nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Securing web-clients with instrumented code and dynamic runtime monitoring

Security and privacy concerns remain a major factor that hinders the whole scale adoption of web-based technology in sensitive situations, such as financial transactions (Gao and Owolabi, 2008; Lichtenstein and Williamson, 2006). These concerns impact both end users and content generators. To tackle this problem requires a complimentary technology to the already developed and deployed infrastructure for web security. Hence, we have developed a multi-layer framework for web client security based on mobile code instrumentation. This architecture seeks to isolate exploitable security vulnerabilities and enforce runtime policies against malicious code constructs. Our instrumentation process uniquely integrates both static and dynamic engines and is driven by flexible (XML based) rewrite rules for a scalable operation and transparent deployment. Based on secure equivalents for vulnerable JavaScript objects and methods, our mechanism offers superior runtime performance compared to other approaches. Extensive investigation using four case studies shows that the instrumentation technique provides a potential solution to curb the rising number of security exploits that exist on the web today. In addition, performance data gathered from evaluations on active websites demonstrate that the mechanism has very little impact in terms of user experience; thus making it plausible for adoption by end-users.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Promotion of Self-directed Learning Using Virtual Patient Cases

To assess the effectiveness of virtual patient cases to promote self-directed learning (SDL) in a required advanced therapeutics course.  Virtual patient software based on a branched-narrative decision-making model was used to create complex patient case simulations to replace lecture-based instruction. Within each simulation, students used SDL principles to learn course objectives, apply their knowledge through clinical recommendations, and assess their progress through patient outcomes and faculty feedback linked to their individual decisions. Group discussions followed each virtual patient case to provide further interpretation, clarification, and clinical perspective.  Students found the simulated patient cases to be organized (90%), enjoyable (82%), intellectually challenging (97%), and valuable to their understanding of course content (91%). Students further indicated that completion of the virtual patient cases prior to class permitted better use of class time (78%) and promoted SDL (84%). When assessment questions regarding material on postoperative nausea and vomiting were compared, no difference in scores were found between the students who attended the lecture on the material in 2011 (control group) and those who completed the virtual patient case on the material in 2012 (intervention group).  Completion of virtual patient cases, designed to replace lectures and promote SDL, was overwhelmingly supported by students and proved to be as effective as traditional teaching methods.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Noise and synchronization of a single active colloid.

A two-state oscillator in a viscous liquid is composed of a micron-scale particle whose intrinsic dynamics is defined by linear potentials that undergo configuration-coupled transitions and is externally driven by a piecewise constant periodic force of varying amplitude and frequency. This elementary example of "active matter" has the minimal elements that allow us to study synchronization in the presence of thermal fluctuations. Experiments reveal the presence of synchronized states (and Arnol'd tongues), which we explain using analytical and numerical calculations. The system maintains synchronization by adjusting the phase between the bead and the clock. We discuss the relevance of this model to synchronization in real-world systems, including the role of thermal noise.

Field of study: Physics
Constraining Forces Causing the Meissner Effect

As shown in former papers, the nonadiabatic Heisenberg model presents a novel mechanism of Cooper pair formation which is not the result of an attractive electron-electron interaction but can be described in terms of quantum mechanical constraining forces. This mechanism operates in narrow, roughly half-filled superconducting bands of special symmetry and is evidently responsible for the formation of Cooper pairs in all superconductors. Here we consider this new mechanism within an outer magnetic field. We show that in the magnetic field the constraining forces produce Cooper pairs of non-vanishing total momentum with the consequence that an electric current flows within the superconductor. This current satisfies the London equations and, consequently, leads to the Meissner effect. This theoretical result is confirmed by the experimental observation that all superconductors, whether conventional or unconventional, exhibit the Meissner effect.

Field of study: Physics
Structural basis for the interaction of BamB with the POTRA3-4 domains of BamA.

In Escherichia coli, the Omp85 protein BamA and four lipoproteins (BamBCDE) constitute the BAM complex, which is essential for the assembly and insertion of outer membrane proteins into the outer membrane. Here, the crystal structure of BamB in complex with the POTRA3-4 domains of BamA is reported at 2.1 Å resolution. Based on this structure, the POTRA3 domain is associated with BamB via hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Structural and biochemical analysis revealed that the conserved residues Arg77, Glu127, Glu150, Ser167, Leu192, Leu194 and Arg195 of BamB play an essential role in interaction with the POTRA3 domain.

Field of study: Chemistry
Trace-fossil suites and composite ichnofabrics from meandering fluvial systems: The Oligocene Lower Freshwater Molasse of Switzerland

Molasse of Switzerland is host to spectacular outcrops of fluvial deposits. In distal areas of the Swiss Molasse Basin, deposits of a north-eastward draining meandering system are exposed. Combined sedimentologic and ichnologic observations in the Chli Sunnhalde and Roggwil quarries allow an improved understanding of animal-substrate interactions in deposits of meandering fluvial systems. Strata include meander-belt sandstone, levee sandstone and mudstone, crevasse-channel and splay sandstone, floodplain mudstone and sandstone, and paleosols. While the meander belt and the more proximal crevasse-channel deposits are typically unbioturbated, the more distal deposits show a clear biogenic overprint, with distal crevasse-channel, crevasse-splay, and floodplain deposits being intensely bioturbated. Simple grazing and locomotion trails (included in the Cochlichnus anguineus-Helminthoidichnites tenuis suite) were formed subaqueously in ponded areas of the floodplain. Meniscate burrows (Taenidium isp. suite) and root trace fossils occur along the margin of these floodplain water-bodies and at the top of crevasse-splay deposits. Some of the floodplain, crevasse-splay, and crevasse-channel deposits are pervasively bioturbated by crayfish burrows (Camborygma litonomos suite). Crevasse-splay deposits locally host escape trace fossils. Where cross-cutting relationships are apparent, a colonization sequence can be established as follows: the Cochlichnus anguineus-Helminthoidichnites tenuis suite is cross-cut by the Taenidium isp. suite, which in turn is cross-cut by the Camborygma litonomos suite and root trace fossils. Composite ichnofabrics are common in these meandering river deposits, recording progressive lowering of the water table in overbank subenvironments. Frequency of depositional events was a first-order control on degree of bioturbation. Position of the water table and degree of substrate consolidation exerted considerable influence over the types of trace fossils produced. Distinct bioturbation phases may result in the formation of different trace-fossil suites - representative of disparate ichnofacies - preserved on a single bedding plane. This study further supports the notion that meandering fluvial systems are characterized by trace-fossil suites belonging to the Scoyenia, Camborygma and/or Mermia ichnofacies.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
To Disappear The Escuelas Normales Rurales: Political Anxieties, the Secretaría de Educación Pública, and Education Reform in Mexico in 1969

This article analyzes a 1969 education reform in Mexico that resulted in the closure of 14 of the then 29 escuelas normales rurales (rural teacher-training colleges) and the annihilation of their internal student organizing structures. I argue that the reform was politically motivated and impelled by the anxieties produced by student politics in the Cold War era. I show also how the Secretaría de Educación Pública (SEP) participated in the authoritarian surveillance of students during the presidency of Díaz Ordaz and in a long campaign to delegitimize the Federación de Estudiantes Campesinos Socialistas de México (FECSM), the federation that united the students from these schools.

Field of study: History
BCS Superconductivity in Heavily Boron-Doped Silicon

Scanning tunneling spectroscopies in the subKelvin temperature range were performed on superconducting Silicon epilayers doped with Boron in the atomic percent range. The resulting local differential conductance behaved as expected for a homogeneous superconductor, with an energy gap dispersion below \pm 10%. The spectral shape, the amplitude and temperature dependence of the superconductivity gap follow the BCS model, bringing further support to the hypothesis of a hole pairing mechanism mediated by phonons in the weak coupling limit.

Field of study: Physics
New developments in CLAMP: Calibration using global gridded meteorological data

Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program (CLAMP) is a versatile technique for obtaining quantitative estimates for multiple terrestrial palaeoclimate variables from woody dicot leaf assemblages. To date it has been most widely applied to the Late Cretaceous and Tertiary of the mid- to high latitudes because of concerns over the relative dearth of calibration sites in modern low-latitude warm climates, and the loss of information associated with the lack of marginal teeth on leaves in paratropical to tropical vegetation. This limits CLAMP's ability to quantify reliably climates at low latitudes in greenhouse worlds of the past. One of the reasons for the lack of CLAMP calibration samples from warm environments is the paucity of climate stations close to potential calibration vegetation sites at low latitudes. Agriculture and urban development have destroyed most lowland sites and natural vegetation is now largely confined to mountainous areas where climate stations are few and climatic spatial variation is high due to topographic complexity. To attempt to overcome this we have utilised a 0.5° × 0.5° grid of global interpolated climate data based on the data set of New et al. (1999) supplemented by the ERA40 re-analysis data for atmospheric temperature at upper levels. For each location, the 3-D climatology of temperature from the ECMWF re-analysis project was used to calculate the mean lower tropospheric lapse rate for each month of the year. The gridded data were then corrected to the altitude of the plant site using the monthly lapse rates. Corrections for humidity were also made. From this the commonly returned CLAMP climate variables were calculated. A bilinear interpolation scheme was then used to calculate the climate parameters at the exact lat/long of the site. When CLAMP analyses using the PHYSG3BR physiognomic data calibrated with the climate station based MET3BR were compared to analyses using the gridded data at the same locations (GRIDMET3BR), the results were indistinguishable in that they fell within the range of statistical uncertainty determined for each analysis. This opens the way to including natural vegetation anywhere in the world irrespective of the proximity of a meteorological station.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Properties of the narrow line Seyfert 1 galaxies revisited

There is growing evidence to suggest that the black hole mass has been previously underestimated with the H$\beta$ line width for certain active galactic nuclei (AGN). With the assumption of the flatter rather than isotropic velocity distribution of gases in the broad-line region of AGN, we investigated the properties of narrow line Seyfert 1 (NLS1) galaxies, like the black hole mass and the Eddington ratio, and compared with broad line Seyfert 1 (BLS1) galaxies. Since gamma-rays detected in a few NLS1s which favor a smaller viewing angle in NLS1s than BLS1s, with the projection effect we estimated the relative black hole mass and Eddington ratio for NLS1s and BLS1s. The result implies that the NLS1s and BLS1s have similar black hole masses and Eddington ratios, peaked at a larger black hole mass and lower Eddington ratio for the NLS1s than thought before. Furthermore, with applying the correction factor 6 of average black hole mass as derived from the modelling of both optical and UV data in radio-loud NLS1s by Calderone et al., to the Xu et al. sample, we find that the NLS1s and BLS1s also show similar black hole masses and Eddington ratios, peaked at $2.0\times10^{7}M_{\odot}$ and 0.12 (Eddington ratio) for the NLS1s. The $M_{BH}-\sigma$ relation due to the enhanced black hole masses of NLS1s is discussed. In addition, there seems to show a linear correlation between jet power and disk luminosity for the flat spectrum radio-loud NLS1 sample, which implies an accretion dominated rather than black hole spin dominated jet.

Field of study: Physics
Incentive compatible and stable trade mechanisms on networks

We study a network of buyers and sellers where each seller owns an indivisible object and has no incentive to keep it, while each buyer has a downward sloping demand curve which is private information. Only the connected buyer-seller pairs can engage in trade. We search for trade mechanisms that are efficient, strategy-proof, bilateral trade stable and individually rational. In general, there does not exist a trade mechanism simultaneously satisfying these properties. The tension between strategy-proofness and bilateral trade stability is generated by the intersection between sets of competitors of a buyer at different sellers. Such intersections often allow the buyer to manipulate (via demand reductions) the prices paid in the network. The observed tension can be resolved if and only if the underlying network is cycle-free. In such a case, there is a unique trade mechanism which satisfies our four properties, a generalized Vickrey auction.

Field of study: Economics
In-situ characterization of moisture absorption and hygroscopic swelling of silicone/phosphor composite film and epoxy mold compound in LED packaging

Epoxy mold compound (EMC) and optical grade silicone based materials have been widely used in manufacturing Light Emitting Diode (LED). Silicones are being used as encapsulant and lenses for next-generation LED packaging designs, such as chip on board (COB) LEDs. Silicones serve several roles including protective lenses, stress relieving encapsulant, mechanical protection and light path materials. Even though silicone-based materials are typically hydrophobic, they are not resistant to moisture absorption, which may greatly affect the key attributes of silicones such as high transparency, high refractive index, stable thermo-mechanical properties, and tunable hardness. On the other hand, EMCs are used in LEDs as packaging material because of their low cost and high productivity, whereas their moisture absorption is long known. In this study, a new generation of silicone/phosphor composite films and a commonly-used EMC material for COB LEDs are studied regarding their moisture absorption and hygroscopic swelling behaviors by in-situ measurements. Moisture sorption tests were performed using TGA Q5000SA at different humidity and temperature conditions, such as 30°C & 30% RH, 30°C & 60% RH, 30°C & 80% RH, 60°C & 30% RH, 60°C & 60% RH, 60° C & 80% RH, 80°C & 30% RH, 80°C & 60% RH and 80°C & 80% RH. Hygroscopic swelling was determined using DMA-RH Q800 at 60°C. Material properties including diffusivity, activation energy, saturated moisture concentration and the coefficient of hygroscopic swelling are extracted from the experimental data. Based on the results, comprehensive discussions are made on the characteristics of moisture absorption and hygroscopic swelling for the two different materials.

Field of study: Engineering
A fast and precise chemiluminescence ozone detector for eddy flux and airborne application

A commercially available dry chemiluminescence (CI) instrument for fast and precise measurement of ozone (O3) is specified. The sensitivity is ~9000 counts s−1 per ppbv of ozone. Its precision is entirely determined by the number of photons reaching the detector (being a photomultiplier), i.e. is quantum-noise limited. The relative precision (ΔO3/O3 in %) thus follows Poisson statistics and scales with the square root of the measurement frequency f and with the inverse O3 mixing ratio: ΔO3/O3 ∝ f0.5 · O3−0.5. At typical O3 mixing ratios between 10 and 100 ppbv (and 1 bar), the precision is 0.3–1.0% at f = 10 Hz. The maximum measurement frequency is 50 Hz. The mechanical and electronic set-up as well as the instrument performance is described. Recommendations on the adequate inlet tube configuration (inlet tube length, sampling flow) and on the way of calibration at stationary ground-based platforms and onboard aircraft are given.

Field of study: Environmental science
A bivariate integer-valued long-memory model for high-frequency financial count data

We propose a bivariate integer-valued fractional integrated (BINFIMA) model to account for the long-memory property and apply the model to high-frequency stock transaction data. The BINFIMA model allows for both positive and negative correlations between the counts. The unconditional and conditional first- and second-order moments are given. The model is capable of capturing the covariance between and within intra-day time series of high-frequency transaction data due to macroeconomic news and news related to a specific stock. Empirically, it is found that Ericsson B has mean recursive process while AstraZeneca has long-memory property.

Field of study: Mathematics
Translation invariance and sampling theorem of wavelet

The sampling theorem for wavelet spaces built by Walter (1992) lacks the translation invariance except for Walter's weak translation invariant wavelet, i.e., Meyer's wavelet. Indeed, we must know a priori the shift offset a in the samples {f(n+a);n/spl isin/Z}; otherwise, the waveform cannot be recovered since the interpolation function is dependent on this offset. In this correspondence, we generalize our metric functional to metrize weak shiftability and find a somewhat surprising result that the B spline wavelets of order n/spl ges/3 are degenerate shiftable. Thus, we can recover approximately the waveform by double sampling without any information on shift offset a.

Field of study: Engineering
Kinetics of Autocatalytic Oxidation of Mn(II) Ions by Periodate in Relation to Manganese Oscillations

The kinetics of the autocatalytic oxidation of Mn(II) ions by periodate was investigated in unbuffered phosphoric acid solutions and in buffered solutions; the process was studied in a bath reactor in relation to the chemical oscillations in a continuously flow stirred tank reactor (CSTR), which are based on the chemistry of manganese. The rate constants k 1 and k' 2 corresponding to the noncatalyzed and catalyzed reaction course were determined by the Schwartz method. While MnO 4 - ions are the reaction product in the unbuffered phosphoric acid medium, in a CH 3 COOH-NaOH buffer the Mn 2+ ions are only oxidized to Mn(IV). For this case, a reaction pathway is discussed where the key step encompasses dimerization of MnO(OH) + ions followed by the formation of (MnO 2 ) col colloids, stabilized by adsorption of H 2 PO 4 - ions on their surface. This reaction pathway is also of importance with respect to the new manganese oscillator which is based on the autocatalytic oxidation of Mn(II) ions by periodate in a CSTR.

Field of study: Chemistry
Orientation Programme at the University of Education, Winneba Campus (Ghana): Perspectives of Second Year Undergraduate Students At The Faculty of Educational Studies

This study explored the perspectives of second year undergraduate students at the Faculty of Educational Studies, University of Education, Winneba, (Ghana) on the orientation programme organised at first year (2015/2016 Academic year). Using a sequential explanatory mixed-method design, a structured questionnaire was administered to 290 second year undergraduate students selected through stratified sampling technique for the quantitative phase of the study. Also, 12 of the students, who were class representatives, were purposively selected and interviewed for the qualitative phase of the study. The quantitative data collected was analysed using means and standard deviations as well as simple frequencies and percentages. The interview data was used to clarify  the key quantitative results, when necessary. The study revealed that the orientation programme organised for the students was indoor nature. The students were of the view that there is the need for improvement in the orientation programme  to facilitate the adjustment of first year students to the University environment. The study concluded that the duration of the orientation programme was too short. Therefore, it was recommended that those who  organise the programme at the University should ensure that sufficient time is allocated to the programme so that the students could ask questions and seek clarifications on issues bordering their minds.  university, orientation programme, undergraduate students, adjustment, transition

Field of study: Education
Synthesis of Hetero Atom Modified Pyrromethenones

A series of six heteroaromatic compounds, ethyl-/methyl- and dimethylfuranones, thiophenones, and cyclopentenones, was synthesized and condensed with a methyl methylpropionate substituted pyrrole, yielding the “right” half of open-chain tetrapyrroles. These compounds serve as light-inducible chromophores in the plant photoreceptor phytochrome. Three-dimensional structure analysis of the 10-oxapyrromethen-1-one 25 revealed a planar conformation, similar to the dipyrromethenone parent compound, stabilized by ahydrogen bond formed between the pyrrole proton and the furanone oxygen atom. All six pyrrole-substituted heteroaromatic derivatives 25–30 show absorbances in the visible spectrum with high molar extinction coefficients.

Field of study: Chemistry
Organizational Positions on Title IX Conflicting Perspectives on Sex Discrimination in Education

The comments submitted by organizations and individuals to the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare on the proposed regulations to implement Title IX of the Education A mendments of 1972 provide a unique opportunity to determine the positions of a wide variety of groups on issues relating to sex discrimination in education. A content analysis was made of the comments submitted by 50 groups and 74 college and university administrators on six key issues. The extent to which groups supported or opposed the recommendations made by the Women's Equity Action League and Representative Bella Abzug was determined. The results of this analysis demonstrate that groups representing women, teachers, students, and national civil rights commissions have a substantially different view from public school and higher education administrators; athletic groups; and elementary, secondary, and higher education groups on what constitutes sex discrimination in education and what procedures the federal government should require to eliminate it.

Field of study: Education