nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Classifying metrics for assessing Object-Oriented Software Maintainability: A family of metrics' catalogs

OOSM metrics' categorization was proposed: 7 categories and 17 subcategories.The categories were used as engine of the generation of OOSM metrics catalogs.A family of OOSM metrics catalogs was proposed.Coverage indexes defined to assess our approach were greater than 90. Object-Oriented Programming is one of the most used paradigms. Complementarily, the software maintainability is considered a software attribute playing an important role in quality level. In this context, Object-Oriented Software Maintainability (OOSM) has been studied through years, and many researchers have proposed a large number of metrics to measure it. Consequently, the decision-making process about which metrics can be adopted in experiments on OOSM is a hard task. Therefore, a metrics' categorization has been proposed to facilitate this process. As result, 7 categories and 17 subcategories were identified. These categories represent the scenarios of OOSM metrics adoption, and a family of OOSM metrics catalog was generated based on the selection of a metrics' categorization. Additionally, a quasi-experiment was conducted to check the coverage index of the catalogs generated using our approach over the catalogs suggested by experts. 90% of coverage was obtained with 99% of confidential level using the Wilcoxon Test. Complementarily, a survey was conducted to check the experts' opinion about the catalog generated by the portal when they were compared by the catalogs suggested by them. Therefore, this evaluation can be the first evidences of the usefulness of the family of the catalogs based on the metrics' categorization.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Recent performance of the Photon Factory gratingcrystal monochromator station BL-1A in the soft X-ray region.

This paper describes the recent performance of the Photon Factory beamline 1A with InSb(111) crystals used as the diffracting elements of the grating/crystal monochromator for monochromatizing soft X-rays. Pt-coated collimating and focusing mirrors located upstream and downstream of the monochromator have recently been replaced with Ni-coated mirrors in order to remove absorption structures at the Pt M-edges from output spectra in the soft X-ray region. Output spectra without the absorption structures and with higher intensity in the range 2000-3400 eV were obtained by using the Ni-coated collimating and focusing mirrors.

Field of study: Physics
A lightweight encapsulation protocol for IP over MPEG-2 networks: design, implementation and analysis

Digital TV Broadcast standards (e.g., ATSC, DVB) offer a good solution to last mile Internet delivery. Satellites, terrestrial broadcast, and cable systems are well suited to the delivery of high bandwidth data to the end user. Low transport overhead and ready availability of MPEG-2 TS equipment make it very appealing as a bearer for connecting IP networks. The Multi-Protocol Encapsulation (MPE) is a standard for the transport of IP over DVB. However, MPE has a number of shortcomings and inefficiencies when supporting next generation Internetworking systems. This paper describes a new method for the encapsulation of IPv4/IPv6 datagrams, known as the Ultra Lightweight Encapsulation (ULE) that overcomes limitations of MPE. The paper provides the rationale for developing ULE and provides measurements and analysis to show that the new scheme can offer additional functionality while achieving increased transmission efficiency.

Field of study: Computer science
Resonances in low energy elastic scattering of α-particles from28Si

The elastic scattering of α-particles from28Si at incident energies between 5 and 12 MeV (4.4 and 10.5 MeV in the centre-of-mass system) was studied to ascertain whether quasimolecular states exist for the α+28Si system, as predicted in the literature in terms of a microscopic theory based on the generator coordinate method. Angular distributions were obtained for angles larger than 70°, in energy steps of 100 keV. Analysis of the experimental data was performed by coherently adding specific resonances to an underlying optical model which describes the background portion of the direct elastic scattering amplitude. As is usual, it was furthermore assumed that the average compound elastic contribution adds incoherently to the total cross section. In spite of the presence of a resonance characterized by an angular momentum value ofJ=3 in the energy region, as required by theory, no evidence could be found for the existence of other resonances with the expectedJ-sequence. We conclude that our experiment and analysis do not support the predictions of the microscopic theory.

Field of study: Physics
Paleozoic Laurentia-Gondwana interaction and the origin of the Appalachian-Andean mountain system

Laurentia, the rift-bounded Precambrian nucleus of North America, may have broken out from a Neoproterozoic supercontinent between East and West Gondwana. Several lines of evidence suggest that the Appalachian margin of Laurentia subsequently collided with the proto-Andean margin of the amalgamated Gondwana supercontinent in different relative positions during early and mid-Paleozoic time, in route to final docking against northwest Africa to complete the assembly of Pangea. Hence the Appalachian and Andean orogens may have originated as a single mountain system. The overall hypothesis retains the same paleomagnetic and paleobiogeographic controls as previous global reconstructions for the Paleozoic Era. Laurentia-Gondwana collisions may help to explain contemporaneous unconformities in the Paleozoic sedimentary cover of the Laurentian, Gondwanan, and Baltic cratons.

Field of study: Geology
The role of user control in media multitasking effects

User control is a characteristic of a medium, which allows users to control the pace and sequence with which information is presented. This study examined the role of user control in recognition memory when media users multitask. More specifically, it was examined whether user control could reduce the negative impact of media multitasking on recognition memory. Results of Study 1 showed that high user control induced greater recognition memory compared to low or moderate user control. In addition, Study 2 and 3 showed that the positive impact of high user control on recognition memory was stronger when structural interference was high (e.g., visual-visual multitasking) than when structural interference was low (e.g., visual-audio multitasking). The theoretical and practical implications are further discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
The contradictions of teaching bilingually in post-colonial Burundi: From Nyakatsi to Maisons en Étage

This article examines language practices in schools in rural and urban areas of Burundi, where Kirundi is central to post-independence nation-building, but French the language of power mastered by the urban elite. A close analysis of specific episodes in two classrooms shows that Kirundi/French code contrast helps construct a distinction between knowledge of the world in rural and urban settings, and between knowledge of the world outside and inside school. These distinctions orient students to the value of French and French-mediated knowledge and marginalise Kirundi, thus serving to reinforce the dominance of French and hence of the Frenchspeaking elite.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
Oscillations of 2DEG thermoelectric coefficients in magnetic field under microwave irradiation

It is known that under microwave irradiation, in 2D electron systems with high filling factors oscillations of longitudinal magnetoresistance appear in the range of magnetic fields where ordinary SdH oscillations are suppressed. In the present paper we propose a simple quasiclassical model of these new oscillations based on the Boltzmann kinetic equation. Our model also predicts similar oscillations in diffusion component of thermoelectric coefficients, which should be observable at low temperatures.

Field of study: Physics
The environmental risks of pharmaceuticals beyond traditional toxic effects: Chemical differences that can repel or entrap aquatic organisms.

The aim of the present study was to assess the risks of four different pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs; diazepam, metformin, omeprazole and simvastatin). Acute and chronic toxicities were studied using the bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri and the microalgae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata; while the repellency and attractiveness were assessed by avoidance tests with juvenile Cypirinus carpio using a multi-compartmented exposure system. Omeprazole was found to be an acutely toxic drug (EC50: 0.015 mg/L), while the other PhACs, except simvastatin, showed some chronic toxicity. Regarding avoidance, simvastatin and omeprazole induced an escape response for 50% of the fish population at 0.032 and 0.144 mg/L, respectively; contrarily, diazepam was attractive, even at lethal concentrations, representing a dangerous trap for organisms. The toxicity of the PhACs seemed not to be directly related to their repellency; and the mode of action seems to determine the repellency or attractiveness of the chemicals. Contamination by PhACs is of concern due to the environmental disturbance they might cause, either due to their acute and chronic toxicity (at the individual level), repellency (at the ecosystem level: loss of local biodiversity) or attraction to potentially lethal levels.

Field of study: Environmental science
Studies on the effect of various parameters on crotalarin-fetuin interaction.

With a view to optimise the interaction of crotalarin, a blood group A-specific lectin from the seeds of Crotalaria striata with fetuin the effect of various parameters on the reaction has been studied turbidimetrically. The formation of crotalarin-fetuin complex was dependent on time, temperature, pH and the ionic strength of the medium. The maximum turbidity appeared in 30 min at 20 degrees C and the pH optimum was 3.5. The binding constant (Ka) for crotalarin-fetuin interaction was 5.58 x 10(4) M-1 (pH 3.5) at 20 degrees C. Among the different inorganic salts tested, the cations with increasing concentrations had pronounced effect on binding. KCNS and KI, however, were noninhibitory. The turbidity slightly increased in presence of different sodium salts, whereas periodate and urea reduced the interaction. The different alcohols had no remarkable effect on the above reaction.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
On the comparative static properties of the expected population density in the presence of stochastic fluctuations

We consider the impact of increased stochastic fluctuations on the expected density of an unstructured population evolving according to a regular diffusion process subject to a concave expected growth rate. By relying on the flow nature of the solutions of stochastic differential equations and Girsanovs theorem, we demonstrate that typically increased volatility decreases the expected future population density. As a consequence, we are able to characterize the sensitivity of the expected population density with respect to changes in the diffusion coefficient measuring the size of the stochastic fluctuations. We provide both qualitative and quantitative information about the consequences of a mis-specified volatility structure and, especially, of a deterministic approximation to stochastic population growth. We also consider the effect of uncertainty in the initial density and demonstrate that the sign of the relationship between the expected population density and initial uncertainty is unambiguosly negative.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Comorbid depression in rheumatoid arthritis: Pathophysiology and clinical implications

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory illness that primarily affects the joints. It is associated with symptoms of fatigue, pain, and sleep disturbances that can overlap with or mimic symptoms of depression. Depressive symptoms are highly comorbid with RA and may occur with at least mild severity in up to 42% of RA patients. RA and depression contribute to mortality, decreased quality of life, increased health care costs, and disability. Inflammatory pathways may hold the key to a link between depression and RA, and cytokines have been a major target of research in this area. This article reviews some of the most recent research and commentary on this complex relationship.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
The Sorry Politics of the Balanced Budget

balanced budget amendment (BBA) is again on the nation's agenda and, as of this writing, is again unlikely to pass this time because of the combined opposition of President Bill Clinton, Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin, and Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan. However, there is no reason to think it will not raise its head again and again in coming years. We should put the danger of the BBA in clear perspective and perhaps bury it once and for all, so that policymakers can focus on the real challenge of achieving sustainable fiscal balance.

Field of study: Economics
Causes and corrections for 3D image artifact in HCT

In recent years, helical computed tomography (HCT) has gained significant popularity in clinical applications. The advantages of HCT include the capability of scanning a complete anatomical volume in a single breath-hold and the capability of generating images at arbitrary locations. Because of the inherent inconsistency in the helical data set, however, recent studies have unveiled various HCT-related image artifacts. In this paper, we have performed a detailed analysis on one of the artifacts in the 3D shaded surface display (SSD): the "grooving" artifact. We have developed an analytical model to show that the artifact is caused by the angular-dependent edge response of the HCT reconstruction algorithm. The accuracy of the model is confirmed by both computer simulations and phantom experiments. Based on the model, we have presented several correction algorithms to combat the grooving artifacts. Computer simulations and phantom experiments are used to demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the corrections.

Field of study: Physics
Die Druckabhängigkeit der Ionisatio durch Ultrastrahlung und durch Gammastrahlung

ZusammenfassungUm über die Druckabhängigkeit der Ionisation durch Ultrastrahlung ein Urteil abgeben zu können, muß man mit Sättigungswerten rechnen. Bis heute lassen sich diese bei höheren Drucken nur dadurch gewinnen, daß bei verschiedenen, starken und homogenen Feldern gemessen und für Feld ∞ mit der Kolonnenionisationsformel von Jaffé in der linearen Form (Zanstra) extrapoliert wird. Diése Formel wurde in einer Anzahl von Gasen bei einem Druck bis zu 150 Atm. für kosmische Strahlen und für Gammastrahlen experimentell verifiziert. Die Abhängigkeit des Sättigungsgrades von der Feldstärke ist für Gammastrahlen und Ultrastrahlen verschieden. — Ebenso ist auch die Abhängigkeit des Sättigungswertes vom Druck für beide Strahlungen verschieden, weil der kritische Druck für beide Strahlungen verschieden ist. Unterhalb dieses Druckes ist die Sättigung dem Druck proportional, oberhalb dagegen ist sie I=Ap + B + Cp, worin A, B und C von der Gasfüllung und vom Material der Wand abhängen, sowie für Gammastrahlen und für Ultrastrahlen verschieden sind.

Field of study: Physics
Efficiency of Chinese ECA policy on the coastal emission with evasion behavior of ships

As the main component of international transportation, the shipping industry cannot be underestimated in pollutant emissions. To control the emission of pollutants, IMO and the major countries have designed ECA to limit ships’ emission in the offshore area. The implementation of ECA has a direct impact on the ship’s cost. Therefore, this paper studied how the ship’s behavior changes under ECA policy. Furthermore, we simulated the ship’s evasion trajectory under different ECA policies using AIS data. Meantime, the change of ship cost and emission reduction under different policies is analyzed. We found that the distorted emission reduction is increasing first and decreasing with the ECA boundary moving far away from the coastline. The saved cost by evasion behavior has the same variation trend. Furthermore, the emission reduction efficiency related to the increase in ship’s operating cost has a peak value with the distance of ECA boundary moving. This study could help the government to evaluate and design ECA policy.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Nonparametric “Trim and Fill” Method of Accounting for Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis

Meta-analysis collects and synthesizes results from individual studies to estimate an overall effect size. If published studies are chosen, say through a literature review, then an inherent selection bias may arise, because, for example, studies may tend to be published more readily if they are statistically significant, or deemed to be more “interesting” in terms of the impact of their outcomes. We develop a simple rank-based data augmentation technique, formalizing the use of funnel plots, to estimate and adjust for the numbers and outcomes of missing studies. Several nonparametric estimators are proposed for the number of missing studies, and their properties are developed analytically and through simulations. We apply the method to simulated and epidemiological datasets and show that it is both effective and consistent with other criteria in the literature.

Field of study: Mathematics
Electrostatically scanned reflectors for interferometer and laser applications.

The paper describes the design and performance of an electrostatically scanned film reflector. A drive scan sensitivity of better than a wavelength per volt at 6328 A can be achieved with the use of appropriate polarization voltages. The power requirements for both polarization and drive may be made extremely low. In addition the device is capable of good optical properties together with large linear displacements. It should find wide application in interferometer and laser systems, particularly in the infrared region of the spectrum.

Field of study: Physics
An Eighteenth-Century Linguistic Borderland

In the eighteenth-century Pennsylvania backcountry, English, Scots-Irish, and German colonials and immigrants met Iroquoian, Algonquian, and Siouan speakers pushed by European settlement or pulled by the Six Nations to buffer Iroquoia. They created a complex, and at times confusing, linguistic landscape. Racial and ethnic diversity was audible, but language was also a permeable boundary. The journals of the Quaker trader James Kenny (1758–59, 1761–63), in manuscript at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania and published in this journal nearly a century ago, are remarkable sources that provide insight into intercultural communication and multilingualism amid the overlapping ethnic revitalizations of the Great Awakening and prophetic nativism, pervasive rumors of violence, and warfare.

Field of study: History
Oligocene and Miocene metamorphism, folding, and low-angle faulting in northwestern Utah

An area of 3,000 km 2 in and around the Grouse Creek Mountains and the Raft River Mountains exposes Precambrian, Paleozoic, and Triassic sedimentary rocks that were folded several times and displaced tens of kilometres on low-angle faults. Overturned folds and local imbrications indicate transport westward and northward during two episodes of metamorphic deformation and transport eastward after metamorphism. Metamorphic grade increases downward in the allochthonous sheets and autochthon and increases westward in the autochthon. Mineral grains are flattened into the horizontal plane, and shear strains increase upward, suggesting that the deformations were caused by gravity acting on a broadly heated dome. Rb-Sr dating of granitic plutons affected by the deformations indicates that (1) the area is underlain by adamellite, about 2.5 b.y. old, in which deformation decreased progressively downward; (2) the first metamorphic deformation probably ended before 38.2 ± 2.0 m.y. ago; and (3) the second metamorphic deformation was still underway 24.9 ± 0.6 m.y. ago. High-grade allochthonous rocks that lie on low-grade parts of the autochthon indicate as much as 30 km of eastward transport after metamorphism. Parts of the dome sagged to form broad basins 12 m.y. ago, and the coarse sediments and tuffs that accumulated in them were overrun by allochthonous sheets measuring at least 11 by 19 km. Two Rb-Sr mineral isochrons and several fission-track ages indicate that some parts of the area cooled below 400 °C only 10 m.y. ago.

Field of study: Geology
Interaction of XeCl laser radiation with polymers

An experimental investigation was made of the interaction of nanosecond ultraviolet radiation pulses with polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, and polyethylene terephthalate. A study of ablation of polyethylene terephthalate showed that under certain conditions the rate of etching increased severalfold and the damage to the regions surrounding the irradiation spot decreased. Under these conditions the main polymer damage mechanism was two-photon dissociation of the molecules.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Price Competition for an Informed Buyer

We investigate the outcomes of simultaneous price competition in the presence of private information on the demand side. Each of two sellers offers a different variety of a good to a buyer endowed with a private binary signal on their relative quality. We analyze how the unique equilibrium of the game changes as a function of the (common) prior belief on the relative quality of the goods and the precision of the private information of the buyer. Competition is fierce, and the buyer enjoys high rents, when the prior belief is biased in favor of one good and private signals are not very informative: the ex ante superior seller cannot resist the temptation to clear the market, and triggers an aggressive response by the competitor. When instead the distribution of ex post valuations is highly spread, due to a vague prior belief and strong signals, the sellers become local monopolists and extract high rents from the buyer. We provide a full characterization of the mixed-strategy equilibrium which arises when the two goods are mildly differentiated ex post. Overall, the market-clearing temptation effect destroys the monotonicity and convexity of the equilibrium profit of a seller in the prior belief. As a consequence, a competing seller does not necessarily benefit from revelation of public information, sometimes even if biased in its favor. This paper analyzes the behavior of posterior distributions under the Jeffreys prior in a simultaneous equations model. The case under study is that of a general limited information setup with n + 1 endogenous variables. The Jeffreys prior is shown to give rise to a marginal posterior density which has Cauchy-like tails similar to that exhibited by the exact finite sample distribution of the corresponding LIML estimator. A stronger correspondence is established in the special case of a just-identified orthonormal canonical model, where the posterior density under the Jeffreys prior is shown to have the same functional form as the density of the finite sample distribution of the LIML estimator. The work here generalizes that of Chao and Phillips (1997), which gives analogous results for the special case of two endogenous variables.

Field of study: Economics