nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
"Brown Bagging is Chic": The Origins and Distinctions of Philadelphia's BYOB Culture

This article examines how the policy known as "bring your own bottle" (BYOB) developed in Philadelphia's restaurant industry in the decades after Prohibition (1920–33) and how, over time, the policy grew into an important feature of the city's dining-out culture. More, this article positions BYOBs as places where chefs enjoyed creativity and experimentation free from corporate oversight and where patrons not only saved money but also affirmed their cultural tastes through appreciation of food and wine. Largely an affluent phenomenon, the increase in the number of BYOBs after the mid-1990s reveals the ways in which Philadelphia and its restaurant community adapted to changing economic patterns and consumer tastes.

Field of study: History
Multi-dimensional Adaptive Collaborative Filtering Recommendation Algorithm

Collaborative filtering(CF) is one of the most important algorithms applied in e-commerce recommendation systems.The traditional methods are inefficient when the user rating data is extremely sparse.In order to overcome the limitations,a novel algorithm named MACF(Multi-dimensional Adaptive Collaborative Filtering Recommendation Algorithm) is proposed in this paper.The MACF algorithm creatively combines three recommendation models: user-based CF,item-based CF and review-based CF.It successfully integrates opinion mining technology with collaborative filtering algorithm.In addition,a dynamic measurement approach would help determine the weight of three dimensions: user,item and review,and hence get the final prediction result.The experimental results show that MACF can effectively alleviate the dataset sparsity problem and achieve better prediction accuracy compared to other well-performing collaborative filtering algorithms.

Field of study: Computer science
Trace autoshaping: Acquisition, maintenance, and path dependence at long trace intervals.

The pigeon's tendency to acquire and maintain signal-directed key pecking under a trace conditioning procedure was parametrically examined. In Experiment 1, the percentage of CS trials with a key peck response was a decreasing function of the trace interval for separate groups of pigeons. The majority of subjects acquired signal-directed key pecking with trace intervals as long as 36 sec. In Experiment 2, differential maintenance of key pecking occurred across trace intervals in a within-subject procedure. Maintenance of key pecking at 36- and 60-sec trace intervals was path dependent in that responding depended on the subject's performance under the preceding trace interval.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Novel and Simple Solution-processed MIS Ultraviolet (UV) Detector Based on Core–Shell Si/SiO2 Nanocrystals

In the present study, we report a simple and solution-processed visible blind metal–insulator–semiconductor (MIS) ultraviolet (UV) detector based on core–shell Si/SiO2 nanocrystals that are fabricated on interdigitated electrodes. The fabricated photo detector shows high photosensitivity in the UV-B and UV-C wavelength ranges. The absorption spectra of the nano-structured materials used in this work is simulated by the density functional theory (DFT) method and analyzed based on the electronic structure. It is then compared with the experimental results. The synthesized nano materials show very low density of structural defects based on the measured photoluminescence spectra, which results in a fast response time for the fabricated photodetector. Compared to the previously reported similar Si/SiO2-based photo-detectors, the fabricated detector shows very good photo responsivity.

Field of study: Materials science
Repeated games with Finite Automata

The paper examines the asymptotic behavior of the set of equilibrium payoffs in a repeated game when there are bounds on the complexity of the strategies players may select. The complexity of a strategy is measured by the size of the minimal automaton that can implement it. The main result is that in a zero—sum game, when the size of the automata of both players go together to infinity, the sequence of values converges to the value of the one—shot game. This is true even if the size of the automata of one player is a polynomial of the size of the automata of the other player. The result for the zero—sum games gives an estimation for the general case.

Field of study: Economics
A Carleman type theorem for proper holomorphic embeddings

In 1927, Carleman showed that a continuous, complex-valued function on the real line can be approximated in the Whitney topology by an entire function restricted to the real line. In this paper, we prove a similar result for proper holomorphic embeddings. Namely, we show that a proper $\cC^r$ embedding of the real line into $\C^n$ can be approximated in the strong $\cC^r$ topology by a proper holomorphic embedding of $\C$ into $\C^n$.

Field of study: Mathematics
Cancer treatment at home or in the hospital: what are the costs for French public health insurance? Findings of a comprehensive-cancer centre.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the cost of home-cancer-healthcare programs and their potential interest for public health insurance as compared to inpatient cancer care.



The study was conducted at the Centre Leon Berard (CLB), a comprehensive cancer centre in Lyon, France. Hospitals at home patients were monitored by nurses and oncologists from the CLB. All patients, who received home treatment over a 15-day period in 2001, were included in the study. Patients were broken down into groups according to the type of healthcare required and the corresponding impact on health insurance expenditure. For each of these patients, a fictive-hospital stay was then reconstructed, which corresponded to the inpatient hospital care that would have been required during the observation period, had hospital at home not been available.



The average cost of hospital at home was significantly lower than the corresponding estimated cost for treatment at the hospital (776.6 versus 2012.5, P < 0.001). This difference was particularly high for patients in the "palliative care" group (N = 33) (1201.7 versus 3489.7, P < 0.001), whereas in the "chemotherapy" group, results were not significantly different (N = 34) (225.5 versus 318).



Our study suggests that hospitalisation alternatives can generate substantial savings for public health insurance in France.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Direct T-Matrix Approach to Determination of the Electric Polarizabilities of Quantum Bound Systems

A new general formalism for determining the electric multipole polarizabilities of quantum (atomic and nuclear) bound systems based on the use of the transition matrix in momentum space has been developed. As distinct from the conventional approach with the application of the spectral expansion of the total Green's function, our approach does not require preliminary determination of the entire unperturbated spectrum; instead, it makes possible to calculate the polarizability of a few-body bound complex directly based on solving integral equations for the wave function of the ground bound state and the transition matrix at negative energy, both of them being real functions of momenta. A formula for the multipole polarizabilities of a two-body bound complex formed by a central interaction potential has been derived and studied. To test, the developed $T$-matrix formalism has been applied to the calculation of the dipole, quadrupole and octupole polarizabilities of the hydrogen atom.

Field of study: Physics
Performance analysis of a dehumidifier using HFC134a

The paper analyses the operating characteristics for a medium-temperature dehumidifier employing a passive evaporator economizer and staged liquid subcooling. The refrigerant was HFC134a and the compressor was a compliant scroll with a swept volume of 14.8 m 3 h −1 . The measurements were made in a psychrometric calorimeter and the data consistency is assessed by applying energy and moisture balance criteria. Local energy balance is used to determine the incidental heat gain of the evaporator. It is suggested the compressor energy balance was affected by refrigerant dissolved in the lubricant at the highest evaporating pressures tested (900 kPa). The maximum measured specific moisture extraction rate of the dehumidifier was 5.11 kg kWh −1 at 50°C dry-bulb temperature and 90% relative humidity. The results illustrate the potential for scroll compressors, and the use of HFC134a, in this application.

Field of study: Engineering
A new stratigraphic framework for the Gaspé Belt in southern Quebec: implications for the pre-Acadian Appalachians of eastern Canada

The post-Taconian units in the Quebec and northern New Brunswick Appalachians constitute the Gaspe Belt and geological studies have mostly focussed on its eastern Quebec segment. Biostratigraphic data indicate that the succession in southern Quebec is no older than Late Silurian and extends into the Early Devonian. Two distinct stratigraphic assemblages are present. The first assemblage (Saint-Luc, Cranbourne, and Lac Aylmer formations, and Glenbrooke Group) unconformably overlies the Humber and Dunnage zones. The units show a basal alluvial conglomerate that passes progressively to deeper marine facies upsection, which have recorded a post-Late Silurian transgressive event. The second assemblage (Saint-Francis Group and Frontenac Formation) is faulted against either Dunnage units or autochthonous post-Taconian units. It locally unconformably overlies units of the Dunnage Zone; the succession shows progressively deeper marine conditions upsection and also has recorded a post-Late Silurian transgressive ev...

Field of study: Environmental science
A Schur Concave Characterization of Risk Aversion for Non-expected Utility Preferences

This paper extends Machina′s ( Econometrica 50 (1982), 277-323) characterization of risk aversion for Frechet differentiable non-expected utility preferences to the class of continuous non-expected utility preferences without imposing any differentiability requirement. The necessary and sufficient condition for risk aversion is derived in terms of the Schur concavity of the preference functional when evaluated on finite lotteries with equal probabilities. The latter is characterized by its marginal-rate-of-substitution between a high-income state and a low-income state being not less than unity. Correspondingly, the more risk averse the preference ordering, the greater is its marginal-rate-of-substitution between a high-income state and a low-income state. Finally, we apply our results to characterize individual as well as comparative risk aversion for the class of Gâteaux differentiable preferences in terms of the concavity of the Gâteaux derivative or local utility function. This extends Machina′s Frechet-based local expected utility analysis to the larger class of Gâteaux differentiable preferences.

Field of study: Economics
Zinc hyperaccumulation and cellular distribution in Arabidopsis halleri

Although Arabidopsis halleri (=Cardaminopsis halleri) is known as a Zn hyperaccumulator, there have been no detailed studies on Zn accumulation, tolerance and cellular distribution in this species. In a hydroponic experiment, A. halleri grew healthily with Zn concentrations varying from 1 to 1000 μM, without showing phytotoxicity or reduction in root or shoot dry weights. The concentration of Zn in the shoots increased from 300 μg g−1 dry weight in the 1 μM Zn treatment to 32 000 μg g−1 in the 1000 μM Zn treatment. Approximately 60% of the total Zn in the shoots were water-soluble, and there was no evidence of Zn and P co-precipitation. Both citric and malic acid concentrations in the shoots were not significantly affected by the Zn treatments, whereas in the roots there was a positive response in both organic acids to increasing Zn in solution. Cellular distribution of Zn, Ca and K in frozen hydrated leaf tissues was examined using energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Zinc was sequestered in the base of trichomes, whereas the middle and upper parts of trichomes were highly enriched with Ca. Mesophyll cells appeared to have more Zn than the epidermis, probably because the latter were very small in size. Similarities and differences between A. halleri and the other well-known Zn hyperaccumulator, Thlaspi caerulescens, are discussed.

Field of study: Environmental science
2: Generation and characterization of IL-33 cytokine traps as anti-cytokine blockers

Neutralizing the action of several cytokines with recombinant proteins corresponding to the soluble extracellular receptor chain has proven beneficial in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases in the past years. Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a cytokine that signals through a receptor complex consisting of ST2 and IL-1RAcP, which initiates multiple pro-inflammatory signalling pathways. Blocking the IL-33/ST2 signalling axis with the soluble (extracellular) form of the ST2 receptor (sST2) has been shown to be beneficial in experimental models of asthma and arthritis. One major drawback of the use of soluble cytokine receptor proteins, however, is their relative low ligand binding affinity. Indeed, recruitment of the IL-1RAcP co-receptor upon IL-33 stimulation has been shown to significantly increase the affinity for IL-33. Here we report a new approach to interfere with IL-33 function. We have generated a fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domains of mouse ST2 and IL-1RAcP, separated by a flexible linker (referred to as IL33trap). His-tagged recombinant IL-33trap and sST2 were expressed in human HEK293T cells and purified to homogeneity from conditioned medium by metal affinity chromatography. IL-33 neutralizing activity of the purified proteins was compared in an IL-33 bioassay, in which we measure IL-33 induced NF- κ B reporter gene activation. Interestingly, the IL-33trap fusion protein is considerably more potent than sST2 in neutralizing mouse IL-33 activity. A similar approach was followed to produce an IL-33trap for human IL-33, and again the IL33trap was found to be much more potent than sST2. Together, these studies demonstrate the improved potential of IL-33trap cytokine blockers for therapeutic use. IL33trap and sST2 proteins are currently further analysed in in vitro binding affinity studies and in vivo mouse disease models.

Field of study: Medicine
Fast Computation of Frequency Warping Transforms

In this paper, we introduce an analytical approach for the frequency warping transform. Criteria for the design of operators based on arbitrary warping maps are provided and an algorithm carrying out a fast computation is defined. Such operators can be used to shape the tiling of time-frequency (TF) plane in a flexible way. Moreover, they are designed to be inverted by the application of their adjoint operator. According to the proposed model, the frequency warping transform is computed by considering two additive operators: the first one represents its nonuniform Fourier transform approximation and the second one suppresses aliasing. The first operator is fast computable by various interpolation approaches. A factorization of the second operator is found for arbitrary shaped nonsmooth warping maps. By properly truncating the operators involved in the factorization, the computation turns out to be fast without compromising accuracy.

Field of study: Engineering
Cross-layer Load-balanced Scheduling Algorithm for MANET

Traditional Ad Hoc network routing protocols are mainly based on the consideration of "shortest path". The routing control messages are unconditionally given priority for forwarding. This scheduling scheme will make the nodes that are located in the backbone suffer from overloading and then further degrade the performance of network. In this paper, we propose a new cross-layer load-balanced scheduling algorithm (CLLBS) for MANET. At the MAC and network layer, we can get the load information of nodes by monitoring their channel utilities and the lengths of network interface queue. Each node will dynamically set the priority of flows passing through it. By this way, the load on congested nodes will decrease and the network load will be balanced in the entire network. Simulation results show that CLLBS exhibits a significant performance improvement comparing with simple priority. It can effectively improve the throughput of network and decrease the packet drop ratio.

Field of study: Computer science
Palaeoecology of Jurassic encrinites: Reconstructing crinoid communities from the Western Interior Seaway of North America

Jurassic crinoid communities in North America are poorly known. However, encrinites (rocks chiefly composed of crinoid debris) are surprisingly common in North America, and represent some of the best examples of post-Palaeozoic crinoid accumulations. These rocks are highly significant for understanding the ecology of early isocrinid crinoids, and provide an insight into the wider crinoid communities of North America. Within this reanalysis of Jurassic crinoids of the Western Interior Seaway, a number of non-endemic forms are reported, together with some highly specialized crinoids. Encrinites are varied, with distinct marine and lagoonal communities recognized. These ecological associations are comparable to those seen in the European Jurassic, with many of the classic European genera being present. This new data, and existing data from the Jurassic shallow seas of Europe, demonstrates that crinoid distribution patterns are largely facies influenced while geographical factors are of limited importance. Even within the same region, taxa in lower energy offshore facies contrast strongly with those found in more restricted facies. However, very similar crinoid communities characterize comparable facies in North America and Europe.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
WE‐E‐201B‐06: Obtaining Increased Field‐Of‐View in Cone Beam Computed Tomography Using the Standard Centered Detector Geometry

We present a novel image acquisition and reconstruction scheme for dramatically increasing the field‐of‐view (FOV) in cone beam computed tomography(CBCT) using a standard centered detector. The method enables CBCT datasets to be employed as a basis for treatment planning, since the entire extent of even very large patients can be imaged in a quantitative sense. Applications include planning for emergency cases based on CBCTimages, and at Third World facilities that lack multislice‐CT systems using megavoltage‐CBCT.  The projection acquisition scheme proceeds as follows: 1) The patient couch is offset (in height and lateral position) from its intended position ( x 0) at the start of treatment by a distance related to the amount of additional FOV required. 2) Projections are acquired over a limited arc. 3) The couch is offset from x 0 by the same distance as in (1), but in the opposite direction 4) Projections are acquired over a second arc. Projections are corrected for scatter, beam‐hardening and non‐uniform beam profile, and then simultaneously reconstructed using an iterative algorithm.  We image a pelvic anthropomorphic phantom using a Siemens ONCOR linac equipped with an amorphous‐silicon detector. Dose calculation is then performed on the resulting extended FOV megavoltage‐CBCT and a multislice‐CT of the same phantom.  The full cross section of the phantom is reconstructed with only minor artifacts. The dose study shows almost identical dose distributions for the reference and EFOV dataset: the central percentage depth‐dose profiles for a 10×10 cm2 field exhibits a maximum deviation of 0.8%, illustrating the insignificance of the artifacts from a dosimetric perspective.  The method increases the FOV of an ONCOR linac by 67% to 45 cm. This exceeds the capabilities of current extended FOV implementations that are based on offset‐detector systems. The reconstructed volumes appear suitable for planning purposes.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Follow-up of Undergraduate Majors in Psychology

Questionnaires were mailed to all 104 persons who had been granted the B.S. degree in psychology at Iowa State University during the period 1949 to 1958. After one follow-up letter, 82 (79%) returns had been received, these coming from about twice as many males as fema1es.l Respondents were in 28 different states, the District of Columbia, and Ontario. Iowa accounted for almost one-fourth, with Iowa and bordering states accounting for about one-half. The questionnaire called for information concerning advanced training and education, vocational experiences, extent of use of psychological training, membership in professional organizations, professional and/or trade publications read regularly, and relative value of the psychology courses taken. Additional comments were invited on the psychology program and the total undergraduate curriculum at Iowa State. Forty-five per cent (mostly males) had taken, or were taking, graduate work in psychology. This agrees with Gustav's (1952) findings but differs from Dole's ( 1955) sample in which only one-tenth had done graduate work in psychology. From Iowa State, an additional 17% had gone on to advanced work in fields other than psychology. The same percentage (25%) of males and females were working toward, or had completed, the master's degree in psychology, but in graduate training beyond the master's level the males far exceeded the number of females. Although the undergraduate major in psychology at Iowa State is designated as industrial psychology, training is broad. Nevertheless, the largest number of respondents (about one-fourth) were employed in business and industry, which may reflect the kinds of agencies seeking employees from a school of science and technology. Other employment, in descending order, was in academic teaching or research, 'government work, hospital or clinic, and military. About one-third were not employed for compensation, they being either students or housewives. Two-thirds of the respondents judged their present work to be psychological, divided almost equally among personnel, teaching, clinical, research, testing, and enrolled as students. Asked to judge the application they had been able to make of their undergraduate psychology, over one-half judged "often," 30% said "sometimes," and less than 15% judged "no use." This agrees generally with Dole's (1955) sample in which four out of five former students felt 'Tables with greater detail than incorporated in the text of this paper may be obtained from the author upon request.

Field of study: Psychology