nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Prompt photon and inclusive π0 production at RHIC and LHC

We present results for prompt photon and inclusive π0 production in p-p and A-A collisions at RHIC and LHC energies. We include the full next-to-leading order radiative corrections and nuclear effects, such as nuclear shadowing and parton energy loss. We find the next-to-leading order corrections to be large and pT dependent. We show how measurements of π0 production at RHIC and LHC, at large PT, can provide valuable information about the nature of parton energy loss. We calculate the ratio of prompt photons to neutral pions and show that at RHIC energies this ratio increases with pT approaching one at pT ∼ 10 GeV, due to the large suppression of π0 production. We show that at the LHC, this ratio has steep pT dependence and approaches 10% effect at pT ∼ 20 GeV.

Field of study: Physics
Developing ‘new’ avenues and domains in youth research: Youth mobility and transport

Mobility and transport needs, challenges and experiences are embedded in everyday life. An examination of mobility and transport issues contributes to our understanding of social change, stratification, differentiation, inequalities, structures and processes. This is an indication that sociological understandings of mobility and transport are relevant and critical to contemporary society, particularly the daily experiences and realities of marginalised and vulnerable social groups. This review paper then makes two contributions. The first demonstrates the extent to which the concepts 'mobility' and 'transport' extend our understanding of everyday lives, needs, experiences and challenges. Secondly, the paper highlights a selection of dominant and emerging themes, including the conceptual, methodological and epistemological deficiencies. This presents opportunities for further sociological accounts of youth in general and youth mobility in particular. This paper then is a 'primer' to encourage the exploration of 'new' avenues and domains within sociology in general and the Sociology of Youth or Childhood in particular.

Field of study: Sociology
Diameter Structure and Productivity of Phyllostachys pubescens Stand in Chaohu Hill

The diameter structure of bamboo stand in Fuling forest farm of Chaohu city was investigated.The result indicated that the diameter structure of bamboo stand complyed with normal distribution.Some regression models among stand fators were established as follows:H1=-3.105+7.3489lnD,H2=1.91078*1.12608D;W=0.04592D1.25318H11.26105,W=0.19911D2.0818H2-0.03427.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The Optimized Pseudorandom Digital Modulation Excitation Sequences for Multichannel Ultrasonic Ranging system

The crosstalk in multichannel simultaneously triggered ultrasonic sensors of ultrasonic ranging system may cause false measurement. This paper presents pseudorandom digital modulation excitation sequences for multichannel ultrasonic sensors to avoid crosstalk. To make full use of bandwidth of the ultrasonic sensors, the parameters of the pseudorandom digital modulation methods are configured. A genetic algorithm is applied to optimize the pseudorandom m sequences to obtain the best echo correlation characteristics (i.e., sharpest autocorrelation and flattest cross-correlation). The polarity correlation algorithm in the receiving circuit is implemented by Field Programmable Gate Array. Real experiments have been conducted using ultrasonic ranging system that consists of eight-channel SensComp 600 series instrument-grade electrostatic sensors excited with 2 ms optimized pseudorandom digital modulation sequences. Experimental results shows that the optimized pseudorandom BFSK sequence , which can make the eight-channel ultrasonic ranging system work together without crosstalk and has a maximal 4.1 cm absolute error, has the best performance of all the pseudorandom digital modulation sequences.

Field of study: Computer science
The Record-Breaking 1933 Atlantic Hurricane Season

The 1933 Atlantic hurricane season was extremely active, with 20 named storms and 11 hurricanes including 6 major (category 3+; 1-min maximum sustained winds ≥96 kt) hurricanes occurring. The 1933 hurricane season also generated the most accumulated cyclone energy (an integrated metric that accounts for frequency, intensity, and duration) of any Atlantic hurricane season on record. A total of 8 hurricanes tracked through the Caribbean in 1933—the most on record. In addition, two category 3 hurricanes made landfall in the United States just 23 h apart: the Treasure Coast hurricane in southeast Florida followed by the Cuba–Brownsville hurricane in south Texas. This manuscript examines large-scale atmospheric and oceanic conditions that likely led to such an active hurricane season. Extremely weak vertical wind shear was prevalent over both the Caribbean and the tropical Atlantic throughout the peak months of the hurricane season, likely in part due to a weak-to-moderate La Niña event. These favorable dynamic conditions, combined with above-normal tropical Atlantic sea surface temperatures, created a very conducive environment for hurricane formation and intensification. The Madden–Julian oscillation was relatively active during the summer and fall of 1933, providing subseasonal conditions that were quite favorable for tropical cyclogenesis during mid- to late August and late September to early October. The current early June and August statistical models used by Colorado State University would have predicted a very active 1933 hurricane season. A better understanding of these extremely active historical Atlantic hurricane seasons may aid in anticipation of future hyperactive seasons.

Field of study: Environmental science
Quantitative Performance Analysis of Scalogram as Instantaneous Frequency Estimator

Instantaneous frequency (IF) estimation through the estimation of peak locations in the time-frequency plane is an important approach for signals contaminated with additive white Gaussian noise. In this paper, the forementioned analysis is carried out for continuous wavelet transform. The analysis of the scalogram as the instantaneous frequency estimator is performed for any FM signal regardless of the mother wavelet. Accurate expressions for the bias and the variance of the estimator are derived, and reveal that the bias and the variance are signal dependent. Results are statistically confirmed through the numerical analysis for several mother wavelets, and among considered wavelets, the Morlet wavelet produces the smallest estimation error. Furthermore, the performance of the IF estimator based on the scalogram and the spectrogram were compared through analysis of mean square error. These results showed that the scalogram with the Morlet wavelet exhibited good performance for the sample linear FM signal and the sample hyperbolic FM signal in comparison to the spectrogram.

Field of study: Engineering
From the Nation-State to a World Society: An Institutional Reading of Globalization

This article highlights the inadequacy of classical and neoclassical theories for understanding the set of changes experienced by economic systems in their process of development. The institutional dimension concerning the issue of well-defined rules (through the introduction of economic policies) and involving all stakeholders in the regulatory process (starting from the firm), seems to better interpret micro- and macro-economic aspects of the evolving capitalist model. This means questioning the complicated economic governance and society in the transition from the nation-state to a world society (or world state).

Field of study: Economics
Can ethanol alone meet California's low carbon fuel standard? An evaluation of feedstock and conversion alternatives

The feasibility of meeting California’s low carbon fuel standard (LCFS) using ethanol from various feedstocks is assessed. Lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, direct agricultural land use, petroleum displacement directly due to ethanol blending, and production costs for a number of conventional and lignocellulosic ethanol pathways are estimated under various supply scenarios. The results indicate that after considering indirect land use effects, all sources of ethanol examined, except Midwest corn ethanol, are viable options to meet the LCFS. However, the required ethanol quantity depends on the GHG emissions performance and ethanol availability. The quantity of ethanol that can be produced from lignocellulosic biomass resources within California is insufficient to meet the year 2020 LCFS target. Utilizing lignocellulosic ethanol to meet the LCFS is more attractive than utilizing Brazilian sugarcane ethanol due to projected lower direct agricultural land use, dependence on imported energy, ethanol cost, required refueling infrastructure modifications and penetration of flexible fuel E85 vehicles. However, advances in cellulosic ethanol technology and commercial production capacity are required to support moderate- to large-scale introduction of low carbon intensity cellulosic ethanol. Current cellulosic ethanol production cost estimates suffer from relatively high uncertainty and need to be refined based on commercial scale production data when available.

Field of study: Environmental science
PARTNERS OF CONVENIENCE.

IN BOTH THE REGION AND THE AIRLINES HAVE HIT LATIN AMERICA'S CARRIERS HARD. IN THE FASTEST-GROWING AVIATION MARKET IN THE WORLD, THE CARRIERS HAVE HAD TO ADDRESS THESE PROBLEMS -- AND QUICKLY. ALEXANDRA LENNANE TALKS TO FRED OBEDIENTE, CFO AT PANAMA CARRIER COPA, AND DAVID GRIZZLE, SENIOR VICE-PRESIDENT CORPORATE DEVELOPMENT AT CONTINENTAL AIRLINES, ITS EQUITY INVESTOR.

Field of study: Business
Intermediary metabolism in methanogenic paddy soil and the influence of temperature

The intermediary metabolism in methanogenic rice paddy soil was studied by slurry incubation experiments at low (15°C) and high (30°C) temperatures. A shift to a low temperature, inhibition of methanogenesis by the addition of CHCl3, or inhibition of H2-producing syntrophic bacteria by increased partial pressures of H2 (0.2 bar) all resulted in the accumulation of metabolic intermediates. The temperature shift to 15°C resulted in a decrease of the CH4 production rate and of the H2 and CO2 partial pressures, and resulted in the transient accumulation of acetate, propionate, caproate, lactate, and iso-propanol. Chloroform inhibited methanogenesis and resulted in the accumulation of acetate, H2, propionate, caproate, lactate, and iso-propanol at both 15°C and 30°C. Addition of H2 resulted in the accumulation of propionate, caproate, lactate, formate and iso-propanol at both temperatures. The added H2 was consumed, together with CO2, mainly by methanogenesis at 30°C, but mainly by homoacetogenesis at 15°C. A decrease in temperature caused an increase (less exergonic) of the Gibbs free energy of the H2-producing reactions that was larger than that of the H2-consuming reactions. Addition of chloroform, and even more so of H2, also resulted in increased Gibbs free energies of H2-producing reactions, thus explaining why the intermediates detected did accumulate. The metabolites that accumulated when methanogenesis was inhibited by chloroform largely (76–108%) accounted for the missing CH4. Carbon flow through acetate contributed 79–83% of the total carbon flow to CH4. Comparison of the relative amounts of accumulated intermediates indicates that the H2-producing reactions (presumably syntrophic bacteria) were more sensitive to low temperature than the H2-consuming reactions, and that H2 consumption by methanogenesis was more sensitive than H2 consumption by homoacetogenesis.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
The role of congenital Enterovirus infection in the pathogenesis of suppurative and inflammatory diseases in newborn infants

: Newborns with suppurative-inflammatory disease were found to be at high risk of intrauterine infection with Coxsackie enteroviruses from mothers with persistent enterovirus infection; in 54.9%, congenital Coxsackie virus infection was confirmed by virus antigen identification in the urine sediment cells and autopsy material.  A viruses were identified in 68.7% of sepsis cases, 42.6% with local purulent infection foci, and in only 6.7% of practically healthy neonates. Specific features of the clinical course are analysed together with the pathohistological picture of congenital enterovirus infection associated with the vertical virus transmission from the mother having a persistent form of this infection. A suggestion is proposed that the severe course of suppurative-inflammatory conditions and the general character of neonatal bacterial infection are largely determined by the immunodeficient states which are etiologically related to congenital enterovirus infections.

Field of study: Medicine
Double-gate junctionless transistor model including short-channel effects

This work presents a physically based model for double-gate junctionless transistors (JLTs), continuous in all operation regimes. To describe short-channel transistors, short-channel effects (SCEs), such as increase of the channel potential due to drain bias, carrier velocity saturation and mobility degradation due to vertical and longitudinal electric fields, are included in a previous model developed for long-channel double-gate JLTs. To validate the model, an analysis is made by using three-dimensional numerical simulations performed in a Sentaurus Device Simulator from Synopsys. Different doping concentrations, channel widths and channel lengths are considered in this work. Besides that, the series resistance influence is numerically included and validated for a wide range of source and drain extensions. In order to check if the SCEs are appropriately described, besides drain current, transconductance and output conductance characteristics, the following parameters are analyzed to demonstrate the good agreement between model and simulation and the SCEs occurrence in this technology: threshold voltage (VTH), subthreshold slope (S) and drain induced barrier lowering.

Field of study: Materials science
“Le secret des secrets,” traduction du XVe siècle. Pseudo-Aristote . Ed. Denis Lorée. Classiques français du Moyen Âge 179. Paris: Honoré Champion, 2017. 456 pp. €45.

and ancient regarding Bossuet, historical influences, critical essays, and analyses of his inspirations are listed here in thirty-two pages. This book is a requirement for any serious scholar who is studying the art of theological oratory, the age of Louis XIV, or the religious issues and rivalry of the day (notably between Bossuet and Fenelon), and it gives an overall understanding of the language of passion as employed by Bossuet.

Field of study: History
The Persuasive Effects of Verbal and Nonverbal Information in a Context of Value Relevance

These studies investigated how the verbal and nonverbal content of a message affected value-based attitudes. Participants viewed a speaker who advocated a policy change at their own university (high-personal-relevance condition) or another university (low-personal-relevance condition) on an issue relevant to participants' values. Verbal content of the message (strong or weak arguments) and nonverbal behavior of the speaker (negative or natural) were varied. A negative delivery led to impressions of the speaker as less likable, assured, and expert, but it had no effect on attitudes. Increasing personal relevance led to more negative attitudes, but argument strength affected the attitudes and thoughts of both low- and high-personal-relevance participants. Results suggested that for a value-relevant topic, lowering personal relevance did not reduce extensive processing of verbal content.

Field of study: Psychology
Analysis and performance evaluation of the EFCM common congestion controller for TCP connections

Today's standard TCP implementations perform congestion control separately for each connection of an end system. It is advantageous in terms of overall performance, e.g., throughput and (short-term) fairness, to share network information between several TCP connections of an end system by establishing a common congestion control. In this paper, we present a new common congestion-control approach called ''ensemble flow congestion management'' (EFCM). First, we describe the design constraints of EFCM. Then, we explain and analyze the EFCM control algorithms. After that, we investigate the performance improvement of EFCM compared to standard TCP congestion control under different network conditions. Simulations with EFCM show a considerable increase in throughput and (short-term) fairness without increasing the aggressiveness of a set of TCP connections-we also show this analytically using a fairness argument. The proposed EFCM controller algorithms are easy to implement and have a low additional complexity.

Field of study: Computer science
Solving Volterra-Lotka systems with diffusion by monotone iteration

In this paper we first present a theorem for a monotone iteration method, where the conditions for the considered operators are affine invariant. Then we apply this method to systems of nonlinear elliptic differential equations arising from the Volterra-Lotka model with diffusion. Finally an extended predator-prey system is considered. One numerical example is given.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
A conserved primary salt tolerance mechanism mediated by HKT transporters: a mechanism for sodium exclusion and maintenance of high K(+)/Na(+) ratio in leaves during salinity stress.

Increasing soil salinity is a serious threat to agricultural productions worldwide in the 21st century. Several essential Na(+) transporters such as AtNHX1 and AtSOS1 function in Na(+) tolerance under salinity stress in plants. Recently, evidence for a new primary salt tolerance mechanism has been reported, which is mediated by a class of HKT transporters both in dicots such as Arabidopsis and monocot crops such as rice and wheat. Here we present a review on vital physiological functions of HKT transporters including AtHKT1;1 and OsHKT1;5 in preventing shoot Na(+) over-accumulation by mediating Na(+) exclusion from xylem vessels in the presence of a large amount of Na(+) thereby protecting leaves from salinity stress. Findings of the HKT2 transporter sub-family are also updated in this review. Subjects regarding function and regulation of HKT transporters, which need to be elucidated in future research, are discussed.

Field of study: Environmental science
Application of PMV Index on Indoor Environmental Control System

The control of the indoor environment should not only consider the human comfort requirements such as temperature, humidity, air flow velocity etc, but also consider factors such as air quality and energy consumption. Based on the analysis of human comfort index PMV (Predicted Mean Vote), we do research on the indoor environmental ventilation and air conditioning control system using the method of multi-objective optimization control, describe the principles of optimization and optimization steps. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the optimization method, which can provide a feasible method of the ventilation and air conditioning control for the indoor environment.

Field of study: Engineering
Effect of Sahaja Yoga Meditation on Heart Rate Variability.

Nowadays, people are showing a keen interest in yoga and meditation as an alternative therapy to manage psychological stress and stress-related diseases. Yoga is a spiritual discipline with many proven health benefits. There are different types of yoga techniques practiced worldwide for their known health enhancement effects and for reduction of stress and its related disorders. One of the meditation techniques is Sahaja Yoga. It is a unique technique of meditation that involves mental state of internalized attention characterized by mental silence and emotionally positive experience of bliss. The present study has been undertaken to find out the heart rate variability (HRV) in Sahaja Yoga meditators during rest and meditation.  To study the HRV in Sahaja Yoga meditators during rest and meditation.  A total of 20 volunteers aged 25 to 40 years were considered for the study. The volunteers were practicing Sahaja Yoga meditation (SYM) regularly for 5 years or more. The HRV was recorded during rest with eyes closed and 15 minutes of SYM in a quiet room.  Statistical analysis was done using student paired t test. Results are given as mean ± standard deviation (SD). The mean R–R interval, total power (TP), low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), and LF/HF ratio were studied during rest and during meditation. The HF (during rest 16.2383 ± 11.1896 and during meditation 28.4875 ± 14.5112) was high and LF/HF ratio (during rest 2.262211 ± 1.346382 and during meditation 1.30545 ± 1.200041) was low during meditation compared with that during rest, which was statistically significant.  Increase in HF and decrease in LF/HF ratio during meditation signifies that meditation shifts sympathovagal balance toward the parasympathetic side, hence signifying a relaxed state of body and mind in Sahaja Yoga meditators.

Field of study: Medicine
Parabolically Induced Representations of Graded Hecke Algebras

We study the representation theory of graded Hecke algebras, starting from scratch and focusing on representations that are obtained by induction from a discrete series representation of a parabolic subalgebra. We determine all intertwining operators between such parabolically induced representations, and use them to parametrize the irreducible representations. Finally we describe the spectrum of a graded Hecke algebra as a topological space.

Field of study: Mathematics
Noradrenaline transporter expression in the pons and medulla oblongata of the rat: localisation to noradrenergic and some C1 adrenergic neurones.

Catecholaminergic neurotransmission is normally terminated by rapid re-uptake of the neurotransmitter by a high-affinity Na+/Cl--dependent plasma membrane transporter. Specific transporters have been cloned for both dopamine (DAT) and noradrenaline (NAT) in the rat. While DAT has been studied extensively, NAT expression has received less attention, particularly at the protein level. We used an antibody generated against a 49 residue segment of an extracellular loop region of NAT to study expression of the transporter protein throughout the rat pons and medulla oblongata. NAT was expressed in over 95% of noradrenergic neurones in the A1, A2/area postrema, A5, A6/locus subcoeruleus, and A7 noradrenergic groups. Approximately 10% of C1 adrenergic neurones located in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVL) also expressed NAT. Expression of NAT mRNA in bulbospinal C1 cells was confirmed using single-cell reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of acutely isolated RVL neurones. Spinally projecting neurones were identified by retrograde labelling with rhodamine beads, and C1 neurones were identified by RT-PCR using primers specific for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) mRNAs. Thirteen percent of adrenergic bulbospinal neurones tested expressed NAT mRNA. C1 neurones are potentially important in cardiovascular control and blood pressure regulation, and the identification of NAT expression in a sub-population of these neurones provides further evidence for the heterogeneity of this neuronal population.

Field of study: Biology
Establishing generalized synchronization in Rössler oscillator networks

The processes of establishing of generalized chaotic synchronization in a network of mutually coupled continuous-time systems are investigated. The nature of interaction between the network elements in transitioning from synchronous to asynchronous behavior while increasing the communication parameter is studied. A synchronization regime, the nearest neighbors method, and calculations of the spectrum of Lyapunov exponents are used to clarify features of the interaction between network elements and the occurrence of a generalized chaotic.

Field of study: Physics