nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Behavioral approach and inhibition systems and substance use in adolescence

: One of the-characteristic features of adolescence 'is a tendency to risky behaviors including experimentation with psychoactive substances. The current review covered empirical studies on the associations of Behavioral Approach System (BAS) and Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) with adolescent substance use. The best predictors are the two components of BAS- reward responsiveness and fun seeking/impulsivity; the evidence on the role of BIS is contradictory. Recent neurological studies suggest that developmental differences in brain pathways underlying approach and avoidance motivation may be one mechanism through which adolescents are placed at greater risk for substance experimentation and misuse. Although adolescents as a group are considered risk-takers, some adolescents will be more prone than others to engage in risky.behaviors, putting them at potentially greater risk for negative outcomes. These individual and developmental differences may help explain vulnerability in some individuals to risk-taking associated with substance use. Efforts to prevent or minimize adolescent risk-taking should focus on changing the context in which risky activity takes place.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Co, Fe, and Ti Implants in InGaAs and Co Implants in InP at 200° C

Elevated temperature (200° C) single- and multiple-energy Co implants inn-type InP, Co and Fe implants in n-type In0.53Ga0.47As, and Ti implants inp-type In0.53Ga0.47As were performed. For elevated temperature, single-energy Co and Fe implants, no satellite peaks at various locations like 0.8RP, RP+ ΔRP, and 2RPRP is the projected range and ΔRP the straggle of the implant) are observed, in contrast to the case of room temperature implants. However, the outdiffusion of the implant is as severe as that in room temperature implantation for high temperature anneals. Indiffusion of the implant also occurs, but it is not as severe as the outdiffusion. High temperature annealing of Ti-implanted material results in a slight indiffusion of Ti, with minimal redistribution or outdiffusion. For all elevated temperature implants, the lattice quality of the annealed material is close to that of the virgin unimplanted material. For all ion species used in this study, resistivities close to the intrinsic limit are obtained in the implanted and annealed materials.

Field of study: Materials science
Socio-economic and geographic differentials in costs and payment strategies for primary healthcare services in Southeast Nigeria.

The study explored socio-economic and geographic inequalities that exist in healthcare seeking, expenditures and methods of paying for healthcare. The study was conducted in two communities (one rural and urban) in Southeast Nigeria. A pre-tested questionnaire was administered to household heads or their representatives by trained interviewers. A socio-economic status (SES) index, together with urban-rural comparisons was used to examine the inequalities. The expenditures on healthcare and the proportions of respondents that used the different payment strategies were compared across SES quartiles and between the urban and rural areas. There were varying degrees of socio-economic and geographic inequalities in treatment expenditures, providers seen and payment modalities that were used. User fee without reimbursement was the commonest type of payment strategy, followed distantly by instalment payment. The two poorest quartiles were less likely to have used user fee and they mostly used instalment payment in the rural area. Logistic regression analysis showed that location was significantly and positively related to user fee but not to instalment payment. In conclusion, the poorest SES group and rural dwellers are the major sufferers of inequality and this could be mitigated through improved provision of primary healthcare services in rural areas and initiation of exemptions, vouchers and other pro-poor payment strategies for the poorest SES groups.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
WAS: A weighted attribute-based strategy for cluster test selection

In past decades, many techniques have been proposed to generate and execute test cases automatically. However, when a test oracle does not exist, execution results have to be examined manually. With increasing functionality and complexity of today's software, this process can be extremely time-consuming and mistake-prone. A CTS-based (cluster test selection) strategy provides a feasible solution to mitigate such deficiency by examining the execution results only with respect to a small number of selected test cases. It groups test cases with similar execution profiles into the same cluster and selects them from each cluster. Some well-known CTS-based strategies are one per cluster, n (a predefined value which is greater than 1) per cluster, adaptive sampling, and execution-spectra-based sampling (ESBS). The ultimate goal is to reduce testing cost by quickly identifying the executions that are likely to fail. However, improperly grouping the test cases will significantly diminish the effectiveness of these strategies (by examining results of more successful executions and fewer failed executions). To overcome this problem, we propose a weighted attribute-based strategy (WAS). Instead of clustering test cases based on the similarity of their execution profiles only once like the aforementioned CTS-based strategies, WAS will conduct more than one iteration of clustering using weighted execution profiles by also considering the suspiciousness of each program element (statement, basic block, decision, etc.), where the suspiciousness in terms of the likelihood of containing bugs can be computed by using various software fault localization techniques. Case studies using seven programs (make, ant, sed, flex, grep, gzip, and space) and four CTS-based strategies (one per cluster sampling, n per cluster sampling, adaptive sampling, and ESBS) were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of WAS on 184 faulty versions containing either single or multiple bugs. Experimental results suggest that the proposed WAS strategy outperforms other four CTS-based strategies with respect to both recall and precision such that output verification is focused more strongly on failed executions.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
CONDITIONED ACCELERATION AND CONDITIONED SUPPRESSION IN PIGEONS1

Two experiments were performed to investigate the effects on pigeons' keypecking behavior of stimuli that signal different kinds of aversive events: time-out from positive reinforcement, electric shock, loud noise, and loud tone. Behavior maintained by a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement was suppressed by a stimulus before shock, was accelerated by a stimulus before time-out from positive reinforcement, and was unchanged by a stimulus before loud noise or a stimulus before loud tone. Conditioned acceleration with time-out from positive reinforcement and conditioned suppression with shock were obtained regardless of whether a response contingent or response-independent procedure was employed.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Gentamicin: Evaluation of Five Nomograms for Initial Dosing at Al-Amiri Hospital in Kuwait

To compare five published nomograms (Thomson guidelines, Mawer nomogram, rule of eights, Hull-Sarubbi table and Dettli method) for calculating the initial gentamicin dosage regimen in a Kuwaiti population.  Based on measured peak and trough gentamicin concentrations, the elimination rate constant and volume of distribution of gentamicin were calculated for each patient (n = 56), using a modified two-point Sawchuk-Zaske method. The calculated individual set of pharmacokinetic parameters and the initial dose regimen recommended by each of the five methods were used to predict the steady-state peak and trough of gentamicin concentrations.  The Thomson guidelines produced consistent results in predicting gentamicin concentrations within the target ranges of peak plus trough, peak only and trough only (63, 75 and 75%, respectively). The Mawer nomogram, Hull-Sarubbi table and Dettli methods achieved similar percentages of patients (46–50%) within the target ranges (5–10 mg · l–1 for peak and 0.5–2 for trough), whereas empirical dosing and the rule of eights showed the lowest percentages of patients within the peak plus trough target range (25 and 37%, respectively). However, with respect to the underdosing target range (predicted concentration <5 mg · l–1), the Thomson guidelines showed that 21% of patients were underdosed.  The results show that a large number of patients (37–63%) were outside the target ranges in all initial gentamicin dosing methods evaluated in this study. Therefore, serum concentration measurement can be advised to assist in the optimization of gentamicin dose selection.

Field of study: Medicine
Introduction to the special issue on Software Life Cycle Management

In August of 1978, the United States Army Computer Systems Command sponsored the Second Software Life Cycle Management Workshop in Atlanta, Georgia. The Workshop was organized by the U.S. Army Institute for Research in Management Information and Computer Science (AIRMICS). I served as Program Chairman and Major Edward Ely of AIRMICS served as General Chairman. The Workshop brought together forty researchers in the area of Software Life Cycle Management Technology to discuss theory, practice, and technology in managing software over its life cycle. The participants worked to outline, identify, and describe the phenomonology of software development by trying to validate, refine, extend, and exploit models and metrics pertaining to life cycle management. The goal of the workshop was to foster the emergence of a viable life cycle management technology that could eventually allow accurate estimation and control of the time and resources necessary to develop and support software. This issue of the Journal of Systems and Software is based upon that Second Software Life Cycle Management Workshop. It contains a selected subset of papers that have been updated for presentation in this special issue. The first two papers are primarily concerned with management methodology. Tausworthe discusses the use of the work breakdown structure (WBS) for software management and McHenry and Rand present a disciplined methodology for integration engineering. The next three papers are concerned with the relationships of various factors during the life cycle. The paper by Boehm and Wolverton examines a set of criteria for software cost estimation. These criteria are related to their use in various cost models and examples are given of their importance. The paper by Thibodeau and Dodson discusses particular life cycle phase relationships in an attempt to isolate invariants for use in cost modeling. Lehman’s paper postulates a set of basic laws governing the maintenance phase of the life cycle. These laws are based upon a set of basic invariants that have been analyzed as they occur during the maintenance of varous software projects. The last four papers are all concerned with reliability modeling. Musa’s paper presents the results of testing his model on several software projects. Goel presents another reliability model along with its application to two software systems. Littlewood argues against the previous approaches in favor of a Bayesian model of reliability. The paper by Schick and Lin presents a methodology for assessing error distributions in reliability measurement. At least one other paper was not available in time for this special issue, but it is hoped that it will be published in a subsequent issue. Victor R. Basili

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Antioxidative activity of mulberry and its inhibitory effect on tyrosinase

The aim is to measure the antioxidant activity and its inhibitory effect on tyrosinase of three mulberry's extracts.In the study,hydroxyl radicals scavenging activity assay,reducing power assay and lipid peroxidation assay were used,as well as tyrosinase Inhibition test.On the hydroxyl radicals scavenging activity assay,DPPH assay and tyrosinase inhibition test,the antioxidant activity and the inhibitory Effect on tyrosinase of extract in deionized water,in 50% ethanol and in 95% ethanol were shown from high to low.And the IC50 of its water extract in tyrosinase inhibition test is 12.35 mg/mL.On reducing power assay,the antioxidant activity of extract in 50% ethanol was stronger than the extract in deionized water or in 95% ethanol.Otherwise,total flavonoids content of mulberry extracts were 4.11 ~15.84 mg/g.The results show that mulberry has good antioxidative activity and inhibitory effect on tyrosinase.The results could lay good foundation for further studies.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Design synthesis in VLSI and software engineering

In this paper we present the results of the Working Group on Design Synthesis and Measurement. This group explored the issues that separate and bind software engineering and VLSI design. The issues on which we comment are design views and tradeoff, levels of abstraction and their importance, and design methodologies and their effect on decisions. We also examine the support environments needed to facilitate design in VLSI and software engineering, state-of-the-art of silicon compilation today, and the types of problems that are best suited to silicon compilation.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
The Scintillation Mechanism in Thallium Activated Sodium Iodide

The emission and transmission of both pure and Tl activated NaI crystals have been studied as functions of wavelength and plastic deformation in the sample. The results show an increase in emission at 0.42 micron for the NaI(Tl) phosphor, and a probable decrease for the pure NaI specimen. In pure NaI three emission bands, located at 0.33, 0.375 and 0.42 micron, were observed. The 0.42 micron band in both NaI(Tl) and NaI is associated at least in part with chemical contamination of the surface. Some reduction in absorption in both the activated and pure crystals was observed upon increasing the dislocation density.

Field of study: Physics
Computerized scheme for evaluating mammographic phantom images.

The authors developed a computer algorithm to automatically evaluate images of the American College of Radiology (ACR) mammography accreditation phantom.



The developed algorithm consist of the edge detection of wax insert, nonuniformity correction of background, and correction for magnification and also calculate the cross-correlation coefficient by image matching technique. The algorithm additionally evaluates target shape for fibers, target contrast for speck groups, and target circularity for masses. To obtain an ideal template image without noise and spatial resolution loss, the wax insert containing the embedded test pattern was extracted from the phantom and radiographed. Two template images and ten test phantom images were prepared for this study. The results of evaluation using the algorithm outputs were compared with the averaged results of observer studies by six skilled observers.



In comparing the results from the algorithm outputs with the results of observers, the authors found that the computer outputs were well correlated with the evaluations by observers, and they indicate the quality of the phantom image. The correlation coefficients between results of observer studies and two outputs of computer algorithm, i.e., the cross-correlation coefficient by template matching and indices of target shape for fibers, were 0.89 (95% confidence interval, 0.82-0.93; hereinafter the same) and 0.85 (0.76-0.91). The correlation coefficients between observer's results and two outputs: the cross-correlation coefficient and indices of target contrast for speck groups, were 0.83 (0.79-0.86) and 0.85 (0.81-0.88) and between observer's results and two outputs: the cross-correlation coefficient and indices of target circularity for masses, were 0.90 (0.84-0.94) and 0.87 (0.77-0.92).



Image evaluation using the ACR phantom is indispensable in quality control of a mammography system. The proposed algorithm is useful for quality control and image evaluation of mammography units.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Temporal trends of mercury in eggs of five sympatrically breeding seabird species in the Canadian Arctic.

We compared temporal trends of total mercury (Hg) in eggs of five seabird species breeding at Prince Leopold Island in the Canadian high Arctic. As changes in trophic position over time have the potential to influence contaminant temporal trends, Hg concentrations were adjusted for trophic position (measured as δ(15)N). Adjusted Hg concentrations in eggs of thick-billed murres (Uria lomvia) and northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) increased from 1975 to the 1990s, followed by a plateauing of levels from the 1990s to 2014. Trends of adjusted Hg concentrations in eggs of murres, fulmars, black guillemots (Cepphus grylle) and black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) had negative slopes between 1993 and 2013. Adjusted Hg concentrations in glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus) eggs decreased by 50% from 1993 to 2003 before starting to increase again. Glaucous gull eggs had the highest Hg concentrations followed by black guillemot eggs, and black-legged kittiwake eggs had the lowest concentrations consistently in the five years compared between 1993 and 2013. Based on published toxicological thresholds for Hg in eggs, there is little concern for adverse reproductive effects due to Hg exposure in these birds, although the levels in glaucous gull eggs warrant future scrutiny given the increase in Hg concentrations observed in recent years. There is evidence that the Hg trends observed reflect changing anthropogenic Hg emissions. It remains unclear, however, to what extent exposure to Hg on the overwintering grounds influences the Hg trends observed in the seabird eggs at Prince Leopold Island. Future research should focus on determining the extent to which Hg exposure on the breeding grounds versus the overwintering areas contribute to the trends observed in the eggs.

Field of study: Environmental science
TWO PARAMETER FAMILIES OF CLOSE-TO-CONVEX FUNCTIONS AND CONVOLUTION THEOREMS

Using a recently obtained coefficient condition for functions with positive real part by M. Obradović and S. Ponnusamy, we construct four different useful examples of two parameter families of close-to-convex functions. As a consequence of another well-known coefficient condition due to M. Obradović and S. Ponnusamy, we obtain a number of results concerning the convolution of two univalent functions. Using these results, we obtain criteria for combinations of hypergeometric functions to be univalent.

Field of study: Philosophy
X-Ray-Induced Photoconductivity in Dielectric Films

We have measured the conductivity induced in films of polyethylene, epoxy, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyimide, and glass by x rays at dose rates between 109 and 1010 rad/sec (dose in air). The films were 0.05 to 1.25 mm thick. The x-ray spectrum peaked in the vicinity of 10 keV, and the x-ray pulse width was about 40 nsec FWHM. X-ray induced photocurrents were found to obey Ohm's law at low bias voltages (less than 1 kV). Above 1 kV, however, we observed that the peak photoconductivity signals from some of the 0.05-mm-thick materials began to increase at a slightly faster than linear rate with bias voltage. The glass samples exhibited no apparent delayed conductivity, while the other sample materials showed various amounts. The magnitude of the delayed conductivity in polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyimide depended on the electric field, an effect that is consistent with Poole-Frenkel field assisted carrier generation. We have qualitatively described the magnitude and time dependence of the conductivity signals by a simple trapping model, using reasonable values for mobility, trap density, capture cross sections and trap depths.

Field of study: Physics
The Coriolis Force in Relation to the Sea and Land Breezes—A Historical Note

The deflecting effect of the earth's rotation on winds has been known since the writings of Hadley in 1735, and observations of the clockwise diurnal directional turning of the sea and land breezes in the Northern Hemisphere have been published in quantity since 1801. But, the first reference associating the turning with the earth rotation through the latter's deflecting effect appears to have been made by the Austrian meteorologist and climatologist von Hann in 1901.  (1922) conclusion that the earth's rotation is not relevant to the dynamics of the sea and land breezes, was based on an overestimate of the speed and an excessive underestimate of the landward penetration of the sea breezes. In 1934 Brunt suggested that the Earth's rotation may be important. Neither Jeffreys nor Brunt seem to have been aware of yon Hann's statement and examples. Haurwitz (1947) was the first to show dynamically that the Coriolis force can explain the observed diurnal directional turning of the sea and lan...

Field of study: Environmental science
Celastrol-Induced Suppression of the MiR-21/ERK Signalling Pathway Attenuates Cardiac Fibrosis and Dysfunction

Myocardial fibrosis results in myocardial remodelling and dysfunction. Celastrol, a traditional oriental medicine, has been suggested to have cardioprotective effects. However, its underlying mechanism is unknown. This study investigated the ability of celastrol to prevent cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction and explored the underlying mechanisms.  Animal and cell models of cardiac fibrosis were used in this study. Myocardial fibrosis was induced by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in mice. Cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis were evaluated based on histological and biochemical measurements. Cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography. The levels of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), extracellular signal regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) signalling were measured using Western blotting, while the expression of miR-21was analyzed by real-time qRT-PCR in vitro and in vivo. In vitro studies, cultured cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) were treated with TGF-β1 and transfected with microRNA-21(miR21).  Celastrol treatment reduced the increased collagen deposition and down-regulated α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptides (BNP), beta-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), miR-21 and p-ERK/ERK. Cardiac dysfunction was significantly attenuated by celastrol treatment in the TAC mice model. Celastrol treatment reduced myocardial fibroblast viability and collagen content and down-regulated α-SMA in cultured CFs in vitro. Celastrol also inhibited the miR-21/ERK signalling pathway. Celastrol attenuated miR-21 up-regulation by TGF-β1 and decreased elevated p-ERK/ERK levels in CFs transfected with miR-21.  MiR-21/ERK signalling could be a potential therapeutic pathway for the prevention of myocardial fibrosis. Celastrol ameliorates myocardial fibrosis and cardiac dysfunction, these probably related to miR-21/ERK signaling pathways in vitro and in vivo.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry