nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Spinal cord injury: the promise of translational research.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a condition with devastating consequences for the patient, family, and society. Although effective treatments for SCI remain limited, there have been many advances in recent years, which have promise for the future from a clinical translational perspective. This issue of Neurosurgical Focus explores some of the current basic science, preclinical, and clinical research directed towards this goal. Clinical investigations are also discussed with regard to the treatment and management of different types of SCI and of SCI in different populations. The issue concludes with a review of the current, ongoing, and planned clinical trials, providing a glimpse of the promising new therapies being developed for the treatment of SCI.

Field of study: Medicine
A Low Voltage Ride Through Scheme for DFIG-Based Wind Farm With SFCL and RSC Control

Taking into consideration the low voltage ride through (LVRT) demand proposed in grid codes, a resistive-type superconducting fault current limiter (R-SFCL) LVRT solution is presented in this paper for doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind turbine generators. The installed position, equivalent modelling of R-SFCL, and technical principle for improving LVRT capability are described. Cooperative control between R-SFCL and two advanced control strategies—reactive power control (RPC) and inductance-emulating control (IEC)—are introduced in this paper to help the DFIG generate reactive power and protect key parameters during grid faults. Simulations and performance evaluation are also conducted compared with the single IEC scheme and single RPC-IEC scheme, which demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed scheme in enhancing LVRT capability.

Field of study: Physics
Hipotensão pós-exercício resistido: uma revisão da literatura

Post-exercise hypotension (PEH) has been the subject of several investigations. However, there is no consensus that resistance exercise promotes this phenomenon. The purpose of this work was to present, through a literature review, the main findings regarding post-resistance exercise hypotension and its possible mechanisms. The results of the studies are conflicting, which may be due to different methodological designs and exercise protocols adopted. Controversies may also be related to the level of blood pressure (BP) at rest, since people with higher baseline levels usually have more important reductions after exercise. Future researches are important to elucidate the physiological mechanisms that induce PEH. Although some studies have failed to report it, this phenomenon seems feasible, especially in hypertensive patients, at least in the first 60 to 90 minutes after a resistance exercise session. This information is important for exercise prescription.

Field of study: Education
Dictatorship and Politics: Intrigue, Betrayal, and Survival in Venezuela, 1908-1935 (review)

sought to disseminate the notion that their operations were modernizing Venezuela and held the key to its future progress. The propaganda effort worked. Cooperation witii the companies became a hallmark of centrist and conservative conceptualizations of development among the increasingly powerful middle class. In practice, oil failed to improve the lives of marginalized Venezuelans, but the visible impact of the petroleum sector was sufficiently dramatic to keep the dream of oil-fueled progress alive for decades, blunting die appeal of more radical models of nationalism.

Field of study: History
Beiträge zur Analyse des S2-Spektrums

ZusammenfassungEs wird der Elektronenübergang für die von Rösen geordneten Banden ermittelt. Die von Hg 2967, 3022, 3131, 3655 angeregten Resonanzserien werden in dasn′-n″-Schema eingeordnet, zum Teil auch, in die Teilbanden. Ihr Verhalten bei Anwesenheit von Fremdgasen wird untersucht.

Field of study: Physics
Comparison of Pharmacy Students’ Perceived and Actual Knowledge Using the Pharmacy Curricular Outcomes Assessment

To determine whether a correlation exists between third-year PharmD students’ perceived pharmacy knowledge and actual pharmacy knowledge as assessed by the Pharmacy Curricular Outcomes Assessment (PCOA).  In 2010 and 2011, the PCOA was administered in a low-stakes environment to third-year pharmacy students at North Dakota State University College of Pharmacy, Nursing, and Allied Sciences (COPNAS). A survey instrument was also administered on which students self-assessed their perceived competencies in each of the core areas covered by the PCOA examination.  The pharmacy students rated their competencies slightly higher than average. Performance on the PCOA was similar to but slightly higher than national averages. Correlations between each of the 4 content areas (basic biomedical sciences, pharmaceutical sciences, social/administrative sciences, and clinical sciences) mirrored those reported nationally by the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy (NABP). Student performance on the basic biomedical sciences portion of the PCOA was significantly correlated with students’ perceived competencies in the biomedical sciences. No other correlations between actual and perceived competencies were significant.  A lack of correlation exists between what students perceive they know and what they actually know in the areas of pharmaceutical science; social, behavioral, and administrative science; and clinical science. Therefore, additional standardized measures are needed to assess curricular effectiveness and provide comparisons among pharmacy programs.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
SPATIAL pH DISTRIBUTION DURING RIPENING OF CAMEMBERT CHEESE

During the ripening phase, the pH values continually change, which impacts the survival and growth of all microorganisms 
including Listeria monocytogenes (a foodborne pathogen). Toward this end, distribution and change of pH during 
ripening of cylindrical (108 mm diameter; 32 mm height) Camembert cheese were measured at 16 locations and three vertical 
cross-sections 120° apart. The pH at different locations had significant differences (P < 0.05) for each day of ripening. The 
pH values in the top and bottom regions had higher values than in the top middle and bottom middle regions. In addition, 
the pH in the surface region was higher than in the center region. The day had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on the pH values 
during ripening. Overall, the pH values increased gradually and throughout the ripening of Camembert cheese. The pH value 
was around 4.5 on day 1 and approximately 7.5 on day 35 of ripening. Within a set, the pH values had no significant difference 
(P > 0.05) for each batch and each section. For across-set comparisons, the set had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the 
pH values during ripening. There were similar values for each batch and section on each ripening day. The pH values 
measured in this research can be the basis for developing a mathematical model to predict the distribution of pH, which when 
coupled with a dynamic predictive growth model, will enable the prediction of survival and growth of L. monocytogenes 
during ripening of Camembert cheese.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The distribution of cataract surgery services in a public health eye care program in Nepal.

The cost-effectiveness of public health cataract programs in low-income countries has been well documented. Equity, another important dimension of program quality which has received less attention is analyzed here by comparisons of surgical coverage rates for major sub-groups within the intended beneficiary population of the Nepal blindness program (NBP). Substantial differences in surgical coverage were found between males and females and between different age groups of the same gender. Among the cataract blind, the surgical coverage of males was 70% higher than that of females. For both genders, the cataract blind over 55 received proportionately fewer services than younger people blind from cataract. Blind males aged 45-54 had a 500% higher rate of surgical coverage than blind males over 65. Blind females aged 35-44 had nearly a 600% higher rate of surgical coverage than blind females over 65. There was wide variation in overall surgical coverage between geographic zones, but little variation by terrain type, an indicator of the logistical difficulties in delivery of services. Members of the two highest caste groupings had somewhat lower surgical coverage than members of lower castes. Program managers should consider developing methods to increase services to women and to those over 65. Reaching these populations will become increasingly important as those most readily served receive surgery and members of the under-served groups form a growing portion of the remaining cataract backlog.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Hadron-Hadron Interactions

The present status of the chiral approach to the $NN$ interaction as proposed by Weinberg is discussed. The important role of correlation effects and explicit vector meson ($\rho$, $\omega$) exchange in the dynamics of baryon-baryon interactions is demonstrated. As an example, the inclusion of the exchange of a correlated pair of $\pi$ and $\rho$ meson between two nucleons appears to be mandatory in order to resolve a long-standing puzzle concerning the formfactor at the pion-nucleon-nucleon vertex.

Field of study: Physics
The Economic Systems of Foraging, Agricultural, and Industrial Societies

Tilman affirms his affinity with the growing group of Veblen scholars (see, for example, Edgell 2001, copiously cited in Tilman) who reject the long-held and formerly quite universally accepted interpretation advanced by Joseph Dorfman of Veblen asculturally segregated, marginalized, and a philanderer. Veblen's latter-day pessimism, even cynicism, is contrasted negatively by Tilman with Dewey's optimism. Tilman, in fact, quotes Clarence Ayres to this effect (p. 202), indicating as a possible explanation the greater recognition accorded Dewey as well as the more extensive appreciation of his work. It may be, however, that Veblen was more realist than pessimist, that is, that his pessimism was justified, given the state of the nation and the direction in which it seemed headed. On that score, and if a personal recollection may be forgiven, I recall hearing Ayres comment, near the end of his life, that it might be necessary for things to hit rock bottom before any improvement could occur, 1 thus himself striking a less than optimistic note. It is always a pleasure to encounter a work devoted to Veblen's thought. This book should have wide appeal for those with an interest in American intellectual history. It will have particular attraction for those with a predilection for heterodox economics.

Field of study: Economics
Using collision-induced dissociation to constrain sensitivity of ammonia chemical ionization mass spectrometry ( N H 4 + CIMS) to oxygenated volatile organic compounds.

Chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) instruments routinely detect hundreds of oxidized organic compounds in the atmosphere. A major limitation of these instruments is the uncertainty in their sensitivity to many of the detected ions. We describe the development of a new high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer that operates in one of two ionization modes: using either ammonium ion ligand-switching reactions such as for N H 4 + CIMS or proton transfer reactions such as for protontransfer-reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS). Switching between the modes can be done within 2min. The N H 4 + CIMS mode of the new instrument has sensitivities of up to 67 000 dcps ppbv-1 (duty-cycle-corrected ion counts per second per part per billion by volume) and detection limits between 1 and 60 pptv at 2σ for a 1 s integration time for numerous oxygenated volatile organic compounds. We present a mass spectrometric voltage scanning procedure based on collision-induced dissociation that allows us to determine the stability of ammonium-organic ions detected by the N H 4 + CIMS instrument. Using this procedure, we can effectively constrain the sensitivity of the ammonia chemical ionization mass spectrometer to a wide range of detected oxidized volatile organic compounds for which no calibration standards exist. We demonstrate the application of this procedure by quantifying the composition of secondary organic aerosols in a series of laboratory experiments.

Field of study: Environmental science
Process-Induced Variability of  ${\rm Nb/Al}/{\rm AlO}_{\rm x}/{\rm Nb}$ Junctions in Superconductor Integrated Circuits and Protection Against It

It is shown that the critical current density, jc of Nb/AlOx/Nb Josephson junctions in multilayered structures such as superconductor integrated circuits depends on the junction environment and on which wiring layers make contacts to the junction electrodes, and at which stage of the fabrication process. In particular, it is shown that contact holes between the junction base electrode layer and Nb ground plane layer in proximity to the junctions increase their jc and degrade the junction quality. This effect alone may induce enough variation in the properties of Josephson junctions in superconductor integrated circuits to significantly reduce margin of operation and yield of complex circuits. Numerous test structures have been designed, fabricated at various technological regimes, and exhaustively tested in order to investigate various phenomena leading to damage of tunnel barrier or local variation of jc in Nb/Al/AlOx/Nb junctions. The results indicate that layer-dependent and local environment effects on jc are mainly due to electromigration and interlayer diffusion of impurity (hydrogen) atoms around contacts between different layers and changes in hydrogen concentration brought about by wafer processing. Based on the gained insight into the materials science of the phenomenon, methods for minimization and prevention of process-induced changes to Nb/Al/AlOx/Nb tunnel junctions have been developed.

Field of study: Physics
Self-propelled prototype soybean harvester

A four-row self-propelled prototype of a new and simplified concept soybean harvester was built and field tested 
as part of a major project carried out for several years. The prototype threshes soybeans from standing, uncut plants using 
impact energy provided by plastic fingers mounted on opposite rotating shafts, and uses a pneumatic system for capturing, 
separating, cleaning, and transporting the beans. Compared to ten different combines from each of three brands with 
conventional tangentially fed threshing systems, and ten different combines from a brand with an axial-flow threshing system, 
the prototype-harvested seeds were significantly better with respect to broken/split beans and seed coat damage than all the 
combines with tangentially fed threshing systems. The amounts of material-other-than-grain (MOG) in the samples harvested 
with the prototype were significantly less than for all conventional brands. The seed vigor of the samples from the prototype 
was significantly better than those from one of the combine brands with a tangentially fed threshing system. Invisible 
mechanical damage, germination, and grain field losses were not statistically different between the prototype and all combine 
brands evaluated. The overall results confirmed the better quality of the collected beans, including that obtained with previous 
versions of the prototype. It also showed that the harvesting module, initially designed for small and medium-size farms, was 
adaptable to a self-propelled unit and therefore to larger-scale operations.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Poly(2-alkylacrylic acid) polymers deliver molecules to the cytosol by pH-sensitive disruption of endosomal vesicles.

The permeability barrier posed by cell membranes represents a challenge for the delivery of hydrophilic molecules into cells. We previously proposed that poly(2-alkylacrylic acid)s are endocytosed by cells into acidified vesicles and are there triggered by low pH to disrupt membranes and release the contents of endosomes/lysosomes to the cytosol. If this hypothesis is correct, these polymers could be valuable in drug-delivery applications. The present paper reports functional comparisons of a family of three poly(2-alkylacrylic acid)s. Poly(2-propylacrylic acid) (PPAA), poly(2-ethylacrylic acid) (PEAA) and poly(2-methylacrylic acid) (PMAA) were compared in red-blood-cell haemolysis assays and in a lipoplex (liposome-DNA complex) assay. We also directly examined the ability of these polymers to disrupt endosomes and lysosomes in cultured human cells. Our results show that: (i) unlike membrane-disruptive peptides, the endosomal-disruptive ability of poly(2-alkylacrylic acid)s cannot necessarily be predicted from their haemolytic activity at low pH, (ii) PPAA (but not PEAA or PMAA) potently facilitates gene transfection by cationic lipoplexes and (iii) endocytosed poly(2-alkylacrylic acid)s are triggered by luminal acidification to selectively disrupt endosomes (not lysosomes) and release their contents to the cytosol. These results will facilitate the rational design of future endosomal-disrupting polymers for drug delivery.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
[Pharmacokinetics of four benzimidazoles administered intragastrically to mice infected with secondary cysts of Echinococcus granulosus].

Mice infected with secondary cysts of Echinococcus granulosus were treated ig with mebendazole (Meb), albendazole (Alb), albendazole sulfoxide (AlbSO) or albendazole sulphone (AlbSP) at equal effective dosage. The blood concentrations-time courses of the four drugs were adequately fitted to a liner one-compartment open model analysed with a modified NONLIN program, and the major pharmaco- kinetic parameters were then calculated (Table 1). When Alb was given ig to the infected mice, 76.2-84.5% of the drug absorbed was metabolized to AlbSO. There fore, the pharmacokinetics of AlbSO in Alb group was determined. After ig administration of Meb to the infected mice, the ratio of the drug contents in cyst wall to corresponding plasma concentrations of Meb was 10.6-26.9%, but much less in cyst fluid. In Alb and AlbSO groups, similar AlbSO contents in cyst wall and cyst fluid with higher ratio to plasma concentrations were observed . The results suggest that E granulosus cysts were more susceptible to Meb than to Alb or AlbSO, and improvement of Meb absorption would be favourable for enhancement of efficacy in the treatment of hydatid disease.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
The pilus-retraction protein PilT: ultrastructure of the biological assembly.

PilT is a biological motor required for the retraction of bacterial type IV pili. Nesseria gonorrhoeae PilT has been purified and its ultrastructure has been examined by freeze-etch electron microscopy, revealing a 115 A outer diameter, 15-35 A inner diameter ring. Aquifex aeolicus PilT crystals were obtained in a primitive hexagonal space group (unit-cell parameters a = b = 107.3, c = 68.5 A) and diffract to a minimum Bragg spacing of 2.8 A when PilT is co-crystallized with adenine nucleotides. Initial phases to 3.5 A resolution have been determined by multiwavelength anomalous dispersion and density modification. Resulting electron-density maps show a hexameric A. aeolicus PilT ring 105 A wide by 55 A high, with an inner cavity that varies in shape and width from 20 to 40 A over the height of the complex. Both PilT ultrastructures are very similar to type II and type IV secretion ATPases in overall shape, size and assembly.

Field of study: Chemistry
Field-dependent superradiant quantum phase transition of molecular magnets in microwave cavities

We find a superradiant quantum phase transition in the model of triangular molecular magnets coupled to the electric component of a microwave cavity field. The transition occurs when the coupling strength exceeds a critical value which, in sharp contrast to the standard two-level emitters, can be tuned by an external magnetic field. In addition to emitted radiation, the molecules develop an in-plane electric dipole moment at the transition. We estimate that the transition can be detected in state of the art microwave strip-line cavities containing $10^{15}$ molecules.

Field of study: Materials science
Evaluating the influence of spatial resolution of Landsat predictors on the accuracy of biomass models for large-area estimation across the eastern USA

Aboveground biomass (AGB) estimates for regional-scale forest planning have become cost-effective with the free access to satellite data from sensors such as Landsat and MODIS. However, the accuracy of AGB predictions based on passive optical data depends on spatial resolution and spatial extent of target area as fine resolution (small pixels) data are associated with smaller coverage and longer repeat cycles compared to coarse resolution data. This study evaluated various spatial resolutions of Landsat-derived predictors on the accuracy of regional AGB models at three different sites in the eastern USA: Maine, Pennsylvania-New Jersey, and South Carolina. We combined national forest inventory data with Landsat-derived predictors at spatial resolutions ranging from 30–1000 m to understand the optimal spatial resolution of optical data for large-area (regional) AGB estimation. Ten generic models were developed using the data collected in 2014, 2015 and 2016, and the predictions were evaluated (i) at the county-level against the estimates of the USFS Forest Inventory and Analysis Program which relied on EVALIDator tool and national forest inventory data from the 2009–2013 cycle and (ii) within a large number of strips (~1 km wide) predicted via LiDAR metrics at 30 m spatial resolution. The county-level estimates by the EVALIDator and Landsat models were highly related (R 2 > 0.66), although the R 2 varied significantly across sites and resolution of predictors. The mean and standard deviation of county-level estimates followed increasing and decreasing trends, respectively, with models of coarser resolution. The Landsat-based total AGB estimates were larger than the LiDAR-based total estimates within the strips, however the mean of AGB predictions by LiDAR were mostly within one-standard deviations of the mean predictions obtained from the Landsat-based model at any of the resolutions. We conclude that satellite data at resolutions up to 1000 m provide acceptable accuracy for continental scale analysis of AGB.

Field of study: Environmental science
Genetic diversity of Conidiobolus coronatus from some regions of China

In order to study genetic diversity of Conidiobolus coronatus isolated from different geographical origin in China,genetic diversities of 131 C.coronatus isolates,randomly sampled from 5 Provinces(Anhui,Shandong,Gueizhou,Shanxi and Shanxi)in China,were analyzed using RAPD(random amplified polymorphic DNA) and ISSR(inter-simple sequence repeat)markers.By using 4 selected RAPD and 3 selected ISSR primers,131 DNA bands were amplified,in which 129 bands showed polymorphism with a rate of 98.4%.The coefficient ranges of genetic similarity of the RAPD and ISSR markers were 0.59-0.99,which indicated that the abundant genetic diversities existed among the tested C.coronatus.UPGMA cluster analysis showed that these isolates were divided into 4 groups,and genetic similarities among C.coronatus isolates were partially related with geo-graphical sources.Based on the results,RAPD and ISSR markers could be applied to detecting genetic diversity among C.coronatus isolates.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences