nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Bounds on the Number of Identifiable Outliers in Source Localization by Linear Programming

Precise localization have attracted considerable interest in the engineering literature. Most publications consider small measurement errors. In this work we discuss localization in the presence of outliers, where several measurements are severely corrupted while sufficient other measurements are reasonably precise. It is known that maximum likelihood or least squares provide poor results under these conditions. On the other hand, robust regression can successfully handle up to 50% outliers but is associated with high complexity. Using the ¿ 1 norm as the penalty function provides some immunity from outliers and can be solved efficiently with linear programming methods. We use linear equations to describe the localization problem and then we apply the ¿ 1 norm and linear programming to detect the outliers and avoid the wild measurements in the final solution. Our main contribution is an exploitation of recent results in the field of sparse representation to obtain bounds on the number of detectable outliers. The theory is corroborated by simulations and by real data.

Field of study: Engineering
Impaired bidirectional synaptic plasticity in juvenile offspring following prenatal ethanol exposure.

The hippocampus is particularly vulnerable to the teratogenic effects of prenatal ethanol exposure (PNEE), and hippocampal structural and functional deficits are thought to contribute to the learning and memory deficits that are a hallmark feature of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs).



Sprague-Dawley dams were exposed to a liquid diet that contained EtOH (35.5% EtOH-derived calories) throughout gestation, and then PNEE juvenile (P21-28) male and female offspring were used for in vitro electrophysiological recordings. We examined long-term potentiation (LTP), long-term depression (LTD) and depotentiation in the medial perforant path (MPP) input to the dentate gyrus (DG) to determine the impact of PNEE on the dynamic range of bidirectional synaptic plasticity in both sexes.



PNEE reduced the responsiveness of the DGs of male but not in female offspring, and this effect was no longer apparent when GABAergic signalling was inhibited. There was also a sex-specific LTD impairment in males, but increasing the duration of the conditioning stimulus could overcome this deficit. The magnitude of LTP was also reduced, but in both sexes following PNEE. This appears to be an increase in the threshold for induction, not in capacity, as the level of LTP induced in PNEE animals was increased to control-levels when additional conditioning stimuli were administered.



These data are the first to describe, in a single study, the impact of PNEE on the dynamic range of bidirectional synaptic plasticity in the juvenile DG in both males and in females. The data suggest that PNEE increases the threshold for LTP in the DG in both sexes, but produces a sex-specific increase in the threshold for LTD in males These alterations reduce the dynamic range for synaptic plasticity in both sexes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Field of study: Medicine
Solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays with the ARINA and PAMELA spectrometers

Solar modulation of the proton flux in Galactic space radiation during the period from the end of the 23rd to the beginning of 24th cycle of solar activity is investigated using data from the PAMELA magnetic spectrometer and ARINA scintillation spectrometer. The time dependence of proton intensity is plotted, and shows typical features in a form of rises and falls against a main trend. In order to explain these, the correlation between variations in the Galactic proton flux and solar/interplanetary parameters is investigated.

Field of study: Physics
Methylation and expression of neurofilament genes in tissues and in cell lines of the mouse.

The light (NF-L), mid-sized (NF-M) and heavy (NF-H) neurofilament (NF) genes were probed with methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes and patterns of methylation and expression of the NF genes were compared in tissues and cell lines of the mouse. The 5' regions of all three NF genes are identified as CpG islands that remain unmethylated in expressing and non-expressing tissues, although partial methylation occurs at -795 in NF-H and at -525 in NF-M. Methylation of the NF CpG islands is associated with the inactivation of NF genes in L cells and with the selective inactivation of NF-L and NF-M in Neuro 2a cells. We also show that methylation diminishes the ability of the NF promoters to drive transcription of a CAT reporter gene. Hence, the presence of CpG islands may be important in determining patterns of NF transcription in vitro. Moreover, the preservation of CpG islands may be an evolutionary link that bears upon the nature of the NF genes and the mechanisms that have evolved to limit NF expression.

Field of study: Biology
Structured Transforms for Small-Footprint Deep Learning

We consider the task of building compact deep learning pipelines suitable for deployment on storage and power constrained mobile devices. We propose a unified framework to learn a broad family of structured parameter matrices that are characterized by the notion of low displacement rank. Our structured transforms admit fast function and gradient evaluation, and span a rich range of parameter sharing configurations whose statistical modeling capacity can be explicitly tuned along a continuum from structured to unstructured. Experimental results show that these transforms can significantly accelerate inference and forward/backward passes during training, and offer superior accuracy-compactness-speed tradeoffs in comparison to a number of existing techniques. In keyword spotting applications in mobile speech recognition, our methods are much more effective than standard linear low-rank bottleneck layers and nearly retain the performance of state of the art models, while providing more than 3.5-fold compression.

Field of study: Computer science
2.5D circuit quantum electrodynamics

Experimental quantum information processing with superconducting circuits is rapidly advancing, driven by innovation in two classes of devices, one involving planar micro-fabricated (2D) resonators, and the other involving machined three-dimensional (3D) cavities. We demonstrate that circuit quantum electrodynamics (cQED), which is based on the interaction of low-loss resonators and qubits, can be implemented in a multilayer superconducting structure, which combines 2D and 3D advantages, hence its nickname "2.5." We employ standard micro-fabrication techniques to pattern each layer, and rely on a vacuum gap between the layers to store the electromagnetic energy. Planar superconducting qubits are lithographically defined as an aperture in a conducting boundary of multilayer resonators, rather than as a separate metallic structure on an insulating substrate. In order to demonstrate the potential of these design principles, we implemented an integrated, two-cavity-modes, one-transmon-qubit system for cQED experiments. The measured coherence times and coupling energies suggest that the 2.5D platform would be a promising base for integrated quantum information processing.

Field of study: Physics
A follow-up discussion about the question "why our students have learnt so little from our physical education teaching for 12 years?"

By re-analyzing the question "why our students have learnt so little from our physical education teaching for 12 years?",the authors pointed out the following main reasons: in physical education teaching the teachers did not concern much about students’ learning interests;the students were lacking in doing extracurricular physical ex-ercises;physical education was not supported by the overall environment.The authors called for that scholastic physical education reform should not just be the reform of physical education classes-extracurricular physical ex-ercises and the integrated construction of family,scholastic and community sports should also become important contents in new curriculum reform.

Field of study: Education
Evaluating the effectiveness of management of the Malindi–Watamu marine protected area complex in Kenya

An assessment of management effectiveness of Kenya's oldest marine protected areas (Malindi and Watamu) was conducted within the framework of a regional assessment in Kenya, Seychelles and Tanzania. Biophysical, socio-economic and governance indicators were used to assess the delivery of MPA management objectives. Results indicate that the Malindi and Watamu marine parks that are no-take areas are making progress towards meeting their stated objective of biodiversity conservation. The 1997–1998 ENSO related bleaching event caused the greatest single measurable impact on the coral reefs of the marine parks leading to very high levels of coral mortality. The marine reserve where fishing is regulated was less effective in meeting its objective of sustaining community livelihoods. The weakest trends were related to the development of governance structures. A combination of management inefficiencies due to overlapping mandates, financial and administrative constraints, and inadequate stakeholder participation interacted to reduce the ability of the MPAs to fully achieve their objectives.

Field of study: Environmental science
The dynamics of hierarchical age-structured populations

An age-structured population is considered in which the birth and death rates of an individual of age a is a function of the density of individuals older and/or younger than a. An existence/uniqueness theorem is proved for the McKendrick equation that governs the dynamics of the age distribution function. This proof shows how a decoupled ordinary differential equation for the total population size can be derived. This result makes a study of the population's asymptotic dynamics (indeed, often its global asymptotic dynamics) mathematically tractable. Several applications to models for intra-specific competition and predation are given.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Philippe de Commynes (review)

gration of the university and the region, and the contribution that the university made to Normandy’s intellectual and cultural life. The University of Caen was somewhat unusual in that it established a library in 1457. An inventory of 1515, included here in the first appendix, lists 278 titles, of which 39% were in theology, 29% in law, 13% in medicine, 12% in liberal arts, and 7% in other matter. The titles were traditional university texts leavened with some titles that demonstrated the beginning of humanistic studies in the university. The French Wars of Religion from the 1560s to the 1580s were, in the author’s words, years of torment for the university, as religion divided the town and the university. More than half of the residents of Caen were Huguenots in 1572, and several professors of theology became Calvinists in the war years. Théodore de Bèze, who lived in Caen for two months in 1563, wished to make the university into a Calvinist academy on the model of the Geneva Academy. This did not happen, but students stayed away during the religious strife. When Catholics finally prevailed in Normandy, they promulgated new statutes for the University of Caen between 1580 and 1586. The reforms benefited and modernized the university at the price of the loss of some autonomy. University officers were subject to royal approval, while professors were obliged to attend Mass. Henry III decreed that the university should receive the proceeds of a salt tax: hence, professors and regent arts instructors began to receive salaries from the public purse. The regents were obliged to live in the colleges where they oversaw the academic and personal lives of students. The undergraduate arts curriculum was reorganized in imitation of the Jesuit program of studies, and French was taught. When the crown installed Jesuits in one of the colleges in 1609, a new era for the University of Caen began. This era ended in 1791 when the revolutionary government closed the university. Roy’s study is based on an exhaustive investigation of the archival records and extensive reading in printed primary and secondary sources. Numerous graphs, tables, and three appendices support the author’s statements. Although it is a local study, Roy is aware of the larger historical context and makes some comparative references to other universities. This is a model study of a regional university. PAUL F. GRENDLER University of Toronto Emeritus and Chapel Hill, NC

Field of study: History
Iridoids with Genipin Stem Nucleus Inhibit Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation and Oxidative Stress by Blocking the NF-κB Pathway in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in women, and it is usually characterized by chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and altered microRNA expression. The aim of this study is to investigate how the effects of iridoids with genipin stem nucleus inhibit PCOS complications. The interactions between iridoids were investigated, as well.  The chronic inflammation cell model was induced using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the RAW 264.7 and KGN cell lines. Levels of mRNA and protein expression were quantified using real time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot analysis, respectively. The target of the iridoids was identified using the drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) method. The ability to scavenge free radicals was evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging method and the ultra oxygen anion (O2-) radical scavenging method.  The cells recovered from the inflammatory conditions and showed significantly decreased levels of interleukins after treatment with iridoids. The iridoids were demonstrated to target NF-κB, inhibit the phosphorylation and degradation of IκB, inhibit the nuclear entry of NF-κB, and inhibit the expression of inflammatory factors. Though only genipin showed an efficient ability to scavenge O2-, the iridoids, IκB inhibitor (BAY 11-7085), and NF-κB inhibitor (PDTC) could inhibit LPS-induced oxidative stress on the cells, indicating that the iridoids exert their anti-oxidant effects via the NF-κB pathway. The expression levels of microRNAs (miRNAs) were also altered by LPS, but the iridoids could scarcely rescue the abnormal condition.  Chronic inflammation may be an important incentive for oxidative stress and abnormal microRNA expression in PCOS, and iridoids can protect patients from inflammatory damage by regulating the NF-κB pathway.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Chiari-related hydrocephalus: assessment of clinical risk factors in a cohort of 297 consecutive patients.

Patients treated for Chiari I malformation (CM-I) with posterior fossa decompression (PFD) may occasionally and unpredictably develop postoperative hydrocephalus. The clinical risk factors predictive of this type of Chiari-related hydrocephalus (CRH) are unknown. The authors' objective was to evaluate their experience to identify risk factors that may predict which of these patients undergoing PFD will develop CRH after surgery.  The authors performed a retrospective clinical chart review of all patients who underwent PFD surgery and duraplasty for CM-I at the Primary Children's Hospital in Utah from June 1, 2005, through May 31, 2015. Patients were dichotomized based on the need for long-term CSF diversion after PFD. Analysis included both univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses.  The authors identified 297 decompressive surgeries over the period of the study, 22 of which required long-term postoperative CSF diversion. On multivariable analysis, age < 6 years old (OR 3.342, 95% CI 1.282-8.713), higher intraoperative blood loss (OR 1.003, 95% CI 1.001-1.006), and the presence of a fourth ventricular web (OR 3.752, 95% CI 1.306-10.783) were significantly associated with the need for long-term CSF diversion after decompressive surgery.  Younger patients, those with extensive intraoperative blood loss, and those found during surgery to have a fourth ventricular web were at higher risk for the development of CRH. Clinicians should be alert to evidence of CRH in this patient population after PFD surgery.

Field of study: Medicine
Maladaptive Perfectionism and Psychological Distress: The Mediating Role of Trait Emotional Intelligence

The study aimed to reveal levels of psychological distress and maladaptive perfectionism at the students of secondary stages in Kuwait schools, and to determine the relationship between those two factors under the effect of trait emotional intelligence. The study sample was composed of (255) students from six schools located in different areas in Kuwait city. A self- administered questionnaire was used as the study instrument for collecting data. It was found that both psychological distress and maladaptive perfectionism were found at medium level, whereas trait emotional intelligence was found at the high level, Moreover it was found that trait emotional intelligence as a mediator affects the psychological distress- maladaptive perfectionism relationship.

Field of study: Business
Analysis of Critical Website Characteristics: A Cross-Category Study of Successful Websites

For organizations engaged in electronic business, the corporate website has emerged as the single most important interface through which transactions are carried out. This being so, appropriate design characteristics are required to make websites effective. Customers expect websites to be designed differently, depending on the task and purpose associated with the website. This paper identifies and analyzes important characteristics of the 40 most successful websites from five different categories: Retail, Financial Services, News & Information, Search & Portal and Entertainment. The findings indicate that there are six critical characteristics of websites and the relative importance of these characteristics varies across categories. The paper explains these results and based on them, develops managerial implications and guidelines for website design.

Field of study: Computer science
Pathological assessment of end-stage heart failure in explanted hearts in correlation with hemodynamics in patients undergoing orthotopic heart transplantation.

To date, there has been little research, if any, on the pathological correlates of end-stage heart failure in the explanted hearts of orthotopic heart transplant (OHT) recipients in correlation with the patients' hemodynamics. We sought to compare the gross and histopathological parameters in hearts explanted-native or previously transplanted-from patients with end-stage heart failure with the clinical hemodynamics parameters at the time of OHT.



Forty patients undergoing OHT were enrolled in this study and divided into two groups according to whether they suffered from ischemic (ICMP) or nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICMP). All study patients were treated with OHT for end-stage heart failure at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. The pathological investigations of the hearts were focused on the study of the underlying cause of heart failure leading the patient to OHT; on the quantification of the extent and severity of fibrosis, hypertrophy, and myocytolysis; and on validating a semiquantitative grading scale. Analyses of multiple sections of the explanted hearts were carried out. The heart weights were recorded and compared with the grades of fibrosis, hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes, and myocytolysis. The grades of fibrosis, hypertrophy, and myocytolysis were evaluated in right and left ventricles and atria (with areas of confluent infarction excluded). The pathological parameters were correlated with the patients' clinical parameters.



Twenty-two patients (20 men, 2 women, mean age±S.E.M., 62.3±2.2 years) suffered from ICMP and 18 patients (9 men, 9 women, mean age±S.E.M., 56.3±2.8 years) from NICMP. All the clinical and pathological measured variables were comparable between the two groups, except for pulmonary vascular resistance, which was higher in the NICMP group of patients, and the grade of myocytolysis, which was significantly higher in the ICMP vs. NICMP group. Most of the clinical and pathological variables were overall linearly correlated.



Both ICMP and NICMP groups of end-stage heart failure requiring OHT presented high grades of fibrosis, hypertrophy, and myocytolysis. Heart failure is the final common pathway of a variety of primary cardiovascular diseases regardless of the ischemic or nonischemic nature of the cardiomyopathy.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Recent advances in the chemistry and applications of high oxidation state alkylidene complexes

Olefin metathesis (equation 1; = some ligand coordination sphere) has been known for -35 years (ref. l), but until a few years ago the only catalysts available were "classical" catalysts (usually containing Mo, W, or Re), i.e., catalysts that were simple to make, but whose nature was not known in detail and whose activity therefore could not be controlled to a degree to which we have become accustomed in modern day catalysis chemistry. Such "black box" catalysts in general will not tolerate many donor functionalities, perhaps in part because little metal is actually active in such systems and absolute activity therefore has to be exceedingly high. Side reactions associated with "co-catalysts" such as aluminum halides are another significant complication. L,M=CHR' + RCH=CHR (1) LxM ITR LM=CHR + RCH=CHR'

Field of study: Chemistry
Integrated Local Petrov-Galerkin Sinc Method for Structural Mechanics Problems

An integrated, local Petrov-Galerkin Sinc method is introduced and applied to static structural mechanics problems. The method approximates the highest derivative in the local weak form of the governing equation on a rectangular grid, and the lower derivatives and unknown function are found by numerical indenite integration. We suggest that the essential boundary conditions may be applied by the traditional penalty method or by a method in which the stiness matrix is reduced to eliminate dependent degrees of freedom. We propose and compare the performance of three basis functions in terms of their accuracy and convergence properties for two problems: a one-dimensional tapered bar and a two-dimensional plane-stress elasticity problem. Our results indicate that the present method can provide greater accuracy than the Sinc method based on Interpolation of Highest-Derivative, an integration based collocation method suggested by Li and Wu [Li, C. and Wu, X., Numerical solution of dierential equations using Sinc method based on

Field of study: Physics
Cyprus in crisis: Recent changes in the pharmaceutical market and options for further reforms without sacrificing access to or quality of treatment.

The pharmaceutical market in Cyprus has been characterised by high volume and a steep increase in per-capita expenditure over the past decade. Most importantly, the market is fragmented due to the absence of universal health insurance, and the uninsured have to rely exclusively on the private market. The objective of this study is to examine the weaknesses of the Cypriot pharmaceutical market before the financial crisis; to discuss the measures recently introduced after recommendations by the Troika; and to propose interventions that can improve access to pharmaceuticals and efficiency without compromising health outcomes. Apart from the introduction of new pharmaceutical policies, we also recommend the swift implementation of universal health insurance.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science