nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Relationships between the Nevada Brief Cognitive Assessment Instrument and the St. Louis University Mental Status Examination in the Assessment of Disability Applicants

Mental status examinations of individuals applying for disability are most often authorized as “2-hour” evaluations and are to include a complete clinical and employment history, assessment of neurocognitive functions, an estimate of general level of intelligence, psychological and social adjustment, functional abilities, and a complete multipage report of the results. In the interest of meeting these demands we have been using the Nevada Brief Cognitive Assessment Instrument (NBCAI) to rapidly estimate verbal intelligence, and we have adopted the Saint Louis University Mental Status Examination (SLUMS) to investigate neurocognitive functions. Areas of correspondence and differences between these screens are presented along with an explanation of why execution of both screens could be useful in addressing psychological questions concerning disability. The two instruments failed to correlate significantly in a group of patients undergoing pre-surgical evaluation likely because this sample was more highly educated and more homogeneous than the sample of disability referrals. For example, although the ages of the samples were close (disability sample mean and standard deviation age: 43.88 and 11.35 years; pre-surgical sample mean and standard deviation age: 46.14 and 2.84 years), they differed considerably in level of education (disability sample mean and standard deviation: 11.03 and 2.15; pre-surgical mean and standard deviation: 15.22 and 2.84). The pre-surgical group had mean performances close to the ceiling levels of both instruments.

Field of study: Psychology
Radiocesium dating of sediments from lakes and reservoirs of different hydrological regimes

Important information on the transport and deposition of anthropogenic substances in rivers and lakes can be assessed using sediment analyses. Dating is a necessary prerequisite to calculate fluxes, to account for varying sedimentation rates, and thus to allow comparison between different localities. For sediments not older than 40 years, 137Cs dating has been successfully applied to natural and artificial lakes representing a wide range in water-residence times and sediment-trapping characteristics. Sedimentation rates for the period 1986 to the time of coring (mid 1990s) vary as a function of distance to the inflowing rivers, between 0.5 and 2.5 cm yr-1 (0.13−1.0 g cm-2 yr-1) in Greifensee and between 1.4 and 3.5 cm yr-1 (0.49−2.4 g cm-2 yr-1) in Lake Biel. In reservoirs located along the major Swiss rivers Aare and Rhine, sedimentation rates are in the same range from 1.8 cm yr-1 (0.69 g cm-2 yr-1) in Augst (Rhine) to 3.4 cm hr-1 (1.8 g cm-2 yr-1) in Klingnau (Aare). Sedimentation rates from the period...

Field of study: Environmental science
Emerging roles of the Th17/IL-17-axis in glomerulonephritis.

Different T cell subsets have been implicated in the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis. Several lines of evidence indicate the recently identified interleukin-17 (IL-17)-producing T cells (Th17 cells) to be involved in the renal inflammatory cascade associated with glomerulonephritis. In this review we outline different forms of glomerulonephritis and the contribution of the Th17/IL-17-axis in mediating the downstream effects and pathology associated with the disease. Learning more about the Th17/IL-17-axis can help to develop promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of various forms of glomerulonephritis.

Field of study: Medicine
In vitro postantibiotic effect of roxithromycin and erythromycin against gram-positive cocci.

A persistent suppression of bacterial growth following a brief exposure to an antibiotic (postantibiotic effect [PAE]) has been described for a variety of antibiotics and microorganisms. Data concerning PAE have not yet been demonstrated in Taiwan. In this study, the PAEs of erythromycin (EM) and roxithromycin (RXM) against 4 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 3 of Streptococcus pyogenes and 1 of Streptococcus pneumoniae were tested. Dilution method was used for removal of drugs. Two controls, one free of drug and one in 1/1000 of the original drug concentrations were used. The results showed that the PAE lasted longer in strains of S. aureus (RXM 1.7-2.1 h; EM 1.7-2.1 h) and S. pyogenes (RXM 1.7-3.0 h; EM 1.9-2.9 h) than those in S. pneumoniae (RXM 0.6-1.6 h; EM 0.8-1.4 h). There was no difference of PAE between RXM and EM against each bacterial strain tested.

Field of study: Biology
Factors Influencing the Successful Adoption of Decision Support Systems: The Context of Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority

This research aimed to examine the main factors that influence the successful adoption of Decision SupportSystems (DSS) in the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority (ASEZA). It investigated a set of factors which are;System Characteristics (Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) & Perceived usefulness (PU)), Technical Aspects(information technology infrastructure & information systems interoperability), and Organizational Aspects (topmanagement support (TMS), management style (MS), & organizational structure (OS)).A questionnaire was distributed to a sample of (161) respondents to collect primary data, & based on aconvenience sample the response rate was about 79%. Furthermore, the findings were analyzed using theStatistical Package for Social Software (SPSS), with an R2 of 35.3%, linear Multiple Regression analysis revealedthat all research variables have significant effect on successful adoption of DSS.The results indicated that PU & IT infrastructures have a positive & significant influence on the successfuladoption of DSS. Whereas, PEOU, IS interoperability, TMS, MS, & OS have no significant influence on thesuccessful adoption of DSS. Finally, the findings indicated that no significant statistical differences existedbetween respondents’ perceptions towards DSS adoption in terms of their demographic characteristics. Based onthe research findings & conclusions, a number of recommendations & future research suggestions are proposed.

Field of study: Business
A general model of software architecture design derived from five industrial approaches

We compare five industrial software architecture design methods and we extract from their commonalities a general software architecture design approach. Using this general approach, we compare across the five methods the artifacts and activities they use or recommend, and we pinpoint similarities and differences. Once we get beyond the great variance in terminology and description, we find that the five approaches have a lot in common and match more or less the ''ideal'' pattern we introduced. From the ideal pattern we derive an evaluation grid that can be used for further method comparisons.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Experimental investigation on intelligent control of active lap based on CMAC neural network

A new way to control the active lap by CMAC(cerebellar model articulation controller) neural network is put forward,based on the controlling system features of nonlinear and muti-variables.Using parameters of lap surface as input variables,pulse voltages of servo control unit as output variables,the function between input and output variables could be fitted by CMAC neural network.To testify this intelligent controlling idea,an experimental platform is constructed,which is composed of an active lap and lap testing system.The lap is controlled by 3 actuate motors with its available changing caliber 420 mm,and the change of lap surface could be measured by 60 micro displacement sensor matrix.The active lap is actuated by a single motor,two motors and three motors respectively,and the errors between experimental and theoretical surface are measured.The peak-valley value are 0.99 μm,2.34 μm and 2.68 μm,and the root mean square value are 0.19 μm,0.59 μm and 0.57 μm respectively.These results testify the feasibility of active lap controlled by CMAC neural networks.

Field of study: Physics
Birds Hill, an esker near Winnipeg, Manitoba

Introduction and topographic Description Last August, during the meeting in Winnipeg of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, an excursion by 16 of the geologists in attendance was taken for examination of the esker named Birds Hill, adjoining the station and little village of Birds Hill, 8 miles northeast of Winnipeg, on the old and original main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. This esker, a ridge of sand and gravel, extensively excavated for building and street uses, has a length of about 4 miles to the southeast and east from that station. Both the old line of the Canadian Pacific Railway and its newer line on the south have spur tracks or short branch lines for bringing the sand and gravel from the many and long excavations by which much of this esker at each end and along the greater part of its course is being removed .

Field of study: Geology
Assortative mating for a quantitative character

Phenotypic assortative mating is investigated for a character determined by additive loci without dominance and a stochastically independent environment. Conditional-expectation arguments are used to calculate the equilibrium values of the phenotypic variance and the correlation between sundry relatives. For the latter, it suffices to suppose that the regressions of an individual's genotype on his phenotype and of his phenotype on that of his mate are linear. For the former, linearity of the regression of the allelic effects on the phenotype is also posited. The biological implications of these assumptions are discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Effect of Three Growth Regulators on Pyrethrin Content and the Traits Related to Pyrethrin Yield

Pyrethrin content and the traits related to pyrethrin yield were determined after the application of ethrel,paclobutrazol and daminozide using a good pyrethrum clone selected from field in Yunnan Province. The results showed that three growth regulators significantly increased the pyrethrin content in flower, and both of 1 000 mg/L daminozide and 50 mg/L ethrel were better treatments, with a growth rate of 17.9% and 15.2%, respectively.Ethrel, paclobutrazol and daminozide also increased the pyrethrin yield by improving the fresh and dry flower yield, and paclobutrazol at 150 mg/L gained the highest pyrethrin yield with 770 mg/plant higher than the control,following with 50 mg/L ethrel treatment which was 514 mg/plant higher than the control.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The use of telemedicine in the management of acute stroke.

Cerebrovascular disease, including acute ischemic stroke, remains a major public health problem in the US and throughout the world. There has been a concerted effort to apply evidence-based practices to stroke care to improve primary and secondary prevention as well as poststroke outcomes. Geography and workforce shortages contribute to a disparity in stroke care, however, among the substantial proportion of the US population that lives outside the reach of an acute stroke-ready hospital or a primary or comprehensive stroke center. In an attempt to combat the rural-to-urban disparity and expand the availability of best stroke practices, Levine and Gorman proposed the development of telemedical outreach for acute stroke evaluation and management, which they called "telestroke." Since then, the practice of telestroke has been found to have a high interrater agreement with a bedside assessment of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, to enhance correct thrombolysis decision making as compared with telephone-only consultation, and to be cost-effective. In light of these findings and the perception of benefit by acute stroke providers and patients, there has been growing interest in and a rapid expansion of telestroke networks in the US and internationally. There are legal and financial barriers to more widespread use of telemedicine in general, including telestroke. Further research is needed to understand the potential merits of telestroke infrastructure for the many phases of stroke care including poststroke hospitalization, prevention of complications, enhancing secondary prevention, and education of patients and providers.

Field of study: Medicine
Towards cross-task universal perturbation against black-box object detectors in autonomous driving

Deep neural network is the main research branch in artificial intelligence and suitable for many decision-making fields. Autonomous driving and unmanned vehicle often depend on deep neural networks for accurate and reliable detection, classification, and ranging of surrounding objects in real on-road environments, either locally or by swarm intelligence among distributed nodes via 5G channel. But, it has been demonstrated that deep neural networks are vulnerable to well-designed adversarial examples that are imperceptible to human eyes in computer vision tasks. It is valuable to study the vulnerability for enhancing the robustness of neural networks. However, existing adversarial examples against object detection models are image-dependent, so in this paper, we implement adversarial attacks against object detection models using universal perturbations. We find the cross-task, cross-model, and cross-dataset transferability of universal perturbations, we train universal perturbations generator firstly and then add the universal perturbations to the target images in two ways: resizing and pile-up, in order to solve the problem that universal perturbations cannot be directly applied to attack object detection models. We use the transferability of universal perturbations to attack black-box object detection models. In this way, the time cost of generating adversarial examples is reduced. A series of experiments are conducted on PASCAL VOC and MS COCO datasets demonstrating the feasibility of cross-task attacks and proving the effectiveness of our attack on two representative object detectors: regression-based models like YOLOv3 and proposal-based models like Faster R-CNN.

Field of study: Computer science
Viral decay and viral production rates in continental-shelf and deep-sea sediments of the Mediterranean Sea.

Here, for the first time, we have carried out synoptic measurements of viral production and decay rates in continental-shelf and deep-sea sediments of the Mediterranean Sea to explore the viral balance. The net viral production and decay rates (1.1-61.2 and 0.6-13.5 x 10(7) viruses g(-1) h(-1), respectively) were significantly correlated, and were also related to prokaryotic heterotrophic production. The addition of enzymes increased the decay rates in the surface sediments, but not in the subsurface sediments. Both the viral production and the decay rates decreased significantly in the deeper sediment layers, while the virus-to-prokaryote abundance ratio increased, suggesting a high preservation of viruses in the subsurface sediments. Viral decay did not balance viral production at any of the sites investigated, accounting on average for c. 32% of the gross viral production in the marine sediments. We estimate that the carbon (C) released by viral decay contributed 6-23% to the total C released by the viral shunt. Because only c. 2% of the viruses produced can infect other prokaryotes, the majority is not subjected to direct lysis and potentially remains as a food source for benthic consumers. The results reported here suggest that viral decay can play an important role in biogeochemical cycles and benthic trophodynamics.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Effect of a hard-magnetic surface layer in domain structures in the region of spontaneous spin-reorientation phase transition in erbium orthoferrite plates

The rearrangement of domain structures in erbium orthoferrite plates with a hard-magnetic surface layer has been visually investigated and explained on the basis of proposed physical models. It is shown that, when the temperature of such plates approaches the temperature range of spin reorientation, the surface energy density of the domain walls separating the internal and surface domains decreases, resulting in a transition to domain structures that are close to equilibrium.

Field of study: Physics
Structure of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Plasmodium falciparum.

The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for about two million deaths annually, making it important to obtain information about enzymes from this organism that represent potential drug targets. The gene for P. falciparum glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (PfGAPDH) has been cloned and the protein expressed as a hexahistidine-tagged recombinant protein in Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein has been crystallized and its three-dimensional structure determined. One molecule of the cofactor NAD+ is bound to each of the four subunits in the tetrameric enzyme. The major structural feature distinguishing human GAPDH from PfGAPDH is the insertion of a dipeptide (-KG-) in the so-called S loop. This insert, together with other characteristic single-amino-acid substitutions, alters the chemical environment of the groove that encompasses the R dyad and that links adjacent cofactor-binding sites and may be responsible for the selective inhibition of the enzyme by ferriprotoporphyrin IX.

Field of study: Chemistry
On Optimal Gaussian Signaling in MIMO Relay Channels With Partial Decode-and-Forward

For Gaussian multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) relay channels with partial decode-and-forward, the optimal type of input distribution is still an open question in general. Recent research has revealed that in some other scenarios with unknown optimal input distributions (e.g., interference channels), improper (i.e., noncircular) Gaussian distributions can outperform proper (circular) Gaussian distributions. In this paper, we show that this is not the case for partial decode-and-forward in the Gaussian MIMO relay channel with Gaussian transmit signals, i.e., we show that a proper Gaussian input distribution is the optimal one among all Gaussian distributions. In order to prove this property, an innovation covariance matrix is introduced, and a decomposition is performed by considering the optimization over this matrix as an outer problem. A key point for showing optimality of proper signals then is a reformulation that reveals that one of the subproblems is equivalent to a sum rate maximization in a two-user MIMO broadcast channel under a sum covariance constraint, for which the optimality of proper signals can be shown.

Field of study: Engineering
Tailoring Cu Nanoparticle Catalyst for Methanol Synthesis Using the Spinning Disk Reactor

Cu nanoparticles are known to be very active for methanol (MeOH) synthesis at relatively low temperatures, such that smaller particle sizes yield better MeOH productivity. We aimed to control Cu nanoparticle (NP) size and size distribution for catalysing MeOH synthesis, by using the spinning disk reactor. The spinning disk reactor (SDR), which operates based on shear effect and plug flow in thin films, can be used to rapidly micro-mix reactants in order to control nucleation and particle growth for uniform particle size distribution. This could be achieved by varying both physical and chemical operation conditions in a precipitation reaction on the SDR. We have used the SDR for a Cu borohydride reduction to vary Cu NP size from 3 nm to about 55 nm. XRD and TEM characterization confirmed the presence of Cu2O and Cu crystallites when the samples were dried. This technique is readily scalable for Cu NP production by processing continuously over a longer duration than the small-scale tests. However, separation of the nanoparticles from solution posed a challenge as the suspension hardly settled. The Cu NPs produced were tested to be active catalyst for MeOH synthesis at low temperature and MeOH productivity increased with decreasing particle size.

Field of study: Materials science
Development of Pr:LuAG Scintillator Array and Assembly for Positron Emission Mammography

In order to detect the breast cancer at the early stage with high efficiency, we intend to develop positron emission mammography (PEM), using Pr:LuAG single crystal as a scintillator of this scanner. PEM has the same mechanism of PET, where two 511 keV annihilation gamma-rays are detected by two gamma cameras at opposite side, and reconstruction of the data shows the position of the cancer with malignancy grades. After cutting and polishing processes for each crystal to a physical dimensions of 2.1 × 2.1 × 15 mm3, Pr:LuAG array covered with BaSO4 reflector was used as a sensor head. The one camera unit consisted of 20 × 64 pixels optically coupled with three H8500-03 multi anode PMTs. Our PEM required four cameras at each side. Finally, eight cameras were installed in both sides of the prototype instrument and the spatial resolution was evaluated using the 18F in the breast phantom.

Field of study: Physics
Perceptions of Active Versus Passive Risks, and the Effect of Personal Responsibility

Not getting vaccinated or not backing up computer files are examples of passive risk taking: risk brought on or magnified by inaction. We suggest the difficulty in paying attention to absences, together with the reduced agency and responsibility that is associated with passive choices, leads to the perception of passive risks as being less risky than equivalent active risks. Using scenarios in which risk was taken either actively or passively, we demonstrate that passive risks are judged as less risky than equivalent active risks. We find the perception of personal responsibility mediates the differences between the perception of passive and active risks. The current research offers an additional explanation for omission or default biases: The passive nature of these choices causes them to appear less risky than they really are.

Field of study: Psychology
The Function of Introns

The intron–exon architecture of many eukaryotic genes raises the intriguing question of whether this unique organization serves any function, or is it simply a result of the spread of functionless introns in eukaryotic genomes. In this review, we show that introns in contemporary species fulfill a broad spectrum of functions, and are involved in virtually every step of mRNA processing. We propose that this great diversity of intronic functions supports the notion that introns were indeed selfish elements in early eukaryotes, but then independently gained numerous functions in different eukaryotic lineages. We suggest a novel criterion of evolutionary conservation, dubbed intron positional conservation, which can identify functional introns.

Field of study: Biology