nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Photochromic properties of tungstate-based glasses

Vitreous samples were prepared in the NaPO3–BaF2–WO3 ternary system with high WO3 concentrations. These glasses exhibit a strong absorption in the visible due to the presence of reduced tungsten species and the use of oxidizing species is required. The couple Sb2O3/NaNO3 was introduced in the composition and allowed to obtain transparent glasses. These oxidized samples were illuminated by visible laser radiation and showed an efficient volumetric photochromic effect. The photosensitive effect appeared as a dark spot throughout the entire volume of the glasses. The effect was investigated by several techniques such as, UV-visible absorption, Raman and XANES at the L1 and L3 tungsten absorption edges. The results suggest a photoreduction of tungsten atoms without structural changes of the viteous network. Finally, the photochromic effect can be erased by thermal treatment at 200 °C for a few minutes.

Field of study: Materials science
Dickinsonia from Ediacara: A new look at morphology and body construction

During groundbreaking fieldwork on the taphonomy and sedimentology of the famous fossil deposits at the Ediacara sheep station [Goldring, R., Currnow, C.N., 1967. The stratigraphy and facies of the Late Precambrian at Ediacara, South Australia.  Roland Goldring formed one of the few collections of original Ediacara fossil materials that can still be accessed outside of Australia. This material, collected from the type locality at Ediacara, is now housed in the Natural History Museum at Oxford, and includes excellent specimens of the enigmatic fossil Dickinsonia costata [Sprigg, R.C., 1949. Early Cambrian ‘jellyfishes’ of Ediacara, South Australia, and Mount John, Kimberly District, Western Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 73, 72–99.]. This first detailed description of the Oxford Dickinsonia material, and its associated wrinkle structures, is discussed with relevance to some wider problems facing Ediacaran taxonomy. Serial photographic reconstruction techniques are used to produce high resolution analyses of these fossils. Attention is drawn to features such as relief inversion of the upper surface, in which a ‘spatulate B segment’ is typically preserved in positive hyporelief while the rest of the fossil is mainly preserved in negative hyporelief. Segments can also appear to bifurcate and merge—a feature which, together with the glide plane of symmetry, is inconsistent with the bilaterian model often argued for this taxon. Controversial and conflicting claims for the presence of circular muscles, a rigid outer cuticle, an axial gut and even radial tentacles can all be explained by a single hypothesis that involves a simple, possibly coelenterate-grade, organism which had a distinctive, hydraulic body structure that underwent stretching, strain, collapse and contraction as the internal turgor pressure in the segments changed, especially during death and burial.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Controls on the composition of fluvial sands from a tropical weathering environment: Sands of the Orinoco River drainage basin, Venezuela and Colombia

Fluvial sands in the Orinoco River drainage basin fall into three main compositional groupings: (1) sands of subarkose and arkose composition, from high-relief parts of the Guayana Shield, where crystalline rocks are exposed; (2) sands of litharenite and sub-litharenite composition from the active orogenic belt at the western and northwestern margins of the drainage basin, and in those parts of the Llanos (Andean foreland basin) proximal to the mountain belt; and (3) sands of quartz-arenite composition, widespread throughout the remainder of the basin. Multicycle sands of quartz-arenite composition are produced from platform cover on parts of the elevated shield and from uplifted foreland-basin fill in the eastern Llanos. First-cycle sands of quartz-arenite composition are produced from granitic rocks on low-relief regions of the Guayana Shield and from reworked Holocene alluvium in parts of the western Llanos distal to the orogenic terranes.

Erosion in the Orinoco River drainage basin may be described in terms of transport-limited and weathering-limited denudation regimes. In active orogenic terranes and in parts of the elevated shield, transport processes can remove weathered material as rapidly as it is produced by chemical weathering. Thin soils and short soil-mineral residence time result in sands that are incompletely chemically weathered and accurately reflect source-rock composition. In the orogenic terranes, subtle variations in source-rock lithology are preserved in sand composition. In contrast, in low-relief parts of the Guayana Shield and on flat erosion surfaces of the upland shield, weathering exceeds the rate at which transport processes can remove weathered material. Thick soils accumulate, soil-mineral residence time is long, and detritus is highly altered chemically. On much of the lowland Guayana Shield, upper soil layers consist of nearly pure quartz sand that erodes to produce first-cycle fluvial sand of quartz-arenite composition.

Chemically weathered orogenically derived sand enters the Orinoco River on the left bank, while feldspathic shield-derived sand enters on the right bank. This geometry is responsible for the nearly total lack of longitudinal variation in sand composition along the 1,400-km length of the Orinoco River mainstem. Except in the upper 100 km of the Orinoco River mainstem, cross-channel heterogeneity in sand composition is also modest. Nevertheless, a weighted linear least-squares modeling approach suggests that sand moves down the Orinoco River mainstem in distinct pulses, perhaps corresponding to times of accelerated erosion in headwater regions. Because rivers that head in the orogenic terranes and traverse the Llanos contribute more than 99% of the sand in the lower Orinoco River mainstem, the composition of this sand is dominated by chemically weathered sands from the Llanos. The Orinoco River—the third largest river in the world—delivers first-cycle sands of quartz-arenite composition to its delta.

Field of study: Geology
Humanity and sociality in running——Taking the movies Forrest Gump and Chariots of Fire for example

By taking the US movie Forrest Gump and the British movie Chariots of Fire for example,the author dissected how running as a sport plays its positive role in the process of cooperation and confrontation between in-dividuals and the society.Running can not only show personality and realize self-value,but also reconcile contra-diction between independent rights and social power and normative systems.Such a "line" of running not only sketched the prospect of realizing self-value via individual striving,but also depicted the beauty of harmony in a multi-element society.By interpreting the screenplays for these two movies,the author analyzed how to show the unification of humanity and sociality via running as a sport.

Field of study: Education
Efficient Server-Aided Secure Two-Party Function Evaluation with Applications to Genomic Computation

Computation based on genomic data is becoming increasingly popular today, be it for medical or other purposes. Non-medical uses of genomic data in a computation often take place in a server-mediated setting where the server offers the ability for joint genomic testing between the users. Undeniably, genomic data is highly sensitive, which in contrast to other biometry types, discloses a plethora of information not only about the data owner, but also about his or her relatives. Thus, there is an urgent need to protect genomic data. This is particularly true when the data is used in computation for what we call recreational non-health-related purposes. Towards this goal, in this work we put forward a framework for server-aided secure two-party computation with the security model motivated by genomic applications. One particular security setting that we treat in this work provides stronger security guarantees with respect to malicious users than the traditional malicious model. In particular, we incorporate certified inputs into secure computation based on garbled circuit evaluation to guarantee that a malicious user is unable to modify her inputs in order to learn unauthorized information about the other user’s data. Our solutions are general in the sense that they can be used to securely evaluate arbitrary functions and offer attractive performance compared to the state of the art. We apply the general constructions to three specific types of genomic tests: paternity, genetic compatibility, and ancestry testing and implement the constructions. The results show that all such private tests can be executed within a matter of seconds or less despite the large size of one’s genomic data.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Upland soil cluster γ dominates the methanotroph communities in the karst Heshang Cave.

Microorganisms are thought to play a critical role in methane (CH4) consumption in karst caves and yet the presence and diversity of methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB) remain a mystery. In Heshang Cave, CH4 concentration decreases from 1.9 ppm at the entrance to 0.65 ppm inside the cave. To explore the presence and diversity of MOB in this cave, weathered rocks and sediment samples were collected from the cave and subjected to molecular analysis. The abundances of MOB were 107-108 copies g-1 dry sample via quantification of the pmoA gene, which are comparable to or even higher than those reported in other terrestrial environments, and account for up to 20% of the total microbial communities. Phylogenetically, MOB communities were dominated by the 'high-affinity' upland soil cluster γ (USCγ), although the predominance of Type Ia MOB was also detected in the permanently waterlogged stream sediment. The estimated CH4 oxidation potential varied dramatically among samples in the range of 0.6-80 CH4 m-3 d-1. Collectively, this study provides compelling evidence that the high-affinity MOB capable of oxidizing CH4 at the atmospheric level are present in Heshang Cave, which may play an important role in the CH4 consumption, and supports karst caves as important atmospheric CH4 sinks.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Study the Inhibitory Activity of Cinnamomum zeylanicum B1. Ethanol Extraction

The article studied inhibition activity of Cinnamomum zeylanicum B1.ethanol extraction against Phytophthora capsici,Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense,Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Botryodiplodia theobromae by mycelium growth rate method and in viva.The results indicated that Cinnamomum zeylanicum B1 ethanol extraction had good inhibitory activity to Phytophthora capsici.At the concentration of 1.5 mg/mL,the inhibitory rate were 91.94%,EC50 was 0.687 5 mg/mL,63.75% to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides but no inhibitory effect to Botryodiplodia theobromae.The protective efficacy of 20% Cinnamomum zeylanicum ME was 72.79% and 78.91% respectively at the concentration of 100x and 50x.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
First Observation of the Molten Globule State of a Single Homopolymer Chain.

In a recent laser light-scattering study on the “globule-to-coil” transition (melting) of a single poly( Nisopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) linear chain in water (the solution is in the stable one-phase regio all temperatures), we observed that at the initial melting stage the ratio of the hydrodynamic radi the radius of gyration underwent an unexpected maximum s,1.61d which is even higher thans5y3d1y2 predicted for a rigid and uniform globule, indicating a molten globule. This finding suggests that as with a protein molecule the melting of a homopolymer globule is not an all-or-none process an molten state is a general phenomenon for macromolecules in solution.

Field of study: Physics
Performance enhancement of CO2 air conditioner with a controllable ejector

This study presents performance enhancement of a transcritical CO2 air conditioner with a controllable ejector at variable operating conditions and variable compressor frequencies. The effects of ejector geometries, operating conditions and compressor frequency on the performance of an ejector expansion transcritical CO2 air conditioner were investigated. Experimental results show that the COP of a CO2 air conditioning system can be enhanced by using an ejector expansion device to replace a conventional expansion valve. This enhancement became more significant as the outdoor air temperature increased (COP increased by up to 36%), the compressor frequency decreased (COP increased by up to 147% compared to conventional cycle with compressor frequency at 50 Hz), and the motive nozzle throat diameter decreased (COP increased by up to 60%). In addition, the COP reached a maximum when the distance between motive nozzle exit and mixing section entrance was three times the mixing section diameter.

Field of study: Engineering
Stress Response Modulation Underlying the Psychobiology of Resilience

Neurobiological and behavioral responses to stress are highly variable. Exposure to a similar stressor can lead to heterogeneous outcomes—manifesting psychopathology in one individual, but having minimal effect, or even enhancing resilience, in another. We highlight aspects of stress response modulation related to early life development and epigenetics, selected neurobiological and neurochemical systems, and a number of emotional, cognitive, psychosocial, and behavioral factors important in resilience. We also briefly discuss interventions with potential to build and promote resilience.Recent FindingsThroughout this review, we include evidence from recent preclinical and clinical studies relevant to the psychobiology of resilient stress response modulation.SummaryEffective modulation of the stress response is an essential component of resilience and is dependent on a complex interplay of neurobiological and behavioral factors.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Laterality, alternation, and perseveration relationships on the T-maze test.

The T-maze test has been used to study several entirely different issues: spontaneous alternation behavior (SAB), perseveration behavior (PB), and behavioral lateralization. Despite the fact that in this test the behavior studied is always the same one (i.e., side choice), the possible relationships among SAB, PB, and lateralization have not been previously evaluated. The present study investigated the relationships among these functions. The results demonstrated that (a) shock increases PB and lateralization but decreases SAB, (b) practice increases lateralization and decreases SAB but does not modify PB, and (c) there are sex differences for alternation and SAB. Because these functions are expressed by the same behavioral pattern, they must be quantified simultaneously to avoid mistaken conclusions when the T-maze test is used.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Matching in a network.

Pigeons were given practice choosing between pairs of alternatives yielding different frequencies of reinforcement. Four individual alternatives were set into four pairwise choices. Averaged over subjects, the distribution of responses in each choice approximated matching. The four individual alternatives were then presented, two by two, in two pairwise choices for which there had been no initial practice. No further reinforcement was given during the tests with the new pairs. Transfer to the two test pairs deviated systematically from matching in most cases by exaggerating the preference for the alternative that had had the higher frequency of reinforcement.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Selection effects of source of contraceptive supply in an analysis of discontinuation of contraception: multilevel modelling when random effects are correlated with an explanatory variable

Conventional multilevel models assume that the explanatory variables are uncorrelated with the random effects. In some situations, this assumption may be invalid. One such example is the evaluation of a health or social programme that is non-randomly placed and/or in which participation is voluntary. In this case, there may be unobserved factors influencing the placement of the programme and the decision to participate that are correlated with the unobserved factors that influence the outcome of interest. The paper presents an application of a multiprocess multilevel model to assess the difference in rates of discontinuation of contraception between private and Government family planning providers, while accounting for the possibility that there may be unobserved individual and community level factors that influence both a couple's choice of provider and their probability of discontinuation.

Field of study: Mathematics
A Video Watermarking Algorithm of H.264/AVC for Content Authentication

Since video products compressed by H.264/AVC become increasing popular, issues of authentication for H.264/AVC-based video will be very important. In this paper, a content-based authentication semi-fragile watermarking scheme for H.264/AVC video is proposed. The content-based authentication code is generated using the invariance of the relation between DCT DC coefficients of the two 4×4 sub-blocks. The authentication code is then embedded into the DCT coefficients in diagonal positions in I frames. Spatial tampering can be located by comparing the extracted watermarking and the content-based authentication code. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme can distinguish the malicious spatial tampering from the common signal processing. The tampered areas can also be located.

Field of study: Computer science
Country-specific correlations across Europe between modelled atmospheric cadmium and lead deposition and concentrations in mosses.

Previous analyses at the European scale have shown that cadmium and lead concentrations in mosses are primarily determined by the total deposition of these metals. Further analyses in the current study show that Spearman rank correlations between the concentration in mosses and the deposition modelled by the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) are country and metal-specific. Significant positive correlations were found for about two thirds or more of the participating countries in 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005 (except for Cd in 1990). Correlations were often not significant and sometimes negative in countries where mosses were only sampled in a relatively small number of EMEP grids. Correlations frequently improved when only data for EMEP grids with at least three moss sampling sites per grid were included. It was concluded that spatial patterns and temporal trends agree reasonably well between lead and cadmium concentrations in mosses and modelled atmospheric deposition.

Field of study: Environmental science
Self-assembly and flow alignment of protonically conducting complexes of polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) diblock copolymer with phosphoric acid

Phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ) is selectively swollen in polystyrene- block -poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PS- b -P4VP) diblock copolymer within its P4VP domains to achieve protonically conducting self-assembled acid–base complexes. Shear flow is imposed to macroscopically align the local self-assembled structures. The materials are characterized using Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), dynamic rheology, and impedance spectroscopy. Homopolymeric P4VP(H 3 PO 4 ) x (where x denotes the nominal number of H 3 PO 4 molecules vs. repeat units of P4VP) reaches the conductivity value ca. 5 * 10 − 3 S/cm at 100 °C when x approaches the values x  = 2.0 ⋯ 2.5. By incorporating a P4VP(H 3 PO 4 ) 2.2 block within PS- block -P4VP (with the block lengths 35.5 and 3.6 kD for PS and P4VP, respectively; polydispersity 1.06), lamellar protonically conducting nanochannels are formed with periodicity of ca. 450 A based on SAXS. Large-amplitude oscillatory shear flow is applied, which leads to macroscopically rather highly aligned lamellar nanochannels based on SAXS. Surprisingly, this leads to only slightly anisotropic conductivities. For example, at 100 °C conductivity of 5 * 10 − 6 S/cm along the channels and 7 * 10 − 7 S/cm in the perpendicular direction are obtained. The observations indicate that defects, potentially involving “dead-end channels” may control the transport properties in self-assembled and aligned materials across macroscopic dimensions.

Field of study: Materials science
Effects of agriculture expansion and intensification on the vertebrate and invertebrate diversity in the Pampas of Argentina

In this paper we summarize for the first time the effects of agriculture expansion and intensification on animal diversity in the Pampas of Argentina and discuss research needs for biodiversity conservation in the area. The Pampas experienced little human intervention until the last decades of the 19th century. Agriculture expanded quickly during the 20th century, transforming grasslands into cropland and pasture lands and converting the landscape into a mosaic of natural fragments, agricultural fields, and linear habitats. In the 1980s, agriculture intensification and replacement of cattle grazing-cropping systems by continuous cropping promoted a renewed homogenisation of the most productive areas. Birds and carnivores were more strongly affected than rodents and insects, but responses varied within groups: (a) the geographic ranges and/or abundances of many native species were reduced, including those of carnivores, herbivores, and specialist species (grassland-adapted birds and rodents, and probably specialized pollinators), sometimes leading to regional extinction (birds and large carnivores), (b) other native species were unaffected (birds) or benefited (bird, rodent and possibly generalist pollinator and crop-associated insect species), (c) novel species were introduced, thus increasing species richness of most groups (26% of non-rodent mammals, 11.1% of rodents, 6.2% of birds, 0.8% of pollinators). Much taxonomic and ecological work is still needed to understand Pampean animal biodiversity, to understand how agriculturization is affecting it, and to identify appropriate conservation actions. Networks of Important Bird Areas and Valuable Grassland Areas harbor a balanced representation of Pampean biodiversity and, if adequately protected, may provide valuable research sites, but complementary work should be carried out on agriculturized areas.

Field of study: Environmental science