nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Multi-objective Optimization Algorithm Embedded by User Preference Region

Aiming at the problem of the existing multi-objective optimization methodologies in actual application, this paper proposes a multi-objective optimization algorithm based on user preference region, which only finds a preferred and smaller set of Pareto-optimal solutions, instead of the entire Pareto frontier, so that the number of solutions is reduced and the convergence rate is improved. The algorithm adopts the elitist non-dominated sorting strategy, takes the distance between individual and the user preference region as a factor affecting individuals fitness, and applies the crowding strategy to maintain the diversity of solution. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is effective.

Field of study: Computer science
Electronic temperature effect on the optical properties of spheroidal metal nanoparticles

The effect of the electron temperature on both the light absorption and the scattering by metal nanoparticles (MNs) with excitation of the surface plasmon electron vibrations are studied in the framework of the kinetic theory. The formulae for the electroconductivity and polarisability tensors are derived for finite temperatures of an electron gas. The electrical conductivity and the halfwidth of the surface plasmon resonance are studied in detail for a spherical MN. Depending on the size of MN, the efficiencies of the light absorption and scattering with temperature changing are investigated. It is found, in particular, that the absorption efficiency can not only increased with a temperature decreasing, but decreases as well. Derived formulas allow to calculate analytically the various optical and transport phenomena for MNs with any spheroidal shape embedded in any dielectric media.

Field of study: Physics
Modeling physical properties of lemon fruits for separation and classification

Getting the relationship between physical properties of fruits and their mass can create tremendous change in the packaging industry. A part of this study was aimed to present some physical traits of two lemon varieties (Seedless Lisbon and Frost Eureka) which are very similar in appearance but different in interior quality. In addition, lemon mass was predicted by different physical characteristics with linear and nonlinear models as three different classifications: (1) single and multiple variable regressions of lemon dimensions, (2) single and multiple variable regressions of projected areas and (3) single regression of lemon mass based on its actual volume and calculated volume assuming the lemon shapes of ellipsoid and prolate spheroid. According to the obtained results, many attributes considered in the current study were found to be statistically significant (P < 0.01). In economical and agronomical points of view, suitable sizing system of lemon mass was ascertained based on third projected area. At last, the obtained results and regression models showed that separation can be promised for these two varieties. Among different models, two mass based models in linear form showed the highest separation performance. The first model was based on mass-volume and the second one based on massmajor dimension.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
SPFP: Ticket-based secure handover for fast proxy mobile IPv6 in 5G networks

Recently, Chuang et al. introduced a secure password authentication mechanism, called SPAM, for seamless handovers in Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6). SPAM aimed at providing high security properties while optimizing handover latency and computation overhead, but as pointed out in this paper SPAM is vulnerable to replay and malicious insider attacks as well as the compromise of a single node. In this paper, a new Security Protocol for Fast PMIPv6, called SPFP, is proposed that provides a ticket-based secure handover for mobile nodes (MNs). In SPFP, a ticket containing authentication materials is used for fast handover authentication when an MN changes its attachment point. Moreover, the MN’s anonymity is supported for preserving location privacy. Detailed operations of initial authentication and handover authentication are presented with message flows. The formal security analysis of SPFP is provided with results of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis.

Field of study: Computer science
Establishing a new mode of sports tourism corridor in the"two rivers and four banks"in the Three Gorges reservoir area

By analyzing the special river resources on the terrain surface of the Three Gorges reservoir area and their characteristics after water has been stored in the reservoir,and by combining the advantages and distribution char-acteristics of tourism resources in the reservoir area,the authors worked out a conception for establishing a sports tourism corridor in the "two rivers and four banks" in the Three Gorges reservoir area.On the one hand,the Three Gorges reservoir area is provided with such advantages as good resources,geological location and tourism founda-tion for establishing such a new mode,but it also has such disadvantages as insufficient market demand and supply,lack of talents,and disordered management;on the other hand,it is provided with such opportunities as international tourism heat and fitness heat,great tourism demand and good policy environment,but it also faces such challenges as insufficient development of sports tourism products and sites,and threats to the ecological environment.Based on the said analysis,the authors put forward such strategies as integrating the resources,developing featured sports tourism modules and strengthening the construction of external ecological mechanisms,so as to boost the develop-ment of sports tourism in the reservoir area.

Field of study: Education
Zum Mechanismus der Chlorierung aromatischer Kohlenwasserstoffe mit Natriumperoxydisulfat/Lithiumchlorid

Fur die Kern- und Seitenkettenchlorierung aromatischer Kohlenwasserstoffe durch Natriumperoxydisulfat/Lithiumchlorid in wasrigem Acetonitril - mit und ohne Kupfer(II)-chlorid -wird ein Radikalkation-Mechanismus vorgeschlagen. Die Untersuchung der relativen Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten unter Verwendung verschiedener Substrate und die der Isomerenverteilung unter Verwendung von Toluol zeigt, das die Chlorierung in diesen Systemen konventionell unter Beteiligung von molekularem Chlor erfolgt. 
 
 
 
On the Mechanism of Chlorination of Aromatic Hydrocarbons with Sodium Peroxydisulfate/Lithium Chloride 
 
 
 
The chlorination of aromatic compounds by sodium peroxydisulfate/lithium chloride in aqueous acetonitrile in presence or absence of copper(II) chloride previously reported to proceed via a radical cation mechanism, has been studied with respect to the relative rates of reaction for different substrates and to the distribution of isomers in the chlorination of toluene. The results fully agree with the assumption that conventional chlorination mechanisms operate in these systems.

Field of study: Chemistry
Biomass-Templated Fabrication of Metallic Materials for Photocatalytic and Bactericidal Applications

In this paper, we report a simple, feasible and low-cost method to fabricate self-standing metallic materials using cellulose-based biomass as sacrificial templates. This process involves the impregnation of metallic precursors to the cellulose fibers of biomass templates and the transformation of the precursors to corresponding metals or metal oxides (as well as the removal of the cellulose framework) at an elevated temperature. The structures of the metallic materials as fabricated take the form of architectures of biomass templates (e.g., chromatography paper, medical absorbent cotton, catkins of reed, seed balls of oriental plane, and petals of peach blossom), and the various kinds of metals and metal oxides fabricated with these templates include silver, gold, anatase, cupric oxide, zinc oxide, etc. We have demonstrated photocatalytic and bactericidal applications of such metallic materials, and they should find more applications in electronics, catalysis, energy storage, biomedicine and so on.

Field of study: Materials science
Cloning and expressing espA gene from enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7 and study on antigenicity of the recombinant EspA protein

To clone and express the espA gene from EHEC 0157: H7 by DNA recombinant technology, and analyze the immunologic properties of the EspA protein.  The espA gene was amplified by PCR with the genomic DNA from enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157: H7 strain as template. The amplified product was cloned into pET-28a( + ) vector, then transferred into the host cells E. coli BL21(DE3) strain. The EspA protein was expressed induced by IPTG, and purified by affinity chromatography. The molecular weight of purified protein was determined by SDS-PAGE. The sequence of amino acids on the N-terminal of purified protein was analyzed . Its antigenicity was analyzed by the immunization of rabbits.  The nucleonde sequence of the espA gene is consistence with the sequence from GenBank by 99.83% (only one base different) , but there is no change on sequence of the amino acid. The recombinant EspA protein was expressed by approximately 40% with inclusion body in E. coli. The highest antibody titer of immunized rabbits sera is 1:32.  A recombinant expressed EspA high performantly was successfully constructed, and the recombinant protein has good antigenicity. These results may provide the foundation for the further development on EHEC O157: H7 subunit vaccine.

Field of study: Biology
Constraints on Excuse Making: The Deterring Effects of Shyness and Anticipated Retest

Although prior research has documented a pervasive egocentric bias in the self-perceptions, self-ascriptions, and behaviors of most people, shy individuals seem not to share this bias. This study examined whether the apparent absence of an egocentric bias among shy individuals is reflected in their excuse making following poor performance. It also examined whether anticipating a challenge to one's excuses would dissuade even nonshy individuals from making excuses. Shy and nonshy subjects received either success or failure feedback on an intelligence test and then were or were not told that they would be retested. Consistent with predictions, shy individuals refrained from making consistency-lowering excuses regardless of performance feedback and retest instructions. By contrast, nonshy subjects made consistency-lowering excuses after failure feedback, but only when they expected that their excuses would go unchallenged by a retest.

Field of study: Psychology
Compatibility Study of Polyamide 6/Polyvinylpyprrolidone Blend by Viscometry, Melting Point Depression and Morphological Analysis

Compatibility of the blends of polyamide 6 (PA6) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was investigated by solution viscosity measurement, melting point depression and morphological analysis. The viscosity data were discussed by using ΔB and Δb criteria ( Δ B = b 12 − ( b 11 + b 22 ) / 2 ,   Δ b = b 12 − b 11 b 22 , where b11 b22 and b12 characterize the interactions between polymer molecules (1-1, 2-2 and 1-2), respectively. ΔB and □b ≥ 0, miscible; ΔB and Δb < 0, immiscible). From melting point data of the PA6 component, the polymer-polymer interaction parameter χ12 = −0.069 was derived through the simplified Nishi-Wang equation. The results revealed that PA6 formed a partially compatible blend with PVP. This conclusion was further evidenced by morphological analysis.

Field of study: Materials science
Effects of Essential Oils on Telomere Length in Human Cells

Essential oils are used for their reputed health benefits; reversal of inflammation, oxidative damage, and infection are some of the therapeutic effects that essential oils are believed to possess. In many cases, there is scientific evidence to back these claims. However, the purported anti-aging effects of essential oils are not yet supported by the literature. We set out to evaluate the effects of 31 oils on telomere length, believed to play a role in cellular senescence. Cells were subjected to oils in the presence or absence of hydrogen peroxide, and changes in telomere length were measured using a PCR-based assay. Two oils which showed telomere-protective effects were further characterized using a cytogenetic assay, staining for telomeres. Significant variability was seen among these oils with respect to their ability to induce an apparent increase or decrease in telomere length, and to protect against peroxideinduced telomere damage. Expression analysis showed that telomere-protective oils did not increase telomerase (hTERT) gene transcription, but reduced TERF-1, a suppressor of telomere length. Though this mechanism is not yet understood, these data provide a base upon which the community can build, and represent the first formal scientific foray into the study of essential oils on the telomere.  Certain essential oils, including those from basil and rosemary, appear to have telomere-protective effects, mediated through a reduction of the TERF-1 telomere-suppressive protein.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Factors Affecting Teachers' Implementation of Curriculum Reforms and Educational Policies in Schools: The Kenyan Experience

Since Kenya attained independence in 1963, various curriculum reforms and educational policies have been recommended. Examples are the 8:4:4 system of education (1985), the cost sharing strategy in education (1988), the Free Primary Education (FPE) policy (2003) and the Subsidized Secondary Education policy (2008) among others. The aim of the curriculum/educational reforms in Kenya has been to achieve national development. However, we find that the process of policy implementation is always problematic. Teachers encounter various problems in trying to implement educational reforms in schools in Kenya. This paper is a discussion of the factors affecting teachers in the implementation of curriculum reforms and educational policies in Kenya. This paper highlights the issues of poor economic growth, politics, lack of facilities, institutional leadership, ability and inability to evaluate, lack of proper social amenities and infrastructure, ignorance and illiteracy. For each of the limitations, probable solutions have been advanced.

Field of study: Education
A neosphincter for continent urinary catheterizable channels made from rectus abdominal muscle (Yachia principle): preliminary clinical experience in children.

We investigated continence outcomes for patients undergoing primary or redo reconstruction of a urinary catheterizable reservoir involving the Yachia technique of intersecting two rectus abdominis strips over the outlet channel.



A retrospective evaluation of 22 consecutive patients operated from March 2009 to August 2010 was performed, consisting of 16 primary reconstructions (Macedo catheterizable ileal reservoirs) and 6 rescue cases for leaking stomas. Our data comprised 18 spina bifida patients, 1 sacral agenesis, 1 posterior urethral valves and 1 genitourinary tuberculosis. Mean age at surgery was 8.5 years (3-21 years). We evaluated continence at 3, 6, 12 months, and at the last follow-up based on data from urinary charts.



Mean follow-up was 21.1 months (12-29 months). Overall continence was 100% for the primary cases and 66% for the redos (2/6 failed). Three patients had initial difficulty in performing clean intermittent catheterization but this resolved with time and experience.



Using Yachia's technique has improved the continence rate of our catheterizable reservoirs and was partially successful for suprafascial revision of incontinent conduits.

Field of study: Medicine
Eisenstein integrals and induction of relations

A survey of joint work with Henrik Schlichtkrull on the induction of certain relations among (partial) Eisenstein integrals for the minimal principal series of a reductive symmetric space is given. The application of this principle of induction to the proof of the Fourier inversion formula in [11] and to the proof of the Paley-Wiener theorem in  is explained. Finally, the relation with the Plancherel decomposition is discussed.

Field of study: Mathematics
Cost-containment in the Netherlands: government policy versus public opinion.

This article deals with the lack of information on the side of policy makers, especially the national government, on the opinions of the population with regard to cost-containment. Often important policy matters are developed before the preferences of the public have been adequately sounded. An insight into the view of the public can be obtained by representative surveys among the population. In the article the results are given of a survey conducted in 1984. One of the conclusions is that there are well-balanced opinions on cost-containment in health care among the public. It appears that the public is willing to accept financial cuts, even up to 10%. The public would also agree on less use of hospital beds. However, a majority of the public rejects a reduction of beds. Another conclusion reached by the authors is, that the government should give more information to the public about the consequences of less use of beds, in relation to the total amount of beds, in financial as well as in medical respect.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Theoretical study on power spectrum of atmospheric scintillation of aperture receiving for satellite-to-ground downlink

Based on the temporal covariance of logarithmic amplitude,analytical expression was obtained for aperture receiving power spectrum of atmospheric scintillation of satellite-to-ground downlink.The effect of the receiving aperture and outer scale of turbulence on the power spectrum of atmospheric scintillation was analyzed.The results indicate that the power spectrum of atmospheric scintillation includes low-frequency spectrum and high-frequency spectrum.The amplitude of low-frequency spectrum is constant.The high-frequency spectrum obeys the power law and the absolute value of power-law is 11/3.When the aperture scale increases,the power spectrum gradually increases its amplitude while keeping its shape.With the outer scale of turbulence increasing,the amplitude of low-frequency spectrum increases and the high-frequency is invariable.

Field of study: Physics
Tight Time-Space Lower Bounds for Finding Multiple Collision Pairs and Their Applications

We consider a collision search problem (CSP), where given a parameter C, the goal is to find C collision pairs in a random function \(f:[N] \rightarrow [N]\) (where \([N] = \{0,1,\ldots ,N-1\})\) using S bits of memory. Algorithms for CSP have numerous cryptanalytic applications such as space-efficient attacks on double and triple encryption. The best known algorithm for CSP is parallel collision search (PCS) published by van Oorschot and Wiener, which achieves the time-space tradeoff \(T^2 \cdot S = \tilde{O}(C^2 \cdot N)\).

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Determining relationships and mechanisms between tropospheric ozone column concentrations and tropical biomass burning in Thailand and its surrounding regions

This study aims to determine the variability and trends of tropical biomass burning, tropospheric ozone levels from 2005–2012 in Thailand and the ozone transport from the surrounding regions. Intense biomass burning and tropospheric ozone in this area have a seasonal variability with the maximum generally occurring during the dry season. The northern part of Thailand was observed to have high tropospheric ozone during the dry peak season in April. Forward trajectory analysis determined that ozone sources due to biomass burning in the northern and western surrounding regions (Myanmar, Laos and India) enhance the tropospheric ozone column in northern Thailand. Seasonal variations were also seen for the middle and northeastern regions of Thailand. During August, most biomass burning occurs in Indonesia and Malaysia. However, forward trajectory analysis showed that the effect in the tropospheric ozone column level in the southern part of Thailand is minimal from these regions. Eight-year trends of tropospheric ozone column were also calculated for the different regions of Thailand. However, statistical analysis showed that these trends were not significant. The interannual variability of the tropospheric ozone column concentrations due to El Nino Southern Oscillation were also investigated. It was observed that the best correlation of the tropospheric ozone column with the Oceanic Nino Index (ONI) occured when ONI was advanced 3 months for the north, northeast and south regions of Thailand and 4 months for the middle region of Thailand.

Field of study: Environmental science
Family medicine residency programs. Evaluating the need for different third-year programs.

We asked hospital chief executive officers (CEOs) and District Health Council executive directors (DHCs) to compare third-year family medicine residency programs and judge which are more needed in their communities. Care for the elderly and emergency medicine ranked highest among CEOs, while DHCs ranked care for the elderly and mental health highest. Academic family medicine and northern programs ranked lowest for both groups.

Field of study: Medicine
Incorporation and Fate of Granular Soil Insecticides

Three commercially available insecticide application configurations and three techniques of incorporation into the soil were compared in a soil bin using artificial soil. Measurements were made to determine the placement of the granules after incorporation. Average granule incorporation exceeded 99% when the granules were applied in the seed furrow. Field tests evaluated the insecticide residue remaining in the soil profile two months after application using an in-furrow technique. Aldicarb was not detected, and terbufos and carbofuran were detected only near the surface.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Thermoeconomic optimization of a single effect water/LiBr vapour absorption refrigeration system

In this paper, the thermoeconomic theory is applied to the economic optimization of a single effect water/LiBr vapour absorption refrigeration system for air-conditioning application, aimed at minimizing its overall operation and amortization cost. The mathematical and numerical techniques based optimization of thermal system is not always possible due to plant complexities. Therefore, a simplified cost minimization methodology is applied to evaluate the economic costs of all the internal flows and products of the system by formulating exergoeconomic cost equations. Once these costs are determined, the system is thermoeconomically evaluated to identify the effects of design variables on costs and enables to suggest values of design variables that would make the overall system cost effective. Finally, an approximate optimum design configuration is obtained by means of sequential local optimization of the system, carried out unit by unit. The result compares this optimum with the base case and shows percentage variations in the system's operation and amortization cost.

Field of study: Engineering
Philosophy of economics : proceedings, Munich, July 1981

The Ohlin Samuelson Programme in the Theory of International Trade.- Empirical Claims in Exchange Economics.- Ramsey-Elimination of Utility in Utility Maximizing Regression  Structure and Problems of Equilibrium and Disequilibrium Theory.- A General Net Structure for Theoretical Economics.- General Equilibrium Theory - An Empirical Theory?.- 2.- The Basic Core of the Marxian Economic Theory.- A Structuralist Reconstruction of Marx's Economics.- x2018  A Problem for the Philosopher of Science.- The Economics of Property Rights - A New Paradigm in Social Science?.- 3.- Subjunctive Conditionals in Decision and Game Theory.- The Logical Structure of Bayesian Decision Theory.- Computational Costs and Bounded  How to Make Sense of Game Theory.- On the Economics of  How to Reconcile Individual Rights with Collective Action.- List of Contributors and Participants.

Field of study: Economics