nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Some azole derivative phosphoric and thiophosphoric esters

Reaction of spiro[cyclohexane-1, 2-oxazolidine] (I) with phosphorochloridic and phosphorochloridothionic acids gave the corresponding ethers. It did not prove possible to prepare derivatives containing dispiro[cyclohexane-1, 2′-oxazolidine] radicals. Reaction of 2-thio-5, 5-dimethyloxazolid-4-one with diethylphosphorochloridate led to isolation of an alkylation product. 5, 5-Dimethylhydrantoin did not react with chlorides of phosphoric acid under the reaction conditions of these particular experiments.

Field of study: Chemistry
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Changes in the luminescence and Raman scattering spectra of lithium hydride due to an increase in the excitation intensity

An experimental investigation was made of the influence of the density of the exciting light in the 5.0–3.2 eV range on the optical (luminescence and resonance Raman scattering) spectra of cubic LiH crystals cleaved in liquid helium. A nonlinear dependence of these spectra on the excitation density was observed. The state of the surface had a decisive influence on the reproducibility of the results.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
A Subwavelength Microstrip Resonator Based on Metamaterials

A metamaterial-based subwavelength microstrip resonator with high quality factor and simple fabrication process was proposed. For the experimental result, a quality factor of about 70 was achieved when the length of the resonator was about one third of the wavelength. Firstly, the mu-negative metamaterial (MNM) and the epsilon-negative metamaterial (ENM) were implemented by loading only chip capacitors or only chip inductors onto the microstrip. The implementation process is simpler in comparison to the traditional implementation method of the MNM and the ENM based on the microstrip. Then, the transmission characteristics of the heterostructure constructed of the MNM and the ENM fabricated through the simple method were investigated and the results showed that a subwavelength microstrip resonator could be built by the MNM–ENM heterostructure. Moreover, the quality-factor enhancement of the subwavelength microstrip resonator based on the MNM–ENM heterostructure was also explored. The results showed that the quality factor could be notably boosted and increased by about 15 times for the experimental result of the sample owing to more intensive confinement of the electromagnetic field when the electromagnetically induced transparency-like metamaterial was introduced at the interface of the MNM–ENM heterostructure.

Field of study: Materials science
The Cowichan Ice tongue, Vancouver Island

The sequence of late glacial deposits within Cowichan Valley and on Saanich Peninsula, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, suggests the existence of an ice tongue that occupied Cowichan Valley and extended eastward to Saanich Peninsula prior to the merging with and being overridden by Cordilleran ice of the last major glaciation. Following the maximum advance of Cordilleran ice, continuous melting and downwasting prevailed, but before deglaciation was complete, remnant ice in Cowichan Valley was rejuvenated. Similar glacio-climatic events have been recognized elsewhere in the Strait of Georgia, and are named the Evans Creek Stade, the Vashon Stade, and the Sumas Stade of the Fraser glaciation. The writer tentatively applies these names to the events on Vancouver Island.

Field of study: Environmental science
High-power multi-pulse modulator

A high power multi-pulse modulator was presented which could generate three pulses with adjustable interval on the fieldemission diode.In the system,a pulse transformer was employed to upgrade the discharging voltage of three groups of capacitors and charge the Blumlein pulse forming line.When the main gap being closed at interval of a certain time,three pulses were obtained on the field-emission diode,the peak power of each pulse was over 20 GW,pulse duration about 80 ns,and pulse interval about 15 ms.The simulation results agreed well with the experimental results.The experimental results showed that the recovery time of the main gap was an important effect factor on the pulse interval of the modulator.

Field of study: Physics
Heavy metal speciation and phytotoxic effects of three representative sewage sludges for agricultural uses.

The environmental impact of sewage sludges depends on the availability and phytotoxicity of their heavy metal. The influence of representative sludges (dewatered anaerobic, pelletization, and composted sludge) on the availability of heavy metals, and their effects on seed germination were compared. The total heavy metal concentrations were below the maximum permitted for land-applied waste and the differences among them were small. The DTPA-extracted metal concentrations were rather different. The sequential extraction of the compost showed a slight increase in Cd and Cu availability, and a decrease in the availability of Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn. Pelletization increased the availability of Ni and slightly reduced that of Cr. The dewatering sludge led to greater availability of Cr and Mn but reduced the concentration of Cd. The three different sludges also affected seed germination and root elongation in different ways. The most serious adverse effects were caused by the dewatered sludge extract.

Field of study: Environmental science
SAD at home: solving the structure of oxalate decarboxylase with the anomalous signal from manganese using X-ray data collected on a home source.

Oxalate decarboxylase (OxdC) from Bacillus subtilis is a hexamer containing two manganese ions per 43.6 kDa subunit. A single highly redundant data set collected at a medium resolution of 2 A on an in-house X-ray source was sufficient to solve the structure by the single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (SAD) method using the anomalous signal from the manganese ions. The experimentally phased electron-density map was of high quality, enabling 96% of the amino-acid sequence to be automatically traced using ARP/wARP. Further analysis showed that only half of the original raw data were required for successful structure solution. Manganese currently occurs in approximately 2% of PDB entries. A brief survey suggests that several of these structures could also have been determined using manganese SAD. Moreover, the ability of manganese to substitute for other more commonly occurring divalent metal ions may indicate that the use of Mn SAD could have much wider application.

Field of study: Chemistry
Granites of the Front Range—The Longs Peak-St. Vrain Batholith

The Longs Peak-St. Vrain batholith is a compound granite mass of pre-Cambrian age, which intrudes highly metamorphosed schists and gneisses, mostly of sedimentary origin, in the Front Range of the southern Rocky Mountains in Colorado. It is the purpose of this paper to describe the batholith and outline its relationships to the enclosing schists and, as far as known, to the other large granite batholiths which make up a major part of the great pre-Cambrian mosaic of the Front Range.[1][1]

Field work was begun by the senior author in 1921 and 1922 along the Big Thompson River valley between the foothills and the continental divide. At that time the term “Longs Peak” was applied to the chief granite of the area, and the Mount Olympus granite was identified.[2][2] Intermittent field work from 1924 to 1931 permitted the mapping of the Longs Peak part of the batholith and the identification . . .

Field of study: Geology
The Public, Taxes, and the Fiscal Cliff

Public opinion will not help Congress decide how to deal with the fiscal cliff—the congressional agreement under the Budget Control Act to raise taxes and cut spending in 2013 that could devastate a weak economy if passed. In their annual assessment of American public opinion, the authors find that Americans only agree that taxes for the wealthy and big business should be raised. As for cutting social programs, they are lukewarm at best. How can we solve the problem?

Field of study: Economics
Endoscopic management of intracranial cysts.

OBJECT
Endoscopic fenestration has been recognized as an accepted treatment choice for patients with symptomatic arachnoid cysts. The success of this procedure, however, is greatly influenced by individual cyst anatomy and location as well as the endoscopic technique used. This review was conducted to assess what variables influence the treatment success for different categories of arachnoid cysts.



Thirty-three consecutive patients who underwent endoscopic fenestration for treatment of an intracranial arachnoid cyst were identified from a prospective database. The surgical indications and techniques were reviewed, and surgical success rates and patient outcomes were assessed. Specific examples of each cyst category are included to illustrate the technical aspects of endoscopic cyst fenestration. Endoscopic fenestration of arachnoid cysts was successful when judged by cyst decompression, and symptom resolution was noted in 32 (97%) of 33 cases. The one patient with short-term treatment failure underwent a successful repetition of the operation. There were no surgery-related morbidities or deaths.



Arachnoid cysts are a relatively benign pathological entity that can be managed by performing endoscopically guided cyst wall fenestrations into the ventricular system or cerebrospinal fluid-containing cisterns. Proper patient selection, preoperative planning of endoscope trajectory, use of frameless navigation, and advances in endoscope lens technology and light intensity combine to make this a safe procedure with excellent outcomes.

Field of study: Medicine
Comparison of extraction parameters and extracted essential oils from Mentha piperita L. using hydrodistillation and steamdistillation

Hydrodistillation (HD) and steamdistillation (SD) are known to be the most prevalent methods of essential oils extraction. Despite many studies on extraction methods, there is no report on comparison of SD and HD and their extracted essential oils. In this study, SD was used for extraction of essential oils from Mentha piperita L. (peppermint), which is one of the medicinal plants of high consumption, and the results were compared with those of the HD. The results showed that although extraction with HD started sooner, both methods had the extraction time of about 1 hour. Scanning electron micrographs of mint leaves showed significant changes of glands after extraction in both methods. The required energy for extraction and kinetic parameters as well as quality of extracted essential oils where compared by physical constants and GC-MS analysis. The results of this study revealed that both HD and SD can be used as qualitative reference methods of extraction due to similarity of properties of extracted essential oils.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Maintaining Interpersonal and Organizational Relations through Electronic Mail by Men and Women

E-mail is used to maintain two primary human relationships, interaction between individuals and preserving relationships with organizations. 278 participants from a medium-size university in the southwest completed two measures developed to assess the quantity of e-mail used to maintain interpersonal and organizational relationships. Analysis indicated that men (M = 5.8, SD = 2.7) and women (M = 6.6, SD = 2.5) significantly differed in frequency of e-mail used to maintain interpersonal relationships, but not in reference to organizational maintenance.

Field of study: Psychology
Pump-probe experiments at the TEMPO beamline using the low-α operation mode of Synchrotron SOLEIL.

The SOLEIL synchrotron radiation source is regularly operated in special filling modes dedicated to pump-probe experiments. Among others, the low-α mode operation is characterized by shorter pulse duration and represents the natural bridge between 50 ps synchrotron pulses and femtosecond experiments. Here, the capabilities in low-α mode of the experimental set-ups developed at the TEMPO beamline to perform pump-probe experiments with soft X-rays based on photoelectron or photon detection are presented. A 282 kHz repetition-rate femtosecond laser is synchronized with the synchrotron radiation time structure to induce fast electronic and/or magnetic excitations. Detection is performed using a two-dimensional space resolution plus time resolution detector based on microchannel plates equipped with a delay line. Results of time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy, circular dichroism and magnetic scattering experiments are reported, and their respective advantages and limitations in the framework of high-time-resolution pump-probe experiments compared and discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Calibration of Raman lidar water vapor profiles by means of AERONET photometer observations and GDAS meteorological data

We present a practical method to continuously calibrate Raman lidar
observations of water vapor mixing ratio profiles. The water vapor profile
measured with the multiwavelength polarization Raman lidar
Polly XT is calibrated by means of co-located AErosol
RObotic NETwork (AERONET) sun photometer observations and Global Data
Assimilation System (GDAS) temperature and pressure profiles. This method is
applied to lidar observations conducted during the Cyprus Cloud Aerosol and
Rain Experiment (CyCARE) in Limassol, Cyprus. We use the GDAS temperature and
pressure profiles to retrieve the water vapor density. In the next step, the
precipitable water vapor from the lidar observations is used for the
calibration of the lidar measurements with the sun photometer measurements.
The retrieved calibrated water vapor mixing ratio from the lidar measurements
has a relative uncertainty of 11 % in which the error is mainly caused by
the error of the sun photometer measurements. During CyCARE, nine measurement
cases with cloud-free and stable meteorological conditions are selected to
calculate the precipitable water vapor from the lidar and the sun photometer
observations. The ratio of these two precipitable water vapor values yields
the water vapor calibration constant. The calibration constant for the
Polly XT Raman lidar is
6.56 g kg −1 ±  0.72 g kg −1 (with a statistical uncertainty
of 0.08 g kg −1 and an instrumental uncertainty of 0.72 g kg −1 ).
To check the quality of the water vapor calibration, the water vapor mixing
ratio profiles from the simultaneous nighttime observations with Raman lidar
and Vaisala radiosonde sounding are compared. The correlation of the water
vapor mixing ratios from these two instruments is determined by using all of
the 19 simultaneous nighttime measurements during CyCARE. Excellent agreement
with the slope of 1.01 and the R2 of 0.99 is found. One example is
presented to demonstrate the full potential of a well-calibrated Raman lidar.
The relative humidity profiles from lidar, GDAS (simulation) and radiosonde
are compared, too. It is found that the combination of water vapor mixing
ratio and GDAS temperature profiles allow us to derive relative humidity
profiles with the relative uncertainty of 10–20 %.

Field of study: Environmental science
EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDIES OF THE STRESS CONCENTRATION FACTOR (SCF) OF TUBULAR K-JOINTS

The most commonly used method to estimate the service life of a tubular joint in offshore engineering is by referring to S-N curves. The hot spot stress (HSS) range along the weld toe is obtained by either numerical method or experimental test if a tubular joint is subjected to fatigue loadings. From a corresponding S-N curve, the number of fatigue loading cycles that the joint can sustain before failure can be predicted according to the HSS range. The HSS range is frequently calculated from a parameter called stress concentration factor (SCF). In this study, numerical and experimental analyses of the SCFs of tubular K-joints subjected to basic loadings were conducted. The stress distributions along the weld toe and the corresponding locations of the peak SCF values of the K-joints subjected to different basic loadings were obtained.

Field of study: Engineering
Hydrogen Gas Sensing Characteristics of Nanostructured NiO Thin Films Synthesized by SILAR Method

Nanostructured NiO thin films have been synthesized by a facile, low-cost successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method, and the effects of the film thickness on their hydrogen gas sensing properties investigated. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and energy-dispersive x-ray analysis. The XRD results revealed that the crystallinity improved with increasing thickness, exhibiting polycrystalline structure. SEM studies showed that all the films covered the glass substrate well. According to optical absorption measurements, the optical bandgap decreased with increasing film thickness. The gas sensing properties of the nanostructured NiO thin films were studied as a function of operating temperature and gas concentration. The samples showed good sensing performance of H2 gas with high response. The maximum response was 75% at operating temperature of 200°C for hydrogen gas concentration of 40 ppm. These results demonstrate that nanostructured NiO thin films synthesized by the SILAR method have potential for application in hydrogen detection.

Field of study: Materials science
The Evolution of EU Antitrust Policy: 1966–2017

This article describes, and puts in context, the evolution of the enforcement practice of the European Commission in the area of EU antitrust law (Articles 101 and 102 TFEU). It considers all formal decisions adopted in the period between 1966 – when the European Court of Justice delivered the two seminal rulings that marked the discipline – and the end of 2017. The article classifies Commission decisions in accordance with four enforcement paradigms. The descriptive statistics show that the cases that the Commission chooses to prioritise have changed over the years. First, enforcement has progressively moved towards the core and the outer boundaries of the system. Second, it has become policy-driven rather than law-driven. Third, the nature of the cases chosen by the Commission is consistent with its commitment to a ‘more economics-based approach’ to enforcement. Finally, these cases signal a move towards a more ambitious stage in the process of the integration of Member States’ economies.

Field of study: Law
Side-Channel Analysis of SM2: A Late-Stage Featurization Case Study

SM2 is a public key cryptography suite originating from Chinese standards, including digital signatures and public key encryption. Ahead of schedule, code for this functionality was recently mainlined in OpenSSL, marked for the upcoming 1.1.1 release. We perform a security review of this implementation, uncovering various deficiencies ranging from traditional software quality issues to side-channel risks. To assess the latter, we carry out a side-channel security evaluation and discover that the implementation hits every pitfall seen for OpenSSL's ECDSA code in the past decade. We carry out remote timings, cache timings, and EM analysis, with accompanying empirical data to demonstrate secret information leakage during execution of both digital signature generation and public key decryption. Finally, we propose, implement, and empirically evaluate countermeasures.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
SU-F-T-40: Can CBCT Images Be Used for Volume Studies of Prostate Seed Implants for Boost Treatment?

In our clinic, the planning CT is used for definitive and boost low-dose-rate (LDR) brachytherapy treatments to determine the ultrasound volume in the operating room (OR) at the time of the implant. While the CT overestimation of OR volume is known, a larger estimation discrepancy has been observed for boost treatments. A possible reason is the prostate size reduction during EBRT for boost patients. Since cone-beam CT (CBCT) is often used as routine imaging guidance of EBRT, this prostate volume change may be captured. This study investigates if CBCT taken during EBRT includes the volume change information and therefore beats CT in estimating the prostate OR volumes.



9 prostate patients treated with EBRT (45Gy in 1.8Gy per fractions to the whole pelvis) and I-125 seed implants (108Gy) were involved in this study. During EBRT, CBCT image guidance was performed on a weekly basis. For each patient, the prostate volumes on the first and the last available CBCT images were manually contoured by a physician. These volumes were then compared to each other and with the contoured volumes from the planning CT and from the ultrasound images in the OR.



The first and the last CBCT images did not show significant prostate volume change. Their average +/- standard deviation of prostate volumes were 24.4cc+/-14.6cc and 29.9cc+/-16.1cc, respectively (T-test p=0.68). The ratio of the OR volume to the last CBCT (0.71+/-0.21) was not significantly different from the ratio of OR volumes to the planning CT (0.61+/-0.13) (p=0.25).



In this study, CBCT does not show significant prostate volume changes during EBRT. CBCT and CT volumes are quite consistent and no improvement of volume estimation using CBCT is observed. The advantage of CBCT as a replacement of CT for volume study of boost LDR brachytherapy is limited.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Lorenzo Calvelli.Cipro e la memoria dell'antico fra medioevo e rinascimento. Memorie: Classe di Scienze Morali, Lettere ed Arti 133. Venice: Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, 2009. xx + 410 pp. index. append. map. chron. bibl. €45. ISBN: 978–88–95996–15–8.


Field of study: History
[Differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis with pediatric onset: the experience of the Moscow Division for treatment of children and adolescents with multiple sclerosis].

The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in children and adolescence should be differentiated from a group of rare white matter diseases, with fuzzy diagnostic criteria. Some of these conditions require modern diagnostic techniques and wide knowledge of the doctor. The Moscow Division for treatment of children and adolescents with multiple sclerosis is a specialized advisory structure, which has specialists with experience in the differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis with pediatric onset. The emphasis on the clinical aspects in differential diagnosis of early onset multiple sclerosis can reduce the time for the diagnosis and help to avoid diagnostic mistakes.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Rotation Invariant Householder Parameterization for Bayesian PCA

We consider probabilistic PCA and related factor models from a Bayesian perspective. These models are in general not identifiable as the likelihood has a rotational symmetry. This gives rise to complicated posterior distributions with continuous subspaces of equal density and thus hinders efficiency of inference as well as interpretation of obtained parameters. In particular, posterior averages over factor loadings become meaningless and only model predictions are unambiguous. Here, we propose a parameterization based on Householder transformations, which remove the rotational symmetry of the posterior. Furthermore, by relying on results from random matrix theory, we establish the parameter distribution which leaves the model unchanged compared to the original rotationally symmetric formulation. In particular, we avoid the need to compute the Jacobian determinant of the parameter transformation. This allows us to efficiently implement probabilistic PCA in a rotation invariant fashion in any state of the art toolbox. Here, we implemented our model in the probabilistic programming language Stan and illustrate it on several examples.

Field of study: Computer science