nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantification of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in organic vegetables and chickens

The organic foods’ market is becoming one of the rapidly growing sections in agricultural economies in the world. During the last two decades, food-borne outbreaks associated with fresh produce have rapidly increased. E. coli O57:H7, the caustic agent of acute hemorrhagic diarrhea and abdominal cramps, is mainly associated with meat and poultry product outbreaks but frequent outbreaks linked to the consumption of vegetables have been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in some organic foods. A total of 230 organic food samples including four-winged bean, tomato, white radish, red cabbage, chinese cabbage, lettuce, cucumber and chicken form retailed groceries and supermarkets in Malaysia were investigated. Low prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 was detected in organic vegetables and chickens. The estimated quantity of E. coli O157:H7 in all samples ranged from 2400 MPN/g. The overall MPN/g estimate of E. coli O157:H7 in the samples from organic groceries was higher than supermarket with the maximum of >2400 MPN/g. Most of the samples from supermarket showed a minimum of <3 MPN/g. The specific target genes produced amplicons of 259 bp and 625 bp after PCR amplification and E. coli O157:H7 was detected in 5.2% of total organic samples. Prevalence of E. coli O157: H7 in organic foods from groceries (8.8%) was particularly higher than supermarkets (1.0%). The highest prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 was observed in organic chickens (40%) purchased from groceries followed by four-winged bean (10%) and white radish (3.3%).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
On the Theory of Effective Demand Under Stochastic-Rationing

The concept of effective demand under stochastic manipulable quantity rationing is shown to be compatible with the existence of nontrivial equilibrium. It is argued that stochastic rationing is unavoidable for any satisfactory definition of effective demand. Moreover, manipulability of the rationing mechanism is necessary for reasons of logical consistency, at least if the distribution over realisations for each agent depends on his own action and on the aggregate values of demand and supply only. In that case, anonymous stochastic rationing schemes reduce to those random functions, the mean value function of which is the uniform proportional rationing mechanism.

Field of study: Economics
Structures Confused in English by Albanian Students

This survey consists of a scientific study done with the students of English in the class. Analyzing different parts of speech in English compared to those in Albanian language, some questions were raised: Nominal predicate or Adjective? Nominal predicate or Adverb? Nominal Predicate or Object? As a teacher of English language, I have noticed that the use of nominal predicates appointed after the verb, poses a serious problem for the students studying English language. As far as the position of the of this part of speech is after the verb, the nominal predicate is sometimes confused with other parts of speech. From the study done with some of the students during the class, it was observed that the nominal predicate was confused with an adjective used in its common function, with the adverb and the object. 
 DOI: 10.5901/jesr.v2n3p393

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Cryptanalysis of "FS-PEKS: Lattice-based Forward Secure Public-key Encryption with Keyword Search for Cloud-assisted Industrial Internet of Things"

In this note, we review lattice-based public-key encryption with the keyword search against inside keyword guess attacks (IKGAs) proposed by Zhang et al. in  We demonstrate that this scheme is insecure for IKGAs, although Zhang et al. demonstrated a secure proof.  Public-key Encryption with Keyword Search, Lattice-based, Insider Keyword Guessing Attack, Cryptanalysis

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
TDXAS study of the conformational landscape of MbCO.

We have developed a new experimental approach, Temperature Derivative X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (TDXAS), to measure the conformational landscape of a metalloprotein and how it depends on the selected conformational coordinate of the metal active site structure. We have recorded the temperature variation of a selected feature of the X ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) at the iron K edge of carbonmonoxy-myoglobin (MbCO) of a photoproduct and we have extracted the distribution functions g(H) of activation enthalpy barriers H for CO recombination for different conformational coordinates.

Field of study: Physics
Bone chip-filled burrows associated with bored dinosaur bone in floodplain paleosols of the Cretaceous Hasandong Formation, Korea

Borings in dinosaur bone, which are intimately associated with subjacent burrows filled with bone chips, are recognized from a Lower Cretaceous floodplain vertic–calcic paleosol, Dapyeongri, Korea. The bored bone is an in situ weathered scapula of herbivore. The borings are ubiquitous within and on scapula, and have diverse orientations. They are mostly solitary with diameters from a few millimeters to 1 cm. The bone chip-filled burrows have similar diameters to those of borings and occur sporadically just below (within 10 cm downwards) the scapula. Some burrows are isolated and some are clustered. Burrow direction is also variable, and some burrows are intertwined, forming networks. The bone borings and related bone chip-filled burrows post-dated bone weathering processes such as cracking, fracturing, brecciation, and disintegration, which indicates that Dapyeongri bone borers preferred to feed upon dried skeleton. Dermestid beetles are the most likely organism for Dapyeongri bone borers and burrowers, considering that it is the most common carrion insect inhabiting vertebrate carcasses in dry decay stage. These bone borings and bone chip-filled burrows provide evidence that dermestid beetles played an important role as the last scavengers of dinosaur carcasses during the Early Cretaceous. Such scavenging by carrion insects under dry climate may have impacted negatively the dinosaur fossil preservation in Cretaceous deposits. The behavior of Dapyeongri bone borers/burrowers is compared with that of dung beetles documented from the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation [Chin and Gill, Palaios 11 (1996) 280–287], which cache subterranean burrows with organic matter transported from the surface. These unique trace fossils thus provide additional evidence for understanding Cretaceous trophic interaction between dinosaurs and insects.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Presidents Above Party: The First American Presidency, 1789-1829

George Washington's vision was a presidency free of party, a republican, national office that would transcend faction. That vision would remain strong in the administrations of John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, and John Quincy Adams, yet largely disappear under Andrew Jackson and his successors.This book is a comprehensive and pathbreaking study of the early presidency and the ideals behind it.  Ketcham examines the roots of nonpartisan leadership in Western thought and the particular influences on the founding fathers. Intellectual and political profiles of the first six presidents and their administrations emphasize the construction each put on the office, the challenges he faced, and the compromises he did and did not make. The erosion of nonpartisanship under Andrew Jackson is presented as a counterpoint that helps define the early presidency and the permanent transition from it.Addressing the thoughtful citizen as well as the scholar, the author poses the fundamental questions about presidential leadership, then and now. The best study of the early presidency, this book is an intellectual portrait of the age that will challenge received notions of American history.

Field of study: Political science
Fermi level tuning of one-dimensional giant Rashba system on a semiconductor substrate: Bi/GaSb(110)-(2x1)

We fabricated spin-polarized surface electronic states with tunable Fermi level from semiconductor to low-dimensional metal in the Bi/GaSb(110)-(2$\times$1) surface using angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES) and spin-resolved ARPES. The spin-polarized surface band of Bi/GaSb(110) exhibits quasi-one-dimensional character with the Rashba parameter $\alpha _{\rm R}$ of 4.1 and 2.6 eV\AA \ at the $\bar{\Gamma}$ and $\bar{\rm Y}$ points of the surface Brillouin zone, respectively. The Fermi level of the surface electronic state is tuned in situ by element-selective Ar-ion sputtering on the GaSb substrate. The giant Rashba-type spin splitting with switchable metallic/semiconducting character on semiconductor substrate makes this system a promising candidate for future researches in low-dimensional spintronic phenomena.

Field of study: Physics
Condensation of hydrocarbons – A review

Hydrocarbons are one of the candidates for refrigerants of next generation heat pump and refrigeration systems. Although the hydrocarbons have superior thermophysical properties as a refrigerant to fluorocarbons and are widely used in domestic refrigerators, their flammability prevents their wide application to larger systems, such as residential and packaged air conditioners, car air conditioners, heat pumps, etc. In this paper, recent studies on condensation of hydrocarbons are reviewed since it is one of the key technologies. For in-tube condensation, heat transfer coefficients of smooth tubes are correlated well with previously proposed equation developed with data of the fluorocarbons. On the other hand, few data are available for enhanced tubes. In the case of condensation on a horizontal tube, heat transfer of smooth tube is explained well by the Nusselt theory. However, different heat transfer characteristics appear for enhanced tubes. Since blended hydrocarbons would be used to obtain suitable properties, models of mixed vapor condensation are also reviewed.

Field of study: Engineering
Is fluorescein-guided technique able to help in resection of high-grade gliomas?

OBJECT
Fluorescein, a dye that is widely used as a fluorescent tracer, accumulates in cerebral areas where the blood-brain barrier is damaged. This quality makes it an ideal dye for the intraoperative visualization of high-grade gliomas (HGGs). The authors report their experience with a new fluorescein-guided technique for the resection of HGGs using a dedicated filter on the surgical microscope.



The authors initiated a prospective Phase II trial (FLUOGLIO) in September 2011 with the objective of evaluating the safety of fluorescein-guided surgery for HGGs and obtaining preliminary evidence regarding its efficacy for this purpose. To be eligible for participation in the study, a patient had to have suspected HGG amenable to complete resection of the contrast-enhancing area. The present report is based on the analysis of the short- and long-term results in 20 consecutive patients with HGGs (age range 45-74 years), enrolled in the study since September 2011. In all cases fluorescein (5-10 mg/kg) was injected intravenously after intubation. Tumor resection was performed with microsurgical technique and fluorescence visualization by means of BLUE 400 or YELLOW 560 filters on a Pentero microscope.



The median preoperative tumor volume was 30.3 cm(3) (range 2.4-87.8 cm(3)). There were no adverse reactions related to fluorescein administration. Complete removal of contrast-enhanced tumor was achieved in 80% of the patients. The median duration of follow-up was 10 months. The 6-months progression-free survival rate was 71.4% and the median survival was 11 months.



Analysis of these 20 cases suggested that fluorescein-guided technique with a dedicated filter on the surgical microscope is safe and allows a high rate of complete resection of contrast-enhanced tumor as determined on early postoperative MRI.

Field of study: Medicine
Communication within Ongoing Intimate Relationships

An attempt is made to explore current notions regarding attribution processes within the framework of ongoing intimate relationships and to question whether such an attribution classification as the dispositional-situational dichotomy captures the complexities of cognitive functioning unique to intimate relating. The "interpersonal attribution" category is proposed as a means of refining and expanding current conceptualizations regarding attribution processes of actors and observers within dyadic units. The implications of the interpersonal attribution for relationship stability, conflict, and dissatisfaction are explored. Heuristic applications and questions for future attribution research are suggested.

Field of study: Psychology
Induction of immediate-early gene proteins in dentate granule cells and somatostatin interneurons after hippocampal seizures.

The expression of the protein products of the immediate-early genes c-fos, Fos B, Fos-related proteins (FRAs), c-jun, jun B, jun D and krox-24 was investigated in the rat hippocampus at various times after electrically-induced hippocampal seizures. Hippocampal seizures induced all the immediate-early gene proteins in dentate granule cells with differing time-courses. In addition, Krox-24, Fos and Jun D were also induced in somatostatin-containing interneurons throughout the hippocampus and also in a small percentage of parvalbumin-containing interneurons. Thus, hippocampal seizures induce waves of immediate-early gene protein expression in dentate granule cells and a selective expression of krox-24, Fos and Jun D in hippocampal somatostatin interneurons. These results suggest that biochemical and/or morphological changes occurring in dentate granule cells and somatostatin interneurons after seizures may be regulated by immediate-early gene expression, and that these immediate-early gene proteins may be involved in seizure development in the nervous system.

Field of study: Biology
The detection of cloud-free snow-covered areas using AATSR measurements

A new method to detect cloud-free snow-covered areas has been developed using the measurements by the Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) on board the ENVISAT satellite in order to discriminate clear snow fields for the retrieval of aerosol optical thickness or snow properties. The algorithm uses seven AATSR channels from visible (VIS) to thermal infrared (TIR) and analyses the spectral behaviour of each pixel in order to recognize the spectral signature of snow. The algorithm includes a set of relative thresholds and combines all seven channels into one flexible criterion, which allows us to filter out all the pixels with spectral behaviour similar to that of snow. The algorithm does not use any kind of morphological criteria and does not require the studied surface to have any special structure. The snow spectral shape criterion was determined by a comprehensive theoretical study, which included radiative transfer simulations for various atmospheric conditions as well as studying existing models and measurements of optical and physical properties of snow in different spectral bands. The method has been optimized to detect cloud-free snow-covered areas, and does not produce cloud/land/ocean/snow mask. However, the algorithm can be extended and able to discriminate various kinds of surfaces. The presented method has been validated against Micro Pulse Lidar data and compared to Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) cloud mask over snow-covered areas, showing quite good correspondence to each other. Comparison of both MODIS cloud mask and presented snow mask to AATSR operational cloud mask showed that in some cases of snow surface the accuracy of AATSR operational cloud mask is questionable.

Field of study: Environmental science
Pre-Cenozoic Tectonic History of the Salinian Block, Western California

The Salinian block is the elongate segment of the California Coast Ranges that lies between the Sur-Nacimiento and San Andreas fault zones. Known basement rocks within this block consist of Cretaceous and older granitic and high-grade metamorphic rocks that contrast sharply with Franciscan Group rocks of overlapping age east of the San Andreas and west of the Sur-Nacimiento fault zones.

The metamorphic rocks of the Salinian block (often termed Sur series) are probably in part Paleozoic in age and appear to have been derived from a relatively shallow-water shelf-type sequence of psammitic rocks with subordinate calcareous and pelitic rocks. A graphite- and pyrite-bearing unit, mapped for more than 20 mi in the northern Santa Lucia Range, defines two sets of folds. Mineral lineations and mesoscopic folds indicate that major folding about northeast-trending axes occurred prior to prominant folding about north-northwest-trending axes.

Assuming approximately 300 mi of post-Cretaceous right slip along the San Andreas fault, the metamorphic rocks of the Salinian block are tentatively correlated with similar Paleozoic and, perhaps in part, Precambrian rocks of the Mojave Desert and southwestern Tehachapi Mountains. The age of the early northeast-trending folds is unknown, but they may be a southwestward extension of Paleozoic tectonic and stratigraphic trends that head from Nevada into southern California. The north-northwest-trending folds are in part Cretaceous as indicated by the syntectonic emplacement of Cretaceous granitic rocks.

Field of study: Geology
Diffusion of minimally invasive therapy in Europe.

This paper considers the diffusion of the 10 cases presented in this issue. Most of the cases have diffused relatively slowly. This slow diffusion can be explained by a number of factors, including budgetary restraints, financial incentives, physician conservatism, and lack of appropriate training. A consistent thread in the cases is the argument that evidence of effectiveness is not convincing. The article considers whether further diffusion of each innovation can be justified from existing evidence. This information is important for policy purposes. Policies might be developed to encourage or to discourage any potentially important innovation.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Comparative Study of Students Academic Performance between Private and Public Higher Secondary Schools of Wah Cantt

This paper was designed to compare students’ academic performance between the private and public higher secondary schools in Wah cantt. The objectives of the study were i) To find out difference in academic performance public Higher secondary school students. ii) To find out difference in academic performance private Higher secondary school students. iii) To find out variables that are responsible for this difference(s) iv) What measures can be put in place to improve the situation. The sample consist of 240 students who were randomly selected from the private and public higher secondary schools in Wah Cantt. Two instruments were used. A structured questionnaire and Pupils’ Achievement Test (PAT) in three core-subject areas of the School Curriculum namely: English Language, Mathematics and Social Studies. While the questionnaire was used to collect relevant bio- data of the respondents, the instrument on achievement tests (PAT) was used to collect data on students' performance in the three subjects involved in the study. Data were analyzed using frequency count, simple percentages and Z-test. Results showed that students in the private Higher secondary schools performed better than their counterparts in the public schools and therefore call for improvement in the public schools to enhance the learning opportunity of the vast majority of pupils attending the public schools.  students; academic performance; public schools; private schools

Field of study: Education
Key-Homomorphic Signatures and Applications to Multiparty Signatures

Key-homomorphic properties of cryptographic objects have proven to be useful, both from a theoretical as well as a practical perspective. Important cryptographic objects such as pseudorandom functions or (public key) encryption have been studied previously with respect to key-homomorphisms. Interestingly, however, signature schemes have not been explicitly investigated in this context so far. We close this gap and initiate the study of key-homomorphic signatures, which turns out to be an interesting and versatile concept. In doing so, we firstly propose a definitional framework for key-homomorphic signatures distilling various natural flavours of key-homomorphic properties. Those properties aim to generalize larger classes of existing signature schemes, which makes it possible to infer general statements about signature schemes from those classes by simply making black-box use of the respective properties. We then apply our definitional framework to show elegant and simple compilers from classes of schemes admitting different types of key-homomorphisms to a number of other interesting primitives such as ring signature schemes, (universal) designated verifier signature schemes, simulation sound extractable arguments of knowledge, and multisignature schemes. Additionally, using the formalisms provided by our framework, we can prove a tight implication from single-user security to key-prefixed multi-user security for a class of schemes admitting a certain key-homomorphism. Moreover, we introduce the notion of multikey-homomorphic signatures. Such schemes provide homomorphic properties on the message space of signatures under different keys. We discuss key-homomorphisms in this context, present some first constructive results from key-homomorphic schemes and discuss potential applications.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
ARCUATE FORAMEN OF ATLAS VERTEBRA

The Arcuate foramen is a bony arch which connects the posterior end of the superior articular fossa with the posterior arch of atlas. In case of presence of arcuate foramen the vertebral artery follows the normal course but it has to traverse through the osseo fibrous ring (arcuate foramen).  To determine the height, width, and area of arcuate foramen and to determine the morphometric difference between the transverse foramen and the canal formed by bony bridges over the vertebral artery of the atlas vertebra.  A total of 75 dry human atlas vertebrae were taken for the study. These vertebrae were examined carefully for the presence of arcuate foramen. Measurements of the maximum dimensions of the arcuate foramen and foramen transversarium were taken. Area of the arcuate foramen was calculated. Differences in dimension of arcuate foramen  and foramen transversarium were compared. Side differences of arcuate foramen were compared using the unpaired Student’s t test.  The dimension of arcuate foramen of both sides as compared with dimension of foramen transversarium was found to be more, so the chance of compression of vertebral artery on both sides was less. The percentage of occurrence of arcuate foramen was 2.25% (bilateral) and ponticles was (1.5%) unilateral.  The dimension of arcuate foramen was more when compared to foramen Transversarium dimensions so the chances of compression of vertebral artery would be less. The knowledge of these foramina may be important for orthopedic surgeons, radiologists, neurosurgeons, and anthropologists.  Ponticulus Posticus, Arcuate Foramen, Atlas Vertebra, Foramen Transversarium.

Field of study: Medicine