nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Les Radiolaires temoins de l'evolution hydrologique depuis le dernier maximum glaciaire au large du Cap Blanc (Afrique du Nord-Ouest)

Radiolarian distributions have been studied in four cores from a coastal upwelling region off the Mauritanian coast (Northwest Africa) near Cap Blanc (21°N). 
 
Our purpose is to establish the relationships between ecological factors and radiolarian faunas. We have only studied the total abundance of Radiolaria and species that seem to be specially connected with the hydrologic characteristics of this region. 
 
Results indicate that there are good correlations between the distribution of Radiolaria in the sediments and different aspects of upwelling. The abundance of Radiolaria in the sediments may be linked to the productivity of the surface waters. The quantitative distribution of cold-water species gives an indication of the influence of coastal upwelling. The distribution of two other species seems to have a marked relationship with the water masses in this region. Thus, Phormospyris stabilis scaphipes is considered very rare at latitude 21°N but its distribution coincides with the South Atlantic Central Water and for this reason it may be considered as a possible tracer-species of these waters. Theocalyptra davisiana can act as an indicator of nutrient concentrations for water masses of intermediate depths. Mondially, it is only abundant in plankton tows below 800 m. Around Cap Blanc it is only present in the upwelling areas in which the sea is the richest in nutritive salts. 
 
The stratigraphic data suggest that since the youngest glacial period, the marine environment off Northwest Africa has been variable. 
 
During the last glacial maximum radiolarian abundances indicate a higher and less strictly coastal productivity than at present. Coastal upwelling was stronger then and its maximal influence shifted westwards. During the Holocene the intensity of upwelling decreased and its influence may even have disappeared altogether before latest Holocene time. These processes are associated with fluctuations of sea level and the intensity of the trade winds. However, not all changes in the radiolarian distribution pattern during the transition from the last glaciation to the Holocene are completely explained by changes in intensity and a shift in the area of coastal upwelling. On the other hand, however, they can be satisfactorily explained by differences in the oceanic circulation. Thus, during the last glaciation, it may be assumed that there was a northerly increase in the subsurface southern Atlantic direction of water circulation which is more representative of cold waters, richer in nutrients than north Atlantic waters. These changes might have occurred at the same time as changes in the structure of deeper waters: for instance, the replacement of North Atlantic Deep Water by another water body with significantly different characteristics and a much higher production of Intermediate Water as has been suggested by various authors.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Value Reappraisal as a Conceptual Model for Task-Value Interventions

We discuss task-value interventions as one type of relevance intervention and propose a process model of value reappraisal whereby task-value interventions elicit cognitive-affective responses that lead to attitude change and in turn affect academic outcomes. The model incorporates a metacognitive component showing that students can intentionally self-regulate their subjective task values. Two potential moderators of this process are proposed: baseline individual differences and classroom-level factors. We review evidence for the proposed relationships in the model and identify gaps in the literature. Drawing from models of persuasion and self-regulation, we discuss theoretical foundations of the value-reappraisal model and propose value-reappraisal strategies involved in the modification of subjective task values and reasons for (or against) task engagement. We also outline implications for designing task-value interventions and future research directions. The value-reappraisal model could help inform the continued development of task-value interventions and explain intervention effects.

Field of study: Education
Li-ion transport, structural and thermal studies on lithium triflate and barium titanate incorporated poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropene) based polymer electrolyte

Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are fabricated by incorporating lithium triflate (0–240 wt.%) into the PVdF-HFP (poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene)) matrix. In the first phase, effects of lithium triflate content on ionic conductivity and structural properties of the SPEs are analysed and optimized. The ionic conductivity studies show that the AC and DC conductivities of SPEs increase with increasing the lithium triflate content and reach to orders of 10− 2 and 10− 3 S/cm, respectively. In the second phase, composite polymer electrolytes are fabricated by incorporating a ceramic filler, barium titanate (0–12 wt.%), to the optimized lithium triflate composition (15 wt.%) in PVdF-HFP matrix. The ionic conductivity of composite polymer electrolytes increases up to an order of one with the addition of filler up to 6 wt.% and decreases with further increase in the filler wt.%. Thermogravimetric analysis suggests that the thermal stability of the electrolytes enhances by the addition of ceramic filler. The structural studies of the electrolytes show that the crystallinity decreases on addition of lithium triflate and barium titanate.

Field of study: Materials science
“A Pearl of Powerful Learning”: The University of Cracow in the Fifteenth Century. Paul W. Knoll. Education and Society in the Middle Ages and Renaissance 52. Leiden: Brill, 2016. xviii + 790 pp. $209.

ing to resort to the Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, for example, or more extensive sources. Nevertheless, a problem arises: the author does not seem to have consulted the most recent bibliography and in particular the critical editions such as De Principe or De Sermone that have updated the texts released from later interventions. The classics of the bibliography on Southern humanism are present but not entirely up to date. For example, the author seems to be unaware of the article by Salvatore Monti, although it dates from 1963, that fixed the date of birth of Pontano at 1429, since she has him born in 1426. If this was the result of new research, I would have liked to see that noted here. In fine, the book is very strongly structured throughout the four chapters and stresses the construction of a genuine humanistic network, and will, I hope, reach a wider audience of enlightened amateurs, by contextualizing Italian humanism within cultural studies of early modern Europe.

Field of study: History
How do they get here: Does the method of transportation impact salvage for patients with testicular torsion?

A growing number of patients are arriving at our tertiary care center for evaluation of possible testicular torsion using ambulance or helicopter transport. In many cases the parents arrive by car before the patient arrives. Are these advanced methods of medical transport worth the expense and risk in the case of suspected testicular torsion?



We evaluated the total number of patients presenting to our emergency room for suspected testicular torsion to see if the means of transport affected testicular survival.



Retrospective.



As shown below in the table, the means of transport did not impact on testicular salvage.



It is understandable that many patients with scrotal pain seek treatment closer to home because of their pediatrician's recommendation and/or family preference. However once evaluated many patients are transferred because of a lack of urologists willing to evaluate and treat the pediatric patients in community settings or because of a lack of anesthesia support. These patients are often transported by ambulance or helicopter. Our data would suggest that there is no improvement in the testicular salvage rate seen with these more advanced means of medical transportation compared with transfer by private car even when we restrict the analysis to patients traveling from over 40 miles away. We suspect that important time is lost while waiting to make such transfer arrangements. Furthermore transfer by ambulance or helicopter is more expensive and these costs are often passed on to families. Transfer by helicopter is also riskier. While an argument can be made in favor of medical transport over long distances or long driving times, this data suggests that many of these transfers could be accomplished by car with no effect on testicular salvage rates.



The rate of testicular salvage was not affected by the means of transport to our tertiary facility. Only 4 patients would have required advanced of medical transport if this were limited to those facilities over 100 miles or 1.5 hours driving time away. This would achieve a substantial cost savings with no measurable change in outcome.

Field of study: Medicine
Isolation, Culture and Identification of Choriocarcinoma Stem-Like Cells from the Human Choriocarcinoma Cell-Line JEG-3

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) exhibit enhanced proliferative capacity and resistance to chemotherapy; however, choriocarcinoma CSCs have not yet been reported. In this study the human choriocarcinoma cell line JEG-3 was cultured in serum free media, and the characteristics of suspension and parental adherent JEG-3 cells were compared.  Cell proliferation, colony-formation, soft agar clonogenicity, and transwell invasion assays were performed in vitro, and tumor xenografts in BALB/c nude mice were used to evaluate stem cell properties.  In serum-supplemented medium (SSM), JEG-3 cells were 4.51 ± 1.71% CD44+, 7.67 ± 2.67% CD133+, and 13.85 ± 2.95% ABCG2+. In serum-free medium (SFM), the expression of these markers increased to 53.08 ± 3.15%, 47.40 ± 2.67%, and 78.70 ± 7.16%, respectively. Moreover, suspension JEG-3 cells exhibited enhanced colony-formation capability as well as invasive and proliferative ability in vitro, alongside enhanced tumorigenic properties in vivo. Suspension JEG-3 cells also exhibited resistance to the chemotherapeutic drugs methotrexate, fluorouracil and etoposide. When seeded in serum supplemented medium, suspension JEG-3 cells readopted an adherent phenotype and continued to differentiate with no significant difference in the morphology between suspension and parent cells.  In this study, choriocarcinoma stem-like cells (CSLCs) were isolated from the human choriocarcinoma JEG-3 cell line by SFM culture and characterized.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Experimental folding of rocks under confining pressure: Part III. Faulted drape folds in multilithologic layered specimens

Drape folds and reverse faults are produced experimentally at confining pressures to 2.0 kb and shortening rates of 10 −3 to 10 −6 sec −1 by displacing a block of brittle sandstone (2 by 3 by 12.6 cm) along a lubricated saw cut into one to five initially intact layers (0.2 to 1.0 cm thick and as much as 12.6 cm long) of limestone, sandstone, and rock salt. The saw cut is inclined at from 30° to 90° to the layer boundary. The deformation is characterized from studies of fault geometry, displacements and sequence, bedding-plane slip, layer-thickness changes, and the development of fault gouge, fold hinges, microfractures, calcite twin lamellae, and dimensional orientations of grains (in the rock salt). Stress trajectories are inferred from faults, microfractures, and calcite twin lamellae, and strains are calculated from layer-thickness changes and from calcite twin lamellae. Reverse faults curving concave downward propagate upward from the saw cut in the forcing block. With increasing displacement along the precut faults, the faults and associated gouge zones in the layer steepen and become progressively younger toward the upthrown block as displacement increases. The faults are preceded by swarms of extension microfractures that form throughout the deformation and that are the best clues to the stress trajectories. The downthrown layers are thickened by uniform flow and by repetition caused by the faulting. They are displaced away from the faults by bedding-plane slip. Trajectories of the greatest principal compressive stress (σ 1 ) are inclined at low angles to the layer boundaries near the faults and become perpendicular to these boundaries away from the fault. The maximum deformation of the downthrown block occurs when the saw cut is inclined at about 65° to the layering. The upthrown layers are all extended parallel to the layering and perpendicular to the fold axes, as indicated by extension fractures, thinned layers, and calcite twin lamellae and the development of graben zones and low-angle normal faults that are conjugate to the reverse faults. The layers are translated by bedding-plane slip away from the fault zone. Trajectories of σ 1 are inclined from 45° to 90° to the layering. The fabric data are internally consistent, and inferred stresses are in good agreement with those calculated from an elastic solution of the experimental boundary conditions. Principal strains calculated from calcite twin lamellae are within an average of 0.01 of those calculated from layer-thickness changes and permit clear resolution of individual events in domains of superposed deformations.

Field of study: Geology
Revascularization for cardiogenic shock.

Despite the availability of invasive circulatory monitoring, inotropes and thrombolysis, mortality from cardiogenic shock remains in excess of 50%, and continues to account for the deaths of between 7% and 11% of patients admitted with myocardial infarction.1–,3 In the majority of these patients, the problem is one of overwhelming left ventricular damage and, intuitively, revascularization should be the primary therapeutic strategy. However, attempts to prove this have been fraught with difficulty, and the randomized trial paradigm that revolutionized our approach to acute cardiology appears to have faltered. This review examines the features of cardiogenic shock that have hindered attempts to improve its outcome, discusses whether current evidence is sufficient to support a policy of revascularization and explores the potential value of approaches aimed at minimizing reperfusion damage.

The development of cardiogenic shock is rarely unexpected, most patients who develop shock do so within 48 hours of admission, with only 10% shocked on arrival.2 As would be expected, shock is associated with larger infarcts, prior infarction, diabetes and infarct extension.4,,5 The diagnosis itself is straightforward, with a systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg for more than 30 min in the absence of hypovolaemia or other potential causes of hypotension. Additional features such as oliguria and impaired peripheral perfusion identify those at particularly high risk of death.6 The widespread availability of bedside echocardiography has rendered the use of invasive haemodynamics, and in particular a requirement for a cardiac index of less than 2.2 l/min/m2, virtually obsolete in the decision‐making process. Echocardiography readily identifies the mechanism of shock and those patients that might benefit from surgery for intra‐ or extra‐myocardial rupture (Figure 1).4,7,,8





 Figure 1. 
Apical four‐chamber echo view with relative incidence of the mechanisms responsible for cardiogenic shock in the SHOCK 8 and MILIS 4 …

Field of study: Medicine
Uncovering the economic value of natural enemies and true costs of chemical insecticides to cotton farmers in China

Little empirical evidence on the economic value of biological control of pests at farm level is available to improve economic decision-making by farmers and policy makers. Using insect sampling and household survey in an integrated bio-economic analysis framework, this paper studies farmers' crop management practices in cotton in the North China Plain, and estimates the marginal value of natural enemies and costs of chemical insecticides to farmers. Ladybeetles (mainly Harmonia axyridis, Propylea japonica, and Coccinella septempunctata), the dominant natural enemy group that controls the primary pest (aphid) in cotton in our study area, provide a significant economic benefit that is unknown to the farmers. Even at the current high levels of insecticide use, an additional ladybeetle provides an economic benefit of 0.05 CNY (almost USD 0.01) to farmers. The use of broad-spectrum insecticides by farmers is alarmingly excessive, not only undermining farmers' cotton profitability but also inducing social costs as well as disruption of the natural pest suppression system. Doubling current ladybeetle density in cotton field could gain an estimated USD 300 million for cotton farmers in China, providing a strong economic case for policies to move the pest control system towards a more ecologically-based regime, with positive consequences for farm income and environmental health. With rising use of biological control service provided by natural enemies such as ladybeetles in cotton fields, significant falls in farmers' insecticide use would be expected, which could raise the value of ladybeetles and other natural enemies even further. The results indicate that there is an urgent need to rationalize inputs and move forward to improved agro-ecosystem management in smallholder farming system. Raising knowledge and awareness on the costs and value of biological pest control versus insecticides among farmers and policy makers and having effective extension service, are priorities towards achieving a more ecologically-based approach to crop protection on smallholder farms.

Field of study: Environmental science
Predicting Gains in Knowledge during Medical Intern Training

Gains in physicians' clinical knowledge and ability to reason about professional problems as a result of intern training were measured by an end of training examination tailored to the training program. Ss were groups of interns (N = 70 to 96) in rotating internships in U. S. Public Health Service Hospitals. The end of training examination, as a criterion, was predicted by pretests, a combination of aptitude tests and professional examinations covering medical school subjects. Multiple correlations corrected for shrinkage ranged from .62 to .73. The findings indicate that knowledge of the effects training is designed to produce and identification of individuals most suited for a particular program can improve selection by the prospective training institution.

Field of study: Psychology
The Influence of HIV-AIDS Public Enlightenment Campaigns on Adolescents Sexual Behavior in Nigeria

This paper assessed the influence of HIV/AIDS public enlightenment campaigns on adolescents’ sexual behavior and their knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about HIV/AIDS. Data generated from a survey conducted among 1902 (917 males and 985 females) adolescent students in Ibadan Nigeria were analyzed using SPSS at the .05 level of significance. The obtained results revealed that adolescents have been exposed to a variety of HIV/AIDS campaigns. The broadcast media (television and radio) exerted more significant influence on adolescents’ sexual behaviors, while the print media exerted greater influence on their knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about HIV/AIDS. Also, adolescents’ knowledge, attitude and beliefs about HIV/AIDS had significant positive influence on their sexual behaviors.  10.5901/jesr.2014.v4n6p199

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Comment on arXiv:1807.08572: a plausible explanation of the giant diamagnetism found in Au-Ag nanostructures

In a recent comment  on the preprint () entitled "Coexistence of Diamagnetism and Vanishingly Small Electrical Resistance at Ambient Temperature and Pressure in Nanostructures", it is pointed out that the reduction of the four-probe resistance ($R_{4P}$) to zero value is accompanied by a rise in the two probe resistance ($R_{2P}$) in the same temperature range. This curious correlation between $R_{4P}$ and $R_{2P}$ is said to be pointing towards a non-superconducting "conductance percolation" transition (rather than "percolating superconducting transition" as proposed in the revised version of ). The explanation offered in  the question of giant diamagnetism. In this short comment I suggest a plausible cause of the giant diamagnetism found in nanostructures. It could be due to gapped electronic energy spectrum of nanoparticles which is due to quantum confinement effects, and that suppresses the electronic scattering mechanism leading to a very high value of Langevin diamagnetism.

Field of study: Physics
Invariance group properties and exact solutions of equations describing time-dependent free surface flows under gravity

Using the method of infinitesimal transformations, a 6-parameter family of exact solutions describing nonlinear sheared flows with a free surface are found. These solutions are a hybrid between the earlier self-propagating simple wave solutions of Freeman, and decaying solutions of Sachdev. Simple wave solutions are also derived via the method of infinitesimal transformations. Incomplete beta functions seem to characterize these (nonlinear) sheared flows in the absence of critical levels.

Field of study: Mathematics
The meaning and purpose of leisure: Habermas and leisure at the end of the modernity

this participation can also form a site of resistance. More such examples could have made the argument more persuasive and more engaging. Overall, then, Embodied Sporting Practices might be considered a useful introductory survey of the literature on sport and embodiment, and provides a wealth of references to theorists of the body (or those whose theories can productively be applied to questions of the body), but its lack of thread may frustrate, and possibly confuse, less patient readers. Its application as an introduction may also be slightly hampered by the lack of a comprehensive and user-friendly index, for example, Donna Haraway is listed under ‘c’ for cyborgs and de Beauvoir under ‘f’ for feminist. Despite these concerns, however, Woodward’s overall conclusions, when they are reached, are robust and persuasive. It seems sensible to argue that the mind/body tension is better resolved by understanding there to be a ‘correspondence’ between rather than an ‘elision’. This allows for a nuanced awareness that while bodies are material and ‘earthbound’, understandings of them that are discursive are also important. Finally, it seems perfectly appropriate to suggest, as Woodward does, that a modified form of phenomenology that takes into account structures such as class, ethnicity and gender is the most suitable way to research embodiment in sport.

Field of study: Sociology