nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Scalable Bayesian Non-negative Tensor Factorization for Massive Count Data

We present a Bayesian non-negative tensor factorization model for count-valued tensor data, and develop scalable inference algorithms both batch and online for dealing with massive tensors. Our generative model can handle overdispersed counts as well as infer the rank of the decomposition. Moreover, leveraging a reparameterization of the Poisson distribution as a multinomial facilitates conjugacy in the model and enables simple and efficient Gibbs sampling and variational Bayes VB inference updates, with a computational cost that only depends on the number of nonzeros in the tensor. The model also provides a nice interpretability for the factors; in our model, each factor corresponds to a "topic". We develop a set of online inference algorithms that allow further scaling up the model to massive tensors, for which batch inference methods may be infeasible. We apply our framework on diverse real-world applications, such as multiway topic modeling on a scientific publications database, analyzing a political science data set, and analyzing a massive household transactions data set.

Field of study: Computer science
PLU Robust Bayesian Decision Theory: Point Estimation

The development of data analysis techniques that are robust with respect to wild or extreme observations is now a major concern. From a Bayesian point of view, the concept of robustness also pertains to the choice of a prior density (P robustness) and a utility function (U robustness), as well as the likelihood (L robustness). A technique for converting commonly used nonrobust density and utility functions to robust versions is described that provides convenient solutions for point estimates. Applications of this procedure to the robust Bayesian analysis of the linear model are provided.

Field of study: Mathematics
Indeterminacy in sentence structure

Earlier research in English grammar and discourse analysis demonstrates how thematic and informational structures in the English clause shape the structures of English texts (cf. Halliday, 1985 ; Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech, & Svartvik, 1985 ). That is, as writers compose and revise, they must master and choose the syntactic structures that allow them to vary thematic prominence and information focus in their texts (cf. Dillon, 1981 ). This article, based on a 150,000-word corpus of college compositions, analyzes the discourse functions served by thematic organization and information focus in clauses of college writers. By studying thematic and informational organization in the texts of composition students, one can capture important generalizations about the relationship between linguistic form and linguistic function, discovering that for many college composition students, specific linguistic forms are indeterminate between the functions of parataxis and hypotaxis. Those generalizations explain some of the sentence structure faults common to the writing style of college composition students.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
On the approximation by compositions of fixed multivariate functions with univariate functions

The approximation in the uniform norm of a continuous function f(x) = f(x1, . . . , xn) by continuous sums g1(h1(x)) + g2(h2(x)), where the functions h1 and h2 are fixed, is considered. A Chebyshev type criterion for best approximation is established in terms of paths with respect to the functions h1 and h2. 1. Exposition of the problem. It is well known that in many problems of approximation of bivariate functions by sums of univariate functions the concept of a path is central. A path is a finite or infinite ordered set of points in the xy plane such that the line segments joining consecutive points are of positive length and are alternately parallel to the x and y axes. The idea of paths, in this context, was first introduced by Diliberto and Straus  and exploited further in a number of works, e.g. [5, 7, 8, 10, 13]. In connection with the problem of interpolation by linear combinations of ridge functions, Braess and Pinkus  introduced the notion of a path with respect to distinct directions a and b. This is an ordered set of points (v1, . . . ,v) ⊂ R2 with edges vivi+1 in alternating directions a and b. These objects give a geometric method for deciding if a set of points {x}i=1 has the NI-property (non-interpolation property) (see ). Our aim is to bring into consideration more general objects: paths with respect to two continuous functions. We will show how these objects appear in the characterization of extremal elements in the approximation problem considered below. Let Q be a compact set in R. Consider the approximation of a function f ∈ C(Q) by elements of the set Ch1h2 = Ch1h2(Q) = {g ∈ C(Q) : g(x) = g1(h1(x)) + g2(h2(x))}, where the functions hi ∈ C(Q) are prescribed and we vary over functions 2000

Field of study: Mathematics
Global Stability of the Endemic Equilibrium of a Stochastic Information Diffusion Model in Social Networks Based on Epidemic Model

The paper present a information diffusion model with random perturbation in social networks, which is based on SIR deterministic epidemic diseases. We prove that there exists a unique nonnegative solution to the stochastic information diffusion model for any positive initial value, investigate the stochastic asymptotic behavior of the information diffusion model, give the stability condition by the construction of the Lyapunov function, i.e. the conditions of the information diffusion will die out and be persistent in social networks.

Field of study: Engineering
High Glucose-Induced Podocyte Injury Involves Activation of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR)-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress

The mechanisms by which high glucose (HG) results in podocyte damage remains unclear. We investigated the potential role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mTOR signaling in HG injured podocyte.  In cultured mouse podocytes, cellular apoptosis was assessed using FITC-Annexin V and propidium iodide staining followed by flow cytometry analysis. Apoptosis-related proteins as well as the ER stress and the mTOR signals were evaluated using immunoblot assay.  Compared to normal glucose (NG) and osmotic mannitol (MN) control, the percentage of apoptotic cells was increased significantly in HG-treated podocytes. The levels of CHOP, Grp78, phospho-PERKThr982, and caspase-12 were increased significantly following HG treatment. The downstream effects of ER stress were obtained in HG-treated podocytes, showing upregulation of Bax, Bak and cytochrome c, and downregulation of Bcl-2. HG-induced increase of cytochrome c, Bax and active caspase-3 was prevented by both ER inhibitor sodium 4-phenylbultyrate (PBA) and CHOP siRNA (siCHOP). PBA and CHOP knockdown remarkably decreased HG-induced apoptosis. In addition, the levels of phospho-mTORSer2448 and phospho- p70S6kThr389 as well as phospho-AMPKα (a sensor of energy consumption) were increased significantly in HG-treated cells. Moreover, the Erk inhibitor U0126 prevented HG-induced mTOR activation. Increased phospho-AMPKα, CHOP and Grp78 as well as cellular apoptosis were prevented by mTOR inhibitor rapamycin in HG-treated podocytes.  Our data demonstrate that the activated mTOR by Erk1/2 results in energy consumption, which in turn leads to ER stress signaling and thus induces apoptosis in HG-treated podocytes.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Measurement of low-ppm mixing ratios of water vapor in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere using chemical ionization mass spectrometry

A chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) instrument has been developed for the fast, precise, and accurate measurement of water vapor (H2O) at low mixing ratios in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UT/LS). A low-pressure flow of sample air passes through an ionization volume containing an α-particle radiation source, resulting in a cascade of ion-molecule reactions that produce hydronium ions (H3O+) from ambient H2O. The production of H3O+ ions from ambient H2O depends on pressure and flow through the ion source, which were tightly controlled in order to maintain the measurement sensitivity independent of changes in the airborne sampling environment. The instrument was calibrated every 45 min in flight by introducing a series of H2O mixing ratios between 0.5 and 153 parts per million (ppm, 10−6 mol mol−1) generated by Pt-catalyzed oxidation of H2 standards while overflowing the inlet with dry synthetic air. The CIMS H2O instrument was deployed in an unpressurized payload area aboard the NASA WB-57F high-altitude research aircraft during the Mid-latitude Airborne Cirrus Properties Experiment (MACPEX) mission in March and April 2011. The instrument performed successfully during seven flights, measuring H2O mixing ratios below 5 ppm in the lower stratosphere at altitudes up to 17.7 km, and as low as 3.5 ppm near the tropopause. Data were acquired at 10 Hz and reported as 1 s averages. In-flight calibrations demonstrated a typical sensitivity of 2000 Hz ppm−1 at 3 ppm with a signal to noise ratio (2 σ, 1 s) greater than 32. The total measurement uncertainty was 9 to 11%, derived from the uncertainty in the in situ calibrations.

Field of study: Environmental science
How Imaging Glutamate, γ-Aminobutyric Acid, and Dopamine Can Inform the Clinical Treatment of Alcohol Dependence and Withdrawal.

Neuroimaging studies have dramatically advanced our understanding of the neurochemical basis of alcohol dependence, a major public health issue. In this paper, we review the research generated from neurochemical specific imaging modalities including magnetic resonance spectroscopy, positron emission tomography, and single-photon emission computed tomography in studies of alcohol dependence and withdrawal. We focus on studies interrogating γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, and dopamine, as these are prominent neurotransmitter systems implicated in alcohol dependence. Highlighted findings include diminished dopaminergic functioning and modulation of the GABA system by tobacco smoking during alcohol withdrawal. Then, we consider how these findings impact the clinical treatment of alcohol dependence and discuss directions for future experiments to address existing gaps in the literature, for example, sex differences and smoking comorbidity. These and other considerations provide opportunities to build upon the current neurochemistry imaging literature of alcohol dependence and withdrawal, which may usher in improved therapeutic and relapse prevention strategies.

Field of study: Medicine
The Best Way to Rob a Bank Is to Own One: How Corporate Executives and Politicians Looted the S&L Industry

sustainability approach: the Global Action Plan, the Religious Society of Friends (Quaker), and the permaculture movement. The successful experience of these groups offers real hope and potential for lessons to be spread and taught. As Global Action Plan discovered over time, a collective, community-based approach can be very effective. Like many anthologies, the eleven papers are wide ranging, but they are generally of high caliber. The book would be of interest to anyone interested in new work on consumption from an environmental perspective. If there is a central takeaway of the book, it is that this area of research is rapidly growing, for good reason. The world's natural scientists are converging on compelling evidence of humanity's deleterious impact on the planet, and we need multidisciplinary approaches that dive into both theory and concrete strategies for grappling with this problem. We simply may not have much time to quibble. As the self-described "gadfly" in the anthology states, "there is nothing like a crisis looming on the horizon to put disciplinary boundaries and disputes over methodology into proper perspective."

Field of study: Economics
Dielectric relaxation studies on the submicron crystalline La2Mo2O9 oxide-ion conductors

Submicron crystalline La 2 Mo 2 O 9 bulk samples with grain size of about 0.3 μm were successfully synthesized by sol–gel method and sintering process assisted by phase transformation. In the dielectric measurement, two prominent relaxation peaks with almost the same height (P d1 at lower-temperature and P d2 at higher-temperature) are observed in temperature spectrum as well as in frequency spectrum, which are associated with the short-distance diffusion of oxygen vacancies. The activation energies and relaxation times at infinite temperature of these two peaks are deduced as (1.22 eV, 3.3×10 −16 s) and (1.35 eV, 5.9×10 −16 s), respectively. The DC conductivity of the submicron crystalline samples, which is about 0.02 S/cm when extrapolated to 800 °C, is much smaller than that of the macrocrystalline samples. The reciprocal of the peak height for P d1 peak is linearly proportional to temperature, while that for P d2 peak is temperature independent. The reason for the co-appearance and the possible relaxation dynamics of the two peaks are discussed.

Field of study: Materials science
Simple Analysis of Transformation between Matter-Element and Measurable Element in Extension Detecting

For transformation problem between matter-element and measurable element in extension detecting, proposes a new solution based on the extension detecting. Takes the detecting model of fuzzy reasoning, extension transformation and correlation functions as design rules of particle swarm optimization, proposes a solution to deal wiht the matter-element transformation based on extension particle swarm optimization and fuzzy reasoning. Through the application of practical examples shows the feasibility of the method.

Field of study: Computer science
On the Susceptibility of SRAM-Based FPGA Routing Network to Delay Changes Induced by Ionizing Radiation

This paper presents the results of investigations on the susceptibility of routing network in SRAM-based field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) exposed to ionizing neutron radiation creating single-event upset (SEU). A method to configure test circuits mostly with routing resources and few logic resources is presented. Full control over routing resources enables the use of different interconnection types in order to create routing-based oscillators. A method is proposed to route through the 2-D array of switch matrices inside the interconnection network and to automatically identify the involved programmable interconnection points associated with a node. An experimental setup employed to measure delay changes (DCs) induced by single-event upset to the FPGA routing resources, while it is exposed to ionizing neutron radiation, is described. The proposed setup requires no external equipment instruments for DC measurement. The experimental results show that our setup is able to measure induced DCs as low as 5 ps on higher frequency oscillators. Statistical data such as cross sections and mean time to DC are extracted from the results.

Field of study: Physics
Teachers' Perceptions of Assertive and Aggressive Behavior at School: A Discriminant Analysis

To clarify empirically the definitions of aggressive and assertive behavior the investigators obtained samples of aggressive, assertive, and non-assertive-non-aggressive students from 10 public high school teachers who made nominations to the three criterion groups (ns = 30) and completed individual adjective checklists. For each nominee, data were collected on four variables: impulsivity, dependence, hostility, and grade-point average. A discriminant analysis of the data yielded two significant discriminant functions which differentiated the behavioral groups Further statistical analyses showed that differences existed in the rankings of the variables among the assertive, aggressive, and non-assertive-non-aggressive subjects. A discussion of these findings and the implications of using teachers' perceptions as a research tool follows.

Field of study: Psychology
Inactivation of the median raphe nucleus increases intake of sucrose solutions: a microstructural analysis.

Previous studies have shown that microinjections of the GABA-A agonist muscimol into the median raphe nucleus (MR) result in large increases in the intake of solid foods. In the current study, we used microstructural techniques to characterize the effects of intra-MR muscimol injections on the consumption of either a 0.05 M or a 0.29 M sucrose solution. After injections of either saline or muscimol, animals consumed more of the 0.29 M than the 0.05 M solution, an effect which resulted primarily from increases in the initial rate of consumption with no change in the rate at which licking decayed across the test session. In contrast, intra-MR muscimol injections had little effect on the initial licking rate, but greatly increased meal duration, indicating that this treatment affected ingestion in a different way than did altering the sucrose concentration. Muscimol injections produced a significantly larger increase in the intake of the 0.29 M than of the 0.05 M solution. Intra-MR muscimol injections did not alter the within burst rate of licking, suggesting that they did not affect the functioning of the licking pattern generator. In contrast, these injections did increase the number of licks contained within "clusters," that is groups of licks separated from each other by intervals of more than 0.5 sec. These findings show that inactivation of the MR produces a powerful effect on the intake of liquid diets, and that the nature of this effect is different from that produced here by changes in sucrose concentration and from those reported after pharmacological manipulations of a number of other brain systems. We additionally discuss several theoretical issues arising in the interpretation of microstructural data.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Beyond soil water potential: An expanded view on isohydricity including land-atmosphere interactions and phenology.

Over the past decade, the concept of isohydry or anisohydry, which describes the link between soil water potential (ΨS ), leaf water potential (ΨL ), and stomatal conductance (gs ), has soared in popularity. However, its utility has recently been questioned, and a surprising lack of coordination between the dynamics of ΨL and gs across biomes has been reported. Here, we offer a more expanded view of the isohydricity concept that considers effects of vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and leaf area index (AL ) on the apparent sensitivities of ΨL and gs to drought. After validating the model with tree- and ecosystem-scale data, we find that within a site, isohydricity is a strong predictor of limitations to stomatal function, though variation in VPD and leaf area, among other factors, can challenge its diagnosis. Across sites, the theory predicts that the degree of isohydricity is a good predictor of the sensitivity of gs to declining soil water in the absence of confounding effects from other drivers. However, if VPD effects are significant, they alone are sufficient to decouple the dynamics of ΨL and gs entirely. We conclude with a set of practical recommendations for future applications of the isohydricity framework within and across sites.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effect of parity on productivity and sustainability of Lotka–Volterra food chains

Hairston, Slobodkin, and Smith conjectured that top down forces act on food chains, which opposed the previously accepted theory that bottom up forces exclusively dictate the dynamics of populations. We model food chains using the Lotka–Volterra predation model and derive sustainability constants which determine which species will persist or go extinct. Further, we show that the productivity of a sustainable food chain with even trophic levels is predator regulated, or top down, while a sustainable food chain with odd trophic levels is resource limited, which is bottom up, which is consistent with current ecological theory.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Synthesis of Oxazolidinones by a Solid-Phase/Activation Cycloelimination (SP/ACE) Methodology

A versatile method for the solid-phase synthesis of oxazolidinones is described. An appropriate 1,2-diol is attached to immobilized sulfonyl chloride, resulting in the selective activation of one of the alcohol functions. The subsequent reaction of the other alcohol group with an isocyanate, followed by a base-promoted cycloelimination gives an oxazolidinone. By proper choice of isocyanates, functionalities can be introduced which are essential for antibiotic activity.

Field of study: Chemistry
Developments in the engineering of refrigeration installations for cooling mines

Resume Au cours des dernieres annees a ete specialement mise en evidence la necessite de reduire la consommation d'electricite pour le refroidissement des mines. Les mines ont aussi recherche diverses methodes en vue de la reduction de la quantite d'eau de refroidissement circulant dans les galeries. Ces exigences ont entraine plusieurs mises au point telles que le refroidissement de l'air de renouvellement en surface, l'utilisation de dispositifs de recuperation d'energie, de machines frigorifiques pour la production d'eau a une temperature voisine de O°C et, actuellement, on envisage d'installer des machines a glace en surface. On analyse et on examine ces mises au point et leur domaine d'application.

Field of study: Engineering
Leslie Bethell and José Murilo de Carvalho (eds.), Joaquim Nabuco, British Abolitionists and the End of Slavery in Brazil: Correspondence 1880–1905 (London: Institute for the Study of the Americas, University of London, 2009), pp. vii+187, £20.00, pb.

recent works in comparative frontier history. Indeed, Langer has long contributed to ‘ the new mission history ’ that examines native and European cultures and institutions coming into contact and transforming each other. In this book, Langer analyses how a particular combination of physical, cultural and institutional environments shaped and ultimately doomed the missionary enterprise. Confronting a resilient indigenous population never bowed by the Incas or Spaniards, and in the absence of a coercive state apparatus, the Franciscans were thrown into the bush on their own and forced to improvise, adapt and accommodate local conditions as they tried to carve proto-industrial Christian utopias out of the jungle. In the area of historical legacies, Langer’s conclusions are ambiguous – perhaps because the missionaries themselves were only partially successful in achieving their goals (and in any case, the friars were profoundly ambivalent about the republican ideal of converting ‘ savages ’ into citizens). Rhetorically wedded to the moral uplift and political integration of their Indian charges, the missionaries ‘ failed to inculcate the idea of Bolivian citizenship ’ and aimed solely at remaking Indians into a subaltern labouring class on the frontier. In this sense it might be argued that the missionaries actually served the interests of Bolivia’s political elite, which had little interest in bringing Indians into the nation-state as political subjects and citizens until well into the twentieth century.

Field of study: Political science