nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
MEMRI for visualizing brain activity after auditory stimulation in frogs.

Anuran amphibians are common model organisms in bioacoustics and neurobiology. To date, however, most available methods for studying auditory processing in frogs are highly invasive and thus do not allow for longitudinal study designs, nor do they provide a global view of the brain, which substantially limits the questions that can be addressed. The goal of this study was to identify areas in the frog brain that are responsible for auditory processing using in vivo manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI). We were interested in determining if the neural processing of socially relevant acoustic stimuli (e.g., species-specific calls) engages a specific pattern of brain activation that differs from patterns elicited by less- or nonrelevant acoustic signals. We thus designed an experiment, in which we presented three different types of acoustic stimuli (species-specific calls, band-limited noise, or silence) to fully awake northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) and then conducted MEMRI T1-weighted imaging to investigate differences in signal intensity due to manganese uptake as an indication of brain activity across all three conditions. We found the greatest change in signal intensity within the torus semicircularis (the principal central auditory region), the habenula, and the paraphysis of frogs that had been exposed to conspecific calls compared with noise or silence conditions. Stimulation with noise did not result in the same activation patterns, indicating that signals with contrasting social relevance are differentially processed in these areas of the amphibian brain. MEMRI provides a powerful approach to studying brain activity with high spatial resolution in frogs.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Instabilities in the Proposed TRIUMF KAON Factory Synchrotrons

The essential specifications of the TRIUMF KAON Factory beam is 100 A at 30 GeV. The TRIUMF proposal consists of 5 rings: an Accumulator feeding a 50 Hz Booster synchrotron which raises the energy to 3 GeV. The Booster injects into a 5 times larger accumulator called the Collector which, when it has collected 5 Booster pulses, feeds them into the 10 Hz, 30 GeV synchrotron (the Driver). The fifth ring (the Extender) is a stretcher to meet the requirement for a slow extracted beam.  A and B have a radius of 34 m while rings C, D, and E have a radius of 170 m. The distinguishing features of the two synchrotrons (B and D) are that they operate below transition, they have high circulating currents, and relatively high harmonic numbers. Thus, there is the possibility of many unstable coupled bunch modes but this is mitigated by the fact that the synchrotrons are rapid cycling (50 Hz and 10 Hz). There is, therefore, less time for any instabilities to grow.

Field of study: Physics
Bioconcentration and half-life of quinalphos pesticide in rice-fish integration system in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

In order to determine the distribution and enable the elimination of quinalphos, a popular active pesticide compound used in the Mekong Delta, an experiment was set up in a rice-fish integration system in Can Tho City, Vietnam. Fish was stocked into the field when the rice was two-months old. Quinalphos was applied twice in doses of 42.5 g per 1000 m2. Water, fish and sediment samples were collected at time intervals and analyzed by a Gas Chromatography Electron Capture Detector system. The results show that quinalphos residues in fish muscles were much higher than those of the water and the bioconcentration factor (logBCF) was above 2 for the fish. The half-life of first and second quinalphos applications were 12.2 and 11.1 days for sediment, 2.5 and 1.1 days for silver barb, 1.9 and 1.3 days for common carp, and 1.1 and 1.0 days for water, respectively.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Facilitating software extension with design patterns and Aspect-Oriented Programming

Software products, especially large applications, need to continuously evolve, in order to adapt to the changing environment and updated requirements. With both the producer and the customer unwilling to replace the existing application with a completely new one, adoption of design constructs and techniques which facilitate the application extension is a major design issue. In the current work we investigate the behavior of an object-oriented software application at a specific extension scenario, following three implementation alternatives with regards to a certain design problem relevant to the extension. The first alternative follows a simplistic solution, the second makes use of a design pattern and the third applies Aspect-Oriented Programming techniques to implement the same pattern. An assessment of the three alternatives is attempted, both on a qualitative and a quantitative level, by identifying the additional design implications needed to perform the extension and evaluating the effect of the extension on several quality attributes of the application.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
An oxygen vacancy mediated Ag reduction and nucleation mechanism in SiO2 RRAM devices

calculations were used to model the incorporation and diffusion of Ag in Ag/SiO2/Me (Me = W or Pt) resistive random-access memory (RRAM) devices. We consider an O vacancy (VO) mediated model of the initial stages of Ag clustering, where the VO is identified as the principle site for Ag+ reduction. The Ag+ interstitial is calculated to be energetically favoured inside a-SiO2 at the Fermi energies of Ag, W and Pt. The adiabatic diffusion barriers of Ag+ are found to be lower than those for Ag0 with a strong dependence on the local network structure, supporting Ag+ being the mobile species during device operation. Ag+ ions bind to VO forming the [Ag/VO]+ complex. The [Ag/VO]+ complex is then reduced by trapping an electron forming [Ag/VO]0. By sampling every VO in a 216-atom cell of a-SiO2 we demonstrate that this mechanism can occur only at 33%, 33% and 11% of O vacancies at the Ag, W and Pt electrodes, respectively. This complex can subsequently act as a nucleation site for Ag clustering with the formation of [Ag2/VO]+, which is reduced by trapping an extra electron.

Field of study: Engineering
Ecophysiological and seasonal variations in Cd, Pb, Zn, and Ni concentrations in the leaves of urban deciduous trees in Istanbul.

The concentrations of Cd, Pb, Zn and Ni were measured in the leaves of 7 species of deciduous trees, from the urban sites of Istanbul, in both the Spring and Autumn seasons. We detected some differences in the heavy metal concentrations of the control and urban site samples of identical species. Highest concentrations of Cd were detected in Populus, Pb in Aesculus and Robinia, Zn in Populus, and Ni in Robinia and Fraxinus. Lowest chlorophyll content and highest peroxidase (POD) activity was found in the urban site samples of Acer. We have found a positive correlation between the increase in the POD activity and the Pb concentration in Populus. Generally, the tree species investigated in this study, are considered to have different tolerance levels to heavy metal pollution. The data obtained show that the chlorophyll content and the POD activity may be used as heavy metal stress biomarkers in the urban trees.

Field of study: Environmental science
Marriage, the Church, and Its Judges in Renaissance Venice, 1420–1545. Cecilia Cristellon. Early Modern History: Society and Culture. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017. xviii + 286 pp. $109.99.

for the Aragonese Federation, where, over the course of the latter half of the Quattrocentro, individual states acquired greater administrative independence. This was a role that would be preserved during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, inside the Spanish monarchy. Quattrocento Sicily as described by Silvestri proved to be an important testing ground both from the administrative-bureaucratic standpoint and from a purely political perspective.

Field of study: History
[Cocarnit in the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy].

Study the effect of cocarnit on the peripheral nerve functions in patients with diabetic distal sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DDSP).



Thirty patients with DDSP, aged from 27 to 65 years, mean 55.3±10.8 years, with diabetes mellitus duration from 2 to 20 years (mean 8.0±5.8 years) received cocarnit as monotherapy in dose of 2 ml daily during 9 days. The intensity and character of pain were assessed with PainDetect, ТSS and NSS inquirers, quality-of-life was measured with the Russian version of EuroQol-5D questionnarie. The state of the neuromotor apparatus was studied using stimulation electromyography with the analysis of conduction along motor fibers of peripheral nerves and evoked sympathetic skin responses (ESSR).



After treatment, there was the improvement of scores on PainDetect by 44.3% (p<0.05), NSS by 41.9% (p<0.05) and ТСС by 103.9% (p<0.05). An increase in the impulse conduction velocity, M- and S-response amplitudes and normalization of ESSR parameters were observed. In the first turn, the improvement was related to damaged nerves.



Cocarnit is an effective drug in the treatment of patients with DDSP.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Collaboration without Headaches: An Easy Way for a Team to Edit a Memo, Spreadsheet or Presentation. (Technology Workshop)

Anyone who's been part of a team that had to review a lengthy document knows how hard it is to track--let alone merge--the editorial changes recommended by each member. But thanks to sophisticated word-processing tools such as Microsoft's latest version of Word in Office XP, the situation has improved. While group editing still can't be considered a joyful activity, it's no longer as difficult as gathering frogs in a wheelbarrow. Three of Word's features--Send for Review, Track Changes and Compare and Merge--make collaboration a lot more tolerable by streamlining the chores of sharing, revising and updating documents. Those features also work when reviewing files in two other Microsoft applications--Excel spreadsheets and PowerPoint presentations. We'll illustrate the functions in Word, but they work similarly in Excel and PowerPoint. Begin by creating a document that will be reviewed by several people. It doesn't matter where the file is situated--on your computer, a network or even a Web server--the process is the same (see exhibit 1, at right).  To send this document to the reviewers, go to the toolbar and click on File, Send To, Mail Recipient (for Review) (see exhibit 2, page 72).  An unaddressed, blank e-mail message will pop up with the document you want reviewed attached and ready to be sent to whomever you wish (see exhibit 3, page 72). The e-mail also will include a red follow-up flag, to indicate a reply is requested, and room for the sender to write a message. In our example, the lead reviewer stores the file on his computer and sends the document to the two reviewers, Duane Brandon and Aaron Crabtree, who are identified by their initials.  Because the document is being sent via the Send for Review function, the Track Changes function automatically becomes available. The user also can evoke Track Changes via the View toolbar (click on Reviewing). Track Changes records and highlights any modifications to a document--from additions to deletions to format changes. Earlier versions of Word had this feature, but because changes were shown in the body of the document, users had trouble seeing them. As you'll see, Word XP displays revisions off to the side of the document so the original is not obscured. To illustrate, Duane Brandon (DB) makes the following changes to the example document (see exhibit 4, page 73), while Aaron Crabtree (AC) makes other changes (not shown). From the exhibit you can see that red markups indicate each change to the document.  When reviewers finish their edits, they simply click on the Reply with Changes button on the Reviewing toolbar and the reviewed document is automatically attached to an e-mail addressed to the person who requested the review (see exhibit 5, page 73).  When the originator opens the reviewed document, he is prompted to decide whether to merge changes from the reviewed document into the original document (see exhibit 6, page 73). …

Field of study: Business
Culturological interpretation of sports worship.

Every kind of worship has a logical relation with a certain social culture.Sports worship as a special cul-tural phenomenon of the human society has no doubt its own cultural mechanism,and produces imperceptible in-fluence on modern civilization.In fact,sports worship has already become an indispensable important constituent part of modern human civilization.On the one hand,it makes up the lack of rational life view via the essential power of intuitive human ego,while on the other hand,it interprets wonders of life,realizes values of life,and en-ables us to understand the truth of life,through mankind’s exceeding of its ego life and its thirst for victory and suc-cess.

Field of study: Education
An analysis of the hydraulic conductivity of the extracisternal space of the cochlear outer hair cell

The cylindrically shaped cochlear outer hair cell (OHC) plays an important role in the transduction of acoustic energy into electrical energy in the cochlea. The extracisternal space (ECiS) of the lateral wall of the OHC is the fluid-filled space between the plasma membrane (PM) and the intracellular subsurface cisterna (SSC). In the ECiS, an array of cylindrical micropillars extends from the SSC to the PM. We obtain equations for the pressure, osmotic concentration and fluid velocity in the ECiS from the Brinkman-Stokes equations for steady incompressible flow in a plane channel that encloses an array of cylinders and whose upper wall, i.e. the plasma membrane, has a hydraulic conductivity of PPM. From these equations we obtain an estimate for the hydraulic conductivity of the ECiS, PECiS. We show that the ECiS geometry accounts for PECiS being several orders of magnitude larger than PPM and that PECiS increases with the width of the ECiS and decreases with the length of the ECiS.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Adaptively Secure Revocable Hierarchical IBE from k-linear Assumption

Revocable identity-based encryption (RIBE) is an extension of IBE with an efficient key revocation mechanism. Revocable hierarchical IBE (RHIBE) is its further extension with key delegation functionality. Although there are various adaptively secure pairing-based RIBE schemes, all known hierarchical analogues only satisfy selective security. In addition, the currently known most efficient adaptively secure RIBE and selectively secure RHIBE schemes rely on non-standard assumptions, which are referred to as the augmented DDH assumption and qtype assumptions, respectively. In this paper, we propose a simple but effective design methodology for RHIBE schemes. We provide a generic design framework for RHIBE based on an HIBE scheme with a few properties. Fortunately, several state-of-the-art pairing-based HIBE schemes have the properties. In addition, our construction preserves the sizes of master public keys, ciphertexts, and decryption keys, as well as the complexity assumptions of the underlying HIBE scheme. Thus, we obtain the first RHIBE schemes with adaptive security under the standard k-linear assumption. We prove adaptive security by developing a new proof technique for RHIBE. Due to the compactness-preserving construction, the proposed R(H)IBE schemes have similar efficiencies to the most efficient existing schemes. ∗This work is supported by JST CREST Grant Number JPMJCR14D6, JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP17K12697, JP18H05289, and MEXT Leading Initiative for Excellent Young Researchers. †National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Japan. {k-emura, takayasu}@nict.go.jp ‡The University of Electro-Communications, Japan. watanabe@uec.ac.jp §National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Heterogeneous Strain Distribution in the Subchondral Bone of Human Osteoarthritic Femoral Heads, Measured with Digital Volume Correlation

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic disease, affecting approximately one third of people over the age of 45. Whilst the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease are still not well understood, mechanics play an important role in both the initiation and progression of osteoarthritis. In this study, we demonstrate the application of stepwise compression, combined with microCT imaging and digital volume correlation (DVC) to measure and evaluate full-field strain distributions within osteoarthritic femoral heads under uniaxial compression. A comprehensive analysis showed that the microstructural features inherent in OA bone did not affect the level of uncertainties associated with the applied methods. The results illustrate the localization of strains at the loading surface as well as in areas of low bone volume fraction and subchondral cysts. Trabecular thickness and connectivity density were identified as the only microstructural parameters with any association to the magnitude of local strain measured at apparent yield strain or the volume of bone exceeding yield strain. This work demonstrates a novel approach to evaluating the mechanical properties of the whole human femoral head in case of severe OA.

Field of study: Materials science
Geometric determination of direction of dislocations using synchrotron X-ray transmission topography.

When performing transmission polychromatic beam topography, the extensions to the line segments of the diffraction images of a straight dislocation are shown to intersect at a single point on the X-ray film. The location of this point, together with the diffraction pattern recorded on the film by synchrotron radiation, gives the crystallographic direction [hkl] of the dislocation unambiguously. The results of two synchrotron topography experiments are presented. Very long dislocations found in the center of a large 450 mm-diameter Czochralski silicon crystal align with the growth direction [001]. In the other silicon sample, the dislocations are of mixed type and along the [011] direction.

Field of study: Physics
FASTBUS Diagnostic and Test Modules at Fermilab

The implementation of FASTBUS has required the parallel development of test modules peculiar to this bus system for debugging and testing. The complexity and speed of FASTBUS requires a new level of sophistication in these test modules. A good example of this is the Active Extender Card. The Crate Backplane of a FASTBUS system, which uses ECL 10K logic, has edge speeds high enough to require transmission lines. This means that a conventional extender card, such as is used in CAMAC, would act as an unterminated stub and cause significant reflections on the bus. Thus an extender has to be ''active'' and contain drivers and receivers for the bus. Some of the complexity is caused by the FASTBUS protocols. Although these protocols support an extremely flexible system architecture, a price must be paid with higher chip counts and wiring densities. I have attempted to give a brief description of the principle test modules that are used at Fermilab. More detailed information may be obtained in the references.

Field of study: Physics
Gravity signatures and geometric configurations of some Oliverian plutons: Their relation to Acadian structures

Oliverian plutons in west-central New Hampshire consist of Upper Ordovician mantled gneiss domes along the axis of the Bronson Hill anticlinorium, as well as other stocks farther west. All are intrusive into Middle Ordovician volcanic and metasedimentary rocks, but have been remobilized and have acquired their gneissic foliations during the late stages of the Early-Middle Devonian Acadian orogeny. Gravity studies are used to demonstrate that the Moody Ledge, Owls Head, and Baker Pond domes are irregularly shaped flat plutons with maximum thicknesses of 2.5 km. The Croydon dome, 4.2 km thick, is probably of laccolithic shape. The largest dome surveyed, the Mascoma, is mushroom shaped, with a stem extending to a depth of at least 4.5 km. The coeval Lebanon pluton west of the domes is a discordant north-northwest-plunging stock intrusive into a higher stratigraphic level (the Partridge volcanics), and extends to a depth of 8.5 km. It is bordered on the southeast, south, and west by the Cornish nappe, which is overfolded toward the west in the area south of the pluton, but is backfolded toward the east in a large region west and north of the stock. An oval outcrop area in the Mount Cube quadrangle resembles the surface outcrop of a subjacent Oliverian dome, but cannot be, because it lacks the appropriate gravity field. The Devonian Fairlee quartz monzonite is shown to be rootless, in accordance with the fact that Ammonoosuc normal fault passes beneath it, slightly below ground level. A subsurface (Devonian?) granitic stock occurs a short distance to the south. The Devonian Indian Pond pluton of Bethlehem gneiss in the Mount Cube quadrangle is also shown to be rootless, in agreement with its inferred structural position inside a nappe which has been overfolded from east to west, and just touches the present Earth9s surface. Recent pressure-temperature-time ( P-T-t ) metamorphic studies in western New Hampshire have led to proposals that there is a series of nested thrust plates involving the Bronson Hill and adjacent terranes. The possibility arises that the Oliverian domes may be allochthonous. However, nothing in the mapped geology, the geophysics, or the geochronology supports this hypothesis. We conclude that the basement below the Oliverian granites in western New Hampshire is likely to consist of metamorphic formations of Cambrian-Ordovician age.

Field of study: Geology
Volume of interest CBCT and tube current modulation for image guidance using dynamic kV collimation.

The focus of this work is the development of a novel blade collimation system enabling volume of interest (VOI) CBCT with tube current modulation using the kV image guidance source on a linear accelerator. Advantages of the system are assessed, particularly with regard to reduction and localization of dose and improvement of image quality.



A four blade dynamic kV collimator was developed to track a VOI during a CBCT acquisition. The current prototype is capable of tracking an arbitrary volume defined by the treatment planner for subsequent CBCT guidance. During gantry rotation, the collimator tracks the VOI with adjustment of position and dimension. CBCT image quality was investigated as a function of collimator dimension, while maintaining the same dose to the VOI, for a 22.2 cm diameter cylindrical water phantom with a 9 mm diameter bone insert centered on isocenter. Dose distributions were modeled using a dynamic BEAMnrc library and DOSXYZnrc. The resulting VOI dose distributions were compared to full-field CBCT distributions to quantify dose reduction and localization to the target volume. A novel method of optimizing x-ray tube current during CBCT acquisition was developed and assessed with regard to contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and imaging dose.



Measurements show that the VOI CBCT method using the dynamic blade system yields an increase in contrast-to-noise ratio by a factor of approximately 2.2. Depending upon the anatomical site, dose was reduced to 15%-80% of the full-field CBCT value along the central axis plane and down to less than 1% out of plane. The use of tube current modulation allowed for specification of a desired SNR within projection data. For approximately the same dose to the VOI, CNR was further increased by a factor of 1.2 for modulated VOI CBCT, giving a combined improvement of 2.6 compared to full-field CBCT.



The present dynamic blade system provides significant improvements in CNR for the same imaging dose and localization of imaging dose to a predefined volume of interest. The approach is compatible with tube current modulation, allowing optimization of the imaging protocol.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics