nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Streamlining the consent process for the implementation of offshore wind farms in Spain, considering existing regulations in leading European countries

Despite an extensive coastline and clear potential for the use of wind energy, the development of the offshore wind sector in Spain is currently in impasse. Environmental, technical, economic, social, and legal factors have all contributed to a failure to bring wind energy projects to fruition in any meaningful way. The main regulatory obstacles comprise excessively complex sets of procedures, with long deadlines and the involvement of numerous agencies. A lack of coordination between them has been reported to have caused significant delays and spiralling costs in the implementation of Offshore Wind Farm (OWF) projects in several States, which may well have discouraged investment by developers. This research contains an analysis of the consent procedures necessary to implement OWFs in Spain, and provides a comparative assessment of the systems of authorization used in other European countries with better track records in the development and implementation of offshore wind energy, with the overall aim of proposing regulatory improvements that could make the procedure for developers in Spain more “attractive”, thereby encouraging greater investment in offshore wind. In the first part of the article, the relevant characteristics of the various authorization procedures established in the domestic law of the leading European countries in terms of the development of offshore wind (the UK, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Germany) are analysed on a scheme-by-scheme basis. The second part contains a discussion of the characteristics of the process of consent used in Spain followed by European Union (EU) recommended measures for improving consent processes for other energy projects (Ocean Energy projects and Projects of Common Interest). Finally, some alternatives are proposed focusing on improving the speed and efficiency of the authorization process used in Spain, taking as a reference the different regulatory systems followed by Comparative Law and EU recommended measures, and ending with a brief analysis of the influence that maritime spatial planning can have on Spanish consent process.

Field of study: Environmental science
Role of cloud renormalization in convolution models for EMC and Drell-Yan ratios

Generalizing a recent convolution model of the nucleon which explicitly conserves charge and momentum we reexamine the influence of an enhanced pion field in nuclei on EMC and Drell-Yan ratios. Due to wave function renormalization constants the effect is more than 50% smaller than predicted by the standard pion excess model. In particular there is no discrepancy between the EMC data and our results in the x-region which was expected to be most sensitive to the pion.

Field of study: Physics
Separation of proteins from ginkgo seed and their functionality

Albumin(GAP),globulins(GGP) and salt-soluble protein(GSP) were isolated from ginkgo seeds by salting-in and salting-out methods and the isolation and preparation conditions were studied.The best condition of diping ginkgo protein was that NaCl concentration was 0.14 mol/L,pH was 8.0,temperature was at 4 ℃,time was 4 h;degree was more than 3 times.There were mainly albumin and globulins in ginkgo seeds.Emulsification,stability and viscosity of GAP and GGP were studied.The result showed that the ability of emulsification,stability and viscosity of GAP were superior than GGP

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Reaktionen mit Bleitetraacetat, II. Aldoximanhydrid‐N‐oxide aus aromatischen Aldoximen

Die Oxydation von Benzaldoxim, 4-Nitro-benzaldoxim, Zimtaldoxim, Furfur- und Thiophenaldoxim mit Bleitetraacetat ergibt die entsprechenden Aldoximanhydrid-N-oxide 1–5 (Tab. 1). Aus Benzildioxim wird entsprechend Diphenylfuroxan (7), aus Phenanthrenchinondioxim Phenanthrenofuroxan (9) erhalten. Struktur und IR-Spektren der Verbindungen sowie der Bildungsmechanismus werden diskutiert.

Field of study: Chemistry
When Will Collective Action Be Effective? Violent and Non-Violent Protests Differentially Influence Perceptions of Legitimacy and Efficacy Among Sympathizers

Collective action will be effective in achieving broader social change goals to the extent that it influences public opinion yet the degree to which collective action “works” in changing opinion is rarely studied. Experiment 1 (n = 158) showed that, consistent with a logic of strategic non-violence, non-violent collective action more effectively conveys a sense of the illegitimacy of the issue and the efficacy of the group, thereby promoting support for future non-violent actions. Experiment 2 (n = 139) explored the moderating role of allegations of corruption. A social context of corruption effectively undermined the efficacy and legitimacy of non-violent collective action, relative to support for violence, thereby promoting (indirectly) support for future extreme action. The implications of this research, for the logic of strategic non-violence and mobilizing supportive public opinion, are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
LASER APPLICATIONS AND OTHER TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS: Laser projection interferometer with a large-diameter field of view and a copper-vapor brightness amplifier

An experimental investigation was made of various optical configurations of a laser projection interferometer with a large-diameter field of view and a copper-vapor brightness amplifier. The maximum diameter of the field of view was 36 mm. Different experimental configurations were used to achieve and study multibeam interference of reflected light corresponding to the cases of "reversed" and "nonreversed" fringes. Interferograms of the investigated objects are reproduced.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Neogene glacial record from the Sirius Group of the Shackleton Glacier region, central Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica

Neogene glacigenic strata, collectively referred to as the Sirius Group, are widely distributed throughout the Transantarctic Mountains. The group is particularly well exposed near the head of Shackleton Glacier (858109 to 858409S) on Roberts Massif and at Bennett Platform. These deposits are critical for examining the nature of former ice flow from the East Antarctic Ice Sheet into the Ross Embayment. The Sirius Group rests on a glacially grooved and striated pavement named herein the ‘‘Shackleton erosion surface.’’ The sub‐Sirius Group surface on Roberts Massif was of low relief, and glaciogenic sediment was deposited on it as a sheet of uniform thickness. At Bennett Platform, stratigraphic sections attain a thickness of 110 m thick and are subdivided into the Shackleton Glacier Formation (maximum thickness 98 m) and the overlying Bennett Platform Formation (44 m), separated by an unconformity. A third, older, lithified diamictite containing wood fragments occurs as clasts within these formations and as boulders in the modern lateral moraines of Shackleton Glacier. The dominant facies, massive diamict, is interpreted primarily as lodgement till. Other facies indicate glaciofluvial and glaciolacustrine deposition. Facies associations suggest deposition either by sliding temperate or by polythermal glaciers, under much warmer conditions than those of today. Widespread large- and small-scale faulting has affected the Sirius Group and underlying rocks to the extent that inland exposures are over 500 m higher than those to the north, over a distance of 30 km. Thus, at the time of deposition of the Sirius Group, the mountains were probably lower, and the ice sheet was much thinner.

Field of study: Geology
Paleoecology of the shiranish formation (maestrichtian) in northern Iraq by means of microfacies analysis and clay mineral investigation

The present paper deals with the paleoecological significance of the clay-mineral and faunal content of the Shiranish Formation which is exposed at the core Gabal Sinjar, northern Iraq. The paleoecology and environmental conditions which prevailed during sedimentation of the Shiranish Formation are revealed by the interpretation and correlation of the faunal content, and the microfacies fabrics together with the clay-mineral facies. The study shows that sediments of the Shiranish Formation have been deposited under shallow marine, moderately energetic, and weakly oxidizing alkaline conditions. Such environmental condition are easily correlated with the Middle Sharawna Marl (Maestrichtian) of Gabal Oweina, Upper Egypt. Also it was noticed that the sedimentation of the Shiranish Formation in the studied section is cyclic.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
No association between polymorphisms and haplotypes of COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes and osteoporotic fracture in postmenopausal Chinese women

To study whether genetic polymorphisms of COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes affected the onset of fracture in postmenopausal Chinese women.SNPs in COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes were identified via direct sequencing in 32 unrelated postmenopausal Chinese women. Ten SNPs were genotyped in 1252 postmenopausal Chinese women. The associations were examined using both single-SNP and haplotype tests using logistic regression.Twenty four (4 novel) and 28 (7 novel) SNPs were identified in COL1A1 and COL1A2 gene, respectively. The distribution frequencies of 2 SNPs in COL1A1 (rs2075554 and rs2586494) and 3 SNPs in COL1A2 (rs42517, rs1801182, and rs42524) were significantly different from those documented for the European Caucasian population. No significant difference was observed between fracture and control groups with respect to allele frequency or genotype distribution in 9 selected SNPs and haplotype. No significant association was found between fragility fracture and each SNP or haplotype. The results remained the same after additional corrections for other risk factors such as weight, height, and bone mineral density.Our results show no association between common genetic variations of COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes and fracture, suggesting the complex genetic background of osteoporotic fractures.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Levels of Possession of Science Process Skills by Final Year Students of Colleges of Education in South-Eastern States of Nigeria

This study investigated the levels of possession of science process skills by final year Nigerian Certificate in Education (NCE) Students in colleges of Education in South-Eastern States of Nigeria. The skills that were assessed were observation, experimentation, measurement, communication, and inference. The research was guided by five research questions and one hypothesis. The research adopted the descriptive survey design. A sample of 200 out of 1000 final year NCE students who studied Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Integrated science in the 2013/2014 academic session were used for the study. The instruments for data collection consisted of a set of practical instructions called science process skills Tests (SPST) and a 28-item Assessment format for science process skills (AFSPS), both instrument were developed by the researcher and validated by 3 experts. AFSPS was an instrument based on 4-point Likert scale of very low, low, high and very high. It was used in rating of the respondent’s levels of possession of the skills. The instruments were face validated and in addition, AFSPS had reliability co-efficient of 0.75 determined by using the Cronbach Alpha statistics. The researcher rated the students’ level of possession of the skills using AFSPS while the students were carrying out the activities using SPST. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions and t-test was used to test the hypothesis. The results indicated among others, high level possession of observation, experimentation and measurement skills and low level possession of communication and inference skills by the respondents and gender-related significant difference in level of possession of the skills. Based on the findings, it was recommended that teacher-trainers should emphasize more on skills acquisition. The Federal and states ministries of Education should employed qualified and trained personnel into the teaching profession; they should also provide adequate and well equipped science Laboratories to facilitate the production of N.C.E. Science Teachers with high level knowledge in science process skills.

Field of study: Education
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF MASONRY WALLS RETROFITTED WITH PREFABRICATED REINFORCED CONCRETE PANELS

Assembly technology using prefabricated reinforced concrete(RC) members can effectively improve the seismic performance of existing masonry buildings.In this study,an existing masonry wall is enhanced using two pieces of prefabricated RC panels,which are bonded on the two faces of the wall.To enable full interaction between the prefabricated RC panels and the masonry wall,three techniques are employed and studied,specifically connections provided by RC dowels,connection via grouting agent,and connection using post-casting concrete bands.To investigate the interaction and the force transfer mechanism between the RC panels and the masonry wall,a finite element analytic model was developed to simulate the quasi-static cyclic tests and nonlinear analyses were conducted.Results demonstrate that the addition of prefabricated RC panels using the proposed retrofitting techniques can effectively improve the seismic performance of the existing masonry walls.The strength of an existing wall can be increased by three to four times and the stiffness by two to three times when it is retrofitted using the prefabricated RC panels,satisfying the requirements of the current seismic design code.Among the three connection methods,post-casting concrete bands are most effective,as they are able to transfer 70% of the load from the masonry wall to the RC panels in the elastic phase,and up to 80% of the load in the nonlinear ultimate phase.

Field of study: Engineering
Author's Reply.to Comments on: Light Scattering in Photographic Materials for Holography.

The calculations of Ref. 1 were never intended to show the magnitude of the scattered flux, only the functional form of the relative scattered flux. The overlapping circular grain model was chosen for these calculations, because the simple checkerboard model of a photographic emulsion cannot be an accurate modei for predicting light scattering. No matter how the parameters are juggled, the checkerboard model will always predict a maximum in the scattering at an amplitude trahsmittance of 0.5, whereas the measured peak occurs at an amplitude transmittance of 0.6.

Field of study: Physics
Acquisition and Review of Diesel Generator Testing Data

Historically, diesel generator qualification and periodic testing has been primarily concerned with demonstrating equipment operability and providing a data base for which numerical values for reliability are calculated. Although these factors are required for plant licensing and operation, a properly planned and implemented testing program can provide useful information regarding maintenance and testing procedures and intervals, component deterioration, setpoint drift, or impending failures. To provide meaningful results in these areas, a testing program must rely on accurate data acquisition as well as a thorough review by qualified personnel to point out discernable trends and determine their significance. This paper is intended to be neither a comprehensive checklist of test data to be recorded and analyzed nor a reference book of problems associated with certain data trends. Rather, it is presented to illustrate examples of useful information obtained through test data review.

Field of study: Physics
Influence of thyroid hormone on the tissue-specific expression of cytochrome c oxidase isoforms during cardiac development.

In mammals, cytochrome c oxidase (COX) is composed of 13 different protein subunits. In the rat, two nuclear-encoded subunits, COX VIa and VIII, exist as tissue-specific isoforms: heart and liver. Using Northern-blot analysis, the levels of transcripts for the heart and liver isoforms of VIa and VIII were examined in developing rat hearts. The liver isoform was found to be the predominant form of subunit VIa and the exclusive form of VIII in the 18-day fetal hearts. The mRNA levels of the heart isoform of both subunits increased dramatically to reach adult levels by 14 days. Although the levels of the VIa- and VIII-liver isoform mRNAs remained stable throughout early development, their levels decreased by 40 and 36% respectively between the 18-day fetal stage and 18-day neonatal stage. Therefore the up-regulation of the heart isoforms and down-regulation of the liver isoforms appear to be regulated in a co-ordinated manner during development. To determine if thyroid hormone influences the expression of these developmentally regulated isoforms, the RNA was also extracted from the hearts of 2-week-old hypothyroid rats. The results showed that the levels of VIII-heart and VIa-liver COX mRNAs were approx. 40% lower in the hypothyroid hearts, while VIII-liver and VIa-heart COX isoform expression remained unchanged. These data demonstrate that the isoforms of COX subunits VIa and VIII are not co-ordinately regulated by changes in thyroid hormone levels. Therefore we conclude that, although thyroid hormone influences the expression of isoforms, it appears to do so via a different mechanism from that which regulates the developmental transition.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Angular dependence of the magnetization of isotropic superconductors: which is the vortex direction?

We present studies of the dc magnetization of thin platelike samples of the isotropic type II superconductor PbTl(10%), as a function of the angle between the normal to the sample and the applied magnetic field H. We determine the magnetization vector M by measuring the components both parallel and normal to H in a SQUID magnetometer, and we further decompose it in its reversible and irreversible contributions. The behaviour of the reversible magnetization is well understood in terms of minimization of the free energy taking into account geometrical effects. In the mixed state at low fields, the dominant effect is the line energy gained by shortening the vortices, thus the flux lines are almost normal to the sample surface. Due to the geometrical constraint, the irreversible magnetization remains locked to the sample normal over a wide range of fields and orientations, as already known. We show that in order to understand the angle and field dependence of the modulus of , which is a measure of the vortex pinning, and to correctly extract the field dependent critical current density, the knowledge of the modulus and orientation of the induction field B is required.

Field of study: Physics
Chinese Semantic Role Labeling Basing on Combination Strategy

At present,Chinese semantic role labeling(SRL) systems based on machine learning can be categorized to full parsing based SRL and shallow parsing based SRL,generally.Considering that these two systems have advantage and weakness on performance and robustness respectively,this paper attempts to combine the outputs of these two systems,uses some global features to train combination model for filtering candidate arguments,then resolves roles violating domain knowledge constraints to obtain the final solution to improve performance of labeling.We report the experiments on Chinese PropBank(CPB) 1.0.the F-Score of our combination system reaches 78.41%,Significantly improves performance on the basis of the F-Score(67.34%) of full parsing based system and the F-Score(71.67%) of shallow parsing based system.it is proved that our combination method is effective.

Field of study: Computer science
Fast K-dimensional tree algorithms for nearest neighbor search with application to vector quantization encoding

Fast search algorithms are proposed and studied for vector quantization encoding using the K-dimensional (K-d) tree structure. Here, the emphasis is on the optimal design of the K-d tree for efficient nearest neighbor search in multidimensional space under a bucket-Voronoi intersection search framework. Efficient optimization criteria and procedures are proposed for designing the K-d tree, for the case when the test data distribution is available (as in vector quantization application in the form of training data) as well as for the case when the test data distribution is not available and only the Voronoi intersection information is to be used. The criteria and bucket-Voronoi intersection search procedure are studied in the context of vector quantization encoding of speech waveform. They are empirically observed to achieve constant search complexity for O(log N) tree depths and are found to be more efficient in reducing the search complexity. A geometric interpretation is given for the maximum product criterion, explaining reasons for its inefficiency with respect to the optimization criteria.

Field of study: Engineering
Mechanism of phase-energy coupling in f-to-2f interferometry.

White-light generation has been used widely in single-shot f-to-2f interferometers for stabilizing the carrier-envelope (CE) phase of laser amplifiers. The accuracy of the relative phase values measured by such an interferometer is affected by fluctuations in the laser pulse energy. A simple two-step model is proposed to explain the mechanism that couples the laser energy and the CE phase. The model explains the experimentally observed dependence of the group delay between the f and the 2f pulses on the laser energy, as well as the CE phase shift caused by the pulse energy variation.

Field of study: Physics
Quantitative analysis of the expression of a VIP transgene.

We have analyzed the expression of a transgene bearing 2 kilobases of the 5' flanking region of the human vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) gene coupled to beta-galactosidase. Expression was assayed by beta-galactosidase histochemistry and by mRNA quantitation using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-mediated amplification; we compared beta-galactosidase activity against both transgene and endogenous VIP mRNA levels. We found that the human 5' flanking sequence in this construct is able to direct tissue-specific expression of beta-galactosidase similar to the pattern for endogenous VIP. However, the transgene is also expressed in smooth muscle and Schwann cells, where VIP mRNA is rare. In various tissues where the transgene and endogenous gene are both active, the ratio between their message levels differs dramatically--transgene mRNA is more abundant where VIP is relatively scarce, but is much less abundant than the endogenous message at sites where VIP mRNA is most concentrated. These results suggest that sequence elements that may restrict VIP transcription or cause tissue-specific VIP mRNA accumulation are missing from the transgene. In the testis there is a high level of transgene message but no significant beta-galactosidase activity; this discrepancy is caused by transcription from a cryptic promoter within the beta-galactosidase sequence.

Field of study: Biology