nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Sea-surface temperature, productivity and hydrological changes in the Northern Indian Ocean (Maldives) during the interval ∼575-175 ka (MIS 14 to 7)

The South Asian Monsoon (SAM) drives seasonal changes in the atmospheric and ocean circulation of the tropical Indian Ocean, affecting precipitation on land and oceanic primary productivity. This work examined sediments from the International Ocean Discover Program (IODP) Site U1467 (IODP Expedition 359) located in the Maldives Inner Sea (Northern Indian Ocean) at a water depth of 487 m. The Maldives Inner Sea is a perfect location to study past changes in tropical climate and ocean circulation related to monsoon dynamics in the Equatorial Indian Ocean. This study focuses on the ~575-175 ka interval, from Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 14 to 7, an important period for human evolution and dispersal to Eurasia. We reconstructed sea-surface temperature (SST), based on alkenone unsaturation index ( U 37 K ' ), hydrological changes, based on terrestrial input of n-alkanes, and past surface ocean productivity, based on total C37 alkenones concentration. The U 37 K ' -SST record shows a difference of about 1.5 °C between glacial and interglacial periods, clearly showing all stages and substages from MIS 14 to 7, and revealing a connection between ice sheets extension and SST at the equatorial region. The n-alkanes concentration and average chain length index indicate vegetation changes at the Indian Peninsula with drier conditions generally associated with glacial periods. Precipitation increases abruptly at the end of terminations, lasting for a variable time interval in each interglacial period, except for MIS 13. However, other mechanisms superimposed to the glacial-interglacial forcing, such as the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) mode, have been invoked to explain shorter-scale variability in precipitation over India. The total alkenone concentration record indicates that primary productivity at Site U1467 is strongly associated with orbital changes, probably related to the summer inter-tropical insolation gradient (SITIG, 23N-23S on June 21st). High primary productivity occurred during intervals of low SITIG, which resulted in strong inter-monsoon (April-May and October-November) Indian Ocean Equatorial Westerlies (IEW) and reduced precipitation in the equatorial region. This mechanism may also be related to the IOD, which affects the strength of the IEW.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
From Cardinals to Chaos: Reflections on the Life and Legacy of Stanislaw Ulam

Part 1 Stan Ulam - the man, his life, his style: Esquisse, Francoise Ulam Vita - excerpts from adventures of a mathematician, S.M.Ulam the lost cafe, Gian-Carlo Rota from above the fray, Carson Mark. Part 2 The Ulam legacy - interdisciplinary approaches: the spirit of play, David Hawkins probability and nonlinear systems, R.Daniel Mauldin iteration of maps, strange attractors and number theory - an Ulamian potpourri, Paul R.Stein learning from Ulam - measurable cardinals, ergodicity and biomathematics, Jan Mycielski a similarity measure for graphs - reflections on a theme of Ulam, Ronald L.Graham the beginning of the Monte Carlo method, N.Metropolis Stan Ulam, John von Neumann and the Monte Carlo method, Roger Eckhardt et al early work in numerical hydrodynamics, Francis H.Harlow instabilities and turbulence, Didier Besnard discrete fluids, Brosl Hasslacher nonlinear science - from paradigms to practicalities, David K.Campbell the ergodic hypothesis - a complicated problem of mathematics and physics, Adrian Patrascioiu reflections on the brain's attempts to understand itself, William A.Beyer sequence analysis - contributions by Ulam to molecular genetics, Walter B.Goad. Part 3 The Ulam touch - unpublished items.

Field of study: Physics
Toward an understanding of Jewish identity: A phenomenological study

To begin mapping the landscape of contemporary Jewish identity from a phenomenological perspective, the authors conducted a qualitative analysis of semistructured interviews of 10 Jewish adults in the northeastern United States. Coding resulted in 6 universal themes (dynamic nature of self-identification, early formative experiences, desire to increase religious practice, generativity, feeling marginalized, and awareness of discrimination). Most of the other 18 typical and variant themes reflected a congruence between cultural identification and religious observance. Whereas only the religiously unaffiliated participants expressed shame or embarrassment about being Jewish, the observant Jews described a sense of pride, the importance of Jewish marriage, and a connection to Israel. The Conservative and Orthodox Jews were most clear about their identity as Jews; they discussed the importance of Jewish texts, heritage, values, search for meaning, and relation to God. All but the most Orthodox participants valued interpersonal relations with Gentiles; for them, Jewish identity predominates regardless of the social context.

Field of study: Psychology
Black Mexico: Race and Society from Colonial to Modern Times (review)

Hristov argues that the main characteristic of the parastatal model that was formed in Colombia is neither a traditional centralized authoritarian regime, such as those that existed in Argentina, Chile, and Brazil, nor merely a collection of autonomous bands like those dispersed in rural Mexico. Instead, we see in Colombia a mutated State Coercive Apparatus (SCA). In fact, it is not that the security apparatus mutated, but rather a "critical class mass" reconfiguration and realignment started taking shape during the 1990s, spearheaded by the narco-bourgeoisie with their paramilitaries in alliance with large cattle ranchers, large landowners, sectors of the urban bourgeoisie, conservative political forces, and the military. This "reactionary class configuration," borrowing Barrington Moore's phrase, triumphed with Alvaro Uribe's ascendance to power in 2002. This triumph was boosted by increasing U.S. intervention in the Colombian conflict, enhancing the state's hegemonic capacities in the Gramscian sense. Nonetheless, Hristov's rich description of the Colombian conflict witii information based on the author's fieldwork presents a valuable addition to the literature and presents an analysis that has become rare in the age of neoliberal ideological hegemony.

Field of study: History
Limits of existence of wavefront reversal in stimulated light scattering

An analysis is made of the wavefront reversal (or reproduction) in pump beams with a highly developed transverse interference structure. When the difference between the pump and scattered field wavelengths is small, diffraction improves the reproduction process. On the other hand, pulling of the scattered field into the cores of diffraction filaments with high pump intensities (as in serpentine active microwaveguides) results in deterioration of the reproduction process but it increases the scattered-field increment. A calculation is made of the serpentine effect using a power-series expansion in terms of the intensity of a monochromatic pump beam with a randomly inhomogeneous transverse structure.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Quantitative and qualitative changes in gene expression patterns characterize the activity of plaques in multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune disorder of the CNS with both genetic and environmental contributing factors. Clinical symptoms are broadly characterized by initial onset, and progressive debilitating neurological impairment. In this study, RNA from MS chronic active and MS acute lesions was extracted, and compared with patient matched normal white matter by fluorescent cDNA microarray hybridization analysis. This resulted in the identification of 139 genes that were differentially regulated in MS plaque tissue compared to normal tissue. Of these, 69 genes showed a common pattern of expression in the chronic active and acute plaque tissues investigated (Pvalue<0.0001, rho=0.73, by Spearman's rho analysis); while 70 transcripts were uniquely differentially expressed (> or = 1.5-fold) in either acute or chronic active tissues. These results included known markers of MS such as the myelin basic protein (MBP) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) M1, nerve growth factors, such as nerve injury-induced protein 1 (NINJ1), X-ray and excision DNA repair factors (XRCC9 and ERCC5) and X-linked genes such as the ribosomal protein, RPS4X. Primers were then designed for seven array-selected genes, including transferrin (TF), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), GSTP1, crystallin, alpha-B (CRYAB), phosphomannomutase 1 (PMM1) and tubulin beta-5 (TBB5), and real time quantitative (Q)-PCR analysis was performed. The results of comparative Q-PCR analysis correlated significantly with those obtained by array analysis (r=0.75, Pvalue<0.01, by Pearson's bivariate correlation). Both chronic active and acute plaques shared the majority of factors identified suggesting that quantitative, rather than gross qualitative differences in gene expression pattern may define the progression from acute to chronic active plaques in MS.

Field of study: Biology
Relationship between surface-water temperature and ice-sheet expansion during the middle Miocene

A three-fold expansion of the Antarctic ice sheet at 13.60, 12.82, and 11.60 Ma has been inferred from δ18O maxima analyzed in planktonic and benthic foraminiferal tests, although accompanying changes in sea surface temperature have not been detailed. We present estimated changes in middle Miocene surface-water temperatures based on analysis of δ18O in planktonic foraminifera collected at mid-latitude Deep Sea Drilling Project sites in the North Atlantic and South Pacific oceans. We also identify periods of ice-sheet growth based on comparisons of benthic and planktonic foraminiferal δ18O values. Our results indicate: (1) a distinct cooling of the sea surface from 13.6 to 13.5 Ma immediately following a peak in ice volume at 13.6 Ma, (2) a cooling of the sea surface during a period of increasing ice volume from 13.2 to 13.0 Ma, and (3) a development of the Antarctic ice sheet during a period of cooling of the sea surface centered at 11.6 Ma.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
The humoral immune response in guinea pigs primed with recombinant vaccinia virus strains expressing Transmitted/Founder virus HIV-1 membrane proteins and boosted with gp140 protein

To analyze the antibody responses in guinea pigs vaccinated with recombinant vaccinia virus(rTT) strains expressing transmitted/founder (T/F) HIV-1 membrane proteins in combination with gp140 protein. 
 
 
 
Guinea pigs were primed with rTT strains and boosted twice with gp140 protein in every four weeks. Serum samples were collected from guinea pigs before immunization and in 2, 6 and 10 weeks after the last immunization for the detection of HIV-1-specific binding antibodies, neutralizing antibodies and the relative avidity of antibodies. 
 
 
 
(1) The binding antibodies specific to HIV-1 B′/C, B, AE subtypes were efficiently induced by the immunization of rTT-B, rTT-C and rTT-CON vaccinia strains in combination with gp140 protein. The antibody titers ranged from 111 430 to 1 024 000. More antibodies against HIV-1 B′/C and AE subtypes were induced in guinea pigs by the immunization of rTT-C and rTT-CON strains in combination with gp140 protein than those by using rTT-B strain prime-protein boost strategy (P<0.05). No significant differences with the titers of HIV-1 B subtype specific antibody were observed among the guinea pigs immunized with the three strategies. (2) High titers of SF162 and ZM109 neutralizing antibodies were induced in guinea pigs immunized with rTT-B, rTT-C and rTT-CON vaccinia strains in combination with gp140 protein, ranging from 83.76 to 649.30. No significant differences were found among the three groups. (3) The HIV-1 V1V2-gp70 specific antibodies associated with protective immunity were induced by immunization of the three virus prime-protein boost strategies. No significant differences were observed among them. (4) Antibodies induced in guinea pigs by immunization of the three strategies showed strong affinity to membrane proteins of HIV-1 B′/C, B, AE subtype strains. No significant differences were found among the three immunization strategies. 
 
 
 
A strong humoral immune response was induced in guinea pigs primed with recombinant vaccinia virus strains expressing T/F virus HIV-1 membrane proteins and boosted with gp140 protein. 
 
 
 
HIV; Transmitted/founder virus; Recombinant vaccinia virus; Protein vaccine; Combined immunization

Field of study: Biology
Understanding Teacher’s Motivation to Choose Teaching English as a Career Choice

The purposes of this study were to investigate 176 pre-service teacher graduates’ motivation to choose teaching English as a career choice, to compare the motivation between males and females, and between those who decide to enter the teaching profession and those who decide not to enter the teaching profession. A questionnaire was used to collect the data, consisting of three domains: intrinsic, extrinsic, and altruistic motivation. The findings revealed that the motivation to choose teaching English as a career choice was mainly altruistic; they see teaching as a socially worthwhile and important job, a desire to improve society, help others and make a difference. The findings also illustrated that pre-service teacher graduates’ motivation to choose teaching English as a career choice was significantly different between males and females. Finally, there were no significant differences in motivation to choose teaching English as a career choice between those who decide to enter the teaching profession and those who decide not to enter the teaching profession .  pre-service teachers, career motivation, teacher motivation DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-12-04 Publication date: April 30 th 2020

Field of study: Education
Complement factor 5 (C5) p.A252T mutation is prevalent in, but not restricted to, sub‐Saharan Africa: implications for the susceptibility to meningococcal disease

Complement C5 deficiency (C5D) is a rare primary immunodeficiency associated with recurrent infections, particularly meningitis, by Neisseria species. To date, studies to elucidate the molecular basis of hereditary C5D have included fewer than 40 families, and most C5 mutations (13 of 17) have been found in single families. However, the recently described C5 p.A252T mutation is reported to be associated with approximately 7% of meningococcal disease cases in South Africa. This finding raises the question of whether the mutation may be prevalent in other parts of Africa or other continental regions. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of C5 p.A252T in Africa and other regions and discuss the implications for prophylaxis against meningococcal disease. In total, 2710 samples from healthy donors within various populations worldwide were analysed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay to detect the C5 p.A252T mutation. Eleven samples were found to be heterozygous for p.A252T, and nine of these samples were from sub‐Saharan African populations (allele frequency 0·94%). Interestingly, two other heterozygous samples were from individuals in populations outside Africa (Israel and Pakistan). These findings, together with data from genomic variation databases, indicate a 0·5–2% prevalence of the C5 p.A252T mutation in heterozygosity in sub‐Saharan Africa. Therefore, this mutation may have a relevant role in meningococcal disease susceptibility in this geographical area.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Constructive Setting of the Density Ratio Estimation Problem and its Rigorous Solution

We introduce a general constructive setting of the density ratio estimation problem as a solution of a (multidimensional) integral equation. In this equation, not only its right hand side is known approximately, but also the integral operator is defined approximately. We show that this ill-posed problem has a rigorous solution and obtain the solution in a closed form. The key element of this solution is the novel V-matrix, which captures the geometry of the observed samples. We compare our method with three well-known previously proposed ones. Our experimental results demonstrate the good potential of the new approach.

Field of study: Computer science
Primary care workforce development in Europe: An overview of health system responses and stakeholder views.

Better primary care has become a key strategy for reforming health systems to respond effectively to increases in non-communicable diseases and changing population needs, yet the primary care workforce has received very little attention. This article aligns primary care policy and workforce development in European countries. The aim is to provide a comparative overview of the governance of workforce innovation and the views of the main stakeholders. Cross-country comparisons and an explorative case study design are applied. We combine material from different European projects to analyse health system responses to changing primary care workforce needs, transformations in the general practitioner workforce and patient views on workforce changes. The results reveal a lack of alignment between primary care reform policies and workforce policies and high variation in the governance of primary care workforce innovation. Transformations in the general practitioner workforce only partly follow changing population needs; countries vary considerably in supporting and achieving the goals of integration and community orientation. Yet patients who have experienced task shifting in their care express overall positive views on new models. In conclusion, synthesising available evidence from different projects contributes new knowledge on policy levers and reveals an urgent need for health system leadership in developing an integrated people-centred primary care workforce.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
How truth depends upon being

According to Armstrong (amongst others) �any truth, should depend for its truth for something �outside� it� where this one-way dependency is explained in terms of the asymmetric relationship that obtains between a truth and its truth-maker. But there�s no need to appeal to truth-makers to make sense of this dependency. The truth of a proposition is essentially determined by the interlocking semantic mechanism of reference and satisfaction which already ensures that the truth-value of a proposition depends on how things stand outside it. By contrast, how things stand outside of a proposition is determined by other worldly mechanisms that have nothing to do with truth.

Field of study: Philosophy
Excitonic spectra of wide parabolic quantum wells

The optical properties of wide quantum wells are considered, taking into account the screened electron-hole interaction potential and parabolic confinement potentials, different for the electrons and for the holes. The role of the interaction potential which mixes the energy states according to different quantum numbers is stressed. The results obtained by our method are in agreement with the observed spectra and give the possibility to the assessment of the resonances.

Field of study: Physics
Bias stress instability of LTPS TFTs on flexible substrate with activation annealing temperature

In this paper, we identified the defect state of p-channel low temperature poly-Si thin film transistors (LTPS TFTs) fabricated on a polyimide (PI) substrate that is distributed differently in the interface and channel areas depending on the activation annealing temperature, as well as observed the effect on the threshold voltage (VT) and reliability. To verify the effect of the process temperature on the performance of the LTPS TFTs, an activation heat treatment was conducted at 400 °C, 370 °C and 340 °C. More defects were distributed in the interface and channel area of LTPS TFTs with low heat treatment temperature, resulting in VT formed at a higher voltage. After the negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) test, the VT shifted in the negative voltage direction and moved −0.13 V, −0.51 V and −0.72 V from LTPS TFTs with high activation annealing temperature. In the hot carrier instability (HCI) test, VT also shifted to the negative direction of −0.19 V, −0.51 V, and −1.07 V. The defects distributed in the interface and channel areas that are not curated or activated due to the low activation annealing temperature caused instability under the bias stress.

Field of study: Engineering
Tertiary and Cretaceous Deposits of Eastern Massachusetts

General Statement. In a memoir on the geology of Martha’s Vineyard contained in the 7th Annual Report of the Director of the U. S. Geological Survey, I gave a preliminary account of the several deposits, mostly of doubtful age, exhibited on the western part of that island. The conclusions there presented were in the main those which had been derived from a study of the district in the years between 1860 and 1872. Since this memoir went to press, I have been able considerably to extend my studies in this field. A portion of the results of this latter work are embodied in a recent paper entitled, ‘‘On the Occurrence of Fossils of Cretaceous Age on the Island of Martha’s Vineyard, Mass.’* In that paper I have endeavored to prove the existence of middle or lower Cretaceous deposits in the central portion of that island. About 15 species of fossils . . .

Field of study: Geology
Extraction of Lycopene from tomato waste using solid state fermentation

Lycopene is a well-known carotenoid, causing the red color of fresh tomatoes. The significance of lycopene as antioxidant agent and coloring in the cosmetics, and its use in pharmaceutical and food industries has expanded in the recent years. Extraction of lycopene was improved effectively under solid state fermentation process; whereby, cellulase produced from the fermentation process was employed to degrade the cell-wall constituents, which facilitated the release of intracellular contents. The optimum conditions for the fermentation process were determined using response surface methodology (RSM). A face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) was employed to investigate the effects of three independent factors: moisture content, inoculums size and incubation time. Twenty experiments were conducted and each one was replicated (repeated) three times. The obtained data was analyzed using design expert software version 6. Regression analysis showed that 94.56% of the variation was explained by the software. Under optimized conditions the highest lycopene yield was 307.2µg/g when the moisture content was 80%, the inoculums size was 15% in 4 incubation days. The experimental values agreed with the predicted values, thus proving stability of the model used and the success of RSM. This study showed as to how fermentation can improve the extraction process by comparing the result with the control (extraction without fermentation) which was 0.8µg/g.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences