nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Palaeogeographic significance of stromatolitic buildups on late proterozoic platforms: The example of the West Congo basin

The West Congo Basin, equatorial Africa, is filled with a Late Proterozoic sedimentary succession. Its middle part is made up of the “Schisto-calcaire” (shale-limestone) Group. A study of the lower part of this group has resulted in a model of carbonate sedimentation. A stromatolite buildup, very similar to the present barrier reefs and cut by tidal and/or swell channels, separates an intertidal and supratidal inner platform from a subtidal outer one. The inner platform is characterized by deposition of dolomitic limestones containing gypsum crystals epigenetically replaced by calcite and chalcedony. The outer platform is made up of stromatolite biostromes arranged in elongate domes parallel to marine currents alternating with limestones with thin shale stringers. In Proterozoic basins, stromatolitic barrier reefs mark transitions either between inner and outer platforms, or between platform and deep basin. Subtidal stromatolite biostromes, with an elongation of ten to hundreds of meters, locally encroached upon some of the slowly subsiding, flat-bottomed epicontinental basins.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Validating the MAVIS model for optimizing incorporation of litter-based manures to reduce ammonia emissions

The Manure Ammonia Volatilization and Incorporation System (MAVIS) identifies the optimum method of incorporating solid (litter-based) manures (FYM) to reduce ammonia (NH3) emission following spreading. The model allows the user to specify the geometry of the field to be manured and the parameters of the spreader and incorporator machinery and calculates NH3 volatilization for the defined area. Incorporation machinery work rates depend on the available tractor engine power and the power demand of the cultivation implement. Validation of the output showed an acceptable agreement with survey data of achieved work rates over a range of tractor power availabilities. The work rates achieved by plow types are approximately 40% to 50% of the greatest work rate achievable with disk incorporators for primary cultivation (20 to 25 cm depth). Incorporation by the slow, but efficient, plow always reduced NH3 emissions by more than the faster, but less efficient, disk or tine implements. Typically, incorporation by plowing could limit NH3 emissions to approximately 16% of total ammoniacal-N (TAN); the smallest emissions from incorporation by disk harrow or straw incorporation were approximately 30% and 38% of TAN applied, respectively. These differences were almost unaffected by differences in field size, applicator volume, or manure application rate. It should be noted that, when applied to the field scale, there is still an appreciable loss of NH3 even with the optimum application method, despite reductions in plot experiments of up to 98% of NH3 emissions. The allocation of labor between spreading and incorporation had little effect on model outcome for small fields but led to NH3 emissions ranging from 40% of TAN on fields >10 ha.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A Noniterative Online Bayesian Algorithm for the Recovery of Temporally Correlated Sparse Vectors

In this paper, we address the problem of online (sequential) recovery of temporally correlated sparse vectors sharing a common support, from noisy underdetermined linear measurements. The temporal correlation of the sparse vectors is modeled using a first-order autoregressive process. The online algorithm is formulated using the sparse Bayesian learning framework and is implemented using a sequential expectation-maximization procedure. Our algorithm is noniterative in nature, and requires less computational and memory resources compared to offline processing. We analyze the convergence of the algorithm in the case when the sparse vectors are uncorrelated, using tools from stochastic approximation theory. We show that the sequence of the covariance estimates converge either to the global minimum of the offline equivalent cost function or to the all zero vector, regardless of the sparsity level of the signal. Through numerical results, we demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed online algorithm and compare it with its offline counterpart as well as with existing online sparse vector recovery algorithms. We also illustrate the performance of the algorithm in the context of sparse orthogonal frequency division multiplexing channel estimation.

Field of study: Engineering
Classifying the Context Clues in Children's Text

This study aimed to determine which types of context clues exist in children's texts and whether it is possible for experts to identify reliably those clues. Three experienced coders used Ames’ clue set as a foundation for a system to classify context clues in children's text. Findings showed that the adjustments to Ames’ system resulted in 15 clues that can be used to capture the majority of clues found in children narrative and expository text. This study adds to the limited empirically validated systems available for classifying different context clues. A usable classification of context clues has application to reading research that considers or controls for text factors as well as teaching reading strategies in K–12 classrooms.

Field of study: Education
Odor tracking in rats with orbital frontal lesions.

Rats track self-, conspecific, and artificial odors to locate food. The orbital frontal cortex has been implicated in olfactory behavior, but whether it plays a role in a species-typical behavior, such as odor-guided navigation, has not been studied. Rats were trained to track 1 of 3 different odors deposited on a string. After rats were reliably tracking a scented string, they received a series of 2- and 3-odor discrimination tests. Next, all the rats received bilateral aspiration lesions of the orbital frontal cortex and experienced the same sequence of tasks. Rats learned to track and discriminate between different odors reliably. These results suggest that other areas of the brain mediate odor-guided navigation following damage to the orbital frontal cortex.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Porphyromonas gingivalis culture supernatants differentially regulate interleukin-1beta and interleukin-18 in human monocytic cells.

Porphyromonas gingivalis is a major bacterial species implicated in chornic periodontitis, a disease characterized by inflammatory destruction of the tooth supporting tissues. Its main virulence factors are lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and gingipains, a group of cysteine proteinases. Interleukin (IL)-18 is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine with structural similarities to IL-1beta. This study aimed to investigate if P .gingivalis regulates IL-1beta and IL-18 in monocytic cells. Monomac-6 cells were challenged with P. gingivalis culture supernatants. Quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA were used to investigate IL-1beta and IL-18 mRNA expression and protein secretion, respectively. P. gingivalis enhanced IL-1beta and IL-18 mRNA expression, the former being induced earlier, but transiently. IL-18 up-regulation was not affected by P. gingivalis heat-inactivation or chemical inhibition of its gingipains, whereas both treatments resulted in 50% reduction of IL-1beta expression. Purified P. gingivalis LPS enhanced both IL-1beta and IL-18 expression. However, only IL-1beta, but not IL-18, secretion was detected, and was up-regulated by P. gingivalis. In conclusion, although IL-1beta and IL-18 belong to the same cytokine family, their gene expression and secretion are differentially regulated in human monocytic cells in response to P. gingivalis. Therefore, cytokines of the IL-1 family may participate via different pathways in the complex pathogenesis of periodontitis.

Field of study: Medicine
Untersuchung von Kernniveaus unterhalb 16 MeV im13C mit unelastischer Elektronenstreuung

Spectra of electrons scattered from a 91.7% enriched13C target were measured for primary energies between 36 and 65 MeV and scattering angles between 1050 and 1650. For levels at 3.08, 3.69, 6.85, 7.54, 8.86, 9.90, 11.07, 11.80 and 15.11 MeV excitation energy, partial ground state radiative widths or monopole matrix elements, respectively, and transition radii were obtained. Corrections from DWBA calculations were incorporated in the analysis. The excitation of levels at 3.85, 7.68, 7.83 and 10.86 MeV was also observed.

Field of study: Physics
New ways of developing glass/conducting glass/CdS/CdTe/metal thin-film solar cells based on a new model

Making use of the authors' experimental results and the evidence available in the literature, an alternative model for glass/conducting glass/CdS/CdTe/metal solar cells has been formulated. This model explains the device behaviour in terms of a combination of a hetero-junction and a large Schottky barrier at the CdTe/metal interface. The main experimental observations available to date are described and compared with the currently assumed p–n junction model and this proposed new model. It is shown that the proposed model explains almost all the experimental results more satisfactorily. The paper describes the guidelines to further increase the performance efficiencies based on the new model. Following these new guidelines, the authors have fabricated improved devices producing open circuit voltage (Voc) values over 600 mV, fill factor (FF) values over 0.60 and the short-circuit current density (Jsc) values over 60 mA cm−2 for best devices. Although the Voc and FF could be further improved, the remarkable improvement of Jsc indicates the possibility of further development of multilayer graded band gap tandem solar cells based on CdS/CdTe system.

Field of study: Materials science
Phase segregation of superconductivity and ferromagnetism at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface.

The highly conductive two-dimensional electron gas formed at the interface between insulating SrTiO3 and LaAlO3 shows low-temperature superconductivity coexisting with inhomogeneous ferromagnetism. The Rashba spin-orbit interaction with the in-plane Zeeman field of the system favors p(x) ± ip(y)-wave superconductivity at finite momentum. Owing to the intrinsic disorder at the interface, the role of spatial inhomogeneity in the superconducting and ferromagnetic states becomes important. We find that, for strong disorder, the system breaks up into mutually excluded regions of superconductivity and ferromagnetism. This inhomogeneity-driven electronic phase separation accounts for the unusual coexistence of superconductivity and ferromagnetism observed at the interface.

Field of study: Physics
FOLDING DEFLECTION INVESTIGATION OF INFLATED TUBE

An theoretical analysis and experimental verifications are made to investigate the folding deflection behavior of inflated tubes.According to the ideal geometrical configuration,the relationships among tube’s cross-section at the folding place,deflection angle,folding deflection moment and deflection angle,are established.The moment-angle relationship is different from that derived from inflated cantilever beam.A testing system was set up and an inflatable Kapton film tube was made to verify the analysis results.Through setting an invariable folding deflection moment,the inner pressures of the inflated tube at different folding deflection angles were measured.Another measuring result is the folding deflection angle of the tube when the folding place is closed.Testing results are in good agreement with those in the analysis.

Field of study: Engineering
Benefits of Promotion within a Professional Services Firm

This study examined perceived benefits of promotion by employees in a single large professional services firm. Women and men (N = 1608) completed questionnaires anonymously. Respondents indicated the three main benefits of promotion to the next higher organizational level from a list of eight. Few differences between women and men and between organizational levels were found. The most common benefits were increased salary, personal satisfaction, and more interesting work; working with more senior managers and partners and higher status were the least common benefits of promotion. Possible reasons for these ratings as well as implications for career-development management and organization are offered.

Field of study: Psychology
The Loss of Metabolic Control On Alcohol Drinking in Heavily Drinking Alcoholics

Most physiological studies of alcoholism consider ethanol as a pharmacological agent rather than a nutrient. We conducted two studies to assess potent metabolic and endocrine factors of alcohol and nutrient intake regulation in alcoholic subjects and a possible role of a disruption of energy balance for the development of alcoholism.  The population was split around a median alcohol intake value of 12.5 kcal/kg/day. `Low alcohol´ drinking alcoholics had high BMI and Fat Mass (FM) and alcohol intake was compensated for by a decrease in non-alcoholic intake. `High alcohol´ drinking alcoholics had low BMI and FM and the total intake was largely above norms. In Study-2, 22 alcoholic inpatients submitted on day 2, 5 and 16 of abstinence to diet anamneses, calorymetry, and blood sampling for the measurement of biomarkers reflecting metabolism and satiety regulation were compared to 19 matched controls. We observed increased cortisol, leptin and PYY plasma levels and decreased plasma ghrelin, that might explain the observed decrease in non-alcoholic intake. However, both alcoholic and non-alcoholic intake correlated positively with basal metabolism and negatively with leptin and leptin/BMI.

Field of study: Medicine
Strategies to reverse the decline in valuable and diverse coral reefs, mangroves and fisheries: The bottom of the J-Curve in Southeast Asia?

Southeast Asia, an economically ‘emerging’ region, contains the world's most outstanding and diverse tropical marine resources. The conservation of this biodiversity is essential both for global ecological health and the economic future of the members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. However, these resources are now severely threatened and will continue to be degraded from increasing and varied forms of destruction. Although Marine Protected Areas and other strategies have already been developed in the region, the effectiveness of marine resources management remains inconsistent. An analysis of economic, social, education and biological data suggests that this deficiency is linked to the level of economic development, as well as the level of scientific and resource management education and the total amount of marine resources in the country. These conclusions are used to suggest more appropriate strategies for better management of the marine resources in Southeast Asia.

Field of study: Environmental science
Modified reflection in birefringent layers of core–shell semiconductor nanowires

Birefringent layers of GaP nanowires are grown by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy on top of a GaP substrate. We modified the reflection of the as-grown layer by adding a shell of 12 nm of SiO2 around the nanowires. The effect of the shell on the effective refractive indices of the birefringent nanowire layer was calculated using Maxwell–Garnett effective medium theory for coated cylinders. The large change of the reflection due to the shell renders nanowire layers a promising material for sensing applications.

Field of study: Materials science
From Fast Growth of Traditional Industry to Scientific Development of Modern Industry

Sunan is the advance area in our country, and is the region of our country industrial origin place in our country ; it is the region where village business enterprise grew fast. It leads off the our country city country that break the traditional structure and form divides the work, founding the new era that city country cooperate the propulsion region the industrialization. The village runs before industrially the rising increasing to make the south of Su be in the lead the be over to be pressed by city with the high speed a the department makes for the class the industrial history. In the future, Sunan should orchestrate the city country distribution of industry, regarding park area as to carry, creating to regard high and new technique industry as the predominant manufacturing industry gather together the highland.

Field of study: Economics
Application of Resistive Type SFCL to Protect Bi-2223/Ag Tape Against AC Over-Currents

Based on the electrical behavior of Bi-2223/Ag tape in transient state, the possibility of SFCL application was investigated as a fundamental study for the protection of HTS power apparatus. For the experiments, the Bi-2223/Ag tape having the critical current of 56 A and the resistive type SFCL fabricated using three elements of YBCO thin films were examined. When the applied current exceeds the rated current of the SFCL, the current was limited to sufficiently low level, however, higher than 40 Vrms was not allowed considering power density of SFCL. On the other hand, as a method to increase the power density, a shunt resister across the SFCL was adopted to increase the allowed power density. In this case, the results showed that the over current was limited below the safe range for HTS tape and the SFCL was safe, although 100 Vrms was applied to the circuit. In conclusion, the switching power capacity of a SFCL could be increased by using a shunt resistor, and HTS tape could be protected safely within the quench margin

Field of study: Physics
Research on the Code-Level Analysis for Ping Command

Ping is often used as testing tools in the TCP/IP network,some general network problems can be detected by Ping.Through a detailed analysis of the FreeBSD system' Ping source code,it shows that Ping is based on which principle and protocols,and how to achieve a variety of functions by which specific network programming,finally explains how to achieve the results of general detection for networks by Ping.

Field of study: Computer science
Current Capabilities in Prediction at the National Weather Service's National Meteorological Center

Progress since 1955 in prognosis of synoptic-scale systems at the National Weather Service's National Meteorological Center (NMC) is reviewed. The application of numerical weather prediction (NWP) to the forecasting of specific weather parameters (e.g., temperature, precipitation, wind, etc.) is also discussed and the skill of these specific forecasts is reviewed. The limitations in overall forecasting skill are pointed out. In particular, the skill in prediction of heavy precipitation with current operational NWP models requires the meteorologist at the NMC to continue to play an important role in evaluating and improving the numerical product. Results are shown from experimental precipitation forecasts with finer-mesh models, which are being developed for future use at NMC.

Field of study: Environmental science
Xi-cam: a versatile interface for data visualization and analysis.

Xi-cam is an extensible platform for data management, analysis and visualization. Xi-cam aims to provide a flexible and extensible approach to synchrotron data treatment as a solution to rising demands for high-volume/high-throughput processing pipelines. The core of Xi-cam is an extensible plugin-based graphical user interface platform which provides users with an interactive interface to processing algorithms. Plugins are available for SAXS/WAXS/GISAXS/GIWAXS, tomography and NEXAFS data. With Xi-cam's `advanced' mode, data processing steps are designed as a graph-based workflow, which can be executed live, locally or remotely. Remote execution utilizes high-performance computing or de-localized resources, allowing for the effective reduction of high-throughput data. Xi-cam's plugin-based architecture targets cross-facility and cross-technique collaborative development, in support of multi-modal analysis. Xi-cam is open-source and cross-platform, and available for download on GitHub.

Field of study: Physics
Quasi-steady-state approximation for chemical reaction networks

The parameter embedding leading to the quasi-steady-state approximation of Heinrich  is investigated within the theory of invariant manifolds of Fenichel  in order to clarify the essential assumptions needed for this reduction to a low dimensional system. In particular, the concept of pool-variables can be avoided in this generalized approach. Moreover, the dominating influence of the slow subnetwork over the complementary fast subnetwork is interpreted geometrically and in chemical terms and this can be seen as an “enslaving” of the fast subsystem by the slow subsystem. Finally, the results are applied to a system of slime mould communication [6, 7, 13] and to a maltose transport system [2, 3].

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Chemical Control and Damage Potential of Shoot Fly, Atherigona naqvii on Spring Sown Maize

Efficacy of seed treatment with chlorpyriphos, imidacloprid and endosulfan @ 5ml/kg seed; foliar application of chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 250 ml/acre, imidacloprid 200 SL @ 40 ml/acre, endosulfan 35 EC @ 200 ml/acre and cypermethrin 2.8 EC @ 40 ml/acre were tested for the control of shoot fly, Atherigona naqvii Steyskal on spring sown maize along with recommended granular application of carbofuran 3G @ 5 kg/acre or phorate 10 G @ 4 kg/acre. Further, its damage potential was quantified in terms of reduced plant height and grain yield/plant under natural infestation. Seed treatment with chlorpyriphos or imidacloprid and foliar application of endosulfan proved to be effective along with recommended granular application of carbofuran and phorate in controlling shoot fly. Plant height and grain yield/plant were significantly reduced (48.5 and 61.2%, respectively) in shoot fly infested plants.

Field of study: Biology
An FCM Approach to Better Understanding of Conflicts: A Case of New Technology Development

A critical problem of organizational conflict management is this fact that managers fail to understand different individuals' (or groups') interpretations about goals, distribution of resources, work procedures, and etc. These various perceptions are based on stakeholders' different values, beliefs, and weltanschauung. This paper argues this main concern of organizational conflict management and develops a general systemic approach to build a platform that makes this kind of conflict easier to be analyzed. The basic idea of this platform is the cognition of individuals' thoughts and representing them in form of fuzzy cognitive maps. Once these fuzzy cognitive maps are drawn, Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) is used to analyze the maps and outrank the concepts according to their importance for a specific individual. Finally, by combining individuals' perceptions through their preference of concepts, a pluralistic environment is built. This platform is very useful for management to study the sources of conflicts among individuals and better strategies to solve them. A conflict on using Voice over IP (VoIP) technology instead of satellite telephones in offshore industry is used as an illustration of this approach.

Field of study: Business