nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of the Classification of Disparate Malware Collected in Different Time Periods

It has been argued that an anti-virus strategy based on malware collected at a certain date, will not work at a later date because malware evolves rapidly and an anti- virus engine is then faced with a completely new type of executable not as amenable to detection as the first was. In this paper, we test this idea by collecting two sets of malware, the first from 2002 to 2007, the second from 2009 to 2010 to determine how well the anti-virus strategy we developed based on the earlier set (18) will do on the later set. This anti-virus strategy integrates dynamic and static features extracted from the executables to classify malware by distinguishing between families. We also perform another test, to investigate the same idea whereby we accumulate all the malware executables in the old and new dataset, separately, and apply a malware versus cleanware classification. The resulting classification accuracies are very close for both datasets, with a difference of approximately 5.4% for both experiments, the older malware being more accurately classified than the newer malware. This leads us to conjecture that current anti-virus strategies can indeed be modified to deal effectively with new malware.

Field of study: Computer science
Personality Moderators of the Experimenter Expectancy Effect: A Reexamination of Five Hypotheses

Researchers examining personality moderators of experimenter expectancy effects have focused on five hypotheses. Experimenters with stronger interpersonal control orientations, more positively evaluated interpersonal interaction styles, and greater ability to encode nonverbal messages are believed to be more likely to produce expectancy bias. Subjects with greater need for social approval and greater nonverbal decoding ability are believed to be more susceptible to bias. In this study each experimenter administered a photo-rating task under positive or negative expectancies to four subjects, each of whom also interacted with three other experimenters. All five personality moderator hypotheses were tested. Support was found only for the experimenter control orientation and subject need for social approval hypotheses. There was also evidence for a boomerang effect—subjects low in need for social approval gave ratings opposite to the experimenter's outcome expectancy. Finally, effects appeared stronger when positive expectancies were communicated than when expectancies were negative.

Field of study: Psychology
Reaction of 2-pyridyllithium with azine N-oxides. Simple and convenient method for the synthesis of 2,2′-bipyridine 1-oxide and 2,2′:6′,2″:6″2′″-tetrapyridine 1′-oxide

In the reaction of 2-pyridyllithium with quinoline 1-oxide and isoquinoline 2-oxide a nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen occurs to form the corresponding pyridin-2-ylquinolines. A dimerization of the substrate occurs with pyridine 1-oxide, 2,2′-bipyridine 1-oxide or quinoxaline N-oxide. A similar dimerization in good yield occurs when treating azine N-oxides with tert-butyllithium and this serves as a simple and convenient method for preparing bi- and tetrapyridines.

Field of study: Chemistry
Experimental Study on Vaporization of Subcooled Liquid Nitrogen by Instantaneous Heat Generation in LN2 Chamber for HTS-FCL

It is one of important design issues in the high-temperature superconducting fault current limiter (HTS-FCL) to estimate how much liquid nitrogen vaporizes during its quench process. This paper describes the small scale experiment about the vaporization of subcooled liquid nitrogen by instantaneous heat generation corresponding to the quench in HTS-FCL. In the experiment, the heat is given liquid nitrogen by Joule heating of the stainless steel strip for the short time of about 100 ms. The time variations of temperature and pressure in the liquid nitrogen test chamber are measured for different subcooling conditions of liquid nitrogen and various heat flux conditions. In addition, the amount of vaporization of liquid nitrogen is calculated from experimental results according to the subcooling of liquid nitrogen. The experimental results show that the vaporization of liquid nitrogen strongly depends on heat flux and subcooling conditions. The amount of vaporization linearly decreases with the increase in the subcooling of liquid nitrogen. The calculation results about the amount of vaporization suggest that the subcooling of more than 20 K is necessary to suppress bubble generation for the heat flux condition of 46 W/cm2 or more.

Field of study: Physics
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF EXCHANGER FIN TUBES TO INCREASE FURNACE PERFORMANCE

In many process industries requirement of heating is achieved by most traditional means that is fired heating. Equipment set ups ranging from very small to gigantic are put in place for same. Cracker furnaces are one of them. Main task achieved by cracker furnace is heating process fluid to its cracking point. The equipment consists of various parts mainly furnace and convection modules. Furnace is lower part of the equipment and serves primary purpose of cracking process fluid. On the other hand convection modules are designed to absorb waste heat set free out of furnace after cracking process fluid. Other parts of the furnace are furnace coil and convection module coils which provide enclosed passage for fluid to be heated during heating. Further to this there are components like breaching and stack. These are passages for exit of flue gases at lower temperature to environment. Breaching and stack are designed such that they provide necessary suction for exit of the flue gas. In later stage requirement of preheated air for burners was observed. Burners are used to burn air gas mixture inside the furnace. This project deals with the experimental study and examination of heat transfer from extended pipe surfaces of different shapes. The finned pipes are to be used in an auxiliary unit where ambient air is preheated and supplied to mix with gaseous burner fuel. The process is to be done at lower temperature flue gases and flue gases are again deposited in main exit stream without affecting significantly on suction capacity of stack hence overall performance. There is generic option of designing circular fins on the pipe surface and achieve heat transfer. In this experiment fins of two more geometrical shapes have been designed equivalent in all respect to circular fin (except geometrical shape). The fabricated models are put under same conditions and observed for heat transfer from surface and fins to find out maximum heat transfer. The project investigates different shapes of fins in context of heat transfer considering natural convection. It is observed that the triangular fins have slightly higher tendency to transfer heat to surrounding than other two shapes. Scope of different fin shapes in applications other than auxiliary heat exchanger is discussed in short. finned tube, hear transfer, natural convection, furnace, auxiliary heater

Field of study: Engineering
Effects of Lumbriculus variegatus (Annelida, Oligochaete) bioturbation on zinc sediment chemistry and toxicity to the epi-benthic invertebrate Chironomus tepperi (Diptera: Chironomidae).

Classical laboratory-based single-species sediment bioassays do not account for modifications to toxicity from bioturbation by benthic organisms which may impact predictions of contaminated sediment risk to biota in the field. This study aims to determine the effects of bioturbation on the toxicity of zinc measured in a standard laboratory bioassay conducted with chironomid larvae (Chironomus tepperi). The epi-benthic chironomid larvae were exposed to two different levels of sediment contamination (1600 and 1980 mg/kg of dry weight zinc) in the presence or absence of annelid worms (Lumbriculus variegatus) which are known to be tolerant to metal and to have a large impact on sediment properties through bioturbation. Chironomids had 5-6x higher survival in the presence of L. variegatus which shows that bioturbation had a beneficial effect on the chironomid larvae. Chemical analyses showed that bioturbation induced a flux of zinc from the pore water into the water column, thereby reducing the bioavailability of zinc in pore water to the chironomid larvae. This also suggested that pore water was the major exposure path for the chironomids to metals in sediment. During the study, annelid worms (Oligochaetes) produced a thin layer of faecal pellets at the sediment surface, a process known to: (i) create additional adsorption sites for zinc, thus reducing its availability, (ii) increase the microbial abundance that in turn could represent an additional food source for opportunistic C. tepperi larvae, and (iii) modify the microbial community's structure and alter the biogeochemical processes it governs thus indirectly impact zinc toxicity. This study represents a contribution in recognising bioturbating organisms as "ecological engineers" as they directly and indirectly influence metal bioavailability and impact other sediment-inhabiting species. This is significant and should be considered in risk assessment of zinc levels (and other metals) in contaminated sediment when extrapolating from laboratory studies to the field.

Field of study: Environmental science
SU‐F‐207‐15: Band‐Limited Noise Structure Analysis On Images With Adaptive Statistical Iterative Reconstruction (ASIR) in Abdominal CT

To investigate the noise details in ASIR reconstructed images with regard to location and signal dependency and distribution normality in abdominal CT scans.  A realistically shaped abdomen phantom (CIRS TE-07). The phantom was customized to allow for the insert of a low contrast module (CIRS 700 QA). Helical CT scans (120 kV, pitch 1.375, and thickness 5 mm) were performed on a GE 750 HD at two dose levels of 8 mGy and 18 mGy. The images were reconstructed using different ASIR fractions (0–100%). The noise images, obtained using subtraction from adjacent slices, were partitioned into different scales using matrices of square cells sized differently. The noise granularities were quantified by the standard deviation of the matrix cell pixel means distribution at each cell size. For each ASIR blending fraction, the following noise granularity properties were examined: the dependency on the matrix location and the dependency on the low contrast signal. The Komogorov-Smirnov normality test was performed on the matrix cell pixel means distributions.  For each ASIR blending fraction, the standard deviation of the matrix cell means distribution at each cell size was found independent of the matrix location. Furthermore, it does not vary due to the presence of the low contrast signal. The normality tests demonstrated that the cell means distributions are significantly drawn from Gaussian at the 0.05 level.  The noise granularity independency on matrix location with ASIR reconstructed images suggests bigger matrices can be used for a better statistical description of the noise. The noise granularity independency on low contrast signal suggests that noise detail analysis can be done in a bigger area in the absence of the signal. Finally, the Gaussian distribution of the matrix cell means lends itself to statistically defining the minimum detectable contrast.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Estimation of kinetic parameters using hybrid ant colony system

A drawback of standard ant colony algorithm is not suitable for solving continuous optimization problems.A hybrid ant colony system (HACS), which was combined with the genetic algorithm and the Powell method,was proposed for solving continuous optimization problems.HACS, which included two kinds of ants: global ant and local ant, was built.The function of global ants was to explore the solution space, and that of local ants was to exploit the best solution. These two kinds of ants cooperated with each other in finishing the optimization task.The Powell method joined in local search, which was in favor of obtaining the accurate global optimal solution. The testing results indicated that the HACS showed better ability in finding global optimal solution than SGA.HACS was used to estimate the kinetic parameters of 2-chlorophenol oxidation in supercritical water.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Properties of Polypropylene and Surface Modified Glass-Fibre Composites

To improve the interfacial bonding between polypropylene (PP) and glass-fibre (GF), the surface modified glass-fibre (SMGF) was prepared with the self-designed sizing containing organofunctional silanes and a copolymer. Then the SMGF-PP composites were prepared and those properties were observed by mechanical testing, light microscopy, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Mechanical tests displayed that SMGF-PP composites had an increase in tensile strength, tensile modulus, bending strength, bending modulus and notched impact strength compared to the pure PP. Light micrographs showed that the average fibre length of the composite was 397 μm. XRD data indicated that the crystal size of SMGF-PP composites became smaller compared to pure PP, and β form crystals of PP disappeared with the addition of SMGF to PP matrix. DSC data showed that SMGF could promote the crystallization temperature of PP. TGA analyses showed that the thermal stability of SMGF-PP was better than that of pure PP.

Field of study: Materials science
Subduction initiation of the western Proto-Tethys Ocean: New evidence from the Cambrian intra-oceanic forearc ophiolitic mélange in the western Kunlun Orogen, NW Tibetan Plateau

The supra-subduction zone ophiolite or ophiolitic mélange formed in the forearc setting is generally considered to be a key geological record for subduction initiation (SI) with petrological characteristics comparable to the SI-related rock sequence from forearc basalt (FAB) to boninite in the Izu-Bonin-Mariana subduction zone. Nevertheless, the standard FAB and boninite are generally difficult to observe in the forearc rocks generated during SI. Yet, a typical rock sequence indicating the SI of the western Proto-Tethys Ocean is reported for the first time in the Qimanyute intra-oceanic forearc system in the western Kunlun Orogen, Northwest Tibetan Plateau. The magmatic compositions, which range from less to more high field strength element (HFSE)-depleted and large ion lithophile element (LILE)-enriched, are changing from oceanic plagiogranites (ca.  Ma) to forearc basalt-like gabbros (FAB-Gs, ca. 487 Ma), boninites, and subsequent Nb-enriched gabbros (NEGs, ca. 485 Ma), which are thus consistent with the Izu-Bonin-Mariana forearc rocks as well as the Troodos and Semail supra-subduction zone-type ophiolites. The geochemical data from the chemostratigraphic succession indicate a subduction initiation process from a depleted mid-oceanic-ridge (MORB)-type mantle source with no detectable subduction input to gradual increasing involvement of subduction-derived materials (fluid/melts and sediments). The new petrological, geochemical, and geochronological data, combined with the regional geology, indicate that the well-sustained FAB-like intrusive magmas with associated boninites could provide crucial evidence for SI and further reveal that the SI of the western Proto-Tethys Ocean occurred in the Late Cambrian (494−485 Ma).

Field of study: Geology
Einstein-Cartan Portal to Dark Matter.

It is well known since the works of Utiyama and Kibble that the gravitational force can be obtained by gauging the Poincaré group, which puts gravity on the same footing as the standard model fields. The resulting theory-Einstein-Cartan gravity-inevitably contains four-fermion and scalar-fermion interactions that originate from torsion associated with spin degrees of freedom. We show that these interactions lead to a novel mechanism for producing singlet fermions in the early Universe. These fermions can play the role of dark matter particles. The mechanism is operative in a large range of dark matter particle masses: from a few keV up to ∼10^{8}  GeV. We discuss potential observational consequences of keV-scale dark matter produced this way, in particular for right-handed neutrinos. We conclude that a determination of the primordial dark matter momentum distribution might be able to shed light on the gravity-induced fermionic interactions.

Field of study: Physics
Closures of finitely generated ideals in Hardy spaces

AbstractLetH∞ be the algebra of bounded analytic functions in the unit diskD. LetI=I(f1,...,fN) be the ideal generated byf1,...,fN∈H∞ andJ=J(f1,...,fN) the ideal of the functionsf∈H∞ for which there exists a constantC=C(f) such that |f(z)|≤C(|f1(z)|+...;+|fN(z)|),z∈D. It is clear that
$$I \subseteq J$$
, but an example due to J. Bourgain shows thatJ is not, in general, in the norm closure ofI. Our first result asserts thatJ is included in the norm closure ofI ifI contains a Carleson-Newman Blaschke product, or equivalently, if there existss>0 such that
$$\mathop {\inf }\limits_{z \in D} \sum\limits_{k = 0}^s {(1 - |z|)^k } \sum\limits_{j = 1}^N {|f_j^{(k)} (z)| > 0.} $$

Our second result says that there is no analogue of Bourgain's example in any Hardy spaceHp, 1≤p<∞. More concretely, ifg∈Hp and the nontangential maximal function of
$$|g(z)|/\sum\nolimits_{j = 1}^N {|f_j (z)|} $$
 belongs toLp (T), theng is in theHp-closure of the idealI.

Field of study: Mathematics
Preparation and comparative analysis of antioxidant activity of bamboo leaf extracts from different varieties

Phyllostachys heterocycla,Pleioblastus amaru,Bambusa tuldoides,Bambusa chungii,Bambusa textilis,Chimonocalamus Hsueh and Indocalamus tessellates were used to extract bamboo-leaf-flavonoids by the heat reflux method and purified by AB-8 macroporous absorption resin.The extractions were separated and struc-turally identified by high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).The bamboo leaf extracts were assayed based on DPPH radical scavenging capacity,hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity,superoxide anion free radical scavenging capacity,and reducing power with TBHQ(tert-butyl hydroquinone) as the positive control.The results showed that the yield of extracts from Pleioblastus amarus was maximum,up to 3.60%-3.70%;the amount of orientin and isoorientin in Chimonocalamus Hsueh was maximum,up to 2.5230%-2.5326%;the amount of vitexin in Pleioblastus amarus was maximum,up to 0.8870%-0.8896%;the amount of isovitexin in Bambusa textilis was maximum,up to 2.2231%-2.2261%.Chimonocalamus Hsueh revealed the strongest scavenging ca-pacity against DPPH,and the IC50 value was 30.50 mg?L-1;Indocalamus tessellates revealed the strongest scav-enging capacity against hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion free radical,and the IC50 values were 339.32 mg?L-1 and 324.87 mg?L-1,respectively.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Donatello and the Dawn of Renaissance Art. A. Victor Coonin. Renaissance Lives. London: Reaktion Books, 2019. 288 pp. $22.50.

city. The most important relic paraded in Perugia was the betrothal ring of the Virgin. Relics, banners, icons, incense, and statues were used as strategies of purification, while the city highlighted the “praying agents”: the clergy, confraternities, and flagellants (172). Chapter 6, “The Extraordinary Relic-Transfer of 1609,” examines the triple translation of Perugian saints whose impresario was Bishop Comitoli. Visual focus was on the clergy, since legates, magistrates, guilds, students, seminarians, and women were missing from the procession. Only the canopy was carried by lay elite. Unsurprisingly, Rihouet notes that the bishops’ interests were at odds with secular authorities. I recommend this book for its high-quality research, well-documented argument, and beautiful color illustrations. Scholars interested in the Italian Renaissance, art history, anthropology and rituals, and European history in general will find it enlightening.

Field of study: History
Comparative phylogenetic analysis of microbial communities in pristine and hydrocarbon-contaminated Alpine soils.

A molecular characterization of pristine and petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated Alpine soils sampled in Tyrol (Austria) was performed. To identify predominant bacteria, PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments from five pristine and nine contaminated soils were analysed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the majority of the DGGE bands represented bacteria in the Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria phyla: 18 and 73%, respectively, in pristine soils, compared with 20 and 76%, respectively, in contaminated soils. A different distribution pattern of bacterial classes in the Proteobacteria was observed between pristine and contaminated soils. The relative proportion of microorganisms belonging to the Alphaproteobacteria was larger in pristine (46%) than in contaminated (24%) soils, while Betaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria were detected only in the hydrocarbon-contaminated soils. This result compared favourably with earlier work in which hydrocarbon-degradation genotypes, largely pseudomonads and Acinetobacter, belonging to the Gammaproteobacteria, were enriched following oil hydrocarbon contamination. In contrast, members of the Actinobacteria phylum, represented by Rhodococcus and Mycobacterium, were found in pristine soils where contamination events had not occurred. The results demonstrate a significant shift in the microbial community structure in Alpine soils following contamination. Furthermore, more potentially novel phylotypes were found in the pristine soils than in the contaminated soils.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
The Practical Turn and Path Selection about the Norm-development of Institutional Research in China

Though there is a great gap in institutional research field between China and the United States,China's institutional research practice is stepping on the norm-development process with its atmosphere,researchers,contents,methods,database construction,professional association and internationalization.It is important for China to push forward the construction,opening and sharing of the databases,do question-based researches with scientific methods and promote the development of professional association and internationalization.

Field of study: Education
Surgical management of failed pyeloplasty in children: single-center experience.

To evaluate the outcome of secondary surgical procedures for the management of failed pyeloplasty in children.



Between 1996 and 2007, 590 cases of primary ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction underwent open dismembered pyeloplasty at our center. Of these patients, 18 (3%) with recurrent UPJ obstruction (14 males, 4 females; age range: 2-15 years) have undergone management of failed pyeloplasty. Secondary intervention was by open operative procedure in all cases. Clinical and radiological outcomes were assessed. Success was defined as both symptomatic relief and radiographic resolution of obstruction at last follow up.



Follow up ranged from 8 to 41 months (mean 28). The overall salvage rate was 89%. Secondary reoperative surgery was successful in 16 patients: dismembered pyeloplasty in 14 patients (78%) and ureterocalyceal anastomosis in 2 (11%). Nephrectomy was necessitated in 2 patients (11%). No perioperative complications were encountered. All patients showed stability of renal function on radiological follow up without evidence of obstruction and with no further symptoms.



Persistent UPJ obstruction after pyeloplasty is an uncommon complication. Secondary procedures have a very high success rate with excellent functional results. Nephrectomy is indicated in rare cases of severely deteriorated renal function.

Field of study: Medicine