nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Superconducting vibrator for low frequency emission

The feasibility of superconducting magnets using low frequency generators is investigated. Namely superconducting magnet systems consisting of two coaxial DC coils and operating as a magnetic quadrupole is developed. This system generates a radial magnetic field up to 1 T in a "warm" volume of 16 cm in diameter and 20 cm long. In this nearly space-constant field a copper coil is placed at a temperature of 77 K. This coil is energized with DC and AC current in the 1-100 Hz range. Forces and characteristic of the forced vibration of both rotor and rotor with iron core are calculated and measured. An influence of AC magnetic field of the copper coil on losses in the superconducting windings is analyzed measured by a thermocouple inside the winding.

Field of study: Physics
A novel interaction of magnesium translocation with the supply of phosphorus to roots of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)

The role of phosphorus (P) in leaf magnesium (Mg) concentrations and photosynthesis was investigated in field and glasshouse experiments with grapevine (Vitis vinifera L., cvs. Chenin blane. Chardonnay, and Carignane). In the field, leaves of vines growing on soil with low available P exhibited symptoms of Mg deficiency and had low P and Mg concentrations. The rate of photosynthesis for leaves of untreated control vines was approximately 0.7 nmol CO2 cm 2 s 1. When P fertilizer was applied to the soil, Mg deficiency symptoms were eliminated, and leaf P and Mg concentrations increased to above critical levels. When Mg was applied as a foliar spray, leaf Mg increased to above critical levels, but leaf P did not change significantly. In both experiments, the rate of photosynthesis increased to greater than 1.0 nmol CO2 cm 2 s 1 after nutrient applications. Thus, under low soil P conditions, leaf photosynthesis was limited by leaf Mg concentrations. In glasshouse experiments in which vines were grown with and without P for three seasons, Mg accumulated in large roots of - P vines to approximately twice the concentration found in roots of + P vines. Analysis of the xylem exudate from detopped plants showed that Mg concentration in xylem sap of + P vines was twice as great as that in - P vines. When P was supplied to - P vines, the concentration of Mg increased to the concentration of + P vines within 2 days. The results show that the translocation of Mg from roots to shoots of grapevine is dependent upon P supply to the roots and suggest that Mg translocation is more sensitive than uptake to P supply.

Field of study: Environmental science
Palladium‐Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation Reactions of Glycolates as a Tool for the Synthesis of Functionalized α‐Hydroxy Esters

Deprotonated tert-butyl glycolates were found to be suitable nucleophiles for Pd-catalyzed allylic alkylation reactions to generate γ,δ-unsaturated α-hydroxy acid derivatives. This protocol is suitable for the introduction of different side chains and includes stannylated ones. These can be subjected to further cross-coupling reactions, which gives access to a wide range of structural motifs.

Field of study: Chemistry
A Pose Estimation Algorithm for Polyhedral Objects in X-Ray Image (特集 実環境におけるマシンビジョン適用技術)

In an x-ray vision, identifying the pose, i. e. the position and orientation of objects from x-ray projection images is extremely important to monitor in real time and analyze mechanical parts which are invisible from outside. It is assumed here that the x-ray imaging conditions that include the relative coordinates of the x-ray source and the image plane are predetermined and the object geometry is known. In this situation, an x-ray image of an object at a given pose can be estimated computationally by using a priori known x-ray projection image model. It is based on the assumption that a pose of an object can be determined uniquely to a given x-ray projection image. Thus, once we have the numerical model of x-ray imaging process, x-ray image of the known object at any pose could be estimated. Then, among these estimated images, the best matched image could be searched and found. When adequate features in the images are available instead of the image itself, the problem becomes easier and simpler. In this work, we propose an efficient pose estimation algorithm for polyhedral objects whose image features consist of corner points and edge lines in their projection images. Based on the corner points and lines found in the images, the best-matched pose of a polyhedral object can be determined. To achieve this, we proposed an adequate and efficient image processing algorithm to extract the features of objects in x-ray images. The performance of the algorithm is discussed in detail including the limitations of the method. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method a series of simulation studies is carried out for various imaging conditions.

Field of study: Computer science
Thermoelectric Properties of the Homologous Compounds Pb5Bi6Se14−xIx (x = 0.0, 0.025, and 0.05)

Homologous compounds represent an interesting platform for design of new thermoelectric materials. We report herein on synthesis, structural and chemical characterizations, and high-temperature (300 K to 700 K) transport properties measurements of Pb5Bi6Se14−xIx (x = 0.0, 0.025, and 0.05) homologous compounds. Successful insertion of iodine into the crystal structure of Pb5Bi6Se14 was confirmed by its influence on the transport properties. The doping effectiveness of iodine was demonstrated by the increase in the electron concentration, resulting in more pronounced metallic character of transport with respect to undoped Pb5Bi6Se14. The peak ZT value of 0.5, which was achieved at 700 K in the x = 0.025 sample, remains similar to that obtained in Pb5Bi6Se14.

Field of study: Materials science
The Detection of Malingering

A 60-item paper-and-pencil inventory showed a 98% “hit-rate” in distinguishing between honest and simulated malingering protocols produced by 29 nonclinical subjects who took the inventory in both the honest and faked conditions. When instructed to take the Wildman Symptom Checklist “as if applying for some kind of disability compensation,” subjects endorsed a significantly higher number of the self-statements which appear clinically unbelievable. Independent replication is now required

Field of study: Psychology
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Reversible recording of holograms in glassy chalcogenide semiconductors at elevated temperatures

An investigation was made of the influence of temperature on the optical properties of plane-parallel plates (0.2–0.8 mm thick) of glassy arsenic sulfide. At elevated temperatures, close to the glass-transition temperature (180°C), the hologram-recording properties of this material improved considerably: the parameters were found to be stable in reversible recording, the maximum possible diffraction efficiency increased to ~50%, and the sensitivity of the plates to the radiation became greater (the hologram recording time fell to several seconds). It was found possible to record information in real time and to read holograms nondestructively in As2S3 plates with the same He–Ne laser beam (632.8 nm).

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
A comparison of the secondary structure of human brain mitochondrial and cytosolic 'malic' enzyme investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.

The secondary structure of human brain cytosolic and mitochondrial 'malic' enzymes purified to homogeneity has been investigated by Fourier-transform IR spectroscopy. The absorbance IR spectra of these two isoenzymes were slightly different, but calculated secondary-structure compositions were essentially similar (38% alpha-helix, 38-39% beta-sheet, 14% beta-turn and 9-10% random structure). These proportions were not affected by succinate, a positive effector of mitochondrial 'malic' enzyme activity. IR spectra indicate that the tertiary structures of human brain cytosolic and mitochondrial 'malic' enzymes are slightly different, and addition of succinate does not cause conformational changes to the tertiary structure of the mitochondrial enzyme. Thermal-denaturation patterns of the cytosolic and mitochondrial enzymes, obtained from spectra recorded at different temperatures in the absence or presence of Mg2+, suggest that the tertiary structure of both isoenzymes is stabilized by bivalent cations and that the cytosolic enzyme possesses a more compact tertiary structure.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Multilayer thin-film structures with high spatial dispersion.

We demonstrate how to design thin-film multilayer structures that separate multiple wavelength channels with a single stack by spatial dispersion, thus allowing compact manufacturable wavelength multiplexers and demultiplexers and possibly beam-steering or dispersion-control devices. We discuss four types of structure--periodic one-dimensional photonic crystal superprism structures, double-chirped structures exploiting wavelength-dependent penetration depth, coupled-cavity structures with dispersion that is due to stored energy, and numerically optimized nonperiodic structures utilizing a mixture of the other dispersion effects. We experimentally test the spatial dispersion of a 200-layer periodic structure and a 66-layer nonperiodic structure. Probably because of its greater design freedom, the nonperiodic structure can give both a linear shift with wavelength and a larger usable shift than the thicker periodic structure gives.

Field of study: Physics
Differential activity of granulocyte-macrophage and macrophage colony stimulating factors on bone resorption in fetal rat long bone organ cultures.

In this study, the ability of recombinant human macrophage (M) and murine granulocyte-macrophage (GM) colony stimulating factor (CSF) to affect both basal and stimulated bone resorption in fetal rat long-bone organ cultures was assessed. It was found that M-CSF does not affect basal bone resorption or bone resorption stimulated by parathyroid hormone, recombinant human interleukin 1 beta, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3. Specifically, M-CSF at concentrations as high as 30 nM (1 microgram/mL) did not modulate 45Ca release from fetal rat long bones stimulated by these agents. The addition of recombinant murine GM-CSF (at equal molar concentration to M-CSF) also did not affect bone resorption stimulated by parathyroid hormone and interleukin 1 beta. On the other hand, GM-CSF stimulated basal bone resorption over a 120-h period and augmented the resorption mediated by exogenous PGE2 over a 48-h incubation. In addition, GM-CSF was shown to stimulate production of endogenous PGE2 in cultures of bone rudiments. These effects on bone resorption were blocked by the addition of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors and specific antibodies to murine GM-CSF. These data indicate that M-CSF does not act as a regulator of bone turnover, but GM-CSF may cause bone resorption by stimulating the synthesis of PGE2 in bone.

Field of study: Medicine
“Mais devant tous est le Lyon marchant”: Construction littéraire d’un milieu éditorial et livres de poésie française à Lyon (1536–1551). Elise Rajchenbach-Teller. Travaux d’Humanisme et Renaissance 560. Geneva: Droz, 2016. 598 pp. $98.40.

even if fewer in number, and how the monumentality of the High Renaissance was assimilated into manuscript illumination, notably in the work of Giulio Clovio. The following chapters are thematic. Chapter 6 is about hand illumination of early printed books. Alexander discusses here some outstanding examples of this short-lived genre, including the stunning volumes illuminated by Girolamo da Cremona and Benedetto Bordon for Peter Ugelheimer (183–88). In the following chapters, Alexander weaves together the research presented in the previous chapters to discuss general issues, such as methods of production, patronage, style, and the relationships between illumination and the other arts. The main strengths of Alexander’s book are, first, the very high standards of scholarship; second, the range of manuscripts included; and, third, the manner in which a panorama of illumination in Renaissance Italy is gradually built up by highlighting the most significant links in patronage and artistic developments across the peninsula. As to weaknesses, two matters, I believe, must be raised. First, the first four chapters would have benefited from including more discussion as to the influence of Netherlandish painting on Italian illumination, especially for Rome and Ferrara. Second, even if the scope of the book is limited to luxury manuscripts, it would have been useful for readers (especially for students) to be briefly introduced to the wider landscape of book production and consumption in fifteenth-century Italy. In relation to Florence, for instance, Alexander recognizes that his account “provides only an outline of the major commissions” (28), and mentions that “drawings . . . sometimes enriched with simple colour washes” and the use of paper are “a sign of a less expensive commission” . Alexander could have referred here, for example, to the study by Christian Bec, Les livres des florentins (1984), to show that even humble families owned one book or two; also, it would have been edifying to mention that many Florentines copied and illustrated manuscripts for their own use (see Dale Kent, Cosimo de Medici and the Florentine Renaissance [2000], 69–80). Nonetheless, despite these two minor weaknesses, The Painted Book in Renaissance Italy is a magnificent achievement and will remain a major reference work for many years to come.

Field of study: History
On the incorporation of extra Li in lithium cobaltate Li1 + xCo1 − xO2

Li 1 +  x Co 1 −  x O 2 compositions were prepared by two synthesis methods: solid-state reaction between Li 2 O 2 and Co 3 O 4 under high pressure and mechanochemically assisted reaction between CoOOH and LiOH.H 2 O. Variation of the Li-to-Co ratio in the precursor mixture from 1.0 to 1.5 resulted in the formation of Li 1 +  x Co 1 −  x O 2 compositions with x  ~ 0.12. The structure and cationic distribution in Li 1 +  x Co 1 −  x O 2 were monitored by XRD powder analysis, TEM analysis and 6 Li MAS NMR spectroscopy. Pure Li 1 +  x Co 1 −  x O 2 with Li 2 Ti 2 O 4 -type spinel structure was obtained under high pressure only. Mechanochemically assisted synthesis at 400 °C yielded layered LiCoO 2 with a small amount of spinel-type Li 1 +  x Co 1 −  x O 2 . The spinel modification of LiCoO 2 is able to accommodate extra Li, so that the Li-to-Co ratio is higher than 1. The layered modification of LiCoO 2 is more rigid with respect to the accommodation of more than one lithium atom.

Field of study: Materials science
Matching water-using network design with condition alterations

Up to now, the researches on water-using network synthesis have mainly focused on minimizing freshwater consumption with the fixed condition of the water-using processes, ignoring the variability of the processes.To take the alterations into account, a method of matching water-using network design with variable condition was presented.The water currents were classified into fresh, low-contaminant and high-contaminant, then were matched to the processes by considering the inlet limit conditions of the processes.The ratio of the actual and inlet limit flowrates should approach 1, and the processes should be ordered by the outlet limit contaminant concentration from low to high.The computing unit of the method is each process, so the alterations of the conditions can be considered by amending certain parameters, such as flowrate and contaminant concentration.On-line optimization and financial cost control can be made too.Finally, the advantage and effectiveness of the optimization method proposed were shown via a practical example.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Preparation of α‐Sulfonylethanone Oximes from Oxidized Hydroxylamine

Alkenes react with substituted N-hydroxysulfonamides and tetrabutylammonium periodate under metal catalyst free conditions to give oximes in good to high yields. The reaction proceeds in a one-pot manner, giving rise to the formation of intermolecular C–N and C–S bonds simultaneously. The method is mild, highly efficient, and convenient.

Field of study: Chemistry
PSEUDO-DYNAMIC SOLUTION FOR MOTION-DEFORMATION HYBRID PROBLEM OF MECHANISM SYSTEMS

A pseudo-dynamic solution algorithm is developed for mechanism systems in civil engineering which are with both larger elastic deformation and mechanism motion in its construction and assembly processes.The proposed method is adaptive for such motion and deflection hybrid problems in which the dynamic effect can be omitted.Geometric nonlinear finite elements are used in the mechanism system discretization.The formulation is based on dynamic kinematical equations,in which the kinematical damping is introduced in the Newmark direct integration process and the dynamic relaxation method is combined.The simulation program is developed to carry out numerical solutions.Numerical results show that the proposed method can effectively trace the whole process of motion and deflection hybrid cases of mechanical assemblies.

Field of study: Engineering
University moral & civil education on undergraduate levelin the USA today

This is a study of university moral and civil education on undergraduate level in the USA. Should university take moral and civil education as one of its missions? This is a question that has been argued for a long time even in America. This paper reviews both the arguments in American academic society and the history of moral and civil education transition in American colleges and universities. This study is conductively to reflect the present status of civil and moral education in Chinese colleges and universities.

Field of study: Education
The rate and pattern of bed incision and bank adjustment on the Colorado River in Glen Canyon downstream from Glen Canyon Dam, 1956–2000

Closure of Glen Canyon Dam in 1963 transformed the Colorado River by reducing the magnitude and duration of spring floods, increasing the magnitude of base flows, and trapping fine sediment delivered from the upper watershed. These changes caused the channel downstream in Glen Canyon to incise, armor, and narrow. This study synthesizes over 45 yr of channel-change measurements and demonstrates that the rate and style of channel adjustment are directly related to both natural processes associated with sediment deficit and human decisions about dam operations. Although bed lowering in lower Glen Canyon began when the first cofferdam was installed in 1959, most incision occurred in 1965 in conjunction with 14 pulsed high flows that scoured an average of 2.6 m of sediment from the center of the channel. The average grain size of bed material has increased from 0.25 mm in 1956 to over 20 mm in 1999. The magnitude of incision at riffles decreases with distance downstream from the dam, while the magnitude of sediment evacuation from pools is spatially variable and extends farther downstream. Analysis of bed-material mobility indicates that the increase in bed-material grain size and reduction in reach-average gradient are consistent with the transformation of an adjustable-bed alluvial river to a channel with a stable bed that is rarely mobilized. Decreased magnitude of peak discharges in the post-dam regime coupled with channel incision and the associated downward shifts of stage-discharge relations have caused sandbar and terrace erosion and the transformation of previously active sand-bars and gravel bars to abandoned deposits that are no longer inundated. Erosion has been concentrated in a few pre-dam terraces that eroded rapidly for brief periods and have since stabilized. The abundance of abandoned deposits decreases downstream in conjunction with decreasing magnitude of shift in the stage-discharge relations. In the downstream part of the study area where riffles controlling channel elevation have not incised, channel narrowing has resulted from decreased magnitude of peak discharges and minor post-dam deposition. These physical changes to the aquatic and riparian systems have supported the establishment and success of an artifact ecosystem dominated by non-native species. Models for the channel response downstream from large dams typically consider factors such as the degree of sediment deficit, the pre-dam surface and subsurface grain size, and the magnitude of post-dam average flows. These results suggest that it is also necessary to consider (1) the possibility of variable responses among different channel elements and (2) the potential importance of exceptional flows resulting from management decisions.

Field of study: Geology
Photothermal deflection spectroscopy and detection.

The theory for a sensitive spectroscopy based on the photothermal deflection of a laser beam is developed. We consider cw and pulsed cases of both transverse and collinear photothermal deflection spectroscopy for solids, liquids, gases, and thin films. The predictions of the theory are experimentally verified, its implications for imaging and microscopy are given, and the sources of noise are analyzed. The sensitivity and versatility of photothermal deflection spectroscopy are compared with thermal lensing and photoacoustic spectroscopy.

Field of study: Physics
Effect of ethanol on gastric mucus glycoprotein synthesis, translocation, transport, glycosylation, and secretion.

The effect of ethanol on mucus glycoprotein synthesis, intracellular modification, transport, glycosylation, and secretion was studied in rat gastric mucous cells. Preincubation of the in vitro translation mixture containing gastric mucous cells mRNA for 60 min with 0 to 120 mM ethanol caused a decrease in the synthesis of mucus glycoprotein apopeptide by up to 40%. The reduction in translation was time- and ethanol concentration-dependent. After 60 min, translation in the presence of 30, 60, and 120 mM ethanol decreased to 83.3 +/- 2.3%, 75.5 +/- 0.4%, and 63.6 +/- 2.6%, respectively. The experiments conducted with endoplasmic reticulum microsomes, preincubated with ethanol, and used in the studies of cotranslational translocation of the apomucin showed a 20% decrease in the transfer of mucus glycoprotein apopeptide to the lumen of endoplasmic reticulum microsomes. In the presence of ethanol, processing of mucus glycoprotein apopeptide in Golgi was also inhibited. During the initial 30 min of incubation with 0 to 120 mM ethanol, glycosylation seemed to proceed at the same rate in the samples with and without ethanol. However, during consecutive 30 min of incubation, glycosylation in the presence of 60 mM ethanol decreased by 30 to 35%, and with 120 mM ethanol was completely inhibited. Measurements of the effect of ethanol on the discharge of mucus glycoprotein from the intracellular stores revealed that, on average, the secretory output of the rat gastric mucosa exposed to ethanol liquid diet for 8 weeks decreased by 77% or more, and adherence of the glycoprotein to the gastric epithelium was weakened. Results indicate that ethanol inhibits synthesis, transport, and processing of gastric mucus glycoprotein, and that the processes taking place in different intracellular compartments contribute in the additive fashion and, are reflected in a dramatic decrease in the delivery of mucus glycoprotein to the gastric epithelial surfaces.

Field of study: Medicine