nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Atmospheric electric field measurements in urban environment and the pollutant aerosol weekly dependence

The weekly dependence of pollutant aerosols in the urban environment of Lisbon (Portugal) is inferred from the records of atmospheric electric field at Portela meteorological station (38°47′N, 9°08′W). Measurements were made with a Bendorf electrograph. The data set exists from 1955 to 1990, but due to the contaminating effect of the radioactive fallout during 1960 and 1970s, only the period between 1980 and 1990 is considered here. Using a relative difference method a weekly dependence of the atmospheric electric field is found in these records, which shows an increasing trend between 1980 and 1990. This is consistent with a growth of population in the Lisbon metropolitan area and consequently urban activity, mainly traffic. Complementarily, using a Lomb–Scargle periodogram technique the presence of a daily and weekly cycle is also found. Moreover, to follow the evolution of theses cycles, in the period considered, a simple representation in a colour surface plot representation of the annual periodograms is presented. Further, a noise analysis of the periodograms is made, which validates the results found. Two datasets were considered: all days in the period, and fair-weather days only.

Field of study: Environmental science
Beskerm teen brusellose

In die melkbedryf is min siektes so vernietigend soos beesbrusellose. Nie net omdat dit grootskaalse vrektes veroorsaak nie, maar omdat dit so vinnig en stilweg in 'n skoon kudde kan insluip en 'n groot aantal vatbare diere kan besmet en van hulle permanente draers van die siekte kan maak.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Joint reliability of various Pb-free solders under harsh vibration conditions for automotive electronics

These days, realization of technology for automotive electronics is important for convenience and safety in automobile industries. Although technology development is continuously progressing, various problems associated with the reliability of automotive electronics have arisen. In this study, combined vibration tests were performed to determine the reliability of various solders under harsh environments: Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305), Sn0.7Cu and Sn-0.5Cu-0.01Al-0.005Si-0.008Ge (SnCuAl(Si)) solder (in wt%). The Pb-free solder balls were used on electroplating nickel finished Cu pads of a fine ball grid array (FBGA) package. The BGA packages mounted with solder balls were set up on electroless nickel-immersion gold (ENIG) finished Cu pads of a daisy-chained printed circuit board (PCB). The combined random vibration test was performed under 2.5 Grms in the range of 400 to 2000 Hz in the temperature range of −45 to 125 °C and was continued until 500 cycles. The reliability of the solder joint was determined by measuring the electrical resistance using a multi-meter. The resistance gradually increased and finally approached infinity. In addition, the IMC thicknesses increased during the combined random vibration test, which affected the fracture behavior. To determine the reliability of the solders, the number of failures of solders and the crack morphology and propagation in each solder were evaluated. Among the three solders, the SnCuAl(Si) solder demonstrated the best reliability.

Field of study: Engineering
Impurity effect as a probe for order parameter symmetry in iron-based superconductors

The pointlike impurity scattering is studied for a superconductor with different pairing symmetries based on a minimal two band model proposed by S. Raghu $et$ $al.$ 2008)], and the self-consistent Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations. Two intra-gap resonance peaks are found at or near the nonmagnetic impurity site for a typical $s_{x^2y^2}$ symmetry and strong scattering potentials. Such intra-gap resonance peaks are absent for the sign unchanged s-wave and $d_{x^2-y^2}$-wave order parameter. Thus we propose that a non-magnetic impurity with strong scattering potentials can be used to probe the pairing symmetry in iron-based superconductors.

Field of study: Physics
DECOMPOSITION OF A CONTINUOUS FUNCTION-KERNEL

We decompose a continuous function-kernel G satisfying the domination principle into the regular part Ν and the singular part H. Further we show that Ν satisfies the domination principle and for every μ Ε M* the potential Νμ is balayable to any closed set. This problem has been considered by M. Ito  for a convolution kernel and by F. Hirsch Γ3] for a kernel on an abstract measure space. AMS-Class if ication : 31D-05

Field of study: Philosophy
Time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay of pepsinogen I

To establish a two-site time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TRFIA) of pepsinogen Ⅰ (PGⅠ) based on the direct sandwich technique. PGⅠ-TRFIA was used to detect serum PGⅠ concentration.  In the equilibrium procedure, the monoclonal antibodies (McAb) against a specific antigenic site on the PGⅠ was 8016#, the europium-labelled McAb was prepared by europium-chelate of N-(p-isothiocyanatobenzyl)- diethylenetriamine-N, N, N, N-tetraacetic acid directed against a different antigenic site on the PGⅠ molecule was 8003#. The luminescent enhancement system was enhancement solution containing 2-naphthoyltrifluoroacetone. PGⅠ in sera from patients and healthy controls were examined by PGⅠ-TRFIA with auto DELFIA1235 system.  The intra- and inter-assay CV of the PGⅠ-TRFIA were 1.9% and 4.7%, respectively, and the recovery rate was 102.65%, the sensitivity was 0.05μg/L. The McAb provided a linear response from 3.5 to 328μg/L with ED 50 of 38.73μg/L. The cross-reacting rate with pepsinogen Ⅱ was negligible. The europium-labelled 8003# was stable for at lest eight months at -20℃ and the results of the TRFIA with same reagents were stable for eight months.  The newly developed PGⅠ-TRFIA was high sensitivity and very stable. The method can be used in serum immunoassay such as gastric cancer detection. The detection of PGⅠ in sera will show patient an early warning of developing gastric cancer in future.

Field of study: Biology
Modeling of the effect of low intensity ionizing radiation on MOS elements of VLSI circuits

A method for predicting the tolerance of MOS VLSI circuits to low intensity cosmic rays is reported. The method is based on the analysis of the test MOS structure response to high-dose-rate radiation and on the solution of the system of equations describing the radiation-charge accumulation in the gate oxide of the poly-Si-SiO2(P)-Si structure and its relaxation by tunneling and thermal emission.

Field of study: Physics
Agmatine increases proliferation of cultured hippocampal progenitor cells and hippocampal neurogenesis in chronically stressed mice

To explore the mechanism of agmatine's antidepressant action.Male mice were subjected to a variety of unpredictable stressors on a daily basis over a 24-d period. The open-field behaviors of the mice were displayed and recorded using a Videomex-V image analytic system automatically. For bromodeo-xyuridine (BrdU; thymidine analog as a marker for dividing cells) labeling, the mice were injected with BrdU (100 mg/kg, ip, twice per d for 2 d), and the hippocampal neurogenesis in stressed mice was measured by immunohistochemistry. The proliferation of cultured hippocampal progenitor cells from neonatal rats was determined by colorimetric assay (cell counting kit-8) and 3H-thymidine incorporation assay.After the onset of chronic stress, the locomotor activity of the mice in the open field significantly decreased, while coadministration of agma-tine10 mg/kg (po) blocked it. Furthermore, the number of BrdU-labeled cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus significantly decreased in chronically stressed mice, which was also blocked by chronic coadministration with agmatine 10 mg/kg (po). Four weeks after the BrdU injection, some of the new born cells matured and became neurons, as determined by double labeling for BrdU and neuron specific enolase (NSE), a marker for mature neurons. In vitro treatment with agmatine 0.1–10 umol/L for 3 d significantly increased the proliferation of the cultured hippocampal progenitor cells in a dose-dependent manner.We have found that agmatine increases proliferation of hippocampal progenitor cells in vitro and the hippocampal neurogenesis in vivo in chronically stressed mice. This may be one of the important mechanisms involved in agmatine's antidepressant action.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
“Lessons for marine conservation planning: A comparison of three marine protected area planning processes”

Various approaches have been used to establish marine protected areas (MPAs) in different countries. In this paper we compare and review three processes to establish MPAs within the United States and Australia. These two countries share many similarities in their cultures, but their approaches to managing marine resources differ considerably. Each of these efforts to establish or review MPAs was motivated by concern about declines of targeted marine species or habitats. However, the government actions varied because of differences in governance, planning process including public input, and the role of science. Comparing these processes highlights effective approaches for protecting marine ecosystems and gaining public support.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Case Study Using ProQuest RefWorks: An entry point for addressing information literacy.

An interdisciplinary team of university faculty members collaborated to develop an intervention to address a deficiency in student information literacy skills. The team developed video modules that instruct users how to create, use and maintain a ProQuest RefWorks account; a citation management software (CMS) tool that is compatible with Google Docs word processing. The research team collected YouTube and ProQuest RefWorks analytics as well as pre/post survey data from university students who participated in a pilot using the video modules. Results indicate that the modules impacted student information literacy skills; specifically, in-text citation and referencing. Based on the results, we also describe next steps for this research.

Field of study: Education
Development of Nb/sub 3/Sn conductors for fusion and high energy physics

In the recent years internal-tin Nb/sub 3/Sn conductors have been developed to a stage where the critical current densities obtainable are triple those exhibited by the bronze processed material. Outokumpu Advanced Superconductors has been producing a commercial quantity of Nb/sub 3/Sn wires mainly by using the internal-tin process. Nb/sub 3/Sn conductors, regardless of the method used in their fabrication, have to be made of different designs depending on their specific application. This paper describes design parameters of internal-tin Nb/sub 3/Sn conductors, which have been developed and made recently for use in fusion and high energy physics magnets, in particular. Their properties including the current carrying capacity and magnetization are given. The trade-offs between the critical current densities, AC losses, and how the design parameters affect these properties are also discussed.

Field of study: Physics
CLASSIFICATION OF ORDOVICIAN CHAZYAN SHELLY AND GRAPTOLITE SEQUENCES FROM CENTRAL NEVADA

The Antelope Valley Limestone, nearly 1000 feet thick in the Toquima Range in central Nevada, contains typical zones of the “Whiterock Stage.” Trilobites and cephalopods in the lower Antelope Valley seem older than those in the middle (Crownian) and upper (Valcourian) type Chazyan and are like those in the Table Head Limestone of Newfoundland; upper Antelope Valley-Whiterock faunas resemble some in the higher Chazyan stages. Thus, the lower Antelope Valley-Whiterock has the stratigraphic position of the lower type Chazyan Dayan Stage. The Petes Summit Formation in the Clipper Canyon Sequence of argillites, cherts, quartzites, and volcanic rocks has a succession of graptolite faunas through some 600 feet. Assemblages near the base resemble those in the Didymograptus extensus and Didymograptus hirundo zones of the Arenigian Series and those in the upper Deepkill of New York; they may extend into the lower Llanvirnian Zone of Didymograptus bifidus. Well above these in the Petes Summit is an exceptionally rich assemblage with Pterograptus elegans and forms associated in the upper Llanvirnian Zone of Didymograptus murchisoni. The highest faunules in the Petes Summit have Glyptograptus teretiusculus, suggestive of the Llandeilan Series. The succession supports the view that the Deepkill and Levis Didymograptus bifidus-bearing beds are Arenigian, older than the named zone in Europe. As Table Head faunas lie below graptolites like those low in the Petes Summit, the lower Antelope Valley Limestone and Whiterock Stage seem to be highest Arenigian, and the higher part Llanvirnian and Llandeilan.

Field of study: Geology
Host range of antibiotic resistance genes in wastewater treatment plant influent and effluent

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) collect wastewater from various sources for a multi‐step treatment process. By mixing a large variety of bacteria and promoting their proximity, WWTPs constitute potential hotspots for the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Concerns have been expressed regarding the potential of WWTPs to spread antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from environmental reservoirs to human pathogens. We utilized epicPCR (Emulsion, Paired Isolation and Concatenation PCR) to detect the bacterial hosts of ARGs in two WWTPs. We identified the host distribution of four resistance‐associated genes (tetM, int1, qacE&Dgr;1 and blaOXA‐58) in influent and effluent. The bacterial hosts of these resistance genes varied between the WWTP influent and effluent, with a generally decreasing host range in the effluent. Through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, it was determined that the resistance gene carrying bacteria include both abundant and rare taxa. Our results suggest that the studied WWTPs mostly succeed in decreasing the host range of the resistance genes during the treatment process. Still, there were instances where effluent contained resistance genes in bacterial groups not carrying these genes in the influent. By permitting exhaustive profiling of resistance‐associated gene hosts in WWTP bacterial communities, the application of epicPCR provides a new level of precision to our resistance gene risk estimates.  No Caption available.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
A study of amyloid arthropathy in multiple myeloma.

Forty-three patients with classical multiple myeloma were studied to assess the prevalence and characteristics of amyloid arthropathy using clinical, radiological, and histological methods. Two patients were found to have amyloid arthropathy, and a third case is described in detail. Complement and cryoprecipitate analysis of the synovial fluid, and electronmicroscopy of the synovium, synovial debris and cartilage were undertaken in an attempt to shed further light onto the pathogenesis of what has hitherto been regarded as a rare complication of multiple myeloma. Complement components were not depressed and no evidence of specific light chain containing immune complexes was found in synovial fluid cryoprecipitates. Histochemical and electron microscopic localization of amyloid in perichondrocytic lacunae as well as in synovial fluid debris, synovium and the articular cartilage surface suggest the possibility that chondrocytes and synovial macrophages may share a role in processing immunoglobulin components as a prelude to the formation of amyloid fibrils. Amyloid arthropathy occurs in about 5 per cent of patients with multiple myeloma. The clinical picture can resemble rheumatoid arthritis with median nerve compression in the carpal tunnel and symmetrical arthritis of the wrists and small joints of the hands. Diagnosis can be established by examination of Congo red stained synovial fluid sediments under polarized light even in the absence of other clinical features of amyloidosis and when rectal biopsy is negative.

Field of study: Medicine
Tea bag filter paper as a novel protective membrane for micro-solid phase extraction of butachlor in aqueous samples

An innovative, cost-effective, simple, and environmental friendly tea bag filter paper protected micro-solid phase extraction (μ-SPE) technique was developed for the first time with the aim to miniaturize and minimize the use of organic solvents for the extraction and determination of butachlor in aqueous samples. The μ-SPE device was produced by packing 3.0 mg of an easily synthesized new sorbent, hydroxyl-functionalized polypyrrole (OH-PPY), inside a small tea bag filter paper sachet (1.0 cm × 0.5 cm) that served as a protective envelope. Both the extraction and desorption procedures were facilitated by sonication. Due to the high porosity and the fast water absorption of the tea bag filter paper, the analyte could easily diffuse through and enhance the interaction with the sorbent. Under the optimized conditions for the GC-ECD and the μ-SPE, the limit of detection (S/N ≥ 3) was 2.0 μg L−1 while the limit of quantitation (S/N ≥ 10) was 10.0 μg L−1. The recoveries of the butachlor spiked at 0.050, 0.10, and 0.50 μg mL−1 ranged from 77.9 ± 3.0 to 112.5 ± 2.9%. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of butachlor in water samples from paddy cultivation sites. The levels found were from non-detectable to 24.71 ± 0.37 μg L−1.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Modulation of leucocyte locomotion by interleukin‐1

The influence of interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) upon leucocyte locomotion in vitro was studied, using either casein or zymosan‐activated serum (ZAS) as chemotaxigens. A pre‐incubation of polymorpho‐nuclear cells (PMNC) with ultrapure (purity 99%) human IL‐1 (1 U/ml) for 2 and 5 h followed by a washing step resulted in a significant decrease in leucocyte locomotion against casein (P < 0.0005 and P<0.01, respectively), but not against ZAS (P>0.1). Moreover, the direct addition of this IL‐1 preparation to leucocyte locomotion assays without pre‐incubation produced a similar and significant inhibition of leucocyte locomotion directed against casein (P < 005). This inhibitory effect could not be augmented further by higher concentrations of ultrapure IL‐1. In order to exclude the effect of possibly contaminating cytokines in the ultrapure IL‐1 preparation used, additional assays with recombinant human IL‐1 (rIL‐1) alpha and rIL‐1 beta (1 U/ml) were performed to investigate their influence upon leucocyte locomotion. It was found that both rIL‐1α and rIL‐1β inhibited leucocyte locomotion directed against casein significantly (P < 0.005). Similar to the previous experiments, leucocyte locomotion could not be further inhibited by higher concentrations (10 U/ml) of rIL‐1. Thus, both ultrapure and rIL‐1 were found to have the ability to inhibit leucocyte locomotion in vitro.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Interactive effects of high temperature and elevated carbon dioxide concentration on cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]

Limitations in carbohydrate supplies have been implicated as a factor responsible for reproductive failure under heat stress. Heat stress affects two stages of reproductive development in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], and genotypes are available with tolerance and sensitivity to heat during these different stages. The objectives of this study were to determine the responses of these cowpea lines to ambient and elevated [CO2], under heat stress and optimal temperature, and test whether differences in carbohydrate supplies due to genotypes, CO2 enrichment and heat stress are associated with differences in sensitivity to heat during reproductive development. Plants were grown in reach-in growth chambers and subjected to day/night temperatures of either 33/20 or 33/30°C, and [CO2] levels of either 350 or 700 μmol mol-1. Under intermediate night temperature (33/20°C), all lines set substantial numbers of pods. Under high night temperature (33/30°C) with either ambient or elevated [CO2], one heat-sensitive line produced no flowers and the other set no pods, whereas the heat-tolerant line abundantly set pods. High night temperature reduced the overall carbohydrate content of the plants, especially peduncle sugars, and caused decreases in photosynthetic rates. The high pod set of the heat-tolerant line, under high night temperature, was associated with higher levels of sugars in peduncles compared with the heat-sensitive lines. The heat-tolerant line accumulated substantial shoot biomass, exhibited less accumulation of starch in leaves, and possibly had less down-regulation of photosynthesis in response to CO2 enrichment and heat stress than the heat-sensitive lines. Elevated [CO2] resulted in higher overall carbohydrate levels in heat-sensitive lines (starch in leaves, stems and peduncles), but it did not increase their heat tolerance with respect to flower production or pod set. Heat-induced damage to floral buds and anthers in the sensitive lines was associated with low sugars levels in peduncles, indicating that heat had greater effects on assimilate demand than on leaf assimilate supply. The heat-tolerant line was the most responsive genotype to elevated [CO2] with respect to pod production under either high or intermediate temperatures.

Field of study: Environmental science
Art Patronage, Family, and Gender in Renaissance Florence: The Tornabuoni. Maria DePrano. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. xxxii + 420 pp. $135.

without such linguistic ability, especially undergraduates, have lacked access to this indispensable source. With the publication of the volume under review, however, we now have a superb English translation of the Dialogo, which will certainly fulfill the editors’ mission of “open[ing] this fascinating text—and the important questions it raises —to as wide an audience as possible” (3). A brief introduction and three essays precede the translated text. The first essay, by Michael Bury, presents as much as can be reconstructed about Gilio and the origins of his treatise; considers the scope of the Dialogo, with an emphasis on sacred painting and issues of decorum; and situates the text in relation to the Council of Trent’s decree on sacred images. Carol M. Richardson then takes up the critical reception of Gilio’s treatise among recent art historians, revisits the relationship between the Dialogo and the Tridentine decree, and—perhaps most importantly—underscores the extent to which, through the dialogue structure, Gilio is able to present multiple perspectives, both in praise and in censure of Michelangelo’s fresco, without necessarily arriving at definitive conclusions. And Lucinda Byatt (a professional translator) discusses the original edition of Gilio’s treatise, language issues and other significant challenges faced by the translator(s), and the fictional context (place and time) in which the dialogue is set. In addition to extensive notes that clarify and augment the translation, a short section presents the dramatis personae (the interlocutors) in theDialogo and their points of view within the debate, a glossary defines key Italian terms that figure prominently in the text, and an index and thirty-five illustrations of works discussed (or relevant to the text) round out the critical apparatus of what is unquestionably a welcome addition to the Getty’s Texts & Documents series.

Field of study: History