nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Autoregressive neural networks with exogenous variables for indoor temperature prediction in buildings

Thermal models of buildings are helpful to forecast their energy use and to enhance the control of their mechanical systems. However, these models are building-specific and require a tedious, error-prone and time-consuming development effort relying on skilled building energy modelers. Compared to white-box and gray-box models, data-driven (black-box) models require less development time and a minimal amount of information about the building characteristics. In this paper, autoregressive neural network models are compared to gray-box and black-box linear models to simulate indoor temperatures. These models are trained, validated and compared to actual experimental data obtained for an existing commercial building in Montreal (QC, Canada) equipped with roof top units for air conditioning. Results show that neural networks mimic more accurately the thermal behavior of the building when limited information is available, compared to gray-box and black-box linear models. The gray-box model does not perform adequately due to its under-parameterized nature, while the linear models cannot capture non-linear phenomena such as radiative heat transfer and occupancy. Therefore, the neural network models outperform the alternative models in the presented application, reaching a coefficient of determination R 2 up to 0.824 and a root mean square error down to 1.11 °C, including the error propagation over time for a 1-week period with a 5-minute time-step. When considering a 50-hour time horizon, the best neural networks reach a much lower root mean square error of around 0.6 °C, which is suitable for applications such as model predictive control.

Field of study: Engineering
The successful experience of the president from the contemporary enterprise university:on James Duderstadt's professional career

Contemporary university presidents are a community on the peak of science and culture development,but they face great unimaginable risks and pressure.Among of them,James Duderstadt is one of the most distinguished university presidents and higher education strategists,so he is selected as the target of this case study.Through exploring the two significant transformations which occurred in his professional career,analyzing the great challenges he met and the unique inner world which he had experienced,the successful experience as an outstanding university president is summarized.James Duderstadt represents a new generation of the enterprise university presidents,and many implications could be drawn from his professional development,which has inspiration for higher education research innovation in China.

Field of study: Education
Cans and Conditionals: A Rejoinder

N a recent issue of ANALYSIS,' Bruce Goldberg and Herbert Heidelberger have taken issue with an article of mine that also appeared in ANALYSIS.2 In that article I had assumed that Austin's argument,3 to the effect that ' I can if I choose' is not a causal conditional, was conclusive. I then attempted to show that the view, attributed by Austin to Moore, that 'I can' is analyzable as ' I shall if I choose ', where the latter is a causal conditional, is mistaken. The following quotation from my article expresses quite clearly, I believe, what I set out to do:

Field of study: Philosophy
Daily dose monitoring with atlas-based auto-segmentation on diagnostic quality CT for prostate cancer.

To evaluate the feasibility of daily dose monitoring using a patient specific atlas-based autosegmentation method on diagnostic quality verification images.



Seven patients, who were treated for prostate cancer with intensity modulated radiotherapy under daily imaging guidance of a CT-on-rails system, were selected for this study. The prostate, rectum, and bladder were manually contoured on the first six and last seven sets of daily verification images. For each patient, three patient specific atlases were constructed using manual contours from planning CT alone (1-image atlas), planning CT plus first three verification CTs (4-image atlas), and planning CT plus first six verification CTs (7-image atlas). These atlases were subsequently applied to the last seven verification image sets of the same patient to generate the auto-contours. Daily dose was calculated by applying the original treatment plans to the daily beam isocenters. The autocontours and manual contours were compared geometrically using the dice similarity coefficient (DSC), and dosimetrically using the dose to 99% of the prostate CTV (D99) and the D5 of rectum and bladder.



The DSC of the autocontours obtained with the 4-image atlases were 87.0% ± 3.3%, 84.7% ± 8.6%, and 93.6% ± 4.3% for the prostate, rectum, and bladder, respectively. These indices were higher than those from the 1-image atlases (p < 0.01) and comparable to those from the 7-image atlases (p > 0.05). Daily prostate D99 of the autocontours was comparable to those of the manual contours (p = 0.55). For the bladder and rectum, the daily D5 were 95.5% ± 5.9% and 99.1% ± 2.6% of the planned D5 for the autocontours compared to 95.3% ± 6.7% (p = 0.58) and 99.8% ± 2.3% (p < 0.01) for the manual contours.



With patient specific 4-image atlases, atlas-based autosegmentation can adequately facilitate daily dose monitoring for prostate cancer.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Perspectives of PhD research: The key components for assessing its quality

The number of PhD theses approved for the doctoral degree is on a steady rise in different disciplines across the globe. However, the quality may not meet the requirement of the academia and industries, especially in biomedical research and development (R&D), and that is not only contributing to the escalated problem of unemployment of such population having higher degrees but also diminishing the quality of education and research. Therefore, a harmonized approach shall be adopted by the universities for an examination of the quality of PhD theses and approval of the PhD degree. Quality of PhD theses of all universities, including central, state, private, and deemed to be (private or public), which are governed by the authorized regulators, such as University Grants Commission (UGC) in India, is important for the PhD students as well as mentors and granting institutions. On the basis of the current state of the art, concepts have been conceived to capture the merit of PhD degree or higher education. Evaluation of the quality of PhD can be achieved through the articulated examination system of the three key factors such as the merit of the PhD candidate, facility and position of the PhD mentor or guide, and the examination system of the granting universities. The discussion of this article has been concentrated in the quality of PhD in biomedical sciences to assess a comprehensive picture of PhD or higher education, which would not only be helpful for judging the merit of PhD but also redefine and implement policies by the regulators of higher education for continual improvement.

Field of study: Medicine
Customized spatial climate models for North America

Over the past two decades, researchers at Natural Resources Canada's Canadian Forest Service, in collaboration with the Australian National University (ANU), Environment Canada (EC), and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), have made a concerted effort to produce spatial climate products (i.e., spatial models and grids) covering both Canada and the United States for a wide variety of climate variables and time steps (from monthly to daily), and across a range of spatial resolutions. Here we outline the method used to generate the spatial models, detail the array of products available and how they may be accessed, briefly describe some of the usage and impact of the models, and discuss anticipated further developments. Our initial motivation in developing these models was to support forestry-related applications. They have since been utilized by a wider range of agencies and researchers. This article is intended to further raise awareness of the strengths and weaknesses of these clim...

Field of study: Environmental science
Notiz über die Synthese von Indeno[1,2,3‐cd]pyren

Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyren (3) wird aus 1-Pyrenylmagnesiumbromid und Cyclohexanon uber 1-(1-Cyclohexen-1-yl)pyren (1) und 1-Phenylpyren (2) dargestellt. 
 
 
 
Note on the Synthesis of Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene 
 
 
 
Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (3) has been prepared from 1-pyrenylmagnesium bromide and cyclohexanone via 1-(1-cyclohexen-1-yl)pyrene (1) and 1-phenylpyrene (2).

Field of study: Chemistry
Cut short for taking short cuts: The Lomé peace agreement on Sierra Leone

The July 1999 Lomé Peace Agreement, the third in the series of peace agreements signed to end Sierra Leone's then eight‐year war, collapsed in May 2000, with the arrest and detention of UN peacekeepers by the members of the rebel Revolutionary United Front (RUF). The collapse of the agreement raised fundamental questions about the future of peace in Sierra Leone, and forced many observers to wonder whether there are peculiarities inherent in the country that frustrate peace agreements, or that the agreements themselves are defective, and should not be expected to work. There is also the additional factor of an inability of parties and mediators to the conflict to implement peace agreements either because of a lack of political will or limited resources to start the process. This article takes a critical look at the Lomé Peace Agreement and argues that its failure was due more to the desire of negotiators and a fundamentally weak government to appease the rebel faction than address the key issues underlining the conflict. It argues that the peace agreement has once again uncovered the fragility of peace processes and the role of the international community in assisting that process. Finally, it considers the wider implications of Sierra Leone's failed peace process for international efforts in peacekeeping, conflict resolution and conflict management.

Field of study: History, Sociology
Real-gas extensions to tangent-wedge and tangent-cone analysis methods

10.2514/1.28521 Engineering codes are powerful tools for the conceptual design stage. Use of these codes in early design stages enables higher fidelity computational fluid dynamics calculations or wind-tunnel tests to be performed on more mature configurations. Two widely used engineering tools for conceptual level supersonic/hypersonic aerodynamic prediction are tangent-wedge and tangent-cone methods. Unfortunately, these analysis tools lack the ability to systematically account for effects of real-gas flow across the oblique shock wave. This paper derives an extension to the classical oblique shock wave equations where the effects of real-gas flow changes are modeled using theoretical models borrowed from statistical mechanics. Using an enthalpy balance across the shock wave, the Einstein model for a diatomic gas is analytically integrated to give a relationship of temperature, ratio of specific heats, and velocity on the downstream side of the shock wave. This relationship replaces the energy equation used in the ideal-gas obliqueshockanalysis.Thismethodisadaptedtoconical flowfieldassuminganinitialshockangle,andusingthenew oblique shock algorithm to compute properties immediately behind the conical shock. The resulting model is compared to equilibrium real-gas calculations and shown to give accurate results well into the hypersonic flow regime, approximately Mach 20.

Field of study: Physics
Migration maps of Li+ cations in oxygen-containing compounds

A new method for studying cages and channels in crystal structures is implemented into the program package TOPOS. The method is based on the concept of Voronoi–Dirichlet partition of crystal space. All X-ray investigated ternary and quaternary lithium-containing inorganic compounds (822 compounds Li a X b O z and 1349 compounds Li a X1 b X2 c O z , where X, X1 and X2 are any chemical elements) are analyzed and the dimensionality of channel systems, providing transport of lithium ions, is determined. For all compounds the migration maps (conduction patterns) characterizing the conduction channel systems of dimensions 1, 2 or 3, are constructed. We have found the coordinates of lithium atoms as centres of the cages obtained, and the coordinates fit the experimental data accurate to 0.6 Ǻ. Totally, 277 compounds with infinite systems of conduction channels are invented. Out of them, 251 compounds (126 structural types) were mentioned in the literature as solid electrolytes, the other 26 (24 structural types) can be considered as potential ionic conductors with 1D (for 16 types), 2D (for 2 types) or 3D (for 6 types) conductivity.

Field of study: Materials science
SALOME as a Platform for Magneto-Mechanical Simulation

The design of superconducting magnets for accelerator and detector components dedicated to the future of high energy physics requires detailed analysis of their mechanical behavior, in particular under magnetic and/or thermal solicitations. Numerical simulation is more and more used to optimize these components and to improve their performances in constrained environments. In this context, the numerical modeling process may require to operate several computing codes, which involves the implementation of spatial discretization (meshes) that are not always compatible together. This situation raises the problem of data transfer and of possible dispersion of simulation parameters. Moreover, the numerical modeling process is not always formalized, and it can be difficult to iterate in the case of parametric studies. This paper describes the implementation of magneto-mechanical numerical processes into the SALOME open source platform. SALOME is a numerical framework which offers interoperability between Computer-Aided Design (CAD) modeling and Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) simulation software. It makes the implementation of coupling between computing codes (computation schemes) accessible. This simulation platform also provides a generic and efficient user interface, and is as well fully scriptable in Python language. On the basis of the design of the SMC dipole magnet, the authors will describe the various modules of the platform (geometry, mesh, supervision and visualization), and present the status of the developments in progress. It will be pointed out what can be gained for magnet designers in terms of process formalization and transfer of know-how, and what is the level of complexity for the development of a dedicated software tool.

Field of study: Physics
A shape model of internally mixed soot particles derived from artificial surface tension

To retrieve the physical properties of aerosols from multi-channel
ground-based and satellite measurements, we developed a shape model of coated
soot particles and created a dataset of their optical properties. Bare soot
particles were assumed to have an aggregate shape, and two types of
aggregates with different size–shape dependences were modeled using a
polyhedral Voronoi structure. To simulate the detailed shape properties of
mixtures of soot aggregates and adhered water-soluble substances, we propose
a simple model of surface tension derived from the artificial surface
potential. The light-scattering properties of the modeled particles with
different volume fractions of water-soluble material were calculated using
the finite-difference time-domain method and discrete-dipole approximation.
The results of the single-scattering albedo and asymmetry factors were
compared to those of conventional internally mixed spheres (i.e., effective
medium spheres based on the Maxwell-Garnett approximation and simple
core-shell spheres). In addition, the lidar backscattering properties (i.e.,
lidar ratios and linear depolarization ratios) of the modeled soot particles
were investigated. For internally mixed soot particles, the lidar
backscattering properties were sensitive to the shape of the soot particles
and the volume mixing ratio of the assumed water-soluble components. However,
the average optical properties of biomass smoke, which have been reported
from in situ field and laboratory measurements, were difficult to explain
based on the individually modeled particle. Nonetheless, our shape model and
its calculated optical properties are expected to be useful as an alternative
model for biomass smoke particles in advanced remote sensing via
multi-channel radiometer and lidar measurements.

Field of study: Environmental science
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON ANTI-FREEZING AND THAWING PERFORMANCE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE OF BASALT FIBER UNDER CORROSION CONDITION

Basalt fiber reinforced concrete(BFRC) is a kind of new composite building materials. In order to study its engineering durability, the freeze-thaw performance of this new composite building material under corrosion-resistance conditions can be studied by experimental method. Tests were respectively carried out for the concrete life reinforced by anti-freeze-thaw basalt fiber in a non-corrosive environment, at 5% Na Cl solution, 5% Mg SO4 solution and complex solution(5% Mg Cl2 +5% Na2SO4). The results showed that: in above four cases, when the composite material experienced freeze-thaw cycles, the speed of elastic modulus would become lower in turn.  Basalt fiber can significantly enhance the ability of freeze-thaw damage of concrete corrosion under freeze-thaw conditions and extend the cyclic lifespan of freeze-thaw concrete under corrosion resistance conditions.

Field of study: Engineering
Cardiorespiratory fitness and the progression of carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged men. Ann Intern Med 134:12–20, 2001

Good cardiorespiratory fitness has been associated with reduced risk for clinical events of atherosclerotic vascular diseases, but whether it is related to slower progression of early atherosclerosis is unclear.  To study the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and the progression of early carotid atherosclerosis.  4-year follow-up study.  Eastern Finland.  Population-based sample of 854 men 42 to 60 years of age.  Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max [L/kg per minute]) was measured directly by using respiratory gas exchange in a cycle ergometer exercise test. Carotid atherosclerosis was assessed by using B-mode ultrasonography.  After adjustments for age, technical covariates, and cigarette smoking, VO2max had strong, inverse, and graded associations with 4-year increases i maximal intima-media thickness (IMT) (standard regression coefficient β = 0.120; P = 0.002); plaque height (β = 0.140; P < 0.001), surface roughness, and mean IM...

Field of study: Medicine
An assessment methodology to combine the preservation of biodiversity and cultural heritage: the San Vincenzo al Volturno historical site (Molise, Italy)

The interaction between natural, archaeological and agricultural elements is evident in many historical sites, such as the Medieval Benedictine Monastery of San Vincenzo al Volturno, located in an area of great agricultural and environmental value. Biodiversity issues are rarely considered in archaeological conservation and vice versa. This paper describes an assessment methodology for the evaluation of the natural and historical value of a site, necessary for a proper evaluation and as a preparatory step to aid decision-making and planning. In the analysed area, our findings showed an interesting floristic and vegetational heterogeneity, which were extremely valuable from a conservation point of view. Few alien species were found. Comparison with protected or endangered species and habitat lists led to the identification of a series of areas in need of more active protection, including arid grasslands presenting high biodiversity and attributable to the 6210* European Habitat. A cultural landscape evaluation was based on archaeobotanical and historical data, and it shows an interesting mosaic system. An assessment of the interaction between natural vegetation and monuments showed minimal impact from wall vegetation but a high potential risk due to wood colonisation in an area with unexcavated buildings. The usefulness of such an approach in the management of an archaeological site is that it offers an opportunity for optimisation: a proper evaluation can reduce the risk of damage and the presence of the archaeological park allows for protection and highlights natural valuable elements.

Field of study: Environmental science
Existence of weak solutions to the elastic string equations in three dimensions

Many applied problems resulting in hyperbolic conservation laws are nonstrictly hyperbolic. As of yet, there is no comprehensive theory to describe the solutions of these systems. We examine the equations modeling an elastic string of infinite length in three-dimensional space, restricted to possess non-simple eigenvalues of constant multiplicity. We show that there exists a weak solution of the nonstrictly hyperbolic conservation law when the total variation of the initial data is sufficiently small. The proof technique is similar to Glimm's classical existence for hyperbolic conservation laws, but necessarily departs from Glimm's proof by not requiring strict hyperbolicity.

Field of study: Mathematics
Types of sedimentary overlap

The sedimentary formations of the earth’s crust fall readily into two great stratigraphic groups, the marine and the non-marine, which in their essential characteristics are strongly contrasted and which in the analysis of sedimentary series must be carefully differentiated. In spite of the practice to the contrary, stratigraphers will admit that only marine deposits are suited to furnish the record for a complete time scale, and that consequently the standard column of any region should be based on marine deposits only. Where, as is often the case, the column selected as a standard contains non-marine members, the column is imperfect as long as these are retained. Thus the standard Cretacic column of North America is impaired by the retention in it of the non-marine Dakota and Laramie formations, and until recently the standard Triassic section of Germany was practically useless, as it contained only one marine member. The substitution . . .

Field of study: Geology
Unifying Framework for Crowd-sourcing via Graphon Estimation

We consider the question of inferring true answers associated with tasks based on potentially noisy answers obtained through a micro-task crowd-sourcing platform such as Amazon Mechanical Turk. We propose a generic, non-parametric model for this setting: for a given task $i$, $1\leq i \leq T$, the response of worker $j$, $1\leq j\leq W$ for this task is correct with probability $F_{ij}$, where matrix $F = [F_{ij}]_{i\leq T, j\leq W}$ may satisfy one of a collection of regularity conditions including low rank, which can express the popular Dawid-Skene model; piecewise constant, which occurs when there is finitely many worker and task types; monotonic under permutation, when there is some ordering of worker skills and task difficulties; or Lipschitz with respect to an associated latent non-parametric function. This model, contains most, if not all, of the previously proposed models to the best of our knowledge. 
We show that the question of estimating the true answers to tasks can be reduced to solving the Graphon estimation problem, for which there has been much recent progress. By leveraging these techniques, we provide a crowdsourcing inference algorithm along with theoretical bounds on the fraction of incorrectly estimated tasks. Subsequently, we have a solution for inferring the true answers for tasks using noisy answers collected from crowd-sourcing platform under a significantly larger class of models. Concretely, we establish that if the $(i,j)$th element of $F$, $F_{ij}$, is equal to a Lipschitz continuous function over latent features associated with the task $i$ and worker $j$ for all $i, j$, then all task answers can be inferred correctly with high probability by soliciting $\tilde{O}(\ln(T)^{3/2})$ responses per task even without any knowledge of the Lipschitz function, task and worker features, or the matrix $F$.

Field of study: Computer science