nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Industrial application of DM-5005 metal passivator in heavy oil catalytic cracking unit

The industrial application of metal passivator in 1.5 Mt/a heavy oil FCC unit is conducted.The results show that with the same raw material and operation condition,the adding of metal passivator has no harmful effects on product quality,the yields of gas,petroleum coke and diesel oil are reduced 0.57,0.63 and 0.69 percent point.The yields of LPG,gasoline and liquid are increased 0.96,1.75 and 1.2 percent point,and the economy benefit of RFCC unit is increased by 119.85 million yuan/a.All that confirms the DM-5005 metal passivator can make the catalyst have good selectivity and improved products distribution.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
An efficient feasible directions algorithm for design synthesis

A nonlinear optimization algorithm is described that combines the best features of the method of feasible directions and the generalized reduced gradient method. The algorithm uses the direction-finding subproblem from the method of feasible directions to find a search direction that is equivalent to that of the generalized reduced gradient method, but without the need to add a large number of slack variables associated with inequality constraints. This leads to a core-efficient algorithm for the solution of optimization problems with a large number of inequality constraints. Also, during the one-dimensional search, it is not necessary to separate the design space into dependent and independent variables using the present method. The concept of infrequent gradient calculations is introduced as a means of gaining further optimization efficiency. Finally, it is shown that, using the basic direction-finding algorithm contained in this method, the sensitivity of the optimum design with respect to problem parameters can be obtained without the need for second derivatives or Lagrange multipliers. The optimization algorithm and sensitivity analysis is demonstrated by numerical example.

Field of study: Physics
Are observation wards obsolete? A review of one year's experience in an acute male psychiatric admission unit.

A report on the first full year's working of the new 27-bed acute male admission unit in the Andrew Duncan Clinic, Royal Edinburgh Hospital. The unit which has a 12-bed lockable section, takes all psychiatric emergencies, including cases from the courts, police stations and prison.

One hundred and fourteen individual patients were admitted to Ward 6 during 1965. Schizophrenia was the principal diagnosis in 29, manic-depressive reaction in 26; the next two largest categories were alcoholism (23) and psychopathy (13). Three-quarters of the group had a previous psychiatric history. Analysis of their social background showed a preponderance of middle-aged isolates, drifters and unemployed. Thirty-one patients had a known criminal record: detail is presented on diagnosis and the nature of their offence.

Difficulties of therapeutic ward management are discussed, with particular relation to acting-out, episodes of indiscipline, and the many unsatisfactory discharges. It is suggested that a separate short-stay observation unit would be valuable in screening out the psychopath and social nuisance unamenable to and unsuitable for the treatment facilities available.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Measurement of the complex refractive index of liquids in the infrared using spectroscopic attenuated total reflection ellipsometry: correction for depolarization by scattering.

With spectroscopic ellipsometry one can measure the real and imaginary parts of the refractive index of a medium simultaneously. To determine this index in the infrared for a number of technical liquids, use was made of attenuated total internal reflection at the glass-liquid interface of a specially designed prism. This attenuated total reflection approach warrants minimal signal loss and is, for strongly absorbing liquids, the only way to measure the complex refractive index. A surprising phenomenon, observed when BK-7 prism glass was used, is scattering in the vicinity of the absorption wavelengths of the glass. A simple model that can be used to describe the relations among absorption, scattering, and depolarization was successfully used to correct the measurements. Refractive indices for demineralized water, Freon 113, heptane, benzene, gas oil, and crude oil in the wave number range from 5000 to 10,000 cm(-1) (1-2 µm) are presented.

Field of study: Physics
ICA aneurysm surgically treated utilizing a choroidal to PCOM bypass and vein bypass.

This video shows the surgical repair of a 2.3 cm ICA aneurysm found in a 58-year-old woman, who presented for right eye vision changes. The patient underwent a right modified orbitozygomatic craniotomy and saphenous vein bypass from the common carotid to the temporal M2. The aneurysm was then opened and repaired. However, since the anterior choroidal artery was not filling, a salvage bypass between the anterior choroidal and the PCOM was done. Both bypasses were patent and the patient has done well with a mRS of 1 for vision symptoms. The video can be found here: http://youtu.be/ciMyzfXgo8l.

Field of study: Medicine
Stem cell sources and therapeutic approaches for central nervous system and neural retinal disorders.

In the past decades, stem cell biology has made a profound impact on our views of mammalian development as well as opened new avenues in regenerative medicine. The potential of stem cells to differentiate into various cell types of the body is the principal reason they are being explored in treatments for diseases in which there may be dysfunctional cells and/or loss of healthy cells due to disease. In addition, other properties are unique to stem cells; their endogenous trophic support, ability to home to sites of pathological entities, and stability in culture, which allows genetic manipulation, are also being utilized to formulate stem cell-based therapy for central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In this review, the authors will review key characteristics of embryonic and somatic (adult) stem cells, consider therapeutic strategies employed in stem cell therapy, and discuss the recent advances made in stem cell-based therapy for a number of progressive neurodegenerative diseases in the CNS as well as neuronal degeneration secondary to other abnormalities and injuries. Although a great deal of progress has been made in our knowledge of stem cells and their utility in treating CNS disorders, much still needs to be elucidated regarding the biology of the stem cells and the pathogenesis of targeted CNS diseases to maximize therapeutic benefits. Nonetheless, stem cells present tremendous promise in the treatment of a variety of neurodegenerative diseases.

Field of study: Medicine
Microbially-assisted dissolution of minerals and its use in the mining industry

Biomining is currently used successfully for the commercial-scale recovery of metals such as copper, cobalt, and gold from their ores. The mechanism of metal extraction is mainly chemistry-driven and is due to the action of a combination of ferric and hydrogen ions, depending on the type of mineral. These ions are produced by the activity of chemolithotrophic microorganisms that use either iron or sulfur as their energy source and grow in highly acidic conditions. Therefore, metal extraction is a combination of chemistry and microbiology. The mixture of organisms present may vary between processes and is highly dependent on the temperature at which mineral oxidation takes place. In general, relatively low-efficiency dump and heap irrigation processes are used for base metal recovery, while the biooxidation of difficult-to-treat gold-bearing arsenopyrite concentrates is carried out in highly aerated stirred-tank reactors. Bioleaching reactions, the debate as to whether the reactions are direct or indirect, the role of microorganisms, and the types of processes by which metals are extracted from their ores are described. In addition, some new processes under development and the challenges that they present are discussed.

Field of study: Chemistry
Preference for fixed-interval terminal links in a three-key concurrent chain schedule.

Pigeons were trained on three-key concurrent chain schedules in which the initial links were variable-interval schedules and the terminal links were fixed-interval schedules. In the first experiment, the initial links were all equal and the terminal-link schedule on one key only was varied. In the second part of the experiment, the terminal-link schedules were all fixed, but different, and the initial-link schedule on one key was varied. Relative response rates in the initial links did not match either the relative arranged, nor the relative obtained, terminal-link reinforcement rates. The relations between independent and dependent variables in three-key concurrent chains were similar to, but not identical with, those found in two-key chains comprising the same schedule types.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Reliability of Ratings of Movies by Professional Movie Critics

The ratings and narrative reviews for 3,144 motion pictures in Video Movie Guide 1989, by Mick Martin and Marsha Porter, were compared with those for the same movies in TV Movies and Video Guide, by Leonard Maltin. The correlation between these ratings was .67. The mean difference between these ratings was .55 points (stars) on a scale that ranged from zero stars to four stars. The critics' evaluations, as indicated by these ratings and reviews, differed markedly for approximately 6.3% of the 3,144 movies, but they showed good or acceptable agreement for the remaining 93.7% of the films. The critics' evaluations showed sufficient agreement to be of substantial value to viewers of movies. Critics showed the highest agreement for westerns.

Field of study: Psychology
Attacking RO-PUFs with Enhanced Challenge-Response Pairs

This paper studies the security of Ring Oscillator Physically Unclonable Function (PUF) with Enhanced Challenge-Response Pairs as proposed by Delavar et al. We present an attack that can predict all PUF responses after querying the PUF with \(n+2\) attacker-chosen queries. This result renders the proposed RO-PUF with Enhanced Challenge-Response Pairs inapt for most typical PUF use cases, including but not limited to all cases where an attacker has query access.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Monotone extenders for bounded c-valued functions

Let c be the Banach space consisting of all convergent sequences of reals with the sup-norm, C∞(A, c) the set of all bounded continuous functions f : A→ c, and CA(X, c) the set of all functions f : X → c which are continuous at each point of A ⊂ X. We show that a Tikhonov subspace A of a topological space X is strong Choquet in X if there exists a monotone extender u : C∞(A, c)→ CA(X, c). This shows that the monotone extension property for bounded c-valued functions can fail in GO-spaces, which provides a negative answer to a question posed by I. Banakh, T. Banakh and K. Yamazaki. In this paper, vector spaces mean real vector spaces. Let X and Y be topological spaces. Then C(X,Y ) stands for the set of all continuous functions f : X → Y . If Y is a topological vector space, the set of all bounded continuous functions f : X → Y is denoted by C∞(X,Y ), where f : X → Y is bounded if f(X) is a bounded subset of Y , that is, for each 0-neighborhood U of Y there exists r ∈ R such that f(X) ⊂ rU . For A ⊂ X, a map u : C(A, Y ) → C(X,Y ) is called an extender if u(f)|A = f for each f ∈ C(A, Y ). For a topological vector space Y , an extender u : C(A, Y ) → C(X,Y ) is said to be a conv-extender (resp. conv-extender) if u(f)(X) is a subset of the convex hull (resp. the closed convex hull) of f(A) for each f ∈ C(A, Y ). For a topological space Y with a partial order structure ≤, an extender u : C(A, Y ) → C(X,Y ) (or u : C∞(A, Y ) → C(X,Y )) is said to be monotone if u(f) ≤ u(g) for each f, g ∈ C(A, Y ) (or f, g ∈ C∞(A, Y )) with f ≤ g. A vector space Y with a partial order structure ≤ is called an ordered vector space if the following axioms are satisfied: (O)1 x ≤ y implies x+ z ≤ y + z for all x, y, z ∈ Y ; (O)2 x ≤ y implies λx ≤ λy for all x, y ∈ Y and all λ > 0. A topological vector space Y that is also an ordered vector space is called an ordered topological vector space if the positive cone {y ∈ Y : y ≥ 0} is 2010

Field of study: Mathematics
Magnetotransport of coupled electron-holes

The carriers in InAs-GaSb double quantum wells are hybrid "electron-holes" . We study the magnetotransport properties of such particles using a two-component Keldysh technique, which results in a semi-analytic expression for the small-field current. This approach is necessary for calculating the zero-temperature current, which is large even when the Fermi energy lies within the hybridization gap (in a semiclassical (Boltzmann) approach this current vanishes). Magnetic-field dependence of the conductance is also affected significantly by the hybridization of electrons and holes.

Field of study: Physics
Study on the Influence of the Cold-End Cooling Water Thickness on the Generative Performance of TEG

At present, about 40% of the fuel energy is discharged into air with the exhaust gas when an automobile is working, which is a big waste of energy. A thermoelectric generator (TEG) has the ability to harvest the waste heat energy in the exhaust gas. The traditional TEG cold-end is cooled by the engine cooling system, and although its structure is compact, the TEG weight and the space occupied are important factors restricting its application. In this paper, under the premise of ensuring the TEG maximum net output power and reducing the TEG water consumption as much as possible, the optimization of the TEG water thickness in the normal direction of the cold-end surface (WTNCS) is studied, which results in lighter weight, less space occupied and better automobile fuel economy. First, the thermal characteristics of the target diesel vehicle exhaust gas are evaluated based on the experimental data. Then, according to the thermoelectric generation model and the cold-end heat transfer model, the effect of the WTNCS on the cold-end temperature control stability and the system flow resistance are studied. The results show that the WTNCS influences the TEG cold-end temperature. When the engine works in a stable condition, the cold-end temperature decreases with the decrease of the WTNCS. The optimal value of the WTNCS is 0.02 m and the TEG water consumption is 8.8 L. Comparin it with the traditional vehicle exhaust TEG structure, the power generation increased slightly, but the water consumption decreased by about 39.5%, which can save fuel at0.18 L/h when the vehicle works at the speed of 60 km/h.

Field of study: Materials science
Decline of rare and specialist species across multiple taxonomic groups after grassland intensification and abandonment

Traditionally managed mountain grasslands are declining as a result of abandonment or intensification of management. Based on a common chronosequence approach we investigated species compositions of 16 taxonomic groups on traditionally managed dry pastures, fertilized and irrigated hay meadows, and abandoned grasslands (larch forests). We included faunal above- and below-ground biodiversity as well as species traits (mainly rarity and habitat specificity) in our analyses. The larch forests showed the highest species number (345 species), with slightly less species in pastures (290 species) and much less in hay meadows (163 species). The proportion of rare species was highest in the pastures and lowest in hay meadows. Similar patterns were found for specialist species, i.e. species with a high habitat specificity. After abandonment, larch forests harbor a higher number of pasture species than hay meadows. These overall trends were mainly supported by spiders and vascular plants. Lichens, bryophytes and carabid beetles showed partly contrasting trends. These findings stress the importance to include a wide range of taxonomic groups in conservation studies. All in all, both abandonment and intensification had similar negative impacts on biodiversity in our study, underlining the high conservation value of Inner-Alpine dry pastures.

Field of study: Environmental science
Modeling of multi-layered structure containing heterogeneous material layer with randomly distributed particles using infinite element method

In the electronics industry, filler particles are added to the epoxy to form a composite material in order to adjust the elastic modulus and the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). This paper enhances the infinite element method (IEM) for modeling and analyzing a multi-layered structure such as flip–chip assembly containing a heterogeneous material layer reinforced with randomly distributed multiple particles under thermal loading. The proposed method provides a straightforward and efficient means of modeling multiple particles since only one IE stiffness matrix of particle needs to be calculated for all of the other particles. Moreover, in analyzing the material interface problem, the proposed technique could put many number of element layers to measure the high stresses close to the edge of the multi-layered structure, and was easily applied to compare the maximum interfacial stresses near the corner. A series of problems relating to multi-layered structures containing heterogeneous materials are investigated. Initially, this study investigates the effect of varying the volume fraction of randomly arranged particles in the heterogeneous layer on the effective properties of the layer. The results obtained for the effective properties of the heterogeneous material and their influence on the interfacial stress are compared to those obtained from the Mori–Tanaka analytical method. Finally, in addition to equivalent models, three-dimensional finite element models containing multiple randomly distributed particles were built and studied. It is shown that at the free edge the interfacial stresses decrease when the number of particles close to the interface increases.

Field of study: Engineering
Detrital-zircon geochronology of the northeastern Tibetan plateau

U-Pb geochronologic analyses have been conducted on 413 detrital-zircon grains collected from 16 samples in the Altun Shan, Nan Shan, and Qilian Shan. The samples come primarily from quartz arenites and metaturbidites of Middle to Late Proterozoic age and from feldspathic and volcanic clast-rich sandstones of early Paleozoic age. Zircon grains in Proterozoic strata resting on Tarim basement yielded mainly 2.0–1.9 Ga ages, whereas Proterozoic strata of the Qaidam and Qilian terranes yielded mainly ca. 930–820 Ma and ca. 1.9–1.1 Ga ages. The younger grains were apparently shed from local igneous rocks, whereas the grains older than 1.1 Ga were shed from an undetermined continental source. Grains in the lower Paleozoic strata are mainly ca. 500–430 Ma and were shed from nearby plutonic and possibly volcanic rocks that formed in a magmatic arc setting.

Our detrital-zircon ages are consistent with a model (first proposed by E.R. Sobel and N. Arnaud) in which early Paleozoic magmatism occurred within a single northeast-facing magmatic arc that was constructed across an assemblage of Middle to Late Proterozoic accretionary complexes, remnants of magmatic arcs, and shallow-marine strata. This arc system was accreted to the Tarim and Sino-Korean cratons during Silurian–Devonian time. The resulting suture has been reactivated as Tertiary thrust faults that currently define the structural and topographic margin of the Tibetan plateau.

Our data also provide two new estimates for the offset along the eastern Altyn Tagh fault. A belt of Middle Proterozoic shallow-marine strata is offset by ∼400 km, whereas a belt of 490–480 Ma magmatic arc rocks is offset by ∼370 km. These values are generally similar to the 350–400 km offset reported in most previous studies.

Field of study: Geology
The influence of glass particle size on the interfacial bonding strength of Au/ceramic co-fired structure

Gold electrode is preferable in extreme environments, but few reports focus on gold electrode for LTCC application. In this article, CaO–B2O3–SiO2 glass powder used in the gold paste with different particle size was prepared. The sintering shrinkage behavior of CaO–B2O3–SiO2 green tapes and gold paste were investigated. The blisters of gold electrode and corresponding mechanism during sintering process were studied. The sheet resistivity and wire bonding strength of gold electrode were connected with glass particle size strongly. When the D50 of CaO–B2O3–SiO2 glass powder was 2.61 μm, the wire bonding performance of gold electrode was excellent, of which the average strengths and standard deviation of wire bonding were 10.30 g and 0.66 g, respectively. These results would have a positive effect on guiding the select of glass particle size in gold paste.

Field of study: Engineering
Effects of interleukin 4 on production of IgE monoclonal antibodies directed against glucose oxidase.

Interleukin 4 is a cytokine that promotes the growth of B cells and the synthesis of IgE subclass antibody. Here we report the results of our study that was designed to determine if recombinant murine interleukin 4 (rmIL-4) can increase the yield of hybridomas secreting IgE subclass monoclonal antibodies directed against glucose oxidase. Three BALB/c mice (test group) were primed i.p. with 50 micrograms of glucose oxidase and then boosted i.v. 2 weeks later with 5 micrograms of glucose oxidase plus 200 ng of rmIL-4. A standard hybridoma fusion was performed 3 days later, and the fusion products were then cultured in the presence of 20 ng of rmIL-4 per milliliter. Another group of three mice underwent an identical immunization and fusion procedure, except that the rmIL-4 was omitted (control group). At 21 days after fusion, the test group had a significantly greater frequency of wells with hybridomas (average frequency = 191 per 1000 wells in test group versus 58 in control group; chi 2 = 1803; p = 0.0001) and wells containing IgG anti-glucose oxidase (mean of 23 per 1000 wells in test group versus 3 in control group; chi 2 = 506, p = 0.0001). Moreover, the IL-4-treated group had a significantly higher frequency of wells containing IgE antibodies (mean of 44 versus 11 in control group; chi 2 = 288, p = 0.0001) and IgE antibodies directed against glucose oxidase (mean of 5 per 1000 wells versus 2 in control group; chi 2 = 21, p = 0.0001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Field of study: Biology
Pseudospin Dynamical Symmetry in Nuclei

Pseudospin symmetry has been useful in understanding atomic nuclei. We review the arguments that this symmetry is a relativistic symmetry. The condition for this symmetry is that the sum of the vector and scalar potentials in the Dirac Hamiltonian is a constant. We give the generators of pseudospin symmetry. We review some of the predictions that follow from this insight into the relativistic origins of pseudospin symmetry. Since in nuclei the sum of the scalar and vector potentials is not zero but is small, we discuss preliminary investigations into the conditions on the potentials to produce partial dynamic pseudospin symmetry. Finally we show that approximate pseudospin symmetry in nuclei predicts approximate spin symmetry in anti-nucleon scattering from nuclei.

Field of study: Physics