nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The effects of ethanolic extract of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl leaf on macrophage phagocytic activity in diabetic rat model

Diabetic patients suffer inflammation and immune deficiency as a consequence of the decrease in macrophage phagocytic activity, thus making them vulnerable to infection. The ability of Ethanolic Extract of Phaleria macrocarpa Leaf (EEPML) to increase macrophage phagocytic activity has also a potential in the diabetic case. EEPML also has anti-inflammatory effect. In this study the EEPML potential to increase peritoneal macrophage phagocytic activity and change M1 and M2 macrophage percentage in diabetic rat model is investigated. This was a quasi experimental study with post test only control group design. Fourty five male Sprague Dawley rats within the age of 8 weeks were classified into normal control group, diabetic control group with solvent, diabetic with 7mg/200g, 14mg/200g, and 28mg/200g of EEPML peroral administration, once a day. The diabetic rat model was made with streptozotocin and nicotinamide injection. The rats were terminated in 3 rd , 14 th and 25 th day of extract administration. Peritoneal fluid was isolated then cultured for macrophage phagocytic activity assay with latex beads. M1 and M2 macrophage percentage was  analyzed using flow cytometry with anti CD40 and CD206 antibody. Result of statistical analysis show that  active macrophage and phagocytic index mean of EEPML rat groups on day 3, 14 and 25 was significantly higher than the control group. The mean of M1 macrophage percentage of EEPML rat groups was significantly higher than control on day 3 and 14, and lower on day 25, while mean of M2 macrophage percentage didn’t show any significant difference within groups. Conclusion of this study is administration of EEPML increases peritoneal macrophage phagocytic activity on day 3, 14 and 25. This is also increases M1 macrophage percentage on day 14, decrease M1 macrophage percentage on day 25, and doesn’t change peritoneal M2 macrophage percentage in diabetic rat model.

Field of study: Medicine
[(trien)Zn(im)Zn(trien)](ClO 4 ) 3 ·H 2 O的晶体结构及掺有相应Cu-im-Zn化合物的单晶ESR研究

测定了标题配合物的晶体结构,Zn(Ⅱ)为畸变四方锥构型,桥基咪唑位于四方锥锥顶联接两个Zn(Ⅱ)形成二聚体。将同晶的[(trien)Cu(im)Zn(trien)](ClO 4 ) 3 ·H 2 O在其中进行掺杂,对所得的混合单晶ESR谱经拟合获得两套 g 和 A 张量主值及其主轴的方向余弦,并归属于单胞中两个磁性等价分子的物理不等价晶位。进一步计算了Cu(Ⅱ)配位几何构型的畸变程度和铜原子线性组合分子轨道的键参数,讨论了其成键性质。

Field of study: Chemistry
Experimental study on liquid drainage characteristics of metal foams under sloshing conditions

For applying metal foam in enhancing the condensation heat transfer of shell-and-tube heat exchangers, the liquid drainage characteristics of metal foams under sloshing conditions are investigated experimentally. The experimental conditions include the pore density of 5-40 PPI and the porosity of 0.85–0.95. The results show that, the liquid drainage performance of metal foams is improved by sloshing motions; as the sloshing frequency and angle increase, the liquid retention of metal foam decreases by a maximum of 44%. A sloshing impact factor is employed to evaluate the influence of sloshing motions, and the impact factors of rolling, swaying and heaving motions are within 0.56–1.0, 0.93–1.0 and 0.92–1.0, respectively. With the increasing PPI, the shape of liquid retained in metal foam changes from droplet to scattered or full layer, which has significant effect on the drainage performance. A correlation for predicting the mass liquid retention was developed within a deviation of ±20%.

Field of study: Engineering
Surface charging in laser damage to dielectric surfaces and thin films.

We investigated the relationship between laser damage and surface charging of the damaged area on dielectric thin film coatings of HfO(2) and M(g)F(2) and on bare polished surfaces of fused silica and M(g)F(2). A noncontacting Kelvin probe was developed which was sensitive to surface charge and surface potential changes and had a patial resolution of 1 mm. With this probe, surface charge density changes due to laser irradiation could be mapped over relatively large areas with great accuracy in a nonintrusive manner. All the samples tested showed the accumulation of negative charge in areas more than 10 times larger in diameter than the laser beam spot or damage area. This initial charge density was observed to decay on a time scale of 1 h to a lower fixed value associated with permanent damage to the surface.

Field of study: Physics
Allelic polymorphism in IL‐1β and IL‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1Ra) genes in inflammatory bowel disease

Recent reports have shown that allele 2 of the IL‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1Ra) gene is over‐represented in ulcerative colitis (UC). Healthy individuals carrying allele 2 of this gene have increased production of IL‐1Ra protein. Since the final outcome of the biological effects of IL‐1β may depend on the relative proportion of these two cytokines, we have studied if a TaqI polymorphism in the IL‐1β gene, which is relevant to IL‐1β protein production, may be involved in the genetic susceptibility to UC and Crohn's disease (CD), in association with the established IL‐1Ra gene polymorphism. Polymorphisms in the closely linked genes for IL‐1β and IL‐1Ra were typed in 100 unrelated Dutch patients with UC, 79 with CD, and 71 healthy controls. The polymorphic regions in exon 5 of the IL‐1β gene and in intron 2 of the IL‐1Ra gene, were studied by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based methods. The IL‐1β allele frequencies in UC and CD patients did not differ from those in healthy controls. In order to study if the IL‐1β gene polymorphism might participate synergistically with the IL‐1Ra gene polymorphism in susceptibility to UC and CD, individuals were distributed into carriers and non‐carriers of allele 2 of the genes encoding IL‐1β and IL‐1Ra, in each of the patient groups and controls. Results indicated a significant association of this pair of genes, estimated by the odds ratio (OR) after performing Fisher's exact test, in the UC group (P= 0·023, OR = 2·81), as well as in the CD group (P= 0·01, OR = 3·79). Thus, non‐carriers of IL‐1β allele 2 were more often present in the subgroup of patients carrying the IL‐1Ra allele 2. By contrast, no association of these alleles was detected in the group of healthy controls (P= 1·00, OR = 0·92). These results suggest that the IL‐1β/IL‐1Ra allelic cluster may participate in defining the biological basis of predisposition to chronic inflammatory bowel diseases.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Zum Flyschproblem in den Westpyrenäen

ZusammenfassungDie nur leicht gefalteten Westpyrenäen erlauben, die Stellung des dortigen Albflysch in seinem paläogeographischen Rahmen zu rekonstruieren. Die Sedimentologie der Sandsteine, ihre Körnung, Zusammensetzung, Transportrichtung sowie die Gefällsverhältnisse des Meeresbodens ließen sich flächenhaft darstellen. Daran schließen sich einige kritische Bemerkungen zum Flyschproblem, insbesondere zur Rolle der turbidity currents. Western Pyrenees are but slightly deformed. They allow a determination of their Albian Flysch in its paleogeographic evironment. A complete sedimentology of the sandstones in question including transport-directions and, gradients of its marine sedimentary environment could be lined out. Critical remarks concerning Flysch problems and, turbidites are attached.RésuméLes Pyrénées orientales, qui ne sont que faiblement plissées, permettent de retracer la situation du flysch albien dans son cadre paléogéographique. La sédimentologie des grès, leur granularité, leur composition, la direction du transport ainsi que le gradient de pente du fond de la mer peuvent être figurés suivant son étendue. Viennent ensuite quelques remarques critiques sur le problème du flysch, en particulier sur le rôle des courants de turbidité.Краткое содержаниеОписана складчатая з она западных Пиренее в и делается попытка реконструкц ии палеогеографи этого района. Изучен литоло гический и гранулометрический состав осадочных пор од. В конце дискутируется пробл ема флиша.

Field of study: Environmental science
Drug use among a sample of males admitted to an alcohol detoxication center.

Urine samples were obtained from 93% of a sample of 111 consecutive male admissions to a nonmedical detoxication center in Toronto. Analysis of these samples revealed that 51 (50%) had traces of drugs other than alcohol and that 12 (12%) were alcohol free. Benzodiazepines were the most frequently detected drugs and these were found in 32% of all samples. Barbiturates were detected in seven (7%) samples and cannabinoids in 10 (10%) samples. A wide range of urine alcohol concentrations was found and some samples had zero or low concentrations. Although alcohol urine concentrations were generally lower in samples containing other drugs, the distribution of urine alcohol concentrations was similar for samples containing only alcohol and those containing alcohol and some other drug. Of the 51 samples found to contain drugs other than alcohol, subjects' self-reports were concordant in 27 cases (53%). Most of the discrepancies between self-reports and urine analysis were due to the under-reporting of the use of benzodiazepines. Subjects with drugs in their urine tended to be younger than others, but they were not distinguished with respect to their behaviors while in the detoxication center or length of stay. Those with the highest urine alcohol concentrations had shorter stays in the detoxication center. Implications for further studies are discussed.

Field of study: Medicine
The Necessity of ASEAN Community in Producing Pilots.

The main objectives of this study are to identify the reasons for the shortage of pilots; the necessity of producing Pilots and the obstacles and problems faced by ASEAN Community in producing pilots. The study is conducted by official documents, observations, in-depth interview from personnel who are working for Airports Authority of Thailand, Aeronautical Radio of Thailand Ltd., Civil Aviation Training Center, The Aviation Training Units, Airlines Administrative College and people who have passed in their flight training courses and are waiting for their Pilot Licenses as a whole. Primarily, there are 30 respondents who have given the required information. The study has found that: 1) the shortage of pilots is because of the growth of Low-Cost Carriers, due to the increase of its routes, increase in number of passengers who fly in and out of the country, the increase in aircraft producing process and pilot resignations. 2) There is necessity to produce more pilots, because of few institutions that offer pilot programmes. Besides, there are not too many students who opt to undergo the programme of Multi Crew Pilot License (MPL), usually this program takes at least 1 to 3 years to complete. 3) The obstacles and problems in producing pilots in ASEAN countries are the expensiveness of the teaching equipments, the high tuition fees and the stress encountered by most trainees in clearing tests.  producing pilots; shortages; obstacles; ASEAN Community.

Field of study: Education
Impact of reducing and oxidizing agents on the infectivity of Qβ phage and the overall structure of its capsid.

Qβ phages infect Escherichia coli in the human gut by recognizing F-pili as receptors. Infection therefore occurs under reducing conditions induced by physiological agents (e.g. glutathione) or the intestinal bacterial flora. After excretion in the environment, phage particles are exposed to oxidizing conditions and sometimes disinfection. If inactivation does not occur, the phage may infect new hosts in the human gut through the oral route. During such a life cycle, we demonstrated that, outside the human gut, cysteines of the major protein capsid of Qβ phage form disulfide bonds. Disinfection with NaClO does not allow overoxidation to occur. Such oxidation induces inactivation rather by irreversible damage to the minor proteins. In the presence of glutathione, most disulfide bonds are reduced, which slightly increases the capacity of the phage to infect E. coli in vitro Such reduction is reversible and barely alters infectivity of the phage. Reduction of all disulfide bonds by dithiothreitol leads to complete capsid destabilization. These data provide new insights into how the phages are impacted by oxidizing-reducing conditions outside their host cell and raises the possibility of the intervention of the redox during life cycle of the phage.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
The Working Alliance in Group Counseling: An Exploratory Study

The working alliance is a well-defined component of the therapeutic relationship. The present exploratory study examined the development of the working alliance within a group counseling context. The participants (N = 50) were students in a graduate program in mental health counseling taking an experiential training course in group dynamics. Participants rated their perceptions of the working alliance at the end of each session in a time-limited training group. Group members' perceptions of their alliance with the group leader and the group as a whole were positively correlated. Outcomes of the group experience were strongly related to the perceived strength of the working alliance as early as the fourth session. Outcomes were also positively correlated with the bonding and agreement-on-goals aspects of the working alliance, but not with the group tasks aspect. The more that group members reported strong working alliances, the more they tended to report that they had self-disclosed in the group.

Field of study: Psychology
Predicting trace metal solubility and fractionation in Urban soils from isotopic exchangeability.

Metal-salt amended soils (MA, n = 23), and historically-contaminated urban soils from two English cities (Urban, n = 50), were investigated to assess the effects of soil properties and contaminant source on metal lability and solubility. A stable isotope dilution method, with and without a resin purification step, was used to measure the lability of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn. For all five metals in MA soils, lability (%E-values) could be reasonably well predicted from soil pH value with a simple logistic equation. However, there was evidence of continuing time-dependent fixation of Cd and Zn in the MA soils, following more than a decade of storage under air-dried conditions, mainly in high pH soils. All five metals in MA soils remained much more labile than in Urban soils, strongly indicating an effect of contaminant source on metal lability in the latter. Metal solubility was predicted for both sets of soil by the geochemical speciation model WHAM-VII, using E-value as an input variable. For soils with low metal solution concentrations, over-estimation of Cd, Ni and Zn solubility was associated with binding to the Fe oxide fraction while accurate prediction of Cu solubility was dependent on humic acid content. Lead solubility was most poorly described, especially in the Urban soils. Generally, slightly poorer estimation of metal solubility was observed in Urban soils, possibly due to a greater incidence of high pH values. The use of isotopically exchangeable metal to predict solubility is appropriate both for historically contaminated soils and where amendment with soluble forms of metal is used, as in toxicological trials. However, the major limitation to predicting solubility may lie with the accuracy of model input variables such as humic acid and Fe oxide contents where there is often a reliance on relatively crude analytical estimations of these variables. Trace metal reactivity in urban soils depends on both soil properties and the original source material; the WHAM geochemical model predicts solubility using isotopically exchangeable metal as an input.

Field of study: Environmental science
Multi-quantum well distributed feedback and distributed Bragg reflector lasers

Unlike bulk semiconductors, quantum well (QW) structures exhibit unique optical features, because their band structure is completely different. In this paper, the authors review the applications of multi-quantum well (MQW) structures to AlGaAs/GaAs distributed feedback (DFB) and distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) lasers. Theoretical and experimental results on the lasing characteristics of MQW DFB lasers are described, mainly focusing on linewidth. Reduction in the chirp and the alpha -parameter were measured, and a linewidth as narrow as 1.5 MHz was obtained. Next they review various characteristics of MQW DBR lasers. In these lasers, MQW structures were used both as an active layer and as a low loss passive waveguide. Highly efficient surface emission from the second-order grating was observed. They also measured the fast bistable switching and beam switching characteristics. In the last part they review the fabrication and characterisation of AlGaAs/GaAs quantum well wires grown on corrugated substrates.

Field of study: Materials science
Synthesis of Cytotoxic 4-Sulfonyl-, 4-Sulfonylthio-and 4-Sulfothioazetidinones-2

Abstract4-Sulfonylazetidinones-2 were synthesized by the reaction of DBU and organic halides on the esters of penicillin sulfones. 4-Sulfonylthio- and 4-sulfothioazetindinones-2 were synthesized by nucleophilic substitution of the 2-benzothiazolylthio groups in 4-(benzothiazolylthio)azetidinones-2 using sodium sulfinates or sodium hydrogen sulfite. A study of their cytotoxic activities revealed the anticancer effect of compounds containing methylsulfonylthio-, 4-tolylsulfonylthio-, and 4-methoxycarbonylamino-phenylsulfonylthio-substituents at position 4 of the β-lactam ring relative to a wide range of monolayer cultures of cancer cells in vitro.

Field of study: Chemistry
Comparative Study on Fiber Morphological Characters of Poplar before and after Pulp Manufacture

In order to investigate fiber morphological characters of poplar before and after pulp manufacture,the fiber length,fiber width,double wall thickness and lumen diameter of fiber of two kinds of poplar from different stand conditions were determined and analyzed.Different stand condition had significant effects on fiber length and fiber length-width ratio of different poplar clones.Fiber dimensions of different poplar clones were different at the same stand conditions.By comparison,characters of pulp manufacture of 69-1 poplar was superior to 72-2 poplar's,characters of pulp manufacture of 7208 poplar was superior to 6901 poplar's.The length of fiber after pulp manufacture decreased,the width of fiber increased.After pulp manufacture,the distribution of fiber length is approaching to normal distribution,and the match of actual summit data to standard summit data is less than perfect.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
What do observations tell us about the highest-redshift supermassive black holes?

I review the current understanding of some key properties of the earliest growing supermassive black holes (SMBHs), as determined from the most up-to-date observations of z ≲ 5 quasars. This includes their accretion rates and growth history, their host galaxies, and the large-scale environments that enabled their emergence less than a billion years after the Big Bang. The available multi-wavelength data show that these SMBHs are consistent with Eddington-limited, radiatively efficient accretion that had to proceed almost continuously since very early epochs. ALMA observations of the hosts’ ISM reveal gas-rich, well developed galaxies, with a wide range of SFRs that may exceed ∼1000 Mȯyr−1. Moreover, ALMA uncovers a high fraction of companion, interacting galaxies, separated by < 100 kpc (projected). This supports the idea that the first generation of high-mass, luminous SMBHs grew in over-dense environments, and that major mergers may be important drivers for rapid SMBH and host galaxy growth. Current X-ray surveys cannot access the lower-mass, supposedly more abundant counterparts of these rare z ≳ 5 massive quasars, which should be able to elucidate the earliest stages of BH formation and growth. Such lower-mass nuclear BHs will be the prime targets of the deepest surveys planned for the next generation of facilities, such as the upcoming Athena mission and the future Lynx mission concept.

Field of study: Physics
Health Care Rationing and Insured Access: Does the Catholic Tradition Have Anything to Say?

In a recent article in The New England Journal of Medicine, Arnold Reiman began by saying: "Suddenly everyone is talking about rationing."· Indeed, the debate over the restructuring of the Medicaid plan in Oregon has ignited a national discussion about rationing health care services. What reasops are there to even enter into discussion about "rationing" health care? To "ration" something means to have an allotment, or share of something. It implies limits to what one can have. In a broad sense, limiting health care to what one can purchase is a form of rationing: market rationing. However, "rationing" is more usually employed to identify some constraints, set by others, upon one's access to resources. Here, in particular, the focus is upon limitations on the amount of health care resources one can demand from physicians, health care providers, or third party payers. In particular, fueled by concerns about the rising cost of health care, a national debate is emerging about whether there should be limits to public health care resources and, if so, how such limits should be shaped. We need to be very clear that we are not talking about rationing health care as, for example, basic staples were rationed in the United States during the Second World War. In the Oregon discussions, we are talking about rationing the public resources that will be expended for health care. People will continue to be free to use their resources to obtain health care beyond the basic level. There are three factors that provoke the present dilemma in health care which has, in turn, provoked discussion of rationing. First, there are the questions which arise as we face difficult decisions in making macroallocational choices about the use of our nation's financial resources. Each time we make such allocation choices about defense or education we are

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Some Geologic Problems of Mars

Data on the body of Mars are as yet insufficient to allow computation of meaningful models of the internal structure or density stratification within the planet. The flattening of the solid surface appears to be greater than the flattening of the equipotential surface by about a factor of two. The resultant possibility that the equatorial regions are high compared to the polar areas has many geological and biological implications. Most of the inner planets—Mercury, Venus, Earth, Moon, and Mars—have bulk compositions which differ from one another as well as from that of the stony meteorites. The thermal histories of the planets have therefore differed because of different original compositions as well as different sizes and distances from the Sun. More data on the surface topography are required in order to make geological interpretations which are not largely subjective. The dark areas could be either highlands or lowlands relative to surrounding bright areas. Although sharp relief of several thousand feet is probably absent or nearly so, substantial mountain ranges, plateaus, or basins could exist if the slopes on their flanks are gradual. Liquid water cannot exist on the surface of Mars, and aqueous erosion features, if they once existed, have become subdued by aeolian activity. Winds on Mars may move more and coarser material than winds on Earth. Deep accumulations of aeolian deposits have formed, at least locally. Mariner IV pictures show an impact-crater distribution much like the highland areas of the Moon. Many craters with original depths of less than about 8000–10,000 feet have become obliterated on Mars by windblown dust.

Field of study: Geology