nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A fiber-optic irradiance microsensor (cosine collector): application for in situ measurements of absorption coefficients in sediments and microbial mats

The manufacture of a new fiber-optic irradiance microsensor with cosine collecting properties is described. The 70 μm wide light collector, cast on the tip of a tapered optical fiber, consisted of a 50 μm wide flat methacrylate diffuser surrounded by an opaque black coating to prevent light entry from angles > 90°. The collector had a directional sensitivity close to the theoretical cosine response, but the sensitivity was lower than the ideal at larger incident angles due to the inherent optical properties of the interface between the collector and the medium. The irradiance microsensor was used concurrently with fiber-optic microsensors for radiance and scalar irradiance in two cyanobacterial mats: a gelatinous laminated mat of Aphanothece sp. and Phormidium sp. and a compact marine intertidal mat of Microcoleus chthonoplastes. At the surface, the ratio of scalar irradiance to downward irradiance depended on spectral absorption characteristics of the sediment and ranged from 1.2 at 430 nm in the Microcoleus mat to 2.0 at 760 nm in the Aphanothece-Phormidium mat. As the light field became more isotropic with depth, the ratio of scalar irradiance to downward irradiance increased at all wavelengths and a maximum of 3.9 was reached in the gelatinous mat at both 675 and 760 nm. The results stress the importance of measuring the right light parameter when photobiological processes in sediments are investigated and the application of scalar irradiance and irradiance as quantitative measures of available light for photosynthesis parameter is discussed. From the distribution of scalar irradiance and irradiance, in situ absorption coefficients were calculated. Within the upper 3 mm of the gelatinous mat, the vertical attenuation coefficients of scalar irradiance, upward radiance and upward irradiance in the Aphanothece-Phormidium mat all increased due to scattering of the light away from the direction of the incident collimated light. Below 3 mm attenuation coefficients for scalar irradiance, irradiance and radiance in the near-infrared spectrum (NIR) became identical indicating that the light field approached an asymptotic radiance distribution. In the compact Microcoleus mat, a near-asymptotic radiance distribution of NIR was obtained at only 0.4 mm depth.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
A novel anti-cancer effect of genistein: reversal of epithelial mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer cells

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether low dose genistein affects the invasion and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) of prostate cancer (PCa) cells.Human PCa cell lines, IA8-ARCaP and LNCaP/HIF-1a, were used in this study. The cell lines were found to process EMT in our previous study. The PCa cells were treated with increasing concentrations, from 0.1 to 75μmol/L. Proliferation was assessed with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. EMT was proven by cell morphological transition and the expression changes of EMT-related markers, which were confirmed by RT-PCR, Western blotting, and indirect immunofluorescence labeling. Transwell invasion assay was used to analyze the invasive potency.The addition of genistein to the medium reduced the IA8-ARCaP and LNCaP/HIF-1a viable cell number in a dose-dependent manner (with increasing concentrations from 15 to 75 μmol/L). Less than 15 μmol/L genistein was selected as the low dose concentration, which did not affect cell proliferation. The treatment of cells with low-dose genistein induced the reversal of EMT, which was confirmed by cell morphological transition and the expression changes of EMT-related markers. The reversal of EMT in the PCa cells by low-dose genistein was in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, low-dose genistein effectively inhibited invasion of the PCa cells in vitro.These results showed that treatment with low-dose genistein may be a potential strategy for the suppression of invasive growth through the reversal of EMT in cancer cells, which justifies the potential use of soybean foods as a practical chemopreventive approach for patients with PCa.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Richtungskorrelation für Kernresonanzfluoreszenz und Lebensdauer des 412 keV-Niveaus von198Hg

Using the method of thermal Doppler-broadening of the emission line, the effective differential cross sections for nuclear resonance scattering for 412 keV photons by198Hg has been measured for well defined scattering angles of 120° and 160°. The results indicate a partial mean lifetime for this energy level of τγ=(5·12±0·23)·10−11 sec. This result differs appreciably from the values reported by other workers. Possible reasons for these discrepancies are discussed. The ratio of the differential cross sections for resonance scattering at angles of 120° and 160° is consistent with a 0-2-0 transition.

Field of study: Physics
Early Variscan HP metamorphism in the western Iberian Allochthon—A 390 Ma U–Pb age for the Bragança eclogite (NW Portugal)

HP rocks (eclogites and granulites) occur in the upper unit of the western Iberian allochthonous complexes in Spain and Portugal. This HP metamorphism was considered as Early Variscan or Ordovician in Spain and Precambrian in Portugal. We have dated eclogites retrogressed into granulites in the Bragança massif in NE Portugal by U–Pb on rutile and zircon. The upper intercept of the discordia gives 390±4 Ma that we consider as the age of the HP/HT metamorphism.

Field of study: Environmental science
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of Escherichia coli p20, a novel thiol peroxidase.

Escherichia coli p20 is a thioredoxin-dependent thiol peroxidase. This protein represents a novel group of antioxidant enzymes that are widely expressed in various pathogenic bacteria and show distant yet significant sequence homology with peroxiredoxins. E. coli p20, overexpressed in E. coli, was crystallized with PEG 4000 and 2-propanol as precipitants using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. Diffraction data were collected to 2.2 A resolution using synchrotron radiation. The crystals belong to the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 38.97, b = 58.97, c = 127.59 A. The asymmetric unit contains two p20 molecules, with a corresponding V(M) of 2.06 A(3) Da(-1) and a solvent content of 40.4%.

Field of study: Chemistry
Broadband Direction of Arrival Estimation Based on Sparse Least Squares Support Vector Machines

Broadband direction finding characteristic of antenna is very complex,so the efficient learning algorithm and the optimal training sets are very important when using smart learning method to estimate the direction of arrival.The paper use LS-SVM algorithm to build DOA estimation model which can solve the problem faster,prune the non support vectors of the LS-SVM,then construct the DOA estimation model use high support vectors as training sets for second learning.Experimental results show that the second learning with the sparse vectors can prove the DOA precision,and has a broad application value in broadband DOA estimation.

Field of study: Computer science
Photoluminescence from GaN films grown by MBE on an substrate

GaN films were grown by the MBE method on substrates. Photoluminescence (PL) of the epitaxial films has been studied to characterize the films ex situ. The room-temperature PL spectrum contains an edge PL band and also a broad band of deep-level emission at 2.6 eV. This deep-level emission becomes very small in comparison with the edge emission at helium temperatures. Analysis of the low-temperature data suggests that the films contain both hexagonal and cubic crystallites. The main PL lines at 5.7 K are due to emission of excitons bound on neutral donors in hexagonal and cubic phases of the epitaxial film (3.472 eV and 3.263 eV), D - A pair recombination (3.154 eV) and also free electron - neutral acceptor transition (3.185 eV) in c-GaN. The involved acceptor has a binding energy of about 115 meV.

Field of study: Materials science
Mexican alpine plants in the face of global warming: potential extinction within a specialized assemblage of narrow endemics

Alpine ecosystems occur under extreme climatic conditions and, as a result, house a unique and vulnerable biota. They are very scarce at tropical latitudes; in Mexico occur mainly along the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, where species richness is not high but narrow endemics stand out. We investigate the effects of climate change under hypothesized contrasting climate warming scenarios using ecological niche modeling of five microendemic alpine species. Occurrence data was obtained mainly from field trips, but herbaria were also examined. A total of 21 climatic and topographic variables, as well as individual selections of 12–16 variables were employed to construct models with Maxent and GARP. Depending on the number of occurrences, current models were validated with Partial-ROC or Jackknife procedures; and projections to 2050 and 2070 were made using two Representative Concentration Pathways and two Global Circulation Models. All species’ models showed a clear pattern of contraction under the explored scenarios; over 58 % of contemporary climatic distribution disappeared, suggesting that analyzed species face imminent extinction due to climatic habitat loss. The models are useful in representing the endemic component of Mexican alpine grassland by reciprocal correspondence in geographic distribution, and we consider it as a highly endangered ecosystem due to climate change, which is probably applicable to other tropical alpine ecosystems. The Pico de Orizaba volcano seems the best option to preserve due to its extension and elevation. However, further studies at finer scales are needed to improve in situ preservation and conservation strategies that include translocation, assisted migration and seed banking.

Field of study: Environmental science
Olfaction and Human Social Behavior

A total of 94 undergraduate males participated in an experiment designed to examine the impact of a pleasant scent (perfume) on interpersonal attraction and social perception. Subjects met and interacted briefly with one of two female confederates who either wore perfume or did not, and who were dressed either neatly (in a blouse, skirt, and hose) or informally (in jeans and a sweatshirt). Results indicated that the presence of a pleasant scent increased attraction toward the confederates and produced positive shifts in perceptions of several of their traits when they were dressed informally. When the confederates dressed in a neater manner, however, opposite effects were observed. These findings were interpreted as stemming from the fact that subjects reacted more favorably to the confederates when they appeared to be intermediate rather than high or low along a dimension of informality-formality.

Field of study: Psychology
Utopia and More: Thomas More, de Nederlanden en de utopische traditie. Dirk Sacré, Erik De Bom, Demmy Verbeke, and Gilbert Tournoy, eds. Exh. Cat. Supplementa Humanistica Lovaniensia 41. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2016. xi + 454 pp. €49.50.

and the occupants of the social and political fringes. This book bursts with a wealth of case studies and microhistories that will no doubt assist witchcraft scholars, even if their research does not pivot around politics. Future work may broaden the study of politics to legislative history, which is absent from this book. Elmer does not open his discussion with the short-lived 1542 Henrician antiwitchcraft act, nor does it devote attention to the replacement of the 1563 by the more severe 1604 Jacobean statute. Future research may spur further study into the influence of socioeconomic status and professional affiliation on differences between Puritan writers. Overall, this is a valuable and impressive contribution to current scholarship.

Field of study: History
Affinity purification and some molecular properties of human liver alkaline phosphatase.

Alkaline phosphatase from human liver was purified to homogeneity. The purification procedure included solubilization with butanol, fractionation with acetone, and chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose, DEAE-cellulose, Sephadex G-200 and DEAE-Sephadex. Purity was established by standard and sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The isoelectric point of the protein was determined to be 4.0. Sephadex-gel filtration gave a mol.wt. of 146000, although a higher value was obtained in the presence of 100mM-NaC1. The subunit mol.wt. 76700, was determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Neuraminidase treatment resulted in two enzyme-activity bands on isoelectric-focused gels with isoelectric points of 6.6 and 6.8. The desialylated enzyme gave only one protein band on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis with a subunit molecular weight indistinguishable from that of the non-neuraminidase-treated protein. The desialylated enzyme was more readily denatured by sodium dodecyl sulphate in the presence of mercaptoethanol than was the native enzyme.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Biomechanical and radiographic analysis of a novel, minimally invasive, extension-limiting device for the lumbar spine.

OBJECT
Biomechanical testing and fluoroscopic imaging were used to study an extension-limiting device that has been developed to support and cushion the facet complex. It is a titanium screw-based system with a polycarbonate-urethane bumper that lies against the inferior articular process and is anchored into the pedicle by the screw for posterior dynamic stabilization (PDS).



Six human cadaveric spines were dissected from L-2 to L-5, leaving all ligamentous structures intact. The intact spines were first tested in flexion and extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation at 67.5 Nm. The PDS devices were inserted at L3-4 and testing was repeated. Fluoroscopic analysis of posterior disc height and foraminal area of the intact and instrumented spines while loaded was performed. All test data were compared using a one-way analysis of variance (statistical significance was set at p < 0.05). Instrumented spines had 62% less motion during flexion and 49% less motion during extension compared with the intact spines. Neuroimaging analysis showed 84% less compression of the posterior disc of the instrumented spines during extension, and no difference during flexion compared with intact spines. After instrumentation was affixed, the foraminal area was 36% larger than in intact spines during extension and 9% larger during flexion. During axial loading, compression of the posterior disc was decreased by 70%, and analysis showed 10% decompression prior to loading just from implanting the devices.



The PDS system has the benefit of being a completely percutaneous one, which can be used at all levels of the lumbar spine, including S-1. The PDS system limits spinal motion, enlarges the foramina, and achieves discal decompression.

Field of study: Medicine
Design of Distributed and Autonomous Test System Based on B/S Mode

With the transformation of military tactic to informatization and networking and the need of rapid processing and measurement of mass of data, the measurement system of missile launch system is important to guarantee the operation to be normal. In order to reduce the complexity of the measurement and control system and the time of preparation before launching and increasing the level of combat, the authors build a distributed and autonomous measurement system based on B/S (Browser/Server) mode which combines the technology of virtual instrument, database, embedded system and various communications technologies. In this system, the authors use general development tool Visual C++ to develop the background test program for underlying data collection, and use MyEclipse to design front pages to achieve remote monitoring, data display and output the analyzed statistical results. The system satisfies the technical requirement after the performance testing and data acquisition verification. It provides a platform for the future study of data synchronization and parallel control. At the same time, it is useful for the development of multi-testing nodes and large amount of data communication of complex distributed measurement system.

Field of study: Engineering
Chinese National Oil Companies in Ghana: The Cases of cnooc and Sinopec

This article uses the case of Ghana to provide insight into the policies and strategies used by, as well as the cooperation between, Chinese state actors in their quest for natural resources in Africa. In 2007, Ghana discovered commercial quantities of oil. While the so-called Jubilee oilfield was initially divided amongst primarily Western oil companies, in 2010 the China National Offshore Oil Corporation partnered with Ghana’s national oil company to try and purchase a stake in Jubilee. Although this bid was rejected, later that year a second Chinese state-owned oil company, Sinopec, was able to access Ghana’s oil indirectly through an offtaker agreement, linked to a $3 billion dollar loan provided by the state-owned China Development Bank. The article uses these two cases to examine the level of coordination between the strategies of Chinese state actors in their attempts to access African natural resources. It shows that China’s national oil companies and policy banks operate in increasingly autonomous ways. This goes against the developmental state thesis, which argues that the Chinese state has full control over the overseas activities of its state actors. The article also shows that national political institutions in Africa can make use of and are able to influence Chinese resource deals, countering the notion of African passivity.

Field of study: Political science
Crude Oil Hydrocarbon Bioremediation and Soil Ecotoxicity Assessment

In this study, we determined the limits and extent of hydrocarbon biodegradation, earthworm and plant toxicity, and waste leachability of crude oil-containing soils. Three oils (heavy, medium, and light of API gravity 14, 30, and 55, respectively) were mixed into silty loamy soils containing low (0.3%) or high (4.7%) organic carbon at 4000−27 000 mg/kg TPH. Hydrocarbon bioremediation in these artificially weathered oily soils usually followed first-order removal rates in which 50−75% and 10−90% of the total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) were degraded in 3−4 months for the low and high organic soils, respectively. Gas chromatographic profiles (simulated boiling point distillation of saturates and aromatic compounds) showed that, after bioremediation, hydrocarbons in oily soils decreased from 70 to 90%, from 40 to 60%, and from 35 to 60% for those carbon number species in the range of C11−C22, C23−C32, and C35−C44, respectively. Most oily soils were initially toxic to earthworms in which few animals survived...

Field of study: Environmental science
Effects of Low Temperature Annealing of B+ + Si+ OR BF2+ + Si+ Implanted Silicon

Silicon wafers have been implanted with B+ or BF2+ at two different energies. Some of the wafers were subsequently implanted with Si at room temperature or at LN2 temperature to enhance the lattice damage. The wafers were annealed at temperatures ranging from 6000C to 9000C. The effects of the different implant energies and of the resulting lattice damage, dopant profiles and electrical properties will be discussed.

Field of study: Physics
A Computational Analysis on the Ambient Environment Effect Caused by Excavation of Foundation Pit of Lock Extension Project

A study is carried out on ambient environmental changes caused by excavation of foundation pit of Huzhou lock extension project based on ABAQUS finite element software. The result indicates that the excavation depth of foundation pit has a large impact on ambient environment. The analysis on foundation pit enclosure structures of different excavation depths and the soil horizontal displacement in the rear of retaining wall suggests that the enclosure structure and the soil horizontal displacement in the rear of retaining wall increase gradually with the increase of excavation depth. However, the horizontal displacement of the same excavation depth decreases significantly after a horizontal support of steel pipes is applied. The depth of the enclosure structure has a certain effect on the ambient environment. The enclosure structure and the soil horizontal displacement in the rear of retaining wall decrease gradually with the increase of the insertion ratio of the enclosure structure. The reduction of horizontal displacement is small when the insertion ratio of the enclosure structure is larger than 2.0.

Field of study: Engineering
INFLUENCE OF HEADTEACHERS’ INVOLVEMENT OF FEMALE TEACHERS ON GIRLS’ ACCESS TO PUBLIC PRIMARY EDUCATION IN GARISSA SUB-COUNTY, GARISSA COUNTY, KENYA

The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of headteachers’ involvement of female teachers on girls’ access to primary education in Garissa Sub-County, Garissa County, Kenya. The study was guided by the Management Practices and Pearson’s Gender Relations Theories. 
Methodology: The study adopted mixed methodology and descriptive survey research design. Data analysis began by identifying common themes. The target population comprised of 28 headteachers, 302 teachers, 873 girls in classes VII & VIII and three (3) Curriculum Support Officers (CSOs) totaling to 1206 from which 300 respondents were determined using Yamane Stratified sampling was used to create three strata based on the number of zones in Garissa Sub-County. From each zone, four headteachers and 56 teachers were selected using simple random sampling to avoid bias. The procedures adopted enabled the researcher to sample 12 headteachers, 168 teachers, 117 girls in classes VII & VIII and three (3) CSOs. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically along the objectives and presented in narrative forms. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages and inferentially using Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation with the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 23) and presented using tables. 
 The study established that headteachers’ management practices such as involvement of female teachers influence the number of girls who are enrolled into primary schools. 
Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: Thus, the study recommends that the Ministry of Education should recruit and work with female teachers to enhance girls’ access to primary education and to inform future policy development.

Field of study: Education
Double sublimation fronts model within cylindrical porous media with cylindrical dielectric cores in microwave freeze drying

A mathematical model of double sublimation fronts was developed for microwave freeze drying for a cylindrical porous media with cylindrical dielectric cores.The set of transient governing equations describing the drying process were solved numerically with the variable time step finite volume method.The numerical results showed that two sublimation fronts did exist within the porous media.Proper usage of cylindrical dielectric cores could dramatically reduce the drying time.The impact of cylindrical dielectric cores on drying could not be ignored even though the initial saturation was low( S 0=0 2).

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science