nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Superparamagnetism in the 1D Ising model

The temperature dependence of the order parameter (〈M2〉, the mean-square spin excess per spin) for a system with a finite number of spins of the 1D Ising model was investigated. It was shown that there is a nonzero temperature Ts below which 〈M2〉 rapidly tends to unity. The analogy between the 1D ensemble of a finite number of spins and a system of superparamagnetic particles is discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Speech Recognition: Keyword Spotting Through Image Recognition

The problem of identifying voice commands has always been a challenge due to the presence of noise and variability in speed, pitch, etc. We will compare the efficacies of several neural network architectures for the speech recognition problem. In particular, we will build a model to determine whether a one second audio clip contains a particular word (out of a set of 10), an unknown word, or silence. The models to be implemented are a CNN recommended by the Tensorflow Speech Recognition tutorial, a low-latency CNN, and an adversarially trained CNN. The result is a demonstration of how to convert a problem in audio recognition to the better-studied domain of image classification, where the powerful techniques of convolutional neural networks are fully developed. Additionally, we demonstrate the applicability of the technique of Virtual Adversarial Training (VAT) to this problem domain, functioning as a powerful regularizer with promising potential future applications.

Field of study: Computer science
The merger and development of equivalence classes by unreinforced conditional selection of comparison stimuli.

Three experiments assessed the likelihood that subjects with histories of equivalence class development would respond conditionally on new discriminations in the absence of differential consequences for responses. In the first two experiments, two groups of subjects with different experimental histories, but whose performances showed four equivalence classes, responded on trials without explicit reinforcement involving samples from two of the classes and comparisons from the other two classes, in a two-choice matching-to-sample format. Subjects consistently selected a particular comparison in the presence of a particular sample. Subsequent tests showed the emergence of equivalence relations between stimuli from classes linked by the unreinforced conditional selections. Subsequently, in Experiment II, the subjects' responses in the conditional selection trials were reinforced if the selection was reversed from that made previously. Although reversed selection was maintained, 2 of the 3 subjects continued to perform on equivalence relation trials according to their original unreinforced selections. In the third experiment, these 2 subjects responded on a series of conditional discriminations involving three new pairs of sample stimuli and one new pair of comparison stimuli. No explicit reinforcement followed responses on any trial in this experiment. Subsequent tests for equivalence between sample stimuli revealed the development of two equivalence classes.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Continental deposits, magnetostratigraphy and vertebrate paleontology, late Neogene of Eastern Spain

Eleven sections have been sampled for magnetostratigraphy in the fossil mammal-productive late Neogene basins of eastern Spain. The characteristic direction of magnetization was determined through progressive thermal and alternating field demagnetization. It was possible to correlate the magnetozones from the various sections to the GPTS as well as to the fossil MN zones within the sediment. The MN zone boundaries based on this correlation are as follows: MN 11/12 ⋍ 8.1 my; MN 12/13 ⋍ 6 my; MN 13/14 ⋍ 4.9 my; MN 14/15 = 4.18 my; MN 15/16 = 3.58 my. New fossil lists are presented for the Fuente del Viso and Loma del Castillo faunas in the Cabriel Basin.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Die Sichtbarmachung vonH-Strahlen

ZusammenfassungEs werden zwei einfache Anordnungen beschrieben, um nach der Wilson schen Methode, bzw. nach der Szintillationsmethode, die „natürlichen“H-Strahlen aus α-bestrahltem Paraffin in größerer Zahl beobachtbar zu machen.

Field of study: Physics
Contribution to the electrochemical behavior of Part I: copper in different solutions of adrenaline and catechol

Galvanic anodic polarization of copper electrode in electrolytes of different pH values containing different proportions of adrenaline hydrogen tartarate (AHT) and catechol (Cat.) at different current densities has been studied. The effect of complex formation on the underlying anodic reactions and inhibition effect of these compounds on these electrodes is also studied. The cathodic deposition of copper in the prepared complexes on the surface of the cathode is involved to check their stability at different pH values and the effect of this stability on cathodic behavior of copper electrode.

Field of study: Materials science
Stratigraphic correlation of Cambrian-Ordovician deposits along the Himalaya: Implications for the age and nature of rocks in the Mount Everest region

The depositional age and stratigraphic correlations of metamorphosed and variably deformed rocks of Mount Everest are poorly known because of limited recovery of diagnostic fossils. Detailed study of Cambrian and Ordovician strata from along the length of the Himalaya has produced a coherent stratigraphy that stretches from northern India to Tibet. Our work also demonstrates that the North Col Formation rocks (= Everest series), between the Qomolangma and Lhotse detachments of the South Tibetan detachment system, still locally preserve sedimentary textures and primary stratigraphy that match those within Cambrian strata similar to 1100 km to the west in northern India. This demonstrates a coherency of depositional systems and stratigraphic architecture for Cambrian deposits along much of the Himalaya Tethyan margin. It also allows, for the first time, identification of precise depositional ages of several units in the Everest region, in particular, the Yellow Band carbonate and directly underlying siliciclastic strata, which are both shown to be late Middle Cambrian in age. Detrital zircon data presented herein for a sample from these siliciclastic strata contain a similar age spectrum to those from Middle Cambrian strata in northern India, as well as grains as young as ca. 526 Ma, both of which support the depositional age and continuity of depositional systems along the length of the Himalaya. Highly fractured rocks of the Ordovician lower Chiatsun Group in the hanging wall of the South Tibetan detachment system in Nyalam, 75 km to the west of Everest, correlate with Ordovician strata of the Mount Qomolangma Formation on Mount Everest. Our correlations indicate that the base of the summit pyramid of Everest, the foot of the "Third Step," is composed of a 60-m-thick, white-weathering thrombolite bed. The top of this ancient microbial deposit crops out only 70 m below the summit of Mount Everest.

Field of study: Geology
Prime factor algorithm for multidimensional discrete cosine transform

A prime factor fast algorithm is proposed for the computation of the multidimensional forward and inverse discrete cosine transform (DCT). By using an example of a two-dimensional (2-D) DCT, it shows that an r-dimensional DCT can be obtained from a 2r dimensional DCT with a post-processing stage, efficient method for input/output mapping is reported to substantially reduce the computational overhead associated with the prime factor algorithm.

Field of study: Engineering
Mock Jurors Versus Mock Juries: The Role of Deliberations in Reactions to Inadmissible Testimony

The consensus among authors in the area of juridic decision making is that trial jurors often readily disregard judicial instructions to ignore inadmissible evidence. Perhaps, however, the moderating influence of a key methodological variable-the presence or absence of group deliberations-has been overlooked by those making this assertion. It was hypothesized that mock juries (who participate in deliberations) would be more likely to follow judicial instructions to ignore inadmissible testimony than mock jurors (responding individually, without deliberations). Results supported this hypothesis.

Field of study: Psychology
Investigation of Potential Markers for Quality Control of Corn Steep Liquor in Penicillin Fermentation by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

A gas chromatography-mass spectrometric(GC-MS) technique together with orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) for exploring potential markers of corn steep liquor(CSL) in penicillin fermentation has been developed.44 compositions of CSL were determined by GC-MS.Furthermore,the data sets were mean-centered and pareto-scaling before OPLS-DA analysis.According to loading plot and variable important in the projection(VIP) value,nine potential markers were screened,namely leucine,5-oxo-proline,aspartate,citrate,tyrosine,serine,threonine and glucose.The result suggested that they were related to primary and secondary metabolism in penicillin fermentation,and considered as potential quality specifications for screening excellent raw materials.

Field of study: Chemistry
Rebuild Normality in Chinese Financial Markets with Range-Based Bipower Variance

Realized range and bipower variance are two important improvements for increasingly popular high-frequency realized estimators in financial markets. This paper verifies a new type of estimator named realized range-based bipower variance and carries out its empirical research with high frequency data from Shanghai Composite Index (SHCI) and Shenzhen Synthesis Index (SZSI). The results show that 1) this estimator combines merits of bothrealized range and realized bipower variance. It is as efficient as realized range estimator and at the same timeremains a consistent estimation of integrated variance of Chinese financial markets’ fluctuation; 2) After standardized by realized range based bipower variance, the distributions of SHCI and SZSI’s daily returns are neither skew nor with high kurtos is anymore. The fact tail and high peak of daily returns are basically eliminated by this high-frequency variance estimator, and the standardized distributions of these returns are nearly normal. 3) Comparative studies show that among four types of realized volatility estimators, the range based bipower variance is the best one to rebuild normality in Chinese financial markets. These findings mean when measuring volatility or fluctuations of financial assets, the usage of this new estimator will increase the performance of many financial practices like pricing or risk management. One feasible way to extend this paper is to consider co-estimators of related assets and detect their impacts to the dynamics of volatilities.

Field of study: Business
Serotonin2C receptors and serotonin2C receptor-mediated phosphoinositide hydrolysis in the brain of alcohol-preferring and alcohol-nonpreferring rats.

To examine the role of serotonin2C (5HT2C) receptors in alcohol drinking behavior, the binding indices of 5HT2C receptors were determined in various brain regions of alcohol-preferring (P) and alcohol-nonpreferring (NP) rats. 5HT2C receptor-mediated phosphoinositide hydrolysis in the choroid plexus of P and NP rats was also determined. It was observed that the densities of 5HT2C receptors are significantly higher in the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the choroid plexus, but not in the cortex of P rats compared with NP rats. The Kd values of [3H]mesulergine binding to 5HT2C receptors were not different in these brain regions of P rats compared with NP rats. It was also observed that 5HT-stimulated [3H]inositol 1-phosphate formation was significantly higher in the choroid plexus of P rats compared with NP rats. The results of this study indicate that the numbers of 5HT2C receptors are higher in the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the choroid plexus, and that 5HT2C receptor-mediated phosphoinositide hydrolysis is more elevated in the choroid plexus of P rats compared with NP rats. Thus, it seems from these results that increased 5HT2C receptors may be involved in the genetic vulnerability to alcohol drinking behavior.

Field of study: Medicine
Residues of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and heavy metals in the eggs of predatory birds from Doñana National Park (Spain), 1980–1983

Organochlorine pesticides and heavy metal residues were determined in 54 eggs of five species of predatory birds collected at Donana National Park (Spain) during the nesting season between 1980 and 1983. The species analyzed were the imperial eagle (Aquila heliaca), the red kite (Milvus milvus), the black kite (Milvus migrans), the hobby (Falco subbuteo) and the booted eagle (Hieraetus pennatus). DDE, DDT and PCBs were detected in all samples.  and dichlorobenzophenone were also detected but less frequently. The DDE content of eggs decreased in the period between 1972/1976 and 1980/1983, but the PCBs contents were stable. The declines are attributed to the restrictions on the use of DDT in most countries. Mercury, lead, cadmium, copper and zinc were detected in all samples. The levels of organochlorine pesticides, PCBs and heavy metals in these Falconiforme eggs are generally below the levels known to cause direct effects on survi...

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Recovery of dolichyl diphosphate oligosaccharide in methanolic aqueous phase prepared from rat liver microsomal fractions.

The synthesis of dolichyl diphosphate oligosaccharide was studied by incubating rat liver microsomes (microsomal fractions) with GDP-[14C]mannose, UDP-glucose, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and [3H]dolichol phosphate. The labelled products obtained by the first step of extraction of the microsomes in methanolic aqueous phase (MAP fraction in chloroform/methanol/water; 3:2:1, by vol.) and in CMW fraction (chloroform/methanol/water; 10:10:3, by vol.) obtained by extraction of the interphase after the first step of extraction were analysed on a DEAE-cellulose column. With the progress of incubation, the radioactivity in unchanged GDP-mannose decreased, whereas the labelled dol-P-P-oligo in the MAP fraction increased about 5-6-fold. The lipid oligosaccharide in this fraction accounted for about 50-60% of the GDP-mannose used, whereas the recovery of the labelled lipid oligosaccharide in the CMW fraction was about 10%. The lipid oligosaccharide from both reactions after mild acid hydrolysis were analysed by gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-4. The oligosaccharide from the MAP fraction gave a peak of higher Mr distinctly separate from the lower-Mr peak obtained from the CMW fraction. Microsomes incubated with labelled lipid oligosaccharide from the MAP fraction showed incorporation of the label into endogenous protein.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
On the Distortion Exponents of Layered Broadcast Transmission in Multi-Relay Cooperative Networks

In this paper, we consider the transmission of a Gaussian source over a cooperative relay network, and analyze its end-to-end distortion at high signal-to-noise ratio, in terms of the distortion exponent. Our contributions are threefold. First, we extend the existing distortion exponent analyses to cooperative networks with an arbitrary number of relays. Second, we derive the distortion exponents when the layered source coding with broadcast transmission strategy is used in multi-relay networks under three cooperation protocols, based on repetition, relay selection, and space-time coding, respectively. Our analyses reveal the impacts of the number of relays, bandwidth ratio and cooperation protocol on the distortion exponent. Third, we prove the successive refinability of the diversity-multiplexing tradeoffs of the three multi-relay cooperation protocols.

Field of study: Engineering
Cathodic polarization of strontium-doped lanthanum ferrite in proton-conducting solid oxide fuel cell

The cathodic polarization of strontium-doped lanthanum ferrite, La 1− x Sr x FeO 3−α , was studied in the hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell using proton-conducting SrCe 0.95 Yb 0.05 O 3−α as an electrolyte. The overpotential of La 0.7 Sr 0.3 FeO 3−α cathode was smaller than those of other perovskite-type oxides such as La 0.7 Sr 0.3 MnO 3−α and La 0.7 Sr 0.3 CoO 3−α , and platinum at 773–973 K. The best cathodic performance was obtained for La 0.7 Sr 0.3 FeO 3−α heat-treated at 1173 K. The cathode resistance of La 0.7 Sr 0.3 FeO 3−α was independent of p O 2 while that of sputtered platinum was proportional to p O 2 −1/4 .

Field of study: Materials science
Efficient Estimation of a Regression Parameter for Certain Second Order Processes

0.  The problem of estimation of a single regression parameter for a process with fixed known regression function and unknown covariance is attacked using a Hilbert space representation of the process. Some general results are obtained which characterize efficiency classes of covariances-that is, classes for each of which there exists a single estimate that is efficient for all members. These results are applied to both the discrete parameter and the continuous parameter stationary process with rational spectral density. Some special results are also obtained concerning the efficiency of the least square estimate. 1.  Let x(t) be a second order complex-valued process with mean value function zero and covariance (1.1) E[x(t)x(s)] = R(t, s), and suppose that the process (1.2) y(t) = kp (t) + x(t) is observed for the parameter t in a subset Cr of the real line. The function r(t) is known, and the parameter k is to be estimated. The subsets of interest will be the intervals (- oo < t < T) and (O < t ? T) for the continuous parameter process and the integers (t = T, T -1, ..) and (t = T, T-l, -,* ,0) for the discrete parameter process. A linear unbiased estimate with finite variance will be represented as a linear functional (1.3) E T = kT[y(t), t e CTJ, which is the limit in quadratic mean of unbiased finite linear combinations of the y(t) process, that is, Mm

Field of study: Mathematics
The palaeoceanographic crisis of the Early Aptian (OAE 1a) in the Vocontian Basin (SE France)

The Vocontian Basin (SE France) which presents lower Aptian expanded successions characterized by major lithological changes, is particularly suitable to determine palaeoenvironmental changes occurring across the OAE 1a. A multidisciplinary study (sedimentology, CaCO3, TOC, carbon and oxygen stable isotopes, micropalaeontology, cyclostratigraphy) was carried out in the Notre-Dame-de-Rosans section in order to establish a detailed chronological framework of these changes. The OAE 1a corresponds to carbon isotope segments C3–C6, and it lasted for 1.2 Myr. A first drop in the carbonate production occurs 500 kyr before the OAE 1a (upper part of the carbon isotope segment C2), and could result from both onset of “Urgonian” carbonate platform demise and associated reducing export of platform-derived sediments into the basin, and nannoconid crisis. A second drastic drop (crash) in the carbonate production is recorded within the lower part of the OAE 1a (latter part of segment C3 to C5) and is explained by a strong dissolution. This study then shows that the onset of the major carbonate crisis, that occurs before the OAE 1a, could be due to both rise in sea-level and in marine surface water fertility, whereas its “acme” that occurs within the OAE 1a, could be related to CO2-induced ocean acidification. Black shales of the “Niveau Goguel” occur in the upper part of the OAE 1a and represent the lower part of segment C6. Surface-waters primary producers are principally represented by cyanobacteria, whereas nannofossil primary productivity is reduced, and deep-water anoxia prevailed during the deposition of “the Niveau Goguel”. The last 300 kyr of the OAE 1a are characterized by a partial recovery of both nannofossil primary productivity and pelagic carbonate production, which sharply increase just after the end of the event. This study also shows that organic-rich layers associated to the OAE 1a are diachronous in the Tethyan realm.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Rational expectations in microeconomic models: An overview

This paper is an expository introduction to several topics of current research in the general equilibrium theory of rational expectations. More specifically, we discuss the existence of exact and approximate rational expectations equilibria, the implementation of equilibria, the behavior of learning and smoothing processes by which traders construct expectations from repeated observations of the market, and the lagged use of the information revealed by prices in an intertemporal sequence of markets. The purpose of this discussion is to introduce papers on these topics appearing in the Journal of Economic Theory Symposium on Rational Expectations in Microeconomic Models .

Field of study: Economics
Trapping of oxide ions in δ-Bi3YO6

A series of ab initio molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been performed on the oxide ion conducting solid electrolyte δ-Bi 3 YO 6 . The effect of different cationic neighbours on the residence time and occupancy of oxide ion sites was investigated. It was found that sites where neighbouring cations were exclusively bismuth exhibited the lowest residence time and lowest average site occupancy, with these parameters increasing with an increasing number of yttrium cation neighbours. Residence time exhibited Arrhenius type temperature dependence, while the average site occupancies were almost temperature independent. The results are discussed in terms of oxide ion trapping by the dopant cation.

Field of study: Materials science
Semigroups generated by convex combinations of several Feller generators in models of mathematical biology

LetS be a locally compact Hausdor space. Let Ai; i = 0;1;:::;N, be generators of Feller semigroups in C0(S) with related Feller processes Xi =fXi(t);t 0g and let i; i = 0;:::;N, be non-negative continuous functions onS with P N i=0 i = 1: Assume that the closure A of P N k=0 kAk defined on

Field of study: Mathematics