nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A multi-band analogue frequency sensor with sub-MHz resolution based on a Vortex Nano-Oscillator.

As the Internet of Things (IoT) becomes more integral to how we live our lives and society becomes ever increasingly connected, the need for efficient nanoscale radio frequency detection is becoming more of a pressing issue. The commonly used technique of a superheterodyne conversion of the incoming signal to an intermediate frequency (IF), requires a relatively large electronic circuit, including a local oscillator, mixer, various filters and a rectifier (i.e. diode). In order to radically simplify this process, we propose a spintronics-based nanometric single device whose resistance varies linearly as a function of the incoming frequency. This analogue frequency sensor allows a direct measurement of the incoming frequency and can work over many frequency bands and could replace a significantly larger conventional electronics circuit, thus reducing the footprint and potentially the energy cost. Three types of operation of the frequency sensor are demonstrated: a HF/VHF sensor based on a subharmonic modulation working across 9 different bands with 1-10 MHz bandwidth and 200 kHz resolution, a VHF/UHF sensor based on direct gyrotropic excitation operating between 150-225MHz with 250 kHz resolution and a UHF/SHF sensor based on indirect spin wave excitation operating between 2-4GHz with a 2.5 MHz resolution.

Field of study: Physics
Right Ventricular Functions in Pulmonary Thromboembolism

this is a letter to editor We have read with great interest the paper entitled 'Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Patients with Prior Pulmonary Thromboembolism' Buyukterzi et al.1 is very important study. We have some suggestions about this trial. Firstly there are several echocardiographic parameters are available to determine right ventricular functions. Fractional area change (FAC), tricuspit annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), tissue Doppler derived right ventricular systolic excursion velocity S', strain and strain rate are the major determiner of right ventricular systolic functions. Moreover we can evaluate global right ventricular functions with myocardial performance indexes.2 Because of higher intraobserver variability right ventricular size measurement is not the gold standard the assesment of right ventricular functions. We can also determine it with radionuclid anjiography or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.3 Secondly if right ventricular functions diminishes, left ventricular functions may influence. Left ventricular functions are not detected comprehensive by their. For example tissue Doppler parameters and diastolic dysfunction parameters.4 We wonder the patients characteristics that how many patients had major pulmoary thromboembolism and received thrombolitic treatment. In this study there wasn't detected any inflammatory markers and elevated pressure or volume overload were not detected with brain natriuretic peptide levels or N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide levels.5Materials (Subjects) and Methodsthis is a letter to editorResults: this is a letter to editorConclusion:this is a letter to editor.

Field of study: Medicine
Digital Subtraction Angiography

Digital subtraction angiography (DSA), utilizing computerized x-ray imaging equipment for image acquisition and subtraction, will provide substantial improvements in blood vessel imaging. With the high contrast sensitivity of these systems, visualization of major blood vessels using intravenous injections of radiographic contrast media is possible on a routine basis. Current technology, using digitized video fluoroscopy and temporal subtraction, may in the future be upgraded using energy subtraction, or a combination of time and energy (hybrid subtraction). Applications of line-scanned radiography to DSA have been demonstrated but improvements in frame rate and resolution of the line-scanned technology is needed for future systems.

Field of study: Physics
Linear Curve Fitting Using Least Deviations

A method is developed for finding a straight line of best fit to a set of two dimensional points such that the sum of the absolute values of the vertical deviations of the points from the line is a minimum. This is first done with the restriction that the line pass through any designated point. In this case one application of a numerical procedure leads to the solution, which may be an unique line, or a sheaf of lines. When the restriction is removed, iteration of the procedure is necessary to find the line or lines of least deviations.

Field of study: Mathematics
Note: Shelf Life Determination of Korean Seasoned Side Dishes

Three Korean side dishes of seasoned beef soup, soybean sprouts and fried tofu were stored at 0, 3 and 10 C. Changes in sensory, physical and chemical indexes were compared with microbial quality deterioration for shelf life determination. For beef soup, shelf life, based on a microbial quality limit of 106 cfu/g, was comparable to that obtained from sensory quality. The primary quality factor criterion for seasoned soybean sprouts determining shelf life varied with storage temperature. For seasoned tofu, shelf life estimates based on a microbial criterion of 106 cfu/g represented a more conservative estimate than those based on sensory quality at 3 and 10 C. Microbial quality was generally to be a common and sensitive criterion for shelf life determination, thus a microbial growth model was used to estimate shelf life at different temperatures.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The Impact of the Corona Virus Disease 2019 on China’s External Transportation Industry

In order to study the impact of the Corona Virus Disease 2019 epidemic on China's foreign transportation industry, this article summarizes the impact of a sudden major epidemic on trade and transportation, and applies statistical data trend analysis, case analysis, graphic analysis, and comparative analysis. The preliminary research on the Corona Virus Disease 2019 epidemic in the external transportation industry such as ports, shipping and civil aviation. The conclusion of the study is that the Corona Virus Disease 2019 epidemic has concentrated on industries such as ports, shipping, and civil aviation. It is expected that the volume of containers in major coastal ports will decline by more than 20% in March. 30%. Before and after the Spring Festival, the number of international routes decreased by 19, and the number of flights and seats decreased by 28%. The air cargo market was affected by the epidemic. As the epidemic situation is controlled in the short term, production will gradually recover. Correspondingly, countermeasures should be taken to stabilize foreign trade, stabilize production, stabilize channels, and stabilize investment to turn dangers into opportunities and minimize negative impacts. This research will provide a reference for the industry to scientifically respond to the Corona Virus Disease 2019 epidemic.

Field of study: Engineering
Deprotonated imidodiphosphate in AMPPNP-containing protein structures.

Many different proteins utilize the chemical energy provided by the cofactor adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for their proper function. A number of structures in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) contain adenosine 5'-(β,γ-imido)triphosphate (AMPPNP), a nonhydrolysable analog of ATP in which the bridging O atom between the two terminal phosphate groups is substituted by the imido function. Under mild conditions imides do not have acidic properties and thus the imide nitrogen should be protonated. However, an analysis of protein structures containing AMPPNP reveals that the imide group is deprotonated in certain complexes if the negative charges of the phosphate moieties in AMPPNP are in part neutralized by coordinating divalent metals or a guanidinium group of an arginine.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Effectiveness of Coercive and Persuasive Counterinsurgency Practices since 1945

Which counterinsurgency approaches are most effective in defeating insurgencies? Counterinsurgency advocates and critics have debated the effectiveness of winning hearts and minds as well as using brute force against ordinary civilians. But little scholarship has sought to systemically compare these counterinsurgency approaches among a broad range of cases. This paper seeks to remedy this gap in the literature with an empirical analysis of 47 counterinsurgency wars from 1945–2000 to evaluate the effectiveness of coercive and persuasive approaches to counterinsurgency. To do so, I use crisp-set qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), or Boolean analysis, to identify the presence or absence of six coercive and persuasive counterinsurgency practices across all cases. This method enables me to highlight how counterinsurgency victory can be produced by combinations of practices rather than a single set of practices that might be expected to be useful across cases. The results demonstrate that many combinations of coercive, persuasive, and mixed counterinsurgency practices can lead to victory. However, more persuasive combinations of practices consistently lead to counterinsurgent victory compared to others, although limited coercion against civilians is constant in all cases of counterinsurgency. These findings cast doubt on the ability of counterinsurgents to refrain from harming civilians and suggest that victory requires a mix of both positive and negative incentives for cooperation.

Field of study: History, Sociology
Spontaneous motor activity in fetal and infant rats is organized into discrete multilimb bouts.

Spontaneous motor activity (SMA) is a ubiquitous feature of fetal and infant behavior. Although SMA appears random, successive limb movements often occur in bouts. Bout organization was evident at all ages in fetal (embryonic day [E] 17-21) and infant (postnatal day [P] 1-9) rats, with nearly all bouts comprising 1-4 movements of different limbs. A computational model of SMA, including spontaneous activity of spinal motor neurons, intrasegmental and intersegmental interactions, recurrent inhibition, and descending influences, produced bouts with the same structure as that observed in perinatal rats. Consistent with the model, bouts were not eliminated on E20 after cervical spinal transection, suggesting that the brain is not necessary to produce bout organization. These investigations provide a foundation for understanding the contributions of SMA to neuromuscular and motor development.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Photolyse von Nitrosoverbindungen, I. Gasförmiges 2-Methyl-2-nitroso-propan

Die Photolyse von gasformigem 2-Methyl-2-nitroso-propan wurde im Bereich von 25–65° untersucht und der Einflus von Temperatur, Druck sowie Wellenlange auf die Produktverteilung festgestellt (Tabellen 1 und 2). Es wird angenommen, das das Di-tert.-butyl-nitroxid-Radikal eine wesentliche Rolle im Reaktionsablauf spielt. 
 
 
 
The Photolysis of Nitrosocompounds, I. Gaseous 2-Methyl-2-nitrosopropane 
 
 
 
The photolysis of gaseous 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane has been studied over the range of 25–65°. The effect of temperature, pressure and wavelength on the product distribution has been examined (tables 1 and 2). It is proposed that the di-tert.-butylnitroxide radical plays an important part in the reaction sequence.

Field of study: Chemistry
Impact of maintenance dredging on macrobenthic community structure of a tropical estuary

This paper demonstrates the impact of maintenance dredging activities on the macrobenthic community structure of a tropical monsoonal estuary (Cochin estuary), located in the southwest coast of India for three consecutive years. The results of the study indicates apparent differences in benthic fauna and sediment characteristics between dredging and non-dredging sites, while most of the hydrographical parameters (temperature, pH, DO and BOD) exhibited inconspicuous variations. The dredging sites were characterized by significantly lower faunal density, biomass, and diversity and sustained distinct benthic faunal communities. The tubificid Oligochaeta, an opportunistic benthic taxon, was highly abundant in the dredging sites along with less density of Mollusca and Amphipoda. Prominent distinctions were evident in the feeding guilds of macrobenthic fauna between the dredging and non-dredging sites. The Benthic Opportunistic Annelida Amphipods Index (BO2A index), an index of benthic habitat quality showed relatively higher values (>0.24), which indicates the prevalence of poor environmental conditions in the dredging locations. The present study reveals the extent of impacts associated with maintenance dredging activities in a tropical estuary, which can be used to formulate effective management strategies for the protection of ecologically and economically significant benthic communities of estuarine ecosystems.

Field of study: Environmental science
Co-Expression Network Analysis Revealed That the ATP5G1 Gene Is Associated With Major Depressive Disorder

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability worldwide, although its etiology and mechanism remain unknown. The aim of our study was to identify hub genes associated with MDD and to illustrate the underlying mechanisms. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed to identify significant gene modules and hub genes associated with MDD in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) (n = 45). In the blue module (R 2 = 0.95), five common hub genes in both co-expression network and protein–protein interaction (PPI) network were regarded as “real” hub genes. In another independent dataset, GSE52790, four genes were still significantly down-regulated in PBMCs from MDD patients compared with the controls. Furthermore, these four genes were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in PBMCs from 33 MDD patients and 41 healthy controls. The qRT-PCR analysis showed that ATP synthase membrane subunit c locus 1 (ATP5G1) was significantly down-regulated in samples from MDD patients than in control samples (t = −2.89, p-value = 0.005). Moreover, this gene was significantly differentially expressed between patients and controls in the prefrontal cortex (z = −2.83, p-value = 0.005). Highly significant differentially methylated positions were identified in the Brodmann area 25 (BA25), with probes in the ATP5G1 gene being significantly associated with MDD: cg25495775 (t = 2.82, p-value = 0.008), cg25856120 (t = −2.23, p-value = 0.033), and cg23708347 (t = −2.24, p-value = 0.032). These findings indicate that the ATP5G1 gene is associated with the pathogenesis of MDD and that it could serve as a peripheral biomarker for MDD.

Field of study: Biology
Collective analyses on “red-listed species” may have limited value for conservation ecology

While reading, reviewing and citing conservation papers during the last two decades, I have frequently noticed ecological analyses that are based on collective metrics of species of conservation concern. Field studies in particular often relate the number of regionally red-listed (threatened) species found to environmental factors, sometimes using complex multifactor models. Obviously, the occurrence of threatened species supports management decisions and attracts wider public, and ecological analyses of such occurrences may inform us about some threats (e.g., in poorly known ecosystems) or short-term effectiveness of certain conservation management practices (e.g., Flather et al. 1998; Pykälä et al. 2006; Olsson et al. 2014). However, I suspect that a common reason for using collective metrics is inadequate sample size for species-level treatment combined with a lack of critical attitude to the ecological meaning of the analysis. There are both conceptual and practical problems with the ecological relevance of collective threatened-species approaches, which, when unrecognized, may lead to misinterpretation and misuse of the study in conservation management. In addition to general conceptual problems common to any collective indices (e.g., Landres et al. 1988), there are at least four specific issues. First, lists of threatened species (red lists) are snapshots in time that are based on fragmentary knowledge on species and threats, and often include indirect proxies and subjective interpretation (Isaac et al. 2004; Maes et al. 2015). The set of species included (and thus any collective ‘ecological’ relationships reported) can significantly change over years, along with emerging new threats and accumulating knowledge. It may become increasingly difficult to distinguish out-of-date analyses and to communicate that to practitioners. Secondly, the habitat-reduction considerations behind red-listing

Field of study: Environmental science
Effects of the localization of deformations and mass transfer in converging shock waves

Effects of shock wave interaction and the related phenomena of the localization of plastic deformation, destruction, and mass transfer in metal ball samples subjected to explosive loading at pressures of 36 to 150 GPa are studied. A correlation between the macro- and microstructural changes and the geometrical conditions of loading according to various schemes is found. It is shown that the mass transfer effects are of hydrodynamic origin. The depth penetration of the material was 3.2 mm in narrow channels and 0.3 mm in solid material.

Field of study: Physics
“The Forests Cannot Be Commons”

This article examines the sylvan political ecology of late colonial New Spain and the colonial government's attempt to address deforestation through the Council on Forests, the first body in the kingdom's history dedicated to the conservation of natural resources. Drawing primarily from the corpus of documents produced by and remitted to the council, this article gives a trans-regional perspective on colonial forest use and argues that the Spanish crown's usurpation of indigenous communities’ eminent domain over forests was the first step in a process that over centuries progressively severed the cultural ties that bound communities and forests by converting common-pool resources into open-access commons. The catastrophic mortality of the Spanish invasion was the second step, which rendered conservation measures seemingly unnecessary among both woodcutters and officials. But it was during the eighteenth century that older Habsburg notions of protectionism intersected with economic and political changes associated with Bourbon rule to further compel this cultural severance. While previous works have studied the ecological impacts of mining, ranching, and flood control, this article moves beyond the study of a single industry to suggest some of the larger ecological consequences of Spanish colonialism.

Field of study: History
A review of charcoal analysis as a tool for assessing Quaternary and Tertiary environments: achievements and limits

Identification of charcoal fragments (≥2 mm) using reflected light microscopy is routinely carried out to study former natural ecosystems, assess changes in vegetation communities over time and identify the influence and patterns of behaviour of human populations on vegetation. Material studied comes either from archaeological horizons or soil profiles. Despite undeniable limits, informative results have been obtained in the last 25 years, mostly in southwestern Europe, where charcoal analysis has been widely applied in Quaternary studies. Examples of these achievements are provided, focusing on the major vegetation trends since the Upper Palaeolithic to the Middle Ages. The techniques used for charcoal analysis in the reconstruction of Quaternary vegetation are now being used to study Tertiary charcoal and lignites. The study of fossil charcoal can be a highly informative method for interpreting ancient ecosystems as species easily degraded may be preserved by charcoalification. Some results from the Lower Rhine Embayment (Germany) are presented here.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Spectrum estimation by wavelet thresholding of multitaper estimators

Current methods for power spectrum estimation by wavelet thresholding use the empirical wavelet coefficients derived from the log periodogram. Unfortunately, the periodogram is a very poor estimate when the true spectrum has a high dynamic range and/or is rapidly varying. In addition, because the distribution of the log periodogram is markedly non-Gaussian, special wavelet-dependent thresholding schemes are needed. These difficulties can be bypassed by starting with a multitaper spectrum estimator. The logarithm of this estimator is close to Gaussian distributed if a moderate number (/spl ges/5) of tapers are used. In contrast to the log periodogram, log multitaper estimates are not approximately pairwise uncorrelated at the Fourier frequencies, but the form of the correlation can be accurately and simply approximated. For scale-independent thresholding, the correlation acts in accordance with the wavelet shrinkage paradigm to suppress small-scale "noise spikes" while leaving informative coarse scale coefficients relatively unattenuated. This simple approach to spectrum estimation is demonstrated to work very well in practice. Additionally, the progression of the variance of wavelet coefficients with scale can be accurately calculated, allowing the use of scale-dependent thresholds. This more involved approach also works well in practice but is not uniformly preferable to the scale-independent approach.

Field of study: Engineering
Male Therapists' Clinical Bias: Influence of Client Gender Roles and Therapist Gender Role Conflict

This study examined male therapists' gender role conflict, client sexual orientation, and client emotional expression as they interrelated with clinical judgments about male clients. Using a series of written clinical vignettes to manipulate the client variables of sexual orientation and emotional expression, 196 experienced male therapists completed a measure of male gender role conflict, read a clinical vignette varying the client's sexual orientation and emotional expression, and rated the client on several clinical dimensions. Canonical analysis revealed 2 roots indicating that therapist gender role conflict factors, in combination with client sexual orientation and emotional expression, were associated with therapists' ratings of the male client's prognosis and how much therapists liked, had empathy for, had comfort with, and had willingness to see the male client. Implications for counseling practice, limitations, and future research are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Überlegungen zur Theorie der Reflexion an einem mit konstanter Winkelgeschwindigkeit rotierenden Spiegel

ZusammenfassungErgebnisse früherer Untersuchungen des Verfassers über Spiegelung eines Strahlenbündels beliebiger Wellenflächendeformation und beliebiger Öffnung an einem ruhenden bzw. mitkonstanter Geschwindigkeittranslatorisch bewegten ebenen Spiegel sowie an einem mit konstanter Winkelgeschwindigkeit rotierenden ebenen Spiegel. Gegenüberstellung des Ergebnisses der letzterwähnten Untersuchung mit dem einer früheren von H.A.Lorentz, der — wie auch Verfasser — gefunden hatte, daß der rotierende ebene Spiegel wie einKonkavzylinderspiegel wirkt, wobei sich aberfp=2 ·fL ergeben hatte. Überlegungen zur Neubehandlung der Fragestellung, wobei die Rotationsachse nicht — wie früher — alsin der Spiegelebene liegend, sondern in der Mitte einer planparallelen, einseitig verspiegelten Platte angenommen wird. Überlegungen werden „halbrelativistisch“ sowie „relativistisch“ (nach derspeziellen Relativitätstheorie) durchgeführt, ohne allerdings in vorliegender Arbeit (aus terminbedingten Gründen) bereits zum Abschluß gebracht zu werden. Der Weg für eine weitere Behandlung wird angedeutet.

Field of study: Physics