nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization and uses of monoclonal antibody derived against DNA binding domain of the ets family of genes.

A monoclonal antibody recognizing ets proteins from a variety of species has been developed. This antibody recognizes ets1, ets2, erg, and other related proteins. It has a high affinity for the ets1 protein. The epitope for the pan ets mAb consists of about 13 amino acids. This antibody can be used to isolate and characterize new members of ets gene family derived from a c-DNA expression library, as well as to identify other "ets motif" binding proteins.

Field of study: Biology
Going Multilateral? Financial Markets' Access and the League of Nations Loans, 1923–8

Why are international financial institutions important? This article reassesses the role of the loans issued with the support of the League of Nations. These long‐term loans constituted the financial basis of the League's strategy to restore the productive basis of countries in central and eastern Europe in the aftermath of the First World War. In this article, it is argued that the League's loans accomplished the task for which they were conceived because they allowed countries in financial distress to access capital markets. The League adopted an innovative system of funds management and monitoring that ensured the compliance of borrowing countries with its programmes. Empirical evidence is provided to show that financial markets had a positive view of the League's role as an external, multilateral agent, solving the credibility problem of borrowing countries and allowing them to engage in economic and institutional reforms. This success was achieved despite the League's own lack of lending resources. It is also demonstrated that this multilateral solution performed better than the bilateral arrangements adopted by other governments in eastern Europe because of its lower borrowing and transaction costs.

Field of study: Economics, History
A Three-Year Reflective Writing Program as Part of Introductory Pharmacy Practice Experiences

To implement and evaluate a 3-year reflective writing program incorporated into introductory pharmacy practice experiences (IPPEs) in the first- through third-year of a doctor of pharmacy ( Reflective writing was integrated into 6 IPPE courses to develop students’ lifelong learning skills. In their writing, students were required to self-assess their performance in patient care activities, identify and describe how they would incorporate learning opportunities, and then evaluate their progress. Practitioners, faculty members, and fourth-year PharmD students served as writing preceptors. Assessment. The success of the writing program was assessed by reviewing class performance and surveying writing preceptor’s opinions regarding the student’s achievement of program objectives. Class pass rates averaged greater than 99% over the 8 years of the program and the large majority of the writing preceptors reported that student learning objectives were met. A support pool of 99 writing preceptors was created.  A 3-year reflective writing program improved pharmacy students’ reflection and reflective writing skills.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Advantages and Limits of 4H-SIC Detectors for High- 
and Low-Flux Radiations

Silicon carbide (SiC) detectors based on Schottky diodes were used to monitor low and high fluxes of photons and ions. An appropriate choice of the epilayer thickness and geometry of the surface Schottky contact allows the tailoring and optimizing the detector efficiency. SiC detectors with a continuous front electrode were employed to monitor alpha particles in a low-flux regime emitted by a radioactive source with high energy (>5.0 MeV) or generated in an ion implanter with sub-MeV energy. An energy resolution value of 0.5% was measured in the high energy range, while, at energy below 1.0 MeV, the resolution becomes 10%; these values are close to those measured with a traditional silicon detector. The same SiC devices were used in a high-flux regime to monitor high-energy ions, x-rays and electrons of the plasma generated by a high-intensity (1016 W/cm2) pulsed laser. Furthermore, SiC devices with an interdigit Schottky front electrode were proposed and studied to overcome the limits of the such SiC detectors in the detection of low-energy (∼1.0 keV) ions and photons of the plasmas generated by a low-intensity (1010 W/cm2) pulsed laser. SiC detectors are expected to be a powerful tool for the monitoring of radioactive sources and ion beams produced by accelerators, for a complete characterization of radiations emitted from laser-generated plasmas at high and low temperatures, and for dosimetry in a radioprotection field.

Field of study: Materials science
A possible scenario for thermally activated avalanches in type-II superconductors

Using a simple cellular automaton with stochastic rules we show the possible emergence of thermally activated avalanches (power law distributed) in type-II superconductors. Scaling relations between the exponents characterizing these distributions and those obtained from field driven experiments are derived and proved through simulations. It is also shown that the conditions for the appearance of these avalanches are independent of the pinning mechanism. The relevance of our simulations for recently reported experimental results is also outlined.

Field of study: Physics
Progress on Electrochemical Determination of Superoxide Anion

Superoxide anion (O 2 ·− ) is the primary species of the reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting from the metabolism of O 2 in the living organisms. Its dynamic changes can provide broad implications in physiological and pathological conditions. Therefore, the analytical methods that can determine O 2 ·− real-time and in vivo are receiving more and more attention. In light of these requirements, electrochemical approaches are the most promising candidate techniques in analysis of O 2 ·− due to their simplicity, direct measurements, and ease of miniaturation. This review summarizes the recent progress on electrochemical analysis of O 2 ·− taking into consideration toward the key issues: design of the electrolyte/electrode interface, direct electron transfer of enzymes, and applications in live cells and animals.

Field of study: Chemistry
Growth and characterization of electrodeposited Cu2O thin films

This work demonstrates the electrodeposition of cuprous oxide (Cu2O) thin films onto a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)-coated conducting glass substrates from Cu(II) sulfate solution with C6H8O7 chelating agent. During cyclic voltammetry experiences, the potential interval where the electrodeposition of Cu2O is carried out was established. The thin films were obtained potentiostatically and were characterized through different techniques. From the Mott–Schottky measurements, the flat-band potential and the acceptor density for the Cu2O thin films are determined. All the films showed a p-type semiconductor character with a carrier density varying between 2.41 × 1018 cm−3 and 5.38 × 1018 cm−3. This little difference is attributed to the increase of the stoichiometric defects in the films with the deposition potential. Atomic force microscopy analysis showed that the Cu2O thin films obtained at high potential are more homogenous in appearance and present lower crystallites size. X-ray diffraction measurements indicate a cubic structure with good crystallization state and the deposition potential was found to have an influence on the size of the crystallites. The optical measurements show a direct band gap between 2.07–2.49 eV depending on the applied potential.

Field of study: Materials science
Veblen’s Theory of Business Enterprise and Keynes’s Monetary Theory of Production

It has long been recognized that Thorstein Veblen and John Maynard Keynes share a common approach to the nature of “business enterprise” or “monetary production” in the modern capitalist economy (Dillard 1948; Dowd 1964). Keynes’s most explicit treatment was in the early drafts of the General Theory, unfortunately the final version dropped some of the clearest statements. Veblen’s best known exposition was in the Theory of Business Enterprise. This paper will provide a concise summary of Veblen’s views on the “credit economy,” comparing that with Keynes’s “monetary economy.” While there are many similarities, Veblen’s version is in some important respects more complete, and still relevant for developing an understanding of modern business practice. On one hand, this is not surprising as Keynes had let many of the monetary details “fall into the background.” However, as Matthew Wilson (2006) argues, it is surprising that most followers of Keynes have not mined the Theory of Business Enterprise for arguments that nicely complement and extend Keynes’s better known approach. Veblen and the Distinction between the Money Economy and the Credit Economy

Field of study: Economics
Evaluation of School Effectiveness of Secondary Education System: Comparative view of Public and Private Institutions of Pakistan

The intention of this study was to examine the school effectiveness in public and private schools at secondary level. The study was designed to see the effectiveness of public and private schools. The objectives of the study were: To find out the effectiveness of public secondary schools of Lahore city. To find out the effectiveness of private secondary schools of Lahore city. To compare the effectiveness of public and private schools of Lahore city. To suggest measures to improve the effectiveness of public and private secondary schools. To fulfill these objectives a questionnaire on school effectiveness was developed by the researchers. Computer program SPSS (statistical package for social sciences) was used to analyze the data. Majority of the private schools are satisfied with their communication skills, about their management activities, staff development and their performance. Private schools are satisfied about their interpersonal relationships with their teaching staff and their teaching staff also agrees that private schools perform their duties and responsibilities in better way. Overall results show that both Govt. and private schools are performing well but private schools are performing very well as compared to Govt. at the secondary level.  10.5901/jesr.2013.v4n3p121

Field of study: Education, Sociology
EN EL TERCER CENTENARIO DEL NACIMIENTO DE CARLOS LINEO: LINEO Y MOLINA DEVELADORES DE LA BIODIVERSIDAD CHILENA

Esta es una historia que empieza a desarrollarse enareas parecidos aunque distantes y antipodicas: lapeninsula Escandinava y el cono sur de America delSur. La primera que delimita el Atlantico nororientaly el segundo el Pacifico suroriental y el Atlanticosuroccidental. Las dos como largas y angostas cintasde territorios carcomidos por los hielos de distantesglaciaciones y por lo tanto disueltos en miriadas deestrechos, canales, fiordos, rios, lagos, glaciares eislas sin fin. Escandinavia con su cabeza tocando elArtico y Sudamerica con sus pies en el Antartico. Yparte de ambos territorios que corresponden a losactuales Suecia y Chile respectivamente, produjeronsendos hombres de ciencia que develaron, ordenarony bautizaron la biodiversidad de sus paises. Y asicomo Chile es mas largo y mayor que Suecia con sucabeza en el desierto mas seco del planeta, Lineo,por el contrario, fue mayor que Molina al ordenar ydenominar la biota de casi todo el mundo conocidoen ese entonces. Sin embargo ambos fueronparecidos en su formacion humanistica clasica queincluia los idiomas clasicos, especialmente el latin.Mientras en Suecia existia a la sazon un desarrollocientifico de primer nivel en aquella Europa que saliade un barroco sesquicentenario, y de la cual Lineoaprovecho los ambientes academicos de sus variasuniversidades, en Sudamerica aun regia la coronaespanola y su desarrollo cientifico era incipiente(Gould, 1994). Solo el barroco americano comoarquitectura daba lecciones a Europa en lacomplejidad de la ornamentacion de sus iglesias yedificios publicos desde Mexico al Parana.Linnaeus  pudo seguir una carrera cientificaorientada a las ciencias naturales y a la medicinadesde Lund a Uppsala, llegando a su madurez nosolo como biologo de campo y de academia sinoque tambien como medico, hecho que ya sedestacaba en el larguisimo titulo de la decima edicionde su Systema Naturae de 1758, es decir, justo unsiglo antes que Darwin y Wallace hicieran saber almundo cientifico y profano las bases de la teoria dela evolucion por seleccion natural. Como cientificode campo Lineo debio cargar con sus coleccionesinicialmente de plantas por su inclinacion botanica,las que luego tambien fueron zoologicas y geologica.El manejar estas colecciones suponia un esfuerzotanto fisico como mental.Lo fisico implicaba espacios y muebles eninstituciones donde almacenar el material que debiaexaminar y preservar. El mental tenia que ver con ladenominacion de una especie determinada. Estaconsistia en una descripcion mas o menos larga queocupaba entre un sexto y un tercio de una pagina.Este sistema era poco practico y engorroso, a pesarque se usara el latin para universalizarlo. El uso delas distintas lenguas vivas solo servia a sus usuariosnaturales. Y los nombres vulgares de una o dospalabras no eran universales y variaban ampliamentedentro de un mismo pais. Seanos permitido ilustraresto con un caso chileno: Macha es el nombre quese da a un bivalvo chileno y que corresponde en larealidad a tres taxones especificos diferentes:

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Characteristics of greenhouse gas concentrations derived from ground-based FTS spectra at Anmyeondo, South Korea

Since the late 1990s, the meteorological observatory established in Anmyeondo (36.5382° N, 126.3311° E, and 30 m above mean sea level) has been monitoring several greenhouse gases such as CO2, CH4, N2O, CFCs, and SF6 as a part of the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Program. A high resolution ground-based (g-b) Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) was installed at this observation site in 2013 and has been operated within the frame work of the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) since August 2014. The solar spectra recorded by the g-b FTS cover the spectral range 3800 to 16 000 cm−1 at a resolution of 0.02 cm−1. In this work, the GGG2014 version of the TCCON standard retrieval algorithm was used to retrieve total column average CO2 and CH4 dry mole fractions (XCO2, XCH4) and from the FTS spectra. Spectral bands of CO2 (at 6220.0 and 6339.5 cm−1 center wavenumbers, CH4 at 6002 cm−1 wavenumber, and O2 near 7880 cm−1 ) were used to derive the XCO2 and XCH4. In this paper, we provide comparisons of XCO2 and XCH4 between the aircraft observations and g-b FTS over Anmyeondo station. A comparison of 13 coincident observations of XCO2 between g-b FTS and OCO-2 (Orbiting Carbon Observatory) satellite measurements are also presented for the measurement period between February 2014 and November 2017. OCO-2 observations are highly correlated with the g-b FTS measurements (r2 = 0.884) and exhibited a small positive bias (0.189 ppm). Both data set capture seasonal variations of the target species with maximum and minimum values in spring and late summer, respectively. In the future, it is planned to further utilize the FTS measurements for the evaluation of satellite observations such as Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT, GOSAT-2). This is the first report of the g-b FTS observations of XCO2 species over the Anmyeondo station.

Field of study: Environmental science
Hydrolysis of Adenosine 2′,3′-Cyclic Phosphate and Adenylyl(3′-5′)adenosine Catalyzed By Alkylenediamines

Alkylenediamines exhibit remarkable catalysis for the hydrolysis of adenosine 2′,3′-cyclic phosphate and adenylyl(3′-5′)adenosine. The significant catalysis is ascribed to the intramolecular cooperation between the neutral amine and the protonated amine in the alkylenediamines.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Number of Elements in the Mutation Class of a Quiver of Type Dn

We show that the number of quivers in the mutation class of a quiver of Dynkin type $D_n$ is given by $\sum_{d|n}\phi(n/d){2d\choose d}/(2n)$ for $n \geq 5$. To obtain this formula, we give a correspondence between the quivers in the mutation class and certain rooted trees.

Field of study: Mathematics
Identification and Sequence Analysis of PAL Gene Family in Solanaceae

Phenylalanine amm onialyase(PAL, EC:4. 3. 1. 24)is a critical enzyme in secondary metabolism of plants, which has significant biological relevance and strong ability against bacteria; also, its product provides precursor for plant natural products such as capsaicinoids. In this study, based on the genome database, 27 peptide sequences belonging to phenylalanine ammonialyase gene family were obtained from Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.(syn. Solanum lycopersicum L.), Solanum tuberosum L., Nicotiana benthamiana Domin, Capsicum annuum L., Populus trichocarpa L and Arabidopsis thaliana(L.)Heynh by BLASTP, and analysed by bioinformatics,physico-chemical properties, structural analysis. The analysis showed that tobacco, tomatoes, potatoes and peppers have close genetic relationship, then Arabidopsis thaliana, poplar is further in evolution. Acidic protein is 96.3%.All PAL proteins are located in cytoplasm, hydrophilic, stable, transmembrane, no signal, and 96.3% of the protein has the active site. The anaytical results provide data for the next study of Solanaceae metabolic mechanism.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Process Technology and Superconducting Properties of Bulk HTS With Multi-RE Elements

A series of REBa<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>y</sub> (RE123)/Ag bulk superconductors with multi-RE elements at the RE site, were prepared by top-seeded melt growth. By employing the differential thermal analysis, we carefully adjusted the peritectic decomposition temperature (<i>T</i><sub>p</sub>) by changing the ratio of the two RE123 compositions to meet the requirements of the cold-seeding process. The superconducting properties, <i>T</i><sub>c</sub>, <i>J</i><sub>c</sub> and the flux trapping performance were evaluated after achieving the growth of the single grains. The microstructure was also observed. A relatively low growth temperature range depressed the LRE-Ba substitution, which was effective to suppress the probable RE211 coarsening. By employing ZrO<sub>2</sub> chemical doping, the flux pinning property was further improved under both zero-field and in-field, and the <i>J</i><sub>c</sub> was enhanced without reducing <i>T</i><sub>c</sub>.

Field of study: Physics
Renaissance Literature and Formal Engagements. Mark David Rasmussen

intellectual life brought several practical and psychological complexities. Here, a detailed study of Englishwomen's literacy in this period argues that the more the public life was denied women — and the more suspicion was generated toward the image of the educated woman — the more "the discovery of the intrinsic pleasures of learning justified their enclosure and made their solitude precious" (114). TITA FRENCH BAUMLIN Southwest Missouri State University

Field of study: History
Die Arbeitshygienischen Normen in der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik

Die Frage der arbeitshygienischen Normen ist in Deutschland vor 1945 von dem damaligen gewerbearztlichen Dienst kaum bearbeitet worden. Das hatte seinen guten Grund darin, dass die Gewerbearzte zunachst bemuht waren, die eigentlichen speziellen Berufsschadigungen, also die Berufskrankheiten, zu erforschen und hierfur die medizinischen U nterlagen zu schaffen und die gesetzlichen Folgerungen durchzusetzen. Nach 1945 wurde die Frage jedoch in der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik verschiedentlich erortert und aufgegriffen, besonders auch deswegen, weil in den Volksdemokratien arbeitshygienische Normen eifrig diskutiert und allmahlich in die Praxis eingefUhrt wurden. Es war deshalb selbstverstandlich, dass auch in der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik die Arbeitshygieniker zu dieser Frage Stellung nehmen mussten. Hinzu kam, dass in der Betriebspraxis die Forderung nach arbeitshygienischen Normen immer mehr erhoben wurde. Ins besondere wurde von technischer Seite immer wieder die Frage nach arbeitshygienischen Werten fur Gase, Dampfe, Staube, Larm und dergl. an die Arbeitshygieniker gestellt: fur Neubauten von Betrieben z.B. wurden Zahlenwerte arbeitshygienischer Normen gebraucht. Das Institut fur Arbeitshygiene der Akademie fur Sozialhygiene, Arbeitshygiene und arztliche Fortbildung in Berlin wurde demgemass tiber das Ministerium fur Gesundheitswesen vom Ministerrat beauftragt, arbeitshygienische Normen aus zuarbeiten und der Betriebspraxis zur Verfugung zu stellen. Das ist nach langwierigen Untersuchungen, Diskussionen und Verhandlungen geschehen. Entsprechende Werte sind jetzt festgelegt und in der Zeitschrift Das Deutsche Gesundheitswesen veroffentlicht worden. Bevor auf diese eingegangen wird, gestatten Sie mir, unsere grundsatzliche Stellungnahme zur Frage der Normen kurz darzulegen. Es bestand bei uns die Auffassung, dass fur den Erlass derartiger Normenwerte einige grundsatzliche Voraussetzungen gegeben sein miissen, und zwar: (1) Fur die bei uns bestehenden Arbeitsverhaltnisse und -bedingungen in den Betrieben sind noch nicht gentigend wissenschaftliche Grundlagen vorhanden, als dass man derartige Werte ohne weiteres als verbindliche, gesetzliche Normen einfuhren konnte. Aus diesem Grunde sollen die Werte der arbeitshygienischen Norrnzahlen zunachst als Richtwerte gegeben sein, an die man sich selbstverstandlich sowohl in der Betriebspraxis wie bei der Errichtung von neuen Betriebsteilen oder ganzen Betriebsstatten halten muss. (2) Diese Richtzahlen sind noch nicht absolut feststehend, sondern sie sollen zunachst als Arbeitsgrundlage dienen, Man soll in den nachsten Jahren nach ihnen verfahren; sie . sind jedoch nach etwa 2-3 Jahren sorgfaltig nachzuprufen. Die Hohe der Werte im einzelnen ist kritisch zu

Field of study: Chemistry
Inner–Outer Support Set Pursuit for Distributed Compressed Sensing

We address the distributed compressed sensing problem of reconstructing a sequence of jointly sparse signals under the condition of an inaccurate and insufficient estimate of the common support set. Correlations between the jointly sparse signals are modeled by the joint sparsity model 1 (JSM-1). We propose a novel algorithm, namely inner–outer support set pursuit (IOSSP), which removes the impact of the estimated common support set, to reduce the computing time as well as the reconstruction error. The IOSSP algorithm divides the support set of each individual sparse signal into two disjoint sets: an inner support set and an outer support set. Two separate procedures, the outer support set pursuit and inner support set pursuit, are then utilized to estimate the outer and inner support sets. We provide the convergence performance of the IOSSP algorithm in both the noiseless and noisy conditions. For the noiseless case, we derive the condition on the estimated common support set, which guarantees an exact reconstruction. For the noisy case, a bound of the reconstruction error is provided, and the derivation process is inspired by the compressive sampling matching pursuit algorithm. The experimental and simulation results demonstrate that the proposed IOSSP algorithm is superior on reconstruction error and computing time over the conventional algorithms for JSM-1, e.g., the parallel pursuit with side information and joint recovery strategy algorithms.

Field of study: Engineering