nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Review of the relationship between contemporary health definition and traditional Chinese health-cultivation,self-restrain and virtue nurture

In modern time health is defined as "a state of complete physical,mental,and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."This description of health is not a contemporary invention when examining the history of China.During the period of chunqiuzhanguo about 2400 years ago,self-cultivation and regulation were recognized as the foundation of health,and human beings were perceived as a complementary and inseparable integrity with their surrounding world and universe.Such micro-and macrocosm is deeply rooted in ancient chinese holistic health preservation philosophy and thought.Daoism or taoism is the core of ancient Chinese philosophy.Restrain oneself and nurturing the virtue are crucial in ancient health-cultivation and regulation.Together with the nature-human-integrity doctrine,they lay the foundation and principles for achieving the healthy body,mind and society.

Field of study: Education
Image watermarking based on invariant regions of scale-space representation

This paper proposes a novel content-based image watermarking method based on invariant regions of an image. The invariant regions are self-adaptive image patches that deform with geometric transformations. Three different invariant-region detection methods based on the scale-space representation of an image were considered for watermarking. At each invariant region, the watermark is embedded after geometric normalization according to the shape of the region. By binding watermarking with invariant regions, resilience against geometric transformations can be readily obtained. Experimental results show that the proposed method is robust against various image processing steps, including geometric transformations, cropping, filtering, and JPEG compression.

Field of study: Engineering
An Efficient Network Intrusion Detection System Based on Feature Selection and Ensemble Classifier

Since Internet is so popular and prevailing in human life, countering cyber threats, especially attack detection, is a challenging area of research in the field of cyber security. Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are essential entities in a network topology aiming to safeguard the integrity and availability of sensitive assets in the protected systems. Although many supervised and unsupervised learning approaches from the field of machine learning and pattern recognition have been used to increase the efficacy of IDSs, it is still a problem to deal with lots of redundant and irrelevant features in high-dimension datasets for network anomaly detection. To this end, we propose a novel methodology combining the benefits of correlation-based feature selection(CFS) and bat algorithm(BA) with an ensemble classifier based on C4.5, Random Forest(RF), and Forest by Penalizing Attributes(Forest PA), which can be able to classify both common and rare types of attacks with high accuracy and efficiency. The experimental results, using a novel intrusion detection dataset, namely CIC-IDS2017, reveal that our CFS-BA-Ensemble method is able to contribute more critical features and significantly outperforms individual approaches, achieving high accuracy and low false alarm rate. Moreover, compared with the majority of the existing state-of-the-art and legacy techniques, our approach exhibits better performance under several classification metrics in the context of classification accuracy, f-measure, attack detection rate, and false alarm rate.

Field of study: Computer science
Anisotropie der magnetischen SuszeptibilitÄt und SÄttigungsmagnetisierung als Hilfsmittel der Gefügekunde

ZusammenfassungDie Anisotropie der SÄttigungsmagnetisierung und der magnetischen SuszeptibilitÄt eines Gesteins hat sich als wertvolles Hilfsmittel der Gefügekunde erwiesen. Die Anisotropie magnetischer Mineralien, Methoden zur Messung dieses Effektes sowie die Darstellung der Ergebnisse magnetischer Anisotropiemessungen werden behandelt. Die Merkmale magnetischer Gefüge magmatischer, metamorpher und sedimentÄrer Gesteine werden an einigen Beispielen beschrieben.AbstractAnisotropy measurements of saturation magnetization and magnetic susceptibility of rocks have been shown to be a valuable tool of petrofabric analysis. The anisotropy of magnetic minerals as well as instrumental and interpretational techniques are discussed and the characteristics of the magnetic fabric of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks are summarized.RésuméL'anisotropie de l'aimantation spontanée et de la susceptibilité magnétique constituent une méthode efficace pour l'analyse des textures des roches. L'anisotropie des minéraux magnétÌques est traitée, ainsi que les instruments et les techniques d'interprétation. Enfin les caractères de la texture magnétique des roches magmatiques, metamorphiques et sedimentaires sont résumés.кРАткОЕ сОДЕРжАНИЕпРИ ИжУЧЕНИИ стРОЕНИ ь пОРОДы ВАжНыМ ьВльУ тсь АНИжОтРОпИь МАгНИтН ОгО НАсыЩЕНИь И МАгНИтНО И ВОспРИИМЧИВОстИ ЕЕ. В ДАННОИ РАБОтЕ РАссМОтРЕНы АНИжОтРОпИь МАгНИтН ых МИНЕРАлОВ, МЕтОДы И жМЕРЕНИь ЁтОгО ьВлЕНИь И гРАФИЧЕскО Е ИжОБРАжЕНИЕ РЕжУль тАтОВ. НА НЕкОтОРых пРИМЕРАх пРИВОДьтсь ОтДЕльНы Е МАгНИтНыЕ хАРАктЕР ИстИкИ МАгМАтИЧЕскИх, МЕтАМ ОРФНых И ОсАДОЧНых пОРОД.

Field of study: Environmental science
Optical Polarization Möbius Strips on All-Dielectric Optical Scatterers

In this article, we study the emergence of polarization singularities in the scattering of optical resonators excited by linearly polarized light. First, we prove analytically that spherical all-dielectric nanoparticles described by combinations of electric and magnetic isotropic polarizabilities can sustain L surfaces and C lines that propagate from the near-field to the far field. Based on these analytical results, we are able to derive anomalous scattering Kerker conditions using singular optics arguments. Next, through full-field calculations, we demonstrate that high refractive index spherical resonators present such topologically protected features. We calculate the polarization structure of light around the generated C lines, unveiling a Mobius strip structure in the main axis of the polarization ellipse when calculated on a closed path around the C line. These results prove that high-index nanoparticles are excellent candidates for the generation of polarization singularities and that they may lea...

Field of study: Physics
A shift in the collagen V antigenic epitope leads to T helper phenotype switch and immune response to self‐antigen leading to chronic lung allograft rejection

Immune responses to human leucocyte antigen (HLA) and self‐antigen collagen V (Col‐V) have been proposed in the pathogenesis of chronic rejection (bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, BOS) following human lung transplantation (LTx). In this study, we defined the role for the shift in immunodominant epitopes of Col‐V in inducing T helper phenotype switch leading to immunity to Col‐V and BOS. Sera and lavage from BOS+ LTx recipients with antibodies to Col‐V were analysed. Two years prior to BOS, patients developed antibodies to both Col‐V,α1(V) and α2(V) chains. However, at clinical diagnosis of BOS, antibodies became restricted to α1(V). Further, lung biopsy from BOS(+) patients bound to antibodies to α1(V), indicating that these epitopes are exposed. Fourteen Col‐V peptides [pep1–14, pep1–4 specific to α1(V), pep5–8 to α1,2(V) and pep9–14 to α2(V)] which bind to HLA‐DR4 and ‐DR7, demonstrated that prior to BOS, pep 6, 7, 9, 11 and 14 were immunodominant and induced interleukin (IL)‐10. However, at BOS, the response switched to pep1, 4 and 5 and induced interferon (IFN)‐γ and IL‐17 responses, but not IL‐10. The T helper (Th) phenotype switch is accompanied by decreased frequency of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the lavage. LTx recipients with antibodies to α1(V) also demonstrated increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activation with decreased MMP inhibitor, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP), suggesting that MMP activation may play a role in the exposure of new Col‐V antigenic epitopes. We conclude that a shift in immunodominance of self‐antigenic determinants of Col‐V results in induction of IFN‐γ and IL‐17 with loss of tolerance leading to autoimmunity to Col‐V, which leads to chronic lung allograft rejection.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
A solid polymer electrolyte containing a novel lithium borate salt for all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries

We prepared a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) composed of a lithium borate salt and a polymer matrix, which can be employed for all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries. The lithium borate salt was made from lithium cations and bis (maleic acid) borate anions, and exhibits an excellent thermal stability as well as high ionic conductivity. The polymer matrix is an amorphous polymeric material having no crystalline regions, which is beneficial for the movement of lithium ions in the SPE. The polymer matrix also has good mechanical performance and thermal stability. Moreover, the SPE also has a relatively high ionic conductivity.

Field of study: Materials science
Phototrophic anaerobic lagoons as affected by copper and zinc in swine diets.

Odor emissions from anaerobic lagoons containing large populations of phototrophic bacteria are usually minimal. This study was conducted to determine whether copper (123 ppm) and zinc (2,310 ppm) in diets fed to weanling pigs for therapeutic purposes affect phototrophic conditions within lagoons. Column reactors containing 47 L of swine lagoon sludge and supernatant were used to represent lagoons. The reactors were placed in an environmental chamber maintained at 24° C. Copper, zinc, and control manure were added to the reactors at a volatile solids loading rate of 128 g vs m -3 da-1 using a hydraulic retention time of 32.5 days. Bacteriochlorophyll a, copper, reduction-oxidation potential, salinity, sulfate, sulfide, and zinc were then measured for at least 99 days. Sulfide, total copper and total zinc were the only parameters to be significantly impacted. The copper and zinc concentrations in the sludge increased but that of supernatant in the individual reactors changed little during the study period. However, the addition of dietary copper significantly increased the concentrations of sulfides in the supernatant, creating a condition that appeared toxic to phototrophic bacteria. In contrast, a decrease in sulfide concentration resulted from the addition of dietary zinc, resulting in an environment that may have been favorable to phototrophic bacteria. Thus, to minimize potential odor concerns, zinc rather than copper may be the best choice as a dietary supplement for weanling pigs.  Anaerobic bacteria, Lagoon effluent, Manure management practices, Odor control, Swine lagoon waste.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
SYNTHESIS AND REACTIONS OF 5-METHYLTHIENO[2',3':5,6]PYRIMIDO-[2,1-a]ISOINDOL-4(5H)-ONE

The reaction of 2-(bromomethyl)benzonitrile with methyl 3-aminothiophene-2-carboxylate results in two tautomeric thienopyrimidoisoindolones. Their methylation yields 5-methylthieno[2',3':5,6]pyrimido[2,1- a ]isoindol-4(5 H )-one which reacts with N-substituted maleimides and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Role of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Processes in Atmospheric Chemistry

Junior and senior researchers identified, discussed, and studied outstanding issues related to atmospheric boundary layer processes closely linked to atmospheric chemistry WHEN: 20–24 November 2006 WHERE: Castelldefels, Spain he importance of atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) dynamics and physics in controlling key aspects of atmospheric chemistry is becoming increasingly recognized. Processes such as dispersion, mixing, transformation, and deposition are strongly dependent on the stratification of the ABL, on the presence of clouds, and on the interaction between land and the ABL. Its location as a buffer region between the biosphere and the free troposphere makes this layer very relevant to air quality issues and the global climate problem. Therefore, to obtain a thorough understanding of the temporal evolution and spatial distribution of atmospheric compounds, it is necessary to investigate the myriad linkages between the prevailing physical processes and the chemistry of their constituents. In the past, these subjects have often been investigated separately, eliminating the possibility for study of the potential feedbacks and couplings of the relevant processes in atmospheric chemistry. Toward the purpose of rectifying this historic segregation, the interdisciplinary “Research School” was organized to narrow the gap between the disciplines of atmospheric physics and chemistry, identify significant gaps of knowledge, and promote vital cross-disciplinary dialog among emerging scientists in both fields. In November 2006, we held a 5-day Research School attended by 27 students from 12 different THE ROLE OF ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER PROCESSES IN ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY

Field of study: Environmental science
Anxiolytic effect of BPC-157, a gastric pentadecapeptide: shock probe/burying test and light/dark test.

To study anxiolytic effect of a gastric pentadecapeptide, BPC-157.



In shock probe/burying test, pentadecapeptide BPC-157 (10 microg/kg, 10 ng/kg, ip), diazepam (0.075, 0.0375 mg/kg, ip), and an equivolume of saline (5 mL/kg, ip) were given at 30 min prior test. In light/dark test, the same dosage of diazepam, BPC-157, and saline were given at 45 min prior procedure.



Shock probe/burying test: rats treated with either diazepam or pentadecapeptide BPC-157 were much less afraid after the shock: almost not burying and the total time spent in burying was clearly less than in controls. However, while in the diazepam treated rats the number of shocks received increased over control values, in pentadecapeptide BPC-157 treated groups the number of shocks remained not modified compared with the control values. Light/dark test: after exposure to the intense light, diazepam treated mice had longer latencies of crossing to the dark compartment, a greater number of crossing and a greater number of exploratory rearing, and spent longer time in the light compartment, as compared to the control mice, while BPC-157 mice had a similar behavior to that of the control mice. In contrast with the effect in light area, in dark zone diazepam produced no change with respect to controls, while BPC-157 (10 microg/kg) mice had a greater number of crossing and a greater number of exploratory rearing.



Both diazepam and BPC-157 displayed a bidirectional effect, but the activity of pentadecapeptide BPC-157 was particular, and different from diazepam.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Microstructure degradation of LSM-YSZ cathode in SOFCs operated at various conditions

Systematic microstructural analyses have been carried out on a series of technological SOFCs that went through long-term cell tests with various operating parameters including temperature, current load and time length under current. For the LSM-YSZ cathode, a number of microstructure degradation mechanisms have been identified. And it has been observed that different mechanisms dominate the degradation process under different test conditions. The severe cathode degradation at 750 °C operation with high current density is attributed to a loss of the cathode/electrolyte interface stability. For the cells tested at 850 °C, the interface stability is maintained due to further sintering during cell operation. A cell test lasting for 2 years (17500 h) at 850 °C with a moderate current density (not greater than 1 A/cm 2 ) has shown that the cathode microstructure is fairly robust to the degradation processes at this temperature, such as grain coarsening and element diffusion. The cell degrades mildly with a cell voltage degradation rate of 7 mV/1000 h.

Field of study: Materials science
Inverse Relation Between Foreshore Slope and Mean Grain Size as a Function of the Heavy Mineral Content

Along the sandy beach of Terry Andrae State Park on Lake Michigan, Wisconsin, an inverse relationship exists between foreshore slope angle and mean grain size. Mean grain size decreases as the heavy mineral content increases. Grain size, wave steepness, and wave length have been reported as variables affecting the foreshore slope angle. It is here suggested that the heavy mineral content in the mid-foreshore be accepted as an active variable that influences the foreshore slope angle.

Field of study: Geology
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF SEMI-RIGID COMPOSITE FRAMES UNDER VERTICAL LOADS

To study the effects of moment-rotation characteristics of connections and load magnitude on the behavior of composite frames, nonlinear finite element method is presented considering the effects of the moment-rotation characteristics of beam-to-column connections, composite action of slab and geometric nonlinearity. The stiffness matrixes of structures and fixed-end forces of members are modified by introducing an end-fixing factor. The results indicate that the moment-rotation characteristics of connections affect the forces and deformations of the composite frames, while the load magnitude has no significant effect in the range of 0.143 r00.727. In addition, the effects of semi-rigid connection and composite action of slab on the behavior of steel frames must be properly considered in design. The proposed finite element method can be used in practice.

Field of study: Engineering
The Flower of Service Concept and Its Influence on the Customer Satisfaction: Case Study of Jordanian Private Hospitals Sector

Service and service quality is becoming the hottest topics within the institutions and organizations that present services to their customers regardless of their orientation and field of interest. Generally speaking, services appear as core services which are the basic benefit that a customer gets from purchasing a certain item/service and supplementary services which are the non-routine services that follow the process of acquiring the item/service. Through the literature there appeared an interest in caring for the level of core services on the expense of supplementary services. In that sense, the current study aimed at examining the influence of 'flower of service' dimensions–as supplementary service dimensions-on customer satisfaction within the private hospitals and healthcare givers in Jordan. The sample of the study consisted of (431) individuals who are benefiting from services of private hospitals. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed on the sample which consisted of questions regarding the service quality within the private hospitals in Jordan based on the dimensions of 'flower of service'. The results of the study indicated that the dimensions of the flower of services appeared to be influential on the satisfaction of customers which included (Information, Order Taking, Consultation, Hospitality, Billing Payment) while two dimensions were found to be not influential (Exception , Safe Keeping). It was recommended through the study that the management should increase the awareness among its employees of the difference between the supplementary service and the core service and how each one of them is important in its own way. In addition to that, there should be extra care about the importance of service quality which can take place through the awareness that can be spread through the quality control department. Also, it was recommended that –based on respondents' opinion – to increase the level of hospitality within the private hospitals and present more effective payment solutions for patients and their families considering that a person is mainly waiting to be charged in accordance with the service that they get.

Field of study: Business
Comparison of minimally invasive transspinous and open approaches for thoracolumbar intradural-extramedullary spinal tumors.

OBJECT Spinal tumor resection has historically been performed via open approaches, although minimally invasive approaches have recently been found to be effective in small cohort series. The authors compare surgical characteristics and clinical outcomes of surgery in patients undergoing mini-open and open approaches for intradural-extramedullary tumor resection.  The authors retrospectively reviewed 65 consecutive intradural-extramedullary tumor resections performed at their institution from 2007 to 2014. Patients with cervical tumors or pathology demonstrating neurofibroma were excluded (n = 14). The nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test and Pearson chi-square test were used to compare continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS, with significance set at p < 0.05.  Fifty-one thoracolumbar intradural-extramedullary tumor resections were included; 25 were performed via the minimally invasive transspinous approach. There were no statistically significant differences in age, sex, body mass index, preoperative American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) score, preoperative symptom duration, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status class, tumor size, or tumor location. There was no statistically significant difference between groups with respect to the duration of the operation or extent of resection, but the mean estimated blood loss was significantly lower in the minimally invasive surgery (MIS) cohort (142 vs 320 ml, p < 0.05). In each group, the 2 most common tumor pathologies were schwannoma and meningioma. There were no statistically significant differences in length of hospitalization, ASIA score improvement, complication rate, or recurrence rate. The mean duration of follow-up was 2 years for the MIS group and 1.6 years for the open surgery group.  This is one of the largest comparisons of minimally invasive and open approaches to the resection of thoracolumbar intradural-extramedullary tumors. With well-matched cohorts, the minimally invasive transspinous approach appears to be as safe and effective as the open technique, with the advantage of significantly reduced intraoperative blood loss.

Field of study: Medicine
A macroscopic persistent current generation by merons in a spin density wave ordered state

We show that a stable spontaneous current appears in a system of a spin density wave order with merons, vortices in the spin configuration with winding number +1. A meron in the spin density wave order modifies the boundary condition for eigenfunctions around it to a sign-change one. As a consequence, two types of stable current states, one with a clockwise circulation and the other with a counterclockwise one, arise. When a magnetic field is present, one produces a diamagnetic current is chosen. A collection of such currents results in a large diamagnetic current; and if the meron density is sufficiently large, a perfect diamagnetism is realized. The stability of this diamagnetic current is attributed to the topological nature of the merons, and as long as the distribution of the merons remains the same the current will persist even in a macroscopic system.

Field of study: Physics