nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
An Appraisal of Vocational Guidance

T O COUNSEL young persons wisely in the selection of their vocations is a serious concern of higher education. One guide for future counseling is an answer to the question, How wise has such guidance been in the past? Are the young people whom we have counseled successful and happy? To have information on such questions is especially important to men and women engaged in vocational analysis. To this end the techniques used by an especially effective counselor, the late Herbert E. Hawkes, dean of Columbia College, the undergraduate school for men at Columbia, are described here in some detail, and an appraisal of his wisdom in vocational guidance is attempted by summarizing the replies to a simple questionnaire received from more than two hundred men to whom he had given vocational advice. For many years, Dean Hawkes had maintained an informal friendly relation with all the students. The door of his main office was always open, and it was his practice to be there whenever possible. The student was greeted by Dean Hawkes himself, and the tenor of the interview was casual and made for intimate understanding and confidence. This personal factor entered into all of his work in no small way. Dean Hawkes did not like to have vocational conferences with Freshmen because they lack acquaintance with the wide variety of vocational fields, a survey of which is offered during the freshman and sophomore years. At the end of the sophomore year, however, the Dean invited each boy to answer a questionnaire and write a report which clarified his position on a number of points, including his vocational choice. As the Dean studied these, he took up with the student the question of his vocation if the young man seemed in need of advice. By the junior year, most students had come to vocational conclusions. Consequently, the sophomore year at Columbia College was the one in which the majority of these vocational conferences was given. Dean Hawkes had at hand a complete cumulative record of each student. This included his general background-nationality, religion, education and vocation of his parents; his high-school record; vacation and vocational interests; his college-placement tests, including

Field of study: Education
Novel biomarkers for the assessment of paediatric systemic lupus erythematosus nephritis

The discovery of serum biomarkers specific for paediatric lupus nephritis (pLN) will facilitate the non‐invasive diagnosis, follow‐up and more appropriate use of treatment. The aim of this study was to explore the role of serum high‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein, antibodies against nucleosomes (anti‐NCS), complement factor C1q (anti‐C1q) and glomerular basement membrane (anti‐GBM) in pLN. Serum samples of 42 patients with paediatric systemic lupus erythematosus (pSLE) (22 with pLN and 20 without renal involvement), 15 patients with other autoimmune nephritis (AN) and 26 healthy controls (HCs) were examined using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The activity of both pSLE and pLN was assessed by the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) tool. The levels of all four biomarkers were significantly higher in pLN compared to AN and to HCs. The anti‐NCS, anti‐GBM and HMGB1 serum levels were significantly higher in pLN than in pSLE without renal involvement. The anti‐C1q and the HMGB1 serum levels were correlated positively with pSLE activity. The HMGB1 serum levels were also correlated positively with pLN activity. These findings suggest that serum anti‐NCS, anti‐GBM and HMGB1 may serve as biomarkers specific for the presence of nephritis in pSLE. HMGB1 emerged as a useful biomarker for the assessment of pLN and pSLE activity, whereas anti‐C1q only of pSLE activity.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Reductions in particulate and NO(x) emissions by diesel engine parameter adjustments with HVO fuel.

Hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) diesel fuel is a promising biofuel candidate that can complement or substitute traditional diesel fuel in engines. It has been already reported that by changing the fuel from conventional EN590 diesel to HVO decreases exhaust emissions. However, as the fuels have certain chemical and physical differences, it is clear that the full advantage of HVO cannot be realized unless the engine is optimized for the new fuel. In this article, we studied how much exhaust emissions can be reduced by adjusting engine parameters for HVO. The results indicate that, with all the studied loads (50%, 75%, and 100%), particulate mass and NO(x) can both be reduced over 25% by engine parameter adjustments. Further, the emission reduction was even higher when the target for adjusting engine parameters was to exclusively reduce either particulates or NO(x). In addition to particulate mass, different indicators of particulate emissions were also compared. These indicators included filter smoke number (FSN), total particle number, total particle surface area, and geometric mean diameter of the emitted particle size distribution. As a result of this comparison, a linear correlation between FSN and total particulate surface area at low FSN region was found.

Field of study: Environmental science
Detection of malachite green and leuco-malachite green in fishery industry

This article summarises the current methods for total malachite green (MG) detection which is known as a sum of MG and leuco-malachite green (LMG) that has been used extensively in aquaculture as fungicide, dye color in textile and other purposes in food industries. LMG is a reducing form of MG, where the MG is easily reduced due to the photo-oxidative demethylation process. Nevertheless, the use of MG had become an issue due to its toxicity effects. Many analytical instruments such as HPLC, LC–MS/MS, GC–MS, and spectrometry have been widely used for detection of MG. However, these methods require long time sample preparation and analysis, expensive, use hazardous reagents and indirect measurements. Hence, other analytical methods which are more sensitive, safe, rapid, inexpensive and portable are required. Alternatively, biosensors promise a more sensitive and rapid detection method for MG and LMG.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Elastic strain relaxation in patterned heteroepitaxial structures

We present a two-dimensional analysis of the in-plane misfit stress and its elastic relaxation in rectangular patterned heteroepitaxial layer structures on a rigid substrate. Based on the generally acknowledged model of relaxing film stress we calculate the distribution of the misfit stress versus distance from the free surface of a mesa edge. By superposition of the isolated stress fields of the mesa edges, we obtain the biaxial misfit stress distribution in a finite heteroepitaxial thin film mesa on a thick substrate. The formalism developed permits the determination of the variation of stress values as a function of material and size characteristics of the patterned layer-substrate system. The theoretical analysis will be applied to the III-V compound semiconductor integration with Si or Ge.

Field of study: Materials science
Cap des Rosiers Formation at Grosses Roches, Quebec—deposits of the mid-fan region on an Ordovician submarine fan

Resedimented deposits in the Ordovician Cap des Rosiers Formation near Grosses Roches, Quebec, are arranged in fining-upwards sequences, each with conglomerate at the base, and argillaceous sandstones, or interbedded sandstones and shales at the top. The conglomerates are primarily cobble-grade, and are poorly sorted; graded bedding and clast imbrication are poorly developed, and internal stratification is uncommon. They pass upwards and laterally to pebbly sandstones and sandstones, most of which are massive, but which contain cross-stratification, parallel stratification, or dish structure in places. The sandstones are overlain by finer-grained sandstones with many load-deformation and water-escape structures and at the top of some sequences there are sandstone and siltstone turbidites. The presence of large sediment slabs and soft clasts in the conglomerates and sandstones, and of the abundant shale chips in the argillaceous sandstones, provides evidence of penecontemporaneous erosion. Load casts, flam...

Field of study: Environmental science
NR4A1 is Involved in Fibrogenesis in Ovarian Endometriosis

Excess fibrosis may lead to chronic pain, scarring, and infertility as endometriosis develops and progresses. The pathogenesis of endometriosis has been linked to transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), the most potent promoter of fibrosis.  Levels of NR4A1 and P-NR4A1 protein in human endometrial and endometriotic tissue were assessed by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The expression levels of fibrotic markers in stromal cells were evaluated by real-time PCR. The degree of fibrosis in mouse endometriotic lesions was detected by Masson trichrome and Sirius red staining.  The level of phosphorylated-NR4A1 was higher in ovarian endometriotic tissue than in normal endometrium, and long-term TGF-β1 stimulation phosphorylated NR4A1 in an AKT-dependent manner and then promoted the expression of fibrotic markers. Furthermore, inhibition of NR4A1 in stromal cells increased the TGF-β1-dependent elevated expression of fibrotic markers, and loss of NR4A1 stimulated fibrogenesis in mice with endometriosis. Additionally, Cytosporone B (Csn-B), an NR4A1 agonist, effectively decreased the TGF-β1-dependent elevated expression of fibrotic markers in vitro and significantly inhibited fibrogenesis in vivo.  NR4A1 can regulate fibrosis in endometriosis and may serve as a new target for the treatment of endometriosis.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Influence of agricultural biomass burning on aerosol size distribution and dry deposition in southeastern Brazil.

The size distributed composition of ambient aerosols is used to explore seasonal differences in particle chemistry and to show that dry deposition fluxes of soluble species, including important plant nutrients, increase during periods of biomass (sugar cane trash) burning in São Paulo State, Brazil. Measurements were made at a single site centrally located in the State's sugar cane growing region but away from the immediate vicinity of burns, so that the airsampled was representative of the regional background. Calculation of ion equivalent balances showed that during burning periods smaller particles (Aitken and accumulation modes) were more acidic, containing higher concentrations of SO4(2-), oxalate, NO3-, HCOO-, CH3COO-, and CI-, but insufficient NH4+ and K+ to achieve neutrality. Larger particles showed an anion deficit due to the presence of unmeasured ions and comprised resuspended dusts modified by accumulation of nitrate, chloride, and organic anions. Increases of resuspended particles during the burning season were attributed to release of earlier deposits from the surfaces of burning vegetation as well as increased vehicle movement on unsurfaced roads. During winter months the relative contribution of combined emissions from road transport and industry diminished due to increased emissions from biomass combustion and other activities specifically associated with the harvest period. Positive increments in annual particulate dry deposition fluxes due to higher fluxes during the sugar cane harvest were 44.3% (NH4+), 42.1% (K+), 31.8% (Mg2+), 30.4% (HCOO-), 12.8% (CI-), 6.6% (CH3COO-), 5.2% (Ca2+), 3.8% (SO4(2-)), and 2.3% (NO3-). Na+ and oxalate fluxes were seasonally invariant. Annual aerosol dry deposition fluxes (kg ha(-1)) were 0.5 (Na+), 0.25 (NH4+), 0.39 (K+), 0.51 (Mg2+), 3.19 (Ca2+), 1.34 (Cl-), 4.47 (NO3-), 3.59 (SO4(2-)), 0.58 (oxalate), 0.71 (HCOO-), and 1.38 (CH3COO-). Contributions of this mechanism to combined aerosol dry deposition and precipitation scavenging (inorganic species, excluding gaseous dry deposition) were 31% (Na+), 8% (NH4+), 26% (K+), 63% (Mg2+), 66% (Ca2+), 32% (Cl-), 33% (NO3-), and 36% (SO4(2-)).

Field of study: Environmental science
Application of histochemical techniques in sports researches

The authors gave an overview of domestic and foreign researches on the application of histochemical techniques in sports researches from such aspects as common histochemistry,enzyme histochemistry,immunohis-tochemistry,in situ hybridization histochemistry and quantitative histochemistry.With the rapid development of modern biochemistry and molecular biology,common histochemical methods used in sports researches are gradu-ally becoming obsolete and replaced by other test means that are more efficient and accurate,such as immunological methods and quantitative histochemical methods,in which advanced histochemical techniques such as flow cy-tometry technique,laser scanning confocal microscope technique and immunohistochemical electron microscope technique are ever increasingly showing their tremendous potentials for application in sports researches,and pro-viding a comprehensive,stable,reliable and accurate research platform for researches in this area.

Field of study: Education
Suppression of interleukin 8 production by progesterone in rabbit uterine cervix.

Uterine cervical fibroblasts prepared from rabbits at 23 days of gestation were found to produce spontaneously the neutrophil chemotactic factor/interleukin 8 (IL-8). When the cells were treated with recombinant human interleukin 1 alpha and 1 beta (rhIL-1 alpha and -1 beta), both cytokines similarly enhanced the production of IL-8 in a dose-dependent manner. Recombinant tumour necrosis factor alpha also enhanced its production to a lesser extent, but interleukin 6 failed to modulate the production. Physiological concentrations of progesterone suppressed both the spontaneous and IL-1-mediated production of IL-8 in parallel with the decrease in the steady-state levels of its mRNA. These suppressive actions of progesterone were offset by co-treatment of cells with a progesterone antagonist, mifepristone (RU486). In conclusion, basal and IL-1-induced IL-8 production in rabbit uterine cervical fibroblasts is down-regulated by progesterone at the transcriptional level. These results obtained in vitro and our previous observations indicating that progesterone modulates the extra-cellular matrix breakdown via the suppression of production of matrix metalloproteinases and the augmentation of production matrix metalloproteinases and the augmentation of production of their specific inhibitors (TIMP-1) [Sato, Ito, Mori, Yamashita, Hayakawa and Nagase (1991) ] may explain the mechanisms of the maintenance of pregnancy until parturition and the acceleration of uterine cervical ripening and dilatation at term.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Permalloy-based carbon nanotube spin-valve

In this paper we demonstrate that permalloy (Py), a widely used Ni/Fe alloy, forms contacts to carbon nanotubes (CNTs) that meet the requirements for the injection and detection of spin-polarized currents in carbon-based spintronic devices. We establish the material quality and magnetization properties of Py strips in the shape of suitable electrical contacts and find a sharp magnetization switching tunable by geometry in the anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) of a single strip at cryogenic temperatures. In addition, we show that Py contacts couple strongly to CNTs, comparable to Pd contacts, thereby forming CNT quantum dots at low temperatures. These results form the basis for a Py-based CNT spin-valve exhibiting very sharp resistance switchings in the tunneling magnetoresistance, which directly correspond to the magnetization reversals in the individual contacts observed in AMR experiments.

Field of study: Physics
Transverse Momentum Distributions of Positively Charged Mesons and Light Fragments Produced in Pb-Pb Collisions at 2.76 TeV

Transverse momentum distributions of positively charged mesons (positive pions $\pi^+$ and positive kaons $K^+$), baryons (protons $p$), and light fragments (deuterons $d$ and one of helium isotopes $^3$He) produced in mid-rapidity interval ($|y|<0.5$) in lead-lead (Pb-Pb) collisions with different centrality intervals, measured by the ALICE Collaboration at center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=2.76$ TeV, are uniformly and approximately described by the Tsallis statistics. The dependences of parameteres (effective temperature, entropy index, and normalization constant) on centrality and rest mass are obtained. The source temperature and particle transverse (or radial) flow velocity at the kinetic freeze-out of the interacting system are obtained from the relations between effective temperature and rest mass as well as mean transverse momentum and rest mass, respectively.

Field of study: Physics
Hopping conductivity in V2O5-P2O5 glasses: Experiment and non-constant force field molecular dynamics

Glasses in xV2O5–(100-x)P2O5 system within x range from 35 to 95 mol% are obtained by a melt-quenching method and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, atomic emission spectroscopy and red-ox titration. The dependences of density and molar volume of glasses on V2O5 concentration are linear up to 90 mol% of vanadium oxide and can be expressed via formulas: ρ = 2.64 + 0.36·xV2O5 g cm−1 and Vmol = 54.17 + 6.36·xV2O5 cm3 mol−1. The electronic conductivity of glasses is measured by both impedance spectroscopy and direct current methods. The glass composition of 95V2O5·5P2O5 shows the highest electrical conductivity value of ~1.0 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 50 °C. The concentration dependence of the conductivity is described at a qualitative level with non-constant force field molecular dynamics.

Field of study: Materials science
Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of Sucrose Methyl Fumarate

Selecting and preparing solid superacid SO2-4/TiO2 as catalyst, the sucrose methyl fumarate(SMF), a new type of preservatives and mold preventives, was synthesized. The process of synthesizing SMF includes three reactions: mono-Sucrose maleate(MSM) first obtained by esterification of maleic anhydride and sucrose; the formation of SMF by isomerization of MSM and then reaction with methanol. An optimizing "one pot" technology by single factors method was obtained. Some antimicrobial characters of sucrose methyl fumarate(SMF) of 5.5 degree of esterification(DE), such as minimum inhibition concentration(MIC), growth curves, adaptive phase, and so on, were studied and compared with sorbic acid and di-methyl fumarate(DMF). The result showed that SMF had broad-spectrum inhibition activity to bacteria, yeast and mold. The adaptive phase of Escherichia coli and Bacillus thuringensis was expanded 10 and 12 times of blank when 0.12% SMF was added. The adaptive phase of Bacillus thuringensis was extended 6 times of blank, Aspergillus niger began grow after 96h, and the blank started grow after 20h, when 0.10%, 0.06% SMF was added, respectively. The anti-microbial activity of SMF was higher than sorbic acid and close to DMF.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Management of a neglected giant squamous cell carcinoma of the scalp.

A 72-year-old gentleman with a history of dementia, presented with bleeding from a scalp lesion. The lesion had been neglected and disguised with a hat for 2 years. Examination revealed an offensive smelling, ulcerated, exophytic tumour, measuring 15 × 20 cm covering a third of his scalp

Field of study: Medicine
Preparation of Chiral 2-(2-Bromobenzyl)-1,3-dioxolanes and Their Addition to Acylimines

A series of enantiomerically pure 2-(2-bromobenzyl)-1,3-dioxolanes 10 has been prepared by transacetalization of the dimethyl acetal 8 or the enol ether 7 with enantiomerically pure C2 symmetric 1,2-diols. We investigated the ability of the chiral 1,3-dioxolane moiety to control the diastereoselectivity during the addition of the aryllithium intermediates 18 to the acylimines 17. Those reactive aryllithium species were generated by bromine/lithium exchange at the bromo acetals 10. In this series the best diastereoselectivity was obtained by addition of the aryllithium intermediate 18b to the acylimine 17a to yield the diastereomeric addition products 19c/20c in a ratio of 72:28. After separation, the main diastereomer 19c was cyclized to afford the dihydroisoquinoline (R)-21, which was then hydrogenated to give the NMDA antagonistic 1-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (R)-2. The chiral auxiliary, the diol 9b, cleaved during the cylization of 19c, could be recovered in 89% yield.

Field of study: Chemistry
A variable step size LMS algorithm

A least-mean-square (LMS) adaptive filter with a variable step size is introduced. The step size increases or decreases as the mean-square error increases or decreases, allowing the adaptive filter to track changes in the system as well as produce a small steady state error. The convergence and steady-state behavior of the algorithm are analyzed. The results reduce to well-known results when specialized to the constant-step-size case. Simulation results are presented to support the analysis and to compare the performance of the algorithm with the usual LMS algorithm and another variable-step-size algorithm. They show that its performance compares favorably with these existing algorithms.

Field of study: Engineering
Edmundo O'Gorman, Mexican National History and the ‘Great American Dichotomy’

Over a period of half a century, from the 1940s to the 1990s, Edmundo O'Gorman came to occupy a unique place in Mexican historiography. Though he might be considered as quasi-aristocratic in his thought and in his bearing, he spent his entire career as teacher and scholar at the popular Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), not at the more elitist El Colegio de Mexico. Unlike Daniel Cosio Villegas, with whom he is often paired as the leading Mexican historians of their generation, he was not politically engaged, nor was he a ‘cultural caudillo’; he appeared to shun the attractions of academic administration and power. He was, however, an avid intellectual organiser and provocateur, who relished debate and welcomed polemical interchanges with colleagues at home and abroad.

Field of study: Political science
Localizing the Nanodeformation Impact of Magnetic Nanoparticles on Macromolecular Objects by Physical and Biochemical Means

A new magnetomechanical approach in biomedicine is described. It is based on the rotational oscillations of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in a non-heating magnetic field (MF) at frequencies of 0.1–1000 Hz. Nanodeformations induced in associated macromolecules can be used for selective control of their properties. Models of local molecular effects are presented, and the possibility of inducing biochemical responses through the deformation of biomembranes and membrane structures is assessed. A way of macroscopically limiting the MNP activation volume in a gradient MF is proposed.

Field of study: Physics