nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Fault detection and isolation using concatenated wavelet transform variances and discriminant analysis

A method for fault detection and isolation is developed using the concatenated variances of the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) of plant outputs. These concatenated variances are projected onto the principal component space corresponding to the covariance matrix of the concatenated variances. Fisher and quadratic discriminant analyses are then performed in this space to classify the concatenated sample CWT variances of outputs in a given time window. The sample variance is a variance estimator obtained by taking the displacement average of the squared wavelet transforms of the current outputs. This method provides an alternative to the multimodel approach used for fault detection and identification, especially when system inputs are unmeasured stochastic processes, as is assumed in the case of the mechanical system example. The performance of the method is assessed using matrices having the percentage of correct condition identification in the diagonal and the percentages misclassified conditions in the off-diagonal elements. Considerable performance improvements may be obtained due to concatenation-when two or more outputs are available-and to discriminant analysis, as compared with other wavelet variance methods.

Field of study: Engineering
High resolution photocurrent imaging by atomic force microscopy on the example of single buried InAs quantum dots

Conductive atomic force microscopy in combination with an optical setup is a useful tool for obtaining spectrally and spatially resolved photocurrent information on photoactive nanostructures. We have demonstrated photocurrent mapping under ambient conditions using sub-surface InAs quantum dots (QDs) as an example, whereby the QDs appear as dark areas in the photocurrent signal. Spectrally resolved measurements of on-dot and off-dot areas show distinct differences, confirming the existence of QDs at the detected position.

Field of study: Materials science
Effects of five proteins secreted by Chlamydia trachomatis on phagocytosis of mouse macrophages and dendritic cells

To analyze the effects of five proteins secreted by Chlamydia trachomatis on the phagocytosis of macrophages and dendritic cells derived from bone marrow cells of C3H/HeJ mice. 
 
 
 
Glutathione S-transferase (GST)-CT311, GST-GIgA, GST-cHtrA, GST-OmcBc and GST-Pgp3 proteins were prepared through an Escherichia coli prokaryotic expression system and purified by GST MagBeads. Chlamydia membrane protein GST-IncA was also prepared as a control. Proteins of interest were obtained by cleaving off GST-tag with PreScission protease.Macrophages (MΦ) and dendritic cells (DC) were prepared from bone marrow cells of C3H/HeJ mice and pretreated with either 100 μg/ml or 500 μg/ml of the above proteins.LPS was used as a control to testify the specificity of the proteins′ functions.Four hours after pretreatment, fluorescent beads were added to culture media to evaluate the changes in phagocytosis with direct immunofluorescence assay. 
 
 
 
LPS and low concentration (100 μg/ml) of these proteins had no significant influence on the phagocytosis of DC and MΦ, while high concentration (500 μg/ml) of Pgp3, cHtrA and CT311 could significantly promote the phagocytosis of DC and MΦ. 
 
 
 
Pgp3, cHtrA and CT311 can promote the in vitro phagocytosis of DC and MΦ, which may facilitate the in vivo dissemination of Chlamyida trachomatis. 
 
 
 
Chlamydia trachomatis; Secretory protein; Macrophage; Dendritic cell; Phagocytosis

Field of study: Biology
Two-dimensional standing gradient osmotic flow: a generalization of the “isotonic convection approximation”

A linear two-dimensional model of a flow system for solute and fluid transport in intercellular spaces has been obtained by using the so called “isotonic convection approximation”, already employed in the one-dimensional case (Segel (1970)). This is equivalent to ignoring the convective components in the relevant differential equation. The solutions found by means of the eigenfunctions of a Sturm-Liouville system have been compared with the numerical solutions of the general non-linear model, in which also the convective terms are present.The results of the linear model agree fairly well with those of the non-linear one, in the range of interest of parameters. This fact shows that the ignorance of the profile of fluid velocity does not introduce significant errors in the evaluation of solute and fluid fluxes.The differences of results between the one-dimensional and the twodimensional, the linear and non-linear models, give a way to evaluate the relative effects of the diffusive and convective terms in the differential equation and to estimate the errors introduced by the one-dimensional approximation.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
[Prokaryotic expression of pig nuclear transcription factor-kappaB p65/p50 and its impacts on PRRSV proliferation].

This study aims to express pig nuclear transcription factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) p65/p50 fusion protein in E. coli Rosetta, and study its impacts on PRRSV proliferation in vitro. The p65 ORF and mature p50 encoding gene were amplified by RT-PCR, the products were cloned into the pET-21a(+) vector, then transformed into Escherichia coli Rosetta, recombinant fusion protein was expressed by IPTG induction, the expressed product was identified by SDS-PAGE and Western-Blot. The purified and re-folded p65/p50 was added to the 2% FBS DMEM, and the cytotoxicity on Marc145 was observed to select the optimum concentration. The effects of optimum concentration of p65/p50 on PRRSV proliferation activity were investigated by detecting PRRSV infection phase in the culture supernatant using real-time FQ-PCR method and drawing PRRSV one-step growth curve. The results showed the p65/p50-pET21a(+) prokaryotic expression vector were successfully constructed , recombinant p50 and p65 fusion protein was expressed abundantly in the form of inclusion body with molecular weight of 70kD, Western-Blot results showed that the rabbit anti-human p50 polyclonal serum, rabbit anti-human p65 purified antibody could bind specifically to p50 and p65 respectively. The optimum concentration of p65/p50 was 0.4 microg/mL. The real-time FQ-PCR results indicated that NF-kappaB p65/p50 could promote CPE appearance and PRRSV proliferation before CPE appeared, and suppress PRRSV proliferation after CPE appeared, and lower the virus titer levels significantly(P < 0.05). These results will provide some new insight of the pathogenic mechanism and treatment strategies of PRRS.

Field of study: Biology
Particle size and cholesterol content of a mayonnaise formulated by OSA-modified potato starch

Egg yolk was partially replaced (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) with octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA)-modified potato starch in a reduced-fat mayonnaise formulation to curtail the problems associated with high cholesterol and induced allergic reactions. The physicochemical properties included parameters such as: pH, fat content, and emulsion stability of the formulations analyzed. The samples with 75% and 100% egg yolk substitute showed the maximum emulsion stability (>95% after two of months storage), and they were selected according to cholesterol content, particle size distributions, dynamic rheological properties, microstructure, and sensory characteristic. A significant reduction (84-97%) in the cholesterol content was observed in the selected samples. Particle size analysis showed that by increasing the amount of OSA starch, the oil droplets with the peak size of 70 µm engulfed by this compound became larger. The rheological tests elucidated that in the absence of egg yolk, OSA starch may not result in a final product with consistent texture and that the best ratio of the two emulsifiers (OSA starch/egg yolk) to produce stable reduced-fat, low cholesterol mayonnaise is 75/25. The microscopic images confirmed the formation of a stable cohesive layer of starch surrounding the oil droplets emulsified in the samples selected.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Expression of Mafb is down-regulated in the foreskin of children with hypospadias.

Hypospadias is the second most common congenital malformation in males. Although the aetiology of hypospadias is not clear, it is generally thought to be affected by both genetic and environmental endocrine-disrupting factors that affect the development of the urethra, leading to deformity.



To investigate the difference in expression of the transcription factor Mafb in hypospadias and normal penile tissues and to assess whether it is related to the occurrence of hypospadias.



Penile tissue was obtained from children with hypospadias who underwent surgical repair at the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. Patients diagnosed with undescended testicles, intersex status or endocrine abnormalities were excluded from the study. Twenty-five cases with hypospadias (average 3.5 years old) and 15 cases with circumcisions (as control) (average 5 years old) were included in this study. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Immunochemistry and Western blot were used to detect the expression of Mafb.



Mafb mRNA expressions in the prepuce of cases with hypospadias was significantly reduced compared with that in the controls [(1.179 ± 0.1275), (0.6652 ± 0.07506), p < 0.05)]. Hypospadias cases also showed decreased Mafb protein expression in the preputial subcutaneous mesenchymal cell layer. Mafb protein levels were significantly decreased in those with hypospadias compared with controls [(1.932 ± 0.1139), (1.006 ± 0.03312), p < 0.05]. However, no such differences were found in Mafb expression between subjects with mild and severe hypospadias.



Compared to the normal foreskin, expression of the Mafb gene was down-regulated at both mRNA and protein levels, which was consistent with our RNA-seq sequencing results in Diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP)-induced hypospadias rats. This study is the first to report abnormal expression of Mafb in the preputial tissue of hypospadias cases. An in-depth study of the relationship between Mafb and cell proliferation, apoptosis, and urethra development may reveal the pathogenesis of hypospadias.



Expression of the Mafb gene and protein in the foreskin of children with hypospadias is lower than that in normal foreskin. We postulate that such abnormal expression of the Mafb gene may be related to the occurrence of hypospadias and that this abnormal expression may affect the development of the urethra during the embryonic period.

Field of study: Medicine
Ed3363 (HighFive) - An alternative Elliptic Curve

We propose a new Elliptic curve at a security level signi cantly greater than the standard 128 bits, that lls a gap in current proposals while bucking the expected security vs cost curve by exploiting the new trick recently described by Granger and Scott. This essentially reduces the cost of eld multiplication to that of a eld squaring.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
On Estimating the Variance in Sampling with Probability Proportional to Aggregate Size

The problem of estimating the variance of the ratio estimator in sampling with probability proportional to aggregate size is investigated. The form of nonnegative unbiased variance estimators is found. For sample size n = 2, it is shown that there is at most one nonnegative unbiased variance estimator, whereas for n > 2, two different, possibly nonnegative, unbiased variance estimators are proposed. The performance of the proposed unbiased variance estimators, as regards their stabilities and probabilities of getting a negative value, is empirically investigated employing a variety of real populations.

Field of study: Mathematics
Real-time garbage collection on general-purpose machines

An algorithm for real-time garbage collection is presented, proved correct, and evaluated. This algorithm is intended for list-processing systems on general-purpose machines, i.e., Von Neumann style serial computers with a single processor. On these machines, real-time garbage collection inevitably causes some overhead on the overall execution of the list-processing system, because some of the primitive list-processing operations must check the status of garbage collection. By removing such overhead from frequently used primitives such as pointer references (e.g., Lisp car and cdr) and stack manipulations, the presented algorithm reduces the execution overhead to a great extent. Although the algorithm does not support compaction of the whole data space, it efficiently supports partial compaction such as array relocation.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Nonmarine Tertiary Deposits of Colombia

The great basins of the Orinoco, Maracaibo, and the Rio Magdalena occupy much of the general area of northern South America. What relations may have existed among these several basins in the past, or even within the limits of the Tertiary, can only be surmised in the present state of geologic knowledge, though there are grounds for suspecting that throughout the Tertiary era all shared in the major movements of uplift and subsidence, with individual differences. It seems probable that there was intimacy, if not actual connection, between some of these basins during the early Tertiary. All seem to have had somewhat similar drainage relations to the region lying between, but to what extent each of them transgressed such land area as existed there during the Tertiary is not yet known. At the present time the high cordillera of the eastern Andes lies between or borders on these several . . .

Field of study: Geology
Contamination of seafood by Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Taiwan

: From October 1984 to September 1985, a total of 770 seafood samples, collected from the retail markets of 8 coastal cities in Taiwan, were tested for the contamination of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The results showed that 352 samples (45.7%) were contaminated by V. parahaemolyticus. The detection frequencies of various samples were as follows: 40.0% fish samples, 22.3% fish fillets, 44.4% shrimps and 47.8% crabs of the crustacea group, 68.7% bivalve shellfish and 31.9% non-bivalve shellfish of the mollusca group. Bivalve shellfish samples showed the highest detection frequency and counts. By the analysis of variance, cities and sample items affected the detection frequency and counts of V. parahaemolyticus. Positive statistical correlation was found between the counts of V. parahaemolyticus and temperature variation in some cities, whereas the detection frequency of V. parahaemolyticus was not relative to the temperature variation in each city. 182 isolates from different types of seafood reacted with K antisera. Of those serotypes, K17 showed the highest detection frequency in the serological test. All of our isolates showed negative reaction for the Kanagawa test.

Field of study: Biology
Oscillation of nonlinear dynamic equations on time scales

By means of Riccati transformation techniques, we establish some new oscillation criteria for the second order nonlinear dynamic equation(p(t)x^@D(t))^@D+q(t)f(x(@s(t)))=0,[email protected]?[a,b],on time scales in terms of the coefficients and the graininess function. We illustrate our results with a nontrivial example.

Field of study: Mathematics
Effects of auditory cortical lesions on pure-tone sound localization by the albino rat.

Two-choice and three-choice tests were used to evaluate the effects of bilateral auditory cortical lesions on pure-tone sound localization by the albino rat. Both tests required that animals approach a distant sound source to obtain water reinforcement. Stimuli were single noise and tone bursts, 65 ms in duration including 20-ms rise and fall times. Tone frequencies were 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 kHz adjusted to 40 dB (SPL) above the rat's absolute threshold. Five animals were tested in the two-choice situation following bilateral ablation of auditory cortex. Some reduction in performance was observed relative to normals, but impairments were not severe. Similar results were obtained for 2 brain-damaged animals tested in the three-choice situation. Thus, the ability to localize sounds in space remained intact after complete destruction of auditory cortex, and there was no indication of a frequency-dependent deficit.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Closed and Open Grade I and II Tibial Shaft Fractures Treated by Reamed Intramedullary Nailing

To evaluate the results of closed and open grade I and II tibial shaft fractures treated by reamed nail and unreamed nailing.  Between 1997 and 2000, 119 patients with tibial shaft fractures were treated with reamed tibial nails. Postoperatively 96 patients (70 closed and 26 grade I and II open fractures) were followed clinically and radiologically for up to 18 months. The nail was inserted either by patellar tendon splitting or by nonsplitting technique. The nail was inserted after overreaming by 1.5 mm. Postoperatively, patients with isolated tibial fracture were mobilized by permitting partial weight bearing on the injured leg for 6 weeks. Patients with associated ankle fractures were allowed to walk with a Sarmiento cast.  Postoperatively, 6 (6.3%) patients developed a compartment syndrome after surgery. In 48 (50%) cases, dynamization of the nail was carried out after a mean period of 12 weeks for delayed union. Overall, a 90.6% union was obtained at a mean of 24 weeks without difference between closed or open fractures. Two (2.1%) patients with an open grade II fracture developed a deep infection requiring treatment. A 9.4% rate of malunion was observed. Eight (8.3%) patients developed screw failure without clinical consequences. At the last follow-up, 52% of patients with patellar tendon splitting had anterior knee pain, compared to those (14%) who did not have tendon splitting.  Reamed intramedullary nail is a suitable implant in treating closed as well as grade I and II open tibial shaft fractures.

Field of study: Medicine
Serum Values of Copper, Zinc and Selenium in Adults Resident in Kuwait

The populations of Kuwait and other Arabian Gulf States are very heterogeneous. Expatriates with different dietary habits constitute approximately 60% of the Kuwaiti population. The aim of this study was to establish a reference range of trace element levels in the serum of the normal population in Kuwait.  A total of 379 healthy males (n = 262) and females (n = 117) of various nationalities living in the State of Kuwait were studied. The serum concentrations of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and selenium (Se) were measured and the copper/zinc (Cu/Zn) ratio was calculated.  The study established the serum Zn, Cu and Se levels in the studied population. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the serum levels of these elements among the different nationalities tested. A significantly higher serum Cu level and Cu/Zn ratio were seen in females.  These findings can form the basis and reference for any future studies on trace elements in different pathologic conditions in the Arabian Gulf region.

Field of study: Medicine
Simulation on Cuttings Transport with Drillpipe Rotation in Highly-Inclined Well Section

Hole cleaning is one of the key techniques of extended reach drilling. Compared with horizontal and vertical well section, the cuttings transport in inclined section is more complicated and difficult to be solved analytically, especially affected by drill pipe rotation. Computational fluid dynamics method is used to simulate the cuttings-mud two-phase flow in the annulus of inclined section. Simulation result shows that back flow is a remarkable feature of cuttings transport in inclined well section. Drill pipe rotation turns the axial motion of cuttings in annular into the helical motion. Drill pipe rotation can not only reduce the total cuttings concentration in annular, but also increase the average cuttings velocity. Section with 40 ～ 60 degree of deviation angle is the most difficult cleaned section, where cuttings concentration and pressure drop are also bigger than the rest sections.

Field of study: Engineering
Spin-Flavor van der Waals Forces and NN interaction

A major goal in Nuclear Physics is the derivation of the Nucleon-Nucleon (NN) interaction from Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). In QCD the fundamental degrees of freedom are colored quarks and gluons which are confined to form colorless strongly interacting hadrons. Because of this the resulting nuclear forces at sufficiently large distances correspond to spin-flavor excitations, very much like the dipole excitations generating the van der Waals (vdW) forces acting between atoms. We study the Nucleon-Nucleon interaction in the Born-Oppenheimer approximation at second order in perturbation theory including the Delta resonance as an intermediate state. The potential resembles strongly chiral potentials computed either via soliton models or chiral perturbation theory and has a van der Waals like singularity at short distances which is handled by means of renormalization techniques. Results for the deuteron are discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Oxygen character in the density of states as an indicator of the stability of Li-ion battery cathode materials

Oxygen gas evolution from lithium battery cathode materials during charging to high voltages is a known mechanism leading to cathode instability and ultimately Li-ion batteries fires. We present the simple thesis that the tendency toward oxygen destabilization in metal-oxide materials used as Li-ion battery cathodes can be correlated to the amount of oxygen-derived weight in the partial density of states (PDOS) near the Fermi level (E F ), which is easily calculable with density functional theory (DFT). If the oxygen PDOS dominates the total DOS at E F at any point during delithiation (charging), electrons are withdrawn from the O rather than the M states, and the O 2 − ions are oxidized to peroxide (O 2 2 − ), and then often to O 2 gas. A demonstration of the utility of this perspective is given using DFT to calculate the PDOS for compounds with a broad range of structures, transition metals and degrees of lithiation: LiFePO 4 , Li 2 CuO 2 , LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , and Li 2 RuO 3 . The resulting computational spectra correlate well to the experimental stability in the modeled compounds. We conclude that the oxygen stability of cathode materials derives from their fundamental electronic structure as function of changing voltage (and lithiation).

Field of study: Materials science