nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Does Tourniquet Time or Pressure Contribute to Intracranial Pressure Increase following Tourniquet Application?

The aim of this study was to determine whether an early increase in intracranial pressure (ICP) following the deflation of a tourniquet is related to the tourniquet time (TT) or tourniquet pressure (TP) and to identify a safe cut-off value for TT or TP.  Patients who underwent elective orthopedic lower-extremity surgery under general anesthesia were randomized into 2 groups: group A (inflation with a pneumatic TP of systolic blood pressure + 100 mm Hg; n = 30) and group B (inflation using the arterial occlusion pressure formula; n = 30). The initial and maximum TPs, TT, and sonographic measurements of optic-nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) and end-tidal CO2 values were taken at specific time points (15 min before the induction of anesthesia, just before, and 5, 10, and 15 min after the tourniquet was deflated).  The initial and maximum TPs were found to be significantly higher in group A than in group B. At 5 min after the tourniquet deflation, there was a significant positive correlation between TT and ONSD (r = 0.57, p = 0.0001). When ONSD ≥5 mm was taken as a standard criterion, the safe cut-off value for the optimal TT was found to be < 67.5 min (sensitivity 87% and specificity 59.5%).  The ICP increase in the early period after tourniquet deflation was well correlated with TT but not with TP. TT of ≥67.5 min was found to be the cut-off value and is considered the starting point of the increase in ICP after tourniquet deflation.

Field of study: Medicine
Prioritizing Short-Termism in Behavioural Strategy: Lessons from Enron – 20 Years On

What are the risks of prioritizing short-term goals in corporate strategy against more long-term oriented (and 
hopefully sustainable) corporate performance? Through a qualitative case study narrative recalling some aspects 
of the sadly famous, but still insightful, bankruptcy of the Enron Corporation in the US (2001), this article aims 
at contributing to shed light on this lively research question within the international research on and practice of 
behavioural strategy. Given that, also currently, the seasons of corporate scandals do not seem to have ended, the main motivation behind this work is that the lessons which we could have learned after almost 20 years since the Enron seminal disaster occurred, can still probably have a value. In parallel, the main conceptual contribution 
offered by our case perspective is that, while the massive past and recent Enron’s coverage has mostly devoted 
attention to the aspects of fraud and its associated business ethics, our analysis is, instead, focused on the 
corporate strategic orientation mainly deriving from the macho culture of the top executives. Of course, we are 
aware that concentrating on the latter cannot avoid acknowledging also the importance of the former. 
Furthermore, the case can also offer a methodological contribution; in fact, while much of the research in 
corporate governance has been implemented through quantitative techniques, scholars have also recently claimed that additional qualitative research is complementarily needed to reach a more exhaustive big picture on how executives behave.

Field of study: Business
Hele-Shaw flows with time-dependent free boundaries involving an infinite strip of fluid

We present a new family of analytic solutions for Hele-Shaw flows with time-dependent free boundaries, a const ant-pressure condition being supposed relevant on each free boundary. The basic starting configuration has the plan-view of the region occupied by fluid within the Hele-Shaw cell as an infinite strip bounded by parallel lines, these lines being the free boundaries. The subsequent motion is produced by the injection (or suction) of fluid at points within the strip and, perhaps, the imposition of a pressure difference between the two boundaries.

Field of study: Mathematics
National treatment trends, complications, and predictors of in-hospital charges for the surgical management of craniopharyngiomas in adults from 2007 to 2011.

OBJECT
Treatment of craniopharyngiomas is one of the most demanding and controversial neurosurgical procedures performed. The authors sought to determine the factors associated with hospital charges and fees for craniopharyngioma treatment to identify possible opportunities for improving the health care economics of inpatient care.



The authors analyzed the hospital discharge database of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) covering the period from 2007 through 2011 to examine national treatment trends for adults (that is, those older than 18 years) who had undergone surgery for craniopharyngioma. To predict the drivers of in-hospital charges, a multistep regression model was developed that accounted for patient demographics, acuity measures, comorbidities, hospital characteristics, and complications.



The analysis included 606 patients who underwent resection of craniopharyngioma; 353 resections involved a transsphenoidal approach (58%) and 253 a transfrontal approach (42%). The mean age (± SD) of patients was 47.7 ± 16.3 years. The average hospital length of stay (LOS) was 7.6 ± 9 days. The mean hospital charge (± SD) was $92,300 ± $83,356. In total, 48% of the patients experienced postoperative diabetes insipidus or an electrolyte abnormality. A multivariate regression model demonstrated that LOS, hospital volume for the selected procedure, the surgical approach, postoperative complications, comorbidities, and year of surgery were all significant predictors of in-hospital charges. The statistical model accounted for 54% of the variance in in-hospital charge.



This analysis of inpatient hospital charges in patients undergoing craniopharyngioma surgery identified key drivers of charges in the perioperative period. Prospective studies designed to evaluate the long-term resource utilization in this complex patient population would be a useful future direction.

Field of study: Medicine
Toward a protocol for quantifying the greenhouse gas balance and identifying mitigation options in smallholder farming systems

Globally, agriculture is directly responsible for 14% of annual greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions and induces an additional 17% through land use change, mostlyin developing countries (Vermeulen et al 2012). Agricultural intensiﬁcation andexpansion in these regions is expected to catalyze the most signiﬁcant relativeincreases in agricultural GHG emissions over the next decade (Smith et al 2008,Tilman et al 2011). Farms in the developing countries of sub-Saharan Africa andAsia are predominately managed by smallholders, with 80% of land holdingssmaller than ten hectares (FAO 2012). One can therefore posit that smallholderfarming signiﬁcantly impacts the GHG balance of these regions today and willcontinue to do so in the near future.However, our understanding of the effect smallholder farming has on theEarth’s climate system is remarkably limited. Data quantifying existing andreduced GHG emissions and removals of smallholder production systems areavailable for only a handful of crops, livestock, and agroecosystems (Herrero et al2008, Verchot et al 2008, Palm et al 2010). For example, fewer than ﬁfteenstudies of nitrous oxide emissions from soils have taken place in sub-SaharanAfrica, leaving the rate of emissions virtually undocumented. Due to a scarcity ofdata on GHG sources and sinks, most developing countries currently quantifyagricultural emissions and reductions using IPCC Tier 1 emissions factors.However, current Tier 1 emissions factors are either calibrated to data primarilyderived from developed countries, where agricultural production conditions aredissimilar to that in which the majority of smallholders operate, or from data thatare sparse or of mixed quality in developing countries (IPCC 2006). For the mostpart, there are insufﬁcient emissions data characterizing smallholder agricultureto evaluate the level of accuracy or inaccuracy of current emissions estimates.Consequentially, there is no reliable information on the agricultural GHG budgetsfor developing economies. This dearth of information constrains the capacity totransition to low-carbon agricultural development, opportunities for smallholdersto capitalize on carbon markets, and the negotiating position of developingcountries in global climate policy discourse.Concerns over the poor state of information, in terms of data availability andrepresentation, have fueled appeals for new approaches to quantifying GHGemissions and removals from smallholder agriculture, for both existing conditionsand mitigation interventions (Berry and Ryan 2013, Olander et al 2013).Considering the dependence of quantiﬁcation approaches on data and the currentdata deﬁcit for smallholder systems, it is clear that in situ measurements must bea core part of initial and future strategies to improve GHG inventories and

Field of study: Environmental science
Order–disorder of the A-site ions and lithium ion conductivity in the perovskite solid solution La0.67−xLi3xTiO3 (x=0.11)

The A-site-deficient perovskite solid solution (ADPESS) La0.67−xLi3xTiO3 (x=0.11) underwent an order–disorder transition reversibly with a reversible change in ionic conductivity. The cubic, disordered form (a=ap) was obtained by quenching from temperatures above ∼1150°C, while the tetragonal, ordered form (a=ap, c≈2ap), by annealing at temperatures below ∼1150°C. Since controlled thermodynamically, the extent of ordering of La ions could be changed reversibly by annealing in a range of 600–1150°C. The equilibrated order parameter S increased continuously from 0 at 1150°C to ∼0.83 at 600°C with decreasing annealing temperature. The bulk ionic conductivity at 25°C had a small maximum at S≈0.2 and decreased increasingly rapidly with increasing extent of ordering in a range of S>0.2. The tetragonal distortion of the subcell began at S≈0.2. The distortion became more manifest and the lattice parameters a contracted more with increasing extent of ordering in a range of S>0.2. The decrease in ionic conductivity is attributed to an increase in activation energy for ionic conduction, which is presumably associated with the contraction of the lattice parameter a of the subcell.

Field of study: Materials science
The effects of triton X-100 on the transfer of mannose, glucose and n-acetylglusomine phosphate to dolichol monophosphate by preparations of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and of mitochondria of rat liver.

Triton X-100 and exogenous dolichol monophosphate have been used to investigate the nature of enzymes responsible for the transfer of mannose, glucose and N-acetylglucosamine phosphate from nucleotide donors to dolichol monophosphate in vesicles derived from rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Mitochondria were shown to contain the highest specific activities of these enzymes. The responses of the glycosyltransferases to increasing concentrations of Triton X-100 and the effect on these responses of exogenous dolichol monophosphate suggest that the enzymes for mannose and glucose transfer are less hydrophobic, and therefore less intrinsic, in the membrane than the enzyme for N-acetylglucosamine phosphate transfer. In smooth vesicles the results are consistent with mannosyl- and glucosyl-transferases being located at both inner and outer faces of the membrane. In rough vesicles and in mitochondria mannosyl- and glucosyl-transferases were confirmed at the outer face. There is, however, only one site of N-acetylglucosamine phosphate transfer, this being more hydrophobically located in the membrane than the other sites of glycosyl transfer. Mitochondrial enzyme activity closely resembled that of rough endoplasmic reticulum in response to Triton X-100 and exogenous dolichol monophosphate, and is probably associated with the outer membrane.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Death Concerns and Symbolic Aspects of the Self: The Effects of Mortality Salience on Status Concern and Religiosity

Terror management theorists have demonstrated that, after thinking about their own death, subjects behave in ways that suggest increased adherence to and defense of prevailing cultural values. The present study extends prior work by assessing the effects of mortality salience on two culturally prescribed value systems: religion and status concern. It was predicted that highly religious and highly status-concerned subjects in the mortality salience condition would report especially high post treatment investments in religion and status concern, respectively. The results partly supported the hypotheses. High status-concerned/highly religious subjects became more status concerned following the mortality salience treatment. The treatment had no significant effects on the post treatment measure of religiosity.

Field of study: Psychology
Chirp parameter estimation from a sample covariance matrix

This paper considers the problem of estimating the bandwidth and the center frequency of a linear chirp signal. The nonstationarity property of chirp signals implies that the signal has high rank and reduces the applicability of subspace-based algorithms significantly. However, the special structure of the sample covariance matrix invites the use of regular frequency estimation algorithms. Herein, we show how subspace-type algorithms may be modified to provide accurate signal parameter estimates for linear chirp signals at reasonable complexity. The root-MUSIC algorithm is used as an example.

Field of study: Engineering
Influence of age and duration of infection on bacterial load and immune responses to Helicobacter pylori infection in a murine model

Using a murine model, we previously showed that Helicobacter pylori infects and colonizes offspring via maternal transmission during the nursing period. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of age and duration of infection on inflammatory and immune responses to H. pylori in infant and adult mice. During the breast‐feeding period, the number of bacteria was significantly suppressed in 1‐week‐old mice infected with H. pylori at an early stage of nursing, compared with adult mice, suggesting that breast‐milk induces such low colonization. In addition, these mice had weaker gastric inflammation, especially Th1 cytokine and humoral responses than in mice infected with H. pylori after weaning in spite of elevated levels of Th1 cytokines. Although infant mice showed low inflammatory responses against H. pylori, they produced H. pylori‐specific antibodies following vaccination with oral or parenteral adjuvant. Our results suggest the importance of age at the time of primary infection on bacterial load, gastric inflammation and humoral responses in a murine model of H. pylori infection.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Diflubenzuron residue and persistence on an oak forest after aerial application

A twenty hectare forest block in central Pennsylvania was aerially sprayed with diflubenzuron (Dimilin 25W®) at the dose of 33.23g A.I./ha in 9.4 litres/ha. Leaf samples were collected from the upper and lower canopies of 27 oaks and understory within this block on the day of spray, May 29, 1991. Canopy leaves were also collected on May 31, June 10, July 29 and September 26, 1991. Recovery of diflubenzuron residues on fortified canopy‐leaf and litter‐leaf samples using analytical techniques employed in this study averaged 87.4% (SE = 7.5%) and 66.2% (SE = 8.2%), respectively. On the day of spray, diflubenzuron residues on the upper canopy, lower canopy and understory averaged 81.18, 39.65 and 8.35 ng/cm2, respectively. Diflubenzuron residues on canopy‐leaf samples collected 2, 12, 61 and 120 days post‐spray averaged 14.83 (SE = 10.19), 16.75 (SE = 9.95), 12.84 (SE = 8.25) and 11.20 (SE = 7.52) ng/cm2, respectively. Diflubenzuron residues on litter‐leaf samples collected after leaf senescence ‐ 16...

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Neue Gesetzmäßigkeiten im Bandenspektrum des Heliums. I

Grund neuer Aufnahmen mit einer lichtstarken Entladungsröhre und hoher Dispersion konnte eine Reihe von neuen Heliumbanden gefunden werden. Die in vorliegender Mitteilung angeführten Banden haben alle den 2p-Term als Endterm und Anfangstermne x, y, z, deren Eigenschaften von denen der bisher bekannten Terme stark abweichen. Die entsprechenden Ortho- und Parabanden sind in ihrer Struktur vollkommen analog. Außerdem wurde eine Anzahl neuer Schwingungsbanden gefunden, worunter einige mit n=2 sind. Die Konstanten der Schwingungsbanden wurden berechnet.

Field of study: Physics
Osteoporosis therapy: an example of putting evidence-based medicine into clinical practice.

A major aim of evidence-based medicine is to assist clinical decision-making by providing the most current and reliable medical information. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are important tools in this process. Systematic reviews identify and compile relevant evidence, while meta-analyses summarize and quantify the results of such reviews. Results from meta-analyses are, at present, the main source of summary evidence for the efficacy of treatments for a specific condition. They are important tools for helping to choose among treatment options, although they cannot be used to directly compare the magnitude of the effect of various therapies. However, the methods used and the consequent clinical value of the results, may be poorly understood by clinicians, who may therefore not take full advantage of the evidence. Recently, a panel of experts in osteoporosis and evidence-based medicine applied rigorous, validated, scientific standards to produce a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of anti-resorptive agents used to treat osteoporosis. They found that, although several agents reduced the risk of vertebral fracture, only two, alendronate and risedronate, demonstrated convincing evidence for both non-vertebral and vertebral fracture risk reductions. The clinical implication of these results is that there are important differences in anti-fracture efficacy among currently available agents. In the absence of evidence from head-to-head clinical trials and because of the systematic nature and methodological rigor of the analyses, these data provide important information for clinical decision-making.

Field of study: Medicine
Promising prediction of the monsoon trough and its implication for tropical cyclone activity over the western North Pacific

The monsoon trough (MT) is generally recognized as a feeding ground for tropical cyclones (TCs) over the western North Pacific (WNP). In view of the many challenges that remain in current seasonal TC forecasting, it would be a profound benefit to understand the predictability of variations in the MT and the implications of this for the seasonal prediction of TC activity. This study reveals that high predictability of the MT is shown by the current atmosphere–ocean coupled forecasting system, with the correlation coefficient being 0.84 for the model-ensemble prediction with observations from 1960 to 2005. This high predictability arises mainly from the tropical dipole sea surface temperature over the Maritime Continent and tropical Pacific Ocean, which favors convection around the warm pool and further excites the vorticity anomalies over the WNP. It is further found that good knowledge of the MT could provide promising prediction of TC activity over the WNP, including the occurrence and energy of TCs. The findings of this study suggest that coupling between the WNP circulation and tropical ocean acts as an important source of seasonal predictability in the WNP, and highlight the importance of the MT for seasonal prediction of TCs over the WNP.

Field of study: Environmental science
Learning from Animated Concept Maps with Concurrent Audio Narration

An animated concept map is a presentation of a network diagram in which nodes and links are sequentially added or modified. An experiment compared learning from animated concept maps and text by randomly assigning 133 undergraduates to study 1 of 4 narrated animations presenting semantically equivalent information accompanied by identical audio narration. Two of the animations presented text; one with concurrent audio and another with delayed audio. Two of the animations presented concept maps; one in black and white and the other with nodes colored to represent semantic relatedness. The concept map groups outperformed the text groups on free recall (p < .05). The black-and-white concept map group outperformed the text groups on a multiple-choice knowledge test (p < .05). No advantages were statistically detected for color enhancements of the animated map. The results indicate that verbal information can be effectively communicated by learner-paced animated concept maps accompanied by audio narrations.

Field of study: Education
Dead Sea Problem: Rift Valley or Ramp Valley?

Advanced Summary The Dead Sea problem relates to the origin of the profound trough. Is it an effect of tension in the earth9s crust? or of compression? or of failure of support beneath the depressed strip? or of some combination of these conditions? In attempting to answer this question the physiographic and structural facts observed in Palestine, Transjordania, and Syria, are presented and discussed, pro and con. It is found that the late Tertiary and Pleistocene history of the region comprises three epochs, namely, an earlier epoch of folding indicative of moderate compression at shallow depth; an epoch of erosion to a landscape of advanced maturity, designated the Judean matureland; and a later epoch of compression in a much deeper horizon, which resulted in deep-seated shearing and upthrust. The actual features of relief have resulted from the later compression. The Palestine and Transjordan plateau present arched surfaces or swells caused . . .

Field of study: Geology
A large sex difference on a two-dimensional mental rotation task.

Mental rotation tests require participants to identify rotated versions of a target stimulus. The Vandenberg Mental Rotations Test depicts rotations in 3-D space and typically yields one of the largest established cognitive sex differences favoring males. It is presently unclear whether this male advantage is related to the nature of rotations depicted in 3-D space or to the high level of difficulty of this task. The present study developed a new test depicting picture plane, or 2-D, rotations. When task difficulty within this 2-D test was varied, a male advantage as large as that seen on the Vandenberg test was found for the difficult component. These findings suggest that processing in 3 dimensions is not a necessary condition for a large sex difference on tests of mental rotation.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Effect of Cerium-rich Mixtures of Rare Earth on Microstructure of Aluminum Alloys

The effect of cerium-rich rare earth mixture addition on the microstructure of Grain-refining Aluminum Ingots(GRAI),A356 and 3003 aluminum alloys produced with GRAI has been studied by OM,SEM and EDAX.The results show that of intermetallic compound containing RE formed depends on both elements in aluminium alloy and the content of rare earth.In GRAI,since RE have stronger interaction with Fe than with Si,thus forms Al-Fe-RE intermetallic compound,.When RE is above 0.3wt% AlCe3 and Al2La are formed besides Al-Fe-RE.In A356 aluminum alloys,0.3wt%RE and Si have strongly interaction,forming CeSi and La5Si3.However,RE and Mg,Fe have weak interaction.Mg reacts with Si forming Mg2Si.In 3003 aluminum alloys,0.3%RE addition mainly forms Al3Ce,LaSi and CeSi2,and RE has weak interaction with Fe and Mg.

Field of study: Materials science