nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
EXAFS measurements for liquid Ge-Si alloys.

EXAFS measurements around the Ge-K edge have been carried out for liquid Ge-Si alloys for the first time to investigate the local structure around a Ge atom. To perform the EXAFS measurements for the liquid alloys with high melting temperatures, a new sapphire cell have been developed. The measurements were carried out for the liquid alloys from 10% to 60% of Si and the crystalline ones from 10% to 70% of Si as a reference. EXAFS oscillations, x(k), are observed even at 1480 degrees C for liquid Ge(0.4)Si(0.6). The position of the first peak in the radial distribution function obtained from Fourier transform of x(k) is shifted towards smaller distance for liquid and crystalline alloys with increasing Si concentration. The results of a curve-fit analysis in a harmonic approximation show that Ge-Ge and Ge-Si bonds in the liquid alloys become long with increasing Si concentration while those become slightly short in the crystaline ones.

Field of study: Physics
Update on SSRI Treatment for Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Dementia

Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) of dementia including agitation, depression, and psychosis are common and debilitating facets of the disease process. Despite the significant impact of these symptoms on both individuals with dementia and their caregivers, safe and effective treatment options are lacking. From a pharmacological approach, antipsychotics have historically been the treatment of choice, but these medications are only modestly effective with significant adverse effects. Behavioral and psychosocial interventions have been shown to be effective but are difficult to implement in routine clinical practice. SSRI medications have been investigated as an alternative psychopharmacological approach based on evidence that the serotoninergic system is involved in the etiology of NPS in dementia. The evidence base for using SSRI medications in the treatment of NPS is growing, but the applicability of research findings to the utility of SSRIs in general in routine clinical practice is not entirely clear at this point. Further studies of a variety of SSRI medications in targeting NPS are needed to make a more definitive assessment of the efficacy of these medications in the relief of NPS.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Study on Heat Treatment Process of Cu Alloy Die Steel

The heat treatment process of a new type of copper alloy die casting die steel was discussed.The effects of quenching temperature,tempering temperature and time on microstructure and mechanical properties of steel were studied.The results show that with quenching temperature increasing,the size of grain growes up,when quenching temperature is higher than 1100 ℃,the grain becomes bulky.At the quenching temperature of 1100 ℃,the hardness of steel is 63 HRC,and the room temperature tensile strength of steel is 1897 MPa.At 600 ℃,high temperature tensile strength is 1117 MPa.The best heat treatment process is:quenching at 1100 ℃ and then tempering at 500 ℃ for 5 h.

Field of study: Materials science
A reconstruction of late Miocene Mediterranean circulation patterns using benthic foraminifera

Extensive research on the late Miocene Mediterranean has solved a number of questions concerning the development of the area, but questions remain on, for instance, the Mediterranean water circulation patterns. Knowledge of, preferably quantitative, oxygen contents of water masses could be of help to reconstruct paleo-circulation, and understand how this contributed to the development of the Mediterranean Messinian salinity crisis (MSC). Bottom-water oxygenation is usually estimated qualitatively, or semi-quantitatively at best, from abundances of infaunal benthic foraminifera, from stable carbon isotope data, or redox-sensitive elements. We present data from six Mediterranean land sections and one section located at the Atlantic side of the Rifian corridor, as an Atlantic reference location. We introduce a semi-quantitative reconstruction of oxygen levels at the sediment–water interface employing a simple index that operates on a scale from 1 (low oxygen) to 5 (normal to high oxygen). Using this method, we present a tentative reconstruction of the Mediterranean water circulation in the period preceding the continuous development towards the MSC, which started at 7.17 Ma. We found that during the late Miocene an anti-estuarine circulation was likely, quite comparable to the modern pattern. Deep-water formation appears to have existed in the central northeastern part of the basin. Around 7.2 Ma constriction of the Rif Corridor (Morocco) led to restricted exchange of Mediterranean and Atlantic water masses, a reduction of the deep circulation, and decreasing bottom water ventilation. Deep-water formation weakened and the Mediterranean hydrography changed thoroughly, eventually contributing to the development of the MSC.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Autoantibodies to neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels: from neuromuscular to neuropsychiatric disorders

Changes of voltage-gated ion channels and ligand-gated receptor channels caused by mutation or autoimmune attack are the cause of so-called channelopathies in the central and peripheral nervous system. We present the pathophysiology of channelopathies of the neuromuscular junction in terms of loss-of-function and gain-of-function principles. Autoantibodies generally have reduced access to the central nervous system, but in some cases this is enough to cause disease. A review is provided of recent findings implicating autoantibodies against ligand-activated receptor channels and potassium channels in psychiatric and neurological disorders, including schizophrenia and limbic encephalitis. The emergence of channelopathy-related neuropsychiatric disorders has implications for research and practice.

Field of study: Biology
Construction of the JAERI soft X-ray beamline for actinide material sciences.

An undulator beamline for spectroscopy studies focusing on the electronic structure of actinide materials is under construction. Linearly or circularly polarized soft X-rays are provided by employing a variably polarizing undulator. Varied-line-spacing plane gratings and a sagittal-focusing system are used to monochromatize the undulator beam, whose energy ranges from 0.3 to 1.5 keV. A resolving power of 10(4) is expected in the whole energy region. These components are methodically operated by the SPring-8 beamline control system. There are three experimental stations in the beamline. In one of the stations the photoemission spectroscopy experiments are carried out at a radioisotope-controlled area where actinide compounds as well as unsealed radioactive materials are usable. Other experimental stations are planned in the beamline for surface photochemical reactions and biological applications.

Field of study: Physics
England's Internal Colonies: Class, Capital, and the Literature of Early Modern English Colonialism (review)

a legal and penal category, and it was the experience of a large group of English captives in the Mediterranean. The model of plantation slavery ultimately overwhelmed these older concepts of slavery, helped in part by the developing racial consciousness that stressed the differences between the English and both Indians and Africans. Guasco’s treatment of apprenticeship and indenture as forms of forced labor exaggerates the coercive element of these relationships, but it is useful to remember that many people in early modern England had experiences — temporary and age-related, perhaps — of being unfree laborers. It is, like the other articles in this section, a reminder that the English did not just change things in the New World, but were themselves changed by their experience. The overall coherence of this collection is one of its greatest strengths: good essays have greater resonance in conversation with their fellows. The stimulating essays in this collection demonstrate the usefulness of reaching out, not just in spatial and temporal terms, but also in disciplinary ones. By placing Jamestown in a wider frame, we have a better understanding of Jamestown and of the North Atlantic world in the early seventeenth century.

Field of study: History
HCFC-141b REFRIGERANT GAS HYDRATE FORMATION MORPHOLOGY

Macroscopic and microscopic morphology of the formation of HCFC-141b gas hydrate were obtained by a set of low temperature experiments. The macroscopic morphology was recorded by a digital video camera, and the microscopic morphology was recorded by a microscope with a camera, magnified by 200 times. The test results indicated that the nucleation of gas hydrate had started at the two interfaces:between liquid water and liquid refrigerant or between liquid water and vapor refrigerant. The nucleation then gradually expanded to the whole boundary and formed a layer of hydrate. After that, refrigerant liquid diffused continuously into water through hydrate layer and formed new hydrate. The growth rate of gas hydrate was obtained from the microscopic photos and was compared with that in the former external cooling experiment.It was shown that disturbances could enhance the contact dimension between refrigerant and water phases.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Thiol‐Ene Click Reactions – Versatile Tools for the Modification of Unsaturated Amino Acids and Peptides

Terminal γ,δ-unsaturated amino acids, easily available by Claisen rearrangement or palladium-catalysed allylic alkylation, are excellent substrates for radical thiol additions. These click reactions allow the introduction of highly functionalized side-chains into a given amino acid or peptide. This protocol is suitable for the modification of all kinds of terminal alkenes, such as allyl protecting groups.

Field of study: Chemistry
Tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent formation of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (nitric oxide) in aortic endothelial cells.

Inhibition of tetrahydrobiopterin (H4biopterin) biosynthesis in endothelial cells almost completely abolished the agonist-induced formation of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) (NO). This inhibitory effect could be antagonized when H4biopterin biosynthesis was restored by activating a salvage pathway. These data indicate that the formation of EDRF strictly depends on the presence of intracellular H4biopterin, which, in addition to Ca2+, may represent a further physiological and/or pathophysiological regulatory of endothelial NO synthases.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Comparison of Coastal Vulnerability Index applications for Barcelona Province

Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) is one of the simplest and commonly used methods to assess coastal vulnerability to sea-level rise (SLR) driven erosion and/or inundation. In this way, it is a common tool contributing to the decision-making process in long-term coastal planning and management. However, there is not a unique approach to be adopted, and existing ones can supply different information and, thus, promote different decisions. Within this context, the main goal of this paper is to compare and evaluate different methodologies to determine CVI, and to suggest the most appropriate approach that can be generically applied for coastal vulnerability assessment. For doing this, the approaches proposed by Gornitz (1991), Shaw et al. (1998), Thieler and Hammar-Klose (2000), and Lopez et al. (2016) are applied along the 160 km long the Barcelona coastline in the Spanish Mediterranean. Shaw et al.‘s (1998) method appears to be the more realistic approach to assess vulnerability of the Barcelona coast while the overall vulnerability level calculated by the equation proposed by Gornitz (1991) indicate a wide variability, from highly vulnerable to a very low level of vulnerability. This study shows that the ranking tables generated from site-specific databases may not be applicable elsewhere, and indicates that it might be prudent to develop site or region-specific ranking categories to compute the overall CVI in order to provide reliable inputs to local coastal zone management initiatives. Despite the potential bias in the categorization of the overall CVI classes and their expert opinion/judgment approval requirements, CVI tools help decision makers to take the necessary actions to increase the resilience of coastal zones to SLR.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Web-Based Practice Examination to Improve Student Performance Concerning the 200 Most Prescribed Drugs

User-friendly technology has increased the ability of faculty to develop course web sites and has expanded ways to communicate with students. The benefits of technology must be weighed against the resources needed to use such tools. This article provides an overview of the features of WebCT, a web-based educational tool, along with a study that evaluated whether a voluntary, Internet-based practice examination developed using WebCT improved pharmacy student performance on a traditional "paper and pencil" format examination.  A retrospective comparison was made of the number of attempts needed to pass the actual examination, the pass rate at each attempt, and the percentage correct on each attempt between those who did and did not use the practice examination. The presence of a correlation between GPA and the number of times required to pass, and the percent correct were also evaluated.  A majority of students (65%) took the practice examination. While there was a trend towards better performance by those who took the practice examination, the results were generally not statistically significant (P > 0.05). No significant correlation was found between GPA and examination performance.  Further study is needed to assess whether such Internet-based tools can improve student performance.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Zur Theorie des Ferromagnetismus

ZusammenfassungDie Heisenbergsche Theorie des Ferromagnetismus wurde verbessert, indem man an Stelle der Gaußschen Termenverteilungsform in jedem Termsystem, auf welcher seine Theorie aufgebaut wurde, eine allgemeinere Verteilung annahm. Aus dieser verbesserten Theorie ergibt sich, daß die Bedingungen für die Anzahl der benachbarten Atome und die Größe der Austauschenergie zur Entstehung des Ferromagnetismus etwas verschieden von den Heisenbergschen sind und die Magnetisierbarkeit stark von der Anzahl der Atome, die miteinander gekoppelt sind und ein geschlossenes System im Kristall — Elementarkomplex — bilden, beeinflußt wird. Die Beziehung zwischen Magnetisierung und Temperatur stimmt mit dem Experiment gut überein.

Field of study: Physics
In vivo characterization of the first acyl-CoA Delta6-desaturase from a member of the plant kingdom, the microalga Ostreococcus tauri.

Genomic DNA of Ostreococcus tauri, a fully sequenced marine unicellular alga from the phytoplankton, was used to amplify a gene coding for a typical front-end desaturase involved in polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. Heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed very high desaturation activity with Delta6-regioselectivity. Short-time kinetic experiments showed that the desaturase product was detected in the acyl-CoA pool 5 min after addition of the exogenous substrate to the yeast medium and long before its appearance in the total fatty acids. When this desaturase was co-expressed with the acyl-CoA Delta6-elongase from Physcomitrella patens and the lipid-linked Delta5-desaturase from Phaeodactylum tricornutum, high proportions of arachidonic or eicosapentaenoic acid were obtained, because nearly all of the Delta6-desaturated products were elongated. Furthermore, the product/educt ratios calculated in each glycerolipid for the Delta6-desaturase or for the acyl-CoA Delta6-elongase were in about the same range, whereas this ratio showed a very uneven profile in the case of the lipid-linked Delta5-desaturase. Finally, a sequence-based comparison of all the functionally characterized Delta6-desaturases showed that this enzyme was not related to any previously described sequence. Altogether, our data suggest that this desaturase from O. tauri is an acyl-CoA Delta6-desaturase, the first one cloned from a photosynthetically active organism.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Twenty Years of Social Studies Textbook Content Analysis: Still “Decidedly Disappointing”?

In an article published in 1993, Rahima Wade reviewed the quality of social studies textbook content analyses published in three major social studies journals between 1982 and 1992. She concluded that the quality of this research was disappointing. Borrowing and refining Wade's methods, this article presents the findings of a review of all 29 textbook content analyses published in the same journals between 1994 and 2016 to see whether textbook content analysis research has improved during the past two decades. The results indicate that the quality of this research has improved little: many studies were unclear in their sampling strategies, validity and reliability of coding variables, and data collection and analysis procedures. The methodological limitations rendered their substantive findings questionable. This article concludes with recommendations for textbook researchers to explicate their data collection and analysis processes and make their results more useful to social studies teaching and learning. It also has implications for social studies teachers on how to use textbooks critically to provide students a more meaningful and powerful learning experience.

Field of study: Sociology
$p$-adic Banach space representations of $SL_2({\mathbb Q}_p)$

Let $F/{\mathbb Q}_p$ be a finite extension. This paper is about continuous admissible $p$-adic Banach space representations $\Pi$ of $G = GL_n(F)$ and their restriction to $H = SL_n(F)$. We first show that the restriction of any such absolutely irreducible $G$-representation decomposes as a finite direct sum of irreducible $H$-representations. Then we consider the restriction to $SL_2({\mathbb Q}_p)$ of certain $p$-adic unitary Banach space representations of $GL_2({\mathbb Q}_p)$, relying on the work of Colmez and Colmez-Dospinescu-Paskūnas. It is shown that if $\Pi$ is associated to an irreducible trianguline de Rham representation with distinct Hodge-Tate weights, then $\Pi|_H$ decomposes non-trivially if and only if this is true for the subrepresentation $(\Pi^{\rm lalg})|_H$ of locally algebraic vectors.

Field of study: Mathematics
Topological carbon allotropes: paradigm shift for materials innovation.

Topology is a central concept of mathematics, which allows us to distinguish two isolated rings with linked ones. In material science, researchers discovered topologically different carbon allotropes in a form of a cage, a tube, and a sheet, which have unique translational and rotational symmetries, described by a crystallographic group theory, and the atoms are arranged at specific rigid positions in 3-dimensional ($D$) space. However, topological orders must be robust against deformations, so that we can make completely different families of topological materials. Here we propose various topological structures such as knots and links using covalent $\sigma$ bonds of carbon atoms, while allowing various topologically equivalent arrangements using weak $\pi$ bonds. By extending this idea, we invented a new 3D carbon allotrope, Hopfene, which has periodic arrays of Hopf-links to knit horizontal Graphene sheets into vertical ones without connecting by $\sigma$ bonds.

Field of study: Physics
X-ray inclined lens.

As defined here, the term ;inclined lens' means a longitudinal parabolic groove fabricated into a crystal monochromator. If properly designed, it should provide the horizontal (sagittal) focusing of an X-ray beam. The focusing is based on the sagittal deviation of the beam diffracted on the wall of the groove. This effect follows from the dynamical theory of inclined diffraction. The focusing efficiency is limited compared with other methods. On the other hand, the simplicity is the main advantage of this device. The exact shape of the groove is calculated and several methods of keeping the vertical dimension of the beam small are proposed.

Field of study: Physics
On Garbling Schemes with and Without Privacy

Garbling schemes allow to construct two-party function evaluation with security against cheating parties SFE. To achieve this goal, one party the Garbler sends multiple encodings of a circuit called Garbled Circuits to the other party the Evaluator and opens a subset of these encodings, showing that they were generated honestly. For the remaining garbled circuits, the garbler sends encodings of the inputs. This allows the evaluator to compute the result of function, while the encoding ensures that no other information beyond the output is revealed. To achieve active security against a malicious adversary, the garbler in current protocols has to send Os circuits where s is the statistical security parameter. 
 
In this work we show that, for a certain class of circuits, one can reduce this overhead. We consider circuits where sub-circuits depend only on one party's input. Intuitively, one can evaluate these sub-circuits using only one circuit and privacy-free garbling. This has applications to e.g. input validation in SFE and allows to construct more efficient SFE protocols in such cases. We additionally show how to integrate our solution with the SFE protocol of [5], thus reducing the overhead even further.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
[Brivaracetam in the treatment of patients with epilepsy].

The newest antiepileptic drug (AED) brivaracetam (Briviac, UCB Pharma) (BRV) was approved in the Russian Federation in 2017 as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of partial seizures with/without secondary generalization in adults and adolescents over 16 years old with epilepsy. This review contains the data of BRV preclinical studies, pharmacokinetic profile and the results of comparative study of BRV and LEV. The results of main studies of efficacy and tolerability with pooled analysis as well as data from meta-analysis are presented. The authors present conclusions of the Russian leading epileptologists on perspectives of using BRV in different populations of epileptic patients. The use of BRV is able to provide long-term efficacy in terms of seizure control, is well tolerated, keeps quality of life and social activity of people with epilepsy.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Growing Up Ethnic: Nationalism and the Bildungsroman in African American and Jewish American Fiction (review)

More problematically, Michael does not address the fact that by choosing Kingsolver, she omits any Native writers from her study of racially-inflected concepts of community. While her discussion of the two novels is interesting, I'm not convinced that these books are so relevant as to merit the total omission of Native writers. Furthermore, Michael sidesteps entirely the possibility of productively discussing how the distinct strain of nationalism and separatism that is discernible in some Native writings might complicate her argument, although I strongly disagree with Michael's starting assertion that Hogan is, if not quite separatist, too negative towards hybridity. Rather than examine two novels by Kingsolver, it might have been interesting to see a comparison that examines how Natives and non-Natives approach issues of community and sovereignty and to offer a Native critique of hybrid communities. Despite its omission of Native writers, Michael's study has much to offer scholars of contemporary American women's fiction as well as scholars of community. Her readings of the novels are richly nuanced and contribute significantly to a body of research that has grown greatly over the last decade. Her analysis of political collectives not divorced from local communities and families that simultaneously retains the significance of individual action and agency is useful and fascinating.

Field of study: Art