nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
An arid phase in the Internal Dinarides during the early to middle Miocene: Inferences from Mg-clays in the Pranjani Basin (Serbia)

Lacustrine strata record long-term variations in climatic and tectonic perturbations during orogen evolution. Here we use the sedimentological record of the early to middle Miocene intramontane lacustrine Pranjani Basin (Serbia) to study tectonic and climatic variations during the evolution of the Dinaridic orogen. Our study focuses on a Mg-clay-bearing succession that belongs to the second depositional cycle. A detailed sedimentological, mineralogical and geochemical study shows that the investigated Mg-clays bearing succession consists of an alternation of smectite- (± analcime or sepiolite), dolomite-sepiolite and sepiolite layers. We interpret this high-order cyclicity to have been driven by variable water availability, i.e. by the interplay between runoff, groundwater influx and evaporation. Furthermore, we relate these pulses in water variability to wet and dry intervals under semi-arid to arid climatic conditions. Dry intervals produced a negative water balance promoting the deposition of sepiolite - and dolomite - dominated facies. Wet intervals and a positive water balance inhibited much of the terrestrial input and thus favoured the deposition of smectite - dominated facies. Our new data combined with a review of previous studies reveal longer-term basin-wide lake level and chemistry fluctuations, which we relate to closed and open lake phases. We suggest that these phases can be explained by alternating humid and arid phases superimposed on tectonically induced uplift and subsidence. The arid phases led to lake shrinking and deposition of an evaporite-bearing succession. During the intervening humid phase, the lake expanded. In contrast to the lakes formed in the external part of the Dinarides, the lakes that existed in its internal part contain evaporite-bearing successions, indicating that this arid phase was regionally extensive and possibly orographically controlled.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Effect of titania on yttrium aluminum garnet fibers morphology development

The titania-YAG (yttriumaluminumgarnet) fibers were prepared by sol-gel method using aluminum chloride, titanium chloride, aluminum powder, yttriumoxide and acetic acid as raw materials. The effects of titania on the YAG fiber morphology development were studied. The result indicated titania could promoteYAG grain growth. Titania-YAG fibers were obtained by sintering at 1000iÂ°C for 2 hours, with fine grain. But the fibers were obtained by sintering at 1400iÂ°C for 6 hours, with rough surface and coarse grains.

Field of study: Materials science
Applicable scope of sports arbitration

The scope of sports arbitration in China should be broadened,while competitive sports activities should be apprehended from a broader perspective.International practices should be respected for the legislation of the scope of sports arbitration in China.We should not only restrict the scope within the area of competitive sports ac-tivities and process arbitrable sports disputes according to the stipulations of the Sports Law,but also respect the will of the parties concerned;the sports arbitration institution should process sports factor related business disputes submitted willingly by the parties concerned to the sports arbitration institution.

Field of study: Education
Regulation of Ursolic Acid Content in Suspension Culture of Eriobotrya japonica L.

Ursolic acid( UA) is an activate component found in loquat and it has high economic value. The traditional UA extraction methods has limitations. A novel approach of producing UA using loquat cell suspension culture technique would have a significant benefit theoretically and practically. Different culture conditions on cell growth and UA accumulation in loquat cells, including sucrose concentration, plant growth regulators, p H, media volume, inoculums quantity, temperature, light intensity and shaking speed were investigated. The results showed that the weight of fresh cell were 3.577 times under optimal protocol after harvesting for 20 days when compared with the initial inoculums, and the UA content obtained reached 34.993 mg/g DW( Dry weight). The optimal protocol was executed by transferring 8 g/100 m L of initial inoculums to a 130 m L liquid medium containing 30 g/L of carbon source, 0.5 mg/L plant hormone 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid( NAA) with p H6.0. Then loquat cell suspension was kept in a 25 ℃ shaker with 400 lx light intensity and shaking at 130 r/min for 15 days. The reulsts would provide foundations for future industrialized extracting UA from loquats in a large scale.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Hyperbolic and kinetic models for self-organized biological aggregations and movement: a brief review

We briefly review hyperbolic and kinetic models for self-organized biological aggregations and traffic-like movement. We begin with the simplest models described by an advection-reaction equation in one spatial dimension. We then increase the complexity of models in steps. To this end, we begin investigating local hyperbolic systems of conservation laws with constant velocity. Next, we proceed to investigate local hyperbolic systems with density-dependent speed, systems that consider population dynamics (i.e., birth and death processes), and nonlocal hyperbolic systems. We conclude by discussing kinetic models in two spatial dimensions and their limiting hyperbolic models. This structural approach allows us to discuss the complexity of the biological problems investigated, and the necessity for deriving complex mathematical models that would explain the observed spatial and spatiotemporal group patterns.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Platelet monoamine oxidase activity in alcoholics, alcoholics with drug dependence, and cocaine addicts.

The main objective of this investigation was to study the influence of drug dependence on platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in the presence and absence of alcoholism. One hundred and thirteen admissions to alcohol and drug treatment facilities participated in the study. Twenty-six met the criteria for alcoholism (group I), seventy-eight subjects were alcohol-/cocaine- and cannabis-dependent (group II), and the remaining nine were patients with DSM-III-R diagnosis of cocaine addiction (group III). MAO activity was assayed radiochemically with [14C]tyramine as a substrate (221 microM). The results of this study showed that platelet MAO activity [nmol of product formed x (mg protein)-1 x hr-1] (mean +/- SE) was significantly (p < 0.01) lower in all of these subjects (group I, 5.50 +/- 0.80; group II, 3.90 +/- 0.50; group III, 4.3 +/- 1.60) as compared with controls (14.85 +/- 1.13). Measurements of platelet MAO activity may provide us with a reliable biochemical marker for alcoholism and perhaps addiction to other substances of abuse (i.e., cocaine).

Field of study: Medicine
The Application of Value Stream Mapping Based Lean Production System

Many enterprises in Chinese Mainland have deployed lean production in consideration of its great success in other countries, but many of them failed to realize their original targets because they began to deploy lean production from tool level and haven’t understood the actual value stream of their business, which is essential for an enterprise to implement lean production and keep improving. The paper proposes a value stream mapping based lean production system for Chinese enterprises to help them deploy lean production systematically, which can make them have a overall look at total efficiency, tell them where they are, where they want to go and map a route to get there. We hope the paper will help them eliminate roots of wastes, rearrange overall value stream better and increase the competitive ability of Chinese enterprises.

Field of study: Business
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Tunable resonator with a mirror of variable curvature

A variable-curvature mirror, deformed by the application of a concentrated load at its center, was developed. It was established that the deflected surface was nearly spherical. This mirror was used in a search for the optimal variant of the resonator of an electric-discharge CO2 laser. The mode composition was studied using either a germanium exit mirror or metallized mirrors with central apertures of different diameters.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Influence of Inorganic Gases on Formation and Chemical Composition of Monoaromatic Hydrocarbons Secondary Organic Aerosol

through photochemical reaction processes. SOA formed from photooxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by motor vehicle exhaust, such as monoaromatic hydrocarbons, are an important component of urban fine particulate matter, which has a significant impact on climate change, human health and atmospheric visibility. However, previous studies focused on photooxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds, and relatively few on the reaction of anthropogenic monoaromatic hydrocarbons with high content in the atmosphere with inorganic gases such as SO2, NOx and NH3. In this paper, the photochemical mechanism and five kinds of common chemical composition of the laboratory simulation of SOA formation from OH• radical initiating oxidation of monoaromatic hydrocarbons were summarized, and the effects of SO2, NOx and NH3 on the formation and chemical composition of monoaromatic hydrocarbons SOA by homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical reactions were also discussed. It is helpful to deeply understand the formation mechanism and chemical composition of SOA and atmospheric brown carbon under the conditions of complex atmospheric pollution, and has certain reference significance for the prevention, control and treatment of air pollution in China at present.

Field of study: Chemistry
Towards ecosystem-based management for Mainports: A historical analysis of the role of knowledge in the development of the Rotterdam harbor from 1827 to 2008

Ecosystem-based management (EBM) approaches that are appearing in decision-making processes traditionally dominated by economic interests are likely to govern EBM knowledge in a more symbolic than substantive manner, by, for example, emphasizing environmental impact assessments. This article analyzes the development of a more holistic EBM approach for decision-making processes that emerged in the Mainport of Rotterdam, a context traditionally dominated by economic interests. Our historical analysis suggests that holistic EBM knowledge governance was facilitated by factors that included: informal agreements, societal stakeholders who urged for environmental law to be implemented, independent intermediaries who solved deadlocks within the decision-making process, and innovative civil servants that proposed procedural adjustments of the decision-making process that consisted of a transparent process architecture, joint fact-finding, and long-term monitoring. Although these efforts resulted in an overall successful approach, the full potential of EBM knowledge governance has not been realized yet. Based on EBM literatures we propose further decision-making tools that could have improved the approach.

Field of study: Environmental science
Combined antimicrobial susceptibility test against pan-drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii with E-test and microdilution checkerboard assay

To evaluate the activity of antibiotics against pan-drug-resistant (PDR) Acinetobacter baumannii by combination antimicrobial susceptibility test in viro with epsilometric methods (Etest method) and microdilution checkerboard (CB method),and to detect a good correlation between timekill curve with the above mentioned two assays. Thirty-one clinical isolates of PDR Acinetobacter baumannii were selected for mono and combination antimicrobial susceptibility test in vitro by E-test and CB method,then a comparison was conducted between the test results and the time-kill curve.Mono drugs involved tigecycline,colistin,imipenem and amikacin,and combinations involved two of drugs above,and three drugs involved imipenem/tigecycline,plus amikacin combination. Synergistic effect was detected in imipenem plus colistin and tigecycline plus imipenem combination.A high comparability was revealed between the E-test method with antimicrobial drugs added into the culture medium and the time-kill curves.Synergy in the combination of imipenem/tigecycline,plus amikacin was detected by the CB method and time-kill curves. The results showed that the effect of specific combination of antibiotics against PDR Acinetobacter baumannii could be predicted by testing their synergistic effect with combination antimicrobial susceptibility test. 
 
 
E-test method;  Broth microdilution checkerboard method;  Time-kill curve;  Pan-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii

Field of study: Biology
Exploiting Dependency Tree for Multiple Constraint Relation Detection

Exploited the dependency tree for case comparison to detect multiple constraint relations within a sentence,collecting signal words and relevant examples to construct a case-base of different kinds of constraint relations;defined a Partial Dependency Tree(PDT)kernel for similarity measurement.Apriori algorithm is applied for efficiently computing the kernel function.Experiments show that,compared with the method of string matching with semantic feature,the method can increase the detection precision by 18.05% and the recall by 16.98%.It also gives a steady performance over a test set which consists of three TREC question corpora.

Field of study: Computer science
Production of the charmed strange baryon Xi c+ by neutrons.

We report on the observation of a narrow resonance at a mass of 2459 MeV/c/sup 2/ in the final states ..lambda..K/sup -/..pi../sup +/..pi../sup +/ and ..sigma../sup 0/K/sup -/..pi../sup +/..pi../sup +/. The mass, width, lifetime, and decay modes support the interpretation of a hadronically produced charmed strange baryon, the ..gamma../sub c//sup +/. We present our measurements of the lifetime, cross section, and relative branching fractions, and the A, x/sub f/, and p/sub t/ dependence of the state.

Field of study: Physics
Investigation of optical parametric oscillators with noncollinear interaction

An analysis is made of the self-interaction and of the processes governing the angular and frequency spectra of a single-resonator pulse optical parametric oscillator with a noncollinear interaction. It is shown that at high pump powers the structure of the excited oscillations and the widths of the angular and frequency spectra are all governed largely by the eigenmodes formed as a result of parametric amplification in pump beams. Theoretical and experimental investigations are reported of the characteristics of these modes and of their excitation conditions. An analysis is given of the special features of the formation of the angular and frequency spectra in a conventional single-resonator optical parametric oscillator and of the selection mechanisms specific to parametric oscillation in the case of nonresonant reflection of pump radiation and also when a dispersive resonator is used.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Catastrophic health payments and health insurance: some counterintuitive evidence from one low-income country.

The purpose of the study is to quantitatively analyze the role of health insurance in the determinants of catastrophic health payments in a low-income country setting.



The study uses the most recent publicly available household level data from Zambia collected in 1998 containing detailed information on health care utilization and spending and on other key individual, household, and community factors. An econometric model is estimated by means of multivariate regression.



The main results are counterintuitive in that health insurance is not found to provide financial protection against the risk of catastrophic payments; indeed, insurance is found to increase this risk.



Reasons for the findings are discussed using additional available information focusing on the amount of care per illness episode and the type of care provided. The key conclusion is that the true impact of health insurance is an empirical issue depending on several key context factors, including quality assurance and service provision oversight.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Release of silver from nanotechnology-based consumer products for children.

We assessed the potential for children's exposure to bioavailable silver during the realistic use of selected nanotechnology-based consumer products (plush toy, fabric products, breast milk storage bags, sippy cups, cleaning products, humidifiers, and humidifier accessory). We measured the release of ionic and particulate silver from products into water, orange juice, milk formula, synthetic saliva, sweat, and urine (1:50 product to liquid mass ratio); into air; and onto dermal wipes. Of the liquid media, sweat and urine yielded the highest amount of silver release, up to 38% of the silver mass in products; tap water yielded the lowest amount, ≤1.5%. Leaching from a blanket into sweat plateaued within 5 min, with less silver released after washing. Between 0.3 and 23 μg m(-2) of silver transferred from products to wipes. Aerosol concentrations were not significantly elevated during product use. Fabrics, a plush toy, and cleaning products were most likely to release silver. Silver leached mainly via dissolution and was facilitated in media with high salt concentrations. Levels of silver to which children may potentially be exposed during the normal use of these consumer products is predicted to be low, and bioavailable silver is expected to be in ionic rather than particulate form.

Field of study: Environmental science
Early Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Improves Nutrition Delivery in Neonates During Extracorporeal Life Support.

Optimizing nutrition in neonatal patients as soon as possible after extracorporeal life support (ECLS) initiation is imperative as malnutrition can worsen both short- and long-term outcomes. Fluid restriction, used to manage the fluid overload that commonly complicates neonatal ECLS, severely impairs nutrition delivery. Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) can be used to help manage fluid overload. We hypothesize that early CRRT utilization ameliorates the need for fluid restriction and allows providers to prescribe higher parenteral nutrition (PN) volumes leading to better nutrition delivery.



The design of the study was a retrospective chart review, and the setting was a single, level III neonatal intensive care unit.



Neonatal patients (n = 42) treated with ECLS between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2013.



Comparisons were made between 2 groups: neonates who received ECLS without early CRRT initiation (group 1; n = 23) and with early CRRT initiation (group 2; n = 19).



The main outcome measures were goal total fluid intake, prescribed PN volume, protein, glucose infusion rate, intralipid, and kilocalories.



Infants who received early CRRT were prescribed higher mean total fluid intake goals (group 1: 99 mL/kg/day vs. group 2: 119 mL/kg/day, P < .001) and higher mean volumes of PN (group 1: 61 mL/kg/day vs. group 2: 81 mL/kg/day, P < .001) over the first 72 hours of ECLS compared with infants who did not receive early CRRT. Early CRRT receivers also were prescribed greater mean amounts of protein during the first 72 hours of ECLS (group 1: 2.7 g/kg/day vs. group 2: 3 g/kg/day, P = 0.03). There were no significant changes noted in prescribed glucose infusion rates, intralipid, or total kilocalories.



Institution of early CRRT in neonates on ECLS allows for administration of greater volumes of PN with improved protein delivery. This study characterizes one benefit of early CRRT initiation in neonates on ECLS and suggests these patients could experience improved nutritional outcomes.

Field of study: Medicine
Trent and Beyond: The Council, Other Powers, Other Cultures. Michela Catto and Adriano Prosperi, eds. Mediteranean Nexus 1100–1700 4. Turnhout: Brepols, 2017. 620 pp. €140.

in bellum—from what was considered the right war to what should be considered the right way of fighting. This new reflection becomes the preamble to new books for soldiers (educational treatises) that come together with military reforms of the eighteenth century. A significant characteristic of the book is the successful link between the analyzed treatises and contemporary that influenced their writing. With simple but not banal writing, the book meets the interest of historians as well as common people who want to know the past. The author tries to encourage people to go deeper, providing readers with some easy-to-find bibliographical references. This attempt by Lavenia is commendable in a historical period when, more and more often, history is transformed into fiction or into anecdotes without traces of depth.

Field of study: History
Extensively conjugated homologues of selenophene-TCNQ as new electron acceptors.

5,5′-Bis(dicyanomethylene)-5,5′-dihydro-2,2′-biselenophene, its 3,3′-dibromo derivative, and 5,5″-bis(dicyanomethylene)-5,5″-dihydro-2,2′:5′,2″-terselenophene have been synthesized as extensively conjugated homologues of selenophene-TCNQ. The 3,3′-dibromo compound posseses a considerably better accepting character than selenophene-TCNQ or the other extended homologues and can form highly conductive molecular complexes.

Field of study: Chemistry
Volatile compounds in flavor-tainted fish from the Upper Wisconsin River.

Fillets from Walleye pike (Stizostedion vitreum) and Northern pike (Esox lucius) captured from the Upper Wisconsin River were analyzed for volatile components using simultaneous steam distillation-extraction and GC-MS techniques. Based on comparative odor assessments of eluting GC fractions and GC-MS analysis between control and tainted fish, trace amounts (ppb) of alkylphenols (2-isopropyl-, 4-isopropyl-, 2,4-diisopropyl-, 2,5-diisopropyl-, 2,6-diisopropyl-, 3,5-diisopropyl-, 5-methyl-2-isopropyl-, and 2-methyl-5-isopropyl-) and thiophenol were identified as the principal contributors to flavor-tainting found in fish during the spring of the year. Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol were major contributors to mustiness flavor-tainting occurring in fish captured in the late summer and were more abundant in downstream fish than in upstream control fish.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Determination of antidiabetic activity in Allium cepa (onion) tissue cultures.

Seedling, seedling parts and callus cultures of onion were tested for their antidiabetic activity by feeding the tissue-extracts to diabetic rats. The results indicated much higher antidiabetic activity in callus cultures as compared to natural bulbs of onion. These results may be of pharmaceutical significance since the callus can be used as an alternative source for the isolation of antidiabetic compounds.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
The Prospect of the Adjusting Residual Stress of Cast Iron Roll Technology

In the traditional method of adjustment residual stress of cast iron roll,the natural aging has very long cycle and backlog fund,so it has been gradually phased out;the thermal aging has good effect,but it wastes energy is inefficient;the vibratory stress relief need little energy and gain high-efficiency,but its effect is unstable.Using the compound technology of the thermal aging and the vibratory stress relief can take advantages of both.We can consciously carry on vibration treatment by making full use of wasted time and heat in each links of the roll cycle.As a result,it can be not only with no additional aging time and energy but also the effect is improved.The thermal and vibration compound aging technology is the ideal way in adjustment residual stress of cast iron roll.

Field of study: Materials science