nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Ring — chain transformations with the participation of the C=N group

In reaction with primary aromatic amines, 3-aryl-3-chloroperinaphthalides form 3-aryl-3-arylaminoperinaphthalides. The ring—chain tautomerism of these compounds has been studied and isomerization has been realized in the 2,3-diaryl-3-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-benz[d,e]isoquinolin-1-ones.

Field of study: Chemistry
Characterization of Deuterated-Xylene Scintillator as a Neutron Spectrometer

We have experimentally characterized the neutron light output response functions of a deuterated-xylene scintillator for neutron energies lower than 10 MeV. We then used the response matrix to unfold the energy distribution of neutrons produced via several reactions, i.e., spontaneous fission, d(d,n)3He, 27Al(d,n)28Si, and 9Be(alpha,n)12C. Organic scintillators based on deuterated compounds show a fast response and good gamma-neutron discrimination capability, similar to or better than proton-based scintillators. Deuterated scintillators can also effectively provide neutron energy spectra by unfolding measured data with the detector response matrix, without the need of time-of-flight. Deuteron recoils, produced by elastic collisions between deuterium and impinging neutrons, are preferentially forward-scattered. This non-isotropic reaction results in distinct peaks in the response functions to monoenergetic neutrons. In this work, we evaluated a custom-fabricated 7.62 cm  $\times 7.62$  cm deuterated-xylene (EJ301D) liquid scintillator. This liquid has a low volatility and higher flash point, compared to benzene-based deuterated detectors, e.g., EJ315 and NE230. We measured the EJ301D detector neutron response matrix (up to 6 MeV neutron energy) using an intense 252Cf source and the time-of-flight technique. The number of response functions obtained using our method is only limited by counting statistics and by the experimentally achievable energy resolution. Multi-channel unfolding was then performed successfully for neutron sources with different energy spectra.

Field of study: Physics
The Heath government and British defence policy in Southeast Asia at the end of empire (1970-71).

This article examines the rationale behind the Heath government's 1970 decision to negotiate a Five Power Defence agreement with Australia, New Zealand, Singapore and Malaysia and to maintain a small British military contingent in Southeast Asia as a part of this new politico-military framework. It argues that while its overriding foreign policy concern was to end Britain's problematic relationship with the European Economic Community and to make membership of this grouping the cornerstone of its foreign policy, the Heath government was careful not to cast Britain's post-imperial future in purely European terms. The successful negotiation of the Five Power Defence Arrangements in 1970-71 was instrumental in achieving this by ensuring that London would maintain close links with key Commonwealth partners in the Asian region. In what was not only an attempt to neutralize potential domestic opposition to Britain's entry into the EEC, but also a lingering reluctance to do away with the rhetoric of Britain as a leading power with extra-European interests, Heath was eager to show that by making a contribution to the stability of Southeast Asia, Britain still had a role to play outside Europe.

Field of study: History
Effects of p300/CBP on histone acetylation of Foxp3 gene in children with Kawasaki disease

To investigate the effects of p300/CBP on histone acetylation of Foxp3 gene and its roles in the immunological pathogenesis of Kawasaki disease (KD). 
 
 
 
Forty-six children with KD and twenty-eight age-matched health children were consented to participate in this study. Co-immunoprecipitation and real-time PCR were performed to detect Foxp3-associated acetylation levels of histone H4 and binding abilities of p300, CBP, pSmad3 (phosphorylated mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3) and NF-AT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) with Foxp3 gene in CD4+ T cells. The percentages of CD4+ CD25high Foxp3+ cells (Treg) and the expression of Foxp3, CTLA4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4), p300, CBP, TGF-βRⅡ (transforming growth factor β receptor Ⅱ) and pLAT1 at protein level were analyzed by flow cytometry. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure the expression of Foxp3, IL-10, TGF-β, TGF-βRⅠ, Egr-1 (early growth response protein 1), RARα (retinoic acid receptor α) and PLCγ1 (phospholipase C-γ1) in Treg cells at mRNA level. Plasma concentrations of TGF-β and retinol acid (RA) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. 
 
 
 
(1) The percentages of Treg cells, levels of Foxp3 and molecules associated with suppressive function of Treg cells (TGF-β, IL-10 and CTLA4), acetylation levels of histone H4 associated with promoter, conserved non-coding DNA sequence 1 (CNS1) and CNS2 of Foxp3 gene decreased remarkably during acute KD (P 0.05). (2) The levels of p300 and CBP in Treg cells and their binding abilities with Foxp3 gene were down-regulated significantly during acute KD (P 0.05). 
 
 
 
Hypoacetylation of histone H4 associated with Foxp3 gene caused by insufficient expression of p300/CBP and their impaired binding abilities might be involved with immune dysfunction in KD. IVIG therapy regulates the expression of p300/CBP and their binding abilities with Foxp3 gene through up-regulating TGF-β signal. 
 
 
 
Kawasaki disease; Foxp3; Histone acetylation; Regulatory T cell; Immunity

Field of study: Biology
The Effect on Implant Fixation of Soaking Tricalcium Phosphate Granules in Bisphosphonate

The use of bone grafting is a well-established way to enhance initial implant fixation in situations with reduced bone stock. Ceramic bone substitutes are inferior alternatives to autogenous or allogeneic bone graft. Improvement of bone graft substitutes is needed. We investigated whether biomechanical implant fixation and osseointegration of experimental implant grafted with β-TCP granules (Conduit) could be improved by soaking the β-TCP granules in bisphosphonate (zoledronate). In 10 dogs, a pair of titanium coated implants surrounded by a 2.5 mm gap was inserted into the proximal part of each tibia. The gap was grafted with β-TCP granules either soaked with zoledronate or saline. At 12 weeks, the implants were evaluated with biomechanical push-out test and histomorphometrical analysis. We found that bisphosphonate increased one of the three biomechanical parameters, but found no difference in the amount of new bone or β-TCP granules between the two treatment groups. This study indicates that local treatment of β-TCP granules with zoledronate not only has the potential to increase implant fixation but also calls for further experimental research in order to optimize the dose of zoledronate.

Field of study: Medicine
Experimental study on influence of secondary-throat diffuser on COIL

A secondary-throat diffuser and an 8°diffuser are used respectively on COIL.The performance parameters of the two diffusers are measured and compared.The result indicates that the secondary-throat diffuser may effectively insulate the flow disarrangement from the diffuser,avoid the down-stream flow disarrangement into the optical resonator,improve the stability of static-pressure in resonator,and enhance the stability of the output power of COIL.The secondary-throat diffuser is propitious to COIL at high back-pressure.

Field of study: Physics
Cherednik Algebras for Algebraic Curves

To George Lusztig with admirationFor any algebraic curve C and n≥1, Etingof introduced a “global” Cherednik algebra as a natural deformation of the cross product \(\mathcal{D}({C}^{n}) \rtimes {\mathbb{S}}_{n}\) of the algebra of differential operators on C n and the symmetric group. We provide a construction of the global Cherednik algebra in terms of quantum Hamiltonian reduction. We study a category of character \(\mathcal{D}\) -modules on a representation scheme associated with C and define a Hamiltonian reduction functor from that category to category \(\mathcal{O}\) for the global Cherednik algebra. In the special case of the curve \(C = {\mathbb{C}}^{\times }\), the global Cherednik algebra reduces to the trigonometric Cherednik algebra of type A n−1,and our character \(\mathcal{D}\)-modules become holonomic \(\mathcal{D}\)-modules on \(G{L}_{n}(\mathbb{C}) \times {\mathbb{C}}^{n}\). The corresponding perverse sheaves are reminiscent of (and include as special cases) Lusztig’s character sheaves.

Field of study: Mathematics
Field Experiments Examining the Culture of Honor: The Role of Institutions in Perpetuating Norms about Violence

Two field experiments illustrate how institutions of the U.S. South and West can help perpetuate violence related to a culture of honor. In Study 1, employers across the United States were sent letters from job applicants who had allegedly killed someone in an honor-related conflict. Southern and western companies were more likely than their northern counterparts to respond in an understanding and cooperative way. In Study 2, newspapers were sent facts for a story concerning a stabbing in response to a family insult. Southern and western papers created stories that were more sympathetic toward the perpetrator and presented his actions as more justified than northern papers did. Control conditions in both studies showed that the greater sympathy of southern and western institutions involves honor-related violence, not all violence or crime in general. Findings highlight the importance of examining the role of institutional behavior in perpetuating culture.

Field of study: Psychology
Determination of the Relationship Between Teacher Problems and School Success

The aim of this study is to determine what the teacher problems are in different dimensions and to find out if there is a relationship between teacher problems and school achievement. For this purpose, it has been tried to determine how the teacher problems differ according to the variables such as gender, seniority, title, school level, branch and type of school. The research includes teachers who work in primary, secondary and high schools. The scale used as the data collection tool of the survey contains 35 items in total under five main headings. In the questionnaire, short answer questions were added under five headings prepared in the form of likert with a total of 106 items, which were expressed in the press, councils and scientific studies, and it was distributed to the 28 teachers. By analyzing the information gathered from the 28 teachers, the researcher tried to develop a scale of 50 items by combining similar subjects covered under different headings. The developed scale was reapplied in a school with 22 teachers and then factor analysis was performed on these 50 items. Expressions with low item scores were removed and it was finalized as a 35-item scale.  The Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient for the 50-item scale was found to be 0.82, and the reliability studies weren’t conducted for the new scale. The scale continues to be applied at the moment. The obtained information will be analyzed in the light of research sub-problems after the implementation process.  Education Issues, Teacher Problems, School Success, Modern

Field of study: Education
Expanding the Applicability of Poly(Ionic Liquids) in Solid Phase Microextraction: Pyrrolidinium Coatings

Crosslinked pyrrolidinium-based poly(ionic liquids) (Pyrr-PILs) were synthesized through a fast, simple, and solventless photopolymerization scheme, and tested as solid phase microextraction (SPME) sorbents. A series of Pyrr-PILs bearing three different alkyl side chain lengths with two, eight, and fourteen carbons was prepared, characterized, and homogeneously coated on a steel wire by using a very simple procedure. The resulting coatings showed a high thermal stability, with decomposition temperatures above 350 °C, excellent film stability, and lifetime of over 100 injections. The performance of these PIL-based SPME fibers was evaluated using a mixture of eleven organic compounds with different molar volumes and chemical functionalities (alcohols, ketones, and monoterpenes). The Pyrr-PIL fibers were obtained as dense film coatings, with 67 μm thickness, with an overall sorption increase of 90% and 55% as compared to commercial fibers of Polyacrylate (85 μm) (PA85) and Polydimethylsiloxane (7 μm) (PDMS7) coatings, respectively. A urine sample doped with the sample mixture was used to study the matrix effect and establish relative recoveries, which ranged from 60.2% to 104.1%.

Field of study: Materials science
"In a War against the Spanish": Andean Protection and African Resistance on the Northern Peruvian Coast

In 1641, the rural guard of colonial Trujillo on the northern Peruvian coast, accompanied by “many Indians,” attacked a cimarrón (fugitive slave) encampment led by two congos, Gabriel and Domingo.1 Indigenous men wished to end the fugitives’ raids on their fields and families. Towards this end, they guided the Spanish lieutenant magistrate and his company to the cimarrón settlement hidden in the hills above the Santa Catalina valley.2 Indigenous leaders and commoners of the Mansiche reducción—or colonial indigenous village—who maintained lands in the Santa Catalina valley, testified that “negros cimarrones” (fugitive “blacks”) had been assaulting local inhabitants and stealing from valley since 1633.3 Yet, Mansiche reducción had not registered a previous complaint indicating that fugitive slaves and indigenous people in Santa Catalina had not to this point been antagonistic. Rather, the cimarrones’ leaders, Gabriel and Domingo, had a history of trading with the valley’s indigenous farmers who The Americas 63:1 July 2006, 19-52 Copyright by the Academy of American Franciscan History

Field of study: History
Impact of out-of-sequence processing on the performance of data transmission

Application Level Framing (ALF) was proposed by Clark and Tennenhouse as an important design principle for developing high performance applications. ALF relies in part on the ability of applications and protocols to process packets independently one from the other. Thus, performance gains one might expect from the use of ALF are clearly related to performance gains one might expect from applications that can handle and process packets received out-of-sequence, as compared to application that require in-sequence delivery (FTP, TELNET, etc.). In this paper, we examine how the ability to process out-of-sequence packets impacts the efficiency of data transmission. We consider both the impact of application parameters such as the time to process a packet by the application, as well as network parameters such as network transmission delay, network loss rate and flow and congestion control characteristics. The performance measure of interest are total latency, buffer requirements, and jitter. We show, using experimental and simulation results, that out-of-sequence processing is beneficial only for very limited ranges of transmission delays and application processing time. We discuss the impact of this on the architecture of communication systems dedicated to distributed multimedia applications.

Field of study: Computer science
Auxin and ethylene interactions control mitotic activity of the quiescent centre, root cap size, and pattern of cap cell differentiation in maize.

Root caps (RCs) are the terminal tissues of higher plant roots. In the present study the factors controlling RC size, shape and structure were examined. It was found that this control involves interactions between the RC and an adjacent population of slowly dividing cells, the quiescent centre, QC. Using the polar auxin transport inhibitor 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), the effects of QC activation on RC gene expression and border cell release was characterized. Ethylene was found to regulate RC size and cell differentiation, since its addition, or the inhibition of its synthesis, affected RC development. The stimulation of cell division in the QC following NPA treatment was reversed by ethylene, and quiescence was re-established. Moreover, inhibition of both ethylene synthesis and auxin polar transport triggered a new pattern of cell division in the root epidermis and led to the appearance of supernumerary epidermal cell files with cap-like characteristics. The data suggest that the QC ensures an ordered internal distribution of auxin, and thereby regulates not only the planes of growth and division in both the root apex proper and the RC meristem, but also regulates cell fate in the RC. Ethylene appears to regulate the auxin redistribution system that resides in the RC. Experiments with Arabidopsis roots also reveal that ethylene plays an important role in regulating the auxin sink, and consequently cell fate in the RC.

Field of study: Environmental science
An offshore Mesozoic igneous sequence, Georges Bank basin, North Atlantic

In 1981, a Georges Bank outer continental shelf oil and gas exploration well (Exxon Block 133-1), between the COST G-1 and G-2 wells, penetrated a 341-m (1,120-ft) sequence of igneous rocks interbedded with Middle Jurassic limestones. Interpretation of geophysical well logs combined with core and cutting samples resulted in recognition of two distinct units: (1) an upper 225-m- (740-ft-) thick interval of volcaniclastic rock inter-bedded with limestones, which we interpret as a remnant Middle Jurassic volcanic cone, and (2) a lower 76-m- (250-ft-) thick basalt that has yielded radiometric age dates of ∼136 Ma, which we interpret as an Early Cretaceous intrusion.

Chemical data that were obtained from core samples of the lower basalt unit indicate that it is SiO2 undersaturated (avg. 44.24 wt.%), high in K2O (avg. 1.66 wt.%) and Na2O (avg. 3.44 wt.%), and particularly high in TiO2 (avg. 3.99 wt.%), P2O5 (avg. 1.24 wt.%), and Zr (584 ppm). The basalt is a nepheline-normative alkalic type.

Comparison of our offshore chemical data to onshore petrologic groups shows that the lower 76-m- (249-ft-) thick Georges Bank basalt (GBB) most strongly corresponds to the New England–Quebec (NEQ) alkalic province, both chemically and temporally. Although we are not suggesting a genetic relationship between the GBB and the NEQ province, we do recognize the GBB as a coeval offshore episode of alkalic activity that is petrologically distinct from the Early Jurassic eastern North American province. The GBB also appears to be part of a widespread eastern North American Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous alkalic episode.

Field of study: Geology
Payoffs in Nondifferentiable Perfectly Competitive TU Economies

We show that a single-valued solution of non-atomic finite-type market games (or perfectly competitive TU economies underlying them) is uniquely determined as the Mertens value by four plausible value-related axioms. Since the Mertens value is always in the core of an economy, this result provides an axiomatization of a core-selection (or, alternatively, a competitive payoff selection).

Field of study: Economics
A 1800 K furnace designed for in situ synchrotron microtomography.

A radiation furnace that covers the temperature range from room temperature up to 1800 K has been designed and constructed for in situ synchrotron microtomography. The furnace operates under a vacuum or under any inert gas atmosphere. The two 1000 W halogen heating lamps are water- and air-cooled. The samples are located at the focus of these lamp reflectors on a rotary feedthrough that is connected to a driving rotation stage below the furnace. The X-ray beam penetrates the furnace through two X-ray-transparent vacuum-sealed windows. Further windows can be used for temperature control, sample changing and gas inflow and outflow.

Field of study: Physics
Heat shock proteins: friend and foe?

The heat shock proteins (Hsps) are families of proteins first described and later named due to their production by cells exposed to sudden elevations in temperature (Tissieres, Mitchell & Tracey, 1974). It is now apparent that Hsps are induced in all cells by many different environmental assaults including oxidative injury and infection with intracellular pathogens, and enable the cells to survive otherwise unfavourable conditions (Polla, 1988). Although cellular stress increases the synthesis of Hsps, many are also constitutively expressed and play an essential role in normal cell function. Hsps are classified into families according to molecular weight (Hsp90,70,60 and small Hsps) (Lindquist & Craig, 1986) and perform their functions by associating with, and functionally influencing, other proteins. For example, Hsp90 complexes with inactive steroid hormone receptors, probably performing a stabilizing function and preventing binding to DNA in the absence of hormone (Baulieu, 1987). Members of the Hsp70 and 60 families play roles in the folding and unfolding of proteins and in the assembly of oligomeric protein complexes (Cheng et al., 1989; Craig & Gross, 1991). These functions are anticipated to come to the fore during stressed conditions. The Hsp response is ubiquitous throughout the proand eukaryotic kingdoms, and Hsps are extraordinarily evolutionarily conserved molecules. The human homologue of the Hsp60 family, for example, has 40-50% sequence identity with the mycobacterial member, the 65-kDa antigen, and a further 20% conservative replacements (Jindal et al., 1989). For this reason Hsps would be predicted to be poorly immunogenic. Quite to the contrary, evidence suggests that Hsps may be some of the most important immunogens of infectious agents (see Verbon, Hartskeerl & Kolk, this issue). It has also been proposed that Hsps provide a link between immunity to infection and autoimmune disease. The evidence for, and anticipated consequences of, the immunogenicity of Hsps is discussed in this brief review.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
A general framework for indicator design and use with application to the assessment of coastal water quality and marine protected area management

Environmental management decisions based upon indicators are the end point of a process involving stakeholders and scientists. These steps should be explicit and follow a chronology. This paper presents a general framework for the design and use of management-oriented indicators, integrating management questions and performance criteria. We first examined the desirable characteristics of indicators aimed at providing decision-support for marine environmental management. Ideally, one should select the indicator that guarantees a safe and unambiguous decision leading to the appropriate measures in terms of regulation, remediation or control. In the present study, indicators are assessed according to two criteria: relevance and effectiveness. Relevance encompasses sensitivity and the existence of quantitative reference values, thereby allowing the selection of potential indicators. Effectiveness is the ability of the indicator to reach its predefined targets based on optimal (or at least improved) data collection protocols. The framework is illustrated by applying it to the European Water Framework Directive and to the Marine Protected Area management contexts.

Field of study: Environmental science
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Influence of the profile of the spectral line of vibrations of a medium on the time characteristics of stimulated scattering

A theoretical analysis is made of the problem of the time taken to establish steady-state lasing as a result of various types of stimulated scattering (Raman, Brillouin, and excited by heat evolution in a medium) and of the law governing amplification of Stokes waves after times much shorter than the relaxation time of vibrations of the medium for an arbitrary spectral line profile. It is shown that the characteristic times for the establishment of steady-state lasing in the case of stimulated scattering near the maximum of the gain profile are of the same type for different spectral lines profiles and have similar values.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics