nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Das Absorptionsspektrum des Natriumhydrids

ZusammenfassungEin neues Absorptionsspektrum in der Gegend von 3680 bis 4450 Å wurde aufgefunden. Es ähnelt dem neulich von Nakamura mitgeteilten Lithium-hydrid-Viellinienspektrum und gehört zu einem Übergangstypus1Σ →1Σ. Der angeregte1Σ-Zustand ist dadurch charakterisiert, daß sich seine Kern-schwingungsniveaus nicht durch die von der gewöhnlichen Theorie verlangte Formel darstellen lassen. Eine Anomalie ähnlicher Art tritt auch in der Abhängigkeit der Rotationsenergien im Anregungszustand von der Schwingungs-quantenzahl zutage.

Field of study: Physics
Electronic conductivity measurements of 5 mol% TiO2-doped YSZ by a d.c.-polarization technique

The partial conductivities of electrons and holes in yttria stabilized zirconia doped with 5 mol% of TiO2 (5TD-YSZ) have been measured by the d.c.-polarization method using Hebb-Wagner's asymmetric cell. The partial conductivities of holes, σp, and electrons, σn, were found to be proportional to po214 and po2−14, respectively, except for σn in the low po2 regime. The σn values in 5TD-YSZ were greater than those in non-doped ones reported by several investigators. In contrast, the σp values in 5TD-YSZ were almost the same with those in the non-doped ones. The activation energy for σn at the fixed po2 of 1.0 atm in 5TD-YSZ was smaller than that of the non-doped one, while that for σp in 5TD-YSZ was almost the same.

Field of study: Materials science
Attributions for Undesirable Life Events, Type a Behavior and Depression

This investigation examined attributions for life events and Type A behavior of 22 undergraduate women. It was expected that Type A students would make attributions associated with learned helplessness for undesirable life events. As hypothesized, Type A students engaged in more self-blame for important undesirable life events and also rated their desirable life events as less important than Type B students. Differences in attributional strategies of the two groups might mediate the relationship between Type A, helplessness, and heart disease.

Field of study: Psychology
Occurrence and ecological risk assessment of organic micropollutants in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China: A case study of water diversion.

Water diversion has been increasingly applied to improve water quality in many water bodies. However, little is known regarding pollution by organic micropollutants (OMPs) in water diversion projects, especially at the supplier, and this pollution may threaten the quality of transferred water. In the present study, a total of 110 OMPs belonging to seven classes were investigated in water and sediment collected from a supplier of the Yangtze River within four water diversion projects. A total of 69 and 58 target OMPs were detected in water and sediment, respectively, at total concentrations reaching 1041.78 ng/L and 5942.24 ng/g dry weight (dw). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and pharmaceuticals were the predominant pollutants identified. When preliminarily compared with the pollution in the receiving water, the Yangtze River generally exhibited mild OMPs pollution and good water quality parameters, implying a clean water source in the water diversion project. However, in Zongyang and Fenghuangjing, PAHs pollution was more abundant than that in the corresponding receiving water in Chaohu Lake. Ammonia nitrogen pollution in the Wangyu River was comparable to that in Taihu Lake. These findings imply that water diversion may threaten receiving waters in some cases. In addition, the risks of all detected pollutants in both water and sediment were assessed. PAHs in water, especially phenanthrene and high-molecular-weight PAHs, posed high risks to invertebrates, followed by the risks to fish and algae. Pharmaceuticals, such as antibiotics and antidepressants, may also pose risks to algae and fish at a number of locations. To the best of our knowledge, this report is the first to describe OMPs pollution in water diversion projects, and the results provide a new perspective regarding the security of water diversion projects.

Field of study: Environmental science
Syndromes of Disturbed Classroom Behavior: A Behavioral Diagnostic System for Elementary Schools

I The authors express appreciation to Dr. Perry Scheinok and his staff at the Computer Center of Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital for their assistance. The contribution of the third author was supported by USPHS grants 5-RO1-GM-16193 and USPHS PR-15. 2 Now at the Division of Computer Research and Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. In the inaugural issue of this journal, the investigators presented the results of a factor analytic study of the classroom behavior of normal and abnormal (special education) elementary school children (Spivack & Swift, 1966). This was the first of a series of studies, the primary aims of which were to better understand the nature

Field of study: Education
Enhancing computational integral imaging performance using an interpolation method based on non-zero-pixel derivation.

We propose an interpolation method to effectively improve the visual quality of the reconstructed integral image. Specifically, the dot-pattern output plane image (OPI) is first generated based on the pickup EIs by using pixel-to-pixel mapping. Then all the zero pixels in the dot-pattern OPI are interpolated by utilizing a non-zero-pixel derivation technique, and the final reconstructed integral image is obtained. To confirm the feasibility of this method, some computational experiments were carried out for test plane images with different depths. Quantitative experimental analysis shows that our proposed method has good robustness and can largely enhance the viewing quality of the reconstructed integral image compared to the plane-by-plane reconstruction technique and the conventional pixel-to-pixel mapping and interpolation technique.

Field of study: Physics
Time-dependent onset of Interferon-alpha2b-induced apoptosis in isolated hepatocytes from preneoplastic rat livers.

We have already demonstrated that interferon alfa-2b (IFN-alpha2b) induces apoptosis in isolated hepatocytes from preneoplastic rat livers via the secretion of transforming growth factor beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)), and this process is accompanied by caspase-3 activation. The aim of this study was to further investigate the mechanism of this activation. Isolated hepatocytes from preneoplastic livers induced DNA fragmentation in response to IFN-alpha2b, which was completely blocked when anti-TGF-beta(1) was added to the culture media. IFN-alpha2b mediated radical oxygen species (ROS) production that preceded the loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (DeltaPsi), release of cytochrome c, and activation of caspase-3. Bax levels increased in a time-dependent fashion, and Bcl-x(L) was down-regulated in the early hours of IFN-alpha2b treatment. The delayed translocation of Bid into the mitochondria was in concordance with late caspase-8 activation. In conclusion, endogenous TGF-beta(1) secreted under IFN-alpha2b stimulus seems to induce cytochrome c release through a mechanism related to Bcl-2 family members and loss of mitochondrial DeltaPsi. Bax protein could be responsible of the release of cytochrome c during the initial hours of IFN-alpha2b-induced apoptosis via TGF-beta(1). Activated Bid by caspases could amplificate the mitochondrial events, enhancing the release of cytochrome c.

Field of study: Medicine
Hierarchical Risk Assessment Method for CNC System

To meet the requirements of safety of Computer Numerical Control( CNC) system,a hierarchical risk assessment method w as presented. The hierarchical model of CNC system w as proposed,and an assessment sequences set matrix w as deeply researched w ith the corresponding fuzzy mapping algorithm to quantize the expert experience. A layered diffusion method of factor w eights w as proposed to locate key risk factors,and a horizontal fragmentation method w as adopted to calculate the risk degree of CNC system.And then case studies w ere adopted to compare the performance betw een the digraph and matrix method and the new mechanism. The results proved that the new mechanism could decrease the similarity performance,reduce the execution time,and be more suitable for the application of risk assessment process in CNC systems.

Field of study: Computer science
The Study of QoS Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Mobile ad hoc network is a multi-hop temporary autonomous system of mobile nodes with wireless transmitters and receivers.With the development of multimedia service in the wireless communications,QoS has become more and more important in mobile ad hoc network,while QoS routing technology is the core technology and the focus issue of it.In this paper,the difficulties of QoS routing in mobile ad hoc network are indicated and typical QoS routing procols are analyzed and compared in detail.Several newer QoS routing protocols are also introduced.The development of QoS routing protocols is prospected in the end.

Field of study: Engineering
Proteins binding to the leader of the 6.0 kb mRNA of human insulin-like growth factor 2 influence translation.

The leader of the 6.0 kb human insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) mRNA, leader 3, has been reported to partially repress translation. In the regulation of this phenomenon, RNA-binding proteins may play a role. Using UV-irradiation crosslinking, we found specific binding of four proteins (57, 43, 37 and 36 kDa) to this leader. Binding of these proteins to RNA proved to be highly sensitive to the potassium chloride concentration in the buffer solution, each protein having its own optimum. The 57 kDa protein was indistinguishable by size, binding properties and immunoprecipitation from the polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB), first described as a nuclear protein binding to the polypyrimidine tracts (PPTs) in introns. Cross-competition experiments showed that leader 3 has a much higher affinity for this 57 kDa protein than the PPT on which PTB was originally characterized. By competition with different fragments of leader 3, we were able to localize the binding of the 57 kDa protein to a 162 nt RNA fragment (AsnI-PvuII) in the 3'-part of the leader. When placed before a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) open reading frame, this RNA fragment stimulated translation in reticulocyte lysate 3-fold, while other fragments of leader 3 repressed translation. The efficient translation directed by the 162 nt AsnI-PvuII fragment fused to CAT could be repressed by adding free AsnI-PvuII RNA fragment, indicating that the high translation efficiency of the AsnI-PvuII-CAT synthetic mRNA was due to the binding of protein and not to the structure of the RNA itself.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Leasehold Reform: Time to Abandon Implied Surrender

In 1985 the Law Commission published a Reportl in which it recommended a new scheme to replace the existing law of forfeiture of tenancies. In 1994 a draft Bill to implement the recommendations, with modifications, was published.2 The purpose of this article is to consider the application of these proposals, as implemented in the draft Bill, to premises which have been abandoned by a tenant. This article will consider whether repossession of abandoned premises by a landlord should be treated as acceptance of an implied surrender of the lease or forfeiture by peaceable re-entry. Under the current law the distinction is potentially of great practical significance. For forfeiture other than for nonpayment of rent, the landlord must serve notice on the tenant under section 146 of the Law of Property Act 1925. In addition, it is possible to re-enter only by obtaining a court order.3 Moreover, a surrender operates subject to the interest of sub-lessees and mortgagees, while forfeiture destroys their interest and they must rely on the availability of relief under section 146(4). Currently, abandonment followed by repossession is likely to be interpreted as an implied surrender of the lease.4 The difficulties in this analysis will be highlighted. It will be argued that treating the lease as surrendered can at present be justified because of the obstacles in the way of relying on peaceable re-entry. It will be shown that the same difficulties will prejudice the application of the Law Commission's recommendations .

Field of study: Law
Psychologists’ Practices, Stressors, and Wellness in Academic Health Centers

Burnout has been identified as widely prevalent in physicians and other health professions. However, relatively little has been written about burnout in psychologists. The current study reviews the literature investigating professional wellness, sources of stress, and burnout in practicing psychologists. Based on a survey of members of the Association for Psychologists in Academic Health Centers’ ( n  = 93), stress levels, burnout, and work satisfaction in health service psychologists in academic health centers (AHCs) were examined. Respondents indicated some level of burnout ranging from having no symptoms (8%) to being occasionally stressed (59%), symptoms won’t go away (12%), definitely burning out (18%), or being completely burned out (3%). Most respondents described working at high levels, including “at full capacity” (41%) or being “over-extended” (39%). Despite these concerns, most respondents indicated satisfaction with their positions (42% “very satisfied,” 44% “somewhat satisfied”) and recommended careers as psychologists in medical settings (50% strongly; 34% moderately). Most commonly perceived sources of stress included clinical load, salary, insufficient protected time for research, teaching, education, and supervision, insufficient psychologists to meet the need, and non-billable clinical activities. Consistent with the physician literature, workload was associated with burnout and burnout was associated with decreased professional satisfaction. The current study narrows the gap in the literature on the stress psychologists experience in AHCs and explores findings within the broader literature about health professional burnout. Greater understanding is needed about factors that affect burnout in health service psychologists, identification and modification of risk factors, and prevention strategies.

Field of study: Psychology
A synaptic vesicle specific GTP-binding protein from ray electric organ.

A cDNA encoding a synaptic vesicle associated GTP-binding protein was identified by screening a lambda gt11 expression library derived from the electric lobe of Discopyge ommata with polyclonal antibodies recognizing vesicle-specific proteins of Mr 25,000. Nucleotide sequence analysis defines an open reading frame of 218 amino acids. The protein belongs to the ras superfamily and shares about 75% amino acid identity with smg-25A, B and C identified in bovine brain and rab3A characterized in rat brain. Northern blot analysis revealed a 4.5 kb transcript present only in neural tissues, the highest level of expression being observed in electric lobe. Western blot analysis of total tissue homogenates derived from D. ommata detected the protein in electric organ, forebrain and to a lesser extent in electric lobe and spinal cord. No immunoreactivity was detected in non-neuronal tissues. Blotting of subcellular fractions derived from electric ray electric organ revealed that the GTP-binding protein co-purifies with synaptic vesicles. The neural specific expression and the localization to synaptic vesicles suggest a role of this protein in synaptic vesicle trafficking and targeting.

Field of study: Biology
Ovarian Hormones Contribute to High Levels of Binge‐Like Drinking by Female Mice

Recently, the incidence of binge drinking by women has increased. Binge drinking is detrimental to women's health, yet the biological mechanisms that promote excessive drinking by women are not well understood. One method of assessing binge-like ethanol (EtOH) consumption in mice is the drinking in the dark (DID) test, in which mice drink sufficient EtOH to achieve intoxication. In this study, we directly compared male, female, and ovariectomized (OVX) mice for DID and tested whether 17β-estradiol (E2) contributes to DID. We also measured whether DID varies throughout the estrous cycle and whether repeated intermittent DID impacts the estrous cycle.



Male, female, and OVX C57BL/6J mice were tested for DID for 2 hours per day on days 1 to 3 and for 4 hours on day 4 using a single bottle containing 20% EtOH. To measure the effects of E2 on DID, OVX mice were treated with estradiol benzoate (EB) or vehicle daily starting 2 weeks prior to the drinking test and throughout the DID procedure. In a separate group of experiments, EtOH consumption and estrous cycle phase were measured in freely cycling mice that were drinking EtOH or water 5 days per week for 2 or 6 weeks.



Female mice consumed more EtOH than male and OVX mice. Treatment with EB increased EtOH consumption by OVX mice compared with vehicle-treated controls. However, EtOH intake did not vary across the estrous cycle, nor did long-term DID alter the estrous cycle.



These results demonstrate that ovarian hormones, specifically E2, contribute to increased EtOH consumption by female mice in the DID test. Although ovarian hormones contribute to this behavior, EtOH consumption is not affected by estrous cycle phase in freely cycling mice. This study provides a framework for understanding the factors that contribute to binge drinking in females.

Field of study: Medicine
BOBMEX: The Bay of Bengal Monsoon Experiment

The first observational experiment under the Indian Climate Research Programme, called the Bay of Bengal Monsoon Experiment (BOBMEX), was carried out during July-August 1999. BOBMEX was aimed at measurements of important variables of the atmosphere, ocean, and their interface to gain deeper insight into some of the processes that govern the variability of organized convection over the bay. Simultaneous time series observations were carried out in the northern and southern Bay of Bengal from ships and moored buoys. About 80 scientists from 15 different institutions in India collaborated during BOBMEX to make observations in most-hostile conditions of the raging monsoon. In this paper, the objectives and the design of BOBMEX are described and some initial results presented. During the BOBMEX field phase there were several active spells of convection over the bay, separated by weak spells. Observation with high-resolution radiosondes, launched for the first time over the northern bay, showed that the magnitudes of the convective available potential energy (CA-PE) and the convective inhibition energy were comparable to those for the atmosphere over the west Pacific warm pool. CAPE decreased by 2-3 kJ kg(-1) following convection, and recovered in a time period of 1-2 days. The surface wind speed was generally higher than 8 m. s(-1). The thermohaline structure as well as its time evolution during the BOBMEX field phase were found to be different in the northern bay than in the southern bay. Over both the regions, the SST decreased during rain events and increased in cloud-free conditions. Over the season as a whole, the upper-layer salinity decreased for the north bay and increased for the south bay. The variation in SST during 1999 was found to be of smaller amplitude than in 1998. Further analysis of the surface fluxes and currents is expected to give insight into the nature of coupling.

Field of study: Environmental science
On the Founders' Children Taking over the Leadership of the Private University: An Appearance Deserving Attention

Many founders of the private universities are about to retire,because of their age and health problems,then who will be the successors of the private universities is the common issue in the development of the private universities.However,some founders' children are chosen to be the successors,which is the intergenerational inheritance of control power in essence.The founders' children taking over the leadership does more harm than good from the long run.With the sort management pilot project development of private universities,the government should take necessary incentive mechanism to guide the choice of successors by the public way instead of the family way.

Field of study: Education
Über die Reichweiten der β-Strahlen von Ra D nach der Wilsonmethode

ZusammenfassungEs wurden mit der in der voranstehenden Arbeit beschriebenen Apparatur die Reichweiten der β-Strahlen von Radium D bei verschiedenen Drucken bestimmt. Insgesamt wurden 2070 Bahnen ausgemessen. Für die zwei stärksten sekundären β-Strahlgruppen konnten die mittleren und maximalen Reichweiten in Luft abgeleitet werden; außerdem wurde das Vorhandensein eines den primären β-Strahlen des Ra D zugehörigen Bereiches kleiner Reichweiten mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit nachgewiesen.

Field of study: Physics
Designing state-based systems with entity-life modeling

This article introduces the entity-life modeling (ELM) design approach for multithread software. The article focuses on problems that can be described by state machines with associated activities. We compare ELM with a traditional design approach based on a dataflow model. Using a cruise controller for a car as an example, we show that entity-life modeling is a more direct and less ceremonious approach that produces a much simpler architecture.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Application of Solar Energy in Food Processing III. Economic Performance Evaluation

ECONOMIC performance for solar heating of hot water was evaluated for canning, dairy and meat processing operations using the life cycle savings method. This method includes thermal performance of the system along with a set of economic parameters. Results show that life cycle savings and optimum collector area were dependent on type of food processing operation and location. The payback time (time needed for life cycle savings to equal zero) near optimum collector area was 12 to 15 yr. The maximum sensitivity in life cycle savings resulting from a 10% change in each economic variable was approximated using a method outlined by Duffle and Beckman (1980). The combined effect of a 10% change in each economic variable affected the life cycle savings by 5 to 11 times. However, most the sensitivity (2.4 to 5.4 times) was due to uncertainty in the rate of fuel escalation and least sensitivity was for uncertainty in down payment and miscellaneous costs.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Informal Empire in Argentina: an Alternative View

Andrew Thompson's review of the long-running debate on informal empire will be welcomed both by specialists, who need to be reminded from time to time that many trees do sometimes make a forest, and by teachers, who need help in guiding their students through both. The comments that follow are therefore offered in a constructive spirit that is wholly in accord with Thompson's purpose in trying to take hold of a notoriously slippery concept. My aim in citing his work is to identify the batch of established arguments that his essay faithfully represents. The intention is to move the debate forward: the temptation to readvertise familiar positions will be avoided as far as is possible; the risk of drowning the argument in an excess of detail is removed by limitations of space.

Field of study: Political science
Low-temperature synthesis of thin films of YSZ and BaCeO3 using electrostatic spray pyrolysis (ESP)

Electrostatic spray pyrolysis (ESP), or electrospraying, a rather novel technique to generate aerosols, has been used for thin film deposition of oxidic ceramic materials. Yttrium stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and barium cerate (BaCeO 3 , which are utilized as solid electrolyte materials for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), are synthesized using electrospraying. YSZ can be obtained directly after spraying, whereas BaCeO 3 needs to be annealed.

Field of study: Materials science