nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Über die Lichtabsorption verzweigter Polymethinfarbstoffe

Tri- und Pentamethincyanin-Farbstoffe, deren Polymethinkette in α- bzw. γ(ms)-Stellung verzweigt ist, unterscheiden sich von den entsprechenden unverzweigten Polymethinfarbstoffen in ihrer Lichtabsorption. Durch Vergleich der Absorptionsmaxima verzweigter und unverzweigter Cyanine last sich zeigen, das die Absorption der verzweigten durch die langstkettigen Polymethinsysteme bedingt ist, die als Grenzformen an ihrer Mesomerie beteiligt sein konnen. Bei den α-verzweigten Trimethincyaninen steht die Deutung der Lichtabsorption in guter Ubereinstimmung mit den Ergebnissen von F. M. Hamer und Mitarbeitern uber die Absorption dreikerniger Polymethine. Die γ-verzweigten Pentamethincyanine zeigen zwei Maxima ahnlicher Intensitat im sichtbaren Gebiet, wenn die Seitenkette endstandig zwei elektronensaugende Gruppen tragt und nicht durch sterische Hinderung aus der Ebene der Hauptkette herausgedrangt wird. Die beiden Maxima lassen sich deuten als Uberlagerung der Teilabsorptionen des unverzweigten Pentamethincyanins und des Triens, aus denen das verzweigte Cyanin zusammengesetzt erscheint. Die Breite der Absorptionsbande dreikerniger, α-verzweigter Trimethincyanine spricht fur eine unvollstandige Ladungsresonanz zwischen den drei Kernen.

Field of study: Chemistry
Three-dimensional Josephson-junction arrays in the quantum regime.

We study the quantum phase transition properties of a three-dimensional periodic array of Josephson junctions with charging energy that includes both the self and mutual junction capacitances. We use the phase fluctuation algebra between number and phase operators, given by the Euclidean group E2, and we effectively map the problem onto a solvable quantum generalization of the spherical model. We obtain a phase diagram as a function of temperature, Josephson coupling, and charging energy. We also analyze the corresponding fluctuation conductivity and its universal scaling form in the vicinity of the zero-temperature quantum critical point.

Field of study: Physics
Identity-based secure collaboration in wireless ad hoc networks

Voluntary peer collaboration is often assumed in media access, route discovery, packet forwarding, and upper-layer protocols designed for wireless ad hoc networks. This assumption has been seriously challenged when peers are autonomous, selfish, or malicious in large-scale, heterogeneous networks. In this paper, based on the latest advances in identity-based cryptography, we design a lightweight and cheat-resistant micropayment scheme to stimulate and compensate collaborative peers that sacrifice their resources to relay packets for other peers. We also demonstrate that when security and collaboration measures are properly enforced, profitable collaboration is a preferable strategy for all peers in ad hoc networks.

Field of study: Computer science
44 Hereditary Characteristics Variation Analysis of the New Banana Variety “Hongyan 1”

44 characteristics of the new banana variety "Hongyan 1" were tested.The results showed that all the variation in the growing seasons of the quantitative traits was 1.07%～9.77% from 1 to 3 years in the same year or the different year.21 qualitative traits were in the range of one code.It showed that the hereditary characters of "Hongyan 1" were stable and the variety could be planted in large scale.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Measurement of thermal conductivity and kinematic viscosity of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-methoxypropane (HFE-356mmz)

is a promising candidate of low global warming working fluid in high-temperature heat pumps and organic Rankine cycle. In this study, the thermal conductivity was measured by using a transient hot wire method in the conditions of temperature from 319 to 462 K and pressure from 0.5 to 4.0 MPa for the liquid phase, and temperature from 393 to 452 K and pressure from 0.18 to 1.04 MPa for vapor phase. The combined standard uncertainties of thermal conductivity measurements were estimated to be less than 2.3% at liquid and 2.6% at vapor phases. On the other hand, the kinematic viscosity was measured by using tandem the capillary tubes method over the temperature range of 313–454 K for liquid and from 393 to 475 K for vapor phase up to 4.00 MPa. The uncertainties in liquid and vapor phases were estimated to be less than 2.9% and 3.0%, respectively. Also, correlations have been developed for saturated liquid and vapor.

Field of study: Engineering
Student Price Response in Higher Education: The Student Demand Studies.

What happens to enrollments when colleges and universities raise their prices? Who, if anyone, is sent away? What is the net impact of higher prices and reduced enrollments upon institutional financial ledgers? These questions have been investigated in what have come to be called the "student demand studies," the phrase originating in economics as an outgrowth of demand theory. Demand theory holds that the quantity of a particular good or service demanded is a function of price, the money income of the buyer, the prices of other goods and services, and the buyers' tastes or preferences. The theory as applied to higher education has been used to suggest that (1) enrollment rates will be negatively associated with prices charged students, especially tuition prices; (2) enrollment rates will be positively associated with amounts spent on student aid, since student aid can be viewed as reducing net prices or increasing student money income; and (3) enrollments in higher education institutions or groups of institutions will be associated positively with the tuition prices charged by competitors for example, public college enrollments with private college tuitions and vice versa as students exercise their preferences.

Field of study: Education
An investigation on hydride VPE growth and properties of semi-insulating InP:Fe

Growth of highly resistive semi-insulating InP : Fe has been achieved by the Hydride VPE technique in an ambient consisting mostly of nitrogen. After dealing with some thermodynamic considerations pertinent to InP:Fe growth, the experimental growth parameters are described. It is shown that various amounts of iron can be introduced into the InP crystal just by varying the temperature of the iron source. The crystal quality of the grown material is estimated to be good by etch pit density and x-ray diffraction analyses. Current-voltage behaviour and capacitance studies on ann+-SI-n+ structure are explained by invoking the theory of current injection in solids by Lampert and Mark: the experimental current densities at the threshold of each observed regime are compared with the theoretically derived current densities; in the absence of current injection, the measured capacitance is found to be the same as the geometrical capacitance.

Field of study: Materials science
Intellectual Property Rights: The West, India and China

Intellectual property rights (IPR) have increasingly been an issue as increased globalization has caused trading states to reconsider their efforts to protect inventions and then license those inventions to other states through their respective multinational corporations. Since China and India have been on the forefront of recent economic advances, states like the US, and international organizations, like the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), have had to analyze their existing regulations on IPR. This chapter discusses how the US and WIPO developed its present IPR regime and what the likely responses will be from China and India. With growing economies and a commitment to conduct more research and development, India and China , when fully WIPO and WTO -TRIPS compliant, may represent more of an issue than one where the said states violate international conventions. China; globalization; India; Intellectual property rights (IPR); World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)

Field of study: Political science
Maternal country of origin, breast milk characteristics and potential influences on immunity in offspring

Breast milk contains pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines and chemokines with potential to influence immunological maturation in the child. We have shown previously that country of birth is associated with the cytokine/chemokine profile of breast milk. In this study we have investigated how these differences in breast milk affect the cellular response of cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMCs) and intestinal epithelial cells (IECs, cell line HT‐29) to microbial challenge. Ninety‐five women were included: 30 from Mali in West Africa, 32 Swedish immigrants and 33 native Swedish women. CBMCs or IECs were stimulated in vitro with breast milk, alone or in combination with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or peptidoglycan (PGN). Breast milk in general abrogated the LPS‐induced down‐regulation of surface CD14 and Toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐4 expression on CB monocytes, while inhibiting the PGN‐induced TLR‐2 up‐regulation. However, breast milk from immigrant women together with LPS induced a lower CBMC release of interleukin (IL)‐6 (P = 0·034) and CXCL‐8/IL‐8 (P = 0·037) compared with breast milk from Swedish women, while breast milk from Swedish women and Mali women tended to increase the response. The same pattern of CXCL‐8/IL‐8 release could be seen after stimulation of IECs (HT‐29). The lower CBMC and IEC (HT‐29) responses to microbial compounds by breast milk from immigrant women could be explained by the fact that breast milk from the immigrant group showed a divergent pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory content for CXCL‐8/IL‐8, transforming growth factor‐β1 and soluble CD14, compared to the other two groups of women. This may have implications for maturation of their children's immune responses.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
エレクトロポレーションによるハイブリドーマ細胞への細菌プラスミドのトランスフェクションの高進 ハイブリッドハイブリドーマ(クアドローマ)細胞株選択への応用 | 文献情報 | J-GLOBAL 科学技術総合リンクセンター


Field of study: Biology
Nonlinear Magnetic Diffusion in a Bi2212 Hollow Cylinder: Measurements and Numerical Simulations

This paper compares numerical simulations and measurements of the nonlinear magnetic diffusion phenomenon in a Bi2212 high temperature superconducting (HTS) hollow cylinder. Although the measurements were done many years ago, it is only recently that computer power has become sufficient to reproduce the experiment by simulation on a personal computer in a reasonable time. Observations of flux density (magnitude and phase) both inside and outside the cylinder were carried out at different frequencies and magnitudes of a sinusoidal applied field. In addition, the computed current and flux density profiles inside the superconductor were obtained. The superconductor was modeled by E - J characteristics that depend on Jc and a power law exponent n. Both parameters are isotropic functions of B. The paper shows that numerical methods are useful to extract model parameters and to predict the behavior of HTS elements entering in the conception of real applications, such as the inductive fault current limiters.

Field of study: Physics
[An analysis of clinical trials on the registration of similars of the original disease-modifying therapies].

The article discusses the design and results of recently published study of an analog of the original glatiramer acetate. The necessity of the correct planning and analysis of the data of such studies is stressed, showing equal efficacy, tolerability and safety of analog and original drug. The optimal design of such studies, their duration, selection of primary endpoint, adequate assessment of clinical and MRI changes and side-effects are discussed. The authors reckon that it is impossible to plan studies the results of which are based on the design, i.e. the absence of differences from the original drug. The authors invite specialists in MS to participate in the discussion.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Kac's conjecture and the algebra of BPS states

Let Q be an affine quiver and let $\mathfrak{n}$ be the positive part of the affine Lie algebra associated to Q. We provide a construction of $\mathfrak{n}$ using the semistable irreducible components in the Lusztig nilpotent variety associated to Q. This confirms a conjecture of Frenkel, Malkin, and Vybornov on defining the so-called algebra of BPS states on the minimal resolution of a Kleinian singularity. Using the results of Crawley-Boevey and Van den Bergh, we show that our construction is closely connected to Kac's constant term conjecture in the case of an affine quiver.

Field of study: Mathematics
Spectrum access policy reasoning for policy-based cognitive radios

Cognitive radio (CR) is one of the key enabling technologies for opportunistic spectrum sharing. In such a spectrum sharing paradigm, radios access spectrum opportunistically by identifying the under-utilized spectrum and then transmitting waveforms in that spectrum that are compliant to relevant spectrum access policies. Implementing such a flexible scheme requires changes in the current static spectrum management approach. As a result, declarative spectrum management through policy-based dynamic spectrum access has garnered significant attention recently. Policy-based spectrum access decouples spectrum access policies and Policy Processing Components from the radio platform. The Policies define conditions under which the radios are allowed to transmit in terms of frequencies used, geographic locations, time etc. The Policy Processing Components include a reasoning engine called the Policy Reasoner, which is responsible for enforcement, analysis and processing of the policies, as well as resolving policy conflicts. This paper describes the design and implementation of a novel policy reasoner that processes spectrum access policies efficiently by reframing the policy reasoning problem as a graph-based Boolean function manipulation problem. The proposed policy reasoner has the capability to respond to either under-specified or invalid transmission requests (sent by the system strategy reasoner) by returning multiple sets of opportunity constraints that prescribe different ways of modifying transmission parameters in order to make them policy compliant.

Field of study: Computer science
Mathematical analysis of Mayer waves

The goal of this paper is to explore the low-frequency oscillations of arterial pressure in humans, also called Mayer waves. We carefully describe the cardiovascular control system in order to analyse how its different components may be involved in the occurrence of sustained oscillations. We carry out an analysis of stability leading to the definition of a stability index, which we use to study the influence of each control parameter on the stability of the cardiovascular system. We show that all major components of the control system are probably implicated in the appearance of Mayer waves, substantiating recent clinical results in human as well as experimental findings in rats.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm in the initial adhesion, growth and detachment of Escherichia coli in porous media.

This study systematically investigated the impact of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm on the initial adhesion, growth, and detachment of indicator bacteria Escherichia coli JM109 in porous media. Two P. aeruginosa strains, the mucoid PD0300 and wide type PA01 with different extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) composition and secretion capability, were used to grow biofilm in packed beds. Results from the column breakthrough curves and retained JM109 profiles show that the amount and composition of P. aeruginosa biofilm EPS have a profound impact on the deposition and retention of E. coli in porous media. PAO1 biofilm coating improved E. coli retention in the column, whereas PDO300 biofilm coating had only a small impact on E. coli removal. Biofilm surface hydrophobicity and polymeric interactions between the biofilm and E. coli cell surfaces were found to play important roles in controlling the distribution of E. coli along the columns. After initial attachment, E. coli bacteria were able to survive and grow at similar growth rates in columns coated with either PAO1 or PDO300 biofilms with a relatively low nutrient supply. Biofilm detachment was the major mechanism that introduced E. coli bacteria to the bulk fluid long after the contamination event when E. coli cells became an integral part of the biofilm. Findings of this study suggest that biofilm plays a significant role in controlling the initial attachment, growth, and survival of bacteria in porous media, and that the interaction between bacteria and biofilm surfaces should be considered when predicting bacterial and pathogen migration in the environment.

Field of study: Environmental science
Perceptions of Human Security among Islamic School Students, Parents and Teachers in Southern Thailand’s Subnational Conflict Zone

Since 2004, close to 7,000 people have died in Thailand’s domestic insurgency in its three Muslim-majority southern provinces, one of the longest-running, low-intensity conflicts in Southeast Asia. This study assesses perceptions of human security threats in the area among a sample of students, their parents, and teachers of Islamic private schools (n = 427, n = 331, n = 51, respectively), and how they relate to perceptions of government actors and other community institutions. Questionnaire items were drawn from the World Values Survey Wave 6. Focus groups and interviews were also conducted to deepen our understanding of conflict related dynamics.

Field of study: History, Sociology
Estimation in Linear Models Based on Observations With Unknown and Possibly Unequal Scaling

We consider k groups of observations X11, … , X1n1, … , Xk1, … , Xknk and unknown scalars λ1, … , λk, and we assume that the distribution of the scaled observations X11/λ1, … , X1n1/λ1, … , Xk1/λk, … , Xknk/λk follows a normal linear model on Rn1+…+nk. This general setup includes several interesting models that have appeared in the literature in different contexts and fields of application. The simplest example is the model of equal coefficients of variation in k normal samples. We give, in the general setup, a necessary and sufficient condition in terms of “degrees of freedom” for when the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) exists and is unique with probability 1, and furthermore, we give an algorithm for obtaining the MLE.

Field of study: Mathematics
Status of the phylogenetic diversity census of ruminal microbiomes.

In this study, the collective microbial diversity in the rumen was examined by performing a meta-analysis of all the curated 16S rRNA gene (rrn) sequences deposited in the RDP database. As of November 2010, 13,478 bacterial and 3516 archaeal rrn sequences were found. The bacterial sequences were assigned to 5271 operation taxonomic units (OTUs) at species level (0.03 phylogenetic distance) representing 19 existing phyla, of which the Firmicutes (2958 OTUs), Bacteroidetes (1610 OTUs) and Proteobacteria (226 OTUs) were the most predominant. These bacterial sequences were grouped into more than 3500 OTUs at genus level (0.05 distance), but only 180 existing genera were represented. Nearly all the archaeal sequences were assigned to 943 species-level OTUs in phylum Euryarchaeota. Although clustered into 670 genus-level OTUs, only 12 existing archaeal genera were represented. Based on rarefaction analysis, the current percent coverage at species level reached 71% for bacteria and 65% for archaea. At least 78,218 bacterial and 24,480 archaeal sequences would be needed to reach 99.9% coverage. The results of this study may serve as a framework to assess the significance of individual populations to rumen functions and to guide future studies to identify the alpha and global diversity of ruminal microbiomes.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Zur Beugung im Lichtgebiet eines Schirmes mit abgerundeter Kante

ZusammenfassungDer experimentelle Befund bei der Beugung im Lichtgebiet eines Schirmes mit abgerundeter Kante wird in der Nähe der Schattengrenze durch die geometrisch reflektierte Welle allein nicht richtig wiedergegeben. Durch Hinzufügen einer Beugungswelle mit der Richtcharakteristik der Halbebenenbeugung wird für das Fernfeld ein Ausdruck erhalten, der die experimentellen Ergebnisse im ganzen Gebiet und für allek a beschreibt. Die Reflexionskoeffizienten vonFranz undBeckmann, die die Materialeigenschaften des Schirms enthalten, weichen nur in der Nähe der Schattengrenze von den Fresnelschen wesentlich ab. Da in diesem Gebiet die vom Material unabhängige Beugungswelle überwiegt, können ohne große Fehler die Fresnelschen Reflexionskoeffizienten verwandt werden. Der Vergleich mit dem Experiment zeigt befriedigende Übereinstimmung.

Field of study: Physics
[Polyneuropathies in intestinal diseases].

Different aspects of polyneuropathies (PN) developed due to the deficit of group B vitamins in intestinal diseases are considered. Neurological disturbances related to intestinal diseases are caused by malabsorption that leads to the deficit of some compounds extremely important for normal cell metabolism, pathological changes of mucous coat of the stomach and intestine and higher sensitivity to the plant protein gluten. Vitamin B12 deficit can lead to a number of neurological disturbances; patients with pernicious anemia most often develop myelopathy and PN. An increase in serum vitamin B1 concentration is identified in 30-80% of patients with alcoholism. However, vitamin B1 deficit is seen also in ulcer disease, chronic gastritis, acute pancreatitis, esophageal metastatic lesions as well as in primary tumors of the stomach and intestine. Demyelinating as well as axonal PN may develop in patients with enteropathy. Gluten intolerance is the most often cause of PN in pathological changes in the intestine Possibilities of clinical and paraclinical diagnosis of these disorders are analyzed.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Record Russian river discharge in 2007 and the limits of analysis

The Arctic water cycle has experienced an unprecedented degree of change which may have planetary-scale impacts. The year 2007 in particular not only was unique in terms of minimum sea ice extent in the Arctic Ocean but also was a record breaking year for Eurasian river inflow to the Arctic Ocean. Over the observational period from 1936 to 2006, the mean annual river discharge for the six largest Russian rivers was 1796 km3 y−1, with the previous record high being 2080 km3 y−1, in 2002. The year 2007 showed a massive flux of fresh water from these six drainage basins of 2254 km3 y−1. We investigated the hydroclimatological conditions for such extreme river discharge and found that while that year's flow was unusually high, the overall spatial patterns were consistent with the hydroclimatic trends since 1980, indicating that 2007 was not an aberration but a part of the general trend. We wanted to extend our hydroclimatological analysis of river discharge anomalies to seasonal and monthly time steps; however, there were limits to such analyses due to the direct human impact on the river systems. Using reconstructions of the naturalized hydrographs over the Yenisey basin we defined the limits to analysis due to the effect of reservoirs on river discharge. For annual time steps the trends are less impacted by dam construction, whereas for seasonal and monthly time steps these data are confounded by the two sources of change, and the climate change signals were overwhelmed by the human-induced river impoundments. We offer two solutions to this problem; first, we recommend wider use of algorithms to 'naturalize' the river discharge data and, second, we suggest the identification of a network of existing and stable river monitoring sites to be used for climate change analysis.

Field of study: Environmental science