nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Multiple recording of holograms with a coded reference wave

Theoretical and experimental investigations were made of the dependence of the quality of a reconstructed image on the ratio of the scales of inhomogeneities of the object and glass-plate diffuser fields. It is shown that the ratio of the signal to the noise resulting from recording of many holograms in one element improves if the random structure of the reference wave field is of the small-scale type. The improvement is proportional to the ratio of the typical scales of inhomogeneities of the object and the reference wave fields.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
A novel economic method for high throughput production of recombinant baculovirus by infecting insect cells with Bacmid-containing diminopimelate-auxotrophic Escherichia coli.

Developing cost-effective methods for high throughput production of recombinant baculoviruses in insect cells is very challenging, because the baculovirus DNA preparation and the following transfection procedure are labour-intensive and time consuming. We developed a new method of introducing recombinant Bacmid DNA from bacteria into insect cells simply using invasive diaminopimelate (DAP) auxotrophic Escherichia coli to infectSpodoptera frugiperda 9 cells. The E. coli cells with recombinant Bacmids enter insect cells with the help of the invasion factor from Yersinia pseudotubercolusis. Without DAP in medium, the cell wall of DAP auxotrophic E. coli cannot be synthesized so that the bacterial cell will disrupt and release recombinant Bacmid. The released Bacmids will generate infective recombinant baculovirus particles in insect cells. We combined this E. coli invasion method with the zero background transposition system to generate recombinant baculovirus in a rapid and simple way. Without preparation and purification of recombinant Bacmids from E. coli and the labour-intensive and complex transfection procedure, this transfection reagent free method enables a convenient and economic high throughput production of recombinant baculoviruses.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Mirror on the Field: Gender, Authorship, and Research Methods in Higher Education’s Leading Journals

Framed conceptually by gender equity, gender homophily, the contest regime of blind peer-review publishing, and the gendered nature of the quantitative–qualitative debate, this study investigated the intersection of authorship, gender, and methodological characteristics of 408 articles published from 2006 to 2010 in 3 major higher education journals. Nonbinary coding of author gender based on pronouns identified via Web searches virtually eliminated missing data and likely reduced error. Results suggest movement toward gender parity over time; however, women’s representation among authors does not appear commensurate with representation in the field. Findings revealed gendered use of research methods, with qualitative articles more likely to be first-authored by women and quantitative articles more likely to be first-authored by men. Nevertheless, articles first-authored by both women and men were more likely to use quantitative than qualitative methods. Quantitative research, more so than qualitative research, appears to be a site of cogender collaboration, which has increased over time. This portrait of the intersection of authorship, gender, and research methods provides an empirical foundation for discussion and inquiry about gender and scholarship in the field, and the results of our study are generative for future research.

Field of study: Education
Seeing is not always believing: crop loss and climate change perceptions among farm advisors

As climate change is expected to significantly affect agricultural systems globally, agricultural farm advisors have been increasingly recognized as an important resource in helping farmers address these challenges. While there have been many studies exploring the climate change belief and risk perceptions as well as behaviors of both farmers and agricultural farm advisors, there are very few studies that have explored how these perceptions relate to actual climate impacts in agriculture. Here we couple survey data from United States Department of Agriculture farm service employees (n = 6, 514) with historical crop loss data across the United States to explore the relationship of actual climate-related crop losses on farm to farm advisor perceptions of climate change and future farmer needs. Using structural equation modelling we find that among farm advisors that work directly with farms on disaster and crop loss issues, there is a significant positive relationship between crop loss and perceived weather variability changes, while across all farm advisors crop loss is associated with reduced likelihood to believe in anthropogenic climate change. Further, we find that weather variability perceptions are the most consistently and highly correlated with farm advisors' perceptions about the need for farm adaptation and future farmer needs. These results suggest that seeing crop loss may not lead to climate change belief, but may drive weather variability perceptions, which in turn affect farm adaptation perceptions. This lends further evidence to the debate over terminology in climate change communication and outreach, suggesting that weather variability may be the most salient among agricultural advisors.

Field of study: Environmental science
The design and use of a dual-frequency surface coil providing proton images for improved localization in 31P spectroscopy of small lesions.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of small lesions is restricted by the difficulties of localizing the surface coil with respect to the lesion and the problem of ensuring that signal is only obtained from the lesion and not from surrounding tissue. A double-tuned coil has been developed that permits NMR proton images to be obtained from a region of interest, prior to carrying out 31P spectroscopy of the same region with the same coil, without the need for further adjustment. The coil provides a means of accurately localizing the region from which the 31P signal is obtained, whilst offering a means of accurately applying 31P signal localization methods, and the possibility of making corrections for the nonuniform sensitivity of a given surface coil. The coil makes use of two parallel resonant circuits, with independent rf connections, but sharing a common coil. Simulated shorted and open circuit lambda /4 cables are used, respectively, to open circuit each circuit at the resonant frequency of the other circuit and ensure that the simulated lambda /4 line is short circuited for each circuit at the circuit's resonant frequency. At 63.6 MHz, the Q of the coil was 190 unloaded and 90 loaded, and at 25.7 MHz the Q was 210 unloaded and 140 loaded, for a 4-cm-diam coil. The coil has been used to obtain proton images and 31P spectra. A circuit employing only one input was also developed.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Performance Testing of Propositional Logic Inference Engines

Speed is a significant factor in the implementations of rule-based systems, and many inference engines slow dramatically as the size of the problem increases. Test sets such as Waltz and Manners measure the speed of first order logic inference engines. However, to our knowledge, no test sets for propositional logic inference engines have heretofore been identified. This paper proposes and tests two test sets that measure the performance of propositional logic inference engines. The first, Chess, measures the speed at which individual rules are tested in a large test set. The second, the Christmas Tree, tests the speed of the chaining process using a binary tree of configurable depths.

Field of study: Computer science
Photoswitching of Intramolecular Magnetic Interaction: A Diarylethene Photochromic Spin Coupler

We have designed and synthesized 1,2-bis[6-(1-oxyl-3-oxide-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazolin-2-yl)-2-methylbenzo[b]thiophen-3-yl]hexafluorocyclopentene which shows photoswitching of intramolecular magnetic interaction by incorporating two nitronyl nitroxide into diarylethene photochromic spin coupler.

Field of study: Chemistry
An Effective Cryostat Design of Conduction-Cooled HTS Magnets for a 300-kW-Class Superconducting Induction Heater

A superconducting magnet is operated under cryogenic conditions. To effectively design a cryostat for high-temperature superconducting (HTS) magnets, thermal loads—including conduction and radiation—should be minimized. These heat loads are closely related to the shape of both cryostat and HTS magnets, metal current lead, and cooling method used. A 300-kW-class superconducting induction heater (SIH) is being developed to design an effective cryostat. This paper presents two different cryostat designs (with different shapes) for conduction-cooled HTS magnets. The thermal stability of the HTS magnet was analyzed by considering heat generation and temperature increase and how these were related to quench phenomena. The cooling characteristics of single- and two-stage cryocoolers were analyzed and compared using the finite-element method. The study results will be applied to the fabrication of the 300-kW-class SIH.

Field of study: Physics
On the Range of the Difference between Hypothetical Distribution Function and Pyke's Modified Empirical Distribution Function

0.  The statistic described in the title may be used to provide a test of the hypothesis that a population has a prescribed continuous distribution function. It differs from that proposed by Kuiper for use with distributions on a circle only in that the usual empirical distribution function is replaced by Pyke's modification. This change and a theorem of Sparre Andersen make possible a computation of the exact distribution for finite sample size along the lines of the computation of the distribution of Kolmogorov's statistic. A brief comparison is made in Section 1 of this statistic, Kolmogorov's, and a statistic studied by Sherman, as distances between hypothetical and empirical distribution functions. The asymptotic distribution, due to Darling and Kuiper, appears in Section 3. Tables are included of the distribution for sample sizes 1 through 20.

Field of study: Mathematics
Call and Answer: Muriel Spark and Media Culture

“Call and Answer: Muriel Spark and Media Culture” reads the telephone in Muriel Spark’s postwar novels Memento Mori (1959) and The Girls of Slender Means (1963) as an antagonistic medium that exposes a pervasive anxiety about communication and surveillance. The essay argues that reading Spark’s postwar novels through the lens of contemporary media culture gives us new purchase on her as a writer informed by machine age modernism, whose preoccupation with media demands that we also consider how her particular historical moment breeds a culture of surveillance that we are inextricably tethered to today.

Field of study: Art
Photosynthetic Induction Phenomena in Plants of Various Light Habits

Changes in photosynthetic rates and duration of photosynthet ic induction were studiedin plants of various light habits，Such as Alocasia macrorrhize（shade－loving），Coffea arabica（hemishade－loving）and Hevea brasiliensis（light loving）separately exposed under different pho-ton flux density（PFD）and extreme PFD. The fesults showed that photosynthetic induction ex-isted in all the three plants. Different plants demanded different optimum PFD and maximum rateof photosynthesis（Amax），which were both the lowest in A，macrorrhize，the highest in Heveabrasiliensis and medium in Coffea arabica.When exposed under optimum PFD,A. macrorrhizehad the shortest duratfon of induction，Hevea brasiliensis，the longest and Coffea arabica， medi-um. Comparison of the duration ratios of rapidvariation to induction among the plants exposed un-der their optimum PFD revealed that the ratio was the highest in A. macrorrhize（31 ％），the low-est in Hevea brasiliensis（3．8％）and medium in coffea arabica（16．7％）．The response of theplants to extreme PFD indicated that A. macrorthize was adaptable to low PFD（20μm~(-2)·s~(-1)）and sensetive to high PFD（1500μE·m~(-2)·s~(-1)），which was contrary in Hevea brasiliensis.A. macrorrhize was adaptable to weak light and Hevea brasiliensis was adaptable to stronglight，which was the photosynthetic characterisitics of the plants of various light habits formedthrough long－term adaption to environment．Besides having lower light compensation point，A.macrorrhize has formed the mechanism to capture light energy rapidly under weak light within ashort time.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Pan-Cancer and Single-Cell Modeling of Genomic Alterations Through Gene Expression

Cancer is a disease often characterized by the presence of multiple genomic alterations, which trigger altered transcriptional patterns and gene expression, which in turn sustain the processes of tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and tumor maintenance. The links between genomic alterations and gene expression profiles can be utilized as the basis to build specific molecular tumorigenic relationships. In this study, we perform pan-cancer predictions of the presence of single somatic mutations and copy number variations using machine learning approaches on gene expression profiles. We show that gene expression can be used to predict genomic alterations in every tumor type, where some alterations are more predictable than others. We propose gene aggregation as a tool to improve the accuracy of alteration prediction models from gene expression profiles. Ultimately, we show how this principle can be beneficial in intrinsically noisy datasets, such as those based on single-cell sequencing.

Field of study: Biology
Dynamic stabilization for L4-5 spondylolisthesis: comparison with minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion with more than 2 years of follow-up.

In the past decade, dynamic stabilization has been an emerging option of surgical treatment for lumbar spondylosis. However, the application of this dynamic construct for mild spondylolisthesis and its clinical outcomes remain uncertain. This study aimed to compare the outcomes of Dynesys dynamic stabilization (DDS) with minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MI-TLIF) for the management of single-level spondylolisthesis at L4-5.  This study retrospectively reviewed 91 consecutive patients with Meyerding Grade I spondylolisthesis at L4-5 who were managed with surgery. Patients were divided into 2 groups: DDS and MI-TLIF. The DDS group was composed of patients who underwent standard laminectomy and the DDS system. The MI-TLIF group was composed of patients who underwent MI-TLIF. Clinical outcomes were evaluated by visual analog scale for back and leg pain, Oswestry Disability Index, and Japanese Orthopaedic Association scores at each time point of evaluation. Evaluations included radiographs and CT scans for every patient for 2 years after surgery.  A total of 86 patients with L4-5 spondylolisthesis completed the follow-up of more than 2 years and were included in the analysis (follow-up rate of 94.5%). There were 64 patients in the DDS group and 22 patients in the MI-TLIF group, and the overall mean follow-up was 32.7 months. Between the 2 groups, there were no differences in demographic data (e.g., age, sex, and body mass index) or preoperative clinical evaluations (e.g., visual analog scale back and leg pain, Oswestry Disability Index, and Japanese Orthopaedic Association scores). The mean estimated blood loss of the MI-TLIF group was lower, whereas the operation time was longer compared with the DDS group (both p < 0.001). For both groups, clinical outcomes were significantly improved at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after surgery compared with preoperative clinical status. Moreover, there were no differences between the 2 groups in clinical outcomes at each evaluation time point. Radiological evaluations were also similar and the complication rates were equally low in both groups.  At 32.7 months postoperation, the clinical and radiological outcomes of DDS were similar to those of MI-TLIF for Grade I degenerative spondylolisthesis at L4-5. DDS might be an alternative to standard arthrodesis in mild lumbar spondylolisthesis. However, unlike fusion, dynamic implants have issues of wearing and loosening in the long term. Thus, the comparable results between the 2 groups in this study require longer follow-up to corroborate.

Field of study: Medicine
Multichannel single-pulse neodymium-glass laser

Some problems encountered in the construction of multichannel single-pulse laser systems are considered. Estimates are made and the results are given of an experimental study of the influence of the scattering of light in an exploding switch on the angular divergence of the radiation emitted by a laser with an unstable resonator. An experimental investigation is reported on the performance of a single-channel amplifying system made of neodymium-glass active elements 600 mm long and 45 mm in diameter. A description is given of a multichannel multiple-pulse system with a total output energy of 1000 J and a pulse output power of 15 GW.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Experimental Study of Transient Processes in a Coil Capacitor

An experimental study is performed of the regimes of a physical model of a coil capacitor (capacitor, induction coil, and resistor) connected to output terminals under the pulsed action of a voltage source at the input of the device. A mode is found in which there is virtually no transient process, judging from the waveform of the instantaneous values of the coil capacitor’s input current.

Field of study: Physics
A Novel Five Point Algorithm of Phase Noise Cancellation in Chinese Digital Terrestrial

A novel five-point algorithm to remove phase noise in Chinese digital terrestrial media broadcasting system is proposed under the assumption that the phase noise is in narrow frequency domain.Transmission Parameter Signaling(TPS) inserted in frame is used.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can provide 1-3dB gains compared with no compensation in AWGN and 1-4 dB in multi-path.The implementation of this algorithm is given in this paper.

Field of study: Computer science
[Antitumor action of sophoridine].

Sophoridine, an alkaloid isolated from Sophora alopecuroides L., is a new anticancer compound. The transplanted tumors of Lewis Lung carcinoma, S 180, U 14 and EC were inhibited 30-60% (p<0.05) by sophoridine with smaller therapeutic dose (10 mg/kg ig) than that of sophocarpine (60 mg/kg ig). 
 The acute ip and iv LD in mice were 60+0.1 and 50.4+0.4 mg/kg respectively. In dog iv 5 mg/kg×35 d produced no apparant toxicity except mild reversible leukopenia and thrombopenia in large dose (10 mg/kg×35 d). 
 When normal mice or mice bearing S 180. U 14 solid tumors were given ig sophoridine 20 mg/kg qd×10 d, the contents of RNA and DNA in tumor and spleen decreased slightly. Sophoridine showed no marked influence on the content of cAMP in S 180 solid tumor. The mitochondria of S 180 sarcoma cells swelled and dissolved, vacuolations were formed inside the cytoplasma of the tumor cells. The microvilli of the cell membrane diminished. 
 After iv a single dose (40 mg/kg) of sophoridine, the plasma concentration showed an initial rapid drop and subsequent declination and were rapidly taken up by various organs, highest in kidney, moderate in spleen and lung, and lowest in plasma and brain; 29% of the injected sophoridine was excreted within 24 h in urine. 
 Sophoridine showed no influence on immunity during the studies on T-lymphocyte Anae reaction of blood smear and concomitant tumor immunity in mice. 
 Our experiments showed that the matrinoid alkaloids, sophoridine and sophocarpine possess noticeable antitumor activity.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Early Middle Triassic trace fossils from the Luoping Biota, southwestern China: Evidence of recovery from mass extinction

Trace fossils have proven useful for studying the timing and process of biotic recovery after the Permian–Triassic Mass Extinction (PTME). Recovery stages are defined by comparing successive ichnoassemblages from the latest Permian to the early Middle Triassic. Lower Triassic trace fossils have been explored in some detail, but those of the lower Middle Triassic are less well known. Here, well-preserved fossil materials from the Luoping Biota from Yunnan Province, South China suggest that a fully recovered shallow-marine ecosystem was re-established by the early Middle Triassic. Trace fossil assemblages of the Luoping Biota are characterized by high ichnodiversity, with 14 ichnogenera in the shallow-marine environment of an intra-carbonate platform basin, and nine ichnogenera in the subtidal environment. Such moderate to high ichnodiversity, together with a marked increase in burrow sizes and the common occurrence of key ichnotaxa (e.g. Rhizocorallium and Thalassinoides), suggests that the ichnofauna had reached recovery stage four. In contrast, non-turbiditic strata of the offshore setting record only three ichnogenera, with bioturbation indices never exceeding one. Periodic anoxia in bottom waters was presumably the main control for such a protracted trace fossil recovery in an offshore setting, which otherwise aided the fine preservation of body fossils of the Luoping Biota. Furthermore, event sedimentation (turbidite deposits) in the offshore setting incorporated moderate ichnodiversity and moderate to high bioturbation indices, both interpreted as a result of short-term colonization by transported infaunal animals from proximal settings. The occurrence of variable crustacean traces (e.g. Sinusichnus, Spongeliomorpha, and Thalassinoides) at Luoping and the locomotion traces of marine reptiles, together with abundant fishes and fossil decapods, highlights the value of trace fossils in ecosystem reconstruction after the PTME.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Processes in Racial Discrimination: Differential Weighting of Conflicting Information

The present research explored how White college students may exhibit response patterns associated with a subtle and rationalizable contemporary bias, aversive racism. In the study, higher and lower prejudice-scoring participants evaluated applicants for admission to their university, for whom information about high school achievement and college board scores (aptitude and achievement test scores) was independently varied as strong or weak. As predicted, discrimination against Black applicants relative to White applicants did not occur when the credentials were consistently strong or weak; however, discrimination by relatively high prejudice-scoring participants did emerge when the credentials were mixed and hence ambiguous. Moreover, relatively high prejudice-scoring participants weighed the different, conflicting criteria in ways that could justify or rationalize discrimination against Black applicants. The implications of these data for understanding contemporary racism and their relation to the shifting standards model of bias are considered.

Field of study: Psychology