nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Using the evaporative stress index to monitor flash drought in Australia

Flash drought is a term and concept that has gained increasing attention in the research literature and media since it was first coined in the United States in the early 2000s to describe a drought that has undergone rapid intensification. In Australia the term has recently been used in reference to the 2017/18 drought in eastern Australia. Due to its rapid intensification, the impacts of flash droughts will likely occur too quickly for many of the usual drought-coping mechanisms to be deployed. This study proposes the use of the evaporative stress index (ESI), the standardized anomaly of the actual evapotranspiration to potential evapotranspiration ratio, to identify flash droughts in Australia computed using daily outputs from the Bureau of Meteorology's land surface water balance model AWRA-L. The case study of the January 2018 flash drought in eastern Australia is used to assess and demonstrate the suitability of the ESI. Results show that the ESI accurately highlighted the event and offered potential for flash drought pre-warning by a few weeks. In addition, the availability of long term high-resolution outputs from AWRA-L offers the ability to investigate multiple flash drought events in detail for greater understanding and to inform stakeholders.

Field of study: Environmental science
XAS investigation of Al2O3-coated nano-composite ZrO2.

In order to complement the structural characterisation by high resolution electron microscopy and perturbed angular correlation spectroscopy (PAC) of Al2O3 coated nano-composite ZrO2, XAFS spectra have been acquired and analysed. The electron micrographs showed fringes of a well ordered lattice and well defined crystal faces of the as-produced powder whereas the PAC spectra indicated a strongly distorted short range order. On the basis of the XAFS data, a structural model for the ZrO2 core of the nano-composite ZrO2/Al2O3 with a well ordered Zr lattice and a sevenfold, strongly distorted nearest neighbour oxygen shell is proposed. A smooth temperature dependence without an indication for a phase transformation up to a temperature of 700K has been revealed.

Field of study: Physics
Implementation of an Opioid Overdose and Naloxone Distribution Training in a Pharmacist Laboratory Course

To describe the instructional design, implementation, and evaluation of an opioid overdose response program (ORP) and opioid overdose education and naloxone distribution (OEND) training program to third-year pharmacy (P3) students.  Using the 5-E learning cycle during a three-hour laboratory session, the authors developed an OEND training program. The training began with an engagement exercise encompassing validated pre-Opioid Overdose Knowledge Scale (OOKS) and pre-Opioid Overdose Attitudes Scale (OOAS) assessments. Directly after, students moved to the exploration phase of the program, which consisted of two stations with placebo naloxone products. There, instructors explained key content related to OEND. Students applied what was learned during the elaboration by completing two cases: using group-based point-by-point counseling as well as a scenario with a simulation patient manikin. The class ended with an evaluation exercise that involved completing post-OOKS and post-OOAS.  Fifty-six students participated in the ORP certification and OEND training. Significant increases in total scores were seen on the pre- and post-assessment. Additionally, significant increases in student confidence in providing overdose response counseling and dispensing naloxone were observed. Students rated all the learning activities as very effective.  Use of the 5-E learning cycle as an educational design method to structure active-learning activities was effective in increasing students’ knowledge and improving their attitudes toward and confidence in providing overdose response.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Optical properties of Ge1-yCy alloys

The Ge1-yCy semiconductor alloy system offers promise as a material for use in heterostructure devices based on Si as well as other materials. We have grown Ge1-y Cy alloys by solid source molecular beam epitaxy on Si substrates. Layer thicknesses ranged from 0.01 to 3 µm, and Auger electron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry indicated C fractions up to 3 at. %. Optical absorption in the near-infrared region indicated a shift in the energy bandgap from that of Ge which was attributed to the effects of alloying. The dependence of the bandgap on composition was consistent with linear interpolations of the Ge and C conduction band minimums. We observed a fundamental absorption edge characteristic of an indirect bandgap material. Photoluminescence spectra at 11K of thick, relaxed layers indicated single broad peaks near the expected bandgap energy.

Field of study: Materials science
5′-Phosphatidylnucleosides Spontaneously Assemble to Form Circular and Linear Helical Strands

Phospholipid-nucleoside conjugates containing two long alkyl chains and a nucleotidyl residue have been synthesized and their self-organization and morphology have been investigated. 5′-Phosphatidylcytidine and 5′-phosphatidyldeoxycytidine spontaneously assembled to form circular and linear strands. Image processing analysis of the electron micrograph of the strands confirmed that they are indeed double helix reminiscent of the double-helical structure of nucleic acids.

Field of study: Chemistry
Muscimol in the deep layers of the superior colliculus/mesencephalic reticular formation blocks expression but not acquisition of fear-potentiated startle in rats.

Deposits of the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold into the ventrolateral nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis labeled neurons in the deep layers of the superior colliculus/mesencephalic reticular formation (deep SC/Me). To test the involvement of this area in the fear-potentiated startle effect, rats were implanted with cannulas into the deep SC/Me and trained for fear-potentiated startle after infusion of the GABA(A) agonist muscimol (0.1 microg/0.5 microl). Two days later, they were tested for fear-potentiated startle. Rats then received a 2nd training session without any infusions, and 2 days later they were reinfused with muscimol (0.1 microg/0.5 microl) and tested for fear-potentiated startle. Local infusion of muscimol into the deep SC/Me completely blocked the expression but not the acquisition of fear-potentiated startle. These results indicate that a synapse in the midbrain is critical for the expression of fear-potentiated startle.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
LWIR HgCdTe barrier photodiode with Auger-suppression

This paper reports on advanced metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) grown HgCdTe barrier photodiodes for long wave infrared (LWIR) application. The n+p+Bp πN+ device is a concept of a specific barrier bandgap architecture integrated with Auger-suppression as a good solution for high operating temperature (HOT) infrared detectors with high detectivity and sub-nanosecond time constant. The design approach, growth aspects and detector characterization of HgCdTe n+p+Bp πN+ barrier photodiodes operated with thermoelectric cooling (230 K) have been discussed in the paper. The influence of absorber thickness on the device's properties has been analyzed in the experiment.

Field of study: Materials science
Credit System and Innovation of Moral Education in College

The credit system is a challenge to college's moral education,and an opportunity too.It's puts forward objectively the improvement of moral idea,innovation of mechanism of educating people,reform of educational way and method,perfection of teacher's appraise system,and it offers opportunity and terms for innovating in moral education by selecting the lesson,tutorial system,elastic length of schooling.Only this innovation on "student originally"will help and improve pertinence and substantial results of college's moral education.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Research on the Post Practice Management of Network System Management Professional

Post practice is important and indispensable link in the network system management professional practice teaching system,plays an irreplaceable important role in the process of personnel training.Points out some problems encountered by the school network system management professional in the post practice,and analyzes the reasons for these issues,and proposes appropriate solution.It provides a reference for the network system management professional post practice,to develop more talents social needs.

Field of study: Computer science
Structural history of ophiolite obduction, Bay of Islands, Newfoundland

Obduction-related structures in the ophiolitic Bay of Islands Complex, west Newfoundland, are classified into shearing dominated and accretion dominated. Mapping of these structures is combined with other geological constraints and provides the basis for a reconstruction of the obduction history of the ophiolite. The earliest detachment structures are shearing dominated and are preserved in the basal peridotites. They indicate north-directed thrusting. Detachment was facilitated by the shallow position of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary below the recently extinct Bay of Islands spreading ridge. Detachment involved lithosphere of the southern side and immediate northern side of the ridge. During the early stages of detachment, the Coastal Complex, an arc-related unit located to the west of the Bay of Islands Complex, acted largely as a lateral ramp to obduction. Early accretion occurred in two tectonic situations: (1) at the stage when the basal decollement plane intersected the boundary to the structurally and lithologically diverse Coastal Complex; this resulted in accretion of blocks up to several hundred meters thick with a lithological make-up not known from the Bay of Islands Complex; and (2) at the stage when the basal thrust plane intersected the oceanic crust. Deformation switched into the mafic and hydrated footwall lithologles and led to intermittent accretion of mafic oceanic crustal rocks now preserved in the metamorphic sole. Only the Lewis Hills massif, located close to the Coastal Complex during detachment, preserves evidence for both types of early accretion. At a later stage of obduction, localized removal of the basal sequence of the ophiolite was associated with accretion of a diverse assemblage of harzburgites, amphibolites, and greenschists.

Field of study: Geology
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 K469E and Angiotensinogen T207M Polymorphisms in Coronary Slow Flow

To investigate intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1) and angiotensinogen (AGT) gene polymorphisms, as related to atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction, in coronary slow flow (CSF).  The participants in this study were 48 patients with CSF and 67 patients with normal coronary flow as controls. The K469E polymorphism of ICAM1 (rs5498) and the T207M polymorphism of AGT (rs4762) were determined using the polymerase chain reaction amplification method.  Baseline demographic parameters were similar in both groups. The mean thrombolysis in myocardial infarction frame count was significantly higher in patients with CSF (23.8 ± 5.1) compared to the controls (13.3 ± 2.6, p < 0.001). A significant association was found between the ICAM1 K allele and CSF (OR: 1.96, 95% CI: 1.15-3.35, p = 0.013). There was no difference in the frequency of AGT T207M genotypes in the patients with CSF and the control subjects.  This study showed that K469E polymorphisms of ICAM1 that play a role in atherosclerotic pathogenesis are related to CSF.

Field of study: Medicine
Poethics: And Other Strategies of Law and Literature (review)

Henri Bergson, CS. Peirce, Sergei Eisenstein, and others), Cohen merely concludes, with Burroughs, that "consciousness is a cut-up and life is a cutup." Such simple conclusions abound in Cohen's book. Throughout the introduction and in many of the essays, questionable beliefs are unproblematically asserted, usually to support the idea of an uncomplicated individual consciousness, the salutary expansion of which then becomes the noble work of great novelists and filmmakers. For Cohen, the latter group achieves this expansion by means of such stock art-film devices as repetition, montage, and the visualization of characters' memories. The long-take, deep-focus, moving-camera style of Hollywood film presumably leaves individual consciousness no larger than it finds it.

Field of study: Art
A Novel Coupling Agent Technology

The results from the development of a novel coupling agent technology are described. The work was particularly focussed on ATH filled EVA systems for wire and cabling applications. After an initial screening of 35 potential coupling agents, 2 were selected for further evaluation on the basis of their ability to increase tensile strength and elongation to break, and to reduce torque during compounding in a Brabender Plasticorder. Low cost, low volatility and low toxicity were also important selection criteria. Brabender Plasticorder results were backed up by twin screw compounding and extrusion studies, leading to the selection of the final candidate, which will be launched commercially. The influences of added peroxide and antioxidant have also been investigated. Finally, a short evaluation has been made of the performance of the candidate coupling agent in calcium carbonate filled EVA and calcium carbonate filled PP homopolymer.

Field of study: Materials science
Study-design selection criteria in systematic reviews of effectiveness of health systems interventions and reforms: A meta-review.

At present, there exists no widely agreed upon set of study-design selection criteria for systematic reviews of health systems research, except for those proposed by the Cochrane Collaboration's Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) review group (which comprises randomized controlled trials, controlled clinical trials, controlled before-after studies, and interrupted time series). We conducted a meta-review of the study-design selection criteria used in systematic reviews available in the McMaster University's Health Systems Evidence or the EPOC database. Of 414 systematic reviews, 13% did not indicate any study-design selection criteria. Of the 359 studies that described such criteria, 50% limited their synthesis to controlled trials and 68% to some or all of the designs defined by the EPOC criteria. Seven out of eight reviews identified at least one controlled trial that was relevant for the review topic. Seven percent of the reviews included either no or only one relevant primary study. Our meta-review reveals reviewers' preferences for restricting synthesis to controlled experiments or study designs that comply with the EPOC criteria. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the current practices regarding study-design selection in systematic reviews of health systems research as well as alternative approaches.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Multiple sclerosis in the context of TNF blockade and inflammatory bowel disease.

In August 1999, a 26-year-old Caucasian woman presented with abdominal pain, diarrhoea and weight loss. Active small bowel Crohn's disease (CD) was diagnosed on barium follow-through and confirmed histologically following ileal resection in October 1999. Subsequent radiological and endoscopic investigations demonstrated extensive small bowel and foregut involvement with stricturing disease. Despite treatment with 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) (1.25 mg/kg/day) and corticosteroids, control of disease activity was suboptimal and four further laparotomies were required. (or stricturoplasties and adhesiolysis). Between January and July 2004, she had received four infliximab (Remicade®, Schering-Plough) (5 mg/kg) infusions with limited efficacy. In June 2007 the humanized anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) agent, adalimumab (Humira®, Abbott Ltd.), was commenced (80 mg loading dose, then 40 mg every second week) with good clinical effect.

In October 2007, she presented with ‘pins and needles’ affecting the fingertips of her left hand and the right side of her face. These symptoms evolved over 2 weeks to include parasthesias affecting her left arm and intermittent diplopia. Her left hand became clumsy and her left leg weak. In addition to adalimumab she was also treated with mercaptopurine, ketamine, gabapentin, esomeprazole, folic acid and loperamide. Her mother suffered from rheumatoid arthritis.

Clinical examination revealed bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia with associated horizontal nystagmus. There was reduced sensation to light touch and pin prick in the left upper and lower limbs. There was mild pyramidal weakness on the left arm and leg with finger–nose ataxia, predominantly right-sided. Reflexes were brisk throughout and there was an upgoing left plantar response. She was afebrile and demonstrated no signs of sepsis.

Haematological and biochemical parameters including full blood count, renal and thyroid function, vitamin B12, folate and C reactive protein were normal. Rheumatoid factor, anti-nuclear and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies were negative. MRI scanning of the central nervous system (CNS) demonstrated a number of white matter lesions …

Field of study: Medicine
Examining Teacher Candidates' Views on Teaching World Citizenship

Teacher educators must identify criteria and develop cohesive programs featuring curricular content and instructional strategies necessary for preparing teacher candidates with the knowledge, skills, and dispositions required to begin teaching all learners in the twenty-first century. Teacher educators also must anticipate classroom teachers' needs and design professional development to appropriately advance and support them throughout their careers in education. Through survey research conducted with teacher candidates during their student teaching internships, this study examined teacher candidates' views of curricular content and instructional strategies for inclusion in teacher education for teaching world citizenship in the twentyfirst century to P-12 students. Additionally, this study investigated teacher candidates' concerns related to teaching world citizenship in today's classrooms and professional development opportunities that should be offered to teachers to ensure their continued competence, confidence, and readiness for understanding, learning, and teaching world citizenship within all sociocultural contexts.

Field of study: Sociology
Cryptotanshinone Reverses Cisplatin Resistance of Human Lung Carcinoma A549 Cells through Down-Regulating Nrf2 Pathway

To explore whether Nrf2 was associated with drug-resistance in cisplatin resistant A549 (A549/DDP) cells, and if cryptotanshinone (CTS), one of the bioactive compounds isolated from the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen), could enhance the sensitivity in A549/DDP cells towards cisplatin.  A549 and A549/DDP cells were subjected to various treatments, and then Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay, flow cytometry analysis and western immunoblotting analysis were applied to determine IC50, apoptotic status and expressions of Nrf2 and its downstream genes.  The endogenous expression levels of Nrf2 as well as its target genes including GCLC, GCLM, HO-1, NQO1 and MRP1 were much higher in A549/DDP cells than those of A549 cells and the susceptibility of A549/DDP cells to cisplatin was partially restored by silencing Nrf2. The combination of CTS and cisplatin led to cell death and apoptosis through sensitizing A549/DDP cells towards cisplatin compared with cisplatin mono-treatment, however, this reversal role could be abolished by Nrf2 knockdown. Specifically, CTS obviously diminished Nrf2 expression, thus contributing to the decrease of Nrf2-target genes expression levels. Meanwhile, we also discovered that CTS triggered several other signals involving in chemoresistance such as MAPKs, Akt and STAT3 pathway.  Our data indicated CTS may be developed as a potential sensitizer cooperating with anticancer drugs to combat chemoresistant carcinoma through the inhibition of the Nrf2 pathway.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Proactive Workload Management in Cloud Computing

The cloud computing environment model, is a proactive workload management service for intelligent work load factoring in cloud computing environment. It is used to establishment link between on and off premise infrastructure for hosting an online application. And the motive lies in explicit workload factoring of traffic in base zone server and the flash zone server. These two servers are the components where all the workload factoring is done. But the central technology for workload factoring service is a fast frequent data item detection algorithm, which enables workload factoring on the basis of volume as well as the data content of the request with a changing data application data popularity. After an extensive analysis and evaluation of this algorithm. It is found that workload factoring service enables increase in resource efficiency and reduce data cache/replication overhead.  Cloud computing, Workload Factoring, Base zone, Flash zone, Data item.

Field of study: Engineering
Penggunaan Radiasi di Bidang Kedokteran

The application of radiation in medicine is both for diagnostic as well as therapeutic purposes, and is more widespread than ever before. The role of X- and Y-rays in cancer therapy is becoming more frequent, because: 1, there are more people in the old-age group, 2. progress as continually made in radiations techniques. Since ionisation radiation is destructive to living cells, its application must be done with care and under the supervision of an expert radiologist.  radiology - diagnostic and therapeutic radiation - fluoroscopy - radiography - cancer treatment

Field of study: Medicine
Dissipation and Recovery of Azadirachtin from Treated Brinjal Foliage

Azadirachtin content from brinjal leaves sprayed with two commercial formulations viz., Margosom and Nimbicidin was estimated by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. When these formulations were sprayed in the field on brinjal plants, Margosom persisted for longer duration than Nimbicidin. When Margosom 1500 ppm was sprayed @ 10 ml/1, the initial deposition of 1.183 μg/cm2 of azadirachtin dissipated to 5.16% of initial deposition in five days. When Nimbicidin 300 ppm sprayed on brinjal plant @ 5 ml/1, resulted in the initial deposition of azadirachtin at 0.233 μg/cm2 which dissipated to 0.56% of the initial deposition in two days. Half life of Margosom was calculated as 1.34 days.

Field of study: Biology