nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Standard for assessing transparency in information on compliance with obligations of regional fisheries management organizations: Validation through assessment of the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission

We developed a standard against which to assess transparency in information on basic governance elements that provides the ability to determine compliance with obligations under regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs). The performance of the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC), one of five global tuna RFMOs, was made against the standard. RFMOs play a critical role in global fisheries governance by providing a formal mechanism for fishing States and States in whose jurisdiction straddling and highly migratory fishery resources occur to cooperate to pursue the implementation of agreed measures to achieve sustainable international fisheries. Transparency in information on elements of RFMO governance enables public evaluation of compliance by Members and Cooperating Non-members and their vessels, creating an incentive for compliance due to a desire to avoid adverse reputational and economic repercussions of non-compliance. The standard is comprised of criteria assessing open access to information on: (i) compliance with monitoring requirements, (ii) research-grade observer program data, (iii) domestic legislation and regulations to implement binding controls, (iv) surveillance, (v) identified infractions, (vi) enforcement actions, and (vii) outcomes of enforcement actions. The standard further assesses transparency in information on compliance with RFMO obligations of: (viii) payment of assessed financial obligations; (ix) observer data reporting; and (x) reporting information on national implementation and compliance. And, the standard assesses transparency in information on: (xi) RFMO employment of powers in response to Member and Cooperating Non-member non-compliance; and (xii) whether all States and entities conducting fishing activities under the RFMO's mandate are Members or Cooperating Non-members. WCPFC had a lack of transparency for 36% of the elements composing the standard, partial transparency for 36%, and full transparency for the remainder. The lack of a WCPFC process to respond to non-compliance by Members and Cooperating Non-members, a prohibition on States from using information on non-compliance with WCPFC obligations unilaterally, in combination with a substantial lack of transparency in information on compliance, including due to lax reporting, collectively are inadequate incentives for compliance. This new tool provides a standardized method to compare RFMO transparency in compliance information and to establish benchmarks against which to track changes in transparency.

Field of study: Environmental science
A delay discounting task produces a greater likelihood of waiting than a deferred gratification task.

A first-person-shooter video game was adapted for the study of choice between smaller sooner and larger later outcomes to compare the behavioral patterns produced by deferred gratification (DG) and delay discounting (DD) tasks. Participants played a game in which they could either fire their weapon sooner and do a small amount of damage or wait a few seconds to fire their weapon and do a larger amount of damage. For the DD task, a failure to fire within one second committed the player to waiting for the larger later outcome thus removing the opportunity to defect during the delay that is present in the DG task. The incentive structure changed multiple times during game play so that at times the optimal decision was to choose the smaller sooner outcome whereas at other times the optimal decision was to wait for the larger later outcome. Players assigned to the DD task showed a greater tendency to wait and lower sensitivity to the changing incentives.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Design and Implementation of an Automated Malware Dynamic Analysis System

With the application of polymorphism,metamorphism and packing techniques,the analysis and detection of modern malware becomes more difficult.Manual malware analysis fails to handle this situation due to its unacceptable cost and human force involvement.The author design and implement an automated malware dynamic analysis system named MwDAS using kernel hooking and filter driver technologies,which can automatically analyze malware sample,extract and detail malware's behaviors into a well-organized report.The experiment shows that MwDAS can dramatically improve the analysis efficiency.

Field of study: Computer science
TESTES DE APTIDÃO FÍSICA PODEM MEDIR SAÚDE? ESTUDO A PARTIR DE CONSCRITOS DO TIRO-DE-GUERRA DE SOROCABA – SP

O Exercito brasileiro implementa o Treinamento Fisico Militar (TFM) em todo o pais, tendo a saude como um de seus objetivos. Seus efeitos sao medidos pelos Testes de Aptidao Fisica (TAF), aplicados nas 12a e 24a semanas de treinamento. Nossos objetivos consistiram em apreciar a viabilidade do emprego desses testes para os propositos da instituicao, bem como analisar o efeito do TFM empregado. Observaram-se, por retroanalise, os dados dos TAF de quarenta conscritos do Tiro-de-Guerra de Sorocaba – SP, que foram comparados pela estatistica nao-parametrica de Wilcoxon para amostras pareadas, e analise de correlacao entre os resultados de cada teste pelo coeficiente de Spearman. Como principais resultados, apresentou-se diferenca significativa em todos os testes (entre as 12a e 24a semanas) e duplicacao de esforcos pelo Exercito para medir a mesma variavel. No entanto, nao se mostraram evidencias de que os testes utilizados fossem capazes de medir a saude do grupo estudado.

Field of study: Education
Analytic model of effective screened Coulomb interactions in a multilayer system

The main objective of the present work is the development of an analytically tractable model of screened electron-electron and electron-exciton interactions in layered systems composed of two parallel semiconductor quantum wells separated by a dielectric layer. These systems are promising for superconductivity with excitons-polaritons, and spin manipulation. Polarization effects induced by the dielectric mismatch in the nanostructure are taken into account using the image charge method. The obtained analytic expressions are used to calculate screened electron-electron and electron-exciton interactions; these are compared to results computed using other recently published models.

Field of study: Physics
Mexican Karismata: The Baroque Vocation of Francisca de los Ángeles, 1674-1744 (review)

new arenas), the authors devote two chapters to an exploration of the potential for broader alliances across religion (Catholic and Protestant) and across class (middleclass feminists and popular feminists). These two chapters are valuable for the way they bring to light the complexity of these women’s identities. As noted in the authors’ discussion of their methodology, all of the interviewees are “poor, female, and Catholic” (p. 16). The complex and fluid relationship among these identities is illustrated through a discussion of the relationships (or potential for relationships) between base community activists and Protestant organizations, and popular sector women and middle-class feminist organizations.

Field of study: History
Local bubble behavior in novel gas-liquid-solid air loop reactor with forced circulation slurry phase

A novel gas-liquid-solid three-phase internal air loop reactor(IALR)with forced circulation slurry phase was investigated as a new equipment for emerging chemical processes.Based on a systematic analysis of the complex geometrical structure and the variation of flow pattern in the whole reactor space,the reactor was divided into six regions,the gas distributor region,the slurry feed affected region,the draft tube region,the gas-liquid separation region,the annular and the bottom region.Experiments were conducted in order to investigate the local bubble characteristics in different flow regions.The result showed that the radial evolution of bubble size was quite different in different flow regions.The inverted cone bottom dramatically affected the number and size of the circulating bubbles.A mathematic model was established for each flow region,and the model prediction agreed well with experimental result.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Proximal Multitask Learning Over Networks With Sparsity-Inducing Coregularization

In this work, we consider multitask learning problems where clusters of nodes are interested in estimating their own parameter vector. Cooperation among clusters is beneficial when the optimal models of adjacent clusters have a good number of similar entries. We propose a fully distributed algorithm for solving this problem. The approach relies on minimizing a global mean-square error criterion regularized by nondifferentiable terms to promote cooperation among neighboring clusters. A general diffusion forward-backward splitting strategy is introduced. Then, it is specialized to the case of sparsity promoting regularizers. A closed-form expression for the proximal operator of a weighted sum of ℓ1-norms is derived to achieve higher efficiency. We also provide conditions on the step-sizes that ensure convergence of the algorithm in the mean and mean-square error sense. Simulations are conducted to illustrate the effectiveness of the strategy.

Field of study: Engineering
Comparison of mineral compositions between ginseng and ginseng-alcoholic beverages.

In this study, the composition of minerals was analyzed in ginseng, ginseng-Yakju, and ginseng-Soju. Ginseng-Yakju was fermented using sliced or powdered ginseng (0.2%, w/v) and steamed rice, while ginseng-Soju was prepared by extracting ginseng with 15 times the volume of Soju (35% ethanol, v/v) for 5 years. Regardless of the different forms of ginseng (sliced or powdered), the normal Yakju, Yakju fermented with slices of ginseng (Yakju-SG), and Yakju fermented with powdered ginseng (Yakju-PG) had similar soluble solid concentration, pH, ethanol concentration, and acidity. However, ginseng-Yakju and ginseng-Soju differed significantly with respect to all physicochemical characteristics tested (p < 0.01). Mineral content was found in the following order: K > P > Ca > Mg > Si > Se in ginseng, P > K > Mg > Ca > Si > Se in ginseng-Yakju, and K > P > Mg > Ca > Si > Se in ginseng-Soju. According to the mineral content determined by the recovery yield, it is not appropriate to consume ginsengYakju and ginseng-Soju for effective intake of minerals from ginseng. Therefore, further studies on improving the bioavailability of ginseng-derived minerals are required.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Thermodynamic properties and structural features of water at normal and high pressures

The calculated and the experimental data on the structure and the thermodynamic properties of water are analyzed in wide ranges of temperature and pressure. The conclusion is that water is a mixture of the low-density amorphous (lda) and high-density amorphous (hda) ice clusters near normal conditions with their approximate proportion of 2:3. The conclusion is supported by the results of D2O quenching under a pressure of P=1.2 GPa when the quenched product was found to be a highly disordered crystalline phase with ice-XII as a prototype.

Field of study: Materials science
Enhanced Security of Attribute-Based Signatures

Despite the recent advances in attribute-based signatures (ABS), no schemes have yet been considered under a strong privacy definition. We enhance the security of ABS by presenting a strengthened simulation-based privacy definition and the first attribute-based signature functionality in the framework of universal composability (UC). Additionally, we show that the UC definition is equivalent to our strengthened experiment-based security definitions. To achieve this we rely on a general unforgeability and a simulation-based privacy definition that is stronger than standard indistinguishability-based privacy. Further, we show that two extant concrete ABS constructions satisfy this simulation-based privacy definition and are therefore UC secure. The two concrete constructions are the schemes by Sakai et al. (PKC’16) and by Maji et al. (CT-RSA’11). Additionally, we identify the common feature that allows these schemes to meet our privacy definition, giving us further insights into the security requirements of ABS.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Laser-assisted recrystallization to improve the surface morphology of CdTe epitaxial layers

Laser-assisted recrystallization has been studied in order to improve the surface morphology of CdTe layers grown on sapphire substrates by metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE). The recrystallization was carried out by scanning the surface of as-grown CdTe MOVPE layers with an Ar ion laser beam ( = 514.5 nm) as the laser power varied in the 140 - 600 mW range. The irradiation time was in the range from 10 s to 5 min. The effect of the recrystallization layers' surface procedure on the structure has been investigated by scanning electron microscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and spectroscopic ellipsometry. Depending on the laser power and irradiation time, the recrystallization was shown to occur either within the entire layer thickness or on the layer surface. Due to recrystallization, the surface microrelief of the layers has been improved all over the recrystallized area and the surface roughness has been uniformly decreased from 1.5 m to 0.2 m. The data obtained show that it might be possible to engineer CdTe MOVPE layers using post-growth laser-assisted recrystallization, making them more suitable for infrared applications.

Field of study: Materials science
Deep Ensembles: A Loss Landscape Perspective

Deep ensembles have been empirically shown to be a promising approach for improving accuracy, uncertainty and out-of-distribution robustness of deep learning models. While deep ensembles were theoretically motivated by the bootstrap, non-bootstrap ensembles trained with just random initialization also perform well in practice, which suggests that there could be other explanations for why deep ensembles work well. Bayesian neural networks, which learn distributions over the parameters of the network, are theoretically well-motivated by Bayesian principles, but do not perform as well as deep ensembles in practice, particularly under dataset shift. One possible explanation for this gap between theory and practice is that popular scalable variational Bayesian methods tend to focus on a single mode, whereas deep ensembles tend to explore diverse modes in function space. We investigate this hypothesis by building on recent work on understanding the loss landscape of neural networks and adding our own exploration to measure the similarity of functions in the space of predictions. Our results show that random initializations explore entirely different modes, while functions along an optimization trajectory or sampled from the subspace thereof cluster within a single mode predictions-wise, while often deviating significantly in the weight space. Developing the concept of the diversity--accuracy plane, we show that the decorrelation power of random initializations is unmatched by popular subspace sampling methods. Finally, we evaluate the relative effects of ensembling, subspace based methods and ensembles of subspace based methods, and the experimental results validate our hypothesis.

Field of study: Computer science
Evaporation of R407C and R410A in a horizontal herringbone microfin tube: heat transfer and pressure drop

An experimental investigation of in-tube evaporation of R410A and R407C has been carried out for a 4 m long herringbone microfin tube with an outer diameter of 9.53 mm. Measured local heat transfer coefficients and pressure losses are reported for evaporation temperatures for R410A and R407C between −2.2 and 9.5 °C and between −5.5 and 13.8 °C, respectively. Mass flow rates between 162 and 366 kg m−2 s−1 have been investigated. Results from this work are compared to R134a data from an earlier work by the present authors, and also to predicted values from some available helical microfin correlations. Compared to R134a data, heat transfer coefficients for the investigated mixtures are generally lower, especially at low mass flow rates. No major effect of heat flux on heat transfer coefficients was found, with the exception of the high quality region. Predicted heat transfer coefficients from helical microfin correlations strongly overpredict the present data. Global pressure losses are predicted well, even though local deviations are found.

Field of study: Engineering
The dielectric tensor components of anthracene derived from energy loss experiments

Energy loss spectra of anthracene single crystals corresponding to the dielectric tensor elements ɛxx, ɛyy and ɛzz were measured with 60 keV electrons, after having fixed the main axes of the dielectric tensor corresponding to ɛxx and ɛzz. The real and imaginary parts of the dielectric tensor elements are derived from the loss functions by a Kramers-Kronig-analysis.The results are compared with those obtained by other autors and with measurements on graphite.

Field of study: Physics
Equivalent isotropic scattering formulation for transient short-pulse radiative transfer in anisotropic scattering planar media.

An isotropic scaling formulation is evaluated for transient radiative transfer in a one-dimensional planar slab subject to collimated and/or diffuse irradiation. The Monte Carlo method is used to implement the equivalent scattering and exact simulations of the transient short-pulse radiation transport through forward and backward anisotropic scattering planar media. The scaled equivalent isotropic scattering results are compared with predictions of anisotropic scattering in various problems. It is found that the equivalent isotropic scaling law is not appropriate for backward-scattering media in transient radiative transfer. Even for an optically diffuse medium, the differences in temporal transmittance and reflectance profiles between predictions of backward anisotropic scattering and equivalent isotropic scattering are large. Additionally, for both forward and backward anisotropic scattering media, the transient equivalent isotropic results are strongly affected by the change of photon flight time, owing to the change of flight direction associated with the isotropic scaling technique.

Field of study: Physics
On-line Quantitative Monitoring and Control of Tobacco Flavors by Near Infrared Spectroscopy Combined with Advanced Calibration Transfer Method

When near infrared spectroscopy is applied to on-line monitoring and control of tobacco flavors,the variation in temperature can severely deteriorate the predictive performance of near infrared spectroscopic calibration models and results in a significant increases of the root mean square error value for the main constituents in syrup samples from 2.4% to 29.0%. In this paper,near infrared spectroscopy has been incorporated with an advanced calibration transfer method-loading space standardization to effectively eliminate the deteriorate effects of temperature variation on quantitative results and finally realize the fast and accurate on-line quantitative monitoring and control of tobacco flavors. The root mean square error value for the main constituents in syrup samples is successfully retained at a satisfying low level of 3.8%. The results of this paper will provide technical support for the preparation,preservation and use of tobacco flavors,and realize on-line process quality control of cigarettes.

Field of study: Chemistry
A study on the role of IL- 4 during bronchial asthma attacks

To study the roles of IL 4 during bronchial asthma attacks.  The samples of cord blood were collected from 39 neonates whose mothers had asthma history and 46 neonates whose mothers had no asthma history. IL 4, IFN γ, sIL 2R and total IgE in the samples were determined with ELISA and the basophils in the samples were counted. The mRNA and protein of IL 4, and IFN γ in both the T lymphocytes and basophils isolated from the samples were tested with RT PCR and ELISA, respectively.  The levels of IL 4, IFN γ, sIL 2R and total IgE didn't show any significantly differences between the samples from two groups ( P 0.05). The expressed mRNA and protein of IL 4 in the basophils from the asthma group were significantly higher than those from the control and also higher than those of T lymphocytes from the same samples ( P 0.01).  The basophils of the newborns born to mothers with asthmatic history are more sensitive to the stimulants in the environment than those of the control newborns. This suggests that IL 4 expressed by basophils might play an important role in asthma attacks.

Field of study: Biology
Study on the antibacterial effect of extracting solution from June frost in mice

Antimicrobial effect of extracting solution from June frost with water distilled was tested, the Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli carried on the mice. As a result, extracting solution from June frost has the obvious action on the mice, among them the groups of high concentration in the Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli have the best antimicrobial effect (p0.01). At the same time, the antimicrobial effect on the Escherichia coli is better than the Staphylococcus aureus.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
SU‐E‐T‐352: Comparison of Dose Distributions Between Two Arrangements of a Range Compensator and of An Aperture Collimator in a Passive Scattering Method for Proton Therapy

Two arrangements of a range compensator (RC) and an aperture collimator (AC), RC placed in front of AC (ARGT‐1) or AC placed in front of RC (ARGT‐2), are currently used in proton therapy. We studied difference of the dose distributions for two arrangements. We calculated dose distributions in water formed by a 190‐MeV modulated proton beam (SOBP width 80 mm) passing through two arrangements of a simple geometrical RC and an AC using a Simplified Monte Carlo method. The air gap between the downstream device and water surface was set at 195 mm.  Calculated dose distributions were normalized in the same uniform‐dose region. We compared sharpness of the 80%–20% dose falloffs at a depth of 150 mm where protons passing through the thinnest part of RC mainly contribute the dose. The value for the ARGT‐1 is written first and that for the ARGT‐2 next. Dose falloffs were 8.5±0.2 mm / 7.9±0.2 mm near an inner RC edge. Dose falloffs were 7. 1±0.2 mm / 8.0±0.2 near the AC edge region. In addition, dose contributions of edge‐scattered protonsscattered in the AC at water surface were 19% / 10 We verified that ARGT‐1 is superior to the other in dose conformation near the lateral target boundary and that ARGT‐2 is superior to the other in that near the distal target boundary. We also noticed that the RC serves to absorb a part of scatteredprotons in the AC for ARGT‐2.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Synthesis of (1S,2S,6S,10R)‐ and (1S,2R,6R,10R)‐1,2,6,10‐Tetramethyldodecyl Propanoate, the Components of the Sex Pheromone of the Pine Sawfly, Microdiprion pallipes

(1S,2S,6S,10R)- and (1S,2R,6R,10R)-1,2,6,10-tetramethyldodecyl propanoate (1 and 2), the components of the pheromone of Microdiprion pallipes, were synthesized from two chiral and nonracemic building blocks, (R)-3-tert-butoxycarbonyl-2-methylpropanoic acid (D) and (2R,6S)-7-acetoxy-2,6-dimethyl-1-heptanol (G), by employing lipase-catalyzed kinetic resolution in a later step.

Field of study: Chemistry