nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
In situ red bed development by the oxidation of authigenic pyrite in a coastal depositional environment

Pleistocene coastal sediments in South Carolina illustrate red bed development in progress. Iron pigmentation in the clays is developed from the oxidation of authigenic pyrite in the drab clays by the action of oxygenated ground waters. Migration of ferrous iron upward, with subsequent oxidation and precipitation higher in the section, gives rise to the red and yellow clays. It is also suggested that this mechanism may be possible in other marine-influenced depositional environments where authigenic sulphides form, such as tidal flat, back barrier, lagoon, etc., or in lithified sediments. Red beds formed in this manner have no paleoclimatic or source are implications.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Stimulated radiation emitted from zinc selenide single crystals under streamer excitation conditions

A study was made of stimulated emission of radiation and lasing in zinc selenide single crystals subjected to a transverse streamer discharge (T = 294 and 77 K). The stimulated radiation observed in the 448–449 nm range at 77 K was attributed to radiative recombination in a dense exciton gas, whereas that observed at room temperature originated from an electron–hole plasma. The threshold density of nonequilibrium carriers needed for the generation of light at 77 K did not exceed 1018 cm−3 .

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
The fragmented Atlantic rain forest of Brazil: size, shape and distribution of forest fragments

The geographical characteristics of a total of 1839 forest fragments surrounded by sugar cane fields were studied in the Brazilian Atlantic rain forest region of the northeastern state of Pernambuco. The size and shape of the fragments as well as inter-fragment distances and the effects of varying edge width were examined using a geographical information system. The analyses show that the fragments are relatively small and close to each other. Approximately 48% of the rain forest fragments are <10 hectares, while only about 7% are >100 hectares. Forest fragments are close to each other, as fragments located 50m or less apart formed groups that included ca. 50% of the total forest area. At 350m inter-fragment distance, 98% of the rain forest area was included in groups of fragments. Due to the small size and irregular shape of the fragments, the total area of edge zone exceeds that of the interior habitat when the edge width is ca. 60m. At an edge width of 300m ca. 94% of the total fragment area is edge zone. For conservation purposes, ways of establishing networks of forest fragments connected by corridors and stepping stone fragments are demonstrated using GIS. Simulations using these techniques show that reforestation of sugar cane fields between the forest fragments would considerably increase the area of interior forest habitat and connectivity between fragments.

Field of study: Environmental science
Bilateral Extensive Emphysematous Pyelonephritis

We report a case involving a patient with bi- lateral emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) who was successfully treated with antibiotics and nephrostomy sparing nephrectomy.  A 54-year-old diabetic man presented with the chief complaint of progressive abdominal pain for 10 days. Blood tests indicated acute renal failure and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. An abdominal radiograph disclosed gas distributed over regions where the bilateral kidneys are located and the right para-lumbosacral area. Computed tomography revealed bilateral enlarged kidneys with the presence of gas in the renal parenchyma and renal pelvis, left peri-renal space, bilateral ureter, bladder, prostate gland and right scrotum. Cultures of urine and blood grew Escherichia coli. The patient was successfully treated with antibiotics coupled with nephrostomy.  Timely recognition and initiation of effective antibiotic therapy and nephrostomy may cure the patient with bilateral EPN, while sparing nephrectomy. Regarding clinical manifestations, EPN is nonspecific; hence, radiographs should be taken for diabetic patients with abdominal pain (especially those with poorly controlled blood sugar) to enable early diagnosis of potential EPN.

Field of study: Medicine
A high-performance reversible data-hiding scheme for LZW codes

Hiding a message in compression codes can reduce transmission costs and simultaneously make the transmission more secure. In this paper, we propose a high-performance, data-hiding Lempel-Ziv-Welch (HPDH-LZW) scheme, which reversibly embeds data in LZW compression codes by modifying the value of the compression codes, where the value of the LZW code either remains unchanged or is changed to the original value of the LZW code plus the LZW dictionary size according to the data to be embedded. Compared to other information-hiding schemes based on LZW compression codes, the proposed scheme achieves better hiding capacity by increasing the number of symbols available to hide secrets and also achieves faster hiding and extracting speeds due to the lower computation requirements. Our experimental results with the proposed scheme have confirmed both its high embedding capacity and its high speed when hiding and extracting data.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Sur une conjecture de Breuil–Herzig

Let $G$ be a split $p$-adic reductive group with connected centre and simply connected derived subgroup. We show that certain "chains" of principal series of $G$ do not exist and we establish several properties of the Breuil-Herzig construction $\Pi(\rho)^\mathrm{ord}$. In particular, we obtain a natural characterization of the latter and we prove a conjecture of Breuil-Herzig. In order to do so, we partially compute Emerton's $\delta$-functor $\mathrm{H^\bullet Ord}_P$ of derived ordinary parts with respect to a parabolic subgroup on a principal series. We formulate a new conjecture on the extensions between smooth mod $p$ representations of $G$ parabolically induced from supersingular representations of Levi subgroups of $G$ and we prove it in the case of extensions by a principal series.

Field of study: Mathematics
Der Einfluß der freien Ladungsträger auf die optischen Konstanten des Bi2Se3 im Wellenlängengebiet von 2 bis 23 μm

The influence of free carriers on the optical constants of Bismuthtriselenide Bi2Se3 was investigated in the infrared (2–23 μm). The reflection and transmission ofn-type Bi2Se3 single crystals was measured at approximately 30, 80 and 300 °K. Up till now,p-type Bi2Se3 is not known. The dependence of the refraction index and the absorption constant on the wavelength was calculated from the results of the measurements. It was found that the optical constants strongly depend on the carrier concentration. The crystals were prepared according the bridgman method. They normally have a carrier concentration of about 1019 cm−3, which can be diminished by annealing in Selenium vapour of various pressure up to 1018 cm−3. Bismuthtriselenide is a degenerated semiconductor. We obtained for the optical energy band gap by extrapolation the value 0,21 eV. It increases with increasing carrier concentration. This is known as the Burstein-Moss-effect.

Field of study: Physics
Secure Two-Party Computation in Applied Pi-Calculus: Models and Verification

Secure two-party computation allows two distrusting parties to compute a function, without revealing their inputs to each other. Traditionally, the security properties desired in this context, and the corresponding security proofs, are based on a notion of simulation, which can be symbolic or computational. Either way, the proofs of security are intricate, requiring first to find a simulator, and then to prove a notion of indistinguishability. Furthermore, even for classic protocols such as Yao’s (based on garbled circuits and oblivious transfer), we do not have adequate symbolic models for cryptographic primitives and protocol roles, that can form the basis for automated security proofs.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
nGraph-HE2: A High-Throughput Framework for Neural Network Inference on Encrypted Data

In previous work, Boemer et al. introduced nGraph-HE, an extension to the Intel nGraph deep learning (DL) compiler, that enables data scientists to deploy models with popular frameworks such as TensorFlow and PyTorch with minimal code changes. However, the class of supported models was limited to relatively shallow networks with polynomial activations. Here, we introduce nGraph-HE2, which extends nGraph-HE to enable privacy-preserving inference on standard, pre-trained models using their native activation functions and number fields (typically real numbers). The proposed framework leverages the CKKS scheme, whose support for real numbers is friendly to data science, and a client-aided model using a two-party approach to compute activation functions. We first present CKKS-specific optimizations, enabling a 3x-88x runtime speedup for scalar encoding, and doubling the throughput through a novel use of CKKS plaintext packing into complex numbers. Second, we optimize ciphertext-plaintext addition and multiplication, yielding 2.6x-4.2x runtime speedup. Third, we exploit two graph-level optimizations: lazy-rescaling and depth-aware encoding, which allow us to significantly improve performance. Together, these optimizations enable state-of-the-art throughput of 1,998 images/s on the CryptoNets network. Using the client-aided model, we also present homomorphic evaluation of (to our knowledge) the largest network to date, namely, pre-trained MobileNetV2 models on the ImageNet dataset, with 60.4%/82.7% top-1/top-5 accuracy and an amortized runtime of 381 ms/image.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Constructing an assessment indices system to analyze integrated regional carrying capacity in the coastal zones – A case in Nantong

As an indispensable homestead, the ecosystem witnesses a large number of human activities. Undoubtedly, socio-economic development consumes a variety of natural resources and causes stress to the ecosystem. Only when the ecosystem is in under-loading, socio-economic development can be sustainable. In this paper, the integrated carrying capacity (ICC), which is a comprehensive capacity measure, is calculated in given space and time frames to support the evaluation of long-term sustainable regional economic development. Combined with the conceptual mode of “ driving force – pressure – state – response – control ” (D–PSR–C), the ICC reveals the loading capacity between human activity and the ecosystem. In coastal zones, the ICC is more effective because of the rapid socio-economic development. Using a case study in the Nantong coastal area in China, we constructed an index system to assess the regional ICC and its variability in 2005, 2008 and 2009. The results indicate that (1) almost all county ICC states of land, shoals, marine and regional are under-loading with several exceptions that are full-loading. The highest value is the regional ICC of Qidong in 2009 (2.679 and under-loading). The lowest value is the Haian marine ICC in 2008 (0.171 and over-loading). (2) From 2005 to 2009, the ICC values of beach, marine and regional were increasing, but it was decreasing in land. (3) Based on the analysis of the carrying capacity of the secondary indicator contribution rate, the population pressure and the external contribution ability are nearly below 10%, and environmental pollution is also a critical indicator. In this paper, the assessment indices system contains almost all of the impacts of human activity, and the calculation method and the judgment standard can improve the traditional method's faultiness. The conclusions are a fundamental basis for the long-term balance between economic development and ecosystem health.

Field of study: Environmental science
[Impact of sleep disorders on quality of life in epilepsy].

To study the relationship between sleep disorder symptoms and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with epilepsy.



Three groups of participants were included: patients with epilepsy (EG, n=151), healthy controls (CG, n=130), patients with a confirmed diagnosis of sleep disorder (SDG, n=69). HRQOL was assessed with SF-36 containing 8-domains (D1-D8). EG, CG, SDG groups as well as subgroups with- or without sleep disturbance (SD) and partial (PE) or generalized (GE) epilepsy were compared.



When comparing quantitative HRQOL data between EG and CG groups, SF-36 scores were significantly lower in EG. In the EG group, the scores on each domain were lower compared to the group with SD (p<0,001). While in CG the impact of SD decreased, with the difference being significant (p<0,05) in only half of SF-36 domains, there was no difference in HRQOL levels between EG with SD and SDG. Also, the lowest HRQOL was seen in patients with PE compared to GE with SD.



Patients with epilepsy with SD report lower HRQOL, also disordered sleep impacts HRQOL more in patients with PE than with GE. The results indicate that sleep disorders should be addressed during management of patients with epilepsy.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Biochemical analysis of glycophospholipids from wild-type mouse lymphoma cells and from Thy-1 negative mutants which do not add glycolipid-anchored proteins.

Thy-1 is a major glycophospholipid (GPL)-anchored protein found on the surface of neurons, epithelial cells, fibroblasts and murine T-lymphomas. Biochemical studies were undertaken to determine if murine T-lymphomas contain glycolipids which may be on the path of GPL-anchor biosynthesis. Biosynthetic labeling experiments on Thy-1-positive (wild-type) cells followed by battery of chemical and enzymatic diagnostics on the isolated [3H]mannolipids have, for the first time, led to description of a set of glycolipids which have properties consistent with their being GPL-anchor precursors. Using these results as a guide, major differences have been observed upon analysis of the radiolabeled mannolipids of Thy-1-negative mutants from 7 complementation classes, A-C, E, F, H and I. The biosynthetic lesions in anchor synthesis have been identified in some of the mutants.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Experimental evidence on the ground-state energy of 229Pa


The E1 transition from the 3/2− state to the ground state of 229Pa was identified in the (p,tγ) reaction. Its energy is found to be 11.6(3) keV. This leads to a value of Qg.s.=−4133(2) keV and to a mass defect of 229Pa of 29894(3) keV. It is concluded that the ground-state configuration of 229Pa is 3/2[651].

Field of study: Physics
Synthesis of helicene scaffolds via [2+2+2] cycloisomerization of aromatic triynes

Triynes R-C≡C-CH 2 CH 2 -Ar-C≡C-Ar'-CH 2 CH 2 -C≡C-R were subjected to Co(I)- or Ni(O)-mediated intramolecular [2+2+2] cycloisomerization to provide corresponding tetrahydropentahelicene, tetrahydrohexahelicene, and tetrahydroheptahelicene in good to moderate yields. The reaction tolerates various substituents at pendant acetylene moieties (R = H, CH 3 , trimethylsilyl, not triisopropylsilyl) and fluorine in an aromatic part. By contrast, under Rh(I) or Pd(O) catalysis, triyne with the CH 2 OCH 2 tether lost pendant propargyl. moieties and an aromatic spiroketal was formed preferentially.

Field of study: Chemistry
Rigidity in higher representation theory

We describe a categorical g action, called a (g,theta) action, which is easier to check in practice. Most categorical g actions can be shown to be of this form. The main result is that a (g,theta) action carries actions of quiver Hecke algebras (KLR algebras). We discuss applications of this fact to categorical vertex operators, affine Grassmannians (or Nakajima quiver varieties) and to homological knot invariants.

Field of study: Mathematics
Solving the problem of anomalous J/$\psi$ suppression by the MPD experiment on the NICA collider

The meassurements of charmonium states production via their decay on lepton pairs by the MPD experiment on the NICA collider at the energies $ \sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 4-11 GeV per nucleon could provide important data for solving the problem of anomalous J/$ \psi$ suppression first observed in central Pb-Pb collisions by the NA50 Collaboration at 158 GeV/nucleon. The anomalous J/$ \psi$ suppression could be due to the formation of the QGP in the central heavy-ion collisions. However, this effect could be also interpreted as the result of the comover interactions in nuclear matter. The recent experiments at the SPS, at the RHIC, and the LHC reviewed in this article indicate a more complicated picture of the J/$ \psi$ production including the recombination, medium effects, parton shadowing, and the coherent energy loss mechanism. A more simple production mechanism could be expected at low colliding energies. However, no data were obtained at energies below $ \sqrt{s_{NN}}=17$ GeV for heavy-ion collisions. After the short review of the whole set of the data of charmonium states observation the estimation of the production rate for the MPD/NICA is made.

Field of study: Physics
Genome-wide transcription profiling of Corynebacterium glutamicum after heat shock and during growth on acetate and glucose.

To monitor the global gene expression of Corynebacterium glutamicum we established two formats of DNA-arrays on nylon membranes. We produced an ordered DNA-array of PCR fragments from a shotgun library of C. glutamicum representing a threefold coverage of the genome. With this format we studied genome-wide transcriptional changes after heat shock. Sequence and subsequent BLAST analysis of PCR fragments with elevated expression after heat shock revealed PCR fragments harboring genes that encode several proteins of the heat shock family, proteins of the oxidative stress response and proteins with unknown function. DNA-arrays based on PCR fragments representing 2804 annotated ORFs of C. glutamicum were used to monitor the transcript levels during growth on acetate and glucose. We determined minimal detectable ratios and compared labeling approaches with random hexamers and ORF-specific primers. ORF-based DNA-array analysis with different labeling approaches showed similar results: e.g. increased mRNA levels of the pta-ack operon, aceA, aceB and genes encoding phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and enzymes of the citric acid cycle during growth on acetate and elevated mRNA levels of some enzymes of the glycolytic pathway and lactate dehydrogenase upon growth on glucose. These results demonstrate that shotgun DNA-arrays and ORF-based DNA-arrays are appropriate tools to study physiology of microorganism.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
A Noble Fuzzy-based Mobile Tracking Scheme

In this study, we propose a novel mobile tracking method based on Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM), in which uncertain parameters such as Pilot Signal Strength (PSS), the distance between the mobile and the base station, the moving direction, and the previous location are used in the decision process using the aggregation function in fuzzy set theory. In the microcell- or picocell-based system the frequent movements of the mobile bring about excessive traffics into the networks. A mobile location estimation mechanism can facilitate both efficient resource allocation and better Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning through handoff optimization. Through numerical results, we show that our proposed mobile tracking method provides a better performance than the conventional method using the received signal strength.

Field of study: Computer science
Research progress of synthesis of 1,2-dimethoxyethan

The production and synthesis of 1,2-dimethoxyethane are reviewed from several methods such as O-alkylation,addition of ethylene,hydrogenolysis,elimination between chlorides,Cadiot-Chodkiewicz of dimethyl ether,etc.The discussions are also made on processes,catalysts and reaction conditions.The methods of Williamson synthesis method and the ring opening of ethylene oxide and insertion of dimethyl ether are also reviewed.The development status of preparing 1,2-dimethoxyethane from methoxyethane and dimethyl carbonate or dimethyl ether and epoxyethane is presented.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Improved class of ratio and product estimators

Considering many estimators in literature, Khoshnevisan et al. (2007)  proposed a general family of estimators which uses known values of some population parameters on the auxiliary variable to estimate the population mean of the study variable. Koyuncu and Kadilar (2009)  also proposed an efficient family of estimators of the population mean using the Khoshnevisan et al. (2007)  family. Besides, Adewara et al. (2012)  proposed a modified family consisting of ratio and product estimators and improved the Khoshnevisan et al. (2007)  family of estimators. In the present article, we proposed an improved family of estimators for the population mean. The present family of estimators provides us significant improvement over previous families in theory, and also leading to the better perspective of application in various applied areas. The numerical demonstration shows that the proposed family of estimators is the most efficient estimators.

Field of study: Mathematics
Der Energiestrom der Ultrastrahlung

ZusammenfassungDie gesamte Energie, die in Form von Ultrastrahlung an der Grenze der Atmosphäre auf das Quadratzentimeter in der Sekunde einfällt, ergibt sich zu 3,53 · 10−3 erg cm−2 sec−1. Auf die ganze Erdoberfläche ergibt diese 2,4 Millionen PS. Dieser Energiestrom ist nahe gleich demjenigen, der in Form von Licht und Wärme von den Fixsternen kommt. Die Auswirkung dieser Tatsache auf die Temperatur des interstellaren Raumes wird diskutiert.

Field of study: Physics
Research on Avoiding Free Riding Problems in P2P Networks

Summarizes free riding problems, and then analyzes free riding's effects on P2P network. Simultaneously, the mechanisms avoiding free riding are categorized into three types: monetary-based approaches, reciprocity-based approaches, reputation-based approaches, and discusses each type in details. Introduces a mechanism avoiding free riding based on cluster analysis, free riding problems can be inhibited effectively.

Field of study: Computer science
Peak shift following simultaneous discriminations.

Pigeons were exposed to stimuli presented on two keys. For some birds, the stimuli varied in a dimension of visual flicker-rate, and for others they varied in visual intensity. During differential training, concurrent schedules operated, with one stimulus correlated with one schedule and another stimulus correlated with a second schedule that arranged a lower, or zero, rate of reinforcement. The stimuli were alternated randomly on the two keys. Generalization tests were given in which the original two, and seven other stimuli lying in the same dimension, were presented in pairs on the two keys in various combinations. In the generalization test given after differential training, each bird showed peak shift. The data did not support explanation for peak shift that gave critical emphasis to whether stimuli were presented simultaneously or successively during differential training.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology