nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Linear prediction of bandlimited processes with flat spectral densities

Lyman et al. (2000) developed some important properties of a continuous-time linear predictor applied to a bandlimited random process, and discussed how such a prediction could be applied to the problem of mobile radio fading. In this paper, we solve explicitly for the optimal predictor, in the mean-square sense, when the process spectral density is not within the band limits and the predictor impulse response is energy constrained. As basis functions, we use time-shifted versions of the prolate spheroidal wave functions, leading to a simple algebraic optimization problem that is solved using a Lagrange multiplier. We show how to use the solution to compute the minimum mean squared prediction error under the energy constraint. Then, we discuss the case of a bandlimited process embedded in white noise, showing how to determine if a certain mean squared prediction error can be attained.

Field of study: Engineering
Unresolved anger and sadness: Identifying vocal acoustical correlates.

The authors conducted 2 studies to identify the vocal acoustical correlates of unresolved anger and sadness among women reporting unresolved anger toward an attachment figure. In Study 1, participants (N = 17) were induced to experience and express anger then sadness or sadness then anger. In Study 2, a 2nd group of participants (N = 22) underwent a relationship-oriented, emotion-focused analogue therapy session. Results from both studies showed that, relative to emotionally neutral speech, anger evoked an increase in articulation rate and in mean fundamental frequency (F0) and F0-range, whereas sadness evoked an increase in F0-perturbation. Both F0 and F0-range were larger for anger than for sadness. In addition, results from the mood-induction-procedure study revealed 2 Emotion×Order interactions. Whereas variations in amplitude range suggested that anger evoked less physiological activation when induced after sadness, variations in F0-perturbation suggested that sadness evoked more physiological activation when induced after anger. These findings illustrate the feasibility of using acoustical measures to identify clients' personally and clinically meaningful emotional experiences, and shifts between such emotional experiences, in the context of psychotherapy.

Field of study: Psychology
Comment to M Lichter and D Felsenstein, Assessing the costs of sea-level rise and extreme flooding at the local level: A GIS-based approach, Ocean & Coastal Management 59 (2012) 47–62

The paper by M Lichter and D Felsenstein (2012) presents a framework for assessing the costs of sea-level rise (SLR) and extreme flooding at the local level. The authors consider sea level rises of 0.5, 1 and 2 m coupled to 1:50 yr 1 m high tide and 4 m Tsunami. It is shown that these occurrences are not very likely to occur because the sea levels are rising slowly and without any sign of positive acceleration, the typical tidal oscillations are smaller and there is no significant past occurrence of Tsunamis along the coast of Israel. The result of the study is therefore mostly consequently misleading for a proper coastal management.

Field of study: Environmental science
Tests of Selection in Pooled Case-Control Data: An Empirical Study

For smaller organisms with faster breeding cycles, artificial selection can be used to create sub-populations with different phenotypic traits. Genetic tests can be employed to identify the causal markers for the phenotypes, as a precursor to engineering strains with a combination of traits. Traditional approaches involve analyzing crosses of inbred strains to test for co-segregation with genetic markers. Here we take advantage of cheaper next generation sequencing techniques to identify genetic signatures of adaptation to the selection constraints. Obtaining individual sequencing data is often unrealistic due to cost and sample issues, so we focus on pooled genomic data. We explore a series of statistical tests for selection using pooled case (under selection) and control populations. The tests generally capture skews in the scaled frequency spectrum of alleles in a region, which are indicative of a selective sweep. Extensive simulations are used to show that these approaches work well for a wide range of population divergence times and strong selective pressures. Control vs control simulations are used to determine an empirical False Positive Rate, and regions under selection are determined using a 1% FPR level. We show that pooling does not have a significant impact on statistical power. The tests are also robust to reasonable variations in several different parameters, including window size, base-calling error rate, and sequencing coverage. We then demonstrate the viability (and the challenges) of one of these methods in two independent Drosophila populations (Drosophila melanogaster) bred under selection for hypoxia and accelerated development, respectively. Testing for extreme hypoxia tolerance showed clear signals of selection, pointing to loci that are important for hypoxia adaptation. Overall, we outline a strategy for finding regions under selection using pooled sequences, then devise optimal tests for that strategy. The approaches show promise for detecting selection, even several generations after fixation of the beneficial allele has occurred.

Field of study: Biology
Monte Carlo calculations of the electron impact ionization in n-type InSb crystal

Monte Carlo computer simulations of electron impact ionization in InSb crystal are carried out for both instantly switched on dc and high-frequency electric fields. It is established that the rate of generation of electron–hole pairs decreases with the increase of electric field frequency, due to the inertia of electron heating by high-frequency electric field. For fields oscillating at frequencies much higher than the reciprocal momentum relaxation time, the impact ionization threshold field is found to be a linear function of frequency. Good agreement between calculations and available experimental data has been obtained.

Field of study: Materials science
Soil metal concentrations and productivity of Betula populifolia (gray birch) as measured by field spectrometry and incremental annual growth in an abandoned urban Brownfield in New Jersey.

A forested brownfield within Liberty State Park, Jersey City, New Jersey, USA, has soils with arsenic, chromium, lead, zinc and vanadium at concentrations above those considered ambient for the area. Using both satellite imagery and field spectral measurements, this study examines plant productivity at the assemblage and individual specimen level. Longer term growth trends (basal area increase in tree cores) were also studied. Leaf chlorophyll content within the hardwood assemblage showed a threshold model for metal tolerance, decreasing significantly beyond a soil total metal load (TML) of 3.0. Biomass production (calculated with RG-Red/Green Ratio Index) in Betula populifolia (gray birch), the co-dominant tree species, had an inverse relationship with the Zn concentration in leaf tissue during the growing season. Growth of B. populifolia exhibited a significant relationship with TML. Assemblage level NDVI and individual tree NDVI also had significant decreases with increasing TML. Ecosystem function measured as plant production is impaired at a critical soil metal load.

Field of study: Environmental science
Evaluation of the (haem)Fe--Nepsilon(2)(HisF8) bond distances from haemoglobin structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank.

Scientists working on the structure and function of proteins use haemoglobin as a model of allosteric proteins. In this molecule, the (haem)Fe-N(2)(His) bond is one of the most significant because the length of this bond provides relevant information about the mechanism of cooperativity and affinity for O(2). Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the quality of the structural models of Hb deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), in particular the reliability of the Fe-N(2) bond distance. To achieve this, 329 Hb structures solved by X-ray diffraction were downloaded from the PDB. The Fe-N(2) bond distance was computed and compared with the ideal value determined using the spectroscopic techniques of X-ray absorption and EXAFS. This investigation showed the presence of crystallographic structures of native haemoglobins deposited in the PDB in which the Fe-N(2) bond distance was far beyond the ideal value found for this length, a fact that makes their use in studies that correlate haemoglobin structure and function questionable.

Field of study: Chemistry
An aspect-oriented reference architecture for Software Engineering Environments

Reusable and evolvable Software Engineering Environments (SEEs) are essential to software production and have increasingly become a need. In another perspective, software architectures and reference architectures have played a significant role in determining the success of software systems. In this paper we present a reference architecture for SEEs, named RefASSET, which is based on concepts coming from the aspect-oriented approach. This architecture is specialized to the software testing domain and the development of tools for that domain is discussed. This and other case studies have pointed out that the use of aspects in RefASSET provides a better Separation of Concerns, resulting in reusable and evolvable SEEs.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
What are the Academic Emotions of Intern Pre-school Teachers?

Pekrun, Goetz, and Titz (2002) believed that emotions generated during learning are academic emotions. Intern pre-teachers are positioned between students and teachers. Learning environments for interns are different from classrooms. This study summarized positive and negative emotions from intern diaries and weekly diaries of 25 intern pre-teachers using content analysis. Then the data from another 47 intern pre-teachers were used for verification. The result shows that intern pre-teachers had 8 positive academic emotions, include happiness, delight, joy, surprise, relief, pride, hopefulness, and gratefulness, and 6 negative ones, including anger, harassment, worry, nervousness, fear, and anxiety. The main source of positive academic emotions was "children counseling", while that of negative academic emotions was their "insufficient professional abilities".  Intern Pre-teacher, Academic Emotion

Field of study: Education
Intercellular separation forces generated by intracellular pressure

Turgor pressure tends to force plant cells towards a spherical form, thus separating them at the angles from adjacent cells. In cooked vegetables containing starch, the swelling pressure of starch gelatinization generates analogous cell separation forces. A theoretical analysis of the relationship between internal pressure and cell separation forces is presented. Apart from the effect of internal pressure, cell separation forces increase with the diameter of the cell and decrease with the number of cell sides. Cell separation forces are reduced by the introduction of intercellular spaces and decrease further as these expand. The relationship between intracellular pressure and cell separation forces provides a basis upon which the strength of intercellular adhesion can be measured by experiment.

Field of study: Environmental science
On the approaches of generating educational administration theories in China

Referring to the available research materials,we generalize six approaches of generating educational administration theories in China.The first is the approach of seeing upward.It either prefers to adopt the method of theoretical speculation and conception deduction,or emphasizes the importance of standpoint of upper administration structure or administrator.Oppositely,the second approach,seeing downward,insists that theories should come from below.The below means practical experience or grass-roots unit and personnel of administration system.The third approach is seeing outward.It believes that we can construct theories of educational administration through learning from other countries or other disciplines.However,the approach of seeing inward argues that the intrinsic nature and native context of educational administration should be the starting points of generating theories.The last two approaches of generating educational administration are seeing backward and seeing forward.The former attaches importance to past practice and experience.The latter pays close attention to prospects and trends of educational administration.

Field of study: Education
Pengaruh penutupan arteri renalis terhadap kadar ion-ion Na, K, Ca dan jumlah eritrosit, trombosit serta hematokrit pada anjing

The effect of renal artery occlusion on the blood concentrations of sodium, potassium and calcium as well as on the amount of red blood cells, blood platelets and hematocrite were studied in dogs. Twenty dogs, both sexes, were 'used in this experiment. The dogs were anesthetized with ketalar and chloralose. The systemic blood pressure was continously monitored during the experiment. The experiment was done under normal systemic blood, left renal artery occlusion,, and on both renal arteries occlusion. The dogs were divided into four groups according to both sexes and body weight. The results showed that during the occlusion of renal artery the blood pressure increased (6.27 - 18.28%). The increase of systemic blood pressure was followed by the increase of the amount of red blood cells, blood platelets and hematocrite. The serum electrolytes concentration of sodium of both increased or decreased. The concentration of potasium and calcium decreased and increased respectively. The concentrations of sodium, potassium and calcium in the urine decreased during the occlusion of the renal artery.  renal artery occlusion - erythrocytes - blood platelets - urine electrocytes - blood electrolytes

Field of study: Medicine
Zur Strukturempfindlichkeit des TieftemperaturIonenleitvermögens von Steinsalzkristallen

ZusammenfassungEs wurde das Tieftemperatur-Ionenleitvermögen von Steinsalzkristallen verschiedener Herkunft und verschiedener thermischer und mechanischer Vorbehandlung untersucht. Die systematischen Veränderungen des wahren und des Dauerleitvermögens nach vorhergehender Temperung bzw. plastischer Verformung werden mit deren Einfluß auf andere strukturempfindliche Eigenschaften der Steinsalzkristalle verglichen und daraus Schlüsse auf den Mechanismus des Tieftemperaturleitvermögens gezogen.

Field of study: Physics
Comparison of MOS capacitor and transistor postirradiation response

The postirradiation response of MOS capacitors and transistors fabricated on the same chip is examined as a function of dose and anneal bias. A variety of analysis techniques are used to evaluate the postirradiation response of these structures, including low- and high-frequency capacitance-voltage techniques, subthreshold current-voltage techniques, and charge pumping. Although there are changes in the postirradiation energy spectrum of Delta D/sub it/, no clear evidence of defect transformation is observed on transistors or capacitors under any conditions examined. Postirradiation response at 80 degrees C is found to be similar in the two structures for low levels of damage (100 krad). For both structures, interface-trap densities continue to grow following irradiation under these conditions. In contrast, the postirradiation response of capacitors and transistors can differ qualitatively at higher levels of damage (1 Mrad), with the number of interface traps increasing postirradiation at 80 degrees C for transistors and postannealing for capacitors. These results indicate that capacitor structures may not be suitable for hardness assurance studies that involve elevated temperature irradiations or postirradiation anneals.

Field of study: Physics
Chemical and physiological aspects of isomers of conjugated fatty acids

Conjugated fatty acid (CFA) is the general term to describe the positional and geometric isomers of polyunsaturated fatty acids with conjugated double bonds. The CFAs of linoleic acid (CLAs) are found naturally in foods derived from ruminant animals, meat, or dairy products. The CFAs of α-linolenic acid (CLNAs) are found exclusively in various types of seed oils of plants. There are many investigations to assess the effects to health from CFAs consumption, which have been associated with physiological processes that are involved with non transmissible chronic diseases such as cancer, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and obesity. Conclusive studies about the CFAs effects in the body are still scarce and further research about their participation in physiological processes are necessary. This review aimed to discuss the influence of conjugated fatty acids on physiological processes in animal organism.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
[Dysfunction of the orexin system in Parkinson's disease].

Traditionally, Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with the lesion of the substantia nigra and dopamine system dysfunction. However, current studies show the involvement of other CNS regions, which extend far beyond the substantia nigra, in the pathogenesis of PD. The prevalence of altered α-synuclein in PD leads to the dysfunction of several neurotransmitter systems including the orexin system located in the hypothalamus. The involvement of this system in the neurodegenerative process explains some symptoms of PD including daily drowsiness and eating disorders. The authors consider the pathophysiology of the orexin system and its role in the pathogenesis of PD.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
321  W high-efficiency continuous-wave green laser produced by single-pass frequency doubling of narrow-linewidth fiber laser.

In this study, a high-power continuous-wave green laser for copper processing is investigated. The laser is produced by single-pass second-harmonic generation (SHG) of a narrow-linewidth fiber laser. Based on Sellmeier equations, the factors (e.g., fundamental wave linewidth, temperature, and angle) that decide LBO noncritical phase matching are theoretically analyzed for optimizing the SHG setup. A narrow-linewidth polarization-maintained fiber laser is used as the fundamental laser with a linewidth of 20 GHz and polarization extinction ratio of greater than 15 dB. Type I noncritical phase-matching LBO is used as the nonlinear crystal in the SHG. A green laser (up to 321 W) is obtained from a 784 W fundamental laser with a conversion efficiency of 40.9%. The green laser is near-diffraction-limited and has a $ M^{2} $ factor of 1.07.

Field of study: Physics
Mean percentage of returns for stock market linked savings accounts

Stock market linked savings accounts have become more and more popular. The returns of these accounts are random so the returns, even the initial capital, are not guaranteed. They are very much different from the familiar fixed-term-fixed-rate savings accounts. The aim of this paper is to perform the stochastic and numerical analysis on the stock market linked savings accounts in order to establish the theory on the mean percentage of return (MPR). We will mainly perform the case studies on 5 typical plans linked to the UK Financial Times Stock Exchange (FTSE) 100 Index, but the theory developed is fully illustrated so that it can be applied to other plans by the reader.

Field of study: Mathematics
A Chloroacetate-Caged Fluorescein Chemodosimeter for Imaging Cysteine/Homocysteine in Living Cells

A chloroacetate-caged fluorescein chemodosimeter (CACFC) employing a double molecular recognition mechanism was designed and synthesized to selectively detect cysteine (Cys) and homocysteine (Hcy) over glutathione (GSH) and other amino acids. The results showed that CACFC could serve as a “naked-eye” indicator, and quantitatively detect Cys and Hcy with a detection limit of 4 μM (Cys) and 7 μM (Hcy). Additionally, CACFC was successfully applied to the fluorescence imaging of Cys and Hcy in living cells. The mechanism of the reaction between CACFC and Cys/Hcy was confirmed by ESI-MS and fluorescence spectroscopic analysis to involve a conjugate substitution/cyclization sequence. We highlight the simplicity of the design and synthesis and show that its combined properties, such as high specificity, high sensitivity, fast response, quantitative detection and real time Cys and Hcy imaging in living cells should find applications in imaging and biomedical fields.

Field of study: Chemistry
Composition series for degenerate principal series of GL(n)

In this note we consider representations of the group GL(n,F), where F is the field of real or complex numbers or, more generally, an arbitrary local field, in the space of equivariant line bundles over Grassmannians over the same field F. We study reducibility and composition series of such representations. 
Similar results were obtained already in [HL99,Al12,Zel80], but we give a short uniform proof in the general case, using the tools from [AGS15a]. We also indicate some applications to cosine transforms in integral geometry.

Field of study: Mathematics
Current biological hypotheses of recurrent depression (review)

: A review of the recent data on the biological mechanisms of depression, including the мonoamine hypothesis, the diathesis-stress model and the chronobiological model, is presented. These and other biological hypotheses are viewed in the aspect of the current genetic, neurochemical and neuroimaging studies as well as in relation to different treatment approaches. Depression seems not to be a homogenous disease and may be caused by different factors. Genetic factors and stressful life events play an important role in the young age. Chronic stress, chronobiological disturbances and comorbid somatic disease are relevant to middle-aged and elderly people. Moreover, recurrent and chronic depression are accompanied by cognitive impairment, social dysfunction and neurodegeneration. All these factors should be taken into consideration in the development of personalized complex treatment programs.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology