nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
An Observational Case Study of Near-peer Teaching in Medical and Pharmacy Experiential Training

To compare peer teaching in a medical and a pharmacy clinical teaching unit and to provide suggestions for future research in pharmacy near-peer teaching.  This exploratory observational study used principles of ethnographic methodology for data collection and analysis. Observations were collected in a large downtown teaching hospital. An average of 4-6 hours per day were spent observing a team of medical trainees from the Faculty (School) of Medicine in the general internal medicine (unit for two weeks, followed by a team of pharmacy trainees in an ambulatory hemodialysis (HD) unit for two weeks. Data was collected through field notes and informal interviews that were audiotaped and subsequently transcribed. Data was interpreted by the observer and reviewed weekly by two impartial pharmacists.  Five major themes emerged: (1) influence of peer teaching hierarchy; (2) educational distance between peer learners and teachers; (3) effect of the clinical teaching unit size on peer learning; (4) trainees’ perception of their teaching role in the clinical teaching unit; and (5) influence of daily schedule and workload on peer teaching. As opposed to pharmacy, a hierarchy and pyramidal structure of peer teaching was observed in medical experiential training. There appeared to be no effect of educational distance on near peer teaching; however, perception of teaching role and influence of daily schedule affected near-peer teaching.  Through initial comparisons of medical and pharmacy clinical teaching units, this study provides a reflection of elements that may be necessary to successfully implement near-peer teaching in pharmacy experiential training. Future studies in this area should assess learning outcomes and participant satisfaction, preceptor workload, and impact on patient care.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Untangling Web 2.0: Charting Web 2.0 Tools, the NCSS Guidelines for Effective Use of Technology, and Bloom's Taxonomy

The potential for social studies to embrace instructional technology and Web 2.0 applications has become a growing trend in recent social studies research. As part of an ongoing process of collaborative enquiry between an instructional specialist and social studies teachers in a Professional Learning Community, a table of Web 2.0 applications was produced. This table charted Web 2.0 applications alongside the NCSS standards and Bloom's revised taxonomy which highlight higher order thinking skills. Social studies teachers used this table to select an application to trial in their classrooms. The experiences of these teachers and lessons learned can prove useful to other teachers looking to integrate Web 2.0 into their instruction.

Field of study: Sociology
A Venezuelan educator: don Feliciano Montenegro Colon.

Among the Hispanic-American States, Venezuela has not been notable for achievement in the field of education measured in terms of popular literacy. Venezuelans are, indeed, the first to recognize and to deplore a lack of such achievement. The writer is convinced, however, that no country of Hispanic-America can present a more interesting or exceptional list of educators, whether philosophers and critics, educational statesmen and administrators, or class-room teachers are proposed. Such outstanding figures as Simon Rodriguez, the radical reformer of the revolutionary era, sometimes called the “Rousseau of Hispanic-America”, or Andres Bello, philosopher and teacher, or the Liberator himself, who might well be called the Jefferson of Hispanic-America in the field of educational statesmanship, are generally recognized.

Field of study: History
Base solder voids identification of IGBT modules using case temperature

Solder voids has an important impact on healthy operation of insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) modules, but voids damage is difficult to be estimated accurately by conventional methods due to the lack of calculation in mutual thermal effect between chips. So this paper proposes a base solder voids identification method by using case temperature, takes into account both self-thermal diffusion and coupling inside module, and adopts case temperature distribution on bottom of baseplate to assess voids damage indirectly. Firstly, finite element method (FEM) of IGBT module with base solder voids was established to study junction and case temperature response with different voids distribution, the practicability of base solder voids identification based on case temperature is verified. Then the influence mechanism of voids on case temperature was discussed theoretically, voids identification is extended to dynamic load conditions, temperature-to-thermal resistance conversion and dynamic thermal resistance reference calibration with different power loss ratio were realized by improved thermal network, recursive least square (RLS) algorithm was designed for dynamic identification of real-time identifiable thermal resistance, the difference between RLS results and thermal resistance reference was compared to confirm the severity of base solder voids, two or more groups of comparison results with different power conditions are used to complete the voids analysis. Finally, validity of proposed method is demonstrated by simulation. Compared with conventional method, it shows better ability in dynamic identification.

Field of study: Engineering
Maximizing accuracy in multi-scanner malware detection systems

A variety of anti-malware scanners have been developed for malware detection. Previous research has indicated that combining multiple different scanners can achieve better result compared to any single scanner. However, given the diversity in detection rates and accuracy of different anti-malware scanners, how to determine the best possible outcome of multi-scanner systems in terms of accuracy and how to achieve this best outcome remain formidable tasks. In this paper, we propose three models to capture the combined output of different combinations of anti-malware scanners based on the limited amount of historical information available. These models enable us to predict the accuracy level of each combination, which helps us to determine the optimal configuration of the multi-scanner detection system to achieve maximum accuracy. We also introduce two methods to identify a near-optimal subset of scanners that can help reduce scanning cost while under time constraint. From simulations over randomly generated hypothetical datasets and experiments conducted with real world malware and goodware datasets and anti-virus scanners, we found that our models perform well in predicting the optimal configuration and can achieve an accuracy as high as within 1% of true maximum.

Field of study: Computer science
A Graphic Procedure for Studying Differential Item Functioning

A graphic procedure for studying differential item functioning (DIF) designed to provide diagnostic information for psychometricians and educators is presented. Items from a certifying examination in a subspecialty of internal medicine are used as examples. The procedure provides a “signature” of each test item that may be used in conjunction with a summary statistic to flag items showing DIF. Advantages and limitations of the procedure are noted, as are additional areas for investigation.

Field of study: Education
Minaprine in depression. A controlled trial with amitriptyline.

Minaprine (200 mg daily, either once or divided b.d.) was compared with amitriptyline (25-50 mg t.d.s.) over six weeks in 144 patients with major depression. Significant reductions in HRSD scores at the end of six weeks' treatment were recorded with both dose regimes of minaprine and with amitriptyline, with no significant differences between them. There was a significantly greater incidence of drowsiness and dry mouth with amitriptyline than with minaprine.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Machine Learning for Antimicrobial Resistance

Biological datasets amenable to applied machine learning are more available today than ever before, yet they lack adequate representation in the Data-for-Good community. Here we present a work in progress case study performing analysis on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) using standard ensemble machine learning techniques and note the successes and pitfalls such work entails. Broadly, applied machine learning (AML) techniques are well suited to AMR, with classification accuracies ranging from mid-90% to low- 80% depending on sample size. Additionally, these techniques prove successful at identifying gene regions known to be associated with the AMR phenotype. We believe that the extensive amount of biological data available, the plethora of problems presented, and the global impact of such work merits the consideration of the Data- for-Good community.

Field of study: Computer science
Functional diversity of hnRNP proteins.

: The hnRNP proteins bind to pre-mRNA concomitant with transcription and form ribonucleoprotein complex essential for post-transcriptional events. More than 20 different groups of hnRNP proteins are known in humans. The number seems to be similar in other organisms too. The hnRNP proteins possess different types of RNA binding domains which directly interact with RNA, most likely in a sequence specific manner. The functions of hnRNP proteins range from mRNA packaging and transport, to mRNA splicing and silencing. Further, indirectly, their role has also been implicated in oogenesis. Hence, hnRNP proteins play diversified roles both in nucleus and cytoplasm, and regulate the gene expression at various levels.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Correlations of two protons in relativisticdp-collisions

Two-proton correlations in thedp→ppn collisions of relativistic deuterons with protons are considered. These correlations give more information than inclusive proton spectra described in the framework of different deuteron structure function models because of uncertainty in the calculation of secondary interaction contribution (rescattering processes and final state interactions). We present the predictable calculations which show different behaviour of the correlation function for different deuteron structure function models in the kinematic region where contributions of secondary interactions are negligible.

Field of study: Physics
Humidity sensitivity of β″-alumina type ferrite films

The thin films of K + -β- and β″-ferrites have been prepared by dipping-pyrolysis process using potassium tert-butoxide and iron naphthenate. The films exhibited a significant decrease in impedance with an increase in relative humidity. In addition, the magnitude in impedance changes at 25°C was two or three orders and increased with a rise in firing temperature from 600° to 1000°C; that is, with the progress of the crystallization of β and β″ phases. The thin films with the composition of K 2 O·6.1Fe 2 O 3 showed the reversible changes in impedance with the humidity changes. The 95% response time to the humidity change from 43% to 80% RH was 10 s for the film with 1 μm thick obtained at 1000°C. The response time was remarkably shortened in the form of thin film.

Field of study: Materials science
The generating hypothesis for the stable module category of a p-group

Freyd's generating hypothesis, interpreted in the stable module category of a finite p-group G, is the statement that a map between finite-dimensional kG-modules factors through a projective if the induced map on Tate cohomology is trivial. We show that Freyd's generating hypothesis holds for a non-trivial finite p-group G if and only if G is either C2 or C3. We also give various conditions which are equivalent to the generating hypothesis.

Field of study: Mathematics
The effects of the suppressors of cytokine signaling on the imbalance of TH1/TH2 in children with asthma

目的 探讨细胞因子信号抑制因子(SOCS)在支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)患儿TH细胞亚群(TH1/TH2)功能失衡中的作用,以及转录因子T-bet和GATA3与TH1/TH2反应的关系.方法观察20例哮喘患儿及相同数量同龄对照,采用流式细胞术(FCM)检测哮喘患者外周血CD4+T淋巴细胞浆中白细胞介素4(IL-4)和γ干扰素(INF-γ)的表达,逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和荧光定量聚合酶链反应(real time PCR)测定淋巴细胞SOCS3、SOCS5、T-bet、GATA3 mRNA表达水平.结果急性发作期哮喘患儿TH1细胞比例显著下降,TH2细胞显著增高(P＜0.01);哮喘患儿淋巴细胞SOCS3、GATA3mRNA表达水平显著高于正常同龄对照(P＜0.01),SOCS5、T-betmRNA表达显著下降(P＜0.01).结论 SOCSS3、SOCS5、T-bet和GATA3表达异常与哮喘患儿TH1/TH2失衡有关,其中SOCS3和SOCS5表达异常可能是重要的因素之一。

Field of study: Biology
Budgeting Practices of Principals of Secondary Schools in South-East Geo-Political Zone of Nigeria

This study was necessitated by the growing concern by education stakeholders in Nigeria over the poor budgetary planning and implementation of the principals of Nigeria secondary schools. The study utilized qualitative approach with questionnaire, checklist and documentation as instruments for data collection. Simple random sampling procedure was used in drawing 689 principals and 51 account supervisors from a total population of 1093 principals and 79 account supervisors. The study answered four research questions and tested four null hypotheses. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions while t-test was used to test the hypotheses. The findings of the study showed that principals follow the budget guideline specifications in planning and implementing budget, but do not buy science equipment, maintain school vehicles, buildings and furniture, they do not organize workshops, seminars and conferences, and do not defend budget with their bursars. Based on the above findings, it was recommended among others, that Nigerian principals should work cooperatively with their staff. State governments should equip the principals with adequate fund to maintain buildings, furniture and school vehicles.  Budgeting, Budget, budgeting Practices, State Education Management Board (SEMB), Financial Management

Field of study: Education
Optical intersubband transitions and femtosecond dynamics in Ag/Fe(100) quantum wells.

The optical intersubband transitions and femtosecond dynamics of electrons in quantum well states in Ag/Fe(100) are investigated by interferometric time-resolved two-photon photoemission. The quantum well wave functions and transition probabilities are evaluated from the two-photon photoemission resonance energies and intensities using an extended phase accumulation model. Direct femtosecond pump-probe correlation measurements elucidate the importance of interfaces in confined structures.

Field of study: Physics
Effect of Pencycuron on Microbial Parameters of Waterlogged Soil

A laboratory study was conducted to monitor the effect of pencycuron [1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-1-cyclopentyl-3-phenylurea] on microbial parameters of alluvial (AL) soil (Typic udifluvent) and coastal saline (CS) soil (Typic endoaquept) under waterlogged condition. Pencycuron at field rate (FR), 2FR and 10FR affected the microbial biomass C (MBC), soil ergosterol content and fluorescein diacetate hydrolyzing activity (FDHA) differentially. The DCM amendment did not seem to have any counteractive effect on the toxicity of pencycuron on the microbial variables. The change in microbial metabolic quotient (qCO2) and microbial respiration quotient (QR), indicated pencycuron induced disturbance at 10FR. Present study revealed that the metabolically activated microbial population was more suppressed compared to the dormant population.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Multicast virtual network mapping for supporting multiple description coding-based video applications

Video applications have gradually become one of the mainstreams of Internet traffic along with the technological advances in recent years. In parallel, network virtualization technique allows Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to be decoupled from the physical network infrastructure operators to provide various video services to customers through tailored Virtual Networks (VNs). In a video multicast VN, the ISP could appropriately determine and configure the virtual nodes and links to deliver customized video service to the affiliated end users. However, available multicast tree mapping algorithms are based on the strong assumption that the locations of source and a collection of destination nodes are known a priori. Also, they have not taken any intermediate nodes between source and destinations into the VN mapping request. These assumptions greatly limit the adoption of advanced video coding techniques. In this paper, the multicast networks mapping for enabling Multiple Description Coding (MDC) based video applications is explored. A novel multicast mapping algorithm, MMPC, is proposed based on path convergence to flexibly identify and configure nodes (with automatic intermediate nodes identification) in multicast trees to meet certain criteria. The suggested approach is described in details and its key characteristics are analyzed through a set of analytical proves. Extensive simulation experiments are carried out to assess its performance (e.g. acceptance ratio, mapping cost and mapping time) against a range of multicast VN request scenarios. The simulation results demonstrate the superiority of MMPC algorithm in terms of multicast mapping efficiency and cost by using the conventional two-phase VN mapping algorithm as a comparison benchmark.

Field of study: Computer science
A practical method for determining coefficient word length in digital filters

The author presents a novel method for assessing the sensitivity of recursive digital filters to changes in their coefficients. It is particularly aimed at real-time control applications where continuous filters are being emulated in digital form. The method described enables sensitivity factors to be derived which directly relate the accuracy of the digital filter coefficients to the parameters of the continuous filter. By this means, for a particular percentage accuracy requirement in the parameters of the continuous filter, it is possible to determine directly the percentage accuracy (and hence word length) for the coefficients of the digital filter. Application of the method to typical examples is given, and the sensitivity predictions are confirmed by simulations of the digital filters in response to step inputs. An overview of its use in a design sense is also included.

Field of study: Engineering
Mitochondrial antibodies in chronic liver diseases and connective tissue disorders: further characterization of the autoantigens.

The heterogeneity of mitochrondrial autoantibodies in a variety of diseases states has been critically re-examined by a combination of immunofluorescence staining (IFL) and complement fixation tests (CFT). The different mitochondrial IFL patterns described by other workers were confirmed and extra criteria using new substrates are presented for their differential recognition. Biochemically defined mitochondrial subfractions were used in the CFT to confirm and extend the IFL classifications. The 'M1' cardiolipin antibodies of syphilis did not react with the ATPase fraction but the antigen was present in all membrane preparations and found to be chemically resistant. The major antibody specificity of the 'M3' pattern associated with drug-induced pseudolupus syndrome is a firmly bound, outer membrane component; and a second, minor reactivity is apparently to a mercurial-insensitive antigen present in the chloroform-released ATPase preparation. The 'M5' antibody pattern correlates with a digitonin-sensitive outer membrane component. Although it was not possible to differentiate within the group of liver diseases between the 'M2' antibodies of primary biliary cirrhosis and the previously described 'M4' antibodies of other chronic liver diseases, several antibody specificities were demonstrated. All sera from liver disease patients contain the antibody directed against a mercurial-sensitive protein found in the chloroform-released ATPase preparation, and, in addition, varying titres of antibodies against two or more mercurial-resistant membrane components, of which at least one is on the inner membrane and one on the outer membrane.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Interactive Analysis on Program Establishment in Regional Colleges of Engineering and Serving the Local

The interaction between program establishment in regional colleges of engineering and serving the local,is decided by its educational essence and the local economy development.It argues that the interaction is significant;the interaction should follow four principles of adaptability,forward-looking,scientificity and characteristic;it should also build the mechanism of program establishment investigation and forecast,which could offer immediate feedback and adjustment according to the development of the situation;in addition,it should build the mechanism of scientific planning and steady promotion based on following the law of education,school-running conditions and adaptation with the local development,which could realize the benign interaction between program establishment and serving the local.

Field of study: Education
Menthol Modulates Pacemaker Potentials through TRPA1 Channels in Cultured Interstitial Cells of Cajal from Murine Small Intestine

ICCs are the pacemaker cells responsible for slow waves in gastrointestinal (GI) smooth muscle, and generate periodic pacemaker potentials in current-clamp mode.  The effects of menthol on the pacemaker potentials of cultured interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) from mouse small intestine were studied using the whole cell patch clamp technique.  Menthol (1 - 10 μM) was found to induce membrane potential depolarization in a concentration-dependent manner. The effects of various TRP channel antagonists were examined to investigate the receptors involved. The addition of the TRPM8 antagonist, AMTB, did not block menthol-induced membrane potential depolarizations, but TRPA1 antagonists (A967079 or HC-030031) blocked the effects of menthol, as did intracellular GDPβS. Furthermore, external and internal Ca2+ levels were found to depolarize menthol-induced membrane potentials, whereas external Na+ was not. Y-27632 (a Rho kinase inhibitor), SC-560 (a selective COX 1 inhibitor), NS-398 (a selective COX 2 inhibitor), ozagrel (a thromboxane A2 synthase inhibitor) and SQ-29548 (highly selective thromboxane receptor antagonist) were used to investigate the involvements of Rho-kinase, cyclooxygenase (COX), and the thromboxane pathway in menthol-induced membrane potential depolarizations, and all inhibitors were found to block the effect of menthol.  These results suggest that menthol-induced membrane potential depolarizations occur in a G-protein-, Ca2+-, Rho-kinase-, COX-, and thromboxane A2-dependent manner via TRPA1 receptor in cultured ICCs in murine small intestine. The study shows ICCs are targeted by menthol and that this interaction can affect intestinal motility.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Abnormal economics in the health sector

The implosion of centrally-planned economies has led to a widespread and uncritical belief that a free market is the best mechanism for structuring the economic and social sectors. Many international agencies have pushed this belief on the developing nations. This paper offers a critical analysis of the effectiveness of using free market principles to structure the health sector. We try to answer two questions: in what spheres can the market operate freely? In what spheres is government action required? According to economic theory, the market is only appropriate for producing and distributing private goods. This study analyzed health care and subdivides it into three categories (public, merit, and private goods) to clarify where the market has a legitimate role. Next, we analyze two of the five markets in the health sector—financing and delivery—and assess the respective roles of the market and government. Competitive markets have certain prerequisites. We identify the major market failures by evaluating where these conditions are not satisfied. Next, we draw on international experience to ascertain the seriousness of those failures and the capacity of government action to correct them. Lessons are drawn for developing nations about the appropriateness of market strategies to finance and deliver health care.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science