nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Diagnostic Experts System of the Air plane Conventor Fault Based on CLIPS

In this paper,we analyzed the fault characters of airplane Convertors.And then presentes an expert system developing stadium based on C CLIPS.The necessities of an experts system based on CLIPS act as fault diagnostic tools ofairplane Convertors are described.The system structures,principles and diffculties about system-built are disscussed.Methods about system implementation are also given.

Field of study: Computer science
Fabricating Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells on flexible substrates by a new roll-to-roll deposition system suitable for industrial applications

In this work, a new hybrid sputtering–evaporation system providing a scalable process for deposition of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) layers is presented. The growth apparatus has been designed and realized to fit a size suitable for direct industrial transfer. In this process the metal precursors are first of all sputtered on rotating transfer devices, then evaporated on the substrate by local heating in a Se atmosphere. The desired thickness and composition of the CIGS film are obtained by repeated sputtering–evaporation cycles. The cylindrical geometry of the deposition chamber has been designed to accommodate different types of flexible substrates with a maximum size of 20 × 120 cm2 in a roll-to-roll configuration. Several techniques, including secondary ion mass spectrometry, Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopies, x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, external quantum efficiency, and I–V under 1 Sun illumination, have been used to test both the as-grown CIGS layers and the solar cell devices based on them. A significant performance and good control of Ga grading and Na content were obtained for solar cells grown at 450 °C on polyimide substrates with high deposition rates. In spite of the fact that the present efficiency record for CIGS solar cells on polyimide substrates is 20.4%, the 10.1% obtained using the hybrid method presented in this work is significant because the growth apparatus meets the requirements for direct industrial transfer. In fact, this process is being transferred in a 1 MW production line, where standard CIGS layers are deposited at low temperature on flexible substrates in a single-step process with a 1 mm sec−1 substrate velocity.

Field of study: Materials science
Multiphoton sequential photodissociative excitation: a new method of remote atmospheric sensing.

Howard University, Chemistry Department, Washington, D.C.20059. Received 27 November 1978. 0003-6935/79/050590-03$00.50/0.  Recent work has shown that many molecular systems, when exposed to the 193-nm emission of an ArF laser, will produce excited photofragments, whose fluorescence may be easily detected. This is in spite of the fact that a single laser photon does not have enough energy to produce the observed photochemical reaction. The phenomenon has been ex­ plained in terms of competition in the excited state between predissociation and absorption of a second photon from the laser beam. While this point is discussed thoroughly in Refs. 1-3, one can get a feeling for its magnitude by comparing predissociative state lifetimes, which range from 1 psec to 10 psec, with the mean time for an allowed radiative transition of 10 psec when a cross section of 10 1 6 cm and an ArF laser intensity of 10 photons/cm sec is assumed. If the beam is focused, the competition will shift further toward the doubly excited states, from which the higher energy dissociation channel may be accessed. It should be stressed that all these transitions are allowed in contrast to virtual multiphoton processes. We report here on the use of this effect to detect NH3 in the atmosphere. Donelly et αl. have seen NH(AII i) → (X Σ–) emission at 336 nm when ammonia was exposed to the ArF laser. If spin is conserved, this cannot be the result of the following two-step process since reaction (lb) is spin forbid­ den:

Field of study: Physics
Integrated care: the impact of governmental behaviour on collaborative networks.

Integration of care is necessary to secure the most appropriate match of the individual demands and the organisational and professional supply. Although this is a basic assumption of all the people involved in health and social care, the magnitude and persistence of obstacles to integration is a common problem in most European countries. In this article, we will explore the role of the Dutch government in the complex interplay of forces around the development of integrated care, within networks of collaborating health and social care agencies. By analysing the behaviour of the Dutch government, we will argue that, in principle, the authorities can play a facilitating role here. For several reasons, however, the government appears not to be able to adequately stimulate the establishment of integrated care arrangements. Examples of such ineffective governmental behaviour are measures with contradictory effects and the adoption of a traditional public finance perspective of comprehensive planning. Our conclusion is that, where local networks play a dominant role in integrated care delivery, the most effective governmental steering should be tailored steering, including a mix of specific steering measures suitable to specific local circumstances, combined with more general steering measures, like financial stimuli, based on legislation.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Analysis and Comparison of Axial Field Flux-Switching Permanent Magnet Machines With Three Different Stator Cores

Axial field flux-switching permanent magnet machine (AFFSPMM) is a novel brushless AC machine, which incorporates the advantages of flux-switching permanent magnet machine and axial field permanent magnet machine. It is suitable to be applied in the field of direct drive electric vehicles due to short axial size and large torque density. In the paper, the different stator core structures such as U-, C-, and E-shape are researched on basis of a three-phase 600 W conventional AFFSPMM. These parameters including rotor pole numbers, stator tooth shape, and the deflection angle of rotor pole are optimized for obtaining sinusoidal back electromotive force and small cogging torque. The electromagnetic performances are analyzed and compared by 3-D finite element method. It is found that C-core AFFSPMM can get higher output torque in comparison with U-core machine, and E-core machine can improve fault-tolerant capability and reduce the torque ripple.

Field of study: Physics
High-resolution crystal structures of the glycoside hydrolase family 45 endoglucanase EG27II from the snail Ampullaria crossean.

Although endogenous animal cellulases have great potential for industrial applications such as bioethanol production, few investigations have focused on these enzymes. In this study, the glycoside hydrolase family 45 (GH45) subfamily B endoglucanase EG27II from the snail Ampullaria crossean was expressed using a Pichia pastoris expression system and the crystal structure of the apo form was determined at 1.00 Å resolution; this is the highest resolution structure of an animal endoglucanase. The results showed that EG27II has a double-ψ six-stranded β-barrel and that the structure of EG27II more closely resembles those of subfamily C enzymes than those of subfamily A enzymes. The structure of EG27II complexed with cellobiose was also determined under cryoconditions and at room temperature at three pH values, pH 4.0, 5.5 and 8.0, and no structural changes were found to be associated with the change in pH. The structural comparison and catalytic activity measurements showed that Asp137 and Asn112 function as the catalytic acid and base, respectively, and that Asp27 is also an important residue for catalysis. These high-resolution structures of EG27II provide a large amount of information for structure-based enzyme modification and cell-surface engineering, which will advance biofuel production using animal-derived cellulases.

Field of study: Chemistry
West End rambling: gender and architectural space in London 1800–1830

This paper is a theoretical and historical study which explores aspects of gendered space through the early nineteenth century urban ramble. It is argued that the activity of rambling represents a dominant mode of urban masculinity concerned with the physical and conceptual pursuit of pleasure, specifically sexual pleasure. The male rambler constructs his masculinity socially and spatially, through gendered codes of vision and movement. The author's concern as a feminist architectural historian is to develop methodologies which describe, explain and critique how space is gendered and gender spatialized. The notion of gendered space, of concern to architects, geographers, anthropologists, historians and cultural critics alike, has, despite differences in methodological approach, tended to focus on critiquing the paradigm of the separate spheres, ‘deconstructing’ this binary, showing its ideological underpinnings in patriarchy and capitalism. The author's work in architectural history has been informed by t...

Field of study: Sociology
Small Field Attack, and Revisiting RLWE-Based Authenticated Key Exchange from Eurocrypt'15

Authenticated key exchange (AKE) plays a fundamental role in modern cryptography. Up to now, the HMQV protocol family is among the most efficient provably secure AKE protocols, which has been widely standardized and in use. Given recent advances in quantum computing, it would be highly desirable to develop lattice-based analogue of HMQV protocols for the possible upcoming post-quantum era. Towards this goal, an important step was recently made by Zhang et al. at Eurocrypt’15 [ZZD+15,ZZDS14]. Similar to HMQV, this ring-LWE based analogue of HMQV proposed there consist of two variants: a two-pass protocol Π2, as well as a one-pass protocol Π1 that implies a signcryption scheme (named as “deniable encryption” in [ZZD+15]). All these protocols are claimed to be provably secure under the ring-LWE (RLWE) assumption. In this work, we propose a new type of attack, referred to as small field attack (SFA), against the one-pass protocol Π1 as well as its resultant deniable encryption scheme. With SFA, a malicious user can efficiently recover the static private key of the honest victim user in Π1 with overwhelming probability. Moreover, the SFA attack is realistic and powerful in practice, in the sense that it is hard in practice for the honest victim party to prevent, or even detect, the attack. Besides, some new property regarding the CRT basis forRq is also developed in this work, which is essential for our small field attack and may be of independent interest. The security proof of the two-pass protocol Π2 is then revisited. We are stuck at Claim 16 in [ZZDS14], with a gap identified and discussed in the security proof. To us, we do not know how to fix the gap, which traces back to some critical differences between the security proof of HMQV and that of its RLWE-based analogue.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Aging and atropine effects on spatial navigation in the Morris water task.

A recent animal model that has been particularly useful in the neurobiology of aging has been the age-related decline of spatial information processing capacity in Sprague-Dawley rats measured in the place-learning water task developed by Morris (1981). In the first experiment of the present study, place behavior was examined in young (6 months), old (23-24 months), and very old (28 months) rats of another strain, Long-Evans. As an analogue of aging-related cholinergic dysfunction the effects of atropine sulfate (5-50 mg/kg), an anticholinergic drug that is known to disrupt behavior in this task, also was determined. Place navigation was not impaired in undrugged rats, even those in the oldest age group. Rats treated with atropine showed dose-dependent deficits. In a second experiment, young (4-5 months), old (18-20 months), and very old (28 months) Fischer-344 rats were examined. Place navigation was impaired in the old rats. The very old (28 months) rats could not swim well enough to be tested adequately. Although nonspatial deficits associated with aging may be found across most strains tested, there appear to be very large strain-related differences in spatial processing ability as a function of age.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Loss rates of butterfly species with urban development. A test of atlas data and sampling artefacts at a fine scale

Data for the United Kingdom (UK) Manchester Butterfly Atlas produced conflicting species loss rates for increased urban development. In particular, a very low rate of loss was recorded (0.19 species for every 10% increase in urban cover) for the Mersey Valley mapped at a high resolution of 1 ha units. It was suggested that sampling artefacts (uneven recording) or failure to distinguish vagrant individuals from breeding populations cause this. Herein, results are reported for 30 sample squares, within the Mersey Valley, surveyed uniformly throughout 1999. It is shown that loss rates are as high as areas mapped at lower resolution over wider areas (0.67–0.68 species for every 10% increase in urban cover) and that increasingly stringent definitions of urban cover result in higher loss rates. Comparison with the data from the Atlas, but for the same 30 sample squares, indicate that the low rates at a fine scale for the complete Atlas data are more likely to be caused by uneven recording than from failure to record species status. However, progressive sampling of squares, despite uniform recording, will inevitably cause a reduction in loss rates of total species for increases in urban development.

Field of study: Environmental science
Decentralized resource allocation and increasing returns

We study the possibility of designing a decentralized resource allocation mechanism that yields optimal solutions in economies with increasing returns. After a brief review of the mechanisms already designed to cope with nonconvexities, we find out that either they fail to provide efficient solutions in Koopmans' sense, or else they use extremely complex messages. The question arises whether it is possible to define a nonwasteful and privacy-preserving mechanism over a class of environments with increasing returns using finite-dimensional vectors as messages. We show that the answer is no.

Field of study: Economics
Processing with colloidal Ag particles in hot forged Ag-coated BSCCO-2223 composites

Multilayer Ag-BSCCO-2223 composites have been fabricated by open-die hot forging to study the role of Ag in densification and microstructural development. The composite microstructures were produced using Ag-coated BSCCO particles produced from a chemical precipitation technique. Grain alignment and Ag microstructure effects were characterized via optical and electron microscopy.

Field of study: Materials science
Propoxur-induced acetylcholine esterase inhibition and impairment of cognitive function: attenuation by Withania somnifera.

Propoxur (2-isopropoxyphenyl N-methylcarbamate) is widely used as an acaricide in agriculture and public health programs. Studies have shown that sub-chronic exposure to propoxur can cause oxidative stress and immuno-suppression in rats. Carbamates are also known to exhibit inhibitory effect on cholinesterase activity, which is directly related to their cholinergic effects. In the present study, the effect of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), a widely used herbal drug possessing anti-stress and immunomodulatory properties was studied on propoxur-induced acetylcholine esterase inhibition and impairment of cognitive function in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups. Group I was treated with olive oil and served as control. Group II was administered orally with propoxur (10 mg/kg b.wt.) in olive oil, group III received a combination of propoxur (10 mg/kg b.wt.) and W. somnifera (100 mg/kg b.wt.) suspension and group IV W. somnifera (100 mg/kg b.wt.) only. All animals were treated for 30 days. Cognitive behaviour was assessed by transfer latency using elevated plus maze. Blood and brain acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity was also assessed. Oral administration of propoxur (10 mg/kg b.wt.) resulted in a significant reduction of brain and blood AChE activity. A significant prolongation of the acquisition as well as retention transfer latency was observed in propoxur-treated rats. Oral treatment of W. somnifera exerts protective effect and attenuates AChE inhibition and cognitive impairment caused by sub-chronic exposure to propoxur.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Crustal structure across the Southwest Newfoundland Transform Margin

A seismic-refraction survey providing deep crustal structure information of the continent–ocean boundary across the South-west Newfoundland Transform Margin was carried out using large air-gun sources and ocean-bottom seismometer receivers. Continental crust ~30 km thick beneath the southern Grand Banks (P-wave velocity = 6.2–6.5 km/s) thins oceanward to a 25 km wide transition zone. In the transition zone, Paleozoic basement of the Grand Banks (5.5–5.7 km/s) is replaced by a basement of oceanic volcanics and synrift sediments (4.5–5.5 km/s). Seaward of the transition zone the crust is oceanic in character, with a velocity gradient from 4.7 to 6.5 km/s and a thickness of 7–8 km. Oceanic layer 3 is absent. No significant thickness of intermediate-velocity (>7 km/s) material is present at the continent–ocean transition, indicating that no under-plating of continental crust has taken place. The continent–ocean transition across the transform margin is much narrower than across rifted margins, supporting the ...

Field of study: Environmental science
Broadcasting the Civil War in El Salvador: A Memoir of Guerrilla Radio (review)

Given the broad scope of this work, as well as the divergent views of the contributors, strong organization proves critical to the book’s success. Acree and González Espitia accomplish this by highlighting themes that appear throughout the work in their introduction and by structuring it into three sections. The first section, entitled “Lasting Impressions,” focus on the process by which citizens and the government alike utilized printed words and images to build legitimacy in new nations. Authors Hugo Achugar and Amy Wright deftly illustrate that printed materials did not influence only the literate. Achugar, for example, asserts that “state art,” such as coins, communicated messages to people of all social classes, because almost all citizens participated in the cash economy. Wright has studied the influence of serial novels in Mexico, emphasizing that by delivering the material in a newspaper, the authors communicated to an audience beyond the elite. For example, she asserts that people frequently read newspapers out loud to illiterate citizens. In the second section, “Cultures on Display,” the authors have focused on how cultural productions such as carnival celebrations influenced the construction of social identities in Latin America. Beatriz González-Stephan studied Venezuela’s first national fair in 1883 to argue skillfully that visual culture, such as the displays at the fair, helped create a national identity by establishing a common narrative among the literate and illiterate. The third section, “Ideologies, Revelations, and Hidden Nations,” is not as cohesive as the first two; instead of sharing a strong thematic connection, these contributions all focus on a single era—the late nineteenth century. Still, the authors have made valuable contributions. Terry Rugeley, for example, demonstrates how the violence of the Caste Wars paved the way for the acceptance of Porfirianism in the Yucatan.

Field of study: History
Development of Virtual Experimental System of Die Structure Disassembly Based on Web

There are many drawbacks in traditional experiment of die structure disassembly,it is not conducive to remote network teaching and open teaching in laboratory.A web-based virtual experiment system using Flash was designed.The system makes up the deficiencies of traditional experimental teaching,improves the teaching conditions in experimental teaching,saves lab resources,and can make students do experiments independently without the restrictions of time and place.Meanwhile,the virtual experiments also benefit for online teaching,distant education.After practice,students reflect good.

Field of study: Materials science
Multiresidue analysis of pesticides in fruits and vegetables by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

A multiresidue method was assessed for the determination of several pesticides (organochlorine, organophosphorus, pyrethroids, triazole, amidine) using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The extraction of pesticides was carried out by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) using two types of columns (CN and C18). The extracts were cleaned by the addition of florisil, the pesticides were separated by capillary column gas chromatography and detected by mass spectrometry in the electron impact mode. The extraction using C18 column provided the best results for most of the analyzed pesticides. The majority of pesticides recoveries from the four fruits and vegetables (apples, pears, tomatoes and pepper) were greater than 60%. Linearity and precision were satisfactory. The estimated limits of detection and limits of quantification ranged from 0.01 to 0.1 mg/kg and from 0.02 to 0.3 mg/kg, respectively. The proposed procedure was found to be useful for the multiresidue analyses of pesticides in agricultural products for routine monitoring programs.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Development of semitransparent plasma bunches under the influence of laser radiation

A numerical investigation is reported of the development of semitransparent plasma bunches under the influence of laser radiation of the order of 1 MW/cm2 power density under conditions when the main mechanism of the plasma front motion is the plasma radiation transfer. Calculations are reported of the coefficients of absorption of neodymium laser radiation in air. An analysis is made of the propagation of slow radiation waves traveling at velocities of 10–100 m/s and of the acceleration of a plasma front when the plasma is inside a laser beam. The results of these calculations are in good agreement with the available experimental data and estimates. It is shown that, under cylindrical geometry conditions, a plasma can act as an efficient light source. The plasma dimensions may be considerably greater than the laser beam radius.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
A distinct double positive IL-17A+/F+ T helper 17 cells induced inflammation leads to IL17 producing neutrophils in Type 1 reaction of leprosy patients.

Type 1 reactions (T1R) an inflammatory condition, of local skin patches in 30-40% leprosy patients during the course of MDT. IL-17A and IL-17F play an important role in regulating skin inflammation through neutrophils. In the present study, we have analyzed 18 of each T1R and Non-reactions (NR) patients through flow cytometry and qPCR. Interestingly we found that, CD3+CD4+ gated IL-17A+IL-17F+ cells were significantly high in T1R in both MLSA stimulated PBMCs and skin lesions as compared to NR leprosy patients. Hierarchical clustering analysis of gene expression showed that CXCL6, CXCL5, CCL20, CCL7, MMP13 and IL-17RB expression were significantly associated with IL-17A and IL-17F expression (Spearman r2 = 0.77 to 0.98), neutrophils and monocyte markers respectively. In this study, the inflammation noted in lesions of T1R is a different phenotype of Th17 which produce double positive IL-17A+IL17F+ and also contributes IL-17 producing neutrophils and thus would be useful for monitoring, diagnosis and treatment response before reactions episodes.

Field of study: Medicine