nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Credit, Reputation, and Masculinity in British Urban Commerce: Edinburgh, C. 1710–70

This article draws on cases of public insult from the Edinburgh consistory court to explore constructions of credit and reputation during the eighteenth century. Scotland's unique legal context offers new insights into the honour of men and women, replacing the received view that female honour was almost entirely about sexual honour and complicating our understanding of male honour among the middling sort. In contrast to studies that view the credit of men and women as principally contradictory, this study instead identifies significant points of both overlap and divergence in male and female reputation and discusses honour as a family matter. Unlike in England, levels of defamation litigation in Scotland remained high through the eighteenth century, and both the social composition of defamation litigants and the types of insult they brought to court remained consistent. However, the forms and settings of disputes over honour changed, reflecting the interiorization of conflict as the eighteenth century progressed.

Field of study: Economics, History
Tegralogy of Fallot: Pro-and post-surgical case study

Defects in the ventricular septum with obstruction to right ventricular outflow encompass a wide anatomic, physiologic and clinical spectrum. Large ventricular septal defects occur with pulmonic stenosis that varies from mild to severe to complete (pulmonary atresia). Small ventricular septal defects occur with mild to severe pulmonic stenosis. The most familiar and prevalent combination is tetralogy of Fallot with the incidence of approximately 0.4 to 0.6 per 1000 live births. The following illustrates four cases of Fallot's tetralogy with a wide anatomic, physiologic and clinical variations. The first case is a small ventricular septa' defect along with severe pulmonic stenosis, the fourth case, however, comprises a large VSD and pulmonary atresia, while in the others the anatomic variations are in between. Hypoxic spells are important aspects of the history in Fallot's tetralogy. Spells are an alarming episode that should be treated as an emergency. Knee-chest position, squatting or sitting with legs drawn underneath can afford to relief dyspnea. The best treatment, however, is surgical treatment, indicated in all patients with Fallot's tetralogy. The result of this surgical treatment up to now is very satisfactory.  tetralogy of Fallot - pulmonic stenosis - ventricular septal defect - pulmonary atresia - bicuspid a pulmonalis

Field of study: Medicine
MULTICOMPONENT PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PROGRAM: STUDY WITH FALLER AND NON-FALLER OLDER ADULTS

Falls are considered a public health problem and physical activity is an effective strategy to prevent fall. The goal of this study was to assess the effect of a physical activity program on physical fitness, fear of falling and quality of life in groups of faller and non-faller older adults. Study was conducted with participants of a multicomponent program of physical activity at a university in Brazil. The participants were assigned to: faller (n=25) and non-faller (n=133) groups. Participants were assessed using the Senior Fitness Test, Falls Efficacy Scale-International Brasil and The Medical Outcomes Study 36. Mean, standard deviation, Student “t” test and effect size were conducted. There was a difference between faller and non-faller individuals at LLFLEX (p=0,05), LLS (p=0,04), BA (p=0,03), FES (p=0,00), SF36 (p=0,00). The group of non-faller elderly people improved physical fitness. The pre test of the faller group showed increased fear of falling in comparison to the nonfaller group. The physical activity program did not influence fear of falling in any of the groups. The quality of life showed better results in the non-faller group, with variation in some aspects between groups and over time. Elderly people with a previous history of falls need a differentiated physical program.

Field of study: Education
A compact drain current model of short-channel cylindrical gate-all-around MOSFETs

A fully analytical potential model, valid in the weak inversion regime of short-channel cylindrical gate-all-around (GAA) MOSFET, is proposed. The model derivation is based on a previous analytical expression for tetragonal GAA MOSFET and the rotational symmetry of the tetragonal cross section. Device simulations were performed to verify that the potential distribution along the channel is properly described in all positions within the silicon body. Using the potential model, analytical expressions for the threshold voltage, subthreshold swing and drain-induced barrier lowering have been derived. Including the short-channel effects within an existing model for the subthreshold leakage current and an analytical drain current model of long-channel devices in strong inversion, a compact drain current model has been derived describing with good accuracy the transfer and output characteristics of short-channel GAA MOSFETs in all regions of operation.

Field of study: Materials science
Determining the Sufficiency of Cultural Competence Instruction in Pharmacy School Curriculum

To assess the change in the level of cultural competency and knowledge of health disparities among students in the third year of the doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) program at the University of Florida and to explore the demographic correlates.  A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 3 consecutive academic years. Chi-square tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and multivariate regression were used for data analysis.  Following the inclusion of relevant instruction, there was some increase in knowledge of health disparities and self-awareness, but no significant increase in cultural competency skills. More students reported receiving relevant instruction within the pharmacy school curriculum than outside the curriculum.  Current effort to incorporate cultural competence and health disparities instruction into the pharmacy curriculum has met with some success. However, there is a need to establish standards on how much relevant training is required and further explore ways to effectively incorporate it into pharmacy education.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
A New Model for Thin Plates with Rapidly Varying Thickness. III. Comparison of Different Scalings.

This work continues a series of papers on the bending of thin symmetric plates with rapidly varying thickness. The authors compare the relative strengths for the three different choices of scalings. In the case of an isotropic material and one family of stiffeners, our results are complete. For other geometries and/or anisotropic materials, more work (including computations) is still needed.  mathematical models, variational principles, thickness, flat plate models.

Field of study: Mathematics
Part B. Retention parameters in gas chromatograpy

The paper presents a revision of terms in the IUPAC "Nomenclature for Chromatography", Pure and Applied Chemistry, 65, 819-872, 1993. The terms revised pertain to hold-up volumes in gas, liquid, and supercritical-fluid chromatography, as well as to basic retention parameters, especially in gas chromatography. A number of related and derived definitions are described, including definitions of the terms "chromatographic process" and "chromatographic phase system". A number of the original terms were found to be misleading or superfluous, including such terms as corrected retention time, net retention time, total retention volume (time), and specific retention volume at 0 °C, and their use is strongly discouraged In Part A, the concept of the hold-up volume in chromatography is discussed. The paper also compares methods described in the literature to determine the hold-up volume. In Part B, retention parameters in gas chromatography are discussed with the aim of (i) emphasizing the physical meaning of the terms and (ii) specifying the temperatures and pressures for the terms for gas volumes and flow rates. The appendix presents revised recommendations for the terminology of some items, as well as those that are not recommended.

Field of study: Chemistry
Sensitivity of the Field Trapped by Superconducting Bulks on the Parameters of the Magnetization Process

Recent progress in material processing has enabled the fabrication of large single grain YBCO bulks having the potential to trap a magnetic field much stronger than that of conventional permanent magnets, thus opening the way to new applications in the field of power electric machinery. However, for YBCO bulks to find a broad use, a suitable magnetization process must be developed. In fact, the value of the trapped field as well as the stability with respect to the time and the shape of the profile strongly depend on the parameters of the magnetization process, i.e. the peak value and the waveform of the applied field and the operating temperature of the bulk. In this paper such a dependence is numerically investigated

Field of study: Physics
Atorvastatin improves insulin sensitivity in mice with obesity induced by monosodium glutamate

To examine the mechanisms underlying the effects of atorvastatin on glucose and lipid metabolism.Mice with insulin resistance and obesity induced by monosodium glutamate (MSG) were used. Atorvastatin (80 mg·kg−1·d−1) or vehicle control treatment was given orally once a day for 30 days. Plasma levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and free fatty acids were monitored. Serum insulin and glucose concentrations were used to calculate the insulin resistance index and insulin sensitivity index using a homeostasis model. Body length, waistline circumference, intraperitoneal adipose tissue mass, and total body mass were measured. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Western analysis were used to determine the expression of inflammatory factors and proteins involved in inflammation signaling pathways.Atorvastatin improved insulin sensitivity, ameliorated glucose tolerance, and decreased plasma levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, HDL-C and free fatty acids. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Western analysis revealed increased expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in serum and adipose tissue in MSG obese mice. Atorvastatin treatment decreased expression of IL-6, TNF-α, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and I-kappa-B (IκB) kinase-β, but increased the expression of IκB, in adipose tissue.Atorvastatin is a potential candidate for the prevention and therapy of diseases associated with insulin resistance such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. One possible mechanism underlying the effects of atorvastatin on glucose and lipid metabolism may be to ameliorate a state of chronic inflammation.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
An end-to-end communication architecture for collaborative virtual environments

Synchronous collaboration in virtual reality spaces has specific requirements that differ from those of other application data, leading to a different communication approach. Update messages corresponding to the change in the state of a shared object must be communicated both reliably and in a timely manner among users. While a lot of research has been done in terms of transmission of update messages representing the motion of avatars and objects, very few works focus on collaboration itself. Here, we present an architecture that supports tightly coupled collaborative tasks to be performed efficiently in virtual environments. The architecture consists of an application-general layer which is mapped into a communication protocol. An implementation is also presented as proof of concept.

Field of study: Computer science
Application of Numerical Phantoms and MCNP Calculation for In Vivo Calibration

The paper reports on development of numeric phantoms for Monte Carlo calculations for in vivo measurements of radionuclides deposited in tissues. The individual properties of each person require rather precise geometric representations. It is particularly important for low energy gamma ray emitting sources as thorium, uranium, plutonium and other actinides. The new utility which allows automatic creation of MCNP initial file from individual scanning information, was developed. It includes segmentation of voxel matrix, obtained with computer tomography, for distinguishing tissues by level of brightness, association colors with certain tissues, source and detector specification and, finally, voxel coupling to reduce the consumed memory and increase speed of calculations.

Field of study: Mathematics
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON STIFFNESS DEGRADATION OF TEMPERED GLASS PLATE

Point-supported glass curtain is mainly subjected to periodically lateral wind pressure, and many tiny flaws can be found in the surface of the tempered glass panel which is one of the components of the curtain walls. These micro-cracks will propagate slowly under cyclic loading, which may lead to the fatigue failure of the tempered glass panel during its service life. A series of fatigue tests were performed on the tempered glass panel to investigate their fatigue performances under constant amplitude repeated loads. It was found that the stiffness of the tempered glass panel was degrading gradually due to the slow propagation of defects. Also, three stages were obvious in the process of the stiffness degradation. The results can give some useful references to the later study on the fatigue damage and life forecast of the tempered glass panel.

Field of study: Engineering
Final state interaction in lepton scattering off deuterons

The role of the final state interactions (FSI) in inclusive electro disintegration of the deuteron, D(e,e')X, is being investigated within different approaches. A detailed comparison between an improved Glauber method and the standard Schroedinger approach is presented. It is shown that both methods become inadequate at large values of Q^2, where the virtuality of the hit nucleon after photon absorbtion is very high. The concept of finite formation time (FFT) required by the hit hadron to reach its asymptotic form is introduced by a Feynman diagram approach and by explicitly taking into account the dependence of the ejected nucleon on its virtuality. The approach has been applied both at x_{Bj} ~= 1, as well as in the so called cumulative region i.e. at x_{Bj} > 1. Numerical calculations show that the effects of the FFT almost completely cancel the contribution from rescattering processes. In the cumulative region the color transparency or finite formation time effects become fairly visible.

Field of study: Physics
Using synchrotron radiation inline phase-contrast imaging computed tomography to visualize three-dimensional printed hybrid constructs for cartilage tissue engineering.

Synchrotron radiation inline phase-contrast imaging combined with computed tomography (SR-inline-PCI-CT) offers great potential for non-invasive characterization and three-dimensional visualization of fine features in weakly absorbing materials and tissues. For cartilage tissue engineering, the biomaterials and any associated cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) that is secreted over time are difficult to image using conventional absorption-based imaging techniques. For example, three-dimensional printed polycaprolactone (PCL)/alginate/cell hybrid constructs have low, but different, refractive indices and thicknesses. This paper presents a study on the optimization and utilization of inline-PCI-CT for visualizing the components of three-dimensional printed PCL/alginate/cell hybrid constructs for cartilage tissue engineering. First, histological analysis using Alcian blue staining and immunofluorescent staining assessed the secretion of sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAGs) and collagen type II (Col2) in the cell-laden hybrid constructs over time. Second, optimization of inline PCI-CT was performed by investigating three sample-to-detector distances (SDD): 0.25, 1 and 3 m. Then, the optimal SDD was utilized to visualize structural changes in the constructs over a 42-day culture period. The results showed that there was progressive secretion of cartilage-specific ECM by ATDC5 cells in the hybrid constructs over time. An SDD of 3 m provided edge-enhancement fringes that enabled simultaneous visualization of all components of hybrid constructs in aqueous solution. Structural changes that might reflect formation of ECM also were evident in SR-inline-PCI-CT images. Summarily, SR-inline-PCI-CT images captured at the optimized SDD enables visualization of the different components in hybrid cartilage constructs over a 42-day culture period.

Field of study: Physics
Stretching the circular cylindrical elastic sheet

The theory of thin elastic sheets, neglecting bending, is applied to many thin surface problems. The classical theory for these surfaces is inadequate when the strains are small, the surface is unstressed before deformation, and boundary displacements are prescribed. The equations in this case are degenerate. Attempts to solve the exact equations for these elastic membranes have failed for small strains. The purpose of this paper is to determine the behavior of the solution to the exact equations for the elastic surface which is initially a circular cylinder and which is deformed by a uniform pull at the ends keeping the end radii fixed. A resolution of the small-strain behavior both analytically and numerically is of particular importance. It was found that the stresses were statically determinant and that the equations could be reduced to a single nonlinear ordinary differential equation with boundary values. This equation could be converted into a nonlinear integral equation. By using this equation it was possible to prove existence and uniqueness and determine the appropriate linear theory for small values of the strains. All results were verified by numerically solving the integral equation using Simpson's rule and the nonlinear Gauss-Seidel method. The truncation error was analyzed. The numerical results were also compared to the Bromberg-Stoker theory (a large displacement theory), and to another exact strain treatment due to Stoker. 1.  The membrane theory of shells is based on the assumption that bending forces can be neglected. When the membrane is assumed to be unstressed in its undeformed state, the classical linear theory of membranes is inapplicable. This theory results from linearizing the governing equations about a large prestressed state. A straightforward linearization of the governing equations yields a solution incapable of satisfying arbitrary boundary conditions. One resolution of this problem has been studied. Experiments by Ecke [9] confirmed earlier studies made by Foppl and Hencky which suggested that changes in the normal displacement could be of more significance than tangential changes.  studied this for symmetric deformations of plane circular membranes. In a now-classical paper in this area, Bromberg and Stoker  generalized Foppl's theory to arbitrary surfaces of revolution. The change expounded was to retain all nonlinear terms involving derivatives of the normal displacement. As a particular example, Bromberg and Stoker dealt with the spherical cap in some detail. They found that for small strains their equations became singular. This difficulty was overcome by developing an appropriate boundary-layer * Received December 26, 1979. Partial support provided by NSF Grant MPS 75-06366.

Field of study: Mathematics
High Capacity Information Hiding Algorithm in a Binary Host Image

Based on the characteristics of binary image whose value is 0 or 1 and in which just less information can be hidden,A large capacity hiding information scheme is proposed.In this scheme we divides the binary image into blocks of size 2×2,and then determine adaptively the bit number which can be embedded in it in order to reduce the negative impact to it according to the difference of black pixel number and white pixel number.Extracting hidden information is absolutely blind Extracting without the original host image and other information.Experiment demonstrates that this scheme sufficiently increases hidden information capacity more than percent 100 compared with the general hiding information algorithm.

Field of study: Computer science
Electroconvulsive therapy in the medically Ill

The use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in the US continues to expand in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Electroconvulsive therapy remains the “gold standard” for the treatment of major depression and a variety of other psychiatric and neurologic disorders. Because of the effectiveness and resurgence of ECT, more patients are considered good candidates for this treatment option. Overall, these patients are medication refractory and elderly, and thus more sensitive to polypharmacy. Additionally, these patients tend to have more coexisting medical problems, and often require that a practitioner have solid clinical knowledge of the fields of medicine and psychiatry. This article will review some of the most common comorbid conditions found in patients referred for ECT.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
InxGa1-xAs ohmic contacts to n-type GaAs prepared by sputter deposition

Thermally stable, low contact resistance InAs/Ni/W contacts were previously prepared by sputter depositing InAs, Ni, and W targets in our laboratory. However, the optimum annealing temperature to provide low contact resistance (Rc) was high, resulting in rough contact surface. In the present experiment, the effects of the In concentrations of InxGa1-x As targets on the optimum annealing temperature to prepare low Rcand the surface morphology of thexGa1-x/ W contacts were studied. In addition, the electrical properties and the interfacial microstructure were correlated to search the optimum In concentration to provide the minimum Rc, where the interfacial microstructure was analyzed by x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy and the contact resistances (Rcc) were measured by the transmission line method. The optimum annealing temperature to provide minimum Rc was reduced by 150°C by using the In0.7Ga0.3As targets instead of the previous targets. The contact resistance of 0.4 Ω-mm was obtained for the In0.7Ga0.3As/Ni/W contacts after annealing at temperatures of around 600°C. The Rc values did not deteriorate after annealing at 400°C for 2 h. Also, the surface of this contact was smooth and no evidence of In outdiffusion on the contact surface was seen. Finally, the effect of the In concentrations at the metal/GaAs interfaces on the electrical properties will be discussed.

Field of study: Materials science
The diversity of soil microbial communities matters when legumes face drought.

The cultivation of legumes shows promise for the development of sustainable agriculture but yield instability remains one of the main obstacles for its adoption. Here we tested whether the yield stability (i.e resistance and resilience) of pea plants subjected to drought could be enhanced by soil microbial diversity. We used a dilution approach to manipulate the microbial diversity, with a genotype approach to distinguish the effect of symbionts from that of microbial diversity as a whole. We investigated the physiology of plants in response to drought when grown on a soil containing high or low levels of microbial diversity. Plants grown under high microbial diversity displayed higher productivity and greater resilience after drought. Yield losses were mitigated by 15% on average in the presence of high soil microbial diversity at sowing. Our study provides proof of concept that the soil microbial community as a whole plays a key role for yield stability after drought even in plant species living in relationships with microbial symbionts. These results emphasize the need to restore soil biodiversity for sustainable crop management and climate change adaptation.

Field of study: Environmental science