nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
APPLICATIONS OF LASERS AND OTHER TOPICS IN LASER PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY: Nonlinear processes in the formation of dynamic volume holographic gratings

The solutions of wave equations are used to develop new ideas on the dynamics of the diffraction efficiency of a volume light-induced grating in a medium with a nonlinear refractive index and/or absorption coefficient. It is shown that the earlier solutions have failed to describe satisfactorily the diffraction of radiation by volume phase and amplitude gratings because of distortion of the amplitude–phase profile of the radiation forming the grating. An analysis is made of the influence of the radial distribution of the intensity of the grating-forming beams on the observed changes in the diffraction efficiency. Predictions are made and experimental evidence is provided of the role of nonlinear refraction of a beam as a whole, which is an important factor in the space-time dynamics of the diffracted radiation in the far-field zone.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
A conducting plastic simulating brain tissue.

A new conducting plastic has been composed which accurately simulates the photon and neutron absorption properties of brain tissue. This tissue-equivalent (TE) plastic was formulated to match the hydrogen and nitrogen constituents recommended by ICRU Report #44 for brain tissue. Its development was initiated by the inability of muscle tissue-equivalent plastic to closely approximate brain tissue with respect to low-energy neutron interactions. This new plastic is particularly useful as an electrode in TE dosimetry devices for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), which utilizes low-energy neutrons for radiotherapy of the brain. Absorbed dose measurements in a clinical BNCT beam using a proportional counter constructed from this TE plastic show good agreement with Monte Carlo calculations.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Distribution of mRNA encoding a nitrobenzylthioinosine-insensitive nucleoside transporter (ENT2) in rat brain.

Nucleoside transporters may play a role in regulating levels of extracellular adenosine and adenosine receptor activity. Two members of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter family have recently been cloned. ENT1 is potently inhibited by nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR) (K(i) approximately 1 nM) and was previously found to have a wide distribution in rat and human brain. ENT2 is insensitive to inhibition by NBMPR at low nanomolar concentrations and there is limited information describing its distribution in rat brain. The present study used RT-PCR, northern blot and in situ hybridization and detected rENT2 transcript in several brain regions including hippocampus, cortex, striatum and cerebellum. Our results indicate a wide cellular and regional distribution for ENT2 in rat brain, similar to ENT1, indicating that control of adenosine levels in brain is achieved by multiple transport processes.

Field of study: Biology
Calculation of the gain for transitions in helium-like ions in the range λ<50 nm

A calculation is made of the gain experienced by far ultraviolet radiation in a plasma containing multiply charged helium-like ions. The populations of ionic levels are found by solving a system of rate equations, which allow for radiative decay processes and electron-ion collisions. The solutions are obtained for two cases of optically thin and optically thick plasmas. It is shown that, under steady-state conditions, the inversion density for intercombination transitions reaches 1013–1015 cm–3. The use of stimulated Raman scattering of optical radiation by a plasma of this kind should result in single-pass generation of far ultraviolet radiation (λ~19–40 nm) in an active medium ~0.1–1 cm long.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Monogenic diabetes, renal dysplasia and hypopituitarism: a patient with a HNF1A mutation.

A 38-year-old lady (III.1  was referred to the nephrology services with an increase in her plasma creatinine from 108 μmol/l [normal range (NR) 49–90 μmol/l] to 147 μmol/l over a 5-year period. She had previously been seen by a nephrologist at the age of 19 years when an abdominal ultrasound scan (USS) had shown a dysplastic left kidney as an incidental finding. At that time, an isotope renogram showed preserved function of the right kidney, while the left kidney contributed only 24% of total renal function. There was no history of urinary infection, she was normotensive and 24-h protein excretion was 11.1 mmol/l) at 2 h. She was also affected by congenital combined growth hormone (GH) and gonadotrophin hormone deficiencies, with a small pituitary on MR imaging. Abdominal USS at the age of 19 demonstrated an infantile uterus, and unidentifiable ovaries, consistent with her prepubertal status at the time. 



Figure 1. 
Pedigree, clinical characteristics and genotype of family. Age in years of diagnosis of diabetes, where known. Asterisk indicates HNF1A mutation P291fsinsC identified.  shading top left (diabetes), top right (renal dysplasia), bottom right (growth hormone deficiency), bottom left (hypothyroid).



On clinical review, there was no evidence of diabetic retinopathy or neuropathy. Medications included …

Field of study: Medicine
Thiocarbonyl-based 1,3-dipolarophiles for the synthesis of C(2)-unsubstituted penems

The azomethine ylid strategy for β-lactam synthesis, which involves the fragmentation of a β-lactam-based oxazolidinone to give a carboxylated azomethine ylid, has been extended to the C(2)-unsubstituted penem scaffold associated with C(6)-exoalkylidene penems. This involved the use of S-methyl dithioformate as a reactive 1,3-dipolarophile, which was most effectively employed by initial trapping with cyclopentadiene and subsequent regeneration of S-methyl dithioformate via a retro Diels-Alder reaction in the presence of the requisite oxazolidinone. This provided access to the penam scaffold, and this overall sequence was very effectively accelerated by microwave irradiation. The synthesis of C(2)-unsubstituted penems was then accomplished by application of an oxidative elimination sequence.

Field of study: Chemistry
All quiet in the outer halo:chemical abundances in the globular cluster Pal 3

Globular clusters (GCs) in the outer halo are important probes of the composition and origin of the Galactic stellar halo.  We derive chemical element abundance ratios in red giants belonging to the remote (R ~ 90 kpc) GC Pal 3 and compare our measurements to those for red giant stars in both inner and outer halo GCs.  From high-resolution spectroscopy of four red giants, obtained with the Magellan/MIKE spectrograph at moderately high S/N, we derive chemical abundances for 25 $\alpha$-, iron peak-, and neutron-capture elements. These abundance ratios are confirmed by co-adding low S/N HIRES spectra of 19 stars along the red giant branch.  Pal 3 shows $\alpha$-enhanced abundance patterns, and also its Fe-peak and neutron-capture element ratios, are fully compatible with those found in halo field stars and representative inner halo GCs of the same metallicity (such as M 13). The heavy elements in Pal 3 appear to be governed by r-process nucleosynthesis. Our limited sample does not show any significant star-to-star abundance variations in this cluster, although a weak Na-O anti-correlation cannot be ruled out by the present data.  Pal 3 thus appears as an archetypical GC with abundance ratios dissimilar to dwarf spheroidal stars, ruling out a direct connection to such external systems. This conclusion is underscored by the lack of significant abundance spreads in this GC, in contrast to the broad abundance distributions seen in the dwarf galaxies. Pal 3 appears to have evolved chemically in analogy to the majority of GCs belonging to the Galactic inner and outer halo, experiencing a similar enrichment history.

Field of study: Physics
Understanding Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) Growth: a compendium literature review and standpoints of studies

The desire to grow is the sole channel through which Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) can become big organizations. SME growth is vital for its survival and subsequent expansion. This present paper made attempt to identify the understanding of SME growth issues captured in the prior related literature and standpoint of further studies. A thorough literature review was undertaken to outline issues surrounding firm growth in accordance with the definitions of growth, theoretical perspectives of growth focused on RBV the most authoritative growth theory, measurements of growth, stages of growth, determinants of growth and finally constraints to growth.

Field of study: Business
A Hybrid Approximation Bayesian Test of Variance Components for Longitudinal Data

The test of variance components of possibly correlated random effects in generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) can be used to examine if there exists heterogeneous effects. The Bayesian test with Bayes factors offers a flexible method. In this article, we focus on the performance of Bayesian tests under three reference priors and a conjugate prior: an approximate uniform shrinkage prior, modified approximate Jeffreys' prior, half-normal unit information prior and Wishart prior. To compute Bayes factors, we propose a hybrid approximation approach combining a simulated version of Laplace's method and importance sampling techniques to test the variance components in GLMMs.

Field of study: Mathematics
Design considerations of a parallel recovery scheme for the EDS data base server

The European Declarative System (EDS) is an integrated hardware and software platform for developing advanced information processing systems. The underlying EDS machine is a parallel main memory computer with a shared-nothing architecture. A major goal of the EDS project is to produce a highperformance data base server which can efficiently handle a wide spectrum of applications ranging from simple online transaction processing to complex decision support system. The EDS data base server will be extensively used for commercial applications. For such applications, it is essential that the EDS server be highly reliable and must be able to recover from different kinds of failures. Existing recovery techniques are mainly designed for conventional architectures and are unsuitable for the parallel main memory architecture of the EDS system. In this article, a parallel cooperative recovery scheme for the EDS system is proposed. The advantages of the scheme are that it minimizes interconnection network bottlenecks, it reduces disc I/O overheads, it is inexpensive to implement, it requires no modifications to the existing EDS architecture, and it can use the full processing power of the EDS machine.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Nonparametric Density Estimation from Biased Data with Unknown Biasing Function

We present a kernel estimator for the density of a variable when sampling probabilities depend on that variable. Both the density and sampling bias weight functions are unknown and are estimated nonparametrically. To achieve this, the method requires that two independent samples be taken from a fixed finite population. An estimator of population size follows simply from our density estimator. Asymptotic bias and standard errors for these estimators are provided, and the methodology is illustrated both on simulation data and on a dual-list dataset of aboriginal people in the Vancouver-Richmond area of Canada.

Field of study: Mathematics
Fabrication of Completely Polymer-Based Solar Cells with p- and n-Type Semiconducting Block Copolymers with Electrically Inert Polystyrene

It is widely recognized that fullerene derivatives show several advantages as n-type materials in photovoltaic applications. However, conventional [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) exhibits weak absorption in the visible region, and poor morphological stability, due to the facile aggregation. For further improvement of the device performance and durability, utilization of n-type polymeric materials instead of PCBM is considered to be a good way to solve the problems. In this study, we fabricated completely polymer-based solar cells utilizing p- and n-type block copolymers consisting of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and poly{[N,N′-bis(2-octyldodecyl)naphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-2,6-diyl]-alt-5,5′-(2,2′-bithiophene)} [P(NDI2OD-T2)], respectively, containing common polystyrene (PSt) inert blocks, which decreased the size of phase separated structures. Electron mobility in synthesized P(NDI2OD-T2)-b-PSt film enhanced by a factor of 8 compared with homopolymer. The root mean square roughness of the blend film of two block copolymers (12.2 nm) was decreased, compared with that of the simple homopolymers blend (18.8 nm). From the current density-voltage characteristics, it was confirmed that the introduction of PSt into both P3HT and P(NDI2OD-T2) improves short-circuit current density (1.16 to 1.73 mA cm−2) and power-conversion efficiency (0.24% to 0.32%). Better performance is probably due to the uniformity of the phase separation, and the enhancement of charge mobility.

Field of study: Materials science
Scanning photocurrent microscopy reveals electron-hole asymmetry in ionic liquid-gated WS2 transistors

We perform scanning photocurrent microscopy on WS2 ionic liquid-gated field effect transistors exhibiting high-quality ambipolar transport. By properly biasing the gate electrode, we can invert the sign of the photocurrent showing that the minority photocarriers are either electrons or holes. Both in the electron- and hole-doping regimes the photocurrent decays exponentially as a function of the distance between the illumination spot and the nearest contact, in agreement with a two-terminal Schottky-barrier device model. This allows us to compare the value and the doping dependence of the diffusion length of the minority electrons and holes on a same sample. Interestingly, the diffusion length of the minority carriers is several times larger in the hole accumulation regime than in the electron accumulation regime, pointing out an electron-hole asymmetry in WS2.

Field of study: Physics
Nutritional effect of nandrolone decanoate in predialysis patients with chronic kidney disease.

The study objective was to examine the nutritional effect of nandrolone decanoate, an androgen derivative, in predialysis patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).



This was a prospective and experimental study.



The study was performed at the institutional level of clinical care.



Twenty-nine predialysis patients with CKD, with a glomerular filtration rate between 5 and 30 mL/min and moderate to severe malnutrition, were included and randomly divided into control (n = 13) and nandrolone decanoate (NAN, n = 16) groups.



Patients in the control group received optimally conventional treatment of CKD. Patients in the NAN group, in addition to the conventional treatment, were intramuscularly injected with nandrolone decanoate at the dose of 100 mg per for 3 months.



Nutritional markers, including lean body mass (LBM), normalized protein catabolic rate, serum albumin, and lipids, were determined at baseline and 3-month periods.



Baseline parameters in both groups were not different. After 3 months, the patients in the NAN group had increased LBM (P < .01) and decreased serum albumin levels (P < .05), but no changes in the values of normalized protein catabolic rate, serum lipids, hematocrit, and glomerular filtration rate. No alterations in all parameters were identified in the control group. Changes in LBM in the NAN group were significantly higher than in the control group (P < .05). Minor adverse effects were observed in a few patients in the NAN group.



Nandrolone decanoate expresses an anabolic effect on LBM without altering the renal function and thus would provide nutritional benefit in predialysis patients with CKD.

Field of study: Medicine
Hard Thermal Loops from Transport Processes

This paper discusses attempts to numerically compute the effects of hard thermal loops in non-abelian gauge theories at finite temperature by means of solutions of Heinz' transport equation for an ensemble of classical colored particles interacting with a real-time lattice gauge field. Results for the real-time response functions and the Chern-Simons number diffusion rate in the unbroken SU(2) guage theory are presented.

Field of study: Physics
Configuring ZCS for continuous-valued single-step Boolean problems

In this paper we investigate the performance and operation of a Learning Classifier System on problems with real-valued states and a Boolean action space. Specifically, we study aspects of the algorithm and parameter set of the simple strength-based Learning Classifier System used, ZCS. Increased performance is found to result from the use of an 
update algorithm based on that of NewBoole, an earlier strength-based Learning Classifier System and a new operator, specialize, is introduced and found to be effective in ...

Field of study: Philosophy
Control of steady‐state photosynthesis in sunflowers growing in enhanced CO2

Control coefficients were used to describe the degree to which ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) limits the steady-state rate of CO2 assimilation in sunflower leaves from plants grown at high (800 μmol mol−1) and low (350 μmol mol−1) CO2. The magnitude of a control coefficient is approximately the percentage change in the flux that would result from a 1% rise in enzyme active site concentration. In plants grown at low CO2, leaves of different ages varied considerably in their photosynthetic capacities. In a saturating light flux and an ambient CO2 concentration of 350 μmol mol−1, the Rubisco control coefficient was about 0.7 in all leaves, indicating that Rubisco activity largely limited the assimilation flux. The Rubisco control coefficient for leaves grown at 350 μmol mol−1 CO2 dropped to about zero when the ambient CO2 concentration was raised to 800 μmol mol−1. In relatively young, fully expanded leaves of plants grown at high CO2, the Rubisco control coefficient was also about 0.7 at a saturating light flux and at the CO2 concentration at which the plants were grown (800 μmol mol−1). This apparently resulted from a decrease in the concentration of Rubisco active sites. In older leaves, however, the control coefficient was about 0.2. Because, on the whole, Rubisco activity still largely limits the assimilation flux in plants grown at high CO2, the kinetics of this enzyme can still be used to model photosynthesis under these conditions. The relatively high Rubisco control coefficient under enhanced CO2 indicates that the young sunflower leaves have the capacity to acclimate their photosynthetic biochemistry in a way consistent with an optimal use of protein resources.

Field of study: Environmental science
[An analysis of the peptide composition of a 'light' peptide fraction of cerebrolysin].

To analyze the peptide composition of a light peptide fraction of cerebrolysin.



Mass spectrometry (MS) with orbital ion traps and modern de novo MS-sequencing algorithms was performed.



The amino acid sequences of 14 635 peptides corresponding to the 1643 porcine proteome neuronal proteins are identified. An analysis of the human proteome annotation shows that these peptides can mimic the corresponding human peptides. In particular, 405 peptide fragments correspond to 300 known biologically active peptides, including fragments of antibacterial peptides (defensins, histatins), immunomodulatory (granulin, manserin) and vasoactive (endothelin, VIP) peptides. At the same time, 8953 of 14 635 peptides can modulate the activity of 275 human signaling proteins, including kinases CDK1, CDK2, TGFBR2, GSK3, MTOR, pro-apoptotic caspases CASP1, CASP3 and CASP6 etc. The results confirm the presence of Leu- and Met-enkephalins, fragments of neuropeptide orexin, neuropeptide VF, galanin and nerve growth factor that have a neurotrophic effect.



The results of a proteomic study of the peptide composition of cerebrolysin indicate the widest range of molecular mechanisms responsible for the clinical efficacy of this drug.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Synthesis and Properties of Silica and Alginate Hybrid Aerogel Particles with Embedded Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) for Selective Sorption

The manuscript describes methods for producing hybrid silica microparticles and hybrid alginate beads with carbon nanotube (CNT) contents up to 4.5 and 30 wt.%, respectively. Silica hybrid aerogel microparticles with embedded nanotubes were obtained using a two-stage sol⁻gel method with a gelling process in an oil-emulsion. Alginate hybrid aerogels with embedded nanotubes were obtained using cross-linking reactions. The following methods were used to measure the structural characteristics of obtained materials: nitrogen adsorption porosimetry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and others. It is shown that specific surface area and pore volume increase with the increase of CNT content in silica aerogel microparticles. Obtained aerogels were tested as adsorbents for argon⁻oxygen separation. The alginate hybrid aerogel with 30 wt.% CNT content has the best argon adsorption selectivity.

Field of study: Materials science
New federalism, intra-governmental relations and co-governance in Mexico

Evidence from six Mexican states is analyzed about changes in government organisation and performance arising from decentralisation and the recasting of federalism structures. Spurred by rising pluralism, greater electoral transparency, alternancia , and willingness of the Centre to ‘let go’, a more genuine structure of shared powers is emerging between the executive (governors), the legislature and the judiciary. The government bureaucracy is undergoing modernisation, and governors are seeking to share power with legislatures as a means of sharing the responsibilities of statecraft. Local congresses are exercising greater ‘checks’ and ‘balances’ vis-a-vis the executive branch. Finally, the judiciary is beginning to be reorganised, particularly at the national (Supreme Court) level, where it is starting to develop jurisprudence relating to inter- and intra-governmental relations.

Field of study: Political science
Efficient and Robust Load and Displacement Transfer Scheme Using Weighted Least Squares

Nomenclature Σ diagonal matrix of singular values λ D vector of Lagrange multipliers for displacement transfer residual λ L vector of Lagrange multipliers for load transfer residual D displacement transfer residual H covariance matrix I identity matrix L load transfer residual R rotation U left singular vectors V right singular vectors X matrix of Lagrange multipliers enforcing SVD constraint Y symmetric matrix of Lagrange multipliers enforcing unitary constraint Z matrix of Lagrange multipliers in second-order Lagrangian d vector from weighted centroid of initial structural node locations to initial aerodynamic node location fA force on aerodynamic surface node fS,n force on structural node n *Graduate Research Assistant, School of Aerospace Engineering, and AIAA Student Member †Assistant Professor, School of Aerospace Engineering, and AIAA Senior Member

Field of study: Physics