nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Introduction to the JSS special issue of Web 2.0 engineering: New practices and emerging Challenges

The number and complexity of Web applications and the mount of information they offer has been continuously growing in he context of the Web 2.0. Importantly, Web 2.0 applications need eb engineering design methods to provide mechanisms to accelrate and improve their development and maintenance. To this im methods or tools based on recent techniques of model-driven ngineering discipline [e.g., MDA (OMG, 2003), ADM (Newcomb, 005), Architecture-Centric MDA, Aspect-Oriented Development, tc.) should be provided for developing such applications (such s social computing, Rich Internet Applications, Service-Oriented rchitecture, etc.). Moreover, some new issues need to be addressed, due to the ncreased level of sophistication of the modern Web applications, ommonly referred to as Web 2.0 applications. These applicaions foster the user involvement in the production of contents, nnotations, and evaluations. Therefore, one of the main issues f the Web 2.0 is the high level of interaction of the user with he Web application. For this reason, the development of Web .0 applications should be focused on the user, thus requirements ngineering techniques should be considered in this context. In ddition, requirements engineering is a complex activity which uccess depends on the stakeholders’ participation. Thus, the techiques proposed in the requirements engineering field need a ore participative environment to support effective collaboration mong stakeholders for developing Web 2.0 applications. Also, as a result of the user interaction, a huge amount of userenerated content is populating the Web. The need to manage hem in an efficient manner lies behind a set of new topics that re gaining momentum in the Web scenario. Among them, the election of trustworthy contents from the Web, such as content redibility and author reputation outstands. Another increasingly mportant topic in this new environment is the development of ashups through the integration of contents and functions that are rovided by third parties that open their APIs toward developers nd end users. Regarding this new generation of applications while everal efforts have been so far devoted to the production of authorng environments and development tools, and to the definition of orresponding enabling technologies, there is a lack of proposals or the definition of key quality principles and evaluation methods or the component development, selection, and integration. The goal of this special issue is to provide an overview of research n the field of Web 2.0 engineering. The call for papers was very sucessful and attracted 23 submissions. All submitted papers went

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
The symbiosis of metal ion and protein chemistry

The binding of metal ions to biological macromolecules is made extremely complicated by the existence of different compartments in cells, organs and whole organisms. The compartments are not at equilibrium. Apart from considerations of binding constants and rates of combination of metal and ligand with which an inorganic chemist is familiar the distribu— tion of elements within biological systems is controlled by a mon—equili-brium partitioning between the compartments. The compartments can differ simply in the sense that they are at different pH or redox values. More complicated situations arise through other energised activities within and between compartments. Particularly important are (i) the controlled syn— theses of different proteins and ligands in a given compartment (ii) the pumping of specific ions in and out of compartments (iii) the energised movement of proteins and metalloproteins across membranes. The pecularities of the function of one metal ion are related to this control over its distribution. Catalytic function of an element can only be understood in the light of this sophisticated fractionation of the elements in space.

Field of study: Chemistry
Haunted Land (review)

The construction and reconstruction of memory is an attempt to make sense of the past, and it is particularly important when it is an especially violent past. Haunted Land follows a massacre survivor, Mateo Pablo, from his snow-bound home in Canada to his return for the first time to the 1982 massacre site of Petanac in highland Guatemala. He travels with photographer Daniel Hernandez-Salazar and a forensic team, unearthing the remains of families in mass graves. Mary Ellen Sacrée guides us through the meticulous forensic reconstruction of what the corpses tell us: the separation of the women from the men, the killing of the children by blunt force, the raping, the machine-gunning, the grenade-throwing into the houses, and the burning of the entire village. Thirty-eight people were killed in all, many under the age of 12. There are survivors, too, who are photographed as another kind of witness, as evidence of the terror. Their still photographs, etched into our memories, bear witness to the transfer of the bones to the new cemetery and become art forms in themselves. Mateo Pablo lays a stone on the mass grave, as do the others, in solemn silence.

Field of study: History
Approach to synergy among material flow, energy flow and information flow

The exchange of material, energy and information occurs in any system (ecosystem, natural system, process system, social system, market system) of the world, generating material flow, energy flow and information flow both in time and space.According to the field synergy principle, this paper describes how material flow, energy flow and information flow affect and depend on each other,and indicates that the study on the synergy among material flow,material flow and information flow could achieve harmonious interaction,so as to form an optimum ordered structure both in time and space.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Revising Brain Death: Cultural Imperialism?

There is little doubt that acceptance of the practice of diagnosing death by the death of the whole brain criterion is collapsing. Both the ethical and medical literature contain numerous articles indicating an overwhelming flaw. Robert Veatch puts the case well. I He acknowledges that ~. laboratory testing shows "nests of brain cells" may continue performing brain functions after clinical diagnosis of brain death. This would invalidate the application of the legal definition of death in terms of the irreversible cessation of all brain function. The legal definition of death, in jurisdictions that have formally adopted brain death, usually defines death as either irreversible cessation of the circulation of the blood or the irreversible cessation of all functions of the brain. In practice the latter depended on what came to be known as the Royal Colleges or Harvard Criteria. In 1968 a report entitled "A definition ofIrreversible Coma", prepared by an Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School to Examine the Definition of Death, was published. The Committee listed the following purely clinical criteria: unreceptivity and unresponsivity, no movements or breathing ( or absence of spontaneous breathing after turning the respirator off for three minutes), and no reflexes, and the non-clinical criterion of a flat electroencephalogram.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
The application of limit analysis to the determination of the strength of butt joints

The technique of limit analysis is applied to determine upper and lower bounds for the tensile strength of a butt joint consisting of a thin layer of adhesive joining the parallel flats of two rigid adherends. The adhesive is assumed to be an elasticperfectly plastic material which yields when the maximum shear stress reaches a critical value. The methods used apply to any joint with a convex area of cross-section. Particular application is made to joints whose cross-sections are circular, rectangular, or a polygon circumscribed about a circle.

Field of study: Mathematics
Design and Verification of Data Service System for Wide Area Real-time Precise Positioning

Wide area real-time positioning technology provides space-time reference for mobile Internet and Internet of things. This paper introduces the related framework and core algorithm of the enhanced message service system in wide area real-time positioning: 1) We designed a low redundancy and temporal / spatial adaptive enhance message encoding and transmission protocol. It compresses and transmits precise ephemeris,satellite clock correction data based on the interception significant bits and using hierarchical grid discretization methods to broadcast ionosphere corrections in a spatial and temporal adaptive way. 2) We also designed a multi-level data broadcast mechanism based on a virtualized flexibility scheduling,improving the system reliability through the dynamic recourse allocation and expansion algorithm. 3) We verified the quality of the service system through a series of precise positioning experiment in urban environment. We analyzed the effect of network signal,geographical environment and visibility condition on precise positioning service.

Field of study: Computer science
Gestational Surrogacy: Current View

Surrogate motherhood is an assisted procreation practice by which a woman gestates an embryo with which she has no biological relationship on behalf of a contracting couple or individual, having to relinquish the child to them after its birth. This practice normally entails a financial remuneration for the pregnant woman; when this is not the case, it is called altruistic surrogacy. From a medical perspective, potential problems for the surrogate and for children born through this practice should be taken into account, especially the existence of possible disabilities in the child. The bioethical aspects are of most interest because the practice of surrogacy objectifies the expectant mother, by using her body for a purpose other than her own good, treating her as a commodity, as a thing. The same is true for the child because it makes him a disposable object, something that can be instrumentalized, similarly objectifying him.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Structure of isochorismate synthase in complex with magnesium

The structure of the menaquinone-specific isochorismate synthase (MenF) from Escherichia coli has been refined at a resolution of 2.0 Å in complex with magnesium. The magnesium-bound structure has a well defined and organized active site which better represents the active conformation of the enzyme than the currently available structure.

Field of study: Chemistry
The effect of careers guidance for employed adults on continuing education: assessing the importance of attitudinal information

The validity of the matching estimator in programme evaluation depends on the completeness of the set of variables used for matching. When an attitudinal variable is relevant for the participation decision, but is either unmeasured or measured only after entry to the programme, estimates of effects may be biased or hard to interpret. This issue is investigated with data from an evaluation study of careers guidance for employed adults, which utilised the method of propensity score matching. Job satisfaction, measured shortly after entry to the programme, was found to be strongly associated with participa-tion, but may itself have been influenced by the early experience of careers guidance. Estimates of the impacts of guidance on several post-programme education and training outcomes are considered, both including and exclud-ing the job satisfaction measure from the participation model. Data experiments with adjusted values of job satisfaction are also performed. It is found that estimates of treatment effects are highly sensitive to these variants, and respond in a non-monotonic fashion. The implications for evaluation methodology are discussed.

Field of study: Mathematics
Cuba's Quest for Economic Independence

Since the colonial era Cuba has been the paradigmatic case of a monocultural export economy, dependent upon the production of one primary commodity – sugar – for sale to one principal trade partner. Overcoming dependency was a high priority for Fidel Castro in 1959, yet despite a promising start, his efforts proved ultimately unsuccessful. Only the collapse of communism in Europe freed Cuba from dependent trade relations with the Soviet Union – albeit at the cost of enormous economic disruption. This article examines Cuba's post-1959 pursuit of economic independence, first to explain why the government's initial successes proved unsustainable in the 1980s, and then to examine Cuba's attempt to reinsert its economy into the global market in the aftermath of the Cold War.

Field of study: Political science
13 C-NMR化学位移与聚合物的构象——II.1,2-聚丁二烯仲碳(—CH 2 —)的 13 C-NMR谱研究

在1,2-聚丁二烯链分子中,导致仲碳(—CH 2 —)谱峰分裂的原因是存在着两种gauche排列。在这样一个复杂体系中,由于主链仲碳与叔碳的gauche排列占有重要的位置,因此主链叔碳对化学位移的贡献对于仲碳谱有着决定性的影响。相比之下,乙烯基的贡献要小得多。两种贡献分别是 γ 1 =—6.37——6.41ppm与 γ 2 =0.0——1.56ppm。在不计入侧基的影响或同时考虑乙烯基的贡献这两种情况下,均方误差MSE分别是0.166×10 -2 和0.364×10 -2 ppm 2 。本文同时讨论了模型链的种类、链长以及温度对键概率的影响。并指出有个别反常的情况发生。文中还对间同1,2-聚丁二烯的链结构进行了分析。

Field of study: Chemistry
Extracting characteristics of trace element in Heze peony flower tea by applying microwave slaking and FAAS

The contents and extracting characteristic of Ca, Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn in Heze peony flower tea were determined by microwave slaking and flame atomic absorption spectrometry(FAAS) in this study. The recovery relation of testing method was 93.6%～101.2% and the relation error was 0.36%～2.35%. The extracting characteristics of these trace elements in different soaking time and times were analyzed. The result show that the infusing amount of the trace elements in peony flower tea show a increasing trend with the soaking time. The optimum conditions for soaking were obtained with soaking time 10～20 min and soaking for 3～4 times.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Experiments on the rationale of the Szondi test.

An attempt was made to investigate the theoretical basis of the Szondi test by obtaining, experimentally, identifications of the Szondi pictures. The Description and Matching methods used correspond to those adopted by American investigators, but were employed for the first time on groups of English subjects.

The results show that although, in general, the pictures are not meaningless stimuli, certain factors and particular pictures are more readily identified than others. Homosexuals and Manics are the most frequently identified factors in both tests, the Epileptics being least frequently diagnosed with accuracy. These findings largely confirm the results published by American investigators, although significant differences were found in results obtained respectively from the two different methods.

It is suggested further that facial clues may be important in the determination of responses.

The inequality of stimulus value of particular cards indicates that a complete reorganization of the test is needed. This might now be achieved by a synthesis of the results of several experimental studies available on Szondi theory.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Assumed Identities: The Meanings of Race in the Atlantic World by John D. Garrigus and Christopher Morris (review)

This, anthology of six essays on the complicated and sometimes surprising nature of black and white racial identities in the Atlantic region prior to the age of emancipation grew out of the 2007 Webb Memorial Lectures at the University of Texas at Arlington. The collection begins with an introductory essay in which Franklin W. Knight provides a broad and insightful overview of the meanings of race in different parts of the Americas, both historically and today. That is followed by four case studies that range from North America to the Caribbean to Brazil. The volume closes with an essay by Rebecca J. Scott and Jean M. Hebrard that traces a family's odyssey as they moved from colonial Saint-Domingue to Cuba, then to Louisiana, then to Europe, and then back to Louisiana, before finally returning to Europe. The other essays do not touch on as many locales, but they match Scott and Hebrard in their complex portrayals of the ways various black and white people in the Americas conceived of racial difference and the ways in which people of African descent worked within those conceptions to build their lives.

Field of study: History
Optimizing a Boundary-Layer-Ingestion Offset Inlet by Discrete Adjoint Approach

A large amount of low-momentum boundary-layer flow ingesting into a flush-mounted inlet can cause significant total pressure loss and distortion to the extent beyond operability of a fan/compressor. To improve the quality of incoming flow into the engine, shape optimization of the surface geometry at the inlet entrance has been carried out using the discrete adjoint method; the inlet-floor shape is parameterized by the use of control points on B-spline surface patches. To resolve the complicated geometry flexibly and wall-bounded turbulent flow accurately, an overset mesh system is well-suited for integrating the flow analysis code, sensitivity analysis code, and grid modification tools. To enhance the convergence characteristics of the sensitivity analysis code, additional numerical dissipation for the discrete adjoint formulation is introduced. After using this optimization procedure, the new inlet yields a significant improvement in performance: a more than 50% reduction in flow distortion and a 3% increase in total pressure recovery. High performance at off-design conditions is also realized with only slight degradation, confirming the capability of the adjoint method for a practical design problem. Finally, the physical meaning and implication of the performance improvement are elaborated upon in relation to the flow characteristics resulting from the new design.

Field of study: Physics
Internet Use among Jordanian Students with and without Learning Difficulties at Primary Schools

The main aim of this study is to explore the degree of Internet use among Jordanian students with and without learning difficulties at primary schools. Descriptive-analytical approach was utilized to achieve the study aims. The study sample consisted of (144) students from different primary schools in Jordan. A validated scale was developed to collect the data. SPSS software was employed to analyze the collected data; means, standard deviations, and t-test were calculated. Findings revealed that students with learning difficulties had good computer skills which were similar to students without learning difficulties. It also showed that there were no statistical significant differences in the skills of using the Internet, the degree of its use, the areas of use, and the problems that hindered their use attributed to the classification variable (with and without learning disabilities). This indicates that students with learning difficulties have skills and abilities to use the Internet in all areas, just as students without learning difficulties. The study, therefore, recommends making technological useful facilities available to the students with learning difficulties, to their teachers, and their parents. 
  
 26 November 2020  15 February 2021 / Published: 5 March 2021

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Investigating uptake of N 2 O in agricultural soils using a high-precision dynamic chamber method

Uptake (or negative flux) of nitrous oxide (N2O) in agricultural soils is a controversial issue which has proved difficult to investigate in the past due to constraints such as instrumental precision and methodological uncertainties. Using a recently developed high-precision quantum cascade laser gas analyser combined with a closed dynamic chamber, a well-defined detection limit of 4 μg N2O-N m−2 h−1 could be achieved for individual soil flux measurements. 1220 measurements of N2O flux were made from a variety of UK soils using this method, of which 115 indicated uptake by the soil (i.e. a negative flux in the micrometeorological sign convention). Only four of these apparently negative fluxes were greater than the detection limit of the method, which suggests that the vast majority of reported negative fluxes from such measurements are actually due to instrument noise. As such, we suggest that the bulk of negative N2O fluxes reported for agricultural fields are most likely due to limits in detection of a particular flux measurement methodology and not a result of microbiological activity consuming atmospheric N2O.

Field of study: Environmental science
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY: THE INFLUENCE OF THE SILVER BOOK

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) encompasses wide range of terms and the concern varies from business to business. It has passed the traditional issue of philanthropy. It goes beyond that. The focus is not limited to people or society only but it covers wide areas like environmental excellence, human rights and other issues that organization must integrate into their core business. In Malaysia, Bursa Malaysia developed the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Framework for Public Limited companies. This was followed by the Silver Book (CSR standards) which the government introduced as part of Transformation Program (ensuring advancing Malaysia’s development) for the Government-Linked Companies (GLCs). The objective is to promote corporate best practices and provides guidelines for companies to incorporate corporate responsibility as an integral part of their corporate strategy and core business. GLCs as corporate sector in the country and the engine of economic growth must lead the way towards achieving domestic growth and investment (Badawi, 2005). What is the Silver Book? How is the focus of the Silver Book? The Silver Book is a set of principles and guidelines describe how GLCs can contribute and becoming responsible citizens and create value for their business and society. This study attempts to examine the acceptance level of the Silver Book among the GLCs, evaluates and understands the role of the Silver Book in influencing the CSR practices in GLCs and analyse the level of implementation of CSR and suggest recommendation for future research.

Field of study: Business
Lectures on Dunkl operators

These are the lecture notes of a series of lectures on Dunkl operators. We discuss the underlying algebraic structure of the degenerate double affine Hecke algebra, intertwiners and shift operators. We apply this to Macdonald theory. We also discuss the ``compact'' and ``noncompact'' spectral decomposition of these operators. In the attractive noncompact situation we classify the discrete eigenfunctions and compute their square norms.

Field of study: Mathematics