nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
[Effects of dimethyltrilobine iodide on the isolated superior cervical ganglion of rabbits].

The effects of dimethyltrilobine iodide (DTI) were studied by the sucrose-gap method using curare for comparison. DTI at cumulative concentration inhibited ganglion action potentials. IC50 of DTI and curare were 82 and 30 μg/ml, respectively. The effects of DTI were antagonized by neostigmine, enhanced under Ca2+-free or 1/2[Ca2+] and reduced under 2[Ca2+]. DTI inhibited ganglionic N wave, P wave and LN wave.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Comparative FISH-Mapping of MC1R, ASIP, and TYRP1 in New and Old World Camelids and Association Analysis With Coat Color Phenotypes in the Dromedary (Camelus dromedarius)

Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), the agouti signaling protein (ASIP), and tyrosinase related protein 1 (TYRP1) are among the major regulators of pigmentation in mammals. Recently, MC1R and ASIP sequence variants were associated with white and black/dark brown coat colors, respectively, in the dromedary. Here we confirmed this association by independent sequencing and mutation discovery of MC1R and ASIP coding regions and by TaqMan genotyping in 188 dromedaries from Saudi Arabia and United States, including 38 black, 53 white, and 97 beige/brown/red animals. We showed that heterozygosity for a missense mutation c.901C > T in MC1R is sufficient for the white coat color suggesting a possible dominant negative effect. Likewise, we confirmed that the majority of black dromedaries were homozygous for a frameshift mutation in ASIP exon 2, except for 4 animals, which were heterozygous. In search for additional mutations underlying the black color, we identified another frameshift mutation in ASIP exon 4 and 6 new variants in MC1R including a significantly associated SNP in 3′UTR. In pursuit of sequence variants that may modify dromedary wild-type color from dark-reddish brown to light beige, we identified 4 SNPs and one insertion in TYRP1 non-coding regions. However, none of these were associated with variations in wild-type colors. Finally, the three genes were cytogenetically mapped in New World (alpaca) and Old World (dromedary and Bactrian camel) camelids. The MC1R was assigned to chr21, ASIP to chr19 and TYRP1 to chr4 in all 3 species confirming extensive conservation of camelid karyotypes. Notably, while the locations of ASIP and TYRP1 were in agreement with human-camelid comparative map, mapping MC1R identified a new evolutionary conserved synteny segment between camelid chromosome 21 and HSA16. The findings contribute to coat color genomics and the development of molecular tests in camelids and toward the chromosome level reference assemblies of camelid genomes.

Field of study: Biology
Condensed pyridines. 6. Synthesis and strucutre of adamantyl-, cyclopropyl- and alkyl-substituted 3-halomethyl-2,3-dihydro-8-cyanothiazolo[3,2-a]pyridinium salts and their oxazolo and selenazolo derivatives

The reaction of substituted 2-cyanopyridin-2(1H)-ones and their thione and selenone derivatives with allyl bromide gives the corresponding 2-allyloxy-, 2-allylmercapto-, and 2-allylseleno-3-pyridines, which upon treatment with halogens, form intramolecular quaternization products, namely, 3-halomethyl-2,3-dihydro-8-cyanooxazole[3,2-a]pyridinium salts and their thiazolo and selenazolo analogs. X-ray diffraction structural analysis was used to determine the structure of 3-bromomethyl-2,3-dihydro-5,7-dimethyl-8-cyanothiazolo[3,2-a]pyridinium perchlorate.

Field of study: Chemistry
Male role and gender role conflict: Relations to help seeking in men.

Tested theory that adherence to the traditional male gender role and help-seeking attitudes and behaviors are related. Ss were 401 undergraduate men who completed measures of help-seeking attitudes and behaviors, attitudes toward the stereotypic male role, and gender role conflict factors (i.e., success/power/competition, restrictive emotionality, and restrictive affectionate behavior between men). Canonical analysis and regression indicated that traditional attitudes about the male role, concern about expressing emotions, and concern about expressing affection toward other men were each significantly related to negative attitudes toward seeking professional psychological assistance. Restrictive emotionality also significantly predicted decreased past helpseeking behavior and decreased likelihood of future help seeking. The implications of these results for theory, research, and counseling practice are discussed. There appear to be distinct gender differences in psychological help seeking. Two-thirds of all clients seeking psychological help are female. Further, one in three women, compared with one in seven men, seek services from a mental health professional at some point during their lifetime (Collier, 1982). Whereas much research and theoretical writing has focused on the psychological and sociological reasons for women's use of counseling services, a much smaller amount of literature has focused on the problems associated with male reluctance to use psychological services. One possible source of men's hesitance to use counseling services is adherence to the traditional male gender role, although this hypothesis has received very little attention in the help-seeking literature. This lack of attention is somewhat surprising, given that adherence to a role characterized by instrumentality, strength, aggressiveness, and emotional inexpressiveness (David & Brannon, 1976; O'Neti, 1981) seems intuitively antithetical to the behavior of seeking help for psychological concerns. The little research that is available has reported that people with a masculine gender role orientation are less likely to express an interest in seeking counseling than individuals with a feminine gender role'Orientation

Field of study: Psychology
Application of a non-invasive indexing method for introduced Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska

Island restoration projects that address invasive species issues require measures of invader populations before eradication or control efforts begin, especially for cryptic species such as introduced rodents. To address this need, we tested a non-invasive technique for measuring inter-annual variation in Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) activity at Kiska Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska, during 2005-2010. Snap-trapping could not be used at a large mixed colony of small seabirds (auklets, Aethia spp.) at Sirius Point, Kiska, due to the certainty of bird mortality. Away from the colony site at Kiska Harbour, in June 2005, we used snap-traps to measure capture rates, and found a similar corrected trap index (8.5 captures/100 trap nights) to that recorded pre-eradication at Langara Island, British Columbia (8.2 captures/100 trap nights). At Sirius Point, we determined the most effective rat-monitoring method to be a series transects spanning the auklet colony, with detection stations set at 25 m intervals, each including a baited wax block. Rat detections varied nearly 100-fold among years, suggesting high inter-annual variability in the rat population. We found no statistically significant relationship between our rat index and auklet breeding success at Sirius Point with our small sample of years (n = 5, 2006–2010). Nevertheless, we believe rat numbers were much lower at Sirius Point during 2006–2010 than observed qualitatively during 2001–2002 when auklets experienced breeding failure. Our rat activity index protocol is likely applicable to other situations in which introduced rodent numbers needs to be monitored while safeguarding native fauna that could be harmed by snap-trapping.

Field of study: Environmental science
Changing Oligocene climate recorded by palynomorphs from two glacio-eustatic sedimentary cycles, Cape Roberts Project, Victoria Land Basin, Antarctica

Two marine palynomorph assemblages recovered from two glacio-eustatic sedimentary cycles from the Cape Roberts Project (CRP), which recovered over 1500 m of Oligocene and Miocene strata from the western margin of the Victoria Land Basin, are investigated. We present results from one cycle dated as early Oligocene and the other dated as late Oligocene. Modest numbers of marine palynomorphs were recovered, with an average abundance of 56 specimens per gram. The assemblages recovered from both cycles are broadly similar, and dominated by acritarchs and the phycoma of prasinophyte algae. These include Leiosphaeridia sp. 2, Leiosphaeridia sp. 3, and the prasinophyte alga, Cymatiosphaera sp. 2. In detail, however, the lower Oligocene assemblage is different from that of the upper Oligocene. The lower Oligocene cycle includes Impagidinium cf. dispertium and Impagidinium cf. elegans. Cymatiosphaera sp. 6 and Pyxidinopsis sp. are abundant. The upper Oligocene cycle is characterized by an absence of Cymatiosphaera (?) invaganata, Cymatiosphaera sp. 8, and Pterospermella sp. A. It has very low numbers of Acritarch sp. b, Impagidinium and Pyxidinopsis. It contains Tasmanites sp. and Brigantedinium pynei, and it has higher abundances of Lejeunecysta sp. 1 and Sigmopollis than the lower Oligocene cycle. The environmental interpretations of the CRP core from other workers using sedimentological and paleontological indicators are used to infer environmental conditions that are likely to have influenced the marine palynomorph assemblages. Paleontological and sedimentological analysis suggests that both cycles were deposited in cold conditions, with sea ice and melt water influence, although the upper Oligocene assemblage is inferred to have existed in colder marine conditions, with more prolonged sea ice cover and less associated fresh water input than the assemblage of early Oligocene times. The application of modern analogues for some of the marine palynomorph taxa identified suggest the presence of sea ice, and occasionally lowered salinity in both cycles. This is broadly consistent with the findings of the other paleoenvironmental studies on the CRP cores.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Untersuchung der beiden ersten angeregten Zustände des Li6-Kernes durch Elektronenstreuung

Inelastic electron cross sections for Li6 were measured using the facilities at the 300 MeV linear accelerator of the Institut für Kernphysik in Mainz. The form factor for theC 2 transition to the 2.184 MeV level is given in the region of momentum transfer 0.4 fm−1<q<1.9 fm−1. It was possible to determine the form factor for the 3.562 MeVM 1 transition up toq=1.2 fm−1.

Field of study: Physics
Influence of Effective Water-to-Cement Ratios on Internal Damage and Salt Scaling of Concrete with Superabsorbent Polymer

Superabsorbent polymer (SAP) is attracting attention as a water-entraining admixture that reduces shrinkage or heals cracks in concrete. Cross-linked sodium polyacrylate SAPs, which are the most widely produced SAPs in the global market, are applicable as concrete admixtures. However, there have been contradictory results on the freeze–thaw resistance of concrete with SAPs. This study aims to clarify these results considering the water absorption behavior of SAPs in hardened concrete when effective water-to-cement ratios are different. Firstly, the absorbencies of one kind of cross-linked sodium polyacrylate SAP (SAP_SP) in pore solution and fresh mortar were measured by a tea bag test and flow test, respectively. Pore size distribution, capillary water absorption, and deformation during freeze–thaw cycles were analyzed for mortar samples with varying SAP_SP dosages. In the main tests, concrete samples with three different SAP_SPs/cement ratios (0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%) and a reference sample were prepared, and internal damage and salt scaling were measured under freeze–thaw cycles. Because SAP_SP absorbs water in fresh mixtures, additional water was added to the mixture considering the water absorbency of the SAP_SP. It was found that the used SAP_SPs prematurely release their stored water so the effective water-to-cement ratio was increased when a larger amount of SAP_SP was used. The higher effective water-to-cement ratio caused more internal damage and salt scaling due to the weaker cementitious matrix. In addition, mortar samples with a high SAP_SP content show a larger absorption of capillary water than the reference sample. The result can be interpreted by an observation that SAP_SP in air voids absorbs water and expands to relatively large capillary pores or neighbor air voids during the capillary water absorption process.

Field of study: Materials science
Do IgE‐IgG complexes occur in the circulation?

IgG anti‐IgE autoantibodies in human allergic sera have been investigated using an enzyme immunoassay on microplates coated with anti‐human IgE MoAb. After incubation with serum, the plates were developed with peroxidase‐labelled anti‐human IgE MoAb for the determination of total IgE levels, or with anti‐IgG MoAb for evaluating IgG anti‐IgE autoantibodies. Using this methodology, no correlation was found between total IgE and IgG anti‐IgE levels in groups of sera of allergic individuals. Although the results obtained with enzyme‐labelled anti‐IgG are often interpreted as indicative of IgE‐IgG complexes captured from the serum, molecular sieving on gel columns as well as direct ultrafiltration experiments through 300‐kD membranes demonstrate that such complexes do not occur preformed in the circulation, but arise de novo on the anti‐IgE‐coated solid phase during in vitro incubation with human serum. It is suggested that IgG anti‐IgE autoantibodies react with IgE only after the latter has undergone a conformational change, either by colloidal manipulation or after reaction with allergen.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
The Design and Implementation of a General Purpose and High Speed Viterbi Decoder in CDMA2000 System

This paper describes the FPGA design of a general purpose and high speed Viterbi decoder which can be used in cdma2000 mobile communication system. This decoder can decode data with varible code rate and frame length. Meanwhile ,this decoder reaches high speed to 588 kbit/s by taking 4ACS parallel structure.This Viterbi decoder can be used in 3G mobile communication sysetmes and other systems.

Field of study: Engineering
AN APPROACH TO RTLS SELECTION

Real Time Locating System has become an important part of supporting technologies applied in a wide range of logistics related to many sectors and branches, as warehousing, manufacturing or healthcare offering real time visibility of assets. It increases assets utilization. RTLS is a very wide term covering many different specific technologies. The use of a specific technology effects in achieving different performance metrics. Therefore, the selection of a specific technology (or mix) is multi-criteria decision making problem. A set of criteria for RTLS selection was discussed and confronted with a set of criteria for assessment of identification systems and an application of TOPSIS for the selection of RTLS was presented.

Field of study: Engineering
Dielectric properties and electrical conductivity of LiNbO3:Zn crystals in the temperature range 310–900 К

Electrical conductivity and dielectric constant have been researched in a series of crystals LiNbO3:Zn(~4.0–9.0 mol% ZnО in a melt) by application of constant voltage with a couple of electrodes (~ 500 К). In order to compare results we have also researched electrical conductivity σdc of congruent LiNbO3congr and magnesium doped LiNbO3:Mg crystals. We have established that electron contribution to electrical conductivity of doped crystals LiNbO3:Zn and LiNbO3:Mg is greatly smaller than that of a congruent crystal LiNbO3congr. A decrease in conductivity is apparently connected with a restructure of LiNbO3 crystals at high concentrations of magnesium and zinc. Doping of crystals with Zn leads to drastic changes not only in the electron conductivity area (T   500 K). At this, parameters of temperature dependence of lithium ion conductivity depend on both zinc concentration and crystallographic orientation of samples.

Field of study: Materials science
Analysis of the periodically fragmented environment model : I - Influence of periodic heterogeneous environment on species persistence.

This paper is concerned with the study of the stationary solutions of the equation $$u_t-\nabla\cdot(A(x)\nabla u)=f(x,u),\ \ x\in{\mathbb{R}}^N,$$ where the diffusion matrix $A$ and the reaction term $f$ are periodic in $x$. We prove existence and uniqueness results for the stationary equation and we then analyze the behaviour of the solutions of the evolution equation for large times. These results are expressed by a condition on the sign of the first eigenvalue of the associated linearized problem with periodicity condition. We explain the biological motivation and we also interpret the results in terms of species persistence in periodic environment. The effects of various aspects of heterogeneities, such as environmental fragmentation are also discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Anomalous Displacement in Osmium-Substituted Beryllium

Experimental evidence has been obtained, by the ion-beam channeling technique, that an osmium atom introduced into beryllium metal occupies positions displaced from a regular substitutional lattice site. The anomalous displacement is found to persist after annealing to a temperature above that at which impurity diffusion occurs. Of the several heavy-metal impurities in beryllium which have been previously studied, osmium is unique in this respect.

Field of study: Physics
GlueX: The search for gluonic excitations

The phenomenon of confinement in QCD remains a fundamental, unanswered question, and so does the significance of hybrid mesons in understanding QCD in the confinement region. The GlueX experiment will search for all hybrid exotic and non-exotic mesons in the mass range up to 3.0 GeV/c2. This contribution deals exclusively with the search for exotic hybrid mesons.

Field of study: Physics
Valuing visitor willingness to pay for marine conservation – The case of the proposed Cres-Lošinj Marine Protected Area, Croatia

We investigated visitor environmental perception and willingness to pay (WTP) for marine conservation of the Cres-Losinj Marine Protected Area (CLMPA) for bottlenose dolphins. Results indicate that the attractiveness of Losinj Island as a holiday destination is highly influenced by its nature, but less influenced by the presence of the dolphin population. Over 80% of interviewees were willing to pay more for their holiday in support of marine conservation. The average WTP was 6–10% higher than the average daily expenditure per person. This resulted in a potential ecological tax of approximately €1 per person per day, and an overall estimated increase of seasonal income of between €2.4 million and €9.9 million. In order to use the dolphins as a flagship species the resident population should gain greater public awareness which could then lead to a higher support of the MPA. We conclude that there is a viable option for the CLMPA to be self-financed due to the high estimate of WTP of the visitors, and the potential additional income of dedicated ‘dolphin watching’ trips. This is the first study in Croatia to investigate visitors WTP for marine conservation and the potential for the careful development of specialist marine wildlife tourism.

Field of study: Environmental science
Consumption and Material Culture in Sixteenth‐Century Ireland

New evidence from a series of 11 Bristol customs accounts indicates that Irish consumption patterns underwent significant changes over the course of the sixteenth century. This article considers the use of the Bristol ‘particular’ accounts and port books as a source for Irish material culture and consumption studies and uses the customs data as a statistical framework on which to establish how, why, and to what extent patterns of consumption changed in Ireland. It considers who was consuming the increasing range of commodities that were imported into Ireland from Bristol towards the end of the century, and what changing consumption patterns may reveal about the nature of Ireland's economy, society, and culture during this critical period in Irish history.

Field of study: Economics, History
Interaction between ethanol and calcium channel blockers in humans.

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that pretreatment with Ca2+ channel blockers would antagonize the effects of ethanol intoxication in humans. The Ca2+ channel blockers verapamil and nifedipine were chosen because preclinical research has shown them to decrease certain behavioral effects of ethanol in animals. Sixteen healthy, male, paid volunteers, moderate users of ethanol, participated in the study (six in the verapamil and 10 in the nifedipine paradigms). Gelatin capsules containing verapamil (80 mg, 160 mg, or placebo) were administered orally 90 min before ethanol ingestion; whereas, gelatin capsules containing nifedipine (10 mg, 20 mg, or placebo) were administered 30 min before ethanol ingestion. Ethanol (0.85 g/kg or placebo) was administered over a 30-min interval. Subjects were tested in a single-blind, latin-square, cross-over design with each of the following six conditions: placebo ethanol-placebo blocker, placebo ethanol-low dose blocker, placebo ethanol-high dose blocker, ethanol-placebo blocker, ethanol-low dose blocker, and ethanol-high dose blocker. The variables measured in this study were subjective rating of ethanol intoxication, Addiction Research Center Inventory alcohol scale, heart rate, blood pressure, short-term memory, accuracy and latency of response in the Simulator Evaluation of Drug Impairment task, and blood ethanol concentrations by breath analyzer. Results indicate that pretreatment with either verapamil or nifedipine failed to antagonize the inebriating effects of ethanol including its decremental effects on short-term memory and psychomotor performance.

Field of study: Medicine
Geometric Selectivity, Hydrogen-Bonding Interaction, and Solvatochromism of Bis{N-(aminoalkyl)salicylamidato(2-)}cobaltate(III)

Cobalt(III) complexes with N-(aminoalkyl)salicylamide dianions, Ln2− (n = 1–4), have been prepared and their molecular and crystal structures have been determined. The geometric (mer- or fac-) sele...

Field of study: Chemistry
Matrix proteins bound to associatively prepared proteoglycans from bovine cartilage.

Proteoglycans were extracted from bovine tracheal cartilage by high-speed homogenization, the use of dissociative solvents being avoided. The homogenate was fractionated by gel chromatography, sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation and ion-exchange chromatography. A previously unrecognized protein, cartilage matrix protein, was identified by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. It cofractionated with the proteoglycans in all systems, indicating an interaction. The cartilage matrix protein-proteoglycan complex was dissociated by treatment with 4M-guanidinium chloride. The complex again formed when the guanidine was removed. The cartilage matrix protein has a mol.wt. of more than 200000. On reduction it yields subunits with a mol.wt. of approx. 60000.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Corrigendum to “Hard evidence that heuweltjie earth mounds are relictual features produced by differential erosion” [Palaeo 350-352C (2012) 189–197]

Corrigendum Corrigendum to “Hard evidence that heuweltjie earth mounds are relictual features produced by differential erosion” [Palaeo 350-352C (2012) 189–197] Michael D. Cramer ⁎, Sheona N. Innes , Jeremy J. Midgley a a Department of Botany, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X1, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa b School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, WA 6009,

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography