nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
After HCV Eradication with SovaldiÃÂ®, Can Herbs Regenerate Damaged Liver, Minimize Side Effects and Reduce the Bill?

Hepatitis C virus is a major health burden. It has infected millions of people worldwide with the highest prevalence in Egypt. Sofosbuvir (Sovaldi®) has been recently approved for treating chronic hepatitis C virus infections. Herbal medicine has been searched for centuries for the remedy of liver diseases. 
 Plants contain phytochemicals that proved to demonstrate hepatoprotective activity in vitro in various hepatotoxic models. Herbal drugs also proved efficacy in many clinical trials in reducing the viral load and improving the clinical manifestations in patients suffering hepatitis C virus. 
 A hypothesis is postulated for the possibility of the use of a herbal mixture of plants, which are known for their hepatoprotective activity, in a combination therapy with directly acting antiviral drugs such as Sovaldi® to help regenerate the liver, improve the clinical condition and reduce both the cost and side effects for hepatitis C virus patients.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Structural Dependent Eu3+ Luminescence, Photoelectric and Hysteresis Effects in Porous Strontium Titanate

Eu3+ doped porous nanostructured SrTiO3 films and powder fabricated by sol-gel route without using any precursor template are characterized by different morphology and phase composition. The films and the power show red and yellow luminescence with the most intensive photoluminescence (PL) bands at 612 nm and 588 nm, respectively. Raman, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of undoped nanostructured porous SrTiO3 films showed the presence of TiO2, SrO, and SrTiO3 phases and their components. The undoped porous SrTiO3 films are photosensitive and demonstrate resistive switching. The capacitance-voltage hysteresis loops with the width of about 6 V in the frequency range of 2 kHz—2 MHz were observed.

Field of study: Materials science
The subtle interactional dance of a teacher: The negotiation of pupil-teacher translanguaging practices in a Brussels’ Dutch-medium secondary school

In this article, the nuanced complexities of translanguaging practices in teacher-pupil interaction are studied. Negotiation of teacher-pupil translanguaging practices is analysed in a diverse classroom in a monolingual school context in which other languages than the language of instruction are not accepted. Throughout the selected English course, translanguaging practices including different named languages (i.e. French, Dutch, English, Arabic) unfold in teacher-pupil interaction. Whereas the teacher merely has to safeguard boundaries between languages according to modernist school structures, results also indicate that the management of pupils’ translanguaging by a teacher in a multilingual, postmodern context guided by modernist institutional rules is negotiated in interaction. This negotiation of translanguaging practices in interaction is guided by power inequalities and impacts on the teacher’s professional identity and on the valorisation of features of named languages. As a result, pupils’ and teacher’s linguistic practices can be situated on different parts of a translanguaging continuum, from more hybrid to more bounded.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
In-situ determination of the transformer core's magnetization characteristics on HT-7 superconducting Tokamak

As a complex physics system, the tokamak plasma is strongly coupled with external poloidal fields, which are defined by electromagnetic circuits. For the HT-7 device with an iron core, the transformer magnetization plays the most important role. With a reasonable two-dimensional magnetizing current filament model, the magnetization curve was numerically derived from in-situ external magnetic experimental data detected by flux loops and small pick-up coils. To solve the ill-posed inverse problem, singular value decomposition scheme and iterative procedures were used and proved to be effective. This provides a practical solution for in-situ determination of the transformer's magnetization characteristics. It paves the way for tokamak experiment prediction and plasma current profile reconstruction.

Field of study: Physics
Cross-talk between glucagon- and adenosine-mediated signalling systems in rat hepatocytes: effects on cyclic AMP-phosphodiesterase activity.

The effect of adenosine analogues on glucagon-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation in rat hepatocytes was explored. N6-Cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine and N6-(R-phenylisopropyl)adenosine inhibited in a dose-dependent manner the cyclic AMP accumulation induced by glucagon. This effect seems to be mediated through A1 adenosine receptors. Pertussis toxin completely abolished the effect of CPA on glucagon-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation in whole cells which suggested that a pertussis-toxin-sensitive G-protein was involved. On the other hand, this action of adenosine analogues on glucagon-induced cyclic AMP accumulation was reverted by the selective low-Km cyclic AMP-phosphodiesterase inhibitor Ro 20-1724. Analysis of cyclic AMP-phosphodiesterase activity in purified hepatocyte plasma membranes showed that glucagon in the presence of GTP inhibited basal PDE activity by 45% and that CPA reverted this inhibition in dose-dependent manner. In membranes derived from pertussis-toxin-treated rats, we observed no inhibition of cyclic AMP-phosphodiesterase activity by glucagon in the absence or presence of CPA. Our results indicate that in hepatocyte plasma membranes, stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity and inhibition of a low-Km cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity are co-ordinately regulated by glucagon, and that A1 adenosine receptors can inhibit glucagon-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation by blocking glucagon's effect on phosphodiesterase activity.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
The Blockade of Transmembrane Cl- Flux Mitigates I/R-Induced Heart Injury via the Inhibition of Calpain Activity

The aim of this study was to determine whether calpain is involved in Cl- -induced myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury.  Isolated rat hearts were subjected to either 45 min of global no-flow ischemia followed by reperfusion or successive perfusion with Ca2+ -free KH solution for 3 min and normal KH solution for 30 min, also known as Ca2+ paradox.  The hearts in the I/R group exhibited increases in myocardial injury area, LDH release, caspase 3 activity and apoptotic indices and a marked decline in cardiac performance. As was the case regarding the effects of MDL 28170, an inhibitor of calpain, treatment with 5 µM NPPB, 5 µM DIDS and low Cl- significantly attenuated cardiac injury. Moreover, each of the treatments significantly protected against Ca2+ overload-induced injury in the setting of Ca2+ paradox. The Western blot and immunofluorescence data revealed that there was an increase in the percentages of calpain membrane-positive cells and the numbers of fragments resulting from the calpain-mediated proteolysis of α-fodrin in both the I/R and the Ca2+ paradox, indicating that the activation of calpain occurred. More importantly, these effects were mitigated by the blockade of transmembrane Cl- flux, as was accomplished via MDL 28170.  Our results provide evidence that the blockade of transmembrane Cl- flux mitigates I/R-induced cardiac injury via the inhibition of calpain activity. They also indicate that intracellular Ca2+ overload regulates calpain activation in the setting of Cl- -induced injury.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Self-Efficacy, Values, and Complementarity in Dyadic Interactions: Integrating Interpersonal and Social-Cognitive Theory

Dyadic interactions were analyzed using constructs from social-cognitive theory (self-efficacy and subjective values) and interpersonal theory (interpersonal circumplex [IPC] and complementarity). In Study 1, the authors developed a measure of efficacy for interpersonal actions associated with each IPC region—the Circumplex Scales of Interpersonal Efficacy (CSIE). In Study 2, the authors used the CSIE and the Circumplex Scales of Interpersonal Values (which assesses the subjective value of interpersonal events associated with each IPC region) to predict the dominance expressed and satisfaction experienced by members of 101 same-sex dyads trying to solve a murder mystery. Structural equation modeling analyses supported both social-cognitive and interpersonal theory. A social-cognitive person-variable (dominance efficacy) and an interpersonal dyadic-variable (reciprocity) together predicted dominant behaviors. Likewise, both a social-cognitive variable (friendliness values) and an interpersonal variable (correspondence of friendliness efficacy) predicted satisfaction. Finally, both shared performance outcomes and dynamic interpersonal processes predicted convergence of collective efficacy beliefs within dyads.

Field of study: Psychology
STATE FEEDBACK CONTROL OF PMLSM DRIVE BY USING THE SVPWM TECHNIQUE

In this paper the optimal state feedback control design of permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM) is proposed. The mathematical model of PMLSM is obtained and linearised by introducing a variable in to the model which will decouple the linear and non linear components which is used to get the linearised model. The discrete linear quadratic regulator is used to design the state feedback control by finding the optimal gain matrix. The linearised PMLSM equations are used to form the objective function by incorporating weighting matrices Q and R. The motor is controlled by conventional PI method and then by the proposed method. In each method the system behavior is studied and the results are compared to evaluate them.

Field of study: Engineering
Julia Gerth.Wirklichkeit und Wahrnehmung: Hans Memlings Turiner Passion und die Bildgruppe der Passionspanoramen. Neue Frankfurter Forschungen zur Kunst. Herausgegeben vom Kunstgeschichtlichen Institut der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main 8. Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag, 2010. 284 p


Field of study: History
An Efficient and Enantioselective Synthesis of Suitably Protected β‐[1‐(4‐Malonyl)naphthyl]‐L‐alanine and β‐[1‐(4‐Malonylmethyl)naphthyl]‐L‐alanine: Novel Fluorescent and Non‐Hydrolysable Phosphotyrosine Mimetics

Molecular dynamics simulations based on the structure of the Grb7 SH2 domain in complex with the ErbB2 phosphorylated peptide pTyr1139 have suggested that β-[1-(4-malonyl)naphthyl]-L-alanine (L-mNal) may be accommodated in the pTyr binding pocket and offer additional beneficial interactions. Therefore, this compound and its analog β-[1-(4-malonylmethyl)naphthyl]-L-alanine (L-mmNal), which are newnon-hydrolysable phosphotyrosine mimetics, have been prepared by the catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation of the corresponding prochiral enamides with excellent enantioselectivities. These compounds and their dehydro derivatives show interesting fluorescent properties.

Field of study: Chemistry
Radar in Atmospheric Sciences and Related Research: Current Systems, Emerging Technology, and Future Needs

To assist the National Science Foundation in meeting the needs of the community of scientists by providing them with the instrumentation and platforms necessary to conduct their research successfully, a meeting was held in late November 2012 with the purpose of defining the problems of the next generation that will require radar technologies and determining the suite of radars best suited to help solve these problems. This paper summarizes the outcome of the meeting: (i) Radars currently in use in the atmospheric sciences and in related research are reviewed. (ii) New and emerging radar technologies are described. (iii) Future needs and opportunities for radar support of high-priority research are discussed. The current radar technologies considered critical to answering the key and emerging scientific questions are examined. The emerging radar technologies that will be most helpful in answering the key scientific questions are identified. Finally, gaps in existing radar observing technologies are listed.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effects of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-1 and recombinant human growth hormone on anabolism and immunity in calorie-restricted alcoholic rats.

Patients with severe alcoholic liver injury exhibit very low serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations, along with many of the symptoms that might occur with an IGF-1 deficiency state (including severe protein calorie malnutrition and immunosuppression). This study was performed to assess the effects of recombinant human (rh) IGF-1 and/or rh growth hormone (rhGH) on anabolism and immunity in the calorie-restricted, immunosuppressed alcoholic rat.



Undernutrition was induced by calorie restriction such that each animal consumed 40% of ad libitum-fed controls. Alcohol was administered orally in the diet such that the mean daily intake was 9.4 g/kg/day. rhIGF-1 was administered by continuous subcutaneous infusion (380 micrograms/day) using a 14-day miniosmotic pump; rhGH was given by subcutaneous injections (400 micrograms/day). Matching placebo groups were also studied.



On this regimen, ad libitum-fed controls were well nourished and increased body weight 34%, whereas Restricted controls lost 7.7% and Restricted alcohol-fed rats lost 15.2%. Significant but incomplete reversal of undernutrition was achieved with hormone therapy. Best improvement was obtained with combined therapy: rhIGF-1 + rhGH (p < 0.005; placebo versus active treatments). Immunologic impairment was observed to be severe in both thymus and spleen. The most severe changes were seen in thymi of the calorie-restricted, alcohol-fed rats, wherein 98% of the T lymphocytes were lost. rhIGF-1 treatment, but not rhGH, produced significant improvements in thymus. This was most pronounced in control rats (p < 0.005). Splenic T lymphocytes were less impaired and were more responsive to rhIGF-1 treatment; there was a maximum loss of 71% of T cells in Restricted, alcohol-fed rats. rhIGF-1 treatment completely restored splenic cellularity, as well as each of the T lymphocytes studied: CD5, CD4, and CD8. Functional status of splenic T lymphocytes was assessed by blast transformation after concanavalin A stimulation. Calorie restriction did not impair significantly this function in controls [Lieber-DeCarli control diet (LCD)]. However, it was significantly impaired in the Restricted, alcohol-fed rats (p = 0.003). In the presence of continued calorie restriction and alcohol, this function was not restored with either hormone (rhIGF-1 and/or rhGH). Their role in facilitating functional recovery after calories is restored, and alcohol is discontinued is under investigation.

Field of study: Medicine
Political Accountability in Hong Kong: Myth or Reality?

This article assesses the practice of political accountability in Hong Kong: whether it has largely been realised in practice, or whether it is merely a political slogan for the government to justify its executive-led governance. The analysis begins with a review of the theoretical concepts of political accountability and ministerial accountability, and then establishes an operational framework to analyse the current practice of political accountability in Hong Kong's political system. It concludes by addressing the degree of political accountability overall.

Field of study: Political science
Adaptively combining independent jonckheere statistics in a randomized block design with unequal scales

Jonckheere (1954) proposed a test statistic which is commonly used in testing for ordered alternatives in block designs.- We consider the application of Jonckheere's test statistic in block designs which have unequal scale parameters for the blocks. Estimates of the unknown scale parameters ar-fcrmed and are used to construct a modification of Jonckheere's test statistic using adaptive ideas. A Monte Carlo study shows that the modified Jonckheere is significantly more powerful than the original Jonckheere in many unequal scale situations.

Field of study: Mathematics
From Photons to Bits

There are many ways to record optical images. One might describe Paleolithic cave paintings as the earliest imaging technology. As significant as they probably were to those who made and lived with them, these depictions were limited by the artist's skill and time, and only persons who entered the cave could benefit from them. It was not until the coming of the printing press that a particular image could be made available to a wide audience. But even then one was still dependent on the artistic skill and subjective vision of the individual artist.

Field of study: Physics
Cognitive Based Classroom Streaming and Self Esteem among Secondary School Students in Lira District

The purpose of this study was to establish the relationship between cognitive based classroom streaming on students’ self-esteem among secondary school students in Lira district. It specifically analyzed the differences in the level of self-esteem between low and high ability group of students.  The study adopted quantitative research approach. A cross sectional comparative research survey design was used to compare the level of self esteem between low and high ability group of students. A valid and reliable self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. A total of 278 students from three secondary schools were selected using systematic random and purposive sampling techniques respectively. Data was coded and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS version 23). The hypothesis was tested using independent sample t-test.  Findings revealed a significant difference in the level of self-esteem (t = 7.68, p<0.01) with high ability group of students scoring higher than low ability group. It was therefore concluded that ability grouping significantly influences students’ self-esteem.  The study recommended that: heterogeneous grouping, school family initiative programmes, guidance and counselling services and other co curricular activities be introduced /reinforced in schools to enable students discover their talents, build their esteem and cope with the environment.

Field of study: Education
Corporate Social Responsibility Applications in Turkish Airport System

Businesses in aviation industry, where fierce competition has been encountered, have had to pay more attention to their relationships with the environment to increase their market share and to survive. In this context, enterprises have started to focus on corporate social responsibility (CSR) applications to provide sustainability in terms of environmental, social and economic. Although there are many academic studies on this subject in other sectors, it is relatively less in aviation sector. Therefore, in this study, CSR applications in terms of enterprises operating in Turkish airports have been analysed using GRI (Global Reporting Initiatives) scale for the airport system. Within the extent of the research, the necessary information has been obtained through the reports published by the companies, internet pages and social media accounts etc. for CSR activities. Content analysis was used to analyze the data. As a result of the research, it has been determined that the majority of enterprises do not share their CSR applications publicly enough, even if they perform most of these activities. According to the results, suggestions have been made to the airport and terminal operators to apply more effective CSR activities.

Field of study: Business
Spatial Variation of Bird Species in Landscapes Dominated by Old-growth Forests in Northern Boreal Finland

An important issue in conservation planning is to study the distribution and abundance patterns of species in natural landscapes. Information of concordant and clumped species distribution pattertns can enhance attempts to focus conservation efforts in sites/areas preferred by various species. We compared bird species abundance, community composition and species distribution patterns in three large old-growth forest areas (size 40–120 km2) in northern boreal Finland on the basis of quantitative bird censuses. Total bird density and species composition, and mean density and variances of the most abundant species were highly similar between the three areas. Most of the bird species were distributed randomly within the areas and species preferring old-growth forests showed compensatory density variation without preference for any sub-area. Mean density of species preferring old-growth forests was significantly higher in the studied large old-growth forests than in smaller old-growth forests and was about threefold higher than regional density of species in a predominantly managed landscape matrix. Bird species preferring old-growth forests are probably not dependent on a certain specific part of a virgin boreal forest landscape but rather on the overall size of the high-quality and diverse old-growth forest area.

Field of study: Environmental science
A modification to the standard ionospheric correction method used in GPS radio occultation

A modification to the standard bending-angle correction used in GPS radio occultation (GPS-RO) is proposed. The modified approach should reduce systematic residual ionospheric errors in GPS radio occultation climatologies. A new second-order term is introduced in order to account for a known source of systematic error, which is generally neglected. The new term has the form κ(a) × (αL1(a)-αL2(a))2, where a is the impact parameter and (αL1, αL2) are the L1 and L2 bending angles, respectively. The variable κ is a weak function of the impact parameter, a, but it does depend on a priori ionospheric information. The theoretical basis of the new term is examined. The sensitivity of κ to the assumed ionospheric parameters is investigated in one-dimensional simulations, and it is shown that κ s 10–20 rad−1. We note that the current implicit assumption is κ=0, and this is probably adequate for numerical weather prediction applications. However, the uncertainty in κ should be included in the uncertainty estimates for the geophysical climatologies produced from GPS-RO measurements. The limitations of the new ionospheric correction when applied to CHAMP (Challenging Minisatellite Payload) measurements are noted. These arise because of the assumption that the refractive index is unity at the satellite, made when deriving bending angles from the Doppler shift values.

Field of study: Environmental science
The protein equivalent of nitrogen appearance in critically ill acute renal failure patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy.

To assess the nutritional status of critically ill patients with acute renal failure on continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) and their protein needs by estimating the protein equivalent of nitrogen appearance (PNA).



Prospective, observational study.



A 74-bed intensive care unit in a single tertiary care hospital.



Twenty-five consecutive critically ill patients with acute renal failure on CRRT.



The patients were studied over a period of 24 hours, at initiation on CRRT. The nutritional status was assessed by anthropometry and bioimpedance analysis. The PNA was estimated using the Bergstrom equation and PNA was normalized to body weight.



The mean age was 58.2 +/- 17 years and 20 (80%) were male. The mean weight was 67 +/- 12 kg, body mass index was 25 +/- 3.5 kg/m(2), and triceps and subscapular skin fold thickness were 13 +/- 4.6 mm and 15 +/- 2.5 mm, respectively. Bioimpedance studies showed that the total body water was increased at 61.7 +/- 5.5% and body fat was 31.8 +/- 5.4%. The PNA was 103 +/- 35 g/day and normalized PNA was 1.57 +/- 0.4 g/kg/day. The mean protein intake was 0.56 +/- 0.38 g/kg/day, resulting in mean net negative protein balance of 1.0 +/- 0.6 g/kg/day.



Malnutrition was uncommon in patients with acute renal failure at the time of initiation on CRRT, but their total body water was increased. They exhibited hypercatabolism and the mean normalized PNA was 1.57 g/kg/day. A large negative nitrogen balance was observed in them, since their protein intake was suboptimal.

Field of study: Medicine