nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Existence and Properties of Equilibria for a Dynamic Game on Productive Assets

We consider a model in which two agents share access to the same stock of a productive asset and study the implications of non-cooperative consumption behavior over time. Under standard assumptions on the production function we construct infinitely many Nash equilibria, all of which consist of stationary Markovian strategies. These equilibria result in overconsumption so that the uniquely determined long-run asset stock is too low as compared to the cooperative solution. However, in the limit as the discount rate becomes sufficiently small the stead states generated by the Markovian Nash equilibria converge to the efficient steady state.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: C73, O41, Q22.

Field of study: Economics
Infrared intensities in condensed phases

In this paper we wish to bring together, not a total review of all the work which has been done on liquid-phase infrared intensities, but rather a review of the development of our own studies and interpretations in this area. We choose this approach partly because reasonably recent overall reviews of the quite large amount of work done on liquid-phase infrared intensities can be found elsewhere' and chiefly because the present position with regard to such studies, as we see it, can be set forth most economically if we confine ourselves to the work of our own laboratory. Our interest, like that of other workers, arose from previous work on gas-phase intensities2 and the interesting molecular information deducible from such measurements. In the gas-phase, one can measure the Beer— Lambert law parameter a: ln(Io/I) = al (1)

Field of study: Chemistry
MÉTODOS ESTATÍSTICO-SENSORIAIS PARA "OTIMIZAR" ABSORÇÃO DE ÁGUA EM SOJA DURANTE A MACERAÇÃO

Soaking is performed in soybeans to promote water absorption for late processing. This processing needs to determine the minimum time to obtain the maximum absorption to turn economically acceptable the production process, but the traditional methods can not be used to establish this "optimum", then statistical sensory methods were used. These methods have implicit two concepts : the sensory judgement and the experimental error concept. Twenty cultivars of soybean grown in Brazil were evaluated by a panel and an expert in experimentation to visually establish "optimal points" in three kinds of graphics. The consistency of the panel between the judgements of joints of full points and joints of quadratic points of was 80.43% (p 14 hours).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Influence of continuous-flow blood separator leucophoresis on in vitro functions of human lymphocytes.

The influence of continuous-flow blood separator leucophoresis on these in vitro functions of human lymphocytes was studied. In ten separation experiments, lymphocyte functions were examined in the presence and absence of mononuclear phagocytes before, during and at the end of continuous flow leucophoresis. Cell surface markers and effector functions in spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assays did not change significantly under the conditions of leucophoresis. By contrast, separator lymphocytes exhibited a significantly increased mitogenic response to pokeweed mitogen and PPD. Removal of mononuclear phagocytes corrected for this phenomenon. PHA and Con A responses were not affected by leucophoresis, nor was the number of circulating haemopoietic stem cells (CFU-C) significantly altered during a 4 hr continuous flow blood separator run.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Exploration of the deposition limits of microcrystalline silicon

The effect of various process parameters on the deposition rate of microcrystalline hydrogenated silicon is presented. The various pathways leading to high deposition rates involve the optimization of a combination of parameters, while maintaining the crystalline character of the film and avoiding the presence of particles. The deposition rate increases in conditions that enhance and at the same time “cool down” the electron population. Such conditions are: moderately higher frequencies, higher pressures, and the presence of larger molecules (like disilane) even in small quantities. There is an optimum pressure, determined by primary dissociation, for a certain silane fraction. In addition, silane fraction and power density must also increase up to the limit of transition to amorphous growth and before attachment becomes too important. In all of these cases, there is a need for optimizing the distance of the deposition substrate to the source of radical generation, especially at higher pressures, to further increase the already important contribution of higher silicon radicals. It is shown that similar deposition rates can be obtained via radical fluxes with very different compositions. In every case, there is a need for sufficient H atom fluxes to ensure crystalline growth.

Field of study: Chemistry
115In as a probe for the characterization of therapy bremsstrahlung beams and the detection of photoneutrons.

Variation of the photoactivation rate across radiation fields of three different bremsstrahlung beams of two medical accelerators has been measured, making use of the photonuclear reactions in natural indium probes: 115In(y,y')115mIn and 115In(y,n)114mIn. The third nuclear reaction, 115In(n,y)116mIn, was used to detect the presence of neutrons in the photon beam and to estimate the spatial distribution of thermal and fast neutrons in the patient plane as a function of collimator opening.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
From Accountability to Readability in the Public Sector: Evidence from Italian Universities

This paper aims to explore the readability of the disclosure provided by Italian universities that changed their accounting systems to accrual accounting over the past three years. The transition from cash to accrual accounting not only concerns financial statements, but also the related notes. Indeed, the Italian government has paid great attention to the narrative sections of reports due to their capacity to provide more transparency. To provide better accountability, financial statements must be readable for all stakeholders. We used two different indexes, namely the Gunning fog and GULPEase indexes. The analysis was conducted on a sample of universities to analyze the narrative sections of the first financial statements prepared according to the new accounting system in 2012–2014. The final sample comprised 32 Italian universities. The research results demonstrated low readability in the balance sheets of Italian universities after switching to accrual accounting, illustrating an unsatisfactory level of accountability.

Field of study: Business
Hippocampal seizures disrupt working memory performance but not reference memory acquisition.

The effect of hippocampal seizures in rats was assessed in two spatial memory tasks: The reference memory task was a simultaneous two-choice discrimination in a T-maze. The working memory task was a delayed conditional discrimination in a radial arm maze. In each task the hippocampus of each rat was stimulated to seizure after the presentation of the information to be remembered. In the reference memory task, hippocampal seizures did not impair acquisition, whether the stimulation was given immediately after or 4 hr after the presentation of the stimuli to be remembered. In the working memory task, hippocampal seizures did impair performance in a group of the same rats. These results support the distinction between a trial-dependent working memory system that requires hippocampal function and a trial-independent memory system that does not depend on hippocampal function.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Modified Chaplygin gas cosmology with statefinder diagnostic in lyra geometry

In this paper, we have studied Bianchi type-III cosmological models with modified Chaplygin gas (MCG) having equation of state p = A 1 ? - A 2 ? α , where 0 ≤ A 1 ≤ 1 , 0 ≤ α ? 1 and A 2 is a positive constant, within the framework of Lyra's geometry. The statefinder, which is a cosmological diagnostic pair { r , s } has been adopted to characterize different phases of the universe. We have investigated stability of the models. The physical and geometrical properties of the corresponding cosmological models have also been discussed.

Field of study: Mathematics
Structure and Properties of Ferroelectric Materials after Mechanoactivation

The mechanoactivation of ferroelectric materials with perovskite structure is performed. Structural changes of the ferroelectric materials after mechanoactivation based on X-ray absorption spectra (XAFS) and X-ray diffraction data (XRD) are studied. The Fourier analysis of EXAFS spectra allows quantitative estimates to be obtained for the local atomic structure of the investigated materials after activation. The effect mechanoactivation has on permittivity in a wide range of frequencies and temperatures is considered.

Field of study: Physics
Nanoengineered targeting strategy for cancer immunotherapy

Cancer immunotherapy is rapidly changing the paradigm of cancer care and treatment by evoking host immunity to kill cancer cells. As clinical approval of checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., ipilimumab and pembrolizumab) has been accelerated by a dramatic improvement of long-term survival in a small subset of patients compared to conventional chemotherapy, growing interesting research has focused on immunotherapy. However, majority of patients have not benefited from checkpoint therapies that only partially remove the inhibition of T cell functions. Insufficient systemic T cell responses, low immunogenicity and the immunosuppressive environment of tumors, create great challenges on therapeutic efficiency. Nanotechnology can integrate multiple functions within controlled size and shape, and has been explored as a unique avenue for the development of cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we mainly address how nanoengineered vaccines can induce robust T cell responses against tumors, as well as how nanomedicine can remodel the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment to boost antitumor immune responses.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Condensation of salts of 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazoles with unsymmetrical β-diketones

The condensation of acetyl ketones with salts of 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazoles generally leads to a mixture of isomeric 1,3,4-thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidinium salts. The structures of the condensation products and the isomer ratios were determined by means of the PMR spectra.

Field of study: Chemistry
Depression, Panic-Fear, and Quality of Life in Near-Fatal Asthma Patients

The aim of this study was to assess the relationships between depressive symptoms and symptom-centered panic-fear (P-F), and reports of health-related quality of life (HRQOL), in persons with near-fatal asthma (NFA), controlling for age, gender, and pulmonary function. Forty persons with NFA were interviewed. Sociodemographic and clinical asthma-related information were collected. HRQOL was assessed by the SF-36 Health Questionnaire, depressive symptoms were assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory, and P-F was assessed by the P-F scale of the Asthma Symptom Checklist. Multiple regression analyses were carried out with the Physical Component Summary (PCS) and the Mental Component Summary (MCS) of the SF-36 as a dependent variable, and depressive symptoms, P-F, age, gender, and pulmonary function as independent variables. Results showed that P-F and age were associated with PCS, whereas depressive symptoms accounted for a marked percentage of the variance explained in MCS. Neither gender nor pulmonary function were related to HRQOL. In conclusion, depressive symptoms and P-F play an important role in how persons with NFA assess their HRQOL. These patient-centered variables are potentially modifiable and may offer new ways to intervene in order to improve HRQOL in persons with NFA.

Field of study: Psychology
Detection HV gene in patients with HFRS by PCR-ELISA

To develope a fast and sensitive method for detecting Hantavirua (HV) gene in sera of HFRS patients by PCR-ELISA Method The primers labeled with digoxin and biotin and complemented to S segment of HV were synthesized and RT-nested PCR was conducted for detecting HV genes in serum of HFRS patients. The amplified products were analyzed by ELISA.  The samples from 108 HFRS patients were tested by RT-nested PCR and the positive rate was 62.0%; on the other hand,the positive rate was 81.5% by PCR-ELISA.  PCR-ELISA is more sensitive in early diagnosis of HFRS.

Field of study: Biology
Game-Set-MATCH: Using Mobile Devices for Seamless External-Facing Biometric Matching

We use biometrics like fingerprints and facial images to identify ourselves to our mobile devices and log on to applications everyday. Such authentication is internal-facing: we provide measurement on the same device where the template is stored. If our personal devices could participate in external-facing authentication too, where biometric measurement is captured by a nearby external sensor, then we could also enjoy a frictionless authentication experience in a variety of physical spaces like grocery stores, convention centers, ATMs, etc. The open setting of a physical space brings forth important privacy concerns though. We design a suite of secure protocols for external-facing authentication based on the cosine similarity metric which provide privacy for both user templates stored on their devices and the biometric measurement captured by external sensors in this open setting. The protocols provide different levels of security, ranging from passive security with some leakage to active security with no leakage at all. With the help of new packing techniques and zero-knowledge proofs for Paillier encryption -- and careful protocol design, our protocols achieve very practical performance numbers. For templates of length 256 with elements of size 16 bits each, our fastest protocol takes merely 0.024 seconds to compute a match, but even the slowest one takes no more than 0.12 seconds. The communication overhead of our protocols is very small too. The passive and actively secure protocols (with some leakage) need to exchange just 16.5KB and 27.8KB of data, respectively. The first message is designed to be reusable and, if sent in advance, would cut the overhead down to just 0.5KB and 0.8KB, respectively.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Covariation in macrostratigraphic and macroevolutionary patterns in the marine record of North America

Students of Earth history have long recog- nized the correlation between the quantity of preserved sedimentary rock and the diversity of life recorded as fossils. But paleontologists have yet to determine whether this pattern refl ects a causal relationship or a unidirec- tional sampling bias in fossil data imposed by preserved rock quantity. Distinguishing between these two alternatives has been com- plicated by the fact that many of the basic patterns of paleontologic and lithologic co- variation have yet to be quantifi ed rigorously. Here we present the fi rst analyses of the co- variation between the macrostratigraphic and macroevolutionary histories of North America based on geographically and tem- porally explicit co-occurrences of rocks and fossils. The analyses use independent quan- titative summaries of the stratigraphic and fossil records by integrating the Paleobiology Database (PaleoDB) and Macrostrat, a mac- rostratigraphy database for North America, which allows a more direct comparison of the stratigraphic and biological histories of the continent than has heretofore been possible. Within the Macrostrat database, the rock re- cord is divided into discrete packages of sedi- ment that are bound by hiatuses resolvable at the stage-level. Using per interval, per pack- age rates of sediment package initiation and truncation, and genus fi rst and last appear- ances (herein regional origination and extinc- tion), we fia substantially stronger positive correlation between sediments and biology for extinction-like parameters than we do for origination-like parameters. Four of the largest coincident pulses of regional extinc- tion and sediment truncation occur during the widely recognized end-Ordovician, late Permian, end-Triassic, and end-Cretaceous mass extinction intervals. A further compari- son of the global ranges of North American genera to North American macrostratigra- phy indicates that the regional and global extinction of genera are more likely to oc- cur in the same stage than are global and regional originations. Together, these results suggest that our general understanding of biodiversity dynamics from the fossil record may not be strongly biased by the preserva- tion of sediments and leaves open the pos- sibility that certain large perturbations to the Earth system are responsible for major changes of state in both the sedimentary and biological systems.

Field of study: Geology
Mathematical models for CFSE labelled lymphocyte dynamics: asymmetry and time-lag in division

Since their invention in 1994, fluorescent dyes such as carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) are used for cell proliferation analysis in flow cytometry. Importantly, the interpretation of such assays relies on the assumption that the label is divided equally between the daughter cells upon cell division. However, recent experimental studies indicate that division of cells is not perfectly symmetric and there is unequal distribution of protein between sister cell pairs. The uneven partition of protein or mass to daughter cells can lead to an overlap in the generations of CFSE-labelled cells with straightforward consequences for the resolution of individual generations. Numerous mathematical models developed so far for the analysis of CFSE proliferation assay incorporate the premise that the CFSE fluorescence intensity is halved in the two daughter cells. Here, we propose a novel modelling approach for the analysis of the CFSE cell proliferation assays which are characterized by poorly resolved peaks of cell generations in flow cytometric histograms. We formulate a mathematical model in the form of a system of delay hyperbolic partial differential equations which provides a good agreement with the CFSE histograms time-series data and allows an analytical treatment. The model is a further generalization of the recently proposed class of division- and label-structured models as it considers an asymmetric cell division. In addition, the basic structure of the cell cycle, i.e. the resting and cycling cell compartments, is taken into account. The model is used to estimate fundamental parameters such as activation rate, duration of the cell cycle, apoptosis rate, CFSE decay rate and asymmetry factor in cell division of monoclonal T cells during cognate interaction with dendritic cells.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
STRUCTURAL BUCKLING RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF UNDERWATER VENTILATED SUPERCAVITATING VEHICLES

When supercavitating vehicles cruise deeply under water with high speed, they will undergo high longitudinal force and circumferential pressure caused by ventilated cavity, which may result in structural buckling. The uncertainty of structural parameters and the ventilated cavitation number should be considered by performing structural buckling reliability analysis of vehicle compartments. The vehicle compartment with stiffening rings is simplified as thin cylindrical shell with variable thickness, and then the critical buckling load coefficient is obtained by semi-analytical finite element method. Buckling reliability index is obtained by hybrid method of stochastic finite element and limit step length iteration method. Numerical results show (1) buckling reliability index increases greatly with the increase of the ring number and it is mainly affected by the axial constraint if both ends of the compartment are simply supported, (2) buckling reliability index declines with the increase of operation depth and can be enhanced by controlling the uncertainty of thin shell thickness, elastic modulus and stiffening rings thickness, and (3) it is complex how buckling reliability index is affected by the uncertainty of the ventilated cavitation number.

Field of study: Engineering
Strong Thermal Transport Anisotropy and Strain Modulation in Single-Layer Phosphorene

Using first-principles calculations and non-equilibrium Green's function method, we investigate the ballistic thermal transport in single-layer phosphorene. A significant crystallographic orientation dependence of thermal conductance is observed, with room temperature thermal conductance along zigzag direction being 40 percent higher than that along armchair direction. Furthermore, we find that the thermal conductance anisotropy with the orientation can be tuned by applying strain. In particular, the zigzag-oriented thermal conductance is enhanced when a zigzag-oriented strain is applied but decreases when an armchair-oriented strain is applied; whereas the armchair-oriented thermal conductance always decreases when either a zigzag- or an armchair-oriented strain is applied. The present work suggests that the remarkable thermal transport anisotropy and its strain-modulated effect in single-layer phosphorene may be used for thermal management in phosphorene-based electronics and optoelectronic devices.

Field of study: Physics
Shape-preserving piecewise rational interpolant with quartic numerator and quadratic denominator

An explicit representation of a piecewise rational interpolant with quartic numerator and quadratic denominator is presented. For positivity data, monotone data and convex data, the shape-preserving properties of the interpolant are given. The interpolant is C 2 continuous spline with a shape parameter w i on each subinterval. The values of w i to guarantee shape preservation are estimated. A convergence analysis establishes an error bound in terms of w i and shows that the interpolant is O ( h 2 ) or O ( h 3 ) accurate. Several examples are supplied to support the practical value of the given interpolation method.

Field of study: Mathematics
The Patron's Role in the Production of Architecture: Bartolomeo Scala and the Scala Palace

Architectural patronage in the late Quattrocento was a way of 11 demonstrating status. I In spite of the republican and unaristocratic rhetoric espoused by the Florentine ruling class, powerful families, like the Medici or Strozzi, sought to impress their compatriots with conspicuous displays of wealth. In the course of the fifteenth century, the attitude towards the manifestation of riches passed from a medieval and Christian contempt to a distinct appreciation of magnificence as a virtue and duty of the rich.2 This need to impress is nowhere more apparent than in the patronage of architecture -especially palace building. As Richard Goldthwaite has shown, the giant and expensive stone palaces of Florence, not economically justifiable, were demonstrations of wealth, social standing, and  Yet not everyone who aspired to a place of significance in Florence was rich. The architectural patronage of Bartolomeo Scala exemplifies an alternative method of self-aggrandizement, one that became increasingly attractive even to patrons of great wealth.

Field of study: History
Preparation of Furan Dimer-based Biopolyester Showing High Melting Points

Furan dimer diester was obtained by reductive or oxidative homocoupling of furan carboxylate derivatives in the presence of a nickel or palladium catalyst. Treatment of the obtained diester with 1,ω-diol in the presence of titanium alkoxide as a catalyst leads to the corresponding polyester in excellent yields. The obtained polymers show remarkably high melting points compared with the related polyesters composed of a single furan ring derived from furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (FDCA). Thermal properties of the furan dimer-derived polyesters are comparable with those of terephthalate polymers such as poly(ethylene terephthalate).

Field of study: Chemistry