nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Fundamental excitations in layered superconductors with long-range Josephson couplings

The present paper develops the ideas introduced in {\em cond-mat/0312673}. The construction of a hybrid discrete-continuous model of layered superconductors is briefly presented. The model bases on the classic Lawrence-Doniach scenario with admitting, however, long-range interactions between atomic planes. Moreover, apart from Josephson couplings they involve the proximity effects. The range of interactions, K, can, in principle, be arbitrary large. The solutions corresponding to the range K=2 are exposed. 
The fundamental excitations are understood as deviations from stable ground states.The formulae for energy of those excitations are constructed. The possible shapes of dispersion curves are analysed. For each type of shape the corresponding values of physically measurable quantities like effective maa and bandwidth are expressed by coupling parameters.

Field of study: Physics
The Influence of Corporate Volunteering Service on Customers' Purchasing Decision——A Study Based on Customers' Moral Identification

This research is to explore the influence of corporate volunteering service on the customers' purchasing decision from the perspective of the moral identification of the customers.Through the research of hypotheses and the empirical analysis of five brand insurance enterprises and its employees in Fujian Province,based on the review of related research literatures,the study finds that for the customers whose moral sense is stronger,the corporate volunteering service and charitable donation can more greatly promote the company's image and the quality of the company's product which the customers perceive,and then affect the behavior of the customer's purchasing decision positively;the effect of the corporate volunteering service is more significant than charitable donation,and then influences the customer's purchasing decision more positively;and in the process the customers' moral identification plays a regulating role to some extent.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Trimethylamine N-Oxide From Gut Microbiota in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: Focus on Diet.

Low-protein diet is the recommended nutritional intervention for nondialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients because excess protein intake can damage kidney function and produce uremic toxins. Some of these toxins are generated from amino acids breakdown by gut microbiota as p-cresyl sulfate and indoxyl sulfate that have been clearly associated with cardiovascular mortality in CKD patients. Another uremic toxin, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a degradation product of choline and L-carnitine (which come mainly from animal protein such as red meat and eggs) is now considered as a proatherogenic metabolite. In the present review, we will highlight the relationship between TMAO, diet and cardiovascular aspects, and the potential concerns about TMAO in nondialysis CKD patients.

Field of study: Medicine
CAM-physiology and carbon gain of the orchid Phalaenopsis in response to light intensity, light integral, and CO2.

The regulation of photosynthesis and carbon gain of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)-plants has not yet been disclosed to the extent of C3-plants. In this study the tropical epiphyte Phalaenopsis cv. 'Sacramento' was subjected to different lighting regimes. Photosynthesis and biochemical measuring techniques were used to address four specific questions: (1) the response of malate decarboxylation to light intensity, (2) the malate carboxylation pathway in phase IV, (3) the response of diel carbon gain to the light integral, and (4) the response of diel carbon gain to CO2 . The four CAM-phases were clearly discernable. The length of phase III and the malate decarboxylation rate responded directly to light intensity. In phase IV CO2 was initially mainly carboxylated via Rubisco. However, at a daylength of 16h, specifically beyond ±12h, it was mainly phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEP-C) carboxylating CO2 . Diel carbon gain appeared to be controlled by the light integral during phase III rather than the total daily light integral. Elevated CO2 further enhanced carbon gain both in phase IV and phase I. This establishes that neither malate storage capacity, nor availability of PEP as substrate for nocturnal CO2 carboxylation were limiting factors for carbon gain enhancement. These results advance our understanding of CAM-plants and are also of practical importance for growers. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Study on Relation between Self Concept and Academic Achievement among Secondary School Students of Jammu District

Self-concept is the whole set of attitudes, opinions, and cognitions that a person has of himself while the academic achievement or (academic) performance is the outcome of education - the extent to which a student, teacher or institution has achieved their educational goals. The objective of the paper is to study the relation between the self concept and academic achievement i.e is there any relation between these two variables or not. The paper is based the sample of 248 students taken from the senior secondary schools of Jammu district through the random sampling technique out of 9 selected schools. However the findings of the study show the significant relation between the self concept and academic achievement.  self concept, academic achievement, relation, schools, sampling

Field of study: Education
Broadmoor Revealed: Victorian Crime and the Lunatic Asylum

Broadmoor Revealed: Victorian Crime and the Lunatic Asylum By Mark Stevens. Pen and Sword Books. 2013. £15.99 (hb). 180  9781781593202 

In May 2013, Broadmoor celebrated its 150th anniversary. Much maligned at times, it has nonetheless manifested durability and continued to perform a

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Expression of foot-and mouth disease virus proteins in vitro with eukaryotic expression plasmid

The genomic fragment P12X3C3D that includes full length P1, 2A, 3C, 3D and a part of 2B of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) was obtained by PCR. After being digested by restriction enzymes respectively, the fragment P12X3C3D was cloned into pcDNA3.1(+) that had been digested by the same enzymes and the recombinant plasmid was named pcDNA3.1/P12X3C3D. Meantime, P12X3C3D was inserted into pTARGET~(TM) expression vector and the resulted recombinant plasmid was named pTARGET/P12X3C3D. Recombinant plasmids were identified by restriction enzyme analysis and nucleic acid sequencing. Furth4er, BHK-21 cells were transfected with pcDNA3.1/P12X3C3D, pTAGRET/P12X3C3D by using lipoid. The proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus expressed in BKH-21 cells were confirmed by sandwich-ELISA and IFA, and the capsid of FMDV was observed under electron microscope. The results showed P12X3C3D was cloned into eukaryotic expression plasmid correctly. The recombinant eukaryotic expression plasmid pcDNA3.1/P12X3C3D, pTARGET/P12X3C3D could express proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus in BKH-21 cells, and the expressed proteins by pTARGET/P12X3C3D had immunocompetence and could assembly into empty capsid structures of FMDV.

Field of study: Biology
Synthesis and antistatic properties of some surface-active perimidine derivatives

Perimidine derivatives containing as substituents high-molecular-weight alkyl, acyl, and perfluoroalkyl groups in positions 1, 2, 4(9) and 6(7) have been synthesized. The sulfonation of perimidines has been performed for the first time using 2-perfluoroalkyl- and 2- undecylperimidines as examples; it takes place exceptionally readily in this series. It has been shown that the best antistatic effect on application to the surface of polymers is given by 2-perfluoroalkyl-perimidine-6(7)-sulfonic acid).

Field of study: Chemistry
Quenching and hydroclastic disruption of andesitic to rhyolitic intrusions in a submarine island-arc sequence, northern Sierra Nevada, California

Devonian submarine island-arc deposits of the Sierra Buttes Formation in the northern Sierra Nevada are penetrated by numerous penecontemporaneous hypabyssal intrusions, but related extrusive lavas are absent. Significant parts of the arc succession are occupied by andesitic to rhyolitic intrusive complexes that record the quenching and disruption of large volumes of magma injected into wet sediments at shallow levels beneath the sea floor. Extensive masses of intrusive hydroclastic breccia are characterized by in situ fragmentation textures and developed by progressive brittle disintegration of quenched magma. Pillows dispersed within the breccia formed as a series of interconnected tubes that supplied magma to the growing intrusive masses. Beds of redeposited hydroclastic breccia indicate that the intrusions locally reached the sea floor to undergo slumping and debris flow. Large-scale steam explosions did not occur during magma/wet-sediment interaction, probably due at least in part to the lithostatic and hydrostatic pressure acting on the intrusions. Low-viscosity rhyolitic magma developed intrusive pillows and in situ hydroclastic breccia in the same fashion as quenched andesitic magma. This fluid behavior was favored by retention of volatiles in the rhyolitic magma under relatively deep marine conditions.

Quenched and disrupted hypabyssal complexes of the type described herein may be common elements of the submarine parts of island arcs and other volcanic environments where uprise of magma through thick sequences of wet sediment is impeded due to buoyancy constraints and rapid chilling.

Field of study: Geology
Disentangling the contributions of ontogeny and water stress to photosynthetic limitations in almond trees.

Very few studies have attempted to disentangle the respective role of ontogeny and water stress on leaf photosynthetic attributes. The relative significance of both effects on photosynthetic attributes has been investigated in leaves of field-grown almond trees [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb] during four growth cycles. Leaf ontogeny resulted in enhanced leaf dry weight per unit area (W(a)), greater leaf dry-to-fresh weight ratio and lower N content per unit of leaf dry weight (N(w)). Concomitantly, area-based maximum carboxylation rate (V(cmax)), maximum electron transport rate (J(max)), mesophyll conductance to CO₂ diffusion (gm)' and light-saturated net photosynthesis (A(max)) declined in both well-watered and water-stressed almond leaves. Although g(m) and stomatal conductance (g(s)) seemed to be co-ordinated, a much stronger coordination in response to ontogeny and prolonged water stress was observed between g(m) and the leaf photosynthetic capacity. Under unrestricted water supply, the leaf age-related decline of A(max) was equally driven by diffusional and biochemical limitations. Under restricted soil water availability, A(max) was mainly limited by g(s) and, to a lesser extent, by photosynthetic capacity and g(m). When both ontogeny and water stress effects were combined, diffusional limitations was the main determinant of photosynthesis limitation, while stomatal and biochemical limitations contributed similarly.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Review of Transaction Efficiency Based on Neoclassical Economics

Transaction is the conception defined by Yang in neoclassical firstly,that is based on labour division advancing and can explain it and affect its level directly.Under this analysis framework,most relation study about transaction efficiency is happened in trade development,urbanization and industrialization fields which can advance economy development directly.In our country,the advance of transaction efficiency can be described as three key points: market system unification,availability effect of government and how to comprehend informationization completely.

Field of study: Economics
French heavy‐ion cyclotron facility starting up

At Caen, near the Normandy coast, construction of the French national heavy‐ion accelerator facility, GANIL (Grand Accelerateur National d'Ions Lourds), has now been completed. GANIL is a tandem system of two large conventional (not superconducting) cyclotrons, designed to accelerate all ionic species from carbon to uranium. The maximum energy will be about 100 MeV per nucleon for the lighter ions, falling gradually to 10 MeV per nucleon at the heavy end of the periodic table. Thus GANIL will be, for the next few years, the most powerful heavy‐ion cyclotron facility in the world.

Field of study: Physics
Symptomatology and the Use of Affect Constructs to Influence Value and Behavior Constructs.

This study examined participants' tendency to use affective constructs to influence nonaffective constructs (behavioral and valuative), as well as their ability to generate affective constructs. Using a modified repertory grid procedure, 131 participants compared each combination of affective, valuative, and behavioral constructs so as to make decisions about the relative influence of these constructs. Low-symptom participants did not differ from high-symptom participants in the frequency of affective constructs generated. However, when participants were asked to make decisions about personal change, low-symptom participants' affective constructs influenced their nonaffective constructs more frequently than did those of high-symptom participants. It is suggested that high-symptom participants do not necessarily have difficulty in identifying affective experiences but have difficulty in using affect to alter their constructions.

Field of study: Psychology
Memory Management Solution in Embedded Linux Systems

Dynamic storage allocation(DSA) algorithms are implemented in different environments and services,where measurements and performances are differ from each other.In this paper,we proposed a memory management solution for Set-Top Box(STB) with multi-modes and multi-services in order to achieve a high performance.We analyzed the principles and methods of memory sharing technology,and carried out multi-services with this technology.Meanwhile,we developed a new DSA using two levels of index,which took O(1) time of running.Comparing with other well-known DSAs,this DSA had acceptable timing behavior and produced low fragmentations.We got satisfactory results both in the experiment and in real embedded systems.

Field of study: Computer science
Study of shallow donor formation in hydrogen-implanted n-type silicon

Formation of shallow donors has been studied in 100 keV hydrogen-implanted n-type silicon with a dose of . Annealing experiments are made in the temperature range 100 to C for 30 min. Gold Schottky contacts are fabricated on these samples to obtain carrier profiles. The hydrogen profiles are measured by secondary-ion mass spectroscopy. The zero-bias depletion layer width measured at 90 K is below the pre-implantation value in the annealing temperature range 300 to C, indicating the introduction of shallow donors. Two kinds of shallow donor (HS1 and HS2) are found to be formed in this annealing temperature range from carrier profile measurements. The HS1 donor is observed at the annealing temperatures around C and shows a concentration peak at the depth around the mean projected range of implanted hydrogen. The HS2 donor is observed in the annealing temperature range 350 to C and spreads toward the surface with almost flat profiles. Comparison of carrier and hydrogen profiles indicates that the HS1 donor is hydrogen related. The possibility that the HS2 donor is also hydrogen related is discussed.

Field of study: Materials science
Veblen and Technical Efficiency

It is well known that Thorstein Veblen accused the turn-of-the-century captains of industry of sabotage. What is not so well known is that, for Veblen, sabotage was not simply a pejorative term. By sabotage, he meant a "conscientious withdrawal of efficiency" [Veblen 1990a, 38]. But efficiency, as both Veblen and a number of the engineers of his time used the term, was not the now-standard microeconomic efficiency represented by the minimum point on a U-shaped long-run average total cost curve. Veblen espoused a "technical," rather than a cost-based, definition of efficiency. The difference between these two views of efficiency can best be understood by focusing on some of the early engineers-in particular the early Tayloritesfrom whom Veblen borrowed heavily and who were in turn influenced greatly by Veblen in their own thinking about efficiency.

Field of study: Economics
Quantum chemical study of arsenic (III, V) adsorption on Mn-oxides: implications for arsenic(III) oxidation.

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to investigate As(V) and As(III) surface complex structures and reaction energies on both Mn(III) and Mn(IV) sites in an attempt to better understand As(III) oxidation bybirnessite, a layered Mn-dioxide mineral. Edge-sharing dioctahedral Mn(III) and Mn(IV) clusters with different combinations of surface functional groups (>MnOH and >MnOH2) were employed to mimic pH variability. Results show that As(V) adsorption was more thermodynamically favorable than As(III) adsorption on both Mn(III) and Mn(IV) surface sites under simulated acidic pH conditions. Therefore, we propose that As(V) adsorption inhibits As(III) oxidation by blocking adsorption sites. Under simulated acidic pH conditions, Mn(IV) sites exhibited stronger adsorption affinity than Mn(III) sites for both As(III) and As(V). Overall, we hypothesize that Mn(III) sites are less reactive in terms of As(III) oxidation due to their lower affinity for As(III) adsorption, higher potential to be blocked by As(V) complexes, and slower electron transfer rates with adsorbed As(III). Results from this study offer an explanation regarding the experimental observations of Mn(III) accumulation on birnessite and the long residence time of As(III) adsorption complexes on manganite (r-MnOOH) during As(III) oxidation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Projection Pursuit Gaussian Process Regression

A primary goal of computer experiments is to reconstruct the function given by the computer code via scattered evaluations. Traditional isotropic Gaussian process models suffer from the curse of dimensionality, when the input dimension is high. Gaussian process models with additive correlation functions are scalable to dimensionality, but they are very restrictive as they only work for additive functions. In this work, we consider a projection pursuit model, in which the nonparametric part is driven by an additive Gaussian process regression. The dimension of the additive function is chosen to be higher than the original input dimension. We show that this dimension expansion can help approximate more complex functions. A gradient descent algorithm is proposed to maximize the likelihood function. Simulation studies show that the proposed method outperforms the traditional Gaussian process models.

Field of study: Computer science
Participation of nonlamellar phase in fusion of bilayer membranes formed with synthetic peptide lipids

Participation of the nonlamellar phase in the fusion process of bilayer membranes was examined with an equimolar mixture of sodium N,N-dihexadecyl-Nα-(6-sulfohexanoyl)-L-alaninamide and N,N-dihexadecyl-Nα-[6-(dimethylamino)hexanoyl]-L-alaninamide in aqueous media by means of electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and turbidity measurements.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Pinochet Case and Human Rights Progress in Chile: Was Europe a Catalyst, Cause or Inconsequential?

This article assesses the impact, if any, of Spanish and British Court rulings on the Pinochet case on human rights progress in Chilean courts. Chilean judges chafe at the notion that foreign courts exerted any influence on them, arguing that, based solely on Chilean law and the evidence already before them, they were empowered to strip Pinochet of his immunity, and proceeded to do so. Human rights critics allege that the courts had been thoroughly immobilised by the authoritarian legacy to which they were enjoined. No progress at all would have occurred were it not for the dramatic verdicts handed down in British courts. The author contends that change was underfoot in Chile prior to Pinochet's arrest in London, but that Europe set Chile on a faster and steeper trajectory toward justice than would have been possible otherwise. It did so by shaming the Chilean Government into pressuring its own high courts to deliver a modicum of justice to the victims of Pinochet.

Field of study: Political science
Properties of bilayers based on Mo films for transition-edge sensors

Transition-edge sensors (TES) are promising devices for materials science and space applications due to their spectroscopic capabilities and good count rates. In this work, we report details on fabrication and characterization of Mo films and Mo/Ag bilayers that, being immiscible and nonreactive with each other, should have a long time stability. Both single superconducting films and bilayers of normal-superconducting materials have been deposited in UHV by e-gun. Structural and morphological properties have been investigated by x-ray diffraction and AFM. Bilayers with transition widths of 1 mK are achievable, adequate to realize high sensitivity thermometers.

Field of study: Physics
Interstellar medium in the M 43 nebula

We present a list of interstellar absorption lines in the direction of HD 37061 in the M 43 nebula. Some of the absorption lines arise from atomic excited levels that are uncommon in interstellar clouds. The excited levels of Fe II are populated by fluorescence. We found a large number of H2 molecular absorption lines arising from vibrationally excited levels. The ortho/para H2 ratio is equal to 2.7. The H2 rotational temperature of vibrational levels 1 - 5 exceeds 2000 K.

Field of study: Physics
Bayesian and Non-Bayesian Analysis of the Log-Normal Distribution and Log-Normal Regression

In this article, Bayesian and non-Bayesian methods for estimating parameters of the log-normal distribution and of log-normal regression processes are considered. Posterior distributions for parameters of interest are derived and their properties are described. With respect to point estimation, a rather broad class of estimators is defined and, relative to this class, new minimal mean square error (MSE) estimators for the median and mean of the log-normal distribution and for the median and mean of the dependent variable in log-normal regressions are derived.

Field of study: Mathematics