nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Stereocontrolled total synthesis of (±)-gelsemine

The stereocontrolled total synthesis of gelsemine (1) via 21-oxogelsemine (2) is reported. Our total synthesis features a stereoselective condensation of cyclopropyl carboxaldehyde 11 and 4-iodo-oxindole, a facile construction of the bicyclo(3.2.1) intermediate 20 with a complete control of the stereochemistry by means of a novel application of divinylcyclopropane-cycloheptadiene rearrangement, and an unprecedented silver ion-mediated lactam formation between carbamoyl chloride and enecarbamate.

Field of study: Chemistry
Ontblaring en wortelgroei by weiplante : artikel

Die weiplant moet as 'n gebalanseerde eenheid beskou word - net soos die wortels van die plant afhanklik is van die blaaroppervlakte vir die produkte van fotosintese, is die bogrondse dele ook afhanklik van die ondergrondse dele vir water- en mineraaltoevoer.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Role of calcitonin gene-related peptide in prostaglandins-mediated ischemic preconditioning in guinea pig hearts.

To examine the role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in ischemic preconditioning induced by prostaglandins in isolated guinea pig hearts.



The isolated guinea pig hearts were perfused in a Langendorff model. The heart rate, coronary flow, left ventricular pressure, and its first derivatives (+/-dp/dt(max)) were recorded and the calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity (CGRP-LI) and 6-keto-PGF(1 alpha) were measured.



Endothelin-1 (200 pmol in 1 mL K-H buffer) reduced the left ventricular developed pressure and its first derivatives (+/-dp/dt(max)), heart rate, and coronary flow. Preconditioning with two cycles of 5-min global ischemia and 5-min reperfusion attenuated endothelin-1 induced myocardial injury, and concentrations of both CGRP and 6-keto-PGF(1alpha) in the coronary effluent were markedly raised in the preconditioning periods. Pretreatment with capsaicin, which depletes endogenous CGRP, abolished the elevated level of CGRP concomitantly with loss of the cardioprotection induced by ischemic preconditioning. CGRP(8-37) (100 nmol/L), a selective CGRP1 receptor antagonist, also abolished the protective effects of ischemic preconditioning. After pretreatment with indometacin (10 micromol/L), an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase, the protective effects of ischemic preconditioning were abolished and the release of 6-keto-PGF1alpha was no longer elevated. Pretreatment with indometacin abolished the elevated level of CGRP in the coronary effluent.



Endogenous prostaglandins are involved in the protective effects of ischemic preconditioning, and the beneficial effects of prostaglandins are mediated by CGRP in the guinea pig heart.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
The maximal theorem for weighted grand Lebesgue spaces

We study the Hardy inequality and derive the maximal theorem of Hardy and Littlewood in the context of grand Lebesgue spaces, considered when the underlying measure space is the interval (0; 1) R, and the maximal function is localized in (0; 1). Moreover, we prove that the inequality kMfkp);w ckfkp);w holds with some c inde- pendent of f i w belongs to the well known Muckenhoupt class Ap, and therefore i kMfkp;w ckfkp;w for some c independent of f.

Field of study: Mathematics
Community Nurseries and the Nutritional Status of Poor Children: Evidence from Colombia

We use two different data sets and three different instruments to estimate the impact of a long‐established pre‐school nursery programme on children's nutritional status. We use variables related to cost (fee, distance to the nursery) and programme availability (capacity of the programme in the town) as instruments. One of our data sets is representative of very poor individuals living in rural areas of Colombia, while the other focuses in urban areas and includes individuals relatively less poor. We find that programme participation increases children's height, with the size of the effect being consistent across the three instruments and the two data sets.

Field of study: Economics
Modification of B-site doping of perovskite LaxSr1 − xFe1 − y−zCoyCrzO3 − δ oxide by Mg2+ ion

Co-doping B-site of perovskite oxide La x Sr 1 −  x Co y Fe 1 −  y O 3 −  δ (LSCFO) with Cr 6+ and Mg 2+ ions has been attempted in this research for revamping chemical stability and oxygen ionic conductivity of this mixed conducting oxide. It is known that partial substitution for B-site cations of LSCFO by Cr gives rise to a significant improvement on chemical and thermal stability of the perovskite oxide. On the basis of this doped structure, introduction of an immaterial dose of Mg 2+ ion into its B-site results in a microstructure consisting of smaller grains with higher density than its precursor. Furthermore, the resulting perovskite oxide La 0.19 Sr 0.8 Fe 0.69 Co 0.1 Cr 0.2  Mg 0.01 O 3 − δ (LSFCCMO) displays higher O 2− conductivity than the solely Cr-doped LSCFO besides the improved chemical stability against reduction in 5% CH 4 /He stream at 850 °C. A detailed examination of the oxidation states of B-site transition metal ions by XPS has also been conducted as a part of structural characterizations of LSFCCMO. The assessment of relative O 2− conductivity shows that the grain boundary area plays a more important role than the bulk phase in facilitating ion transport, but with comparable boundary areas the higher densification level is favorable.

Field of study: Materials science
Synthesis of Optically Pure 4-Hydroxymethyloxazolidinone as Chiral Serinol Synthon from Glycidol

Optically pure 3-benzyl-4-hydroxymethyl-2-oxazolidinone and 4-benzoyloxymethyl-2-oxazolidinone as chiral serinol synthons were synthesized from optically active glycidol by intramolecular cyclization via 2,3-epoxycarbamates with strict SN2 behavior.

Field of study: Chemistry
Collinear technology for a holographic versatile disk.

A novel reading and writing technology for a holographic versatile disk (HVD) system called collinear technology is developed. With this method a two-dimensional data page can be recorded as volumetric holograms generated by a reference beam and a signal beam that are bundled on the same axis and that are irradiated on the recording medium through a single objective lens. The multiplex recording and reconstruction process is demonstrated, and it is shown that the optical configuration and the dichroic medium disk structure are suitable for a compact system. With the HVD's special structure, the system can use a servo to focus, track, and locate the reading and writing addresses. A unique selectable-capacity recording format of a HVD and its standardization activity are also introduced. This method willenable us to construct a small HVD system with CD and DVD upper compatibilities.

Field of study: Physics
Preliminarys tudy of inoculated fermentation for traditional soybean paste

Utiliz ed koji-making by two molds of As pergillus oryz a e101and As pergillus s ojae302,inoculated fermentation by adding Lactobacillus p lantarum710and fragrance-producing S accharomyces rouxii638in production of the traditional s oy-bean pas te,the production period of the traditional s oy-bean pas te can be s hortened by two thirds.The quality is well in accordance with re levant national s auce s tandard.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Printability, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate)-Poly(Lactic Acid)-Plasticizer Blends for Three-Dimensional (3D) Printing

This paper investigates the effect of plasticizer structure on especially the printability and mechanical and thermal properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-poly(lactic acid)-plasticizer biodegradable blends. Three plasticizers, acetyl tris(2-ethylhexyl) citrate, tris(2-ethylhexyl) citrate, and poly(ethylene glycol)bis(2-ethylhexanoate), were first checked whether they were miscible with poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-poly(lactic acid) (PHB-PLA) blends using a kneading machine. PHB-PLA-plasticizer blends of 60-25-15 (wt.%) were then prepared using a corotating meshing twin-screw extruder, and a single screw extruder was used for filament preparation for further three-dimensional (3D) fused deposition modeling (FDM) printing. These innovative eco-friendly PHB-PLA-plasticizer blends were created with a majority of PHB, and therefore, poor mechanical properties and thermal properties of neat PHB-PLA blends were improved by adding appropriate plasticizer. The plasticizer also influences the printability of blends, which was investigated, based on our new specific printability tests developed for the optimization of printing conditions (especially printing temperature). Three-dimensional printed test samples were used for heat deflection temperature measurements and Charpy and tensile-impact tests. Plasticizer migration was also investigated. The macrostructure of 3D printed samples was observed using an optical microscope to check the printing quality and printing conditions. Tensile tests of 3D printed samples (dogbones), as well as extruded filaments, showed that measured elongation at break raised, from 21% for non-plasticized PHB-PLA reference blends to 84% for some plasticized blends in the form of filaments and from 10% (reference) to 32% for plasticized blends in the form of printed dogbones. Measurements of thermal properties (using modulated differential scanning calorimetry and oscillation rheometry) also confirmed the plasticizing effect on blends. The thermal and mechanical properties of PHB-PLA blends were improved by the addition of appropriate plasticizer. In contrast, the printability of the PHB-PLA reference seems to be slightly better than the printability of the plasticized blends.

Field of study: Materials science
Mumford and Anjum on incompatibilism, powers and determinism

Mumford and Anjum (2014) present a new argument for the incompatibility of free will and causal determinism. Although their argument depends on the assumption that free will is, or is the exercise of, a causal power, it does not appeal to any special features of this power. Their new argument does, however, depend upon a general thesis of the incompatibility of causal powers with causal determinism. I argue that Mumford and Anjum have provided no justification for this general thesis. As a consequence, their new argument for the incompatibility of free will and causal determinism is unsuccessful.

Field of study: Philosophy
Der Südantillen-Bogen

ZusammenfassungDie Inselgruppen des südlichen Atlantischen Ozeans, die als „Südantillen-Bogen” zwischen Staaten-Insel und Grahamland eingespannt sind, stellen Bruchstücke einer Fortsetzung der feuerländischen Kordillere in die Antarktanden Westantarktikas dar. Sie zeigen einen mit demjenigen dieser beiden Gebiete übereinstimmenden geologischen Bau, der folgende Elemente aufweist:1.Gefaltete, meist dunkelfarbige, tonige und sandige, durchgängig kalkarme bis -freie Gesteine von Flyschcharakter, in die sich porphyrische Tuffe und Andesite (Porphyrite) einschalten. Ihr Alter ist mesozoisch und wahrscheinlich kreidisch (Burdwood-Bank [nur Gerölle], Süd-Georgien, Südsandwich-, Südorkney und Südshetland-Inseln);2.Ungefaltetes, der Faltungszone auf der atlantischen Seite vorgelagertes Obersenon und Tertiär mit glaukonitischen, foraminiferenführenden Gesteinen (Burdwood-Bank);3.In die gefalteten Schichten eingedrungene Granodiorit- und Gabbroplutone von andinem Typus, die ihr Nebengestein kontaktmetamorphosiert haben (Süd-Georgien, Clerke-Felsen, Südorkneys [?, nur Metamorphose], Südshetlands);4.Tertiäre Eruptivgesteine, nämlich Bandaïte, Andesite und Basalte (Burdwood-Bank, Südshetland-Inseln);5.Jungvulkanische Gesteine: Dazite, Andesite und Basalte (Südsandwich- und Südshetland-Inseln).
Nicht in jeder Inselgruppe sind alle diese Bauelemente zugleich vorhanden. Aber sie bestehen alle aus einem oder mehreren derselben.Patagonien-Feuerland und der Grahamarchipel (Westantarktika) weisen alle diese Bauelemente gemeinsam auf.Alle Südlichen Antillen sind einem bogenförmigen untermeerischen Rücken aufgesetzt, der dem Verlauf der Südantillen-Kordillere widerspiegelt, ohne daß seine Grenzen völlig mit denen dieser letzteren zusammenfallen.

Field of study: Environmental science
Nonlocal interactions and particle number fluctuations in a solvable model

We present an extension of Bardeen's model for the formation of Cooper pairs that includes a schematic representation of a nonlocal interaction. The model is exactly solvable and we investigate its Hartree-Fock, BCS and Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov approximations focusing upon the role and significance of the particle number dispersions.

Field of study: Physics
Study on the measurement of persimmon tannins' content with sodium carbonate-phenol solution

According to the similar structure of catechin and persimmon tannin, and according to the same color change during two reaction processes between persimmon juice-sodium carbonate-phenol solution and catechin-sodium carbonate-phenol solution, and at the same wavelength with absorbing peak of these two kinds solution, the paper firstly presents a new measurement method of persimmon tannins抯 content. This method is more convenient, time-saving and safer. By analysis, sodium carbonate-phenol solution can react with persimmon tannin with the color change. Compared with methanol method, the contents of tannin are close and have good relativity each other. Hence, the conclusion can be drawn that the sodium carbonate - phenol method determining persimmon tannin抯 content is feasible, catechin can be used as standard substance in this method, the measuring wavelength is 420nm.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A Canadian naval turn to East Asia in the making? Interests, expectations and challenges

There is a growing chorus from Canada's strategic community to include political-security aspects into Ottawa's renewed interactions with East Asia, moving beyond an exclusive economic orientation. As the rise of East Asia emerges as the most important geopolitical feature of the international system, Canada, like its allies have already begun, should shift strategic focus it is argued. In particular, a renewed and sustained naval presence necessitating a naval rebalance westwards is promoted as an effective contribution towards regional stability and bolstering Canada's credentials. Wanting to extend the discussion beyond the current focus on interests and benefits received, this paper argues the impacts to the Navy as an institution must also be brought into the debate. A strategic and operational refocus towards East Asia shall involve more than just repositioning ships from one coast to another to include a wide spectrum of changes needed and compromises made in terms of inter-service relations, funding, capabilities, missions, interactions with new partners, an intimate understanding of the region, and the almost certain reduction of military operations from other theatres. Inclusion of these matters will create a more holistic assessment of the feasibility and effectiveness of such an option to support both regional security and Canada's interests at large.

Field of study: Political science
Identification of antiviral mimetic peptides with interferon α-2b-like activity from a random peptide library using a novel functional biopanning method

To screen for interferon (IFN) α-2b mimetic peptides with antiviral activity.Selecting IFN receptor-binding peptides from a phage-display heptapeptide library using a novel functional biopanning method. This method was developed to identify peptides with activity against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) inducing cytopathic effects on WISH cells.Sixteen positive clones were obtained after 3 rounds of functional selection. Ten clones were picked from these positive clones according to the results of phage ELISA and were sequenced. The amino acid sequences homologous to IFNα-2b were defined by residues AB loop 31–37, BC loop 68–74, C helix 93–99, CD loop 106–112, D helix 115–121, DE loop 132–138, and E helix 143–161. Two of the peptides, designated clones T3 and T9, aligned with the IFNAR2-binding domains (AB loop and E helix), were synthesized and designated as IR-7 and KP-7, respectively. Both KP-7 and IR-7 were found to compete with GFP/IFNα-2b for receptor binding and mimicked the antiviral activity of IFNα-2b cooperatively.Two IFNα-2b mimetic peptides with antiviral activity were derived from a phage-display heptapeptide library using a novel functional selection method.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
On the design of a maintainable software development kit to implement integration solutions

Companies may need to adapt integration tools for a specific context.Existing open-source tools are not so easy to adapt.It is necessary to have more maintainable tools for the integration community.We propose a more maintainable tool for the integration community. Companies typically rely on applications purchased from third parties or developed at home to support their business activities. It is not uncommon that these applications were not designed taking integration into account. Enterprise Application Integration provides methodologies and tools to design and implement integration solutions. Camel, Spring Integration, and Mule range amongst the most popular open-source tools that provide support to implement integration solutions. The adaptive maintenance of a software tool is very important for companies that need to reuse existing tools to build their own. We have analysed 25 maintainability measures on Camel, Spring Integration, and Mule. We have conducted a statistical analysis to confirm the results obtained with the maintainability measures, and it follows that these tools may have problems regarding maintenance. These problems increase the costs of the adaptation process. This motivated us to work on a new proposal that has been carefully designed in order to reduce maintainability efforts. Guarana?SDK is the software tool that we provide to implement integration solutions. We have also computed the maintainability measures regarding Guarana?SDK and the results suggest that maintaining it is easier than maintaining the others. Furthermore, we have conducted an industrial experience to demonstrate the application of our proposal in industry.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Sedimentary basin evolution and its implications for outward expansion of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau: Insights from the Tongxin Basin, China

The basin history of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau provides an ideal record for understanding the tectonic evolution of the plateau. We present high-resolution magnetostratigraphy and cosmogenic 10Be/26Al burial chronology from the Tongxin Basin in the Arcuate Ranges area in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau and reconstruct a long depositional history ranging from >21.7 to 4.6 Ma. Our new chronologic data suggest that a broad N-S-trending elongated basin existed during the Late Oligocene-Early Miocene (>21.7–16.5 Ma). WNW-trending faulting initiated at ca. 16.5 Ma and resulted in the formation of some fault-bounded basins outward from the western margin of the broad basin, but did not strongly affect the deposition within the basin region. Subsequently, intense northeastward compression elevated both WNW- and NWN-trending mountain ranges at ca. 7.6 Ma. Thrust-induced surface uplift elevated basin sediments and formed piggy-back basins in the hanging-wall blocks, reflecting the northeastward expansion of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Ratio responding as a function of concurrent avoidance schedules, yoked shocks, and ratio value.

Fixed-ratio food-reinforced responding in rats was studied alone and with concurrent shock avoidance or with concurrent response-independent shocks matched to those that occurred in the avoidance condition. Under each condition, fixed-ratio size was increased over successive daily sessions. Fixed-ratio response rate generally passed through a maximum as a function of fixed-ratio size. Decreased fixed-ratio responding at values beyond the maximum occurred when (1) the time to complete a fixed ratio approximated the response-shock interval of the avoidance schedule, (2) the shock rate increased, and/or (3) the ratio requirements were so high that ratio strain occurred. Avoidance rates decreased slightly as fixed-ratio size increased.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Genetic variants of IL6 gene promoter influence on C-reactive protein levels but are not associated with susceptibility to invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in haematological patients.

Several lines of evidence indicate that IL6 plays a major role in the pathogenesis of a number of infectious diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine whether IL6 promoter polymorphisms were genetic markers of susceptibility to invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA). To clarify the relationship between IL6 variants and IPA susceptibility, the IL6-174(G/C) and IL6-634(G/C) promoter single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were defined and plasma concentrations of IL6 and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured. The study included 130 patients with haematological malignancies and 145 unrelated healthy individuals. No significant genotypic and allelic differences were found between patients and healthy controls. IPA was diagnosed in 71 of 130 patients according to the consensus criteria. CRP values were significantly associated with both IL6-174(G/C) and IL6-634(G/C) polymorphisms. However, IL6 and CRP values were similar between IPA and non-IPA groups. Neither IL6-174(G/C) nor IL6-634(G/C) polymorphisms were associated with IPA infection (p=0.414 and p=0.184, respectively). No evidence of association was found between allelic frequencies of IL6 promoter polymorphisms and IPA infection (p=0.864 and p=0.104, respectively). Further, no association was detected between IL6 genotypes and clinical profiles in IPA patients. Haplotype analysis also revealed that IL6 gene was not associated with IPA susceptibility in a Spanish population (Global haplotype association p value: 0.31). These findings suggest that IL6 polymorphisms influence on CRP circulating levels but are not associated with IPA susceptibility. Because the sample size is relatively small in our series, larger investigations of IL6-174(G/C)/IL6-634(G/C) genotypes and haplotypes are needed to clarify the potential role of this gene in the pathophysiology of IPA infection.

Field of study: Medicine
Improving National Air Quality Forecasts with Satellite Aerosol Observations

Accurate air quality forecasts can allow for mitigation of the health risks associated with high levels of air pollution. During September 2003, a team of NASA, NOAA, and EPA researchers demonstrated a prototype tool for improving fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air quality forecasts using satellite aerosol observations. Daily forecast products were generated from a near-real-time fusion of multiple input data products, including aerosol optical depth (AOD) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)/Earth Observing System (EOS) instrument on the NASA Terra satellite, PM2.5 concentration from over 300 state/local/national surface monitoring stations, meteorological fields from the NOAA/NCEP Eta Model, and fire locations from the NOAA/National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) Wildfire Automated Biomass Burning Algorithm (WF_ABBA) product. The products were disseminated via a Web interface to a small g...

Field of study: Environmental science