nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Care of the spinal cord-injured patient.

Family physicians are often unfamiliar with the care of patients with spinal cord injuries because they may have only one such patient in their practice. Urinary tract infections, constipation, and decubitus ulcers are the most common problems, and autonomic dysreflexia the most serious emergency that family physicians treat in this population. This article addresses these areas, as well as spasticity, sexuality, depression, and the acute abdomen.

Field of study: Medicine
Deep sea in situ excess pore pressure and sediment deformation off NW Sumatra and its relation with the December 26, 2004 Great Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake

The swath bathymetric data acquired during the “Sumatra Aftershocks” cruise from the Sunda trench in the Indian Ocean to the north of the Sumatra Island imaged several scars and deposits. In situ pore pressure measurements using the Ifremer piezometer and coring demonstrate that high excess pore pressure and sediment deformation was generated by a recent event in the scar of the slope failure zone identified by J.T. Henstock and co-authors. This excess pore pressure is localized in the upper sedimentary layers and is not related to an interplate subduction process. Numerical simulations of the hydrological system that take into account the hydro-mechanical properties of the upper sediment layer show that the excess pore pressure and sediment deformations could be generated at the time of the December 26, 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Oldest Social Science? The Epistemic Properties of the Common Law Tradition

Is not a worthie Professor of Law a starr in the firmament of the Common-wealth? Is he not lux a tenebris wheresoever he dwelleth? Is not his house . . . an Oracle not only to a Towne or Citty, but to a whole country round about him?' ORentimes too, to aggravate the rest, concur many other inconveniences, unthankful friends, decayed friends, bad neighbours, negligent servants [ . . . ] thievish slaves, sly cunning varlets, they break through a thousand bolts, they steal, they eat up, they take the tit-bits; casualties, taxes, mulcts, chargeable offices, vain expenses, entertainments, loss of stock, enmities, emulations, frequent invitations, losses, suretyship, sickness, death of friends, and that which is the gulf of all, improvidence, ill husbandry, disorder and confusion, by which means they are drenched on a sudden in their estates, and at unawares precipitated insensibly into an inextricable labyrinth of debts, cares, woes, want, grief, discontent, and melancholy

Field of study: Law
Subthreshold resonances in few-neutron systems

Three- and four-neutron systems are studied within the framework of the hyperspherical approach with a local S-wave nn-potential. Possible bound and resonant states of these systems are sought as zeros of three- and four-body Jost functions in the complex momentum plane. It is found that zeros closest to the origin correspond to subthreshold (nnn) and (nnnn) resonant states. The positions of these zeros turned out to be sensitive to the choice of the nn-potential. For the Malfliet - Tjon potential they are (MeV) and (MeV). Movement of the zeros with an artificial increase of the potential strength also shows an extreme sensitivity to the choice of potential. Thus, to generate and bound states, the Yukawa potential needs to be multiplied by 2.67 and 2.32 respectively, while for the Malfliet - Tjon potential the required multiplicative factors are 4.04 and 3.59.

Field of study: Physics
Discussion on the Countermeasures of Peaking and Compensating Power Sources for Three Gorges Hydropower Station

The Three Gorges Hydropower Station shall fundamentally be run-flow generation in rich season,and its electricity generation shall be much reduced in dry season , So,there need to construct the peaking and compensating power sources for it.The superiority of hydropower resource of Central China Power Network should be utilized as its peaking power source by enlarging installed capacity.While carry out the optimized coordination of power resoures between Central China and East China power networks,through supply peak power to Eest China and recieve compensating electricity from it during dry season.Thus both networks could obtain large economic profit.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
PIK3R3 Promotes Metastasis of Pancreatic Cancer via ZEB1 Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

PIK3R3 is a regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) which plays an essential role in the metastasis of several types of cancer. However, whether PIK3R3 can promote the metastasis of pancreatic cancer (PC) is still unclear. In this study, we characterized the role of PIK3R3 in metastasis of PC and underlying potential mechanisms.  RT-PCR, western blot, immunofluorescence (IF) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were applied to investigate the expression of genes and proteins in different cell lines and tissues. To assess the function of PIK3R3 and related mechanisms, the cells with RNAi-mediated knockdown or overexpression were used to perform a series of in vitro and in vivo assays.  PIK3R3 was significantly overexpressed in pancreatic cancer tissues, especially in metastatic cancer tissues, as well as in pancreatic cancer cells. Functional assays suggested that overexpression or knockdown of PIK3R3 could respectively promote or suppress the migration and invasion of PC cells in vitro and in vivo. Further mechanism related studies demonstrated that ERK1/2-ZEB1 pathway-triggered epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) might be responsible for the PIK3R3-induced PC cell migration and invasion.  PIK3R3 could promote the metastasis of PC by facilitating ZEB1 induced EMT, and could act as a potential therapeutic target to limit PC metastasis.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Key Management Scheme Suitable for Large-scale MANET

In mobile ad-hoc networks(MANET),when the number of nodes increase,the difficulty of building network,network availability and network security will be influenced badly.A new key management which based on the ring CA trust model has been proposed to solve the scalability of large scale MANET.It use traditional threshold digital signature scheme,and the CA only has cross authentication with its adjacent other two CA,thereby reducing the number of cross authentication and the overhead of communication and computation,between the CA is absolute trust chain,and effective to prevent the malicious signature.At the same time it has a good scalability and robustness,better applied to large scale MANET.

Field of study: Computer science
Cold War to Cold Peace: Explaining U.S.-French Competition in Francophone Africa

Three watershed events dramatically influenced the evolution of African international relations during the twentieth century. First, the extended global conflict of World War 11 (1935-1945) heralded the decline of Europe as the most powerful region of the world and the emergence of African nationalist movements intent on achieving independence from colonial rule. The outbreak and intensification of the cold war (1947-1989) subsequently transformed the newly independent African countries into proxy battlefields between the United States and the former Soviet Union, the two unparalleled superpowers of the post-World War II era. African conflicts often having little, if anything, to do with the ideological concerns of communism or capitalism threatened to become East-West flashpoints in the face of U.S.-Soviet involvement. The third watershed event-the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989-signaled the end of the cold war but not the end of international rivalry in Africa. As deftly noted by Jeffrey E. Garten, former under secretary of commerce for international trade in the Clinton administration, the ideologically-based cold war between the United States and the former Soviet Union has been replaced by a cold peace in which the Great Powers struggle for economic supremacy in the highly competitive economic environment of the new millennium.1 This article explores the origins and evolution of this cold peace by focusing on rising

Field of study: Political science
TH-C-AUD C-02: Automatic Extraction of Salient Interest Points in 3D Images for Contour Propagation in IGRT

To efficiently propagate patient contours to multi‐fraction Cone‐Beam CT volumes.  An auto‐segmentation scheme was developed which uses anchor points to propagate structure delineations from one image to another, accounting for the changing patient anatomy. Four patients involved in 35‐ or 40‐fraction Head‐and‐Neck treatment schemes were selected retrospectively. The 8–12 Organ‐at‐Risk contours drawn in their initial planning CT included spinal cord, brainstem, optic structures, and parotids, to be propagated to the CBCTimage acquired at each fraction. Our method involves three steps: a) Generate a patient‐specific compressed model in terms of salient points from the planning CTimage. The automatic extraction of these uses a developed 3‐dimensional extension of the SIFT algorithm; b) Retrieve this model in every CBCT dataset, via automatic block‐matching maximizing the local correlation between neighborhoods around the interest points; c) Propagate the original contours based on the thin‐plate‐spline warping transformation derived from salient point pairs.  For each patient, over 500 salient points were extracted in 5–7 minutes, and subsequently retrieved within 45 seconds in every CBCTimage, into which the 8–12 contours were propagated in 10 seconds. The results show clear improvement, compared to contours obtained by both a mere copy and voxel‐based rigid registration; the typical neck shrinking and spine flexions especially are followed. Our method is more robust and computationally affordable than voxel‐based deformable image registration. The contours can be successfully propagated to all fractions based on significant salient anchor points extracted to summarize one patient's gray‐level information and geometry. The thus highlighted deformations of the critical structures i) can help determine a safe dose map and be reflected in Planning organ at Risk Volume (PRV) margins, ii) may be used to support time‐efficient re‐planning in adaptive radiotherapy.Conflict of Interest: This research is partially supported by Philips Healthcare.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Superconductivity in SrTiO3: Dielectric Function Method for Non-Parabolic Bands

The dielectric function method for superconductivity has been applied to SrTiO3 accounting for the non-parabolic dispersion of charge carriers in the conduction band and for the dispersion of optical phonons based on density functional theory calculations. The obtained critical temperatures of the superconducting phase transition in SrTiO3 are in agreement with experiments in the density range n ∼ 5 × 1018 to 5 × 1020cm− 3. The dielectric function method predicts also the sign of the anomalous isotope effect in strontium titanate, in line with recent observations.

Field of study: Physics
Metabolic profiling of the methylerythritol phosphate pathway reveals the source of post-illumination isoprene burst from leaves.

The methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway in plants produces the prenyl precursors for all plastidic isoprenoids, including carotenoids and quinones. The MEP pathway is also responsible for synthesis of approximately 600 Tg of isoprene per year, the largest non-methane hydrocarbon flux into the atmosphere. There have been few studies of the regulation of the MEP pathway in plants under physiological conditions. In this study, we combined gas exchange techniques and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS-MS) and measured the profile of MEP pathway metabolites under different conditions. We report that in the MEP pathway, metabolites immediately preceding steps requiring reducing power were in high concentration. Inhibition of the MEP pathway by fosmidomycin caused deoxyxylulose phosphate accumulation in leaves as expected. Evidence is presented that accumulation of MEP pathway intermediates, primarily methylerythritol cyclodiphosphate, is responsible for the post-illumination isoprene burst phenomenon. Pools of intermediate metabolites stayed at approximately the same level 10 min after light was turned off, but declined eventually under prolonged darkness. In contrast, a strong inhibition of the second-to-last step of the MEP pathway caused suppression of isoprene emission in pure N(2). Our study suggests that reducing equivalents may be a key regulator of the MEP pathway and therefore isoprene emission from leaves.

Field of study: Environmental science
Kinetics, diffusional limitation and microscale distribution of chemistry and organisms in a CANON reactor.

In the Completely Autotrophic Nitrogen removal Over Nitrite (CANON) process, aerobic and anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria cooperate to remove ammonia in one oxygen-limited reactor. Kinetic studies, microsensor analysis, and fluorescence in situ hybridization on CANON biomass showed a partial differentiation of processes and organisms within and among aggregates. Under normal oxygen-limited conditions ( approximately 5 microM O2), aerobic ammonia oxidation (nitrification) was restricted to an outer shell (<100 microm) while anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox) was found in the central anoxic parts. Larger type aggregates (>500 microm) accounted for 68% of the anammox potential whereas 65% of the nitrification potential was found in the smaller aggregates (<500 microm). Analysis with O2 and NO2- microsensors showed that the thickness of the activity zones varied as a function of bulk O2 and NO2- concentrations and flow rate.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Personality Traits of Turkish Handgun License Applicants

Several theories have sought to explain the motivations for handgun possession and the relationship with personality. Perception of handguns also has cultural variations. The aim of the study is to evaluate handgun license applicants' personality profiles. 109 handgun license applicants were included in the study. Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) scores of the applicants were recorded. Scores were compared with Turkish and American normative data for the Inventory. The study group had significantly lower subscores on novelty seeking, harm avoidance, and higher subscores on reward dependence and persistence compared to Turkish norms and significantly lower subscores on novelty seeking, reward dependence, and self-directedness compared to American norms. Results indicate that Turkish handgun license applicants' personality features are more similar to American norms.

Field of study: Psychology
New insight into the aggregation of graphene oxide in synthetic surface water: Carbonate nanoparticle formation on graphene oxide.

Graphene oxide (GO), used in a wide variety of applications, is increasingly being introduced into aquatic environments; this situation calls for research on GO aggregation and sedimentation to regulate the environmental behaviors and risks. Many studies have investigated the aggregation and the mechanism of GO in water with a single background salt (monosalt system); however, this may not reflect real water environments where multiple salts coexist (multisalt system). A typical synthetic surface water (soft water) with representative multisalts was therefore used to study the aggregation and sedimentation of GO. The GO concentration-dependent aggregation (low concentration aggregation, high concentration stability) was observed in the soft water, and this concentration-dependent aggregation is opposite to the aggregation in monosalt systems (NaCl or CaCl2 solutions). The presence of GO sheets induced the formation of amorphous CaMg(CO3)2 nanoparticles on the GO surfaces in the soft water, and the formed nanoparticles promoted the aggregation and sedimentation of low concentrations of GO through bridging action. Neutral and alkaline conditions were favorable for the formation of CaMg(CO3)2 nanoparticles and the induced GO aggregation. These findings show a new mechanism of GO aggregation in environmentally relevant waters and help us to better evaluate the environmental fate of GO.

Field of study: Environmental science
Weak localization and dimensional crossover in carbon nanotube systems

We investigate the effects of magnetic and electric fields on electron wavefunction
interactions in single walled carbon nanotube bundles. The magnetoresistance measurements
performed at 4.2 K and the dependence of the data upon the electric field reveal good
agreement with weak localization theory. An electrical field conditioned characteristic
length is associated to ohmic-non ohmic transition, observed below 85 K, in current
voltage characteristics. This length results equal to the average bundles diameter just at
T ≅ 85 K, indicating that 2D–3D crossover is responsible for the
observed conductance transition.

Field of study: Physics
Slurry Nebulization-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry with Solution Calibration for Determination of Ultratrace Boron in High Pure Nuclear Graphite Powder

The method of slurry nebulization-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry ( SN-ICP-MS) was developed for the direct determination of trace boron in high purity graphite powders. The particle size was controlled <5 mu m after the graphite powders was ground and sifted. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was used as the dispersant in slurry preparation. The optimal mass ratio of PVP to the graphite was found to be 0.5. Well proportioned and stable slurry solution was obtained by magnetic stirrer. About 0.1 mol/L NH4OH as the aqueous medium could provide the optimal pH of 10 for the stable slurry and eliminate the memory effect of B. ICP-MS was operated in a higher resolution mode (0.6 amu) to eliminate the interference with the matrix C-12 by peak tailing. Oxygen was added into the plasma at a flow rate of 60 mL/min, to resolve carbon deposition on the sampler and skimmer cones and accelerate particle dissociation in the plasma. External calibration with aqueous solution standards was established for quantification. Beryllium was chosen as the internal standard to evaluate the efficiency of matrix effect correction. A correlation coefficient of 0.9995 for boron concentrations from 2 to 200 mu g/L was obtained with a detection limit (3s) of 0.095 mu g/g. As a practical application, with the advantage of simple, quick and low losing, the proposed method was applied to determine the trace boron in four nuclear graphite samples ( claimed 99.999% purity), with the satisfactory recoveries for the spike tests in the range of 97.2% - 103.1%.

Field of study: Chemistry
Rethinking Media Politics and Public Opinion: Reactions to the Clinton‐Lewinsky Scandal

In one of the great political ironies of modern times, Bill Clinton weathered a year-long sexual and obstruction of justice scandal and became only the second president in U.S. history to be impeached, while maintaining some of the most impressive public approval ratings of any modern president. In a phenomenon at first curious and then truly remarkable, public support for Clinton's performance steadfastly held in the mid-60 percent range and occasionally surpassed 70 percent in some polls even as the House of Representatives voted to impeach him and the Senate conducted an impeachment trial. This public response was not well predicted by dominant models of public opinion and political communication, leading to considerable scholarly headscratching. Ultimately, many political scientists have drawn two conclusions: the media coverage of the scandal did not matter to public opinion nearly as much as nonmedia influences; and the public responded to the scandal in relatively thoughtless ways, relying on simple heuristics like the state of the economy to decide whether the president should be impeached. For example, writing in the early months of the scandal, public opinion scholar John Zaller argued that the public's continued support for Clinton in the face of the Monica Lewinsky story could be accounted for by reference to three a priori variables not subject to media influence: peace (the lack of serious

Field of study: Political science
NMR, EPR, and mass spectroscopy estimates of the antiradical activity of water with modified isotope composition

The dynamics of the change in the deuterium content in plasma of laboratory animal blood is studied by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscope using water with modified isotope composition. The change in deuterium content in lyophilized animal tissues is determined by mass spectrometry. The content of paramagnetic centers in a dose and in pathology is determined on an electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometer.

Field of study: Physics
Gaps in seed banking are compromising the GSPC’s Target 8 in a megadiverse country

Ex situ seed conservation is an effective strategy to help safeguarding plants from extinction. The updated Global Strategy for Plant Conservation’s (GSPC) Target 8 aims to include 75% of threatened plant species in ex situ collections by 2020, preferably in the country of origin. Halfway through the updated GSPC program, we evaluate the current state of knowledge and practice of ex situ seed conservation of threatened species from megadiverse Brazilian flora, contributing to this Target. We identify knowledge gaps and costs to achieve Target 8 through seed banking in Brazil within the time constraints of the GSPC and in a scenario of recent science budget funding cuts. Knowledge on seed storage behavior is available only for 24 Brazilian species (1.3%). Seed desiccation tolerance was concluded for 175 of 228 species, feasibly allowing safe storage of most Brazilian species at sub-zero temperatures. However, only 26 species (1.3%) are effectively banked in research institutions. Surprisingly, the percentage of banked threatened species hardly increased in the first 5 years since the update of the Target (0.55%, 2011–2015), and Brazil now faces the challenge of banking almost 1500 species during 2016–2020. Despite a major lack of commitment of Brazilian institutions and of knowledge to achieve the Target, the costs for banking the remaining species were estimated to be only US$3.9 million. We call for a nationwide coordinated effort of government agencies, policy makers and research institutions to include ex situ seed conservation in the environmental agenda to pursue achievement of the Target by 2020.

Field of study: Environmental science
Novel Compound Heterozygous Mutations in TTI2 Cause Syndromic Intellectual Disability in a Chinese Family

Telomere maintenance 2 (TELO2)–interacting protein 2 (TTI2) interacts with TTI1 and TELO2 to form the Triple T complex, which is required for various cellular processes, including the double-strand DNA break response, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, and telomerase assembly. Herein, we identified compound heterozygous mutations in TTI2 using whole-exome sequencing (WES) in a Chinese family with a recessive inheritance pattern of syndromic intellectual disability. The patients displayed intellectual disability, aggressive and self-injurious behaviors, facial dysmorphic features, microcephaly, and skeletal anomalies. In addition, one patient showed cerebral white matter abnormality. Maternal novel indel mutation resulted in a premature termination codon and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Paternal reported c.1100C > T mutation changed the highly conserved proline to leucine that located in the DUF2454 domain. Immunoblotting experiments showed significantly decreased TTI2, TTI1, and TELO2 in the patients’ lymphocytes. These results indicated that TTI2 loss-of-function mutations might cause an autosomal-recessive syndromic intellectual disability by affecting the Triple T complex. Our report expands the genetic causes of syndromic intellectual disability in the Chinese population.

Field of study: Biology