nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
High Field Pulsed Magnets for a Bubble Chamber Beam

To facilitate the production of hyperon-enriched beams for bubble chamber experiments, a range of pulsed magnets has been developed, featuring 20-40 cm-long bending magnets with peak fields up to 13T, and 30-60 cm-long quadrupoles having gradients as high as 50OT/m; ape rtu res a re typically 2-6 cms. Such parameters lend themselves to beam lines capable of kinematic analysis and focusing in very short distances, with consequent minimised decay losses. All magnets are air-cored and water-cooled, with goemetries tailored to suit particular experimental requirements. Of singular importance are the measures taken to distribute in-pulse loads and minimise fatigue so that lifetimes may be stretched to at least 200,000 shots. Special attention is paid to the cooling of otherwise-limiting components of clamping assemblies, permitting the pulsed beamline to operate at machine rates of 25 ppm, and even to double-pulse if necessary.

Field of study: Physics
Magnetic and structural study of the Eaux-Chaudes intrusion: understanding the Variscan deformation in the Western Axial Zone (Pyrenees)

The present study provides new magnetic and microstructural data for the Eaux-Chaudes granodioritic massif (Western Axial Zone, Pyrenees) and contributes to the understanding of its geometry, internal structure and emplacement mechanism. Moreover, the geological cross-sections and field data allow to reconstruct the evolution of the whole area from Variscan to Alpine times and to integrate the emplacement of the igneous body in the context of the Variscan orogeny. The Eaux-Chaudes pluton (301 ± 9 Ma) is mainly composed by granodiorite, describing a normal compositional zoning and an approximately concentric arrangement that is consistent with the zonation of the low-field magnetic susceptibility. Magnetic foliation is subhorizontal in the inner part of the intrusion and becomes parallel to the petrographical contacts along pluton margins, roughly describing the geometry of the intrusion. Magnetic lineations are dominantly subhorizontal, with E–W to ENE–WSW directional maximum. The general parallelism between Variscan structures of the host rock and the geometry and magmatic fabric of the intrusion reveals a late syn-Variscan emplacement. The tectonic regime registered during magma emplacement is in agreement with an N–S shortening and an E–W stretching direction, consistent with the transpressive regime deduced for other Pyrenean intrusions. Alpine overprint produced a slight tilting in the southern part of the intrusion, but it can be considered that the original Variscan structure is basically unchanged.

Field of study: Environmental science
Nuclear Physics Neutrino PreTown Meeting: Summary and Recommendations

Author(s): Haxton, WC; Bahcall, John; Balantekin, A Baha; Freedman, Stuart; Lesko, Kevin; Robertson, Hamish; Lanou, Bob; Fuller, George; Lande, Ken; Mezzacappa, Tony; Avignone, Frank; Louis, Bill; Vogel, Petr; Haines, Todd; Wilkerson,  In preparation for the nuclear physics Long Range Plan exercise, a group of 104 neutrino physicists met in Seattle September 21-23 to discuss both the present state of the field and the new opportunities of the next decade. This report summarizes the conclusions of that meeting and presents its recommendations. Further information is available at the workshop's web site. This report will be further reviewed at the upcoming Oakland Town Meeting.

Field of study: Physics
Analysis of energy consumption of fr ozen -dry foods in processing

In the view of production process of t he frozen -dry foods,the energy consumption in the four stages including fore -treatment,freeze,freeze -dr ying and after -packing,is analyzed and calculated in this paper.Among t hese stages the proportion of the energy c onsumption in the process of frozen -drying production is the largest.Then some proposal and measure to reduce the en ergy consumption are advanced.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE SCALE EFFECTS PHENOMENA OF ULTRA-THIN BEAMS' BENDING WITH STRAIN GRADIENT PLASTICITY

An incompatible element with quadratic completeness in the physical space is developed based on strain gradient theory. After verifying the element, scale effects of ultra-thin beams’ bending under the uniform load are studied with this element. Numerical results agree with the experiment observations that the thinner the bean, the more significant the scale effects. Results also show that the scale effect in plane stress state is slightly stronger than that in plane strain state. In the end, it is indicated that the bending stiffness increases when the beam’s thickness increases.

Field of study: Engineering
Mannan‐binding lectin modulates the response to HSV‐2 infection

Viruses have developed numerous strategies to escape recognition by the immune system. However, some viruses such as herpes simplex virus‐2 (HSV‐2) are recognized by initiators of the complement system, e.g. mannan‐binding lectin (MBL). To study the effects of MBL deficiency during viral infection we have chosen a model of generalized HSV‐2 infection. We infected MBL‐A and MBL‐C double knock‐out mice (DKO) with HSV‐2 via the intraperitoneal (i.p.) route. DKO mice cleared HSV‐2 from the liver less efficiently than the comparable wild‐type animals. The impairment to effectively neutralize HSV‐2 correlated with compromised liver function as measured by increased plasma levels of alanine‐amino transferase. No differences in the viral burden were found in other organs such as spleen or brain. Thus, MBL‐mediated protection was limited to the effects of preservation of liver homeostasis. Reconstitution with recombinant human MBL before and during the HSV‐2 infection dramatically lowered the viral titres in the liver. Taken together, the data show that MBL modulates the response to HSV‐2 in mice by affecting neutralization of the virus. To analyse if MBL plays a role in establishment and progression of human HSV‐2 infection we analysed MBL levels in the serum samples from asymptomatic (virus‐exposed people who have never displayed symptoms of HSV‐2 infection) and symptomatic HSV‐2 patients (people with recurrent HSV‐2 infections). We found that the frequency of the MBL deficiency (<100 ng/ml) was higher in the symptomatic group and significantly different from that in the asymptomatic group (P = 0·0369). This suggests that lack of MBL‐mediated complement activation increases susceptibility to viral infection.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Physiological characterization of cadmium-exposed Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a common model organism for investigation of metal stress. This green alga produces phytochelatins in the presence of metal ions. The influence of cadmium is of main interest, because it is a strong activator of phytochelatin synthase. Cell wall bound and intracellular cadmium content was determined after exposition to 70 µm CdCl(2), showing the main portion of the metal outside the cell. Nevertheless, imported cadmium was sufficient to cause significant changes in thiolpeptide metabolism and its transcriptional regulation. Modern analytical approaches enable new insights into phytochelatin (PC) distribution. A new rapid and precise UPLC-MS method allowed high-throughput PC quantification in algal samples after 1, 4, 24 and 48 h cadmium stress. Initially, canonic PCs were synthesized in C. reinhardtii during cadmium exposition, but afterwards CysPCs became the major thiolpeptides. Thus, after 48 h the concentration of the PC-isoforms CysPC(2-3) and CysGSH attained between 105 and 199 nmol g(-1) fresh weight (FW), whereas the PC(2-3) concentrations were only 15 nmol g(-1) FW. The relative quantification of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT) mRNA suggests the generation of CysPCs by glutamate cleavage from canonic PCs by γ-GT. Furthermore, a homology model of C. reinhardtii phytochelatin synthase was constructed to verify the use of crystal structures from Anabaena sp. phytochelatin synthase (PCS) for docking studies with canonical PCs and CysPCs. From the difference in energy scores, we hypothesize that CysPC may prevent the synthesis of canonical PCs by blocking the binding pocket. Finally, possible physiological reasons for the high abundance of CysPC compared with their canonic precursors are discussed.

Field of study: Environmental science
Behavior of Grouted Sleeve Splice for Steel Profile under Tensile Loadings

Two groups of grouted sleeve splices for steel profile were tested to investigate their tensile behavior, serving as pilot studies for novel prefabricated reinforced concrete shear wall structures. In the first group, four splice specimens with different embedded lengths of steel profile were monotonic tensile loaded to determine an appropriate anchorage length. In the second group, three splice specimens with a conservative anchorage length of steel profile were tested under repeated tensile loading, cyclic loading at high stress, and cyclic loading at large strain, respectively. Parametric studies were then conducted on sleeve thickness, grout strength, offset of steel profile, and misalignment of steel profile using finite element method (FEM)-based models. The results show that the splices in the second group behaved well with minor residential deformation and almost no pinching effect. The optimized sleeve thickness could be appropriately determined using FEM models. The compressive strengths of the grout exceeding a threshold value and the offset of steel profile had minor influence on splice behavior, while the misalignment of steel profile had a pronounced effect.

Field of study: Materials science
Fiber-reinforced-superconductors for a 15 T-class high-field pulsed magnet and their conceptual design

The authors are developing a novel type of Nb/sub 3/Sn superconductor with high elastic modulus fibers for application to high field pulsed superconducting magnets, called the fiber-reinforced superconductor (FRS). They describe the conceptual design of a conductor for a pulsed magnet using FRSs and present superconducting characteristics for monofilamentary FRS samples. Each monofilamentary FRS supports hoop stress under operation of the magnet. Short lengths of monofilamentary FRSs using tungsten fiber were prepared by RF-magnetron sputtering. Critical current measurement up to 15 T and a uniaxial strain test at 10 T have been carried out. The data support the conceptual design of the 15-T-class pulsed superconducting magnet using FRSs.<<ETX>>

Field of study: Physics
Investigating the Validity of Holland's (1959, 1997) RIASEC Typology among Native Hawaiians.

The present study extends the literature base that is answering the call to examine the validity of J. L. Holland's (1959, 1997) 6 types of themes (realistic [R], investigative [I], artistic [A], social [S], enterprising [E], and conventional [C]) in his typology when applied to populations that are culturally different from the populations with whom the typology was developed. Native Hawaiians (N = 156), a group not previously investigated, completed a personal demographics form and the Strong Interest Inventory (L. W. Harmon, J. C. Hansen, F. H. Borgen, & A. L. Hammer, 1994). The construct validity of Holland's typology was supported in that Holland's vocational interest types were arranged in a circular R-I-A-S-E-C order.

Field of study: Psychology
Reversible and Irreversible Decisions

The present experiment determined whether preference for consonant or dissonant information differs when (a) decisions are reversible instead of irreversible, and (b) when different amounts of dissonance are induced. Dissonance was manipulated by having subjects make decisions between alternatives with varying degrees of similarity in attractiveness. Subjects' preference for consonant information was generally stronger after making irreversible decisions than after making reversible ones. When decisions were irreversible, the relative preference for consonant over dissonant information increased with the similarity in attractiveness of the decision alternatives. When decisions were reversible, the relative preference for consonant information decreased with the similarity in attractiveness of the alternatives. In accordance to earlier investigations on selective exposure, experimental manipulation did not affect the avoidance of dissonance information. The results are interpreted in terms of both dissonance theory and choice certainty theory.

Field of study: Psychology
Genetic polymorphism and activities of human colon alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases: no gender and age differences.

Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) isoenzyme patterns from 69 (men, 47; women, 22) surgical colon mucosal specimens were identified by agarose isoelectric focusing. gamma-ADH was found to be the predominant form in the mucosa, whereas only beta-ADH was detectable in the muscle layer. ALDH1, ALDH2, and ALDH3 were detectable in the mucosa, with cytosolic ALDH1 being the major form. At pH 7.5, the ADH activities in the colon mucosae with the homozygous phenotype (exhibiting gamma 1 gamma 1) and the heterozygous phenotype (exhibiting gamma 1 gamma 1, gamma 1, gamma 2, gamma 2, gamma 2) were determined to be 183 +/- 13 and 156 +/- 30 nmol/min/g tissue, respectively. The ALDH activities in the ALDH2-active and ALDH2-inactive phenotypes were determined to be 40.2 +/- 2.3 and 34.6 +/- 2.0 nmol/min/g tissue, respectively. The lack of significant difference in the ALDH activities between these two phenotypic groups can be attributed to the very low expression of the mitochondrial ALDH2 in the colon mucosa. No significant differences in the ADH or the ALDH activities were found between the men and women studied and between the three age groups (20-40, 49-70, and 72-83 years). The ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colons exhibited similar ADH and ALDH activities. The isoenzyme patterns of ADH and ALDH remained unaltered in colon carcinomas, except that a significant reduction of the enzyme activities was found in the cancer tissue as compared with the adjacent normal portions. it is concluded that human colon mucosa exhibits significant amounts of ethanol- and acetaldehyde-oxidizing activities.

Field of study: Medicine
Stimulus generalization: the ordering and spacing of test stimuli.

Twenty-four pigeons learned a successive discrimination between 500 mmu (S+) and 574 mmu (S-). When tested in extinction, some birds received stimuli around S+, with no S- presentations. These birds showed a positive peak shift, with maximum responding not at 550 mmu, but displaced to 538 mmu and 544 mmu. Other birds were tested with stimuli around S-, with no S+ presentations. These birds showed a negative shift, with least responding not at 574 mmu, but at 586 mmu. Though the first group was tested around S+ and the second around S-, total responding between groups did not differ. When retested on the other half of the continuum, however, birds that had gone from the S+ half to the S- half responded fewer times than those that had gone from the S- half to the S+ half. In a second experiment, reducing stimulus spacing from 6 mmu to 2 mmu produced flatter gradients and decreased the amount of positive shift. In a third experiment, birds were tested across the whole continuum with stimuli presented in serial order. A sequence from 538 mmu to 586 mmu produced no responding after the first part of the session; a sequence from 586 mmu to 538 mmu produced responding throughout the session.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Stratigraphy and Age of the Chumstick and Wenatchee Formations: Tertiary Fluvial and Lacustrine Rocks, Chiwaukum Graben, Washington

The Chiwaukum graben in central Washington contains two unconformity-bounded fluvial and lacustrine units, here named the “Chumstick” and “Wenatchee” Formations. The Chumstick is dated at 45 m.y. (middle Eocene), and the Wenatchee is dated at 34 m.y. (early Oligocene) by the fission-track method on zircons from tuffs. Previously, both formations were thought to be part of the Swauk Formation, which is older. The Chumstick Formation rests on weathered crystalline basement and is several thousands of metres thick. Fanglomerate occurs at the base and along the margins. Most of the formation consists of feldspathic sandstone and pebbly sandstone of fluvial origin; but within the upper part, there is a lacustrine unit, herein designated the Nahahum Canyon Member. Tuff is common in the lower part of the formation. Both of the bounding faults, the Leavenworth and the Entiat, were active during deposition of the Chumstick Formation, but relief was greatest on the northeast (Entiat) side. The Wenatchee Formation occurs in the vicinity of Wenatchee, Washington, and is ≤300 m thick. It unconformably overlies the Chumstick Formation within the graben but overlaps the northeast side of the graben, where it lies directly on weathered metamorphic basement. The Wenatchee Formation, like the Chumstick, was deposited primarily in fluvial and lacustrine environments; unlike the Chumstick, much of the sediment is mature quartz sandstone. Relief in the source area probably was very subdued during its deposition.

Field of study: Geology
Acceleration of iterative algorithms on highly clustered grids

A family of new methods has been developed to accelerate the convergence rate of iterative algorithms for obtaining a steady-state solution as an asymptotic limit of an unsteady second-order partial differential equation or a system of such equations. It was assumed that a central differencing has been used for spatial discretization. The new acceleration methods are based on the sensitivity of the future residual at every grid point to the change in the solution vector components at the neighboring grid points used in the local discretization approximation. The acceleration parameters introduced in the methods have been optimized with the objective to minimize the future global residual. The new sensitivity-based methods have been applied to finite difference codes for twoand three-dimensional, laminar, incompressible flow Navier-Stokes equations; two-dimensional, turbulent, incompressible flow Navier-Stokes equations; and two-dimensional, compressible flow Euler equations. The new sensitivity-based acceleration methods demonstrated superior performance in all test cases that involved severe grid clustering and grid nonorthogonality and included laminar and turbulent flows with closed and open flow separation.

Field of study: Physics
Development and Validation of an Inventory that Measures Motivated Behavior in Chemistry

The purpose of this study was to develop an inventory that measures students’ motivation toward chemistry (MBIC). In total, 127 students from Technological University of the Philippines were asked to respond to the inventory. Principal component analysis with varimax rotation yielded four factors namely, choice behavior, persistent behavior, study approaches and strategies and resilient behavior. The factor loadings of the items ranged from 0.426 to 0.718, 0.513 to 0.820, 0.457 to 0.718, and 0.441 to 0.621, respectively. The Cronbach alpha for the entire inventory was 0.90; for each scale, alpha ranged from 0.74 to 0.84. High motivators and low motivators showed a significant difference (p <0.01) on their MBIC scores. Correlations between the students’ motivation in chemistry measured using MBIC and students’ achievement in chemistry, cheating behavior and students’ motivation in English are moderate to weak but they are all statistically significant. Findings of the study confirmed the validity and reliability of the MBIC questionnaire. Implications for using the MBIC in research and in class are discussed in the paper.  Principal component analysis, varimax rotation, cronbach’s alpha, Chemistry achievement, English Motivation, Cheating Behavior, Motivated Behavior Inventory

Field of study: Education
Similarity of microbial and meiofaunal community analyses for mapping ecological effects of heavy-metal contamination in soil.

The effect of long-term heavy-metal contamination on soil microbial and meiofaunal communities was assessed with a view to determining whether analysis of these communities could be used for ecological assessment of contaminated sites. Thirty soil cores were taken from an industrial site formerly used for the burning of waste from an explosives factory. The predominant contaminants in the soil were a range of heavy metals, including lead, copper and zinc. The numbers of culturable bacteria (especially those grown on Pseudomonas selective media) and the microbial community response to a suite of 95 carbon sources were suppressed in samples with high heavy-metal contamination. This corresponded to a reduction in the density and evenness of the nematode communities in the samples with high metal concentrations. Conversely the bacterial counts and responses to the 95 carbon sources were greater at sites with higher and more diverse populations of nematodes. However, epifluorescence counts of bacteria and the profiles of extracted fatty acids were not consistently altered by the heavy-metal contamination. These results suggest that culturable bacteria are effective indicators of pollution in soil, and reflect the perturbations seen in other components of the soil biota. Furthermore, this is the first study to show that both meiofaunal communities and microbial communities give similar indications of the ecological impact of heavy-metal contamination in soil.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Crystallization and preliminary structural analysis of an antibody complex formed with PfMSP1-19, a malaria vaccine candidate.

The 11 kDa C-terminal fragment of the proteolyticly matured surface antigen, PfMSP1, from Plasmodium falciparum is a promising malaria vaccine candidate. The soluble recombinant form of this naturally occurring fragment has been crystallized as a complex with the Fab of a specific murine monoclonal antibody. The crystals belong to the space group P2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 51.8, b = 213.5,c = 60.0 A, beta =101.0 degrees, and with Z = 4. Diffraction data have been measured to 2.9 A resolution and a preliminary model of the complex has been determined by molecular replacement. The epitope recognised by G17.12 is located on the N-terminal EGF-like domain of the antigen.

Field of study: Chemistry