nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Novel Conformationally Locked Carbocyclic Nucleosides Derived from 5,5- and 6,6-Bis(hydroxymethyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol

(1 R *,2 R *,3 R *,4 S *)-3-Amino-6,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol ( 13 ) was prepared from (bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2,2-diyl)dimethyl dibenzoate ( 7 ) via cis -diol 8 , cyclic sulfate 10 , and azide 12 . (1 R *,2 R *,3 S *,4 S *)-3-Amino-6,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]-heptan-2-ol ( 18 ) and (1 R *,2 S *,3 S *,4 S *)-3-amino-5,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol ( 19 ) were obtained by addition of chromyl azide to double bond of 7 , chromatographic separation, debenzoylation and hydrogenation of resulting azides 14 and 16 . The amines 13 , 18 , and 19 were used to build (1 R *,2 R *,3 R *,4 S *)- ( 21a ), (1 R *,2 R *,3 S *,4 S *)-3-(6-chloro-9 H -purin-9-yl)-6,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol ( 21b ), and (1 R *,2 S *,3 S *,4 S *)-3-(6-chloro-9 H -purin-9-yl)-5,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol ( 21c ), respectively. Ammonolysis of these compounds led to 6-amino-9 H -purine derivatives 22a - 22c . 6-(Dimethylamino)-9 H -purine analogues 23a - 23c and 6-(cyclopropylamino)-9 H -purine analogues 24a - 24c were prepared by aminolysis of 21a - 21c . Reaction of amines 13 , 18 , and 19 with ethyl N -((2 E )-3-ethoxymethacryloyl)carbamate afforded thymine derivatives 28a - 28c .

Field of study: Chemistry
Cerebral cavernous malformations: clinical insights from genetic studies.

Familial disease is responsible for one third to one half of cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) cases presenting to clinical attention. Much has been learned in the past decade about the genetics of these cases, which are all inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, at three known chromosome loci. Unique features of inherited CCMs in Hispanic-Americans of Mexican descent have been described. The respective genes for each locus have been identified and preliminary observations on disease pathways and mechanisms are coming to light, including possible explanations for selectivity of neural milieu and relationships to endothelial layer abnormalities. Mechanisms of lesion genesis in cases of genetic predisposition are being investigated, with evidence to support a two-hit model emerging from somatic mutation screening of the lesions themselves and from lesion formation in transgenic murine models of the disease. Other information on potential inflammatory factors has emerged from differential gene expression studies. Unique phenotypic features of solitary versus familial cases have emerged: different associations with venous developmental anomaly and the exceptionally high penetrance rates that are found in inherited cases when high-sensitivity screening is performed with gradient echo magnetic resonance imaging. This information has changed the landscape of screening and counseling for patients and their families, and promises to lead to the development of new tools for predicting, explaining, and modifying disease behavior.

Field of study: Medicine
Tilting the balance towards d-wave in iron-based superconductors

The intricate interplay of interactions and Fermiology can give rise to a close competition between nodeless (e.g. s-wave) and nodal (e.g. d-wave) order in electronically driven unconventional superconductors. We analyze how such a scenario is affected by a Zeeman magnetic field $H_{\text{Z}}$ and temperature $T$. In the neighborhood of a zero temperature first order critical point separating a nodal from a nodeless phase, the phase boundary at low $H_{\text{Z}}$ and/or low $T$ has a universal line shape cubic in $H_{\text{Z}}$ or $T$, such that the nodal state is stabilized at the expense of the nodeless. We calculate this line shape for a model of competing s_\pm-wave and d-wave pairing in iron-based superconductors.

Field of study: Physics
Sulfatase 1 mediates the attenuation of Ang II‐induced hypertensive effects by CCL5 in vascular smooth muscle cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats

&NA; Extracellular sulfatases, sulfatase 1 (Sulf1) and sulfatase 2 (Sulf2), play a pivotal role in cell signaling and carcinogenesis. Chemokine CCL5 inhibits Ang II‐induced hypertensive mediators via angiotensin II (Ang II) type 2 receptor (AT2 R) pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). In this study, we investigated the effect of Sulfs on anti‐hypertensive effects of CCL5 in SHR VSMCs. CCL5 attenuated Ang II‐induced inhibition of sulfatase activity in SHR VSMCs. Inhibition of Ang II‐induced 12‐lipoxygenase (12‐LO) and endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) expression by CCL5 was reduced in Sulf1 small interfering RNA (siRNA)‐transfected SHR VSMCs. In addition, attenuation of Ang II‐induced dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase‐1 (DDAH‐1) inhibition by CCL5 was reduced in Sulf1 siRNA‐transfected SHR VSMCs. Downregulation of Sulf2 did not affect inhibitory effects of CCL5 on Ang II‐induced 12‐LO and ET‐1 expression and Ang II‐induced inhibition of DDAH‐1 expression in SHR VSMCs. Downregulation of Sulf1 abrogated the expression of CCL5‐induced AT2 R messenger RNA (mRNA) and synergistic effect of CCL5 on Ang II‐induced AT2 R expression in SHR VSMCs. These findings suggest that Sulf1 is a potential up‐regulatory factor in anti‐hypertensive actions of CCL5 via AT2 R pathway on Ang II‐induced hypertensive effects in SHR VSMCs.

Field of study: Medicine
PYROPE GARNET—PIEZOMETER OR THERMOMETER?

Use of the pyrope content of garnet as a piezometer should be restricted to an estimate of the minimum pressure of formation. Reactions leading to the growth of garnet inevitably increase the pyrope/almandine ratio, but do so with temperature increase in some cases and pressure increase in others. The volume behavior of Fe-Mg exchange reactions between garnet and other common silicates indicates that, for given bulk compositions, the pyrope/almandine ratio will decrease with pressure.

Field of study: Geology
Screening and Test of Biocontrol Agents Against Vanilla Root Rot

Root rot of vanilla caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vanillae and F. Solani is the most serious disease of vanilla widely distributed in vanilla plantations in China.Three strains of Trichoderma spp. and two strains of Bacillus subtilis and one strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens were assayed to test their biocontrol potentiality against the pathogens in vitro. Of all the strains,only strains OBS-2 and 1. 936 of Bacillus subtil is showed significantly inhibiting activity on the above pathogens in dual culture. In greenhouse pot trials,dipping of vanilla cuttings roots with the OBS-2 solution +application of OBS-2 bagasse preparations or OBS-2 rice stem preparations gave a 82.1% or 93.7% biocontrol effect at 30 days after treatment. Similar treatment with strain 1.936 produced a 54.1% or 45.1% biocontrol effect. Presoaking of roots of vanilla cuttings with the solution of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum 940304 yieded a 41.3% biocontrol effect at 30 days after treatment. In the field trials,soaking of vanilla cuttings roots with solution of OBS-2 and applying with OBS-2 baggasse preparations resulted in a 59.7% biocontrol effect while similar treatment with strain 1.936 only gave a 38.8% biocontrol effect,and presoaking of roots of vanilla cuttings with strain 940304 showed a 41.7%biocontrol effect at 38 days after treatment. Results showed that the native isolated strain OBS-2 of Bacillus subtilis is superior to the strain 1.936 provided from Beijing in the biocontrol potentiality.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Role of miRNA in the Transmission of Metabolic Diseases Associated With Paternal Diet-Induced Obesity

The concept of Developmental Origins of Health and Diseases (DOHaD) recognizes that an unfavorable maternal environment alters the developmental trajectory of the fetus and can lead to long-term risk of developing chronic noncommunicable diseases. More recently, the concept of a paternal transmission [Paternal Origins of Health and Diseases (POHaD)] has emerged stressing the impact of paternal overweight or obesity on offspring’s health and development. While very few examples of paternal epigenetic inheritance of metabolic disorders have been evidenced in human, many experimental mouse models based on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced paternal obesity have been developed to breakdown molecular mechanisms involved in the process. Besides DNA methylation and chromatin structure, sperm short noncoding RNAs have been considered as the main epigenetic vector of inheritance of paternally environmentally induced changes. Among them, sperm miRNAs are one particular subspecies sensitive to environmental changes and obesity can modify the sperm miRNA profile. Once delivered into the zygote, these molecules might induce epigenetic modifications in the embryo, thereby leading to consequences for fetus development and offspring physical and metabolic health later on in life. Furthermore, some data also suggest that metabolic pathologies may be intergenerationally or transgenerationally transmitted.

Field of study: Biology
Evidence that factors other than particular thyrotropin receptor T cell epitopes contribute to the development of hyperthyroidism in murine Graves’ disease

Immunization with thyrotropin receptor (TSHR)‐adenovirus is an effective approach for inducing thyroid stimulating antibodies and Graves’ hyperthyroidism in BALB/c mice. In contrast, mice of the same strain vaccinated with TSHR‐DNA have low or absent TSHR antibodies and their T cells recognize restricted epitopes on the TSHR. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that immunization with TSHR‐adenovirus induces a wider, or different, spectrum of TSHR T cell epitopes in BALB/c mice. Because TSHR antibody levels rose progressively from one to three TSHR‐adenovirus injections, we compared T cell responses from mice immunized once or three times. Mice in the latter group were subdivided into animals that developed hyperthyroidism and those that remained euthyroid. Unexpectedly, splenocytes from mice immunized once, as well as splenocytes from hyperthyroid and euthyroid mice (three injections), all produced interferon‐γ in response to the same three synthetic peptides (amino acid residues 52–71, 67–86 and 157–176). These peptides were also the major epitopes recognized by TSHR‐DNA plasmid vaccinated mice. We observed lesser responses to a wide range of additional peptides in mice injected three times with TSHR‐adenovirus, but the pattern was more consistent with increased background ‘noise’ than with spreading from primary epitopes to dominant secondary epitopes. In conclusion, these data suggest that factors other than particular TSHR T cell epitopes (such as adenovirus‐induced expression of conformationally intact TSHR protein), contribute to the generation of thyroid stimulating antibodies with consequent hyperthyroidism in TSHR‐adenovirus immunized mice.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
BUCKING CRITICAL LOAD ANALYSIS OF Y STYLE VIBRO-PILE BASED ON CUSP CATASTROPHE THEORY

The buckling failure of pile can be studied by the catastrophe theory. In this paper,the calculating width of pile was analyzed firstly,and then the cusp catastrophe theory was applied to determining the critical load for pile failure. For partially buried pile with one end embedded in stronger bearing stratum,the paper established catastrophe model with top-free and bottom-fixed,and top-hinged and bottom-hinged for entirely buried pile with one end embedded in relative bearing stratum. A new method to determine the critical load was proposed,and the calculated results were compared with those from lab and field model tests,which verified the feasibility of the method. The critical loads of Y style vibro-pile,square pile and circular pile with identical cross sectional area were compared in conditions of partially and entirely buried in the ground. It is found that the bucking load of Y style vibro-pile is much greater than that of square pile and circular pile. Under the conditions specified in this paper,the buckling critical loads of square and circular pile are only 65% and 62% that of Y style vibro-pile. The reason is that:due to the special-shaped section,the Y style vibro-pile enhances the skin friction,thus to increase the buckling critical load effectively.

Field of study: Engineering
Active Algorithms For Preference Learning Problems with Multiple Populations

In this paper we model the problem of learning preferences of a population as an active learning problem. We propose an algorithm can adaptively choose pairs of items to show to users coming from a heterogeneous population, and use the obtained reward to decide which pair of items to show next. We provide computationally efficient algorithms with provable sample complexity guarantees for this problem in both the noiseless and noisy cases. In the process of establishing sample complexity guarantees for our algorithms, we establish new results using a Nystr{\"o}m-like method which can be of independent interest. We supplement our theoretical results with experimental comparisons.

Field of study: Computer science
Thinking beyond Western commercial honeybee hives: towards improved conservation of honey bee diversity

A decline of wild pollinators, along with a decline of bee diversity, has been a cause of concern among academics and governmental organizations. According to IPBES, a lack of wild pollinator data contributes to difficulties in comprehensively analyzing the regional status of wild pollinators in Africa, Latin America, Asia and Oceania. It may have also contributed to the prevailing lack of awareness of the diversity of honey bees, of which the managed Apis mellifera is often considered as “the (only) honey bee,” despite the fact that there are eight other honey bee species extant in Asia. A survey of 100 journal articles published in 2016 shows that 57% of the studies still identified A. mellifera as “the honey bee.” In total, 80% of studies were conducted solely on A. mellifera. This focus on A. mellifera has also caused the honey standard of Codex Alimentarius and the European Union to be based solely on A. mellifera, causing improper evaluation of honeys from other species. We recommend adapting current standards to reflect the diversity of honey bees and in the process correct failures in the honey market and pave the way towards improved protection of honey bee species and their habitats.

Field of study: Environmental science
SIMULATION OF DAMAGE FOR BRIDGE PIER SUBJECTED TO SHIP IMPACT

A review is made for HJC concrete model which includes strain rate effects and material damage. Sensitivity of damage parameters in HJC model are discussed through a collision of a rigid ball with a concrete plate, and the parameters used in HJC concrete model are determined. A scenario of a 12000 DWT bulk cargo collision with a bridge pier is simulated by the software of LS-DYNA, and the time history of ship collision force and the damage of the bridge pier are presented. The results show that the peak value of ship collision force decreases remarkably due to the failure of concrete. Damage characteristic of concrete should be taken into account to achieve objective result in the simulation of ship collision with thin-wall bridge pier.

Field of study: Engineering
Characterisation of CoSi2/- and TiSi2/n-GaAs Schottky barriers

The heights of CoSi2/- and TiSi2/n-GaAs Schottky barriers are determined, by various methods, to be 0.77 and 0.64 eV respectively. These values are discussed in view of the recently developed Schottky barrier theories such as the advanced unified defect model and the effective workfunction model. The thermal stability of these contacts is investigated and it is found that the CoSi2/n-GaAs barrier height remains reasonably stable up to 600 degrees C for 10 min anneals and up to 750 degrees C for 1 min anneals. Under oxygen-free conditions and/or for shorter anneal times, this limit value may probably be increased. Consequently, CoSi2 may be an interesting contact material for high-temperature applications such as self-aligned GaAs MESFET fabrication.

Field of study: Materials science
Blu-Ice and the Distributed Control System: software for data acquisition and instrument control at macromolecular crystallography beamlines.

The Blu-Ice and Distributed Control System (DCS) software packages were developed to provide unified control over the disparate hardware resources available at a macromolecular crystallography beamline. Blu-Ice is a user interface that provides scientific experimenters and beamline support staff with intuitive graphical tools for collecting diffraction data and configuring beamlines for experiments. Blu-Ice communicates with the hardware at a beamline via DCS, an instrument-control and data-acquisition package designed to integrate hardware resources in a highly heterogeneous networked computing environment. Together, Blu-Ice and DCS provide a flexible platform for increasing the ease of use, the level of automation and the remote accessibility of beamlines. Blu-Ice and DCS are currently installed on four Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory crystallographic beamlines and are being implemented at sister light sources.

Field of study: Physics
Herbivory elicits changes in green leaf volatile production via jasmonate signaling and the circadian clock.

The timing of plant volatile emissions is important for a robust indirect defense response. Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) are emitted by plants upon damage but can be suppressed by herbivore-associated elicitors, and the abundance and composition of GLVs vary depending on the timing of herbivore attack. We show that the GLV biosynthetic enzyme HYDROPEROXIDE LYASE (HPL) is transcriptionally regulated by the circadian clock in Nicotiana attenuata. In accordance with transcript abundance of NaHPL, GLV aldehyde pools in intact leaves peaked at night and at subjective night under diurnal and continuous light conditions, respectively. Moreover, although the basal abundance of NaHPL transcripts is upregulated by jasmonate (JA) signaling, JA does not regulate the reduction of NaHPL transcript abundance in damaged leaves by simulated herbivore treatment. Unexpectedly, the plant circadian clock was strongly altered when Manduca sexta larvae fed on N. attenuata, and this was also independent of JA signaling. Lastly, the temporal dynamics of NaHPL transcripts and total GLV emissions were strongly altered by M. sexta larval feeding. Our data suggest that the temporal dynamics of emitted GLV blends result from a combination of damage, JA signaling, herbivore-associated elicitors, and the plant circadian clock.

Field of study: Environmental science
Overcoming heterosexism and homophobia : strategies that work

This text provides ideas and strategies for affirming diversity and overcoming heterosexism and homophobia in a wide variety of settings, such as education, politics, the media and the helping profession. Providing strategies for educators, counsellors, community activists and leaders and those in the gay and lesbian communities, it is organized into four sections: "Foundational Issues" - an overview of heterosexism and homophobia and a multicultural perspective on communication; "Working within Communities - Ethnic Groups and Family Members"; "Working with Students"; "Working in Professional Training Programs"; and "Working within Institutions". Role-playing exercises, methods of "coming out" and outlines for workshops are also included.

Field of study: Education
Gambogic acid inhibits TNF-α-induced invasion of human prostate cancer PC3 cells in vitro through PI3K/Akt and NF-κB signaling pathways

To investigate the mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effect of gambogic acid (GA) on TNF-α-induced metastasis of human prostate cancer PC3 cells in vitro.TNF-α-mediated migration and invasion of PC3 cells was examined using migration and invasion assays, respectively. NF-κB transcriptional activity and nuclear translocation were analyzed with luciferase reporter gene assays, immunofluorescence assays and Western blots. The ability of p65 to bind the promoter of Snail, an important mesenchymal molecular marker, was detected using a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. After treatment with Snail-specific siRNA, the expression of invasiveness-associated genes was measured using quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot.GA significantly inhibited the viability of PC3 cells at 1–5 μmol/L, but did not produce cytotoxic effect at the concentrations below 0.5 μmol/L. GA (0.125–0.5 μmol/L) dose-dependently inhibited the migration and invasion of PC3 cells induced by TNF-α (10 ng/mL). Moreover, the TNF-α-mediated activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) and NF-κB pathways was suppressed by GA (0.5 μmol/L). Furthermore, this anti-invasion effect of GA was associated with regulation of Snail. Snail expression was significantly down-regulated by treatment with GA (0.5 μmol/L) in the TNF-α-stimulated PC3 cells.GA inhibits TNF-α-induced invasion of PC3 cells via inactivation of the PI3K/Akt and NF-κB signaling pathways, which may offer a novel approach for the treatment of human prostate cancer.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Bayes and Empirical Bayes Two-Stage Procedures for Sampling Inspection

A batch of M items is inspected for defectives. Suppose there are d defective items in the batch. Let d 0 be a given standard used to evaluate the quality of the population where 0 < d 0 < M. The problem of testing H 0: d < d 0 versus H 1: d ≥ d 0 is considered. It is assumed that past observations are available when the current testing problem is considered. Accordingly, the empirical Bayes approach is employed. By using information obtained from the past data, an empirical Bayes two-stage testing procedure is developed. The associated asymptotic optimality is investigated. It is proved that the rate of convergence of the empirical Bayes two-stage testing procedure is of order O (exp(− c* n)), for some constant c* > 0, where n is the number of past observations at hand.

Field of study: Mathematics
Carbon Based Superconductors

We review the characteristics of some carbon based novel superconductors which emerged in the past two decades since the discovery of superconductivity in the high-T c oxocuprates. In particular, we summarize the properties of ternary layered carbide halides of the rare rarth metals with composition RE2C2X2 (RE = Y, La; X = Cl, Br, I) and of the rare earth di- and sesquicarbides, YC2, LaC2 and La2C3. Finally, we briefly discuss the properties of the recently discovered Ca and Yb intercalated graphite superconductors, CaC6 and YbC6.

Field of study: Physics
Attitude of Teachers and School Variables in Secondary Schools in Ondo State, Nigeria

This study examined some school variables and teachers’ attitude to work for effective teaching. Descriptive survey design was used for the study. The respondents were 216 teachers which were randomly selected from 90 secondary schools. An Instrument, Teachers’ Attitude to Teaching Inventory (TATI), comprising 30 items, was used to collect data. The TATI elicited information on different aspects of teaching including presentation, assessment and use of instructional materials. The study was guided by two hypotheses. Data collected were analysed using Analysis of variance Pearson-r, t-test and percentages. The results from ANOVA showed that there was a significant difference in the attitude of different subject teachers to teaching of Science, Art and Social Science to (F 2,214 = 3.0, p<0.05).  Furthermore, the results showed that there was a significant relationship between teachers’ attitude to teaching and age (r = 0.0535, p<0.05), sex (r=0.343, p<0.05), and teaching subjects (r = 0.194, p<0.05). The study concluded that teachers’ attitude to teaching was not favourable and this attitude was influenced largely by age and sex.  Teachers’ Attitude, School Variables, Effective Teaching.

Field of study: Education