nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Alcohol intoxication impairs phosphorylation of S6K1 and S6 in skeletal muscle independently of ethanol metabolism.

The purpose of this study was to characterize the ability of alcohol to suppress insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I stimulation of ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation, which are central elements in the signal transduction pathway used to coordinate the protein synthetic response and may contribute to the development of alcoholic myopathy.



In vivo studies examined the dose and time dependency of the ability of alcohol to impair signal transduction under basal and IGF-I-stimulated conditions. Additional studies examined the effect of gender, nutritional state, and route of alcohol administration. A separate study determined the direct effects of alcohol on muscle metabolism by using the isolated perfused hindlimb preparation.



The phosphorylation of S6K1 and S6 in muscle was increased after injection of IGF-I in control rats. In contrast, IGF-I failed to stimulate S6K1 or S6 phosphorylation 2.5 hr after intraperitoneal administration of alcohol when the blood alcohol concentration was increased between approximately 165 and 300 mg/dl. With a maximal suppressive dose of alcohol, the inhibitory effect on S6K1/S6 phosphorylation was observed as early as 1 hr and for up to 8 hr. The ability of alcohol to impair phosphorylation of S6K1 and S6 was independent of gender (male versus female), nutritional status (fed versus fasted), and route of alcohol administration (intraperitoneal versus oral). Furthermore, the suppressive effect of alcohol was still observed in rats pretreated with 4-methylpyrazole, suggesting that the response was independent of the oxidative metabolism of ethanol. The direct effect of alcohol on IGF-stimulated S6K1/S6 phosphorylation was also present when the isolated hindlimb was perfused in situ with buffer containing alcohol. In contrast to S6K1, acute alcohol intoxication did not consistently impair the ability of IGF-I to stimulate 4E-BP1 phosphorylation under any of the experimental conditions.



These data indicate that acute alcohol intoxication selectively impairs IGF-I signaling via S6K1, but not 4E-BP1, and that this defect is independent of gender, nutritional state, route of administration, and alcohol metabolism. The IGF-I resistance may represent a participating mechanism by which alcohol directly limits the translation of selected messenger RNAs and, ultimately, protein synthesis in skeletal muscle.

Field of study: Medicine
Alpine geodynamic evolution of passive and active continental margin sequences in the Tauern Window (eastern Alps, Austria, Italy): a review

The Penninic oceanic sequence of the Glockner nappe and the foot-wall Penninic continental margin sequences exposed within the Tauern Window (eastern Alps) have been investigated in detail. Field data as well as structural and petrological data have been combined with data from the literature in order to constrain the geodynamic evolution of these units. Volcanic and sedimentary sequences document the evolution from a stable continent that was formed subsequent to the Variscan orogeny, to its disintegration associated with subsidence and rifting in the Triassic and Jurassic, the formation of the Glockner oceanic basin and its consumption during the Upper Cretaceous and the Paleogene. These units are incorporated into a nappe stack that was formed during the collision between a Penninic Zentralgneis block in the north and a southern Austroalpine block. The Venediger nappe and the Storz nappe are characterized by metamorphic Jurassic shelf deposits (Hochstegen group) and Cretaceous flysch sediments (Kaserer and Murtörl groups), the Eclogite Zone and the Rote Wand–Modereck nappe comprise Permian to Triassic clastic sequences (Wustkogel quartzite) and remnants of platform carbonates (Seidlwinkl group) as well as Jurassic volcanoclastic material and rift sediments (Brennkogel facies), covered by Cretaceous flyschoid sequences. Nappe stacking was contemporaneous to and postdated subduction-related (high-pressure) eclogite and blueschist facies metamorphism. Emplacement of the eclogite-bearing units of the Eclogite zone and the Glockner nappe onto Penninic continental units (Zentralgneis block) occurred subsequent to eclogite facies metamorphism. The Eclogite zone, a former extended continental margin, was subsequently overridden by a pile of basement-cover nappes (Rote Wand–Modereck nappe) along a ductile out-of-sequence thrust. Low-angle normal faults that have developed during the Jurassic extensional phase might have been inverted during nappe emplacement.

Field of study: Environmental science
Microgravity Studies in the Liquid-Phase Immiscible System: Aluminum-Indium

As part of a study to understand the influence of gravity, cooling rate, and composition on the structure of liquid-phase immiscible materials, two alloys, AI-40 wt% In and Ai-70 wt% In, were treated thermally on the SPAR II rocket flight. The treatments involved homogenization at a temperature above the miscibility gap and then rapid cooling through the miscibility gap, followed by complete solidification. The last two steps were performed while acceleration levels were <4 x.10 ~5 #v Ground-base reference samples similarly treated showed the expected separation into indium-rich and aluminum-rich layers. The flight alloys, however, produced unexpected results. Instead of fine uniform structures, the alloys consisted of a macroscopically sized aluminumrich central region surrounded by indium-rich metal. It was reasoned from past results and analyses on configurations formed by gas-liquid mixtures at low g that the structures observed on the flight alloys correspond to those having minimum surface and interfacial energies. Since fluid motion in the microgravity environment is necessary to achieve the final structural configuration, a number of different flow mechanisms were analyzed. Of those analyzed thus far, convection due to density differences, thermocapillary convection, and capillary effects all appear to have a possible role.

Field of study: Physics
The trend of development of rhythmic gymnastics from the perspective of the 2013 version of international scoring rules

The authors analyzed 10 versions of international rhythmic gymnastics scoring rules officially published by FIG between 1976 and 2013, and revealed the following findings: 1)the cancellation of body difficulty moves in the flexibility category makes the classification of body difficulty moves more rational, not only facilitates referee scoring and audience understanding, but also helps event popularization and development; 2)the cancellation of body move sets specified for instruments provides a more spacious and free space of creation for move creators; 3)the adjustment of referee team responsibility makes the judgment of artistry of rhythmic gymnastics more scientific and rational; 4)move specifications are still major goals pursued by rhythmic gymnastics, the lifeline for rhythmic gymnastics to develop in a sustainable and steady way; 5)the restriction of the quantity of body difficulty moves in routines and the promotion of composite difficulties will greatly boost the innovation and development of composite difficulty moves, and provide a stage and space for talented athletes to fully exert their talents.

Field of study: Education
Large Scale Variational Inference and Experimental Design for Sparse Generalized Linear Models

Sparsity is a fundamental concept of modern statistics, and often the only general principle available at the moment to address novel learning applications with many more variables than observations. While much progress has been made recently in the theoretical understanding and algorithmics of sparse point estimation, higher-order problems such as covariance estimation or optimal data acquisition are seldomly addressed for sparsity-favouring models, and there are virtually no algorithms for large scale applications of these. We provide novel approximate Bayesian inference algorithms for sparse generalized linear models, that can be used with hundred thousands of variables, and run orders of magnitude faster than previous algorithms in domains where either apply. By analyzing our methods and establishing some novel convexity results, we settle a long-standing open question about variational Bayesian inference for continuous variable models: the Gaussian lower bound relaxation, which has been used previously for a range of models, is proved to be a convex optimization problem, if and only if the posterior mode is found by convex programming. Our algorithms reduce to the same computational primitives than commonly used sparse estimation methods do, but require Gaussian marginal variance estimation as well. We show how the Lanczos algorithm from numerical mathematics can be employed to compute the latter. 
 
We are interested in Bayesian experimental design here (which is mainly driven by efficient approximate inference), a powerful framework for optimizing measurement architectures of complex signals, such as natural images. Designs optimized by our Bayesian framework strongly outperform choices advocated by compressed sensing theory, and with our novel algorithms, we can scale it up to full-size images. Immediate applications of our method lie in digital photography and medical imaging. 
 
We have applied our framework to problems of magnetic resonance imaging design and reconstruction, and part of this work appeared at a conference (Seeger et al., 2008). The present paper describes our methods in much greater generality, and most of the theory is novel. Experiments and evaluations will be given in a later paper.

Field of study: Computer science
Transverse shear effect in a circumferentially cracked cylindrical shell

The objectives of the paper are to solve the problem of a circumferentially-cracked cylindrical shell by taking into account the effect of transverse shear, and to obtain the stress intensity factors for the bending moment as well as the membrane force as the external load. The formulation of the problem is given for a specially orthotropic material within the framework of a linearized shallow shell theory. The particular theory used permits the consideration of all five boundary conditions as to moment and stress resultants on the crack surface. The effect of Poisson's ratio on the stress intensity factors and the nature of the out-of-plane displacement along the edges of the crack, i.e., bulging, are also studied.

Field of study: Mathematics
Perceptions of Trait Typicality in Gender Stereotypes: Examining the Role of Attribution and Categorization Processes

Gender stereotypes are understood as the ascription of different personality traits to men and women. Data from American and Italian samples showed that consistent with the attribution hypothesis, the estimated prevalence of a trait in a target group predicted perceptions of trait typicality well. In contrast, there was no support for the categorization hypothesis, according to which perceived differences in trait prevalence between groups should independently predict trait typicality. Nevertheless, participants overestimated gender differences in personality as predicted by the principle of intercategory accentuation. The implications of these findings for the rationality and accuracy of gender stereotyping are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Synthesis of self-healing polyurethane and its application in graphene/SnO2-pillared carbon anode materials

Self-healing polyurethane (SHPU) containing disulfide was synthesized and used as a binder to investigate its effect on the performance of reduced graphene oxide–tin oxide electrodes compared to those of polyurethane (PU) and poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF) binders in Li-ion battery (LIB). Structural and morphological characterization of the SHPU and electrode was performed using a tensile tester, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer, and scanning electron microscopy. Electrochemical performance was investigated using Galvanostatic charge–discharge and electrochemical impedance measurements. The tensile properties and scanning electron microscopy photographs confirmed the self-healing characteristics of the synthesized SHPU. Electrochemical studies were conducted using an RGO-SnO2 electrode. The electrochemical measurements revealed that the SnO2-pillared carbon-based anode materials with SHPU binder showed improved cycling performances with an excellent reversible capacity retention compared to PU or PVDF. After 1000 cycles at 1C, the surface morphology of the electrode with SHPU showed no cracks or dendrites, while the PVDF-based electrode possessed some cracks and dendrites on its surface. The electrochemical results confirmed that SHPU binder improves the electrochemical performance of LIBs.

Field of study: Materials science
Identifying and Teaching Generation X Pharmacy Students

To determine the degree to which first professional year students identify with Generation X characteristics and to compare recall performance following traditional lectures with that following lectures specially designed for Generation X students.  Subjects were first professional year pharmacy students. Four lectures were used in the study: 2 using traditional instructional methods and 2 incorporating instructional techniques designed to appeal to the Generation X learner. Subjects subsequently completed learning assessments and scores were compared. A validated Generation X scale was used to assess the degree to which the characteristics of the participants reflected those characteristics that define Generation X.  The characteristics of the pharmacy students surveyed did not correlate strongly with Generation X characteristics. However, mean learning assessment scores indicated that the students learned more from the lectures especially designed for Generation X than from t...

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Chemistry of heterocyclic N-oxides and related compounds

Abstract2,3′-Dipyridyl N-oxide is nitrated with a nitrating mixture to give 4-nitro-2,3′-dipyridyl N-oxide. The isomeric 2,3′-dipyridyl N′-oxide is deoxidized under these conditions, probably with the participation of the nitrosyl cation.

Field of study: Chemistry
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF ASEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF STEEL-REINFORCED HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE JOINTS

Five joints of steel-reinforced high strength concrete column and reinforced high strength concrete beam under reversed cyclic loading were tested. The mechanical behavior such as failure state, hysteretic behavior, displacement ductile coefficient and equivalent hysteretic damping coefficient of the joints are discussed. It is found that the displacement ductile coefficient and equivalent hysteretic damping coefficient of the joints are higher than those of reinforced high strength concrete joint and close to those of steel reinforced concrete joint. The effects of high strength concrete, steel ratio, stirrup ratio and joint core area on shear bearing capacity of the joints are analyzed in detail. Calculating formula of shear bearing capacity of the joints is established. A good agreement is reached between the calculations and the experimental results.

Field of study: Engineering
Structural characteristics of the Lake Van Basin, eastern Turkey, from high-resolution seismic reflection profiles and multibeam echosounder data: geologic and tectonic implications

The structural evolution of Lake Van Basin, eastern Turkey, was reconstructed based on seismic reflection profiles through the sedimentary fill as well as from newly acquired multibeam echosounder data. The major sub-basins (Tatvan Basin and Northern Basin) of Lake Van, bound by NE-trending faults with normal components, formed during the past ~600 ka probably due to extensional tectonics resulting from lithospheric thinning and mantle upwelling related to the westward escape of Anatolia. Rapid extension and subsidence during early lake formation led to the opening of the two sub-basins. Two major, still active volcanoes (Nemrut and Süphan) grew close to the lake basins approximately synchronously, their explosive deposits making up >20 % of the drilled upper 220 m of the ca. 550-m-thick sedimentary fill. During basin development, extension and subsidence alternated with compressional periods, particularly between ~340 and 290 ka and sometime before ~14 ka, when normal fault movements reversed and gentle anticlines formed as a result of inversion. The ~14 ka event was accompanied by widespread uplift and erosion along the northeastern margin of the lake, and substantial erosion took place on the crests of the folds. A series of closely spaced eruptions of Süphan volcano occurred synchronously suggesting a causal relationship. Compression is still prevalent inside and around Lake Van as evidenced by recent faults offsetting the lake floor and by recent devastating earthquakes along their onshore continuations. New, high-resolution bathymetry data from Lake Van reveal the morphology of the Northern Ridge and provide strong evidence for ongoing transpression on a dextral strike-slip fault as documented by the occurrence of several pop-up structures along the ridge.

Field of study: Environmental science
Ionic liquid solvents: the importance of microscopic interactions in predicting organic reaction outcomes

Ionic liquids are attractive alternatives to molecular solvents as they have many favourable physical properties and can produce different organic reaction outcomes compared to molecular solvents. Thus far, interactions between the ionic liquid components and specific sites (such as charged centres, lone pairs and π systems) on the reagents and transition state have been identified as affecting reaction outcome; a comprehensive understanding of these interactions is necessary to allow prediction of ionic liquid solvent effects. This manuscript summarises our recent progress in the development of a framework for predicting the effect of an ionic liquid solvent on the outcome of organic processes. There will be a particular focus on the importance of the different interactions between the ionic liquid components and the species along the reaction coordinate that are responsible for the changes in reaction outcome observed in the cases described.

Field of study: Chemistry
Frameworks for designing and implementing dependable systems using Coordinated Atomic Actions: A comparative study

This paper presents ways of implementing dependable distributed applications designed using the Coordinated Atomic Action (CAA) paradigm. CAAs provide a coherent set of concepts adapted to fault tolerant distributed system design that includes structured transactions, distribution, cooperation, competition, and forward and backward error recovery mechanisms triggered by exceptions. DRIP (Dependable Remote Interacting Processes) is an efficient Java implementation framework which provides support for implementing Dependable Multiparty Interactions (DMI). As DMIs have a softer exception handling semantics compared with the CAA semantics, a CAA design can be implemented using the DRIP framework. A new framework called CAA-DRIP allows programmers to exclusively implement the semantics of CAAs using the same terminology and concepts at the design and implementation levels. The new framework not only simplifies the implementation phase, but also reduces the final system size as it requires less number of instances for creating a CAA at runtime. The paper analyses both implementation frameworks in great detail, drawing a systematic comparison of the two. The CAAs behaviour is described in terms of Statecharts to better understand the differences between the two frameworks. Based on the results of the comparison, we use one of the frameworks to implement a case study belonging to the e-health domain.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Floristic diversity in the Cape Flora of South Africa

Comprising a land area of ca 90000 km2, less than 4% of the total land area for the Southern African subcontinent, the Cape Floristic Province is one of the world's richest areas in terms of botanical diversity for its size. An estimated 8650 species of vascular plants occur in this area, about 65% of which are endemic. This is about 42% of the estimated total for all of southern Africa. The number of species packed into so small an area is remarkable for the temperate zone, and compares closely with species totals for areas of comparable size in the wet tropics. The Cape Region consists of a mosaic of sandstone and shale substrates that give rise to soils of quite different types, and in addition local areas of limestone add to the edaphic diversity. Climates across the region are extremely variable, and the predominant orographic rainfall pattern ranges from 2000mm locally to less than 100mm, often with extremely steep gradients, the result of a mountainous landscape. The edaphic diversity resulting from a mosaic of different soils is compounded by sharp local gradients in precipitation that creates an unusual number of local habitats. A feature of the some of the soils in the Region is low nutrient levels and many of the plants on such soils have low seed dispersal capabilities, a factor important in explaining the high levels of local endemism. Species richness in the Cape Region is hypothesized to have resulted from the presence of a complex mosaic of diverse habitats and steep ecological gradients against a background of relatively stable climate and geology after the mediterranean climate was established there sometime after the beginning of the Pliocene. A local or ecological mode of speciation may have been more important under these conditions than allopatric speciation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Climatic Limit to Homeothermy for Lambs

Aliterature review has established that low temperature limits survival and growth of newborn lambs. Relationships between lamb weight and summit metabolism were obtained based on available data. Relationships of ambient temperatures, coat condition, and wind to the heat production of lambs were also determined. Combined relationships provide estimates of the lower climatic limit to homeothermy for lambs based on their weight. These estimates are useful for environmental modification selection and design practices.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Studies on the factors influencing the digestion of rice straw by Cellulomonas

A cellulose-decomposing bacterium has been isolated from soil and identified as a member of the genus Cellulomonas. Rice straw which was delignified with 1% (w/w) sodium hydroxide, then treated with 60% (v/v) phosphoric acid to increase the swelling capacity, could be used effectively by cellulase of Cellulomonas. The effects of other conditions such as pH, nitrogen source, substrate concentration and incubation time on the production of filter paper and endoglucanase activity were studied. Maximum production of endoglucanase and filter paper activity occurred at 28 degrees C in 7 days, in the presence of 1% treated rice straw as substrate at an initial pH of 3.0 when NaNO3 was used as source of nitrogen. Under these conditions, cellulolytic activity of culture filtrates appears to be very close to that for Trichoderma reesei grown in the same substrate.

Field of study: Biology