nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Pharmacodynamic analysis of intravenous recombinant urate oxidase using an indirect pharmacological response model in healthy subjects

Pharmacodynamic analysis of intravenous recombinant urate oxidase produced by Escherichia coli was performed in healthy subjects using a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model.A randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled study was performed in 40 healthy Chinese subjects (4 groups of 10 subjects each, placebo 4:1 ratio) who received infusions of uricase (single doses of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mg/kg; multiple doses of 0.2 mg·kg−1·d−1 for 7 d). PK profiles were determined through plasma uricase activity, and PD profiles were established using uric acid levels in plasma and urine. The plasma PD parameter was estimated as changes in plasma uric acid levels as the effect in the indirect response model. Adverse events were also monitored.A two-compartment PK model with constant iv input and first-order output was used to describe the kinetic process of plasma uricase. The low value (2.8 U/L) of drug concentration that achieved 50% of maximum effect (EC50) indicated that low plasma uricase concentrations were sufficient to produce pharmacological effects. A strong relationship (r2=0.9991) between the mean uric acid concentration in blood and the mean uric acid excretion rate in urine in the range of 11 to 30 h after single dosing was found. Infusions of uricase were well tolerated in all subjects.The PK/PD model predicted the effective dose to be 0.1 mg/kg in healthy subjects. The excretion rate of uric acid in urine may be used as a new index for pharmacological effects in further clinical trials.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Optimal Unbiased Tests for Equivalence in Intrasubject Variability

The equivalence in average bioavailability between formulations may not be sufficient for assessment of bioequivalence. The difference in intrasubject variability between formulations should also be considered. This article presents an unbiased test procedure for equivalence in intrasubject variability of bioavailability that is uniformly more powerful than the two one-sided tests procedure proposed by Liu and Chow. Under a stronger condition, a uniformly most powerful invariant test for this problem is proposed. Some numerical comparisons and an example are also presented.

Field of study: Mathematics
Group Representations and Intergroup Bias: Positive Affect, Similarity, and Group Size

This study examined how social (group size: two, three, or four persons), appearance (similar or dissimilar dress), and affective (positive or neutral mood) factors can influence social categorization and, consequently, intergroup bias. As expected, positive affect increased the extent to which subjects formed inclusive group representations, anticipating that the members of two groups would feel like one, superordinate group. Also as predicted, subjects in dissimilarly dressed groups expected the memberships to feel less like one group. Consistent with the common in-group identity model, stronger superordinate group representations, in turn, predicted more positive out-group evaluations and lower levels of intergroup bias. The conceptual and applied implications of affect and social representations for improving intergroup relations are considered.

Field of study: Psychology
Deformation of western Greece during Neogene clockwise rotation and collision with Apulia

Following an Early Miocene phase of N–S extension affecting the entire Hellenides, 50° clockwise rotation affected western Greece. Modern GPS analyses show rapid southwestward motion in southwestern Greece over subducting oceanic lithosphere and no motion in the northwest, where Greece collided with Apulia. We aim to identify the deformation history of western Greece associated with the rotation and the collision with Apulia. The timing of the various phases of deformation is constrained via detailed analysis of vertical motions based on paleobathymetry evolution of sedimentary sequences overlying the evolving structures. The results show that accompanying the onset of rotation, compression was re-established in western Greece in the early Langhian, around 15 Ma. Subsequently, western Greece collided with the Apulian platform, leading in the Late Miocene to a right-lateral strike-slip system running from the Aliakmon Fault Zone in northern Greece via the Kastaniotikos Fault and the Thesprotiko Shear Zone to the Kefallonia Fault Zone, offshore western Greece. NE–SW compression and uplift of the Ionian Islands was accompanied by NE–SW extension in southwestern Greece, associated with faster southwestward motion in the south than in the north. This led in the middle Pliocene (around 3.5 Ma) to collision without further shortening in northwestern Greece. From then onward, NW–SE to N–S extension east of Apulia, and gradually increasing influence of E–W extension in the south accommodated motion of the Hellenides around the Apulian platform. As a result, curved extensional basin systems evolved, including the Gulf of Amvrakikos-Sperchios Basin–Gulf of Evia system and the Gulf of Corinth–Saronic Gulf system.

Field of study: Environmental science
Facial expression recognition based on geometric and optical flow features in colour image sequences

Facial expression recognition is a useful feature in modern human computer interaction (HCI). In order to build efficient and reliable recognition systems, face detection, feature extraction and classification have to be robustly realised. Addressing the latter two issues, this work proposes a new method based on geometric and transient optical flow features and illustrates their comparison and integration for facial expression recognition. In the authors' method, photogrammetric techniques are used to extract three-dimensional (3-D) features from every image frame, which is regarded as a geometric feature vector. Additionally, optical flow-based motion detection is carried out between consecutive images, what leads to the transient features. Artificial neural network and support vector machine classification results demonstrate the high performance of the proposed method. In particular, through the use of 3-D normalisation and colour information, the proposed method achieves an advanced feature representation for the accurate and robust classification of facial expressions.

Field of study: Computer science
Dehydrierung von 1,3-Diaryl-imidazolidinen mit Tetrachlorkohlenstoff

Die 1,3-Diaryl-imidazolidine 1 werden von Tetrachlorkohlenstoff sowohl uber einen ionischen als auch uber einen radikalischen Mechanismus zu den entsprechenden 1,3-Diarylimidazoliniumsalzen 2 dehydriert. 
 
 
 
Dehydrogenation of 1,3-Diarylimidazolidines with Carbon Tetrachloride 
 
 
 
The 1,3-diarylimidazolidines 1 are dehydrogenated by carbon tetrachloride by an ionic as well as by a free radical mechanism to yield the corresponding 1,3-diarylimidazolinium salts 2.

Field of study: Chemistry
Genotype and subgenotype of swine HEV

目的 调查猪HEV的基因型和亚型.方法 收集新疆南部和广西柳州地区3月龄以下猪粪便标本134份,用巢式逆转录聚合酶链反应法(RT-nPCR)检测戊型肝炎病毒核糖核酸(HEVRNA),对RT-nPCR阳性扩增产物进行克隆测序,用Vector NTI Suite 9.0和TreeView软件与目前新的分型方法所选参考序列进行核苷酸序列相似性比较和生物进化树分析.结果 新疆和广西猪粪便标本的HEV RNA阳性率分别为3.64%(2/55)和3.80%(3/79),命名为XJ3-2、XJ3-6、GX3-1、GX5-2和GX6-3.5株猪HEV的开放阅读框架1(ORF1)的部分核苷酸序列与Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ型HEV的相似性分别为74%～77%、76%～77%、73%～81%和82%～98%.同时对开放阅读框架2(ORF2)部分核苷酸序列进行了分析,GX3-1和GX6-3与Ⅳb亚型相似性最高,为88%～95%.GX5-2、XJ3-2和XJ3-6与Ⅳa亚型相似性最高,为90%～96%.结论 新疆和广西5株猪HEV均属于基因型Ⅳ,新疆2株为Ⅳa亚型,广西1株为Ⅳa,另2株为Ⅳb亚型.

Field of study: Biology
Body Rhythms, the School Day, and Academic Achievement

Efficiency on a variety of tasks has been shown to follow the body’s daily temperature rhythm. The school day favors the academic achievement of the morning-active student whose temperature cycle peaks early in the day and discriminates against the student with a later rhythm. One-way ANOVA of data from 641 students in grades seven to twelve found a significant relationship between time of maximum alertness and age, grade level, and grade averages. The morning-active students had higher academic achievement than those alert later in the day. The finding has implications for modifying the daily school schedule.

Field of study: Education
Intracellular transport of formaldehyde-treated serum albumin in liver endothelial cells after uptake via scavenger receptors.

Endocytosis of formaldehyde-treated serum albumin (FSA) mediated by the scavenger receptor was studied in rat liver endothelial cells. Suspended cells had about 8000 receptors/cell, whereas cultured cells had about 19,000 receptors/cell. Kd was 10(-8) M in both systems. Cell-surface scavenger receptors were found exclusively in coated pits by electron microscopy, by using ligand labelled with colloidal gold. Cell-surface-bound FSA could be released by decreasing the pH to 6.0; it was therefore possible to assess the rate of internalization of surface-bound ligand. This rate was very high: t1/2 for internalization of ligand prebound at 4 degrees C was 24 s. The endocytic rate constant at 37 degrees C, Ke, measured as described by Wiley & Cunningham [(1982) ], was 2.44 min-1, corresponding to t1/2 = 12 s. Uptake of FSA at 37 degrees C after destruction of one cell-surface pool of receptors by Pronase was decreased to 60%. This finding is compatible with a relatively large intracellular pool of receptors. The intracellular handling of 125I-tyramine-cellobiose-labelled FSA (125I-TC-FSA) was studied by subcellular fractionation in sucrose gradients, Nycodenz gradients or by differential centrifugation. The density distributions of degraded and undegraded 125I-TC-FSA after fractionation of isolated non-parenchymal cells and whole liver were similar, when studied in Nycodenz and sucrose gradients, suggesting that the subcellular distribution of the ligand was not influenced by the huge excess of non-endothelial material in a whole liver homogenate. Fractionation in sucrose gradients showed that the ligand was sequentially associated with organelles banding at 1.14, 1.17 and 1.21 g/ml. At 9-12 min after intravenous injection the ligand was in a degradative compartment, as indicated by the accumulation of acid-soluble radioactivity at 1.21 g/ml. A rapid transfer of ligand to the lysosomes was also indicated by the finding that a substantial proportion of the ligand could be degraded by incubating mitochondrial fractions prepared 12 min after intravenous injection of the ligand. The results indicate that FSA is very rapidly internalized and transferred through an endosomal compartment to the lysosomes. The endosomes are gradually converted into lysosomes between 9 and 12 min after injection of FSA. The rate-limiting step in the intracellular handling of 125I-TC-FSA is the degradation in the lysosomes.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
"What isn't there" in Margaret Atwood's The Blind Assassin: The Psychoanalysis of Duplicity

Atwood's The Blind Assassin has to do with memory as retro- spection, temporality being figured spatio-materially, with the emphasis on vision. In attempting to "fix" time through an obsessive elaboration of material objects, the novel foregrounds the lure and deception of the visual, the way images, like symbols, function, to stand in for what isn't there. Images of duplicity or doubling, encapsulated in the photo of the two often indistinguishable sisters, torn in half, suggest a return to that moment of simultaneous self-identity and self-alienation in the mirror, described by Lacan as a violent "tearing" between self and other, a perpetual (self-)assassination.

Field of study: Art
TWO-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF STATIC FLOW INTERFERENCE BETWEEN TWO CIRCULAR CYLINDERS IN TANDEM

With CFX software,a two-dimensional model of a flow field is built to study on the flow past two circular cylinders in a tandem arrangement by using the finite volume method.Firstly,the upstream and downstream cylinder Strouhal in different spacing are analyzed at Re=200.Through the comparison between the calculation results and previous literature results,the computation in this paper is proved reliable.Then the changing characteristics of lift and drag coefficients of the upstream and downstream cylinders in different spacing are researched.It is obtained that the critical distance of the flow between two circular cylinders in tandem is 3.375D~3.5D at Re= 200.Finally,some conclusions are gained though the changes in the flow field in different spacing: when the distance between the upstream and downstream cylinders is less than the critical distance,vortex shedding of the upstream cylinder does not exist;when the distance between the upstream and downstream cylinders is more than the critical distance,vortex shedding of the upstream cylinder occurs;the phenomenon of vortex shedding of downstream cylinder always exists.The results of the research provide a theoretical basis for the development of computational fluid dynamics and Aerodynamics.

Field of study: Engineering
The body mass index (BMI) is significantly correlated with levels of cytokines and chemokines in cerebrospinal fluid.

Cytokines and chemokines regulate many functions in the body including the brain. The interactions between adipose tissue and the central nervous system (CNS) are important for the regulation of energy balance. CNS function is also influenced by age. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of body mass index (BMI) and age on cytokine and chemokine levels in cerebrospinal fluid. Cerebrospinal fluid samples (n=89) were collected from patients undergoing routine surgical procedures. The samples were analyzed using the multiplex proximity extension assay (PEA) in which 92 different cytokines are measured simultaneously using minute sample volume. We found no significant correlations between age and cytokine levels for any of the studied markers. In contrast, at a false discovery rate of 10%, 19 markers were significantly associated with BMI (in decreasing significance: FGF-5, ADA, Beta-NGF, CD40, IL-10RB, CCL19, TGF-alpha, SIRT2, TWEAK, SCF, CSF-1, 4E-BP1, DNER, LIF-R, STAMPB, CXCL10, CXCL6, VEGF-A and CX3CL1). This study reveals a clear effect of BMI on cytokine and chemokine levels in cerebrospinal fluid.

Field of study: Medicine
Giant Intra-Articular Extrasynovial Osteochondroma of the Knee: A Report of Two Cases

We report two cases of a giant extrasynovial osteochondroma of the knee located in the infrapatellar fat pad region, in two females who were 58 and 71 years old respectively. Both patients had noticed the mass many years before our first clinical observation. In both patients, at physical examination a solid, firm and hard mass was palpable in the anterior part of the knee in Hoffa’s fat pad region, and the range of motion of the knee was severely restricted and painful. CT scan examination with 3D-reconstruction showed two large, calcified neoformations behind the patellar tendon, between the apex of the patella and the proximal third of the tibia. In both cases, the mass was completely resected surgically through an anterior longitudinal approach. At histological examination, the excised masses consisted of an outer layer of hyaline cartilage without significant chondrocyte atypia and an inner region of bone trabeculae formed by endochondral ossification. At follow-up, 8 and 4 years after the operation, both patients were pain-free, with complete recovery of the range of motion of the knee and without any clinical or radiographic evidence of recurrence. The authors believe that intra-articular extrasynovial osteochondroma of the knee is a primary metaplasia of Hoffa’s fat pad. Usually, the tumor develops slowly and asymptomatically over many years. The treatment of choice is a marginal resection of the mass, although a biopsy should be considered in some cases. Recurrences are extremely rare.

Field of study: Medicine
Reaction of 2,3-dichlorobenzo[b]thiophene 1,1-dioxide with 3-aminopropylsilanes, 3-aminopropylsiloxanes, and 3-aminopropylsilatrane

Abstract2-Chloro-3-[γ-(organosilyl)propylamine]benzo[b]thiophene 1,1-dioxides are formed in the reaction of 2,3-dichlorobenzo[b]thiophene 1,1-dioxide with 3-aminopropylsilanes, 3-aminopropylsiloxanes, and 3-aminopropylsilatrane.

Field of study: Chemistry
Psychophysical and Social Ratings of Human Body Odor

Male graduate students provided body odor samples, rated the odors for unpleasantness using a standard magnitude estimation procedure, and attempted to identify their own odor. Male and female undergraduates rated the odors for unpleasant ness and evaluated odor donors using bipolar adjective scales. Results indicated a high degree of agreement among subjects' (graduates and undergraduates) rankings of odor unpleasantness. Correlations demonstrated that odor unpleasantness was generally associated with socially undesirable traits. Odor donors typically rated their own odor as more pleasant than did other raters. Odor donors demonstrated marginal ability to detect their own odor.

Field of study: Psychology
Deformed Fourier models with formal parameters

The deformed Fourier matrices $H=F_M\otimes_QF_N$, with $Q\in\mathbb T^{MN}$, produce a matrix model $C(S_{MN}^+)\to M_{MN}(C(\mathbb T^{MN}))$. When $Q\in\mathbb T^{MN}$ is generic, the corresponding fiber can be investigated via algebraic techniques, and the main character law is asymptotically free Poisson. We present here an alternative point of view on these questions, using formal parameters instead of generic parameters, and analytic tools.

Field of study: Mathematics
Cross-talk between muscarinic- and adenosine-receptor signalling in the regulation of cytosolic free Ca2+ and insulin secretion.

The effects of A1-adenosine-receptor occupation on Ca2+ handling in the insulin-secreting RINm5F cell line were investigated. The selective A1-agonist N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA) had no effect itself on the cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration in cells loaded with Fura 2. However, CPA (1) attenuated the rise due to activation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels with Bay K 8644, and (2) caused a secondary increase (EC50 approx. 300 nM) if added after the primary Ca(2+)-mobilizing agonists vasopressin or carbamoylcholine (carbachol). Prior addition of CPA (10 microM) also potentiated (by approx. 20%) the subsequent Ca2+ peak due to maximal (100 microM) carbachol, but did not alter the EC50 of the carbachol response. Detailed analysis of the secondary rise in Ca2+ revealed further features. First, it was due to mobilization from intracellular stores, since it persisted in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. Second, it was associated with a rapid (5-15 s) increase in phospholipase C (PLC) activity, as measured by h.p.l.c. analysis of Ins(1,4,5)P3. This increase was only apparent after prior stimulation with carbachol. Third, and unlike the response to carbachol, it was mediated by a pertussis-toxin-sensitive G-protein. Fourth, it was not secondary to a decrease in cyclic AMP. Fifth, it was absolutely dependent on continued occupation of the primary receptor, since it was abolished if carbachol was displaced with the antagonist atropine. This implies a dynamic cross-talk between the two receptor coupling systems, rather than covalent modification as a result of the prior activation of PLC. Sixth, it was not associated with any desensitization of the ability of CPA to inhibit forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. Glyceraldehyde (10 mM)-induced insulin secretion was also potently inhibited by CPA > 10 nM, but the secretory response to 100 microM carbachol was unaffected up to 10 microM. The results suggest that, in vivo, adenosine would inhibit secretion due to carbohydrate nutrients much more effectively than that due to stimuli which activate PLC.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Emotion Estimation Algorithm from Facial Image Analyses of e-Learning Users

This paper proposes an algorithm to obtain the emotion estimation from facial images of e-Learning users. The facial expression characteristics used to distinguish emotions were obtained by examinations of the subjects. The following points were selected for the emotion analysis: A.  ・head apex ・chin B.  ・Outer Right Brow (OR_Brow) ・Inner Right Brow (IR_Brow) ・Outer Left Brow (OL_Brow) ・Inner Left Brow ( Lip corner (R_Lip) ・Left Lip corner (L_Lip) Table 1 shows estimated emotions of e-Learning users. 23 university students (18 male, 5 female) participated as subjects in our experiment the following data. (a) Time-sequential analysis of six normalized features point of facial images (b) Time-sequential subjective emotional self-evaluations by the subject as shown in Table 1. The positional rates of change of the facial feature points in the normalized coordinates every 30 seconds were obtained and sorted for the six emotions. Figure 1 is a matrix of rate of change. In fact, correlation Inner Right Brow(IR_Brow)(y) and Inner Left Brow(IL_Brow)(y) is high for affirmative feelings. (Correlation coefficient is 0.95)(E) Figure 2 shows standard deviation of the position change rates a function of the number of subjects. A rate of change fluctuates to about under 7. However, a rate of change converges with about 15. In addition, the same result was provided on average of rate. The procedure used to estimate the emotions is as follows. 1) Some effective features points are chosen by the emotion estimation 2) A subject is separated by two groups, as grope S and grope L 3) Selection of the eigenvector of the variance-co-variance matrices (cumulative contribution rate≧95%) 4) Emotion calculation using Mahalanobis distance. The result are shown in Fig.3 the proposed algorithm overall coincidence ratio between the computer emotion and the subjective evolution was 77.1%, while of the traditional method.

Field of study: Computer science
Der Übergang des amorphen Metalls in den kristallinen Zustand

ZusammenfassungIm Anschluß an frühere Arbeiten wird gezeigt, daß sich die amorphe Metallmodifikation auffassen läßt als ein hochkomprimiertes Gas, bei dem durch die Wechselwirkung der Nachbaratome die Ionisierungsenergie um einige Größenordnungen verkleinert ist. Diese Grundannahme Über den Aufbau der amorphen Metallmodifikation wird nicht nur durch das Verhalten der amorphen Schichten, sondern auch durch Experimente auf anderen Gebieten bestätigt. Direkt gezeigt wird zudem der Einfluß der gegenseitigen Atomabstände auf die Höhe der Ionisierungstemperatur durch die Verschiebung der Umwandlungstemperatur durch allseitigen Druck. Die Umwandlung einer amorphen Metallschicht durch den Stoß beschleunigter Elektronen entspricht vollkommen der Ionisierung der Atome im Gas durch Elektronenstoß. Die Versuche, die Struktur dünner Metallschichten durch Elektronenbeugung zu bestimmen, sind nur unter günstigen Umständen einwandfrei; die Bedenken, die im Anschluß an solche Versuche Über die Existenz der amorphen Metallmodifikation aufgekommen sind, haben deswegen keine Berechtigung. Die Verwandtschaft zwischen der amorphen Modifikation und dem dampfförmigen Zustand wird besonders dadurch gezeigt, daß auch bei amorphen Schichten Vorgänge beobachtet werden können, die dem Zeeman-Effekt und dem Stark-Effekt entsprechen: Durch ein Magnetfeld wird die Umwandlungstemperatur verschoben, und die Größe der Verschiebung wird durch die Formel für die Aufspaltung der Spektrallinien beim normalen Zeeman-Effekt wiedergegeben. Als Stark-Effekt im amorphen Metall kann die von Perucca gefundene Widerstandsabnahme dünner Metallschichten im elektrostatischen Feld gedeutet werden.

Field of study: Physics