nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Impact-Parameter Description of High-Energy Deuteron-Nucleus Collisions

A theoretical analysis using an impact-parameter description of the collisions of deuterons with nuclei is carried out in the high-energy diffraction approximation. It is used to obtain the intensities and integrated cross sections for elastic scattering, for the emergence of the two incident nucleons from the collision whether they appear as an elastically scattered deuteron or as two unbound nucleons, and for the diffraction-induced dissociation of the deuteron into a free neutron and a free proton, as well as the total cross section. The cross section for collisions in which one or both of the nucleons is absorbed is derived in terms of the sum of the neutron-nucleus and proton-nucleus effective phase shifts. Expressions for the cross section for processes in which the proton (or neutron) is absorbed whether the neutron (or proton) is absorbed or not, and for the cross section for processes in which the neutron (or proton) is absorbed and the proton (or neutron) remains free are derived. A reduced form of a two-particle density matrix is introduced to directly derive expressions for the cross section for two-particle absorption in which both the proton and neutron are absorbed and for the cross section for stripping processes in which the proton (or neutron) is absorbed and the neutron (or proton) emerges as a free particle. The expression for the cross section for the breakup of the deuteron and the resulting emergence of one or two free nucleons is also derived. The mechanism by which the diffraction dissociation of the deuteron is induced is understood in an approximate semi-quantitative basis in classical terms (primarily the radial derivative of the radial impulse), allowing an estimate of where in the nuclear potential (beyond the "radius", near the "surface") the dissociation process tends to predominantly occur.

Field of study: Physics
10 Volt Programmable Josephson Voltage Standard Circuits Using NbSi-Barrier Junctions

Programmable Josephson voltage standard (PJVS) circuits were developed that operate at 16 GHz to 20 GHz with operating margins larger than 1 mA. Two circuit designs were demonstrated, each having a total of ~ 300,000 junctions, which were divided into either 16 or 32 sub-arrays. Triple-stacked junctions were used in order to fit the ~300,000 junctions on each circuit. The amorphous NbxSi1-x-barrier junction technology provided a high degree of uniformity of the barrier and junction electrical properties, which was necessary to achieve the 1 mA operating margin. Although the margins on both the 16-array and 32-array circuits were much greater than 1 mA, the circuit yield for the 16-array design was lower because the longer arrays are more sensitive to defects. The use of lumped-element microwave splitters and tapered arrays significantly reduced the microwave input power and increased the operating margins of these designs. In addition, the broadband microwave response of the designs allowed the PJVS output voltage to be continuously adjusted by using the microwave frequency while remaining on margins.

Field of study: Physics
Preliminary Study on Superoxide Dismutase in Eggs of Silkworm

The activity of superoxide dismutase in silkworm eggs was determined by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and NBT light reducing reaction.The results indicated that the SOD isozyme exhibited a main bright superoxide dismutase band and several dark bands in the gel.Its activity could be strongly inhibited by chloroform-ethanol and slightly inhibited by H_2O_2.So it could be considered that the Mn-SOD exhibited the main activity of superoxide dismutase in the silkworm eggs.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Atmospheric condition identification in multivariate data through a metric for total variation

Identification of atmospheric conditions within a multivariable atmospheric data set is a necessary step in the validation of emerging and existing high-fidelity models used to simulate wind plant flows and operation.
Atmospheric conditions relevant for wind energy research include stationary conditions, given the need for well-converged statistics for model validation, as well as conditions observed less frequently, such as extreme atmospheric events, which are used in wind turbine and wind plant design.
Aggregation of observations without regard to covariance between time series discounts the dynamical nature of the atmosphere and is not sufficiently representative of atmospheric conditions.
Identification and characterization of continuous time periods with atmospheric conditions that have a high value for analysis or simulation set the stage for more advanced model validation and the development of real-time control and operational strategies.
The current work explores a single metric for variation in a multivariate data sample that quantifies variability within each channel as well as covariance between channels.
The total variation is used to identify conditions of interest that conform to desired objective functions, such as stationary conditions, ramps or waves of wind speed, and changes in wind direction.
Total variation is somewhat sensitive to the presence of outliers in the input data, and the method is best complemented by quality-control procedures to ensure reliable results.
The direct detection and classification of events or conditions of interest within atmospheric data sets is vital to developing our understanding of wind plant response and to the formulation of forecasting and control models.

Field of study: Environmental science
TIDAL STRAIN AS A POSSIBLE CAUSE OF MICROSEISMS AND ROCK JOINTING

Tidal strain of the Earth9s crust, particularly in the zone of fracture, is suggested as a significant contributing cause of microseisms. Both these phenomena are of relatively small magnitude, but they are continuous and universal. If this suggestion is judged to be reasonable and if microseisms originate chiefly at shallow depths, tidal forces may be considered also as a factor in rock jointing.

Field of study: Geology
Steven Ellner and Miguel Tinker Salas (eds.), Venezuela. Hugo Chavez and the Decline of an ‘Exceptional Democracy’ (Lanham, MD: Rowan and Littlefield, 2007) pp. xvi+220, £45.00, £15.99, pb; €70.88, €25.18, pb.

has acknowledged the presence and significance of varied and even contradictory aspects of social life such as values, charisma, tradition and rationality. For Weber, not even the very nature of capitalism could be fully grasped without considering religion. Contemporary theories in gender studies, cultural studies, cultural sociology and post-colonial studies, many of which are inspired by Marx, all emphasize the intersection and inseparability of power and culture. Had Blofield not only looked at polls, but done some gender-sensitive qualitative research, she would have found other power structures besides socio-economic inequality operating in this particular policy field. Still, in spite of its shortcomings, the book provides valuable empirical information and insights about the political and institutional particularities of each country. Moreover, the comparative nature of the study and the analysis of the interplay between local and international actors (from the Vatican and the international religious right to the liberal institutions and domestic feminists) make the book appealing not only to those interested in the specific issues of divorce and abortion, but also to a wider public.

Field of study: Political science
Neuronal promoter of human aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase gene directs transgene expression to the adult floor plate and aminergic nuclei induced by the isthmus.

In order to analyze the regulatory sequences involved in the neuronal expression of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), we have generated transgenic mice carrying the LacZ gene under the control of a 3.6-kb human aadc genomic fragment flanking the neuronal alternative first exon. A series of double labeling experiments were performed to compare the pattern of transgene expression to that of specific markers for catecholaminergic and serotonergic neurons. In the adult brain parenchyma, transgene expression was observed in the substantia nigra (SN), the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the dorsal, medial and pontine raphe nuclei. A large degree of co-expression was observed with tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH) in the SN and VTA, and with serotonin (5-HT) in the dorsal raphe nucleus. Moreover, expression was observed in cells that were both TH- and 5-HT-negative, in particular in the ventral tegmental decussation and the dorsal tip of the VTA. Transgene expression was also observed in the walls of central cavities. Cells positive for both beta-gal and PSA-NCAM were localized in the ventral ependyma of the third and fourth ventricle, and of the central canal of the spinal cord, in what appears to be the adult floor plate. Transgene expressing, PSA-NCAM negative, cells located along the ventral midline of the spinal cord seemed to have migrated out of the ependyma. Our data thus reveal the complexity of aadc gene regulation. The present transgene provides a unique marker for monoaminergic nuclei induced by the isthmus and for the adult floor plate.

Field of study: Biology
The influence of growth temperature and input V/III ratio on the initial nucleation and material properties of InN on GaN by MOCVD

The effects of growth temperature and V/III ratio on the InN initial nucleation of islands on the GaN (0 0 0 1) surface were investigated. It is found that InN nuclei density increases with decreasing growth temperature between 375 and 525 degrees C. At lower growth temperatures, InN thin films take the form of small and closely packed islands with diameters of less than 100 nm, whereas at elevated temperatures the InN islands can grow larger and well separated, approaching an equilibrium hexagonal shape due to enhanced surface diffusion of adatoms. At a given growth temperature of 500 degrees C, a controllable density and size of separated InN islands can be achieved by adjusting the V/III ratio. The larger islands lead to fewer defects when they are coalesced. Comparatively, the electrical properties of the films grown under higher V/III ratio are improved.

Field of study: Materials science
Techniques for MIMO Channel Covariance Matrix Quantization

In this correspondence, we develop techniques to efficiently quantize channel covariance matrices in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) Rayleigh fading environments. While these covariance matrices change less frequently than the channel matrices themselves, this information needs to be updated when it does change. Furthermore, these covariance matrices have significantly more parameters to quantize than their channel matrix counterparts. Since many applications focus on utilizing the strongest eigenmodes of the channel covariance matrix and since these matrices tend to be low-rank, we focus on efficiently quantizing the dominant eigenvectors of these matrices. We develop Lloyd-type algorithms based on training data from the environment to develop our codebooks. We also develop an algorithm based on the reduced-parameter Kronecker and Weichselberger models to generate codebooks with reduced real-time codeword search.

Field of study: Engineering
Gossypol as an inducer or inhibitor in Spodoptera littoralis larvae.

Gossypol occurs naturally in the pigment glands in cotton. It has a role in protecting cotton plants from insect pests such as bollworms, yet it was not toxic to the cotton leafworm larvae Spodoptera littoralis up to 2-5% concentration in artificial diet or at 125 micrograms/ larva by topical application. The compound inhibited protease and lipid peroxidase activities in larvae with in vitro I50 values of 1.5 X 10(-3)M, and 4.4 X 10(-4)M respectively. When gossypol was fed to Spodoptera larvae, it stimulated the microsomal N-demethylase in vitro. This inductive effect was time-dependent similar to that of phenobarbital. Gossypol stimulates ATPase at lower concentrations and inhibited it at higher concentrations. The I50 for mitochondrial ATPase was 1.7 X 10(-4)M, while the corresponding values for DDT and fenvalerate were 1.1 X 10(-4)M and 7.0 X 10(-4)M respectively. Gossypol at 1.5% concentration in the diet reduced the larval weight to 50% of the control within two days, and increased the duration of each larval stage. The number of eggs and their hatchability was seriously decreased in larvae treated for three consecutive generations. Such an effect can be attributed to the ability of gossypol to interfere with protein bio-synthesis.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Separable Effects for Causal Inference in the Presence of Competing Events

In time-to-event settings, the presence of competing events complicates the definition of causal effects. Here we propose the new separable effects to study the causal effect of a treatment on an event of interest. The separable direct effect is the treatment effect on the event of interest not mediated by its effect on the competing event. The separable indirect effect is the treatment effect on the event of interest only through its effect on the competing event. Similar to Robins and Richardson's extended graphical approach for mediation analysis, the separable effects can only be identified under the assumption that the treatment can be decomposed into two distinct components that exert their effects through distinct causal pathways. Unlike existing definitions of causal effects in the presence of competing events, our estimands do not require cross-world contrasts or hypothetical interventions to prevent death. As an illustration, we apply our approach to a randomized clinical trial on estrogen therapy in individuals with prostate cancer.

Field of study: Mathematics
On the academic profession in the perspective of the division of labor

In the perspective of the division of labor, this paper demonstrates that the discipline system not only promotes but also conditions the development of academic profession. The favorably mutual promotion formed by academic freedom, as the prominent characteristics of academic profession, and academic personality, constitutes the realistic impetus of academic profession. The paper also probes into the problems in the process of China's academic profession with the conclusion that university teachers must be studied from the perspective of labor division so as to establish their social status and promote the scholarship.

Field of study: Education
Biodegradation of Chlorimuron-ethyl by the Bacterium Klebsiella jilinsis 2N3

Enrichment culturing of sludge taken from an industrial wastewater treatment pond led to the identification of a bacterium (Klebsiella jilinsis H. Zhang) that degrades chlorimuron-ethyl with high efficiency. Klebsiella jilinsis strain 2N3 grows with chlorimuron-ethyl as the sole nitrogen source at the optimal temperature range of 30–35°C and pH values between 6.0–7.0. In liquid medium, the degradation activity was further induced by chlorimuron-ethyl. Degradation rates followed the pesticide degradation kinetic equation at concentrations between 20 and 200 mg L−1. Using initial concentrations of 20 and 100 mg L−1, the degradation rates of chlorimuron-ethyl were 83.5 % and 92.5 % in 12 hours, respectively. At an initial concentration higher than 200 mg L−1, the degradation rate decreased slightly as the concentration increased. The 2N3 strain also degraded the sulfonylurea herbicides ethametsulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl, nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron, and tribenuron-methyl. This study provides scientific evidence and support for the application of K. jilinsis in bioremediation to reduce environmental pollution.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Baneful legacy: medicare and Mr. Trudeau: the Constitution created by the Trudeau government is now threatening Canada's medicare system. What can be done to defend it?

Well, the bomb ticking away at the heart of Mr. Trudeau’s Constitution has finally gone off. An arrogant, ignorant and irresponsible court – jurisdictionally arrogant, substantively ignorant and politically irresponsible – has determined (by a vote of four to three) that medicare must be restructured to show due respect for the rights of those with money – and the rights of private corporations to make profits – regardless of the wishes of Canadians or the impact on our most important social institution. Fiat justitia, ruat caela. But if the heavens fall, what kind of justice is that? Ask those underneath.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
ANALYSIS OF SEISMIC RESPONSE OF ISOLATED BRIDGES WITH LRB

The nonlinear properties of LRB and bridge structures and their interactive effect are considered for the first time. In this paper, the nonlinear behavior of aseismic bearings and ductile plastic hinges of piers are taken into account by using nonlinear spring element. Nonlinear time history analyses of isolated bridges with the input of large numbers of seismic waves are performed. When nonlinear seismic response analysis is carried out, the isolation effect is discussed and some valuable conclusions are drawn.

Field of study: Engineering
Predicting lncRNA-miRNA Interaction via Graph Convolution Auto-Encoder

The interaction of miRNA and lncRNA is known to be important for gene regulations. However, the number of known lncRNA-miRNA interactions is still very limited and there are limited computational tools available for predicting new ones. Considering that lncRNAs and miRNAs share internal patterns in the partnership between each other, the underlying lncRNA-miRNA interactions could be predicted by utilizing the known ones, which could be considered as a semi-supervised learning problem. It is shown that the attributes of lncRNA and miRNA have a close relationship with the interaction between each other. Effective use of side information could be helpful for improving the performance especially when the training samples are limited. In view of this, we proposed an end-to-end prediction model called GCLMI (Graph Convolution for novel lncRNA-miRNA Interactions) by combining the techniques of graph convolution and auto-encoder. Without any preprocessing process on the feature information, our method can incorporate raw data of node attributes with the topology of the interaction network. Based on a real dataset collected from a public database, the results of experiments conducted on k-fold cross validations illustrate the robustness and effectiveness of the prediction performance of the proposed prediction model. We prove the graph convolution layer as designed in the proposed model able to effectively integrate the input data by filtering the graph with node features. The proposed model is anticipated to yield highly potential lncRNA-miRNA interactions in the scenario that different types of numerical features describing lncRNA or miRNA are provided by users, serving as a useful computational tool.

Field of study: Biology
Influence of Transfer Gate Design and Bias on the Radiation Hardness of Pinned Photodiode CMOS Image Sensors

The effects of Cobalt 60 gamma-ray irradiation on pinned photodiode (PPD) CMOS image sensors (CIS) are investigated by comparing the total ionizing dose (TID) response of several transfer gate (TG) and PPD designs manufactured using a 180 nm CIS process. The TID induced variations of charge transfer efficiency (CTE), pinning voltage, equilibrium full well capacity (EFWC), full well capacity (FWC) and dark current measured on the different pixel designs lead to the conclusion that only three degradation sources are responsible for all the observed radiation effects: the pre-metal dielectric (PMD) positive trapped charge, the TG sidewall spacer positive trapped charge and, with less influence, the TG channel shallow trench isolation (STI) trapped charge. The different FWC evolutions with TID presented here are in very good agreement with a recently proposed analytical model. This work also demonstrates that the peripheral STI is not responsible for the observed degradations and thus that the enclosed layout TG design does not improve the radiation hardness of PPD CIS. The results of this study also lead to the conclusion that the TG OFF voltage bias during irradiation has no influence on the radiation effects. Alternative design and process solutions to improve the radiation hardness of PPD CIS are discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Discussion on Technology of Pouring Riser with Bending-in Pouring and crossing Sand Core of Cast Iron

In order to solve the clefeet of sleeve type casting’s shrinkage, dispersed shrinkage, slag inclusion and blowhole, using non-directional solidification technology to improve the intrinsic foundry technology, which reduced defect a mentioned and make the production rate increase from 50%～80% to above 98%. It shows that top casting preferential riser keep to the side is an effective way to solve the defect of shrinkage, dispersed shrinkage and slag blone of sleeve tyke casting.

Field of study: Materials science
Theorem of Expended Power and Finite Element Formulations: Hamiltonian Mechanics Framework

Within the Hamiltonian mechanics framework described here, we have developed in this paper a general numerical discretization via the finite element method for continuum-elastodynamics applications directly stemming from the theorem of expended power involving a built-in scalar function: namely, the autonomous Hamiltonian (H(p, q): T * Q → R). To provide alternative viewpoints and new avenues, a differential formulation is proposed here rather than resorting to classical variational formulations in which, historically, most finite element developments dealing with elastodynamics have been traditionally described. We place particular emphasis upon the notion that the scalar function that represents the autonomous Hamiltonian of the continuous-body dynamical systems can be a crucial mathematical function and physical quantity that is a constant of motion in conservative systems; this is in contrast to vector quantities customarily employed with Newton-based formulations for which physical quantities are more difficult to associate. As such, the scalar representation enables one to readily capitalize on theorems such as Noether's to establish symmetry properties so that proof of satisfaction of the discrete system as that of the continuous system can be readily established, unlike traditional practices emanating from Newton-based representations. The proposed concepts emanating from the theorem of expended power inherently involving the scalar function (namely, the Hamiltonian) naturally embody the weak form in space that can be described by a discrete Hamiltonian differential operator, and integrating over a given time interval yields the weighted residual in time statement. Thereby, a novel yet simple space-discrete Hamiltonian formulation proposed here only needs to employ the discrete Hamiltonian differential operator, which provides new and alternate avenues and directly yields the semidiscrete ordinary differential equations in time that can be readily shown to preserve the same physical attributes as the continuous systems for continuum-dynamical applications. Theoretical formulations are shown for selected structural elements for illustration of the basic concepts.

Field of study: Physics