nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
In vitro antagonists of Rhizoctonia solani tested on lettuce: rhizosphere competence, biocontrol efficiency and rhizosphere microbial community response.

The rhizosphere competence of 15 in vitro antagonists of Rhizoctonia solani was determined 4 weeks after sowing inoculated lettuce seeds into nonsterile soil. Based on the colonization ability determined by selective plating, eight strains were selected for growth chamber experiments to determine their efficacy in controlling bottom rot caused by R. solani on lettuce. Although in the first experiment all antagonists colonized the rhizosphere of lettuce with CFU counts above 2 x 10(6) g(-1) of root fresh weight, only four isolates significantly reduced disease severity. In subsequent experiments involving these four antagonists, only Pseudomonas jessenii RU47 showed effective and consistent disease suppression. Plate counts and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprints of Pseudomonas-specific gacA genes amplified from total community DNA confirmed that RU47 established as the dominant Pseudomonas population in the rhizosphere of inoculated lettuce plants. Furthermore, the DGGE fingerprint revealed that R. solani AG1-IB inoculation severely affected the bacterial and fungal community structure in the rhizosphere of lettuce and that these effects were much less pronounced in the presence of RU47. Although the exact mechanism of antagonistic activity and the ecology of RU47 remain to be further explored, our results suggest that RU47 is a promising agent to control bottom rot of lettuce.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
über das Absorptionsvermögen geschwärzter Flächen bei Zimmertemperatur

Zusammenfassung1.Es wird eine Methode angegeben, die es gestattet, das Absorptionsvermögen geschwärzter Flächen bei Zimmertemperatur nach der Emissionsmethode zu bestimmen. Nach ihr wurden Messungen an Crova-Ruß und Natron-Wasserglas-Rußgemisch durchgeführt.2.Die von Rubens und Hoffmann vermutete und von Hoffmann in einem Temperaturintervall von 184 bis 100° gefundene Temperaturabhängigkeit des wahren Emissionsvermögens wird auch durch diese Messungen bestätigt.

Field of study: Physics
Phosphorylation of the proline-rich domain of Xp95 modulates Xp95 interaction with partner proteins.

The mammalian adaptor protein Alix [ALG-2 (apoptosis-linked-gene-2 product)-interacting protein X] belongs to a conserved family of proteins that have in common an N-terminal Bro1 domain and a C-terminal PRD (proline-rich domain), both of which mediate partner protein interactions. Following our previous finding that Xp95, the Xenopus orthologue of Alix, undergoes a phosphorylation-dependent gel mobility shift during progesteroneinduced oocyte meiotic maturation, we explored potential regulation of Xp95/Alix by protein phosphorylation in hormone-induced cell cycle re-entry or M-phase induction. By MALDI-TOF (matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization-time-of-flight) MS analyses and gel mobility-shift assays, Xp95 is phosphorylated at multiple sites within the N-terminal half of the PRD during Xenopus oocyte maturation, and a similar region in Alix is phosphorylated in mitotically arrested but not serum-stimulated mammalian cells. By tandem MS, Thr745 within this region, which localizes in a conserved binding site to the adaptor protein SETA [SH3 (Src homology 3) domain-containing, expressed in tumorigenic astrocytes] CIN85 (a-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate)/SH3KBP1 (SH3-domain kinase-binding protein 1), is one of the phosphorylation sites in Xp95. Results from GST (glutathione S-transferase)-pull down and peptide binding/competition assays further demonstrate that the Thr745 phosphorylation inhibits Xp95 interaction with the second SH3 domain of SETA. However, immunoprecipitates of Xp95 from extracts of M-phase-arrested mature oocytes contained additional partner proteins as compared with immunoprecipitates from extracts of G2-arrested immature oocytes. The deubiquitinase AMSH (associated molecule with the SH3 domain of signal transducing adaptor molecule) specifically interacts with phosphorylated Xp95 in M-phase cell lysates. These findings establish that Xp95/Alix is phosphorylated within the PRD during M-phase induction, and indicate that the phosphorylation may both positively and negatively modulate their interaction with partner proteins.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Electrochemical STM Study on Surface Morphology Change of HOPG Basal Plane in an Organic Electrolyte Solution

To elucidate the mechanism of surface reactions on graphite anodes of lithium-ion secondary batteries, the morphology change of the basal plane of a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) anode in 1 M LiClO4/ethylene carbonate-diethylcarbonate (1:1 by volume) was observed by electrochemical STM. When the sample potential was stepped to 1.1 V vs. Li/Li+, hill-like structures of ca. 10 A height appeared on the HOPG surface. The hill-like structure in the vicinity of a step was gradually spread out with time, and a part of it exfoliated. It was considered that the intercalation of solvent is responsible for the formation of the hill-like structure and that this process corresponds to the initial stage of solvent decomposition and subsequent film formation processes.

Field of study: Chemistry
Alcohol‐Induced Impairment of Balance is Antagonized by Energy Drinks

The acute administration of alcohol reliably impairs balance and motor coordination. While it is common for consumers to ingest alcohol with other stimulant drugs (e.g., caffeine, nicotine), little is known whether prototypical alcohol-induced balance impairments are altered by stimulant drugs. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the coadministration of a high-caffeine energy drink with alcohol can antagonize expected alcohol-induced increases in body sway.



Sixteen social drinkers (of equal gender) participated in 4 separate double-blind dose administration sessions that involved consumption of alcohol and energy drinks, alone and in combination. Following dose administration, participants completed automated assessments of balance stability (both eyes open and eyes closed) measured using the Biosway Portable Balance System. Participants completed several subjective measures including self-reported ratings of sedation, stimulation, fatigue, and impairment. Blood pressure and pulse rate were recorded repeatedly.



The acute administration of alcohol increased body sway, and the coadministration of energy drinks antagonized this impairment. When participants closed their eyes, alcohol-induced body sway was similar whether or not energy drinks were ingested. While alcohol administration increased ratings of sedation and fatigue, energy drink administration increased ratings of stimulation and reduced ratings of fatigue. Modest increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure following energy drink administration were also observed.



Visual assessment of balance impairment is frequently used to indicate that an individual has consumed too much alcohol (e.g., as part of police-standardized field sobriety testing or by a bartender assessing when someone should no longer be served more alcohol). The current findings suggest that energy drinks can antagonize alcohol-induced increases in body sway, indicating that future work is needed to determine whether this observation regarding neuromotor functioning applies to alcohol in combination with all types of stimulant drugs.

Field of study: Medicine
Multi-stage annealing of defects in ion-implanted double-barrier diodes

The d.c. and a.c. characteristics of double-barrier diodes have been used to probe the large-scale annealing of defects within ion-implanted GaAs. Multi-stage annealing of defects was elucidated by the staged recovery of resonant tunnelling through ion-implanted diodes. Surprisingly, the current - voltage characteristics of some ion-implanted diodes after very rapid anneals were qualitatively identical to the as-grown characteristics, but the peak-current density was two orders of magnitude lower. This is explained by the creation of small percolation paths of as-grown material during the initial stages of annealing, where these paths surrounded clusters of defects. A simple capacitance model based on the creation of these percolation paths is described, and is consistent with the capacitance - voltage data. The idea that small-area percolation paths of as-grown material were created within the ion-implanted DBDs during very rapid annealing was supported by the observation of very-low bias resonant tunnelling and single-electron switching at 4.2 K. Both these phenomena are usually observed only within small-area pristine DBDs.

Field of study: Materials science
Carboniferous U-Pb age of the Sebago batholith, southwestern Maine: metamorphic and tectonic implications.

Two phases (pink and white granite) of the Sebago batholith of southwestern Maine have been dated by the U-Pb zircon method. Identical upper concordia intercepts of both rocks indicate an intrusive age of 325 ± 3 m.y. for the batholith. The lower intercept of the pink-phase sample, 114 ± 13 m.y., is inferred to represent episodic lead loss due to the intrusion of the nearby Cretaceous Pleasant Mountain stock. The lower intercept of the white-phase sample, 18 ± 21 m.y., suggests only modern dilatancy lead loss. Monazites have ages of 272 m.y. (pink) and 282 m.y. (white) which are thought to be cooling ages. Rb-Sr whole-rock data have low initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios of 0.7031 (pink) and 0.7053 (white). These data, in conjunction with published 40 Ar/ 39 Ar, Rb-Sr, K-Ar, and fission-track ages, suggest that little or no uplift occurred in this part of New England until the Permian and that the uplift rate from 275 m.y. to 225 m.y. was ∼3 times as rapid as was the rate for 225 m.y. to the present. The Carboniferous age of the Sebago batholith suggests that currently accepted metamorphic and tectonic interpretations for southwestern Maine and for east-central New Hampshire require revision.

Field of study: Geology
Shapes and Dynamics from the Time-Dependent Mean Field

Explaining observed properties in terms of underlying shape degrees of freedom is a well–established prism with which to understand atomic nuclei. Self–consistent mean–field models provide one tool to understand nuclear shapes, and their link to other nuclear properties and observables. We present examples of how the time–dependent extension of the mean–field approach can be used in particular to shed light on nuclear shape properties, particularly looking at the giant resonances built on deformed nuclear ground states, and at dynamics in highly-deformed fission isomers. Example calculations are shown of 28Si in the first case, and 240Pu in the latter case.

Field of study: Physics
Source, fate and budget of Dechlorane Plus (DP) in a typical semi-closed sea, China.

Dechlorane Plus (DP), which has severe effects on marine ecosystems, has been proposed for listing under the Stockholm Convention as a persistent organic pollutant (POPs). This study was the first comprehensive investigation of the concentration and fate of DP in the Bohai Sea (BS) based on determination of river estuary water, river estuary sediment, surface seawater, bottom seawater, and sea sediments samples. The highest water DP levels were found in river estuary in Tianjin in North China due to the huge usage of DP in recent years, and spatial distribution analysis indicates it was mainly affected by regional high urbanization and emission of E-waste. The spatial distribution of DP in the BS was mainly affected by a combination of coastal hydrodynamics and land anthropogenic activities. On the basis of multi-box mass balance, simulations of DP in seawater showed an increase from 2014 to 2025, before leveling off at 184 pg L -1 by a constant DP input to the BS. Riverine discharge almost contributed to the total input (∼99%) and dominated the DP levels in the BS. Degradation of DP accounted for 55.3% and 78.1% of total DP output in seawater and sediment, respectively, indicating that degradation mainly affected decline of DP in the environment.

Field of study: Environmental science
[Characterization of a novel podoviridae-phage infecting Serratia marcescens isolated in China].

Serratia marcescens jn01 was employed as the host for the isolation of phages from environmental sewage. One strain of phage named SmPjn was purified by picking transparent plaque with 2mm diameter and clear edge on the double-layer agar repeatedly. Electron micrographs indicated that the phage head was icosahedral with head size and tail length of (58 +/- 2.16) x (55 +/- 0.47) nm and (7 +/- 1.25) nm, respectively. On the basis of the morphology, this phage belongs to the family Podoviridae. Host-range determination revealed that the phage was capable of infecting the other two isolates of S. marcescens, P25 and CMCC41002. The optimal multiplicity of infection was 1. A one-step growth curve of SmPjn indicated that the latent period and burst size were estimated at 50 min and 1,125 pfu/cell, respectively . Genomic DNA of SmPjn was above 27kb in size and could be digested by Hind Ill and EcoR I into 11 and 9 visible fragments after electrophoresis, respectively. A novel Podoviridae-phage infecting S. marcescens was firstly reported in China.

Field of study: Biology
Differential anatomical responses to elevated CO2 in saplings of four hardwood species.

To determine whether an elevated carbon dioxide concentration () can induce changes in the wood structure and stem radial growth in forest trees, we investigated the anatomical features of conduit cells and cambial activity in 4-year-old saplings of four deciduous broadleaved tree species - two ring-porous (Quercus mongolica and Kalopanax septemlobus) and two diffuse-porous species (Betula maximowicziana and Acer mono) - grown for three growing seasons in a free-air CO(2) enrichment system. Elevated [CO(2)] had no effects on vessels, growth and physiological traits of Q. mongolica, whereas tree height, photosynthesis and vessel area tended to increase in K. septemlobus. No effects of [CO(2)] on growth, physiological traits and vessels were seen in the two diffuse-porous woods. Elevated [CO(2)] increased larger vessels in all species, except B. maximowicziana and number of cambial cells in two ring-porous species. Our results showed that the vessel anatomy and radial stem growth of Q. mongolica, B. maximowicziana and A. mono were not affected by elevated [CO(2)], although vessel size frequency and cambial activity in Q. mongolica were altered. In contrast, changes in vessel anatomy and cambial activity were induced by elevated [CO(2)] in K. septemlobus. The different responses to elevated [CO(2)] suggest that the sensitivity of forest trees to CO(2) is species dependent.

Field of study: Environmental science
Your renal guide to the new food label.

D URING THE November 1995 National Kidney Foundation (NKF) meeting in San Diego, California, Chhaya Patel, MA, RD, then Chairman of the Patient and Public Education Committee, asked me to work with the Committee in developing a brochure or fact sheet that would assist the person with renal disease in making informed choices that were within their diet and specific for their individual needs by using the “new” 1994 Nutrition Facts food label. Subsequent communication with Food and Drug Administration (FDA) professionals showed this to be a “gap” that needed to be addressed. Several formats were developed, and the following Patient Education Fact Sheet was approved: first by the Executive Committee of the Council on Renal Nutrition and then by the NKF Scientific Advisory Committee. The following resource is available through the National Kidney Foundation and appears in the Material Resource catalog. Please call l-800-622-9010 for a copy of the catalog. It is hoped that the fact sheet will also serve as a teaching tool for the professional in breaking down the Nutrition Facts food label into bite-size pieces.

Field of study: Medicine
On connectivity numbers of stable domains

One aspect of complex iteration theory is the connectivity of stable domains. We prove the existence of infinitely connected preperiodic stable domains in a certain class of meromorphic. transcendental functions.  Then the Fatou set Τ and the Julia set J are defined as follows Τ := { ζ £ e » : (/n)n€Ν is defined and normal in some neighborhood of z}, J •= C o o \T. The components of Τ are called stable domains. A survey on the iteration theory of meromorphic functions may be found in . We recall some elementary facts : Τ is completely invariant, i.e., } {J~) — /_1(JF) = T , if U is a stable domain, then there exists a stable domain Un with f»(U) ς un (i/o υ), if U and (/, are bounded in C then f(U) = Uu f(dU) = dU,. A stable domain U is called invariant if l\ = U, it is called periodic if Un = U for some n, and it. is called preperiodic if U is not periodic but Un = Um for some η > m > 1. In iteration theory the transcendental meromorphic functions are divided into several sub-

Field of study: Philosophy
Enhancing family physician capacity to deliver quality palliative home care: an end-of-life, shared-care model.

ADDRESSED
Family physicians face innumerable challenges to delivering quality palliative home care to meet the complex needs of end-of-life patients and their families.



To implement a model of shared care to enhance family physicians' ability to deliver quality palliative home care, particularly in a community-based setting.



Family physicians in 3 group practices (N = 21) in Ontario's Niagara West region collaborated with an interprofessional palliative care team(including a palliative care advanced practice nurse, a palliative medicine physician, a bereavement counselor, a psychosocial-spiritual advisor, and a case manager) in a shared-care partnership to provide comprehensive palliative home care. Key features of the program included systematic and timely identification of end-of-life patients, needs assessments, symptom and psychosocial support interventions, regular communication between team members, and coordinated care guided by outcome-based assessment in the home. In addition, educational initiatives were provided to enhance family physicians' knowledge and skills.



Because of the program, participants reported improved communication, effective interprofessional collaboration, and the capacity to deliver palliative home care, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, to end-of-life patients in the community.

Field of study: Medicine
A Comparison of the Effects of X-Ray and Proton Irradiation on the Performance of SiGe Precision Voltage References

A comprehensive investigation of the performance dependencies of irradiated SiGe precision voltage reference circuits on (1) total ionizing dose (TID), (2) circuit topology, and (3) radiation source is presented. Two different bandgap voltage references were designed using a first-generation (50-GHz) SiGe BiCMOS technology platform, and subsequently exposed to X-rays at doses of 1080 krad(SiO2) and 5400 krad(SiO2). The degradation in circuit performance following X-ray irradiation depends on both the TID level and the chosen circuit topology. Measurement results show that large TID levels can significantly shift the magnitude of the output voltage. Explanations for the observed shifts are provided by utilizing detailed analyses of the two circuit topologies and considering device-to-circuit interactions. The primary factor responsible for the difference in the circuit response before and after irradiation can be attributed to the excess base leakage current in the SiGe HBT. To investigate the impact of radiation source, the circuit topology showing the worst-case degradation from the X-ray experiment was independently exposed to 63-MeV protons at the same effective TID level. A clear source dependence in the circuit response was observed, and possible origins of this behavior are identified.

Field of study: Physics
PCR profiling of ammonia-oxidizer communities in acidic soils subjected to nitrogen and sulphur deposition.

Communities of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) were characterized in two acidic soil sites experimentally subjected to varying levels of nitrogen and sulphur deposition. The sites were an acidic spruce forest soil in Deepsyke, Southern Scotland, with low background deposition, and a nitrogen-saturated upland grass heath in Pwllpeiran, North Wales. Betaproteobacterial ammonia-oxidizer 16S rRNA and ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) genes were analysed by cloning, sequencing and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). DGGE profiles of amoA and 16S rRNA gene fragments from Deepsyke soil in 2002 indicated no effect of nitrogen deposition on AOB communities, which contained both Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrosospira. In 2003, only Nitrosospira could be detected, and no amoA sequences could be retrieved. These results indicate a decrease in the relative abundance of AOB from the year 2002 to 2003 in Deepsyke soil, which may be the result of the exceptionally low rainfall in spring 2003. Nitrosospira-related sequences from Deepsyke soil grouped in all clusters, including cluster 1, which typically contains only sequences from marine environments. In Pwllpeiran soil, 16S rRNA gene libraries were dominated by nonammonia oxidizers and no amoA sequences were detectable. This indicates that autotrophic AOB play only a minor role in these soils even at high nitrogen deposition.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Asymptotically Robust Estimators of Location

The robustness properties of four estimators of location are studied with respect to eight distribution types. For each type, the probability density function is symmetric about the median and the range of variate is infinite. For the entire class of distributions, the estimator with the highest guaranteed efficiency is the mean of the middle fifty percent of the sample. This study supplements the paper by Crow and Siddiqui (1967).

Field of study: Mathematics
New Facts Concerning the Saint Peter Sandstone of Illinois

The Saint Peter sandstone of Illinois is so well known, as to its general characteristics, that it needs no introduction. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to call attention to a number of unusual phenomena observed during a State-wide study of the sandstone for the Illinois Geological Survey. Some of the phenomena described have been noted by earlier writers, but their records have been too meager and too generalized to be entirely satisfactory. Although the Saint Peter underlies almost all of Illinois, it outcrops in a very limited area . The principal exposure occurs in the Ottawa-Utica area, in the north-central part of the State. Others in order of importance are in the Oregon-Dixon area, about 40 miles north-west of the Ottawa-Utica district; in the Brookville-Harper area, about 60 miles northwest; and near Shirland, close to the center of the north boundary of the State. In Calhoun . . .

Field of study: Geology
Power from Experience: Urban Popular Movements in Late Twentieth-Century Mexico (review)

Giving a nod to democratic forms, the populist era was also marked by an acceptance and even appropriation of elements of black culture for nationalistic purposes, ensuring its popularity far beyond the borders of Latin America. However, periods marked by advances were succeeded by periods of repression, and the restrictions of the neo-liberal decade of the 1980s resulted in a new upsurge of racially defined black mobilization and a final recognition that past claims of the region's racial democracy were a myth. The book ends in 2000, but the author recognizes that the struggle has not ended and points to some of the ways Afro-Latin Americans will likely promote their political, economic, and cultural goals in the future.

Field of study: History