nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Fixed Orthodontic Treatment in a Child Patient with Dentoalveolar Fracture: A Case Report

The incidence of dentoalveolar fracture in children is high about 18% because they are often active, lack of body coordination, and immature mental. The dentoalveolar fractures treatment to the children differs from adults, because of the immature bone structure. The purpose of this study is to investigate the treatment of dentoalveolar fracture in child patient using fixed orthodontic appliance. A 15-year-old boy treated with braces caused by malocclusion class 1 Angle type 1. The child suffers from dentoalveolar fracture of the mandibular anterior tooth and mandibular alveolar bone injury after a motorcycle accident. Fortunately, the patient was using an orthodontic fixed appliance that served as a splinting so that severe damage could be prevented. Treatment: the wound was cleaned by betadine antiseptic solution, and braces bonding on the labial of anterior teeth. The lingual region was splinted with wire as 0.7 SS combined with composite resin to make splinting stronger. The patient was given 500mg amoxicillin and 500mg ibuprofen. Wire SS 0.016 is indicated to have superior strength, and the strength remains a support in fixed orthodontic therapy because the stainless steel alloys are of "18-8" austenitic type contain chromium (7-25%), Nickel (8-25% ) and Carbon (1-2%). Chromium in this stainless steel alloy customs a thin oxide layer which blocks the diffusion of oxygen into the alloy and allows the corrosion resistance of the alloy. Stainless steel is introduced for the use of creating appliances. Archwires have high stiffness, low springiness, corrosion resistance, low range and good formability. These wires are often less expensive than the other ones and they can be readily used as archwires in an orthodontic treatment and splinting as well. After two months of splinting treatment, the tooth position approximately back to normal; there was unification alveolar bone in the radiographic evaluation. Dentoalveolar fracture treatment is to restore the teeth and alveolar bone in order that dentoalveolar structure to function properly, and aesthetic function is achieved.

Field of study: Medicine
Sentinel-1 observation frequency significantly increases burnt area detectability in tropical SE Asia

Frequent cloud cover in the tropics significantly affects the observation of the surface by satellites. This has enormous implications for current approaches that estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from fires or map fire scars. These mainly employ data acquired in the visible to middle infrared bands to map fire scars or thermal data to estimate fire radiative power and consequently derive emissions. The analysis here instead explores the use of microwave data from the operational Sentinel-1A (S-1A) in dual-polarisation mode (VV and VH) acquired over Central Kalimantan during the 2015 fire season. Burnt areas were mapped in three consecutive periods between August and October 2015 using the random forests machine learning algorithm. In each mapping period, the omission and commission errors of the unburnt class were always below 3%, while the omission and commission errors of the burnt class were below 20% and 5% respectively. Summing the detections from the three periods gave a total burnt area of ~1.6 million ha, but this dropped to ~1.2 million ha if using only a pair of pre- and post-fire season S-1A images. Hence the ability of Sentinel-1 to make frequent observations significantly increases fire scar detection. Comparison with burnt area estimates from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) burnt area product at 5 km scale showed poor agreement, with consistently much lower estimates produced by the MODIS data-on average 14%–51% of those obtained in this study. The method presented in this study offers a way to reduce the substantial errors likely to occur in optical-based estimates of GHG emissions from fires in tropical areas affected by substantial cloud cover.

Field of study: Environmental science
Site suitability and water availability for a managed aquifer recharge project in the Namoi basin, Australia

This study was conducted in the Namoi catchment, Australia. Study focus Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) site suitability has been widely studied through multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA). However, the selection of areas for MAR project implementation can be a vague process with different validation approaches. The aim of this study was to create a site suitability map for MAR projects and conduct a sensitivity analysis for the selection of an area of interest (AOI) by combining highly suitable and low sensitive areas. Ten hydrologic and hydrogeologic criteria were chosen for the selection of sites for the MAR project. All criteria were reclassified and used in a MCDA that combined Analytic Hierarchy Processes (AHP) and pairwise comparisons to construct a site suitability map. Validation of the map and the AOI selected was performed using hydrograph data. Based on the AOI map, water availability and frequency were analysed using gauging station data. New Hydrological Insights for the Region The selected AOI represents high spatio-temporal variability in natural recharge rates, highly dependent on the Namoi River streamflow. Moreover, all recharge rates in the AOI are high, particularly in the paleochannel surrounding the current Namoi River. The selected AOI coincides with an area of thick coarse sediments underlying the riverbed and demonstrates the usefulness of the proposed methodology.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Physical properties of bright Ca II K fibrils in the solar chromosphere

Broad-band images of the solar chromosphere in the Ca II H&K line cores around active regions are covered with fine bright elongated structures called bright fibrils. The mechanisms that form these structures and cause them to appear bright are still unknown. We aim to investigate the physical properties, such as temperature, line-of-sight velocity, and microturbulence, in the atmosphere that produces bright fibrils and to compare those to the properties of their surrounding atmosphere. We used simultaneous observations of a plage region in Fe I 6301-2 A, Ca II 8542 A, Ca II K, and H$\alpha$ acquired by the CRISP and CHROMIS instruments on the Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope. We manually selected a sample of 282 Ca II K bright fibrils. We compared the appearance of the fibrils in our sample to the Ca II 8542 A and H$\alpha$ data. We performed non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) inversions using the inversion code STiC on the Fe I 6301-2 A, Ca II 8542 A, Ca II K lines to infer the physical properties of the atmosphere. The line profiles in bright fibrils have a higher intensity in their K$_2$ peaks compared to profiles formed in the surrounding atmosphere. The inversion results show that the atmosphere in fibrils is on average $100-200$~K hotter at an optical depth log$(\tau) = -4.3$ compared to their surroundings. The line-of-sight velocity at chromospheric heights in the fibrils does not show any preference towards upflows or downflows. The microturbulence in the fibrils is on average 0.5 km s$^{-1}$ higher compared to their surroundings. Our results suggest that the fibrils have a limited extent in height, and they should be viewed as hot threads pervading the chromosphere.

Field of study: Physics
A century later: Adaptive plasticity and rapid evolution contribute to geographic variation in invasive mosquitofish.

One century after their introduction to Europe, eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) represent a natural experiment to determine the relative contributions of adaptive plasticity and rapid evolutionary change in creating large-scale geographic variation in phenotypes. We evaluated the population-genetic structure and invasion history based on allele length polymorphisms of 15 nuclear microsatellites, which we quantified for N = 660 individuals from 23 populations sampled in 2013 across the invasive range of G. holbrooki in Europe. We analysed body-shape and life-history variation in N = 1331 individuals from 36 populations, sampled in 2013 and 2017, and tested heritability of phenotypic differences in a subset of four populations using a common-garden experiment. The genetic structure of wild-caught individuals suggested a single introduction for all European mosquitofish, which were genetically impoverished compared to their native counterparts. We found some convergent patterns of phenotypic divergence across native and invasive climatic gradients (e.g., increased body size in colder/more northern populations); however, several phenotypic responses were not consistent between sampling years, pointing towards plastic phenotypes. Our analysis of common-garden reared individuals uncovered moderate heritability estimates only for two measures of male body size (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC = 0.628 and 0.556) and offspring fat content (ICC = 0.734), while suggesting high levels of plasticity in most other phenotypic traits (ICC ≤ 0.407). Our results highlight the importance of phenotypic plasticity in invasive species during range expansions and demonstrate that strong selective pressures-in this case towards increased body size in colder environments-simultaneously promote rapid evolutionary divergence.

Field of study: Biology
Dispersionless integrable systems and the Bogomolny equations on an Einstein-Weyl geometry background

We derive a dispersionless integrable system describing a local form of a general three-dimensional Einstein-Weyl geometry with an Euclidean (positive) signature, construct its matrix extension and demonstrate that it leads to the Bogomolny equations for a non-abelian monopole on an Einstein-Weyl geometry background. The corresponding dispersionless integrable hierarchy, its matrix extension and the dressing scheme are also considered.

Field of study: Mathematics
How important is community participation to eco-environmental conservation in protected areas? From the perspective of predicting locals' pro-environmental behaviours.

Community participation is considered an effective measure to protect the eco-environment and to improve people's livelihoods in protected areas. However, it has not received enough attention at the practical level in most developing countries, and it is unclear how important it is in stimulating locals' pro-environmental behaviours to achieve eco-environmental protection goals. This study focuses on the relationship among community participation, perception changes in livelihood capitals and place attachment, which are related to residents' production, livelihoods, and pro-environmental behaviours. The study uses a convenience sampling method in the Nanling National Nature Reserve, China. Regression analysis results show that community participation is the most powerful predictor of pro-environmental behaviours. Furthermore, community participation moderates the relationship between place attachment and pro-environmental behaviours. In addition, perception changes in livelihood capitals positively affect pro-environmental behaviours in the high-level community participation group while having negative or positive results in the low-level community participation group. The findings, which emphasize the importance of community participation in conservation, provide a better understanding of the differences in pro-environmental behaviours between high and low community participation groups and will aid future development and conservation planning of these initiatives.

Field of study: Sociology
Impact of combined assessment of systemic inflammation and presarcopenia on survival for surgically resected esophageal cancer.

Systemic inflammation and low skeletal muscle volume (presarcopenia) have received increasing attention in many malignancies. However, their association and the combined effect on postoperative survival in esophageal cancer (EC) patients have been poorly studied.



Eighty-nine patients with EC who underwent surgery between 2006 and 2014 were included in this study. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) ≥3.0 was categorized as having systemic inflammation. Presarcopenia was defined as a Skeletal muscle index (SMI) less than 52.4 cm2/m2 for men and less than 38.5 cm2/m2 for women.



Multivariate analysis revealed that presarcopenia was an independent prognostic preoperative factor for overall survival (OS) (p = 0.004). Multivariate analysis for OS stratified by systemic inflammation revealed that presarcopenia with systemic inflammation (Hazard ratio(HR),20.70; 95% confidence interval (CI),1.34-318.90) was associated with nearly a seven-fold higher risk of death than those without systemic inflammation (HR, 2.94; 95%CI, 1.04-8.34).



Systemic inflammation enhanced the effect of presarcopenia on the prognosis of EC patients. The combined assessment of those factors may have potential prognostic value for EC.

Field of study: Medicine
Speeding Up the Implementation of Industry 4.0 with Management Tools: Empirical Investigations in Manufacturing Organizations

The main purpose of this study is to examine how the use of management tools supports the readiness of manufacturing organizations for the implementation of Industry 4.0. The originality of the research is reflected in the exploration of the relationship between the use of the selected well-known management tools and their readiness for the implementation of Industry 4.0, which was assessed using a combination of two models—one developed by the National Academy of Science and Engineering (Acatech) and the other by the University of Warwick. The relationship was assessed by applying structural equation modeling techniques to a data set of 323 responses from employees in manufacturing organizations. The results show that the use of six sigma, total quality management, radio frequency identification, a balanced scorecard, rapid prototyping, customer segmentation, mission and vision statements, and digital transformation is positively associated with Industry 4.0 readiness. Inversely, outsourcing and strategic planning are negatively associated with Industry 4.0 readiness, while lean manufacturing, which is often emphasized as the cornerstone of Industry 4.0 implementation, is not associated with Industry 4.0 readiness in our study. These findings can help organizations to understand how to consider and measure readiness for the implementation of Industry 4.0 more comprehensively and present guidelines on how the use of management tools in manufacturing organizations can foster their implementation of Industry 4.0 principles.

Field of study: Business
First Report of Chlamydia Seroprevalence and Risk Factors in Domestic Black-Boned Sheep and Goats in China

The Gram-negative bacteria of the genus Chlamydia cause a wide range of diseases in humans and animals. The seroprevalence of Chlamydia in domestic black-boned sheep and goats in China is unknown. In this survey, a total of 481 serum samples were collected randomly from domestic black-boned sheep and goats from three counties in Yunnan province, southwest China, from July to August 2017. The sera were examined by an indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA). Antibodies to Chlamydia were detected in 100/481 [20.79%, 95% confidence interval (CI), 17.16–24.42] serum samples (IHA titer ≥1:64). The Chlamydia seroprevalence ranged from 12.21% (95% CI, 7.81–16.61) to 30.89% (95% CI, 22.72–39.06) across different regions in Yunnan province, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.01). The seroprevalence in male domestic black-boned sheep and goats (28.64%; 95% CI, 22.36–34.92) was significantly higher than that in the females (15.25%; 95% CI, 11.05–19.45) (P < 0.01). However, there was no statistically significant difference in Chlamydia seroprevalence in domestic black-boned sheep and goats between ages and species (P > 0.05). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Chlamydia seroprevalence in domestic black-boned sheep and goats in Yunnan Province, southwest China. These data provide baseline information for future implementation of measures to control Chlamydia infection in these animals.

Field of study: Biology
CRISPR interference as low burden logic inverters in synthetic circuits: characterization and tuning

The rational design of complex biological systems through the interconnection of single functional building blocks is hampered by many unpredictability sources; this is mainly due to the tangled context-dependency behavior of those parts once placed into an intrinsically complex living system. Among others, the finite amount of translational resources in prokaryotic cells leads to load effects in heterologous protein expression. As a result, hidden interactions among protein synthesis rates arise, leading to unexpected and counterintuitive behaviors. To face this issue in rational design of synthetic circuits in bacterial cells, CRISPR interference is here evaluated as genetic logic inverters with low translational resource usage, compared with traditional transcriptional regulators. This system has been studied and characterized in several circuit configurations. Each module composing the circuit architecture has been optimized in order to meet the desired specifications, and its reduced metabolic load has been eventually demonstrated via in-vivo assays.

Field of study: Biology
The post COVID-19 green recovery in practice: Assessing the profitability of a policy proposal on residential photovoltaic plants

The development of photovoltaic (PV) energy has been very significant in the last years, thanks to cost reductions brought about by policy actions favouring the transition from a fossil to a green society. As this transition is likely to stretch over the long term, policy support must be programmed accordingly. In light of the human and economic shock effected by COVID-19, the Italian government has offered a tax deduction of 110% over 5 years for the realization of new PV residential plants. We propose to integrate this tool with the application of a bonus for energy produced and self-consumed, in order to support the development of decentralized systems. In this paper, we provide an economic assessment of a 3 kW plant in the context of several policy scenarios. The results underline the great opportunity for consumers to tackle climate change whilst obtaining relevant economic profits. The study can be replicated on a global scale.

Field of study: Economics
Evolution of the genus Cribroconcha (Ostracoda, Crustacea) in relationship to palaeoecological changes during the late Palaeozoic

To date, 37 species and 2 subspecies (36 species plus 1 species that with 2 subspecies) of the ostracode genus Cribroconcha Cooper, 1941 have been reported worldwide, ranging in age from the Middle Devonian to the Early Permian with an acme during the Carboniferous. Based on the geographical distribution and morphological characteristics of Cribroconcha, two evolutionary lineages (i.e., Lineage 1 and Lineage 2) are identified, which originated in the European and the Kazakhstan plates, respectively. Lineage 1 can be subdivided into three types: 1-A (stable type), 1-B (reshaped type) and 1-C (spiny type). Lineage 2 has a simpler pattern of evolution compared to Lineage 1. Although there were certain accompanying changes in the morphology of carapaces, the general pattern and most successful evolutionary novelty of Cribroconcha appears to be the appearance of spiny forms in the Early Carboniferous, which continued to be preserved until the Early Permian. The habitats of Cribroconcha may have changed from shallow, warm waters to deep, calm and colder waters in the basinal environments. Four Cribroconcha biozones, extending from the Givetian Stage to Serpukhovian Stage are established in the Euramerica plate, namely C. beckmanni Zone, C. triquetra triquetra Zone, C. cooperi Zone and C. caneyensis Zone.

Field of study: Biology, Geology
Cohort Variation in U.S. Violent Crime Patterns from 1960 to 2014: An Age–Period–Cohort-Interaction Approach

Previous research in criminology has overlooked that cohort effects on crime should be age-time-specific (Ryder in Am Sociol Rev 30(6):843–861, 1965) and consequently assumed cohort effects to be the same across the life course. The current study addresses these limitations by modeling cohort effects as the differential impacts of social change depending on age groups. With this new operationalization that is closely tied to Ryder’s conceptualization, we examine both inter-cohort differences and intra-cohort dynamics in violent crime. We use the age–period–cohort-interaction (APC-I) model developed by Luo and Hodges (Sociol  2020) to analyze the UCR age-specific arrest statistics for robbery, aggravated assaults, and homicide from 1960 to 2014. Specifically, we estimate and test two types of cohort variation: average cohort deviations and life-course dynamics. Our findings reveal varying degrees of cohort deviations at different ages. The early boomers (born between 1945 and 1954) and the late boomers (born between 1955 and 1964) demonstrate different intra-cohort dynamics of robbery arrest, and the violence epidemic cohorts’ (born between 1975 and 1984) high risks of homicide arrest appear to be driven by cohort deviations at young ages. The APC-I framework introduced in this study provides new insights into the dynamic aspect of cohort effects on violent crime that have not been examined in the criminological literature. Criminological studies on cohort effects would benefit by shifting away from the problematic assumption of constant and additive cohort effects to the dynamic and interactive approach represented by the APC-I framework.

Field of study: Sociology
Fatigue behavior assessment for steel fiber reinforced concrete beams through experiment and Fatigue Prediction Model

The fatigue flexural behavior of steel-fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC) beams was assessed through the experiment on SFRC beams subjected to fatigue loading and the analysis of Fatigue Prediction Model (FPM). The stress level, tensile reinforcement strength, and steel fiber volume fraction were considered in the program. Test results indicated that steel fibers can improve the fatigue performance of the beams. The fatigue life of the beams increased significantly with the increase of steel fiber volume fractions from 0 to 1.0%, and slightly decreased for 1.5% steel fiber volume fraction because of the fiber cluster. A FPM of SFRC beam was proposed based on the fatigue properties of constituent materials and cross-section analytical method. This model can simulate the development of strains in concrete and steel bars of beams under fatigue loading, and can also be extended to assess the effects of reinforcement ratio upon the fatigue life and failure mode of SFRC beams.

Field of study: Engineering