nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Spatial filter investigation of the distribution of power between transverse modes in a fiber waveguide

An experiment was carried out in which a method suggested earlier by the present authors was used to investigate the transverse mode composition of multimode coherent light beams. A study was made of multimode beams in a graded-index waveguide excited by a Gaussian beam. The experimental dependences of the coefficients describing the excitation of four modes on the Gaussian beam radius were in agreement with the theory.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Estimation in Partially Linear Single-Index Models with Missing Covariates

In this article, we consider a partially linear single-index model Y = g(Z τθ0) + X τβ0 + ϵ when the covariate X may be missing at random. We propose weighted estimators for the unknown parametric and nonparametric part by applying weighted estimating equations. We establish normality of the estimators of the parameters and asymptotic expansion for the estimator of the nonparametric part when the selection probabilities are unknown. Simulation studies are also conducted to illustrate the finite sample properties of these estimators.

Field of study: Mathematics
Time allocation on concurrent schedules with asymmetrical response requirements.

Pigeons were trained on concurrent schedules in which key pecking was required by both schedules (concurrent variable-interval variable-interval schedules) and on concurrent schedules in which key pecking was required by only one of the schedules (concurrent variable-interval variable-time schedules). The distribution of reinforcements was systematically varied with both types of concurrent schedules. The distribution of time between the schedules depended on the reinforcement distribution and was independent of the symmetry of the response requirement. The relation between time and reinforcement distributions appears to be invariant over a wide range of manipulations of responding maintained by concurrent schedules.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Coincidence and Principles of Composition

1. On a widely favoured view of material objects,1 two objects could be made of the very same matter at the same time, and instances abound. Here's the familiar fable. A copper statue of Hermes is fashioned (say, all at once by nuclear fusion so that none of its matter or at any rate, none of its copper precedes it), and later entirely dissolved in acid. The statue and the piece of copper formed and destroyed in this process are, it is said, distinct objects, despite being wholly coincident. For the two differ in (e.g.) their dispositional or modal properties. The statue, unlike the piece of copper, could not survive a radical change in shape. So, the statue and the piece of copper are discernible and therefore distinct; and they share all their matter they coincide.2 The lesson of this fable: Distinct material objects, such as statues and statue-shaped pieces of matter, can coincide. Or so say the widely favoured view's advocates. But there are, of course, dissenters, and, up to a point, I side with them.3 I wish to discern two elements within the widely favoured view, only the second of which, it seems to me, is wrong. First, there is the doctrine that coincidence of distinct material objects is possible; call this 'the doctrine of coincidents'. Second, there is the claim that coinciding objects fall under sorts whose instances such as the statue and the piece of copper abound in ordinary experience. In this paper I raise a serious puzzle facing the doctrine of coincidents, and construct a novel solution to it. The style of that solution turns out to be quite uncongenial to the second element of the favoured view,

Field of study: Philosophy
The role of ecological knowledge in explaining biogeography and biodiversity in Amazonia

Biogeographical studies in Amazonia have commonly taken a historical, rather than an ecological approach. General patterns have been sought in the distribution maps of different species, and these have been explained in terms of past or present distribution barriers, especially past climates and large rivers. Implicitly, and often also explicitly, it is assumed that Amazonia is ecologically so uniform that present-day ecological conditions are rather insignificant in determining species distribution patterns and speciation. However, this assumption is more based on the lack of relevant data than on actual observations of environmental uniformity or ecological unspecialization of the species. Recent studies have indeed documented ecological heterogeneity and floristic differences among sites that were previously thought similar. In the absence of direct knowledge of the past, more complete ecological and environmental understanding of the present-day Amazonia are needed for evaluating the relative roles of historical and ecological factors in Amazonian biogeography and biodiversity.

Field of study: Environmental science
Legitimate Language in a Multilingual School.

This article exploits Bourdie'us notion of legitimate language (and legitimate speaker-hearers) to analyse the social origins and consequences of language practices in a French-language minority high school in Ontario (Canada). Education is a key site for the construction of legitimate language in the social and political struggle of Franco Ontarians for rights and for social mobility. An examination of two Francais classes shows that teacher-centred forms of classroom social organisation are used to construct what counts as good French (monolingual practices and standard forms) and to devalue bilingual practices and vernacular forms. The construction, and, in particular, the contestation of legitimate language in the classroom also reveal contradictions between the socioeconomic values of social mobility attached to monolingual standard French and the political values of authenticity and solidarity linked to the bilingual vernacular, as well as between educational ideologies of meritocracy and democracy and practices of streaming and differential treatment.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
Two-Channel Linear Phase FIR QMF Bank Minimax Design via Global Nonconvex Optimization Programming

In this correspondence, a two-channel linear phase finite-impulse-response (FIR) quadrature mirror filter (QMF) bank minimax design problem is formulated as a nonconvex optimization problem so that a weighted sum of the maximum amplitude distortion of the filter bank, the maximum passband ripple magnitude and the maximum stopband ripple magnitude of the prototype filter is minimized subject to specifications on these performances. A modified filled function method is proposed for finding the global minimum of the nonconvex optimization problem. Computer numerical simulations show that our proposed design method is efficient and effective.

Field of study: Engineering
Local coordination and market equilibria

We reformulate the local stability analysis of market equilibria in a competitive market as a local coordination problem in a market game, where the map associating market prices to best-responses of all traders is common knowledge and well-defined both in and out of equilibrium. Initial expectations over market variables differ from their equilibrium values and are not common knowledge. This results in a coordination problem as traders use the structure of the market game to converge back to equilibrium. We analyse a simultaneous move and a sequential move version of the market game and explore the link with local rationalizability.

Field of study: Economics
On the Problems Existing in the Third-Round Land Overall Use Planning in China

Based on reviews of the first two rounds of overall land use planning,the paper analyzes the multiple problems existing in the third-round overall land planning,including potential difference of the basic data,the legalization of illegal land use,"great leap forward" in town planning,altering layout just for development,changing the status quo just for contingent needs,"linked" system vulnerabilities,and "non-leading" effect due to lagging planning. Accordingly,it is proposed that the third round of planning should focus on the fields of verifying basic data,checking the illegal land use and advocating rational development philosophy,so as to highlight the overall land use planning authority,institute a strict "linkage" clearance system and thereby ensuring the implementation of "people-oriented" land planning.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
An automated nowcasting model of significant instability events in the flight terminal area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

This paper presents a novel model, based on neural network techniques, to produce short-term and local-specific forecasts of significant instability for flights in the terminal area of Galeao Airport, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Twelve years of data were used for neural network training/validation and test. Data are originally from four sources: (1) hourly meteorological observations from surface meteorological stations at five airports distributed around the study area; (2) atmospheric profiles collected twice a day at the meteorological station at Galeao Airport; (3) rain rate data collected from a network of 29 rain gauges in the study area; and (4) lightning data regularly collected by national detection networks. An investigation was undertaken regarding the capability of a neural network to produce early warning signs – or as a nowcasting tool – for significant instability events in the study area. The automated nowcasting model was tested using results from five categorical statistics, indicated in parentheses in forecasts of the first, second, and third hours, respectively, namely proportion correct (0.99, 0.97, and 0.94), BIAS (1.10, 1.42, and 2.31), the probability of detection (0.79, 0.78, and 0.67), false-alarm ratio (0.28, 0.45, and 0.73), and threat score (0.61, 0.47, and 0.25). Possible sources of error related to the test procedure are presented and discussed. The test showed that the proposed model (or neural network) can grab the physical content inside the data set, and its performance is quite encouraging for the first and second hours to nowcast significant instability events in the study area.

Field of study: Environmental science
MO-F-CAMPUS-T-03: Data Driven Approaches for Determination of Treatment Table Tolerance Values for Record and Verification Systems

To determine appropriate couch tolerance values for modern radiotherapy linac R&V systems with indexed patient setup.  Treatment table tolerance values have been the most difficult to lower, due to many factors including variations in patient positioning and differences in table tops between machines. We recently installed nine linacs with similar tables and started indexing every patient in our clinic. In this study we queried our R&V database and analyzed the deviation of couch position values from the acquired values at verification simulation for all patients treated with indexed positioning. Mean and standard deviations of daily setup deviations were computed in the longitudinal, lateral and vertical direction for 343 patient plans. The mean, median and standard error of the standard deviations across the whole patient population and for some disease sites were computed to determine tolerance values.  The plot of our couch deviation values showed a gaussian distribution, with some small deviations, corresponding to setup uncertainties on non-imaging days, and SRS/SRT/SBRT patients, as well as some large deviations which were spot checked and found to be corresponding to indexing errors that were overriden. Setting our tolerance values based on the median + 1 standard error resulted in tolerance values of 1cm lateral and longitudinal, and 0.5 cm vertical for all non- SRS/SRT/SBRT cases. Re-analizing the data, we found that about 92% of the treated fractions would be within these tolerance values (ignoring the mis-indexed patients). We also analyzed data for disease site based subpopulations and found no difference in the tolerance values that needed to be used.  With the use of automation, auto-setup and other workflow efficiency tools being introduced into radiotherapy workflow, it is very essential to set table tolerances that allow safe treatments, but flag setup errors that need to be reassessed before treatments.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Young Star Clusters In The Circumnuclear Region Of NGC 2110

High-resolution observations in the near infrared show star clusters around the active galactic nucleus (AGN) of the Seyfert 1 NGC2110, along with a 90 x 35 pc bar of shocked gas material around its nucleus. These are seen for the first time in our imaging and gas kinematics of the central 100pc with the Keck OSIRIS instrument with adaptive optics. Each of these clusters is 2-3 times brighter than the Arches cluster close to the centre of the Milky Way. The core star formation rate (SFR) is 0.3 M$_\odot$/yr. The photoionized gas (He I) dynamics imply an enclosed mass of 3-4 x 10$^8$ M$_\odot$. These observations demonstrate the physical linkage between AGN feedback, which triggers star formation in massive clusters, and the resulting stellar (and SNe) winds, which cause the observed [Fe II] emission and feed the black hole.

Field of study: Physics
The Karyological Study of Four Species of Oncidiinae

In the present paper,the chromosome number and karyotype of four species of Oncidiinae were analyzed via fingertip pressing method for accumulated more cytological data to investigated the genetic variation,genetic relationship and cross breeding of Oncidiinae.The results showed that the Oncidium RenlendⅡ 2n=2x=56=30m+26sm,Oncidium Wilson Tropic Breeze'Everglades' 2n=2x=72=38m+34sm,Oncidium Alohi'Hawaii' 2n=2x=56=36m+20sm,Oncidium Gower Ramsey'Gold#3' 2n=2x=106=88m+22sm.The karyotype was mainly consisted of metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes.All the karyotypes belonged to 2B type.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Radiofrequency spectra of mode beats and fluctuations of the intensity of radiation emitted by an injection laser with an external resonator

A study was made of fluctuations of the intensity of the radiation emitted by a cw AlGaAs injection laser with an external spectrally selective resonator. The laser mode frequencies exhibited considerable fluctuations, which broadened the beat spectrum to at least 100 kHz, i.e., by an amount much greater than the broadening expected due to spontaneous radiation noise. These fluctuations were attributed to an instability of the spatial laser channel in the active medium. It was found that the use of a highly selective resonator made it possible to suppress low-frequency pulsations; this increased the output power in the single-frequency regime.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Predominance of biotic over abiotic formation of halogenated hydrocarbons in hypersaline sediments in Western Australia.

Volatile halogenated organic compounds (VOX) contribute to ozone depletion and global warming. There is evidence of natural VOX formation in many environments ranging from forest soils to salt lakes. Laboratory studies have suggested that VOX formation can be chemically stimulated by reactive Fe species while field studies have provided evidence for direct biological (enzymatic) VOX formation. However, the relative contribution of abiotic and biotic processes to global VOX budgets is still unclear. The goals of this study were to quantify VOX release from sediments from a hypersaline lake in Western Australia (Lake Strawbridge) and to distinguish between the relative contributions of biotic and abiotic VOX formation in microbially active and sterilized microcosms. Our experiments demonstrated that the release of organochlorines from Lake Strawbridge sediments was mainly biotic. Among the organochlorines detected were monochlorinated, e.g., chloromethane (CH3Cl), and higher chlorinated VOX compounds such as trichloromethane (CHCl3). Amendment of sediments with either Fe(III) oxyhydroxide (ferrihydrite) or a mixture of lactate/acetate or both ferrihydrite and lactate/acetate did not stimulate VOX formation. This suggests that although microbial Fe(III) reduction took place, there was no stimulation of VOX formation via Fe redox transformations or the formation of reactive Fe species under our experimental conditions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Bias-temperature instabilities and radiation effects in MOS devices

We report the combined effects of irradiation and bias temperature stress (BTS) on MOS capacitors with HfO/sub 2/ dielectrics. Irradiation is found to enhance BTS-induced degradation in these devices; significant differences in the amounts of enhancement are observed for different irradiation biases. Zero-bias or positive-bias irradiation followed by negative BTS (NBTS) leads to much worse degradation than either irradiation or NBTS alone. This is primarily due to the formation of dipoles during irradiation and the electrostatic repulsion of electrons from the oxide during NBTS. In an integrated circuit application, the worst-case response for these gate stacks will be pMOS transistors irradiated in their "off" states, and annealed in their "on" states. The effects of irradiation and BTS are also reported for Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/-based MOS capacitors with Al gates and SiO/sub 2/-based MOS capacitors with NiSi gates for comparison with HfO/sub 2/. Somewhat less sensitivity to combined irradiation and BTS is observed for the Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/-based devices, and significantly less sensitivity to combined effects is observed for the thermal oxides with NiSi gates.

Field of study: Physics
SU-E-J-09: Performance Optimization of Thick, Segmented Scintillators for Radiotherapy Imaging.

Thick segmented scintillators, incorporating a 2-dimensional matrix of optically-isolated scintillator elements, have shown considerable potential for improving the performance of megavoltage active matrix, flat-panel imagers (MV AMFPIs). While over a factor of 20 improvement in DQE at zero spatial-frequency has been demonstrated for prototypes incorporating CsI(Tl) and BGO scintillators, less-than-optimal element-to-element alignment (misalignment) as well as mis-registration to the underlying AMFPI array pixels can result in spatial resolution loss, reducing DQE improvement at higher spatial frequencies. In this presentation, a method to restore spatial resolution and DQE, based on the use of a high resolution AMFPI array along with special binning techniques, is investigated.



The effect of misalignment and mis-registration of segmented scintillators on imaging performance was investigated theoretically and empirically through determination of the modulation transfer function (MTF) and DQE, as well as through realization of reconstructed images of a phantom in a cone-beam CT geometry. The empirical investigation, which was conducted using a 6 MV photon beam, employed a prototype BGO segmented scintillator consisting of 120×60 elements separated by 50 μm-thick septal walls and an element-to-element pitch of 1016 μm. The scintillator was coupled to a higher resolution 127-μm-pitch AMFPI array.



Misalignment and mis-registration result in significant degradation of spatial resolution, leading to DQE reduction at non-zero spatial frequencies. While mis-registration for a well-aligned scintillator can be overcome through 8×8 binning of the array pixels to match the scintillator elements, any misalignment will affect such binning and lead to spatial resolution loss. However, the use of 'selective' binning, consisting of the selection of those pixels corresponding to the interior locations of each element, improves resolution while preserving DQE.



The use of high-resolution AMFPI arrays combined with selective binning allows prototype AMFPIs incorporating thick, segmented scintillators to achieve imager performance limited only by scintillator performance. Work Supported by NIH grant R01-CA051397.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Pulse shortening phenomena in relativistic backward wave oscillator

In this paper, the pulse shortening phenomena in relativistic backward wave oscillator(RBWO) are studied by means of the particle-in-cell method under two conditions of filling He gas or remaining background gas in the tube. The calculation results predict that the background gas in the tube is one but not the most important factor resulting in pulse shortening, and in order to broaden the pulse width of the gas-filled RBWO, the pressure of the filled gas must be controlled in a proper value. The intense electric field RF breakdown inside the tube and gas molecule explosive emission on inner surface of the slow wave system may be more important factors resulting in the pulse shortening phenomena in the high power microwave tube.

Field of study: Physics
Toxic Effect of Heavy Metal in Leaching Solution of Fly Ash from Solid Waste Combustion to Alga

Scenedesmus obliquus, Selenastrum bibraianum and Scenedesmus quadricauda were chosen as biological indicators to test the toxicity of three MSW FAL samples inhibiting the growing of alga by the static water acute toxic test. The results show: under the condition of pH at 5 and at 8, acute toxicity of the same sample was similar. For the same alga, toxicity of the samples were ranked as: MSW FALⅠMSW FALⅢMSW FALⅡ. For different alga, the sensitivity to the same sample was ranked as: Selenastrum bibraianum Scenedesmus quadricauda Scenedesmus obliquus. The toxic mechanism of each sample was analyzed respectively.

Field of study: Environmental science
On the Dependence of Rheology of Hyaluronic Acid Solutions and Frictional Behavior of Articular Cartilage

Hyaluronic acid (HA) injections represent one of the most common methods for the treatment of osteoarthritis. However, the clinical results of this method are unambiguous mainly because the mechanism of action has not been clearly clarified yet. Viscosupplementation consists, inter alia, of the improvement of synovial fluid rheological properties by injected solution. The present paper deals with the effect of HA molecular weight on the rheological properties of its solutions and also on friction in the articular cartilage model. Viscosity and viscoelastic properties of HA solutions were analyzed with a rotational rheometer in a cone–plate and plate–plate configuration. In total, four HA solutions with molecular weights between 77 kDa and 2010 kDa were tested. The frictional measurements were realized on a commercial tribometer Bruker UMT TriboLab, while the coefficient of friction (CoF) dependency on time was measured. The contact couple consisted of the articular cartilage pin and the plate made from optical glass. The contact was fully flooded with tested HA solutions. Results showed a strong dependency between HA molecular weight and its rheological properties. However, no clear dependence between HA molecular weight and CoF was revealed from the frictional measurements. This study presents new insight into the dependence between rheological and frictional behavior of the articular cartilage, while such an extensive investigation has not been presented before.

Field of study: Materials science