nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Partial urogenital mobilization: a limited proximal dissection.

The treatment of urogenital sinus malformations is complex and controversial. Despite numerous and significant contemporary surgical advances, the dissection of the urogenital sinus remains technically challenging.



Based on total urogenital mobilization, we describe a technique whereby this dissection is limited to the pubourethral ligament. Our short-term results with partial urogenital mobilization (PUM) performed on 15 patients are retrospectively reviewed.



There were no intraoperative complications and the short-term cosmetic results are excellent. No patients have developed voiding dysfunction or urinary tract complications.



While total urogenital mobilization is a very effective procedure, we believe that the PUM approach limits potential morbidity in the reconstruction of these complex problems.

Field of study: Medicine
Amphibians and conservation breeding programmes: do all threatened amphibians belong on the ark?

Amphibians are facing an extinction crisis, and conservation breeding programmes are a tool used to prevent imminent species extinctions. Compared to mammals and birds, amphibians are considered ideal candidates for these programmes due to their small body size and low space requirements, high fecundity, applicability of reproductive technologies, short generation time, lack of parental care, hard wired behaviour, low maintenance requirements, relative cost effectiveness of such programmes, the success of several amphibian conservation breeding programmes and because captive husbandry capacity exists. Superficially, these reasons appear sound and conservation breeding has improved the conservation status of several amphibian species, however it is impossible to make generalisations about the biology or geo-political context of an entire class. Many threatened amphibian species fail to meet criteria that are commonly cited as reasons why amphibians are suitable for conservation breeding programmes. There are also limitations associated with maintaining populations of amphibians in the zoo and private sectors, and these could potentially undermine the success of conservation breeding programmes and reintroductions. We recommend that species that have been assessed as high priorities for ex situ conservation action are subsequently individually reassessed to determine their suitability for inclusion in conservation breeding programmes. The limitations and risks of maintaining ex situ populations of amphibians need to be considered from the outset and, where possible, mitigated. This should improve programme success rates and ensure that the limited funds dedicated to ex situ amphibian conservation are allocated to projects which have the greatest chance of success.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Frequency Revision Displaying Method Considered Visual Characteristic

Recently, visual function defect has being social problem. Though people felt an incongruity are a few on using glasses and so on, the needs that seeing CRT without using correcting instruments is high, too. So we suggest the method sight revising on the part of CRT as new sight revising method. In the experiment, we made the image removed high frequency band, and then carried out an eye test using the image added high frequency band by linear function and logarithmic function to it. As a result, we could be sight revising by added high frequency band.

Field of study: Computer science
Destination Strategies to Enhance Secondary and Niche Tourism Products: Literature Review and Case Study

The topic of this article is enhancing destination competitiveness, with particular interest to entrepreneurial strategies able to valorise secondary and niche attractions. A literature review reveals that, by means of cooperation, local stakeholders could increase success of mass destinations, while promoting the discovery of niche attractions, with a positive impact on the whole territory. Also, the role of DMOs is important, facilitating cooperation among between private and public stakeholders and among private companies. Destination branding strategies could be set, to define the competitive advantages of a territory, leveraging on synergies among primary and secondary attractions. The specific case study of Liguria is proposed and analysed by means of a questionnaire, spread among potential tourists, so to investigate their perceptions about both the capacity of the territory to offer secondary tourism products and the existence and effectiveness of collaborative strategies among local stakeholders. This Italian region has a tourism concentrated during summertime (bathing season), but possesses other specific features, that could differentiate the offer and potentially attract tourists also in other periods. The questionnaire, in fact, reveals that many tourists also like to explore the inland, which should therefore be further promoted. It also emerges than about 9% of tourists didn’t take advantage of secondary tourism products, not being aware of them, while about 46% believe that secondary attractions could be interesting for tourism, but are not adequately exploited, due to the lack of both strategic cooperation among local businesses and direct promotion.

Field of study: Business
Experimental design for four mixture components with process variables

The experimental design to model the response of a mixture in four components in the presence of process variables is considered. Two different blocks of blends that are orthogonal for linear or quadratic blending are D-optimized. The two orthogonal blocks of blends are generalized and D-optimized in some cases (and possibly Doptimized in others) to deal with restrictions on the blending component proportions. The pair of orthogonal D-optimal blocks of blends can be used with an arbitrary number of process variables, and requires a reduced number of observations.

Field of study: Mathematics
Backside Flip-Chip testing by means of high-bandwidth luminescence detection

We present the results of backside non-invasive optical testing of CMOS Flip-Chips. The exploited principle is the hot-carrier luminescence emitted by MOS transistors in saturation. The set-up is based on a solidstate single-photon avalanche diode with a time resolution better than 30ps. We discuss the methodology for backside investigation, the criteria for selecting the appropriate detector, and the sample thinning. Characterization of a ring oscillator and the debug of a failing circuit are developed. We show how optical investigation and SPICE simulations of the luminescence are valuable tools for defects identification in circuits.

Field of study: Engineering
Pulmonary vascular remodeling in congenital heart disease: enhanced expression of heat shock proteins.

In congenital heart disease (CHD), mechanical wall stress by increased pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary blood flow is believed to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary plexogenic arteriopathy (PPA). The pathogenesis of this disease that involves significant pulmonary arterial remodelling, is, however, largely unknown. In the systemic circulation, upregulation of HSP-70 and HSP-27 in the arterial wall occurs in response to acute hypertension, whereas HSP-60 and increased titres of anti-HSP-60 antibodies are associated with atherosclerotic vessel disease. We looked for the involvement of HSPs in the stress response of pulmonary endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells in different abnormal hemodynamic conditions in patients with CHDs. We analyzed the expression pattern of HSP-27, HSP-70 and HSP-60 in lung biopsies of 38 patients with CHD, using immunohistochemistry. These included 4 individuals with an essentially normal pulmonary circulation, who served as controls. Immunoreactivity against HSP-27 and also against HSP-70 was present in the pulmonary endothelium and vascular smooth muscle cells of patients and controls in a similar pattern. In contrast, expression of HSP-60 was absent in pulmonary arteries of both patients and controls. In patients with advanced PPA, cells within plexiform lesions showed strong staining for HSP-27 and HSP-70, but were again negative for HSP-60. The intensity of immunoreactivity against HSP-70 correlated inversely with medial thickness of pre-acinar arteries (r = -0.32; p = 0.04). Expression of HSP-27 and HSP-70 did not correlate with hemodynamic parameters, although immunoreactivity against HSP27 tended to be increased in cases with high pulmonary artery pressure (r = 0.37; p = 0.16) and was highest in patients with flow-associated pulmonary hypertension (p<0.01). HSP-27 and HSP-70, but not HSP-60 are engaged in the stress response of cells of small pulmonary arteries in pulmonary plexogenic arteriopathy. HSP-27 and HSP-70 are increasingly expressed in the advanced proliferative lesions of this disease.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Study on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of New High Carbon-chromium and Low Nickel Steel

Based on the working condition requirements of wear-resistant and heat-resistant steel,the chemical composition of the steel was designed reasonably.And a new type of high carbon-chromium and low nickel steel was prepared by using common casting process,then the as-cast microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated.The results show that,the as-cast microstructure of the steel is composed of blocky austenite and net carbide distributes along the austenite grain boundary,but no precipitated phase appears in the austenite grain.The steel has good impact resistance with toughness of 5.4 J/cm2,but poor hardness with the value of 36.5 HRC.

Field of study: Materials science
Improving GSM Services in Nigeria Through Interference Mitigation

Since the early days of wireless communication till today, there has been the simple dipole (oneelement) antenna which functions by radiating and receiving radio frequency (RF) energy equally well in all directions. This rather unfocussed/indiscriminate approach of radiating RF signals is just adequate for simple RF environments where no specific knowledge of the whereabouts of the gsm user is available. It is very clear that as huge amounts of RF power is radiated into the environment, only a small portion of it is received. Given this limitation therefore, this present and obsolete technique attempts at overcoming its challenges by simply boosting the power levels of the signal which it pushes blindly into the atmosphere. Unfortunately, all the gsm operators in Nigeria and indeed in many countries, have continued to deploy obsolete antenna systems (Omnidirectional and Sector antennas) which are characterized by colossal waste in RF energy and interference. This paper presents the result of an investigation and combination of two techniques of Direction of Arrival (DOA) Estimation and Beam Pattern Synthesis (BPS) for suitable implementation in antenna system, the combination of which will ensure that (a) RF energy is not available in areas where gsm users are non-existent (b) RF energy is available in only the areas where there is at least one gsm user with wireless device turned on. The DOA estimation technique proposed in this paper is the Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC). For the BPS, the Least Mean Square (LMS) technique is used. Validation of the workings of these two applications, which form the Digital Signal Processing (DSP) algorithm for the antenna system, was carried out using the Matlab as the simulation tool. In the case of the MUSIC technique, the simulation was run for four different signals originating from different directions (or angles) using a fixed number of antenna elements. The results show clearly the ability of the system to identify each gsm signal and its direction of arrival. In the case of LMS technique, simulation was run for two signals, one desired and the other undesired (interferer). The results for the pair of signals are displayed graphically, where the unwanted signal is seen mitigated by the system. The combination of DOA and BPS for implementation in gsm networks ensures that the huge waste in RF energy and interference will be a thing of the past as the energy will be available only in the area needed. 
 DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2013.v3n4p121

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Novel Constrained Optimization Evolutionary Algorthm Based on Self-adaptive Good Points Set

Novel constrained optimization evolutionary algorithm based on self-adaptive good points set(COEAAGP) is proposed to tackle constrained optimization problems(COPs) in this paper.A many points crossover operater is redesigned by using the good points set principle in number theory to adjust the crossover points locality and the amount of the offspring freely by the similarity degree of the population,so that it can produce a small but representative set of points as the potential offsping.A new fitness function,where feasible solutions and infeasible solutions are compared based on their constraint violation is proposed.The new approach is compared against other evolutionary optimization techniques in thirteen benchmark functions.The results obtained show that the new approach is a general,effective and robust method.

Field of study: Computer science
Use of an ultrasonic echolocation prosthesis by early visually deprived cats.

The aim of this study was to design an animal model of sensory substitution in the case of blindness. Six kittens were binocularly enucleated; as adults, they were fitted with an ultrasonic echolocation prosthesis. This device provided the animals with auditory signals that coded distance and direction of obstacles. Animals were trained by operant conditioning to use the prosthesis in various behavioral situation. The results showed that visually deprived animals tried to solve the task using natural information and that they only used artificial information provided by the prosthesis when they were unable to succeed with natural cues. Under these conditions, it was asserted that in a jumping test these animals evaluated depth by means of the prosthesis; in a locomotion task in a maze, it was also demonstrated that they could use the prosthesis for avoiding obstacles.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Sensors in the deep sea

GREAT ADVANCES in deep‐sea research have become possible with recent improvements in electronic instrumentation and development of large computers. Many of today's instrumental techniques in oceanography have resulted from developments associated with space exploration. Indeed similarities exist between outer‐space and ocean‐depth studies. Manned space vehicles have counterparts in deep submersible submarines with life‐support systems that carry men to observe in the greatest depths of the sea, and instrumented satellites and space probes have counterparts in a new family of unmanned capsules that carry electronic systems with delicate sensors to measure and record the deep‐sea environment. Electronic recording systems for instrumented capsules must be light and compact and have low power consumption and high reliability.

Field of study: Physics
Chemical Weathering of Serpentinite in the Eastern Piedmont of Maryland

Weathering processes in a small watershed (Soldiers Delight) underlain by Serpentinite in the Piedmont of Maryland were studied by means of a mass balance technique and were compared with the processes operative in a watershed uncertain by schist. The two terranes are downwasting at a rate of 2.4 m per m.y., but chemical weathering much more strongly affects the Serpentinite (2.2 m per m.y.) than the schist (1.2 m per m.y.). The serpentinite lacks a saprolite cover because resistate minerals are absent and alumina in the bedrock is scarce. In contrast, the schist contains both quartz and a source of alumina in the alumino-silicate minerals and, as a result, has a thick saprolite mantle. Relatively small amounts of secondary quartz, chalcedony, and 14A clay minerals are synthesized in the serpentinite watershed, but relatively large amounts of gibbsite and clay minerals (kaolinite and vermiculite) are formed during the weathering of the schist. The hydrologic consequences in the serpentinite terrane compared with the schist watershed are increased flood-flow discharge, greater fluctuation in seasonal, instantaneous base-flow discharge, and pronounced seasonal fluctuations in total discharge. The serpentinite stream water averaged 205 ppm of total dissolved solids in the base flow compared to 25 ppm in the schist. Stream water from the serpentinite is of the magnesium bicarbonate type; that from the schist is sodium–calcium bicarbonate type. On the serpentinite, substantial land-surface reduction (denudation) is effected by chemical weathering; mechanical weathering is secondary. On the schist terrane, mechanical weathering is the primary agent that lowers the land surface, even though chemical weathering has reduced the rock mass ay almost one-half.

Field of study: Geology
Thought on Problems Existing in Engineering Construction and Operation of Hazardous Waste Landfill

With reference to the problems currently existing in the construction of hazardous waste landfill in China,the paper raises advices and recommendations concerning integrated design of landfills,type selection,divisional construction,antiseepage structure and gas training for discharge and points out the operating problems in the running of safe landfill easily confused with domestic waste landfill with the provision of relevant solutions.

Field of study: Materials science
Hypothalamic galanin-like immunoreactivity and its gene expression in relation to circulating corticosterone.

The neuropeptide galanin (GAL), which exists in dense concentrations within the hypothalamus, has physiological actions which are neuroendocrine in nature. In light of evidence showing GAL to alter the release of the adrenal steroid, corticosterone (CORT), a possible effect of this steroid on GAL gene expression and peptide production in discrete hypothalamic and brainstem sites was investigated. Using radioimmunoassay and in situ hybridization techniques, this peptide was examined in rats that had received SHAM surgery, adrenalectomy (ADX) and ADX+CORT replacement. The results showed a clear, site-specific change in GAL in relation to circulating CORT. A loss of CORT after ADX caused a dramatic decline in GAL peptide and mRNA levels in the arcuate nucleus and peptide levels in the median eminence, with no change occurring in other hypothalamic areas. In the brainstem, a similar change was detected in the dorsal raphe nucleus but not the locus coeruleus. The GAL peptide and mRNA levels in these specific brain areas of ADX rats was restored by CORT replacement, which had no impact on GAL in other brain sites. These findings demonstrate that CORT's impact on brain GAL is highly site specific, possibly determined by local concentrations of steroid receptors.

Field of study: Biology
Archivo del General José Antonio Páez. Tomo II (1821-1823). [Documentación del Archivo Nacional de Colombia.] Edited by Enríque Ortega Ricaurte, assisted by Ana Rueda Briceño. [Publicación de la Fundación John Boulton.] (Bogotá: Editorial Kelly, 1957. Pp. xxv, 331.)


Field of study: History
Methylation of imidazopyrazine, imidazoquinoxaline, and pyrazoloquinoxaline through Suzuki–Miyaura cross coupling

The Suzuki–Miyaura cross coupling is a versatile and powerful reaction for carbon–carbon bond formation which nevertheless requires optimization of conditions. While the coupling of arylboron derivatives with aryl or alkenyl halides has been widely explored, alkylation has attracted less attention. We describe herein the methylation of bromo derivatives of imidazopyrazine, imidazoquinoxaline, and pyrazoloquinoxaline having biologically interesting structures. As the challenging Suzuki–Miyaura reaction is highly substratedependent, the choices of the base, solvent, and additive are also discussed.

Field of study: Chemistry
Comparison of mitochondrial ascorbate peroxidase in the cultivated tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum, and its wild, salt‐tolerant relative, L. pennellii– a role for matrix isoforms in protection against oxidative damage

Mitochondria require robust antioxidant defences to prevent lipid peroxidation and to protect tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes from oxidative damage. Mitochondria from wild, salt-tolerant tomato, Lycopersicon pennellii (Lpa) did not exhibit lipid peroxidation in response to high salinity (100 mM NaCI), whereas those isolated from cultivated tomato, L. esculentum (Lem), accumulated malondialdehyde. The activity, intraorganellar distribution and salt response of mitochondrial ascorbate peroxidase (mAPX) differed dramatically in the two species. In Lem mitochondria, the majority (84%) of mAPX was associated with membranes, being located either on the inner membrane, facing the intermembrane space, or on the outer membrane. Total mAPX activity did not increase substantially in response to salt, although the proportion of matrix APX increased. In contrast, 61% of Lpa mAPX activity was soluble in the matrix, the remainder being bound to the matrix face of the inner membrane. Salt treatment increased the activity of all mAPX isoforms in Lpa, without altering their intramitochondrial distribution. The membrane-bound isoforms were detected in mitochondria of both species by western blotting and found to be induced by salt in Lpa. These observations suggest that matrix-associated APX isoforms could act in concert with other mitochondrial antioxidants to protect against salt-induced oxidative stress.

Field of study: Environmental science
[Changes of functional activity of peripheral blood leukocytes during the immunotherapy of tick-borne infections in children].

: We studied the peculiarities of functional activity of peripheral blood leukocytes in different etiological variants and clinical forms of tick-borne infections in 629 children aged from 1 to 14 years. The decrease of biocide potential of neutrophils was accompanied by most severe clinical manifestations. The analysis of changes in defensin levels in different clinical forms of tick-borne infections revealed the most significant changes in cases of mixed infection. The dynamics of functional activity of leukocytes during the cycloferon immunotherapy reflected the effectiveness of recovering process in biocide potential regardless of the infection etiology. The main advantage of immunotherapy is the possibility of its use in the complex treatment before the serologic confirmation of the diagnosis regardless of disease etiology.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Father José María Luis Mora, Liberalism, and the British and Foreign Bible Society in Nineteenth-Century Mexico

Father Jose Maria Luis Mora, infamous as an advocate for political liberalism during inchoate Mexico’s struggle for nationhood, worked through a myriad of channels to bring about change in his country. Educated and ordained as a secular priest, he was both professor and librarian at the prestigious Colegio de San Ildefonso in Mexico City, but found time to author five volumes of collected essays and edit three periodicals. His national acclaim rests with his career as lawyer, politician, and political theorist. Not all of his contemporaries recognized that he also became a Bible merchant during the second quarter of the nineteenth century.

Field of study: History