nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Bremsstrahlung von Elektronen im Feld neutraler Atome

The process of deceleration of electrons by the field of neutral atoms is investigated by the aid of a model approximating the neutral atom by a constant potentialU in the interior of a sphere of radiusγ. The free-free emission coefficient is determined in the general case for an isothermal plasma; in the special case of an impenetrable sphere it is compared with the emission coefficient of the ion bremsstrahlung as obtained by the “soft” approximation. The results show that electron-atom radiation may not be neglegible as compared with electron-ion radiation, and this fact may be used to explain the experimentally observed increase of the emission coefficient with pressure which is more rapid than linear. This is verified numerically in the limiting case of an impenetrable sphere.In addition the bound-free absorption coefficient is determined both in general and in the special case of the H− ion; a comparison is made with the absorption coefficient as obtained byChandrasekhar. By the aid of the method of “best approximation” given in the concluding part of the present paper the quantitiesU andγ may be determined for any neutral atom.

Field of study: Physics
Effects of a Novel NiTi Thermomechanical Treatment on the Geometric Features of the Prepared Root Canal System

This study aimed to compare the ex vivo performance of two rotary nickel–titanium (NiTi) systems with similar designs but manufactured from martensitic and austenitic alloys, the One Curve (OC) and One Shape (OS) rotary endodontic files, respectively.  Forty separate mesial canals of 20 extracted mandibular molars were scanned using micro-computed tomography (CT), which were divided into 2 groups and instrumented with OC and OS, respectively. Post-instrumentation micro-CT scans were evaluated using validated computer algorithms to compare changes in canal thickness, surface area, structure model index (SMI) scores, volume of removed dentin, percentage of untreated canal surface, percentage of curvature straightening, and the amount of canal transportation.  Both files led to significant changes in the basic root canal geometry, with no preparation errors and no statistically significant differences. However, OC treatment resulted in significantly less curvature straightening (17.30%; 10.77%) (independent samples t test, p < 0.05) and less apical transportation (55.11 µm; 33.15 µm) (Mann–Whitney U, test p < 0.05) compared to OS treatment. Transportation values in the middle and coronal thirds were statistically similar (independent sample t-test, p > 0.05). OC treatment produced significantly less straightening and less apical transportation than OS.

Field of study: Materials science
The relationship between carbonate facies, volcanic rocks and plant remains in a late Palaeozoic lacustrine system (San Ignacio Fm, Frontal Cordillera, San Juan province, Argentina)

The San Ignacio Fm, a late Palaeozoic foreland basin succession that crops out in the Frontal Cordillera (Argentinean Andes), contains lacustrine microbial carbonates and volcanic rocks. Modification by extensive pedogenic processes contributed to the massive aspect of the calcareous beds. Most of the volcanic deposits in the San Ignacio Fm consist of pyroclastic rocks and resedimented volcaniclastic deposits. Less frequent lava flows produced during effusive eruptions led to the generation of tabular layers of fine-grained, greenish or grey andesites, trachytes and dacites. Pyroclastic flow deposits correspond mainly to welded ignimbrites made up of former glassy pyroclasts devitrified to microcrystalline groundmass, scarce crystals of euhedral plagioclase, quartz and K-feldspar, opaque minerals, aggregates of fine-grained phyllosilicates and fiammes defining a bedding-parallel foliation generated by welding or diagenetic compaction. Widespread silicified and silica-permineralized plant remains and carbonate mud clasts are found, usually embedded within the ignimbrites. The carbonate sequences are underlain and overlain by volcanic rocks. The carbonate sequence bottoms are mostly gradational, while their tops are usually sharp. The lower part of the carbonate sequences is made up of mud which appear progressively, filling interstices in the top of the underlying volcanic rocks. They gradually become more abundant until they form the whole of the rock fabric. Carbonate on volcanic sandstones and pyroclastic deposits occur, with the nucleation of micritic carbonate and associated production of pyrite. Cyanobacteria, which formed the locus of mineral precipitation, were related with this nucleation. The growth of some of the algal mounds was halted by the progressive accumulation of volcanic ash particles, but in most cases the upper boundary is sharp and suddenly truncated by pyroclastic flows or volcanic avalanches. These pyroclastic flows partially destroyed the carbonate beds and palaeosols. Microbial carbonate clasts, silicified and silica-permineralized tree trunks, log stumps and other plant remains such as small branches and small roots inside pieces of wood (interpreted as fragments of nurse logs) are commonly found embedded within the ignimbrites. The study of the carbonate and volcanic rocks of the San Ignacio Fm allows the authors to propose a facies model that increases our understanding of lacustrine environments that developed in volcanic settings.

Field of study: Environmental science
Estimating the response of wildlife communities to coastal dune construction

Coastal ecosystems worldwide are being impacted by sea-level rise caused by climate change. As mitigation efforts increase to protect these threatened ecosystems, a deeper understanding of how wildlife adapt to coastal management techniques is needed. We monitored three constructed sand dunes (built in 2010 and 2014) and two natural dunes in central Florida from June 2015 through June 2016 to assess the impact of dune construction as a management technique on terrestrial vertebrates. Specifically, we tested if constructed dunes accumulated and maintained similar community composition and species richness to natural dunes. We used AHDriFT, a game camera-based trapping technique, to monitor terrestrial wildlife communities in both the natural and human-modified landscapes. After 4502 camera nights, we documented 2537 unique photo-capture events, comprised of 33 different species. Species communities were compared by constructing species accumulation curves for each dune type, and by modeling community similarity through multivariate hierarchical clustering. Species accumulation curves overlapped among all dune types, and the cluster analysis showed no pattern separating natural and constructed dunes. However, PERMANOVA found a difference between constructed and natural dunes, which was verified by a NMDS ordination that separated out constructed and natural dunes. Differences between dunes was likely driven by rare species, as commonly observed species overlapped across all dunes, including one protected species. Given the similarity between overall species richness, and that differences in community composition may be due to microhabitat variation and species rarity, we conclude that constructing dunes to increase coastal resilience does not negatively impact endemic wildlife in coastal zones and may provide suitable habitat for many wildlife species.

Field of study: Environmental science
Characteristics of He-nucleus interactions at relativistic energy

From the peripheral collisions of28Si projectile at 14.5 A GeV in nuclear emulsion, emerged4He nuclei among the projectile fragments, are followed for their interactions. Multiplicity and pseudorapidity distributions of the produced particles emanating from 366 inelastic4He induced emulsion reactions are compared with those of28Si at 14.5A GeV,4He at 140A GeV and proton at 800 GeV beams. Standard deviation of the Gaussian fittings to the pseudorapidity distributions for different values of average shower particle multiplicities represents an approximate measure of the impact parameter. Second moments of the multiplicity distributions of the shower tracks can be parameterized in terms of a universal polynomial dependence. Results agree quite well with the predictions of the multistring model VENUS.

Field of study: Physics
A Survey on the Architecture for an Efficient Memory Built in Self-Test For Configurable Embedded SRAM Memory

Today’s submicron VLSI technology has been emerged as integration of many VLSI ICs into a single Si Chip called System-on-Chip (SoC). The SoC architecture normally contains multiple processors along with either separate or centralized memory blocks as its core elements as well as many noncore elements Due to the increased demands for high data storage, the integration of on-chip memories ranging from Gigabytes to Terrabytes is becoming essential for the latest SoC technology. To improve the reliability and performance of SoCs due to technology miniaturization and increased memory density, there is a need to incorporate on-chip self-testing unit for testing these memory units. Further, to improve the yield and fault tolerance of on-chip memories without degradation on its performance, self-repair mechanism may be integrated on chip.

Field of study: Engineering
On some properties of solutions of the biharmonic equation

In the present paper, the properties of the linear complex operator L(f) = Zfz - Z-fz-, which is defined on the class of complex-valued C1 functions in the plane, are investigated. It is shown that harmonicity and biharmonicity are invariant under the linear operatorL. Results concerning starlikeness and convexity of biharmonic functions versus the corresponding harmonic functions are considered. The operator L can be manipulated to express the conditions in the definitions of starlikeness and convexity in a convenient way.

Field of study: Mathematics
Daily Talk as Self-Realization: An Empirical Study on Participation in Daily Talk Shows

In this study, I examined the reasons why television audiences want to be on television and why they want to participate in shows as talking guests. To answer these questions, I assessed German daily talk shows and their audiences. The theory of symbolic self-completion (Wicklund & Gollwitzer, 1982) was applied to explain the wish to participate in a show. Self-realization is suggested as a higher order motive, including goals such as getting therapy and confessing in such a show. Two empirical studies were conducted. In the first study, 66 viewers of daily talk shows were interviewed with a qualitative procedure to explore if and why they would attend a talk show. Clues to lay participation as an act of self-symbolizing were deduced. Furthermore, the results of the study show that viewers engaged one of two viewing modes, distanced or involved. A follow-up experiment with 33 research participants was carried out. The findings support the hypothesis that people who are considering media participation strive for self-realization and self-symbolizing.

Field of study: Psychology
Three-dimensional critical behavior with 2D, 1D, and 0D dimensionality crossover: surface and edge specific heats.

The critical behavior at a second order phase transition is characterized by the divergence of the correlation length xi. We have studied the superfluid transition of 4He in a series of experimental cells in which this divergence of xi is modified due to finite-size confinement. In particular, the design of these cells is such that the smallest dimension is kept the same, 1 microm, but the geometry is such that one obtains crossover to dimensionality of 2, 1, and 0. This corresponds to films, channels, and boxes filled with helium. We measure the specific heat and compare these results with theoretical expectations. We identify surface and line specific heat contributions by analyzing the deviation of the specific heat from its behavior in the thermodynamic limit. The design of these cells is made possible by a combination of silicon lithography and direct wafer bonding.

Field of study: Physics
The clinical course of mesangial IgA associated nephropathy in adults.

Clinical data in 244 patients with IgA nephropathy and biopsy findings in 519 biopsies (107 patients had at least two biopsies) were analysed. Males predominated (73 per cent) and had more severe disease and a worse prognosis than females. The most frequent symptom was macroscopic haematuria, often with associated loin pain; however, this was typical only in young males. Hypertension was the major presenting feature in 23 per cent of patients. Urinary erythrocyte counts correlated with the presence of crescents on biopsy (p less than 0.0001). Serum IgA levels wer elevated in only 21 per cent, while IgM levels were raised in 43 per cent of patients. Two hundred and seventeen patients were followed for at least one year (mean 59.7 months, range 12-255 months). In 82 patients five-year follow-up and in 33 patients ten-year follow-up data were available. Five- and 10-year survival figures were 91.5 and 87.5 per cent respectively. Clinical resolution occurred in only 6 per cent of patients but in those who had biopsies following clinical resolution, diffuse mesangial cell proliferation and IgA deposits persisted in all. The rate of clinical deterioration correlated with proteinuria, hypertension, impaired renal function, crescents and sclerosed glomeruli on biopsy. Continuing high urinary erythrocyte counts were the strongest predictor of a progressive course.

Field of study: Medicine
Curriculum and Context: Trends in Interventions With Transition-Age Students With Severe Disabilities

The purpose of this systematic literature review was to determine trends in the curricular focus and instructional context of intervention research conducted with transition-age students with severe disabilities between 1975 and 2014. A total of 138 studies met inclusion criteria. Across the last three decades, interventions focused on functional skills declined while academic interventions increased. The most frequently used instructional contexts were special education classrooms, simulated activities, mass trials, and either a researcher or nonresearcher as the instructor. Differences in instructional context were present according to curricular focus. Findings suggest the need for interventions that span the breadth of curriculum promoted in the literature with specific emphasis on increasing interventions in areas predictive of positive post-school outcomes. Interventions are also needed that reflect instructional contexts that align more strongly with contexts valued within the field of severe disabilities.

Field of study: Education
Early impact of a fat-enriched diet on behavioral responses of male and female rats.

Prolonged high-fat diets have been shown to affect an organism's stress responsiveness at the neuroendocrine level. In the present study, the authors used a 7-day protocol of fat administration in adult rats of both sexes to investigate the early behavioral impact of a moderately fat (20%) diet, often used by Western societies, on rats' reaction to acute stress and novelty. Their results show that this diet can reduce the rats' active behavioral responses to subsequent stressors and influence their corticosterone secretion. Fat-fed male rats adopted a less active behavior to cope with forced swimming stress, whereas their exploratory behavior in the open field environment was rather increased compared with chow-fed males. Fat-fed female rats exhibited a less active behavioral response to both stress paradigms compared with their chow-fed counterparts. Fat diet abolished facilitation in corticosterone secretion following a subsequent stressor in both sexes. However, only in males did fat diet exaggerate corticosterone response to novelty, irrespective of the previous stress history of the rat. These data indicate that a short-term metabolic stress can modify the rats' stress coping strategy in interaction with the gender.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Demographic Predictors of Work-Family Conflict for Men and Women: Turkish Case

This study investigates the impact of several demographic factors (gender, age, marital status, position, number of children and employment of the spouse) on work-family conflict and family-work conflict. The study includes the employees in manufacturing and service sectors in Antalya. According to the results in this study, the level of work-family conflict of males and females is high, and no statistically meaningful difference is found between their means. Logistic regression analysis shows that the log of odds of males experiencing work-family conflict is negatively correlated with education and job tenure, but positively correlated with marital status. The log of odds of females experiencing work-family conflict is negatively correlated with education whereas it is positively correlated with marital status. Job tenure has an impact on family-work conflict of males, and age of children and having to care elderly parents are noted to have an impact on family-work conflict of females.

Field of study: Business
Aplanatic waveguide Fresnel lenses

A new modification of waveguide Fresnel lenses is proposed. The phase-shifting zones in these lenses are located on a curvilinear contour. It is shown that the coma aberration can be eliminated by selecting the contour shape as a circle in an isotropic waveguide and as part of an ellipse in an anisotropic waveguide. Results of a numerical simulation are presented. These demonstrate that the optical characteristics of lenses having a curvilinear contour are improved considerably. It is noted that hybrid planar optical systems free of the lowest-order aberrations can be constructed.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
The Q2 dependence of polarized and unpolarized proton structure functions in the relativistic quark exchange framework


In this article we intend to discuss the evolution of polarized and unpolarized structure functions in the (x,Q2) plane. We analyze the proton data on the spin dependence asymmetry A1(x,Q2), by making the dynamical assumption that at low resolution energies, the hadrons consist only of valence quarks and the scaling violation of F2(x,Q2) at low x comes only from the gluons density. While the sea quark and the gluon distributions are calculated using the inverse Mellin technique and the various moments of the valence quarks, the valence quark distribution itself is obtained from the relativistic quark-exchange model. A comparison is made with the corresponding available experimental data. Finally in agreement with the data, it is demonstrated that there is no significant Q2-dependence of asymmetry A1(x,Q2) for x ranging 0.014 ≤ x ≤ 0.25.

Field of study: Physics
A transgenic mouse model for studying the clearance of blood‐borne pathogens via human complement receptor 1 (CR1)

Complement receptor 1 (CR1) on the surface of human erythrocytes facilitates intravascular clearance of complement‐opsonized pathogens. The need for complement activation can be circumvented by directly coupling the organism to CR1 using a bispecific monoclonal antibody heteropolymer (HP). Lack of a functional homologue to CR1 on mouse erythrocytes has made it difficult to study HP‐dependent clearance of pathogens in small animals. We have developed a transgenic mouse that expresses human CR1 on erythrocytes. CR1 antigen is of appropriate size and in a clustered distribution as confirmed by immunoblotting and fluorescence microscopy, respectively. HP that immobilized bacteriophage ΦX174 prototype pathogen to erythrocyte CR1 of the transgenic mice increased the rate of clearance of the virus compared with HP that bound bacteriophage, but not CR1. This transgenic mouse model will allow evaluation of different HPs for their in vivo efficacy and potential as human therapeutics.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Study on kinetics of hydrogen desulfurization of diesel using Ni-Mo/TiO_2-Al_2O_3 as catalyst

The reaction rule of hydrogen desulfurization of diesel using Ni-Mo/TiO2-Al2O3 as catalyst is studied and the experiential model is established in high pressure trickle bed reactor by using mixed diesel as material.The reaction conditions are as follows: the reaction temperature is 280～360 ℃,the hydrogen pressure is 5-7 MPa,the volume ratio of hydrogen to oil is 300-900 and the liquid hourly space velocity(LHSV) is 1-6 h-1.The experimental data are regressed by means of Levenberg-Marquard optimization method,and the relevant parameters of reaction kinetic model are obtained as follows: the reaction order is 2.9,the apparent activation energy is 143 613 J/mol.The kinetic model of hydrogen desulfurization of diesel using Ni-Mo/TiO2-Al2O3 as catalyst in the range of experimental conditions is obtained.The calculation results by model tally well with experimental data.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Finanztheoretische Untersuchungen nebst Darstellung und Kritik des Steuerwesens Schwedens

Knut Wicksell's contribution to modern economic analysis has been immense, although his work only became better known during the 1930s. The "Finanztheorie Untersuchungen" is the least widely discussed of his major works, although the topic, public finance and taxation, and Wicksell's treatment of it, still merit this work as a major contribution to the history of economic thought.

Field of study: Political science
Size-dependent optical edge shifts and electrical conduction behaviour of RF magnetron sputtered CdTe nanocrystals:TiO2 composite thin films

CdTe nanocrystals sequestered and passivated in an amorphous TiO2 thin film matrix have been prepared by RF sputtering from a composite TiO2:CdTe target. The CdTe nanocrystal size and volume fraction increases from 15 to 40 nm and 2 to 20% respectively as the film thickness increases, typically from 0.05 to 0.25 µm. A systematic dependence of the optical band edge on the CdTe nanocrystal size shows a strong quantum confinement effect. The optical edge shifts are significantly higher than the theoretical prediction based on single-particle confinement of decoupled electrons and holes. This is understood on the basis of nucleation-controlled growth of CdTe nanocrystals by direct vapour phase condensation, in which small nuclei are rapidly passivated by TiO2 depositing at much higher rates. The nano-sized CdTe growth island thus formed comprises of several TiO2 passivated nanocrystals. Electrical conduction behaviour of these films show that tunnelling between the CdTe nanocrystals is not a dominant mechanism, as a three-dimensional network is not realized due to small thickness and lower coverage. The current transport is essentially space-charge-limited. The injection of electrons from nano-sized CdTe crystals follows spherical radial space charge flow which modifies the usual power law dependence from quadratic to 3/2. The analytical description of the current conduction process in composite CdTe:TiO2 is discussed.

Field of study: Materials science
Evaluation of Acacia nilotica (L.) del. and Casuarina equisetifolia forst. for tolerance and growth on microbially treated dyestuff wastewater.

Two tree species, Acacia nilotica (L.) Del. and Casuarina equisetifolia Forst., were tested for their tolerance and growth on dyestuff wastewater containing phenol, aniline, and methyl violet. The wastewater was treated microbially by using a culture of Pseudomonas alcaligenes in a fixed-film bioreactor. The plants were watered with untreated and treated wastewater and tap water (control) at the rate of 2 litre per plant per week. A. nilotica exhibited 100% survival with both untreated and treated wastewater, and growth (increase in height) was comparable to that of control plants. However, growth of C. equisetifolia was adversely affected. It exhibited 100% survival with treated wastewater but only 87% survival with untreated waste-water and the percentage increase in height was less with both treated and untreated wastewater. There was no effect on soil except for an increase in chloride content.

Field of study: Environmental science