nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
236 : Computational model for mechanistic investigation of negative feedback in Interleukin-17 receptor signaling

IL-17 is a proinflammatory cytokine that promotes autoimmunity and protects against certain pathogens. Computational modeling of signaling pathways is a powerful tool to help understand the complexities of these dynamic processes. Here, we present a detailed computational model of signaling downstream of the Interleukin-17 receptor (IL-17R). To manage the complexity of the system we use a rule-based modeling approach, in which signaling proteins are modeled as structured objects and rules describe their biochemical interactions. The model includes 19 molecules and 46 reaction rules, which expand to a reaction network with 168 distinct chemical species – complexes and phosphoforms of the basic molecules – which are connected through a network of 5145 unidirectional reactions. The model is defined and simulated using the BioNetGen software. Dynamical behavior of the network is simulated using ordinary differential equations. This model encompasses major signaling components downstream of IL-17R, including the adaptor molecule Act1 and signaling intermediates TRAF6, TAB, TAK1, and IKK, which are activated through site-specific ubiquitination and phosphorylation. These components work in concert to activate NF- κ B, which in turn promotes the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that are critical for controlling infections by extracellular pathogens. NF- κ B also promotes production of A20, a deubiquitinating enzyme that inhibits NF- κ B activation in multiple settings. We recently showed that A20 acts as a negative regulator of the IL-17 signaling pathway, and here by modeling A20 interactions with TRAF6 and IKK, we are able to recapitulate experimentally-observed oscillations in NF- κ B–dependent A20 expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. Further expansion of the model will enable us to develop and explore novel hypotheses about the role of A20 and other potential regulators of IL-17-mediated signaling.

Field of study: Medicine
A The Change of Political Culture from the Perspective between Nation and Society

There are many effects on political culture along with the change between nation and society. In the condition of conglutination of nation and society, the political culture presents characters of adherence and obeying and power adoration and equality. In the condition of separation between nation and society, some factors of democratic political culture such as freedom and equality consciousness have been gestated and grow.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Optimal choice of functional and off-target effect-reduced siRNAs for RNAi therapeutics

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) represses a specific target gene that has a perfectly complementary sequence by a pathway referred to as RNA interference (RNAi). Researchers have successfully diverted this natural pathway to artificially knockdown intended genes. RNAi shows promise for therapeutic applications to human diseases (Castanotto and Rossi, 2009; Ketting, 2011). Over the past decade, more than twenty siRNAs have been applied to clinical trials for dozens of diseases, including various cancers, viral infections, and genetic disorders (Davidson and McCray, 2011; Snead and Rossi, 2012). Ongoing patient trials are expected to yield success. However, several major problems, such as the efficacy and off-target effect of siRNA, remain to be overcome before RNAi-based therapeutics can be efficiently introduced into clinical practice. In the present paper, I propose a procedure for selecting sequences of highly functional siRNAs with few off-target effects.

Field of study: Biology
Antihypertensive treatment, compliance, and quality of life: Review of a little-understood relation

If patients notoriously violate treatment regimens known to effectively control hypertension, then there must be some subjective costs associated with adherence to these regimens. Generally speaking, there must be some reduction in quality of life associated with antihypertensive medication. Unfortunately the concept of quality of life, due to its lack of specificity, is of little help in further investigating the nature of these subjective costs. We developed a simple neuropsychophysiological model based on fundamental psychological and physiological processes: corticoinhibitory effects of phasic blood pressure elevation reduce the aversive or painful qualities of many stressors. This negative reinforcement increases the rate of the reinforced physiological behavior, i.e., phasic analgesic blood pressure increases. Such negatively reinforced operant behavior is known to be extremely resistant to extinction. Counter actions such as taking antihypertensive medication not only lead to reduced quality of life due to their cancellation of the analgesic effect of conditioned blood pressure increase, but also lead to some form of reluctance to comply with treatment. The model not only provides an innovative etiological path to the emergence of neurogenic essential hypertension, but also yields a highly specific and “lean” concept of quality of life. Furthermore, it supplies the health care community with a concise explanation for the well-known low compliance of patients with their antihypertensive regimens. In addition to its parsimony, the model fits well with various experimental findings and has been operationalized and tested empirically. Specific therapeutic implications can be derived.

Field of study: Psychology
Working with the difficult patient.

Patients who evoke emotional reactions in the family physician tend to be labelled "difficult". The difficult patient might be one who "yes . . . but" 's every suggestion, or who demands that the physician provide something inappropriate, like drugs or an unjustifiable letter. Whenever such an interaction occurs, the family physician can expect aggravation, frustration and, often, anger, and the results are likely to be unsatisfactory for both doctor and patient. This article describes an approach which will help the doctor to decide what actually to say or do in response to a difficult patient, especially within the time frame of the short office visit.

Field of study: Medicine
"When Meeting 'Khun' Teacher, Each Time We Should Pay Respect": Standardizing Respect in a Northern Thai Classroom.

This paper examines how Northern Thai (Muang) children are socialized into the discourses and practices of respect in school, a process that indexically links Standard Thai to images of polite and respectful Thai citizenship. Focusing on the socialization of politeness particles, the paper examines how cultural models of conduct are taken up, positioned and reinterpreted in local discourses and classroom activities in a kindergarten classroom. The analysis explores not only how respectful language and conduct are represented in discourses about language use, but also how respect is implicitly tied to certain ways of speaking in situated classroom interactions and correction routines. The data presented here show that, while authoritative and pervasive discourses subordinate the children's Muang ethnolinguistic identity to a Thai national identity, the local entextualization of these discourses in ritual interactions at Pong Noi School also reframes them within a broader classroom gestalt characterized by a thriving local identity and vast vernacular spaces.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
Who to Trust? Applying Trust to Social Commerce

Organizations have recognized the revenue potential for social commerce (purchasing products via social networks), but such transactions only comprise a small percentage of revenue. Companies have yet to determine the factors that contribute to social commerce failure. In social networking, trust is established when two parties have a history of trustworthy interactions. Acknowledging that social commerce represents a fundamentally different purchasing environment than typical business transactions, we examine the role of trust in determining consumers’ decisions to engage in social commerce for their purchases. We apply trust transfer theory to the social commerce context to assess whether trust in known entities can be transferred to business transactions facilitated through a social network with unknown parties. Using a field survey, we found that trust in the Internet and trust in firms significantly influence consumers’ trust and ultimately their intention to engage in social commerce. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Field of study: Computer science
Role of Intrapulse Coherence in Carrier-Envelope Phase Stabilization.

The concept of coherence is of fundamental importance for describing the physical characteristics of light and for evaluating the suitability for experimental application. In the case of pulsed laser sources, the pulse-to-pulse coherence is usually considered for a judgment of the compressibility of the pulse train. This type of coherence is often lost during propagation through a highly nonlinear medium, and pulses prove incompressible despite multioctave spectral coverage. Notwithstanding the apparent loss of interpulse coherence, however, supercontinua enable applications in precision frequency metrology that rely on coherence between different spectral components within a laser pulse. To judge the suitability of a light source for the latter application, we define an alternative criterion, which we term intrapulse coherence. This definition plays a limiting role in the carrier-envelope phase measurement and stabilization of ultrashort pulses. It is shown by numerical simulation and further corroborated by experimental data that filamentation-based supercontinuum generation may lead to a loss of intrapulse coherence despite near-perfect compressibility of the pulse train. This loss of coherence may severely limit active and passive carrier-envelope phase stabilization schemes and applications in optical high-field physics.

Field of study: Physics
Steganography Based on Self-organizing Competitive NNs and Wavelet

In accordance with the property of Human Visual System(HVS)that is insensitive to edged and dark areas,a novel steganographic solution based on self-organizing competitive NNs and wavelet is proposed.An image is divided into many small blocks.Transform each block into one-level wavelet in order to obtain the wavelet contrast and the count of nonzero wavelet coefficients.Classify all blocks by self-organizing NNs and embed secret information with steganography based on modulus.The experiments result in that the proposed method can hide much more information while the vision of original stego-image is good remained.

Field of study: Computer science
Further Biogeochemical Data from the San Manuel Copper Deposit, Pinal County, Arizona

Although the copper and zinc contents of plants in the vicinity of the San Manuel Copper Deposit are not particularly high, they are much higher than those of similar species in similar climatic areas remote from copper mineralization. Some plants, notably California Poppy, Poppy, Paloverde, Creosote bush, and Scrub oak may be useful to the biogeochemist. Others, such as the Saguaro and Ocotillo, appear from this preliminary study to be less promising.

Field of study: Geology
Was the Cold Eastern Us Winter of 2014 Due to Increased Variability

CanESM2 Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis-Canada CNRM-CM5 National Centre for Meteorological Research-France CSIRO-BOM0 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation-Australia HADGgem2-CC Met Office Hadley Centre-United Kingdom IPSL-CM5A-LR Institute Pierre Simon Laplace-France IPSL-CM5A-MR Institute Pierre Simon Laplace-France IPSL-CM5B-LR Institute Pierre Simon Laplace-France MIROC5-ESM-CHEM CCSR/NIES/FRCGC-Japan MRI-CGCM3 Meteorological Research Institute-Japan NCC-NorESM1-M Norwegian Climate Centre-Norway GFDL-ESM2G NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory-United States GFDL-ESM2M NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory-United States This document is a supplement to “Was the Cold Eastern US Winter of 2014 Due to Increased Variablility?,” by Laurie Trenary, Timothy Delsole, Machael K. Tippett, and Brian Doty, ( • DOI:10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00138.1

Field of study: Environmental science
Fractional Schrödinger equation with noninteger dimensions

The spatial and time dependent solutions of the Schrodinger equation incorporating the fractional time derivative of distributed order and extending the spatial operator to noninteger dimensions are investigated. They are obtained by using the Green function approach in two situations: the free case and in the presence of a harmonic potential. The results obtained show an anomalous spreading of the wave packet which may be related to an anomalous diffusion process.

Field of study: Mathematics
The Social Construction of Organised Political Violence: An Analytical Framework

This article proposes a general analytical framework for how we might better understand intrastate war and related forms of organised political violence. It begins by setting out our understanding of agency and structure, before outlining the key structures and agents central to the social construction of political violence. This is followed by a discussion of some of the common discursive practices frequently observed in the lead-up to the outbreak of organised violence, such as the widespread articulation of threat and victimhood narratives, the demonisation and dehumanisation of an enemy other, the renegotiation of norms of violence and the suppression of counter-hegemonic and anti-violence voices. The article argues that organised and sustained political violence is contingent on two key facilitating conditions. First, the presence of a particular set of material and discursive structures, including the military instruments for sustained violence, an economic basis for prosecuting war and a set of society-wide military norms, values and practices; and second, willing and capable agents who can transform the structural potential of the society or group into active participants in violence. The interaction of structures, agents and discursive practices can, in particular historical and spatial contexts, create the specific conditions which make organised violence possible. The discussion is illustrated by reference to a number of recent and historical wars, including the war on terror.

Field of study: History, Sociology
Advanced diagnostic techniques for thermal plasmas

Characterization of high power plasma devices and processes requires the direct measurement of heavy particle temperature, electron temperature, electron number density, plasma velocity, and composition. Traditional diagnostic techniques, such as emission spectroscopy, which rely on the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium are questionable at best for high velocity flow fields. Because of nonequilibrium and demixing effects, direct measurements which do not rely on assumptions of local thermodynamic equilibrium or composition are necessary.

Field of study: Chemistry
Syrian Pharmacy Students’ Intentions and Attitudes Toward Postgraduate Education

To investigate Syrian pharmacy students’ intentions and attitudes toward postgraduate study, and to determine and evaluate the factors that influence their preferences.  A questionnaire was developed and used to collect data from final-year bachelor of pharmacy (BPharm) students at Damascus University.  Of the 265 students who responded to the survey, approximately 50% intended to work, 25% intended to pursue further study, and 25% were undecided. Personal fulfillment was the factor that most influenced students’ intentions concerning future education. Men were more concerned over their financial future, while women’s intentions were more influenced by scientific issues. The 3 most preferred pharmaceutical areas of further study were biochemistry and laboratory diagnosis, pharmaceutics and pharmaceutical industry, and clinical pharmacy. More students favored pursuing graduate school abroad rather than in Syria. The majority of those who intended to enroll in local graduate programs were interested in academic programs while less than a fifth favored residency programs.  The graduate programs in Syria do not appear to satisfy pharmacy students' ambitions or have the capacity to accommodate the growing demand associated with the rapid increase in the number of pharmacy graduates in the country. Consequently, a majority of students prefer to pursue postgraduate study abroad.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
The Solving Strategy to the University Debt based on the Analysis of Its Effectual Uses

It argues the importance of the government responsibility in tackling with the university debt.However,the way of the government financial subsidy to university debt is limited.Then it brings forward that the government financial subsidy to university debt repayment should be based on the analysis of the effectual use of university loan;and the calculation of financial subsidy should adopt the standards of school-running conditions,the amount of enrollment and the building price of universities according to different areas,building types and building years.

Field of study: Education
Material property, compatibility, and reliability issues in diamond-enhanced, GaAs-based plastic packages

GaAs MESFET (chipw minimum principal stress, S1, in the GaAs) to consist of (1), a leadframe-substrate (CVDD) ‘overlap’ configuration, (2), an all-metallic assembly process (die attach + leadframe attach) and (3), a ‘compliant’ metal interlayer between GaAs and CVDD. Additionally, oxidative chemical treatment of the CVDD surface provided a strong affinity between the polymer encapsulant and CVDD, resisting over 50 cycles of 15 min boiling water immersion and peel-adhesion tests before exceeding the criterion for failure. Employing these considerations in the fabrication of CVDD-enhanced GaAs plastic packages provided for significant improvements over the conventional package design with a Cu leadframe substrate. The GaAs/CVDD plastic package performance milestones were: (a) greater than 50% reductions in Θj relative to the Cu die-paddle package (Θj chipw (b) 20 W continuous operation for 96 h with Θj chipw (c) passed MIL STD 883 1000 cycle, −55 to 125°C temperature exposure; (d) passed highly accelerated stress testing, HAST, (110°C, 200 h, 85% RH, 3.1 atm). Electrical performance testing (S-parameter) on metallized CVDD coplanar transmission lines and diamond-enhanced, coplanar GaAs flip-chip MESFET packages showed: (a), transmission line performance equivalent to Al2O3 (<1.5 dB at 20 GHz, VSWR = 1.2 : 1) and (b), near identical performance of devices (no package) and diamond-enhanced, plastic encapsulated packages. These results illustrate that diamond can be processed/packaged using conventional electronics manufacturing techniques and provide superior performance with high reliability for plastic packages.

Field of study: Engineering
Diversity partitioning of moorland plant communities across hierarchical spatial scales

Understanding of the scaling of diversity is critical to enhance conservation strategies for subalpine moorland ecosystems vulnerable to future environmental changes. However, a paucity of quantitative data strongly limits such attempts. In this study, we used an additive diversity partitioning framework and quantified diversity patterns of moorland plant communities across hierarchical spatial scales, within- and between-sample transects, and between sites (corresponding to α and two levels of β diversity). Moorland sites markedly differed in size (range 1,000–160,000 m2) and were isolated from each other to varying extents within an inhospitable matrix (i.e., forests). We found that β diversity components were consistently higher, whereas the local α diversity component was consistently lower than expected by chance. We observed substantial contribution at the between-site scale to total species richness. By focusing on diversity patterns of moorland plant communities across multiple hierarchical spatial scales, we could thus identify the scale at which regional diversity is maximized. Our results suggest that protection of as many moorland sites as possible, to ensure beta diversity between sites, will effectively conserve total diversity. The use of additive diversity partitioning is a major step forward in providing strategies for the biological conservation of subalpine moorland ecosystems vulnerable to future environmental changes.

Field of study: Environmental science
qian yi mi man xing wai er yan de lin chuang biao xian ji zhi liao fang fa

目的：分析弥漫性外耳炎的临床表现，并总结具体治疗方法。方法选取本院2013年6月~2013年12月接收的弥漫性外耳炎患者50例，将其随机分为对照组和观察组，每组25例，给予对照组患者药物治疗，观察组则行显微耳镜下手术治疗，观察两组患者的临床疗效。结果对照组患者治疗总有效率为76.5%(26/34)，观察组患者治疗总有效率为97.1%(33/34)，两组患者治疗总有效率比较，差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论弥漫性外耳炎患者行显微耳镜下手术治疗后，治疗总有效率较高，且该方法安全可靠，治疗彻底，值得推广。

Field of study: Medicine
Absolute X-ray energy measurement using a high-accuracy angle encoder.

This paper presents an absolute X-ray photon energy measurement method that uses a Bond diffractometer. The proposed system enables the prompt and rapid in situ measurement of photon energies over a wide energy range. The diffractometer uses a reference silicon single-crystal plate and a highly accurate angle encoder called SelfA. The performance of the system is evaluated by repeatedly measuring the energy of the first excited state of the potassium-40 nuclide. The excitation energy is determined as 29829.39 (6) eV, and this is one order of magnitude more accurate than the previous measurement. The estimated uncertainty of the photon energy measurement was 0.7 p.p.m. as a standard deviation and the maximum observed deviation was 2 p.p.m.

Field of study: Physics
Fixed-ratio discrimination: effects of intermittent reinforcement.

Four pigeons had discrimination training that required the choice of a left side-key after completing a fixed-ratio 10 on the center key, and a right side-key choice after fixed-ratio 20. Correct choices were reinforced on various fixed-interval, fixed-ratio, random-interval, and random-ratio schedules. When performance was examined across successive 15-second intervals (fixed-interval and fixed-ratio schedules) accuracy was high in the first 15-second interval, decreased in one or several of the next 15-second intervals, and then increased again as reinforcement was approached. When performance was examined across correct trials on fixed-interval and fixed-ratio schedules, accuracy was lowest immediately after reinforcement, followed by a systematic increase in accuracy as the number of correct choices increased. These patterns were due primarily to errors on fixed-ratio 20 trials. Systematic accuracy patterns did not occur on random-interval or random-ratio schedules. The results indicate that when choice patterns differed on fixed-interval and fixed-ratio schedules, the differences were due to the method of data analysis.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
PENGARUH LATIHAN SENAM ZUMBA TERHADAP KADAR KOLESTEROL PADA MEMBER PROFIT GYM KOTA MALANG

Kolesterol merupakan lemak atau plak endapan yang sebagian besar di bentuk oleh tubuh sendiri terutama dalam hati. Kolesterol mempunyai beberapa fungsi untuk tubuh, diantaranya adalah untuk pembentuk hormon seperti hormon estrogen dan progesteron serta sebagai pembentuk asam empedu dan garam empedu .Walaupun kolesterol ini penting untuk pembentuk hormon dan garam empedu, namun jika kadar kolesterol berlebih di dalam tubuh dapat menimbulkan penyakit-penyakit seperti kardiovaskuler dan penyakit metabolik lainnya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh senam zumba terhadap kadar kolesterol pada profit gym malang.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering