nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
AGN Absorption Linked to Host Galaxies

Multiwavelength identification of AGN is crucial not only to obtain a more complete census, but also to learn about the physical state of the nuclear activity (obscuration, efficiency, etc.). A panchromatic strategy plays an especially important role when the host galaxies are star-forming. Selecting far-Infrared galaxies at 0.3<z<1, and using AGN tracers in the X-ray, optical spectra, mid-infrared, and radio regimes, we found a twice higher AGN fraction than previous studies, thanks to the combined AGN identification methods and in particular the recent Mass-Excitation (MEx) diagnostic diagram. We furthermore find an intriguing relation between AGN X-ray absorption and the specific star formation rate (sSFR) of the host galaxies, indicating a physical link between X-ray absorption and either the gas fraction or the gas geometry in the hosts. These findings have implications for our current understanding of both the AGN unification model and the nature of the black hole-galaxy connection.

Field of study: Physics
Laparoscopic inguinal herniotomy in bladder exstrophy: a new solution to an old problem?

Laparoscopy is now the established management for infants with inguinal hernia at our institution. Open inguinal herniotomy in children with bladder exstrophy can be a difficult operation and is associated with a high rate of recurrence (15%). Here, we report our initial experience with laparoscopic repair of inguinal hernia in three children with bladder exstrophy.



Three boys with repaired bladder exstrophy presented with inguinal hernia during follow up. The clinical presentation was bilateral in one and findings at surgery were bilateral open internal rings in two. Under general anaesthesia, pneumoperitoneum of 10 mmHg was raised with a Hasson port at the umbilicus. Two further instruments were inserted in the right and left flanks without ports. Two 4/0 Prolenetrade mark purse string sutures were placed to securely close the internal ring. The umbilicus was closed with an absorbable suture, and the skin incisions were closed with Indermil Gluetrade mark.



All infants made an uneventful recovery, being discharged within 24h. There were no complications. There has been no sign of recurrence during a mean follow up of 16 months.



Laparoscopic inguinal herniotomy is a technically straightforward and effective way to treat inguinal hernias in children with bladder exstrophy.

Field of study: Medicine
Factors influencing bug diversity (Insecta: Heteroptera) in semi-natural habitats

We investigated the abundance and species richness of heteropteran bugs and explored environmental factors which influence bug diversity in three types of semi-natural habitats (wild-flower areas, extensively used meadows, extensively grazed pastures). To cover this topic, it is essential to know how much the relatively young wildflower areas contribute to biodiversity compared with well-established extensive meadows and pastures. Total bug species richness and phytophagous bug species richness were significantly higher in wildflower areas and meadows than in pastures. In wildflower areas, we found the highest number of zoophagous bug species and species overwintering in the egg-stage. Species overwintering as adults were most abundant in meadows. Total number of bug species as well as species richness in either trophic groups and overwintering strategies were significantly positively correlated with vegetation structure. Except for overwintering strategies, the same was true to bug abundance. The bug community based on the number of individuals per species was significantly explained by flower abundance and vegetation structure, accounting for 18.4 and 16.8% of the variance, respectively. Our results indicate that vegetation structure and flower abundance are key factors for bug species richness, abundance and bug species composition. Since wildflower areas and meadows clearly increased bug species richness and contained several specialised bug species that did not occur in pastures, we recommend the promotion of wildflower areas and extensively used meadows in order to restore both high heteropteran diversity and overall insect biodiversity in agricultural landscapes.

Field of study: Environmental science
Regulatory space and the contextual mediation of common functional pressures: analyzing the factors that led to the German Efficiency Frontier approach.

There are no automatic links between the functional advantages and pressures associated with delegation to independent agencies for Health Technology Assessment (HTA) and their emergence in national regulatory spaces. We argue that the rise of these organizations is mediated by contextual factors, which must be explained. Accordingly, we analyze the German 'regulatory space' for health policy decision-making, identifying contextual factors relevant to the adoption of the Efficiency Frontier approach. Based on qualitative interviews with key stakeholders, we argue that the development of the Efficiency Frontier can be associated with cultural reluctance to frame healthcare prioritization decisions around cost based valuations of human health and related doubts about the validity of metrics for human health gain. Based on this finding, we conclude that the delegation of authority to independent HTA agencies follows a broadly evolutionary pattern, in which contextual factors allow for significant variation in institutional and methodological responses to the functional pressures and advantages leading to their establishment.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Characteristics of GaAs MESFET inverters exposed to high energy neutrons

GaAs MESFET circuits were exposed to high-energy neutrons with fluences ranging from 1*10/sup 14/ n/cm/sup 2/ to 2*10/sup 15/ n/cm/sup 2/. The reflections of discrete transistors, inverters, and ring oscillators were characterized at each fluence. While the MESFETs exhibit significant threshold voltage shifts and transconductance and saturation current degradation over this range of neutron fluences, an improvement in the DC characteristics of Schottky diode FET logic (SDFL) inverters was observed. This unusual result has been successfully simulated using device parameters extracted from FETs damaged by exposure to high-energy neutrons. Although the decrease in device transconductance results in an increase in inverter gate delay as reflected in ring oscillator frequency measurements, it is concluded that GaAs ICs fabricated from this logic family will remain functional after exposure to extreme neutron fluences. This is a consequence of the observed improvement in inverter noise margin evident in both measured and simulated circuit performance.

Field of study: Physics
Transport and retention of reduced graphene oxide materials in saturated porous media: Synergistic effects of enhanced attachment and particle aggregation.

The increasing production and use of graphene-based nanomaterials (e.g., graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO)) will lead to their environmental release. To date, transport of RGOs in saturated porous media is poorly understood. Here, we examined the transport behaviors of three RGO materials obtained by reducing a GO product with commonly used reducing agents - N2H4, NaBH4 and L-ascorbic acid (referred to as N2H4-RGO, NaBH4-RGO and VC-RGO, respectively). When the dominant background cation was Na+, K+ or Mg2+, the mobility of the RGOs and GO in saturated quartz sand correlated well with their surface C/O ratio. Interestingly, the lower mobility of the more reduced materials (the ones with higher C/O values) was not only the results of their less negative surface charges and larger particle sizes, but also the outcome of their greater hydrophobicity, in line with the calculated extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (XDLVO) profiles. Counterintuitively, when the background cation was Ca2+, the least reduced material among the three RGOs, VC-RGO, exhibited the lowest mobility. Analysis of electrophoretic and aggregation properties, as well as pH-effect experiments, indicated that the surprisingly low mobility of VC-RGO was attributable to the strong cation-bridging effect (primarily Ca2+-bridging between RGO and quartz sand) associated with this material, as VC-RGO contained the highest amount of surface carboxyl group (a strong metal-binding moiety). Notably, enhanced attachment (due to increased hydrophobic effect and cation-bridging) and particle aggregation appeared to work synergistically to increase RGO retention, as the attachment of large RGO aggregates significantly enhanced particle straining by narrowing the flow path. These observations reveal a largely overlooked link between the mobility of graphene-based materials and their key physicochemical properties.

Field of study: Environmental science
Purification of native F1 antigen from Yersinia pestis EV76 anti its efficacy against Yersinia pestis in mice

To purify native F1 antigen from E pestis EV76 strain and determine its ef-ficacy against Y. pestis.  A new purification method was developed by the substitution of physical disruption ( glass beads) for organic solvent ( acetone and toluene) one, followed by a combination of ammo-nium sulfate fractionation and SephacrylS-200HR column filtration chromatography. Groups of mice were im-munized with F1 antigen adsorbed to 25% aluminum hydroxide in PBS by intramuscular route. The immu-nized animals were challenged subeutaneously(s, c. ) with 104 CFU of Y. pestis strain 141 at 18 weeks after the primary immunization.  There was no IgG titre difference between two groups of mice with one-dose immunization, whereas in the two-dose immunization groups, the group F1-40 μg induced a statistically higher antibody titre than the group F1-20 μg. Complete protection was observed for animals immunized with purified F1 antigen by s.c. route. In contrast, the control mice immunized with aluminum hydroxide suc-cumbed to a same dose of Y. pestis 141 challenge.  This purification strategy is a simple and ef-fective, and can be operated in a large scale. Native F1 antigen extracted from Y. pestis EV76 is highly im-munagenic, and can be used as a key antigen component to develop sub-unit vaccine of plague. 
 
 
Yersinia pestis; FI antigen; Protective immunity

Field of study: Biology
Book reviews: Kenji Hakuta, 1986: Mirror of language; the debate on bilingualism. New York: Basic Books Inc., 286 pp

A third point relates to the temporal properties of language processing. Wernicke (1885) points out that an important source of impairment could be that some representations are not available for a sufficient amount of time to activate other representations. This dynamic hypothesis, first suggested by his contemporary Grashey, was taken up again later by Von Monakow, Goldstein, Luria and Lenneberg. Caplan makes no mention of this tradition. I believe that much of the ’neurolinguistic’ work can be directly confronted with current theorizing. Recent work on dyslexia revolves around the very same issues as work on early connectionism. The same is true of modern connectionism in general. Of course, current models

Field of study: Linguistics
The Nearly Good, the Bad, and the Ugly in Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Health Care

As the national debate about health care access, cost, and quality continues, the citizen-participant in democratic self-governance will continue to be bombarded by contradictory scientific discoveries about medical practices. This exacerbates the problems faced by government, health care providers, and individuals as they try to decide what medical procedures are worth the money spent on them. This article examines one approach that promises some solutions, Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA). Other forms of evaluation of medical outcomes are also being discussed, but CEA appears to be the most popular because it combines indications of results (effectiveness of a treatment, for example) with the cost of achieving the result. The more ardent advocates of this kind of analysis, or variations on it, think that its use may improve efficiency of resource allocation for health care not only of treatments for specific ailments, but across the totality of health programs [Torrance 1986, 51.

Field of study: Economics
Peripheral blood proinflammatory response in women during menstrual cycle and endometriosis.

The aim of this study was to evaluate differences in levels of serum and monocyte derived interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and neopterin (NPT) in women with normal or abnormal menstrual cycles and women with endometriosis. The women participating in this study were divided into 4 groups: 25 women with normal menstrual cycle; 25 women taking oral contraception (OC); 20 postmenopausal women and 25 endometriosis patients. IL-1beta, IL-6 and NPT levels in serum and monocyte culture media were measured with ELISA methods. The data collected showed the lowest serum NPT levels in women with follicular menstrual cycles. The levels of both types of interleukins in serum were the lowest in women using OC. In contrast, the highest concentrations of all cytokines were found in the serum of women with endometriosis. The lowest monocyte activity was observed in women with a follicular menstrual cycle phase and the highest in endometriosis. Monocytes from women using OC secreted similar amounts of cytokines to the cells during the follicular menstrual cycle phase. Changes occurring at the time of contraception, after menopause and during endometriosis, are followed by changed proinflammatory monocyte activity, which is associated with different secretion of cytokines. OC can inhibit inflammatory monocyte properties. Lower serum concentration of cytokines compared to cell secretion may suggest some control mechanisms of monocyte activity.

Field of study: Medicine
Rsearch of Fault Line Selection Based on Wavelet Method and fuzzy Reasoning

The transient fault characters of single-line-to-ground fault in no-direct-ground-system are analyzed.The merits and demerits of traditional wavelet methods in no-direct-ground-system are summarized.A new fault line selecting method is proposed for single-line-to-ground fault line selecting.The membership functions of every scale are defined to assess the nature of every scale.Based on the membership functions,the proposed method can obtain a integrated result based on fuzzy inference,and increase the correct rate of fault line selecting.The simulation result shows the rauding and the feasibility of the proposed method.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Structural and optical properties of tin (II) sulfide thin films deposited using organophosphorus precursor (Ph3PS)

Tin sulfide (SnS) thin films have been deposited onto glass substrates using triphenylphosphine sulfide (Ph3PS) as a sulfur precursor in a chemical vapor deposition reactor in a temperature range of 250 °C–400 °C. The influence of the sulphidisation temperature in the crystal structure, surface morphology, chemical composition and optical properties has been investigated. X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive analysis of x-rays, and Raman spectroscopy showed that pure SnS thin films have been successfully obtained at 250 °C. All the deposited films were polycrystalline and showed orthorhombic structure, with a preferential orientation according to the direction 〈111〉. The optical measurements showed that the films deposited exhibited a direct allowed transition and have a relatively high absorption coefficient. The presence of mixed tin sulfide phases granted by the variation of the sulphidisation temperature has affected the optical properties of the deposited films. The refractive index (n) and extinction coefficient (k), has low values compared to conventional semiconductor materials. The grown films can be considered as a good light absorbing material and a promising candidate for application in optoelectronic devices.

Field of study: Materials science
Scientific psychopathology and religious issues.

During the last few years it has become more and more apparent that there exists a considerable tension between traditional religious thought and certain assertions on the part of social sciences and psychology, which have been influenced to a great extent by psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis was born out of psychopathology, and both sociology and psychopathology joined hands to make friends with one another and with anthropology. The result has been the almost emphatic assertion that psychopathology and social sciences have become scientific disciplines, or that they have been more influenced by the scientific method than by philosophy. The conversion (if I may use this term here, rather conditionally) of social sciences and psychology to the scientific method has done an immeasurable amount of good. No one would deny the revolutionary and far-reaching contributions that have been made by psychopathology during the last fifty years. No one would question the new breadth and depth of our knowledge of man, which we owe to psychoanalysis and cultural anthropology. At the same time, there is sufficient evidence of a conflict between religion and those trends or systems of sociology and psychology which claim the distinction of being scientific. However, despite the very loudness and intensity of the voices, I would make bold to state from the very outset that this conflict is only a conflict between men who use either religion or science as a weapon of attack or defense. Freud's official attitude toward religion is well known. His book The Future of an Illusion ends with a positive denial that there can be any knowledge outside science: "Science is no illusion. But it would be an illusion to suppose that we could get anywhere else what it cannot give us."

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION KINETICS OF 4BS DYESTUFF

Photocatalytic degradation kinetics of 4BS dye stuff was studied in an open batch slurry reactor with fine particulate TiO 2 catalyst and UV light. The influences of mixing of solid-liquid and external diffusion on degradation rate were eliminated by increasing stirred rate. Favorable pH was about 3 5. Distance of light source with surface of solution was also important for photocatalytic reaction, but the effect of intensity of illumination was very complicated, so a special and acceptable light intensity was selected by changing the position of lamp. Then the experiments by changing the amount of catalyst, reaction time and initial concentrations of reactant were made.A suitable amount of catalyst was about 1 0 g·L -1 , and the higher the initial concentrations of dyestuff, the lower the degradation rate. According to numeric analysis for the above experimental results, the reaction kinetics was second order with respect to the concentration of 4BS, and the reaction rate was proportional to the amount of catalyst under the experimental condition. However, the rate constant was different for the catalyst amount in 0 5 g·L -1 or in the range of 1 0-6 0 g·L -1 , which was due to the change of determinanf factor for degradations. The reaction kinetics that could be used for all of the degradation process was necessary in the reactor design.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Nineteenth-Century Philippines and the Friar-Problem

At the closing years of the nineteenth century the Philippine Islands became a territorial part of the United States. For this “imperialist” domination of another people, the latter government, being based on the principle of popular sovereignty, had to find a justification. It found reason in the contention that it was helping the Filipino people achieve their independence from the despotism of Spanish rule; after that, the United States Government felt obliged to provide a stable government in the islands in place of the former colonial government. For the benefit of the American people, most of whom had only then heard of the Philippines, scores of articles were written on this Far Eastern country. In line with the government's position—that of posing as the “ savior ” of an oppressed people—and influenced by the revolutionary propaganda which had characterized the period of struggle for independence, these writers tended to paint a more or less dark picture of the Philippine Archipelago as it stood in the last century of Spanish colonization. What really was the state of the Philippines in the nineteenth century has remained a question of great interest and undiminished historical importance. Another Philippine affair was met with equal interest in this country: the friar-problem.

Field of study: History
Evaluation of diffuse technologies: the case of digital imaging networks.

There have been significant developments in recent years in the methodologies and methods for the evaluation of a wide range of health technologies. There remain, though, many technologies which are difficult to evaluate. Often the difficulty stems from the complexity of the technologies themselves, which are in effect hybrids, comprising combinations of several distinct elements. In this paper these are termed 'diffuse' technologies, because the different elements exert different costs and effects, often across several different services. Computer networks are one, increasingly important, example of such technologies in health care. While it is possible to evaluate individual elements of such technologies, it is not clear how to evaluate the technology as a whole, where the whole may be greater (or less) than the sum of the parts. The paper outlines a seven-stage framework for the evaluation of diffuse technologies. The general principles of evaluation are illustrated using the example of picture archiving and communication systems (PACS), which are computer systems designed to capture, store and distribute electronic radiological images within a hospital.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Thermal-hydrogen Treatment Technology of Titanium and Its Alloys

The main function mechanics of thermal-hydrogen treatment technology and effects of hydrogen element on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti and its alloys were demonstrated. The applications of thermal-hydrogen treatment technology in grain refinement, plasticity induced by hydrogen and powder metallurgy of titanium alloys were especially introduced . At last, the prospect and problems of thermal-hydrogen treatment technology were discussed.

Field of study: Materials science