nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Epoxy Resin: An Investigation of Eggshell as a Synergic Filler

Epoxy resin based on bisphenol A diglycidyl ether/anhydride methyl tetrahydrophthalic/2,4,6-tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol (DGEBA/MTHPA/DEH 35) was produced by magnetic stirring; chicken eggshell (ES) was added as cure improver. Thermal stability, cure parameters, mechanical properties, and fracture surface were investigated by thermogravimetry (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), tensile experiments, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In general, the addition of ES slightly decreased the thermal stability, being T0.05 5% lower than that of the reference sample. The cure rate increased with the heating rates, while best results were obtained upon addition of neat membrane (M) from ES. Surprisingly, the mechanical properties were significantly improved with ES as well as with M, being the Young’s modulus 18% higher, the tensile strength 50% higher, and the deformation 35% higher than those of epoxy resin. SEM images showed that the synthetic compounds presented a smooth fracture surface, while the compounds with ES and M had a rougher surface with multiplane fractures, suggesting a fracture with higher energy absorption. In conclusion, epoxy/ES composites with better performance were produced, and effective tools are provided to control and attain in the future even better properties with ecological features.

Field of study: Materials science
Performance characteristics of improved antiscatter grids.

The performance characteristics of prototype grids constructed with 0.1-mm-thick Ta strips were investigated. Significant improvement in scatter cleanup was noted in comparison to commercially manufactured grids, which are constructed with 0.04-0.05-mm-thick Pb strips. Highly efficient scatter rejection, approaching that of slit radiography techniques, may be possible using crossed grids constructed with 0.1-mm Ta strips. By constructing a grid from a crossed pair of linear grids and moving these grids at right angles to each other, grid lines can be eliminated from crossed grid images.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Effects of Fertilization on the Distribution Patterns of Biomass and Carbon Storage in Moso Bamboo Forest, Western Fujian Province, China

To study the effects of fertilization on the distribution patterns of biomass and carbon storage in Moso bamboo(Phyllostachys edulis), taking the non-fertilized Moso bamboo forest as the control, Moso bamboo forests with five fertilization types, including 5-year application of specialized fertilizer for bamboo( Ⅰ), 5-year formula NPK-fertilizer(Ⅱ), 5-year organic fertilizer(Ⅲ), and 1-year application of specialized fertilizer for bamboo(Ⅳ),1-year organic fertilizer(Ⅳ) were selected as the research object in Yong ' an City. The results showed that: 1)Fertilization could increase the biomass of P. edulis, which was in order of Ⅲ(91.18 t/hm2)Ⅰ(83.61 t/hm2)Ⅱ(71.38 t/hm2)Ⅴ(71.12 t/hm2)Ⅳ(65.13 t/hm2)Ⅵ(57.83 t/hm2); Fertilization could improve aboveground biomass,including leaf, branch, stem biomass, and increase the proportions to total biomass. Meanwhile, the ratio of above-/below-ground biomass increased in the order of 5-year fertilization application( Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ) 1-year fertilization application(Ⅵ, Ⅴ)non-fertilization application. 2)The carbon stock of standing bamboos ranged from 28.37 to45.99 t C/hm2 with the highest value in 5-year application of organic fertilizer(Ⅲ) and the lowest value in nonfertilization application(Ⅵ). Stem was a major contributor to the total carbon storage, while leaf contributed less than 4%. Compared with bamboo forest with non-fertilization application, aboveground carbon storage was improved after the application fertilization. 3)Net primary productivity, annual fixation carbon and annual carbon dioxide sequestration of standing bamboos were in the order of Ⅲ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅵ with the values of annual carbon dioxide sequestration of 41.42, 41.17, 30.99, 23.47, 20.69, 20.00 t/(hm2·a), respectively. The timing of fertilizationapplication had gerat impacts on annual net productivity, and 5-year fertilization application(Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ) were able to significantly improve net annual productivity in P. edulis forest.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Exploring the magnetic ground state of Vanadium doped Zinc Sulphide

Vanadium doped ZnS quantum dots (QDs) were synthesized with the generic formula Zn1-xVxS (where x = 0, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15). Polyvinylpyrrolidone capped QDs were prepared by chemical co-precipitation technique. The phase purity of the samples were confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Crystallite size of 1.7-2.2 nm was obtained from the Scherrer's formula. Optical absorption studies revealed a band gap varying from 3.9-4.1 eV. Photoluminescence studies revealed a strong blue shift due to the strong quantum confinement in the particles. Magnetic studies indicated a ferromagnetic ground state for the doped samples

Field of study: Materials science
The effects of differing response types and price manipulations on demand measures.

Animals' behavioral needs have become an important component of animal welfare legislation. Behavioral economics provides a framework for the study of such needs. A function, analogous to a demand function relating consumption rate to price, can be obtained by increasing the price (or work) required for access to a commodity. This experiment investigated the effects of different response types and price manipulations on these functions. Six hens pushed a door or pecked a key for food under open economic conditions (short experimental sessions and supplementary food). In Part 1, the number of door pushes required (fixed-ratio schedule) was increased each session, and the force needed to push the door was increased across conditions. In Part 2, the force needed to push the door was increased session to session, and the fixed-ratio schedule was increased across conditions. In Part 3, the number of key pecks required was increased each session. Both response types produced similarly shaped (approximately linear in logarithmic coordinates and downward sloping) demand functions when price was increased by increasing the number of responses required. These imply an elastic demand for food under these conditions. In contrast, increasing the force required to push the door resulted in highly curvilinear functions. These functions indicated little change in consumption across lower door forces and abrupt drops in consumption at higher force requirements, implying mixed elasticity in the animals' demand for food. The differences between the shapes of the two functions seem to arise from the different ways that the two price manipulations alter the time taken to complete the work required. Increasing the fixed-ratio requirement necessarily increases the time needed to complete each response unit, whereas increasing the force requirement does not. The different shapes of the functions were robust when either force or number was varied across sessions and the value of the other was varied over conditions. They were also robust when the price increases were taken from different conditions, showing that the shapes of the functions were independent of the place in the experiment in which the price was examined. Unit price (which combines number and force into a single price measure) unified the data from the two price manipulations to a large degree, producing moderately curved functions. However, there was some variance around the unit price functions, and this was attributable to the different shapes of the underlying functions. The data suggest that different price manipulations may give different measures of animal demand but that unit price might provide some unification.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Implications of radiolarian research for analysis of subduction complex terranes in the New England Orogen, NSW, Australia

Radiolarians provide important age constraints on geologically complex strata in the New England Orogen of eastern Australia. Several terranes interpreted as subduction complexes were undated prior to radiolarian studies. Radiolarian faunas indicate that the Djungati terrane is significantly younger than the previously inferred Ordovician to Sulurian age range. Basalt-chert successions in the Djungati terrane developed during the Silurian to Late Devonian in an environment which was far from the influence of terrigenous sedimentation. Radiolarians from tuffs within overlying arc-derived volcaniclastic sequences constrain the timing of tectonic assembly of the terrane at a convergent margin to the latest Devonian-Early Carboniferous. The extensive, but previously undated, Anaiwan terrane also contains radiolarians which indicate a latest Devonian to Early Carboniferous age for siliceous oceanic sediments. These sediments were accreted into a subduction complex. Volcaniclastic sediments within this subduction complex contain radiolarians which indicate that it developed during the Early Carboniferous. Radiolarians in the Willowie Creek beds provide the first age constraints (Late Devonian) for another lithotectonic entity, the Yugambal terrane, which is located along the eastern edge of the southern New England orogen. Many of the recently determined radiolarian ages are at variance with age estimates used to develop models for the tectonic development of the orogen. These new age data require major reappraisal of models. Detailed analysis of the geological evolution of individual terranes is required before an integrated model for the entire orogen can be developed.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Renal Efficacy of Mitrofanoff Drainange in Boys with PUV

Boys with posterior urethral valves (PUV) progress to end stage renal failure (ESRF) in 1/4 cases. It has been hypothesized that Mitrofanoff formation and intermittent catheterization with overnight drainage protects renal function. This benefit has not been quantified. Mitrofanoff formation has been performed at our centre for many years. Boys with PUV who had Mitrofanoff formation were identified and renal status pre and post-op compared, as was age at onset of ESRF in the Mitrofanoff group compared to historical controls.  A retrospective analysis of boys with PUV and Mitrofanoff formation was performed, and a database of (ESRF) patients searched. Firstly, comparison of pre and post Mitrofanoff renal function and hydronephrosis was made. Secondly the age (years) at which PUV boys progressed to ESRF with and without Mitrofanoff drainage was compared. Results given as mean±SEM. Statistical analysis was by paired or 2-sample students t-test as appropriate, p  Mitrofanoff formation was performed in 25 PUV boys. Data for 19 patients pre-op and post-op creatinine (118±18 μmol/l vs. 125±22 μmol/l), was not significantly different, p=0.13. Hydronephrosis was significantly reduced in 26 renal units, pre-op 1.9±0.1 cm vs. post-op 1.1±0.1 cm, p Conclusions Short-term Mitrofanoff drainage of bladders in PUV boys reduces renal dilatation by 40%, but doesn't change renal function. Long-term Mitrofanoff drainage significantly delays the onset of ESRF in PUV boys by 5 years.

Field of study: Medicine
Magnetic and Transport Studies on Electron-doped CeFeAsO1-xFx Superconductor

The magnetic and transport behaviors of cerium substituted iron oxy-arsenide superconductor with x = 0.1 to 0.4 fluoride (F) doping have been investigated in this report. Temperature dependent susceptibility and resistivity measurements showed the 0.1 F-doped sample (CeFeAsO0.9F0.1) has a superconducting transition temperature (Tc) of around 30 K. With increasing doping beyond x = 0.2 Tc saturates to around 40 K. Temperature dependent susceptibility measured in different magnetic fields for the under-doped sample showed Meissner effect in low field and the diamagnetism is still visible up to 1 Tesla, with an obvious magnetic transition below 5 K, perhaps originating from magnetic ordering of the rare earth cerium. The corresponding field dependent resistance versus temperature measurements indicated a broadening of less than 3 K for Tc at mid-point by increasing the field to 5 Tesla indicating rather low anisotropy. An estimated upper critical field of more than 48 Tesla and accordingly an estimated maximum coherence length of 2.6 nm were obtained confirming the high upper critical field with a short coherence length for this superconductor.

Field of study: Physics
A general (k, n) scalable secret image sharing scheme with the smooth scalability

A novel (k, n) scalable secret image sharing (SSIS) scheme was proposed to encrypt a secret image into n shadow images. One can gradually reconstruct a secret image by stacking k or more shadows, but he/she cannot conjecture any information from fewer than k shadows. The advantage of a (k, n)-SSIS scheme is that it provides the threshold property (i.e., k is a threshold value necessary to start in to reveal the secret) as well as the scalability (i.e., the information amount of a reconstructed secret is proportional to the number of shadows used in decryption). All previous (k, n)-SSIS schemes did not have the smooth scalability so that the information amount can be ''smoothly'' proportional to the number of shadows. In this paper, we consider the smooth scalability in (k, n)-SSIS scheme.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
An Empiric AnaIysis of the Relationship between Japan's Foreign Direct Investment and Industrial Structure

Since 1990s,Japan's foreign direct investment has appeared a trend of decline in general,but its step of industrial adjustment apparently has lagged behind compared to other major developed countries.This paper applies Granger-causality test and co-integration test to research on the relationship between Japan's foreign direct investment and industrial structure.Empiric results indicate that!the lag of Japan's industrial adjustment is the cause of the decline of its foreign direct investment,and there exist a long and stable relationship between them.In the industrial adjustment,slow development of the third industry has the greatest influence over the decline of Japan's foreign direct investment.

Field of study: Economics
On the thermally stimulated conductivity with small recapture rate and temperature dependent capture cross sections

Thermally stimulated conductivity (TSC) peaks corresponding to small recapture rate and temperature dependent capture cross sections are investigated. The shape of the TSC peak is studied by computing the shape factor μg (x) not only at the fractional intensity x = 1/2 as done conventionally but also at x = 2/3 and 4/5. It is found that for a particular value of x, μg(x) depends on um = E/kTm (E = activation energy, k = Boltzmann’s constant, Tm = peak temperature). A set of expressions based on the shape of the peak has been derived, which in principle can be used to evaluate the activation energy of such TSC peaks. The applicability of those expressions has been tested by considering some numerically computed and experimental TSC peaks.

Field of study: Materials science
Constitution of the Lower Continental Crust Based on Experimental Studies of Seismic Velocities in Granulite

Rocks of the granulite facies have been proposed as major constituents of the lower continental crust. To evaluate this possibility, compressional and shear wave velocities have been determined to pressures of 10 kb for 10 granulite samples, thus enabling comparisons of seismic data for the lower crust with the velocities and elastic properties of granulite rocks. The samples selected for this study range in composition from granitic to basaltic, with bulk densities of 2.68 to 3.09 g/cm 3 . At 6 kb, compressional ( V p ) and shear ( V s ) wave velocities range from 6.39 to 7.49 km/sec and from 3.36 to 4.25 km/sec, respectively. Velocities in granulite rocks are shown to vary systematically with variations in mineralogical constitution. Both V p and V s , increase with increasing pyroxene, amphibole, and garnet. Velocities increase with an increasing ratio of pyroxene to amphibole in hornblende-granulite subfacies rocks of approximately equivalent chemical compositions. Decreasing quartz content in granulite rocks produces an increase in V p and an accompanying decrease in V s , thereby significantly changing Poisson9s ratio. The range of velocities measured for the granulite samples is similar to the range of seismic velocities reported for the lower continental crust; thus, the hypothesis that granulite rocks are major lower crustal constituents is further strengthened. Furthermore, it is shown that lower crustal composition is extremely variable, and therefore valid discussions of composition must be limited to specific regions where seismic velocities are well known. The use of seismic velocities in estimating lower crustal composition is illustrated for the Canadian Shield in Ontario and Manitoba.

Field of study: Geology
The emergence of awareness in uninstructed L2 learning: A visual world eye tracking study

The construct of awareness plays a pivotal role in several big debates in the field of second language acquisition. It lies at the heart of discussions about the (im)possibility of learning without awareness, or conversely, whether some degree of awareness is a requirement for learning to take place. In this study, I propose a research agenda to further the interface issue, which addresses how awareness, or knowledge of which you are aware, may impact on second language (L2) learning. I argue progress can be made by assessing the development of learning over time and establishing when awareness emerges, and by making a clear distinction between uninstructed and instructed learning. The present study was designed to investigate if awareness would autonomously emerge in uninstructed learning and whether this was contingent on prior implicit learning. Visual world eye tracking was used to monitor learners on the fly as they were exposed to a fully unknown miniature language with a determiner system marking for distance and animacy. Twenty-six out of 39 participants remained fully unaware of the determiner system and showed no signs of learning throughout the exposure. The remaining 13 participants, however, showed clear signs of changed eye movement behavior prior to and post awareness. Thus, in as far as learning was observed, it coincided with the emergence of awareness.

Field of study: Linguistics
SlGID1a Is a Putative Candidate Gene for qtph1.1, a Major-Effect Quantitative Trait Locus Controlling Tomato Plant Height

Plant height is an important agronomic trait in crops. Several genes underlying tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant height mutants have been cloned. However, few quantitative trait genes for plant height have been identified in tomato. In this study, seven quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling plant height were identified in tomato. Of which, qtph1.1 (QTL for tomato plant height 1.1), qtph3.1 and qtph12.1 were major QTLs and explained 15, 16, and 12% of phenotypic variation (R2), respectively. The qtph1.1 was further mapped to an 18.9-kb interval on chromosome 1. Based on the annotated tomato genome (version SL2.50, annotation ITAG2.40), Solyc01g098390 encoding GA receptor SlGID1a was the putative candidate gene. The SlGID1a gene underlying the qtph1.1 locus contained a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) that resulted in an amino acid alteration in protein sequence. The near-isogenic line containing the qtph1.1 locus (NIL-qtph1.1) exhibited shorter internode length and cell length than the wild type (NIL-WT). The dwarf phenotype of NIL-qtph1.1 could not be rescued by exogenous GA3 treatment. Transcriptome analysis and real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qPCR) showed that several genes related to biosynthesis and signaling of GA and auxin were differentially expressed in stems between NIL-qtph1.1 and NIL-WT. These findings might pave the road for understanding the molecular regulation mechanism of tomato plant height.

Field of study: Biology
The geomorphic impact of the catastrophic October 1984 flood on the planform of the Squamish River, southwestern British Columbia: Discussion

Depending on the type of river planform, the degree of channel change during the 1984 flood varied from a relatively minor response to a major reorganization of the channel. Despite its large size, the 1984 flood accomplished little more floodplain modification in the meandering and transitional semibraided reaches than had previous smaller floods of similar duration. . . . In contrast, in the braided reach the 1984 flood caused floodplain erosion and major reorganization of the channel to an extent previously unrecorded, apparently here exceeding a threshold for channel stability.

Field of study: Environmental science
Thin films of titanium and titanium oxide for microminiaturization

Experimental results on the electrical properties of thin-film passive and active devices based on titanium/titanium oxide layers are described. Thin-film resistors can be made with sheet resistivities of 1 to 10 9 Ω/□. The conduction phenomena in the three-layer titanium/titanium oxide/metal structures, such as capacitors and diodes, are explained on the basis of a p - i - n and p - n junction within the anodically formed oxide films.

Field of study: Engineering
Differences in Physician Compliance with Guideline on Lipid Profile Determination within 24 h after Acute Myocardial Infarction

To evaluate the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines on blood lipid testing within 24 h of the onset of chest pain in patients with myocardial infarction.  This is a cross-sectional observational study on 83 patients (77 male, 6 female) admitted into the Coronary Care Units of the Al-Amiri and Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospitals, Kuwait with myocardial infarction. The lipid profiles were obtained within 24 h of the onset of chest pain. Twenty patients were on treatment with statins prior to admission. Diagnosis of myocardial infarction in all patients was based on standard criteria. Total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides (Tg) were measured and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was calculated.  Twenty-three patients had normal cardiac markers on admission but later developed increased serum markers and ECG changes of acute myocardial infarction. Mean (95% confidence interval) TC, HDL, Tg and LDL were 5.1 (4.8–5.4); 0.93 (0.88–0.98); 1.85 (1.56–2.14), and 3.39 (3.13–3.65) mmol/l, respectively. 70% of the patients had normal or only mild elevations of LDL with low HDL and poor HDL:TC ratio (<20%). Thirty-eight patients had low HDL (<0.9 mmol/l) and only 22 (27%) patients met the National Cholesterol Education Program guideline of target LDL <2.6 mmol/l. Fifty-six patients were classified as having the metabolic syndrome according to the criteria of the WHO.  The findings indicate that HDL appears to be the main lipid risk factor in patients presenting with AMI in Kuwait, therefore primary prevention strategies should focus on treatment modalities that increase HDL. We recommend that the lipid profile should be done within 24 h of admission and lipid-lowering therapy initiated as part of secondary prevention strategy.

Field of study: Medicine