nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Die Eigenschaften reeller Gase auf Grund der thermodynamischen Zustandsgleichung

ZusammenfassungEs wird auf Grund der gemäß der Gleichung
$$e^{ - \eta } + \left( {1 - \frac{\psi }{{11\psi _0 }}} \right)\psi \left( {\frac{{\partial \eta }}{{\partial t}}} \right)_p - 1 = 0$$
 berechneten μJ-Inversionslinie gefunden, daß 1. oberhalb des Druckes von etwa 50Atm. keine Umkehrpunkte (erster Ordnung) des JTE bei Helium auftreten können, 2. im eigentlichen Gaszustand der JTE entwedernegativ oderNull ist, 3. derpositive JTE stellt eineSonderheit des Gaszustandes dar, welche nur infolge der wirklich erreichbarenmäßigen Temperaturgrenzen zustande kommt. — Die Resultate sind tabellarisch zusammengestellt und mit der klassischen Amagat-Berthelotschen Theorie graphisch verglichen.

Field of study: Physics
ANALYSIS OF DAMAGE-CURVATURE-ENHANCEMENT-COEFFICIENT OF R.C.COLUMNS STRENGTHENED WITH CARBON FIBER SHEETS

A computer program is developed for analyzing the moment-curvature relationship of R.C.columns strengthened with carbon fiber sheets(CFSs).Using the computer program,a parametric study is conducted to examine the effect of various parameters on the damage-curvature-enhancement-coefficient(DCEC) of reinforced concrete columns strengthened with CFSs.The parameters include cross-sectional dimension,axial load ratio,characteristic value corresponding to carbon fiber sheets,characteristic value corresponding to transverse reinforcement,longitudinal reinforcement ratio,and compressive strength of concrete.A regression formula is put forward for the DCEC.Results indicate that:(1) With an increase in the characteristic value corresponding to carbon fiber sheets,the DCEC increases;(2) In majority cases,the DCEC decreases by enhancing the cross-sectional dimension or the characteristic value corresponding to transverse reinforcement;(3) The proposed regression formula agrees well with the numerical results.

Field of study: Engineering
Cement-Modified Loess Base for Intercity Railways: Mechanical Strength and Influencing Factors Based on the Vertical Vibration Compaction Method

Cement-modified loess has been used in the recent construction of an intercity high-speed railway in Xi’an, China. This paper studies the mechanical strength of cement-modified loess (CML) compacted by the vertical vibration compaction method (VVCM). First, the reliability of VVCM in compacting CML is evaluated, and then the effects of cement content, compaction coefficient, and curing time on the mechanical strength of CML are analyzed, establishing a strength prediction model. The results show that the correlation of mechanical strength between the CML specimens prepared by VVCM in the laboratory and the core specimens collected on site is as high as 83.8%. The mechanical strength of CML initially show linear growth with increasing cement content and compaction coefficient. The initial growth in CML mechanical strength is followed by a later period, with mechanical strength growth slowing after 28 days. The mechanical strength growth properties of the CML can be accurately predicted via established strength growth equations. The results of this study can guide the design and construction of CML subgrade.

Field of study: Materials science
Risky choice as a function of amount and variance in food supply.

In Experiment 1, 4 rats earned their daily food ration by choosing on a trials basis between a "risky" and a "riskless" lever. The risky lever produced either 15 45-mg food pellets or no pellets, and on average provided five pellets per choice. The riskless lever always produced three pellets. Across conditions, the number of trials per session was varied. Body weight and choice of the risky lever decreased as the number of trials per session decreased, even though body weight could only be defended by increased choice of the risky lever. In Experiment 2, trials per session were fixed, but the number of pellets delivered by the risky and riskless levers was either at the same level as in Experiment 1 or tripled from those levels. Now choice of the risky lever was inversely related to the size of reinforcement and to body weight. The results of these experiments show that risk aversion covaries with the amount of food available in a session and the daily variance in the amount of food earned.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Effect of Nd Doping on Dielectric and Impedance Properties 
of PZT Nanoceramics

Neodymium-doped lead zirconate tianate, i.e. Pb1−xNdxZr0.52Ti0.48O3 (PNZT) ceramics, with x = 0–10 mol.% has been prepared by the sol–gel process. X-ray diffraction pattern at room temperature shows the pyrochlore free phase for all samples. The structural analysis suggests the coexistence of both rhombohedral (R3m space group) and tetragonal (P4 mm space group) crystal symmetries. Scanning electron micrographs of the samples show uniform distribution of grain and grain boundaries. Dielectric constant increases with the increase in neodymium concentration in the crystal lattice. Degree of diffuse phase transition increases with the increase in Nd3+ concentration in the sample. Nd3+ incorporation into the lead zirconatetitanate (PZT) lattice enhances the spreading factor. Interaction between neighbouring dipoles decreases with the increase of Nd3+ in PZT lattice. The conduction mechanism of the sample can be attributed to the overlapping large polar tunnelling. Second-order dielectric phase transition has been observed at the Curie temperature. The electrical properties of the sample can be explained by considering grain and grain boundaries contributions. All the samples show the poly-dispersive non-Debye type relaxation.

Field of study: Materials science
Avoiding global congestion using decentralized adaptive agents

Everyone wants to go to a bar called El Farol if it is not crowded but would rather stay home if it is. Unfortunately, the only way to know whether or not the bar is crowded is to go. While this scenario appears far removed from the typical communications literature, it provides a simple paradigm for analyzing public goods like the Internet, which may simultaneously suffer from congestion and coordination problems, e.g., multiple users trying to connect to the same server or to use the same resource simultaneously. This paper reviews previous solutions to the El Farol Santa Fe bar problem, which typically involve complex learning algorithms. A simple adaptive strategy similar to many signal processing algorithms such as LMS and its signed variants is proposed. The strategy is investigated via simulation, and the algorithm is analyzed in a few simple cases. Unlike most signal processing applications, the objective of the adaptation is not fast and accurate parameter estimation but rather the achievement of a degree of global coordination among users.

Field of study: Engineering
Correlation of estrogen beta-receptor messenger RNA with endogenous levels of plasma estradiol and progesterone in the female rat hypothalamus, the bed nucleus of stria terminalis and the medial amygdala.

Estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) has been previously mapped in the rat central nervous system. This study aims to explore the regulation of ERbeta mRNA as it is expressed in the intact and cycling female rat brain. Young adult female rats (90+ day, N=20) were screened for estrous phases via vaginal cytology and sacrificed. Brains and blood were collected and processed for in situ hybridization and estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) hormone assays, respectively. ERbeta mRNA levels exhibited significant correlations with ovarian steroid ratios (E2/P4) in various brain regions, including the bed nucleus of stria terminalis, the medial nucleus of amygdala, and the anteroventral periventricular nuclei but not the paraventricular and the supraoptic nuclei or the preoptic area of the hypothalamus. No regulatory changes were detected in the cortex. Specifically, in the affected regions, higher P4 levels were significantly correlated with higher ERbeta mRNA expression. In contrast, there was a tendency for higher E2 levels to be correlated with lower ERbeta mRNA expression, but this tendency reached significance only in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis. These results suggest that ERbeta mRNA is regulated in the intact and cycling female rat hypothalamic as well as extrahypothalamic brain regions, and the circulating ovarian hormones play a critical role.

Field of study: Biology
Learning High-Dimensional Mixtures of Graphical Models

We consider unsupervised estimation of mixtures of discrete graphical models, where the class variable corresponding to the mixture components is hidden and each mixture component over the observed variables can have a potentially different Markov graph structure and parameters. We propose a novel approach for estimating the mixture components, and our output is a tree-mixture model which serves as a good approximation to the underlying graphical model mixture. Our method is efficient when the union graph, which is the union of the Markov graphs of the mixture components, has sparse vertex separators between any pair of observed variables. This includes tree mixtures and mixtures of bounded degree graphs. For such models, we prove that our method correctly recovers the union graph structure and the tree structures corresponding to maximum-likelihood tree approximations of the mixture components. The sample and computational complexities of our method scale as $\poly(p, r)$, for an $r$-component mixture of $p$-variate graphical models. We further extend our results to the case when the union graph has sparse local separators between any pair of observed variables, such as mixtures of locally tree-like graphs, and the mixture components are in the regime of correlation decay.

Field of study: Computer science
Intracranial abscesses: a review of treated patients over 20 years.

A series of 49 consecutive patients with an intracranial abscess treated over a 20 year period is analysed and reported. The overall mortality was 28 per cent. The authors regard this figure as quite unacceptable and stress that the combination of isotope scans and computerized axial tomography (CAT) should allow an immediate reduction in mortality to around 10 per cent. The plea is made that whenever a primary source of infection is present the possibility that an intracranial mass could be an abscess is constantly borne in mind. Under such circumstances the patient should be referred immediately to a neurosurgical department (where computerised axial tomography is usually available) without a preceding lumbar puncture.

Field of study: Medicine
Spatial structure of Mn-Mn acceptor pairs in GaAs.

The local density of states of Mn-Mn pairs in GaAs is mapped with cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy and compared with theoretical calculations based on envelope-function and tight-binding models. These measurements and calculations show that the crosslike shape of the Mn-acceptor wave function in GaAs persists even at very short Mn-Mn spatial separations. The resilience of the Mn-acceptor wave function to high doping levels suggests that ferromagnetism in GaMnAs is strongly influenced by impurity-band formation. The envelope-function and tight-binding models predict similarly anisotropic overlaps of the Mn wave functions for Mn-Mn pairs. This anisotropy implies differing Curie temperatures for Mn delta-doped layers grown on differently oriented substrates.

Field of study: Physics
Activation of AMPK/TSC2/PLD by alcohol regulates mTORC1 and mTORC2 assembly in C2C12 myocytes.

Ethanol (EtOH) decreases muscle protein synthesis, and this is associated with reduced mammalian target of rapamycin complex (mTORC)1 and increased mTORC2 activities. In contrast, phospholipase D (PLD) and its metabolite phosphatidic acid (PA) positively regulate mTORC1 signaling, whereas their role in mTORC2 function is less well defined. Herein, we examine the role that PLD and PA play in EtOH-mediated mTOR signaling.



C2C12 myoblasts were incubated with EtOH for 18 to 24 hours. For PA experiments, cells were pretreated with the drug for 25 minutes followed by 50-minute incubation with PA in the presence or absence of EtOH. The phosphorylation state of various proteins was assessed by immunoblotting. Protein-protein interactions were determined by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting. PLD activity was measured using the Amplex Red PLD assay kit. PA concentrations were determined with a total PA assay kit.



PA levels and PLD activity increased in C2C12 myocytes exposed to EtOH (100 mM). Increased PLD activity was blocked by inhibitors of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) (compound C) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) (wortmannin). Likewise, suppression of PLD activity with CAY10594 prevented EtOH-induced Akt (S473) phosphorylation. PLD inhibition also enhanced the binding of Rictor to mSin1 and the negative regulatory proteins Deptor and 14-3-3. Addition of PA to myocytes decreased Akt phosphorylation, but changes in mTORC2 activity were not associated with altered binding of complex members and 14-3-3. PA increased S6K1 phosphorylation, with the associated increase in mTORC1 activity being regulated by reduced phosphorylation of AMPKα (T172) and its target tuberous sclerosis protein complex (TSC)2 (S1387). This resulted in increased Rheb and RagA/RagC GTPase interactions with mTOR, as well as suppression of mTORC2.



EtOH-induced increases in PLD activity and PA may partially counterbalance the adverse effects of this agent. EtOH and PA regulate mTORC1 via a PI3K/AMPK/TSC2/PLD signaling cascade. PA stimulates mTORC1 function and suppresses activation of mTORC2 as part of an mTORC1/2 feedback loop.

Field of study: Medicine
Auto-rickshaw: an automated crystal structure determination platform as an efficient tool for the validation of an X-ray diffraction experiment.

The EMBL-Hamburg Automated Crystal Structure Determination Platform is a system that combines a number of existing macromolecular crystallographic computer programs and several decision-makers into a software pipeline for automated and efficient crystal structure determination. The pipeline can be invoked as soon as X-ray data from derivatized protein crystals have been collected and processed. It is controlled by a web-based graphical user interface for data and parameter input, and for monitoring the progress of structure determination. A large number of possible structure-solution paths are encoded in the system and the optimal path is selected by the decision-makers as the structure solution evolves. The processes have been optimized for speed so that the pipeline can be used effectively for validating the X-ray experiment at a synchrotron beamline.

Field of study: Chemistry
On the Humanism Quality Cultivation of Higher Vocational Education

The main purpose of higher vocational education is to qualify a student to be a person with specialized knowledge, who will be able to satisfy the practical needs in society. The education of humanism quality aims to make students be more virtuous, positive, appreciative and intellective. Step by step, a student will be a cultured person with quality and elegant. Only by adding the inculcation of humanism quality into our whole process of higher vocational education can we assure making numbers of excellent person with ability who have the synthetical ability in their works.

Field of study: Education
Island provides a pathogen refuge within climatically suitable area

Surveillance of pathogens can lead to significant advances towards making effective decisions in research and management for species threatened by disease. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis has been a major contributing factor to the global decline of amphibians. Knowledge of the distribution of B. dendrobatidis can contribute to understanding patterns of species decline and prioritizing action. Therefore, we surveyed four spatially distinct populations of a B. dendrobatidis susceptible species, the green and golden bell frog (Litoria aurea), for evidence of infection in the population. Three mainland populations were infected at a prevalence of 3.5–28.3 %, with median infection loads of 0.28–627.18 genomic equivalents (GE). Conversely, we did not detect infection in an island population 3 km from the mainland; the isolation and infrequent visitation of the island suggests that the pathogen has not arrived. Management actions for B. dendrobatidis and conservation of susceptible frog species are heavily dependent on the presence and absence of the pathogen in the population. Prevention of the accidental introduction of B. dendrobatidis and safe guarding genetic diversity of L. aurea is necessary to preserve unique diversity of the island population, whereas containment and control of the pathogen can be directed towards mainland populations. Knowledge of disease dynamics also provides a context to understand the ecology of remaining populations as variation in the physiology or habitat of the mainland populations have facilitated persistence of these populations alongside B. dendrobatidis. Other islands should be a priority target in disease surveillance, to discover refuges that can assist conservation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effects of Multiple Determinacy and Measurement Error on Trait-Behavior and Behavior-Behavior Relations: An Integrated Conceptual Model

The relationship is demonstrated between two explanations for the attenuation of observed trait-behavior and behavior-behavior correlations: multiple determinacy, as explicated recently by Ahadi and Diener and by Strube, and measurement error, as discussed previously be Epstein, Ajzen, and others. The former pertains to multiple determinants of a behavior construct other than the trait of interest, whereas the latter pertains to multiple determinants of a behavior measure other than the behavior construct of interest. However, it is shown that in the two cases the fundamental psychometric principles involved are the same. Implications of this integrated conceptual perspective are explored with respect to the magnitude of observed trait-behavior and behavior-behavior correlations that should be expected under different circumstances, focusing particularly on the distinction between global and more narrowly defined traits.

Field of study: Psychology
[The pharmacoeconomic efficacy of lurasidone in the treatment of schizophrenia].

To conduct a comprehensive pharmacoeconomic evaluation of lurasidone for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia under Russian healthcare system conditions and inclusion in EDL ( and Medication List for the Certain Categories of Citizens.



A retrospective study of lurasidone in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia was performed. Methods of pharmacoeconomic analysis were: cost analysis, budget impact analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis.



Use of lurasidone for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia requires 50.04% less costs than the use of paliperidone and 46.69% less costs than the use of sertindole allowing to provide additional therapies to 100.1 and 87.6% of patients, respectively. The cost minimization analysis results are stable when prices fluctuate in the range of ±30%. Considering the current volume of antipsychotic drug supply, replacing 100% of paliperidone with lurasidone from the first year will reduce the cost of antipsychotics for patients who received paliperidone by 39.79 or by 360.81 million rubles over 3 years. Replacing 100% of sertindole with lurasidone from the first year will reduce the cost of antipsychotics for patients who received sertindole by 37.21 or 173.87 million rubles over 3 years. The results of the budget impact analysis are resistant to changes in prices for compared drugs in a wide range.



Lurasidone is a more effective drug for treatment of schizophrenia from a pharmacoeconomic point of view in comparison with paliperidone and sertindole. With comparative efficacy with paliperidone and sertindole the use of lurasidone can significantly reduce the burden on budget of state programs of compensation for certain categories of citizens.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
AnGeLi: A Tool for the Analysis of Gene Lists from Fission Yeast

Genome-wide assays and screens typically result in large lists of genes or proteins. Enrichments of functional or other biological properties within such lists can provide valuable insights and testable hypotheses. To systematically detect these enrichments can be challenging and time-consuming, because relevant data to compare against query gene lists are spread over many different sources. We have developed AnGeLi (Analysis of Gene Lists), an intuitive, integrated web-tool for comprehensive and customized interrogation of gene lists from the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe. AnGeLi searches for significant enrichments among multiple qualitative and quantitative information sources, including gene and phenotype ontologies, genetic and protein interactions, numerous features of genes, transcripts, translation, and proteins such as copy numbers, chromosomal positions, genetic diversity, RNA polymerase II and ribosome occupancy, localization, conservation, half-lives, domains, and molecular weight among others, as well as diverse sets of genes that are co-regulated or lead to the same phenotypes when mutated. AnGeLi uses robust statistics which can be tailored to specific needs. It also provides the option to upload user-defined gene sets to compare against the query list. Through an integrated data submission form, AnGeLi encourages the community to contribute additional curated gene lists to further increase the usefulness of this resource and to get the most from the ever increasing large-scale experiments. AnGeLi offers a rigorous yet flexible statistical analysis platform for rich insights into functional enrichments and biological context for query gene lists, thus providing a powerful exploratory tool through which S. pombe researchers can uncover fresh perspectives and unexpected connections from genomic data. AnGeLi is freely available at: www.bahlerlab.info/AnGeLi

Field of study: Biology
Beyond connectors: The construction of cause in history textbooks

This paper explores patterns of language that construct causal reasoning in history textbooks used in the U.S. Two representative passages are analyzed to show how causality can be realized both explicitly and implicitly, and how the resources of the language contribute to highlighting some causal factors and downplaying others, particularly focusing on how lexico-grammatical and discourse-semantic features interact. We show how, in constructing causal reasoning, historians use a wide range of linguistic resources that go beyond connectors, and we suggest that teachers and students need to engage in discussion that raises awareness about how language constructs knowledge in history as a means of highlighting both what is available in the historian's presentation and what needs further explication.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
8He Spectroscopy with Stopped-Pion Absorption by 12C and 14C

The structure of the levels of heavy helium isotope 8He is investigated using the reactions of stopped-pion absorption by carbon isotopes 12С(π−, p3He)X, 14С(π−, d4He)X, and 14С(π−, t3He)X. Measurements are made with the two-arm multilayer semiconductor spectrometer at the LANL accelerator. Excited states of the 8He nucleus with energies of excitation of up to ~ 20 MeV are sought using the measured missing-mass spectra for these reactions. An excited state with Ex ≈ 6.4 MeV and Г ≤ 1 MeV is observed for the first time. Its structure is probably due to two valence nucleons on the (1p1/2)2 shell.

Field of study: Physics