nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamic Cycles and Electrical Charge Recovery in High-Efficiency Electrocaloric Cooling Systems

This paper introduces a linearized model of electrocaloric cooling. The model is derived for electrocaloric Brayton, Carnot, and Otto cycles, and a more practical hybrid constant voltage-charge (HCVC) variation of the Otto cycle. It is then parametrized for a benchmark terpolymer material. Model outputs are used to examine the system performance under each cycle as a function of temperature lift. The impact of electrical charge recovery efficiency on performance is then invesand to provide insight into system optimization requirements. Practical limitations of charge recovery circuits are discussed in the context of heat and work transfer in each cycle leg. Results indicate that electrical charge recovery efficiency greater than 95% is needed to achieve competitive system efficiency and that this is challenging with a Carnot cycle, despite its theoretical optimality. The Brayton and Otto cycles, in contrast, can achieve cooling efficiencies that approach the theoretical maximum.

Field of study: Engineering
Superposed folding in the Neogene series of the northeastern Tunisia: precision of the upper Miocene compression and geodynamic significance

New field observations carried out in northeastern Tunisia (Kechabta Neogene basin) allowed us to clarify and pinpoint the chronology of the folding phases which had been the subject of contradictions in previous studies. To better understand the folding in the study area, a set of structural, lithostratigraphic and cartographic arguments are given in order to confirm the Atlassic folding phase (upper Tortonian) affecting rheologically weak and incompetent materials of the Neogene layers. In the Kechabta Neogene basin, the upper Tortonian folding is materialized by an unconformity between the Kechabta (Tortonian) and the Oued Bel Khedim (Messinian) formations. The highlight of this event allows us to identify the current fold structure of the study area as a superposition of two major folding episodes: The first one occurred during the upper Tortonian, and the second in the Early Quaternary (post-Villafranchian). The chronological consistency of the upper Tortonian folding in the Kechabta basin with the rest of the Tunisian chains allows for a better understanding of the collision context (Miocene to the Quaternary) which dominated the western Mediterranean Sea and steered the structural evolution of Tunisia.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effects of the Experience in Using the Third-Party Payment on the Payment Model of Online Shopping

As it is impossible for consumers to conduct a face-to-face transaction in online shopping, both buyers and sellers would mistrust each other and lack a sense of security. To address this problem, people have gradually paid heed to the third-party payment. Targeting at the third-party payment, this study probed into the effects of consumers’ perceived risk and benefit of the third-party payment system, social impact and personal involvement in the Internet on the attitude towards the third-party payment system, perceived value and use intention. Moreover, a relational model was established, and the differences between those who had used the third-party payment and those who hadn’t were explored. In this study, the convenience sampling was adopted to retrieve 761 valid questionnaire copies. The respondents were divided into two groups according to the experience in using the third-party payment: one had used the third-party payment and the other hadn’t. Then, the two groups were compared. The findings showed that there was significant difference between the two groups in three relational paths: (1) for the online shoppers who had used the third-party payment, perceived benefit had stronger influence on use attitude; (2) for the online shoppers who had never used the third-party payment, attitude had greater impact on the use intention of the third-party payment; (3) for the online shoppers who had used the third-party payment, perceived value had more significant effect on the use intention of the third-party payment. The research results also demonstrated that there was some difference in behavioral model between the two groups. These findings can be taken as reference information for the third-party payment enterprises to make strategies.

Field of study: Business
A fast and progressive algorithm for skyline queries with totally- and partially-ordered domains

We devise a skyline algorithm that can efficiently mitigate the enormous overhead of processing millions of tuples on totally- and partially-ordered domains (henceforth, TODs and PODs). With massive datasets, existing techniques spend a significant amount of time on a dominance comparison because of both a large number of skyline points and the unprogressive method of skyline computing with PODs. (If data has high dimensionality, the situation is undoubtedly aggravated.) The progressiveness property turns out to be the key feature for solving all remaining problems. This article presents a FAST-SKY algorithm that deals successfully with these two obstacles and improves skyline query processing time strikingly, even with high-dimensional data. Progressive skyline evaluation with PODs is guaranteed by new index structures and topological sorting order. A stratification technique is adopted to index data on PODs, and we propose two new index structures: stratified R-trees (SR-trees) for low-dimensional data and stratified MinMax treaps (SM-treaps) for high-dimensional data. A fast dominance comparison is achieved by using a reporting query instead of a dominance query, and a dimensionality reduction technique. Experimental results suggest that in general cases (anti-correlated and uniform distributions) FAST-SKY is orders of magnitude faster than existing algorithms.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Error and the Growth of Experimental Knowledge

We Have Ways of Making You Talk, or, Long Live Peircism-Popperism-NeymanPearson Thought! After I'd bungled teaching it enough times to have an idea of what I was doing, one of the first things students in my introductory physics classes learned (or anyway were taught), and which I kept hammering at all semester, was error analysis: estimating the uncertainty in measurements, propagating errors from measured quantities into calculated ones, and some very quick and dirty significance tests, tests for whether or not two numbers agree, within their associated margins of error. I did this for purely pragmatic reasons: it seemed like one of the most useful things we were supposed to teach, and also one of the few areas where what I did had any discernible effect on what they learnt. Now that I've read Mayo's book, I'll be able to offer another excuse to my students the next time I teach error analysis, namely, that it's how science really works.

Field of study: Mathematics
Anomalous, spin, and valley Hall effects in graphene deposited on ferromagnetic substrates

Spin, anomalous, and valley Hall effects in graphene-based hybrid structures are studied theoretically within the Green function formalism and linear response theory. Two different types of hybrid systems are considered in detail: (i) graphene/boron nitride/ferromagnetic metal (cobalt or nickel), and (ii) graphene/magnetic insulator (YIG). The main interest is focused on the proximity-induced exchange interaction between graphene and magnetic substrate and on the proximity-enhanced spin–orbit coupling. The proximity effects are shown to have a significant influence on the electronic and spin transport properties of graphene. To find the spin, anomalous and valley Hall conductivities we employ certain effective Hamiltonians which have been proposed recently for the hybrid systems under considerations. Both anomalous and valley Hall conductivities are shown to have universal values when the Fermi level is inside the energy gap in the electronic spectrum.

Field of study: Physics
A Research Note on the Influence of Relationship Length and Sex on Preferences for Altruistic and Cooperative Mates

Previous literature suggests that altruism may have evolved as a sexually selectable trait. Recent research suggests that women seek altruistic traits for long-term, not short-term relationships, as altruism can serve as an honest signal of one’s character. We tested this hypothesis by asking 102 participants to complete a modified version of Buss’s Mate Preferences Questionnaire. We found that women placed higher importance on altruism in a mate compared to men, and this preference was greater when seeking a long-term mate, compared to a short-term mate. We also found that although women placed greater importance on cooperativeness in a mate compared to men, this preference was not influenced by whether they were seeking a short-term or a long-term mate. We successfully replicate previous literature exploring the role of altruism in mate choice.

Field of study: Psychology
Optical dating of dune sands in the northeastern deserts of China

Optical dating has been used to obtain the ages of fossil-stabilized sand dunes from four sections in the northeastern deserts of China. Our results indicate that the optically stimulated luminescence ages of the four sections correlate well, even though the samples were collected from different deserts about 600 km apart. Our results also indicate that active dune formation in this region lasted from the Last Glacial Maximum to about 10 ka, and that the warm climate of the Holocene was interrupted by a cold/dry dune formation episode about 3.5–1.7 ka. The Holocene Optimum in this region is between 10 and 3.6 ka, and a later warm/humid dune stabilization phase lasted from at least 1.6 to 1.0 ka. The youngest age on the uppermost sand unit yielded an age of only 40 yr, supporting the previous argument that the existence of modern active eolian sands in the regions with a mean annual precipitation of up to 450 mm is not mainly due to drought, but to extensive land cultivation over historic time. From the luminescence properties of the quartz grains, it is hypothesized that the sands in most of the sections are probably derived from more than one source, with a minor source of quartz having a different thermal history before deposition.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Why Did Trade Liberalization Work for East Asia but Fail in Latin America?

The occasional success of neoliberal policies such as free trade and balanced budgets in East Asia have long served, correctly or incorrectly, as a model of success for industrializing economies. The failure to adopt these policies in Latin America early enough is seen as the cause of its inability to match the East Asian success. The author says this assumption is dead wrong. Damage done by the eventual adoption of neoliberal polices in Latin America show that the nations were not at a stage where such policies could possibly work.

Field of study: Economics
Development of ICA and IVA Algorithms with Application to Medical Image Analysis

Independent component analysis (ICA) is a widely used BSS method that can uniquely achieve source recovery, subject to only scaling and permutation ambiguities, through the assumption of statistical independence on the part of the latent sources. Independent vector analysis (IVA) extends the applicability of ICA by jointly decomposing multiple datasets through the exploitation of the dependencies across datasets. Though both ICA and IVA algorithms cast in the maximum likelihood (ML) framework enable the use of all available statistical information in reality, they often deviate from their theoretical optimality properties due to improper estimation of the probability density function (PDF). This motivates the development of flexible ICA and IVA algorithms that closely adhere to the underlying statistical description of the data. Although it is attractive minimize the assumptions, important prior information about the data, such as sparsity, is usually available. If incorporated into the ICA model, use of this additional information can relax the independence assumption, resulting in an improvement in the overall separation performance. Therefore, the development of a unified mathematical framework that can take into account both statistical independence and sparsity is of great interest. In this work, we first introduce a flexible ICA algorithm that uses an effective PDF estimator to accurately capture the underlying statistical properties of the data. We then discuss several techniques to accurately estimate the parameters of the multivariate generalized Gaussian distribution, and how to integrate them into the IVA model. Finally, we provide a mathematical framework that enables direct control over the influence of statistical independence and sparsity, and use this framework to develop an effective ICA algorithm that can jointly exploit these two forms of diversity.

Field of study: Computer science
Long-Term Learning, Achievement Tests, and Learner Centered Instruction.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of achievement tests to measure long-term learning at the higher education level in traditional verses learner-centered classrooms. Volunteer instructors who use comprehensive achievement tests as an important component of their grading system were asked to complete an instrument that measures the level of the learner-centered approach of the instructor. Their students were asked to volunteer to retake the course's final test one semester later. As expected, although a decline in performance was observed for both groups, the decline for the low learner-centered group was much sharper.

Field of study: Education
碳青霉烯耐药肺炎克雷伯菌产β-内酰胺酶及流行性研究

肺炎克雷伯菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae,Kpn)属条件致病菌,是临床分离及医院感染的重要革兰阴性杆菌之一.由于β-内酰胺类及氨基糖苷类等广谱抗菌素的广泛应用,肺炎克雷伯菌的多重耐药现象越来越严重,其主要机制之一是通过产生超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)及头孢菌素酶(AmpC酶)实现;对于这些多重耐药菌,碳青霉烯类抗生素(如亚胺培南、美罗培南和厄他培南等)是目前可用的最有效药物.然而,近年来各种碳青霉烯水解酶的相继出现,临床中分离的碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药菌株的不断增加等现象使得碳青霉烯类耐药的肺炎克雷伯菌成为医学感染的严重威胁[1-2]。

Field of study: Biology
One Monitoring Device Design for Cold Storage Based on Energy Saving

Fresh agricultural products and rare Chinese medicinal materials have certain requirements on the temperature of cold storage in the store. In view of this problem, this paper designs a cold storage monitoring device to ensure the quality of fresh products, and solve the energy consumption in cold storage. The device includes temperature sensor, controller, alarm device, liquid crystal display, refrigeration unit and so on. Three aspects including control structure, air change device, refrigerant module are designed. This design can increase the refrigeration time of refrigerated items and the edible taste of food refrigerated items, reduce cooling energy consumption, it can be widely used in fresh products, Chinese medicinal materials, vegetables and fruits frozen preservation.

Field of study: Engineering
Sharing in the financing of health care: government, insurance and the patient.

The health care systems of all countries have faced the problems of rising expenditures. In those countries with well developed social security health insurance financing, cost issues have been tackled without the threat of a major decrease in revenues. In Israel, revenues have declined dramatically in recent years. The major cause was the steep decrease in government participation, linked first to political and currently to economic factors. Since the level of government participation in the health insurance budget was not guaranteed by statute, the present system is confronted with a large and growing deficit, and by uncertainty to the point of threatening the viability of public health services in Israel. To understand the scope and issues in the sharing of financing between government, insurance contributions and the patient in other countries, this paper describes the situation in France, West Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands as compared to Israel. In summary, the decline and instability in government support in Israel differentiates that country from the others and raises questions as to the recognition by government of the role of social security financed health care.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Amphiregulin Promotes Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-C Expression and Lymphangiogenesis through STAT3 Activation in Human Chondrosarcoma Cells.

Chondrosarcoma is the second most common primary malignancy of bone, characterized by a high metastatic potential. Increasing clinical data highlight the important role played by lymphangiogenesis in cancer metastasis. Amphiregulin (AR) has been implicated in tumor metastasis and lymphangiogenesis, but its association with vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) expression and lymphangiogenesis in chondrosarcoma is unclear.



We used qPCR, ELISA and Western blotting to detect AR-induced VEGF-C expression in chondrosarcoma cells. Lymphangiogenesis was investigated by lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) migration and tube formation. An in vivo experiment examined AR expression in tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis.



In this study, we found that both AR and VEGF-C expression correlated with tumor stage and were significantly higher than levels found in normal cartilage. Exogenous AR promoted VEGF-C expression in chondrosarcoma cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner and subsequently increased migration and tube formation of LECs. AR also increased VEGF-C expression and lymphangiogenesis through the Src/MEK/ERK/STAT3 signaling pathway. However, it is unclear as to how an EGFR ligand (AR) induces activation of the Src kinase. Knockdown of AR decreased VEGF-C expression in chondrosarcoma cells. Similarly, lymphangiogenesis was abolished in AR knockdown cells in an in vivo model of chondrosarcoma.



These results indicate that AR occurs through the Src/MEK/ERK/STAT-3 pathway, activating VEGF-C expression and contributing to lymphangiogenesis in human chondrosarcoma. Thus, AR could be a therapeutic target in metastasis and lymphangiogenesis of chondrosarcoma.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
The Difficulties and Strategies to Protect and Develop Geographic Indication of China

According to relevant laws and regulations of geographic indication and the management and use of geographic indication,we figure out that there exist some problems:the definition is too broad;the responsibility of each department is unclear;the main force apply for geographic indication is uncertain;only the number of application is purchased but the implementation power is in deficiency;ineffective branding affects consumer cognition;and the scope of origin expands unauthorizedly and the production technology changes freely,which cannot guarantee the quality.Therefore,it is necessary to solve those problems by legal protection and scientific management and coordinate the interests among apartments to promote the development of the geographic indication industry.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Analysis of Unregulated Emissions from a Diesel Bus Equipped with CDPF

In this paper, it was studied on effects of CDPF (catalyzed diesel particulate filters, (DPF) on the unregulated emissions, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate carbon components, particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and its toxicity from the diesel bus emissions. The results show that the VOCs were reduced by 57.6% by the CDPF, the total carbon (TC) were reduced by 70.4%. The PAHs from diesel bus were reduced up to 91.1% and the CDPF showed higher reduction rate for low-ring PAHs, such as 3-ring and 4-ring PAHs, while it presented lower selective for higher ring PAHs. The CDPF can obviously reduce the toxicity equivalent of different benzene ring PAHs, and there was no obvious effect on toxicity equivalent ratio of different benzene rings of PAHs 柴油公交车加装CDPF的非常规污染物排放特征分析 冯谦,李菁元,王计广,徐月云,秦孔建,李孟良 中国汽车技术研究中心,天津 300300 关键词:非常规排放物,CDPF,柴油公交车,测试技术。 摘要:本文测试分析了柴油公交车安装CDPF(catalyzed diesel particulate filters, CDPF)在瞬 态测试循环工况下对非常规气态物、颗粒物中的碳质组分、芳香烃及其毒性的影响,研究结 果表明:CDPF对挥发性有机物VOCs(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)的减排率为57.6% ,对柴油车颗粒物中总碳TC减排率为70.4%,对柴油车颗粒中PAHs(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs)组分减排率为91.1%,CDPF对低环数的PAHs表现较高的减排率,而对 其他环数的PAHs的减排率略低。CDPF能明显降低不同苯环PAHs的毒性当量,但对不同苯 环PAHs的毒性当量比例影响不明显。 前言 由北京、上海等大城市的大气细颗粒物来源解析分析,其主要来源既有来自污染源直接排放的一次颗 粒物,也有由污染源排放的气态污染物通过均相和非均相等复杂的大气化学反应而生成二次无机/有机颗 粒物[1-2],这些气态污染物称为二次颗粒气态前体物。一次颗粒物与污染排放源直接相关,而二次颗粒物 不仅受到污染源排放二次颗粒气态前体物的影响,而且天气条件和大气化学反应过程对二次颗粒的形成 起着重要的决定作用[3],大气中光化学水平增强,二次颗粒物的生成量呈数倍增加,直接造成大气中颗粒 物浓度增加[4]。大气环境化学相关研究表明,污染源排向大气中的挥发性有机物VOCs(Volatile organic compounds)、一氧化碳CO、氮氧化物NOX、硫化物SOX等是大气中形成二次颗粒物的重要气态前体物, 对大气中颗粒物的形成和雾霾污染有直接作用。

Field of study: Engineering
Pastoral Care of Patients with Ebola Virus Disease: A Medical and Canonical Opinion about Pastoral Visits to Patients with Contagious and Highly Fatal Diseases

The Ebola Virus Disease is a contagious and highly fatal illness that up until recently had been geographically limited to remote areas of Africa. In 2014, Ebola patients have been transported to the United States for care or have been newly diagnosed in the United States. With the intensive medical care and isolation policies usually needed by these patients, we inquired whether pastoral care would be possible. Using clinical and canonical considerations, we analyzed the permissibility and logistical challenges pastoral care presents to the priests and lay ministers, as well as the healthcare system. We conclude that with the approval of local, state, and federal health officials, pastoral care, including provision of the sacraments, is possible. It would require proper training, proper equipment and policies, and a significant commitment of time. While the risk to the pastoral team is difficult to define, it seems low in an Ebola-capable medical system. These risks to priests and ministers seem reasonable given the inestimable benefits of receiving the sacraments during critical illness.  Traditional pastoral visits to hospitalized patients might prove difficult or impossible for diseases that are contagious and highly fatal. This inquiry examines the feasibility, challenges, and logistical solutions to these visits. With input from bishops, priests, a canon lawyer, an epidemiologist, a physician, the CDC, and others, we conclude that pastoral visits are possible. Visits will require permission of health authorities, commitments of time, training, and a small but significant risk to the health of priests and others who volunteer for this ministry.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy