nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Les bovidae (Artiodactyla: Mammalia) du miocene du sous-continent indien, de la peninsule arabique et de l'afrique: Biostratigraphie, biogeographie et ecologie

Supported by the study of Miocene bovids, mainly from the Indian Subcontinent, the Arabian Peninsula and Africa, a provisional synthesis of the bovid biogeographical history is provided. Different aspects are examined successively: the initial bovid radiation, the evolution and biogeography of the Boselaphini, the intercontinental faunal exchanges, the biostratigraphic correlations, the emergence of the Ethiopian fauna and some of the major characteristics of the evolution of the palaeoenvironments. Two successive bovid phases characterizing their early history are accepted. The first one took place during the “mammal units” NM 4 to 6 and concerns mainly the Caprinae and the Antilopini. The Boselaphini seem to have appeared later and, during the second phase, their initial radiation took place, apparently, in the Indian Subcontinent. There, the success of the Boselaphini is linked both to geographical isolation and to the persistence of more or less closed environments south of the Himalayas. During this second phase (NM 7–8), the specific diversity of the bovids is increasing especially in Asia and Africa. Secondly, the problems concerning the Early Miocene terrestrial faunal exchanges after the establishment of the land connection between the Afro-Arabian plate and Asia sensu stricto are discussed. New discoveries in Saudi Arabia provide evidence of the occurrence of two successive faunal exchange phases, the earlier preceding the time of the Dam deposits in eastern Saudi Arabia (NM 5), the second one being probably posterior to the Langhian transgression (NM 6). Afterwards, during the Middle and Late Miocene, nine bovid taxa are involved in the migration between Asia and Africa. While the immigration into Eurasia seems to have been restricted, the immigration into Africa was more extensive and therefore affected the bovid fauna more profoundly. The emergence of the true Ethiopian fauna took place between 11-10 m.y. and 7 m.y. The bovids from the Grosseto lignites in Tuscany are here considered as being of African origin. Lastly, from an ecological point of view, the concordance of the climatic deterioration with the appearance of mosaic-savanna biotopes at the beginning of the Middle Miocene, between the Arabian Peninsula and the lower latitudes near the present-day equator, must be noticed. Towards the end of the Miocene, the Saharo-Arabian belt no longer constituted an obstacle to latitudinal dispersal for larger mammals. North Africa may at that time have been a refuge for late-surviving Eurasian forms.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
SU-FF-T-569: A Study On the Dosimetric Accuracy of Lung Cancer Treatment Plan Using Average and Maximum Intensity Projection Images in Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy

To verify how conformal treatments and plans are developed for lung Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapytreatment when targets are defined by images generated from Maximum Intensity Projection (MIP) and Average Intensity (AVG) of four‐dimensional computed tomography (4DCT).  A custom built programmable lung phantom was used to simulate tumor motions that follows various breathing patterns, including regular periodic motions and irregular motions measured for actual patients at treatment. After scanning, the phantom with moving target in 4DCT, reconstructed images, including AVG and MIP, were imported into Pinnacle treatment planning system. The PTV targets have been defined from these images according to protocols used in 3D SBRT. Phantom with the target in motion was exposed to radiation according to plan. Dosimetric measurements within the target were performed with radiochromic film.  The analysis of film dosimetry allowed us to find that targets moving regularly or with irregular small range (with average range less than 5mm) reproduced at treatmentdose distributions closely to dose distributions computed at planning. However, for targets moving irregularly, and with larger than 1 cm motion amplitude, the measured isolines on film were found to be noticeably shifted relative to dose isolines as computed by the plan. In particular, this shift of isolines demonstrated that parts of PTV were underdosed relative to prescription.  We should be cautious when using the 4DCT images for the definition of targets for lungtreatment, particularly when targets do experience irregular and large amplitude motions. The geometric domains defined by 4D CT that intend to contain tissue of the target at all times, irrespective of its motion, may not provide accurate geometrical and temporal representation of these domains as anticipated. Our results indicate that abdominal compression, together with image guidance assures precise delivery of SBRT in lung.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Comparison Research on Mechanical Properties of B610CF-L2 and JFE-HITEN610U2L Steel

The mechanical properties and series temperature toughness of B610CF-L2 and JFE-HITEN610U2L steel were mainly introduced.The results show that the mechanical properties of B610CF-L2 and JFE-HITEN610U2L steel are at the same level.They both meet the need of-50 ℃,2000 m3 cryogenic ethylene spherical tank construction.

Field of study: Materials science
Production and in vivo characterization of a bifunctional antibody (IVA039.1) with specificity for the mouse interleukin-2 receptor and vinca alkaloids.

The autoreactive T cell plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of type I diabetes in humans and in rodent animal models. Elimination or attenuation of these cells may provide a means to treat the disease. The use of antibodies directed to T cells has shown varying degrees of effectiveness in the treatment of autoimmune disease. The use of a bifunctional antibody directed to T cells with a cytolytic agent may provide an additional level of therapeutic efficacy compared to anti-T-cell antibodies alone. To test this hypothesis, we prepared a bifunctional antibody (IVA039.1) with specificity for the mouse interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor and vinca alkaloids. The antibody was derived from the fusion of vinca immune spleen cells with PC61 5.3, a hybridoma that produces rat anti-mouse IL-2 receptor antibody. IVA039.1 was purified by affinity chromatography through Protein A and anti-vinca affinity columns followed by TSK-DEAE high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Bifunctionality of the antibody was confirmed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis, enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA) and a cell assay designed to measure simultaneously both IL-2 receptor and vinca reactivities. The biodistribution of IVA039.1 was determined in normal and streptozotocin-complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) induced diabetic mice. Enhanced uptake of IVA039.1 was observed in the pancreata, spleens, and lymph nodes of diabetic compared to normal mice. These data suggest that bifunctional antibodies that can deliver cytolytic agents to T cells may be appropriate candidates for the treatment of diabetes and other autoimmune diseases.

Field of study: Biology
On the chemistry of the young massive protostellar core NGC 2264 CMM3

We present the first gas-grain astrochemical model of the NGC 2264 CMM3 protostellar core. The chemical evolution of the core is affected by changing its physical parameters such as the total density and the amount of gas-depletion onto grain surfaces as well as the cosmic ray ionisation rate, ζ$\zeta$. We estimated ζCMM3=1.6×10−17s−1$\zeta_{\text{CMM3}} = 1.6 \times 10^{-17}~\mbox{s}^{-1}$. This value is 1.3 times higher than the standard CR ionisation rate,  _{\text{ISM}} = 1.3 \times 10^{-17}~\mbox{s}^{-1}$. Species response differently to changes into the core physical conditions, but they are more sensitive to changes in the depletion percentage and CR ionisation rate than to variations in the core density. Gas-phase models highlighted the importance of surface reactions as factories of large molecules and showed that for sulphur bearing species depletion is important to reproduce observations.Comparing the results of the reference model with the most recent millimeter observations of the NGC 2264 CMM3 core showed that our model is capable of reproducing the observed abundances of most of the species during early stages (≤3×104yrs$\le 3\times10^{4}~\mbox{yrs}$) of their chemical evolution. Models with variations in the core density between 1–20×106cm−3$1\mbox{--}20 \times 10^{6}~\mbox{cm}^{-3}$ are also in good agreement with observations during the early time interval 1×104<t(yr)<5×104$1 \times 10^{4} < t\ (\mbox{yr}) < 5 \times 10^{4}$. In addition, models with higher CR ionisation rates (5–10)×ζISM$(5\mbox{--}10) \times\zeta_{\text{ISM}}$ are often overestimating the fractional abundances of the species. However, models with ζCMM3=5ζISM$\zeta_{\text{CMM3}} = 5 \zeta_{\text{ISM}}$ may best fit observations at times ∼2×104yrs$\sim 2 \times 10^{4}~\mbox{yrs}$. Our results suggest that CMM3 is (1–5)×104yrs$(1\mbox{--}5) \times 10^{4}~\mbox{yrs}$ old. Therefore, the core is chemically young and it may host a Class 0 object as suggested by previous studies.

Field of study: Physics
Address of the 2020-2021 President and Immediate Past President to the First House of Delegates at the 2020 Virtual Annual Meeting of the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy

[ ]as the pandemic disrupts many longstanding structures in health care, new opportunities are emerging to position pharmacists as critical contributors to health care and essential members of care teams First are the student pharmacists who come to our schools because they want to help people live better and healthier lives [ ]are the patients that our students will take care of throughout their careers The combination of passion and perseverance, grit, is what will lead us to the transformation of pharmacy practice and education that will result in providing better care to our patients

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Deposits of southward-flowing, pleistocene rivers in the channel region, near Wissant, NW France

In the Calais region near Wissant, a well-known series of Pleistocene deposits has been restudied with particular emphasis on the sedimentary structures. Three lithologic units have been distinguished, i.e. from base to top: fluviatile red and brown gravels, probably deposited during a glacial stage; green clays and sands, deposited during a high water-table (interglacial stage?); and fluviatile yellow gravelly sands, deposited during a glacial stage. Palaeocurrents were southward-flowing. A discussion concerning the age of the deposits (Mindel and/or Riss), their southward continuation and their relationship to neighbouring Pleistocene deposits is given. An overflow-outlet of an ice-dammed lake in the North Sea is postulated to explain the origin of the rivers.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Synthesis and study of 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine derivatives

New 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine derivatives were obtained. The reactivity in reactions involving nucleophilic substitution of the chlorine atom by amino, arylamino, and hydrazino groups was investigated. Data from the IR, UV, and PMR spectra are presented.

Field of study: Chemistry
Pressure-induced lattice collapse in tetragonal phase and structural phase transition in single crystalline Fe1.05Te

We report studies of in-situ x-ray diffraction (XRD) and electronic properties on the single crystalline of Fe1.05Te compound under high pressure. The results demonstrated that the sample undergoes a pressure-induced lattice collapse in tetragonal phase (cT) at 4 GPa at room temperature. The cT phase in turn transfers to monoclinic (M) phase with increasing pressure to 14 GPa. The resistance measurements under pressures show that the onset temperature of structural phase transition (TSTR) decreases upon transformation from the tetragonal (T) to the cT phase and turns up at the 4 GPa where is the boundary pressure of T-cT phase. The onset of antiferromagnetic transition (TAF) shows little change up to 0.8 GPa by magnetization measurements. In the domain of M phase, the sample behaves like semiconductor at low temperature. No superconductivity is observed under the pressure investigated.

Field of study: Physics
Synthesis of monodisperse crosslinked St-PEG200DMA copolymeric microspheres

Dispersion copolymerization of styrene with polyethely en e glycol 200-dimethacrylae as crosslinking agent was carried out by using poly (N-vinylpy rrolidone), 2,2-azo-bisisobutyronitrile as the stabilizer and initiator, respectively. Highly monodisperse microspheres were prepared by the o ne-step method of dispersion copolymerization.The effects of the concentration of crosslinking agent on the microsphere morphology and copolymerization rate we re studied.It was found that the crosslinking agent played an important role on the particle morphology and system stability.When the concentration of crosslink ing agent was below 2.0%(mass) of styrene, all the microspheres were spherical with smooth surface. However, after the concentration reached 2.5%(mass) or hig her, monodisperse microspheres with flower-liked wrinkles on the surface were o btained.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Synthesis and Microstructural Studies of Iron Based LaO1-xFxFeAs Superconducting Materials

We report on the synthesis and microstructural studies of fluorine based iron doped superconductors. We have successfully synthesized the fluorine based new superconducting material LaO1-xFxFeAs by choosing comparatively lower temperature and longer synthesis duration. The superconducting transition temperature that we have achieved is 27.5 K which is observed at doping level of x=0.2. The structural microstructural characterizations have been done by employing XRD, SEM and TEM techniques. The SEM and TEM micrographs reveal the layered structure.

Field of study: Physics
Factors Activating Big Data Adoption by Korean Firms

Big data is expected to drive the new digital transformation of society, government, and business. The proportion of firms implementing and utilizing big data, however, is not high. There are many challenges and obstacles related to firm adoption of big data. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors influencing the adoption of big data among Korean firms using the technology-organization-environment (TOE) framework. The results of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and regression analysis from data collected from 50 experts and 226 companies, respectively, are as follows: the benefits from big data, technological capabilities, financial investment competence, and data quality and integration are perceived by the experts and the firms as the strongest determinants of adoption. Management support for big data, security and privacy, and government support and policy are also influential factors of firm big data adoption.

Field of study: Computer science
A critical review of the proposed definitions of fundamental chemical quantities and their impact on chemical communities (IUPAC Technical Report)

In the proposed new SI, the kilogram will be redefined in terms of the Planck constant and the mole will be redefined in terms of the Avogadro constant. These redefinitions will have some consequences for measurements in chemistry. The goal of the Mole Project (IUPAC Project Number 2013-048-1-100) was to compile published work related to the definition of the quantity ‘amount of substance’, its unit the ‘mole’, and the consequence of these definitions on the unit of the quantity mass, the kilogram. The published work has been reviewed critically with the aim of assembling all possible aspects in order to enable IUPAC to judge the adequateness of the existing definitions or new proposals. Compilation and critical review relies on the broadest spectrum of interested IUPAC members.

Field of study: Chemistry
Higher Education and the War: Compression of Courses due to War May Be a Challenge to Academic Reconstruction.

Higher education of any kind, but particularly that which has no specific vocational aim, is always threatened in time of war. Colleges and universities in this country, with the memory of 1917-19 still fresh in mind, have realized since August, 1939, that their habitsperhaps even their existence in many cases-would be threatened, and that they would have to make drastic readjustments to increase their present usefulness and to help guarantee their survival. The problems of adjustment and survival are even more acute for liberal studies in the larger framework of the university or for the liberal college itself than for higher education as a whole. A review of the public statements of educators and the announced plans and policies of institutions during this period shows everything from complacency to alarm. The main tendency seems, however, to have been a development from the former toward the latter state of mind. I mark three stages in this process: the peace period, which in this country extended beyond the outbreak of war in Europe; the defense period, which lasted about two years and is still with us in the dormant judgment of certain groups; and the war era, which started for most of us on December 7 last.

Field of study: Education
Electrical Properties Predict Wheat Leaf Moisture

non-destructive prediction model for moisture content of wheat leaves was established based on electrical properties.The model based on a single property (capacitance or resistance) was improved by using both properties.The model accurately detected the moisture content of wheat leaves in real-time to avoid irrigation lag.The results provide a basis for real-time and targeted water-saving irrigation of winter wheat in an arid region. In this study, we aimed to establish a non-destructive and rapid approach to monitor the moisture content of wheat leaves in Southern Xinjiang, China, and promptly acquire information on the physiological water demand of crops to guide precision irrigation. Wheat leaves were used as the research object. Using a custom-made clamped parallel-plate capacitor and LCR digital bridge meter, we determined the electrical properties (capacitance and resistance) of wheat leaves with various moisture contents within a frequency range from 0.12 to 100 kHz. Moreover, we explored the correlation between leaf moisture content and the electrical properties. Our data showed that leaf moisture exhibited the best correlation with the electrical properties at 50 kHz. Under these optimized conditions, a model for moisture measurement was established using a single-parameter method (capacitance or resistance). However, the estimated standard errors (RMSE) of this method were 3.29% (for resistance) and 3.49% (for capacitance), which were greater than the standard error of the measured moisture content (2%). Therefore, we developed an improved model using a two-parameter method (capacitance and resistance), and the estimated standard error was 2.68%, which was more feasible for predicting moisture content compared with the single-parameter method. The model was validated using eight groups of wheat leaf samples at the turning-green stage and the jointing stage, and the RMSE values were less than 2%. Our findings provide a scientific basis for real-time and targeted water-saving irrigation of wheat in arid areas of Southern Xinjiang.  Electrical property, Model, Moisture content, Precision irrigation, Wheat leaves.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Clément Marot.Recueil inédit: Offert au connétable de Montmorency en mars 1538 (manuscrit de Chantilly). Textes Littéraires Français 604. Ed., François Rigolot. Geneva: Librairie Droz S.A., 2010. 353 pp. index. append. illus. bibl. $95. ISBN: 978–2–600–01407–6.


Field of study: History
Discerning the mechanism of action of HtrA4: a serine protease implicated in the cell death pathway.

High-temperature requirement protease A4 (HtrA4) is a secretary serine protease whose expression is up-regulated in pre-eclampsia (PE) and hence is a possible biomarker of PE. It has also been altered in cancers such as glioblastoma, breast carcinoma, and prostate cancer making it an emerging therapeutic target. Among the human HtrAs, HtrA4 is the least characterized protease pertaining to both structure and its functions. Although the members of human HtrA family share a significant structural and functional conservation, subtle structural changes have been associated with certain distinct functional requirements. Therefore, intricate dissection of HtrA4 structural and functional properties becomes imperative to understand its role in various biological and pathophysiological processes. Here, using inter-disciplinary approaches including in silico, biochemical and biophysical studies, we have done a domain-wise dissection of HtrA4 to delineate the roles of the domains in regulating oligomerization, stability, protease activity, and specificity. Our findings distinctly demonstrate the importance of the N-terminal region in oligomerization, stability and hence the formation of a functional enzyme. In silico structural comparison of HtrA4 with other human HtrAs, enzymology studies and cleavage assays with X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) show overall structural conservation and allosteric mode of protease activation, which suggest functional redundancy within this protease family. However, significantly lower protease activity as compared with HtrA2 indicates an additional mode of regulation of the protease activity in the cellular milieu. Overall, these studies provide first-hand information on HtrA4 and its interaction with antiapoptotic XIAP thus implicating its involvement in the apoptotic pathway.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Preparation of Ni-P-MoS_2 Composite Coating and Study on Its Wear Resistance

Ni-P-MoS2 composite coating was prepared by electro-deposition.The relationship between addition amount of nano-particles in electroplating solution and depositing rate of the coating was studied.The influences of addition amount of nano-particles on micro-hardness and wear resistance were analyzed.The results show that the wear resistance improves when the adding amount of MoS2 is 4 g/L.Wear mass loss of Ni-P-MoS2 composite coating is 55% of normal Ni-P coating.After heat treatment at 400 ℃ for 1 h,Ni-P-MoS2 composite coating shows better wear resistance.

Field of study: Materials science
Co-Heating method for thermal performance evaluation of closed refrigerated display cabinets

In this study, an application of the adapted Co-Heating methodology for thermal performance evaluation of closed refrigerated display cabinets (RDCs) has been presented. A novel test series comprising three experiments has been developed and demonstrated on a commercial RDC with four doors to evaluate the envelope heat transfer coefficient, thermal inertia, infiltration at idle state and dynamic infiltration caused by door operations. The latter two experiments were conducted in parallel with the condensate collection method for validation of the results for infiltration. It was concluded with good (

Field of study: Engineering