nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
SU-E-T-536: Inhomogeneity Correction in Planning of Gamma Knife Treatments for Acoustic Schwannoma.

To find out the dose difference on targets and organs at risk for the treatment of acoustic schwannoma if the inhomogeneity correction (Convolution algorithm) is applied.



Images of patients treated for acoustic schwannoma with Gamma Knife using TMR 10 algorithm were retrieved from database and replanned with Convolution and TMR 10 algorithm respectively. These patients were treated using a preplan scheme in following: (1) Before the actual treatment day, using the MRI image that was taken without a head frame on the patient's skull, a pre-treatment plan was made based on the default skull coordinates in the Gamma Knife treatment planning system (LGP); (2) then on treatment day, a head frame was placed on the patient's skull, and a CT image was taken. The CT image with head frame was registered and fused with the completed preplan; (3) the treatment plan was finalized and the treatment was delivered. To find out the dosimetry impact of inhomogeneity correction, we used the retrieved CT images to replan the treatment using Convolution algorithm in LGP software version 10.1.1. The dose distributions and the dose volume histograms for targets and OARs were compared for these two dose calculation algorithms.



The dose calculated with the Convolution algorithm in general is slightly lower than the one from TMR 10 around the boney area. The effect from the inhomogeneity correction is observable but not significant, and varies with the location of the tumor.



Inhomogeneity correction slightly improve the dose accuracy for acoustic schwannoma Gamma Knife treatments although the correction may not be very significant. Our Result provides evidence for dose prescription adjustment to treat acoustic schwannoma. The actual clinical outcome of switching from using TMR10 to using Convolution needs to be further investigated.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Iodocyclization of S-allyl derivatives of 3-mercapto-4-methyl-1,2,4-triazole

It has been established that iodocyclization of 3-(2-methyl-2-propenyl)thio-4-methyl-1,2,4-triazole occurs regioselectively with annelation of the thiazole ring, 3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)thio-4-methyl-1,2,4-thiazole with annelation of the thiazine ring, and 3-allylthio-4-methyl-1,2,4-triazole with annelation of both rings to form derivatives of [1,3]thiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazolium and [1,2,4]triazole[5,1-b][1,3]thiazinium iodides.

Field of study: Chemistry
Construction of a recombinant non-mitogenic anti-human CD3 antibody.

IOR-T3, a mouse monoclonal antibody specific for human CD3, has been successfully used in the treatment of acute transplant rejection due to its potential as T-cell immunosuppressant. In the present work we report the construction of a human IgG1 chimeric variant of IOR-T3, named T3q. In order to reduce the T-cell activating capacity of the newly obtained chimeric molecule, the two leucine residues at positions 234 and 235 of the CH2 region were replaced by alanines, obtaining the T3q(Ala/Ala) molecule. In vitro evaluation of T3q and T3q(Ala/Ala) showed that there were no differences in the recognition of human CD3 in comparison with murine IOR-T3. However, the Fc-mutated version T3q(Ala/Ala) displayed a much weaker FcgammaR binding capacity than the unmutated chimeric molecule T3q, as well as a reduced ability to induce T-cell proliferation, proinflammatory cytokine release (TNFalpha and IL-6), and early activation surface marker expression (CD25 and CD69). We also found that, unlike treatment with T3q, the reduction in T-cell proliferation was less marked on CD8(+) cells compared to the CD4(+) cells after treatment with T3q(Ala/Ala). These properties make T3q(Ala/Ala) an attractive clinical alternative as an immunoregulatory agent endowed with reduced toxicity.

Field of study: Biology
Visions of Development: A Study of Human Values

This is a wide-ranging book. It spans the space from abstract ideas about development to surveying people about their well-being. Given the limited space, not all topics can be expected to have been covered as well as a specialized monograph on a single topic may have done. Nevertheless, this book is a valuable contribution to the development field. The four substantive chapters after a brief introduction discuss respectively the concepts of development in the abstract, the ideas of capabilities and human development, an "augmented theory of good life," and how people perceive development. Chapter 4-Perceptions of Development-describes the methodology and findings of the survey-based empirical approach. This is the heart of the empirical contributions of the author from his PhD dissertation field research in South Africa. There is much to admire and at the same time to be critical of in this effort. The undertaking of research in two poor communities in South Africa in itself is a good thing. The two communities seem to have not much else in common beyond their poverty. One is an isolated village in the Karoo desert. The other is a semi-urban squatter camp near Cape Town. Yet they seem to share a vision of good life, which, thanks to the painstaking surveys of the author, can be seen in great detail. In particular, the emphasis that these people put both on having a modicum of material goods and on spiritual-mental aspects of what they think of as a "good life" are revealing and indicative of the potential of this non-elitist survey-based approach. Although various aspects of the survey ranging from the formulation of questions to the manipulation and interpretation of the statistical data can be questioned and improved upon, this study is a landmark beginning in an important area of research on well-being and poverty. The survey of the theories of good life in the earlier chapters is also valuable although this does not break much new ground. Synthesizing a number of mainly descriptive approaches with a modest critique of the thick vague theory of the good by Nussbaum leads to an "augmented theory of the good" (ATG). However, the philosophical basis of the ATG is not clear. Nussbaum is clear about the Aristotlean roots of her theory. A thorough critique must either reject this theory or expand it in such a way that what is scientific and survives empirical challenge is preserved and the theory itself augmented as a result of the empirical tests themselves. One way to do this would be to

Field of study: Economics
GENERALIZATION AND DISCRIMINATION AS A FUNCTION OF THE SD‐SΔ INTENSITY DIFFERENCE1

Three groups of four rats were trained on an auditory-intensity discrimination for 21 days. The SD-SΔ intensity difference for Group I was 10 db; for Group II, 20 db; and for Group III, 30 db. Following the initial discrimination training, the animals were tested for generalization of the bar-press response to seven novel SΔ's which were presented intermingled with the original SD and SΔ values.  (1.) The amount of simple discrimination training required to obtain fairly stable differences in SD and SΔ responding is an inverse function of the magnitude of the stimulus difference between SD and SΔ.  Generalization gradients obtained immediately following simple discrimination training exhibit a maximum displaced from SD in a direction also away from SΔ.  Gradients obtained following continued exposure to the multivalued SΔ situation show a fairly stable maximum at the SD value.  Although the gradients tend to fall off systematically on either side of the continuum as distance from SD is increased, they decrease most rapidly on the SΔ limb of the gradient.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Influence of Interface Heat Transfer Coefficient and Thermal Physical Parameters of Mold Sand on Solidification Process

The interface transfer coefficient obtained by inverse calculation was used to calculate the temperature field of an ingot produced by a sand mold. The calculated results show that the influence of the interface transfer coefficient on the ingot solidification was very weak. Then a set of modified thermal physical parameters was used to simulate the temperature field of the ingot, which was compared with the measured temperature field of the ingot casted by a sand mold. It is found that the modified thermal physical parameters greatly increase the precision of the simulation temperature field. Through the comparison of the average errors of the ingot's temperature field led by the interface transfer coefficients before and after the modification, and the average errors of the ingot's temperature field arisen from the thermal physical parameters before and after the modification, it is show that the most precise simulation temperature field can be gotten by adopting both the interface transfer coefficient by inverse calculation and the modified thermal physical parameters of mold sand, and the effect of the latter is more great.

Field of study: Materials science
Research on Optimum Design of Compact Double Circuit Transmission Towers

In 500kV compact double circuit transmission line,the conducting wires are distributed with′inverted triangle′,and are laid on both sides of the tower body by the way of ' V' insulator string.The structure formation of towers is very novel,and the cross arm is rather long.In this thesis the structure features of the straight-line tower in the compact double circuit are analyzed,then the structure is compared and optimized according to its being forced status.In the end,the real-model experiment results of a compact double circuit straight-line tower are analyzed.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
A model for multifragmentation in heavy-ion reactions

From an experimental point of view, clear signatures of multifragmentation have been detected by different experiments. On the other hand, from a theoretical point of view, many different models, built on the basis of totally different and often even contrasting assumptions, have been provided to explain them. In this contribution we show the capabilities and the shortcomings of one of this models, a QMD code developed by us and coupled to the nuclear de-excitation module taken from the multipurpose transport and interaction code FLUKA, in reproducing the multifragmentation observations recently reported by the INDRA collaboration for the reaction Nb + Mg at a 30 MeV/A projectile bombarding energy. As far as fragment production is concerned, we also briefly discuss the isoscaling technique by consider ing reactions characterized by a different isospin asymmetry, and we explain how the QMD + FLUKA model can be applied to obtain information on the slope of isotopic yield ratios, which is crucially related to the symmetry energy of asymmetric nuclear matter.

Field of study: Physics
[Expression of recombinant human doppel protein and analysis of its cytotoxic activities].

Doppel (Dpl) is a newly identified PrP-associated protein. In this study, specific primers for human PRND gene were designed based on the human PRND cDNA sequence encoding human Dpl protein reported in the GenBank. The full-length PRND gene sequence with 531 bp long was obtained from DNA of human peripheral leucocytes as the template by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). After verified by sequence analysis, the PCR product was inserted into a prokaryotic-expressing vector and then transformed into E. coli JM109. The recombinant human Doppel protein (rhDpl) was expressed as inclusion bodies after IPTG induction, with the yield of more than 60% of total bacterial proteins. The rhDpl protein was purified by Ni2+ affinity chromatography and cleaved by hydroxylamine. SDS-PAGE revealed the molecular weight of the purified rhDpl protein was about 15 kD. Trypan blue and MTT assays identified that rhDpl in vitro inhibited the growth of human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y at concentrations > or =50 microg/mL and human cervical cancer cell line HeLa at concentrations > or =100 microg/mL, showing remarkably dose-and time-dependant manners. Hoechst33342-staining of SH-SY5Y cells treated with rhDpl showed massive apoptosis under fluorescent microscope. These results indicate that Dpl protein possesses cytotoxic activity in vitro, with obvious tissue-specific characteristics. This study provides the foundation for further study of Dpl biological functions in vitro and in vivo.

Field of study: Biology
Factors controlling the carbon isotope fractionation of tetra- and trichloroethene during reductive dechlorination by Sulfurospirillum ssp. and Desulfitobacterium sp. strain PCE-S.

Carbon stable isotope fractionation of tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) was investigated during reductive dechlorination. Growing cells of Sulfurospirillum multivorans, Sulfurospirillum halorespirans, or Desulfitobacterium sp. strain PCE-S, the respective crude extracts and the abiotic reaction with cyanocobalamin (vitamin B(12)) were used. Fractionation of TCE (alphaC=1.0132-1.0187) by S. multivorans was more than one order of magnitude higher than values previously observed for tetrachloroethene (PCE) (alphaC=1.00042-1.0017). Similar differences in fractionation were observed during reductive dehalogenation by the close relative S. halorespirans with alphaC=1.0046-1.032 and alphaC=1.0187-1.0229 for PCE and TCE respectively. TCE carbon isotope fractionation (alphaC=1.0150) by the purified PCE-reductive dehalogenase from S. multivorans was more than one order of magnitude higher than fractionation of PCE (alphaC=1.0017). Carbon isotope fractionation of TCE by Desulfitobacterium sp. strain PCE-S (alphaC=1.0109-1.0122) as well as during the abiotic reaction with cyanocobalamin (alphaC=1.0154) was in a similar range to previously reported values for fractionation by mixed microbial cultures. In contrast with previous results with PCE, no effects due to rate limitations, uptake or transport of the substrate to the reactive site could be observed during TCE dechlorination. Our results show that prior to a mechanistic interpretation of stable isotope fractionation factors it has to be carefully verified how other factors such as uptake or transport affect the isotope fractionation during degradation experiments with microbial cultures.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
GL(2)-structures of the Langlands global program

All kinds of global correspondences of Langlands are evaluated from the functional representation spaces of the algebraic bilinear semigroups GL2(.x.) with entries in products,right by left,of sets of archimedean increasing completions. Degenerate singularities on these functional representation spaces can give rise,by versal deformations and blowups of these,to one or two new covering functional representation spaces of GL2(.x.) according to the type of considered singularities. The discovered correspondences of Langlands are associated with singular and nonsingular universal GL(2)-structures.

Field of study: Mathematics
Long-term effects of alendronate on fracture healing and bone remodeling of femoral shaft in ovariectomized rats

To investigate the long-term effects of alendronate (Aln), a widely used oral bisphosphonate, on fracture healing and bone remodeling in ovariectomized rats.Adult female SD rats underwent ovariectomy, and then bilateral femoral osteotomy at 12 weeks post-ovariectomy. From d 2 post-ovariectomy, the animals were divided into 3 groups, and treated with Aln (3 mg·kg−1·d−1, po) for 28 weeks (Aln/Aln), Aln for 12 weeks and saline for 16 weeks (Aln/Saline) or saline for 28 weeks (Saline/Saline). At 6 and 16 weeks post-fracture, the fracture calluses were examined with X-ray radiography, and biomechanical testing and histological analysis were performed. The calluses were labeled with tetracycline and calcein to evaluate the mineral apposition rate (The fracture line was less distinct in the 2 Aln-treated groups at 6 weeks post-fracture, and disappeared in all the 3 groups at 16 weeks post-fracture. The size of the callus and radiographic density of the femora in the Aln/Aln group were the highest among the 3 groups at 6 and 16 weeks post-fracture. Similar results were observed in the ultimate load at failure and energy absorption. However, the treatment with Aln delayed endochondral ossification of the callus, and significantly increased the total sagittal-sectional area, percentage callus area and callus thickness, and decreased the MAR at 6 and 16 weeks post-fracture.In the ovariectomized rat model, Aln is beneficial for the mechanical properties of the callus, but delays callus remodeling by suppressing the remodeling of woven bone into lamellar bone.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Dünne Siliziumeinkristalle und ihre Elektroneninterferenzen

Thin silicon monocrystals are prepared by cathodic sputtering. Periodical deflection of the ion beam results in an area of 50–70 μ diameter of constant thickness. These crystals can therefore be used for quantitative measurements in transmission experiments with electrons. As an example the variation of the electron diffraction pattern with the thickness of the examined crystals is given. A method to measure the thickness of the crystals (700–14000 Å) by means of light interference patterns is described.

Field of study: Physics
Simulation Study on Influence of Fuel Injection Strategy on Regeneration Performance of Catalytic Particle Filter

The influence rule of fuel injection strategy on regeneration performance of catalytic particle filter (CPF) will be studied in this paper, through using system dynamics, GT-POWER and AVL FIRE to build and match respectively the onedimensional complete machine model of D19 high pressure common rail diesel engine of variable geometry turbocharger (VGT) and the three-dimensional simulation model of CPF, which are based upon the 50% load working condition with 3000r/min. The study shows that with the delay of main injection timing, the regeneration rate of CPF gradually increase, simultaneously, residual volume of particulate matter (PM), pressure drop and NO2 of CPF at exit end decrease. At the earlier main injection timing, with increasing exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate, regeneration rate of CPF is decreasing and residual volume of PM is increasing dramatically. At the later main injection timing, with increasing EGR rate, PM residual volume shows trend of rise then descend. Adoption of post injection benefits for regeneration of CPF, with delay of post injection timing, pressure drop and PM residual volume of CPF both show trend of rise then descend, the post injection timing corresponding with the best efficiency of CPF regeneration will be forward lead with increasing of EGR rate. Appropriately enhancing amount of post injection will benefit for regeneration of CPF. And, the negative effect of CPF regeneration will be increased when using post injection and later timing to rise EGR rate.

Field of study: Engineering
DDT-related compounds bound to the nonextractable particulate matter in sediments of the Teltow Canal, Germany.

Sediment samples of the Teltow Canal (Berlin, Germany) were analyzed with respect to extractable and nonextractable organic compounds. The study focused on the identification and quantitation of bound 2,2-bis(chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichlorethane (DDT) residues in order to obtain further information about the fate of DDT-derived compounds within the particulate matter of the aquatic environment. Various chemical degradation techniques and a complementary online pyrolysis-GC/MS method were applied to the pre-extracted sediment residues. Generally, the distribution of the bound DDT-related compounds was found to differ distinctly from the substances distribution within the extractable fraction. The main metabolite of the anaerobic degradation pathway (2,2-bis(chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichlorethane, DDD) is most abundant in the sediment extracts but occurred only in insignificant concentrations in the degradation products of all procedures applied. The most abundant DDT-metabolites released after the degradation procedures were 4,4'-DBP, 4,4'-DDA, and 4,4'-DDM. In addition, 4,4'-DDM was detected at rather high concentrations by pyrolytic analysis. The results imply a weak association to the nonextractable particulate matter based on noncovalent interactions for the observed DDT-related contaminants. The release of these compounds was initiated by the modification and degradation of the organic macromolecular matrix as well as of the inorganic material. Furthermore, numerous methoxychlor-related compounds were detected not only in the extracts but also in parts of the hydrolysis products.

Field of study: Environmental science
Micro-Processor Controlled Data Acquisition Instrument for Neutron Activation Measurements

This paper describes a microprocessor controlled data acquisition instrument designed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory to provide experimenters with a diagnostic tool for measuring the performance of laser imploded fusion targets via neutron activation techniques. This instrument features the ability to count four independent inputs simultaneously while providing a front panel readout of these inputs, plus a time of day clock. A hardcopy printout of the data is also provided by a built-in thermal printer. All running modes and parameters are user selectable via a front panel keypad, and a complete set of internal self-testing diagnostics are available for debug.

Field of study: Physics
[Efficacy of adepress (paroxetin) in generalized anxiety disorder].

The aim of the study was to evaluate efficacy of adepress (paroxetin) in different clinical variants of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Adepress was used as a monotherapy during 42 days. Patient's state was assessed using Hamilton anxiety scale (HAM-A) at baseline and every week thereafter. The study included 49 patients aged 36,2+/-8,2 years. Patients were stratified into two groups according to the predominance of somatic (24 cases) or cognitive (21 cases) anxiety. The efficacy of adepress was shown both in a separate GAD and in a GAD with comorbid psychopathology. The effect of the drug was seen in patients with somatic anxiety after 3-4 weeks and in patients with cognitive anxiety after 3-6 weeks.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Impact of Computer Education on Students Interest and Performance in Automobile Trade, in Nigerian Secondary Schools and Colleges

Computer education has become one of the vital tools necessary for promoting education worldwide. Information are sourced, disseminated, stored through the use of computers and internet facilities etc. Today all over the world teaching and learning, searching for information’s within educational circle is done through internet. It has become necessary to incorporate computer education into Nigerian system of education. Hence this study tends to determine what impact will computer education have in the training of students in automobile trade at the secondary school or college level in Nigeria schools. Data collected for this study was done through the use of questionnaire that was pre-tested and post-tested using two schools as control group (NCAI) and experimental group (CAI). The data were analyzed and tested at 0.05 significant level using mean and t-test analysis to check for level of significance. Findings were made and stated as follows: That students pre-tested in the two schools had low score performance. That the use of computer to teach student in the two schools helped to arouse student’s interest etc. Based on the findings the following recommendations were made: That computer education should be fully implemented in schools and colleges, to assist students in the operation of modern tools and equipment in the workshop. Government should equip automobile workshops with computers, to enhance student interest and performance etc.

Field of study: Education