nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Spanning the boundary between climate science and coastal communities: Opportunities and challenges

Climate science is complex and sometimes controversial. One of the challenges for coastal adaptation is spanning the boundary between the technical scientists and other stakeholders including local communities and decision-makers. The technical science is very much the domain of professional climatologists, meteorologists, modellers, oceanographers, biologists and geomorphologists. However, the application of this science to the strategic and tactical management of a local coast and ocean requires applied knowledge about the particular coast and the marine environment, including its vulnerability, community values, local politics and relationships, and formal and informal decision-making pathways. We suggest here that there are many organisations and individuals who play important roles in spanning these boundaries. Their roles include some or all of the following: bringing stakeholders together to negotiate pathways forward; translating the complex technical science into terms useful for management and conveying the needs of management or community to scientists; facilitating new applied knowledge and awareness through deliberations; and mediating conflict resulting from different priorities among the stakeholders. In this paper we focus on organisations and agents who are endeavouring to cross these long-standing boundaries and successfully move climate science information between the knowledge-makers and decision-makers in Australian coastal communities. We use two case studies to examine the opportunities and challenges for the uptake of climate science in these communities. The first case study (OceanWatch: a potential boundary organisation for enabling climate science uptake in the commercial fishing industry) is on enabling climate science uptake in the fishing industry through the potential role of a not-for-profit organisation. The second (Northern Agricultural Catchments Council: managing boundaries for coastal adaptation in the City of Geraldton and its region) explores planning for the coastal town of Geraldton, Western Australia and its surrounding region. For each case study we analyse the functions of convening, collaborating, translating and mediating played by boundary organisations and boundary spanners. We then assess their capacity to enhance the salience, credibility and legitimacy of the process.

Field of study: Environmental science
Difference in subjective sense of fitness happiness between college students and its affecting factors

The authors carried out the study by basing their testees on 1000 on-campus college students in four classes and using the Form of Measurement of Subjective Sense of Fitness Happiness of College Students they made,and revealed the following findings:1)the overall level of subjective sense of fitness happiness of college students is relatively high,whereas there is a significant difference in terms of type of college and class – the level of subjective sense of fitness happiness of college students in major universities is higher,while that of sophomore and senior students is the lowest;2)direct factors that affect subjective sense of fitness happiness of college students are fitness experience,fitness skill,fitness emotion and fitness expectation in the decreasing order of affecting de-gree,and are positively correlative with subjective sense of fitness happiness of college students;3)the affecting factors can effectively explain and predict the occurrence and change of subjective sense of fitness happiness of college students.

Field of study: Education
MiR-410 Down-Regulates the Expression of Interleukin-10 by Targeting STAT3 in the Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder, in the pathogenesis of which miRNAs play a versatile function. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of miRNA-410 on the pathogenesis of SLE in T cells of SLE patients.  Real-time PCR was used to test the mRNA levels of miRNA-410 in SLE patients and healthy controls. ELISA analysis was performed to examine the production levels of IL-10. Luciferase Assay was used to confirm the targeting effect of miRNA-410 on 3'UTR of STAT3 mRNA.  We found that the expression level of miR-410 in T cells of SLE patients was decreased comparing to that in healthy controls, whereas overexpression of miR-410 significantly reduced the expression levels of IL-10. Furthermore, miR-410 suppresses the transcription activity of STAT3 by binding directly to the 3 'UTR of STAT3 mRNA. Moreover, silence of STAT3 down regulated IL-10 expression in CD3+ T cells.  Our results demonstrate that miR-410 is the key regulatory factor in the pathogenesis of SLE by regulating the expression of IL-10 through targeting STAT3. These data suggest a novel function of miR-410 and bring new insight into understanding the complex mechanisms involved in SLE.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Medieval farm management and technological mentalities: Hinderclay before the Black Death'

A ssessing the progress of agriculture lies at the heart of any discussion of pre-industrial economic development and social welfare, not least with respect to England in the decades before the Black Death of 13489, when the country's population was probably higher than at any other time prior to the mid-eighteenth century. Current interpretations of medieval farming are certainly not as gloomy as they were 30 years ago, when Titow reported the low yields prevalent on the estates of the bishop of Winchester in the thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries and Postan declared that 'the inertia of medieval agricultural technology is unmistakable'.2 But while it is now recognized that technology was in fact far from static in this period and that many yield-raising techniques were known and successfully adopted, it is also clear that such techniques were by no means universally employed. For despite growing evidence from manorial account rolls that landlords in a few regions developed comparatively intensive and productive farming systems, it nevertheless remains the case that less intensive forms of agriculture and substantially lower yields were common on demesne farms across much of the rest of the country. Unfortunately, there are no comparable records for medieval peasants, who in total cultivated a much greater proportion of the land, though it is generally considered likely that landlords and peasants in the same locality followed essentially the same system of husbandry. Consequently, Astill and Grant concluded, we still have 'a slightly depressing picture of medieval agricultural progress and productivity', in which 'opportunities for improvement may have existed but were not taken up.3 Explanations for the observed differences in demesne land use have focused in part on variations in market opportunity. The more progressive systems operated in areas with access to major urban markets, while in 'remoter parts of the country, removed from major markets and often

Field of study: Economics, History
Ordering of conduction band states in (GaAs)n(AlAs)n [001] and [110] superlattices

The local empirical pseudopotential theory, implemented via the S-matrix layer method has been used to study the conduction band state ordering in (GaAs)n(AlAs)n superlattices grown in the [001] and [110] directions. An oscillatory dependence of the energies on the layer thickness n is found. It is shown that the Gamma -state becomes the lowest energy state for n>or=8 in the [001] case, and for n>or=12 in the [110] case.

Field of study: Materials science
Frequency-dependent magneto-optics and the role of the flat band for massless Kane fermions

HgCdTe at a critical cadmium doping exhibits a bulk dispersion which includes two linear cones meeting at a single point at zero energy, intersecting a nearly flat band, similar in dispersion to the pseudospin-1 Dirac-Weyl system. In the presence of a finite magnetic field, these bands condense into highly degenerate Landau levels. We have numerically calculated the frequency-dependent magneto-optical and zero-field conductivity of this material using the Kane model in the Kubo formula. Found in this spectrum is a signature of the flat band. These calculations are compared to recent experimental measurements, showing good agreement [M. Orlita et al.,  (2014)]. Discussions are also made in broader comparisons to the Dirac-Weyl system.

Field of study: Physics
Numerical Simulation and Analysis on Casting Process of TiAl Alloy

The casting process of TiAl turbocharger with gravity casting,centrifugal casting and vacuum suction casting were comparatively studied by numerical simulation.Laws of cavity-filling and the solidification characteristics of molten TiAl in the turbocharger mold were analyzed.The results show that grivity casting and centrifugal casting are prone to produce defects such as misrun,shrinkage porosity,shrinkage cavity.The filling ability of TiAl molten can be improved by the vacuum suction casting process and its stationary filling process can be well feed,which is a ideal forming method for small TiAl casting.

Field of study: Materials science
Lossless Source Coding Using Nested Error Correcting Codes

We propose a tree-structured variable-length random binning scheme for lossless source coding. The existing source coding schemes based on turbo codes, low-density parity check codes, and repeat accumulate codes can be regarded as practical implementations of this random binning scheme. For sufficiently large data blocks, we show that the proposed scheme asymptotically achieves the entropy limit. We also derive the distribution of the compression rate achieved by the tree-structured random binning scheme. Comparing this distribution with the distribution obtained using a library of random binning schemes, we show that a nested code can achieve rates close to a library of codes but with much lower encoding/decoding complexity. With lossless turbo source coding being one of the most powerful source compression techniques, we investigate its performance relative to the proposed tree-structured random binning scheme. Our numerical results show that the compression rate achieved by lossless turbo source coding is far from the tree-structured random binning bound. In that, we suggest improvements to enable short-block-length turbo source codes to achieve compression rates close to the tree-structured random binning bound

Field of study: Engineering
A Comparative Study of Students' Perceptions about the Effectiveness of Teachers in English Language Classroom at College Level in Saudi Arabia

English is taught as a foreign language at school and university level in Saudi Arabia. The issue of teachers, who are better performer according to their effectiveness in a classroom, still remains unresolved. The present paper focuses on this issue of native and non-native speaker English teachers about their effectiveness. It reports the outcome of a study carried out in Jazan University, Saudi Arabia. The study was conducted with 120 Saudi male students. The object was to get a deeper insight into the students' perceptions about the Effectiveness of Native English speaker teachers and Non-Native English speaker teachers in English Language Teaching classroom. The effectiveness of the model study was based on enhancing the language proficiency level of the learners in the context of pedagogical behavior of teachers. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected through the questionnaire surveys, interviews and end semester results of the participants. The learners involved in this model study were Preparatory Year students of (Level-1&2) taking Intensive English Language Course at Jazan University, KSA. The findings of the study statistically indicated the students' perceptions in favour of such Native English speaker teachers and Non-Native English speaker teachers (Arabs, Non-Arabs) both, who leave no stone unturned to maintain a serious learning environment. They apply varying strategies in order to enhance and improve the language proficiency level of the learners. The results will be beneficial for native and non‐native teachers in terms of realizing their deficiencies and raising awareness.  language proficiency, native, non-native, preference, students' perception

Field of study: Education
How Necessary Are Unions? Insights from John R. Commons

In this article, I assess Commons’s warning that union suppression endangers democracy. I do so by considering evidence from four viewpoints: (i) Commons’s view, (ii) the free market view, (iii) the power resource view, and (iv) the comparative sociology view. I expand on Commons’s insights with the question: What is democracy? My conclusion points to the reasonableness of his warning.

Field of study: Economics
Distributed on-demand routing for LEO satellite systems

Notwithstanding the limited commercial success of the first narrowband low earth orbit (LEO) satellite systems, the interest of the scientific community in this type of systems has been revived on the basis of the current trend toward the migration to all IP-based services. LEO systems can play a pivotal role in providing services to areas where there is no substantial terrestrial infrastructure. Above all, LEO satellite systems can be used as backbone networks to interconnect autonomous systems worldwide. Such an approach provides flexibility in managing the resulting integrated network infrastructure and supporting innovative applications. In this context, routing data from the source all the way to the destination constitutes a daunting challenge. In this paper, a location-assisted on-demand routing (LAOR) protocol is proposed and evaluated. The proposed protocol introduces for the first time in satellite systems the concept of on-demand routing. However, its implementation is tailored to the requirements imposed by the characteristics of the topology of LEO satellite systems. The performance of the LAOR protocol is assessed for different link-cost metrics and compared to the one of centralized routing protocols proposed in the literature so far. Simulation studies further document and confirm the positive characteristics of the proposed protocol.

Field of study: Computer science
Memantine Potentiates Agonist-Induced Ca2+ Responses in HEK 293 Cells

The Alzheimer drug memantine (1-amino-3,5-dimethyl-adamantane) blocks the pore channel of the NMDA receptor. Since memantine also blocks the 5-HT3 receptor, neuronal nicotinic receptor, and voltage-activated Na+ channels, the purpose of our study was to verify whether memantine could influence other types of channels involved in the regulation of Ca2+.  Free intracellular Ca2+ concentrations in whole cells and in saponin-permeabilized cells were monitored spectrofluorometrically in HEK-293 cells stably expressing TRPC6.  Memantine decreased the basal level of intracellular Ca2+, increased the content of the intracellular Ca2+ store, which in turn increased the agonist-induced intracellular Ca2+ release, and increased the store-operated Ca2+ entry.  In addition to blocking the NMDA receptor, memantine also decreases the basal level of intracellular Ca2+ and increases the sensitivity of cells to extracellular stimuli. All these effects may be of benefit in the treatment of Alzheimer''s disease.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Acclimation of photosynthesis, H2O2 content and antioxidants in maize (Zea mays ) grown at sub-optimal temperatures

Maize plants were grown at 14, 18 and 20 °C until the fourth leaf had emerged. Leaves from plants grown at 14 and 18 °C had less chlorophyll than those grown at 20 °C. Maximal extractable ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activity was decreased at 14 °C compared with 20 °C, but the activation state was highest at 14 °C. Growth at 14 °C increased the abundance (but not the number) of Rubisco breakdown products. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) activity was decreased at 14 °C compared with 20 °C but no chilling-dependent effects on the abundance of the PEPC protein were observed. Maximal extractable NADP-malate dehydrogenase activity increased at 14 °C compared with 20 °C whereas the glutathione pool was similar in leaves from plants grown at both temperatures. Foliar ascorbate and hydrogen peroxide were increased at 14 °C compared with 20 °C. The foliar hydrogen peroxide content was independent of irradiance at both growth temperatures. Plants grown at 14 °C had decreased rates of CO2 fixation together with decreased quantum efficiencies of photosystem (PS) II in the light, although there was no photo-inhibition. Growth at 14 °C decreased the abundance of the D1 protein of PSII and the PSI psaB gene product but the psaA gene product was largely unaffected by growth at low temperatures. The relationships between the photosystems and the co-ordinate regulation of electron transport and CO2 assimilation were maintained in plants grown at 14 °C.

Field of study: Environmental science
Formation of holograms at the wavelength of 2.76 μ and measurement of the width of the emission line of a CaF2:Er3+ crystal laser by a holographic method

An experimental investigation was made of the possibility of holographic use of a CaF2:Er3+ crystal laser emitting at the wavelength of 2.76 μ. The system used consisted of a CaF2:Er3+ master oscillator, a threepass amplifier, and a holographic system in the form of a Mach–Zehnder interferometer. Holograms were recorded in MnBi films by indirect heating to the phase transition temperature using IFP-1200 flashlamps. Holograms of a grid with a period of 1 mm and of a scatterer made of fluorite were obtained. Young interferograms were recorded in a MnBi film when the path difference between the reference and object beams ranged from 0 to 80 cm. This indicated that the width of the CaF2:Er3+ laser emission line did not exceed 1/80 cm−1 and the laser could be used in recording holograms of objects with a depth of field of at least 80 cm.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Time-accurate solutions of Korteweg-de Vries equation using wavelet Galerkin method

In this study we propose a space and time-accurate numerical method for Korteweg-de Vries equation. In deriving the computational scheme, Taylor generalized Euler time discretization is performed prior to wavelet based Galerkin spatial approximation. This leads to the implicit system which can also be solved by explicit algorithms. Korteweg-de Vries equation is also solved by a operator splitting method using wavelet-Taylor-Galerkin approach. Asymptotic stability of the schemes are verified.

Field of study: Mathematics
PERSISTENCE AND BIOACTIVITY OF METSULFURON-METHYL IN THREE SOILS

The persistence of metsulfuron-methyl (methyl 2-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)aminocarbonyl]aminosulfonyl]benzoate) in nonautoclaved and autoclaved Selangor, Lating, and Serdang series soils incubated at different temperatures and with different moisture contents was investigated under laboratory conditions using cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the bioassay species. Significant degradation of metsulfuron-methyl was observed in nonautoclaved soil compared with the autoclaved soil sample, indicating the importance of microorganisms in the breakdown process. At higher temperatures the degradation rate in nonautoclaved soil improved with increasing soil moisture content. In nonautoclaved Selangor, Lating and Serdang series soils, the half-life was reduced from 4.79 to 2.78 days, 4.9 to 3.5, and from 3.3 to 1.9 days, respectively, when the temperature was increased from 20° to 30°C at 80% field capacity. Similarly, in nonautoclaved soil, the half-life decreased with an increasing soil moisture from 20% to 80% at 30°C in the three soils studied. In the autoclaved soil, the half-life values were slightly higher than those obtained in the nonautoclaved soils, perhaps indicating that the compound may be broken down by nonbiological processes. The fresh weight of the bioassay species was reduced significantly in Serdang series soil treated with metsulfuron-methyl at 0.1 ppm. However, the reduction in fresh weight of the seedlings was least in Lating series soil, followed by Selangor series soil.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
SU‐GG‐T‐225: Gantry‐Angle Dependence of a 2D Ion Chamber Array for IMAT QA

Gantry‐angle dependence of dose measurement for intensity‐modulated arc therapy (IMAT) quality assurance (QA) using a two‐dimensional ion chamber array may be significant. A new device, the gantry angle sensor, has been provided to compensate for this dependence. However, the default correction factors (CF) assume that the ion chamber angular response is symmetrical, uniform across all chambers, and independent of field size. Our goal was to test these three assumptions, and verify the use of the default CF.  The Matrixx ion chamber array (IBA Dosimetry, Inc.) was irradiated every 5° gantry rotation with a 27×27cm2 static field. The central ion chamber CF = calculation/measurement. To test the asymmetry, dose was delivered over 360°, and compared for symmetrical angles. To test for chamber response uniformity, CFs for off‐axis chambers were calculated and compared to the central ion chamber. To test for field size dependence, the dose delivery was repeated with 10×10cm2 and 2×2cm2 fields, and the central ion chamber CF recalculated.  The measured chamber response is asymmetrical with gantry angle. The median difference between the default and measured central ion chamber CFs is 1.2% (range: −0.3%–8.5%) from Gantry 0–180°, and 2.9% (range: 0.7%–7.6%) from Gantry 180–360°. The asymmetry appears to arise from both the device itself (median 1.4%, range 0.1%–3.4%) and from the device holder (median 1.7%, range 0.5%–4.8%). The central‐axis and peripheral CFs varied by up to 10%. There was no observed field size dependence at 10×10cm2, but differences of up to 4.7% were seen with the 2×2cm2 field. The CF table for gantry angle dependence of an ion chamber array should account for asymmetry, nonuniformity of chamber response, and field size effect for small fields. Clinics are recommended to verify their own CFs.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
IL-12,IL-18 gene modulates immune responses induced by HIV-1 envelope nucleic acid vaccine

To investigate the effect of IL-12, IL-18 gene immunization on immune response induced by HIV-1 co-administered envelope nucleic acid vaccine(DNA vaccine) and to explore new strategies for HIV-1 envelope nucleic acid vaccine.  mice were immunized with pVAX1GP120 alone or with the DNA encoding for IL-12, IL-18. Their sera were collected for analyzing anti-HIV antibody and IFN-γ by ELISA, and splenocytes were isolated for detecting antigen-specific lymphoproliferative responses and specific CTL response by MTT assay and LDH assay respectively.  The anti-HIV antibody titers of mice co-immunized with pVAX1GP120 and the DNA encoding for IL-12, IL-18 were lower than that of mice immunized with pVAX1GP120 alone(P0.01). The IFN-γ level of mice co-immunized with pVAX1GP120 and the DNA encoding for IL-12, IL-18 was higher than that of mice immunized with pVAX1GP120 alone(P0.01). Furthermore, compared with mice injected with pVAX1GP120 alone, the specific CTL cytotoxity activity and antigen-specific lymphoproliferative responses of mice immunized with pVAX1GP120 and the DNA encoding for IL-12, IL-18 were significantly enhanced respectively (P0.01).  The DNA encoding for IL-12, IL-18 together with HIV DNA vaccine may enhance specific T_H1 responses and cellular immune responses elicited in mice. Moreover, the DNA encoding for IL-12, IL-18 may down-regulate the humoral responses. Hence the DNA encoding for IL-12, IL-18 are potential immune adjuvants for therapeutic HIV DNA vaccine.

Field of study: Biology