nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
[The evaluation of hyperkineses in hepatocerebral dystrophy (Wilson-Konovalov disease) from the position of the theory of muscle spindles].

To obtain evidence for the possibility of considering hyperkineses in hepatocerebtal dystrophy from the position of the theory of muscle spindles.  We examined 27 patients: rigid-arrhythmic-hyperkinetic form was diagnosed in 2 patients, trembling-rigid in 8, trembling in 16 and extrapyramidal-cortical in 1. Electromyography of different muscles in resting state and functional loadings taking into account surgical intervention was the main method of the study.  An analysis of electrophysiological results based on hyperkinesis variant (torsion dystonic, choreoathetoid etc) revealed a role of the striatal pallidal system in the anomalous control of static and dynamic γ-motorneurons and involvement of spinal reflexes in forced movements. This hypothesis may help to deeply understand the genesis of extrapyramidal dyskinesia and more reasonably select a stereotaxic target in surgical treatment.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Effects of radiative processing steps on inversion layer mobility and channel hot carrier damage in reoxidized nitrided oxide mosfets

The effects of x-ray irradiation and a subsequent low temperature anneal on the properties of reoxidized nitrided oxide (RNO) MOSFET's were examined. Irradiation was found to degrade conventional SiO2 MOSFET lifetime under channel hot carrier stress far more strongly than RNO lifetime, particularly for p-channel devices. This is attributed to reduced bulk neutral electron trap generation in RNO. The inversion layer mobility of RNOn-MOSFET's (and, to a lesser degree,p-MOSFET's) was found toincrease after irradiation and anneal. 1/f noise measurements indicate that this change in mobility is due to a reduction in the density of near-interface electron traps.

Field of study: Materials science
Timing of high-pressure metamorphism in the Yukon – Tanana terrane, Canadian Cordillera: constraints from U – Pb zircon dating of eclogite from the Teslin tectonic zone

Zircon from eclogite near Last Peak in the Teslin tectonic zone yielded a U–Pb isotopic age of 269 + 2 Ma (2σ), the first precise age for such a rock in the Yukon –Tanana terrane of the Canadian Cordillera. Both the morphology and geochemistry of the eclogitic zircons indicate a metamorphic origin, and the U – Pb age therefore constrains the timing of peak high-pressure metamorphism in this rock. The U – Pb age demonstrates for the first time that an Early Permian high-pressure metamorphic event occurred in rocks now making up the Teslin tectonic zone, and possibly elsewhere in the Yukon – Tanana terrane. This U – Pb age provides a new geochronologic "pin" in the evolution of the Yukon – Tanana terrane prior to its Mesozoic accretion to the North American continental margin and, combined with recent 40Ar/39Ar muscovite data, indicates that high-pressure metamorphism at this time was a relatively short-lived event.

Field of study: Environmental science
Clostridium perfringens iota toxin: characterization of the cell-associated iota b complex.

Clostridium perfringens type E iota toxin consists of two unlinked proteins designated as iota a (Ia; molecular mass approximately 47 kDa), an ADP-ribosyltransferase and iota b (Ib; molecular mass approximately 81 kDa) which binds to the cell surface and facilitates Ia entry into the cytosol. By Western-blot analysis, Ib incubated with Vero cells at 37 degrees C generated a cell-associated, SDS-insoluble oligomer of Ib (molecular mass>220 kDa) within 15 s, which was still evident 110 min after washing cells. Ib oligomerization was temperature, but not pH, dependent and was facilitated by a cell-surface protein(s). Within 5 min at 37 degrees C, cell-bound Ib generated Na(+)/K(+) permeable channels that were blocked by Ia. However, Ib-induced channels or oligomers were not formed at 4 degrees C. Two monoclonal antibodies raised against Ib that recognize unique, neutralizing epitopes within residues 632-655 either inhibited Ib binding to cells and/or oligomerization, unlike a non-neutralizing monoclonal antibody that binds within Ib residues 28-66. The Ib protoxin (molecular mass approximately 98 kDa), which does not facilitate iota cytotoxicity but binds to Vero cells, did not oligomerize or form ion-permeable channels on cells, and neither trypsin nor chymotrypsin treatment of cell-bound Ib protoxin induced large complex formation. The link between Ib oligomers and iota toxicity was also apparent with a resistant cell line (MRC-5), which bound to Ib with no evidence of oligomerization. Overall, these studies revealed that the biological activity of iota toxin is dependent on a long-lived, cell-associated Ib complex that rapidly forms ion-permeable channels in cell membranes. These results further reveal the similarities of C. perfringens iota toxin with other bacterial binary toxins produced by Bacillus anthracis and C. botulinum.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Limits to Intervention: The Bank of England and Industrial Diversification in the Depressed Areas

During the I930s the Bank of England embarked on an unprecedented, and subsequently abandoned, episode of intervention in British industry. 1 The bulk of its efforts focused upon schemes to reorganize ailing traditional industries such as textiles, iron and steel, and shipping and ship-building. But it also became involved, through its role in the creation of the Special Areas Reconstruction Association, Ltd. (hereafter S.A.R.A.), in efforts to promote industrial diversification in the depressed areas where declining industries were concentrated. Special finance for "new" industries in those areas became a major focus of the government's regional policy as it evolved in the I930s from a policy of "taking the workers to the work" to one of "taking the work to the workers".2 S.A.R.A. was one of three special finance organizations with similar aims set up in the late i930s. The other two were the Nuffield Trust, a private foundation established through a gift from Lord Nuffield, and the Treasury fund, a government fund set up partly in response to criticisms of S.A.R.A. These three organizations were tiny in relation to the size of the unemployment problem, and they had been in existence only a short time when World War II began. Maximum estimates of employment to be provided by all three together did not exceed 20,000-25,000, while in December I937 there were i,665,407 registered unemployed persons in Great Britain and 290,877 in the Special Areas for which the assistance was intended.3 Total funding was ?5

Field of study: Economics, History
Optimal control problems from second-order difference equations

We examine solutions x ϵ l ∞ ( R n ) of the equations F t ( x t−1 , x t , x t+1 ) = 0 and derive conditions for the existence of objective functions G t so that x solves max xϵl ∞ ΣG t ( x t , x t +1 ). We specialize the conditions to time autonomous equations and apply them to a competitive industry in temporary equilibrium. The objective function in the example is of the cost-benefit form: consumer surplus minus opportunity cost of labor minus industry-wide cost of investment.

Field of study: Economics
A shortest path tree based algorithm for relay placement in a wireless sensor network and its performance analysis

In this paper, we study a problem of designing a multi-hop wireless network for interconnecting sensors (hereafter called source nodes) to a Base Station (BS), by deploying a minimum number of relay nodes at a subset of given potential locations, while meeting a quality of service (QoS) objective specified as a hop count bound for paths from the sources to the BS. The hop count bound suffices to ensure a certain probability of the data being delivered to the BS within a given maximum delay under a light traffic model. We observe that the problem is NP-Hard. For this problem, we propose a polynomial time approximation algorithm based on iteratively constructing shortest path trees and heuristically pruning away the relay nodes used until the hop count bound is violated. Results show that the algorithm performs efficiently in various randomly generated network scenarios; in over 90% of the tested scenarios, it gave solutions that were either optimal or were worse than optimal by just one relay. We then use random graph techniques to obtain, under a certain stochastic setting, an upper bound on the average case approximation ratio of a class of algorithms (including the proposed algorithm) for this problem as a function of the number of source nodes, and the hop count bound. To the best of our knowledge, the average case analysis is the first of its kind in the relay placement literature. Since the design is based on a light traffic model, we also provide simulation results (using models for the IEEE 802.15.4 physical layer and medium access control) to assess the traffic levels up to which the QoS objectives continue to be met.

Field of study: Computer science
Amplitude versus offset analyses of the deep sedimentary structures at the northern flank of the Porcupine Basin, SW of Ireland

This paper represents an attempt of analysing the amplitude versus offset (AVO) behaviour and specific seismic attributes of sedimentary structures from the Porcupine Basin, SW of Ireland. During the last decade, a huge number of carbonate mounds were investigated in this region in water depths of 600–1,000 m, but the genesis and growth of these mounds are still not clearly identified. The aim of this paper is to give a better understanding of the connection between fluid migration pathways in the deeper underground and surface expressions of their fluid expulsions like gas chimneys and pockmarks through which the mounds may generate themselves. The data used in this study to determine boundary conditions for the physical properties of the underlaying strata were gathered from the northern flank of the Porcupine Basin, where a huge amount of fluid and/or gas chimneys covers the seabed. Marine seismic reflection data contain information about the elastic properties of the underlying earth, mainly based on the observed variations in the seismic reflection amplitude at different shot–receiver offsets. To extract elastic parameters from the data, inversion techniques were used, which presume that input amplitudes are proportional to reflection coefficients for plane wave reflection. To calibrate the AVO analyses with the existing stratigraphy in the working area we have used the well logs from several bore holes in the region. The results of this study show clearly that the investigated and identified pockmarks on the seafloor are the surface expression of hydrocarbon seepage in the deeper sedimentary underground.

Field of study: Environmental science
X-ray pair distribution function analysis of nanostructured materials using a Mythen detector.

Total scattering from nanocrystalline materials recorded on the Australian Synchrotron powder diffraction beamline has been analysed to produce atomic pair distribution functions (PDFs) for structural analysis. The capability of this beamline, which uses the massively parallel Mythen II detector, has been quantified with respect to PDF structure analysis. Data were recorded to a wavevector magnitude, Q, of 20.5 A(-1), with successful PDFs obtained for counting times as short as 10 s for crystalline LaB(6) and 180 s for nanocrystalline (47 A) anatase. This paper describes the aspects of a PDF experiment that are crucial to its success, with reference to the outcomes of analysis of data collected from nanocrystalline TiO(2) and microcrystalline LaB(6) and IrO(2).

Field of study: Physics
Analysis of a multicenter trial using a multivariate approach to a mixed linear model

In a multicenter comparative trial with ttreatments, the centers are treated as a random sample from a t-variate normal population. The model studied in this paper deals with unbalanced data and accommodates one or more covariates. The maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters are derived without any constraints on Ω, the dispersion matrix of a random vector associated with a center. The likelihood ratio test for comparing the treatments is derived. The dispersion matrix of the maximum likelihood estimators is derived and a numerical example is given to illustrate the methodology.

Field of study: Mathematics
A MECHANICAL MODEL OF A BOLT IN THE VICINITY OF A JOINT AND ITS NUMERICAL MANIFOLD METHOD(NMM) APPLICATION

This study presented a beam element model for bolts near the joints in jointed rock masses. The model is able to capture the characteristics of bolts near the joints, including tension, compression, bending, and shearing deformation and plastic hardening after yielding. After incorporating the model into the numerical manifold method, a numerical method for anchored jointed rock masses is proposed. Since bolts can be treated as physical meshes in the numerical manifold method, bolt elements are independent of manifold meshes in our method. Thus, the numerical preprocessing involved in bolts is significantly simplified, and the sophisticated simulation of large-scale bolts is also achieved. A good agreement between numerical results and the test data of a bolted joint plane was observed, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed model. Finally, the model is applied in the surrounding rock-supporting system in the underground powerhouse of the Shuibuya project. Numerical results show that the model can properly capture the features of the deformation of bolted rocks and the support effects.

Field of study: Engineering
The enzyme-activated irreversible inhibition of type-B monoamine oxidase by 3-(4-[(3-chlorophenyl)methoxy]phenyl)-5-[(methylamino) methyl]-2-oxazolidinone methanesulphonate (compound MD 780236) and the enzyme-catalysed oxidation of this compound as competing reactions.

3-(4-[(3-Chlorophenyl)methoxy]phenyl)-5-[(methylamino)methyl]-2- oxazolidinone methanesulphonate (compound MD 780236) is a selective inhibitor of the B-form of monoamine oxidase. Inhibition involves an initial non-covalent interaction between enzyme and inhibitor followed by a time-dependent process resulting in irreversible inhibition. The initial, reversible, phase of inhibition was found to be competitive with respect to phenethylamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine, and a comparison of the Ki values indicated the affinity of the inhibitor for the B-form of the enzyme to be some 7-fold greater than its affinity for the A-form. This selectivity was considerably enhanced by preincubation of the enzyme and inhibitor. Time courses showed that complete inhibition was not achieved under conditions where the inhibitor concentration was over 100-fold greater than that of the enzyme. Assay of the activity of monoamine oxidase by determining the release of hydrogen peroxide fluorometrically showed compound MD 780236 to be a substrate for, as well as an inhibitor of, monoamine oxidase, and kinetic analysis revealed that the rate of product formation was some 530-fold greater than that of the process leading to irreversible inhibition of the B-form of the enzyme.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Efficacy of 1-methylcyclopropene post-cutting treatment on fresh-cut papaya (Carica papaya L. cv. 'Sinta') storage quality using two packaging forms.

The study was conducted to determine the efficacy of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) postcutting treatment on fresh-cut ‘Sinta’ papaya (Carica papaya L. cv. ‘Sinta’) in maintaining its storage quality using two packaging forms commonly used commercially namely PET plastic tray wrapped with LDPE stretchable plastic film, and PET clamshell plastic containers. Freshcut ‘Sinta’ papaya cubes at Peel Colour Index 5 (yellow with tinge of green) were packaged using plastic tray wrapped with plastic film and clamshell plastic containers.1-MCP gas was introduced post-cutting inside the packaging to a final concentration of 2.5 nL L-1. The freshcuts were stored at 100C and 95% RH. Samples were evaluated for headspace C2H4 (HS-C2H4), headspace CO2 (HS-CO2), polygalacturonase (PG) activity, total reducing sugars, firmness, color (as luminosity), water-soaking, visual quality rating (VQR) and microbial load. In both packaging types, lower PG activity and total reducing sugars were observed in 1-MCP treatments compared with controls at certain storage days. In plastic tray-film packaging, lower HS-C2H4 levels were observed in 1-MCP treated fresh-cuts compared with the control. In clamshell packaging, significant differences in water-soaking, luminosity and VQR at days 2 and 3 were observed between 1-MCP treated and control fruits. All of the treatments, on day 2 of storage, complied with European Union countries’ limits on aerobic plate counts (7 log), yeasts and molds counts (5 log) and coliform counts (3 log). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the efficacy of 1-MCP post-cutting treatment on fresh-cut papaya of the ‘Sinta’ variety and also the use in a 1-MCP study of the packaging forms mentioned.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Keto-acid therapy in predialysis chronic kidney disease patients: consensus statements.

D.F. belongs to the Fresenius Kabi Ketoanalogue Advisory Board, and has received travel grants and consultancy fees. M.A., N.C., A.C., T.E., L.G., and G.Z. participated as speakers at the 4th International Advisory Board Meeting Ketosteril , Marseilles, France, June 15 and 16, 2008, and received a consultancy fee from Fresenius Kabi for their participation. H.-H.L. and V.T. also received a consultancy fee from Fresenius Kabi for participating in the Advisory Board. This article was published as part of a supplement sponsored by an unrestricted educational grant from Fresenius Kabi. 2009 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved. 1051-2276/09/1905S-0012$36.00/0 doi:10.1053/j.jrn.2009.06.013

Field of study: Medicine
Immunization coverage and safety of the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in Guangzhou from 2010 to 2015

To analyze the immunization coverage of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) in a large population in Guangzhou and to evaluate its safety by analyzing the adverse events following immunization (AEFI) reported to the passive surveillance system. 
 
 
 
Immunization data of PPV23 in Guangzhou from 2010 to 2015 were collected from Information Management System of Biological Products and the Information System of Immune Programming of Guangzhou. AEFI reported to the AEFI Information System during 2010 to 2015 was collected for safety evaluation. The collected data were analyzed by using descriptive methodology. 
 
 
 
A total of 621 059 doses of PPV23 were prescribed in Guangzhou from 2010 to 2015. Most of the recipients were children younger than 10 years old, accounting for 79.44%. Only 9.38% of the subjects received PPV23 were older than 60 years. A total of 243 AEFI cases were reported at a rate of 39.13 cases per 100 000 doses, among which 199 cases (32.04/105) showed minor vaccine reactions, 25 cases (4.03/105) occurred adverse events, 16 cases (2.58/105) developed coupled diseases and 3 cases (0.48/105) were classified as psychogenic reactions. No rare adverse reactions were observed. 
 
 
 
The majority of people immunized with PPV23s in Guangzhou were children, while the immunization coverage among the elderly was relatively low. PPV23 was safe for vaccination as the reported AEFI cases were similar to that of other vaccines. 
 
 
 
23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine; Vaccination status; Adverse events following immunization; Safety

Field of study: Biology
Captopril therapy limits ventricular remodeling but does not alter myocardial collagen fiber morphology of cardiomyopathic hamsters.

Previous studies of the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors on the process of cardiac remodeling have devoted little attention to potentially beneficial alterations in collagen fiber morphology and microscopic organization. The present work is part of a continuing effort to define mechanisms responsible for changes in microscopic material properties of cardiac tissue that are induced by such pharmacologic therapy. Morphologic evaluation of 11 cardiomyopathic (CM) and 5 control hamsters was performed. Six CM hamsters received captopril for 3 months in their drinking water (2 gm/l), and five other CM hamsters and five normal control hamsters received no treatment. Myocyte and collagen content, organization, and fiber size were defined with the use of circular statistics in fixed sections that were stained with picrosirius red and viewed with polarized light. The scar regions from both treated and untreated CM hearts manifested similar collagen fiber thicknesses, organization (angular deviation 21.1 ± 0.7 degrees vs. 19.2 ± 2.2 degrees, untreated vs. treated, p = NS), and content (65.0% ± 2.2% vs. 65.7% ± 3.7%, untreated vs. treated, p = NS). However, significant muscle fiber disarray was observed in myocytes in the non-necrotic zones near scars for both treated and untreated CM heart, and a strong trend toward normalization of myocyte alignment was observed after captopril therapy. In the present study, captopril exerted no significant effect on collagen content, two-dimensional fiber organization, or fiber thickness in either scar or nonscar regions. Thus, the beneficial effects of captopril on cardiac material properties in ventricular remodeling associated with heritable cardiomyopathy does not appear to be related to alterations in collagen fiber morphology or organization. However, the trend toward normalization of myocyte alignment induced by captopril in non-necrotic zones suggests a possible mechanism for the known beneficial effects of captopril on favorable ventricular remodeling.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
The Economy of China: A Tourist’s View

I visited the People's Republic of China for two weeks, September 8-22, 1972, together with Professors John Kenneth Galbraith and Wassily Leontief, in the first of a series of visits by U.S. academicians and scientists arranged by the Federation of American Scientists and the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Our hosts were the Academy of Sciences, the Scientific and Technical Association, and Peking University. We spent a day in Canton, a week in Peking, a day each in Nanking and Hang-chow, three days in Shanghai, and nearly two days traveling by train. We spent two and a half days in Peking in discussions with economists from Peking University and from the Academy's Institute of Economics. A similar but less elaborate discussion took place in Shanghai with economists of Futan University. In addition, we visited an arts and crafts workshop, a cotton textile factory, a machine tool plant, a rural people's commune, a grocery supermarket, a large department store, an industrial exposition, a high school, and a hospital. We found all of these visits and discussions extremely informative. Nevertheless, we are acutely aware of the vast gaps in our information about the Chinese economic system. Very few macro-economic data were available to us, and we were not able to talk to economists and other responsible officials in the planning and operating agencies of the government.

Field of study: Economics