nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Impact of lifestyle on the energy demand of a single family house

The building sector is one of the highest energy consumers in Austria. The potential to save energy in existing buildings is very high. Current Austrian policy incentives encourage home owners to renovate buildings to meet the European requirements, reduce energy consumption, and reduce CO2 emissions. Nevertheless, there are often discrepancies between the measured and calculated energy consumption results despite efforts to take parameters into account such as the exact geometry and thermal properties of the building, energy demand for hot water, heating, cooling, ventilation systems, and lighting in the planning phase for selecting the best reconstruction option. To find the answer to this problem, many buildings are carefully investigated with the help of measurements, interviews, and simulations. This paper presents the analysis and results of the investigation of the impact of lifestyle on the energy demand of a single family house. The impact on energy performance of the most important parameters was observed by systematically changing parameters such as changing from a decentralized to a centralized heating system, considering various technologies and fuels for producing electricity and heat, use of renewable energy sources. Different occupant behaviours were changed systematically. The effects of these measures are analysed with respect to primary energy use, CO2 emissions and energy costs. The results of these investigations show that the lifestyle and occupants’ living standard is mainly responsible for the differences between the calculated and measured energy consumption.

Field of study: Engineering
Source Chaoticity in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions at SPS and RHIC

We investigate degree of coherence of pion sources produced in relativistic heavy ion collisions using multi-particle interferometry. In order to obtain ''true'' chaoticity, ltrue from two-pion correlation functions measured in experiments, we make a correction for long-lived resonance decay contributions. Using this ltrue and the weight factor which are obtained from parameter fitted to two- and three-pion correlation function, we calculate a chaotic fraction e and the number of coherent sources a for different colliding energies. The result gives constraints on the source and shows an increase of the minimum number of a with multiplicity, although multiplicity independent chaoticity is not excluded.

Field of study: Physics
Photochemistry of highly organized biomolecules: Sequence-selective photoreaction of DNA

described. One example includes a specific photocleavage of DNA duplex at 5' side of 5'-GG-3' sequence by a "photo-Fenton reagent", whereas the other is the sequenceselective photoreaction of S-AB'U- site of DNA duplex which results in formation of a 2-deoxyribonolactone residue with release of free adenine via selective hydrogen

Field of study: Chemistry
Diel water movement between parenchyma and chlorenchyma of two desert CAM plants under dry and wet conditions

Electric-circuit analogue models of the water relations of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) succulents such as Agave deserti and Ferocactus acanthodes have predicted diel movement of water between the water-storage parenchyma and the photo-synthetic chlorenchyma. Injection of tritiated water into either tissue in the laboratory confirmed substantial and bidirectional water movements, especially under conditions of wet soil. For A. deserti, water movement from the water-storage parenchyma to the chlorenchyma increased at night as the chlorenchyma osmotic pressure increased. Although nocturnal osmotic pressure increases and transpiration for both species were minimal in the field under dry conditions, diel changes in the deuterium: hydrogen ratio (expressed as ΔD) were similar for the water-storage parenchyma and the chlorenchyma. Such indication of [substantial mixing of water between the tissues over a 24-h cycle was more evident under wet conditions in the field. For A. deserti, ΔD then increased by 32%o from the afternoon to midnight and was essentially identical in the water-storage parenchyma and the chlorenchyma. For F. acanthodes, the diel changes in ΔD were one-third those of A. deserti, and ΔD was always slightly higher for the chlorenchyma than for the water-storage parenchyma, apparently reflecting the lower surface-to-volume ratio of A. deserti. In summary, data obtained using radioactive and stable isotopes strongly supported model predictions concerning diel cycles of internal water distribution for these CAM species.

Field of study: Environmental science
Behavior of atrazine in soils of tropical zone

Movement and degradation of 14C‐atrazine (2‐chloro 4‐(ethylamino)‐6‐(isopropylamino)‐s‐triazine, was studied in undisturbed soil columns (0.50m length × 0.10m diameter) of Gley Humic and Deep Red Latosol from a maize crop region of Sao Paulo state, Brazil. Atrazine residues were largely confined to the 0–20cm layers over a 12 month period Atrazine degraded to the dealkylated metabolites deisopropylatrazine and deethylatrazine, but the major metabolite was hydroxyatrazine, mainly in the Gley Humic soil. Activity detected in the leachate was equivalent to an atrazine concentration of 0.08 to 0.11μg/1. The persistence of 14C‐atrazine in a maize‐bean crop rotation was evaluated in lysimeters, using Gley Humic and Deep Red Latosol soils. Uptake of the radiocarbon by maize plants after 14‐days growth was equivalent to a herbicide concentration of 3.9μg/g fresh tissue and was similar in both soils. High atrazine degradation to hydroxyatrazine was detected by tic of maize extracts. After maize harvest, w...

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Completing Algebra II in High School: Does It Increase College Access and Success?

Noting the benefits of mathematics in students’ future educational attainment and labor market success, there is considerable interest in high school requirements in terms of course-taking in mathematics at the national, state, and school district level. Previous research indicates that taking advanced math courses in high school leads to positive college outcomes. However, these studies often fail to account for the self-selection of students into curricular pathways that may result in biased estimates of the effect of course-taking on subsequent educational outcomes. Applying an instrumental variable (IV) approach, we investigate how the level of math courses a student completes in high school differently affects their chances of attending and completing postsecondary education. Using longitudinal student unit record data from Florida, our results indicate that a statistical model that does not account for students’ self-selection produces results different from a technique that corrects for this potential source of bias. Specifically, completing Algebra II significantly increases the probability of attending college, particularly two-year colleges, but has no significant effect on degree attainment.

Field of study: Education
Evaluation of the Sequential Spot Sampler (S3) for time-resolved measurement of PM 2.5 sulfate and nitrate through lab and field measurements

The Sequential Spot Sampler (S3), a newly developed instrument to collect aerosols for time-resolved chemical composition measurements, was evaluated in the laboratory and field for the measurement of particulate sulfate and nitrate. The S3 uses a multi-temperature condensation growth tube to grow individual aerosols to droplets which are then deposited as a ∼ 1 mm diameter dry spot at the end of the growth tube in a 100 µL well of a multi-well plate. The well plate advances automatically to provide a sequence of time-resolved samples. The collected aerosols are subsequently analyzed in the laboratory. The sample is concentrated during the collection process, and the laboratory extraction and analysis steps can be automated. The well plate, as received from the field, is placed onto a needle-based autosampler that adds liquid for sample extraction and injects sample extract from each well onto an ion chromatograph for analysis. Laboratory evaluation for sulfate and nitrate ions showed that poly ether ether ketone (PEEK) used as well plate material does not contribute any artifacts; a 60 min extraction procedure leads to the recovery of sulfate and nitrate from the dry spots at above 95 % extraction efficiency; and samples stored frozen and analyzed up to 23 months later show less than a 10 % change in sulfate and nitrate concentrations. The limit of detection was 0.5 µg m−3 for sulfate and 0.2 µg m−3 for nitrate for a 1 h sampling period. In a month-long field study conducted in southern California, two S3s were deployed alongside a URG denuder–filter-pack and a Particle-Into-Liquid Sampler combined with an Ion Chromatograph (PILS-IC). Collocated S3 sampler concentrations compared by linear regression show good agreement, with r2 =  0.99 and slope = 0.99 (±0.004) µg m−3 for sulfate and r2 = 0.99 and slope = 1.0 (±0.006) µg m−3 for nitrate. When compared to the URG denuder–filter-pack and the PILS-IC, the S3 sulfate and nitrate concentrations yielded correlations above 0.84 for the square of the correlation coefficient and regression slopes close to 1.

Field of study: Environmental science
Partial Reinforcement Effect under Odor Control

4 groups (ns = 10) of albino rats were given 40 acquisition and 25 extinction trials in a straight runway under one of the following conditions: (1) continuous reinforcement with an exhaust fan operative; (2) continuous reinforcement with exhaust fan operating but blocked from exhausting; (3) partial reinforcement with exhaust fan operating but blocked, and (4) partial reinforcement with exhaust fan operative. The results imply that exhausting odor(s) under a partial schedule increases running speeds during acquisition and resistance to extinction. The study points to important methodological implications for partial reinforcement research.

Field of study: Psychology
Repulsion and Attraction in High Tc Superconductors

The influence of repulsion and attraction in high-Tc superconductors to the gap functions is studied. A systematic method is proposed to compute the gap functions using the irreducible representations of the point group. It is found that a pure s-wave superconductivity exists only at very low temperatures, and attractive potentials on the near shells significantly expand the gap functions and increase significantly the critical temperature of superconductivity. A strong on-site repulsion drives the A1g gap into a B1g gap. It is expected that superconductivity with the A1g symmetry reaches a high critical temperature due to the cooperation of the on-site and the next-nearest neighbor attractions.

Field of study: Physics
Aspek Imunobiologik Fagositosis dan Penyakit

This article describes the process and mechanism of phagocytosis, especially their immunological aspects. Phagocytosis is one of the body's second line of defence against foreign particles, e. g. infectious and non-infectious material. The macrophage system, mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells are responsible for phagocitizing and processing those particles, moreover they serve the processed material to the specific immunocompetent system. In addition CO the normal mechanism of phagocytosis, this article describes some disturbances which interfere with each step of phagocytosis as chemotaxis, opsonization and intracellular killing; this inadequacy results as a certain disease.  mononuclear phagocyte system - non-specific immune response - inflammation - receptor of the phagocyte cell - opsonin

Field of study: Medicine
The Dynamic Correlation Between Capital Deepening and Total Factor Productivity in China

The impact of capital deepening on total factor productivity (TFP) is a significant and controversial issue. Based on the calculation of relevant indicators, this study adopts a Bayesian time-varying parameter model, Bayesian quantile regression, and adaptive Bayesian quantile models for in-depth statistical analysis. TFP was found to have a complex non-linear structure, and physical and human capital deepening indicators show a significant upward trend. The deepening of physical capital has a negative impact on TFP, while the deepening of human capital has a positive impact. In the capital deepening structure, the level of TFP has been improved and its structure optimized. Primary human and non-production physical capital deepening has no significant effect on TFP, while secondary human capital deepening has some significant effects on TFP. Tertiary and productive human capital deepening of TFP present two different forms of significant effect: the influence coefficient of the former declines in the increasing quantile and the change is larger, while the latter has a stable negative impact. The results of this study provide insights in terms of the improvement of China’s productivity.

Field of study: Computer science
Black Art in Brazil: Expressions of Identity by Kimberly L. Cleveland (review)

In 2000, “Black in Body and Soul,” curated by scholar-artist Emanoel Araújo formed part of the series of mega-exhibitions organized by the city of São Paulo to commemorate the 500 years of contact between Brazil and Europe. The (New York) Guggenheim Museum’s “Brazil: Body and Soul” show in the following year included abundant material tracing the significance of painting, sculpture, photography and other arts by or representing the country’s black population. In 2004 the opening of the Museu Afro Brasil in São Paulo’s Ibirapuera Park, coordinated by founding director Araújo, marked a high point in the recognition of the immense contribution to the nation’s artistic patrimony made by artists of color. Kimberly L. Cleveland traces the importance of these events and adumbrates a prior history of engagement on the part of both Brazilian and U.S. scholars and artists in what she terms “black arts” (as opposed to the more common “Afro-Brazilian” arts). Her book offers a valuable analysis of the myriad sociopolitical and aesthetic phenomena that have served to shape our understanding of this factor within the history of Brazilian visual culture.

Field of study: History
How does solar ultraviolet-B radiation improve drought tolerance of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) seedlings?

We hypothesized that solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation would protect silver birch seedlings from the detrimental effects of water stress through a coordinated suite of trait responses, including morphological acclimation, improved control of water loss through gas exchange and hydraulic sufficiency. To better understand how this synergetic interaction works, plants were grown in an experiment under nine treatment combinations attenuating ultraviolet-A and ultraviolet-B (UVB) from solar radiation together with differential watering to create water-deficit conditions. In seedlings under water deficit, UV attenuation reduced height growth, leaf production and leaf length compared with seedlings receiving the full spectrum of solar radiation, whereas the growth and morphology of well-watered seedlings was largely unaffected by UV attenuation. There was an interactive effect of the treatment combination on water relations, which was more apparent as a change in the water potential at which leaves wilted or plants died than through differences in gas exchange. This suggests that changes occur in the cell wall elastic modulus or accumulation of osmolites in cells under UVB. Overall, the strong negative effects of water deficit are partially ameliorated by solar UV radiation, whereas well-watered silver birch seedlings are slightly disadvantaged by the solar UV radiation they receive.

Field of study: Environmental science
Observation of atom pairs in spontaneous four-wave mixing of two colliding Bose-Einstein condensates.

We study atom scattering from two colliding Bose-Einstein condensates using a position sensitive, time resolved, single atom detector. In analogy to quantum optics, the process can also be thought of as spontaneous, degenerate four-wave mixing of de Broglie waves. We find a clear correlation between atoms with opposite momenta, demonstrating pair production in the scattering process. We also observe a Hanbury Brown-Twiss correlation for collinear momenta, which permits an independent measurement of the size of the pair production source and thus the size of the spatial mode. The back-to-back pairs occupy very nearly two oppositely directed spatial modes, a promising feature for future quantum optics experiments.

Field of study: Physics
Prognostic values of shear wave elastography in adolescent boys with varicocele.

Shear wave elastography is an ultrasound technique for non-invasive quantification of tissue stiffness. It was used in assessing testis elasticity in some scrotal abnormalities, such as undescended pediatric testes or adult varicocele testes. In this study, its usefulness in adolescent patients with varicocele was examined.



The aim of this study was to quantify elasticity of testes with the use of elastography and comparison of the results with typical threshold values used in varicocele management in adolescent patients with varicoceles.



In 30 patients with clinically diagnosed left varicoceles, quantitative 2D shear wave imaging of varicocele testes and contralateral ones were performed.



The relationships between the grade of varicocele and elastography were calculated. The stiffness was 2.5 ± 0.49 kPa in testes with grade I of varicocele, 2.59 ± 0.81 in grade II and 2.80 ± 0.72 kPa in grade III. In contralateral testes, it was respectively grade I 2.39 ± 0.49 kPa, grade II 2.41 ± 0.61 kPa, and grade III 2.42 ± 0.85 kPa. The statistical significance was close to importance in grade III (P = 0.153). There was a statistically significant difference between elastography results in patients with volume difference over 20%. In testes with varicocele, it was 2.77 ± 0.75 kPa and in contralateral testes, 2.37 ± 0.65 kPa (P < 0.05). In patients with testis volume difference between 0 and 20%, elastography results were comparable, and it was 2.45 ± 0.57 kPa in testes with varicocele and 2.44 ± 0.61 kPa in contralateral testes (Table).



Ultrasound is currently the most widely used imaging technique for the assessment of varicocele, but its role in the diagnostic algorithm is still controversial. Therefore, many attempts are made to determine the manifestations of testicular damage that precede morphological deterioration, which could increase the importance of imaging techniques in treatment planning.



The changes of tissue elasticity due to varicocele seem to confirm the need of surgery in patients with testis volume difference more than 20% and in grade III of varicocele (Table). In case of validation of diffuse testis changes, they could indicate the need for surgery also in other stages.

Field of study: Medicine
New sampling scheme for region-of-interest tomography

The wavelet localization technique was previously applied to the study of region-of-interest (ROI) tomography. It achieves a significant saving in the required projections if only a small region of a tomographic image is of interest. In this paper, we first show that with the same sampling scheme, a simple interpolation applied to the samples can give a result at least as good as that using the original wavelet localization approach. It implies that the use of the wavelet transform is not the key to the reduction of the sampling requirement. In fact, the quality of the reconstructed ROI is largely determined by the structure of the sampling scheme. Rather than directly reducing the projection number, the use of the wavelet theory permits a clear understanding of how to achieve a good sampling pattern. Based on an error analysis using the wavelet theory, we further suggest a new sampling scheme such that the number of required projections in each angle is reduced in a multiresolution form. A new multiresolution interpolation algorithm is then used to interpolate the missing samples to obtain the full projections. As a result, more than 84% of projections are saved, as compared with the traditional approach, in reconstructing an ROI of 32/spl times/32 pixels in an image of 256/spl times/256 pixels. A series of simulations was performed to reconstruct different sizes of the ROI. All results show that the signal-to-error ratios of the reconstructed ROI are comparable with that using full projection data set.

Field of study: Engineering
Ontario and New Zealand Pharmaceuticals: Cost and Coverage

Ontario is a strong candidate for a comprehensive pharmacare program, given that it has a pre-existing public drug benefit program (the Ontario Drug Benefit Program [ODBP]). This paper outlines strategies from New Zealand's national pharmacare program (the Pharmaceutical Management Agency [PHARMAC]) and compares these strategies to other international examples. It is recommended that the ODBP engage in three strategies currently utilized by the PHARMAC to achieve significant cost savings and create potential to increase their insurance coverage: (i) strict budgeting; (ii) tendering and negotiating; and (iii) reference pricing.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Characterization of the colorectal antigen IOR-C2.

A colorectal antigen (IOR-C2) was characterized by a monoclonal antibody produced against the colon cancer cell line SW1116. By immunohistochemical staining the antigen was abundant and strongly expressed in epithelium of normal colon whereas colorectal carcinomas showed a more variable and heterogenous reactivity to the antibody (IOR-C2). Radioimmunoprecipitates of SW1116 cell homogenates showed a 160-200 kD band in SDS gels. Physicochemical characterization indicate that at least two IOR-C2 reactive sites are present on the antigen tested and that it is mainly an 0-linked glycoprotein carbohydrate chain which can also be N-linked to the protein. The expression of IOR-C2 mimics that of the colon associated antigen (CAA) and NCC-CO-450 antigen but is distinct from these with regard to its expression in carcinomas as well as its physicochemical characteristics.

Field of study: Biology
金属簇合物 η 5 -RC 5 H 4 (CO) 2 MCo 3 (CO) 6 ( μ -CO) 3 的合成、结构及反应机理的研究

通过金属单键化合物[ η 5 -RC 5 H 4 (CO) 3 M] 2 和CO 2 (CO) 8 的热反应,制得8个含烷基环戊二烯基配体的金属四面体簇合物 η 5 -RC 5 H 4 (CO) 2 MCo 3 (CO) 6 ( μ -CO) 3 (M=Mo,W;R=CH 3 ,C 2 H 5 , n -C 4 H 9 ,C 6 H 5 CH 2 )。除用元素分析,IR,~1H NMR和MS表征了它们的结构以及用X光衍射技术测得 η 5 -RC 5 H 4 (CO) 2 MCo 3 (CO) 6 ( μ -CO) 3 的单晶分子结构外,尚对该反应的机理进行了研究。所测晶体属空间群 P 2 1 /c,晶胞参数 a =10.088 (2), b =13.063 (3), c =18.320 (5) A;β=96.04 (2)°,最终偏差因子 R =0.041。

Field of study: Chemistry
In Numbers We Trust: Measuring Impact or Institutional Performance?

This chapter explores some of the social processes in microfinance practice through which the planned and desired scores on quantitative "objectively verifiable indicators" (OVI) are produced, thus constructing the successful reputation of the microfinance institution (MFI) in terms of institutional performance, while impact on poverty reduction is unascertainable. Examples of everyday practice in a Bolivian MFI are shown and discussed in relation to chosen indicators of "best practices" and institutional performance. Inherent contradictions in policy and priorities are exposed, as well as strategies to overcome them. The chapter suggests explanations for how practice, with an emphasis on responsible behavior, is shaped by the imperative concerns to produce successful outcomes. Facilitated by ambiguous ideas that microfinance equals poverty alleviation and empowerment, policy constructs microfinance as a success, while practice sustains policy by producing "responsible" clients and the planned predefined quantitative goals for institutional performance. Bolivian microfinance institution (MFI); empowerment; institutional performance; poverty targeting; social inclusion

Field of study: Political science