nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A sharp weightedL2-estimate for the solution to the time-dependent Schrödinger equation

AbstractFor Ξ∈Rn,t∈R ) define
$$\left( {S^2 f} \right)\left( t \right)\left( \xi \right) = \exp \left( {it\left| \xi \right|^2 } \right)\hat f\left( \xi \right)$$
. We determine the optimal regularitys0 such that
$$\int_{R^n } {\left\| {(S^2 f)[x]} \right\|_{L^2 (R)}^2 \frac{{dx}}{{(1 + |x|)^b }} \leqslant C\left\| f \right\|_{H^s (R^n )}^2 ,s > s_0 } ,$$
 holds whereC is independent off∈S(Rn) or we show that such optimal regularity does not exist. This problem has been treated earlier, e.g. by Ben-Artzi and Klainerman , Kato and Yajima , Simon , Vega [9] and Wang [11].Our theorems can be generalized to the case where the exp(it|ξ|2) is replaced by  proof uses Parseval's formula onR, orthogonality arguments arising from decomposingL2(Rn) using spherical harmonics and a uniform estimate for Bessel functions. Homogeneity arguments are used to show that results are sharp with respect to regularity.

Field of study: Mathematics
Practice and payment preferences of newly practising family physicians in British Columbia.

To examine the remuneration model preferences of newly practising family physicians.



Mixed-methods study comprising a cross-sectional, Web-based survey, as well as qualitative content analysis of answers to open-ended questions.



British Columbia.



University of British Columbia family practice residents who graduated between 2000 and 2009.



Preferred remuneration models of newly practising physicians.



The survey response rate was 31% (133 of 430). Of respondents, 71% (93 of 132) preferred non-fee-for-service practice models and 86% (110 of 132) identified the payment model as very or somewhat important in their choice of future practice. Three principal themes were identified from content analysis of respondents' open-ended comments: frustrations with fee-for-service billing, which encompassed issues related to aggravations with "the business side of things" and was seen as impeding "the freedom to focus on medicine"; quality of patient care, which embraced the importance of a payment model that supported "comprehensive patient care" and "quality rather than quantity"; and freedom to choose, which supported the plurality of practice preferences among providers who strived to provide quality care for patients, "whatever model you happen to be working in."



Newly practising physicians in British Columbia preferred alternatives to fee-for-service payment models, which were perceived as contributing to fewer frustrations with billing systems, improved quality of work life, and better quality of patient care.

Field of study: Medicine
Valley to charge current conversion in graphene grain boundaries

The conduction properties of a grain boundary junction with Fermi velocity mismatch are analyzed. We provide a generalization of the Dirac Hamiltonian model taking into account the Fermi velocity gradient at the interface. General boundary conditions for the scattering problem are derived within the framework of the matching matrix method. We show that the scattering properties of the interface, as predicted by the theory, strongly depend on the boundary conditions used. We demonstrate that when the valley degeneracy is broken a charge current is established at the grain boundary interface. These findings provide the working principle of a valley to charge current converter, which is relevant for the emergent field of valleytronics.

Field of study: Physics
Incremental Enhancement of SEU Hardened 90 nm CMOS Memory Cell

SEU enhancements were introduced into a radiation hardened 90 nm CMOS technology to achieve upset immunity. An incremental enhancement approach that enables various SEU/performance trade-off was demonstrated on the same basic SRAM cell to achieve various degrees of hardness, by the selective utilization of enhancement features. Single event upset testing, as well as MRED simulation, have demonstrated a significant enhancements achieved with a minimal performance penalty.

Field of study: Physics
High expression, purification and functional analysis of the Tat protein of HIV-1B^/C recombinant strains in China

Tat proteins were purified by nickel-chelating chromatography. Luciferase assays indicated that the Tat proteins expressed in vitro had biological activity, and could transactivate the downstream reporter gene of HIV-1 LTR. The difference in transactivation was in direct proportion to the viral load of the HIV-infected individuals. The above results show that tat gene mutation can change its phenotype, and further impact viral epidemiology. This study sheds light on patterns of gene mutations and characteristics of the HIV-1B^/C recombinant strains in China.

Field of study: Biology
Lens protein phylogeny: immunocrossreactivity of vertebrate lens antigens to anti-shark crystallin antibody.

Antisera prepared against total water-soluble lens proteins of the shark, Scoliodon sorrakowah were reacted with homologous antigen and analysed reaction products by immunoelectrophoresis (IE) and two dimensional crossed antigen-antibody electrophoresis (2D-CE). On IE, shark antigens formed 5 precipitin lines including 1 alpha, 3 beta and 1 gamma crystallins and on 2D-CE 3 alpha, 6 beta and 6 gamma peaks accounting for 8%, 27% and 65% antigen in the respective group were obtained from the total crystallins. Using anti-shark antisera, the immunocrossreactivity of lens proteins from 6 Chondropterygii, 23 teleosts and 16 higher vertebrates was examined by IE. It is found that beta crystallins are the most conserved and crossreact with all vertebrate classes, whereas gamma crystallin crossreactivity is specific to the class Pisces and alpha crystallins are least conserved and their crossreactivity is confined to subclass Chondropterygii. Based on IE patterns, a phylogenetic tree is constructed which demonstrates the intrafamily closeness except in case of adaptive radiation.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Occupational exposure to hexabromocyclododecane at an industrial plant.

Occupational exposure to hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) among workers at an industrial plant producing expandable polystyrene (PS) added HBCD as flame retardant has been assessed in the present study. Airborne dust samples were collected near the breathing zone of 10 male workers during three 8-h work shifts. The HBCD concentrations in the airborne dust varied from 0.2 to 150 microg/m3 (mean 12.2 and median 2.1 microg/m3). Two serum samples were obtained from each of the workers. The mean serum concentration was 190 ng/g lipids; the median was 101 ng/g lipids (range 6 to 856 ng/g lipids). HBCD was not detected above 1 ng/g lipids (LOD) in any samples from persons in a reference group with no occupational exposure to HBCD. The contribution of gamma-HBCD to the total HBCD serum concentration was notably high (39%) compared to what has usually been observed in biological samples. There was no clear correlation of serum levels with average HBCD concentrations in the airborne dust samples collected near the subjects' breathing zone. The elevated exposure levels reported in this study compared to urban air and serum levels in general populations suggest that further and more detailed exposure assessment studies should be initiated in industries where HBCD is applied.

Field of study: Environmental science
AC losses in high pressure synthesized MgB2 bulk rings measured by transformer method

Recently developed manufacturing technologies use high pressure and various doping additions to prepare bulk MgB 2 -based materials with a high critical current density measured by the magnetization method. We use a contactless transformer method, which is based on studying the superconductor response to an induced transport current, to measure AC losses in bulk MgB 2 rings synthesized under high pressure. The obtained dependence of the losses on the primary current (applied magnetic field) is fitted by a power law with an exponent of 2.1 instead of the cubic dependence predicted by Bean’s model and power law electric field‐current density (E‐J) characteristics with a large exponent. An unusually strong dependence of the AC losses on the frequency is also observed. It is shown that the E‐J characteristic of bulk MgB 2 is well fitted by the dependence used in the extended critical state model based on account of the viscous vortex motion in the flux flow regime. Numerical simulation using this E‐J characteristic gives current and frequency AC loss dependences that agree well with the experimental results. (Some figures may appear in colour only in the online journal)

Field of study: Physics
[Anxiety in neurological practice].

Anxiety and related disorders are the most common type of mental disorders in both the general population and the neurological clinic. A current typology of anxiety disorders includes panic disorder, agoraphobia, simple (specific) phobias, social anxiety disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorders often accompany diseases of the nervous system, worsen their course and impede treatment, and the degree of anxiety usually corresponds to the severity of neurological symptoms. Anxiety may precede brain diseases, but the answer to the question of whether it contributes to these diseases or predicts them or can be an early manifestation of these diseases requires further studies. Modern approaches to the treatment of anxiety involve the use of benzodiazepines, antidepressants, some mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, as well as psychological interventions.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Cost analysis of stratospheric albedo modification delivery systems

We perform engineering cost analyses of systems capable of delivering 1‐5 million metric tonnes (Mt) of albedo modification material to altitudes of 18‐30 km. The goal is to compare a range of delivery systems evaluated on a consistent cost basis. Cost estimates are developed with statistical cost estimating relationships based on historical costs of aerospace development programs and operations concepts using labor rates appropriate to the operations. We evaluate existing aircraft cost of acquisition and operations, perform in-depth new aircraft and airship design studies and cost analyses, and survey rockets, guns, and suspended gas and slurry pipes, comparing their costs to those of aircraft and airships. Annual costs for delivery systems based on new aircraft designs are estimated to be $1‐3B to deliver 1 Mt to 20‐30 km or $2‐8B to deliver 5 Mt to the same altitude range. Costs for hybrid airships may be competitive, but their large surface area complicates operations in high altitude wind shear, and development costs are more uncertain than those for airplanes. Pipes suspended by floating platforms provide low recurring costs to pump a liquid or gas to altitudes as high as 20 km, but the research, development, testing and evaluation costs of these systems are high and carry a large uncertainty; the pipe system’s high operating pressures and tensile strength requirements bring the feasibility of this system into question. The costs for rockets and guns are significantly higher than those for other systems. We conclude that (a) the basic technological capability to deliver material to the stratosphere at million tonne per year rates exists today, (b) based on prior literature, a few million tonnes per year would be sufficient to alter radiative forcing by an amount roughly equivalent to the growth of anticipated greenhouse gas forcing over the next half century, and that (c) several different methods could possibly deliver this quantity for less than $8B per year. We do not address here the science of aerosols in the stratosphere, nor issues of risk, effectiveness or governance that will add to the costs of solar geoengineering.

Field of study: Environmental science
A nonparametric estimator of the number of classes based on a stratified random sample

Under stratified random sampling, we develop a kth-order bootstrap bias-corrected estimator of the number of classes θ which exist in a study region. This research extends Smith and van Belle’s (1984) first-order bootstrap bias-corrected estimator under simple random sampling. Our estimator has applicability for many settings including: estimating the number of animals when there are stratified capture periods, estimating the number of species based on stratified random sampling of subunits (say, quadrats) from the region, and estimating the number of errors/defects in a product based on observations from two or more types of inspectors. When the differences between the strata are large, utilizing stratified random sampling and our estimator often results in superior performance versus the use of simple random sampling and its bootstrap or jackknife [Burnham and Overton (1978)] estimator. The superior performance is often associated with more observed classes, and we provide insights into optimal designat...

Field of study: Mathematics
Pollution Monitoring and Alert System inside a car

The pollution is a Major source of vehicle emission and these pollutants from the vehicles are Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen dioxide and Hydrocarbon [1-3]. This pollution generates harmful effects to human health. Even suicidal death of passengers occurs due to leaks inside the car all around the world. The Proposed system detects the air pollutants in vehicle and alerts the user by sending warning message about the emission level of carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide using GSM. In order to help passengers, the system supports to locate the nearest service station. The system sends the car number and the particular geographical location of the car to the nearest police station during any emergency situation. Keywords—.Sensors, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, hydrocarbons, microcontroller, GSM

Field of study: Engineering
On Cultural Function of Entrepreneurs

Companies and enterprises must have vigor and vitality,and,first of all,they must boost the morals and spirit of their staff.Entrepreneurs or the co mpany heroes must possess specific q ualities which embody the personality of the enterprises.The spirit of these people exert an unique and irreplaceabl e influence on the development of ent erprise culture.One of the important means a nd methods to ensure success is the creation of conditions in which the ent er-prise spirit can be brought into full play so that all the members of the com pany and the enterprise are constant ly in a state of taking an active part in the entire undertaking.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Modification of paraheliotropic leaf movement in Phaseolus vulgaris by photon flux density

The effects of modification of photon flux density (PFD, 400-700 nm) on paraheliotropic leaf movement were examined in Phaseolus vulgaris L. under controlled environmental conditions. The cosine of the angle of incidence to directional PFD (cos(i)), a measure of leaf movement, was linearly and negatively related to PFD. That is, leaflets progressively oriented away from a direct light beam in response to increasing PFD. The minimum PFD causing paraheliotropic movement was approximately 25 μmol m−2 s−1. When PFD was varied, tissue temperature changed due to an altered energy balance. Since a change in pulvinus temperature can affect leaf movement, experiments were conducted to distinguish the effects of PFD signal and pulvinis temperature. Leaflets oriented to reduce incident PFD levels in response to increasing PFD (either white light or blue light) when pulvinis temperature was kept constant. From these results, we conclude that changes in PFD signals alone can control paraheliotropic leaf movements. Phaseolus vulgaris grown outdoors oriented their leaflets to face towards the sun in the morning and again in late afternoon, but avoided the sun's direct rays at midday. This diurnal pattern of paraheliotropic leaf movements can be explained on the basis of known paraheliotropic movements in response to PFD and air temperature.

Field of study: Environmental science
Accurate measurement of capture cross sections in deep level transient spectroscopy: Application to EL2 in GaAs

A rigorous formulation of capacitance changes during trap filling processes is presented and used to accurately determine the electron capture cross section of EL2 in GaAs at a particular temperature, 377K, in this case. The value, σn (377K) = 2.7 × 10−16 cm2, is compared with that predicted from the emission dependence.

Field of study: Materials science
Predicting Rime Ice Accretion on Airfoils

A method for predicting the droplet impingement and resulting rime ice accretion on airfoils in an incompressible, inviscid flow field is presented. The governing equations for the water droplet trajectories are described briefly and the appropriate similarity parameters presented. Droplet impingement parameters are described for both monodisperse and arbitrary droplet size distributions. A time-stepping ice accretion process is presented where the flowfield and droplet impingement characteristics are updated periodically to model the time-dependent nature of the process. The method compares well to experimental results of both droplet impingement and rime ice shapes. The time stepping improves the accuracy of the ice shape predictions. Recommendations are given for further research.

Field of study: Physics
46, XY Pure Gonadal Dysgenesis and Tumoral Risk

Gonadal dysgenesis corresponds to an impaired development of the gonad. One of its major characteristic is its high propensity to malignancy. This study presented the cases of 46, XY pure gonadal dysgenesis (GD) managed in our center over an 18 years period.  The charts of 10 patients treated for 46, XY pure GD (non ambiguous female phenotype) were reviewed.  The diagnosis circumstances were: Gonadal tumour (2 girls): dysgerminomas. In the first case (7 years old), the diagnosis of GD was made post operatively. For the other case (17 years old), this diagnosis was suspected on the association of tumour with slight pubertal development and low HCG blood level. A preoperative karyotype confirmed the diagnosis. Genetic familial investigations in these 2 families led to diagnose 4 additional cases of affected children. Amenorrhea (2 patients, aged 15 and 23 years) Clitoromegaly (1 patient, neonate) Campomelic dysplasia (1 patient, 4 years) Thus, bilateral gonadectomy was performed for therapeutic reasons in the 2 cases of dysgerminomas. In the remaining 8 patients, gonadectomy was performed for prophylactic reasons (median age 7.25 years, range 0-23) but revealed 5 gonadoblastomas with an associated dysgerminoma in one case (11 years old). Of note, the 23 year-old patient seen for amenorrhea had breast and pubic hair development related to hormonal tumoral secretion.  A gonadal tumour arising in girl with pubertal delay may be related to the dysgenesis of this gonad. The diagnosis of germ cell tumour in girls with low HCG level is likely to be a dysgerminoma.The diagnosis of dysgerminomas should warrant karyotype study and familial screening if 46, XY pure GD is confirmed and should drive to early removal of the gonads.

Field of study: Medicine
Ultrafast relaxation of photoexcited carriers in quantum wells and superlattices

The dynamics of photoexcited carriers in GaAs quantum wells and superlattices has been measured with femtosecond resolution using luminescence as well as pump-probe experiments. The electron capture mechanism shows well defined resonances with a time as short as 500 fs at room temperature for a well thickness of 60 AA. This gives strong evidence for the importance of the quantum mechanical, LO phonon-assisted capture mechanism predicted by theoretical calculations. In type-II superlattices, we show that the transfer of electrons from the GaAs layers to the AlAs layer is mediated by zone edge phonons (both LO and TA) in a way similar to intervalley scattering. The observed times range from 140 fs up to 30 ps depending on the thickness of the GaAs layer.

Field of study: Materials science
Veblen’s System of Conspicuous Waste

The touchstone by which Thorstein Veblen evaluated an expenditure was “whether it furthers the life process taken impersonally.” For Veblen, the economic problem involved the problem of social provisioning, the way a community provides for itself. To a large degree, social provisioning has been impeded by the system of conspicuous waste, a “scheme of properties, decencies, and standards of living, the economic motive of which is competitive spending.” The system of conspicuous waste represents a cultural unfolding of conspicuous waste, prompted by the introduction of continuous-mass production in the late nineteenth, early twentieth centuries. Conspicuous waste refers to the allocation of resources, time, and effort that detract from the life process. Veblen rejected the idea that the system of conspicuous waste benefits society. For Veblen, the standard of living refers to that level of consumption at which people are expected to consume. Products that prove serviceable, however, may also serve as symbols of invidiousness. Veblen used the system of conspicuous waste to compare the diverse cultural responses of England and Germany to the same technology in the early twentieth century. The system, however, plays a central role in absorbing increases in output and maintaining profits. Whether it can continue to do so remains questionable.

Field of study: Economics
A biomarker study of depositional paleoenvironments and source inputs for the massive formation of Upper Cretaceous lacustrine source rocks in the Songliao Basin, China

The abundance and composition of total organic carbon, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons including biomarkers, and the δ13C composition of total organic matter and individual compounds in core samples of the Nenjiang Formation from the SK-1 borehole of the Songliao Basin provide information on the paleoenvironmental conditions of lacustrine sediments formed during the Upper Cretaceous. The distribution of n-alkanes, and their δ13C composition, and 4-methylsteranes and dinosteranes in the first member of the Nenjiang Formation (K2n1) indicate that the organic matter largely originated from algal organisms and is dominated by types I and II kerogen. The occurrence of gammacerane, aryl isoprenoids isorenieratane and low pristane/phytane and diasterane/sterane ratios further suggest a salinity stratified water column associated with anoxic bottom waters, as well as possible photic zone oxygen depletion conditions during major source rock deposition of the K2n1. The organic geochemical data also indicate significantly different depositional environments for the second member of the Nenjiang Formation (K2n2) sediments, which are interpreted to have been deposited under a uniform salinity (non-stratified) oxic water column. Consequently, although the organic matter in the K2n2 sediments was largely derived from algal and bacterial sources, the kerogen types are dominantly IIb and III due to the oxidative degradation of organic matter, combined with a gradual increase in land–plant input. Furthermore, the occurrence and shift of two saw-toothed distribution patterns of the δ13C composition of C29 to C33 n-alkanes, with “W” and “M” patterns being isotopically heavy odd- and even-numbered alkanes, respectively, is suggestive of organic input shift or an unknown mechanism of carbon uptake or isotopic fractionation. In particular, the heavy even carbon numbered high molecular weight n-alkanes is rare and needs further investigation.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography