nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
[A role of depression in chronic dorsalgia: approaches to therapeutic correction].

: An impact of depression on general clinical picture was studied in 20 patients with chronic dorsalgia, who were treated with coaxil. Along with complaints to prolonged back pains, patients featured by high depression and anxiety, sleep disturbances, autonomic dysfunction and marked decrease of quality of life. Psychometric tests revealed a presence of depressive symptoms in 90% of the cases. All patients were treated with coaxil in dosage 12.5 mg 3 times daily during 6 weeks. The treatment allowed a reduction of depression and anxiety symptoms, along with muscle dysfunction and pain syndrome. Positive dynamics of autonomic dysfunction, sleep disturbances and quality of life was observed already at the initial treatment stage. The results of the study confirm the fact that depression develops in patients with chronic dorsalgia, influencing negatively on the course of pain syndrome. Coaxil was shown to have high efficacy and safety in the treatment of depression caused by chronic back pain and positively influence on the main syndrome.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Round table: Canada's Kananaskis G8 summit: What can and should be done?

June 26–28, 2002, Canada will be hosting, for its fourth time, the annual Summit of the Group of Seven and now Eight major market democracies ‐ France, the United States, Britain, Germany, Japan, Italy, Canada, and Russia, with the European Union. This year there is much more skepticism and uncertainty than usual about what the G7 and G8 Summit can and should do. It is thus important to address several fundamental questions about G7/8 Summitry: Of what value has the G7/8 Summit been in recent years? How best can one measure its success? How does its recent performance compare with that since its inception in 1975? What makes a Summit successful? What are the key causes of effective G7/8 performance? How well has the G7/8 moved to meaningfully involve outside countries, international organizations, and civil society organizations in its Summit in recent years? What further innovations are needed? To answer these questions, this Roundtable has assembled several veteran observers and practitioners of the G7/G8. Robert Fauver, of Fauver Associates in the United States, Sir Nicholas Bayne, of the London School of Economics and Political Science, Dr. Gordon Smith, Senior Fellow at the Liu Centre at the University of British Columbia on Canada's Pacific coast. And Professor Gerald Helleiner, of the University of Toronto's Munk Center for International Studies.

Field of study: Political science
Observations for Reanalyses

AbstractGlobal dynamical reanalyses of the atmosphere and ocean fundamentally rely on observations, not just for the assimilation (i.e. for the definition of the state of the Earth-system components), but also in many other steps along the production chain. Observations are used to constrain the model boundary conditions, for the calibration or uncertainty determination of other observations, and for the evaluation of data products. This requires major efforts, including data rescue (for historical observations), data management (including metadatabases), compilation and quality control, and error estimation. The work on observations ideally occurs one cycle ahead of the generation cycle of reanalyses, allowing them to make full use of it. In this paper we describe the activities within ERA-CLIM2, which range from surface, upper-air and Southern Ocean data rescue to satellite data recalibration and from the generation of snow cover products to the development of a global station data metadatabase. The pro...

Field of study: Environmental science
Preparation and Curing Behaviour of Epoxy Based Film for Moderate Temperature Prepreg

Bisphenol A epoxy resin and an acid anhydride [chosen from methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride (Me-THPA), methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride (MHHPA) and methyl nadic anhydride (MNA)] were used to prepare epoxy films for hot melt prepreg. The effects of film composition, i.e. type and amount of epoxy resin, curing agent and curing catalyst, were investigated to develop a moderate temperature prepreg, and orthogonal experiments were used to investigate the effect of film composition on the curing behaviour of the epoxy resin film, and to determine the optimal formulation. The most favourable formulation film was cured at 100 °C for 2 h, and its curing degree was characterised by FTIR spectroscopy.

Field of study: Materials science
SiC addition for MgB/sub 2/ superconducting wire by suspension spinning

The effect of nanoscale SiC addition on the field dependence of J/sub c/ for MgB/sub 2/ superconducting wire by suspension spinning was examined to enhance the flux pinning. The suspension spinning of commercially available MgB/sub 2/ and SiC powders was examined to fabricate a long superconducting MgB/sub 2/ wire by using the spinning medium of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) or polyacrylonitrile (PAN). The as-drawn filaments were uniaxially pressed under 20 MPa at 200/spl deg/C for 8 h to remove volatile components and connect the MgB/sub 2/ grains. The filamentary samples were enveloped by an iron sheet with a pellet of mixed powder of Mg and B to prevent Mg loss, and vacuum-sealed in a fused quartz tube and sintered. The field dependence of J/sub c/ for the samples was examined at 4.2 K in magnetic fields up to 14 T. The J/sub c/ of the sample was strongly dependent on the spinning medium and sintering condition. Addition of 5 at% SiC in the sample spun by PVA medium attained the maximum J/sub c/ value more than 1000 A/cm/sup 2/ at 4.2 K by applying the field of 14 T.

Field of study: Physics
An Off-line Based QoS Routing Scheme for LEO Satellite Networks

W ith the development of the space technology, the low performance of the on-board computing becomes a bottleneck of the satellite networks. To solve this problem, we proposed a new off-line QoS routing scheme for Low Earth Orbit ( LEO ) satellite networks based on ground station in this paper. This routing scheme is off-line and based on prediction. The most computing task of the routing scheme will be implemented on the ground station with algebraic methods and on-board computing complexity will be reduced to polynomial. Simulation results show this new routing scheme can provide more QoS guarantees and higher performance.

Field of study: Computer science
MODELING AND ENGINEERING ANALYSIS OF ETHYLENE OXIDE SYNTHESIS IN THREE-PHASE BUBBLE COLUMN SLURRY REACTOR

A mathematical model of ethylene oxide synthesis in three-phase bubble column slurry reactor is presented. It accounts for axial dispersion of liquid phase, settling-dispersion of catalyst and gas-liquid mass transfer. The effects of parameters, such as superficial gas velocity,height of three-phase slurry bed,diameter of reactor and molar fraction of ethylene in the feed syngas on axial distribution of catalyst concentration in the reactor,molar fraction of ethylene oxide in exit gas,selectivity of ethylene oxide and space-time yield were examined. Reasonable design parameters, such as the size of industrial reactor, superficial gas velocity,selectivity of ethylene oxide and space-time yield were predicted and useful information for the design of three-phase bubble column slurry reactor of ethylene oxide synthesis was obtained.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Expression, purification and preliminary X-ray characterization of histidinol phosphate phosphatase.

Histidinol phosphate phosphatase (HisPPase) catalyzes the eighth step of histidine biosynthesis, in which L-histidinol phosphate undergoes dephosphorylation to give histidinol. A recombinant form of the histidinol phosphate phosphatase from Thermus thermophilus HB8 has been expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and crystallized in two crystal forms by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion technique. Crystal form I belongs to the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2, with unit-cell parameters a = 84.8, b = 97.2, c = 74.9 A, and crystal form II belongs to the orthorhombic space group C222(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 76.9, b = 157.6, c = 116.7 A. The crystals probably contain two monomers in the asymmetric unit, with V(M) values of 2.57 A(3) Da(-1) for form I and 2.96 A(3) Da(-1) for form II. X-ray data have been collected to 1.70 and 1.75 A resolution for crystal forms I and II, respectively.

Field of study: Chemistry
Taking Responsibility for Others and Use of Mental Contrasting

Mentally contrasting a desired future with present reality fosters selective goal pursuit: People pursue feasible desired futures and let go from unfeasible ones. We investigated whether people are more inclined to spontaneously use mental contrasting when they feel responsibility. Studies 1 and 2 provided correlational evidence: Employees who felt responsible for completing an important team project (Study 1) and MTurk users who felt and actively took social responsibility (Study 2) were more inclined to use mental contrasting. Studies 3 and 4 added experimental evidence: Students who were instructed to imagine responsibility for giving an excellent class presentation in a group or alone (Study 3) and participants who elaborated on an idiosyncratic wish that involved responsibility for others or themselves tended to use mental contrasting (Study 4). Apparently, people who feel or take responsibility for others, the society, or themselves are more likely to use mental contrasting as a self-regulation tool.

Field of study: Psychology
Speculation and price fluctuations with private, extrinsic signals

We consider an overlapping generations model in which asset prices are determined through a Vickrey auction. The existence of speculative (sunspot) equilibria is proven, where traders strictly prefer to act based on private, nonfundamental signals. An example is presented in which speculation over “market psychology” nearly drives fundamental analysis (inside information about dividends) out of the market. Another example demonstrates price fluctuations that persist as the number of traders approaches infinity. The equilibria produce price fluctuations without any trader able to identify the source; we informally argue that the model sheds light on the phenomenon of technical analysis.

Field of study: Economics
Novel reaction products from simple organic reactions: Delineation of reaction pathways

In continuation of our interest in the synthesis of biologically active, natu- ral and synthetic compounds, we have come across some surprises even with simple reac- tions like alkylation, condensation and rearrangement, which have resulted in the forma- tion of some unusual novel products. Structures of these were assigned on the basis of their detailed spectral analysis and also confirmed in a few cases by X-ray crystal studies. Mechanistic aspects of the plausible routes of their formation have also been presented. NOVEL PRODUCTS OF FRIES REARRANGEMENT The Fries rearrangement is an exceedingly convenient and general method for the preparation of hydroxyketones from phenol esters and the formation of product(s) depends upon the reaction conditions used (ref. 1). It finds wide application in synthetic organic chemistry since both the acid and the phenol from which the phenol esters are derived can be varied. Metal promoted (ref. 2), anionic (ref. 3) and Photo Fries rearrangements (ref. 4), because of their specific advantages are gaining more importance these days for the regiospecific prepara- tion of varieties of new compounds. Beside these, Fries reaction has been also used for the preparation of various synthons, required for the synthesis of number of polycyclic compounds like benzofurans, steroids, coumarins and isocoumarins. We, in continuation of our interest in the field of natural product synthesis, envisaged the preparation of synthon 1, required for the synthesis of Candirone (5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,6,8-trimethoxy-4H-1- benzopyran-Cone) (Z), isolated by Parmar et a1 (ref. 5), from the seeds of Tephrosiu cundidu. Interest in the synthesis of 2 was due to the rare oxygenation pattern (structure revised recently; ref. 6) and also because it was isolated from the extract that has been earlier found to possess strong insecticidal activity (ref. 7)Sarin et a1 (ref. 8) have also observed the activity against human epidermoid carcinoma of the nasopharynx in tissue culture (9KJ3) in 50% ethanolic extract of the plant. s$

Field of study: Chemistry
A free boundary problem arising in a kinematic wave model of channel flow with infiltration

Water flowing down a dry channel and infiltrating into the channel bed constitutes a free boundary problem. The free boundary is the time history of the water edge or front. In this paper we discuss a kinematic wave model of the problem. The problem is formulated in Sec. 1 and the results summarized in Sec. 2. In Sees. 3 and 4 the mathematical details are carried out, and in Sec. 5 a model using the continuity and momentum equations of hydraulics is discussed. 1. Formulation of the problem. The problem of irrigation has been studied for many years; we list, in the references, some of the more recent papers. We are dealing, essentially, with water flowing down a channel and infiltrating into the channel bed. The time history x = s(t) of the front of the water, i.e. the interface between the covered and uncovered part of the channel, is a free boundary which has to be determined along with the velocity u(x, t). This problem has been treated at various levels of mathematical complexity. We choose here a kinematic wave model that has been discussed in [1, 3, 7, 8, 9, 11]. Let x be the distance along a channel of uniform cross-section, u(x, t) the velocity, h(x, t) the depth, q(x, t) the lateral inflow rate, and f(x, t) the infiltration rate. The latter two are in volume per unit area per unit time. We can interpret q as rainfall. Further, let S be the slope of the channel, assumed constant, and Sf the friction slope. For Sf we take the Chezy formula Sf = vT/Ch, m and C positive constants. The continuity and momentum equations are [10, Chapter 11] h, + (uh)x = q — f u, + uux + ghx = g(S Sf) qu/h. (1) Conditions under which various terms in the momentum equation can be omitted have been discussed in the literature; we refer here to [4, 5, 6], The kinematic wave model is obtained by omitting all but the terms S — Ss. Thus we get u = ah1/m, v. = (SC)llm. (2) We assume now that q = 0 and that/is a function of t only. Then, writing n = 1 + m~x, we get, from (1) and (2), h, + (ah% = (3) * Received June 27, 1979; revised version received May 8, 1980. This research has been supported by the National Science Foundation through grant ENG78-25637.

Field of study: Mathematics
[Molecular cloning and analysis of the 3' terminal sequence of duck hepatitis virus genome].

The authentic 3' terminal sequences of genomes of duck hepatitis virus (DHV) serotype I strain C80 and serotype I variant strain E63 were obtained by using 3' RACE and RT-PCR techniques. The analysis showed that 3' terminal sequences in the genomes of the two DHV strains include the 3D region of 1359 nucleotides (nt), the terminator codon TGA, and 3'untranslated region (UTR) of 314 nt. The poly (A) tails of C80 and E63 are 18 nt and 19 nt in length respectively. The deduced 3D proteins of 453 amino acids of both DHV strains contain the motifs KDELR, DxxxxD, GxxCSGxxxTxxxNS, YGDD, and FLKR characteristic for RNA polymerase of picornaviruses, which confirms DHV serotype I to be a member of Picornaviridae . The amino acid sequence identities among 3D protein of the two DHV strains with representatives of nine other picornavirus genera range from 16% to 37%, which are within the value ranges (18%-60%) of 3D amino acid sequence identities obtained from inter-genera comparisons. In addition, DHV serotype I possesses the longest 3'UTR in the family Picornaviridae. Phylogenetic analysis of 3D proteins indicated that DHV serotype I may belong to a separated genus of the family Picornaviridae.

Field of study: Biology
Mixed strategy equilibrium in a Downsian model with a favored candidate: A comment

This note complements Aragones and Palfrey (2002)  by providing upper and lower bounds of the equilibrium payoff of the advantaged (disadvantaged) candidate for any symmetric distribution of the median voterʼs ideal policy and any (even or odd) number of equidistant locations. These bounds point to a negative (positive) relationship between the equilibrium payoff of the (dis)advantaged candidate and the uncertainty regarding the median voterʼs preferences.

Field of study: Economics
Bulk Viscous Damping of Density Oscillations in Neutron Star Mergers

In this paper, we discuss the damping of density oscillations in dense nuclear matter in the temperature range relevant to neutron star mergers. This damping is due to bulk viscosity arising from the weak interaction “Urca” processes of neutron decay and electron capture. The nuclear matter is modelled in the relativistic density functional approach. The bulk viscosity reaches a resonant maximum close to the neutrino trapping temperature, then drops rapidly as temperature rises into the range where neutrinos are trapped in neutron stars. We investigate the bulk viscous dissipation timescales in a post-merger object and identify regimes where these timescales are as short as the characteristic timescale ∼10 ms, and, therefore, might affect the evolution of the post-merger object. Our analysis indicates that bulk viscous damping would be important at not too high temperatures of the order of a few MeV and densities up to a few times saturation density.

Field of study: Physics
Mediator difference in contractions between trachea and bronchus of guinea pig induced by stimulation of C-fibers in vitro.

In trachea and bronchus of guinea pig in vitro, electric field stimulation (EFS) induced a rapid contraction (phase I) followed by a long-lasting contraction (phase II). The pretreatments of chlorphenamine (Chl) 1 mumol.L-1 and disodium cromoglycate (Cro) 10 mumol.L-1 reduced the tracheal contraction of phase II from 49 +/- 23 mg and 34 +/- 18 mg to 27 +/- 21 and 18 +/- 12 mg, respectively. The contractile responses of the tracheae to increasing concentrations of substance P (SP) 0.1-3.0 mumol.L-1 were reduced by the pretreatment of Cro 10 mumol.L-1 (P < 0.01). On the contrary, the contractile responses of the bronchi were not inhibited by Cro or Chl but were inhibited by pretreatment of atropine 1 mumol.L-1 from 61 +/- 36 mg to 36 +/- 15 mg. These results show that there are different mechanisms in the EFS-induced contractions between the trachea and bronchus; that different mediators amplify the phase II contractions.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
VIBRATION OF A STIFFENED SHELL WITH A RIBBED PLATE UNDER MULTI-POINT EXCITATIONS

A vibrational model of a stiffened cylindrical shell coupled with a ribbed plate under multi-point excitations is established based on an improved sub-structure receptance method. The theoretic model is validated by ANSYS and then utilized to analyze the effects of the distributional direction and location of the multi-point excitations on the vibration of the system. The following conclusions have been drawn from this study: 1) For an excitation source with a constant total amplitude, the vibrational response transmitted from the plate to the shell under multi-point excitations is much smaller than that under single point excitation. 2) The vibrational energy transmitted from the plate to the shell can be effectively reduced provided that the multi-point excitations are located along the center line of the plate and vertically to the direction of the coupling edge. Therefore, in engineering practice, for a piece of equipment that can be considered as a constant excitation source, it is beneficial for improving the acoustic characteristics of the system by fixing it with multiply points along the center line of the plate and vertically to the plate/shell coupling edge.

Field of study: Engineering
PERSONALITY, ACADEMIC, AND MOTIVATIONAL ASPECTS OF STUDENT PREFERENCE FOR GRADING SYSTEMS

AbstractIn colleges and universities that have pass-fail grading options the majority of the students do not use the option. Four studies were done to determine what types of students use pass-fail options. Three studies showed that student survey preferences for pass-fail grading were related to attitudes about the usefulness of grades and motivation to succeed via grades but not to past success with grades, past experience with pass-fail grading, or personality measures. A fourth study involved real student decisions. Differences between students that selected a new system and those that selected the traditional system were found on the flexibility scale of the California Psychological Inventory.

Field of study: Education
Regulation of Neuronal Stem Cell Proliferation in the Hippocampus by Endothelial Ceramide

Major depressive disorder is one of the most common diseases in western countries. The disease is mainly defined by its psychiatric symptoms. However, the disease has also many symptoms outside the central nervous system, in particular cardiovascular symptoms. Recent studies demonstrated that the acid sphingomyelinase/ceramide system plays an important role in the development of major depressive disorder and functions as a target of antidepressants.  Here, we investigated (i) whether ceramide accumulates in endothelial cells in the neurogenetic zone of the hippocampus after glucocorticosterone-mediated stress, (ii) whether ceramide is released into the extracellular space of the hippocampus and (iii) whether extracellular ceramide inhibits neuronal proliferation. Ceramide was determined in endothelial cell culture supernatants or extracellular hippocampus extracts by a kinase assay. Endothelial ceramide in the hippocampus was analyzed by confocal microscopy of brain sections stained with Cy3-labelled anti-ceramide antibodies and FITC-Isolectin B4. Neuronal proliferation was measured by incubation of pheochromocytoma neuronal cells with culture supernatants and extracellular hippocampus extracts.  Treatment of cultured endothelial cells with glucocorticosterone induces a release of ceramide into the supernatant. Likewise, treatment of mice with glucocorticosterone triggers a release of ceramide into the extracellular space of the hippocampus. The release of ceramide is inhibited by concomitant treatment with the antidepressant amitriptyline, which also inhibits the activity of the acid sphingomyelinase. Studies employing confocal microscopy revealed that ceramide is formed and accumulates exclusively in endothelial cells in the hippocampus of stressed mice, a process that was again prevented by co-application of amitriptyline. Ceramide released in the culture supernatant or into the extracellular space of the hippocampus reduced proliferation of neurons in vitro.  The data suggest a novel model for the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder, i.e. the release of ceramide-enriched microvesicles from endothelial cells that negatively affect neuronal proliferation in the hippocampus, but may also induce cardiovascular disease and other systemic symptoms of patients with major depressive disorder.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Two Lower Paleozoic groups, Arbuckle and Wichita Mountains, Oklahoma

This paper establishes two groups—Timbered Hills and Arbuckle—for the lower Paleozoic formations of the Arbuckle and Wichita mountains of Oklahoma. The Timbered Hills group is divided into three formations, and the Arbuckle into nine formations and two members. A brief description is given, and a type section designated for each formation. The three formations of the Timbered Hills group and four in the Arbuckle group are assigned to the Upper Cambrian, and the other five formations of the Arbuckle group to the Lower Ordovician. A table shows the classification proposed by the writer compared with earlier classifications.

Field of study: Geology