nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Relationships between body modifications and very high-risk behaviors in a college population

Previous studies have revealed a positive correlation between risky behaviors (such as the use of drugs cigarettes and alcohol) and participation in body modification. There is a shortage of available research however investigating the relationship between body modification and behaviors of higher-risk such as driving while intoxicated and unsafe sexual practices. The current study attempted to bridge this gap in the literature by examining body modification participation and involvement in very high-risk behaviors common to a college student population. Two hypotheses were examined. First it was hypothesized that a positive relationship between participation in body modification and very high-risk activities would be found. Secondly it was hypothesized that self-esteem would mediate the relationship between body modification and very high-risk behaviors. The Cognitive Appraisal of Risky Events--Revised and The Coopersmith Inventory were administered to 117 undergraduate students at a small mid-western university. Only the first hypothesis was supported. Results suggested different levels of high-risk behavior.

Field of study: Education
A complex of skull base and cervical spine anomalies and Chiari type I malformation

To study a relationship between the skull base and cervical spine anomalies and Chiari type I malformation (CMI), 364 patients with CMI were examined using craniography and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and spinal cord. To reveal bone anomalies and CMI, morphometric data analysis was performed. The control group consisted of 120 patients without central nervous system pathology, cranial and cervical spine anomalies. The data obtained allowed dividing the skull base and cervical spine anomalies identified in the CMI patients into 3 groups: 1) primary anomalies (basilar invagination, platybasia, atlantal assimilation) predisposing to CMI development; frequent occurrence and reliable interrelation between these anomalies and CMI severity were found that confirmed the results reported in the literature on their key role in a small size of posterior cranial fossa; 2) combined with CMI bone anomalies, which do not influence CMI development (Klippel--Feil and Kimmerle anomalies); 3) secondary skull base and cervical spine deformations formed as a result of CMI impact (foramen magnum and cervical canal enlargement).

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Studying variations of muon flux on the Earth’s surface, based on muon hodoscope data during nonstationary atmospheric processes

The first results are presented from the long-term experiment on registration of the response of the muon flux of cosmic rays to nonstationary atmospheric phenomena (storms) using the URAGAN muon hodoscope. The potential of the muon hodoscope enables us to register changes in the local anisotropy of the muon flux, the results from the analysis of which indicate the sensitivity of the penetrating component of cosmic rays to turbulent disturbances in the atmosphere during thunderstorms. Based on the analysis of 12 events in the Moscow region between May and September 2009, it is shown that the response of the muon flux is characteristic of the majority of thunderstorms, both in the general count rate and in the zenith-azimuthal distribution of intensity.

Field of study: Physics
Size and size distribution of apatite crystals in sauropod fossil bones

Two complementary techniques, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, were used to analyze the size and size distribution of apatite crystallites in subfossil mammal and fossil sauropod dinosaur bones. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) samples were prepared by Focused Ion Beam (FIB). X-ray diffraction indicates that crystals in sauropod bones are larger than in subfossil mammal bones. For sauropods the average crystallite size (both in length and width) does not seem to increase with bone length. A similar result was obtained from TEM investigations regarding crystallites aspect ratio (length/width). The distribution of crystallite sizes in a juvenile sauropod was found to be much wider compared to an adult bone originating from the same bed and locality, consistent with the hypothesis that young animal bone contains a mixture of crystallite sizes, with a beneficial effect on mechanical properties. Diagenesis effects on crystal size dimensions have been considered.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Contemplation of European Union’s rules for football player transfer fee from the perspective of the law of competition

The rules for transfer fee are the foundation of the football player transfer system in Europe.After the Bosman case,the transfer fee was canceled,and new rules for transfer were established for the purpose of ensuring free flow of the players and boosting competition.However,since the policy objectives of the law of competition were not well considered in the new rules for transfer,a great amount of transfer fee was turned into the players’ salary,which resulted in a significant difference between rich and poor club football teams,while on the contrary the competition in the football market was weakened,the resources were not optimally allocated,thus the benefit of the consumers was dwindled accordingly.

Field of study: Education
Success and Failure of Adaptation-Diffusion Algorithms With Decaying Step Size in Multiagent Networks

This paper investigates the problem of distributed stochastic approximation in multiagent systems. The algorithm under study consists of two steps: A local stochastic approximation step and a diffusion step, which drives the network to a consensus. The diffusion step uses row-stochastic matrices to weight the network exchanges. As opposed to previous works, exchange matrices are not supposed to be doubly stochastic, and may also depend on the past estimate. We prove that nondoubly stochastic matrices generally influence the limit points of the algorithm. Nevertheless, the limit points are not affected by the choice of the matrices provided that the latter are doubly stochastic in expectation. This conclusion legitimates the use of broadcast-like diffusion protocols, which are easier to implement. Next, by means of a central limit theorem, we prove that doubly stochastic protocols perform asymptotically as well as centralized algorithms and we quantify the degradation caused by the use of nondoubly stochastic matrices. Throughout this paper, a special emphasis is put on the special case of distributed nonconvex optimization as an illustration of our results.

Field of study: Engineering
A STUDY ON SEDIMENTARY ENVINONMENTS BY REMOTELY SENSED DATA IN THE SOUTHERN TIDAL OF KANGHWA ISLAND, KOREA

The southern tidal flat of Kanghwa Island with an area of approximately 90 km2 is one of the biggest flats on the western coast of Korea. Remote sensing has been identified as potential tool to provide synoptic information of the intertidal environments. To estimate quantitatively the morphological changes in a tidal flat, it is necessary to measure both the amount of sedimentation or erosion and the sediment facies involved. Thus, the objectives of this study are : (i) to generate an intertidal digital elevation model (DEM) using the waterline method around 1989; (ii) to quantitatively estimate the morphological changes from the generated DEM for the years 1989 and the extracted waterlines for the year 2002; (iii) to discriminate the surface sedimentary facies by texture analysis and classification method, using high-resolution satellite data such as IKONOS and Kompsat EOC; iv) to ultimately evaluate the morphological changes with respect to sedimentary facies. The morphological changes are dependent upon the sedimentary facies. The changes in sand or mixed flats are greater by at least three times than that in the mudflats. Although we are not able to assess the accuracy of the estimation of morphologic changes, the resulting trend of sedimentation or erosion is complied with the general rule of sedimentology. The results demonstrate that satellite remote sensing is a more efficient tool for estimating long-term morphologic changes in the tidal flats

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
ISSR Analysis of 3 Natural Populations of the Wild Banana Distributed in the Middle of Fujian Province Based on NTSYS and STRUCTURE

To improve the studies of genetic background of wild banana in Fujian, 100 wild banana leaf samples were collected from 3 populations in Sanming and Fuzhou, and molecular marker of wild banana was conducted by ISSR technology combining NTSYS, STRUCTURE and POPGENE. The results showed that, 175 stable and clear bands were amplified by 13 primers, and 13.5 bands were obtained by each primer on the average. PCR products mainly presented between 200 bp and 2 000 bp, among which 158 bands were polymorphic, accounted for90.3%. Clustering analysis of genetic structure indicated that 100 wild banana samples including Yanqian, Xinkou and Chibi wild banana were divided into three groups strictly according to geographical distribution. The three groups could be further divided into 3, 3 and 4 subgroups respectively. The parameters of genetic diversity revealed that variation within group was greater than that between groups among the total variation of wild banana populations which existed abundant gene exchange. There was a high level of genetic diversity in wild banana,and Yanqian wild banana present the highest, followed by Xinkou wild banana, Chibi wild banana as the lowest.This study showed Fujian wild banana possessed independent genetic structure, and that water, human beings played key roles in population evolution of wild banana.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Kenneth Boulding's Theories of Evolutionary Economics and Organizational Change: A Reconstruction

I identify a discrepancy between Kenneth Boulding's wide-ranging contributions to evolutionary economics and his professed ecological approach to it. I argue that Boulding has undersold his true contributions to evolutionary economics by trying to embed them into the ecological approach. I endeavor to overcome this discrepancy by differentiating between two types of evolutionary change analyzed in Boulding's writings: ecological change and civilizational change. In contrast to ecological change, civilizational change entails the possibility for the evolving system to overstrain the carrying capacity of the environment, thus suggesting the precarious relationship between civilizational complexity and sustainability. This argument sheds new light on Boulding's theory of “social organizers,” such as exchange, threat, and the integrative system. Boulding's understanding of civilizational change envisages the key role of threat and exchange in enabling civilizational complexity, while the integrative system is called upon to make this complexity sustainable.

Field of study: Economics
35Cl Nuclear quadrupole resonance spectra of 3(5)-aryl-5 (3)-chloro-1,2,4-triazole

The 35Cl nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) spectra of a number of 3(5)-aryl-5(3)-chloro-1,2,4-triazoles were studied. The energically most favorable tautomeric forms of the molecules were established, and a correlation between the 35Cl NQR frequencies and the σm and σ0 reaction constants of the substituents in the aromatic ring was found.

Field of study: Chemistry
Magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging in cerebrovascular diseases

Cerebrovascular diseases manifest as abnormalities of and disruption to the intracranial vasculature and its capacity to carry blood to the brain. However, the pathogenesis of many cerebrovascular diseases begins in the vessel wall. Traditional luminal and perfusion imaging techniques do not provide adequate information regarding the differentiation, onset, or progression of disease. Intracranial high-resolution MR vessel wall imaging (VWI) has emerged as an invaluable technique for understanding and evaluating cerebrovascular diseases. The location and pattern of contrast enhancement in intracranial VWI provides new insight into the inflammatory etiology of cerebrovascular diseases and has potential to permit earlier diagnosis and treatment. In this report, technical considerations of VWI are discussed and current applications of VWI in vascular malformations, blunt cerebrovascular injury/dissection, and steno-occlusive cerebrovascular vasculopathies are reviewed.

Field of study: Medicine
Efficient (Ideal) Lattice Sieving Using Cross-Polytope LSH

Combining the efficient cross-polytope locality-sensitive hash family of Terasawa and Tanaka with the heuristic lattice sieve algorithm of Micciancio and Voulgaris, we show how to obtain heuristic and practical speedups for solving the shortest vector problem SVP on both arbitrary and ideal lattices. In both cases, the asymptotic time complexity for solving SVP in dimension n is $$2^{0.298n + on}$$. 
 
For any lattice, hashes can be computed in polynomial time, which makes our CPSieve algorithm much more practical than the SphereSieve of Laarhoven and de Weger, while the better asymptotic complexities imply that this algorithm will outperform the GaussSieve of Micciancio and Voulgaris and the HashSieve of Laarhoven in moderate dimensions as well. We performed tests to show this improvement in practice. 
 
For ideal lattices, by observing that the hash of a shifted vector is a shift of the hash value of the original vector and constructing rerandomization matrices which preserve this property, we obtain not only a linear decrease in the space complexity, but also a linear speedup of the overall algorithm. We demonstrate the practicability of our cross-polytope ideal lattice sieve ICPSieve by applying the algorithm to cyclotomic ideal lattices from the ideal SVP challenge and to lattices which appear in the cryptanalysis of NTRU.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Impact of Reaction Shrinkage on Stress in Semiconductor Packages

The reliability of a semiconductor package is strongly influenced by the adhesion and temperature behavior of the package encapsulant. This study considers the effect of mold shrinkage during the encapsulation molding process. Four commercially available molds were investigated using warpage and thermomechanical analysis. It could be demonstrated that, for all four types, when molded on a silicon substrate, the temperature at which no stress occurred was in a range of 28–60°C above the molding temperature. This is caused by the shrinkage due to a crosslinking reaction of the mold polymer during the molding process. For a more precise understanding and simulation of the stress behavior inside a molded package, the effect of reaction shrinkage has to be considered.

Field of study: Materials science
Reference to a shared past event in primary school setting

This study investigates Reference to a Shared Past Event in a primary school setting drawing on video-recordings of 17 hours of social studies classroom interaction. Using Conversation Analysis, it examines how teachers as well as students employ it as part of the ongoing instruction to establish continuity and temporality across events. It is seen that they extend the ongoing instruction with Reference to a Shared Past Event in two ways: (1) by referring to a past learning event assumed to be shared by the whole class (RPLE) or (2) by referring to each other's past personal experiences having been already shared with at least one participant (RPPE). Reference to a Shared Past Event also manifests itself as a rich interactional resource that enhances ongoing instruction, creates micro-moments of understanding and encourages student participation. The findings can be integrated in primary school teacher education to show how teachers as well as students may create learning opportunities by orienting to the temporal nature of teaching and learning.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
Design and Implement of Weighing Management System Based on Serial Ports Communication

Presents a weighing management system which has been developed,introduces the realization method of communication between the computer and the serial port of display instrument and the design of functional modules of automobile weighing apparatus management system.This method is applied to the process of the realization of automobile weighing apparatus management system and it also provides good solutions to the problem found in the process of designing and testing the system.

Field of study: Computer science
SU-E-T-600: Utilizing Collimator Rotation to Increase Maximum Treatable Target Dimensions Using an Elekta Synergy-S with Beam Modulator Multileaf Collimator.

To determine if a rotated collimator on an Elekta Synergy-S with Beam Modulator MLC (BMx) allows for dosimetrically acceptable treatment of targets exceeding the length of the maximum field size (21×16cm). The BMx is a high-resolution MLC with 4mm leaves but is of limited clinical use on patient target volumes exceeding 20cm in length. Rotation of the collimator utilizes the Pythagorean geometry to extend treatment length. This potentially increases the length of the PTV that be conformally treated.



Rods of 21-23cm length were contoured in water with the Pinnacle treatment planning system. The width of the rods varies from 1 -5cm. Four isocentric treatment plans were generated for each target: four-field conformal, 7-field IMRT, single-arc VMAT, and a modified double-arc VMAT (MDAV), with the collimator angled at 55°. The MDAV method consists of two opposing 180° arcs with the collimator turned 55° in opposite directions. A successful plan is defined as 99% of the target volume being covered by a minimum of 95% of the prescribed dose. Conformality is determined as a ratio of the volume exposed to prescribed isodose and target volume.



Targets of length 21cm, 22cm, and 23 cm are able to be treated with widths of 4cm, 5 cm, and 4cm respectively. The MDAV method achieves these results on all trials. The VMAT method achieves these results for the 21cm and 23cm long target. The IMRT Method achieves these results for the 21cm long target. With the exception of the 1cm wide targets, the average conformality is approximately 2.5.



Changing the collimator angle of the BMx Elekta-S machine allows for a 3cm length increase of targets up to 5cm. Further work will assess clinical suitability of these findings for treatment of head and neck tumors and spinal masses.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
The use of habitat mosaics by terrestrial vertebrate fauna: implications for conservation and management

Many species of vertebrates require multiple habitats to obtain different resources at different stages of their life-cycles. Use of habitat mosaics takes place on a variety of spatial and temporal scales, from a daily requirement for adjacent habitats to seasonal use of geographically separated environments. Mosaics of habitats are also required in some species to allow ontogenetic habitat shifts, while in others each sex may have specific requirements that are met by different habitats. The extent and nature of animal movements are key (but generally poorly known) factors affecting the vulnerability of species to landscape change. The requirement by many species for multiple habitats suggests that their conservation will be most effective in a mosaic environment and that protection of certain high profile habitats alone, such as rainforest, will be insufficient to achieve conservation goals. Management regimes that result in homogenization of habitats should be avoided. Priority should be given to research that identifies the extent to which species can locate habitat mosaics, at different spatial scales and arrangements, in modified environments.

Field of study: Environmental science
Development of microwave assisted zeolite–water adsorption heat pump

A microwave assisted zeolite–water adsorption heat pump system was designed, manufactured and investigated experimentally. The influence of operation time of microwave oven on performance of the adsorption heat pump was studied. The performance criteria: coefficient of performance, specific cooling power and volumetric cooing power, were calculated for the designed and tested adsorption heat pump system. The regeneration of adsorbent bed was achieved very rapidly (35 min) by using microwave heating system. The poor thermal conductivity of adsorbent did not affect the periods of isosteric heating and isobaric desorption processes.

Field of study: Engineering
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Influence of preionization on the discharge characteristics of a CO2 laser

An investigation was made of the formation of a bulk discharge in pure N2 and CO2 gases and in laser mixtures of systems with preliminary ionization by ultraviolet radiation. The influence of the energy received from a preionizer was studied. It was found that there was a threshold density of initial photoelectrons above which the main discharge was of bulk nature. An increase in this density by raising the energy supplied to the auxiliary (preionization) discharge did not alter greatly the characteristics of the main discharge.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Monsters and the case of L. Joseph: André Feil's thesis on the origin of the Klippel-Feil syndrome and a social transformation of medicine.

André Feil (1884-1955) was a French physician best recognized for his description, coauthored with Maurice Klippel, of patients with congenital fusion of cervical vertebrae, a condition currently known as Klippel-Feil syndrome. However, little is known about his background aside from the fact that he was a student of Klippel and a physician who took a keen interest in describing congenital anomalies. Despite the relative lack of information on Feil, his contributions to the fields of spinal disease and teratology extended far beyond science to play an integral role in changing the misguided perception shrouding patients with disfigurements, defects, deformities, and so-called monstrous births. In particular, Feil's 1919 medical school thesis on cervical abnormalities was a critical publication in defying long-held theory and opinion that human "monstrosities," anomalies, developmental abnormalities, and altered congenital physicality were a consequence of sinful behavior or a reversion to a primitive state. Indeed, his thesis on a spinal deformity centering on his patient, L. Joseph, was at the vanguard for a new view of a patient as nothing less than fully human, no matter his or her physicality or appearance.

Field of study: Medicine