nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis and Discuss on Early-warning System and Indexes of Power Supply Risk

In this paper, an early-warning system and indexes of power supply risk based on reliability analysis is presented and designed. According to monitor indexes of power supply risk, it reflects the operating situation of the power grid comprehensively, and predicts, warns and makes suitable risk decision. It will raise the level of risk management , and ensure the power system running safely and steady and economic.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Correlative changes of interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 between cortical layer and pulmonary airway of sensitized rats.

To explore correlation of T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 cytokine between the cortical layer and pulmonary airway in ovalbumin-induced rat asthma model.



Aerosol antigen-induced changes of inflammation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) and pulmonary histologic section in sensitized rats were investigated. Changes of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) in BALF and cortical layer homogenates were determined by ELISA.



The number of inflammatory cells in BALF in antigen challenged group was significantly higher than control group (P <0.05). Dexamethasone (DXM, 0.5 mg/kg, ip) markedly reduce total leukocyte numbers in BALF, and almost completely inhibited eosinophil, lymphocyte accumulation. The score of histological examination (eosinophil infiltration, mucous edema and epithelial lesion) in antigen challenged group was significantly higher than control group (P <0.05). DXM (0.5 mg/kg, ip) reduced the numbers of eosinophils and improved mucous edema and epithelial lesion of bronchi and bronchioles. In addition, our results demonstrated decreased IFN-gamma level accompanied by increased IL-4 level that resulted in a decreased IFN-gamma/IL-4 ratio in the BALF after the sensitized rats were challenged with aerosol antigen. Meanwhile, there was a similar change of IFN-gamma and IL-4 in cortical layer homogenates. DXM (0.5 mg/kg, ip) could reverse IFN-gamma/IL-4 ratio in the BALF and cortical layer homogenates in the model.



The results showed a significant interplay changes of Th1 and Th2 cytokine between central nervous system and pulmonary airway in the asthmatic inflammatory model.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Crustal thinning beneath the Rwenzori region, Albertine rift, Uganda, from receiver-function analysis

The Rwenzori mountains in western Uganda, with a maximum elevation of more than 5,000 m, are located within the Albertine rift valley. We have deployed a temporary seismic network on the Ugandan side of the mountain range to study the seismic velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle beneath this section of the rift. We present results from a receiver-function study revealing a simple crustal structure along the eastern rift flank with a more or less uniform crustal thickness of about 30 km. The complexity of inner-crustal structures increases drastically within the Rwenzori block. We apply different inversion techniques to obtain reliable results for the thickness of the crust. The observations expose a significantly thinner crust beneath the Rwenzori range with thickness values ranging from about 20–28 km beneath northern and central parts of the mountains. Our study therefore indicates the absence of a crustal root beneath the Rwenzori block. Beneath the Lake Edward and Lake George basins we detect the top of a layer of significantly reduced S-wave velocity at 15 km depth. This low-velocity layer may be attributed to the presence of partial melt beneath a region of recent volcanic activity.

Field of study: Environmental science
2-Benzopyrilium salts. 28. Conversion of 1-methyl-2-benzopyrilium salts into substitute chrysenes in basic media

It is shown that the conversion of 1-methyl-2-benzopyrilium salts into chrysenes in basic media occurs via an intermediate dimeric pseudobase. The properties of this have been examined, and mechanisms are proposed for its formation and conversion into chrysenes.

Field of study: Chemistry
Biogas upgrading: optimal activated carbon properties for siloxane removal.

A total of 12 commercial activated carbons (ACs) have been tested for the removal of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) in dynamic adsorption experiments using different carrier gases and D4 concentrations. Characterization of the ACs included several physical and chemical techniques. The D4 adsorption capacities were strongly related with the textural development of the ACs. Results showed that the optimum adsorbent for D4 is a wood-based chemically activated carbon, which rendered an adsorption capacity of 1732 ± 93 mg g(-1) using 1000 ppm (v/v) of D4 with dry N2 as the carrier gas. When the concentration of D4 was lowered to typical values found in biogas, the adsorption capacity was halved. The presence of major biogas compounds (i.e., CH4 and CO2) and humidity further reduced the D4 adsorption capacity. The polymerization of D4 over the surface of all ACs was found to be relevant after prolonged contact times. The extent of this phenomenon, which may negatively affect the thermal regeneration of the AC, correlated reasonably well with the presence of phenolic and carboxylic groups on the carbon surfaces.

Field of study: Environmental science
Absorption langsamer Neutronen in seltenen Erden und in Cadmium

ZusammenfassungFür 13 seltene Erden, von denen Präparate von besonders hohem Reinheitsgrad zur Verfügung standen, wurden die Wirkungsquerschnitte für thermische Neutronen gemessen. Die Reinheit der Versuchsproben wurde außerdem durch röntgenspektrographische Aufnahmen nachgeprüft. Es wurden die folgenden Werte für die Absorptionsquerschnitte der seltenen Erden gemessen: Yttrium σ ∼ 4 · 10−24 cm2; Lanthan σ=10 · 10−24 cm2; Terbium σ=15 · 10−24 cm2; Neodym σ=72 · 10−24 cm2; Samarium σ=7040 · 10−24 cm2; Europium σ=2700 · 10−24 cm2; Gadolinium σ=22550 · 10−24 cm2; Dysprosium σ=780 · 10−24 cm2; Holmium σ=52 · 10−24 cm2; Erbium σ=185 · 10−24 cm2; Thulium σ=114 · 10−24 cm2; Ytterbium σ=50 · 10−24 cm2; Cassiopeium σ=165 · 10−24 cm2. Außerdem wurde der Absorptionsquerschnitt von Cadmium für C-Neutronen neu bestimmt, der sich in sehr guter Übereinstimmung mit den in der Literatur angegebenen Werten zu σ=2640 · 10−24 cm2 ergab.

Field of study: Physics
Creation of light hadrons in Cu + Au interactions at an energy of 200 GeV

Collisions between asymmetric nuclei (Cu–Au) differ significantly in their nuclear overlap geometry from those of symmetric nuclei (Cu–Cu, Au–Au). This results in a number of consequences that allow us to obtain more comprehensive and accurate information about the fundamental properties of matter under extreme conditions. The High Energy Proton–Proton Collider Experiment (PHENIX) at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) measured the nuclear modification factors of π-mesons in Cu+Au collisions at an energy of 200 GeV. New experimental data from measurements of light hadron flows of different orders (ν1, ν2) in Cu + Au collisions at an energy of 200 GeV are discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Numerical Simulation of Temperature Field in Ingot During Unidirectional Solidification with Hollow Lateral Wall Insulation

In order to optimize the production process of heavy plate steel ingot,the temperature fields in the steel ingot during unidirectional solidification under different hollow space mathematical model were numerically simulated by ProCAST software,the effect of hollow lateral wall distance on the solidification process of 45t large steel ingot was studied.The results show that the hollow lateral wall has significant insulating effect on the process of unidirectional solidification,and can inhibit heat transfer from lateral wall;when the thickness of hollow lateral wall is 4 mm,the effect of keeping temperature is best,the coagulation time extending,the quality of ingot plate improving.

Field of study: Materials science
SOLUTION OF THE INTERMEDIATE SIZE PROBLEM BY PIGEONS.

Pigeons learned to respond to the middle-sized member (S(D)) of a set of three simultaneously presented stimuli with responses to the S(D) reinforced on a VI 1 schedule. They were then tested for several days with other sets of three stimuli. One procedure presented reinforcements on a VI 1 schedule during the test independent of the stimulus chosen when a reinforcement was programmed. The tests were also given under extinction conditions. With the testing carried out with extinction, preference consistently was for the test stimulus most similar in physical size to the S(D). However, when the tests were with reinforcement, random responding resulted. Another effect of testing with reinforcement was an increase in incorrect responding with the training set. Such a test procedure was unsatisfactory for determining the effective aspect of the S(D). The conclusion, based on the data of the extinction series, was that pigeons learned the intermediate size problem on the basis of the discrimination of absolute stimulus properties.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Robustifying Forecast Performance Through Hybridized Arima-Garch-Type Modeling in a Discrete-Time Stochastic Series

The study is aimed at investigating the robustness of forecast performance of a hybridized (ARIMA-GARCH-type) model over each single component using different periods of horizon to display consistency over time. Daily closing share prices were explored from the Nigerian Stock Exchange for First City Monument Bank and Wema Bank Plc, spanning from January 3, 2006 to December 30, 2016, with a total of 2,713 observations. ARIMA model, GARCH-type, and hybridized ARIMA-GARCH-type were considered. The hybridized ARIMA-GARCH-type was found to produce the best forecast performance in terms of robustness over each single component model and the robustness was found to be consistent over different time horizons for the datasets. The implication is that, it provides an essential remedy to the problem associated with model instability when forecasting a discrete-time stochastic series.

Field of study: Mathematics
Mexico: A Brief History. By Alicia Hernández Chávez. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006. Pp.xxiii, 388. Illustrations. Maps. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $60.00 cloth; $24.95 paper.

Both its subtitle ("Modern History for Modern Languages") and the Spanish-language primary source excerpts suggest that this book is intended to serve as a background text for language students. Instructors of history courses who rely heavily on articles, monographs, novels and primary documents, but who want a concise text that lays out general themes and provides a basic chronology, may also find this book an attractive option.

Field of study: History
Temporary occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in intracranial aneurysm surgery: time limitation and advantage of brain protection.

✓ The risk of focal infarction secondary to the induced reversible arrest of local arterial flow during microsurgical dissection of middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms was evaluated further to define the optimal approach to temporary arterial occlusion. To compare the effectiveness of potential brain-protection anesthetics, a group of patients treated with the intravenous agents propofol, etomidate, and pentobarbital, administered individually or in combination, was compared to a group treated with the inhalational agent isoflurane. Forty-nine consecutive MCA aneurysm surgeries involving the temporary clipping of the parent vessel were retrospectively reviewed. Thirty-eight patients received intravenous brain-protection (IVBP) anesthesia. Groups of patients with and without infarctions, and receiving and not receiving IVBP anesthesia, were compared based on the duration and nature of temporary arterial occlusion. Postoperative radiographic evidence of new infarction was used as the threshold for failur...

Field of study: Medicine
Air-stable, high current density, solution-processable, amorphous organic rectifying diodes (ORDs) for low-cost fabrication of flexible passive low frequency RFID tags

We report on long-term air-stable organic rectifying diodes (ORD) on flexible substrates based on a solution deposited amorphous organic semiconductor (OSC) material, consisting of a co-polymer of arylamine and a fused aromatic species, reaching charge-carrier mobilities of μ = 0.05 cm2/V s (space charge limited current region) and current densities of up to 100 A/cm2 at 10 V levels with rectification ratios of 104 operating in the 10 kHz range. The ORDs exhibit a high degree of air-stability without any passivation with extremely reliable reproducibility. ORDs were fabricated on polyethylene naphthalate foils in a vertical sandwich structure with gold and aluminium as the injecting and blocking electrodes respectively via evaporation with the OSC spin-coated in between (Type1). In order to improve device performance of the ORDs, poly(ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) was μ-dispensed as a hole-injection layer (Type2). The results for Type1-diodes show a really narrow spread of the diode characteristics, whereas for Type2 diodes the spread is slightly more but still acceptable. These ORDs prove themselves better than conventional pentacene diodes both in terms of reliability/repeatability of the diode performance and air-stability without an encapsulation layer, and goes towards the enabling of a viable and reliable low-cost fabrication method of radio frequency identification-tags using organic semiconductors.

Field of study: Engineering
Azimuthal anisotropy and multiplicities of hard photons and free nucleons in intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions

Anisotropic flow can offer significant information of evolution dynamics in heavy-ion collisions. A systematic study of the directed flow $$v_1$$
 and elliptic flow $$v_2$$
 of hard photons and free nucleons is performed for $$^{40}$$
 Ca + 
 $$^{40}$$
 Ca collisions in a framework of isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamics (IQMD) model. The study firstly reveals that thermal photons emitted in intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions have the behaviors of directed and elliptic flows. The interesting phenomena of incident energy dependence of $$v_1$$
 and $$v_2$$
 for thermal photons in central collisions also confirmed that it can be regarded as a good probe of evolution dynamics. Moreover, the multiplicities of hard photons and free nucleons and their correlation are also investigated. We find that direct photon emission is positively related to free nucleons emission, however, there exists an anti-correlation for thermal photons with free nucleons.

Field of study: Physics
Zur Theorie der Elektronenbremsstrahlung im Gebiete thermischer Elektronengeschwindigkeiten

ZusammenfassungDerSommerfeldsche Ausdruck für den gesamten Strahlungsverlust eines Elektronenstroms imCoulomb-Felde einer Punktladung wird in voller Allgemeinheit so umgeformt, daß er sich beliebig auswerten läßt. Für Elektronengeschwindigkeiten im Bereich v1≈ αc wird daraus eine Näherung („zweite Näherung“) berechnet. Eine allgemeine Fehlerabschätzung ergibt für Frequenzen im Ultraroten eine so große Genauigkeit, daß eine weiter vereinfachte Formel, die erste Näherung“, ausreicht. Diese wird für das Elektronenkontinuum von Hochdruckbögen im fernen Ultrarot numerisch ausgewertet. Wie ein Vergleich zeigt, fehlt bei den Ergebnissen anderer Autoren ein zusätzliches Glied, welches auch vom Standpunkt der ersten Näherung nicht vernachlässigt werden kann.

Field of study: Physics
Evaluation of Targeted Delivery to the Brain Using Magnetic Immunoliposomes and Magnetic Force

Magnetic nanoparticles have great prospects for drug delivery purposes, as they can be designed with various surface coatings and conjugated with drugs and targeting moieties. They also have a unique potential for precise delivery when guided by magnetic force. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) denotes the interface between the blood and brain parenchyma and hinders the majority of drugs from entering the brain. Red fluorescent magnetic nanoparticles were encapsulated in liposomes and conjugated to antibodies targeting the rat transferrin receptor (OX26) to form magnetic immunoliposomes. These magnetic immunoliposomes enhanced the uptake by rat brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) in vitro. In situ brain perfusion in young rats high in the endogenous expression of transferrin receptors by BCECs, revealed enhanced uptake of magnetic immunoliposomes when compared to naked magnetic nanoparticles or non-targeted magnetic liposomes. When applying the external magnetic force, the magnetic nanoparticles were detected in the brain parenchyma, suggesting transport across the BBB. Ultrastructural examination of the immunoliposomes, unfortunately, was unable to confirm a complete encapsulation of all naked nanoparticles within the liposomes, suggesting that the data on the brain could derive from particles being released from the liposomes under influence of external magnetic force; hence hypothesizes on external magnetic force as a qualifier for dragging targeted magnetic immunoliposomes through the BBB. In conclusion, our results suggest that transport of magnetic nanoparticles present in BCECs by targeted delivery to the transferrin receptor may undergo further transport into the brain when applying magnetic force. While magnetic immunoliposomes are targetable to BCECs, their design to enable further transport across the BBB when applying external magnetic force needs further improvement.

Field of study: Materials science
The Key Dimensions of Criteria for the Evaluation FNA Selection of ISPS: An Exploratory Study

The progressive advancements in information technology (IT) coupled with the global expansion of communication infrastructure has enabled firms to create and sustain large scale strategic advantages, with the result of an ever-increasing demand from firms for new types of information services (IS) to facilitate and coordinate their daily operations. Hence, the aim of this research is to explore the underlying dimensions of criteria for the evaluation and selection of information service providers (ISPs). By undertaking a review of the literature, we first analyze the dynamics of ISPs to define their present day role before going on to develop a questionnaire for the field survey. Based on the data collected from 57 firms, two distinct procedures are adopted to carry out the exploratory factor analyses in order to derive the preliminary factor solutions. Followed by a process of post-analysis validation, these empirically derived factor solutions are reviewed and refined in accordance with domain experts' opinions, and as a result, the final factor solution is obtained. It is hoped that through the utilization of mechanical factor analyses and subsequent manual validation, it will be possible to achieve both “parsimony” and “inclusiveness” of the final factor solution. This study results that there are seven dimensions of criteria which are critical to the evaluation and selection of ISPs: (1) performance of information systems; (2) awareness of and response to customer requirements; (3) ISP's market capability; (4) performance of networking; (5) ISP's credibility and fame; (6) provision of customized professional services; and (7) innovative R&D into technology.

Field of study: Computer science
Monoclonal antibody produced against calf thymus histone.

The localization and modification of histone play a prime role in the regulation of unelucidated biochemical pathways, such as apoptosis and cell proliferatory-inhibitory activities. Thus studying histone reveals cell proliferation and its biochemical processes. Therefore anti-histone antibody production is important in order to isolate, purify, identify, and separate histone from cultured cells. In order to produce anti-histone antibodies by hybridoma, 8-week-old female BALB/c mice were immunized with commercially procured whole calf thymus histone. Subsequently the spleen cells of the immunized BALB/c and SP2/O-AG-14 myeloma cells were fused using polyethylene glycol, which resulted in 16 clones. Out of these 16 clones, only one, 1D7, was found to be specific to our antigen (calf thymus histone) by ELISA. The supernatant of the positive clone 1D7 was used in immunoblotting to characterize the specificity of the produced monoclonal antibody. Immunoblotting confirmed that the monoclonal antibody produced from 1D7 clone is specific to histone H1 epitope present in the calf thymus. Our results suggest that to generate more potent monoclonal antibody reagent specific for many different epitopes present on histone, a larger number of fusions are required. Further, if such potent monoclonal antibody reagent is produced, it will be an indispensable tool in elucidating the role of H1 in apoptosis and cell proliferatory-inhibitory activities. This reagent can be used for diagnosis of antihistone antibody in SLE patient's serum, for testing the viability of cultured monocytes, and for localization of histone in metaphase chromosomes.

Field of study: Biology
The Protection of Specific Geographical Agricultural Mark Products and the Agriculture in Anhui Province

The protection of specific geographical agricultural mark products is a very new subject in China, However, even if Anhui is one of the greatest agricultural provinces in China , few people in Anhui Province studys this subject , let alone the related practice. The article elaborates the economical value of protecting agricultural trade mark and geographical mark products. It also presents some concrete methods on how to protect agricultural trade mark and geographical mark products in Anhui Province. Hopefully this article can provide some useful help to the work of protecting agricultural trade mark and geographical mark product in Anhui Province.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences