nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Subtemporal approach for distal basilar occlusion for giant aneurysm. Nuances and advantages of the subtemporal approach.

We described the subtemporal approach, which was used for distal basilar artery occlusion in a patient with a symptomatic giant unclippable aneurysm. We discuss issues related to positioning and lumbar drainage. We illustrate the basic steps: identification of the tentorial notch; sharp opening of the arachnoid behind the third nerve; placement of a fixed mechanical retractor to "hold" the brain; identification of the third nerve and mobilization from arachnoid attachments; identification of the course and insertion of the fourth nerve; division and retraction of the tentorial edge to enhance exposure; preparation of the "perforator-free zone"; and final clip application followed by ICG fluorescein angiography. We show some of the areas exposed with this approach. The video can be found here: http://youtu.be/S_NLIjKQL_o .

Field of study: Medicine
ZhuSuan: A Library for Bayesian Deep Learning

In this paper we introduce ZhuSuan, a python probabilistic programming library for Bayesian deep learning, which conjoins the complimentary advantages of Bayesian methods and deep learning. ZhuSuan is built upon Tensorflow. Unlike existing deep learning libraries, which are mainly designed for deterministic neural networks and supervised tasks, ZhuSuan is featured for its deep root into Bayesian inference, thus supporting various kinds of probabilistic models, including both the traditional hierarchical Bayesian models and recent deep generative models. We use running examples to illustrate the probabilistic programming on ZhuSuan, including Bayesian logistic regression, variational auto-encoders, deep sigmoid belief networks and Bayesian recurrent neural networks.

Field of study: Computer science
Cube Attacks on Non-Blackbox Polynomials Based on Division Property

The cube attack is a powerful cryptanalytic technique and is especially powerful against stream ciphers. Since we need to analyze the complicated structure of a stream cipher in the cube attack, the cube attack basically analyzes it by regarding it as a blackbox. Therefore, the cube attack is an experimental attack, and we cannot evaluate the security when the size of cube exceeds an experimental range, e.g., 40. In this paper, we propose cube attacks on non-blackbox polynomials. Our attacks are developed by using the division property, which is recently applied to various block ciphers. The clear advantage is that we can exploit large cube sizes because it never regards the cipher as a blackbox. We apply the new cube attack to Trivium, Grain128a, ACORN and Kreyvium. As a result, the secret keys of 832-round Trivium, 183-round Grain128a, 704-round ACORN and 872-round Kreyvium are recovered. These attacks are the current best key-recovery attack against these ciphers.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Immobilization of organophosphate hydrolase on biocompatible gelatin pads and its use in removal of organophosphate compounds and nerve agents.

Bacterial organophosphate hydrolases (OPH) have been shown to hydrolyze structurally diverse group of organophosphate (OP) compounds and nerve agents. Due to broad substrate range and unusual catalytic properties, the OPH has successfully been used to develop eco-friendly strategies for detection and decontamination of OP compounds. However, their usage has failed to gain necessary acceptance, due to short half-life of the enzyme and loss of activity during process development. In the present study, we report a simple procedure for immobilization of OPH on biocompatible gelatin pads. The covalent coupling of OPH using glutaraldehyde spacer has been found to dramatically improve the enzyme stability. There is no apparent loss of OPH activity in OPH-gelatin pads stored at room temperature for more than six months. As revealed by a number of kinetic parameters, the catalytic properties of immobilized enzyme are found to be comparable to the free enzyme. Further, the OPH-gelatin pads effectively eliminate OP insecticide methyl parathion and nerve agent sarin.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Heteroclinic bifurcation in a ratio-dependent predator-prey system

In this paper we study the heteroclinic bifurcation in a general ratio-dependent predator-prey system. Based on the results of heteroclinic loop obtained in ], we give parametric conditions of the existence of the heteroclinic loop analytically and describe the heteroclinic bifurcation surface in the parameter space, so as to answer further the open problem raised in .

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Rejected and Excluded Forevermore, but Even More Devoted

When people are ostrasized (i.e., rejected and excluded) by either an outgroup or an ingroup, they may either withdraw or engage in compensatory activities designed to reaffirm their social identity as a group member. The authors proposed here that individual differences in identity fusion (an index of familial orientation toward the group) would moderate the tendency for people to display such compensatory activity. Consistent with this reasoning, the results of four experiments showed that irrevocable ostracism increased endorsement of extreme, pro-group actions (fighting and dying for the ingroup) among fused persons but not among nonfused persons. This effect emerged when an outgroup ostracized fused individuals due either to their nationality (Experiment 1) or their personal preferences (Experiment 2). Similarly, ostracism by the ingroup amplified the tendency for fused persons to both endorse extreme pro-group actions, refuse to leave the group (Experiment 3), and donate money to an ingroup member (Experiment 4). Finally, compensatory activities emerged even when ostracism was based on being “too good” for the group, suggesting that a desire for self-enhancement does not mediate such activities (Experiment 4).

Field of study: Psychology
Stratigraphy, sedimentology, and regional correlation of the Horsethief Creek Group (Hadrynian, Late Precambrian) in the northern Purcell and Selkirk Mountains, British Columbia

The Hadrynian Horsethief Creek Group in the northernmost Purcell Mountains and adjacent Selkirk Mountains is subdivisible regionally into grit, slate, carbonate, and upper clastic divisions in upward succession. The grit division represents a submarine fan assemblage and the slate division hemipelagic muds probably deposited in intermediate depths. The carbonate division comprises an interval of discontinuous lenses representing "bahamian" carbonate bank and off-bank assemblages, and the upper clastic division is a heterogeneous clastic wedge, which shows some evidence of northerly and westerly increasing depositional depths. Feldspathic quartz pebble conglomerate beds intercalated with the carbonates in both bank and off-bank facies indicate tectonic activation of granitic source areas like those from which similar rocks in the upper part of the Miette Group of the Rocky Mountains were derived.The upper part of the slate division, which can be differentiated in western localities as a distinct semipelite...

Field of study: Environmental science
Highly reproducible superconductivity in potassium-doped triphenylbismuth

Using a new two-step synthesis method - ultrasound treatment and low temperature annealing, we explore superconductivity in potassium-doped triphenylbismuth, which is composed of one bismuth atom and three phenyl rings. The combination of dc and ac magnetic measurements reveals that one hundred percent of synthesized samples exhibit superconductivity at 3.5 K and/or 7.2 K at ambient pressure. The magnetization hysteresis loops provide a strong evidence of type-II superconductor, with the upper critical magnetic field up to 1.0 Tesla. Both calculated electronic structure and measured Raman spectra indicate that superconductivity is realized by transferring electron from potassium to carbon atom. Our study opens an encouraging window for the search of organic superconductors in organometallic molecules.

Field of study: Physics
Cerebral microbleeds in cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases

Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are a kind of the morphological changes of the brain associated with damage to small cerebral arteries detected on GRE MRI as small, round, well-defined, hypointense lesions, sized 3-10 mm, which indicate the deposition of hemosiderin. CMBs can be detected in cerebral microangiopathy of different origins (cerebral amyloid angiopathy, hypertensive arteriopathy, vasculitis, hereditary angiopathy) and may be a predictor of macrobleeds. This article discusses the clinical significance of CMBs in cerebrovascular, neurodegenerative diseases, cognitive disorders as well as the possibility of using antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants in patients with CMBs.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Functional genomics and metabolic engineering:microbial strain improvement and bioprocess optimization

Metabolic engineering is the improvement of cellular properties by using modern genetic engineering tools.Metabolic engineering encompasses three important steps:the modification of cellular pathways(synthesis),the rigorous evaluation of the phenotype of the modified cells(phenotype characterization)and optimization design of further genetic modification(design).In the procedure,“Omics”(genomics,transcriptomics,proteomics,metabolomics,fluxomics)analyses play a very important role in the phenotype characterization.Because the environmental conditions have also great effects on the cellular properties,so the changes of the cellular properties under different environmental conditions must be evaluated by the “Omics” analyses.Based on the “Omics” analyses,it is possible to get valuable knowledge that can be used for the development of metabolic engineering strategies,which consequently are used to optimize the bioprocess.In this paper,the recent advances of metabolic engineering combined with functional genomics are reviewed.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
THE DYNAMICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE BAR AND SPIRAL PATTERNS OF NGC 1365

Theories that attempt to explain the dynamical relationship between bar and spiral patterns in galactic disks make different predictions about the radial profile of the pattern speed. These are tested for the H-alpha bar and spiral patterns of NGC 1365. The radial profile of the pattern speed is measured by fitting mathematical models that are based on the Tremaine-Weinberg method. The results show convincing evidence for the bar rotating at a faster rate than the spiral pattern, inconsistent with a global wave mode or a manifold. There is evidence for mode coupling of the bar and spiral patterns at the overlap of corotation and inner Lindblad resonances, but the evidence is unreliable and inconsistent. The results are the most consistent with the bar and spiral patterns being dynamically distinct features. The pattern speed of the bar begins near an ILR and ends near the corotation resonance. The radial profile of the pattern speed beyond the bar most closely resembles what is expected for coupled spiral modes and tidal interactions.

Field of study: Physics
A Model of Creating Instructional Materials Based on the School Curriculum for Indonesian Secondary Schools

English performance and competence of Indonesian secondary school students are low. This may result from poor instructional materials so that they do not meet the students’ need; and this should be the main objective for English teachers to improve the learning outcome of students. The purpose of this study is to develop a model of creating instructional materials based on school curriculum. Creating a model of designing instructional materials is part my developmental study consisting of need analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation; this paper discuss need analysis to create a model of creating instructional materials through deep discussion among teachers of secondary schools. The result presents some main procedures need analysis, designing, developing the materials, implementation, and evaluation (ADDIE). The other components include purpose, school curriculum, application of pedagogical aspects, contextualization. The model is derived from ADDIE, Dick and Carey, Jolly & Bolitho, and Instructional Development Learning system (IDLS). Instructional materials with different strategies and various materials improve the English achievement of the students. Both teachers and students argue that appropriate instructional materials are good enough to be used in the teaching and learning process to increase the English achievement of the students.  Development; teaching model; English for secondary school students; competence.

Field of study: Education
Effect of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Residual Stress in GTAW Welds of 316LN Steel

In order to study the effect of post-weld heat treatment( PWHT) on the welding residual stress of 316 LN steel,the constraint stress test was designed and the heat treatment process was developed. Using the blind hole method determination of welding residual stress values before and after heat treatment, and the welding residual stress was analyzed.The results show that(920±10)℃×1h and(400±10)℃×(2-3)h can significantly release the residual stress of 316 LN steel, and the(920±10)℃×1h is the best process for reducing the welding stress effect.

Field of study: Materials science
Pair breaking versus symmetry breaking: Origin of the Raman modes in superconducting cuprates

We performed Raman experiments on superconducting Bi2Sr2(Ca1−xYx)Cu2O8+� (Bi-2212) and YBa2Cu3O6+x (Y-123) single crystals. These results in combination with earlier ones enable us to analyze systematically the spectral features in the doping range 0.07 ≤ p ≤ 0.23. In B2g (xy) symmetry we find universal spectra and the maximal gap energy �0 to follow the superconducting transition temperature Tc. The B1g (x 2 −y 2 ) spectra in Bi-2212 show an anomalous increase of the intensity towards overdoping, indicating that the corresponding energy scale is neither related to the pairing energy nor to the pseudogap, but possibly stems from a symmetry breaking transition

Field of study: Physics
Interleukin (IL-)15 has less activity than IL-2 to promote type 2 cytokine predominance in tumour-associated mononuclear cells from lung cancer patients.

Deviation of type 1/type 2 cytokine balance to type 2 predominance may contribute to tumour progression. We investigated effect of interleukin (IL-)15 on modulation of type 1/type 2 balance in addition to non-major histo-compatibility complex (MHC)-restricted killer induction in the tumour-growing site. IL-15 induced significant killer activity in mononuclear cells (MNC) in malignant pleural effusion as well as those in peripheral blood. Pleural MNC produced more IFN-gamma (type 1 cytokine) by incubation with IL-15 or IL-2 than blood MNC. Moreover, IL-4 and IL-5 (type 2 cytokines) production by pleural MNC were observed only by incubation with IL-2, but not with IL-15. These observations suggest that IL-15 has a potent activity to restore type 1/type 2 balance in addition to killer induction in tumour-growing site.

Field of study: Medicine
Changes in the trade of bycatch species corresponding to CITES regulations: the case of dried seahorse trade in Thailand

Exploitation for trade is one of the biggest threats to many species, especially for marine fishes. Trade regulations should, therefore, be effective in helping conserve marine fish populations. The Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), one of the few multilateral environmental agreements with enforcement capacity, has embraced a number of marine fishes in recent years. However, the impacts of such measures on wildlife trade have rarely been assessed. We conducted a case study of the dried seahorse (Hippocampus spp.) trade in Thailand to understand the trade of these species under CITES regulations. We carried out 203 semi-structured interviews with traders to estimate the economic scale of Thai seahorse trade, and compared perceived changes with official trade datasets. Even though most seahorses were incidentally caught, we estimated that dried seahorses could be worth US$26.5 million per year for Thai fishers. However, the total declared annual export value was only around US$5.5 million, and had decreased to US$1 million in 2013. Considering the economic value of seahorses, the large discrepancy between declared export volumes and catch estimates suggested that trade may be underreported. While official data shows the export volume decreased after the implementation of CITES listing in 2005, our respondents did not report a similar trend. In contrast, the prices of seahorses were reported to be increasing. Our study highlights the economic importance of marine fishes captured as bycatch and the importance of international and domestic management measures for the trade of bycatch species.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Effect of Program Laboratory Inquiry Practicum Based (PPZI-BIL) to Mastering Invertebrate Zoology Concept

This study aims to determine the effect of applying PPZI-BIL to the mastery of the concept of biology student teachers and student attitudes toward curriculum subjects Invertebrate Zoology. Subjects were students of the University of Pasundan (UNPAS) with a total sample of 52 people (one class), selected by purposive sampling. Student mastery of concepts is measured through tests, while the attitude of students was measured through a questionnaire. The results showed that there was a significant increase in any concept of Invertebrate Zoology. The highest increase was shown in concept annelids with N-gain of 0.70 (high category), and an increase in N-gain low but still in the category of being contained in the concept of Arthropods. Implementation PPZI-BIL also can increase positive attitudes of students related to the student curriculum.  Invertebrate Zoology lab program of inquiry-based laboratory (PPZI-BIL), the attitude of students, mastery of concepts.

Field of study: Education
3D-printed photo-spectroelectrochemical devices for in situ and in operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy investigation.

Three-dimensional printed multi-purpose electrochemical devices for X-ray absorption spectroscopy are presented in this paper. The aim of this work is to show how three-dimensional printing can be a strategy for the creation of electrochemical cells for in situ and in operando experiments by means of synchrotron radiation. As a case study, the description of two cells which have been employed in experiments on photoanodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting are presented. The main advantages of these electrochemical devices are associated with their compactness and with the precision of the three-dimensional printing systems which allows details to be obtained that would otherwise be difficult. Thanks to these systems it was possible to combine synchrotron-based methods with complementary techniques in order to study the mechanism of the photoelectrocatalytic process.

Field of study: Physics
Terraced landscapes of the Shouf Biosphere Reserve (Lebanon): analysis of geomorphological variables

This work aims to characterize the agricultural heritage system surrounding the Shouf Biosphere Reserve (SBR) in Lebanon, through a landscape analysis based on assessing current ecosystems. In the past, the SBR landscape was intensively terraced and cultivated to produce many different crops. Today, although the terraced surface has been reduced, it is still a characteristic of the area, encouraging the quality of the landscape and increasing local biodiversity. During and after the war (the 1950s), the migration of population caused the abandonment of many cultivated terraces with the loss of a wide range of ecosystem services. This trend should be reversed to ensure these ecosystem services. The diversity of the land uses, and the richness of fauna and flora species raise the importance of the role of the SBR in maintaining the complex ecosystem and increasing its resilience capacity. The objectives of preserving biocultural diversity and traditional local agricultural practices can be achieved through sustainable development policies for the dynamic conservation of landscapes. In this study, it was shown that distance from roads to terraced areas is a fundamental factor in the preservation and maintenance of terraces. As well as the aspect and the slope influence the positioning of the terraces and therefore the species cultivated on them.

Field of study: Environmental science
Gadolinium-based metal oxide for nonvolatile memory applications

In this study, the memory characteristic of a gadolinium (Gd)-based oxide charge storage layer was demonstrated. The metal/oxide/high-k/oxide/silicon (MOHOS)-type memories were fabricated by using two different charge storage layers. The Gd2O3 nanocrystal (Gd2O3-NC) was used as a charge storage layer due to the discrete nodes, while the HfGdO high-k material was used as a charge storage layer due to the existence of discrete traps. In the case of Gd2O3-NC memory, a combination of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ultraviolet (UV)–visible spectrophotometer analysis was used in this study to extract the valence band location and the band-gap of the Gd2O3-NC layer. The retention characteristic was also analyzed to extract the trapping level in Gd2O3-NC, based on the relationship between trapping energy and discharging time. A band diagram was created to characterize the memory effect of the Gd2O3-NC memory. In the case of HfGdO SONOS-type memory, the electrical and physical studies were conducted for HfGdO charge-trapping layers deposited by a dual-sputtered method for silicon–oxide–nitride–oxide–silicon (SONOS)-type nonvolatile memory. The Hf/Gd dual-sputtered power ratio and the Ar/O2 gas flow ratio were optimized. It was observed that the nonstoichiometric GdO (2 0 0) structure may be the main charge-trapping site for the memory. The memory samples with Hf/Gd = 150/150 and Ar/O2 = 20/5 exhibited better electrical performance. A physical model is proposed to further explain the retention mechanism.

Field of study: Engineering
Evolutionary dynamics of the Permian–Triassic foraminifer size: Evidence for Lilliput effect in the end-Permian mass extinction and its aftermath

There is growing evidence of the Lilliput effect in the end-Permian mass extinction and its aftermath. However, very little has been published on assessing the Lilliput effect on protozoans in the Early Triassic based on quantitative analysis of a great quantity of samples from outcrop sections. This study investigates foraminiferal test size variations through the Changhsingian to the Olenekian based on fossil records from three outcrop sections in South China. The sharp reduction in foraminifer sizes coincides with the first or main episode of the end-Permian mass extinction. Foraminifers remained small in sizes in the early Induan. Their body sizes increased slowly in the late Induan to Olenekian, but never recovered to the pre-extinction test size levels. The Lilliput effect on foraminifera in the aftermath of the end-Permian crisis is indicated by the extinction of large taxa, decrease in size for surviving taxa and rise of small-sized new forms. Physiological reactions of various foraminifer groups reveal that several defaunation events such as anoxia, ocean acidification, and global warming that prevailed through the Permian–Triassic interval may be responsible for both the end-Permian crisis and the Lilliput effect.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography