nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
REINTERPRETING THE DEBATE ON AUTONOMY IN PUBLIC SERVICE SCIENCE

: The report of the Science Task Force of the Royal Commission on Australian Government Administration rekindled an old debate on autonomy versus accountability for government scientists. The rationale given there for allowing the natural science community great discretion in managing its own affairs while in receipt of very considerable public funds did not get much support in the debate. Unfortunately, the debate did little to illuminate the problems facing those charged with producing creative, but relevant research in public institutions. A more productive way of tackling the question of autonomy and accountability is to see whose interests are promoted by different stances on the issue. Some critics represent the quest for autonomy as simple power-seeking by professional elites. Yet the institutional setting for many supposedly autonomous scientists involved in successful innovation in industry often involves extensive interaction with non-scientists. User groups — such as the agricultural commodities research committees — influence scientists through a loosely coordinated network. In this situation a form of accountability exists, although it is not exerted through formal parliamentary mechanisms. The arrangements have some elements of corporatism. Autonomy is not prominent within this setting except elusively as a rationale used to blunt temporarily the impact of particular interest group demands that threaten the continuity required to realize investments in long-term research projects. In this case, autonomy is essentially a myth. However, to the extent that it allows scientific institutions to combine interaction in the practical world that their research must serve with some insulation from short-term political or interest group pressures, it may be valuable for successful research management. Science administrators sometimes regulate the research of their juniors quite closely, indicating that even individual “scientific autonomy” can be a very limited form of freedom. None the less, it can be managed in such a way as to allow creative talent to flourish within an accountable structure albeit one that departs from the conventional norms of responsible government.

Field of study: Political science
Acquisition of Relative Performance Information

This study investigated the joint impact of intrapersonal and interpersonal performance information on comparison bahavior. Subjects (elementary-school children) worked on a perceptual task and had the opportunity to look at their own and others' performance after each trial A 2 X 2 design was used in which (1) subjects' performance increased or decreased over trials, and (2) others' performance changed in the same direction but at a faster or slower rate. It was predicted and found that subjects whose performance increased looked equally often at superior and inferior others, whereas subjects whose performance decreased looked more often at inferior others. Also as expected, when subjects' performance decreased, their preference for inferior others was affected by the absolute difference between their own and others' scores. Implications of these findings for a related-attributes analysis of social comparison were discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Global Patterns of Hottest, Coldest and Extreme Diurnal Variability on Earth

Most previous studies of extreme temperatures have primarily focused on atmospheric temperatures. Using 18 years of the latest version of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperature (LST) data, we globally investigate the spatial patterns of hot and cold extremes as well as diurnal temperature range (DTR). We show that the world’s highest LST of 80.8 °C, observed in the Lut Desert in Iran and the Sonoran Desert in Mexico, is over ten degrees above the previous global record of 70.7 °C observed in 2005. The coldest place on Earth is Antarctica with the record low temperature of -110.9 °C. The world’s maximum DTR of 81.8 °C is observed in a desert environment in China. We see strong latitudinal patterns in hot and cold extremes as well as DTR. Biomes worldwide are faced with different levels of temperature extremes and DTR: we observe the highest zonal average maximum LST of 61.1 ± 5.3 °C in the deserts and xeric shrublands; the lowest zonal average minimum LST of -66.6 ± 14.8 °C in the Tundra; and the highest zonal average maximum DTR of 43.5 ± 9.9 °C in the montane grasslands and shrublands. This global exploration of extreme LST and DTR across different biomes sheds light on the type of extremes different ecosystems are faced with.

Field of study: Environmental science
Impact of cholinesterase inhibitors or memantine on survival in adults with Down syndrome and dementia: clinical cohort study

There is little evidence to guide pharmacological treatment in adults with Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease.  To investigate the effect of cholinesterase inhibitors or memantine on survival and function in adults with Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease.  This was a naturalistic longitudinal follow-up of a clinical cohort of 310 people with Down syndrome diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease collected from specialist community services in England.  Median survival time (5.59 years, 95% CI 4.67–6.67) for those on medication (n = 145, mainly cholinesterase inhibitors) was significantly greater than for those not prescribed medication (n = 165) (3.45 years, 95% CI 2.91–4.13, log-rank test P<0.001). Sequential assessments demonstrated an early effect in maintaining cognitive function.  Cholinesterase inhibitors appear to offer benefit for people with Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease that is comparable with sporadic Alzheimer's disease; a trial to test the effect of earlier treatment (prodromal Alzheimer's disease) in Down syndrome may be indicated. Declaration of interest A.S. has undertaken consulting for Ono Pharmaceuticals, outside the submitted work. Z.W. has received a consultancy fee and grant from GE Healthcare, outside the submitted work.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Impact of Depression and Anxiety on the Quality of Life of Constipated Patients

Constipation negatively affects quality of life (QOL), however, the specific mechanisms through which this relationship occurs are unclear. The present study examined anxiety and depression as potential mediators of the relationship between constipation severity and QOL in a sample of 142 constipated patients. Results indicated that depression symptom severity mediated the relationship between constipation severity and mental health-related QOL. For patients meeting diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder, indirect effects were observed in the relationship between constipation severity and both physical and mental health-related QOL. Anxiety did not contribute to this model. Treating depression may be useful in improving QOL in severely constipated patients, which highlights the importance of psychological screening and treatment referrals in primary care settings.

Field of study: Psychology
Atmospheric Electricity-Some Themes.

Trends in atmospheric electricity are illustrated by means of four themes. These are that there is a constant and healthy change in the emphasis of research investigations; that practical applications of any research need to be kept in mind; that—even so—research of no obvious utility at its commencement can still suddenly become of immense importance; and that it is perhaps time for a new Thunderstorm Project. A plea is made for a greater emphasis on “national” rather than “international” research.

Field of study: Environmental science
Prenatal alcohol exposure causes long-term serotonin neuron deficit in mice.

Previous work from this laboratory showed that prenatal alcohol exposure at approximately 100 mg/dl from embryonic day (E)7 to early midgestation reduced the number and retarded the migration of serotonin (5-HT) neurons in the raphe nuclei in C57BL/6 mice. In this study, we report that the deficit of 5-HT neurons found in midgestation persisted on E18 and into young adulthood.



Pregnant dams were treated from E7 to E18 in three groups--(1) the alcohol group, fed with liquid diet with 25% ethanol-derived calories; (2) the isocaloric pair-fed group; and (3) the chow group for analysis of concentrations of active caspase-3--to study apoptosis at E18 in the brainstem and the number of 5-HT neurons at E18 and postnatal day 45. The concentrations of active caspase-3 were determined by using a colorimetric assay, and the 5-HT neurons were determined by immunocytochemistry.



Prenatal alcohol exposure increased the concentration of active caspase-3 in the brainstem and caused reductions in brain weight by 20% and in the total number of 5-HT-immunostaining neurons in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei by 20% at E18 as compared with those of the pair-fed and chow controls. Continuous observation from prenatal to postnatal stages showed that the reduction of 5-HT-immunostaining neurons in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei persisted in the young adult stage.



Upon prenatal alcohol exposure, an increased concentration of active caspase-3 and a decreased number of 5-HT-immunostaining neurons in the brainstem were observed at E18. The decreased number of 5-HT neurons persisted to the young adult stage of postnatal day 45. This suggests that ethanol has a long-lasting effect on 5-HT deficit. A fetal alcohol exposure-rendered lasting deficit of 5-HT and other transmitter systems may underlie the neuropsychiatric deficits in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder.

Field of study: Medicine
Anomalous "mapping" between pionfull and pionless EFT's

The pion contributions to the coupling C0 of pionless EFT are studied via both non-relativistic and relativistic forms of chiral effective field theory for nuclear forces. A definite item in the 2N-reducible component of the box diagram is shown to be dominant over the 2N-irreducible (potential) ones due to the pinching of low-lying nucleon poles, and this anomalous mapping between pionless and pionfull EFT's occurs right within the non-relativistic regime. A natural strategy for renormalization of the pionfull theory emerges as a byproduct through the interactive analysis of the box diagram. Such mapping perspective may shed some light on the efficient organization of the pionfull effective field theory for nuclear forces.

Field of study: Physics
SU-E-P-01: Adaptation of Commercial, Web-Based, Medical Residency Management Software (MedHub, Inc.) for a Medium-Sized Medical Physics Residency Program

Management of a CAMPEP-accredited medical physics residency program (CaMPRP) is demanding. In our experience, the time required to manage a CaMPRP increased linearly with the number of residents. Managing our paper-based CaMPRP became unwieldy and inefficient when we increased in size from three to four residents resulting in the purchase of commercial, web-based residency management software (MedHub, Inc).  All documentation for our CaMPRP was converted into a format that fits the MedHub structure including: all assessments, procedure participation, mentor/resident meeting summaries, director/resident meeting summaries, journals, tumor board and departmental meeting attendance, written reports, presentations, resident/faculty/staff evaluations, didactic coursework approval, licenses, absence tracking, and ethics/professionalism coursework. The conversion process was performed over a 4-month period and required approximately 120 hours of director time and 100 hours of administrator time. Task assignments and documentation required of residents and faculty are now scheduled and dispersed through MedHub via email. Regular reminders are automatically emailed from MedHub for incomplete documentation. The MedHub server is maintained centrally by a university-wide system administrator. Data is encrypted and meets FERPA and HIPAA standards.  MedHub is a repository for all documentation required of a CaMPRP and is viewable from supported internet browsers. Resident progress and compliance is transparent and viewable in real-time by residents and administration. Resident and faculty compliance with required documentation and attendance have increased dramatically, approaching 100%. Management of our CaMPRP is now consistent with the medical residency programs who use Medhub campus-wide. Anonymity is preserved for evaluations of personnel. Lost paper documentation is no longer a concern. Data mining tools are being created to analyze documentation to help increase focus and productivity.  Medical residency management software has been successfully adapted by a CaMPRP. This management tool has been very useful toward increasing compliance, access, transparency, anonymity and productivity.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Likelihood and Bayesian Prediction of Chaotic Systems

There has recently been considerable interest in both applied disciplines and in mathematics, as well as in the popular science literature, in the areas of nonlinear dynamical systems and chaotic processes. By a nonlinear, deterministic dynamical system, we mean a time series in which, starting at some initial condition, the values of the series are some fixed, nonlinear function of the previous states. One of the more intriguing aspects of these models is their propensity for displaying very complex, apparently random behavior, even when simple models are analyzed. A consequence of such chaotic behavior is that it is difficult to predict the exact behavior of a chaotic system. The difficulty in prediction stems from the fact that even the tiniest of errors, including computer roundoff, in either the specification of the function or the initial condition, can lead to huge errors in prediction. After a brief review of dynamical systems and the role of probability in dealing with uncertainty, a com...

Field of study: Mathematics
Service user, patient, survivor or client … has the time come to return to ‘patient’?

Recently, the Council of the UK Royal College of Psychiatrists agreed to use the term ‘patient’ as the preferred collective noun when referring to people accessing mental health services in its official documentation. Choices regarding terminology have the power to influence those who use such terms and here, David Christmas and Angela Sweeney debate the issue of whether such a decision is appropriate or whether we need to be more careful about the terms we use.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Efficacy of Tebuconazole Against Rhizocfonia solani, Causal Agent of Rice Sheath Blight

Studies on the efficacy of tebuconazole in controlling the sheath blight pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn were carried out both under laboratory and at field levels. In vitro studies with nine commercial fungicides indicated that the radial growth of R. solani was completely inhibited by propiconazole (Tilt), tebuconazole (Folicur), hexaconazole (Contaf) and carbendazim + mancozeb (Companion) at their recommended dosages. The fungicides viz., tricyclazole + propiconazole (Filia) and validamycin (Sheathmar) were equally effective with 97.8% and 95.4% growth inhibition of the test pathogen. Mancozeb (Indofil M-45) was also effective in reducing the mycelial growth of R. solani. Further, in vitro studies revealed that tebuconazole had inhibited the sclerotial germination when dipped in fungicidal solutions (at specified dosage) for a period of 5 minutes and above. None of the other fungicides could inhibit the germination of R. solani sclerotia even after a dip of 15 minutes in the fungicidal solution. Tebuconazole when applied at 1500 ppm was highly effective in the field in reducing the disease in rice and is on par with the standard fungicides viz., propiconazole and hexaconazole. The yield levels in tebuconazole (@1500 ppm) treated plots (3288 kg ha−1) were superior and were statistically at par with hexaconazole and propiconazole treatments.

Field of study: Biology
Reactivity of 4,9-diazapyrene

Heating 5,10-dimethyl-4,9-diazapyrene with nitric acid to 200°C does not bring about disruption of the heteroring but leads to the formation of nitro derivatives of 5,10-dioxo-4,5,9,10-tetrahydro-4,9-diazapyrene. Diazapyrene is a weak base that forms quaternary salts only under severe conditions. Piperidine replaces two chlorine atoms in 5,10-dichloro-4,9-diazapyrene, whereas only monosubstitution occurs in the case of 1,6-dibromo-5,10-dimethyl-4,9-diazapyrene. Calculations by the Hückel MO method, in agreement with the experimental data, characterize 4,9-diazapyrene as a strong electron acceptor and indicate that the effect of conjugation is propagated primarily along the periphery of the molecule rather than between the heterorings.

Field of study: Chemistry
GENDERING AT WORK : THE PRODUCTION, PERFORMANCE AND REGULATION OF GENDERED SUBJECTS AT A STELLENBOSCH RESTAURANT

This article explores the social relations between restaurant staff in a busy Stellenbosch restaurant. Following Judith Butler's theoretical understanding of gender as a performative displacement onto bodies, I will methodologically show how the everyday practice of work in a restaurant is an example of a series of gendering performances producing gendered subjects. I analyse visible and invisible authorities that regulate subjects’ performances, and reward and punish them accordingly. These authorities regulate speech acts and ‘techniques of the body’, which I suggest are performances of restaurant labour that produce gender. Everyday practice in a restaurant, such as tipping, shows the performative nature of gendered subjects, the multiple authorities that regulate their roles, and the limits of their agency.

Field of study: Sociology
The Valuation of Brand Architectures: An Empirical Investigation in the Wine Sector

In recent years, consulting firms and academics have developed a plethora of methods to place a monetary value on brands. The models used in practice either focus on product brands - the commercial trademarks used to target specific client segments, or on corporate brands - all the intangibles that come under an umbrella name. However, the current marketing strategies reveal that few companies use commercial brands and corporate brands separately, as they are typically integrated into complex brand architectures that combine product brands and corporate brands in different flavours. This study critically reviews the brand valuation literature to assist practitioners in choosing appropriate methods to estimate different brand architectures. The analysis is carried out applying the Brand Finance valuation process to two Italian wineries. The findings suggest that whenever wineries use strong umbrella brand strategies, it is feasible to bundle the product brands into one comprehensive brand. The latter can be measured either by splitting the incremental benefits from the core brand, as suggested by Anson (2000), or by assembling the core brand and the incremental benefits together, as proposed by the Excess Earnings Method. For integrated wineries producing high quality wines, it is proposed that brand strength analysis be combined with the relief from royalty method.

Field of study: Business
TiO2 and WO3 semiconductor particles in contact: photochemical reduction of WO3 to the non-stoichiometric blue form

Hydrated tungsten oxide WO3.xH2O in contact with TiO2 grains suspended in water is found to reduce to WO2.96.xH2O upon irradiation with UV light. Measurement of the band position of WO3.xH2O suggests that electron transfer from TiO2 to WO3.xH2O is responsible for the reduction.

Field of study: Materials science
Butterfly diversity in Mediterranean islands and in Pentadaktylos Pinus brutia forests of Cyprus

We analysed the influence of contemporary geography on butterfly diversity for islands in the Mediterranean Basin. We found that island size and distance from the mainland has a significant effect on the number of species. We also used butterflies as an indicator group to identify the importance of forest habitats for biodiversity conservation in the island of Cyprus. To understand the relative importance of local vegetation characteristics of butterflies in the Pentadaktylos mountains transect counts were used to assess the abundance and butterfly diversity in two different forest types. A total of 1,602 butterflies and 23 species were recorded during this research. We observed highly significant effects of forest type on abundance and species richness of butterflies. For example, number of butterflies was significantly higher in old forest than young pine forest. Also, the abundance of endemic butterflies was highest in old forest habitats. Therefore, the survival of the majority of endemic butterflies in Cyprus may depend on conservation of old forests and their understorey plants.

Field of study: Environmental science
Localization of GABAA-receptor alpha 1 subunit mRNA-containing neurons in the lower brainstem of the rat.

The localization of gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) receptors (GABAA-R) in the lower brainstem of the rat was examined by means of in situ hybridization histochemistry using an oligonucleotide probe to the sequence of the alpha 1 subunit (GABAA-R alpha 1). Strongly labeled neurons were found in the cranial motor nuclei, the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, reticular formation (large neurons), lateral vestibular nucleus, dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, central nucleus of the inferior colliculus, intermediate and white layers of the superior colliculus, red nucleus and substantia nigra. In addition, moderately labeled cells were abundant in the nucleus of the solitary tract, medial and inferior vestibular nuclei, parabrachial area, dorsal and ventral tegmental nuclei of Gudden, central gray matter, ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, and reticular formation (small neurons). This study has therefore revealed some of the target neurons of GABA-containing fibers in the lower brainstem.

Field of study: Biology
Cost share equilibria: A Lindahlian approach☆

We offer a new formalization of Lindahl's equilibrium notion for public goods which yields an endogenous theory of profit distribution in line with the benefit approach to taxation. Increasing returns in the production of public goods are not a priori excluded. Our equilibrium notion coincides with Kaneko's “Ratio Equilibrium” for economies with only one public good. By reinterpreting the commodity space, the equilibrium concept can be applied to economies with purely private goods or with externalities. In the pure private good case, our concept singles out allocations that are efficient and where individual net payments agree with average cost.

Field of study: Economics
Sensor height effects on calculated reference evapotranspiration.

Automated weather stations are becoming commonly used to measure and reduce climatic data. Unfortunately, standards do not exist for sensor installation height. Therefore, sensor height for the measurement of air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed was evaluated to determine their effects on calculated reference ET. Air temperature and relative humidity were measured at 1.5 m and 2.0 m above ground; wind speed was measured at 2.0 m and 3.0 m heights. Alfalfa reference ET (E^^) was calculated from daily climatic data and for 3-, 7-, and 10-day periods using the modified Penman equation. Ejj. calculated from 2.0 m air temperature and relative humidity data was 2.2% greater than E^j. calculated from 1.5 m data for daily time periods; for 10-day periods, E^^ (2.0 m temp/rh data) was 1.6% greater. Wind speed measured at 3.0 m and estimated at the 2.0 m height produced minor differences (less than 1%) in E^^ calculations when compared to E^^ calculated with 2.0 m measured wind. Reference ET calculated with 3.0 m measured wind compared to E^j. calculated with 2.0 m measured wind was 2.8% greater for daily periods and 2.3% greater for 10-day periods.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences