nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Vortex interactions and decay in aircraft wakes

The dynamic interaction of aircraft wake vortices was investigated using both inviscid and viscous models. For the viscous model, a computer code was developed using a second-order closure model of turbulent transport. The phenomenon of vortex merging which results in the rapid aging of a vortex wake was examined in detail. It was shown that the redistribution of vorticity during merging results from both convective and diffusive mechanisms.

Field of study: Physics
ROYALE: A Framework for Universally Composable Card Games with Financial Rewards and Penalties Enforcement

While many tailor made card game protocols are known, the vast majority of those lack three important features: mechanisms for distributing financial rewards and punishing cheaters, composability guarantees and flexibility, focusing on the specific game of poker. Even though folklore holds that poker protocols can be used to play any card game, this conjecture remains unproven and, in fact, does not hold for a number of protocols (including recent results). We both tackle the problem of constructing protocols for general card games and initiate a treatment of such protocols in the Universal Composability (UC) framework, introducing an ideal functionality that captures card games that use a set of core card operations. Based on this formalism, we introduce Royale, the first UC-secure general card games which supports financial rewards/penalties enforcement. We remark that Royale also yields the first UC-secure poker protocol. Interestingly, Royale performs better than most previous works (that do not have composability guarantees), which we highlight through a detailed concrete complexity analysis and benchmarks from a prototype implementation.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
New statistics for old?—measuring the wellbeing of the UK

Attempts to create measures of national wellbeing and progress have a long history. In the UK, they go back at least as far as the 1790s, with Sir John Sinclair's Statistical Account of Scotland. More recently, worldwide interest has led to the creation of various indices seeking to go beyond familiar economic measures like gross domestic product. We review the ‘Measuring national well-being’ development programme of the UK's Office for National Statistics and explore some of the challenges which need to be faced to bring wider measures into use. These include the importance of getting the measures adopted as policy drivers, how to challenge the continuing dominance of economic measures, sustainability and environmental issues, international comparability and methodological statistical questions.

Field of study: Mathematics
An assessment of frailty as a tool for risk stratification in adult spinal deformity surgery.

The goal of this study was to analyze the value of an adult spinal deformity frailty index (ASD-FI) in preoperative risk stratification. Preoperative risk assessment is imperative before procedures known to have high complication rates, such as ASD surgery. Frailty has been associated with risk of complications in trauma surgery, and preoperative frailty assessments could improve the accuracy of risk stratification by providing a comprehensive analysis of patient factors that contribute to an increased risk of complications.  Using 40 variables, the authors calculated frailty scores with a validated method for 417 patients (enrolled between 2010 and 2014) with a minimum 2-year follow-up in an ASD database. On the basis of these scores, the authors categorized patients as not frail (NF) (< 0.3 points), frail (0.3-0.5 points), or severely frail (SF) (> 0.5 points). The correlation between frailty category and incidence of complications was analyzed.  The overall mean ASD-FI score was 0.33 (range 0.0-0.8). Compared with NF patients (n = 183), frail patients (n = 158) and SF patients (n = 109) had longer mean hospital stays (1.2 and 1.6 times longer, respectively; p < 0.001). The adjusted odds of experiencing a major intraoperative or postoperative complication were higher for frail patients (OR 2.8) and SF patients ( 4.1) compared with NF patients (p < 0.01). For frail and SF patients, respectively, the adjusted odds of developing proximal junctional kyphosis (OR 2.8 and 3.1) were higher than those for NF patients. The SF patients had higher odds of developing pseudarthrosis (OR 13.0), deep wound infection (OR 8.0), and wound dehiscence (OR 13.4) than NF patients (p < 0.05), and they had 2.1 times greater odds of reoperation (p < 0.05).  Greater patient frailty, as measured by the ASD-FI, was associated with worse outcome in many common quality and value metrics, including greater risk of major complications, proximal junctional kyphosis, pseudarthrosis, deep wound infection, wound dehiscence, reoperation, and longer hospital stay.

Field of study: Medicine
ON THE ASYMPTOTIC BEHAVIOR OF THE ZEROS OF SOLUTIONS TO w" + Aw = 0

We study the asymptotic behavior of the zeros of solutions to vi" + Au; = 0 where A(z) = J ^ j i i Qj{z)expPj(z) with Qj and Pj polynomials in z. Under mild hypotheses on the Pj's and Qj'a, we identify algebraic curves ahout which the zeros of solutions düster. The curves are of the form Im P{z) = K with P a polynomial and K a constant. We determine a bound for the rate of approach of the zeros to these curves. In addition to classical techniques of ordinary differential equations, we employ methods developed by W. Strödt , Strodt's general theory examines the existence and asymptotic behavior of solutions to certain first order differential equations in the complex domain.

Field of study: Philosophy
Kinetics of intermetallic formation at Sn-37Pb/Cu interface during reflow soldering

The kinetics of the intermetallic layer formation at Sn-37wt.%Pb solder/Cu pad interface during reflow soldering were studied. The growth kinetics were analyzed theoretically by assuming that the mass flux of Cu through channels between scalloplike grains primarily contributes to the growth. Rate-controlling steps considered for the mass flux were the Cu dissolution from the bottom of the channels, diffusion through the channel, and the formation reaction of the intermetallic layer. These results indicated that a transition in the growth rate observed around 120–150 sec of reflow time may be associated with transition of the rate-controlling step from the Cu dissolution to the Cu diffusion through the channel.

Field of study: Materials science
RADIO PROPER MOTIONS OF WOLF-RAYET STARS

We present the analysis of observations taken from the Very Large Array archive of sixWolf-Rayet stars with radio emission, with the purpose of determining their proper motions. Typically, these observations cover periods of 10 to 20 years. To verify the method, we included WR 140 in the sample, and found that the proper motions determined by us are a few times more accurate than, and consistent within noise, with those of Hipparcos. The other ve WR stars were not studied by Hipparcos and we report their proper motions for the first time. The proper motions for WR 145a = Cyg X-3 are consistent with the source being stationary with respect to its local standard of rest and suggest that the black hole in this binary system formed by direct collapse of a massive star, without expulsion of a supernova remnant.

Field of study: Physics
Managing Science: Management for R&D Laboratories

THE MANAGEMENT STRUCTURES. Raisons d'Etre. Institutions and Decision-Making Systems. Organization and Communications. Policy Implementation. Project Methodology and Management.  Human Resources Management. Financial Statements. Cost Assessment and Management. Logistics. General Services. Supply Chain. THE HUMAN DRAMA. The Psycho-Social Life Case Study: The Failure Mode. Performance. Knowledge. Money.  Planning and Serendipity.  A

Field of study: Physics
Reduced-Complexity Constrained Recursive Least-Squares Adaptive Filtering Algorithm

A linearly-constrained recursive least-squares adaptive filtering algorithm based on the method of weighting and the dichotomous coordinate descent (DCD) iterations is proposed. The method of weighting is employed to incorporate the linear constraints into the least-squares problem. The normal equations of the resultant unconstrained least-squares problem are then solved using the DCD iterations. The proposed algorithm has a significantly smaller computational complexity than the previously proposed constrained recursive least square (CRLS) algorithm while delivering convergence performance on par with CRLS. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated by simulation examples.

Field of study: Engineering
Inductive extreme non-Arens regularity of the Fourier algebra A(G)

Let G be a non-discrete locally compact group, A(G) the Fourier algebra of G, VN(G) the von Neumann algebra generated by the left regular representation of G which is identified with A(G)∗, and WAP(Ĝ) the space of all weakly almost periodic functionals on A(G). We show that there exists a directed family H of open subgroups of G such that: (1) for each H ∈ H, A(H) is extremely non-Arens regular; (2) VN(G) = ⋃ H∈H VN(H) and VN(G)/WAP(Ĝ) = ⋃ H∈H[VN(H)/WAP(Ĥ)]; (3) A(G) = ⋃ H∈HA(H) and it is a WAP-strong inductive union in the sense that the unions in (2) are strongly compatible with it. Furthermore, we prove that the family {A(H) : H ∈ H} of Fourier algebras has a kind of inductively compatible extreme nonArens regularity.

Field of study: Mathematics
Unveiling the taphonomy of elusive natural tank deposits: A study case in the Pleistocene of northeastern Brazil

Fossiliferous natural tanks are a singular type of sedimentary deposit restricted to northeastern Brazil, which usually preserves a diversified late Pleistocene vertebrate fauna. Their fossil assemblages are taxonomically well known, but their taphonomy is poorly understood. This work presents a detailed taphonomic analysis of a tank deposit from Jirau site (Ceara State, Northeastern Brazil) to improve understanding of the processes that influenced fossil deposition and preservation in natural tanks and to shed light on paleoecological and paleoenvironmental aspects related to the late Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Northeastern Brazil. Tank deposits from different localities were also compared to figure out potential taphonomic patterns among them. Additionally, comparisons with other Brazilian Pleistocene deposits and other debris-flow deposits bearing vertebrates were undertaken. The study revealed the predominance of the megamammal Eremotherium laurillardi in the deposit, which we attributed to its abundance in late Pleistocene biocoenosis as well as bone resistance. Scarcity of non-mammalian vertebrates is likely related to their paucity in late Pleistocene biocoenosis. Time-averaging was evidenced by the co-occurrence of different weathering, petrographic and color patterns, and may have affected the ontogenetic profile of the accumulation relative to the original biocoenosis. Analyses of weathering stages, tooth and trample marks, indicate wide exposition of the thanatocoenosis before burial. Abrasion and petrographic patterns allow reworking in the assemblage to be inferred. Permineralization and substitution are the fossilization processes observed. Taphonomy indicates that floods deposited clasts and bioclasts in the tank under an arid or semiarid climate in a debris-flow regime. Comparison with other tank deposits revealed several similar taphonomic features and differences related to sedimentology and stratigraphy. Taphonomic similarities suggest rather homogeneous environmental conditions in the northeastern Brazil during the late Pleistocene, as previously suggested by taxonomic studies. Comparison with other Brazilian Pleistocene deposits shows that tanks have more temporal fidelity than caves, coastal and some fluvial deposits. The Jirau vertebrate accumulation was produced by the reworking and transport of skeletal elements accumulated in a nearby thanatocoenosis and is similar to other better known debris-flow hosted vertebrate accumulations.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Molecular characterization of the human interleukin (IL)-17 receptor.

Human interleukin 17 (hIL-17) is a T-cell derived cytokine that exhibits 63% amino acid sequence identity to mouse IL-17 (mIL-17) and 57% identity to a viral protein encoded by the herpesvirus saimiri (HSV) gene 13 (HVS13). The IL-17 family of proteins binds to a unique mouse receptor (mIL-17R). Using nucleic acid hybridization techniques, a cDNA encoding a human homologue of the mIL-17R (hIL-17R) was isolated from a human T cell library. The predicted amino acid sequence of the hIL-17R is 69% identical to the mIL-17R, shares no homology with previously identified cytokine receptor families, and exhibits a broad tissue distribution. The hIL-17R gene was localized to chromosome 22. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) generated against the hIL-17R were able to block the IL-17-induced production of cytokine from human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cells. Binding studies suggest that recombinant hIL-17 binds to the hIL-17R with low affinity.

Field of study: Medicine
SECONDARY SCHOOL PRINCIPALS’ LEVEL OF PREPAREDNESS AND ADOPTION OF NATIONAL EDUCATION MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM IN KEIYO NORTH SUB-COUNTY, KENYA

The study investigated the level of preparedness of secondary school Principals to adopt the National Education Management Information System (NEMIS) in Keiyo North Sub-County, Elgeiyo-Marakwet County in Kenya. 
Methodology: It was an explanatory research based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) and the public choice theory. A target population of 30 secondary schools Principals and 30 HODs in charge of ICT in Keiyo North Sub-County schools consisting of Boarding and Day secondary schools was used. This formed a population of 60. The schools were classified as National, Extra-County, County and Sub-County secondary schools. This ensured that all the sub-groups were proportionately represented. Quantitative data was collected using close-ended questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. A model was developed through regression analysis. 
 Results indicate that the sub-variable of Principal’s level of preparedness (acceptance, training and skills, and ICT infrastructure) had a statistically significant positive effect on adoption of NEMIS in secondary schools. The finding of this study is useful to the Ministry of Education (MOE) in planning purposes. The constructs of Principal’s level of preparedness (acceptance, training and skills and ICT infrastructure) positively and significantly correlated with adoption of NEMIS and as these constructs are enhanced, adoption of NEMIS receives a positive boost. 
Unique Contribution to Theory Practice and Policy: The study points out that use of technology is a function of acceptance by the user and is in line with the postulates of UTAUT theory that drove this study. It is therefore recommended that managers in the education circles should pay greater attention to the postulates of UTAUT theory for effective implantation of ICT driven programs like NEMIS. The study further points out that for any government policy to succeed, those in authority should allocate resources for public interest to support such policy rather than follow their own self-interest as pointed out by the public choice theory.

Field of study: Education
Customers' Perception about Service Quality in Commercial Health and Fitness Clubs in Uganda

Many service providers have emerged on the Ugandan market offering health and fitness services, this study therefore sought club customers’ perception about service delivery in the sector. With a modified 26-item SERVQUAL questionnaire, data was collected from a random sample of 486 customers and 116 interviewees covering 58 purposively selected health-and-fitness centres countrywide. Customers to gymnasia, aerobics clubs and aqua-based activities where vulnerability is high were considered. Major findings are that gaps exist in service delivery (Overall service perception µ= -1.73) and that the current management model in most clubs falls far short of international standards. A single authority for standardization is lacking for professionals’ certification and regulation. It is recommended that sport-specific Government of Uganda authorities must act promptly in a joint effort with federations, academia, and the leading international certifying organizations to directly oversee and/or set standards of practice to meet required quality levels and fitness industry needs.  service providers, SERVQUAL, fitness services, practice-standards, health clubs.

Field of study: Education
On the Economically Optimal Exploitation of a Renewable Resource: The Case of a Convex Environment and a Convex Return Function

We investigate optimal policies for the exploitation of a renewable resource subject to a concave growth function and a convex return function. We prove an important result on the elasticity of the objective function and apply it to give a characterization of the optimal harvesting paths in this class of models. In particular, we derive conditions such that all optimal programs converge to a fixed point or to a cycle of finite period, and hence result in the conservation of the resource. We also show which assumptions guarantee that extinction of the stock is optimal. That nonconvex preferences or technologies cause problems for economic theory is well-known. As our model can formally be interpreted as an optimal growth model with nonconcave utility function, our results are a further contribution on the dynamics of optimal paths in the general class of economic models with nonconcavities.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: C61, E32, Q20.

Field of study: Economics
Dose calculation for electron therapy using an improved LBR method.

To calculate the percentage depth dose (PDD) of any irregularly shaped electron beam using a modified lateral build-up ratio (LBR) method.



Percentage depth dose curves were measured using 6, 9, 12, and 15 MeV electron beam energies for applicator cone sizes of 6 × 6, 10 × 10, 14 × 14, and 20 × 20 cm(2). Circular cutouts for each cone were prepared from 2.0 cm diameter to the maximum possible size for each cone. In addition, three irregular cutouts were prepared.



The LBR for each circular cutout was calculated from the measured PDD curve using the open field of the 14 × 14 cm(2) cone as the reference field. Using the LBR values and the radius of the circular cutouts, the corresponding lateral spread parameter [σR(z)] of the electron shower was calculated. Unlike the commonly accepted assumption that σR(z) is independent of cutout size, it is shown that its value increases linearly with circular cutout size (R). Using this characteristic of the lateral spread parameter, the PDD curves of irregularly shaped cutouts were calculated. Finally, the calculated PDD curves were compared with measured PDD curves.



In this research, it is shown that the lateral spread parameter σR(z) increases with cutout size. For radii of circular cutout sizes up to the equilibrium range of the electron beam, the increase of σR(z) with the cutout size is linear. The percentage difference of the calculated PDD curve from the measured PDD data for irregularly shaped cutouts was under 1.0% in the region between the surface and therapeutic range of the electron beam. Similar results were obtained for four electron beam energies (6, 9, 12, and 15 MeV).

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Helicity Distributions of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Its Implication on the Growth Mechanism

Single-walled nanotubes (SWNT) have attracted significant attention because of the substance’s superior crystal quality, high thermal conductivity and current carrying capacity, thus emerging as an attractive material for nanoelectrics. To optimize the selection of SWNT structures in large-scale synthesis, an understanding of their growth mechanism is necessary. We report studies of the helicity distributions of SWNT using electron nanodiffraction. The overall statistical distribution of helicity has peaks at 0° and 30°. The peak evident at 0° was found to be a sharp local maximum, while the peak at 30° was broader. We also found that the helicity distribution varies from region to region of micrometer size. This observation indicates that local environment affects nanotube growth, resulting in different structural distributions.

Field of study: Materials science
An Elastic Cloud Computing Algorithm of Floating Car Data Based on Virtualized Managed Framework

Studies elastic computing algorithms for large scale FCD, implements the system and experimental platform based on the distributed parallel processing method and virtualized managed framework. The platform processes data including FCD as well as remote sensing data after adaption. Experimental results of Beijing floating car and road network real data testing show that the processing efficiency is significantly improved, and the processing time is reduced by load balancing optimizing. On the basis, computing units are managed properly and computing capabilities are elastic according to order of tasks' importance or urgency and virtual resources. The validity of the algorithm is verified, the efficiency problem of operating massive complex spatial data is solved in a better way.

Field of study: Computer science
Accumulation and distribution of selenium in different parts and macromolecule of Se-enriched Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) during germination

The accumulation of selenium (Se) and distribution in the sprouts of tartary buckwheat cultivated in Na 2 SeO 3 solutions with different concentrations were investigated in this study. Total Se content, organic Se content and the proportion of organic Se were determined. The results indicated that the total Se content increased gradually while the proportion of organic selenium decreased gradually with the increasing of ambient Na 2 SeO 3 concentrations in the range of 10-20 μg/mL. After three days’ germination, tartary buckwheat cultivated in 20 μg/mL Na 2 SeO 3 solution presented the highest selenium accumulation; Se contents in different parts decreased in this order: radicle > husk > hypocotyl > cotyledon. Se contents in total protein were higher than in polysaccharides, nucleic acids and other components. Furthermore, Se contents in protein fractions decreased in the order albumin, glutelin, globulin and prolamin. Selenium in proteins was primarily present as albumin-bound Se and glutelin-bound Se.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A year-round dynamic simulation of a solar-driven ejector refrigeration system with iso-butane as a refrigerant

In this paper, the performance of the solar-driven ejector refrigeration system with iso-butane (R600a) as the refrigerant is studied. The effects that both the operating conditions and the solar collector types have on the system's performance are also examined by dynamic simulation. The TRNSYS and EES simulation tools are used to model and analyze the performance of a solar-driven ejector refrigeration system. The whole system is modelled under the TRNSYS environment, but the model of the ejector refrigeration subsystem is developed in the Engineering Equations Solver (EES) program. A solar fraction of 75% is obtained when using the evacuated tube solar collector. In the very hot environment, the system requires relatively high generator temperature, thus a flat plate solar collector is not economically competitive because the high amount of auxiliary heat needed to boost up the generator temperature. The results from the simulation indicate that an efficient ejector system can only work in a region with decent solar radiation and where a sufficiently low condenser temperature can be kept. The average yearly system thermal ratio (STR) is about 0.22, the COP of the cooling subsystem is about 0.48, and the solar collector efficiency is about 0.47 at Te 15 °C, Tc 5 °C above the ambient temperature, evacuated collector area 50 m2 and hot storage tank volume 2 m3.

Field of study: Engineering