nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Chronic GABA exposure down-regulates GABA-benzodiazepine receptor-ionophore complex in cultured cerebral cortical neurons.

Cerebral cortical cultured neurons were characterized for GABA-benzodiazepine (BZ) receptor complex, and the effect of chronic exposure of cortical neurons to GABA on GABA-BZ receptor system was investigated. In the intact cells, the [3H]flunitrazepam binding was rapid and saturable, with an apparent Kd of 4.2 +/- 1.5 nM and Bmax of 776 +/- 54 fmol/mg protein. Specifically bound [3H]flunitrazepam was displaced in a concentration-dependent manner by various BZ receptor ligands such as Ro15-1788, DMCM, Ro15-4513, clonazepam, alprazolam, diazepam and zolpidem, and enhanced by GABA, muscimol and pentobarbital. GABA induced enhancement of 36Cl-influx in a concentration-dependent manner (EC50 = 9 +/- 2 microM). Chronic exposure of the cultured neurons to GABA resulted in a reduced [3H]flunitrazepam, [3H]GABA, [3H]Ro15-1788, [3H]Ro15-4513 and [35S]TBPS binding, a reduced enhancement of [3H]flunitrazepam binding by GABA, and a reduced GABA-induced 36Cl-influx susceptible to reversal by concomitant exposure of the cultures to R 5135, a GABAA-receptor antagonist. These findings indicate that cerebral cortical cultured neurons provide an ideal model to study GABA-BZ receptor complex using binding and 36Cl-influx assays, and chronic exposure of cortical cultures to GABA leads to a down-regulation of GABA-BZ receptor system. It is a GABAA receptor-mediated slow process.

Field of study: Biology
Cultural Filtering, Employment and Wages under Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)

This paper empirically identifies and isolates the role demographics and cultural filters - a priori attributes used to screen applicants differentially - play in determining employment patterns by industry and region. Our analysis focuses on three geographically and culturally distinct areas of Washington State with high WorkFirst (Washington's TANF program) eligible populations and industries where those individuals are likely to seek employment. Using data from a panel of WorkFirst participants, empirical results indicate that employment levels and wage premiums vary significantly by demographics, both within and across regions, and that cultural filtering partly explains these variations. It is argued that if the shared goal of WorkFirst and TANF is to move people from welfare to work, participants should be directed toward those industries in which they have a relatively high probability of being favorably "filtered," be better prepared to possess those attributes filtered for, and for WorkFirst to take on an active role as "match-maker" between program participants and employers.

Field of study: Economics
Application of Nilsson model for deformed nucleus in relativistic heavy ion collisions

For spherically symmetric nucleus (Au or Pb), Wood-Saxon (WS) distribution proves to be highly manoeuvrable and aptly suitable in giving nucleon distribution within a nucleus. Incorporating shape modification in WS, earlier attempts were made to explain observables in deformed nucleus such as Uranium(U). Although the shape of distribution remains consistent, the Modified Wood Saxon (MWS) overestimates the particle multiplicities. In this work, we use an alternate approach known as Nilsson model, to explain U+U collisions at $\sqrt{S_{NN}}$ = 193 GeV of RHIC. We have implemented the formalism in HIJING model to calculate charged particle multiplicity and pseudo-rapidity distributions. The model describes the experimental data more closely than WS/MWS and thus is more suitable to study deformed nucleus within this model formalism.

Field of study: Physics
Dallas with balls: televized sport, soap opera and male and female pleasures

Two of the most popular of television genres, soap opera and sports coverage have been very much differentiated along gender lines in terms of their audiences. Soap opera has been regarded very much as a ‘gynocentric’ genre with a large female viewing audience while the audiences for television sport have been predominantly male. Gender differentiation between the genres has had implications for the popular image of each. Soap opera has been perceived as inferior; as mere fantasy and escapism for women while television sports has been perceived as a legitimate, even edifying experience for men. In this article the authors challenge the view that soap opera and television sport are radically different and argue that they are, in fact, very similar in a number of significant ways. They suggest that both genres invoke similar structures of feeling and sensibility in their respective audiences and that television sport is a ‘male soap opera’. They consider the ways in which the viewing context of each genre i...

Field of study: Sociology
A VRF charge fault diagnosis method based on expert modification C5.0 decision tree

(Variable Refrigerant Flow) system is an efficient and energy-saving air-conditioning system. The VRF system performance is significantly affected by the quantity of refrigerant (charge). Both insufficient and excessive refrigerant charge will lead a dramatic decline of air conditioning system performance. Accordingly, it is necessary to forecast refrigerant charge in existing systems. This study proposed a charge fault diagnosis method based on expert modification C5.0 decision tree. Initially, C5.0 decision tree is used to diagnosis VRF system charge faults in nine different conditions. Furthermore, in order to reduce error rate of the decision tree, expert experience is used to modify the decision tree. And temperature differential variables are used to improve the diagnosis result. The result s of the C5.0 decision tree using temperature differential variables shows fault diagnosis error rates under expert experience guidance are 10% lower than without expert experience. Besides, this method an increased accuracy in classifies between excessive and normal charge states.

Field of study: Engineering
Expression of the UVR8 photoreceptor in different tissues reveals tissue-autonomous features of UV-B signalling.

The Arabidopsis UV-B photoreceptor UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8 (UVR8) orchestrates the expression of hundreds of genes, many of which can be associated with UV-B tolerance. UV-B does not efficiently penetrate into tissues, yet UV-B regulates complex growth and developmental responses. To unravel to what extent and how UVR8 located in different tissues contributes to UV-B-induced responses, we expressed UVR8 fused to the YELLOW FLUORESCENT PROTEIN (YFP) under the control of tissue-specific promoters in a uvr8 null mutant background. We show that (1) UVR8 localized in the epidermis plays a major role in regulating cotyledon expansion, and (2) expression of UVR8 in the mesophyll is important to protect adult plants from the damaging effects of UV-B. We found that UV-B induces transcription of selected genes, including the key transcriptional regulator ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5), only in tissues that express UVR8. Thus, we suggest that tissue-autonomous and simultaneous UVR8 signalling in different tissues mediates, at least partly, developmental and defence responses to UV-B.

Field of study: Environmental science
Low-spin excitations in 146Sm

The low-spin excitations of the nucleus 146Sm which is just two neutrons and two protons away from the N = 82 shell and Z = 64 subshell closures have been investigated by means of the 143Nd (α, n) and 144Nd (α, 2n) fusion-evaporation reactions. We established 47 hitherto unknown energy levels up to 4.7MeV and 75 new transitions. In addition, 7 spin assignments were possible from the γ-γ angular correlation analysis. The structure of the possible candidates for a 2+ ⊗ 3− quadrupole-octupole multiplet are first discussed in terms of the harmonic vibrational model. A comparison of these states with the corresponding ones in the neighboring N = 84 isotones is also presented. Finally, the structure of the 146Sm nucleus is interpreted in terms of the IBA-spdf model. It is shown that the model is able to reproduce the experimental relative transition strengths of the 2+ ⊗ 3− quadrupole-octupole multiplet and also a series of collective properties such as the proposed double-octupole excitations.

Field of study: Physics
Student ambivalence toward second language education in three Swedish upper secondary schools

This paper explores the relatively unique educational design of the school subject Swedish as a second language (SSL) through ethnographic fieldwork in three linguistically diverse schools in Sweden. A main point is the importance of carefully considering the local educational context in relation to its organizational design and embeddedness in language ideologies and linguistic hierarchies when researching and discussing educational practices designed for linguistically and culturally diverse students. Since L2 education 2 may become part of a negative social categorization of students (e.g. Talmy, 2011 ), we focus on student perspectives, i.e. 15 students’ narrated experiences of SSL in upper secondary schools where SSL is a voluntary subject 3 and the teachers are highly qualified. On the basis of stance analysis ( Du Bois, 2007 , Jaffe, 2009 ), we discuss both the students’ motives for choosing SSL and their reasons for continuing to study SSL. Findings show an ambivalence toward the subject, which is related to conflicting discourses surrounding it ( Hedman & Magnusson, 2018 ). On the one hand, the narratives reflect that SSL may be associated with negative societal discourses on immigration and L2 use; on the other, they provide examples of affordances of SSL, i.e. counter images to these discourses (cf. contrastive insights, Hymes, 1996 ). Not least, pedagogical scaffolding of advanced content was analyzed as a main reward. The fact that attending SSL in these schools was not an exception, separating a few from the majority, also allows for a problematization of “mainstream”.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
Pharmacy and Nursing Students’ Perceptions Regarding the Role of Spirituality in Professional Education and Practice

To compare first-year student pharmacists and nursing students with respect to their spirituality and perceptions of the role of spirituality in professional education and practice.  This was a five-year, cross-sectional study. All first-year student pharmacists and nursing students were invited to participate in the survey during the first week of the fall semester in 2012 through 2016. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data.  A total of 1,084 students participated, including 735 student pharmacists and 349 nursing students. Significant differences in baseline demographics were noted between the groups. Students in both groups reported having frequent spiritual experiences. A significantly larger percentage of nursing students reported these experiences compared to student pharmacists. Furthermore, compared with student pharmacists, nursing students were more likely to anticipate that spirituality would play a role in their academic course work (76% vs 58%) and professional practice (90% vs 74%).  Student pharmacists and nursing students reported having frequent spiritual experiences, and both groups anticipated that spirituality would be incorporated into their education and professional practice.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Note: How Do Processing Conditions Affect the Microflora of the Sweet Pomace of White Grapes from Vinho Verde?

The independent and combined effects of the addition of tartaric acid, the addition of pectinases, and the time of fermentation (and the material of the container) on the specific rates of death of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts were experimentally evaluated through a full (or fractional) two-way factorial design for pomace fermentation from the Alvarinho (and the Loureiro) varieties. Microbes present in the pomace prior to fermentation were identified in a preliminary fashion. Knowledge of the behavior of the microflora in grape pomace as a function of each major processing parameter during the step of anaerobic fermentation is important in attempts to eventually standardize and optimize the manufacture of these distilled beverages.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Movement and control of evaporating droplets released from an open surface tank in the push–pull ventilation system

Push–pull ventilation systems are effective local ventilation methods to control airborne contaminants generated in industrial buildings, among which droplets are typical. In this paper, the numerical simulations of water droplets released from an open surface tank into the push–pull flow field are carried out and the effects of ambient relative humidity and the pull-flow velocity on the ventilation system performance are discussed based on the droplet evaporation and movement. It was found that the movement and evaporation of droplets were closely related to the push–pull flow mechanism and the droplet initial diameter. When the control effect was good due to the presence of air closure in the flow field (pull-flow velocity ranging from 1.5 m/s to 3.0 m/s), droplets were unlikely to move away from the closure and the evaporation of droplets smaller than 40 μm was obvious. Whereas when the control effect was poor (pull-flow velocity equaling 1.0 m/s), large droplets still moved around the tank surface but small droplets were subject to dispersing, and in such a case droplets smaller than 60 μm evaporated obviously. Moreover, the effect of ambient relative humidity (ranging from 0 to 80%) on controlling droplets was rather limited and no more than ±6%. In addition, the system could save airflow rate and energy consumption by reducing the pull-flow velocity which was excessive originally in ventilation design. Finally, the paper put forward a new index to evaluate the control effect from another standpoint based on whether the droplets did harm to the environment.

Field of study: Engineering
Remarks on the abelian ideals of a Borel subalgebra

Let $\frb$ be a fixed Borel subalgebra of a finite-dimensional complex simple Lie algebra $\frg$. The Shi bijection associates to every ad-nilpotent ideal $\fri$ of $\frb$ a region $V_{\fri}$. In this paper, we show that $\fri$ is abelian if and only if $V_{\fri}\cap 2A$ is empty, if and only if the volume of $V_{\fri}\cap 2A$ equals to that of $A$, where $A$ is the fundamental alcove of the affine Weyl group. For certain flag of abelian ideals, we record an ascending property of their associated regions. We also determine the maximal eigenvalue $m_{r-1}$ of the Casimir operator on $\wedge^{r-1} \frg$ and the corresponding eigenspace $M_{r-1}$, where $r$ is the number of positive roots.

Field of study: Mathematics
Research on DNA Electrochemiluminescence Biosensing

Electrochemiluminescence(ECL) is directly or indirectly caused by the electrochemical reactions.Due to its high sensitivity,specificity,easy realization of integration,real-time and in-situ detection,ECL provides powerful research tools and methods for the life sciences entering into the molecular level.DNA research is an extremely important aspect in life science and shows the significance in the areas of forensic identification,epidemic prevention and environmental monitoring,especially for the early diagnosis and disease treatment.DNA-ECL biosensing is considered as the most promising technique for DNA analysis and has been a hot research topic in the field of biology and medicine.This review summarizes the research of our country on DNA-ECL biosensing technologies in the recent five years.

Field of study: Chemistry
Electrolytic Surface Treatment for Improved Adhesion between Carbon Fibre and Polycarbonate

To achieve good mechanical properties of carbon fibre-reinforced polycarbonate composites, the fibre-matrix adhesion must be dialled to an optimum level. The electrolytic surface treatment of carbon fibres during their production is one of the possible means of adapting the surface characteristics of the fibres. The production of a range of tailored fibres with varying surface treatments (adjusting the current, potential, and conductivity) was followed by contact angle, inverse gas chromatography and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements, which revealed a significant increase in polarity and hydroxyl, carboxyl, and nitrile groups on the fibre surface. Accordingly, an increase in the fibre-matrix interaction indicated by a higher interfacial shear strength was observed with the single fibre pull-out force-displacement curves. The statistical analysis identified the correlation between the process settings, fibre surface characteristics, and the performance of the fibres during single fibre pull-out testing.

Field of study: Materials science
Actors, Orators, and the Boundaries of Drama in Elizabethan Universities

This article discusses the debates over drama that took place in the English universities during the late sixteenth century. It reconsiders the career of the Oxford academic and theologian John Rainolds, whose objections to student performance are usually conflated with attacks upon professional drama. This article argues instead that his opposition arose largely from two related institutional concerns: the equation of drama with rhetorical exercises and the increasing use of spectacle in university plays. The controversy over theatrical performance is thus cast in a new light as an inquiry into the place and purpose of drama within university culture.

Field of study: History
Commissioning of a photoelectron spectrometer for soft X-ray photon diagnostics at the European XFEL.

Commissioning and first operation of an angle-resolved photoelectron spectrometer for non-invasive shot-to-shot diagnostics at the European XFEL soft X-ray beamline are described. The objective with the instrument is to provide the users and operators with reliable pulse-resolved information regarding photon energy and polarization that opens up a variety of applications for novel experiments but also hardware optimization.

Field of study: Physics
Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis of Key Biomarkers Associated With Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a complex disorder resulting from interactions between genes and the environment. The accurate molecular etiology of BPD remains largely unclear. This study aimed to identify key BPD-associated genes and pathways functionally enriched using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). We analyzed microarray data of 62 pre-term patients with BPD and 38 pre-term patients without BPD from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). WGCNA was used to construct a gene expression network, and genes were classified into definite modules. In addition, the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses of BPD-related hub genes were performed. Firstly, we constructed a weighted gene co-expression network, and genes were divided into 10 modules. Among the modules, the yellow module was related to BPD progression and severity and included the following hub genes: MMP25, MMP9, SIRPA, CKAP4, SLCO4C1, and SLC2A3; and the red module included some co-expression molecules that displayed a continuous decline in expression with BPD progression and included the following hub genes: LEF1, ITK, CD6, RASGRP1, IL7R, SKAP1, CD3E, and ICOS. GO and KEGG analyses showed that high expression of inflammatory response-related genes and low expression of T cell receptor activation-related genes are significantly correlated with BPD progression. The present WGCNA-based study thus provides an overall perspective of BPD and lays the foundation for identifying potential pathways and hub genes that contribute to the development of BPD.

Field of study: Biology
Role of threading dislocations during treatment of PbTe films in argon plasma

Epitaxial n-PbTe films grown on CaF2/Si(1 1 1) wafers using MBE were treated in an inductively coupled high-density Ar-plasma for a time period of 30 s. AFM measurements showed that after the treatment process large hillocks, 350–450 nm high, are formed on the dislocation exit sites. The tips of the hillocks have triangular dislocation exit pits. The density of the large hillocks corresponds to the dislocation density on the initial surface.

Field of study: Materials science
Isotropic functions revisited

To a real n-dimensional vector space V and a smooth, symmetric function f defined on the n-dimensional Euclidean space we assign an associated operator function F defined on linear transformations of V. F shall have the property that, for each inner product g on V, its restriction $$F_{g}$$Fg to the subspace of g-selfadjoint operators is the isotropic function associated to f. This means that it acts on these operators via f acting on their eigenvalues. We generalize some well-known relations between the derivatives of f and each $$F_{g}$$Fg to relations between f and F, while also providing new elementary proofs of the known results. By means of an example we show that well-known regularity properties of $$F_{g}$$Fg do not carry over to F.

Field of study: Mathematics
甾体植物生长调节剂的研究 20: 从猪去氧胆酸立体选择性合成 26,27-双失碳油菜甾醇内酯和26,27-双失碳香蒲甾醇

本文报道从猪去氧胆酸立体选择性地构成26,27-双失碳油菜甾醇内酯的侧链。关键步骤是20-碳醛化合物3与2-锂-2-异丙基1,3-二噻烷4的高立体选择反应,同时报道了26,27-双失碳香蒲甾醇11的合成,它是新化合物,它的生物活性正在测定之中。

Field of study: Chemistry
Characteristic trace fossils in nearshore to offshore sequences, Upper Cretaceous of east-central Utah

More than 20 trace fossil species occur in marine facies of the Cretaceous Star Point and Blackhawk formations in the Book Cliffs and Wasatch Plateau provinces of Utah. Major genera include Ancorichnus, Arenicolites, Aulichnites, Chondrites, Conichnus, Cylindrichnus, Medousichnus, Ophiomorpha, Palaeophycus, Planolites, Rosselia, Schaubcylindrichnus, Scolicia, Skolithos, Teichichnus, Teredolites, and Thalassinoides. Newly named taxa include Ancorichnus capronus, Medousichnus loculatus, and Rosselia chonoides.Most trace fossils occur in characteristic, albeit intergradational ichnofacies correlative with major lithofacies of regressive nearshore to offshore sequences. The latter include foreshore, foreshore–shoreface transition, shoreface, and offshore facies. Landward facies are typified by clean, well sorted, well stratified, sparsely burrowed sandstones. Seaward facies, except where interrupted by hummocky bedded sandstones, exhibit successively less pure, less well sorted and stratified, more intensely ...

Field of study: Environmental science
The Effectiveness of Mindfulness Training on the Grieving Process and Emotional Well-Being of Chronic Pain Patients

Losses in relationships, work, and other areas of life often accompany the physical discomfort of chronic pain. Often the depth and intensity of the grief associated with chronic pain are overlooked or possibly misdiagnosed and treated as depression. We used an 8-week mindfulness meditation program to determine its effectiveness in addressing the grieving process among 39 patients diagnosed with chronic pain. Eighteen patients volunteered to be in a comparison group. The study was conducted in a regional hospital's pain clinic and patients completed the Response to Loss Scale (measuring grief), the Beck Depression Inventory, and the State Trait Anxiety Inventory. Results indicated that the treatment group advanced significantly more quickly through the initial stages of grieving than the comparison group. In addition, the treatment group demonstrated significant reductions in depression and state anxiety, but no significant differences emerged when comparing groups on the final stages of grieving or trait anxiety.

Field of study: Psychology