nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Regulation of immune complex-mediated complement activation by autoantibodies (F-42) isolated from sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Sera of some patients with systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE) contain IgG autoantibodies (F-42) which have been shown to stabilize the cell bound classical pathway C3 convertase of complement, C42. C42 is susceptible to inactivation by the plasma protein C4bp while stabilized C42 is relatively resistant to C4bp. The present study demonstrates that F-42 by itself does not induce activation of the classical pathway in vitro but that it is able to modulate the immune complex-induced consumption of C2 and C3 in whole serum. Incubation of incremental concentrations of F-42 with normal human serum (NHS) for 30 min at 30 degrees C did not result in detectable consumption of C1q, C4, C2 and C3. However, when soluble immune aggregates or immune complexes were incubated in NHS together with 100 u/ml of F-42, a significant increase in consumption of C3 was seen as compared to the reaction mixture containing immune complexes or F-42 alone. In addition the presence of F-42 during the immune complex mediated consumption of complement was associated with relative protection of C2 consumption. (Fab)'2 and Fab' fragments of F-42 behaved as intact F-42, except that their activities on a molar basis were less than that of intact F-42. The results presented in this paper suggest that F-42 may play a regulatory role in the immune complex-mediated consumption at C2 and C3 in vivo.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
PUSHOVER ANALYSIS ON ROCK ANCHOR FOUNDATION FOR WIND TURBO-GENERATOR AND STRESS STATE MONITORING

The finite element pushover analysis on a rock anchor foundation of a wind turbo-generator located at Guo Dian Tie Ling development zone is numerically performed by using ABAQUS of a large general-purpose software. The mechanics characteristics of the rock anchor foundation are discussed and the stress states are compared with a traditional gravity foundation, meanwhile, the numerical results are compared with the received data from the PZT-based structural health monitoring system installed in the foundation. The results show that the new-type foundation has greater advantages than those of a traditional one and it may completely replace the traditional gravity foundation in the future. Furthermore, the structural health monitoring system is operating well and the foundation works in a good condition.

Field of study: Engineering
Psychopathy, Fear Arousal and Anticipated Pain

The MMPI Pd scale was used to separate Ss into High and Low Pd groups of 10 Ss each. Skin resistance was recorded while the numbers 1 to 12 were consecutively presented on a memory drum, with Ss having been previously informed that an electric shock would be received when 8 appeared. The results indicated that as shock became imminent, the increase in conductance was greater, more rapid, and began earlier for the Low Pd Ss than for the High Pd ones. The results were related to the clinical observation that the psychopathic person is relatively unaffected by the threat of punishment.

Field of study: Psychology
Physics and physicists of the past fifty years

Dr. Wigner, Members of the American Physical Society and of other Societies associated with the American Institute of Physics, and Guests: In the case of British organizations such as the Royal Society and the British Association, it is quite customary for the president to deliver an address of a general, nontechnical character. On the other hand, in the case at least of the American Physical Society, a purely technical paper is much more common. It seems to me, however, that at a meeting where several hundred technical papers appear on the program, at least one nontechnical paper may appropriately find a place.

Field of study: Physics
Role of MAPK and PI3K pathways in hepatocyte growth factor-mediated anti-apoptosis

To investigate the role of MAPK, PI3K/AKT pathways in HGF dependent protected effect on ActD/TNF-α induced apoptosis in a liver stem like cell line WB F-344 cells.  WB cell were exposed to ActD, TNF-α or/and HGF. Apoptosis were evaluated by flow cytometry (FCM) and DNA fragmentation; the phospho-MAPK were detected by Western blot.  The results show that ActD/TNF-α can induced apoptosis in WB F-344 cells, but TNF-α does not induce a significant apoptosis alone. The apoptosis is detected at 9 h after adding ActD/TNF-α and achieves the peak at 48 h. Furthermore, we find that HGF can significantly reduce the apoptosis of WB cell induced by ActD/TNF-α and it enhanced with increase of HGF concentration. Our results also show that the anti-apoptosis effects of HGF are inhibited when PI3k pathway is abolished by the specific inhibitor Wartmanner, but not inhibited when MAPK pathway is abolished by inhibitor U0126.  Apoptosis of WB cells can be induced by ActD/TNF-α, and HGF can protect the WB cells from ActD/TNF-α induced apoptosis. Although HGF can activate both the PI3K and MAPK pathways, the anti-apoptosis effect of HGF occurs via a PI3K pathway and is not dependent on the MAPK pathway.

Field of study: Biology
Study on the Mechanism of Crisp Tofu Coagulation by Laojiang

The composition of Laojiang was analyzed which was used for coagulation of crisp tofu, and the coagulant mechanism by Laojiang was studied. The experimental results indicated that the coagulant mechanism by Laojiang was acid-coagulant,though there were three kinds of possible coagulant composition such as protein, inorganic salt and acid in Laojiang.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The Comparision and Simulation of Ad Hoc Network Routing Protocol Based on NS2

For the sake of solving the problems of bad validity and large control cost in Ad hoc Routing Protocol, in this paper, by using NS2, a simulation tool, to compare three common Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector) and DSR (dynamic source routing). The result of simu simulation lation network routing protocols, they are DSD (destination- destinationsequenced sequenced distance-vector) vector). AODV (Ad indicate that on-Demand router protocol is much more suitable in Ad Hoc network than initiative router protocol.In the same simulation environment, the performance of transmission in DSR and AODV protocl is good than DSDV protocol. Expounding the normal method and process in Ad Hoc routing protocol by using the simulation flat of NS2-2.28, for the researcher in Ad Hoc network, it would be a effective reference.

Field of study: Computer science
Domains of uniform convergence of real rational chebyshev approximants

Let the function ƒ be real-valued and continuous on [-1,1]. Denote by Rn,n, n = 1,2, … the rational Chebyshev approximants of order (n,n) of f on the interval. The present paper is inspired by a conjecture raised up by A. A. Gonchar, namely: If all (starting with a number n0) rational functions Rn,n are analytic in some Joukowski’s ellipse Ɛ, then ƒ admits an analytic continuation from [-1,1] into Ɛ. We show that the hypothesis is true if the set of the free poles of Rn,n and the set of the alternation points are asymptotically “well distributed”.

Field of study: Philosophy
Very Fast, Ligand-Free and Aerobic Protocol for the Synthesis of 4-Aryl-Substituted Triphenylamine Derivatives

A fast, convenient and ligand-free protocol for the synthesis of a series of 4-aryl-substituted triphenylamine derivatives by a palladium-catalysed aerobic Suzuki reaction of aryl halides with [4-(diphenylamino)phenyl]boronic acid in aqueous iPrOH is described. Importantly, both aryl bromides and heteroaryl halides afforded good to excellent yields under mild conditions.

Field of study: Chemistry
Virulence in phage populations infecting Halobacterium cutirubrum

Phages of low virulence predominated culturable phage populations in a naturally occurring Jamaican salt pond with Halobacterium cutirubrum as host. These mutated rapidly in culture to higher virulence due to more rapid adsorption to host cells. Wild-type phages of low virulence, S50.2 and S41, with adsorption rate constants ( K ) of 1.15 and 1.21×10 −11 ml min −1 mutated to produce highly virulent derivatives S50.2Vm and S41Vm with K =2.60 and 2.61×10 −11 ml min −1 , values similar to the most virulent wild-type phages S5100 and S4100, K =2.61 and 2.55×10 −11 ml min −1 respectively. Quantitative measures of intracellular phage development were constant among low and high virulence wild-type and mutant phages S50.2, S5100 and S50.2Vm with eclipse periods of 5.5 h, latent periods of 9 h and average apparent burst sizes of 60–65. We propose that the natural environment may select for slow adsorption to reduce the frequency of release of DNA from phage particles in response to encounters with non-host material.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Kinetics of Reactive Diffusion in the (Pd-Cu)/Sn System 
at Solid-State Temperatures

The kinetics of solid-state reactive diffusion in the (Pd-Cu)/Sn system was experimentally observed to examine how adding Cu into Pd influenced the growth behavior of compounds at the junction between the Sn-base solder and the multilayer Pd/Ni/Cu conductor during energization heating. In our experiment, Sn/(Pd-Cu)/Sn diffusion couples with Cu mole fractions (y) of 0.243, 0.497, and 0.735 were isothermally annealed at temperatures of 433 K to 473 K for various times up to 385 h. Annealing caused an intermetallic layer of rather uniform thickness to form between the Sn and Pd-Cu specimens in the diffusion couple. The intermetallic layer consisted of PdSn4, PdSn3, PdSn2, and Cu6Sn5 for y = 0. 243. However, PdSn3 and PdSn2 were not clearly detected for y = 0.497 or 0.735. The total thickness of the intermetallic layer was proportional to a power function of the annealing time, with the exponent of the power function being 0.33 to 0.53. Cases where the exponent was smaller than 0.5 indicated that boundary diffusion controlled the growth of the intermetallic layer. Cases where the exponent was equal to 0.5 implied that volume diffusion was the rate-controlling process. Even for exponents close to 0.5, however, the grain growth behavior of the intermetallic layer suggested that the layer growth was governed by boundary diffusion. For the annealing times tested in this work, the overall growth rate of the intermetallic layer was insensitive to the Cu concentration at y < 0.75, but decreased remarkably with increasing Cu concentration at y > 0.75. As a consequence, the growth of compounds at the Pd junction in the multilayer Pd/Ni/Cu conductor was markedly decelerated by adding Cu when y > 0.75.

Field of study: Materials science
Late Paleozoic strike-slip faulting in southern Europe and northern Africa: Result of a right-lateral shear zone between the Appalachians and the Urals

Late Paleozoic wrench faulting in southern Europe and northern Africa is interpreted as a right-lateral shear zone induced by the relative motion of two plates – a northern one that includes the Canadian Shield, Greenland, and stable Europe and a southern one that includes the African Shield plus an unknown eastern extension. The relative movement of these two plates was transformed into shortening at both ends of the shear zone and led to the formation of late Paleozoic mountain belts: the Urals to the east and the southern Appalachians to the west. Theoretical and experimental models of the dynamics of faulting may account for the arrangement of the fractures in the shear zone and for the observed displacements.

Field of study: Geology
Thomas DeGregori’s “Back to the Future”: A Comment

It would be unfortunate if Thomas DeGregori's review of Limited Wants,  A Reader on Hunter-Gatherer Economies and the Environment, edited by John Gowdy [1998], dissuaded institutionalists from reading the book. The collection of essays included in this book, which begins with Marshall Sahlins's essay depicting the hunter-gather societies as the first affluent societies, addresses many issues important to institutionalists: the cultural basis of scarcity, the mythology of rational economic man, the origins of inequality, sustainability, the nature of work, the role of technology, and so on. For DeGregori, however, the value of the book lies not in what it says about these issues, but in the questions it implies. Is the hunter-gatherer society the highest form of social organization? Is institutionalism evolving in an anti-technology direction? If so, does this relegate Ayres's view of the progressive nature of technology and the idea that "resources become" to the dusty lumber room of institutionalist thought [DeGregori 1998]? DeGregori's position on these questions stems from his view that "the impact of technology on human life is a primary and continuing cause of human betterment" . His critique, however, suffers from some of the same criticisms of selectivity and omission that he accuses Gowdy and the other authors of having. Still, his critique raises some important concerns including the presumed affluence of huntergatherer societies; whether the !Kung Bushmen, who are the source of much of the ethnological literature on hunter-gatherers, are representative of hunter-gatherer societies; a consideration of the revisionist view of hunter-gatherer studies; and the progressive role of technology.

Field of study: Economics
Transforming growth factor beta 1 plays an important role in inducing CD4+CD25+forhead box P3+ regulatory T cells by mast cells

The role of mast cells (MCs) in the generation of adaptive immune responses especially in the transplant immune responses is far from being resolved. It is reported that mast cells are essential intermediaries in regulatory T cell (Treg) transplant tolerance, but the mechanism has not been clarified. To investigate whether bone marrow‐derived mast cells (BMMCs) can induce Tregs by expressing transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF‐β1) in vitro, bone marrow cells obtained from C57BL/6 (H‐2b) mice were cultured with interleukin (IL)‐3 (10 ng/ml) and stem cell factor (SCF) (10 ng/ml) for 4 weeks. The purity of BMMCs was measured by flow cytometry. The BMMCs were then co‐cultured with C57BL/6 T cells at ratios of 1:2, 1:1 and 2:1. Anti‐CD3, anti‐CD28 and IL‐2 were administered into the co‐culture system with (experiment groups) or without (control groups) TGF‐β1 neutralizing antibody. The percentages of CD4+CD25+forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)+ Tregs in the co‐cultured system were analysed by flow cytometry on day 5. The Treg percentages were significantly higher in all the experiment groups compared to the control groups. These changes were deduced by applying TGF‐β1 neutralizing antibody into the co‐culture system. Our results indicated that the CD4+ T cells can be induced into CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells by BMMCs via TGF‐β1.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Multiple solutions for hydromagnetic flow of a second grade fluid over a stretching or shrinking sheet

We study a class of fourth-order nonlinear differential equations arising in the hydromagnetic flow of a second grade fluid over a stretching or shrinking sheet. Explicit exact solutions are obtained. Furthermore we show that the differential equation may admit zero or one or two physically meaningful solutions depending on the values of the physical parameters of the model. As a special case, we recover the single or the dual solutions and compare them with the available results in the literature. Also, the obtained multiple solutions for several sets of values of the parameters are presented through tables and graphs, and the qualitative behaviors are discussed.

Field of study: Mathematics
Casimir torque on chains of nanoparticles

We investigate the Casimir torque acting on a chain of rotating nanoparticles. We show that this noncontact interaction, which arises from the vacuum and thermal fluctuations of the electromagnetic field, mediates an efficient transfer of angular momentum between the elements of the chain. Working within the framework of fluctuational electrodynamics, we derive analytical expressions for the Casimir torque acting on each nanoparticle in the chain, which we use to analyze the synchronization of chains with different geometries and to predict exotic dynamics including a rattleback-like behavior. Our results provide new insights into the Casimir torque and how it can be exploited to achieve efficient noncontact transfer of angular momentum at the nanoscale, and therefore have important implications for the control and manipulation of nanomechanical devices.

Field of study: Physics
From the perspective of inter-subjectivity:the key element relationof the teaching activities

The inter-subjectivity, as a key philosophy category, has explained the inter-reaction, function and impacts between subjective and objective world among the subjects. From the perspective of inter-subjectivity, the teaching activity is the practice activity, which is regarding the teacher and student as the subjects, acting on the teaching resources by the tie between subjects, and with the aim of recognizing the objective world and promoting subjective world. The intermediary of subjects is the achievement of social history and culture by the language. The inter-subjectivity category have offered the theoretical foundation of explanation for the vitality, abundance and the constructive property of the teaching activity.

Field of study: Education
Wireless Sensor Network Node Solar Energy Storage BatteryCharging and Discharging Protection Circuit

Battery is an important component of solar-powered devices.This design of the battery charge and discharge protection,the use of comparators,transistors,shunt-chip microcomputer or chip,reducing the energy consumption itself.In charging protection circuit to prevent recharging voltage,increasing the high voltage branch;in a discharge protection increase hysteresis circuit solve the general discharge protection caused by damage to the battery,oscillation to charge and discharge protection function more perfect.The experimental results show that the circuit is simple,and easy to operate,and charge and discharge protection movement accurate,reliable,and suitable for the maintenance of the inconvenience in remote wireless sensor network monitoring application.

Field of study: Engineering
INHIBITION OF TNF-α AND IL-6 PRODUCTION BY AUCUBIN THROUGH BLOCKADE OF NF-κB ACTIVATION IN RBL-2H3 MAST CELLS

Antigen (Ag)-stimulated mast cells induce synthesis and production of cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 with proinflammatory and immune regulatory properties. Expression of TNF-α and IL-6 was regulated by a transcription factor, nuclear factor (NF)-κB. The iridoid glycoside, aucubin, has been found as a natural constituent of many traditional oriental medicinal plants. We studied the effect of aucubin on the TNF-α and IL-6 expression in Ag-stimulated rat basophilic leukemia (RBL)-2H3 mast cells. We show that aucubin inhibited Ag-induced TNF-α and IL-6 production and expression in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 of 0.101 and 0.19 μg/ml, respectively. Maximal inhibition of TNF-α and IL-6 production was 73±4.3% and 88.8±5%, respectively. Aucubin also inhibited Ag-induced nuclear translocation of p65 subunit of NF-κB and degradation of IκBα. Inhibition of NF-κB activation by aucubin might be specific since activator protein-1 binding activity was not affected. In conclusion, these results suggest that aucubin is a specific inhibitor of NF-κB activation in mast cells, which might explain its beneficial effect in the treatment of chronic allergic inflammatory diseases.

Field of study: Medicine
Policymaking Network of the Iron-Triangle Subgovernment for Licensing Hazardous Waste Facilities

The purposes here are to explain the linkage of (1) economic methodology, (2) corporate networks, and (3) federal court decisions in the licensing of hazardous waste facilities and to recognize the opportunity the combination of the three provides for institutional economists.' The United States has the best and most comprehensive set of laws we might expect from a legislative process in order to prevent human disease, loss of property, and ecological system destruction from hazardous, toxic, and radioactive waste. Yet the licensing process and assessment that has grown out of that legislation has not produced the protection expected. The waste disposal problem continues to grow. The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969 is another achievement of the "Greatest Generation."2 It was the world's first environmental policy of such proportion, and it became a model for environmental policies and legislation in nations around the globe for protecting the environment (see Colombo 1992). Consistent with institutionalism, NEPA has been called "an organic act for environmental protection" (Ringquist 1999, 88). The approximately 50,000 NEPA environmental assessments prepared annually are an indication that the influence NEPA is to have on comprehensive planning is intended to be pervasive. The principal tools of NEPA for assessing impacts and planning actions are the environmental impact assessment (EIA) and the environmental impact statement (EIS). The purpose of the EIA is to ensure that appropriate attention is given to environmental issues. It is to provide adequate information on projects such as waste disposal projects that affect the environment. "All environmentally relevant impacts of such

Field of study: Economics
Development of conduction-cooled high temperature superconducting magnet

We are carrying out a National High Technology Program in China to fabricate a magnetic separator by using a conduction-cooled Bi-based high temperature superconducting (HTS) magnet. The magnet is made of Bi-2223 pancakes, and has the inner and outer coil diameters of 120 mm and 211.2 mm and coil height of 202.8 mm. The operating current is about 80 A. This magnet is cryocooler-cooled with no liquid helium and should generate a magnetic field of 3 T at a temperature of 20 K. In the paper, we report the design and fabrication technique of the HTS magnet.

Field of study: Physics
Applications of complementarity plot in error detection and structure validation of proteins.

The complementarity plot (CP) is based on packing and electrostatics of amino acid residues buried within globular proteins and is a sensitive indicator of the harmony or disharmony of interior residues with regard to short and long range forces sustaining the native fold. As a structure validation tool, it has already been reported to be effective in detecting erroneous side-chain torsions in obsoleted structures. The current study describes the design of several local and global scores based on CP and surveys their utilities in discriminating between obsolete structures and their corresponding upgraded counterparts, detection of wrong rotamer assignments and in identifying packing anomalies. CPs are especially effective in the detection of low-intensity errors (in main-chain geometrical parameters) diffused over the entire polypeptide chain. The methodology is also used to confirm the integral role played by strategic deviations (in main-chain geometrical parameters) in maintaining fold integrity, as reversal to their corresponding ideal values (either unimodal or conformation dependent) lead to large-scale structural distortions. A special feature of this validation tool is to signal unbalanced partial charges within protein interiors. The application of CP in protein homology modeling and protein design is also demonstrated.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
No. 41871. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and Saint Lucia

Loan Agreement (Water Supply Infrastructure Improvement Project) between Saint Lucia and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (with schedules and General Conditions Applicable to Loan and Guarantee Agreements for Fixed-Spread Loans dated 1 September 1999, as amended through 1 May 2004). Washington, 23 June 2005

Field of study: Political science