nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
SARS hCoV papain-like protease is a unique Lys48 linkage-specific di-distributive deubiquitinating enzyme.

Ubiquitin (Ub) and the Ub-like (Ubl) modifier interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) participate in the host defence of viral infections. Viruses, including the severe acute respiratory syndrome human coronavirus (SARS hCoV), have co-opted Ub-ISG15 conjugation pathways for their own advantage or have evolved effector proteins to counter pro-inflammatory properties of Ub-ISG15-conjugated host proteins. In the present study, we compare substrate specificities of the papain-like protease (PLpro) from the recently emerged Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) hCoV to the related protease from SARS, SARS PLpro. Through biochemical assays, we show that, similar to SARS PLpro,  PLpro is both a deubiquitinating (DUB) and a deISGylating enzyme. Further analysis of the intrinsic DUB activity of these viral proteases revealed unique differences between the recognition and cleavage specificities of polyUb chains. First,  PLpro shows broad linkage specificity for the cleavage of polyUb chains, whereas SARS PLpro prefers to cleave Lys48-linked polyUb chains. Secondly,  PLpro cleaves polyUb chains in a 'mono-distributive' manner (one Ub at a time) and SARS PLpro prefers to cleave Lys48-linked polyUb chains by sensing a di-Ub moiety as a minimal recognition element using a 'di-distributive' cleavage mechanism. The di-distributive cleavage mechanism for SARS PLpro appears to be uncommon among USP (Ub-specific protease)-family DUBs, as related USP family members from humans do not display such a mechanism. We propose that these intrinsic enzymatic differences between SARS and MERS PLpro will help to identify pro-inflammatory substrates of these viral DUBs and can guide in the design of therapeutics to combat infection by coronaviruses.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Effects of chronic heavy alcohol consumption and endurance exercise on cancellous and cortical bone microarchitecture in adult male rats.

Bone health is influenced by numerous lifestyle factors, including diet and exercise. Alcohol is a major nonessential constituent of diet and has dose- and context-dependent effects on bone. Endurance exercise is associated with increased risk of stress fractures. The purpose of this study was to determine the long-term independent and combined effects of chronic heavy alcohol consumption and endurance exercise (treadmill running) on bone mass and microarchitecture in young adult male Sprague-Dawley rats.



Six-month-old male rats were randomized into 4 groups (9 to 13 rats/group): sedentary + control diet, sedentary + ethanol (EtOH) diet, exercise + control diet, or exercise + EtOH diet. EtOH-fed rats consumed a liquid diet (EtOH comprised 35% of caloric intake) ad libitum. Control rats were pair-fed the same diet with isocaloric substitution of EtOH with maltose-dextran. Exercise was conducted on a motorized treadmill (15% grade for 30 minutes) 5 d/wk for 16 weeks. Femur and 12th thoracic vertebra were analyzed for bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) using densitometry and cortical and cancellous bone architecture using microcomputed tomography.



EtOH consumption resulted in lower femur length, BMC, and BMD, and lower midshaft femur cortical volume, cortical thickness, and polar moment of inertia. In addition, trabecular thickness was lower in vertebra of EtOH-fed rats. Endurance exercise had no independent effect on any end point evaluated. A significant interaction between endurance exercise and EtOH was detected for several cancellous end points in the distal femur metaphysis. EtOH-consuming rats that exercised had lower distal femur metaphysis bone volume/tissue volume, trabecular connectivity density, and trabecular thickness compared to exercising rats that consumed control diet.



The results obtained in this model suggest that chronic heavy alcohol consumption may reduce skeletal integrity by reducing bone size, mass, and density, and by negatively altering bone microarchitecture and may increase fracture risk associated with endurance exercise at weight-bearing skeletal sites.

Field of study: Medicine
Proof-of-Concept of a Millisecond-Scale Electromagnetic Levitator Using High-Temperature Superconducting Coils

This paper proposes a millisecond-scale electromagnetic levitator using high-temperature superconducting (HTS) coils. The proposed apparatus consists of an AC power supply, short-circuit switches, an aluminum plate, and two HTS coils. The HTS coils are wound in opposite directions and electrically connected in parallel. Thus, in a symmetric current distribution, the magnetic fluxes generated by the two HTS coils ideally cancel each other. However, in a sudden asymmetric current distribution created by the short-circuit switches, the magnetic fluxes are not cancelled, and the effective magnetic flux induces an eddy current in the aluminum plate placed above the HTS coils. The magnetic flux generated by the eddy current in the aluminum plate and the effective magnetic flux generated by the HTS coils together generate the repulsive force to levitate the aluminum plate. In this paper, numerical calculations and experimental verification of the repulsive force are performed. We show that this apparatus is able to provide a levitation force that we expect will be helpful for devices that need fast switching behavior of the levitation force.

Field of study: Physics
Star Formation in the Cometary Tails Associated with Cluster Galaxies

We investigate the star-formation in cometary tails of galaxies in clusters. In particular, we focus on the evolution of molecular clouds in the tails that generate the stars. Assuming that the gas tails had been derived from the galaxies through ram-pressure stripping, we found that the gas must have been stripped mostly not in the form of molecular clouds, but in the form of H I gas or molecular gas that is not in clouds. Moreover, the molecular clouds are condensed in the tails, even away from the host galaxies. We also found that magnetic fields may be required to suppress the Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) instability on the surface of molecular clouds, because otherwise the KH instability may destroy the molecular clouds before stars are formed in them.

Field of study: Physics
Structure of educating ability and its fostering of the students majored in P.E. in teachers colleges

By using document materials, questionnaires, conventional mathematical statistics and logical inductions etc, this paper made an elementary exploration of the issues about the educating ability of the students majored in PE in teachers colleges, established a construction system of the educating ability of the students majored in PE in teach- ers colleges, discovered the degrees of importance of different factors of this system, elucidated the fundamental measures of forming and perfecting this construction so, this paper can give a benefical reference to the fostering of the educating ability of the students majored in PE in teachers colleges.

Field of study: Education
BCG-PSN通过抑制哮喘小鼠NF-kB影响BALF中细胞因子的水平

核因子NF-kB (Nuclear factor kappa B)是一个具有广泛生物学活性的核转录因子，可参与许多炎症的表达调控，是与支气管哮喘及气道炎症密切相关的因子之一。将28只6周龄BALB／c小鼠(山东大学医学院实验动物室)随机分为4组，每组7只。对照组：隔日腹腔内注射生理盐水(NS)0．03ml，第14天、28天、35天腹腔内注射1．5mg Al(OH)3：BCG-PSN(卡介苗多糖核酸注射液，BCG-Polysac-charide nucleic acid)6周龄组

Field of study: Biology
Observations of Orion Source I Disk and Outflow Interface

We imaged the continuum and molecular line emission from Orion Source I (SrcI) with up to 30 mas (12 AU) resolution at 43, 99, 223, and 340 GHz in an attempt to probe the structure and chemistry of the circumstellar disk and bipolar outflow associated with this high mass protostar. The continuum spectral index ranges from $\sim$2 along the midplane of the disk to $\sim$3 along the edges, consistent with dust that is optically thick in the midplane but becomes optically thin at the periphery. Salt (NaCl) emission is visible where the dust is optically thin; it provides a unique tracer of the velocity field within the disk. All other molecules that we have mapped - H$_2$O, AlO, SiO, SiS, SO, and SO$_2$ - appear to originate primarily in the bipolar outflow. The base of the outflow is corotating with the disk. SiS shows a filamentary structure that is most prominent along the edges of the outflow. The molecular distributions suggest that Si and Al released from dust grains in the disk react with oxygen derived from H$_2$O to form SiO and AlO, and with SO and SO$_2$ to form SiS.

Field of study: Physics
Alas, a Lack: Trends in the Historiography of Pre-University Education in Early Modern Germany

T HREE MAJOR THEMES EITHER have or ought to have affected the recent study of pre-university education in Germany between about I400 and 1700. These are the Reformation and schooling; the so-called "new history" of education; and the current wave of research on literacy in Renaissance, Reformation, and CounterReformation Europe. The works cited should be considered illustrative of investigation carried out and issues debated during approximately the last twenty years. Although the preponderance of new literature is local in scope and published in the myriad city and territorial journals throughout Germany, the persevering party will be led through my examples to the larger body of sources, both old and new, German and non-German.

Field of study: History
Contribution of enhanced engagement of antigen presentation machinery to the clinical immunogenicity of a human interleukin (IL)‐21 receptor‐blocking therapeutic antibody

Reliable risk assessment for biotherapeutics requires accurate evaluation of risk factors associated with immunogenicity. Immunogenicity risk assessment tools were developed and applied to investigate the immunogenicity of a fully human therapeutic monoclonal antibody, ATR‐107 [anti‐interleukin (IL)‐21 receptor] that elicited anti‐drug antibodies (ADA) in 76% of healthy subjects in a Phase 1 study. Because the ATR‐107 target is expressed on dendritic cells (DCs), the immunogenicity risk related to engagement with DC and antigen presentation pathways was studied. Despite the presence of IL‐21R on DCs, ATR‐107 did not bind to the DCs more extensively than the control therapeutic antibody (PF‐1) that had elicited low clinical ADA incidence. However, ATR‐107, but not the control therapeutic antibody, was translocated to the DC late endosomes,  with intracellular antigen‐D related (HLA‐DR) molecules and presented a dominant T cell epitope overlapping the complementarity determining region 2 (CDR2) of the light chain. ATR‐107 induced increased DC activation exemplified by up‐regulation of DC surface expression of CD86, CD274 (PD‐L1) and CD40, increased expansion of activated DC populations expressing CD86hi, CD40hi, CD83hi, programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1)hi, HLA‐DRhi or CCR7hi, as well as elevated secretion of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α by DCs. DCs exposed to ATR‐107 stimulated an autologous T cell proliferative response in human donor cells, in concert with the detection of immunoglobulin (Ig)G‐type anti‐ATR‐107 antibody response in clinical samples. Collectively, the enhanced engagement of antigen presentation machinery by ATR‐107 was suggested. The approaches and findings described in this study may be relevant to identifying lower immunogenicity risk targets and therapeutic molecules.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Catabolic versatility of aromatic compound-degrading halophilic bacteria.

There is growing interest in the development and optimization of bioremediation processes to deal with environments with high salinity that are contaminated with aromatic compounds. To estimate the diversity of moderately halophilic bacteria that could be used in such processes, enrichments were performed based on growth with a variety of aromatic compounds including phenol as a model pollutant. A group of bacteria that were able to grow over a wide range of salt concentrations were isolated, with the majority of these assigned to the genus Halomonas using phenotypic features and 16S rRNA sequences comparison. PCR amplification with degenerate primers revealed the presence in these isolates of genes encoding ring-cleaving enzymes in the beta-ketoadipate pathway for aromatic catabolism: catechol 1,2-dioxygenase and protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase. Furthermore, the activity of these two enzymes was detected in the newly described species Halomonas organivorans. Together, these studies indicate that moderately halophilic bacteria have the potential to catabolize aromatic compounds in environments with high salinity.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Integrated, ecosystem-based Marine Spatial Planning: Design and results of a game-based, quasi-experiment

The authors analyse the complexity of Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) and explore the role that simulation gaming (SG) could play in addressing it. They present the set-up of and insights from a game-based, quasi-experimental study and policy intervention involving MSP. The simulation game MSP Challenge 2011 was played in Lisbon on 3 November 2011 by 68 international MSP professionals – mainly scientists, policy advisers and marine spatial planners – from 16 countries. Data on MSP in the various countries, as well as on the effectiveness of the policy intervention, were collected using pre-game, in-game and post-game questionnaires, combined with the analysis of MSP processes and outcomes in a digital map tool and observations. The analysis shows that MSP lends itself to comparative assessment in real and simulated environments. Observed variety and changes in the game-based intervention provide evidence that the participants engaged in experimentation with different strategies, policy change and policy-oriented learning. The game-based intervention proved an effective and promising method for national/international experimentation and exchange among professional MSP planners.

Field of study: Environmental science
DPPH free radical scavenging activities of extracts from liquid culture of Acremonium terricola with different solvents.

DPPH-TLC and DPPH-microplate assays were used to determine the free radical scavenging activities of different solvent extracts from the mycelia and the fermentation broth of Acremonium terricola.The results revealed that all extracts had free radical scavenging activities.The free radical scavenging activities of the extracts were different with different solvents and 75% ethanol was the best.At the concentration of 5.0 mg·mL-1,the extracts from the mycelia and the fermentation broth of Acremonium terricola could decrease 63.75% and 91.23% of 0.2 mg·mL-1 DPPH free radicals after incubating at 37℃ for 10 minutes.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Resolutions Formulated at the 1985 NFCPG Convention, Honolulu, Hawaii

Whereas there is a nationwide movement to promote and provide contraception and, implicitly, abortion referral , in the public schools under the guise of medical services for school children, and Whereas these programs falsely assume that uncontrolled sexual activity, even among immature, children is a natural right and inevitable, and, in so doing , unwittingly encourage sexual activity among students who might otherwise refrain, thus accelerating the breakdown of family life and social morality, and Whereas, contrary to the claims of birth control promoters, experience shows that the increased use of contraception leads to more sexual activity, more sexually transmitted diseases, more pregnancies , and more abortions , and Whereas, these programs subject children to the well-known hazards and the immediate and long-term detrimental effects of modern contraceptives, Therefore, be it resolved, that the National Federation of Catholic Physicians' Guilds urges national, state and local school authorities to protect school children from being turned into a captive audience to be exploited by outside interest groups who are more concerned with social engineering than the health and welfare of the individual student.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Efficient second-harmonic generation in a resonator

The process of second-harmonic generation in a lithium metaniobate crystal placed inside the resonator of a Q-switched laser is considered. A method is suggested for calculating the optimal second-harmonic generation conditions in a laser with a nonlinear crystal inside the resonator. Some features of the optimal nonlinear coupling are considered and changes in the duration of second-harmonic pulses are discussed. Some conditions of the operation of a laser in accordance with the suggested method are calculated and are shown to be in satisfactory agreement with the experimental results.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Batching Techniques for Accumulators with Applications to IOPs and Stateless Blockchains

We present batching techniques for cryptographic accumulators and vector commitments in groups of unknown order. Our techniques are tailored for distributed settings where no trusted accumulator manager exists and updates to the accumulator are processed in batches. We develop techniques for non-interactively aggregating membership proofs that can be verified with a constant number of group operations. We also provide a constant sized batch non-membership proof for a large number of elements. These proofs can be used to build the first positional vector commitment (VC) with constant sized openings and constant sized public parameters. As a core building block for our batching techniques we develop several succinct proof systems in groups of unknown order. These extend a recent construction of a succinct proof of correct exponentiation, and include a succinct proof of knowledge of an integer discrete logarithm between two group elements. We circumvent an impossibility result for Sigma-protocols in these groups by using a short trapdoor-free CRS. We use these new accumulator and vector commitment constructions to design a stateless blockchain, where nodes only need a constant amount of storage in order to participate in consensus. Further, we show how to use these techniques to reduce the size of IOP instantiations, such as STARKs.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Lifting line theory for supersonic flow applications

We are devoted to the study of a supersonic lifting line theory intended to provide both a means of aerodynamic calculation and a benchmark for the validation of the control point position for the related constant pressure panel methods. The model is based on the small perturbations assumption. A constant distribution of bound vortices is assumed along the chord whereas the spanwise load distribution is by means of trigonometrical series, formally similar to the subsonic methods.

Field of study: Physics
Principles of bone healing.

Our contemporary understanding of bone healing has evolved due to knowledge gleaned from a continuous interaction between basic laboratory investigations and clinical observations following procedures to augment healing of fractures, osseous defects, and unstable joints. The stages of bone healing parallel the early stages of bone development. The bone healing process is greatly influenced by a variety of systemic and local factors. A thorough understanding of the basic science of bone healing as well as the many factors that can affect it is critical to the management of a variety of musculoskeletal disorders. In particular, the evolving management of spinal disorders can greatly benefit from the advancement of our understanding of the principles of bone healing.

Field of study: Medicine
Physiological and Transcriptome Analyses Reveal Short-Term Responses and Formation of Memory Under Drought Stress in Rice

In some plants, exposure to stress can induce a memory response, which appears to play an important role in adaptation to recurrent stress environments. However, whether rice exhibits drought stress memory and the molecular mechanisms that might underlie this process have remained unclear. Here, we ensured that rice drought memory was established after cycles of mild drought and re-watering treatment, and studied gene expression by whole-transcriptome strand-specific RNA sequencing (ssRNA-seq). We detected 6,885 transcripts and 238 lncRNAs involved in the drought memory response, grouped into 16 distinct patterns. Notably, the identified genes of dosage memory generally did not respond to the initial drought treatment. Our results demonstrate that stress memory can be developed in rice under appropriate water deficient stress, and lncRNA, DNA methylation and endogenous phytohormones (especially abscisic acid) participate in rice short-term drought memory, possibly acting as memory factors to activate drought-related memory transcripts in pathways such as photosynthesis and proline biosynthesis, to respond to the subsequent stresses.

Field of study: Biology
Decoupling Software from Hardware in Technology Acceptance Research

Technology convergence has become a fiery phenomenon. More and more technologies can cohabit in the same platform and the information becomes more portable from one platform to another. The phenomenon presses on examining the question of what technology entails in technology acceptance research. If the technology can be decomposed by its dimensions, e.g., hardware, software, content, will the adoption of one dimension affect the adoption patterns of other dimensions? Addressing this research question in the case of podcasting for educational purposes, this study found that adoption of a mobile device like an iPod can moderate the causal relationships among the core constructs in the Technology Acceptance Model, and between the core constructs and the individual differences antecedents, including subjective norms, self-efficacy and personal innovativeness in information technology. The research and practice implications are also discussed.

Field of study: Computer science
Conceptual Design of the Mu2e Production Solenoid

The Muon-to-Electron conversion experiment (Mu2e), under development at Fermilab, seeks to detect direct muon to electron conversion to provide evidence for a process violating muon and electron lepton number conservation that cannot be explained by the Standard Model of Particle Physics. The required magnetic field is produced by a series of superconducting solenoids. This paper describes the conceptual design of the 5-T, 4-m-long solenoid with 1.7 m bore with the emphasis on the electromagnetic and structural analyses.

Field of study: Physics
Cruciform Pattern of Ni5Zn21 Formed in Interfacial Reactions Between Ni and Sn–Zn Solders

A unique cruciform pattern was observed for the Ni5Zn21 phase formed in both liquid-state and solid-state interfacial reactions between rectangular Ni substrate and both Sn–9 wt.%Zn and Sn–80 wt.%Zn. In these reactions, the Ni5Zn21 layers were uniformly formed at the interfaces. However, the Ni5Zn21 layer ruptured near the edges of the rectangular Ni substrate and the reaction layers were discontinuous. The cruciform pattern was closely correlated with linear growth of the Ni5Zn21 phase and the tensile stress generated because of the edge geometry. The liquid-state reaction between Sn–9 wt.%Zn and Ni resulted in a crescent shape at the edges because Ni5Zn21 growth was enhanced, owing to its linear growth. Most importantly, cruciform pattern formation also occurred in the solid-state reactions between Sn–Zn and Ni. In the liquid-state reaction between Sn–80 wt.%Zn and Ni, a porous structure and unusually fast growth at the acute-angled corner were observed. The reactions between Cu and Sn–9 wt.%Zn and Sn–80 wt.%Zn were also studied. For these, in contrast, parabolic growth was observed. The reaction layer was uniformly formed at the corners of the Cu substrate, leading to complete coverage.

Field of study: Materials science