nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Efecto de la temperatura y contenido en sólidos solubles sobre la cinética de pardeamiento no enzimático de zumos clarificados de manzana/Effect of temperature and soluble solids content on nonenzymatic browning kinetics for clarified apple juices

Se ha estudiado la cinética de pardeamiento no enzimático de zumos clarificados de manzana de dos variedades (Granny Smith y Jonagold), con diferentes contenidos en sólidos solubles y a distintas temperaturas (60, 70, 80, 85, 90, y 95°C). El seguimiento de la cinética se realizó midiendo la variación de la absorbancia a 420 nm (A 420). De los distintos modelos cinéticos ensayados, se obtuvieron los mejores ajustes con el orden cero. El efecto de la temperatura sobre las constantes cinéticas puede describirse mediante ecuaciones tipo Arrhenius. El efecto del contenido en sólidos solubles sobre los parámetros de la ecuación de Arrhenius puede describirse mediante ecuaciones tipo potencial. Para el intervalo de concentraciones y temperaturas estudiadas, los zumos de la variedad Granny Smith presentaron un pardeamiento más pronunciado que los de la variedad Jonagold.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Assessing coastal artificial light and potential exposure of wildlife at a national scale: the case of marine turtles in Brazil

Coastal areas provide critical nesting habitat for marine turtles. Understanding how artificial light might impact populations is key to guide management strategies. Here we assess the extent to which nesting populations of four marine turtle species—leatherback ( Dermochelys coriacea ), olive ridley ( Lepidochelys olivacea ), hawksbill ( Eretmochelys imbricata ) and two subpopulations of loggerhead ( Caretta caretta ) turtles—are exposed to light pollution across 604 km of the Brazilian coast. We used yearly night-time satellite images from two 5-year periods (1992–1996 and 2008–2012) from the US Air Force Defense Meteorological Satellite Programme (DMSP) to determine the proportion of nesting areas that are exposed to detectable levels of artificial light and identify how this has changed over time. Over the monitored time-frame, 63.7% of the nesting beaches experienced an increase in night light levels. Based on nest densities, we identified 54 reproductive hotspots: 62.9% were located in areas potentially exposed to light pollution. Light levels appeared to have a significant effect on nest densities of hawksbills and the northern loggerhead turtle stock, however high nest densities were also seen in lit areas. The status of all species/subpopulations has improved across the time period despite increased light levels. These findings suggest that (1) nest site selection is likely primarily determined by variables other than light and (2) conservation strategies in Brazil appear to have been successful in contributing to reducing impacts on nesting beaches. There is, however, the possibility that light also affects hatchlings in coastal waters, and impacts on population recruitment may take longer to fully manifest in nesting numbers. Recommendations are made to further this work to provide deeper insights into the impacts of anthropogenic light on marine turtles.

Field of study: Environmental science
Decomposition of Uncertainty in Bayesian Deep Learning for Efficient and Risk-sensitive Learning

Bayesian neural networks with latent variables are scalable and flexible probabilistic models: They account for uncertainty in the estimation of the network weights and, by making use of latent variables, can capture complex noise patterns in the : data. Using these models we show how to per- ∗ form and utilize a decomposition of uncertainty in • aleatoric and epistemic components for decision making purposes. This allows us to successfully identify informative points for active learning of functions with heteroscedastic and bimodal noise. ' t Using the decomposition we further define a novel risk-sensitive criterion for reinforcement learning to identify policies that balance expected cost, model-bias and noise aversion.

Field of study: Computer science
Feeding Potential of Pod Bruchid, Caryedon serratus Olivier (Bruchidae: Coleoptera) on Stored Groundnut

Studies on feeding potential of pod bruchid, Caryedon serratus Olivier (Bruchidae: Coleoptera) on stored groundnut revealed that there were four grub instars of the bruchid. First instar was a non-feeding stage that survived for 1–2 days, second instar grub consumed 0.0026 g of kernel in its life span of 5.5 days, third instar grub consumed 0.0079 g in six days and fourth instar grub consumed 0.1310 g of kernel in its life span of 7–8 days. The first instar grub bored on the shell with the help of its prothoracic hooks and entered in to kernel to settle underneath the seed coat. The total quantity of food consumed by a single grub with four instars was 0.1415 g of kernel.

Field of study: Biology
Hippotherapy as a method for complex rehabilitation of patients with late residual stage of infantile cerebral palsy

: Influence and therapeutic efficacy of horseback riding (hippotherapy) as a method for complex rehabilitation of patients with late residual stage of infantile cerebral palsy were studied. Significant increase of a range of active and passive mosements in large joints of lower extremities, higher, indices of hand dynamometry on the left, of vital lung capacity as well as a relief of relief of reactive and personality anxiety and depression, higher motivation for rehabilitation treatment, etc., were registered. Neurophysiological study revealed significant changes of afferentation at stem and thalamus cortical levels and of spectral components of cortical rhythmics. The data obtained allow to consider hippotherapy as an effective method of complex rehabilitation of patients with late residual stage of infantile cerebral palsy. A combination of sensory stimulation and motor rehabilitation components may be a key mechanism of positive effect.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
A Flexible Skew-Generalized Normal Distribution

Skew-symmetric distributions of various types have been the center of attraction by many researchers in the literature. In this article, we will introduce a uni/bimodal generalization of the Azzalini's skew-normal distribution which is indeed an extension of the skew-generalized normal distribution obtained by Arellano-Valle et al. (2004). Our new distribution contains more parameters and thus it is more flexible in data modeling. Indeed, certain univariate case of the so called flexible skew-symmetric distribution of Ma and Genton (2004) is also a particular case of our proposed model. We will first study some basic distributional properties of the new extension, such as its distribution function, limiting behavior and moments. Then, we will investigate some useful results regarding its relation with other known distributions, such as student's t and skew-Cauchy distributions. In addition, we will present certain methods to generate the new distribution and, finally, we shall apply the model to a real data set to illustrate its behavior comparing to some rival models.

Field of study: Mathematics
Regularity of the local fractional maximal function

This paper studies smoothing properties of the local fractional maximal operator, which is defined in a proper subdomain of the Euclidean space. We prove new pointwise estimates for the weak gradient of the maximal function, which imply norm estimates in Sobolev spaces. An unexpected feature is that these estimates contain extra terms involving spherical and fractional maximal functions. Moreover, we construct several explicit examples, which show that our results are essentially optimal. Extensions to metric measure spaces are also discussed.

Field of study: Mathematics
Nonlinear Control of a Vertical Rotor Orientation System

The rotor position control is the core issue of the active magnetic bearing (AMB) control. Aiming to the rotor position control during the rotor spinning launching period, this paper presents a nonlinear control approach based on the feed-back linearization technique. Theoretical derivation and simulation results are provided to illustrate the feasibility of this approach. The work in this paper may provide new thought of the vertical rotor position control problem.

Field of study: Engineering
Macromolecular Crystal Growth in Microgravity

Evidence from a variety of space experiments confirms that gravity does, in some cases, have a significant effect on the crystallization of macromolecules. This has been demonstrated by numerous investigators employing a wide range of instruments and proteins. In the absence of gravity, convective transport of solute is eliminated and pure diffusion predominates. This has the consequence of producing local regions of reduced supersaturation thereby enhancing conditions for optimal growth. In addition, sedimentation of microcrystals and large impurities onto the surfaces of growing crystals, as well as direct contact between crystals, is minimized. The mechanisms for biological macromolecule crystallization, the unique features of their growth, and techniques for growing and characterizing crystals of proteins and viruses are described. The instruments currently available and under development for macromolecular crystal growth and its study in microgravity are reviewed.

Field of study: Materials science
Do differences in health make a difference? A review for health policymakers.

While many societies have made remarkable progress in population health improvements, health inequalities remain as a central concern to health policy. There is substantial evidence to show that differences in health achievements and access to health care are increasing both within and among societies. Socio-economic and environmental health determinants are strongly associated to population health status regardless of what risk factor or technological advance is in vogue. Understanding the fundamental causes underlying the existence of health inequalities is useful for guiding health policy as it provides a direction to guide resource allocation and the targeting of policy interventions. The purpose of this paper is to review current perspectives and methods in the assessment of health inequalities with particular relevance to public health policymakers and practitioners.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Effect of Magneto-Pulse Processing on the Microstructure and Magnetic Behavior of Amorphous Electrotechnical Steel

The effect of magneto-pulse processing on the microstructure and magnetic behavior of amorphous electrotechnical steel is studied. It is found that the directed ordering of Fe atoms helps to increase specific magnetization of saturation and the coefficient of the squareness of the hysteresis loop, and is related to ordering of the spin system.

Field of study: Physics
Die tektonische Prägung des Vennsattels und seiner Umgebung

ZusammenfassungStrukturelle Untersuchungen im Vennsattel und seiner Umgebung ergeben, daß die Hauptfaltung, die die heute sichtbaren Strukturen sowohl des vordevonischen Sattelkerns als auch der devonisch-karbonischen Flanken prägte, varistisch ist. Die Entwicklung dieser Faltung wird beschrieben.Die kaledonische Faltung, die gewöhnlich in den vordevonischen Schichten vermutet wird, kann nur sehr schwach gewesen sein. Anzeichen für eine Faltung des Vennkerns vor dem Tremadoc sind vorhanden. Die Intrusion der Eruptivgesteine (u.a. “Granit” von Lammersdorf) fällt in die Zeit zwischen Tremadoc und Ende der varistischen Faltung. Es gibt Anhaltspunkte, daß die großen SE-NW-(Quer-)-Störungen schon vor der varistischen Hauptfaltung (Asturische Faltung) bestanden haben.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Method to Extract Rules from Neural Networks Formed Using Evolutionary Algorithms

A Method to Extract Rules from Neural Networks Formed Using Evolutionary Algorithms Fukumi Minoru, Member, Akamatsu Norio , Non-member (University of Tokushima) This paper presents a method to extract rules from multilayered neural networks (NNs) formed using evolutionary algorithms (EAs). The objective of this study is to extract rules from NN, achieving 100% recognition accuracy in pattern recognition systems. NNs to be extracted rules are formed using EAs. Hy brid algorithms of NN and EAs perform the formation of small-sized NN systems, which are suitable for rule extraction. EAs in this paper are a random optimization (search) method (ROM) and a genetic algo rithm (GA). In this paper iris data and coin data sets are used as inputs. EAs are utilized to reduce the number of connection weights in NNs. The network weights survived after the training by ROM and GA represent regularities to perform pattern classification. The rules are then extracted from the networks in which hidden units use signum functions to produce binary hidden outputs, while sigmoid units are used in NN training. It enables us to extract simple logical functions from the networks. It is shown by means of computer simulations that this approach is more effective in rule extraction than conventional methods.

Field of study: Computer science
Modeling, design, chiral aspects and role of para-substituents in aryloxypropranolamine based beta-blockers.

The conformation of the beta-blockers viz. metoprolol, atenolol, bisoprolol, betaxolol and celiprolol has been investigated using Perturbative Configuration Interaction of Localized Orbitals (PCILO) method. The conformational energy maps have been constructed for both the enantiomers (R and S) by rotating the molecule from the para-substituent end. The aryloxypropranolamine moiety adopts the same conformation for all antagonists. The graphical view of R- and S- form of these antagonists in the lowest energy conformation reveals that it is only in the S- form of beta-blockers, all the three functionalities--aromatic moiety, amino and beta-hydroxyl groups are available for interaction with beta-adrenoceptors. The para-substituents of the beta-blockers adopt a conformation which is perpendicular to the aryloxy moiety resulting in an L-shaped structure. The beta-antagonists possibly partition into the lipid bilayer through the para-substituents and the aryloxypropranolamine moiety containing the functionalities, thus, lies parallel to the plane of lipid bilayer for interaction with beta-adrenoceptors. Superimposition of S-bisoprolol in lowest energy conformation with the 3rd putative transmembranous segment of the beta-adrenoceptors reveals that the aromatic moiety, amino and beta-hydroxyl groups of antagonists are involved in interaction with the side chains of Trp-109, Asp-113 and Thr-110 respectively. This has been further substantiated by the interaction studies on the model systems.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
The pathogenesis of idiopathic hypercalciuria: evidence for parathyroid hyperfunction.

We studied the effect of calcium deprivation and loading in 17 healthy subjects and 76 patients with renal calculi. Five had primary hyperparathyroidism with an elevated plasma ionised calcium and detectable plasma parathyroid hormone. Forty-nine had idiopathic hypercalciuria, defined by a urine calcium greater than 7 mmol/day on a free diet. Twenty-two were normocalciuric. Fasting plasma calcium, corrected for albumin, was higher in the patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria (2.40 +/- 0.10 mmol/l) than in controls (2.28 +/- 0.05 mmol/l, p less than 0.005). Plasma calcium was intermediate in the normocalciuric stone formers (2.35 +/- 0.08 mmol/l) and elevated in the patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (2.62 +/- 0.07 mmol/l). Nephrogenous cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and parathyroid hormone levels were highest in the primary hyperparathyroid group and did not differ significantly within the other groups. Nephrogenous cAMP correlated positively with plasma calcium in the patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and negatively in controls; there was no correlation in the idiopathic hypercalciuria group. Following an oral calcium load, plasma calcium rose and nephrogenous cAMP fell similarly in all groups. Fasting urinary calcium and its increase after load were greatest in the idiopathic hypercalciuria and primary hyperparathyroid groups, with intermediate results in the normocalciuric patients. Neither the initial metabolic patterns nor the response to thiazide fitted with the previously described patterns of absorptive and renal hypercalciuria. Increased parathyroid gland activity is the most probable cause of idiopathic hypercalciuria.

Field of study: Medicine
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Continuous-wave YAG:Nd3+ laser with mode locking and intracavity frequency doubling

An investigation was made of acoustooptic mode locking in a YAG:Nd3+ laser with intracavity frequency doubling in a lithium iodate crystal. The energy, noise, and "mismatch" characteristics of the laser were investigated. It was found that the mode locking zone increased in size to several millimeters, compared with the regime in the absence of frequency doubling. The maximum power of the second harmonic observed in the mode-locked regime was 5 W, which was approximately three times higher than in the pure cw regime.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Priming Mammies, Jezebels, and Other Controlling Images: An Examination of the Influence of Mediated Stereotypes on Perceptions of an African American Woman

This study examines how mediated portrayals of African American women influence judgments of African American women in social situations. Participants (N = 182) observed a mammy, jezebel, or nonstereotypic image on video. Participants then observed a mock employment interview involving either an African American or White woman. Participants completed measures of implicit and explicit racial prejudice. As hypothesized, participants associated the African American interviewee more quickly with negative terms (e.g., aggressive) than with positive terms (e.g., sincere). Also as hypothesized, when evaluating the job interviewee, participants who observed the jezebel stereotype video and the African American female interviewee responded more quickly to jezebel-related terms (e.g., sexual) than positive, negative, and mammy (e.g., maternal) terms. These results call for an expansion of the boundaries used in stereotype research and closer investigation of how mediated imagery might influence person perception.

Field of study: Psychology
Rigorous coupled-wave analysis equivalent-index-slab method for analyzing 3D angular misalignment in interlayer grating couplers.

The interlayer waveguide grating coupling efficiencies under angular (rotational) misalignments are simulated using the 3D rigorous coupled-wave analysis (3D-RCWA) together with the RCWA equivalent-index-slab (RCWA-EIS) method. As examples of conical diffraction, rotations about the two coordinate axes, x and z, defined by the vectors [1 0 0] and [0 0 1], respectively, as well as an arbitrary axis, defined by the vector [2 2 1], are simulated for binary rectangular-groove gratings. The interlayer grating coupling efficiency is approximated by the product of the top- and bottom-grating diffraction efficiencies (DEs). It is found that the bottom-grating DEs decrease about 25% when the bottom grating is rotated ±0.1  rad (5.73°) about the z-axis. DEs slightly increase (5% to 10% depending on the grating structures) when the bottom grating is rotated ±0.1  rad about the x-axis. This is consistent with the diffraction behavior of an over-modulated grating. When the bottom grating is rotated about the vector [2 2 1], the change in DEs is asymmetric with a 100% decrease at a rotation angle -0.1  rad and a 67% decrease at a rotation angle +0.1  rad. The method is shown to be computationally efficient and numerically stable for grating structures with optimized parameters, and the resulting bottom-grating diffraction efficiencies demonstrate similar trends as those calculated by the 3D finite-difference time-domain simulations. The procedure presented can be directly used in the analysis and design of interlayer waveguide grating coupling for optical interconnects in high-density integrated electronics.

Field of study: Physics
Fermi liquid in the Hubbard Model with an electron reservoir: Normal state of cuprate superconductors

It is proved that the ground state under the supreme single-site approximation (S^3A), the dynamical mean-field theory (DMFT), or the dynamical coherent potential approximation (DCPA) is the normal Fermi liquid in the presence of an infinitesimally weak hybridization with an electron reservoir, except for the just half filling of electrons and the infinite on-site repulsion. In the strong-coupling regime, in particular, the Fermi liquid is stabilized under S^3A, DMFT, or DCPA by the Kondo effect, which stabilizes a local singlet on each unit cell, and is further stabilized beyond it by the Fock-type term of the superexchange interaction or a resonating valence bond (RVB) mechanism, which stabilizes a local singlet on each pair of nearest neighbors. The Fermi liquid is a relevant normal state to study possible lower-temperature phases or the true ground state. It is proposed that the Fermi liquid stabilized by the Kondo effect and the RVB mechanism is the normal state of cuprate high-temperature superconductors.

Field of study: Physics
Use of biomarkers or echocardiography in pulmonary embolism: the Swiss Venous Thromboembolism Registry.

Cardiac biomarkers and echocardiography for assessing right ventricular function are recommended to risk stratify patients with acute non-massive pulmonary embolism (PE), but it remains unclear if these tests are performed systematically in daily practice.



Overall, 587 patients with acute non-massive PE from 18 hospitals were enrolled in the Swiss Venous Thromboembolism Registry (SWIVTER): 178 (30%) neither had a biomarker test nor an echocardiographic evaluation, 196 (34%) had a biomarker test only, 47 (8%) had an echocardiogram only and 166 (28%) had both tests.



Among the 409 (70%) patients with biomarkers or echocardiography, 210 (51%) had at least one positive test and 67 (16%) had positive biomarkers and right ventricular dysfunction. The ICU admission rates were 5.1% without vs. 5.6% with testing (P = 0.78), and thrombolysis or embolectomy were performed in 2.8% vs. 4.9%, respectively (P = 0.25). In multivariate analysis, syncope [odds ratio (OR): 3.49, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.20-10.15; P = 0.022], tachycardia (OR: 2.31, 95% CI: 1.37-3.91; P = 0.002) and increasing age (OR: 1.02; 95% CI: 1.01-1.04; P < 0.001) were associated with testing of cardiac risk; outpatient status at the time of PE diagnosis (OR: 2.24, 95% CI: 1.49-3.36; P < 0.001), cancer (OR: 1.81, 95% CI: 1.17-2.79; P = 0.008) and provoked PE (OR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.05-2.40; P = 0.029) were associated with its absence.



Although elderly patients and those with clinically severe PE were more likely to receive a biomarker test or an echocardiogram, these tools were used in only two-thirds of the patients with acute non-massive PE and rarely in combination.

Field of study: Medicine
Isotopic analysis of foraminifera shells: Interference from chemical treatment

Foraminifera shells were soaked in solutions of formalin, ethanol, tetrachlorethylene and hydrogen peroxide; also, crushed Solnhofen Limestone was exposed to formalin. Formalin treatment caused a significant change in the results of stable isotope analysis. The effect is interpreted as a result of partial dissolution. Soaking other than those with formalin did not affect isotopic analysis.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Fluorescence in structured media: a look at polymer colloids

Non—aqueous dispersions of PNMA containing naphthalene and anthracene groups of fluorescence probes, and sterically stabilised by P1B have been studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. The results presented, are inconsistent with a core—shell structure for the particles and as a consequence a new model, based upon a phase—separated microphase structure for the particles is proposed.

Field of study: Chemistry