nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Delightful Exploration of the Axiomatization Interpretation on Traditional Classics——Thoughts on the Axiomatization Interpretation of the Analects of Confucius

Professor Gan Xiaoqing,who worte the Axiomatization Interpretation of the Analects of Confucius,explored to interpret the Analects of Confucius by the means of axiomatization in mathematics,which is of great value.Our traditional culture is extensive and profound,and especially there're imperishable thoughts in the Analects.Professor Gan's book reorganizes the Analects with the backbone of moderation which Confucius held the principle "one unity pervading all things",by the means of axiomatization.Then the book got the essence of the Analects.The Analects belongs to humanity culture,and it's different from scientific culture in the aspect of function and form.However,there're some communication between the Analects and scientific culture.I uphold the opinion that humanity culture and scientific culture should blend in this period of science and technology rapid development;namely,arts and science should blend,which is the only road to cultivate high-level talents,and the evitable trend of times progress.

Field of study: Education
ESTIMATION OF LONG-TERM STRENGTH FOR XIANGJIABA SANDSTONE BASED ON CREEP TESTS

Conventional triaxial compression tests and triaxial compression creep tests were carried out on Xiangjiaba sandstone, and the long-term strength of Xiangjiaba sandstone was estimated. To do that, a series of observations were used including isotime curves of strain, relations between steady creep rate and applied stress, relations between applied stress and time to failure, and crack damage stress. Isotime curves of volumetric strain are more sensitive to time and applied stress than isotime curves of axial and lateral strain. The volumetric strain isotime curves have the most obvious turning points, which are considered to be indicators of long-term strength. Relation between axial (lateral) steady-state creep rate and the deviatoric stress can be described by an exponential function. Steady-state creep rate threshold was proposed to determine long-term strength of rock. This method is more reasonable than that using the turning point of steady-state creep rate-stress curve. The long-term strength of rock can also be estimated by isotime curves of crack volumetric strain and the relation between steady-state crackvolumetric strain rate and the deviatoric stress. It is found that crack damage stress can indicate the level of long-term strength of rock, which provides the basis for determining applied stress in multi-stepped creep test.

Field of study: Engineering
[Migraine: dynamics of psychophysiologic pattern].

85 patients with migraine without aura and 20 healthy individuals were examined between the attacks, before the attack, during and after it (1-2 days). The examination included clinical-neurological analysis; psychological Spilberger's and Beck's tests, scale of alexithymia and complex algesic questionnaire; recording of the conditional negative wave; determination of nociceptive flexor reflex; recording of trigeminal evoked potentials; spectral analysis of the heart's rhythms; polysomnographic study. Psychophysiologic pattern characteristic for all the patients was established. Psychological and neurophysiological parameters changed synchronously in the periods before the attack, during and after it. Before the migraineous attack a specific pathologic integration increased and presented maximally (the activity of antinociceptive system weakens anxiety increased, tension of catecholaminergic systems grew, hyperactivity in trigeninal sphere elevated, tolerance to the pain decreased). A clear tendency to the reversibility of these changes was observed after an attack. A dynamics revealed in the psychophysiological pattern could serve as a predictor of a migraineous attack and open some perspectives for prophylaxis of the algesic attack.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Polar stratification: A critical view from the Southern Ocean

Oceanic stratification represents an effective mechanism to reduce vertical mixing of the water column, thereby locking up carbon dioxide (CO2) in the deep sea and preventing air–sea exchange of CO2. It has been proposed that enhanced stratification of the upper water column in polar oceans during late Cenozoic cooling episodes limited the upwelling of CO2-rich deep waters and thus CO2-release to the atmosphere, resulting in a net global drawdown of atmospheric CO2. Increased stratification in the Subarctic Northwest Pacific, during both the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciation at 2.73 Ma and late Quaternary glacial periods, has been recently linked to enhanced ocean stratification south of the Antarctic Polar Front (APF) in the Pacific and Atlantic sectors of the Southern Ocean. Increased stratification of Southern Ocean surface waters was mainly deduced from a reduction of biological production during these cooling episodes, manifested by the decrease of geochemical proxies for productivity, such as biogenic opal and barium, in the marine sediment records. However, the records chosen from the Southern Ocean do not provide evidence for a more stratified upper water column, rather the observed decrease in biological productivity is likely to have resulted from an expansion of annual sea-ice coverage. The sediment records suggest that south of the APF in the Pacific and Atlantic sectors of the Southern Ocean, extensive sea ice may have contributed to the global CO2-drawdown during glacial periods, with hypothetical glacial increase of stratification in today's permanent open-ocean zone merely being an “add on“ caused by this expansion.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Removal of the RF Microstructure from a Proton Linear Accelerator Beam

The rf microstructure in the primary proton beam of a proton linear accelerator may consist typically of 0.2ns pulses spaced by 5 ns. This pulsed time structure can be removed to obtain a higher effective duty factor for the proton beam by utilizing the transverse phase space occupied by the beam. An anisochronous beam transport system can produce debunching. One such system consists of a sector magnet with a strong field gradient which bends the beam through 45° and fans it out. A second magnet, of uniform field, bends it through 90°, and a third magnet, identical with the first, recombines the beam and renders it again parallel. The rf microstructure has now been removed, since protons from one side of the beam have travelled ferther than the protons from the other side of the beam. Removal of the rf microstructure in the secondary meson beams could be accomplished with a magnet system similar to but smaller than that for the proton beam. For a sector-focussed cyclotron the above scheme for removing the rf microstructure would require an excessively large magnet system.

Field of study: Physics
Stratigraphic and sedimentologic evidence of a submarine island-arc volcano in the lower Mesozoic Peñon Blanco and Jasper Point Formations, Mariposa County, California

Detailed mapping in the foothills of the central Sierra Nevada has revealed that the Lower Jurassic Penon Blanco Formation and the newly named Jurassic-Triassic Jasper Point Formation occupy the core of a previously unrecognized anticline of Late Jurassic age that plunges gently southeastward, exposing the Upper Jurassic Mariposa Formation on its limbs. The Jasper Point Formation consists of >900 m of massive, pillowed, and brecciated basalt overlain by as much as 100 m of varicolored radiolarian chert; these units resemble layers 2 and 1 of the oceanic crust, respectively. The Penon Blanco Formation is composed of as much as 5 km of coarse, augite- and plagioclase-bearing volcaniclastic rocks and lesser flows that appear to have originated at a common vent. Fine tuff at the base of the formation is interbedded with, and overlies, the Jasper Point chert gradationally. A restored section of the Penon Blanco Formation suggests that the volcanic rocks define a single, composite volcano that probably originated as part of an island arc. Voluminous volcanidastic detritus that composes most of the volcano may have been produced at great depth, possibly by hyaloclasis, autoclasis, or mass wasting. Much of the detritus was deposited as turbidites of tuff and tuff breccia that define an extensive volcanic apron that thickens and coarsens upward over hundreds of metres, suggesting progradation. Submarine clastic processes thus dominated the construction of the volcano. Fragmentation of most of the erupted material probably occurred at or near the vent, and subsequent distribution of the detritus around the vent by epiclastic processes formed a distinctive Stratigraphic sequence. These hypotheses may be tested by dredging young, deeply submerged island-arc volcanoes.

Field of study: Geology
Extensional tectonic activity in the cratonward parts (peripheral bulge)
of the Ganga Plain foreland basin, India

Flexural subsidence of the
Indian lithosphere created the foreland basin in front of the emerging
Himalayan mountain belt. The continued northward push of the Indian plate and
thrust sheet loading in the Himalayan orogen caused an up-warping along its
cratonward margin, in the form of a regional gentle bulge. In the cratonward
peripheral bulge small-scale to moderate size deformation features, e.g.,
gentle folds (up-arching of the sediment layers), extensional normal faults and
uplifted tilted blocks, and incised river channels with 20–60-m-high
cliffs, developed. Cliff sections of many rivers in this cratonward part of the
foreland basin expose deposits of latest Pleistocene–Holocene age and
show evidences of active tectonics in the last few thousand years: vertical
uplift leading to deep incision of the river system, development of prominent
fractures cutting through the sedimentary succession, bending and tilting of
the strata, and tilted blocks. In the Late Quaternary relaxation phase of the
Himalayan orogen-foreland, there is increased vertical tectonic activity in the
region of the peripheral bulge. The vertical uplift in this part of the Ganga
Plain foreland basin caused the rivers (including the axial rivers) to make
further deep incision without shifting from their courses. During periods of
increased tectonic activity in the Himalayan region, i.e., the addition of
thrust slices more rapidly, probably caused the maximum down-bending in the
proximal part of the Ganga plain foreland basin. The high amplitude and
asymmetric nature of this foreland basin is partly controlled by extensional
tectonism.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Reasons People Think About Staying and Leaving Their Romantic Relationships: A Mixed-Method Analysis

Across three studies (total N = 993) with diverse methodologies (i.e., experimental studies, longitudinal in vivo sampling), we found that there are distinct reasons why individuals believe their romantic relationship will become, or did become, less committed, and reasons why individuals believe their relationships will become, or became, more committed. Whereas the strongest endorsed reasons to stay (e.g., satisfaction) are the same as the strongest endorsed reasons to leave (e.g., dissatisfaction), there are many constructs that are more strongly endorsed as either leave reasons (e.g., quality of alternatives) or stay reasons (e.g., love). These reasons are important glimpses into the process that occurs when someone is deciding whether to stay or leave a relationship, and results empirically confirm a core tenet of Interdependence Theory that until now has been only theoretical (i.e., some outcomes contribute more motivation to staying in the current relationship, whereas others contribute more motivation to leaving).

Field of study: Psychology
Instrumenting the small thoracic pedicle: the role of intraoperative computed tomography image-guided surgery.

OBJECT
Traditionally, instrumentation of thoracic pedicles has been more difficult because of their relatively smaller size. Thoracic pedicles are at risk for violation during surgical instrumentation, as is commonly seen in patients with scoliosis and in women. The laterally based "in-out-in" approach, which technically results in a lateral breach, is sometimes used in small pedicles to decrease the comparative risk of a medial breach with neurological involvement. In this study the authors evaluated the role of CT image-guided surgery in navigating screws in small thoracic pedicles.



Thoracic (T1-12) pedicle screw placements using the O-arm imaging system (Medtronic Inc.) were evaluated for accuracy with preoperative and postoperative CT. "Small" pedicles were defined as those ≤ 3 mm in the narrowest diameter orthogonal to the long axis of the pedicle on a trajectory entering the vertebral body on preinstrumentation CT. A subset of "very small" pedicles (≤ 2 mm in the narrowest diameter, 13 pedicles) was also analyzed. Screw accuracy was categorized as good (< 1 mm of pedicle breach in any direction or in-out-in screws), fair (1-3 mm of breach), or poor (> 3 mm of breach).



Twenty-one consecutive patients (age range 32-71 years) had large (45 screws) and small (52 screws) thoracic pedicles. The median pedicle diameter was 2.5 mm (range 0.9-3 mm) for small and 3.9 mm (3.1-6.7 mm) for large pedicles. Computed tomography-guided surgical navigation led to accurate screw placement in both small (good 100%, fair 0%, poor 0%) and large (good 96.6%, fair 0%, poor 3.4%) pedicles. Good screw placement in very small or small pedicles occurred with an in-out-in trajectory more often than in large pedicles (large 6.8% vs small 36.5%, p < 0.0005; vs very small 69.2%, p < 0.0001). There were no medial breaches even though 75 of the 97 screws were placed in postmenopausal women, traditionally at higher risk for osteoporosis.



Computed tomography-guided surgical navigation allows for safe, effective, and accurate instrumentation of small (≤ 3 mm) to very small (≤ 2 mm) thoracic pedicles.

Field of study: Medicine
Determining stages of cirrus evolution: a cloud classification scheme

Cirrus clouds impose high uncertainties on climate prediction, as knowledge on important processes is still incomplete. For instance it remains unclear how cloud microphysical and radiative properties change as the cirrus evolves. Recent studies classify cirrus clouds into categories including in situ, orographic, convective and liquid origin clouds and investigate their specific impact. Following this line, we present a novel scheme for the classification of cirrus clouds that addresses the need to determine specific stages of cirrus evolution. Our classification scheme is based on airborne Differential Absorption and High Spectral Resolution Lidar measurements of atmospheric water vapor, aerosol depolarization, and backscatter, together with model temperature fields and simplified parameterizations of freezing onset conditions. It identifies regions of supersaturation with respect to ice (ice-supersaturated regions, ISSRs), heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation, depositional growth, and ice sublimation and sedimentation with high spatial resolution. Thus, all relevant stages of cirrus evolution can be classified and characterized. In a case study of a gravity lee-wave-influenced cirrus cloud, encountered during the ML-CIRRUS flight campaign, the applicability of our classification is demonstrated. Revealing the structure of cirrus clouds, this valuable tool might help to examine the influence of evolution stages on the cloud's net radiative effect and to investigate the specific variability of optical and microphysical cloud properties in upcoming research.

Field of study: Environmental science
Participant-spectator matter and thermalization of neutron-rich systems at the energy of vanishing flow

We study the participant-spectator matter at the energy of vanishing flow for neutron-rich systems. Our study reveals similar behaviour of articipant-spectator for neutron-rich systems as for stable systems and also points towards nearly mass independence behaviour of participant-spectator matter for neutron-rich systems at the energy of vanishing flow. We also study the thermalization reached in the reactions of neutron-rich systems.

Field of study: Physics
Lactobacillus endocarditis: a chronic active infection.

Lactobacilli are gram positive rod-shaped or filamentous bacteria that are a rare cause of endocarditis. We review the literature of less than 50 reported cases, and present a case of a 43-year-old male with a protracted, one-year history consistent with endocarditus. The pathologic findings in the heart at autopsy indicate a long, chronic course of smoldering infection with extensive secondary fibroelastosis of valvular structure and adjacent endocardium, although superimposed more acute vegetation with viable organisms consistent with the premortem blood culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus were abuntly present. Thus, the pathologic and clinical features of this case, and our review of the available literature, suggest that infective endocarditis caused by Lactobacillus species has an indolent nature and results in severe, chronic alterations of valvular structure.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Explaining Real-Life Events: How Culture and Domain Shape Attributions

Several lines of experimental research have shown that attributional styles are affected by the attributor's culture, inferential goals, and level of cognitive processing. Can these findings be replicated in natural settings? This study compared the attributions made in two domains (sports articles and editorials) of newspapers published in two culturally distinct countries (Hong Kong and the United States). Consistent with the cross-cultural research, attributions were less dispositional in the East than in the West. This cultural difference was weaker in editorials than in sports articles. The authors argue that the higher level of complexity, accountability, and uncertainty in editorials increased the cognitive effort expended to make attributions, which, in turn, attenuated their extremity. Implications for the mixed model of social inference are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
The characteristics of vibration fracture of Pb-Sn and lead-free Sn-Zn eutectic solders

This work investigated the fatigue fracture characteristics of Sn-7∼11wt.%Zn and Sn-30∼50wt.%PPb solder alloys under resonant vibration. For the alloys containing proeutectic Sn-rich grains, the results show stratum appearance on the deformation of coarse proeutectic grains. This stratum-type deformation will reduce the vibration resistance of Pb-Sn solder by inducing cracks. For the Sn-Zn system, fine eutectic structure will cause cracks to form and coalesce easily in the regions concentrated with small fibrous deformation grains, whereas hypereutectic structure shows coarse proeutectic Zn-rich particles as the crack initiation sites. Sn-t-Zn solders have better damping capacity than Pb-Sn solders. With hypoeutectic composition to induce stratum-type deformation and under lower vibration strain, these lead-free solders tend to exhibit superior crack propagation resistance, and, in that respect, are possible to replace Pb-Sn solders.

Field of study: Materials science
Recent advances in the psychotherapy of addictive disorders

Rigorous research has recently identified a range of behavioral therapies that have been shown to be effective across the most prevalent types of substance dependence. This review summarizes the roles of behavioral therapies as contrasted with those of pharmacotherapies for substance use disorders and then provides an overview of the major classes of behavioral therapies (clinical management, coping skills approaches, motivational interviewing, and family and interpersonal approaches), highlighting their effectiveness across cocaine, opioid, alcohol, and cannabis use disorders. Lastly, important areas of current research emphasis including combined treatments, strategies for effectively transporting empirically validated treatments into clinical practice, and increasing the efficiency of treatment are described.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls in human tissues, meat, fish, and wildlife samples from India.

Concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and non- and mono-ortho-substituted polychlorinated biphenyls (dioxin-like PCBs) were measured in tissues of humans, fishes, chicken, lamb, goat, predatory birds, and Ganges River dolphins collected from various locations in India. PCDDs/DFs were found in most of the samples analyzed with the liver of spotted owlet containing the highest concentration of 3,300 pg/g, fat wt. 2,3,7,8-Substituted PCDDs and PCDFs were found in human fattissues at concentrations ranging from 170 to 1,300 pg/g, fat wt. Concentrations of PCDDs were generally greaterthan those of PCDFs in human tissues, fishes, animal fat, and dolphin. Among fishes, meat, and wildlife samples analyzed, concentrations of PCDDs/DFs were found in the following order: country chicken < goat/lamb fat < fishes < river dolphins < predatory birds. Hepta-CDDs and OCDD were the major PCDD homologues found in humans, fishes, meat products, and dolphins. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents of PCDDs/DFs were greater than those of PCBs in selected fish, dolphin, and human samples. To our knowledge, this is the first report of PCDDs and PCDFs in human tissues, fishes, meat, and wildlife collected from India.

Field of study: Environmental science