nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimization of extraction time and temperature for natural antioxidants of öküzgözü grape pomace using various solvent ratios

Grape (Vitis vinifera), the world’s largest fruit crop, has been appreciated for their rich content of phenolic compounds such as gallic acid, catechin, resveratrol and anthocyanins (Xu et al., 2010). In 2018, grape production reached 77.8 million tonnes in the World and almost 57, 36 and 7% of grapes are used for wine, fresh and dried grapes, respectively (International Organisation of Vine and Wine, 2019). The yield of the grapes as juice and pomace has been stated to be approximately 80% and 20%, respectively, in winemaking process (García-Lomillo & González-SanJosé, 2017).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Effect of Non-Esterified Fatty Acids on Fatty Acid Metabolism-Related Genes in Calf Hepatocytes Cultured in Vitro

NEFA plays numerous roles in the metabolism of glucose, lipids, and proteins. A number of experimental studies have shown that NEFA may have an important role in fatty acid metabolism in the liver, especially in dairy cows that experience negative energy balance (NEB) during early lactation.  In this study, using fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR, ELISA, and primary hepatocytes cultured in vitro, we examined the effect of NEFA (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, and 3.2 mmol/L) on fatty acid metabolism by monitoring the mRNA and protein expression of the following key enzymes: long chain acyl-CoA synthetase (ACSL), carnitine palmitoyltransferase IA (CPT IA), long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (ACADL), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC).  The mRNA and protein expression levels of ACSL and ACADL markedly increased as the concentration of NEFA in the media was increased. The mRNA and protein expression levels of CPT IA were enhanced significantly when the NEFA concentrations increased from 0 to 1.6 mmol/L and decreased significantly when the NEFA concentrations increased from 1.6 to 3.2 mmol/L. The mRNA and protein expression of ACC decreased gradually with increasing concentrations of NEFA.  These findings indicate that increased NEFA significantly promote the activation and β-oxidation of fatty acids, but very high NEFA concentrations may inhibit the translocation of fatty acids into mitochondria of hepatocytes. This may explain the development of ketosis or liver lipidosis in dairy cows. CPT IA might be the key control enzyme of the fatty acid oxidation process in hepatocytes.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
SIGNAL FUNCTIONS IN DISCRIMINATED AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR1

: Four rats were trained to lever press under a discriminated avoidance/escape schedule in which separately signalled safe and warning periods were 100 sec and 32 sec respectively. The auditory and not the visual component of the compound warning signal became associated with the discriminative control of lever pressing. Avoidance behavior also came under temporal control, in that the probability of lever pressing increased as the warning period progressed. Timing began with the onset of the warning signal rather than the offset of the safe signal. However, after the warning signal had been progressively eliminated, timing began with the offset of the safe signal. When neither signal was normally available, the temporal distribution of avoidance behavior changed markedly. Drifts in the temporal distribution of lever pressing occurred throughout the study; these were manipulated for two animals.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Assessing the relationship between extensive use of organochlorine pesticides and cooling trend during the mid-20th century in the southeastern United States.

In contrast to global warming, temperatures in the southeastern United States have exhibited a decreasing trend of up to 1-2 degrees C over the last century. We investigated the relationship between this cooling trend and the extensive use of organochlorine pesticides--particularly dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) and toxaphene--in the southeastern U.S. from the mid-1940s through the 1970s. Based on annual use and soil residue estimates, it is shown that enthalpies associated with the endothermic evaporation of pesticides from soil resulted in surface temperature decreases of up to -0.2 degrees C. This is the first study to show the inverse correlation between surface air temperature and pesticide use. These findings highlight the potential contribution of the extensive use of organochlorine pesticides to changes in the surface air temperature, especially in regions of intensive agriculture and pesticide use.

Field of study: Environmental science
Distributed Computing Made Secure: A New Cycle Cover Theorem

In the area of distributed graph algorithms a number of network's entities with local views solve some computational task by exchanging messages with their neighbors. Quite unfortunately, an inherent property of most existing distributed algorithms is that throughout the course of their execution, the nodes get to learn not only their own output but rather learn quite a lot on the inputs or outputs of many other entities. 
While being quite an unfamiliar notion in the classical distributed setting, the notion of secure multi-party computation (MPC) is one of the main themes in the Cryptography community. Yet despite all extensive work in the area, no existing algorithm fits the framework of classical distributed models. 
In this paper, we introduce a new framework for \emph{secure distributed graph algorithms} and provide the first \emph{general compiler} that takes any "natural" non-secure distributed algorithm that runs in $r$ rounds, and turns it into a secure algorithm that runs in $\widetilde{O}(r \cdot D \cdot poly(\Delta))$ rounds where $\Delta$ is the maximum degree in the graph and $D$ is its diameter. We also show that this is nearly (existentially) optimal for any round-by-round compiler for bounded degree graphs. 
The main technical part of our compiler is based on a new cycle cover theorem: We show that the edges of every bridgeless graph $G$ of diameter $D$ can be covered by a collection of cycles such that each cycle is of length $\widetilde{O}(D)$ and each edge of the graph $G$ appears in $\widetilde{O}(1)$ many cycles. In fact, our construction can be made instance optimal with respect to each single edge. As a result, our compiler becomes instance optimal for bounded degree graphs.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
[Effects of FeSO4 on electrical and mechanical activity of guinea pig papillary muscles].

FeSO4 0.1-0.7 mmol/L shortened the action potential duration, decreased the action potential amplitude (APA) and maximal upstroke velocity of 0 phase (Vmax), and reduced the contractile force of myocardium in a concentration-dependent manner. FeSO4 0.2 mmol/L depressed the APA and Vmax of papillary muscles in Tyrode's solution containing MnCl2 3 mmol/L, and reduced the APA, Vmax and duration of slow action potentials in potassium-depolarized papillary muscles. These results suggest that Fe2+ may inhibit the transmembrane movement of Ca2+ and Na+ in myocardial cells. This may be one of the mechanisms of heart failure and circulatory collapse in acute iron poisoning.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
A note on the upper critical field of Sr2RuO4 under strain

In the light of the recently discussed mechanism for suppression of superconductivity in multi-orbital systems called inter-orbital effect, here we extend our analysis of the upper critical field in Sr$_2$RuO$_4$ now under strain. We show that the presence of the standard orbital effect and the new mechanism can consistently account for the qualitative changes observed in the upper critical field for the strained system, in particular, combining the overall enhancement of the critical field with the reduction in the anisotropy. The proposed picture holds for a triplet superconducting state, showing that a singlet state is not the only possibility to account for the observations. We suggest further experiments in order to clarify our understanding about the superconducting phase of Sr$_2$RuO$_4$.

Field of study: Physics
The Study of Network Intrusion Detection based on Artificial Immune System

Presently the study on artificial immune system inspired by the biologic immune system and mainly utilized for the network security is rising. During the import of artificial immune system in network intrusion detection technology a new study orientation appears the network intrusion detection based on artificial immune. The paper makes a detailed discussion on the status of intrusion detection technology based on artificial immune. It analysis the anti-virus model negative-selection algorithms an artificial immune system as a multi-agent decision support system and the hierachical model construes the exiting problems during the study and points out where should be improved and paid attention to.

Field of study: Computer science
Determination of remained chloramphenicol in sea food by ELISA

Remained chloramphenicol in sea food from market were investigated by ELISA. The result were as follow: The concentration of remained chloramphenicol in sea food was lower than 1礸/kg,belowed the limited standard. The calibration curve was liner in the rage of 0.05~2.00礸/kg , r2=0.9839. Average recovery rate of chloramphenicol was 76.2%.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Parallel solution of band triangular linear systems on VLSI arrays with limited fan-out

We are interested in the solution of band lower triangular linear systems of n equations Ax = b of bandwidth w, on modular VLSI arrays whose fan-out f is independent of w and n. Kung and Leiserson  have introduced a network such that f = 1 and that works in time T = 2n + w. We exhibit here an array of the same area such that f = 2 and T = n + [w2].We also show that, for any p >= 1, there exists a modular VLSI array of fan-out f = 2p that solves the system in time T @? [np] + [wp], provided that a sufficient number q >= (p + 2) [log"2p] - 1 of first subdiagonals of the matrix are zero.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Numerical simulation of the magnetization of high-temperature superconductors: a 3D finite element method using a single time-step iteration

In this paper, we report progress towards a 3D finite element model for the magnetization of a high-temperature superconductor (HTS): we suggest a method that takes into account a power law conductivity and demagnetization effects, while neglecting the effects associated with currents that are not perpendicular to the local magnetic induction. We consider samples that are subjected to a uniform magnetic field varying linearly with time. Their magnetization is calculated by means of a weak formulation in the magnetostatic approximation of the Maxwell equations (A– formulation). An implicit method is used for the temporal resolution (backward Euler scheme) and is solved with the open source solver GetDP. Fixed point iterations are used to deal with the power law conductivity of HTS. The finite element formulation is validated for an HTS tube with large n value by comparing with results obtained with other well-established methods. We show that carrying out the calculations with a single time-step (as opposed to many small time-steps) produces results with excellent accuracy in a drastically reduced simulation time. The numerical method is extended to the study of the trapped magnetization of cylinders that are drilled with different arrays of columnar holes arranged parallel to the cylinder axis.

Field of study: Physics
Al-Hussain Bin Talal University Students' Awareness and Practices of English Language Learning Strategies

This study aims   to investigate Al-Hussain Bin Talal University Students' awareness and practices of English language learning strategies. The researcher used the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL)  version.7 developed by  Oxford was administered as the instrument to elicit information on the students' use of language learning strategies. The instrument has 50 items distributed into six categories each containing a number of items. The instrument (SILL) was translated into Arabic by the researcher  to make it easier for Jordanian students to fill. The results showed that the meta cognitive learning strategy awareness has the highest  average (mean) and the  social learning strategy awareness has the lowest whereas  the affective and meta cognitive learning strategies practices have the highest  average (mean) and the  social learning strategy practices has the lowest. There is positive relationship between the awareness and practices of all leaning strategies and  there is significant statistical interaction between gender and faculty. There is statistical significant interaction between gender and faculty on the total score of the practices of learning strategies. In light of the results , some recommendations were given .  awareness, practices, English language learning strategies .

Field of study: Education
Vacancies and negative ions in as-grown and ion-bombarded p-InP(Zn) observed by positron annihilation

Defects in as-grown and ion-bombarded p-InP crystals have been investigated by positron lifetime measurements. The result showed that indium vacancies existed in as-grown p-InP. In addition, Zn impurities were also observed, which are negative and act as shallow trapping centres at low temperatures. Ion bombardment at lower dose introduced some monovacancies, and with increasing ion dose, divacancies were also observed, which coexisted with monovacancies. The temperature experiment showed that antisite defects were also produced upon bombardment, which we attribute to the negatively charged antisites.

Field of study: Materials science
A Test for Asymmetry Associated with the Hodges-Lehmann Estimator

One version of the Hodges-Lehmann estimator, = median{(Xi + Xj )/2, 1 ≤ i, j ≤ n}, is also the minimum distance estimator derived from a particular Cramer-von Mises distance. This distance evaluated at , that is, the minimized distance, provides a natural statistic for testing asymmetry of the underlying distribution.

Field of study: Mathematics
Minimally invasive, robot-assisted iliosacral screw insertion for fusionless fixation in children with neuromuscular scoliosis.

Fusionless surgery coupled with growing rod techniques is increasingly advocated for the treatment of early-onset scoliosis in general and neuromuscular scoliosis in particular. Iliosacral screws have excellent biomechanical characteristics but are hard to place safely. Here, the authors report on robot-assisted iliosacral screw positioning as part of growing rod surgery for the fusionless correction of early-onset scoliosis. The technique is based on a bilateral double sliding rod construct anchored to the pelvis proximally with 6 hooks or sublaminar bands and distally with iliosacral screws placed by the robot. The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/5HGH_DiD-ck .

Field of study: Medicine
Intercomparison of middle-atmospheric wind in observations and models

Wind profile information throughout the entire upper stratosphere and lower
mesosphere (USLM) is important for the understanding of atmospheric dynamics
but became available only recently, thanks to developments in remote sensing
techniques and modelling approaches. However, as wind measurements from these
altitudes are rare, such products have generally not yet been validated with
(other) observations. This paper presents the first long-term intercomparison
of wind observations in the USLM by co-located microwave radiometer and lidar
instruments at Andenes, Norway (69.3 ∘  N, 16.0 ∘  E). Good
correspondence has been found at all altitudes for both horizontal wind
components for nighttime as well as daylight conditions. Biases are mostly
within the random errors and do not exceed 5–10 m s −1 , which is less than 10 %
of the typically encountered wind speeds. Moreover, comparisons of the
observations with the major reanalyses and models covering this altitude
range are shown, in particular with the recently released ERA5, ECMWF's
first reanalysis to cover the whole USLM region. The agreement between
models and observations is very good in general, but temporally limited
occurrences of pronounced discrepancies (up to 40 m s −1 ) exist. In the
article's Appendix the possibility of obtaining nighttime wind information
about the mesopause region by means of microwave radiometry is investigated.

Field of study: Environmental science
Toward a Linear Prediction Model of Marital Happiness

An attempt was made to replicate Howard and Dawes' (1976) find ing that marital happiness is linearly related to the difference between frequency of sexual intercourse and frequency of arguments. Their finding was confirmed. However, in contrast to the Howard and Dawes results, the present results further suggest that either frequency variable can by it self serve as a predictor of marital happiness.

Field of study: Psychology
Paleogeography and the Source of Sediments of the Triassic Basin, New Jersey, by K-Ar Dating

The detrital phases of sedimentary rocks are found to retain their Ar 40 /K 40 ratio during weathering and sedimentation cycles. Therefore, under favorable sedimentary conditions, where the authigenic components are negligible, K-Ar isotopic measurements on bulk sedimentary rocks can be useful in tracing the detrital material to their source rocks. K-Ar measurements on the Upper Triassic Newark group of red sandstones and shales in New Jersey demonstrate that more than one source contributed to the filling of the Triassic basin.

Field of study: Geology
In vivo electrical impedance measurement in human skin assessment

Structural and chemical alterations in living tissue are reflected in electrical impedance changes. However, due to the complexity of skin structure, the relation between electrical parameters and physiological/pathological conditions is difficult to establish. The impedance dispersion reflects the clinical status of the examined skin tissue and, therefore, it is frequently used in a non-invasive evaluation of exposing skin to various factors. The method has been used to assess the effect of the fish collagen on the skin of patients suffering from the leg ulcer. Therefore, from a number of different approaches to skin electrical impedance dispersion, the one considered to be safe was selected and applied. This paper presents a short review of different technical approaches to in vivo electrical impedance measurements, as well as an analysis of the results and the effect of fish collagen locally administered on human skin.

Field of study: Chemistry
A model for the origin of the constant-phase-angle and related nonclassical admittance functions based on fractional Brownian motion

A number of recently developed models for the origin of the constant-phase-angle admittance bear a strong formal relationship to a system of particles exhibiting fractional Brownian motion, a modification of classical Brownian motion in which particles display a positive or negative tendency to persist in motion without changing direction. Some important characteristics of this type of motion are discussed, and the description of diffusion-like processes displaying persistence or antipersistence by a generalized random walk and a set of coupled differential equations is examined.

Field of study: Materials science
Chromosomal Aberrations in Large Japanese Field Mice (Apodemus speciosus) Captured near Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant.

Since the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, radiation effects on nonhuman biota in the contaminated areas have been a major concern. Here, we analyzed the frequencies of chromosomal aberrations (translocations and dicentrics) in the splenic lymphocytes of large Japanese field mice (Apodemus speciosus) inhabiting Fukushima Prefecture. A. speciosus chromosomes 1, 2, and 5 were flow-sorted in order to develop A. speciosus chromosome-specific painting probes, and FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) was performed using these painting probes to detect the translocations and dicentrics. The average frequency of the translocations and dicentrics per cell in the heavily contaminated area was significantly higher than the frequencies in the case of the noncontaminated control area and the slightly and moderately contaminated areas, and this aberration frequency in individual mice tended to roughly increase with the estimated dose rates and accumulated doses. In all four sampling areas, the proportion of aberrations occurring in chromosome 2 was approximately >3 times higher than that in chromosomes 1 and 5, which suggests that A. speciosus chromosome 2 harbors a fragile site that is highly sensitive to chromosome breaks induced by cellular stress such as DNA replication. The elevated frequency of chromosomal aberrations in A. speciosus potentially resulting from the presence of a fragile site in chromosome 2 might make it challenging to observe the mild effect of chronic low-dose-rate irradiation on the induction of chromosomal aberrations in A. speciosus inhabiting the contaminated areas of Fukushima.

Field of study: Environmental science
Development of a Fast Response Titanium-Gold Bilayer Optical TES With an Optical Fiber Self-Alignment Structure

We developed a Ti/Au bilayer optical superconducting transition edge sensor (TES) laying on an optical fiber self-aligned structure. The bilayer approach enables us to control the superconducting transition temperature TC, which results in 8-μm-square-sized TES with TC as high as 314.0 mK. Moreover, the TES device is micro-machined so that it can be easily assembled with an optical fiber via a self-aligned method. Our TES device achieved a system photon detection efficiency (PDE) of 83.6% at 940 nm with an energy resolution of 0.21 eV. Electrical and effective time constants (rise time and decay time) were as short as 74 and 75 ns, respectively. We also theoretically analyzed the imperfect system PDE. According to this analysis, the imperfection originated mainly from misalignment between the TES and the optical fiber, and the system PDE will be increased up to >95% by use of an optical fiber with a smaller mode field diameter.

Field of study: Physics
Prevalence of HGV infection and homology of different HGV strains in Southern China

To investigate the prevalence of hepatitis G virus (HGV) infection and to analyse the homology of different HGV strains in Southern China.  A total of 1991 sera from different groups in Guangdong, Hong Kong and Yunnan were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR). The nucleotide sequences of 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) derived from 20 strains and NS5 region from 3 strains were determined.  The positive rate of HGV RNA was 0.78% 1.34% in society population, 2.52% 2.90% in blood donors, 17.86% in intravenous drug users (IVDUs), 14.34% in patients with hemodialysis, 14.48% in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, 25.30% in non A E hepatitis, 7.22% in hepatitis B, 8.33% 16.13% in hepatitis C, 41.67% in patients with bone marrow transplantation (BMT), respectively. The homology was 90.40% 100% in 5' UTR between different strains. The homology of NS5 region was 93.3% 94% in nucleotide sequence, 97% 99.2% in amino acid sequence.  The HGV infection rates among populations having accepted bone marrow transplantation, hemodialysis, and patients with hepatitis B, non A E hepatitis, hepatitis C and hepatocellular carcinoma as well as the intravenous drug abusers were high. Sequence variation in different strains were associated with geographical factors. No apparent variation between different strains from different groups in Southern China and no mutation in same patient over a period of 3 months were observed. Some highly conserved and relatively variable areas were seen.

Field of study: Biology