nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Elastic-Plastic Analysis by Integrated Local Petrov-Galerkin Sinc Method

Elastic and elastic―plastic analyses of tensioned panels with an elliptical center notch are performed using the integrated local Petrov―Galerkin sinc method. The method is extended for analysis of boundary-value problems for nonlinear materials. The integrated local Petrov―Galerkin sinc method is used to obtain stress concentrations and stress intensities, using the J integral for both elastic and elastic―plastic plane-stress panels. The material is assumed to behave in a bilinear manner with kinematic hardening. The results are compared with the analytic solution for an infinite elastic panel in tension and with a finite-element solution for the panel with material nonlinearity. Good correlation is seen with stress concentration; although, the method tends to overestimate the stress concentrations. The nonlinear results compare well with the finite-element results. The accuracy deteriorates as the plastic zone propagates into areas less densely populated by the sinc points. For the elastic―plastic material, the J integral was estimated within 5 % of the finite-element result, using the integrated local Petrov―Galerkin sinc method.

Field of study: Physics
Signal transduction by vascular endothelial growth factor receptors.

VEGFs (vascular endothelial growth factors) control vascular development during embryogenesis and the function of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels in the adult. There are five related mammalian ligands, which act through three receptor tyrosine kinases. Signalling is modulated through neuropilins, which act as VEGF co-receptors. Heparan sulfate and integrins are also important modulators of VEGF signalling. Therapeutic agents that interfere with VEGF signalling have been developed with the aim of decreasing angiogenesis in diseases that involve tissue growth and inflammation, such as cancer. The present review will outline the current understanding and consequent biology of VEGF receptor signalling.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Metaphysical and Moral Status of Cryopreserved Embryos

Those who oppose human embryonic stem cell research argue for a clear position on the metaphysical and moral status of human embryos. This position does not differ whether the embryo is present inside its mother's reproductive tract or in a cryopreservation tank. It is worth examining, however, whether an embryo in “suspended animation” has the same status as one actively developing in utero. I will explore this question from the perspective of Thomas Aquinas's metaphysical account of human nature. I conclude that a cryopreserved human embryo counts, both metaphysically and morally, as a person; and thus the utilization of such embryos for inherently destructive research purposes is impermissible.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Non-Profiled Side-Channel Attack Based on Deep Learning Using Picture Trace

Over the years, deep learning algorithms have advanced a lot and any innovation in the algorithms are demonstrated and benchmarked for image classification. Several other field including side-channel analysis (SCA) have recently adopted deep learning with great success. In SCA, the deep learning algorithms are typically working with 1-dimensional (1-D) data. In this work, we propose a unique method to improve deep learning based side-channel analysis by converting the measurements from raw-trace of 1-dimension data based on float or byte data into picture-formatted trace that has information based on the data position. We demonstrate why “Picturization” is more suitable for deep learning and compare how input and hidden layers interact for each raw (1-D) and picture form. As one potential application, we use a Binarized Neural Network (BNN) learning method that relies on a BNN’s natural properties to improve variables. In addition, we propose a novel criterion for attack success or failure based on statistical confidence level rather than determination of a correct key using a ranking system.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
The Focus of Quality Management Practices: A National Culture Perspective

The effectiveness of quality management practices under different national culture environments is investigatedin this study. We bundle quality management practices by two orientations based on learning theoryand theninvestigate if any type of quality management practices shows stronger relationship with performance withindifferent national culture environments. The hypotheses were tested using a survey dataset witha sample size of238 which were collected from eight countries. Data analysis results show that exploitative quality practices arehighly related to performance outcome in national cultures featured by high power distance and high uncertaintyavoidance. In contrast, exploratory quality practices are significantly associated with operations performance innations with low power distance and low uncertainty avoidance. The study suggests that quality managementpractices be adopted selectively based on the national culture profile. It advances our understanding of qualitymanagement practices from the context dependent perspective and provides guidelines for practitionersonimplementing quality practices successfully in different cultural environments.

Field of study: Business
Development and scale-up of a fed-batch process for the production of capsular polysaccharide from Haemophilus influenzae.

The production of the capsular polysaccharide, polyribosylribitolphosphate, from Haemophilus influenzae type b is important for the production of effective conjugate vaccines. Factors limiting the production of this polysaccharide from H. influenzae type b in liquid culture were investigated. A fed-batch fermentation was developed that increased cell density and PRP titer approximately four fold when compared to the batch fermentation. This fed-batch process was successfully scaled from the 1.5 l development scale to the 500 l manufacturing scale. The maximum cell density in the 500 l fermentation was 6 g dry cell weight per liter and the PRP concentration was 1.3 g l(-1).

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Attention and temporal discrimination: factors controlling responding under a cyclic-interval schedule.

Pigeons were exposed to a cyclic schedule in which each cycle was composed of twelve 1-min fixed intervals followed by four 3-min fixed intervals; four such cycles comprised an experimental session. The pigeons responded at a much higher average rate during the 3-min intervals than during the 1-min intervals. Other effects were a depression of responding during the first short interval of each cycle and a shortening of postreinforcement pause during the second short interval. The main effect is attributable to a relatively fixed pattern of responding after reinforcement; this pattern consisted in a pause of approximately constant duration followed by responding at an approximately constant rate until the next reinforcement, resulting in much higher average response rates during the longer interreinforcement intervals. The other effects seem attributable to relatively slight differences between the pattern of responding characteristic of later long intervals and the pattern during later short intervals of each cycle. A major implication is that the pigeon is largely insensitive to the sequential properties of many interval-reinforcement schedules. A description of interval-schedule "frustration" phenomena in terms of the inhibitory effects of reinforcement is discussed in relation to these results.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
The Standard of Living

In my two articles 1 on the standard of living during the Industrial Revolution, which Dr Hobsbawm now criticizes, I was concerned both with surveying the literature of the controversy, and also with analysing the available evidence to see if conclusions could be made. The conclusions I came to were, first, the controversy has been confused by arguments about values and by people talking about different things as though they were talking about the same thing, and second, that there had been 'an upward trend in living standards during the Industrial Revolution' and that 'the standard of living of the mass of the people of England was improving ... slowly during the war, more quickly after I 8 I 5, and rapidly after I 840'. This conclusion I modified by stressing that the standard of living was not high and was not rising fast before the forties, and also that there was 'dire poverty' and 'cyclical and technological unemployment of a most distressing character'. I emphasized also that increasing real income was no measure of 'ultimate well-being' and that the period of the Industrial Revolution was one of political discontent and social upheaval but also that it was a period of increasing opportunity for working-class men and women. To this 'extreme' view I still hold, and it may be compared with the latest conclusions of Dr Hobsbawm, which seem mild enough consumption figures 'are compatible with a slight decrease, possibly with a slight increase', the case for deterioration 'while not implausible, cannot be proved', 'the view that there was substantial, or any, deterioration has not yet been firmly established', 'the argument that real incomes remained roughly stable will commend itself as the most acceptable formula' but which are established in such a fashion as to create an impression of pessimism, quite apart from the grand final conclusion that, whatever can be said about material standards, 'the sociological argument for deterioration is far more powerful'. Indeed, Dr

Field of study: Economics, History
Evolution of the Banking System in the Russian Context: An Institutional View

We undertook an institutional analysis of commercial banks in Russia. After the failed experiment with private financial intermediation in the 1990s, Russia migrated towards a banking system consisting of three — rather than two — tiers and featuring core institutions controlled by the state directly or indirectly. This evolution is consistent with this country's historical pattern of financial intermediation. It is also in line with recent trends in the real sector of the economy, where public ownership has rebounded over the past decade. The core state-controlled banks have evolved into hybrid institutions, performing two various sets of functions: those of regular commercial banks and of policy banks. We found a similar evolution in China, but not in the transitional economies of central Europe. Institutional matrix theory suggests that, in non-market economies, centralized finance and credit allocation is the dominant institutional form, while private banking activity is complementary.

Field of study: Economics
Matrix elements of the Argonne v18 potential

We discuss two approaches to the calculation of matrix elements of the Argonne v18 potential. The first approach is applicable in the case of a single-particle basis of harmonic-oscillator wave functions. In this case we use the Talmi transformation, implemented numerically using the Moshinsky transformation brackets, to separate the center-of-mass and relative coordinates degrees of freedom. Integrals involving the radial part of the potential are performed using Gauss-Hermite quadrature formulas, and convergence is achieved for sets of at least 512 points. We validate the calculation of matrix elements of the Argonne v18 potential using a second approach suitable for the case of an arbitrary functional form of the single-particle wave functions. When the model space is represented in terms of harmonic-oscillator wave functions, results obtained using these two approaches are shown to to be identical within numerical accuracy.

Field of study: Physics
Closure waves in helical compression springs with inelastic coil impact

This paper deals with the problem of spring surges taking into account coil closure. This may occur in many cases of compression springs subject to impact. Inelastic coil on coil impact conditions are assumed. The simple theory of spring surges is adopted wherein only the motion of the spring wire parallel to the axis of the spring is considered and the assumption made that each element of the spring satisfies the forcelongitudinal strain relation of the whole spring, before coil closure occurs. The basic theory of coil closure with inelastic impact conditions has been given by Lee [if. The spring is initially at rest and unstrained with one end fixed and the other (the impact end) is given an impulsive velocity and then either maintained at this velocity or decelerated at a constant rate. The case of a mass attached to the impact end is also considered. Conditions are obtained for which partial or complete closure of the spring occurs.

Field of study: Mathematics
Transgenic mice expressing human lysozyme gene in milk

To study the expression properties of self-constructed mammary gland-specific expression vector p205C3.  Human lysozyme (hLYZ) cDNA was subcloned into p205C3 and the recombinant vector was used to generate transgenic mice. Transgene integration was detected by PCR and confirmed by Southern blotting. Tissue specificity of the transgene expression was shown by RT-PCR and the expressed product was identified by micrococcal lysis assay and Western blotting.  A total of 136 F 0 mice were obtained, of which 4(1♀3♂) carried the transgene. Among them, the only one female founder did not express the gene of interest and four F 1 offspring of one male founder expressed hLYZ activities in their milk with the level of 5-200 μg/ml. The expression level of F 3 homozygotes was over 500μg/ml. The expression was restricted to mammary gland and the expressed protein had the same molecular weight to that of normal hLYZ.  The self-constructed vector can efficiently drive hLYZ cDNA expression in murine mammary gland and thus useful for generation of animal mammary gland bioreactors.

Field of study: Biology
Relationship of Non-Verbal Intelligence Materials as Catalyst for Academic Achievement and Peaceful Co-Existence among Secondary School Students in Nigeria.

This paper examines students’ performance in Non-verbal Intelligence tests relative academic achievement of some selected secondary school students. Two hypotheses were formulated with a view to generating data for the ease of analyses. Two non-verbal intelligent tests viz:- Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM) and AH 4 Part II Non-verbal Reasoning Tests were compared vis-a-vis the academic achievements in order to determine the differences in students’ academic achievement. The non-verbal intelligence tests mainly measured the general intelligence as in accuracy of discrimination, establishing logical relations, permutations, visual acuity and perceptual speed among others. The findings revealed that there was no significant relationship in students’ performance in Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM) and academic achievements of students; while significant relationship was established between AH 4 Part II Nonverbal Reasoning Test. The findings therefore recommend that non-verbal intelligence test could be utilized to predict achievements especially where language problem seems to be prominent, thus, peaceful co-existence will prevail among student by streamlining their abilities in multi-dimensional approach.  Non-verbal Intelligence, academic achievement,

Field of study: Education
Slum Upgrading: A Challenge as Big as the City of São Paulo

Eleven million people live in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, 50 percent of them in what is considered “sub­ normal” housing—squatter settlements, slums, and illegal land subdivisions. They suffer from overcrowding, unhealthy buildings, unsafe environments, lack of basic infrastructure and amenities, and costly public transportation. Elisabete França, São Paulo’s deputy secretary for social housing from 2005 to 2012, discusses the city’s successful new approaches in public housing and slum upgrading.

Field of study: Medicine
Study of Microarc Oxidation Ceramic Coatings Formed on Titanium Alloy based on Biological Treatment

Ceramic oxide coatings containing Calcium and Phosphorous were formed on titanium alloy in(CH3COO)2 Ca-CaC3H5(OH)2PO4 solution by micro-arc oxidation.The phase construction of the coatings and the effects of electric parameter including voltage,current density on Calcium,Phosphorous component and their distribution of the coatings were studied.The results show: the coatings are composed mainly of rutile TiO2,anatase TiO2 and amorphous phase.From surface to inner,Calcium content decrease gradually in the method of a conic and Phosphorous content remain stabilized in the coating but decrease quickly to zero in the coating-substrate interface.With voltage or current density increasing,Calcium and Phosphorous comparative content increases,but Calcium increases more quickly than Phosphorous,leading to the increasing of Ca/P atom ratio with the increasing of voltage or current density.

Field of study: Materials science
Top-down formation of fullerenes in the interstellar medium.

Fullerenes have been recently detected in various circumstellar and interstellar environments, raising the question of their formation pathway. It has been proposed that they can form at the low densities found in the interstellar medium by the photo-chemical processing of large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Following our previous work on the evolution of PAHs in the NGC 7023 reflection nebula, we evaluate, using photochemical modeling, the possibility that the PAH C66H20 (i.e. circumovalene) can lead to the formation of C60 upon irradiation by ultraviolet photons. The chemical pathway involves full dehydrogenation of C66H20, folding into a floppy closed cage and shrinking of the cage by loss of C2 units until it reaches the symmetric C60 molecule. At 10" from the illuminating star and with realistic molecular parameters, the model predicts that 100% of C66H20 is converted into C60 in ~ 105 years, a timescale comparable to the age of the nebula. Shrinking appears to be the kinetically limiting step of the whole process. Hence, PAHs larger than C66H20 are unlikely to contribute significantly to the formation of C60, while PAHs containing between 60 and 66 C atoms should contribute to the formation of C60 with shorter timescales, and PAHs containing less than 60 C atoms will be destroyed. Assuming a classical size distribution for the PAH precursors, our model predicts absolute abundances of C60 are up to several 10-4 of the elemental carbon, i.e. less than a percent of the typical interstellar PAH abundance, which is consistent with observational studies. According to our model, once formed, C60 can survive much longer (> 107 years for radiation fields below G0 = 104) than other fullerenes because of the remarkable stability of the C60 molecule at high internal energies. Hence, a natural consequence is that C60 is more abundant than other fullerenes in highly irradiated environments.

Field of study: Physics
Supply Chain Optimization and Service Delivery in Selected Humanitarian Organizations in Kenya

Humanitarian needs across the globe are at an unprecedented level with the numbers increasing every year owing to climate change, conflict and human activities. In Kenya, the most affected people are those living in the arid and semiarid regions which account for around 80% of the total landmass and an estimated 30% of the total population. The regions are hardest hit by floods and drought due to inadequate land cover and infrastructural deficits resulting from historical marginalization. Humanitarian organizations are therefore at the center of delivery of services to this category of people. Efforts have been made by various humanitarian players ranging from process automation, adoption of better transport and distribution practices and inventory management automation. However, there still exist supply chain challenges touching on service delivery; this study seeks to establish the effect of supply chain optimization on service delivery in selected humanitarian organizations in Kenya. Supply chain optimization addresses these challenges by giving special focus to four specific aspects of the chain that may have effect on service delivery levels, these include; inventory management, strategic sourcing, technology and transport and distribution. The study was anchored on the following theories; resource-based theory, social network theory, time in transit theory and goal setting theory in bid to address the existing research gaps. The study adopted descriptive design and used census survey sampling method considering the fact that only a population of 28 is under consideration. Data was collected using self-administered questionnaire with open and closed ended questions. Descriptive statistics such as percentages, mean, standard deviation and frequencies were used to estimate all quantitative variables. Multiple regressions analysis was used to analyze the data collected and the same presented in form of tables and graphs. The study findings revealed that supply chain optimization influences service delivery in selected humanitarian organizations in Kenya to a great extent. The study also revealed that most aspects of supply chain optimization relied upon technology to function optimally with transport and distribution being the most influential supply chain optimization concept. Inventory management, strategic sourcing and technology were also found to have a positive and statistically significant relationship with service delivery. The study recommends that humanitarian organizations integrate supply chain functions using technology to enhance efficiency and accountability as well as build human resource capabilities to be able to deal with the modern-day supply chain challenges.

Field of study: Business
Dose-dependent induction of mRNAs encoding brain-derived neurotrophic factor and heat-shock protein-72 after cortical spreading depression in the rat.

Previous studies have demonstrated that cortical spreading depression (CSD) increases the expression of putative neuroprotective proteins. The objective of the present study was to elucidate the relationship between the number of episodes of CSD and steady-state levels of mRNAs encoding brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), heat-shock protein-72 (hsp72) and c-fos. Wistar rats were administered one, five, or twenty-five episodes of CSD evoked by application of 2 M KCl to the frontal cortex of one hemisphere. Animals were permitted to recover for 30 min, 2 h or 24 h prior to sacrifice. Total RNA was isolated from the parietal cortex of each hemisphere and analyzed using Northern blots. At 30 min recovery, levels of BDNF mRNA were not significantly elevated after 1 episode of CSD, but were increased 4-fold after five episodes of CSD and 11-fold after twenty-five episodes of CSD, relative to levels in the contralateral hemisphere. At 2 h recovery, BDNF mRNA levels increased 2-, 3- and 9-fold, respectively. At 24 h, BDNF mRNA had returned to control levels in all groups. Thus, CSD increased levels of BDNF mRNA in a dose-dependent fashion at the early recovery times. Hsp72 mRNA was below the level of detection after 1 and 5 episodes of CSD. However, after twenty-five episodes of CSD, hsp72 mRNA levels were increased in the ipsilateral hemisphere at 30 min and 2 h recovery. Unlike levels of BDNF and hsp72 mRNA, levels of c-fos mRNA were increased nearly to the same extent at 30 min and 2 h after one, five or twenty-five episodes of CSD before returning to control by 24 h recovery. These results demonstrate that CSD triggers a dose-dependent increase in the expression of genes encoding neuroprotective proteins, which may mediate tolerance to ischemia induced by CSD.

Field of study: Biology
Synthesis and properties of N-cyano derivatives of trideca-, pentadeca-, heptadeca-, and nonadecaazafulvenes.

The title azafulvene analogs were synthesized by the reaction of the corresponding annulenones with N,N′-bis(trimethylsilyl)carbodiimide. The 1H NMR spectra reveal that these compounds show larger tropicity than the corresponding dicyanofulvenes and annulenones.

Field of study: Chemistry