nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A conduction-cooled, 680-mm-long warm bore, 3-T Nb/sub 3/Sn solenoid for a Cerenkov free electron laser

A compact, cryocooler cooled Nb/sub 3/Sn superconducting magnet system for a Cerenkov free electron laser has been designed, fabricated and tested. The magnet is positioned directly behind the electron gun of the laser system. The solenoidal field compresses and guides a tube-shaped 100 A, 500 kV electron beam. A two-stage GM cryocooler, equipped with a first generation ErNi/sub 5/ regenerator, cools the epoxy impregnated solenoid down to the operating temperature of about 7.5 K. This leaves a conservative operational margin for the MJR type of Nb/sub 3/Sn conductor of about 350% (I/sub c/) at 3T. Current leads with HTS sections between the first and second stage of the cryocooler effectively reduce the conductive heat leak. In the warm bore, 60 mm in diameter and 680 mm long, an operational magnetic field of 2 T has been achieved during laser operation without any quench. The field homogeneity is better than 99.5% over 450 mm axial length. Design details and test results of this magnet system are presented.

Field of study: Physics
Multivariable control-oriented modeling of a direct expansion (DX) air conditioning (A/C) system

A dynamic mathematical model for a DX A/C system has been developed. The dynamic model, written in state-space representation which was suitable for designing multivariable control, was linearized at steady state operating points. The linearized model has been validated by comparing the model simulation results with the experimental data obtained from an experimental DX A/C system. The simulated results agreed well with the experimental data, suggesting that the model developed was able to capture the transient characteristics of the DX A/C system modeled. It is expected that the model developed can be useful in designing a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) controller to simultaneously control indoor air temperature and humidity in a space served by a DX A/C system.

Field of study: Engineering
Análise do flow-feeling no tênis doi: 10.4025/reveducfis.v23i4.17044

The aim of the study was to analyze the characteristics of flow-feeling in tennis. For this, 10 male athletes, aged 21.2±2.94, competing in official tournament of Association of Professional Tennis players (ATP) have participated in the study. Data were collected through a semi-structured interview with questions related to the flow-feeling. The interviews was analyzed through of content analysis method. The recording units (RU) of responses of each athlete and the RU of each dimension of flow were evaluated. The dimensions Concentration on Task at Hand, Sense of Control and Challenge-Skill Balance were the most cited dimensions, equivalent to 63.52% of all the UR cited by athletes. In competitive tennis there are dimensions more latent and the emergence of others characteristics, such as the importance of physical conditioning to experience the flow.

Field of study: Education
The Integration of Genome Mining, Comparative Genomics, and Functional Genetics for Biosynthetic Gene Cluster Identification

Antimicrobial resistance is a worldwide health crisis for which new antibiotics are needed. One strategy for antibiotic discovery is identifying unique antibiotic biosynthetic gene clusters that may produce novel compounds. The aim of this study was to demonstrate how an integrated approach that combines genome mining, comparative genomics, and functional genetics can be used to successfully identify novel biosynthetic gene clusters that produce antimicrobial natural products. Secondary metabolite clusters of an antibiotic producer are first predicted using genome mining tools, generating a list of candidates. Comparative genomic approaches are then used to identify gene suites present in the antibiotic producer that are absent in closely related non-producers. Gene sets that are common to the two lists represent leading candidates, which can then be confirmed using functional genetics approaches. To validate this strategy, we identified the genes responsible for antibiotic production in Pantoea agglomerans B025670, a strain identified in a large-scale bioactivity survey. The genome of B025670 was first mined with antiSMASH, which identified 24 candidate regions. We then used the comparative genomics platform, EDGAR, to identify genes unique to B025670 that were not present in closely related strains with contrasting antibiotic production profiles. The candidate lists generated by antiSMASH and EDGAR were compared with standalone BLAST. Among the common regions was a 14 kb cluster consisting of 14 genes with predicted enzymatic, transport, and unknown functions. Site-directed mutagenesis of the gene cluster resulted in a reduction in antimicrobial activity, suggesting involvement in antibiotic production. An integrated approach that combines genome mining, comparative genomics, and functional genetics yields a powerful, yet simple strategy for identifying potentially novel antibiotics.

Field of study: Biology
Mechanical Reliability of Photovoltaic Cells under Cyclic Thermal Loading

Metallic coatings placed on solar cell should retain their structural integrity over the life-span of the devices in order to ensure their reliable functioning. One critical component of such a life-assessment exercise is based on their response to the cyclic thermal stresses generated due to the temperature fluctuation, which is inevitable during regular operation of a solar cell and the difference in the thermal expansion coefficients of metal coatings and Si. Here, we have studied the impact of accelerated thermal cycling on the integrity of the semiconductor–metal layer in a commercial monocrystalline Si based photovoltaic solar cell comprising Ag finger-lining and Al backside coating. We observed that, compared to Si-Ag interface, the Al-Si interface was significantly weaker, wherein cracks easily nucleated and grew during thermal cycling between − 40°C and 90°C. The experimental results were augmented with finite element method (FEM), including extended-FEM (XFEM), simulations using geometry based on the actual microstructure of various metal-Si interfaces in the solar cell module. FEM-based simulations suggest excessive stress concentration at the interface of Al-Si eutectic-Al layers due to the irregular wavy nature of this interface. XFEM results indicate the critical role of the interfacial adhesion strength and roughness of the eutectic-Al interface on the crack growth and its propagation path. Based on the obtained results, a discussion on the fabrication of solar cell modules resistant to thermal stress induced structural damage is presented.

Field of study: Materials science
Synthesis and characteristics of coordinated ionic liquid [3(CH_3CH_2)_4N~+Cl~-·(NH_2)_2CO]

A coordinated ionic liquid [3(CH3CH2)4N+Cl-·(NH2)2CO] was synthesized from urea and tetraethyl ammonium chloride,and its structure was characterized by IR and XRD.The results showed that the IR absorption peak of carbonyl was at 1619.10 cm-1 compared with that of urea at 1690.72cm-1,which was due to reaction of urea and tetraethyl ammonium chloride.There was a new peak at 2θ=30.37° in the XRD pattern.The range of thermal stability is from room temperature to about 250℃,and is higher than other common organic solvents.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Enhancement of the superconducting transition temperature from the competition between electron-electron correlations and electron-phonon interactions

We uncover that the competition between electron-electron correlations and electron-phonon interactions gives rise to unexpectedly huge enhancement of the superconducting transition temperature, several hundreds percent larger ($\geq$ 200 K) than that of the case when only one of the two is taken into account ($\sim$ 30 K). Our renormalization group analysis claims that this mechanism for the enhancement of the critical temperature is not limited on superconductivity but applied to various Fermi surface instabilities, proposing an underlying universal structure, which turns out to be essentially identical to that of a recent study  on the enhancement of the Kondo temperature in the presence of Rashba spin-orbit interactions. We also discuss the stability of superconductivity against nonmagnetic randomness.

Field of study: Physics
Stefan problem around a refrigerated buried cylinder: identification of principal parameters and development of a simple prediction method

The aim of this paper is to study the principal parameters influencing the thermal behaviour of the ground around refrigerated shallow buried pipes. Thermal behaviour is obtained using a numerical model of the two-dimensional Stefan problem. A finite-element enthalpy numerical method is used to solve the Stefan problem for different thermal boundary conditions, thermophysical properties and geometry. Thus the principle parameters influencing the thermal behaviour of the ground around the pipes are identified. A practical method is proposed. This method, applied to a specific refrigerated gas pipe, shows how the behaviour of the freezing/thawing interface during a period of time can be determined with precision.

Field of study: Engineering
BBr3-Assisted Cleavage of Most Ethers Does Not Follow the Commonly Assumed Mechanism

Density-functional computations were used to probe the reaction mechanism of BBr3-assisted ether cleavage. After the initial formation of an ether–BBr3 adduct, secondary and tertiary alkyl ethers are cleaved through Br– transfer from the activated BBr3 to the alkyl moiety, as postulated in the literature. In contrast, all other ethers studied react through a novel pathway involving two ether–BBr3 adducts, one of which acts as Br– donor, and the second as the reaction substrate. The identification of the novel bimolecular mechanism for this classical reaction has further applications, because it implies that BBr3-assisted ether cleavage may become impossible if the ether is surrounded by bulky portions of the molecule that prevent the approach of the attacking BBr3 adduct. Our data also allow the construction of an order of reactivity of alkyl ether deprotection: isopropyl, benzyl, tertiary alkyl, allyl, isobutyl and ethyl can be removed sequentially as their bromo derivatives; phenyl, cyanomethyl and chloromethyl groups can be sequentially removed as their corresponding alcohols.

Field of study: Chemistry
Dance and the Garden: Moving and Static Choreography in Renaissance Europe

In the Renaissance there were close similarities between the static choreography of the formal gardens of the nobility and the moving choreographies performed by the members of the court. The principles of order and proportion, the expression of splendour, the geometrical forms, were all fundamental principles of both Renaissance court dance and the formal garden. The patterns in both these art-forms were meant to be viewed from above. This close similarity in design principles between the horticultural and kinetic arts existed right through the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and continued into the seventeenth century.

Field of study: History
A Modified Cramer-von Mises and Anderson-Darling Test for the Weibull Distribution with Unknown Location and Scale Parameters.

The standard Cramer-von Mises and Anderson-Darling goodness-of-fit tests require continuous underlying distributions with known parameters. In this paper, tables of critical values are generated for both tests for Weibull distributions with unknown location and scale parameters and known shape parameters. The powers of the Cramer-von Mises, Anderson-Darling, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, and Chi-Square tests for this situation are investigated. The Cramer-von Mises test has most power when the shape is 1.0 and the Anderson-Darling test has most power when the shape is 3.5. Finally, a relation between critical value and inverse shape parameter is presented.

Field of study: Mathematics
Die elektrische Leitfähigkeit der CuPd-Legierungen mit ungeordneter und geordneter Atomverteilung in tiefer Temperatur (Mit einem Nachtrag betr. Cu3Pt)

ZusammenfassungIm Anschluß an frühere Untersuchungen an Cu3Au-, Cu3Pd- und Cu3Pt-Legierungen wurde an sechs CuPd-Legierungen (Pd-Gehalte von rund 38 bis 53 Atom-%) im Zustand ungeordneter und geordneter Atomverteilung der elektrische Widerstand in tiefer Temperatur (flüssiger Stickstoff und Wasserstoff) und der spezifische elektrische Widerstand bei Zimmertemperatur gemessen. Während der bei Zimmertemperatur gemessene spezifische Widerstand der getemperten Legierungen um ein Vielfaches geringer ist als derjenige der abgeschreckten Legierungen, zeigen dier-Werte der getemperten Legierungen eine sehr viel geringere Abnahme, d. h. der Widerstandsabfall in tiefer Temperatur ist in den beiden Zuständen nicht wesentlich verschieden; man sieht das am besten aus dem Vergleich mit dem Verhalten der reinen Metalle. Die Beziehungen zur Konstitution der geordneten Cu Pd-Mischphasen und damit zusammenhängende Fragen werden erörtert. — In einem Nachtrag werden Messungen an einer Cu3Pt-Legierung mit 22,9 Atom-% Pt in Ergänzung zu den früheren Untersuchungen im Cu3Pt-Gebiet mitgeteilt.

Field of study: Physics
Associative symmetry by pigeons after few-exemplar training.

The present experiment investigated whether pigeons can show associative symmetry on a two-alternative matching-to-sample procedure. The procedure consisted of a within-subject sequence of training and testing with reinforcement, and it provided (a) exemplars of symmetrical responding, and (b) all prerequisite discriminations among test samples and comparisons. After pigeons had learned two arbitrary-matching tasks (A-B and C-D), they were given a reinforced symmetry test for half of the baseline relations (B1-A1 and D1-C1). To control for the effects of reinforcement during testing, two novel, nonsymmetrical responses were concurrently reinforced using the other baseline stimuli (D2-A2 and B2-C2). Pigeons matched at chance on both types of relations, thus indicating no evidence for symmetry. These symmetrical and nonsymmetrical relations were then directly trained in order to provide exemplars of symmetry and all prerequisite discriminations for a second test. The symmetrical test relations were now B2-A2 and D2-C2 and the nonsymmetrical relations were D1-A1 and B1-C1. On this test, 1 pigeon showed clear evidence of symmetry, 2 pigeons showed weak evidence, and 1 pigeon showed no evidence. The previous training of all prerequisite discriminations among stimuli, and the within-subject control for testing with reinforcement seem to have set favorable conditions for the emergence of symmetry in nonhumans. However, the variability across subjects shows that methodological variables still remain to be controlled.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
5,6-Bis(octyloxy)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole-Bridged Dyes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with High Open-Circuit Voltage Performance

Three new metal-free dyes with a 5,6-bis(octyloxy) benzo[c][1,2,5] thiadiazole core (DOBT-I-III) have been designed and synthesized for use as DSSCs. Their absorption properties and electrochemical ...

Field of study: Chemistry
Screening of Host Proteins Interacting with Pc2 of Rice Stripe Virus by Yeast Two-hybrid System

Rice stripe virus encoded Pc2 protein is involved in the viral infection and symptom formation of rice.Study on the interaction between Pc2 and host is essential to elucidate the molecular mechanism of viral infection.In this study,the encoding region of Pc2-N or Pc2-C was fused to the pGBKT7,the rice cDNA library was constructed and screened by the Pc2-N or Pc2-C as a bait to identify proteins that interacted with Pc2.The results showed that the coding regions and the amino acid sequences of insert Pc2-N and Pc2-C were correct.Pc2-N had neither toxicity nor self activating effect on AH109,while Pc2-C was toxic to AH109.The cDNA library had a titer o f 4×107 CFU/mL,and most of insert fragments were between 500 bp to 2 000 bp in size.Eight candidate positive clones were obtained by screening with Pc2-N as a bait.Their cDNA Sequences were obtained and BLAST results showed that these cDNAs encoded 5 proteins,which mainly were the proteins involved in photosystem and stress.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Antimicrobial resistance three ways: healthcare crisis, major concepts, and the relevance of biofilms.

Worldwide, infections are resuming their role as highly effective killing diseases, as current treatments are failing to respond to the growing problem that is antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The social and economical burden of AMR seems ever rising, with health- and research-related organizations rushing to collaborate on a worldwide scale to find effective solutions. Resistant bacteria are spreading even in first-world nations, being found not only in healthcare-related settings, but also in food and in the environment. In this mini-review, the impact of AMR in healthcare systems and the major bacteria behind it are highlighted. Ecological aspects of AMR evolution and the complexity of its molecular mechanisms are explained. Major concepts, such as intrinsic, acquired, and adaptive resistance, as well as tolerance and heteroresistance, are also clarified. More importantly, the problematic of biofilms and their role in AMR, namely its main resistance and tolerance mechanisms, is elucidated. Finally, some of the most promising anti-biofilm strategies being investigated are reviewed. Much is still to be done regarding the study of AMR and the discovery of new anti-biofilm strategies. Gladly, considerable research on this topic is generated every day and increasingly concerted actions are being engaged globally to try and tackle this problem.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Übergangswahrscheinlichkeiten im Lithiumatom

ZusammenfassungEs werden die Resultate einer Untersuchung über Intensität und Breite der Haupt-serienlinien des Lithiums in Absorption mitgeteilt. Die Sprungwahrscheinlichkeiten im Lithiumatom werden durch Planimetrieren der Absorptionskurven bestimmt und die Gesamtintensität (aki) der Linien berechnet. Bei höheren Quantenzahlen besteht eine gute Übereinstimmung zwischen den in dieser Weise gefundenen Intensitäten und den von Pauli jr. nach der Schrödingerschen Methode für die Lymanserie berechneten Intensitäten, bei kleinen Quantenzahlen treten kleine Abweichungen auf. Die Vergleichung unserer Versuchsresultate mit den kürzlich von Sugiura nach Pauli ausgeführten Berechnungen derbik der Linien der Lymanserie zeigt auch bei kleinen Quantenzahlen eine recht gute Übereinstimmung.

Field of study: Physics
Exploring the Contribution of Two Phosphorus-Based Groups to Polymer Flammability via Pyrolysis–Combustion Flow Calorimetry

From a set of around 100 phosphorus-containing polymers tested in pyrolysis–combustion flow calorimetry, the contributions to flammability of two phosphorus-containing pendant groups (called 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and PO3) were calculated using an advanced method previously proposed and validated. The flammability properties include total heat release (THR) and heat release capacity (HRC) measured in standard conditions, i.e., anaerobic pyrolysis and complete combustion. The calculated contributions are in good agreement with the main modes of action of both phosphorus groups, i.e., flame inhibition for DOPO and char promotion for PO3. Moreover, the results provide first conclusions about the cooperative interaction between phosphorus and nitrogen, as well as the influence of the architecture of tested co-polymers.

Field of study: Materials science
SU‐FF‐T‐480: Minimum Multi‐Plan IMRT Framework Knowledge Base for Predicting Organ‐At‐Risk Dose‐Volume Levels and Complications

To determine the minimum number of treatment plans required to build accurate representations of the IMRT plan surface in order to predict organ‐at‐risk (OAR) dose‐volume (DV) levels and complications as a function of input DV constraint settings.  125 and 256 plans respectively were generated as the full knowledge base for a representative head and neck case and prostate case by varying input DV constraints on OARs (parotids, cord, bladder, bowel and rectum). Knowledge subsets of various sizes were used to determine the minimum sizes needed to obtain accurate plan surfacemodels and accurate complication predictions via Machine Learning algorithms. Predictions of saliva flow rate were obtained via a sequential minimal optimization algorithm for training a support vector regression model. Binary classification via optimized decision trees was used to predict rectal bleeding. To build the plan surface for each of the two test cases, 100%, 50%, 25%, and 12.5% of the full knowledge base of plans were used (6.25% was also used for pelvis case). For each fractional value 50 random samples of the corresponding size were used as training sets.  The doses received at various volume levels can be modeled with less than 2% mean relative errors with 30 plans (95% confidence interval (C.I.) on largest error was [1.66%, 1.72%]). Saliva flow rate can be predicted with 1.91% mean relative error and a 95% C.I. [1.87%, 1.94%] with 30 plans. Grade 2 rectal bleeding complications can be predicted with mean correct prediction of 92.64% and a 95% C.I. [92.18%, 93.09%] using 64 plans.  Our results indicate that only a small number of plans (30–64) are needed in order to model the plan surface and to obtain models that yield accurate prediction of OAR DV levels and complications as a function of DV constraints.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Research on a Software Verification Method at Source Program Level

Software quality have deep influence on all walks of life that use software,so verifying if a software meets the required properties has become a key issue. A verification method at source program level based on C program is proposed in this paper. The main idea of the method is to translate C source program into Kripke structure that is equivalent to control flow graph,use the Kripke structure as an abstract model of the program,describe desired program properties in CTL formula,and use model checker NuSMV to verify the model so as to verify w hether the program satisfies the properties. Based on this idea,an environment prototype is designed and implemented that automatically translates C source program and properties into the NuSMV input file to verify it.

Field of study: Computer science
Characteristics of solar X-ray flares registered by the CORONAS-PHOTON satellite

We examine the time behavior and energy characteristics of the ultraviolet, soft, and hard X-ray emissions of several C-class flares recorded by a set of instruments on board the CORONAS-PHOTON satellite. The difference between their parameters are considered in the thermal and nonthermal radiation ranges. The upper measured limit of the degree of linear polarization of X-rays is determined for the most intense flare.

Field of study: Physics