nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of continuous leaf wetness on photosynthesis: adverse aspects of rainfall

Above-ground parts of Phaseolus vulgaris L. plants were treated with artificial misty rain («rain») in a growth chamber to investigate the effects of leaf wetness on photosynthetic performance. The following results were obtained. (1) Stomata closed completely within 2 min of the onset of continuous «rain» application and gradually opened to half the original aperture by 60 min. The rate of CO 2 exchange measured on such wet leaves changed in parallel with the changes in stomatal aperture and attained 60 to 70% of the control level by 1 h. (2) The dependence of the rate of leaf photosynthesis, A, on the intercellular CO 2 concentration, c i [A(c i ) relationship], examined in thoroughly died leaves which had been treated with «rain» did not change until after 4 h of treatment. However, leaves treated for 6 h showed discernible decreases in A at high c i (c i > 500 μmol mol −1 ). The photosynthetic rate of leaves treated with «rain» for 24 h was reduced at all c i , and A at the ambient CO 2 concentration of 350 μmol mol −1 was 60 to 70% of that of the control level. The rate of photosynthesis did not recover even after 3 d of treatment of the plants in a dry environment. These results clearly indicate that leaf wetness causes not only instantaneous suppression of photosynthesis but also chronic damage to the photosynthetic apparatus. Potential effects of leaf wetness on photosynthetic performance in nature are also discussed

Field of study: Environmental science
Two-phase refrigerant distribution in an intermediate header of a parallel flow minichannel heat exchanger

Refrigerant R-410A distribution in a two pass evaporator with intermediate header was investigated. The number of tubes was 10 for the first pass and 12 for the second pass. Tests were conducted for the mass flux from 73 to 143 kg m −2  s −1 , quality from 0.4 to 0.6. In the intermediate header, two-phase mixture out of the first pass is merged and then re-distributed to the second pass. More liquid is forced downstream as mass flux or quality increases yielding better flow distribution. Effect of insertion device in the inlet header was also investigated. Efforts were made to develop correlations to predict the liquid or gas distribution in a header with limited success. Header pressure drop data are also provided.

Field of study: Engineering
ALMA spectroscopic survey in the Hubble ultra deep field: survey description

We present the rationale for and the observational description of ASPECS: the ALMA SPECtroscopic Survey in the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field (UDF), the cosmological deep field that has the deepest multi-wavelength data available. Our overarching goal is to obtain an unbiased census of molecular gas and dust continuum emission in high-redshift (z > 0.5) galaxies. The ~1' region covered within the UDF was chosen to overlap with the deepest available imaging from the Hubble Space Telescope. Our ALMA observations consist of full frequency scans in band 3 (84–115 GHz) and band 6 (212–272 GHz) at approximately uniform line sensitivity (L’_(CO) ~ 2 × 10^9 K km s^(−1) pc^2), and continuum noise levels of 3.8 μJy beam^(−1) and 12.7 μJy beam^(−1), respectively. The molecular surveys cover the different rotational transitions of the CO molecule, leading to essentially full redshift coverage. The [C II] emission line is also covered at redshifts 6.0 < z < 8.0. We present a customized algorithm to identify line candidates in the molecular line scans and quantify our ability to recover artificial sources from our data. Based on whether multiple CO lines are detected, and whether optical spectroscopic redshifts as well as optical counterparts exist, we constrain the most likely line identification. We report 10 (11) CO line candidates in the 3 mm (1 mm) band, and our statistical analysis shows that <4 of these (in each band) are likely spurious. Less than one-third of the total CO flux in the low-J CO line candidates are from sources that are not associated with an optical/NIR counterpart. We also present continuum maps of both the band 3 and band 6 observations. The data presented here form the basis of a number of dedicated studies that are presented in subsequent papers.

Field of study: Physics
Beheer beesleukose só : langs die drukgang

Beesleukose, ook bekend as beesleukemie, beeslimfosarkoom of kwaadaardige limfoom is 'n siekte wat in die meeste lande, insluitende Suid-Afrika, voorkom. Dit word deur die beesleukosevirus (BLV) veroorsaak en is meer algemeen in suiwelbeeste as in vleisbeeste.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Evaluation of the implementation of marine functional zoning in China based on the PSR-AHP model

A comprehensive evaluation of marine functional zoning (MFZ) implementation has aided in further strengthening marine comprehensive management. This evaluation is significant for summarizing the implementation experience, zoning establishment improvement and perfecting the zoning system. In this study, the MFZ evaluation index system, which includes three first-level indicators, 7 s-level indexes, and 23 third-level indexes, was arranged based on the systematic nature and hierarchy of the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) analysis framework involving pressure (P), state (S) and response (R). The Delphi and AHP (analytic hierarchy process) methods were used to determine the weight of each evaluation index. The results revealed that the status index has the greatest weight, indicating that zoning implementation benefits and sea use efficiency are important in the MFZ implementation evaluation standard. Then, the PSR-AHP model was constructed and applied first to MFZ evaluation in China. The MFZ comprehensive evaluation value, calculated using the geometric average method, was 0.79 (medium), which revealed that the zoning implementation achieves the desired objectives. However, MFZ implementation evaluation requires further strengthening. Subsequently, suggestions were made to strengthen the evaluation theories and research methods. Simultaneously, the MFZ evaluation system was established in this paper to provide new ideas for MFZ implementation evaluation and management.

Field of study: Environmental science
An empirical likelihood-based CUSUM for on-line model change detection

In change detection problem, the distribution of a series of observations can change at some unknown instant. The aim of on-line change detection rule is to detect this change, as rapidly as possible, while ensuring a low rate of false alarm. The most popular rule to treat this problem is the Page’s CUSUM rule. The use of this rule supposes that the two distributions, before and after the change, are known, which is often restrictive in practice. In this article, a nonparametric rule is proposed. Only two learning samples, characterizing the in-control and the out-of-control functioning modes of the system, are needed to implement the rule. The new detection approach is based on the use of a well-known nonparametric method, Empirical Likelihood. Some numerical studies show the relevance of our approach, especially when the size of the learning samples are quite small.

Field of study: Mathematics
Separation and Purification of Natural Pyrethrins by Reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Pyrethrum is an important insecticidal plant. Natural pyrethrins are a mixture of six active compounds from the pyrethrum. Because of the similarity of their structure, pyrethrins are very difficult to be separated and purified. The conditions of reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were optimized, and the six compounds were separated from the pyrethrins oil and purified. The purity of the six compounds was above 99%. The structures of the separated six compounds were confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This study provides an effective method of separating and purifying the six compounds by reversed-phase HPLC from the extract of pyrethrins, which would be a very useful aid in detection of the residue of pyrethrins in foods and would enhance functional research and pure product production of the pyrethrins' six compounds.

Field of study: Chemistry
Comparison of calculations for interplanar distances in a crystal lattice

The derivations for the general formulae of lattice interplanar distances are reviewed along with the methods using elementary geometry, intermediate Cartesian axes, and reciprocal lattice vectors. To highlight the characteristics of these three methods and the connections between them, examples for the simple cases such as orthorhombic, hexagonal, and rhombohedral systems are included. Calculations from reciprocal space are established from those from direct space with heavily involved mathematics for which details are seldom included in crystallography monographs. The only geometric method found in the literature for the interplanar distances in a crystal lattice is derived for a few specific simple cases with cos2α + cos2β + cos2γ = 1, where α, β, and γ are the angles between the normal to the plane and the axes of a orthogonal system. However, the geometric method introduced in this work is a newly developed method and this method is complementary to other methods including the advanced contemporary reciprocal method. The connections between Cartesian and crystal coordinate systems, for angular relationships and the volume of unit cell are revealed. The interplanar spacing in non-primitive lattice and crystals are also discussed.

Field of study: Materials science
Medieval neurosurgery: contributions from the Middle East, Spain, and Persia.

Modern neurological and spinal surgical techniques have been developed on the foundations established by predecessors. Modern 21st century neurosurgery begins in the Babylonian period, with the Edwin Smith papyrus. Throughout history, periods of enlightenment have resulted in advances in knowledge and understanding that have served as stepping stones for generations to come. As in other fields, in neurosurgery these periods of "enlightenment" have occurred in a variety of civilizations and time periods.

Field of study: Medicine
Quality Control Factors during Laser Forming Repair of Complex Surface Part

The Laser Forming Repair (LFR) is a state-of-the-art technology combining the Rapid Prototyping (RP) with the Laser Cladding (LC), which is the further application and development in the field of part repair and laser cladding. The metal powder was served as the raw material in LFR technology. LRF overcomes the shortcoming of conventional repair techniques, such as the weak bonding force and the repair position difficult to precisely control. In addition, the parts repaired by LRF possess the superior microstructure and properties. Besides, LRF removes the restriction of laser cladding technology on the shape, construct and thickness of cladding layer of parts. The factors influencing the quality of laser cladding layer are various, and there still exists many uncertain factors in the fabrication process. Therefore, the accomplishment of the best quality of cladding layer need accumulate abundant processing experience. Accordingly, it is necessary to find out the universal law between the processing parameters and the quality of laser cladding layer, build the quality prediction model suitable for the process control, and realize the control and prediction of the quality of laser cladding layer. As a result, the comprehensive investigation of quality control factors can achieve the intelligent control of laser machining process and the forecast of processing quality, reduce the technical requirements for operators, improve processing efficiency, and provide the basis for practical application.

Field of study: Engineering
Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora) fruit through a Box-Behnken experimental design

The fruit of the jabuticaba tree (Myrciaria cauliflora)  2010) has the special characteristic that it is borne directly on the main trunk and branches of the tree. Jabuticaba is very well known in South America, especially in Brazil (Nascimento et al., 2013). This fruit is produced twice a year and the average yield of a mature tree can be over 1000 pounds of fruit (Costa et al., 2016; Teixeira et al., 2011). This fruit is dark and has a spherical shape with a small size (3.0–4.0 cm) and it is highly appreciated due to its relevant nutritional properties (Silva et al., 2008; Wu et al., 2013). The high content of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and fibers have made jabuticaba a daily food in the diet of native people for many years (Borges et al., 2014). There are several references concerning the chemical composition of Myrciaria cauliflora and the relevant content of bioactive compounds has been highlighted, including phenolics in general and anthocyanins in particular, which are characterized by their antioxidant, anticancer, and beneficial properties against chronic diseases (Batista et al., 2014; Dessimoni-Pinto et al., 2011; Lenquiste et al., 2015; Nascimento et al., 2013). This fruit is appreciated for both fresh consumption and jam manufacturing (Alves et al., 2016). On some recent studies it has even been shown that the addition of 1-2% of freeze-dried jabuticaba peel to the diet improves health (de Sá et al., 2014). Among the anthocyanins that are naturally present in this fruit, six are more abundant than the others: pelargonidin, delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, peonidin and malvidin (Reynertson et al., 2006). These anthocyanins differ in the number and position of their hydroxyl and methoxyl groups. The main anthocyanins that have been extracted and identified in the fruit of jabuticaba are cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and delphinidin-3-O-glucoside  (Alves et al., 2013; Reynertson et al., 2006) in addition to the other predominant phenolic compounds such as jaboticabin, ellagic acid, and gallic acid (Abe et al., 2012; Alezandro et al., 2013). The extraction procedure for anthocyanins and other phenolic compounds from jabuticaba is undoubtedly of great importance in food industry. However, in spite of the appealing properties of this fruit, only a few papers have been published on the extraction of these components. On the one hand, Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora) fruit through a Box-Behnken experimental design

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Transverse even effect and Hall effect in YBaCuO superconductor

The Hall resistance was measured by the van der Pauw method on $YBa_2Cu_3O_x$ samples in magnetic fields up to 5 T. In region from 0 to 0.2 T the part of the resistance due to transversal electric field, which is even in magnetic field has been observed just below the critical temperature. This part is gradually suppressed in higher field. Only the Hall resistance (due to odd transversal voltage) has been observed in magnetic field 5 T. The Hall resistance has a typical temperature dependence with negative minimum below the critical temperature. The anisotropy of the Hall resistivity has been observed in this region. We have also tested the reciprocity theorem which is not valid near critical temperature.

Field of study: Physics
Functional Polymorphisms in Xenobiotic Metabolizing Enzymes and Their Impact on the Therapy of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is the top cancer among women, and its incidence is increasing worldwide. Although the mortality tends to decrease due to early detection and treatment, there is great variability in the rates of clinical response and survival, which makes breast cancer one of the most appealing targets for pharmacogenomic studies. The recognition that functional CYP2D6 polymorphisms affect tamoxifen pharmacokinetics has motivated the attempts of using CYP2D6 genotyping for predicting breast cancer outcomes. In addition to tamoxifen, the chemotherapy of breast cancer includes combinations of cytotoxic drugs, which are substrates for various xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes. Because of these drugs’ narrow therapeutic window, it has been postulated that impaired biotransformation could lead to increased toxicity. In the present review, we performed a systematic search of all published data exploring associations between polymorphisms in xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and clinical outcomes of breast cancer. We retrieved 43 original articles involving either tamoxifen or other chemotherapeutic protocols, and compiled all information regarding response or toxicity. The data indicate that, although CYP2D6 polymorphisms can indeed modify tamoxifen pharmacokinetics, CYP2D6 genotyping alone is not enough for predicting breast cancer outcomes. The studies involving other chemotherapeutic protocols explored a great diversity of pharmacogenetic targets, but the number of studies for each functional polymorphism is still very limited, with usually no confirmation of positive associations. In conclusion, the application of pharmacogenetics to predict breast cancer outcomes and to select one individual’s chemotherapeutic protocol is still far from clinical routine. Although some very interesting results have been produced, no clear practical recommendations are recognized yet.

Field of study: Biology
Aeroelastic Optimization of Flapping Wing Venation: A Cellular Division Approach

The aeroelastic response of a biologically inspired flappingmembrane wing to unsteady inertial and aerodynamic forces is strongly predicated upon the topological distribution of the underlying skeletal reinforcement (venation patterns). Proper exploitation of this relationship may enable the development of effective flapping wing micro air vehicles. The skeletal topology is parameterized into a developmental programwhich, when compiled and executed, evolves the wing topology in stages. A genetic algorithm can optimize the details of this program, rather than explicitly considering the topology itself, thus removing the link between design variables and topological geometry resolution. This cellular division tool is coupled to an unsteady aeroelastic representation of a flapping wing in forward flight in order to obtain the Pareto tradeoff curves between thrust generation, lift generation, and input power requirements. The topologies obtained along the front provide an understanding of the key relationships between skeletal topology, aeroelastic behavior, and performance metrics during flapping flight.

Field of study: Physics
Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm for System Identification and Controller Optimization of Automated Guided Vehicle

This paper presents a multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) with Pareto optimality and elitist tactics for the control system design of automated guided vehicle (AGV). The MOGA is used to identify AGV driving system model and optimize its servo control system sequentially. In system identification, the model identified by least square method is adopted as an evolution tutor who selects the individuals having balanced performances in all objectives as elitists. In controller optimization, the velocity regulating capability required by AGV path tracking is employed as decision-making preferences which select Pareto optimal solutions as elitists. According to different objectives and elitist tactics, several sub-populations are constructed and they evolve concurrently by using independent reproduction, neighborhood mutation and heuristic crossover. The lossless finite precision method and the multi-objective normalized increment distance are proposed to keep the population diversity with a low computational complexity. Experiment results show that the cascaded MOGA have the capability to make the system model consistent with AGV driving system both in amplitude and phase, and to make its servo control system satisfy the requirements on dynamic performance and steady-state accuracy in AGV path tracking.

Field of study: Computer science
Surgical technique for antegrade dissection of the preputial vascular pedicle during hypospadias repair.

Both layers of the prepuce can be used as vascularized flaps in hypospadias repair. The aim of this communication is to describe an antegrade approach to the harvesting of the vascular pedicle.


SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
The vascular pedicle is isolated at the level of the penopubic junction where it is most robust. Dissection then proceeds distally towards the prepuce fanning laterally.



Of 306 boys presenting for hypospadias repair in 2002-2008, this approach was utilized in 235 (77%). The vascularized flap was used as 1) a classic single or double faced onlay flap in 95, 2) a vascularized layer to cover a tubularized incised plate urethroplasty in 68, 3) a tube-onlay in 39, 4) a tubularized urethroplasty in 23, 5) for ventral skin coverage alone in 7, and 6) for a planned first stage repair in 3. Age at repair averaged 12 months (range 2-160) and follow up 36 months (range 2-68).



Antegrade dissection of the vascular pedicle is a simple, expeditious and reliable way of isolating the prepuce on its blood supply. The versatility of the resulting flaps allows the repair to be adapted to the individual anatomic conditions as opposed to one type of repair being used for all variants.

Field of study: Medicine
Spurious hypophosphatemia associated with monoclonal paraproteinemia.

Hypophosphatemia is a relatively uncommon finding in clinical practice, with a prevalence of 1–5% in all hospitalized patients. However, it is an adverse prognostic marker for mortality and morbidity. Although the correlation between serum phosphate levels and symptoms is not linear,1 severe hypophosphatemia is important to recognize and treat since it can lead to rhabdomyolysis, haemolysis, respiratory failure secondary to diaphragmatic weakness and neurological abnormalities.1–3 We report a case of spurious hypophosphatemia in a patient with longstanding MGUS coincident with the onset of Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia due to paraprotein interference with the phosphate assay used. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of spurious phosphate measurements in patients with paraproteinemias to avoid unnecessary investigation and intervention.

A 69-year-old man with chronic kidney disease stage 4 (CKD-4) was admitted after severe hypophosphatemia was found following a routine clinic visit. He reported no new symptoms except occasional postural dizziness despite a serum phosphate level of <0.1 mmol/l. Past medical history included acute …

Field of study: Medicine
When did Francisco I. Madero Decide on Revolution

A surprisingly frank letter from Francisco I. Madero, political figurehead of the Mexican Revolution of 1910, to New York publisher William Randolph Hearst casts new light on the difficult question of when Madero finally opted for revolution to topple the 35-year dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz (1876-1911). The letter was dated April 25, 1911, when Madero was with insurrectionary troops fighting at Ciudad Juarez. It contained Madero's responses to some written questions on his role in the Revolution submitted by Hearst through Sonunerfield, an American consular official in Mexico. Madero's answers were to form the basis for a news story in the Hearst newspapers.

Field of study: History