nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
ESR-Linienbreite der Ionen der Eisengruppe in Lösungen

Electron spin resonance linewidths of ions belonging to the first transition group with quenched orbital angular momentum are calculated using a modified relaxationmatrix theory including third and fourth order perturbation terms. We base our calculation on a Hamiltonian, which depends on electron spin, nuclear spin, orbital angular momentum, rotation of the whole complex, and vibration of the ligands. Quadrupol effects, intermolecular electron-electron and electron-nucleus interactions are neglected. The results show that the well-known formula of the transverse relaxation time derived by using the spin-Hamiltonian is correct, if first the contribution of the rotational spin orbit process is taken in consideration and second the rotational correlation timeτc is replaced byτv=(1/τc+1/τ(0))−1. 1/τ(0) describes the linewidth of the lowest energy value of the electrostatic energy of unpaired electrons in the ligand field. The linewidth arises from the normal modes of the complex; the calculation gives τ(0)=l0−11...10−12 sec.

Field of study: Physics
New Dinopanorpidae (Insecta: Mecoptera) from the Eocene Okanagan Highlands (British Columbia, Canada and Washington State, USA)

Six new species of the extinct family Dinopanorpidae (Mecoptera) are described in the new genus Dinokanaga gen. nov. from five Early (and early Middle?) Eocene Okanagan Highlands localities in British Columbia and Washington State. These are Dinokanaga hillsi sp. nov., D. wilsoni sp. nov., D. dowsonae sp. nov., D. andersoni sp. nov., D. sternbergi sp. nov., and D. webbi sp. nov. The family Dinopanorpidae is previously known only from a hind wing of Dinopanorpa megarche Cockerell, and an undescribed species of Dinopanorpa, both from the Paleogene of Primorye (Maritime Province) in Pacific coastal far-eastern Russia. The family includes mostly large species, with forewings up to 43 mm in length. Dinopanorpidae is particularly distinguished by a long R1 vein in both the fore- and hind wings, extending almost to the wing apex and bending posteriad distally. Their wings are mostly dark with light bands and spots; have many to extremely dense crossveins; and an expanded costal space in the basal quarter of the forewing, which is more developed in larger species. The rostrum is extended; the medigynium is without tongue-shaped structures.

Field of study: Environmental science
Crystallization of a large single crystal of a B-DNA decamer for a neutron diffraction experiment by the phase-diagram technique.

Crystallization of a large single crystal of a B-DNA decamer, d(CCATTAATGG), for a neutron-diffraction experiment has been accomplished by an analysis of its solubility phase diagram and a large single crystal was successfully crystallized at around the minimum solubility point of the oligonucleotide: 30%(v/v) MPD, 100 mM MgCl(2) pD 6.6 using 0.4 ml D(2)O solutions of the DNA (sample concentration 1.5 mM). It is confirmed that the resulting crystal (dimensions: 1.7 x 1.3 x 0.6 mm) diffracts sufficiently well for neutron data collection.

Field of study: Chemistry
ON THE CHEMICAL AND STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION OF THE GALACTIC DISK

We study the detailed properties of the radial metallicity gradient in the stellar disk of our Galaxy to constrain its chemical and structural evolution. For this purpose we select and analyze ~18,500 disk stars taken from two data sets, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and the High-Accuracy Radial velocity Planetary Searcher (HARPS). On these surveys we examine the metallicity gradient, Δ[Fe/H]/ΔR g, along the guiding center radii, R g, of stars and its dependence on the [α/Fe] ratios to infer the original metallicity distribution of the gas disk from which those stars formed and its time evolution. In both sample sources, the thick-disk candidate stars characterized by high [α/Fe] ratios ([α/Fe] > 0.3 in SDSS, [α/Fe] > 0.2 in HARPS) are found to show a positive Δ[Fe/H]/ΔR g, whereas the thin-disk candidate stars characterized by lower [α/Fe] ratios show a negative one. Furthermore, we find that the relatively young thin-disk population characterized by much lower [α/Fe] ratios ([α/Fe] < 0.2 in SDSS, [α/Fe] < 0.1 in HARPS) notably shows a flattening Δ[Fe/H]/ΔR g with decreasing [α/Fe], in contrast to the old one with higher [α/Fe] ratios ([α/Fe] ~ 0.2 in SDSS, [α/Fe] ~ 0.1 in HARPS). The possible implication for early disk evolution is discussed in the context of galaxy formation accompanying the rapid infall of primordial gas on the inner disk region, which can generate a positive metallicity gradient, and the subsequent chemical evolution of the disk, which results in a flattening effect of a metallicity gradient at later epochs.

Field of study: Physics
White Racism: A Psychohistory

This is the only comprehensive psychoanalytic study of white racism. It integrates historical, social and psychodynamic perspectives to explore Kovel's definition that 'far from being the simple delusion of a bigoted and ignorant minority, racism is a set of beliefs whose structure arises from the deepest levels of our lives - from the fabric of assumptions we make about the world, ourselves and others and from the patterns of fundamental social activities.

Field of study: Political science
Polyphase Deformation in the Mozambique Belt, Northern Malawi

Malawi is mainly within the Malawi Province of the Mozambique Belt, which is now divided into northern and southern sub-provinces. In the northern sub-province, the Ubendian and Irumide belts also occur and all three belts can be described within the framework of two major metamorphic/structural events. The first event consists of at least four episodes of mainly plastic deformation and medium- to high-grade metamorphism. Age determinations indicate that the Ubendian Orogeny (? 2100 to 1950 m.y.) occurs within the later episodes of this event; earlier episodes may reflect older orogenies. The first event is separated from the second event by the unconformable deposition of the psammitic sediments of the Mafingi Group, which is, therefore, a Precambrian marker of major importance. The second event consists of four episodes of mainly brittle deformation in the green-schist facies. The Irumide Orogeny (? 1300to 1100 m.y.) and the Mozambique Orogeny (? 700 to 400 m.y.) occur within the second event.

Field of study: Geology
Aspects of quality control of wind profiler measurements in complex topography

It is well known in the scientific community that some remote sensing instruments assume that sample volumes present homogeneous conditions within a defined meteorological profile. At complex topographic sites and under extreme meteorological conditions, this assumption may be fallible depending on the site, and it is more likely to fail in the lower layers of the atmosphere. This piece of work tests the homogeneity of the wind field over a boundary layer wind profiler radar located in complex terrain on the coast under different meteorological conditions. The results reveal the qualitative importance of being aware of deviations in this homogeneity assumption and evaluate its effect on the final product. Patterns of behavior in data have been identified in order to simplify the analysis of the complex signal registered. The quality information obtained from the homogeneity study under different meteorological conditions provides useful indicators for the best alternatives the system can offer to build wind profiles. Finally, the results are also to be considered in order to integrate them in a quality algorithm implemented at the product level.

Field of study: Environmental science
Numerical differentiation with noisy signal

The aim of this paper is to present a new numerical method, which ables one to filter and compute numerical derivatives of a function whose values are known in some points from experimental measurements, inducing noisy data. We use a piecewise cubic spline interpolation to generate a function whose Fourier coefficients give an approximation of the numerical derivatives we are looking for. Error and stability analysis of this numerical algorithm are provided. Numerical results are presented for data smoothing and for the first and second derivatives computed from noisy data. They show that this method gives good numerical results. Comparison with other methods is done.

Field of study: Mathematics
Provably secure compilation of side-channel countermeasures

Software-based countermeasures provide effective mitigation against side-channel attacks, often with minimal efficiency and deployment overheads. Their effectiveness is often amenable to rigorous analysis: specifically, several popular countermeasures can be formalized as information flow policies, and correct implementation of the countermeasures can be verified with state-of-the-art analysis and verification techniques. However, in absence of further justification, the guarantees only hold for the language (source, target, or intermediate representation) on which the analysis is performed. We consider the problem of preserving side-channel countermeasures by compilation, and present a general method for proving that compilation preserves software-based side-channel countermeasures. The crux of our method is the notion of 2-simulation, which adapts to our setting the notion of simulation from compiler verification. Using the Coq proof assistant, we verify the correctness of our method and of several representative instantiations.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Impact of land-use intensity on the conservation of functional and phylogenetic diversity in temperate semi-natural plant communities

The earth is facing a worldwide decline in biodiversity, with land-use change identified as one of the most important drivers. There is evidence that the loss of diversity has a significant impact on ecosystem functioning. Earlier research focused on species richness, but more recent, functional and phylogenetic diversity came into the picture as the stronger determinants of ecosystem processes. The effects of increasing land-use intensity on functional (FD) and phylogenetic diversity (PD), however, are still poorly understood. We studied how FD and PD are affected by land-use intensity in temperate plant communities. Our results show that land-use intensity has a clear impact on species richness, but also affects functional and phylogenetic diversity. Intensive agricultural areas fail to support high and sustainable levels of functional and phylogenetic diversity. These results highlight the need for the protection of biodiversity in nature reserves and the conservation of areas with extensive agricultural practices. Because species richness may influence the measures of functional and phylogenetic diversity, we compared the observed FD and PD values with random values generated with a matrix-swap null model. The observed discrepancy between species loss and the loss of FD and PD calls for an integrated approach to biodiversity conservation, in which the different components of biodiversity are considered together.

Field of study: Environmental science
Welding Defects and Process Optimization of 00Cr25Ni5Mo3N Duplex Stainless Steel

Based on the analysis of the welding defects and its causes of 00Cr25Ni5Mo3N duplex stainless steel,a set of measures for 00Cr25Ni5Mo3N duplex stainless steel welding were explored and summarized,the experience for optimizing this material's welding and raising once-repair rate was gathered,which was beneficial for the welding of equipments with similar materials.

Field of study: Materials science
PSYCHIATRIC ASPECTS OF MITRAL VALVOTOMY.

A review is undertaken of studies relating to mental disturbance following mitral valvotomy.

A total of 90 patients having mitral valvotomy were studied. Forty of these were seen before and at stated times after operation and a further 50 were assessed at intervals varying from 2 years to 4½ years after operation.

It was found that post-operative "psychotic" disturbances were uncommon, but other psychiatric disorders, and particularly hysteria, were frequently encountered. It is also suggested that those patients who are objectively worse or unchanged after valvotomy, yet improved subjectively, may be stable extraverts.

It was noted that not infrequently emotionally determined pre-operative symptoms appeared to contribute to the decision to advise surgery.

It is proposed that those subjects who do not benefit appropriately from valvotomy may be selected pre-operatively on the basis of a history of pronounced dependency needs and sexual maladjustment, a score of 10 or greater for area M-R of the C.M.I. and a dyspnoeic index of 35 per cent. or less.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Security policy enforcement for networked smart objects

In the Internet of Things (IoT) heterogeneous technologies concur to the provisioning of customized services able to bridge the gap between the physical and digital realms. Security, privacy and data quality are acknowledged to represent key issues to be tackled in order to foster the large-scale adoption of IoT systems and technologies. One instrumental aspect concerns the ability of the system to preserve security in the presence of external attacks. In such a scenario, the integration of a flexible IoT middleware, able to handle a large number of data streams and of interconnected devices, with a flexible policy enforcement framework is needed and presented in this paper. The proposed solution aims to ease the management of interactions across different realms and policy conflicts. Its effectiveness is validated by means of a lightweight and cross-domain prototypical implementation.

Field of study: Computer science
Parameter study of sound energy distribution in cuboid extra-large spaces

The aim of this paper is to explore the sound energy distribution in cuboid extra-large spaces. The surface absorption and height are studied as the parameters using the image method. Air absorption is also discussed in this paper. The results show that the difficulty of reducing the noise increases with the increasing volume in extra-large spaces. Even if the ratio between the equivalent absorption area and the total surface is kept constant, the efficiency of noise reduction decreases by approximately 21% in this study. The absorption areas on the floor and the walls have a better performance on noise reduction than that on the ceiling. When the initial height of an extra-large space with general ratio of three dimensions is continuously halved, the variation in the noise level is close to a fixed value, and when the initial height continuously doubled, the noise level decreased approximately exponentially. The predicted difference between with and without consideration of air absorption increases linearly with the source-receiver distance.

Field of study: Engineering
Saturdays of leisure and memories … : The Mexican market ‘La Pulga’ in the San Joaquin Valley (California)

This research note aims to explore the links between food, memory, nostalgia and leisure through a series of weekly visits to an itinerant Mexican market in the United States. Taking an ethnographic approach to the market of La Pulga held in the city of Merced in California’s San Joaquin Valley, we consider how, in the Mexican–American transnational context, this market provides an opportunity for Mexican migrants to interact with other Mexican people, recreating similar social dynamics displayed in traditional food markets in Mexico. We argue that as well as being a food supply centre, this market may be viewed as a space in which Mexican migrants seek to recreate their homeland and to enjoy an alternative leisure experience. Thus, the visit to the market may be observed as a complex activity in which the senses, the social interactions between Mexican migrants and the consumption of food in a festive setting play a central role in enabling these migrants to break with their everyday lives. Likewise, we suggest that the visit to the market every Saturday not only constitutes a leisure activity, but also serves to construct the ethnic and collective migratory identity that links Mexican migrants with their homeland.

Field of study: Sociology
High-Q piezoelectric resonators with a lateral electric field and their potential applications

It is shown for the first time that suppressing parasitic oscillations in a piezoelectric resonator with a lateral electric field by applying a damping coating or by spatially separating the HF electric field source from the resonating plate allows us to achieve record-high Q values for parallel and series resonances. The potential to fabricate an array of acoustically decoupled resonators on a single piezoelectric substrate, and to design microdisplacement sensors with temperature compensation, is also demonstrated for the first time.

Field of study: Physics
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in an Iraqi war veteran with posttraumatic stress disorder who committed suicide.

Following his discovery of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in football players in 2002, Dr. Bennet Omalu hypothesized that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in military veterans may belong to the CTE spectrum of diseases. The CTE surveillance at the Brain Injury Research Institute was therefore expanded to include deceased military veterans diagnosed with PTSD. The authors report the case of a 27-year-old United States Marine Corps (USMC) Iraqi war veteran, an amphibious assault vehicle crewman, who committed suicide by hanging after two deployments to Fallujah and Ramadi. He experienced combat and was exposed to mortar blasts and improvised explosive device blasts less than 50 m away. Following his second deployment he developed a progressive history of cognitive impairment, impaired memory, behavioral and mood disorders, and alcohol abuse. Neuropsychiatric assessment revealed a diagnosis of PTSD with hyperarousal (irritability and insomnia) and numbing. He committed suicide approximately 8 months after his honorable discharge from the USMC. His brain at autopsy appeared grossly unremarkable except for congestive brain swelling. There was no atrophy or remote focal traumatic brain injury such as contusional necrosis or hemorrhage. Histochemical and immunohistochemical brain tissue analysis revealed CTE changes comprising multifocal, neocortical, and subcortical neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic threads (ranging from none, to sparse, to frequent) with the skip phenomenon, accentuated in the depths of sulci and in the frontal cortex. The subcortical white matter showed mild rarefaction, sparse perivascular and neuropil infiltration by histiocytes, and mild fibrillary astrogliosis. Apolipoprotein E genotype was 3/4. The authors report this case as a sentinel case of CTE in an Iraqi war veteran diagnosed with PTSD to possibly stimulate new lines of thought and research in the possible pathoetiology and pathogenesis of PTSD in military veterans as part of the CTE spectrum of diseases, and as chronic sequelae and outcomes of repetitive traumatic brain injuries.

Field of study: Medicine
Optimal transmission strategies and impact of correlation in multiantenna systems with different types of channel state information

We study the optimal transmission strategy of a multiple-input single-output (MISO) wireless communication link. The receiver has perfect channel state information (CSI), while the transmitter has different types of CSI, i.e., either perfect CSI, or no CSI, or long-term knowledge of the channel covariance matrix. For the case in which the transmitter knows the channel covariance matrix, it was recently shown that the optimal eigenvectors of the transmit covariance matrix correspond with the eigenvectors of the channel covariance matrix. However, the optimal eigenvalues are difficult to compute. We derive a characterization of the optimum power allocation. Furthermore, we apply this result to provide an efficient algorithm which computes the optimum power allocation. In addition to this, we analyze the impact of correlation on the ergodic capacity of the MISO system with different CSI schemes. At first, we justify the belief that equal power allocation is optimal if the transmitter is uninformed and the transmit antennas are correlated. Next, we show that the ergodic capacity with perfect CSI and without CSI at the transmitter is Schur-concave, i.e., the more correlated the transmit antennas are, the less capacity is achievable. In addition, we show that the ergodic capacity with covariance knowledge at the transmitter is Schur-convex with respect to the correlation properties. These results completely characterize the impact of correlation on the ergodic capacity in MISO systems. Furthermore, the capacity loss or gain due to correlation is quantified. For no CSI and perfect CSI at the transmitter, the capacity loss due to correlation is bounded by some small constant, whereas the capacity gain due to correlation grows unbounded with the number of transmit antennas in the case in which transmitter knows the channel covariance matrix. Finally, we illustrate all theoretical results by numerical simulations.

Field of study: Engineering
Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Squalene Synthase Gene in Eriobotrya japonica L.

The cDNA of SQS(Squalene Synthase Gene), which was an importent enzyme of terpenes synthesis,was cloned with RT-PCR and RACE from cell suspension culture of Eriobotrya japonica L. The full length of EjSQS cDNA(GenBank, JQ294055), about 1 775 bp, consisted of an open reading frame of 1 239 bp, and 5′ and 3′un-translated regions of 97 bp and 439 bp respectively. The putative protein had 412 amino acids, and the identity to the other polypeptides varied between 79% ~94%, contained Trans_IPPS_HH conserved domains, and belonged to isoprenoid biosynthesis enzymes, class 1 family. It was the foundation of the further regulation of loquat cell suspension cultures to extract the desired product, using genetic engineering.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Uncultured: Civil War and Cultural Policy

How does cultural policy affect violence? While cultural discrimination is frequently cited as a potential grievance motivating political violence, the relationship remains under-theorised and largely untested. I weave theoretical literatures with interviews and secondary sources on the experience of Kurds in Turkey to understand the socio-economic and psychological pathways through which cultural policies impact intrastate conflict. I then analyse cross-national data on political violence, demonstrating that cultural grievances increase support for violence, raise the chance and severity of conflict and prolong violent conflicts. In short, policy matters: cultural restrictions exacerbate violence through multiple pathways.

Field of study: History, Sociology
Implications of U–Pb and K–Ar geochronology for petrogenesis and cooling history of the McGerrigle Mountains plutonic complex, Gaspé, Quebec

The high-level McGerrigle Mountains plutonic complex consists of a compositionally diverse (gabbro to granite) hybrid suite at its northern end and a relatively homogeneous granite suite in its southern half. Field and geochemical evidence support formation by hybridization between at least three end-member magmas. New U–Pb zircon and titanite ages from these end members indicate that intrusion of all components took place at 391.3 ± 3.4 Ma. Eighteen new K–Ar mineral ages, which cover the range 370–390 Ma, suggest that the granite suite cooled quickly to < 500 °C in less than 2 Ma, whereas temperatures between 600 and 500 °C may have been maintained over an extended period (5–15 Ma) within the hybrid suite. The long-lived thermal anomaly associated with the hybrid suite may explain the large epimetamorphic (< 300 °C) halo surrounding this suite and the existence of hydrothermal mineralization (Madelaine (Cu) and Candego (Pb–Zn–Ag) deposits) adjacent to it.

Field of study: Environmental science