nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Antibiotic uptake by plants from manure-amended soils

Antibiotics are extensively given to livestock to promote growth and reduce diseases. Therefore, animal manure often contains antibiotics. Once manure is applied to agricultural land to improve soil productivity, crops would be exposed to antibiotics which may persist in soils from a few to several hundred days. The objective of this study was to evaluate the uptake of gentamicin and streptomycin by carrot (Daucus carota), lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and radish (Rhaphanus sativus) from manure-amended soil. The treatments were 0, 0.5 and 1 mg of antibiotic kg−1 of soil. Two pot experiments were carried out in the greenhouse. The first was conducted on the three crops and the second exclusively on radish. In radish, the increase in the concentrations of gentamicin was significant between the 0 and both of 0.5 and 1.0 mg kg−1 treatments, but not significant between the 0.5 and 1.0 mg kg−1. The average values were 35.5, 60.0 and 57.4 μg kg−1 for the 0, 0.5 and 1 mg kg−1 rates, respectively. However, the increase in streptomycin concentration in radish was not significant between the three treatments, and the average values were, 12.1, 15.2 and 17.4 μg kg−1 for the 0, 0.5 and 1 mg kg−1 rates, respectively. In carrot roots and lettuce leaves no significant increase in the concentrations of gentamicin or streptomycin was observed between the treatments. The three crops absorbed relatively higher amounts of gentamicin (small molecule) than streptomycin (large molecule). Generally the levels of antibiotics in plant tissue increased with increasing the antibiotic concentration in the manure (1 mg kg−1 > 0.5 mg kg−1).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Reproductive effects linked to DNA methylation in male zebrafish chronically exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate.

Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) possesses the potential to interfere with the male reproductive endocrine system in mammals; however, its reproductive toxicity in male zebrafish and associated epigenetic studies have not been explored. In this study, three-month-old male zebrafish were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of DEHP (0, 10, 33 and 100 μg/L) for 3 months, and then the impact on the reproduction of males and the underlying mechanism were investigated. Histological testing showed that an exposure concentration of 100 μg/L DEHP significantly inhibited spermatogenesis, with an associated decline in capability to fertilize untreated oocytes. Electron microscopic examinations also revealed noticeable damage to the testicular ultrastructure at the 100 μg/L DEHP exposure level. In addition, exposure to 33 and 100 μg/L of DEHP resulted in a decline of circulating testosterone (T) and an increase in the level of 17β-estradiol (E2), both of which were possibly derived from the downregulation of cyp17a1 and hsd17b3 genes and the upregulation of the cyp19a1a gene in the gonads. The DNA methylation statuses of these genes were altered within their promoter regions. A significant increase in global DNA methylation in both the male testes and their offspring larvae was observed at higher exposure concentration of DEHP. Our findings demonstrate that exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of DEHP can damage the testes, disturbe the sex hormones production, and inhibite spermatogenesis, which ultimately impairs the reproduction of male zebrafish.

Field of study: Environmental science
Research on training of students' innovation capacity in university physical education

Based on document analyses, the present study investigated the present university physical education situation and put forward some countermeasures to cultivate the students' innovation ability. We found that too much stress has been attached to testing and inherence, rather than application and innovation.To cultivate the college students' innovative ability, the new teaching method should organize the curriculum referring to the unique regulation of physical education,develop teachers' innovative ability with flexible teaching patterns and modern methods.Regarding teachers as the guidance and students as the main body,the new teaching method should be built and a new student-teacher relationship should be constructed.

Field of study: Education
Development and application of a methodology for vulnerability assessment of climate change in coastal cities

This research is based on the need to develop methodology for climate change vulnerability assessment in coastal cities. While there have been some studies on the development of methodologies for vulnerability assessment on a national scale, there have been few attempts to develop a method for local vulnerability assessment with application to coastal cities. The objective of this study was to develop a general methodology to assess vulnerability to climate change and to apply it to the metropolitan coastal city of Busan in South Korea. We followed the conceptual framework for assessing climate change vulnerability provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which is composed of climate exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. Sea level rises of 0.5 m, 1 m, 2 m, and 3 m were considered as the climate exposure. Sensitivity to sea level rise was measured based on the percentage of flooded area calculated using flood simulation with a GIS tool. The population density and the population at age 65 years and over were also included in the calculation of sensitivity index. Sensitivities to heat wave and heavy rainstorm were quantified using the expert opinions from the Delphi survey and information on land use classification. Adaptive capacity was assessed in three sections: economic capability, infrastructure, and institutional capabilities. By combining the adaptive capacity and three different sensitivities, vulnerability to sea level rise (SLR-V), vulnerability to heavy rainstorm (HR-V), and vulnerability to heat wave (HW-V) were separately evaluated in 16 counties of Busan. Using cluster analysis, we could classify four major groups of counties based on SLR-V, HR-V, HW-V, and reported damage cost. For clustered groups, different adaptation strategies were suggested based on the different vulnerability patterns. Application of our methodology to Busan indicated that our methodology is easy to use and provides concrete policy implications when setting up adaptation strategies. The methodology developed in this study could also be used in mainstreaming climate change into Integrated Coastal Management (ICM).

Field of study: Environmental science
Crystallization of apocrustacyanin on the International Microgravity Laboratory (IML-2) mission.

Rod-shaped crystals of apocrustacyanin C1 have been grown under microgravity on the International Microgravity Laboratory (IML-2) NASA space shuttle mission using the vapour-diffusion set-up of the Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility (APCF). The crystals obtained under microgravity are compared with crystals grown simultaneously in ground control experiments in identical APCF reactors, and with those obtained in the laboratory. The degree of reproducibility of the results in microgravity was also tested. Statistically, the microgravity-grown crystals are larger and of better X-ray diffraction quality than those grown in the ground controls but inferior to the best crystals grown in sitting drops, in the laboratory. Diffracting crystals, the best to 2.3 A, were produced in seven out of the eight reactors in microgravity, whereas the eight ground control reactors yielded only one poorly formed crystal suitable for diffraction studies, which also diffracted to 2.3 A. The crystals belong to the space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with two subunits per asymmetric unit.

Field of study: Chemistry
Group Performance Related to Size and Initial Ability of Group Members

This study examined the relationship of group performance as a function of group size, where members within each group are of similar initial ability levels, but members in different groups are of different levels. 5 wk. later on the basis of a paper-and-pencil test, Ss were formed into groups composed of all high Ss, all medium Ss, and all low Ss, with size varying from 2 to 5 persons. Ss working as a group retook the same test. Results showed that groups with different initial levels have their own unique patterns of improvement as the size of the group increases.

Field of study: Psychology
Non-Psychoeducational Foundations of Learning Disabilities

In discussing the question of how many learning-disabled children there are, Helmer Myklebust has said, “Tell me how many you want to find and I'll write you a definition that will find that many” (McCarthy, 1968). This discussion takes a critical look at the assumptions underlying the learning disabilities field. Conclusions and implications regarding this relatively new category of exceptionality are discussed.

Field of study: Education
Strategies on the improvement of chronic migraine treatment efficacy

To determine the efficacy of type A botulinum toxin (lantox) in the treatment of chronic migraine.  Authors examined 22 patients with chronic migraine at baseline and 4 and 12 weeks after the introduction of 150 U of lantox in head and cervical muscles using "follow the pain method". The drug was introduced into the following muscles: m. corrugator, m. procerus, m. frontalis, m. temporalis and m. оccipitalis. Clinical/neurological examinations, a study of the emotional sphere (anxiety and depression), daily activities, quality-of-life, patient's completion of questionnaires on the subjective satisfaction with treatment were carried out.  There was a significant positive effect of treatment on the frequency of headache attacks that was important for reverse transformation of chronic pain to episodic headache. Barriers in compliance may be overcome by solving psychological problems, in particular, overcoming depression. The prescription of the drug with no side-effects and fast results allows to support the adherence of the patient to treatment.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Analysis of the Strain and Stress in the HTS Generator at Different Operating Conditions

High-temperature superconducting (HTS) machines have the virtues of higher power density and better stability, which makes it a good prospect in the applications of wind power generation and ship propulsion. When the high-temperature superconductor is used in the rotating machines, the behavior of the conductor would be affected by the complex magnetic field, Lorentz force, and the centrifugal force. In order to evaluate the performance of the HTS coil in the machine, a finite element method model of the machine to calculate the magnetic field coupled with stress field was built in this paper. At first, the distribution of the magnetic field in the machine was calculated, then the Lorentz force was calculated and transferred to the stress field to obtain the stress and strain in the HTS and other structural materials. In the calculation, three operating conditions were considered, including no-load, full-load, and three-phase short-circuit fault. The results show that the stress on the HTS coil and the structural component are all smaller than the critical stress, which proves that the design is reliable.

Field of study: Physics
Dissociation of autonomic and behavioral components of conditioned fear during development in the rat

Classical conditioning of heart rate (HR) was examined in unrestrained preweanling and weanling (16-, 19-, 21-, 25-, and 28-day-old) rats, with tone and light as the conditioned stimuli (CS) and electric shock as the unconditioned stimulus. The conditioned cardiac response was a sustained deceleration in HR which did not emerge until Day 21 for the tone CS and until Day 28 for the light CS. In contrast, when suppression of a behavioral response (running in a straight alley for dry suckling as reward) was used as the index of conditioning, the suppressive effects of the CS were evident around Day 16 for the tone and around Day 19 for the light. These findings indicate that during ontogenesis (a) the behavioral and autonomic responses to the same conditioned stimulus do not develop at the same pace, (b) the emergence of conditioned responses to tone and light stimuli parallel the sequential order in which the relevant sensory modalities achieve maturity (first audition, next vision), and (c) there is no clear-cut interdependence between development of the HR orienting response and conditionability of HR because unconditioned cardiac deceleration to both auditory and visual stimuli first appears about Day 16 in the developing rat, well before conditioned HR responses can be established to either stimulus.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
AIDS and ethics: an analytic framework.

The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic has raised difficult ethical issues in public policy formulation and in the care of patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Many issues relate to measures proposed for the protection of the public from HIV infection. This article presents an analytic framework from which these measures can be rationally evaluated. Specific measures are assessed on the basis of their likelihood of success, in relation to their justification for infringement on individual rights, and with reference to other less intrusive measures that could accomplish the same objective. Case histories are discussed which raise ethical dilemmas in the care of HIV infected and high-risk patients. The application of this framework could assist physicians in analysing public health policy and making judgements in individual clinical situations.

Field of study: Medicine
How do plant growth substances work? II

Despite intensive research effort, the role of growth substances in the life of the intact growing plant is far from clear. Two reasons are suggested which may account for the lack of progress. The first is the failure to recognize the unique aspects of plant development. These which are expressed by the regenerative, organizational and developmental plasticity of the meristem probably result from the possession of growth substances. The second is the concept of growth substances as hormones. This represents the main conceptual thrust of research and is considered critically, starting with the historical system, the coleoptile and dealing with other major growth substance systems in turn. It is concluded that a hormonal concept which includes control by changes in growth substance concentration fails to explain the developmental phenomena under examination. A role for growth substances as integrating agents is suggested and the notion of quantitative tissue sensitivity variation is developed to explain the major growth patterns of developing shoots.

Field of study: Environmental science
Evaluation of ozone and water vapor interferences in the derivatization of atmospheric aldehydes with dansylhydrazine

The dansylhydrazine (DNSH) and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) techniques for the determination of carbonyl compounds are both susceptible to interferences from ozone oxidation and water vapor hydrolysis. Here we report the results of an investigation of these potential interferences for a new DNSH microcatridge technique and describe means of minimizing or completely eliminating them. Studies were carried out using both silanized, controlled-pore, glass beads and octadecylsilane (C 18 ) particles as the reagent support. All intereferencea were minimized by the use of C 18 particles. Ozone was found to cause partial oxidation of the DNSH reagent but had no significant effect on the hydrazone products for mixing ratios up to 300 ppbv O 3 , with or without the presence of up to 100% relative humidity

Field of study: Environmental science
A family of bivariate failure time distributions with proportional crude and conditional hazards

A hazard regression model is formulated from consideration of the crude hazard function in a competing risks setup and the conditional hazard function in a bivariate failure time model.Specifically, we model the bivariate survival function with a proportional hazards model for the first failure and a conditional proportional hazards model for the second failure given the time and type of the first failure.A family of distributions satisfying the model constraints is identified, and some special cases are presented.Some properties of the bivariate distribution are derived, including necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of the distribution.Identifiability of the parameters of the bivariate distribution is discussed, as well as necessary and sufficient conditions for statistical independence of the two survival times conditional on the realized random covariate vector.

Field of study: Mathematics
ARTICLES: Scattering of light by a metastable level of the hydrogen molecule

An analysis is made of the Rayleigh and Raman vibrational scattering of light by the c3Iu metastable level of the H2 molecule. The polarizability of metastable H2, HD, and D2 molecules is analyzed to demonstrate the influence of the nuclear motion on processes which are of the second order in the perturbation theory. The quantum defect approximation and a spheroidal system of coordinates, which makes it possible to allow for the nonsphericity of the molecular fields, is used in the derivation of the optical-electron Green's function and of the electronic wave functions. Calculations are made of the polarizability, its derivative with respect to the separation between the nuclei in the molecule, and degree of depolarization in the Rayleigh and Raman scattering of ruby and neodymium laser radiation.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
LENTIL TANNIN-GLOBULIN INTERACTIONAND AND IN VITRO HYDROLYSIS

Protein fractions were isolated from lentil cotyledons and tannins were isolated and purified from lentil seed coats. The globulin fraction corresponded to 42.7% of the total lentil flour nitrogen, representing the major protein fraction. Acetone:water (7:3) was the best extractant for seed coat tannins compared to methanol or methanol-HCl 1%. Native and heated (99oC/15 min.) isolated lentil globulin and casein were hydrolyzed with trypsin and pepsin in the absence of tannins and at 1:40, 1:20, 1:10, 1:5 and 1:2.5 tannin-to-protein ratios. The tryptic and peptic hydrolysis of the unheated proteins were reduced with increasing tannin-to-protein ratios. Unheated casein showed to be more susceptible to trypsin than globulin and the opposite effect was observed with pepsin. Heating followed by tannin interaction and hydrolysis had a more pronounced effect on tryptic than peptic digestion for both proteins.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Inhibition of Collagen XVI Expression Reduces Glioma Cell Invasiveness

Glioblastomas are characterized by an intense local invasiveness that limits surgical resection. One mechanism by which glioma cells enforce their migration into brain tissue is reorganization of tumour associated extracellular matrix (ECM). Collagen XVI is a minor component of connective tissues. However, in glioblastoma tissue it is dramatically upregulated compared to the ECM of normal cortex. The aim of this study is to delineate tumour cell invasion and underlying mechanisms involving collagen XVI by using a siRNA mediated collagen XVI knockdown model in U87MG human glioblastoma cells. Knockdown of collagen XVI resulted in decreased invasiveness in Boyden chamber assays, and in a reduction of focal adhesion contact numbers per cell. Gene expression was upregulated for protocadherin 18 and downregulated for kindlin-1 and -2. Proliferation was not affected while flow cytometric analysis demonstrated reduced β1-integrin activation in collagen XVI knockdown cells. We suggest that in glioblastoma tissue collagen XVI may impair the cell-cell interaction in favour of enhancement of invasion. The modification of the β1-integrin activation pattern through collagen XVI might be a molecular mechanism to further augment the invasive phenotype of glioma cells. Elucidating the underlying mechanisms of glioma cell invasion promoted by collagen XVI may provide novel cancer therapeutic approaches in neurooncology.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
On the defect chemistry of BaFe0.89Al0.01Ta0.1O3‐δ, a material for temperature independent resistive and thermoelectric oxygen sensors

The Seebeck-coefficient (aka thermopower) is a less wide-spread parameter to determine constants for defect chemical models of semiconductor oxides. It is a measure for the charge carrier concentration. In contrast to the often investigated electrical conductivity, it has the benefit of being independent of the material geometry. BaFe0.7Ta0.3O3‐δ is known as a temperature-independent conductometric oxygen sensor material with perovskite crystal structure. The present work considers the Seebeck-coefficient as well as the electrical conductivity of bulk and thick-film BaFe0.89Al0.01Ta0.1O3‐ δ (BFAT10). Seebeck-coefficient and electrical conductivity were measured simultaneously between 600 and 950 °C under varying oxygen partial pressures from 10− 24 to 1 bar. BFAT10 thick films have been successfully deposited by the novel Aerosol Deposition Method (ADM) at room temperature on a special transducer. The electrical conductivity of thick-film sensors shows almost no temperature dependency but depends strongly on the oxygen partial pressure in the temperature range from 600 to 800 °C. An n-to-p-type transition was observed in the investigated oxygen partial pressure and temperature range. The defect parameters were derived from the experimental results and an initial defect model for BFAT10 is discussed. A hopping-type conduction mechanism is assumed due to the very low charge carrier mobility.

Field of study: Materials science
Botnet Detection Architecture Based on Heterogeneous Multi-sensor Information Fusion

As technology has been developed rapidly, botnet threats to the global cyber community are also increasing. And the botnet detection has recently become a major research topic in the field of network security. Most of the current detection approaches work only on the evidence from single information source, which can not hold all the traces of botnet and hardly achieve high accuracy. In this paper, a novel botnet detection architecture based on heterogeneous multi-sensor information fusion is proposed. The architecture is designed to carry out information integration in the three fusion levels of data, feature, and decision. As the core component, a feature extraction module is also elaborately designed. And an extended algorithm of the Dempster-Shafer (D-S) theory is proved and adopted in decision fusion. Furthermore, a representative case is provided to illustrate that the detection architecture can effectively fuse the complicated information from various sensors, thus to achieve better detection effect.

Field of study: Computer science
Existence of solutions for 2mth-order periodic boundary value problems

In this paper, the existence results of solutions are obtained for the 2mth-order differential equation periodic boundary value problem: ( - 1 ) m u ( 2 m ) ( t ) + ∑ i = 1 m ( - 1 ) m - i a i u ( 2 ( m - i ) ) ( t ) = f ( t , u ( t ) ) for all t ∈ [0, 1] with u(i)(0) = u(i)(1), i = 0, 1, … , 2m − 1, where f ∈ C 1 ( [ 0 , 1 ] × R 1 , R 1 ) , a i ∈ R 1 , i = 1 , 2 , … , m . By using the Morse theory, we impose certain conditions on f which are able to guarantee that the problem has at least one nontrivial solution, two nontrivial solutions and infinitely many solutions, separately.

Field of study: Mathematics