nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
KINETICS OF LYSOZYME REFOLDING FACILITATED BY MOLECULAR CHAPERONE GroEL

An apparent kinetic model for lysozyme refolding was established,and the refolding behavior of denatured lysozyme facilitated by the molecular chaperone GroEL was studied.The effects of denatured lysozyme concentration, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration, and the molar ratio of GroEL to lysozyme on the refolding yield and the refolding rate constant were investigated.The lysozyme concentration showed more significant effect on the refolding rate constant than on the refolding yield.Both refolding yield and refolding rate constant increased with increasing ATP concentration.At a definite protein concentration, optimal concentrations of both GroEL and ATP existed to give maximum refolding yield and refolding rate constant.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Über die Beziehung zwischen den Ausdehnungskoeffizienten und den Kompressibilitätskoeffizienten der Flüssigkeiten

ZusammenfassungEs wird gezeigt, daß sich die Beziehung zwischen den Ausdehnungs- und Kompressibilitätskoeffizienten gegen I viel vereinfachen läßt, wenn man die Definition des Ausdehnungskoeffizienten ändert. Trotz dieser Vereinfachung wird der Gültigkeitsbereich der erwähnten Beziehung (unter Anwendung der Näherungen für den Ausdehnungs- und Kompressibilitätskoeffizienten) gegen I bei weitem übertroffen. Schließlich wird die allgemeine Formel für das Dichtemaximum des Wassers und einiger Lösungen abgeleitet.

Field of study: Physics
Efficient FPGA Implementations of LowMC and Picnic

Post-quantum cryptography has received increased attention in recent years, in particular, due to the standardization effort by NIST. One of the second-round candidates in the NIST post-quantum standardization project is Picnic, a post-quantum secure signature scheme based on efficient zero-knowledge proofs of knowledge. In this work, we present the first FPGA implementation of Picnic. We show how to efficiently calculate LowMC, the block cipher used as a one-way function in Picnic, in hardware despite the large number of constants needed during computation. We then combine our LowMC implementation and efficient instantiations of Keccak to build the full Picnic algorithm. Additionally, we conform to recently proposed hardware interfaces for post-quantum schemes to enable easier comparisons with other designs. We provide evaluations of our Picnic implementation for both, the standalone design and a version wrapped with a PCIe interface, and compare them to the state-of-the-art software implementations of Picnic and similar hardware designs. Concretely, signing messages on our FPGA takes 0.25 ms for the L1 security level and 1.24 ms for the L5 security level, beating existing optimized software implementations by a factor of 4.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Toll-like receptors expression and function of human metapnemnovirus infected human lung epithelial cells

To investigate the expression changes of Toll-like receptors(TLR) and the signaling pathway function on airway epithelial cells infected with human metapneumovirus(hMPV), and to explore the mechanisms of hMPV-induced airway inflammation.  A549 cells were infected with hMPV live or co-cultured with UV-inactivated hMPV in vitro. Growth curve of the virus in A549 cells was established and mRNA expression of TLR were detected by RT-PCR assay and real-time PCR assay at 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 h post infection. IFN-α and TNF-α in the culture supernatants were detected by ELISA.  hMPV was able to replicate in A549 cell, growing to peak titer of 10~(5.2) TCID_(50)/ml at 3 d after infection. Most of TLR mRNA levels were up-regulated by hMPV infection but not UV-inactivated viruses via RT-PCR assay (P<0.05) after 6 h of stimulation. Real-time PCR assay showed that TLR3-4, TLR7-9 mRNA increased after being infected by hMPV in a time-dependent manner. The expression of IFN-α and TNF-α in the cul-ture supernatants were significantly up-regulated after 24 h infected by hMPV.  hMPV infection up-regulates the expression of TLR in lung epithelial cells. The inflammatory response to hMPV may associ-ate with part of TLR signal transduction pathway. 
 
 
Human metapneumovirus;  Toll like receptors;  A549 cells;  IFN-α;  TNF-α

Field of study: Biology
A Randomized Procedure of Saturated Main Effect Fractional Replicates

0.  Ehrenfeld and Zacks  presented randomized procedures for regular fractions and Zacks ,  showed that an unbiased estimator of a given parameter vector in the saturated fractional replicate case exists only if one randomizes over all possible designs of a certain structure. In this paper, a similar method to the Randomized Procedure I in their paper is given for the saturated irregular main effect fractional replicates and an unbiased estimator of the main effect parameter vector is presented. Prior to this presentation, an invariant property of the information matrix is investigated. The explicit expression of the variance of the estimator is a remaining problem.

Field of study: Mathematics
Luzerne Readvance near Glens Falls, New York

The Woodfordian glacier advanced southward to the terminal moraine on Long Island and then retreated northward up the Hudson Valley. By 15,000 yrs B.P. the ice margin had retreated to the Wallkill Moraine and, after a readvance near Rosendale, New York, retreated a minimum of 130 mi farther north into the Champlain Valley, fronting an expanding Lake Albany. The ice margin then readvanced at least 20 mi into Lake Albany, to the Luzerne Mountain gorge of the Hudson River west of Glens Falls, New York. The type section for the Luzerne readvance is designated as that at the Luzerne Mountain gorge where the Luzerne readvance till occurs, over sands of Glacial Lake Warrensburg, over main Woodfordian till, and over contorted, pre-Woodfordian lacustrine clays. The western margin of the readvance is reconstructed from isolated morainal segments and associated outwash, and from the postulated ice dam for Lake Warrensburg. Pine Log Camp bog, developed in Luzerne readvance outwash, yielded an 8.0 m record. The base of the bog was dated at 13,150 ± 200 yrs B.P. in the herb pollen zone, and the base of the spruce pollen zone was dated at 12,400 ± 200 yrs B.P. The herb pollen zone was identified from several herbs, several grains of the genus Shepherdia, and a 35 percent maximum of nonarboreal pollen. The spruce, pine, and oak pollen zones are all well represented. Rapid encroachment of vegetation, illustrated by the time transgressive spruce zone and kettle morphology, are cited as evidence that bog deposition closely postdates glacial recession. The Luzerne readvance is pre-Port Huron in age and is correlated with the Gowanda Moraine of western New York, the Valley Heads Moraine of central New York and the Mohawk Valley, and the Burlington drift of Vermont. The Bridport readvance in the mid-Champlain Valley is inferred to Be Port Huron in age and is correlated with the Hamburg Moraine in western New York, the Waterloo-Auburn Moraine in central New York, and the Valley Heads Moraine in the Mohawk Valley. The relationship of local glaciers in the Adirondack Mountains and Lake Warrensburg, indicates that local glaciers were active during the Luzerne readvance and also are pre-Port Huron.

Field of study: Geology
Ultraviolet Laser Damage Dependence on Contamination Concentration in Fused Silica Optics during Reactive Ion Etching Process

The reactive ion etching (RIE) process of fused silica is often accompanied by surface contamination, which seriously degrades the ultraviolet laser damage performance of the optics. In this study, we find that the contamination behavior on the fused silica surface is very sensitive to the RIE process which can be significantly optimized by changing the plasma generating conditions such as discharge mode, etchant gas and electrode material. Additionally, an optimized RIE process is proposed to thoroughly remove polishing-introduced contamination and efficiently prevent the introduction of other contamination during the etching process. The research demonstrates the feasibility of improving the damage performance of fused silica optics by using the RIE technique.

Field of study: Materials science
Relationship of varicocele grade and testicular hypotrophy

Surgical indications for correcting adolescent varicocele have included high varicocele grade and testicular hypotrophy. To date, these findings have not been correlated with semen parameters. The objective of our study was to examine the relationship between unilateral, left varicocele grade or testicular volume differential and semen parameters in adolescents.  Semen analyses were obtained in 57 Tanner Stage V adolescent males, ages 14 to 20 years (mean = 18, SD = 1.6). Varicocele grade was determined by the attending urologist. Testicular volumes were determined by scrotal ultrasound performed by an attending sonologist. Analysis of the data was performed using nonparametric statistical methods.  Boys with testicular volume differentials >10% versus those with differentials 20% these decreases were more dramatic. Percent motile sperm was significantly lower for boys with volume differentials >20% versus those in the 20% volume differential category, 59% had very low total motile sperm counts (  Sonographically derived volume differentials >10% between normal and affected testes correlate with significantly decreased sperm concentration and total motile sperm count. This finding may serve as a marker to identify those adolescents with unilateral, left varicocele at greatest risk for future infertility. At the very least, a semen analysis and close annual follow-up of these adolescents seems warranted.

Field of study: Medicine
Place-Based Education: What is Its Place in the Social Studies Classroom?

Place-based education is a growing trend in education. This article defines place-based education and briefly examines its use across the disciplines. So as to better understand the wider concept, meanings of the geographical term place are analyzed. Place-based education in a social studies classroom is examined using two hypothetical scenarios, demonstrating that place-based education is indeed appropriate in the social studies.

Field of study: Sociology
Exponential stabilization of non-autonomous delayed neural networks via Riccati equations

This paper concerns with the problem of exponential stabilization for a class of non-autonomous neural networks with mixed discrete and distributed time-varying delays. Two cases of discrete time-varying delay, namely (i) slowly time-varying; and (ii) fast time-varying, are considered. By constructing an appropriate Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional in case (i) and utilizing the Razumikhin technique in case (ii), we establish some new delay-dependent conditions for designing a memoryless state feedback controller which stabilizes the system with an exponential convergence of the resulting closed-loop system. The proposed conditions are derived through solutions of some types of Riccati differential equations. Applications to control a class of autonomous neural networks with mixed time-varying delays are also discussed in this paper. Some numerical examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the obtained results.

Field of study: Mathematics
Load and storage balanced posting file partitioning for parallel information retrieval

Many recent major search engines on Internet use a large-scale cluster to store a large database and cope with high query arrival rate. To design a large scale parallel information retrieval system, both performance and storage cost has to be taken into integrated consideration. Moreover, a quantitative method to design the cluster in systematical way is required. This paper proposes posting file partitioning algorithm for these requirements. The partitioning follows the partition-by-document-ID principle to eliminate communication overhead. The kernel of the partitioning is a data allocation algorithm to allocate variable-sized data items for both load and storage balancing. The data allocation algorithm is proven to satisfy a load balancing constraint with asymptotical 1-optimal storage cost. A probability model is established such that query processing throughput can be calculated from keyword popularities and data allocation result. With these results, we show a quantitative method to design a cluster systematically. This research provides a systematical approach to large-scale information retrieval system design. This approach has the following features: (1) the differences to ideal load balancing and storage balancing are negligible in real-world application. (2) Both load balancing and storage balancing can be taken into integrated consideration without conflicting. (3) The data allocation algorithm is capable to deal with data items of variable-sizes and variable loads. An algorithm having all these features together is never achieved before and is the key factor for achieving load and storage balanced workstation cluster in a real-world environment.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Systematic Variation of Hybrid APCs Into YBCO Thin Films for Improving the Vortex Pinning Properties

The effect of hybrid (columnar and spherical) artificial pinning centers (APCs) on the vortex pinning properties of YBCO thin films is studied in this paper on the basis of variation of critical current density JC with applied magnetic held and also with the orientation of the applied magnetic held. YBCO+BSO3% composite target is used for preparing film with 1-D (columnar) APCs, whereas the same composite target is modified by putting two differently sized (2.2 area% and 3 area%) Y2O3 sectored pieces for preparing films having different concentrations of 3-D (spherical) APCs along with 1-D APCs. Film consisting of only 1-D APCs exhibits enhanced in-held JC values as compared to the one without any APC, and the ones consisting of hybrid APCs exhibit even better JC-B characteristics with increase in the fraction of 3-D APCs. Fp max. values increase systematically with incorporation of 1-D and 1-D + 3-D APCs, and it also shifts toward higher applied magnetic fields. Film with 1-D APCs exhibits strong JC peak at Θ = 0° (H//c-axis), whereas films consisting of hybrid APCs exhibit enhanced JC at all the investigated angular regime. A possible mechanism of vortex pinning in samples with hybrid APCs is also discussed, suggesting the role of 1-D and 3-D APCs.

Field of study: Physics
Context-Sensitive Probabilistic Boolean Networks: Steady-State Properties, Reduction, and Steady-State Approximation

Context-sensitive probabilistic Boolean networks (PBNs) have been recently introduced as a paradigm for modeling genetic regulatory networks and have served as the main model for the application of intervention methods, including optimal control strategies, to favorably effect system dynamics. Since it is believed that the steady-state behavior of a context-sensitive PBN is indicative of the phenotype, it is important to study the alternation in the steady-state probability distribution due to any variations in the formulations of the context-sensitive PBNs. Furthermore, the huge computational complexity of the context-sensitive PBN model necessitates generation of size-reduction techniques and approximate methods for calculation of the steady-state probability distribution of context-sensitive PBNs. The goal of this paper is threefold: i) to study the effects of the various definitions of context-sensitive PBNs on the steady-state probability distributions and the downstream control policy design; ii) to propose a reduction technique that maintains the steady-state probability distribution; and iii) to provide an approximation method for calculating the steady-state probability distribution of a context-sensitive PBN.

Field of study: Engineering
Kinetics of the oxidation of phenols and phenolic endocrine disruptors during water treatment with ferrate (Fe(VI)).

The ability of ferrate (Fe(VI)) to oxidize phenolic endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and phenols during water treatment was examined by determining the apparent second-order rate constants (k(app0) for the reaction of Fe(VI) with selected environmentally relevant phenolic EDCs (17alpha-ethinylestradiol, beta-estradiol, and bisphenol A) and 10 substituted phenols at pH values ranging from 6 to 11. The three selected groups of EDCs showed appreciable reactivity with Fe(VI) (kapp at pH 7 ranged from 6.4 x 102 to 7.7 x 10(2) M(-1) s(-1)). The k(app) for the substituted phenols studied at pH 7 ranged from 6.6 to 3.6 x 10(3) M(-1) s(-1), indicating that many other potential phenolic EDCs can be oxidized by Fe(VI) during water treatment. The Hammett-type correlations were determined for the reaction between HFeO4- and the undissociated (log(k) = 2.24-2.27sigma+) and dissociated phenol (log(k) = 4.33-3.60sigma+). A comparison of the Hammett correlation obtained for the reaction between HFeO4- and dissociated phenol with those obtained from other drinking water oxidants revealed that HFeO4- is a relatively mild oxidant of phenolic compounds. The effectiveness of Fe(VI) for the oxidative removal of phenolic EDCs was also confirmed in both natural water and wastewater.

Field of study: Environmental science
ALMA Deep Field in SSA22: Source Catalog and Number Counts

We present results from a deep 2' × 3' (comoving scale of 3.7 Mpc × 5.5 Mpc at z = 3) survey at 1.1 mm, taken with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in the SSA22 field. We observe the core region of a z = 3.09 protocluster, achieving a typical rms sensitivity of 60 μJy beam^(−1) at a spatial resolution of 0"7. We detect 18 robust ALMA sources at a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) > 5. Comparison between the ALMA map and a 1.1 mm map, taken with the AzTEC camera on the Atacama Submillimeter Telescope Experiment (ASTE), indicates that three submillimeter sources discovered by the AzTEC/ASTE survey are resolved into eight individual submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) by ALMA. At least 10 of our 18 ALMA SMGs have spectroscopic redshifts of z sime 3.09, placing them in the protocluster. This shows that a number of dusty starburst galaxies are forming simultaneously in the core of the protocluster. The nine brightest ALMA SMGs with S/N > 10 have a median intrinsic angular size of 0."32_(-0.06)^(+0.13)(2.4_(-0.4^(+1.0 physical kpc at z = 3.09), which is consistent with previous size measurements of SMGs in other fields. As expected, the source counts show a possible excess compared to the counts in the general fields at S_(1.1mm) ≥ 1.0 mJy, due to the protocluster. Our contiguous mm mapping highlights the importance of large-scale structures on the formation of dusty starburst galaxies.

Field of study: Physics
Thermolysis of quaternary salts of 2-methylbenzothiazole and their methylene bases

The pathways of the thermal transformations of quaternary salts of 2-methylbenzothiazole and their methylene bases were investigated. The schemes of the thermal fragmentation of these compounds are discussed. The possibility of the formation of methylene bases in the thermolysis of quaternary salts of 2-methylbenzothiazole is demonstrated.

Field of study: Chemistry
Physicians’ Attitudes towards Euthanasia in Kuwait

The attitudes of physicians in Kuwait towards euthanasia were examined. An additional objective was to examine whether physician characteristics such as nationality, qualifications, years of experience and/or religion affect their attitude toward euthanasia. A comparison was also made between the experience of physicians who generally treat terminally ill patients and those who generally treat non-terminally ill patients in terms of attitudes toward hastening death to alleviate suffering.  A descriptive study using a self-administered questionnaire was conducted among 228 physicians working in 5 selected government hospitals. The response was 92%.  Nearly 92% of all the respondents did not support the provision of means for terminally ill patients to commit suicide while 8% did. A majority favored providing pain killers and comfort even if this hastens the patient’s death. About 20% of the physicians felt that the Ministry of Health should allow euthanasia under certain restricted conditions. About 47% of Hindu, 23% of Christian and 17% of Muslim physicians agreed to the legalization of euthanasia. Approximately 27% of physicians who were frequently exposed and 10% of those who were rarely exposed to terminally ill patients reported that they had been asked to hasten death. Physicians in Kuwait have not dealt with euthanasia as much as physicians in other countries such as Australia and are much less favorable towards it.  The findings of this survey indicate that a minority of physicians in Kuwait believe that euthanasia should be legalized under certain conditions. Thus, there is a need for the medical community and the Ministry of Health to recognize and deal with this controversial topic.

Field of study: Medicine
Electrochemically Modulated Film Permeability: A Functional Film for Controlled Reagent Release

The electrochemical transformation of an insoluble quinone layer has been investigated as the basis of a smart material and its applicability for reagent delivery applications has been assessed. The quinone is shown to form a protective layer whose permeability and susceptibility toward dissolution can be modulated through the imposition of an appropriate electrochemical trigger.

Field of study: Chemistry
Positron-defect profiling in Cd1−xZnxTe wafers after saw cutting

Near-surface damage induced by saw cutting of ingots of Cd1−xZnxTe was investigated by positron-defect depth profiling. The damage extends to several micrometers depth and depends on the cutting apparatus. The samples were polished and etched repeatedly, followed each time by positron-depth profiling. New subsurface damage created during the polishing process is observed. No new damage is observed after etching. Positron-depth profiling is suggested as a diagnostic tool to monitor the quality of sample surfaces.

Field of study: Materials science
A focusing crystal analyser for the rejection of inelastic X-ray scattering.

A focusing crystal analyser has been constructed that allows the rejection of inelastic X-ray scattering during diffuse scattering measurements close to an absorption edge. A Johann geometry was obtained by cylindrical bending of perfect silicon and germanium crystals. The choice of reflection, the effect of bending and the contribution of the source size are discussed in relation to the energy resolution. Measurements at the As K-edge (11.867 keV) and at the Cs K-edge (35.985 keV) are presented to demonstrate that the focusing analyser can be used over a wide energy range. A direct comparison with a flat perfect crystal with comparable energy resolution shows a gain in intensity by a factor of 50.

Field of study: Physics