nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Diatom shifts as evidence for recent Subarctic warming in a remote tundra lake, NWT, Canada

Changes in diatom assemblage composition were examined from the sediments of Slipper Lake, an isolated tundra lake located ∼50 km north of current treeline in Canada's Northwest Territories. Diatom shifts over the last ca. 5600 years were related to the response of this ecosystem to climatic and environmental change during the late Holocene, with particular emphasis on the last few hundred years. To date, a detailed diatom analysis for this recent time frame has not been undertaken for the central Canadian Subarctic. The first ca. 5400 years of the sediment record was marked by modest shifts between benthic, alkaliphilous diatom taxa (e.g., Fragilaria , Achnanthes , and Navicula species) and heavily silicified, tychoplanktonic Aulacoseira species. In the 19th century, abrupt changes were delineated by a marked shift to a diatom assemblage characteristic of more planktonic habitats consisting of the Cyclotella stelligera complex ( C. stelligera , C. pseudostelligera ), which was absent in earlier sediments. Several possible mechanisms for these recent changes are examined, including atmospheric deposition of acidifying compounds and anthropogenically derived nutrient enrichment, however we conclude that climatically induced limnological changes associated with shorter duration of ice cover and a longer growing season can best explain the direction and magnitude of changes in our diatom record.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Driving forces and resisting forces in sports reform in China

By applying politics,economics and sociology,the author carried out an in-depth analysis on driving forces and resisting forces in sports reform in China,and put forward the following opinions: The need for sports development in China is the intrinsic driving force in physical education reform,while the political,economic and social environments where sports activities occur provide the extrinsic driving force for physical education reform;the resisting forces in physical education reform are the resisting forces from old fashion conceptions,from the vested interest possessors and policy establishers,produced by discrepancies in theoretical recognition,and brought by the inertia of sports development.

Field of study: Education
Finite pattern of Barrovian metamorphic zones: interplay between thermal reequilibration and post-peak deformation during continental collision—insights from the Svratka dome (Bohemian Massif)

The Barrovian inverted metamorphism of the Svratka dome developed within two nappes derived from the Brunia continent that was thrust beneath the Moldanubian orogenic root. The metamorphism increases from biotite–chlorite zone in the basement to very closely spaced staurolite, kyanite and sillimanite zones at the top of the nappe pile. The sequence of mineral growth, chemical zoning of garnet, and pseudosection modelling indicate prograde paths from 4.5 kbar/510 °C to 5.5 kbar/540 °C in the garnet zone, from 6 kbar/530 °C to 7 kbar/600 °C in the staurolite zone, and from 3.5 kbar/510 °C to 8.5 kbar/650 °C in the kyanite zone. The age of monazite inclusions in garnet and staurolite is interpreted to reflect prograde metamorphism at 338 ± 7 Ma and 336 ± 7 Ma, respectively. An older matrix monazite crystal is interpreted as dating prograde crystallization at 345 ± 7 Ma, whereas a younger monazite group records recrystallization at/or down to 334 ± 7 Ma. While these petrological and geochronological data are consistent with data from an inverted metamorphic sequence of the southern Thaya dome, the spacing and distribution of metamorphic zones, nappe thicknesses, and late structures are different in the two domes. An antiformal stack of imbricated basement sheets and the extreme attenuation of metamorphic isograds at the top of the nappe pile in the Svratka dome are explained by a relatively cold overthrusting Moldanubian domain, formed mainly of middle orogenic crust. The homogeneous thickening of the hinterland-dipping basement duplexes and the regular spacing of metamorphic isograds in the Thaya dome are explained by a hot overriding Moldanubian domain, which in this region has a high proportion of exhumed lower orogenic crust and formed a hot mid-crustal channel.

Field of study: Environmental science
New Scheduling Policy for Peer-to-peer Based Video-on-demand Storage

Recently,Peer-to-Peer based Video-on-Demand systems(VoD/P2P) have received a lot of research focus.Due to the high storage requirements in VoD and the limited storage resources in P2P networks,the storage design for these systems is challenging.In this paper,we propose a new storage strategy,Equivalent Data Random Access(EDRA),with the objective of system resource minimization,or system capacity maximization.Our experiments reveal that EDRA is effective for VoD/P2P storage.Compared with traditional strategies,EDRA can improve the system capacity by 58-73 percent in terms of the number of concurrent users.

Field of study: Computer science
Magnetostratigraphy of the Sherwood Sandstone Group (Lower and Middle Triassic), south Devon, UK: detailed correlation of the marine and non-marine Anisian

The Sherwood Sandstone Group in south Devon consists of the Budleigh Salterton Pebble Beds and the Otter Sandstone Formation. The Otter Sandstone Formation comprises four lithostratigraphic sub-units, from the base labelled A^D, and contains tetrapods corresponding to the Perovkan land vertebrate faunachron, and is consequently a key European non-marine Anisian succession. A total of 181 palaeomagnetic specimens from 92 horizons were measured to determine the palaeomagnetic signal. The magnetic properties and characteristic remanence is predominantly carried by haematite, most of which probably formed early in the depositional and diagenetic history. The lower part of the Sherwood Sandstone Group (Budleigh Salterton Pebble Beds and Otter Sandstone Formation, unit A, lower part of unit B) has predominantly normal polarity (magnetozones BS1, BS2 and BS3n) with three thin reversed polarity magnetozones. The lower part of unit B to the lower part of unit C of the Otter Sandstone Formation is predominantly reverse polarity (magnetozones BS3r, BS4 and BS5), but includes three short normal polarity intervals. The upper ca. 50 m of unit C shows a mix of normal and reverse polarity (BS6, BS7) with normal dominating. The ca. 15-m-thick unit D is entirely of normal polarity (BS8n). The magnetostratigraphy allows unambiguous comparison with conodont and ammonite calibrated magnetostratigraphies from elsewhere in Europe. These show that the BS2 and BS3n magnetozones of the Otter Sandstone Formation are lower Aegean to middle Pelsonian (lower to middle Anisian). The BS3r to BS5r magnetozone interval, is middle Pelsonian to lower Illyrian (middle to upper Anisian), and the BS6 to BS8n magnetozone interval is middle Illyrian to lower Fassanian. The top of unit D is correlated to an interval in the middle of the Nevadites Zone (close to the Anisian^Ladinian boundary). Consequently, the Otter Sandstone Formation correlates with the Muschelkalk in the Polish Basin, but is equivalent to only part of the Germanic Basin Muschelkalk. The continuous magnetostratigraphy from the Sherwood Sandstone Group, provides additional details of the polarity pattern through the Pelsonian to Illyrian interval, which appears to be lacking in discontinuous marine sections. A synthesis of adjacent European sedimentary basins in combination with the magnetostratigraphy, suggests that the Budleigh Salterton Pebble Beds are probably Late Spathian to lower Aegean.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Zoned Margarite from the Badshot Formation (Cambrian) near Kaslo, British Columbia

Electron microprobe analysis of margarite crystals shows that they are zoned from Cal.l~Na~.i~K~.~5(A1~.~lTio.o~Feo.l3Mg~.~s)[Si4.~8A1~.120~~](OH)4 in their centers to Ca1.63Na~.26K2.~ ~5 (A~~.~~T~~.o~F~o .~~M~o.~~)[S~~.~ ~A~~.~~O~~](OH) at their margins. The crystals occur in the disequilibrium assemblage calcite - phengite (2M1) - margarite - quartz - kaolinite - epidote - apatite found in Badshot marble from the almandine garnet zone of regional metamorphism. L'analyse, B la microsonde Clectronique, de cristaux de margarite montre une zonation depuis le centre C~~.I~N~O,~~KO.O~(A~~.O~T~O.~~F~O.~~M~O.O~)[S~~.~~A~~.~~O~~](OH)~ B la pCriphCrie Ca1.63Na~.~6 KP.OO~(A~~.~~T~~ .~~F~O.~~M~~.~~) [S~~.,~A~~.~~~~~ ](~H)~. Les cristaux se trouvent dans un assemblage en dksCquilibre, calcite - phengite (2M1) - margarite - quartz - kaolinite - epidote - apatite, provenant du cipolin de Badshot, qui a subi un metamorphisme rCgional dans la zone B almandin.

Field of study: Environmental science
Ferromagnetism in diluted magnetic semiconductor quantum dot arrays embedded in semiconductors

We present an Anderson-type model Hamiltonian with exchange coupling between the localized spins and the confined holes in the quantum dots to study the ferromagnetism in diluted magnetic semiconductor (DMS) quantum dot arrays embedded in semiconductors. The hybridization between the quantum-confined holes in the quantum dots and the itinerant holes in the semiconductor valence band makes possible hole transfer between the DMS quantum dots, which can induce the long range ferromagnetic order of the localized spins. In addition, it makes the carrier spins both in the quantum dots and in the semiconductors polarized. The spontaneous magnetization of the localized spins and the spin polarization of the holes are calculated using both the Weiss mean field approximation and the self-consistent spin wave approximation, which are developed for the present model.

Field of study: Physics
PRH/Hex: an oligomeric transcription factor and multifunctional regulator of cell fate

The PRH (proline-rich homeodomain) [also known as Hex (haematopoietically expressed homeobox)] protein is a critical regulator of vertebrate development. PRH is able to regulate cell proliferation and differentiation and is required for the formation of the vertebrate body axis, the haematopoietic and vascular systems and the formation of many vital organs. PRH is a DNA-binding protein that can repress and activate the transcription of its target genes using multiple mechanisms. In addition, PRH can regulate the nuclear transport of specific mRNAs making PRH a member of a select group of proteins that control gene expression at the transcriptional and translational levels. Recent biophysical analysis of the PRH protein has shown that it forms homo-oligomeric complexes in vivo and in vitro and that the proline-rich region of PRH forms a novel dimerization interface. Here we will review the current literature on PRH and discuss the complex web of interactions centred on this multifunctional protein.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Bayesian predictive distribution for a Poisson model with a parametric restriction

Predictive probability estimation for a Poisson distribution is addressed when the parameter space is restricted. The Bayesian predictive probability against the prior on the restricted space is compared with the non-restricted Bayes predictive probability. It is shown that the former predictive probability dominates the latter under some conditions when the predictive probabilities are evaluated by the risk function relative to the Kullback-Leibler divergence. This result is proved by first showing the corresponding dominance result for estimating the restricted parameter and then translating it into the framework of predictive probability estimation.

Field of study: Mathematics
Effect of ribose-induced Maillard reaction on physical and mechanical properties of bovine gelatin films prepared by oven drying

The effect of ribose-induced Maillard reaction on the physical and mechanical properties of gelatin films was investigated. Bovine gelatin solution (5 g/100 mL) containing glycerol and sorbitol (1:1) was mixed with 20% (R20), 40% ribose (R40), or 40% sucrose (S40) (weight % is based on gelatin dry weight) followed by heating (90oC, 2 h) and oven drying to produce dried gelatin films. R20 and R40 films were brownish in color with lower light transparency, while CF (control film; without sugars) and S40 were colorless and had higher transparency. Tensile strength and Young Modulus values of the films were in the order; CF > R20 > R40 > S40, while elongation at break was in the order; R40 > S40 > R20 > CF. Water solubility and swelling percentages of the films were in the order; CF > S40 > R20 > R40, indicating the occurrence of insoluble “Maillard complexes” within R20 and R40 films. R20 and R40 films showed maximum light absorption at wavelength of 200 − 350 nm, whilst S40 and CF showed maximum absorbance at 200 − 250 nm. The addition of ribose yielded gelatin films with increased protection against UV light, even though the presence of sugars might had disrupted the inter connection of junction zones and decrease in mechanical properties. Occurrence of the Maillard reaction within R20 and R40 films could be the main reason for differences in physical and mechanical properties of films containing ribose that were formed from heated film-forming solutions.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Conformational changes in pH2-treated human interferon-alpha 2 detected with monoclonal antibodies.

Monoclonal antibodies allowed to demonstrate the existence of alternative antigenic forms of the same molecule as of human interferon (IFN)-alpha 2. Exposure of recombinant IFN to pH 2, although not affecting its bioactivity, induced structural modulation of molecular surface. The antigenic structure of IFN-alpha 2 appeared to be built of the acid-stable and acid-labile epitopes. In general, the acid-stable sites determined subtype-specific antigenic properties of the protein, whereas the acid-labile determinants were responsible for antigenic characteristics shared by some other human IFNs. Acidification of IFN-alpha 2 to pH 2 for at least 1-2 h resulted in simultaneous structural rearrangement of all acid-labile sites.

Field of study: Biology
Adaptive row major order: a new space filling curve for efficient spatial join processing in the transform space

A transform-space index indexes spatial objects represented as points in the transform space. An advantage of a transform-space index is that optimization of spatial join algorithms using these indexes can be more formal. The authors earlier proposed the Transform-Based Spatial Join algorithm that joins two transform-space indexes. It renders global optimization easy with little overhead by utilizing the characteristics of the transform space. In particular, it allows us to globally determine the order of accessing disk pages, which makes a significant impact on the performance of joins. For this purpose, we use various space filling curves. In this paper, we propose a new space filling curve called the adaptive row major order (ARM order). The ARM order adaptively controls the order of accessing pages and significantly reduces the one-pass buffer size (the minimum buffer size required for guaranteeing one disk access per page) and the number of disk accesses for a given buffer size. Through analysis and experiments, we verify excellence of the ARM order when used with the Transform-Based Spatial Join. The Transform-Based Spatial Join with the ARM order always outperforms those with other conventional space filling curves in terms of both measures used: the one-pass buffer size and the number of disk accesses. Specifically, it reduces the one-pass buffer size by up to 25.9 times and the number of disk accesses by up to 2.11 times. We conclude that we achieve these results mainly due to global optimization of the order of accessing disk pages using an adaptive space filling curve.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Proposal and design of a new SiC-emitter lateral NPM Schottky collector bipolar transistor on SOI for VLSI applications

A light fixture including a fixture housing and a detachable reflector is provided with an arrangement of a cylindrical rim portion of the housing having circumferentially spaced radially outwardly projecting sets of lobes or projections which form grooves for receiving cooperating radially inwardly disposed projections on the reflector whereby the reflector may be twisted on and off of the fixture housing. The lobes on the housing are spaced apart and provided with opposed abutment surfaces which are engaged by the edges of the projections on the reflector with respect to the housing. One of the abutments includes an inclined surface whereby forcible elastic deflection of the reflector projections permits disassembly of the reflector from the housing at will. The reflector and the housing are provided with indicia to facilitate alignment, assembly and diassembly of the reflector with respect to the housing.

Field of study: Physics
Co-production of xylo-oligosaccharides, xylose and cellulose nanofibrils from sugarcane bagasse.

This work investigated the integration of a two-stage hydrothermal treatment for production of xylooligosaccharides (XOS), a high-value co-product, into the isolation process of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) from sugarcane bagasse. Under optimized conditions, the first stage yielded a XOS-rich, high purity hydrolysate and in the second stage only a xylose-rich hydrolysate could be obtained at high purity. The resulting solid cellulosic fraction was delignified and bleached to obtain a cellulose-rich pulp, which was mechanically defibrillated by disc ultra-refining to CNF. Except for the viscosity, the sugarcane CNF showed properties (i.e., thermal stability, crystallinity and diameter size) comparable or superior to the CNF prepared from commercial bleached eucalyptus Kraft pulp. In conclusion, the integration of the two-stage hydrothermal treatment is an efficient and promising strategy to obtain hemicellulose-derived high-value co-products in the process of isolating CNF. In addition, lignin was also recovered as a co-product with yield comparable to other biomass fractionation approaches.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Impact of Cancer on Romantic Relationships Among Young Adults: A Systematic Review

The aim of this review was to determine the impact of a cancer diagnosis and history on young adults’ ability to initiate and maintain romantic relationships. MedLine and PsycInfo databases were used to identify articles that address dating, romantic relationships, or marriage among 18- to 45-year-old cancer survivors. Twenty-one relevant articles were identified. Findings indicate that young adult cancer survivors struggle with when/how to disclose their cancer history to potential partners, are delayed in initiating their first romantic relationships, have fewer romantic relationships than peers, and are less likely than peers to marry. Young survivors report that their cancer experience impacts their long-term relationships in both positive and negative ways. In summary, young survivors face significant barriers to establishing and maintaining romantic relationships. Those who have difficulty establishing romantic relationships may benefit from receiving additional support from other sources, including family members, friends, and (in some cases) mental health professionals.

Field of study: Psychology
Parasacral transcutaneous electrical neural stimulation (PTENS) once a week for the treatment of overactive bladder in children: A randomized controlled trial.

Overactive bladder (OAB) is the most prevalent voiding disorder in childhood, and its main manifestation is urinary urgency. In general, urotherapy and anticholinergics are the first choices of treatment. Parasacral Transcutaneous Electrical Neural Stimulation (PTENS) was introduced as an alternative for the treatment of detrusor overactivity in children, but treatment protocols described to date require several sessions per week or long-lasting sessions, making it difficult for the child to adhere to the treatment. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of PTENS in single weekly sessions in the treatment of OAB in children.



This prospective, randomized controlled trial included 16 children with OAB. Children were divided into two groups: CG (urotherapy and electrical stimulation placebo) and EG (urotherapy and PTENS). For both groups, therapy was delivered in 20 weekly sessions, of duration 20 min each. Placebo electrical stimulation was done in the scapular area. The children were evaluated prior to treatment (T1), at the end of the 20 sessions (T2), and 60 days after the completion of treatment (T3), with a 3-day voiding diary, visual analogue scale (VAS), Rome III diagnostic criteria, and the Bristol Scale.



The groups were similar in age, gender, and ethnicity. In the initial assessment, all children, in both groups, had urgency and incontinence, 50% in each group had constipation, and enuresis was present in seven children (87.5%) in the EG and six (75%) in the CG. No differences were found between the groups regarding the volumetric measurements made in the voiding diary, urinary frequency and constipation evaluated by the Rome III criteria and the Bristol Scale. Sixty days after treatment, a significant improvement was found in the EG group (p = 0.03) regarding urgency (Table), as well as an increase in dry nights in those presenting with enuresis (p = 0.03). No difference was noted regarding urinary incontinence (Table). At the end of 20 sessions and after 60 days of treatment, those responsible for the children in the EG perceived greater improvement in symptoms measured by the VAS (p = 0.05 and 0.04, respectively).



Our preliminary results demonstrate that PTENS performed in single weekly sessions is effective in treating the bladder for symptoms of urinary urgency and enuresis, and in the perception of those responsible for the children. Further studies with larger populations are needed to corroborate these results.

Field of study: Medicine
Yekan and Focus

Yekan is typically used with a long-form negation, and the negation is interpreted like a metalinguistic negation. But I show that the negation associated with yekan is not metalinguistic but descriptive. The reason that descriptive negation gets the effect of metalinguistic negation is that yekan is focused and that when yekan is used with a gradable predicate, we only consider individuals that have positive degrees in the property denoted by the predicate. Yekan covers the lower half of the positive degrees in the scale of the property. The only meaning we get from a negative sentence with yekan is the upper half of the positive degrees, which is expressed with the corresponding affirmative sentence with very. And a focused expression is not negated by a short-form negation or negative predicate because it has to be in the scope of negation. On the other hand, if a contrastive topic-focus relation is involved, yekan can be associated with a short-form negation or negative predicate. In this case, yekan does not have to go into the scope of negation. A sentence with yekan is negative or conveys a negative implicature because the meaning conveyed by the corresponding affirmative sentence with yekan can be conveyed by the corresponding sentence without yekan plus an implicature, which makes yekan non-contributive.

Field of study: Linguistics
Imagining Afghanistan in Deep Time: Nadeem Aslam and the Aesthetics of the Geologic Turn

This paper discusses Nadeem Aslam's Afghanistan-based novels as exemplifying the affordances of what I call the "geologic turn" in writing traumatic histories in the era of the Anthropocene. Through its attention to the earth as a medium of memory and to war as a multispecies ecology, Aslam's work brings into view geo-mediation—a nonlinguistic, nonhuman witness to human-borne disaster. Aslam's treatment of the military interventions in Afghanistan foregrounds slow and systemic violence, habitat diminishment, and ecosystem degradation, while upholding the resilience of the earth and humanity in deep time.

Field of study: Art