nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Two-band effects in the transport properties of MgB2

We present resistivity and thermal conductivity measurements on bulk samples, prepared either by a standard method or by a one-step technique. The latter samples, due to their high density and purity, show residual resistivity values as low as 0.5 μΩ cm and thermal conductivity values as high as 215 W mK−1, higher than the single-crystal values. The thermal and electrical data of all the samples are analysed in the framework of the Bloch–Gruneisen equation, giving reliable parameter values. In particular, the temperature resistivity coefficient, obtained both from resistivity and thermal conductivity, comes out ten times larger in the dirty samples than in the clean samples. This result supports the hypothesis of Mazin et al (2002 ) that π and σ bands conduct in parallel, with prevailing π conduction in clean samples and σ conduction in dirty samples.

Field of study: Physics
The role of CAM in high rainfall cloud forests: an in situ comparison of photosynthetic pathways in Bromeliaceae

Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), an advanced photosynthetic pathway conferring water conservation to plants in arid habitats, has enigmatically been reported in some species restricted to extremely wet tropical forests. Of these, epiphytic Bromeliaceae may possess absorbent foliar trichomes that hinder gas-exchange when wetted, imposing further limitations on carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) uptake. The hypothesis that the metabolic plasticity inherent to CAM confers an ecological advantage over conventional C 3 plants, when constant rainfall and mist might inhibit gas-exchange was investigated. Gas-exchange, fluorometry and organic acid and mineral nutrient contents were compared for the bromeliads Aechmea dactylina (CAM) and Werauhia capitata (C 3 ) in situ at the Cerro Jefe cloud forest, Panama (annual rainfall >4m). Daily carbon gain and photosynthetic nutrient use efficiencies were consistently higher for A. dactylina, due to a greater CO 2 uptake period, recycling of CO 2 from respiration and a dynamic response of CO 2 uptake to wetting of leaf surfaces. During the dry season CAM also had water conserving and photoprotective roles. A paucity of CAM species at Cerro Jefe suggests a recent radiation of this photosynthetic pathway into the wet cloud forest, with CAM extending diversity in form and function for epiphytes.

Field of study: Environmental science
The role of cognitive flexibility and mindfulness in predicting student Procrastination

Procrastination is the equivalent of indifference and delay. Our simply, we can say that procrastination throwing is means working today to tomorrow. This study aimed to investigate the role of mindfulness and cognitive flexibility and indifference students.  Study this cross-sectional and is descriptive type. The study population included all students of Islamic Azad University in Sanandaj, in the first semester of academic year 2015-2016 were investigated. The sample of this study was 120 students Faculty of Education and Psychology; and using multi-stage cluster sampling method and sample size Morgan formula were selected.  The results showed that between cognitive flexibility and procrastination (R= 0.228) negative correlation which in level (P ≤0.05) is meaningful, and between mindfulness and Procrastination (R=-0.387) had a negative correlation which in between the level (P≤ 0.01).  Considering the role of procrastination in students' academic performance and psychosocial health, and the relationship between mindfulness to this variable it seems that with mindfulness training to students can be helped to improve their Procrastination and did a good psychological action.

Field of study: Medicine
After Us, the Deluge: German Miners’ Experience with Pay‐As‐You‐Go Pensions and the Intergenerational Contract Before the Great Inflation

Many public pension insurance schemes today use the pay‐as‐you‐go financing mechanism. This mechanism is vulnerable to an ageing population, which puts pressure on the intergenerational contract implicit in these schemes and raises the question as to how they might be eroded. This is not a new problem, and to put it into historical perspective, this article studies the intergenerational contract that formed the core of the Prussian miners’ invalidity insurance in the nineteenth and the early twentieth century (1861–1920). With the so‐called Knappschaften, miners relied on what was probably the most comprehensive and advanced occupational pension system existing in Germany around the time when Bismarckian social insurance was established. Financed via the pay‐as‐you‐go mechanism, the miners’ pension funds faced stress from their ageing memberships early on, and this potentially undermined their ability to maintain intergenerationally fair pensions. In order to examine whether or not the intergenerational contract among German miners showed signs of erosion, we look at the Knappschaftens’ profitability, as measured by actual and promised internal rates of return. This article shows that the intergenerational contract indeed weakened over time unless miners’ funds were large and continued to grow, and that a pension reform in 1906 served to stabilize generosity.

Field of study: Economics, History
Comparability of calibration strategies for measuring mercury concentrations in gas emission sources and the atmosphere

A primary mercury gas standard was developed at Van Swinden Laboratory (VSL) to establish an International System of Units (SI)-traceable reference point for mercury concentrations at emission and background levels in the atmosphere. The majority of mercury concentration measurements are currently made traceable to the empirically determined vapour pressure of mercury. The primary mercury gas standard can be used for the accurate and precise calibration of analytical systems used for measuring mercury concentrations in air. It has been especially developed to support measurements related to ambient air monitoring (1–2  ng m−3 ), indoor and workplace-related mercury concentration levels according to health standards (from 50  ng m−3 upwards) as well as stationary source emissions (from 1  µg m−3 upwards). The primary mercury gas standard is based on diffusion according to ISO 6154-8. Calibration gas mixtures are obtained by combining calibrated mass flows of nitrogen and air through a generator holding diffusion cells containing elemental mercury. In this paper, we present the results of comparisons between the primary gas standard and mercury calibration methods maintained by NPL (National Physical Laboratory in the United Kingdom), a National Metrology Institute (NMI), and the Jozef Stefan Institute (JSI), a Designated Institute (DI). The calibration methods currently used at NPL and JSI are based on the bell-jar calibration apparatus in combination with the Dumarey equation or a NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology in the United States) reference material. For the comparisons, mercury was sampled on sorbent traps to obtain transfer standards with levels between 2 and 1000  ng with an expanded uncertainty not exceeding 3 % ( k=2 ). The comparisons performed show that the results for the primary gas standard and the NIST reference material are comparable, whereas a difference of −8  % exists between results traceable to the primary gas standard and the Dumarey equation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Stereochemistry of internucleotide bond formation by the H -phosphonate method. 2. Transesterification of aryl ribonucleoside H -phosphonate diesters with alcohols

Aryl ribonucleoside 3’-H-phosphonates were used as model compounds in investigations of stereochemistry of an internucleotide bond formation. For all four ribonucleoside 3’-H-phosphonates studied the major diastereomers of the produced H-phosphonate diesters were found to be formed from the minor diastereomers of nucleoside aryl H-phosphonate diesters. These studies indicate the importance of an equilibrium between substrate diastereomers and can be relevant to the stereoselectivity observed in condensation reactions of ribonucleoside H-phosphonates promoted by condensing agents, e.g. pivaloyl chloride.

Field of study: Chemistry
Seeking Emergence Through Temporal Analysis of Collaborative-Group Discourse: A Complex-Systems Approach

Research around problem solving in collaborative groups has made progress, but several conceptual and methodological issues remain. These issues include the appropriate choices of units of analysis; the ability of current theoretical sets of macrocognition codes to capture group dynamics; detection and identification of potentially emergent phenomena within groups; and the extent to which multiple dynamics are integral to understanding groups. Using data from a complex engineering challenge, we applied methods drawn from complex-systems analysis to offer insight into each of these issues, showing the need for multiple dimensions when studying group dynamics and highlighting methodological difficulties when dealing with emergent phenomena. We suggest future research to improve the understanding of the complex dynamics of collaborative groups.

Field of study: Education
FROM PRESTELLAR TO PROTOSTELLAR CORES. II. TIME DEPENDENCE AND DEUTERIUM FRACTIONATION

We investigate the molecular evolution and D/H abundance ratios that develop as star formation proceeds from a dense molecular cloud core to a protostellar core, by solving a gas-grain reaction network applied to a one-dimensional radiative hydrodynamic model with infalling fluid parcels. Spatial distributions of gas and ice-mantle species are calculated at the first-core stage, and at times after the birth of a protostar. Gas-phase methanol and methane are more abundant than CO at radii r 100 AU in the first-core stage, but gradually decrease with time, while abundances of larger organic species increase. The warm-up phase, when complex organic molecules are efficiently formed, is longer-lived for those fluid parcels infalling at later stages. The formation of unsaturated carbon chains (warm carbon-chain chemistry) is also more effective in later stages; C+, which reacts with CH4 to form carbon chains, increases in abundance as the envelope density decreases. The large organic molecules and carbon chains are strongly deuterated, mainly due to high D/H ratios in the parent molecules, determined in the cold phase. We also extend our model to simulate simply the chemistry in circumstellar disks, by suspending the one-dimensional infall of a fluid parcel at constant disk radii. The species CH3OCH3 and HCOOCH3 increase in abundance in 104-105 yr at the fixed warm temperature; both also have high D/H ratios.

Field of study: Physics
Silicon heating by a microwave-drill applicator with optical thermometry

This paper presents a method for heating silicon wafers locally by open-end coaxial microwave applicators, with optical techniques employed for measuring the temperature. Silicon samples of ~2 × 2 cm2 area were radiated in air atmosphere by a microwave drill operating at 2.45 GHz in the range of 20–450 W. The rate of temperature variation was measured by the Fabry–Perot etalon effect in samples illuminated by InGaAs lasers. The steady-state temperatures were measured by the changes in the absorption index of an InGaAs laser beam. The experimental results indicate heating rates of ~150 K s−1 and a temperature range of 300–900 K across the silicon sample during the microwave heating process. Further operation of the microwave drill caused local melting of the silicon samples. This paper presents the experimental setup and results, as well as numerical simulations of the microwave heating process.

Field of study: Materials science
Nonlinear techniques in optical synthetic aperture radar image generation and target recognition.

One of the most successful optical signal-processing applications to date has been the use of optical processors to convert synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data into images of the radar reflectivity of the ground. We have demonstrated real-time input to a high-space-bandwidth optical SAR imagegeneration system by using a dynamic organic holographic recording medium and SAR phase-history data. Real-time speckle reduction in optically processed SAR imagery has been accomplished by the use of multilook averaging to achieve nonlinear modulus-squared accumulation of subaperture images. We designed and assembled an all-optical system that accomplished real-time target recognition in SAR imagery. This system employed a simple square-law nonlinearity in the form of an optically addressed spatial light modulator at the SAR image plane to remove the effects of speckle phase profiles returned from complex SAR targets. The detection stage enabled the creation of an optical SAR automatic target recognition system as a nonlinear cascade of an optical SAR image generator and an optical correlator.

Field of study: Physics
The logic of theological incompatibilism: a reply to Westphal

repugnant conclusion. Presentation, Society for Philosophy and Psychology, Annual Meeting. Cincinnati: OH. Huemer, M. 2008. In defence of repugnance. . McTaggart, J.M.E. 1927. The Nature of Existence, vol 2.  Comparing harms: headaches and human lives. Philosophy and Public Affairs 26: 135–67. Parfit, D. 1984.  Rachels, S. 1998. Counterexamples to the transitivity of better than. Australasian Journal of Philosophy 76: 71–83. Tännsjö, T. 2002. Why we ought to accept the repugnant conclusion.  A continuum argument for intransitivity. Philosophy and Public Affairs 25: 175–210.

Field of study: Philosophy
Geochronology, geochemistry, and Pb–Hf isotopes of mineralization-related magmatism in the Dongyang gold deposit, Fujian Province, southeastern China

The recently discovered Dongyang low-sulphidation epithermal Au deposit is located in Fujian Province. The Au mineralization hosted in rhyolite porphyry and the Lower Jurassic Nayuan Formation cont...

Field of study: Environmental science
Defining a process operating window for the synthesis of 5-methyluridine by transglycosylation of guanosine and thymine.

This paper describes a high yielding coupled enzymatic reaction using Bacillus halodurans purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) and E. coli uridine phosphorylase (UP) for synthesis of 5-methyluridine (5-MU) by transglycosylation. Key parameters such as reaction temperature, pH, reactant loading, reactor configuration and enzyme loading were investigated. A guanosine conversion of 95% and a 5-MU yield of 85% were achieved at 1l scale, with a productivity of 10 g l⁻¹

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
The Amount and Source of Millionaires’ Wealth (Moderately) Predict Their Happiness

Two samples of more than 4,000 millionaires reveal two primary findings: First, only at high levels of wealth—in excess of US$8 million (Study 1) and US$10 million (Study 2)—are wealthier millionaires happier than millionaires with lower levels of wealth, though these differences are modest in magnitude. Second, controlling for total wealth, millionaires who have earned their wealth are moderately happier than those who inherited it. Taken together, these results suggest that, among millionaires, wealth may be likely to pay off in greater happiness only at very high levels of wealth, and when that wealth was earned rather than inherited.

Field of study: Psychology
Stimulus factors in aversive controls: conditioned suppression after equal training to two stimuli.

Pigeons trained to peck a key for food were periodically presented with tones ending with electrical shock until tone presentation consistently suppressed ongoing pecks. Shock was then discontinued and gradients of stimulus generalization were assessed by presenting tones with frequencies above, below, and at the frequencies of those used to develop conditioned suppression. When the training tones had frequencies at 670 and 1500 cps, resulting gradients were bi-modal with peak suppression at 670 and 1500 cps. Of the other test tones, 1000 cps produced the most suppression. When the training tones had frequencies at 450 and 2250 cps, bi-modal gradients were again obtained with peak suppression to the 450 and 2250 cps tones. Of the other test tones, 1000 cps produced the least suppression. These results support the hypothesis that generalized response tendencies summate.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Characteristics of generation in a chain of unidirectionally coupled low-voltage vircators

The output power of generation in a chain of unidirectionally coupled low-voltage vircators upon variation in controlling parameters of a system is studied. It is shown that at a certain set of controlling parameters, the output power of the generator chain grows sharply. Physical processes occurring in the system are analyzed by plotting space-time diagrams of the motion of charged particles of the electron flow with a virtual cathode. The obtained results are in good agreement with the data from a previous experimental study on signal amplification in a low-voltage vircator.

Field of study: Physics
Research and Application of Mass Spectrometry with Low Energy Electron Impact Ionization Source

The changes of concentrations of O2 and CO2 in tail gas of fermentation industry reflect some important physiological and metabolic parameters in the fermentation process. Monitoring of the tail gas of fermentation has important significance for guiding the fermentation process. However, traditional monitoring methods are time-consuming with low precision and poor versatility, and are not suitable to monitor fermentation tail gas accurately in real time. In the process mass spectrometry, the traditional 70 eV electron impact ionization source will produce a large number of fragment ions, which may overlap with different substances, thus increasing the difficulty of qualitative analysis and causing inaccurate monitoring results. In order to realize real-time, on-line accurate monitoring of fermentation tail gas, a quadrupole process mass spectrometry based on electron impact ionization was developed for on-line analysis in this study. Through investigation of the relationship between emission current of filament and the electron receiving pole at low ionization energy, the ionization efficiency of the electron impact ionization source under low ionization energy mode was improved, and CO2, O2 and N2 were tested. The results showed that under the conditions of electron energy of 22 eV, electron receiving electrode of −22 V and filament emission current of 20–25 mA, the relative errors of quantitative detection of CO2 with volume fraction of higher than 0.023% and O2 with volume fraction of higher than 0.021% were all less than 1%. The instrument and the developed method had ideal application prospect in the rapid real-time, on-line monitoring of industrial processes.

Field of study: Chemistry
Comparison of the depths on both sides of the local Langlands correspondence for Weil-restricted groups (with appendix by Jessica Fintzen)

Let $E/F$ be a finite and Galois extension of non-archimedean local fields. Let $G$ be a connected reductive group defined over $E$ and let $M: = \mathfrak{R}_{E/F}\, G$ be the reductive group over $F$ obtained by Weil restriction of scalars. We investigate depth, and the enhanced local Langlands correspondence, in the transition from $G(E)$ to $M(F)$. We obtain a depth-comparison formula for Weil-restricted groups.

Field of study: Mathematics
Application and Analysis of Advanced Planning and Scheduling System in Strip Production in New Area of Masteel

Advanced planning and scheduling system(APS) is an advanced planning and scheduling tool based on supply chain management and constraint theory.It can be used to solve problems of bottleneck process and delivery on time.Based on the analysis of iron and steel enterprise's planning management process integrating production and marketing,the paper has introduced major functions of planning management and strip information system structure in new area of Masteel.

Field of study: Materials science
Molecular dynamics simulations of aqueous solutions of ionic liquids

We performed a molecular dynamics study of aqueous solutions of ionic liquids 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl) and 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([OMIM]Cl) in order to elucidate the anomalous dependence of the surface tension on concentration. We found that cations are placed preferably at the surface with alkyl chains pointing towards vacuum. Anions compensate the surplus of a positive charge on the surface by forming a layer below the cation layer. At lower concentrations the surface tension decreases with concentration. At higher concentrations the surface becomes saturated by cations and the decrease slows down. The decrease of surface tension with concentration is a consequence of the structural changes, although the experimentally observed anomalous increase at even higher concentrations was not reproduced.

Field of study: Chemistry
Supplementing Light Effects of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) on Vegetable Seedling

To solve the missing light of vegetable seedling in winter and spring in South China region, the study investigated the effects of supplementary lighting of emitting diodes(LEDs) on the growth of vegetable seedling by using different proportions of red and blue combination LED(red ∶ blue=7 ∶ 3, 7R3B; red ∶ blue=8 ∶ 2, 8R2B; red ∶blue=9 ∶ 1, 9R1B). Natural light was as the control. The results showed that red and blue LEDs were effective in promoting growth of bitter, cowpea, eggplant and chili seedlings. The fresh weight, dry weight of underground part, chlorophyll content and root activity of bitter seedlings were significantly promoted by using certain proportion of red and blue combination LED; Dry weight of underground part, chlorophyll content and root activity of cowpea seedlings were also significantly increased; All detection morphological and physiological indices of chili and eggplant seedling were significantly promoted; The most optimum light quality of chili seedling was9R1 B. The most optimum light quality of eggplant seedling was 8R2 B.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Thermochronologic constraints on ore formation at the Gays River Pb–Zn deposit, Nova Scotia, Canada, from apatite fission track analysis

Fission tracks in detrital apatites from the Cambro-Ordovician metasedimentary basement in the vicinity of the Carboniferous-hosted Gays River Pb–Zn deposit, Nova Scotia, provide a record of final cooling during uplift and erosion of the Meguma Zone and constrain the timing of ore formation. Apatite fission track ages range from 203 to 241 Ma, with typical uncertainties of ± 10 Ma. Mean confined track lengths generally vary between 12.0 and 13.4 μm and indicate that the apatites record "apparent" ages only. An inferred thermal history involving regional heating to paleotemperatures > 110 °C during late Paleozoic burial followed by cooling to ~ 110 °C prior to 240–220 Ma is suggested. A more recent phase or regional heating to paleotem-peratures probably in the range of 60–80 °C during Late Cretaceous – early Tertiary (ca. 100–50 Ma) burial is also indicated by the track length data. Apatite fission track ages and mean track lengths from drill-core samples immediately beneath the Gays River orebody are sim...

Field of study: Environmental science