nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Are nuclear matter properties correlated to neutron star observables?

We investigate properties of nuclear matter and examine possible correlations with neutron star observables for a set of microscopic nuclear equations of state derived within the Brueckner–Hartree–Fock formalism employing compatible three-body forces. We find good candidates for a realistic nuclear EOS up to high density and confirm strong correlations between neutron star radius, tidal deformability, and the pressure of betastable matter. No correlations are found with the saturation properties of nuclear matter.

Field of study: Physics
Quality evaluation of iron-containing food supplements in the Palestinian market

Iron is an essential metal for many human body functions, including hemoglobin formation, brain development and function, body temperature regulation, muscle activity, and catecholamine metabolism (Lieu et al., 2001). The major role of iron in hemoglobin is to distribute oxygen to different body tissues and cells. Approximately 60%–70% of iron in the human body circulates in the blood as hemoglobin (Kohgo et al., 2008; Park, 2015). The rest are stored in the form of ferritin and hemosiderin in the liver, spleen, marrow, duodenum, skeletal muscle, and other anatomic areas (Saito, 2014).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Evolution and Information in a Gift-Giving Game

We examine the stochastic stability of a process of learning and evolution in a gift-giving game. Overlapping generations of players are randomly matched to play the game. They may consult information systems to learn about the past behavior of their opponents. If the value of the gift is smaller than twice the cost, then gifts are not given. If the value of the gift is more than four times the cost, then gifts are exchanged. Moreover, in the stochastically stable equilibrium, a unique information system is selected to support cooperation.

Field of study: Economics
Pt-cermet cathode for reduced temperature SOFCs

Polarization characteristics of Pt–(Sc 0.10 Ce 0.01 )Zr 0.89 O 2 (SSZ) cermet cathodes were studied in order to develop new cathodes for reduced temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Several Pt–SSZ cermet electrodes were prepared by mixing Pt and SSZ powders using a high-energy ball mill. A Pt–SSZ cermet cathode on yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte achieved high cathodic activity; the cathode interfacial conductivity reached as high as 6.7 S/cm 2 at 973 K and 0.8 S/cm 2 at 873 K. These results suggest that this Pt–SSZ cermet cathode has enough capability at 973 K, but is still not satisfactory at 873 K. This high activity can be obtained by ball milling SSZ/Pt mixture of proper ratios in vacuum and by controlling electrode thickness, sintering temperature, and Ca impurity. These electrodes showed two optima of interfacial conductivity vs. SSZ/Pt ratio and remarkable dependence on cathode thickness. It was considered that the first optimum is based on two-dimensional reaction sites on YSZ electrolyte surface and the second one originates from three-dimensional expansion of reaction sites into the cermet cathode.

Field of study: Materials science
Conditioned medium from primary porcine endothelial cells alone promotes the growth of primitive human haematopoietic progenitor cells with a high replating potential: evidence for a novel early haematopoietic activity.

The authors have recently shown that direct contact with primary porcine microvascular endothelial cell monolayers (PMVECs) in combination with haematopoietic growth factors enhances the expansion of primitive human haematopoietic CD34+ bone marrow progenitor cells. It is now demonstrated that serum-free conditioned medium (PMVEC CM, concentrated 70x for proteins >30 kDa) from untreated PMVECs contains haematopoietic growth factor activity that enhances the in vitro proliferation, haematopoietic cell production, and colony cell formation of primitive human haematopoietic progenitor cells. In combination with exogeneously added human growth factors such as interleukin 3 (IL-3), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and EPO, PMVEC CM enhances the proliferation and colony growth of human haematopoietic CD34+ cells. In contrast, PMVEC CM has no significant synergistic activity on either stem cell factor (SCF) or flt3-ligand-induced CD34+ cell proliferation, cell production or colony formation. Blocking mAbs against the c-kit receptor have no effect on PMVEC CM-induced CD34+ cell proliferation at titres that completely suppress SCF-induced proliferation. Moreover, it is shown that this haematopoietic growth factor supports the proliferation and colony formation of murine, non-human primate, and porcine marrow progenitor cells without any apparent species-specific restrictions in its activity. These finding suggest that PMVEC CM contains a novel early haematopoietic activity.

Field of study: Medicine
“If they remained as mere words”: Trent, Marriage, and Freedom in the Viceroyalty of Peru, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries

The right of persons to marry without coercion and live their marriage freely was one of the foremost and frequently mentioned topics among synod and council fathers, moralists, and canon lawyers in colonial Spanish America. Within the territory of the viceroyalty of Peru, the recommendations of the Council of Trent in this regard took the form of a new set of ecclesiastical regulations, derived from synods and councils that occurred from the sixteenth through the eighteenth century.

Field of study: History
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF EXIT VELOCITY EFFECT O N HEAT TRANSFER WITH IMPINGING SUBMERGED CIRCULAR JETS AT STAGNATIO N POINT

Experimental study was performed systematically to investigate heat transfer characteristics at the stagnation point from a simulated microelectronic chip of 5?mm×5?mm with impinging submerged circular jet, using R113 as the working fluid.Included are single-phase convective heat transfer,incipient boiling superheating, nucleate boiling heat transfer and burnout.The results showed that exit velocity had no influence on incipient boiling point and fully-developed nucleate boiling heat transfer curves, and that single-phase convective heat transfer coefficient and critical heat flux increased with enhanced jet exit velocity,while temperature overshoot decreased.While exit velocity was beyond 10?m·s -1 ,the high heat flux portions of impingement boiling curves needed to be corrected in order to align with pool boiling curves at the same fluid subcooling.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Soil contamination by phthalate esters in Chinese intensive vegetable production systems with different modes of use of plastic film.

The concentrations of six priority phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in intensively managed suburban vegetable soils in Nanjing, east China, were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The total PAE concentrations in the soils ranged widely from 0.15 to 9.68 mg kg(-1) with a median value of 1.70 mg kg(-1), and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP) were the most abundant phthalate esters. Soil PAE concentrations depended on the mode of use of plastic film in which PAEs were incorporated as plasticizing agents and both the plastic film and poultry manure appeared to be important sources of soil PAEs. Vegetables in rotation with flooded rice led to lower concentrations of PAEs in soil. The results indicate that agricultural plastic film can be an important source of soil PAE contamination and further research is required to fully elucidate the mechanisms of PAE contamination of intensive agricultural soils with different use modes of use of plastic film.

Field of study: Environmental science
Hepatitis C virus infection is blocked by HMGB1: A new nonlocal and time-delayed reaction-diffusion model

This paper is devoted to developing a nonlocal and time-delayed reaction–diffusion model which makes contributions to understanding the mechanism of block effect on HCV by high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). Then basic reproduction number R0 is established. The existence of HMGB1 can make R0<1, that is, can induce the extinction of virus. Further, threshold dynamics are investigated in terms of R0 in a bounded spatial domain. From the biological perspective, threshold-type result can predict whether the disease will die out or persist. To investigate the invasion speed of the infectious disease, the existence of traveling waves is investigated in an unbounded spatial domain. Our results imply that the nonlocal time delay cannot change threshold dynamics, while it can slow down the wave speed of virus.

Field of study: Mathematics
Iron-Catalyzed Synthesis of Five-Membered Cyclic Carbonates from Vicinal Diols: Urea as Sustainable Carbonylation Agent

A new iron-catalyzed synthesis of cyclic carbonates from the corresponding vicinal diols and urea is described. This straightforward transformation allows for the preparation of a variety of five-membered carbonates by employing an inexpensive and environmentally benign iron salt as the catalyst. The use of readily available feedstocks such as urea and polyols makes this a sustainable process. As ammonia is formed as the only stoichiometric byproduct, this process can also be characterized by its high atom economy.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Axworthy years: Humanist activism and public diplomacy

It is too early for full, thoughtful reflection on Lloyd Axworthy’s impact on Canadian foreign policy. Time, deep research and careful study will measure the lasting importance of his initiatives and policy directions while Foreign Minister. Nevertheless, two monuments already stand out in the Axworthy years: humanist activism and ground-breaking public diplomacy. Axworthy’s activism has taken several forms, such as high profile ministerial and diplomatic activity to win a global ban on anti-personnel landmines in record treaty-making time, leadership to establish the International Criminal Court, world attention to war affected children, Canada’s election to the United Nations Security Council, his mission to Pakistan after the coup on behalf of the Commonwealth, his mission to post-elections Peru for the Organization of American States, as well as regular meetings with Madeline Albright and Mexico’s Rosario Green to build a North American community beyond NAFTA. Less visible activism includes a vast landscape of policy development. This policy activism, including public participation in policy making, may be the longterm legacy of the Axworthy years. Key policy developments and changes include Lloyd Axworthy’s global leadership in promoting human security. Under Canada’s leadership the UN Security Council, and even the G7, turned attention to security problems of populations, not just states. Axworthy challenged governments, foreign ministries, realist academics, and international and non-governmental organizations to recognize in policy and diplomacy the reality that individuals are often threatened and abused by their own states. Those threats sometimes pose challenges to international peace and security that must be addressed. Canada used its presidency of the Security Council to promote that idea and successfully created a coalition of like-minded governments to promote a human security perspective and policy development in international affairs. The first concrete step within this humanist activism was banning landmines, with their enormous impact on non-combatants, especially children. Follow-up policy activism includes a wide range of efforts to address the causes and effects of, as well as the solutions to, the spread and use of small arms and light weapons around the world. Again, the victims of the use of small arms are non-combatants, children and child soldiers. There has been a significant re-evaluation of sanctions policy, recognizing that sanctions often negatively affect women and children in societies far more than the original targets – pariah world governments and leaders. At the UN and in Africa, Canada has taken on the illegal diamond traders and other merchants of war and has taken up human security issues in the Americas, including the drug trade. Axworthy has promoted a major international study of the complex issues involved in humanitarian interventions.

Field of study: Political science
Conjugal properties of the Sinorhizobium meliloti plasmid mobilome.

The biology and biochemistry of plasmid transfer in soil bacteria is currently under active investigation because of its central role in prokaryote adaptation and evolution. In this work, we examined the conjugal properties of the cryptic plasmids present in a collection of the N(2)-fixing legume-symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti. The study was performed on 65 S. meliloti isolates recovered from 25 humic soils of Argentina, which were grouped into 22 plasmid-profile types [i.e. plasmid operational taxonomic units (OTUs)]. The cumulative Shannon index calculated for the observed plasmid profiles showed a clear saturation plateau, thus indicating an adequate representation of the S. meliloti plasmid-profile types in the isolates studied. The results show that isolates of nearly 14% of the plasmid OTUs hosted transmissible plasmids and that isolates of 29% of the plasmid OTUs were able to retransfer the previously characterized mobilizable-cryptic plasmid pSmeLPU88b to a third recipient strain. It is noteworthy that isolates belonging to 14% of the plasmid OTUs proved to be refractory to the entrance of the model plasmid pSmeLPU88b, suggesting either the presence of surface exclusion phenomena or the occurrence of restriction incompatibility with the incoming replicon. Incompatibility for replication between resident plasmids and plasmid pSmeLPU88b was observed in c. 20% of the OTUs. The results reported here reveal a widespread compatibility among the conjugal functions of the cryptic plasmids in S. meliloti, and this fact, together with the observed high proportion of existing donor genotypes, points to the extrachromosomal compartment of the species as being an extremely active plasmid mobilome.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
The Pride of Havana: A History of Cuban Baseball, and: Full Count: Inside Cuban Baseball (review)

Roberto Gonzalez Echevarrfa begins his wonderful book by tracing the Caribbean passion for baseball all the way back to the conquistador Alonso de Ojeda, who is said to have thrown an orange that cleared the 250-foot Giralda Tower in Seville. The Pride of Havana combines erudition with a love of baseball that shines through on every page. The book resists the cliches (especially the temptation to see baseball as a metaphor for life itself) that mar most baseball writing by intellectuals. Gonzalez Echevarrfa celebrates instead the sheer physical pleasure of the game, and the rich tradition of Cuban baseball. Some readers may learn more than they want to know about the statistics of Cuban players through the generations, but in an age when even as venerable a publication as The Sporting News no longer prints box scores, this reviewer was grateful for each earned run average and runs batted in total that Gonzalez Echevarrfa provides.

Field of study: History
Characteristics of metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) device with Er metal gate on SiO2 film

We have investigated the structural and electrical properties of metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices with Er metal gate on SiO2 film. Rapid thermal annealing (RTA) process leads to the formation of a high-k Er-silicate gate dielectric. The in situ high-voltage electron microscopy (HVEM) results show that thermally driven Er diffusion is responsible for the decrease in equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) with an increase in annealing temperature. The effective work function (Φm,eff) of Er metal gate, extracted from the relations of EOT versus flat-band voltage (VFB), is calculated to be ∼2.86 eV.

Field of study: Engineering
Fast NO 2 retrievals from Odin-OSIRIS limb scatter measurements

The feasibility of retrieving vertical profiles of NO2 from space-based measurements of limb scattered sunlight has been demonstrated using several different data sets since the 1980's. The NO2 data product routinely retrieved from measurements made by the Optical Spectrograph and InfraRed Imaging System (OSIRIS) instrument onboard the Odin satellite uses a spectral fitting technique over the 437 to 451 nm range, over which there are 36 individual wavelength measurements. In this work we present a proof of concept technique for the retrieval of NO2 using only 4 of the 36 OSIRIS measurements in this wavelength range, which reduces the computational cost by almost an order of magnitude. The method is an adaptation of a triplet analysis technique that is currently used for the OSIRIS retrievals of ozone at Chappuis band wavelengths. The results obtained are shown to be in very good agreement with the spectral fit method, and provide an important alternative for applications where the computational burden is very high. Additionally this provides a baseline for future instrument design in terms of cost effectiveness and reducing spectral range requirements.

Field of study: Environmental science
Autoantibodies to Erythrocytes

Erythrocyte autoantibodies may be benign, present in the plasma of healthy individuals, or pathologic, causing autoimmune hemolysis. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) consists of two major clinical disorders: cold hemagglutinin disease (cold AIHA), due to an IgM antibody that preferentially agglutinates red blood cells (RBC) in the cold (4 °24°C), and the more common syndrome of warm reactive (37°C) IgG-induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia (warm AIHA). In cold AIHA, the IgM autoantibody induces clearance of red blood cells (RBC) in the liver through complement activation and deposition of C3 on erythrocytes (9). This complement-dependent hepatic clearance responds poorly to corticosteroids and splenectomy. In warm AIHA, the IgG-coated erythrocytes are cleared primarily via Fc receptors on reticuloendothelial cells in the spleen. This process usually responds to corticosteroids and splenectomy (Table 1). These autoimmune hemolytic disorders may be idiopathic or develop as a complication of a lymphoproliferative disorder, infection, or drug therapy. The diversity of RBC autoantibodies occurring in these different clinical settings has not yet been completely defined. In contrast, the diversity of autoantibodies involved in the pathogenesis of other autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and myasthenia gravis, has been explored in various ways by different laboratories (5, 10). From these studies it appears that distinctive clones of autoantibody-producing cells are associated with particular disease processes. Similar restrictions in antibody clonality may also be present in immune-mediated hemolytic disease. To date, the complexity of erythrocyte autoantibody expression has been approached by examination of the antigen-binding properties (specificities) of these immunoglobulins and by analysis of their heavy and light chain isotypes. The following will review the current knowledge of the specificity (function), isotype, and cellular origin of these antibodies.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Design of hybrid Neuro-Robust deadbeat controller for higher order linear systems based on optimized mixed reduction method

The control of higher order linear system is one of the main fields of research area that has been studied for decades because of the difficulty in designing a controller for such systems. One of the best approaches to solve this problem is by reducing the order of the system into a second orders, based on this reduction many approaches can be proposed for controlling the higher order system, therefore many reduction methods are suggested and developed for this purpose, one of these methods is the Mixed Reduction Method (MRM). The first contribution of this paper is to improve the efficiency of MRM by using a flower optimization algorithm.The second contribution of this paper lies in proposing a hybrid Neuro-Robust deadbeat controller using Matlab facilities to control higher order linear systems based on the optimized MRM. Where the robust deadbeat control algorithm is combined with a modified adaptive radial basis neural network to improve the robustness and efficacy of the deadbeat controller, which is partially lost when designing this controller for the higher order based on model reduction. The suggested radial basis function neural network has a simple design. The proposed control scheme assures the stability of the overall closed loop-controlled system; therefore, it can be applied to control any linear higher order systems. Results of different simulation examples show the efficiency of the proposed hybrid controller (Neuro-robust deadbeat) in tracking different reference signals compared to the robust deadbeat controller.

Field of study: Engineering
Cell population modelling of yeast glycolytic oscillations.

We investigated a cell-population modelling technique in which the population is constructed from an ensemble of individual cell models. The average value or the number distribution of any intracellular property captured by the individual cell model can be calculated by simulation of a sufficient number of individual cells. The proposed method is applied to a simple model of yeast glycolytic oscillations where synchronization of the cell population is mediated by the action of an excreted metabolite. We show that smooth one-dimensional distributions can be obtained with ensembles comprising 1000 individual cells. Random variations in the state and/or structure of individual cells are shown to produce complex dynamic behaviours which cannot be adequately captured by small ensembles.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
People of God (review)

tunistic collaborator and more of a “cultural broker” (p. 186) than has been understood previously, and adds some depth to the notion of a “symbolic bridge” (p. 152) linking the prehispanic cultural hero Taríacuri with Vasco de Quiorga, the region’s first Bishop. This book will stand for many years as a definitive study of the Relación, making an invaluable contribution to the growing Mexican and international literature on a once relatively understudied region.

Field of study: History
5 misunderstandings toward ancient Olympic Games by modern people

Since the birth of modern Olympic Games,people have had 5 misunderstandings toward ancient Olympic Games: ancient Olympic Games aimed at promoting peace;ancient Olympic Games were not related to politics;an-cient Olympic Games participants were for honors instead of interests;ancient Olympic Games focused more on participation and friendship;ancient Olympic Games were totally amateur.These misunderstandings have been gradually eliminated in western countries with the deepening of classical study made since the 20th century,but still exist in China.Analyzing these misunderstandings can not only introduce new knowledge to the public,but also be conducive for us to further understand the nature of the Olympic moment.They are actually a coating of rose color on the ancient by modern people,but not the true color of the ancient society.They reflect modern people’s own confusions and anxieties.Understanding these misunderstandings is not for teaching people to be pessimistic,but for hoping that modern people will creatively solve their own problems in stead of being confined by the imaginary ancient society.

Field of study: Education