nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Application of Lateral Arm Free Flap in Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction following Tumor Surgery

To describe the application of lateral arm free flap (LAFF) in reconstruction of defects in the oral and maxillofacial regions following ablative oncological surgery.  The study included 16 patients (13 male, 3 female, mean age 56, range 35–69 years). Sixteen LAFF were harvested to reconstruct defects caused by the dissection of malignant tumors of the oral and maxillofacial regions. The tumor was squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (6 cases), floor of the mouth (4), retromolar area (3), inner cheek (2), and lower gingival (1). Flap sizes ranging from 5 × 7 to 6 × 9 cm were harvested using a sterile tourniquet for bloodless technique. The anastomoses were carried out using a magnifier or microscope. All donor defects were closed primarily.  Fourteen flaps healed without venous insufficiency. One flap, in a female patient, survived with mild local microcirculatory obstruction but that of another female patient developed necrosis. There was no significant complication at the donor sites. The advantages of this flap include anatomically reliable vascular supply, accessible donor site, and the aesthetic quality of donor tissue is good. Compared with the radial artery, the posterior radial collateral artery is a nonessential vessel of the arm. The disadvantages are the relatively smaller vessel size for anastomosis and thicker subcutaneous tissue.  For the repair of moderate-sized defects of the maxillofacial area, especially in male patients, the LAFF can be recommended.

Field of study: Medicine
The Necessity of Redefining the Terms of Voltage Qualification Rate

Restricted by historic condition,before it sounded reasonable to measure the level of power quality and power voltage deviation by using power time T to define voltage qualification rate.Standing on the development of power grid and electric power metering technology,it is more scientific to use electric energy kWh to define the voltage qualification rate.Redefining the terms of voltage qualification rate could improve the electric power quality and reduce the electric power voltage deviation.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
[Real-time PCR Detection Method for the Reston Subtype of the Ebola Virus].

We aimed to develop a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection method for the Reston subtype of the Ebola virus. The NP gene of the Reston subtype of the Ebola virus was selected as the detection object. Sequences of different subtypes of Ebola viruses were aligned using Clustal W software. The most unique and conserved regions of the Reston subtype of the Ebola virus were recruited as candidate sequences for specific primers. Primer Express and Primer Premier 5. 0 software were used to filter the optimal pair of primers for detection. Real-time PCR was carried out using optimized parameters and positive DNA prepared by serial (tenfold) dilution of a recombinant plasmid and by plotting a standard curve. In addition, the reproducibility, accuracy, and specificity of the assay were tested. Results showed that the sensitivity of detection of the Reston subtype of the Ebola virus by real-time PCR could reached 10(2) copies/microL. The linear relationship (R2) reached 0.997, the slope of the standard curve was -0.3101, and amplification efficiency was 110.145%. A sharp and narrow melting peak appeared at 79.94 degrees C for all standards in different dilutions. In conclusion, a fast and sensitive real-time PCR detection system for the Reston subtype of the Ebola virus was developed. This system could be used as a supplementary diagnostic and monitoring approach for basic and clinical studies on the Reston subtype of the Ebola virus. The detection system does not require expensive technology or specialist operators.

Field of study: Biology
Three growth in the Mesozoic and Early Tertiary and the reconstruction of palaeoclimates

Evidence from the distribution and characteristics of fossil wood in the Mesozoic and Early Tertiary indicates that a much warmer global climate prevailed in those times. There appears to have been a broad zone of largely non-seasonal climate stretching from about 32° N to 32° S (palaeolatitudes). In addition to this low-latitude zone, forest growth extended into very high palaeolatitudes where trees cannot grow at the present day. A number of theories have been proposed to account for the palaeoclimate responsible for this distribution of forests. Most notable have been those involving changes in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, in the positions of the continents or in the obliquity of the earth's axis of rotation. Evidence from fossil forests indicates that a combination of the effects of an increased quantity of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the palaeopositions of the continents in the Mesozoic and Early Tertiary appears at the moment to be the simplest explanation for the climate of those geological times, without the need to invoke axial movement.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Totally nonnegative and oscillatory elements in semisimple groups

We generalize the well known characterizations of totally nonnegative and oscillatory matrices, due to F. R. Gantmacher, M. G. Krein, A. Whitney, C. Loewner, M. Gasca, and J. M. Pefia to the case of an arbitrary complex semisimple Lie group.

Field of study: Mathematics
Research of Congestion Control Mechanisms Based on QoS Negotiation in Multimedia Communications

Congestion control in Internet out of TCP by additive increase and multiplicative decrease (AIMD) fails to satisfy the need for multimedia communications. To meet the need of multimedia communications in Internet in desirable quality of service (QoS), a fresh congestion control mechanism based on QoS negotiation was forwarded in support of multimedia communications, with detailed research of its operation principle and approaches, followed by sufficient programming tests concerning establishment of systematic end-to-end multimedia communications, to conclude that the suggested model offered desirable congestion control in multimedia communications and also satisfied need for QoS in various bandwidths of multimedia communications. The research succeeded in development of such empirical multimedia communications system in Internet as end-to-end IP videophone and video conference, both of which are under way to wide application.

Field of study: Computer science
Geophysical Investigation of the Catoche Tongue Region, Gulf of Mexico

In 1969, a series of geophysical tracks was run across the Catoche Tongue, a major re-entrant into the Campeche Slope, Gulf of Mexico. Seismic reflection profiles within the tongue reveal no significant structural differences between the scarp bordering this feature and the main Campeche Scarp. Magnetic data, however, show a 200-gamma anomaly associated with the Campeche Scarp, but the scarp within the tongue has little or no anomaly. A knoll at the mouth of the tongue shows a 250-gamma anomaly. This knoll may be a remnant of the scarp base upon which the bordering reef grew. The nontectonic theory of origin proposed for the Catoche Tongue is supported by these new geophysical data.

Field of study: Geology
Communications in Smart Grid: A Review with Performance, Reliability and Security Consideration

Moving from legacy power grid systems to Smart Grid (SG) is becoming a priority of many countries and energy service providers. One of the main enabler of a SG infrastructure is having the proper communication network to support its various functionalities and requirements. This paper introduces a communication framework which can be used to integrate the various data communication entities in a Smart Grid environment going from sensors at the consumer’s premises to the energy service provider command and control center. The paper provides a brief overview and discusses the various communication technologies and protocols which can be utilized for such purpose and shows potential scenarios which can be used. Network reliability, performance and overall security considerations are also discussed within the given context.

Field of study: Computer science
Novel Magnetic Properties of Solid Helium‐3

Nuclear magnetic ordering in solid helium‐3 provides the ultralow‐temperature physicist with a unique opportunity to study cooperative magnetic phenomena in a quantum spin system. There are two known—and very different— magnetic phases of low‐density solid He3, and at higher densities ferromagnetism may exist. with ordering temperatures at low densities near 1 mK, these systems are easily accessible with modern demagnetization cryostats. Over the next few years experimental and theoretical studies of these systems will advance considerably our understanding of nuclear magnetism.

Field of study: Physics
Clusterin Reduces Cold Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Heart Transplantation Through Regulation of NF-kB Signaling and Bax/Bcl-xL Expression

Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is an unavoidable event occurring during heart transplantation and is a key factor in graft failure and the long-term survival rate of recipients. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of new therapies to prevent I/R injury. Clusterin is a hetero-dimeric glycoprotein with an antiapoptotic function. In this study, we investigated whether clusterin was cardioprotective in heart transplantation against I/R injury using an in vivo rat model and an in vitro cell culture system, and examined the underlying mechanisms of I/R injury.  Heart grafts from wild-type C57BL/6 mice were preserved in UW solution (control) or UW solution containing recombinant human apolipoprotein-J (hr clusterin) for 24 h. The preserved hearts were implanted into recipient mice of the same strain as the donors for 72 h, and the heart grafts were then taken for histopathological and gene expression analyses. An in vitro ischemia reperfusion model using H9C2 cells or H9C2/clusterin cDNA cells was constructed. The expression of clusterin, p65, Bax, Bcl-xL, IL-1β, and TNF-α protein and mRNA in heart tissue and H9C2 cells was detected by western blot, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and quantitative RT-PCR assays; IL-1β and TNF-α protein was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays; NF-kB activity was detected by an electrophoretic mobility shift assay; cell apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling and flow cytometric analyses.  Cold I/R caused severe morphologic myocardial injury to heart grafts from wild-type C57BL/6 mice, whereas grafts from hr clusterin preservation showed less damage, as demonstrated by decreased cell apoptosis/death, decreased neutrophil infiltration, and the preservation of the normal structure of the heart. Clusterin reduced the expression of p65, pre-inflammatory IL-1β, and TNF-α, and the pro-apoptotic gene Bax, while it enhanced the expression of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-xL in vitro and in vivo. Clusterin inhibited cell apoptosis/death and reduced pre-inflammatory.  Clusterin is a promising target for preventing cold I/R injury in heart transplantation. This study also shows that the resultant protective effects of clusterin are mediated by NF-κB signaling and Bax/Bcl-xL expression.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Design of Lightweight CFRP Automotive Part as an Alternative for Steel Part by Thickness and Lay-Up Optimization

Mechanical properties, such as strength and stiffness, of laminated carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) are generally affected by the lay-up method. However, no precise design rules to replace steel products with CFRP have been established that satisfy these properties. Therefore, this study proposes a set of rules to design automotive parts with equivalent bending stiffness through structural analysis and genetic algorithms (GAs). First, the thickness of the CFRP product was determined by comparing the bending deformation of steel products by structural analysis. To minimize the orthotropic characteristics of CFRP, the quasi-isotropic lay-up method was implemented to determine the thickness. Next, the lay-up angle was determined using GAs. The optimized lay-up angle of the CFRP product with minimum bending deformation was determined by population generation, cross-over, mutation, and fitness evaluation. CFRP B-pillar reinforcement was fabricated using the determined conditions and the bending deformation of the single component was evaluated. Finally, the B-pillar assembled with CFRP reinforcement was investigated by the drop tower test.

Field of study: Materials science
Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase expression in critical limb ischaemia

fluorescence microscopy, western blotting, and qRT-PCR.  Preliminary results have suggested differences in the adhesion, morphology, and proliferation of the cells exposed to the various substrates. For example, the PAVEC seeded on to domain 1 displayed a disruption of cell-to-cell junctions, which is an important step in the initiation of angiogenesis. Additionally, the cells seeded on to the intact basementmembranes led to the formation of early vasculogenic tubulelike structures typical of endothelial cells seeded onto matrigel.  Fully understanding the role of perlecan in regulating angiogenesis-modulated ossification in the progression of CAVD would greatly contribute to the development of interventional treatments for the disease. This research is working to indentify a novel target for interfering with the progression of valvular endothelium disruption which is seen in the pathology of CAVD.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Potters Kiln Bricks: Using Manual Brick Making Machine

Bricks production is of vital importance for the sustenance and development of Nigerian ceramic potteries, ceramic tiles, red bricks and glass industries. Ceramic brick is the unit of kiln construction which without, ceramic production is impossible. Despite the availability of raw materials for potters kiln brickmaking locally everywhere in this country, little has been done in terms of investigating and designing standard brickmaking processes in Nigeria. Right from the inception of soft mud brickmaking method which is the main method for local production of potters kiln bricks has been associated with some problems. The production of brick (handmade brick) is found to be very slow, time consuming and labour intensive. This method of production is associated with irregular shapes due to its poor compaction capacity which affect lifespan of the kiln and insolation performance as well. Hence, there is need to attempt to produce potters kiln bricks with manual brickmaking machine which will minimize these problems. These manual bricks making machine was made primarily to produce concrete cement brick.   The successful completion of this research will therefore lead to replacement of the soft mud brickmaking process, and also substitute the high-tech motorized Compressed Earth Brick (CEB) machine, with locally constructed brickmaking machine it will also improve the quality of the thermal and mechanical properties of the brick in terms of shape and form using the standard compaction pressure which is equivalent to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) stabilization standard. This will also help in reducing the cost of buying imported ceramic brick at a higher rate, as well as create self-employment opportunities and support the growth of contemporary pottery and ceramic entrepreneurship programme in Nigeria.  Kiln, brick, pottery, refractory DOI : 10.7176/JEP/10-11-04 Publication date : April 30 th 2019

Field of study: Education
Vegetation diversity in a large Neotropical wetland during two different climatic scenarios

We aim to analyze the spatial patterns of the vegetation at local and landscape scale during a scenario characterized by abnormally dry period (2007–2008) and a reference scenario (1976–1977). We used the frequency occurrence of the species and the number of species belonging to five life forms to compare the two temporal scenarios. In five water bodies of Esteros del Iberá we surveyed vascular aquatic macrophytes and the wetland plants during spring-summer with up to three samples of 20 m2 each. A total of 161 species were found during the two study periods (120 and 117 species respectively). Cyperaceae and Poaceae were the most species-rich families at both periods. At waterbody scale, beta diversity showed a high spatial heterogeneity and at wetland scale, the turnover rate of S is low. At both scenarios, the vegetation composition showed relevant differences between the sub-rounded lakes and the elongated waterbodies. The floristic composition and the life forms spectra were affected by the change in the water supply. The knowledge of the baseline of the spatial and temporal variability of this particular wetland is key to support future assessments of the ecosystem response to the global change.

Field of study: Environmental science
Optimal tree design for sunshine and ventilation in residential district using geometrical models and numerical simulation

Vegetation has positive effects on the outdoor pedestrian comfort and thermal environment. Studied with He Qing Yuan district in Beijing, an investigation of the optimal landscape design of trees in residential buildings at northern China is carried out for good sunshine and comfortable wind environment. Firstly, in consideration of the legal planning requirement for basic sunshine hour control in winter for house, geometrical models for trees and buildings are built and analyzed by AutoCAD and Sketch-Up software to determine reasonable tree location between buildings, suitable heights and crown shapes. Secondly, aimed at comfortable wind environment inside the residential district, optimal arrangement of trees has been studied with numerical simulation by SPOTE (simulation platform for outdoor thermal environment), where the air velocity lower than 5 m/s is introduced as the aims of scheme optimization. With geometrical analysis and numerical simulation and comparison, the tree types and layout in green space between buildings were optimized.

Field of study: Engineering
Guarantees for Spectral Clustering with Fairness Constraints

Given the widespread popularity of spectral clustering (SC) for partitioning graph data, we study a version of constrained SC in which we try to incorporate the fairness notion proposed by Chierichetti et al. (2017). According to this notion, a clustering is fair if every demographic group is approximately proportionally represented in each cluster. To this end, we develop variants of both normalized and unnormalized constrained SC and show that they help find fairer clusterings on both synthetic and real data. We also provide a rigorous theoretical analysis of our algorithms on a natural variant of the stochastic block model, where $h$ groups have strong inter-group connectivity, but also exhibit a "natural" clustering structure which is fair. We prove that our algorithms can recover this fair clustering with high probability.

Field of study: Computer science
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray studies of a recombinant calcium-binding protein from Entamoeba histolytica.

A calcium-binding protein (CaBP) of Entamoeba histolytica was purified from an E. coli recombinant clone carrying the CaBP gene in a pET-3c expression vector using anion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. Examination of the amino-acid sequence of the recombinant protein suggested that it has four independent EF-hand motifs. The protein dissolved in cacodylate buffer was crystallized using the hanging-drop method with 2-methylpentane-2,4-diol (MPD) as the precipitant. X-ray diffraction data have been collected on these crystals using a MAR Research imaging-plate detector system attached to a Rigaku RU200 rotating-anode X-ray generator. The crystals belong to the hexagonal space group P6122 with unit-cell dimensions of a = b = 96.21, c = 65.48 A. Preliminary molecular-replacement computations suggest that the structure of this protein is likely to be similar to that of calmodulin (CAM).

Field of study: Chemistry
The lundgreni event in the Silurian of the East European Platform, Poland

The lundgreni event (late Wenlock, Silurian) is here interpreted in terms of palaeontologic (graptolites, microphytoplankton, benthos), biostratigraphic and geochemical evidence derived from Homerian deposits drilled in the Bartoszyce well (East European Platform in Poland). The lundgreni event in the graptolite record of Bartoszyce comprises extinction, survival and recovery phases. The graptolite extinction proceeded in three steps: lundgreni, testis and flemingii-dubius. The testis extinction eliminated the largest number of species. Only the long-lasting Pristiograptus dubius survived the combined extinctions and was joined during the survival phase by the opportunistic Gothograptus nassa and Pristiograptus parvus. The graptolite recovery is expressed by the diachronous arrival of new species in association with P. dubius. All documented phytoplankton taxa survived the lundgreni event. Phytoplankton frequency and diversity patterns, together with total organic carbon (TOC) fluctuations, indicate that oligotrophy/productivity regime was unsteady during the testis and flemingii-dubius extinctions and stable during the early graptolite survival. There is no evidence for extinction within benthic fauna assemblages. Diversified benthos appeared in a great abundance during the early survival phase. This records a redox-related event of substrate colonization that took place simultaneously with local decline in primary productivity. The last two phases of graptolite extinction and the onset of the survival correlate with strong, positive anomalies of δ18O, δ13Corg and δ13Ccarb. The anomalies coincide with the fall in local primary productivity and the enhanced storage of organic carbon in peri-Gondwanan upwelling zones (Sudeten, Thuringia). The stepped graptolite extinction in Bartoszyce occurred in an environment that was situated within the low-latitude Baltica shelf and was markedly stable in terms of bathymetry, distance from land and oxic regime. This local extinction was most likely caused by catastrophic fluctuations in nutrient supply, breaking primary productivity. The trophic perturbations on the Baltica shelf were coeval with and related to eutrophication of the high-latitude upwelling zones of the Rheic Ocean. The postulated spatial fluctuations in the trophic resource continuum may reflect palaeooceanographic changes that accompanied the global, late sea-level highstand of that time.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Tadpole bioacoustics: Sound processing across metamorphosis.

Many species of anuran amphibians (frogs and toads) undergo metamorphosis, a developmental process during which external and internal body morphologies transform dramatically as the animal transitions to a new ecosystem (from aquatic to terrestrial) and develops new behavior patterns (from filter-feeding to active pursuit of moving prey; from mostly mute to highly vocal). All sensory systems transform to some extent during metamorphosis, even in those "primitive" anuran species that remain fully aquatic in adult life. In this article, I review what is known about the development of the auditory system in anuran tadpoles. I identify crucial developmental windows for major maturational events in the ear and brainstem that showcase the structural and physiological reorganization of the substrates for hearing airborne sounds as the animal navigates the metamorphic transition. I argue that auditory development is dynamic and nonlinear, and I point out areas for future investigation. Understanding metamorphosis can shed light on how organisms adapt to major environmental challenges.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology