nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemical Characteristics of Oceanic Basalts and the Upper Mantle

Tholeiitic basalts (oceanic tholeiites) that form most of the deeply submerged volcanic features in the oceans are characterized by extremely low amounts of Ba, K, P, Pb, Sr, Th, U, and Zr as well as Fe 2 O 3 /FeO 10 in unaltered samples. Oceanic tholeiites also have rare earth abundance-distribution patterns and ratios of K/Rb (1300) and Sr 87 /Sr 86 (0.702) similar to or overlapping those of calcium-rich (basaltic) achondritic meteorites. The close compositional similarities between the oceanic tholeiites and calcium-rich achondrites indicates the relatively primitive nature of the oceanic tholeiites. In contrast, the alkali-rich basalts that cap submarine and island volcanoes are relatively enriched in Ba, K, La, Nb, P, Pb, Pb 206 , Rb, Fe 2 O 3 , Sr, Sr 87 , Ti, Th, U, and Zr; i.e . in the same elements and isotopes that are concentrated in the sialic continental crusts by factors of 5 to 1000 more than the amounts readily inferred in the upper mantle. These analytical data coupled with the field relationships indicate that the alkali-rich basalts are derivative rocks, fractionated from the oceanic tholeiites by processes of magmatic differentiation, and that the oceanic tholeiites are the principal or only primary magma generated in the upper mantle under the oceans. Studies of the abundances and compositions of continental basalts show that essentially identical tholeiitic lavas, contaminated with Si, K, and the chemically coherent trace elements and radiogenic isotopes from the sial, also have been the predominant or only magma generated in the mantle under the continents. The chemical properties of oceanic tholeiites suggest that the upper mantle probably contains less than (in parts per million): Ba, 10; K, 1000; Pb, 0.4; Rb, 10; Th, 0.2; and U, 0.1. The Sr 87 /Sr 86 must be less than 0.7015; Th/U about 2; K/Rb about 1500–2000; and Fe 2 O 3 /FeO less than 0.1. The integration of field and petrochemical data with seismic, density, and shock-wave studies suggests that the oceanic tholeiites are either complete melts of the upper mantle or are generated from a mix of this tholeiite and a magnesium-rich peridotite or dunite in proportions up to perhaps 1:4. The Mohorovicic discontinuity under the oceans appears to mark the transition downward from a largely tholeiitic oceanic crust to either tholeiite reconstituted to blueschist or greenschist or to the ultramafic residue left after expulsion of oceanic tholeiite.

Field of study: Geology
PRCash: Centrally-Issued Digital Currency with Privacy and Regulation

Decentralized cryptocurrencies based on blockchains provide attractive features, including user privacy and system transparency, but lack active control of money supply and capabilities for regulatory oversight, both existing features of modern monetary systems. These limitations are critical, especially if the cryptocurrency is to replace, or complement, existing fiat currencies. Centralized cryptocurrencies, on the other hand, provide controlled supply of money, but lack transparency and transferability. Finally, they provide only limited privacy guarantees, as they do not offer recipient anonymity or payment value secrecy. We propose a novel digital currency, called PRCash, where the control of money supply is centralized, money is represented as value-hiding transactions for transferability and improved privacy, and transactions are verified in a distributed manner and published to a public ledger for verifiability and transparency. Strong privacy and regulation are seemingly conflicting features, but we overcome this technical problem with a new regulation mechanism based on zero-knowledge proofs. Our implementation and evaluation shows that payments are fast and large-scale deployments practical. PRCash is the first digital currency to provide control of money supply, transparency, regulation, and privacy at the same time, and thus make its adoption as a fiat currency feasible.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
In vitro Activities of Various Antimicrobials against Brucella melitensis Strains in the Aegean Region in Turkey

To study in vitro activities of three quinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin), four macrolides (erythromycin, dirithromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin) and doxycycline against 44 clinical isolates of Brucella melitensis.  Forty-four B. melitensis strains were isolated from blood cultures of adult patients with acute brucellosis who were hospitalized in the clinical ward of the Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the tested antimicrobials were measured by the agar dilution method. MIC90 and MIC50 values were defined as the lowest concentration of the antibiotic at which 90 and 50% of the isolates were inhibited, respectively.  Doxycycline (MIC50: 0.25 µg/ml, MIC90: 0.50 µg/ml) had the lowest MIC in vitro against the B. melitensis strains. Among the quinolones, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin had similar activities (MIC50: 0.5 µg/ml, MIC90: 2 µg/ml), whereas MIC of moxifloxacin (MIC50: 1 µg/ml, MIC90: 8 µg/ml) was higher than both antibiotics in this group. Clarithromycin and azithromycin were the most active macrolides (MIC50: 8 µg/ml and MIC90: 32 µg/ml), followed by erythromycin (MIC50: 16 µg/ml, MIC90: 32 µg/ml) and dirithromycin (MIC50: 64 µg/ml and MIC90: 64 µg/ml).  The results indicate that the conventional agent doxycycline is more active than quinolones and macrolides against the B. melitensis in vitro.

Field of study: Medicine
Efficacy of Herbicides for Weed Control in Pearl Millet

Field experiments were conducted under rainfed conditions during the 1987 and 1988 kharif season on pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L) R. Br) to test the comparative efficacy of pre-emergence herbicides atrazine and terbutryne applied separately, in mixture and in combination, with hand-hoeing. Weed density and dry weight significantly reduced by herbicide application and hand-hoeing. Atrazine or terbutryne alone at 1.0 kg a.i./ha or in combination at 0.5 kg a.i./ha each, resulted in mortality of pearl millet plants. Pre-emergence application of atrazine at 0.5 kg a.i./ha followed by hand-hoeing at 30 days after sowing gave effective weed control, and resulted in more grain yield compared to the unweeded-control.

Field of study: Biology
Efficient statistical capacitance extraction of nanometer interconnects considering the on-chip line edge roughness

In this paper, efficient techniques are presented to extract the statistical interconnect capacitance due to random geometric variations, especially the line-edge roughness (LER). Based on the continuous-surface variation (CSV) model depicting wire thickness and width variations, an efficient approach is presented to calculate the capacitance sensitivity with respect to geometric variable, and further the statistical capacitance variance. The Hermite polynomial collocation (HPC) technique with variable reduction is also presented to generate the linear statistical capacitance model. Numerical experiments are carried out on structures in the 45 nm down to the 19 nm technologies. The results demonstrate the presented approaches are several orders of magnitude faster than the MC simulation with 5000 samples. The error of the sensitivity-based approach is less than 10% for the 45 nm structures, while the HPC-based technique exhibits better accuracy, even for the 19 nm structures with strong LER effect.

Field of study: Engineering
Gene expression and secretion of insulin-like growth factor-II and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 from cultured sheep choroid plexus epithelial cells.

The gene expression of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) has previously been demonstrated in rat and human choroid plexus by in situ hybridization analysis. In the present study we have characterized IGF-II and IGFBP-2 transcripts and proteins in primary cultures of epithelial cells from lateral choroid plexus of sheep brain. Northern blot analysis of total RNA showed one major IGF-II mRNA of 4.8 kb and four minor IGF-II transcripts of 1.5, 2.0, 3.0 and 6.0 kb as well as one IGFBP-2 transcript of 1.7 kb. Radioreceptor assay of conditioned medium from the cultured choroid plexus epithelial cells showed inhibition of [125I]IGF-I and [125I]IGF-II binding to mouse NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, the displacement curves being identical to that of unlabelled IGF-II. The conditioned medium was fractionated by gel filtration on a Bio-Gel P-60 column, and analysis by IGF-II radioreceptor assay showed two peaks of IGF-II-binding inhibitory activity of M(r) 7.5-10 and 25 kDa, suggesting the presence of both IGF-II, and an IGFBP. Western immunoblot analysis of conditioned medium with antibodies toward IGF-II and IGFBP-2 demonstrated proteins with M(r) 6 kDa and 32 kDa, respectively. Protein binding assays of the conditioned medium with [125I]IGF-I or [125]IGF-II demonstrated that the IGFBP present in the conditioned medium preferentially binds IGF-II. In conclusion, cultured sheep choroid plexus epithelial cells synthesize and secrete IGF-II and IGFBP-2, suggesting that the choroid plexus epithelium is the main source of these polypeptides in the cerebrospinal fluid.

Field of study: Biology
Magnetoreflection spectroscopy of monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenide semiconductors in pulsed magnetic fields

The authors describe recent experimental efforts to perform polarization-resolved optical spectroscopy of monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenide semiconductors in very large pulsed magnetic fields to 65 T. The experimental setup and technical challenges are discussed in detail, and temperature-dependent magnetoreflection spectra from atomically thin tungsten disulphide are presented. The data clearly reveal not only the valley Zeeman effect in these two-dimensional semiconductors but also the small quadratic exciton diamagnetic shift from which the very small exciton size can be directly inferred. Finally, the authors present model calculations that demonstrate how the measured diamagnetic shifts can be used to constrain estimates of the exciton binding energy in this new family of monolayer semiconductors.

Field of study: Physics
A brief comparison: Mexican and Peruvian National Identities

Most Latin American countries, if not all, have struggled with issues of national consciousness, identity formation within unifying political systems where some countries have struggled more than others in fostering one common goal: national identity or nacionalidad. This chapter compares the Mexican and Peruvian national identities. In Latin America the Hispanic eccentricity is produced and multiplied, more so in countries with ancient and brilliant civilizations such as Mexico and Peru. The chapter analyzes the concept of national identity in Peru (peruanidad) and Mexico (mexicanidad) through the thoughts of Alegria and Mariategui, in the case of the first, followed with Paz for the latter. Alegria and Mariategui constantly spoke about an indigenous resistance and a quest for dignity in one's own territory where the quarrel of oppressed and oppressor has to do mainly with racial factors disguised with cultural folklore. Alegria; Jose Carlos Mariategui; Latin America; Mexican national identity; nacionalidad; Peruvian national identity

Field of study: Political science
Volumetric budget and grain-size fractionation of a geological sediment routing system: Eocene Escanilla Formation, south-central Pyrenees

The supply of sediment and its characteristic grain-size mix are key controls on depositional facies and stratigraphic architectures in sedimentary basins. Consequently, constraints on sediment caliber, budgets, and fl uxes are a prerequisite for effective stratigraphic prediction. Here, we investigate a mid- to late Eocene (41.6–33.9 Ma) sediment routing system in the Spanish Pyrenees. We derive a full volumetric sediment budget, weighted for grain-size fractions, partitioned between terrestrial and marine depositional sectors, and we quantify sediment fl uxes between depocenters. The paleo–sediment routing system was controlled by syndepositional thrust tectonics and consisted of two major feeder systems eroding the high Pyre nees that supplied a river system draining parallel to the regional tectonic strike and that ultimately exported sediment to coastal, shallow-marine and deep-marine depo centers. We show signifi cant changes in both the volume and grain-size distribution of sediment eroded from the Pyrenean mountain belt during three different time intervals in the mid- to late Eocene, which controlled the characteristics of stratigraphy preserved in a series of wedge-top basins. The time-averaged sediment discharge from source areas increased from ~250 km 3 /m.y. to 700 km 3 /m.y. over the 7.7 m.y. interval investigated. This temporal increase in sediment supply caused major westward progradation of facies belts and led to substantial sediment bypass through the terrestrial routing system to the (initially) marine Jaca Basin. The grain-size mix, measured as size fractions of gravel, sand, and fi ner than sand, also changed over the three time intervals. Integration of volumetric and grain-size information from source to sink provides an estimate of the long-term grain-size distribution of the sediment supply, comprising 9% gravel, 24% sand, and 67% fi ner than sand. The techniques and concepts used in the Escanilla study can profi tably be applied to paleo–sediment routing systems in other tectonic and climatic settings and to catchments with a range of bedrock lithology and vegetation. This will promote a better generic understanding of the dynamics of source-tosink systems and provide a powerful tool for forward stratigraphic modeling. The sediment routing system approach has the potential to contribute strongly to new models of sequence stratigraphy.

Field of study: Geology
Plant mobility in the Mesozoic: Disseminule dispersal strategies of Chinese and Australian Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous plants

Four upper Middle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous lacustrine Lagerstatten in China and Australia (the Daohugou, Talbragar, Jehol, and Koonwarra biotas) offer glimpses into the representation of plant disseminule strategies during that phase of Earth history in which flowering plants, birds, mammals, and modern insect faunas began to diversify. No seed or foliage species is shared between the Northern and Southern Hemisphere fossil sites and only a few species are shared between the Jurassic and Cretaceous assemblages in the respective regions. Free-sporing plants, including a broad range of bryophytes, are major components of the studied assemblages and attest to similar moist growth habitats adjacent to all four preservational sites. Both simple unadorned seeds and winged seeds constitute significant proportions of the disseminule diversity in each assemblage. Anemochory, evidenced by the development of seed wings or a pappus, remained a key seed dispersal strategy through the studied interval. Despite the rise of feathered birds and fur-covered mammals, evidence for epizoochory is minimal in the studied assemblages. Those Early Cretaceous seeds or detached reproductive structures bearing spines were probably adapted for anchoring to aquatic debris or to soft lacustrine substrates. Several relatively featureless seeds in all assemblages were potentially adapted to barochory or to endozoochory—the latter evidenced especially by the presence of smooth seeds in vertebrate gut contents and regurgitant or coprolitic masses. Hydrochory is inferred for several aquatic plants that notably bear small featureless seeds, particularly aggregated into detachable pods.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Erythrocyte aldehyde dehydrogenase activity in alcoholism.

Erythrocyte aldehyde dehydrogenase activity was determined in 44 chronic alcoholic patients within 18-36 hr after discontinuation of chronic alcohol intake and in 20 nonalcoholic controls. The enzyme activity was decreased to 4.98 +/- 0.52 mlU/mg of protein in the alcoholics as compared with a value of 8.25 +/- 1.29 mlU/mg of protein in the controls (p less than 0.05). The level of the enzyme activity did not correlate significantly with the daily quantity of alcohol consumption or the degree of liver injury reflected in elevations of serum aspartate aminotransferase. Repeat determination in 23 of the alcoholics after 2 weeks of supervised abstinence in an inpatient unit resulted in an increase in the enzyme activity to control levels. These findings show that the decreased activity of erythrocyte aldehyde dehydrogenase which occurs in association with alcohol ingestion is not an inherent characteristic of alcoholism.

Field of study: Medicine
Investioation of Chronic Tendency of Pentahepatitis (Hepatitis-E)

To underatand that pentahepatitis have chronic tendency or havent and degree of it. To vestigate the 106 cases of patients witln pentahepatitis that happened in some village of south of Xing Jiang Province of china in august 1985 to february 1988 on clinical present symptoms and review and detection of laboratory and examination of ultrasonic B.Results The 48cases (45.28%) of 106 cases of patients with pentahepatitis appear repeatedly symptoms from peptic system on different degree.The 36 cases of them appear apparent tenderness under right rib and spider angioma and sign of phlcbcuryxnla of abdominal wall.Their detection of label of serum immunity are,One case is positive HEV IgG(0.94%). and 55 cases are positive HEVIgG (51.89%).and 5 cases are positive Hbsag(4.72%).Glutamic-pyrumic! transaminase of 14 cases are to rise sligntly (13.21%).Proportion of A/G of / 41cases are to change(38.68%).36 cases have Image-change of ultrasonic B of liver and gallbladder (33.96%). 41 cases accord with diagnostic standard of chronic hepatitis. Anti-HEVIgG of the patients after pentahepatitis are positive constantly to make up 51.89 per cent of the total patients. At least it may maintain for eighteen years and some may exist througn one's life. It have considerable significance on epidemiology. 38.68 per cent patients with posititve Anti-HEVlgG may become patients with chronic hepatitis. The great part of them becorne chronic delayed hepatitis but dont discover the patients with hepatocirrhosis among them.

Field of study: Medicine
Educational Connoisseurship and Criticism: Evaluation of a Cooperation Model between University and the Sector on Vocational Education

Vocational schools which were opened to raise intermediate staff for the sector must update their functions to fulfill the intermediate staff need emerging as a result of the developments and changes in the sector through the time. Considering the needs of the sector, updating content of the courses and opening new lessons or programs will fulfill the need. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the flight simulators lesson aiming to fulfil the intermediate staff need in the field of flight simulators according to educational criticism model. Qualitative techniques were employed to obtain data within the scope of this study.  The study was designed according to case study method. In-depth and focus group interviews were conducted with the participants by using semi-structured interview forms and the findings were obtained through content analysis. The study group consisted of students, instructors and the head of the program. As a result of the study, it is found that participants were satisfied with the course, the staff need of the sector was fulfilled, the learners had sector knowledge, and the aim of the teaching process included practice opportunity in the sector. Besides, highlighting the co-operation between the sector and the university and keeping educational programs up-to-date was another expectation.  Educational connoisseurship and criticism, Program evaluation, Vocational education, Vocational schools, Cooperation model

Field of study: Education
Application of a new screening model to thermonuclear reactions of the rp process

A new screening model for astrophysical thermonuclear reactions was derived recently which improved Salpeter's weak-screening model. In the present work we prove that the new model can also give very reliable screening enhancement factors (SEFs) when applied to the rp process. According to the results of the new model, which agree well with Mitler's SEFs, the screened rp reaction rates can be, at most, twice as fast as the unscreened ones.

Field of study: Physics
Mutation in Fbxo11 Leads to Altered Immune Cell Content in Jeff Mouse Model of Otitis Media

The Jeff mouse mutant carries a mutation in the F-box only 11 gene (Fbxo11) and heterozygous animals display conductive deafness due to the development of otitis media (OM). The Fbxo11 locus is also associated with chronic otitis media with effusion (COME) and recurrent OM in humans. The Jeff mutation affects the ability of FBXO11 to stabilize p53 that leads to perturbation in the TGF-beta/Smad2 signaling pathway important in immunity and inflammation. In the current study, we evaluated the effect of the Jeff mutation on the immune cell content using multicolor flow cytometry. In blood of Jeff heterozygotes, we observed a significant increase in the number of NK, dendritic (CD11b+), neutrophils, and natural killer T (NKT) cells and a significant decrease in effector T-helper and B-lymphocytes compared to wild-type controls. The percentage of NK cells significantly decreased in the lungs of Jeff heterozygotes, with a concomitant reduction in B-lymphocytes and T-cytotoxic cells. In the spleen, Jeff heterozygotes displayed a significant decrease in mature B-lymphocytes, effector T-helper, and naïve T-cytotoxic cells. Neutrophils, dendritic, and NKT cells dominated bulla fluid in Jeff heterozygote mice. Similar analysis carried out on Fbxo11tm2b/+ heterozygotes, which carry a null allele, showed no difference when compared to wild-type. Cytokine/chemokine analysis revealed a significant increase in the G-CSF, GM-CSF, sTNFRI, TPO, and IL-7 levels in Jeff heterozygote serum compared to wild-type. This analysis increases our understanding of the role played by Fbxo11, a gene associated with human OM, in the systemic and localized cellular immune response associated with increased susceptibility to OM.

Field of study: Biology
Design of a 70T Quasi-Continuous High Magnetic Field System with a Dual-Coil Magnet

As a significant research method, quasi-continuous high magnetic field (QCHMF) can meet scientific experimental requirements for higher magnetic intensity, longer flat-top pulsed width and lower ripple in physics, biology and other scientific fields. In this paper, a QCHMF system designed by many-objective optimization method is presented to obtain the magnetic intensity of 70T. The magnet system consists of two coils, the inner coil is energized by the 100 MVA/100 MJ generator-rectifier power supply and the outer coil is powered by a 22 MJ capacitor power supply. To reduce the adjusting difficulty of the QCHMF, a decoupling transformer is designed. Moreover, a self-adaptive PI controller is used to reduce the ripple of the QCHMF. The MATLAB/Simulink and COMSOL Multiphysics are adopted to establish the equivalent model of QCHMF system and the simulation result presents the system can generate 70T/100 ms flat-top pulse has the ripple less than 1300 ppm.

Field of study: Physics