nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Two long geological records of continental ecosystems

The early Paleogene continental sequence of northwestern Wyoming and south central Montana (USA) and the Neogene Siwalik sequence of northern Pakistan are exceptionally long, fossiliferous, and well studied in terms of geology, paleontology, mammalian evolution, paleoecology, and paleoclimatology. Each record spans about 15 myr of alluvial deposition in a foreland basin. The fluvial systems differed in size, drainage of floodplains, and change in alluvial architecture through time. Both sequences preserved abundant paleosols, which are a source of paleoclimatic signals in stable isotopes from soil carbonates. Fossil collections from both records are dominated by vertebrate remains and especially by mammals; the Paleogene sequence also preserved abundant floral remains. Patterns of vertebrate preservation differed markedly between the two sequences, placing inherent limitations on paleoecological reconstruction and on the scope of evolutionary studies of mammalian lincages. In this introductory paper, we summarize the major similarities and differences in geologic setting, chronology and time resolution, and mammalian faunal composition of these two long sequences. Finally, we present a brief overview of the organization of papers in this special issue.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Episodes of Pragmatic Behaviors in Parent–Child Interactions

Pragmatic behavior, or the socially appropriate use of language, is important to parents of preschool children. In 1994 Becker noted several questions that still remain to be answered, including issues such as developmental changes in the pragmatic teaching of preschoolers and whether there are differences in the parents' goals for pragmatic teaching in private versus public interactions. The present study addressed these issues. 29 parent–child dyads were videotaped for 30 min. Transcripts were coded for episodes of pragmatic behavior that occurred in the dyadic interaction. Analysis indicated that pragmatic behaviors across the age groups largely focused on issues of what to say and how to say it. The teaching and use of pragmatic behaviors in public interactions is relatively important to parents of children between 2 1/2 and 4 years. The spontaneous use of pragmatic behaviors was the most common form of input (78% overall). Pragmatic behaviors were more often prompted with direct, as opposed to indirect, comments. Discussion focuses on a content analysis of the direct versus indirect prompts in the different age groups.

Field of study: Psychology
Sensorimotor impairment and recovery of function in brain-damaged rats: reappearance of symptoms during old age.

Following unilateral lesions in the posterior-lateral hypothalamic area, rats displayed impaired orienting behavior to tactile stimuli placed on the contralateral side of the body, whereas sham-operated animals showed no sensorimotor impairment. Recovery from this impairment occurred during the first postoperative month. As the animals became senescent, there was a reinstatement of contralateral sensorimotor impairment in the brain-damaged animals. Although preliminary, these data may have important implications for the study of aging-dependent neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Phase lapses in transmission through interacting two-level quantum dots

We investigate the appearance of π lapses in the transmission phase θ of a two-level quantum dot with Coulomb interaction U. Using the numerical and functional renormalization group methods we study the entire parameter space for spin-polarized as well as spin-degenerate dots, modelled by spinless or spinful electrons, respectively. We investigate the effect of finite temperatures T. For small T and sufficiently small single-particle spacings δ of the dot levels we find π phase lapses between two transmission peaks in an overwhelming part of the parameter space of the level-lead couplings. For large δ the appearance or not of a phase lapse between resonances depends on the relative sign of the level-lead couplings in analogy to the U = 0 case. We show that this generic scenario is the same for spin-polarized and spin-degenerate dots. We emphasize that in contrast to dots with more levels, for a two-level dot with small δ and generic dot-lead couplings (that is up to cases with special symmetry) the 'universal' phase lapse behaviour is already established at U = 0. The most important effect of the Coulomb interaction is to increase the separation of the transmission resonances. The relation of the appearance of phase lapses to the inversion of the population of the dot levels is discussed. For the spin-polarized case and low temperatures we compare our results to recent mean-field studies. For small δ correlations are found to strongly alter the mean-field picture.

Field of study: Physics
Continence after BNR in the complete repair of bladder exstrophy (CPRE): A single institution expanded experience.

Several surgical methods have been used for primary repair of bladder exstrophy in the newborn. Complete primary repair of exstrophy (CPRE) aims to prevent the need for surgeries beyond the newborn period. Due to the rarity of bladder exstrophy, it has proven difficult in the past to analyze whether use of this method of closure truly does confer acceptable continence outcomes and hence minimizes the requirement for additional surgeries later in life.



To describe the continence outcomes of CPRE patients who went on to receive bladder neck reconstruction (BNR), and secondarily, to compare clinical features between those patients who were able to receive undergo a BNR compared to those who were not.



An IRB approved database of 1330 exstrophy-epispadias patients was used to identify referred patients after successful CPRE for management of continued urinary incontinence. Urinary continence outcomes were assessed in those who underwent modified Young Dees Leadbetter BNR following CPRE.



Sixty-one patients were referred for treatment after successful CPRE between 1996 and 2016. None developed continence or a dry interval after primary closure. Of these, forty-two (68.9%) underwent BNR by a single surgeon at a mean age of 5.8 years (range 5-8.4). The mean bladder capacity at BNR was 147 mL (range 102-210 mL). Twenty-five (59.5%) achieved day and night continence, 7 (16.7%) gained daytime continence with nocturnal leakage, and 10 (23.8%) remain totally incontinent. Mean follow-up after BNR was 5.9 years. Combined CPRE and pelvic osteotomy were performed in 100% of patients who were continent and 75% of those who were daytime dry. No continent patient had a ureteral reimplantation before BNR, whereas 4 patients with daytime continence and nocturnal leakage and 7 patients who remained continuously incontinent did.



This is the largest known series of BNRs in exstrophy patients closed by CPRE. Previous smaller studies have demonstrated mild to moderate success rates of BNR after CPRE, with many patients still requiring additional continence surgeries. The present study found similar results, with additional indication that successful primary closure and use of pelvic osteotomies may correlate with enhanced continence. This study includes outcomes from a single surgeon, with a maximum length of follow up of 13 years.



CPRE alone often does not render patients continent of urine, based on the authors' referral population. However, following BNR continence rates in this subgroup were found to reach 76%. Surgeons who treat this population should keep these factors in mind when planning continence surgeries.

Field of study: Medicine
Rock magnetic and geochemical record in a sediment core from the eastern Arabian Sea: Diagenetic and environmental implications during the late Quaternary

Rock magnetic concentration, grain size and mineralogy parameters together with organic carbon, calcium carbonate, redox-sensitive elements, δ 18 O of Globigerinoides ruber and radiocarbon dating were carried out on a 445 cm long sediment core collected at 1380 m depth off Mangalore, southwestern margin of India. The top 290 cm sediments of the core correspond to the last 18 kaBP. The δ 18 O and magnetic records exhibit major events at ∼ 16 kaBP, 14.5 kaBP, 11.5 kaBP and 9.8/8.6 kaBP related to start and intensity of the summer monsoon and climate change, and are synchronous with that of the western Arabian Sea and North Atlantic. The sediments with high magnetic susceptibility correlate with high sedimentation rates. The sediments are dominated by fine-grained magnetite, but intervals of 1.2–3.8 kaBP and 10–13.5 kaBP were subjected to diagenetic changes, resulting in the dissolution of fine-grained magnetites and enrichment of redox-sensitive trace elements (Cu, Ni, Zn, V, Mo and U). The sediments between 290 cm and 445 cm correspond to 18–27 kaBP and are characterized by distinct decrease in magnetic concentration, grain size and mineralogy parameters, high organic carbon, low concentrations of redox-sensitive trace elements and abundant pyritized tubules. The reductive diagenetic conditions indicated by rock magnetic properties are in contrast with the weak sub-oxic conditions revealed by low concentrations of trace elements in the sediments. The seasonal organic matter flux produced during the winter monsoon and moderate sedimentation rates favoured reductive diagenesis in the sediments at and below the last glacial maximum (LGM). Intermittent bioturbation, however, allowed oxidants to penetrate into the sediments, remobilized redox-sensitive trace elements into the water column and modified the primary geochemical signal of the sedimentary environment.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
George Herbert's Sacramental Puritanism*

The relationship in the early Stuart church between doctrine and discipline — between formal theological belief and outward matters including church governance, polity and ceremonial practice — is important for our understanding of George Herbert's devotional lyrics. Eucharistic theories which entertained notions of “real presence “ tended to support a sacerdotal style of divinity in which priest, ceremony and outward conformity were key features. Belief in the centrality of inward spiritual life, on the other hand, was reinforced by a theology in which the external elements are less effectual instruments than mere signs of a strictly invisible grace. This paper elucidates a sacramental poetics through which Herbert sought to reconcile the ideologically contrary imperatives of public ceremony and private religious devotion. The two are brought together successfully in The Temple, but this success consists largely in the drama resulting from the conflict the poems trace. Unmistakably inward in focus, Herbert's devotional enthusiasm is cultivated nonetheless through a fully sacramental and sacerdotal apparatus.

Field of study: History
Efficient Implementation of Broadband Beamformers Using Nested Hexagonal Arrays and Frustum Filters

A broadband beamformer is proposed based on nested hexagonal arrays, hexagonal frustum filters and multirate techniques. The nested hexagonal arrays used here consist of several hexagonal arrays of increasing size in the x-y plane (each one called subarray) where the distance between elements in each subarray is two times larger than in the previous one. The proposed beamformer consists of subarray beamformers, each one using the signals obtained from one of the nested hexagonal arrays as the input. These signals are filtered and downsampled so that the Region of Support (ROS) of the resulting 3D signals in the 3D frequency domain are the same for all subbands. The same hexagonal frustum filter design can therefore be used for all subarray beamformers to pass the desired signal and eliminate interferences. The use of nested arrays leads to larger effective aperture at low temporal frequencies and thus, better selectivity for low frequencies. Further, hexagonal arrays are known to require a lower sensor density for alias free sampling than rectangular arrays. Examples illustrate the performance of the proposed beamformer with respect to beampattern and computational complexity.

Field of study: Engineering
The nonlinear inexact Uzawa hybrid algorithms based on one-step Newton method for solving nonlinear saddle-point problems

This paper mainly consider the construction of efficient Uzawa-type algorithms for solving the nonlinear saddle-point problem (NSPP). Two nonlinear inexact Uzawa hybrid algorithms based on one-step Newton method are proposed for solving the NSPPs. By using the so-called energy-norm, the convergence of the proposed algorithms is verified under some practical conditions. In addition, some numerical results are reported to illustrate the behavior of the considered algorithm.

Field of study: Mathematics
Efecto de gelificantes en la formulación de dulce de yacón

El yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) es un tuberculo andino cultivado en las laderas de los Andes. Es una planta perenne que llega a su madurez entre 6-7 meses hasta 1 ano, segun la altura sobre el nivel del mar. Este trabajo propone la formulacion de un producto alimenticio a partir de yacon por agregado de solutos: glucosa y sacarosa y combinacion de barreras de estres. Se estudio el efecto de gelificantes: agar-agar, pectina y goma arabiga, en tres concentraciones: 0,30, 0,41 y 0,48%. Se agrego benzoato de sodio, metabisulfito de sodio y acido citrico. Se desarrollo un dulce tipo pan. Se registro la evolucion de temperatura durante la coccion. Se empaco y envaso el dulce en bandejas. Se analizaron parametros de textura principales y secundarios. La formulacion que alcanzo valores de textura similares a la referencia fue: 0,48% de agar-agar; 12% de sacarosa; 17% de glucosa; 23% de agua; 996,75 ppm de metabisulfito; 498,50 ppm de acido citrico y 1435,7 ppm de benzoato de sodio. Se realizo una prueba sensorial a traves de la evaluacion de los parametros mas representativos de la textura, utilizando para ello una escala hedonica, determinando la aceptacion de la formulacion seleccionada.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Design and construction of biologically active peptides, including enzymes

Amphiphilic secondary structural regions have been found to be of great importance to the biological and physical properties of a variety of peptides and proteins that act at membrane surfaces. For systems ranging from apolipoproteins through toxins to peptide hormones we have prepared peptide models that have minimal homology to the corre— sponding regions of the natural peptides and proteins but simulate their biological and physical behavior. Most of our peptides have been synthe— sized by the stepwise solid phase method. However, in the synthesis of two of our models for apolipoprotein A—I we have utilized an oxime polymer that we have developed for a fragment synthesis—condensation approach. The latter approach will probably find considerable applica— tion, particularly in the preparation of large peptide and protein models.

Field of study: Chemistry
On the infinite tame-wild dichotomy, the Brauer-Thrall 3 conjectures, and related problemns

We prove the tame-wild dichotomy conjecture, due to D. Simson, for infinite dimensional algebras and coalgebras. The key part of the approach is proving new representation theoretic characterizations for local finiteness. Among other, we show that the Ext quiver of the category ${\rm f.d.-}A$ of finite dimensional representations of an arbitrary algebra $A$ is locally finite (i.e. $\dim({\rm Ext}^1(S,T))<\infty$ for all simple finite dimensional $A$-modules $S,T$) if and only if for every dimension vector $\underline{d}$, the representations of $A$ of dimension vector $\underline{d}$ are all contained in a finite subcategory (a category of modules over a finite dimensional quotient algebra). This allows one reduce the tame/wild problem to the finite dimensional case and Drozd's classical result. We also show that these two properties are local in the sense of localization: a category of comodules is tame/not wild if and only if every "finite" localization is so, and give the relations to Simson's f.c.tame/f.c.wild dichotomy. We use the methods and various embeddings we obtain, to give a proof for the Brauer-Thrall 3 conjecture, also raised by Simson, for the class of all wild algebras, thus covering "almost" all algebras. We list several questions that seem to arise naturally from this study.

Field of study: Mathematics
Regulatory control of high levels of carotenoid accumulation in potato tubers.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers contain a wide range of carotenoid contents. To decipher the key factors controlling carotenoid levels in tubers, four potato lines (Atlantic, Désirée, 91E22 and POR03) were examined by a combination of biochemical, molecular and genomics approaches. These lines contained incremental levels of carotenoids, which were found to be associated with enhanced capacity of carotenoid biosynthesis as evident from norflurazon treatment. Microarray analysis of high and low carotenoid lines (POR03 versus Atlantic) revealed 381 genes that showed significantly differential expression. The carotenoid metabolic pathway genes β-carotene hydroxylase 2 (BCH2) and β-carotene hydroxylase 1 (BCH1), along with zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP), and carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1A (CCD1A) were among the most highly differentially expressed genes. The transcript levels of BCH2 and BCH1 were lowest in Atlantic and highest in POR03, whereas those of ZEP and CCD1A were high in low carotenoid lines and low in high carotenoid lines. The high expression of BCH2 in POR03 line was associated with enhanced response to sugars. Our results indicate that high levels of carotenoid accumulation in potato tubers were due to an increased metabolic flux into carotenoid biosynthetic pathway, as well as the differential expression of carotenoid metabolic genes.

Field of study: Environmental science
Estimating Strictly Increasing Regression Functions

The maximum likelihood estimate of a nondecreasing regression function with independent, normal errors has been studied in detail in the literature. However, it is often constant over one or more intervals and for this reason may be unacceptable if the regression function is believed to be strictly increasing. Using simulation techniques, the least squares line, the maximum likelihood estimate, and a weighted average of these two are compared here. In each case considered, the weighted average is strictly increasing with probability near one and has smaller total mean squared error than the maximum likelihood estimator.

Field of study: Mathematics
Plato’s Hermaphrodite and a Vindication of the Sense of Touch in the Sixteenth Century

This essay considers readings of Plato’s Symposium in sixteenth-century trattati d’amore (love treatises) — especially Francesco Patrizi’s L’amorosa filosofia — that offer an alternative to Marsilio Ficino’s pervasive interpretation as presented in his De amore. Against the backdrop of a larger debate concerning the role of the lower senses (touch, in particular) and the relationship between body and soul, these alternative readings of the Symposium attempt to redeem the role of tactility in love matters. Whereas Ficino and his most influential followers — Pico della Mirandola, Pietro Bembo, and Baldassare Castiglione — center their exegesis on Diotima’s speech and privilege sight as the most noble sense, Patrizi’s reading — to a large extent preceded by those of Sperone Speroni, Agnolo Firenzuola, and Flaminio Nobili — focuses on Aristophanes’s myth and the figure of the hermaphrodite as the model for a different kind of human love that is both sensual and spiritual.

Field of study: History
ALMA observations of Lyman-α Blob 1: halo sub-structure illuminated from within

We present new Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) 850 μm continuum observations of the original Lyα Blob (LAB) in the SSA22 field at z = 3.1 (SSA22-LAB01). The ALMA map resolves the previously identified submillimeter source into three components with a total flux density of S_(850) = 1.68 ± 0.06 mJy, corresponding to a star-formation rate of ~150 M ⊙ yr^(−1). The submillimeter sources are associated with several faint (m ≈ 27 mag) rest-frame ultraviolet sources identified in Hubble Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) clear filter imaging (λ ≈ 5850 A). One of these companions is spectroscopically confirmed with the Keck Multi-Object Spectrometer For Infra-Red Exploration to lie within 20 projected kpc and 250 km s^(−1) of one of the ALMA components. We postulate that some of these STIS sources represent a population of low-mass star-forming satellites surrounding the central submillimeter sources, potentially contributing to their growth and activity through accretion. Using a high-resolution cosmological zoom simulation of a 10^(13) M⊙ halo at z = 3, including stellar, dust, and Lyα radiative transfer, we can model the ALMA+STIS observations and demonstrate that Lyα photons escaping from the central submillimeter sources are expected to resonantly scatter in neutral hydrogen, the majority of which is predicted to be associated with halo substructure. We show how this process gives rise to extended Lyα emission with similar surface brightness and morphology to observed giant LABs.

Field of study: Physics
A theoretical study of the nitration of eugenol with the nitronium ion

The nitration of eugenol was investigated by using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Potential energy surface and molecular electrostatic potential of eugenol was constructed in order to find, respectively, the minimum energy conformers and the possible sites for electrophilic attack. Stationary points were located and characterized at the B3LYP/6-311++G(2d,2p) level of theory. A strongly bound π-complex was found, in which the distance between the nitrogen atom of the NO2 moiety and the C1 carbon atom of the aromatic ring is 2.15 A in the gas phase and 2.06 A in dichloromethane. The most favorable σ-complex or Wheland intermediate is the result from the interaction between the nitrogen and the C6 ring carbon atom. The transition state that connects both complexes is more resembling the σ-complex. The nitronium ion exothermically reacts with eugenol to give the π-complex without an energy barrier. The next stage of the reaction pathway, π-complex → σ-complex, is endothermic and involves a Gibbs energy of activation of 7.9–8.0 kcal mol–1 (gas phase) and 8.3–8.9 kcal mol–1 (CH2Cl2).

Field of study: Chemistry