nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Differentiating through the Fr\'echet Mean

Recent advances in deep representation learning on Riemannian manifolds extend classical deep learning operations to better capture the geometry of the manifold. One possible extension is the Frechet mean, the generalization of the Euclidean mean; however, it has been difficult to apply because it lacks a closed form with an easily computable derivative. In this paper, we show how to differentiate through the Frechet mean for arbitrary Riemannian manifolds. Then, focusing on hyperbolic space, we derive explicit gradient expressions and a fast, accurate, and hyperparameter-free Frechet mean solver. This fully integrates the Frechet mean into the hyperbolic neural network pipeline. To demonstrate this integration, we present two case studies. First, we apply our Frechet mean to the existing Hyperbolic Graph Convolutional Network, replacing its projected aggregation to obtain state-of-the-art results on datasets with high hyperbolicity. Second, to demonstrate the Frechet mean's capacity to generalize Euclidean neural network operations, we develop a hyperbolic batch normalization method that gives an improvement parallel to the one observed in the Euclidean setting.

Field of study: Computer science
Siliceous sponge communities, biological zonation, and Recent sea-level change on the Arctic margin: Ice Island results: Discussion

Bathymetric profiles, bottom-camera photographs, surface-sediment samples, and biological samples were obtained through a 44 m long hydrohole in the Canadian Ice Island as it drifted over the Canadian polar margin from western Ellesmere Island to Meighen Island. Continuous bathymetric profiles show a 300 km wide shelf with a narrow, dissected, shallow (< 200 m) inner shelf and a deep (300–800 m), sloping outer shelf. Extensive areas of siliceous sponge communities are present on the seafloor beneath the polar pack ice on the central shelf. A clear biological zonation is evident: above 130 m, large living sponges support a diverse benthic community and form reef mounds up to 10 m high; from 130 to 150 m, there are few living sponges, but extensive mats of sponge spicules are present; from 150 to 300 m, there are few, small living sponges, and radiocarbon dating of mud-covered spicule mats indicates that formerly extensive sponge communities have died during the past 500–2000 years. This zonation may reflec...

Field of study: Environmental science
A method to eliminate the event accumulation problem from a memory affected by multiple bit upsets

Errors caused by radiation are a major problem for memories that have to operate in harsh environments. To evaluate the effects of radiation, memories are normally tested by exposing them to known radiation sources and measuring the number and shape of observed errors. If during the testing, errors accumulate in the memory, some of them can occur on adjacent locations and be interpreted as a multiple bit upset (MBU) instead of several independent events. This error accumulation makes difficult to characterize the number of events and error patterns that have affected the system. This paper presents an analysis of the error accumulation problem that enables the selection of radiation time values which can ensure that the effects of error accumulation are below a predetermined threshold. A method is also proposed to extract the correct error information from data that include a limited amount of error accumulation effects, therefore eliminating the event accumulation problem. Both techniques can be helpful to optimize the radiation testing of memories.

Field of study: Engineering
Relationship between muscarinic receptor subtypes and cyclic nucleotides in pons-medulla oblongata.

To study the relationship between muscarinic receptor (M-R) subtypes and cyclic nucleotides in pons-medulla oblongata (MeOb).



The contents of cGMP and cAMP in Sprague-Dawley rat pons-MeOb, cerebellum and cerebral cortex were assayed by radioimmunoassay and competitive protein-binding assay, respectively, after ip injections of drugs. Control rats were given ip normal saline.



M1-R agonist pilocarpine (6, 15 mg kg-1, ip) increased the content of cGMP in the pons-MeOb and cerebral cortex, but did not bring about any noticeable change in the cAMP content. The increase of cGMP was antagonized by ip pirenzepine or scopolamine. On the other hand, ip M2-R agonist 6 beta-acetoxy nortropane (6 beta-AN) 25 micrograms kg-1 reduced not only cAMP contents in the pons-MeOb and cerebellum but also cGMP contents in the pons-MeOb and cerebral cortex, while 6 beta-AN 12 micrograms kg-1 only lowered cAMP content. The decreases of cGMP and cAMP induced by 6 beta-AN were antagonized by ip AF-DX 116 or atropine, respectively.



Stimulation of M1-R causes the increase of cGMP and that of M2-R induces the decreases of both cGMP and cAMP in the pons-MeOb.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
On the Agricultural Amelioration of Anhui Province during the Late Qing Period

During the late Qing period,the organizations of agricultural amelioration were gradually established and an agricultural amelioration system formed which includes agricultural administrations,peasant associations,organizations of spreading agricultural technologies,and institutions of agricultural research and education. The ameliorative activities mainly included farming investigations,propagating the knowledge of agriculture science and technology,researching and spreading improved breeds,introducing new agricultural implements and chemical fertilizer,preventing and controlling plant diseases and pests,etc. Although the agricultural amelioration worked to a certain extent,it did not change the backward agriculture of Anhui Province at the time.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The opposite effect of mMICA and rMICA on the expression of NKG2D and the influence on NK cell receptor repertoire

To observe the effect of mMICA and rsMICA on the expression of NK cell receptors and investigate the anti-tumor mechanisms of NK cells and the significance of MICA expression on tumor cells.  The cytotoxicity of human NK cells (NK92) was detected by MTT method. The expression of NK cell receptors (NKG2D, NKG2A/B, KIR2DL1 and KIR2DS1) and MICA (the ligand of NKG2D) were measured by RT-PCR or by FACS.  The membrane MICA (mMICA) on surface of tumor cells can up-regulate the expression of NKG2D, but down-regulate the expression of inhibitory receptor NKG2A/B and KIR2DL1. The soluble MICA (sMICA) exerts negative effect on the expression of NKG2D, NKG2A/B and KIR2DL1.  mMICA can enhance the cytotoxicity of NK cells against tumor through up-regulating the expression of NKG2D. While sMICA down-regulate the immune response of NK cells by reducing the expression of NKG2D, which may promote tumor immune evasion.

Field of study: Biology
Long-term urological outcomes in six sets of conjoined twins.

To review the long-term urological outcomes of six sets of ischiopagus and pygopagus conjoined twins. Emphasis is placed on the particular genitourinary challenges of separation, reconstruction and monitoring of these patients.



We performed a longitudinal, retrospective analysis of six sets of conjoined twins who presented to a single center and describe their long-term urological outcomes.



Six sets of ischiopagus (4) and pygopagus (2) conjoined twins presented from 1993 to 2003 and have been followed up for a mean of 12 years (range 7-17 years). Separation was achieved in 5/6 cases; the remaining one died of intestinal perforation and resultant sepsis. One further child died of malaria after separation. Patterns of genitourinary anatomy found in these conjoined twins are described. Urinary continence was achieved in 2/6 ischiopagus and 3/4 pygopagus twins. Renal failure has developed in one child. Urinary tract infections have been common. Secondary urological surgery has been required in 3/6 ischiopagus twins, usually to perform an incontinent urinary diversion.



Complex urological problems occur in ischiopagus and pygopagus conjoined twins. Beyond the challenge of surgical separation, they continue to provide management challenges requiring secondary reconstructive surgery and close urological monitoring.

Field of study: Medicine
Doping induced magnetic clusters and Co spin state transition in Na_xCoO_2 with 0.78

By muon spin rotation we investigated the magnetic properties of a series of highly Na doped NaxCoO2 single crystals with 0.78(1) 0.04 until they yield a bulk magnetic state near x=0.78. Evidence for a strong (likely geometrical) frustration of the magnetic order is obtained from the anomalous doping dependence of the spin fluctuation rate (above the ordering temperature) which is strongly enhanced at x=0.78 as compared to x=0.97.

Field of study: Physics
Influence of Co substitution and Cu addition on structural, electrical, transport and electrochemical properties of LixNi0.9 − yCoyMn0.1O2 cathode materials

LiNi1 − y − zCoyMnzO2 (y = 0.25, 0.35, 0.5, 0.6; z = 0.1, 0.2) cathode materials were synthesized by a soft chemistry, EDTA-based method. Among studied oxides, LiNi0.65Co0.25Mn0.1O2 compound possesses the best electrical conductivity. Higher amount of Mn in the samples worsen transport properties of these oxides. The observed decrease of the electrical conductivity of the compounds during deintercalation process can be correlated with a decrease of the effective charge carriers concentration. Additional, small Cu doping, realized for LiNi0.63Cu0.02Co0.25Mn0.1O2 composition, allows to retain high electrical conductivity during deintercalation process in this oxide, with relatively wide chemical stability range being from 1 to 0.35 mol of lithium. Additionally, in this paper the results of measurements of electrochemical performance of studied cathode materials are presented. During the first 10 cycles the best performance was observed for Li/Li+/LixNi0.63Cu0.02Co0.25Mn0.1O2 cell, which can be connected to the improved kinetics of the intercalation process related to a high lithium diffusivity in the cathode material.

Field of study: Materials science
The Analysis Of Science Teacher Barriers In Implementing Of Science Process Skills (Sps) Teaching Approach At Junior High School And It's Solutions

Science Process Skills (SPS), are very important skill for students, not only in learning science, but also have a positive impact on the lives of students in the future. Therefore, science teachers should be able to design and implement teaching activities that stimulate the development of SPS students. Today, the teaching and learning process presents still less the opportunity to development of students SPS, so that the SPS students are still not optimal yet. This is presumably because science teachers are still has many difficulties in implementing of teaching and learning by SPS oriented. To that end, this qualitative research method aims to outline the difficulties faced by science teachers in implementing the teaching and learning by SPS oriented. The results showed that science teachers are still facing many difficulties in implementing teaching and learning by SPS oriented. Science teachers difficulties among other things are in; planning, developing SPS activity-oriented learning, making the instrument and to assess SPS. Based on these results the authors recommend that the government reinforce the training and guidance for science teachers and provide instructional materials that suitable SPS development to science teachers, so they will able to planning and assessing SPS directed and integrated.  Analysis, Barriers, SPS-oriented learning, science teacher, Solutions

Field of study: Education
Application of the Geometer's Sketchpad in Primary School Mathematics

The Geometer's Sketchpad is a dynamic mathematical tool which can help students to observe, study of changes in the number of relations and the structure of the relationship of exploration and discovery in dynamic. It can show concept extension and expose the connotation of the concept, explore the unknown mathematical problems, break through the key and difficult points, so to optimize the primary school mathematics teaching and to achieve efficient teaching through the example.

Field of study: Computer science
Characterizing Extracellular Vesicles and Their Diverse RNA Contents

Cells release nanometer-scale, lipid bilayer-enclosed biomolecular packages (extracellular vesicles; EVs) into their surrounding environment. EVs are hypothesized to be intercellular communication agents that regulate physiological states by transporting biomolecules between near and distant cells. The research community has consistently advocated for the importance of RNA contents in EVs by demonstrating that: (1) EV-related RNA contents can be detected in a liquid biopsy, (2) disease states significantly alter EV-related RNA contents, and (3) sensitive and specific liquid biopsies can be implemented in precision medicine settings by measuring EV-derived RNA contents. Furthermore, EVs have medical potential beyond diagnostics. Both natural and engineered EVs are being investigated for therapeutic applications such as regenerative medicine and as drug delivery agents. This review focuses specifically on EV characterization, analysis of their RNA content, and their functional implications. The NIH extracellular RNA communication (ERC) program has catapulted human EV research from an RNA profiling standpoint by standardizing the pipeline for working with EV transcriptomics data, and creating a centralized database for the scientific community. There are currently thousands of RNA-sequencing profiles hosted on the Extracellular RNA Atlas alone (Murillo et al., 2019), encompassing a variety of human biofluid types and health conditions. While a number of significant discoveries have been made through these studies individually, integrative analyses of these data have thus far been limited. A primary focus of the ERC program over the next five years is to bring higher resolution tools to the EV research community so that investigators can isolate and analyze EV sub-populations, and ultimately single EVs sourced from discrete cell types, tissues, and complex biofluids. Higher resolution techniques will be essential for evaluating the roles of circulating EVs at a level which impacts clinical decision making. We expect that advances in microfluidic technologies will drive near-term innovation and discoveries about the diverse RNA contents of EVs. Long-term translation of EV-based RNA profiling into a mainstay medical diagnostic tool will depend upon identifying robust patterns of circulating genetic material that correlate with a change in health status.

Field of study: Biology
Measurements of the anisotropic in-plane resistivity of underdoped FeAs-based pnictide superconductors.

We systematically investigated the in-plane resistivity anisotropy of electron-underdoped EuFe(2-x)Co(x)As(2) and BaFe(2-x)Co(x)As(2) and hole-underdoped Ba(1-x)K(x)Fe(2)As(2). Large in-plane resistivity anisotropy was found in the former samples, while tiny in-plane resistivity anisotropy was detected in the latter ones. When it is detected, the anisotropy starts above the structural transition temperature and increases smoothly through it. As the temperature is lowered further, the anisotropy takes a dramatic enhancement through the magnetic transition temperature. We found that the anisotropy is universally tied to the presence of T-linear behavior of resistivity. Our results demonstrate that the nematic state is caused by electronic degrees of freedom, and the microscopic orbital involvement in the magnetically ordered state must be fundamentally different between the hole- and electron-doped materials.

Field of study: Physics
Application of Biosensor Surface Immobilization Methods for Aptamer

Aptamer with small molecular weight, simple structure, and easy synthesis, which can be used repeatedly and preserved for long time, has important applications in biosensor field. This article describes several commonly used methods for fixing aptamer onto the sensor surfaces, including the gold-sulfur self-assembled monolayer, covalent bond, biotin/avidin affinity, complementary nucleic acid chain connection, as well as current research progress and the characteristics of each method. Development of aptasensors with wide detection range, low detection limit, short detection time, and capability of detection of multitargets will certainly facilitate its application in food quality and safety testing, disease diagnosis, drug analysis, environment monitoring, etc.

Field of study: Chemistry
Long Term Results of Innovative Procedure in Surgical Management of Chronic Lymphedema

Lymphedema is the result of impaired lymphatic drainage by the affected organ. This abnormality can be primary or secondary. Different operative approaches have been introduced to treat chronic lymphedema.  This retrospective study included 816 patients who were diagnosed with chronic lower extremity lymphedema and did not respond to non-operative management for at least six months. Data was collected over 25 years, between March 1987 and March 2013. Doppler ultrasonography of the deep venous system was routinely undertaken in all patients to confirm patency. The patients underwent surgery and their progress was followed for at least one year postoperatively.  All patients were operated by the suggested technique and long term fallow-up which is a modified form of the Homan’s technique. The outcome was excellent, and 89.2% of patients were free of complication and 2% had poor results. The most common complication was wound seroma and wound infection.  The long term results and considering the difficulties associated with the treatment of chronic lymphedema and the variety of surgical options, our method achieved excellent results, and may be proposed for the standard operative procedure for treating intractable forms of this disease.

Field of study: Medicine
Incentive compatibility and individual rationality in public good economies

Hurwicz's theorem states that Pareto optimality, individual rationality, and incentive compatibility are inconsistent in a class of private goods economies. A similar result is obtained by Ledyard and Roberts in a class of public good economies. Hurwicz and Walker show that generically there are no incentive compatible and Pareto optimal mechanisms in a class of both private and public goods economies. Without imposing Pareto optimality, this paper explores the possiblity of the existence of incentive compatible and autarkically individually rational mechanisms in a class of public good economies. Autarkic individual rationality, which strengthens individual rationality in a natural way, and incentive compatibility are shown to be inconsistent.

Field of study: Economics
Genetic Relations Analysis of 21 Zizyphus mauritianas by ISSR Markers

A genetic analysis of 21 diverse Zizyphus mauritiana accessions was performed using ISSR marker.The orthogonal design was used to optimize the ISSR-PCR amplification system on Z.mauritiana.The optimal components of the PCR system(25 μL)were: 2.5 μL of 10×PCR buffer,3.75 μL of 2.5 mmol/L dNTPs,1.5 μL of 0.5 U/μL TaqDNA ploymerase,1.5 μL of 5 μm/L primer,0.75 μL of 100 ng/μL DNA and 15 μL ddH2O2.Twenty-one Z.mauritiana species were classified by ISSR makers.Thirteen primers were selected from 100 primers and used for ISSR amplification.Ninety-eight bands were generated,78 of which were polymorphic bands(the percentage of polymorphic band,PPB=85.7%).The genetic similarity coefficient was 0.51 to 0.90 according to ISSR amplification.The clustering dendrogram was constructed by UPGMA method to explore the taxonomic relationship in 21 Z.mauritiana materials.At 0.67 level of similarity coefficient,the 21 Z.mauritiana materials were classified as three groups: groupⅠ: var.Misi;groupⅡ: 17 varieties from Taiwan;group Ⅲ: var.Diancizao,var.Miandianyuanguo and var.Miandianchangguo.The similarity coefficient was above 0.67 level in most varieties,suggesting that the genetic diversity was low in the 21 Z.mauritiana species.were above 0.67 level in most varieties,suggested that genetic diversity was low in 21 Zizyphus mauritiana species.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Summary Report of the Workshop on the Interactions of Climate and Energy

Primary discussion topics included current uses of climate data, the perceived impacts of climatic anomalies on the energy sector, ways to improve the uses of climate data, and recommendations for future research by the climate community. The workshop proceedings, which is being published by the Department of Energy, presents studies on the application of existing data to the diagnosis of the climatic component in energy supply and demand and the short-term prediction of regional scale energy requirements. Staff members of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Climate Data Center (NCDC) and Climate Analysis Center (CAC) review the currently available climate data and services. Four panel reports identify and enumerate the impacts of climate on each of the segments of the energy industry and offer recommendations for improvements, further research, and, in some cases, concepts for practical demonstrations of immediate potential value to the pertinent energy sector. 6 tables.

Field of study: Environmental science
Azadirachta indica leaf extract modulates initiation phase of murine forestomach tumorigenesis.

The effects of aqueous Azadirachta indica leaf extract (AAILE) on benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P]-induced forestomach tumorigenesis, B(a)P-DNA adduct formation and certain parameters of carcinogen biotransformation system in mice have been reported earlier from our laboratory. In this study, the effects of AAILE on the enzymes of B(a)P biotransformation, which play crucial role in initiation of chemical carcinogenesis - aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and uridinediphosphoglucuronosyltransferase (UDP-glucuronosyltransferase) have been evaluated in murine forestomach and liver. In addition, lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels in forestomach as well as liver and the activities of tissue injury marker enzymes - lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase in the serum have also been evaluated. Oral administration of AAILE (100 mg/kg body wt for 2 weeks) reduces the AHH activity and enhances the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity in both the tissues, suggesting its potential in decreasing the activation and increasing the detoxification of carcinogens. The LPO levels decrease upon AAILE treatment in the hepatic tissue, suggesting its antioxidative and hence anti-carcinogenic effects. Non-significant alterations have been observed in tissue injury marker enzymes upon AAILE treatment, suggesting its safety at the given dose. In conclusion, AAILE appears to modulate initiation phase of carcinogenesis and may be suggested as safe and an effective agent for chemoprevention.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Progress in researches on fluid dynamic performance of aquatic sports equipment in China

The author gave an overview to the methods,current state and achievements made with respect to re-searches on fluid dynamic performance of aquatic sports equipment in China,so as to provide a reference for the development of researches on fluid dynamic performance of sports equipment in China.The main methods for re-searches on fluid dynamic performance of equipment for aquatic sports events are experimental study and numerical simulation.Researches on fluid dynamic performance of aquatic sports equipment in China were started early,mainly involving with the aerodynamic characteristics of sailboats,sailboards and wind sails,the propulsive char-acteristics of the propeller of racing boats and leather rowboats,the propulsive characteristics of swimming flaps,etc.These researches have built a theoretical foundation for designing high performance sports equipment,and their research results have provided criteria for the enhancement of scientific performance of sports training.

Field of study: Education