nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Milnor fiber of a generic arrangement

and F f l ( 1 ) is the Milnor fiber of the map f . Let ~=exp(27~i/n). Let h*: H*(F) ---~H*(F) be the monodromy induced by h(zl,...,zl)=(~zl,...,~zz). Consider all homology and cohomology with complex coefficients and let bk=dim Hk(F) be the k-th Betti number of F. Since F is a Stein space of dimension ( / 1 ) we have H k ( F ) = 0 for k>_l. If f has an isolated singularity it is known from Milnor's work that bk(F)=0 for l < k < l 2 and that bz_t(F)=(n-1) l. The characteristic polynomial of the automorphism induced by the monodromy on Hz-I(F) was computed in . In  we gave an explicit basis of differential forms for the nonvanishing group HI-I(F). The classes are all represented as restrictions to F of differential forms qw where q is a homogeneous polynomial and

Field of study: Mathematics
Starting Short Circuit ＆ No－load Test of Bulb Type Hydrogenerator

：This paper discusses the method of treatment of hydrogenerator data in general short circuit and noload test．To fit in with general ruleall values have been expressed as per unit on rating and described in function．Here also adopted calculation of short circuit ratio、synchronous reactance、saturation coefficient．The reference mark of excitation current is the value of generator rotor＇s circuit when the stator current value was equal to the rated current in the course of three armature phases in short circuit．This way is different to the general ones．Such way does good to the calculating．

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Transdermal Permeation of Trimetazidine from Nerodilol-Based HPMC Gel Drug Reservoir System across Rat Epidermis

To study the in vitro transdermal permeation of trimetazidine from hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) gel drug reservoir system using nerodilol as a penetration enhancer.  An HPMC gel containing selected concentrations of nerodilol (0, 2, 4 or 5% w/v) and 2.5% w/v of trimetazidine was prepared, and subjected to in vitro permeation studies across rat epidermis. The amount of trimetazidine permeated at different time intervals (1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 18 and 24 h) was estimated, and the data were analyzed to calculate various permeation parameters.  There was an increase in the amount of trimetazidine (8,719.7 ± 153.3 µg/cm2)permeated across the rat epidermis up to 24 h (Q24) with an increase in nerodilol concentration (5% w/v) in HPMC gel drug reservoir. However, no significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed in the amount of drug permeated (Q24) with 5% w/v of nerodilol when compared to that obtained with 4% w/v of nerodilol (8,484.5 ± 165.8 µg/cm2). Nerodilol, at a concentration of 4% w/v enhanced the flux of trimetazidine across rat epidermis by about 1.96 times when compared to control.  The HPMC gel drug reservoir containing 4% w/v of nerodilol showed optimal transdermal permeation of trimetazidine.

Field of study: Medicine
Multi-species relationships in legume roots: From pairwise legume-symbiont interactions to the plant - microbiome - soil continuum.

Mutualistic relationships of legume plants with, either bacteria (like rhizobia) or fungi (like arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi), have been investigated intensively, usually as bi-partite interactions. However, diverse symbiotic interactions take place simultaneously or sequentially under field conditions. Their collective, but not additive, contribution to plant growth and performance remains hard to predict, and appears to be furthermore affected by crop species and genotype, non-symbiotic microbial interactions and environmental variables. The challenge is: (1) to unravel the complex overlapping mechanisms that operate between the microbial symbionts as well as between them, their hosts and the rhizosphere (2) to understand the dynamics of the respective mechanisms in evolutionary and ecological terms. The target for agriculture, food security and the environment, is to use this insight as a solid basis for developing new integrated technologies, practices and strategies for the efficient use of beneficial microbes in legumes and other plants. We review recent advances in our understanding of the symbiotic interactions in legumes roots brought about with the aid of molecular and bioinformatics tools. We go through single symbiont-host interactions, proceed to tripartite symbiont-host interactions, appraise interactions of symbiotic and associative microbiomes with plants in the root-rhizoplane-soil continuum of habitats and end up by examining attempts to validate community ecology principles in the legume-microbe-soil biosystem.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Design of Propeller Duct for Small Multi-Rotor Aircraft

The design of the isolated propeller duct for multi-rotor aircraft has been investigated by using numerical simulation. The paper is intended to discuss the influences of three factors, i.e., the profile of the duct, the angle of incidence in the duct’s profile, and the spacing between the propeller tip and the duct’s inner wall, on the static performance of the ducted propeller system. Simulation results show that the pull of one propeller in a duct system is smaller than that of an isolated propeller, but the overall pull of the system is greater than that of the isolated propeller. When the airfoil with a large lift-to-drag (L/D) ratio is adopted as the profile of the duct, and the duct’s inner wall is set in the expansion type, the overall pull is substantially increased with the other conditions unchanged. If the airfoil with a large L/D ratio is adopted as the profile of the duct, and its designed angle of incidence is set at 0 degree, the ducted propeller system have the largest pull coefficient, and so on. By exploring the optimal design and pattern of the propeller duct, some propositions have been made in an attempt to improve the design method.

Field of study: Engineering
Retrospection of "cooperative learning" developed in physical education teaching

Basic theoretical criteria for cooperative learning in physical education teaching mainly include efficiency,pressure relief,mental health,social cooperation and the cultivation of other capacities and qualities;"cooperative learning" in physical education teaching is a process containing both "learning" and "teaching",learning and cultivation as well as coordination,cooperative learning and individual learning,cooperation and competition."Cooperative learning" in physical education teaching has different forms of deployment from the perspectives of time,content,task,role and job assignment.The authors put forward several requirements and precautions for specific application of cooperative learning in physical education teaching,including such aspects as the cultivation of cooperative awareness,spirit and capacity,as well as applicable conditions for cooperative learning.

Field of study: Education
Integration of Transcriptome, Gross Morphology and Histopathology in the Gill of Sea Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar): Lessons From Multi-Site Sampling

The gill of teleost fish is a multifunctional organ involved in many physiological processes such as gas exchange, osmotic and ionic regulation, acid-base balance and excretion of nitrogenous waste. Due to its extensive interface with the environment, the gill plays a key role as a primary mucosal defense tissue against pathogens, as manifested by the presence of the gill-associated lymphoid tissue (GIALT). In recent years, the prevalence of multifactorial gill pathologies has increased significantly, causing substantial losses in Atlantic salmon aquaculture. The transition from healthy to unhealthy gill phenotypes and the progression of multifactorial gill pathologies, such as proliferative gill disease (PGD), proliferative gill inflammation (PGI) and complex gill disorder (CGD), are commonly characterized by epithelial hyperplasia, lamellar fusion and inflammation. Routine monitoring for PGD relies on visual inspection and non-invasive scoring of the gill tissue (gross morphology), coupled with histopathological examination of gill sections. To explore the underlying molecular events that are associated with the progression of PGD, we sampled Atlantic salmon from three different marine production sites in Scotland and examined the gill tissue at three different levels of organization: gross morphology with the use of PGD scores (macroscopic examination), whole transcriptome (gene expression by RNA-seq) and histopathology (microscopic examination). Our results strongly suggested that the changes in PGD scores of the gill tissue were not associated with the changes in gene expression or histopathology. In contrast, integration of the gill RNA-seq data with the gill histopathology enabled us to identify common gene expression patterns associated with multifactorial gill disease, independently from the origin of samples. We demonstrated that the gene expression patterns associated with multifactorial gill disease were dominated by two processes: a range of immune responses driven by pro-inflammatory cytokines and the events associated with tissue damage and repair, driven by caspases and angiogenin.

Field of study: Biology
Art Systems: Brazil and the 1970s by Elena Shtromberg (review)

showing the role biologists (and the museum) played as instruments in this nation building process. Readers should be aware that Duarte has contributed significantly to the historiography of environmental history, although the link between that work and this book is not very apparent. The focus here is not on environmental history—as some readers may assume—but on politics and the use of science for the fulfillment of specific governmental objectives.

Field of study: History
Stimulation of Suicidal Erythrocyte Death by α-Lipoic Acid

Α-lipoic acid, a nutrient with both, antioxidant and oxidant activity induces apoptosis in a variety of cells. Owing to its proapoptotic potency Α-lipoic acid has been suggested for the therapy of cancer. Α-Lipoic acid stimulates apoptosis by induction of oxidative stress and subsequent activation of caspases. Oxidative stress could similarly trigger caspase activation and suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis, which is characterized by cell membrane scrambling and cell shrinkage. Eryptosis is triggered by increase of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and/or ceramide formation. The present study explored whether Α -lipoic acid influences eryptosis. Cell membrane scrambling was estimated from binding of annexin V to phosphatidylserine at the erythrocyte surface, cell volume from forward scatter in FACS analysis, cytosolic Ca2+ concentration from Fluo3 fluorescence, caspase activation and ceramide formation utilizing respective antibodies, cytosolic ATP concentration from a luciferase-assay. Within 48 hours, exposure to Α-lipoic acid (10 - 75 mM) significantly decreased forward scatter, increased cytosolic Ca2+ concentration, decreased ATP concentration, activated caspase 3, stimulated formation of ceramide and triggered annexin V-binding. Glucose depletion (48 h) was followed by decrease of forward scatter and increase of annexin V-binding, effects significantly augmented in the presence of Α-lipoic acid (20 mM). Oxidative stress (30 min 0.3 mM tert-butylhydroperoxide) similarly triggered annexin binding, an effect slightly but significantly blunted by Α-lipoic acid. In conclusion, Α-lipoic acid triggers eryptosis but by the same token counteracts eryptosis during oxidative stress. Α-lipoic acid sensitive eryptosis may lead to anemia and derangements of microcirculation.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Design Optimization of SBS-Modified Asphalt Mixture Reinforced with Eco-Friendly Basalt Fiber Based on Response Surface Methodology

This paper investigates the effects of basalt fiber content, length and asphalt-aggregate ratio on the volumetric and strength properties of styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS)-modified asphalt mixture reinforced with eco-friendly basalt fiber. An experimental scheme was designed to optimize three preparation parameters for the Marshall test indices based on response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that basalt fiber content presents a more significant effect on air voids, voids in mineral aggregates and voids filled with asphalt. Basalt fiber length is more related to Marshall stability, and flow value exhibits a significant variation trend with asphalt-aggregate ratio. The optimization of preparation parameters is determined as follows: basalt fiber content is 0.34%, length is 6 mm, asphalt-aggregate ratio is 6.57%, which possesses favorable and reliable accuracy compared with experimental results. Furthermore, basalt fiber reinforced asphalt binder and mixture were also studied, and it was found that basalt fiber can enhance the performance of asphalt binder and mixture in terms of cone penetration, softening point, force ductility, as well as pavement performance tests.

Field of study: Materials science
A comparison of sensitivity to oxotremorine and muscarinic receptors in LS and SS mice.

Several studies have suggested that ethanol interacts with muscarinic cholinergic systems in the brain. In order to assess whether muscarinic systems regulate sensitivity to ethanol, the effects of oxotremorine pretreatment on sensitivity to ethanol were determined in the long-sleep (LS) and short-sleep (SS) mice, which were selectively bred for differential sensitivity to ethanol. In addition, the relative sensitivity of these two lines to intraperitoneally (ip) injected oxotremorine and total muscarinic receptors, as measured by quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) binding, M1 receptor subtypes, as measured by pirenzepine (PZ) binding, and ratios of high and low agonist affinity were measured in seven brain regions. SS mice were more sensitive to oxotremorine-induced increases in sensitivity to ethanol but the LS mice were more sensitive to the effects elicited by ip oxotremorine injection. Because the effects of oxotremorine were blocked by scopolamine but not by methylscopolamine, it is likely that the effects of oxotremorine that were measured are centrally mediated. QNB binding did not differ between the LS and SS mice except for cortex where the SS mice exhibited slightly larger numbers. The mouse lines did not differ in the number of M1 receptors or in ratio of high to low affinity agonist sites. Therefore, it does not seem likely that differences in receptor numbers are important in regulating the differential sensitivities of the LS and SS mice to oxotremorine or ethanol. Differences in receptor coupling processes may be critically involved.

Field of study: Medicine
Estimation of higher-order damping terms in linear plate models

In this paper we consider the estimation of damping parameters in equations that include Kelvin-Voight damping models. We determine optimality conditions that characterize optimal regularized output least squares estimators and obtain sufficient conditions for the positivity of Lagrange multipliers. These results imply regularity properties of the optimal estimators and their stability with respect to perturbation of data. Approximation and numerical results are obtained as well.

Field of study: Mathematics
A citric acid method to prepare LiMn2O4 for lithium-ion batteries

A new simplified technique (citric acid method) has been adopted to synthesize LiMn 2 O 4 , and the influence of synthesis conditions on the electrochemical properties of the products has also been studied. The Li/Mn ratio and synthesis temperature are the key factors to affect the electrochemical characteristics of the resultant products. The LiMn 2 O 4 synthesized with the optimum synthesis conditions has a perfect spinel structure and shows excellent performance.

Field of study: Materials science
Extinction selectivity and ecology in planktonic foraminifera

Planktonic foraminifera have radiated three times since the mid-Cretaceous and independently evolved similar morphological groups and patterns of species longevity in each diversification. All morphological groups include substantial numbers of short-ranging species, but only some groups include large numbers of long-ranging taxa. The long ranges of these ‘extinction-resistant’ taxa are unlikely to be due to systematic differences in geographic range, body size, or taxonomic practice. Instead, life history traits such as trophic ecology and factors influencing population structure are closely correlated with species longevity during each of the radiations. Generation time and reproductive output are correlated with longevity in living species but the significance of these factors for extinct taxa is unknown. Other variables such as depth distribution are inversely correlated with longevity in Neogene and Cretaceous biotas, but not in Paleogene foraminifera. Perhaps the ability to use a wide variety of food types and maintenance of large populations contribute to extinction resistance. It is possible that these traits are correlated with life in geologically persistent watermasses. Indeed, long-ranging species are concentrated in geologically old, stable environments in the oligotrophic gyres and waters below the thermocline. In contrast, species that live in ephemeral boundary layers are frequently short-ranging. It may be the stability and trophic conditions in water-masses have been the ultimate arbitrators of species longevity.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Indolopyridines with a hetero atom at a position of fusion. 6. Electrophilic substitution in indolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline

Nitration, halogenation, azo coupling, aminomethylation, hydroxymethylation, and acylation reactions of indolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline in a neutral or weakly acid medium gave derivatives at the C(11) position (the pyrrole ring). Using nitrosation as an example, it was shown that electrophilic substitution at the benzene ring of the indole fragment can occur in a strongly acid medium.

Field of study: Chemistry
The potential role of JAK2/STAT3 pathway on the anti-apoptotic effect of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) after experimental traumatic brain injury of rats.

Previous studies indicate that administration of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) protects cortical neurons following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The mechanisms of rhEPO's neuroprotection are complex and interacting, including anti-apoptosis. Here we aim to demonstrate the role of janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) pathway on the anti-apoptotic effect of rhEPO in Feeney free falling TBI model. Activation of JAK2/STAT3 in pericontusional cortex was analyzed among rats in Sham, TBI, TBI+rhEPO, TBI+rhEPO+AG490 groups (rhEPO: 5000 U/kg day; JAK2 inhibitor AG490: 5 mg/kg day, intraperitoneal) through Western blotting, electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl expression (Q-PCR, Western blotting) and cell apoptosis (TUNEL) in pericontusional cortex were also detected in each group. As a result, we found that TBI could activate JAK2 and STAT3, and increase cell apoptosis in pericontusional cortex. RhEPO enhanced the expression of p-JAK2 and p-STAT3, up-regulated the mRNA and protein levels of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl, followed by increased cell survival. Moreover, AG490 attenuated rhEPO's neuroprotection by down-regulating rhEPO-induced activation of JAK2/STAT3, and inhibiting Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl. These results suggest the essential role of JAK2/STAT3 pathway on the anti-apoptotic benefit of post-TBI rhEPO treatment.

Field of study: Medicine
Identification of miR393 by RT-PCR and Cloning of miR393 Precursor in Cassava

miRNAs play important roles in the growth of cassava.In this study,the expression of miR393 was identified in cassava by RT-PCR.The miR393 precursor was cloned and sequenced from cassava through comparative genomics approach.The secondary structure was predicted.The sequence homology was compared with that from other species.Results showed that pre-miR393 was not highly conserved among different species,but matured miR393 sequence was highly conserved among different species.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
X-ray Emission From Accretion Disks of AGN: Signatures of Supermassive Black Holes

In this chapter we discuss the X-ray radiation from relativistic accretion disks around supermassive black holes, supposed to exist in the centers of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). Our focus is on the X-ray radiation, especially in the Fe K$\alpha$ line which originates in the innermost parts of an accretion disk. Moreover, here we discuss some effects which can disturb the Fe K$\alpha$ profile and cause its rapid and irregular variability, observed in the X-ray spectra of some AGN. We will pay attention to three such effects: perturbations in the disk emissivity, absorbtion by warm absorbers and gravitational microlensing. The X-ray emission from accretion disks around non-rotating (Schwarzschild metric), as well as rotating (Kerr metric) supermassive black holes, is discussed. The X-ray radiation of AGN is probably produced in a compact region near their central supermassive black holes, and can provide us some essential information about the plasma conditions and the space-time geometry in these regions. The goal of this chapter is mainly to present a short overview of some important and recent investigations in this field.

Field of study: Physics
Organizational Characteristics Influencing SME Information Security Maturity

In the current business environment, many organizations use popular standards such as the ISO 27000x series, COBIT, and related frameworks to protect themselves against security incidents. However, these standards and frameworks are overly complicated for small to medium-sized enterprises, leaving these organizations with no easy to understand toolkit to address their security needs. This research builds upon the recent Information Security Focus Area Maturity (ISFAM) model for SME information security as a cornerstone in the development of an assessment tool for tailor-made, fast, and easy-to-use information security advice for SMEs. By performing an extensive literature review and evaluating the results with security experts, we propose the Characterizing Organizations’ Information Security for SMEs (CHOISS) model to relate measurable organizational characteristics in four categories through 47 parameters to help SMEs distinguish and prioritize which risks to mitigate.

Field of study: Computer science
Immunoproteasome in the blood plasma of children with acute appendicitis, and its correlation with proteasome and UCHL1 measured by SPR imaging biosensors

The aim of this study was to determinate the immunoproteasome concentration in the blood plasma of children with appendicitis, and its correlation with circulating proteasome and ubiquitin carboxyl‐terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1). Twenty‐seven children with acute appendicitis, managed at the Paediatric Surgery Department, were included randomly into the study (age 2 years 9 months up to 14 years, mean age 9·5 ± 1 years). There were 10 girls and 17 boys; 18 healthy, age‐matched subjects, admitted for planned surgeries served as controls. Mean concentrations of immunoproteasome, 20S proteasome and UCHL1 in the blood plasma of children with appendicitis before surgery 24 h and 72 h after the appendectomy were higher than in the control group. The immunoproteasome, 20S proteasome and UCHL1 concentrations in the blood plasma of patients with acute appendicitis were highest before surgery. The immunoproteasome, 20S proteasome and UCHL1 concentration measured 24 and 72 h after the operation decreased slowly over time and still did not reach the normal range (P < 0·05). There was no statistical difference between immunoproteasome, 20S proteasome and UCHL1 concentrations in children operated on laparoscopically and children after classic appendectomy. The immunoproteasome concentration may reflect the metabolic response to acute state inflammation, and the process of gradual ebbing of the inflammation may thus be helpful in the assessment of the efficacy of treatment. The method of operation – classic open appendectomy or laparoscopic appendectomy – does not influence the general trend in immunoproteasome concentration in children with appendicitis.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine