nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Cell-average multiresolution based on local polynomial regression. Application to image processing

In Harten (1996)  presented a general framework about multiresolution representation based on four principal operators: decimation and prediction, discretization and reconstruction. The discretization operator indicates the nature of the data. In this work the pixels of a digital image are obtained as the average of a function in some defined cells. A family of Harten cell-average multiresolution schemes based on local polynomial regression is presented. The stability is ensured by the linearity of the operators obtained and the order is calculated. Some numerical experiments are performed testing the accuracy of the prediction operators in comparison with the classical linear and nonlinear methods.

Field of study: Mathematics
Remarks on Wu-Hsu's threshold signature scheme using self-certified public keys

Wu and Hsu proposed a (t,n) threshold signature scheme using self-certified public keys in order to integrate the properties of self-certified public key schemes and threshold signature schemes. Even though their scheme is more efficient when compared to previous works based on the certificate-based public key systems, we find some design defects of their scheme. In this paper, by identifying some concrete instances and analyses we will show that their scheme is not as secure as they claimed.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
A survey of zinc, lead and cadmium in soil and natural vegetation around a smelting complex

Analysis of samples of leaves and soil collected in the Avonmouth area of Severnside shows the distribution of airborne zinc, lead and cadmium to be strongly affected by prevailing wind conditions. Levels of zinc, lead, and cadmium in elm leaves collected in October 1971 range from 8000, 5000 and 50 ppm dry matter respectively close to a smelting complex, to values of about 200, 100 and less than 0·25 ppm respectively at distances of 10 to 15 km from the factory. It is clear that considerable contamination of the natural vegetation has occurred, and is occurring, in this area.

Field of study: Environmental science
Characterization and control of fungal morphology for improved production performance in biotechnology.

Filamentous fungi have been widely applied in industrial biotechnology for many decades. In submerged culture processes, they typically exhibit a complex morphological life cycle that is related to production performance--a link that is of high interest for process optimization. The fungal forms can vary from dense spherical pellets to viscous mycelia. The resulting morphology has been shown to be influenced strongly by process parameters, including power input through stirring and aeration, mass transfer characteristics, pH value, osmolality and the presence of solid micro-particles. The surface properties of fungal spores and hyphae also play a role. Due to their high industrial relevance, the past years have seen a substantial development of tools and techniques to characterize the growth of fungi and obtain quantitative estimates on their morphological properties. Based on the novel insights available from such studies, more recent studies have been aimed at the precise control of morphology, i.e., morphology engineering, to produce superior bio-processes with filamentous fungi.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Isotopically selective dissociation of COCl/sub 2/ molecules in the radiation field of a pulsed CO laser

The first report is given of attainment of isotopically selective dissociation of carbonyl chloride COCl/sub 2/ molecules by radiation from a pulsed tunable uncooled electron-beam-controlled CO laser. Carbonyl chloride was labeled with /sup 13/C and /sup 18/O and the isotopic ratio was /sup 12/C/sup 16/OCl/sub 2/: /sup 13/C/sup 16/OCl/sub 2/:/sup 12/C/sup 18/OCl/sub 2/ = 1:1:0.1, which made it possible to observe simultaneously the selectivity in respect of carbon and oxygen in the product (CO). The dissociation was produced by laser pulses of 0.5--1 J energy (energy density approx.5 J/cm/sup 2/) and of  ..mu..sec duration at half-intensity. The dependences of the selectivity ..cap alpha.. and of the dissociation yield on the pressure of the substance was studied in the course of irradiation of COCl/sub 2/ at the frequency corresponding to the P/sub 10/(22) (..nu.. = 1822.0 cm/sup -1/) transition in the CO laser. The selectivity in respect of the carbon /sup 12/C and oxygen /sup 16/O was the same, and it fell on increase in the pressure p of COCl/sub 2/. The maximum value of ..cap alpha..roughly-equal4 was obtained at p = 0.5 Torr.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Exchange of TiO2 nanoparticles between streams and streambeds.

The expanding use of manufactured nanoparticles has increased the potential for their release into the natural environment. Particularly, TiO2 nanoparticles pose significant exposure risk to humans and other living species due to their extensive use in a wide range of fields. To better understand the environmental and health risks associated with the release of TiO2 nanoparticles, knowledge on their fate and transport is needed. This study evaluates the transport of two different TiO2 nanoparticles: one commercially available (P25 TiO2 and the other synthesized at a lab scale (synthesized TiO2). Laboratory flume, column, and batch experiments were conducted to investigate the processes dominating the transport of TiO2 nanoparticles between streams and streambeds and to characterize the properties of these nanoparticles under different physicochemical conditions. Results show that the synthesized TiO2 was more stable compared to the P25 TiO2, which underwent significant aggregation under the same experimental conditions. As a result, P25 TiO2 deposited at a faster rate than the synthesized TiO2 in the streambed. Both types of TiO2 nanoparticles deposited in the streambed were easily released when the stream velocity was increased. The aggregation and deposition of P25 TiO2 were highly dependent on pH. A process-based colloid exchange model was applied to interpret the observed transport behavior of the TiO2 nanoparticles.

Field of study: Environmental science
Efficient proactive secret sharing

The secure storage of long-lived sensitive data is constantly growing in its relevance due to the ever increasing digitization of documents. One very important challenge of this research field is to provide confidentiality for the stored data even in the long term. The only known approach to achieve this, as required, for instance, for medical records, is to use proactive secret sharing. However, all currently known schemes suffer from being inefficient. They require information-theoretic secure communication channels between any two shareholders and between the client and each shareholder and come with a high communication complexity. Thus, this work addresses the scenario where only a subset of servers holding shares is connected via private channels. Furthermore, it is sufficient if there is only one private channel between the client and one shareholder. In addition to improving practicability the presented proactive secret sharing solution, called EPSS, performs data aggregation to provide an efficient solution with respect to the communication complexity. Nevertheless, it still provides unconditional confidentiality for the data at rest and towards external attackers eavesdropping the communication channels.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Weyl modules for the twisted loop algebras

The notion of a Weyl module, previously defined for the untwisted affine algebras, is extended here to the twisted affine algebras. We describe an identification of the Weyl modules for the twisted affine algebras with suitably chosen Weyl modules for the untwisted affine algebras. This identification allows us to use known results in the untwisted case to compute the dimensions and characters of the Weyl modules for the twisted algebras.

Field of study: Mathematics
Flemish Manuscript Painting in Context: Recent Research (review)

closer contemporaries, such as his teacher Lastman, in a chapter that looks at theories of artistic competition and rivalry, and at the practice of imitation in the education of the artist. Theory and practice also both figure in a chapter on the female nude and the artist. Here Sluijter asserts that although a notion of the artist as an Apelles, inspired by his desire and love for his model to produce beautiful art, had currency in Rembrandt’s Holland, of equal force were broad cultural concerns about the erotic charge inherent in images of the female nude. Hence, he argues, despite the privileging of the effects of art done from life, deploying fully undraped female models in the studio was a rare practice. The reception of pictures of female nudes is treated in a chapter in which Sluijter lays out this cultural landscape as ranging from moralizing disapproval to sophisticated and often playful enjoyment of the pleasures of images of the nude. Operating within these artistic and social conventions, Rembrandt “seems constantly to have explored the boundaries of what was possible” (315). Precisely how Rembrandt effected these explorations is given probing analysis in the case studies. Indeed, among the most rewarding aspects of this book are the acts of sustained viewing that compel one to look with care, over Sluijter’s shoulder, as it were. Happily, this book’s very high production values and generous format effectively support the forms of visual attention that its text invites: in addition to 366 black-and-white images, it includes sixty-two color plates, most of which are full-page format. Sluijter’s thorough iconographic and formal analyses underscore how each image is the end result of a myriad of choices and acts of selection and deliberation. As Sluijter rightly notes, Rembrandt’s painted nudes repeatedly thematize the perils of sight and the depiction of beauty. But they also, perhaps most notably in the 1654 Bathsheba, engage questions about adultery as a crime, the force of law, and the extent of institutional authority. Although these exclusions tend to naturalize the nude as an essentially private genre distinct from such institutional and political concerns, this book offers a rich reading of Rembrandt’s ambitious artistic investments in the nude as a figure of “intertwined moral and erotic concerns” (367). LISA ROSENTHAL University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

Field of study: History
Speciation Analysis of Organotins in Aquatic Products by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry

A method for determination of seven organotins( TMT,MBT,DBT,TBT,MPh T,DPh T,TPh T)in aquatic products was established using high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometry( HPLC-ICP-MS). An Eclipse Plus C18 column was used to separate the seven compounds using methanol-acetic acid( with 0. 2% triethylamine V / V) acid as the mobile phase,and the contents of these seven compounds were determined by external standard method using plasma mass spectrometry. The seven organotins compounds were effectively extracted using 30 m L of 30%( V / V) acetic acid-methanol with ultrasound for 10 min in low temperature,centrifuged for 3 min and the 20 m L supernatant was concentrated and diluted with mobile phase to 2 m L,and then separated in 30 min with gradient elution. Linear correlation coefficient for the standard curve of seven kinds of organotins was larger than 0. 995,and detection limit was0. 11- 0. 60 μg / kg. The spiked recoveries ranged from 72. 1% to 111. 7%. The method is feasible for the simultaneous determination of organotins in aquatic products with simple and convenient operation,efficient separation and low detection limit.

Field of study: Chemistry
A Building-Based Case Study of Evidence-Based Literacy Practices

This study investigated the multiyear effects of a school-wide implementation of evidence-based literacy practices and a program to prevent early reading failure in one elementary school. Guided by a collaborative partnership/professional development model, the researchers hypothesized that teachers would implement and sustain their use of a range of new evidence-based practices and that these practices would produced accelerated levels and rates of growth in classroom reading behaviors broadly across students and in curriculum-based measurement (CBM) reading fluency. Results over 3 years indicated the following: (a) teachers did implement new evidence-based practices; (b) use of these practices with kindergarten and first-grade cohorts was associated with larger slopes in silent reading in second grade, a common point in time, compared to an older third-grade cohort not exposed to these strategies and to students at risk and with disabilities, who did not differ in their levels of classroom reading behavior; (c) classroom reading behaviors occurred most often in the presence of peer tutors, reading partners, or teacher-led one-on-one, small-group, or independent instructional arrangements as compared to entire group, teacher-led instruction; (d) growth in reading fluency was substantial overall; however, comparison of cohorts' progress at second grade indicated no differences in CBM fluency growth associated with students' differential histories of exposure to evidence-based practices, whereas differences in growth as a function of level of risk were found. Students at high risk progressed more slowly in attaining reading fluency than did typical students and low-risk students. Implications are discussed.

Field of study: Education
Миграция в России в 2016 году

Миграционный прирост населения сокращается. Ресурс долговременной миграции, в том числе и внутристрановой, истощился. При этом уменьшается численность иностранных граждан, временно находящихся на территории России. Хотя причины этих процессов разные – в первом случае речь идет отчасти о статистическом эффекте, а во втором, скорее, – об ужесточении миграционного законодательства, в целом можно говорить о том, что миграция перестает вносить серьезный вклад и в демографическую ситуацию, и в ситуацию на рынке труда.

Field of study: Economics
Iterative Equalizer Based on Kalman Filtering and Smoothing for MIMO-ISI Channels

This paper proposes an iterative equalizer based on Kalman filtering and smoothing (IEKFS) for multiple-input multiple-output inter-symbol interference (MIMO-ISI) channels. A state-space model with a priori information and the corresponding Kalman filtering (KF) and Kalman smoothing (KS) operations are developed. The KF operations perform a linear minimum mean-square error (MMSE) equalization procedure with soft interference cancellation. In addition, the KF and KS operations produce and exchange the updated extrinsic information. During this IEKFS process, the soft estimate of a desired symbol does not participate in the equalization procedures for the desired symbol; only the feedback information of the other transmit symbols is used. Therefore, the proposed IEKFS performs iterative linear MMSE equalization based on the Kalman framework and turbo principle. The complexity of the IEKFS is linear with respect to the number of transmit signal vectors in a transmission block, and simulation results show that the IEKFS can achieve near-optimum bit error rate performances approaching the matched filter bound (MFB) of the channel in various environments.

Field of study: Engineering
Eine einfache kinetische Ableitung der Ionisierung- und Dampfdruckgleichung

ZusammenfassungEs wird eine einfache und anschauliche kinetische Ableitung der bekannten Formeln für das Ionisierungs- und Dampfdruckgleichgewicht angegeben. Der für den Dampfdruck wesentliche Mechanismus wird charakterisiert durch die Annahme. daß die Zahl der Kondensationspunkte, die der feste Körper den Dampfatomen darbietet. übereinstimmt mit der Zahl seiner Oberflächenatome.

Field of study: Physics
The sea level response to ice sheet freshwater forcing in the Community Earth System Model

We study the effect of a realistic ice sheet freshwater forcing on sea-level change in the fully coupled Community Earth System Model (CESM) showing not only the effect on the ocean density and dynamics, but also the gravitational response to mass redistribution between ice sheets and the ocean. We compare the 'standard' model simulation (NO-FW) to a simulation with a more realistic ice sheet freshwater forcing (FW) for two different forcing scenario's (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5) for 1850–2100. The effect on the global mean thermosteric sea-level change is small compared to the total thermosteric change, but on a regional scale the ocean steric/dynamic change shows larger differences in the Southern Ocean, the North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean (locally over 0.1 m). The gravitational fingerprints of the net sea-level contributions of the ice sheets are computed separately, showing a regional pattern with a magnitude that is similar to the difference between the NO-FW and FW simulations of the ocean steric/dynamic pattern. Our results demonstrate the importance of ice sheet mass loss for regional sea-level projections in light of the projected increasing contribution of ice sheets to future sea-level rise.

Field of study: Environmental science
Thevet Revisits Guanabara

Il nous faudroit des topographes qui fissent narration particuliere des endroits où ils ont esté” [We need topographers who can provide detailed accounts of the places where they have been].1 In his essay on “Cannibals,” the early version of his celebrated plea for objective accounts of the fauna, flora, local cultures, and singular features of the New World, Montaigne admonished a tradition of reports made by cosmographers who bore false witness to the Americas. Those observers, he implied, filled Europe with ill-formed and fanciful fiction and had little to do with any first-hand contact with spaces unfamiliar to Europeans. He impugned a line of writers, from Boemus and Sebastian Münster to François de Belleforest and André Thevet, who used the overarching network of a new but compendious genre to capture in its descriptive webbing customs at once primitive and refined, facts archaic and modern, and material both classical in aura and uncanny in shape. Montaigne’s praise of the topographer shared affinities for the person who later became Pierre Bayle’s ideal historian and, no less, the modern ethnographer: one who belonged to no land, was uprooted, déraciné, and capable of casting a candid gaze on any cultural foible that met the eye; one who refused to jump to any moral judgment about cultural practices or the outcome of historical events in past or present; one who was aware of the allure of allegory and rhetoric, on whose seductive delight the effusive and amplified style of the cosmographia was constructed; and one who could report in simple language—of a clarity and measure precise as a toise and discrete as a measured piece of prose—what constituted a singularity. Montaigne’s call for a scientific view of things also suggested that he and his readers wished to know what “really” happened when the French first sought to gain a foothold in the New World. Two failures were on the hori-

Field of study: History
The green alga Scenedesmus obliquus contains both diadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P4-tetraphosphate (asymmetrical) pyrophosphohydrolase and phosphorylase activities.

Diadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P4-tetraphosphate (Ap4A) phosphorylase and Ap4A pyrophosphohydrolase activities have been purified from extracts of the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus. Both activities were also detected in Scenedesmus brasiliensis, Scenedesmus quadricauda and in Chlorella vulgaris. This is the first time that both types of enzyme have been detected in the same species. The Ap4A phosphorylase has a molecular mass of 46-48 kDa, a broad pH optimum between 7.5 and 9.5, and requires a divalent ion for activity (Mg2+ > Co2+ > Ca2+ = Mn2+ = Cd2+ > Zn2+). It degrades substrates with at least four phosphate groups and always produces a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate product. The Km values for Ap4A and Pi are 5.3 microM and 160 microM, respectively, and kcat. = 1.8 s-1. Arsenate, vanadate, molybdate, chromate and tungstate can substitute for phosphate. The enzyme also catalyses Ap4A synthesis (Keq. = [Ap4A] [Pi]/[ATP][ADP] = 9 x 10(-4)) and ADP arsenolysis. The Ap4A hydrolase has a molecular mass of 26-28 kDa, an alkaline pH optimum of 8.8-9.8, and prefers Zn2+ as the stimulatory ion (Zn2+ > Mg2+ > Mn2+ > Co2+ > Cd2+). It degrades substrates with at least four phosphate groups, having a slight preference for Ap5A, and always produces a nucleoside 5'-triphosphate product. The Km value for Ap4A is 6.6 microM and kcat. = 1.3 s-1. It is inhibited competitively by adenosine 5'-tetraphosphate (Ki = 0.67 microM) and non-competitively by fluoride (Ki = 150 microM). A 50-54 kDa dinucleoside 5',5'''-P1,P3-triphosphate (Ap3A) pyrophosphohydrolase was also detected in S. obliquus, S. quadricauda and C. vulgaris. The corresponding enzyme in S. brasiliensis (> 100 kDa) may be a dimer

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
QAODV: Improved Security Routing Protocol of AODV

Network control system (NCS) has higher requirements on QoS index of the network, but MANET can hardly meet the demands of control systems because of its own characteristics. The paper improves AODV and proposes AODV routing protocol QAODV with certain QoS security in combination with NCS and MANET, and expounds routing detection, routing register and routing maintenance. Simulation results show that end-to-end delay and packet loss of QAODV reduces evidently compared with AODV, and the protocol is compatible with AODV. The nodes of 2 protocols can coexist and work normally in the same network

Field of study: Computer science
Study on Soilless Culture of Strawberry Grown in Different Media in Plastic House

Soilless culture of strawberry grown in plastic house in eight media and loam soil (ck) was studied in this paper The media were made up of vermiculite, sand and rice grain carbonized shell in different proportion,and their nutrient supply were provided by drip irrigation Thirteen biological characters about plant vegetative and reproductive growth of strawberry grown in different media were tested and analyzed The significant difference existed between different treatments in every observed character by F test(α=0 05,F 0 05 F) The correlation coefficients in different biological characters and their relationships were also analyzed,and the principle of fuzzy synthetic valuation was applied to select optimum compound media by using observed data The result showed that 70% sand +30% rice grain carbonized shell or 50% sand +50% rice grain carbonized shell was the optimum media for soilless culture of strawberry in plastic house

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences