nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Structural, Magnetic and Optical Properties of Gd and Co Co-Doped YFeO3 Nanopowders

YFeO3, YFe0.95Co0.05O3, Y0.95Gd0.05FeO3 and Y1−xGdxFe0.95Co0.05O3 (x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20) nanopowders were successfully fabricated via a low-temperature solid-state reaction technique. Results obtained using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Raman spectra indicate that YFeO3 nanopowders with Gd3+ and Co3+ ions co-doping at Y and Fe-sites were fabricated at 800 °C in sizes below 50 nm, and a distorted structure was obtained. Magnetic hysteresis loop analyses illustrate that ferromagnetic behavior of YFeO3 nanopowders can be enhanced with the addition of Gd and Co. Whereas the maximum and remnant magnetization of the powders were found to be about 5.24 and 2.6 emu/g, respectively, the optical band gap was around 2.4 eV, proving that co-doped YFeO3 nanopowders have a strong capability to absorb visible light. Because both magnetic and optical properties of these materials are greatly improved with the addition of Gd and Co, one can expect the scope of their potential application in the magnetic and optical fields to increase.

Field of study: Materials science
Social Support in Intimate Relationships: The Role of Relationship Autonomy

Prior research on effective support interactions in intimate relationships often focuses on support provision rather than how people seek support. The current study investigated how differences in relationship autonomy—authentic and self-determined relationship motivations—predicted the behavior and outcomes of couples (N = 80) in support interactions. Results indicated that support seekers’ motivation and behavior were the primary contributor to effective support interactions. Support seekers who were autonomously motivated tended to seek support in a more direct and positive manner, which in turn promoted greater levels of emotional, informational, and tangible support from their partners. The relationship autonomy of both the support provider and the support seeker also predicted better subjective experiences regardless of behavior, such as perceiving the interaction as more supportive. These results illustrate how relationship autonomy promotes well-being in relationships via support seeking behaviors, as well as positive interpretations and experiences of important relationship interactions.

Field of study: Psychology
An animal model of the interpersonal communication of interoceptive (private) states.

Pigeons were taught to interact communicatively (i.e., exchange discriminative stimuli) based on 1 pigeon's internal state, which varied as a function of cocaine, pentobarbital, and saline administration. These performances generalized to untrained pharmacological agents (d-amphetamine and chlordiazepoxide) and were observed in the absence of aversive stimulation, deprivation, and unconditioned reinforcement. The training procedure used in this study appears similar to that by which humans learn to report on (tact) their internal environments and may be construed as a rudimentary animal model of the interpersonal communication of private events.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Economic evidence of influenza vaccination in children.

We review published economic evaluations of influenza vaccination for children, including direct individual benefits and indirect societal benefits, to determine whether more studies are needed to fully understand the expected benefits of such strategies.



We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE databases to May 2006 and in-press articles to October 2006 for studies including economic analyses of influenza vaccination in children. Abstracts of all potentially relevant articles were screened.



Fifteen relevant articles from 1983 were retained. Most were based on modelling, using previously published data and considered the societal perspective. Three were a part of prospective clinical trials. Various paediatric vaccination scenarios and parameters were considered. Vaccinating children against influenza was cost saving or cost effective in 10/15 studies, cost saving or effective only under certain conditions in three studies, and not cost saving or effective in two studies whatever the outcome or perspective considered.



Most published evidence points to an economic interest for society of vaccinating children against influenza. However, differences in study design hinder the comparison of the various vaccination strategies considered. Comparable and complete data on the burden and cost of disease, and the cost of vaccination are needed, especially outside of North America.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
SU‐E‐T‐249: Determining the Sensitivity of Beam Profile Parameters for Detecting Energy Changes in Flattening Filter‐Free Beams

To identify the beam profile parameters that can be used to detect energy changes in a flattening filter-free photon beams.  Flattening filter-free beam profiles (inline, crossline, and diagonals) were measured for multiple field sizes (25×25cm and 10×10cm) at 6MV on a clinical system (Truebeam, Varian Medical Systems Palo Alto CA). Profiles were acquired for baseline energy and detuned beams by changing the bending magnet current (BMC), above and below baseline. The following profile parameters were measured: flatness (off-axis ratio at 80% of field size), symmetry, uniformity, slope, and the off-axis ratio (OAR) at several off-axis distances. Tolerance values were determined from repeated measurements. Each parameter was evaluated for sensitivity to the induced beam changes, and the minimum detectable BMC change was calculated for each parameter by calculating the change in BMC that would Result in a change in the parameter above the measurement tolerance.  Tolerance values for the parameters were-Flatness≤0.1%; Symmetry≤0.4%; Uniformity≤0.01%; Slope≤ 0.001%/mm. The measurements made with a field size of 25cm and a depth of d=1.5cm showed the greatest sensitivity to bending magnet current variations. Uniformity had the highest sensitivity, able to detect a change in BMC of BMC=0.02A. The OARs and slope were sensitive to the magnitude and direction of BMC change. The sensitivity in the flatness parameter was BMC=0.04A; slope was sensitive to BMC=0.05A. The sensitivity decreased for OARs measured closer to central axis-BMC(8cm)=0.23A; BMC(5cm)=0.47A; BMC(2cm)=1.35A. Symmetry was not sensitive to changes in BMC.  These tests allow for better QA of FFF beams by setting tolerance levels to beam parameter baseline values which reflect variations in machine calibration. Uniformity is most sensitive to BMC changes, while OARs provide information about magnitude and direction of miscalibration. Research funding provided by Varian Medical Systems. Dr. Sasa Mutic receives compensation for providing patient safety training services from Varian Medical Systems, the sponsor of this study.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Numerical simulation and fatigue life estimation of BGA packages under random vibration loading

This work investigates finite element (FE) simulation and fatigue life prediction of ball grid array (BGA) under random vibration loading. The printed circuit board (PCB) assemblies are tested under random vibration loadings. The center displacement responses of PCB assemblies and the time to failure are recorded. A three-dimensional FE model of the PCB assembly is established using ABAQUS software, and spectrum analysis specified for random vibration is performed numerically to obtain the response power spectral density (PSD) of the PCB assembly. Simulation results show good correlation with experimental data in terms of center displacement responses in actual random vibration testing, validating the effectiveness of the proposed FE model. In particular, the root mean square (RMS) values of the maximum peeling stress under different loading conditions are calculated and compared. Different pre-tightening force levels and vibration intensities are applied to study their influence on solder joint reliability. Finally, the fatigue life of BGA solder joints under random vibration loading is determined in terms of Miner's rule and random vibration theory, and it is experimentally verified that the predicted fatigue life of BGA solder joints matches the experimental results with reasonable accuracy. It is concluded that solder joints at the four outermost corners of BGA packages have higher peeling stress values than others, especially at the both sides of solder joints near PCB and BGA. The stress responses of critical solder joints increase with the increase of vibration loading. BGA packages would be more prone to damage and failure when the screws became looser. This research will provide a guide for investigating the dynamic characteristics and optimization design of PCB assemblies, and predicting the fatigue life of BGA solder joints.

Field of study: Engineering
Unintended consequences of enforcement in a cooperative institution: Experimental evidence from Tanzanian fishers

Small-scale fisheries in developing countries employ the majority of the world's fishers and are a critical source of income and nutrition for billions of people, yet they frequently suffer from overfishing. To date, institutional reforms have largely consisted of those that have worked well in developed countries, but are poorly suited to the institutional contexts of most developing countries, which are characterized by weak state capacity and poor enforcement. We study the introduction of an enforcement institution among Tanzanian fishers using a novel artefactual field experiment. Results suggest that enforcement mechanisms can sometimes damage cooperative behavior as players shift from cooperative harvest strategies to more destructive ones, which causes the common-pool resource to be depleted faster. We explore the mechanisms by which this undesirable outcome arises and argue that institutional reform should consider that resource users make jointly determined decisions about gear choice, including illegal ones, and harvest rates.

Field of study: Environmental science
The frequency of lamination in the sediments of Lake Barrine, tropical north-east Australia, during the last five millennia

At Lake Barrine (17°15′S, 145°38′E, 721 m a.s.l.) under water > 55 m deep, the uppermost sediment is composed of alternating detritus-poor and detritus-rich laminae. The former are interpreted as the continuous sedimentation (mostly plankton) from the undisturbed water body, the latter as redeposition during turbulent periods, induced by unusually cold winters, of material previously accumulated under shallower water. A continuous, 4.5 m long, stratigraphic record from beneath the deepest water (67 m) consists of about 3000 individual laminations, punctuated by characteristic, relatively thick, ‘marker bands’. Each lamina was measured and allocated to one of the two categories. A chronology based on 28 radiocarbon dates, monotonically decreasing in age with decreasing depth, established a span from 5 ka cal BP to 1987 AD, the collection year. The plot of the durations of detritus-poor laminations, hence the return times of laminating events, is divisible into 20 Sections. Laminating events are not annual but 80% of return times lie between 1 and 6 years. Apart from the lowermost three Sections (5 ka–3.9 ka) having a greater number of long return times than the rest, there is no systematic change in the modes or ranges of the relative frequencies of return times between Sections. Prediction of the characteristics of a Section from those of its predecessor is impossible, nor, within a Section, is any return time a good predictor of the subsequent one. Extreme events are indicated most obviously by the marker bands which represent periods of unusual turbulence in the water body, perhaps by the occurrence of several consecutive very cold winters or the passage of a cyclonic wind directly over the lake. Long placid periods, evidenced by thick detritus-poor laminae spanning > 10 years, are not systematically distributed through time except for their absence from 3.0 ka to 2.3 ka and their concentration from 5.0 ka to 4.4 ka. Uncertainties imposed by the methods used are discussed as are those relating to their palaeoclimatic application.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Influence of low-temperature annealing on Schottky barrier height and surface electrical properties of semi-insulating CdTe

We investigated the influence of low-temperature annealing in ambient air on the fundamental properties of semi-insulating CdTe doped with In and Cl in planar configuration, with gold and indium contacts prepared by evaporation at temperatures up to 373 K. The Au contact was formed by a central electrode and a guard ring, which allows us to separate bulk and surface leakage currents. We measured I–V characteristics and ellipsometry after each annealing step at room temperature. We determined that the change of the Schottky barrier height is responsible for the change of the bulk current, while the surface leakage current is affected by TeO2 layer thickness.

Field of study: Materials science
Isolation and characterization of a zebra finch aromatase cDNA: in situ hybridization reveals high aromatase expression in brain.

The brain regions controlling song are much larger in male than in female zebra finches. This sex difference is thought to arise developmentally when the male's brain is exposed to higher levels of estrogen. The synthesis of estrogen from androgen is catalyzed by aromatase, a key enzyme implicated in song development in the zebra finch. To study the role of estrogen synthesis in the organization of brain regions responsible for song, a cDNA encoding aromatase was isolated from a zebra finch ovarian cDNA library. The 3188 bp cDNA contains a 1527 bp open reading frame with 5' and 3' untranslated regions of 116 bp and 1545 bp, respectively. The deduced polypeptide is 509 amino acids in length, and is highly homologous to aromatases reported for chicken (92%), human (72%), mouse (70%), rat (69%) and trout (53%). Northern blot analysis revealed 5.4 kb, 4.8 kb and 3.2 kb aromatase mRNAs in brain and ovary. In situ hybridization histochemistry revealed the expression of aromatase mRNA in ovarian thecal cells of some, but not all, follicles, suggesting that aromatase gene expression is regulated during follicular maturation. In the adult brain, the distribution of aromatase mRNA was surprisingly widespread, and included the preoptic area, hypothalamus, hippocampus and neostriatum. By contrast, little aromatase mRNA expression was noted in the song nuclei (HVC, RA, area X). This study, the first description of aromatase mRNA expression by in situ hybridization in the brain of any species, identifies a surprisingly large number of cells that express aromatase mRNA in the zebra finch telencephalon. This pattern may be a unique feature of all songbirds.

Field of study: Biology
Freedom as a Fact

Institutions of private law are often justified on the grounds that they allow the widest possible scope for individual freedom. Similarly, constitutional principles organising and restricting the power of the state are thought to protect freedom of individuals from state coercion. These are only two examples of the many ways in which the protection of freedom provides a justification for institutional arrangements of political power and social interaction. The distinction between private rights and public powers, which runs through the structures of the liberal state, is itself based on the imperative to preserve freedom for individuals. It is often suggested by critics, however, that this justification of liberal institutions is not as convincing as its common use suggests. This is because the liberal account of freedom presupposes a controversial, or at least contestable, account of the constitution of the self and its relation to social structures. These criticisms suggest that any theory of freedom will have to be grounded on a more fundamental set of assumptions about the exercise of free will, the nature of individual identity and the importance of social  Within the framework of this debate, liberals and critics agree that an undertaking of other fundamental philosophical tasks is closely related to the discussion of any political theory advocating the protection of freedom.

Field of study: Law
A Fast Algorithm for Near-duplicate Video Detection

With the increasing number of multimedia applications in commercial markets,large scale near-duplicate video detection is very desirable for web video processing,especially the computational efficiency is essential for practical applications.In this paper,we present a computationally efficient algorithm based on multi-layer video content analysis.Local features are extracted from key frames of videos and indexed by a novel adaptive locality sensitive hashing scheme.By learning several parameters,fast retrieval in the new hashing structure is performed without high dimensional distance computations and achieves better real-time retrieving performance compared with other state-of-the-art approaches.Then a descriptor filtering method and a two-level matching scheme is performed to generate a relevance score for detection.Experiments on near-duplicate video detection tasks including various transformed videos demonstrate the efficiency gains of the proposed algorithm.

Field of study: Computer science
Participation of Cys123alpha of Escherichia coli succinyl-CoA synthetase in catalysis.

Succinyl-CoA synthetase has a highly conserved cysteine residue, Cys123alpha in the Escherichia coli enzyme, that is located near the CoA-binding site and the active-site histidine residue. To test whether the succinyl moiety of succinyl-CoA is transferred to the thiol of Cys123alpha as part of the catalytic mechanism, this residue was mutated to alanine, serine, threonine and valine. Each mutant protein was catalytically active, although less active than the wild type. This proved that the specific formation of a thioester bond with Cys123alpha is not part of the catalytic mechanism. To understand why the mutations affected catalysis, the crystal structures of the four mutant proteins were determined. The alanine mutant showed no structural changes yet had reduced activity, suggesting that the size of the cysteine is important for optimal activity. These results explain why this cysteine residue is conserved in the sequences of succinyl-CoA synthetases from different sources.

Field of study: Chemistry
SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF YSOs AND OTHER EMISSION-LINE STARS IN THE NORTH AMERICA AND PELICAN NEBULAE REGION

Far red spectra for 34 stars with V magnitudes between 15 and 18 in the direction of the North America and Pelican nebulae (NAP) star-forming region are obtained. Some of these stars were known earlier as emission-line objects, others were suspected as pre-main-sequence stars from photometry in the J, H, Ks and Vilnius systems. We confirm the presence of the Hline emission in the spectra of 19 stars, some of them exhibit also emission in the OI and CaII lines. In some of the stars the Habsorption line is filled with emission. To estimate their evolutionary status, the spectral energy distribu- tions, based on Vilnius, 2MASS, MSX and Spitzer photometry, are applied. Only eight emission-line stars are found to be located at a distance of the NAP complex. Others are either chromospherically active stars in front of the com- plex or distant luminous stars with Habsorption and emission components. For five stars with faint emission the data are not sufficient toestimate their distance. One star is found to be a heavily reddened K-supergiant located in the Outer arm. The stars, for which we failed to confirm the emission in H�, are mostly red dwarfs located in front of the NAP complex, two of them could be binaries with L-type components. Taking into account the stars suspected to be YSOs by their 2MASS colors we conclude that the NAP complex can possess a considerable population of young stars hidden behind the dust cloud.

Field of study: Physics
Awakening the Learner Within: Purposeful Prompts and Lifelong Learning Measures in a First-Year Composition Course.

Lifelong learning skills have been shown to benefit students during and after college. This paper discusses the use of the Effective Lifelong Learning Inventory (ELLI) in a first-year composition course. Reflective writing assignments and preand post-semester ELLI data were used to assess student growth as lifelong learners over the course of a semester. Statistically significant gains in lifelong learning dimensions were made by students in the study as compared to those in a control group who received no direct instruction. The authors reflect on the outcomes of the project for students and instructors and question the general assumptions often made about the outcomes of a college education, namely, whether students gain lifelong learning skills simply by virtue of attending college, or is more instruction on these “intangible” qualities needed?

Field of study: Education
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Determination of the spatial and temporal characteristics of TEA CO2 laser microsecond radiation used in laser processing of materials

Experimental investigations were made of the feedback which appeared during laser processing of materials by pulsed microsecond radiation from a TEA CO2 laser with a stable resonator. It was found that such feedback can lead to considerable distortions of the spatial and temporal radiation distributions on the target and of the conditions for the development of low-threshold optical breakdown in the atmosphere surrounding the target.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
SU‐FF‐I‐15: An Algorithm for Metal Streaking Artifact Reduction in Cone Beam CT

To develop a metal streaking artifact correction for cone beam CT(CBCT) and to evaluate its effect on image quality.  A small water phantom with steel cylinders, a large solid water phantom with contrast inserts and steel cylinders and a GYN patient with a metallic vaginal cylinder were scanned on a CBCTscanner with an amorphous silicon flat panel detector. CBCTimages were reconstructed in three different ways: using the CBCTscannerreconstruction algorithm, using an in‐house reconstruction algorithm, both on the basis of the original projections and using our reconstruction algorithm with based on modification of projection data. First, metal traces were identified in either the projection space or the image space. The projection areas corresponding to the metals were deleted and replaced by interpolated data from the neighboring projections.  Identification of metal traces worked very well for the phantoms and the patient. In the case of the small phantom, the scannerreconstructed images suffered from severe artifacts that were reduced when the CBCTimages were reconstructed by the in‐house reconstruction algorithm. CBCTimages using the interpolated projections were nearly artifact free in both phantoms. The corrected image of the large phantom closely resembled the CBCTimage without metals. The original patient CBCTimages showed streaking artifacts in the proximity of the vaginal cylinder that were significantly reduced after the correction algorithm was applied. A coronal slice at the position of the cylinder clearly demonstrated the improvement in image quality.  The quality of CBCTimages was greatly improved using the projection interpolation algorithm in both the phantoms and the patient. The successful test of the correction algorithm applied on CBCTimages of the large phantom and in the complex patient anatomy offers the possibility to use the correction for patients with hip prostheses.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics