nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
TU‐EF‐304‐02: 4D Optimized Treatment Planning for Actively Scanned Proton Therapy Delivered to Moving Target Volume

To develop a 4D treatment optimization approach for Pencil Beam Scanned (PBS) proton therapy that includes breathing variability.  PBS proton therapy delivers a pattern of proton pencil beams (PBs), distributed to cover the target volume and optimized such as to achieve a homogenous dose distribution across the target. In this work, this optimization step has been enhanced to include advanced 4D dose calculations of liver tumors based on motion extracted from either 4D-CT (representing a single and averaged respiratory cycle) or 4D-CT(MRI) (including breathing variability). The 4D dose calculation is performed per PB on deforming dose grid, and according to the timestamp of each PB, a displacement due to patient’s motion and a change in radiological depth.Three different treatment fields have been optimized in 3D on the end-exhale phase of a 4D-CT liver data set (3D-opt) and then in 4D using the motion extracted from either 4D-CT or 4D-CT(MRI) using deformable image registration. All plans were calculated directly on the PTV without the use of an ITV. The delivery characteristics of the PSI Gantry 2 have been assumed for all calculations.  Dose inhomogeneities (D5-D95) in the CTV for the 3D optimized plans recalculated under conditions of variable motion were increased by on average 19.8% compared to the static case. These differences could be reduced by 4D-CT based 4D optimization to 10.5% and by 4D-CT(MRI) based optimization to only 2.3% of the static value. Liver V25 increased by less than 1% using 4D optimization.  4D optimized PBS treatment plans taking into account breathing variability provide for significantly improved robustness against motion and motion variability than those based on 4D-CT alone, and may negate the need of motion specific target expansions. Swiss National Fund Grant (320030_1493942-1)

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Creativity, self-expression and leisure

The links between creativity, self-expression and leisure practices are underexplored within leisure literature. Despite research that documents the centrality of leisure as a worked-at process of self-actualisation and self-identity, the practice of leisure is still predominately viewed as one of consumption rather than production and of passivity rather than creativity. This paper, supported by empirical evidence through qualitative research into the lives of users of the leisure spaces of the ‘provincial bohemia’ of the Ouseburn Valley, Newcastle upon Tyne, argues that there is a strong component of creativity in this group’s leisure activity. This component, we argue, has, in recent years, become more important for ‘aesthetic-reflexive’ social actors in particular, as acts of self-authored and individual-expressive creativity have become more central to economic production, and to social identity. The rise in creative leisure is strongly linked to the valorisation of the romantic-artistic ethic of inalienable creative self-expression and the rejection of mass and putatively passive forms of leisure consumption common within previous Fordist modes of economic production and social ordering.

Field of study: Sociology
Allergic diseases. Analysis of the causes of their increase

: Current trend in the incidence and run of allergic diseases is given consideration. It is stated that allergy has become more prevalent and severe as a result of: wide presentation of allergens in the environment, beneficial conditions for potentiation of allergenic reactions, changes in the ways of allergens and other xenobiotics entry, etc. The role of natural allergens and chemical allergens-haptens in raising the incidence of allergic diseases is analysed specially. A mechanism of autoimmune shifts in the body related to xenobiotics metabolism is suggested. To control allergy, it is necessary to reduce the exposure of the population to xenobiotic anthropogenic load both by means of diminution of the concentration in the environment and by limiting the list of chemicals able to enter internal medium of human body, drugs among them.

Field of study: Medicine
Oxygen transport and surface exchange properties of Sr0.5Sm0.5CoO3 − δ

Oxygen tracer diffusion ( D ⁎ ) and chemical diffusion ( D ˜ ) were measured in dense Sr 0.5 Sm 0.5 CoO 3 − δ (SSC) ceramics by Isotope Exchange Depth Profiling/Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (IEDP/SIMS) and electrical conductivity relaxation (ECR) over the temperature ranges of ~ 100–200 °C and 400–600 °C, respectively. In addition, the surface exchange coefficients were determined over the same temperature ranges. The transport properties and exchange kinetics of SSC are comparable to or better than those of other solid oxide fuel cell cathode candidates in the literature. The ionic conductivity of SSC was calculated using the Nernst-Einstein equation, and is comparable to that of leading solid oxide electrolytes at intermediate temperatures.

Field of study: Materials science
Late Barremian-early Aptian dark facies of the Subbetic (Betic Cordillera, southern Spain): Calcareous nannofossil quantitative analyses, chemostratigraphy and palaeoceanographic reconstructions

In order to determine the driving mechanism behind the deposition of the Aptian dark facies in the pelagic Subbetic Basin (southern Spain), two latest Barremian–early Aptian complementary sections embracing the Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a, were selected for a multidisciplinary study. Quantitative and statistical analyses of calcareous nannofossil assemblages are complemented with planktonic foraminifera, radiolaria, and geochemical data (C and O isotopes and biomarkers). The results indicate that most of the latest Barremian was characterized by oligotrophic conditions with a low nutricline and neritic influence, which were interrupted by short-lived episodes of mesotrophic surface waters. In contrast, broadly meso-eutrophic surface waters with a high nutricline and a probable development of water stratification are inferred for most of the early Aptian. It is suggested that an increased runoff, as a consequence of a more humid climate in the adjacent continental area, caused this fertilization. Neritic dwellers, such as nannoconids and pentaliths, experienced a drastic decrease in abundance as the result of the combined effects of a biocalcification crisis (‘nannoconid crisis’) and the deepening of the basin. High productivity and enhanced surface-water stratification favoured low oxygen content in the bottom waters, increasing organic matter preservation. A reduction in surface water fertility and a shift towards generally cooler conditions occurred during the late early Aptian. It is postulated that a cooler and drier climate leads to a reduction in runoff and decreased nutrient flux into the basin. The obtained results suggest that the formation of the Aptian dark facies was mainly controlled by enhanced production of organic matter in the upper water column and not enhanced preservation.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Post-traumatic posterior urethral stricture in children: how to achieve a successful repair.

Complex post-traumatic posterior urethral strictures in children constitute a major challenge to the pediatric urologist. Surgical repair depends primarily on the length of the urethral obliteration. Resection with end-to-end anastomosis is the usual procedure in the face of a short segment stricture. Transpubic urethroplasty and substitution urethroplasty are currently used to treat extensive and complex urethral strictures. We present our experience of the management of children presenting with post-traumatic posterior urethral stricture.



Fifty boys with a mean age of 9 years (6-13) with obliterative urethral stricture were operated on during May 1999 to August 2006. Short posterior urethral stricture was treated by excision and end-to-end anastomotic urethroplasty in 40 boys. Long posterior urethral stricture was managed by combined inferior pubectomy in three, transpubic urethroplasty in four and tubed penile fasciocutaneous flap in three.



With a mean follow-up of 4.5 years (6 months-7 years), all children who underwent perineal anastomotic urethroplasty were successfully repaired. Transpubic urethroplasty was associated with a re-stricture in one child 6 years following the repair. In the group repaired by tubed fasciocutaneous flap, we encountered a distal anastomotic stricture accompanied by a huge proximal diverticulum which needed revision in one child, and another diverticulum with multiple stones in another who was treated successfully.



Anastomotic urethroplasty in children is feasible with good results. Proper evaluation is needed to choose the best surgical technique for each patient. Tubed fasciocutaneous flap carries the highest complication rate.

Field of study: Medicine
Importance of habitat heterogeneity in remnant patches for conserving dung beetles

Landscape heterogeneity affects the spatial distribution of species. This makes it an important consideration for conservation planning, particularly when designing sustainable production landscapes. We determine whether conserving landscape elements within a transformed landscape is adequate for conserving dung beetle biodiversity. Dung beetles are excellent indicators for landscape biodiversity studies as they are ecologically sensitive. Here we measure dung beetle alpha-diversity, as well as beta-diversity within landscape elements and across different landscape elements. In doing so, we assess the value of landscape elements, as well as variation within landscape elements, in determining the spatial distribution of dung beetles across a production landscape. The study was conducted in the commercial timber production area of the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands, South Africa. In this system, the different landscape elements are a mosaic of natural indigenous forests, grasslands and alien pine plantation blocks. Our results show that the only response for dung beetle alpha-diversity was higher species richness in grasslands and pine blocks compared to natural forests. The highest beta-diversity for a landscape element was the grassland, for elevational category was low elevational areas and grassland type was the Midlands Mistbelt Grassland. The compositional diversity (beta-diversity between elements) was significantly different for all pairwise variations between landscape elements, the elevational categories and grassland types. Natural forests embedded in the two different grassland types had greater differences in compositional diversity than those embedded in natural (grassland) or transformed (pine blocks) matrices. This highlights the need to conserve a range of similar remnant patches of natural vegetation regionally, in addition to conserving broad landscape elements (i.e. grasslands or natural forests) as conservation targets. Furthermore, our results are encouraging for the potential benefits from the ecosystem service provided by dung beetles across the whole landscape, even in the transformed elements.

Field of study: Environmental science
SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF AN ULTRALUMINOUS SUPERSOFT X-RAY SOURCE IN M81

Ultraluminous supersoft X-ray sources (ULSs) exhibit supersoft X-ray spectra with blackbody temperatures below 0.1 keV and bolometric luminosities above 10{sup 39} ergs s{sup −1}. In this Letter, we report the first optical spectroscopic observations of a ULS in M81 using the LRIS spectrograph on the Keck I telescope. The detected Balmer emission lines show a mean intrinsic velocity dispersion of 400 ± 80 km s{sup −1}, which is consistent with that from an accretion disk. The spectral index of the continuum on the blue side is also consistent with the multi-color disk model. The H{sub α} emission line exhibits a velocity of ∼180 km s{sup −1} relative to the local stellar environment, suggesting that this ULS may be a halo system in M81 belonging to an old population. No significant shift is found for the H{sub α} emission line between two observations separated by four nights.

Field of study: Physics
An architecture and protocol for smart continuous eHealth monitoring using 5G

Continuous monitoring of chronic patients improves their quality of life and reduces the economic costs of the sanitary system. However, in order to ensure a good monitoring, high bandwidth and low delay are needed. The 5G technology offers higher bandwidth, lower delays and packets loss than previous technologies. This paper presents an architecture for smart eHealth monitoring of chronic patients. The architecture elements include wearable devices, to collect measures from the body, and a smartphone at the patient side in order to process the data received from the wearable devices. We also need a DataBase with an intelligent system able to send an alarm when it detects that it is happening something anomalous. The intelligent system uses machine learning in BigData taken from different hospitals and the data received from the patient to diagnose and generate alarms. Experiment tests have been done to simulate the traffic from many users to the DataBase in order to evaluate the suitability of 5G in our architecture. When there are few users (less than 200 users), we do not find big differences of round trip time between 4G and 5G, but when there are more users, like 1000 users, it increases considerably reaching 4 times more in 4G The Packet Loss is almost null in 4G until 300 users, while in 5G it is possible to keep it null until 700 users. Our results point out that in order to have high number of patients continuously monitored, it is necessary to use the 5G network because it offers low delays and guarantees the availability of bandwidth for all users.

Field of study: Computer science
Treatment of Osteitis Pubis in Non-Athlete Female Patients

Osteitis pubis represents a non-infectious inflammation of the pubic symphysis causing varying degrees of lower abdominal and pelvic pain. Although, the disease is believed to affect mainly young athletic patients, it is also encountered in other specific patient groups. Both conservative and surgical treatment options are available. While for elite athletes surgical treatment is indicated, leading to fast pain relief and mobilization, for non-athletic patients no clear indication can be established.  Eight non-athletic women with osteitis pubis, referred to our Department for treatment, were evaluated. All were initially treated conservatively with bed rest, per os non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and physical therapy.  Seven patients improved significantly with conservative treatment while one displayed no improvement and was treated surgically with arthrodesis.  We conclude that, for non-athletic female patients suffering from osteitis pubis, surgery is rarely required and that conservative treatment by means of non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs and physical modalities represents a fair option regarding pain and limitation of everyday activity.

Field of study: Medicine
Differences in Students’ Spatial Ability and Self-Regulated Learning Who are Given Guided Discovery Learning Model Based on Malay Deli Culture with Cooperative Learning

This study aims toknow: (1) The differences in students’ spatial ability and self-regulated learning who are given guided discovery learning model based on Malay Deli culture and cooperative learning, (2) Interaction between learning models with gender in increasing students' spatial ability and students’ self-regulated learning. This type of research is quasi-experimental. This research was conducted at SMP N 28 Medan. The population in this study were all students of class VIII. Based on the results of the analysis, the results of the study are: (1) Improvement of spatial ability and self-regulated learning of students who are given guided discovery learning model based on Malay Deli culture is higher than students who are given cooperative learning, (2) There is an interaction between learning models with gender in increasing students’ spatial ability and self-regulated learning.  Spatial Ability, Self-regulated Learning, Guided Discovery Learning Model Based on Malay Deli Culture, Cooperative Learning DOI : 10.7176/JEP/10-27-11 Publication date :September 30 th 2019

Field of study: Education
Environmental estrogens and male infertility

The topics of adverse changes in human male reproductive health (fall in sperm counts, increase in the incidence of testicular cancer, cryptorchidism and hypospadias) and that of 'environmental oestrogens', have attracted enormous scientific, public and governmental attention over the past 6 or so years. Though the two topics have invariably been linked together in a postulated cause and effect manner, there is only circumstantial evidence to support such a relationship (35, 76). Whilst such 'absence of data' should not be interpreted as proof that such a causal relationship does not exist (see Table 1), it should also make us circumspect in dealing with this issue and cause us to use scientific rather than emotional criteria when judging or 'weighing' the relevant data. From these introductory remarks it should be clear already to the reader that I will be unable to offer any proof that environmental oestrogens either do or do not affect human male fertility. Whilst this may be less than ideal, it should not cause us to lose sight of three important facts. First, adverse trends in male reproductive health have occurred over the past 50 years, although the extent of this change and whether it is truly world-wide are more debatable (75). Second, a biologically plausible case can be made for environmental oestrogens inducing adverse changes in male reproductive health (Table 1; ref. 69), although plausibility does not tell us anything about likelihood (65). Third, there is no doubt that human exposure to environmental oestrogens has altered considerably in the past 50 years, although we do not have accurate measures of how great this change has been nor what relative impact it has had on 'total oestrogen exposure' of the individual (45, 76). This chapter will attempt to summarise our current understanding on each of these points and in doing so will hopefully highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the arguments which relate these three topics one to another.

Field of study: Chemistry
The roles of time discounting and delay of gratification in career outcomes.

Although career development prominently features intertemporal choices (in which choice consequences play out over time), little is known about how an individual should navigate intertemporal career choices to obtain desirable career outcomes. Using a sample of U.S. workers (n = 340), the current study examined the structural predictions of two general intertemporal choice orientations (i.e., time discounting and delay of gratification) and one career-specific intertemporal choice orientation (i.e., career commitment) for career and life satisfaction. The results supported a sequential dual mediator model in which time discounting negatively predicts career and life satisfaction sequentially through delay of gratification and career commitment. Therefore, the present study supports the clinical utility of the intertemporal choice perspective in conceptualizing career fulfillment and facilitating career development and calls for more attention to the underrecognized intertemporal choice perspective in career research and practice.

Field of study: Psychology
A Distributional Treatment of Relative Mirabolic Multiplicity One

We study the role of the mirabolic subgroup $P$ of $G=\mathbf{GL}_n(F)$ ($F$ a $p$-adic field) in smooth irreducible representations of $G$ that possess a non-zero invariant functional relative to a subgroup of the form $H_{k} = \mathbf{GL}_k(F)\times \mathbf{GL}_{n-k}(F)$. We show that if a non-zero $H_1$-invariant functional exists on a representation, then every $P\cap H_1$-invariant functional must equal to a scalar multiple of it. When $k>1$, we give a reduction of the same problem to a question about invariant distributions on the nilpotent cone of the tangent space of the symmetric space $G/H_k$. Some new distributional methods, which are suitable for a setting of non-reductive groups, are developed.

Field of study: Mathematics
Constitutive Model for Elevated Temperature Deformation of Ni-Al Bronze

The hot deformation behavior of Ni-Al bronze alloy was studied by high temperature compression experiment on Gleeble-1500 thermal-mechanical simulator at 800-950 ℃,strain rate of 0.002-5 s-1.Based on the data of high temperature compression experiment,the flow stress curves of Ni-Al bronze under different deformation conditions were drawn,and the constitutive equation was presented by linear regression.The results demonstrate that the flow stress decreases with the increase of deformation temperature,while increases with the increase of strain rate.The deformation activation energy is 313.03 kJ/mol.

Field of study: Materials science
Characterization of ultrafast free-electron laser pulses using extreme-ultraviolet transient gratings.

The characterization of the time structure of ultrafast photon pulses in the extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) and soft X-ray spectral ranges is of high relevance for a number of scientific applications and photon diagnostics. Such measurements can be performed following different strategies and often require large setups and rather high pulse energies. Here, high-quality measurements carried out by exploiting the transient grating process, i.e. a third-order non-linear process sensitive to the time-overlap between two crossed EUV pulses, is reported. From such measurements it is possible to obtain information on both the second-order intensity autocorrelation function and on the coherence length of the pulses. It was found that the pulse energy density needed to carry out such measurements on solid state samples can be as low as a few mJ cm-2. Furthermore, the possibility to control the arrival time of the crossed pulses independently might permit the development of a number of coherent spectroscopies in the EUV and soft X-ray regime, such as, for example, photon echo and two-dimensional spectroscopy.

Field of study: Physics
Research on the Vacuum Freeze-Dryin g Method for the Gel of Aloes

With the simple instrument of resistance,the crystallizing point and the melting point of the gel of alo es were determined before vacuum freeze-drying,then the gel of aloes were freezed and lyophilized accord ing to a fixed procedure of rising temperature,after that a curve of vacuum freeze-drying for gel of aloes was ac hieved.At last the spaying-drying method for gel of aloes was processed,and some items of gel of aloes which used vacuum freeze-drying method and spraying-drying method were determined separately,these items include mineral,albumen,organic acid,appearance,etc..After the co ntrast on these items,a result was achieved:the biological activatio n and characteristics can be keeped w ell with the method of vacuum freeze-dry ing.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Novel bioabsorbable interbody fusion spacer-assisted fusion for correction of spinal deformity.

OBJECT
The authors report the cases of 12 patients with medically refractory mechanical low-back pain and intermittent radicular symptoms in whom radiography demonstrated evidence of multilevel lumbosacral degenerative kyphotic and scoliotic deformity and spondylolisthesis.



These patients underwent multilevel posterior lumbar interbody fusion in which Macropore bioabsorbable spacers were placed. Each patient underwent at least 1 year of clinical and radiographic follow up.



This series illustrates the novel use of bioabsorbable interbody spacers and fusion technique for correction of spinal deformity due to advanced degenerative kyphoscoliosis and spondylolisthesis.

Field of study: Medicine