nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Anti-Abortion Movement Led by Obstetrician/Gynecologists in South Korea *

Abortion has been regarded as one of the methods for birth-control in South Korea for decades, since the 1970s when the government encouraged people to choose abortion for the sake of population control during its industrialization process. Most abortions used to be easily performed because doctors or women undergoing abortions were not prosecuted even though abortion was illegal. Even following economic development, such a trend of encouraging abortion was prevalent in our society, and as a result, women used to be compelled by social pressure to undergo abortion.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Dihydroceramide desaturase activity is modulated by oxidative stress.

Oxidative stress has been implicated previously in the regulation of ceramide metabolism. In the present study, its effects on dihydroceramide desaturase were investigated. To stimulate oxidative stress, HEK (human embyronic kidney)-293, MCF7, A549 and SMS-KCNR cells were treated with H2O2, menadione or tert-butylhydroperoxide. In all cell lines, an increase in dihydroceramide was observed upon oxidative stress as measured by LC (liquid chromatography)/MS. In contrast, total ceramide levels were relatively unchanged. Mechanistically, dihydroceramide desaturase activity was measured by an in situ assay and decreased in a time- and dose-dependent fashion. Interestingly, no detectable changes in the protein levels were observed, suggesting that oxidative stress does not induce degradation of dihydroceramide desaturase. In summary, oxidative stress leads to potent inhibition of dihydroceramide desaturase resulting in significant elevation in dihydroceramide levels in vivo.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Reflecting on Sacrifices Made by Past Generations Increases a Sense of Obligation Towards Future Generations

Tackling climate change presents an intergenerational dilemma: People must make sacrifices today, to benefit future generations. What causes people to feel an obligation to benefit future generations? Past research has suggested “intergenerational reciprocity” as a potential driver, but this research is quite domain specific, and it is unknown how well it applies to climate change. We explored a novel means of invoking a sense of intergenerational reciprocity: inducing reflection on the sacrifices made by previous generations. Our studies revealed that such reflection predicts and causes a heightened sense of moral obligation towards future generations, mediated by gratitude. However, there are also some downsides (e.g., feelings of unworthiness), and perceptions of obligation do not substantially affect pro-environmental attitudes or motivations. Thus, while reflecting on past generations’ sacrifices can generate a sense of intergenerational obligation, it is limited in the extent to which it can increase pro-environmental concern.

Field of study: Psychology
Direct phasing at low resolution of a protein copurified with human paraoxonase (PON1).

In this paper, the low-resolution structure of a previously unknown protein copurified with human paraoxonase (PON1) is reported. The structure of this protein was very difficult to solve using classical crystallographic methods. Progress was made using a new phasing method based on topological analysis. From the experimental point of view, this method has the advantage of requiring only a simple low-resolution X-ray data set. The program used and the different steps of the data-processing and phasing procedure are described. The results provided an insight into the failure of previous molecular-replacement attempts. The low-resolution shape of the protein which was presented with confidence is compared with and confirmed by the structure at 1.8 A solved subsequently using classical methods. This work shows that this direct-phasing method could be used systematically in difficult cases: it provides low-resolution structural information comparable with that obtainable by electron microscopy.

Field of study: Chemistry
Sintering characteristics and thermal expansion behavior of Li-doped lanthanum chromite perovskites depending upon preparation method and Sr doping

The sintering characteristics and thermal expansion behaviors of Li-doped lanthanum chromite perovskites (La 1− x Sr x Cr 1− y Li y O 3 ; x =0, 0.1, 0.2; y =0.01, 0.02, 0.05) synthesized by the Pechini method have been investigated. The solubility limit of Li into the perovskites decreases with increasing Sr content. Li doping to the perovskites improved sintering characteristics; however, the Pechini method did not bring the effect expected on the improvement of the sintering. The thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) of the LaCrO 3 perovskites measured in air was independent of Li doping in this composition range. The TECs in the reduced atmosphere showed lower values than those in air.

Field of study: Materials science
Geometrie und Geologie von Kreuzschichtungs-Körpern

ZusammenfassungIm „Raster-Meßverfahren“ werden Kreuzschichtungs-Gefüge objektiv und vollständig erfaßt. Die Gefüge-Axen dienen zur geometrischen Beschreibung der angeschnittenen Körper. Aus ihrem Profil-Anschnitt wird die räumliche Ablagerungsform und Anordnung der Kreuzschichtungs-Körper rekonstruiert. Es ist danach möglich, fossile Kreuzschichtungs-Gefüge unter sich und mit rezenten Schüttungskörpern exakt zu vergleichen.  Flußablagerungen und in Gezeitenablagerungen unterscheiden sich; sie zeigen also Bildungsbedingungen an. Es ergeben sich Ansätze für eine natürliche Gliederung der Kreuzschichtung.

Field of study: Environmental science
Document Image Binarization Technique For Enhancement of Degraded Historical Document Images.

Segmenting text from image of rough, degraded historical document is difficult task because of higher inter variation and intra variation between foreground text and document background of different document images. This can be solved with the help of image binarization technique. We can make use of this technique to clear the historical document, making them usable for further processing. As the image of old historical documents are often in degrade form it is hard to retrieve and understand what is written on them. So it is necessary to find solution to this problem, by taking picture and binarizing it with suitable technique we can able to understand the text so here we developed a image binarization technique. Here we provide new segmentation algorithm in which each pixel has its own threshold value. In old system the contrast image is used as preprocessing step but in this technique gray scale image is used. The pixels are categorized as foreground or background pixels depending upon their comparison with threshold valued. Pixel value is compared to the threshold value. The technique is known as window thresholding .We are doing work on window of size p*q and from each window text stroke of each pixel are extracted .Again local threshold is used to segment the document text that is estimated based on intensity of detected text stroke of edge pixel in local window. KeywordsImage Processing, Image Binarization, Image Segmentation.

Field of study: Engineering
Reef fish hotspots as surrogates for marine conservation in the Brazilian coast

This work presents a new spatial dataset comprising biological information with analytical potential to advance reef conservation, reef fish studies and decision making at multiple levels in Brazil. Here we use reef fish hotspots as a case study to inform mismatches in the current Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) network in Brazil. Currently, MPAs protects only 2% of the Economic Exclusive Zone in Brazil. Both quantity and protection level of MPAs is uneven: while approximately 62% are for sustainable use, numbers and area of no-take MPAs are very small. We report a clear mismatch between MPAs and reef fish hotspots in Brazil, with the northeast coast and the state of Espirito Santo being the most critical areas for conservation actions. However, MPAs can no longer be considered as a ‘quick fix’ conservation tool, but rather, a very complex ecological/social-political operation. Therefore, MPAs networks should be expanded in these most critical areas (including more no-take zones) within a broader spatial planning to lessen user conflicts.

Field of study: Environmental science
Optimal allocation of building blocks between nutrient uptake systems in a microbe

A bacterial cell must distribute its molecular building blocks among various types of nutrient uptake systems. If the microbe is to maximize its average growth rate, this allocation of building blocks must be adjusted to the environmental availabilities of the various nutrients. The adjustments can be found from growth balancing considerations. We give a full proof of optimality and uniqueness of the optimal allocation regime for a simple model of microbial growth and internal stores kinetics. This proof suggests likely candidates for optimal control regimes in the case of a more realistic model. These candidate regimes differ with respect to the information that the cells control system must have access to. We pay particular attention to one of the three candidates, a feedback regime based on a cellular control system that monitors only internal reserve densities. We show that allocation converges rapidly to balanced growth under this control regime.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
The interplay of individual differences and context of learning in behavioral and neurocognitive second language development

In order to understand variability in second language (L2) acquisition, this study addressed how individual differences in cognitive abilities may contribute to development for learners in different contexts. Specifically, we report the results of two short-term longitudinal studies aimed at examining the role of cognitive abilities in accounting for changes in L2 behavioral performance and neurocognitive processing for learners in ‘at-home’ and ‘study-abroad’ settings. Learners completed cognitive assessments of declarative, procedural, and working memory abilities. Linguistic assessments aimed at determining behavioral sensitivity and online processing of L2 Spanish syntax were administered before and after a semester of study in either a traditional university classroom context (Experiment 1) or a study-abroad context (Experiment 2). At-home learners evidenced behavioral gains, with no detected predictive role for individual differences in cognitive abilities. Study-abroad learners evidenced behavioral gains and processing changes that were partially accounted for by procedural learning ability and working memory. Taken together, these results provide preliminary insight into how individual differences in cognitive abilities may contribute to behavioral and neural processing changes over time among learners in different natural contexts.

Field of study: Linguistics
Phisicochemical, sensory, and microbiological evaluation and development of symbiotic fermented drink.

The goal of this study was to develop a symbiotic lacteous drink, evaluate its physicochemical and sensory characteristics, and verify the viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus in the drink. The milk serum-based drink consisted of 50% milk serum containing 10% saccharose, 25% powdered milk, 15% yacon pulp, and cultures of Lactobacillus acidophilus-La 5E and Bifidobacterium bifidum BB12. It was stored for up to 21 days under refrigeration. The milk serum-based drink was analyzed for protein, ether extract, total dietary fiber, total frutans, carbohydrate content, color, pH, acidity, and contamination by coliforms, and Salmonella sp. Coliforms and Salmonella sp were not detected, and L. acidophilus and B. bifidum provided satisfactory probiotic counts up to 21 days of storage under refrigeration. Lactobacillus acidophilus resistance to gastric acids and bile salts was detected only up to seven days of storage when evaluated in vitro. Sensory analysis and purchase viability were evaluated by consumers at 0, 7, 14, and 21 days of storage. Based on the analytical results and consumer evaluation, the drink was acceptable up to seven days of storage.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
über „Imine”︁ von α‐Benzoyl‐Ketonen

Das aus 2-Cyan-cyclopentanon und Phenylmagnesiumbromid erhaltliche, bisher als 2-Benzoyl-cyclopentanon angesehene Produkt erwies sich als „Imin” dieses β-Diketons bzw. als dessen Tautomeres, 2-[α-Amino-benzyliden]-cyclopentanon. Einige seiner Umsetzungen werden beschrieben. Das mit Semicarbazid-hydrochlorid erhaltliche „Semicarbazon” wurde als 4.5-Trimethylen-5-phenyl-pyrazol erkannt. — Es wird die Herstellung weiterer derartiger „Imine” aus 2-Cyan-cyclohexanon, -cycloheptanon und -cyclooctanon sowie aus 3-Cyanheptanon-(4) angegeben. Die UV- und IR-Daten dieser Verbindungen andern sich mit der Ringgrose.

Field of study: Chemistry
Review of the researches on exercise addiction

Exercise addiction is an obsessive behavior of an individual participating in exercising constantly.In oversea countries(mainly the United States and Western Europe),a series of researches,from forming the mecha-nism and characteristics to countermeasures,have been made on exercise addiction,having preliminarily formed a theoretical system.However,many researches have not been recognized universally,thus needing to be further tested.Some sports professionals in China have also been aware of such an area as exercise addiction,but the re-searches made in China are just scattered ones at a small scale,at the stage of preparation and initiation before study,not the specialized researches on exercise addiction.

Field of study: Education
Preventive and thera eutic effects of sesame oil on glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in rats

To study osteoporosis of glucocorticoid-induce and investigate effects of sesame oil on rats.  thirty-two male rats were randomized into 4 equal groups, and were given intragastric administration with distilled water (NS), glucocorticoid (GC) at the daily dose of 3.5 mg/kg. GC plus SO at 5 mL/kg·d (GC+SO group), and GC plus ST at 5 mL/kg.d (GC+ST group). Left elbow-bone hydroxyproline, calcium and phosphate contents were measured in the rats; with the left femur taken for bone density; with the right femur taken for bone biomechanical test.  long-term administration of prednisone acetate could inhibit the growth of body weight on rats (P0.01), the indicators reflecting the amount of bone and bone quality apreventive effect in varying degrees (P 0.01 or P 0.05).  long -term use of prednisone acetate can induce bone loss, reduce bone mineral density and bone biomechanical properties. Sesame oil under the given dosage plays a role on preventing rat's osteoporosis induced by prednisone acetate.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A formal framework for context-aware systems specification and verification

Conceptual framework for context-aware systems specification and verification.Combining MDE techniques with formal methods for to design the framework design.Verification of safety critical properties in context-aware systems.Development of tool (CTX-Tool) for context-aware systems specification and validation. Context-aware applications development is still a challenging issue due to their adaptive behavior complexity and uncertainty features. A conceptual framework, as an ideal reuse technique, is one of the most suitable solutions to simplify the development of such systems and overcome their development complexity. We aim in this paper to design a framework that promotes the ability to specify and verify context-aware systems to assist and facilitate designer's task. The objective is gained here by combining two complementary modeling techniques: Model-driven Engineering (MDE) and Formal Methods. Model-driven technique is adopted to design a modeling framework for context-aware systems. Nevertheless, this technique generally lacks formal semantics and it is unfit for model analysis. Therefore, we define a formal semantics to overcome these drawbacks. Moreover, we show how context-aware system's adaptive behavior can be verified according to their invariants by applying model-checking techniques.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
STUDY ON VARIATION LAW OF WIND LOADS ACTING ON FOUR-BUNDLED CONDUCTORS

The variation law of wind loads acting on four-bundled conductors is studied with a numerical method. The factors that affect the lift and drag coefficients, such as the relative position of two conductors, wind speed, wind direction and diameter of conductor, are analyzed. The results show that, when the conductors move in the vertical direction, the lift and drag coefficients are symmetric. The drag coefficient increases and the lift coefficient decrease with the increase of distance between two conductors. There is a minimum value when the rotation angle is 30 . The lift and drag coefficients will increase with the increase of diameter and wind velocity. At last, the comparison of numerical calculation results and the experimental one is carried out, which show that the numerical results in this paper are reliable and will prefer a theoretical reference for pertinent engineering applications.

Field of study: Engineering
Tape; an alternative to stirrups or wedges in positioning for infant cystoscopy.

Performing a cystourethroscopy in children can range from reviewing a 100 kg teenage male with posterior urethritis, to assessing a 3 kg neonate with posterior urethral valves. Across this range the patient needs to be positioned in a way that allows passage of the rigid cystoscope and visualisation of the urethra and bladder. We describe a technique for positioning the legs of infants for cystoscopy using skin friendly tape, rather than wedges, stirrups or boots. The advantage of this being that it is cheap, adaptable and holds the infant in the perfect position, without needing complex equipment.

Field of study: Medicine
Health clubs and body politics: aesthetics and the quest for physical capital

At present, the western world wrestles with an obesity epidemic whilst, paradoxically, maintaining a fascination for the aesthetic ideal body. With the Scottish health and fitness industry providing the empirical backdrop, and drawing on the work of Bourdieu, this paper critically reflects upon processes of embodied production and consumption and the quest for physical capital and its referential symbolism. Using a range of qualitative methods across three case study facilities it is argued that as consumers seek to attain desired forms of physical capital, health and fitness clubs serve both to capitalize on and perpetuate cycles of embodied dissatisfaction. Although willingly subjecting their bodies to constant ocularcentric and objectifying processes, consumers are constantly reminded of their failure to attain the physical capital they desire. These processes not only mirror modern consumerism but also highlight a process of self‐imposed domination. With external medical and media discourses exerting persistent pressure on the embodied state, desire for physical capital produces a self‐legitimating and regulatory regime perpetrated upon the self within the internal environment of the health and fitness club. Therefore, as a venue for playing out aesthetic politics, health and fitness club spaces are anything but healthy as they oil the desire and dreamscape of physical capital, maintaining an aesthetic masochism and thus keeping the treadmills literally and economically turning.

Field of study: Sociology
Equation of state and hybrid star properties with the weakly interacting light U-boson in relativistic models

It has been a puzzle whether quarks may exist in the interior of massive neutron stars, since the hadron-quark phase transition softens the equation of state (EOS) and reduce the neutron star (NS) maximum mass very significantly. In this work, we consider the light U-boson that increases the NS maximum mass appreciably through its weak coupling to fermions. The inclusion of the U-boson may thus allow the existence of the quark degrees of freedom in the interior of large mass neutron stars. Unlike the consequence of the U-boson in hadronic matter, the stiffening role of the U-boson in the hybrid EOS is not sensitive to the choice of the hadron phase models. In addition, we have also investigated the effect of the effective QCD correction on the hybrid EOS. This correction may reduce the coupling strength of the U-boson that is needed to satisfy NS maximum mass constraint. While the inclusion of the U-boson also increases the NS radius significantly, we find that appropriate in-medium effects of the U-boson may reduce the NS radii significantly, satisfying both the NS radius and mass constraints well.

Field of study: Physics
Cross-reaction of antibodies present in sera of vasectomized mice with human swollen spermheads.

Vasectomy induced anti-sperm antibodies in mice were seen to cross react with human spermatozoa. Similarly anti-sperm antibodies in an infertile human male subject were found not only to react with human but also with bovine, porcine and murine sperm. Both observations made with preparations of swollen spermatozoa demonstrate the cross-reactivity of anit-sperm protamine activity of different species. Therefore in spite of known species dependent differences in amino acid composition and sequence of protamines, they appear to have common antigenic determinants.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Dusty Starbursts and the Formation of Elliptical Galaxies: A SCUBA-2 Survey of a z = 1.46 Cluster

We report the results of a deep SCUBA-2 850 and 450 mu m survey for dust-obscured ultra-luminous infrared galaxies (U/LIRGs) in the field of the z = 1.46 cluster XCS J2215.9-1738. We detect a striking overdensity of submillimeter sources coincident with the core of this cluster: similar to 3-4 x higher than expected in a blank field. We use the likely radio and mid-infrared counterparts to show that the bulk of these submillimeter sources have spectroscopic or photometric redshifts that place them in the cluster and that their multiwavelength properties are consistent with this association. The average far-infrared luminosities of these galaxies are (1.0 +/- 0.1) x 10(12) L-circle dot, placing them on the U/LIRG boundary. Using the total star formation occurring in the obscured U/LIRG population within the cluster, we show that the resulting mass-normalized star formation rate for this system supports previous claims of a rapid increase in star formation activity in cluster cores out to z similar to 1.5, which must be associated with the ongoing formation of the early-type galaxies that reside in massive clusters today.

Field of study: Physics
Recent Work on Normativity

Although only a recently introduced term of art, philosophical enquiry under the rubric of “normativity” has quickly become a major industry. A date-range search of the Philosopher’s Index for titles with the word returns zero results before 1980,1 three results for the „80s, 76 results for the „90s, and (to date) 218 results for the 2000s.2 Philosophical appeals to normativity are also exceptionally widespread. In addition to the subjects traditionally considered „normative‟—ethics, practical reason, political and legal philosophy, and epistemology—it is increasingly common for philosophers to maintain that normativity is essential in the analysis of subjects as diverse as truth, meaning, probability, and psychological attitudes like belief. This article is therefore unavoidably selective and idiosyncratic in the issues and literature it addresses, focusing on some recent developments in metaethics on the nature of normativity.

Field of study: Philosophy