.Firstly,this paper derived the local flexibility equations of pipe with a part-through circumferential crack using linear fracture mechanics.Then,an adaptive Simpson quadrature-revisted was used to perform the numerical integration to obtain the flexibility coefficients.Finally,the dynamic testing results of the part-through circumferentially cracked pipe were used to validate the proposed resolution for local flexibility.It is found that the natural frequencies of cracked pipe by means of the proposed local flexibility and dynamic test show good agreement,which indicates that the proposed flexibility equations and the presented solutions for calculating local flexibility are reasonable.

Field of study: Engineering
Quantifying bio-filament morphology below the diffraction limit of an optical microscope using out-of-focus images.

A method to measure the dimensions of objects below the optical diffraction limit using diffraction analysis of out-of-focus bright-field images is presented. The method relies on the comparison of the diffraction patterns of an object of unknown size to those of calibration objects of known size. Correlative scanning electron microscope measurements are used to demonstrate the applicability of this method to measure 100 nm microbeads as well as objects with a geometry different from the calibration objects. This technique is important in the context of tethered particle experiments, in which bio-filaments are bound between a substrate and a microbead. This procedure is applied to obtain the diameters of axonal extensions or neurites that are mechanically created in samples of rat hippocampal neurons. The dependence of neurite geometry on mechanical pull speed is investigated, and the diameter is found to be rate independent.

Field of study: Physics
Technical note: further development of a resolution modification routine for the simulation of the modulation transfer function of digital x-ray detectors.

This paper proposes the further development of a resolution modification routine which is used to simulate the presampling modulation transfer function (pMTF) of digital x-ray detectors.



It suggests a method to reconstruct anisotropic two dimensional (2D) pMTF matrices from the experimentally measured horizontal and vertical 1D pMTFs. In this study, the horizontal dimension of the detector is 17.3 cm, while the vertical one is 24 cm. This matrix is multiplied with the 2D Fourier transform of the super-sampled ideal input image to simulate blurring. Then, the restored image is sampled to form the pixels of the digital image. The authors suggest convolution with the comb function instead of the rectangular function to avoid the correction with the sinc function required by the latter. It is demonstrated that this correction is avoided when the comb function is used. Moreover, this study suggests a way to effectively sample the images in the case when the ratio between the "analog" pitch of the super-sampled input image and the pixel pitch of the digital x-ray detector is a semi-integer.



The validation of the simulation algorithm demonstrated that when the comb function was used the average absolute difference between the pMTF measured from the output images and the input ones was less than 1%, while this was of 13% when the rectangular function was used. When a sinc correction was applied in the latter case the difference decreased again to less than 1%.



The developed modification routine provides the means to simulate the spatial resolution of digital x-ray detectors under a wider range of conditions.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
The commitments of a liberal foreign policy agenda

A central commitment of the Liberal foreign policy agenda is the democratization of Canada's foreign policy decision‐making process. The Liberal Government intends to put in place a policy development system that reflects its foreign policy priorities, ongoing public input, and a constantly changing international environment. The Government would like to bring a new Canadian emphasis to: United Nations reform, North‐South dialogue, relations with the United States, international peacekeeping, and to the circumpolar Arctic.

Field of study: Political science
Upregulation of TRPC1 Contributes to Contractile Function in Isoproterenol-induced Hypertrophic Myocardium of Rat

The transient receptor potential canonical channel 1 (TRPC1) is a crucial component of the stretch-activated ion channels (SACs). The objective of this research was to demonstrate the contribution of TRPC1 in maintaining cardiac contractile function in the hypertrophic myocardium.  Hypertrophic rat hearts were induced by injecting isoproterenol intraperitoneally, and the expressions of TRPC1/3/6 and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger 1 (NCX1) proteins were analyzed by Western blot. The intracellular calcium images, the action potential of myocardium, the length-dependent contractile force of ventricle muscle and the cardiac output of isolated heart were investigated.  The expression of TRPC1 was increased in the hypertrophic myocardium. After being stretched, the ascendant amplitude of the increase in the intracellular calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]i) in the hypertrophic myocardium was higher than that in the normal myocardium. The increase of the APD50 and the amplitude of the membrane potential depolarization were more significant in the hypertrophic myocardium after the activation of SACs. When the heart preparations were perfused with Tyrode's solution, there was no difference in the cardiac systolic function between the cardiac hypertrophy group and the control group. Gadolinium, a SACs blocker, reduced the length-dependent contractile force and suppressed the ascending limb of the Frank-Starling curves in the hypertrophic heart.  The upregulation of TRPC1 contributes to the contractile function in the hypertrophic myocardium by increasing [Ca2+]i through the SACs.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Optimization on Characteristic Angle of New Box Opening Machine

The process of box opening machine is analyzed, according to the maximum angle of box opening plate relative to the sucker in the course of equipment debugging. The graphic method is used to calculate the opening angle. To obtain a desired opening angle, improvement is proposed to reduce the initial relative angle that is too large to meet the production requirements between the box opening plate and the suction cup. The engineering problem is transformed into a mathematical model where analytical and graphic methods are applicable and adopted. The relative position of box opening plate is optimized conforming to the engineering design constraints, and the improvement is verified through simulation.

Field of study: Engineering
Attention-Grabbing Vocal Signals: Impact on Information Processing and Expectations

Adults listened to children's verbalizations that differed in fundamental frequency (fo) or pitch, a vocal quality that has potential attention-eliciting properties. Undergraduate women listened to child messages in anticipation of a teaching interaction. As predicted, higher recall was shown for child messages accompanied by high fo than low fo; this advantage was, however, limited to younger children. Additionally, listeners showed differential expectations for their teaching success on the combined basis of child fo and their own perceptions of perceived social control (PC). As predicted, low-PC teachers expected that interactions with high-fo children would be relatively unsuccessful, whereas interactions with low-fo children would be relatively easy. Results are interpreted as reflecting differential reactions to the demands of dependent others based on cognitive representations of such relationships.

Field of study: Psychology
Research and Practice of Bilingual Teaching of Data Structure Course

Bilingual teaching is an important pattern of cultivating multi-skilled talents who are both good at profession and foreign languages. Bilingual teaching is the reform of higher educa-tion and the development trend of higher education in China. Discusses the goal and the orientation of bilingual teaching, then explores practical and effective bilingual teaching methods according to the characteristics of Data Structure courses. In order to make the bilingual teaching to be in proper sequence, not be formalization, and achieve to the pur-pose of cultivating bilingual professional.

Field of study: Computer science
Tracing the beginning of the Kuznets curve: western Europe during the early modern period

In some respects comparative research into the inequality of income and wealth in western Europe during the early modern period is virgin territory. There are a large number of studies on the assessment lists of several kinds of taxes on (components of) wealth, such as land, merchant capital, and houses, that give an impression of the degree of inequality in this period.' But the analysis is virtually always confined to the construction of a benchmark estimate of the inequality of wealth or of the social structure in a specific region or city. Only a few studies attempt to present a longterm view on the development of inequality based upon a comparison of data from a number of towns and villages. Nevertheless, they have not ventured beyond the observation that the late medieval sources show a large measure of inequality and that this pattern persisted in the cities of the early modern  Research into the inequality in early modern western Europe is in need of a theoretical framework that allows for a consistent interpretation of the results of the various case studies. The historiography of the development of income inequality in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries has gained a measure of conceptual unity by means of the Kuznets curve, a hypothesis dating from I955.3 During the first phase of 'modern economic growth' Kuznets found an increase in income inequality. After i900 or I920 this trend ended and a process of continuous levelling of incomes began, which persevered until the 1970S as can presently be established. On the strength of these findings Kuznets argued that the relation between modern economic growth and the inequality of income displayed an inverse U-shaped curve. During the I970S this hypothesis was revived by the work of Lindert and Williamson on inequality in the United States and Great Britain.4 Despite their research, the 'upswing' of inequality in Great Britain in the first half of the nineteenth century remains controversial. In a scathing review Feinstein has sharply criticized Williamson's conclusions.5 In a recent survey

Field of study: Economics, History
Influence of Nanoclay on the Morphology, Adhesive and Mechanical Properties of Polysulfide Modified Epoxy Resin

Addition of nanoclay particles to a typical tertiary amine cured polysulfide modified epoxy adhesive leads to large increase in the single-lap shear strength of aluminum-aluminum joint. The nanoclay particles are very well dispersed (near fully exfoliated) in the polymer matrix even at 8 wt.% of nanoclay concentration. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies provide evidences for the excellent dispersion of the nanoclay platelets in the polymer matrix. The addition of nanoclay particle results in a significant increase in the elongation at break values along with the marginal increase in the tensile strength. The nanoclay provides good ductility to the epoxy-polysulfide adhesive by forming very flexible interface, which leads to less brittle composite having good strength. The increase in work to break (Wb) values by the addition of nanoclay represents the potential for dissipating a greater amount of energy during the bond rupture process of the lap shear test, and hence the adhesive strength increases. In addition, the increase in joint strength by the addition of nanoclay can also be attributed to the good interaction between the epoxy-polysulfide adhesive and the aluminum substrate in the presence of nanoclay.

Field of study: Materials science
Use of Doxazosin for Pediatric Distal Ureter Stones: Results from Prospective Randomised Study

It has been previously demonstrated that alpha adrenoreceptors are prevalent in distal ureter. We evaluated the position of doxazosin as adjunctive therapy by a prospective randomized study in patients with stones of distal ureter.  patients from two different institutions patients with distal ureteral stone of size between 6mm to 15 mm of diameter were enrolled. Children either underwent extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) or admitted by distal ureter stone at start. Patients with anatomical abnormalities, previously known reflux, voiding dysfunction, steinstrasse following ESWL were excluded from the study. Patients were randomly divided into two treatment groups: 20 patients (mean age 5.1 years, range 2-11) in Group 1 received only non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) whereas 19 (mean age 6.2 years, range 2-12) in Group 2 received additional doxazosin 1 mg everyday. Follow up was performed by plain film and ultrasound scan at 1,2 and 3weeks.  All patients completed the study and none were excluded due to side effects. No significant differences were found between the groups for age, gender distribution and stone size. The stone expulsion rates were 85% (17/20) for Group1 and 95% (18/19) Group 2 (p>0.05) The mean expulsion time of 10.9 and 8.9 days were recorded respectively and did not achieve statistical significance. The mean NSAID dose was similar in both groups.  Doxazosin for distal ureteral stones (size between 6-15mm) does not improve expulsion rate, time or analgesic need. Since pediatric ureter known to be more elastic further studies with larger stone borders might show potential benefit of alpha blockers as shown in adult.

Field of study: Medicine