nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Free-operant choice behavior: A molecular analysis.

Pigeons' pecks to two concurrent initial-link stimuli occasionally produced one of two mutually exclusive terminal links. Further responding to the terminal-link stimulus produced food under fixed-interval or fixed-ratio schedules. In such concurrent chained schedules, investigators rarely use a changeover delay to control superstitious switching, although it is customary to use a changeover delay in simple concurrent schedules in which choice responses produce food directly. When terminal-link fixed-interval schedules were equal or similar in duration and no changeover delay was employed, conditional probabilities of choice for a schedule were found to be lower if the last choice was for that schedule than if the last choice was for the other schedule ("switching dependency"). Imposition of a changeover delay with equal or unequal terminal links produced the opposite pattern: conditional probabilities of choice for a schedule were higher if the last choice was for that schedule than if the last choice was for the other schedule. Turning off all chamber lights during the changeover delay interval attenuated these "repetition dependencies." The results indicate that excessive switching can complicate the interpretation of data from concurrent chains much as from simple concurrent schedules, and that using blackouts to control switching may be preferable to using a changeover delay.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
A Study on Least Mean p-th Adaptive Notch Filter

In this paper we propose a least mean p-th adaptive notch filter that has a cost function of E[ep(n)], where e(n) is the estimation error. The structure of the adaptive filter is a tandem connection of the second-order adaptive notch filter with an allpass filter. In general, the bandwidth of the notch filter is preferable to be extremely small for the theoretical and practical viewpoint. However, the convergence speed of the weight becomes slow if the bandwidth is reduced. The transfer function of the notch filter has a following special characteristic, that is zero in the center frequency and unity in other frequency. The equivalent broad bandwidth can be obtained when the cost function is chosen as E[ep(n)]. The higher convergence speed and the excellent stationary performance are obtained by the use of combination of E[ep(n)]. Finally, the convergence performance of the estimation accuracy is verified by the computer simulation.

Field of study: Computer science
An airtight Dutch book

your subjective probability function is concentrated at finitely many points, you can be enticed into an infinite sequence of simple and conditional bets whose cumulative effect will be that you sustain a net loss in every possible situation. Now it is surely unreasonable to suppose that our degrees of rational belief are concentrated at finitely many points, for it would be foolhardy to imagine that we know so very much that we are able to rule out, with probability one, all but finitely many possible ways the world might be. Assuming, as is often done, that vulnerability to a Dutch book2 is a sure sign of irrationality, we find ourselves driven to the cheerless conclusion that, in situations in which there can be infinitely many bets over an unbounded utility scale, no rational plan of action is available. Let me emphasize that the system of bets we shall examine provides more than just an arrangement in which you sustain a net loss with probability one. The change in your utility will be defined and negative in every possible situation, where 'possible situation' is understood as liberally as possible: A set of sentences describes a possible situation if it is consistent by the sentential calculus. There is no failure of compactness here,3 no use of infinitary logic - the conjunctions and disjunctions we employ are all 1 An equivalent condition is that the range of the probability function is a finite set of numbers Another equivalent is that there is a finite set of sentences such that every sentence is equivalent, with probability one, to a member of the finite set.

Field of study: Philosophy
Age and implications of Early Ordovician (Arenig) plutonism in the type area of the Bay du Nord Group, Dunnage Zone, southern Newfoundland Appalachians

In south Newfoundland, an extensive tract of metamorphosed Ordovician metavolcanic, metasedimentary, and granitoid rocks (Bay du Nord Group) lies north of a late Precambrian basement inlier of peri-Gondwanan affinity, separated from the latter by Silurian rocks. In the Bay du Nord Group type area, the metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks were ductilely sheared and locally fault imbricated with metagabbro prior to emplacement of the Baggs Hill Granite, herein dated at 477.6 ± 1.8 Ma. Some of the volcano-sedimentary strata within this succession, however, contain foliated clasts of Baggs Hill Granite, and these strata must comprise a younger stratigraphic sequence which, in this area, is thrust northwestward over the older rocks.The pre-477.6 ± 1.8 Ma tectonic interleaving of the Dunnage Zone gabbro and stratified rocks is significantly earlier than the Llandovery (early Salinic) recumbent folding and thrusting of Middle Ordovician Exploits Subzone rocks in the east-central Hermitage Flexure. In both area...

Field of study: Environmental science
An alternative approach for unbalanced assignment problem via genetic algorithm

This paper presents an alternative approach using genetic algorithm to a new variant of the unbalanced assignment problem that dealing with an additional constraint on the maximum number of jobs that can be assigned to some agent(s). In this approach, genetic algorithm is also improved by introducing newly proposed initialization, crossover and mutation in such a way that the developed algorithm is capable to assign optimally all the jobs to agents. Computational results with comparative performance of the algorithm are reported for four test problems.

Field of study: Mathematics
Palaeotethys-related sediments of the Karaburun Peninsula, western Turkey: constraints on provenance and stratigraphy from detrital zircon geochronology

Detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology of 15 Late Palaeozoic to Early Mesozoic siliciclastic sandstones from the Karaburun Peninsula in western Turkey determines maximum sedimentation ages, identifies possible source areas, and anchors the study area within the Palaeotethyan realm. Siliciclastic sandstones yielded ages from Triassic to Archean with major input from Palaeozoic to Neoproterozoic sources and very few Mesoproterozoic zircons. The youngest age groups set the new limit of the maximum depositional ages to Late Carboniferous–Early Permian for the Küçükbahçe and Dikendağı formations. Detrital zircons from Triassic sandstones are mainly Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic in age. Zircons from the Scythian–Anisian Gerence Formation are predominantly Devonian and Carboniferous in age, while also Permian and Triassic zircon grains occur in the Carnian–Rhaetian Güvercinlik Formation. According to the zircon age populations and the data available from possible source regions, the Karaburun siliciclastic sediments, with the exception of two samples from the Dikendağı Formation, record sediment supply from units located at the southern margin of Eurasia during Late Palaeozoic and Early Mesozoic times. This interpretation is in agreement with palaeotectonic reconstructions for the closely related Greek islands of Chios and Inousses. The presence of Devonian accompanied by Carboniferous zircons in some of the Karaburun samples reveals similarities with Karakaya Complex sandstones of the Sakarya Zone in NW Turkey.

Field of study: Environmental science
[An experimental study of anticonvulsant effects of myo-inositol and folic acid].

To study the micronutrients that potentiate the action of anticonvulsant drugs, and in particular, of myo-inositol (vitamin B8).



An experimental study of neurotrophic and anticonvulsant effects of a preparation based on myo-inositol (inofert) on thiosemicarbazide models of seizures was carried out.



Inofert significantly increased the latent time before the first convulsive seizure, reduced the severity of seizures (p<0.05) and reduced mortality in the models of thiosemicarbazide seizures. Myo-inositol enhanced anticonvulsant action of gabapentin and sodium valproate; neuroprotective effect of myo-inositol was also confirmed.



The Inofert preparation, containing myo-inositol and folic acid, modulates the effects of drugs with both convulsive and anticonvulsive action, reduces the severity and duration of seizures caused by thiosemicarbazide and increases the survival rate of animals.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Assessing biofilm formation by Listeria monocytogenes

Listeria monocytogenes(L. monocytogenes) is a serious food-borne pathogen for immunocompromised individuals. 
L. monocytogenes is capable of producing biofilm on the 
surface of food processing lines and instruments. The biofilm transfers contamination to food 
products and impose risk to public health. Transfers contamination to food products, and 
impose risk hazard to public health. The aim of this study was to investigate biofilm producing 
ability of L. monocytogenes isolates. Microtitre assay was used to measure the amount of biofilm production by ten 
L. monocytogenes isolates from minced chicken / meat, sausages and burgers. Results showed that all 10 
L. monocytogenes isolates were able to form biofilm 
after 24 h at 20 C on polystyrene surface (the common surface in food industries). Some strains 
were capable of forming biofilm more than the others. All strains showed a slight raise in the 
quantities of attached cells over 48 and 72 h. 
L. monocytogenes strains isolated from minced 
chicken, minced meat and burgers were better biofilm-producers comparing to the strains 
isolated from sausages.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Oxidized low density lipoproteins and lactosylceramide both stimulate the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and the proliferation of aortic smooth muscle cells.

We have previously shown that oxidized low density lipoproteins (Ox-LDL) at low concentrations (10 micrograms/ml) via activating a UDP-galactose: glucosylceramide, beta 1-->4 galactosyl-transferase (GalT-2) and producing lactosylceramide can stimulate the proliferation of aortic smooth muscle cells. In this report, we present evidence that Ox-LDL and LacCer, both can induce the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (cyclin). Ox-LDL and LacCer both exerted a time-dependent stimulation of cyclin expression. Maximum increase (3-fold) in cyclin expression occurred between 30-120 min after Ox-LDL/LacCer addition and decreased thereafter. D-threo-l-phenyldecanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol (D-PDMP), an inhibitor of GalT-2, inhibited cell proliferation as well as cyclin expression. This inhibitor also abrogated the Ox-LDL mediated expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (cyclin). In contrast, the L-enantiomer of PDMP (L-PDMP) stimulated the expression of cyclin and augmented the Ox-LDL mediated expression of cyclin in these cells. Maximum increase in the expression of cyclin occurred with 20 mumole of L-PDMP and 10 micrograms of Ox-LDL. This overall pattern of Ox-LDL and LacCer mediated regulation is similar to that of the c-fos protooncogenes reported previously by us. We hypothesize that the early induction of GalT-2 may serve as an "Immediate early gene" that plays a role in the signalling cascade by LacCer and involves the kinase c-fos induction and subsequent expression of cyclins. Thus, GalT-2 may play a role in the proliferative response in aortic smooth muscle cells by Ox-LDL.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Early Intervention for Preschoolers with Developmental Delays: The Case for Increased Child Collaboration

In this article are analyzed the four following premises that explain why early intervention programs for preschool children with mental retardation (and other disabilities) have tended to adopt a teacher-directed “cultural transmission” or remedial model of education, whereas preschool programs for children without disabilities have generally preferred a more child-directed “developmental” model. (1) The purpose of early intervention is to accelerate and remediate, rather than support, cognitive growth. (2) Learning and accountability are maximized by specific instructional objectives written into educational plans rather than by encouraging children's own constructivist efforts. (3) Children with retardation are defective, not just slow but otherwise normal and so require extensive adult direction. (4) Research findings are favorable rather than ambiguous towards demonstrating the effectiveness of existing instructional methods. The four premises are reviewed and critiqued. It is concluded that there is sufficient doubt about the cultural transmission remedial model to justify further expansion of the developmental approach in early intervention programs, at least for some children in some areas. Changes in attitudes and practices that such an expansion would entail are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
A design‐based approach to small area estimation using a semiparametric generalized linear mixed model

In small area estimation, non‐parametric models with penalized spline regression have been demonstrated to be a useful tool in creating granular area estimates to provide supplemental information where samples are few or non‐existent. This study further examines the ability of a semiparametric generalized linear mixed model to produce conforming estimates for multiple area levels. A mosaic analogy is used to describe this process. A design‐based jackknife method is employed for variance calculation.

Field of study: Mathematics
Anatomic comparison of the endonasal and transpetrosal approaches for interpeduncular fossa access.

OBJECT
The interpeduncular cistern, including the retrochiasmatic area, is one of the most challenging regions to approach surgically. Various conventional approaches to this region have been described; however, only the endoscopic endonasal approach via the dorsum sellae and the transpetrosal approach provide ideal exposure with a caudal-cranial view. The authors compared these 2 approaches to clarify their limitations and intrinsic advantages for access to the interpeduncular cistern.



Four fresh cadaver heads were studied. An endoscopic endonasal approach via the dorsum sellae with pituitary transposition was performed to expose the interpeduncular cistern. A transpetrosal approach was performed bilaterally, combining a retrolabyrinthine presigmoid and a subtemporal transtentorium approach. Water balloons were used to simulate space-occupying lesions. "Water balloon tumors" (WBTs), inflated to 2 different volumes (0.5 and 1.0 ml), were placed in the interpeduncular cistern to compare visualization using the 2 approaches. The distances between cranial nerve (CN) III and the posterior communicating artery (PCoA) and between CN III and the edge of the tentorium were measured through a transpetrosal approach to determine the width of surgical corridors using 0- to 6-ml WBTs in the interpeduncular cistern (n = 8).



Both approaches provided adequate exposure of the interpeduncular cistern. The endoscopic endonasal approach yielded a good visualization of both CN III and the PCoA when a WBT was in the interpeduncular cistern. Visualization of the contralateral anatomical structures was impaired in the transpetrosal approach. The surgical corridor to the interpeduncular cistern via the transpetrosal approach was narrow when the WBT volume was small, but its width increased as the WBT volume increased. There was a statistically significant increase in the maximum distance between CN III and the PCoA (p = 0.047) and between CN III and the tentorium (p = 0.029) when the WBT volume was 6 ml.



Both approaches are valid surgical options for retrochiasmatic lesions such as craniopharyngiomas. The endoscopic endonasal approach via the dorsum sellae provides a direct and wide exposure of the interpeduncular cistern with negligible neurovascular manipulation. The transpetrosal approach also allows direct access to the interpeduncular cistern without pituitary manipulation; however, the surgical corridor is narrow due to the surrounding neurovascular structures and affords poor contralateral visibility. Conversely, in the presence of large or giant tumors in the interpeduncular cistern, which widen the spaces between neurovascular structures, the transpetrosal approach becomes a superior route, whereas the endoscopic endonasal approach may provide limited freedom of movement in the lateral extension.

Field of study: Medicine
Cyclische Disulfide, V. Konstellationsuntersuchungen an Heterocyclen. Schwefel als Acceptor von intramolekularen Wasserstoffbrücken in heterocyclischen Alkoholen†

In Thia- sowie 1.2- und 1.3-Dithia-cyclohexanolen wurden konzentrationsunabhangige Frequenzverschiebungen der OH-Valenzschwingung von ca. 100 cm−1, in Thiacyclopentanolen von ca. 60 cm−1 beobachtet. Diese Verschiebungen werden auf intramolekulare Wasserstoffbrucken zum Sulfid- bzw. Disulfid-Schwefelatom zuruckgefuhrt. Sie konnen zur Konstellationsanalyse sowie zur Strukturaufklarung von Alkoholen mit unbekannter Stellung des Hydroxyls herangezogen werden.

Field of study: Chemistry
A Novel Surgical Technique for Removing Buried Cannulated Screws Using a Guidewire and Countersink: A Report of Two Cases

Removal of metal implants is a common procedure that is performed for a variety of indications. However, problems such as a buried screw head may occasionally arise and render hardware removal difficult or even impossible. The problem is further compounded when the initial screw was inserted percutaneously or via a minimally-invasive (MIS) technique. In the present paper, we introduce a novel, minimally invasive technique to remove buried cannulated screws which obviates the need for excessive extension of the skin incision, surgical exploration, soft tissue dissection or excess bone removal, which surgeons may otherwise have to undertake to uncover the buried screw head. This technique is especially useful in removing cannulated screws which have been inserted using small stab incisions and MIS techniques initially. This technique can be applied to the removal of buried cannulated screws which are placed into any bone in the body.

Field of study: Medicine
Properties of fibres spun from blends of a thermotropic liquid crystalline block copolymer with poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Triad4-co-PBT, a thermotropic liquid crystalline (TLCP) block copolyester has been blended with fibre grade poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) to investigate the potential ofin-situ fibre reinforcement. Fibres containing 5 to 80 wt.% TLCP were extruded and the effects of processing conditions were studied, e.g. spinning temperature and post treatment conditions. The fibres were evaluated for mechanical performance, dimensional stability (shrinkage) and development of shrinkage stresses. The optimal processing temperature for these blends was determined to be between 270 - 275°C based on mechanical performance and their fibre WAXS diffraction patterns. The optimal blend composition was found to be 10 wt.%. The highest modulus (19.8 GPa) was achieved with a 20 wt.% blend, but this system had a low ultimate strength (725 MPa) and numerous defects in the cold drawn fibre. A study of the post treatment process revealed that fibres drawn at 220°C exhibited increased thermal stability independent of TLCP content compared to those drawn at lower drawing temperature. Scanning electron microscopy of fractured fibre cross sections revealed a two phase morphology with the LCP phase dispersed as fine spherical particles

Field of study: Materials science
"Curiously Without Body": The Hidden Language of Zona Gale's Faint Perfume

This article examines the narrative and political functions of illness in Zona Gale's 1923 novel  Responding to representations of the female invalid in nineteenth-century domestic fiction, Gale challenges interpretations of the New Woman figure as a corrective to Victorian paradigms of feminine frailty and confinement. Through not only her protagonist's response to illness but also her novel's silences surrounding pain, Gale complicates pathologized notions of femininity by depicting the struggle to resist them. Faint Perfume emerges as a neuritic novel, one whose narrative muscles flare under the strain of political and cultural burden.

Field of study: Art
Implementing Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) in Cameroon High Schools: Analysis and Perspectives

The past few decades has witnessed a shift of focus in the teaching profession both in Native and some Non-Native settings. The teaching enterprise now rests on the solid assumption that language should be taught for the purpose of effective communication. L2 instruction main concern in the 21 st century is to help learners become competent users of the language.  The teaching of English aims to help learners possess the essential weapons (required knowledge) for a sound linguistic communication. This knowledge which, it should be recalled, is a prerequisite for effective communication, is technically referred to as Communicative Competence which involves not only linguistic competence, but also sociocultural, pragmatic, strategic, discourse, formulaic, interactional competences (Celce-Murcia:2007).  Teaching is judged an appropriate model for learners to acquire communicative competence. However, in some Non Native settings like Cameroon, this method is tends not to be used due to some psychological, pedagogical, social and linguistic factors. The objectives of this paper are twofold: first, it seeks to critically examine some factors that constitute an impediment to the implementation of CLT in Cameroonian high school English classes. Second, it proposes some practical solutions for the implementation of the CLT approach.  Communicative Language Teaching, Cameroon educational system, Communicative competence.

Field of study: Education
Kindling as a model for alcohol withdrawal syndromes.

Periodic brain stimulation, particularly in the limbic system, at stimulus intensities initially too low to produce any behavioural or EEG effects, progressively produces EEG changes, motor automatisms, and eventually convulsions, an effect called kindling. Data are presented and reviewed that suggest that the severity of alcohol withdrawal symptoms progressively increases over years of alcohol abuse in a stepwise fashion similar to the kindling process. The model is presented that the limbic system hyperirritability which accompanies each alcohol withdrawal serves over time to kindle increasingly widespread subcortical structures. These long-term changes in neuronal excitability might relate to the progression of alcohol withdrawal symptoms from tremor to seizures and delirium tremens, as well as the alcoholic personality changes between episodes of withdrawal.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Deviation bound for non-causal machine learning

Concentration inequality are widely used for analysing machines learning algorithms. However, current concentration inequalities cannot be applied to the most popular deep neural network, notably in NLP processing. This is mostly due to the non-causal nature of this data. In this paper, a framework for modelling non-causal random fields is provided. A McDiarmid-type concentration inequality is obtained for this framework. In order to do so, we introduce a local i.i.d approximation of the non-causal random field.

Field of study: Computer science