nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Impact of post-European stream change on frog habitat: southeastern Australia

Stream geomorphology and fluvial processes in Australia have generallybeen modified substantially since European settlement. In the case of theSouthern Tablelands of New South Wales, in southeastern Australia, detailednotes of early explorers and settlers and early survey maps have providedinsight into the nature of these changes. Early explorers described most streamsin this area as 'chains-of-ponds'. These are ponds connected byshort lengths of channel or divided by grassy intervals. Many of these systemswere converted to incised channels after Europeans arrived. An examination ofthe life history characteristics of frogs and their physiological limitationsprovides insight into how these changes are likely to have affected froghabitat. Chains-of-ponds provided permanent breeding ponds for frog species withextended larval stages. The environment surrounding these ponds floodedregularly, providing breeding habitat for species that can exploit ephemeralwaterbodies. Flood waters and saturated soil also created moist, well-vegetatedenvironments for adult frogs during the non-breeding season. Human impacts andlandscape modification led to channel incision of chain-of-pond systems andresulted in many physical changes in pond characteristics, includingavailability, permanency, structural complexity and flow dynamics. Theimplications of these changes are discussed in this paper. Hypotheses aredeveloped on frog species susceptibility to landscape change associated withchannel incision of chain-of-pond systems.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Ability of Teachers to Conform to Two Styles of Teaching

THAT THE TEACHER should use m e t h o d s of I instruction appropriate to his objectives is an axi om of teacher training (7). Although the results may be meager and inconclusive (6), the relation ships between teacher behavior and learning out comes have been the subject of educational re search. However, studies of the extent to which teachers can adapt their classroom behavior are practically non-existent. Withall (10), in determij ning the validity of his Climate Index, did have his teachers change from teacher-centered to learner centered behavior in the middle of a class period. A parallel problem involves the confirmation of the independent variable of teacher style in re search investigating the relationships between teacher behavior and learning outcomes (9). A fail ure to define operationally, for example, through systematic observation, the teaching procedures or methods used creates problems in the interpreta tion and evaluation of experimental results. Two styles of teaching which have a long history in the literature might be termed the ' Recitation' ' and the "socratic" Each might be appropriate to certain teaching aims. The purpose of this study was twofold: 1) to determine if the same teachers could use two such styles, as we defined them; and, [ concurrently, 2) to determine whether the indepen dent variable of teaching style was established in an experimental investigation into "teaching high school students a critical approach to contemporary national issues" (5).

Field of study: Education
Infinity and Perspective. Karsten Harries

images enlarge the architects' acquaintance with their heritage over and above their own experience. As Carpo asserts, "every architect. . . could now compose in an all'antica architectural style without having to specialize in antiquarian study, without ever even having seen an ancient monument" (51). With these models and the grammar of Serlio's canon of orders, any mediocre architect or builder could design examples of the new Renaissance style. Later in 1584 the Milanese artist Giovanni Lomazzo in his treatise, Trattato dell'arte delta pittura, complained that "Sebastiano Serlio has made more dog-catchers into architects than he has hairs to his beard" (117). A great master, the Vicenzan architect Andrea Palladio in 1570 published / quattro libri dell'architettura, a simplified but sophisticated version of Serlio's book, relying on woodcut illustrations with sparse text, which spread the classical style of architecture throughout Northern Europe. The Palladian version of classicism dominated much of Europe through at least the eighteenth century and into the nineteenth century in North America. The Carpo text is accompanied by an extraordinary body of references, comprising more than a third of the book, in which he amplifies and often clarifies the text, thus offering an extensive, learned commentary on the text. At times the footnotes offer a welcome reprise from the rather dense philosophical text.

Field of study: History
Stress and psychiatric disorder in the Hindu Kush: a community survey of mountain villages in Chitral, Pakistan.

It is widely believed that people in remote areas of the world suffer less emotional distress and fewer psychiatric disorders. Previous studies offer contradictory evidence.



First stage screening of two mountain villages in Chitral used the Bradford Somatic Inventory (BSI). Psychiatric interviews were conducted with stratified samples using the ICD10 Diagnostic Criteria for Research.



The BSI was an effective screening test, with sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 77%. At a conservative estimate, 46% of women and 15% of men suffered from anxiety and depressive disorders. Literate subjects had lower levels of emotional distress than the illiterate. Higher socio-economic status was associated with less emotional distress. Members of joint and nuclear families were similar.



The study offers no support for the belief that people who live in Chitral lead stress-free lives or have low rates of psychiatric morbidity. Women may suffer more anxiety and depressive disorders than in Western societies.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Two-channel reactions in relativistic dispersion theory

ZusammenfassungIm Rahmen der relativistischen Dispersionstheorie werden Reaktionen mit zwei gekoppelten Zwei-Teilchen-Kanälen betrachtet. Es wird gezeigt, daß die entsprechenden Partialwellen-Amplituden durch die physikalischen Verzweigungsschnitte hindurch auf eine Riemannsche Fläche mit vier Blättern analytisch fortgesetzt werden können. Die dynamischen Singularitäten werden in Betracht gezogen, und es wird der Zusammenhang zwischen den Polen in sekundären Blättern und möglichen Resonanzen der physikalischen Amplituden diskutiert. Als Modell werden die Reaktionen π+Y→π+Y,π+Y→¯K+N und ¯K + N→¯K+N benutzt, jedoch werden Komplikationen, die mit Spin und Isotopenspin zusammenhängen, weggelassen.

Field of study: Physics
Effects of ARMA Errors on Tests for Regression Coefficients: Comments on Vinod's Article; Improved and Additional Results

The problem that dependent disturbances may reverse the conclusions of t or F tests of the significance of the coefficients in least squares regression has been investigated by Vinod (1976). In this comment, imperfections in Vinod's article are indicated and improved results for a more general test are presented. Bounds on the critical values of the test of a set of linear constraints, including the simple significance test, are derived and calculated for disturbances generated by ARMA stochastic processes. Further, bounds on the consequences of disregarding the dependence of the disturbances are computed.

Field of study: Mathematics
Peripheral glucose uptake during the oral glucose-tolerance test in normal and obese subjects and borderline and frank diabetics.

Glucose uptake by the forearm muscle tissues has been studied during the 50-g oral glucose-tolerance test in 103 subjects. Thirty-seven were classified as normal (2-h blood-sugars below 120 mg per cent), 28 as borderline diabetics (2-h blood-sugars between 120 and 200 mg per cent), and 38 as diabetics (2-h blood-sugars above 200 mg per cent). The results confirmed earlier observations that glucose uptake is reduced in obesity and diabetes. The normal and borderline groups were indistinguishable. In both, glucose uptake was inversely correlated with the degree of obesity (glucose uptake = 0·898–0·193×skinfold thickness for the normal and 1·055–0·255×skiofold thickness for the borderline group). In the diabetic group this relationship had broken down.

Glucose uptake was not related to age, the peak blood-sugar level, or in the normal and borderline groups to the blood-flow.

Field of study: Medicine
A sociological analysis of the characteristics of physical exercises performed by medical professionals

Basing their research object on medical professionals in hospitals in all classes and at all levels in Hunan and Guangdong provinces, the authors studied the characteristics of physical exercises performed by their research object.The results revealed that the situation of medical professionals in performing physical exercises deviated obviously from their level of recognition of physical exercise,educational background, knowledge structure,income level and the like,and that only 12.5% of them performed physical exercises regularly. Subjectively these medical professionals were more prone to attribute their failure to maintain regular physical exercises to such factors as tremendous mental pressure,tiredness and heavy workload,and objectively irregular schedule of work rest and the lack of exercise ground facility made it difficult for them to form a motive specific physical exercise pattern, while they were more prone to take invigorator and sleeping instead of physical exercises as major means to recover from fatigue and boost their health.

Field of study: Education
Double series expression for the Stieltjes constants

We present expressions in terms of a double infinite series for the Stieltjes constants γk(a). These constants appear in the regular part of the Laurent expansion for the Hurwitz zeta function. We show that the case γk(1) = γ corresponds to a series representation for the Riemann zeta function given much earlier by Brun. As a byproduct, we obtain a parameterized double series representation of the Hurwitz zeta function.

Field of study: Philosophy
Breakdown of the sequence of active transitions in a waveguide CO2 laser with a selective resonator

Breakdown of the sequence of active transitions in a waveguide CO2 laser occurred as a result of a change in the angle of inclination of a diffraction grating. This was accompanied by a change in the transverse distribution of the laser radiation intensity and was manifested at low rotational quantum numbers J. The observed effect was due to the characteristics of the frequency-selective losses in the selective waveguide resonator.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Structural characterization of a brain-specific promoter region directing transcription of the rat prepro-gastrin-releasing peptide gene.

Expression of the mammalian prepro-gastrin-releasing peptide (preproGRP) gene has been shown to be restricted to neural and neuroendocrine cell types. In this paper, the structure and nucleotide sequence of the rat preproGRP gene coding regions and promoter is described and analyzed. The gene is divided into 3 exons, encoding a signal sequence, the 29 amino acid rat GRP, and a 92 amino acid extension peptide. While the overall prohormone structure is similar to that predicted from the sequence of the human gene, differences in transcription are apparent. Several forms of the rat preproGRP mRNA are found in brain: a 1.1 kb form which initiates in both brain and gut primarily from a TATAA-directed promoter, and less abundant forms of about 1.5 kb, whose initiation sites are heterogeneous, located 300-400 base pairs upstream of the 1.1 kb initiation site, and found only in spinal cord and a subset of brain nuclei expressing preproGRP mRNA. Comparison of the human and rat promoter region sequences identifies regions of high similarity upstream from both the 1.1 kb and 1.5 kb mRNA initiation sites, which may be important in the cell type-specific regulation of the preproGRP gene.

Field of study: Biology
Bariatric surgery in Canada: obesity rates for Canadian adults are much higher today than in the past; however, rates of bariatric surgery, a treatment for high-risk severely obese individuals, have not risen in parallel.

Obesity rates for Canadian adults are much higher today than in the past, raising questions about how to achieve healthy weights and mitigate the associated health risks. While not a solution at the population level, bariatric surgery may be a treatment option for a relatively small proportion of obese individuals. In Canada, unlike in the United States, no consistent trend was evident in the use of this surgery between 1996-97 and 2003-04 across the five provinces for which comparable data were available. In 2003-04, bariatric surgeries were performed predominantly for women (87%); the average length of stay in hospital was 5 days; and 1.4% of patients were readmitted to hospital within 7 days of their discharge after surgery.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
The Development Ideas of Supermarket Chains and Convenient Stores of Chongqing Communities

In recent years,as Chongqing's economy is developing rapidly,its urban scale is expanding constantly,and the progress of the transformation of the old city is accelerating,many new communities are far away from commercial centres,and they lack a sound service system of community business.Traditional community services,such as convenient stores,mainly exist individually.In terms of the basic requirements of the construction of Chinese harmonious society,namely: democracy and rule of law,equity and justice,sincerity and amity,vitality and stability,orderliness,harmony between the people and the nature.There is a certain distance for the community business of Chongqing to play an role in it.

Field of study: Economics
Coevolutionary architecture for distributed optimization of complex coupled systems

A coevolutionary architecture for distributed optimization of complex coupled systems is presented. This architecture is inspired by the phenomena of coevolutionary adaptation occurring in ecological systems. The focus of this research is to develop flexible design architectures for addressing the organizational and computational challenges involved in optimization of large-scale multidisciplinary systems. In the proposed design architecture the optimization procedure ismodeled as the process of coadaptationbetween sympatric species in an ecosystem. Each species is entrusted with the task of improving subdomain specifc objectives and the satisfaction of subdomain constraints. Coupling compatibility constraints are accommodated via implicit generalized Jacobi iteration, which enables the application of the proposed architecture to systems with arbitrary coupling bandwidth between the disciplines, without an increase in the problemsize. A domain decomposition approach is presented for distributed structural optimization to construct a class of test problems. Numerical studies are presented to demonstrate that convergence to an optimal solution satisfying the subdomain and coupling compatibility constraints can be readily achieved.

Field of study: Physics
Context-aware and priority-based user association and resource allocation in heterogeneous wireless networks

Heterogeneous wireless networks (HWNs) are usually characterized by the integration of cellular networks and wireless local area networks (WLANs) to meet user requirements and enhance system capacity. This paper proposes a user association and downlink resource allocation algorithm in HWNs with users having different priorities. The proposed solution employs contextual information related to the preferences of the users, their requested data rate, and the characteristics of networks. The user preference is translated through a profit function that is based on the received signal quality and the power consumption at mobile terminals (MTs). Accordingly, an optimization problem is formulated to maximize the overall user satisfaction for each priority level. The formulated problem throws firm restrictions to prevent low-priority users from allocating resources utilized by other users with higher priorities. We then propose a novel heuristic approach with polynomial-time complexity to approximate the formulated problem. Furthermore, the system architecture is discussed and a new solution management strategy is proposed to limit the complexity of the algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed approximation method maintains the nearest performance to the optimal solution.

Field of study: Computer science
Comparison and significance of annual hydrochemical budgets in three small granitic catchments with contrasting vegetation (Mont-Lozere, France).

Chemical budgets are presented for three small granitic catchments in Southeastern France, with contrasting vegetation type: beech coppice; spruce forest; and grassland. The results show a small net loss of cations, and a large accumulation of sulphur in the soil, which acts as an additional proton sink. Significantly higher weathering rates are observed for the conifer catchment. Clearfelling of the spruce forest, late in the monitoring programme, increased net cation and nitrate losses. The importance of dry atmospheric deposition in the input-output budget, particularly for forests, is highlighted.

Field of study: Environmental science
Drug interactions among commonly used medications. Chart simplifies data from critical literature review.

To simplify risk assessment, we have developed a way to present critically appraised drug interaction information through a chart.



Fifty drugs most frequently prescribed by Canadian family physicians and 16 drugs and substances that frequently interact with these drugs were the basis for a literature review. Drug interaction textbooks and MEDLINE (from 1966 to 1994) were searched for documented interactions. Reports of additive effects and animal or in vitro studies were excluded.



All reports of interactions were evaluated for clinical effect, clinical significance, and quality of evidence.



Of the 464 drug-drug or drug-substance pairs evaluated, 387 (83.4%) demonstrated an interaction, 59 (12.7%) documented no effect, and 18 (3.9%) pairs had conflicting evidence. Five percent of interactions were of major clinical significance; only 1.3% were of major clinical significance and supported by good-quality evidence. By using symbols, colours, and legends in a "grid-map" format, a large amount of drug interaction information was reduced to a single-page chart suitable for a desk reference or wall mounting.



Our chart organizes a large amount of drug interaction information in a format that allows for rapid appreciation of outcome, clinical significance, and quality of evidence.

Field of study: Medicine
Stable isotope record in mollusca and pedogenic carbonate from Late Pliocene soils of Central Italy

The Late Pliocene (younger than 2.5 Ma) alluvial fan succession of Toppetti Quarry, near Todi, Umbria, Central Italy, includes many palaeosols. Pedogenic carbonate concretions and mollusc remains were separated from 73 palaeosols collected along 150 m of exposure and analysed for their oxygen and carbon stable isotope content. δ13C and δ18O of the pedogenic carbonate and land snail shells suggest that no dramatic change in local climate took place. Values of the pedogenic carbonates are similar to other data reported for the Mediterranean region. δ18O data suggest a mean annual temperature and/or δ18O similar to modern climatic conditions. Carbon isotope data from both land snails and pedogenic carbonate are consistent with a prevailing type C3 vegetation. A mixture of forest and C3 grassland, sustained by a mean annual precipitation between 300 and 1000 mm, mainly in the cool periods of the year, seems to be the most likely scenario. The limited variation shown by the isotope composition of the biogenic and inorganically precipitated carbonate indicates that the environmental variations are referable mainly to change of humidity rather than temperature.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Pressure studies of tunnelling processes in a double-barrier structure with a two-dimensional emitter contact

Resonant tunnelling experiments under hydrostatic pressures up to 15 kbar in a double-barrier structure with a two-dimensional emitter pre-well are reported. At room temperature the structure shows two transitions in its tunnelling characteristics as a function of pressure. The authors associate these transitions with the enhancement of the Gamma -X tunnelling in the collector and emitter barriers. At lower temperatures these features are less pronounced. In addition they estimate the pressure coefficient for the decrease in the energy of the X minimum in relation to the Gamma minimum in Al0.6Ga0.4As.

Field of study: Materials science
NUMERICAL AND THEORETICAL RESEARCH ON MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF OUTRIGGER TRUSS-WALL JOINT IN SUPER HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS

Based on the experimental research on two kinds of outrigger truss-shear wall joints which are applicable to super high-rise buildings, further elaborate analysis using the finite element and theoretical methods are conducted for the seismic behavior and load transfer mechanism of the joint. According to the analysis results, design methods and proposals for the joints are given. Firstly the nonlinear numerical simulation of the joint is done by using finite element program MSC.MARC(2010). The finite element analysis results correlate well with the test results. Furthermore, the stress distribution of the outrigger truss, concealed ending column, outside(encased) steel plate and concrete wall are discussed and the simplified method to assess the bearing capacity of the joint is proposed. Finally a local model of the joint plate is established based on the whole model of joints and the load transfer mechanism of the plate is analyzed. The reasonableness of simplified design formula for this kind of joint plate is discussed. Analysis results indicate that the concrete wall between the upper and lower steel plates is under shear and a diagonal strut is thus formed; the assumption of plane section is not followed on the critical section of the plate due to the existence of shearing load and short plate. Conclusions drawn in this paper are helpful for the design and construction of the outrigger truss-wall joint in super high-rise buildings.

Field of study: Engineering
L3 syntactic transfer selectivity and typological determinacy: The typological primacy model

The present article addresses the following question: what variables condition syntactic transfer? Evidence is provided in support of the position that third language (L3) transfer is selective, whereby, at least under certain conditions, it is driven by the typological proximity of the target L3 measured against the other previously acquired linguistic systems (cf. Rothman and Cabrelli Amaro, 2007, 2010; Rothman, 2010; Montrul et al., 2011). To show this, we compare data in the domain of adjectival interpretation between successful first language (L1) Italian learners of English as a second language (L2) at the low to intermediate proficiency level of L3 Spanish, and successful L1 English learners of L2 Spanish at the same levels for L3 Brazilian Portuguese. The data show that, irrespective of the L1 or the L2, these L3 learners demonstrate target knowledge of subtle adjectival semantic nuances obtained via noun-raising, which English lacks and the other languages share. We maintain that such knowledge is transferred to the L3 from Italian (L1) and Spanish (L2) respectively in light of important differences between the L3 learners herein compared to what is known of the L2 Spanish performance of L1 English speakers at the same level of proficiency (see, for example, Judy et al., 2008; Rothman et al., 2010). While the present data are consistent with Flynn et al.’s (2004) Cumulative Enhancement Model, we discuss why a coupling of these data with evidence from other recent L3 studies suggests necessary modifications to this model, offering in its stead the Typological Primacy Model (TPM) for multilingual transfer.

Field of study: Linguistics