nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Can the United States Promote Democracy

Is it possible for the United States to promote democracy and pluralism? Are there potential actions, programs, and policies to be undertaken or avoided -that will encourage the development of an appropriate system of checks and balances, promote the participation of existing and emerging groups in the political life of foreign nations, strengthen the rule of law in such countries, and enhance the protection of minority rights and values? If such initiatives do exist, then what are their chances of success? What factors will encourage or retard their effectiveness? These questions, formerly addressed only in remote academic circles, have recently moved to the forefront of the American foreign policy debate. The democratic revolutions of 1989, coupled with the retreat of authoritarian regimes in Latin America and parts of Asia and Africa, have prompted a resurgence of interest throughout the U.S. government and society at large in promoting democracy. The 1989 Support for East European Democracy (SEED) legislation authorizing U.S. spending for these purposes presupposes that such objectives are obtainable. It reads:

Field of study: Political science
An indication for deconfinement in Au+Au collisions at RHIC

We present simultaneous, quality fits to final BRAHMS, PHENIX, PHOBOS and STAR data on particle spectra and two-particle Bose-Einstein or HBT correlations as measured in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 130$ GeV. Using the Buda-Lund hydro model, the best fit is achieved when the most central 1/8th of the particle emitting volume is superheated to $T > T_c =170$ MeV. In contrast, we find no indication for such a hot central region in a similar analysis of Pb+Pb data at CERN SPS.

Field of study: Physics
Treating Neonatal Rats With 6-Hydroxydopamine Induced an Increase in Voluntary Alcohol Consumption.

Brain dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission have been implicated in the mediation of alcohol-seeking behavior. We examined the effects of treatment of neonatal rats (3 days after birth) with the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA; 100 μg/10 μl, intracerebroventricularly) on the relationship between the levels of neurotransmitters and alcohol drinking behavior at the age of 14 weeks. 6-OHDA treatment reduced the levels of DA and its metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the nucleus accumbens (ACC), frontal cortex, striatum (STR), tegmentum/substantia nigra, and dorsal raphe nucleus. 5-HT levels in the ACC and STR were increased in the 6-OHDA-treated rats. 6-OHDA-treated rats showed increased alcohol consumption. There was a significant change in the ratio of [5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid]/[5-HT] in the ACC and STR of the treated rats, but no difference in the ratio of [DOPAC]/[DA] between the sham-operated controls and treated rats. 6-OHDA-treated rats had dopaminergic dysfunction in the five brain regions related to the reward system, in part, and a decrease in 5-HT turnover, including the accumulation of 5-HT in the ACC and STR. Furthermore, basal extracellular releases of DA and 5-HT of the ACC were significantly lower in the 6-OHDA-treated rats, compared with the controls. It was suggested that alcohol seeking behavior is associated with the alterations of dopaminergic neurons and the release of 5-HT in the mesocorticolimbic system.

Field of study: Medicine
The dependence of the beta coefficient of REA system with dynamic deadband on atmospheric conditions.

We simulated the REA system with dynamic deadband to study numerical value and the effect of atmospheric conditions on the empirical constant beta which relates vertical flux to concentration difference between updrafts and downdrafts. We found that the value of beta depends only weakly on the friction velocity and atmospheric stability. In agreement with previous studies, the median value obtained for a system with dynamic deadband proportional to 0.5 times the running mean of the standard deviation of vertical wind speed was beta=0.42+/-0.03. For a single half-hour measurement one has to consider the large uncertainty of +/-0.2. According to our study, the dynamic deadband enables the use of a constant value of beta in flux calculation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Spontaneous emission in dispersive media without point-dipole approximation

We study a two-level quantum system embedded in a dispersive environment and coupled with the electromagnetic field. We expand the theory of light-matter interactions to include the spatial extension of the system, taken into account through its wavefunctions. This is a development beyond the point-dipole approximation. This ingredient enables us to overcome the divergence problem related to the Green tensor propagator. Hence, we can reformulate the expressions for the spontaneous emission rate and the Lamb shift. In particular, the inclusion of the spatial structure of the atomic system clarifies the role of the asymmetry of atomic states with respect to spatial inversion in these quantities.

Field of study: Physics
Integrating stakeholder perceptions and preferences on ecosystem services in the management of coastal areas

The consideration of stakeholders' perceptions and preferences on different ecosystem services, identifying potential conflict areas, is essential for operationalizing integrated management plans. In the central coast of Chile, several traditional fishing resources are overexploited and conflicts between users might arise with the increasing demand of both traditional and new uses. The principal groups of users in coastal areas were characterized in order to generate information that advances towards integrative approaches in the region. Face-to-face surveys to fishermen, tourists and permanent residents were conducted in six coastal sites to identify what these groups value the most, assessing at the same time if differences in perceptions and use might suggest future conflicts between users associated to coastal planning. Participants had to prioritize a list of coastal attributes associated with ecosystem services. Results show variability in prioritization of coastal attributes amongst groups of users, however, variability across sites was low. Fishermen showed a tight economic and cultural dependency on provisioning services; however, their general perception was of decreasing catches and a shift to less valued resources and habitat structuring species as traditional ecosystem services deteriorate. Tourists and residents had the most homogenous perceptions, and agreed on the prioritization of intangible services, such as the quietness and scenery of the coast. Nevertheless, deterioration of the environment was perceived as relevant by the inhabitants of the study area, reflecting a potential conflict between the current increase in tourist influx and resource demand. Therefore, increasing recreational use needs to be managed, ensuring the resilience of the traditional fisheries and adopting effective actions that should encompass wider ecosystem objectives. However, the real challenge for integrated management is the incorporation of intangible values in conservation objectives.

Field of study: Environmental science
Realistic simulations of the Galactic polarized foreground: consequences for 21‐cm reionization detection experiments

Experiments designed to measure the redshifted 21-cm line from the epoch of reionization (EoR) are challenged by strong astrophysical foreground contamination, ionospheric distortions, complex instrumental response and other different types of noise (e.g. radio frequency interference). The astrophysical foregrounds are dominated by diffuse synchrotron emission from our Galaxy. Here we present a simulation of the Galactic emission used as a foreground module for the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR)-EoR key science project end-to-end simulations. The simulation produces total and polarized intensity over 10 degrees x 10 degrees maps of the Galactic synchrotron and free-free emission, including all observed characteristics of the emission: spatial fluctuations of amplitude and spectral index of the synchrotron emission, together with Faraday rotation effects. The importance of these simulations arises from the fact that the Galactic polarized emission could behave in a manner similar to the EoR signal along the frequency direction. As a consequence, an improper instrumental calibration will give rise to leakages of the polarized to the total signal and mask the desired EoR signal. In this paper, we address this for the first time through realistic simulations.

Field of study: Physics
Impacts of the East Asian monsoon on lower tropospheric ozone over coastal South China

The impact of the East Asian monsoon (EAM) on climatology and interannual variability of tropospheric ozone (O3) over the coastal South China was investigated by analyzing 11 years of ozonesonde data over Hong Kong with the aid of Lagrangian dispersion modeling of carbon monoxide and calculation of an EAM index. It was found that the seasonal cycle of O3 in the lower troposphere is highly related to the EAM over the study region. Ozone enhancements in the free troposphere are associated with the monsoon-induced transport of pollutants of continental anthropogenic and biomass burning origins. Lower tropospheric O3 levels showed high interannual variability, with an annual averaged amplitude up to 61% of averaged concentrations in the boundary layer (0‐1 km altitudes) and 49% below 3 km altitude. In spring and autumn, the interannual variability in boundary layer O3 levels was predominately influenced by the EAM intensity, with high O3 mixing ratios associated with northeasterly circulation anomalies.

Field of study: Environmental science
The electroejaculator with bipolar electrode in the bull

MARDEN(1954)の報告に基き電極(直径4.7cm,長さ33cmの木製円柱の周囲に幅0.85cm,長さ27.5cmの4枚の銅板を90°の間隔ではめ込み,相対する銅板を同極となるよう接続する)及びパルス発生装置(パルスの周波数及び電圧を0~70c/s,0~10Vの連続可変とした最大出力約7W,インピーダンス6~10Ω)を作り25~30c/sの電流を用いて2秒通電,1秒切断を反復しながら電圧を0.7V程度から牛体の反応に応じて徐々に上昇させると,0.7~3.2Vでペニスが勃起し,3.9~6.4Vで射精が開始され,更に数回の反復刺戟によつて良好な精液を得ることに成功した。

Field of study: Biology
Cobalamin Potentiates Vinblastine Cytotoxicity Through Downregulation of mdr-1 Gene Expression in HepG2 Cells

P-glycoprotein (Pgp), produced by multidrug resistance-1 gene (mdr-1), is a main mechanism developed by cancer cells to guard against anti-cancer drugs. Alterations of DNA methylation of the mdr-1 gene promoter are known to be linked to mdr-1 gene expression and are probably related to intracellular S-adenosyl-methionine. We here used HepG2 cells to determine the role of the methionine cycle (through the use of the Methionine-Synthase (MS) cofactor, cobalamin) on mdr-1 gene expression.  Semiquantitative RT-PCR of mdr-1 gene, cellular retention of rhodamine-123, and vinblastine cytotoxicity were carried out on cells cultivated with and without cobalamin. Methylation status of the mdr-1 gene promoter was determined by methylation-specific PCR.  Addition of cobalamin to the cells led to an increase in MS activity, to a significant decrease in mdr-1 gene expression which is correlated to an increase in retention of the Pgp substrate Rhodamine 123. Furthermore, cobalamin potentiated cell sensitivity to vinblastine to the same range as that of the Pgp blocker verapamil and prevented methotrexate-induced up-regulation of mdr-1 gene expression. However, no modification in methylation of the mdr-1 gene promoter was observed.  Cobalamin downregulates mdr-1 gene expression, as well as Pgp expression and function, and significantly increases cytotoxicity of vinblastine. The identification of this novel way of diminishing cellular resistance to the chemotherapeutic agent vinblastine holds promises of leading to better treatments for cancer patients.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Geochemical and age constraints on the formation of the Gorda Escarpment and Mendocino Ridge of the Mendocino transform fault in the NE Pacific

The Mendocino transform fault is an active, dextral strike-slip zone that separates the Gorda plate from the Pacifi c plate in the NE Pacifi c Ocean. The compositions of the igneous rocks exposed along the southern margin of the Mendocino transform fault include tholeiitic and alkaline basalts. Majorelement, trace-element, and radiometric data suggest that the rocks were generated through fractionation of different parental melts, derived by varying degrees of partial melting from different depths, at or near the intersection of the Mendocino transform fault with the Gorda Ridge. There is evidence for extensive cooling and fractionation reminiscent of the transform-fault effect of Langmuir and Bender (1984). Alkaline and highAl compositions also argue for melts from a deeper source than a normal mid-ocean-ridge environment. The preferred geochemical analogue for the Mendocino transform fault is a failed rift system where mid-ocean-ridge basalt (MORB) compositions likely represent basalts created at a waning spreading center before its abandonment. The MORB compositions were subsequently buried by younger enriched (E-MORB) and alkaline basalts derived from deeper melting and/or a more enriched source. We suggest that a period of rift failure, abandonment, and continued alkaline volcanism occurred on the southernmost Gorda Ridge, or on a series of short intratransform spreading-center segments during plate reorganization. Thus, the Mendocino transform fault provides a record of ridge migration, abandonment, and residual volcanism of the southern Gorda Ridge spreading system from 23 to 11 Ma.

Field of study: Geology
Overview and assessment of techniques to measure ammonia emissions from animal houses: the case of the Netherlands.

In order to comply with the ammonia (NH(3)) emission reduction assigned to the Netherlands development of new measures are needed, which should be supported by fast and accurate measurements to arrive at new estimates of the NH(3) emission from each agricultural source. This paper gives an overview of the current methods used in the Netherlands to measure NH(3) emissions from animal houses, and provides alternative methods for some particular situations. For mechanically ventilated animal houses, passive flux samplers placed in the ventilation shafts of the animal house are presented as alternative to measure a larger number of animal houses (replicates) with the same housing system at a low price. For naturally ventilated animal houses, when mixing in the animal house is not good enough to allow measurements within the animal house (internal tracer gas ratio method), two measurement methods are discussed: the Gaussian plume dispersion model, which is usually not suitable for agricultural situations, and the flux frame method, which is not always applicable because of distortion of the flow around the building. Finally, for animal houses with outside yards for the animals, there are at this moment no methods available to measure the NH(3) emissions from these complex situations, although quick box methods (for the outside yards) and a combination of a backward Lagrangian stochastic model with open-path concentration measurements with a tunable diode laser (TDL), look promising.

Field of study: Environmental science
Recent Progress of Power Application of Superconductor in China

The significant progresses in high Tc superconducting wires or tapes have excited a great deal of research interests in power application. This paper will review the recent progresses of power application of superconductor in China. An improved bridge-type fault current limiter was tested and a 10.5 kV/1.5 kA demonstrator has been operated at a substation in Hunan Province in 2005. A 75 meter, 10.5 kV/1.5 kA three phase HTS cable has been installed and operated at the Changtong Cable Headquarter in the end of 2004, and a 30 meter, 35 kV/2 kA HTS power cable was installed at substation and has been operated since July 2004. A 10.5 kV/400 V/630 kVA HTS transformer has been installed and operated at TBEA electric factory in 2005. A 500 kj/150 kVA SMES unit was developed and tested. 1.0 MJ/0.5 MW SMES will be installed in a power grid in 2006. Besides, a new kind equipment of fault-current-limiting SMES is being developed and a 100 kJ/25 kW prototype has been made and tested.

Field of study: Physics
Conservation tillage methods for cotton grown with subsurface drip irrigation on compacted soil

Subsurface drip irrigation and conservation tillage are tools for improving water management for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). In previous research with cotton grown with no tillage over subsurface drip laterals, excessive soil compaction near the soil surface occurred. We hypothesized that loosening this compacted surface soil could improve cotton productivity. We tested this hypothesis by conducting a 2-year (1998 and 1999) field experiment on a Eunola loamy sand (Aquic Hapludults) in South Carolina, USA, to determine the effect of three levels of soil loosening (no tillage, shallow in-row tillage with a rigid shank, and shallow tillage with a stubble mulch plough to loosen the entire surface layer of soil) and two drip lateral spacings (under every row and in every other row middle; 1-m and 2-m spacings, respectively) on early-season physiological parameters and productivity of cotton. The subsurface drip irrigation system had been used for 7 years before initiating this experiment. Early-season cotton leaf gas exchange, leaf nutrient concentrations, yield, and fibre quality were measured. The tillage implements loosened the soil as expected (as determined with a cone penetrometer), but the level of soil loosening had almost no effect on leaf gas exchange and leaf nutrient status. Similarly, tillage and lateral spacing did not affect cotton yield and quality. Yields were not high (mean yield of 1215 kg/ha in 1998 and 700 kg/ha in 1999) but were not atypical for irrigated yields in this region during those years. Conservation tillage methods that include shallow tillage over drip laterals on compacted southeast coastal plain soils did not improve cotton productivity.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Application of Ni-Oxide@TiO2 Core-Shell Structures to Photocatalytic Mixed Dye Degradation, CO Oxidation, and Supercapacitors

Performing diverse application tests on synthesized metal oxides is critical for identifying suitable application areas based on the material performances. In the present study, Ni-oxide@TiO2 core-shell materials were synthesized and applied to photocatalytic mixed dye (methyl orange + rhodamine + methylene blue) degradation under ultraviolet (UV) and visible lights, CO oxidation, and supercapacitors. Their physicochemical properties were examined by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy. It was shown that their performances were highly dependent on the morphology, thermal treatment procedure, and TiO2 overlayer coating.

Field of study: Materials science
Reality is not structured

The identity predicate can be defined using second-order quantification: a 1⁄4 b1⁄4 df8FðFa$ FbÞ. Less familiarly, a dyadic sentential operator analogous to the identity predicate can be defined using third-order quantification: ’ 1⁄4 df8XðX’$ X Þ, where X is a variable of the same syntactic type as a monadic sentential operator. With this notion in view, it is natural to ask after general principles governing its application. More grandiosely, how fine-grained is reality? I will argue that reality is not structured in anything like the way that the sentences we use to talk about it are structured. I do so by formulating a higher-order analogue of Russell’s paradox of structured propositions. I then relate this argument to the Frege-Russell correspondence. When confronted with the alleged paradox, Frege agreed that reality was not structured, but maintained that propositions (i.e. thoughts) were structured all the same. Russell replied that his paradox showed Frege’s theory of structured thoughts to be inconsistent, to which Frege replied that Russell’s argument failed to heed the distinction between sense and reference. Most recent commentators have sided with Russell. In defense of Frege, I establish the consistency of one version of his rejoinder. I then consider and reject some ways of resisting the argument against a structured conception of reality. I conclude that, if propositions are structured, this is because they correspond not to distinctions in reality, but rather to ways in which those distinctions can be represented.

Field of study: Philosophy
Fission fragment orientation and gamma ray emission anisotropy

Experimental data on angular distributions of gamma rays emitted from binary and ternary spontaneous fission of $^{252}{\rm Cf}$ are analyzed. Their difference indicates that the alignment of fragments is higher in ternary fission than in binary one. The consequences of possible relation between the mechanism of ternary fission and the excitation of collective modes during the saddle-to-scission stage are discussed.

Field of study: Physics
James McKeen Cattell (1860-1944)

James McKeen Cattell was born on May 24, 1860, in Easton, Pennsylvania. He graduated from Lafayette College, of which his father was president. In 1880., he studied for two years in Germany, spent one year as a fellow at Johns Hopkins University, then studied under Wilhelm Wundt at Leipzig University, where he obtained his doctorate in 1886. During the next two years, he divided his time between teaching at Bryn Mawr College and the University of Pennsylvania, and working at Sir Francis Galton’s laboratory in London. In 1888, Cattell was appointed to the world’s first professorship in psychology at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1891, he became professor of psychology at Columbia Univer-

Field of study: Education
Studies on Interaction of Bilirubin,Copper ions and 2,2'-Bipyridyl by Spectral Methods

The interaction between bilirubin and copper ions was studied by fluorescence method using 2,2'-bipyridyl as a hydroxyl radical trapper through the hydroxylation of the aromatic compound.The mechanism of bilirubin binding with copper ions and the hydroxylation reaction was studied.It was found that bilirubin was able to bind to copper ions and produced hydroxyl radical surely.2,2'-bipyridyl,an almost non-fluorescence compound was transformed into a highly fluorescence substance on trapping hydroxyl radical,leading to a strong fluorescence increase.When the scavenging agent of hydroxyl radical was added to the system,the enhancement of fluorescence intensity of the system decreased dramatically.The effects of reaction time,pH,and concentrations of bilirubin,copper ions and 2,2'-bipyridyl on the fluorescence intensity were studied.

Field of study: Chemistry
Research on Similarity Search for High-dimensional Data Objects Based on DHT

In order to achieve the access of massive high-dimensional data on P2P networks efficiently,we proposed an indexing method: PLCID(modified iDistance based on Proximity Location Code),which greatly narrows searching scope and reduces the times of distance calculations between high-dimensional data.So it greatly improves the performance of data searching.With the indexing structure mentioned above,we achieved a high-dimensional data retrieving system on a structure P2P networks.Experiments showed that compared with the original iDistance indexing method,our technique got some improvements in terms of time performance and system overhead.

Field of study: Computer science