nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
13C NMR spectra of 5-substituted 8-mercaptoquinolines

The increments of the substituents were determined from the 13C NMR spectra of 5-substituted quinolines. It is shown that the increments correlate with those in benzenes, as well as with the Swain-Lupton constants. The 13C chemical shifts of some 5-substituted 8-mercapto-, 8-(methylthio)-, and 8-hydroxyquinolines were investigated. Their values are in satisfactory agreement with the additive contribution. of the increments of the substituents. The deviations from additivity are associated with the steric hindrance to interaction of the substituents with the ring.

Field of study: Chemistry
Using computerised patient-level costing data for setting DRG weights: the Victorian (Australia) cost weight studies.

Casemix-funding systems for hospital inpatient care require a set of resource weights which will not inadvertently distort patterns of patient care. Few health systems have very good sources of cost information, and specific studies to derive empirical cost relativities are themselves costly. This paper reports a 5 year program of research into the use of data from hospital management information systems (clinical costing systems) to estimate resource relativities for inpatient hospital care used in Victoria's DRG-based payment system. The paper briefly describes international approaches to cost weight estimation. It describes the architecture of clinical costing systems, and contrasts process and job costing approaches to cost estimation. Techniques of data validation and reliability testing developed in the conduct of four of the first five of the Victorian Cost Weight Studies (1993-1998) are described. Improvement in sampling, data validity and reliability are documented over the course of the research program, the advantages of patient-level data are highlighted. The usefulness of these byproduct data for estimation of relative resource weights and other policy applications may be an important factor in hospital and health system decisions to invest in clinical costing technology.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
The Beginnings of Modern Ornithology in Venezuela

Among all the zoological species, birds are the easiest to observe and study. Their diurnal habits, the songs, and visual features make them conspicuous. These characteristics have made birds one of the bestknown animal groups even though ornithologists do not make up a large community among zoologists. For Ernst Mayr, an ornithologist who has made significant contributions that go beyond his own field, the accessibility of birds to research has allowed ornithologists to make important discoveries in several new fields of biology, ranging “from new systematics and speciation research to endocrinology and behavioral biology.

Field of study: History
Aryl-alcohol oxidase and lignin peroxidase from the white-rot fungus Bjerkandera adusta

Both aryl-alcohol oxidase (AAO) and lignin peroxidase (LiP) have been purified from ligninolytic cultures of the white-rot fungus Bjerkandera adusta. In contrast, the well-studied lignin peroxidase producing white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium does not produce AAO. The reactivity of these enzymes in the oxidation of 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol (veratryl alcohol) and the related lignin model compounds 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl acetic acid (homoveratric acid) and 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-phenylethanol (α-benzyl veratryl alcohol), a β-1 model, was investigated. In the AAO-catalyzed oxidation of veratryl alcohol, veratraldehyde is isolated as the sole product. Both homoveratric acid and α-benzyl veratryl alcohol are not substrates for the AAO. In contrast, in the oxidation of veratryl alcohol by both the LiP from B. adusta and the LiP from P. chrysosporium veratraldehyde is isolated as the major product. In addition, however, several minor products (three quinones and three ring-opened products), all resulting from one-electron oxidation of the aromatic ring, could be detected. Veratraldehyde is also the major product in the oxidation of both homoveratric acid and α-benzyl veratryl alcohol by the LiPs from both fungi. Monitoring veratraldehyde formation in the veratryl alcohol oxidation is a widely used assay method for LiP activity. However, the presence of AAO or other enzymes oxidizing veratryl alcohol via direct side-chain oxidation might lead to erroneous results, thus it is suggested that additional assay methods should be developed, with preferably direct observation of aromatic ring oxidation products.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
The Aristotelian Contribution to Development Ethics

The aim of this paper is to associate elements of Aristotle's view of a "good society" with the development ethics standpoint of a "good society." For Aristotle, the vehicle to "eudaimonia" and to a "good society" is "politics." We argue that development ethics provides an ethical response to the question "what is good society" based on Aristotle's key concept of "eudaimonia." The Aristotelian vision for a "good life" can be perceived as a precursor and a contributor to development ethics perspective for a "good society."

Field of study: Economics
Operative management of skull base malignancies: choosing the appropriate approach.

Malignant tumors of the skull base are complex lesions. Identifying the indications and contraindications for resection is essential for the successful treatment of these lesions. This requires an understanding of the pathology, principles of resection, and nonsurgical therapeutic modalities. Choosing the appropriate surgical approach requires an understanding of the tumor and its association with the anatomy of the skull base. Preoperative assessment and preparation of the patient for the postoperative course, including functional and cosmetic deficits, are reviewed in the context of the specific approach. Anatomical variations encountered in the preoperative planning are discussed. A review of reconstructive alternatives is presented that is specific to the approach and anatomical violation. Finally, the use of a multidisciplinary team both in and out of the operating room is recommended, emphasizing a team approach during the resection itself.

Field of study: Medicine
Normal pressure sintering and high pressure sintering of superfine Al_2O_3 powder with high purity

Microcrystalline Al2O3 ceramic with high purity was prepared by normal pressure sintering and high pressure sintering using superfine alumina powder.The experimental results indicated that high-speed ball milling in ethanol could reduce the average size of Al2O3 particles remarkably,and increase the specific surface area and sintering activity of Al2O3 powder.Pure Al2O3 ceramic with a relative density of 98.71% was fabricated under sintering pressure of 4.5 GPa and at a temperature as low as 1230℃ in 30 min.As compared with normal pressure sintering,the sintering temperature was decreased remarkably in the high pressure sintering process,the velocity of mass transfer was increased and the sintering time was shortened.High pressure sintering could achieve the effect of fast and low-temperature sintering.Because of a relatively low sintering temperature in the high pressure sintering process,liquid phase did not exist in MgO-doped Al2O3 ceramic and MgO had no effect on densification and restraint of Al2O3 grain growth.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
[Intellectual, psychomotor and speech development of children born to mothers with epilepsy].

: Intellectual, psychomotor and speech development of 50 children born to mothers with epilepsy were studied. The sample has been stratified into 2 subgroups: children aged from 6 months to 4 years and children aged from 4 to 16 years. This group included 4 (8%) children with children absence epilepsy, juvenile myoclonic and unclassified epilepsy; one patient had a diagnosis of epileptic encephalopathy without epileptic seizures. Video-EEG monitoring revealed the epileptiform activity on EEG in 9 (18%) children from subgroup 2, four of them suffered from epilepsy. The subclinical epileptiform activity on EEG was observed in 5 (10%) children. The Wechsler test showed that general IQ scores were low (<95%) in 4 (20%) children of this subgroup. No significant difference was found in the performance on the Bayley-III scales between children from subgroup 1 and children born to healthy mothers (controls) though the scores on the fine motor scale and speech development scale were lower in 3 (10%) and 5 (16%) children of the index group, respectively.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Aromatic stability of polycyclic compounds

An additional ring ohanges the stability of a cyclic compound. Aromatic system with condensed additional aromatic ring /e.g benzologuee/ is more stable /more aromatic! if this ring is oondensed to the bond with greater Jt-eleotron bond order, p If additional ring is antiaromatic the lower p the higher abili.' ty is observed. This rule is confirmed by analJis of the REPE and HOMA indices and PPP calculations 4-Variable!. Also bond lengths in polycyclic compounds are discussed.

Field of study: Chemistry
Determination of trans fat in traditional Pakistani breakfast and snack foods.

Intake of trans fat may led to cardiovascular diseases and have no nutritional advantage in the diet. Breakfast and snack foods are the major contributor of trans fat in the diet. Research was performed to determine trans fat contents and physiochemical attributes of extracted fats and oils from traditional products like poori, cake, paratha, doughnut and puff pastry which were collected from local market of Faisalabad, Pakistan. Trans fat contents were determined in term of elaidic acid through attenuated total reflection fourier transform infrared (ATRFTIR) spectroscopy. Highest trans fat content were found in doughnuts (38.691±0.133%) followed by poori (18.480 ± 5.020%). Minimum value for trans fat was observed in puff pastry (6.190±3.080%). Overall, trans fat content ranged between 6.190±3.080 to 38.691±0.133% which shows drastically higher tans fat contents. Samples were further investigated for different quality parameters i.e. melting point, refractive index, specific gravity, free fatty acids, peroxide value, acid value, saponification value and iodine value The greatest value of melting point was found in samples of Paratha (36.1±2.1°C) and lowest value was observed in cake (31.4±0.8°C). Highest acid value and free fatty acid contents were found in poori (0.6912 ±0.12% and 0.347±0.058). Samples form poori showed highest saponification value (190.34±1.71mg KOH/g) while iodine value was highest in cake (69.921± 1.26%) and lowest in puff pastry (62.102± 1.25%).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Fast block diagonalization of k-tridiagonal matrices

In the present paper, we give a fast algorithm for block diagonalization of k-tridiagonalmatrices. The block diagonalization provides us with some useful results: e.g., another der-ivation of a very recent result on generalized k-Fibonacci numbers in [M.E.A. El-Mikkawy,T. Sogabe, A new family of k-Fibonacci numbers,  (2010) 4456–4461]; efﬁcient (symbolic) algorithm for computing the matrix determinant.  ð1ÞFor example, T ð3Þ7 is given as follows:T ð3Þ7 ¼d 1 00a 1 00 00 d 2 00a 2 0000d 3 00a 3 0b 4 00d 4 00a 4 0 b 5 00d 5 0000b 6 00d 6 0000b 7 00d 7 0BBBBBBBBBBB@1CCCCCCCCCCCA: ð2Þ 0096-3003/$ - see front matter 2011

Field of study: Mathematics
Research on Medical Infrared Thermal Image Instrument Processing System

Medical Infrared thermal image instrument has an unique effect on diagnoses for various diseases,which can not be replaced by those modern advanced video diagnoses instruments,such as B-Ultrasonic,CT,MRI,etc.This article will introduce a Windows software system,which is used to process medical infrared thermal image in medical infrared thermal image instrument.Borland's Delphi 5and Microsoft's Visual C++6develop this system.This system has functions such as temperature window adjust as you like,temperature measure,state analysis,thermal image statistic,database processing,image format converting,etc.This system has a friendly and easy-to-operate interface,and it has helpful for clinic and scientific research.

Field of study: Computer science
The evaluation of motor competence in typically developing children: a systematic review

The development of motor competence (MC) is essential in childhood. In this respect, previous studies have found several positive associations of the MC with physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, physical fitness, and perceived physical competence, as well as an inverse association with weight status. The lack of MC during this stage might, therefore, compromise the future adoption of active and healthier lifestyles. This review aimed at listing and examining the different instruments that have been used to evaluate MC in typically developing children, pointing the weakness and strengths from the perspective of Physical Education (PE) teachers. A systematic search of six electronic databases was conducted. Research designs included cross-sectional, longitudinal or experimental/quasi-experimental. Forty-two articles were identified according to the inclusion criteria. A preference for quantitative measures (27 studies) was verified comparatively to a more qualitative approach (7 studies), although eight studies used both measures. Additionally, we have found that 34 studies used standardized protocol tests and eight studies used protocols developed by the authors. In general the protocols exhibited some strong points, however several presented weaknesses that can limit their application in PE classes, such as the excessive amount of time required, the large number of tasks, the ceiling or floor effects, and the fact that not all MC components are simultaneously evaluated. Different instruments and methodologies have been used to evaluate MC. Finally, a quantitative standardized protocol test is suggested, with proper reliability and validity, which can be used by physical education professionals.

Field of study: Education
Improving the Display of Wind Patterns and Ocean Currents

Considerable effort has gone into building numerical weather and ocean prediction models during the past 50 years. Less effort has gone into the visual representation of output from those forecast models and many of the techniques used are known to be ineffective. The effectiveness of a data display depends on how well critical patterns can be perceived. This paper outlines a set of perceptual principles for what makes a good representation of a 2D vector field and shows how these principles can be used for the portrayal of currents, winds, and waves. Examples are given from a series of evaluation studies that examine the optimal representation of these variables. The results suggest that for static graphic presentations, equally spaced streamlines may be optimal. If wind barbs are curved to follow streamlines, perception of local wind speed and direction as well as the overall pattern is improved. For animated portrayals of model output, animated streamlets can perceptually separate layers of information...

Field of study: Environmental science
Comparison of maximum entropy direct simulation Monte Carlo code with flowfield measurements

Numerical results have been obtained with an axisymmetric direct simulation Monte Carlo code for the flowfield around a 70-deg spherically blunted cone. The results are compared with recently acquired experimental data on the density of the flowfield and the heat transfer and pressure distributions along the surface of the body. The test cases studied cover the flow of nitrogen and chemically reacting real air for a wide range of Knudsen numbers (0.0002-2.0) that extend from continuum to rarefied. The direct simulation Monte Carlo code used for the simulations employs the maximum entropy method for the modeling of energy exchange and reactions in chemically active flowfields and the generalized Borgnakke and Larsen method for the modeling of energy exchange in nonreacting ones.

Field of study: Physics
Tertiary marine paleotemperatures

Oxygen isotopic compositions of the tests of planktonic foraminifera from several Deep Sea Drilling Project sites provide a general picture of low-latitude marine temperatures from Maastrichtian time to the present. Bottom temperatures determined from the isotopic compositions of benthonic foraminifera are interpreted as being indicative of high-latitude surface temperatures. Prior to the beginning of middle Miocene time, high- and low-latitude temperatures changed in parallel fashion. Following an apparently small and short-lived drop in temperature near the Tertiary-Cretaceous boundary, temperatures remained warm and relatively constant through Paleocene and early and middle Eocene time; bottom temperatures then were on the order of 12°C. A sharp temperature drop in late Eocene time was followed by a more gradual lowering of temperature, culminating in a late Oligocene high-latitude temperature minimum of about 4°C. A temperature rise through early Miocene time was followed in middle Miocene time by a sudden divergence of high- and low-latitude temperatures: high-latitude temperatures dropped dramatically, perhaps corresponding to the onset of major glaciation in Antarctica, but low-latitude temperatures remained constant or perhaps increased. This uncoupling of high-and low-latitude temperatures is postulated to be related to the establishment of a circum-Antarctic circulation similar to that of today. A further drop in high-latitude temperatures in late Pliocene time probably signaled the onset of a major increase in polar glaciation, including extensive sea-ice formation.

Early Miocene, small-amplitude (1 per mil) sympathetic fluctuations in isotopic compositions of planktonic and benthonic foraminifera have been identified. These have a period of several hundred thousand years. Superimposed upon these are much more rapid and smaller fluctuations (0.2 to 0.5 per mil) with a period of about 80,000 to 90,000 yr. This is similar to the period observed for Pleistocene isotopic temperature fluctuations.

In low latitudes, much smaller vertical temperature gradients seem to have existed during Maastrichtian and Paleogene time than exist at present. The absence of a sharply defined thermocline during early Tertiary time is also suggested.

Field of study: Geology
Changing Butterfly: a Large 3D Printing Work Based on Structural Mechanics

How to realize mechanical butterfly-like shell and design efficient construction details for resembling, posed problems and challenges to the design and construction of a large 3D printing work. Firstly, through analysis of the synergetic mechanism of butterfly-like morphology and structural mechanic of Hypar shell, digital design methods and adjusting modes were well studied. Secondly, based on the features of additive manufacturing, adaptive methods of unit division and construction were proposed and discussed. Moreover, changing modes of lights were tested through the combination of photoelectric numerical control and corresponding details design. As a result, not only the construction of 3D printing work of large scale butterfly-like shell, but also more than 100 new changing patterns of lights were realized.

Field of study: Engineering
Pharmacological evidence of the role of dorsal striatum in spatial memory consolidation in mice.

This study investigated the role of dorsal striatum in spatial memory in mice. The mice were tested for their ability to detect a spatial displacement 24 hr after training. In order to manipulate the dorsal striatum, focal administrations of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist D-2-amino-5 phosphonopentanoic acid (AP-5) were performed immediately after training. AP-5 impaired the mice's ability to detect the spatial change only if their initial position was constant during training and testing. These findings demonstrate that NMDA receptor blockade within the dorsal striatum impairs spatial memory consolidation in a task in which no explicit reward or procedural learning is involved. The results are discussed with reference to a possible selective involvement of this structure in processing spatial information acquired through an egocentric, but not an allocentric, frame of reference.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Interactions between climatic variables and human pressures upon a macroalgae population: Implications for management

The combined effects of human pressures (e.g., exploitation and wastewater discharges) and environmental variables (e.g., light, waves, temperature) have been studied only minimally in terms of sublittoral macroalgae resources. Using a long-term series (1993–2012) of cover and biomass of Gelidium corneum macroalgae, along the Basque coast (Bay of Biscay), the effects of human pressures and changes in climate have been studied. The biomass and the percentage of samples with p 5 m height. However, there are differences between sectors, with Gelidium biomass and cover being a function of the exploitation of this alga and wastewater discharges. In areas where these human pressures are present, the resource is more vulnerable to environmental changes, than in a sector in which human pressures are absent. Human pressures have reduced the resilience of these macroalgae beds, exacerbating the loss of biomass and macroalgae cover, under such climate changes. The implications of these findings, for the management of the resource in a sustainable way within the Water Framework Directive and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive, are discussed. There is a need for increasing resilience for macroalgae restoration along the Basque coast.

Field of study: Environmental science
Enhancement of Soft Tissue Sarcoma Response to Gemcitabine through Timed Administration of a Short-Acting Anti-Angiogenic Agent.

Despite enormous effort, anti-angiogenic drugs have not lived up to the promise of globally-enhancing anti-cancer therapies. Clinically, anti-angiogenic drugs have been used to persistently suppress vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in order to "normalize" dysfunctional neo-angiogenic microvasculature and prevent recruitment of endothelial progenitors. Recently, we showed that a 1h pre-treatment with anti-angiogenic drugs prior to ultra-high single dose radiotherapy and specific chemotherapies transiently de-represses acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase), leading to enhanced cancer therapy-induced, ceramide-mediated vascular injury and tumor response. Here we formally decipher parameters of chemotherapy induction of endothelial sphingolipid signaling events and define principles for optimizing anti-angiogenic chemosensitization.



These studies examine the antimetabolite chemotherapeutic gemcitabine in soft tissue sarcoma (STS), a clinically-relevant combination.



Initial studies address the theoretic problem that anti-angiogenic drugs such as bevacizumab, an IgG with a 3-week half-life, have the potential for accumulating during the 3-week chemotherapeutic cycles currently standard-of-care for STS treatment. We show that anti-angiogenic ASMase-dependent enhancement of the response of MCA/129 fibrosarcomas in sv129/BL6 mice to gemcitabine progressively diminishes as the level of the VEGFR2 inhibitor DC101, an IgG, accumulates, suggesting a short-acting anti-angiogenic drug might be preferable in multi-cycle chemotherapeutic regimens. Further, we show lenvatinib, a VEGFR2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor with a short half-life, to be superior to DC101, enhancing gemcitabine-induced endothelial cell apoptosis and tumor response in a multi-cycle treatment schedule.



We posit that a single delivery of a short-acting anti-angiogenic agent at 1h preceding each dose of gemcitabine and other chemotherapies may be more efficacious for repeated sensitization of the ASMase pathway in multi-cycle chemotherapy regimens than current treatment strategies.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry