nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemiluminescent Immunoassay and Its Application

Chemiluminescent immunoassay(CLIA) has been applied in different fields including environmental,clinical diagnosis,food safety,and pharmaceutical analysis as a promising approach for selective,sensitive,rapid and simple analysis.It is often necessary to detect a large number of complicated or low abundance samples.However,traditional method needs great consumptions of time,reagent and labor,which limit their clinical applications.As a result,building rapid,high throughput,sensitive and low cost detection methods has become the development trend for CLIA.In this review,we summarize the recent advances in CLIA and its application,and point out the future development of CLIA.

Field of study: Chemistry
Effects of dexamethasone, cyproheptadine, anisodamine, and dinoprostone on TNF alpha production in endotoxic shock.

To study the effects of dexamethasone (Dex), cyproheptadine (Cyp), anisodamine (Ani), and dinoprostone (Din) on lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) gene expression and antishock effects of inhibiting TNF alpha production.



Endotoxic shock in rats was produced by i.v. injection of LPS (E coli O111B4, 5 mg.kg-1). TNF alpha mRNA accumulation was assessed by Northern blot. Plasma TNF alpha contents were determined by radioimmunoassay.



The TNF alpha mRNA levels in rat liver at 2 h after LPS challenge was increased obviously (autoradiograms analyzed by scanning were 38 +/- 10 vs saline control 11 +/- 8, P < 0.01). The plasma TNF alpha contents were markedly increased [(22 +/- 3) micrograms.L-1 vs saline control (2.2 +/- 1.0) micrograms.L-1, P < 0.01]. Dex 5, Cyp 5, Ani 10, or Din 2 mg.kg-1 immediately injected after i.v. LPS markedly decreased the TNF alpha mRNA levels in rat liver and plasma TNF alpha contents. The Dex, Cyp, Ani, and Din improved the mouse survival rate 24 h after LPS 20 mg.kg-1 challenge.



Dex, Cyp, Ani, and Din strongly inhibit LPS-induced TNF alpha gene expression, and have a beneficial antishock effects.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Structured Illumination Super-Resolution Imaging Achieved by Two Steps based on the Modulation of Background Light Field

Structured illumination microscopy can break diffraction limit by modulating frequency of object. However, to decode spectrum, conventional structured illumination super-resolution imaging technique needs to acquire three images at least with different phases. Not only higher requirement is put forward to phase shift accuracy, but also reconstruction efficiency is badly affected. A method for achieving structured illumination super-resolution imaging by two steps based on background light field modulation is proposed in the paper. By modulating background light field and structured illumination light field without phase shift can extract the high frequency and achieve super-resolution imaging. The method improving construction efficiency as well as reducing system complexity.  Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is inspired by moiré effect . The high frequency information of the object is modulated into the low frequency region so as to through the diffraction limited system . SIM can break the 1/2 wavelength diffraction limit and double the system resolution. Since 2000, SIM is proposed by M.G.L, GUSTAFSSON who from the University of San Francisco , this method attracted the researchers’ attention quickly by virtue of its simple device, and the object to be measurement has no special requirements. Dan Dan, who from Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, proposed DMD-based LED-illumination Super-resolution and optical sectioning microscopy in 2012 . All the conventional SIM methods are to modulate high frequency part of the object beyond the diffraction limit into the range of the diffraction limited system by loading the sinusoidal illumination light field on the object. In the process of reconstructing super-resolution images , the spectrum separation algorithm is the key First author, Chu-yi CHEN, The Institute of Optics and Electronics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Optical electrical avenue no.1,Shuangliu district, Chengdu, Sichuan, China Second author, Tang YAN, The Institute of Optics and Electronics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.

Field of study: Engineering
Modern Extension of Classical University Culture Life——The Origin,Inheriting and Enlightenment of British Residential College

Residential college system was originated in middle ages,first founded in Paris,perfected in Oxford,and had proven to be the most important sign of British universities.Even to this day,residential college still retained in British universities,and inherited by American universities.With long history and unique concept,residential college system is not only a kind of enduring housing system,but also an effective cultivation system.Furthermore,it is an indication of spirit and creative culture life of university,which has a very important significance to Chinese universities.To learn from residential colleges,we need to combine theoretical logic and practical logic,and gain a clear idea of that the construction and operation of system must be established in the cultural basis.

Field of study: Education
Economic design of quick switching sampling system for assuring Weibull distributed mean life

In this paper, we propose the quick switching sampling system for assuring mean life of a product under time truncated life test where the lifetime of the product follows the Weibull distribution and the mean life is considered as the quality of the product. The optimal parameters of the proposed system are determined using two points on the operating characteristic curve approach for various combinations of consumer's risk and ratio of true mean life time and specified life time. Tables are constructed to determine the optimal parameters for specified acceptable quality level and limiting quality level along with the corresponding probabilities of acceptance. The proposed system is compared with other existing sampling plans under Weibull lifetime model. In addition, an economical design of the proposed system is also discussed.

Field of study: Mathematics
ACCORDANT: A Domain Specific Model and DevOpsApproach for Big Data Analytics Architectures

Big data analytics (BDA) applications use machine learning algorithms to extract valuable insights from large, fast, and heterogeneous data sources. New software engineering challenges for BDA applications include ensuring performance levels of data-driven algorithms even in the presence of large data volume, velocity, and variety (3Vs). BDA software complexity frequently leads to delayed deployments, longer development cycles and challenging performance assessment. This paper proposes a Domain-Specific Model (DSM), and DevOps practices to design, deploy, and monitor performance metrics in BDA applications. Our proposal includes a design process, and a framework to define architectural inputs, software components, and deployment strategies through integrated high-level abstractions to enable QS monitoring. We evaluate our approach with four use cases from different domains to demonstrate a high level of generalization. Our results show a shorter deployment and monitoring times, and a higher gain factor per iteration compared to similar approaches.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
The first evaluation of formaldehyde column observations by improved Pandora spectrometers during the KORUS-AQ field study.

The Korea-United States Air Quality Study (KORUS-AQ) conducted during May-June 2016 offered the first opportunity to evaluate direct-sun observations of formaldehyde (HCHO) total column densities with improved Pandora spectrometer instruments. The measurements highlighted in this work were conducted both in the Seoul megacity area at the Olympic Park site (37.5232° N, 27.1260° E; 26 ma.s.l.) and at a nearby rural site downwind of the city at the Mount Taehwa research forest site (37.3123° N, 127.3106° E; 160ma.s.l.). Evaluation of these measurements was made possible by concurrent ground-based in situ observations of HCHO at both sites as well as overflight by the NASA DC-8 research aircraft. The flights provided in situ measurements of HCHO to characterize its vertical distribution in the lower troposphere (0-5km). Diurnal variation in HCHO total column densities followed the same pattern at both sites, with the minimum daily values typically observed between 6:00 and 7:00 local time, gradually increasing to a maximum between 13:00 and 17:00 before decreasing into the evening. Pandora vertical column densities were compared with those derived from the DC-8 HCHO in situ measured profiles augmented with in situ surface concentrations below the lowest altitude of the DC-8 in proximity to the ground sites. A comparison between 49 column densities measured by Pandora vs. aircraft-integrated in situ data showed that Pandora values were larger by 16% with a constant offset of 0.22DU (Dobson units; R 2 = 0.68). Pandora HCHO columns were also compared with columns calculated from the surface in situ measurements over Olympic Park by assuming a well-mixed lower atmosphere up to a ceilometer-measured mixed-layer height (MLH) and various assumptions about the small residual HCHO amounts in the free troposphere up to the tropopause. The best comparison (slope = 1.03±0.03; intercept = 0.29±0.02DU; and R 2 = 0.78±0.02) was achieved assuming equal mixing within ceilometer-measured MLH combined with an exponential profile shape. These results suggest that diurnal changes in HCHO surface concentrations can be reasonably estimated from the Pandora total column and information on the mixed-layer height. More work is needed to understand the bias in the intercept and the slope relative to columns derived from the in situ aircraft and surface measurements.

Field of study: Environmental science
Mainstreaming Islamic Religious Education and Secular Education in Schools as Per the Kenyan Basic Education Act 2013

This paper is an attempt to harmonize the local Quranic schools, the Islamic schools (Madarasa) and the secular schools in Kenya. The article is based on existing literature review, the author’s personal experiences and opinions. It is felt that a change be made to integrate the three-parallel curricula. The curriculum of the Quranic and the Arabic schools can be accommodated into the secular curriculum to give time for the pupils for rest or play or do their homework adequately. The current system makes the child run from one school to another. This starts at the age of six and continues until the child completes primary school. This is strenuous for the child. It is hoped that the integrated approach will alleviate this problem. The child needs to be given a chance to interact with his \ her environment so that he \ she can react to it. It should be concerned with the intellectual, emotional, physical and social growth of the child.  Quranic Schools, integrated curriculum, secular education, colonial administration DOI : 10.7176/JEP/10-27-10 Publication date :September 30 th 2019

Field of study: Education
Crystal Structure of Bis(ethylenediphosphinetetraacetic acid)palladium(II) Bis(dihydrogenethylenediphosphinetetraacetato)palladate(II) Tetrahydrate Hydrobromide (1/1): An Unusual Case of Bromide Uncoordinated to Palladium(II)

Synthesis, crystal and molecular structure of the title compound as a representative of the complexes of phosphineacetic acids with soft metal ions is described. Crystal data: triclinic, P1 , a = 10.809(1), b = 14.922(1), c = 10.617(1) A, α = 108.871(7), β = 102.773(9), γ = 102.970(7)°, Z = 1, R = 0.031 for 4 545 observed reflections. The structure is built of layers composed of hydrogen-bonded ligands; the layers are joined, in alternate manner, by Pd(II) ions, water molecules and bromide anions. As an average, one proton of the tetraprotonated ligand is released during complexation even in protic solvent (aqueous acetic acid), resulting in the given ionic composition with non-equivalent Pd(II) centers. The carboxyl groups and, surprisingly, even the bromide ion are not coordinated to Pd. The proton assigned formally to hydrobromic acid was not located and is possibly disordered.

Field of study: Chemistry
Design of Block Molding of Lost Foam's Pattern for Ductile Iron Base

Taking a mechanical base's casting as an example,based on simple parted principle for complex casting pattern's design of block modeling,combining the base's structure and material with production characteristic of lost foam's pattern,the process of the block molding design that is based on Pro/E for the ductile iron base's pattern was discussed and some effective methods and experiences were summarized.The results show that the Pro/E aiding design can greatly improve the design efficiency of casting pattern,and this method provides a basis for the mould design of parted pattern.

Field of study: Materials science
Production of fragments with Z≥ 8 in interaction of 12.7 GeV 4He+U, Pb, Au and Ag: track detector study


The processes of production of fragments with Z≥ 8 in the interaction of 12.7 GeV 4He with U, Pb, Au and Ag have been analyzed using the polycarbonate track detector Makrofol. The sandwich technique was used which enables direct observation of multiply charged fragment emission by a single nucleus. The decay channels ending with one, two, or more (three, four) fragments were detected. A classification scheme based on the multiplicity of heavy fragments with Z > 20 was used in order to identify the events belonging to the different reaction channels. The cross sections, excitation energies and multiplicities of intermediate-mass fragments 8 ≤Z≤ 20 have been determined for the various reaction mechanisms, and their variation as a function of the target mass has been investigated.

Field of study: Physics
Crystallization of ccdB.

CcdB is a small dimeric protein that poisons DNA-topoisomerase II complexes. Its crystallization properties in terms of precipitant type, precipitant concentration, pH and protein concentration have been investigated leading to a novel crystal form which, in contrast to previously reported crystals, is suitable for structure determination using the multiple isomorphous replacement (MIR) method. The space group of this new form is C2, with unit-cell parameters a = 74.94, b = 36.24, c = 35.77 A, beta = 115.27 degrees. The asymmetric unit contains a single monomer. Flash-frozen crystals diffract to at least 1.5 A resolution, while room-temperature diffraction can be observed up to 1.6 A. The double mutant S74C/G77Q, which acts as a super-killer, crystallizes in space group I222 (or I212121) with unit-cell dimensions a = 105.58, b = 105.80, c = 91.90 A. These crystals diffract to 2.5 A resolution.

Field of study: Chemistry
Turks, Moors, and Englishmen in the Age of Discovery. Nabil Matar

of the natives from the lower pagan (Tamil) to the higher Catholic (European) wisdom, the author says (157). Despite Nobili's seeing similarities between Hinduism (Brahminism) and European society, Nobili did not dialogue with the natives but affirmed the Jesuit position and tried to show that Christianity was not a "foreign religion" for low castes (192). Disagreements between the disputants at times led to personal confrontations and character assassination. The book presents the clashes of personalities and the quality of participants. Throughout the debate Nobili appears to win but at die end he loses, when his methods are discarded for lack of supporters and followers. Zupanov brought together a number of letters and correspondence written by both Nobili and Fernandes and others as found in several archives in a very ingenious analysis of them. The author's ingenious dissection of the "ideal" Jesuit letter/text was executed with a remarkable surgical precision (10, 16). The bibliography is extensive, especially the primary sources of unpublished manuscript or letters from the Archivum Romanun Societatis Iesu. The author comments on the "ideal" Jesuit letter, its writing production which aimed at changing the world, the dryness of those letters due to the imposition of a format, their l imitations, and uses that epistolography to recreate and evaluate the debate from different angles. The work is a new unfolding of the disputation but the plot of the debate could not be different — Nobili is a winner without a trophy. But the author does not take sides in the debate. The verdict is decided by the vast source material Zupanov presents to the reader. Much is known about the Malabar Rites issue and Nobili's unorthodox missionary methods and action (154). But Disputed Mission is more than a contribution to Nobili's thought and life; it is an insight into the letter production of the Jesuits and the methods of inculturation; moreover, it is a contribution to the history of the Society of Jesus in India and church history as well. Zupanov has shown that no longer are the Jesuits the only experts of their history, but that a "layperson" can understand it as well or even better. DfiLIO DE MENDONgA, S.

Field of study: History
Awareness of Corruption in the Community and Public Service: a Victorian Study

Corruption hurts the public and undermines government. This study of perceptions of corruption in Victoria shows that the community believes corruption is on the increase, yet this view is not shared by public servants. In general corruption is not on the radar of senior Victorian public servants. There are more perceptions of corruption in line agencies than in central agencies. Behaviours most commonly suspected and observed were hiring family and friends, conflict of interest, abuse of discretion and abuse of information. One- third of public servants surveyed thought there were opportunities for bribery, yet only 4% had suspected bribery and less than one per cent had personally observed it. Almost half do not believe they would be protected from victimisation should they report corruption. The data reported here poses challenges in thinking about corruption when devising integrity standards in the public service.

Field of study: Political science
Abundance, diversity and seasonal dynamics of predatory bacteria in aquaculture zero discharge systems.

Standard aquaculture generates large-scale pollution and strains water resources. In aquaculture using zero discharge systems (ZDS), highly efficient fish growth and water recycling are combined. The wastewater stream is directed through compartments in which beneficial microbial activities induced by creating suitable environmental conditions remove biological and chemical pollutants, alleviating both problems. Bacterial predators, preying on bacterial populations in the ZDS, may affect their diversity, composition and functional redundancy, yet in-depth understanding of this phenomenon is lacking. The dynamics of populations belonging to the obligate predators Bdellovibrio and like organisms (BALOs) were analyzed in freshwater and saline ZDS over a 7-month period using QPCR targeting the Bdellovibrionaceae, and the Bacteriovorax and Bacteriolyticum genera in the Bacteriovoracaeae. Both families co-existed in ZDS compartments, constituting 0.13-1.4% of total Bacteria. Relative predator abundance varied according to the environmental conditions prevailing in different compartments, most notably salinity. Strikingly, the Bdellovibrionaceae, hitherto only retrieved from freshwater and soil, also populated the saline system. In addition to the detected BALOs, other potential predators were highly abundant, especially from the Myxococcales. Among the general bacterial population, Flavobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteriaceae and unclassified Bacteria dominated a well mixed but seasonally fluctuating diverse community of up to 238 operational taxonomic units, as revealed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Adapting polychromatic X-ray microdiffraction techniques to high-pressure research: energy scan approach.

Polychromatic single-crystal diffraction (pSXD) offers important advantages compared with monochromatic diffraction, such as ultrafast data collection and the ability to collect diffraction data without sample rotation. Despite the relevance of these advantages for applications in high-pressure experiments, pSXD has never been successfully applied for full structure determination at high pressure. Here the theory of polychromatic microdiffraction, strategies developed to adapt it to high-pressure applications, and results of pilot experiments are described. Special emphasis is placed on experiments with microcrystals and multigrain aggregates, and on the use of monochromator scans to extend the pressure range for single-crystal structure determination to the megabar region. Closely related applications to materials research problems are also discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Magmatism and metamorphism in a Grenvillian fragment: U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar ages from the Blair River Complex, northern Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada

The Blair River Complex in northern Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, is interpreted to be an exposure of Grenvillian basement which formed the southeastern tip of a promontory on the proto-Atlantic continental margin of North America. U-Pb (zircon) data reported here confirm Grenvillian ages for the major components in the Blair River Complex. The locally granulite-facies Sailor Brook gneiss has a minimum protolith age of 1217 Ma and was metamorphosed at 1035 +12/−10 Ma. The Lowland Brook Syenite has an igneous crystallization age of 1080 +5/−3 Ma, and the Otter Brook granitic orthogneiss yielded an igneous crystallization age of 978 +6/−5 Ma. An igneous crystallization age could not be obtained for anorthositic rocks in the Blair River Complex, but the Red River Anorthosite Suite was metamorphosed at 996 +6/−5 Ma.

Silurian thermal activity is recorded in the Blair River Complex by granitic magmatism dated at 435 +7/−3 Ma and a widespread amphibolite-facies metamorphic overprint of similar age. These events are corroborated by 206Pb/238U ages of ca. 423 Ma for titanite from seven widely distributed samples from both Silurian and Proterozoic units, interpreted to represent cooling from igneous or peak-metamorphic conditions through temperatures of ca. 550–600°C. Rutile in one sample gave a U-Pb age of 410 ± 2 Ma, which may represent postmetamorphic cooling through 405°C. The U-Pb cooling ages are supported by similar 40Ar/39Ar ages of ca. 420 Ma for phlogopite and muscovite from rare calc-silicate lenses in the Blair River Complex, and for hornblende from a Silurian diorite intrusion. The widespread Silurian metamorphism of this inlier is similar in age to that in western Newfoundland and indicates involvement of the Blair River Complex in Silurian orogenesis. Our data support the interpretation that the Blair River Complex represents Laurentian Grenvillian basement, analogous to basement exposures in the Humber Zone of western Newfoundland.

Field of study: Geology