nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Refolding of denatured carbonic anhydrase assisted by amide and refolding kinetics

The effect of various amides on the refolding of denat ur ed carbonic anhydrase B (CAB) was investigated at low guanidine hydrochloride (G dmCl) concentration.The competitive model of first-order folding and third-ord er aggregation was found to well describe the dynamic refolding process in the p resence of the additives. The results indicated that the denatured CAB could be properly refolded in the presence of the amides, and the effect of the amides on assisting CAB refolding was found kinetically similar to that of GdmCl. The ref olding rate constant k_N decreased with increasing additive concentration, while there was an optimum additive concentration where a minimum aggregation ra te constant k_A was obtained. At this additive concentration, the value of the ratio of k_N to k_A was maximum, leading to the maximal refolding yield of CAB.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Robot-assisted laparoscopic excision of prostatic utricle in a 3-year old.

Prostatic utricles have traditionally been excised via the open approach or laparoscopically. Recently, the robot-assisted laparoscopic approach has been described in a 19-year-old male. the case of a 3-year-old male with a disorder of sex development (mosaic 45X/46 XY), with multiple associated anomalies, who presented with recurrent UTI is presented. Renal/bladder ultrasound revealed normal bilateral kidneys, and a 4.3 × 2.8 × 3.3 cm cystic mass in the midline posterior to the bladder. Voiding cystourethrogram demonstrated a large cystic mass behind the bladder, concerning for large prostatic utricle. The patient was brought to the operating room and placed in lithotomy. The urethra was examined cystoscopically. The os of the utricle was identified, an open-ended catheter was advanced, the cystoscope was removed, and a Foley was placed. The camera port was introduced supraumbilically, and robotic ports were introduced inferolaterally. Irrigation of the catheter and distension of the utricle allowed manipulation of the utricle to facilitate identification of a plane of dissection. The neck of the utricle was identified and incised. The catheter was removed, transection was completed, and the stump was oversewn.  Combined cystoscopic and robotic approach to prostatic utricle excision is feasible, safe, and effective in this patient population.

Field of study: Medicine
Expert evaluation of open-data indicators of seaport vulnerability to climate and extreme weather impacts for U.S. North Atlantic ports

When comparing vulnerabilities of multiple disparate systems, indicator-based vulnerability assessment (IBVA) methods can yield standardized metrics, allowing for high-level analysis to identify areas or systems of concern. Identification of indicators is often a first step in the development of coastal vulnerability indices (CVI). To advance IBVA for the seaport sector, researchers investigated the sufficiency of and elicited expert-evaluation of publicly available open-data to serve as indicators of climate and extreme-weather vulnerability for 22 major seaports in the North East United States, addressing the question: How sufficient is the current state of data reporting for and about the seaport sector to develop expert-supported vulnerability indicators for a regional sample of ports? Researchers developed a framework for expert-evaluation of candidate indicators that can be replicated to develop indicators in other sectors and for other purposes. Researchers first identified candidate indicators from the climate change vulnerability assessment (CCVA) and seaport-studies literature and vetted them for data-availability for the sample ports. Candidate indicators were then evaluated by experts via a mind-mapping exercise, and finally via a visual analogue scale (VAS) measurement instrument. Researchers developed a VAS instrument to elicit expert perception of the magnitude and direction of correlation between candidate indicators and each of the three dimensions of vulnerability that have become standard in the CCVA literature, e.g., exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. For candidate indicators selected from currently available open data sources, port-expert respondents found notably stronger correlation with the exposure and sensitivity of a port than with the adaptive capacity. Results suggest that more open reporting and sharing of port-specific data within the maritime transportation sector will be necessary before IBVA will become feasible for seaports.

Field of study: Environmental science
Functional derivatives of thiophenes

Abstract2,3-Polymethylene-4-oxo-3,4-dihydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives were obtained by reaction of esters of α-aminothiophene-β-carboxylic acids with lactame or α-aminothiophene-Β-carboxylic acids with lactims. Desulfuration of the thienopyrimidines obtained in this manner is a convenient method for the synthesis of pyrrolo-, pyrido-, and azepino[1,2-a]pyrimidine derivatives.

Field of study: Chemistry
Wafer bonding and epitaxial transfer of GaSb-based epitaxy to GaAs for monolithic interconnection of thermophotovoltaic devices

GaInAsSb/AlGaAsSb/InAsSb/GaSb epitaxial layers were bonded to semi-insulating (SI) GaAs handle wafers with SiOx/Ti/Au as the adhesion layer for monolithic interconnection of thermophotovolatic (TPV) devices. Epitaxial transfer was completed by removal of the GaSb substrate, GaSb buffer, and InAsSb etch-stop layer by selective chemical etching. The SiOx/Ti/Au provides not only electrical isolation, but also high reflectivity and is used as an internal backsurface reflector (BSR). Characterization of wafer-bonded (WB) epitaxy by high-resolution x-ray diffraction (HRXRD) and time-decay photoluminescence (PL) indicates minimal residual stress and enhancement in optical quality. The 0.54-eV GaInAsSb cells were fabricated and monolithically interconnected in series. A ten-junction device exhibited linear voltage building with an opencircuit voltage of 1.8 V.

Field of study: Materials science
Heavy Elements Unveil the Non-primordial Origin of the Giant H I Ring in Leo

The origin and fate of the most extended extragalactic neutral cloud known in the local universe, the Leo ring, is still debated 38 yr after its discovery. Its existence is alternatively attributed to leftover primordial gas with some low level of metal pollution versus enriched gas stripped during a galaxy−galaxy encounter. Taking advantage of Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer operating at the Very Large Telescope, we performed optical integral field spectroscopy of three H I clumps in the Leo ring where ultraviolet continuum emission has been found. We detected, for the first time, ionized hydrogen in the ring and identify four nebular regions powered by massive stars. These nebulae show several metal lines ([O III], [N II], [S II]) that allowed reliable measures of metallicities, found to be close to or above the solar value (0.8 ≤ Z/Z ⊙ ≤ 1.4). Given the faintness of the diffuse stellar counterparts, less than 3% of the observed heavy elements could have been produced locally in the main body of the ring and not much more than 15% in the H I clump toward M96. This inference, and the chemical homogeneity among the regions, convincingly demonstrates that the gas in the ring is not primordial, but has been pre-enriched in a galaxy disk, then later removed and shaped by tidal forces and it is forming a sparse population of stars.

Field of study: Physics
A comparative analysis of coverage decisions for outpatient pharmaceuticals: evidence from Denmark, Norway and Sweden.

This study analyses the reasons for differences and similarities in coverage recommendations for outpatient pharmaceuticals in Denmark, Norway and Sweden, following HTA appraisals. A comparative analysis of all outpatient drug appraisals carried out between January 2009 and December 2012, including an analysis of divergent coverage recommendations made by all three countries was performed. Agreement levels between HTA agencies were measured using kappa scores. Consultations with stakeholders in the three countries were carried out to complement the discussion on HTA processes and reimbursement outcomes. Nineteen outpatient drug-indication pairs appraised in each of the three countries were identified, of which 6 pairs (32%) had divergent coverage recommendations. An uneven distribution of coverage recommendations was observed, with the highest overlap in appraisals between Norway and Sweden (free-marginal kappa 0.89). Similarities were found in priority setting principles, mode of appraisal and reasoning for coverage recommendations. The study shows that health economic evaluation is less prominent or explicit in outpatient drug appraisals in Denmark than in Norway and Sweden, that all three countries could benefit from improved communication between appraisers and manufacturers, and that final coverage recommendations rely on factors other than safety, comparative efficacy or cost-effectiveness.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Variable anelastic attenuation and site effect in estimating source parameters of various major earthquakes including Mw 7.8 Nepal and Mw 7.5 Hindu kush earthquake by using far-field strong-motion data

Strong-motion records of recent Gorkha Nepal earthquake (Mw 7.8), its strong aftershocks and seismic events of Hindu kush region have been analysed for estimation of source parameters. The Mw 7.8 Gorkha Nepal earthquake of 25 April 2015 and its six aftershocks of magnitude range 5.3–7.3 are recorded at Multi-Parametric Geophysical Observatory, Ghuttu, Garhwal Himalaya (India) >600 km west from the epicentre of main shock of Gorkha earthquake. The acceleration data of eight earthquakes occurred in the Hindu kush region also recorded at this observatory which is located >1000 km east from the epicentre of Mw 7.5 Hindu kush earthquake on 26 October 2015. The shear wave spectra of acceleration record are corrected for the possible effects of anelastic attenuation at both source and recording site as well as for site amplification. The strong-motion data of six local earthquakes are used to estimate the site amplification and the shear wave quality factor (Qβ) at recording site. The frequency-dependent Qβ(f) = 124f0.98 is computed at Ghuttu station by using inversion technique. The corrected spectrum is compared with theoretical spectrum obtained from Brune’s circular model for the horizontal components using grid search algorithm. Computed seismic moment, stress drop and source radius of the earthquakes used in this work range 8.20 × 1016–5.72 × 1020 Nm, 7.1–50.6 bars and 3.55–36.70 km, respectively. The results match with the available values obtained by other agencies.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effect of intravenous anesthetic propofol on synaptic vesicle exocytosis at the frog neuromuscular junction

To investigate the presynaptic effects of propofol, a short-acting intravenous anesthetic, in the frog neuromuscular junction.Frog cutaneous pectoris nerve muscle preparations were prepared. A fluorescent tool (FM1-43) was used to visualize the effect of propofol on synaptic vesicle exocytosos in the frog neuromuscular junction.Low concentrations of propofol, ranging from 10 to 25 μmol/L, enhanced spontaneous vesicle exocytosis monitored by FM1-43 in a Ca2+-dependent and Na+-independent fashion. Higher concentrations of propofol (50, 100, and 200 μmol/L) had no effect on spontaneous exocytosis. By contrast, higher concentrations of propofol inhibited the Na+-dependent exocytosis evoked by 4-aminopyridine but did not affect the Na+-independent exocytosis evoked by KCl. This action was similar and non-additive with that observed by tetrodotoxin, a Na+ channel blocker.Our data suggest that propofol has a dose-dependent presynaptic effect at the neuromuscular transmission which may help to understand some of the clinical effects of this agent on neuromuscular function.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Amine‐Catalyzed Tandem Reactions of Morita–Baylis–Hillman Acetates with Isatins: Facile Synthesis of 3‐Hydroxyoxindoles

An amine-catalyzed reaction between Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) acetates and isatins to provide facile access to structurally interesting 3-hydroxyoxindoles in moderate to good yields with diastereomeric ratios of 1:1 has been developed. A wide variety of isatin derivatives were tolerated under the conditions of this tandem reaction. Notably, the inert homoallylic methyl group of MBH acetate 1 was directly involved in the bond formation step, which was followed by a [4+2] annulation under mild conditions to lead to the desired products.

Field of study: Chemistry
Self-Reported Sexual Behaviors of High School Juniors and Seniors in North Dakota

The period of adolescence is characterized as a time of experimentation during which adolescents may engage in adult behavior in the absence of understanding the consequences of these behaviors. The purpose of this study was to examine the self-reported sexual behaviors of late adolescent junior and senior high school students (N = 7,699). The study indicated a significantly high and disconcerting frequency of self-reported risk-taking sexual behavior.

Field of study: Psychology
Effect of Mixed Transition Metal Ions in B2O3-V2O5-MoO3 Glass System

The effect of having two different transition metal oxides in a glass matrix is an interesting phenomenon to study, as this kind of composition leads to various anomalous effects in terms of electrical and other physical properties. The present series of glasses were explored for density and DC electrical conduction in borate glass systems containing molybdenum and vanadium oxides. The glasses were synthesized using the melt-quench method and their amorphous characteristics were established by XRD techniques. The glasses were explored for density and DC electronic conduction in a temperature range between 318 K and 473 K. The estimated density, molar volume and oxygen packing density (OPD) varied non-linearly with increasing MoO3 content. The DC conduction and activation energy attained maximum and minimum around 0.15 mole fraction of MoO3. This was attributed to the fact that with the addition of MoO3 up to x = 0.15 molar fraction, the V2+ transition metal ions and Mo5+ transition metal ions may create bond defects and non-bridging oxygen (NBO) by altering the bonds of boron-oxygen-boron, boron-oxygen-molybdenum, boron-oxygen-vanadium. As a result, at x = 0.15 mole fraction of MoO3, the glass linkage among the bonds becomes close or tightly packed. Consequently, the net movement of ions begins effortlessly over the pathways of the tightly packed glass system. The high-temperature conduction data were analysed following Mott’s small polaron hopping theory, and the low-temperature conduction data were analysed in terms of Mott’s and Greave’s variable-range hopping conduction models. Several polaron-related parameters were estimated and are discussed.

Field of study: Materials science
Unemployment and Inflation: Institutionalist and Structuralist Views, A Review Article

The last decade or so has seen a flurry of activity and an abundance of writings by economists in the areas of inflation and unemployment theory. This is to be expected, given the economic conditions of the times. For more than ten years, developed market capitalism has been plagued with inflation that has often reached double-digit proportions and, far from showing signs of abatement, gives every indication of becoming more serious during the 1980s.' As if these matters were not bad enough, for the last six or seven years, market capitalism has also suffered from economic stagnation. In virtually every developed capitalist economy, growth in per capita incomes, GNP, and the various economic amenities of life has slowed, and unemployment rates have risen compared to each country's record in the 1950s and 1960s. Until the advent of stagflation, that is, the simultaneous occurrence of inflation and stagnation, the conventional wisdom maintained that high rates of inflation would only occur if unemployment rates were exceptionally low; while the recent high rates of unemployment would suggest that inflation is proceeding, at worst, at a slow creep. But the conventional downward-sloping Phillips curve seems to be no more, suggesting that

Field of study: Economics
Immunobiology of the autoantibody response. I. Circulating analogues of erythrocyte autoantigens and heterogeneity of the autoimmune response of NZB mice.

Anti-erythrocyte autoantibodies of two distinct antigenic specificities can be recovered from immunoglobulin-coated NZB erythrocytes. These autoantibodies react with either exposed (X) or hidden (HB) antigenic determinants on murine red cells and both types can be neutralized by mouse plasma. Antibody neutralization by plasma is dependent on two distinct plasma activities which appear to be soluble analogues of the erythrocyte surface autoantigens X and HB. The soluble erythrocyte antigens SEA-X and SEA-HB can be separated by molecular exclusion chromatography, with approximate sizes of 2 × 105 for SEA–X and ≥ 5 × 106 for SEA-HB. The presence of these soluble erythrocyte autoantigens in the plasmas of `autoimmune' NZB mice has to be considered in relation to the immunologic homeostasis of these autoantibody responses and pathogenesis of both the autoimmune haemolytic anaemia and the autologous immune complex disease of these mice. 
 
Individual anti-erythrocyte autoantibodies of both anti-X and anti-HB types exhibit discrete and individually distinctive differences in affinity for autoantigen and also in respect to antigenic determinant specificity. These results suggest that factors which control the genetic selection of these responses in an inbred strain do not prescribe a single specific B lymphoid cell clone; but rather it appears that a number of different autoimmunocompetent B lymphocyte clones with differing affinity and determinant specificity for given autoantigen molecules may be dere-pressed by other events in the recruitment of the autoantibody responses.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Complex Neutrosophic Subsemigroups and Ideals

In this article we study the idea of complex neutrosophic subsemigroups. We define the Cartesian product of complex neutrosophic subsemigroups, give some examples and study some of its related results. We also define complex neutrosophic (left, right, interior) ideal in semigroup. Furthermore, we introduce the concept of characteristic function of complex neutrosophic sets, direct product of complex neutrosophic sets and study some results prove on its.

Field of study: Mathematics
Some reactions of 3,7-dimethyl-2,3-epoxyoctanal and its derivatives

The oxide of citral (3,7-dimethyl-2,3-epoxioctanal) readily enters into the Knoevenagel condensation with the formation of the corresponding epoxydienecarboxylic acid. The epoxidation and addition of dichlorocarbene to similar epoxydienes proceeds at the double bond which does not adjoin the epoxide ring. The condensation of the acetal of citral oxide with ketones with the formation of 1,3-dioxolanes proceeds with the participation of the epoxide ring.

Field of study: Chemistry
Artificial niche substrates for embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cell cultures.

Stem cells possess the ability to self-renew and differentiate into other cell types. In vivo, stem cells reside in their own anatomic niches in a defined physiological environment, from which they are released to differentiate into a required cell type when deemed appropriate. While a resident within the niche, the stem cell receives signals that in turn maintain the cell in a pluripotent state. In addition, the niche also provides nourishment to the cell. Physically, the niche also serves to anchor the cell via various ECM components and cell-adhesion molecules. Therefore, in vitro models that replicate the in vivo niche will lead to a better understanding of stem cell fate and turnover. In turn, this will help inform attempts to culture stem cells in vitro on artificial niche-like substrates. In this review, we have highlighted recent studies describing artificial niche-like substrates used to culture embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells in vitro.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
OPTOELECTRONICS, FIBER OPTICS, AND OTHER ASPECTS OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS: Effective matching of a microwave modulator to a laser diode in a selected band of gigahertz frequencies

Theoretical and experimental investigations were made of wide-band low-loss matching of an InGaAsP heterolaser to a microwave modulator in the gigahertz range. The results of panoramic measurements of the standing-wave ratio of the laser were used to estimate the components of the equivalent electrical circuit of the laser and to synthesize a passive microstrip matching circuit which increased by more than 10 dB the efficiency of modulation of the laser radiation intensity in a 2–3.4 GHz band of modulating frequencies.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Working condition of reconstructed optical klystron of CHG-SRFEL

The symmetry optical klystron (OK) of NSRL for coherent harmonic generation storagering freeelectron laser (CHGSRFEL) has been reconstructed to asymmetry structure in order to increase the resonant energy of electron beam and generate more powerful coherent harmonic radiation. Each period of the independently adjusted modulator has been extended from 72mm to 92mm, and the number of the periods has changed from 12 to 10. This paper analyzes the relations of the parameters of reconstructed optical klystron, including the resonant energy of electron beam versus the gap of modulator, special parameter of dispersive section versus the gap of dispersive section, and the gap of radiator versus the gap of modulator. It also discusses the factors that influence coherent harmonic radiation and provides the parameters of two working models in the end.

Field of study: Physics
The geochemistry of possible metavolcanic rocks and their relationship to mineralization at Montauban-Les-Mines, Quebec

Base metal and gold ores in thin calc-silicate and cordierite gneiss units at Montauban-Les-Mines have historically been described as pyrometasomatic deposits related to granitic intrusions. They are stratigraphically overlain by quartzo–feldspathic gneiss and amphibolite, the uppermost amphibolite unit being a pillowed metabasalt.Chemical analysis shows all the amphibolites to be derived from basic igneous rocks, probably basaltic flows or shallow intrusives. Some analyses of quartzo–feldspathic gneisses follow igneous trends on variation diagrams and plot closely with those of indisputable volcanic rocks associated with massive sulfide deposits from the Kuroko District, Japan, and Noranda, Quebec. They appear to be metamorphosed intermediate to acidic volcanic tuffs and associated sediments, and are thus termed 'leptites'.The volcanic environment of the ore deposits, their general conformability to stratification, and other distinguishing features, strongly suggest they may be exhalite deposits formed i...

Field of study: Environmental science