nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Reduced equations for an active model of hydroelastic waves in the cochlea

Building upon our earlier passive models for the cochlea, here we enhance the model with an active mechanism. Starting with a one-chamber simplification leading to a system of a time-dependent PDE in two spatial variables for the pressure coupled to a PDE in one spatial variable for the oscillation of the basilar membrane, we rigorously establish the validity of a dimension reduction to a system to two ODE's. We then present numerical simulations demonstrating the ability of this reduced active system to distinguish and amplify multi-frequency input signals.

Field of study: Mathematics
Properties of Fe(Se, Te) Bicrystal Grain Boundary Junctions, SQUIDs, and Nanostrips

We have fabricated and characterized single junctions, dc Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs), and nanostrips made by Fe(Te, Se) superconductive thin films. SrTiO3 bicrystal substrates with different misorientation angles have been used for the fabrication of Josephson junctions and SQUIDs. Nanostrips have been realized growing thin films on CaF2 substrates. The interaction between fluxons and antifluxons has been taken into account for the evaluation of the pinning energy values.

Field of study: Physics
Compressed Gaussian Process

Nonparametric regression for massive numbers of samples (n) and features (p) is an increasingly important problem. In big n settings, a common strategy is to partition the feature space, and then separately apply simple models to each partition set. We propose an alternative approach, which avoids such partitioning and the associated sensitivity to neighborhood choice and distance metrics, by using random compression combined with Gaussian process regression. The proposed approach is particularly motivated by the setting in which the response is conditionally independent of the features given the projection to a low dimensional manifold. Conditionally on the random compression matrix and a smoothness parameter, the posterior distribution for the regression surface and posterior predictive distributions are available analytically. Running the analysis in parallel for many random compression matrices and smoothness parameters, model averaging is used to combine the results. The algorithm can be implemented rapidly even in very big n and p problems, has strong theoretical justification, and is found to yield state of the art predictive performance.

Field of study: Computer science
Tailor-made networks: synthesis and properties

Methods were developed to synthesize homogeneous networks characterized by a well-known (and nearly constant) length of their linear elements, and in some cases by the constant functionality of the branch points. These methods are based on reacting the chain ends of 'precursor' polymer molecules to bind them with branch point sites. Crosslinking does not involve any major change in the segment concentration, nor does it Iead to solvent expulsion. Thus the gel point has a physical significance. These tailor-made networks were studied thoroughly using various techniques: equilibrium swelling and uniaxial compression measurements, as well as equilibrium partition coefficients, the latter being meant to characterize the average pore size of the gels by comparison with the molecular dimensions of linear polymers of the same nature. The experimental results were compared with the predictions of the existing theories, assuming that all 'precursor chains' have become elastic chains upon crosslinking (i.e. chains attached by their two ends to two different branch points), that they behave as Gaussian chains and that the fluctuations in the number of chains connected with one branch point are small within a sample. Results of equilibrium swelling measurements are in satisfactory agreement with theoretical predictions; and there is also a satisfactory fit for uniaxial deformation experiments. However, the relation between the concentration of segments upon crosslinking and the so-called 'memory term', which characterizes the relaxation state of the elastic chains in the network, has to be discussed thoroughly: results of the swelling and uniaxial compression measurements are used, as weil as some very recent results obtained by neutron smallangle scattering on partly deuterated polystyrene networks. The results so far obtained by this technique support expectations as to what concerns the homogeneity of the gels, and they also give indications on the average distance between branch points in the gel. Finally, the results obtained on measuring the equilibrium partition constants in a ternary system-solvent-linear polymer-gel-are also discussed, as they can be used as a measure of the pore size distribution within a gel. Account must be taken, however, of the partial deswelling of the tailor-made gels in the presence of a linear polymer (eyen one of the same chemical nature). Osmotic effects cannot account for the total effect observed. The existing theories of equilibrium swelling of polymer networks and of rubber elasticity are based upon some assumptions concerning the gel itself:

Field of study: Chemistry
RELIABILITY-BASED ROBUST DESIGN FOR MECHANICAL COMPONENTS WITH STRESS CONCENTRATIONS

Based on the finite element method, artificial neural network (NN) technique and reliability-based robust design theory, the explicit relational expression between the design parameters and the system reliability of the mechanical components with stress concentrations are given correctly by NN with the approximation concepts inherent in reliability analysis. On the basis of the trained NN, the probabilistic perturbation method can be used to obtain the reliability-based robust design information. Therefore, it solves the explicit expression of the limit state function that is difficult to obtain in engineering, and then the process of reliability-based robust design can be implemented conveniently.

Field of study: Engineering
Effect of sex bias on women's studies on alcoholism.

Women alcoholics have historically been underrepresented in research studies far out of proportion to the difference in male female prevalence rates. This study examined disparities in the ways in which male and female alcoholics have been studied in the treatment outcome literature and examined the role of sex bias (author sex) as a contributing factor. Two hundred fifty-nine studies published between 1972 and 1980 were reviewed that reported drinking-related outcome of subjects treated with psychological intervention or medication. Only 7.8% of subjects sampled in these studies were women. Of greater interest, female authors sampled nearly 3 times as many women in proportion to the number of people they studied as did male authors; women subjects were more than one and one-half times as likely to be followed up by female than by male authors; and 3 times as many female as male authors presented data examining sex differences. The same kind of differences between male and female authors occurred with respect to specifying precise numbers of male and female subjects studied and followed up, and with respect to examining prognostic variables related to women's outcome. The data suggest that subtle sex bias contributes to inadequate studying of women alcoholics.

Field of study: Medicine
SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTIONS OF WEAK ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI ASSOCIATED WITH LOW-IONIZATION NUCLEAR EMISSION REGIONS

We present a compilation of spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of 35 weak active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in low-ionization nuclear emission regions (LINERs) using recent data from the published literature. We make use of previously published compilations of data, after complementing and extending them with more recent data. The main improvement in the recent data is afforded by high-spatial-resolution observations with the Chandra X-Ray Observatory and high-spatial-resolution radio observations utilizing a number of facilities. In addition, a considerable number of objects have been observed with the Hubble Space Telescope in the near-IR through near-UV bands since the earlier compilations were published. The data include upper limits resulting from either non-detections or observations at low spatial resolution that do not isolate the AGN. For the sake of completeness, we also compute and present a number of quantities from the data, such as optical-to-X-ray spectral indices (αox), bolometric corrections, bolometric luminosities, Eddington ratios, and the average SED. We anticipate that these data will be useful for a number of applications. In a companion paper, we use a subset of these data ourselves to assess the energy budgets of LINERs.

Field of study: Physics
Landsat-Bilder der Antarktis

ZusammenfassungIm antarktischen Sommer 1979/80 führte die Deutsche Antarktis-Expedition Nord-Victorialand (Ganovex 1979) geowissenschaftliche Untersuchungen im nördlichen Victorialand durch. Von einem Teilgebiet an der Nordostecke von Victorialand, westlich des Ross-Meeres, werden Bilder des SatellitenLandsat vorgestellt. Diese Aufnahmen sind die ersten Versuche einer digitalen Bildverarbeitung für dieses Gebiet. Sie lassen aber schon den Wert besonders für die Glaziologie, Geomorphologie und Geologie erkennen.AbstractIn the Antarctic summer of 1979/80 the German Antarctic North Victoria Land Expedition (Ganovex 1979) carried out geoscientific investigations in the northern part of Victoria Land.Landsat satellite images from a section of the northeastern corner of Victoria Land, west of the Ross Sea, are described. These photos represent the first digital image processing for this area. Their value can be discerned already, especially in terms of our knowledge on the glaciology, geomorphology, and geology of this region.RésuméAu cours de l'été antarctique 1979/1980, l'Expédition Allemande Antarctique de la Terre Victoria (Ganovex 1979) a effectué des recherches géoscientifiques sur la partie nord de la Terre Victoria. Nous présentons ici des images du satelliteLandsat de la partie nord-est de la Terre Victoria à l'ouest de la Mer de Ross. Ces images représentent le premier essai d'un traitement digital par images sur cette région. La valeur de ces essais est déja evidente en glaciologie, géomorphologie et géologie.Краткое содержаниеНемецкая Антарктиче ская экспедиция для и зучения севере Земли Виктори и (GANOVEX 1979) провела в течение а нтарктического лета 1979/80 геоисследования в названном регионе. Ч асть северо-восточно го края Земли Виктории западнее моря Росса с няли со спутника LANDSAT. Эти снимки являются первой попыткой цифр овой обработки снимк ов этой области с помощью спутников и представ ляют большую ценност ь для глациологов, геоморф ологов и геологов.

Field of study: Environmental science
Polariton laser: thermodynamics and quantum kinetic theory

Cavity exciton–polaritons are considered to be two-dimensional weakly interacting true bosons. We analyse their thermodynamic properties and show that they can exhibit local condensation or Kosterlitz–Thouless phase transition towards superfluidity, so that polariton lasing can be achieved. The dynamical evolution of the condensate in a non-resonantly pumped cavity is described by a quantum kinetic formalism. The distribution function of polaritons is described by a semi-classical Boltzmann equation. A master equation for the ground-state density matrix is derived in the framework of the Born–Markov approximation. The dynamics of the ground-state population and its coherence are deduced.

Field of study: Materials science
Oscillator parameters of transverse phonons in a-domain lead titanate

The temperature behavior of polarized Raman spectra of a-domain PbTiO3 single crystals has been investigated. The spectra obtained are fit by a damping harmonic oscillator model with allowance for a complex background structure. A full set of oscillator parameters of all phonon modes in the frequency range 12 < ν < 1200 cm−1 is obtained and their temperature dependences in the range from 300 to 800 K are presented.

Field of study: Physics
Status of Insecticide Resistance in Guntur and Prakasam Population of Spodoptera litura on Cotton

Experiments were conducted to assess the status of insecticide resistance in Spodoptera litura (Fab.) on cotton in Guntur and Prakasam districts of Andhra Pradesh during Kharif 2007 and 2008. In addition to the relative resistance, relative levels were worked out in comparison with baseline data. The Guntur population of S. litura developed 6.3 and 5.4; 3.0 and 2.9; 1.7 and 1.4; 16.2 and 14.4; 1.14 and 1.11 folds resistance at LD50 and 11.3 and 7.06; 4.2 and 3.2; 1.07 and 1.06; 34.8 and 26.9; 3.5 and 2.9 folds resistance at LD90 level to chlorpyriphos, quinalphos, endosulfan, cypermethrin and methomyl during Kharif 2007 and 2008, respectively. While the corresponding values for Prakasam population of S. litura were 5.7 and 2.6; 1.7 and 1.7; 1.4 and 1.3; 15.4 and 11.3; 1.11 and 1.03 at LD50 and 8.6 and 3.7; 1.9 and 1.19; 1.05 and 1.04; 30.9 and 25.6; 3.1 and 2.6 folds resistance at LD90 respectively.

Field of study: Biology
Unique Effects and Moderators of Effects of Sources on Self-Efficacy: A Model-Based Meta-Analysis

Self-efficacy beliefs are strong predictors of academic pursuits, performance, and persistence, and in theory are developed and maintained by 4 classes of experiences Bandura (1986) referred to as sources: performance accomplishments (PA), vicarious learning (VL), social persuasion (SP), and affective arousal (AA). The effects of sources on self-efficacy vary by performance domain and individual difference factors. In this meta-analysis (k = 61 studies of academic self-efficacy; N = 8,965), we employed B. J. Becker’s (2009) model-based approach to examine cumulative effects of the sources as a set and unique effects of each source, controlling for the others. Following Becker’s recommendations, we used available data to create a correlation matrix for the 4 sources and self-efficacy, then used these meta-analytically derived correlations to test our path model. We further examined moderation of these associations by subject area (STEM vs. non-STEM), grade, sex, and ethnicity. PA showed by far the strongest unique association with self-efficacy beliefs. Subject area was a significant moderator, with sources collectively predicting self-efficacy more strongly in non-STEM (k = 14) compared with STEM (k = 47) subjects (R2 = .37 and .22, respectively). Within studies of STEM subjects, grade level was a significant moderator of the coefficients in our path model, as were 2 continuous study characteristics (percent non-White and percent female). Practical implications of the findings and future research directions are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
The Metropolitan Area Concept: An Evaluation of the 1950 Sma's

A selected group of 1950 SMA's are examined to determine the extent to which they comprise self-sufficient trading areas with respect to local service activities. By comparing the self-sufficiency of each SMA to the self-sufficiency of its urbanized area and of an areal unit made up of the SMA plus contiguous counties, the quality of each SMA is evaluated. Each SMA is classified as being either overbounded, underbounded or truebounded. The type of boundary discrepancy exhibited by an SMA is strongly related to its degree of proximity to other SMA's and is unrelated to its population size.

Field of study: Mathematics
Current situation of the physique, physical stamina and skill of backup talents of men's athletic volleyball in China

The training of backup talents of men's volleyball is the key factor for the resurrection of men's volleyball in China. The authors carried out a survey on the status of the physique, physical stamina and skill of backup talents of men's volleyball in China. The results revealed that the physique and physical stamina of backup talents of men's volleyball in our country had reached the advanced level in the world, but problems such as unrefined technique existed commonly.

Field of study: Education
Cord wood gasification and combustion.

Two-staged combustion of cord wood up to a diameter of 15 cm was achieved with a net energy efficiency of 70 to 80 percent. Exhaust which was low in carbon was emitted when the C02 content of the exhaust was below 15 percent. Modulation of the system output was demonstrated. The major operational problem encountered was batch loading of wood into the hot gasifier.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Visible and vacuum ultraviolet radiation emitted by a high-current discharge in indium vapor

An investigation was made of the dynamics of a high-current discharge in indium vapor. The average values of the discharge temperature and plasma density were determined. The spectral brightness of the discharge was measured with photocells in the visible range and with an open ionization chamber in the vacuum ultraviolet range. The experimental results were compared with the theoretically calculated approximate spectral distribution. The investigation demonstrated that a high-current discharge in indium vapor was an efficient source of vacuum ultraviolet radiation.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
The Impact of Blood Management on Length of Stay After Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty

The current study investigates the impact of patient factors, surgical factors, and blood management on postoperative length of stay (LOS) in 516 patients who underwent primary total knee arthroplasty. Age, gender, type of anticoagulation, but not body mass index (BMI) were found to be highly significant predictors of an increased LOS. Allogeneic transfusion and the number of allogeneic units significantly increased LOS, whereas donation and/or transfusion of autologous blood did not. Hemoglobin levels preoperatively until 48 hours postoperatively were negatively correlated with LOS. After adjusting for confounding factors through Poisson regression, age (p = 0.001) and allogeneic blood transfusion (p = 0.002) were the most significant determinants of LOS. Avoiding allogeneic blood plays an essential role in reducing the overall length of stay after primary total knee arthroplasty.

Field of study: Medicine
Prediction of Recidivism by Sex and Number of Siblings

Recent research (Horton & Medley, 1977) has suggested a significant relationship may exist between the recidivism rates of criminal offenders and one type of family configuration variable, birth order. Family configuration variables have previously been found to be significantly related to intelligence (Zajonc, 1976) and a number of personality constructs (Surton-Smith & Rosenberg, 1970). The present study sought to determine if two other family configuration variables. sex and number of siblings, could be used as joint predictors of criminal recidivism. Subjects were 396 adult male offenders who completed a 10-item questionnaire during intake classification interviews. Four variables [number of older brothers (M = 1.03, a = 1.47), number of older sisters (M = 34, u = 1.27), number of younger brothers (M = 1.28, u = 1.42). number of younger sisters (M = 1.18, a = 1.36)] were formed to represent the joint effects of sex and number of siblings. Outcome criteria were number of prior incarcerations and number of months of incarceration. Standard multiple regression analyses were computed, using the set of family-configuration variables, for each outcome criterion variable in turn. The family-configuration variable of number of older sisters (M = .94, u = 1.27) was significantly related to both number of prior incarcerations (M = 1.60, a = .72; F1.m = 4.66, P < .05) and number of months of incarceration (M = 12.45, a = 28.75; FI,SII = 6.54, P < .01). While the practical significance of these findings is limited by the modest 4 values obtained, .Ol and .02, respectively, cross-validation of these results might yield potentially valuable insights into the personality structures of habitual criminal offenders.

Field of study: Psychology
Release of persistent organic contaminants from carcasses of Lake Ontario Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha).

About 20,000 Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from Lake Ontario enter the Credit River, Ontario, Canada every fall to spawn and die. In this study, samples of muscle and eggs collected from female Chinook salmon entering the Credit River contained total PCBs, DDT compounds and other organochlorine (OC) compounds at mug/kg concentrations. Semi-permeable membrane devices (SPMDs) were deployed at a reference site above the spawning grounds and at two downstream sites at intervals over a 14-month period that spanned two spawning runs. There was an increase in the concentrations of total PCBs, total DDT and other classes of OCs in the SPMDs deployed at the two downstream sites during and after both spawning runs; indicating that the decay of salmon releases contaminants into the river. Based upon the concentrations of contaminants in the salmon tissues, approximately 75 g of total PCBs and 35 g of total DDT compounds would be transported annually into the Credit River from this source.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Leapfrog initiative for intensive care unit physician staffing and its impact on intensive care unit performance: a narrative review.

The field of critical care has changed markedly in recent years to accommodate a growing population of chronically critically ill patients. New administrative structures have evolved to include divisions, departments, and sections devoted exclusively to the practice of critical care medicine. On an individual level, the ability to manage complex multisystem critical illnesses and to introduce invasive monitoring devices defines the intensivist. On a systems level, critical care services managed by an intensivist-led multidisciplinary team are now recognized by their ability to efficiently utilize hospital resources and improve patient outcomes. Due to the numerous cost and quality issues related to the delivery of critical care medicine, intensive care unit physician staffing (IPS) has become a charged subject in recent years. Although the federal government has played a large role in regulating best practices by physicians, other third parties have entered the arena. Perhaps the most influential of these has been The Leapfrog Group, a consortium representing 130 employers and 65 Fortune 500 companies that purchase health care for their employees. This group has proposed specific regulatory guidelines for IPS that are purported to result in substantial cost containment and improved quality of care. This narrative review examines the impact of The Leapfrog Group's recommendations on critical care delivery in the United States.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
High pressure transport studies of the LiFeAs analogs CuFeTe2 and Fe2As

We have synthesized two iron-pnictide/chalcogenide materials, CuFeTe2 and Fe2As, which share crystallographic features with known iron-based superconductors, and carried out high pressure electrical resistivity measurements on these materials to pressures in excess of 30 GPa. Both compounds crystallize in the Cu2Sb-type crystal structure that is characteristic of LiFeAs (with CuFeTe2 exhibiting a disordered variant). At ambient pressure, CuFeTe2 is a semiconductor and has been suggested to exhibit a spin-density-wave transition, while Fe2As is a metallic antiferromagnet. The electrical resistivity of CuFeTe2, measured at 4 K, decreases by almost two orders of magnitude between ambient pressure and 2.4 GPa. At 34 GPa, the electrical resistivity decreases upon cooling the sample below 150 K, suggesting the proximity of the compound to a metal–insulator transition. Neither CuFeTe2 nor Fe2As superconduct above 1.1 K throughout the measured pressure range.

Field of study: Physics