nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Depositional timing of Neoarchean turbidites of the Slave craton—recommended nomenclature and type localities

Two temporally distinct Neoarchean turbidite packages are known to occur in the Slave craton. The older is a greywacke–mudstone succession that includes the renowned Burwash Formation (ca. 2661 Ma). In this study, a previously undated tuff bed is demonstrated to have crystallized at ca. 2650.5 ± 1.0 Ma refining the deposition age of these turbidites between ca. 2661 and 2650 Ma. The younger turbidites are locally distinctive as they contain interstratified banded iron formation (BIF). Previous work demonstrated that the younger turbidites were deposited between ca. 2640 and 2615 Ma, based entirely on maximum depositional ages from detrital zircons. A ∼3 cm thick felsic to intermediate tuff bed was discovered interbedded with these BIF-bearing turbidites. The tuff bed contains a single age population of zircon with a crystallization age of 2620 ± 6 Ma defining the depositional timing of these BIF-bearing turbidites. New U–Pb detrital zircon dates from extensive turbidite sequences in the eastern and central part of the Slave craton are also presented. We use the new and previously published results to recommend nomenclature for these extensive sedimentary rocks in the Slave craton. The ca. 2661–2650 Ma turbidites remain part of the previously ascribed Duncan Lake Group. The younger ca. 2620 Ma turbidites are assigned to the new Slemon Group. Where robust age-data exist, we recommend formation names and include type localities for each.

Field of study: Environmental science
Current Progress in Anticalcif ication for Bioprosthetic and Polymeric Heart Valves.

The use of bioprosthetic valves fabricated from fixed heterograft tissue (porcine aortic valves or bovine pericardium) in heart valve replacement surgery is limited because of calcification-related failures. The mechanism of calcification of bioprosthetic valves is quite complex and has a variety of determinants, including host factors, tissue fixation conditions, and mechanical effects. Currently, there is no effective therapy to prevent calcification in clinical settings. This article reviews a variety of anticalcification strategies that are under investigation either in advanced animal models or in clinical trials. Bisphosphonates, such as ethan hydroxybisphosphonate (EHBP), inhibit calcium phosphate crystal formation. However, because of their systemic toxicity, they are used as either tissue treatments or polymeric site-specific delivery systems. Detergent treatment, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), extracts almost all phospholipids from bioprosthetic heart valve cuspal tissue. Procedures, such as amino oleic acid pretreatment, inhibit calcium uptake. Polyurethane trileaflet valves, investigated as alternatives to bioprosthetic or mechanical valve prostheses, undergo intrinsic and thrombus-related calcification and degradation. Calcification- and thrombus-resistant polyurethanes synthesized in our laboratory by covalent linking of EHBP or heparin (either in bulk or on surface) by unique polyepoxidation chemistry are attractive candidates for further research. Tissue-engineered heart valves may have an important place in the future.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Response to Whigham and Potthast

I looked forward with great interest to reading Thomas Whigham's and Barbara Potthast's critique of my "Demographics of Paraguay: A Reinterpretation of the Great War, 1864-70." However, as I read the comments I was extremely disappointed, since I suspect that Whigham and Potthast had missed my central approach. Paraguayan history has been plagued by impressionistic research and the lack of quantification. Thus, old issues and questions are simply rehashed with every new piece of documentation that is discovered in the archives. Because of my discovery of an unknown Paraguayan census, reevaluation of earlier censuses, and examination of growth rates and population loss related to the Great War, I was able to look at an old issue from a different perspective, with the expectation that historians would begin to rethink their traditional approaches and conclusions. Further, by cross-checking this information with comparative data and revisionist interpretations of Latin American historical demography, and using the technique of log-lineal least squares regression, I concluded that the War of the Triple Alliance cost Paraguay between 8.7 and i8.5 percent of its prewar population. Whigham and Potthast have returned the question of Paraguayan mortality in the Great War to its old framework. They agree that an estimate of 50 percent mortality is too high, but they think my proposed mortality estimate is too low. However, at no point in their critique do they propose or document a new percentage. In effect, their argument consists of stating that Paraguay is unique. Thus, they object to the use of any comparative data, and ask that I redo the census of 1846, which has ably been done by three historians whose conclusions, given the missing data, are in surprising agreement. Whigham and Potthast also demand that I give greater weight to particular impressionistic archival and travel accounts, and that I develop new arguments in support of average family size of 5.5 to 6 (although they agree with my figures). They further suggest that I obtain more adequate sources for mortality caused by disease and war. As I reviewed this critique and did some calculations based on their arguments, I concluded that although they disagree with my methodology, my sources, and my analysis, their own research will probably lead them to concur with the upper range of my mortality estimate. According to their critique, Potthast is currently engaged in research

Field of study: History
The Use of Ict as an Integral Teaching and Learning Tool for Children with Autism: A Challenge for Nigeria Education System

The study focused on integrating information and communication technology (ICT) as an integral delivery tool for children with autism for a productive life in the society.  A survey design was adopted with two research questions. One hundred and eight (108) primary school teachers were selected for the study through a purposive random sampling technique. A 34-item questionnaire was used for data collection which was face validated by three experts and its reliability coefficient was 0.82 using Cronbach alpha method. The data collected were analysed using mean and standard deviation. The results showed that teachers were clearly aware of most of the assistive technology tools as delivery tools that could be used for teaching children with autism. Again the teachers adopt instructional strategies for using assistive technology averagely to a great extent  It was recommended that assistive technology tools should be made available to the teachers in schools by the government and stakeholders, to help children with autism to maximize their potentials.  ICT, Autism and Educational challenges

Field of study: Education
Collisions with History: Latin American Fiction and Social Science from "El Boom" to the New World Order (review)

Díaz’s political coalition. Two other entries seem not to be biographies at all. William French describes the characteristics that are common to the exchange of love letters between commoners. This interesting essay also examines the different phases that are typical in the exchange of love letters and the frequent outcome wherein society casts shame upon the young woman while her lover suffers no harm and proceeds to court yet another woman. The other professes to be a biography of Gabriel Espíndola Martínez, a tequila master. But the entry instead expresses his views on how best to imbibe and savor tequila. The final section is the printout of an oral interview with the tequila master, in which he describes his education and the course of his career in the production of tequila. His career is rather uninteresting and so idiosyncratic that it seems not to invite any comparison to the other biographies in the collection. A good number of instructors in Mexican history will incorporate this compilation into their reading lists. Many others will add one or two of the most interesting biographies to their personal lists of illustrative cases to reference when appropriate.

Field of study: History
Performance analysis and optimization of reciprocating compressor with stepless capacity control system under variable load conditions

The stepless capacity control system uses mechanical unloaders to press off suction valves during a partial stroke, so that the quantity of gas that is compressed matches the cooling load of the refrigeration and air-conditioning systems. In this paper, an improved numerical model is developed for a reciprocating compressor under stepless capacity regulation to analyze the influence of critical parameters, including hydraulic force, displacement, and velocity of the unloader. The dynamic pressure of the gas in the cylinder is investigated under the influence of different parameters. The results show that the lowest power requirement for the same performance is achieved with a 360 N force of the unloader, indicating that it is the optimal force. Moreover, the displacement of 1.75 mm is preferable than that of 2 mm, and the withdrawal velocity of the unloader must be limited below 1.1 m s−1 to avoid large impact stress of valve plate.

Field of study: Engineering
Dipolar Bose Superstripes

We study the superfluid properties of a system of fully polarized dipolar bosons moving in the $xy$ plane. We focus on the general case where the polarization field forms an arbitrary angle $\alpha$ with respect to the $z$ axis, while the system is still stable. We use the diffusion Monte Carlo and the path integral ground state methods to evaluate the one-body density matrix and the superfluid fractions in the region of the phase diagram where the system forms stripes. Despite its oscillatory behavior, the presence of a finite large-distance asymptotic value in the $s$-wave component of the one-body density matrix indicates the existence of a Bose condensate. The superfluid fraction along the stripes direction is always close to 1, while in the $y$ direction decreases to a small value that is nevertheless different from zero. These two facts confirms that the stripe phase of the dipolar Bose gas in 2D is superfluid.

Field of study: Physics
Fast technetium‐99m liver SPECT for evaluation of the pretreatment procedure for radioembolization dosimetry

The efficiency of radioembolization procedures could be greatly enhanced if results of the 99mTc‐MAA pretreatment procedure were immediately available in the interventional suite, enabling 1‐day procedures as a result of direct estimation of the hepatic radiation dose and lung shunt fraction. This would, however, require a relatively fast, but still quantitative, SPECT procedure, which might be achieved with acquisition protocols using nonuniform durations of the projection images.  SPECT liver images of the 150‐MBq 99mTc‐MAA pretreatment procedure were simulated for eight different lesion locations and two different lesion sizes using the digital XCAT phantom for both single‐ and dual‐head scanning geometries with respective total acquisition times of 1, 2, 5, 10, and 30 min. Three nonuniform projection‐time acquisition protocols (“half‐circle SPECT (HCS),” “nonuniform SPECT (NUS) I,” and “NUS II”) for fast quantitative SPECT of the liver were designed and compared with the standard uniform projection‐time protocol. Images were evaluated in terms of contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR), activity recovery coefficient (ARC), tumor/non‐tumor (T/N) activity concentration ratio, and lung shunt fraction (LSF) estimation. In addition, image quality was verified with a physical phantom experiment, reconstructed with both clinical and Monte Carlo‐based reconstruction software.  Simulations showed no substantial change in image quality and dosimetry by usage of a nonuniform projection‐time acquisition protocol. Upon shortening acquisition times, CNR dropped, but ARC, T/N ratio, and LSF estimates were stable across all simulated acquisition times. Results of the physical phantom were in agreement with those of the simulations.  Both uniform and nonuniform projection‐time acquisition liver SPECT protocols yield accurate dosimetric metrics for radioembolization treatment planning in the interventional suite within 10 min, without compromising image quality. Consequently, fast quantitative SPECT of the liver in the interventional suite is feasible.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
TTAF: TCP Timeout Adaptivity Based on Fast Retransmit over MANET

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the most widely deployed transport layer protocols. It responds to all packet losses, either due to congestion or link breakages, by invoking various congestion control mechanisms. All these mechanisms imply a reduction in the amount of transmitted data. Computing a proper value of the retransmission timeout (RTO) is a challenge for TCP. In mobile ad hoc networks (MANET), mobility and bit error cause a lot of packet losses which degrades TCP throughput. In this paper we introduce an adaptation of TCP Ne wReno in order to improve its performance during the fast recovery phase. Our adapted algorithm, which we called TTAF, does not rely only on round trip time samples but also takes into consideration fast retransmit events in tuning the value of RTO. A set of experiments have been conducted to evaluate the effect of TTAF over MANET with various mobility speed, traffic load, and bit error rates. Results have shown an improvement in TTAF throughput compared with that of TCP NewReno.

Field of study: Computer science
Olivine Crystal Types in Harrisitic Rocks of the Rhum Pluton and in Archean Spinifex Rocks

Skeletal and dendritic olivine crystals in the Archean volcanic ultramafic spinifex rocks and in harrisitic ultramafic layers of the Rhum pluton are classified as (1) plate, (2) randomly oriented, (3) porphyritic, or (4) branching type. Volcanic and plutonic examples are remarkably similar. Each type records the degree of pre-nucleation supersaturation with olivine that was attained by the parent melt. The rapid induction of supersaturation necessary to form skeletons and dendrites in a plutonic environment is attributed to changing water content or adiabatic expansion of the magma. The olivine crystals in harrisitic and spinifex rocks are not quench crystals; they grew rapidly from olivine-rich melts as the result of extreme supersaturation induced by slow cooling and slight supercooling below a liquidus with shallow slope in temperature-composition space. Skeletal and dendritic olivine crystals grow readily in magma and are poor indices of cooling rate and crystallization environment.

Field of study: Geology
Aneuploidy and Ethanol Tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Response to environmental stresses is a key factor for microbial organism growth. One of the major stresses for yeasts in fermentative environments is ethanol. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the most tolerant species in its genus, but intraspecific ethanol-tolerance variation exists. Although, much effort has been done in the last years to discover evolutionary paths to improve ethanol tolerance, this phenotype is still hardly understood. Here, we selected five strains with different ethanol tolerances, and used comparative genomics to determine the main factors that can explain these phenotypic differences. Surprisingly, the main genomic feature, shared only by the highest ethanol-tolerant strains, was a polysomic chromosome III. Transcriptomic data point out that chromosome III is important for the ethanol stress response, and this aneuploidy can be an advantage to respond rapidly to ethanol stress. We found that chromosome III copy numbers also explain differences in other strains. We show that removing the extra chromosome III copy in an ethanol-tolerant strain, returning to euploidy, strongly compromises its tolerance. Chromosome III aneuploidy appears frequently in ethanol-tolerance evolution experiments, and here, we show that aneuploidy is also used by natural strains to enhance their ethanol tolerance.

Field of study: Biology
Interaction between Methylchloroform and Surface Modified Activated Carbon in CF4 Plasma

The interaction between methylchloroform and a surface modified activated carbon, which was treated with tetrafluoromethane plasma, was evaluated on the basis of adsorption isotherms and physicochemical properties of the activated carbon. Tetrafluoromethane plasma-treated activated carbon could be used for the complete recovery of methylchloroform.

Field of study: Chemistry
Palmar fasciitis and polyarthritis syndrome.

A 75-year-old woman presented with a 3-month history of progressive painful swelling and stiffness of both hands. She also complained of asthenia and a 2-kg weight loss. At admission, physical examination showed both symmetrical swollen hands and palmar fascial thickening with erythema (Figure 1A–C); her fingers also showed fixed flexion deformities involving all …

Field of study: Medicine
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4‐immunoglobulin G is a potent adjuvant for experimental allergen immunotherapy

Allergen‐specific immunotherapy (SIT) is the only treatment for allergic diseases that targets allergen‐specific T helper type 2 (Th2) cells, which are the cause of the disease. There is an unmet requirement for adjuvants that increase the clinical efficacy of SIT allowing application of lower doses of the allergen, thereby reducing the risk of anaphylactic reactions. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4–immunoglobulin (CTLA‐4–Ig) has been shown to induce immunological tolerance in autoimmunity and allograft transplantation by blocking T cell co‐stimulation and induction of the immunoregulatory enzyme indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO). Previously, we showed that CTLA‐4–Ig treatment at the time of allergen inhalation induced tolerance to subsequent allergen exposure in a mouse model of asthma. In this study, we test the hypothesis that CTLA‐4–Ig acts as an adjuvant for experimental SIT. We evaluated the adjuvant effects of CTLA‐4–Ig on SIT in a mouse model of ovalbumin‐driven asthma. We used both wild‐type and IDO‐deficient mice to assess the role of IDO in the adjuvant effects of CTLA‐4–Ig. Co‐administration of CTLA‐4–Ig strongly increased SIT‐induced suppression of airway hyperreactivity (AHR), specific IgE in serum, airway eosinophilia and Th2 cytokine levels. Moreover, we found that CTLA‐4–Ig, as an adjuvant for SIT, is equally effective in IDO‐deficient and wild‐type mice, demonstrating that the effect of CTLA‐4–Ig is independent of IDO expression. We show that CTLA‐4–Ig acts as a potent adjuvant to augment the therapeutic effects of SIT. As the adjuvant activity of CTLA‐4–Ig is independent of IDO, we conclude that it acts by blocking CD28‐mediated T cell co‐stimulation.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Study on Surface Nitriding Current Control for Steel Based on Fuzzy PID

A fuzzy PID controller used to control nitriding current for steel surface was designed through fuzzy PID controller and PID controller.The effects of fuzzy PID controller were also studied.The results show that compared with traditional PID controller,the fuzzy PID controller has better control precision and stability,which can adjust time at 7 s and overshoot for 15 mL.

Field of study: Materials science
On kernel fuzzy c-means for data with tolerance using explicit mapping for kernel data analysis

An explicit mapping is generally unknown for kernel data analysis but their inner product should be known. Though kernel fuzzy c-means algorithm for data with tolerance has been proposed by the authors, the cluster centers and the tolerance in higher dimensional space have been unseen. Contrary to this common assumption, an explicit mapping has been introduced by one of the authors and the situation of kernel fuzzy c-means in higher dimensional space has been described via kernel principal component analysis using the explicit mapping. In this paper, the cluster centers and the tolerance of kernel fuzzy c-means for data with tolerance are described via kernel principal component analysis using the explicit mapping.

Field of study: Computer science
Uruguay under Juan Idiarte Borda: An American Diplomat’s Observations

ESPITE ITS HAPHAZARD METHOD of selecting diplomats during much of the nineteenth century, the United States sometimes enjoyed the services of surprisingly competent amateurs, brought into the Foreign Service from a great variety of backgrounds. A good example was Granville Stuart, whom Grover M. Cleveland appointed minister to Uruguay and Paraguay during his second administration. Stuart was a Montana Democrat, a former California gold miner in the 1850s and at various times merchant, rancher, dispenser of vigilante justice, and politician from 1857 to the date of his appointment.' He had few ostensible qualifications and little experience fitting him for such an assignment; yet he served creditably and perhaps more successfully than many professional diplomats with benefit of more sophisticated training. His appointment resulted from patronage pressure exerted by a Montana silver Democrat, banker, and former territorial governor, Samuel T. Hauser. Stuart and Hauser had been friends and business associates since the 1860s when these two men, of Virginia and Kentucky birth respectively, had spent the Civil War years in Montana mining camps. In 1894 Stuart was sixty years old and deep in debt as a consequence of unfortunate mining and cattle dealings; he had a young wife to support and also had financial obligations to children from an earlier marriage to a Snake Indian woman. Bad luck had followed him for nearly twenty years, and in 1893 he sought a federal appointment as surveyor general for Montana. If that failed he wanted a diplomatic appointment to Bolivia or Ecuador where he hoped to find mining opportunities that would

Field of study: History
RELATIVE RATE OF RESPONSE AND RELATIVE MAGNITUDE OF REINFORCEMENT IN MULTIPLE SCHEDULES.

Pigeons were trained on a multiple schedule in which the duration of access to grain reinforcement was varied independently in the two components. The relative response rate in one component was an increasing function of the relative duration of reinforcement in that component. The similarity of this interaction to that found in multiple schedules of different reinforcement frequency is discussed. Extinction data were also similar to those obtained after training on multiple schedules of different reinforcement frequency.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology