nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Soluble HLA class I antigen secretion by normal lymphocytes: relationship with cell activation and effect of interferon‐gamma

HLA class I antigens are thought to be integral membrane proteins. However, soluble forms of these molecules have been detected. Our laboratory has recently shown that the predominant form of these soluble proteins present in human serum, spleen tissue and culture supernatant of activated lymphocytes exhibits molecular weight and structure similar to classical HLA class I antigens, but lacks HLA A or B polymorphic determinants. In the present study, the secretion of such soluble proteins by lymphocytes has been further explored. Phytohaemagglutinin‐stimulated normal lymphocytes secrete considerable quantities of soluble HLA (sHLA) class I proteins. This secretion seems to be a general property of lymphocytes, since activation of T as well as B cells by appropriate mitogens equally induce sHLA I secretion. Lymphocytes require RNA and protein synthesis, but not DNA synthesis, for the secretion to occur. Kinetic studies reveal that maximal sHLA I secretion precedes the peak of DNA synthesis by 24 h. In vitro stimulation with antigens or alloantigens also provokes sHLA I secretion. Moreover, this phenomenon has also been detected for in n'ro‐aclivated lymphocytes, as enhanced spontaneous sHLA I secretion was observed in cultures of Low‐density blastic B and T cells, and of blood lymphocytes obtained from normal subjects who had received a booster immunization 5 days earlier. Interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) increases the expression of membrane‐bound class I antigens but does not induce any sHLA I secretion, suggesting that both molecules are under different regulatory mechanisms. Our results indicate that human lymphocytes, upon stimulation, actively secrete considerable amounts of a soluble form of these biologically relevant proteins.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Method of Total RNA Extraction and Cloning of LFY Gene in Castanea henryi

The quality of extracted total RNA is the key to study the molecular mechanism of chinquapin later.In this study, chinquapin inflorescences were taken as the material. The study used two types of plant RNA Rapid Extraction kit, a modified trizol method and a improved CTAB method to extract the chinquapin total RNA,and used some methods to test the quality of the RNA. The total RNA obtained by improved CTAB method could significantly observe 28 S and 18 S bands and the brightness ratio was about 2 ∶ 1, DNA hardly leave, spotting holes without impurities, OD260/OD280 were close to 2, while OD260/OD2302. The RNA can be used as a template after reverse transcription to obtain LFY gene. The improved CTAB method was most appropriate, the total RNA had high yield and relatively pure, complete and could be used for subsequent reverse transcription reaction to clone.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Relativistic effects in proton-induced deuteron break-up at intermediate energies with forward emission of a fast proton pair

Recent data of the reaction $pd \to (pp) n$ with a fast forward pp pair with small excitation energy is analyzed within a covariant approach based on the Bethe-Salpeter formalism. Relativistic effects in cross-section are extracted and found to be large. It is demonstrated that the node of the non-relativistic amplitude is shifted and masked by relativistic effects from Lorentz boost and the negative-energy P components in the 1S0 Bethe-Salpeter amplitude of the pp pair.

Field of study: Physics
The petrogenesis and tectonic setting of lavas from the Baft Ophiolitic Mélange, southwest of Kerman, Iran

A Late Cretaceous ophiolite complex in the Baft area, southwest of Kerman, Iran, is characteristic of the Central Iranian Ophiolitic Melange Belt, which wraps around the Lut Block. Despite the extensive tectonic disruption of the Baft complex, most ophiolitic lithologies are present and many original igneous contacts are preserved. A lack of cumulate gabbros within the sequence suggests that a large and continuous magma chamber did not exist beneath the Baft spreading axis. Geochemical data confirm the presence of two distinct compositional groups in the mafic lavas: (1) tholeiitic basalt and (2) transitional tholeiitic basalt. The tholeiitic lavas are similar to typical mid-ocean-ridge basalt compositions, whereas the transitional tholeiites are similar to intraplate basalts. The available data suggest that the Baft ophiolite complex formed in a small ocean basin, possibly at or near a ridge–transform intersection. Emplacement may have occurred as a result of conversion of the transform fault to a subduc...

Field of study: Environmental science
Mechanisms of acute uremic encephalopathy: early activation of Fos and Fra-2 gene products in different nuclei/areas of the rat brain.

High levels of various uremic toxins such as guanidino compounds and advanced glycation endproducts, as well as an excess of parathyroid hormones, are involved in the pathogenesis of acute uremic encephalopathy. Moreover, distant effects of the damaged kidney with enhanced production of inflammatory mediators are implicated. Data on the pump activity of an abnormal Na-K-ATPase and inhibition of the organic anion transporter system in the brain have been published previously. Recently, the effect of an experimentally induced acute renal failure (ARF) on the neuronal cell activation of Fos and Fra-2 in the rat brain was investigated by immunohistochemistry. ARF was induced by using the following 3 rat models: bilateral nephrectomy, bilateral ureter ligation, and uranyl acetate injection with corresponding controls. The Fos and the Fra-2 immunoreactive neurons of the brain were determined in a total of 120 brain areas over a period of 3 days post bilateral nephrectomy and bilateral ureter ligation and 12 days after uranyl acetate. An activation response was observed in 73 of 120 areas of the brain. The responses were classified into 4 groups: (1) biogenic amines (noradrenaline, adrenaline, histamine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine), (2) stress-sensitive forebrain areas, (3) neuronal cell groups involved in the regulation of water and electrolyte homeostasis, and (4) central autonomic cell groups. In the uranyl acetate-induced ARF, activation of Fos and Fra-2 immunoreactivity took place at the earliest time-point (3 hours) which persisted even after improvement of ARF. This suggests the involvement of the toxic effects of uranium as a result of its accumulation in the brain.

Field of study: Medicine
ADVANCES IN THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD BASED ON THE ANALYTICAL TRIAL FUNCTIONS

The finite element method based on the analytical trial functions is an organic integration of the analytical method with the discrete method.This method has overcome some challenges to the tradition finite element method.This paper introduces some newest advances in the research of shear locking problems and the sensitivity of mesh distortions.According to the variational principle containing stress functions,the study of the high-performance and high-order element models shows the way to obtain the high-order exact element models which are not sensitive to the mesh distortion.According to "Operator matrix" theory of partial differential equations,the solving of characteristic differential equations is proposed as a general mehod for constructing complete and independent analytical trial functions.

Field of study: Engineering
Pesquisa de Salmonella sp., Listeria sp. e microrganismos indicadores higiênico-sanitários em queijos produzidos no estado do Rio Grande do Norte

The hygienic-sanitary quality of 24 "coalho" cheese (11 samples) and "manteiga" cheese (13 samples) samples produced in the state of Rio Grande do Norte was evaluated. All of "coalho" cheese samples presented total coliforms and 36.4% of them were positive for faecal coliforms and Escherichia coli, with values ranging from 3 to 7MPN/g. A total of 84.6% of the "manteiga" cheese samples showed total coliforms; 15.4%, faecal coliforms and 7.7%, E. coli. The population of yeasts and molds ranged from 1.9 x 104 to 4.8 x 108 CFU/g in the "coalho" cheese samples and from 1.5 x 104 to 2.8 x 108 CFU/g in the "manteiga" cheese samples. Positive coagulase staphylococci were observed in 72.7% of the "coalho" cheese samples and in 84.7% of the "manteiga" cheese samples, with counting ranging from 7.0 x 104 to 1.3 x 108 CFU/g and 2.4 x 102 to 8.6 x 106 CFU/g, respectively. Salmonella sp. was detected in 9% of the "coalho" cheese samples and in 15% of the bread cheese samples. Listeria sp. was confirmed in 9% and 15% of the "coalho" cheese and "manteiga" cheese samples, respectively. The high population of yeasts and molds observed in both kinds of cheese indicated deficiency in the hygiene and sanitation procedures becoming characterised as "product at unsatisfactory hygienic conditions". Cheeses originated from the six micro regions of the Rio Grande do Norte State involved in this study did not present food safety, mainly because of the elevated countings of positive coagulase staphylococci. The presence of Salmonella sp. and Listeria sp. characterized these cheeses as "inappropriate to the human consumption".

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A diffusion model for geographically structured populations

SummaryA diffusion model is derived for the evolution of a diploid monoecious population under the influence of migration, mutation, selection, and random genetic drift. The population occupies an unbounded linear habitat; migration is independent of genotype, symmetric, and homogeneous. The treatment is restricted to a single diallelic locus without dominance. With the customary diffusion hypotheses for migration and the assumption that the mutation rates, selection coefficient, variance of the migrational displacement, and reciprocal of the population density are all small and of the same order of magnitude, a boundary value problem is deduced for the mean gene frequency and the covariance between the gene frequencies at any two points in the habitat.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Nonlinear axial combustion instability in solid propellant motors

Nonlinear axial combustion instability occurs when one or more strong gaseous compression waves propagate longitudinally within a solid piopellant rocket motor The nonlinear unsteady flow field deiives energy through interaction with the combustion process and causes an inciease in the time-aveiaged buining late, pressuie, and tluust This behavior has been investigated using polyui ethane-ammonium perchloiate piopellants and some 200 motois in the size lange 2-in -diam X 10-in -long to 17-in -diam X 180-in -long Reproducible i esults weie obtained The motois weie found to be linearly stable and nonlineaily unstable with respect to initiation of instability Ihus, normal proof firings aie unlikely to detect inheient instability, since a flow distuibance of finite amplitude is required to trigger the system A pulse injection method of triggeiing was applied to all firings As operating piessmes incieased above a critical value P s* the motois became capable of instability, the seveiity increasing monotonically with the i estriction ratio The effect on P * of changing the motor scale, length to diametei ratio, grain cross section, giain temperature, and of adding aluminum alloy and lithium fluoride to the propellaiit was deteimined

Field of study: Physics
Episodic zircon ages, Hf isotopic composition, and the preservation rate of continental crust

U/Pb detrital zircon ages from global modern river sediments define eight peak clusters centered at 2700, 2500, 2010, 1840, 1600, 1150, 600, and 300 Ma. These clusters extend vertically into both positive and negative e Hf (T) space and are similar to those in orogenic granitoids that correlate well with supercontinent formation. We suggest that the clusters are preservation peaks that reflect juvenile and reworked continental crust selectively preserved during continental collisions. The greatest contribution of juvenile continental crust is associated with the 1600 and 1150 Ma clusters and may reflect a change in the style of collisional orogens in the Paleoproterozoic involving thicker and stronger lithosphere. Age gaps at 2400–2200, 1400–1300, 900–650, and 185–120 Ma represent times when crustal production and recycling rates were about the same. Although some new continental growth may occur during continental collisions, supercontinent assembly does not require an increase in production rate of continental crust. Rather, we suggest that the preservation rate increases by an increased probability of capture of both new and reworked continental crust in collisional orogens.

Field of study: Geology
Reverse flow in roots of Sesbania rostrata measured using the constant power heat balance method

This investigation was performed to examine qualitatively and quantitatively the reverse flow in partially dried roots of Sesbania rostrata using the constant power heat balance method. First, a semi-empirical technique for estimating sheath conductance of sap-flow sensors without assuming that sap flow is zero at night was proposed. Sap flow measured with the heat balance method was compared with water uptake as measured by a potometric method. Sap flow was overestimated by 56·1% for a 3·3-mm-diameter root, and by 40·0% for 6·1 mm and 33·3% for 8·8 mm roots. However, high correlation coefficients between the rates of water uptake and sap flow demonstrated that calibration would provide reliable values for root sap flow. To detect reverse flow, a split root experiment was conducted using a S. rostrata plant with its root system divided between dry and wet compartments. Daily sap flow of the drying compartment declined whereas that in ‘wet’ root increased, suggesting that the decrease in water uptake by ‘dry’ roots was offset by the ‘wet’ roots. Reverse flow was observed at night in the root on the dry side of the container when the soil water potential was less than –0·30 MPa. The total amount of water released into the soil during the night period was estimated to be 22·5 g.

Field of study: Environmental science
Serum Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Concentrations Are Associated with Serum Levels of Total Cholesterol, Beta-Lipoprotein and Apoproteins in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

To investigate the role of serum cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) and the metabolism of various lipids including apoproteins in patients with type 2 diabetes.  The relationships between serum concentrations of CETP and various lipids and apoproteins were investigated in 193 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 68 age-matched healthy subjects. Serum CETP concentrations were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.  Serum CETP values were lower in diabetic patients than in healthy controls (p < 0.01). Female diabetic patients had significantly higher CETP concentrations than male patients. Serum CETP concentrations exhibited a significant positive correlation with serum concentrations of cholesterol (TC) and β-lipoproteins in diabetic patients (r = 0.485, p = 0.013). Patients with relatively high serum concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) tended to have much lower CETP concentrations than patients with lower HDL-C concentrations. Serum CETP concentrations showed significant positive correlations with those of apoproteins B (Apo B; r = 0.384, p = 0.024) and E (Apo E; r = 0.341, p = 0.035).  The data indicate that serum CETP is closely involved in the metabolism of TC, β-lipoprotein, Apo B and Apo E in type 2 diabetic patients.

Field of study: Medicine
‘El Yndio Mas Venturoso’: A Spanish Guadalupan Drama of the Early Nineteenth Century

The Catholic missionaries who first brought Christianity to New Spain (colonial Mexico) were often very creative and innovative in their teaching methods. They used various audiovisual devices and, often without realizing it, built on preconquest and pre-Christian concepts, a form of unconscious syncretism. It is widely accepted that the missionary enterprise began in 1524 with the arrival of “The Twelve,” the first Franciscan missionaries. Their initial decision that evangelization would be carried on in the native languages, not Spanish, was crucial and had become Church policy by the eighteenth century. They were aided in this by the fact that Nahuatl, the Aztec language, served as a lingua franca, especially in commerce and diplomacy, throughout the central plateau and as far south as Guatemala. The Franciscans, and later the Jesuits, produced grammars (artes), dictionaries, sermonaries, catechisms, miracle stories, and even religious drama in Nahuatl. The adaptation of Nahuatl to the Latin alphabet was enthusiastically received by the native peoples who left us chronicles, town council records, censuses (with valuable information on baptisms and polygamy), lawsuits, and other documentation. With all this, we have been able to open a new window on colonial life.

Field of study: History
Experimental Research on Hot Rolling Strip Steel Plate with Micro Alloy by

The hot strip steel was rolled by using ultra fast cooling(UFC) technology in the laboratory.Combining with metallographic microstructure observation and mechanical properties test,the application of the UFC process in industrial production was researched.The results show that,when using high temperature rolling and subsequent alternating UFC process,refined ferrite grain can be got.The UFC process reduces the mill load and improves strip strength,especially tensile strength,and at the same time it increases product of tensile strength and plasticity,reduces ratio of yield to tensile strength,and increases impact absorbed energy.

Field of study: Materials science
Differentiation, self-other representations, and rupture-repair processes: predicting child maltreatment-risk.

This set of studies was designed to examine the relational underpinnings of child abuse potential in a sample of 51 urban families. In Study 1, lower maternal differentiation of self-most notably, greater emotional reactivity and greater emotional cutoff-along with self-attacking introjects, together distinguished mothers at higher risk (vs. lower risk) for child maltreatment (CM). In Study 2, patterns of interactive rupture and repair were examined in a subsample of n = 15 families and found to vary as a function of risk for CM. Specifically, SASB coding (Benjamin, 1996, 2003) of mother-children interactions during two moderately stressful lab tasks revealed higher rates of interactive mismatch and mother-initiated ruptures, and fewer successful repairs in families at higher-risk-for-CM, relative to families at lower-risk. Implications for counseling and directions for further translational research are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Study on the fire growth in underground green corridors

Underground green corridors are getting popular worldwide intending to integrate greenery into built environments. Green corridors provide greenery benefits and aesthetic pleasing view. Proper irrigation is necessary to maintain live plants in green walls. Automated irrigation with adequate amounts and proper drainage is vital to avoid overflows and drowning of plants. Due to improper irrigation plants in green walls can die quickly, creating a potential fire risk in underground green corridors. This paper aims at investigating the ignition, fire propagation and smoke propagation in underground green corridors. Numerical simulations with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and physical scale modeling experiments were performed. The simulation has been completed based on heat release rate (HRR, kW/m 2 ) data obtained from the cone calorimeter experiments for three plant species, namely; Hedera helix, Peperomia obtusifolia and Aglaonema commutatum . CFD simulations were conducted for an underground passage with a green wall. Results showed that a fire does not occur in underground corridors with fresh and live plants. However, fire risk increases gradually with drying out of plants. For dry plants, the surface temperature may reach above 850 °C. The fire spreads rapidly in about 20 s. An experimental study was carried out on a reduced-scale underground green corridor to investigate the fire and smoke propagation. It is observed that in the vertical direction fire spreads up to the ceiling rapidly. However, fire spreads slowly in the horizontal direction along the green wall. The experiments show that when the green wall is ignited, it may tremendously affect the evacuation due to smoke spread along the corridor and fire propagation in the vertical direction. It is recommended to decrease the fire risk in underground corridors with properly maintained green walls, especially in evacuation paths. This work is an initial study towards the analysis of fire and smoke propagation in underground green corridors.

Field of study: Engineering
The Immunogenicity and Anti-Tumor Efficacy of a Rationally Designed EGFR Vaccine

The abnormally activated EGFR promotes tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. Current therapeutics targeting EGFR have markedly improved the clinical outcome, but they are limited in use due to transient efficacy, frequent administration, high cost and significant toxicity.  We rationally designed a multiepitope immunogen against EGFR, named as DEGFRm. The immunogen is composed of an epitope peptide (EGFR265-283) and the extracellular domain III (EGFR334-505) of mouse EGFR. EGFR265-283 is grafted onto the translocation domain of diphtheria toxin (DTT), and EGFR334-505 is fused to C-terminal of DTT. Next, the immunogenicity and anti-tumor efficacies of DEGFRm vaccine were examined in mouse tumor models.  When formulated with Alum and CpG, DEGFRm vaccine elicits Th 1 immune responses and inhibits tumor growth in both prophylactic and therapeutic mouse tumor models. Moreover, the tumor microvasculature is markedly reduced and the tumor infiltration of CD8+ T lymphocytes is greatly enhanced.  These data suggest that active immunization with DEGFRm vaccine is a promising strategy for therapy of various EGFR+ cancers.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Early commissioning results for spectroscopic X-ray Nano-Imaging Beamline BL 7C sXNI at PLS-II.

For spectral imaging of chemical distributions using X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra, a modified double-crystal monochromator, a focusing plane mirrors system and a newly developed fluorescence-type X-ray beam-position monitoring and feedback system have been implemented. This major hardware upgrade provides a sufficiently stable X-ray source during energy scanning of more than hundreds of eV for acquisition of reliable XANES spectra in two-dimensional and three-dimensional images. In recent pilot studies discussed in this paper, heavy-metal uptake by plant roots in vivo and iron's phase distribution in the lithium-iron-phosphate cathode of a lithium-ion battery have been imaged. Also, the spatial resolution of computed tomography has been improved from 70 nm to 55 nm by means of run-out correction and application of a reconstruction algorithm.

Field of study: Physics
A Study of Children’S Heroes and Ideals

It can be noted that the procedures in this study have been employed in numerous earlier investigations. One of the more recent studies, comparable to the present investiga tion but involving a considerably larger num ber of children, is a study by Hill.2 Two questions were presented to the chil dren: Of all the persons whom you have known, or heard about, or read about, whom would you most vish to be like? And why do you like this person? The responses were obtained from the second-grade children through individual in terviews. In the fourth and sixth grades the children wrote their responses on a form that contained the above two questions. Neither the teachers nor the children had any knowl edge of the questions before the papers were distributed. Precautions were taken to avoid any suggestions by teachers or classmates which might have infuenced the children's choices.

Field of study: Education