nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of functional groups in atmospheric aerosols by infrared spectroscopy: systematic intercomparison of calibration methods for US measurement network samples

Peak fitting (PF) and partial least
squares (PLS) regression have been independently developed for estimation of
functional groups (FGs) from Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of
ambient aerosol collected on Teflon filters. PF is a model that quantifies
the functional group composition of the ambient samples by fitting individual
Gaussian line shapes to the aerosol spectra. PLS is a data-driven,
statistical model calibrated to laboratory standards of relevant compounds
and then extrapolated to ambient spectra. In this work, we compare the FG
quantification using the most widely used implementations of PF and PLS,
including their model parameters, and also perform a comparison when the
underlying laboratory standards and spectral processing are harmonized. We
evaluate the quantification of organic FGs (alcohol COH , carboxylic
 COOH , alkane CH, carbonyl CO ) and ammonium, using external
measurements (organic carbon (OC) measured by thermal optical reflectance
(TOR) and ammonium by balance of sulfate and nitrate measured by ion
chromatography). We evaluate our predictions using 794 samples collected in
the Interagency Monitoring of PROtected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network
(USA) in 2011 and 238 laboratory standards from Ruthenburg et al. (2014)
(available at  ). Each model shows
different biases. Overall, estimates of OC by FTIR show high correlation with
TOR OC. However, PLS applied to unprocessed (raw spectra) appears to
underpredict oxygenated functional groups in rural samples, while other
models appear to underestimate aliphatic CH bonds and OC in urban samples. It
is possible to adjust model parameters (absorption coefficients for PF and
number of latent variables for PLS) within limits consistent with calibration
data to reduce these biases, but this analysis reveals that further progress
in parameter selection is required. In addition, we find that the influence
of scattering and anomalous transmittance of infrared in coarse particle
samples can lead to predictions of OC by FTIR which are inconsistent with TOR
OC. We also find through several means that most of the quantified carbonyl
is likely associated with carboxylic groups rather than ketones or esters. In
evaluating state-of-the-art methods for FG abundance by FTIR, we suggest
directions for future research.

Field of study: Environmental science
Involvement of Fcγ receptors and β2 integrins in neutrophil activation by anti‐proteinase‐3 or anti‐myeloperoxidase antibodies

We previously described the requirement of tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) and the role of β2 integrins in the Fc‐gamma receptor IIa (FcγRIIa)‐mediated mechanism of neutrophil activation by antiproteinase‐3 (anti‐PR3) or anti‐myeloperoxidase (anti‐MPO) antibodies. In the present study, we assessed  the  involvement  of  FcγRIIIb  by  studying  the  respiratory  burst  activation  of  completely FcγRIIIb‐deficient  neutrophils  primed  by  TNF‐α and  exposed  to  anti‐PR3  or  anti‐MPO.  Activation of the NADPH oxidase occurred normally in these neutrophils, which indicates that engagement of FcγRIIIb is not essential in our model. Experiments performed with neutrophils from severe leucocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) patients confirmed that β2 integrins play a pivotal role in this activation. We next studied whether adhesion per se, β2‐integrin‐mediated adhesion, or β2‐integrin ligation without adhesion is necessary or sufficient for this activation. Anti‐PR3 or anti‐MPO induced an FcγRIIa‐dependent burst in TNF‐primed neutrophils incubated in wells coated with poly‐l‐lysine, known to induce β2‐integrin‐independent adhesion, but this reaction was still inhibited by blocking CD18 antibodies. In a system with granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF)‐primed neutrophils, which did not enhance adhesion, we measured a similar activation by anti‐PR3 or anti‐MPO and inhibition by CD18. We also noticed that treatment with the β2‐integrin‐activating CD18 MoAb KIM185 per se is insufficient for neutrophil activation by anti‐PR3 or anti‐MPO. We therefore conclude that ligation of β2 integrins rather than adherence per se is essential for this activation, and that TNF‐α or GM‐CSF is needed for priming but not for adherence.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Availability of healthcare resources, positive ratings of the care experience and extent of service use: an unexpected relationship.

Two main avenues are advocated to improve the capability of healthcare systems to satisfy the public's needs and expectations: more resources and better organization. This paper sheds some light on this debate. It assesses the extent to which patients' positive rating of their healthcare experience and the extent to which they use services are related to the availability of healthcare resources. Findings indicate that patients' evaluations of their care experience and use of services were higher when the availability of resources was either limited or average. In no case were positive ratings of services and greater use of them associated with greater resource availability. Thus, simply adding resources runs the risk of diminishing, rather than improving, users' healthcare experience.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
The place preference task: a new tool for studying the relation between behavior and place cell activity in rats.

This study describes a task that combines random searching with goal directed navigation. The testing was conducted on a circular elevated open field (80 cm in diameter), with an unmarked target area (20 cm in diameter) in the center of 1 of the 4 quadrants. Whenever the rat entered the target area, the computerized tracking system released a pellet to a random point on the open field. Rats were able to learn the task under light and in total darkness, and on a stable or a rotating arena. Visual information was important in light, but idiothetic information became crucial in darkness. Learning of a new position was quicker under light than in total darkness on a rotating arena. The place preference task should make it possible to study place cells (PCs) when the rats use an allothetic (room frame) or idiothetic (arena frame) representation of space and to compare the behavioral response with the PCs' activity.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Total Organic Carbon Disappearance Kinetics for the Supercritical Water Oxidation of Monosubstituted Phenols

Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) is a process technology for destroying organic compounds present in aqueous waste streams. The authors oxidized phenols bearing single -CH{sub 3}, -C{sub 2}H{sub 5}, -COCH{sub 3}, -CHO, -OH, -OCH{sub 3}, and -NO{sub 2} substituents in supercritical water at 460 C and 25.3 MPa. The observed effects of the concentrations of total organic carbon (TOC) and oxygen on the global disappearance rates for TOC were correlated by using power-law rate expressions. This kinetics study revealed that the rate of TOC disappearance is more sensitive to the oxygen concentration than is the rate of reactant disappearance. Additionally, the rate of TOC disappearance is always slower than the rate of reactant disappearance, with the ratio of these rates ranging from 0.10 to 0.65 for the different phenols at the conditions studied. The rates of TOC disappearance during SCWO of these substituted phenols varied by nearly 2 orders of magnitude, showing significant effects from both the identity and location of the substituent. These substituent effects are greater for TOC disappearance kinetics than for reactant disappearance kinetics. Additionally, all of the substituted phenols exhibit faster TOC disappearance rates than does phenol. Accordingly, phenol is a good worst case model compound formore » SCWO studies. The pronounced substituent effects for TOC disappearance rates indicate that the oxidation of a common refractory intermediate is not an important feature of the SCWO networks for these phenols at the conditions studied.« less

Field of study: Environmental science
LIPS: A lightweight permit system for packet source origin accountability

One of key security issues on the current Internet is unwanted traffic, the forerunner of unauthorized accesses, scans, and attacks. It is vitally important but extremely challenging to fight such unwanted traffic. We need a series of defensive mechanisms to identify unwanted packets, filter them out, and further defeat their associated attacks. In this paper, we propose a lightweight, scalable packet authentication mechanism, named Lightweight Internet Permit System (LIPS), as a first line of defense to effectively filter out the most common forms of unwanted traffic, spoofed and unsolicited packets, such that in-depth security schemes can take care of the remaining issues more efficiently. LIPS is a simple extension of IP, in which each packet carries an access permit issued by its destination host or gateway, and the destination verifies the access permit to determine to accept or drop the packet. LIPS provides preliminary traffic-origin accountability that supports two salient features to confine unwanted traffic: (1) filter out the most common forms of unwanted packets and defeat associated attacks; (2) help us identify compromised hosts/domains such that we are able to build active defense schemes to deal with various attacks through real-time inter-domain collaboration. In this paper, we first present the design and prototype implementation of LIPS on Linux 2.4 kernel, and then use analysis, simulations, and experiments to demonstrate the efficacy of LIPS in protecting critical resources with light overheads.

Field of study: Computer science
The Challenge of Measuring Epistemic Beliefs: An Analysis of Three Self-Report Instruments

Epistemic beliefs are notoriously difficult to measure with self-report instruments. In this study, the authors used large samples to assess the factor structure and internal consistency of 3 self-report measures of domain-general epistemic beliefs to draw conclusions about the trustworthiness of findings reported in the literature. College students completed the Epistemological Questionnaire (EQ; M. Schommer, 1990; N = 935); the Epistemic Beliefs Inventory (EBI; G. Schraw, L. D. Bendixen, & M. E. Dunkle, 2002; N = 795); and the Epistemological Beliefs Survey (EBS; P. Wood & C. Kardash, 2002; N = 795). Exploratory factor analyses, confirmatory factor analyses, and internal consistency estimates indicated psychometric problems with each of the 3 instruments. The authors discuss challenges in conceptualizing and measuring personal epistemology.

Field of study: Education
Some new inhomogeneous Triebel-Lizorkin spaces on metric measure spaces and their various characterizations

Let (X, %, μ)d,θ be a space of homogeneous type, i.e. X is a set, % is a quasi-metric on X with the property that there are constants θ ∈ (0, 1] and C0 > 0 such that for all x, x′, y ∈ X, |%(x, y)− %(x′, y)| ≤ C0%(x, x′)θ[%(x, y) + %(x′, y)]1−θ, and μ is a nonnegative Borel regular measure on X such that for some d > 0 and all x ∈ X, μ({y ∈ X : %(x, y) < r}) ∼ r. Let ε ∈ (0, θ], |s| < ε and max{d/(d+ ε), d/(d+ s+ ε)} < q ≤ ∞. The author introduces new inhomogeneous Triebel–Lizorkin spaces F s ∞q(X) and establishes their frame characterizations by first establishing a Plancherel–Pólya-type inequality related to the norm ‖ · ‖F s ∞q(X), which completes the theory of function spaces on spaces of homogeneous type. Moreover, the author establishes the connection between the space F s ∞q(X) and the homogeneous Triebel–Lizorkin space Ḟ s ∞q(X). In particular, he proves that bmo(X) coincides with F 0 ∞2(X).

Field of study: Mathematics
Wireless Sensor Network Adaptive Energy Optimization Clustering Algorithm based on Routing Rules

Because of the energy load imbalance of cluster nodes in wireless sensor networks, this causes cluster heads tend to die earlier in the case of more tasks and routing problem such as larger energy loss, so an adaptive energy optimization clustering routing algorithm is proposed. The node residual energy and distance are taken into full consideration by the measure coefficient on the cluster-head election and competition radius calculation, which prolongs the lifetime of cluster-head. The modes of forwarding data between the cluster heads is single-hop routing or multi-hop routing decided by the form of the routing rules, so as to minimize the energy loss in the routing and guarantee the cluster-head does not tend to die earlier. The experimental simulation results demonstrate that the adaptive energy optimization clustering routing algorithm can effectively prolong the lifetime of the network and reduce the energy consumption.

Field of study: Computer science
Evidence for Cenozoic tectonism in the southwest Georgia Piedmont

Paleocene nonmarine sediment in the Georgia Piedmont has been isolated from correlative Coastal Plain deposits by high-angle reverse faults and subsequent erosion. The reverse faults also offset surficial deposits of probable Pliocene age. The sediments, preserved north of Pine Mountain, in the vicinity of Warm Spring9s, Georgia, consist of (1) a lower sedimentary sequence, herein called the “Republic Mine beds,” composed mainly of massive, locally bauxitic, kaolinitic clay and well-bedded, coarse to fine quartz sand; and (2) an upper sequence, herein called “surficial deposits,” composed predominantly of clayey quartz sand and quartzite gravel. The compositional and textural dissimilarities between the two sequences indicate differences in provenance, depositional environment, and tectonic setting. The orientation of the faults and the sense of fault movement near Warm Springs indicate that this area of the western Georgia Piedmont is unlike that of the tectonic regimes previously documented in the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. The orientation of some structures and the amount and rate of fault deformation are more similar to features in the Gulf Coastal tectonic province, whereas the involvement of basement rocks in fault zones and the compressional style of deformation are comparable to tectonic features described elsewhere in the eastern United States, especially in Coastal Plain sediments along the Fall Line of the Atlantic Coastal Plain.

Field of study: Geology
Improving patient selection for endovascular treatment of acute cerebral ischemia: a review of the literature and an external validation of the Houston IAT and THRIVE predictive scoring systems.

Outcome after intraarterial therapy (IAT) for acute ischemic stroke remains variable, suggesting that improved patient selection is needed to better identify patients likely to benefit from treatment. The authors evaluate the predictive accuracies of the Houston IAT (HIAT) and the Totaled Health Risks in Vascular Events (THRIVE) scores in an independent cohort and review the existing literature detailing additional predictive factors to be used in patient selection for IAT. They reviewed their center's endovascular records from January 2004 to July 2010 and identified patients who had acute ischemic stroke and underwent IAT. They calculated individual HIAT and THRIVE scores using patient age, admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score, admission glucose level, and medical history. The scores' predictive accuracies for good outcome (discharge modified Rankin Scale score ≤ 3) were analyzed using receiver operating characteristics analysis. The THRIVE score predicts poor outcome after IAT with reasonable accuracy and may perform better than the HIAT score. Nevertheless, both measures may have significant clinical utility; further validation in larger cohorts that accounts for differences in patient demographic characteristics, variation in time-to-treatment, and center preferences with respect to IAT modalities is needed. Additional patient predictive factors have been reported but not yet incorporated into predictive scales; the authors suggest the need for additional data analysis to determine the independent predictive value of patient admission NIHSS score, age, admission hyperglycemia, patient comorbidities, thrombus burden, collateral flow, time to treatment, and baseline neuroimaging findings.

Field of study: Medicine
Research Progress on the Function and Flavonoids Extraction of Vine Tea

Vine tea is in the Vitaceae,Ampelopsis section.It is the spear leaves of Ampelopsis division,which is rich in a variety of bio-functional components.This wild resource has a great development potential.In this paper,the nutritional content and the main chemical composition of vine tea are introduced briefly.At the same time,according to the reports at home and abroad,the biological activity of vine tea plants and the extract methods about functional components are summarized systematically.This paper could provide relevant information for tea physiological and pharmacological research and product development.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Design and Development of Vacuum Compartment for Refrigerator: A Critical Review

1,2,3 Professor, Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering, D. Y. Patil College Of Engineering, Akurdi, Pune, India Abstract — A vacuum storage system in a refrigerator includes a drawer unit removable received in housing. The vacuum storage system may be utilized in a storage configuration or in a vacuum sealing configuration to remove air from food preservation compartment having one way evacuation valves. A switch on a control interface actuates a vacuum source and a front wall of the drawer unit seals against the cabinet. Air is drawn from the storage space via a hose in communication with the vacuum source and air pressure within the storage space is reduced below atmospheric pressure. At a predetermined pressure, a control deactivates the vacuum source. Later while opening the drawer an equalizing valve is opened to return the storage space to atmospheric pressure.

Field of study: Engineering
Chronic morphine and naltrexone fail to modify mu-opioid receptor mRNA levels in the rat brain.

Previous radioligand-binding studies have reported conflicting results concerning the effect of chronic morphine administration on the regulation of mu-opioid receptor (MOR) density. On the other hand, chronic administration of an opioid antagonist, such as naltrexone, has been shown to increase the density of the MOR. In order to determine if the changes in the MOR are associated with alterations in receptor mRNA levels, we investigated MOR gene expression following chronic treatment with morphine and/or naltrexone. MOR mRNA levels, determined by the ribonuclease protection assay (RPA), were unchanged with respect to control during chronic morphine treatment and morphine withdrawal in each of the analysed brain areas. Furthermore, chronic administration of naltrexone did not result in changes of MOR mRNA levels in rat striatum of naive and morphine-dependent rats, suggesting that the up-regulation of the MOR density, at least in this tissue, is not regulated at transcriptional level.

Field of study: Biology
Natural products chemistry and phytomedicine in the 21st century: New developments and challenges

The gradual transition from the long-standing use of monodrug therapy in classical medicine to the new concept of a multidrug and multitarget therapy has great implications for the research strategies of natural products chemistry and phytomedicine. The rationalization of the new strategies, however, requires great efforts in: standardization of mono- and multiphytopreparations using all available high-tech methods; screening of extracts and their constituents by integration of modern molecular biological bioassays; and controlled, clinical studies, inclusive of pharmacokinetic and bioavailability investigations, aimed at evidence-based phytotherapy. The first results obtained in recent years are explained using several examples of phytopharmacological and clinical studies. These show the therapeutic superiority of many plant extracts over single isolated constituents, as well as the bioequivalence of many phytopharmaceuticals with synthetic chemotherapeutics.

Field of study: Chemistry
Methane production and methanogenic archaeal communities in two types of paddy soil amended with different amounts of rice straw.

Soil type and returning straw to the field are the important factors that regulate CH4 formation in paddy soil, and the variations of biogeochemical parameters and methanogens communities play important roles in the formation of CH4 . In the present study, two paddy soil types [silt loam soil (JX) and silty clay loam soil (GD)] with different amounts of rice straw additions were incubated under anaerobic conditions to investigate the relationship between CH4 production, biogeochemical variations, and methanogenic archaeal communities. Straw incorporation significantly stimulated CH4 production in two soil types. CH4 production in JX soil was higher than the GD soil with equal straw addition. Significant differences between biogeochemical parameters and methanogenic archaeal communities were observed between two soil types. Straw addition increased archaeal 16S rRNA genes and mcrA genes copy numbers, especially in JX soil. Multiple regression analysis indicated that variations in H2 , sulfate, Fe (II) concentrations, archaeal 16S rRNA genes and mcrA genes copy numbers, methanogens diversity index, and the relative abundance of Methanosarcinaceae and Methanobacteriaceae together influenced CH4 production in two soil types. These results indicated that methane production was influenced by the comprehensive effects of biotic and abiotic factors in paddy soils.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Invertase activity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells entrapped in poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) gels: kinetic and thermostability study in membrane reactors.

Films of poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) with entrapped yeast cells have been prepared and characterized in membrane reactors. Two concentrations, 5 and 10% w/w, of crosslinking agent ethylene dimethacrylate are used. The invertase activity is monitored between 30 and 55 degrees C in the range of sucrose concentration from 40 to 200 mM and during almost 600 h of operation. Comparison is also made with the behaviour of free cells and small size particles (less than 115 mesh) of poly-HEMA immobilized cells. The results show that the whole membrane volume is not involved in substrate permeation and a combined diffusion-reaction rate controlling mechanism holds. An unusual dependence of reaction rate on bulk pH is observed. In the range of pH from 4.0 to 6.0, invertase activity in films continuously increases while two distinctive maxima for free yeast cells (pH 4.75) and for small particles of poly-HEMA-immobilized yeast cells (pH 4.5) are observed.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Fast tomography using quasi-monochromatic undulator radiation.

A beamline with a helical undulator has been used without a monochromator for fast high-resolution tomographic imaging with an X-ray energy of 12.4-16.5 keV and an energy bandwidth of 2-3%. The X-ray beam was expanded with two mirrors to 12 mm x 4 mm. The X-ray field was made uniform by a diffuser. The detector pixel size was 9.9 microm x 9.9 microm. At the highest speed, a 180 degrees scan was completed in 6 s with 454 projections. Beam-hardening effects were not significant. This technique may be useful in studying time-dependent structural changes of soft materials such as polymers and biological samples.

Field of study: Physics