nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The channel between Gran Canaria and Tenerife: constructive processes and destructive events during the evolution of volcanic islands

Seismic, sidescan sonar, bathymetric multibeam and ODP (Ocean Drilling Program) data obtained in the submarine channel between the volcanic islands of Gran Canaria and Tenerife allow to identify constructive features and destructive events during the evolution of both islands. The most prominent constructive features are the submarine island flanks being the acoustic basement of the seismic images. The build-up of Tenerife started following the submarine stage of Gran Canaria because the submarine island flank of Tenerife onlaps the steeper flank of Gran Canaria. The overlying sediments in the channel between Gran Canaria and Tenerife are chaotic, consisting of slumps, debris flow deposits, syn-ignimbrite turbidites, ash layers, and other volcaniclastic rocks generated by eruptions, erosion, and flank collapse of the volcanoes. Volcanic cones on the submarine island flanks reflect ongoing submarine volcanic activity. The construction of the islands is interrupted by large destructive events, especially by flank collapses resulting in giant landslides. Several Miocene flank collapses (e.g., the formation of the Horgazales basin) were identified by combining seismic and drilling data whereas young giant landslides (e.g., the Güimar debris avalanche) are documented by sidescan, bathymetric and drilling data. Sediments are also transported through numerous submarine canyons from the islands into the volcaniclastic apron. Seismic profiles across the channel do not show a major offset of reflectors. The existence of a repeatedly postulated major NE–SW-trending fault zone between Gran Canaria and Tenerife is thus in doubt. The sporadic earthquake activity in this area may be related to the regional stress field or the submarine volcanic activity in this area. Seismic reflectors cannot be correlated through the channel between the sedimentary basins north and south of Gran Canaria because the channel acts as sediment barrier. The sedimentary basins to the north and south evolved differently following the submarine growth of Gran Canaria and Tenerife in the Miocene.

Field of study: Environmental science
Staged Subtalar Fusion for Severe Calcaneus Fractures with Bone Loss

With high energy fractures to the calcaneus there is the potential for significant bone loss. The loss of bone can make it difficult to fully regain calcaneal alignment. In addition these fractures are often associated with significant soft tissue injury. These two factors make it difficult to address this injury in a single stage, and can have significant complications. To address these issues our initial goal in treatment has been restoration of calcaneal alignment and stabilization of the surrounding soft tissue, followed by delayed/staged subtalar arthrodesis.  Patients with calcaneus fractures treated by a single surgeon from 2002 to 2012 were reviewed. Injuries which were found to have medial extrusion of the posterior facet and bone loss, and subsequently underwent a staged protocol involving early provisional fixation and late subtalar fusion were included.  We treated 6 calcaneus fractures with bone loss. All patients were treated with staged subtalar fusion after initial irrigation and debridement and provisional fixation. No soft-tissue complications were noted after the fusion procedure in any of the six cases. Fusion occurred in all six patients at an average of 20.6 weeks (range, 13-23 weeks). All patients were able to ambulate and wear a regular shoe by one year following the initial injury.  It is important in the high energy calcaneus fracture to assess for both soft tissue integrity and bone loss. A thorough debridement of both the soft tissues and any devitalized bone should be performed as well as provisional fixation which attempts to restore near normal calcaneal anatomy. Definitive fusion should not be performed until the soft tissues have fully recovered.

Field of study: Medicine
Causal effect identification in acyclic directed mixed graphs and gated models

We introduce a new family of graphical models that consists of graphs with possibly directed, undirected and bidirected edges but without directed cycles. We show that these models are suitable for representing causal models with additive error terms. We provide a set of sufficient graphical criteria for the identification of arbitrary causal effects when the new models contain directed and undirected edges but no bidirected edge. We also provide a necessary and sufficient graphical criterion for the identification of the causal effect of a single variable on the rest of the variables. Moreover, we develop an exact algorithm for learning the new models from observational and interventional data via answer set programming. Finally, we introduce gated models for causal effect identification, a new family of graphical models that exploits context specific independences to identify additional causal effects.

Field of study: Computer science
Synthesis and configuration of diastereomeric 1-(β-dimethylaminoethyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-plperidols

Diastereomeric 1-(β-dimethylaminoethyl)-2,5-dimethyl-4-piperidols were synthesized and their configurations were studied. The spatial orientation of the substituents in the α, β, and γ isomers of 2,5-dimethyl-4-piperidol was established, and the stereochemistry of the reduction of 2,5-dimethyl-4-piperidone with sodium in alcohol, with lithium aluminum hydride, and by catalysis on Raney nickel was studied by PMR spectroscopy. A series of transformations at the nitrogen atom of the piperidine ring do not change the configuration of 2,5-dimethyl-4-piperidols, but the stereochemistry of the reduction of the keto group in 2,5-dimethyl-4-piperidones with lithium aluminum hydride depends markedly on the character of the substituent attached to the piperidine nitrogen.

Field of study: Chemistry
ANATOMICAL DISPOSITION OF CARPAL BONES OF GOLDEN RETRIEVER DOG BY X-RAY EXPOSURE

The present study was conducted to know the general disposition of bones in carpal region of experimental dogs by X-ray study with an objective that the findings will facilitate to have an in-depth knowledge about the proper positioning of the carpal bones for surgical management of fractures and different types of bone deformities in dogs. In the present study, the anatomical disposition and arrangement pattern of carpal bones playing a pivotal role in providing the structural conformity in the limbs of Golden Retriever dog has been thoroughly confirmed by X- ray exposure.

Field of study: Biology
Nucleus accumbens opioid, GABaergic, and dopaminergic modulation of palatable food motivation: contrasting effects revealed by a progressive ratio study in the rat.

The current studies were designed to evaluate whether incentive motivation for palatable food is altered after manipulations of opioid, GABAergic, and dopaminergic transmission within the nucleus accumbens. A progressive ratio schedule was used to measure lever-pressing for sugar pellets after microinfusion of drugs into the nucleus accumbens in non-food-deprived rats. The mu opioid agonist D-Ala2, NMe-Phe4, Glyo15-enkephalin and the indirect dopamine agonist amphetamine induced a marked increase in break point and correct lever-presses; the GABA(A) agonist muscimol did not affect breakpoint or lever-presses. The data suggest that opioid, dopaminergic, and GABAergic systems within the accumbens differentially modulate food-seeking behavior through mechanisms related to hedonic evaluation of food, incentive salience, and control of motor feeding circuits, respectively.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Patch-based generation of a pseudo CT from conventional MRI sequences for MRI-only radiotherapy of the brain.

In radiotherapy (RT) based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as the only modality, the information on electron density must be derived from the MRI scan by creating a so-called pseudo computed tomography (pCT). This is a nontrivial task, since the voxel-intensities in an MRI scan are not uniquely related to electron density. To solve the task, voxel-based or atlas-based models have typically been used. The voxel-based models require a specialized dual ultrashort echo time MRI sequence for bone visualization and the atlas-based models require deformable registrations of conventional MRI scans. In this study, we investigate the potential of a patch-based method for creating a pCT based on conventional T1-weighted MRI scans without using deformable registrations. We compare this method against two state-of-the-art methods within the voxel-based and atlas-based categories.



The data consisted of CT and MRI scans of five cranial RT patients. To compare the performance of the different methods, a nested cross validation was done to find optimal model parameters for all the methods. Voxel-wise and geometric evaluations of the pCTs were done. Furthermore, a radiologic evaluation based on water equivalent path lengths was carried out, comparing the upper hemisphere of the head in the pCT and the real CT. Finally, the dosimetric accuracy was tested and compared for a photon treatment plan.



The pCTs produced with the patch-based method had the best voxel-wise, geometric, and radiologic agreement with the real CT, closely followed by the atlas-based method. In terms of the dosimetric accuracy, the patch-based method had average deviations of less than 0.5% in measures related to target coverage.



We showed that a patch-based method could generate an accurate pCT based on conventional T1-weighted MRI sequences and without deformable registrations. In our evaluations, the method performed better than existing voxel-based and atlas-based methods and showed a promising potential for RT of the brain based only on MRI.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
The Consolidación de Vales Reales in the Bishopric of Michoacán

N 1804, the Spanish crown issued a decree that many historians consider an important, even essential, cause of colonial estrangement from Spain. The Consolidacion de Vales Reales ordered that liens and mortgages whose interest supported the pious works of the church-charities, chaplaincies, special masses, devotional cults, and the like-should be redeemed, and that property belonging to these foundations should be sold. The proceeds, along with any funds that came into church coffers to establish new pious works, were to be loaned to the crown. Though the crown was primarily motivated by its pressing financial needs after more than a decade of European warfare, the stated goal of the decree was to bestow on Spanish America the benefits that Spain had derived from a similar law implemented in 1798.1 Instead, in one stroke, the decree at best offended and at worst undermined the principal defenders of colonial stability: the church and the propertied classes. In Spain, the church had quietly accepted the loss of control over property belonging to pious works, perhaps regarding the bonds (vales reales) they received in return as a more desirable and less risky form of asset than property, which required considerable maintenance and supervision.2 In New Spain, however, pious works owned few properties-most of their assets were already in paper form, as mortgages on rural and urban property.3 Here, far from freeing the church of an economic bur-

Field of study: History
A scanning apertureless near-field optical microscope as an instrument for characterizing the optical properties of a surface with nanometer spatial resolution

The operating principles of an apertureless scanning near-field optical microscope (ASNOM) are described. The metalized needle of an atomic force microscope is a probe in the device, and the optical interaction with objects on the surface is localized near its tip, which is a few nanometers in size. The needle’s body is several microns long, ensuring high efficiency of its electromagnetic interaction with the light waves incident on it from the outside and emitted by it into space. The nano-antenna formed by the needle thus raises the efficiency of the optical interaction between nano-objects and the electromagnetic ether by 4–5 orders of magnitude. Results from scanning semiconductor and polymer structures are presented that demonstrate the ability of ASNOM to produce high-contrast images of objects’ optical properties (absorption, reflection, and thermal expansion) with resolutions of 10–50 nm, regardless of wavelength.

Field of study: Physics
Reputation Evaluation Model in Grid-supported based on D-S Evidence Theory

Based on deep analysis of relevant reputation research,a new Grid-Supported Reputation Evaluation Model is presented combined with advanced research work on Grid environment.In the presented model,Dempster-Shafer Evidence Theory is introduced and corresponding reputation evaluation algorithm is put forward.Simulation results show that the model can solve the quantitative evaluation problem of Grid entity reputation,and has nicer ability to adapt the dynamic of Grid and distinguish reputation deception.

Field of study: Computer science
Learning about the X from our parents

The X chromosome is generally understudied in association studies, in part because the analyst has had limited methodological options. For nuclear-family-based association studies, most current methods extend the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) to the X chromosome. We present a new method to study association in case-parent triads: the parent-informed likelihood ratio test for the X chromosome (PIX-LRT). Our method enables estimation of relative risks and takes advantage of parental genotype information and the sex of the affected offspring to increase statistical power to detect an effect. Under a parental exchangeability assumption for the X, if case-parent triads are complete, the parents of affected offspring provide an independent replication sample for estimates based on transmission distortion to their affected offspring. For each offspring sex we combine the parent-level and the offspring-level information to form a likelihood ratio test statistic; we then combine the two to form a combined test statistic. Our method can estimate relative risks under different modes of inheritance or a more general co-dominant model. In triads with missing parental genotypes, the method accounts for missingness with the Expectation-Maximization algorithm. We calculate non-centrality parameters to assess the power gain and robustness of our method compared to alternative methods. We apply PIX-LRT to publically available data from an international consortium of genotyped families affected by the birth defect oral cleft and find a strong, internally-replicated signal for a SNP marker related to cleft lip with or without cleft palate.

Field of study: Biology
SU‐GG‐T‐78: Influence of Material Heterogeneities for Brachytherapy Dose Calculations

To quantify the influence of material heterogeneities for brachytherapydose calculations.  Current brachytherapytreatment planning systems (TPS) use the TG‐43 dose calculation formalism. This formalism uses the superposition principle with single‐source dose distributions in liquid water, and is used for all conventional brachytherapy sources (both low‐energy and high‐energy photon emitters). In the high‐energy regime, dosimetric sensitivity to media heterogeneities in comparison to water is less significant than for low‐energy sources. To quantify these effects as a function of photon energy, a series of Monte Carlo(MC) based radiation transport simulations was performed using the MCNP5 code. For simplicity and generalization, brachytherapy sources were approximated as point sources in spherical phantoms, with isotropic mono‐energetic photon‐emitting point sources to approximate photon energies from common radionuclides. The first simulation series was a homogeneous water phantom used as the reference geometry, and was compared to two different heterogeneous phantoms selected with consideration to photon energy. The low‐energy heterogeneous phantom used breast tissue for r≤3cm, cortical bone for 3.0<r<3.3cm, and water for 3.3≤r≤15 cm. The high‐energy heterogeneous phantom used lung tissue for 6<r<10cm and iron for 15.0<r<15.5cm with water everywhere else out to 40cm. Dose to medium‐in‐medium (DMM) for low‐energy sources differed by −20% in breast and by a factor of 4–7 in bone, while dose to water‐in‐medium (DWM) differed by +30% and −50, respectively. For high‐energy sources, DMM differed by −21% to +8% in lung and similar amounts for DWM. In iron, DMM differed by a factor of 20−1.8 for 50–662keV, but by <30% for DWM. Using spherical geometry maximized the influence of material heterogeneity due to scatter. Brachytherapydose calculation accuracy using the TG‐43 formalism is challenged by material heterogeneities, resulting in errors exceeding an order of magnitude under certain conditions.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Pack-extraction method combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy to monitor metal contaminants on surfaces of silicon wafers

A method to extract micro-contaminants detrimental to silicon (Si) devices is developed and its impact on clean technology is discussed, focusing on upgrading the oxide film performance of densely packed devices. Detrimental metal impurities (Fe, Cu, Al, Ni and Zn) on surfaces of Si wafers from three vendors were successfully extracted with a prototype pack-extraction method (PEM), in which sample wafers were individually enclosed in a cleaned Teflon bag containing an aqueous acid solution. Each solution, which contained extracted contaminants, was then analysed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). The results could help reduce undesirable impurities that degrade device characteristics. To analyse impurities on surfaces and in the Si bulk separately, we developed an improved PEM, in which impurities were extracted by successively heating the wafer with three different acid solutions ((i) HCl/H2O, (ii) HF/H2O and (iii) HF/HNO3/H2O). By using this improved PEM combined with ICP-MS, we analysed the impurities on the oxide surfaces, in the oxide and in Si bulk separately (including the SiO2-Si interface) for oxidized wafers contaminated intentionally with impurities of Fe, Al, and Cu prior to oxidation. The analysis showed that Al and Fe mainly segregated at the uppermost layer of the oxide, whereas Cu was distributed not in the oxide, but mainly in the Si bulk and SiO2-Si interface.

Field of study: Materials science
Contrasting impacts of reindeer grazing in two tundra grasslands

Plant communities in Arctic and alpine areas are changing due to higher temperatures and longer vegetation periods and it is uncertain how this will affect plant-herbivore dynamics. For instance, relatively fast-growing, deciduous shrub species that are the most responsive to warming may also be the most targeted by herbivores such as reindeer, giving less palatable evergreen shrubs the chance to expand. Using herbivore exclosures, we have studied how two grasslands with contrasting nutrient and moisture regimes, a dry, nutrient-poor alpine grass heath and a wet, productive low herb meadow, changed between 1995 and 2012, in grazed and ungrazed conditions. At the grass heath, evergreen low shrub abundance had more than doubled, regardless of grazer treatment, whereas at the low herb meadow, evergreen shrubs had increased only outside exclosures while deciduous tall shrubs and forbs were significantly more abundant inside exclosures. Deciduous tall shrubs were also significantly taller in exclosures. These contrasting findings suggest that the impact of herbivores is to a great deal determined by their influence on competitive interactions between plant species, and therefore depends on the underlying composition of the plant community. Consequently, as the balance in these competitive interactions is shifting due to climate warming, we conclude that the potential of herbivory to influence this balance is considerable yet highly site dependent.

Field of study: Environmental science
No. 49124. International development association and Benin

Multi-Donor Trust Fund for Health Results Innovation Grant Agreement (Health System Performance Project) between the Republic of Benin and the International Development Association (in its capacity as administrator of the Multi-Donor Trust Fund for Health Results Innovation) (with schedules, appendix and Standard Conditions for Grants made by the World Bank out of various funds, dated 1 July 2008). Cotonou, 25 May 2010

Field of study: Political science
Low-loss broadband antenna for efficient photon collection from a coherent spin in diamond

We report the creation of a low-loss broadband optical antenna giving highly directed output from a coherent single spin in the solid state. The device, a crystalline solid-state realization of a dielectric antenna, is engineered for individual nitrogen-vacancy electronic spins in diamond. We demonstrate a directionality close to 10. The photonic structure preserves the high spin coherence of single-crystal diamond ( T 2 ≳ 100 μ s). The single-photon count rate approaches a megahertz facilitating efficient spin readout. We thus demonstrate a key enabling technology for quantum applications such as high-sensitivity magnetometry and long-distance spin entanglement.

Field of study: Physics
Preparation of gold-immunochromatography strip for rapid detection of E.coli O157:H7

Make gold-immunochromatography strip for Escherichia coli O157:H7 and test the effect of sensitizer.Use the gold immunochromatography assay(GICA) technology,the Escherichia coli O157:H7 was detected by double antibody sandwich method.This gold-immunochromatography kits can checkout Escherichia coli O157:H7 in 15 minutes.The sensitivity of the test is 1×106 cfu/mL.For different parasitism population,such as Salmonella,Vibrio parahaemolyticus,Campylobacter jejuni,not find cross-reaction.Indicating good specificity of this strip.The gold-immunochromatography strip is test quick,sensitivity high and well,apply to the express test.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Making sugar and protein from trash

Mutant strains of the fungus Trichoderma viride, capable of producing two to four times the celluloses the parent strain produces, have been developed over the past 20 years. As an outgrowth of the U.S. Army's attempt to overcome the South Pacific fungus' destructive properties on anything that contained cellulose, mountains of trash may be converted to rich chemicals or glucose. A process used in the U.K. to upgrade wastes into animal feed with selected microorganisms is also described. (1 diagram, 1 photo)

Field of study: Environmental science
Deux têtes valent-elles mieux qu'une? Points de vue sur le travail partagé en médecine familiale universitaire

Se bâtir une carriere universitaire en medecine familiale tout en devant composer avec la gestion d’une pratique et d’une vie personnelle satisfaisantes pose tout un defi. Le travail partage est une approche creatrice pour poursuivre et atteindre les objectifs professionnels de ceux qui

Field of study: Medicine