nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Methods for analysis of two-particle rapidity correlation function in high-energy heavy-ion collisions

Two-particle rapidity (or pseudorapidity) correlation function $C(y_1, y_2)$ was used in analysing fluctuation of particle density distribution in rapidity in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. In our research, we argue that for a centrality window, some additional correlation may be caused by a centrality span, when the mean two- and single-particle densities over a centrality window are used directly in the calculation , just like $\left / \left[\left \left \right]$. We concentrate on removing the influence of collision-centrality span on correlation function, and two calculation methods are raised. In one method, correlation coefficients are considered to be the ratios of probabilities (not the particle density). In the other method, a relative multiplicity is introduced to unity the events of different centralities. For testing the methods,  model is used and a toy granular model is built to simulate the fluctuation of particle density in rapidity.

Field of study: Physics
The metabolism of 3,5-di-tert.-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene in the rat and in man.

1. The major metabolites of 3,5-di-tert.-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene (BHT) in the rat are 3,5-di-tert.-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (BHT-acid), both free (9% of the dose) and as a glucuronide (15%), and S-(3,5-di-tert.-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-N-acetylcysteine. 2. The mercapturic acid does not appear to derive from the usually accepted enzyme mechanism, and may involve a non-enzymic reaction between BHT free radical and cysteine. 3. The ester glucuronide and mercapturic acid found in rat urine are also the major metabolites in rat bile and must be responsible for the enterohepatic circulation. 4. Free BHT-acid is the main component in rat faeces. 5. In man, BHT-acid, free and conjugated, is a minor component in urine, and the mercapturic acid is virtually absent. The bulk of the radioactivity is excreted as the ether-insoluble glucuronide of a metabolite in which the ring methyl group and one tert.-butyl methyl group are oxidized to carboxyl groups, and a methyl group on the other tert.-butyl group is also oxidized, probably to an aldehyde group. 6. These differences in metabolism by the rat and by man are sufficient to account for the difference in excretion by the two species.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Social Causes of Pregnancies Among Secondary School Girls: Implication for Counselling in Pokot South Sub County of West Pokot County, Kenya

Pregnancies among secondary school girls are on the rise globally and in Kenya. As a social problem, it has adverse effects on the girls’ academic performance, and career development as it results in girls dropping out of school and some are forced to early marriages. Despite efforts to prevent girls dropping out of school due to pregnancies, there is still evidence of high prevalence of pregnancy among girls in secondary schools. This study therefore sought to establish social, cultural and economic causes of secondary school girls’ pregnancies: Implication for counseling in Pokot South Sub County of West Pokot County, Kenya. The researcher adopted ex-post-facto survey research design. There were 18 public Secondary Schools in Pokot South-Sub County which had target population of 2436, constituted 18 head teachers, 18 head teacher counselors and 2400 students. Six girls’ schools were purposefully chosen with population of 462 forms twos and threes who were enrolled by March 2017. A sample size of 210 students, in addition of 6 head teachers and 6 head teacher counselors to a total of 222 who participated in the study. A similar questionnaire for all respondents and oral interview schedule for teacher counselors and head teachers was used to generate the data. Reliability value obtained was 0.82. The content validity of the instrument was ascertained with the assistance of the supervisor and experts from the Department of Psychology, Counseling and Educational Foundations of Egerton University. Data collected was analyzed with the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer program and presented in tables of frequencies and percentages. The study established Social causes of pregnancy in the area of study as peer influence, mass media and neglect by parents. Cultural causes as silence behavior, it is taboo to talk about sex and sexuality matters and preserving tradition and economic as poverty, unemployment and infrastructure as among the factors predisposing Secondary School girls to pregnancy. The researcher recommends that the Ministry of Education should emphasize the importance of school counselor by training more and employing them. School administration to ensure training peer counselors and together with the Board of management to support the counseling department in school by making sure they have necessary materials, rooms and personnel that will facilitate the implementation of guiding and counseling programmes and policies. It is further recommended that the Ministry of Education and the County governments should develop advocacy programmes like bursaries and community awareness that mitigates against the girl child pregnancies. The Ministry of Education should upscale the counseling programmes in the schools in order to assist students in making better decisions on education and careers.  Pregnancies, adolescence, counseling, peer, teacher counselor

Field of study: Education
Photosensibilisierte Synthese Tertiärer Allylhydroperoxyde Aus Symmetrisch Tetrasubstituierten Äthylenen

Die durch Rose bengale photosensibilisierte O2-Ubertragung fuhrt Δ9-Oktalin (Ia), Cyclohexyliden-cyclohexan (Ib) und Tetramethylathylen (Ic) einheitlich in tertiare Allylhydroperoxyde II uber, deren Daten Tabelle 1 enthalt. — Die Verbindungen II bilden mit Sauren die entsprechenden Ketone. IIa liefert so uber intermediares Cyclodecan-1.6-dion das Cyclopenteno-cycloheptenon VIIa (als 2.4-Dinitrophenylhydrazon). — Im IR-Spektrum lassen sich OOH (1.45 μ) und OH (1.25 μ) scharf unterscheiden.

Field of study: Chemistry
Buried treasure: soil biodiversity and conservation

Soils are incredibly biodiverse habitats, yet soil-dwelling organisms have received little attention within the field of conservation biology. Due to difficulties involved in studying soil biota, and to taxonomic biases in conservation research, the full extent of soil biodiversity is not well understood, and soil-dwelling organisms are rarely candidates for conservation. The biogeography of soil biota differs significantly from that of plants or animals aboveground, and the taxonomic and functional diversity of soil-dwellers allows them to have a multitude of ecological effects on aboveground organisms. Soil organisms exhibit levels of biodiversity several orders of magnitude greater than those found in their aboveground counterparts on a per-area basis. The biodiversity of soils underpins many crucial ecosystem services which support the plants and animals typically targeted by conservation efforts. Strategies detailed in this paper provide practitioners with the ability to address many of the challenges related to incorporating soils and soil organisms into conservation planning.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effects of a peripheral cholinesterase inhibitor on cytokine production and autonomic nervous activity in a rat model of sepsis.

Recently, cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway manipulation has been proposed as a new strategy to control cytokine production in sepsis. We investigated whether hypercytokinemia can be controlled via this pathway in an animal model of sepsis, with concomitant monitoring of autonomic nervous activity involving heart rate variability (HRV) analysis of electrocardiographic R-R intervals.



Sixty-eight adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were used (28 for examination of cytokine production and autonomic nervous activity; 40 for survival analysis). Each part of the study involved four animal groups, including two control groups without drug administration. Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Distigmine bromide, a peripheral, non-selective cholinesterase inhibitor (0.01mg/kg), was administered subcutaneously 90 min after surgery. Continuous electrocardiograms were recorded for 5 min before and after surgery (at intervals of 5h) in CLP and sham-operated animals for HRV analysis. Blood samples were collected 20 h after surgery for serum cytokine and catecholamine assay.



On HRV analysis, distigmine inhibited reduction of total power and high-frequency components in CLP animals (P<0.05). Distigmine significantly inhibited cytokine induction (IL-6 and IL-10) (P<0.01) as well as increase in serum levels of noradrenaline and dopamine (P<0.05). Distigmine did not significantly improve CLP animal survival rate.



The cholinesterase inhibitor distigmine inhibited induction of inflammatory cytokines and catecholamines as well as HRV suppression in a rat CLP model, suggesting that an agent modulating the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway can control excess cytokine production involved in the pathogenesis of severe sepsis/septic shock.

Field of study: Medicine
The effects of B and P impurities on the electronic and optical properties of Si1 − x Ge x nanowires

The effects of B and P single doping and co-doping on the substitutional impurities energies, electronic and optical properties of Si1 − x Ge x nanowires (NWs) are investigated using first-principles calculations. We demonstrated that B-P co-doping is energetically favored with respect to single B or P doping. The shifts of band edges are found: compared with undoped wires, B-doped Si1 − x Ge x NWs have the valence band edge (VBE) moving significantly towards higher energy, while in P-doped Si1 − x Ge x NWs, the conduction band edge (CBE) is downward shifted. Further analysis confirms that conduction band minimum (CBM) of doped wires is strongly localized on P atom, and valence band maximum (VBM) on B atom. Finally, optical properties of Si1 − x Ge x NWs with different dopants and various Ge concentrations are understood. Our results imply the possibility of impurity based engineering of electronic and optical properties of Si1 − x Ge x NWs.

Field of study: Materials science
Dissecting signalling by individual Akt/PKB isoforms, three steps at once.

The serine/threonine kinase Akt/PKB (protein kinase B) is key for mammalian cell growth, survival, metabolism and oncogenic transformation. The diverse level and tissue expression of its three isoforms, Akt1/PKBα, Akt2/PKBβ and Akt3/PKBγ, make it daunting to identify isoform-specific actions in vivo and even in isolated tissues/cells. To date, isoform-specific knockout and knockdown have been the best strategies to dissect their individual overall functions. In a recent article in the Biochemical Journal, Kajno et al. reported a new strategy to study isoform selectivity in cell lines. Individual Akt/PKB isoforms in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes are first silenced via shRNA and stable cellular clones lacking one or the other isoform are selected. The stably silenced isoform is then replaced by a mutant engineered to be refractory to inhibition by MK-2206 (Akt1(W80A) or Akt2(W80A)). Akt1(W80A) or Akt2(W80A) are functional and effectively recruited to the plasma membrane in response to insulin. The system affords the opportunity to acutely control the activity of the endogenous non-silenced isoform through timely addition of MK-2206. Using this approach, it is confirmed that Akt1/PKBα is the preferred isoform sustaining adipocyte differentiation, but both Akt1/PKBα and Akt2/PKBβ can indistinctly support insulin-dependent FoxO1 (forkhead box O1) nuclear exclusion. Surprisingly, either isoform can also support insulin-dependent glucose transporter (GLUT) 4 translocation to the membrane, in contrast with the preferential role of Akt2/PKBβ assessed by knockdown studies. The new strategy should allow analysis of the plurality of Akt/PKB functions in other cells and in response to other stimuli. It should also be amenable to high-throughput studies to speed up advances in signal transmission by this pivotal kinase.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Mechanically Reinforced Bi-2212 Strand

Bi-2212 offers a lot of opportunities for very high fields at low temperature. The current density is large under high fields, particularly with recent enhanced results. The Bi-2212 conductor may be a round strand: a very favorable shape to wind and to make high-current Rutherford cables required for protection. There is no satisfying high-current cable with YBCO. One drawback of Bi-2212 is their low mechanical properties. Large fields and current densities indeed induce high mechanical stresses. To improve the mechanical properties of Bi-2212 strands, Nexans has proposed to reinforce it with a metal sheath wrapped around using their process of shaping and welding. The sheath is wrapped around the strand and laser welded, and the whole is drawn to a diameter of 0.9 mm. Several materials for the sheath were studied to determine their resistance to thermal treatment of Bi-2212 and their mechanical properties after treatment. We choose Inconel 601. A method of perforating the sheath has been developed to enable the oxygenation during the heat treatment. A 6 + 1 conductor has also been produced around an Inconel core and inserted in a tube. The 6 + 1 reinforced conductor was then drawn to a diameter of 2.7 mm. The Ic measurements at 4 K show that our mechanical reinforcement does not significantly lower the transport capacities. They therefore validate the method and the heat treatment.

Field of study: Physics
Diurnal trends in redox characteristics of water-soluble and -insoluble PM components.

Densely populated cities with a compact urban built environment have concerns over health risks derived from high levels of airborne particulate matter (PM) exposure. Understanding the association between PM and reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an important step towards unravelling the mechanisms behind. This study investigated the role of time-integrated PM sampling on cellular toxicity mechanism on a diurnal scale. The sampling took place in a highly urbanized part of Hong Kong at two contrast roadside and background sites, with simultaneous solid-PM and semi-volatile-PM (SV-PM) collection in both summer and winter seasons. A sampling day consisted three sampling intervals of 6 h each - 04:00-10:00, 12:00-18:00 and 20:00-02:00 h, representing morning rush hours, afternoon and night periods, respectively. Water and organic extracts of PM were prepared, with and without filtration, and exposed to RAW264.7 and A549  cell lines on a dose and time-dependent manner. Solid-PM and SV-PM contribution to total PM2.5 mass concentration was 9:1, with much higher SV-PM fraction at roadside over urban background (p < 0.001, n = 36). Also, the SV-PM mass concentration increased by 10-20% during 20:00-02:00 h compared to morning and afternoon sampling periods. Organic PM extract was observed to cause 23-29% higher cell death compared to water-soluble PM, which is complemented with increased ROS production in both cell lines. The cellular damage caused by oxidative stress, determined from increased HO-1 and TNF-α expression in RAW264.7 was higher compared to the A549, which demonstrated the greater induction of toxicity from organic PM extract over soluble PM. Similarly, the SV-PM induced greater than 2-fold cellular ROS generation on PM mass basis compared to solid-PM. Lack of phagocytic action in A549 compared to RAW264.7 suggested novel toxicity routes for water-soluble and organic PM that can be expected to occur during human PM inhalation-bronchi-alveolar exposure.

Field of study: Environmental science
Tracing the Void Content Development and Identification of its Effecting Parameters during in Situ Consolidation of Thermoplastic Tape Material

One of the ways to identify the quality of structures made from fibre-reinforced thermoplastic material is by examining its void content percentage. Significant improvement in mechanical properties can be achieved by minimising it. The purpose of this work was to develop a simulation tool from existing available model in literature, to trace out the void development inside the laminate during the manufacturing and identification of major influencing process parameter. The effects of consolidating force, process velocity, hot gas flow in the heating region, and repetitive passes were investigated through simulation. A series of experiments was carried out on several AS4/PEEK laminated plates manufactured by automatic tape placement process. Simulated void distribution through thickness and density were compared with measured values to trace the effecting input parameters. Thickness build-up with successive lay-ups is also monitored online and the average thickness lies in close proximity to the predicted range. Major influencing process parameters were identified.

Field of study: Materials science
Evaluating the traditional bread properties with new formula: Affected by triticale and cress seed gum

During recent years, composite bread is more popular among consumers due to its functional and nutritional properties. Among cereals, triticale has been studied, along with careful observation of its characteristics. In addition, hydrocolloids can be replaced as an appropriate resource due to a decrease in the gluten content. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of triticale flour replacement at the levels of 0, 100, 150, and 250 g/kg, and cress seed gum at the concentrations of 0, 3, 6, and 10 g/kg on the rheological parameters of dough and physicochemical, textural, microstructural, and sensory properties of bread. Based on the results, formula including composite flour (150 g/kg triticale flour+850 g/kg wheat flour) and cress seed gum at 6 g/kg was the best formulation for improving the texture, color parameters, and general acceptance of both types of bread (Barbari and Lavash). Regarding the Iranian Barbari bread, cress seed gum increased the specific volume, porosity, and brightness, while reduced the hardness compared to the control. Besides, sensory evaluation manifested that 150 g/kg of wheat flour could be replaced with triticale flour for providing a good quality of bread. In conclusion, the addition of 150 g/kg of triticale and 6 g/kg of cress seed gum into composite flour and bread formulations had positive effects on all properties measured in both types of bread.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Some representation properties of stack filters

Stack filters, a class of nonlinear filters which are based on positive Boolean functions as the window operators, are considered. The representations of these window operations are presented via the structures of on-set and off-set of the positive Boolean functions, which can be expressed as a Boolean expression containing no complements of the input variables. A fast algorithm for finding the representation of stack filters is designed. This algorithm can be easily extended to find the representation of morphological filters mentioned by P. Maragos (1989).

Field of study: Engineering
A reductive group with finitely generated cohomology algebras

Let $G$ be the linear algebraic group $SL_3$ over a field $k$ of characteristic two. Let $A$ be a finitely generated commutative $k$-algebra on which $G$ acts rationally by $k$-algebra automorphisms. We show that the full cohomology ring $H^*(G,A)$ is finitely generated. This extends the finite generation property of the ring of invariants $A^G$. We discuss where the problem stands for other geometrically reductive group schemes.

Field of study: Mathematics
Driftnet fishery threats sea turtles in the Atlantic Ocean

Fisheries are recognised as a major threat to sea turtles worldwide. Oceanic driftnets are considered the main cause of the steep decline in Pacific Ocean populations of the leatherback sea turtle Dermochelys coriacea. The world’s largest leatherback population nests in West Africa and migrates across the Atlantic Ocean to feed off the South American coast. There, the turtles encounter a range of fisheries, including the Brazilian driftnet fishery targeting hammerhead sharks. From 2002 to 2008, 351 sea turtles were incidentally caught in 41 fishing trips and 371 sets. Leatherbacks accounted for 77.3% of the take (n = 252 turtles, capture rate = 0.1405 turtles/km of net), followed by loggerheads Caretta caretta (47 individuals, capture rate = 0.0262 turtles/km of net), green turtles Chelonia mydas (27 individuals, capture rate = 0.0151 turtles/km of net) and unidentified hard-shelled turtles (25 individual, capture rate = 0.0139 turtles/km of net) that fell off the net during hauling. Immediate mortality (i.e., turtles that were dead upon reaching the vessel, excluding post-release mortality) was similar among the species and accounted for 22.2 to 29.4% of turtles hauled onboard. The annual catch by this fishery ranged from 1,212 to 6,160 leatherback turtles, as estimated based on bootstrap procedures under different fishing effort scenarios in the 1990s. The present inertia in law and enforcement regarding gillnet regulations in Brazil could result in the reestablishment of the driftnet fishery, driving rates of leatherback mortality to levels similar to those observed in previous decades. This development could potentially lead to the collapse of the South Atlantic leatherback population, mirroring the decline of the species in the Pacific. In light of these potential impacts and similar threats to other pelagic mega fauna, we recommend banning this type of fishery in the region.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Stereodivergent Approach to 5a‐Carba‐α‐D‐gluco‐, ‐α‐D‐galacto and ‐β‐L‐gulopyranose Pentaacetates from D‐Mannose, Based on 6‐exo‐dig Radical Cyclization and Barton−McCombie Radical Deoxygenation

The three carbasugars, 5a-carba-α-D-gluco-, -α-D-galacto and -β-L-gulopyranose pentaacetates 42, 35 and 28 respectively, have been prepared in a stereodivergent manner from D-mannose. Alkynyl derivatives of 2,3:4,6-di-O-isopropylidene-D-mannopyranose, which are homologated at C-1 by reaction with trimethylsilylacetylide, undergo a 6-exo-dig radical cyclization, from a radical located at C-5, to yield a mixture of highly functionalized exo-methylenecyclohexanes. Ozonolysis of the exocyclic double bond in the latter generated cyclohexanones which, upon stereoselective reduction of the carbonyl moiety followed by site-selective deoxygenation either at position C-4 or C-5a (parent carbohydrate numbering), afforded the title carbasugars.

Field of study: Chemistry
Segmental demyelination in rheumatoid arthritis.

Sural nerve histopathological examination in nine rheumatoid patients revealed varying nerve and arterial changes, which were absent in the two osteoarthritic and seven road-accident necropsy controls.

Segmental demyelination without arterial change was found in four of the uncomplicated milder cases. Segmental demyelination with arterial intimal proliferation were the major findings in the two cases of the intermediate group. Wallerian degeneration with varying arterial findings were present in the three patients of the most severe group, two of whom had clinical neuropathy and arteriopathy.

Segmental demyelination seems the fundamental nerve abnormality in rheumatoid arthritis. Only in the more severe cases with superimposed arterial occlusion did Wallerian degeneration appear.

Field of study: Medicine