nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Patterns of Cretaceous shallow-marine sedimentation, Coalville and Rockport areas, Utah

Cretaceous strata exposed in the Coalville and Rockport areas of north-central Utah accumulated in alluvial-fan, fluvial, marginal-marine, nearshore-marine, and offshore-marine depositional environments. Marine sediments were deposited in this region during periods of peak inundation of the Aspen-Mowry, Greenhorn, and Niobrara marine invasions. Deposits of each marine invasion may be divided into a number of depositional sequences, each of which contains a basal disconformity and is bounded above by the disconformity associated with the next overlying sequence. Some of the basal disconformities are identified as ravinements. All depositional sequences are entirely progradational. Retrogradational shallow-marine deposits appear to be completely lacking. Absence of depositional sequences recording marine transgression is attributed primarily to the process of shoreface erosion and to marked reduction of the quantity of sediment introduced to shallow-marine environments by rivers during periods of rising relative sea level. Deposits of major marine cycles of deposition at the western margin of the Interior Cretaceous seaway in north-central Utah do not conform to the simple symmetric transgressive-regressive models of some authors, but they record many back-and-forth movements of the strand.

Field of study: Geology
Working out: aesthetic labour, affect and the fitness industry personal trainer

In this article, we identify the importance of aesthetic labour to the self-employed fitness industry personal trainer (PT), detailing the ways in which the PT trades on their own physical capital. We examine how these discussions relate to the aesthetic and material dimensions of body work (that is to say, enacted on and through bodies) and the ways in which affective labour, inherent to this type of service work, intersects or delimits physical capital and the embodied competencies of the PT. We argue that the work of PTs helps to deepen emerging discussions and provides a more nuanced and contextualised understanding of affective and aesthetic labour. We assert that the confluences and contradictions between the affective and aesthetic dimensions of work in a fitness industry setting demonstrate that excessive physical capital is perceived as negative for the professional identity of PTs. In conclusion, implications for further research and management are discussed.

Field of study: Sociology
Localized air-conditioning with upper-room UVGI to reduce airborne bacteria cross-infection

Localized airflow can result in both temperature and pollutant concentration segregations with limited mixing between adjacent environmental zones. However, when the bacteria source is within the environmental zone, it becomes important to look for effective methods to disinfect the localized air and prevent cross-infection among occupants in the same zone. This work investigates the effectiveness of upper-room ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) in reducing airborne bacteria transmission within a zone conditioned by localized ceiling-mounted airconditioning system that recirculates return air. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed to simulate the transport and inactivation by UV of Serratia marcescens, an extremely UV-susceptible microorganism. The CFD–UV model was validated using measurements of airflow, temperature, and UV irradiance. Numerous CFD simulations were performed for a case study to determine the maximal fraction of return air that can be recirculated for energy conservation without violating the indoor air quality standards for CO2 and bacteria concentrations. Results revealed that a maximum of 23% return air can be tolerated when minimal UV output of 15 W is delivered to the space. The use of the optimal setting reduced the energy consumption of the system by 15% compared to 100% fresh air case without UVGI.

Field of study: Engineering
Characterizations of arcsin and related distributions based on a new generalized unimodality

A general characterization for α-unimodal distributions was provided in [Alamatsaz,  A Note on an Article by Artikis, ] and its extension to a multivariate case in [Alamatsaz, M.H. 1993: On Characterizations of Exponential and Gamma Distributions, Statistics and Probability Letters 17, 315–319]. Here, by solving the related equations, another generalization for unimodality is presented. As a result of this generalization, a simpler proof of a conjecture, as well as a characterization for generalized arcsin distributions and some generalizations of the author’s earlier works, is obtained. Last, but not the least, it is shown that some elementary methods can be more powerful than some more advanced techniques.

Field of study: Mathematics
Behavioral contrast in competitive and noncompetitive environments.

Three experiments examined the effects of opportunities for an alternative response (drinking) on positive behavioral contrast of rats' food-reinforced bar pressing. In both Experiments 1 and 2 the baseline multiple variable-interval schedules were rich (variable interval 10-s), and contrast was examined both with and without a water bottle present. In Experiment 1, the rats were not water deprived. When one component of the multiple schedule was changed to extinction, the rate of bar pressing increased in the constant component (positive behavioral contrast). The magnitude of contrast was larger when the bottle was absent than when it was present, as predicted by the matching law. Drinking did not shift from the constant variable-interval component to the extinction component, as might have been expected from competition theory. In Experiment 2, the rats were water deprived. Contrast was larger when the bottle was present than when it was absent, and drinking did shift to the extinction component, as predicted by competition theory. In Experiment 3, water-deprived rats responded on leaner multiple variable-interval schedules (60-s) in the presence of a water bottle. When one component was changed to extinction, contrast did not occur, and drinking did not shift to the extinction component. The present results suggest that there are at least two different sources of behavioral contrast: "competitive" contrast, observed when an alternative response occurs with high probability, and "noncompetitive" contrast, observed when an alternative response occurs with low probability. The results, in conjunction with earlier studies, also suggest that the form of the alternative response and the rate of food reinforcement provided by the multiple schedule combine to determine the amount of contrast.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
From Estelle to Erlang

Formal Description Techniques, like Estelle, are being used for the specifications of telecommunication protocols. While many telecommunication software manufacturers are still using programming languages that were developed in the late 1960s or 1970s, Ericson's Computer Science Laboratory in Sweden has developed a new declarative programming language, called Erlang, which supports concurrency, distribution, error handling and code updating. This article first describes how Estelle specifications can be translated into Erlang codes, then presents its application to the Alternating Bit protocol, and finally draws a comparison between this and the compilation method for automatic communication protocol implementation. The motivation behind this work comes from the need of having a better understanding between Erlang, being a very young declarative language and suited to implementing communication protocols due to the features that were built into it, and the FDT, Estelle, in order to obtain more benefits from these languages when implementing communication protocols.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Teaching Graduate Atmospheric Measurement

A 1991 Study on Observational Systems discussed the need for universities to produce graduates capable of developing the next generation of observing systems and interpreting data from emerging complex sensors. It further emphasized the necessity for national centers to make facilities accessible for the education of these students. A follow-on study in 2000 indicated that these needs remain. We describe an ongoing partnership between scientists at the University of Nevada, Reno and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) to include hands-on access to complex instruments as a complement of a graduate course in atmospheric measurement and instrumentation. On five occasions since 1989, the course Measurement in the Atmosphere has incorporated atmospheric observing facilities from NCAR or Colorado State University. The facilities were allocated by the National Science Foundation using the same proposal process normally used to request equipment for field experiments. The course instructo...

Field of study: Environmental science
Role of dorsal and ventral hippocampal muscarinic receptor activity in acquisition and retention of contextual fear conditioning.

The current study further examined the effect of the muscarinic acetylcholine antagonist, scopolamine, on the Context Preexposure Facilitation Effect (CPFE; Robinson-Drummer, Dokovna, Heroux, & Stanton, 2016). In the CPFE, context representations formed during the preexposure phase are retrieved and associated with immediate shock during the training phase and expressed as freezing during a 24-hr retention phase. Scopolamine abolished postshock and retention freezing when administered systemically prior to preexposure (Experiment 1A) or immediate-shock training (Experiment 1B). Pretraining infusion of scopolamine into dorsal hippocampus (dHPC) disrupted both postshock and retention freezing (Experiments 2A) and retention freezing when the postshock freezing test was omitted (Experiment 2B) but did not alter expression of freezing behavior to an auditory fear stimulus (Experiment 2C). Finally, pretraining scopolamine infusion into ventral hippocampus (vHPC) also abolished postshock and retention test freezing (Experiment 3). These findings suggest similar roles for muscarinic receptor activity in both the dHPC and vHPC in the CPFE. This study advances understanding of the neurobiology of the CPFE by showing that context-shock associations are not learned following disruption of the cholinergic and/or hippocampal function on either the preexposure or training day. Existing theories of the CPFE (Rudy, 2009) have inferred this effect based on impaired 24-hr retention observed in previous studies (Matus-Amat, Higgins, Barrientos, & Rudy, 2004; Robinson-Drummer et al., 2016). However, the present study is the first to demonstrate it directly by including a postshock freezing measure. Further, this study is the first to identify vHPC as another important region necessary for context-shock learning during the CPFE paradigm.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Persistence of azadirachtin‐a in two biological systems used for culturing mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices

The disappearance of azadirachtin‐A (AZA‐A) was determined in the growth substrates of two biological systems in which one contained a gellan gum‐based minimal medium (M‐medium), and the other was vermiculite. AZA‐A degradation in these media followed pseudo‐first order kinetics. The half‐life of technical AZA‐A was 44.4 days in the M‐medium system, which contained mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices growing on Ri T‐DNA transformed roots of Daucus carota. In the vermiculite system, which contained the same species of symbiotic fungus growing on the roots of Allium porrum, the half‐lives ranged from 13.2 to 46.2 days for technical and formulated AZA‐A. There was evidence to suggest the occurrence of unidentified AZA‐A conversion products in the treated and aged substrates of the two systems, as well as the presence of AZA‐B residues in products formulated with natural neem extracts. The persistence of AZA‐A in these biological systems is discussed in the context of using them to evaluate the no...

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Understanding Recent Stratospheric Climate Change

The long-term, global-mean cooling of the lower stratosphere stems from two downward steps in temperature, both of which are coincident with the cessation of transient warming after the volcanic eruptions of El Chichon and Mount Pinatubo. Previous attribution studies reveal that the long-term cooling is linked to ozone trends, and modeling studies driven by a range of known forcings suggest that the steps reflect the superposition of the long-term cooling with transient variability in upwelling longwave radiation from the troposphere. However, the long-term cooling of the lower stratosphere is evident at all latitudes despite the fact that chemical ozone losses are thought to be greatest at middle and polar latitudes. Further, the ozone concentrations used in such studies are based on either 1) smooth mathematical functions fit to sparsely sampled observations that are unavailable during postvolcanic periods or 2) calculations by a coupled chemistry–climate model. Here the authors provide observa...

Field of study: Environmental science
Cell type-specific negative regulatory element in low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor gene.

Developmental changes in the expression pattern of the low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (LNGFR) gene suggest a complex mechanism of gene regulation. We demonstrate the presence of a negative regulatory element (NRE) localized to a 40 base pair (bp) segment, -1731 to -1690 bp upstream from the translation start site in the LNGFR gene. The NRE possesses two tandemly arranged sequences with similarity to immunoglobulin gene enhancer E-boxes. The NRE is active in neurons and neuronal cell lines but not in astrocytes. Electrophoretic mobility shift analysis (EMSA) demonstrates changing expression pattern of proteins binding to the NRE in developing nervous system. Since the specific binding of the proteins to the NRE is competed with oligonucleotides containing E-box sequences we suggest that factor(s) responsible for down regulation of LNGFR gene include members of the helix-loop-helix class of transcription factors.

Field of study: Biology
Structure of the autophagic E2 enzyme Atg10.

Autophagy is a regulated degradation pathway that plays a critical role in all eukaryotic life cycles. One interesting feature of the core autophagic process, autophagosome formation, is similar to ubiquitination. One of two autophagic E2 enzymes, Atg10, interacts with Atg7 to receive Atg12, a ubiquitin-like molecule, and is also involved in the Atg12-Atg5 conjugation reaction. To date, no information on the interaction between Atg10 and Atg7 has been reported, although structural information is available pertaining to the individual components. Here, the crystal structure of Atg10 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is described at 2.7 Å resolution. A significant improvement of the diffraction limit by heavy-atom derivatization was essential for structure determination. The core fold of yeast Atg10 is well conserved compared with those of Atg3 and other E2 enzymes. In contrast to other E2 enzymes, however, the autophagic E2 enzymes Atg3 and Atg10 possess insertion regions in the middle of the core fold and may be involved in protein function. The missing segment, which was termed the `FR-region', in Atg10 may be important for interaction with the E1 enzyme Atg7. This study provides a framework for understanding the E2 conjugation reaction in autophagy.

Field of study: Chemistry
Toxicity of the Mosquito Control Pesticide Scourge® to Adult and Larval Grass Shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio)

This study investigated the toxicity of various concentrations of technical resmethrin and Scourge® on adult and larval Palaemonetes pugio, a common grass shrimp species. Two types of tests were conducted for each of the resmethrin formulations using adult and larval grass shrimp life stages, a 96-h static renewal aqueous test without sediment, and a 24-h static nonrenewal aqueous test with sediment. For resmethrin, the 96-h aqueous LC50 value for adult shrimp was 0.53 μg/L (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.46–0.60 μg/L), and for larval shrimp was 0.35 μg/L (95% CI: 0.28–0.42 μg/L). In the presence of sediment, technical resmethrin produced a 24-h LC50 value for adult shrimp of 5.44 μg/L (95% CI: 4.52–6.55 μg/L), and for larval shrimp of 2.15 μg/L (95% CI: 1.35–3.43 μg/L). For Scourge®, the 96-h aqueous LC50 for adult shrimp was 2.08 μg/L (95% CI: 1.70–2.54 μg/L), and for larval shrimp was 0.36 μg/L (95% CI: 0.24–0.55 μg/L). The 24-h sediment test yielded an LC50 value of 16.12 μg/L (95% CI: 14.79–17.57 μg/L) for adult shrimp, and 14.16 μg/L (95% CI: 12.21–16.43 μg/L) for larvae. Adjusted LC50 values to reflect the 18% resmethrin concentration in Scourge® are 0.37 μg/L (adult), 0.07 μg/L (larvae) for the 96-h aqueous test, and 2.90 μg/L (adult), 2.6 μg/L (larvae) for the 24-h sediment test. Larval grass shrimp were more sensitive to technical resmethrin and Scourge® than the adult life stage. The results also demonstrate that synergized resmethrin is more toxic to P. pugio than the nonsynergized form, and that the presence of sediment decreases the toxicity of both resmethrin and Scourge®

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Evaluation of the Critical Current Density of Multifilamentary ${\rm Nb}_{3}{\rm Sn}$ Wires From Magnetization Measurements

A simple model for evaluating the critical current density of multifilamentary wires from magnetization measurements was examined. This model assumes that each sub-element is in good approximation a superconducting hollow cylinder, which limits its validity to powder-in-tube wires and wires whose filaments are completely merged within the sub-elements. The magnetic moment of short samples of four wire types was measured in a SQUID magnetometer at applied fields of up to 7 T in the temperature range from 4.2 to 15 K. The evaluation model discussed in this work was used to obtain critical current densities from the results of these measurements. The calculated values were compared to transport measurement results, and satisfactory agreement was found between the two data sets. Furthermore, it was shown by means of magnetization measurements of individual sub-elements that the coupling between the sub-elements in the wire samples has a negligible effect on such measurements.

Field of study: Physics
Migration of Famoxadone in Soil Thin-layer Chromatography

The movement of famoxadone in 5 different soils and influence of 3 types of surfactants on the mobility of famoxadone were studied by using soil thin layer chromatography (STLC). Results showed the mobility parameter was inverse-correlated to the content of soil organic matter and clay mineral content. The mobility of famoxadone was promoted in surfactant solutions with concentrations over CMC while restrained in surfactant solutions with concentrations less than CMC. The changing mobility of famoxadone in surfactant solution was the results of several interactions between famoxadone, surfactant molecule, surfactant micelle and soil surface.

Field of study: Environmental science
State of Women in Academia: Extent of Supportive Environment for Female Researchers

While women’s rights activists and advocates fight for equality in the professions, the state of women in academic research is not very impressive. Fewer women are actively undertaking major doctoral studies and research. Although the number increases at a very low rate, women’s participation, specifically in science, technology, engineering, and information technology research at academic levels or for doctoral purposes, is minimal. In this situation, many acclaimed authors have reasoned that womanhood itself and gender-specific attributions cause low participation in academia. A few have referred to motherhood as well. At this juncture, this literature review explores whether environmental support and facilitation are more responsible for this situation than gender attributes are by approaching the topic from the viewpoint of the extent of environmental support for women researchers.

Field of study: Education, Sociology
SU-E-l-01: Investigating the Dependence of 2D and 3D Scatter-To-Primary Ratios on Breast Density in Clinical Breast CT.

To characterize 2D and 3D scatter-to-primary ratios (SPR) and investigate the dependence of SPR on breast density based on clinicalpatient imaging on our dedicated SPECT-CT mammotomography system.



As a part of an on-going IRB approved protocol, 7 consented women underwent a breast imaging study with our SPECT-CT system. Using a quasi-monochromatic x-ray cone beam and flat panel detector, 240 projections were obtained. 6 beam stop array (BSA) projections were also obtained over 40 degree intervals. The CT data were scatter corrected using a phantom-validated algorithm based on the BSA technique. For each projection, 2D scatter fluence was determined behind each beam stop shadow through the patient's breast, and cubic spline interpolated throughout the thresholded breast region. 2D SPRs were calculated as the average of 6 measured ratios of scatter projections to scatter corrected (primary) projections. Angular cubic spline interpolation was performed to obtain the remaining 234 azimuthal BSA projections for reconstruction correction. Corrected and uncorrected projection images were individually reconstructed and 3D SPRs calculated as the ratio of difference between primary and un-corrected volumes to primary volumes. Histograms of the reconstructed patient data-sets yielded distinct peaks representing linear attenuation coefficients of glandular+skin and fatty tissue. Percentage glandular and fatty tissue was estimated by fitting a double Gaussian to the histogram and integrating area under the curve.



Only 4 CT data sets devoid of motion and truncation artifacts were suitable for scatter correction. Preliminary results show that 2D SPR values peak at the center of breast volumes and were greatest (∼50%) for the most glandular breast, whereas 3D SPR values remained fairly constant throughout the breast and did not obviously correlate with density, consistent with prior phantom results.



2D SPR values are greater in breasts with higher glandular tissue composition, whereas 3D SPR values appear independent of breast composition. This work is funded by the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health grant RO1-CA096821, with partial support (JHP) from NIH T32-EB001040. MPT is the inventor of this CT technology, and is named as an inventor on the patent for this technology awarded to Duke University. If this technology becomes commercially successful, MPT and Duke could benefit financially.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Idea de la lírica en el Renacimiento (Entre Italia y España) (review)

Ottaviani feels most at home is both several decades old and primarily written in French — or at least not in English. This is unfortunate, because there has been an outpouring of excellent English-language scholarly writing in recent years on many of the areas with which Ottaviani is most vitally concerned; but there is no trace here of the work of, say, Alison Cornish on Dante’s astronomy, or Simon Gilson on his optics, and the book is, finally, weaker as a result. Though it has many virtues and will be useful, within limits, to specialists, its adherence to a model of critical practice now superseded within Dante studies means that its impact on the field will be smaller than its author’s learning and diligence deserve. STEVEN BOTTERILL University of California, Berkeley

Field of study: History