nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Two-person activity recognition using skeleton data

Human activity recognition is an important and active field of research having a wide range of applications in numerous fields including ambient-assisted living (AL). Although most of the researches are focused on the single user, the ability to recognise two-person interactions is perhaps more important for its social implications. This study presents a two-person activity recognition system that uses skeleton data extracted from a depth camera. The human actions are encoded using a set of a few basic postures obtained with an unsupervised clustering approach. Multiclass support vector machines are used to build models on the training set, whereas the X-means algorithm is employed to dynamically find the optimal number of clusters for each sample during the classification phase. The system is evaluated on the Institute of Systems and Robotics (ISR) - University of Lincoln (UoL) and Stony Brook University (SBU) datasets, reaching overall accuracies of 0.87 and 0.88, respectively. Although the results show that the performances of the system are comparable with the state of the art, recognition improvements are obtained with the activities related to health-care environments, showing promise for applications in the AL realm.

Field of study: Computer science
A transverse, thin-skinned, thrust-fault belt in the Paleozoic North Greenland Fold Belt

The southern part of the North Greenland Fold Belt in Peary Land has been affected by two widely different orogenic events: an Early to Middle Devonian, westward-directed, thrust-fault deformation and a Late Devonian to an early Carboniferous folding on east-west axes that folded the earlier thrust faults. The deformation in this part of the North Greenland Fold Belt affected an ∼5-km-thick pile of lower Paleozoic shales, turbidites, and conglomerates deposited in the Franklinian–North Greenland, clastic trough. The thrust-fault belt is separated from the northern part of the North Greenland Fold Belt by the east-west–trending transcurrent Harder Fjord fault zone, north of which no westward-directed thrust faults have been recognized. The thrust fault region covers an area of 3,000 km 2 , and the main transport direction was toward the west with a refraction toward southwest along the sideland to the south. The thrust fault region is rimmed by a frontal thrust fault and fold zone. Behind the frontal zone, the uppermost stratigraphical unit, the Silurian flysch, forms an allochthonous mega-cover, draping imbricate thrust structures in the Ordovician units below. The central part of the thrust-fault belt consists of a western, north-south–striking, imbricate, thrust-fault fan and an eastern and southern area characterized by flat-lying, coherent thrust sheets. The imbricate fan is formed by 20 steeply east-dipping thrust sheets with an individual thickness of 500 m. The flat-lying thrust sheets are 100–300 m thick, and the relative displacement along individual thrust faults is in the order of 1–10 km. The subhinterland or proximal thrust zone is situated in the eastern part of the thrust-fault region and is dominated by the Cambrian Frigg Fjord Mudstones. This zone is regarded as a peel-off area from which the Ordovician and Silurian sediments were removed and displaced toward the west. The Frigg Fjord Mudstones compose the lowermost unit exposed in the region and contain the main decollement zone for the thrust faulting. The cumulative effect of the thrusting is a total transport of ∼100 km from east to west. The thrust fault deformation is herein named the “Volvedal orogeny” and is interpreted as a foreland deformation related to the Caledonian Mobile Belt, which involved gravity gliding in the hinterland of the thrust-fault belt.

Field of study: Geology
“The Meruailouse Site”: Shakespeare, Venice, and Paradoxical Stages*

This essay begins by providing some early modern definitions, as well as a brief history, of paradox in the Renaissance. But paradox could be more than a rhetorical figure. Thus, the paper turns to sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century descriptions of Venice in English and explores how a geographical site could do the work of the verbal paradox. The essay then reads Othello's complicated epistemological, ontological, and sexual issues through Venice's symbolic geography. Finally, it will suggest briefly that the stage — and particularly the interaction between audience and play — is also a site of paradox, a place where spectators, dazzled and destabilized by unresolved and unresolvable problems, are forced to reevaluate their cognitive and cultural worlds.

Field of study: History
Tensile Properties Study of E-Glass/Epoxy Laminate and π/4 Quasi-Isotropic E-Glass/Epoxy Laminate

The usage of composites has increased in various fields, including automotive and aerospace, due to their high strength-to-weight ratio. The optimum use of composite material is also being studied to bring down the fuel costs and carbon emissions to atmosphere. The concept of optimum usage of composite material could be applied at the initial design stage or when repairing damaged composite structures. This paper describes preliminary work towards the optimum usage of π/4 quasi-isotropic E-glass/epoxy laminate repair practices, and it demonstrates the procedure followed to determine their tensile properties. This work used unidirectional fibre (UDF) laminae and UDF laminate specimens to understand the tensile properties of UDF E-glass/epoxy laminate. This paper provides a unique comparison between experimental results of UDF laminae and UDF laminate level. The tensile properties obtained from UDF laminae and UDF laminate were suitably used to derive [A][B][D] matrices of π/4 quasi-isotropic laminates, so as to understand whether the laminates were pertaining to the quasi-isotropic category. Finally, π/4 quasi-isotropic laminates with the above-mentioned codes were tested to understand the tensile properties. The derived properties could be suitably used for future work on quasi-isotropic E-glass/epoxy composite laminate repair practices.

Field of study: Materials science
Democracy and U.S. Policy in Latin America during the Truman Years (review)

This book investigates the roots and effectiveness of the stated desire of U.S. policymakers and Latin American leaders to encourage democracy during the years between World War II and the beginning of the Cold War, a period that saw Latin American democrats replace dictators in rapid succession. Schwartzberg boldly holds that U.S. policymakers who worked on Latin American affairs during these years displayed "civility," or a genuine sense of civic responsibility. They sincerely encouraged both "democratic solidarity and respect for the national sovereignty of other peoples" (p. xii). In short, he foregrounds the optimism and successes of U.S.led democratization.

Field of study: History
Study of an UWB Communication Channel in the MAV

Aim at the lower height transmission environment by using the ultra wide band wireless signal in the communication link of micro air vehicle,analyse the probable existing landform and area in the propagation channel,and its impact on the pathloss of UWB signal.Select the modified S-V multipath channel model,simulate two choosed propagation environments,give the results including pathloss,impulse response,rms delay spread,mean excess delay,number of multipath components and power delay profile.The results indicate that this model can reflect the channel characteristic parameters efficiently,it can be used as reference of the design of UWB receiver.

Field of study: Engineering
Characterization of relaxed photo-excited magnetized states in prussian-blue analogous magnets.

Local structure of a photo- or x-ray-induced ferrimagnet Cs0.8Co1.3 [W(CN)8](3-cyanopyridine)1.9 x 2.1H2O was investigated by means of Co K- and W L-edge XAFS spectroscopy. The Co K-edge XANES spectra provide quantitative information on the ratio of Co(II) and Co(III) by virtue of the factor analysis. It was found that the Co(II) ratios are 81.9% at 300 K and 32.7% at 150 K. When the sample was irradiated by x rays at 30 K, a phase transformation occurred in a similar manner to the visible-light irradiation and a relaxed excited state that exhibits ferrimagnetism was formed. The relaxed excited state gives the Co(II) ratio of 67.0%. The W L(III)-edge EXAFS spectra determine the W-C, W-N and W-Co distances. The results of the distances were obtained as R(W-C)=2.16 A, R(W-N)=3.31 A, R(W-CoII)=5.37 A and R(W-CoIII)=5.19 A, irrespective of the three phases. The local structure of the relaxed excited state was found to be identical with that of the high-temperature (300 K) phase. The phase transformation is concluded to be caused by the charge transfer and the spin flipping from the -W(IV)(S=0)-CN-CoIII (S=0)- configuration to -W(V)(S=1/2)-CN-CoII (S=3/2)-.

Field of study: Physics
Bordetella pertussis extract induces increase in the activities of glycolytic enzymes in mouse liver.

The hypoglycemic effect of Bordetella pertussis (Challenge strain No.18323) purified cell extract (protein with traces of carbohydrates, 2 mg%) administered (0.1 mg/100 g body wt. i.v.) into mice on the activities of the key regulatory enzymes, viz. glucokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, glyceraldehyde phosphodehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) and lactate dehydrogenase, of glycolytic pathway in liver has been studied at varying intervals after injection. The maximum hypoglycaemic effect was observed at the end of 12 hr, while activities of all the enzymes studied showed significant enhancement after 18 hr, thus suggesting increased glucose utilization towards the formation of pyruvate. Actinomycin D is found to inhibit stimulation of G-6-PD activity in B. pertussis treated animals, thereby indicating the role of B. pertussis in synthesis of this enzyme.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Genomic diversity of cultivable Lactobacillus populations residing in the neonatal and adult gastrointestinal tract.

The objective of this study was to investigate the cultivable Lactobacillus population in adult and infant faecal material to identify strains shared across a number of individuals. A range of lactobacilli isolated on Lactobacillus-selective agar from faeces of 16 infants and 11 adults were genetically fingerprinted and further characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The relatedness of all the Lactobacillus strains isolated to known species was also determined both genetically and phenotypically. This study revealed that the human intestine is initially colonized by only a few (1-2) different cultivable strains whereas in adults the pattern becomes more complex with a higher diversity of strains. The adult samples contained three genetically distinct Lactobacillus strains in some cases, while infant samples generally harboured only one dominant Lactobacillus strain. Moreover, the species in general appeared to differ with Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus casei/paracasei found mainly in adults, whereas Lactobacillus gasseri and Lactobacillus salivarius were more commonly isolated in infant samples. The data reaffirm the differences in Lactobacillus populations both between individual subjects and between the infant and adult, with an overall change in the diversity and complexity from early stages of life to adulthood.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Design of intersubband quantum well far-infrared lasers

A strongly asymmetric stepped and a parallel quantum well (QW) far-infrared laser structure are proposed. The QWs have been carefully tailored so that the subband wavefunction features favour population inversion. The overlap ratios of the pump light and the lasing light with the QW layer can be improved by placing a thin germanium layer on top of the structures. As a result, the predicted threshold pump powers are reduced.

Field of study: Materials science
Evidence That “Voluntary” Versus “Involuntary” Retrieval Is a Fluency-Based Attribution

Our memories can come to mind either voluntarily—after we intended to retrieve them—or, involuntarily—without our intent. Studies often rely upon subjects themselves to classify their memories as voluntary or involuntary. But how well do subjects perform this task? There is reason to suspect that subjects sometimes base these classifications of intent on feelings of fluency—that is, ease of retrieval—leading them to misclassify their memories. In four experiments, we investigated the extent to which making an experience of voluntary retrieval feel fluent leads subjects to ascribe involuntary attributes to that retrieval. Our findings provide the first experimental demonstration that when subjects intentionally, yet fluently, bring a memory to mind, they may mistakenly judge that the retrieval occurred without intent.

Field of study: Psychology
Precision Measurement of the Electron/Muon Gyromagnetic Factors

Clear, persuasive arguments are brought forward to motivate the need for highly precise measurements of the electron/muon orbital g, i.e. gL. First, we briefly review results obtained using an extended Dirac equation, which conclusively showed that, as a consequence of quantum relativistic corrections arising from the time-dependence of the rest-energy, the electron gyromagnetic factors are corrected. It is next demonstrated, using the data of Kusch & Foley on the measurement of deltaS minus 2 deltaL together with the modern precise measurements of the electron deltaS where deltaS identically equal to gS minus 2, that deltaL may be a small, non-zero quantity, where we have assumed Russel-Saunders LS coupling and proposed, along with Kusch and Foley, that gS = 2 plus deltaS and gS = 1 plus deltaL. Therefore, there is probable evidence from experimental data that gS is not exactly equal to 1; the expectation that quantum effects will significantly modify the classical value of the orbital g is therefore reasonable. Finally, we show that if, as suggested by the results obtained from the modified Dirac theory, deltaS and deltaL depend linearly on a dimensionless parameter DELTA such that the gyromagnetic factors are considered corrected as follows; gS = 2 plus 2 DELTA and gL = 1 minus DELTA, then the Kusch-Foley data implies that the correction DELTA approximately equals 1.0 times 10-3 . Modern, high precision measurements of the electron and muon orbital gL are therefore required, in order to properly determine by experiments the true value of gL minus 1, perhaps to about one part in a trillion as was recently done for gS minus 2.

Field of study: Physics
Intranasal delivery of dexamethasone efficiently controls LPS‐induced murine neuroinflammation

Neuroinflammation is the hallmark of several infectious and neurodegenerative diseases. Synthetic glucocorticoids (GCs) are the first‐line immunosuppressive drugs used for controlling neuroinflammation. A delayed diffusion of GCs molecules and the high systemic doses required for brain‐specific targeting lead to severe undesirable effects, particularly when lifelong treatment is required. Therefore, there is an urgent need for improving this current therapeutic approach. The intranasal (i.n.) route is being employed increasingly for drug delivery to the brain via the olfactory system. In this study, the i.n. route is compared to the intravenous (i.v.) administration of GCs with respect to their effectiveness in controlling neuroinflammation induced experimentally by systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. A statistically significant reduction in interleukin (IL)‐6 levels in the central nervous system (CNS) in the percentage of CD45+/CD11b+/lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus G6D [Ly6G+ and in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunostaining was observed in mice from the i.n.‐dexamethasone (DX] group compared to control and i.v.‐DX‐treated animals. DX treatment did not modify the percentage of microglia and perivascular macrophages as determined by ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) immunostaining of the cortex and hippocampus. The increased accumulation of DX in brain microvasculature in DX‐i.n.‐treated mice compared with controls and DX‐IV‐treated animals may underlie the higher effectiveness in controlling neuroinflammation. Altogether, these results indicate that IN‐DX administration may offer a more efficient alternative than systemic administration to control neuroinflammation in different neuropathologies.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Sorption-desorption behavior of metsulfuron-methyl and sulfosulfuron in soils

Sorption of metsulfuron-methyl and sulfosulfuron were studied in five Indian soils using batch sorption method. Freundlich adsorption equation described the sorption of herbicides with Kf (adsorption coefficient) values ranging between 0.21 and 1.88 (metsulfuron-methyl) and 0.37 and 1.17 (sulfosulfuron). Adsorption isotherms were L-type suggesting that the herbicides sorption decreased with increase in the initial concentration of the herbicide in the solution. The Kf for metsulfuron-methyl showed good positive correlation with silt content (significant at p = 0.01) and strong negative correlation with the soil pH (significant at p = 0.05) while sorption of sulfosulfuron did not correlate with any of the soil parameter. Desorption of herbicides was concentration dependent and, in general, sulfosulfuron showed higher desorption than the metsulfuron-methyl. The study indicates that these herbicides are poorly sorbed in the Indian soil types and there may be a possibility of their leaching to lower soil profiles.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The contemporary conservation reserve visitor phenomenon!

Visitors place a complex array of demands on conservation reserves, including provisions for recreation. Rising recreation demand includes a new suite of activities ranging from adventure racing, music events, and motorised activities to extreme sports. Policy implications raise questions anew: what is the fundamental purpose of conservation reserves—nature conservation or recreation or both, and where should the emphasis lie? There is a risk that the current and future emphasis appears to be on increased commercialisation, marketing of conservation reserves as music and/or sporting event venues, places where personal physical challenges can be undertaken alongside a mentality that celebrates human achievement rather than the appreciation of nature! Such a trend may de-emphasise visitor perceptions of conservation reserves as tools for nature conservation. The reported trend in recreational activity requires debate, policy direction and target areas need protected area management effectiveness evaluation to assess conservation implications.

Field of study: Environmental science
Parametric Optimization of Earth-Air Heat Exchangers (EAHEs) for Central Air Conditioning

This paper presents a thorough parametric analysis of an earth-air heat exchanger (EAHE) that reveals optimal parameters for minimizing the cost of central air conditioning in a hot and dry climate. A mathematical model with the aid of MATLAB is developed to optimize different parameters including length, diameter, and number of pipes. The performance of the selected cooling system is evaluated in terms of compressor power consumption, overall power savings, overall cost reduction, and payback period. As a case study for our analysis, a 25-TR air-conditioning system was chosen to cool an operation room in a hospital in Egypt. The maximum reduction in compressor power consumption is estimated to be 44 %. Moreover, the reduction in the annual costs is estimated to be 16.6 % with a payback period that increases as the number of pipes increases.

Field of study: Engineering
Study of the trend of technical arrangement of free optional moves in synchronized swimming

The authors studied the technical arrangement of free optional moves of top 6 collective and double event teams in three major international synchronized swimming games held in recent 4 years,and revealed the following findings: the development of difficulty of techniques in the matching category,driving techniques and upper limb move matching techniques is the most distinct trend of the technical arrangement of free optional moves for the col-lective event nowadays;technical difficulty of synchronized swimming moves in the technical arrangement of free optional moves for the collective event is being gradually lowered,so showing technical abilities by relying simply on high difficulty synchronized swimming moves is not the mainstream in the technical arrangement of free op-tional moves for the collective event;the driving,moving and upper limb move matching techniques for the double event have become the key direction for difficulty development,and more technical contents and difficulty tech-niques in synchronized swimming are adopted for free optional moves for the double event than for the collective event.

Field of study: Education
Surgery is cost-effective treatment for young patients with vestibular schwannomas: decision tree modeling of surgery, radiation, and observation.

OBJECT
Vestibular schwannomas (VSs) are managed in 3 ways: observation ("wait and scan"); Gamma Knife surgery (GKS); or microsurgery. Whereas there is considerable literature regarding which management approach is superior, there are only a few studies addressing the cost of treating VSs, and there are no cost-utility analyses in the US to date.



In this study, the authors used the University of California at San Francisco medical record and hospital accounting databases to determine total hospital charges and costs for 33 patients who underwent open surgery, 42 patients who had GKS, and 12 patients who were observed between 2010 and 2013. The authors then performed decision-tree analysis to determine which treatment paradigm produces the highest quality-adjusted life years and to calculate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, depending on the patient's age at VS diagnosis.



The average total hospital cost over a 3-year period for surgically treated patients was $80,074 (± $49,678) versus $9737 (± $5522) for patients receiving radiosurgery and $1746 (± $2792) for patients who were observed. When modeling the most debilitating symptoms and worst outcomes of VSs (vertigo and death) at different ages at diagnosis, radiation is dominant to observation at all ages up to 70 years. Surgery is cost-effective when compared with radiation (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio < $150,000) at younger ages at diagnosis (< 45 years old).



In this model, surgery is a cost-effective alternative to radiation when VS is diagnosed in patients at < 45 years. For patients ≥ 45 years, radiation is the most cost-effective treatment option.

Field of study: Medicine
Comparison of several mouse and rat monoclonal antibodies against human fibrinogen.

Six monoclonal antibodies raised against human fibrinogen have been characterized. Mouse monoclonal antibodies were targeted against sequential epitopes on the immunodominant D-domain of fibrinogen and they crossreacted with all molecules containing the D-domain [fibrin, fibrin(ogen)-degradation products]. Their behavior was not influenced by proteolytic degradation of fibrinogen with plasmin. Rat MoAbs were specific for the conformational epitopes on intact fibrinogen. Their reactivities were substantially lower with fibrin(ogen)-degradation products. Degradation of structures on intact fibrinogen was concomitant with the decay of rat MoAbs reactivity. Those structures were presumably on the C-terminal end of fibrinogen alpha chain and/or on the N-terminal end of fibrinogen beta chain.

Field of study: Biology