nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A High-Rate Direct-Coupled Preamplifier for High Energy Ge Detector Systems

The fast counting of high energy gamma events with excellent resolution is made possible by the design of a recycling preamplifier and a direct-coupled spectrometer system. Measurements were performed with a 40 cc Ge(Li) coaxial detector. Data were observed with and without pile-up rejection for count rates up to 150,000 counts/s. Resolution without pile-up rejection for 60Co was 2.50 keV FWHM at 75,000 counts/s (1.5-?s shaping). The exceptional performance of this direct-coupled system is mainly attributed to the preamplifier which requires no pole-zero compensation. After single differentiation the pulses return precisely to the baseline.

Field of study: Physics
Dynamic hybrid life cycle assessment of energy and carbon of multicrystalline silicon photovoltaic systems.

This paper advances the life cycle assessment (LCA) of photovoltaic systems by expanding the boundary of the included processes using hybrid LCA and accounting for the technology-driven dynamics of embodied energy and carbon emissions. Hybrid LCA is an extended method that combines bottom-up process-sum and top-down economic input-output (EIO) methods. In 2007, the embodied energy was 4354 MJ/m(2) and the energy payback time (EPBT) was 2.2 years for a multicrystalline silicon PV system under 1700 kWh/m(2)/yr of solar radiation. These results are higher than those of process-sum LCA by approximately 60%, indicating that processes excluded in process-sum LCA, such as transportation, are significant. Even though PV is a low-carbon technology, the difference between hybrid and process-sum results for 10% penetration of PV in the U.S. electrical grid is 0.13% of total current grid emissions. Extending LCA from the process-sum to hybrid analysis makes a significant difference. Dynamics are characterized through a retrospective analysis and future outlook for PV manufacturing from 2001 to 2011. During this decade, the embodied carbon fell substantially, from 60 g CO(2)/kWh in 2001 to 21 g/kWh in 2011, indicating that technological progress is realizing reductions in embodied environmental impacts as well as lower module price.

Field of study: Environmental science
An Essay on the Teaching Practice and Exploration of the Course The Generality of the Basic Principles of Marxism

According to the Sixteenth Documentation of the central government,in order to make better use of "Two Courses",to improve the moral and political education of college students and to arm the students with scientific principles,we newly updated the educational system of "Two Courses" and implemented it among the students of year 2006.One of the course Basic Principles of Marxism has been revised and extended as The Generality of the Basic Principles of Marxism.In order to give good lectures of the newly updated course to the students,our teaching group members pay lots of attention to it and actively involve ourselves in the reformation of the teaching preparation and teaching methods.We strive to make The Generality of the Basic Principles of Marxism a life-long useful and welcome course for the students.

Field of study: Economics
Effect of the Gardenia extracts T9 on VP16 mRNA in herpes simplex virus type-1 infected mice's brains

To investigate the effect of the Gardenia extracts T9 on herpes simplex vires （HSV） viral protein 16（VP16） in HSV-1 infected mice＇s brains and its potential anti-viral mechanism.  HSV-1 infection was induced in BALB/c mice, the expression of HSV VP16 was detected by RTPCR on the 4th, 7th, 10th, 14th, and 21st day.  The expression of VP16 mRNA decreased in both groups of large and low doses compared with virus group at the same time.  Gardenia extracts T9 can down-regulate the expression of VP16 mRNA in HSV infected mice＇s brains, and it may be one of its anti-HSV mechanisms. 
 
 
Gardenia extracts T9;  Herpes simplex virus type-1 ;  Viral protein 16

Field of study: Biology
FACE EXPRESSION IDENTIFICATION USING IMAGE FEATURE CLUSTRING AND QUERY SCHEME

Web mining techniques are used to analyze the web page contents and usage details. Human facial images are shared in the internet and tagged with additional information. Auto face annotation techniques are used to annotate facial images automatically. Annotations are used in online photo search and management. Classification techniques are used to assign the facial annotation. Supervised or semi-supervised machine learning techniques are used to train the classification models. Facial images with labels are used in the training process. Noisy and incomplete labels are referred as weak labels. Search-based face annotation (SBFA) is assigned by mining weakly labeled facial images available on the World Wide Web (WWW). Unsupervised label refinement (ULR) approach is used for refining the labels of web facial images with machine learning techniques. ULR scheme is used to enhance the label quality using graph-based and low-rank learning approach. The training phase is designed with facial image collection, facial feature extraction, feature indexing and label refinement learning steps. Similar face retrieval and voting based face annotation tasks are carried out under the testing phase. Clustering-Based Approximation (CBA) algorithm is applied to improve the scalability. Bisecting K-means clustering based algorithm (BCBA) and divisive clustering based algorithm (DCBA) are used to group up the facial images. Multi step Gradient Algorithm is used for label refinement process. The web face annotation scheme is enhanced to improve the label quality with low refinement overhead. Noise reduction is method is integrated with the label refinement process. Duplicate name removal process is integrated with the system. The indexing scheme is enhanced with weight values for the labels. Social contextual information is used to manage the query facial image relevancy issues. KeywordsAuto Face Annotation ,Query Facial Image , K-Means Clustering, Noise Reduction, Weakly Labeled Facial Images

Field of study: Engineering
A Convolutional Neural Network for Classifying Cloud Particles Recorded by Imaging Probes

During typical field campaigns, millions of cloud particle images are captured with imaging probes. Our interest lies in classifying these particles in order to compute the statistics needed for understanding clouds. Given the large volume of collected data, this raises the need for an automated classification approach. Traditional classification methods that require extracting features manually (e.g., decision trees and support vector machines) show reasonable performance when trained and tested on data coming from a unique dataset. However, they often have difficulties in generalizing to test sets coming from other datasets where the distribution of the features might be significantly different. In practice, we found that for holographic imagers each new dataset requires labeling a huge amount of data by hand using those methods. Convolutional neural networks have the potential to overcome this problem due to their ability to learn complex nonlinear models directly from the images instead of pre-engineered features, as well as by relying on powerful regularization techniques. We show empirically that a convolutional neural network trained on cloud particles from holographic imagers generalizes well to unseen datasets. Moreover, fine tuning the same network with a small number (256) of training images improves the classification accuracy. Thus, the automated classification with a convolutional neural network not only reduces the hand-labeling effort for new datasets but is also no longer the main error source for the classification of small particles.

Field of study: Environmental science
Ruled invariants and associated ruled surfaces of a space curve

As we know, a ruled surface is the tangent ruled surface of a space curve if and only if its ruled distance density function vanishes identically; a ruled surface is the binormal ruled surface of a space curve if and only if its ruled translation density function vanishes identically. The ruled distance density function and translation density function are differential invariants of ruled surfaces in three dimensional Euclidean space. In this paper we give the necessary and sufficient condition of which a ruled surface is the principal normal ruled surface of a space curve using the theories of ruled invariants of ruled surface in three dimensional Euclidean space.

Field of study: Mathematics
Über Wollaston-DrÄhte und -Folien und ihre Verwendung als Widerstandsthermometer

ZusammenfassungEin von Friese und Waetzmann vorgeschlagenes — elektrolytisches — Verfahren zur Behandlung von WollastondrÄhten wurde genau ausprobiert. Das Verfahren bat sich gut bewÄhrt. Ferner wurden an DrÄhten und Folien elektrische und mikroskopische Messungen angestellt. Endlich werden noch einige Angaben für die Benutzung von DrÄhten und Folien als Widerstandsthermometer gemacht.

Field of study: Physics
Relationship between Self-Typicality and the In-Group Subtypes Effect

According to previous research, members of a social category draw a greater number of subtype distinctions within their own category than nonmembers do. But do category members themselves differ in the number of in-group subtype distinctions that they draw? In Study 1, students who considered themselves relatively typical of their fraternity or sorority listed a greater number of subtypes for their own than for other fraternities or sororities; students who considered themselves relatively atypical did not. In Study 2, athletes listed a greater number of subtypes for their own sports team if they were considered relatively typical by both themselves and teammates than if they were considered relatively typical only by themselves, only by teammates, or by neither. Possible explanations for the "in-group subtypes effect" are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Simultaneous estimation of gamma means using a hierarchical generalized linear model

The problem of simultaneously estimating p Gamma means is investigated when the means are believed a priori to satisfy an r-dimensional generalized linear model. Using a Bayesian hierarchical model to reflect the uncertainty in the linear model, approximate methods are proposed to compute the posterior densities. The resulting estimator shrinks the usual estimator toward a prior estimator where the size of the shrinkage depends upon the agreement of the observed data with the proposed generalized linear model.

Field of study: Mathematics
Manipulation of light and CO2 environments of the primary leaves of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) affects photosynthesis in both the primary and the first trifoliate leaves: involvement of systemic regulation.

Possible involvement of systemic regulation of the photosynthetic properties of young leaves by the local environments and/or photosynthate production of the mature leaves were examined using Phaseolus vulgaris plants. When primary leaves (PLs) were treated with air containing 150 microL CO2 L(-1) with the other plant parts in ambient air at a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 300 micromol photon m(-2) s(-1), decreases in the photosynthetic rate measured at 360 microL CO2 L(-1) and a PPFD of 300 micromol photon m(-2) s(-1) (A360) were markedly retarded in both PLs and the first trifoliate leaves (TLs) as compared to plants treated with 400 microL CO2 L(-1). Conversely, when PLs were treated with 1000 microL CO2 L(-1), decreases in A360 were accelerated in both PLs and TLs. Shading of PLs accelerated the decrease in PL A360, and delayed the decrease in TLs. In the CO2 treatments, changes in A360 in TLs were mainly attributed to the changes in ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylation rate, while the shading of PLs caused increases in both the RuBP carboxylation and regeneration rates in TLs. The ribulose 1.5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activity on chlorophyll basis, an indicator of sun/shade acclimation, differed both among PLs and among TLs in accordance with the redox state of photosystem II (PSII) in PLs. Although carbohydrate contents of TLs were not affected by any manipulation of PLs, changes in the photosynthetic capacities of TLs acted to compensate for changes in PL photosynthesis. These results clearly indicate that the CO2 and shade treatments of PLs not only affect photosynthetic properties of the PLs themselves, but also systemically affected the photosynthetic properties of TLs. Possible roles of the redox state and photosynthate concentration in PLs in regulation of photosynthesis in PLs and TLs are discussed.

Field of study: Environmental science
Techniques in tissue metabolism. I. A mechanical chopper.

Richter, D. & Dawson, R. M. C. (1948).  Buchel, L., Etling, N. & Levy, J. (1950).  (1945).  Schueler, F. W. & Gross, E. G. (1950).  (1938).  1908. Swank, R. L. & Watson, C. W. (1949). J. Neurophy8iol. 12, 137. Warburg, 0. (1910). Hoppe-Seyl. Z. 68, 305. Webb, J. L. & Elliott, K. A. C. (1951). . Westfall, B. A. (1949).  Westfall, B. A. (1951).  Wikler, A. (1950). Pharmacol. Rev. 2, 435. Wilkins, D. S., Featherstone, R. M., Schwidde, J. T. & Brotman, M. (1950).  Zorn, C. M., Muntwyler, E. & Barlow, 0. W. (1939).

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Preparation of Electrochemical Immunosensor Using Gold Nanoclusters as Signal Amplification Labels

A cheap and portable electrochemical immunosensor based on the silver-enhanced colloidal gold electrochemical stripping technique and gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) labels was proposed for the detection of human IgG. Inspired by adhesive proteins that secreted by marine mussels, the stable and robust film-poly (dopamine) was used to immobilize biomolecules (Ab1) on an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode for the fabrication of immunosensor. Then, human IgG and AuNCs-Ab2 were immobilized to the Ab1 modified ITO electrode successively. The process for the fabrication of sandwich immunosensor was monitored by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Through immunoreaction between antigen and antibody, IgG could be quantitatively determined by anodic stripping voltammetry. On the basis of the dual signal amplification of AuNCs labels and silver enhancement technique, the sensitivity was improved to 0.5 pg mL−1. Moreover, the proposed immunosensor could be used in clinical diagnosis.

Field of study: Chemistry
Teachers' Perception of Their Preparedness to Apply Facilitation Teaching in Secondary School Mathematics Instruction by Teacher Characteristics.

This study set out to find out the differences in teachers perception of their preparedness to apply facilitation methods in teaching secondary school mathematics. Facilitation methods allow learners to be actively involved in the teaching and learning of mathematics hence making them be co-creators of knowledge. Facilitation teaching allow learners to form schemes of knowledge by being self-directed and self-driven in inquiry, problem solving, engaging in interactive skills, experimentation and independent study. The study applied Ex Post Facto research,  Comparative Research Design. There was a population of 1500 mathematics teachers in Rift Valley Province. A sample of 300 mathematics teachers drawn from this population participated in the study. The participants were selected using systematic random sampling and stratified random sampling (stratified by qualification). The data was collected using self-report questionnaire for mathematics teachers. The instruments were validated by experts in the department of Curriculum, Instruction and Education Management. The instruments were pilot tested and reliability coefficient was estimated and found to be 0.83, which is above the required threshold value of 0.70, Cronbach alpha in social science research. The collected data was analysed using both descriptive (means and percentages) and inferential statistics (ANOVA and t-test) to establish differences in teacher preparedness to teach secondary school mathematics using Facilitation approach by Teaching Experience, qualification and Gender. The hypotheses were tested at 0.05 Alpha (α) level. The findings of this study show that teachers perceive themselves to be prepared to apply Facilitation Methods to teach Secondary school mathematics. The findings also indicated a statistical difference in teachers’ preparedness to apply facilitation by teaching experience and qualification. There was however no significant difference by Gender. The results would be expected to inform practice and advice policy makers on improvement of teacher training programs and also designing of appropriate in-service training programmes for practising mathematics teachers.  Facilitation teaching, Teaching Experience, Qualification, Gender,

Field of study: Education
Low-Z target optimization for spatial resolution improvement in megavoltage imaging

Recently, several authors have shown contrast improvements in megavoltage portal imaging and cone-beam computed tomography using low atomic number (Z) targets. This work compliments previous studies by investigating the effects of varying different beam production parameters including target atomic number, target thickness, and incident electron energy on spatial resolution.  Target materials of beryllium, aluminum, and tungsten were investigated over a range of thicknesses between 10% and 100% of the continuous slowing down approximation range of electrons. Incident electron kinetic energies of 4.5 and 7.0 MeV were used, in conjunction with custom targets installed above the carousel of a modern radiotherapy linear accelerator. Monte Carlo simulations of the accelerator were constructed and compared to the experimental results.  The results showed that thinner targets, as well higher incident electron energies, generally produce more favorable modulation transfer function (MTF) curves. Due to an MTF dependence of the detector system on the photon energy, the experimental results showed that low-Z targets produced superior MTF curves. Simulations showed 14.5% and 21.5% increases in f{sub 50} for the 7.0 and 4.5 MeV targets (Al; 60%R{sub %CSDA}), respectively, when moved from the carousel to the location of the clinical target. f{sub 50} values formore » the custom targets were compared to the clinical 6 MV beam and were found to be between 10.4% lower (4.5 MeV/W) and 15.5% higher (7.0 MeV/Be).  Integration of low-Z external targets into the treatment head of a medical linear was achieved with only minor modifications. It was shown that reasonably high resolution images on par or better than those acquired with the clinical 6 MV beam can be achieved using external low-Z targets.« less

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Film condensation of refrigerant vapours on a horizontal tube

Resume On a obtenu les coefficients de transport de chaleur pour la condensation de vapeurs de frigorigenes saturees (R-11, R-12, R-22, R-113, R-114, R-500, R-502) sur un tube horizontal pour des nombres de Reynolds des pellicules de 20 a 200. L'experience a ete effectuee avec le meme appareil a tube de cuivre et la meme methode experimentale pour toutes les vapeurs afin d'obtenir la difference de transport de chaleur. Afin d'obtenir des mesures exactes on a verifie soigneusement l'appareil et les instruments avant les essais. On a mesure la temperature superficielle a l'aide de thermocouples inseres dans le tube et en utilisant simultanement le tube lui-meme comme thermometre a resistance. Les resultats indiquent que pour le R-12, le R-22, le R-114, le R-502 les resultats concordent bien avec l'equation de Nusselt et que pour le R-11, le R-113, le R-500, les resultats sont inferieurs a ceux de l'equation de 10%, 10% et 5% respectivement. De plus on a obtenu l'influence de la vapeur surchauffee sur le transport de chaleur et on a trouve qu'elle concordait bien avec la theorie analys'ee par Sparrow et Eckert.

Field of study: Engineering
Feasibility of Reduced Ingot Hot-Top Height for the Cost-Effective Forging of Heavy Steel Ingots

Feasibility studies have been performed on ingots with reduced hot-top heights for the cost-effective hot forging of heavy ingots. The quality of the heavy ingots is generally affected by internal voids, which have been known to be accompanied by inclusions and segregation. To guarantee the expected mechanical performance of the forged products, these voids should be closed and eliminated during the hot open die forging process. Hence, to effectively control the internal voids, the optimum hot-top height and forging schedules need to be determined. In order to improve the utilization ratio of ingots, the ingot hot-top height needs to be minimized. To investigate the effect of the reduced hot-top height on the forged products, shaft and bar products have been manufactured via hot forging of ingots having various hot-top heights. From the operational results, the present work suggests effective forging processes to produce acceptable shaft and bar products using ingots having reduced hot tops. The mechanical properties of shop-floor products manufactured from ingots with reduced hot tops have also been measured and compared with those of conventional ingot products.

Field of study: Materials science
Introversion and extroversion: Implications for depression and suicidality

A growing body of information suggests that core or underlying personality is a significant concomitant of depression and suicidality. Introversion (ie, low extroversion) is especially promising in its relationship to the phenomenology and outcome of depression, and may represent an underlying heritable trait of etiologic significance. Furthermore, the presence of introversion has implications for differentiating unipolar and bipolar depression. It is likely that introversion acts in concert with other core personality variables, including neuroticism and having a feeling-type personality to influence depression. Considering depression from the perspective of core personality allows for novel psychotherapeutic approaches based on targeting underlying personality variables.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Fixing funding in the Australian Federation: issues and options for state tax reform

The structural pressures confronting the federal budget are well documented. Given the 
political risks associated with reducing the federal deficit by either increasing taxes or 
reining in expenditure at a national level, the Commonwealth has outlined its intention to 
freeze (in real terms) tied grants to the states from 2017. If implemented, this strategy will 
see Commonwealth transfers to the states decline from a peak of 29% of federal expenditure 
in 2001 to a projected 21% in 2024. Cost shifting on this scale is unprecedented in the 
Australian federation and arguably heralds a new era of ‘fend-for-yourself federalism’. 
The potential significance of this move is exacerbated by the current budgetary context 
and the concurrent reviews of the national tax system and Australian federation. This article 
presents an analysis of tax and funding reform options available to the states that could bolster 
own-source revenues and fill the funding gap left by the Commonwealth while enhancing the 
efficiency of the national tax system.

Field of study: Political science
Differentiation of mouse embryonal carcinoma cells PCC4 by heat shock and the kinetics of induction of heat shock proteins.

Heat shock to embryonal carcinoma cells PCC4 at 45 degrees C for 30 min resulted in the differentiation of cells although heat shock response was induced on exposure to 42 degrees C for 60 min. Differentiated cells were large and well spread with reduced nuclear/cytoplasmic ratios as compared to undifferentiated cells. Change in cell morphology was associated with the disappearance and appearance of stage specific embryonic antigens 1 and 3 respectively. We also found a change in intracellular pH in PCC4 cells within 30 min of heat shock as measured by the change in fluorescence intensity of a probe incorporated into cells during heat shock.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics