nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Individual-Level Analyses of the Impact of Parasite Stress on Personality: Reduced Openness Only for Older Individuals

The parasite stress hypothesis predicts that individuals living in regions with higher infectious disease rates will show lower openness, agreeableness, and extraversion, but higher conscientiousness. This article, using data from more than 250,000 U.S. Facebook users, reports tests of these predictions at the level of both U.S. states and individuals and evaluates criticisms of previous findings. State-level results for agreeableness and conscientiousness are consistent with previously reported cross-national findings, but others (a significant positive correlation with extraversion and no correlation with openness) are not. However, effects of parasite stress on conscientiousness and agreeableness are not found when analyses account for the data’s hierarchical structure and include controls. We find that only openness is robustly related to parasite stress in these analyses, and we also find a significant interaction with age: Older, but not younger, inhabitants of areas of high parasite stress show lower openness. Interpretations of the findings are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
An overview of the latest development of microencapsulation for agricultural products

For the production of controlled-release agricultural formulations microencapsulation technologies are now the most used. Over the past two decades enormous progress has been made in order to develop the technologies which allow us to produce formulations tailor made to reach the target and fitting our toxicological requirements. This lecture is devoted to the definition of the criteria for selection of an active ingredient for microencapsulation and to a detailed review of the various techniques used today in commercal microencapsulated formulations. Resources are increasingly allocated into microencapsulation research & development by many agrochemical companies. Therefore the next 20 years should continue to yield innovative ideas including significant improvement of the physico-chemical and toxicological properties of the actual formulations on the market. Some of this new ideas are applied by our company in order to modify or improve those properties playing the key role in the intent for targeted activity : ? Recombination during production or upon storage. New protective colloides Dermal toxicity (LD 50) - secondary protective colloides. ? Release rate parameters. Modification by the change of mobility of the active ingredient from the core (solvent or fluid type) affecting transit time and therefore LD 50 values. ? Oral toxicity (LD 50). Graft copolymers irreversibly adsorbed to the capsule surface.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Irreducible representations of rational Cherednik algebras for exceptional Coxeter groups, Part I

This paper and its sequel describe the irreducible representations of the rational Cherednik algebra $H_c(W)$ for a finite Coxeter group $W$ of type $H_4$, $F_4$ with equal parameters, $E_6$, $E_7$, and $E_8$, when $c$ is not a half-integer. Herein appear the decomposition matrices of Category $\mathcal{O}_c(W)$ for $W=H_4$, $E_6$, and $E_7$, as well as a classification of finite-dimensional representations of $H_c(W)$ for these groups and for $H_c(F_4)$ with equal parameters.

Field of study: Mathematics
The architecture of HORNET: A packet-over-WDM multiple-access optical metropolitan area ring network

To cost-effectively address the phenomenal demand for bandwidth in the metropolitan area, the Optical Communications Research Laboratory at Stanford University and Sprint Advanced Technology Laboratories have developed a novel architecture for a large-scale metropolitan area network (MAN). The network, which is called HORNET, is a packet-over-WDM multiple-access network featuring the use of fast-tunable transmitters and a novel “CSMA/CA” media access protocol to improve network efficiency well beyond that of today’s solution. This paper presents the design and implementation of the network architecture and gives an analytical discussion of its advantages.

Field of study: Computer science
Geology of the Pine Hill Intrusive Complex, a Layered Gabbroic Body in the Western Sierra Nevada Foothills, California

The western Sierra Nevada metamorphic belt was subjected to several episodes of tectonism and metamorphism (Clark, 1960a, 1964; Baird, 1962; Bateman and others, 1963; Bateman and Wahrhaftig, 1966; Evernden and Kistler, 1970; Bateman and Clark, 1974; Schweickert and Cowan, 1975; Duffield and Sharp, 1975). The Foothills fault system (Clark, 1960b), which approximately parallels the regional strike of the metamorphic rocks, divides the metamorphic belt into a series of elongate structural blocks. The western Sierra Nevada metamorphic belt is intruded throughout its entire length by granitic, gabbroic, and ultramafic plutonic rocks. Ultramfic rock, which is largely serpentinized, occurs as conformable lenticular bodies which commonly coincide with major fault zones. Granitic rock which locally intrudes the ultramafic rock was emplaced mainly during the Inyo Mountains (180 to 160 m.y.) or Yosemite (148 to 132 m.y.) intrusive epochs (Evernden and Kistler, 1970). Gabbroic rock which occupies much less areal extent than either the granitic or ultramafic plutonic rocks has been genetically related to both the granitic and ultramafic rocks as well as to the enclosing metavolcanic rock (Durrell, 1940; Hietanen, 1951, 1976; Compton, 1955; Eric and others, 1955; Bateman and others, 1963; Clark, 1964; Putnam and Alfors, 1969; Olmsted, 1971). The purpose of this study is to investigate the structure, petrology, mineralogy, and chemistry of one of the largest gabbroic plutons in the western Sierra Nevada metamorphic belt, the Pine Hill intrusive complex. The origin and emplacement of this intrusion in relation to the evolution of the western metamorphic belt is also discussed. Geologic Setting East of Sacramento, California, the western Sierra Nevada metamorphic belt can be divided into at least four structural blocks, each separated by a major fault zone . As most fault zones in the western Sierra Nevada metamorphic belt have been mapped on the occurrence of linear bodies of sheared serpentinite and/or highly schistose metamorphic rock and “do not systematically repeat or offset dated stratigraphic successions, the nature and amount of offset along the major fault zones” (Schweickert and Cowan, 1975) is generally unknown.

Field of study: Geology
Cadmium distribution in mature durum wheat grains using dissection, laser ablation-ICP-MS and synchrotron techniques.

Understanding how essential and toxic elements are distributed in cereal grains is a key to improving the nutritional quality of cereal-based products. The main objective of this work was to characterize the distribution of Cd and of nutrients (notably Cu, Fe, Mn, P, S and Zn) in the durum wheat grain. Laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry and synchrotron micro X-ray fluorescence were used for micro-scale mapping of Cd and nutrients. A dissection approach was used to quantitatively assess the distribution of Cd and nutrients among grain tissues. Micro X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy was used to identify the Cd chemical environment in the crease. Cadmium distribution was characterized by strong accumulation in the crease and by non-negligible dissemination in the endosperm. Inside the crease, Cd accumulated most in the pigment strand where it was mainly associated with sulfur ligands. High-resolution maps highlighted very specific accumulation areas of some nutrients in the germ, for instance Mo in the root cortex primordia and Cu in the scutellum. Cadmium loading into the grain appears to be highly restricted. In the grain, Cd co-localized with several nutrients, notably Mn and Zn, which challenges the idea of selectively removing Cd-enriched fractions by dedicated milling process.

Field of study: Environmental science
Defect chemical analysis of the electronic conductivity of strontium-substituted lanthanum ferrite

The electronic conductivity of La 0.4 Sr 0.6 FeO 3− δ is studied in the oxygen partial pressure range 10 −5 ≤ p O 2 /atm≤1 at temperatures 100≤ T /°C≤900. The oxygen partial pressure dependence of the electronic conductivity in the p O 2 range under investigation shows a predominantly p-type character. Combination of the p O 2 dependences of the oxygen nonstoichiometry δ and the electronic conductivity σ at constant temperatures 600≤ T /°C≤900 indicates a significant decrease of σ with increasing δ . Concentrations of electronic defects are calculated from experimental data of the oxygen nonstoichiometry via a point defect model and applied to modelling of σ as a function of δ . The mobility of holes is estimated from the electronic conductivity and the calculated charge carrier concentrations as a function of oxygen nonstoichiometry. At constant p O 2 , the electronic conductivity is thermally activated at T p O 2 range 10 −4 ≤ p O 2 /atm≤10 −2 where significant oxygen deficit occurs. The temperature dependence of the electronic conductivity of La 0.4 Sr 0.6 FeO 3− δ was combined with results of the temperature dependence of the oxygen nonstoichiometry. Thus, activation energies for electronic conduction at constant oxygen content were obtained for the high temperature region ( T >300 °C) which are in agreement with isobaric activation energies of the electronic conductivity at low temperatures ( T

Field of study: Materials science
SIAM-Like phenomenon caused by low doses of alcohol.

Swift increase in alcohol metabolism (SIAM) is usually evoked by a large dose of ethanol, which is often demonstrated by an abrupt increase in oxygen uptake. SIAM was induced by low doses of ethanol and evaluated by pharmacokinetic analyses of ethanol and its metabolites.



Rabbits were initially administered 1.0 g/kg of ethanol solution and the same dose was given to the bolus group 6 hours after the first injection. The infusion group was administered 0.25 g/kg/h of ethanol 2 hours after the first injection. Blood concentrations of ethanol, acetaldehyde, and acetate were then determined and comparisons were made using pharmacokinetic parameters.



A significantly higher ethanol elimination rate was observed after re-administration of ethanol to the bolus group. Other pharmacokinetic parameters were unaffected. The concentration at steady state (Css) for the infusion group was stable. A significantly higher level of mean residence time (MRT) in blood acetaldehyde was observed for the bolus group, whereas no MRT changes were observed for the infusion group. A significantly higher level of blood acetate Css was observed after re-administration of ethanol to the bolus group, following the changes in area under concentration and MRT. No Css changes were observed for the infusion group. The Css of acetate at stage 2 was significantly higher for the bolus group, compared to the infusion group.



Low doses of ethanol enhanced alcohol metabolism in rabbits, according to a pharmacokinetic analysis of circulating ethanol concentrations. Simultaneous analyses of its metabolites followed the kinetic of ethanol.

Field of study: Medicine
Moral Philosophy on the Threshold of Modernity (review)

literature: “The trope of the Frenchified English person, who has lost his or her own national identity in his obsession with French fashion, is common” (146). Disease, Hentschell explains, is expressed through the comportment of foreign clothing; Harris is equally interested in the relationship between commodity and disease. While the introduction works to situate the volume within broader contexts, individual essays do not always engage fully with scrutinizing the now-substantial body of scholarship on humoralism, or prior literary criticism that one might wish to find in a collection about the representation of disease in early modern England and Europe written by both literary-oriented critics and historians; however, the clear strength of Sins of the Flesh is its breadth of illustrative material and methodological approaches to “reading this disease,” which, Siena reminds us, “is a complex process” (13) indeed. KAARA L. PETERSON Miami University of Ohio

Field of study: History
Northern Eurasia Earth Science Partnership Initiative: evolution of scientific investigations to applicable science

The letters collected in this focus issue of Environmental Research Letters on ‘Environmental, socio-economic and climatic changes in Northern Eurasia and their feedbacks to the global Earth system’ represent the third special issue based on the results of research within the Northern Eurasia Earth Science Partnership Initiative (NEESPI: http://neespi.org) program domain. Through the years, NEESPI researchers have presented a diverse array of articles that represent a variety of spatial scales and demonstrate the degree to which abrupt climatic and socio-economic changes are acting across Northern Eurasia and feed back to the global Earth system.

Field of study: Environmental science
Nash equilibrium and group strategy consensus of networked evolutionary game with coupled social groups

This paper studies the existence of Nash equilibrium and group strategy consensus problem of networked evolutionary game with coupled social groups, which is formulated as a two-layer networked game. First, by the approach of semi-tensor product, the payoff functions of players are converted into the algebraic forms, and two necessary and sufficient conditions are derived for the existence of pure Nash equilibrium. Second, the strict game algebraic equation by the best response adjustment rule with group intelligence is established, by which the group strategy consensus problem is investigated. At last, an example is worked out to verify our conclusions.

Field of study: Mathematics
Margins and yields of SFQ circuits in HTS materials

An analytical model has been developed to project the yield of superconductive integrated circuit chips as a function of circuit operating margins, fabrication process control, and component count. For Gaussian distributed deviations of critical component values from design specifications, chip yield was a highly nonlinear (threshold) function of the ratio of circuit margin to process standard deviation. Computer simulations of single-flux-quantum (SFQ) logic gates with model high-temperature superconductor (HTS) superconductor-normal-metal-superconductor (SNS) junctions operating at GHz clock rates showed at least 50-70% of the margins of similar Nb-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/-Nb based circuits. Margins and maximum clock rate improved as I/sub c/R/sub n/ (critical-current-normal-resistance product) was increased from 200 to 500 mV.<<ETX>>

Field of study: Physics
Optogenetics in epilepsy.

Optogenetics, the use of light to stimulate or inhibit neural circuits via viral transduction of protein channels, has emerged as a possible method of treating epilepsy. By introducing viral vectors carrying algal-derived cation or anion channels, known as opsins, neurons that initiate or propagate seizures may be silenced. To date, studies using this technique have been performed in animal models, and current efforts are moving toward more sophisticated nonhuman primate models. In this paper, the authors present a brief overview of the development of optogenetics and review recent studies investigating optogenetic modification of circuits involved in seizures. Further developments in the field are explored, with an emphasis on how optogenetics may influence future neurosurgical interventions.

Field of study: Medicine
Parametrization of Linear Systems Using Diffusion Kernels

Modeling natural and artificial systems has played a key role in various applications and has long been a task that has drawn enormous efforts. In this work, instead of exploring predefined models, we aim to identify implicitly the system degrees of freedom. This approach circumvents the dependency of a specific predefined model for a specific task or system and enables a generic data-driven method to characterize a system based solely on its output observations. We claim that each system can be viewed as a black box controlled by several independent parameters. Moreover, we assume that the perceptual characterization of the system output is determined by these independent parameters. Consequently, by recovering the independent controlling parameters, we find in fact a generic model for the system. In this work, we propose a supervised algorithm to recover the controlling parameters of natural and artificial linear systems. The proposed algorithm relies on nonlinear independent component analysis using diffusion kernels and spectral analysis. Employment of the proposed algorithm on both synthetic and practical examples has shown accurate recovery of parameters.

Field of study: Engineering
Variational Inference of Joint Models using Multivariate Gaussian Convolution Processes

We present a non-parametric prognostic framework for individualized event prediction based on joint modeling of both longitudinal and time-to-event data. Our approach exploits a multivariate Gaussian convolution process (MGCP) to model the evolution of longitudinal signals and a Cox model to map time-to-event data with longitudinal data modeled through the MGCP. Taking advantage of the unique structure imposed by convolved processes, we provide a variational inference framework to simultaneously estimate parameters in the joint MGCP-Cox model. This significantly reduces computational complexity and safeguards against model overfitting. Experiments on synthetic and real world data show that the proposed framework outperforms state-of-the art approaches built on two-stage inference and strong parametric assumptions.

Field of study: Computer science
Experimental Study of Multiple Scattering in X-Ray-Absorption Near-Edge Structure

Mise en evidence de deux types de diffusion multiple: 1) des atomes diffusants sont a peu pres colineaires avec l'atome central; 2) les atomes diffusants sont loin d'etre colineaires. Importance du type 1 au voisinage de la structure fine d'absorption de rayons X, et du type 2 au-dessus de la limite d'absorption quand les distances de liaison sont inferieures a ∼1,6 A. Exemples pour KMnO 4 et K 3 Mn(CN) 6

Field of study: Physics
NoMAS: A Computational Approach to Find Mutated Subnetworks Associated With Survival in Genome-Wide Cancer Studies

Next-generation sequencing technologies allow to measure somatic mutations in a large number of patients from the same cancer type: one of the main goals in their analysis is the identification of mutations associated with clinical parameters. The identification of such relationships is hindered by extensive genetic heterogeneity in tumors, with different genes mutated in different patients, due, in part, to the fact that genes and mutations act in the context of pathways: it is therefore crucial to study mutations in the context of interactions among genes. In this work we study the problem of identifying subnetworks of a large gene-gene interaction network with mutations associated with survival time. We formally define the associated computational problem by using a score for subnetworks based on the log-rank statistical test to compare the survival of two given populations. We propose a novel approach, based on a new algorithm, called Network of Mutations Associated with Survival (NoMAS) to find subnetworks of a large interaction network whose mutations are associated with survival time. NoMAS is based on the color-coding technique, that has been previously employed in other applications to find the highest scoring subnetwork with high probability when the subnetwork score is additive. In our case the score is not additive, so our algorithm cannot identify the optimal solution with the same guarantees associated to additive scores. Nonetheless, we prove that, under a reasonable model for mutations in cancer, NoMAS identifies the optimal solution with high probability. We also design a holdout approach to identify subnetworks significantly associated with survival time. We test NoMAS on simulated and cancer data, comparing it to approaches based on single gene tests and to various greedy approaches. We show that our method does indeed find the optimal solution and performs better than the other approaches. Moreover, on three cancer datasets our method identifies subnetworks with significant association to survival when none of the genes has significant association with survival when considered in isolation.

Field of study: Biology
Founding Cryptography on Tamper-Proof Hardware Tokens

A number of works have investigated using tamper-proof hardware tokens as tools to achieve a variety of cryptographic tasks. In particular, Goldreich and Ostrovsky considered the problem of software protection via oblivious RAM. Goldwasser, Kalai, and Rothblum introduced the concept of one-time programs: in a one-time program, an honest sender sends a set of simple hardware tokens to a (potentially malicious) receiver. The hardware tokens allow the receiver to execute a secret program specified by the sender’s tokens exactly once (or, more generally, up to a fixed t times). A recent line of work initiated by Katz examined the problem of achieving UC-secure computation using hardware tokens. 
 
Motivated by the goal of unifying and strengthening these previous notions, we consider the general question of basing secure computation on hardware tokens. We show that the following tasks, which cannot be realized in the “plain” model, become feasible if the parties are allowed to generate and exchange tamper-proof hardware tokens. 
 
Unconditional and non-interactive secure computation. We show that by exchanging simple stateful hardware tokens, any functionality can be realized with unconditional security against malicious parties. In the case of two-party functionalities f(x,y) which take their inputs from a sender and a receiver and deliver their output to the receiver, our protocol is non-interactive and only requires a unidirectional communication of simple stateful tokens from the sender to the receiver. This strengthens previous feasibility results for one-time programs both by providing unconditional security and by offering general protection against malicious senders. As is typically the case for unconditionally secure protocols, our protocol is in fact UC-secure. This improves over previous works on UC-secure computation based on hardware tokens, which provided computational security under cryptographic assumptions. 
 
Interactive secure computation from stateless tokens based on one-way functions. We show that stateless hardware tokens are sufficient to base general secure (in fact, UC-secure) computation on the existence of one-way functions. 
 
Obfuscation from stateless tokens. We consider the problem of realizing non-interactive secure computation from stateless tokens for functionalities which allow the receiver to provide an arbitrary number of inputs (these are the only functionalities one can hope to realize non-interactively with stateless tokens). By building on recent techniques for resettably secure computation, we obtain a general positive result under standard cryptographic assumptions. This gives the first general feasibility result for program obfuscation using stateless tokens, while strengthening the standard notion of obfuscation by providing security against a malicious sender.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics