nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Nitration of Heteroaryltrimethyltins by Tetranitromethane and Dinitrogen Tetroxide: Mechanistic Aspects, Scope and Limitations

The nitration of 2-(trimethylstannyl)heteroarenes by tetranitromethane (TNM) or dinitrogen tetroxide has been shown to be possible when the HOMO energy of the heteroaryltin is high enough to allow the formation of the corresponding radical cation. The reaction proceeds through a charge-transfer complex between heteroaryltin and TNM, followed by a single-electron transfer, which is enhanced under sunlamp irradiation. Accordingly, 2-nitrobenzo[b]furan, 2-nitrobenzo[b]thiophene, 2-nitropyridine and 2-nitroindoles were obtained by this method. However, the nitration of 2-stannylated pyrimidine or of stannylated 1,3,5-triazines has been shown to be impossible, due to the low energy of their HOMO orbitals.

Field of study: Chemistry
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray studies of Trp138Phe/Val185Thr xylose isomerases from Thermotoga neapolitana and Thermoanaerobacterium thermosulfurigenes.

Xylose isomerases from Thermotoga neapolitana (TNXI) and Thermoanaerobacterium thermosulfurigenes (TTXI) share 70.4% sequence identity and are thermostable. The double mutants Trp138Phe/Val185Thr of TNXI and TTXI have higher catalytic efficiencies than TNXI and TTXI, respectively. The Trp138Phe/Val185Thr TNXI and TTXI mutants were overexpressed in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3) and purified. Crystals of the two proteins were grown with polyethylene glycol 8000 as the major precipitant by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. Crystals of the TNXI mutant were obtained in the absence of substrate, in complex with glucose and in complex with fructose. Crystals of the TTXI mutant were obtained complexed with glucose. Diffraction data were collected at 1.9, 2.1 and 2.1 A resolution for the fructose-TNXI mutant, glucose-TNXI mutant and substrate-unbound TNXI mutant, respectively. The diffraction data for the glucose-TTXI mutant were collected at 2.0 A resolution. The crystals belong to the orthorhombic space groups C222(1) (TNXI mutant) and P2(1)2(1)2(1) (TTXI mutant). The TNXI and TTXI mutant crystals contain two and four monomers in the asymmetric unit, respectively.

Field of study: Chemistry
An Analysis of the Flaws in Antidumping Code and Amending Suggestions

Through an analysis of the flaws in "determination criterion"of antidumping,the paper proposes some suggestions for its amending and points out that it is beneficial to introduce welfare criterion in reforming antidumping code. In anti- dumping practice,the paper holds that the welfare of the importing country should be used as the standard reference,meanwhile the comprehensive welfare effects beingtaken intoconsideration.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Complete hydatidiform mole with a healthy fetus, a twin pregnancy following intrauterine insemination: A case report

Hydatidiform mole (molar pregnancy) is characterized by abnormal fetoplacental development and trophoblastic hyperplasia. We report an unusual case of a 26 year old woman with the diagnosis of twin pregnancy with a healthy fetus and complete mol hydatidiform following an ovulation induction and subsequent intrauterine insemination (IUI). On 14th weeks of gestation, a fetus with a positive fetal cardiac activity and a second intrauterine ex fetus with a hydropic placenta was seen on ultrasound. A chorionic villus sampling and an amniosynthesis were performed. After the diagnosis of complete mole which was confirmed by histopathology; the pregnancy was terminated with the patient’s will on the 17th week of gestation.  Intrauterine insemination (IUI); infertility; complete hydatidiform mole; twin pregnancy DOI:  10.12973/ejms.2014.133p

Field of study: Medicine
Measurements of OH radical concentration in combustion environments by wavelength-modulation spectroscopy with a 1.55-microm distributed-feedback diode laser.

Wavelength-modulation spectroscopy with a standard commercial 1.55-microm distributed-feedback diode laser was applied to in situ quantitative measurements of OH radical concentration in combustion environments. The second-harmonic (2f) signal was generated from absorption by the P11.5 (nu', nu") = (2, 0) overtone vibrational transition of OH at 6421.354 cm(-1). The absorption occurred in the postflame region of a two-dimensional laminar counterflow burner (Tsuji burner) with a 60-mm line-of-sight path length. The postflame region lies between propane-air premixed twin flames stabilized in the Tsuji burner at various equivalence ratios (phi = 0.65-1.0). The OH concentrations were determined by least-squares fitting of theoretical f line shapes to the experimental counterparts. The measured OH concentrations were in general agreement with adiabatic chemical equilibrium predictions. The lower limit of OH detectivity by multiline deconvolution was limited by ubiquitous unidentified high-temperature H(2)O transitions.

Field of study: Physics
Integration method for directly analyzing interface statistics of periodic multilayers from X-ray scattering.

An integration method is demonstrated for directly determining the average interface statistics of periodic multilayers from the X-ray scattering diagram. By measuring the X-ray scattering diagram in the out-of-plane geometry and integrating the scattered intensity along the vertical momentum transfer qz in an interval, which is decided by the thickness ratio Γ (ratio of sublayer's thickness to periodic thickness), the cross-correlations between different interfaces are canceled and only the autocorrelations are reserved. Then the multilayer can be treated as a `single interface' and the average power spectral density can be obtained without assuming any vertical correlation model. This method has been employed to study the interface morphology of sputter-deposited W/Si multilayers grown at an Ar pressure of 1-7 mTorr. The results show an increase in vertical correlation length and a decrease in lateral correlation length with increased Ar pressure. The static roughness exponent α = 0 and dynamic growth exponent z = 2 indicate the Edwards-Wilkinson growth model at an Ar pressure of 1-5 mTorr. At an Ar pressure of 7 mTorr, α = 0.35 and z = 1.65 indicate the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang growth model.

Field of study: Physics
Formation of a Late Jurassic carbonate platform on top of the obducted Dinaridic ophiolites deduced from the analysis of carbonate pebbles and ophiolitic detritus in southwestern Serbia

In the Inner Dinarides of southwestern Serbia, Tithonian polymictic carbonate turbidites, deposited in a deep-water foreland basin below overthrust ophiolites, contain Kimmeridgian–Tithonian shallow-water clasts, Triassic open-marine limestone and radiolarite clasts, and chrome spinels of a harzburgitic source (suprasubduction and MOR ophiolites). The results from the component analysis of these Tithonian polymictic carbonate turbidites constrain a Middle to Late Jurassic orogeny in the Western Tethys realm with following geodynamic evolution: (1) The closure of the western part of the Neo-Tethys Ocean caused west- to northwestward-directed ophiolite obduction onto the wider Adriatic shelf from Middle Jurassic times onwards. The former Triassic–Middle Jurassic outer passive continental margin of the Neo-Tethys imbricated and a nappe stack in lower plate (wider Adriatic) position was formed in front of the propagating obducting ophiolites. (2) During a period of relative tectonic quiescence, formation of a Late Jurassic carbonate platform started around the Oxfordian/Kimmeridgian boundary on top of the obducted ophiolites. This detection of a Late Jurassic carbonate platform formed above the obducted Dinaridic ophiolites close an important gap in knowledge about the geodynamic evolution of the Inner Dinarides. (3) From the Kimmeridgian/Tithonian boundary onwards uplift of the imbricated rocks below the obducted ophiolites triggered unroofing. During Tithonian times the obducted ophiolites were transported west-directed along low-angle fault plains near to its present position in the Dinarides. Mountain uplift and unroofing caused the partly erosion of the Late Jurassic carbonate platform, the underlying ophiolites and the Triassic–Jurassic nappe stack consisting of outer shelf sedimentary rocks.

Field of study: Environmental science
European Markets As Challenges Or Opportunities For Mexican Smes Internationalization: A Critical Analysis Of Globalization

This chapter contributes to the understanding of the effects of globalization on the internationalization of Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) from developing countries, trading with developed countries. It is based on a case study of BANCOMEXT (the Mexican Trade Commission) in Europe. The chapter addresses the problems and opportunities faced by Mexican SMEs in European markets. It suggests that, despite Mexico 's economic liberalization and the network of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) all over the world, Mexican SMEs have few opportunities for internationalising in markets as distant and developed as the European Union .The chapter pays attention to the relation between globalization and growth to shed light on the impact of globalization. Analyzing Mexican international trade, the transformation and results due to trade liberalization have been particularly notable in terms of export diversification (Carrillo- Rivera 2007) and FDI attraction. BANCOMEXT; European markets; Free Trade Agreements (FTAs); globalization; internationalization; Mexican SMEs; trade liberalization

Field of study: Political science
Responses of selected birch (Betula pendula Roth) clones to ozone change over time.

A long-term free air ozone fumigation experiment was conducted to study changes in physiological ozone responses during tree ontogeny and exposure time in ozone sensitive and tolerant clones of European white birch (Betula pendula Roth), originated from south and central Finland. The trees were grown in soil in natural microclimatic conditions under ambient ozone (control) and 1.4-1.7 x ambient (elevated) ozone from May 1996 to October 2001, and were measured for stem and foliage growth, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, stomatal density, visible injuries, foliar starch content and bud formation. After 6 years of exposure, the magnitude of ozone-induced growth reductions in the sensitive clone was 12-48% (significant difference), levels similar or greater than those reported earlier for 2- and 3-year-old saplings undergoing shorter exposures. In the tolerant clone, growth of these larger trees was reduced by 1-38% (significant difference in stem volume), although the saplings had previously been unaffected. In both clones, ozone stress led to significantly reduced leaf-level net photosynthesis but significantly increased stomatal conductance rates during the late summer, resulting in a lower carbon gain for bud formation and the onset of visible foliar injuries. Increasing ozone sensitivity with duration of exposure was explained by a change in growth form (relatively reduced foliage mass), a lower photosynthesis to stomatal conductance ratio during the late summer, and deleterious carry-over effects arising from the reduced number of over-wintering buds.

Field of study: Environmental science
Analysis of processes in planar solid oxide fuel cells

In this paper, a platform for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) simulation has been developed and the corresponding algorithms are presented. The platform is capable of dealing with fully coupled multiphysical processes and simulating the behaviors of three flow configurations. “Border effects” were revealed and it is important to understand the scale-up topic in SOFC development. The determining steps in cell performance are proposed and respective schemes are provided to enhance cell performance according to the determining steps. The characteristics of the three flow configurations were analyzed and compared. The cross-flow configuration was given negative recommendations for its unsatisfactory performance in uniformly distributing cell temperature and current density. The co-flow configuration could intrinsically obtain a uniform current density distribution with the disadvantage of steadily increasing cell temperature from fuel inlet to outlet. The counter-flow configuration had “localized enhancement effects” near the fuel inlet and cell performance substantially benefited from these effects. But the operating conditions of the counter-flow configuration should be deliberately adjusted to avoid an excessively high cell temperature.

Field of study: Materials science
Retributive Reactions to Suspected Offenders: The Importance of Social Categorizations and Guilt Probability

In the current research, the author investigates the influence of social categorizations on retributive emotions (e.g., anger) and punishment intentions when people evaluate suspected offenders as independent observers. It is argued that information that guilt is certain or uncertain (i.e., guilt probability) has different consequences for retributive reactions to ingroup and outgroup suspects. In correspondence with predictions, results of four experiments showed that people reacted more negatively to ingroup than outgroup suspects when guilt was certain but that people reacted more negatively to outgroup than ingroup suspects when guilt was uncertain. It is concluded that guilt probability moderates the influence of social categorizations on people’s retributive reactions to suspected offenders.

Field of study: Psychology
The Potential Benefits of Filtering Versus Hyper-Parameter Optimization

The quality of an induced model by a learning algorithm is dependent on the quality of the training data and the hyper-parameters supplied to the learning algorithm. Prior work has shown that improving the quality of the training data (i.e., by removing low quality instances) or tuning the learning algorithm hyper-parameters can significantly improve the quality of an induced model. A comparison of the two methods is lacking though. In this paper, we estimate and compare the potential benefits of filtering and hyper-parameter optimization. Estimating the potential benefit gives an overly optimistic estimate but also empirically demonstrates an approximation of the maximum potential benefit of each method. We find that, while both significantly improve the induced model, improving the quality of the training set has a greater potential effect than hyper-parameter optimization.

Field of study: Computer science
Micro-mechanical testing of SiLK by nanoindentation and substrate curvature techniques

Advanced micro-mechanical characterization methods provide material properties of thin films for modeling thermo-mechanical behavior of thin films for micro-electronic applications. Here, we focus on the local measurement method of nanoindentation for finding visco-elastic properties, and a global method of substrate curvature testing that provides linear elastic properties. Our specimen SiLK, Dow chemicals, is a low-k dielectric thin polymer film with a thickness of 400 nm, 6 and 8 μm, deposited on Si substrate. Our results show temperature dependent linear elastic and linear visco-elastic material properties for thin film materials.

Field of study: Engineering
How Did ‘He’ Learn? The Male Pre-service Preschool Teachers’ Experiences: Feminist Pedagogy Point of View

When gender differences lead to an unbalanced structure in preschool education training classrooms, this cause a problem; traditional training courses for pre-service preschool teachers have resulted in their robustness to male learners. This article investigates the experiences of individuals who have studied preschool education in Taiwan. Three participants were interviewed, with a particular focus on their learning experience that adopted an in-depth interview method. The results found that males entering the realm of preschool education are often not considering becoming a preschool teacher. By failing to contribute to discussions, reacting dismissively to instruction, and pursuing outside specialties, the learning experience from a social perspective and gender stereotypes could aid them in getting better jobs.  Feminist Pedagogy, Male Pre-service Preschool Teachers, Male Learning Experiences.

Field of study: Education
National Trends in the Adoption of Pharmacy Curriculum Outcomes Assessment for Student Assessment and Remediation

To determine and describe the current uses of the Pharmacy Curriculum Outcomes Assessment (PCOA) by US schools and colleges of pharmacy.  Assessment professionals from 135 US schools and colleges of pharmacy were invited to complete a 38-item electronic survey. Survey items were designed to investigate common uses of the PCOA, cut points, and “stakes” assigned to the PCOA, identification of at-risk students, and remediation approaches.  The school response rate was 68%. The most common uses of the PCOA included curricular assessment (76%), individual student performance assessment (74%), and cohort performance assessment (71%). The PCOA was most frequently administered to third-year pharmacy (P3) students. The approach for assigning “stakes” to PCOA performance varied among programs depending on the student’s professional year in the curriculum. Programs used a variety of approaches to establish the benchmark (or cut point) for PCOA performance. Remediation for at risk students was required by less than 25% of programs. Remediation was most commonly required for P3 students (22%).  Survey results indicate wide variability between programs regarding PCOA cut points (benchmarks), stakes, and remediation approaches. In the future, it will be important for pharmacy educators to identify and study best practices for use of PCOA within student assessment and remediation plans.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Structure of tetragonal hen egg-white lysozyme at 0.94 A from crystals grown by the counter-diffusion method.

Very high quality crystals of tetragonal hen egg-white lysozyme were grown in the Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility (APCF) on board the Space Shuttle using a modified free-interface diffusion (FID) reactor designed ad hoc to have a longer diffusion path. This design allows the performance of true counter-diffusion experiments. Crystals were obtained under the classical chemical conditions defined 50 y ago with NaCl as a crystallizing agent and acetate pH 4.5 as a buffer. Counter-diffusion crystallization allows a "physical" instead of chemical optimization of growth conditions: indeed, this method screens for the best supersaturation conditions in a single trial and yields crystals of very high quality. A complete diffraction data set was collected at atomic resolution from one of these crystals using synchrotron radiation at the DESY-EMBL beamlines. The overall R(merge) on intensities in the resolution range 31-0.94 A was 5.2% and the data were 98.9% complete. Refinement was carried out with the programs CNS and SHELX97 to a final crystallographic R factor of 12.26% for 72 390 reflections. A mean standard uncertainty in the atomic positions of 0.024 A was estimated from inversion of blocked least-squares matrices. 22 side chains show alternate conformations and the loop 59-75 adopts in the same crystal packing two conformations that were observed for either triclinic or tetragonal lysozyme in previous high-resolution studies. In addition to 255 water molecules, the crystallizing agent (one hexacoordinated sodium ion and five chloride anions) participates in the ordered lysozyme hydration shell.

Field of study: Chemistry
The distribution of Fst and other genetic statistics for a class of population structure models

We examine genetic statistics used in the study of structured populations. In a 1999 paper, Wakeley observed that the coalescent process associated with the finite island model can be decomposed into a scattering phase and a collecting phase. This decomposition becomes exact in the large population limit with the coalescent at the end of the scattering phase converging to the Ewens sampling formula and the coalescent during the collecting phase converging to the Kingman coalescent. In this paper we introduce a class of limiting models, which we refer to as G/KC models, that generalize Wakeley’s decomposition. G in G/KC represents a completely general limit for the scattering phase, while KC represents a Kingman coalescent limit for the collecting phase. We show that both the island and two-dimensional stepping stone models converge to G/KC models in the large population limit. We then derive the distribution of the statistic Fst for all G/KC models under a large sample limit for the cases of strong or weak mutation, thereby deriving the large population, large sample limiting distribution of Fst for the island and two-dimensional stepping stone models as a special case of a general formula. Our methods allow us to take the large population and large sample limits simultaneously. In the context of large population, large sample limits, we show that the variance of Fst in the presence of weak mutation collapses as $${O(\frac{1}{\log d})}$$ where d is the number of demes sampled. Further, we show that this $${O(\frac{1}{\log d})}$$ is caused by a heavy tail in the distribution of Fst. Our analysis of Fst can be extended to an entire class of genetic statistics, and we use our approach to examine homozygosity measures. Our analysis uses coalescent based methods.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
An Empirical Study on the Training of College Students' Cooperation Intention

It is very important for college students to have cooperation skill and cooperation intention in the 21st century,and it is more important to have cooperation intention.Nowadays,the status of college students' cooperation intention is not good.Then,how to enhance the college students' cooperation intention is the key.In the research,a total of 112 college students were invited to participate in the investigation.They are all sophomores,involving 66 students in the experiment group and 36 in control group.The experiment group accepted this training which lasted one year.The result showed that the scores of the experiment group are higher than the control group in 3 dimensions of gregariousness,reciprocity and tolerance after the training.The common goal program could enhance the college students' cooperation intention,so it should be popularized among college students.

Field of study: Education
Coded Merkle Tree: Solving Data Availability Attacks in Blockchains

In this paper, we propose coded Merkle tree (CMT), a novel hash accumulator that offers a constant-cost protection against data availability attacks in blockchains, even if the majority of the network nodes are malicious. A CMT is constructed using a family of sparse erasure codes on each layer, and is recovered by iteratively applying a peeling-decoding technique that enables a compact proof for data availability attack on any layer. Our algorithm enables any node to verify the full availability of any data block generated by the system by just downloading a $\Theta(1)$ byte block hash commitment and randomly sampling $\Theta(\log b)$ bytes, where $b$ is the size of the data block. With the help of only one connected honest node in the system, our method also allows any node to verify any tampering of the coded Merkle tree by just downloading $\Theta(\log b)$ bytes. We provide a modular library for CMT in Rust and Python and demonstrate its efficacy inside the Parity Bitcoin client.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics