nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The effects of coxib formulary restrictions on analgesic use and cost: regional evidence from Canada.

Public insurance plans for pharmaceuticals in Canada differ substantially across provinces in the conditions under which pharmaceuticals are reimbursed. Coxibs provide a good example. Québec had no restrictions on reimbursement for these drugs. Ontario required physicians to submit the clinical indications for their use on the prescription. British Columbia required physicians to seek and receive prior authorisation from the drug plan.



This study compares the effects of different reimbursement policies on coxib, non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsNSAIDs), and gastro-protective agent (GPA) use and cost.



Analysis of retrospective time series analysis of all NSAID and GPA administrative claims data from April 1997 through December 2002.



Administrative claims data from April 1997 through December 2002 for each of the publicly funded drug plans in Québec, Ontario, and British Columbia. In addition, we obtained data from BC PharmaNet, which records all dispensed prescriptions in British Columbia.



Senior beneficiaries (>or= 65 years).



We compared the projected total NSAID utilisation in the absence of coxib reimbursement restriction with actual utilisation by province and drug category. Projected utilisation was based on ARIMA modelling and reported as the number of defined daily doses (DDDs) per 100 senior (>or=65 years) beneficiaries/month.



In Ontario, under its "limited use" policy, uptake and steady-state use of coxibs was similar to that in Québec, where there were no restrictions. In British Columbia, publicly funded use of coxibs was 6% of that in Ontario and Québec. Despite a shift to private reimbursement, total coxib use in BC was only 50% of use in Ontario and Québec. The use of all NSAIDS (nsNSAIDS plus coxibs) increased for all provincial drug plans except for BC. The increase and overall rate of total NSAID use was greatest in Ontario. Neither Ontario's nor BC's policies had an impact on use of nsNSAIDs or GPAs.



Only BC's policy effectively limited publicly funded coxib use. However, there was substantial cost-shifting to out-of-pocket and third party insurance plans in BC.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Ramsey interference fringes in single pulse microwave multiphoton transitions.

In microwave multiphoton transitions between Rydberg atoms driven by short microwave pulses we have observed that the rise and fall of the pulse are as important as the peak and together can produce readily visible interference in the transition probability. Furthermore, the transition probability vanishes for some tunings and can be suppressed if the ac Stark shift brings the two states into resonance at the peak of the microwave pulse with a large Rabi frequency

Field of study: Physics
Preparation and Characterization of WS_2 Floriated Nano-crystal

Tungstic trioxide sols were obtained from exchanging Na_2WO_4 with proton in cation resin using sol-gel method.The mixture of tungstic trioxide sols and sulfur powder were treated at 650~C for 2 h in high-pressure reactor. The specimen was investigated by scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and X-ray diffraction(XRD),the influence factors and the preparation of nano-crystal flower were preliminarily studied.The results show that the black products are confirmed as WS_2 floriated nano-crystal which is about 5 nm in thickness,and tens in length and width respectively.

Field of study: Materials science
Study on roasting "Peking-duck" using air-jet impingement technique and decreasing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of the production

The process of roasting"Peking-duck"by tradition whether heated directly with fire or indirectly that was used high temperature about 230～270 ℃.The oil from duck was dropped down, heated and burnt, those can bring smoke with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the facts can not to be ignored that those mutagenic carcinogen polluted roasting duck and surroundings.It was a new technology for roasting Peking-duck with air-impingement that can give the higher efficiency of heat transfer.According to this mechanism, in order to heat up the raw duck, the hot air jetted directly on raw duck with high speed, the enough energy wasobtained by raw duck at a short time, it insured Peking duck against polluted.In this work, the equipment of pretreatment and air-jet impingement oven was designed for"Peking-duck"roasting, the optimum processing was defined for roasting of"Peking-duck"used air-jet impingement oven, and the PAHs were determined in roasting Peking duck.It is show that roasting"Peking-duck"at 180～190 ℃ has the similar quality to the traditional, the content of PAHs are under the standards of nation and Europe.Using air-jet impingement oven, as a result, it can decrease the injurant, moreover, it can keep the flavor and taste proper to roasting Pekingduck, and therefore, the technique of air-jet impingement is feasible for roasting Peking-duck.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Impacts of Perceived Role Demands on Work-Life Balance and Moderating Effects of Work Ethics: Evidence from Public Sector Professionals in Sri Lanka

Work, family and social life are considered to be the most important spheres for an individual’s life. The current study focuses on to determine the level of work-life balance, to analyze the impacts of perceived role demands on work-life balance and to estimate the moderating effects of work ethics between role demands and work-life balance relationship among professionals in Sri Lanka. The sample consists of 386 professionals of Chartered Engineers, Medical Officers and Accountants employed in the public sector organizations in Sri Lanka. Explanatory research design with quantitative research approach of cross sectional survey method was adapted. Primary data was collected using Questionnaire survey with stratified random sampling techniques. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modelling approach with Amos 21 and SPSS statistics 23. The Multi-Group Analysis in Amos also has been applied for testing the moderation effect of work ethics. This study found that professionals possess a moderate level of work-life balance and there is significant and negative causal impacts of perceived work and social demands on work-life balance while combined effects of perceived role demands have significantly and negatively impact on work - life balance. Moreover, work-life balance is skewed towards works and less in family and social role demand is an emerging issue for professionals. Further, work ethic has significant and partial moderation effect between role demands and work-life balance relationships. This study is significant and beneficial for managers, organizational leaders and researchers to address the needs of employees to develop strategies and policies to address work - life balance issues and social implications for employees, family members, societies and researchers. The limitation of the study is that all of the measures were self-reported that common method variance may raise concern. Future studies using longitudinal design would be useful in establishing the temporal causal relationship among the private sector professionals in Sri Lanka.

Field of study: Business
Tomographic retrieval algorithm of OH concentration profiles using double spatial heterodyne spectrometers

The hydroxyl radical (OH) determines the atmospheric self-cleaning capability and is one of the significant oxidants in atmospheric photochemistry reactions. The global OH has been monitored by satellites with the traditional limb mode in the past decades. This observed mode can achieve high-resolution vertical OH data, but cannot obtain the enough horizontal OH data for inverting high-precision OH concentrations because OH has the high reactivity that makes its concentrations extremely low and distributions complicated. The Double Spatial Heterodyne Spectrometers (DSHS) is designed in order to achieve more high-resolution and detailed OH data. This sensor can measure the OH by the three-dimensional limb mode to obtain the comprehensive OH data in the atmosphere. We propose a new tomographic retrieval algorithm here based on the simulated observation data due to the DSHS will work officially on the orbit in the future. We build up an accurate forward model that the main part of it is the SCIATRAN radiative transfer model which is modified according to the radiation transmission theory. We also construct the tomographic retrieval algorithm that the core is a look up table method. A tomographic observed database is built up through the atmospheric model, the spatial information (position of the target area and satellite position), the date parameters, the observation geometries, OH concentrations and simulated observation data. The OH concentrations can be found directly from it. If there are no corresponding query conditions in the tomographic observed database, the cubic spline interpolation is used to obtain the OH concentrations. The tomographic retrieval algorithm can obtain the more accurate OH concentrations even in the lower atmosphere where the OH data is not well and avoids the initial guess values for solving the iteration problems. Our research not only provides a scientific theory support for the construction of DSHS, but also gives a new retrieval algorithm idea for other radicals.

Field of study: Environmental science
Recyclization of indolo[2,3-c]pyrylium salts by reaction with secondary amines

Abstract1-R-3-methylindolo[2,3-c]pyrylium salts react with cyclic secondary amines (morpholine, piperidine, and N-methylpiperazine) to give, depending on the structure of the alkyl substituent R, either 1- (when R=Me) or 3-aminocarbazoles (when R=i-Pr), or mixtures of both (when R=Et). The position of the amino-substituent in 1-morpholino-3,9-dimethylcarbazole has been established by x-ray diffraction examination.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Role of Stigma in Parental Help-Seeking for Perceived Child Behavior Problems in Urban, Low-Income African American Parents

Significant numbers of children have diagnosable mental health problems, but only a small proportion of them receive appropriate services. Stigma has been associated with help-seeking for adult mental health problems and for Caucasian parents. The current study aims to understand factors, including stigma, associated with African American parents’ help-seeking behavior related to perceived child behavior problems. Participants were a community sample of African American parents and/or legal guardians of children ages 3–8 years recruited from an urban primary care setting (N = 101). Variables included child behavior, stigma (self, friends/family, and public), object of stigma (parent or child), obstacles for engagement, intention to attend parenting classes, and demographics. Self-stigma was the strongest predictor of help-seeking among African American parents. The impact of self-stigma on parents’ ratings of the likelihood of attending parenting classes increased when parents considered a situation in which their child’s behavior was concerning to them. Findings support the need to consider parent stigma in the design of care models to ensure that children receive needed preventative and treatment services for behavioral/mental health problems in African American families.

Field of study: Psychology
An Institutionalist Framework for a Consistent Financial Regulation

In the light of recurrent systemic crises that financialized market economies have been experiencing since the 1980s, this article seeks to determine the conditions required for a regulatory framework apt to ensure financial stability. Drawing upon an Institutionalist Minskyian endogenous financial instability approach, the article studies the fragilities of liberalized finance and points to some policy alternatives able to lead to an alternative financial regulatory model that is consistent with macroeconomic stability. It argues that in a weak regulatory environment financial markets naturally generate instabilities that could turn into systemic crises. The analysis maintains that in order to deal with such crises, a tight supervision should be framed under the aegis of public authorities and suggests some rules to develop a relevant regulatory system through an open and democratic decision process. Two points then deserve particular attention: a macro-prudential approach that regards instability as a systemic (non-individual) issue, and a preventive approach that aims at preventing systemic-risk generating activities from taking control over the markets.

Field of study: Economics
Polarographische verfolgung der komplexe des urans mit propionat, formiat und monochloracetat

For the study of complex systems in buffered solutions with definite pH, it is necessary to have a knowledge of the interinediate reactions of the primary solutions and to estimate the stability of the complexes with the buffer. The acetate complex region earlier studied was extended to a polarographic investigation of U complexes with propionate, formate, and monochloroacetate. It was possible to establish differences caused by the nature of these ligands.

Field of study: Chemistry
Application of interferometry to the measurement of the pitch of threads on a lead screw.

A rapid, interferometric method for measuring the pitch of a nonrotating lead screw that involves no mechanical contact with the thread is described. The moving plane mirror of a Michelson interferometer is set on the axis of the lead screw. The lead screw is mounted on the carriage of a machine which moves it parallel to its axis. The Michelson fringes are counted continuously as the screw threads are moved across a light beam. The Michelson interferometer uses the green line of a (198)Hg isotope electrodeless lamp. The passage of a pitch point, to punctuate the fringe count, is sensed by photoelectric microscopes, and associated electronic circuitry, as described herein. The performance of the apparatus is presented.

Field of study: Physics
Microparticle formation of ethyl-cellulose with gas antisolvent process

The gas antisolvent (GAS) process makes use of the ability of gases to dissolve in organic liquids and to lower the solvent power of the liquid for the solutes in solution, thus causing the solids to precipitate.Ethyl-cellulose(EC) is the ramification of cellulose.It is the first time to use the gas antisolvent process to produce EC microparticles,which would be mainly used as a hydrophobic coating material or matrix former for modifying the release of drugs from oral dosage forms.In the experimental conditions, different size particles of EC, with mean diameters ranging from 2 μm to 15 μm, were obtained.Several parameters, such as pressure, temperature and different organic solvents,were investigated.The results showed that the mean particle size increased as the temperature of the particle formation vessel increased;while the particle size and its distribution decreased as the pressure of the particle formation vessel increased.The acetone solution of EC could make smaller particles than the ethanol solution.This work is the first step to make sustained releasing, target, adhesive and drug containing EC micropariticles.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Effects of ethanol, chlordiazepoxide, and MK-801 on performance in the elevated-plus maze and on locomotor activity.

The effects of ethanol, chlordiazepoxide, and MK-801 on performance in the elevated-plus maze and on activity measured in a circular activity monitor were compared in Sprague-Dawley rats to determine whether these effects of ethanol could be explained by its action on either GABAA or NMDA receptors. Both ethanol and chlordiazepoxide produced an increase in the time spent in the open arms of the elevated-plus maze and in the ratio of open arm to total arm entries, indicative of an anxiolytic action of these drugs. MK-801 did not alter either the time spent in the open arms or the ratio of open to total arm entries. Chlordiazepoxide and MK-801 produced an increase in total arm entries that suggested that these compounds were increasing locomotor activity. Ethanol also increased total arm entries, but the effect was not statistically reliable. Following habituation to an activity monitor, neither ethanol nor chlordiazepoxide increased activity in this task, whereas MK-801 produced a robust increase in locomotion. Additionally, neither ethanol nor chlordiazepoxide blocked the MK-801-induced locomotor stimulation. The latter finding suggests that the effects of ethanol on GABAA receptors was not blocking an increased activity level produced by its antagonism of NMDA. Additionally, these results indicate that the anxiolytic and locomotor action of ethanol in rats parallel the effects of a benzodiazepine and not those of an NMDA antagonist. Finally, these results suggest that the consequence of ethanol's antagonism of NMDA receptor function is more restricted than that produced by MK-801.

Field of study: Medicine
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Optically pumped Pb1-xSnxSe1-yTey heterojunction lasers with matched gratings at the interface

An investigation was made of the photoluminescence emitted from epitaxial films of Pb1–xSnxSe1–yTey solid solutions (0 ≤ x 0.47, 0 ≤ y 0.65), grown by the method of liquid epitaxy on n-type PbSe substrates. Next, n-Pb1–xSnxSe1–yTey/n-PbSe heterostructures, with the Pb1–xSnxSe1–yTey active layer (0.015 ≤ x ≤ 0.092, 0.0006 ≤ y ≤ 0.026), were matched in respect of the lattice constant to the substrate (Δa/a =10−1–10−3%) and used as optically excited heterolasers. The spectral and threshold characteristics were determined as a function of the thickness of the active layer d, temperature, and resonator length. Variation of the composition of the active layer altered the emission wavelength within the range 8–12.5 μ at 77°K. Electron and optical confinement effects were observed when the thickness d was reduced. For the optimal thickness dopt≈/cm2 at 77°K. The loss factor (5.5 cm−1), gain (0.11 cm/W), and carrier density (2×1017 cm−3) in the active layer were determined.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Career Guidance and Entrepreneurship Education in Nigeria

Entrepreneurship education is a necessity in addressing the problem of unemployment of school leavers (secondary and tertiary education graduates) in Nigeria and the promotion of employment market for those who cannot employ themselves. Entrepreneurship education aims at preparing and equipping students of secondary and tertiary educational system with relevant theories, knowledge and practice of entrepreneurships. It is to prepare students to venture into job creation and nurturing of entrepreneurship successfully in emerging economies of Nigeria.  The paper focuses on career guidance and entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurship skills needed in careers, examples of entrepreneurs required in Nigeria, how to identify entrepreneurship skills and theories supporting career choice development. The role of self-    concept and self-esteem in career choice. The paper concludes with   recommendations on the need to place emphasis on entrepreneurship education in order to save the Nigerian school leavers and graduates from idleness and save Nigerian economy from diving downward.  Entrepreneurship, Education, Career.

Field of study: Education
Crustal and Upper Mantle Structure of the Columbia Plateau from Long Range Seismic–Refraction Measurements

Seismic-refraction measurements were made along a 600-km profile extending due south from the Canadian border across the Columbia Plateau into eastern Oregon. The source for the seismic waves was a series of 20high-energy chemical explosions detonated by the Canadian government in Greenbush Lake, British Columbia. First arrivals recorded along this profile are on the Pn travel-time branch. In northern Washington and central Oregon, their travel time is described by T = Δ/8.0 + 7.7 sec; but in the Columbia Plateau, the Pn arrivals are as much as 0.9 sec early with respect to this line. An interpretation of these Pn arrivals together with later crustal arrivals suggest that the crust under the Columbia Plateau is thinner by as much as 12 km or has an average P-wave velocity higher by as much as 0.8 km/sec than the 35-km-thick, 6.2-km/sec crust under the granitic-metamorphic terrain of northern Washington. A tentative interpretation of later arrivals recorded beyond 500 km from the shots suggests that a thin 8.4-km/sec horizon at a depth of 100 km may be present in the upper mantle beneath the Columbia Plateau and that this horizon may form the lid to a pronounced low-velocity zone extending to a depth of about 140 km.

Field of study: Geology
Strong Inconsistency from Uniform Priors

Behavior of this type will be called strong inconsistency. Box and Tiao [2, p. 310] might, apparently, tolerate such behavior by the simple device of ignoring (1.3), which, based on a sampling distribution, is regarded as irrelevant to the Bayesian inference. In support orf this, Box and Tiao [2, p. 304] could employ once again a form of argument used to defend a particular improper prior in their analysis of the random effects model; namely, that (a) for any particular x, we can take o-, in the proper prior measure element

Field of study: Mathematics
Diffraction efficiency of a grating coupler for an array illuminator.

The diffraction efficiency of a grating coupler having a surface-relief grating is calculated by the use of coupled-wave theory. The grating couplers are fabricated to examine the validity of the calculated result. The dependence of the measured diffraction efficiency on the groove depth of the grating coupler agrees well with the calculated results. The array illuminator, which emits 10 and 20 beams with equal intensity, is designed and fabricated through the use of these numerical results. The uniformity error of the output beam caused by the error of the diffraction efficiency is also discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Primary structure and functional scFv antibody expression of an antibody against the human protooncogen c-myc.

The immunoglobulin heavy- and light-chain variable region (Vh and Vl) genes were isolated from Myc1-9E10 hybridoma cells, which secreted monoclonal antibody against human oncogen c-myc. The expression vector pOPE52-c-myc was constructed for the recombinant production in E. coli. A 30 kDa single chain fragment (scFv) expression product was found in the periplasmic space by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. A significant fraction was processed correctly as demonstrated with an antiserum recognizing the processed aminoterminus only. The specific binding of the scFv fragment to the peptide epitope of the maternal monoclonal antibody was demonstrated and the primary sequence of the variable regions was determined. Sequence comparison with previously published partial Vh and Vl sequences from this hybridoma cell line revealed a genetic heterogeneity for the light chain variable region. The potential use of this scFv as a new tool for detection and purification of tagged proteins, for adding costimulatory signals to the surface of cancer cells as well as for analyzing c-myc function in the living cell by cytoplasmic expression is discussed.

Field of study: Biology