nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Economic transition and health transition: comparing China and Russia.

Drawing on experiences from China and Russia (the world's two largest transitional economies), this paper empirically examines the impact of economic reforms on health status. While China's overall health status continued to improve after the economic reform, Russia experienced a serious deterioration in its population health. The observed differences in health performance between China and Russia can be explained by the different impacts of economic reforms on three major socioeconomic determinants of health. Depending on whether or not the reform improves physical environment (as reflected in income level and nutritional status), social environment (including social stability and security system), and health care, we would observe either a positive or a negative net effect on health. Despite remarkable differences in overall health development, China and Russia share some common problems. Mental and social health problems such as suicides and alcohol poisoning have been on the rise in both countries. These problems were much more serious in Russia, where political and social instability was more pronounced, associated with Russia's relatively radical reform process. With their economies moving toward a free market system, health sectors in China and Russia are undergoing marketization, which has had serious detrimental effect on the public health services.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
International Aviation Logistics Risk Identification and Assessment from Perspective of Consolidator Based on AHP

Given the effect of uncertainty, international aviation logistics faced many risks. How to identify and evaluate the risk degree of each link becomes the main problem in the international aviation logistics management. Based on the analysis of the causes of international aviation logistics risks, this paper constructs an international aviation logistics risk evaluation index system from the perspective of consolidators, and evaluates the risk degree of each link by using AHP. The effectiveness of the method is verified by typical cases. The research shows that this method has certain application value to the risk identification and evaluation of international aviation logistics.

Field of study: Engineering
Nash equilibrium in games with quasi-monotonic best-responses

This paper proposes a new general class of strategic games and develops an associated new existence result for pure-strategy Nash equilibrium. For a two-player game with scalar and compact action sets, existence entails that one reaction curve be increasing and continuous and the other quasi-increasing (i.e., not have any downward jumps). The latter property amounts to strategic quasi-complementarities. The paper provides a number of ancillary results of independent interest, including sufficient conditions for a quasi-increasing argmax (or non-monotone comparative statics), and new sufficient conditions for uniqueness of fixed points. For maximal accessibility of the results, the main results are presented in a Euclidean setting. We argue that all these results have broad and elementary applicability by providing simple illustrations with commonly used models in economic dynamics and industrial organization.

Field of study: Economics
Contributions of Basic Research to the Cognitive Theories of Depression

This article shows how the development of two major cognitive theories of depression - hopelessness theory and Beck's schema theory-were inspired by basic research in psychology. Whereas attribution theory helped resolve ambiguities in the original helplessness theory, additional social psychological concepts helped transform the reformulated helplessness theory into a hopelessness theory. For example, the current theory features situational determinants of causal attributions, a diathesis-stress component, and a specific-vulnerability component, each influenced by basic work in social psychology. The authors also draw on basic research to suggest revisions in Beck's theory. They suggest that (a) both depressives and nondepressives are capable of a full range of processing biases, (b) depressives are responsive to situational information, (c) factors other than "feature match " influence negative schema activation, (d) the "self" in depression is multifaceted, and (e) associative network models can be used to operationalize the depressive schema.

Field of study: Psychology
Involvement of retrosplenial cortex in forming associations between multiple sensory stimuli.

The retrosplenial cortex (RSP) is highly interconnected with medial temporal lobe structures, yet relatively little is known about its specific contributions to learning and memory. One possibility is that RSP is involved in forming associations between multiple sensory stimuli. Indeed, damage to RSP disrupts learning about spatial or contextual cues and also impairs learning about co-occurring conditioned stimuli (CSs). Two experiments were conducted to test this notion more rigorously. In Experiment 1, rats were trained in a serial feature negative discrimination task consisting of reinforced presentations of a tone alone and nonreinforced serial presentations of a light followed by the tone. Thus, in contrast to prior studies, this paradigm involved serial presentation of conditioned stimuli (CS), rather than simultaneous presentation. Rats with damage to RSP failed to acquire the discrimination, indicating that RSP is required for forming associations between sensory stimuli regardless of whether they occur serially or simultaneously. In Experiment 2, a sensory preconditioning task was used to determine if RSP was necessary for forming associations between stimuli even in the absence of reinforcement. During the first phase of this procedure, one auditory stimulus was paired with a light while a second auditory stimulus was presented alone. In the next phase of training, the same light was paired with food. During the final phase of the procedure both auditory stimuli were presented alone during a single session. Control, but not RSP-lesioned rats, exhibited more food cup behavior following presentation of the auditory cue that was previously paired with light compared with the unpaired auditory stimulus, indicating that a stimulus-stimulus association was formed during the first phase of training. These results support the idea that RSP has a fundamental role in forming associations between environmental stimuli.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
A Chandra study of the massive, distant galaxy cluster SDSS J0150–1005

We present a study of a fossil cluster, SDSS J0150–1005 ( z ≃ 0.364), with high spatial resolution based on the imaging spectroscopic analysis of Chandra observations. The Chandra X-ray image shows a relaxed and symmetric morphology, which indicates that SDSS J0150–1005 is a well-developed galaxy cluster with no sign of a recent merger. According to the isothermal model, its global gas temperature is 5.73 ± 0.80 keV, and the virial mass is 6.23 ± 1.34 × 10 14 M ⊙ . Compared with the polytropic temperature model, the mass calculated based on the isothermal model is overestimated by 49%±11. The central gas entropy, S 0.1 r 200 = 143.9 ± 18.3 keV cm 2 , is significantly lower than the average value of normal galaxy clusters with similar temperatures. Our results indicate that SDSS J0150–1005 formed during an early epoch.

Field of study: Physics
Intriguing complex magnetism of Co in RECoAsO (RE=La, Nd, and Sm)

The bulk intrinsic magnetism of Co changes dramatically when nonmagnetic La Sm and Nd in RECoAsO (RE=La, Nd, Sm). Although the itinerant ferromagnetism occurs below 80-100 K with small saturation moment, typical anti-ferromagnetic (AFM) transitions (TN1, TN2) are observed at 57 K and 45 K for Sm and at 69 K and 14 K for Nd. This is evidenced in isothermal magnetization plots as well. It is clear that Sm/Nd magnetic moments interact with the ordered Co spins in adjacent layer and thus transforms the ferromagnetic (FM) ordering to AFM.

Field of study: Physics
Species richness and conservationof Namibian freshwater macro-invertebrates,fish and amphibians

Namibia is an arid country but has a diverse array of wetland habitats ranging from ephemeral water bodies and rain-pools, artesian springs supporting small perennial pools and streams, to the large perennial rivers of the north-east with their associated floodplains. These rivers drain wetter areas north of Namibia and contribute many tropical species to Namibia's wetlands. There are 778 described species of macro-invertebrates representing eight phyla with 81 endemics. Many invertebrates still have to be identified or described but presently the greatest endemism occurs among the Ostracoda (18 species), Coleoptera (17), Diptera (14), Anostraca (six) and Amphipoda (five species). In total, Namibia has 50 species of frog with three endemics. No caecilians or salamanders occur in Namibia. There are 114 species of freshwater fish with five endemics. Most Namibian wetlands occur outside protected areas. Over-exploitation of wetland resources and flow regulation are currently major threats, but new environmental legislation being formulated is based on the goal of sustainable use.

Field of study: Environmental science
[An integrative basis of negative disorders of cognition in schizophrenia].

Based on the pathopsychological analysis, the author suggests a hypothesis of integrative basis of negative disorders of cognition in schizophrenia. The disorders are proposed to be related to the infringement of the general principle of CNS functioning - the domination of the process unifying cognitive, subjective-psychological, neurophysiological components of individuality.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Cent U(n) and a construction of Lipsman-Wolf

Let $G$ be a complex simply-connected semisimple Lie group and let $\g= \hbox{\rm Lie}\,G$. Let $\g = \n_- +\hh + \n$ be a triangular decomposition of $\g$. The authors in [LW] introduce a very nice representation theory idea for the construction of certain elements in $\hbox{\rm cent}\,U(n)$. A key lemma in [LW] is incorrect but the idea is in fact valid. In our paper here we modify the construction so as to yield the desired elements in $\hbox{\rm cent}\,U(\n)$.

Field of study: Mathematics
Environmental Risk Analysis of Yellow Phosphorus Transportation at Xiangxi River Valley

The environmental impact of yellow phosphorus leakage on Xiangxi River valley with the vehicle of loading capacity of 5 tons was analyzed.Leaked yellow phosphorus and sewage mixed with water of the River contributed to the predictive value of total phosphorus of 0.3087mg/L according to average flow of the River 47.4m3/s,which exceeded the standard 1.5 times,while 0.1526mg/L by largest flood flow of 2,890m3/s,which would not cause obvious pollution to the receiving water,and 0.6868mg/L according to the minimum flow in the dry season of 14m3/s,which exceeded the standard of 3.4 times.In the event of yellow phosphorus blasting causing P2O5,air pollution accidents,the range of semi-lethal concentration is a circular area with the incident point as its center and about 60m as its radius,with major impact range within 3,900m at the downwind of the accident source.The above-mentioned determination of pollution impact range will provide a scientific basis to the accident emergency handling.

Field of study: Environmental science
Research and Exploration of Teaching Model in Java Programming Course

Java Programming is a highly practical course of operability,technicality and engineering,which plays an important role in computer specialty and computer associated specialty.According to the current problems of Java Programmings teaching,studies teaching model about open case teaching,application of teaching for the contest and three party cooperation of university,training organization and company.When the teaching model carrys out,the university students improve the comprehensive ability that include learning initiative,contest enthusiasm and project application of innovation.

Field of study: Computer science
MO‐D‐204B‐09: Characterization of ADC and T2 Responses of Tumor Tissue to Radiation with Histological Interpretation

To characterize the temporal, dose, and oxygenation dependence of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and transverse relaxation time (T2) responses of tumortissue after treatment with ionizing radiation, in the context of histology and observed volume changes.  Human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tumors were grown subcutaneously in mice. Multiple groups treated with 200 kVp x‐rays and two unirradiated control groups were formed (n=6 per group). Single fraction groups received doses ranging from 50 cGy to 800 cGy. Fractionated deliveries were 800 cGy in 1, 2 or 3 fractions and fractions were separated by 24 or 72 hours. Oxygenation dependence was investigated with 800 cGy in a single fraction with a ligature in place to deplete the tumor's oxygen supply. Images were acquired on a 9.4 T MR system at multiple time points before and after treatment. Quantitative ADC and T2 maps were produced from each image set.  A dose dependent ADC increase was observed in irradiated tumortissue. Maximum response was observed 7 days post‐treatment. Tumor T2 was maximum 3 days after treatment and had fallen below baseline by 14 days after treatment. Fractionation did not affect amplitude of ADC response, but delayed the time at which maximum ADC occurred and the time for T2 to fall below baseline. Hypoxic tissues showed reduced ADC response after treatment. Preliminary pathology results show ADC response correlated with reduced tumorgrowth rate and reduced mitotic cell count. Early increases in ADC and T2 were associated with early‐stage necrosis and edema. Later responses were associated with evolving necrosis and extracellular macromolecule accumulation.  These results further the understanding of ADC and T2 responses and their development as biomarkers of treatment response.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Second language learnability and the acquisition of the argument structure of English locative verbs by Korean speakers

The present research focuses on Korean English as a foreign language (EFL) learners’ knowledge of the locative alternation (e.g., John loaded hay onto the wagon/John loaded the wagon with hay) and its relationship to theories of language-particular and language-universal properties. Korean, the native language of the participants, has a locative alternation resembling that of English. However, although Korean and English are similar in terms of broad-range constraints, they are dissimilar in terms of narrow-range constraints for locative alternations. This study investigates whether the acquisition of such constraints in English locatives by Korean speakers, and whether the first language (L1) influences the second language (L2) acquisition of locative alternations. Two instruments are used in the experiment: a forced-choice picture-description task and a forced-choice sentence selection task. The study investigates an experimental group of Korean learners of English and a control group of native speakers of English. The results are discussed with reference to universality of linking, to the transfer of argument structure and to Pinker’s learnability theory. The primary results are: • The Korean learners of English had acquired the constructional meaning of the locative construction (which is related to Pinker’s (1989) concept of broad-range rules and broad conflation classes), a property claimed to be universal. • They had not achieved native-speaker knowledge of language-particular properties - which narrow conflation class verbs belong to - so that they did not reject ungrammatical sentences; and • Significant L1 transfer effects were not found.

Field of study: Linguistics
Development of Wear-resistant Ductile Iron Mill Ball with Bainite and Martensite

A kind of new type wear resistant ductile iron mill ball has been developed.Composition and the production processes of the mill ball have been determined, and thereafter excellent properties have been obtained. The rockwell hardness and the impact toughness of the mill ball are HRC48～55 and 9～12 J/cm 2 ( α K) respectively. The dropping times of dropping ball experiment exceed 20000 times. The application of the mill ball in electric power plant expresses that the amount of abrasion is less than 120 g per ton coal and the breaking ratio is less than 0.5%.

Field of study: Materials science
[Construction of rice stripe virus NS2 and NS3 Co-RNAi transgenic rice and disease-resistance analysis].

NS2 and NS3 are two post-transcriptional gene silencing suppressors that are encoded by Rice stripe virus. Gene silencing suppressors are always related to the pathogenicity of viruses. In this study, the cDNA of NS2 and NS3 were recombined by overlapping PCR assays, ligated to the RNAi vector, and inserted into the PXQ expression vector using Pst I; the expressed vector was transferred into calluses induced from seeds of the japonica rice cultivar, 'Nipponbare', using an Agrobacterium-mediated method. Thirty-one T0 transgenic plants were selected by G418 screening. PCR and southern blot analyses confirmed that the target gene was transformed into transgenic rice successfully, and different transgenic plants contained various copies of the gene. The disease resistance assay revealed that T0 transgenic rice had a delayed onset of RSV for approximately 10-20 d, and the accumulation of virus in the transgenic plants was reduced by 30%-50%. This was related to the delayed onset of disease.

Field of study: Biology
Modeling and comparison of candidate selection algorithms in opportunistic routing

Opportunistic Routing (OR) has been investigated in recent years as a way to increase the performance of multihop wireless networks by exploiting its broadcast nature. In contrast to traditional routing, where traffic is sent along pre-determined paths, in OR an ordered set of candidates is selected for each next-hop. Upon each transmission, the candidates coordinate such that the most priority one receiving the packet actually forwards it. Most of the research in OR has been addressed to investigate candidate selection algorithms. In this paper we propose a discrete time Markov chain to assess the improvement that may be achieved using opportunistic routing. We use our model to compare a selected group of candidate selection algorithms that have been proposed in the literature. Our main conclusion is that optimality is obtained at a high computational cost, with a performance gain very similar to that of much simpler but non-optimal algorithms. Therefore, we conclude that fast and simple OR candidate selection algorithms may be preferable in dynamic networks, where the candidates sets are likely to be updated frequently.

Field of study: Computer science
Udder health (Part 8) - prevent and control SUB mastitis : technology

Streptococcus uberis (SUB) is not your usual streptococcus. It attacks the udder from both the environment during the end of the dry period, as well as from infected cows during milking. It often is resistant to treatment and causes high somatic cell counts for long periods without clinical mastitis. The best chance for effective prevention of SUB mastitis, is good hygiene management of the teat-end during the late dry period.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Biology of chickpea semilooper, Autographa nigrisigna.

The biology of chickpea semilooper, Autographa nigrisigna Walker was studied under laboratory and field conditions during November-April, 1982–83 at N.D. University of Agriculture and Technology, Faizabad. The female lays eggs singly or in groups of 2–13 on the under surface of green or dried leaves, petioles, tips of branches and some-times on upper surface of leaves and stems. The average egg, larval, pre-pupal and pupal periods under laboratory conditions were 2.7, 14, 1.2 and 9 days, respectively, while under field conditions, these periods were 2.9,17.2,1.5 and 10.8 days, respectively. The longevity of female under laboratory and field conditions was 7.8 and 7.5 days. respectively, while males survived for an average of 4.2 days under both the conditions.

Field of study: Biology
SYNTHESIS AND ANTITUBERCULOTIC ACTIVITY OF SOME SUBSTITUTED 3-ARYLAMINO-5-CYANO-2-PYRAZINECARBOXAMIDES

Nucleophilic substitution of 3-chloro-5-cyano-2-pyrazinecarboxamide by substituted anilines afforded substituted 3-arylamino-5-cyano-2-pyrazinecarboxamides I-X . The structures of compounds were confirmed by elemental analysis, UV, IR and 1 H NMR spectra. The assessment of in vitro antimycotic and antimycobacterial activities of the compounds was carried out. The highest antituberculotic activity against M. tuberculosis in this series was shown by 3-anilino- 5-cyano-2-pyrazinecarboxamide ( I ), whose efficacy was the same as that of pyrazinecarboxamide.

Field of study: Chemistry
Bedryf onder beleg

Die huidige melktekort is 'n tragedie vir die bedryf. Toenemend vind 'n mens lee melkrakke in supermarkte, wat 'n groot koste vir die bedryf inhou weens verlies aan inkomste. Die tekort raak ook suiweluitvoere en kan ernstige skade aan die bedryf veroorsaak.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A Subgroup Analysis of the Impact of Self-testing Frequency on Examination Scores in a Pathophysiology Course

To determine if the frequency of self-testing of course material prior to actual examination improves examination scores, regardless of the actual scores on the self-testing.  Practice quizzes were randomly generated from a total of 1342 multiple-choice questions in pathophysiology and made available online for student self-testing. Intercorrelations, 2-way repeated measures ANOVA with post hoc tests, and 2-group comparisons following rank ordering, were conducted.  During each of 4 testing blocks, more than 85% of students took advantage of the self-testing process for a total of 7042 attempts. A consistent significant correlation (p≤0.05) existed between the number of practice quiz attempts and the subsequent examination scores. No difference in the number of quiz attempts was demonstrated compared to the first testing block. Exam scores for the first and second testing blocks were both higher than those for third and fourth blocks.  Although self-testing strategies increase retrieval and retention, they are uncommon in pharmacy education. The results suggested that the number of self-testing attempts alone improved subsequent examination scores, regardless of the score for self-tests.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Concentration of Labor Market Risks: A European Union Cross-Country Perspective

The purpose of this paper is to provide insight into the European Union's (EU) member states' exposure to labor market risks. I try to accomplish this by empirically assessing whether there is a pattern of symmetry across the EU over time, or whether particular labor market risks are concentrated in certain geographic regions or among groups of countries. This process results in synthesizing some new features of labor market risks. These features are given a quantitative nature through proxy variables, which enable the performance of cluster analysis. This allows me to highlight how EU countries are grouped, based on identical exposure to these risks, and to investigate how the composition of clusters evolves over the time period under consideration, 2002-2009.

Field of study: Economics