nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Study on the optimal refrigerated storage time of warm fresh beef

The objective of this study was to determine the optimal refrigerated storage time of heated fresh beef. The different pieces of beef later than 8 hour postmortem had been respectively stored in a 0～4℃ refrigera-tory for 1d, 3d, 5d or 7d then sampled for shear force, cooking percentage, color and favor. This result shows that extended storing time can improve the beef tenderness and water holding capacity(WHC), but color and favor get bad respectively on 5d and 7d. Based on this result, the storing time of beef should not be longer than 5d in 0～4℃.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Three-dimensional tomographic reconstruction of atmospheric gravity waves in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT)

Gravity waves (GWs) have been intensively studied over recent decades because
of their dominant role in the dynamics of the mesosphere and lower
thermosphere (MLT). The momentum deposition caused by breaking GWs determines
the basic structure and drives the large-scale circulation in the MLT.
Satellite observations provide a way to qualify the properties and effects of
GWs on a global scale. As GWs can propagate vertically and horizontally in
the atmosphere, resolving both horizontal and vertical wavelengths is
important for the quantification of a wave. However, this can hardly be
achieved by one instrument with a good spatial coverage and resolution. In
this paper, we propose a new observation strategy, called “sweep mode”, for
a real three-dimensional (3-D) tomographic reconstruction of GWs in the MLT
by modifying the observation geometry of conventional limb sounding
measurements. It enhances the horizontal resolution that typical limb
sounders can achieve, while at the same time retaining the good vertical
resolution they have. This observation strategy is simulated for retrieving
temperatures from measurements of the rotational structure of the O2 
A-band airglow. The idea of this observation strategy is to sweep the
line of sight (LOS) of the limb sounder horizontally across the orbital track
during the flight. Therefore, two-dimensional (2-D) slices, i.e., vertical
planes, that reveal the projection of GWs can be observed in the direction
along and across the orbital track, respectively. The 3-D wave vector is
then reproduced by combining the projected 2-D wave slices in the two
directions. The feasibility of this sweep-mode tomographic retrieval
approach is assessed using simulated measurements. It shows that the
horizontal resolution in both along- and across-track directions is affected
by an adjustable turning angle, which also determines the spatial coverage of
this observation mode. The retrieval results can reduce the errors in
deducing momentum flux substantially by providing an unbiased estimation of
the real horizontal wavelength of a wave.

Field of study: Environmental science
Apartheid and Beyond: South African Writers and the Politics of Place (review)

Roston's arguments in the other chapters seem neither controversial nor particularly original or memorable. Whether or not A Burnt-Out Case is an "agonized search for religious faith" (82), it is certainly agonized, and Roston is clearly correct in his contention that Greene's use of secondary characters helps to "swing the reader to Querry's side, prompting a degree of empathy with him" (87). Speaking of cheating on Greene's part, neither Roston nor more hostile critics seem to be aware of Greene's tic of using ellipses in this novel, in The Heart of the Matter, and, perhaps, elsewhere to avoid coming down on one side or another of a question. The chapter on Monsignor Quixote assumes that it is a major novel, which is arguable, but not carefully argued here. Roston's rather narrow focus on the texts of the novels is admirable, but often he devotes more space to summaries and generalizations than to analyses of the texts themselves. And that narrow focus prevents him from considering textual revisions and from recognizing passing allusions to "Dover Beach," Nathanael West's Miss Lonelyhearts, and, in the Parkis sequence in The End of the Affair where the employer is mistaken for the subject's lover, to John Galsworthy. Still, at this stage of Greene criticism, readers should be grateful for an original and stimulating reading of even one novel. If future critics can be persuaded by Roston's positive example to concentrate more closely on the text of Greene's novels than on supposed biographical parallels or by his negative example to concentrate less on theology, then the study of Greene will be advanced and enriched.

Field of study: Art
Airborne measurements of ethene from industrial sources using laser photo-acoustic spectroscopy.

A laser photoacoustic spectroscopy (LPAS) instrument was developed and used for aircraft measurements of ethene from industrial sources near Houston, Texas. The instrument provided 20 s measurements with a detection limit of less than 0.7 ppbv. Data from this instrument and from the GC-FID analysis of air samples collected in flight agreed within 15% on average. Ethene fluxes from the Mt. Belvieu chemical complex to the northeast of Houston were quantified during 10 different flights. The average flux was 520 +/- 140 kg h(-1) in agreement with independent results from solar occultation flux (SOF) measurements, and roughly an order of magnitude higher than regulatory emission inventories indicate. This study shows that ethene emissions are routinely at levels that qualify as emission upsets, which need to be reported to regional air quality managers.

Field of study: Environmental science
Marie Sarita Gaytán, ¡Tequila! Distilling the Spirit of Mexico (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2014), pp. vii + 212, £14.99, pb.

which is by small victories in small wars, a change of attitude even if temporary, a moment or two of self-reflection where there was none before. He understands that forcing street children to return to families which at best are only dysfunctional or to incarcerate them will do little to help them. By his wiliness to become involved in their lives, and admiring the children for their courage and cunning, he makes a difference. NGOs, like the one he worked for, come and go and change continually, and no matter what they claim as their approach, it is this human connection that matters, and what matters is small and individual and temporary, one meal at a time or one medical intervention when needed, not sweeping claims by large international organisations. In this, this book is less about Latin American street children than it is about all street children.

Field of study: Political science
Graphene–Inorganic Hybrids with Cobalt Oxide Polymorphs for Electrochemical Energy Systems and Electrocatalysis: Synthesis, Processing and Properties

We report on the synthesis and physical property characterization of graphene–inorganic ‘hybrid’ nanomaterials coupled with nano-/microscale transition metal oxide polymorphs namely, cobalt oxides, i.e. CoO [Co(II)] and Co3O4 [Co(II, III)]), for alternative energy storage and conversion devices. Their demand is owed to higher specific capacitance, wide operational potential window, stability through charge–discharge cycling, environmentally benignity, easily processability, reproducibility and manufacturability. To accomplish this, we strategically designed these hybrids by direct anchoring or physisorption of CoO and CO3O4 on two different variants of graphene: graphene oxide which is semiconducting, and its reduced form showing conducting behavior via mixing dispersions of the constituents under mild ultrasonication and drop-cast (or spray-cast) resulting in different combinations. This facile approach affords strong chemical/physical attachment and is expected to have coupling between the pseudocapacitive transition metal oxides and supercapacitive graphene showing enhanced surface activity/reactivity and reasonable areal density of tailored interfaces. We used a range of complementary tools to establish microscopic structure–property-function correlations including scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy in conjunction with selected-area electron diffraction, and resonance Raman spectroscopy combined with elemental Raman mapping. They reveal surface morphology, local (lattice dynamical) and average structure and surface charge transfer/doping due to physically (or chemically) adsorbed cobalt oxide and highlight the surface structure and interfaces. This lays the groundwork to further investigate the electrochemical properties as high-performance supercapacitor cathodes, rechargeable secondary battery anodes and electrocatalytical platforms.

Field of study: Materials science
HTS multilayer technology for optimal bit-error rate RSFQ cells

The operation of Rapid-Single-Flux-Quantum logic (RSFQ) circuits is strongly influenced by thermal noise. Especially for higher temperatures the bit-error rate (BER) is a critical issue. A new design concept focused on improved noise immunity has been developed to reach an optimal BER for high-temperature superconductor (HTS) RSFQ cells. For example, we expect for a T-Flip-Flop (TFF) of our cell library a theoretical improvement of the BER of six orders of magnitude at a temperature of 50 K. To verify the new design approach, we have designed basic RSFQ cells using parameter values derived from our multilayer technology. The process with two superconducting YBCO layers is based on substrates with two bicrystal lines. This paper focuses on the multilayer technology to realize the optimal design parameters. One of the most crucial issues is patterning of small structures on a micron scale, especially the small vias. This new patterning process is described in detail.

Field of study: Physics
Speciation of Arsenic(III) and Arsenic(V) in Sediment Extracts by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography−Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

Determining the redox states of arsenic (As) in environmental samples is important due to the pronounced differences in toxicity and mobility of the various forms. We have combined the separation capabilities of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with the sensitivity and element specificity of hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HGAAS) to determine arsenite [As(III)] and arsenate [As(V)], which have been shown to be the most toxic and prevalent forms of As in soil and water. The HPLC−HGAAS technique gave retention times of 2.2 and 4.2 min for As(III) and As(V), respectively. Detection limits of 200 pg of As (0.8 μg L-1 As in solution) were obtained for both As(III) and As(V). The technique was used to determine As(III) and As(V) in deionized water and 1 mM PO4 sequential extracts of estuarine sediment, coal fly ash, and saline evaporation pond sediment. Coal fly ash contained no detectable deionized water-extractable As(III) or As(V), but contained appreciable PO4-extractable As(...

Field of study: Environmental science
Marine Pleistocene of Texas

A study has been made of the marine Pleistocene of Texas. A fairly large fauna is known from the Beaumont clay, especially near the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. A large percentage of the Beaumont fossils are referred to the Ingleside Terrace of Price which probably dates from the last major interglacial stage. These fossils are very similar to those reported from the Pleistocene of Louisiana, and a correlation between the Texas fossils and those from the Port Hudson formation of Louisiana and Mississippi is suggested. The marine Pleistocene deposits of Texas are approximately horizontal between Louisiana and the Mexican border although there is a possibility of a local sinking in the Rio Grande Delta.

Field of study: Geology
MO-A-213AB-10: Scattering System Optimization for Proton Therapy.

To describe a method for optimization and production of a dual scattering system for proton beam delivery.



Dual-foil passive scattering is currently the prevalent modality for proton therapy delivery. Large uniform proton fields are created using a 2-stage scattering system comprising an upstream uniform lead foil (stage 1) followed by a contoured lead/Lexan foil to provide beam and range uniformity (stage 2). Optimizing the parameters of these foils, including thickness, contour and placement, provides not only a flat and symmetrical radiation field with a uniform range, but also affects the overall efficiency of the beam line. An analytical method for optimizing the scattering system design was applied and validated with GEANT4 simulations. This method has been used to create passively scattered therapeutic and research proton fields at our proton therapy facility. A novel Cerrobend casting method is described that allows for cost-effective and accurate production of this important beam-line component.



A number of dual scattering foil combinations for research and therapeutic purposes have been created and were evaluated with GEANT4 simulations. We demonstrated that the use of this system can generate passively scattered proton fields up to 60cm diameter with improved efficiency and beam flatness over existing dual-scattering systems. Scattering system performance was verified using physical measurements including Gafchromic film and ion chamber data.



This analytical method allows the user to optimize the proton dual scattering system with respect to specific input parameters, while the casting method provides a cost-effective way to create a unique scattering system for a given application.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
The development of military medical care for peripheral nerve injuries during World War I.

Although the clinical and electrical diagnoses and treatments of peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) had been described prior to World War I, many reports were fragmented and incomplete. Individual physicians' experiences were not extensive, and in 1914 the patient with a PNI remained a subject of medical curiosity, and was hardly a focus of comprehensive care. World War I altered these conditions; casualties with septic wounds and PNIs swamped the general hospitals. By 1915, specialized hospitals or wards were developed to care for neurological injuries. In the United Kingdom, Sir Robert Jones developed the concept of Military Orthopedic Centres, with coordinated specialized care and rehabilitation. Military appointments of neurologists and electrotherapists sharpened clinical diagnoses and examinations. Surgical techniques were introduced, then discarded or accepted as surgeons developed skills to meet the new conditions. The US Surgeon General, William Gorgas, and his consultant in neurosurgery, Charles Frazier, went a step further, with the organization of a research laboratory as well as the establishment of a Peripheral Nerve Commission and Registry. Despite these developments and good intentions, postwar follow-up for PNIs remained incomplete at best. Records were lost, personnel transferred, and patients discharged from the system. The lack of a standardized grading system seriously impaired the ability to record clinical changes and compare outcomes. Nevertheless, specialized treatment of a large number of PNIs during World War I established a foundation for comprehensive care that influenced military medical services in the next world war.

Field of study: Medicine
Uncertainty Evaluation of Determining Chromium Content in Rice by Graphite Furnace-AAS

The objective of this study was to evaluate the uncertainty of determining chromium in rice by the graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry method and find out elements affecting the uncertainty.It can provide evidences for evaluating the determination reports.The uncertainty source was analyzed according to Evaluation and Representation of Determination Uncertainty(JJF1059-1999).Results showed the content of chromium in rice was 0.11 mg/kg,and the expanded uncertainty was 0.02 mg/kg(k=2).Conclusion was the uncertainty of this determination was produced in the process of samples treatment and relative standard deviation of measuring result.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Chlororespiration is involved in the adaptation of Brassica plants to heat and high light intensity.

Two species of Brassica were used to study their acclimation to heat and high illumination during the first stages of development. One, Brassica fruticulosa, is a wild species from south-east Spain and is adapted to both heat and high light intensity in its natural habitat, while the other, Brassica oleracea, is an agricultural species that is widely cultivated throughout the world. Growing Brassica plants under high irradiance and moderate heat was seen to affect the growth parameters and the functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus. The photosystem II (PSII) quantum yields and the capacity of photosynthetic electron transport, which were lower in B. fruticulosa than in B. oleracea, decreased in B. oleracea plants when grown under stress conditions, indicating inhibition of PSII. However, in B. fruticulosa, the values of these parameters were similar to the values of control plants. Photosystem I (PSI) activity was higher in B. fruticulosa than in B. oleracea, and in both species this activity increased in plants exposed to heat and high illumination. Immunoblot analysis of thylakoid membranes using specific antibodies raised against the NDH-K subunit of the thylakoidal NADH dehydrogenase complex (NADH DH) and against plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) revealed a higher amount of both proteins in B. fruticulosa than in B. oleracea. In addition, PTOX activity in plastoquinone oxidation, and NADH DH activity in thylakoid membranes were higher in the wild species (B. fruticulosa) than in the agricultural species (B. oleracea). The results indicate that tolerance to high illumination and heat of the photosynthetic activity was higher in the wild species than in the agricultural species, suggesting that plant adaptation to these stresses in natural conditions favours subsequent acclimation, and that the chlororespiration process is involved in adaptation to heat and high illumination in Brassica.

Field of study: Environmental science
Analytical Calculation Method for Steady-state Current Capacity of HVDC Cables

The accurate calculation of the steady-state current capacity of HVDC cable is of great significance for the full utilization of its transmission capacity. Firstly, the method of calculating the steady-state current capacity of the HVDC cable is proposed. The method also considers permissible maximum long-term conductor temperature (PMLTCT) and permissible maximum insulation temperature difference (PMITD). Secondly, the steady-state carrying capacity of ±160 kV cross-linked polyethylene DC cable is calculated by this method, and verified by the finite element method. Finally, the influence of ambient temperature, PMLTCT and PMITD on the steady-state current capacity of DC cable are studied. It is found that the current carrying capacity curves of DC cable which consider PMLTCT and PMITD may intersect with ambient temperature change. If the ambient temperature is higher than intersection temperature, the steady-state current capacity is determined by PMLTCT, and otherwise, the steady-state current capacity is determined by PMITD.

Field of study: Engineering
Quantum-secure message authentication via blind-unforgeability

Formulating and designing unforgeable authentication of classical messages in the presence of quantum adversaries has been a challenge, as the familiar classical notions of unforgeability do not directly translate into meaningful notions in the quantum setting. A particular difficulty is how to fairly capture the notion of "predicting an unqueried value" when the adversary can query in quantum superposition. In this work, we uncover serious shortcomings in existing approaches, and propose a new definition. We then support its viability by a number of constructions and characterizations. Specifically, we demonstrate a function which is secure according to the existing definition by Boneh and Zhandry, but is clearly vulnerable to a quantum forgery attack, whereby a query supported only on inputs that start with 0 divulges the value of the function on an input that starts with 1. We then propose a new definition, which we call "blind-unforgeability" (or BU.) This notion matches "intuitive unpredictability" in all examples studied thus far. It defines a function to be predictable if there exists an adversary which can use "partially blinded" oracle access to predict values in the blinded region. Our definition (BU) coincides with standard unpredictability (EUF-CMA) in the classical-query setting. We show that quantum-secure pseudorandom functions are BU-secure MACs. In addition, we show that BU satisfies a composition property (Hash-and-MAC) using "Bernoulli-preserving" hash functions, a new notion which may be of independent interest. Finally, we show that BU is amenable to security reductions by giving a precise bound on the extent to which quantum algorithms can deviate from their usual behavior due to the blinding in the BU security experiment.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Atomic resolution structure of endoglucanase Cel5A in complex with methyl 4,4II,4III,4IV-tetrathio-alpha-cellopentoside highlights the alternative binding modes targeted by substrate mimics.

Many three-dimensional structures of retaining beta-D-glycoside hydrolases have been determined, yet oligosaccharide complexes in which the ligand spans the catalytic centre are rare. Those that have been reported so far have revealed two modes of binding: those in which the substrate adopts a distorted skew-boat or envelope conformation in the -1 subsite, reflecting the distortion observed during the catalytic cycle, and those which bypass the true catalytic centre and thus lie in a non-productive manner across the -1 subsite. The three-dimensional structure of a retaining endocellulase, Bacillus agaradhaerens Cel5A, in complex with methyl 4,4(II),4(III),4(IV)-tetrathio-alpha-cellopentoside falls into this latter category. The 1.1 A structure reveals the binding of five pyranosides, all in the (4)C(1) chair conformation, occupying the -3, -2, +1 and +2 subsites whilst evading the catalytic machinery located in the true -1 subsite. Such binding is in marked contrast to the structure of another retaining endocellulase, the Fusarium oxysporum Cel7B, the identical ligand in which displayed a distorted skew-boat conformation at the active centre. These two binding modes may reflect different steps in the binding and catalytic process.

Field of study: Chemistry
Affective and Cognitive Orientations in Intergroup Perception

Three studies examined the role of need for affect (NFA) and need for cognition (NFC) in intergroup perception. We hypothesized that NFA predicts a preference for stereotypically warm groups over stereotypically cold groups, whereas NFC predicts a preference for stereotypically competent groups over stereotypically incompetent groups. Study 1 supported these hypotheses for attitudes toward stereotypically ambivalent groups, which are stereotyped as high on one of the trait dimensions (e.g., high warmth) and low on the other (e.g., low competence), but not for stereotypically univalent groups, which are seen as high or low on both dimensions. Studies 2 and 3 replicated this pattern for stereotypically ambivalent groups, and yielded provocative evidence regarding several putative mechanisms underlying these associations. Together, these findings help integrate and extend past evidence on attitude-relevant individual differences with research on intergroup perception.

Field of study: Psychology