nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
[Auto- and hetero-antagonistic actions of drugs].

Auto-antagonism (AA) means that a drug antagonizes its own action and hetero-antagonism (HA) means that drugs with similar action antagonize each other. 
 The AA and HA actions between 7 drugs (ACh, PGE, 5-HT, A, NA, PE and DA) were studied and new methods for deterininations of AA and HA doses were developed. 
 1. All of these 7 drugs exhibited AA and HA actions, but their durations were rather short. These actions occurred when the drug evoked the muscle contraction and weakened or disappeared when the muscle relaxed. 
 2. The magnitude of AA dose varied with that of the control dose, but the ratio of AA dose to control dose often fell within the range of 8—32. 
 3. For drugs acting on the same receptor, their AA doses were almost always equal to their HA doses. The ratio of HA dose to AA dose was approximately equal to 1. 
 4. For drugs acting on different receptors, their AA dose and HA dose differed a great deal. The ratio between HA dose and AA dose may be either >1 or <1. The antagonizing action between two drugs, such as A and DA, may be entirely different according to whether A antagonizes DA or DA antagonizes A. In this case, A has a stronger antagonizing action to DA, while DA has a much weaker antagonizing action to A. This finding is of advantage for the differentiation of drug receptors. 
 5. In view of the receptor specificity, the determination of AA dose and HA dose provides a simple and sensitive method for differentiating drug receptors without the necessity of any specific antagonists. DA stimulant action on smooth muscles was neither on the α-adrenergic nor on the 5-HT receptor. It is suggested that DA acts on the DA stimulant receptor or DA α-receptor to distinguish it from the DA inhibitory receptor (DA β-receptor).

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Model for turbulent backflows

T URBULENT backflow regions exhibit a strong wake-like behavior down to the immediate vicinity of solid surfaces. This behavior precludes the use of the law-of-the-wall as a tool for analyzing such flow regions and dictates development of turbulence models dedicated to treating these flows. Such a model was developed and used successfully to predict a large class of flows involving detached flow regions. It was an algebraic model applied as a module within a "host" model (such as a ke model) to determine the eddy-viscosity field inside backflow regions. Experiments in turbulent recirculation zones' indicate that there is a wide class of such flows in which the backflow region is characterized by negligible turbulence production. In such cases, the balance of turbulence energy is between diffusion of energy from the outer (large-scale turbulence) flow into the reversed flow region and its dissipation within that region. This mechanism is used as a basis for a new turbulence model geared for backflow regions. The model, featuring the analytical solution of an ordinary differential equation (ODE) normal to walls, is introduced and tested. Like the previous model, it is used as a module within a host model to determine the eddy viscosity throughout backflow regions; unlike the previous model, it requires a host model that solves a field equation for the turbulence kinetic energy.

Field of study: Physics
The Economic Advantage of Preventative Health Care in Prisons

In Plata v. Brown, the Supreme Court of the United States affirmed an order to reduce the California state prison population by 38,000 inmates to remedy constitutionally inadequate health care. The State has conceded that prisoners leaving correctional facilities may not have receive basic preventative care, or in graver instances, care for serious illness. Concurrently, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act expands those eligible for Medicaid to include ex-prisoners who are within 133% of the federal poverty level. Without provision of the basic human right to essential health services such as access to medicine, prevention, and treatment, the normal annual re-assimilation of sickly prisoners will overwhelm Medicaid and the California budget. In an era of scarcity, perhaps right- and left-wing politicians are most inclined to agree when progressive politics also serve the dual purpose of lightening the taxpayers’ burden. This Comment proposes that preventative and early health care for prisoners is not only a Constitutional and human right but would also result in tax savings. Although investment into the corrections budget would be required up-front to afford such care, savings will ultimately be recuperated in the form of decreased Medicaid spending.

Field of study: Law
Substantiating Timing and Behavioral Anomalies in Wireless LANs Using GCL

With the increasing dependence on wireless LANs (WLANs), businesses, educational institutions and other organizations are in need of a reliable security mechanism. The latest security protocol, the IEEE 802.11i assures rigid security for WLANs with the support of IEEE 802.1x protocol for authentication, authorization and key distribution. Nevertheless, fresh security threats are emerging often to oust these new defense mechanisms. Further, many organizations based on superficial vendor literature, believe their wireless security is sufficient enough to prevent any unauthorized access. Having wide ranging options for security configurations, users are camouflaged into deep uncertainty. This volatile state of affairs has prevented many organizations from fully deploying WLANs for their secure communication needs, though WLANs may be cost effective and flexible. In this paper, we present a novel mechanism to detect and substantiate anomalies caused by both known and unknown security threats in WLANs. We monitor the wireless environment for timing and/or behavior anomalies during the security association process and use outlier based data association approaches to substantiate their legitimacy. The proposed concept was tested on our experimental setup. The results obtained from wireless hosts configured for EAP-LEAP, PEAP and TLS security association show high confidence for EAP group events.

Field of study: Computer science
Monstrous Births and Creole Patriotism in Late Colonial Mexico

On February 8, 1785, the Gazeta de Mexico, one of New Spain's first news periodicals, published an announcement from the city of Guanajuato celebrating the recent birth of a pair of conjoined twins: 
"Dona Rafaela Cortes … has delivered two children from one birth, joined together at the back of their heads by the skull. They received the holy waters of baptism and were christened Joseph Nepomuceno Guadalupe and Joseph Ignacio Guadalupe… Many people, admiring these rare effects of nature, have visited them, and there has been no record in these twins of any deformity or defect in their separate and agile bodies… The few doctors and surgeons residing in the city have considered separating them, but have not found it advisable because of the manner in which they are united, and every day more news circulates about their existence and longevity, causing ever more admiration for them given that the first one was born foot-first, and in delivering him, the midwife discovered the knot that joined the two heads."

Field of study: History
Features of thermal bar and current development in a deep lake in spring

Features of thermal bar development in a fresh water reservoir during ice cover melting are investigated by means of mathematical modeling. It is shown that the presence of water with the temperature of maximum density (4°C) leads to two opposite effects. On the one hand, a thermal bar forms near the shore and moves to the center of the water basin; on the other hand, an eddy arises near the ice edge, which slows down the process.

Field of study: Physics
The ‘end‐of‐day’ phytochrome control of internode elongation in mustard: kinetics, interaction with the previous fluence rate, and ecological implications

In the experiments reported here we monitored the extension growth of the first internode of light-grown mustard seedlings in darkness after pulses which provided different Pfr/p. The interactions between Pfr/P and the PAR levels at which the plants were grown, was also investigated as the latter had previously been shown to modify the extent of several responses to end-of-day pulses. Finally, we compared, over the same period of darkness, the efficacy of a reduction in Pfr/P at the end of continuous WL with that of similar reduction during continuous WL or several hours after the WL to dark transition

Field of study: Environmental science
Urban biodiversity in local newspapers: a historical perspective

Due to rapid urbanization the conservation and values of urban wildlife are becoming increasingly important study objects. Unfortunately, the lack of historical data makes it difficult to assess the effects of long-term urban land-use changes and human attitudes on local biodiversity. In this paper we show that old newspapers may in some cases provide useful historical data on both urban wildlife and local attitudes towards it. In the city of Turku, southwest Finland, the leading newspaper published 316 observations or reports on local urban mammals, birds and reptiles in 1890–1920, and in addition to these a lot of information on contemporary attitudes towards urban wildlife. At least 12 species of noncaptive mammals, 32 species of birds, and three reptile species were documented in newspapers. The newspaper data seem fairly reliable, and provide valuable information on the development of urban biodiversity. In the study period animals visiting urban areas were often persecuted, in which both adults and children (mainly schoolboys) participated actively. Birds were persecuted less frequently than mammals or reptiles. Some bird species, especially 'song-birds', were actively supported by winter-feeding and by constructing nest-boxes. According to newspapers local people were interested in local biodiversity, especially on phenological events, and benefited from it by getting esthetic pleasure, pet animals, and information on seasonal changes.

Field of study: Environmental science
Security analysis of the full-round DDO-64 block cipher

DDO-64 is a 64-bit Feistel-like block cipher based on data-dependent operations (DDOs). It is composed of 8 rounds and uses a 128-bit key. There are two versions of DDO-64, named DDO-64V"1 and DDO-64V"2, according to the key schedule. They were designed under an attempt for improving the security and performance of DDP-based ciphers. In this paper, however, we show that like most of the existing DDP-based ciphers, DDO-64V"1 and DDO-64V"2 are also vulnerable to related-key attacks. The attack on DDO-64V"1 requires 2^3^5^.^5 related-key chosen plaintexts and 2^6^3^.^5 encryptions while the attack on DDO-64V"2 only needs 8 related-key chosen plaintexts and 2^3^1 encryptions; our attacks are both mainly due to their simple key schedules and structural weaknesses. These works are the first known cryptanalytic results on DDO-64V"1 and DDO-64V"2 so far.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Sensitivity and specificity test of fine needle aspiration biopsy in determining thyroid nodule diagnosis

Based on guideline of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologist, fine needle aspiration (FNA) is believed as effective method to differentiate between benign and malignant thyroid nodule. At Dr. Sardjito Hospital,during 2004 – 2008 there were 12 cases of false negative from 14 cases of thyroid malignancy. The high false negative value raised question about the role of FNA in determining thyroid nodule diagnosis. The purpose of this study is to find out sensitivity and specificity of FNA in determining thyroid nodule diagnosis at Dr. Sardjito Hospital Yogyakarta. Patients underwent FNA and surgery for thyroid nodule were collected between January 2004 until December 2008. The result of FNAwas compared to histopathological result then sensitivity and specificity test were performed respectively. The fine needle aspiration was conducted to 120 patients. It consist of 23 men and 97 women, mostly 41 – 50 years old. The results of FNA were four of malignancy, 74 of benign, and 42 of follicular neoplasm. Histopathological result showed malignant in 23 patients and benign in 97 patients. The FNA at Dr. Sardjito Hospital showed 14.29%of sensitivity, 96.86%of specificity, 50%of PPV, 83.78% of NPV, 4.55 of LR +0.884 of LR-, 18.92% of prevalence, and 86.49% of accuracy. The thyroid FNA at Dr. Sardjito Hospital showed low value of sensitivity and high value of specificity. Futhermore, the thyroid FNA showed minimal role in determining thyroid nodule diagnosis.  thyroid nodule-diagnosis-fine needle aspiration-sensitivity-specificity

Field of study: Medicine
HALOGEN-ACID ALTERATION OF ASH AT FUMAROLE NO. 1, VALLEY OF TEN THOUSAND SMOKES, ALASKA

A series of specimens of ash and pumice, collected outward from the throat of Fumarole No. 1 of Zies in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes in 1952, has been analyzed for major and minor constituents. The bulk density—approximately 1.00 gm/cc for unaltered ash—was determined by weighing blocks of known volume, and chemical addition or subtraction was calculated for unit volume. Elements readily converted to volatile fluorides or chlorides were leached near the hot throat, but hydrolysis resulted in some late-stage addition in the innermost zone. Condensation of steam and inward movement of hot acid water resulted in outer zones of oxidation and leaching and an intermediate zone of boiling and evaporation, which was especially enriched in alumina and water of hydration. Appreciable quantities of Pb, Zn, Cu, As, Cl, F, and SO 4 were added to the innermost zone (1 inch), and Ni, Co, B, and Sc were concentrated in the intermediate zone about 2 feet from the throat. No carbonate is present in any zone. Magnetite, hematite, goethite, hydromica, opal, montmorillonite, and kaolinite are the chief alteration minerals. The alteration is similar to that produced by strong sulfur acids elsewhere, but the gas of Fumarole No. 1 contained only 7 ppm S in 1917, and 70 ppm in 1919. In contrast it carried 240 ppm of HCl, and 30 ppm HF in 1917—the only year in which samples of halogen gases were collected in the valley. The halogen-acid alteration differs from sulfur-acid alteration chiefly in the greater loss of SiO 2 relative to A1 2 O 3 .

Field of study: Geology
Estudo do efeito de algumas variáveis de fabricação no perfil texturométrico do doce de manga

To produce a mango preserve sufficiently consistent for cutting, utilizing production surpluses, the study of physical-chemical parameters of the mango variety "coquinho" and of the preserve obtained from that mango with variations of certain parameters was initiated. Firstly, the composition of the mature mango and the effect of the variation in pulp content, total solids and citric acid concentration on the consistency of the gel obtained was determined. Formulations were tested varying four parameters: contents of pectin and of added citric acid, proportion between pulp and sugar in the initial mixture and concentralion of solids in the final product. The texture was evaluated using a texturometer. the content of pectin required was on the order of 1% based on the weight of the final product. The addition of citric acid should be maintained in the range between 0.6 and 1.0%. Above 1.0% hydrolysis of the pectin occurs in detriment to the texture of the product. Below 0.6%, the inversion of the sugar can be insufficient to stabilize the texture, leading to formation of crystals during storage. The increase in the soluble solids content increases the hardness of the product, but an extended cooking time may lead to an excessive hydrolysis of the pectin, resulting in no gel formation.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Compatibility of Fungicides and Bactericide with Insecticides in the Control of Citrus Canker and Leafminer in Acidlime

Combinations of mancozeb + copper oxychloride, streptomycin + tetracycline + copper oxychloride and Bordeaux mixture were tested for their compatibility with two insecticides viz., monocrotophos and fenvalerate for the control of canker disease and citrus leafminer. Spraying fenvalerate follow'ed by Bordeaux mixture after 3 days recorded least infestation of leafminer (1.29%), which was on par with plots sprayed with monocrotophos followed by Bordeaux mixture after 3 days and streptomycin+tetracytline+copper oxychloride+ fenvalerate. Plots sprayed with streptomycin+tetracycline+copper oxychloride recorded least intensity of canker, followed by those treated with streptomycin+tetracycline+copper oxychloride+fenvalerate. Streptomycin+tetracyline+copper oxychloride+fenvalerate sprays were most effective for the control of both leafminer and canker disease of citrus.

Field of study: Biology
Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation Increases GAP-43 Expression via ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt Pathways in Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) occurs in hypertensive patients and results in high rates of mortality and disability. This study determined whether bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) transplantation affects axonal regeneration and examined the underlying mechanisms after the administration of PD98059 (p-ERK1/2 inhibitor) or/ and LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor). The hypothesis that was intended to be tested was that BMSC transplantation regulates the expression of growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) via the ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways.  Seventy-five male rats (250–280 g) were subjected to intracerebral blood injection and then randomly received a vehicle, BMSCs, PD98059 or LY294002 treatment. Neurological deficits were evaluated prior to injury and at 1, 3 and 7 days post-injury. The expression of GAP-43, Akt, p-Akt, ERK1/2, and p-ERK1/2 proteins was measured by western blot analysis.  BMSC transplantation attenuated neurological deficits 3-7 days post-ICH. The expression of GAP-43 was increased 3 days following BMSC transplantation. However, this increase was inhibited by either PD98059 or LY294002 treatment. Treatment with both PD98059 and LY294002 was more effective than was treatment with an individual compound.  BMSC transplantation could attenuate neurological deficits and activate axonal regeneration in this rat ICH model. The protective effects might be associated with increased GAP-43 expression by activating both the ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Aggregatable Signatures from an Inner Pairing Product Argument

We present a new public-coin setup protocol for aggregating BLS signatures on distinct messages. For n messages the verifier computes just 6 pairings and 6(n+ log(n)) exponentiations–an improvement on previous aggregate schemes in which the verifier computes n+ 1 pairings. Our aggregate signature is logarithmic in size. This result uses an inner pairing product argument of knowledge that can be used to prove membership in pairing-based languages.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Measure the Relative Efficiency of a Four-Stage Production Process with NDEA

The measurement of the relative efficiency of a production process with the DEA approach considers the process itself as a "black box" that uses inputs to produce outputs. In reality, many production processes require the carrying out of many activities grouped into phases and interconnected with each other. For this reason, modeling a production process as a network system in which its sub-parts are differently interconnected certainly represents a modeling closer to reality. The NDEA approach born within the DEA methodology has developed several models to measure the relative efficiency of network systems such as independent models, or connected models or relational models. The latter differs from the other two in that it allows you to measure the relative efficiency of the entire process and its parts once the operations between the parts of the system have been considered. In this paper, as well as modeling a production process with four stages with shared variables, we propose a relational NDEA model under different preference systems in the distribution of resources between sub-processes to measure their relative efficiency. The proposed NDEA model is in the multiplicative version. We will use non-real data to solve the model. Our conclusions are that 1) a four-stage production process can represent numerous real processes, 2) the proposed NDEA model can therefore be used for multiple different applications and 3) the system of preferences on the distribution of resources among subs processes influences the measurement of relative efficiency both for the whole process and for its sub-processes.

Field of study: Business
Mass-to-Light Ratios for M31 Globular Clusters: Age-Dating and a Surprising Metallicity Trend

We have obtained velocity dispersions from Keck high-resolution integrated spectroscopy of ten M31 globular clusters (GCs), including three candidate intermediate-age GCs. We show that these candidates have the same V-band mass-to-light (M/L_V) ratios as the other GCs, implying that they are likely to be old. We also find a trend of derived velocity dispersion with wavelength, but cannot distinguish between a systematic error and a physical effect. Our new measurements are combined with photometric and spectroscopic data from the literature in a reanalysis of all M31 GC M/L_V values. In a combined sample of 27 GCs, we show that the metal-rich GCs have *lower* M/L_V than the metal-poor GCs, in conflict with predictions from stellar population models. Fragmentary data for other galaxies support this observation. The M31 GC fundamental plane is extremely tight, and we follow up an earlier suggestion by Djorgovski to show that the fundamental plane can be used to estimate accurate distances (potentially 10% or better).

Field of study: Physics
Multiple sclerosis treatment and infectious issues: update 2013

Immunomodulation and immunosuppression are generally linked to an increased risk of infection. In the growing field of new and potent drugs for multiple sclerosis (MS), we review the current data concerning infections and prevention of infectious diseases. This is of importance for recently licensed and future MS treatment options, but also for long‐term established therapies for MS. Some of the disease‐modifying therapies (DMT) go along with threats of specific severe infections or complications, which require a more intensive long‐term monitoring and multi‐disciplinary surveillance. We update the existing warning notices and infectious issues which have to be considered using drugs for multiple sclerosis.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine