nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Can we prevent hypospadias?

Hypospadias is the second most common genital anomaly in children. The etiology of hypospadias remains unknown in the overwhelming majority of patients. Herein, I review the etiology of hypospadias and propose that hypospadias can be explained by a two-hit hypothesis: genetic susceptibility plus environmental exposure to endocrine disruptors. The strategy to prevent hypospadias should be focused on (1) identifying genetic susceptibility prior to pregnancy and (2) identifying and eliminating exposure to potential toxic endocrine disruptors that effect urethral development.

Field of study: Medicine
Caring for seriously mentally ill patients. Qualitative study of family physicians' experiences.

To examine family physicians' experiences in caring for patients with serious mental illness and their expectations of a shared mental health care (SMHC) model.



Qualitative method of in-depth interviews.



London, Ont.



Purposive sample of 11 full-time family physicians providing ongoing care for patients with serious mental illness.



Eleven interviews were conducted to explore family physicians' experiences. All interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Analysis was done using a constant comparative approach and was carried out concurrently rather than sequentially. Researchers read all interview transcripts independently before comparing and combining their analyses. Final analysis involved examining all interviews together to discover relationships between and among emerging themes.



Findings reflected three main themes: what family physicians perceive they bring to care of seriously mentally ill patients (i.e., whole-person approach to care); challenges family physicians face in participating in shared care of these patients (i.e., communication and access issues); and family physicians' expectations of a SMHC model (i.e., guidance and feedback).



As seriously mentally ill patients are moved out of institutions, the need for an effective and efficient SMHC model becomes imperative. Our findings suggest that family physicians could be an important part of SMHC models but only if systemic barriers are removed and collaborative practice is encouraged.

Field of study: Medicine
Development of Electrochemiluminescent Biosensor for Choline Based on Carbon Nanotube Modified Platinum Electrode

An electrochemiluminescent (ECL) choline biosensor was developed by the drop coating of choline oxidase (ChOx) onto a carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/potassium ferricyanide (K 3 Fe(CN) 6 )-modified platinum electrode with ECL of luminol as readout signal. CNTs improved the loading capacity of enzyme, as well as the biocompatibility and electron transfer of the electrode surface, whereas K 3 Fe(CN) 6 facilitated activation of the enzyme and enhancement of the ECL signal, so the developed biosensor exhibited excellent analytical performance. The biosensor gave optimal results while the Pt electrode was modified with 4 μL of 0.33 g L −1 CNTs dispersoid, 2 μL of 0.1 M K 3 Fe(CN) 6 and 1.5U of ChOx. In the PBS buffer (pH 7.4) containing 8 × 10 −6 M luminol, the ECL signal linearly responded to the concentration of choline from 1 × 10 −7 M to 4 × 10 −3 M ( r = 0.994) with a detection limit of 1.21 × 10 −8 M under 30 (C. The developed biosensor was applied to measure the concentration of choline in rat blood sample and the result was satisfied, with an average recovery of 101.1%. The as-prepared biosensor showed good stability and repeatability.

Field of study: Chemistry
Note: Effects of Oak Wood on the Aromatic Composition of Vitis vinifera L. var. treixadura Wines

Treixadura wines from the 1998 vintage were obtained from traditional vinification in a winery. After alcoholic fermentation, the wine was subjected to ageing in oak barrels for three months. One part of the wine is placed in barrels of American oak and the other part in French oak (Allier oak). Wine stored simultaneously in a stainless steel tank was used as a control. Chemical composition and volatile compounds of wines were analysed. There were no appreciable differences in alcohol and tartaric acid among the wines stored under different conditions, but differences were observed in pH, total and volatile acidity, reducing sugars, malic and lactic acids. Ageing in oak barrels resulted in an increase in volatile acidity and Folin—Ciocalteu index, and a decrease of free and total sulphur dioxide. Various monoterpenes, norisoprenoids, hexenols, sulphurs, volatile phenols, acetals and lactones increase their content notably when aged in barrels of both American and French oak. On the other hand, some acetates, ethyl esters and fatty acids were present in higher concentrations in the wine stored in stainless steel tank. Sensory results indicated that the wine aged in French (Allier) oak was better scored than when aged in American oak, as it provided subtle and delicate nuances of wood, which did not mask the fruity aroma of the Treixadura wine but contributed to its aromatic complexity.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Current Insights into the Modulation of Oral Bacterial Degradation of Dental Polymeric Restorative Materials

Dental polymeric composites have become the first choice for cavity restorations due to their esthetics and capacity to be bonded to the tooth. However, the oral cavity is considered to be harsh environment for a polymeric material. Oral biofilms can degrade the polymeric components, thus compromising the marginal integrity and leading to the recurrence of caries. Recurrent caries around restorations has been reported as the main reason for restoration failure. The degradation of materials greatly compromises the clinical longevity. This review focuses on the degradation process of resin composites by oral biofilms, the mechanisms of degradation and its consequences. In addition, potential future developments in the area of resin-based dental biomaterials with an emphasis on anti-biofilm strategies are also reviewed.

Field of study: Materials science
Immune Function and Affective States following a Natural Disaster

Although natural disasters sometimes strengthen community ties, it was hypothesized that the negative affect following a hurricane would lower evaluations of strangers. This hypothesis was tested by having 105 students evaluate an individual that they had just met following Hurricane Andrew. The hypothesis did not receive support, but students living in storm-damaged neighborhoods expressed more negative affect than those living in less damaged neighborhoods. Regression analyses also disclosed that severity of a disaster predicted concentrations of immunoglobulin A in saliva. The results suggest that salivary immunoglobulin A can be used to assess the health consequence of disaster exposure.

Field of study: Psychology
The effects of AiiA protein expressed in eukaryotic cells on the virulence factors producted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

To construct the eukaryotic expression vector harboring the fragment of Alia gene, and to investigate the effects of it on the signal of quorum sensing and virulence factors producted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa(Pa).  The plasmid pET-AiiA was cutted by Nhe Ⅰ and Xho Ⅰ , then the AiiA fragment was cloned into eukaryotic expression vector pEGFP-N2. After the plasmid was transfected into A549 cells, the protein was extracted and AiiA protein was found in it by Western blot. After the extrac- tion was admixed into the LB broth, from culture supernatant extracts of Pa, the N-acylhomoserine lactone (AHL) was detected by bioassay, and the expression of pyocyanin and elastase were assayed by RT-PCR and optical density.  The fragment of AiiA gene was cutted and then cloned into pEGFP-N2. AiiA protein was found in the transfected cells. After admixed with the extract harboring AiiA protein, in Pa medium, the AHL was hydrolyzed, and the expression of pyocyanin and elastase were reduced.  The virulence factors synthesized by Pa were reduced by the AiiA protein expressed in eukaryotic cell. 
 
 
Pseudomonas aeruginosa;  Quorum sensing;  Virulence factor;  AiiA protein

Field of study: Biology
Patients with systemic vasculitis have increased levels of autoantibodies against oxidized LDL

Oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) is considered to play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis and increased levels of autoantibodies against oxidized LDL have been found in patients with various manifestations of atherosclerosis. Patients with vasculitis are prone to the development of atherosclerosis. Since production of radical oxygen species in these patients may result in increased production of oxidized LDL (Ox‐LDL), we hypothesized that antibodies against Ox‐LDL are elevated during lesion development in vasculitis. Therefore we measured anti Ox‐LDL antibodies in 25 patients with ANCA‐associated vasculitis and in 42 healthy controls using an ezyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in which malondialdehyde modified LDL (MDA‐LDL) was coated on microtitre plates. Anti Ox‐LDL antibodies were significantly higher in patients as compared to controls (P = 0·0001). Anti Ox‐LDL levels were also measured in 11 patients during active disease and in these same patients during complete remission. Anti Ox‐LDL levels were significantly higher in patients during active disease than during full remission (P = 0·001). Our results suggest that patients with ANCA‐associated vasculitis are more susceptible to oxidation of LDL, which may contribute to accelerated atherosclerosis development.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Synthesis and Stereochemistry of the Dibromides of Exocyclic α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones

The dibromides 7–12 have been synthesized by addition of bromine to exocyclic α,β-unsaturated ketones 1–6. The relative configurations and the stereochemistry of the products have been determined by NMR methods. Bromination of 3-benzylideneflavanone (3) and its thio analogue 5 proved to be highly stereoselective. 
 
 
 
Synthese und Stereochemie der Dibromide von exocyclischen α,β-ungesattigten Ketonen 
 
 
 
Die exocyclisch α,β-ungesattigten Ketone 1–6 addieren Brom unter Bildung der entsprechenden Dibromide 7–12. Mittels NMR-Methoden wurden die relativen Konfigurationen und die Stereochemie der Produkte bestimmt. Die Bromierung von 3-Benzylidenflavanon (3) und der analogen Thioverbindung 5 erwies sich als hoch stereoselektiv.

Field of study: Chemistry
Statistics of Co-Channel Interference in a Field of Poisson and Poisson-Poisson Clustered Interferers

With increasing spatial reuse of radio spectrum, co-channel interference is becoming a dominant noise source and may severely degrade the communication performance of wireless transceivers. In this paper, we consider the problem of statistical-physical modeling of co-channel interference from an annular field of Poisson or Poisson-Poisson cluster distributed interferers. Poisson and Poisson-Poisson cluster processes are commonly used to model interferer distributions in large wireless networks without and with interferer clustering, respectively. Further, by considering the interferers distributed over a parametric annular region, we derive interference statistics for finite- and infinite- area interference region with and without a guard zone around the receiver. Statistical modeling of interference is a useful tool to analyze outage probabilities in wireless networks and design interference-aware transceivers. Our contributions include: 1) developing a unified framework for deriving interference models for various wireless network environments; 2) demonstrating the applicability of the symmetric alpha stable and Gaussian mixture (with Middleton Class A as a particular form) distributions in modeling co-channel interference; and 3) deriving analytical conditions on the system model parameters for which these distributions accurately model the statistical properties of the interference. Applications include co-channel interference modeling for various wireless networks, including wireless ad hoc, cellular, local area, and femtocell networks.

Field of study: Engineering
Dominance of nitrous oxide production by nitrification and denitrification in the shallow Chaohu Lake, Eastern China: Insight from isotopic characteristics of dissolved nitrous oxide.

In recent decades, most lakes in Eastern China have suffered unprecedented nitrogen pollution, making them potential "hotspots" for N2O production and emission. Understanding the mechanisms of N2O production and quantifying emissions in these lakes is essential for assessing regional and global N2O budgets and for mitigating N2O emissions. Here, we measure isotopic compositions (δ15N-N2O and δ18O-N2O) and site preference (SP) of dissolved N2O in an attempt to differentiate the relative contribution of N2O production processes in the shallow, eutrophic Chaohu Lake, Eastern China. Our results show that the bulk isotope ratios for δ15N-N2O, δ18O-N2O, and SP were 5.8 ± 3.9‰, 29.3 ± 13.4‰, and 18.6 ± 3.2‰, respectively. More than 76.8% of the dissolved N2O was produced via microbial processes. Findings suggest that dissolved N2O is primarily produced via nitrification (between 27.3% and 48.0%) and denitrification (between 31.9% and 49.5%). In addition, isotopic data exhibit significant N2O consumption during denitrification. We estimate the average N2O emission rate (27.5 ± 26.0 μg N m-2 h-1), which is higher than that from rivers in the Changjiang River network (CRN). We scaled-up the regional N2O emission (from 1.98 Gg N yr-1 to 4.58 Gg N yr-1) using a N2O emission factor (0.51 ± 0.63%) for shallow lakes in the middle and lower region of the CRN. We suggest that beneficial circumstances for promoting complete denitrification may be helpful for reducing N2O production and emissions in fresh surface waters.

Field of study: Environmental science
A United Access Control Model for Systems in Collaborative Commerce

The latest researches on access control model are dramatically different from conventional ones. Nowadays, most attention is paid to accessing across organizational boundaries. So, how to identify the applicant and determine authorization with limited information; how to express and exchange control rules expediently; how to protect confidential information and enhance collaboration simultaneously, are the most concerned problems. However, for large commercial organizations, a fine management of internal functions is of the same importance as external service management. It is very troublesome to control authorizations merely with attributes and composition of policies introduced from attribute-based access control (ABAC). So, we introduce a united access control model for systems in collaborative commerce, combining the advantages of conventional role-based access control (RBAC), task-based authentication control (TBAC) and that of recent ABAC and automated trust negotiation (ATN). Innovational ideas in the model are analyzed, and the implement architecture is discussed. The paper concludes with a summary of the united model’s benefits and future work.

Field of study: Computer science
Calculation of three-dimensional instability of a Blasius boundary layer

On montre que le theoreme de Squire et le fait que le nombre d'onde α n'apparait dans l'equation d'On Sommerfeld que dans le groupe αR (R nombre de Reynolds) peuvent etre utilises pour relier des fonctions propres bidimensionnelles connues a une faible perturbation tridimensionnel avec le meme αR mais avec un nombre d'onde resultant √(α 2 +β 2 ) egal a α bidimensionnel

Field of study: Physics
On cross joining de Bruijn sequences

We explain the origins of Boolean feedback functions of nonlinear feedback shift registers (NLFSRs) of fixed order n generating de Bruijn binary sequences. They all come into existence by cross joining operations starting from one maximum period feedback shift register, e.g., a linear one which always exists for any order n. The result obtained yields some constructions of NLFSRs generating maximum period 2n − 1 binary sequences.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Preparation and Characterization of Epitaxial Conductive 
Nb-SrTiO3 Thin Films on Si Substrates

Epitaxial Nb-doped SrTiO3 (001) thin films have been integrated on Si(001) single-crystal substrates with a TiN template layer by radio-frequency (RF) sputtering. The epitaxial growth of Nb-SrTiO3 was achieved in an Ar environment at a substrate temperature of 540°C. The orientation relationship was determined to be simply cube-on-cube as Nb-SrTiO3 (001)[110]||TiN(001) [110]||Si(001)[110]. The deposited Nb-SrTiO3 films show a smooth and featureless surface with roughness below 1 nm. These smooth Nb-doped SrTiO3/TiN/Si films have a conductivity of 500 S/cm and could be promising electrodes for subsequent ferroelectric thin films.

Field of study: Materials science
Simulation of magnetic phase transitions in amorphous alloys of the Re-Gd system

Using the Monte Carlo method within the Heisenberg model, we studied the magnetic properties of amorphous alloys of the Re-Gd system and of pure amorphous gadolinium. The temperature dependences of spontaneous magnetization, magnetic susceptibility, and the Edwards-Anderson order parameter were determined. The possibility of the system transitioning to the spin-glass state was examined.

Field of study: Physics
Out of pocket or out of control: A qualitative analysis of healthcare professional stakeholder involvement in pharmaceutical policy change in Ireland.

Mandatory co-payments attached to prescription medicines on the Irish public health insurance [General Medical Services (GMS)] scheme have undergone multiple iterations since their introduction in October 2010. To date, whilst patients' opinions on said co-payments have been evaluated, the perspectives of community pharmacists and general practitioners (GPs) have not.



To explore the involvement and perceptions of community pharmacists and GPs on this pharmaceutical policy change.



A qualitative study using purposive sampling alongside snowballing recruitment was used. Nineteen interviews were conducted in a Southern region of Ireland. Data were analysed using the Framework Approach.



Three major themes emerged: 1) the withered tax-collecting pharmacist; 2) concerns and prescribing patterns of physicians; and 3) the co-payment system - impact and sustainability. Both community pharmacists and GPs accepted the theoretical concept of a co-payment on the GMS scheme as it prevents moral hazard. However, there were multiple references to the burden that the current method of co-payment collection places on community pharmacists in terms of direct financial loss and reductions in workplace productivity. GPs independently suggested that a co-payment system may inhibit moral hazard by GMS patients in the utilisation of GP services. It was unclear to participants what evidence is guiding the GMS co-payment fee changes.



Interviewees accepted the rationale for the co-payment system, but reform is warranted.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Electron microprobe study of magnesium distribution in some Mississippian echinoderm limestones from western Canada

Electron microprobe techniques were used to examine the distribution of Mg, Ca, and Fe in six samples of Mississippian skeletal and oolitic limestones from the Alberta Rocky Mountains. All samples show extremely low values of Fe. The following distributions of Mg (in wt % MgCO3) were observed: in four samples from the Loomis Member (Meramec) of the Mount Head Formation, echinoderm grains show highly variable Mg content averaging 1.11–1.43, whereas sparry calcite cement and the outer rings of ooids show much more uniform values averaging 0.73–0.84. In one sample from the Livingstone Formation (Osage), echinoderm grains show large Mg variation with a mean of 0.95; sparry calcite cement shows more uniform values with a mean of 0.50. A second, highly recrystallized sample from the Livingstone Formation has echinoderm grains which show large Mg variation with a mean of 0.43. The stroma canal structure characteristic of living echinoderms is not generally preserved in the grains. All of the echinoderm grains an...

Field of study: Environmental science
Types of tightness in spaces with unconditional basis

We present a reflexive Banach space with an unconditional basis which is quasi-minimal and tight by range, i.e. of type (4) in Ferenczi-Rosendal list within the framework of Gowers' classification program of Banach spaces, but contrary to the recently constructed space of type (4) also tight with constants, thus essentially extending the list of known examples in Gowers classification program. The space is defined on the base on a boundedly modified mixed Tsirelson space with use of a special coding function.

Field of study: Mathematics
Arousal and Costs in Bystander Intervention

One hundred and twenty female undergraduates were subjects in an experiment testing aspects of the Piliavin and Piliavin (Note 1) model of bystander intervention. Subjects heard a female "victim" experience a falling-bookcase crisis. Three hypotheses were tested: (a) severity of the emergency would have an inverted-U relationship with help rather than the direct positive function predicted by the Piliavin model, (b) manipulated competence, and (c) permission to leave the room would each be positively linearly related to helping behavior. Severity had no significant effect on the kind of response, but there was some support for the inverted-U hypothesis with regard to latency of intervention. The permissibility-of-leaving-the- room hypothesis was strongly supported.

Field of study: Psychology
Die Anregungsfunktion für Elektronenstoß des Ca-41P°-Terms

The electron impact excitation of the Ca-41P°-term was measured as a function of the energy of the exciting electrons. Cascading effects from higher excited states are taken into account. For low energies the cross section for direct population of the 41P°-term from the ground state can be described by the function 2.63 · 10−16E−E0/E2 ln 0.43E cm2.

Field of study: Physics
Hepatocyte differentiation in culture. Appearance of tyrosine aminotransferase.

Liver of rat foetuses from 14 to 19 days of gestation and cultured hepatocytes derived from foetuses of 14 or 15 days gestation show a limited capacity to transaminate tyrosine. This low tyrosine transamination activity can be ascribed to aspartate aminotransferase. Definitive tyrosine aminotransferase can be demonstrated in 1-day-old cultures of hepatocytes taken from 19-day foetuses, but not from 15-day foetuses. However, after 3 days of culture hepatocytes from 15-day foetuses are able to synthesize tyrosine aminotransferase. Induction studies reveal that dexamethasone is capable of increasing tyrosine aminotransferase activity once it is detectable in culture.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Fornix lesions impair context-related cingulothalamic neuronal patterns and concurrent discrimination learning in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).

Cingulothalamic neurons develop topographic patterns of cue-elicited neuronal activity during discrimination learning. These patterns are context-related and are degraded by hippocampal lesions, suggesting that hippocampal modulation of cingulothalamic activity results in the expression of the patterns, which could promote the retrieval of context-appropriate responses and memories. This hypothesis was tested by training rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) with fornix lesions concurrently on two discrimination tasks (approach and avoidance) in different contexts. Because the same conditioned stimuli were used for both tasks, contextual information was critical for overcoming intertask interference during concurrent task acquisition. The lesions degraded the topographic patterns and significantly impaired concurrent learning, suggesting that hippocampal-cingulothalamic interactions and the resulting topographic patterns are critical for processing contextual information needed to defeat interference.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology