nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Phenomenal sea states and swell from a North Atlantic Storm in February 2011: a comprehensive analysis

a Laboratoire d'Oceanographie Spatiale, Plouzane, France b NOAA/NWS/NCEP/Ocean Prediction Center, Camp Springs, Maryland c CLS-Brest, Brest Technopole, Plouzane, France d Service Hydrographique et Oceanographique de la Marine, Brest, France e Universidade dos Acores, CLIMAAT/MacSIMAR, Angra do Heroismo, Azores, Portugal f Coastal Ocean Observing Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire g Departement de Sismologie, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Sorbonne Paris-Cite, Paris, France

Field of study: Environmental science
Pseudo-cat's eye for improved tilt-immune interferometry.

We present a new simple optical design for a cat's eye retroreflector. We describe the design of the new optical configuration and its use in tilt-immune interferometry where it enables the tracking of the displacement of a plane target mirror with minimum sensitivity to its tilt about axes orthogonal to the interferometer's optical axis. In this application the new cat's eye does not behave as a perfect retroreflector and we refer to it as a "pseudo"-cat's eye (PCE). The device allows, for the first time, tilt-immune interferometric displacement measurements in cases where the nominal distance to the target mirror is significantly larger than the length of the cat's eye. We describe the general optical characteristics of the PCE and compare its performance in our application with that of a conventional cat's eye optical configuration using ABCD matrices and Zemax analyses. We further suggest a simple modification to the design that would enable the PCE to behave as a perfect cat's eye, and this design may provide an advantageous solution for other applications.

Field of study: Physics
Matrine Inhibits Mouse Sperm Function by Reducing Sperm [Ca2+]i and Phospho-ERK1/2

Matrine is a bioactive alkaloid that has a variety of pharmacological effects and is widely used in Chinese medicine. However, its effects on male reproduction are not well known. In this study, we aimed to investigate the in vitro toxicity of matrine on mature mouse sperm.  Mouse cauda epididymal sperm were exposed to matrine (10-200 µM) in vitro. The viability, motility, capacitation, acrosome reaction and fertilization ability of the mouse sperm were examined. Furthermore, the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), calcium (Catsper) and potassium (Ksper) currents, and phosphorylation of extracellular signal regulated kinases 1/2 (p-ERK1/2) of the sperm were analyzed.  After exposure to 100 µM or more of matrine, mouse cauda epididymal sperm exhibited a significant reduction in total motility, progressive motility, linear velocity and acrosome reaction rate induced by Ca2+ ionophore A23187. As a result, the fertilization ability of mouse sperm was remarkably decreased by matrine. Our data further demonstrated that matrine significantly reduced sperm [Ca2+]i and [Ca2+]i-related p-ERK1/2; however, both the CatSper and KSper currents, which are thought to interactively regulate Ca2+ influx in sperm, were not affected by matrine.  Our findings indicate that matrine inhibits mouse sperm function by reducing sperm [Ca2+]i and suppressing the phosphorylation of ERK1/2.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Suppressing Actuator Simulation Analysis Based on Matlab

In order to analyze the dynamic response of the suppressing actuator, the dynamic simulation model of the suppressing actuator based on MATLAB is established in this paper. According to the principle of the suppressing actuator, the suppressing actuator model is presented based on mass-spring-damper system. To simulate the collision between brake lining and brake disc, a Herbert-Mcwhannell collision contact model is introduced to perfect the dynamic model of the suppressing actuator. And the dynamic model simulated in Matlab/Simulink. Then the influence of the fluid pressure P and the restitution coefficient Cr is analyzed. The results show that the optimized hydraulic pressure control can reduce the actuating overshoot, and the brake lining of low restitution coefficient can shorten the response time of the actuator.

Field of study: Engineering
Interleukin-27 induces the endothelial differentiation in Sca-1+ cardiac resident stem cells.

Cytokines play important roles in cardiac repair and regeneration. Recently, we demonstrated that interleukin (IL)-6 family cytokines induce the endothelial differentiation of Sca-1+ cardiac resident stem cells through STAT3/Pim-1 signaling pathway. In contrast, the biological functions of IL-12 family cytokines in heart remain to be elucidated, though they show structural homology with IL-6. In the present study, we examined the effects of IL-12 family cytokines on the transdifferentiation of cardiac Sca-1+ cells into cardiac cells. RT-PCR analyses revealed that IL-27 receptor α (IL-27Rα), but not IL-12R or IL-23R, was expressed in cardiac Sca-1+ cells. The transcript expression of IL-27 was elevated in murine hearts in cardiac injury models. Intriguingly, IL-27 stimulation for 14 days induced the endothelial cell (EC) marker genes, such as CD-31 and VE-cadherin. Immunoblot analyses clarified that IL-27 treatment rapidly phosphorylated STAT3. IL-27 upregulated the expression of Pim-1, but the overexpression of dominant negative STAT3 abrogated the induction of Pim-1 by IL-27. Finally, adenoviral transfection of dominant negative Pim-1 inhibited IL-27-induced EC differentiation of cardiac Sca-1+ cells. These findings demonstrated that IL-27 promoted the commitment of cardiac stem cells into the EC lineage, possibly leading to neovascularization as a novel biological function. IL-27 could not only regulate the inflammation but also contribute to the maintenance of the tissue homeostasis through stem cell differentiation at inflammatory sites.

Field of study: Medicine
Dissolved oxygen effects on equilibrium and kinetics of phenolics adsorption by activated carbon.

Phenol and o-cresol have been shown to undergo oxygeninduced polymerization reactions on activated carbon that enhance their adsorption. Four different levels of dissolved oxygen (DO) were involved in the equilibrium and kinetics studies undertaken. It was found that for both phenol and o-cresol, the adsorptive capacities increase with the increase in DO concentration. The quantities of dimers and trimers formed on the carbon surface were a function of the DO level. Phenol recovery efficiencies around 70% and 25% were found for anoric and oxic isotherms, respectively. The additional capacity attained under oxic conditions was limited by the masses of DO and granular activated carbon (GAC) in the test environment

Field of study: Environmental science
Equity in Commercial Law by Simone Degeling and James Edelman (eds)

The inspiration for this excellent set of nineteen essays was a conference on the topic of fusion organised by the editors in Sydney in December, 2004. The idea of fusion never fails to ignite the tinder of academic interest with dramatic exothermic effects, but, as Justice McLachlin points out in her foreword, it also engages the pragmatic interest of practitioners and judges by raising contemporary questions about the role of equitable doctrines and remedies in the field of commercial law.

Field of study: Law
COLDz: Deep 34 GHz Continuum Observations and Free–Free Emission in High-redshift Star-forming Galaxies

The high-frequency radio sky has historically remained largely unexplored due to the typical faintness of sources in this regime, and the modest survey speed compared to observations at lower frequencies. However, high-frequency radio surveys offer an invaluable tracer of high-redshift star formation, as they directly target the faint radio free–free emission. We present deep continuum observations at 34 GHz in the COSMOS and GOODS-North fields from the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA), as part of the COLDz survey. The deep COSMOS mosaic spans down to σ = 1.3 μJy beam−1, while the wider GOODS-N observations cover to σ = 5.3 μJy beam−1. We detect a total of 18 galaxies at 34 GHz, of which nine show radio emission consistent with being powered by star formation; although for two sources, this is likely due to thermal emission from dust. Utilizing deep ancillary radio data at 1.4, 3, 5, and 10 GHz, we decompose the spectra of the remaining seven star-forming galaxies into their synchrotron and thermal free–free components, and find typical thermal fractions and synchrotron spectral indices comparable to those observed in local star-forming galaxies. We further determine free–free star formation rates (SFRs), and show that these are in agreement with SFRs from spectral energy distribution-fitting and the far-infrared/radio correlation. Our observations place strong constraints on the high-frequency radio emission in typical galaxies at high redshift, and provide some of the first insights into what is set to become a key area of study with future radio facilities, such as the Square Kilometer Array Phase 1 and next-generation VLA.

Field of study: Physics
Autologistic models for benchmark risk or vulnerability assessment of urban terrorism outcomes.

We develop a quantitative methodology to characterize vulnerability among 132 U.S. urban centers ('cities') to terrorist events, applying a place-based vulnerability index to a database of terrorist incidents and related human casualties. A centered autologistic regression model is employed to relate urban vulnerability to terrorist outcomes and also to adjust for autocorrelation in the geospatial data. Risk-analytic 'benchmark' techniques are then incorporated into the modeling framework, wherein levels of high and low urban vulnerability to terrorism are identified. This new, translational adaptation of the risk-benchmark approach, including its ability to account for geospatial autocorrelation, is seen to operate quite flexibly in this socio-geographic setting.

Field of study: Mathematics
Dynamic Batch Learning in High-Dimensional Sparse Linear Contextual Bandits

We study the problem of dynamic batch learning in high-dimensional sparse linear contextual bandits, where a decision maker, under a given maximum-number-of-batch constraint and only able to observe rewards at the end of each batch, can dynamically decide how many individuals to include in the next batch (at the end of the current batch) and what personalized action-selection scheme to adopt within each batch. Such batch constraints are ubiquitous in a variety of practical contexts, including personalized product offerings in marketing and medical treatment selection in clinical trials. We characterize the fundamental learning limit in this problem via a regret lower bound and provide a matching upper bound (up to log factors), thus prescribing an optimal scheme for this problem. To the best of our knowledge, our work provides the first inroad into a theoretical understanding of dynamic batch learning in high-dimensional sparse linear contextual bandits. Notably, even a special case of our result (when no batch constraint is present) yields the first minimax optimal $\tilde{O}(\sqrt{s_0T})$ regret bound for standard online learning in high-dimensional linear contextual bandits (for the no-margin case), where $s_0$ is the sparsity parameter (or an upper bound thereof) and $T$ is the learning horizon. This result (both that $\tilde{O}(\sqrt{s_0 T})$ is achievable and that $\Omega(\sqrt{s_0 T})$ is a lower bound) appears to be unknown in the emerging literature of high-dimensional contextual bandits.

Field of study: Computer science
The Background and the Strategies to Establish Learning Organizations in China's Universities

As management system reformation in Chinese universities and colleges has been deepening further, the original management pattern has not been able to meet the current needs of the university development. By analyzing the great changes that the economic, technological and cultural factors bring to university management, and taking into account the present situation and existing problems of university management in China, the author puts forward the ways and the strategies to establish learning organizations in Chinese universities.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A unified site relaxation model for ion mobility in glassy materials

The unified site relaxation model combines key features of the earlier dynamic structure and jump relaxation models, and provides a coherent model of ionic transport processes in glassy materials. The essential idea is that mobile ions hop backwards and forwards many times before: (i) the Coulomb field is relaxed and (ii) the ‘target site’ adjusts itself to the needs of its new occupant. The other mobile ions and the network of the glass are both involved in this (unified) relaxation process. Manifestations of site relaxation are seen in the frequency dependence of the conductivity, in mechanical loss spectra and in many d.c. ‘anomalies’ such as the mixed cation effect.

Field of study: Materials science
Rotational symmetry breaking and partial Majorana corner states in a high-Tc superconductor based heterostructure

Applying a microscopic model, we study theoretically the quasiparticle excitation of a twodimensional topological insulator (TI) being in proximity to a high-Tc superconductor. In the momentum space, the proximity induced pairing term in the TI layer includes both the singlet channel and triplet channel, leading to the C4 rotational symmetry breaking of the energy bands and the quasiparticle spectra. For a cylinder geometry, the zero energy edge states may appear but they are localized at the upper boundary. For the finite-size system with open boundaries, the zero energy states at the upper boundary disappear and the Majorana bound states emerge at the two lower corners. All of the results can be understood well through exploring the pairing order parameter and the anomalous Green's function.

Field of study: Physics
De Novo Germline Mutations in SEMA5A Associated With Infantile Spasms

Infantile spasm (IS) is an early-onset epileptic encephalopathy that usually presents with hypsarrhythmia on an electroencephalogram with developmental impairment or regression. In this study, whole-exome sequencing was performed to detect potential pathogenic de novo mutations, and finally we identified a novel damaging de novo mutation in SEMA5A and a compound heterozygous mutation in CLTCL1 in three sporadic trios with IS. The expression profiling of SEMA5A in the human brain showed that it was mainly highly expressed in the cerebral cortex, during the early brain development stage (8 to 9 post-conception weeks and 0 to 5 months after birth). In addition, we identified a close protein-protein interaction network between SEMA5A and candidate genes associated with epilepsy, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or intellectual disability. Gene enrichment and function analysis demonstrated that genes interacting with SEMA5A were significantly enriched in several brain regions across early fetal development, including the cortex, cerebellum, striatum and thalamus (q < 0.05), and were involved in axonal, neuronal and synapse-associated processes. Furthermore, SEMA5A and its interacting genes were associated with ASD, epilepsy syndrome and developmental disorders of mental health. Our results provide insightful information indicating that SEMA5A may contribute to the development of the brain and is associated with IS. However, further genetic studies are still needed to evaluate the role of SEMA5A in IS to definitively establish the role of SEMA5A in this disorder.

Field of study: Biology
Development of an index system for evaluation of ecological carrying capacity of marine ecosystems

Ecological carrying capacity (ECC) is an important indicator in evaluating sustainable development in an ecosystem. However, a standard method to systematically evaluate an ecosystem's carrying capacity, particularly marine ecosystems, is rarely existent. This study proposes a general conceptual model for systematic evaluation of the carrying capacity of marine ecosystems. The proposed model involves (1) identification of carriers, (2) determination of carrying objects and (3) construction of evaluation index framework. An index system was developed based on a case study conducted in Dongtou Islands in China. Moreover, this case study demonstrates the application of the conceptual model in ECC evaluation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Person-Environment Fit: Examining the Use of Commensurate Scales

The purpose of this study was to explore the use of commensurate scales for research on person-environment fit. Three commensurate scales were derived from the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory by altering the instructions of this cognitive-style measure. The three scales measured person-environment fit in the workplace. Respondents (n = 108) indicated the kind of person they were required to be at work, the kind of person they currently were at work, and the kind of person they wanted to be in their ideal jobs. Scores from the person-environment fit measure were compared to scores from Kirton's original style inventory. Tukey tests indicated significant differences between Kirton's measure and individuals' perceptions of the style required at work and the style they preferred for an ideal job. The style demanded at work was more adaptive than the respondents' general style preferences. Also the respondents' ideal work style was more innovative than their general style preferences. Only one subscale, Sufficiency of Originality, showed a significant difference between Kirton's measure and perceptions of the style currently exhibited at work. Also, correlations showed no significant associations between respondents' adaptor-innovator styles and perceptions of the style required at work. Significant correlations were found for respondents' adaptor-innovator style preferences with their current and ideal work styles. Additional findings, interpretations, and implications for research are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Three-micron laser action in Dy3+

An experimental investigation was made of laser action in Dy3+ ions in an LaF3 crystal excited by neodymium laser radiation. It is shown by calculation that neodymium laser radiation may be converted to the three-micron range with an efficiency of the order of 10% using Y3Al5O12:Yb3+:Dy3+ and BaY2F8:Dy3+ media.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Reaktionen mit phosphororganischen Verbindungen, XIII. Synthese und Eigenschaften von β‐Acylvinylphosphoniumsalzen

β-Chlorvinylketone 1 liefern mit Triphenylphosphin β-Acylvinylphosphoniumsalze 2. Diese zeigen unerwartete Eigenschaften: 1) Sie liegen uberwiegend in der Enolform vor. 2) Mit Diazoverbindungen erfolgt kationoide Verdrangung des Acylvinylrestes. 3) Alkali bewirkt Umlagerung zu Phosphinoxiden des Typs 8. – Die Reaktivitat gegenuber Dienen entspricht der Erwartung.

Field of study: Chemistry
Development in Research and Application of Electro-spark Deposition Technology

Electro-spark deposition(ESD) is a new technique for repairing and strengthening on metal material surface. The ESD technique has the advantage of simple device, easy operability and wide application range. The repairing layer by ESD has higher wear resistance and much better corrosion resistance, which has good practical values and wide application prospects. The general principle and characteristics of the ESD method were introduced, and the development in research and application of the method was analyzed. The problems to be resolved for the technique were pointed out, and the development direction and suggestions on the intensive research and application of electro-spark deposition were proposed.

Field of study: Materials science
Von Krautgärten, Äckern, Gülten und Hühnern: Studien zur Besitz- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte des Prämonstratenserstifts Adelberg im Mittelalter 1178–1535. Stefanie Albus-Kötz. Schriften zur Südwestdeutschen Landeskunde 73. Ostfildern: Jan Thorbecke Verlag, 2014. xii + 318 pp. €39.


Field of study: History
Exposure tests in industrial toxicology

The purpose of exposure tests for industrial poisons or other hazards is to determine if sufficient quantities of the harmful agent are being (or have been) absorbed to cause intoxication. In interpreting such tests, the three major factors which determine whether or not intoxication occurs should be considered. The first of these is the time factor. Over a short period the probability of intoxication may be proportional to the length of exposure. Over longer periods this is not true but as a general rule, the longer the exposure the greater the likelihood of injury. The second factor is the susceptibility of the individual. This cannot be measured quantitatively and in many instances, cannot even be qualitatively estimated. This factor not only varies among different individuals but will, undoubtedly, change considerably with the same individual from time to time, reflecting stresses from infections, fatigue, and other causes. The third factor, and the one which concerns us primarily, is the concentration of the toxic agent; not the concentration in the environment nor even, ordinarily, in the body as a whole but the concentration in that Organ or tissue of the body which is most sensitive to attack by the toxic agent in question. For purposes of simplicity we will call this the critical organ. In Figure 1 a highly simplified version of the flow of a toxic substance through the body is depicted. It is seen that there are four primary media which we can analyse, indicated by the asterisks. These are the air, blood, urine, and breath. None of these analyses will give us directly the information we want most, namely, the concentration in the critical organ (Ce) which may be the brain or liver for example. Ordinarily it is impossible to measure this value directly (except, perhaps, at autopsy) and we can only infer that it rises or falls with increases or decreases in the concentrations which we can determine. There are, of course, analyses which can be made—other than those mentioned. Environmental tests may include analysis of water or food, wipe tests of bench tops, etc. or the contamination of the skin can be determined. Biological specimens sometimes analysed include lung tissue, fat and skin, as well as blood, while other excretion products, in addition to urine and breath, are sweat, fces, hair, and nails. For purposes of classification we can divide industrial poisons into four categories: (1). Volatile vapours or gases relatively insoluble in water; examples— methyl chloroform, ether, and hexane. The solubilities of these substances in blood and urine are not high, and the analysis of breath is the most

Field of study: Chemistry
Approach to managing patients with sulfa allergy: use of antibiotic and nonantibiotic sulfonamides.

To present an approach to use of sulfonamide-based (sulfa) medications for patients with sulfa allergy and to explore whether sulfa medications are contraindicated for patients who require them but are allergic to them.



A search of current pharmacology textbooks and of MEDLINE from 1966 to the present using the MeSH key words "sulfonamide" and "drug sensitivity" revealed review articles, case reports, one observational study (level II evidence), and reports of consensus opinion (level III evidence).


MAIN MESSAGE
Cross-reactivity between sulfa antibiotics and nonantibiotics is rare, but on occasion it can affect the pharmacologic and clinical management of patients with sulfa allergy.



How a physician approaches using sulfa medications for patients with sulfa allergy depends on the certainty and severity of the initial allergy, on whether alternatives are available, and on whether the contemplated agent belongs to the same category of sulfa medications (ie, antibiotic or nonantibiotic) as the initial offending agent.

Field of study: Medicine