nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
FREDERICK GOULBURN: THE MAN AND HIS OFFICE

Major Frederick Goulburn's appointment in 1820 as Colonial Secretary and Registrar of the Records of New South Wales was something more than the appointment of just another colonial official. It was also a recognition by the home government, as had been the appointment of a Commissioner of Inquiry the previous year, of the changing character of the colony. Though still predominantly a penal colony, it was no longer that alone but was developing also into a colony of free British settlement with economic potential. “Considering the Importance which the Colony has attained from its rapid Increase in Wealth and Population”, wrote Lord Bathurst, Secretary of State for War and Colonies, “His Majesty has thought it adviseable to take this opportunity of placing these officers [Colonial Secretary and Provost Marshall] on the Footing on which they stand in other Foreign Possessions of the Crown”; their Commissions were to be prepared for the King's signature in the usual form.

Field of study: Political science
Effect of chronic ethanol feeding on testicular content of enzymes required for testosteronogenesis.

Ethanol is a known inducer of microsomal enzymes as well as a testicular toxin. In order to evaluate the effect of chronic ethanol ingestion upon the microsomal enzymes required for testosterone synthesis, we examined the activity of four testicular enzymes (3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase, 17 alpha-hydroxylase, 17,20-lyase, and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) in 14 pairs of adult chronic alcohol-fed rats and their age-matched isocaloric controls. Ethanol feeding enhanced the activity of 17,20-lyase when expressed as either activity/mg of protein (p less than 0.05) or activity/g of testis (P less than 0.025). Similarly, the activity of 17 alpha-hydroxylase was increased in testes of the alcohol-fed animals (p less than 0.025) compared to controls. In contrast, chronic ethanol feeding reduced total activity of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase in alcohol-fed animals (p less than 0.05) compared to controls. No effect of ethanol feeding was seen on activity of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Based upon these studies we conclude that chronic ethanol ingestion (1) increases testicular 17 alpha-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase and (2) reduces 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase in rat testicular microsomes. Therefore, we would propose that the major effect of chronic ethanol ingestion upon the enzymes required for testosterogenesis is the reduction of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase activity, the rate limiting step in sex steroid production from pregnenolone.

Field of study: Medicine
Quantifying the Erodibility of Streambanks and Hillslopes Due to Surface and Subsurface Forces

The erosion rate of cohesive soils due to fluvial forces is usually computed using an excess shear stress model. However, no mechanistic approaches are available for incorporating additional forces, such as seepage, into the excess shear stress model parameters. Recent research incorporated subsurface (seepage) forces into a mechanistic detachment rate model for streambeds. The new detachment model, the Modified Wilson model, was based on two modified dimensional parameters (b 0 and b 1 ) that included seepage forces. The objective of this study was to modify the parameters (b 0 and b 1 ) to quantify the influence of seepage on erodibility of cohesive streambanks and to compare the results to those obtained from tests on horizontal beds. A new miniature version of a submerged jet erosion test device (â€œminiâ€ JET) and a seepage column were utilized to derive the parameters of the Modified Wilson model for a silty sand soil and a clayey sand soil across a range of uniform seepage gradients. The experimental setup was intended to mimic a streambed and a streambank when the â€œminiâ€ JET and seepage column were placed in vertical and horizontal orientations, respectively. The soils were packed in a standard mold at a uniform bulk density (1.5 to 1.6 Mg m -3 ) near the optimum water content. Seepage forces influenced the observed erosion with a non-uniform influence on b 0 and b 1 as functions of the hydraulic gradient and density. Expected theoretical differences between Wilson model parameters for streambanks and streambeds were not consistently observed for these erodible soils, most likely due to variability in streambed and streambank samples in terms of soil preparation, packing, and seepage gradient establishment. The influence of seepage forces can be predicted by the Modified Wilson model parameters in both vertical and horizontal experimental setups using JETs on soils without seepage. Additional research is needed on the behavior of several mechanistic soil parameters under the influence of seepage.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Effect of processing Technology on Microstructure and Properties of BT-20 Thick Alloy Plate

The effects of deformation temperature and rate on the microstructure and properties of BT-20 alloy thick plate were studied. Four microscopic structures and corresponding properties were obtained from different processing technologies. The results show that the lamellar structure blank become equiaxed structure through one or two continuous α+β deformation and above 70% total deformation rate. Near β deformation is the key to get two-state structure. Large β deformation or β deformation plus subsequent smaller α+β deformation can get basket-weave structure. After the blank goes in α+β small deformation, single smaller β deformation can get the flake Widmanstaten structure with original β grain boundary. The equiaxed and two-state structure have better plasticity because they have more primary α particle producing uniform strain, but the flake Widmanstaten structure which reserved original β grain boundary and short lath-shaped basket-weave structure have higher fracture toughness property due to different orientation per α beam field to make crack expansion path become zigzag.

Field of study: Materials science
Negative thermal expansion of nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide membranes

We have measured the thermal expansion of Ni nanowires (NWs) electrodeposited into self-organized nanoporous amorphous aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes without an Al substrate using X-ray diffraction between 110 K and 350 K. The results indicate an average thermal expansion of the Ni NWs—along the wire axis—of α ¯ NiNW = − 1.6 ± 1.5 × 10 − 6 K − 1. Assuming a bulk-like thermal expansion of the isolated Ni NWs, this result indicates that AAO also has a negative thermal expansion. We estimate the thermal expansion of nanoporous AAO to be α AAO = − 5 ± 1 × 10 − 6 K − 1. We show that data obtained previously on the thermal expansion of metallic NWs grown in the nanoporous AAO may be interpreted as originating from a negative thermal expansion of the matrix.We have measured the thermal expansion of Ni nanowires (NWs) electrodeposited into self-organized nanoporous amorphous aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes without an Al substrate using X-ray diffraction between 110 K and 350 K. The results indicate an average thermal expansion of the Ni NWs—along the wire axis—of α ¯ NiNW = − 1.6 ± 1.5 × 10 − 6 K − 1. Assuming a bulk-like thermal expansion of the isolated Ni NWs, this result indicates that AAO also has a negative thermal expansion. We estimate the thermal expansion of nanoporous AAO to be α AAO = − 5 ± 1 × 10 − 6 K − 1. We show that data obtained previously on the thermal expansion of metallic NWs grown in the nanoporous AAO may be interpreted as originating from a negative thermal expansion of the matrix.

Field of study: Physics
Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity of 4-Substituted 3-Cyano-6,6-dimethyl-5,6-dihydro-2-pyranones

The respective 4-(arylvinyl)lactones and compounds of the Michael adduct type were synthesized by the condensation of substituted benzaldehydes with 3-cyano-4,6,6-trimethyl-5,6-dihydro-2-pyranone in the presence of catalytic amounts of sodium hydroxide. It was shown by the semiempirical AM1 method that the indicated products can be formed through one and the same intermediate compound. Some of the synthesized phenylvinyl-5,6-dihydro-2-pyranones have a cytotoxic effect, and this corresponds to the prognosis of the OREX expert system.

Field of study: Chemistry
Low-noise solar-blind AlxGa1-xN-based metal-semiconductor-metal ultraviolet photodetectors

We report the growth, fabrication, and characterization of high performance Schottky metal-semiconductor-metal solar-blind photodetectors fabricated on epitaxial Al0.4Ga0.6N layers grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The devices exhibited low dark current (<2 pA at 30 V) and a gain-enhanced ultraviolet (UV) photocurrent for bias voltages >40 V. The gain was corroborated by external quantum efficiency measurements reflecting a quantum efficiency as high as 49% (at=272 nm) at 90 V bias, with a corresponding responsivity R=107 mA/W. A visible-to-UV rejection factor of more than three orders of magnitude was demonstrated. Time-domain and frequency-domain speed measurements show a 3-dB bandwidth of ∼100 MHz. Low-frequency noise measurements have determined a detectivity (D*) as high as 3.3 1010 cm·Hz1/2/W for a 500 Hz bandwidth at 37 V bias.

Field of study: Materials science
The RRAT Trap: Interferometric Localization of Radio Pulses from J0628+0909

We present the first blind interferometric detection and imaging of a millisecond radio transient with an observation of transient pulsar J0628+0909. We developed a special observing mode of the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) to produce correlated data products (i.e., visibilities and images) on a time scale of 10 ms. Correlated data effectively produce thousands of beams on the sky that can localize sources anywhere over a wide field of view. We used this new observing mode to find and image pulses from the rotating radio transient (RRAT) J0628+0909, improving its localization by two orders of magnitude. Since the location of the RRAT was only approximately known when first observed, we searched for transients using a wide-field detection algorithm based on the bispectrum, an interferometric closure quantity. Over 16 minutes of observing, this algorithm detected one transient offset roughly 1' from its nominal location; this allowed us to image the RRAT to localize it with an accuracy of 1.6". With a priori knowledge of the RRAT location, a traditional beamforming search of the same data found two, lower significance pulses. The refined RRAT position excludes all potential multiwavelength counterparts, limiting its optical luminosity to L_i'<1.1x10^31 erg/s and excluding its association with a young, luminous neutron star.

Field of study: Physics
Arsenic in the soils of Zimapán, Mexico.

Arsenic concentrations of 73 soil samples collected in the semi-arid Zimapán Valley range from 4 to 14 700 mg As kg(-1). Soil arsenic concentrations decrease with distance from mines and tailings and slag heaps and exceed 400 mg kg(-1) only within 500 m of these arsenic sources. Soil arsenic concentrations correlate positively with Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations, suggesting a strong association with ore minerals known to exist in the region. Some As was associated with Fe and Mn oxyhydroxides, this association is less for contaminated than for uncontaminated samples. Very little As was found in the mobile water-soluble or exchangeable fractions. The soils are not arsenic contaminated at depths greater than 100 cm below the surface. Although much of the arsenic in the soils is associated with relatively immobile solid phases, this represents a long-term source of arsenic to the environment.

Field of study: Environmental science
Necessary Conditions for the CAPM

The general restrictions on all economic primitives (i.e., (a) endowments, (b) preferences, and (c) asset return distributions) that yield the CAPM under the expected utility paradigm are provided. These results are then used to derive the class of restrictions on preferences and the distribution of asset returns alone that provides the CAPM. We also show that the conditions that provide the CAPM and derived preferences over mean and variance are equivalent. Consequently, this paper also resolves the question of when mean–variance maximization is consistent with expected utility maximization.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: G12, G11, D50.

Field of study: Economics
Study on Process Parameters and Control Technology of One-Step Shaping for Thin Layer Paving of Polymer Concrete

In order to make thin layer paving one-step shaping during polymer concrete pavement construction, the relationship model between vibration parameters, structure parameters and the degree of compaction is established in this paper. Based on the resonance theory, this model is integrated with a mathematical model to study the dynamic properties and the interaction mechanism between vibration mechanism and paving material during compaction. The model represents the structure parameters, vibration parameters, driving speed, degree of compaction and the interaction between them. Combining real engineering with adequate quality control technology, the pavement is finished by only one step paving. The results show that, when the vibrating frequency is greater than the optimal vibration frequency and driving speed the driving speed is less than the speed threshold as well as between 2.5~3m/min, the initial compaction degree of the paving is more than 96%. Thereby improving construction efficiency and guaranteeing the construction quality. Thus, the optimal range about vibrating frequency and speed can serve as a valuable reference for one-step shaping of thin layer paving and the dynamic model can also be used to study the compaction process of pavements during the construction.

Field of study: Engineering
An Evaluation of In-Person and Online Engagement in Central Newfoundland.

This study evaluates the use of in-person focus groups and online engagement within the context of a large public engagement initiative conducted in rural Newfoundland.



Participants were surveyed about their engagement experience and demographic information. Pre and post key informant interviews were also conducted with organizers of the initiative.



Of the 111 participants in the focus groups, 97 (87%) completed evaluation surveys; as did 23 (88%) out of 26 online engagement participants. Overall, focus group participants were positive about their involvement, with 87.4% reporting that they would participate in a similar initiative. Online participation was below expectations and these participants viewed their experience less positively than in-person participants. Organizers viewed the engagement initiative and the combined use of online and in-person engagement positively.



This study presents a real-world example of the use of two methods of engagement. It also highlights the importance of the successful execution of whatever engagement mechanism is selected.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Feature Evaluation and Selection for Video Object Classification

Automatic video object classification is the key technology of intelligent video surveillance. In order to improve classification performance,we have to choose appropriate object features. The evaluation for the importance of various features is Absent in common approaches of video object classification. A method to evaluate and select features for video object classification is present. We determine which subset of the features should be chosen in video object classification task by applying the Adaboost method to compute a metric which indicates how well the features contribute to the classification performance. We apply the method to the task of distinguishing whether a video object is a pedestrian,a human group,a vehicle or a bicyclist. Experimental results identify its rationality and validity.

Field of study: Computer science
Inorganic ions modulate the path of phloem loading of sucrose in Ricinus communis L. seedlings

The impact of inorganic ions on sucrose fluxes in the cotyledons and on the pathway of phloem loading was studied in Ricinus communis L. seedlings. The cotyledons were incubated in defined solutions which contained either potassium, sodium, magnesium or calcium as chloride salts, or the sodium salts of sulphate or phosphate. Sucrose uptake from the medium into the cotyledons was only slightly affected by the salts. Sucrose efflux to the medium was increased by phosphate and sulphate and to a lesser extent by sodium and potassium. Phloem loading from the apoplasm and the symplasm was analysed by addition of labelled sucrose to the medium, determination of the specific radioactivity of sucrose in sieve-tube exudate and quantification of export into the seedling axis. Potassium and sodium stimulated the apoplasmic route of phloem loading of sucrose, mostly at the expense of loading from cotyledon sucrose pools. In contrast, sulphate and phosphate strongly inhibited the apoplasmic route whereas the (small) symplasmic flux from the cotyledon sucrose pools was less affected. Magnesium ions inhibited phloem loading by both pathways. The potential of ions in modulating the pathways of sucrose export in day to day operation of plants is discussed.

Field of study: Environmental science
Integrating Language Learning Strategies to Promote Active-Cooperative Language Learning

This paper emphasizes the effect of integrating strategies and teaching methods in the language learning of high school students in Tirana and Shkoder. The study makes the comparison between the traditional way of teaching and the active - cooperative learning, in order to decide on the learners’ behavior towards learning. The following research questions guide this study: 1)               Does a particular way of teaching encourage greater attention among language learners? 2)               Does active - cooperative learning create positive attitude among language learners? This study follows a qualitative research design. A qualitative approach was chosen because we tend to see how the learners’ attitudes towards the  language learning change through the comparison between the traditional and active – cooperative teaching learning and how the integrated strategies may affect learning. The study involved a sample of 60 students from the high schools in Tirana and Shkoder, who ranged from 14 to 16 years of age. These learners were from similar socioeconomic backgrounds but from different geographic areas. There were also two teachers who taught them English as a foreign language. The importance of the study lies in the fact that it may help the language teachers to decide which teaching method is most suited to promote cooperative learning and how interactive strategies may affect the second language learners’ achievements and how they will affect their behavior in the language classroom. The findings from this study led to the following conclusions: The results of the study show that interactive teaching strategies have a strong impact on the students’ motivation which leads them towards active – cooperative learning. The application of these strategies can be very effective for the teacher and rewarding for the students, hence helping the students improve their language achievements according to the requirements of the Common European Framework of Languages (CEFR, 2001)  .  http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/linguistic/

Field of study: Education
Expanded Disability Status Scale-Based Disability and Dental-Periodontal Conditions in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between different disability states in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) as determined by the expanded disability status scale (EDSS) and dental-periodontal measures.  Eighty patients with MS (64 females and 16 males) were included in this study. Data on MS types, attack frequency, disease duration, EDSS scores and orofacial complaints prior to an MS attack were obtained from medical records. The plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), gingival index (GI), decayed-missing-filled teeth (DMFT) index and number of present teeth were measured during one dental examination for each subject. The MS patients were divided into the following 2 groups based on their EDSS scores: low physical disability (L-DS) and high physical disability (H-DS). Differences in dental parameters between groups of low and high disability were investigated. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.  The mean age of the participants was 38.06 ± 10.11 years. Age and disease duration were higher in the H-DS MS group than in the L-DS MS group (p < 0.05). The PI, PD and GI were higher and the number of filled teeth was lower in the H-DS MS group than in the L-DS MS group (p < 0.05). The EDSS scores of the H-DS MS group presented a significant correlation with the number of decayed teeth (r = -0.548, p = 0.005). Orofacial complaints prior to an MS attack were reported by 18 (22.5%) patients.  Oral measurements revealed various differences between groups of low and high disability in MS patients. In addition, some maxillofacial-oral complaints prior to an MS attack were observed.

Field of study: Medicine
Decreased GAP-43/B-50 phosphorylation in striatal synaptic plasma membranes after circling motor behavior during development.

We evaluated the in vitro phosphorylation of the presynaptic substrate of protein kinase C (PKC), GAP-43/B-50 and the PKC activity in the striatum of rats submitted to a circling training (CT) test during postnatal development. Motor activity at 30 days of age, but not at other ages, produced a unilateral reduction (-29.5%; p<0.001) in the level of GAP-43/B-50 endogenous phosphorylation in the contralateral striatum with respect to the ipsilateral side, while non-trained control animals did not show asymmetric differences. Compared to controls, the contralateral striatum of trained animals also showed a significant reduction (-29.3%; p<0. 001) in the incorporation of 32P-phosphate into GAP-43. This decreased in vitro GAP-43 phosphorylation was seen at 30 min, but not immediately after circling motor behavior. This contralateral change in GAP-43 phosphorylation correlated with the running speed developed by the animals [(r=0.9443, p=0.0046, n=6, relative to control group) and (r=0.8813, p=0.0203, n=6, with respect to the ipsilateral side of the exercised animals)]. On the contrary, GAP-43/B-50 immunoblots did not show changes in the amount of this phosphoprotein among the different experimental groups. Back phosphorylation assays, performed in the presence of bovine purified PKC, increased the level of GAP-43/B-50 phosphorylation in the striatum contralateral to the sense of turning [(+22%; p<0.05, with respect to ipsilateral side of the same trained group) and (+21%; p<0.05, relative to control group)]. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the activity developed in the CT test induces a reduction in the phosphorylation state of GAP-43/B-50 in the specific site for PKC. We conclude that general markers of activity-dependent neuronal plasticity are also altered in the same period that long-lasting changes in striatal neuroreceptors are triggered by circling motor behavior.

Field of study: Biology