nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of cervical spinal injury in trauma.

OBJECT
Diagnosis of cervical spinal injury (CSI) is an essential aspect of the trauma evaluation. This task is especially difficult in patients who are not clinically able to be evaluated (unevaluable) because of distracting painful injuries, intoxication, or concomitant head injury. For this population, the appropriate use of advanced imaging techniques for cervical spinal clearance remains undetermined. This study was undertaken to estimate the prevalence of unstable CSI, particularly among patients in whom clinical evaluation is impossible or unreliable.



Estimates of the prevalence of CSI in populations consisting of all trauma patients, alert patients only, and clinically unevaluable patients only were determined by variance-weighted pooling of data from 65 publications (281,864 patients) that met criteria for review.



The overall prevalence of CSI among all trauma patients was 3.7%. The prevalence of CSI in alert patients was 2.8%, whereas unevaluable patients were at increased risk of CSI with a prevalence of 7.7% (p = 0.007). Overall, 41.9% of all CSI cases were considered to exhibit instability.



Trauma patients who are clinically unevaluable have a higher prevalence of CSI than alert patients. Knowledge of the prevalence and risk of such injuries may help establish an evidence-based approach to the detection and management of clinically occult CSI.

Field of study: Medicine
Sandra Kuntz Ficker (ed.), Historia económica general de México: de la colonia a nuestros días (Mexico City: El Colegio de México, 2010), pp. 834, $39.00, hb.

from the middle class: the author identifies doctors, lawyers, farmers, retired navy and army officers, clergymen, widows (and their unmarried daughters) and merchants, to give but some of the categories. Wealthier shareholders were bankers, brewers and stockbrokers, also very visible as directors. To some of these, he can give names, which enables him to discuss the speculative activities of a number of the shareholders. In general, he concludes that while there is no evidence of the deliberate ‘puffing up’ of the market in Mexican companies, it is equally clear that some individual shareholders did speculate, and that some did very well. But they were the exceptions; once the market settled down after the Bubble, there were no real opportunities for speculation; the best that could be hoped for was to sell on a (slightly) rising market. Those who stayed in for the long haul were to be disappointed. Mining was only the most visible, and by far the largest, of the areas of British investment in Mexico, and Costeloe looks more briefly at some of the other areas. One of these was running the regional mints, and here profits were made: the AngloMexican Mint Company was successful for nearly half a century. And there was always commerce. This was not organised in joint stock companies, and so does not appear as an investment, yet it seems clear that British firms and British merchants were the most successful in a very heterogeneous sector. Manning and Mackintosh in Mexico City are the most visible examples of this, yet they hardly appear in UK records. Indeed, it is in this area of non-mining activities that it is most clear that more research remains to be done, as the author makes clear. This work is one of arduous empirical research, and generally the author keeps his analyses to the micro-matters he is discussing – why invest in Mexico, why move out of consols, why companies failed, and so on. This is the nature of the work, and to be accepted as such. However, Costeloe does revisit, sensibly if briefly, almost in a throwaway manner, the old question of informal empire, and whether it existed. He finds that it did not. So this excellent book, so complete in itself, leaves us with two avenues for further research and debate: the noninvestment sector of British economic activity in Mexico, and the definition of informal empire.

Field of study: Political science
Influence of ecological conditions on some secondary metabolites variations in Moroccan Juniperus thurifera stands

The aim of this work is to study the influence of ecological conditions on some secondary metabolites (phenols and flavonoids) in 14 Juniperus thurifera stands collected from the High and the Middle Atlas Mountains of Morocco. Total phenol and flavonoid contents were determined spectophotometrically using Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl 3 reagents, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the methanolic extracts was examined by DPPH method. The total phenol contents ranged from 137 mg GAE/g DW (in Bouiblan) to 191 mg GAE/g DW (in Tizrag). The total flavonoid contents ranged from 11 mg QE/g (in Bouiblan) to 28 mg QE/g (in Tizrag). The highest antioxidant activity was noticed in Tizrag and the lowest was noticed in Bouiblan. These results showed a positive correlation between phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity. Comparison between the Middle and the High Atlas stands showed significant differences between stands. The Middle Atlas stands are statistically close but those of the High Atlas are statistically different.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Qualitative Research: A Case for a Multi-Angle View to Enhance ‘Validity’

Qualitative and quantitative organizational research methods have been fiercely debated with regards to their ‘value’ in terms of the ‘validity’ and ‘generalizability’ of their respective research outcomes. Qualitative or phenomenological research paradigm requires a ‘holistic’ approach to analysing a particular phenomenon in order to address ‘validity’ and ‘generalizability’ issues, and therefore necessitates more ‘intense’ and ‘comprehensive’ approach to data analyses. This conceptual paper adds to the current debate among the positivists and the phenomenologists on the superiority of a particular research method and, resorting to the dialectical analysis, contributes to the current literature on organizational research methods through conditionalising the ‘validity’ and ‘generalizability’ of the research outcomes under the qualitative research paradigm to the use of appropriate ‘research design’. Using the microfinance sector’s paradigm shift of the 1990s as a case, the paper argues that, under the qualitative research paradigm, ‘viewing’ and ‘analysing’ a qualitative set of data with a combination of two or three established theoretical constructs would help the researcher overcome the relative ‘flaw’ or ‘incapacity’ of a single theoretical construct to address all aspects of a social phenomenon under investigation, and therefore, not only enhance readers’ understanding of the issue but also conclude the research with relatively more ‘valid’ and ‘generalizable’ outcomes.

Field of study: Business
A novel technique for computationally efficient consideration of cross-fin conduction in fin-and-tube heat exchanger models

Accurate predictive tools for fin-and-tube heat exchangers operating under part-load conditions are critical for cost effective design of modern unitary equipment. Traditional attempts to increase model part-load performance employ thermal resistance networks to calculate conduction between neighboring tubes to increase accuracy. This often leads to prohibitive computational cost. This paper presents a fin discretized model (FD model), a novel segment-by-segment model of a fin-tube heat exchanger that eliminates the need to calculate the conduction between the adjacent tube segments through the fins (e.g. “cross-fin conduction”) by reassigning the fin surface areas. This fin area reassignment decreases the simulation time considerably because it reduces the number of variables a heat exchanger model has to iterate for (i.e. wall temperatures of all the tube segments), greatly reducing computational cost. The model's predictions are compared against the detailed segment-by-segment model with cross-fin conduction functionality previously presented by Sarfraz et al. (2019). The experimental results for an air-to-water heat exchanger are used for performance comparison purposes. A preliminary set of results confirm that the FD model works well and captures the cross-fin conduction effect in overall capacity prediction even when the contribution of cross-fin conduction to the overall capacity is significant. The model predicted coil capacity agreed within 1% with the model described in Sarfraz et al. (2019) with the cross-fin conduction functionality under the part load condition.

Field of study: Engineering
Spectrophotometric Determination of Carbonate Ion Concentrations: Elimination of Instrument-Dependent Offsets and Calculation of In Situ Saturation States.

This work describes an improved algorithm for spectrophotometric determinations of seawater carbonate ion concentrations ([CO32-]spec) derived from observations of ultraviolet absorbance spectra in lead-enriched seawater. Quality-control assessments of [CO32-]spec data obtained on two NOAA research cruises (2012 and 2016) revealed a substantial intercruise difference in average Δ[CO32-] (the difference between a sample's [CO32-]spec value and the corresponding [CO32-] value calculated from paired measurements of pH and dissolved inorganic carbon). Follow-up investigation determined that this discordance was due to the use of two different spectrophotometers, even though both had been properly calibrated. Here we present an essential methodological refinement to correct [CO32-]spec absorbance data for small but significant instrumental differences. After applying the correction (which, notably, is not necessary for pH determinations from sulfonephthalein dye absorbances) to the shipboard absorbance data, we fit the combined-cruise data set to produce empirically updated parameters for use in processing future (and historical) [CO32-]spec absorbance measurements. With the new procedure, the average Δ[CO32-] offset between the two aforementioned cruises was reduced from 3.7 μmol kg-1 to 0.7 μmol kg-1, which is well within the standard deviation of the measurements (1.9 μmol kg-1). We also introduce an empirical model to calculate in situ carbonate ion concentrations from [CO32-]spec. We demonstrate that these in situ values can be used to determine calcium carbonate saturation states that are in good agreement with those determined by more laborious and expensive conventional methods.

Field of study: Environmental science
Photoelastic waveguides induced by a thin-film composite structure in InGaAsP/InP double heterostructures

This paper reports a photoelastic waveguide caused by a thin-film composite structure, which is composed of a 20 µm wide stripe window opened in a 110 nm thick W0.95Ni0.05 compressively strained thin film and a 4 µm wide W0.95Ni0.05 thin-film stripe located at the centre of the window. By calculating theoretically stress field profiles and dielectric constant variations induced by the thin-film composite structure in InGaAsP/InP double heterostructures, it is found that the increase of dielectric constant at 1 µm depth underneath the W0.95Ni0.05 thin-film stripe and the decrease of dielectric constant at the same depth underneath between the stripe edge and the window edge have maximal values of 0.0649 and 0.0622, respectively. The waveguide strength is determined to be 1.27 × 10−1–2.85 × 10−2 in the depth range 1.0 to 3.0 µm of the semiconductor. In comparison with an individual W0.95Ni0.05 thin-film stripe or narrow stripe window, the photoelastic waveguide caused by the W0.95Ni0.05 thin-film composite structure displays much better waveguide structural characteristics.

Field of study: Materials science
Silk Tree, Guanacaste, Monkey's Earring: a Generic System for the Synandrons Mimosaceae of the Americas

Silk tree, guanacaste and monkey's earring are all local names for various species of the group of mimosoid legumes with united anthers. This includes important genera such as Albizzia, Abarema and Pithecellobium. This book is the ®rst volume of a three-part study of most genera of the tribe Ingeae other than Inga itself, which is being revised elsewhere, Zapoteca and Aonsea. The revision is at both the speci®c and generic level of all West Indian and South American and some Central American species. The high quality of monographs that we have come to expect from Rupert Barneby, who has done so much to improve the taxonomy of the leguminosae, is maintained. This new work brings together the traditional morphological approach of Barneby with the ®eldwork and the phylogenetic studies of Grimes and the result is a modern monograph of the most excellent quality. Twenty genera and 137 species are treated, varying from the 45 species of Abarema to the monospeci®c genus of the important Amazonian timber tree Cedrelinga cateniformis (Ducke) Ducke. There are many cladograms provided at both the generic and speci®c level. Of particular use to conservationists are the distribution maps of all the species. Several of the species are of extremely local distribution and must be threatened by loss of their habitat. All conservation is ultimately dependent upon a sound taxonomy of the species which we seek to conserve. This work is exemplary of the high standard of predictive classi®cation which is required for meaningful conclusions about conservation. I will certainly look forward to the publications of the next two parts of the study.

Field of study: Environmental science
Increased expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in diabetic macrovasculopathy.

Large vessel disease, a common feature of diabetes mellitus, appears to run an aggressive course, but its cellular and molecular aspects remain partially elucidated. Although in common atherosclerosis and especially in other forms of accelerated vasculopathy, immunoinflammatory mechanisms participate in the disease process, it is unclear whether this is present in diabetic vasculopathy. We hypothesized that diabetic macrovasculopathy, compared with classical atherosclerosis, is associated with increased immunoinflammatory features and matrix accumulation. In this study, vessel segments obtained after lower-limb amputation for advanced atherosclerotic disease, from type 2 diabetic patients (n = 20; 68.9+/-10.9 years) and nondiabetic patients (n = 16; 67.1+/-14.6 years) were analyzed. Histological characteristics (extent of intimal proliferation, cellularity, and fibrosis) were semiquantitatively graded in the two lesion types. Using immunohistochemistry, the presence of T cells and macrophages, accumulation of fibronectin, and expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha was also assessed. Histological features of these advanced atherosclerotic lesions were similar in the two lesions examined. By immunohistochemistry, a similar pattern of T-cell and macrophage infiltration and fibronectin accumulation was observed. Nevertheless, increased expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha was observed in diabetic lesions (13/19 patients had positive staining), whereas only 2 of 16 lesions from nondiabetic patients had positive staining (p < 0.003), with an odds ratio of 15.17 (confidence interval 2.12-139.5). These data suggest that increased expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha observed in the diabetic lesions may reflect an enhanced inflammatory activity associated with the development of vascular lesions in type 2 diabetic patients.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
ANTIFERROMAGNETISM, STRIPES, AND SUPERCONDUCTIVITY IN THE t–J MODEL WITH COULOMB INTERACTION

We study mean-field phases of the t–J model with long-range Coulomb interaction. In the order of increasing doping density we find a classical antiferromagnet, charge and spin stripes, and a uniform d-wave superconductor, at the realistic doping parameters. Both in-phase and anti-phase stripes exist as metastable configurations, but the in-phase stripes have a slightly lower energy. The dependence of the stripe width and the inter-stripe spacing on the doping is examined. Effects of fluctuations around the mean-field states are discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Evaluation of parental sociocultural background and education level in response to pediatric testis torsion.

Acute scrotal pain (ASP) remains one of the most common male urologic emergencies in the pediatric age group. The most concerning outcome of testicular torsion (TT) is the need for orchiectomy, which has a negative impact on the child's development in general and on sexual development and psychology in particular. Time is the most important factor in the treatment of TT. Parental awareness of ASP indicating the possibility of TT is a significant factor in children's hospital admission time. Sociocultural background may be an indicator in parental awareness.



This study sought to determine if parental sociocultural and education level is associated with delayed treatment for TT.



This retrospective study evaluated data for patients with scrotal or abdominal pain and TT at two hospitals in Konya, Turkey from 2012 to 2020. Study participants were the parents of the patients treated for TT. Participants were contacted by telephone and asked about their educational background. The study population was divided into 2 groups based on parent characteristics. Group 1 parents had an education level less than high school, had no health insurance, were in need of state aid, and had a low sociocultural background. Group 2 parents had an education level of at least high school or higher and had health insurance. Symptom duration (time between symptom onset and hospital admission) and surgical procedures for the patients were compared between the 2 parent groups.



Of the 140 patients who received a diagnosis of TT, 77 were in Group 1 and 63 in Group 2. Mean patient age was 12.7 ± 2.7 (5-16) years Median symptom duration was 7 (1-120) hours. Symptom duration was higher in Group 1, but no statistically significant differences were noted between groups (Group 1 duration was 8h vs. Group 2 duration of 6h; p = 0.331). Orchiectomy was performed for 62 (44.3%) patients and testicular-sparing surgery for 78 (55.7%). Orchiectomy rates between groups were statistically significant and higher in Group 1 with 41 (53.2%) versus 21 (33.3%) in Group 2.



Factors such as low sociocultural family background and low parental education level increase the risk of orchiectomy for their children. Awareness of the symptoms of TT may minimize the possibility of testicular loss.

Field of study: Medicine
Simultaneous Determination of 12 Toxic Alkaloids in Urine and Gastric Juice Using Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry

A new method has been established for the rapid and simultaneous analysis of 12 alkaloids,thermopsine,retrorsine,anisodamine,gelsemine,gramine,harmine,emetine,sanguinarine,evodiamine,rutaecarpine,wilforine and wilforgine in urine and gastric juice samples.The conditions of extraction,chromatography and mass spectrometry were optimized,and the matrix effects and fragmentation mechanism of the alkaloids were also examined.The samples were first treated with Na 2 B 4 O 7-NaOH buffer solution(pH 9.6),then extracted by ethyl acetate twice.After evaporation,the residues were reconstituted in methanol,from which 5 μL was used for detecting by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in positive ionization mode(ESI +).The linear range was 5-200 μg/L for emetine and sanguinarine,0.5-200 μg/ L for harmine and 1-200 μg / L for other alkaloids.The mean recoveries ranged from 61.0% to 119.1% in urine samples expect thermopsine and anisodamine,and 61.0% to 110.2% in gastric juice samples.The relative standard deviations(RSDs) were less than 15%,and the limits of detection(LOD) and quantification(LOQ) varied from 0.1 to 0.5 μg/L and 0.5 to 5 μg/L.The method,proved to be rapid,sensitive and easy to handle,was suitable for the determination of trace alkaloids in urine and gastric juice samples of poisonous patients.

Field of study: Chemistry
Die Bestimmung der Osziliatorenstärke der Eisenlinie 3720Å aus der Abklingdauer des Resonanzleuchtens

ZusammenfassungDie Abklingzeit des Resonanzleuchtens der optisch angeregten Eisenlinie 3720 Å wurde gemessen. Die Messung erfolgte durch Bestimmung der Phasenverschiebung der Modulation zwischen dem mit einer Kerrzelle hochfrequent modulierten eingestrahlten Licht und dem durch die endliche Abklingzeit des Resonanzleuchtens etwas verzögert ausgestrahlten Resonanzlicht. Die sich hieraus ergebende Oszillatorenstärkef=0,046 ±30% stimmt innerhalb der Fehlergrenze mit dem vonKopfermann undWessel  angegebenen Wertf=0,043±20%überein.

Field of study: Physics
RBF-CSR-EHCGA model and its application to pulsed extraction

Radial basis function-cyclic subspace regression (RBF-CSR) approach is a rapid one-step modeling method, escaping the difficulty of ANN architecture design. ANN and multivariate analysis are integrated into this approach, but it is difficult to optimize the parameters of the model because the method is a mixed integer programming.A eugenic hybrid coding genetic algorithm(EHCGA), which used different coding methods for different type of variables was proposed to give the optimal parameters of the RBF-CSR model. In EHCGA deterministic optimization method was added to standard GA based on eugenic strategy, which could greatly improve the convergence speed and accuracy of GA. RBF-CSR model optimized by EHCGA called RBF-CSR-EHCGA model was successfully applied to modeling recovery of caprolactam from waste water by using pulsed-sieve-plate extraction column.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Impedance spectroscopy characterization of functionalized alumina membranes

Anodic alumina membranes have been impregnated with a protonic conductor either by immersion or by vacuum permeation of a saturated aqueous solution of CsHSO4 for different times. Synthetized salt, obtained through the reaction of cesium carbonate with sulphuric acid (in excess), contained a small quantity of Cs2SO4. Unmodified membranes consist of amorphous Al2O3 with a regular distribution of pores (average diameter: 200 nm) and are stable up to 850 °C. Long impregnation times caused partial dissolution of alumina, with formation of Al(HSO4)3 on the front surfaces as well as into pore walls. From the frequency dispersion of the impedance, the “macroscopic conductivity” of membranes after different treatments was derived as a function of temperature, and compared with those relative to both unmodified membranes and the pure protonic conductor. The latter shows a sudden increase in conductivity at T > 140 °C, where a superprotonic transition occurs according to DTA analysis.

Field of study: Materials science
Identification of Proteins of Tobacco Mosaic Virus by Using a Method of Feature Extraction

Tobacco mosaic virus, TMV for short, is widely distributed in the global tobacco industry and has a significant impact on tobacco production. It can reduce the amount of tobacco grown by 50–70%. In this research of study, we aimed to identify tobacco mosaic virus proteins and healthy tobacco leaf proteins by using machine learning approaches. The experiment's results showed that the support vector machine algorithm achieved high accuracy in different feature extraction methods. And 188-dimensions feature extraction method improved the classification accuracy. In that the support vector machine algorithm and 188-dimensions feature extraction method were finally selected as the final experimental methods. In the 10-fold cross-validation processes, the SVM combined with 188-dimensions achieved 93.5% accuracy on the training set and 92.7% accuracy on the independent validation set. Besides, the evaluation index of the results of experiments indicate that the method developed by us is valid and robust.

Field of study: Biology
Synthesis and alkylation of 3-cyano-4-isobutyl-5-oxo-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydroquinoline-2-thiol

By reaction of isovaleric aldehyde with cyanothioacetamide and cyclohexane-1,3-dione, 3-cyano-4-isobutyl-5-oxo-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydroquinoline-1-thiol has been obtained, and subsequently used in synthesis of the corresponding substituted 2-alkylthiohexahydroquinolines.

Field of study: Chemistry