nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Assesment of antioxidant potential of phenolic compounds fractions of Algerian Ceratonia siliqua L. pods during ripening stages

The consecutive extraction via different solvents of increasing/decreasing polarity, which allowed a pre-fractionation of the extracted compounds, is widely used as major method for extraction of polyphenols. Thus, the phenolic compounds of Ceratonia siliqua L., at unripe and ripe stages, were extracted by four solvents of increasing polarity (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and acetone/water (70:30, v/v), consecutively. The extracts were evaluated for their total phenolic and flavonoid contents, while the antioxidant capacity was assessed in vitro using DPPH radical and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging assays. The phenolic profile has been carried out by HPLC-MS/MS. The results showed that the phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity varied with the nature of extracts and the ripening stage. The 70% aqueous acetone and the ethyl acetate extracts contained the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents, and subsequently showed a pronounced scavenging activity on DPPH and hydrogen peroxide at unripe and ripe stages. The HPLC-MS/MS allowed the identification of five free phenolic acids (gallic, syringic, cinnamic, p-coumaric and ellagic acid for the first time) and five flavonoids (apigenin, naringenin, kaempferol, quercetin rhamnoside and myricetin rhamnoside) at both ripening stages.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Determination of Statins Residues in Chicken and Egg by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

An analytical method based on ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry has been developed for the simultaneous determination of 6 statins residues in Chicken and egg. The statins were analyzed on an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C 18 column( 100 mm × 2. 1 mm,1. 7 μm),using the methanol- 5 mmol ammonium acetate( added 0. 1% formic acid) as the mobile phase and a gradient elution program with a cycle time of 20 min,detected by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in both positive and negative mode with multiple reaction monitoring,quantified by external standard method. The limits of detection( LOD,S / N = 3) and quantification( LOQ,S / N = 10) of 6 statins were 0. 1- 0. 5 μg / kg and 0. 3- 2. 0 μg / kg,respectively. The correlation coefficients of linear calibration curve were over 0. 9910 in the ranges of 1. 0- 100 μg / kg. Average fortified recoveries in Chicken and egg samples were 80.  97. 2% and 79. 0%- 87. 2% at the spiked level of 20 μg / kg,and the relative standard deviations were 1. 3%- 10. 2% and 1. 5%- 10. 7%,respectively.

Field of study: Chemistry
Bradyarrhythmia as a presenting feature of subclinical hyperthyroidism.

In subclinical hyperthyroidism, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels are suppressed below normal range but serum-free thyroxine and free triiodothyronine levels are within normal range. The clinical manifestations can be highly variable and patients mostly remain undiagnosed. Sinus tachycardia, atrial premature beats and atrial fibrillation are the reported tachyarrhythmias in such patients. Bradyarrhythmias are typically not reported in patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism . We present here a case of subclinical hyperthyroidism where symptomatic second degree atrio-ventricular block (Wenckebach) was the sole presenting feature.

Our patient was a 71-year-old African-American female, with past medical history of hypertension who was admitted with an episode of syncope. The patient's home medication included simvastatin, lisinopril and aspirin.

On examination, her pulse was irregular at a rate of …

Field of study: Medicine
Some Economic Evidence Of Declining Population In The Later Middle Ages

N recent years a number of economic historians, writing about England I in the later middle ages, have tried to project their studies against a background of a relatively low or falling population. The projection has an obvious convenience. The alternating phases in the history of population-its rise in the earlier centuries, and its fall in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries-fit well with what is becoming the accepted chronology of medieval development, and may indeed supply the most plausible explanation of the economic ebb and flow. Yet, in spite of its convenience, the projection is still very much of an hypothesis and is still apt to be questioned.2 Most historians may be prepared to accept as proven the high mortality of the Black Death and perhaps also the high mortality of the two or three lesser plagues which occurred within a generation of I 348. But they continue to differ about the exact rates of mortality during the plague and still more about the length of time medieval population took to recover. In general they are inclined to treat the period of pestilences as a temporary interlude in the continuous progression of English history. Thorold Rogers, who knew his medieval facts (none of his contemporaries and very few of his successors knew them equally well), went furthest in trying to accommodate

Field of study: Economics, History
Assessment of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in China via fish consumption and inhalation.

This study examined human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) associated with fish consumption and inhalation in China. The median intake of sigma7 PBDEs via human milk was 48.2 ng/day for nursing infants (0-1 years old) (a range of 23.4-99.1 ng/day). For all other age groups, the median intake of sigma11 PBDEs via fish consumption was 1.7-12.9 ng/day with a range of 0.59-56.3 ng/g. Additionally, human exposure to PBDEs via inhalation was 2.7-9.2 ng/day (a range of 0.72-108 ng/day). The median total sigma11 PBDEs intakes for nursing infants (6874 and 7372 pg/ kg b.w./day for males and females, respectively) were much higher than other age groups (215-608 pg/kg b.w./ day). No significant difference in the total PBDEs intakes was found between males and females. Of the 11 PBDEs congeners, BDE-47 was predominant in the total intake for nursing infants with a mean contribution of 38%, whereas BDE-209 was the dominant congener of total intake for other age groups, varying from 44 to 61%. Currently, the PBDEs levels in Chinese consumer fish and the total intakes of PBDEs via fish consumption were at the lower end of the global range. Compared with similar studies in other countries, however, human exposure to PBDEs via inhalation in China was relatively high. Overall, estimated daily intake of total PBDEs in the Chinese population was far below the LOAEL. However, studies are needed to further understand the fate and impact of PBDEs as PBDE-containing products are still used widely in large quantities in China.

Field of study: Environmental science
Lithogeochemical and Sm-Nd and U-Pb isotope data from the Silurian–Lower Devonian Arisaig Group clastic rocks, Avalon terrane, Nova Scotia: A record of terrane accretion in the Appalachian-Caledonide orogen

The Silurian–Lower Devonian Arisaig Group, in the Avalon terrane of Nova Scotia, consists of a thick (∼1900 m) sequence of unmetamorphosed fossiliferous siliciclastic strata deposited during terrane accretionary events in the Appalachian-Caledonide orogen. Geochemistry and Sm-Nd and U-Pb (detrital zircon) isotope data of Arisaig Group rocks contrast with the underlying Avalonian rocks, indicating that they were not derived from Avalonian basement. All sedimentary rocks are characterized by strongly negative ϵ Nd( t ) values (from −4.8 to −9.3, t = 430 Ma) and T DM ages older than 1.5 Ga; the overall trend from the base to the top of the group is toward increasingly negative ϵ Nd values. The fact that some Silurian sedimentary rocks contain detrital zircons of similar age suggests that basin formation was broadly coeval with active volcanism in the orogen. These samples also contain abundant Neoproterozoic–Early Cambrian zircons (ca. 620–520 Ma) and lesser abundances at ca. 1200–900 and 2200–1500 Ma. Archean zircons are very minor. The sample of Lower Devonian strata contains Late Silurian and Early Ordovician zircons and, in comparison to the Silurian samples, less abundant Cambrian (ca. 520–510 Ma) and Neoproterozoic (610–550 Ma; 834 Ma) zircons and subordinate Mesoproterozoic (1000–1200 Ma), Mesoproterozoic (1400–1600 Ma), and Paleoproterozoic (2000–2100 Ma) zircons. There are no Archean zircons. A comparison between the U-Pb detrital-zircon data and the age of tectonothermal events in potential source areas, together with regional geologic data, suggests that Silurian strata of the Arisaig Group were primarily derived from Baltica, but that there was increasing input from Laurentia by the time of deposition of the Lower Devonian strata of the group. The Arisaig Group is interpreted to have been deposited adjacent to the trailing edge of Avalonia during Appalachian accretionary events, and the geochemical and isotopic characteristics of its strata clearly record the signatures of these regional tectonic events.

Field of study: Geology
Der Einfluß eines elektrischen Kernquadrupolmoments auf den Paschen-Back-Effekt der Hyperfeinstruktur und die Struktur der Quecksilberlinie 2537 A

ZusammenfassungDie Formeln für die Energieniveaus im Paschen-Back-Effekt der Hyperfeinstruktur unter Berücksichtigung des Kernquadrupolmomentes werden angegeben und auf Messungen von O. Buhl an der Quecksilberresonanzlinie λ 2537 angewandt.

Field of study: Physics
Valence dependent asymmetric release of norepinephrine in the basolateral amygdala.

Emerging evidence from literature on humans suggests the valence of emotionally laden environmental stimuli may dictate whether amygdala activation is greater in one hemisphere relative to the contralateral side. However, only a paucity of animal studies attempt to unravel the mechanisms underlying the selective, valence-dependent initiation of activity in the amygdala of opposing hemispheres. The present studies assessed whether exposure to positive or negative appetitive conditions in an operant learning task differentially impacts norepinephrine activation of the left versus right amygdala, respectively. Dialysate samples of norepinephrine were collected from the basolateral nucleus of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Fluctuations in norepinephrine activity were sampled during training conditions involving an abrupt shift (i.e., increase or decrease) in the magnitude of food rewards normally provided for bar press responses. In a subsequent study, dialysate samples of norepinephrine were collected before, during, and after presentation of a negatively valenced stimulus involving footshock delivery during Pavlovian fear conditioning. Norepinephrine concentrations in the left but not right basolateral amygdala were elevated in groups presented with a positive experience of an unexpected increase in food reward after bar pressing (p < .01), relative to respective controls. In contrast, exposure to negatively valenced events involving a reduction in expected food rewards after bar pressing or presentation of a footshock during fear conditioning produced significant increases in norepinephrine output sampled from only the right but not left basolateral amygdala. These findings demonstrate that the valence of a learning event is selective in initiating asymmetric activation of the basolateral amygdala.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Increased glutathione cycling and vitamin E of P. falciparum infected erythrocytes fail to prevent spontaneous haemolysis.

In an attempt to understand the pathogenesis of anaemia in Plasmodium falciparum infection, the status of erythrocyte glutathione and vitamin E content in relation to the susceptibility of infected red cells to peroxide haemolysis was examined. Synchronized cultures of the parasite with either ring-, trophozoite or schizont-infected red cells showed a gradual increase in the reduced glutathione content which was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in schizont-infected cells. Trophozoite-infected cells revealed significant increase in oxidized glutathione (p < 0.01) suggesting an increase in glutathione utilization during active erythrocytic schizogony of the parasites. The membrane antioxidant vitamin E also showed an increased accumulation in trophozoite- and schizont-infected red cells (p < 0.05) but not in the uninfected or ring-infected erythrocytes. Despite a favourable change in these antioxidants, the infected as well as uninfected red cells from parasite cultures showed enhanced peroxide haemolysis (uninfected, p < 0.05; ring-rich, p < 0.05, trophozoite- and schizont-rich, p < 0.001). The study provided direct evidence for enhanced susceptibility of red cells to lysis, including those of uninfected cells exposed to parasite products. This might explain the cause for much higher red cell loss and anaemia during P. falciparum infection than all the infected cells put together.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Analytic expressions for the angular and the spectral fluxes at Compton X-ray sources.

The goal of this paper is to express simply the number of photons impinging on a target in the framework of accelerator-based Compton X-ray sources. From the basic kinematics of Compton sources, analytic formulas for the angular and the spectral fluxes are established as functions of the energy spread or/and the angular divergence of the electron and the laser beams. Their detailed predictions are compared with Monte Carlo simulations. These analytic expressions allow one to compute in a simple and precise way the X-ray flux in a given angular acceptance and a given energy bandwidth, knowing the characteristics of the incoming beams.

Field of study: Physics
Course and outcomes of depression in the elderly

Major depressive disorder is a potentially debilitating condition that often is unrecognized or undertreated in the elderly. Even when aggressively treated, the course of geriatric depression can be severe. There is growing evidence that suggests that late-life depression may carry a higher illness burden than depression with onset earlier in life, and that severity is linked to medical and psychiatric comorbidity. Data continue to accumulate in support of various treatment modalities, including medication, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychotherapy. Given the increased risk of adverse outcomes associated with geriatric depression, such as dementia and suicide, it is essential that future investigations continue to build on the evidence base supporting improved diagnosis and treatment of this complex disorder.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
The analysis method of aroma volatile compounds in tomato by solid phase microextraction(SPME)

In addition to the four basic flavors-sweet,sour,salty,and bitter-that humans recognize in foodstuffs,aromas also have an important influence on people's choice of foods.The aim of this study was to establish an analysis method of aroma volaitels in tomato fruit by SPME with gas chromatography.The suitable SPME fiber was CW/DVB.The absorption condition was 25min and 40℃.The desorption time of SPME on GC was 4min.The quantity of tomato sample in vial was 6g. A polar capillary column was used,with programmed column temperature and splitless injection.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Combination of Vancomycin and Cefazolin Lipid Nanoparticles for Overcoming Antibiotic Resistance of MRSA

Vancomycin is the treatment of choice for infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Clinically, combinations of vancomycin (VAN) and beta-lactams have been shown to improve patient outcomes compared to VAN alone for the treatment of MRSA bloodstream infections. However, VAN is known to cause nephrotoxicity, which could be ameliorated using biocompatible lipid drug delivery systems or liposomes. Previous attempts have been made for encapsulation of VAN in liposomes; however, drug loading has been poor, mainly because of the high aqueous solubility of VAN. In this study, we report a robust method to achieve high loading of VAN and cefazolin (CFZ) in unilamellar liposomes. Liposomes of sizes between 170–198 nm were prepared by modified reverse phase evaporation method and achieved high loading of 40% and 26% (weight/weight) for VAN and CFZ, respectively. Liposomal VAN reduced minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values 2-fold in comparison to commercial VAN. The combination of liposomal VAN (LVAN) and liposomal CFZ (LCFZ) demonstrated a 7.9-fold reduction compared to LVAN alone. Rhodamine dye-loaded liposomes demonstrated superior cellular uptake in macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells. Fluorescent images of LVAN-encapsulating near-infrared (NIR) dye, S0456 (LVAN-S0456) clearly indicated that LVAN-S0456 had reduced renal excretion with very low fluorescent intensity in the kidneys. It is anticipated that the long circulation and reduced kidney clearance of LVAN-S0456 compared to VAN-S0456 injected in mice can lead to enhanced efficacy against MRSA infections with reduced nephrotoxicity. Overall, our developed formulations of VAN when administered alone or in combination with CFZ, provide a rational approach for combating MRSA infections.

Field of study: Materials science
Jurassic and cretaceous marine connections between the Southeast Pacific and Tethys

The affinities of the ammonoid faunas from central-west and southern South America are used to analyze the evolution of seaways and oceanic connections with Tethys during the Jurassic and Cretaceous. During the Early and Middle Jurassic, marine connection with eastern Tethys was around the Australian margin of Gondwana. From the Pliensbachian onwards, connection with western Tethys occurred through the sporadically opened “Hispanic Corridor” in Central America. In Late Jurassic time, the break-up of Gondwanaland was initiated and a seaway began to open between South America-Africa and Antarctica. Connection of the eastern Pacific with Tethyan waters through southern Africa was sporadic and was still mainly around Australia and along the now open Central American seaway. Throughout the Early Cretaceous, the opening of the South Atlantic proceeded from south to north, and the first marine connection between the southern and northern Atlantic took place in Albian time. A definite marine connection between the opened South Atlantic and eastern Tethys, with faunal migration routes, was established in Late Hauterivian-Barremian time and became fully open in the Aptian-Albian. Successive stages in the opening of a South African seaway between Tethys and the southeast Pacific show an asymmetric development to the west and east of South Africa. During Late Cretaceous time oceanic circulation continued between the South Atlantic and eastern Tethys, and true oceanic conditions developed between the southern and northern Atlantic. The Antarctic Peninsula was still located in a position adjacent to South America, preventing open circulation between the South Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Challenging paradigms: long non-coding RNAs in breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)

OVERVIEW The continuing challenges to the treatment of breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) warrant a new avenue of investigation. In parallel, a startling revelation of the first post-genomic decade has been the rising prominence of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as key gene regulators, including in breast cancer. High-throughput experimental surveys of the human transcriptome show that lncRNAs are abundant. In contrast to microRNAs (miRNAs), lncRNAs possess multiple, diverse, heterogeneous molecular mechanisms of action making them high-level master regulators of gene regulatory networks and pathways in cancer. In particular, lncRNAs directly regulate the activity of transcription proteins and epigenetic modifiers, which, in turn, govern their own downstream sets of target genes. Therefore, provided that such lncRNA regulatory activities are functional in cancer, including DCIS, targeting the lncRNAs or the regulatory networks which they mediate can represent an important new avenue of treatment. Development of lncRNAtargeting therapies may emerge into a key innovation generated in clinical and translational research by the innovative use of the latest human genome annotation datasets combined with high throughput transcriptome analyses. We propose a paradigm shift: direct interrogation of lncRNAs in the molecular characterization of DCIS subtypes, including the idea that lncRNAs may be the trigger for progression from in situ to invasive cancer.

Field of study: Biology
A Note on the Theory of Moment Generating Functions

in which the integral is assumed to converge for a in some neighborhood of the origin, is called the moment generating function of X. In dealing with certain distribution problems, this function has been widely used by statisticians, and especially by the English writers, in place of the closely-related characteristic function f(t) = E(eitx). It is known that a characteristic function uniquely determines the corresponding distribution, and that if a sequence of characteristic functions approaches a limit, the corresponding sequence of distribution functions does likewise. These results are more accurately stated below.) The appropriate analogues for the moment generating function of these theorems are apparently not too readily accessible in the literature, if they have been treated at all, and it seems worthwhile to record them in this note. Henceforth we abbreviate distribution function to d.f., moment generating function to m.g.f., and characteristic function to c.f. The variables a and t will always be real, in contradistinction to the complex variable s, to be introduced in the next paragraph. The uniqueness property of the c.f. may be stated as follows: If Fi(x) and f,(t) are the d.f. and c.f. of one variate, and F2(x) and f2(t) are those of another, and if f,(t) = f2(t) for all2 t, then Fl(x) -F2(x) for all x [1, p. 28]. To study the corresponding situation for the m.g.f., we first observe that

Field of study: Mathematics
Melting Pot Modernism by Sarah Wilson (review)

valorizations of the world in an archaic Ireland of prosperity, plenty, chivalry, [and] hospitality" (133). These "wishful visions" stand in implicit contrast to the harsh anti-Semitism of the burgeoning rumor about Bloom that develops in the episode in part because "the parodic interpolations are written, not heard, and—unlike the [narrator's] story—will never circulate in the knowledge-world of the fictional citizens of Ulysses or redeem the victim of the narration of 'Cyclops'" (134). This observation is perhaps Norris's most compelling claim, one she returns to in many of her readings. Ulysses's formal experimentation, she suggests, does not provide any relief from the ethical dilemmas of the narrative but instead seems to implicate the reader even further. Tracing the path of a hypothetical virgin reader through Ulysses, Norris reminds us of the importance of the experience of reading modernist fiction as fiction. Norris's virgin reader approaches Ulysses as if it were any other novel, asking basic questions like, "who is the narrator here?" and "when did that happen?" In doing so, she reminds us of the ways in which our virgin responses still inform our veteran readings. As modernist studies continues to rediscover forgotten, ignored, and undervalued texts, Norris's argument about one of modernism's least ignored novels will be a significant contribution to a developing discussion about the importance of the unfamiliar in reading modernist fiction. Indeed, the lasting legacy of Virgin and Veteran Reading of Ulysses may be the reminder that modernist texts never really lose this aura of narrative unfamiliarity, even as they accumulate libraries of annotations.

Field of study: Art