nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Cyanobacteria as bioindicators and bioreporters of environmental analysis in aquatic ecosystems

Knowledge of the incidence of anthropogenic pressure on water ecosystems is one of the main focus of integrated water resource management. The use of biological methods to assess water quality is of particular importance since organisms show an integrating response to their environment. Tolerances or ecological ranges of individual species can differ depending on the taxon, which leads to distinct bioindicator values of cyanobacterial taxa. In addition, a number of morphological and physiological features are known to relate with the environment in which they occur, which makes them excellent environmental indicators. Therefore, we review literature data of the main cyanobacterial methods used to obtain information about changes in running water quality, mainly related to eutrophication processes, which are found as the main cause of disturbance in rivers, with the focus on benthic cyanobacteria, as habitat recommended for monitoring studies. Further, their trophic independence and ease of cultivation make them very useful in the field of bioreporters of environmental monitoring and ecotoxicology. In fact, several cyanobacterial strains have been already genetically engineered to construct bioreporters which respond to different types of pollutants as well as limiting nutrients. The potential of cyanobacteria both as in situ bioindicators as well as bioreporters of environmental analysis in aquatic ecosystems will be discussed.

Field of study: Environmental science
GEOLOGY OF THE MOUNT GARIBALDI MAP-AREA, SOUTHWESTERN BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA PART II: GEOMORPHOLOGY AND QUATERNARY VOLCANIC ROCKS

The Mount Garibaldi map-area is in the southern Coast Mountains of British Columbia. The bold topography of the area is a product of two cycles of stream erosion modified by continental and alpine glaciation and by Quaternary vulcanism. The volcanic rocks of the map-area are lavas and pyroclastic rocks which postdate the second cycle of stream erosion; most if not all are Pleistocene, and many appear to have been erupted during periods of glaciation. Many of the anomalous structures can be attributed to deposition of lava or pyroclastic debris against, beneath, or onto glacial ice. Extrusive rocks range in composition from basalt to dacite; the latter are most voluminous.

Field of study: Geology
The Development of Student Worksheet Based on Pictorial Riddle Model to Improve Critical Thinking Ability in Elementary School

This research and development aims to develop and describe the feasibility and effectiveness of mathematics student worksheet based on pictorial riddle model in improving students' critical thinking skills. The type of research used is research and development that refers to the theory of Borg and Gall. The population of this study was fourth grade students of Elementary Schools in Bangunrejo. The study sample was 32 fourth grade students of Tanjung Jaya Public Elementary School 1 which were determined by purposive sampling technique. Data was collected through questionnaire sheets, observation sheets and test questions. The results of the study showed that the student worksheet based on pictorial riddle model was feasible, and effective for improving students' critical thinking skills.  The development of student worksheets, pictorial riddle.

Field of study: Education
TH‐CD‐304‐02: Clinical Uncertainty of in Vivo Dosimetry for Intensity‐Modulated Radiation Therapy Using Optically‐Stimulated Luminescent Dosimeters

Several studies have reported the physical properties of optically-stimulated luminescent dosimeters (OSLDs) and suggest their efficacy for clinical in vivo dosimetry, but few publications have assessed the clinical uncertainties associated with OSLD-based in vivo dosimetry for conformal and intensity-modulated treatment. The purpose of the current work is to identify and characterize clinical uncertainties for OSLD-based in vivo dosimetry. 
 
 
OSLDs are placed in dosimetrically-appropriate locations on a weekly basis, covered with small 5 mm bolus squares, exposed during patient treatment, read, and compared with doses predicted from the treatment planning system. Six (6) parameters were identified as significant contributors to uncertainty in the process: Inherent physical OSLD uncertainty (σ_ OSLD), OSLD reader uncertainty (σ_reader), dose calculation uncertainty in the build-up region (σ _calc), uncertainty of depth for planned dose (σ_d), dosimetric uncertainty due to daily image-guided shifts (σ_ s), and placement uncertainty (σ_p). σ_d, σ_ s, and σ_p were estimated by analyzing clinical OSLD dosimetry for inverse-planned intensity-modulated treatment plans (prostate, lung, and head-and-neck) and field-in-field intensity-modulated treatment plans (breast). Total uncertainty was estimated by summing the 6 components in quadrature. 
 
 
σ_OSLD was defined by the manufacturer (±3.0%). σ_calc was assumed to be approximately ±5.0% at 5 mm depth from other works in the literature. σ_reader and σ_s were measured to be ±1.0 and ±5.8% at 5 mm depth respectively. σ_p was found to be ±3.6% for breast, ±4.2% for prostate, ±4.4% for lung, and ±10.6% for head-and-neck. Total uncertainty was ±9.0% for breast, ±11.5% for prostate, ±13.2% for lung, and ±16.1% for head-and-neck. 
 
 
Site-specific clinical uncertainty for a limited selection of sites ranged from ±9.0% to ±16.1%. The largest components were image-guided shifts and estimated placement uncertainty. A wider selection of anatomical sites, site-specific correction factors, and clinical tolerance/action level guidelines will be presented.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Nasal absorption enhancement of insulin by sodium deoxycholate in combination with cyclodextrins.

To evaluate the nasal absorption enhancement of insulin by sodium deoxycholate (SDC) in combination with cyclodextrins (CD).



The concentration of glucose in blood was measured. Scanning electron microscopy technique was used to investigate the effect of enhancers on the nasal mucocilia. The effect of SDC in combination with CD on the leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) activity in the nasal mucosa was observed.



Intranasal administration of insulin (4 U/kg) along with 0.75 % SDC/beta-CD at a molar ratio of 1 : 2 slowly decreased the blood glucose levels of rats. The minimal blood glucose level was (72.6 +/- 2.1) % of baseline, and which was lasted for 3 h. Though the decrement of blood glucose in 0.75 % SDC/beta-CD (1 : 2) treated group was less than that in 0.75 % SDC treated group, there was no significant difference between the two groups in AOC0- t values (P > 0.05). SDC (0.01 %) solution did not have any absorption prompting effect. Scanning electron microscopy investigation showed that 0.75 % SDC/beta-CD (1 : 2) solution had no marked damage on rat nasal mucosa 4 h after nasal administration, while 0.01 % SDC still had some damage on the rat nasal mucosa. The inhibitory effect of SDC on the LAP activity was decreased from 89.2 % to 69.2 %, 71.5 %, 60.4 %, and 61.3 % in 0.75 % SDC/beta-CD (1 : 1), 0.75 % SDC/beta-CD (1 : 2), 0.75 % SDC/DM-beta-CD (1 : 1), and 0.75 % SDC/DM-beta-CD (1 : 2) treated group, respectively.



Combining beta-CD with SDC lowered the serious nasal ciliotoxicity of SDC and had a marked absorption promoting effect, which was not due to low concentration of SDC but was related with the inhibition of LAP activity.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Checkpointing Strategy and Redo Point Strategy for Embedded Real-time Main Memory Databases

The failure recovery of the real-time main memory database system needs the rapid recovery in the embedded environment,checkpointing is an important recovery technique of real-time main memory database.A fuzzy checkpointing strategy based on the ART-Ⅱ(an active real-time main memory database)is suggested,and two types of redo point strategies for this checkpointing strategy are also developed.The performance test shows that this checkpointing strategy and the redo point strategies can increase the ratio of the transactions meeting the deadline and the performance of the system.

Field of study: Computer science
Predicted and Measured Depth Dose Profiles for Pulsed Electron Spectra

In this paper, experimentally measured depth dose profiles for several materials are compared with the theoretical profiles calculated by the electron transport computer code ZEBRA. The experimental profiles were obtained using a unique technique. The materials were exposed to the pulsed electron beam from the flash x-ray at HDL and the materials' rear surface motion induced by the exposure was measured with a laser interferometer. These measured responses were then converted to velocity histories which can be related to the depth dose profiles. The depth dose profiles of nine materials with atomic numbers ranging from 13 to 79 were measured. For three of these materials, profiles were obtained for more than one electron spectrum. In general the measured and calculated profiles agree with each other well enough to demonstrate the applicability of this experimental technique to a wide range of materials and electron spectra.

Field of study: Physics
A Picture of Africa: Frenzy, Counternarrative, Mimesis

This article completes a trilogy of essays that reexamine the quarrel between Chinua Achebe and Joseph Conrad from the angle of mimetic theory. Moving beyond the colonial/postcolonial binary, this essay focuses on Achebe’s Things Fall Apart and argues that even with respect to the notion at the heart of the race quarrel (“frenzy”) striking mimetic continuities exist between colonial narratives and postcolonial counternarratives. Rather than adding new fire to what is already an incendiary debate, this essay articulates the narrative, anthropological, and discursive forces that have the power to generate counternarratives that are almost the opposite, but not quite.

Field of study: Art
Preparation of Silver Doped Poly(L-Aspartic Acid) Modified Electrode and Its Application for Determination of Dopamine

The silver doped poly(L-aspartic acid)modified electrode was prepared by cyclic voltammetric method.The voltammetric behavior of dopamine and cyclic voltammetric method for the determination of dopamine were studied on the silver doped poly(L-aspartic acid)modified electrode.In pH 7.0 phosphate buffer solution,the peak potential was 0.191 V of Epa and 0.161 V of Epc(vs.Ag/AgCl)at the scan rate of 50 mV/s.The linear ranges for the determination of dopamine were 3.0×10-7-1.0×10-5 mol/L and 1.0×10-5-5.0×10-4 mol/L.The detection limit was 5.0×10-8 mol/L.The method was applied to the determination of dopamine in drug and urine with satisfactory results.

Field of study: Chemistry
High-repetition-rate and short-pulse-width electro-optical cavity-dumped YVO₄/Nd:GdVO₄ laser.

In this paper, an electro-optical cavity-dumped 1.06 μm laser using YVO4/Nd:GdVO4 composite crystal under 808 nm diode-laser pumping was reported. Theoretical calculations showed that the temperature distribution in YVO4/Nd:GdVO4 crystal was lower than that in GdVO4/Nd:GdVO4 and Nd:GdVO4 crystals under the same conditions. A constant 3.8±0.3  ns pulse width was obtained and the repetition rate could reach up to 50 kHz with a maximum average output power of 5.6 W and slope efficiency of 40.7%, corresponding to a peak power of 31.1 kW.

Field of study: Physics
Au/Ge/Pd ohmic contacts to n-GaAs with the Mo/Ti diffusion barrier

The influences of the As-outdiffusion and Au-indiffusion on the performances of the Au/Ge/Pd/n-GaAs ohmic metallization systems are clarified by investigating three different types of barrier metal structures Au/Ge/Pd/GaAs, Au/Ti/Ge/Pd/ GaAs, and Au/Mo/Ti/Ge/Pd/GaAs. The results indicate that As-outdiffusion leads to higher specific contact resistivity, whereas Au-indiffusion contributes to the turnaround of the contact resistivity at even higher annealing temperature. For Au/Mo/Ti/Ge/Pd/n-GaAs samples, they exhibit the smoothest surface and the lowest specific contact resistivity with the widest available annealing temperature range. Moreover, Auger electron spectroscopy depth profiles show that the existing Ti oxide for the Mo/Ti bilayer can very effectively retard Au-indiffusion, reflecting the onset of the turnaround point at much higher annealing temperature.

Field of study: Materials science
Acid-catalyzed oxidation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by ammonium nitrate in aqueous solution

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was oxidized to CO{sub 2} and water by homogeneous, liquid-phase reaction with ammonium nitrate at temperatures between 250 and 450{degree}F and pressures below 100 psi. N{sub 2} and N{sub 2}O were produced from the thermal decomposition of the ammonium nitrate oxidant. An unexpected maximum in conversion was observed at an intermediate reaction temperature, which was consistent with rapid thermal decomposition of the NH{sub 4}NO{sub 3} oxidant. Postulated reaction pathways consisting of simultaneous oxidation of 2,4-D and decomposition of the oxidant allowed estimation of kinetic constants from best-fit analysis of the data. The proposed reaction model provided a mathematical description of 2,4-D conversion, which allowed extrapolation of the results to reaction conditions and reactor configurations that were not experimentally investigated.

Field of study: Environmental science
On a second-order boundary value problem arising in combustion theory

We obtain existence and uniqueness results for the boundary-value problem y" = x2 — y2, y(x) ~ +x as x —> + oo. Our main result shows that there are precisely two solutionsy+(x) > — |x| andy_(x) < — | x |. Only the latter is of physical interest in the problem in combustion theory from which the equation arises.

Field of study: Mathematics
Theories of second language acquisition: three sides, three angles, three points

Three recent books take up different positions in the on-going debate about how, and out of what, to construct a theory of second language (L2) acquisition. Johnson (2004) advocates a ‘dialogically based approach’, inspired by Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory and Bakhtin’s ‘dialogized heteroglossia’, with which she would replace what she views as a prevailing ‘cognitive bias’ in the field. Block (2003) similarly supports a ‘more interdisciplinary and socially informed orientation’ to second language acquisition. But Block wants to reform rather than replace certain assumptions of what he represents as the best existing theory of second language acquisition, namely, Susan Gass’ Input-Interaction-Output model (IIO model). Jordan (2004), on the other hand, argues forcefully that theorizing about second language acquisition must be based on a rationalist epistemology. He provides a set of ‘Guidelines’ for theory construction, including six assumptions foundational to rationalist inquiry in general, and a five-point evaluation metric against which rival theories can be judged. He also passes on a list of six ‘practices to be avoided’. Jordan encourages the cultivation of many, varied, theories so long as they observe the rationalist Guidelines. He goes on to criticize a broad sample of L2 research, commenting on whether specific proposals do or do not adhere to the Guidelines. This article reviews all three scholars’ positions in this important debate, which has the potential to sharpen second language theorists’ sense of what they are doing and how they should do it.

Field of study: Linguistics
Motivational Orientation as an Internal Marketing Tool in Service Training: A Study of Service Delivery in a Hospital

This research analyzes the various socio-psychological orientations of hospital service employees towards service training in the Imam Khomeini hospital, Tehran, Iran. The study focuses on instrumental and integrative orientations of employees in taking service training. In order to determine the employees’ tendency towards the mentioned orientations, a sample of 255 employees was given a questionnaire based on Gardner’s Attitude/Motivation Test Battery (AMTB). Findings of the present study shows that the hospital employees are both instrumentally and interactively oriented towards service training. This study of socio-psychological variables of the employees provides additional insights in better identifying motivational challenges and taking more realistic perspectives about the service training as an instrument of internal marketing (IM). Finally, suggestions for managers and some recommendations regarding future researches in this area have been highlighted.

Field of study: Business
Precision: Toward a meaning-centered view of language use with English learners in the content areas

To support English learners (ELs) in attaining rigorous content standards, U.S. federal legislation requires that English language proficiency (ELP) standards align with content standards. Whereas language use in content learning has traditionally been defined in terms of structure, content and language educators have devoted increased attention to precision. Precision goes beyond the structural elements of language to the disciplinary meaning that those elements communicate. In this article, we define precision and distinguish it from vocabulary, accuracy, and complexity. Then, we highlight divergent conceptions of precision in content standards and ELP standards. In light of these divergent conceptions, we present work samples from an elementary science classroom to illustrate how precision of disciplinary meaning is essential to engaging in disciplinary practices of content standards. We close by proposing the need for a more meaning-centered view of language use with ELs in the content areas.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
[Pharmacological treatment of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome].

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of human placenta extract - laennec infusions in the treatment of patients with confirmed diagnosis of 'Chronic fatigue syndrome' (CFS).



The study included 38 patients with CFS, randomized into 2 groups: patients of the experimental group (EG, n=24) were treated with 10 intravenous laennec infusions, 4 ml each, 2 times/week, for 5 weeks. The control group (CG) consisted of 14 patients. Treatment efficacy evaluated by the severity of chronic fatigue ('The degree of chronic fatigue' questionnaire), state anxiety, depression and anger (Spilberger test) and quality of life (SF-36v2), exercise tolerance (cardiopulmonary exercise test with gas analysis), blood parameters were assessed before, after, and 5 weeks of follow-up.



The EG patients showed a significant reduction in the index of chronic fatigue, which was accompanied by the significant decrease in state depression, anxiety, improvements in subjective assessment of quality of life, as well as a significant increase in physical performance indices (maximal oxygen consumption, anaerobic threshold, load time to failure, normalization of the lipid 'profile' immediately after course of infusions and in 5 weeks follow-up). No changes in chronic fatigue index and other recorded indicators were identified in CG. Laennec did not cause side effects, was well tolerated by all patients.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Marine Ornamental Trade in Brazil

Brazil is one of the five leading exporting countries of tropical aquarium fishes in the world, and the interest in marine ornamental organisms has increased substantially there from the mid to the late 1990s. About 120 reef fish species are currently harvested in Brazil's ornamental trade. Among the 75 most harvested species, 26 (34.7%) are endemic, eight (10.7%) are rare, and six (8.2%) are estuarine-dependent species. Fifty-five species (75.3%) have complex reproductive strategies and/or parental care. In quantitative terms, the top 10 species comprises 62% of the species exported from Brazil to the USA and the European Community. The most harvested reef invertebrates include about 65 species. The most representative groups are crustaceans with 15 species (23%), and molluscs and stony corals with 10 species (15.4%) each. Among these, 15 (23%) are endemics, nine (13.8%) are rare species, and seven (10.8%) are important reef builders. A case of local extinction of the giant anemone Condylactis gigantea is reported. To alleviate ecological impacts a series of urgent measures is suggested, including the creation of specific laws for marine ornamental harvesting and improving law enforcement to prevent illegal trade in Brazil.

Field of study: Environmental science
Civic Education and the Decision-Making Process

ocial studies educators in the past S decade have gradually become aware of the centrality of decision making as a method of teaching and as a vital skill outcome of civic education in schools. If social studies is to be more than mere repetition of facts and the mastery of meager information-processing skills, i t demands students and teachers capable of advocating positions, making choices, and accepting likely consequences of action taken. The middle school social studies curriculum is replete with opportunities for teachers and their students to study critically the decisions made by others in history and to examine the difficulties in making reasonable decisions about the many contemporary problems at home and abroad. Students will profit from the examination of school and community problems, using an active decision-

Field of study: Sociology
Travelling wave resonant-ring for RF window high power test

A travelling wave resonant-ring was constructed for RF window high power test of NSRL 200 MeV Linac. The principle of the resonant-ring was described. A power gain of 4.5 and a peak power of 60 MW were achieved in the ring. The power test method and procedure were given out, and the electron multiple effect was discussed. The RF window passed test under the conditions of a peak power of 30 MW, an average power of 3.7 kW and a pulse length of 2.5 μs.

Field of study: Physics
Social Policy through Land Reform: New Jersey's Mount Laurel Controversy

In 1975 and again in 1983 the New Jersey Supreme Court ruled in a suit brought by the local chapter of the NAACP that Mount Laurel Township, located ten miles from Philadelphia at the edge of the metropolitan area, unconstitutionally excluded low-income housing within its borders through its zoning policies that allowed only detached single-family houses and industrial uses. The court not only ruled that there are severe limits on the right of suburban communities to restrict the entry of lower-income households but also set in motion the most fundamental redistribution of property rights ever attempted by a state government in the United States. The court insisted that the state's municipalities have an affirmative obligation to redistribute lowand moderate-income households more evenly across the state.I The rulings have generated heated controversy, for Americans have enormous wealth tied up in land markets. Supporters claim that the Mount Laurel rulings merely extend the well-established regulatory powers of the state regarding the use of land. Furthermore, the geographical redistribution of lower-income households

Field of study: Political science
Azaindole derivatives. 66. 1,6-disubstituted 4-methyl-5-cyano-7-azaindolines

A general method was developed for the synthesis of 1,6-disubstituted 4-methyl-5-cyano-7-azalndolines from the readily available ammonium salt of 2,6-dihydroxy-3-(β-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-5-cyanopyridine through the corresponding N-substituted ammonium salts and N-substituted 2-amino-3-(β-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-5-cyano-6-hydroxypyridines with treatment of the latter by POCl3. This method gives a 40% yield of 4-methyl-5-cyano-7-azaindoline compounds containing various aralkyl or alkyl substituents at N-1 and a hydroxy group or halogen atom at C-6 in three steps.

Field of study: Chemistry