nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of ungulates in relation to climatic and land use changes in an insularized African savanna ecosystem

Land use change and human population growth are accelerating the fragmentation and insularization of wildlife habitats worldwide. The conservation and management of wildlife in the resultant ‘island’ ecosystems in the context of global warming is challenging due to the isolation and reduced size of the ecosystems and hence the scale over which ecosystem processes can operate. We analyzed trends in numbers of nine large herbivores in Kenya’s Lake Nakuru National Park to understand how rainfall and temperature variability, surrounding land use changes, and boundary fencing affected wildlife population dynamics inside the park during 1970–2011. Buffalo, zebra and Thomson’s gazelle numbers increased persistently. Grant’s gazelle and impala increased initially then gradually declined. Waterbuck and warthog numbers progressively declined to levels that potentially threatened their local population persistence. The total biomass of ungulates tripled from 1970 to 2011, with buffalo replacing waterbuck as the predominant species in biomass. Increased competition from buffalo and zebra, heightened predation and illicit human harvests probably all contributed to the declines by waterbuck and warthog. Density-dependent limitation of population growth within the park confines was evident for buffalo, impala, eland, giraffe, Grant’s and Thomson’s gazelles. Fluctuations in the lake level related to varying rainfall affected changes in animal abundance through expansion of the lake area and flooding of grasslands bordering the lake. Unusually, the most stressful conditions were associated with high water levels following high rainfall. There was also evidence of carry-over effects from prior habitat conditions affecting all species. The relatively stable populations of all species except warthog and waterbuck demonstrate the remarkable capacity of this small, insularized park to retain viable populations of most of the large herbivores, without much management intervention.

Field of study: Environmental science
Marietta Holley: Life with "Josiah Allen's Wife" (review)

essay, the plot and characters of Washington Square are located in the context of the controversy over paper money and specie that raged during the Jackson administration (the period of the novel). In an essay on the Prefaces to the New York edition, Stuart Culver bewilderingly extends upon James's metaphors of bridge building to assert the relevance of his research into British and American civil engineering societies in the nineteenth century. But to Culver the James of the Prefaces is not solely a civil engineer; he is also a capitalist: "the work of composition is essentially a matter of financial management, amateurish speculation."

Field of study: Art
EM-Side-Channel Resistant Symmetric-Key Authentication Mechanism for Small Devices

We provide a novel electro-magnetic (EM) side-channel resistant symmetric-key authentication mechanism for small devices that uses a Benes network to permute the on-board authentication-key before computing a MAC of a challenge with the key. The permutation itself is derived from the challenge using a hash function acting as a random oracle. The solution has interesting applications such as forgery detection of currency bills.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
An economical, upgraded, stabilized and efficient preparation of amyloglucosidase

An economical preparation of amyloglucosidase (AMG) is obtained from a transglucosidase-nonproducing mutant of Aspergillus awamori by qualitative and quantitative optimization of the ingredients of its production medium as well as production parameters. Further, it is upgraded by filtration and 14-fold concentration through an ultrafiltration membrane. Finally, its maximal stabilization during storage at ambient temperature is attained by using 14% (w/v) partial hydrolysate of starch as a stabilizer. While the concentrated preparation without stabilizer showed less than 50% of the original activity after 24 weeks of storage, the concentrated preparation, fortified with 14% (w/v) partial hydrolysate of starch, showed 80% stabilization during the same period. This stabilizer could be substituted by 1 × 10 −3 M thiomersal for comparable stabilization of concentrated amyloglucosidase preparation. This enzyme preparation afforded efficient (96% DX, w/w) saccharification of 35% (w/w) tapioca starch in 48–54 h. Thus, these steps have cumulatively provided an economical, upgraded, stabilized and efficient alternative to commercially available AMG preparations.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Adeno associated viral vector-delivered and hypoxia response element-regulated CD151 expression in ischemic rat heart

The aim of this study was to improve the delivery efficacy and target specificity of the pro-angiogenic gene CD151 to the ischemic heart.To achieve the inducible expression of adeno-associated viral (AAV)-delivered CD151 gene in only the ischemic myocardium, we generated an AAV construct in which CD151 expression can be controlled by the hypoxia response element (HRE) sequence from the human Enolase gene. The function of this vector was examined in rat H9C2 cardiac myoblasts and in ischemic rat myocardium. The expression of CD151 in the areas of ischemic myocardium was confirmed at the mRNA level by real-time PCR and on the protein level by Western blot, whereas the CD151 expression in the microvessels within the areas of ischemic myocardium was detected by immunohistochemistry.HRE significantly enhances the expression of CD151 under hypoxic conditions or in the ischemic myocardium, and forced CD151 expression increases the number of microvessels in the ischemic myocardium.The AAV-mediated, HRE regulated delivery of the CD151 gene shows higher expression in the ischemic myocardium and more efficiently targets CD151 to the hypoxic regions after myocardial infarction.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Superhelical density of goat mitochondrial DNA: fluorimetric studies.

EtBr binding to DNA has been used to determine the superhelical density of Goat mtDNA. The differential binding of closed circular and nicked circular DNA is estimated by simple fluorescence measurements, which is a function of state of DNA supercoiling. The method is simple and quick over the cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation studies.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Application and Development of Precision Die of Ceramic Mould Based on Rapid Prototyping Technology

The characteristics and application statuses of rapid prototyping technologies and ceramic mold casting technologies on design, manufacturing, technique of mold have been introduced. Through analysis from aspects of improving of surface coarseness degree, shortening manufacturing period, reducing producing cost, there is a developing direction for mold manufacturing industry to combine prototyping technologies with ceramic mold casting, especially for a type of complicated shape, difficult machined convex interface, it has efficient effect, and it is a new method of mold suitable for Chinese status and equipment condition.

Field of study: Materials science
Observation of wind-induced sea surface feature off Pulu Bawean, Java, from LANDSAT-1

Photographic data received from the LANDSAT-1 (ERTS-1) satellite on 2 November 1972 while over the Java Sea revealed an anomalous ocean feature extending to the northwest from Pulu Bawean (Bawean Island). The cause of this feature is discussed and compared to similar features in the lee of the Lesser Antilles Islands and in the Red Sea.

Field of study: Environmental science
Self-efficacy in relation to occupational consideration and academic performance in high school equivalency students

Cette etude a pour objectif de tester la theorie de l'«efficacite personnelle» de Bandura qui met en relation les considerations professionnelles et les performances scolaires. Les considerations de 35 etudiants œuvrant dans le cadre d'un travail fermier saisonnier sont examinees. Les analyses individuelles et de groupe apportent des resultats nuances dans les relations existant entre ces considerations professionnelles, l'efficacite personnelle, les interets, les stimulations, l'accomplissement et les aptitudes

Field of study: Psychology
Assessment of tolerance induction by Origanum vulgare L. essential oil or carvacrol in Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultivated in a meat-based broth and in a meat model

This study assessed the efficacy of Origanum vulgare L. essential oil (OVEO) and carvacrol in inhibiting the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, as well as the development of direct tolerance and cross-tolerance when this bacterium was challenged with sublethal amounts of these substances in a meat-based broth and in a meat model. OVEO and carvacrol at their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), 1/2 MIC and 1/4 MIC decreased the viable cell counts of P. aeruginosa in meat-based broth. Direct tolerance or cross-tolerance was not induced after exposure of the assayed bacterial strain to sublethal amounts of OVEO or carvacrol in meat-based broth and in an artificially contaminated ground beef. Bacterial cells progressively subcultured in meat-based broth with increasing amounts of the tested substances survived up to the MIC of OVEO and to 1/2 MIC of carvacrol. The results reveal a lack of induction of tolerance in P. aeruginosa by exposure to OVEO or carvacrol in meat-based broth and in a meat model.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
DAMAGE DETECTION OF COMPOSITE STRUCTURES BASED ON INNER PRODUCT VECTOR

Inner product vector (IPV) is proposed to characterize the cross correlation of the measured vibration responses of the structure. Then a new damage detection method is put forward based on this concept. It is theoretically proved that the elements in the IPV of a structure is the inner product of the time domain vibration responses of corresponding measuring points, and this vector can be directly calculated by using the measured time domain vibration responses. Under white noise excitation, the IPV of a structure is the superpostion of the vibration modes of the structure, and the contribution of each mode shape only depends on the modal parameters of the structure. Therefore the IPV involves health information of a structure and the difference of the IPVs between the intact and damaged structure can be used as the damage index. The damage location is identified by the abrupt change of IPV curve of the structure. Numerical simulation of the delamination damage detection for a composite laminated beam and plate demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.

Field of study: Engineering
C-reactive protein and cardiovascular disease: new insights from an old molecule.

The classical acute-phase protein, C-reactive protein (CRP), is an exquisitely sensitive systemic marker of disease with broad clinical utility for monitoring and differential diagnosis. Inflammation, the key regulator of CRP synthesis, plays a pivotal role in atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease. There is a powerful predictive association between raised serum CRP values and the outcome of acute coronary syndromes, and, remarkably, between even modestly increased CRP production and future atherothrombotic events in otherwise healthy individuals. Baseline CRP values also reflect metabolic states associated with atherothrombotic events. The presence of CRP within most atherosclerotic plaques and all acute myocardial infarction lesions, coupled with binding of CRP to lipoproteins and its capacity for pro-inflammatory complement activation, suggests that CRP may contribute to the pathogenesis and complications of cardiovascular disease. We review the biological properties of CRP, the association between CRP and cardiovascular disease, and the possibility that CRP may be a novel therapeutic target.

Field of study: Medicine
Evaluation of School-Based Feeding Program in Cangcahipos Elementary School Using CIPP Model: Basis for Enhanced Program Implementation

Good nutrition is essential for the improvement of academic performance of learners. This study evaluated the implementation of the school-based feeding program in Cangcahipos Elementary School using the Context, Input, Process, Product (CIPP) Model of evaluation by Stufflebeam. The respondents involved 8 teachers, 12 pupils, and 12 parents. Checklists, unstructured interview, on-site observation and documents were employed in collecting data. The gathered data were interpreted and analyzed using Content Analysis, and Descriptive Statistics run through SPSS 16.0. Context evaluation revealed that policies and guidelines were aligned to the program’s objectives which corresponded to its mission rooted from the societal need to resolve malnutrition among public schoolchildren. Input evaluation showed that although teachers and parents have enough background on the proper care and nutrition of children, most SBFP beneficiaries’ family were economically handicapped in providing nutritious food for them; school facilities, equipment, and funding were delayed, insufficient and inadequate; complementary programs were implemented and well-observed; while recipes were standardized and created to address calorie deficiency among recipients. The process evaluation showed that there was a very low parents’ participation; pupils’ attendance and nutritional status improved, yet there was no significant difference between the body mass index of the pupils before and after program implementation. Product evaluation revealed that SBFP beneficiaries were all promoted to the next grade level, but few of them were found to belong to the wasted nutritional status category. An action plan was created to further enhance the implementation of the program.   School-based Feeding Program, CIPP Model, Cangcahipos Elementary School, Nutritional Status, Body Mass Index

Field of study: Education
Acetals of lactams and acid amides. 34. Synthesis and properties of enamines of the isoquinoline series

The reactions of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3-isoquinolone derivatives with dimethylformamide acetal and the hydrolysis and transamination of the resulting enamino amides — 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-dimethylaminomethylene-3-isoquinolone derivatives — were studied. It is shown that 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-phenyl-6,7-dimethoxy-3-isoquinolone can be converted to the corresponding lactim ether. The reactions of the latter with dimethylformamide acetal and hydrazine and the dehydrogenation of this lactim ether in the presence of sodium ethoxide were studied.

Field of study: Chemistry
Providing new graduate opportunities: experiences with a UK master's level computing conversion course

The forces that operate within the software industry are outlined and the case is made for postgraduate software engineering education that is flexible in terms of attendance patterns and responsive to the market in terms of curricula. The developments within a postgraduate “conversion” course at the University of Sunderland over a 9 year period with regard to both patterns of delivery/attendance and curricula are then described (including the origins of the course and the development of five different delivery modes). The profile of graduates at entry to the course is illustrated, and thumbnail sketches of several graduates from the course are drawn to reflect the diversity of their subsequent careers. The content of the original and revised versions of the course are outlined, and comparison is made of the approaches adopted towards the treatment of Software Engineering (SE) in the two versions. Finally, a critical appraisal is presented with regard to the changes introduced in the course.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Sediment dynamics of a sandy contourite: the sedimentary context of the Darwin cold-water coral mounds, Northern Rockall Trough

Grainsize, mineralogy and current-meter data from the Northern Rockall Trough are presented in order to characterise the sandy contourite that forms the sedimentary environment of the Darwin cold-water coral mounds, and to investigate the impact of this environment on the mound build-up. Large clusters of small cold-water coral mounds, 75 m across and 5 m high, have been found southwest of the Wyville Thomson Ridge, at 900–1,100 m water depth. Their present-day sedimentary environment consists of a subtly sorted sandy contourite, elongated NE–SW, roughly parallel to the contours. Critical erosional and depositional current speeds were calculated, and trends in both the quartz/feldspar and foraminifera fractions of the sands show a bi-directional fining from bedload/erosion-dominated sands in the NE to suspension/deposition-dominated sediments in the SW and towards the S (downslope). This is caused by a gradual reduction in governing current speed, linked to a reduction in slope gradient, and by the increasing distance from the current core in the downslope direction. No specific characteristics were found distinguishing the mound sediments from the surrounding sands: they fit in the overall spatial pattern. Some mound cores show hints of a fining-upward trend. Overall the mound build-up process is interpreted as a result of sediment baffling.

Field of study: Environmental science
ESTUDO EXPLORÁTORIO DE CONSTATAÇÃO E DESCRIÇÃO DO MUNDO DO MOVIMENTO DE CRIANÇAS NO MUNICÍPIO DE RESTINGA SECA - RS

This survey aims to portray a concern with the movement world of children suffering with the impoverishment. It is known that certain factors limit their movement experiences and that those limitations are made even more present in the school environment. Thus, two guidelines were sought in the research: first, know the children’s movement world through a case study, and the second was a critical analysis of all the material collected and described from the reality investigated. Therefore, to clarify the importance of children’s movement world, suggest and discuss ways to expand and develop ways to Physical Education practice in the initial grades, which considers their "living world" are fundamental objectives. Hence, it is believed that children’s experiences can enrich the planning and the lessons of school Physical Education.

Field of study: Education
Can Star-Disk Collisions Explain the Missing Red Giants Problem in the Galactic Center?

Observations have revealed a relative paucity of red giant (RG) stars within the central 0.5pc in the Galactic Center (GC). Motivated by this finding we investigate the hypothesis that collisions of stars with a fragmenting accretion disk are responsible for the observed dearth of evolved stars. We use 3-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations to model a star with radius $10 R_{\odot}$ and mass $1 M_{\odot}$, representative of the missing population of RGs, colliding with high density clumps. We find that multiple collisions with clumps of column density $\gtrsim10^{8}\, {\rm g\,cm^{-2}}$ can strip a substantial fraction of the star's envelope and in principle render it invisible to observations. Simulations confirm that repeated impacts are particularly efficient in driving mass loss as partially stripped RGs expand and have increased cross sections for subsequent collisions. Because the envelope is unbound on account of the kinetic energy of the star, any significant amount of stripping of the RG population in the GC should be mirrored by a systematic decay of their orbits and possibly by their enhanced rotational velocity. To be viable, this scenario requires that the total mass of the fragmenting disk has been several orders of magnitude higher than that of the early type stars which now form the stellar disk in the GC.

Field of study: Physics
MECHANICAL PROPERTY RESEARCH ON CONCRETE BASED ON RANDOM MULTI-SCALE MECHANICAL MODEL

A new method with a random multi-scale mechanical model was proposed in the paper to analyze the macro mechanical properties of concrete materials.The method was described to start with the micro-scale of concrete,and the Monte Carlo method was used to generate the random aggregate model of concrete composed of aggregate particles and the mortar matrices.And then,the finite element grid was meshed based on a characteristic unit dimension,and the mesh grid was projected on the established random aggregate model.The mechanical properties of each element were determined by an equivalence method of composite-materials.The macroscopic stress-strain relationship and the deformation of concrete specimen under uniaxial tension based on the Random multi-scale mechanical model were given through the analysis,and the analysis results showed a good agreement with the experiment results.The method proposed in the paper greatly saves computing resources with high efficiency,compared with a micromechanical model.

Field of study: Engineering
An Empirical Study about the Influence of Word of Mouth on Client Changing Behaviour: The Case of Computer Industry in the State of Kuwait

The Word of Mouth (WOM) was recently considered by marketing management, and adapted by marketers in many industries such as computer manufacturing industry. The study investigated how WOM is presented by sender influences consumer switching behaviour during interaction in the different categories of situations within the computer industry. Five variables were tested to see their correlations with the WOM. These variables are: Switching Cost, Sender expertise, Receiver expertise, Sender Trustworthiness, and Tie Strength. Using convenience-sampling approach, the study obtained 130 usable surveys. Data was randomly selected from four different universities in Kuwait. Data analysis was done through the software SPSS, and the results were obtained through ANOVA. The regression analysis statistical method was implemented to test the influence of the five variables on the variable: Sender influence in Positive WOM. This paper drove its significance in providing empirically evidence that would help marketers to plan strategies or to choose the appropriate way in using the direct influence of WOM in marketing transactions.

Field of study: Business
Analysis of the phylogenetic tree of human hepatitis B virus genotype D complete nucleotide

To study the phylogenetic relationship of different strains of HBV D genotype complete nucleotide.  By HBV full length polymerase chain reaction(PCR) in combination with cloning and nucleotide sequencing assay. A Chinese strain of hepatitis B virus genotype D complete nucleotide clone from a chronic asymptomatic HBV carrier of infectious HBV strain of genotype D was sequenced, and GenBank accession of its complete nucleotide sequence is AF280817. Phylogenetic tree was obtained by analysis of complete genes of 30 strains of HBV genotype D sequences from NCBI by use of DNASIS and CLUSTALW.  The evolutional distance of this Chinese HBV strain of genotype D is the most homogenous to four Swedish HBV strains of genotype D in 30 strains of HBV genotype D published by GenBank. Mediteranean area and Europe countries but not Asia are predominant geographical region of HBV genotype D.  The discrepancy of evolution of HBV strain of genotype D result from the origin of virus, the distinctness of migratory orientation of virus and the long choice of virus in the host of different heredity and immune idiosyncracy were discussed.

Field of study: Biology