nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Geology of the Mascoma quadrangle, New Hampshire

Middle-grade and high-grade metamorphic rocks, derived from sediments and volcanics, which range from Middle Ordovician to Lower Devonian, comprise half the rocks in the Mascoma quadrangle. The Orfordville formation (probably Middle Ordovician) is a new formation. Biotite gneiss of the Oliverian and New Hampshire magma series comprise the rest of the rocks. The outstanding structural features are domes of metamorphic rocks with cores of the Oliverian magma series. Evidence indicates these bodies are laccoliths. A primary foliation is believed to have developed in these igneous rocks parallel to the contacts and a schistosity produced parallel to the bedding in the roof rocks. Bedding, schistosity, and foliation are thus all parallel. Field and laboratory studies indicate that considerable microcline later replaced some of these igneous and metamorphic rocks, producing rocks with the composition of granite. The Mt. Clough pluton of Bethlehem gneiss with a marked primary foliation paralleling its contacts is a later major feature. It was intruded probably in the late Devonian as a huge sheet essentially parallel to the regional structure. Field evidence indicates that it forced its way over two of the Oliverian domes while buried beneath several thousand feet of rock. The area sheds considerable light on metamorphic problems. Chlorite (amesite) is stable in the presence of muscovite in the garnet zone. Kyanite forms in the lower part of the middle-grade zone. Disequilibrium rocks are believed to be common. Rotated porphyroblasts indicate a post-metamorphism deformation. Two distinct periods of metamorphism are evinced by the fact that the schistosity formed by laccolithic intrusion has in places been highly folded and a second schistosity superimposed.

Field of study: Geology
Application of Project2000in MRPII of Mold&Die

Project2000,developed by Microsoft Corporation,is an effective tool for project management and can be used to control simple or complex project.MRPII of molddie is a MRPII system,developed aiming at the feature of molddie industry,in production management sub-system of which,project2000can be used as a tool for project management.In this paper,the way ofcombining project2000and MRPII ofmolddie is discussed and the effective linkage between them is realized based on the research of the database structure of project2000.

Field of study: Computer science
AN EXPERIMENT ON DAMAGE LOCALIZATION OF A TWO-STORY STEEL BRACED FRAME MODEL STRUCTURE

In order to investigate damage localization,an experiment on an one-bay two-story spatial steel braced frame structural model was carried out.Four known damage patterns,including single,symmetric,asymmetric and multi-story damages,are simulated by removing corresponding braces.Modal parameters of undamaged and damaged structures are obtained utilizing the natural excitation technique(NExT)in conjunction with the eigensystem realization algorithm(ERA)from acceleration responses induced by hammer impacts and simulated ambient excitation.A method based on eigen-sensitivity analysis is employed to obtain the mass-normalized mode shapes.Furthermore,the damage index method and the damage locating vectors(DLVs)method are utilized respectively to identify the damage locations.It is demonstrated that the presented vibration-based methods are effective to damage localization.

Field of study: Engineering
Combination of Neighboring Cells in Contingency Tables

In the application of the χ 2-test for independence to contingency tables in case the expected frequencies in some of the cases are small, a commonly recommended procedure is to coalesce two or more rows and/or columns. Based on Cramer's modified χ 2 minimum method, this paper develops means of combining individual cells instead of whole rows or columns. Specific results are given for a pair of cells in the same row (or column), a block of cells, two pairs which form a 2×2 block, and two row pairs whose columns do not overlap. Results generally are simple if the sets of cells combined form a block or blocks which do not overlap. The complications that arise in the case of partial overlapping are illustrated for two row pairs which have a single column in common. The estimates of the probability of an item falling in each of the three columns on the null hypothesis are obtained from a quadratic equation which, however, always leads to a unique set of consistent estimates.

Field of study: Mathematics
Decadal oscillation of autumn precipitation in Central Vietnam modulated by the East Pacific?North Pacific (EP?NP) teleconnection

Autumn precipitation over Central Vietnam is associated with an increase in the occurrence of tropical cyclones that lead to frequent flooding and pose a significant threat to lives and property. The present analyses reveal a pronounced decadal oscillation of autumn precipitation in Central Vietnam within the 8–11 year frequency band that is modulated by the East Pacific–North Pacific (EP–NP) teleconnection. The negative phase of the EP–NP pattern is associated with a positive sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly in the South China Sea (SCS) that induces low-level convergence, enhances convection, and increases precipitation over Central Vietnam and adjacent islands including Hainan (China) and the Philippines. This circulation feature around the SCS is embedded in a large-scale circulation associated with SST anomalies across the Pacific Ocean—i.e., cooling in the Eastern and Central tropical Pacific sandwiched by warming in the North and South Pacific as well as the Western Pacific Ocean. The positive phase of the EP–NP features opposite SST and circulation anomalies, with the result being reduced rainfall in Central Vietnam. This out-of-phase relationship and shared decadal spectral coherence between the EP–NP index and autumn precipitation in Central Vietnam might be useful for future climate predictions and flood management.

Field of study: Environmental science
Adsorption Property of Supported Ionic Liquids for Flavonoids

The effects of adsorption time,solid-liquid ratio,sample concentration,flow rate on the adsorption properties of supported ionic liquids(the N-methylimidazolium functionalized silica,SilprMin) for flavonoids were investigated.The results indicated that the adsorption equilibrium for tested compounds,genistein,luteolin and quercetin,was achieved within 30 min,the adsorption efficiencies of these three compounds were improved with the increase of solid-liquid ratio,and decreased with the increase of their concentrations.Moreover,the adsorption isotherm data of the three tested compounds were in good concordance with the Langmuir model.The saturated adsorption capacity of SilprMim for genistein,luteolin and quercetin was 47.7,52.5 and 63.2 mg/g,respectively.Adsorption efficiency of SilprMim could reach more than 90% at a sample flow rate of 0.5~1.5 mL/min.Using methanol as eluent,the saturated desorption efficiencies of genistein,luteolin and quercetin were 86.1%,83.3% and 84.6%,respectively.The elution order of the three tested flavonoids was genistein,luteolin and quercetin.SilprMim had strong adsorption and separation capacity for three tested flavonoids,which was hopeful to be applied in separation and purification of naturally occurring flavonoids.

Field of study: Chemistry
Do gestalt effects show that we perceive high-level aesthetic properties?

Whether we perceive high-level properties is presently a source of controversy. A promising test case for whether we do is aesthetic perception. Aesthetic properties are distinct from low-level properties, like shape and colour. Moreover, some of them, e.g. being serene and being handsome, are properties we appear to perceive. Aesthetic perception also shares a similarity with gestalt effects, e.g. seeing-as, in that aesthetic properties, like gestalt phenomena, appear to ‘emerge’ from low-level properties. Gestalts effects, of course, are widely observed, which raises the question: do gestalt effects make it plausible that we (sometimes) perceive high-level aesthetic properties? Contra Stokes (forthcoming), this paper argues that they don’t. This is interesting in its own right, but it also points to a more general lesson, namely we should resist the temptation to appeal to gestalt effects to argue for high-level perception.

Field of study: Philosophy
The Role of Density Dependent One-Body Momentum Distribution on the Calculation of Ground State Properties of Closed Shell Nuclei

The nucleon single-particle energies (SPEs) of the selected closed shell nuclei; that is, 16O, 40Ca, and 56Ni, are obtained by using the diagonal matrix elements of two-body effective interaction, which generated through the lowest order constrained variational (LOCV) calculations for the symmetric nuclear matter with the AV18 phenomenological nucleon-nucleon potential. The SPEs at the major levels of nuclei are calculated by employing a Hartree-Fock inspired-scheme in the spherical harmonic oscillator basis. In the scheme, the correlation influences are taken into account by imposing the nucleon effective mass factor on the radial wave functions of the major levels. Replacing the density-dependent one-body momentum distribution functions of nucleons, n(k,rho), with the Heaviside functions, the role of n(k,rho) on the nucleon SPEs at the major levels of the selected closed shell nuclei, is investigated. The best fit of spin-orbit splitting is taken into account when correcting the major levels of the nuclei by using the parameterized Wood-Saxon potential and the AV18 density-dependent mean field potential which is constructed by the LOCV method. Considering the point-like protons in the spherical Coulomb's potential well, the single-proton energies are corrected. The results show the importance of including n(k,rho), instead of the Heaviside functions, in the calculation of nucleon SPEs at the different levels, particularly the valence levels, of the closed shell nuclei.

Field of study: Physics
Donepezil reverses nicotine withdrawal-induced deficits in contextual fear conditioning in C57BL/6J mice.

Withdrawal from chronic nicotine is associated with cognitive deficits. Therapies that ameliorate cognitive deficits during withdrawal aid in preventing relapse during quit attempts. Withdrawal-induced deficits in contextual learning are associated with nicotinic acetylcholine receptor upregulation. The aim of the present study was to determine if the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil has the ability to reverse nicotine withdrawal-induced deficits in contextual learning. Results demonstrated that low doses of donepezil, which do not enhance contextual learning or alter locomotor activity/anxiety-related behavior, can reverse nicotine withdrawal-induced deficits in contextual learning. Thus, donepezil may have therapeutic value for ameliorating cognitive deficits associated with nicotine withdrawal and for preventing relapse.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Complex-Valued Vs. Real-Valued Neural Networks for Classification Perspectives: An Example on Non-Circular Data

This paper shows the benefits of using Complex-Valued Neural Network (CVNN) on classification tasks for non-circular complex-valued datasets. Motivated by radar and especially Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) applications, we propose a statistical analysis of fully connected feed-forward neural networks performance in the cases where real and imaginary parts of the data are correlated through the non-circular property. In this context, comparisons between CVNNs and their real-valued equivalent models are conducted, showing that CVNNs provide better performance for multiple types of non-circularity. Notably, CVNNs statistically perform less overfitting, higher accuracy and provide shorter confidence intervals than its equivalent Real-Valued Neural Network (RVNN).

Field of study: Computer science
The disappearance of plague: a continuing puzzle.

T THE most feared disease in early modern England was plague. Before its disappearance from England in i666,2 plague had for centuries been a dreaded visitor to the larger towns and cities of the kingdom. When an epidemic broke out in a city like London, the entire tenor of life changed. Many of the better-off inhabitants fled to the country to escape infection; commerce and industry stagnated; the usually teeming streets were empty. During the great London epidemic of i665, Samuel Pepys lamented, "Lord, what a sad time it is, to see no boats upon the River-and grass grow all up and down Whitehall-court-and nobody but poor wretches in the streets."3 As if to celebrate the relentless advance of death, the bells of the parish churches rang out at each death and each burial. To contemporaries, it seemed that God was venting his wrath on a sinful mankind. In London and other great urban concentrations of Europe, the loss of life from plague was terrible. According to the Bills of Mortality, 70,594 persons died of plague in London during the epidemic of I 665-6. The actual figure was higher, because many plague deaths were mistakenly attributed to other diseases, and it has been estimated that this one epidemic claimed 8o,ooo victims, out of a total

Field of study: Economics, History
Scoring system based on electrocardiogram features to predict the type of heart failure in patients with chronic heart failure

Heart failure is divided into heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Additional studies are required to distinguish between these two types of HF. A previous study showed that HFrEF is less likely when ECG findings are normal. This study aims to create a scoring system based on ECG findings that will predict the type of HF. We performed a cross-sectional study analyzing ECG and echocardiographic data from 110 subjects. HFrEF was defined as an ejection fraction ≤40%. Fifty people were diagnosed with HFpEF and 60 people suffered from HFrEF. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed certain ECG variables that were independent predictors of HFrEF i.e., LAH, QRS duration >100 ms, RBBB, ST-T segment changes and prolongation of the QT interval. Based on ROC curve analysis, we obtained a score for HFpEF of -1 to +3, while HFrEF had a score of +4 to +6 with 76% sensitivity, 96% specificity, 95% positive predictive value, an 80% negative predictive value and an accuracy of 86%. The scoring system derived from this study, including the presence or absence of LAH, QRS duration >100 ms, RBBB, ST-T segment changes and prolongation of the QT interval can be used to predict the type of HF with satisfactory sensitivity and specificity

Field of study: Medicine
Spatial heterogeneity of belowground microbial communities linked to peatland microhabitats with different plant dominants.

Peatland vegetation is composed mostly of mosses, graminoids and ericoid shrubs, and these have a distinct impact on peat biogeochemistry. We studied variation in soil microbial communities related to natural peatland microhabitats dominated by Sphagnum, cotton-grass and blueberry. We hypothesized that such microhabitats will be occupied by structurally and functionally different microbial communities, which will vary further during the vegetation season due to changes in temperature and photosynthetic activity of plant dominants. This was addressed using amplicon-based sequencing of prokaryotic and fungal rDNA and qPCR with respect to methane cycling communities. Fungal communities were highly microhabitat-specific, while prokaryotic communities were additionally directed by soil pH and total N content. Seasonal alternations in microbial community composition were less important, however influenced the abundance of methane-cycling communities. Cotton-grass and blueberry bacterial communities contained relatively more α-Proteobacteria but less Chloroflexi, Fibrobacteres, Firmicutes, NC10, OD1, and Spirochaetes than in Sphagnum. Methanogens, syntrophic and anaerobic bacteria (i.e. Clostridiales, Bacteroidales, Opitutae, Chloroflexi, and Syntrophorhabdaceae) were suppressed in blueberry indicating greater aeration that enhanced abundance of fungi (mainly Archaeorhizomycetes) and resulted in the highest fungi-to-bacteria ratio. Thus, microhabitats dominated by different vascular plants are inhabited by unique microbial communities, contributing greatly to spatial functional diversity within peatlands.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Antisocial personality disorder and alcohol-induced aggression.

This study compared the effects of alcohol on aggressive responding between subjects with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and subjects without ASPD. Eighteen alcohol drinking subjects (10 subjects without ASPD and 8 subjects with ASPD) underwent testing on a laboratory measure of aggression, the Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm, after consumption of placebo and three doses of alcohol (0.25 g/kg, 0.5 g/kg, and 1.0 g/kg). There was a significant difference in the effect of alcohol on aggressive responding on the Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm between subjects with ASPD and subjects without ASPD. Subjects with ASPD had a greater increase in aggressive responding after alcohol, compared with non-ASPD subjects. There was no difference between the two groups in the effect of alcohol on monetary-reinforced responding.

Field of study: Medicine
Michael Taussig, Palma Africana (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2018), pp. 258, $25.00, pb.

dictatorship cannot be understood without listening to the narratives of those women who survived repression and the way in which they conceptualise the degrading treatments they suffered, as well as how they ‘visualize the indelible marks of the traumas they experienced’ (p. 41). Rethinking the construction of memory through women’s testimonies is a way of engendering narratives, and expanding the understanding of the narrative subjects and underscoring both gendered approaches and the participation of women is the process of transitional justice. Sutton’s book carves out a space for the centrality that gender played in the militancy, repression and resistance as well as for the place that gender subsequently has (or should have) in the construction of memory. Thinking of memory in terms of gender is not new in the Argentine landscape, and Sutton recognises some of the works written by other scholars and enters in dialogue with the discipline itself, by focusing on the act of listening as a crucial part of being a scholar who deals with issues of testimony and memorialisation. Listening also involves being able to recognise that the accounts included in this book were silenced or framed (in the double sense of the term) by patriarchal discourse. One of the main contributions of this book is to show that memory without the narratives of women survivors is not only incomplete but also inaccurate. Advancing a ‘democratic culture’, Sutton argues in her conclusion, ‘requires listening to a variety of embodied stories, not all of which have had the chance to fully emerge’ (p. 251) Sutton understands the construction of memory as an ongoing process, and by challenging the patriarchal framework of memory, her book is both a timely and important contribution to the reconstruction of the recent Argentine past from a gendered perspective.

Field of study: Political science
Low Shear Rate Flow Rheology Study on Carbopol Solutions Using MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

An analysis of complex (yielding) rheological flow behavior of 0.1 wt%, 0.13 wt%, 0.15 wt% Carbopol solutions has been carried out using MRI velocimetry within the low shear rate region (10-4-10 S-1) for gravity driven flow system. For this study, flow kinematics in a pipe was performed at the steady and creeping conditions (Re <1) to get accurate dynamic yield value of Carbopol solutions. Then we show that in this range of shear rates. MRI velocimetry works well using with using the suitable image data acquisition process. Yield stresses were achieved successfully for Carbopol solutions. The less concentrated 0.1 wt% Carbopol solution was found to have the yield stress as 9.8 Pa whereas the more concentrated 0.15 wt% Carbopol solution exhibited higher yield stress value of 54.4 Pa. These are the first measurement of yield stress of Carbopol solutions by this method in the range of 10-4-10 S-1. The MRI measurements compared well with the measurements of same samples performed on conventional rheometer in the shear rate range of 10-2-10 S-1. This study provides insights into MRI velocimetry can capture the velocity profile of flows under the creeping condition.

Field of study: Materials science
Michael‐Addition CH‐acider Carbonyl‐ und Nitroverbindungen an 7‐Oxo‐7H‐benzocyclohepten‐6,8‐dicarbonsäureester

Eine Reihe von Natriumsalzen CH-acider Carbonyl- und Nitroverbindungen ergeben mit 7-Oxo-7H-benzocyclohepten-6,8-dicarbonsaure-dimethylester (1) Michael-Addukte. Bei Temperaturen um 0°C entstehen unter Addition an nur eine Doppelbindung von 1 die Natriumenolate 2, welche sich zu den C-5-substituierten 7-Hydroxy-5H-benzocyclohepten-6,8-dicarbonsaureestern 3 protonieren lassen. Die 5H-Benzocycloheptene 3, und zwar als Anionen 2, lassen sich in siedendem Methanol in einer intramolekularen Michael-Addition zu den C-10-substituierten 7-Hydroxy-8,9-dihydro-5,9-methano-5H-benzocyclohepten-6,8-dicarbonsaureestern 4 cyclisieren. Die Stereochemie der Michael-Addukte 4 wird NMR-spektroskopisch und durch Abbau zu den 6,7,8,9-Tetrahydro-5,9-methano-5H-benzocyclohepten-7-onen 5 aufgeklart. 
 
 
 
Michael Addition of CH-Acidic Carbonyl and Nitro Compounds to 7-Oxo-7H-benzocycloheptene-6,8-dicarboxylic Ester. 
 
 
 
Some sodium salts of CH-acidic carbonyl and nitro compounds react with dimethyl 7-oxo-7H-benzocycloheptene-6,8-dicarboxylate (1) to give Michael adducts. At temperatures of about 0°C addition occurs at only one double bond of 1 to yield the sodium enolates 2 which give the C-5-substituted dimethyl 7-hydroxy-5H-benzocycloheptene-6,8-dicarboxylates 3 on protonation. The 5H-benzocycloheptenes 3, or more precisely their anions 2, are cyclized in boiling methanol in an intramolecular Michael addition to yield the C-10-substituted dimethyl 7-hydroxy-8,9-dihydro-5,9-methano-5H-benzocycloheptene-6,8-dicarboxylates 4. The stereochemistry of the Michael adducts 4 is elucidated by their NMR spectra and by degradation to the 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5,9-methano-5H-benzocyclohepten-7-ones 5.

Field of study: Chemistry
Rolled edges and phasing of segmented telescopes.

To achieve the diffraction limit, the segments in a segmented telescope must be correctly aligned to a fraction of a wavelength. This alignment is performed via optical measurements using starlight. We investigate the piston degree of freedom or phasing of the segments and the impact of rolled segment edges on the accuracy of the optical alignment. Three models for edge profiles are developed and fit to data from optic manufacturers. These profiles are then used, along with a simplified model of a Shack-Hartmann optical sensor, to determine their impact on phasing accuracy. The results can help estimate the residual phasing error and set requirements on segment polishing.

Field of study: Physics