nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
La fête imprimée: Spectacles et cérémonies politiques (1549–1662). Benoît Bolduc. Lire le XVIIe siècle 39. Paris: Classiques Garnier, 2016. 392 pp. €38.

deur, was then the last stroke of the king, whose cunning and intelligence exploded after his enemies were destroyed completely by the strength of justice. Indeed, the proceedings of the trials were not only meant to become pieces of evidence of their downfall and the victory and intelligence of the king, but also testimonies that remained for future generations. Blanchard provides excellent work in the presentation of the two trials. Each one is organized around the same model: first, a historical and political context, in which he addresses the origins, history, and downfall of the accused and their relation to the king. The different texts related to the trials are then presented, with references to the manuscript, the folios, and the different variants that might have been present. A fascinating component of this edition are the abundant notes with which Blanchard provides the reader. Not only are they crucial to understanding the numerous references, sometimes obscure, but they also help the reader further understand how the trials were intricately linked to the very fabric of the French kingdom by underlining the different interconnections between Jean, Charles, and the nobility of France. Following the notes, Blanchard includes a bibliography of the manuscripts and the studies used for the edition, as well as a chronology of the events; a glossary helps readers understand Middle French words that differ from modern French. Finally, an index of people and places completes this excellent publication. This book is of high importance for many reasons. First, it allows a general audience to have access to these critical texts of French history. Through them, readers can understand how these trials constituted a social, cultural, historical, and literary bubble in which the king presented himself as a powerful ruler, whose power over his enemies he delivered through firm but fair justice. This volume is by itself very relevant and exciting, but it takes an even bigger dimension when it is made as one part of a whole collection that will evaluate and present judiciary and political lives in the reign of Louis XI, offering for the first time different approaches to the power of the universelle araigne. Because of Blanchard’s great work, scholars of history will find an asset in their analysis of the reign of the king; literary scholars will also find in these texts tools in analyzing and deciphering the literary power of royal justice. This great edition is therefore highly recommended for students and professors.

Field of study: History
Induction of cerebellar hsp72 in rats learning a two-way active avoidance task.

The involvement of brain heat shock proteins in learning was examined by Western analyses in rats trained for an active avoidance task, and in passive and active controls. Expression of the constitutive hsp73 was intense in brain, liver, and kidney of all rats. Conversely, expression of the inducible hsp72 occurred in the cerebellum of most trained rats, but not in passive or active controls. Significant correlations were present between avoidances and cerebellar scores determined 8 h after training. Induction of hsp72 may therefore be attributed to learning in the cerebellum, while in other brain regions, liver and kidney stress-related stimuli may play a prevalent role.

Field of study: Biology
Progress in Turbulence Detection via GNSS Occultation Data

The increased availability of radio occultation (RO) data offers the ability to detect and study turbulence in the Earth's atmosphere. An analysis of how RO data can be used to determine the strength and location of turbulent regions is presented. This includes the derivation of a model for the power spectrum of the log-amplitude and phase fluctuations of the permittivity (or index of refraction) field. The bulk of the paper is then concerned with the estimation of the model parameters. Parameter estimators are introduced and some of their statistical properties are studied. These estimators are then applied to simulated log-amplitude RO signals. This includes the analysis of global statistics derived from a large number of realizations, as well as case studies that illustrate various specific aspects of the problem. Improvements to the basic estimation methods are discussed, and their beneficial properties are illustrated. The estimation techniques are then applied to real occultation data. Only two cases are presented, but they illustrate some of the salient features inherent in real data.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Venezuelan Left in the Era of the Popular Front, 1936–45

the hope of isolating the fascist movement which was then in the ascendant throughout the world. Their strategy was to create coalitions ('popular fronts') of progressive groupings on the basis of a reformist program and anti-fascist rhetoric. This conciliatory position towards the rest of the left represented a sharp departure from the policy of previous years when Communists frequently denounced their leftist rivals as ' social fascists '.1 In various western hemispheric nations, Communist Parties translated popular frontism into support for moderate pro-Ally governments. Thus, in Cuba they lauded Fulgencio Batista; in Venezuela, Isaias Medina Angarita; in Chile, the Radical-led 'Popular Front'; even in the United States they heaped praise upon the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Ironically, relations between the Communist and non-Communist left in these nations

Field of study: Political science
The two-dimensional model for the base surface current in integrated bipolar transistors and its applications

The recombination of minority carriers at the Si-SiO2 interface has a great effect on bipolar devices. In this paper, the surface electrical properties of capacitors (MOS or MNOS) and gate-controlled npn transistors which are passivated by SiO2 and Si02Si3N4 films, respectively, are studied, and it is found that the Si02Si3N4 dual dielectrical films can reduce the surface current in the base region. An improved theoretical model of the base surface current versus surface potential or gate voltage is set up on the basis of the work of Hillen and Holsbrink [Solid St. Electron. 26, 453–463 (1983)] for integrated bipolar transistors. The model successfully explains the experimental results of the variation of the base surface current of the gate-controlled integrated bipolar npn transistors with the gate voltage and provides a more accurate model for the computer simulation and the reliability analysis of the devices.

Field of study: Engineering
Adaptive lag synchronization for uncertain complex dynamical network with delayed coupling

This paper proposes an adaptive control method to achieve the lag synchronization between uncertain complex dynamical network having delayed coupling and a non-identical reference node. Unknown parameters of both the network and reference node are estimated by adaptive laws obtained by Lyapunov stability theory. With the estimated parameters, the proposed method guarantees the globally asymptotical synchronization of the network in spite of unknown bounded disturbances. The effectiveness of our work is verified through a numerical example and simulation.

Field of study: Mathematics
Sex, Statistics, Peacekeepers and Power: UN Data on Sexual Exploitation and Abuse and the Quest for Legal Reform

The UN Secretariat provides annual statistics on allegations of sexual exploitation and abuse made against peacekeeping personnel, with reduced numbers of allegations leading to claims of success for the UN’s ‘zero tolerance’ policy. This article explores the use of data as ‘technologies’ of global governance, to examine the function that these annual statistics serve for the UN and the impact that they have on calls for legal reform. Thus far, the statistics have attracted little academic appraisal. Yet, they have been used to establish the UN’s authority to resolve the ‘problem’ of sexual exploitation and abuse, diminishing the space for critique of UN policy and undermining the quest for improved legal arrangements.

Field of study: Law
Recombinant Human Voltage Dependent Anion Selective Channel Isoform 3 (hVDAC3) Forms Pores with a Very Small Conductance

Voltage-dependent anion channels (VDAC), also known as eukaryotic porins, are located in the outer mitochondrial membrane and allow the flux of ions and small metabolites. While the pore-forming ability of recombinant VDAC1 and VDAC2 has been extensively studied during the last decades, a clear-cut ion conducting channel activity has not been assigned to the VDAC3 isoform.  Electrophysiological characterization of the recombinant protein purified and refolded was obtained after incorporation into planar lipid bilayers.  Here we report for the first time that recombinant hVDAC3, upon expression in E.coli and purification-refolding, shows a channel activity with a very small conductance (90 pS in 1 M KCl) with respect to the conductance of hVDAC1 (>3500 pS in 1 M KCl). Purified hVDAC3 allowed the passage of both chloride and gluconate anions and did not distinguish between potassium, sodium and calcium used as cations. In contrast to VDAC1, the channel was active also at transmembrane voltages higher than +/-40 mV and displayed a relatively high open probability even at +/-80 mV. hVDAC3 was only slightly voltage-dependent, displaying a tendency to adopt lower-conductance states at positive voltages applied to the cis chamber. In accordance with the small conductance of the pore, expression of hVDAC3 in a porin-less yeast strain allowed only partial recovery of the growth under non-permissive conditions.  The observed electrophysiological properties of hVDAC3 are surprisingly different from the other isoforms and are discussed in relation to the proposed physiological role of the protein in mammalian cells.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
The density dependence of the effective alpha-nucleon force and isoscalar transition rates of nuclei

Effects of the density-dependence of theα-particle-bound nucleon effective interaction on single-folding models of inelasticα-particle scattering are studied, in particular in view of corrections of the isoscalar transitions rates extracted by implicit folding procedures. Thel-dependent corrections factorsCl are calculated and tubulated for applications.

Field of study: Physics
The role of the Australian Coastcare program in community-based coastal management: a case study from South Australia

Community-based coastal management (CBCM) is recognised globally as an integral feature of integrated coastal management. There are numerous and varied examples of CBCM programs ranging from community driven models to government implemented and coordinated ones. Little evaluation has been undertaken on such coastal programs so there is limited information about the performance of local coastal projects. This paper examines Australia's National community-based coastal program designed to involve three tiers of government (National, State and Local) in its implementation. Neither a Commonwealth mid-term evaluation nor State audit of Coastcare for South Australia explore the significance of the Program at a State policy level. This paper bridges that gap by exploring how State goals and objectives for coastal management are aligned with those of the Coastcare program in South Australia.

Field of study: Environmental science
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of methionine aminopeptidase from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Pyrococcus furiosus.

Methionine aminopeptidase (MAP) from Pyrococcus furiosus (Pfu) has been crystallized in four different forms (A, B, C and D). Form A crystals belong to space group P2(1) with unit-cell dimensions a = 54.18, b = 85.72, c = 72.84 A, beta = 108.34 degrees. Forms B, C and D belong to space group P6(2(4)) with unit-cell dimensions a = 139.1, c = 63.7 A for form B, a = 198.6, c = 243.8 A for form C, and a = 111.0, c = 125.0 A for form D. Forms A and D diffract to 2.9 A, form B diffracts to 3.5 A, and form C crystals diffract to 4.5 A. Form A contains two molecules of MAP-Pfu per asymmetric unit. The binuclear metal center positions and a non-crystallographic twofold symmetry matrix has been determined for the form A crystals.

Field of study: Chemistry
Warm season chloride concentrations in stream habitats of freshwater mussel species at risk.

Warm season (May-October) chloride concentrations were assessed in stream habitats of freshwater mussel species at risk in southern Ontario, Canada. Significant increases in concentrations were observed at 96% of 24 long-term (1975-2009) monitoring sites. Concentrations were described as a function of road density indicating an anthropogenic source of chloride. Linear regression showed that 36% of the variation of concentrations was explained by road salt use by the provincial transportation ministry. Results suggest that long-term road salt use and retention is contributing to a gradual increase in baseline chloride concentrations in at risk mussel habitats. Exposure of sensitive mussel larvae (glochidia) to increasing chloride concentrations may affect recruitment to at risk mussel populations.

Field of study: Environmental science
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Submillimeter laser using formic acid vapor pumped with carbon dioxide laser radiation

The stimulated emission from formic acid molecules was observed for the first time in the submillimeter range. The pumping source was a frequency-tunable CO2 laser. The cw power of the submillimeter radiation ranged from tens of microwatts to several milliwatts when the pumping power was up to 7 W. The stimulated emission was observed at 22 wavelengths ranging from 250 to 750 μ.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Numerical investigation of vortex tubes with extended vortex chambers

Ranque–Hilsch vortex tubes are often utilized to produce cooling when a compressed air source is readily available. In comparison with traditional cooling technologies, vortex-tube devices are much simpler, since they do not have moving parts. However, their thermal efficiencies are also lower, so they are used primarily for industrial spot cooling. Several options to modify and improve vortex tube performance exist. While a lot of previous research efforts addressed optimization of the inlet and outlet components, the main tube variations have not been thoroughly explored beyond simple tapered tubes. In this paper we numerically investigate augmenting vortex tubes with cyclonic-type extensions of the vortex chambers. The computational fluid dynamics software STAR-CCM+ was utilized to simulate a typical counter-flow vortex tube operating with air. The numerical approach was validated via comparison to experimental studies available in the literature. A reasonably efficient high-capacity vortex tube design was parametrically analyzed. This setup and its several modifications were numerically modeled under selected external conditions. The configuration with an intermediate-size vortex chamber extension demonstrated the highest performance among the studied setups. This variant of the vortex tube was also predicted to perform better than the original system by about 15% in a range of cold-flow fractions.

Field of study: Engineering
A monochromator for scanning X-ray microscopy beamlines at third-generation synchrotron light sources.

A concept for a plane-grating monochromator for use at scanning X-ray microscopy beamlines at third-generation synchrotron light sources is presented. The design of the monochromator is optimized for a scanning transmission X-ray microscopy beamline at BESSY II. Ray-tracing calculations are presented which include geometric aberrations of the optics used in the beamline.

Field of study: Physics
Absolute cross-section normalization of magnetic neutron scattering data.

We discuss various methods to obtain the resolution volume for neutron scattering experiments, in order to perform absolute normalization on inelastic magnetic neutron scattering data. Examples from previous experiments are given. We also try to provide clear definitions of a number of physical quantities which are commonly used to describe neutron magnetic scattering results, including the dynamic spin correlation function and the imaginary part of the dynamic susceptibility. Formulas that can be used for general purposes are provided and the advantages of the different normalization processes are discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Assessment of Liver Fibrosis with Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using Different b-values in Chronic Viral Hepatitis

To examine the effectiveness of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values and to compare the reliability of different b-values in detecting and identifying significant liver fibrosis.  There were 44 patients with chronic viral hepatitis (CVH) in the study group and 30 healthy participants in the control group. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) was performed before the liver biopsy in patients with CVH. The values of ADC were measured with 3 different b-values (100, 600, 1,000 s/mm<sup>2</sup>). In addition, liver fibrosis was classified using the modified Ishak scoring system. Liver fibrosis stages and ADC values were compared using areas under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve.  The study group's mean ADC value was not statistically significantly different from the control group's mean ADC value at b = 100 s/mm<sup>2</sup> (3.69 ± 0.5 × 10<sup>-3</sup> vs. 3.7 ± 0.3 × 10<sup>-3</sup> mm<sup>2</sup>/s) and b = 600 s/mm<sup>2</sup> (2.40 ± 0.3 × 10<sup>-3</sup> vs. 2.5 ± 0.5 × 10<sup>-3</sup> mm<sup>2</sup>/s). However, the study group's mean ADC value (0.99 ± 0.3 × 10<sup>-3</sup> mm<sup>2</sup>/s) was significantly lower than that of the control group (1.2 ± 0.1 × 10<sup>-3</sup> mm<sup>2</sup>/s) at b = 1,000 s/mm<sup>2</sup>. With b = 1,000 s/mm<sup>2</sup> and the cutoff ADC value of 0.0011 mm<sup>2</sup>/s for the diagnosis of liver fibrosis, the mean area under the ROC curve was 0.702 ± 0.07 (p = 0.0015). For b = 1,000 s/mm<sup>2</sup> and the cutoff ADC value of 0.0011 mm<sup>2</sup>/s to diagnose significant liver fibrosis (Ishak score = 3), the mean area under the ROC curve was 0.759 ± 0.07 (p = 0.0001).  Measurement of ADC values by DWI was effective in detecting liver fibrosis and accurately identifying significant liver fibrosis when a b-value of 1,000 s/mm<sup>2</sup> was used.

Field of study: Medicine
More New Exact Solutions for Bose Einstein Condensate in Weak Bias Magnetic and Time Dependent Laser Field

With the aid of Mathematica software, in this paper, based on Wu computation algorithms, we offer a direct and systematic extended function transform method of solving general variable coefficient nonlinear partial differential equation or equations. By applying this effectiveness method, more new exact solutions are successfully obtained for variable coefficient nonlinear schrǒdinger equation which described Bose Einstein Condensate in weak bias magnetic and time-dependent laser field.

Field of study: Engineering
Are paleoclimate estimates biased by foliar physiognomic responses to increased atmospheric CO2

Physiognomic analysis of fossil angiosperm leaves has provided an important quantitative database of Tertiary terrestrial paleoclimate. However, atmospheric CO 2 level, a critical control on plant growth, may have been higher in the Tertiary. It is thus crucial to investigate whether elevated CO 2 affects leaf physiognomy. In this study, leaves were collected from white oak ( Quercus alba L.) seedlings grown in open-top growth chambers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The only physiognomic change noted is an increase in length to width ratio with increasing CO 2 . In the literature, leaf size has been observed to increase, decrease or remain unchanged for woody C 3 species grown in elevated CO 2 . Typically, one sees more variation due to microsite or phenotype than due to CO 2 level. By applying these observed physiognomic trends to two fossil floras, it is argued that estimates of mean annual temperature and growing season precipitation may be biased on the order of 1°C and 20 cm, respectively. These are relatively small effects, as the values are similar to the standard errors of the regression models used to estimate paleoclimate. The lack of data, the variability of response to CO 2 associated with microsite and phenotype, and the question of whether observed short-term trends with elevated CO 2 are sustained make it impossible to propose a correction factor. Adequate sample size and sampling of several sites are the best way to attempt to compensate for CO 2 effects on a given fossil flora until response to CO 2 is better understood.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
SPICE Simulation of a "Provably Secure" True Random Number Generator

In their paper “A Provably Secure True Random Number Generator with Built-in Tolerance to Active Attacks”, B. Sunar, W. Martin, and D. Stinson propose a design for a true random number generator. Using SPICE simulation we study the behaviour of their random number generator and show that practical implementations result in a too high frequency signal to be processed with current CMOS technology.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Re-probing into the True Relationship between DAI Zhen and JIANG Yong

On the true relationship between Dai Zhen and Jiang Yong, the academic agree usually with the viewpoints advanced by Qian Mu and his famous disciple Yu Ying-shi.However,there are two important mistakes in Qian's point of view:firstly,Dai Zhen's Pu-xue comes from Jiang Yong.secondly,the time of first contact between Dai Zhen and Jiang Yong is in 1750.Afterward,Yu Ying-shi corrects partially his master's viewpoints,he thinks that the relationship between Jiang Yong and Dai zhen is the teather-friend and agrees to the time of first contact between Dai Zhen and Jiang Yong advanced by his master.Based on historical materials involved,this paper points out that not only the time of first contact between Dai Zhen and Jiang Yong is in 1752,but also the true relationship between them is not better than teacher-friend,so the standpoint that Dai Zhen betrays his master is inexistent.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Continuous versus pulse harvesting for population models in constant and variable environment

We consider both autonomous and nonautonomous population models subject to either impulsive or continuous harvesting. It is demonstrated in the paper that the impulsive strategy can be as good as the continuous one, but cannot outperform it. We introduce a model, where certain harm to the population is incorporated in each harvesting event, and study it for the logistic and the Gompertz laws of growth. In this case, impulsive harvesting is not only the optimal strategy but is the only possible one.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics