nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
High seas marine protected areas: Benthic environmental conservation priorities from a GIS analysis of global ocean biophysical data

Designing a representative network of high seas marine protected areas (MPAs) requires an acceptable scheme to classify the benthic (as well as the pelagic) bioregions of the oceans. Given the lack of sufficient biological information to accomplish this task, we used a multivariate statistical method with 6 biophysical variables (depth, seabed slope, sediment thickness, primary production, bottom water dissolved oxygen and bottom temperature) to objectively classify the ocean floor into 53,713 separate polygons comprising 11 different categories, that we have termed “seascapes”. A cross-check of the seascape classification was carried out by comparing the seascapes with existing maps of seafloor geomorphology and seabed sediment type and by GIS analysis of the number of separate polygons, polygon area and perimeter/area ratio. We conclude that seascapes, derived using a multivariate statistical approach, are biophysically meaningful subdivisions of the ocean floor and can be expected to contain different biological associations, in as much as different geomorphological units do the same. Less than 20% of some seascapes occur in the high seas while other seascapes are largely confined to the high seas, indicating specific types of environment whose protection and conservation will require international cooperation. Our study illustrates how the identification of potential sites for high seas marine protected areas can be accomplished by a simple GIS analysis of seafloor geomorphic and seascape classification maps. Using this approach, maps of seascape and geomorphic heterogeneity were generated in which heterogeneity hotspots identify themselves as MPA candidates. The use of computer-aided mapping tools removes subjectivity in the MPA design process and provides greater confidence to stakeholders that an unbiased result has been achieved.

Field of study: Environmental science
On algebras of $\Omega^n$-finite and $\Omega^{\infty}$-infinite representation type

In this article we characterize the subcategory $\Omega^{\infty}(\mod A)$ for algebras of $\Omega^{n}$-finite representation type. As a consequence, we charaterize when a truncated path algebra is a Co-Gorenstein algebra in terms of its associated quiver. We also study the behaviour of Artin algebras of $\Omega^{\infty}$-infinite representation type. Finally, it is presented an example of a non Gorenstein algebra of $\Omega^{\infty}$-infinite representation type and an example of a finite dimensional algebra with infinite $\phi$-dimension.

Field of study: Mathematics
Does concomitant antidepressant therapy enhance response to electroconvulsive therapy?

To test the hypothesis that compared with placebo, concomitant treatment with nortriptyline or venlafaxine during the ECT course enhances short-term effi cacy without exerting a meaningful effect on adverse effects and reduces the rate of post-ECT relapse, and to test the hypothesis that high-dose RUL ECT is equivalent in effi cacy to moderatedose BL ECT and retains advantages with respect to adverse cognitive effects. This was a prospective, randomized, triplemasked, placebo-controlled study conducted from 2001 through 2005 in three university-based hospitals.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Sequence stratigraphic interpretations in the southern Dead Sea basin, Israel

A chronostratigraphic framework has been developed to date the late Tertiary and Pleistocene fill of the southern Dead Sea basin. This framework is based on a sequence stratigraphic interpretation of seismic data tied to eustatic sea-level curves. The limited biostratigraphic data available for the Dead Sea basin stratigraphy make this chronostratigraphy tentative, but nine third-order sequence boundaries have been identified and related to climatically driven lake-level falls that appear to correlate with eustatic events. In contrast, higher-order sequence boundaries were interpreted to reflect changes in both climate and local tectonics and the consequent sediment supply. The seismic stratigraphic interpretation indicates that fan-delta sediments accumulated at the southern and northern ends of the basin, while lacustrine clastic sediments filled the rest. Interfingering of southern and northern source sediments has been recognized in the northern part of the basin. The changing position of interfingering was interpreted as a response to lake-level changes, the lake-level falls inducing increased sediment flux from the northern source, and lake-level highstands favoring the influx and progradation of sediments from the south.

Field of study: Geology
Kernel-based Translations of Convolutional Networks

Convolutional Neural Networks, as most artificial neural networks, are commonly viewed as methods different in essence from kernel-based methods. We provide a systematic translation of Convolutional Neural Networks (ConvNets) into their kernel-based counterparts, Convolutional Kernel Networks (CKNs), and demonstrate that this perception is unfounded both formally and empirically. We show that, given a Convolutional Neural Network, we can design a corresponding Convolutional Kernel Network, easily trainable using a new stochastic gradient algorithm based on an accurate gradient computation, that performs on par with its Convolutional Neural Network counterpart. We present experimental results supporting our claims on landmark ConvNet architectures comparing each ConvNet to its CKN counterpart over several parameter settings.

Field of study: Computer science
The Dark Side of Self-Affirmation: Confirmation Bias and Illusory Correlation in Response to Threatening Information

The effect of self-affirmation on reasoning biases was explored. After participants wrote about a value that was important to them (self-affirmation) or a value that was not important to them (no affirmation), they tested a hypothesis using a task commonly used to study the confirmation bias (Study 1) and assessed correlation from data presented in a 2 × 2 frequency table (Study 2). In both tasks, participants assessed the validity of a hypothesis that had either threatening or nonthreatening implications for their self-concepts. Nonaffirmed participants who tested threatening hypotheses exhibited the confirmation bias less frequently (Study 1) and assessed correlation more accurately (Study 2) than self-affirmed participants or participants who tested nonthreatening hypotheses. Results support models of motivated reasoning that propose that information processing is altered in response to threatening information. By ameliorating the threat, self-affirmations can elicit less effective reasoning strategies.

Field of study: Psychology
Coupled Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry-Electrochemical Analysis of Electrode-Electrolyte Interface at High Vacuum of 10−5 Pa

Electrode-electrolyte interface, where the electrochemical reaction happened, played an important role in the electrochemical mechanism investigation. The traditional electrochemical techniques paid more attention on the electron transfer process on the electrode but provided limited information of the electrochemical evolution at molecular level. Realizing the in-situ monitoring of the intermediates at the electrode-electrolyte interface during the redox reaction was essential for the study of electrochemical mechanism. In this work, electrochemical reaction of coenzyme Q0 (CoQ0) on gold electrode was investigated by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). A high vacuum compatible microfluidic electrochemical cell was fabricated for the electrochemical study of CoQ0, which realized the in-situ detection of the electrode-electrolyte interface in high vacuum environment (10−5 Pa). The variations of CoQ0, CoQ0H2 and related intermediate at different voltages agreed well with the electrochemical reaction of CoQ0 in aqueous solution. The direct monitoring of electrode-electrolyte interface by pre-confined ToF-SIMS could reveal the electrochemical evolution on the electrode at molecular level, which was of great potential for the detailed understanding of the electrochemical reaction mechanism.

Field of study: Chemistry
The presence of an ER exit signal determines the protein sorting upon ER exit in yeast.

In yeast, there are at least two vesicle populations upon ER (endoplasmic reticulum) exit, one containing Gap1p (general aminoacid permease) and a glycosylated alpha-factor, gpalphaF (glycosylated proalpha-factor), and the other containing GPI (glycosylphosphatidylinositol)-anchored proteins, Gas1p (glycophospholipid-anchored surface protein) and Yps1p. We attempted to identify sorting determinants for this protein sorting event in the ER. We found that mutant Gas1 proteins that lack a GPI anchor and/or S/T region (serine- and threonine-rich region), two common characteristic features conserved among yeast GPI-anchored proteins, were still sorted away from Gap1p-containing vesicles. Furthermore, a mutant glycosylated alpha-factor, gpalphaGPI, which contains both the GPI anchor and S/T region from Gas1p, still entered Gap1p-containing vesicles, demonstrating that these conserved characteristics do not prevent proteins from entering Gap1p-containing vesicles. gpalphaF showed severely reduced budding efficiency in the absence of its ER exit receptor Erv29p, and this residual budding product no longer entered Gap1p-containing vesicles. These results suggest that the interaction of gpalphaF with Erv29p is essential for sorting into Gap1p-containing vesicles. We compared the detergent solubility of Gas1p and the gpalphaGPI in the ER with that in ER-derived vesicles. Both GPI-anchored proteins similarly partitioned into the DRM (detergent-resistant membrane) in the ER. Based on the fact that they entered different ER-derived vesicles, we conclude that DRM partitioning of GPI-anchored proteins is not the dominant determinant of protein sorting upon ER exit. Interestingly, upon incorporation into the ER-derived vesicles, gpalphaGPI was no longer detergent-insoluble, in contrast with the persistent detergent insolubility of Gas1p in the ER-derived vesicles. We present different explanations for the different behaviours of GPI-anchored proteins in distinct ER-derived vesicle populations.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Persistence of deltamethrin and cypermethrin on wheat and sweetclover.

Residues of cypermethrin and deltamethrin in wheat herbage and grain and deltamethrin in sweetclover herbage were determined. Cypermethrin was applied at 28 g/ha to wheat and the residues on the herbage declined exponentially from 3.74 ppm immediately after spraying to 0.20 ppm 27 days after spraying. No cypermethrin residues were detected in the grain. Deltamethrin was applied at 6 g/ha to wheat and the residues on the herbage declined exponentially from 0.70 ppm immediately after spraying to 0.05 ppm 27 days after spraying. No deltamethrin residues were detected in the grain. Deltamethrin was applied to sweetclover at 3, 4, 5, 10, and 16 g/ha. Residues on the herbage declined exponentially from 0.10, 0.16, 0.22, 0.40 and 0.70 ppm immediately after spraying to 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.15 and 0.18 ppm 5 days after spraying, respectively.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Hot Remained Water Toughening Treatment for Large Scale Alligator Board in EPC Processing

Large scale high manganese steel alligator board produced by EPC process can meet the request of design, and use with hot remained water toughening treatment. Owing to preventing the deformation and crack, the key factors of the angle?direction and speed of putting into water should be well controlled. From the statistics data of 100 castings, the deformation and crack have not been seen after controlling.

Field of study: Materials science
Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to ARVCF.

We have generated the first monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to Armadillo repeat gene deleted in velo-cardiofacial syndrome (ARVCF), a recently identified Armadillo repeat-containing protein closely related to the catenin p120ctn. Six ARVCF-specific MAbs were characterized for isotype, species cross-reactivity, and utility in assays including immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation, and Western blotting. All six antibodies were isotyped as IgG1 and several cross-reacted with ARVCF from a variety of species including human, rat, dog, and monkey, but not mouse. Importantly, none of the ARVCF MAbs cross-reacted with p120ctn, despite the high homology between these proteins. MAbs 3B2 and 4B1 were consistently the best in all applications and will provide valuable tools for further study of the role of ARVCF in cells.

Field of study: Biology
University Instruction in Observational Techniques: Survey Responses

A 1987 survey of the atmospheric and oceanic science community on university instruction in instrumentation and observations revealed that an apparent imbalance existed between observational and theoretical/numerical components of the atmospheric sciences. The committee analyzing the survey results identified several factors contributing to the perceived imbalance. From a follow—up survey conducted of the same community in 1997 to assess the level of change over 10 years, it is found that some progress has been achieved over this period, but that more can be done. Rather than try to implement all of the recommendations from analysis of the initial survey, it is suggested that attention be focused on seven items that build on partial successes over the last 10 years and that offer likelihood of success in the near future.

Field of study: Environmental science
The effect of salt concentration on the properties of poly[oxymethylene-oligo (oxyethylene)]/LiClO4 polymer electrolytes

The thermal and electrochemical properties of mixtures of poly[oxymethylene-oligo(oxyethylene)] (oxymethylene-linked PEG400) with lithium perchlorate were investigated. The mixtures were essentially non-crystalline at room temperature. Glass transition temperatures were found to increase as the salt concentration was increased, with a linear dependence of 1/ T g on c . Maximum conductivity at room temperature was 6×10 −5 S cm −1 at a salt concentration of 0.7-1.0 mol kg −1 (O/Li=20−30). The molar conductivity at a given temperature went through a maximum at about 0.5 mol kg −1 , but compensation for the effect of local viscosity, based on the WLF-VTF approach, showed that the “iso-viscous” molar conductivity was almost independent of salt concentration.

Field of study: Materials science
Novel R tools for analysis of genome-wide population genetic data with emphasis on clonality

To gain a detailed understanding of how plant microbes evolve and adapt to hosts, pesticides, and other factors, knowledge of the population dynamics and evolutionary history of populations is crucial. Plant pathogen populations are often clonal or partially clonal which requires different analytical tools. With the advent of high throughput sequencing technologies, obtaining genome-wide population genetic data has become easier than ever before. We previously contributed the R package poppr specifically addressing issues with analysis of clonal populations. In this paper we provide several significant extensions to poppr with a focus on large, genome-wide SNP data. Specifically, we provide several new functionalities including the new function mlg.filter to define clone boundaries allowing for inspection and definition of what is a clonal lineage, minimum spanning networks with reticulation, a sliding-window analysis of the index of association, modular bootstrapping of any genetic distance, and analyses across any level of hierarchies.

Field of study: Biology
A Parallel Disjointed Multi-path Routing Algorithm based on OLSR and Energy in Ad Hoc Networks

Aiming at the instability and uncertainty of mobile nodes and low-power wireless communications links in Ad hoc networks, a parallel disjointed multi-path routing algorithm called DMP_EOLSR is proposed in the paper. It is based on the OLSR routing algorithm, and considers the living time of nodes and links according to the energy consumption and moving mode of nodes. At the same time, to find different node-disjointed or link-disjointed paths, an iterative algorithm is used in the multi-path selecting processes based on modified Dijkstra' algorithm, and a method of route recovering is also given in the end. The simulation results show that the DMP_EOLSR algorithm has good performances on parameters of packet delivery ratio ， , loads of route, and end-to-end delay. It effectively reduces the number of the interrupted network nodes and links, and can improve obviously the stabilities and transmitting efficiency of parallel paths.

Field of study: Computer science
Physics-based, data-driven approach for predicting natural ventilation of residential high-rise buildings

Natural ventilation is particularly important for residential high-rise buildings as it maintains indoor human comfort without incurring the energy demands that air-conditioning does. To improve a building’s natural ventilation, it is essential to develop models to understand the relationship between wind flow characteristics and the building’s design. Significantly more effort is still needed for developing such reliable, accurate, and computationally economical models instead of currently the most popular physics-based models such as computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. This paper, therefore, presents a novel model developed based on physics-based modelling and a data-driven approach to evaluate natural ventilation in residential high-rise buildings. The model first uses CFD to simulate wind pressures on the exterior surfaces of a high-rise building. Once the surface pressures have been obtained, multizone modelling is used to predict the air change per hour (ACH) for different flats in various configurations. Data-driven prediction models are then developed using data from the simulation and deep neural networks that are based on mean absolute error, mean absolute percentage error, and a fusion algorithm respectively. These data-driven models are used to predict the ACH of 25 flats. The results from multizone modelling and data-driven modelling are compared. The results imply a high accuracy of the data-driven prediction in comparison with physics-based models. The fusion algorithm-based neural network performs best, achieving 96% accuracy, which is the highest of all models tested. This study contributes a more efficient and robust method for predicting wind-induced natural ventilation. The findings describe the relationship between building design (e.g., plan layout), distribution of surface pressure, and the resulting ACH, which serve to improve the practical design of sustainable buildings.

Field of study: Engineering
K- and L-edge XAFS determination of the local structure of aqueous Nd(III) and Eu(III).

The short-range coordination of Nd(III) and Eu(III) ions in aqueous solutions has been investigated by means of K-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy. Experimental data are presented which demonstrate that an accurate determination of the Nd(III) and Eu(III) hydration structural parameters can be obtained from the analysis of the K-edge spectra. It is shown that the large widths of the core hole states do not appreciably reduce the potential structural information of the K-edge EXAFS data. In addition the available k-range of the K-edge spectra is much wider compared to that of the L3-edge which is affected by the presence of double-electron excitations in a more severe fashion.

Field of study: Physics
Graphene Aerogel-Supported Silicon@Carbon Hybrids with Double Buffering Structure as Anode for Lithium-Ion Battery

Graphene aerogel-supported silicon@carbon (SCG) hybrids with a double buffering structure were prepared via self-assembly and a solvothermal method. Nano-silicon (Si) particles coated with amorphous carbon were uniformly distributed on the surface of graphene. The amorphous carbon transformed from chitosan acted as a bridge to connect Si particles with graphene. The hierarchical structure of the resulting hybrids with multipores not only provided secondary cushions for the expansion of active Si during the charge/discharge process but also created fast access channels for the transmission of Li+. The SCG hybrid exhibited an excellent initial charge capacity of 1298.6 mAh g−1 and remained at 899.6 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 200 mA g−1. It also showed a remaining capacity of 737.6 mAh g−1 at 500 mA g−1 after 200 cycles. The capacity could reach up to 551.1 mAh g−1 at a high current density of 2000 mA g−1. These results suggest that the double buffer and porous structure can solve the problem of volume expansion of Si in Si-based hybrids, thus rendering them suitable for various applications.

Field of study: Materials science
Borderline mental disorders in diabetes mellitus

124 patients with diabetes mellitus were examined in hospital of endocrine profile. The borderline mental disorders were revealed in 115 cases (92,7%) in the form of neurosis-like disturbances and pathological development of personality. Asthenic, asthenohypochondriac, asthenodepressive, obsessive and hysteroformic syndromes were diagnosed in patients with neurosis-like disorders. The personal disorders included asthenic, hysteric, obsessive, explosive and psychosomatic variations of development of the personality. Besides, poor cooperation of patients with the doctor was observed in the course of "diabetic control".

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Bicriteria shortest path in networks of queues

In this paper, I propose a new methodology to find the bicriteria shortest path from the source to the sink node of a network of queues under the steady-state condition. I assume the number of servers in each service station settled in a node of the network is either one or infinity. Moreover, the arc lengths are mutually independent random variables. First, I propose a method to transform each node, containing a service station, into a proper stochastic arc corresponding to the waiting time in the particular service station. Then, the stochastic network is transformed into a bicriteria network by computing the mean and the variance of the waiting time in each service station and augmenting those to the transformed arc. Finally, by defining a proper utility function, dynamic programming is used to obtain the bicriteria shortest path. The time complexity of the proposed algorithm is O(b), considering b as the number of service stations. The proposed method is suitable to find the shortest rout from the origin to the destination in stochastic routing problems. Moreover, this method is useful to approximate the mean and the variance of project completion time in dynamic PERT networks.

Field of study: Mathematics
Recreational activism: politics, nature, and the rise of neoliberalism

This paper develops an analysis of recreational activism in light of the relationship between outdoor recreation and environmental politics. As part of the rise of green liberalism, it is argued that recreational activism – recreational activities that are backed by a public political campaign – works (often accidentally) to legitimise neoliberalisation in the realm of environmental politics. Drawing from two expressions of recreational activism, a wilderness campaign in Canada and the work of Patagonia™ on environmental issues, this paper illustrates how these initiatives not only pair together a concern for how one acts within wilderness with the political choices outside of wilderness areas, but also reify the market value of environmental protection. The individualised nature of these political expressions, paradoxically, stems from both the counter-culture initiatives of the 1960s and the neoliberal reforms of the past 30 years. As moments of recreational consumption these campaigns promote a conservative economic agenda whose consequences will likely override the progressive political sentiments embodied by these activities.

Field of study: Sociology