nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The need for a clearly stated curriculum.

Many of the problems which are presented to family physicians are not covered by their medical training. In a residency program, these aspects of family medicine must be stressed-preferably by the same teacher, preferably over a period of time not less than two three-month blocks. The political implications of this emphasis are many and varied, but all of them lead to the same endpoint: the need for a clearly stated curriculum. The only way critics of family medicine training programs can be answered is by clear statements of content intended to produce a particular type of physician.

Field of study: Medicine
Determining Factors of Potential Economy Sectors of Bantaeng Regency in South Sulawesi Province of Indonesia: An Analysis Using the Location Quotient Approach

Bantaeng Regency, one of the regencys in South Sulawesi Province, has some potential economy sectors to be developed. In order to know those potential economy sectors, one of the economy analysis which can be used is the Location Quotient analysis. In this research, the analysis will use Static Location Quotient (SLQ) and Dynamic Location Quotient (DLQ). The SLQ method is used to determine the base sectors (leading sectors) in Bantaeng Regency at one period of time. While DLQ method is used to determine whether a sector that is superior over a period of time are leading sectors for the period of time that will come. The analysis showed that in the year 2013-2014 the Trade and Retail sector; Car and Motorcycles Repair sector; Real Estate sector; Government Administration sector; Defence and Compulsory Social Security; and Other Services Sector is the leading economy sector in Bantaeng Regency. And in the year 2014-2015, the Trade and Retail sector; Cars and Motorcycles Repair sector; Real Estate sector; Service Sector Health and Social Work; and Other Services Sector is the leading economy sector in Bantaeng Regency.

Field of study: Business
Contrast, induction, facilitation, suppression, and conservation.

Ten rats received all of their water in daily 1-hr sessions. Following a baseline phase in which lever and water spout were freely available throughout each session, subjects were trained to press the lever for water on mixed schedules composed of two alternating components. Each component gave access to water for a fixed cumulation of drinking time every time the rat cumulated a fixed amount of lever-pressing time. Changes in one component produced contrast and induction effects, both positive and negative, with respect to both lever pressing and drinking in the unchanged component. All schedules facilitated lever pressing relative to baseline. All schedules suppressed drinking relative to baseline, even though contingency sessions allowed ample time to perform the baseline amount of drinking. The entire pattern of results was predicted in quantitative detail by assuming that the total amount of a dimension apportioned to lever pressing and drinking is conserved between baseline and contingency sessions. Conservation theory was shown to predict several effects produced by simple fixed-ratio schedules, and was compared favorably with probability-differential (Premack, 1971) and response-deprivation (Timberlake and Allison, 1974) theory.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Semi-automatic protein crystallization system that allows in situ observation of X-ray diffraction from crystals in the drop.

Semi-automatic protein crystallization device was developed using 96 format Hydra dispenser. Eight extra syringes were added for pipetting protein solution with its own dispensing mechanism. This device allows setting up 96 drops in about three minutes. New crystallization plate has also been developed. The plate allows collecting an oscillation photograph of the crystal directly in the drop. The diffraction quality of the crystals in the drops can be inspected without causing any other physical perturbations to the crystals. With the modified dispenser and this plate, we can perform both hanging and sitting drop vapour diffusion method.

Field of study: Chemistry
U-Pb geochronology and geochemistry of the McCoy Mountains Formation, southeastern California: A Cretaceous retroarc foreland basin

The timing of deposition of fluvial sediments now forming the >7-km-thick McCoy Mountains Formation is one of the key uncertainties in reconstructing the Mesozoic paleogeography of southern California and western Arizona. Ion-microprobe U-Pb geochronologic data for individual zircons from nine sandstones from the McCoy Mountains type section and six associated igneous rocks provide significant new constraints on the tectonic setting and the timing of deposition within the northwest-trending McCoy basin. U-Pb zircon data from a metavolcanic rock of the underlying Dome Rock sequence in the Palen Mountains confirm that the McCoy Mountains Formation was deposited after regional Middle to Late Jurassic arc magmatism. U-Pb zircon data from a Late Cretaceous granodiorite intruding the formation in the Coxcomb Mountains confirm that the formation was deformed and metamorphosed prior to 73.5 ± 1.3 Ma. Populations of detrital zircons vary systematically with both rock type and stratigraphic height; lithic arkoses predominantly derived from the west have consistently more abundant younger zircons than do litharenite sandstones predominantly derived from the north, and the youngest zircons yield maximum depositional ages that decrease from 116 Ma near the base to 84 Ma near the top of the section. The detrital-zircon data permit a Late Jurassic age for the basal, comparatively quartz-rich sandstone. However, the data further suggest that >90% of the formation was deposited between middle Early and middle Late Cretaceous time. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that most of the McCoy Mountains Formation represents a retroarc foreland basin, deposited behind the active, evolving Cretaceous Cordilleran continental- margin magmatic arc that lay to the west and in the foreland of the actively deforming Cretaceous Maria fold-and-thrust belt.

Field of study: Geology
New records and updated distribution of Myopa metallica Camras 1992 (Diptera: Conopidae: Myopinae) in Chile by using integrative collection methods

Myopa metallica Camras1992 is a parasitic fl y, endemic to Chile, whose distribution was unknown. In this study, four new localities are reported between the Atacama and Metropolitan regions using citizen science. Our work breaks down the methodological barriers, providing a distribution for a rare and conspicuous thick-headed fl y.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
APPE Evaluations are Positively Associated with MMI, Pre-pharmacy GPA and Pharmacy GPA

To determine factors associated with advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) performance in the pre-pharmacy and Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) curriculum and establish whether performance on the multiple mini interview (MMI) independently predicts APPE evaluation scores.  A multi-case MMI has been used in the admissions process since 2008. Students are scored anywhere from 1 to 7 (unsatisfactory to outstanding) on each interview. Traditional factors (GPA, PCAT, etc.) are also used in the admissions determination. Pearson product-moment correlation and ordinary least squares regression were used to explore the relationships between admissions data, pharmacy GPA, and APPE evaluation scores for the graduating classes of 2011-2014. These analyses identified which factors (pharmacy GPA, PCAT, MMI score, age, gender, rurality, resident status, degree, and underrepresented minority status) related to APPE performance.  Students (n=432) had a mean APPE score of 4.6; a mean MMI score of 5.5; mean pharmacy GPA, PCAT and age of 3.14, 73.2, 22.6 years, respectively. Pre-pharmacy GPA and pharmacy GPA positively correlated with mean APPE scores. MMI score demonstrated positive correlations with overall APPE score; including subcategories patient care, documentation, drug information/EBM, public health, and communication. MMI scores were positively related to overall APPE scores in the multivariable regression. Variables showing negative associations with APPE scores included a pre-pharmacy GPA of <3.0 (ref= GPA >3.5) and pharmacy school GPA of >3.0 – 3.5 and GPA 2.6 – 3.0 when compared to GPAs >3.5.  GPA (pre-pharmacy and pharmacy) and MMI positively correlate with preceptor-rated performances in the APPE year.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Small-Sample Confidence Intervals for p1 p2 and p1/p2 in 2 2 Contingency Tables

Consider two binomial populations II1 and II2 having “success” probabilities p 1 in (0, 1) and p 2 in (0, 1), respectively. This article studies the problem of constructing small-sample confidence intervals for the difference of the success probabilities, Δ = p 1 – p 2 and their ratio (the “relative risk”), ρ = p 1/p 2 based on independent random samples of sizes n 1 and n 2 from II1 and II2, respectively. These are nuisance parameter problems; hence the proposed intervals achieve coverage probabilities greater than or equal to their nominal (1 – α) levels. Three methods of constructing intervals are proposed. The first one is based on the well-known conditional intervals for the odds ratio ψ = p 1(1 – p 2)/p 2(1 – p 1). It yields easily computable Δ and ρ intervals. The second method directly generates unconditional intervals of the desired size. An algorithm is given for producing the intervals for arbitrary n 1 and n 2. The 2 × 2 case is given as an illustrative example. The third method const...

Field of study: Mathematics
Microstructural Investigation of Interfacial Features in Al 
Wire Bonds

In the present study the microstructure of ultrasonically bonded Al wires on AlSiCu and AlSi metallization was investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy, electron back-scattered diffraction, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy techniques. Detailed microstructural investigations were conducted on samples in the as-bonded condition, subsequent to power cycling tests, and after long-time thermal exposure to reveal the temperature-dependent evolution of the interfaces and the metallization layer. Typical interfacial features were found to be ultrafine and nanoscaled grains of Al and Al2O3, amorphous Al oxide particles, voids, and pores, with regions of high density of dislocations and dislocation loops within the larger grains of the wire and metallization. The observed interface features confirm the suggested mechanism of formation of bonding interface by emergence of submicron grains at the thin interfacial boundary between the metallic pair as a result of dynamic recrystallization and interdiffusion. While isothermal and/or thermomechanical cycling lead to strong grain growth in the metallization layer and the Al wire, the nanostructured interfacial regions mainly remain, indicating a high thermal stability and strength of the interface. Furthermore, evaluation of a large number of wire bonds prepared using standard bonding conditions showed the presence of a certain percentage of nonbonded areas and microstructural variations between the interconnects processed under nominally identical conditions. However, it was found that, if a sufficient effective bonding interface is provided, the long-time reliability of Al wire bonds is maintained due to the stability and strength of the nanostructured interface.

Field of study: Materials science
On the knowledge foundation of university's loosely-coupled system

A university is an institution of knowledge,therefore,the development of knowledge may have a direct influence of the university's structure and its features.Split of knowledge and congregation of subjects and majors may serve the precondition for university's loosely-coupled system.The disciplinarity and self-determination of knowledge lead to demarcation of different subjects within university.Scholars' different cultural characteristics resulted in the loosely-coupled system in the university.

Field of study: Education
Configuration-dependent bands in 169Re

High-spin states in 169Re were studied and resulted in the identification of a strongly coupled band based on the 9/2-[514] Nilsson state and a decoupled band built on the h9/2 1/2-[541] intruder proton orbit. The cranked-shell-model calculations present configuration-dependent deformations that can explain the different band crossing frequencies. The 9/2-[514] band in 169Re shows the largest signature splitting at low spin among the known odd-mass Re isotopes. After the alignment of a pair of i13/2 neutrons, the phase of the splitting is inverted with a significantly reduced amplitude. For the 9/2-[514] bands in light odd-A Re isotopes, the signature splitting of the Routhians and its relation with the signature dependence of M1 transition matrix elements are investigated in connection with the deviation of nuclear shape from axial symmetry, suggesting an appreciable negative $ \gamma$ deformation for the very neutron-deficient odd-A Re isotopes. Additionally, a three-quasipariticle band was observed and assigned to be built likely on the $\pi 9/2^{-}[514] \otimes \mbox{AE}$ configuration.

Field of study: Physics
A resolved analysis of cold dust and gas in the nearby edge-on spiral NGC 891

We investigate the connection between dust and gas in the nearby edge-on spiral galaxy 
 NGC 891, a target of the Very Nearby Galaxies Survey. High resolution Herschel 
 PACS and SPIRE 70, 100, 160, 250, 350, and 500 μm images are combined with 
 JCMT SCUBA 850 μm observations to trace the 
 far-infrared/submillimetre spectral energy distribution (SED). Maps of the Hi 21 
 cm line and CO(J = 3−2) emission trace the atomic and molecular hydrogen gas, respectively. 
 We fit one-component modified blackbody models to the integrated SED, finding a global 
 dust mass of (8.5 ± 2.0) 
 × 107M⊙ and an 
 average temperature of 23 ± 2 
 K, consistent with results from previous far-infrared experiments. We also fit 
 one-component modified blackbody models to pixel-by-pixel SEDs to produce maps of the dust 
 mass and temperature. The dust mass distribution correlates with the total stellar 
 population as traced by the 3.6 μm emission. The derived dust temperature, which 
 ranges from approximately 17 to 24 K, is found to correlate with the 24 μm emission. Allowing the 
 dust emissivity index to vary, we find an average value of β = 1.9 ± 0.3. We confirm 
 an inverse relation between the dust emissivity spectral index and dust temperature, but 
 do not observe any variation of this relationship with vertical height from the mid-plane 
 of the disc. A comparison of the dust properties with the gaseous components of the ISM 
 reveals strong spatial correlations between the surface mass densities of dust 
 (Σdust) and the 
 molecular hydrogen (ΣH2) and total gas surface densities 
 (Σgas). These 
 observations reveal the presence of regions of dense, cold dust that are coincident with 
 peaks in the gas distribution and are associated with a molecular ring. Furthermore, the 
 observed asymmetries in the dust temperature, the H2-to-dust ratio and the total 
 gas-to-dust ratio hint that an enhancement in the star formation rate may be the result of 
 larger quantities of molecular gas available to fuel star formation in the NE compared to 
 the SW. Whilst the asymmetry likely arises from dust obscuration due to the geometry of 
 the line-of-sight projection of the spiral arms, we cannot exclude that there is also an 
 enhancement in the star formation rate in the NE part of the disc.

Field of study: Physics
Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis transmission: modeling, backward bifurcation, and optimal control

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a vector-borne disease caused by protozoan flagellates of the genus Leishmania, is transmitted by sand flies. After malaria, VL is the second-largest parasitic killer, responsible for an estimated 500,000 infections and 51,000 deaths annually worldwide. Mathematical models proposed for VL have included the impact of dogs versus wild canids in disease dissemination and models developed to assist in control approaches. However, quantitative conditions that are required to control or eradicate VL transmission are not provided and there are no mathematical methods proposed to quantitatively calculate optimal control strategies for VL transmission. The research objective of this work was to model VL disease transmission system (specifically Zoonotic VL), perform bifurcation analysis to discuss control conditions, and calculate optimal control strategies. Three time-dependent control strategies involving dog populations, sand fly population, and humans are mainly discussed. Another strategy sometimes used in attempts to control zoonotic VL transmission, dog culling, is also evaluated in this paper.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Interaction of condensed tetrahydropyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidin-4-ones with dehydrobenzene – synthesis of 6-vinylpyrimidinones fused with five-membered heterocycle containing two or three heteroatoms

The reaction between dehydrobenzene and tetrahydropyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidin-4-ones condensed with isoxazole, thiazole, thiadiazole, or triazole rings resulted in Hofmann cleavage of the tetrahydropyridine moiety with the formation of 6-vinyl-substituted pyrimidones fused with the corresponding azole rings.

Field of study: Chemistry
Contemporary health care economics: an overview.

Economic evaluations provide a decision-making framework in which outcomes (benefits) and costs are assessed for various alternative options. Although the interest in complete and partial economic evaluations has increased over the past 2 decades, the quality of studies has been marginal due to methodological challenges or incomplete cost determination. This paper provides an overview of the main types of complete and partial economic evaluations, reviews key methodological elements to be considered for any economic evaluation, and reviews concepts of cost determination. The goal is to provide the clinician neurosurgeon with the knowledge and tools needed to appraise published economic evaluations and to direct high-quality health economic evaluations.

Field of study: Medicine
Characterization of rat HSA/CD24 protein bearing the B lineage-restricted epitope recognized by MAb HIS50.

HIS50 MAb recognizes a GPI-linked molecule on the surface of rat cells committed to the B lineage but is absent from cells of other hematopoietic lineages. Eukaryotic expression cloning of the cDNA has revealed that HIS50 recognizes a rat homologue of human CD24 and murine HSA. CD24/HSA exists in multiple glycoforms and plays an important role in hematopoietic and neural cell development. HIS50 is significant in that it is the only, presently available, anti-rat CD24/HSA MAb. Furthermore it is the only reported MAb with specificity restricted to B cell forms of CD24. Here we report Western blot analysis of HIS50 antigen (ag). In rat bone marrow HIS50 MAb recognized MW species in the range of 35-70 kDa. These species were shown by immunomagnetic cell sorting to be all derived from the HIS50+ cell subset. In other tissues with varying HIS50 levels as judged by immunostaining, apparent levels of HIS50 ag in the 35-70 kDa range varied accordingly. Thus, Western blot data corresponded to the immunostaining data of HIS50 ag, and the size distribution of B-restricted forms of rat CD24 appeared as wide as that reported for the more extensively expressed forms of human and murine CD24. N-Deglycosylation of cell lysates from lymphoid organs reduced the signal in the 35-70 kDa range, without appearance of lower MW HIS50-reactive species. Thus, unlike certain epitopes on human and murine CD24, HIS50 epitopes appeared (partially) N-linked carbohydrate dependent. The data reported here provide a basis for the further use of HIS50 MAb in studying the role of the highly heterogeneous CD24 molecules in cell development.

Field of study: Biology
Employment Adjustment in UK Manufacturing

This analysis differs from previous studies of labor demand in its explicit inclusion of the costs to the firm of adju sting its workforce. These costs include institutional factors such a s employment protection legislation and unions, and market factors su ch as the degree of slack in the labor market. Two questions are addr essed: what is the quantitative impact of these forces and does their inclusion improve the fit of a labor-demand function. The results sh owed these factors to have a strong influence on the rate of hiring/f iring and to improve significantly on conventional labor-demand funct ions.

Field of study: Economics
Synthesis, crystal structure, and electrochemical properties of hollandite-type KxTi1 − yMnyO2

Single phase specimens of hollandite-type MnO2, TiO2, and KxTi1 − yMnyO2, were synthesized, and their electrochemical properties and crystal structures were investigated. The chemically prelithiated MnO2 and sufficiently K+-extracted TiO2 specimens exhibited good charge–discharge properties. The initial Li insertion capacities were about 160 mAh/g for TiO2 and about 230 mAh/g for MnO2. In contrast, the partially K+-extracted solid solution, K0.055Ti0.75Mn0.25O2, showed a poor charge–discharge property. The small amount of residual K+ ions in the tunnel structure affected significantly the charge–discharge property. Electron density distribution images obtained from X-ray powder diffraction data elucidated that stabilizing O atoms locate at the tunnel space of lithiated MnO2 but the tunnel space of TiO2 was essentially empty.

Field of study: Materials science
Pilocarpine and physostigmine attenuate spatial memory impairments produced by lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis.

The effects of bilateral ibotenic acid-induced lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (nBM) on the acquisition and retention of several spatial memory tasks were studied in the rat. Maintenance of spatial memory in a food search task was impaired following nBM lesions. Acquisition of spontaneous alternation and reinforced alternation in a T-maze was also significantly impaired in animals with these lesions. In contrast, the animals with nBM lesions were not impaired in the acquisition of a position habit in a T-maze. In several of the tasks there was evidence of some learning in the lesion animals after substantial training, although they were significantly deficient when compared with the controls. Administration of the cholinergic agonists physostigmine sulfate or pilocarpine nitrate prior to behavioral testing resulted in a rapid and significant improvement in the performance of the lesion animals. The ibotenate-induced lesions significantly reduced the activity of choline acetyltransferase (CAT) in the anterior and the posterior neocortex. Hippocampal CAT activity was not changed. The results indicate that the cholinergic projections originating in the nBM are involved in the learning and memory of spatial tasks.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology