nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
X-ray magnetic circular dichroism in cobalt-iron spinels and electronic states of Co ions.

Synchrotron X-ray experiments on magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) have been performed at Co K and Fe K absorption edges for CoFe2O4, Fe(1.5)Co(1.5)O4 and FeCo2O4 with the spinel structure. The XANES studies have clarified that only Fe3+ exists in all compounds and Co2+ and Co3+ coexist in the latter two cobaltites. A systematic change in XMCD spectra has concluded that the Co2+ ions in the B sites of FeCo2O4 are in the low-spin state. Since the Co2+ ions in CoFe2O4 are in the high-spin state, the spectra of the intermediate cobaltite may be explained as a mixture of low-spin and high-spin states.

Field of study: Physics
Up-regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoform 4 (PDK4) protein expression in oxidative skeletal muscle does not require the obligatory participation of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha).

In insulin deficiency, increased lipid delivery and oxidation suppress skeletal-muscle glucose oxidation by inhibiting pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) activity via enhanced protein expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) isoform 4, which phosphorylates (and inactivates) PDC. Signalling via peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) is an important component of the mechanism enhancing hepatic and renal PDK4 protein expression. Activation of PPARalpha in gastrocnemius, a predominantly fast glycolytic (FG) muscle, also increases PDK4 expression, an effect that, if extended to all muscles, would be predicted to drastically restrict whole-body glucose disposal. Paradoxically, chronic activation of PPARalpha by WY14,643 treatment improves glucose utilization by muscles of insulin-resistant high-fat-fed rats. In the resting state, oxidative skeletal muscles are quantitatively more important for glucose disposal than FG muscles. We evaluated the participation of PPARalpha in regulating PDK4 protein expression in slow oxidative (SO) skeletal muscle (soleus) and fast oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) skeletal muscle (anterior tibialis) containing a high proportion of oxidative fibres. In the fed state, acute (24 h) activation of PPARalpha by WY14,643 in vivo failed to modify PDK4 protein expression in soleus, but modestly enhanced PDK4 protein expression in anterior tibialis. Starvation enhanced PDK4 protein expression in both muscles, with the greater response in anterior tibialis. WY14,643 treatment in vivo during starvation did not further enhance upregulation of PDK4 protein expression in either muscle type. Enhanced PDK4 protein expression after starvation was retained in SO and FOG skeletal muscles of PPARalpha-deficient mice. Our data indicate that PDK4 protein expression in oxidative skeletal muscle is regulated by a lipid-dependent mechanism that is not obligatorily dependent on signalling via PPARalpha.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Account of a South American Journey, 1898

An adventuresome human experience unfolds in telling the life story of Granville Stuart, a genuine pioneer of the American West and United States minister to Uruguay and Paraguay from 1894 to 1898. Three years after his birth in Virginia in 1834, Stuart's parents moved to Iowa where he grew up in a frontier community. His father went to California in the first year of the Gold Rush, returned to Iowa in 1851 and the next spring the senior Stuart and two of his sons, Granville and James, crossed the continent to the Pacific gold fields where they mined with indifferent luck until 1857 when Stuart's sons decided to return to Iowa. The “ Mormon War ” diverted then? progress across the Great Basin, causing them to detour north into Southeastern Montana where they mined for a while and became part of that wave of settlers that pushed back the frontier in the Rocky Mountains. Stuart's first wife, an Indian woman he had married in 1862, died in 1887, leaving him with several grown children. Three years later he married Mrs. Allis Brown Fairfield, a Montana school teacher, nearly thirty years his junior, and who, like himself, had been born in Virginia and reared in Iowa. Miss Brown's parents had moved to Montana in 1879 after she had attended Sioux City (Iowa) public schools; she later studied at Vassar College and Northern Indiana Normal School, and before her marriage to Granville Stuart she taught in several one-room rural Montana schools.

Field of study: History
Gender Differences and Mathematics Achievement of Senior High School Students: A Case of Ghana National College

A quasi-experimental research was conducted to find out differences in mathematics performance of students using performance assessme[nt-driven instructions at the senior high school level at Ghana National College in Cape Coast. Two Form 1 science classes were used for the study and were assigned as experimental and control groups. These two classes were randomly chosen for the study. The experimental group consisted of forty-two students and the control group forty students. Data was collected through the use of an open ended test in mathematics. The independent sample t-test and paired sample t-test were used to find the differences between the groups. The experimental group differed significantly on the post-test scores from the control group. This study identified that PA-driven instruction improved students’ problem-solving abilities and showed no bias among gender. It is recommended that mathematics teachers use PA-driven instructions and performance assessment task in their mathematics lessons.

Field of study: Education
Spontaneous regeneration of dry grasslands on set-aside fields

Dry grasslands are among the most threatened plant communities of Central Europe. We explore the time scale of spontaneous regeneration of dry grasslands on abandoned fields in an area of Central Europe, where also ancient grassland communities occur (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany). On three permanent plots with shallow soils we monitored during 10 years change of species composition and analysed whether spontaneous succession leads to assemblages similar to the ancient dry grassland communities in the direct surroundings. We found that dry grassland species are able to invade the permanent plots and during the 10 years of succession the number of dry grassland species increased. But even after 10 years there was a clear difference between ancient dry grassland communities and the assemblages on the permanent plots. Our findings suggest two important conclusions: First, spontaneous succession on abandoned fields is a cheap possibility for the conservation of some dry grassland species, at least on shallow soils. Second, the time scale of the regeneration process, however, is rather long. Hence, conservation of remnants of ancient grassland communities needs special attention.

Field of study: Environmental science
Falsification and Future Performance

We information-theoretically reformulate two measures of capacity from statistical learning theory: empirical VC-entropy and empirical Rademacher complexity. We show these capacity measures count the number of hypotheses about a dataset that a learning algorithm falsifies when it finds the classifier in its repertoire minimizing empirical risk. It then follows from that the future performance of predictors on unseen data is controlled in part by how many hypotheses the learner falsifies. As a corollary we show that empirical VC-entropy quantifies the message length of the true hypothesis in the optimal code of a particular probability distribution, the so-called actual repertoire.

Field of study: Computer science
Comparative Analysis on Marketing Channel in Chinese Refrigerator Market

In this article,targeting on the change and development of marketing channel in Chinese refrigerator market,research comparatviely on the processing,drive powers and developing trends in Chinese refrigerator market.Based on the development history of marketing channel,we can better understand the conflict between suppliers and buyers in the market.At last,throughing analysis of the power of the players,make a forecast on the makreting channel in the future.

Field of study: Economics
The work horse of skull base surgery: orbitozygomatic approach. Technique, modifications, and applications.

OBJECT
The aim of this study was to describe the microsurgical anatomy of the orbitozygomatic craniotomy and its modifications, and detail the stepwise dissection of the temporalis fascia and muscle and explain the craniotomy techniques involved in these approaches.



Nine cadaveric embalmed heads injected with colored silicone were used to demonstrate a stepwise dissection of the 3 variations of orbitozygomatic craniotomy. The craniotomies and dissections were performed with standard surgical instruments, and the microsurgical anatomy was studied under microscopic magnification and illumination.



The authors performed 2-piece, 1-piece, and supraorbital orbitozygomatic craniotomies in 3 cadaveric heads each. Stepwise dissection of the temporalis fascia and muscle, and osteotomy cuts were shown and the relevant microsurgical anatomy of the anterior and middle fossae was demonstrated in cadaveric heads. Surgical case examples were also presented to demonstrate the application of and indications for the orbitozygomatic approach.



The orbitozygomatic approach provides access to the anterior and middle cranial fossae as well as the deep sellar and basilar apex regions. Increased bone removal from the skull base obviates the need for vigorous brain retraction and offers an improved multiangled trajectory and shallower operative field. Modifications to the orbitozygomatic approach provide alternatives that can be tailored to particular lesions, enabling the surgeon to use the best technique in each individual case rather than a "one size fits all" approach.

Field of study: Medicine
Performance of cascade cycles working with blends of CO2 + natural refrigerants

In this paper, an analysis on the performance of a cascade refrigeration cycle operated with blends of carbon dioxide (or R744) plus hydrocarbons (ethane or R170, propane or R290, ethylene or R1150, propylene or R1270) and dimethyl ether (or RE170) as the low-temperature working fluid was carried out. The properties of the investigated blends were used to simulate the behaviour of a cascade cycle using ammonia (or R717) as the high-temperature-circuit working fluid. The aim of this work was to study the possibility of using carbon dioxide mixtures in those applications where temperatures below its triple point (216.59 K) are needed. The analysis was carried out by developing a software based on the Carnahan–Starling–DeSantis (CSD) Equation of State (EoS) using binary interaction parameters derived from the experimental data in the literature. Results show that adding R744 to HCs and dimethyl ether reduces the cycle performance, even if acceptable values are always achieved for the COP. Main attractive of the R744 + natural refrigerant blends is connected with their GWP, ODP and flammability properties lower than those of pure fluids.

Field of study: Engineering
Boolean Sums of Operators and Projection Constants

This paper considers Boolean sums of projections and their norms. If A and Β are operators with suitable ranges and domains, then their Boolean sum is the operator A + Β AB. In particular we consider the equation | |A + Β — AB\\ = Mil + l|£|| + U\\\\B\\ änd show that this equality is not achievable in a uniformly convex Banach space when A + Β — AB is also a projection.

Field of study: Philosophy
Determination of Acetochlor Residue in Food by Gas Chromatography and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

A method was established to determination of acetochlor in 10 kinds of foods by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.The foods of grain and animal-based were extracted by acetonitrile and cleaned with GPC combined silica gel SPE cartridge,extracted by ethyl acetate and cleaned only with silica gel SPE cartridge for the foods of vegetables.Specially,onion was digested with microwave firstly.Then,extracted by ethyl acetate and cleaned with silica gel SPE cartridge.The final extract of food was analyzed by GC and GC-MS.The detection limit,both GC and GC-MS,were 0.01 mg/kg.Good linearity was obtained within the range of 0.01-0.16 mg/L with corelation coefficents of 0.9998 and 0.9997,respectively.When the spiked concentrations were 0.01,0.02 and 0.05 mg/kg,all the recoveries were 70%-102%.The relative standard derivations were no more than 10%.

Field of study: Chemistry
A New Mechanism of Dust Destruction by Massive Stars, Supernovae, and Kilonovae: Rotational Disruption by Radiative Torques

Massive stars, supernovae, and kilonovae are among the most luminous radiation sources in the universe. The powerful radiation from these sources is expected to have significant effects on the physical and chemical properties of surrounding environments. In this paper, we present a new, efficient destruction mechanism of large dust grains in strong radiation fields due to extremely fast rotation by radiative torques, which is termed RAdiative Torque Disruption (RATD) mechanism. We show that the RATD mechanism can destroy large grains located within a distance of $2$ pc from a massive star and supernova, and within 0.1 pc from a kilonova explosion, resulting in the enhancement of very small (size $a<0.01\mu$ m) and small dust grains. We find that the RATD mechanism can successfully explain several puzzles in dust astrophysics, including (i) the anomalous dust extinction towards SNe Ia, (ii) NIR-MIR emission excess from young massive star clusters, (iii) and Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC)-like extinction curves with a steep far-UV rise in starburst and high redshift galaxies. The enhancement of small grains by RATD also results in the decrease of the escape fraction of Ly$\alpha$ photons from \ion{H}{2} regions surrounding young massive star clusters. If interstellar grains are porous/aggregate, the RATD mechanism can also successfully explain the well-known lack of grains larger than $\sim 0.25\mu m$ in the diffuse interstellar medium of our galaxy. Modeling of dust evolution, dust emission, and polarization from intense radiation environments should account for the role of dust destruction by the RATD mechanism.

Field of study: Physics
ARTROPODOS ASOCIADOS A SUELO DE RENOVALES DE NOTHOFAGUS OBLIQUA (MIRB.) OERSTED (FAGACEA) EN LA ZONA COSTERA DE LA VIII REGION

RESUMEN Se caracterizo la diversidad de artropodos del suelo asociados a N. obliqua (Mirb.) Oersted en el "Fundo Universidad de Concepcion". Para esto se realizaron muestreos de hojarasca en un area con predominio de roble chileno, durante las temporadas de invierno y primavera (junio a noviembre de 1997). Se determino la riqueza especifica y abundancias relativas de cada uno de los grupos que conforman esta comunidad. Los resultados muestran que tanto los acaros Oribatida y Gamasida, como los Collembola fueron siempre los grupos que presentaron las mayores abundancias relativas. Por otro lado, la diversidad y la equidad disminuyeron paulatinamente desde el primer mes de muestreo (H'= 0.597 y J'= 0.574) hacia el final del estudio, en temporada estival (H'= 0.404 y J'= 0.353). Esta tendencia se debio al notable aumento de los grupos dominantes en los ultimos meses. El incremento de las abundancias de estos grupos se encuentra altamente correlacionado con el incremento mensual en las acumulaciones de hojarasca (r=0.935; p < 0.005)

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Human lymphocyte subpopulations effect of epinephrine.

The effect of administration of 0-2 mg of epinephrine (Parke-Davis) on circulatory lymphocytes was investigated in fifteen normal subjects. Blood samples were taken prior to, 10 and 20 min after, subcutaneous injections. Thymus-derived (T) cells were assayed by sheep red blood cell rosettes, bone marrow-derived (B) cells by their complement receptors and immunofluorescent detection of Fc receptors plus surface immunoglobulins. Their percentages prior to injections were 72-2 +/- 1-4, 13-8 +/- 1-1, and 20-3 +/- 1-3. Ten minutes after injections, the absolute concentrations of these cells increased to 164 +/- 14%, 326 +/- 57%, and 272 +/- 45% respectively of the values prior to injection (averages +/- standard errors). Further, when cells with receptors for both sheep red blood cells and complement were assayed by simultaneous rosette technique, they increased from 2-5 +/- 0-4% to 10-5 +/- 1-3% of the lymphocytes. Such changes were also observed in three subjects who had undergone splenectomy more than 2 years previously, but not in four subjects receiving injections of saline instead of epinephrine.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
From Occupy Wall Street to the Umbrella Movement: Leaderless Uprising Explained

The series of uprising that swept from Wall Street in 2011 to Hong Kong in 2014 are described as embodying a “leaderless” form of organizing. With no centralized organizational structure, these contemporary movements are often thought to be a new form of politics that is far more participatory and spontaneous than the tradition of revolutionary communism inaugurated by the Bolsheviks in 1917. However, such a stark contrast suppresses the similarities between past and present revolts, and obscures how the experience of the former can still contribute to the latter.

Field of study: Political science
Performance analysis of limited number of wavelength converters by share per node in optical switching network

In this paper, we present studies of an optical switching (OS) node utilizing a limited number of WCs (wavelength converters) in order to reduce the implementation cost of an OS node. The study stems from practical observation that WCs are expensive. Consequently, each output wavelength may not necessarily have its own WC and has to share a limited pool of WCs with other output wavelengths. In order to improve the utilization of the limited number of WCs, a share per node (SPN) method is proposed for the OBS node. Subsequently, a multi-dimensional Markov chain model of SPN is presented to evaluate its performance. To reduce the complexity of the multi-dimension Markov analysis, we propose a suite of methods, called randomized states (RS) multi-plane Markov chain analysis, followed by self-constrained iteration (SCI) and eventually ending with the sliding window (SW) update method, to solve for the solution. Numerical results are presented to verify the accuracy of the analytical model. With SPN, about 50% and 80% of WCs can be saved in high load and low load scenarios respectively.

Field of study: Computer science
Thermal, structural, and mechanical properties of strands of blends of liquid-crystalline copolyester and copolyesteramide with poly(ethylene terephtalate)

Rheological, thermal, structural, and mechanical properties of strands of two kinds of blends containing a liquid-crystalline copolyester (LCP-A) and a liquid-crystalline copolyesteramide (LCP-B) with poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), respectively, were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry, x-ray diffraction measurements, scanning electron microscopy, and tensile testing. The apparent melt viscosity of LCP-A/PET blends was slightly smaller than that of LCP-B/PET blends. Thermal behaviour of the two LCP/PET blends showed thatboth LCP-A and LCP-B are incompatible with PET. The cold crystallization temperature and the phase transition heat of the PET component became a little lower with increasing a draw ratio of the strands only for LCP-A/PET blends. The LCP-A component formed oriented fibrils more easily in the strands of blends below 50% LCP-A content even at low draw ratios, while the LCP-B one tended to form many spherical or elliptical structures. As a result, the strands of LCP-A/PET blends had better tensile properties than those of LCP-B/PET ones in this work.

Field of study: Materials science
Cloning and Expression Analysis of the AsCO Gene from Cherimoya

A full-length cDNA sequence of homologous CO gene was cloned by employing RACE from cherimoya,which was named as AsCO(GenBank accession No. KJ699387). The AsCO gene open reading frame(ORF)is1 083 bp in length, encoding a protein of 360 amino acids, with an estimated molecular weight and an isoelectric point of 39.65 ku and 4.72 respectively. The bioinformatics characterization indicated that the protein encoded by AsCO gene has two typical B-box type zinc finger domain structure in amino terminal, and CCT domain structure in carbon terminal, which belongs to the first kind of CO gene. A comparison of the homologous amino acid sequences from different species indicated that AsCO protein has the closest relative with Magnolia virginiana CO protein, relationships with other plant is far. Expression analysis by qRT-PCR indicted that in the flower bud of removing petioles, the AsCO gene expression was higher than that of which keeping petioles, and in the different stages of flower buds development, gene expression presents firstly increasing and then reducing.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Use of Genomic Tools to Improve Cattle Health in the Context of Infectious Diseases

Although infectious diseases impose a heavy economic burden on the cattle industry, the etiology of many disorders that affect livestock is not fully elucidated, and effective countermeasures are often lacking. The main tools available until now have been vaccines, antibiotics and antiparasitic drugs. Although these have been very successful in some cases, the appearance of parasite and microbial resistance to these treatments is a cause of concern. Next-generation sequencing provides important opportunities to tackle problems associated with pathogenic illnesses. This review describes the rapid gains achieved to track disease progression, identify the pathogens involved, and map pathogen interactions with the host. Use of novel genomic tools subsequently aids in treatment development, as well as successful creation of breeding programs aimed toward less susceptible livestock. These may be important tools for mitigating the long term effects of combating infection and helping reduce the reliance on antibiotic treatment.

Field of study: Biology
Ion-solvent effects and high energy batteries

A br:Lef review on the practical advances in rechargeable lithium cells is presented, and particular emphasis is placed on the relation of solvent/solute properties. A number of problem areas are identified, and details on how these problems relate to specific ion— solvent interactions are discussed. The problem areas identified are Ci) chemical and kinetic properties of the lithium anode, (2) chemical and kinetic properties of various cathode materials, and (3) general solvent—solute properties as they relate to (i) and (2) above.

Field of study: Chemistry
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Efficiency of laser heating of particles dispersed in a gas stream

An analysis is made of the efficiency of heating of disperse particles moving with a gas stream parallel to a laser beam. It is shown that when fairly high-intensity (~ 10 kW/cm2) cw CO2 laser radiation is used, the efficiency of heating of strongly absorbing particles reaches ~40%. This suggests that laser radiation may be used to heat particles in various technological processes.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics