nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Drop Size Distributions for Irrigation Sprinklers

A set of drop size distribution data is presented covering a wide range of sprinkler types including single nozzle impact sprinklers with straight bore and square nozzles, and sprayheads with various types of deflector plates. Drop sizes were measured by the laser-optical method and comparisons with other types of drop size measurement techniques are presented. Distributions are parameterized with an exponential function, and a method is provided to estimate the parameters given the sprinkler type, nozzle size, and pressure head.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Principles and design of Laue-case X-Ray interferometers

A theory of the interference mechanism in the Laue case interferometer is presented. Owing to the strong Borrmann effect a straightforward plane wave approach yields complete agreement with observed fringe patterns. The problem of coherence is discussed in some detail. It is shown that the geometrical precision of actual interferometers does not have to be better than 1 to 10 micron. The theory demonstrates that the “ideal” geometry can also be obtained with the transmission mirrors in different planes, allowing the construction of a modified interferometer with especially long and separated beam paths. This type is particularly suitable for practical interferometry.

Field of study: Physics
Cardiovascular pathology in 2 young adults with sudden, unexpected death due to coronary aneurysms from Kawasaki disease in childhood.

Coronary artery aneurysms (CAA) may remain silent after Kawasaki disease (KD) until adulthood when myocardial ischemia can lead to sudden death. We postulated that there would be young adults with sudden, unexpected death due to CAA from KD who would have a state-mandated autopsy performed by the San Diego County Medical Examiner's Office (SDCMEO).



We reviewed all autopsy cases <35years of age from 1997 to 2012 at the SDCMEO with a cardiovascular cause of death (n=154).



We found 2 cases meeting inclusion criteria. Case 1 was a 22-year-old Korean male with chronic ischemic changes due to a partially occluded and diffusely calcified 15mm aneurysm at the bifurcation of the left main coronary artery. Interview of the mother revealed that this patient had been diagnosed with KD complicated by giant aneurysms at age two years. Case 2 was a 30-year-old Hispanic male with myocardial infarction due to thrombosis of a calcified left anterior descending artery aneurysm. Histologic findings included diffuse myocardial fibrosis and a recanalized aneurysm in the right coronary artery. Interview of the family revealed a KD-compatible illness in childhood. Immunohistochemical staining showed expression of transforming growth factor β pathway molecules in the aneurysmal arterial wall.



In a medical examiner's office serving a population of approximately 3 million people, 2 of 154 (1.3%) cardiovascular deaths in persons <35years were attributed to cardiovascular complications of KD in childhood. Antecedent KD should be considered in the evaluation of all cases of sudden, unexpected death in young adults.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Early Silurian glaciations in Brazil

The opening of the Brazilian Paleozoic basins during the Late Ordovician was followed by a tectonic stabilization in the Silurian. At the time of the Early Silurian glaciations, deposition of continental sandstones prevailed in the basins. Offshore environments were present in the Amazonas Basin and, to a smaller extent, in the Parana Basin. The ice sheets advanced over fluviatile and littoral sediments, except for the south margin of the Amazonas Basin, where the glacial diamictites immediately overlie marine facies. The ice produced much meltwater, even when advancing, and this was probably climatically controlled. The ice movements were from the northwest at the northern margin of the Amazonas Basin, and towards the northeast at the southern margin. In the Parnaiba Basin and its outliers, the Jatoba Basin and Cariri Valley, the ice came from southeast, and probably also from east. Further to the south, in the Parana Basin, it came from the north and northeast. Four glaciations have been dated to the Early Silurian. The oldest is dated as latest Ashgill and/or earliest Llandovery in the Parana Basin, as evidenced from tillites in the upper Rio Ivai and lower Vila Maria Formations (including the former Iapo Formation). It is contemporaneous with a glaciation in the Cape Basin, South Africa. The next glaciation is dated as early middle Llandovery ( gregarius graptolite Zone) and is present in the Amazonas Basin and the Andean Belt, and probably also in the Parnaiba Basin and its outliers. The two youngest tillites were widespread in the northern Brazilian basins (Amazonas, Parnaiba and Jatoba basins and Cariri Valley), as well as in the Andean Belt, and are dated as early late Llandovery (possibly starting already in the late middle Llandovery) and latest Llandovery to earliest Wenlock. The latter tillite is the most widespread one. Assuming these glaciations are related to polar positions, the apparent migration of the South Pole ice cap must have been quite rapid, from central North Africa in late Ashgill towards central Brazil in the middle-late Llandovery. The glaciation in the Parana Basin took place up to 45° from the late Ashgillian South Pole. The cool climate continued during the Silurian, but no new glaciations are known before latest Devonian.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Plate Arrangement Device of Large Plate Starting Sheet Machine Set and its Improvement

In order to make suitable for electrolysis process and increase production capacity of first generation domestic large plate starting sheet machine set, the plate arrangement device needs to be improved. Plate arrangement device of large plate starting sheet machine set adopts structure similar to imported machine set before improvement, which can basically meet the requirement of automatic operation of machine set, and the capacity of machine set can reach 380piece/h. Through improvement of structure of plate arrangement device, working time of switch plate hoisting can be shortened and production capacity of machine set can be improved, which can meet the production requirement of 600 piece/h.

Field of study: Materials science
Establishment of a preference by the newborn lamb for its mother: the role of opioids.

Mother-young relationships in sheep are characterized by individual recognition and a rapidly developing exclusive bond. The authors examined the role of opioids in establishment of the lamb's preference for its mother. Newborn lambs received the opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone (0.0, 1.5, or 3.0 mg/kg i.p.), and lambs were tested at 24 hr and 48 hr of age. At 24 hr, controls spent significantly more time near the mother than near an alien ewe; no significant difference was obtained for the naltrexone-treated groups. The effect of naltrexone persisted at 48 hr. No other significant behavioral difference was observed. Results support the hypothesis that opioids mediate the establishment of mother preference and the view that positive affect associated with social attachment and maternal care may be modulated by opioids.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Test Anxiety and the Immediate Feedback Assessment Technique

The authors examined the relationship between the reactions of undergraduate students to using the Immediate Feedback Assessment Technique (IFAT), an answer form that provides immediate feedback on multiple-choice questions, for the first time on a major examination and their levels of test anxiety and trait anxiety. They also assessed whether students with higher levels of test anxiety and trait anxiety might be disadvantaged relative to other students by use of the IFAT in a testing situation. They found that preference of undergraduates (N = 185) for the IFAT was not related to test anxiety, nor did evidence indicate that the IFAT put students with higher levels of test anxiety at a disadvantage with respect to test performance. Using the IFAT did not generally increase test-related anxiety, and for a majority of students, immediate feedback actually reduced it. Nineteen percent of students felt that immediate feedback interfered with their test performance but would nevertheless still prefer to use the IFAT in future tests. Potential concerns that test-anxious students may either dislike the IFAT or be disadvantaged by its use appear unwarranted and should not deter instructors from adopting the IFAT.

Field of study: Education
Response Vector Constrained Robust LCMV Beamforming Based on Semidefinite Programming

Although linearly constrained minimum variance (LCMV) beamforming is robust against imprecise target information, it usually leads to relatively high sidelobe and distorted mainlobe which would induce a high false alarm probability. To circumvent this problem, this work devises a novel robust LCMV beamforming approach by utilizing response vector optimization. It intends to find the optimal response vector in lieu of the all-one response vector in traditional LCMV beamformer. The proposed robust beamformer is first formulated as a nonconvex quadratically constrained quadratic programming problem, and then transformed into a semidefinite programming problem which can be efficiently and exactly solved. The proposed beamformer not only improves the performance in terms of signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio substantially, but also possesses low sidelobe and well-maintained mainlobe. Moreover, since the response vector is quite small in size, the complexity of calculating the optimal response vector is negligible. Additionally, the proposed beamformer is also extended to two-dimensional space-time adaptive processing. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed approach.

Field of study: Engineering
Transplants of fetal substantia nigra regulate glutamic acid decarboxylase gene expression in host striatal neurons.

Lesions of the dopaminergic innervation to the striatum result in increased activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and increased GAD mRNA in striatal GABAergic neurons. Here we show that solid transplants of dopamine-containing fetal mesencephalic tissue placed adjacent to the striatum can completely reverse the elevation of GAD mRNA in the striatum of adult rats with complete lesions of the nigrostriatal dopamine projections. The ability of the fetal transplants to re-establish control over gene expression in host target neurons indicates that there is a significant transneuronal influence of the transplanted neurons. Furthermore, striatal GAD mRNA levels appear to be a good marker of the functional impact of dopamine-producing transplants.

Field of study: Biology
Synthesis of novel 6-methyl-4-sulfanylfuro[3,4-с]pyridin-3(1H)-ones

Alkylation of 6-methyl-4-thioxo-4,5-dihydrofuro[3,4-c]pyridin-3(1H)-one in an alkaline medium proceeds regioselectively at the sulfur atom to form sulfanyl derivatives.

Field of study: Chemistry
Trace elements in continental-margin magmatism: Part II. Trace elements in Ben Ghnema batholith and nature of the Precambrian crust in central North Africa: Summary

The Ben Ghnema bacholith is in the northwestern part of the Tibesti massif of southern Libya. It was formed as a series of separate plutons about 550 m.y. ago (Pan-African time). The batholith is lithologically and compositionally similar to the Sierra Nevada batholith, thus suggesting that the Ben Ghnema batholith was also formed by subduction of oceanic crust under a cratonic margin. Areal variation from tonalite and granodiorite (on the east side) to granite (on the west) indicates that ocean basin occurred to the east of the batholith and craton to the west. Several compositional properties indicate that the plutons of the Ben Ghnema batholith represent a series of partial melts instead of a sequence formed by fractional crystallization. This conclusion is supported by the pronounced increase of K 2 O with SiO 2 , the lack of variation in Zr/Y ratios, and the lack of fractionation of heavy rare-earth elements (REE) in the more silicic rocks. The dominant rock type of the Ben Ghnema batholith is an adamellite (65% to 70% SiO 2 ). The average composition of the adamellite is 68.1% SiO 2 ; 0.49% TiO 2 ; 15.7% Al 2 O 3 ; 3.8% total iron as Fe 2 O 3 ; 1.4% MgO; 3.0% CaO; 3.3% Na 2 O; 4.2% K 2 O; 156 ppm Rb; 220 ppm Sr; 25 ppm Y; 169 ppm Zr; 11 ppm Nb; 564 ppm Ba; 25 ppm V; 87 ppm Cr; and 6 ppm Ni. This rock contains slightly more K 2 O and Rb and less Sr than typical calc-alkalic subduction-zone suites. This composition is consistent with intrusion of the batholith into the margin of a thick, well-formed, possibly Archean craton (the East Saharan craton of Bertrand and Caby).

Field of study: Geology
Performance of a notch filter for BEPCII

The high beam current (0.9 A) and the large number of bunches (93 bunches) may cause coupled bunch instabilities (CBI) in BEPCII. Active feedback systems are required to suppress CBI. The BEPCII transverse feedback system mainly includes three parts that are the signal detection unit, the signal processing unit, and the kicker. The notch filter is an important part of the signal processing unit. In this paper a simple notch filter which is combined with two cables, a splitter and a combiner is introduced. And a -41 dB notch depth is achieved. Transverse feedback system with this notch filter succeeds in curing the instability of the beam. It is proved that the filter can satisfy the requirement of the BEPCII transverse feedback system.

Field of study: Physics
Effects of Different Subsrates and Seasons on Shoot Cutting Propagation of Phoebe bournei

In order to offer scientific guidance for the promotion of seedling cultiavion quality and the enhancement of resources protection for Phoebe bournei,the technique for shoot cutting propagation was studied through the treatment methods of culture substrates and planting seasons.It was found thatthe mixture substrate of 50% peat soil and 50% vermiculite(V/V) was the best rooting meduim for shoot cutting,and planting in spring was most beneficial to promote the growth of cuttings.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Veelvoudige verstrooiing van golven

These are notes (in Dutch) of lectures on multiple scattering of waves, given at the University of Amsterdam in 1993. At request of some of the students, now professors, they are made publicly available. 
The main part of the material is covered in the review paper: {\it Multiple scattering of classical waves: microscopy, mesoscopy, and diffusion,} by M. C. W. van Rossum and myself,  (1999) 313 - 371.

Field of study: Physics
A multi-proxy analysis of hydroclimate trends in an ombrotrophic bog over the last millennium in the Eastern Carpathians of Romania

We describe an ombrotrophic bog profile from Tinovul Mohos, Eastern Carpathians, Romania to quantitatively reconstruct the hydroclimate and the palaeoecological evolution over the past 1000 years. Findings are based on high-resolution analyses of testate amoebae, plant macrofossils, pollen, micro- and macrocharcoal, δ13C stable carbon isotopes, organic matter content and bulk density, supported by AMS radiocarbon dating. We identify five major hydroclimatic intervals. Between AD 1050 and 1300, a wet period occurred associated with a time of reduced human population. Between AD 1300 and 1600, wet conditions continued to prevail, but with tendency towards drier mire settings. The third period from AD 1600–1680 revealed two abrupt disturbances in the local hydrology (strong dry-wet shifts). The fourth period, from AD 1680–1950, showed intermediate moist conditions with an increased humidity. After AD 1950, mire conditions became dry and there was an intensification in disturbances activity (forest clearance, fire and peatland drainage). Our multi-proxy reconstruction represents one of the few studies of the hydroclimate and palaeoecological evolution of the last millennium in the central-eastern Europe. Findings show good agreement with other hydroclimate reconstructions from this region, but not with records from north-western Europe. More high-resolution multi-proxy studies are needed to improve our understanding of the feedback mechanisms in peatlands and the factors behind these changes.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Discussion on Accounting Information Disclosure Technology Based on XBRL

This paper examines the rapidly changing world of financial reporting technology in network times,with the particular focus on the World Wide Web activities.Internet users have come to expect that information on the Web site is the most current information available.The Internet will drive financial reporting from its monthly,quarterly,and annual cycles to a system of real-time reporting.We mainly discussed widely used the internet financial reporting technical of the listed companies,especially XBRL.

Field of study: Economics
Cambios en la estructura cuticular Ornithodoros erraticus hembra durante el proceso de alimentación

Los autores desean expresar su agradecimiento a D. Antonio Encinas Grandes por el suministro de Ornithodoros erraticus del area de Salamanca (Espana) y por su gran aportacion a este trabajo mediante la revision y discusion de los resultados 
obtenidos. Asi mismo, al servicio de microscopia de la Universidad Politecnica de Valencia. MP Arrieta ha sido becada por la Comunitat Valenciana (Grisolia/2011/007). El presente trabajo ha sido fi nanciado por el Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia (MAT2011-28468-C02-02).

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Tumour necrosis factor-alpha up-regulates the expression of BMP-4 mRNA but inhibits chondrogenesis in mouse clonal chondrogenic EC cells, ATDC5.

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha causes the degradation of articular cartilage in arthritis via direct actions on chondrocytes. However, it remains unknown whether TNF-alpha affects chondrogenesis in chondroprogenitors. In the present study, we assessed the effects of TNF-alpha in vitro on chondrogenesis using mouse clonal chondrogenic EC cells, ATDC5. TNF-alpha (10 ng/ml) stimulated [3H] thymidine incorporation in undifferentiated ATDC5 cells, and suppressed cartilaginous nodule formation and the accumulation of cartilage-specific proteoglycan. We recently showed that undifferentiated ATDC5 cells express BMP-4 and that exogenously administered BMP-4 promotes chondrogenesis in these cells. Interestingly, TNF-alpha up-regulated the expression of BMP-4 mRNA in undifferentiated ATDC5 cells in time- and dose-dependent manners. However, exogenously administered BMP-4 was not capable of reversing the inhibitory action of TNF-alpha on chondrogenesis in ATDC5 cells. These results indicate that TNF-alpha stimulates both cell proliferation and BMP-4 expression but inhibits chondrogenesis in chondroprogenitor-like ATDC5 cells.

Field of study: Medicine
Major Neuropsychological Impairments in Schizophrenia Patients: Clinical Implications

Schizophrenia is a complex severe mental illness with high morbidity and mortality. It is characterized by positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and cognitive impairment. Cognitive impairment is strongly associated with functional impairment and presents a major barrier to recovery. This article reviews some of the most recent research on cognition in schizophrenia and the clinical implications.  There have been recent studies related to the genomics of cognition and neural structures involved in cognition. We review recent investigations into the assessment of social cognition and the implications of impaired introspective accuracy. A recent network analysis assessed the relationship of neurocognition and social cognition to functional capacity. We further discuss the role of specific symptoms in functioning, including negative symptoms and symptoms related to autism spectrum disorder. We conclude with a discussion of a novel computerized treatment for social cognition.  Recent research has sought to better understand several dimensions of cognition including genomics, brain structure, social cognition, functional capacity, and symptomatology. This recent research brings us closer to understanding the complex clinical picture of schizophrenia and the best treatments to achieve recovery.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Cloning, expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of gamma-filamin repeat 23.

Human gamma-filamin is a protein of 2705 amino-acid residues that localizes mainly in the myofibrillar Z-disc and to smaller extent in the subsarcolemmal region of striated muscle cells. gamma-Filamin consists of an N-terminal actin-binding domain followed by a long rod-shaped region. The rod-shaped region consists of 24 immunoglobulin-like domains that form a platform for interaction with different transmembrane, cell-signalling and cytoskeletal proteins. gamma-Filamin repeat 23 was indicated as being necessary for binding to the muscle-specific subsarcolemmal proteins gamma- and delta-sarcoglycan and the myofibrillar protein FATZ1. The recombinant gamma-filamin repeat 23 was crystallized using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method, which yielded needle-shaped diffraction-quality crystals. Diffraction data were collected to 2.05 angstroms resolution using 1.2 angstroms wavelength synchrotron radiation. Preliminary structural analysis shows one molecule, with predominantly beta secondary-structure elements, per asymmetric unit.

Field of study: Chemistry
Imidazoline ring cleavage in 1,3,6,10-tetraazatetracyclo-[7.3.1.02,7.06,13]trideca-4, 11-dienes, leading to the formation of diquinoxalino[1,2-a∶2′,3′-d]pyrrole derivatives

Dibenzo[d,k]-1,3,6,10-tetraazatetracyclo[7.3.1.02,7.06,13]trideca-4,11-dienes undergo addition reactions at the C(2) carbon atom with alcohols and thiols, accompanied by cleavage of the C-N bond of the imidazoline ring, to generate diquinoxalino[1,2-a∶2′,3′-d]pyrrole derivatives.

Field of study: Chemistry
RNA Expression Profile and Potential Biomarkers in Patients With Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3 From Mainland China

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in growth, development, and reproduction and undoubtedly contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of diseases. Emerging evidence suggests the involvement of lncRNAs as regulatory factors in pathological conditions, including some neurodegenerative diseases. Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3/Machado–Joseph Disease (SCA3/MJD) has a prominent prevalence in China. Because the role of lncRNAs in SCA3/MJD pathogenesis has not yet been investigated, we conducted a pilot study to investigate the expression profile of lncRNAs by high-throughput sequencing in 12 patients and 12 healthy individuals. The sequencing analysis detected 5,540 known and 2,759 novel lncRNAs. Six lncRNAs were confirmed to be differentially expressed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells between SCA3/MJD patients and healthy individuals and were further validated in cerebellar tissue. Based on these results, NONHSAT022144.2 and NONHSAT165686.1 may be involved in the pathogenesis of SCA3/MJD and may be potential biomarkers for SCA3/MJD. Together with NONHSAT022144.2 and NONHSAT165686.1, the other four novel lncRNAs increase our understanding of lncRNA expression profile.

Field of study: Biology