nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Permafrost hydrology in changing climatic conditions: seasonal variability of stable isotope composition in rivers in discontinuous permafrost

Role of changing climatic conditions on permafrost degradation and hydrology was investigated in the transition zone between the tundra and forest ecotones at the boundary of continuous and discontinuous permafrost of the lower Yenisei River. Three watersheds of various sizes were chosen to represent the characteristics of the regional landscape conditions. Samples of river flow, precipitation, snow cover, and permafrost ground ice were collected over the watersheds to determine isotopic composition of potential sources of water in a river flow over a two year period. Increases in air temperature over the last forty years have resulted in permafrost degradation and a decrease in the seasonal frost which is evident from soil temperature measurements, permafrost and active-layer monitoring, and analysis of satellite imagery. The lowering of the permafrost table has led to an increased storage capacity of permafrost affected soils and a higher contribution of ground water to river discharge during winter months. A progressive decrease in the thickness of the layer of seasonal freezing allows more water storage and pathways for water during the winter low period making winter discharge dependent on the timing and amount of late summer precipitation. There is a substantial seasonal variability of stable isotopic composition of river flow. Spring flooding corresponds to the isotopic composition of snow cover prior to the snowmelt. Isotopic composition of river flow during the summer period follows the variability of precipitation in smaller creeks, while the water flow of larger watersheds is influenced by the secondary evaporation of water temporarily stored in thermokarst lakes and bogs. Late summer precipitation determines the isotopic composition of texture ice within the active layer in tundra landscapes and the seasonal freezing layer in forested landscapes as well as the composition of the water flow during winter months.

Field of study: Environmental science
Down–Up Algebras

The algebra generated by the down and up operators on a differential or uniform partially ordered set (poset) encodes essential enumerative and structural properties of the poset. Motivated by the algebras generated by the down and up operators on posets, we introduce here a family of infinite-dimensional associative algebras called down–up algebras. We show that down–up algebras exhibit many of the important features of the universal enveloping algebraU( s l2) of the Lie algebra s l 2including a Poincare–Birkhoff—Witt type basis and a well-behaved representation theory. We investigate the structure and representations of down–up algebras and focus especially on Verma modules, highest weight representations, and category O modules for them. We calculate the exact expressions for all the weights, since that information has proven to be particularly useful in determining structural results about posets.

Field of study: Mathematics
Phencyclidine receptors in brain and spinal cord of spontaneously hypertensive rats aged 4-16 wk.

To study the relationship between the density of phencyclidine [1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)piperidine hydrochloride, Phe] receptor binding sites in brain and thoracic spinal cord (T4-6) and the development of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR).



The density of Phe binding sites was determined by autoradiography using [3H]Phe in 4-, 8-, 12- and 16-wk-old rats.



There were fewer Phe binding sites in the hippocampus and dorsal horn of thoracic spinal cord of SHR at 12 and 16 wk (P < 0.01), when hypertension has established; while at 4 wk of age, before the development of hypertension, more Phe binding sites were found in SHR. As blood pressure began to rise at 8 wk, SHR had more Phe binding sites in hippocampus vs WKY, but no difference was seen between 2 strains in the dorsal horn of thoracic spinal cord.



Phe receptors might be involved in the genesis of SHR hypertension.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Exploiting the Circadian Clock for Improved Cancer Therapy: Perspective From a Cell Biologist

Since the discovery of the biological clock, the concept of treating cancer according to biological rhythms, here termed cancer chronotherapy, has rapidly evolved. Its fundamental aim is to improve the efficacy of drugs and to minimize adverse effects by administering chemotherapeutic drugs at the appropriate time-of-day. In the last two decades, several experimental and clinical studies have reported positive associations between the circadian clock and drug response in cancer patients. However, the lack of mechanistic insights into critical, deterministic clock-controlled genetic, and metabolic variations between and within individual cancer patients continue to cast a shadow on the potential benefits cancer chronotherapy may provide. Here, we provide first a simplified overview on our biological clocks and how our life-style induces complex biochemical reactions and genetic interactions. Next, we summarize how these reactions directly and indirectly modulate the effectiveness and toxicity of oncological drug treatments. Since cytotoxic chemotherapy represents the most common and affordable of cancer treatments, a case should be made that we need to ensure these treatments are used in the best possible manner. Thus, we list current challenges and future directions toward that goal.

Field of study: Biology
Phosphatase-immunodepleted cell-free protein synthesis system.

A cell-free protein synthesis system using wheat-germ extract was improved by a novel approach involving selective removal of endogenous phosphatase, which reduces both the duration and the rate of translation by hydrolyzing ATP and GTP, from the translational reaction. Immunodepletion of the phosphatases by the antibodies raised against the major one of the wheat-germ phosphatase isozymes removed 20-40% of ATP-hydrolysis activity from the wheat-germ extract, and thereby prolonged the reaction period of translation. Moreover, the condensation of the phosphate-immunodepleted extract by polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation and the addition of copper ions, which was known to inhibit phosphatase and nuclease activity, increased the protein synthesis more than two-fold compared with the reaction using control IgG-treated condensed extract.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
The Spanish Republic and Civil War

The Spanish Civil War has gone down in history for the horrific violence that it generated. The climate of euphoria and hope that greeted the overthrow of the Spanish monarchy was utterly transformed just five years later by a cruel and destructive civil war. Here, Julián Casanova, one of Spain’s leading historians, offers a magisterial new account of this critical period in Spanish history. He exposes the ways in which the Republic brought into the open simmering tensions between Catholics and hardline anticlericalists, bosses and workers, Church and State, order and revolution. In 1936, these conflicts tipped over into the sacas, paseos and mass killings that are still passionately debated today. The book also explores the decisive role of the international instability of the 1930s in the duration and outcome of the conflict. Franco’s victory was in the end a victory for Hitler and Mussolini, and for dictatorship over democracy.

Field of study: History, Sociology
Containerless nucleation behavior and supercooling degree of acoustically levitated graphene oxide nanofluid PCM

Acoustic levitation constitutes an alternative experiment technology for avoiding contamination from container walls or other external objects. Graphene oxide nanofluid drop was acoustically levitated and solidified, and supercooling degree of nanofluid drop at different cooling temperatures was measured. The supercooling degree of nanofluid drop can be reduced by 59.79% in comparison to that of the deionized water, and the reduction of supercooling degree gradually weakens with the decrease of cooling temperature. Based on Wenzel's wetting model, the authors established a new physical model of nanosheet to analyze the effect of rough surface on the nucleation behavior and supercooling degree, revealing that only on the upper or lower surfaces of the nanosheets can crystal nucleus form and grow, and nucleation on the thickness surface is difficult. Furthermore, a model for predicting nucleation rate of nanofluid was proposed, suggesting that the nucleation rate increases significantly with the increasing of supercooling degree.

Field of study: Engineering
Is There a New Institutional Consensus in Labor Economics

We are interested in the extent of convergence between paradigms in labor economics. Proponents of both neoclassical and institutional paradigms now embrace the common premise that labor markets cannot be adequately understood in terms of the auction market described in the model of perfect competition. The persistence of phenomena such as internal labor markets and involuntary unemployment necessitate some explanation other than the neoclassical competitive model. While institutionalists have long grappled with these issues [Freeman 1988; Kerr 1988], serious attempts by neoclassicals, via efficiency-wage and insideroutsider models [Akerlof and Yellen 1986; Lindback and Snower 1988] have appeared only in the past decade. This paper focuses narrowly on whether recent work by neoclassical economists marks an acceptance of the institutional paradigm.1 We presume that existing institutional explanations of labor markets are adequate-indeed both sufficient and persuasive-and that recent empirical work does little to challenge long-held institutional tenets [Freeman 1988]. We argue that recent neoclassical models that depart from neoclassical or-

Field of study: Economics
Development of time-varying global gridded T s – T m model for precise GPS–PWV retrieval

Water-vapor-weighted mean temperature, Tm , is the key variable
for estimating the mapping factor between GPS zenith wet delay (ZWD) and
precipitable water vapor (PWV). For the near-real-time GPS–PWV retrieval,
estimating  Tm from surface air temperature  Ts is a widely used
method because of its high temporal resolution and fair degree of
accuracy. Based on the estimations of  Tm and  Ts at each reanalysis
grid node of the ERA-Interim data, we analyzed the relationship
between  Tm and Ts without data smoothing. The analyses demonstrate that the
 Ts – Tm relationship has significant spatial and temporal variations.
Static and time-varying global gridded Ts – Tm models were
established and evaluated by comparisons with the radiosonde data at
723 radiosonde stations in the Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive (IGRA).
Results show that our global gridded Ts – Tm equations have prominent
advantages over the other globally applied models. At over 17 % of the
stations, errors larger than 5 K exist in the Bevis equation (Bevis et
al., 1992) and in the latitude-related linear model (Y. B. Yao et
al., 2014), while these large errors are removed in our time-varying
 Ts – Tm models. Multiple statistical tests at the 5 % significance
level show that the time-varying global gridded model is superior to the
other models at 60.03 % of the radiosonde sites. The second-best model is
the 1 ∘ ×  1 ∘ GPT2w model, which is
superior at only 12.86 % of the sites. More accurate Tm can reduce
the contribution of the uncertainty associated with Tm to the total
uncertainty in GPS–PWV, and the reduction augments with the growth of
GPS–PWV. Our theoretical analyses with high PWV and small uncertainty in
surface pressure indicate that the uncertainty associated with Tm can
contribute more than 50 % of the total GPS–PWV uncertainty when using the
Bevis equation, and it can decline to less than 25 % when using our
time-varying Ts – Tm model. However, the uncertainty associated with
surface pressure dominates the error budget of PWV (more than 75 %) when
the surface pressure has an error larger than 5 hPa. GPS–PWV retrievals using
different Tm estimates were compared at 74 International GNSS
Service (IGS) stations. At 74.32 % of the IGS sites, the relative differences of
GPS–PWV are within 1 % by applying the static or the time-varying global
gridded Ts – Tm equations, while the Bevis model, the
latitude-related model and the GPT2w model perform the same at
37.84 %, 41.89 % and 29.73 % of the sites. Compared with the
radiosonde PWV, the error reduction in the GPS–PWV retrieval can be around 1–2 mm when using a more
accurate Tm parameterization, which
accounts for around 30 % of the total GPS–PWV error.

Field of study: Environmental science
Polaritonic XY-Ising machine

Gain-dissipative systems of various physical origin have recently shown the ability to act as analogue minimisers of hard combinatorial optimisation problems. Whether or not these proposals will lead to any advantage in performance over the classical computations depends on the ability to establish controllable couplings for sufficiently dense short- and long-range interactions between the spins. Here, we propose a polaritonic XY-Ising machine based on a network of geometrically isolated polariton condensates capable of minimising discrete and continuous spin Hamiltonians. We elucidate the performance of the proposed computing platform for two types of couplings: relative and absolute. The interactions between the network nodes might be controlled by redirecting the emission between the condensates or by sending the phase information between nodes using resonant excitation. We discuss the conditions under which the proposed machine leads to a pure polariton simulator with pre-programmed couplings or results in a hybrid classical polariton simulator. We argue that the proposed architecture for the remote coupling control offers an improvement over geometrically coupled condensates in both accuracy and stability as well as increases versatility, range, and connectivity of spin Hamiltonians that can be simulated with polariton networks.

Field of study: Physics
Non-equilibrium two-phase refrigerant flow at subcooled temperatures in an R600a refrigeration system

A refrigeration system is typically designed such that the refrigerant reaches a subcooled state at the condenser outlet. A series of experiments are conducted to investigate the refrigerant state at the condenser outlet and the capillary tube inlet. The refrigeration system used in the present experiment is operated with R600a. The visual observations, as well as temperature and pressure measurements, demonstrate that R600a flows in a non-equilibrium two-phase state at highly subcooled temperatures. Furthermore, a set of equations is proposed for calculating the specific enthalpy of the refrigerant in a non-equilibrium two-phase state, and this calculation method is verified using experimental measurements. It is found that the thermodynamic property table does not provide an appropriate value of specific enthalpy in non-equilibrium conditions, while the enthalpy calculation method proposed in this work is in good agreement with the experimentally measured values.

Field of study: Engineering
Government and higher education institution: authority gamble,partnership and the direction of responsibility

In the perspective of the history development,the relationship between government and higher education institution is undergone a series of process, from separation to the trial of strengthening and then to the condition in which these two bodies are linked.In this process,the governance function of higher education institution is strengthened,therefore another authority,namely academic authority,second only to the political authority,is formed gradually in the governance structure of the society.In the governance system of the modern society,the two authorities are playing the different governance roles.Meanwhile,the gamble between the two authorities exists hourly.Constructing the partnership between the two parties,these governance authorities become the core force of society governance after many games between them,so they bear the more and more weight of society governance responsibility.

Field of study: Education
Analysing the acquisition stages of negation in L2 German: support for UG in adult SLA

This paper continues the debate concerning the availability of Universal Grammar (UG) to adult L2 acquirers. Specifically, an analysis of native (prodrop) Romance speakers' acquisition of negative placement in L2 German is provided. Contrary to Clahsen (1987; 1988a) and Clahsen and Muysken (1988), we argue that a UG-based analysis for the three stages of NEGplacement is not only possible but in fact provides independent support for UG-based analyses of the developmental sequence found in L1 Romance, L2 German Verb placement (duPlessis et al, 1987; Schwartz and Tomaselli, 1988). In particular, by combining (1) aspects of the L 1 grammar with (2) the independently needed changes in parameter values (characterizing principal differences between the L1 and L2 grammars), we arrive at a non- ad hoc account. We also show how the resolution of additional problems concerning the data of this same set of L2 acquirers naturally follows from the analysis argued for. Finally, some discussion comparing the two UG-based analyses of the verb-placement data (duPlessis et al.'s and Schwartz and Tomaselli's) is included.

Field of study: Linguistics
Helical Aharonov-Casher edge states

It is shown that an Aharonov-Casher vector potential in a two-dimensional geometry can lead to helical edge states. The Aharonov-Casher vector potential is the electromagnetic dual of the magnetic vector potential, and leads to traveling states at the sample edge in analogy to the integer quantum Hall effect. The helical edge states are predicted to appear in a narrow channel geometry with parabolic or sufficiently symmetric confinement potential. The implications of the helical Aharonov-Casher edge states and experimental considerations in specific materials systems are discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Spectroscopic investigations of intramolecular relaxations in organic complex molecules

Some experimental results referring to vibrational and electronic (vibronic) relaxations in organic complex molecules are considered on the basis of simple models. The fundamental role of normal vibrational interactions is shown in the formation of mixed vibrational and vibronic molecular states, determining the dynamics of the absorbed light energy transformations. A convenient classification of the vibrational and vibronic states of molecules is suggested, based only on intramolecular interactions. Some examples of quantitative analyses of absorption and fluorescence spectra relationships are given for rather complicated cases.

Field of study: Chemistry
A Comparative Study of Helical and Cross-Wedge Rolling Processes for Producing Ball Studs

This paper presents two rolling technologies: cross-wedge rolling (CWR) and helical-wedge rolling (HWR). The two rolling processes were compared using the example of rolling a ball stud forging. The technologies were modeled in the finite element model (FEM) environment. Calculations were performed to obtain distributions of strain and the Cockcroft–Latham damage criterion. The investigated processes were also performed under real-life conditions. The results of the experiments were used to compare the force and energy parameters of the rolling technologies. Tests were also carried out to investigate the microstructure of the studs and a grain size after rolling. The state of the macrostructure, i.e., the grain flow lines, was also compared. The experiments showed that HWR was a more energy-efficient process.

Field of study: Materials science
Evaluation of Poly-aspartatic Acid as a Scale Inhibitor Using Dynamic Method

Function of poly-aspartic acid for inhibiting calcium carbonate scale was evaluated by air blowing in the laboratory. The result shows that calcium carbonate scale inhibition of poly-aspartic acid is enhanced with increase of the concentration of poly-aspartic acid and poly-aspartic acid can keep effective even at high temperature for a long time.

Field of study: Environmental science
Speed Sensorless Control of PMSM using Model Reference Adaptive System and RBFN

In the speed sensorless vector control system, the amended method of estimating the rotor speed about model reference adaptive system (MRAS) based on radial basis function neural network (RBFN) for PMSM sensorless vector control system was presented. Based on the PI regulator, the radial basis function neural network which is more prominent learning efficiency and performance is combined with MRAS. The reference model and the adjust model are the PMSM itself and the PMSM current, respectively. The proposed scheme only needs the error signal between q axis estimated current and q axis actual current. Then estimated speed is gained by using RBFN regulator which adjusted error signal. Comparing study of simulation and experimental results between this novel sensorless scheme and the scheme in reference literature, the results show that this novel method is capable of precise estimating the rotor position and speed under the condition of high or low speed. It also possesses good performance of static and dynamic.

Field of study: Computer science
High-throughput proteomics for alcohol research.

This report summarizes the proceedings of a satellite symposium of the 2003 Research Society on Alcoholism meeting held on June 21, 2003, in Fort Lauderdale, FL. The goal of this symposium, sponsored by the NIAAA, was to identify new proteomic directions in alcohol research that will (1) enable studies that focus on characterizing protein function, biochemical pathways, and networks to understand alcohol-related illnesses; (2) identify protein-protein interactions, posttranslational modifications, and subcellular localizations; (3) identify molecular targets for medication development; (4) develop biomarkers for susceptibility, dependence, consumption, and relapse, as well as alcohol-induced pathologies; and (5) develop high-throughput drug screens to test the efficacy of therapeutics that control alcohol-induced diseases. The purpose of the symposium was also to promote the application of high-throughput proteomic approaches, including isolation of membrane-bound proteins, in situ proteomics, large-scale two-dimensional separations, protein microarray platforms, mass spectrometry, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and isotope-coded affinity tags. In addition, the development of protein network maps by using new bioinformatics approaches for database mining was also discussed.

Field of study: Medicine