nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Reversal of chronic ethanol-induced testosterone suppression in peripubertal male rats by opiate blockade.

Teenage drinking continues to be a significant problem in the U.S., as well as abroad. We have previously demonstrated that opiate blockade with naltrexone, a drug currently used in patients to diminish alcohol craving, prevented the fall in serum testosterone seen after acute ethanol (EtOH) exposure in young, peripubertal male rats. To follow-up on this reversal, a series of experiments was performed to determine if naltrexone would also prevent the testosterone suppression caused by chronic EtOH exposure. Peripubertal rats either 45 days old (mid-pubertal) or 55 days old (late pubertal) were fed an EtOH-containing liquid diet or pair-fed control diet for 14 days. Each animal was implanted with either a naltrexone containing or placebo pellet before starting the liquid diet. In each age group, EtOH alone significantly suppressed testosterone, whereas naltrexone prevented this fall, although it had no effect alone. Serum luteinizing hormone was also suppressed by EtOH; however, naltrexone did not abrogate this fall. In the 45-day-old animals, beta-luteinizing hormone mRNA levels rose significantly in the EtOH group, but not when naltrexone was coadministered with EtOH. There was no change in hypothalamic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) mRNA, pro-LHRH, or LHRH in any group at either age. Thus, naltrexone is able to partially prevent the EtOH-induced suppression of gonadal testosterone of young, adolescent male rats. This effect appears to be mediated directly at gonadal level, because hypothalamic and pituitary hormone changes were minor and nonsignificant.

Field of study: Medicine
Avoided Quantum Criticality in YBa_2Cu_3O_y and La_{2-x}Sr_xCuO_4

Spin-glass magnetism confined to individual weakly interacting vortices is detected in two different families of high-transition-temperature (T_c) superconductors, but only in samples on the low-doping side of the low-temperature normal state metal-to-insulator crossover (MIC). Our findings unravel the mystery of the MIC, but more importantly identify the true location of the field-induced quantum phase transition (QPT) in the superconducting state. The non-uniform appearance of magnetism in the vortex state favours a surprisingly exotic phase diagram, in which spatially inhomogeneous competing order is stabilized at the QPT, and an `avoided' quantum critical point (QCP) is realized at zero magnetic field.

Field of study: Physics
Post-Translational Modification of Adiponectin Affects Lipid Accumulation, Proliferation and Migration of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Adiponectin (Apn) is a multifunctional adipokine that circulates as several oligomeric complexes in the blood stream. Previous reports showed that several conserved lysine residues within the N-terminal collagenous domain of Apn are modified by hydroxylation and glycosylation. Here, we investigated the potential roles of post-translational modifications of Apn on the function of human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs).  Blood samples of 92 coronary artery disease (CAD) patients and 20 healthy volunteers were collected and total and high molecular weight (HMW) Apn concentration and glycosylation were analyzed.  The results revealed that total and HMW Apn derived from blood samples of CAD patients with severe stenosis significantly increased, however the glycosylation of HMW Apn significantly decreased. Functional studies of human VSMCs revealed that glycosylated Apn significantly inhibited the oxidized LDL-induced lipid accumulation, proliferation and migration of VSMCs, whereas non-glycosylated Apn had no inhibitory effects.  Taken together, these data suggest that glycosylation of Apn is critically involved in regulating function against atherosclerosis by inhibiting lipid accumulation and proliferation and migration of VSMCs.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Contextual flexibility: present status and future of customary marine tenure in Solomon Islands

In this paper I discuss some long-term continuities in the socio-political dynamics of customary marine tenure in the Melanesian South Pacific. Building on field research material from Solomon Islands, and paying close attention to the pan-Melanesian concept of kastom, I exemplify how customary marine tenure and its social contexts are challenged and transformed by external economic and political pressures. These challenges and transformations are discussed with reference to the emerging legislative contexts of customary tenure rights. General trends are identified for Solomon Islands, particularly regarding the management potential of customary marine tenure. It is argued that the relationship between external challenges andlocal transformations is not one-sided. Certain modern pressures may lead to organizational innovation and reinforce the political base of customary control over marine resources, as expressed by present systems of customary marine tenure.

Field of study: Environmental science
Observations on Blacks and Bondage in Uruguay, 1800–1836

In the last ten years there has been a great deal of interest in the scholarship devoted to the related issues of slavery and race relations in Latin America. This writer has himself published works which shed some light on the Black "experience" in isolated, interior Paraguay in the nineteenth century. The ongoing task to more fully understand the different patterns of racial (in all of its aspects) relations in Latin America has been fruitful and has elucidated much of a story, an experience, long hidden. There is, however, much to be done, for the vast bulk of the studies published to date deal with a few, selected countries (or colonies); most notably Brazil and Cuba. Nations such as Chile, Uurguay, Colombia and even Argentina, have received as yet very little attention from the scholars of slavery and race relations.

Field of study: History
Resonances and decay widths within a relativistic coupled channel approach

We present a microscopic model for hadron resonances which contains, in addition to constituent (anti)quarks, mesonic degrees of freedom. It is assumed that the (anti)quarks are confined by an instantaneous potential and that the mesons can couple directly to the (anti)quarks. This system is treated within a relativistic coupled-channel formalism in order to take the dynamics of the mesonic degrees of freedom fully into account. It is demonstrated that the mass eigenvalue problem for such a system can be reformulated as a purely hadronic eigenvalue problem in which bare hadrons, i.e. eigenstates of the pure confinement problem, are coupled via meson loops. The substructure of the bare hadrons is then hidden in (bare) hadron-meson vertex form factors. It is shown for a simple toy model that such a kind of approach may lead to reasonable (non-perturbative) decay widths for hadron resonances.

Field of study: Physics
A Project Approach to Enterprise Resource Planning Implementation

An Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) implementation process is a complex programming initiative with anoverabundance of influencing factors that can shape its success. This paper has 2 objectives to: (I) use simpleproject management tools and techniques to restructure the implementation process in order to reduce thecomplexity (II) build a stable model that will be largely insensitive to minor perturbations.The 28 Critical Success Factors (CSFs) used in this model are partitioned into 5 special groups called roles. Therestriction of the interactions to within roles resulted in a reduction of pairwise comparisons between CSFs from378 in the unstructured process to 79 in the model. Pairwise comparisons are a measure of complexity. Inaddition, the rate of change of pairwise comparisons reduced from 29 in the unstructured process to a maximumof 9 and as low as 5 in the model.

Field of study: Business
Effect of PS1 deficiency and an APP gamma-secretase inhibitor on Notch1 signaling in primary mammalian neurons.

Presenilin1 (PS1) has been implicated in normal Notch1 processing and signaling in several experimental systems. In the present study, the relationship between PS1 and Notch1 in mammalian neurons is studied by analyzing Notch1 cleavage and C-terminal nuclear translocation as well as Notch1 signaling via the transactivation of a CBF1-luciferase reporter construct. We show that full-length Notch1 [N1(FL)] transfected into wild type (WT) primary neurons is cleaved in the presence of its biological ligand Delta (Dl) and translocated to the nucleus within 1--3 min of ligand addition. PS1 deficient neurons show normal Notch1 insertion into the cellular membrane, yet lack Notch1 activation resulting in markedly inhibited nuclear translocation of the C-terminal Notch fragment (NICD). PS1 deficient neurons also have impaired Notch1 signaling which can be restored fully or partially to levels seen in WT littermates by transfection with WT or familial Alzheimer's disease-associated M146L mutant PS1, respectively. We also show that pharmacological inhibition of PS1-associated gamma-secretase activity parallels the effects of genetic PS1 deficiency in these assays. These results support the hypothesis that PS1 deficiency blocks neuronal Notch1 processing and signaling.

Field of study: Biology
LTI Transceivers With Reduced Redundancy

This paper presents new linear time-invariant (LTI) block-based transceivers which employ a reduced amount of redundancy to eliminate the interblock interference. The proposals encompass both multicarrier and single-carrier systems with either zero-forcing or minimum mean-square error (MSE) equalizers. The amount of redundancy ranges from the minimum, [L/2], to the most commonly used value, L, assuming a channel-impulse response of order L. The resulting transceivers allow for superfast equalization of the received data blocks, since they only use fast Fourier transforms and single-tap equalizers in their structures. The paper also includes an MSE analysis of the proposed transceivers with respect to the amount of redundancy. Indeed, we demonstrate that larger amounts of transmitted redundant elements lead to lower MSE of symbols at the receiver end. Computer simulations indicate that, by choosing an appropriate amount of redundancy, our proposals can achieve higher throughputs than the standard superfast multicarrier and single-carrier systems, while keeping the same asymptotic computational complexity for the equalization process.

Field of study: Engineering
Efficiency of Friedman's χ2 r Test Under Dependence

Efficiencies of Friedman's χ2 r test are studied when observations within blocks are independent and when they are exchangeably dependent. At local alternatives the limiting power is found to increase monotonically with (a) the canonical correlations of distributions having expansions in canonical form, (b) the stochastically decreasing character of the mixing distributions in certain exchangeable sequences, and (c) an index of peakedness in a class of distributions containing exchangeable Cauchy and Gaussian laws.

Field of study: Mathematics
Late Quaternary chronology and environments of Square Lake, Torngat Mountains, Labrador

Sediment, pollen, and diatom records from Square Lake, a small lake dammed by a segment of Saglek Moraine, cover the period of deposition of and deglaciation from the Saglek Moraine. The basal radiocarbon date (18 210 ± 1900 years BP) is on sediment contaminated by reworked pollen and is thus a maximum age. However, the date was measured on organic carbon recovered from glaciolacustrine couplets associated with deposition of the Saglek Moraine and thus establishes a Late Wisconsinan age for the Saglek Moraine. Vegetation on the ice-free upland surrounding Square Lake at this time was a sparse tundra vegetation dominated by grasses and herbs. The absence of diatoms indicates perennial lake-ice cover. A major transition is recorded by pollen and diatoms at > 8.5 ka. Vegetation probably remained sparse tundra, but birch and willow may have arrived in the area by 8 ka. Diatoms are first dominated by alkaliphil species, reflecting continued influence of glaciolacustrine sedimentation. An abrupt change in depos...

Field of study: Environmental science
Magnesium lithospermate B dilates mesenteric arteries by activating BKCa currents and contracts arteries by inhibiting KV currents

To examine the involvement of K+ channels and endothelium in the vascular effects of magnesium lithospermate B (MLB), a hydrophilic active component of Salviae miltiorrhiza Radix.Isolated rat mesenteric artery rings were employed to investigate the effects of MLB on KCl- or norepinephrine-induced contractions. Conventional whole-cell patch-clamp technique was used to study the effects of MLB on K+ currents in single isolated mesenteric artery myocytes.MLB produced a concentration-dependent relaxation in mesenteric artery rings precontracted by norepinephrine (1 μmol/L) with an EC50 of 111.3 μmol/L. MLB-induced relaxation was reduced in denuded artery rings with an EC50 of 224.4 μmol/L. MLB caused contractions in KCl-precontracted artery rings in the presence of N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) with a maximal value of 130.3%. The vasodilatory effect of MLB was inhibited by tetraethylammonium (TEA) in both intact and denuded artery rings. In single smooth muscle cells, MLB activated BKCa currents (EC50 156.3 μmol/L) but inhibited KV currents (IC50 26.1 μmol/L) in a voltage- and concentration-dependent manner.MLB dilated arteries by activating BKCa channels in smooth muscle cells and increasing NO release from endothelium, but it also contracted arteries precontracted with KCl in the presence of L-NAME.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Enhancing the navigability in a social network of smart objects: A Shapley-value based approach

The Internet of Things (IoT) holds the promise to interconnect any possible object capable of providing useful information about the physical world for the benefit of humans’ quality of life. The increasing number of heterogeneous objects that the IoT has to manage introduces crucial scalability issues that still need appropriate solutions. In this respect, one promising proposal is the Social IoT (SIoT) paradigm, whose main principle is to enable objects to autonomously establish social links with each other (adhering to rules set by their owners). “Friend” objects exchange data in a distributed manner and this avoids centralized solutions to implement major functions, such as: node discovery, information search, and trustworthiness management. However, the number and types of established friendships affect network navigability. This issue is the focus of this paper, which proposes an efficient, distributed and dynamic solution for the objects to select the right friends for the benefit of the overall network connectivity. The proposed friendship selection mechanism relies on a game theoretic model and a Shapley-value based algorithm. Two different utility functions are defined and evaluated based on either a group degree centrality and an average local clustering parameter. The comparison in terms of global navigability is measured in terms of average path length for the interconnection of any couple of nodes in the network. Results show that the group degree centrality brings to an enhanced degree of navigability thanks to the ability to create a suitable core of hubs.

Field of study: Computer science
Effects of Derivatization on Sponge Gourd (Luffa cylindrica) Fibres

A derivatization treatment aimed to reduce the hydrophilic behaviour of sponge gourd (Luffa cylindrica) fibres is described. The effect of the treatment on the chemical composition, surface morphology and thermal stability of the fibres was analysed. FT-IR results show that the polarity of the fibres was reduced, although the acetylation reaction did not go to completion. SEM analysis showed that the surface roughness of the fibres was increased by the treatment due to the removal of the outer surface layer of the fibres, and the thermal analysis showed variations in the fibre thermal behaviour caused by the chemical treatment. In particular, a significant reduction in weight loss was noted in temperatures lower than 100 °C, indicating that the fibres became more hydrophobic after treatment.

Field of study: Materials science
Application of DSP for Speed Control of Induction Motor

This paper gives a high speed digital signal processor (DSP) based System for speed control of single phase induction motor. The system achieves fast speed Control by using the TivaTM C Series DSP-EXP430G2 and specialized digital hardware. The peripheral hardware has been designed for easy interface to many types of motor drive systems, to make the system generally applicable in the motion control field. The controller in the circuit consists of faster generation of the voltage and frequency inputs of sine wave in PWM. The creation of pulse width modulation outputs had to be implemented in hardware, since the use of the DSP for this task would consume a majority of the processing time at the desired repetition frequencies. The inner sine generation using the voltage and frequency components, the speed control of a single phase induction motor can be handled accurately and a smoother control can be obtained. This paper attempts a new speed control technique for the single-phase a.c. induction motor. It presents a design of a low-cost; highefficiency drive capable of supplying a single-phase a.c. induction motor with a PWM modulated sinusoidal voltage. Digital Signal Processor, Pulse Width Modulation, Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor, Single Phase Induction Motor, Universal Serial Bus

Field of study: Engineering
Ecological Stress and Analysis of Ecological Effect in Panjin Area

Estuarine wetland degradation of Liao River caused by human activities has gradually caught people’s attention. It has left great influence on structure, quality and functions of natural ecological system. This thesis took Panjin area as the research object and applied remote sensing and GIS technology to analyze structure, quality, functions and impact factors of the ecological system in Panjin area. The results show climate warming is an important reason for the influence that causes changes in wetland ecological system of Panjin area. To a certain degree, development of economy, agriculture, and industry has also impacted the changes in structure, quality, and functions of ecological system in Panjin area. Moreover, nature and human factors have played non-ignorable roles in ecological effect and anthropogenic factor has more obvious effect.

Field of study: Engineering
The influence of drug treatment on the maintenance of schistosome genetic diversity

Drug treatment of patients with schistosomiasis may select for drug-resistant parasites. In this article, we formulate a deterministic model with multiple strains of schistosomes (helminth parasites with a two-host life cycles) in order to explore the role of drug treatment in the maintenance of a polymorphism of parasite strains that differ in their resistance levels. The basic reproductive numbers for all strains are computed, and are shown to determine the stabilities of equilibria of the model and consequently the distribution of parasite phenotypes with different levels of drug tolerance. Analysis of our model shows that the likelihood that resistant strains will increase in frequency depends on the interplay between their relative fitness, the cost of resistance, and the degree of selection pressure exerted by the drug treatments.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Atlas: A First Step Toward Multipath Validation

As an indispensable feature for future secure Internet, path validation verifies whether packets follow specified paths. Existing solutions, however, cannot apply to multipath routing with practical efficiency. Multipath routing may proliferate an exponential scale path choice and the source may not know which path will be followed by a packet as a priori knowledge. In this paper, we design and implement Atlas as the first protocol for efficient multipath validation. It makes a leap in efficiency by two newly proposed techniques—hierarchical validation and tagged pruning. Hierarchical validation divides multipath into non-overlapping segments. We need to compute the path credential for each segment only once no matter how many paths it may co-locate. Furthermore, tagged pruning labels each segment with a unique tag. A router can directly identify the credential field to validate and delete credentials of unused paths. This further accelerates validation and saves bandwidth. Furthermore, we explore two efficiency enhancements—low-level credential elimination and used credential elimination—to improve Atlas scalability. We validate the practicality and applicability of Atlas over a recent topology measurement of Internet2’s IP Network. To validate the performance of Atlas and the enhancements, we implement Atlas using the Click modular router. Experiment results show that compact Atlas headers enable large-scale multipath validation without breaching the MTU limit. Atlas thus invigorates multipath validation practicality.

Field of study: Computer science
Synthesis and Biological Effects of 9-(3-Hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl) Derivatives of Deazapurine Bases

Analogs of antiviral 9-( S )-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)adenine (HPMPA, I ), containing modified purine bases 3-deazaadenine XII , 1-deazaadenine XIV , 7-deaz-7-cyanoaadenine XXXII and 3-deazaguanine XXXVIII , were prepared by alkylation of the bases with synthon XVII , containing preformed structure of the side chain, in the presence of cesium carbonate. The obtained protected derivatives were deblocked successively with sodium methoxide and bromotrimethylsilane to give phosphonic acids XII, XIV, XXXII and XXXVIII . Compounds XII, XIV and XVI were also prepared from ( S )- or ( R )-9-(2,3-dihydroxypropylderivatives VI, VII and XV by the reaction with chloromethanephosphonyl dichloride, isomerization of the arising 2'- and 3'-chloromethanephosphonates and conversion of the 3'-isomers into the phosphonic acids in alkaline medium. The 3-deaza analog XII was also prepared by ditritylation of VI , reaction with bis(2-propyl) tosyloxymethanephosphonate ( XXII ), subsequent acid hydrolysis and reaction with bromotrimethylsilane. 3-DeazaHPMPA ( XII ) is a potent inhibitor of DNA viruses (HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, CMV) and exhibits activity against Plasmodium sp.

Field of study: Chemistry
Analysis of Characteristics of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines With Novel Topology of Fractional-Slot Concentrated Winding

Fractional slot concentrated winding (FSCW) is favored for its well-known advantages. In this paper, the slot phase diagram is introduced to design symmetrical winding system and by this way, a novel 10-pole, 12-slot FSCW arrangement is proposed. To analyze the MMF spatial harmonic characteristics of both the proposed and the conventional FSCW, slot vector superposition method is introduced and applied. And by applying the two FSCW arrangements for a 10-pole, 12-slot permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM), we simulated the effect of the different windings on the basic electromagnetic performance and the MMF harmonic loss of the machine with finite element analysis (FEA). The results are obtained and compared.

Field of study: Physics