nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Put the Pressure on the Board

Joseph Kauffman has for some time promised the higher education community an important book on the college presidency. His articles on executive leadership, and his monograph on the search process, reflect a deep commitment to the professional and personal attributes of a president. Now we have his book and one significant gap in the literature of higher education has been filled-only to reveal other, equally serious unmet needs. Professor Kauffman, once a president himself, then a teacher and scholar, has just recently returned to the administrative trenches as executive vice-president of the Wisconsin System. He brings an extraordinary combination of insight and care to his study of the presidency. Once his intent is stated-"to develop the empathy and compassion that I believe our presidents deserve"-he pursues that goal through an elusive and uncertain terrain.

Field of study: Education
Mid-eocene climatic change, Southwestern California and Northwestern Baja California

A widespread paleosol of Paleocene and Early Eocene age occurs in southwestern California and northwestern Baja California. The dominant quartz-kaolinite mineralogy and cation-depleted chemistry of the buried soil indicate a humid, tropical paleoclimate similar to the modern equatorial belt. Although the Paleocene—Eocene paleomagnetic latitudes are similar to the modern latitudes (36–37°N to 32–33°N, respectively), rainfall was about 125–190 cm per year and average annual temperature was about 20–25°C in marked contrast to the present annual rainfall of 25 cm and average annual temperature of 16°C. A variety of indicators in the Late Eocene sedimentary succession suggests a change to a semi-arid paleoclimate. The nonmarine portions of the Late Eocene sedimentary record are dominated by a cobble conglomerate lithosome deposited in fluvial, alluvial fan and fan delta systems. Intertongued with the conglomerate is a sandstone lithosome deposited in flood-plain and nearshore marine environments. The conglomerate clasts were transported to the depositional site via a long-distance (200–300 km), moderate gradient, braided river system mostly by flash floods. Characteristic post-depositional, in situ fracturing of conglomerate clasts probably occurred due to salt crystallization. Within the flood plain sandstones, and to a lesser degree the conglomerates, are multiple well-developed caliche horizons of probable pedogenic origin. Clay minerals from the Late Eocene rocks are dominantly vermiculite and smectite with lesser chlorite and illite; this is in marked contrast to the kaolinite that comprises the underlying Early Paleogene lateritic paleosol. The character of the Late Eocene sedimentary succession indicates a semi-arid climate. Rainfall probably did not exceed 63 cm per year; it probably was seasonal and by occasional flash floods. This paleoclimate contrasts markedly with the earlier humid tropical paleoclimate and must indicate a widespread climatic change in late Middle Eocene time.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Graft Compatibility of Camellia oleifera Cenruan 3 Clone

Abatract Selected Camellia oleifera as control root stock(CK),grafting compatibility was studied on C. oleifera Cenruan 3 superior clone scion by using C. gigantocarpa,C. semiserrata,C. osmantha,C. vietnamensis as root stocks in the seedling stage. The results showed that: the graft survival and preservation rate was 91.67% and98.55% respectively with C. osmantha was used as root stock there were all no significant differences in sprout and growth of grafted seedling,The best grafting compatibility of these four root stocks with C. oleifera Cenruan 3was C. osmantha; Flowlled by C. vietnamensis,of which the graft survival and preservation rate was 93.67% and95.00% respectively,but its leaf N,P,K content were significantly lower than the control after growing one year;C. semiserrata showed some incompatibility in the grafting process,of which graft survival rate was just 72.00%and latter growth was inhibited; While the graft preservation rate of C. gigantocarpa was just 24.49% after growing one year and the latter growth was also inhibited,which showed obvious incompatibility.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Mediastinal nodular AL-amyloidosis with progressive calcification.

Mediastinal localised light chain amyloidosis (AL)-amyloidosis remains a rare disease. Radiological manifestations are non-specific but calcification is seen with high frequency. Histological examination with characterization of amyloid deposit is required for definitive diagnosis.

Therefore, mediastinal AL-amyloidosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a large mediastinal mass, especially if calcifications are present.

Amyloidosis is a rare disease, characterized by deposits of insoluble proteins. In AL, the monoclonal free immunoglobulin light chains constitute the protein precursor of the deposit. AL amyloidosis is usually systemic and rarely localized. We report a case of mediastinal AL-amyloidosis, also called amyloidoma, with serial computerized tomography (CT)-scan showing a slowly progressive increase of the mass with diffuse calcifications over a 4-year period.

A 66-year-old man, a past smoker, with medical history of hypertension, coronary arterial disease and dyslipidemia consulted in 2011 for …

Field of study: Medicine
National Competition Policy: The Downside

Identifying the ‘downside’ of competition policy raises the question of whether there is an ‘up-side’. Competition is supposed to drive the organisers of commodity production to minimise the costs they have to bear in some short to medium term, within environments more or less circumscribed by government regulations. The actual period tends to be that for which the providers of finance are prepared to wait for returns after a poorly performing company is restructured. Economists used to say that cost minimisation requires an industry structure in which there are many independent producers. Nowadays, more enlightened writers speak of ensuring that the market positions held by existing producers are contestable by prospective new producers. 
 
 
 
The question of what government in Australia may do to establish competition in this sense of competition has recently focussed on the desirable re-organisation of public enterprises, perhaps especially those that exist at the level of the states. So what are the dimensions of the ‘downside’ of opening the market positions occupied by public enterprises to contestation by private companies, especially those which are monopolies? The answer takes a large measure of the gloss off the Hilmer promises. The problems to be addressed are: the limit put on contestability where there is an element of natural monopoly; the tendency for cost minimisation to depend on the tighter management of labour; and, the difficulty of insisting simultaneously on both ‘competition’ and the satisfaction of ‘community service obligations’ (CSOs).

Field of study: Political science
Detection and Analysis of CCT Curve of Low-carbon Micro-alloyed Steel with Mo

The dilatometric curves of low-carbon micro-alloyed steel with Mo at different cooling rates were detected on Gleeble-3800 thermo-mechanical simulator.The CCT curves of hot deformation were determined using thermal dilation measurement,and referencing microstructure observation and hardness measurement.The influences of cooling rate on microstructure and hardness of the steel were studied.The results show that bainite structure is obtained in any cooling rate.When the cooling rate is below 10℃/s,there is a certain mount of ferrite;When the cooling rate is below 1℃/s,there is a little pearlite besides ferrite;When the cooling rate is over 30℃/s,there is martensitic structure;When the cooling rate is in the range of 10～30℃/s,there is almost totally bainite structure.All these provide the references for productive practice to customize the parameters of rolling and cooling.

Field of study: Materials science
207: IL-27 signals to both B and T cells support germinal center function and the development of GC-driven lupus

IL-27 is a heterodimeric cytokine that shares sequence and structural homology with IL-12, IL-6 and IL-23. The bulk of the previous studies into IL-27 function have centered on its important role in directing CD4+T helper cell differentiation. The majority of in vivo models of inflammatory/autoimmune diseases and infection have indicated an immunosuppressive role for IL-27, through induction of IL-10 as well as direct suppression of TH17 and TH2 differentiation. For example, in models of T cell driven autoimmune disease, such as EAE, IL-27 suppresses the autoimmune response. However, our recent studies showed a surprisingly important pro-inflammatory role for IL-27 during germinal center responses. This effect was due, at least in part, to influences on T Follicular Helper (TFH) cell defects. We sought to investigate the effect of IL-27 signaling in a TFH driven model of lupus, the Sanroque mouse strain, by crossing IL27ra deficient mice with Sanroque mice. Deletion of IL27Ra reduced TFH and GC B cell numbers and ameliorated some aspects of disease in this model. Bone marrow chimeric approaches indicated that IL-27 signals directly to B cells contribute to development of disease. Although both chains of the IL-27 receptor are expressed by B cells, its effect on these cells during the antibody response is poorly characterized. We found that IL-27 stimulation of purified B cells in vitro enhances expression of the transcription factor Bcl-6 and promotes phenotypic features of GC B cells. Together, our data suggest that IL-27 signals to B cells play an important role in cell fate (i.e. GC versus plasma cell) determination and that these B cell specific effects contribute to the GC defect observed in IL-27Ra deficient mice.

Field of study: Medicine
Modulation of UK lightning by heliospheric magnetic field polarity

Observational studies have reported solar magnetic modulation of terrestrial lightning on a range of time scales, from days to decades. The proposed mechanism is two-step: lightning rates vary with galactic cosmic ray (GCR) flux incident on Earth, either via changes in atmospheric conductivity and/or direct triggering of lightning. GCR flux is, in turn, primarily controlled by the heliospheric magnetic field (HMF) intensity. Consequently, global changes in lightning rates are expected. This study instead considers HMF polarity, which doesnʼt greatly affect total GCR flux. Opposing HMF polarities are, however, associated with a 40–60% difference in observed UK lightning and thunder rates. As HMF polarity skews the terrestrial magnetosphere from its nominal position, this perturbs local ionospheric potential at high latitudes and local exposure to energetic charged particles from the magnetosphere. We speculate as to the mechanism(s) by which this may, in turn, redistribute the global location and/or intensity of thunderstorm activity.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effects of submarine alteration on K-Ar dating of deep-sea igneous rocks

In an attempt to establish criteria for obtaining reliable K-Ar dates, conventional K-Ar studies of several Deep Sea Drilling Project sites were undertaken. K-Ar dates of these rocks may be subject to inaccuracies as the result of sea-water alteration. Inaccuracies may also result from the presence of excess radiogenic 40 Ar trapped in rapidly cooled rocks at the time of their formation. The results obtained for DSDP Leg 34 basalts indicate that lowering of K-Ar dates, which is related to potassium addition by weathering, is a major cause of uncertainty in obtaining reliable K-Ar dates for deep-sea rocks. It could not be determined if the potassium addition to the basalts occurred at the time of formation, t o , or continuously from t o to the present. Calculations show that sediment cover is not a significant barrier to the diffusion of potassium into the basalt. 40 Ar loss contributes, at least in part, to the lowering of the K-Ar date in rocks that have added potassium. The meaning of the K-Ar results obtained for DSDP Legs 35 and 2 basalts could not be unambiguously established. Because of the problems involved, caution must be used in interpreting the meaning of conventional K-Ar dates for deep-sea rocks.

Field of study: Geology
Differentiation of body fat composition between skinfold caliper (SKF) and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) methods among professors

Body fat composition reflected by body fat percentage (BF%) is one of the important components in disease risk evaluation. Among the methods available to measure BF%, skinfold calipers (SKF) and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) are the most commonly used. The study was conducted to evaluate the difference in body fat composition measurement between SKF and BIA methods among professors. This study analyzed secondary data from the health evaluation of Universitas Padjadjaran (UNPAD) professors. This study involved 72 professors (50 male, 22 female) after fitted into the inclusion and exclusion criteria. BF% was measured among UNPAD professors using SKF and BIA. After obtaining agreement by Bland-Altman Plot, the data were analyzed by muliple paired-t test according to gender, physical activity level and body mass index (BMI) categories. The study showed no significant difference in BF% between SKF and BIA in overall population, between gender and physical activity level (p>0.05). For BMI, the only category that showed significant difference in BF% between the 2 methods was obese I group (p=0.001). In conclusion, there is no significant difference in BF% between SKF and BIA methods according to gender, physical activity levels and BMI categories except for obese I group.

Field of study: Medicine
Theoretical study and design of a low-grade heat-driven pilot ejector refrigeration machine operating with butane and isobutane and intended for cooling of gas transported in a gas-main pipeline

This paper describes the construction and performance of a novel combined system intended for natural gas transportation and power production, and for cooling of gas transported in a gas-main pipeline. The proposed system includes a gas turbine compressor, a combined electrogenerating plant and an ejector refrigeration unit operating with a hydrocarbon refrigerant. The combined electrogenerating plant consists of a high-temperature steam–power cycle and a low-temperature hydrocarbon vapor power cycle, which together comprise a binary vapor system. The combined system is designed for the highest possible effectiveness of power generation and could find wide application in gas-transmission systems of gas-main pipelines. Application of the proposed system would enable year-round power generation and provide cooling of natural gas during periods of high ambient temperature operation. This paper presents the main results of a theoretical study and design performance specifications of a low-grade heat-driven pilot ejector refrigeration machine operating with butane and isobutane.

Field of study: Engineering
Comparison of Alternative Treatment Techniques in Bulimia: The Chemical Dependency Approach

Bulimia and chemical dependency are thought to be mediated by the nucleus accumbens, the primary pleasure center in the brain. These disorders consequently share biological, behavioral, and demographic characteristics. Also, earlier researchers have reported similar responses to different types of pharmacological intervention. There has, however, been little investigation of comparative nonpharmacological treatment modalities. The authors treated 10 white bulimic females in an eating-disorders program and a similar group in a 12-step chemical dependency center. Outcomes were similar for the weight-management program and for scores on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Implications are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Short-Term Chemical Transformations Following Land Application of Poultry Manure

THE short-term transformations of nitrogen and carbon were studied following surface application of poultry manure at various rates to two soil types in an en-vironmentally controlled chamber. Application caused an immediate increase in soil pH that was dependent on the loading rate of manure. Nitrification was retarded because of anaerobic conditions produced by the manure. Losses of nitrogen during application and in-cubation were substantial and resulted from ammonia volatilization. Water extracts from the soil samples revealed decreases in soluble organic materials with time that were well modeled by first order kinetics and depen-dent on soil type.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Extracting the zero-gravity surface figure of a mirror through multiple clockings in a flightlike hexapod mount.

An elegant and accurate way to determine the zero-gravity surface figure of an optic from ground-based interferometric metrology is to average the figures found in two or more configurations that are rotated with respect to the direction of gravity, so gravity forces in the frame of the optic cancel in the average. In a recent elucidation of this technique, we emphasized that care must be taken to ensure that mount forces at each attachment point similarly cancel, and we presented some specific mounting schemes that gave accurate zero-gravity surface determinations during fabrication and acceptance testing of the Space Interferometry Mission PT-M1 mirror. Here we show that multiconfiguration averaging techniques work well for the most important special case of a mirror in a flightlike hexapod mount clocked into either two or three symmetrically placed positions. We explicitly compute mount forces (axial forces in the six struts of the hexapod) and show that at any attachment point their average over multiple clocked configurations vanishes in the frame of the optic, ensuring the success of zero-gravity surface figure extraction.

Field of study: Physics
Determining the [001] crystal orientation of CdTe layers grown on (001) GaAs

We discuss various possibilities for determining the orientation of CdTe layers grown on (001) GaAs and in particular, determining the (001) orientation. This growth orientation is characterized by a three dimensional growth mechanism which controls the growth in the (111) orientation. We show that a thin layer of ZnTe deposited directly on the oxide free GaAs surface can be used to determine the (001) orientation, eliminate (111) phases and enhance a two dimensional growth of the CdTe layer, resulting in an improved crystalline quality and a smooth surface morphology. CdTe layers grown in the (111) direction on oxide free (001) GaAs substrates contain (111) microtwins and an intermixed (001) phase.

Field of study: Materials science
Zur quantentheoretischen Deutung derβ- undγ-Strahl-Emission

ZusammenfassungVon der prinzipiellen Erwägung ausgehend, daß die Quantengesetze auch für das Innere des Atomkerns Geltung besitzen müssen, wird versucht, für die Erscheinungen des radioaktiven Zerfalls eine einfache quantentheoretische Deutung zu geben, welche naturgemäß wesentlich davon Gebrauch machen muß, Atomkern und Elektronenhülle hinsichtlich der stationären Quantenzustände und der Strahlungsemission als einheitliches Gebilde aufzufassen.Der von L. Meitner erstmals festgestellten, mit der Emission primärerβ-Strahlen verknüpftenγ-Strahlung wird ein Quantenübergang zugeordnet, welcher einen Normalquantenzustand des zerfallenden Atoms mit einem solchen des Folgeproduktes verbindet; die zugehörigen, am zerfallenden Atom selbst auftretenden Sekundär-β-Strahlen entstehen, wenn zugleich mit diesem Quantenübergange ein Elektron der Elektronenhülle aus dem Atom entfernt wird und hierbei die ganze freiwerdende Energie mitbekommt (§ 2).Es wird gezeigt, wie man an den Energieverhältnissen der sekundärenβ-Strahlen die oben erwähnten Quantenübergänge von jenen unterscheiden kann, welche zur Emission von Kern-γ-Strahlen und deren Sekundär -β- Strahlen führen. Auf Grund der Ellisschen Kombinationsrelationen zwischenγ-Energieniveaudifferenzen bei RaB und ThC″ kann erst mit Sicherheit entschieden werden, daß in den von Ellis gemessenenβ-Spektren wirklich Kern-γ-Strahlen bzw. die zugehörigen Kernquantenübergänge wirksam sind (§ 3). Diese Unterscheidungen, sowie der unmittelbare Vergleich desβ- undγ-Strahlspektrums von RaB ermöglichen die Aussonderung jener Quantenübergänge im Ellisschen Niveauschema für dieses Element, welche mit demβ-Zerfall desselben verbunden sind (§ 4).Die Ausdehnung dieser Betrachtungen auf dieα-Strahler führt zu der Aussage, daß die Energiedifferenz zweierα-Strahlen des gleichen Elements von verschiedener Reichweite einer Kern-Niveaudifferenz desselben entsprechen muß; eine provisorische, jedoch quantitative Bestätigung hierfür ergibt sich beim RaC′ (§ 5).Schließlich wird die Bedeutung einer weitergehenden experimentellen Sicherung der vorgebrachten Auffassung im Hinblick auf allgemeine quantentheoretische Fragestellungen erörtert (§ 6).

Field of study: Physics
Electric Stimulation at 448 kHz Promotes Proliferation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Capacitive-resistive electric transfer (CRET) is a non invasive electrothermal therapy that applies electric currents within the 400 kHz - 450 kHz frequency range to the treatment of musculoskeletal lesions. Evidence exists that electric currents and electric or magnetic fields can influence proliferative and/or differentiating processes involved in tissue regeneration. This work investigates proliferative responses potentially underlying CRET effects on tissue repair.  XTT assay, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and Western Blot analyses were conducted to asses viability, proliferation and differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) from healthy donors, after short, repeated (5 m On/4 h Off) in vitro stimulation with a 448-kHz electric signal currently used in CRET therapy, applied at a subthermal dose of 50 μA/mm2Results: The treatment induced PCNA and ERK1/2 upregulation, together with significant increases in the fractions of ADSC undergoing cycle phases S, G2 and M, and enhanced cell proliferation rate. This proliferative effect did not compromise the multipotential ability of ADSC for subsequent adipogenic, chondrogenic or osteogenic differentiation.  These data identify cellular and molecular phenomena potentially underlying the response to CRET and indicate that CRET-induced lesion repair could be mediated by stimulation of the proliferation of stem cells present in the injured tissues.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
The Implication and Practicability of University General Education

General education concerns with the problem how a person exceeds the limited and pursues the universality and eternity.The essential significance of university general education is that it bears the basic object of university education,which means to cultivate the whole person by general education,instead of cultivating generalists.Then,university general education should exceed the expertise training to cultivate the integrity consciousness;and its basic path is reading and communication originated by the classics and liberal knowledge.General education is linked with the object and connotation of university education,as well as the quality of primary and secondary education.

Field of study: Education