nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Walking, running, hopping: Analysis of gait variability and locomotor skills in Brasilichnium elusivum Leonardi, with inferences on trackmaker identification

Synapsids were able to adopt different gaits, including half–bounding and bipedal skipping, since the Early Jurassic, as indicated by a large record of fossil footprints, found in hyper-arid erg–dominated paleonvironments from South and North America. The mammaliamorph origin of these footprints is corroborated by their shape, stance, and gait, in a large number of trackway specimens from the Parana Basin (Botucatu Formation) of Brazil. This record is interpreted as the expression of the locomotor skills of a single trackmaker population, and might be grouped together under a pre-existing ichnotaxonomic label, Brasilichnium elusivum Leonardi, 1981, including one of the few unambiguous Mesozoic records of bipedal saltatory gait in synapsids. This bipedal saltatory gait is associated with desert paleoenvironments, and more specifically with sand dunes with little or no vegetation cover. Decades of collecting has resulted in one of the largest records of synapsid footprints worldwide, and ichnology has proven fundamental to investigate elusive aspects of their natural history.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Evaluation of PCDD/F congener partition in vapor/solid phases of waste incinerator flue gases.

Activated carbon injection (ACI) is commonly used to control PCDD/F (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans) emissions from stationary sources. In this study, the characteristics of PCDD/Fs emitted from one municipal waste incinerator (MWI) and two industrial waste incinerators (IWI-1 and IWI-2) that apply activated carbon systems for controlling the emissions are investigated via intensive stack sampling. MWI and IWI-1 are equipped with ACI and bag filters (BF) while IWI-2 is equipped with a fixed activated carbon bed (FCB). Results indicate that most PCDD/Fs in flue gas downstream of ACI+BF exist in vapor phase (over 90%) while most PCDD/ Fs exist in solid phase (over 60%) downstream of FCB. For MWI and IWI-1, the removal efficiencies of vapor and solid-phase PCDD/Fs are 98.5-99.6% and 99.8-99.9%, respectively. In addition,the removal efficiencies of vapor- and solid-phase PCDD/Fs are 84.5% and -13.4% in IWI-2, respectively. The results also indicate that the partition of vapor/solid-phase PCDD/F is affected by the type of the air pollutant control devices (APCDs) applied upstream and the particulate matter concentration in flue gas. On the basis of the sampling results of waste incinerators, this study preliminarily establishes the equations for predicting vapor/solid-phase PCDD/F partition in flue gases downstream of various APCDs including cyclone (CY), electrostatic precipitator (EP), FCB, ACI+BF, and selective catalytic reduction system (SCR).

Field of study: Environmental science
Adsorption of Methyl Anthranilate from Aqueous Solution onto Adsorption Resins Modified by Heterocyclic Compounds

In this study, the adsorption performances of PRLMR and IDLMR for methyl anthranilate from aqueous solution were studied by adsorption thermodynamics and adsorption kinetics. The effect of methanol addition on the adsorption was also investigated. The results indicated that the modified resins possessed good adsorption capacities for methyl anthranilate, while IDLMR possessed much larger adsorption capacity for the adsorbate. The equilibrium data were correlated by both Langmuir and Freundlich models. The adsorption capacity decreased as 1% methanol added into the methyl anthranilate solution. The kinetic experiments showed that the adsorption process was in accordance with the pseudo-first-order rate equation, and the value of pseudo-first-order rate constant k at 303K was larger than that at 288K, which suggested that the IDLMR possessed much faster adsorption rate for methyl anthranilate from aqueous solution at 303K.

Field of study: Engineering
Middle Devonian stratigraphy of Indiana

The Hamilton of Indiana consists of the Speeds, Deputy, Silver Creek, Swanville, and Beechwood formations, each with a distinct fauna. The lithology, range, and characteristic fossils of these formations and the Jeffersonville are given, and past errors of correlation discussed. Beds in northern Indiana previously assigned to the Jeffersonville are correlated with the Beechwood of southern Indiana.

Field of study: Geology
Expression of subunits for the cAMP-sensitive 'olfactory' cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel in the cochlea: implications for signal transduction.

Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) ion channels have been implicated as functioning in sensory transduction and in second-messenger modulation of synaptic neurotransmitter release. The olfactory, cAMP-sensitive CNG ion channel in vivo is considered to comprise the pore-forming CNG2 subunit together with CNG5 and CNG4.3 modulatory subunits. The expression of these 'olfactory' CNG subunit transcripts in microdissected subfractions of the rat cochlea and hair cell libraries has been investigated with RT-PCR. Unmodified transcripts of CNG2 were detected in the organ of Corti, lateral wall and spiral ganglion subfractions. CNG5 message was found in both the sensory organ of Corti and the non-sensory lateral wall subfractions but not in the spiral ganglion subfraction. The CNG5 sequence obtained for the organ of Corti fraction encompassed 78% of the olfactory CNG5 cDNA sequence. CNG5 message has also been detected in an inner hair cell cDNA library. In the lateral wall, unmodified CNG5 sequence was observed as well as truncated versions of CNG5 transcripts, one of which was also found in the rat brain. The truncated versions were characterized by deletions that resulted in a shift in reading frame and the premature appearance of a stop codon. The 'olfactory' CNG4.3 cDNA was amplified from all three subfractions. Within the cochlea, CNG2 immunoreactivity was selectively distributed in a pattern similar to that of adenylyl cyclase type I. Immunoreactivity to CNG2 has been localized to stereocilia of inner hair cells. CNG5 immunoreactivity was associated with stereocilia and lateral plasma membranes of outer hair cells. We conclude that transcripts necessary for a functional cAMP-sensitive CNG ion channel are present in the cochlea resulting from combinations of CNG2 with CNG5 and CNG4.3. Further, the localization of CNG2 and CNG5 immunoreactivity to hair cell stereocilia suggests a role for cAMP-sensitive CNG channels in hair cell signal transduction.

Field of study: Biology
A Sort of Multi-Agent Cooperation Distributed Based Intrusion Detection System

After analysing the basic condition of IDS and characteristics of mobile agent,points out the shortage of current IDS,puts forward Intrusion Detection System model MACDIDS. In this intrusion system,introduces an agent technique,makes IDS can cross-platform usage,implements the separation,data and processing collections and detect with real-time respond to of distribute to turn.

Field of study: Computer science
Conducting Pattern Formation of Electrochemically Polymerized Thiophene in an Organopolysilane Film Imaged by Ultra-Violet Light.

The electrochemical polymerization of thiophene was successfully performed in an organopolysilane film on an indium tin oxide (ITO) glass electrode as patterned by the Ultra-Violet (UV) light irradiation. It was demonstrated that only the UV-exposed polysilane dissolved into polar solvent such as propylene carbonate used as electrolytic solvent and hence electrochemical polymerization proceeded on the ITO electrode masked with the UV-unexposed polysilane. Fine line patterns of 10 μm width were obtained.

Field of study: Chemistry
Transition from insulator to superconductor and significant enhancement of superconductivity in FeSe films via tuning Fe-vacancy disorders

In contrast to its bulk crystals, the FeSe film or layer exhibits better superconductivity performance, which attract much interest in its fundamental research as well as potential application. In present work, transition from insulator to superconductor and significant enhancement of superconductivity were achieved in the high quality (00l) oriented FeSe films via controlling the thickness as well as the Fe/Se ratio. The highest Tc up to 15.2 K (almost 2 times higher than those of bulk crystals) and Hc2 up to 35.5 T are obtained in our atmosphere-stable FeSe thin film with practical thickness (240 nm), implying their great potential application in the electronic devices at high magnetic fields. More importantly, it was found that the Fe-vacancy disorder in FeSe films is the intrinsic factor determining the evolution of the superconductivity, rather than thickness effect. In our non-superconducting FeSe film with Fe/Se ratio of 1.00:1.09, insulating \b{eta}-Fe1-xSe phase with iron-vacancy disorders is the main phase and more likely to be the parent phase of FeSe superconducting system. Tuning the Fe-vacancy disorders via changing the Fe/Se ratio can dramatically vary the concentration of charge carrier and introduce proper electron doping, which finally leads to the transition from insulator to superconductor and further enhancement in the superconductivity. Intriguingly, our results also indicate that when the Fe/Se ratio of film is beyond a critical value, superconducting FeSe films will become instable, and phase separation occurs with new non-superconducting phase precipitating in the superconducting matrix, causing the degradation in the superconductivity. The results in present work help us to well understand the intrinsic mechanism of superconductivity among Fe-Se superconducting system and provide a new strategy to further pursue higher Tc in these materials.

Field of study: Physics
As die droogte knyp ... knyp hom terug! : fokus op winterweiding

Om 'n melkplaas reg te bestuur is nie kinderspeletjies nie. Dit vereis goeie beplanning. Daarom is die keuse van die melkstelsel om in jou melkstal te gebruik krities. The Dairy Mail het met Jaco Vermaak, 'n melkprodusent van die Suid-Kaap, gesels om uit te vind watter melkstelsels by watter tipes melkboerderye pas.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Estimation of Mean Using Auxiliary Information and Post-Stratification

This article presents the problem of estimating the population mean based on post-stratified sampling and auxiliary information. Classes of combined and separate estimators are suggested and their properties are studied under large sample approximation. Asymptotically optimum estimators (AOEs) in the classes are identified alongwith their approximate variance formulae. Regions of preference are investigated in which the proposed classes of estimators are better than usual unbiased estimator , combined and separate post-stratified sampling ratio and product estimators. A comparison between class of combined and separate estimators are made. An empirical study is carried out in the support of the present study.

Field of study: Mathematics
Visualization of localized electronic states of AgCl nanocrystals with a silver ion adsorbed on atomically rough surface

The wave functions of localized electronic states of nanocrystals with a silver ion adsorbed on atomically rough surface have been calculated. It is established that an increase in the coordination number of the adsorbed ion leads to a decrease in the localization of the unoccupied states formed as a result of the adsorption.

Field of study: Physics
Drought and flooding have distinct effects on herbivore-induced responses and resistance in Solanum dulcamara.

In the field, biotic and abiotic stresses frequently co-occur. As a consequence, common molecular signalling pathways governing adaptive responses to individual stresses can interact, resulting in compromised phenotypes. How plant signalling pathways interact under combined stresses is poorly understood. To assess this, we studied the consequence of drought and soil flooding on resistance of Solanum dulcamara to Spodoptera exigua and their effects on hormonal and transcriptomic profiles. The results showed that S. exigua larvae performed less well on drought-stressed plants than on well-watered and flooded plants. Both drought and insect feeding increased abscisic acid and jasmonic acid (JA) levels, whereas flooding did not induce JA accumulation. RNA sequencing analyses corroborated this pattern: drought and herbivory induced many biological processes that were repressed by flooding. When applied in combination, drought and herbivory had an additive effect on specific processes involved in secondary metabolism and defence responses, including protease inhibitor activity. In conclusion, drought and flooding have distinct effects on herbivore-induced responses and resistance. Especially, the interaction between abscisic acid and JA signalling may be important to optimize plant responses to combined drought and insect herbivory, making drought-stressed plants more resistant to insects than well-watered and flooded plants.

Field of study: Environmental science
An Instrument to Assess Subjective Task Value Beliefs Regarding the Decision to Pursue Postgraduate Training

To develop and validate an instrument to assess subjective ratings of the perceived value of various postgraduate training paths followed using expectancy-value as a theoretical framework; and to explore differences in value beliefs across type of postgraduate training pursued and type of pharmacy training completed prior to postgraduate training.  A survey instrument was developed to sample 4 theoretical domains of subjective task value: intrinsic value, attainment value, utility value, and perceived cost. Retrospective self-report methodology was employed to examine respondents’ (N=1,148) subjective task value beliefs specific to their highest level of postgraduate training completed. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analytic techniques were used to evaluate and validate value belief constructs.  Intrinsic, attainment, utility, cost, and financial value constructs resulted from exploratory factor analysis. Cross-validation resulted in a 26-item instrument that demonstrated good model fit. Differences in value beliefs were noted across type of postgraduate training pursued and pharmacy training characteristics.  The Postgraduate Training Value Instrument demonstrated evidence of reliability and construct validity. The survey instrument can be used to assess value beliefs regarding multiple postgraduate training options in pharmacy and potentially inform targeted recruiting of individuals to those paths best matching their own value beliefs.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Diversity of coevolved weeds in smallholder maize fields of Mexico and Zimbabwe

Theory and empirical data suggest the areas of origin of a crop to be the general area of origin of its coevolved weeds. These longer evolved weeds would have an advantage over species with a shorter evolutionary time and migrate more successfully. We seek to identify patterns by comparing two regions with a shared crop, similar physiographic traits, but little direct contact, one of which is the area of origin of the crop. We compared the diversity of the maize weed flora and its edible components between two rural villages each of Oaxaca, Mexico, and Honde Valley, Zimbabwe, using vegetation sampling, interviews and participatory observation. The Mexican fields had higher species richness and diversity than the Zimbabwean ones. Species richness and densities were higher in the villages that receive more rainfall. Mexican fields had a mainly native weed flora with almost 80% American species and very few of African origin, whereas Zimbabwe had 32% of American and 50% of African origin. The regions shared seven American species and one of African origin. American/Mesoamerican agrestal weeds appear to be more successful in maize. Subsistence farmers in both study areas consumed about 19 edible weed species of which four were common to all villages. Our results also suggest that the presence of 3–4 species of edible weeds per field may be a general pattern in the maize-based systems, and that people not necessarily want or need more, so usefulness—at least as an edible plant—would have a limited influence on migration success.

Field of study: Environmental science
Ionic motion in Li3In2(PO4)3

The Li + ion distribution over non-equivalent positions and the conductivity due to Li + ion motion in the superionic conductor Li 3 In 2 (PO 4 ) 3 have been studied with 7 Li and 31 P NMR, impedance spectroscopy and DTA. It is shown that there are two phase transitions, at ∼380 and ∼420 K, in the vicinity of which a redistribution of Li + ions among several different crystallographic sites is observed. Characteristic parameters of the Li + ion motion are determined from the 7 Li spin-lattice relaxation data. The 7 Li NMR spectra and spin-lattice relaxation indicate that there are Li + Li + contact pairs in a crystalline lattice. A model is suggested for the Li + ion transport based on the concept of a motion of an interstitial configuration as Li + cation metastable pairs.

Field of study: Materials science
Optimisation of K-Out-Of-N systems subject to common-cause failures with repair provision

This paper considers K-Out-Of-N systems that is subject to two modes of failures, Common cause failures (CCFs) and Random failures, We assure that the system is repaired after each system failure. We develop an optimality criterion leading to the optimal number of units N ∗ for a K-Out-Of-N system, based on cost considerations. Numerical examples are included to illustrate the procedure.

Field of study: Engineering
Synthesis of 2,3-tetramethylene-5-arenesulfonamidobenzofurans

The reaction of N-arenesulfonyl-1,4-benzoquinonimines with 1-morpholino(piperidino)-1-cyclohexene gives 2,3-dihydro-2-morpholino(piperidino)-2,3-tetramethylene-5-arene-sulfonamidobenzofurans. Refluxing of the latter in dilute hydrochloric acid gave 2,3-tetramethylene-5-arenesulfonamidobenzofurans, the structure of which was proved by hydrolysis to 2,3-tetramethylene-5-aminobenzofuran and conversion of it to the previously described 2,3-tetramethylene-5-hydroxybenzofuran.

Field of study: Chemistry
Effects of Situation on Dating and Assertive Behavior

This study compared the behavioral pattern of assertive subjects in two areas of social skills, assertive and dating behavior. It was hypothesized that the individual's behavior is affected by both the skill required and the immediate environment. 12 male and 12 female assertive university students were asked to interact with trained role-players in simulated social situations geared to elicit assertiveness and heterosexual dating behavior.  Subjects showed different patterns of performance contingent upon the skill and the situational components. The validity of clustering isolated behaviors to obtain average social performance scores as well as some clinical and research implications are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Application of the Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations of Solution's Existence and Uniqueness Theorem

Discusses an important application in the numerical methods for partial differential equations of the solution's existence and uniqueness theorem of ordinary differential equations by a new perspective. Gives a new splitting mixed element scheme for a class of pseudo-hyperbolic partial differential equations, formulate the system of ordinary differential equations, proves the solution's existence and uniqueness of system by the solution's existence and uniqueness theorem. By the brief discussion and outlining, clarifies the application method in the numerical methods for partial differential equations of the solution's existence and uniqueness theorem and hopes to have some new ideas in the future development of teaching and research.

Field of study: Computer science
Enhancing the impact of quality points in interteaching

Interteaching is a classroom instruction approach based on behavioral principles that offers increased flexibility to instructors. There are several components of interteaching that may contribute to its demonstrated efficacy. In a prior analysis of one of these components, the quality points contingency, no significant difference was reported in student exam scores when quality points were made available. The purpose of the present study was to further evaluate the impact of the quality points component of interteaching, and to enhance the immediacy of feedback provided to students on this contingency via delivery of an answer key upon submission of post-discussion quizzes with the opportunity to review the answer key with their interteaching partner during class. We hypothesized that student quiz scores would be higher when this quality points contingency was in place. An alternating treatments design was employed to compare student performance on post-discussion quizzes during two conditions: quality points vs. no quality points with all other components of interteaching in effect. Eleven undergraduate students enrolled in an introduction to applied behavior analysis course served as participants. Results indicate average quiz performance was higher following class sessions with the quality points contingency. Discussion is focused on the implications of delivering immediate feedback to students during classroom instruction and future directions of interteaching research.

Field of study: Education
The geology and evolution of the Cayman Trench

The geology and stratigraphic relationships of the Cayman Ridge, Nicaraguan Plateau, and mid-Cayman spreading center, which have been determined from the succession of rocks recovered at 80 dredge stations in the Cayman Trench, are consistent with the inferred crustal structure of the region deduced from published geophysical data. The Cayman Ridge and Nicaraguan Plateau are composed of metamorphic, plutonic, volcanic, sedimentary, and carbonate rock units that typically crop out along continental margins and in island arcs. In contrast, the trench floor is composed of mafic and ultramafic rocks identical to those recovered from the major ocean basins. Our petrographic, radiometric, and paleontologic data are correlated with the regional geology of Central America and the Greater Antilles and suggest that the Cayman Ridge and Nicaraguan Plateau developed as a single, broad island arc during the Laramide Orogeny. By late Eocene time, volcanism had greatly diminished, uplift and erosion had exposed the underlying igneous rock, thick clastic sequences had been deposited in newly formed grabens, and a zone of east-west axial accretion had been created between the rifted ridge and plateau. An average spreading rate of .4 cm/yr across the mid-Cayman spreading center since the Eocene accounts for approximately 200 km of left-lateral displacement between the Cayman Ridge and Nicaraguan Plateau. The geologic histories of the ridge and plateau differ slightly after the Eocene, but general subsidence, at an average rate of 6 cm/1,000 yr, caused progressive restriction of carbonate banks and reefs to a few isolated islands and algal pinnacles. The pre-Cretaceous history of the Cayman Trench has been extrapolated from the Paleozoic-Mesozoic geology and structure of Central America and Cuba, while the Cretaceous to Holocene evolution of the trench has been related to the relative motions between the North American, South American, and Caribbean plates. Plate convergence during the Cretaceous caused southerly subduction of oceanic lithosphere beneath the ancestral Cayman Ridge–Nicaraguan Plateau, which subsequently led to the formation of a chain of volcanic islands to the south, along the North American–Caribbean plate boundary. Numerous ophiolite-like outcrops that fringe the north Caribbean margin are believed to reflect a Late Cretaceous closure of this subduction zone. Early Tertiary left-lateral shear and tensional stresses along this plate boundary split the Cayman Ridge from the Nicaraguan Plateau, and a small spreading center was created in the rift. Declining isotherms beneath the ridge and plateau caused general subsidence and local tectonic re-equilibration in late Tertiary time.

Field of study: Geology