nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Photogeologic study of a segment of the East Pacific Rise axis near 21°N latitude

Geologic and structural interpretations based primarily on photographic data collected by the Marine Physical Laboratory deep-tow instrument, the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution ANGUS, and the French manned submersible CYANA show that extensional tectonic activity modifies and locally replaces extrusive volcanic processes along a 6-km segment of the East Pacific Rise axial zone near lat. 21°N. Relatively young pillow flows dominate the spreading axis; however, fissures are present throughout the axial zone, and there is a light dusting of pelagic sediment on even the youngest flows. In contrast, the axial zone immediately southwest in the RISE Project study area is free of fissures and sediment. Photographic evidence for the existence of undiscovered active hydrothermal vents or narrow zones of diffuse hydrothermal emissions includes anomalously high concentrations of common deep-sea organisms (not the exotic hydrothermal vent communities). Some of these are coincident with high 3 He values and positive temperature anomalies discovered in deep-tow water samples (Lupton and others, 1980). Estimation of the absolute age of pillow flows based on the sedimentation rate and the volume of interpillow sediment ponds suggests that the average pillow flow with a sediment cover of 70% is approximately 1,000 yr old, and that a pillow flow will be completely covered with sediment in about 40,000 yr. This relation indicates that the extrusive terrane of the inner axial zone in the study area, although undergoing extensional modification, is considerably less than 1,000 yr old. Visual geologic data collected by the several deep-sea photographic systems are complementary in nature, and the best geologic interpretations are made through use of more than one system to provide various photographic perspectives and scales of observation.

Field of study: Geology
Degree reduction of composite Bézier curves

This paper deals with the problem of multi-degree reduction of a composite Bezier curve with the parametric continuity constraints at the endpoints of the segments. We present a novel method which is based on the idea of using constrained dual Bernstein polynomials to compute the control points of the reduced composite curve. In contrast to other methods, ours minimizes the L2-error for the whole composite curve instead of minimizing the L2-errors for each segment separately. As a result, an additional optimization is possible. Examples show that the new method gives much better results than multiple application of the degree reduction of a single Bezier curve.

Field of study: Mathematics
Photosynthetic induction in wheat protoplasts and chloroplasts. Autocatalysis and light activation of enzymes

Unlike wheat chloroplasts, wheat protoplasts showed a pronounced restoration of the induction phase after a short period of darkness. This difference was used to investigate the relative roles of light-induced reductive activation of enzymes and the auto-catalytic increase in the level of substrates in the control of the rate of photosynthesis during induction. Light activation and dark inactivation of ribulose 5-phosphate kinase, fructose 1,6-biphosphatase and NADP+-specific glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase were measured. In this respect there was no appreciable difference between protoplasts and chloroplasts. In contrast, the level of photosynthetic intermediates remained constant in darkened isolated chloroplasts, but declined rapidly in chloroplasts isolated from darkened protoplasts. When fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase was pre-activated by treating protoplasts with dithiothreitol the lag was only slightly shortened. These results are discussed in terms of control of the rate of the photosynthesis during the lag by substrates rather than limitation imposed by activity of any of the enzymes measured.

Field of study: Environmental science
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of a ytfG gene product from Escherichia coli.

The Escherichia coli ytfG gene product, with NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase activity, was crystallized by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method at 296 K. A 1.78 A data set has been collected using synchrotron radiation at Pohang Light Source, South Korea. The crystal belongs to the primitive trigonal system, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 81.7, c = 76.8 A. Analysis of the packing density shows that the asymmetric unit probably contains one monomer, with a solvent content of 48.8%.

Field of study: Chemistry
Discovery of a protein phosphatase activity encoded in the genome of bacteriophage lambda. Probable identity with open reading frame 221.

Infection of Escherichia coli with phage lambda gt10 resulted in the appearance of a protein phosphatase with activity towards 32P-labelled casein. Activity reached a maximum near the point of cell lysis and declined thereafter. The phosphatase was stimulated 30-fold by Mn2+, while Mg2+ and Ca2+ were much less effective. Activity was unaffected by inhibitors 1 and 2, okadaic acid, calmodulin and trifluoperazine, distinguishing it from the major serine/threonine-specific protein phosphatases of eukaryotic cells. The lambda phosphatase was also capable of dephosphorylating other substrates in the presence of Mn2+, although activity towards 32P-labelled phosphorylase was 10-fold lower, and activity towards phosphorylase kinase and glycogen synthase 25 50-fold lower than with casein. No casein phosphatase activity was present in either uninfected cells, or in E. coli infected with phage lambda gt11. Since lambda gt11 lacks part of the open reading frame (orf) 221, previously shown to encode a protein with sequence similarity to protein phosphatase-1 and protein phosphatase-2A of mammalian cells [Cohen, Collins, Coulson, Berndt & da Cruz e Silva (1988) Gene 69, 131-134], the results indicate that ORF221 is the protein phosphatase detected in cells infected with lambda gt10. Comparison of the sequence of ORF221 with other mammalian protein phosphatases defines three highly conserved regions which are likely to be essential for function. The first of these is deleted in lambda gt11.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Transformation of HCMV pp150 gene into horsebean and it's identification

To develop a human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) oral vaccine.  Gene fragment encoding the antigenic determinants of PP150 was amplified from HCMV AD169 by PCR using a pair of primers based on the previously published gene sequence for HCMV PP150. The Kozak sequence was placed up- stream of the start codon of pp 150 gene and KDEL sequence was added to the end of the gene. The modified gene was integrated into a vector pBI121. Then pp150 gene with 35S promoter and NOS terminator was excised from pBI121/pp150 to construct plant expression plasmid with pCAMBIA1300. The plant expression plasmid pCAM- BIA1300/pp150, which contains hygromycin photransferase gene as selection marker, was transferred into Agrobac- erium tumefaciens EHA105. The leaves of horsebean were infected with Agrobacerium tumefaciens, and calli were screened on medium containing hygromycin. Five hygromycin resistant plants were regenerated through somatic em- bryogenesis from embryogenic calli, 3 of which were identified as positive by PCR. Southern blot analysis showed that pp150 gene had been integrated into genomes of the 3 transgenic plants. The expression of pp150 gene in the 3 transgenic plants was further analyzed by RNA dot blot. Protein from pp150 transgenic horsebean was tested by ELISA and Western blot.  PP150 proteins expressed in the 3 transgenic plants possess imrnunogenicity.  These transgenic plants will provide new material for the development of edible vaccines against HC- MV infection.

Field of study: Biology
Water abundance variations around high-mass protostars: HIFI observations of the DR21 region [Letter]

Water is a key molecule in the star formation process, but its spatial distribution in star-forming regions is not well known. 
 We study the distribution of dust continuum and H2O and 13CO line emission in DR21, a luminous star-forming region with a powerful outflow and a compact H ii region. 
Methods. Herschel-HIFI spectra near 1100 GHz show narrow 13CO 10–9 emission and H2O 111–000 absorption from the dense core and broad emission from the outflow in both lines. The H2O line also shows absorption by a foreground cloud known from ground-based observations of low-J CO lines. 
Results. The dust continuum emission is extended over 36” FWHM, while the 13CO and H2O lines are confined to ≈24” or less. The foreground absorption appears to peak further North than the other components. Radiative transfer models indicate very low abundances of ~2×10-10 for H2O and ~8×10-7 for 13CO in the dense core, and higher H2O abundances of ~4×10-9 in the foreground cloud and ~7×10-7 in the outflow. 
Conclusions. The high H2O abundance in the warm outflow is probably due to the evaporation of water-rich icy grain mantles, while the H2O abundance is kept down by freeze-out in the dense core and by photodissociation in the foreground cloud.

Field of study: Physics
Study of Interfacial Reactions Between Lead-Free Solders and Cu-xZn Alloys

The solid/liquid reaction couple technique was employed to investigate the interfacial reactions between Cu-xZn (x = 0 wt.%, 5 wt.%, 15 wt.%, 30 wt.%, 40 wt.%) alloys and lead-free solders Sn, Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC, in wt.%), and Sn-9Zn (SZ, in wt.%) alloys at 240°C, 270°C, and 300°C for 0.5 h to 100 h. (Cu,Zn)6Sn5 and (Cu,Zn)3Sn phases were formed in the Sn/Cu-xZn (x = 5 wt.%, 15 wt.%, 30 wt.%) reaction couples, but with increasing reaction temperature and time, (Cu,Sn)Zn phase was formed, replacing (Cu,Zn)3Sn phase. Metastable T phase and (Cu,Sn)Zn phase were formed in the Sn/Cu-40Zn reaction couple at 300°C. (Cu,Zn)6Sn5 and (Cu,Zn)3Sn phases formed in the SAC/Cu-xZn (x = 5 wt.%, 15 wt.%) reaction couples. Furthermore, (Cu,Zn)6Sn5 and (Cu,Zn)Sn phases were observed when the SAC solders reacted with Cu-30Zn and Cu-40Zn alloys. T phase and (Cu,Sn)Zn phase were formed in the SAC/Cu-40Zn reaction couple reacted at 300°C for 100 h. (Cu,Sn)Zn5 and (Cu,Sn)5Zn8 phases were formed in the SZ/Cu-Zn reaction couples at 240°C. However, with increasing reaction time and temperature, only (Cu,Sn)5Zn8 phase was detected. Therefore, it can be concluded that the intermetallic compound (IMC) formation was sensitive to both the reaction temperature and the Zn content in the Cu-Zn alloy.

Field of study: Materials science
Literature Survey On Dewarping Of Document Images

Dewarping of camera document images has become lot of interest in the past. It is due to its inefficiency in the document readability and also it affects the accuracy of an OCR application, a two-step approach for efficient dewarping of camera document images is used. In the first step, coarse dewarping is used with the help of a transformation modelling which it maps the projection of a curved surface to a 2D rectangular area. This projection is bounded with two curved lines which fit to the top and bottom text lines with the two straight lines which fit to the right and left text boundaries. In the second step, fine dewarping is used based on the detection of words. Lower and upper word baselines are used to normalize the detected words.  dewarping; SIFT; LSE; polynomial regression; Euclidean distance

Field of study: Engineering
Characterization of thin-film losses with a synchronously pumped ringdown cavity.

We describe the use of a synchronously pumped ringdown cavity for measuring total optical losses, absorption and scattering, in thin optical films of arbitrary thickness on transparent substrates. This technique is compared with a single-pulse ringdown cavity regime and is shown to have a superior signal-to-noise ratio and resolution. We also provide an analysis of the factors affecting the resolution of the technique. Using this ringdown cavity pumped by a conventional mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser, we experimentally detect losses of only 58 +/- 9 and 112 +/- 9 parts per million in Ta2O5 and SiO2 films, respectively. To our knowledge, these are so far the lowest losses measured in thin films on stand-alone transparent substrates.

Field of study: Physics
Seasonal and spatial variations of PPCP occurrence, removal and mass loading in three wastewater treatment plants located in different urbanization areas in Xiamen, China.

The occurrence and fate of 48 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in different urbanization areas in Xiamen, China was investigated over one year. Results showed that PPCPs were widely detected, but the major PPCPs in the influent, effluent, and sludge were different. Spatial and seasonal variations of PPCP levels in the influent and sludge were observed. The removal efficiencies for most PPCPs were similar among the three WWTPs, although they employed different biological treatment processes. Furthermore, the mass loadings per inhabitant of most pharmaceuticals had a positive correlation with the urbanization levels, indicating that most pharmaceutical usage was higher in the urban core compared to the suburban zones. The total mass loadings of all the 48 PPCPs in the effluent and waste sludge showed close proportions, which suggested the importance of proper waste sludge disposal to prevent a large quantity of PPCPs from entering the environment.

Field of study: Environmental science
PEAK-LOAD PRICING AND SHORT-RUN MARGINAL COST*

The conventional wisdom of peak-load pricing (following Williamson, 1966, see for example Rees, I976, p. 69), is: (i) Thefirm peak case. The off-peak price equals marginal variable cost or shortrun marginal cost (SRMC), and the peak price equals SRMC+ MCC/a (where MCC = marginal capacity cost and a is the length of the peak period) if off-peak demand at SRMC does not exceed peak demand at SRMC + MCC/a; (ii) The shifting peak case. Prices are set to equate peak and off-peak demand, and consumers in both periods contribute towards capacity costs if off-peak demand at SRMC exceeds peak demand at SRAIIC + MCC/a. This conventional argument is based on a model in which demand at each price is constant throughout the peak period, and constant at a lower level throughout the off-peak period. There is a discontinuity in demand at each price at the start and end of the peak period. A general analysis of the more realistic case in which demand at each price varies continuously over time, but in which there can be only a finite number of price changes, is given in Craven (I 97 ). The purpose of this note is to draw out a conclusion from that model which was not made explicit in that paper, and which has important implications for the conclusions of conventional theory quoted above. The result (propositions i and 3) is that

Field of study: Economics
Eine Methode zur direkten Messung der Intensitätsverteilung in Molekularstrahlen

ZusammenfassungNach Langmuir gibt jedes auf einen glühenden Wolframdrahft treffende Alkaliatom ein Elektron ab und geht als positives Ion fort. Stellt man einen solchen Draht in den Weg eines Molekularstrahls aus Alkaliatomen, so gibt der vom Draht ausgehende positive Ionenstrom direkt die Zahl der pro Sekunde auf den Draht auftreffenden Alkaliatome. Die experimentelle Verifizierung dieser Methode ergab, daß so Intensitätsmessungen leicht uad mit großer Genauigkeit (ein Promille) durchführbar sind. Als Beispiel wurde die magnetische Aufspaltung von Kalium gemessen.

Field of study: Physics
Baxter Q-operator and Givental integral representation for C_n and D_n

Recently integral representations for the eigenfunctions of quadratic open Toda chain Hamiltonians for classical groups was proposed. This representation generalizes Givental representation for A_n. In this note we verify that the wave functions defined by these integral representations are common eigenfunctions for the complete set of open Toda chain Hamiltonians. We consider the zero eigenvalue wave functions for classical groups C_n and D_n thus completing the generalization of the Givental construction in these cases. The construction is based on a recursive procedure and uses the formalism of Baxter Q-operators. We also verify that the integral Q-operators for C_n, D_n and twisted affine algebra A_{2n-1}^{(2)} proposed previously intertwine complete sets of Hamiltonian operators. Finally we provide integral representations of the eigenfunctions of the quadratic $D_n$ Toda chain Hamiltonians for generic nonzero eigenvalues.

Field of study: Mathematics
Practical Product Code Construction of Polar Codes

In this paper, we study the connection between polar codes and product codes. Our analysis shows that the product of two polar codes is again a polar code, and we provide guidelines to compute its frozen set on the basis of the frozen sets of the component polar codes. Moreover, we show how polar codes can be described as irregular product codes. We propose a two-step decoder for long polar codes taking advantage of this dual nature to heavily reduce decoding latency. Finally, we show that the proposed decoding technique outperforms both standard polar codes and state-of-the-art codes for optical communications under latency constraints.

Field of study: Engineering
Om te meet is om te melk : tegnologie

Om te meet is om te weet. Die meting van melkproduksie bly steeds die enkele meting wat die melkboer elke dag 'n aanduiding gee van die gesondheidstatus van elke koei, en dus die kudde. Daarom is dit belangrik dat hierdie meting akkuraat sal geskied, aangesien heelwat kritieke besluite rondom melkproduksievlakke geneem word.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Validation of the Psychological Work Maturity Scale in Chinese Employees

Psychological work maturity is an important concept in situational leadership theory. The present research revised the Psychological Work Maturity Scale for use in Chinese organizations. Three samples of full-time employees (Ns = 205, 266, and 283) from different companies and industries participated in the present study. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that a single-factor structure fit the data. The scale had acceptable reliabilities, convergent and criterion-related validities, and was shown to be an appropriate measure of psychological work maturity in Chinese employees. Maturity differences in several demographic variables were not found, but employees with longer tenure in Sample 2 scored higher on maturity, which shows that psychological work maturity may be dependent on personal development in the interaction with the varying situational factors, especially in the work domain. Implications for research and practice on psychological work maturity in China are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
White Legend Against Black: Nationalism and Enlightenment in a Spanish Context *

The appearance of no less than four books in English marked 1971 as a banner year for Black Legend studies, especially for their colonial side. As in the past discussion emphasized the sixteenth century, dominated by the commanding and controversial Dominican, Bartolome de Las Casas on one hand, and the grim Indian demographic catastrophe on the other. This was no less so during the Enlightenment's passionate debates on the subject. Modern research gives greater credence to mortality rates suggested by Las Casas, but centers on the dire effects of disease as the main agent causing mass death. As this essay will suggest, eighteenth century discussants were somewhat betwixt and between concerning the American experience and the Hispanic impact. Clearly much of the ongoing appeal of Las Casas' interpretation of the Indians' calamity, which stressed the conquerors' brutality, comes from its foreshadowing of modern agonies over race relations and western treatment of other colonialized peoples.

Field of study: History
Geometry, cooling rates and weight losses during pig chilling

Experiments were carried out to study the cooling rate and weight loss from whole, split and quartered pig carcasses under typical Australian air-chilling conditions. Simple geometric and heat and mass transfer models were compared with data. The cooling rate was primarily influenced by the type of carcass (whole, split or quartered), which was in turn determined by carcass weight and fatness. A simple geometric model, using a sphere, underpredicted the cooling times with an average error of 6%. There were no statistically significant variations in weight loss due to air velocity.

Field of study: Engineering
CuInS2 thin films grown sequentially from binary sulfides as compared to layers evaporated directly from the elements

CuInS2 thin films have been obtained by rapid thermal annealing at 350 °C of binary sulfide precursors evaporated at a substrate temperature lower than 200 °C. The structure, morphology, and chemical and optical properties of these samples have been analysed and compared to CuInS2 layers prepared directly by evaporation from the elements onto 350 °C heated substrates. X-ray diffraction and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements showed similar structure and chemical characteristics for the CuInS2 samples prepared by sequential and direct routes. Some differences in the optical absorption can be related to morphological variations observed by atomic force microscopy.

Field of study: Materials science
Selective IgG subclass deficiency: quantification and clinical relevance

Each of the four human IgG subclasses exhibits a unique profile of effector functions relevant to the clearance and elimination of infecting microorganisms. The quantitative response within each IgG subclass varies with the nature of the antigen, its route of entry and, presumably, the form in which it is presented to the immune system. This results in antibody responses to certain antigens being predominantly or exclusively of a single IgG subclass. An inability to produce antibody of the optimally protective isotype can result in a selective immunodeficiency state. This is particularly apparent for responses to certain bacterial carbohydrate antigens that are normally of IgG2 isotype. A failure to produce the appropriate specific antibody response may result in recurrent upper and/or lower respiratory tract infection. Careful patient investigation can identify such deficiencies and suggest appropriate clinical management. In this review we outline the biology and clinical relevance of the IgG subclasses and summarize current rational treatment approaches.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine