nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Selective punishment early and late in fixed-ratio schedules of food reinforcement.

Pigeons key pecked for grain on a fixed-ratio 100 schedule; electric shocks occurred intermittently at the fifteenth or eighty-fifth response in the ratio. In Experiment I, shock was at the fifteenth response for two birds, and at the eighty-fifth response for two others, in every sixth, twelfth, or eighteenth ratio. Rate of responding decreased as frequency of shock increased, and the pattern of responding included an increased initial pause and low rates or pause-run sequences that extended further into the ratio when shock was at the fifteenth response than when it was at the eighty-fifth response. Shock early in the ratio engendered longer initial pauses than shock late in the ratio. In Experiment II, four birds responded on a two-component multiple schedule in which shock occurred at the fifteenth response of the third ratio in the presence of a white keylight and at the eighty-fifth response of the third ratio in the presence of a green keylight. The overall rates of responding decreased as shock intensity increased. All four birds responded differentially to the white and green keylights, but with a pattern that varied between birds. In general, punishment reduced the probability of responses that preceded it, regardless of the ordinal position of those responses. Both studies confirm that the probability of responding is reduced less by aversive stimuli produced late in a fixed-ratio than by aversive stimuli produced early in a fixed-ratio.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Boundary conditions effects by Discontinuous Galerkin solvers for Boltzmann-Poisson models of electron transport

In this paper we perform, by means of Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) Finite Element Method (FEM) based numerical solvers for Boltzmann-Poisson (BP) semiclassical models of hot electronic transport in semiconductors, a numerical study of reflective boundary conditions in the BP system, such as specular reflection, diffusive reflection, and a mixed convex combination of these reflections, and their effect on the behavior of the solution. A boundary layer effect is observed in our numerical simulations for the kinetic moments related to diffusive and mixed reflection.

Field of study: Physics
Ecological interaction of a biocontrol Pseudomonas fluorescens strain producing 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol with the soft rot potato pathogen Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica

Erwinia carotovora subspecies atroseptica is the agent of soft rot of potato and causes important crop damage in Europe. Synthetic 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) inhibited the growth of E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica under in vitro conditions and Pseudomonas fluorescens F113, which produces DAPG, was studied for biocontrol of E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica. Wild-type F113 (or the spontaneous rifampicin-resistant mutant F113Rif) inhibited growth of E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica on solid medium, displayed bactericidal activity towards the pathogen in liquid medium, and prevented Erwinia-mediated rotting of wounded potato tuber under in vitro conditions. F113Rif reduced the population size of E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica in soil and on potato tuber dice in competition experiments carried out with unplanted soil and soil planted with diced potato tubers, respectively. Co-inoculation of potato tuber seeds with F113Rif and E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica reduced Erwinia contamination of the seed tubers compared with single inoculation with the pathogen. F113G22 is a Tn5::lacZY-induced DAPG-negative biosynthetic derivative of F113 and showed no antibiosis towards E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica in vitro. In contrast to F113Rif, F113G22 did not inhibit Erwinia-mediated rotting of wounded potato tuber in vitro, did not influence survival of E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica in unplanted soil or soil planted with potato tuber dice and did not reduce Erwinia contamination of potato seed tubers. F113G22(pCU203) is a complemented derivative with restored DAPG-producing ability. F113G22(pCU203) had similar effects against E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica as F113 (or F113Rif) under in vitro conditions and in soil microcosms. The results indicate that P. fluorescens F113 is a promising biocontrol agent against the potato soft rot agent E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica and suggest that the pseudomonad's ability to produce DAPG is a key factor in its inhibition of the pathogen.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
X. Growing Tension and the Threat of War in the Southern Caspian Sea: The Unsettled Division Dispute and Regional Rivalry

The absence of an acceptable legal regime for the division of the Caspian Sea among its five littoral states has created grounds for conflicts, crises, and wars in the Caspian region, a situation worsened since 2001 when Iran, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan found each other on a collision course over the ownership of certain offshore oilfields. The region has since been heading towards militarization, while the persistence of conflicts over the Caspian Sea's division has prepared the ground for military conflicts. Fear of lagging behind in an arms and the manipulation of conflicts by the United States and Turkey have further encouraged militarization. Against this background, certain factors, including Turkey's efforts to deny Iran political and economic gains in the Caspian region, the growing American military presence in Eurasia, and the expanding American-Azeri military ties since 11 September 2001 will likely contribute to the creation of a suitable ground for a military conflict in the Caspian region.

Field of study: Political science
Maximal information component analysis: a novel non-linear network analysis method

Network construction and analysis algorithms provide scientists with the ability to sift through high-throughput biological outputs, such as transcription microarrays, for small groups of genes (modules) that are relevant for further research. Most of these algorithms ignore the important role of non-linear interactions in the data, and the ability for genes to operate in multiple functional groups at once, despite clear evidence for both of these phenomena in observed biological systems.  We have created a novel co-expression network analysis algorithm that incorporates both of these principles by combining the information-theoretic association measure of the maximal information coefficient (MIC) with an Interaction Component Model. We evaluate the performance of this approach on two datasets collected from a large panel of mice, one from macrophages and the other from liver by comparing the two measures based on a measure of module entropy, Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment, and scale-free topology (SFT) fit. Our algorithm outperforms a widely used co-expression analysis method, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), in the macrophage data, while returning comparable results in the liver dataset when using these criteria. We demonstrate that the macrophage data has more non-linear interactions than the liver dataset, which may explain the increased performance of our method, termed Maximal Information Component Analysis (MICA) in that case.  In making our network algorithm more accurately reflect known biological principles, we are able to generate modules with improved relevance, particularly in networks with confounding factors such as gene by environment interactions.

Field of study: Biology
CULTURA ESPORTIVA E AS OLIMPÍADAS ESCOLARES NA GRANDE IMPRENSA CAPIXABA (1946-1954)

O estudo investiga as praticas culturais esportivas na sociedade capixaba no periodo entre 1946  Como corpus documental, utiliza dois jornais que circularam na Capital do Espirito Santo e o Arquivo Aloyr Queiroz de Araujo. Utiliza as proposicoes de Norbert Elias e Roberto Da Matta para pensar o objeto em suas diferentes formas e sentidos, enfatizando o que se convencionou chamar de principio civilizador, que busca ser um controlador de pulsoes, de desejos e da individualidade. Apoia-se, tambem, no paradigma indiciario de Ginzburg que, por meio de indicios e pistas deixados nos documentos, nos levam a compreender parte da cultura esportiva capixaba e sua relacao com as Olimpiadas Escolares. Aponta as Olimpiadas Escolares como parte integrante da Cultura Esportiva capixaba, veiculada pela grande imprensa do periodo,  que da visibilidade para a um novo enfoque para o esporte que acontece nas escolas. Um fenomeno que procura, por meio do esporte, congregar as diversas regioes do Espirito Santo que, pela imigracao, constituiram diferentes culturas. Dessa forma, o esporte aparece como elemento homogeneizador e catalisador de uma cultura que e cosmopolita.

Field of study: Education
Extended Mixing-Length Applications to Compressible Turbulent Boundary Layers

NUMERICAL calculations based on the compressible boundary-layer equations and an integral form of the kinetic-energy-of-turbulence (IKET) equation are presented for a variety of conditions. The addition of the IKET equation permits the streamwise computation of an additional dependent variable normally taken as an empirical constant in conventional mixing-length formulations. This socalled extended mixing-length hypothesis is not new, having been developed originally by McDonald and Camarata1 and applied by Chan. 2 Examples given include relaminarization, adverse and favorable pressure gradients, acoustic-energyinduced transition, and surface roughness. The extended mixing-length hypothesis is shown to be considerably more flexible than conventional mixing-length turbulence models. Contents Theoretical Method The extended mixing-length hypothesis represents a turbulence modeling approach that lies between the conventional mixing-length formulations (zero-equation model of turbulence) and the one-equation turbulence models. The IKET equation was obtained by integrating across the boundary layer an equation for the transport of turbulent kinetic energy. The resulting IKET equation contains a source term representing the absorption of incident acoustic energy, the driving force for the transition process. A two-layer model of the turbulent boundary layer was adopted following the classical inner-outer region approach in which separate functional relationships are prescribed in each region, with continuity of the functions between each region. The innerregion damping expressions were taken from Wolfshtein3 and are similar in form to the well-known expression of Van Driest. In this analysis, the ratio of the outer-region length scale to the boundary-layer thickness (A/6) was the additional parameter calculated by streamwise solution of the IKET equation. To improve the fidelity of the IKET analysis, the values of some turbulence model constants were altered to reflect roughness and pressure gradient effects. The alterations can be expressed consistently in terms of K, the von Karman constant, and A^ft the effective value of the van Driest damping constant in the inner region. Pressure gradient effects on A^ and K were assessed using equilibrium expressions in conjunction with a lag analysis.

Field of study: Physics
Vapor–liquid equilibria and inter-diffusion coefficients for working pairs for absorption refrigeration systems composed of [HMIM][BF4] and fluorinated propanes

Hydrofluorocarbon + Ionic liquid is a promising working pair for the absorption refrigeration system. The vapor–liquid equilibrium and inter-diffusion coefficient of hydrofluorocarbon + ionic liquid are two key parameters used to evaluate the performance of the working pair. In this work, the vapor–liquid equilibrium and inter-diffusion coefficients of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate and fluorinated propanes including R227ea, R236fa and R245fa were measured from 303 K to 343 K and up to 332 kPa. The mole fractions of the three fluorinated propanes in liquid phase at vapor–liquid equilibrium were found to increase in the order: R227ea

Field of study: Engineering
Bacterial endocarditis. A changing disease.

Sixty-eight acceptable cases of bacterial endocarditis were obtained from hospital records for the 20-year period 1945 to 1964 inclusive.

Cases were classified according to age, nature of any underlying heart disease, and type of infecting organisms. Two main groups emerged with a very significant mean age difference; the younger were patients with chronic rheumatic heart disease, and a preponderance of Streptococcus viridans infection, while the older very often had no clear antecedent heart disease at all, and were infected predominantly with organisms more virulent than Streptococcus viridaus .

Comparison of these two main groups over the 20-year period showed that the disease was occurring progressively more commonly in older patients without antecedent heart disease.

Analysis of the Registrar General's statistics for deaths from bacterial endocarditis for the same period shows a progressively rising mean age, and a steadily increasing percentage of deaths in the over 60's. This trend has continued despite a stable over-all mortality since 1954, suggesting a real increased incidence of the disease in the older age-groups.

It is concluded that a change in the pattern of bacterial endocarditis has occurred. Possible factors involved in this change are discussed, and its clinical implications stressed.

Field of study: Medicine
Dichotomy of mangrove management: A review of research and policy in the Mesoamerican reef region

Mangroves are declining globally at faster rates than tropical forests and coral reefs, with primary threats including, aquaculture, agriculture and climate change. Mangroves provide ecosystem services to coastal communities of Mexico, Belize, Guatemala and Honduras, which comprise the Mesoamerican Reef (MAR) ecoregion. Over the past two decades mangroves within the MAR have declined. Current estimates of mangrove cover in the region suggest that mangroves cover 239,176 ha of the MAR, equivalent to 1.7% of the world's mangroves. Concerted efforts to manage, conserve and protect mangrove forest are apparent in all four countries. Comprehensive laws that prohibit the cutting and clearing of mangroves have been implemented in Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras. Belize has a permitting system to regulate mangrove alterations. In addition, a total of seven international and regional agreements have been ratified. Across the ecoregion, forty-three protected areas have been designated that contain mangroves, providing protection to 111,396 ha of mangroves (47% of the total). However, our findings suggest a lack of transparency in the governance framework, a disconnect between management and research, and geopolitical differences have all played a role in reducing management efficacy. A key finding of our study reveals a distinct division in the perceived major threats to mangroves between Ramsar site managers and researchers. Ramsar site managers identify anthropogenic disturbances as key threats, while in contrast, the bulk of research focuses on natural disturbances. To promote the inclusion of evidence-based research within mangrove management plans, greater efforts to connect these important stakeholders are required.

Field of study: Environmental science
Variations in CH4 and CO2 productions and emissions driven by pollution sources in municipal sewers: An assessment of the role of dissolved organic matter components and microbiota.

Variations in methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in municipal sewer driven by pollution sources are complex and multifaceted. It is important to investigate the role of dissolved organic matter (DOM) components and microbiota to better understand what and how those variations occurred. For this purpose, this study provides a systematic assessment based on short-term in-sewer conditioned cultivations, in conjunction with a field survey in four typical sewers in Shanghai Megacity. The results are as follows: (1) Sediment plays a main role in driving the sewer carbon emission behavior owing to its strong associations with the utilized substrates and predominant microbes that significantly promoted the gas fluxes (genera Bacteroidete_vadinHA17, Candidatus_competibacter, and Methanospirillum). (2) Aquatic DOM in overlying water is an indispensable factor in promoting total carbon emissions, yet the dominant microbes present there inversely correlated with gas fluxes (genera Methanothermobacter and Bacteroides). (3) The total fluxes of both CH4 and CO2 enhanced by pavement runoff were limited. Its high COD-CH4/CO2 conversion efficiencies can be ascribed to its dominant anthropogenic humic-like components and the emerged aquatic tyrosine-like components. (4) Domestic sewage can significantly enhance the total fluxes because of its high concentration of bioavailable DOM. However, these substrates, which were more suitable for supporting microbial growth, as well as the substrate competition caused by sulfate reduction and the nitrogen cycle (revealed by the dominant functional microbes genera Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Dechloromona, and Candidatus_competibacter and their correlations with indicators), seemed to be responsible for the low COD-CH4/CO2 conversion efficiencies of domestic sewage. (5) A field survey indicated the distinct features of carbon emissions of sewer sewage discharged from different catchments. An extreme hydraulic condition in a sewer in the absence of influent showed unexpectedly high levels of CO2, while a small amount of CH4 emissions.

Field of study: Environmental science
“Vibrations of the Collective”: The Popular Ideology of Gaitanismo on Colombia’s Atlantic Coast, 1944–1948

T n H E allure of Gaitanismo, the populist political movement led by Colombian politician Jorge Eliecer Gaitain, sometimes seemed otherworldly to contemporary observers. Juan Manuel Valdelamar, an influential labor leader, remarked that in the Colombian department of Bolivar, "all the campesinos have a portrait of Gaitain in their homes, and daily they tend it with a mistica that approaches adoration."' Nevertheless, the quasi-religious reverence Gaitanistas professed for their caudillo found its origins in the gritty substance of Colombian social reality. Gaitanista ideology sprang from its followers' collective understanding of the world and their shared notions of how it ought to be. Colombia's growing cities of the 1940S created ideological niches for alternative ideas about the social and political relations of Colombian society. Studies of Gaitanismo generally focus on Gaitain's home base in and around Bogota, though the movement flourished throughout Colombia.2 After Bogota' it was strongest, and perhaps most radical, on the Atlantic coast and in the Maadalena River Valley. This study deals with Cartaaena,

Field of study: History
Machine Vision System for Automatic Inspection of Surface Defects in Aluminum Die Casting

A camera based machine vision system for the automatic inspection of surface defects in aluminum die casting is presented. The system uses a hybrid image processing algorithm based on mathematic morphology to detect defects with different sizes and shapes. The defect inspection algorithm consists of two parts. One is a parameter learning algorithm, in which a genetic algorithm is used to extract optimal structuring element parameters, and segmentation and noise removal thresholds. The second part is a defect detection algorithm, in which the parameters obtained by a genetic algorithm are used for morphological operations. The machine vision system has been applied in an industrial setting to detect two types of casting defects: parts mix-up and any defects on the surface of castings. The system performs with a 99% or higher accuracy for both part mix-up and defect detection and is currently used in industry as part of normal production.

Field of study: Computer science
Biomimetic iron(III) trishydroxamate complexes and triple stranded diferric helices

In order to guarantee sufficient iron(II1) uptake, microorganisms produce iron(1II) ligands, termed siderophores. They scavenge the scarcely available iron(1II) from the environment and deliver it to the cell via a highly specific, active transport process. In this article we describe analogs of hydroxamate siderophores with emphasis on Ferrioxamine derivatives. We present the principles of their design, and synthesis and describe their coordination properties and biological activity. These data enable us to trace the relationship between structural and functional parameters, and apply the knowledge gained for the design of supramolecular arrangements.

Field of study: Chemistry
Cholesterol Depletion and Genistein as Tools to Promote F508delCFTR Retention at the Plasma Membrane

F508delCFTR-, but not wtCFTR-, expressing fibroblasts resemble Niemann Pick type C cells in the massive intracellular accumulation of free cholesterol. The recruitment and activation of F508delCFTR by cholesterol depletion was studied.  Filipin staining, forskolin-stimulated anion efflux and FITC-dextran uptake were studied in control cells and fibroblasts treated with 2-hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin phosphatidylcholine large unilamellar vesicles to deplete cellular free cholesterol. Treatment of F508delCFTR-, but not wtCFTR-, expressing fibroblasts with 2-hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin resulted in a reduction in cellular cholesterol and a potentiation of the forskolin-induced anion efflux. In addition, forskolin also promoted a massive increase in the rate of endocytosis in F508delCFTR fibroblasts, which was absent in genistein- or cyclodextrin-treated cultures. The results not only suggest that reducing cellular cholesterol may serve as pharmacotherapeutic tool in the treatment of cystic fibrosis but also reveal a novel mechanism for genistein regulation of F508delCFTR, i.e. retention by inhibition of endocytosis.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Light emission from non radiative plasmons excited by electrons on smooth surfaces

Theoretical results are reported on the possibility to observe light emitted from the non radiative surface plasmons which are excited by fast electrons traversing a smooth vacuum-metal boundary. By covering the backside of the metal film with a medium of refractive indexn>1, light can be decoupled from the non radiative plasmons. In the angular intensity distribution this light has a strong characteristic peak exceeding the ordinary transition radiation by a factor of the order of 102.

Field of study: Physics
The Public Interest and Intimidation Suits: A New Approach

satisfaction of vindicating his principles. Furthermore, even if the defendant is absolutely convinced he will prevail, the price of victory in time, money, and aggravation is very high. He must submit to the litigation process against his will. Typically, he will experience a very unpleasant deposition session, as well as the inconvenience of delays and uncertainty which invariably accompany litigation." The defendant must hire an experienced attorney. Because this type of case is often sui generis, the attorney must devote many hours to learning the peculiar facts of the case, and taking part in discovery. Then, he or she must prepare and argue a lengthy memorandum on a demurrer, motion for judgment on the pleadings, summary judgment, or other summary proceeding."' Thus, the potentially huge exposure and unpleasantness of litigation is enough to scare away all but the most resolute defendant in an intimidation

Field of study: Law