nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Magnetoresistive effect in graphene nanoribbon due to magnetic field induced band gap modulation

The electronic properties of armchair graphene nanoribbons (AGNRs) can be significantly modified from semiconducting to metallic states by applying a uniform perpendicular magnetic field (B-field). Here, we theoretically study the band gap modulation induced by a perpendicular B-field. The applied B-field causes the lowest conduction subband and the topmost valence subband to move closer to one another to form the n=0 Landau level. We exploit this effect to realize a device relevant magnetoresistive (MR) modulation. Unlike in conventional spin-valves, this intrinsic MR effect is realized without the use of any ferromagnetic leads. The AGNRs with number of dimers, Na=3p+1[p=1,2,3,…] show the most promising behavior for MR applications with large conductance modulation, and hence, high MR ratio at the optimal source-drain bias. However, the MR is suppressed at higher temperature due to the spread of the Fermi function distribution. We also investigate the importance of the source-drain bias in optimizing th...

Field of study: Physics
Shaping dairy news : Newsmaker of the Year 2016

The Dairy Mail Newsmaker of the Year Award is presented to an individual or group who has, over the past year, made a significant impact on the news cycle in the dairy industry. The winner this year is no stranger to us. She is out and about all over the place, spreading the message that is so dear to all of our hearts. Awarded for her contribution to the South African dairy industry as the project coordinator of the Consumer Education Project of Milk SA, the Newsmaker of the Year for 2016 is Christine Leighton.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Limited proteolysis of maize NADP-malic enzyme.

The incubation of maize malic enzyme at 37 degrees C with trypsin at a ratio of 150:1 of malic enzyme to trypsin caused rapid and complete inactivation of enzyme activity. The inactivation was caused by fairly specific cleavage of the enzyme monomer (62 kDa) into 40 kDa and 20 kDa fragments. The intensity of 40 kDa band increased with the time of treatment of enzyme with trypsin from 2 to 30 min. Substrates, especially NADP (25 microM) provided almost total protection against trypsin inactivation of the enzyme activity. The studies carried out with various other endoproteases indicated that endoprotease Lys-C was most effective in inactivating malic enzyme activity. The kinetic properties of the truncated enzyme have been studied. The Km value for malate in case of native and modified enzyme was found to be identical. Km NADP for the modified enzyme was slightly higher indicating that after proteolysis the enzyme affinity for NADP had decreased. Limited proteolysis with trypsin did not show any appreciable change in fluorescence properties of the modified enzyme. Binding of NADPH to the enzyme was not affected after modification.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Study of Structural Analysis Algorithm for Disassembled Code

The structural analysis of disassembled code is of great importance and significance in disassembly code understanding,executable editing,software maintenance,program understanding,and compiler design.This article proposes a generic structure analysis algorithm for assembly code which has been recovered from the binary in majority of processors with different architectures.Moreover,a formal description for the algorithm and the recording method for structure analysis results are given subsequently.Based on the implementation of the algorithm in Binary Code Assistant Analysis System (BCAAS),we obtain experimental data, which also demonstrates that it can be used towards binary code in different kinds of processors and relatively high speed and accuracy are achieved.

Field of study: Computer science
No. 44255. United States of America and Mongolia

Memorandum of understanding on cooperation in the collection of the 1 kilometer advanced very high resolution radiometer image data between the national aeronautics and space administration of the united states of america and the national remote sensing center of mongolia. Ulaanbaatar, 9 march 1993 [united nations, treaty series, vol. 2463, i-44255.]

Field of study: Political science
[Effects of huperzine A on learning and the retrieval process of discrimination performance in rats].

Huperzine A (Hup), a new alkaloid isolated from Huperzia serrata (Thunb.) Trev., has powerful and reversible anticholinesterase activity. 
Rats were placed on an electrified grid in a Y-maze and learned to run into the light arm (safte area). The criterion of learning or retrieval was met after they had chosen the light arm 10 trials in succession. Hup injected intraperitoneally with100, 167 microg/kg 20 min before training caused a significant decrease in the number of trials to criterion. Facilitation of retrieval was also produced dose-dependently at doses of 36-167 microg/kg ip. Scopolamine 0.2 mg/kg sc, atropine 5 mg/kg sc or hemicholinium 20 microg/10 microL icv antagonized the positive effects of Hup 0.1 mg/kg on retrieval process, but methyl-atropine (2 mg/kg sc) did not. Under the same conditions, physostigmine at doses of 80-180 microg/kg ip improved learning and retrieval process, but quaternary cholinesterase inhibitor neostigmine (30 microg/kg, ip) did not. 
Our results suggested that the facilitation actions of Hup were due to an effect on the central cholinergic system, especially the muscarinic system, since M-receptor blockers reversed the actions of Hup, but their quaternary nitrogen derivative methyl-atropine, which did not pass the blood-brain barrier, was inactive. 
Besides, the preliminary clinical studies showed that Hup, the first nootropic compound in China, did improve shorter and long-term memory in patients of cerebral arteriosclerosis with memory impairment.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Investigation of degradation mechanisms in low-voltage p-channel power MOSFETs under High Temperature Gate Bias stress

In this work we investigate the degradation mechanisms occurring in a p-channel trench-gate power MOSFET under High Temperature Gate Bias (HTGB) stress. The impact of negative bias temperature stress is analysed by evaluating relevant figures of merit for the considered device: threshold voltage, transconductance and on-resistance. Temperatures and gate voltages as large as 175 °C and −24 V, respectively, are adopted to accelerate the degradation in the device. Moreover, in order to investigate the origin of degradation mechanisms we analyse the interface states generation and the charge trapping processes, the impact of a switching gate voltage during the stress phase and the recovery phase after HTGB stress.

Field of study: Engineering
A current Environmental Impact Assessment of a port in Thailand: Marine physical aspects

This paper presents the current Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) system for Thailand. The steps of the EIA approval and procedures are summarized. More particularly, the study focuses on port developments. Guidelines, prepared by the national authority, are presented that help EIA practitioners to prepare EIA reports for port projects. The EIA for the Ranong port in Thailand was selected as a case study because of its recent approval as well as its reflection on political intervention. Special attention was given to marine physical aspects in order to demonstrate types of marine physical concerns, assessment methods used, and corresponding environmental measures established. Changes in water current and elevation, sedimentation, large waves and bank erosion, maritime accidents and related oil spill were included. Finally, the strengths and weaknesses of Thailand’s EIA system were discussed.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effects of Functional Properties of Starch on Noodles Quality and its Evaluation

The relationship between functional properties of starch and noodles quality was elementarily introduced in this paper. The different requirements of starch properties for different noodle varieties were discussed in details. As a conclusion, the starch plays an important role on noodle′s quality, especially cooking and eating quality. It can be a reference for the selection of wheat flour and starch raw materials in practical production.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
L1 frequency in foreign language acquisition: Recurrent word combinations in French and Spanish EFL learner writing

This study investigated French and Spanish EFL (English as a foreign language) learners’ preferred use of three-word lexical bundles with discourse or stance-oriented function with a view to exploring the role of first language (L1) frequency effects in foreign language acquisition. Word combinations were extracted from learner performance data (i.e. argumentative essays), and the frequency of their translation equivalent forms was analysed on the basis of French and Spanish L1 corpora. Strong and positive monotonic correlations were found between the frequency of a lexical bundle in the EFL learners’ written productions and the frequency of its equivalent form in the learners’ first language. Results also suggest that different patterns of use across the two L1 learner populations may be explained by frequency differences in L1 French and Spanish. Overall, the study calls for a more systematic investigation of L1 frequency effects within usage-based perspectives on second language acquisition.

Field of study: Linguistics
Development of the General surgery prioritisation tool implemented in New Zealand in 2018.

Patients waitlisted for elective general surgery in New Zealand used to be prioritised by multiple tools that were inconsistent, did not reflect clinical judgement and were not validated. We describe the development and implementation of a national prioritisation tool for elective general surgery in New Zealand, which could be applicable to other OECD countries. The tool aims to achieve equity of access, transparency, reliability and should be aligned with clinical judgement. The General Surgery Prioritisation Tool Working Group commenced development of a prioritisation tool in 2014 which showed strong correlation with clinical judgement (r = 0.89), excellent test-retest reliability (r = 0.98) and significantly lower variability (p < 0.001). Preliminary findings showed no significant difference in scores attributable to age, gender or ethnicity. General Surgeons were in favour of the tool criteria and agreed on the importance of prioritisation; however a minority opposed its introduction. Health organisations and general practitioner groups were in favour, however, along with many surgeons, expressed apprehensions regarding subjectivity, manipulation, equity of access and degree of benefit. Despite reservations, the majority of stakeholders were supportive and through collaboration between clinicians and the government, the tool was implemented in 2018 in New Zealand. Overall, the prioritisation tool is a reliable method of assessing priority, demonstrating transparency and reflecting clinical judgement, with equity of access to be further assessed by evaluation in clinical practice.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Influence of Student Councils Participation in Conflict Resolution on Management of Public Boys’ and Girls’ Boarding Secondary Schools, Nyeri County, Kenya

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of students’ council’s participation in conflict resolution on management in boys’ and girls’ public boarding secondary schools. The study adopted the descriptive survey and correlation research designs. The study was conducted in 12 boys’ and 12 girls’ public boarding secondary schools in Nyeri County that were identified using purposive sampling technique. A sample of 384 respondents was used. Data was collected using questionnaires. Data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The study found that participation of student council in conflicts resolution had statistically significant influence on management of public boys’ and girls’ boarding secondary schools. The study concluded that a unit increase in participation of student councils in conflict resolution enhances school management by a factor of 0.887. The study recommended that there is need to enhance guidance and counseling among students, organize forums to train student councils on conflict resolution strategies and promote moral behavior and characters in order to be trusted in resolving conflicts among students  School management; Students Council; Conflict resolution; Secondary school

Field of study: Education
Disparities in patterns of alcohol use among reservation-based and geographically dispersed American Indian populations.

High rates of alcohol use and alcohol-related morbidity and mortality among American Indians (AI) are major public health concerns. The purpose of this paper is to describe patterns of alcohol consumption among three distinct samples of American Indians (AIs) compared to a U.S reference population.



Data were drawn from two epidemiologic studies: 1) a study of 2,927 AIs living on or near reservations from two culturally distinct tribes in the Southwest (SW-AI) and Northern Plains (NP-AI); and 2) the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Study (NLAES), which included data from a geographically dispersed sample of AIs (n = 780) as well as the US reference population (all-race excluding AIs, n = 30,063). Multivariate analyses were used to assess drinking patterns.



After controlling for demographic characteristics, the prevalence of drinking during the past year was similar among males in the NP-AI, NLAES-AI, and the US populations. SW-AI males and females were significantly less likely to drink during the past year (Odds Ratios of 0.74 and 0.41, respectively), while the odds of NP-AI females being current drinkers were twice that of US females. Among those who drank during the past year, the AIs consumed a larger quantity of alcohol per drinking day than the US reference population. However, the reservation-based AIs consumed alcohol less frequently (Odds Ratios between 0.18-0.40, p < 0.01) than the NLAES-AI and US populations.



Patterns of alcohol consumption varied substantially between the two reservation-based AI populations, the geographically dispersed sample of AIs, and the US reference population. Careful consideration of these variations may improve the effectiveness of alcohol prevention and treatment programs as they may reflect important underlying differences in the cultures of alcohol consumption across these populations.

Field of study: Medicine
The Immoral Assumption Effect

Jumping to negative conclusions about other people’s traits is judged as morally bad by many people. Despite this, across six experiments (total N = 2,151), we find that multiple types of moral evaluations—even evaluations related to open-mindedness, tolerance, and compassion—play a causal role in these potentially pernicious trait assumptions. Our results also indicate that moralization affects negative—but not positive—trait assumptions, and that the effect of morality on negative assumptions cannot be explained merely by people’s general (nonmoral) preferences or other factors that distinguish moral and nonmoral traits, such as controllability or desirability. Together, these results suggest that one of the more destructive human tendencies—making negative assumptions about others—can be caused by the better angels of our nature.

Field of study: Psychology
Microscopic Derivation of the Ginzburg–Landau Equations for the Periodic Anderson Model in the Coexistence Phase of Superconductivity and Antiferromagnetism

On the basis of the periodic Anderson model, the microscopic Ginzburg–Landau equations for heavy-fermion superconductors in the coexistence phase of superconductivity and antiferromagnetism have been derived. The obtained expressions are valid in the vicinity of quantum critical point of heavy-fermion superconductors when the onset temperatures of antiferromagnetism and superconductivity are sufficiently close to each other. It is shown that the formation of antiferromagnetic ordering causes a decrease of the critical temperature of superconducting transition and order parameter in the phase of coexisting superconductivity and antiferromagnetism.

Field of study: Physics
A Novel Looping Structure of Linear Hexapeptide Boc-[D-Ala-(Z)-β-phenyldehydroalanine-L-Ala]2-OMe

Hexapeptide Boc-(D-Ala-ΔZPhe-L-Ala)2-OCH3 [Boc = tert-butyloxycarbonyl; ΔZPhe = (Z)-β-phenyldehydroalanine] in the solid state exhibited a novel looping backbone consisting of three partially overlapped β-turns supported by intramolecular (i+3) → i hydrogen bonds. Here the looping backbone also included a β-bend ribbon structure.

Field of study: Chemistry
Comments on “a framework for assessing readiness for tiger reintroductions”

We comment on five aspects of Gray et al.’s (Biodivers Conserv,  2017a) framework for assessing the readiness of sites for tiger reintroductions. Clarifications in numbers of tigers, available habitat and prey requirements indicate that more land and additional recovery of preferred prey species will be critical for a successful reintroduction. A focus on threat assessments and mitigations will be more important than a focus on site management tools. Local attitudes and levels of poaching require more attention than in the current assessment, as they are likely to be major obstacles to successful large carnivore reintroductions in Asia. Given the limited resources for rangewide tiger conservation, the value of such long-term initiatives must be weighed relative to the urgent need to recover and secure existing tiger populations before they also become extinct.

Field of study: Environmental science
How should Education Involve the Life of Human——The Viewpoint of Marxism Practice

From the practical viewpoint of Marxism,life is constructed by human as a subject,so it is dynamically generated and is practical.Through practice and living life,human's self-generation is promoted.As an activity of consciously "shaping human",education is not external to life but life itself.The problems of education are not out of life but the alienation of life.Then,education is not to "return to" life,but life is given back to education so that education can be given moral character of life and can guide students to consciously live an educational life.

Field of study: Education
The immunosuppressive effects of measles virus on T cell function--failure to affect IL-2 release or cytotoxic T cell activity in vitro.

Measles virus (MV) is known to depress T cell function. In order to determine whether this results from alteration in the production of, or response to, interleukin-2 (IL-2) we studied the effect of in vitro infection with MV on human IL-2 dependent T cell lines. MV produced a cytopathic productive infection in these cells. Class I allospecific cytotoxic T cells retained their cytotoxic activity 48 h after infection. Both cytotoxic and Leu 3a/4a positive T cell lines continued to respond to IL-2 by proliferation up to 26 h after infection. The ability of human tonsillar lymphocytes to generate IL-2 in response to phytohaemagglutinin following MV infection was then studied. In early measles infection (up to 48 h) there was no suppression of IL-2 production: in fact measles infected cells spontaneously released low levels of IL-2 in the absence of lectin. Similarly, IL-2 release was not affected by Herpes simplex virus infection of such cultures, although lymphocytes infected with Sendai or respiratory syncytial viruses produced considerably less IL-2. These observations suggest that MV-induced immunosuppression is not a result of inhibition of differentiated T cell function, IL-2 generation or responsiveness, but may be more directly related to virus-induced cytopathic effects in activated T cells.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Microdissection and Microcloning of Zhangzhou Narcissus satellite chromosome

In order to explore the origin of chromosomes of Zhangzhou Narcissus,3 satellite chromosome was isolated by glass needles,and the chromosomal DNAs were amplified by LA-PCR.Southern blot revealed that the PCR products were homogeneous with the Zhangzhou Narcissus genomic DNA,indicating that DNAs from the satellite chromosome had been successfully amplified.The PCR products were cloned into PMD18-T vector and about 5.0×105 recombinant clones were obtained.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Velocity Centroids Anisotropy and the Signature of different MHD Modes in the Turbulent ISM

Magnetic turbulence is anisotropic as the directions of motion are constrained by the magnetic field. Such anisotropy can be observed in velocity centroids obtained from spectroscopic observations. We use magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulations to produce synthetic spectroscopic observations (position-position-velocity data) and study the anisotropy in the structure function of velocity centroid maps. We decomposed the velocity in the simulations into Alfven, slow and fast-modes and studied how each of them contribute to the observed anisotropy. We found that when the angle between the line of sight and the mean magnetic field is large the Alfven-mode dominates the observed anisotropy, while for smaller angles the anisotropy is not large enough to be used to probe the magnetization of the media, and it is dominated by the slow-mode. Our results are in fair agreement with the theoretical predictions in Kandel et al.(2016,2017).

Field of study: Physics
Improvement of the interface properties of Ca0.43Se0.57F2 on GaAs(100) by rapid thermal annealing

The interface properties of Ca0.43Sr0.57F2 films grown by a thermal evaporation technique on GaAs(100) substrates were investigated. It was found that in situ rapid thermal annealing, typically at 590 degrees C for 10 s, was useful for improving the interface properties of fluoride/GaAs MIS structures. Analysis by double crystal X-ray diffraction and photoluminescence spectroscopy indicates good interface of the Ca0.43Sr0.57F2/GaAs heterostructure.

Field of study: Materials science
Isoproterenol-induced expression of the cystatin S gene in submandibular glands of parasympathectomized rats.

Parasympathetic innervation of rat submandibular and parotid glands regulates saliva volume, its rate of secretion and its composition. It also has a regulatory role in hypertrophy and hyperplasia of salivary glands, and in the expression of specific sets of genes. Rat cystatin S is a member of family 2 of the cysteine proteinase inhibitor superfamily. Cystatin S gene expression is tissue- and cell type-specific, temporally regulated during postnatal development, and not observed in adult animals. Isoproterenol (IPR), a beta-adrenergic agonist, induces hypertrophic and hyperplastic enlargement of rat salivary glands and expression of a number of genes including cystatin S. Sympathectomy reduces, but does not completely block IPR-induced expression of the cystatin S gene in the submandibular glands of adult female rats, indicating the participation of sympathetic factor(s) in this regulation. Since both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system act in parallel in the submandibular gland, it is possible that parasympathetic nerve terminals also provide factor(s) that play a role in regulation of cystatin S gene expression. Experiments described in this paper were designed to test the hypothesis that the parasympathetic nervous system participates in IPR-induced cystatin S gene expression. Bilateral parasympathectomy reduced IPR-induced cystatin S gene expression, suggesting a role of the parasympathetic nervous system in its regulation. Unilateral parasympathectomy in contrast, had no effect on IPR-induced cystatin S gene expression, suggesting that the presence of an intact parasympathetic innervation in the contralateral side permits the 'normal' IPR-induced expression of the cystatin S gene in the parasympathectomized gland.

Field of study: Biology