nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Interception of Seed-transmitted Viruses in French Bean Germplasm Imported During 2002 - 2003

The quarantine processing of 178 accessions of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] germplasm imported into India during 2003 and 2004 revealed the presence of Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV). Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV), Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) and Tobacco ring spot virus (TRSV) in accessions from Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC) Taiwan, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Nigeria, Brazil, Myanmar and USA. The virological testing methods employed include visual inspection, growing-on test, electron microscopy and enzyme-linked immmunosorbent assay. Shriveled, small, discoloured and mottled seeds found in 38 accessions were discarded and incinerated. During growing-on test, initial trifoliate leaves showed various symptoms viz.. mild to severe mosaic, crinkling, blistering and leaf distortion in 1–4 weeks old plants of 84 accessions. Flexuous virus particles measuring 700–900 nm were observed in the seven accessions tested, which were showing mild to severe mosaic symptoms. AMV, BCMV, CABMV, CMV, SBMV and TRSV are intercepted in soybean germplasm for the first time. Seed-transmitted CABMV and SBMV are as such not reported on soybean in India so far. Hanest from only virus-free plants was released to the indenters. The risk of introduction of eight seed-transmitted viruses and strains thereof was thus eliminated.

Field of study: Biology
Naturally low carbonic anhydrase activity in C4 and C3 plants limits discrimination against C18OO during photosynthesis

The 18 O content of CO 2 is a powerful tracer of photosynthetic activity at the ecosystem and global scale. Due to oxygen exchange between CO 2 and 18 O-enriched leaf water and retrodiffusion of most of this CO 2 back to the atmosphere, leaves effectively discriminate against 18 O during photosynthesis. Discrimination against 18 O (Δ 18 O) is expected to be lower in C 4 plants because of low c i and hence low retrodiffusing CO 2 flux. C 4 plants also generally show lower levels of carbonic anhydrase (CA) activities than C 3 plants. Low CA may limit the extent of 18 O exchange and further reduce Δ 18 O. We investigated CO 2 -H 2 O isotopic equilibrium in plants with naturally low CA activity, including two C 4 (Zea mays, Sorghum bicolor) and one C 3 (Phragmites australis) species. The results confirmed experimentally the occurrence of low Δ 18 O in C 4 , as well as in some C 3 , plants. Variations in CA activity and in the extent of CO 2 -H 2 O isotopic equilibrium (θ eq ) estimated from on-line measurements of Δ 18 O showed large range of 0-100% isotopic equilibrium (θ eq = 0-1). This was consistent with direct estimates based on assays of CA activity and measurements of CO 2 concentrations and residence times in the leaves. The results demonstrate the potential usefulness of Δ 18 O as indicator of CA activity in vivo. Sensitivity tests indicated also that the impact of θ eq < 1 (incomplete isotopic equilibrium) on 18 O of atmospheric CO 2 can be similar for C 3 and C 4 plants and in both cases it increases with natural enrichment of 18 O in leaf water.

Field of study: Environmental science
A theory of laminated cylindrical shells consisting of layers of orthotropic laminae

The development of a general linear theory and the derivation of equations of motion for the analysis of laminated cylindrical shells consisting of layers of orthotropic laminae is presented. The classical Kirchhoff hypothesis of nondeformable normals commonly used for isotropic shells is abandoned so that compatible shear stresses and deformation between layers can be maintained. Transverse inextensibility of each layer is assumed; however, the normal stresses in the transverse direction are accounted for so that the peeling stresses between layers may be determined. The transverse coordinate a, when compared to the radius of the midsurface of each layered cylinder, is generally small; however, it is not neglected in the general derivation. The general procedure in the derivation is similar to that presented by Ambartsumian for orthotropic plates. However, the resulting governing differential equations are substantially more complicated than those for orthotropic plates.

Field of study: Physics
Psycho-oncology: Review and update

The field of psycho-oncology is moving forward rapidly, especially for a relatively new field. Cancer patients and survivors are willing to discuss their needs and interests relating to diagnosis and treatment. There are guidelines and algorithms for determining levels of distress in cancer patients in both inpatient and outpatient settings. The pharmacologic treatment of distress, particularly depression, has vastly improved. Randomized controlled trials are becoming available for patients in order to determine the efficacy of psychotropic drugs. Numerous interventions are available to help cancer patients move forward with their lives. Some of these interventions began in the 1980s and have progressed to the use of complementary and alternative medicine techniques as coping strategies for cancer. With the rapid expansion of the Internet, cancer survivors’ thirst for information also has grown. Many resources are available to help guide cancer patients through the maze of the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Autoimmunity in women with sex chromosome aneuploidy and in their parents compared to controls.

The incidence of thyroid and gastric antibodies in patients with clinical and cytogenetic features of gonadal dysgenesis, in doubly chromatin positive women and in the parents of patients with gonadal dysgenesis was not found to be significantly higher than in controls matched for age. 
 
The incidence of antibodies appeared to be appreciably higher in mosaics and in mosaics whose sex chromosome complement included an isochromosome of the long arm of the X. Failure to establish the significance of these raised incidences may be due to inadequate numbers. 
 
The discrepancy between the findings in this series and in previously reported series is discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Room-Temperature Curing and Grain Growth at High Humidity in Conductive Adhesives with Ultra-Low Silver Content

Isotropic conductive adhesives (ICAs) are alternatives to metallic solders as interconnects in solar modules and electronic devices, but normally require silver contents >25 vol.% and elevated curing temperatures to achieve reasonable conductivity. In this work, ICAs are prepared with a silver content of 1.0 vol.% by using polymer spheres coated with nanograined silver thin films as filler particles. In contrast to conventional ICAs, there are no organic lubricants on the silver surfaces to obstruct the formation of metallic contacts, and conductivity is achieved even when the adhesive is cured at room temperature. When exposed to long-term storage at 85°C and 85% relative humidity, the silver films undergo significant grain growth, evidenced by field-emission scanning electron microscopy observation of ion-milled cross-sections and x-ray diffraction. This has a positive effect on the electrical conductivity of the ICA through the widening of metallic contacts and decreased scattering of electrons at grain boundaries, and is explained by an electrochemical Ostwald ripening process. The effects of decoupling heat and humidity is investigated by storage at either 85°C or immersion in water. It is shown that the level of grain growth during the various post-curing treatments is dependent on the initial curing temperature.

Field of study: Materials science
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORAL JUDGMENTS -1

This paper begins with an analysis of factors involved in the study of moral judgments, including motivating forces, methods the individual uses for working them out, examining alternative methods as to consequences, and the role of a goal or purpose in life. A learning program based on this analysis was developed for the ele mentary school. Two investigations of the effects of the program are reported?one with fifth-grade subjects in a low socioeconomic area and one with sixth-grade Ss in a middle class suburb. Comparisons of results from experimental and control groups indicated that significant growth in the dimensions tested were made by both groups. The process of making moral judgments can be influenced by planned learning experiences.

Field of study: Education
Timing impairments in early Alzheimer's disease: Evidence from a mouse model.

A key characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is loss of episodic memory-memory for what happened, where and when; this final aspect-timing-is the focus of the present article. Although timing deficits have been reported in AD patients, few parallel studies have been performed in animals, compromising the translational potential of these findings. We looked for timing impairments in the APPswe/PS1dE9 mouse model of AD at 4-5 months of age, before significant plaques have developed. In Experiments 1 and 2a mice were trained with auditory stimuli that were followed by food, either immediately (delay stimulus; Experiments 1 and 2a) or after a short interval (trace stimulus; Experiment 1). In Experiment 1 APPswe/PS1dEdE9 mice conditioned normally, but showed more variable timing of the delay-conditioned cue. Experiment 2 examined timing of two delay-conditioned CSs, with Experiment 2a using mice 4-5 months old, and Experiment 2b mice at 6-8 months. With the longer conditional stimulus (CS) the transgenic mice showed both more variable timing and earlier timed peak responding than wild-type mice; these effects were not influenced by age. Our results bear similarity to those seen in AD patients, raising the possibility that they have diagnostic potential. They also resemble deficits in animals with dorsal hippocampal lesions, suggesting that they could be mediated by this area. Activated microglia, a component of the immune response thought to be driven by the elevated levels of β-amyloid, were elevated in both dentate gyrus and striatum of young transgenic mice, providing some support for this proposal.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Topological effects in magnetic platinum nano-particles

The magnetic properties of platinum nano-particles ranging in size from a few to up 300 atoms are investigated through first-principle calculations. It is found that the total magnetization depends strongly on the local atomic rearrangements, with an enhancement around five-fold axis. This is due to an elongation of the nearest neighbor distance together with a contraction of the 2$^{nd}$ distance, resulting in a net interatomic partial charge transfer from the atoms lying on the sub-surface layer (donor) towards the vertexes (acceptor).

Field of study: Physics
Pulsed cephalopod diversification during the Ordovician

During the Ordovician Radiation cephalopods expanded their habitat from the shallow marine environments of the low latitudes to global occurrences in almost all marine environments. The expansion of habitat was accompanied by a drastic morphological and taxonomical diversification. The diversification was not a constant linear process, but involved intervals of diversity crises and fundamental faunal change at the global scale. A new database, comprising more than 5100 cephalopod occurrences with high stratigraphical resolution allowed for a subsampled and normalised calculation of mean standard diversities at the scale of the IGCP 503 time slices. The resulting curves reveal a pulsed diversification of Ordovician cephalopods with three main diversification phases which were in each case preceded by a significant faunal change and a diversity crisis. Each diversification pulse led to higher diversity levels reaching a Katian diversity climax. The cephalopod turnover rates decreased during the Ordovician. But only a weak diversity dependence of turnover rates and diversity can be detected. The diversification events are characterised by (1) a poor correlation with major physical events in the Ordovician world, but good agreement with important events of the diversity evolution of trilobites, brachiopods and reefbuilders, and by (2) a statistically significant general trend of decreasing origination rates. A major cephalopod faunal change at the Lower/Middle Ordovician boundary can be directly compared with the contemporaneous faunal changes in brachiopods and trilobites. We interpret the canonical, pulsed diversification of Ordovician cephalopods as a result of ecosystem-dependent processes. Potentially an increasing ecosystem complexity, an increasing stability of the trophic structure and an increasing ecosystem resilience led to the expansion of cephalopod habitats and the multiplication of niches.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
New families of combinators for efficient list manipulation

In most contemporary functional programming languages, the list data type is one of the primary compound data domains provided to the programmer. Lists are appropriate for a large class of problems; however, the lack of arraylike operators (e.g., index) makes lists an inefficient way to represent direct-access data structures. Although these types of operators can be added to a programming language without disturbing the desirable properties of the language (e.g., referential transparency), these features will most likely then be translated into machine-level constructs that still do not process lists in an efficient manner. In this article, we focus on improving the list-processing capabilities of a functional language that is implemented by a combinator-based graph reduction architecture. We introduce new families of combinators that express certain commonly occurring combinations of lists or elements of lists as functions of those lists or elements of lists. A reduction rule (defined for each family) states that when a combinator is applied to a list with a finite series of elements, the resulting combination reduces to a certain combination of the list elements. An efficient implementation of these combinators demands a list representation that is different from the conventional recursively defined list structure. For comparison purposes, however, the reduction semantics of the new combinators will be represented as reductions of equivalent strings of already known combinators.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Occupational exposure to mercury. What is a safe level?

One of my pregnant patients, a dental hygienist, uses mercury in her workplace, but appears to have no symptoms of mercury toxicity. She has heard that mercury might affect her fetus. What should I recommend to her? What is a safe level of mercury in the air for pregnant women?



Testing for levels of mercury in whole blood and, preferably, urine is useful for confirming exposure. Currently, mercury vapour concentrations greater than 0.01 mg/m3 are considered unsafe. Also, women of childbearing age should avoid contact with mercury salts in the workplace.

Field of study: Medicine
Impulse rise and fall times of biplanar vacuum photodiodes.

The impulse rise and fall times of biplanar vacuum photodiodes are experimentally investigated by the use of a single ultrashort laser pulse from a train of mode-locked pulses. It was confirmed that the impulse rise time is a function of the photoelectrons' transit time from photocathode to anode, and that the impulse fall time is 2.2 times the capacitance of the photodiode and the resistive component of the load.

Field of study: Physics
COMPOSITIONAL TIME SERIES ANALYSIS OF MORTALITY PROPORTIONS

Compositional time series are multivariate time series which at each time point are proportions that sum to a constant. Accurate inference for such series which occur in several disciplines such as geology, economics and ecology is important in practice. Usual multivariate statistical procedures ignore the inherent constrained nature of these observations as parts of a whole and may lead to inaccurate estimation and prediction. In this article, a regression model with vector autoregressive moving average (VARMA) errors is fit to the compositional time series after an additive log ratio (ALR) transformation. Inference is carried out in a hierarchical Bayesian framework using Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques. The approach is illustrated on compositional time series of mortality events in Los Angeles in order to investigate dependence of different categories of mortality on air quality.

Field of study: Mathematics
Spatial and temporal trends of alternative flame retardants and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in ringed seals (Phoca hispida) across the Canadian Arctic.

Concentrations of alternative flame retardants and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were analyzed in ringed seal (Phoca hispida) blubber collected across the Canadian Arctic during subsistence hunts between 1998 and 2013. More than 80% of sampled animals were females and juvenile males. The highest mean ΣPBDE concentrations (sum of 13 congeners) were found in seals from Nain (Nunatsiavut) as well as Inukjuaq and Arviat (Hudson Bay) and the lowest mean levels were found in seals from Lancaster Sound. BDE-47 and -99 were the predominant PBDE congeners quantified in ringed seals. The most frequently detected non-PBDE flame retardants were polybrominated biphenyl 101 (BB-101, 57% of samples analyzed for this chemical), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD; 38%), hexabromobenzene (HBB, 30%), and 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTeBB, 23%). The relative trophic position of seals, estimated using stable isotopes, did not vary over time and did not influence flame retardant blubber concentrations. The relative carbon source increased over time at Arviat and Resolute Bay and weak relationships were observed with ΣPBDEs in blubber of seals. ΣPBDEs increased significantly from 1998 to 2008 in ringed seals from East Baffin and subsequently decreased in recent years. PBDE levels at other sites fluctuated slightly over time. HBCDD concentrations increased at several sites over the past decade. The presence of flame retardants in ringed seals suggests their persistence and their continuous inputs in the Canadian Arctic environment. Monitoring and research on the effects of these contaminants in seals are warranted given the importance of this species in Arctic marine food webs and for local communities.

Field of study: Environmental science
Consultant appraisal: serving two masters.

Sir,

I was interested to read Dr Winearls' editorial on consultant appraisal,1 which was, in the main, a factual report of the current situation and future prospects. However, I would take issue with his views on appraisal of academic clinicians, where he recognizes the need to serve two (if not more) masters but sees the solution as separate appraisal from the two main institutions (NHS and University).

It is clear …

Field of study: Medicine
X-ray diffraction analysis of epitaxal film distortions on miscut substrates (001)

A method for determining the structural parameters of epitaxial layers by X-ray difractometry was developed. The proposed model allows us to analyze the triclinic distortions that arise in heterosystems with nonsingular orientations. Slew angles of dislocation film lattice GexSi1 − x with respect to Si substrate have been obtained.

Field of study: Physics
Analysis and modeling of the gate leakage current in advanced nMOSFET devices with severe gate-to-drain dielectric breakdown

The gate leakage current in advanced metal gate/high- K (EOT ≈ 0.6 nm) nMOSFETs with severe gate-to-drain dielectric breakdown is investigated in detail. Even though several models have been proposed in the past to deal with this issue, they are mainly intended to be used in circuit simulation environments. On the contrary, we report in this work an analytic expression for the gate current based on the solution of the generalized diode equation. The model has been tested not only for positive drain and gate voltage conditions but also for negative biases.

Field of study: Engineering
Descripcion de los huevos de Copitarsia incommoda (Walker) y Copitarsia turbata (Herrich-Schaeffer) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Cuculliinae)

Se describe la ultraestructura de los huevos de las especies gemelas de importancia economica de Copitarsia turbata (Herrich-Schaeffer) y Copitarsia incommoda Walker. Los huevos de dichas especies se distinguen por la forma, disposicion y numero de costas transversales, celdas primarias, celdas secundarias, micropilas y aeropilas. Se entregan las fotografias al microscopio electronico de barrido de las diferentes estructuras

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Cultural Sensitivity and Global Pharmacy Engagement in Latin America: Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Guatemala, and Mexico

To establish and maintain successful global pharmaceutical and health care partnerships, pharmacists, pharmacy educators, and students should first learn more about the political, cultural, economic and health care dynamics that affect all of the parties involved in these arrangements. This paper explores Latin America within the context of transnational pharmacy and health-based engagement, including pharmacy-related concepts, health care and cultural considerations, behavioral health perspectives, and common misconceptions. Expert knowledge and experience were used to support and corroborate the existing literature about cultural dynamics of health. Recommendations are provided for how schools and colleges of pharmacy can enhance engagement in culturally sensitive partnerships within Latin America. Health-based profiles of Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Guatemala, and Mexico are presented to serve as models for establishing, enhancing, and maintaining partnerships across Latin America.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Dynamic Information Publishing System based on Visual InterDev and SQL Server

The digitized campus which depended on Internet, is one window of the school image and the research achievement propagandizing. It is the information interaction tool, and it will be the campus electronic commerce platform. The digitized campus is based on a dynamic information publishing system .This article proposes a functional framework of the dynamic information publishing system in digitized campus. And it discusses the technology and approach to be applied.

Field of study: Computer science
Polarization methods for improvement of the energy characteristics of wavefront-reversing mirrors

A theoretical and experimental investigation is reported of the feasibility of using a polarization method for decoupling of reference waves in a system incorporating threshold-free reflection and a Brillouin amplifier. Expressions are derived for the characteristic time taken for the establishment of scattering processes and for the spatial structure of the interacting waves. It is shown experimentally that this method can ensure a substantial improvement in the reflection efficiency whilst maintaining the quality of the wavefront reversal.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Single Crystal Growth of Sparingly Soluble Adducts of Lewis Acids with Bases

A method is described for growing single crystals from a solution where a base’s concentration is controlled so that an adduct to be grown is equilibrated with the solution. A slight difference in its solubilities at two different temperatures is responsible for their growth process. The technique is valuable for adducts which cannot readily be grown in other ways owing to their low solubilities.

Field of study: Chemistry