nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Present Climatic Cooling and a Proposed Causative Mechanism.

Evidence has been presented and discussed to show a cooling trend over the Northern Hemisphere since around 1940, amounting to over 0.5°C, due primarily to cooling at mid- and high latitudes. Some regions of the middle latitudes have actually warmed while others, such as the central and eastern United States, have experienced sharp cooling. A representative station for this latter region is Lafayette, Ind., which has recorded a drop of 2.2°C in its mean annual temperature from 1940 through 1978. The cooling trend for the Northern Hemisphere has been associated with an increase of both the latitudinal gradient of temperature and the lapse rate, as predicted by climate models with decreased solar input and feedback mechanisms. Observations and interpretation of sunspot activity have been used to infer a direct thermal response of terrestrial temperature to solar variability on the time scale of the Gleissberg cycle (∼90 years, an amplitude of the 11-year cycles). Measurements at the Greenwich Obser...

Field of study: Environmental science
A Highly Efficient, Ligand‐Free, and Recyclable Cu2S‐Catalyzed Coupling of Aryl Iodides with Diaryl Disulfides

A highly efficient and ligand-free copper(I) sulfide catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of aryl iodides with diaryl disulfides was developed. With only 1 mol-% of Cu 2 S as the catalyst, iron powder as the reductant, and K 2 CO 3 as the base, aryl iodides reacted with disulfides in DMSO at 90-110°C for 18-24 h under an atmosphere of argon to give the corresponding aryl sulfides in good to excellent yields. In addition, the catalyst is recyclable and reusable with some loss of activity.

Field of study: Chemistry
H.263 Video Coding Based on Global Motion Compensation

Global motion compensation coding is a novel coding method based on models. Its coding efficiency is higher than that of conventional coding method with motion compensation, and so is the coded images' quality. The foundation of global motion compensation is global motion estimation. In this paper, Global motion estimation and its application in H.263 coding are studied and its improved method is proposed. Comparative experiments utilize some standard sequences with global motion are performed. From the experimental results, conclusion can be made that the H.263 codings efficiency which based on global motion compensation is improved and the new global motion estimation algorithm is superior in computation and accuracy.

Field of study: Computer science
What Do We See in a Tilted Square? A Validation of the Figure Independence Scale

The Figure Independence Scale (FIS) assesses people's preference for abstract figures that represent uniqueness. As psychological manifestations of cultural values cohere among each other within a cultural system, the authors argue that preference for uniqueness, as a psychological manifestation of the value for independence, can be used as an indirect measure of this value. Four studies examine the convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity of the FIS. The results indicate that liking for abstract, unique figures coheres with other specific manifestations of the value for independence (i.e., responses to explicit independence scale, need for personal control, liking for independence themes in advertisements, and use of social coping) and thus can be used as a measure of individuals' more global endorsement of this individualistic value.

Field of study: Psychology
A Wiener–Wintner theorem for the Hilbert transform


We prove the following extension of the Wiener–Wintner theorem and the Carleson theorem on pointwise convergence of Fourier series: For all measure-preserving flows (X,μ,Tt) and f∈Lp(X,μ), there is a set Xf⊂X of probability one, so that for all x∈Xf, $$\lim_{s\downarrow0}\int_{s<|t|<1/s}e^{i\theta t} f(\textup{T}_tx)\,\frac{dt}t\quad\text{exists for all}\ \theta.$$ The proof is by way of establishing an appropriate oscillation inequality which is itself an extension of Carleson’s theorem.

Field of study: Mathematics
Solar variability and the lower atmosphere.

Mechanisms possibly connecting solar activity to meteorology of the lower atmosphere are reviewed. Besides direct variations of solar visible emission, solar-related fluctuations in some aspect of cloudiness could be important. Any such variations in cloudiness are likely to be related to variations in production of ionization near the tropopause by galactic cosmic rays, the only geophysical phenomena unconnected with upper atmospheric processes known to have a striking (negative) correlation with solar activity. Such a connection might involve a dependence of sulfate aerosol formation on ionization and in turn a dependence of cloud radiative properties on variations of the aerosol particles' action as cloud condensation nuclei.

Field of study: Environmental science
Recent theoretical studies on hadronic atoms

A report contains a review of recent theoretical investigations on kaonic atoms carried out at Stefan Meyer Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. We discuss (1) a phenomenological quantum field theoretic model for bar-K N interactions at threshold of the reactions K^-p -> K^-p, K^-n -> K^-n and K^-d ->K^-d, and (2) the energy level displacements of the ground and nP excited states of kaonic hydrogen, (3) the contribution of the sigma-term to the shift of the energy level of the ground state of kaonic hydrogen, (4) the isospin-breaking and dispersive corrections to the energy level displacement of the ground state of kaonic hydrogen, (5) the radiative transitions nP -> 1S + \gamma, induced by strong low-energy interactions and enhanced by the Coulomb interaction, in kaonic hydrogen and kaonic deuterium, (6) Perspectives and (7) Comments on the approach, where we adduce our recent results obtained after the Workshop EXA05.

Field of study: Physics
From "God’s Spiritual Container " to " Instant Culture " ——A Discussion of Changes in Illustration in the Consumer Society

The illustration art has extended from its traditional use as a supplement for words to all areas of contemporary society. Becoming a popular fast-food, the illustration art is an essential product of the modern consumer society, reflecting a high degree of unity in its culture ,sociality, artistry and commerciality. The paper expounds the inevitability of the changes in illustration in today’s social and cultural background, the application media background, information technology background and psychological background of the general public aesthetic factors, illustrating the links and differences between the contemporary and the traditional art illustrations.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Polygenic Risk Score for Early Prediction of Sepsis Risk in the Polytrauma Screening Cohort

Increasing genetic variants associated with sepsis have been identified by candidate-gene and genome-wide association studies, but single variants conferred minimal alterations in risk prediction. Our aim is to evaluate whether a weighted genetic risk score (wGRS) that aggregates information from multiple variants could improve risk discrimination of traumatic sepsis.  Sixty-four genetic variants potential relating to sepsis were genotyped in Chinese trauma cohort. Genetic variants with mean decrease accuracy (MDA) > 1.0 by random forest algorithms were selected to construct the multilocus wGRS. The area under the curve (AUC) and net reclassification improvement (NRI) were adopted to evaluate the discriminatory and reclassification ability of weighted genetic risk score (wGRS).  Seventeen variants were extracted to construct the wGRS in 883 trauma patients. The wGRS was significantly associated with sepsis after trauma (OR = 2.19, 95% CI = 1.53–3.15, P = 2.01 × 10–5) after being adjusted by age, sex, and ISS. Patients with higher wGRS have an increasing incidence of traumatic sepsis (Ptrend = 6.81 × 10–8), higher SOFA (Ptrend = 5.00 × 10–3), and APACHE II score (Ptrend = 1.00 × 10–3). The AUC of the risk prediction model incorporating wGRS into the clinical variables was 0.768 (95% CI = 0.739–0.796), with an increase of 3.40% (P = 8.00 × 10–4) vs. clinical factor-only model. Furthermore, the NRI increased 25.18% (95% CI = 17.84–32.51%) (P = 6.00 × 10–5).  Our finding indicated that genetic variants could enhance the predictive power of the risk model for sepsis and highlighted the application among trauma patients, suggesting that the sepsis risk assessment model will be a promising screening and prediction tool for the high-risk population.

Field of study: Biology
Investigation and analysis of the physical exercising attitude, sports input and quality of life of students in part of institutes of higher learning in Zhejiang province

In order to probe into the effect of physical exercising on quality of life,the authors investigated the physical exercising attitude,sports input and quality of life of 954 college students in 6 institutes of higher learning in Zhejiang province from March to June 2006,and revealed the following findings: The overall attitude of the col-lege students towards physical exercising is at a so-so level,and has a significant difference between sexes – the at-titude of the male students is better than that of the female students;the overall quality of life of the college students is at a so-so level,in which the quality of life in the social relation area is the best,while the quality of life in the en-vironmental area is the poorest;the scores of college student sports population in physical exercising attitude and quality of life are universally higher than those of non sports population;the overall physical exercising attitude of the college students is significantly correlative with the physiological area,psychological area,environmental area and social relation area in quality of life;the sports time input,economic input,effort input(behavior habit and sense of behavior control) of the college students are significantly correlative with the quality of life of the college students,but the correlation between the time input/effort input therein and the physiological area is not significant;the correlation between the emotional input(behavior intention) and the quality of life of the college students is not significant.

Field of study: Education
Beach nourishment and public policy after Hurricane Floyd: where do we go from here?

This paper examines the public policy and implementation of beach nourishment within the context of the aftermath of Hurricane Floyd. It further examines the deficiencies of current policies impacting decision making. Some of the factors ignored in the decision making are: enhancement of the ecology of the beach, especially in terms of sea turtle nesting grounds; socio-cultural impacts, i.e. cost–benefit analysis of tourism, historical life-way patterns, community tax base; sand source allocation and forward contracting; and the adverse impact of current FEMA disaster insurance policies. The findings indicate a need for major revisions to FEMA's policies, the parameters used for designing nourishment projects, and the need to include other cost/benefits, such as tourism, when scoping the project. Recommended policy changes are included in the concluding section as a basis of discussion — not as definitive procedures.

Field of study: Environmental science
Morphology and Structure Characterization of Micro-arc Oxidation Film on Cast Al Alloy

The morphology and phase components of micro-arc oxidation film on LY12 and YL112 aluminum alloy were analyzed by SEM and XRD.The effects of element content and electrolyte on the micro-arc oxidation film on cast aluminum alloy were discussed.The results show that,on this experiment condition,the ceramic layer is mainly composed of γ-Al2O3.Silicon exists in phosphoric acid salt electrolyte system with the form of SiO2and in the sodium silicate electrolyte system with the form of 3Al2O3.2SiO2,including a little Cu2O,influenced by silicon and copper element.There are bulky grain of ceramic film and wide-aperture of hole in phosphoric acid salt electrolyte system,and the microstructure is loose.

Field of study: Materials science
Vortex tube shape optimization for hot control valves through computational fluid dynamics

A vortex tube (VT) is a thermofluidic device that generates cold and hot streams from a single injection of compressed gas. This interesting phenomenon of energy separation is due to fluid dynamic effects. In this study, the optimization of the VT geometry was performed to investigate the potential applications of the VT as an expansion device in natural gas processing and air separation industries. A steady-state computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model with the standard k–ɛ turbulence was used to solve the hydrodynamics of the highly compressible, turbulent, and swirling flow within the VT. Velocity streamlines and temperature distributions of the separated air stream were obtained for different control valve shapes located at a hot end. The CFD results showed the effects of the control valve shape, cone valve geometry, and nozzle inlet pressures on the VT performance. A truncated cone control valve with an optimized geometry was found to be the best choice for thermal performance enhancement of the VT. The CFD results were validated with experimental data, and the difference in the cold temperatures between the numerical and experimental values were less than 4.12% for the 2D and 2.3% for the 3D vortex tube models.

Field of study: Engineering
Implications of the declarative/procedural model for improving second language learning: The role of memory enhancement techniques

The declarative/procedural (DP) model posits that the learning, storage, and use of language critically depend on two learning and memory systems in the brain: declarative memory and procedural memory. Thus, on the basis of independent research on the memory systems, the model can generate specific and often novel predictions for language. Till now most such predictions and ensuing empirical work have been motivated by research on the neurocognition of the two memory systems. However, there is also a large literature on techniques that enhance learning and memory. The DP model provides a theoretical framework for predicting which techniques should extend to language learning, and in what circumstances they should apply. In order to lay the neurocognitive groundwork for these predictions, here we first summarize the neurocognitive fundamentals of the two memory systems and briefly lay out the resulting claims of the DP model for both first and second language. We then provide an overview of learning and memory enhancement techniques before focusing on two techniques – spaced repetition and retrieval practice – that have been linked to the memory systems. Next, we present specific predictions for how these techniques should enhance language learning, and review existing evidence, which suggests that they do indeed improve the learning of both first and second language. Finally, we discuss areas of future research and implications for second language pedagogy.

Field of study: Linguistics
Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of some promising wild edible fruits

In order to identify the potential sources of natural polyphenols with promising antioxidant (AOA) and free radical scavenging activities (FRSA) some under utilized edible fruits were studied for total phenolic contents (TPC), AOA and FRSA. The TPC varied from 7.3 (Ficus hookeri, fruits) to 119.2 mg/g GAE (Emblica officinalis , fruits), fruit pericarp of Castanopsis tribuloides (46.8 mg/g), fruits of Spondias axillaries (69.4 mg/g) and seeds of Emblica officinalis (81.5 mg/g) were found to have good amounts of TPC. The AOA varied from 8.6 (Citrullus colocynthus, seeds) to 80.3% (Emblica officinalis , fruits). The fruits of E. officinalis , Spondias axillaries and Baccaurea sapida were found to have good amounts of TPC and high AOA; low IC 50 , low EC 50 , reasonably good values of antiradical power (ARP) that support their effectiveness towards protection of DNA nicking and indicating strong FRSA. The IC 50 values for inhibition of lipid per oxidation measured by ammonium thiocyanate assay ranged from 0.50 to 4.30 mg/ml; fruits (0.50 mg/ml) and seeds (0.92 mg/ml) of Emblica officinalis , fruits of Spondias axillaries (0.66 mg ml) and Baccaurea sapida (0.84 mg ml) showed better inhibition of peroxide formation compared to reference standard, quercetin (1.27 mg/ml). The ferrous ion-chelating capacity in terms of IC 50 values varied from 0.28 (E. officinalis , fruits) to 2.83 mg/ml (Spondias axillaries, seeds). Further, the ferric ion chelating capacity of fruits of Baccaurea sapida (0.47 mg/ml) and E. officinalis (0.15 mg/ml) were observed to be better as compared to standard quercetin (0.66 mg/ml). Non enzymatic reactive oxygen species scavenging activity of the fruit extracts of E. officinalis (1.56 mg/ml), B. sapida (1.09 mg/ml) and S. axillaries (1.24 mg/ml) were found to be potent superoxide radical scavengers. Fruits of E.officinalis , B. sapida and S. axillaries showed reasonably good site specific inhibition of hydroxyl radical induced deoxyribose degradation on the other hand the non site specific inhibition exhibited IC 50 values of 0.45 (E. officinalis , fruits) to 4.01 mg/ml (Cyphomandra betaceae, seeds). Promising samples were further assayed for their specific phenolic composition through HPLC and MS/MS which showed that fruits of E. officinalis were found to be potential source of caffeic acid; fruits of B. sapida of ellagic acid, fruits of S. axillaries and B. sapida of gallic acid.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Preparation of β-D-Glucopyranosyl Derivatives of 1,6:2,3- and 1,6:3,4-Dianhydro-β-D-hexopyranoses and Their 1 H and 13 C NMR Spectra

The corresponding acetylated and free 2-O- and 4-O-glucosyl derivatives of dianhydrohexoses Ib - VIIb and Ic - VIIc have been obtained by the reactions of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α-D-glucopyranosyl bromide ( IX ) with 1,6:3,4- and 1,6:2,3-dianhydro-β-D-hexopyranoses ( Ia - VIIa ). Structure of the products and the effects of glycosylation upon chemical shifts and conformations of the disaccharides prepared have been studied using 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra.

Field of study: Chemistry
Growth Simulation of Trees Considering City Environment

In a city, roadside trees are regularly pruned. The pruning also not only changes the shape of the trees immediately but also changes subsequent growth of them. In addition, artificial illumination, which is caused by the light coming in through windows or caused by street lights, changes growth of the trees. Such conditions are not supported by the conventional tree growth models. Thus, we developed the growth simulation system of trees in city environment. The system has an interactive pruning interface including the functions for assisting the pruning. And the system grows trees after the pruning by referring the illumination environment of the city.In the experiment, a shape of a tree which has branches biased to the pavement side was generated by using the system. Moreover, the tree shape with a thin branch connected to a thick trunk was successfully generated by repeating the pruning and the growth. They are the features well seen to street trees.

Field of study: Computer science
TU‐B‐I‐609‐01: Therapeutic Ultrasound

The use of ultrasound in medicine is now quite commonplace, especially with the recent introduction of small, portable and relatively inexpensive, hand-held diagnostic imaging devices. Moreover, ultrasound has expanded beyond the imaging realm, with methods and applications extending to novel therapeutic and surgical uses. These applications broadly include: Tissue ablation, acoustocautery, lipoplasty, site-specific and ultrasound mediated drug activity, extracorporeal lithotripsy, and the enhancement of natural physiological functions such as wound healing and tissue regeneration. A particularly attractive aspect of this technology is that diagnostic and therapeutic systems can be combined to produce totally non-invasive, image-guided therapy. This general lecture will review a number of these exciting new applications of ultrasound and address some of the basic scientific questions and future challenges in developing these methods and technologies for general use in our society. We shall particularly emphasize the use of High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) in the treatment of benign and malignant tumors as well as the introduction of acoustic hemostasis, especially in organs which are difficult to treat using conventional medical and surgical techniques. [Supported in part by the NIH and the US Army]

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Ascorbic acid is essential for inducing chromium (VI) toxicity tolerance in tomato roots.

Problem of chromium (Cr) pollution is of great scientific concern as it adversely affects crop productivity worldwide. Therefore, scientific efforts are being made to minimize Cr toxicity in crop plants by using various methods. Of these methods, use of certain chemicals like ascorbic acid (ASC), glutathione, proline, nutrients, etc. has shown promising results. Therefore in this study, we have tested role of ASC in regulating hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] toxicity in tomato roots. Chromium (VI) reduced length, dry weight, fitness and tissue density of roots due to enhanced cellular accumulation of Cr which leads to the cell death. Chromium (VI) also declined ASC pool and activity of its regenerating enzymes along with enhanced level of oxidative stress and damage to lipids and proteins. However, exogenous addition of ASC significantly reversed toxic effects of Cr(VI) in tomato roots. Furthermore, addition of lycorine (inhibitor of ASC biosynthesis) interestingly augmented Cr(VI) toxicity. However, exogenous addition of ASC reversed toxic effect of lycorine suggesting that endogenous ASC has role in regulating Cr(VI) toxicity in tomato roots. Overall, our results suggest about crucial role of endogenous ASC in regulating Cr(VI) toxicity tolerance in tomato roots.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
A documentation framework for architecture decisions

In this paper, we introduce a documentation framework for architecture decisions. This framework consists of four viewpoint definitions using the conventions of ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010, the new international standard for the description of system and software architectures. The four viewpoints, a Decision Detail viewpoint, a Decision Relationship viewpoint, a Decision Chronology viewpoint, and a Decision Stakeholder Involvement viewpoint satisfy several stakeholder concerns related to architecture decision management. With the exception of the Decision Stakeholder Involvement viewpoint, the framework was evaluated in an industrial case study. The results are promising, as they show that decision views can be created with reasonable effort while satisfying many of the stakeholder concerns in decision documentation.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering