nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Gambling Act 2005: Regulatory Containment and Market Control

The Act marks a fundamental shift from legislative to market control of gambling. While plans for Las Vegas style casinos and internet gambling sites in Britain have suffered setbacks, restrictions on the availability, advertising and stimulation of demand for gambling, enshrined in the Gaming Act 1968, have been abandoned. In their place, a new regulatory body, the Gambling Commission, has been established to take primary responsibility for ensuring that three licensing objectives are promoted. These objectives are the prevention of crime and disorder, the conduct of gambling in a fair and open way and the protection of children and the vulnerable. The Commission has been given strong and wide ranging powers to regulate gambling, but can the safeguards proposed meet the challenge presented by a gambling industry released from restraints?

Field of study: Law
Adaptive Video Watermarking Algorithm with Lifting Scheme Wavelet and HVS

In this paper,an blind adaptive video watermarking algorithm based on lifting scheme wavelet and HVS is proposed.The algorithm first partitions the video stream into several shots,some of which are selected with a key to embed the watermarking.And both the frames of the selected shots and the grayscale watermarking are transformed into wavelet domain.The wavelet coefficients of the watermarking image are re-organized according to the wavelet tree structure and then ordered in terms of bit-plane significance to generate watermarking sequence.Secondly,the watermarking sequence is embedded band-to-band in the significant coefficients of video frames.During the embedding process,the HVS masking characteristics of texture area and motion area are considered to adaptively adjust the embedding strength which can enhance the watermarking robustness as much as possible without harming its invisibility.The simulation results prove that the propose algorithm is well robust to common attacks such as Gaussian noise,frame loss,frame average and MPEG-4 compression,etc.

Field of study: Computer science
Impact of Electro-Magneto Concave Collector on the Characterizations of Electrospun Nanofibers

We introduce a modified approach to produce aligned nanofibers through electro-magneto concave collectors. Both electric and magnetic fields distributions are simulated with COMSOL Multiphysics for different collectors including conventional, concave and modified concave collectors by adding magnetic discs in the back. Orientation matrices are evaluated for each collector in the study, and the highest degree of alignment is found to be with the modified concave collector with a percentage of 68%, followed by the concave collector with a percentage of 57%, which shows an improvement of the proposed method by adding a magnetic field. The generated nanofiber mats from the electro-magneto concave collector show improvements in both mechanical (Young’s modulus = 117.66 MPa) and thermal properties compared to both concave and conventional collectors.

Field of study: Materials science
Brazil in the mud again: lessons not learned from Mariana dam collapse

History tells us that the motivation for new environmental policy is much stronger when there is demonstrated ecological impact (Rochman 2016). However, in Brazil, despite all scientific warning to prevent environmental disasters, several unreasonable choices have been conducted by policymakers in recent years. These bad practices were taken by removing environmental and social constraints for the benefit of a few companies and political/ personal interests (El Bizri et al. 2016). Examples are the new Brazilian Native Vegetation Protection Law (law 12651/2012), Belo Monte hydroelectric building (Fearnside 2017), and the Fundão tailings dam collapse, which is considered the greatest environmental disaster in Brazil’s history (Garcia et al. 2016).

Field of study: Environmental science
Dynamics of stimulated parametric scattering of CO2 laser radiation in SF6

An investigation was made of the characteristics of stimulated parametric scattering of two high-power CO2 laser beams. Depletion of the pump pulse was observed, caused by the high efficiency of stimulated parametric scattering. It was found that different parts of the pulse were efficiently scattered, depending on the wavelength of the CO2 laser radiation. Stimulated parametric scattering plays an important role in the mechanism of coupling the resonators when CO2 lasers are frequency locked in SF6. Some practical applications of stimulated parametric scattering are suggested.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Structures of the covalent hydrates and products of acidic hydrolysis of rheumycin and fervenulin

It is shown that pyrimido[5,4-e]-1,2,4-triazinediones are hydrated at the N(4)-C(4a) bond in aqueous acidic media. The equilibrium constants of these processes were measured by PMR spectroscopy. The structure of the covalent adduct of fervenulin was established by x-ray diffraction analysis. Formic, 5-diazo-3-methylbarbituric, and methylparabanic acids were identified among the products of destruction of the hydrates in acidic media.

Field of study: Chemistry
Neutron star structure from QCD

In this review article, we argue that our current understanding of the thermodynamic properties of cold QCD matter, originating from first principles calculations at high and low densities, can be used to efficiently constrain the macroscopic properties of neutron stars. In particular, we demonstrate that combining state-of-the-art results from Chiral Effective Theory and perturbative QCD with the current bounds on neutron star masses, the Equation of State of neutron star matter can be obtained to an accuracy better than 30% at all densities.

Field of study: Physics
On Shanxi Academy's contribution to contemporary university education of China

Shanxi Academy, which was founded in 1902, opened the first page of Chinese contemporary university education along with Jingshi Academy and Beiyang Academy in the first two decades of the 20th century. Shanxi Academy adopted two systems in one school and renewing as its special mode of running school as well as drew lessons from teaching styles of England. It foreran university in inner province of China and did various contributions to the development of Chinse contemporary university education.

Field of study: Education
1D-Var retrieval of daytime total columnar water vapour from MERIS measurements

A new scheme for the retrieval of total columnar water vapour from measurements of MERIS (Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) on ENVISAT (ENVIronmental SATellite) is presented. The algorithm is based on a fast forward model of the water vapour transmittance around 900nm, including a correction for atmospheric scattering and the influence of the temperature- and pressure-profile on the water vapour absorption lines. It provides the water vapour column amount for cloud-free scenes above land and ocean at a spatial resolution of 0.25 km × 0.3 km and 1 km × 1.2 km, depending on whether applied to the "full resolution" or the operational "reduced resolution" mode of MERIS. Uncertainties are provided on a pixel-by-pixel basis, taking into account all relevant sources of error. An extensive validation against various sources of ground-based reference data reveals a high accuracy of MERIS water vapour above land (root mean square deviations between 1.4 mm and 3.7 mm), apart from a wet bias of MERIS between 5 and 10% that is found in all comparison studies. This wet bias might be caused by spectroscopic uncertainties, such as the description of the water vapour continuum. Above ocean the accuracy is reduced, due to the uncertainty introduced by the unknown atmospheric scattering. Consequently, an increased root mean square deviation of ≥5 mm was found by comparing MERIS total columnar water vapour above ocean against SSM/I and ENVISAT MWR data. An increased wet bias of 2–3 mm is found over ocean, potentially due to a not properly working atmospheric correction scheme.

Field of study: Environmental science
Theoretical Analysis of Challenges of Training and Adjudicating Special Needs Education Presentations at the Kenya Music Festivals

The Ministry of Education, Science and Technology in its effort to tap, nature and develop talent in the youth has organized co-curricular activities alongside classroom learning with a view to developing all rounded students. The co- objective of the Ministry is a holistic human resource development in terms of socio-cultural, physical, moral and spiritual growth. The core- mandate of the Kenya Music Festival is to effectively rally, monitor, manage and instill morality in the society. This in essence is expressed to enhance willingness, to shape and provide national identity and patriotism. It serves to critique and validate the policy systems of the Kenyan nation. Music brings together musicians and other artists from within Kenya and outside thus fostering national unity and integration. In these festivities, learners and trainers from all Kenyan educational institutions right from Early Childhood Development Education(ECDE), Primary, Secondary, Special schools, Tertiary institutions as well as universities converge together to expose their talents regardless of their social background thus rendering them equal. The Kenya Music Festival has been in existence for the last eighty eight (88) years and has been on the forefront in raising awareness of the social-cultural challenges and emerging issues that directly affect the Kenyan society with the youth at the centre stage. The study utilized a qualitative study based on a critical analysis method. Through this method, criticism was a positive evaluation of ideas. The critical issue of challenges of training and adjudicating special needs education presentations at the Kenya Music Festival in light of holistic human resource development were critically analyzed and a healthy judgment that rapidly offered remedial measures perpetuated as socio-cultural, physical, moral and spiritual growth conclusions were deducted.  Kenya Music Festival, Adjudicating, Special Needs Education (SNE)

Field of study: Education
Actinomycin D upregulates lipopolysaccharide induction of macrophage procoagulant expression and tumour necrosis factor‐alpha production

The antitumour antibiotic actinomycin D (Act D) and the aminosugar D‐galactosaminc both enhance the sensitivity of animals to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Lipopolysaccharide stimulates macrophage membrane‐bound procoagulant activity (MPCA) and tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐a) production in vitro. We investigated the cfTects of LPS combined with either Act D or tJ‐galactosaniine on procoagtilant and TNF‐x production in vitro. Actinomycin D directly induced procoagulant on the malignant monocytoid cell line WEHI 265. and synergized with LPS to enhance MPCA on both WEHI 265 cells and thioglycollate‐induccd peritoneal exudate maero‐phages. In the presence of Act D, exudate maerophages expressed procoagulant in response to concentrations of LPS lOOOOO‐fold lower than normally required. Pulsing experiments demon‐strated that LPS primed these cells within 4 h to respond to Act D. whereas 4 h priming with Aet D inhibited subsequent procoagulant induction by LPS. Although itseflects on TNF‐a production were less intense, low levels of Act D more than doubled TNF‐a produced by LPS‐stimulated exudate maerophages, Procoagulant expression and TNF‐a production were not always co‐ordinately expressed; interferon‐gamtna (IFN‐))synergi/ed with LPS to enhance both responses but when IFN‐) was combined with Act D only procoagulant was upregulated. t)‐galactosaminc failed to alTect these macrophage responses. Results indicate dillerent; vivo mechanisms of enhancement of LPS toxicity by these two agents.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
GC-MS Analysis of the Volatile Oils from Anisochilus carnosus (L.) Wall

The volatile oils were extracted from Anisochilus carnosus(L.) Wall by means of steam distillation.By using GC-MS techniques,referring to the search of standard spectrum and calculating the relative contents of the chemical compositions with the method of ionic peak area,twenty-six compounds were identified from the oils of leaves and stems,accounting for 98.7% of the total volatile oils,twenty-one compounds were identified from the oils of roots,accounting for 91.24% of the total volatile oils for the first time.The major compounds were alkene,alcohol,ester,ketone,and hydroxybenzene.The major constituents were both α-cyperolone(44.48% and 36.85%),carvacrol(18.47% and 27.82%),zierone(6.69% and 6.31%).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Some Models for the Analysis of Association in Multiway Cross-Classifications Having Ordered Categories

Goodman recently presented a class of models for the analysis of association between two discrete, ordinal variables. The association was measured in terms of the odds ratios in 2 × 2 subtables formed from adjacent rows and adjacent columns of the cross-classification, and models were devised that allowed the odds ratios to depend on an overall effect, on row effects, on column effects, and on other effects. This article presents some generalizations of this approach appropriate for multiway cross-classifications, including (a) models for the analysis of conditional association, (b) models for the analysis of partial association, and (c) models for the analysis of symmetric association. Three cross-classifications are analyzed with these models and methods, and rather simple interpretations of the association in each are provided.

Field of study: Mathematics
Role of cysteine in the dietary control of the expression of 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase in rat liver.

Shifting rats to a protein-free, carbohydrate-rich diet, although not starvation, resulted in the appearance of mRNA for, and activity of, 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (3-PGDH) in liver as well as in a marked decrease in plasma cystine concentration. Refeeding with protein caused a 50% decrease in the mRNA in 8 h and its complete disappearance within 24 h, followed by a slower disappearance of the enzymic activity. Intraperitoneal administration of cysteine or methionine to protein-starved rats decreased the mRNA by 50-60% after 8 h. However, the repeated administration of cysteine failed to cause the complete disappearance of this mRNA in 24 h. In hepatocytes in primary culture, cysteine plus methionine and glucagon had, independently, an approx. 4-fold inhibitory effect on the abundance of the 3-PGDH mRNA and caused its almost complete disappearance when tested together. Insulin had an approx. 2-fold stimulatory effect, which was antagonized by cysteine plus methionine but was still apparent in the presence of glucagon. Nuclear run-on experiments and analysis of the stability of the mRNA with 5,6-dichlorobenzimidazole riboside, an inhibitor of RNA polymerase II, suggested that the effect of cysteine plus methionine was due to destabilization of the mRNA, whereas the effect of glucagon was exerted on transcription. Cysteine, but not methionine, inhibited the accumulation of 3-PGDH mRNA in FTO2B hepatoma cells. In conclusion, the dietary control of the expression of the 3-PGDH gene in liver seems to involve the negative effects of cysteine and glucagon and the positive effect of insulin.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Experiments and modelling of double-emitter HPTs with different emitter-area ratios for functional applications

Experiments and modelling of new three-terminal heterojunction phototransistors with double emitters (DE-HPTs) but no base contact are reported for comparison with single-emitter HPTs (SE-HPT) without base electrode and conventional HPTs with a base electrode using the same epi-layers. Double emitters having a different area ratio (A1: A2) but a fixed total area together with a collector form a three-terminal device. As a voltage-bias emitter instead of a current-bias base is used, a DE-HPT exhibits an enhanced collector photocurrent in comparison with a SE-HPT with the same total emitter area. Experimental results reveal that 2: 1 and 1:1 DE-HPTs exhibit a 1.85- and 1.5-fold optical gain, respectively, over that from a SE-HPT. Other key features of a DE-HPT include the following: (1) the differential emitter voltage used is as small as several hundred millivolts, (2) not only a positive but also a negative voltage can be used to enhance the final collector photocurrent and (3) polarity-dependent characteristics are obtainable for an A1: A2 DE-HPT. Moreover, a new circuit model with three sets of parallel diodes is proposed to explain the performance enhancement and polarity-dependent behaviours. Theoretical results are in very good agreement with experimental ones and indicate that more than three-fold enhancement is expected.

Field of study: Materials science
Synthesis and Electrochemical Studies of New Antimalarial Endoperoxides

Structural analogues of endoperoxides belonging to the family of G factors have been synthesized under Mannich-type conditions. The structures of the different diastereoisomers have been established from NMR spectroscopic data. Their cathodic peak potentials have been determined by thin layer electrochemistry under potentiostatic conditions, and compared to artemisinin. These endoperoxides were evaluated in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum and showed moderate to good activity.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Road to Armageddon: The Martial Spirit in English Popular Literature, 1870-1914, and: Mark of the Beast: Death and Degradation in the Literature of the Great War (review)

During the past fifteen years, important studies of Great War writing have appeared, including Paul Fussell's Great War and Modern Memory (1977) and Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar's No Man's Land, Volume 1: The War of the Words (1988). Jane Marcus continues to provoke debate with revisionist essays on overlooked women's war narratives, some of which have recently appeared, with afterwords by Marcus, in editions from The Feminist Press. In The Road to Armageddon, Cecil Eby returns to the forty-year period before the Great War to examine the roots of "the martial spirit" in English popular literature from 1870 to 1914. The authors Eby selects for discussion include the famous: H. G. Wells, J. M. Barrie, G. A. Henty, Robert Baden-Powell, Thomas Hughes, Rudyard Kipling, Conan Doyle, Henry Newbolt, and Rupert Brooke. Also treated are some lesser-known but influential writers of invasion stories and patriotic poetry, William Le Queux and G. E. Hornung. Eby's book documents the late Victorian and Edwardian hunger for invasion stories, public-school novels, and adventure and detective storiesÂ— narratives mat challenged long-held notions of British moral and military superiority and aroused British distrust of all nonislanders.

Field of study: Art
Comparison of Normalization Methods for Analysis of TempO-Seq Targeted RNA Sequencing Data

Analysis of bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data is a valuable tool to understand transcription at the genome scale. Targeted sequencing of RNA has emerged as a practical means of assessing the majority of the transcriptomic space with less reliance on large resources for consumables and bioinformatics. TempO-Seq is a templated, multiplexed RNA-Seq platform that interrogates a panel of sentinel genes representative of genome-wide transcription. Nuances of the technology require proper preprocessing of the data. Various methods have been proposed and compared for normalizing bulk RNA-Seq data, but there has been little to no investigation of how the methods perform on TempO-Seq data. We simulated count data into two groups (treated vs. untreated) at seven-fold change (FC) levels (including no change) using control samples from human HepaRG cells run on TempO-Seq and normalized the data using seven normalization methods. Upper Quartile (UQ) performed the best with regard to maintaining FC levels as detected by a limma contrast between treated vs. untreated groups. For all FC levels, specificity of the UQ normalization was greater than 0.84 and sensitivity greater than 0.90 except for the no change and +1.5 levels. Furthermore, K-means clustering of the simulated genes normalized by UQ agreed the most with the FC assignments [adjusted Rand index (ARI) = 0.67]. Despite having an assumption of the majority of genes being unchanged, the DESeq2 scaling factors normalization method performed reasonably well as did simple normalization procedures counts per million (CPM) and total counts (TCs). These results suggest that for two class comparisons of TempO-Seq data, UQ, CPM, TC, or DESeq2 normalization should provide reasonably reliable results at absolute FC levels ≥2.0. These findings will help guide researchers to normalize TempO-Seq gene expression data for more reliable results.

Field of study: Biology
Clockless Dynamic SFQ and Gate With High Input Skew Tolerance

We have introduced a new class of dc-powered Single Flux Quantum (SFQ) logic that uses dynamic (self-resetting) internal states to achieve completely clock-free gate operation and provide high immunity to input data skew. We call it DSFQ (dynamic SFQ) logic. We have successfully designed and tested a 2-input DSFQ and gate and showed its ability to hold dynamically its internal states for over 25 ps while operating at 10 GHz clock frequency. We also demonstrated picosecond-scale dynamics of DSFQ circuit with an on-chip Josephson sampler, with only low-speed interfaces required.

Field of study: Physics
The ambiguous relationship between practice variation and appropriateness of care: an agenda for further research.

The analysis of variation in the use of health care services, and particularly of practice variation, has been the subject of renewed interest because of the view that the inappropriate use of procedures could be a major cause of these differences. In this article, recent literature is reviewed and the results of personal research are described on both the variation in care provision and on appropriateness assessment. In the few studies which have focussed on both subjects no evidence has yet been found to suggest that practice variation is to be explained by differences in appropriateness rates. However, there are still many methodological pitfalls in both variation analyses (statistical problems) and appropriateness assessment (reliability of the judgement), implying that this conclusion is far from definitive. More research should therefore be conducted on methodological questions of variation analysis and appropriateness assessment. Furthermore in variation analysis the relative contribution of all potential determinants has to be studied on the various levels of care provision. Finally, to study the relationship between practice variation and appropriateness of care, the clinical problem and not the procedure should be the starting point.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science