nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Detection of prostate cancer by integration of line-scan diffusion, T2-mapping and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging; a multichannel statistical classifier.

A multichannel statistical classifier for detecting prostate cancer was developed and validated by combining information from three different magnetic resonance (MR) methodologies: T2-weighted, T2-mapping, and line scan diffusion imaging (LSDI). From these MR sequences, four different sets of image intensities were obtained: T2-weighted (T2W) from T2-weighted imaging, Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) from LSDI, and proton density (PD) and T2 (T2 Map) from T2-mapping imaging. Manually segmented tumor labels from a radiologist, which were validated by biopsy results, served as tumor "ground truth." Textural features were extracted from the images using co-occurrence matrix (CM) and discrete cosine transform (DCT). Anatomical location of voxels was described by a cylindrical coordinate system. A statistical jack-knife approach was used to evaluate our classifiers. Single-channel maximum likelihood (ML) classifiers were based on 1 of the 4 basic image intensities. Our multichannel classifiers: support vector machine (SVM) and Fisher linear discriminant (FLD), utilized five different sets of derived features. Each classifier generated a summary statistical map that indicated tumor likelihood in the peripheral zone (PZ) of the prostate gland. To assess classifier accuracy, the average areas under the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves over all subjects were compared. Our best FLD classifier achieved an average ROC area of 0.839(+/-0.064), and our best SVM classifier achieved an average ROC area of 0.761(+/-0.043). The T2W ML classifier, our best single-channel classifier, only achieved an average ROC area of 0.599(+/-0.146). Compared to the best single-channel ML classifier, our best multichannel FLD and SVM classifiers have statistically superior ROC performance (P=0.0003 and 0.0017, respectively) from pairwise two-sided t-test. By integrating the information from multiple images and capturing the textural and anatomical features in tumor areas, summary statistical maps can potentially aid in image-guided prostate biopsy and assist in guiding and controlling delivery of localized therapy under image guidance.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Two-tier authentication for cluster and individual sets in mobile ad hoc networks

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) have been proposed as an extremely flexible technology for establishing wireless communications. In comparison with fixed networks or traditional mobile cellular networks, some new security issues have arisen with the introduction of MANETs. Routing security, in particular, is an important and complicated issue. In this work, we propose a two-tier authentication scheme for cluster and individual sets, in MANETs. The first tier, based on a hash function and the MAC concept, provides fast message verification and group identification. The second tier, based on secret sharing technology, provides secure user identification. The scenario of two-tier authentication can prevent internal and external attacks, including black holes, impersonation, routing table overflows and energy consummation attacks.

Field of study: Computer science
Oral cocaine seeking by rats: action or habit?

Having established that the presence of cocaine in a 10% (wt/vol) sucrose solution enhanced the reinforcing properties of the solution in a dose-dependent manner, the authors investigated the susceptibility of oral cocaine seeking to outcome devaluation. Rats were trained to perform different instrumental responses for a cocaine-sucrose and a lemon-sucrose solution. An aversion was then conditioned from either the cocaine-sucrose or the lemon-sucrose solution by pairing consumption with lithium chloride. When instrumental performance was subsequently tested in extinction, the rats performed the lemon-sucrose response less if this solution, rather than cocaine-sucrose, had been devalued by aversion conditioning. By contrast, performance of the cocaine-sucrose response was unaffected by whether the cocaine-sucrose or the lemon-sucrose solution had been devalued.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococci) Carriage in Late Pregnancy in Kuwait

This study investigated the vaginal colonization rate of Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococci, GBS) in an antenatal population in a maternity hospital.  Anal, vaginal and combined anal and vaginal specimens were obtained from 110 pregnant women (mean age 30.7 ± 5.5 years) at 35–37 weeks of gestation, using a commercially prepared culturette, and transported in 0.5 ml of Stuart’s transport medium. The specimens were then cultured in standard selective Todd-Hewitt broth medium, supplemented with gentamicin and nalidixic acid. After 36 h of incubation, the broth culture was subcultured onto sheep blood agar and incubated in 5% carbon dioxide for 18–24 h. Representative colonies morphologically resembling GBS were tested with latex agglutination kit. Each culture-positive woman was given ampicillin or piperacillin prophylactically and followed up through labour and postpartum. Detailed records of biodata, antecedent antenatal events and pregnancy outcome were reviewed.  The combined vaginal and anal specimens were positive for GBS in 18 (16.4%) women. Gestational age at delivery was 39.01 ± 1.79 weeks. The deliveries were uneventful and no neonate developed sepsis. Diabetes mellitus and pregnancy-induced hypertension/hypertension were detected antenatally in 16.6 and 11.5%, respectively. GBS carriage was not associated with adverse outcome of pregnancy.  The colonization rate of GBS in pregnant women in Kuwait is high, and on the basis of the documented benefits of antenatal screening in Western countries, we recommend routine screening especially for our at-risk patients.

Field of study: Medicine
Sheathing the blade: significant contribution of sheaths to daytime and nighttime gas exchange in a grass crop.

Despite representing a sizeable fraction of the canopy, very little is known about leaf sheath gas exchange in grasses. Specifically, estimates of sheath stomatal conductance, transpiration and photosynthesis along with their responses to light, CO2 and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) are unknown. Furthermore, the anatomical basis of these responses is poorly documented. Here, using barley as a model system, and combining leaf-level gas exchange, whole-plant gravimetric measurements, transpiration inhibitors, anatomical observations, and biophysical modeling, we found that sheath and blade stomatal conductance and transpiration were similar, especially at low light, in addition to being genotypically variable. Thanks to high abaxial stomata densities and surface areas nearly half those of the blades, sheaths accounted for up to 17% of the daily whole-plant water use, which -surprisingly- increased to 45% during the nighttime. Sheath photosynthesis was on average 17-25% that of the blade and was associated with lower water use efficiency. Finally, sheaths responded differently to the environment, exhibiting a lack of response to CO2 but a strong sensitivity to VPD. Overall, these results suggest a key involvement of sheaths in feedback loops between canopy architecture and gas exchange with potentially significant implications on adaptation to current and future climates in grasses. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Field of study: Environmental science
Universal Best Arm Identification

In this paper, we study the problem of universal best arm identification in multi-armed bandits, where the underlying setting can be either stochastic or adversarial and is not revealed to the forecaster a priori. We propose an algorithm, called S3-BA, that identifies the best arm without prior knowledge of the underlying setting. The key idea is to simultaneously explore the arms and learn the problem setting, and switch when adversarial is declared. We analyze the performance of the proposed algorithm for both stochastic and adversarial bandits. For stochastic bandit, we prove an upper bound on the error rate of S3-BA. For adversarial bandit, we show that the best arm can be guaranteed as long as the budget is above a threshold. Both results are comparable to the best known algorithms that are specifically designed for the corresponding settings. More importantly, we prove that the “learning loss” due to the formulation uncertainty is negligible compared to the arm selection policies, for both stochastic and adversarial bandits. We also propose an adaptive version of S3-BA, Ad-S3-BA, that facilitates the parameter tuning via a simultaneous gap estimation. Experimental results on both synthetic and real-world datasets corroborate the theoretical analysis of S3-BA, and in particular, demonstrate the performance superiority for the real-world datasets that exhibit a “pseudo-stochastic” behavior.

Field of study: Engineering
Die Anregungsfunktionen der Umwandlungen13Al27 (a; n)15P30 und5B10 (a; n)7N13

ZusammenfassungDie genannten Umwandlungen wurden bis 5,3 e-MV α-Energie untersucht, wobei die Verwendung eines nahezu punktförmigen Poloniumpräparats im Mittelpunkt einer kugelsymmetrischen Anordnung zu einem hohen Auflösungs-vermögen führte. Die Untersuchung geschah durch Beobachtung der entstandenen künstlichen Radioaktivität, so daß eine Trennung der Umwandlungen der beiden Borisotope möglich wurde. Die günstige Anordnung und die Empfindlichkeit der Apparatur ermöglichten es, bei Aluminium Messungen an dünner Schicht auszuführen. Die absoluten Ausbeuten der Umwandlungen wurden quantitativ bestimmt. Die Resonanzenergien der Umwandlungen wurden mit denen der verzweigten Umwandlung desselben Zwischenkerns verglichen. Es wurde eine Auswahlregel für die verzweigte Umwandlung des15P31-Zwischenkerns festgestellt.

Field of study: Physics
EFFECT OF WATER CHEMISTRY AND SOIL AMENDMENTS ON A SILT LOAM SOIL—PART 1: INFILTRATION AND RUNOF

Infiltration, runoff, and soil loss are processes that occur when rainfall and runoff water interact with the 
structure and physical and chemical bonds of the soil surface. A well-aggregated soil which is strongly resistant to 
dispersion and aggregate breakdown, and which is fairly porous, will typically have greater infiltration rates and less 
runoff and soil loss than a poorly aggregated soil that is easily dispersed and which seals and crusts. Soil surface seal 
formation results from: physical breakdown of soil aggregates due to raindrop impact, and/or chemical dispersion which 
is dependent upon soil properties and the electrolyte concentration in the surface water solution. This study examined the 
effect of electrolyte concentration in rainfall and runoff water, as well as the effect of different soil surface amendment 
treatments on infiltration, runoff, and soil loss from a typical silt loam soil susceptible to aggregate breakdown and 
sealing. This article presents the infiltration and runoff results, and a companion article presents the soil erosion results. 
Rain water electrolyte content was found to have no significant effect on final runoff or infiltration rates. The use of a 
fluidized bed combustion bottom ash (a byproduct from coal-fired electric power plant emissions desulfurization) soil 
surface amendment significantly increased infiltration on small interrill areas (41.9 mm/h vs 32.2 mm/h for the control), 
but was less effective on longer rill plots (20.6 mm/h vs 18.4 mm/h for the control, difference not significant). Addition of 
a small amount of an anionic polyacrylamide in tap water used as simulated rainfall greatly increased water infiltration 
into the soil, which may have potential application in sprinkler irrigation systems.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Long-term complications in newly diagnosed Sri Lankan patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

We screened 597 newly-diagnosed diabetic patients (201 women) mean +/- SD age 42.3 +/- 6.2 years to determine the prevalence of diabetic complications; 22% presented because of symptoms of diabetes, 27% were diagnosed when hyperglycaemia was discovered at a health screening, and 36% were diagnosed while being treated for intercurrent illness. Neuropathy was present in 25.1%, nephropathy in 29%, retinopathy in 15%, coronary vascular disease in 21%, stroke in 5.6%, peripheral vascular disease in 4.8%, hypertension in 23%, obesity in 16%, central obesity in 21.3%, hypercholesterolaemia in 11%, hypertriglyceridaemia in 14%, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in 12%. The prevalence of coronary vascular disease, hypertension, stroke, neuropathy and retinopathy at the time of diagnosis were higher in our patients than in Caucasian and Indo-Asian patients in the UK. Both a genetic predisposition to develop complications, and exposure to a longer duration of asymptomatic hyperglycaemia due to poor access to adequate health care, may contribute to the high frequency of complications at diagnosis. Since complications are already present at diagnosis, there is a case for implementing primary prevention programmes combined with screening for diabetes in high-risk groups.

Field of study: Medicine
On the (C, 1) summability method of improper integrals

In this paper we prove a Tauberian-like theorem to retrieve the slow oscillation of a real-valued function s(x) from its (C,1) summability of the generator sequence v(x) and one-sidedly boundedness of the general control modulo of integer order m>=1 with respect to a function satisfying an appropriate condition.

Field of study: Mathematics
Efficient Accident Prevention as a Continuing Obligation: The Duty to Recall Defective Products

In the "Cloud Cuckooland of modern tort theory,"' where substanceless, hazy doctrines often operate unrestrained by rationality, still another basis of liability has appeared: a manufacturer's failure to recall a defective product. But this time the innovation is economically sound, promoting efficiency and intelligent decisionmaking-some of the time. The challenge lies both in determining the effects and utility of the duty to recall and in discovering limitations that will ensure that the duty remains grounded in rationality and reality. Although economists and legal scholars have exhaustively analyzed the effect of various liability regimes on the safety of product design, few, if any, have evaluated the incentives in those regimes for manufacturers to prevent injury to consumers who already possess hazardous products. This note analyzes the effect of the duty to recall on incentives for manufacturers to enhance product safety both before and after sale. Part I introduces the concept of product recall and explains how courts find a breach of the duty to recall under the rubric of negligence. Part II lays the foundation for analyzing the effects of the various liability regimes. Part III examines the duty to recall and current product liability regimes, measuring the effects of the legal structure on a manufacturer's design, risk discovery, and recall decisions. Part IV alters certain simplifying assumptions made in Parts II and III and suggests some new areas for further analysis. This note concludes that the duty to recall2 is useful only in those

Field of study: Law
Observation of light dragging in a rubidium vapor cell.

We report on the experimental demonstration of the light dragging effect due to atomic motion in a rubidium vapor cell. We find that the minimum group velocity is achieved for light redshifted from the center of the atomic resonance and that the value of this shift increases with decreasing group velocity, in agreement with the theoretical predictions by Kocharovskaya, Rostovtsev, and Scully [Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 628 (2001)].

Field of study: Physics
Relationship between Students' Personality Traits and their Academic Achievement in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Theoretical framework of this study based on Big Five Personality Trait Theory (Cattell’s & Eysenck’s 1973). Objectives of the study were: i) to find out different personality traits (as described in five factor theory) of secondary school students. ii) to identify the relationship between students different personality traits and their academic achievement iii) to give recommendations to improve the situation and for further research. Descriptive survey design was used for this study. All the secondary school students of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan constituted population of the study. Out of 25 districts 2 districts were randomly selected (Bannu & Lakki Marwat). Out of 12009 students who were studying in the secondary schools of these districts 800 students of 10th class were selected through multistage random sampling method using proportional allocation technique as a sample of the study. A self developed questionnaire was used as a research instrument. Personally collected data was entered in SPSS-16. Percentage, Mean, Standard Deviation and Pearson Product Moment Correlation were applied as statistical test to achieve the objectives of the study. Results of the study revealed that “conscientiousness” and “agreeableness” personality traits were found high while “extroversion”, “neuroticism” and “openness to experience” personality traits were found low in secondary school students. Overall there was no significant relationship found between the students’ personality traits and their academic achievement. The researcher recommended that students having contentiousness personality trait can produce better result in Maths and Islamic Education subjects. So the students having contentiousness personality trait should take Maths and Islamic Education as optional subjects to produce better result. Students having agreeableness personality trait can produce better result in English, Islamiyat Compulsory, Chemistry and Islamic Education subjects. So the students having agreeableness personality trait should take English, Islamiyat Compulsory, Chemistry and Islamic Education as optional subject to produce better results. Seminars/workshop may be arranged for students and teacher about personality traits and their impact on students’ academic achievement.

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Tunable Sensitivity to Large Errors in Neural Network Training

When humans learn a new concept, they might ignore examples that they cannot make sense of at first, and only later focus on such examples, when they are more useful for learning. We propose incorporating this idea of tunable sensitivity for hard examples in neural network learning, using a new generalization of the cross-entropy gradient step, which can be used in place of the gradient in any gradient-based training method. The generalized gradient is parameterized by a value that controls the sensitivity of the training process to harder training examples. We tested our method on several benchmark datasets. We propose, and corroborate in our experiments, that the optimal level of sensitivity to hard example is positively correlated with the depth of the network. Moreover, the test prediction error obtained by our method is generally lower than that of the vanilla cross-entropy gradient learner. We therefore conclude that tunable sensitivity can be helpful for neural network learning.

Field of study: Computer science
Development of the trappe force field for ammonia

The transferable potentials for phase equilibria (TraPPE) force field is extended through the development of a non-polarizable five-site ammonia model. In this model, the electrostatic interactions are represented by three positive partial charges placed at the hydrogen position and a compensating partial charge placed on an M site that is located on the C 3 molecular axis and displaced from the nitrogen atom toward the hydrogen atoms. The repulsive and dispersive interactions are represented by placing a single Lennard–Jones site at the position of the nitrogen atom. Starting from the five-site model by Impey and Klein (  1984 , 104 , 579), this work optimizes the Lennard–Jones parameters and the magnitude of the partial charges for three values of the M site displacement. This parameterization is done by fitting to the vapor–liquid coexistence curve of neat ammonia. The accuracy of the three resulting models (differing in the displacement of the M site) is assessed through computation of the binary vapor–liquid equilibria with methane, the structure and the dielectric constant of liquid ammonia. The five-site model with an intermediate displacement of 0.08 A for the M site yields a much better value for the dielectric constant, whereas differences in the other properties are quite small.

Field of study: Chemistry
Berry phases in superconducting transitions

I generalize the concept of Berry's geometrical phase for quasicyclic Hamiltonians to the case in which the ground state evolves adiabatically to an excited state after one cycle, but returns to the ground state after an integer number of cycles. This allows to extend the charge Berry phase γc related to the macroscopic polarization, to many-body systems with fractional number of particles per site. Under certain conditions, γc and the spin Berry phase γs jump in π at the boundary of superconducting phases. In the extended Hubbard chain with on-site attraction U and nearest-neighbor interaction V at quarter filling, the transitions detected agree very well with exact results in two limits solved by the Bethe ansatz, and with previous numerical studies. In chains with spin SU(2) symmetry, γs jumps when a spin gap opens.

Field of study: Physics
Co-occurrence of rhizobacteria with nitrogen fixation and/or 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deamination abilities in the maize rhizosphere.

The plant microbiota may differ depending on soil type, but these microbiota probably share the same functions necessary for holobiont fitness. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that phytostimulatory microbial functional groups are likely to co-occur in the rhizosphere, using groups corresponding to nitrogen fixation (nifH) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deamination (acdS), i.e. two key modes of action in plant-beneficial rhizobacteria. The analysis of three maize fields in two consecutive years showed that quantitative PCR numbers of nifH and of acdS alleles differed according to field site, but a positive correlation was found overall when comparing nifH and acdS numbers. Metabarcoding analyses in the second year indicated that the diversity level of acdS but not nifH rhizobacteria in the rhizosphere differed across fields. Furthermore, between-class analysis showed that the three sites differed from one another based on nifH or acdS sequence data (or rrs data), and the bacterial genera contributing most to field differentiation were not the same for the three bacterial groups. However, co-inertia analysis indicated that the genetic structures of both functional groups and of the whole bacterial community were similar across the three fields. Therefore, results point to co-selection of rhizobacteria harboring nitrogen fixation and/or 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deamination abilities.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science