nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Timing Synchronization Method Applicable to Low Frequency Communication System

Aiming at the difficulty in the high-precision timing synchronization of MSK signal in low frequency communication system, this paper analyzed and compared several timing synchronization methods and timing parameter estimation algorithms, and proposed an improved timing synchronization method combining ML forward estimation and feedback loop. According to the simulation result, compared with traditional feedback algorithms, the improved synchronous method has advantages in such aspects as capture time and estimation accuracy.

Field of study: Engineering
An Empirical Study of Constraints of Chinese Women’s Leisure in Theme Park

Research about women’s leisure constraints has grown consistently over the past 30 years from differentperspectives. In this study, the authors used leisure-constraint theory and importance-satisfaction model toresearch this subject under the context of Chinese culture. The authors found Chinese women’s leisureconstraints with data from a sample of 186 women tourists from three theme parks. In study 1, the resultsshowed that the constraints of Chinese women’s leisure included three kinds of types as intrapersonal,interpersonal and structural. The authors examined the specific constraints of women’s leisure using theme parktourists' satisfaction model and importance-satisfaction mode in Study 2, the results suggested that diet,entertainment and service perception were assessed as being important to women tourists, but of unsatisfactoryperformance. Further, managerial implications of improving women tourists' leisure quality and exploitingwomen market value are discussed.

Field of study: Business
Localization of 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase mRNA in mouse brain by in situ hybridization.

The enzyme 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20alpha-HSD) catalyzes the conversion of progesterone into its inactive form, 20alpha-hydroxyprogesterone. We studied the expression of 20alpha-HSD mRNA in mouse brain by in situ hybridization. 20alpha-HSD mRNA was exclusively found in neurons in cortex and hippocampus. In the cortex, the labelled cells were concentrated in the external granular layer, the external pyramidal layer and the inner granular layer. In the hippocampus, the labelling was mostly located over pyramidal cells of the CA1 layer. These results suggest that progesterone can be inactivated by 20alpha-HSD in some specific brain areas.

Field of study: Biology
Quantitative structure-activity relationship studies on benzodiazepine receptor binding: investigation of interaction model.

With a view to providing perfection to the benzodiazepine receptor model proposed earlier [S P Gupta, R N Saha & V Mulchandani (1992) ] a few more QSAR studies on a series of 9-benzylpurines and tetracyclic 1,4-benzodiazepine derivatives have been made. The models showing the interaction of these compounds with the receptor are proposed. It is found that the receptor model, unlike the one proposed earlier, requires the presence of a polar site along with all the other essential sites.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Pollen-based biome reconstructions for the past 450 000 yr from the Funza-2 core, Colombia: comparisons with model-based vegetation reconstructions

The 586-m Funza-2 sequence from the high plain of Bogota, Colombia has provided one of the longest pollen-based vegetation reconstructions in the world. Affinity scores to seven biomes are compared to the record of CO2 fluctuation from the Vostok ice core for the period spanning from approximately 25 000 to 450 000 yr before present (BP). Results are compared to output from the BIOME-3 vegetation model run under different environmental scenarios at regional and local scales. The model is run with temperature and precipitation reductions, relative to the present values, of up to −10°C and −700 mm yr−1 respectively. For this particular investigation we are interested in the role of CO2 as a forcer of vegetation change; we run the model with concentrations of atmospheric CO2 ([CO2]atm.) within the range of 170 to 340 ppmV. During glacial periods, the cool grass/shrubland biome is highly dominant, less so during interglacial periods when the cool evergreen and cool mixed forest biomes become co-dominant. In addition to this climate-driven altitudinal oscillation of the vegetation, there is also a signal that indicates longer term evolution of the vegetation. The cool grass/shrubland and cool evergreen and cool mixed forest biomes become co-dominant for the first time over the 450 000-yr record at approximately 170 000 yr BP, become completely anti-phase (during a period of extreme low [CO2]atm.) and then become co-dominant from approximately 120 000 yr BP until the core top, just prior to the last glacial maximum. The model results for the Funza area indicate that changes in [CO2]atm., temperature and precipitation are inter-linked by the vegetation response. A shift of 5.5°C is required to lower the cool grass/shrubland biome to altitudes about the Funza catchment where the Andean forest biome dominant. At low [CO2]atm. concentrations, particularly below 180 ppmV, the composition of the high latitudinal tropical vegetation about the Funza catchment changed. It is suggested that this low [CO2]atm., combined with a period when the climate was characterised by extreme cooling and drying, caused a readjustment of the tropical high altitudinal vegetation zonation and the formation of plant communities that are presently recorded.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
The World Health Report 2008 - Primary Healthcare: How Wide Is the Gap between Its Agenda and Implementation in 12 High-Income Health Systems?

The World Health Organization's 2008 report asserted that the focus on primary healthcare (PHC) within health systems should increase, with four sets of reforms required. The WHO's PHC advocacy is well founded, yet its report is a policy document that fails to address adoption and implementation questions within WHO member countries. This paper examines the prospects for the WHO PHC agenda in 12 high-income health systems from Asia, Australasia, Europe and North America, comparing performances against the WHO agenda.



A health policy specialist on each of the 12 systems sketched policy activities in each of the four areas of concern to the WHO: (a) whether there is universal coverage, (b) service delivery reforms to build a PHC-oriented system, (c) reforms integrating public health initiatives into PHC settings and (d) leadership promoting dialogue among stakeholders.



All 12 systems demonstrate considerable gaps between the actual status of PHC and the WHO vision when assessed in terms of the four WHO reform dimensions, although many initiatives to enhance PHC have been implemented. Institutional arrangements pose significant barriers to PHC reform as envisioned by the WHO.



PHC reform requires more attention from policy makers. Meanwhile, the WHO PHC report is perhaps too idealistic and fails to address the fundamentals for successful policy adoption and implementation within member countries.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
The impact of fouling on the performance of filter–evaporator combinations

This paper presents results of experiments performed on different combinations of five types of filters of varying efficiencies (MERV4, 6, 8, 11, and 14) and four types of evaporator coils with depths and fin geometries under clean and fouled conditions. The fouled conditions were obtained after injection of 600 g (1612 g/m2 of coil face area) of dust upstream of the filter–coil combination, which was meant to simulate a year of operation in the field. The air-side pressure drops of the coils and filters and air-side effective heat transfer coefficients of the coils were determined from the measurements under the clean and fouled conditions. Depending upon the filter and coil, the coil pressure drops increased in the range of 6–30% for an air velocity of 2.54 m/s. The impact was significantly greater for tests performed without an upstream filter (the coil pressure drops increased from 43% to 200%). The largest relative effect of fouling on pressure drop occurs for coils with fewer rows, primarily due to higher fin densities. The impact of fouling on air-side effective heat transfer coefficients was found to be relatively small, which ranged from −14% to 4%. In some cases, heat transfer was actually enhanced due to additional turbulence caused by the presence of dust. However, with large dust deposits, heat transfer is degraded because the dust also acts as insulation and creates an uneven air velocity.

Field of study: Engineering
Vibrational Excitation, Thermal Nonuniformities, and Unsteady Effects on Supersonic Blunt Bodies

We have performed a computational study of the experiments performed by Lowry et al. at the Arnold Engineering Development Center. In these experiments, an rf discharge is used to weakly ionize a volume of air; then a projectileis e red through this plasma. Relativeto the conditionswithout the discharge, theshock standoff distance is observed to increase substantially, and the bow shock becomes e atter. We have modeled the rf discharge and the resulting thermochemical state of the air within the discharge region. Based on these conditions, the projectile e owe eld wassimulatedto determinewhethertherelaxation of thestored internalenergy causestheobservedshock movement. The results indicate that the stored internal energy does not relax fast enough to reproduce the experimental results, and, therefore, vibrational energy storage is not responsible for the observed shock movement. We considertwo additional mechanisms to explaintheexperiments: modie cationof theelectrice eld by thepresenceof the metallic projectile, and thermal nonuniformities in theplasma. The latter effect appears to provide the best explanation for the observations. We have also modeled experiments in which microwave-discharge excited air e ows over a model. Unsteady thermal effects in the pulsed discharge can account for most of the observed drag change.

Field of study: Physics
Study of sodium caseinate on its application in the milk coffee

The characteristics of sodium caseinate are outlined, and its cost is cheaper than the milk powder. By using sodium caseinate, composite emulsifier and carrageenan as emulsion stabilizer, the main factors on impacting emulsification and stability on the milk coffee are studied. The best production processes are that the temperature of homogenizer is 65 ℃ , the pressure of homogenizer is 25/5 MPa, the effect of twice homogenizer is better. By L9(33) orthogonal test, the results of the formulation of emulsifier and stabilizer were gained: sodium caseinate 0.4%,composite emulsifier 0.2% and carrageenan 0.04%.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Modifying a cylindrical surface irradiated with a radial beam of argon ions with energies of up to 5 keV

Aspects of the ion modification of the outer surfaces of tubular samples of E110 (Zr–1% Nb) alloy is studied. The samples are irradiated with a radial beam of argon ions  on the ILUR-03 setup. It is found that such ion bombardment smooths the relief formed by mechanical abrasive treatment. It is demonstrated that the effect of ion polishing is most pronounced for surface irregularities of a certain size.

Field of study: Physics
Die Durchschlagsspannung von Stickstoff im behinderten Entladungsgebiet bei Spannungen bis 70 kV

Zusammenfassung1. Es wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen Durchschlagsspannung und Gasdruck zwischen planparallelen Elektroden im behinderten Entladungsgebiet, d. h. in dem Gebiet untersucht, in welchem bei konstantem Druck mit abnehmendem Elektrodenabstand oder bei konstantem Elektrodenabstand mit abnehmendem Gasdruck die Durchschlagsspannung schroff ansteigt. Die Untersuchung wurde bis zu möglichst hohen Spannungen durchgeführt. 2. Da in diesem Gebiet jeder mögliche direkte oder indirekte Umweg die Entladung erleichtert und unmittelbares Umhüllen der Elektroden mit Isoliermaterialien wegen der dann auftretenden Gleitfunken nicht möglich ist, bot es große Schwierigkeiten, Elektroden und Gefäß so anzuordnen, daß die Entladung gezwungen war, zwischen den planparallelen Teilen der Elektroden überzugehen. 3. Es werden die verschiedenen Ausführungsformen des Entladungsgefäßes beschrieben, die zur Erreichung des angegebenen Zieles ausprobiert wurden, und angegeben, aus welchen Gründen die mit ihnen erhaltenen Durchschlagswerte nicht als echte Werte anzusehen sind. 4. Zwei mit zwei endgültigen einwandfreien Gefäßen mit verschiedenen Elektrodenabständen durchgeführte Meßreihen, die als einwandfrei angesehen werden, sind in Fig. 4 mitgeteilt. Danach gelang es, bis zu Spannungen von 70kVmax bei 0,02 mm Druck und 1,37 cm Elektrodenabstand vorzudringen. Doch beginnen sich bei den höchsten Spannungen bereits Störungen bemerkbar zu machen. Bei gleichem Druck hat das Gefäß mit dem kleineren Elektroden-abstand die höhere Durchschlagsspannung, wie es der steigende Ast der Durchschlagskurve verlangt. 5. Das Gebiet zwischen den höchsten in dieser Arbeit gemessenen Durchschlagsspannungen und den sehr viel höheren Spannungen, die ein mit den modernen Mitteln der Hochvakuumtechnik auf höchstes Vakuum gebrachtes Gefäß aushielt, scheint sehr schwer zugänglich zu sein.

Field of study: Physics
Stable Isotope and Magnesium Geochemistry of Recent Planktonic Foraminifera from the South Pacific

O 18 /O 16 , C 13 /C 12 , and magnesium analyses were performed on a large number of Recent planktonic Foraminifera from South Pacific Ocean sediments. Results show that oxygen isotopic temperatures of Foraminifera tests may be used to locate ocean currents and to define the orientation of large crustal plates relative to the earth9s rotational poles. Selective solution effects may cause isotopic temperatures of some species to become progressively colder with increasing water depth of the sediments from which they are taken. Where this is not taken into account, erroneous conclusions may result from the comparison of isotopic temperatures of samples from different locations. Depths at which Foraminifera secrete their tests appear to be determined by density and ultimately by osmotic equilibration with surrounding sea water. Susceptibility of Foraminifera tests to selective solution after death increases with magnesium content. Carbon isotope ratios correlate crudely with both temperature and salinity. The C 13 /C 12 ratio of dissolved or particulate carbon in the oceans is probably the most important factor in determining the C 13 /C 12 ratio of the test.

Field of study: Geology
Exploration of the Wushu culture of the Chuese in the pre-Qin period

In the pre-Qin period,the Chuese had forged fencing swords by learning metallurgical technologies and sword forging techniques from the states of Wu and Yue. The state of Chu not only had excellent archers with ex-quisite archery,but also developed a relatively complete archery theory. "The shrinkage of long weapons,the extension of short weapons" showed the intelligence and innovative spirit of the Chuese,also made the contents and methods of martial arts more diversified and completed. The unique hostile geographical environments and specific historical conditions such as wars and turmoil in the Jing and Chu regions were the fundamental reasons for the Chuese to worship martial arts. In the early state warring period,the guided fit keeping technique prevailing among upper nobles in the state of Chu was deeply influenced by the fit keeping ideology of Taoists; the combination of body exercising and fit keeping was the characteristic of Wushu in the states of Jing and Chu. The brave character of the Chuese,as described in "a Chuese killed a flood dragon and cut off its head" ,shined out the martial art wor-shiping spirit of the Chuese. Such national characters of the Chuese as worshipping martial arts,willing to fight and not afraid of death,contained profound cultural connotations and enriched national sports styles of the states of Jing and Chu. As described in the Historical Records:"The Chuese are nimble,so we should not fight with them".

Field of study: Education
TWO-STAGE DAMAGE IDENTIFICATION SCHEME BASED ON PRACTICAL COMPLETE MODAL SPACE

Researchers have been constructing damage indicators with modal parameters to identify structural damage for a long time, and quite a few such indicators have been put forward. However, it is hard to find an indicator capable of detecting damage accurately under the effect of noise which is always associated with the modal parameters extracted from recorded signals. Based on improved damage variable indicator and elemental stiffness reduction factor (ESRF), utilizing the practical complete modal space theory, the authors propose a two-stage damage identification scheme. In the first step, the proposed scheme localizes damage by improved damage variable indicator. And then, a complete modal space is constructed with only a few lower modes, which is used to quantify damage with the improved ESRF. A few simulations including a continuous beam, a simple supported truss and a frame with different damage scenarios are selected as case study to compare the performance of the ESRF and the proposed scheme. The results show that the suggested scheme is better than the ESRF when only a few lower modes are utilized, and it can both localize and quantify damage at a certain noise level.

Field of study: Engineering
Secure Generalized Deduplication via Multi-Key Revealing Encryption

Cloud Storage Providers (CSPs) offer solutions to relieve users from locally storing vast amounts of data, including personal and sensitive ones. While users may desire to retain some privacy on the data they outsource, CSPs are interested in reducing the total storage space by employing compression techniques such as deduplication. We propose a new cryptographic primitive that simultaneously realizes both requirements: Multi-Key Revealing Encryption (MKRE). The goal of MKRE is to disclose the result of a pre-defined function over multiple ciphertexts, even if the ciphertexts were generated using different keys, while revealing nothing else about the data. We present a formal model and a security definition for MKRE and provide a construction of MKRE for generalized deduplication that only uses symmetric key primitives in a black-box way. Our construction allows (a) cloud providers to reduce the storage space by using generalized deduplication to compress encrypted data across users, and (b) each user to maintain a certain privacy level for the outsourced information. Our scheme can be proven secure in the random oracle model (and we argue that this is a necessary evil). We develop a proof-of-concept implementation of our solution. For a test data set, our MKRE construction achieves secure generalized deduplication with a compression ratio of 87% for 1 KB file chunks and 82.2% for 8 KB chunks. Finally, our experiments show that, compared to generalized deduplication setup with un-encrypted files, adding privacy via MKRE introduces a compression overhead of less than \(3\%\) and reduces the storage throughput by at most \(6.9\%\).

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Role of polyamines and NMDA receptors in ethanol dependence and withdrawal.

This article represents the proceedings of a symposium at the 2000 ISBRA Meeting in Yokohama, Japan. The chair was John M. Littleton. The presentations were (1) Examination of ethanol spermine and acamprosate actions on native and recombinant NMDA receptors, by David Lovinger; (2) Ethanol inhibition of NMDA neurotoxicity on the polyamine site in cerebellar granule cells, by Sture Liljequist; (3) Alterations in expression of NMDA receptor subunits during ethanol exposure and withdrawal, by Raj Ticku; (4) Alterations in polyamine synthesis and release as a potential mechanism for ethanol dependence and withdrawal, by Izuru Matsumoto; (5) The role of polyamines in neurotoxicity induced by alcohol withdrawal in vitro, by John Littleton; and (6) Agmatine reduces some of the effects of "third trimester" alcohol exposure using a rodent model, by Susan Barron.

Field of study: Medicine
Charge Conjugation and Pairing in a model Cu$_{5}$O$_{4}$ Cluster

Highly-symmetric three-band Hubbard Cu-O clusters have peculiar properties when the hole number is such that they admit W=0 hole pairs. These are two-hole eigenstates of the on-site Hubbard repulsion with eigenvalue 0, get bound by correlation effects when dressed by the interaction with the background, and cause superconducting flux quantization. We study the Cu$_{5}$O$_{4}$ cluster by exact diagonalization and show that bound electron pairs of $^{1}$% B$_{2}$ symmetry are obtained at an appropriate filling, and quantize flux like the hole pairs. The basic mechanism for pairing in this model is the second-order exchange diagram, and an approximate charge conjugation symmetry holds between electron and hole pairs. Further, the flux quantization property requires that the W=0 pairs of $d$ symmetry have $s$ symmetry couterparts, still with W=0; the former are due to a spin fluctuation, while the latter arise from a charge fluctuation mechanism. The simultaneous existence of both is an essential property of our model and is required for any model of superconducting $d$ pairs.

Field of study: Physics
Comparison of RF impedance and DC conductance sensing for single-kernel moisture measurement in corn.

TWO electrical methods were compared with a standard forced-air oven method for determining the moisture content of single kernels of com, Zea mays L. One method used the complex impedance of a parallel-plate capacitor with the kernel between the plates, measured at radio frequencies (RF) of 1 and 4.5 MHz. The other used the dc conductance of the kernel as it passed between crushing rollers. Both methods, tested with hybrid yellow-dent field com samples ranging from 11 to 27% moisture content, wet basis, produced nearly comparable results. Standard errors of performance were 0.66% and 0.89% moisture content, for the parallel-plate impedance and crushing roller conductance methods, respectively, as determined by tests on 55 samples with 30 kernels per sample with the instruments described. Variations in measured moisture content of freshly dried samples, by the dc conductance and RF impedance methods, caused by nonequilibrium moisture distribution in the kemel disappeared 3 to 4 hours after drying.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Package and solder joint reliability analysed by FEM simulation and experiments

In the electronic packaging world, thermal, mechanical and thermo-mechanical issues are playing a dominant role as they are more and more influencing the reliability of an electronic system. To analyse the reliability on chip, package and assembly level, finite element simulation becomes increasingly popular and proves to be useful to optimise the designs of the structures in an early design phase. The final objective is to move to virtual prototyping, where designs are tested based on simulations, thus reaching first time right solutions. However there is still a long way to go before reaching this final goal. Besides advanced finite element modelling (FEM) techniques (three dimensional, complex and coupled loading, strong non-linear material behaviour), there is also important need for validation of these FEM results by dedicated experiments.

Field of study: Engineering