nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Saint with a Gun: The Unlawful American Private Eye, and: Dashiell Hammett: A Life, and: Private Investigations: The Novels of Dashiell Hammett (review)

Few good things are as good as a good book. Written in fresh, limber prose, Saint with a Gun studies the evolution and, alas, degeneration of the American detective hero. Its subjects it perceives clearly; its arguments it presents with force and historical depth. William Ruehlmann knows how literature reflects life. His 1974 reprint uses well-known figures such as Clint Eastwood, Arthur Bremer, and former Attorney General John Mitchell to dovetail public and literary themes. It traces the modern detective hero from early incarnations such as Poe's Dupin and Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes. Without effort, it generalizes in smooth-muscled cadences: "The private eye novel was a Western that took place somewhere else." The next paragraph carries the summary forward with a firm supporting detail: "The American Western is a morality play whose end is retribution, not redemption. Jack Schaefer's Shane (1949) is the essence of the myth that the gunfighter does not triumph over evil, he merely survives it." Ruehlmann reasons so well that he tempts one to let him speak for himself. "The most modern of American heroes," the private eye "is at his best in situations calling for physical courage. . . . But he is at his worst in moments of meditation." Thought brings out the killer in him, turning him into pursuer, judge, and executioner. His bloodthirst comes from a breakdown in justice; law and order works either too slowly or not at all. Because the police and the courts don't redress crime, the pi. must punish the wicked. Mickey Spillane expresses the p.i.'s retributive morality in /, the Jury (1947): "Cops can't break a guy's arm to make him talk, and they can't shove his teeth in with the muzzle of a 45 to remind him that [they] aren't fooling." r\-en in his less savage incarnations, the American fictional detective has differed widely from his well-bred English counterpartÂ—a methodical, highly informed logician-sleuth. American detective writers have small faith in the ability of reason to fight crime. One needs muscle, not mind, to right wrongs caused by corrupt cops and politicians, syndicate crooks, and professional hit men. No witty amateur, Dashiell Hammett's first detective hero, the Continental Op (short for Operative), a tough, unfeeling professional, hunts criminals for a living. Raymond Chandler's Philip Marlowe, a self-employed detective, added moral purpose and integrity. In his famous essay, "The Simple Art of Murder" (1944), Chandler said of Marlowe, "He is the hero, he is everything. . . . He must be a complete man and a common man and yet an unusual man. He must be, to use a weathered phrase, a man of honor." Another Californian who descends from the hardboiled school of detective writing, Ross Macdonald, welds Marlowe's sense of honor to self-knowledge and moral sympathy. Macdonald is the most tender of the tough guy writers. With his heart

Field of study: Art
[Prevention and correction of cognitive dysfunction after general anesthesia].

To evaluate clinical efficacy of intraoperative use of cytoflavin in the prevention and correction of cognitive functions in surgical patients with no history of neurological and psychosomatic disorders.



The study included 60 female patients who underwent surgery on the thyroid gland. Patients were stratified into two equal groups matched for main indices. Patients of the main group received infusions of cytoflavin (20 ml in 200 ml of 5% glucose solution). Patients underwent thyroidectomy with general inhalation anesthesia using desflurane. Cognitive testing was performed one day before operation and 6, 24 and 48 h after. Waking time after stopping desflurane administration and time prior tracheal extubation were recorded.



The use of cytoflavin promoted the early post anesthesia adaptation and more rapid recovery of initial cognitive status of the patients.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Frequency Distributions of Predominant Tropopause Heights along 80 °W in Summer

Sample frequency distributions of height of the predominant tropopause in summer, at various latitudes along 80°W, as interpolated from analyzed tropopause-contour charts, are studied. At most locations the frequency distributions are such as to be statistically acceptable as being samples drawn from relatively simple theoretical parent distributions. It is therefore possible to compute theoretical frequencies of predominant-tropopause height for individual class intervals of height at these locations.

Field of study: Environmental science
Synthesis and reactions of 2-amino-5-carbomethoxy-6-phenyl-6H-1,3,4-thiadiazine

Treatment of methyl 3-phenyl-3-chloro-2-oxopropionate with thiosemicarbazide gives 2-amino-S-carbomethozy6-phenyl-6H-1,3,4-thiadiazine, theisomeric 2-hydrazino-4-carbomethoxy-S-phenylthiazole, orthecorresponding carboxylic acids depending on the acidity of the medium. The intermediate on the way to the thiadiazine proved to be a covalent 4,5-hydrate. These reactions are subject to thermodynamic control. Acetylation of the above thiadiazine occurs either with retention of the thiadiazine structure or via sulfur atom extrusion to give acetylated 3-amino-4-phenyl-5-carbomethoxypyrazole.

Field of study: Chemistry
Study on the expression and purification of Epstein-Barr virus DNA polymerase and its application to diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

In order to establish a simple, rapid, sensitive and specific assay for diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), we prepard Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA polymerase antigen by genetic engineering. DNA polymerase was expressed in BL21(DE3) using pRSET vector. The expressed product was characterized by SDS-PAGE and Western-blot. The IgG antibody angainst DNA polymerase of EBV in sera of NPC patients can be testified by expressed DNA polymerase through Western-blot and ELISA. The DNA polymerase is divided into the front 1/3 and the last 2/3 A2 parts, on A2 the antigenicity of DNA ploymerase locates. The sensitivity and specificity of Western-blot for detecting A2/IgG antibody was 80% and 100% respectively. The ELISA test established to detect A2/IgG antibody in sera of 46 NPC patients and 46 non-NPC patients also showed high sensitivity (89%) and specificity (93%).

Field of study: Biology
Mineral Compositions of Selected Granites and Gneisses of New England

Infrared absorption spectrophotometry (4000 to 300 cm −1 ) and ultraviolet emission spectrography (2300 to 3500 A) were employed in order to obtain semiquantitative compositional data for certain minerals from selected granites and gneisses of New England. The minerals separated from each of 49 representative rock samples (when practical) included: essential quartz, potassic feldspar, plagioclase, biotite, and accessory magnetite. The rock units (or subunits) and number of samples were: Conway and equivalent(?) granites, 14; Westerly granite, 3; Middle-town and Monson gneisses, 10; Glastonbury and Maromas gneisses, 7; Stoney Creek, Clinton, and Sterling granitic gneisses, 8; and Canterbury gneiss, 7. The minor and trace elements included: Ag, Ba, Be, Ca, Cu, Ga, Mn, Pb, Sn, Ti, and Zr. Major element data, as interpreted from the infrared spectra, included: (1) obliquity and perthitic nature of potassic feldspar; (2) general composition (An 10 to An 33 ) and/or order-disorder of plagioclase; (3) Fe:Mg ratio and tetrahedral Al(?) of biotite; and (4) ilmenite (or hematite) percentage in magnetite. Quartz showed no spectral variation. The primary purpose of this preliminary reconnaissance survey, employing this instrumental approach, was to determine if some of the data obtained would be consistent and systematically related to specific rock units. It is concluded that this has been demonstrated, and the indicative data have been emphasized.

Field of study: Geology
An Ultra Low Noise, Low Power Hybrid Preamplifier for X-Ray Spectrometry

A hybrid preamplifier for use with high resolution HgI2 x-ray detectors has been developed. Full scale discrete component circuits were tested, and the final design was hybridized as a standard 20-pin dip package. The preamplifier can be configured to operate as a resistor or pulsed feedback mode device. In the pulsed light feedback mode the electronic noise measured by the pulser method with the input transistor cooled to approximately -30°C was 19.6 electrons RMS. The equivalent input noise at room temperature was 22 electrons RMS, and the power consumption was 220 mW. In the resistor feedback mode corresponding values of 30 electrons RMS and 200 mW were measured.

Field of study: Physics
On the relative behavior of estimators of the characteristic life in the exponential failure model

Based on a decomposition of mean relative error, a twofold method is introduced which allows for the pairwise comparison ofseveral point estimators of the scale parameter (characteristic life) in an exponential failure model. For two competing esti-mators the technique examines (a) the odds in favor of one of the estimators being closer to the true value than is the other and (b) each estimator’s average closeness to the true value not only when it is closer than is the other but also when it is not. Joint consideration of these concepts is shown to form a basis for determining which of the two estimators is preferred in a given situation.

Field of study: Mathematics
Design and Optimization of Gradient Interface of p-Type Ba0.3In0.3FeCo3Sb12/Bi0.48Sb1.52Te3 Thermoelectric Materials

A series of p-type Ba0.3In0.3FeCo3Sb12/Bi0.48Sb1.52Te3 (FS/BT) thermoelectric (TE) materials containing one gradient layer (1GL) with FS/BT volume ratio of 5:5, 3GLs-I with 7:3–5:5–3:7, 3GLs-II with 3:7–5:5–7:3, and 3GLs-III with 3:7–5:5–3:7 from FS to BT were fabricated by a two-step spark plasma sintering method. The interface structure and mechanical properties of the p-type FS/BT TE materials were investigated in this work. Designing the GLs at the interface of FS and BT bulk TE materials can effectively relax the thermal stress induced by the large difference in thermal expansion coefficient and eliminate the macroscopic cracks that occur in FS/BT TE materials with no GL, hence resulting in a remarkable enhancement in the interface mechanical properties of the FS/BT TE materials with the GLs. The optimized gradient interface of the FS/BT TE materials is 3GLs-II with FS/BT volume ratio of 3:7–5:5–7:3. The highest flexural strength of the 3GLs-II sample reached 13.68 MPa, increased by 116%.

Field of study: Materials science
Archeology in the Bolivian Amazon

John H. Walker’s book-length study of the central-western Llanos de Mojos, a region of the Bolivian Amazon covering some 10,000 square kilometers, is a welcome expansion and extension of his previously published archaeological research. The book reveals an anthropogenic landscape of forest islands, raised fields, ring ditches, and communities arrayed along and between the Iruyañez, Omi, Yacuma, and Rapulo Rivers. Walker summarizes the results of his excavations of five forest islands, including the impressive 100-hectare site of El Cerro, and integrates these results with those from his analyses of a corpus of aerial and satellite imagery. The results are interpreted on multiple scales, and contribute to a nuanced understanding of large-scale, complex agricultural systems in the marked absence of a prehistoric state.

Field of study: History
Jamaica and the Saint Domingue Slave Revolt, 1791-1793 1

Once the two largest sugar colonies in the slave-owning Caribbean, Jamaica and Haiti trace their separate paths of development back to the revolutionary struggles of the 1790's. While the French colony of Saint Domingue was transformed in a way few societies have ever been, Jamaica remained seemingly untouched by the conflagration that consumed its neighbour. When the slaves and free coloureds of Saint Domingue rebelled in the autumn of 1791, Jamaican society faced the greatest challenge of its history. The dramatic spectacle of violent self-liberation was acted out almost before the eyes of its blacks and mulattoes, while the ruling white elite experienced a dilemma that seemed to oppose its prosperity to its survival. This paper looks at the reaction of different social groups in the island in an attempt to explain its continuing stability.

Field of study: History
Multi-objective optimization for sensor placement against suddenly released contaminant in air duct system

When a chemical or biological agent is suddenly released into a ventilation system, its dispersion needs to be promptly and accurately detected. In this work, an optimization method for sensors layout in air ductwork was presented. Three optimal objectives were defined, i.e. the minimum detection time, minimum contaminant exposure, and minimum probability of undetected pollution events. Genetic algorithm (GA) method was used to obtain the non-dominated solutions of multiobjectives optimization problem and the global optimal solution was selected among all of the non-dominated solutions by ordering solutions method. Since the biochemical attack occurred in a ventilation system was a random process, two releasing scenarios were proposed, i.e. the uniform and the air volume-based probability distribution. It was found that such a probability distribution affected the results of optimal sensors layout and also resulted in different detect time and different probability of undetected events. It was discussed how the objective functions are being compatible and competitive with each other, and how sensor quantity affect the optimal results and computational load. The impact of changes on other parameters was given, i.e. the deposition coefficient, the air volume distribution and the manual releasing. This work presents an angle of air ductwork design for indoor environment protection and expects to help in realizing the optimized sensor system design for sudden contaminant releasing within ventilation systems.

Field of study: Engineering
Comparison of the capacity of nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium atoms to exist in onium states. quantum-chemical investigation of isomeric model systems with two heteroatoms

HF, B3LYP, and MP2 calculations with the 6-31+G(d) basis set with correction to the energy of zero-point vibrations were carried out to determine the energy characteristics of model molecules containing two heteroatoms in the sp3- and sp2-hybrid states; different combinations of N, O, S, and Se atoms were studied. The stability of the onium states of the nitrogen atom was found to be greater than for its chalcogen analogs and the relative stability of onium states of the chalcogen analogs was found to depend on the hybridization of these atoms. Analysis of these results permitted us to construct a stability series of onium derivatives and to interpret the positional selectivity in electrophilic substitution reactions of five-membered heterocyclic compounds with one heteroatom.

Field of study: Chemistry
In chronic kidney disease, serum α-Klotho is related to serum bicarbonate and proteinuria.

Klotho is an "aging-suppressor" gene and encodes a single-pass transmembrane protein predominantly expressed in renal tubules. Whether chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects serum Klotho is poorly documented. We aimed to measure the relationship of serum α-Klotho with renal function, acid-base status, bone biomarkers, and proteinuria in CKD patients.



We measured serum α-Klotho, serum FGF23, and glomerular filtration rate by inulin clearance in 60 CKD patients between January and July 2011. We also measured serum creatinine, bicarbonate, calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, C-reactive protein, and 25-OH vitamin D. Proteinuria was obtained from a 24-h urine collection.



The median serum α-Klotho was 478 (348-658) pg/mL. We found an inverse relationship between serum α-Klotho and serum creatinine (r = -0.36, P = .007), proteinuria (r = -0.36, P = .013), and a positive relationship with serum bicarbonate (r = 0.33, P = .011). There was no further significant relation between serum α-Klotho and inulin clearance or serum FGF23. Multiple regression analysis including serum bicarbonate, serum creatinine, and proteinuria indicated that only serum bicarbonate was associated with serum α-Klotho (P = .003).



This study shows that in CKD, serum α-Klotho is related to serum bicarbonate and proteinuria and not to renal function. Further research is required to determine whether correcting these 2 amenable conditions would improve serum α-Klotho.

Field of study: Medicine
Effects of landscape heterogeneity on the elevated trace metal concentrations in agricultural soils at multiple scales in the Pearl River Delta, South China.

Based on multiple geo-accumulation indices and correlation and partial redundancy analyses, we examined the spatial patterns of agricultural soil contaminations for As, Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni in the Pearl River Delta, South China and their relations with landscape heterogeneity at small, medium and large spatial scales. We found that the concentrations of trace elements were slightly elevated, and most trace metals had a geogenic origin. Landscape variables explained 21-53% of the variation of elevated trace metal concentrations with an increasing explanatory power from the small to the large scale. The three variable groups representing parent materials, distance density characteristics and land use had different contributions to the elevated trace metals among scales. Both the distance density variables and land use pattern had a stronger influences on trace metal concentrations at a small scale than at a larger scale, while the parent materials was important at all the scales.

Field of study: Environmental science
Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis of cockle (Anadara Granosa) meat wash water precipitate for the development of seafood flavor

Cockle (Anadara granosa) meat wash water precipitate was hydrolyzed using bromelain. Experiments were carried out to determine optimum conditions for temperature, enzyme concentration and hydrolysis time using response surface methodology (RSM) based on a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) to obtain the highest value of nitrogen content (NC) and degree of hydrolysis (DH). Results revealed that the optimum conditions for temperature, enzyme concentration and hydrolysis time were 33.7°C, 1.45% (E/S) and 28.42 hrs, respectively. At the optimum condition, hydrolysis of cockle meat wash water precipitate using bromelain resulted in a NC of 0.6% and DH of 48%. The NC and DH were significantly influenced by temperature, enzyme concentration and hydrolysis time. When the bromelain concentration, hydrolysis time and temperature were increased, the values of NC and DH also increased. The hydrolysate produced contained flavor compounds found in clam and oyster which were 3-methylbutanol and 1-pentanol. The compound 3-MCPD was not found in the hydrolysate.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The leaf wax biomarker record of a Namibian salt pan reveals enhanced summer rainfall during the Last Glacial-Interglacial Transition

Conventional continental geoarchives are rarely available in arid southern Africa. Therefore, palaeoclimate data in this area are still patchy and late Quaternary climate development is only poorly understood. In the western Kalahari, salt pans (playas, ephemeral lakes) are common and can feature quasi-continuous sedimentation. This study presents the first climate-related biomarker record using sediments from the Omongwa Pan, a Kalahari salt pan located in eastern Namibia. Our approach to reconstruct vegetation and hydrology focuses on biogeochemical bulk parameters and plant wax-derived lipid biomarkers (n-alkanes, n-alkanols, and fatty acids) and their compound-specific carbon and hydrogen isotopic compositions. The presented record reaches back to 27 ka. During the glacial, rather low δ2H values of n-alkanes and low sediment input exclude a strong influence of winter rainfall. n-Alkane and n-alkanol distributions and δ13C values of n-hentriacontane (n-C31) indicate a shift to a vegetation with a higher proportion of C4 plants at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum until the end of Heinrich Stadial I (ca. 18–14.8 ka), which we interpret to indicate an abrupt excursion to a short wetter period likely to be caused by a temporary southward shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. Shifts in δ2H values of n-C31 and plant wax parameters give evidence for changes to drier conditions during early Holocene. Comparison of this dataset with representative continental records from the region points to a major influence of summer rainfall at Omongwa Pan during the regarded time span and demonstrates the potential of southern African salt pans as archives for biomarker-based climate proxies.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
New Estimates of Age and Sex-Specific Earnings and the Male/Female Earnings Gap in the British Cotton Industry, 1833-1906

This article introduces a new set of estimates of average weekly age- and sex-specific earnings paid at each year of age between 13 and 60 years of age to males and females employed in the British cotton industry between 1833 and 1906. As one example of the use of the estimates, the article shows how the estimates provide insights into changes in the male/female earnings gap in one key industrial group of workers in Victorian Britain. An appendix provides estimates of the population-weighted average weekly full-time money earnings of British cotton operatives, in pence per week, by sex, of the age groups:

Field of study: Economics, History
SU-E-I-14: Improvement of Four Dimensional Cone Beam CT Image Quality with Iterative Reconstruction.

Four-dimensional cone beam CT (4D-CBCT) is well known as powerful modality for image guided radiation therapy. Conventionally, it is reconstructed by sorting the X-ray projection images into each respiratory phase according to a breathing signal using the FDK algorithm. This usually leads to inadequate number of projections in each phase, resulting in low quality 4D-CBCT images with obvious streaking artifacts. We tried to improve the image quality for 4D CBCT using iterative reconstruction method (ML-convex) and compared with the images by FDK in SNR of the reconstructed images.



We used ML-convex algorithm, which has the ability to reconstruct CBCT images from a few number of noisy x-ray projections by taking knowledge of x-ray photon statistics into account. We compared the image quality of 4D CBCT by ML-convex with that by FDK using projection images acquired with different rotational speeds by XVI 5.0 (Elekta). Projection images were sorted by 10 phases for both reconstruction algorithms. A phantom study and patient study were performed. The convergence rate and reconstruction accuracy were evaluated using Catphan-600 physical phantom.



Image quality of 4D-CBCT is substantially enhanced by the ML-convex algorithm. Streaking artifacts, commonly presented in the image reconstructed by FDK algorithm, are almost suppressed in spite of the small number of projections. Quantitative evaluations indicated that, compared with the FDK results, ML-convex method improves signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) and reconstructed more accurate CT value.



The ML-convex algorithm yielded images with higher SNR and more accurate CT value than those produced by FDK algorithm. This Result will enable us to apply 4D CBCT by ML-convex algorithm to Image Guided Adaptive Radiation Therapy and patient daily CBCT-based treatment localization in real clinical environments with the higher computational efficiency.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics