nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Solid state hydrogen conduction in a novel process for hydrogen addition

An electrocatalytic method for the chemical addition of hydrogen to a hydrocarbon compound is proposed. In the method, hydrogen formed by water electrolysis at the counter electrode of an electrochemical cell, is delivered via conduction through a proton-conducting solid electrolyte. The working electrode of the cell serves as a hydroprocessing catalyst and therefore promotes the reaction of the hydrogen with the hydrocarbon. The ability of β″-Al2O3 to both perform as a catalyst and to conduct hydrogen is demonstrated. It was found that liquid water must be in contact with the solid for conduction to occur at practical rates. In addition, it was shown that ion-exchange of the alkali metal ion with the protonated cation (e.g., H3O+) could be performed in situ. Finally, a β″ β- Al 2 O 3 designed to develop H3O+-β″-Al2O3 was found to be far less susceptible to mechanical degradation than a purer, commercially prepared Na+-β″-Al2O3.

Field of study: Materials science
Ego-Involvement and the Difficulty Law of Motivation: Effects on Performance-Related Cardiovascular Response

Two experiments found that effort-related cardiovascular reactivity under ego-involvement follows the principles of motivational intensity theory. Experiment 1 manipulated ego-involvement and the difficulty of a memory task. Under high ego-involvement, cardiovascular reactivity during task performance increased with fixed task difficulty; an unfixed performance standard elicited the same high reactivity as a fixed high standard. Experiment 2 manipulated ego-involvement and administered a memory task with unfixed versus extremely high performance standards. High ego-involvement increased cardiovascular reactivity only when the performance standard was unfixed but not when success was obviously impossible. Both studies found associations between cardiovascular reactivity and achievement and controlled for emotional states. The findings clarify previous research and theorizing about ego-involvement and motivation.

Field of study: Psychology
Fabrication of Carbon Nanostructures by Pulsed Electric Discharge between Metal Electrodes Using Fluorine-containing Organic Liquid

The carbon nanotube and carbon nanoparticle that contain fluorine on the surface were prepared by the pulsed electric discharge in fluorine-containing organic liquid. The production rate of carbon nanostructures by this method was found to be about 50 times faster than that by the "arc in liquid" method previously reported.

Field of study: Chemistry
Executive and Social Functioning Across Development in Children and Adolescents with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure.

Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) is linked to a variety of neurodevelopmental challenges, including social functioning (SF) and executive functioning (EF) deficits. These deficits present differently across developmental stages from preschool age to adolescence.



The post-hoc analyses described here analyzed data from eighty-three preschool-age children with PAE (early childhood group; ages 2.5-5.0) and ninety-five adolescents (49 with PAE, 46 controls; ages 8-16). Each child completed EF tasks as part of several prior studies. Children's parents completed social and communication inventories about their child's abilities. Thirty-three participants from the early childhood group returned for a four-year follow-up and completed both SF and EF measures.



Both the early childhood and adolescent groups with PAE showed deficits in SF and EF. There was a relationship between SF and EF within the adolescent PAE group that was not present in the adolescent control group or the early childhood PAE group. However, at the four-year follow-up (Mage = 8.45), those originally in the early childhood PAE group also demonstrated this relationship.



These findings support previous research on EF/SF deficits in adolescents with PAE while also addressing a gap in the literature concerning early childhood research on this topic. Additionally, these findings suggest that the relationship between EF and SF deficits may strengthen throughout development. This line of research may highlight sensitive periods for SF and EF training in children with PAE and may suggest that FASD programs consider targeting EF training as a component in social skill interventions.

Field of study: Medicine
Stabilization of the frequency of a two-mode He–Ne laser with the aid of magnetic hyperfine structure components of the λ =3.39 μ line of methane

The frequency of a two-mode He–Ne laser (λ =3.39 μ) with an intracavity telescopic beam expander was stabilized for the first time using resolved magnetic hyperfine structure components of the methane F2(2) line, selected by the highly sensitive method of frequency detection of saturated dispersion resonances. Investigations were made of the stability and shifts of the laser frequency as functions of various physical parameters. Operating conditions were found for minimizing the shifts in the stabilized frequency over a wide range of parameter variations. The long-term frequency stability of the radiation emitted by a compact twomode laser with a telescope was found to be 2×10−14 for a 100-sec averaging time, while the shifts in the stabilized frequency did not exceed a few hertz over a wide range of variation of the main parameters.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Anomalous hyperfine fields detected with the differential angular correlation method

Time differential perturbed angular distributions of nanosecond-levels of some rare earth nuclei embedded in a ferromagnetic host lattice have been measured. Coulomb excitation with 4–10 MeV α-particles and recoil implantation technique have been used. Some evidences have been found for anomalous hyperfine fields acting on the nucleus in a time period which cannot be resolved. On a time scale starting at about 1 nsec where details can be resolved, the hypothesis of a static hyperfine field parallel to the external polarizing field seems to be justified.

Field of study: Physics
Études sédimentologiques dans L'île de Ré

RésuméL'observation de nombreux sédiments de plage et l'étude de prélèvements effectués au large ont montré que l'île de Ré est actuellement privée de sources importantes de sédiments grossiers étrangers; l'évolution des sables — auxquels succède très rapidement vers le large la vase — ne se poursuit plus que par des transferts littoraux, sur un matériel local, depuis le Flandrien, période à laquelle il faut également rattacher l'importante proportion de grains de quartz au cachet éolien très marqué.L'étude granulométrique, celle des minéraux lourds permettent de séparer en deux stocks différents l'ensemble des sables des dunes et des plages; elles dénotent également des transports d'Ouest en Est.

Field of study: Environmental science
Synthesis of 2,1-benzisoxazoles (microreview)

This microreview summarizes data published over the past 10 years devoted to the synthesis of substituted 2,1-benzisoxazoles. The major synthetic approaches aim at increasing either the electrophilicity or nucleophilicity of ortho substituents or other substrates. Ortho-substituted aryl azides, anilines, nitroso- and nitrobenzenes were used as starting compounds.

Field of study: Chemistry
High-resolution melting analysis of the common c.1905+1G>A mutation causing dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency and lethal 5-fluorouracil toxicity

Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficiency is a pharmacogenetic syndrome associated with life-threatening toxicity following exposure to the fluoropyrimidine drugs 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and capecitabine (CAP), widely used for the treatment of colorectal cancer and other solid tumors. The most prominent loss-of-function allele of the DPYD gene is the splice-site mutation c.1905+1G>A. In this study we report the case of a 73-year old woman with metastatic colorectal cancer who died from drug-induced toxicity after the first cycle of 5-FU-containing chemotherapy. Her symptoms included severe neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, mucositis and diarrhea; she died 16 days later despite intensive care measures. Post-mortem genetic analysis revealed that the patient was homozygous for the c.1905+1G>A deleterious allele and several family members consented to being screened for this mutation. This is the first report in Spain of a case of 5-FU-induced lethal toxicity associated with a genetic defect that results in the complete loss of the DPD enzyme. Although the frequency of c.1905+1G>A carriers in the white population ranges between 1 and 2%, the few data available for the Spanish population and the severity of this case prompted us to design a genotyping procedure to prevent future toxic effects of 5-FU/CAP. Since our group had previously developed a high-resolution melting (HRM) assay for the simultaneous detection of KRAS, BRAF, and/or EGFR somatic mutations in colorectal and lung cancer patients considered for EGFR-targeted therapies, we included the DPYD c.1905+1G>A mutation in the screening test that we describe herein. HRM provides a rapid, sensitive, and inexpensive method that can be easily implemented in diagnostic settings for the routine pre-therapeutic testing of a gene mutation panel with implications in the pharmacologic treatment.

Field of study: Biology
Periodicity in the continua and broad line curves of a quasar E1821+643

Here we present an in-depth analysis of the periodicity of the continua and broad emission lines of a quasar E1821+643. We applied non-parametric composite models, the linear sum of stationary and non-stationary Gaussian processes, and quantified contribution of their periodic parts. We found important qualitative differences among the three periodic signals. Periods of ∼2200${\sim}2200$ and ∼4500${\sim}4500$ days appear in both continua 5100 Å and 4200 Å, as well as in the Hγ$\mathrm{H}\upgamma$ emission line. Their integer ratio is nearly harmonic ∼12${\sim}\frac{1}{2}$, suggesting the same physical origin. We discuss the nature of these periods, proposing that the system of two objects in dynamical interaction can be origin of two largest periods.

Field of study: Physics
Antioxidant Activity of Different Solvent Extracts of Yunnan Pu-erh Tea

Antioxidant activity of different solvent extracts of Yunnan Pu-erh tea was studied in this paper.The scavenging ability of DPPH free radical,OH-free radical,superoxide anion free radical and nitrite of different solvent extracts of Pu-erh tea,as well as reducing power were investigated by using rutin and ascorbic acid(vitamin C)as the control.Results suggested that the different solvent extracts of Pu-erh had significant scavenging effects on the DPPH free radical,OH-free radical and superoxide anion free radical.All kinds of extracts had significant reducing power,but had no significant effects on nitrite.The antioxidant activity of different solvent extracts of Pu-erh had positive correlation with their concentrations.The scavenging effects of ethanol sedimentation segment,n-butanol extract,ethanol extract,ethanol soluted segment on the DPPH free radical were stronger than that of rutin control at the same concentration.In addition,the water extract,ethanol sedimentation segment and ethanol soluted segment had stronger ability of scavenging OH-free radical,but lower than that of Vc control.Acetal extract had stronger scavenging effects on superoxide anion free radical and nitrite and also had stronger reducing power.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Operant Conditioning Techniques for Children With Learning Disabilities

no help, am limited to the material provided by the district, see the school psychologist only about an IQ test or some grave issue, have children whose parents couldn’t care less about academic improvement, and have to cope with all the other endless demands on my time during the school day?&dquo; Criticisms such as these often block the use of operant procedures in the public schools, but there are other reasons as well for the schools’ reluctance to adopt behavioral principles in their programs. Undoubtedly, the main reason many teachers balk at applying operant procedures in the classroom is that often those who have sought to translate procedures for classroom use have used too many terms that are meaningless to the teachers. Terms such

Field of study: Education
Randomization and simplification in dynamic decision-making

Randomization adds beneficial flexibility to the construction of optimal simple plans in dynamic environments. A decision-maker, restricted to the use of simple plans, may find a stochastic plan that strictly outperforms all deterministic ones. This is true even in noninteractive deterministic environments where the decision-maker's choices have no influence on his signals nor on the future evolution of the system. We describe a natural decomposition of simple plans into two components: an action selection rule and a behavior modification rule. In noninteractive environments optimal simple plans do not require randomization in the action selection rule. Only randomization in the behavior modification rule may be necessary.

Field of study: Economics
Research on Credit System Construction of Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Greater Bay Area Based on Blockchain Technology

The establishment of credit system based on blockchain technology in Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GHMGBA) is a modern and new digital co-governance credit model under the mode of social co-governance. Under the impact of global fintech innovation, the economic and social development needs to establish a new co-governance credit model to replace the traditional indirect credit model. In this paper, distributed security authentication technology, artificial intelligence technology, security of cloud storage technology and big data processing technology are effectively combined with blockchain technology, to establish a distributed and co-governance credit system, and to realize the credit records, credit investigation, credit collection, credit evaluation, and to realize automation and intelligent of the whole management of credit system, to realize the advantages of high distribution, high availability, tamper-proof, verifiability, high scalability, openness and sharability of credit information , to provide innovation and development paths for green, inclusive and intelligent financial services

Field of study: Engineering
Unitary representations of the $\mathcal{W}_3$-algebra with $c\geq 2$

We prove unitarity of the vacuum representation of the $\mathcal{W}_3$-algebra for all values of the central charge $c\geq  We do it by modifying the free field realization of Fateev and Zamolodchikov resulting in a representation which, by a nontrivial argument, can be shown to be unitary on a certain invariant subspace, although it is not unitary on the full space of the two currents needed for the construction. These vacuum representations give rise to simple unitary vertex operator algebras. We also construct explicitly unitary representations for many positive lowest weight values. Taking into account the known form of the Kac determinants, we then completely clarify the question of unitarity of the irreducible lowest weight representations of the $\mathcal{W}_3$-algebra in the $2\leq c\leq 98$ region.

Field of study: Mathematics
Provenance and palaeogeographic history of the Turonian Makurdi sandstones in the Benue Trough of Nigeria

The sandstones of the Makurdi Formation of Nigeria (Turonian) consist mainly of texturally immature, pebbly arkosic wacke with minor arkosic arenite. The feldspathic composition of the sandstones, the dominance of monocrystalline nonundulose quartz grains, and frequent occurrence of vein quartz pebbles, with occasionally large microline clasts, suggest derivation from granitic basement complexes associated with little or no metamorphic rocks. Ternary plots of framework modes as well as composition and textural characteristics of the heavy minerals indicate derivation of detritus from uplifted dispersal centres of a continental block provenance region of plutonic affinities. The crystalline basement terrains flanking the Benue trough, both within and outside Nigeria, satisfy such an uplifted source model. Deposition of the clastics took place mainly during the occasional reversals of the predominantly transgressive sea movements in the Benue trough during the Late Cretaceous.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
What do women want? Valuing women's preferences and estimating demand for alternative models of maternity care using a discrete choice experiment.

In many countries, there has been a considerable shift towards providing a more woman-centred maternity service, which affords greater consumer choice. Maternity service provision in Ireland is set to follow this trend with policymakers committed to improving maternal choice at hospital level. However, women's preferences for maternity care are unknown, as is the expected demand for new services. In this paper, we used a discrete choice experiment (DCE) to (1) investigate women's strengths of preference for different features of maternity care; (2) predict market uptake for consultant- and midwifery-led care, and a hybrid model of care called the Domiciliary In and Out of Hospital Care scheme; and (3) calculate the welfare change arising from the provision of these services. Women attending antenatal care across two teaching hospitals in Ireland were invited to participate in the study. Women's preferred model of care resembled the hybrid model of care, with considerably more women expected to utilise this service than either consultant- or midwifery-led care. The benefit of providing all three services proved considerably greater than the benefit of providing two or fewer services. From a priority setting perspective, pursuing all three models of care would generate a considerable welfare gain, although the cost-effectiveness of such an approach needs to be considered.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Beneficial effects of enalapril on reperfusion arrhythmia and segmental contraction in anesthetized dogs.

Left anterior descending (LAD) was occluded for 60 min followed by reperfusion in mongrel dogs. In control group (n=14), 6 dogs died of ventricular fibrillation after LAD occlusion, another 4 out of 8 died of arrhythmia after reperfusion. While in enalapril pretreated group (n=10) only 1 died after occlusion and none after reperfusion (p<0.05). Segmental shortenings (L) in both ischemic and normal areas were measured by ultrasonic crystals implanted in subendocardium and connected to sonomicrometer 120. Both end diastolic length (EDL) and end systolic length (ESL) were prolonged significantly in ischemic area, and in control dogs the ESL often surpassed that of EDL, implicates a passive protraction of ischemic area during systole. While in enalapril group, reduction of AL was significantly less than that in control group, indicating the improvement in segmental contraction during ischemia. Enalapril lowered the blood pressure, dP/dt-max and blood pressure×heart rate, hence reduced myocardial oxygen consumption, which might contribute partly to the mechanism of cardio-protection.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Improved Measurement of the Kinetics of Crystallization in a Batch Experiment

An improved method is described whereby knowledge of the supersaturation course during a run and measurement of the final product crystal size distribution yield the growth rate of crystals and the nucleation rate in a wide range of supersaturations from only a single batch experiment. The evaluation method is refined by the interpolation of experimental data for short intervals of time. The method is illustrated using potassium sulfate crystallization as an example.

Field of study: Chemistry
Imaging characteristics of chronic spinal cord injury identified during screening for a cell transplantation clinical trial.

OBJECTIVEIn cell transplantation trials for spinal cord injury (SCI), quantifiable imaging criteria that serve as inclusion criteria are important in trial design. The authors' institutional experience has demonstrated an overall high rate of screen failures. The authors examined the causes for trial exclusion in a phase I, open-lab clinical trial examining the role of autologous Schwann cell intramedullary transplantation. Specifically, they reviewed the imaging characteristics in people with chronic SCI that excluded applicants from the trial, as this was a common cause of screening failures in their study.METHODSThe authors reviewed MRI records from 152 people with chronic (> 1 year) SCI who volunteered for intralesional Schwann cell transplantation but were deemed ineligible by prospectively defined criteria. Rostral-caudal injury lesion length was measured along the long axis of the spinal cord in the sagittal plane on T2-weighted MRI. Other lesion characteristics, specifically those pertaining to lesion cavity structure resulting in trial exclusion, were recorded.RESULTSImaging records from 152 potential participants with chronic SCI were reviewed, 42 with thoracic-level SCI and 110 with cervical-level SCI. Twenty-three individuals (55%) with thoracic SCI and 70 (64%) with cervical SCI were not enrolled in the trial based on imaging characteristics. For potential participants with thoracic injuries who did not meet the screening criteria for enrollment, the average rostral-caudal sagittal lesion length was 50 mm (SD 41 mm). In applicants with cervical injuries who did not meet the screening criteria for enrollment, the average sagittal lesion length was 34 mm (SD 21 mm).CONCLUSIONSWhile screening people with SCI for participation in a cell transplantation clinical trial, lesion length or volume can exclude potential subjects who appear appropriate candidates based on neurological eligibility criteria. In planning future cell-based therapy trials, the limitations incurred by lesion size should be considered early due to the screening burden and impact on candidate selection.

Field of study: Medicine
Laser damage test results on Balzers round-robin thin film samples.

The pulsed laser damage threshold of several thin film coatings has been assessed using 1.06-μm radiation at a pulse length of 6-nsec FWHM. The irradiation spot size was 360 μm in diameter at the 1/e2 points in intensity. These coatings are part of a well-characterized master set prepared for round-robin testing by Balzers of Liechtenstein, a leading thin film manufacturer. Similar data from eight different laboratories in the United States and Europe have been intercompared to evaluate test procedures and film reproducibility [ K. H. Guenther ,  Opt.23, 3743 ( 1984)].

Field of study: Physics