nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Constructing scenarios of regional sea level change using global temperature pathways

The effects of sea level change become increasingly relevant for the Dutch coast. Therefore we construct two scenarios for regional sea-level change in the 21st century. They are designed to follow two temperature pathways, in which global mean temperature rises moderately ('G', +1.5 K in 2085) or more substantially ('W', +3.5 K in 2085). Contributions from all major processes leading to sea level rise are included (ocean expansion, glacier melt, ice-sheet changes, and landwater changes), except glacial isostatic adjustment and surface elevation changes. As input we use data from 42 coupled global climate models that contributed to CMIP5. The approach is consistent with the recent fifth assessment Report of IPCC, but provides an alternative viewpoint based on global temperature changes rather than RCPs. This makes them rather accessible and readily applicable to policy makers and the general public. We find a likely range for the G-scenario of +25–60 cm in 2085, and +45–80 cm for the W-scenario. These numbers have been rounded to 5 cm precision, to emphasise to any end-user of these scenarios that estimated lower and upper limits themselves are uncertain.

Field of study: Environmental science
Fictions of Authorship in Late Elizabethan Narratives: Euphues in Arcadia (review)

contradictions. But the major themes are worth the pondering, for the forces involved in the shaping of prose fiction of those volatile decades were themselves multiple and contradictory. In sum, this book is a valiant production, full of interesting detail, arresting in its novelty, comprehensive in the scope of the background reading, and worth the consideration of all students of early prose fiction. One can only hope that in making a contribution to the growing number of critical studies on the Lyly-toNashe axis, the axis itself will continue to gain in status among students of Renaissance literature. DONALD BEECHER Carleton University

Field of study: History
Development of high-performance X-ray transparent crystallization plates for in situ protein crystal screening and analysis.

X-ray transparent crystallization plates based upon a novel drop-pinning technology provide a flexible, simple and inexpensive approach to protein crystallization and screening. The plates consist of open cells sealed top and bottom by thin optically, UV and X-ray transparent films. The plates do not need wells or depressions to contain liquids. Instead, protein drops and reservoir solution are held in place by rings with micrometre dimensions that are patterned onto the bottom film. These rings strongly pin the liquid contact lines, thereby improving drop shape and position uniformity, and thus crystallization reproducibility, and simplifying automated image analysis of drop contents. The same rings effectively pin solutions containing salts, proteins, cryoprotectants, oils, alcohols and detergents. Strong pinning by rings allows the plates to be rotated without liquid mixing to 90° for X-ray data collection or to be inverted for hanging-drop crystallization. The plates have the standard SBS format and are compatible with standard liquid-handling robots.

Field of study: Chemistry
Crystallization of the yeast elongation factor complex eEF1A-eEF1B alpha.

Crystals of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae elongation factor eEF1A (formerly EF-1 alpha) in complex with a catalytic C-terminal fragment of the nucleotide-exchange factor eEF1B alpha (formerly EF-1 beta) were grown by the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion technique, using polyethylene glycol 2000 monomethyl ether as precipitant. Crystals diffract to better than 1.7 A and belong to the space group P2(1)2(1)2(1). The unit-cell parameters of the crystals are sensitive to the choice of cryoprotectant. The structure of the 61 kDa complex was determined with the multiple anomalous dispersion technique using three selenomethionine residues in a 11 kDa eEF1B alpha fragment generated by limited proteolysis of full-length eEF1B alpha expressed in Escherichia coli.

Field of study: Chemistry
Acute Abdominal Pain with an Unusual Etiology: Splenic Infarction in a Diabetes Patient

1Clinic of General Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey 2Clinic of General Surgery, Mehmet Akif İnan Training and Research Hospital, Şanlıurfa, Turkey 3Department of General Surgery, Turgut Özal University School of Medicine Ankara, Turkey 4Clinic of General Surgery, Dr. Münif İslamoğlu State Hospital, Kastamonu, Turkey 5Clinic of General Surgery, Ankara Medsentez Policlinic, Ankara, Turkey

Field of study: Medicine
Neue Beiträge zur Methodik der quantitativen chemischen Spektralanalyse

ZusammenfassungEs wird eine Methode angegeben, mittels photoelektrischer Zellen, Audionröhre und Galvanometer die Emissionsintensität einer mit Salzlösung gespeisten Luft-Acetylenflamme direkt zu messen. Hierauf wird eine Schnellmethode der quantitativen Spektralanalyse gegründet. — Es wird ferner eine Methode angegeben, um das Funkenspektrum für quantitative Gasanalyse, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Kohlensäure, zu verwenden.

Field of study: Physics
BC-iDistance:Bit-code Based Optimal High-dimensional Index

In the recent literature, a variety of index structures have been proposed to facilitate high-dimensional KNN queries, among which the techniques of approximate vector presentation and one dimensional transformation can efficiently break the curse of dimensionality. Based on the two techniques above, an optimal index is proposed, called Bit-Code based iDistance(BC-iDistance). To overcome the drawback of the iDistance that one-dimensional transformation can incur much information loss, the BC-iDistance utilizes a novel representation that compactly represent a d-dimension vector as a 2-dimension vector: The first component is a distance that reflects the similarity of the d-dimension data point with respect to the corresponding reference point and the second component is a bit code, with one bit per dimension, that indicates which side of the reference it lies. This representation enables two levels filtering: the first component prunes away points that do not share similar distance ranges, while the second component filters away points by the lower bound distance based on their bit codes. Moreover, the representation facilitates the use of a single index structure to further speed up processing. We employ the classical B+-tree for this purpose. The results of our experiments, using both synthetic and real data, demonstrate that the BC-iDistance outperforms the iDistance for KNN search in high-dimensional spaces.

Field of study: Computer science
Controlling Blue and Red Light Emissions from Europium (Eu2+)/Manganese (Mn2+)-Codoped Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate [β-Ca3(PO4)2 (TCP)] Phosphors

Tunable light emission from europium (Eu2+)/manganese (Mn2+)-codoped beta-tricalcium phosphate [β-Ca3(PO4)2 (TCP)] has been investigated as a function of the Mn2+ and Eu2+ concentrations and annealing temperature. Eu2+/Mn2+-doped TCP phosphor (Eu/Mn-TCP) was synthesized by coprecipitation method followed by thermal annealing at temperature up to 1100°C. The Eu2+/Mn2+-doped TCP particles have diameter of about 1 μm. The light emission from TCP is enhanced in the sample with 7.5 mol.% Mn2+ and 0.3 mol.% Eu2+ annealed in Ar + 5% H2 atmosphere at 1100°C. The blue band at 430 nm is attributed to the 4f6 5d1–4f7 transition of Eu2+. The sharp peak at 660 nm is ascribed to the 4T1–6A1 transition of Mn2+ in TCP. These results suggest codoping of Eu2+/Mn2+ to TCP phosphor to obtain β-Ca3(PO4)2:Eu2+,Mn2+ phosphors with tunable luminescence, having potential applications in agricultural lighting.

Field of study: Materials science
Great Britain and the Coolidge Naval Disarmament Conference of 1927

The Naval Disarmament Conference of 1927 was one of the most dramatically unsuccessful international gatherings of the twentieth century. The three principal naval powersGreat Britain, the United States, and Japan-came together in a spirit of goodwill with a view to consolidating their existing amicable relations by agreeing to economies in defense expenditure. But, as in Sir Winston Churchill's famous fable about the animals' disarmament conference, the very discussion of the subject of arms control aroused on all sides feelings of jealousy and suspicion, which had hitherto been largely dormant or even nonexistent. The course and outcome of the Geneva negotiations had a particularly severe impact on Anglo-American relations, which became more strained than at any time in the interwar period. In February 1929, for example, as a direct result of the events of 1927, the American government secured congressional approval for a Cruiser Construction Bill, which at first seemed likely to provoke a naval arms race with Great Britain comparable only to that between Germany and Great Britain before the First World War. President Calvin Coolidge made the opening move in the disastrous sequence of events when, on February lo, 1927, he in-

Field of study: Political science
Molecular Detection of a Phytoplasma Associated with Witches’ Broom in South India

Stachytarpheta (Stachytarpheta jamaicensis L.) plants showing typical symptoms of infection by a phytoplasma that causes whitche's broom disease were commonly observed in recent years in parts of south India. The symptoms included excessive production of spikelets in an upright fashion within inflorescence axis, bearing pedicelled phylloid flowers, carpels transformed into a pair of folded upright leafy structures followed by extensive proliferation of side shoots. The causal agent of the witches’ broom disease was identified based on symptoms, fluorescent microscopy, amplification of 16S rDNA of the phytoplasma by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from infected samples. Standard PCR and nested-PCR (N-PCR) protocols were developed for improved efficiency and reliability of the diagnostic protocols. Using the primers P1/P7 and R16F2n/R16R2 primers, 1800 bp and 1200 bp size products were amplified in standard PCR and N-PCR protocols, respectively. The molecular identification of this new disease has been discussed.

Field of study: Biology
A Critical Analysis on the Research of Field-independence/dependence Cognitive Style

As an important branch of learners' individual difference study,field-independence/dependence cognitive style has always attracted much attention from researchers,yet its study reaches an impasse at present.Three aspects involving misunderstanding of style notions,lack of validity and credulity of the assessment tool and absence of learning task are analyzed in the paper,with an aim to inspire the related researches in the future.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
[A genetic analysis of the computed tomographic traits in schizophrenia].

The authors analyze clinical and CT evidence obtained on schizophrenic families (42 probands, 70 parents and 23 siblings) versus 162 healthy volunteers. Heritability coefficients were estimated for CT-parameters. Positive and negative psychopathological symptoms and CT-parameters seem to be correlated. It was established that such CT parameters as width of the frontal horn of the left lateral ventricle in the area of nucleus caudatus, width of the central compartment of the left lateral ventricle, width of the frontal horn of the right lateral ventricle in the area of nucleus caudatus, width of the central compartment of the right lateral ventricle may be regarded as markers of predisposition to schizophrenia. The results support the hypothesis on the role of genetic predisposition in the development of neuropathological changes in schizophrenic patients. This may be utilized in medico-genetic consulting and for formulation of the disease prognostic criteria.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Generalized Meir-Keeler Type ψ-Contractive Mappings and Applications to Common Solution of Integral Equations

The goal of the present article to introduce the notion of generalized Meir-Keeler type ψ-contractions and prove some coupled common fixed point results for such type of contractions. The theorems proved herein extend, generalize and improve some results of the existing literature. Several examples and an application to integral equations are also given in order to illustrate the genuineness of our results.

Field of study: Mathematics
Protective and Therapeutic Effects of Licorice in Rats With Acute Tubular Necrosis

Objectives
                  Various protective and therapeutic effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antihistaminic, and antibacterial effects have been depicted for licorice. However, its biological effects in the kidney are still not clear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the efficiency of licorice in rats with gentamicin (GM)-induced acute tubular necrosis.
               
               
                  Design and Methods
                  Rats were randomized into the control group (only saline for 12 days), licorice group (licorice for 12 days), GM group (GM for 12 days), GM + licorice group, and licorice-treated GM group (licorice for 12 days after taking GM for 12 days). Blood urea, creatinine, and uric acid levels were measured and histopathological analyses of the kidneys were performed. The oxidative side of oxidant-antioxidant balance was evaluated by detecting lipid peroxidation (LPO) and total peroxide levels, and antioxidative side was determined by measuring total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in plasma and kidney tissues.
               
               
                  Results
                  The oxidant-antioxidant balance seemed to be shifted to the oxidative side in the GM group when compared with the control and GM + licorice groups. In GM group, biochemical profiles showed a remarkable increase in blood uric acid, urea, and creatinine levels, and depletion of renal tissue and plasma TAC and GSH levels. In addition, histopathologic studies revealed severe acute tubular necrosis, congestion, and hyaline casts, verifying GM-induced nephrotoxicity. Licorice was effective in reduction of blood urea, creatinine, and uric acid levels, and also effective in decreasing the tubular necrosis score. Licorice treatment also significantly reduced LPO and total peroxide levels, and increased TAC and GSH levels in both renal tissue and blood. Moreover, these changes in rats subjected to the combined therapy (GM + licorice) were significantly less than those of GM group.
               
               
                  Conclusions
                  Licorice ameliorates GM-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative damage by scavenging oxygen free radicals, decreasing LPO, and improving antioxidant defense.

Field of study: Medicine
Humor in Counseling and Psychotherapy: A 20-Year Retrospective

This article briefly annotates the development of research and theorizing on the use of humor in psychotherapy. Beginning in 1970 and continuing through 1990, the main literature was cursorily scanned. A total of 67 sources are offered for bibliographic use. Sadly, tangential forms of humor such as fun, mirth, frivolity, songs, jokes, puns, witticisms, and other forms of humor are not as readily addressed or investigated.

Field of study: Psychology
Anti-idiotypic monoclonal Ig specific for an anti-laminin Ig heavy chain transgene variable region.

Techniques currently available to obtain anti-idiotypic reagents reactive with a single chain of a lymphocyte antigen receptor rely on immunization with intact soluble or cell-bound Ig or T-cell receptors. Ready recovery of single-chain-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) depends on the presence of an immunodominant epitope on the desired chain and chance recovery of the responding clone. Here we present a method to maximize recovery of an Ig heavy-chain-specific anti-idiotypic Ig, using sequential immunization with MAbs expressing the H chain V region in combination with different H chain isotypes and with different light chains. The latter was produced by in vitro transfection of an H-chain-loss variant myeloma cell line with a transgene construct expressing the Ig H chain V region of interest. Sequential immunization may be a useful strategy to enhance selection of anti-Id reagents reactive with single chain-specific epitopes.

Field of study: Biology
Population pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine in Chinese children receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Cyclosporine (CsA) is characterized by a narrow therapeutic window and high interindividual pharmacokinetic variability, particularly in juvenile patients. The aims of this study were to build a population pharmacokinetic model of CsA in Chinese children with hematopathy who received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) and to identify covariates affecting CsA pharmacokinetics. A total of 86 Chinese children aged 8.4 ± 3.8 years (range 1.1–16.8 years) who received allo-HSCT were enrolled. Whole blood samples were collected before allo-HSCT. Genotyping was performed using an Agena MassARRAY system. A total of 1010 trough plasma concentration values of CsA and clinical data were collected. The population pharmacokinetic model of CsA was constructed using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling (NONMEM) software. The stability and performance of the final model were validated using bootstrapping and normalized prediction distribution errors. We showed that a one-compartment model with first-order elimination adequately described the pharmacokinetics of CsA. The typical values for clearance (CL) and volume of distribution (V) were 42.3 L/h and 3100 L, respectively. Body weight, postoperative days, CYP3A4*1 G genotype, estimated glomerular filtration rate and coadministration of triazole antifungal drugs were identified as significant covariates for CL. Weight and postoperative days were significant covariates for the V of CsA. Our model can be adopted to optimize the CsA dosing regimen for Chinese children with hematopathy receiving allo-HSCT.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
PENGOLAHAN SAMPAH RUMAH TANGGA BERBASIS PARTISIPASI AKTIF DARI MASYARAKAT MELALUI PENERAPAN METODE 4Rp UNTUK MENGHASILKAN KOMPOS

Dalam rangka mengimplementasikan kegiatan pengelolaan dan pengolahan sampah berbasis partisipasi masyarakat, Universitas Lampung, Pemkab Way Kanan, dan perguruan tinggi mitra yaitu Politeknik Negeri Lampung membentuk pilot project pengelolaan sampah berbasis masyarakat. Pengelolaan sampah berbasis masyarakat bertujuan untuk menerapkan konsep 4Rp (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Replace, Participation) melalui Program Kemitraaan Wilayah (PKW) Kemeristekdikti, sehingga sampah/limbah pertanian dapat dikelola secara mandiri oleh masyarakat di tingkat sumbernya langsung, dan dapat mengurangi jumlah timbulan sampah yang harus dikelola di TPS atau TPA, serta dapat memberikan nilai tambah secara ekonomi. Kegiatan ini telah dilaksanakan di desa yang memiliki potensi sampah/limbah perkebunan dan pertanian di Desa Way-Tuba kecamatan Gunung Labuhan Kabupaten Way Kanan. Secara umum, hasil kegiatan tersebut telah meningkatkan partisipasi dan pengetahuan masyarakat terhadap paradigma tentang sampah dan pengelolaan sampah dengan konsep 4Rp, pengadaan pupuk/kompos secara mandiri, serta menjadi pelopor pengelolaan sampah berbasis partisipasi aktif dari masyarakat dengan persentase rata-rata peningkatan dari 38,6 menjadi 86%.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Influence investigation of a void region on modeling light propagation in a heterogeneous medium.

A void region exists in some biological tissues, and previous studies have shown that inaccurate images would be obtained if it were not processed. A hybrid radiosity-diffusion method (HRDM) that couples the radiosity theory and the diffusion equation has been proposed to deal with the void problem and has been well demonstrated in two-dimensional and three-dimensional (3D) simple models. However, the extent of the impact of the void region on the accuracy of modeling light propagation has not been investigated. In this paper, we first implemented and verified the HRDM in 3D models, including both the regular geometries and a digital mouse model, and then investigated the influences of the void region on modeling light propagation in a heterogeneous medium. Our investigation results show that the influence of the region can be neglected when the size of the void is less than a certain range, and other cases must be taken into account.

Field of study: Physics
Special funding schemes for innovative medical devices in French hospitals: the pros and cons of two different approaches.

Financing innovative medical devices is an important challenge for national health policy makers, and a crucial issue for hospitals. However, when innovative medical devices are launched on the European market there is generally little clinical evidence regarding both efficacy and safety, both because of the flaws in the European system for regulating such devices, and because they are at an early stage of development. To manage the uncertainty surrounding the reimbursement of innovation, several European countries have set up temporary funding schemes to generate evidence about the effectiveness of devices. This article explores two different French approaches to funding innovative in-hospital devices and collecting supplementary data: the coverage with evidence development (CED) scheme introduced under Article L. 165-1-1 of the French Social Security Code; and national programs for hospital-based research. We discuss pros and cons of both approaches in the light of CED policies in Germany and the UK. The CED policies for devices share common limitations. Thus, transparency of CED processes should be enhanced and decisions need to be made in a timely way. Finally, we think that closer collaboration between manufacturers, health authorities and hospitals is essential to make CED policies more operational.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
[Use of various bibliometric methods in operative evaluation of research activities of the research institutions of medico- biological profile].

Based on the analysis of the indices accepted for the evaluation of scientific work in research institutes, a suggestion was proposed that the putative instead of realized value of the scientific product should be evaluated. This implies employment of such bibliometric techniques of analysis of the volume and quality of the used information as: total number of references in scientific works, reference to the most recent publications and foreign sources, and the interdisciplinary index rated according to the subject-relation of the cited works. Studies of selected indices based on the analysis of one-year scientific journal publications and of manuscripts sent for print, as well as of reports made by the Kiev Research Institute of Otorhinolaryngology of UkrSSR Ministry of Health and by the Research Institute of Hematology of BSSR Ministry of Health, paralleled with a comprehensive consideration of the reference peculiarities and expert evaluation of the scientific material proper, allowed for making a conclusion on the importance of the role played by the bibliometric data in making the expert formal and objective and in operative evaluation of the activity of scientific communities and/or trends. This is of special significance for information and scientific policy making. Such investigations may be carried out by expert information workers.

Field of study: Medicine