nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Mass spectroscopy of synthetic polymers

Pyrolysis—Mass spectroscopy can be applied to determine the primary structure of macromolecules and to investigate selective thermal degradation mechanisms. The polymer samples are heated directly in the ion source of a mass spectrometer. The high sensitivity of the instrument allows us to follow pyrolysis mechanisms even at degradation rates of' less than 1 %/min. Low degradation rates mean low pyrolysis temperatures at which only the activation energies of very selective thermal degradation mechanismsare achieved. The resulting mass spectra allow identificationof the pyrolysis products and information about the structure of polymers and copolymers is available.

Field of study: Chemistry
Factors Affecting International Students’ Perception of Their Academic Learning Experiences at Northeast Normal University China

With the increasing number of international students travelling to well-developed countries for higher education, such as the China, there has been a growing interest in exploring the factors that influence their academic performance and academic learning experiences during their overseas studies. This study aims to give an insight into international students’ perceptions of academic learning experiences. A quantitative approach was employed to gain a better understanding of international graduate students' perceptions of their academic learning experiences at Northeast Normal University. The sample comprised 87 international students, 44 Master and 43 doctoral from four schools: Education 32, Life Sciences29, Economics15 and Chemistry11. A structured questionnaire, the Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) served as the main instrument for quantitative data collection.Three (3) sampling techniques were used in this study: purposive sampling, stratified sampling and simple random sampling. A five-point Lickert scale (1= Strongly disagree; 2= Disagree; 3= Unsure; 4= Agree; 5= Strongly agree) was involved in the questionnaire instrument. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0.Findings indicate that students rate most aspects of their programs positively, although few respondents give the highest ratings, indicating that there is substantial room for improvement. International students’ majors and length of stay in China influenced perceptions about the learning environment.  Factors Affecting, International students, perceptions, Academic learning experience.

Field of study: Education
Three-dimensional Distribution of the Interstellar Dust in the Milky Way

We present a three-dimensional (3D) extinction map of the southern sky. The map covers the SkyMapper Southern Survey (SMSS) area of ∼14,000 deg2 and has spatial resolutions between 6.′9 and 27′. Based on the multi-band photometry of SMSS, the Two Micron All Sky Survey, the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer Survey, and the Gaia mission, we have estimated values of the r-band extinction for ∼19 million stars with the spectral energy distribution analysis. Together with the distances calculated from the Gaia data release 2 (DR2) parallaxes, we have constructed a 3D extinction map of the southern sky. By combining our 3D extinction map with those from the literature, we present an all-sky 3D extinction map, and use it to explore the 3D distribution of the Galactic dust grains. We use two different models, one consisting of a single disk and another of two disks, to fit the 3D distribution of the Galactic dust grains. The data is better fitted by a two-disk model, yielding smaller values of the Bayesian Information Criterion. The best-fit model has scale heights of 73 and 225 pc for the “thin” and “thick” dust disks, respectively.

Field of study: Physics
The use of tizanidine in combined treatment of arm poststroke spasticity

Muscle tone disorders, including poststroke spasticity, is a frequent cause of disability. We studied the efficacy and safety of tizalud (tizanidine) in patients with arm poststroke spasticity.  Forty-four patients were treated with tizalud and botulotoxin A in different doses in complex with rehabilitation measures or without them.  The marked improvement (the decrease in spasticity, increase in muscle power and pain syndrome intensity) was noted in patients treated with the combination of tizalud and botulotoxin A.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Mergers And Acquisitıons In Pharmaceutical Industry As A Growth Strategy: An Investigation Upon Practice

Until the begining of 1990s, firms had been looking ways to attain the competitive advantage and increase their profitabilites depending on it by realizing economies of scale or benefiting from market failure. Nowadays, with the impact of globalization, particularly great companies have started to purchase other firms or merge with them as a growth strategy. Pharmaceutical industry has the first place where the mergers and acquisitions occur mostly. Among the drives that leads pharmaceutical firms to mergers or acquisitions; high costs of research and development, economies of scale, motivation for new markets, efforts to improve the existing marketing possibilities, trying to keep up with competition can be counted. The aim of this study is to discuss mergers and acqusisitions in pharmaceutical sector and to evaluate global pharmaceutical industry in this terms.

Field of study: Business
An Empirical Theory of the Development of Homicide within Individuals

There have been many attempts to explain violent behavior, identify its causes, and predict its occurrence among youth and adults. Research and theoretical constructions have dealt with such far-ranging aspects as childhood health, peer and parental interactions, neuropsychological function, school and community support, and substance use and dependency. Theories have tended to focus on one or a few of these aspects, but there is an effort by many researchers to converge on an integrated approach. By demonstrating unique risk patterns in random samples of later-homicidal abused infants, children, and youth, violent and homicidal delinquents, and homicidal adults, five studies by Zagar and colleagues provide the best current empirical evidence for a view of the development of delinquency as a process of accumulating risks. These risks begin with prenatal substance exposure and continue with abusive or neglectful parenting, academic failure, court contacts, compromised executive function and resultant poor social functioning. Analysis by sex shows that males' and females' risks are virtually identical. Various theories are evaluated with respect to these empirical risk patterns for development of violence and homicide. A proposal for the necessary elements of a successful, overarching explanatory theory is offered.

Field of study: Psychology
Joint Arthroplasties other than the Hip in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients

Transplantation Surgery has undergone a great development during the last thirty years and the survival of solid organ recipients has increased dramatically. Osteo-articular diseases such as osteoporosis, fractures, avascular bone necrosis and osteoarthritis are relatively common in these patients and joint arthroplasty may be required. The outcome of hip arthroplasty in patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head after renal transplantation has been studied and documented by many researchers. However, the results of joint arthroplasties other than the hip in solid organs recipients were only infrequently reported in the literature. A systematic review of the English literature was conducted in order to investigate the outcome of joint arthroplasties other than the hip in kidney, liver or heart transplant recipients. Nine pertinent articles including 51 knee arthroplasties, 8 shoulder arthroplasties and 1 ankle arthroplasty were found. These articles reported well to excellent results with a complication rate and spectrum comparable with those reported in nontransplant patients.

Field of study: Medicine
The Influence of the YBCO Tape Arrangement and Gap Between the Two Tapes on AC Loss

This paper mainly focuses on the influence of different arrangements and gaps on ac loss. First, vertical and horizontal arrangement models of the two tapes are set up based on the Clem model. Second, a two-dimensional numerical calculation model based on H-formulation is established in the Comsol Multiphysics finite-element software. In addition, to obtain the real electromagnetic environment of different models, we use the Comsol Multiphysics to simulate the magnetic field distribution of the two models. Finally, we set up the experimental platform to prove the validity of the model. Results illustrate that the ac loss of the two models decreases with the increase of gap, and the impact of the gap change on the ac loss of the vertical arrangement model is larger than that of the horizontal arrangement model.

Field of study: Physics
The Strategic Concept on the Foodstuff Industrialization Advancing the Agriculture——The Route of Making Agriculture Country A Foodstuff one

The strategy of the industrialization of food to encourage agriculture uses food industrialization as the leading role of agriculture to develop farming.The core idea is that Chinese agriculture must follow the way of changing the great agriculture nation into a food one.This strategy is very necessary,as it can improve the economic effect of agriculture,prosper farming and promote the course of both industrialization and urbanization of agriculture.It is the root of developing farming.Besides,it's worktable to carry out this strategy,which is developed with the demand of food by the international and domestic markets,with the natural contact between food industry and "three agriculture" providing the fertile soil for its existence and development.For the operation of this strategy,the form of its organization is farm products' base plus rural enterprises.The fund source mainly comes from rural companies'accumulation,financial capitals and fund of government.Developing foodstuff industrialization may follow the way of discovering tradition and broadening innovation.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Mid-21st century ozone air quality and health burden in China under emissions scenarios and climate change

Despitemodest emissions reductions of air pollutants in recent years, China still suffers frompoor air quality, and the outlook for future air quality inChina is uncertain.We explore the impact of two disparate 2050 emissions scenarios relative to 2015 in the context of a changing climate with the Geophysical FluidDynamics  (GFDL-AM3) chemistryclimatemodel.We impose the same near-term climate change for both emission scenarios by setting global sea surface temperature (SST) and sea ice cover (SIC) to the average over 2010–2019 and 2046–2055, respectively, from a three-member ensemble of GFDL coupled climatemodel simulations under the RCP8.5 (Representative Concentration Pathway) scenario. By the 2050s, annualmean surface ozone increases throughout China by up to 8 ppbv from climate change alone (estimated by holding air pollutants at 2015 levels while setting SIC and SST to 2050 conditions in themodel) and by 8–12 ppbv in a scenario inwhich emissions of ozone precursors nitrogen oxides (NOx) and anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) increase by∼10%. In a scenario inwhichNOx and anthropogenic VOC emissions decline by 60%, annualmean surface ozone over China decreases by 16–20 ppbv in the 2050s relative to the 2010s. The ozone increase from climate change alone results in an additional 62 000 premature deaths inChina as compared to 330 000 fewer premature deaths by the 2050s under a strong emissionsmitigation scenario. In springtime over SouthwesternChina in the 2050s, themodel projects 9–12 ppbv enhancements to surface ozone from the stratosphere (diagnosed with amodel tracer) and from international anthropogenic emissions (diagnosed by differencing AM3 simulations with the same emissions withinChina but higher versus lower emissions in the rest of theworld). Ourfindings highlight the effectiveness of emissions controls in reducing the health burden inChina due to air pollution, and also the potential for climate change and rising global emissions to offset, at least partially, some of the ozone decreases attainedwith regional emission reductions inChina.

Field of study: Environmental science
Contribution of crustal anatexis to the tectonic evolution of Indian crust beneath southern Tibet

This geochemical, geochronological and structural study of intrusive rocks in the Sakya Dome of southern Tibet has identified two distinct suites of anatectic granites that carry contrasting implications for the tectonic evolution of the India-Asia collision zone. The northern margin of the dome core was intruded by anastomosing, equigranular two-mica garnet granites between 28.1 ± 0.4 Ma and 22.6 ± 0.4 Ma, coeval with top-to-the-south shear. Trace-element and isotopic (Sr-Nd) characteristics indicate an origin from partial melting of a biotite-bearing source in the Indian crust, under conditions of high fluid-phase activity. These granites thus provide evidence for the melt weakening required by some thermo-mechanical models that predict the southwards extrusion of a low-viscosity channel during the Oligocene. Evidence for subsequent shear-sense reversal may document initiation of this process. However, a younger suite of porphyritic two-mica granite plutons, emplaced between 14.5 ± 0.9 Ma and 8.81 ± 0.22 Ma, are derived from anatexis of muscovite-bearing metasediments of the High Himalayan Series under fluid-absent conditions. Ar-Ar cooling ages of 14.4 to 8.0 Ma from the Sakya dome postdate crystallisation of the Oligocene granite suite by ca. 10 Ma, but are coincident with mid-Miocene granite emplacement, suggesting uplift to depths of <10 km by the mid-Miocene. We propose that plate flexural response to Miocene slab steepening is a likely cause of dome uplift, and that this exhumation of mid-crustal rocks triggered decompression melting at 15-9 Ma and emplacement of discrete granite plutons into the upper crust under brittle conditions.

Field of study: Geology
Profiling all paths: A new profiling technique for both cyclic and acyclic paths

As an important technique in dynamic program analysis, path profiling collects the execution frequency of different paths, and has been widely used in a variety of areas. However, existing intra-procedural profiling techniques cannot effectively deal with loops, i.e., they are limited in either working with acyclic paths, or with a small number of loop iteration. This paper presents a new profiling technique called PAP (Profiling All Paths), which can profile all finite-length paths within a procedure. PAP consists of two basic phases, the probe instrumentation phase which assigns a unique pathid to each path, and the backwalk phase which uses the pathids to determine the corresponding executed paths. Furthermore, breakpoints are introduced to store the probe value which may overflow during long executions, and the number of probes is reduced based on the integration of PAP with an existing profiling technique. From our case study and experiments, PAP is found to be effective and efficient in profiling both cyclic and acyclic paths.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Powder X-ray diffraction and heterogeneous catalysis

In this short review, the application of powder X-ray diffraction to the study of heterogeneous catalysis is described. Within the literature, most applications of powder diffraction in heterogeneous catalysis have centred on its use as a fingerprint technique for phase identification/confirmation. However, there is wealth of additional information potentially available, and in this review some studies, which have gone beyond fingerprint applications, are described. Brief descriptions of selected papers detailing the application of in-situ measurements, the determination of catalyst stoichiometry in-situ, the determination of coke location in ZSM-5 catalysts, line profile analysis, Debye Functional Analysis and combined X-ray absorption and diffraction are given. Many, but not all, of these studies have been performed with standard instrumentation, illustrating some of the range of information available in laboratory studies.

Field of study: Materials science
Evaluation of BRCAPRO Risk Assessment Model in Patients with Ductal Carcinoma In situ Who Underwent Clinical BRCA Genetic Testing

The authors retrospectively aimed to determine which of the following three scenarios, related to DCIS entry into BRCAPRO, predicted BRCA mutation status more accurately: (1) DCIS as an invasive breast cancer (IBC) entered using the actual age of diagnosis, (2) DCIS as IBC entered with 10 years added to the actual age of diagnosis, and (3) DCIS entered as no cancer. Of the 85 DCIS patients included in the study, 19% (n = 16) tested positive for a BRCA mutation, and 81% (n = 69) tested negative. DCIS patients who tested positive for a BRCA mutation had a higher BRCAPRO risk estimation (34.61%) than patients who tested negative (11.4%) when DCIS was entered at the actual age of diagnosis. When DCIS was entered with 10 years added to the actual age at diagnosis, the BRCAPRO estimate was still higher amongst BRCA positive patients (25.4%) than BRCA negative patients (7.1%). When DCIS was entered as no cancer, the BRCAPRO estimate remained higher among BRCA positive patients (2.56%) than BRCA negative patents (1.98%). In terms of accuracy of BRCA positivity, there was no statistically significant difference between DCIS at age at diagnosis, DCIS at 10 years later than age at diagnosis, and DCIS entered as no cancer (AUC = 0.77, 0.784, 0.75, respectively: p = 0.60). Our results indicate that regardless of entry approach into BRCAPRO, there were no significant differences in predicting BRCA mutation in patients with DCIS.

Field of study: Biology
Investigations on the local structure of Ag+/ZSM-5 catalysts and their photocatalytic reactivities for the decomposition of N2O at 298 K.

Ag+/ZSM-5 catalysts were prepared by an ion-exchange method and UV-irradiation of the catalysts in the presence of N2O led to the photocatalytic decomposition of N2O into N2 and O2 at 298 K. Investigations on the effective wavelength of irradiated UV-light for the reaction as well as the in-situ characterization of the catalysts by means of XAFS, UV-Vis, photoluminescence and FT-IR spectroscopies revealed that the photoexcitation of the Ag+-N2O complexes formed between gaseous N2O and the isolated Ag+ ions play a significant role in this reaction.

Field of study: Physics
Gregorio Marafion's Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

Gregorio Maranion's early studies of the psychological effects of adrenaline are described, along with his attempts to construct a model for the experience of emotion from the results of those studies. It is argued that Maranion's model anticipated in important ways Schachter's two-factor, or arousal-cognition, theory of emotion and that Maranion should be recognized as a pioneer in the development of cognitive theories of emotion.

Field of study: Psychology
An Aberrant Subclavius Posticus Muscle: A Case Report

An aberrant subclavius posticus muscle was found during routine dissection of the left infraclavicular fossa of a 60-year-old male cadaver.  This aberrant muscle arises antero-medially, from the costoclavicular ligament, runs postero-laterally, over the trunks of the brachial plexus, and postero-lateral has a common insertion with the omohyoid muscle.  The presence of such an aberrant muscle may cause a dynamic compression of the subclavian artery and brachial plexus.

Field of study: Medicine
The finite element analysis of a decoupled T-psi scheme for solving eddy-current problems

In this paper, we present a decoupled T – ψ scheme for solving eddy-current problems by means of finite element approximation based on ungauged electrical vector potential T. We give the convergence analysis and error estimates in finite time T 0 . And it is verified that provided the time-stepsize τ is sufficiently small, the proposed algorithm yields for finite time T 0 an error of O ( h 2 + τ 2 ) in the L 2 -norm for the electric field E = ρ ∇ × T , where h is the mesh size.

Field of study: Mathematics
Terrain Hazard Risk Analysis for Flood Disaster Management in Chaohu Basin, China, Based on Two-Dimensional Cloud

Terrain analysis is essential to flood disaster risk evaluation. It is a complicated evaluation process, involving both quantitative and qualitative data analysis. However, quantitative and qualitative data cannot be put into operation directly. Based on stochastic and fuzzy mathematics, cloud models allow interchange between qualitative and quantitative data, dealing with randomness and ambiguity. Two- or multi-dimensional cloud models can solve the problem of multivariable analysis. This study used absolute elevation and neighborhood elevation standard deviation as main factors. Using the model, it demonstrated the construction of qualitative conditions and risk evaluation clouds and established a set of two-dimensional cloud reasoning rules to calculate the joint certainties with all the grids in reasoning rules. By selecting the highest certainty of cloud reasoning, preliminary evaluation results were obtained. For more accurate results, the model algorithm was improved, and further iterations were performed. The results of two-dimensional cloud reasoning showed better dispersion and precision than traditional methods did. The terrain risk distribution of Chaohu Basin, China, agreed with reality with great detail. A new method regarding the risk assessment of flood disaster was also proposed.

Field of study: Computer science
Benzoate plasticizers for reducing plastisol viscosity and fusion temperature

Viscosity control of plastisols is a major consideration in the formulation of a vinyl product produced by methods such as spread or reverse roll coating. The application conditions often dictate the addition of a diluent in the formulation to lower the rheology of the plastisol for successful processing. A benzoate plasticizer has been introduced that has the capability of lowering plastisol viscosity while also performing as a highly solvating plasticizer. This unique combination is illustrated in both phthalate and benzoate containing plastisols and the properties of both the plastisol and the final sheet are presented.

Field of study: Materials science
Divided Neighbors on an Indivisible Island: Economic Disparity and Cumulative Causation on Hispaniola

This paper utilizes both narrative analysis and statistical techniques in an investigation of the principle of cumulative causation to explain underdevelopment, relative poverty and spatial disparities on Hispaniola. The events that explain this process in the underdevelopment of Hispaniola have resulted in a tragically downward spiral in Haiti, placing its future in great peril. The Dominican Republic is relatively better off than its neighbor; however, the shortage of basic services, poverty and malnutrition are quite prevalent in the Dominican Republic. That the latter is comparatively more prosperous than the former is due to the circular interdependence of both economic and non-economic factors; the influence of resource allocation choices, unique historical, political and cultural conditions, as well as foreign influences and the place Hispaniola has occupied in the larger global context.

Field of study: Economics