nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A mobile high-field magnetic resonance imaging system for neurosurgery

The authors' goal was to place a mobile, 1.5 tesla magnetic resonance (MR) imaging system into a neurosurgical operating room without adversely affecting established neurosurgical management. The system would help to plan accurate surgical corridors, confirm the accomplishment of operative objectives, and detect acute complications such as hemorrhage or ischemia. The authors used an actively shielded 1.5 tesla magnet, together with 15 m tesla/m gradients, MR console computers, gradient amplifiers, a titanium, hydraulic-controlled operating table, and a radio frequency coil that can be disassembled. The magnet is moved to and from the surgical field by using overhead crane technology. To date, the system has provided unfettered access to 46 neurosurgical patients. In all patients, high-definition T 1 - and/or T 2 -weighted images were rapidly and reproducibly acquired at various stages of the surgical procedures. Eleven patients underwent craniotomy that was optimized after pre-incisional imaging. In four patients who harbored subtotally resected tumor, intraoperative MR imaging allowed removal of remaining tumor. Interestingly, the intraoperative administration of gadolinium in the management of patients with malignant glioma demonstrated a dynamic expansion of enhancement beyond the preoperative contrast contour. These zones of new enhancement proved, on examination of biopsy sample, to be tumor. The authors have demonstrated that high-quality MR images can be obtained within reasonable time constraints in the operating room. Procedures can be conducted without compromising or altering traditional neurosurgical, nursing, or anesthetic techniques. It is feasible that within the next decade intraoperative MR imaging may become the standard of care in neurosurgery.

Field of study: Medicine
Simultaneous determination of synthetic pigments in food by ultraviolet Spectrophotometry

Based on the theory that sythetic pigments can have optical absorption in visible light. Using this method to measure the content of various sythetic pigments in food products such as allura red, acid red, indigo, recovery rate reached 91.3%~108.8% with relative average deviations less than 10%. This method is with good accuracy and precision and can be used to detect the content of sythetic pigments in various food products such as candies, beverages, wine, soft drinks.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Portland-Milwaukie Light Rail Transit Project: Managing Growth Sustainably through Transit Alternatives

US$ 3.44 billion (FY 2013-2014) The Portland-Milwaukie Light Rail Transit Project, unique in its citizen-driven planning process, will connect previously underserved areas to Portland's downtown core, while simultaneously stimulating the regional economy, enhancing the quality of life for residents, and protecting the surrounding environment through environmentally conscious development. Portland, Oregon, USA

Field of study: Medicine
Non-invasive vesicoureteral reflux detection: heating risk studies for a new device.

To investigate a novel non-invasive device developed to warm bladder urine and to measure kidney temperature to detect vesicoureteral reflux.



Microwave antennas focused energy within the bladder. Phantom experiments measured the results. The heating protocol was optimized in an in-vivo porcine model, and then tested once, twice and three times consecutively in three pigs followed by pathologic examinations.



Computer simulations showed a dual concentric conductor square slot antenna to be the best. Phantom studies revealed that this antenna easily heated a bladder phantom without over heating intervening layers. In-vivo a bladder heating protocol of 3 min with 30 W each to two adjacent antennas 45 s on 15 s off followed by 15 min of 15 s on and 45 s off was sufficient. When pigs were heated once, twice and three times with this heating protocol, pathologic examination of all tissues in the heated area showed no thermal changes. More intensive heating in the animal may have resulted in damage to muscle fibers in the anterior abdominal wall.



Selective warming of bladder urine was successfully demonstrated in phantom and animals. Localized heating for this novel vesicoureteral reflux device requires low-power levels and should be safe for humans.

Field of study: Medicine
Long-period variations in the characteristics of frontal zones in the north Atlantic and their relation to solar activity and cosmic ray variations

The oscillations of the temperature gradients with the periods of ∼10 and ∼22 years have been detected in the Arctic frontal zone near the Greenland coasts. It has been shown that geomagnetic activity and the rate of variations in the GCR flux in the 11-year solar cycle are the main factors affecting the temperature contrasts in the frontal zone. It has been noted that the detected variations in the frontal zone temperature characteristics are important for the formation of the solar activity effects on the intensity of extratropical cyclogenesis.

Field of study: Physics
Taxonomically Restricted Genes Are Fundamental to Biology and Evolution

Genes limited to particular clades, taxonomically restricted genes (TRGs), are common in all sequenced genomes. TRGs have recently become associated with the evolution of novelty, as numerous studies across the tree of life have now linked expression of TRGs with novel phenotypes. However, TRGs that underlie ancient lineage specific traits have been largely omitted from discussions of the general importance of TRGs. Here it is argued that when all TRGs are considered, it is apparent that TRGs are fundamental to biology and evolution and likely play many complementary roles to the better understood toolkit genes. Genes underlying photosynthesis and skeletons, for example, are examples of commonplace fundamental TRGs. Essentially, although basic cell biology has a highly conserved genetic basis across the tree of life, most major clades also have lineage specific traits central to their biology and these traits are often based on TRGs. In short, toolkit genes underlie what is conserved across organisms, while TRGs define in many cases what is unique. An appreciation of the importance of TRGs will improve our understanding of evolution by triggering the study of neglected topics in which TRGs are of paramount importance.

Field of study: Biology
Has leisure got anything to do with learning? An exploratory study of the lifestyles of young people in Hong Kong universities

This paper examines the role of leisure in the lives of Hong Kong higher education students. Using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methodologies, the paper explores several patterns of involvement of full-time undergraduate students in leisure and learning. It further suggests various ways in which these two domains of students' lives can be related. A total of 266 diaries and 40 semi-structured interviews were used to solicit the data on student experiences across the seven higher education institutions in Hong Kong. Results showed a unique blend of the leisure and learning domains of students' lives especially in the context of group activities, in which leisure activities were related to strong social bonding and to the establishment of coherent study groups with classmates. The discussion focuses on the possible relationships between student learning and leisure and on how the different patterns of student involvement in these two domains inform an alternative conceptual framework for understanding the role of leisure in their lives and development. References are made to previous studies on higher education students and implications are drawn for future research in this area.

Field of study: Sociology
Culture, Education, and the Attribution of Physical Causality

Two studies investigated the impact of culturally instilled folk theories on the perception of physical events. In Study 1, Americans and Chinese with no formal physics education were found to emphasize different causes in their explanations for eight physical events, with Americans attributing them more to dispositional factors (e.g., weight) and less to contextual factors (e.g., a medium) than did Chinese. In Study 2, Chinese Americans' identity as Asians or as Americans was primed before having them explain the events used in Study 1. Asian-primed participants endorsed dispositional explanations to a lesser degree and contextual explanations to a greater degree than did American-primed participants, although priming effects were observed only for students with little physics education. Together, these studies suggest that culturally instilled folk theories of physics produce cultural differences in the perception of physical causality.

Field of study: Psychology
Malnutrition, anthropometric, and biochemical abnormalities in patients with diabetic nephropathy.

Malnutrition is widely prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease. Our primary objective was to assess the utility of subjective global assessment (SGA) as an indicator of malnutrition in patients with diabetic nephropathy.



This pilot study evaluated the extent of malnutrition, using a combination of SGA, anthropometric, and biochemical parameters.



Malnutrition, although commonly noticed in patients during routine clinical observation of diabetic nephropathy patients, has not been estimated. Moreover, there is no single "gold standard" method to identify malnutrition.



The SGA method was performed to evaluate nutritional status in 40 patients with diabetic nephropathy (23 men and 17 women) examined consecutively in the out patient department of Government Medical College and Hospital (Chandigarh, India). Patients with kidney disease not attributable to diabetes, and with conditions leading to acute morbidity such as infections, elevated body temperature, respiratory and gastrointestinal distress, or wounds, were excluded.



Anthropometric parameters such as body mass index, triceps skinfold (TSF), biceps skinfold (BSF), midarm circumference (MAC), and midarm muscle circumference (MAMC), along with biochemical parameters such as hemoglobin, fasting blood sugar, serum albumin, and lipid profile, were measured.



Malnutrition was identified in 63% of patients: mild to moderate in 48%, and severe in 15%. The measured parameters showed no significant gender-based differences. In SGA grade C patients (severely malnourished), TSF, MAC, and MAMC were significantly reduced. Biochemical parameters did not show any significant change across nutritional grades, except for hemoglobin, which showed a significant reduction with advanced malnutrition.



Nutritional status as determined by SGA is a useful and reliable index for identifying patients at risk for malnutrition. Our data confirm that a high degree of malnutrition was prevalent in patients with diabetic nephropathy, as shown by anthropometric and biochemical variables. Therefore, we suggest that these parameters be integrated in regular assessment to determine malnutrition.

Field of study: Medicine
DISPOSITION OF THE INNER RADIATION BELT AND MAGNETIC FIELD OF THE EARTH

A scintillation counter on Sputnik III was used to conduct ionization measurement in a sodium iodide crystal and register the number of events releasing more than 35 kev in the crystal. The boundary of the inner radiation belt shows a strong longitudinal effect. The observed dependence on longitude of the boundary was explained by the fact that the inner belt consists of particles captured by the geomagnetic field and constitutes a noncentral dipole field.

Field of study: Physics
Investigation of Zirconium Effect on the Corrosion Resistance of Aluminum Alloy Using Electrochemical Methods and Numerical Simulation in an Acidified Synthetic Sea Salt Solution

Corrosion resistance of Zr that has been added to an Al alloy (U1070) is higher than that of a commercial Al alloy (A1070). A decreasing number and size of Al3Fe intermetallic particles (IMPs) were observed by electron microprobe analysis and transmission electron microscopy. Based on the numerical corrosion simulation, it was confirmed that decreasing the number and size of IMPs was favorable for improving the corrosion resistance of the Al alloy due to the reduction of the galvanic effect. In addition, Al3Zr was found to be insignificant in promoting galvanic corrosion within the Al matrix. Thus, Zr is an advantageous alloying element for improving the corrosion resistance of the Al alloy.

Field of study: Materials science
Routine biopsies in pediatric circumcision: (non) sense?

At our institute we usually send the foreskin after circumcision for pathological examination. Does this make sense or is it merely medical overconsumption?



A retrospective analysis was carried out of all pediatric patients who underwent a circumcision, from August 2005 to January 2008, for persisting pathological phimosis after treatment with topical steroids. Religious circumcisions were excluded.



Balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) was diagnosed in 37 out of 135 biopsies (27%). In 19 of the 37 boys with pathological evidence of BXO (51%), the physical examination matched the pathology. Meatal stenosis was found in six cases; four were also diagnosed with BXO.



In this study, 27% of all biopsies were positive for BXO. The results show that the diagnosis BXO must be based on biopsy, because clinical findings underestimated the incidence of BXO by almost 50%. BXO implies a higher incidence of meatal stenosis, urethral pathology and has a known association with penile carcinoma. We conclude that there is a place for routine biopsy of the foreskin after circumcision for pathological phimosis, taking into account the potential clinical consequences when BXO is diagnosed.

Field of study: Medicine
Carbonate and organic matter sedimentation and isotopic signatures in Lake Chungará, Chilean Altiplano, during the last 12.3 kyr

Sediments in lakes in the Andean volcanic setting are often made up of diatomaceous ooze together with volcaniclastics and small amounts of carbonates. Despite their scarcity, carbonates along with organic matter provide significant paleoenvironmental information about lake systems. This study focuses on the carbonates in Lake Chungara, their morphologies, distribution and origin deduced from the isotopic markers. These markers reflected changes in the water and the biomass between the onset of the Holocene and around 9.6 cal kyr BP. These changes are marked by general increases in TOC, TN, and TN-δ15NAIR, and by fluctuating values of TOC-δ13CVPDB in its sediments and are probably related to major shifts in the lake surface/volume associated with rises in lake level. An increase in salinity around 10 cal kyr BP is thought to be linked to a short dry period, giving rise to the onset of carbonate production. The mid-Holocene arid period between 7.3 and 3.5 cal ka BP, with a maximum of aridity around 6.0 cal kyr BP, was deduced from δ18OVPDB values in the endogenic carbonates. These results match the reconstructions in Lake Titicaca based on benthic diatoms and paleoshore levels. Offshore sediments mainly consist of a diatomaceous ooze, laminated in the lower half (Unit 1), and banded-massive with tephra layers in the upper half of the sequence (Unit 2). TOC-δ13CVPDB and the C/N ratio confirm that phytoplankton was the main source of organic matter in these sediments. Shallower sediments (units 3 to 5) developed in platform and littoral settings, providing evidence of subaqueous macrophytes and, to a lesser extent, land plants. Carbonate content ranges between 0.1 and 6 wt.% in offshore settings (30 to 40 m water depth) and reaches the maximum values in the lower part of Unit 2. Carbonate minerals (low magnesium calcite and minor amounts of high magnesium calcite and aragonite) are scarce and are arranged in mm-thick layers, commonly forming cm-thick levels or bioclasts. Carbonate layers are made up of euhedral-to-subhedral spindle-shaped calcite crystals and, to a lesser extent, aragonite needles, all in the μm range. Aragonite spheroids coexist in littoral sediments with other carbonate shapes and charophyte remains, where carbonate reaches locally up to 20 wt.%. CO2 photosynthetic depletions related to seasonal phytoplankton blooms were responsible for the high frequency deposition of mm-thick carbonate layers. The average values for δ13CVPDB in lake water, plankton and sediments of Lake Chungara (as organic matter or as carbonate) are around 15‰ higher than commonly reported values in other lakes. This 13C enrichment is attributed to carbon assimilation from a DIC affected by methanogenesis, in which HCO3− is the dominant species. The δ13CVPDB and δ18OVPDB variations and their covariation in endogenic carbonates suggest that lake water volume and lake level increased along the Holocene.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Transient thermal stress wave and vibrational analyses of a thin diamond crystal for X-ray free-electron lasers under high-repetition-rate operation.

High-brightness X-ray free-electron lasers (FELs) are perceived as fourth-generation light sources providing unprecedented capabilities for frontier scientific researches in many fields. Thin crystals are important to generate coherent seeds in the self-seeding configuration, provide precise spectral measurements, and split X-ray FEL pulses, etc. In all of these applications a high-intensity X-ray FEL pulse impinges on the thin crystal and deposits a certain amount of heat load, potentially impairing the performance. In the present paper, transient thermal stress wave and vibrational analyses as well as transient thermal analysis are carried out to address the thermomechanical issues for thin diamond crystals, especially under high-repetition-rate operation of an X-ray FEL. The material properties at elevated temperatures are considered. It is shown that, for a typical FEL pulse depositing tens of microjoules energy over a spot of tens of micrometers in radius, the stress wave emission is completed on the tens of nanoseconds scale. The amount of kinetic energy converted from a FEL pulse can reach up to ∼10 nJ depending on the layer thickness. Natural frequencies of a diamond plate are also computed. The potential vibrational amplitude is estimated as a function of frequency. Due to the decreasing heat conductivity with increasing temperature, a runaway temperature rise is predicted for high repetition rates where the temperature rises abruptly after ratcheting up to a point of trivial heat damping rate relative to heat deposition rate.

Field of study: Physics
DEVELOPMENT OF CALCULATION PROGRAM FOR IDENTIFYING MAIN FAILURE MODES OF TRANSMISSION TOWER SYSTEM

When analyzing the reliability of a large-scale and complicated structural system,the principal task of reliability analysis on the structural system is identifying the failure modes of the structural system.Aiming at the difficulties of identifying the failure modes of a large-scale and complicated structural system,one program for the failure mode identification of a transmission tower system is presented,based on the stage critical strength branch-and-bound principle.This program takes the advantage of the efficient visual modeling and finite analysis function of ANSYS and combines with the characteristics of MATLAB including powerful scientific computing and being easy to form a programming interface.Finally,this program is successfully used in the analysis of a practical engineering case,the results prove that this program is effective and feasible for identifying complicated structural failure modes and provide a basis for the reliability analysis of a transmission tower system.

Field of study: Engineering
The impact of cytokine responses in the intra‐ and extracellular signaling network of a traumatic injury

&NA; Investigations of cellular responses involved in injury and repair processes have generated valuable information contributing to the advancement of wound healing and treatments. Intra‐ and extracellular regulators of healing mechanisms, such as cytokines, signaling proteins, and growth factors, have been described to possess significant roles in facilitating optimal recovery. This study explored a collection of 30 spatiotemporal responses comprised of cytokines (IL‐1&agr;, IL‐1ß, IL‐2, IL‐6, TNF‐&agr;, MIP‐1&agr;), intracellular proteins (Akt, c‐Jun, CREB, ERK1/2, JNK, MEK1, p38, p53, ), phosphorylated proteins (p‐Akt, p‐c‐Jun, p‐CREB, p‐ERK1/2, p‐GSK‐3&agr;/ß, p‐HSP27, p‐I&kgr;B&agr;, p‐JNK, p‐MEK1, p‐p38, p‐p70S6K, p‐p90RSK, p‐STAT2, p‐STAT3), and a protease (Caspase‐3), measured in skeletal muscle tissue following a traumatic injury (rodent Gustilo IIIB fracture). To optimize the analysis of context‐specific data sets, a network centrality parameter approach was used to assess the impact of each response in relation to all other measured responses. This approach identified proteins that were substantially amplified and potentially central in the wound healing network by evaluation of their corresponding centrality parameter, radiality. Network analysis allowed us to distinguish the progression of healing that occurred at certain time points and regions of injury. Notably, new tissue formation was proposed to occur by 168 h post‐injury in severely injured tissue, while tissue 1‐cm away from the site of injury that experienced relatively minor injury appeared to exhibit signs of new tissue formation as early as 24 h post‐injury. In particular, hallmarks of inflammation, cytokines IL‐1ß, IL‐6, and IL‐2, appear to have a pronounced impact at earlier time points (0–24 h post‐injury), while intracellular proteins involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, or proteolysis (c‐Jun, CREB, JNK, p38, p‐c‐Jun; p‐MEK1, p‐p38, p‐STAT3) are more significant at later times (24–168 h). Overall, this study demonstrates the feasibility of a network analysis approach to extract significant information and also offers a spatiotemporal visualization of the intra‐ and extracellular signaling responses that regulate healing mechanisms.

Field of study: Medicine
The endocytotic pathway is required for increased A beta 42 secretion during apoptosis.

Secretion and progressive cerebral accumulation of beta-amyloid peptides (A beta), which derive by endoproteolytic ('amyloidogenic') processing of beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP), are felt to represent collectively an early and necessary event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. APP amyloidogenic processing can occur via secretory or endocytotic pathways, but the relative contribution of these pathways to A beta secretion remains to be established. The effect of apoptosis on amyloidogenic processing and A beta secretion similarly is incompletely understood. We tested the hypothesis that APP processing by the endocytotic pathway represents a stress-related neural cell response, by comparing A beta secretion after induction of apoptosis in PC12 cells transfected either for endocytosis-competent or -deficient APP. Newly prepared adenoviral vectors encompassing targeted mutagenesis of the cytoplasmic tail YENP tetrapeptide sequence, which serves as the principal APP internalization signal, were used to express endocytosis-deficient holoprotein. We report that the endocytotic pathway is required for the generation and secretion of A beta 42, and that secretion of this neurotoxic peptide increases significantly during apoptosis. We demonstrate additionally that more A beta 40 apparently is generated in secretory compartments during apoptosis when APP processing by the endocytotic pathway is impaired.

Field of study: Biology