nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The intrinsic reddening of the Magellanic Clouds as traced by background galaxies – I. The bar and outskirts of the Small Magellanic Cloud

European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programmeEuropean Research Council (ERC) [682115]; ERC consolidator grant project STARKEY [615604]; Science and Engineering Research Board, India, through the Ramanujan Fellowship; NSFNational Science Foundation (NSF) [AST 1655677]; FONDECYTComision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT)CONICYT FONDECYT [1170364]; Science and Technology Facility Council (STFC) in the UKScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); ESO [179.B-2003]; U.S. Department of EnergyUnited States Department of Energy (DOE); U.S. National Science FoundationNational Science Foundation (NSF); Ministry of Science and Education of SpainMinistry of Education and Science, Spain; STFC of the U.K.Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); Higher Education Funding Council for EnglandHigher Education Funding Council for England; National Center for SupercomputingApplications at theUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago; Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics at the Ohio State UniversityOhio State University; Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy at Texas AM University; Financiadora de Estudos e ProjetosCiencia Tecnologia e Inovacao (FINEP); Fundacao Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparoa Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnologicoNational Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia e Inovacao; Deutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftGerman Research Foundation (DFG); Argonne National LaboratoryUnited States Department of Energy (DOE)University of Chicago; University of California at Santa Cruz; University of CambridgeUniversity of Cambridge; Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas; Medioambientales y Tecnologicas-Madrid; University of ChicagoUniversity of Chicago; University College London; DES-Brazil Consortium; University of Edinburgh; Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule (ETH) ZurichETH Zurich; Fermi National Accelerator LaboratoryUnited States Department of Energy (DOE)University of Chicago; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai (IEEC/CSIC); Institut de Fisica d'Altes Energies; Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryUnited States Department of Energy (DOE); Ludwig-Maximilians Universitat Munchen; associated Excellence Cluster Universe; University of MichiganUniversity of Michigan System; National Optical Astronomy ObservatoryNational Science Foundation (NSF)NSF - Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences (MPS); University of Nottingham; Ohio State UniversityOhio State University; University of Pennsylvania; University of Portsmouth;

Field of study: Physics
Improving recovery after elective degenerative spine surgery: 5-year experience with an enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol.

OBJECTIVEEnhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) has led to a paradigm shift in various surgical specialties. Its application can result in substantial benefits in perioperative healthcare utilization through preoperative physical and mental patient optimization and modulation of the recovery process. Still, ERAS remains relatively new to spine surgery. The authors report their 5-year experience, focusing on ERAS application to a broad population of patients with degenerative spine conditions undergoing elective surgical procedures, including anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF).METHODSA multimodal ERAS protocol was applied between November 2013 and October 2018. The authors analyze hospital stay, perioperative outcomes, readmissions, and adverse events obtained from a prospective institutional registry. Elective tubular microdiscectomy and mini-open decompression as well as minimally invasive (MI) anterior or posterior fusion cases were included. Their institutional ERAS protocol contains 22 pre-, intra-, and postoperative elements, including preoperative patient counseling, MI techniques, early mobilization and oral intake, minimal postoperative restrictions, and regular audits.RESULTSA total of 2592 consecutive patients were included, with 199 (8%) undergoing fusion. The mean hospital stay was 1.1 ± 1.2 days, with 20 (0.8%) 30-day and 36 (1.4%) 60-day readmissions. Ninety-four percent of patients were discharged after a maximum 1-night hospital stay. Over the 5-year period, a clear trend toward a higher proportion of patients discharged home after a 1-night stay was observed (p < 0.001), with a concomitant decrease in adverse events in the overall cohort (p = 0.025) and without increase in readmissions. For fusion procedures, the rate of 1-night hospital stays increased from 26% to 85% (p < 0.001). Similarly, the average length of hospital stay decreased steadily from 2.4 ± 1.2 days to 1.5 ± 0.3 days (p < 0.001), with a notable concomitant decrease in variance, resulting in an estimated reduction in nursing costs of 46.8%.CONCLUSIONSApplication of an ERAS protocol over 5 years to a diverse population of patients undergoing surgical procedures, including ALIF, for treatment of degenerative spine conditions was safe and effective, without increase in readmissions. The data from this large case series stress the importance of the multidisciplinary, iterative improvement process to overcome the learning curve associated with ERAS implementation, and the importance of a dedicated perioperative care team. Prospective trials are needed to evaluate spinal ERAS on a higher level of evidence.

Field of study: Medicine
How to solve Blum's paradox

In An Essay on Free Will, Peter van Inwagen ( produced a classic argument for incompatibilism, the claim that freedom and determinism are incompatible. Van Inwagen begins by assuming that, for any proposition p, it is a necessary condition of someone's being free with respect to p that she have a choice about whether p. He then goes on to argue that 'if determinism is true, then no one ever has any choice about anything' (1983: 95). In his rigorous presentation of this 'consequence' argument, van Inwagen uses 'Op' to abbreviate 'it is broadly logically necessary that p', and uses 'Np' to abbreviate 'p and no one ever has, or ever had, any choice about whether p'. The argument itself relies on the following two principles, Alpha and Beta

Field of study: Philosophy
Ontogeny of the stretch response in the rat fetus: kappa opioid involvement.

Previous studies have demonstrated that the kappa opioid system is functional and plays a role in mediating the stretch response of the rat fetus on Day 21 of gestation. In this study, a kappa opioid agonist (U50,488) was administered on Days 19, 20, or 21, and fetal behavior was recorded after infusion of either milk or saline. Activation of the kappa opioid system promoted stretching in response to saline on Days 20 and 21. Although fetuses on Day 19 did not stretch, videotape analysis indicated that kappa opioid manipulation promoted modest increases in rearlimb activity and changes in fetal body posture that typically occur antecedent to the stretch. These findings suggest that functional maturity, of the kappa opioid system may be a limiting factor in the expression of the fetal stretch response.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Dynamics of nitric oxide dependant oxidative stress in acute stage of ischemic stroke

Fifty-eight patients with acute ischemic stroke have been studied. The basic neurological impairment was assessed with the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). The patients were stratified by stroke severity into 2 groups: 1--with severe stroke (GCS> 9; NIHSS > 15) and 2--with stroke of moderate severity (GCS = 14-15; NIHSS = 10-15). Visualization of ischemic injury was performed by conventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 24 hours after stroke onset. Nitric oxide (NO) levels were measured by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) method and NO2 and superoxidedismutase (SOD) levels were defined by spectrophotometer. Comparing to controls, intensive EPR signals for free NO were found in the groups of patients during 48 hours after stroke onset, though no between-group differences were detected. In group 2, CSF SOD and NO2 levels were significantly higher than in group 1 and controls. There was a significant negative correlation between initial NO2 CSF levels and ischemic lesion size as well as functional outcome 1 month after stroke onset. Thus, CSF NO2 levels in acute stage of ischemic stroke can be considered as an important predictor of the disease course and functional outcome.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
APPLICATIONS OF LASERS AND OTHER TOPICS: Theory of resonances of saturated absorption in low-pressure gases

A theory of saturated absorption resonances is developed for the transit range of pressures of an absorbing gas with an arbitrary degree of saturation. The rate equation approximation is used to obtain expressions for the absorption coefficient in the cases of one traveling wave, weak and strong opposite waves, and a standing wave with a rectangular radial distribution of the intensity. An analytic study is made of the behavior of resonance widths when the saturating field intensities are varied and it is shown that, in particular, at relatively low densities the widths are proportional to the fourth root of the intensity.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Think about quality control of outside monitoring

Elaborated the importance for quality control of environment monitoring and pointed out that quality control of environmental monitoring is a weak link for quality control of all environment monitoring stations and discussed about the methods and measures for enhancing the quality of environment monitoring from five aspects about formulating Standard Operating Procedure of outside monitoring;completing carefully each preparatory work;Strengthening instrument's maintenance and the calibration;Paying great attention the training and education of monitoring personnel;forming the effective system of control and inspection.in order to solute the weak link and enhance the the quality of environment monitoring comprehensively.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effects of flow distribution on performance of three-way catalytic converter(II) results and analysis

The effects of flow distributions on the light-off,warm-up performance and the temporal variation of the solid temperature were studied through numerical simulation,and an experiment of the flow distribution was carried out.The predicted velocity distribution agreed with experimental results satisfactorily.The following conclusions were obtained from the predicted light-off curves and the steady conversion efficiency,that the light-off time increases and the total outlet conversion efficiency reduces as the flow uniformity index decreases,and the conversion efficiency decreases as the radius reduces due to the reduction of residual time caused by the increase of the velocity.The analyses on the distribution of temperature in the monolith show that the solid temperatures in area near front face rise as the radius increases, and the radial gradient of solid temperature becomes greater as the flow uniformity index decreases.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Long Support Wavelet Based Scalable Video Coding and its Parallel Implementation

Discrete wavelet transform is very suitable for scalable video coding due to its time-spatial frequency locality and multi-resolution analysis. Fully scalable embedded bit stream can be generated from source video frames, which are encoded only one time by using scalable video coding scheme. Decoding a part of the bit stream can get video frames with different quality and time-spatial resolution. In this paper, Enhanced MC-EZBC (EMC-EZBC) is implemented based on MC-EZBC, in which long support wavelet based on the lifting scheme is adopted in sub-pixel accurate motion compensation time filter (MCTF) and spatial analysis. The experimental results show that EMC-EZBC is comparable to H.264/AVC at medium and high bit rates. Parallel EMC-EZBC is implemented on Nankai Stars cluster system and high speedup is obtained.

Field of study: Computer science
Magnetische Eigenschaften des Praseodym-Äthylsulfates

ZusammenfassungDie Magnetische Suszeptibilität von Praseodym-Äthylsulfat-Einkristallen wurde für die beiden Hauptachsen im Temperaturbereich von 4,4 bis 295 °K durch die Kraft im inhomogenen Magnetfeld gemessen. Aus der Suszeptibilität wurden der lineare und quadratische Zeeman-Effekt sowie die Lage der Kristallfeldkomponenten für den Elektronengrundzustand3H4 des dreiwertigen Praseodym-Ions bestimmt.

Field of study: Physics
Introduction to the field of cryobiology and overview of selected papers

The article is a synopsis of the 9 papers in the field of cryobiology, particularly regarding the use of modern cryopreservation and related techniques for conservation of genetic resources of endangered species and economically important breeds of wild and domesticated animals and plants published in this issue of the International Journal of Refrigeration. The papers are related to vitrification, primarily of reproductive and progenitor cells as a swiftly expanding and effective approach of biostabilization, as well as to cryopreservation of spermatozoa, leucocytes, and other cells of the humans, sturgeon species, European mink, marine invertebrates, and plants. A brief introduction to cryobiology and related fields is also provided.

Field of study: Engineering
Putting the fourth crow in the sky: Using narrative to understand the experiences of one non-heritage learner of an endangered language

Building on contemporary approaches to narrative analysis, this article examines how one non-heritage learner of an endangered Native American language described his experiences of learning Lenape in a college course. Analysis of a multimodal digital narrative created as a course project demonstrates the ways that this student employed a legend as a metanarrative to contextualize his individual language learning journey as part of a broader linguistic and cultural revitalization movement. Structural elements of the narrative downplay the narrator's individual role and agency in studying the language, showing ways that this learner negotiated his position and privilege in learning a language previously only spoken by members of the Lenape cultural community. The article considers the utility of narrative analysis and the constructs of investment and imagined communities in a language revitalization context.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
Density functional study of orbital-selective magnetism in FeAs-based superconductors

We performed spin-polarized density functional calculations of lanthanide-series (Ln) iron oxypnictides LnFeAsO (Ln=La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, and Gd) with constrained Fe magnetic moments, finding that in-plane dxy and out-of-plane dyz orbital characters are preferred for small Fe magnetic moments. Comparison of LnFeAsO compounds shows that the antiferromagnetism (AFM) from the Fe dxy orbital is itinerantly driven by orbital-dependent Fermi-surface nesting while AFM from the Fe dyz orbital is driven by superexchange mechanism. The Fe magnetic moments of the two orbital characters show different coupling strengths to Fermi-surface electrons orbital-selectively, suggesting that they may play different roles in superconductivity and in AFM, and making d orbital characters of the magnetic moment resolvable by measuring the electronic structures.

Field of study: Physics
SU‐GG‐I‐133: The Analysis of the Transformation Map Construction for Optic Flow Based Image Registrations

A formal analysis and computational examples of the deformation field calculation for optic‐flow‐based image registration algorithms is presented. The addition and composition of the deformation field updates are compared for different types of medium deformation.  A robust family of image registration algorithms is based on the optic flow method. They are iterative and use the conceptual temporal and spatial gradients of the registered images for the determination of the deformation between the objects. This transformation map is obtained iteratively from the current one by: i)the addition and ii)the composition with the update field. These methods are formally different and interplay with image gradients. This effect of the interplay is examined with respect to the type of the deformation. Synthetic and patient images are used in an experiment.  The inter‐relation of the deformation field and the gradient forces of the algorithms provides the main gauge of the effectiveness of the iterative process of the determination of the deformation field. The disparity in the alignment of the gradient and the field decreases the efficiency of the iterative process for the additive update. The translational differences between the moving and static image do not affect either methods. The variable deformation is properly addressed by the composition in the iterative process.  This analysis can be generalized for any image registration algorithms, which uses the multiple pass approach for the image update in an iterative scheme. The obvious temporal load of the field composition can be mitigated by the use of linear interpolations. For multigrid‐based image registrations, the low resolution steps do can use B‐spline interpolations without sacrificing performance. The improved effectiveness of the deformation field buildup is an important issue for the creation of physically veritable diffeomorphic transformations.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Symmetric Tests of the Hypothesis that the Mean of One Normal Population Exceeds That of Another

One of the most commonly recurring statistical problems is to determine, on the basis of statistical evidence, which of two samples, drawn from different universes, came from the universe with the larger mean value of a particular variate. Let M y be the mean value which would be obtained with universe (Y) and M x be the mean value which would be obtained with universe (X). Then a test may be constructed [1] for the hypothesis M y ≥ M X.

Field of study: Mathematics
Management of crown-of-thorns sea star (Acanthaster planci L.) outbreaks: Removal success depends on reef topography and timing within the reproduction cycle

Removals of crown-of-thorns sea stars (Acanthaster planci L.) are crucial initiatives in limiting the damage to coral reefs during outbreaks, but have often been unable to control the populations. We hypothesized that reef topography and exact timing of removals (before reproduction) determine their success and studied these in reefs along the western shore of Samal Island in the Philippines. An outbreak of A. planci was successfully removed from an isolated reef (surrounding water column >40 m) during 42 dive hours. In August 2009, the removal rate was initially 14 specimens h−1, which sharply decreased to less than 4 h−1 after the third removal. From May 2011 onward, no specimens were observed. All sea stars were found at depths ≤18 m, which confirmed that migration to isolated reefs is very unlikely. Mean gonado-somatic index (GSI) ranged from 6 to 15 in April–May 2010 and March–April 2011. During the rest of the year, mean GSI ranged between 0 and 4. Maximum GSI of 22.0 was found for one female specimen in April 2010. Maturation occurred at a diameter of 13 cm (female) and 16 cm (male). Diameter frequency distributions showed a new cohort (7 ≤ diameter ≤ 10 cm) between November 2009 and February 2010. To accurately compare results of various studies, relationships between underwater diameter, surface diameter, and crown-of-thorns weight, were established. Removals are recommended to be performed in isolated reefs, where migration from adjacent areas is limited, and before reproduction in April (Northern hemisphere), reducing the chance of future outbreaks.

Field of study: Environmental science
CMOS self-calibration of Josephson flash-type A/D circuits

We present CMOS self-calibration and bias circuits for Josephson circuits. In Josephson technology, process variations in critical circuit parameters such as junction critical current, resistance, and inductance adversely affect the performance. For example, process deviations in junction critical currents leads to low dynamic range and nonuniform quantization steps in flash-type A/D converters. While CMOS technology has a speed disadvantage with respect to Josephson technology, it does make available highly accurate current sources that are relatively process independent and difficult to obtain in Josephson technology. Here, we discuss how the 4 K CMOS self-calibration of a Josephson flash type A/D converter can be used to improve dynamic range.<<ETX>>

Field of study: Physics
Colocalization and FRET-analysis of subunits c and a of the vacuolar H+-ATPase in living plant cells.

The proton-translocating plant vacuolar H(+)-ATPase (VHA) is of prime importance for acidification of intracellular compartments and is essential for processes such as secondary activated transport, maintenance of ion homeostasis, and adaptation to environmental stress. Twelve genes have been identified that encode subunits of the functional V-ATPase complex. In this study, subunits c and a of the V-ATPase from the plant Mesembryanthemum crystallinum were fused to cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) and yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), respectively, and were transiently coexpressed in protoplasts. Two-colour scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy demonstrates that the fusion proteins VHA-c-CFP and VHA-a-YFP are colocalized at the tonoplast, the plasmamembrane, and at endoplasmic membrane structures indicating expression in cytoplasmic vesicles. Furthermore, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) was used to visualize the interaction of VHA-c and VHA-a in vivo on the nanometer length scale. Excitation of CFP as donor fluorophore caused increased emission of YFP-fluorescence in protoplasts due to FRET. Our results give strong evidence for physical interaction of subunits c and a in living plant cells.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering