nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Molecular cloning and distinct developmental expression pattern of spliced forms of a novel zinc finger gene wiz in the mouse cerebellum.

In the course of a study conducted to identify the mouse homologue of Drosophila eyes absent (eya), we isolated a novel mouse cDNA fragment which show little homology to eya but encodes a protein with Krüppel (C2H2)-type zinc finger motifs. By further screening using this cDNA fragment as a probe, we obtained the short and long forms of full-length cDNAs, which were apparently alternatively spliced products from one gene. Since both mRNAs encode proteins with widely-interspaced zinc finger motifs, we termed this gene wiz and refer to the short and long wiz transcripts as wizS and wizL, respectively. In situ hybridization studies using the probe against the region common to wizS and wizL showed that these mRNAs were expressed abundantly in the granule cell layers of the mouse cerebellum, the olfactory bulb, and the dentate gyrus, whereas the same technique using the probe against only wizL could not detect positive signals in the developing cerebellum, indicating that there is no expression of wizL mRNA there. Northern blot and in situ hybridization analyses demonstrated that the extracerebellar regions expressed both wizS and wizL mRNAs from the midgestational period to adulthood. The finding that two types of wiz transcripts (wizS and wizL) are expressed with different developmental patterns might indicate separate transcription functions in the cerebellar granule cells and the extracerebellar regions.

Field of study: Biology
Strategic uncertainty and equilibrium selection in discontinuous games

We introduce the new concept of prudent equilibrium to model strategic uncertainty, and prove it exists in large classes of discontinuous games. When the game is better-reply secure, we show that prudent equilibrium refines Nash equilibrium. In contrast with the current literature, we don't use probabilities to model players' strategies and beliefs about other players' strategies. We provide examples (first-price auctions, location game, Nash demand game, etc.) where prudent equilibrium concept removes most non-intuitive solutions of the game.

Field of study: Economics
Eine Ausnahme von den Intensitätsregeln im Röntgengebiet

ZusammenfassungDas Intensitätsverhältnis der beiden charakteristischen Röntgenlinien Lβ3, β4, die ein Relativitätsdublett bilden, ist mit Hilfe der Geigerkammer an den Elementen Mo, Rh, Pd, Ag und Sn gemessen. Nach den Intensitätsregeln hat man hier das Verhältnis 2 ∶ 1 zu erwarten. Die Messungen geben indessen einen Wert; der nahe 3 ∶ 2 ist. Auch ist bei diesen Linien eine bedeutend größere Breite als bei den anderen stärkeren Linien im L-Spektrum beobachtet worden.

Field of study: Physics
Influence of osmolality of the medium on photosynthetic electron transport, proton fluxes and photophosphorylation in isolated thylakoids.

The high osmotic potential inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport was determined to be related to membrane compaction rather than to an effect of primary thylakoid volume changes. Osmotic inhibition of proton fluxes and phosphorylation were entirely due to osmotic inhibition of electron transport. The ATPase activity, the nature of coupling and the rate constant of proton efflux were not influenced by osmotic pressure, while the rate constant and the extent of proton influx were inhibited by osmotic pressure.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Relationship of Stressful Life Events and Adolescents' Employment

The relationship between stressful life events and adolescents' employment was studied using Coddington's Social Readjustment Rating Questionnaire for Adolescents. The amount of stress reported by those 52 health care and industrial work-study occupational programs was significantly greater than that of 31 unemployed students and 43 students in other work-study programs. The results are compared with data from previous studies of adolescent normal and psychiatric patients. Frequency of occurrence and positive and negative connotations of the life events are also discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
The effect of a long‐term water stress on the metabolism and emission of terpenes of the foliage of Cupressus sempervirens

The effects of long-term water stress on water and terpene contents of the foliage of Cupressus sempervirens were studied. A great deal of water was lost over 2 months before a remarkable stabilization. A strong decrease of all the classes of terpenes accompanied this dehydration. Mono- and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and free terpenols were almost entirely metabolized, whereas esters and terpene glycosides rose slightly and remained at a constant level when the water content had stabilized. Although a significant part of the mono- and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons was emitted in the early stage of stress application, the major part was used by the plant in response to the drought conditions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Valproic Acid Promotes Human Glioma U87 Cells Apoptosis and Inhibits Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Through ERK/Akt Signaling

Valproic acid (VPA), an established antiepileptic drug, was assessed for antitumor activity, including its effects on glioblastoma, but its role has not been determined.  In the present study, we investigated VPA-induced apoptosis effects on human U87 cells by cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, TUNEL/Hoechst staining and flow cytometric in vitro, then we further explored the underlying molecular mechanisms using the selective antagonists PD98059, LY294002 and SB216763.  The data showed that VPA dose-dependent induction of glioma U87 cells to undergo apoptosis through the mitochondria-dependent pathway in vitro. VPA activated the ERK/Akt pathways by increasing their protein phosphorylation and in turn inhibited GKS3β activation by the induction of GKS3β phosphorylation. However, the MAPK inhibitor PD98059 and/or PI3K inhibitor LY294002 were able to antagonize the effects of VPA by abolishing ERK/Akt activations and cancelling GSK3β suppression, thus it impaired VPA apoptosis-inducing effects on glioma cells. Furthermore, the GSK3β inhibitor SB216763 caused a strong suppression of GSK3β activity, which showed similar effects of VPA on regulation of protein expression and apoptosis.  These findings suggest that GSK3β may be the central hub for VPA-induced apoptosis and VPA can be further evaluated as a novel agent for glioma therapy.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Feasibility of optimization of thermal self interaction in a moving defocusing medium by amplitude–phase correction methods

An experimental investigation was made of the thermal self-interaction of light beams tracking along conies in a plane perpendicular to the beam axis. It was found that a parabolic tracking path, "open" in the upwind direction, was near-optimal from the point of view of the maximum localization of the intensity. A numerical study was made of the feasibility of using parabolically tracking beams in a combined amplitude–phase adaptive system for elimination of the thermal nonlinearity effects.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Hodges-lehmann estimators in the case of grouped data - I

Let X' = (X'1,…,X'm) and Y' = (Y'1,…,Y'n) be two independent random samples from absolutely continuous distribution functions F' and G' respectively with G'(U) = F'(u-Δ) for all u. Let Xi and Yj be obtained from X'i and Y'j by rounding off to the nearest integer. Let h(X',Y') be any appropriate two-sample statistic. Let and , where N = m + n be the two-sample Hodges-Lehmann (H-L) estimators derived from h(X',Y') and h(X,Y), respectively. (In defining h(X,Y), ties are handled by the method of averaged scores.) We then have, (i) with probability 1. (ii) Prob as N → ∞. And, if Δ is an integer or zero, the stronger result Prob holds. Thus under the null hypothesis is asymptotically degenerate. The efficiency of relative to the usual parametric estimator, is, in a sense to be defined, the same as in the continuous case. If the measurements are very accurate (i.e. if they are rounded off to two or more decimals) , then the large-sample behaviour of is very nearly the same as . A more precise statement is given ...

Field of study: Mathematics
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Relaxation processes in the discharge used in a copper halide laser

A spectrographic investigation was made of the radiation emitted from pulse discharges in mixtures of CuBr and CuI with Ne and He. The dependence of the relative intensity of the molecular spectrum on the discharge conditions and the time characteristics of the deexcitation of the resonance and laser lines of Cu I were determined. Prolonged afterglow due to the 3d10nx–3d10 4p2 P03/2,1/2 and 3d10nx–4s2 2D3/2,5/2 in Cu I was observed. The possibility that the discharge contraction was due to an increase in the importance of the dissociative recombination processes was considered. It was concluded that cooling of electrons played an important role in the deactivation of the metastable states of Cu I.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Maintaining and checking parity in highly available Scalable Distributed Data Structures

Access to data stored in distributed main memory is much faster than access to local disks. Highly available, Scalable Distributed Data Structures (SDDS) utilize this fast access. They counteract the effects of failed or unavailable nodes by storing data redundantly. Since main memory per node is limited, they generate this redundancy by storing parity data calculated with erasure correcting codes instead of using replication. We present here a way to maintain parity that is about 10 times faster than using the traditional 2PC scheme. We also present a scheme that can diagnose a mismatch between parity and user data with very little network traffic.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
RU486 Reverses Emotional Disorders by Influencing Astrocytes and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Chronic Restraint Stress Challenged Rats

To investigate the effect of RU486 (mifepristone) on emotional disorders in chronic restraint stress-induced rats and to explore the mechanisms of that phenomenon.  For this purpose, 80 healthy male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: the normal group (Con group, The Con group members received no treatment, eating and drinking freely), the chronic restraint stress group (CRS group, normal Sprague Dawley rats treated with chronic restraint stress, 6 h/day for 21days), the propylene glycol group (CRS+propylene glycol) and the RU486 group (CRS+RU486). RU486 or propylene glycol was administered 30 mins before each CRS procedure. Twenty-four hours after CRS exposure, we investigated the effects of CRS on the anxiety-like behavior using an elevated plus-maze (EPM). To explore the mechanisms of RU486 on anxiety, we measured the expression of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) and β-subunit of S100 (S100β) via immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Apoptosis was demonstrated by flow cytometry. In addition, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers, glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and Cysteine aspartic acid specific protease-12 (Caspase-12), were detected by western blot analysis.  Compared to the control group, rats in the CRS and propylene glycol group showed decreased exploratory behavior on the open arms during EPM testing, and these reductions were accompanied by significantly reduced GFAP and S100β expression, increased apoptosis and GRP78, CHOP, and caspase-12 expression in the amygdala. However, RU486 increases the exploratory behavior and reverses the changes of GFAP, S100β, GRP78, CHOP, and caspase-12 and protects cells against apoptosis.  Taken together, these data suggest that exposure to chronic restraint stress decreases the number of astrocytes and induces apoptosis and ER stress in the amygdala, which are possible causes for psychiatric disorders. RU486 can significantly ameliorate abnormal behaviors in CRS-induced anxiety model rats. The protective effects of RU486 could be attributed to its anti-ER stress, anti-apoptosis and astrocyte increasing effects.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Anderson's Personality-Trait Words Rated by Men and Women as a Function of Stimulus Sex

Anderson's personality-trait words were rated for likeableness on a 101-point scale by 30 male and 30 female undergraduates instructed to regard the stimuli as characterizing either a man or a woman. Although the pooled means correlated highly with Anderson's mean ratings, inspection of the separate stimuli showed numerous appreciable rating differences attributable to Ss' sex and sex of stimulus. Eliminating such stimuli resulted in a list of 143 recommended personality-trait words.

Field of study: Psychology
On-wafer heating tests to study stability of silicon devices

A new on-wafer heating test structure is proposed for wafer level stability testing. The test structure is based on Wheatstone bridge configuration. Two out of four resistors are covered by aluminum. An optimization of the on-wafer heating technique is presented. The new structure and the structure consisting of two out of four resistors with the large openings in the silicon dioxide/nitride layers are measured. The piezoresitance effect was utilized to measure the mechanical stress in the silicon substrate. The mechanical stress is induced during the device fabrication. The effect of aluminum and silicon dioxide/nitride layers on the device stability was studied. A strong influence of aluminum layers on silicon device stability was observed.

Field of study: Engineering
Vascular remodelling in the internal mammary artery graft and association with elevated endothelin-1 expression

The vasoconstricting peptide Endothelin-1 (ET-1) has been associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, AAA, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. It is known to stimulate quiescent vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) into the growth cycle and has been linked to intimal thickening following endothelial injury and is associated with vessel wall remodelling in salt-sensitive hypertension models. Enhanced ET-1 expression has been reported in the internal mammary artery (IMA) and was markedly higher in patients undergoing cardiac bypass surgery who were diabetic and /or hypercholesterolemic.  To firstly review the histopathology of the IMA and secondly, determine the relationship between ET-1 expression in this vessel and mitogenic activity in the medial VSMC.  Vessel tissue collected at the time of CABG surgery was formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded for histological investigation. Cross sections of the left distal IMAwere stained with Alcian Blue/Verhoeff’s van Gieson to assess medial degeneration and identify the elastic lamellae and picrosirius red to determine the collagen content (specifically type I and type III). Immunohistochemistry staining was used to assess VSMC growth (PCNA label), tissue ET-1 expression, VSMC (SMCa-actin) area and macrophage/monocyte (anti-CD68) infiltration. Quantitative analysis was performed to measure the VSMC area in relation to ET-1 staining.  Fifty-five IMA specimens from the CABG patients (10F; 45M; mean age 65 years) were collected for this study. Fourteen donor IMAspecimens were used as controls (7F; 7M; mean age 45 years). Significant medial hypertrophy, VSMC disorganisation and elastic lamellae destruction was detected in the CABG IMA. The amount of Alcian blue staining in the CABG IMA was almost double that of the control (31.85+/14.52% Vs 17.10+/9.96%, P= .0006). Total collagen and type I collagen content was significantly increased compared with controls (65.8+/18.3% Vs 33.7 + / 13.7%, P= .07), (14.2 + /10.0% Vs 4.8 + /2.8%, P= .01), respectively. Tissue ET-1 and PCNA labelling were also significantly elevated the CABG IMA specimens relative to the controls (69.99 + /18.74%Vs 23.33 + /20.53%, P= .0001, and 37.29 + /12.88% Vs 11.06 + /8.18, P= .0001), respectively. There was mild presence of macrophages and monocytes in both CABG and control tissue.  The IMA from CABG patients has elevated levels of type I collagen in the extracellular matrix indicative of fibrosis and was coupled with deleterious structural remodelling. Abnormally high levels of ET-1 were measured in the medial SMC layer and was associated with VSMC growth but not related to any chronic inflammatory response within the vessel wall.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Study on changes of quality during wheat storage period

The wheat storage time of analysis were studied to evaluate the quality type of wheat varieties with stable,scientific examination data.The effect of different storage conditions on moisture content,germination rate,acidity,acid value,catalase activity,and color of wheat during storage were detected and analyzed.The result showed that treatment could inhibit the lipid oxidation and decomposition of substances.Accordingly,vacuum treatment could advance quality and commercial value of wheat.The storage quality was the best with 0 ℃ under the conditions of vacuum treatment.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
How should a district general hospital immunology service screen for anti‐nuclear antibodies? An ‘in‐the‐field’ audit

Anti‐nuclear antibody (ANA) testing assists in the diagnosis of several immune‐mediated disorders. The gold standard method for detection of these antibodies is by indirect immunofluorescence testing on human epidermoid laryngeal carcinoma (HEp‐2) cells. However, many laboratories test for these antibodies using solid‐phase assays such as enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which allows for higher throughput testing at reduced cost. In this study, we have audited the performance of a previously established ELISA assay to screen for ANA, making comparison with the gold standard HEp‐2 immunofluorescence test. A prospective and unselected sample of 89 consecutive ANA test requests by consultant rheumatologists were evaluated in parallel over a period of 10 months using both tests. ELISA and HEp‐2 screening assays yielded 40 (45%) and 72 (81%) positive test results, respectively, demonstrating lack of concordance between test methods. Using standard and clinical samples, it was demonstrated that the ELISA method did not detect several ANA with nucleolar, homogeneous and speckled immunofluorescence patterns. None of these ELISANEG HEp‐2POS ANA were reactive with a panel of six extractable nuclear antigens or with double‐stranded DNA. Nonetheless, 13 of these samples (15%) originated from patients with recognized ANA‐associated disease (n = 7) or Raynaud's phenomenon (n = 6). We conclude that ELISA screening may fail to detect clinically relevant ANA that lack defined specificity for antigen.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Aggregation and the existence of a social utility function

In a well-known paper Gorman (  (1953) ) established that the necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of an aggregate, or social, utility function, independent of the distribution of income, is that all individuals' income consumption paths be parallel straight lines. Recently Chipman (  (1974) ), building on the paper of Hurwicz and Uzawa (in “Preference Utility and Demand”) has shown that if the distribution of income is proportional and individual preferences are homothetic, aggregate consumption behavior obeys the necessary integrability conditions. It is shown here that the consistency of aggregate behavior can be derived from more general conditions than the ones used by Chipman and Gorman. Examples of demand systems from which aggregate behavior implies a social utility function are provided. It is then shown that if individual demand functions are linear in income—a form employed by both Gorman and Chipman—it is not necessary that the distribution of income be fixed.

Field of study: Economics
Research of Grid Resource Discovery Model

Proposed a new model of grid resource discovery based on WSRF.The model uses three-layer structure as its architecture,and the resources are organized in the method of both centralized and decentralized way.Main functions of gird resource discovery are packed into the stateful web services.Presentd resource membership protocol and resource search algorithm for the model.The advantages of both web service and peer-to-peer architecture are all absorbed into this model.This paper also analyzes the efficiency of the model and proves that it is suitable for large and heterogeneous grid environments.

Field of study: Computer science
JNK facilitates IL‐1&bgr;‐induced hepcidin transcription via JunB activation

HighlightsIL‐1&bgr; stimulates hepcidin transcription and phosphorylation of JNK and JunB.IL‐1&bgr;‐induced JunB activation is required for hepcidin transcription.JunB stimulates hepcidin transcription via CRE site B on the hepcidin promoter.Binding of JunB to hepcidin promotor is increased by IL‐1&bgr;.  Hepcidin, a liver‐derived hormone, negatively regulates circulating iron levels through an increase in its expression in response to iron overload. Inflammation also increases production of hepcidin, potentially leading to inflammatory anemia. We previously revealed that proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)‐1&bgr; increased hepcidin expression through its transcriptional stimulation in hepatocytes. Induction of CCAAT‐enhancer‐binding protein (C/EBP) &dgr; and IL‐6 in response to IL‐1&bgr; treatment stimulated hepcidin transcription via the C/EBP‐binding site (C/EBP‐BS) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)‐BS on the hepcidin promoter, respectively. Here, we show an additional pathway responsible for IL‐1&bgr;‐induced hepcidin transcription. IL‐1&bgr; stimulated phosphorylation of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) and its substrates c‐Jun and JunB. SP600125, a JNK inhibitor, blocked IL‐1&bgr;‐induced phosphorylation of c‐Jun and JunB as well as IL‐1&bgr;‐induced expression and transcription of hepcidin. Reporter assays for hepcidin transcription revealed that reporters with mutations of cAMP response element (CRE) site B, a putative Jun binding element, decreased responsiveness to IL‐1&bgr;, and that activated JunB, but not c‐Jun, conferred IL‐1&bgr;‐induced hepcidin transcription. Furthermore, binding of JunB to hepcidin promoter was increased by IL‐1&bgr;. The present study indicated that IL‐1&bgr; activates JNK and subsequently stimulates JunB activation, leading to hepcidin transcription via CRE site B on the hepcidin promoter. The present experiment provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying induction of hepcidin by inflammation and alteration of iron homeostasis.

Field of study: Medicine
Effects of differences in interreinforcer intervals between past and current schedules on fixed-interval responding.

Undergraduates were exposed to a mixed fixed-ratio differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate schedule. Values of the schedule components were adjusted so that interreinforcer intervals in one component were longer than those in another component. Following this, a mixed fixed-interval 5-s fixed-interval 20-s schedule (Experiment 1) or six fixed-interval schedules in which the values ranged from 5 to 40 s (Experiment 2) were in effect. In both experiments, response rates under the fixed-interval schedules were higher when the interreinforcer intervals approximated those produced under the fixed-ratio schedule, whereas the rates were lower when the interreinforcer intervals approximated those produced under the different-reinforcement-of-low-rate schedule. The present results demonstrate that the effects of behavioral history were under control of the interreinforcer intervals as discriminative stimuli.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology