nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Geochemical signature of contaminated sediment remobilization revealed by spatially resolved X-ray microanalysis of annual rings of Salix nigra.

An X-ray microprobe was used to determine the concentration and distribution of Ni, U, and other metals within annual rings of willows (Salix nigra L.) from a former de facto radiological settling basin (Steed Pond; SP) and a depositional environment downstream (Tims Branch; TB) on the Savannah River Site (SRS). Geochemical and historical information about both areas are well documented. Following spillway breaches at SP in 1984 and the early 1990s, TB is inundated with contaminated sediments during storms. Bulk elemental composition of tree cores was determined using ICP-OES. Synchrotron X-rayfluorescence (SXRF) analysis showed that the metal contents of SP and TB cores were an order of magnitude higher than those from a reference site. TB cores were enriched with Ni in 1984 and 1991, corresponding with SP spillway breaches (containing 790 mg kg(-1) Ni in 1991). Cores from SP exhibited an extremely high Ni peak in 1996, approximately 5000 mg kg(-1), even though contaminant levels at SP did not change. The geochemical signature of contaminants recorded in TB annual rings reflected the significant sediment remobilization events consistent with the detailed history of the site, and at concentrations relative to their proximity to the source term. However, physiological processes occurring within impacted trees strongly influence the chronological accuracy of dendroanalysis and must be investigated further.

Field of study: Environmental science
Predicting defect-prone software modules using support vector machines

Effective prediction of defect-prone software modules can enable software developers to focus quality assurance activities and allocate effort and resources more efficiently. Support vector machines (SVM) have been successfully applied for solving both classification and regression problems in many applications. This paper evaluates the capability of SVM in predicting defect-prone software modules and compares its prediction performance against eight statistical and machine learning models in the context of four NASA datasets. The results indicate that the prediction performance of SVM is generally better than, or at least, is competitive against the compared models.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Correlation between expression of antibodies to histone H2B and clinical activity in HIV‐infected individuals

Levels of autoantibodies specific for the histone, H2B, were measured in individuals with HIV infection. In comparison with normal (uninfected) controls, infected patients, particularly those with symptomatic disease, had significantly elevated titres of anti‐H2B antibodies. Longitudinal studies confirmed that levels of these antibodies were highest in patients with lymphadenopathy and declined with the development of AIDS. In preliminary experiments designed to determine the biological significance of the anti‐histone antibodies, H2B was shown to be immunologically cross‐reactive with an 18‐kD antigen on the surface of HIV‐infected or mitogen‐activated CD4+ cells. Protein sequencing of the 18‐kD antigen has since shown complete homology with histone H2B. Because the titres of H2B autoantibodies were found to parallel the numbers of circulating CD4 cells, it is possible that these antibodies are involved in the destruction of the helper/inducer T lymphocyte population.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Robust snubberless soft-switching power converter using SiC power MOSFETs and bespoke thermal design

A number of harsh-environment high-reliability applications are undergoing substantial electrification. The converters operating in such systems need to be designed to meet both stringent performance and reliability requirements. Semiconductor devices are central elements of power converters and key enablers of performance and reliability. This paper focuses on a DC–DC converter for novel avionic applications and considers both new semiconductor technologies and the application of design techniques to ensure, at the same time, that robustness is maximized and stress levels minimized. In this respect close attention is paid to the thermal management and an approach for the heatsink design aided by finite element modelling is shown.

Field of study: Engineering
Choice, changing over, and reinforcement delays.

In three experiments, pigeons were used to examine the independent effects of two normally confounded delays to reinforcement associated with changing between concurrently available variable-interval schedules of reinforcement. In Experiments 1 and 2, combinations of changeover-delay durations and fixed-interval travel requirements were arranged in a changeover-key procedure. The delay from a changeover-produced stimulus change to a reinforcer was varied while the delay between the last response on one alternative and a reinforcer on the other (the total obtained delay) was held constant. Changeover rates decreased as a negative power function of the total obtained delay. The delay between a changeover-produced stimulus change had a small and inconsistent effect on changeover rates. In Experiment 3, changeover delays and fixed-interval travel requirements were arranged independently. Changeover rates decreased as a negative power function of the total obtained delay despite variations in the delay from a change in stimulus conditions to a reinforcer. Periods of high-rate responding following a changeover, however, were higher near the end of the delay from a change in stimulus conditions to a reinforcer. The results of these experiments suggest that the effects of changeover delays and travel requirements primarily result from changes in the delay between a response at one alternative and a reinforcer at the other, but the pattern of responding immediately after a changeover depends on the delay from a changeover-produced change in stimulus conditions to a reinforcer.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Current signatures and search for Pop. III stars in the Local Universe

Recent numerical studies argue that low-mass stars can be formed even at zero-metallicity environment. These low-mass Population III(Pop.~III) stars are thought to be still shining and able to be observed in the Local Universe. Most low-mass Pop.~III stars are thought to be formed as secondary companions in binary systems. They can be escaped from their host mini-halos when their primary companions explode as supernovae. In this paper, we estimate the escape probability of the low-mass Pop.~III stars from their host mini-halos. We find that $\sim 100$ Pop.~III stars are expected. We also compute spatial distribution of these escaped Pop.~III survivors by means of the semi-analytic hierarchical chemical evolution model. Typically, they are distributed around $\sim 2$Mpc away from the Milky Way but 5 -- $35\%$ of the escaped stars fall into the Milky Way halo. These escaped Pop.~III stars are possibly detected by very large scaled surveys being planned.

Field of study: Physics
Assumption Violations and Rates of Type I Error for the Tukey Multiple Comparison Test

While numerous investigations have examined the effects of assumption violations on the empirical probability of a Type I error for Tukey’s multiple comparison test, no study to date has numerically quantified and systematically varied the degree of total variation resulting from combining unequal variances with unequal sample sizes. The present investigation employed a coefficient of variance variation to index the degree of heterogeneity and compared the effects of varying degrees of heterogeneity on the harmonic mean, Kramer (11) and Miller (14) unequal group forms of the Tukey test. The discrepancies between the empirical and nominal significance rates of Type I error were related to a bias ratio provided by Box (1) and were found to markedly vary as a function of the magnitude of this ratio. The Kramer unequal group form of the Tukey test is recommended, as it consistently resulted in empirical Type I rates of error deviating less from the nominal significance level than either of the other two unequ...

Field of study: Education
[Fever-induced refractory epileptic encephalopathy of children].

Fever-induced refractory epileptic encephalopathy of school-age children is a rare epileptic syndrome that causes difficulties in diagnosis at the initial stage of disease. It is characterized by sudden onset with multifocal refractory status epilepticus in previously healthy children with normal development. Later, children suffer from resistant focal epilepsy in the combination with cognitive deficit and behavioral difficulties. Authors describe a clinical case of fever-induced refractory epileptic encephalopathy of school-age children in a child of 7 years old. Aspects of etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of the disease are discussed.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Curative Onyx embolization of tentorial dural arteriovenous fistulas.

OBJECT
The authors conducted a study to review their experience with tentorial dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) treated with transarterial endovascular embolization in which Onyx was used.



The authors reviewed prospectively collected data in 9 patients with tentorial DAVFs treated with Onyx embolization between 2008 and 2011. Information reviewed included clinical presentation, angiographic features, treatment, and clinical and radiologically documented outcome. Clinical follow-up was available in every patient. Radiological follow-up studies were available in 8 of 9 patients (mean follow-up 4.6 months).



Six of 9 patients had complete angiographic obliteration (in 5 this was confirmed by a follow-up angiogram obtained 3-6 months later), and 2 patients had near-complete obliteration (faint filling of the venous drainage in the late venous phase). One patient had partial obliteration and required surgical disconnection. In all patients with complete obliteration, transarterial embolization was performed through the posterior branch of the middle meningeal artery. There were no procedural complications, and no morbidity or mortality resulted from Onyx embolization.



Transarterial Onyx embolization is a valid, effective, and safe alternative to surgical disconnection in many patients with tentorial DAVFs. The presence of an adequate posterior branch of the middle meningeal artery is critical to achieve a microcatheter position distal enough to increase the likelihood of complete obliteration.

Field of study: Medicine
Design of Teaching and Research Project Management System Based on J2EE

Takes teaching and research project management system in Beifang Ethnic University as an example,discusses the research background,system object,function design,system structure and implementation,net security strategy illustrated by the teaching and research management system based on J2EE.The system adopts B/S system and J2EE technique to process teaching and research information through Internet to facilitate the modernization,standardization and efficiency.

Field of study: Computer science
Dosimetric evaluation of daily rigid and nonrigid geometric correction strategies during on-line image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) of prostate cancer.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate a geometric image guidance strategy that simultaneously correct for various inter-fractional rigid and nonrigid geometric uncertainties in an on-line environment, using field shape corrections (called the "MU-MLC" technique). The effectiveness of this strategy was compared with two other simpler on-line image guidance strategies that are more commonly used in the clinic. To this end, five prostate cancer patients, with at least 15 treatment CT studies each, were analyzed. The prescription dose was set to the maximum dose that did not violate the rectum and bladder dose-volume constraints, and hence, was unique to each patient. Deformable image registration and dose-tracking was performed on each CT image to obtain the cumulative treatment dose distributions. From this, maximum, minimum, and mean dose, as well as generalized equivalent uniform dose (gEUD) were calculated for each image guidance strategy. As expected, some dosimetric differences in the clinical target volume (CTV) were observed between the three image guidance strategies investigated. For example, up to +/-2% discrepancy in prostate minimum dose were observed among the techniques. Of them, only the "MU -MLC" technique did not reduce the prostate minimum dose for all patients (i.e., > or = 100%). However, the differences were clinically not significant to indicate the preference of one strategy over another, when using a uniform 5 mm margin size. For the organ-at-risks (OARs), the large rectum sparing effect (< or =5.7 Gy, gEUD) and bladder overdosing effect (< or = 16 Gy, gEUD) were observed. This was likely due to the use of bladder contrast during CT simulation studies which was not done during the treatment CT studies. Therefore, ultimately, strategies to maintain relatively constant rectum and bladder volumes, throughout the treatment course, are required to minimize this effect. In conclusion, the results here suggest that simple translational corrections based on three-dimensional (3D) images is adequate to maintain target coverage, for margin sizes at least as large as 5 mm. In addition, due to large fluctuations in OAR volumes, innovative image guidance strategies are needed to minimize dose and maintain consistent sparing during the whole course of radiation therapy.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Aerosol retrievals from different polarimeters during the ACEPOL campaign using a common retrieval algorithm

In this paper, we present aerosol retrieval results from the ACEPOL (Aerosol Characterization from Polarimeter and Lidar) campaign, which was a joint initiative between NASA and SRON – the Netherlands Institute for Space Research. The campaign took place in October–November 2017 over the western part of the United States. During ACEPOL six different instruments were deployed on the NASA ER-2 high-altitude aircraft, including four multi-angle polarimeters (MAPs): SPEX airborne, the Airborne Hyper Angular Rainbow Polarimeter (AirHARP), the Airborne Multi-angle SpectroPolarimetric Imager (AirMSPI), and the Research Scanning Polarimeter (RSP). Also, two lidars participated: the High Spectral Resolution Lidar-2 (HSRL-2) and the Cloud Physics Lidar (CPL). Flights were conducted mainly for scenes with low aerosol load over land, but some cases with higher AOD were also
observed. We perform aerosol retrievals from SPEX airborne, RSP
(410–865 nm range only), and AirMSPI using the SRON aerosol retrieval algorithm and compare the results against AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork) and HSRL-2 measurements (for SPEX airborne and RSP). All three MAPs compare well against AERONET for the aerosol optical depth (AOD), with a mean absolute error (MAE) between 0.014 and 0.024 at 440 nm. For the fine-mode effective radius the MAE ranges between 0.021 and 0.028  µm . For the comparison with HSRL-2 we focus on a day with low AOD (0.02–0.14 at 532 nm) over the California Central Valley, Arizona, and Nevada (26 October) as well as a flight with high AOD
(including measurements with AOD>1.0 at 532 nm) over a prescribed forest fire in Arizona (9 November). For the day with low AOD the MAEs in AOD (at 532 nm) with HSRL-2 are 0.014 and 0.022 for SPEX and RSP, respectively, showing the capability of MAPs to provide accurate AOD retrievals for the challenging case of low AOD over land.
For the retrievals over the smoke plume a reasonable agreement in AOD between the MAPs and HSRL-2 was also found (MAE 0.088 and 0.079 for SPEX and RSP, respectively), despite the fact that the comparison is hampered by large spatial variability in AOD throughout the smoke plume. A good comparison is also found between the MAPs and HSRL-2 for the aerosol depolarization ratio (a measure of particle sphericity), with an MAE of 0.023 and 0.016 for SPEX and RSP, respectively. Finally, SPEX and RSP agree very well for the retrieved microphysical and optical properties of the smoke plume.

Field of study: Environmental science
Low temperature photochemical studies

Low temperature (8–77 K) photochemical studies directed toward elucidation of mechanism by identification of primary products and the synthesis of highly reactive molecules are described. A brief summary of the experimental approach is presented. An example of the direction low temperature experiments can provide for the synthesis of structurally complex molecules at room temperature is given. The synthesis and photochemical interconversion of various molecules on the C3H4 and C4H4 energy surfaces, benzyne, and α-lactones are described.

Field of study: Chemistry
Asthma in Nigeria: are the facilities and resources available to support internationally endorsed standards of care?

The objective of this study was to assess the facilities and resources available to support internationally endorsed standards of asthma care at tertiary hospitals (University teaching, Federal Medical Centre and State specialist Hospitals) in Nigeria.



This cross sectional study was conducted among 68 tertiary hospitals (TH) in Nigeria from June 2009 to December 2009. Structured standards of care questionnaires on asthma based on the Global initiative for asthma (GINA) guideline were completed by physician working in each of the TH.



Most TH lacked the services of respiratory physicians, internists, and pediatricians. Available basic infrastructures were asthma clinics (0%), clinic registers (20.6%), and hospital protocol (17.6%), doctor's attendance of asthma CME (8.8%) and nurse educator with a bias for asthma (14.7%). Thirty eight percent of TH had peak flow meter, 29.4% had spirometer, skin allergy test kits (15.6%), pulse oximeter (38.2%) while 17.6% had arterial blood gases analyser. Nebuliser and spacer were available in 41.2% and 20.6% of TH respectively. Oral short acting beta 2 agonist (SABA) was available in 79.4% of the hospitals, glucocorticosteroid (79.4%), theophyllines (76.5%), and SABA (metered-dose inhaler MDI: 76.5%, Nebules: 35.3%). Long acting beta 2 agonist (LABA) and steroid fixed dose combination inhaler (50%) was available in 50% of TH. Glucocorticosteroid nasal spray was available in 33.3% of TH and <10% reported the availability of anti-cholinergic and chromoglycate inhaler and oral leukotriene antagonist. Standard oxygen delivery system and self-educational support materials were available in 52.9% of TH.



The available facilities and human resources for asthma management in Nigerian tertiary hospitals were not enough to support the standard internationally endorsed for asthma care. Provisions of deficient infrastructures and continuous training of health care personnel in asthma management are imperative to enhance the quality of care.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
“These Girls, We Should Not Allow Them Do PhD”: Perceived Realities and Reactions of Some Never-married “Akada” Ladies

Crossing the culturally perceived appropriate marriage age, especially for single ladies is deviant in some societies, so also is advanced academic (“Akada”) pursuit for women. The experience of falling within both categories might be confounding, yet, have not received much research attention. This study explored how, this social ‘comorbidity’ informs social relations of this category. The study adopted phenomenological approach. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were held with 20 never-married ladies who were either undergoing or have obtained their Ph.D. The involuntarily never-married “akada” ladies reported the popular opinion that too much academic degree keeps men on the run as a major concern. They also shared basic coping strategies and perceived benefit of their dual status. While some never-married “akada” women fail to notice this socially conceived ills in other to advance, the ill-opinions was reported to debar many never-married ladies from taking conscious effort towards getting additional degree for improvement. Finally, the study reveals that the popular negative opinion about the “Akada” ladies somewhat further reinforces their singlehood, and better explains their protracted singlehood than the rhetoric of never-married “akada” ladies being too busy. Hence, the need for a re-orientation.

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Integration of EA & PMBOK in Information Project Management

Scientific management method should not only follow the generic project management method,but also carry out informatization management according to the features about their information projects.Besides,EA is the foundational framework and principle for information projects constructions.Therefore,to ensure the quality and progress of the information project construction,the scientific management method should take both the project and the informatization management into account.Discusses the approaches and key points about how can EA and typical PMBOK be used in information project management.

Field of study: Computer science
iDNA6mA-Rice: A Computational Tool for Detecting N6-Methyladenine Sites in Rice

DNA N6-methyladenine (6mA) is a dominant DNA modification form and involved in many biological functions. The accurate genome-wide identification of 6mA sites may increase understanding of its biological functions. Experimental methods for 6mA detection in eukaryotes genome are laborious and expensive. Therefore, it is necessary to develop computational methods to identify 6mA sites on a genomic scale, especially for plant genomes. Based on this consideration, the study aims to develop a machine learning-based method of predicting 6mA sites in the rice genome. We initially used mono-nucleotide binary encoding to formulate positive and negative samples. Subsequently, the machine learning algorithm named Random Forest was utilized to perform the classification for identifying 6mA sites. Our proposed method could produce an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.964 with an overall accuracy of 0.917, as indicated by the fivefold cross-validation test. Furthermore, an independent dataset was established to assess the generalization ability of our method. Finally, an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.981 was obtained, suggesting that the proposed method had good performance of predicting 6mA sites in the rice genome. For the convenience of retrieving 6mA sites, on the basis of the computational method, we built a freely accessible web server named iDNA6mA-Rice at http://lin-group.cn/server/iDNA6mA-Rice.

Field of study: Biology
Investigation on the Parasites in the Goats of Shushan Region

Huanghuai White goats in Shushan region of Hefei were investigated on the infection of parasites,including the Acarina, the parasites in the dung samples, and the Helminth by anatomy. It was concluded that the infection rate of Acarina was 62 50% (15/24).In the dung samples, 91 67% (22/24) were infectious with Coccidia,45 83% (11/24) with Trematoda,and 95 83% (23/24) with Nematoda.4 goats were anatomized,the results indicated 100% (4/4) were found to be infections with Nematoda,25 00% (1/4) with Trematoda,and 50 00% (2/4) with Cysticercus tenuicollis.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences