nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Holocene environmental change at Inle Lake, Shan State, Myanmar, and its implications for the regional development of agriculture

We report pollen, charcoal and diatom records from the upper 4 m of a core from Inle Lake, Myanmar, spanning the entire Holocene, to investigate the changing palaeoenvironments in which early agriculture developed. From 12,000 to 10,500 cal yr BP a grass swamp existed until it was flooded by rising lake levels, indicated by the onset of marl deposition at the site. The onset of higher lake levels coincided with a transition from conifer-rich forest to mixed deciduous-evergreen forest, and a reduction in local biomass burning. Lake levels remained high until 6400 cal yr BP, thereafter fluctuating with possible dry phases at 4050, 2400 and 1100 cal yr BP. Increased burning is apparent from 2200 cal yr BP inferred to represent the onset of human forest clearance to its very reduced state today. The Inle Lake record compares with Holocene sequences in China, Thailand and India and marine cores south of Myanmar, which similarly show a regional pattern of drier conditions in the early Greenlandian stage, followed by maximum lake levels in the early Northgrippian stage. Fluctuating lake levels are evident in the later Northgrippian and Meghalayan stages after 6000 cal yr BP. This pattern coincides with precessional reduction in summer insolation in the region, which weakens the Asian Monsoon. The present-day bare catchments of Inle Lake probably mostly resulted from forest destruction over the last 2000 years although hints of human presence can be inferred throughout the older record.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
CONFORMATIONS ANALYSIS OF SOME CYCLIC PEPTIDES USING DIFFERENTIAL N-METHYLATION

Partial N-methylation of peptides with CH3I–Ag2O in DMF constitutes a new potential method of conformational analysis. Reactivity of peptide NH′s with the methylating reagent reflects their degree of exposure to the solvent. The method was applied to the samples of micromolar quantities of a Gramicidin S derivative and two destruxins.

Field of study: Chemistry
Two-way shape memory in a nanoscale sample of Ti49.5Ni25.5Cu25.0 alloy with a partially ordered structure

The dependence of the thermomechanical properties and structure of rapidly quenched Ti49.5Ni25.5Cu25.0 alloy on the annealing conditions has been studied. A sample with a partially ordered structure is found to have two-way shape memory effect during single deformation. An alloy sample 17 × 10 × 0.07 μm in size has been prepared and trained. It is shown to demonstrate two-way shape memory behavior.

Field of study: Physics
p185 HER2/neu epitope mapping with murine monoclonal antibodies.

In order to obtain further information on the biological role of the HER2/neu oncoprotein, 7 new monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced against the p185HER2 extracellular domain. These MAbs, together with two others previously produced, were used to investigate the p185HER2 expression in breast carcinomas and compare the recognized antigenic determinants. The 7 reagents (MGR4,5,6,7,8,9 and 10), were shown to define five distinct epitopes. Three of these MAbs (MGR5,7,10), as well as one previously produced (MGR2), recognize the same epitope (Epitope-1) which seems, therefore, to be highly immunogenic for the murine immune system. Epitope-2 recognized by the MGR4 MAb, appears to be closely related to epitope-1 due to a cross inhibition between MGR4 and MGR10, but not MGR2. Epitope-2 is the only one of the 5 also present on the product of the neu oncogene, the rat analogue of the human HER2/neu gene. None of the reagents against epitope-1 and epitope-2 were found to mediate receptor internalization, whereas MGR6 as well as a previously produced MAb (MGR3), both of which define epitope-3 and MGR8 which defines epitope-4, were found to do so. Epitope-4 like the neu-specific peptide recognized by the reference c-neu Ab3 MAb, was detectable on all p185HER2 positive breast cancer, independently from the quantitative content of the oncoprotein, at variance with the other 4 epitopes whose availability on p185HER2 for the relevant MAbs varied with the degree of overexpression. Epitope-5, recognized by the MGR9 MAb, on the contrary to the other epitopes, was prevalently localized at the basal membrane level of the tumor nodule.

Field of study: Biology
Green Tea Effects on the Levels of Serum Glucose and Lipid Profiles

Green tea (GT) is one of the most popular beverages in the world, which contains numerous polyphenols known as catechins. Because of the high rate of GT consumption in worldwide populations, even small effects on an individual basis could have a large public health impact. Therefore, more and more researches focus on the effects for GT on human health. To date, GT is identified as an important modifier for diabetes, lipid metabolism, and even for some haematological indices. Based on the previous reports, this study tries to investigate the effects of green tea (GT) on the partial haematological and serological indices of the peripheral blood of the healthy people. As a result, GT really affects the level haematological and serological indices of the male and female populations with the habit of long-term GT intake.

Field of study: Medicine
Small area models for skewed Brazilian business survey data

The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics performs an annual service survey that focuses on segments of the tertiary sector. Sample estimates for some economic activities in the north, north-east and midwest regions of Brazil have low precision due to the sample design. Furthermore, one of the main variables of interest is considerably skewed with potential outliers. To overcome this problem, skew normal and skew t-models are proposed to produce model-based estimates. The small domain estimation models relate operating revenue variables to potential auxiliary variables (the number of employed people and wages) obtained from a business register. The models proposed are compared with the usual Fay–Herriot model under the assumptions of known and unknown sampling variances and its transformed log-version under the assumption of known variances. The evaluation studies with real business survey data show that the models proposed seem to be more efficient for small area predictions under skewed data than the customarily employed Fay–Herriot model, as well as its log-normal version.

Field of study: Mathematics
Phenomenology of Large Nc QCD

These lectures are designed to introduce the methods and results of large Nc QCD in a presentation intended for nuclear and particle physicists alike. Beginning with definitions and motivations of the approach, we demonstrate that all quark and gluon Feynman diagrams are organized into classes based on powers of 1/Nc. We then show that this result can be translated into definite statements about mesons and baryons containing arbitrary numbers of constituents. In the mesons, numerous well-known phenomenological properties follow as immediate consequences of simply counting powers of Nc, while for the baryons, quantitative large Nc analyses of masses and other properties are seen to agree with experiment, even when “large” Nc is set equal to its observed value of 3. Large Nc reasoning is also used to explain some simple features of nuclear interactions.

Field of study: Physics
Chronological Overview of Islamic Vocabulary in the Dictionaries of Albanian Language

The Islamic terminology in the Albanian language has its origins very early, since about 500 years ago, a time that coincides with the start of the process of Islamization of the Balkans. Islam, Islamic culture and traditions brought by the Ottomans, brought a new style of living and were accepted by most of the Albanians, in all their lands (today: Albania, Kosovo, Macedonia and Montenegro). This process was accompanied by borrowing the Islamic terminology, which since five centuries returned to a natural ingredient of the Albanian language. This terminology, which found itself within the Albanian vocabulary, presents some interesting features, for the way it was adopted to the lexical and grammatical features of the Albanian language. Since in the beginnings, the Albanians were familiarized with its use, but due to the historical circumstances, the use of this terminology had its ups and downs. In this paper, we will try to give a complete picture of the use and misuse of this terminology in a chronological sequence. For this, we have observed how this terminology is presented in the greatest lexicographic works of the Albanian language. This study is divided into four (3) parts: 1.Islamic terminology in the documents before the written Albanian language (X- XIXcentury) 2.Islamic terminology in the dictionaries in the communist period (1944- 1991) 3.Islamic terminology in the Albanian dictionaries after democracy (1992-2013) DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2014.v4n2p77

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Single-crystal Growth of Underdoped Bi-2223

To investigate the origin of the enhanced Tc (≈ 110 K) of the trilayer cuprate superconductor Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+δ (Bi-2223), its underdoped single crystals are a critical requirement. Here, we demonstrate the first successful in-plane resistivity measurements of heavily underdoped Bi-2223 (zero-resistivity temperatures ≈ 20∼35 K). Detailed crystal growth methods, the annealing process, as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and magnetic susceptibility measurement results are also reported.

Field of study: Physics
Research on Routing Protocol of Real-time Monitoring Nodes in Transformer Substation

The safety, stability and reliability of electrical equipment are directly related to the operation of the electrical system. Discovering various electrical equipment problems and effective treatment of the problem without delay will minimize the probability of electrical equipment failure. In electrical equipment monitoring and maintenance, Application of real-time monitoring is one of the most important elements. Real-time monitoring node can detect equipment failure promptly which will avoid the expansion of accident caused by the long test period or manual inspection. Working time of online monitoring nodes is limited by power consumption of node itself. Application of routing protocol can optimize energy consumption and extend working time of nodes.

Field of study: Engineering
Wembedder: Wikidata entity embedding web service

I present a web service for querying an embedding of entities in the Wikidata knowledge graph. The embedding is trained on the Wikidata dump using Gensim's Word2Vec implementation and a simple graph walk. A REST API is implemented. Together with the Wikidata API the web service exposes a multilingual resource for over 600'000 Wikidata items and properties.

Field of study: Computer science
Vibration Analysis of Carbon Fiber-Graphene-Reinforced Hybrid Polymer Composites Using Finite Element Techniques

In this study, a computational procedure for the investigation of the vibration behavior of laminated composite structures, including graphene inclusions in the matrix, is developed. Concerning the size-dependent behavior of graphene, its mechanical properties are derived using nanoscopic empiric equations. Using the appropriate Halpin-Tsai models, the equivalent elastic constants of the graphene reinforced matrix are obtained. Then, the orthotropic mechanical properties of a composite lamina of carbon fibers and hybrid matrix can be evaluated. Considering a specific stacking sequence and various geometric configurations, carbon fiber-graphene-reinforced hybrid composite plates are modeled using conventional finite element techniques. Applying simply support or clamped boundary conditions, the vibrational behavior of the composite structures are finally extracted. Specifically, the modes of vibration for every configuration are derived, as well as the effect of graphene inclusions in the natural frequencies, is calculated. The higher the volume fraction of graphene in the matrix, the higher the natural frequency for every mode. Comparisons with other methods, where it is possible, are performed for the validation of the proposed method.

Field of study: Materials science
Dielectric Properties of Some Fresh Fruits and Vegetables at Frequencies of 2.45 to 22 GHz

DIELECTRIC-CONSTANT and loss-factor values for potato, sweet potato, peach, watermelon, cantaloupe, and cucumber tissue at frequencies of 2.45, 11.7, and 22.0 GHz are reported, along with data on the moisture content, density, and soluble solids content of the fruit and vegetable tissues. Correlations were noted between the dielectric properties of the different tissue types and their moisture contents. The frequency dependence of the dielectric constant and the loss factor indicate that the dominant dielectric relaxation frequencies for fresh fruit and vegetable tissues lie either between 2.45 and 11.7 GHz or below this frequency range. Since this behavior is contrary to expectations, loss-factor values need to be checked by other measurement techniques.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
IP-10 mRNA expression in cultured keratinocytes is suppressed by inhibition of protein kinase-C and tyrosine kinase and elevation of cAMP.

IFN-gamma-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) is a chemokine, which plays an important role in mediating inflammation by attracting activated T cells, and it has been demonstrated in inflammatory skin diseases and cutaneous T cell lymphomas. Keratinocytes can abundantly produce IP-10 mRNA after IFN-gamma treatment. In this study we explored possibilities to downregulate IP-10 expression using human cultured keratinocytes as a model system. Decreased IP-10 mRNA levels were found using specific inhibitors of protein kinase (PK)-C (H-7 and Calphostin C). Moreover, depletion of PK-C by pretreatment of the cells with phorbol myristate (PMA) also down-regulated IP-10 mRNA expression. In addition, elevated cAMP levels were shown to inhibit IP-10 mRNA expression as could be concluded from experiments with forskolin and W-7, substances which, directly or indirectly, raise the intracellular cAMP level. With Genistein, an inhibitor of tyrosine kinase, the IFN-gamma-induced IP-10 mRNA expression was also found to be diminished. These data suggest that inhibitors of the IP-10 mRNA expression in cultured keratinocytes may be potentially of clinical relevance to suppress inflammatory processes in the skin.

Field of study: Medicine
Does Multiple Categorization Reduce Intergroup Bias?

Two experiments explored whether crossing social category memberships can reduce intergroup bias. Experiment 1 provided a precise comparison between discrimination against single outgroups, partial outgroups, and double outgroups. Intergroup bias and perceived intergroup similarity followed an additive pattern such that partial outgroups were discriminated against as much as single outgroups, whereas both were discriminated against to a lesser extent than double outgroups. In Experiment 2, a more realistic form of crossing was employed whereby five additional dimensions of categorization were considered by participants instead of the traditional two. In line with a decategorization perspective, intergroup bias was reduced in both multiple group conditions relative to the single categorization (baseline) condition. Participants perceived a weakened intergroup structure and displayed a greater tendency to see outgroup members as individuals in multiple group conditions; however, only perceived intergroup structure mediated the pattern of intergroup bias. The implications of these findings for conceptualizations of crossed categorization are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Disturbance of cell Ca2+ homeostasis as a primary trigger of Al toxicity syndrome

The primary toxic effects of Al are fast (taking only seconds to several minutes to develop). These effects may be due to the presence of Al ions on the apoplasmic side of the plasma membrane; Al ions may not need to enter the cytosol for a range of primary deleterious Al effects to occur. Aluminium may disturb the symplasmic Ca2+ homeostasis by altering the pattern of Ca2+ fluxes across the plasma membrane. Disturbance of transmembrane Ca2+ fluxes may prevent an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ activity necessary to trigger spindle formation during prophase as well as to initiate the metaphase/anaphase transition. The mechanism behind Al-related inhibition of mitosis and polar cell growth is suggested to be disturbance of stimulus/response coupling effected through Ca2+ as a second messenger. Involvement of calmodulin in the Al-related phenomena could be indirect, at least in the initial stages of the Al treatment when Al is probably confined to the apoplasm only. Al-related disturbance of the Ca2+ homeostasis in the cytosol would alter the patterns of Ca2+ -calmodulin binding, resulting in the absence of activation or only partial activation of calmodulin.

Field of study: Environmental science
Où sont les chercheurs? Speaking at cross-purposes or across boundaries?

Knowledge transfer and exchange (KTE) relates to both the translation and transfer of information, as well as the exchange of information, between researchers and decision-makers. Despite recent advances, KTE efforts may be compromised on two fronts: first, the existing reward structure for university-based researchers may not be compatible with applied research; and second, there appears to be a lack of research capacity in healthcare organizations. In this short paper, we contest the first of these points, suggesting that applied research can and should be published in high-index journals, and thus the tenure and promotions process does not need reform. Regarding the second point, we suggest that partnerships be formed across healthcare organizations, universities, government agencies and research funders to support the positioning of PhD-trained researchers directly in healthcare delivery organizations. In our view, it is here, once organizational boundaries are crossed, that significant progress will be made in completing the health policy and health research cycles.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Developing New Models to Ensure Autonomy in Home Health Care

Autonomy is a key principle in health care ethics. Although there has been much debate as to how to define this principle, I there has been overwhelming agreement that autonomy encompasses selfdetennination, self-rule, freedom of the will , and independence. It can be measured by our capacity to critically reflect on, and then accept or change our preferences, desires, values, and ideals. It entails making choices that lead to the quality of life that we desire. Recent trends in health care have moved institutions towards recognizing and supporting patient autonomy, so that patients may achieve the desired quality of life during illness and even to the brink of death. However, the home care situation that is rooted in the relationship between the caregiver and the care receiver, or patient, has less to do with ensuring autonomy and more with fulfilling immediate . needs of the person who is ill or incapacitated. The personal bond between the individuals in this situation tends to suppress issues of justice and autonomy, and this will remain the prevalent scenario until new models are constructed that recognize the needs, and support the autonomy, of the nonprofessional caregiver as well.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Collateral responding during differential reinforcement of low rates.

Two pigeons were trained to peck either of two response keys for food, under two different variable-interval schedules. When responding stabilized, the schedule on the left key (reinforcement-key) was changed to a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rates schedule, and responses on the right key (extinction-key) were no longer reinforced. The mean interresponse time of responses on the reinforcement-key approximated the temporal requirement of the reinforcement schedule on that key. Collateral responding on the extinction-key was maintained by one of the birds. A "run" of these collateral responses was defined as a sequence of responses on the extinction-key occurring between two responses on the reinforcement-key. For this one bird, collateral behavior, measured by mean time per run and mean number of responses per run, was an increasing function of the temporal requirements of the reinforcement schedule on the reinforcement key, and it was strongly positively correlated with the mean interresponse time of responses on the reinforcement-key. However, from an analysis of the results, the collateral behavior did not appear to have mediated the temporal spacing of responses on the reinforcement-key.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Perturbative corrections for approximate inference in Gaussian latent variable models

Propagation (EP) provides a framework for approximate inference. When the model under consideration is over a latent Gaussian field, with the approximation being Gaussian, we show how these approximations can systematically be corrected. A perturbative expansion is made of the exact but intractable correction, and can be applied to the model's partition function and other moments of interest. The correction is expressed over the higher-order cumulants which are neglected by EP's local matching of moments. Through the expansion, we see that EP is correct to first order. By considering higher orders, corrections of increasing polynomial complexity can be applied to the approximation. The second order provides a correction in quadratic time, which we apply to an array of Gaussian process and Ising models. The corrections generalize to arbitrarily complex approximating families, which we illustrate on tree-structured Ising model approximations. Furthermore, they provide a polynomial-time assessment of the approximation error. We also provide both theoretical and practical insights on the exactness of the EP solution.

Field of study: Computer science
Study of Direct-Measuring Skin-Friction Gauge with Rubber Sheet for Damping

This study concerns the direct measuring technique for skin-friction determination. Such a device measures the force on a small, movable surface element as a shear e ow passes over the surface. The typical direct-measuring skin-friction gauge uses a viscous liquid in the gap between the movable surface piece and the casing to dampen vibrations,tocreateanevensurface,tominimizetheeffectsofpressuregradients,andfortemperaturestabilization. In testing, the liquid slowly leaks out. Therefore, we have considered gauges with rubber to e ll all or some of the gap. This led to the development of a gauge with a thin rubber sheet to cover the face of the gauge instead of a previousdesign withrubbere lling theentireinternalvolume.First, ae niteelementmethodmodelwasemployed to fully understand the strain e eld involved and to e nalize the design. The resulting design consisted of a plastic skin frictiongaugewitha12.7-mm-diam e oatingelementonacantileverbeame exure,anapproximately0.51-mm-thick rubber sheet, a 1.6-mm-wide gap around the e oating element on a cantilever beam e exure, and semiconductor strain gauges at the beam base. Vibration tests were performed to determine if this design produced the required damping. These tests were successful. Supersonic wind-tunnel tests at Mach 2.4 with a total pressure of 3 atm and ambient total temperature demonstrated that the rubber sheet survived repeated tests and provided adequate damping. The skin-friction data obtained compared well with theory and other measurements.

Field of study: Physics