nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Global stability of predator-prey interactions

SummaryA Lyapunov function is given that extends functions used by Volterra, Goh, and Hsu to a wide class of predator-prey models, including Leslie type models, and a biological interpretation of this function is given. It yields a simple stability criterion, which is used to examine the effect on stability of intraspecific competition among both prey and predators, of a refuge for the prey, and of Holling type II and type III functional responses. Although local stability analysis of these specific models has been done previously, the Lyapunov function facilitates study of global stability and domains of attraction and provides a unified theory which depends on the general nature of the interactions and not on the specific functions used to model them.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Relationship of solar activity cycles to planetary configurations

A single-valued relation of the 22-year and 11-year solar activity cycles is calculated with allowance for the minimum values of the average difference between the heliocentric longitudes of Venus, Earth, and Jupiter. The envelope curve of the minimum values of this parameter describes both conjunctions of the three planets when they are positioned in an almost straight line from the Sun (causing peak solar activity) and the far more frequent assemblies in a broader longitudinal sector (25–30 degrees) that are characterized by different combinations of planets on opposite sides of the Sun, also eliciting peak solar activity.

Field of study: Physics
Dimensions of analysis of the regional development of Chinese private higher education

The development of Chinese private higher education takes on the regional characters. By taking regional environment (the conditional room of social constitution) as origin, and the social dimension (the acquirement of social accepting), market dimension (the operating of market) and educational dimension (the appearance and development of higher education's attribution) as axes, we can sketch out the developmental room of higher education. The origin should be regarded as the initial condition in the development of higher education, and also as the result of the development of the private higher education, and the three dimensions are promoted and circumscribed by each others.

Field of study: Education
The Feasibility Study on Application of Fiberglass Grids in Masonry Structure

Based on the analysis of the research status of reinforced masonry in China and abroad, the shortcomings of reinforced masonry structure in China are put forward. By analyzed the advantages of fiber grid materials in masonry structure and the research status of fiber grid in China and abroad, the new system of fiberglass reinforced masonry instead of reinforced masonry is proposed, which makes up the shortage of reinforced masonry and conducive to the development of wall material innovation and building energy conservation. Some suggestions are put forward for the research of the new system of fiberglass reinforced masonry structure, which has a good practical significance and broad application prospects.

Field of study: Engineering
Is there an important role for reactive oxygen species and redox regulation during floral senescence?

Senescence is a highly regulated process terminating with programmed cell death (PCD). Floral senescence, and in particular petal senescence, forms an interesting model to study this process in that floral lifespan is species specific and linked to biological function. A feature of petal senescence is a rise in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a change in redox balance. A key question is whether this is merely a consequence of de-regulation of antioxidant systems as cells enter PCD, or whether the rise in ROS may have a regulatory or signalling function. An important division in the physiology of floral senescence is between species in which ethylene is a key regulator, and those in which it appears not to perform an important regulatory role. Another important question we can therefore ask is whether the redox and ROS changes have the same significance in species with different physiologies. Transcriptomic studies in ethylene-sensitive and -insensitive species allow us to further determine whether changes in the activity of ROS-scavenging enzymes are transcriptionally regulated during floral senescence. Finally, it is important to assess how a signalling role for ROS or redox status would fit with known plant growth regulator (PGR) control of floral senescence.

Field of study: Environmental science
A systematic study of ULIRGs using near-infrared absorption bands reveals a strong UV environment in their star-forming regions

We present a systematic study of the 3.0 um H2O ice and the 3.4 um aliphatic carbon absorption features toward 48 local ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs) using spectra obtained by the AKARI Infrared Camera to investigate the UV environment in their star-forming regions. All the ULIRGs in our sample exhibit a ratio of optical depth of H2O ice to silicate dust (tau3.0/tau9.7) that is lower than that in the Taurus dark cloud. This implies that ULIRGs cannot be described as an ensemble of low-mass star-forming regions and that a significant amount of high-mass star-forming regions contribute to star-forming clouds in local ULIRGs. The results also show that the ratios of optical depth of aliphatic carbon to silicate dust, tau3.4/tau9.7, exhibit diverse values. We investigate two effects that can affect this ratio: the geometric temperature gradient (which increases the ratio) and the intense UV environment (which decreases it). The geometric temperature gradient is typically considered as a sign of active galactic nuclei (AGN). ULIRGs with AGN signs (optical classification, NIR color, and a PAH emission strength of 3.3 um) indeed tend to exhibit a large tau3.4/tau9.7 ratio. However, we find that the presence of buried AGN is not the only cause of the geometric temperature gradient, because the enhancement of the ratio is also evident in pure starburst-like ULIRGs without these AGN signs. Regarding the intense UV environment in star-forming regions, the correlation between the aliphatic carbon ratio and the ratio of the [C II] 158 um line luminosity to the far-infrared luminosity (L[CII]/LFIR), which represents the UV environment in photodissociation regions, implies that the intense UV environment causes the decrease of the aliphatic carbon ratio. We find that an intense UV environment (G/nH > 3) in star-forming regions is needed for the aliphatic carbon ratio to be suppressed.

Field of study: Physics
Impact of a Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 3a Polymorphism on Susceptibility to Gastric Cancer

To investigate single nucleotide polymorphisms in the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3a (eIF3a) gene and the risk for gastric cancer within the Chinese population.  A total of 322 patients with gastric cancer were selected as the patient group and 340 non-gastric cancer patients were selected as the control group using the case-control method. Polymerase chain reaction-sequence-specific primer technology was leveraged to genotype the rs77382849 single nucleotide polymorphism in the eIF3a gene. The demographic characteristics of the study population and other exposures to risk factors were collected. Unconditional logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association between the risk factors and gastric cancer.  A higher frequency of the eIF3a rs77382849 GG homozygote genotype was observed in the gastric cancer patients compared with the controls (63.98 vs. 54.41%, p < 0.05). After adjustment of exposure risks, such as age, gender, smoking, and drinking, the rs77382849 single nucleotide polymorphism was still associated with susceptibility to gastric cancer. When the eIF3a rs77382849 GG homozygote genotype was used as the reference group, the GA genotype (GA vs. GG: OR = 0.545, 95% CI: 0.386-0.769, p = 0.001) and AA genotype (AA vs. GG: OR = 0.245, 95% CI: 0.072-0.836, p = 0.025) were both correlated with a significantly decreased risk for gastric cancer development.  An association between eIF3a rs77382849 polymorphism and susceptibility to gastric cancer was observed in these Chinese patients.

Field of study: Medicine
Robust non-rigid point set registration method based on asymmetric Gaussian and structural feature

Point set registration is a fundamental problem in many domains of computer vision. In previous work on the registration, the point sets are often represented using Gaussian mixture models and the registration process is represented as a form of a probabilistic solution. For non-rigid point set registration, however, the asymmetric Gaussian (AG) model can capture spatially asymmetric distributions compared with symmetric Gaussian, and the structural feature of the point sets reserve relatively complete and has important significance in registration. In this work, the authors designed a new shape context (SC) descriptor which combines the local and global structures of the point set. Meanwhile, they proposed a non-rigid point set registration algorithm which formulates a registration process as the mixture probability density estimation of the AG mixture model, and the method introduce the structural feature by the new SC. Extensive experiments show that the proposed algorithm has a clear improvement over the state-of-the-art methods.

Field of study: Computer science
Biological invasions provide a framework for reintroductions: selecting areas in England for pine marten releases

We suggest that reintroductions, like biological invasions, have two phases: establishment when a new population becomes self-sustaining, and spread when a population increases its distribution. Stochastic effects on mortality and sex ratios are most likely to determine whether a population becomes established, while factors influencing birth rates will probably most influence spread. Using this establishment-spread structure, we evaluate the autecological suitability of regions in England for pine marten Martes martes reintroductions. Risks of mortality from predator control, traffic accidents and predation by foxes were used to evaluate suitability for establishment. Mortality risk was higher in all potential release regions in England (selected as having 25% or more woodland cover) than in regions of current pine marten distribution in Scotland; risk of predation was higher in the latter. Indices of prey abundance were used to evaluate suitability for populations to spread. Prey indices in potential release regions were generally higher than in regions of current distribution. A relation between prey, woodland cover, and known pine marten densities suggested that potential release regions are capable of supporting relatively high densities of pine martens, though these might be reduced by higher mortality. We concluded that all potential release regions are suitable for pine marten populations to spread. However, reintroductions should first be to regions with lower risk of mortality, in case higher levels of the latter prevent establishment. The suitability of relict regions of distribution in northern England was low until post-war afforestation, suggesting that habitat suitability constrained recovery of relict populations. These regions remain less suitable for reintroductions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Determination of Five Microcystins in Cyanobacteria by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Using Freezing-thawing and Solid Phase Extraction

A method was developed for simultaneous determination of five microcystins( MCs) in Cyanobacteria by liquid chromatography Tandem mass spectrometry( LC-MS/MS) using freezing-thawing and solid phase extraction( SPE).Cyanobacteria in environmental water was collected by 0.45 μm hybrid filter and extracted with two times of 5 mL 75% methanol after three times of-20 ℃/37 ℃ freezing-thawing.The extract was concentrated by end-capped C18SPE cartridge with a clean-up by 10 mL 5% methanol.Five MCs were detected by LC-MS/MS with multiple reaction monitoring and external standard method.Gradient elution was employed with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid and water with 0.1%formic acid on C18column( 50 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm).The method showed good linear correlations in a range of 1.25-50 μg/L with correlation coefficients greater than 0.995.RSD and LOD were 3.0%-11.5%and 0.05-0.2 ng,respectively.Recovery of three spiked levels( 1,5 and 50 ng) for five MCs were63.7%-100.4%( RSD 5.5%-13.1%),72.6%-85.7%( RSD 3.1%-6.6%) and 72.5%-80.5%( RSD 2.6%-8.3%),respectively.The proposed method was applied in the detection of intracellular and extracellular MCs in one drinking water source of South China from August to December.

Field of study: Chemistry
Science connotation of food safety and its sustainable controlling system building

The science connotation of food safety was analysed from three points of view including food safety , nutrition balance and sustainable supplying(quantity safety), and the constitute had the characters of stage, times and development. The advices of food safety system perfecting and controlling were also provided, as the following: (1)building of quality standard and rules; (2)perfecting of producing ,transportation, processing and selling system; (3)food marked-permitting, labeling, tracing and recalling system building; (4)independently supervising and inspecting;(5)scientific consuming and right leading of media;(6)focusing on food safety of country and city community.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Ammonium and methylamine transport by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus and ectomycorrhizas.

Using [(14)C]methylamine as an analogue of ammonium, the kinetics and the energetics of NH(4)(+) transport were studied in the ectomycorrhizal fungus, Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr. The apparent half-saturation constant (K(m)) and the maximum uptake rate (V(max)) for the carrier-mediated transport derived from the Eadie-Hofstee transformation were 180 µM and 380 nmol (mg dry wt)(-1) min(-1,) respectively. Both pH dependence and inhibition by protonophores indicate that methylamine transport in P. involutus was dependent on the electrochemical H(+) gradient. Both long-term and short-term uptake experiments were consistent with regulation of ammonium/methylamine transport processes by the presence of an organic nitrogen source. Analysis of methylamine uptake by different P. involutus isolates revealed no obvious trend in the uptake capacities in relation to N deposition at the collection site. Kinetic parameters were determined in P. involutus/Betula pendula (Roth.) axenic association and in detached mycorrhizal roots isolated from forest sites. Enhanced methylamine uptake in the presence of the fungal symbiont was demonstrated. Homogeneous V(max) values were found for axenic and detached mycorrhizas, whereas K(m) values showed greater variations.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
The disease of the NZB mouse. I. Examination of ovum fusion derived tetraparental NZB:CFW chimaeras.

It has previously been proposed that the autoimmune disease of the inbred NZB mouse is due to an age-related failure of a normal autoimmune control mechanism. Ovum fusion-derived tetraparental NZB: CFW chimaeras have been used to investigate this hypothesis since it was anticipated that the autoimmune control process present in the CFW would inhibit the development of the classic progressive autoimmune NZB disease. This view is supported since although certain chimaeras developed positive direct Coombs' test (DCT) reactions, evidence suggests that the NZB disease has been inhibited and furthermore it appears that these reactions reflect graft-versus-host (g-v-h) activity in the chimaeras.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
[Electrophysiologic effect of magnesium sulphate on arrhythmias].

The effects of MgSO4 on arrhythmia induced by ouabain and on action potentials (AP) and contractile force (Fc) of guinea pig papillary muscles were studied using a glass microelectrode technique. The results showed: 1) MgSO4 4 mmol/L inhibited guinea pig papillary muscle oscillatory after-potential induced by ouabain 0.4 ymol/L; 2) MgSO4 4 mmol/L caused a decrease in spontaneous electric activity in ventricular muscles induced by ouabain 0.8 vmol/L; 3) MgSO4 4 mmol/L had no effect on AP. but decreased the Fe of papillary muscles.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Remote Amide‐Controlled Gold‐Catalyzed Stereoselective Hydro‐heteroarylation of Acrylamides: Access to Pyrido[3,4‐b]indoles

The amide functionality was used as a remote control for the stereoselective hydro-heteroarylation of acrylamides. This gold-catalyzed carbocyclization provides a diversity-oriented and concise route to biologically important pyrido[3,4-b]indoles. Moreover, the adverse effect of silver salts on this hydro-heteroarylation was also studied.

Field of study: Chemistry
Selective enhancement of cellular oxidative stress by chloroquine: implications for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme.

Chloroquine is used in the treatment of malaria, a disease caused by infection with the parasite Plasmodium. Although chloroquine appears to possess diverse pharmacological activity, its plasmodicidal activity results from augmentation of parasite oxidative stress. Chloroquine also appears to augment oxidative stress in metabolically active mammalian cells, including human astroglial cells. The authors propose that chloroquine may augment oxidative stress induced by radiotherapy in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme, enhancing therapeutic efficacy. Such an effect would be consistent with the known pharmacological effects of chloroquine observed in Plasmodium. Other selective redox agents, such as tempol and artemisinin, should be investigated clinically for therapeutic benefit when coadministered with combined radio- and chemotherapy for cancer.

Field of study: Medicine
Foliage randomness and light interception in 3-D digitized trees: an analysis from multiscale discretization of the canopy

Light models for vegetation canopies based on the turbid medium analogy are usually limited by the basic assumption of random foliage dispersion in the canopy space. The objective of this paper was to assess the effect of three possible sources of non-randomness in tree canopies on light interception properties. For this purpose, four threedimensional (3-D) digitized trees and four theoretical canopies ‐ one random and three built from fractal rules ‐ were used to compute canopy structure parameters and light interception, namely the sky-vault averaged STAR (Silhouette to Total Area Ratio). STAR values were computed from (1) images of the 3-D plants, and (2) from a 3-D turbid medium model using space discretization at different scales. For all trees, departure from randomness was mainly due to the spatial variations in leaf area density within the canopy volume. Indeed STAR estimations, based on turbid medium assumption, using the finest space discretization were very close to STAR values computed from the plant images. At this finest scale, foliage dispersion was slightly clumped, except one theoretical fractal canopy, which showed a marked regular dispersion. Taking into account a non-infinitely small leaf size, whose effect is theoretically to shorten self-shading, had a minor effect on STAR computations. STAR values computed from the 3-D turbid medium were very sensitive to plant lacunarity, a parameter introduced in the context of fractal studies to characterize the distribution of gaps in porous media at different scales. This study shows that 3-D turbid medium models based on space discretization are able to give correct estimation of light interception by 3-D isolated trees, provided that the 3-D grid is properly defined, that is, discretization maximizes plant lacunarity.

Field of study: Environmental science
Reducing Tick Size One the Stock Exchange of Tunis

the spread, the authorities reduced it for certain stocks by adopting a single level of 10 millimes whatever the price level and trading frequency. While referring to results of several researchers, we used to doubt that such a decision had ever been justified. Consequently, we have studied the impact of the reduction in tick size on return characteristics, liquidity and order revision strategy adopted by investors. We found that the change of tick size has not affected the return characteristics of the stocks in the three months following the date of the change and this result is due to a certain conservatism of the investors who carry on submitting their orders mainly to the prices authorized before the change of the tick. On the other hand, our results emphasize a deterioration of the liquidity for the stocks whose tick size was reduced and have a change in order strategy (for the stocks listed on the continuous) adopted by the investors who became more aggressive by revising frequently their orders.

Field of study: Business
Reproducing Kernel Banach Spaces with the l1 Norm

Targeting at sparse learning, we construct Banach spaces B of functions on an input space X with the following properties: (1) B possesses an l1 norm in the sense that B is isometrically isomorphic to the Banach space of integrable functions on X with respect to the counting measure; (2) point evaluations are continuous linear functionals on B and are representable through a bilinear form with a kernel function; and (3) regularized learning schemes on B satisfy the linear representer theorem. Examples of kernel functions admissible for the construction of such spaces are given.

Field of study: Computer science
In vitro activation of a nonproductive immunoglobulin allele by a single base pair insertion.

We have shown that one of the alleles in a hybridoma was nonproductive because the sequence in the N region of the heavy chain caused it to be out of frame and to terminate prematurely. This allele became productive, and the gamma 1 heavy chain that it encoded was secreted when an adenosine was inserted to produce an open reading frame. This event occurred at a very low frequency following mutagenesis of the cultured cells. This result suggests that similar sorts of events must occur in vivo when both productive and nonproductive alleles undergo frequent mutations and that new genes may be expressed in hybridomas as they are being subcloned.

Field of study: Biology
Geometric Weil representations for star-analogues of SL(2,k)

We present here an elementary geometric approach to the con- struction of Weil representations of the star-analogues SL�(2,A), A a ring or algebra with involution �, of the group SL(2, k), k a field, reminiscent of the quantum groups SLq(2,A). We review as well the elementary construction of Weil representations for these groups via generators and relations, which uses the Bruhat presentation available in many cases. We compare the repre- sentations obtained by both methods in the non - classical case of the finite truncated polynomial algebra Am of degree m with its canonical involution and obtain the analogue of the Maslov Index in this case.

Field of study: Mathematics
Growth and Dietary Intake Assessment of Children With Chronic Renal Failure During Predialysis Management

To assess the growth and dietary intake of children with chronic renal failure during predialysis management.  Anthropometric and nutrition intake screening.  Pediatric nephrology clinic serving a low socioeconomic-level Brazilian population.  14 children (8 male, 6 female); age range, 3 months to 12 years, 9 months; creatinine clearance range, .32 to.85 mL/s/1.73 m 2 (19 to 51 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ). ■  Weight, height, arm circumference, and computerized nutritional analysis from 3-day food intake diary.  Waterlow classification indicated 3 cases of wasting, 9 of stunting, and 2 of stunting and wasting; weight/age ratio below the 10th percentile in 12 cases; caloric intake 57% below and protein 92.8% above recommendations.  There is an immediate need to begin a nutritional therapy and growth assessment program for children with CRF in Brazil.

Field of study: Medicine