nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of nitrate uptake into Chara corallina cells: lack of evidence for obligatory coupling to proton pump and a new NO3−/NO3− exchange model

Nitrate uptake into Chara corallina cells at different external pH (pHo) after different NO3− pretreatment conditions has been investigated. Following NO3− pretreatment (0.2 mol m−3 NO3−) there was little effect of pHo on subsequent net NO3− uptake into Chara cells. After N deprivation (2 mmol m−3 NO3−) there was a pronounced effect of pHo on nitrate uptake, the maximum rate occurring at pHo 4.7. There was no consistent relationship between OH− efflux and NO3− uptake in short term experiments (< 1 h). NO3− efflux was also sensitive to pHo, the maximum rate occurring at ∼ pHo 5.0. An inhibitor of the proton pump, DES, immediately stimulated NO3− uptake into cells pretreated with NO3− and prevented the time-dependent decrease in NO3−, uptake into Chara cells that had been previously treated with low N (2 mmol m−3 NO3−). NO3− efflux was found to be very sensitive to DES with Ki= 0.7 mmol m−3. At the optimum pHo for NO3− uptake the effect of DES on membrane potential (ψm) were slight, and only apparent after 30 min. The results are interpreted in context of current models relating NO3− uptake and H+ pump activity. A new model for NO3− uptake is proposed which involves NO3−/NO3− exchange at steady state.

Field of study: Environmental science
Generation and Rearrangements of Ylides from Tertiary Amines and α‐Diazo Ketones − Very High Catalytic Activity of [RuCl(η5‐C5H5)(PPh3)2]

The reaction of N,N-dimethyl-2-propen-1-amine, N,N-dimethylbenzylamine and N,N-dimethyl-2-propyn-1-amine with the α-diazo ketones N2CHCOR [R = Me (2a), Et (2b), nPr (2c), iPr (2d), (CH2)10Me (2e), (CH2)14Me (2f) or Ph (2g)] in a 1:1 molar ratio, catalysed by the complex [RuCl(η5-C5H5)(PPh3)2] (1) (1% mol), have been investigated. Noticeably, the corresponding α-amino ketones 3a−g, 4a−g and 5a−g are readily and quantitatively formed by rearrangement of transient nitrogen ylides. Compounds 3−5, most of which have not yet been reported, have been isolated and fully characterised by IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and GC-MS. It has been proved that complex 1 is an excellent and specific catalyst for the generation of nitrogen ylides from diazo carbonyls.

Field of study: Chemistry
Administration of quinolinic acid in the rat hippocampus induces expression of c-fos and NGFI-A.

We have studied the effect of intrahippocampal administration of quinolinic acid (QUIN) on the temporal expression of mRNAs encoding the immediate early genes (IEGs) c-fos and NGFI-A, by in situ hybridization histochemistry. After administration of QUIN to the left hippocampus, expression of mRNA of both IEGs was transiently stimulated. Maximal expression was found between 1 and 3 h. mRNA of both IEGs was simultaneously expressed in the ipsilateral and contralateral sides in the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus, the pyramidal cell layer of the CA1 and CA3 fields as well as in the cortex. After pretreatment with the non-competitive NMDA antagonist MK-801 (2 mg/kg i.p. -30 min) the increased expression of both IEGs was partially prevented in the hippocampus and completely in the cortex. No inhibition was observed after treatment with the AMPA antagonist NBQX (30 mg/kg i.p. -15, -5 and +10 min). Additional delayed expression of both IEGs was observed in the ipsilateral hippocampus. This expression was related to cell damage. Twelve h after QUIN administration, c-fos and NGFI-A mRNAs were present in the dentate gyrus. After 4 days, only c-fos mRNA was observed in the dentate gyrus and CA1 field while no NGFI-A mRNA was detected. The present results show that the effect of QUIN is mediated by NMDA and not by AMPA receptors.

Field of study: Biology
Relativistisch invariante Beschreibung strukturierter Elementarteilchen

Within a dynamic theory of fusion the three-particle-system is examined. Under suitable boundary conditions a method of integra ion is developed, which yields the exact solution of the relativistic three-particle-equation. This solution describes an elementary particle with internal structure. A thorough discussion of the collective motion supplies the massM and spin 1/2 for the new particle and the proper Diracequation, so that an identification of the three-particle-system with the electron is possible.

Field of study: Physics
Structuring topologically aware overlay networks using domain names

Overlay networks are application layer systems which facilitate users in performing distributed functions such as searches over the contents of other users. An important problem in such networks is that the connections among peers are arbitrary, leading in that way to a topology structure, which does not match the underlying physical topology. This topology mismatch leads to large user experienced delays, degraded performance and excessive resource consumption in Wide Area Networks. In this work we propose and evaluate the Distributed Domain Name Order (DDNO) technique, which makes unstructured overlay networks topologically aware. In DDNO, a node devotes half of its connections to nodes that share the same domain-name and the remaining half connections to random nodes. The former connections achieve good performance, because the bulk of the overlay traffic is kept within the same domain, while the latter connections ensure that the topology structure remains connected. Discovery of nodes in the same domain is achieved through on-demand lookup messages, which are guided by local ZoneCaches. Our technique is entirely decentralized making it appropriate for use in Wide Area Networks. Our simulation results, which are based on a real dataset of Internet latencies, indicate that DDNO outperforms other proposed techniques and that it optimizes many desirable properties such as end-to-end delays, connectivity and diameter.

Field of study: Computer science
Condensation heat transfer of R-22 and R-410A in flat aluminum multi-channel tubes with or without micro-fins

In this study, condensation heat transfer tests were conducted in flat aluminum multi-channel tubes using R-410A, and the results are compared with those of R-22. The flat tubes have two internal geometries; one with smooth inner surface and the other with micro-fins. Data are presented for the following range of variables; vapor quality (0.1–0.9), mass flux (200–600 kg/m2s) and heat flux (5–15 kW/m2). Results show that the effect of surface tension drainage on the fin surface is more pronounced for R-22 than R-410A. The smaller Weber number of R-22 may be responsible. For the smooth tube, the heat transfer coefficient of R-410A is slightly larger than that of R-22. For the micro-fin tube, however, the trend is reversed. Possible reasoning is provided considering physical properties of the refrigerants. For the smooth tube, Webb's correlation predicts the data reasonably well. For the micro-fin tube, the Yang and Webb model was modified to correlate the present data. The modified model adequately predicts the data.

Field of study: Engineering
DNA stable‐isotope probing identifies uncultivated members of Pseudonocardia associated with biodegradation of pyrene in agricultural soil

Identifying functional microorganisms involved in the degradation of high‐molecular‐mass polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HMM‐PAHs) in agricultural soil environments could assist in developing bioremediation strategies for soil PAH contamination. Active populations of HMM‐PAH degraders in agricultural soils are currently poorly understood. In this study, we identified aerobic pyrene‐degrading bacteria in agricultural and industrial soils by [13C]pyrene incubations followed by DNA stable‐isotope probing and high‐throughput sequencing. More than 80% of pyrene was degraded during an incubation time of 35 days in both soils, with slower mineralization rates observed in agricultural soil compared with industrial soil. Members of the Pseudonocardia genus, not previously implicated in pyrene degradation, were the dominant pyrene‐degrading population in agricultural soil; their relative abundance increased by three orders of magnitude. In industrial soil, Arthrobacter sp. appeared as the major pyrene degraders, while Pseudonocardia was not detectable. Mycobacterium, a group of well‐known pyrene degraders, was found to be active in pyrene degradation in both soils. These results highlight the role of uncultivated members of Pseudonocardia in natural PAH biodegradation processes and expand our understanding of the metabolic potential of uncultivated microorganisms for bioremediation applications in agricultural soils.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Analysis and elimination of bias error in a fiber-optic current sensor.

Bias error, along with scale factor, is a key factor that affects the measurement accuracy of the fiber-optic current sensor. Because of polarization crosstalk, the coherence of parasitic interference signals could be rebuilt and form an output independent of the current to be measured, i.e., the bias error. The bias error is a variable of the birefringence optical path difference. Hence, when the temperature changes, the bias error shows a quasi-periodical tendency whose envelope curve reflects the coherence function of light source. By identifying the key factors of bias error and setting the propagation directions of a super-luminescent diode, polarization-maintaining coupler and polarizer to fast axis, it is possible to eliminate the coherence of parasitic interference signals. Experiments show that the maximum bias error decreases by one order of magnitude at temperatures between -40°C to 60°C.

Field of study: Physics
Catholic Action, the Second Vatican Council, and the Emergence of the New Left in El Salvador (1950–1975)

In 1958, Roque Dalton, a young poet affiliated with the Communist Party of El Salvador (PCS), won the first prize in a poetry contest at the University of El Salvador. A few days later, members of Salvadoran Catholic University Action, a student organization known as ACUS or simply Catholic Action, published a demolishing but carelessly written critique of Dalton. The anonymous writer of an article titled “Under the Empire of Vulgarity” turned his disgust with the poem written by Dalton into a diatribe against Dalton's political persona. Dalton's raw allusions to double standards in the sexual morality of priests and his remarks about the Catholic practice of fasting seem to have especially upset the leaders of ACUS. A month later, ACUS published a rejoinder written by Dalton, along with excerpts of the controversial poem. In his retort, Dalton stated that ACUS dodged debates on substantial political and aesthetic issues by engaging in “insults, quick and facile judgments, and rude pigeon-holing that closes all means of intellectual comprehension. ”

Field of study: History
Redemption and Politics

The underlying premise of this essay is that there are degrees of risk beyond which few persons will go. This is, in fact, the basis of all theories of deterrence. But whereas the idea of deterrence is ordinarily applied to problems such as war or crime, I want to apply it to the acceptance of political responsibility. Essentially I shall argue that the inability to exorcize guilt-the lack of the possibility of redemption-acts as a deterrent to the acceptance of all responsibility, but especially political responsibility. I shall argue, moreover, that the modern world as a whole is nonredemptive, and thus the acceptance of political responsibility becomes, for the actor, risky, for society, uncertain, and this at the very time that it is needed most.

Field of study: Political science
Reply To Cahan

te rms of rank order , and are therefore useful for normat ive compar i sons . Unfortunately, they have been entirely ignored by Sabers et al. As a result, Sabers et al. 's ma in content ion that it is futile to a t t empt the use of es t imated t rue scores, instead of the observed ones , for this pu rpose , is mis leading. "Effordess" est imates, like the l inear est imate cons idered by Sabers et al., are indeed valueless, especially in psychological testing, where scores are meaningful only in n o r m a tive te rms . Obviously, mul t ip lying the observed scores by a cons tant—which is convenient in te rms of the effort involved—cannot improve their reliability (Stanley, 1971). T h e only way to cope with m e a s u r e m e n t e r ror is therefore to arrive at bet ter estimates of the t rue scores than the observed scores. Of course , such estimates requi re addi t ional inves tment of t ime, effort, and know-how. This does not , however, justify the a b a n d o n m e n t of t rue score es t imat ion per se. Certainly, o n e should no t th row ou t the baby with the ba th water.

Field of study: Education
li fan nuo zhong wan qi ren shen yin chan 1318 li lin chuang guan cha fen xi

中、晚期妊娠引产是避孕失败后的补救临床常用的方法,操作不复杂.利凡诺具有较强的杀菌作用,常用于外科感染伤口处置.利凡诺羊膜腔内注射用于引产,能兴奋子宫平滑肌,使子宫平滑肌节律性的收缩,宫口扩张,娩出胎儿及胎盘.我院从1996年至2006年采用利凡诺中、晚期引产1318例临床观察结果,现报告如下.

Field of study: Medicine
Dynamic Recrystallization of the Constituent γ Phase and Mechanical Properties of Ti-43Al-9V-0.2Y Alloy Sheet

A crack-free Ti-43Al-9V-0.2Y alloy sheet was successfully fabricated via hot-pack rolling at 1200 °C. After hot-rolling, the β/γ lamellar microstructure of the as-forged TiAl alloy was completely converted into a homogeneous duplex microstructure with an average γ grain size of 10.5 μm. The dynamic recrystallization (DRX) of the γ phase was systematically investigated. A recrystallization fraction of 62.5% was obtained for the γ phase in the TiAl alloy sheet, when a threshold value of 0.8° was applied to the distribution of grain orientation spread (GOS) values. The high strain rate and high stress associated with hot-rolling are conducive for discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) and continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX), respectively. A certain high-angle boundary (HAGB: θ = 89° ± 3°<100>), which is associated with DDRX, occurs in both the recrystallized and deformed γ grains. The twin boundaries play an important role in the DDRX of the γ phase. Additionally, the sub-structures and sub-boundaries originating from low-angle boundaries in the deformed grains also indicate that CDRX occurs. The mechanical properties of the alloy sheet were determined at both room and elevated temperatures. At 750 °C, the alloy sheet exhibited excellent elongation (53%), corresponding to a failure strength of 467 MPa.

Field of study: Materials science
A Serial Driver Module for the CAMAC Serial Highway System

A Serial Driver has been developed at The Clinton P. Anderson Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) for use in accelerator control and beam-line data-acquisition applications. The driver fully meets the requirements of the CAMAC Serial System Description (ERDA TID-26488 and ESONE/SH/01) while providing a number of features useful in system operation, diagnosis, and testing of SCC-L1 crate controllers.

Field of study: Physics
Inhibition of NF-κB by Pyrrolidine Dithiocarbamate Prevents the Inflammatory Response in a Ligature-Induced Peri-Implantitis Model: A Canine Study

The roles of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in peri-implantitis are unclear. Here, we used a canine model of peri-implantitis to explore the effects of inhibiting NF-κB with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) on the inflammatory response in ligature-induced peri-implantitis.  After successfully establishing the peri-implantitis model, beagles were randomly assigned to normal, model or PDTC groups. ELISA tests were used to determine the levels of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Immunohistochemistry was employed to assess the expression of NF-κB p65. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed to determine the mRNA levels of TLR4 and NF-κB p65, and western blot analysis was used to measure the protein levels of TLR4 in periodontal tissues from each group. Periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs) were cultured and subsequently classified into PDLF normal, PDLF model, PDLF LPS, PDLF PDTC, and PDLF LPS + PDTC groups. An immunofluorescence assay was used to measure the expression level of NF-κB p65. The CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry were performed to evaluate cell proliferation and apoptosis.  The in vitro results indicated that NF-κB p65 and TLR4 were upregulated in canine periodontal tissues, and PDTC could suppress the expression levels of NF-κB p65 and TLR4. Inflammation could increase TLR4 protein expression in canine periodontal tissue, and PDTC could inhibit the inflammation-induced increase in TLR4 protein expression. These results revealed that PDTC could reverse the LPS-induced increases in the levels of IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α. In vivo, the results demonstrated that PDTC inhibited the LPS-induced NF-κB p65 upregulation, and PDTC could reverse the inhibitory effect of the PDLF model + LPS on the proliferation of periodontal fibroblasts. The results also showed that in the PDLF model, LPS promoted PDLF apoptosis by inducing implant periodontitis in canines, but PDTC inhibited the PDLF apoptosis and relieved implant periodontitis in canines.  Based on our results, we concluded that PDTC can inhibit the expression of NF-κB and alleviate the inflammatory response induced by LPS, thereby preventing periodontal inflammation and reducing the development of peri-implantitis.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
A New Multiscale Geometric Method for Binocular Weak Calibration

In practice, the stereo system is usually constructed by two fixed cameras on top of mobile vehicle view the scene from a left and right point of views. Due to lens distortion and camera displacements, both cameras need to be calibrated. The internal camera parameters and the orientation of the cameras to each other are assumed to be settled. For the special application of mobile vehicle, a new multiscale geometric method for binocular weak calibration is proposed. The aim of multiscale geometric analysis is to find a kind of optimal representation of such type of image in the sense of nonlinear approximation. In this paper, a novel explanation is given for contourlet transform and detecting corners of images by the multiscale geometric method. Finally, the eight-point algorithm of Hartley has been used to determine the fundamental matrix. It is important that the fundamental matrix predigests the following problems, such as, the intrinsic parameters matrix, the motion parameters, and structure recovery from uncalibrated stereo rig. Experimental results show the efficiency of this algorithm.

Field of study: Computer science
Microstructure of Nd-Ga-O/sub 3/ new seed layer for LPE growth of YBCO film

The microstructure and crystallization mechanism of NdGaO/sub 3/ (NGO) new seed layer for liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) growth of YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-/spl delta// (YBCO) were revealed using high resolution SEM and TEM. NGO layer deposited by PLD at room temperature shows that very porous and columnar structure and this layer indicated amorphous by x-ray analysis. Amorphous NGO layer was crystallized with good in-plane and out of plane orientations keeping columnar structure by simple post annealing process. Biaxially aligned YBCO thick films were successfully fabricated on oriented novel porous NGO new seed layer. Although many cracks were observed for normally LPE grown YBCO films on NGO(110) single crystalline substrate, it was crack-free formed on porous NGO[100] film.

Field of study: Physics
Parameters Optimization of Magnetic Stirrer in Tube Billet Continuous Casting Process Based on Mathematical Model

By establishing an electromagnetic field model and a flow model, the structural parameters and electromagnetic parameters of magnetic stirrer were optimally designed using ANSYS software. The results show that the magnetic stirrer with three-phase three-pole and A yoke structure has a better stirring effect; ideal current intensity is 20 A, the current frequency is 30 Hz. However, the actual production need to appropriatly reduce the current frequency and increase current intensity to obtain better production results.

Field of study: Materials science
SEDIMENTS OF LAKE PATZCUARO, MICHOACAN, MEXICO

The recent sedimentary history of Lake Patzcuaro was investigated by pollen analysis in 1944, and a dry climatic phase, probably hundreds or thousands of years ago, seemed to be indicated by maximal abundance of nonarboreal (grass, chenopod, and composite) pollen. The work of Sears on Lake Texcoco, 250 km east, prompted a reinvestigation of the Patzcuaro pollen sequence and a study of the chemistry and the diatom flora of the sediment cores. On the basis of Sears9 Index of Humidity (the ratio of Quercus + Alnus + Abies pollen to the total arboreal pollen, which is minimal in the driest intervals when Pinus is most abundant), there is clear evidence of a dry phase within the zone of abundant nonarboreal pollen, but the latter now seems to have no direct climatic significance. Instead, since the nonarboreal pollen, particularly its chenopod (+ amaranth?) component, is most abundant during moist phases just preceding and just following the newly defined dry phase, the fluctuations of nonarboreal pollen seem to reflect agricultural practice and, ultimately, demographic history. The sequence as now interpreted correlates remarkably well with that from the Valley of Mexico, and, using the archaeologic dates that Sears established there, there are: zone D, pre-Archaic (before 1500 B.C.), dry; zone C, early and middle Archaic (1500–500 B.C.), moist; zone B, late Archaic-Teotihuacan (500 B.C.–A.D. 900), climate fluctuating, but with at least one markedly dry episode; zone A, Nahua (A.D. 900–1521), moist. The few archaeologic data and the folklore from the Patzcuaro region tend to confirm this interpretation. There are some differences between the Patzcuaro and the Texcoco pollen sequences, notably in the less well marked character of the last (moist) phase in Patzcuaro. Of particular interest is the evidence of relatively intense aridity shown in the cores at the inferred late Archaic or Teotihuacan level: a minimum of Sears9 Index corresponds to a strong increase in the calcium content of the sediments, and to a zone having only shallow-water benthic and littoral diatoms, above and below which the normal planktonic diatom flora is recorded. The two independent evidences for increased evaporation or reduced rainfall suggest that the dry phase was due to climatic causes and not to culture or volcanism.

Field of study: Geology
The influence of environmental factors on the incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis

: 257 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) participated in the study in Yaroslavl region. The main epidemiological indices (incidence and prevalence of MS) for the last 25 years were determined. The evaluation of environment pollution has been realized in different districts of the city according to the level of snow covering pollution. Farther in snow-test contents of 38 chemical elements found in industrial waste were determined and summary index of pollution of environment were calculated. Significant direct correlation is revealed between level of environment pollution and increasing of epidemiological characteristics of MS.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology