nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis B infection in institutionalized Down's syndrome inmates: a longitudinal study with five hepatitis B virus markers.

A 3-year longitudinal survey in a residential institution for the mentally retarded was carried out to study the epidemiology of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and to elucidate the different responses which Down's syndrome (DS) and non-Down's (ND) subjects have to HBV infection. Sensitive tests for the HBV surface antigen and antibody (HBsAg and anti-HBs), core antibody (anti-HBc) and `e' antigen and antibody (HBeAg and anti-HBe) were used. The HBsAg and anti-HBs content of positive sera was quantitated accurately. 
 
All twenty-six chronic carriers of HBsAg possessed anti-HBc and 73% possessed HBeAg. The presence of HBeAg was correlated with abnormal liver function and high titres of HBsAg. The fifty-nine DS inmates possessing anti-HBs at the beginning of the study had significantly lower anti-HBs titres than the corresponding forty-nine ND subjects, but had a higher frequency of both anti-HBc and anti-HBe. Within both DS and ND groups the presence of anti-HBe was correlated with higher anti-HBs titres and within the ND group, high anti-HBs titres were also correlated with the presence of anti-HBc. Most inmates possessing HBV markers at the beginning of the study retained them for its duration. 
 
Of the initially seronegative inmates, proportionately more DS (88%) than ND (54%) acquired HBV markers during the study; of these converters, proportionately more DS than ND (33% vs 10%) infections had chronic HBsAg carriage as the outcome. Most of these chronic HBsAg cases also acquired persistent HBeAg. In those seronegatives converting to anti-HBs, anti-HBc and anti-HBe tended to be more frequent in DS than ND groups, and patients with anti-HBe possessed higher anti-HBs titres than those without anti-HBe. These findings were similar to those seen in those inmates positive for anti-HBs at the beginning of the study (the anti-HBs group). However, unlike the anti-HBs group, the peak anti-HBs titres achieved after primary HBV infection (seroconversion) tended to be higher in the DS than in the ND group. The latter results are interpreted as indicating that a deficient humoral response in DS inmates is unlikely to be responsible for the high rates of chronic HBsAg carriage so often seen in these subjects.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
It’s In the Way That You Use It

In a behavioral observation study with dating couples, we examined (a) how attachment orientations predict humor use and (b) how people respond to their partners’ use of humor. Couples were videotaped while trying to resolve a relationship conflict. Each discussion was rated on several theoretically relevant dimensions. Highly avoidant individuals used more aggressive humor and less affiliative humor during their discussions, whereas highly anxious individuals used more self-defeating humor. Individuals also tailored their humor use to partners who were highly anxious and distressed. Aggressive humor was received more negatively by partners who sought more care. Affiliative humor was favorably received, especially when partners were more distressed, whereas self-defeating humor elicited negative responses from highly distressed partners. Both highly anxious and avoidant individuals reacted unfavorably when they were the recipients of the humor styles they used most often. The implications of these results for our understanding of relationships and humor are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Gastroenterology Issues in Schizophrenia: Why the Gut Matters

Genetic and environmental studies implicate immune pathologies in schizophrenia. The body’s largest immune organ is the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Historical associations of GI conditions with mental illnesses predate the introduction of antipsychotics. Current studies of antipsychotic-naïve patients support that gut dysfunction may be inherent to the schizophrenia disease process. Risk factors for schizophrenia (inflammation, food intolerances, Toxoplasma gondii exposure, cellular barrier defects) are part of biological pathways that intersect those operant in the gut. Central to GI function is a homeostatic microbial community, and early reports show that it is disrupted in schizophrenia. Bioactive and toxic products derived from digestion and microbial dysbiosis activate adaptive and innate immunity. Complement C1q, a brain-active systemic immune component, interacts with gut-related schizophrenia risk factors in clinical and experimental animal models. With accumulating evidence supporting newly discovered gut–brain physiological pathways, treatments to ameliorate brain symptoms of schizophrenia should be supplemented with therapies to correct GI dysfunction.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Semimicroscopic description of charge-exchange giant spin-monopole resonances

The quantitative analysis of the main properties of charge-exchange giant spin-monopole resonances is performed for closed-shell parent nuclei within the semimicroscopic approach based on the continuum version of the random phase approximation and phenomenological treatment of the spreading effect. For the first time the description of direct neutron decay of the spin-monopole resonances in the β+-channel is given together with taking into account the resonance energy shift due to the spreading effect. The results of the joint analysis of the main properties of the above-mentioned giant resonances are given for the parent nuclei 48Ca and 208Pb.

Field of study: Physics
Cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia, affective disorder and organic brain disease.

We used the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) to study a sample of patients with affective disorder (N = 52), schizophrenia (N = 17) and organic brain disease (N = 8). Schizophrenic patients had lower verbal, performance and full-scale IQs than patients with affective disorder, but were no different from those with organic brain disease. An individual WAIS subscale analysis showed that, compared with affectives, schizophrenics had relatively poorer performance on language than non-language tasks. These differences were independent of age, sex, handedness, educational level or drug administration and are consistent with a variety of studies demonstrating significant cerebral dysfunction in carefully diagnosed schizophrenic patients.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Influence of surface treatment on interfacial microstructure and bond strength of diffusion-bonded tin

An investigation has been made of the bond strength of solid-state diffusion-bonded interfaces of tin specimens whose faying surfaces were finished through four different treatments: grinding on abrasive paper of 800 grade, electrolytic polishing in a solution of perchloric acid in ethyl glycol monobutyl and ethanol, halogenation by HCl vapor, and halogenation by HF vapor. The bond strength of the joint was increased with a rise in bonding temperature for all the surface treatments. The grinding on abrasive paper required the highest bonding temperature to obtain the bond strength comparable with the base metal, followed by the electrolytic polishing, halogenation by HCl, and halogenation by HF. These effects of the surface treatments on the bond strength were discussed on the basis of TEM observations of the behavior of interfacial inclusions that were identified as tin oxide and tin oxide halide (for the halogenation treatments) based on SAD and EDX analyses.

Field of study: Materials science
Semi-Supervised Linear Spectral Unmixing Using a Hierarchical Bayesian Model for Hyperspectral Imagery

This paper proposes a hierarchical Bayesian model that can be used for semi-supervised hyperspectral image unmixing. The model assumes that the pixel reflectances result from linear combinations of pure component spectra contaminated by an additive Gaussian noise. The abundance parameters appearing in this model satisfy positivity and additivity constraints. These constraints are naturally expressed in a Bayesian context by using appropriate abundance prior distributions. The posterior distributions of the unknown model parameters are then derived. A Gibbs sampler allows one to draw samples distributed according to the posteriors of interest and to estimate the unknown abundances. An extension of the algorithm is finally studied for mixtures with unknown numbers of spectral components belonging to a know library. The performance of the different unmixing strategies is evaluated via simulations conducted on synthetic and real data.

Field of study: Engineering
Provenance and paleoweathering reconstruction of the Mesoproterozoic Hongshuizhuang Formation (1.4 Ga), northern North China

This is the first study presenting major and trace elemental data from the Mesoproterozoic Hongshuizhuang Formation shales in Yanshan basin, North China, in order to reconstruct its provenance and chemical weathering history. The shales are strongly depleted in Na2O and Sr and enriched in Y and transition metal elements relative to upper continental crust. Low Zr concentrations and various discriminant plots (e.g., Th/Sc–Zr/Sc and Al2O3–TiO2–Zr) indicate insignificant mineral sorting or recycling of these shales. The rocks show light rare earth element (REE) enrichment (La/YbCN = 3.99–6.92), flat heavy REE, and significantly negative Eu anomalies (Euan = 0.57–0.68) in chondrite-normalized REE patterns, similar to post-Archean Australian average shales. The fairly uniform REE patterns and trace element ratios indicate that the Hongshuizhuang Formation shales were derived from a felsic source area with granodiorite as the dominant contributor. Mixing calculations suggest a mixture of 30 % granite porphyry, 5 % basalt, and 65 % granodiorite as the possible source of the shales, also supporting that granodiorite was the predominant source. Intense chemical weathering of the source terrain is indicated by high values of the premetasomatized chemical index of alteration, plagioclase index of alteration, Rb/Sr, a strong positive correlation between TiO2 and Al2O3, depletion of CaO, Na2O, and Sr, and mineral compositions. Such strong chemical weathering suggests a warm and wet paleoclimate, perhaps due to high atmospheric CO2 and CH4 concentrations, and a near-equatorial location of the North China Craton in the Columbia supercontinent at 1.4 Ga.

Field of study: Environmental science
Ariane Bayle.Romans à l'encan: De l'art du boniment dans la littérature au XVIesiècle. Travaux d'Humanisme et Renaissance 447. Geneva: Librairie Droz S.A., 2009. 465 pp. index. tbls. bibl. n.p. ISBN: 978–2–600–01266–9.


Field of study: History
Evaluation of gamma glutamyl-transferase (GGT) levels in COVID-19: A retrospective analysis in tertiary care centre

Many recent studies have reported that patients infected with novel coronavirus 2019 or SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) might have a liver injury However, few studies have focussed on the levels of Gamma glutamyl-transferase (GGT) alone and the variations associated with it We retrospectively analysed the GGT levels of 476 admitted patients with confirmed COVID-19 in a tertiary care centre, PGIMER (Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research), Chandigarh Out of the total 476 COVID-19 patients studied, 35% had elevated GGT levels ICU care was required for 51 19% (P <0 0001) of these patients and their hospital stay was of longer duration as compared to the patients with normal GGT levels The incidence of GGT elevation was found to be more pronounced in males and elderly patients The male population displayed higher GGT levels with 52% having raised levels compared to females where onl y 21 6% had elevated GGT levels Although the number of COVID-19 cases was majorly from young age groups, the elevation in GGT levels has been reported more in elderly patients GGT levels can therefore serve as a predictor for the extent of liver injury and severity in COVID-19 patients

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Modeling based on improved genetic algorithm for temperature model of PEMFC stack

The system of PEMFC stack is too complicated to model, and the parameters of the existing mathematical model are very different because the construction and materials used in the stack are different.There is no general model with high accuracy to describe all stacks and meet the need for designing the PEMFC control system. In this paper, the knowledge of heat transport and liquid kinetics is used to establish a stack model.Some parameters that have great influence on the accuracy of the model cannot be obtained from a simple experiment.Improved genetic algorithm proposed in the paper possesses excellent global and local searching capacity and is able to identify the parameters accurately.The results of simulation and experiment validate the practicability and reliability of the algorithm.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
IV, noise and electroluminescence analysis of stress-induced percolation paths in AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors

Properties of stress-induced percolation paths in AlGaN in step-stressed AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors are investigated in details. DC and transient gate and drain current analysis are combined with low frequency noise and electroluminescence measurements. The observation of random telegraph signal (RTS) noise with large relative amplitude indicates that RTS is due to modulation of gate current in the percolation path by action of single defects. Measurements of RTS amplitude as a function of forward or reverse gate voltage can reveal masked gate leakage current components related to individual percolation paths. The observed gradual increase in forward gate current ideality factor with progressing stress, indicating defect penetration inside the percolation path in AlGaN, is explained by a simple model. The role of slow trapping in the modulation of current in the percolation path is discussed too.

Field of study: Engineering
The Structure and Metallicity Gradient in the Extreme Outer Disk of NGC 7793

Studies of outer regions of spirals disks are fundamental to our understanding of both the process of galaxy assembly and the subsequent secular evolution of galaxies. In an earlier series of papers we explored the extent and abundance gradient in the outer disk of NGC 300 and found an extended purely exponential disk with a metallicity gradient which flattens off in the outermost regions. We now continue the study of outskirts of pure disk spirals with another Sculptor Group spiral, NGC 7793. Using Gemini Multi Object Spectrograph camera at Gemini South, we trace the disk of NGC 7793 with star counts out to ~9 scale lengths, corresponding to 11.5 kpc at our calibrated distance of 3.61+/-0.53 Mpc. The outer disk of NGC 7793 shows no evidence of a break in its light profile down to an effective surface brightness of ~30 mag/arcsec^2 (~3 mag/arcsec^2 deeper than what has been achieved with surface photometry) and exhibits a non-negative abundance gradient within the radial extent of our data.

Field of study: Physics
Determinants of Financing Constraints in East African Countries’ SMEs

Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) are the main player in developing and strengthening zonal integration. This study used a sample of 1933 firms located within 5 East African countries with economic integration known as East Africa Community (EAC). Data was extracted from World Bank Business Enterprises Survey to evaluate determinants of financing obstacles of firms. Analysis of data was conducted by running ordered probit model and multivariate regression model to determine which firms’ industry or country’s characteristics explain and experienced financial constraints in their operations. The study found out that financing constraints in East African firms broadly based across firms but SMEs are mostly affected.

Field of study: Business
[Mono- and combination therapy with the mexidol in young patients with cerebral angiodystonia].

To evaluate an effect of mono- and combined therapy with mexidol in young patients with cerebral angiodystonia.



Ninety patients (38 men and 52 women, aged from 25 to 44 years) with autonomic dysfunction syndrome in the form of asthenoautonomic and cephalgic syndromes treated with mexidol (group 1, 30 patients), vinpocetine (group 2, 30 patients) and with the combination of these drugs (group 3, 30 patients) were included in the study. Cerebral hemodynamics was assessed using the algorithm of complex ultrasound study, autonomic regulation with the analysis of heart rate variability, functional microcirculation with laser Doppler flowmetry before and 10 days after treatment.



Mexidol used both in mono- and combination therapies exerted autonomic stabilizing and cerebral protective effects in the treatment of cerebral angiodystonia. The improvement of cerebral hemodynamics and microhemocirculation was shown. When used in combination, mexidol and vinpocetine had the synergistic effect, moreover, the adaptation of cerebral circulation increased more rapidly compared to vinpocetine treatment. Therefore, the combined therapy (mexidol and vinpocetine) in patients with cerebrovascular pathology minimizes the likelihood of poor outcomes and can prevent the development of acute cerebral circulation disorder.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Fatores influenciadores para adoção de prática de atividades físicas percebidos por pessoas longevas

Este estudo objetivou identificar os fatores influenciadores para adocao de pratica de atividades fisicas percebidos por pessoas longevas. Esta pesquisa qualitativa envolveu 69 mulheres com 80 anos ou mais de idade participantes de grupos de convivencia. Os dados foram obtidos pela tecnica de grupos focais e interpretados pela analise de conteudo. Os fatores influenciadores identificados pelos longevos inativos fisicamente foram: a familia e suas atribuicoes, atividade fisica e sua metodologia, atitudes positivas perante a pratica de atividades fisicas, estar com o outro e forma positiva de vivenciar o envelhecimento. Os ativos fisicamente alem de destacarem os mesmos influenciadores relataram: atividade fisica de preferencia e indicacoes para a pratica de atividades fisicas. Conhecer esses influenciadores para a pratica e essencial para o desenvolvimento de estrategias e planejamento de acoes dos profissionais de Educacao Fisica a serem aplicadas antes, durante e apos as aulas, visando adocao e continuidade dos longevos nessas atividades.

Field of study: Education
An Analysis of Optimal Mix of Traffic Types in the Future under Environmental Constraints

A model has been developed to estimate optimal mix of traffic types under environmental constraints in the future. The model constructed is a linear-programming model, where the share of each traffic means among zones is determined so as to minimize the generalized cost obtained as a sum of the trip cost and travel time converted into a money term under various constraints, such as the capacity of each transportation facility and the permissible amount of pollutant emission. By applying to the actual data of the OD survey in 1990 in Osaka, it has been confirmed that the model can explain fairly well the actual situations of modal split among different traffic means. The impacts of policies of imposing control on nitrogen oxide ( NOx ) emission as well as carbon dioxide ( C02 ) emission were investigated for Osaka, city in the year 2010. It has been shown from scenario analyses using the model that it would be impossible to satisfy the environmental constraints only by reducing unit NOx exhaust coefficient of private car and taxi, and that electric car and natural-gas firing bus should be introduced to the rate of 3.0 3.1 % and 0.97 1.2 % of the total traffic means, respectively.

Field of study: Computer science
Toxicogenomics profiling of bone marrow from rats treated with topotecan in combination with oxaliplatin: a mechanistic strategy to inform combination toxicity

Combinations of anticancer agents may have synergistic anti-tumor effects, but enhanced hematological toxicity often limit their clinical use. We examined whether “microarray profiles” could be used to compare early molecular responses following a single dose of agents administered individually with that of the agents administered in a combination. We compared the mRNA responses within bone marrow of Sprague-Dawley rats after a single 30 min treatment with topotecan at 4.7 mg/kg or oxaliplatin at 15 mg/kg alone to that of sequentially administered combination therapy or vehicle control for 1, 6, and 24 h. We also examined the histopathology of the bone marrow following all treatments. Drug-related histopathological lesions were limited to bone marrow hypocellularity for animals dosed with either agent alone or in combination. Lesions had an earlier onset and higher incidence for animals given topotecan alone or in combination with oxaliplatin. Severity increased from mild to moderate when topotecan was administered prior to oxaliplatin compared with administering oxaliplatin first. Notably, six patterns of co-expressed genes were detected at the 1 h time point that indicate regulatory expression of genes that are dependent on the order of the administration. These results suggest alterations in histone biology, chromatin remodeling, DNA repair, bone regeneration, and respiratory and oxidative phosphorylation are among the prominent pathways modulated in bone marrow from animals treated with an oxaliplatin/topotecan combination. These data also demonstrate the potential for early mRNA patterns derived from target organs of toxicity to inform toxicological risk and molecular mechanisms for agents given in combination.

Field of study: Biology
Advanced detection systems for X-ray fluorescence excitation spectroscopy.

This paper accounts for selected detector developments carried out over the past 15 years within the ESRF X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy group. This includes various types of photodiodes used as integrated current detectors. Special emphasis is put on the long-standing development of a Si drift-diode array suitable for energy-dispersive detection of X-ray fluorescence. This detector, which is now operational, was used to record high-quality XMCD/XAFS spectra on [Fe70Pt30] nanoparticles highly dispersed on a Si wafer. Using numerically deconvoluted spectra, energy resolution was decreased to 82 eV for the Si Kalphabeta line, 126 eV for the Fe Kalpha line and 176 eV for the Pt Lalpha line. A high-vacuum-compatible high-energy-resolution crystal analyzer was also installed on ID12, making it possible to record X-ray fluorescence excitation spectra in the photon-in/photon-out mode over a wide spectral range. Prospects of adapting these methods in order to investigate biological samples are briefly discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Tetrathiafulvalene‐Based Podands for Pb2+ Recognition

The synthesis and design optimization of a series of new redox-reponsive ligands built around the tetrathiafulvalene electroactive core and incorporating two to four pendant polyether binding sites are described. A comparative study of the recognition properties of these podand-TTFs forlead(II) has been carried out by cyclic voltammetry. The design optimization produced a ligand (1c) that exhibits a remarkably high affinity for lead(II), as shown by electronic absorption spectroscopy, 1H NMR titration studies and cyclic voltammetry.

Field of study: Chemistry
The modified decomposition method applied to unsteady flow of gas through a porous medium

In this paper, an analytic solution for the unsteady flow of gas through a porous medium is constructed. Our approach rests on the recently developed modification of the Adomian decomposition method. The diagonal Pade approximants are effectively used in the analysis to capture the essential behavior of y(x) and to determine the initial slope y^'(0). The proposed scheme avoids the complexity provided by using perturbation techniques.

Field of study: Mathematics