nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of the Neoproterozoic Datian mafic–ultramafic dykes in the Panzhihua area, western Yangtze Block, SW China

Mafic–ultramafic dykes are important geological markers that can punctuate the onset of crustal extension during the breakup of a continent and provide valuable information on the mantle source. This study reports secondary ion mass spectroscopy zircon and baddeleyite U–Pb ages, elemental and Nd isotopic data for the Datian mafic–ultramafic dykes in the Panzhihua area, western Yangtze Block, SW China. Two kinds of rocks are confirmed: the picritic rock and the dolerite. Based on petrographic and geochemical features, the dolerite dykes are further subdivided into two groups: Group I mafic and Group II mafic dykes, which emplaced at ~760 Ma (zircon U–Pb) and ~800 Ma (zircon and baddeleyite U–Pb), respectively. All samples from the picritic rocks and the Group I mafic rocks show the features of high-Ti and alkaline basaltic magma in composition as well as “humped” trace element patterns, which are similar to those of typical alkaline basalts associated with continental rifts except for the slightly negative Nb–Ta anomalies. The Group II mafic rocks display the features of low-Ti and tholeiitic magma, moderately enriched in LILE and LREE, and characterized by distinctively negative Nb–Ta anomalies. The primary magmas of the picritic rocks and the Group I mafic rocks were generated from ca 25 % partial melting of an OIB-like, Nd isotopically depleted but incompatible elements relatively enriched mantle source within a garnet stable field. The Group II mafic rocks crystallized from crustal contaminated mafic magmas that were derived from a spinel-bearing sub-continental lithospheric mantle source, because of low ratios of La/Yb, Ti/Y and Sm/Yb. Geochemical features suggest that these groups of mafic–ultramafic dykes were formed in a continental rift setting, but derived from different mantle sources. In combination with other Neoproterozoic igneous rocks in the western margin of Yangtze Block, it is suggested that the Datian mafic–ultramafic dykes in the Panzhihua area could have been formed in a multistage continental rift system, most likely related to the proposed mantle superplume, which centered beneath South China at ca. 820 Ma and may have finally triggered the breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia.

Field of study: Environmental science
Study and Analysis of Wind-Diesel hybrid system by Simulink

Wind Diesel Hybrid Systems (WDHS) are isolated power systems which combination of Diesel Generators (DG) with Wind Turbine Generators (WTG). Depending on the generators which are supplying high penetration (HP) WDHS have three operation modes 1) Diesel only DO 2) Wind Diesel WD & 3) Wind only WO.The DE can be engaged (DO & WD modes)or disengaged (WO mode) From the SM by means of a clutch. The WDHS presented in this paper consists of a Diesel Engine DE, Synchronous Machine (SM) a Wind Turbine Generator the consumer load , a Ni-Cd Battery based energy Storage System(BESS) and a Dump Load. Simulation results with graphs for the frequency and voltage of the isolated power system, active powers generated by the different elements and the battery voltage , current , state of charge are presented for a load charge in WO mode and for the transition from WO to WD mode in order to substitute a supplying BESS for the DE as the active power source.

Field of study: Engineering
Foreign bodies in the aerodigestive tract.

Foreign bodies in the aerodigestive tract are common. They may cause minimal disturbance of function, severe morbidity or even sudden death. They enter the aerodigestive tract because of haste during eating, disturbances in physical function, impairments due to extreme youth or age, or contamination of food with foreign bodies. Common symptoms are pain, dysphagia, odynophagia, cough, airway distress, hemoptysis and hematemesis. Signs include point tenderness, respiratory distress and surgical emphysema. Clinical, radiological and endoscopic investigations are described, as are principles of crisis and elective management.

Field of study: Medicine
THE SOUTH AMERICAN LOW-LEVEL JET EXPERIMENT

Moisture is transported in South America westward from the tropical Atlantic Ocean to the Amazon basin, and then southward toward the extratropics. A regional intensification of this circulation to the east of the Andes Mountains is called the South American low-level jet (SALLJ), with the strongest winds found over eastern Bolivia. SALLJ is present all year and channels moisture to the La Plata basin, which is analogous to the better-known Amazon basin in terms of its biological and habitat diversity, and far exceeds the latter in its economic importance to southern and central South America in terms of hydroelectricity and food production. The relatively small SALLJ spatial scale (compared with the density of the available sounding network) has a limited understanding of and modeling capability for any variations in the SALLJ intensity and structure as well as its possible relationship to downstream rainfall. The SALLJ Experiment (SALLJEX), aimed at describing many aspects of SALLJ, was carried...

Field of study: Environmental science
Pyruvate dehydrogenase-complex activity in brown adipose tissue of gold thioglucose-obese mice.

The activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex and PDH kinase were measured in brown adipose tissue (BAT) of 4-week-gold thioglucose (GTG)-obese mice. The proportion of PDH complex in the active dephosphorylated form was 2-fold higher in BAT of post-absorptive obese mice compared with lean controls. This result was consistent with the higher circulating insulin concentration observed in GTG-obese mice. In both obese and lean mice the PDH-complex activity in BAT decreased after 24 h starvation and increased in response to supraphysiological insulin injection, indicating that the PDH complex is insulin-responsive in BAT of GTG-obese mice. There was no difference in the PDH kinase activity of BAT in post-absorptive or insulin-injected lean and obese mice, suggesting that the higher PDH-complex activity in obese mice was not due to decreased PDH kinase activity. There is no evidence for a decreased activity of PDH complex contributing to insulin resistance in BAT of 4-week-GTG-obese mice.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Addendum to Problems and Benefits of Bird Ownership

Because several recent studies suggested that adults who fed only wild birds would report having different problems and benefits than did pet bird owners who also fed wild birds, and pet bird only owners, the present study added data to clarify such differences. 150 adults were selected so that 50 persons (25 men and 25 women) each were classified into one of three groups: those who only owned pet birds, those who owned pet birds and also fed wild birds, and those who only fed wild birds. There were no significant differences between men and women in any of the three groups, and no significant differences in their responses. The 50 people who fed wild birds only reported having added problems with neighbors' cats, bees, ants, squirrels, blue jays, and other oppressive larger birds, but the 50 pet bird owners who also fed wild birds and the owners of pet birds only reported the same problems with minor differences in type and number of interlopers. Clearly, all bird lovers shared similar characteristics, feelings, and behaviors toward birds and acknowledged the minor differences in attitudes toward the benefits and problems created by the birds' various interactions and behaviors with humans.

Field of study: Psychology
N -ALKYLATION OF NITROGEN HETEROCYCLES WITH α-DIAZOCARBONYL COMPOUNDS

Рассмотрены примеры использования α-диазокарбонильных соединений в реакциях внедрения по связи N–H с образованием продуктов селективного N -алкилирования различных пятичленных азотистых гетероциклов и их производных. Литературные сведения систематизированы в соответствии с числом атомов N в гетероцикле. В обзоре собрана информация, опубликованная в период с 2003 по 2020 г.

Field of study: Chemistry
Spatial distribution, connectivity, and the influence of scale: habitat availability for the endangered Mona Island rock iguana

The Caribbean region is one of the five leading biodiversity hotspots in the world. Analysis of the spatial structure of critical habitats and how it affects endemic species in this region is essential baseline information for biodiversity monitoring and management. We quantified and evaluated the spatial structure and connectivity of depression forests on Mona Island and their potential impact on Mona Island rock iguana habitat, as a framework to assess spatial distribution, connectivity, and the issue of scale in small and widely dispersed habitats. Using IKONOS imagery, we mapped and delineated depression forests at four different scales (minimum mapping units: <100, 100, 500, and 1,000 m), and calculated landscape metrics describing their spatial structure, and connectivity, for each map resolution. Our approach resulted in a more detailed map than previously described maps, providing better information on habitat connectivity for iguanas. The comparison of the island landscape mapped at different scales provided evidence on how changing scales affect the output of spatial metrics and may have a significant impact when planning decisions and assigning conservation priorities. It also highlighted the importance of adequate ecological scales when addressing landscape management and conservation priorities. The analysis of landscapes at multiple scales provided a mechanism to evaluate the role of patch detection and its effect on the interpretation of connectivity and spatial structure of suitable areas for species with small and widely dispersed habitats. These methodologies can be applied other species, in different environments, with similar limitations related to connectivity and habitat availability.

Field of study: Environmental science
Analysis, manifolds, and physics

Contents. Preface. Preface to the second edition.  I. Review of fundamental notions of analysis. II. Differential calculus on banach spaces. III. Differentiable manifolds. IV. Integration on manifolds. V. Riemannian manifolds, Kahlerian manifolds. V bis. Connections on a principle fibre bundle.  Supplements and additional problems.

Field of study: Philosophy
In vitro mixed skin cell lymphocyte culture reaction (MSLR) in man: analysis of the epidermal cell and T cell subpopulations.

The nature of normal human epidermal cells (EC) and peripheral blood (PB) cells that react in vitro in allogeneic mixed skin cell lymphocyte culture reaction (MSLR) was investigated using monoclonal antibodies (MCAB) specific for cell subpopulations. T cells and helper-inducer and suppressor-cytotoxic T cell subsets were defined by OKT3, OKT4, OKT8 MCAB, respectively, whereas, among EC, Langerhans cells were characterized by reactivity with OKT6 or anti-HLA-DR MCAB. MSLR were conducted with untreated cell suspensions as controls and cells suspensions depleted of various functionally active cell subset(s). Two approaches were used for cell depletion: (1) complement (C')-mediated lysis by MCAB of T cells, T cell subsets, HLA-DR or OKT6 positive cells; (2) panning of PB cells or EC after pre-incubation with the appropriate MCAB to deplete or enrich (OKT6) cell suspensions with the respective cell subset. Responses in MSLR were abolished after treatment of PB cells with OKT3 + C' or OKT4 + C', significantly reduced with OKT8 + C'; they were abolished after incubation of EC with anti-HLA-DR + C' and significantly reduced with OKT6 + C'. After panning, OKT3 and OKT4 depleted populations did not proliferate in MSLR while OKT8 depleted populations respond as controls. OKT6 depleted EC were not able to stimulate PB cells, yet proliferation rates were increased after stimulation by OKT6 enriched EC. Data show that helper-inducer T cells (OKT3+; OKT4+) play the major role in MSLR and that the presence of Langerhans cells is necessary for the stimulation of PB cells. They also suggest that co-operation between helper and suppressor cells is necessary for an optimal response. Differences in results using either OKT6 or anti-HLA-Dr-C'-mediated treatment of EC may be related to differences in the cellular expression of these markers by EC.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
An Analysis of Scholars' Individual Consciousness in Donghan Dynasty Based on the Three Sages' Standpoints of Natural Law

Wang Chong,Wang Fu and Zhongchang Tong,three sages of Donghan dynasty,had works of Lunheng,Qianfulun and Changyan,all discussing the natural law.Wang Chong pointed out that natural law had nothing to do with the mankind,which saved people from the thought of inter-response between heaven and mankind;Wang Fu maintained that the natural law was for giving,the earth was for growing and the mankind was for acting,which emphasized the vital function of people;Zhongchang Tong further brought forward the viewpoint that the natural law was trivial while the human affairs were important.The development of these sages' viewpoints about natural law is also the process of thought liberation of the scholars in Donghan dynasty,which inherited the old thought of interaction between heaven and mankind and indicated the new pulse of metaphysics in later ages,reflecting the unremitting efforts of breaking through kismet and seeking after individual value made by scholars in Dognhan dynasty.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Staging Anatomies: Dissection and Spectacle in Early Stuart Drama (review)

as Webster’s Vittoria and Shakespeare’s Juliet and Cleopatra hint at a connection between anxieties over gender and anxieties over pharmacy that becomes explicit in chapters 3 and 4, which handle debates about cosmetics and the related theatrical convention of the poisoned kiss, respectively. This is welcome work indeed, useful backstory for such dramatic commonplaces as the polluted and polluting woman, or for set-pieces railing about face-painting. Especially valuable here is Pollard’s reading of The Revenger’s Tragedy in the context of two other plays employing similar poison-kiss devices, The Second Maiden’s Tragedy and The Duke of Milan. This cross-reading not only offers helpful context for Vindice’s ploy with Gloriana’s skull, but also allows Pollard to advance her argument about the narcotic power of spectacle through a gendered lens. In these plays, she argues, women are transformed literally into spectacle via the pharmacopoeia of the dressing table, and it is men as idolatrous spectators who suffer the consequences of an addiction to their dangerous theater. Pollard concludes with Hamlet — not surprising, given her focus on poison, remedy, and performance. But this chapter, like her others, offers a new take on an old tale: she focuses on the materiality of the ear and the tangibly poisonous functioning of language in the play — both framed, as usual, by a helpful medical context. This chapter, in fact, exemplifies what is strongest in Pollard’s work: she rethinks some of our most basic assumptions about early modern English theater by using the oft-noticed but rarely theorized lens of pharmacy. The result is a book that will be valuable reading both for historians and theater scholars of the period, as well as for performance theorists interested in learning more about the material contexts of early metatheater. KIM SOLGA University of Western Ontario

Field of study: History
Design and evaluation of optimal cepstral lifters for accessing articulatory codebooks

It is noted that of great importance to the success of the articulatory approach to speech coding is the use of a good distortion measure between a given speech signal and the entries in a stored codebook of impulse responses and corresponding vocal-track shapes (articulatory codebook). One promising distortion measure is the weighted cepstral distortion. Since the impulse responses in the articulatory codebook do not include glottal characteristics, the authors derive optimal weighting functions (cepstral lifters) to reduce the influence of a varying glottal source on the cepstral distortion measure. This is done by examining the ensemble of cepstral coefficients of speech produced by an articulatory speech synthesizer that also includes a vocal-cord model. The obtained cepstral lifters are optimal for the given ensemble of cepstral coefficients and for given constraints on the weighting function. They are different for cepstral coefficients derived from the power spectrum (FFT cepstra) and for those derived from LPC (linear predictive coding) coefficients (LPC cepstra). The performances of the obtained cepstral lifters are compared in an articulatory codebook search.

Field of study: Engineering
Improvement of the Packer-pair Based Path Capacity Estimation Methods

Statistics analyzing of the measurement samples is the crucial problem in packet-pair based path capacity estimation.In this paper,an improved packet pair based path capacity estimation method has been proposed,which treats the end to end path as dispersed control system,and uses path capacity to describe it′s states.The method first collects enough measurement samples by packet pair probing which send a back to back packet pair sequence;then uses the Kalman Filer algorithm to statistics analyze the measurement samples,to accurately estimate path capacity.The filer equations are built and the path capacity estimation progress is given also in this paper.Experiments show that,when comparing with pathrate,the estimation accuracy is improved while both the probe cost and measurement time are decreased.

Field of study: Computer science
The antioxidant effects of thylakoid Vitamin E (α‐tocopherol)

Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) is essential for the prevention of photo-oxidative deterioration of biomembranes. The occurrence, relative biological activity and distribution of tocopherols in photosynthetic membranes is considered together with the possible biochemical and biophysical mechanisms by which tocopherols confer protection upon illuminated membranes. The common protective effects of Vitamin E in photo-synthetic membranes and in medically important light-induced diseases and conditions of the skin and eye in animal cell membranes are discussed. The importance of the Vitamin E-Vitamin C thylakoid antioxidant system is also examined, in terms of susceptibility to photo-oxidative damage under stress conditions including chilling, ageing and senescence, drought, atmospheric pollutants, herbicides and photosensitizing fungal toxins.

Field of study: Environmental science
Evolving heavy mineral assemblages reveal changing exhumation and trench tectonics in the Mesozoic Chugach accretionary complex, south-central Alaska

The Gulf of Alaska is one of the largest accretionary complexes on Earth. In this study, we examined the earliest phase of accretion in the Mesozoic McHugh Complex and Valdez Groups, exposed in SE Alaska. The oldest preserved fragment, the Mesomelange assemblage, is Jurassic (ca. 160–140 Ma) and consists of an ∼3-km-thick structural package of strongly deformed shaley materials with slices of oceanic cherts and basalts. Heavy minerals indicate dominant erosion from a magmatic arc source uplifted after the collision of the Wrangellia and the Talkeetna oceanic arc. A tectonic erosion event affected the forearc just prior to ca. 120 Ma and was likely caused by seamount collision, ridge subduction, or both. This was followed at 105 Ma by mass wasting of sandstone and conglomerates, preserved as the Graywacke-Conglomerate assemblage (ca. 105–83 Ma). Heavy minerals indicate continued flux from arc sources, but with significant changes suggesting a larger, more diverse catchment area. Erosion of deeper crustal sources provided high-Mg diopside and garnets to the trench. Faster sediment flux was caused by rock uplift triggered by final accretion of the Wrangellia-Peninsula terrane to North America. The start of large-scale accretion in Alaska roughly coincided with the initiation of Shimanto Complex accretion in Japan and can be understood as primarily linked to sediment supply driven by plate-margin tectonics rather than climatically induced erosion onshore.

Field of study: Geology
Discharge Breakdown Characteristics With Fluorinated Polyimide Films in High-Temperature Superconducting Cable Insulation

The application of high-temperature superconducting cable now has been in the process of being implemented in power system. Polyimide (PI) film has been used as insulation in the high-temperature superconducting cable systems with the advantage of good performance in low temperature, excellent mechanical properties, and dielectric properties. However, due to the organic properties of PI films, it can be aged even brake down in the service of HTS cable. It is found that partial discharge in HTS cable can lead to insulation material degradation and finally breakdown. Our recent researches have shown that fluorination can influence the surface charge behaviors thus influence the PD characteristics of modified PI films. In this paper, PI films were fluorinated in laboratory, the relationship between the fluorination time and discharge characteristics of the films were researched. The surface topography of direct-fluorinated samples were obverted by using an Atomic force acoustic microscope. It can be found from the experiment results that the discharge times and quantity both showed decreasing tendency with the fluorination time increasing. The discharge breakdown voltage shows increasing tendency with the fluorination time from zero minutes to forty-five minutes, and then shows decreasing tendency.

Field of study: Physics
An Empirical Pair-breaking Picture for the Non-linear Meissner Effect in d-wave Superconductors

A empirical model is proposed for the observed variation of the London penetration depth of cuprate superconductors with applied magnetic field $H$ below the lower critical field H_c1. It is suggested that the Doppler shift of the quasi-particle energies near the d-wave nodes could cause pair-breaking and that this could be responsible for the non-linear Meissner effect (NLME) investigated in recent experiments. This picture gives a somewhat better description of the observed temperature and field dependencies than the original theory proposed by Yip and Sauls. A calculation based on weak-coupling BCS theory suggests that when there is a finite supercurrent, the state for which pairs are broken in a small angular range around the nodes can have a lower free energy than the d_x^2-y^2 state.

Field of study: Physics
Proteomics of contrasting rice genotypes: Identification of potential targets for raising crops for saline environment.

High salinity is one of the major problems in crop productivity, affecting seed germination as well as yield. In order to enhance tolerance of crops towards salinity, it is essential to understand the underlying physiological and molecular mechanisms. In this endeavor, study of contrasting genotypes of the same species differing in their response towards salinity stress can be very useful. In the present study, we have investigated temporal differences in morphological, physiological and proteome profiles of two contrasting genotypes of rice to understand the basis of salt tolerance. When compared to IR64 rice, Pokkali, the salt-tolerant wild genotype, has enhanced capacity to cope with stress, better growth rate and possesses efficient antioxidant system, as well as better photosynthetic machinery. Our proteome studies revealed a higher and an early abundance of proteins involved in stress tolerance and photosynthesis in Pokkali in comparison with IR64, which, in contrast, showed greater changes in metabolic machinery even during early duration of stress. Our findings suggest important differences in physicochemical and proteome profiles of the two genotypes, which may be the basis of observed stress tolerance in the salt-tolerant Pokkali.

Field of study: Environmental science