nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Competence of Turbidity Current Flow

The competence of turbidity currents, that is, their ability to transport coarse material, is examined. The stress required to transport grains of diameter D (where D is greater than 7 mm) is evaluated with where (ρ s − ρ t ) is the density difference between the grains and the turbidity current. The bottom stress exerted by a flow of thickness h and density ρ t on a slope sinβ is estimated from the relationship where ρ is the density of water and the factor 1.50 takes into consideration the decrease in stress exerted on the bottom due to the drag on the upper interface of the flow by the overlying water.
 These relationships are applied to modern turbidity currents confined to the Cascadia deep-sea fan channel. It is concluded that flows with expected dimensions yield sufficient bottom stress to transport the gravels observed in the channel. The equations are also applied to a cobble deposit contained within an ancient deep-sea channel (Doheny channel of the late Miocene lower Capistrano Formation, California). It is concluded that even these cobbles could be transported by turbidity currents of reasonable dimensions and density, flowing down the estimated paleoslope.

Field of study: Geology
Urban residential refuse composition and generation rates for the 20th century.

Examination of historical data shows that 3.5 x 10(8) tonnes (t) of residential refuse was discarded in New York City (NYC) during the 20th century. Maximum and minimum rates of per capita mass discard of residential refuse during this time are reported in 1940 (940 kg per capita yr(-1)) and 1961, 1963 (320 kg per capita yr(-1)), respectively. Since 1980, per capita residential refuse discard rates have been steady and comparatively low (430 kg per capita yr(-1) +/- 2.5%). Fuel ash accounted for approximately 34% of residential refuse in NYC during the century. A decline of refuse bulk density (as collected) from approximately 500 to 200 kg m(-3) and an increase in refuse organic matter content from 20% to 80% (by mass) is reported between 1920 and 1990 and is due largely to mass fraction reductions forfuel ash and increases for paper and plastic. Approximately 4.9 x 10(8) t of refuse was disposed in NYC during the 20th century (including commercial and residential refuse), representing a total pool of about 8.0 x 10(7) t of organic carbon (as C) that has entered city landfills and incinerators.

Field of study: Environmental science
STRATEGIES BASED ON THE PRINCIPLES OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY FOR IMPROVING LEARNING

In the first place, defining of learning and memory would enable us to comprehend their relationship to better.1 Learning is the way toward increasing new and moderately enduring information and  Memory refers to the process of recording and retrieving experiences and information.2 Information Processing Model is a basis for the communication of memory and learning. What’s more, the way toward learning is very like this model, individuals see new information, recognize and retain it, and afterward encoding it into individual learning as encoding it into long-term memory.3 Also, the data-preparing model incorporates each part of how memory functions. There are three fundamental memory types in this model which are sensory memory and short term/working memory, and long-term memory.4 In tactile memory, data is put away in the blink of an eye, additionally just 5-9 pieces can be hold for around 15-30 seconds in here and now memory.4 In any case, once the data exchanges to long term memory, it would be last yearly.5 There are two procedures that occur between here and short term /working memory and long term memory, one is called encoding forms that alludes to the way toward moving data from here and now memory to long term memory and the other one is recovery forms which is the procedure of data is conveyed to working memory from long term memory.6 Both the processes play a significant role in learning.6 Essential approaches to approach problem and issues in life, to learn in astounding route and to ceaselessly enhance quality are ventures towards taking care of issues. We require both a hypothesis and quality instruments to cultivate excellent considering and Memorization.6 There are two procedures that occur between here and short term /working memory and long term memory, one is called encoding forms that alludes to the way toward moving data from here and now memory to long term memory, and the other one is recovery forms which is the procedure of data is conveyed to working memory from long term memory. Both of the procedures assume a critical part in

Field of study: Medicine
An Empirical Analysis of Management of Agricultural Enterprise——Take the Development of Agricultural Co-operatives in Ningguo,Anhui for Example

The management of agricultural enterprises is to apply the business ideas or concepts used by the enterprises to agriculture,including every aspect of agricultural production.Through a deep analysis of the development process,current situation and problems of management of agricultural enterprises,this article explores various models of management of agricultural enterprises.Besides,it summarizes some experiences and points out their defects based on the empirical analysis of the development of Agricultural co-operatives in Ningguo,Anhui.Accordingtothe research,the management of agricultural enterprises is a second leap of China's rural reform.Management of agricultural enterprises is a new way to improve the commodities market conditions,service functions and it proves to be a new way to construct the modern agriculture.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Possibilidades de aproximação do cenário escolar na formação inicial em Educação Física

A partir das diretrizes nacionais para a formacao docente (Resolucao CNE/CP 2/2015), as licenciaturas devem contemplar em seus curriculos as atividades formativas (2200 horas), atividades teorico-praticas  de aprofundamento em areas especificas de interesse dos estudantes (200 horas),  o estagio supervisionado (400 horas) e a Pratica como Componente Curricular – PCC (400 horas). O objetivo da pesquisa foi analisar as possibilidades de aproximacoes do cenario escolar na formacao inicial em Educacao Fisica - licenciatura. O metodo de analise foi qualitativo e contou com o envolvimento de 59 sujeitos, sendo 41 academicos formandos e 18 docentes, os quais participaram por meio de entrevista semiestruturada. Os dados foram tratados pela analise de conteudo com suporte do software NVivo 10. Tanto os docentes quanto os academicos sinalizam o estagio supervisionado como a principal atividade em desenvolvimento no curso para a aproximacao com o ambiente escolar. Os entrevistados ainda destacaram a necessidade de outras iniciativas para intensificar os contatos com as escolas ao longo da formacao inicial,  para ampliar o repertorio de vivencias que abordem a rotina do professor de Educacao Fisica na Educacao Basica, como a PCC, que pode se concretizar em uma estrategia para viabilizar essa diversificacao.

Field of study: Education
Simplified conversion procedure to R134a for farm vat refrigeration systems

For farm milk vat refrigeration systems with evaporators constructed into the floor of the vat, the currently accepted method of conversion from R12 to R134a requires approximately three ester oil flushes while operating on R12. Three simplified methods of conversion from refrigerant R12 to R134a were tested in a typical New Zealand dairy farm milk vat. All three led to subsequent satisfactory performance of the system from thermodynamic and operating reliability viewpoints. Simple one-step conversions, with or without R12 in the system during the oil change, are satisfactory for such systems.

Field of study: Engineering
Identification of Local Causal Effects with Missing Outcome Values and an Instrument for Non Response

Even in randomized experiments the identification of causal effects is often threatened by the presence of missing outcome values, with missingness possibly being non ignorable. We provide sufficient conditions under which the availability of a binary instrument for non response allows us to non parametrically point identify average causal effects in some latent subgroups of units, named Principal Strata, defined by their non response behavior in all possible combinations of treatment and instrument. Examples are provided as possible scenarios where our assumptions may be plausible.

Field of study: Mathematics
Nuclear modification factor using Tsallis non-extensive statistics

The nuclear modification factor is derived using Tsallis non-extensive statistics in relaxation time approximation. The variation of the nuclear modification factor with transverse momentum for different values of the non-extensive parameter, q, is also observed. The experimental data from RHIC and LHC are analysed in the framework of Tsallis non-extensive statistics in a relaxation time approximation. It is shown that the proposed approach explains the $ R_{AA}$ of all particles over a wide range of transverse momentum but does not seem to describe the rise in $ R_{AA}$ at very high transverse momenta.

Field of study: Physics
The Dawn of Digitized Religion: A New Business Model—Or More?

Many talk about the profound change religion is undergoing. A good part of this change is due to digitization. With regard to religion, “change” could be perceived as a paradox though. By its very nature, religion has been conceived as unchangeable because related to an ultimate, invariable source. Technology and digitization suggest, by their nature, the exact opposite: rapid change and “total” innovation with few inhibitions. So is the current dawn of a “digitized religion” a contradiction in itself, just a fake, a business model—or more?

Field of study: Economics
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Pulsed TEA CO2 laser with an input energy density of 1.1 kJ/liter stabilized by a double preliminary discharge

A simple and reliable laboratory model of a TEA CO2 laser with photopreionization by a double discharge was constructed. The current-voltage characteristics and the influence of the addition of easily ionized mixtures on the discharge stability were investigated. The maximum input energy achieved was 1.1 kJ/liter; the corresponding laser output energy was 60 J/liter.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Atrazine Photolysis: Mechanistic Investigations of Direct and Nitrate-Mediated Hydroxy Radical Processes and the Influence of Dissolved Organic Carbon from the Chesapeake Bay

Direct and nitrate-mediated hydroxy radical photoprocesses were examined with respect to atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) transformation. Irradiation (λ > 290 nm) of aqueous solutions of atrazine in the presence of nitrate, which generates •OH, yielded 20% of 6-amino-2-chloro-4-isopropylamino-s-triazine (CIAT), 10% of 6-amino-2-chloro-4-ethylamino-s-triazine (CEAT), 6% of 4-acetamide-2-chloro-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine (CDIT), 3% of 4-acetamide-2-chloro-6-ethylamino-s-triazine (CDET), 16% of chlorodiamino-s-triazine (CAAT), and 3% of hydroxy atrazine (OIET, 4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-2-hydroxy-s-triazine) at 87% atrazine conversion. Direct photolysis of atrazine was much slower and at 23% atrazine conversion gave rise to 14% OIET and ca. 9% of chloroalkyloxidized or chlorodealkylated compounds with the ratio of the reaction rate constants equal to 0.14 (kdirect/kindirect). Results also suggest that OIET was not the product of a hydroxy radical process. The efficiency of the...

Field of study: Environmental science
Recent Advances on the Synthesis and Chemistry of Carbaporphyrins and Related Porphyrinoid Systems

Synthetic methods have been developed for the efficient synthesis of meso-unsubstituted carbaporphyrinoid systems, including oxybenziporphyrins, benzocarbaporphyrins, tropiporphyrins, and azuliporphyrins. In addition, meso-tetrarylporphyrinoids are available by using modified Lindsey–Rothemund reaction conditions. These porphyrin analogs show a broad spectrum of aromatic properties that range from nonaromatic benziporphyrins to highly diatropic systems such as benzocarbaporphyrins. Carbaporphyrinoid systems exhibit unusual reactivity and are often capable of generating organometallic derivatives under mild conditions. Many of the trends observed in the carbaporphyrinoid series were also evident for an expanded series of carbasapphyrins as well. Syntheses of dicarbaporphyrinoids have been investigated but it remains to be seen whether these studies will eventually lead to the formation of hydrocarbon analogs of the porphyrins.

Field of study: Chemistry
Sea-level and climatic controls on Aptian depositional environments of the Eastern Russian Platform

On the basis of a high-resolution chronostratigraphic framework of the Eastern Russian Platform, a comparison between Late Barremian–Aptian global and regional sea-level trends was performed. The detailed evaluation of the long-term (3rd order) Aptian sea-level cycle results in the recognition of sea-level and climate as controlling factors on depositional environments in the basin. The rising part of the Aptian sea-level cycle lasted from the Deshayesites tenuicostatusis Zone to the Deshayesites deshayesi Zone, and transgression is responsible for the local development of anoxia on the Eastern Russian Platform. The Lower Aptian bituminous shales and sheeted calcite concretions associated with the Eastern Russian Platform are interpreted as being a regional manifestation of Oceanic Anoxic Event OAE 1a. The Late Aptian “cold snap” that occurred during the Early Cretaceous greenhouse world coincided with a simultaneous global and regional sea-level lowstand, peak shallowing of the basin, and the almost complete absence of sediments due to subaerial exposure in the studied region. The global distribution of the lowstand gives clear evidence for sea-level fluctuations, and intrinsic climate control on sequences in the study area.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Azurin/CdSe-ZnS-Based Bio-Nano Hybrid Structure for Nanoscale Resistive Memory Device

In the present study, we propose a method for bio-nano hybrid formation by coupling a redox metalloprotein, Azurin, with CdSe-ZnS quantum dot for the development of a nanoscale resistive memory device. The covalent interaction between the two nanomaterials enables a strong and effective binding to form an azurin/CdSe-ZnS hybrid, and also enabled better controllability to couple with electrodes to examine the memory function properties. Morphological and optical properties were performed to confirm both hybrid formations and also their individual components. Current-Voltage (I–V) measurements on the hybrid nanostructures exhibited bistable current levels towards the memory function device, that and those characteristics were unnoticeable on individual nanomaterials. The hybrids showed good retention characteristics with high stability and durability, which is a promising feature for future nanoscale memory devices.

Field of study: Materials science
Workplace Bullying and Unethical Behaviors: A Mediating Model

Workplace bullying and unethical behaviors are increasingly being recognized as serious problems that warrantattention. However, there is no previous research has investigated the possible effect of workplace bullying onemployees unethical behaviors. So, this study is an attempt to fill this void. Moreover, we investigated whetherthis effect is mediated by psychological ownership. The model of this study was tested using survey datacollected from a sample of 295 commercial bank employees. Results provided support for the proposed model,as workplace bullying predicted employees unethical behaviors and psychological ownership partially mediatedthe workplace bullying-unethical behaviors relationship. Recommendations and directions for future researchare provided.

Field of study: Business
PUBLIC POLICY AND POLITICAL CHOICE: A REVIEW ARTICLE

: In reviewing the literature on policy studies, as in studying policy making itself, what you see depends on where you look. Studies of public policy vary widely in forms, methods and rationale. This paper does not try to categorize and capture the spirit of all aspects of a diverse and burgeoning literature. Its focus is on a number of recent books that straddle broadly the categories of process and administrative studies. The questions addressed in the volumes discussed are about how institutions handle issues in public policy, their relevance to the actual content of policy, and the ways in which individuals and groups within them see and respond to opportunities for choice. Each book is concerned with questions of theory but the books do not, either singly or together, suggest a single compelling theory of institutions and policy processes. Indeed, considering their theoretical sophistication, one may doubt whether such a goal is practicable. The better the work done on policy studies the more open-ended theoretically the field seems to be.

Field of study: Political science
Electrical modulation of terahertz radiation using graphene-phosphorene heterostructures

We analyze the electrical modulation of the terahertz (THz) radiation associated with the carrier heating in the graphene-phosphorene (GP) heterostuctures. The heating of the carriers leads to the transfer of a significant fraction &#13; of the light carriers in the G-layer to the P-layer with a relatively large carrier effective mass.&#13; This might result in a dramatic decrease in the conductivity of the GP-channel&#13; that could be used to modulate&#13; the incident THz radiation. We demonstrate that the depth of the THz radiation modulation can be large in relatively wide range of the modulation frequencies.

Field of study: Materials science
Aitken Iterative Method Used in the Node Positioning for Wireless Sensor Network

Self-positioning of sensor nodes is one of the important research in the wireless sensor networks.In order to reduce the impact of nodes ranging error and location algorithm error to the node localization positioning accuracy in wireless sensor network,we established the iterative model based on the Aitken iterative formula for wireless sensor networks.It includes two phases,during the first phase,using DV-Hop algorithm to rough location;during the second phase,set up Aitken iteration model,using the first positioning results as the initial value,to obtain the optimal value of positioning results.The results shows that the algorithm can improve the accuracy of the node positioning,for the situation of low network node density and low proportion of beacon nodes,algorithm has an obvious effect.

Field of study: Computer science
Connotation of harmony in the modern competitive sports culture

Intrinsic harmony is incubated in the modern competitive sports culture. This kind of harmony is embod-ied in 4 aspects:Harmony in human beings themselves,harmony between man and nature,harmony between indi-vidual human beings,and harmony in international social relations. However,phenomena of destruction of and de-viation from this kind of harmonious spirit are often seen in the reality:Pecuniary interest caused explosion of mate-rial desire;unbalance of ecological environment induced the crisis in sustainable development of competitive sports;violence invaded divine sports venues;power politics utilized competitive sports as a tool to expand its influence. These bad phenomena are undermining the foundation of the harmonious conception of modern competitive sports. However,guided by sublime competitive sports spirit,people are calling for the return of the “harmonious home-land” of modern competitive sports in various ways. Booming of “green sports’,comprehensive educational func-tions of sport realized in competition,and the perfection and supplementation of western sports spirit by traditional Chinese sports culture,are all conducive to the true embodiment of the connotation of harmony in modern competi-tive sports.

Field of study: Education
A Unit Hydrograph Concept for Predicting Flood Hydrographs from Suburban Subdivisions

EVIDENCE abounds in hydrologic literature that urbanization increases direct runoff. This runoff problem has been routinely combated with so-called corrective measures which are oftentimes uncoor-dinated and collectively ineffective. This paper proposed the integration of judicious land use planning and im-proved urban storm drainage design as an effective measure against the urban flood problem. To that effect, a dimensionless unit area hydrograph is derived. It is then demonstrated how this hydrograph can be used by land use planners to predict the hydrologic effects of pro-posed land use designs and by design engineers to quan-tify runoff. The technique uses a minimum of data, re-quires no field measurements, and is easy to apply.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The monoclonal antimonocyte antibody My4 stains B lymphocytes and two distinct monocyte subsets in human peripheral blood.

The monoclonal antibody (MAB) My4 was produced against human myelo-monocytic leukemia cells and stains regular monocytes with high intensity. Employing logarithmic amplification in immunofluorescence flow cytometry an additional low intensity - My4+ - and a very low intensity population - My4(+) - can be identified. Light scatter analysis reveals monocyte features for the My4++ and for the My4+ cells, while the My4(+) cells exhibit characteristics of lymphocytes. The two low intensity (My4+ and My4(+)) populations are clearly discernable only after two color immunofluorescence analysis using MABs VEP13 (CD16) and B1 (CD20). The My4+ cells coexpress the CD16 antigen and comprise a unique monocyte subset. The My4(+) cells coexpress the B1 antigen, characteristic of B cells. In addition, the My4(+) cells are depleted after treatment of mononuclear cells with the anti-B cell MAB BA-1 plus complement. Finally, leukemic cells from patients with B cell type chronic lymphocytic leukemia are stained in 18/20 cases. Hence, the MAB My4 identifies regular monocytes and in addition, with lower intensity of staining a new monocyte subset and a subset of B cells in human peripheral blood.

Field of study: Biology
A structural analysis of a metamorphic fold–thrust belt, northeast Gagnon terrane, Grenville Province

Northeast Gagnon terrane is located within the Parautochthonous Belt of the Grenville Orogen, near the projected intersection of the front zones of the Grenville and New Quebec orogens. The area consists principally of supracrustal units of the Early Proterozoic Knob Lake Group, and a newly recognized unit, the Equus Lake formation. Both are intruded by the Middle Proterozoic Shabogamo gabbro. Structural elements in the rocks record evidence of a polyorogenic history that is attributed to both the ca. 1800 Ma Hudsonian and the ca. 1000 Ma Grenvillian orogenies. This paper is concerned with the latter.Grenvillian deformation resulted in the formation of a relatively deep-level fold–thrust belt. Three thrust sheets can be defined on the basis of basal thrusts, variations in morphology and orientation of structural elements, and internal thrust sheet geometry. The polydeformational style of the area, rotation of fold axes into subparallelism with the tectonic transport direction, and internal imbrication lea...

Field of study: Environmental science