nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Carboniferous Tracks from Nova Scotia

The finding of fossil footprints by Sir William Logan at Horton Bluff, Nova Scotia, in 1841 was the first evidence found of air-breathers in the Carboniferous. This discovery was noted in the proceedings of the Geological Society of London in 1842, but no name was given to the tracks at that time. Sir William Dawson (l)2 in 1863 published a brief description and a figure of these tracks but referred to them as footprints discovered by Sir W. E. Logan. In 1882, Dawson (3) proposed the name Hylopus logani for the tracks. In a later reference to this species by Dawson (4, page 78), through a typographical error, the date of the original description was given as 1852. Hay (7, page 546) and Matthew both seem to have overlooked the paper in which the species was named. The type is in the collections of the Geological Survey of Canada, . . .

Field of study: Geology
Effects of “fast” rapid thermal anneals on sub-keV boron and BF2 ion implants

The effects of “fast” ramp-rates (up to 425°C/s) and spike anneals are investigated for 0.25 keV, 0.5 keV, and 1.0 keV 11B+ and for 1.1 and 2.2 keV BF2 at a dose of 1e 15/cm2. Below an implant energy threshold where no extended defects form, fast ramp-rates become important in minimizing the thermal diffusion component and reducing the junction depth. Above this implant energy threshold, TED minimizes the advantages of these fast ramp-rates. Annealing in a low and controlled O2 ppm in N2 ambient further reduces diffusion by minimizing/eliminating oxygen related enhanced diffusion effects, while simultaneously optimizing anneal reproducibility and across-the-wafer uniformity.

Field of study: Materials science
Designing a Constant Deformation Macadamia Nut Cracker

COMPRESSING nuts (in shell) to a constant deforma-tion is the most popular means of cracking nut shells for kernel extraction. The magnitude of deformation is controlled by the difference between the size of the nut and the clearance between two compression or cracking edges. A tapered clearance was found to be capable of compressing nuts of all sizes to the same deformation provided the orientation of sized nuts can be controlled. Nut moisture was also found strongly influencing the performance of the cracker. This paper discusses how sizing and cracking actions were integrated into one mechanical device to maintain desirable nut orientation for exact deformation control. The development and use of performance functions for nut cracker operation is also discussed.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Power p-i-n diodes for snubberless application: H+ irradiation for soft and reliable reverse recovery

In this work we describe a coupled experimental–numerical approach for the design of power p–i–n diodes for snubberless applications, fabricated using proton irradiation for axial lifetime control. With an efficient procedure, based on simple measurements performed on a few samples, different proton irradiation profiles were numerically evaluated, in order to extract indications on the optimum trade-off among switching speed, recovery softness, overvoltage and spurious oscillation damping.

Field of study: Engineering
Discussion on new operation conditions of oxidation reactor in pure terephthalic acid unit

The operation status of oxidation reactor in pure terephthalic acid unit is analysized.The principle of oxidation reactor and the process factors affecting the oxidation are presented especially.Based on the chemical engineering theory,the data provided by patentee and the data accumulated from operation,the methods for reducing acid consumption and enhancing producing load are discussed and checked in practical production.The results show that applying the operation conditions of low pressure,low solvent ratio and high catalyst concentration,the operation load can increase 25% and the acid consumption can reduce 10% without increasing investment.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Plant cell proliferation inside an inorganic host.

In recent years, much attention has been paid to plant cell culture as a tool for the production of secondary metabolites and the expression of recombinant proteins. Plant cell immobilization offers many advantages for biotechnological processes. However, the most extended matrices employed, such as calcium-alginate, cannot fully protect entrapped cells. Sol-gel chemistry of silicates has emerged as an outstanding strategy to obtain biomaterials in which living cells are truly protected. This field of research is rapidly developing and a large number of bacteria and yeast-entrapping ceramics have already been designed for different applications. But even mild thermal and chemical conditions employed in sol-gel synthesis may result harmful to cells of higher organisms. Here we present a method for the immobilization of plant cells that allows cell growth at cavities created inside a silica matrix. Plant cell proliferation was monitored for a 6-month period, at the end of which plant calli of more than 1 mm in diameter were observed inside the inorganic host. The resulting hybrid device had good mechanical stability and proved to be an effective barrier against biological contamination, suggesting that it could be employed for long-term plant cell entrapment applications.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
The Effect of Training and Development on the Performance of Senior Administrative Staff at the University of Education, Winneba, Ghana

The study examined the effect of training and development on senior administrative staff’s performance at the University of Education, Winneba, Ghana. Quantitative approach and the descriptive survey research design were adopted for the study. Simple random sampling technique was used to sample 152 respondents from a population of 357 using Yamane’s formula for determining sample size. Self- administered closed ended questionnaire was used as the data collection instrument and data was analysed with frequencies, percentages, person correlation, standard regression, t-test and analysis of variance.  The study found that training and development techniques used were job rotation and study leave with pay. There was general lack of support from supervisors and colleagues for trainees to transfer skills/knowledge acquired unto their jobs. Training and development significantly relate and affect employees’ performance. It was recommended that management of human resource department of the University of Education, Winneba should adopt some other training and development techniques like mentoring and coaching; and provide the needed resources and encourage work colleagues and supervisors to create the enabling environment and provide the necessary support for trainees to be able to transfer skills acquired through training and development unto their jobs.

Field of study: Business
Variable temperature neutron diffraction study of crystal structure and transport pathways in oxide ion conductors Bi12.5Ln1.5ReO24.5 (Ln=Lu, Er)

Samples of highly conducting Bi 12.5 Lu 1.5 ReO 24.5 and Bi 12.5 Er 1.5 ReO 24.5 have been studied by neutron powder diffraction at room temperature for both phases and at 25 °C ≤ T ≤ 500 °C in the case of Bi 12.5 Er 1.5 ReO 24.5 . Both materials crystallize in the cubic δ-Bi 2 O 3 related system, space group Fm-3m. Changes in the oxygen sublattice at 25 °C ≤ T ≤ 500 °C have been investigated by the Rietveld and maximum entropy methods.

Field of study: Materials science
New data regarding the origins of the Franciscan missions in Peru, 1532-1569.

IT WAS NOT UNTIL 1651 that the first history of the Franciscans in Peru appeared. Its author complained even then of the lack of contemporary accounts of events and of the paucity of conventual archives; an unknown chronicler who is there referred to had died without leaving any record behind. Fray Fernando Rodriguez Tena, to whom the Archives of San Francisco of Lima are indebted for their present organization, has left copious examples of his activity as a historian in the second half of the eighteenth century; it is, however, hardly possible to discover anything new relating to the origins of the Franciscans in Peru in the long and repetitious writings of this indefatigable copyist and compiler, whose real merit is still difficult to assess.

Field of study: History
Harmonizing Firms' Knowledge and Strategies with Organizational Capabilities

Existing literature has recognized that superior organizational capabilities, primarily stemming from knowledge integration, bring firms strong strategic outcomes. This article argues that organizational capability can be used as a bridge to explain relationships involving strategy and knowledge. It provides a formal framework, Strategy-Capability-Knowledge (SCK) link, where organizational capabilities are harmonized with firms' knowledge and strategies. The framework describes a harmonious analysis that firms' strategies can be derived to needed organizational capabilities and applied to underlying knowledge, equally, appropriate sets of knowledge help firms create capabilities, then contribute to achievement of the firms' strategies. Additionally, capability and knowledge gaps on the basis of the SCK link are analyzed to explain the path of how knowledge can help a firm achieve its strategic goals, and further, to align its knowledge management with its strategies. A real-world case study is conducted to explain the application of the SCK link and the gap analyses.

Field of study: Computer science
Some properties of the tukey g and h family of distributions

The g and h family of distributions, introduced by J.W. Tukey, is generated by a single transformation of the standard normal which allows for symmetry and heavier tails. Selected percentage points are tabulated, and a closed-form solution for the moments, when they exist, is found. A comparison is made with the Pearson system of distributions. The g and h distributions cover most of the Pearson family to an adequate approximation, when the first four moments exist, and also generate a variety of other types of distributions. Selected distributions graphically illustrate the great variety of possible shapes.

Field of study: Mathematics
Suckling in the rat: Evidence for patterned behavior during sleep.

: Electrophysiological recordings showed that 2-wk-old rats are actually asleep 66% of the time while suckling on the dam. The pups are no more likely to be awake while on the nipple than between nursing bouts. Sucking behavior, recorded electromyographically, occurred during sleep as well as during wakefulness. Pups were found to be asleep just prior to the dam's periodic milk ejections (ME) in 100% of 33 recorded instances and were briefly awakened by the ME, but 60% were asleep again within 30 s. These studies demonstrate the embedding of a vital early behavior pattern in the states of sleep.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Novel buffer systems for macromolecular crystallization.

In protein crystallization, screening is initially performed to obtain an indication of the conditions under which a macromolecule might crystallize. These preliminary conditions are then optimized to produce (in a perfect world) well diffracting crystals; this process of optimization often involves fine grid screening around the initial conditions. An issue in optimization is to find factors which are independent, so as to simplify the analysis of the results of optimization trials. This is necessarily difficult with buffers, as a buffer and its pH range tend to be very highly correlated. Multi-buffer systems for pH modulation are presented which enable a broad pH range to be sampled without changing the chemical composition of the buffering component.

Field of study: Chemistry
Subthreshold $K^+$ Production on Nuclei by $\pi^+$ Mesons

The inclusive $K^+$ mesons production in $\pi^+$--nucleus reactions in the subthreshold energy regime is analyzed with respect to the one--step ($\pi^+n\to K^+\Lambda$) and the two--step ($\pi^+n\to \eta p_1,~ \eta p_2\to K^+\Lambda$) incoherent production processes on the basis of an appropriate folding model, which allows one to take into account the various forms of an internal nucleon momentum distribution as well as on-- and off--shell propagation of the struck target nucleon. Contrary to proton--nucleus reactions primary reaction channel is found to be significant practically at all considered energies. Detailed predictions for the $K^+$ total and invariant differential cross sections from \piC-- and \piPb--collisions at subthreshold energies are provided.

Field of study: Physics
Core Employees’ Impact on the Performances of Turkish Large Firms: A Research in the Frame of the Resource-Based View of the Firm

The basic aim of this study is to explore the impact of core employees on organizational performance with are search conducted on Turkish large firms. Core employees were taken as the personnel, working at the production functions of firms, and their role were examined in frame of the resource-based view. Survey forms were developed by international literature review and sent to top 500 firms of Turkey for 2010, which were determined by Istanbul Chamber of Commerce (ISO). This study reveals statistically significant relation between value and uniqueness and inimitability levels of core employees and organizational performance, innovation, strategic vision, flexible design, quality orientation, organizational culture, providing employee potential, and product diversity; as a reflection of resource-based view of the firm. Moreover, the analysis of data revealed the value of core employees is more effective than their uniqueness on organizational performances. This research also indicates the valuable and unique human resources of top Turkish firms as one of the basic elements that lead to competitive advantage.

Field of study: Business
Exiles from Eden : religion and the academic vocation in America

In this thoughful and literate essay, Mark Schwehn argues that Max Weber and his contemporaries led higher education astray by stressing research - the making and transmitting of knowledge - at the expense of teaching moral character. Schwehn sees an urgent need for a changed orientation and calls for a "spiritually grounded education in and for thoughtfulness." Schwehn's reforms would replace individualist behaviour, the "doing my own work" syndrome derived from the Enlightenment, with a communitarian ethic grounded in Judeo-Christian spirituality. Acceptance of this "spiritual ethic" would lead scholars to show humility before their texts, trust in their colleagues' research, self-denial and openness to changing one's mind, and charity towards their students and colleagues. Schwehn examines misguided philosophies of higher education from Weber and Henry Adams to Derek Bok, Allan Bloom and William G. Perry, Jr. He draws out valid insights, always showing the theological underpinnings of the so-called secular thinkers. He emphasizes the importance of community, drawing on both the secular communitarian theory of Richard Rorty and that of the Christian theorist Parker Palmer. Finally he outlines his own prescription for a classroom-centered spiritual community of scholars. Schwehn's analysis should be of interest to all who care about higher education in America today: faculty, students, parents, alumi, administrators, trustees, and foundation officers.

Field of study: Education
Monte-Carlo phase diagram of a Hubbard-Peierls model in the search for spin crossover transition in $\pi$-conjugated polymers

We present a Monte Carlo study of the finite temperature properties of an extended Hubbard-Peierls model describing one dimensional $\pi$-conjugated polymers. The model incorporates electron-phonon and hyperfine interaction and it is solved at the mean field level for half filling. In particular we explore the model as a function of the strength of electron-electron and electron-phonon interactions. At low temperature the system presents a diamagnetic to antiferromagnetic transition as the electron-electron interaction strength increases. At the same time by increasing the electron-phonon coupling there is a transition from a homogeneous to a Peierls dimerized geometry. As expected such a Peierls dimerized phase disappears at finite temperature as a result of thermal vibrations. More intriguing is the interplay between the electron-phonon and the electron-electron interactions at finite temperature. In particular we demonstrate that for a certain region of the parameter space there is a spin-crossover, where the system transits from a low-spin to a high-spin state as the temperature increases. In close analogy to standard spin-crossover in divalent magnetic molecules such a transition is entropy driven. Finally we discuss the role played by the hyperfine interaction over the phase diagram.

Field of study: Physics
The role of the complement system in the pathogenesis of acute pulmonary oedema produced by nephrotoxic serum in rats.

The intravenous injection of rabbit anti-rat kidney cortex serum into rats produces an acute pulmonary oedema. The first symptom to appear is dyspnoea followed by cyanosis and death. The most important pathological abnormalities were oedema and haemorrhage of the lungs. There was an apparent correlation between the onset of the acute pulmonary oedema and a drop in the total haemolytic complement titre in both normal or bilaterally nephrectomized rats. When rats were rendered complement deficient before the injection of rabbit anti-rat kidney cortex serum, the symptoms of pulmonary oedema do not appear. The nature of the mechanism through which the complement system induces these lung lesions is not yet clear. Since the vasoactive substances, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and kinins or other mediators derived from leucocytes are not relevant in the pathogenesis of this lung oedema, it seems likely that the complement system acts directly.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Failure analysis for RF characteristics of GaAs MESFETs

The effect of thermal stress on the noise degradation of GaAs MESFETs was investigated. Minimum noise figure, associated gain, scattering parameters, and capacitance–voltage profiles were measured during the tests, and the electro-chemical properties after thermal stress were analyzed by means of Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometery, cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy, and capacitance–voltage measurements. The RF failure mode consists of an increase of the minimum noise figure and a decrease of associated gain of the FETs. The extracted equivalent circuit elements from measured scattering parameters were used to evaluate the influence of each parameter on the noise degradation. The parametric estimation showed that the noise degradation was mainly attributed to the decrease of a.c. transconductance. From the C – V analysis, we found that the decrease of a.c. transconductance was caused by the decrease of effective carrier concentration. From the electro-chemical analysis, the decrease in effective carrier concentration was resulted from the gate-sinking by the thermally activated interdiffusion between the gate metal and the GaAs channel layer. Therefore, the thermally activated carrier compensation by Ga vacancies in the channel is proposed to be the main failure mechanism for noise degradation of GaAs MESFETs.

Field of study: Engineering
The importance of small scales to the fruit-feeding butterfly assemblages in a fragmented landscape

Nowadays 37% of Earth’s ice-free land is composed by fragments of natural habitats settled in anthropogenic biomes. Therefore, we have to improve our knowledge about distribution of organisms in remnants and to understand how the matrix affects these distributions. In this way, the present study aims to describe the structure of the butterfly assemblages and determined how richness and abundance are influenced by the scale of the surrounding vegetation. General linear models were used to investigate how the type and scale of vegetation cover within a radius of 100–2,000 m around the sampling point explained butterfly diversity. After sampling ten forest fragments we found 6,488 individuals of 73 species. For all clades tested null models explain the species richness at the fragments better than other models when we include the effect of butterfly abundance as a covariate. Abundance of Satyrini, Brassolini, and Biblidinae were best predicted by small scales (100–200 m), and large scales were more suited for Charaxinae. The presence of pasture best explains the abundance of all groups except Charaxinae, which was best explained by early-regrowth forest. The abundance of different species and groups are correlated with different kinds of vegetation cover. However, we demonstrate that small scales (100–200 m) are more effective at explaining the abundance of most butterflies. These results strongly suggest that efforts to preserve insect diversity in forest fragments should take in account the immediate surroundings of the fragment, and not only the regional landscape as a whole. In general, actions of people living near forest fragments are as important to fruit-feeding butterflies as large scale actions are, with the former being seldom specified in management plans or conservation policies.

Field of study: Environmental science
Explorative Study on Water-soluble Embedding Material

The method that confecting embedding material mostly by alumina oxide,calcium oxide and calcium carbonate was studied in this paper,and the effect of different temperatures,different proportions on the scleroses time,sinter intensity,compression ratio,water-solubility were also discussed.The results show that the sinter intensity and the compression ratio of the sample increases directly with the alumina oxide content;the compression ratio and the water-solubility time of the sample also increases directly with the sinter temperature.

Field of study: Materials science
Maternal behaviors: central integration or independent parallel circuits? Theoretical comment on Popeski and Woodside (2004).

N. Popeski and B. Woodside (2004) report that the injection of L-NAME into the 3rd ventricle, which would suppress the synthesis of nitric oxide, disrupts both maternal retrieval of pups and maternal aggression in postpartum rats. These findings are discussed around the question of whether a single central integrative site regulates retrieval and maternal aggression or whether independent neural mechanisms, each dependent upon nitric oxide, regulate the 2 behaviors. A case is made for each point of view. Future research utilizing direct injections of L-NAME into specific neural sites is needed to resolve this important question.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Changes in the annual cycle of heavy precipitation across the British Isles within the 21st century

We investigate future changes in the annual cycle of heavy daily precipitation events across the 
British Isles in the periods 2021–2060 and 2061–2100, relative to present day climate. Twelve 
combinations of regional and global climate models forced with the A1B scenario are used. 
The annual cycle is modelled as an inhomogeneous Poisson process with sinusoidal models 
for location and scale parameters of the generalized extreme value distribution. Although the 
peak times of the annual cycle vary considerably between projections for the 2061–2100 
period, a robust shift towards later peak times is found for the south-east, while in the 
north-west there is evidence for a shift towards earlier peak times. In the remaining parts of the 
British Isles no changes in the peak times are projected. For 2021–2060 this signal is weak. 
The annual cycle’s relative amplitude shows no robust signal, where differences in projected 
changes are dominated by global climate model differences. The relative contribution of 
anthropogenic forcing and internal climate variability to changes in the relative amplitude 
cannot be identified with the available ensemble. The results might be relevant for the 
development of adequate risk-reduction strategies, for insurance companies and for the 
management and planning of water resources

Field of study: Environmental science