nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of amaranth flour (Amaranthus mantegazzianus) on the technological and sensory quality of bread wheat pasta

The technological and sensory quality of pasta made from bread wheat flour substituted with wholemeal amaranth flour (Amaranthus mantegazzianus) at four levels, 15, 30, 40 and 50% w/w was investigated. The quality of the resulted pasta was compared to that of control pasta made from bread wheat flour. The flours were analyzed for chemical composition and pasting properties. Cooking behavior, color, raw and cooked pasta texture, scanning electron microscopy and sensory evaluation were determined on samples. The pasta obtained from amaranth flour showed some detriment of the technological and sensory quality. So, a maximum substitution level of 30% w/w was defined. This is an equilibrium point between an acceptable pasta quality and the improved nutritional and functional properties from the incorporation of amaranth flour.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Social support and resilience to stress across the life span: A neurobiologic framework

This review discusses selected neurobiologic and genetic factors—including noradrenergic and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis markers, oxytocin pathways, and serotonin transporter and brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene polymorphisms—in the context of resilience to stress, with an emphasis on social support. Social support’s impact on medical and psychiatric health outcomes is reviewed, and putative mediators are discussed. The reviewed literature indicates that social support is exceptionally important to maintaining good physical and psychological health in the presence of genetic, developmental, and other environmental risks. Future studies should continue to explore the neurobiologic factors associated with social support’s contribution to stress resilience.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Under-sampling Method Based on One-pass Clustering for Imbalanced Data Distribution

Sampling is a widely used method in dealing imbalanced dataset.The main idea of sampling is changing the distribution of various classes in a dataset,decreasing the difference in the distribution between majority class and minority class.This paper proposes a under-sampling approaches based on one-pass clustering for imbalance problem.According to the features of each clusters and the degree of data inclination,a sample Ratio is made for each clusters.Hence each cluster can be sampled with its sample ratio.A Cluster with greater density will be sampled into comparatively less selection.In contrast,a Cluster with smaller density will be more or entirely sampled.With decreasing the amount of the whole dataset,the amount of minority class can be ensured.The experimental result show that our sample approaches can make the sample form the imbalanced data more typical and improve the performance in classification and clustering.

Field of study: Computer science
Points-to analysis for program understanding

Program understanding activities are more difficult for programs written in languages (such as C) that heavily make use of pointers for data structure manipulation, because the programmer needs to build a mental model of the memory use and of the pointers to its locations. Pointers also pose additional problems to the tools supporting program understanding, since they introduce additional dependences that have to be accounted for. This paper extends the flow insensitive context insensitive points-to analysis (PTA) algorithm proposed by Steensgaard, to cover arbitrary combinations of pointer dereferences, array subscripts and field selections. It exhibits interesting properties, among which scalability resulting from the low complexity and good performances is one. The results of the analysis are valuable by themselves, as their graphical display represents the points-to links between locations. They are also integrated with other program understanding techniques like, e.g., call graph construction, slicing, plan recognition and architectural recovery. The use of this algorithm in the framework of the program understanding environment CANTO is discussed.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Mixed phase solid electrolytes with nonconducting polymer binder

Mixed phase electrolytes containing 80–95 v/o Li + conducting sulphide glass (1.2 Li 2 S-1.6 LiI-B 2 S 3 ) and different polymer materials have been found to yield room temperature ionic conductivities about 1000 times larger than PEO-based polymer electrolytes. Contrary to expectation, addition of the nonconducting polyethylene yields the best results, indicating that the function of the binder is mainly to keep the grains of the solid phase in contact.

Field of study: Materials science
Effects of low level ionising radiations.

Like non-ioni s ing e lectro-magnetic radiati on, the ionising radi ation is an essenti a l part of our li fe. Not only is it present in our surroundings but its presence within our body makes it an inseparable component of li ving. An average pe rson of about 60 kg body weight continuously e mits around 24,000 gamma rays photons e very minute whi ch ari se primarily from the radi oisotope of potass ium, [4oK] with natural abundance of 0.12% of natural potassium' ·2. From birth to death we are continuously getting exposed to gamma radi ation from within and from all objects outside name ly the building we live in , the earth , the cosmic radiations, radon in air and the food we eat a ll contain measurable levels of radio isotopes of potass ium, uranium, thorium and lead ' . The average radi ati on dose we get from natural sources of radiati on is between I and 2 mS v/year. T he exception is a fe w areas, notabl y, a coas tal strip in Kerala where the thorium depos its in the earth enhance the level of exposure to the people living in the region. Areas of high background natural exposure are li sted in Table 1.0n the other extreme is the nuc lear holocaust in Hiroshima and Nagasaki instantl y killing a large number of people and leav ing many survivors with radiation effects. Within these two extremes lies the region of low level exposure where the benefit s (primaril y medical) exceed the probab ility of harm .

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Deterministic and stochastic nutrient-phytoplankton- zooplankton models with periodic toxin producing phytoplankton

Deterministic and stochastic nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton models with toxin producing phytoplankton are studied.The input nutrient concentration and the toxin liberation rate play critical roles in the plankton dynamics.Periodic toxin liberation by phytoplankton can complicate plankton interactions.Harmful algal blooms can be diminished if the maximal toxin liberation rate is large. Deterministic and stochastic models of nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton interaction are proposed to investigate the impact of toxin producing phytoplankton upon persistence of the populations. The toxin liberation by phytoplankton is modeled periodically in the deterministic system. We derive two thresholds in terms of the parameters for which both plankton populations can persist if these thresholds are positive. We construct stochastic models with Ito differential equations to model variability in the environment. It is concluded that the input nutrient concentration along with the toxin liberation rate play critical roles in the dynamics of the planktonic interaction. In particular, toxin producing phytoplankton can terminate harmful algal blooms and the planktonic interaction is more stable if either the input nutrient concentration is smaller or if the toxin production rate is larger.

Field of study: Mathematics
Die allgemeinen Bedingungen für die Glimmentladung ohne Kathodenfall und Dunkelraum

ZusammenfassungDamit eine Glimmentladung ohne Dunkelraum und ohne Kathodenfall an einer kalten Kathode entstehen kann, müssen zwei Bedingungen erfüllt sein. Erstens muß eine Unterlage aus einem Material vorhanden sein, das einen wesentlich größeren spezifischen Widerstand hat als Metalle, aber einen wesentlich geringeren als Isolatoren, also einen spezifischen Widerstand, der zwischen dem des Graphits und dem der sogenannten Halbleiter liegt, und zweitens muß sich darauf eine sehr dünne, nicht notwendigerweise zusammenhängende Schicht eines hochisolierenden Stoffes befinden. - In dem hochisolierenden Stoff entsteht die für die Beschleunigung der Elektronen erforderliche extreme Feldstärke. Die halbleitende Unterlage verhindert dabei die Konzentration der Strömung auf eine Stelle und den Übergang der Entladung in einen Funken. Als gut geeignete Unterlagen erwiesen sich außer Ozelit und Silit noch Graphit, Aquadak und Kupferoxydul, als weniger gut geeignet Eisenoxyd und Bleiglanz. Als geeignete hochisolierende Stoffe wurden bisher 15 verschiedene Oxyde, Carbonate, Silikate, sowie Glasstaub und Talkum ermittelt.

Field of study: Physics
Analysis on the Regional Selection and Influencing Factors of International Students in China

With the rising level of China's opening reform and comprehensive national strength,the number of international students in China increased sharply.Meanwhile the regional differences are significant.Using the fixed effect model,an econometric analysis will be performed based on data related to international students in 31 provinces from 2002 to 2008.The empirical result shows that: the degree of openness,teacher-student ratio,educational expenditure per students,per capita GDP of one region have significant positive effect on regional selection of international students in China;while the college numbers,population,foreign direct investment,the ratio of culture spending in financial expenditure are non-significant.Compared to the Central and Western regions of China,the degree of openness,teacher-student ratio,per capita GDP are more significant in Eastern area.

Field of study: Education
The carbon starvation response of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus

The amounts of carbon allocated to the fungal partner in ectomycorrhizal associations can vary substantially depending on the plant growth and the soil nutrient conditions, and the fungus may frequently be confronted with limitations in carbon. We used chemical analysis and transcriptome profiling to examine the physiological response of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus to carbon starvation during axenic cultivation. Carbon starvation induced a decrease in the biomass. Concomitantly, ammonium, cell wall material (chitin) and proteolytic enzymes were released into the medium, which suggest autolysis. Compared with the transcriptome of actively growing hyphae, about 45% of the transcripts analyzed were differentially regulated during C-starvation. Induced during starvation were transcripts encoding extracellular enzymes such as peptidases, chitinases and laccases. In parallel, transcripts of N-transporters were upregulated, which suggest that some of the released nitrogen compounds were re-assimilated by the mycelium. The observed changes suggest that the carbon starvation response in P. involutus is associated with complex cellular changes that involves autolysis, recycling of intracellular compounds by autophagy and reabsorption of the extracellular released material. The study provides molecular markers that can be used to examine the role of autolysis for the turnover and survival of the ectomycorrhizal mycelium in soils.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
An Investigation into the Vocabulary Size and Vocabulary Proficiency of Chinese No-Enghish Freshmem

This study investigates the initial state of English vocabulary of Chinese non-English freshmen in the form of test and individual.The sample of 758 freshmen was chosen from three Chinese universities of different levels at a proper ratio and the vocabulary size was calculated by the mathematical statistical methods.The results show that the overall vocabulary proficiency of Chinese non-English freshmen failed to reach the level required by the college English teaching curriculum;the vocabulary size in the national key university increased by 16.2 percent compared with the common university and there existed much insufficiency in vocabulary use.Then the author puts forward some helpful suggestions about how to improve the ability of vocabulary identification and use.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Large strategic dynamic interactions

The paper presents a model of large strategic dynamic interactions in an environment with uncertain fundamentals. The interaction is among a large finite group of interdependent players, diversified in their preferences and information. We study an imagined-continuum equilibrium, a behavioral hybrid of games with a continuum of players and finite games. This equilibrium enables simple Bayesian reasoning and admits natural Markov-perfect equilibria. In addition, we establish bounds on the probabilistic discrepancies between players' beliefs that are derived from the continuum model and the actual finite reality.

Field of study: Economics
An all-diamond X-ray position and flux monitor using nitrogen-incorporated ultra-nanocrystalline diamond contacts.

Diamond X-ray detectors with conducting nitrogen-incorporated ultra-nanocrystalline diamond (N-UNCD) films as electrodes were fabricated to measure X-ray beam flux and position. Structural characterization and functionality tests were performed for these devices. The N-UNCD films grown on unseeded diamond substrates were compared with N-UNCD films grown on a seeded silicon substrate. The feasibility of the N-UNCD films acting as electrodes for X-ray detectors was confirmed by the stable performance in a monochromatic X-ray beam. The fabrication process is able to change the surface status which may influence the signal uniformity under low bias, but this effect can be neglected under full collection bias.

Field of study: Physics
Immunogenicity and safety of co-immunization of children with live attenuated varicella-zoster virus vaccine and live attenuated hepatitis A virus vaccine

To investigate the immunogenicity and safety of co-immunization of children with live attenuated varicella-zoster virus (VZV) vaccine and live attenuated hepatitis A virus (HAV) vaccine. 
 
 
 
A total of 686 children aged 18-24 months were recruited in Henan province of China and divided into three groups. Children in the three groups were respectively immunized with live attenuated VZV vaccine or live attenuated HAV vaccine alone or in combination. Blood samples were collected from all subjects before and one month after vaccination for the detection of seroconversion and seropositive rates. Occurrence of adverse events was monitored for safety evaluation. Antibody membrane immune-fluorescence assay and enzyme immunoassay were performed to detect the antibodies against VZV and HAV, respectively. 
 
 
 
The seroconversion rates of anti-VZV antibody were both 100% in children received co-immunization or VZV vaccine immunization alone. The geometric mean titer (GMT) of anti-VZV antibody in co-immunization group was higher than that of VZV vaccine immunization group (P<0.001). The GMT and seroconversion rate of anti-HAV antibody in children immunized with live attenuated VZV vaccine and live attenuated HAV vaccine were similar to those immunized with live attenuated HAV vaccine alone (P=0.94, P=0.77). Adverse reactions were reported in 156 subjects with a rate of 22.74%, mainly manifested as fever and swelling. No other adverse reactions were observed. No significant differences in the adverse events were observed between the three groups. 
 
 
 
Co-immunization children with live attenuated varicella vaccine and live attenuated hepatitis A virus vaccine provided equivalent immunogenicity and safety in comparison with immunization the two vaccines alone, indicating the feasibility of co-immunization strategy. 
 
 
 
Live attenuated varicella vaccine; Live attenuated hepatitis A virus vaccine; Co-immunization; Immunogenicity; Safety

Field of study: Biology
Grasshopper assemblage response to a restored national park (Mountain Zebra National Park, South Africa)

Twelve grassland sites were sampled inside and outside the Mountain Zebra National Park (MZNP), South Africa to assess changes in grasshopper assemblages to grazing by indigenous mammals inside the park compared to grazing by domestic cattle outside. The MZNP has been restored from cattle-grazed farmland to indigenous mammal parkland for 62 years. The number of grasshopper species and families inside the park was not significantly different from outside the park, but the number of individuals inside the park was significantly higher. Multivariate statistics did not reveal any strong site groupings based on simple inside/outside comparisons, but there were clear groupings of sites based on vegetation characteristics and other environmental variables. The park boundary, therefore, does not significantly determine grasshopper assemblages, although intensity of grazing does. The indigenous mammals inside the park had the same effect on grasshoppers as the domestic cattle outside, and it was the level of defoliation and trampling that was important rather than the type of mammal. Intensive livestock grazing and trampling leads to bush encroachment and reduction in grass cover and/or disappearance of several grass species. In response to this pressure, grasshopper populations dropped, with localized extirpation of some species. Vegetation composition and structure, particularly grass height and percentage cover, had a significant effect on grasshopper assemblages. The MZNP is thus an area of localized, elevated grasshopper abundance in comparison with the surrounding farms, and presumably represents a situation prior to the current, intensive farming activities. Such elevated grasshopper abundances are important for maintaining soil quality and hence ecological integrity of this landscape which is poor in organics and nitrogen. The MZNP could be viewed as a centre where species with high mobility may seek refuge from anthropogenic pressures. The MZNP also serves as a reference illustrating the differences between restored-through-natural-succession and anthropogenically disturbed habitats, and compares desirable with undesirable ecosystem changes for herbivorous invertebrates such as grasshoppers.

Field of study: Environmental science
[Antimutagenic effects of beta-carotene from Dunaliella salina].

To study the genotoxic and antimutagenic efficts of beta-carotene from Dunaliella salina (beta-CDS).



The in vitro micronucleus and chromosomal aberration tests in hunman lymphocytes were adopted. The effect of beta-CDS on mutagensis induced by gamma-rays and mitomycin (Mit) was studied.



beta-CDS (1-30 mg.L-1) had no genotoxicity, but inhibited spontaneous and gamma-ray-induced micronucleus fromation and Mit-induced chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes in vitro. The genotoxic action of synthetic beta-carotene (S beta C) was suppressed, the antimutagenic effects were heightened when S beta C and beta-carotene oil (beta CO, one of the beta-CDS compositions) were mixed in proportion as 80:27.5.



beta-CDS is an antimutagenic agent.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Practical, Anonymous, and Publicly Linkable Universally-Composable Reputation Systems

We consider reputation systems in the Universal Composability Framework where users can anonymously rate each others products that they purchased previously. To obtain trustworthy, reliable, and honest ratings, users are allowed to rate products only once. Everybody is able to detect users that rate products multiple times. In this paper we present an ideal functionality for such reputation systems and give an efficient realization that is usable in practical applications.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Multikernel Adaptive Filtering

This paper exemplifies that the use of multiple kernels leads to efficient adaptive filtering for nonlinear systems. Two types of multikernel adaptive filtering algorithms are proposed. One is a simple generalization of the kernel normalized least mean square (KNLMS) algorithm , adopting a coherence criterion for dictionary designing. The other is derived by applying the adaptive proximal forward-backward splitting method to a certain squared distance function plus a weighted block l1 norm penalty, encouraging the sparsity of an adaptive filter at the block level for efficiency. The proposed multikernel approach enjoys a higher degree of freedom than those approaches which design a kernel as a convex combination of multiple kernels. Numerical examples show that the proposed approach achieves significant gains particularly for nonstationary data as well as insensitivity to the choice of some design-parameters.

Field of study: Engineering
Investigation of the reactivities and tautomerism of azolidines. 42. 2-Iminothiazolidin-4-ones in the mannich reaction with secondary amines

The aminomethylation of 2-iminothiazolidin-4-one with aqueous formaldehyde and piperidine gives 2-piperidinomethylamino-5-hydroxymethyl-5-piperidinomethylthiazolin-4-one, as well as a compound with an unestablished structure, rather than 3-piperidinomethyl-2-iminothiazolidin-4-one, as was previously assumed. The aminomethylation of 2-iminothiazolidin-4-one with diphenylamine and diethylamine leads to the formation of 2-monoaminomethyl derivatives. 2-Imino-5-benzylidenethiazolidin-4-one reacts with paraformaldehyde and piperidine in benzene to give 2-piperidinomethylimino-3-[(3-piperidinomethyl-4-oxo-5-benzylidenethiazolidin-2-ylidene)iminomethyl]-5-benzylidenethiazolidin-4-one.

Field of study: Chemistry
Metalliferous deposits from the Apennine ophiolites: Mesozoic equivalents of modern deposits from oceanic spreading centers

Northern Apennines ophiolite complexes, consisting of peridotite-gabbro-basalt assemblages overlain by chert of Late Jurassic age, are probably fragments of oceanic crust created at a Mesozoic spreading center. Metalliferous sedimentary deposits are found at the base of the chert formation, close to the basalt-chert contact. The main mineral component of these deposits is braunite; the deposits are rich in Mn and contain less than 1 percent Fe; no equivalent Fe-rich sedimentary rocks have been observed. The geochemistry of the minor transition metals, of the rare-earth elements, Ba, U, and Th in these deposits, as well as their stratigraphic position, indicate that they are not similar to “hydrogenous” ferromanganese deposits from modern oceans; they instead show affinities to metalliferous deposits of hydrothermal origin associated with modern spreading centers. Fe-Cu-Zn-sulfide deposits are common in basalt of the Apennine ophiolite and are often close to the metalliferous sedimentary rocks. The metalliferous sedimentary rocks and the metal sulfide mineralizations probably originated as a result of the mobilization of metals from basalt during circulation of thermal waters in the basaltic-gabbroic crust close to a Mesozoic spreading center. Upper mantle volatiles may have provided additional metals to the thermal waters. The sulfide deposits formed during the subbottom convective circulation, whereas the manganiferous sediment originated from precipitation of the metals after discharge of the thermal solutions through the sea floor. Extensive metal fractionation may have occurred during the sub-bottom circulation, especially during deposition of the sulfide phases; the lack of Fe in the metalliferous sedimentary rocks may be due to such fractionation. This model can be applied to associations of sulfide ore and metalliferous sedimentary deposits in other ophiolitic complexes of various ages and to metallogenesis in modern spreading centers.

Field of study: Geology