nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Issues of competence and performance in language assessment

A specific standardized test of language proficiency called “Grammatical Analysis of Elicited Language (GAEL) for hearing-impaired children was used to examine language usage between the tester and the child. In order to capture language discourse, communication—verbal/nonverbal, and the language context, the entire test-taking sessions were videotaped for three out of the ten children selected for the study. These children primarily used oral language. The test consisted of two partsimitated and prompted. On the imitated component of the test, the study showed that “imitation” does not seem to facilitate grammatical development. “Functional readiness” (Bates & MacWhinney, 1987) was found to be an important factor in the production of a specific linguistic form. It was found that imitated speech was not grammatically more advanced than non-imitated spontaneous speech. On the prompted component of the test, the responses of the children were pragmatically appropriate in many instances yet not conforming to the expected responses on the test. It was shown that the communicative competence needs to be incorporated into the test as part of language proficiency assessment.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
Adjusting transport segmentation policy of DTN Bundle Protocol under synergy with lower layers

We assess Delay-Tolerant Network (DTN) performance in space under the scope of adjusting protocol data unit (PDU) size at various layers. We quantify the importance of combinatively adjusting size of DTN bundles, transport packets, and link frames. Through simulations, our paper reveals trade-offs that involve file delivery time, transmission effort of sending nodes, and memory resources release rate. Based on our findings, we propose a transport adaptation scheme that dynamically adjusts DTN bundle and transport packet size by means of heuristic search. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine transport segmentation policy and interaction among various layers of the DTN protocol stack.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
High-lying excited states in Gamow Teller strength and their roles in neutrino reactions

The Gamow Teller (GT) transition strengths deduced from charge exchange reactions (CEXRs) are very helpful for understanding the nuclear reaction induced by neutrinos, in particular, by the solar neutrino. For further study of supernovae (SNe) neutrinos in the cosmos, one needs to study high-lying GT states around a few tens of MeV region as well as other multipole transitions because of the high energy tail in the neutrino spectra emitted from the neutrino sphere. In this report, we address the importance of the high-lying GT excited states, whose data now become available from various CEXR experiments. For example, GT(± strengths up to 70MeV are successfully extracted by 90Zr(n, p) and 90Zr(p, n) reactions. Our discussions are extended to investigate roles of the high-lying states beyond a few low-lying states known in the old experiment on the reaction induced by SNe neutrinos particularly on 40Ar target. The nucleus was originally exploited to identify the solar neutrino emitted from 8B produced in the pp-chains on the Sun, and now lots of applications for more energetic neutrino detection are under progress. The expected large difference between the cross-sections of $ \nu_{e}^{}$ and $ \bar{{\nu}}_{e}^{}$ reactions on 40Ar , whose differences were anticipated because of the large Q-value in the $ \bar{{\nu}}_{e}^{}$ reaction, is significantly diminished compared to previous results. Our calculations are carried out by the Quasi-particle Random Phase Approximation (QRPA), which takes the neutron-proton pairing into account to the standard proton-neutron QRPA (pnQRPA) where only proton-proton and neutron-neutron pairing correlations are considered.

Field of study: Physics
Not All Skepticism Is Equal: Exploring the Ideological Antecedents of Science Acceptance and Rejection

Many topics that scientists investigate speak to people’s ideological worldviews. We report three studies—including an analysis of large-scale survey data—in which we systematically investigate the ideological antecedents of general faith in science and willingness to support science, as well as of science skepticism of climate change, vaccination, and genetic modification (GM). The main predictors are religiosity and political orientation, morality, and science understanding. Overall, science understanding is associated with vaccine and GM food acceptance, but not climate change acceptance. Importantly, different ideological predictors are related to the acceptance of different scientific findings. Political conservatism best predicts climate change skepticism. Religiosity, alongside moral purity concerns, best predicts vaccination skepticism. GM food skepticism is not fueled by religious or political ideology. Finally, religious conservatives consistently display a low faith in science and an unwillingness to support science. Thus, science acceptance and rejection have different ideological roots, depending on the topic of investigation.

Field of study: Psychology
Assessing the Effectiveness of Remedial College Courses.

Randomly selected students required to take a remedial English course at a community college were placed in a regular English course on an experimental basis. The experimentally placed students were compared with those who enrolled in a regular course after passing a remedial course and with those who did not require remediation. Comparisons were made on ability, persistence, performance, and satisfaction. The remedial course had no effect on student satisfaction and persistence but a modest effect on subsequent course performance. The experimental methodology described can provide the college researcher with a basis for determining whether there is a need to revise or eliminate current remedial courses.

Field of study: Education
Opposition to the Third Mexican Council

The study of the opposition to the Third Mexican Council of 1585 provides a fascinating picture, not only of the determined efforts to undo the work of the most important ecclesiastical meeting of colonial New Spain but also of the various hostilities and animosities, intrigues and rivalries, that were at work in New Spain toward the end of the sixteenth century In the Third Council, the bickering of secular and religious priests, the opposition of bishops to the exorbitant privileges of the religious orders, the encroachments of the civil authority into the domain of the ecclesiastical, and the determination of clerics to defend their privileges and jurisdiction, all converged on the questions of (1) should the Council be permitted to publish its decrees and (2), once published, could they be put into execution?

Field of study: History
Principle of sodium alkali FGD with electrodialysis recycling

Electrodialysis recycling principle of sodium alkali flue gas desulfurization(FGD)was studied with anion-exchange membrane and model deduction.Results show that in the process of sodium alkali FGD with anion-exchange membrane electrodialysis recycling,theoretical and practical sulfur electrodialysis ratio were almost the same and increased with the level of current density.Sulfur electrodialysis ratio could be calculated according to the pH of cathode influent and effluent solution.The model was in good agreement with the experiment results and reflected the electrodialysis effect well.Sulfur electrodialysis ratio should be less than 50% and it would increase quickly at pH=6.0—7.5 and increase slowly at pH6.0 or pH7.5.The model had good stability in the stated range of influent solution pH.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Biphasic regulation of P-glycoprotein function and expression by NO donors in Caco-2 cells

To investigate the effects of nitric oxide (NO) donors on the function and expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in Caco-2 cells.Caco-2 cells were exposed to NO donors for designated times. P-gp function and expression were assessed using Rhodamine123 uptake assay and Western blotting, respectively. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (iROS) and intracellular reactive nitrogen species (iRNS) levels were measured using ROS and RNS assay kits, respectively.Exposure of Caco-2 cells to 0.1 or 2 mmol/L of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) affected the function and expression of P-gp in concentration- and time-dependent manners. A short-term (4 h) exposure reduced P-gp function and expression accompanied with significantly increased levels of iROS and iRNS. In contrast, a long-term (24 h) exposure stimulated the P-gp function and expression. The stimulatory effects of 2 mmol/L SNP was less profound as compared to those caused by 0.1 mmol/L SNP. The other NO donors SIN-1 and SNAP showed similar effects. Neither the NO scavenger PTIO (2 mmol/L) nor soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor ODQ (50 μmol/L) reversed the SNP-induced alteration of P-gp function. On the other hand, free radical scavengers ascorbate, glutathione and uric acid (2 mmol/L for each), PKC inhibitor chelerythrine (5 μmol/L), PI3K/Akt inhibitor wortmannin (1 μmol/L) and p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 (10 μmol/L) reversed the upregulation of P-gp function by the long-term exposure to SNP, but these agents had no effect on the impaired P-gp function following the short-term exposure to SNP.Conclusion:NO donors time-dependently regulate P-gp function and expression in Caco-2 cells: short-term exposure impairs P-gp function and expression, whereas long-term exposure stimulates P-gp function and expression. The regulation occurs via a NO-independent mechanism.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Chemical properties of transactinides

First investigations of chemical properties of bohrium (Z = 107) and hassium (Z = 108) showed an expected behaviour as ordinary members of groups 7 and 8 of the periodic table. Two attempts to study element 112 yielded some indication for a behaviour like a very volatile noble metal. However, a very recent experiment to confirm this preliminary observation failed. Two examples are described how chemical studies may help to support element discovery claims from purely physics experiments. The two examples are the discovery claims of the elements 112 and 115, respectively, where the progenies hassium and dubnium were chemically identified.

Field of study: Physics
A case for 'acquisitional strategies': some methodological observations on investigation into second language learners' initial state'

This article reports on a pilot investigation into initial assumptions of second language learners in the methodological framework of 'acquisitional strategies'.2 Its focus is predominantly methodological, but experimental data is used to illustrate the approach. Acquisitional strategies constitute an elaboration of recent applications of the parameter setting model of grammar to the investigation of second language learners' initial state in that in this framework markedness and parameter setting interact with cognitive and psycholinguistc factors. Acquisitional strategies are understood as an identifiable, but subconscious plane according to which acquisition is handled and which is based on a subconscious assumption or a range of assumptions about the linguistic characteristics of the language under acquisition. Learners' initial state or their assumptions are seen as reflected empirically by a range of interacting formal and substantive choices, attached to a particular grammatical phenomenon. In contrast to the parameter setting model, the analysis of second language learners' initial state in the context of acquisitional strategies is essentially individual-based. An exploratory application of this framework to the investigation of second language learners' initial state has been undertaken in the context of acquisition of preposition stranding by English learners of Dutch. Preposition stranding refers to a marked phenomenon where movement extracts an NP complement of the preposition out of PP, leaving the preposition 'stranded' behind. The respective realization of this phenomenon in English and Dutch manifests interesting syntactic and morphological contrasts, which render it a valuable empirical tool for evaluation of acquisitional strategies. A tendency to statistically significant individual choices has been noted in this study. The predominant choice, manifested by the subjects, appears to be a strategy associated here with the assumption of nonequivalence of the phenomenon of preposition stranding in English and in Dutch.

Field of study: Linguistics
Ionic conductivity of ceria/yttria stabilized zirconia electrolyte materials

2 -based electrolytes are promising candidates for intermediate temperature SOFC applications. However, they are prone to electronic conduction at low partial pressures of oxygen. This paper describes the effect of yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) additions on (CeO 2 ) 0.8 (GdO 1.5 ) 0.2 materials between 0 and 20 mol% YSZ [8 mol% YSZ (8YSZ) and 3 mol% YSZ (3YSZ)], on the ionic conductivity. For all samples examined, a single cubic-phase was observed, stable between room temperature and 800 °C. Between 1 and 5 mol% 8YSZ and 3YSZ, the ionic conductivity was very similar to (CeO 2 ) 0.8 (GdO 1.5 ) 0.2 with no YSZ additions. However, the ionic domain increased from P o 2 = 10 −15 to 10 −17 atm, showing greater stability of the system containing YSZ.

Field of study: Materials science
Data Mining Methods for Linking Data: Coming From Several Sources

Statistical offices are faced with the problem of multiple-database data mining at least for two reasons. On one side, there is a trend to avoid direct collection of data from respondents and use instead administrative data sources to build statistical data; such administrative sources are typically diverses and scattered across several administration level. On the other side, intruders may attempt disclosure of confidential statistical data by using the same approach, i.e. by linking whatever databases they can obtain. This paper discusses issues related to multipledatabase data mining, with a special focus on a method for linking records across databases which do not share any variables .

Field of study: Engineering
When You Accept Me for Me: The Relational Benefits of Intrinsic Affirmations From One’s Relationship Partner

Research suggests that not all affirmations of self-worth are created equal—affirming intrinsic aspects of the self (i.e., a person’s stable, intrinsic qualities) leads to better outcomes for the individual compared to affirming extrinsic aspects (i.e., a person’s deeds and accomplishments). Extending this research to the domain of romantic relationships, the current research compared the relational benefits of recalling intrinsic versus extrinsic affirmations from a romantic partner among people high versus low in baseline relationship satisfaction. Across three experiments, as predicted, people low but not high in baseline satisfaction reported higher relationship quality and more pro-relationship responses after recalling a time of intrinsic compared to extrinsic affirmation from a romantic partner. Together, these experiments suggest that affirmations from relationship partners may be important for enhancing relationships, but only if they emphasize intrinsic qualities of the self.

Field of study: Psychology
Natural cytotoxic autoantibody against thymocytes in NZB mice.

NZB mice were found to produce natural thymocytotoxic autoantibody in high prevalence and antibody titre. This autoantibody in NZB mice was detectable by the cytotoxicity test at both 4°C and 37°C; the prevalence and antibody titre were generally higher at 4°C. Mice of other strains also produced natural thymocytotoxic autoantibody although in lower prevalence and antibody titre and in some instances the activity was greater at 37°C than at 4°C. Natural thymocytotoxic autoantibody in NZB mice reacted equally with the thymocytes of virtually all strains of mice tested but to a lesser degree with the thymocytes of SJL/J mice. A serum pool obtained from old NZB mice had an extremely high titre of natural thymocytotoxic autoantibody (1:1024 at 4°C). Nevertheless, the cells in lymph nodes, spleen and blood leucocytes were only partially sensitive to this serum pool, and bone marrow cells were for the most part negative. By absorption, the antigen reacting with natural thymocytotoxic autoantibody was found in thymus, lymph node, spleen and brain of adult mice, thymus of newborn mice and some leukaemias. Natural thymocytotoxic autoantibody in NZB mice was an IgM-globulin as determined by sensitivity to 2-mercaptoethanol treatment and by Sephadex G-200 column chromatography in contrast to other natural antibodies (antinuclear, antierythrocyte and G antibodies) of IgG-globulin class. NZB mice also produced natural antibodies against thymocytes of the rat and the hamster; these antibodies were species-specific and did not react with the thymocytes of any but the homologous species.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
From a local Green's function to molecular charge transport

A local-orbital based {\it ab initio} approach to obtain the Green function for large heterogeneous systems is developed. First a Green function formalism is introduced based on exact diagonalization. Then the self energy is constructed from an incremental scheme, rendering the procedure feasible, while at the same time physical insight into different local correlation contributions is obtained. Subsequently the Green function is used in the frame of the Landauer theory and the wide band approximation to calculate the electronic transmission coefficient across molecular junctions. The theory is applied to meta- and para-ditholbenzene linked to gold electrodes and various correlation contributions are analyzed.

Field of study: Physics
Construction and identification of a drosophila S2 cell line with stoble expression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific Vγ9Vδ2 T cell receptor monomers

To construct and identify a drosophila S2 cell line that could stably express Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific Vγ9Vδ2 T cell receptor (TCR) monomers. 
 
 
 
Four vectors including the TCR γ9-FB-pMT/V5-His B expression vector, TCR δ2-JB-pMT/V5-His A expression vector, pMT/Bip-BirA expression vector and pCoHygro plasmid were transfected into S2 cells by using calcium phosphate transfection. The S2 cells with stable expression of the Vγ9Vδ2 TCR monomers were screened out with Hygromycin-B. CuSO4 and biotin were used together to induce the expression of biotinylated Vγ9Vδ2 TCR monomers in S2 cells after 4 weeks of culturing. The target proteins in the supernatants of cell culture were identified with dot blot, SDS-PAGE and Western blot assays. 
 
 
 
The results of dot blot, SDS-PAGE and Western blot assays showed that the Vγ9Vδ2 TCR monomers could be stably expressed by the screened S2 cell line. Moreover, the expressed Vγ9Vδ2 TCR monomers were successfully biotinylated. 
 
 
 
The drosophila S2 cell line that could stably express Vγ9Vδ2 TCR monomers was successfully established. This study has paved the way for further investigation on the antigen recognition of γδ T cells and its possible mechanism. 
 
 
 
γδT cell receptor; Monomer; S2 cell

Field of study: Biology
Civil Society and Non-Governmental Organizations in Sri Lanka: Peacemakers or Parasites?

Since of late Sri Lanka's nationalist forces have branded local NGOs and activists promoting peace to be unpatriotic and claimed that they undermine the country's sovereignty. The pro-peace groups that especially rely on foreign funding for their activities are also branded parasitic. Such attacks can be said to be part of a nationalist ideology rooted in chauvinism and a belief that Sri Lanka's minorities live there under the majority community's sufferance. The fact, however, is that their shortcomings notwithstanding, most NGOs have done valuable service, and this was especially so after the December 2004 tsunami devastated the country's southern and eastern coasts.

Field of study: History, Sociology
Additional H-related local vibrational modes in proton-implanted InP

At least 15 different hydrogen-related local vibrational modes (LVMs) are now found in proton-implanted InP as compared with the four we have previously reported. The additional LVMs are all observed by IR absorption in the 2200 to 2300 cm-1 region, are weaker in intensity than the original four, and are very reproducible in InP material from a variety of sources. Isochronal annealing studies indicate that some of these LVMs disappear by 250 degrees C but are then replaced by new LVMs, most of which are gone by 350 degrees C. These annealing characteristics are very different from the previously shown (four strongest) LVMs. All of these weaker LVMs are believed to be due to various P-H-related defect complexes.

Field of study: Materials science
Quality assessment of ozone total column amounts as monitored by ground-based solar absorption spectrometry in the near infrared (> 3000 cm −1 )

This study examines the possibility of ground-based remote-sensing ozone total column amounts (OTC) from spectral signatures at 3040 and 4030 cm−1. These spectral regions are routinely measured by the NDACC (Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change) ground-based FTIR (Fourier transform infraRed) experiments. In addition, they are potentially detectable by the TCCON (Total Carbon Column Observing Network) FTIR instruments. The ozone retrieval strategy presented here estimates the OTC from NDACC FTIR high-resolution spectra with a theoretical precision of about 2 and 5% in the 3040 and 4030 cm−1 regions, respectively. Empirically, these OTC products are validated by inter-comparison to FTIR OTC reference retrievals in the 1000 cm−1 spectral region (standard reference for NDACC ozone products), using an 8-year FTIR time series (2005–2012) taken at the subtropical ozone supersite of the Izana Atmospheric Observatory (Tenerife, Spain). Associated with the weaker ozone signatures at the higher wave number regions, the 3040 and 4030 cm−1 retrievals show lower vertical sensitivity than the 1000 cm−1 retrievals. Nevertheless, we observe that the rather consistent variations are detected: the variances of the 3040 cm−1 and the 4030 cm−1 retrievals agree within 90 and 75%, respectively, with the variance of the 1000 cm−1 standard retrieval. Furthermore, all three retrievals show very similar annual cycles. However, we observe a large systematic difference of about 7% between the OTC obtained at 1000 and 3040 cm−1, indicating a significant inconsistency between the spectroscopic ozone parameters (HITRAN, 2012) of both regions. Between the 1000 cm and the 4030 cm−1 retrieval the systematic difference is only 2–3%. Finally, the long-term stability of the OTC retrievals has also been examined, observing that both near-infrared retrievals can monitor the long-term OTC evolution, consistent with the 1000 cm−1 reference data. These findings demonstrate that recording the solar absorption spectra in the 3000 cm−1 spectral region at high spectral resolution (about 0.005 cm−1) might be useful for TCCON sites. Hence, both NDACC and TCCON ground-based FTIR experiments might contribute to global ozone databases.

Field of study: Environmental science