nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of the dietary inclusion of linseed oil and grape pomace on weight gain, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of swine.

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of diet with the inclusion of linseed oil (n-3 fatty acids source) and grape pomace (antioxidant source) on weight gain, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of swine. During 90 days, crossbred swine (n = 44) were fed with four different finishing diets: control diet based on soybean meal and corn (CONT); diet with addition of 3.0% linseed oil (LO); diet with 3.0% linseed oil and 3.5% ensiled grape pomace in dry matter (3.5% EGP); and diet with 3.0% linseed oil and 7.0% ensiled grape pomace in dry matter (7.0% EGP). The finishing diets did not alter daily weight gain although swine fed with LO diet presented thicker backfat when compared to those fed with CONT diet. LO diet significantly increased n-3 fatty acid concentration and reduced n-6 / n-3 ratio when compared to CONT diet. Lipid profile alteration did not significantly affect sensory parameters. The inclusion of EGP (3.5% EGP and 7.0% EGP) increased fibrousness as compared to CONT and LO diets. The inclusion of LO and EGP in finishing diet of swine did not affect weight gain, but generated final product with higher nutritional value (increased polyunsaturated fatty acids / saturated fatty acids (PUFA / SFA) ratio and reduced n-6 / n-3 ratio) as compared to CONT diet. The sensory parameters of the inclusion diets were similar to those found in CONT diet.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Analogue-Induced Cataract in a Patient with Prostate Cancer

To report a case of right posterior subcapsular cataract induced by 3-monthly depot luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) analogue therapy in a patient with early prostate cancer.  A 52-year-old male with static myopia of several years’ duration was given a 3-month depot LHRH analogue (goserelin 10.8 mg) as part of neoadjuvant treatment for early prostate cancer. Four weeks after the treatment, the patient developed right posterior subcapsular cataract commonly associated with steroid treatment. The patient had right eye cataract extraction followed by insertion of a new lens.  This report shows a case of a posterior subcapsular cataract as an adverse reaction to depot goserelin acetate. This is a feature commonly seen in steroid-induced cataract. Patients with prostate cancer and poor vision if due to cataract may not be ideal patients for depot preparations of LHRH analogues.

Field of study: Medicine
Energy gap and transition temperature of highly disordered and amorphous thallium- and indium-films

Thin and pure Tl-films and In-films with different impurities (Ag, Te, Ge, Sb) are condensed onto a cooled substrate at 4 K. Measurements of the energy gap by means of the tunnel effect and the transition temperature of the weak-coupling superconductor thallium are carried out as a function of the degree of disorder of the films. The ratioα=2Δ0/kTc increases proportional to the reciprocal mean free path from 3.5 for the annealed film up to 3.8 for the highly disordered film. For In-films condensed by quenching with impurity additions, one finds a linear relation between energy gap and transition temperature. In-films with Sb-additive are obtained in an amorphous phase with a ratioα=2Δ0/kTc of 4.4. The amorphous state of the In/Sb-films is confirmed by measurements of the electric conductivity and the Hall-effect.

Field of study: Physics
Compressor efficiency with cylinder slenderness ratio of rotary compressor at various compression ratios

When the air conditioning and heating systems operate in low speed regions, the efficiency of inverter compressor is relatively low, owing to the reduction in motor efficiency. Nevertheless, the annual operating time of compressor is largely occupied by low speed regions. Hence, experimental and numerical analyses were conducted to improve compressor efficiency in these regions, and various pressure conditions were considered. The significant difference in the volumetric efficiency with compression ratios was observed through the experiments. To reduce the decrease in volumetric efficiency at high compression ratio, a geometric combination of the compression part was considered through a numerical analysis. The numerical results showed that the volumetric efficiency at small cylinder slenderness ratio was relatively high and increased by about 6.3% at a compression ratio of 7. Then the cooling capacity increased by 8.77%, while the input work showed a relatively small increase of 2.44%.

Field of study: Engineering
Discussion on “Black-Start” Scheme of Power System

Some problems about the"black-start"scheme are discussed in this paper."Black-start"scheme is an im-por tant part of power system collapse prevention,we must depend on the collapse automatic control system which main body is computer in order to implement the scheme precisely.The"black-stat"scheme is implemented by on-line com puter partly or by the organization of power system dispatcher entirely,and it also plays a very important role in the re sume control of power system collapse.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Are Archaea inherently less diverse than Bacteria in the same environments?

Like Bacteria, Archaea occur in a wide variety of environments, only some of which can be considered 'extreme'. We compare archaeal diversity, as represented by 173 16S rRNA gene libraries described in published reports, to bacterial diversity in 79 libraries from the same source environments. An objective assessment indicated that 114 archaeal libraries and 45 bacterial libraries were large enough to yield stable estimates of total phylotype richness. Archaeal libraries were seldom as large or diverse as bacterial libraries from the same environments. However, a relatively larger proportion of libraries were large enough to effectively capture rare as well as dominant phylotypes in archaeal communities. In contrast to bacterial libraries, the number of phylotypes did not correlate with library size; thus, 'larger' may not necessarily be 'better' for determining diversity in archaeal libraries. Differences in diversity suggest possible differences in ecological roles of Archaea and Bacteria; however, information is lacking on relative abundances and metabolic activities within the sampled communities, as well as the possible existence of microhabitats. The significance of phylogenetic diversity as opposed to functional diversity remains unclear, and should be a high priority for continuing research.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
The Instructional Decisions of Teachers in Inclusive Education: From a Curriculum Stand point

This study was planned to investigate “the extent to which teachers’ instructional decisions can influence inclusive practices in secondary schools”. The increase in the number of students with exceptionalities or difficulties in both public and private secondary schools in Cameroon motivated the researcher to carry out the study. The main research question was “To what extent can teachers’ pedagogic decisions influence inclusive education in secondary schools? Related literature was reviewed on teachers’ pedagogic decisions and inclusive education. The theory of instruction and the theory of multiple intelligences were used to give meaning to the problem of study. The qualitative approach was applied to carry out the investigation. Observation and Interview research methods were used. Data was collected using an observation guide and interview guide. The population of the study was made up of teachers of Government Bilingual High School Mendong-Yaounde. From this population, four teachers were selected for the study through non probability sampling technique. The data collected was analysed thematically following the objectives of the study. The results of the study revealed that teachers’ instructional decisions contribute to inclusive practices in schools. This study offer new insights as well that inclusive practices can be applied in school life to meet the needs of students with exceptionalities. Recommendations are made to teachers to create favourable learning environments for all the students.  Instructional decisions, Inclusive Education, planning decisions, delivery decisions, assessment decisions, Curriculum.

Field of study: Education
Paleoclimatic implications based on equilibrium-line altitude depressions of reconstructed Younger Dryas and Holocene cirque glaciers in inner Nordfjord, western Norway

Relative to a present cirque glacier in innner Nordfjord, western Norway, equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) depressions for reconstructed cirque glaciers formed during the Younger Dryas (11,000–10,000 yr B.P.), the Erdalen Event (9100±200 yr B.P.) and the Little Ice Age (mid-18th century) are calculated by the use of accumulation-area ratio (AAR), and compared to the corresponding values for plateau glaciers. The temperature-precipitation ELA (TP-ELA), as reflected by plateau glaciers, gives considerably larger ELA depressions than use of the temperature-precipitation-wind ELA (TPW-ELA) for cirque glaciers. ELA depressions during the Younger Dryas, Erdalen Event and the Little Ice Age thus strongly indicate that cirque glaciers are much more sensitive to changes in winter precipitation than plateau glaciers. The difference in ELA depressions of contemporaneous plateau and cirque glaciers during the Younger Dryas, Erdalen Event and the Little Ice Age suggests that winter precipitation was reduced to 59±7, 71±6 and 88±7% compared to present values. Taken into account the reduced winter precipitation, the corresponding mean ablation-season temperature depressions were probably 4.3±0.3, 3.0± 0.2 0.3 and 1.4± 0.3 0.2 ° C , respectively.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
The Role of Mucin in the Toxicological Impact of Polystyrene Nanoparticles

The development of novel oral drug delivery systems is an expanding area of research and both new approaches for improving their efficacy and the investigation of their potential toxicological effect are crucial and should be performed in parallel. Polystyrene nanoparticles (NPs) have been used for the production of diagnostic and therapeutic nanosystems, are widely used in food packaging, and have also served as models for investigating NPs interactions with biological systems. The mucous gel layer that covers the epithelium of the gastrointestinal system is a complex barrier-exchange system that it is mainly constituted by mucin and it constitutes the first physical barrier encountered after ingestion. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of polystyrene NPs on mucin and its potential role during NP–cell interactions. For this purpose, we evaluated the interaction of polystyrene NPs with mucin in dispersion by dynamic light scattering and with a deposited layer of mucin using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation technology. Next, we measured cell viability and the apoptotic state of three enterocyte-like cell lines that differ in their ability to produce mucin, after their exposure to the NPs. Positive charged NPs showed the ability to strongly interact and aggregate mucin in our model. Positive NPs affected cell viability and induced apoptosis in all cell lines independently of their ability of produce mucin.

Field of study: Materials science
IMPACT OF COOPERATIVE MASTERY LEARNING APPROACH ON STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN CHEMISTRY BY GENDER IN BOMET COUNTY, KENYA

The study investigated the Impact of Cooperative Mastery Learning Approach (CMLA) on Students’ Achievement in Chemistry by Gender in Bomet County, Kenya.  Non-equivalent control group design under quasi-experimental research was used in which samples of four co-educational sub-county secondary schools were drawn from the schools in the County. Each school provided one Form Two class for the study. This translated to a total of 205 subjects. Students in all the four groups were taught the same chemistry content of the topic, Effect of Electric Current on Substances for a period of five weeks. In the experimental groups, CMLA teaching strategy was used while Conventional Teaching Methods were used in the control groups. Data was collected using a Chemistry Achievement Test (CAT) whose reliability coefficient was found to be 0.78, hence suitable for data collection since the value was greater than the threshold of 0.70.One null hypothesis was stated. The data collected were subjected to statistical analysis at 0.05 α-level of significance using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer package. t-test statistics was used.  The findings from the study indicate that the achievement level was high for students taught using CMLA compared to those taught using Conventional Teaching Methods (CTM). The results also indicate that there was no gender difference in achievement when boys and girls were taught through CMLA implying that the teaching approach is suitable for teaching both male and female students. This in turn will help in bridging the persistent gender gap in chemistry achievement among secondary school students. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy : Since CMLA enhances students’ achievement in chemistry, educators and teachers should be encouraged to use it in an attempt to improve performance in chemistry. In addition, teacher education institutions should make it part of their teacher training curriculum content.

Field of study: Education
Individual-based and continuum models of growing cell populations: a comparison

In this paper we compare two alternative theoretical approaches for simulating the growth of cell aggregates in vitro: individual cell (agent)-based models and continuum models. We show by a quantitative analysis of both a biophysical agent-based and a continuum mechanical model that for densely packed aggregates the expansion of the cell population is dominated by cell proliferation controlled by mechanical stress. The biophysical agent-based model introduced earlier (Drasdo and Hoehme  2005) approximates each cell as an isotropic, homogeneous, elastic, spherical object parameterised by measurable biophysical and cell-biological quantities and has been shown by comparison to experimental findings to explain the growth patterns of dense monolayers and multicellular spheroids. Both models exhibit the same growth kinetics, with initial exponential growth of the population size and aggregate diameter followed by linear growth of the diameter and power-law growth of the cell population size. Very sparse monolayers can be explained by a very small or absent cell–cell adhesion and large random cell migration. In this case the expansion speed is not controlled by mechanical stress but by random cell migration and can be modelled by the Fisher–Kolmogorov–Petrovskii–Piskounov (FKPP) reaction–diffusion equation. The growth kinetics differs from that of densely packed aggregates in that the initial spread, as quantified by the radius of gyration, is diffusive. Since simulations of the lattice-free agent-based model in the case of very large random migration are too long to be practical, lattice-based cellular automaton (CA) models have to be used for a quantitative analysis of sparse monolayers. Analysis of these dense monolayers leads to the identification of a critical parameter of the CA model so that eventually a hierarchy of three model types (a detailed biophysical lattice-free model, a rule-based cellular automaton and a continuum approach) emerge which yield the same growth pattern for dense and sparse cell aggregates.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Dynamic nuclear polarization using a single pair of electrons

We observe dynamic nuclear polarization in a GaAs double dot system using two electrons that are never exchanged with the reservoir. By periodically bringing the system to the mixing point where the singlet and the triplet T+ states are degenerate, we observe that an excess polarization is built up. Surprisingly, the pumping procedure is most effective when the total duty cycle equals a multiple of the Larmor precession time of the Ga and As nuclei. The induced polarization corresponds to cooling of the underlying nuclear system. The dependence on the dwell time at the mixing point is found to be non-monotonic.

Field of study: Physics
Luminescent properties of AlGaAs grown by transient-mode liquid epitaxy

Transient-mode liquid epitaxy (TMLE), a method of non-equilibrium LPE growth, has been used to prepare thin n-type single-crystal layers of AlGaAs on GaAs substrates for the fabrication of infrared-emitting LED’s. It is well known that the concentration of Al in an epitaxial layer grown from the liquid phase is primarily dependent on solution composition, growth temperature and growth rate. During conventional LPE, the growth rate is usually made low enough that the equilibrium distribution coefficient can be assumed to prevail and the Al concentration for direct bandgap compositions will decrease as a layer grows. This, however, is not the case for material produced by TMLE. Since the growth rate during TMLE continually drops from an initially high value towards zero, the amount of Al incorporated in the epitaxial layer, and hence the bandgap energy, is not reduced as the layer is generated. The luminescence created at a diffused p-n junction is emitted through the p-side with very little absorption. Photoluminescence measurements using an argon-ion laser source (4579 Å) were made to determine the bandgap energies of AlGaAs epitaxial layers grown by TMLE for various lengths of time. Diodes fabricated from from this material had peak electroluminescence between 7900 and 8250 Å With half-intensity bandwidths of 200 A. In addition to a discussion of diode preparation, the spectral characteristics of diodes are compared with results obtained from photoluminescence measurements.

Field of study: Materials science
Basischer Magmatismus in der Geosynklinale

ZusammenfassungAm Beispiel der basischen Gesteine der paläozoischen Lahn-Dill-Geosynklinale wird die Entwicklung des spilitischen Mineralbestandes: Albit + Chlorit ± serp. Olivin + Leukoxen ± Calcit ± Quarz, statt eines basaltischen: Plagioklas + Pyroxen ± Olivin + Magnetit/Ilmenit, in den Spiliten, Weilburgiten und intrusiven Diabasen erörtert.Eine exogene Wasseraufnahme durch ein basaltisches Magma bei seinem Aufstieg durch die feuchten Sedimente der Geosynklinale vor und während seiner Erstarrung und, im Falle subaquatischer Effusion, durch direkte Berührung mit dem Meerwasser, vermag auf einfache Weise (bei CO2-Gegenwart) Bildung und Mineralbestand der Diabase und Spilite (einschließlich der Weilburgite) bis in Einzelheiten zu erklären.Einer Wasserassimilation im effusiven bis subeffusiven Niveau dürfte (ohne Beschränkung auf das Lahn-Dill-Gebiet) für die Entstehung dieser Gesteine aus basaltischen Magmen allgemeine Geltung zukommen.

Field of study: Environmental science
BAYESIAN ANALYSIS OF FINITE MIXTURES OF WEIBULL DISTRIBUTIONS

The paper considers Bayesian inference for finite mixtures of Weibull distributions. Despite their importance and flexibility in modeling, exact inference procedures for mixtures of Weibull distributions have not been considered before. The new methods are based on the hierarchical representation of Weibull mixtures, and computational implementation are organized around Gibbs sampling with data augmentation. The approach is illustrated using two- and three-component Weibull mixtures for the Hang-Seng stock price index.

Field of study: Mathematics
Affective Assessment and Dialectical Oppositionality in the Cognitive Processing of Social Descriptors

A theory of affection based upon dialectical cognitive processing is put to test. Twenty subjects (equated for sex) are assigned to each of three experimental conditions (N = 60). Experimental task is paired-associates learning of social descriptors like active, realistic, and quiet. In the same condition, subjects learn descriptors that they have seen before in this study and affectively assessed (i.e., liked or disliked a descriptor's meaning). In the opposite condition, subjects learn antonyms learned have not been seen before in this study.) A control group learns the same descriptors as the opposite group without benefit of seeing or affectively assessing their opposites. In the line with predictions (p = .005): (1) subjects in the same condition learn liked descriptors more readily than disliked descriptors; (2) subjects in the opposite condition learn antonyms of disliked descriptors more readily than autonyms of liked descriptors; (3) control subjects fail to demonstrate the dialectical patterning of the opposite subjects to whom they have been yoked. It is shown how an exclusively social (i.e., supra-individual) theoretical explanation of these findings leads to circularity.

Field of study: Psychology
Constraining Logits by Bounded Function for Adversarial Robustness

We propose a method for improving adversarial robustness by addition of a new bounded function just before softmax. Recent studies hypothesize that small logits (inputs of softmax) by logit regularization can improve adversarial robustness of deep learning. Following this hypothesis, we analyze norms of logit vectors at the optimal point under the assumption of universal approximation and explore new methods for constraining logits by addition of a bounded function before softmax. We theoretically and empirically reveal that small logits by addition of a common activation function, e.g., hyperbolic tangent, do not improve adversarial robustness since input vectors of the function (pre-logit vectors) can have large norms. From the theoretical findings, we develop the new bounded function. The addition of our function improves adversarial robustness because it makes logit and pre-logit vectors have small norms. Since our method only adds one activation function before softmax, it is easy to combine our method with adversarial training. Our experiments demonstrate that our method is comparable to logit regularization methods in terms of accuracies on adversarially perturbed datasets without adversarial training. Furthermore, it is superior or comparable to logit regularization methods and a recent defense method (TRADES) when using adversarial training.

Field of study: Computer science
To dope or not to dope: Electronic structure of Ba-site and Fe-site substituted single-crystalline BaFe2As2

The substitutional dependence of (Ba,K)(Fe,TM)2As2 (TM = Mn, Co, Ni, and Cu) is investigated with single-crystal x-ray diffraction and with near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure at the TM and Fe L2,3 edges. The present study shows that only for Ba/K replacement charge carriers are directly doped to Fe 3d states. In the case of Fe/Co substitution the additional electrons contribute to the ensemble of all 3d electrons and seem to screen the impurity whereas for Fe/Mn, Fe/Ni, and Fe/Cu replacement the data indicate that TM 4s/4p-derived impurity states become important for the electronic structure of Fe-site substituted BaFe2As2.

Field of study: Physics