nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The in vivo induction of lymphocyte apoptosis in MRL‐lpr/lpr mice treated with FTY720

The in vitro treatment of lpr thymocytes with FTY720 resulted in a dose‐dependent reduction in cell viability due to apoptosis. In order to study the effect of FTY720 in vivo, lpr mice received an oral daily dose of 1 mg/kg FTY720 for 14 days, beginning at 16 weeks of age which was when the animals were developing massive lymphoadenopathy. Compared with untreated lpr mice, FTY720‐treated lpr mice had significantly prolonged lives. At 24 weeks of age, treated mice demonstrated markedly reduced weights of the spleen and lymph nodes, and the proportion of CD3+B220+ and CD4−CD8− cells in the thymus, spleen and lymph nodes decreased markedly. In addition, in these mice the percentage of CD4+CD8+ and CD3−B220− cells in the thymus and the percentage of CD4+CD8−, CD4−CD8+, CD3+B220− and CD3−B220+ cells in the spleen returned to almost the normal values observed in wild‐type mice. Histological observation 1 day after the final administration of FTY720 revealed a remarkable infiltration of neutrophils in the lymphoid organs. Apoptotic cells were detected in all the lymphoid organs using in situ DNA nick‐end labelling. Electron microscopy showed that the apoptotic cells were ingested by phagocytes. FTY720 therapy is thus highly effective in Fas‐mutant animals with abnormally expanding lymphocytes.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
The Multiwavelength Anomalous Solvent Contrast (MASC) Method in Macromolecular Crystallography.

The wavelength dependence of anomalous scattering of X-rays, due to atoms randomly dispersed in the solvent phase of a macromolecular crystal, is a way of producing solvent-density contrast variation with perfect isomorphism. The largest contrast variations are obtained by tuning the X-ray wavelength near an absorption edge of the anomalous-scattering species. In this method, which we call MASC, the anomalous partial structure is an extended uniform electron density, in contrast to the few punctual ordered scatterers in the multiwavelength anomalous-dispersion (MAD) method. MASC is, in principle, applicable to the determination of the molecular envelope and of low-resolution structure-factor phases. Structure factors (lambda)F(+/-h) leads to a set of equations which can be solved to give |G(h)| and |(0)F(h)|, the modulus of the envelope and of the total ;normal' structure factors, respectively, and Deltavarphi = (varphi(0)(F)-varphi(G)). The moduli {|G|} behave like structure-factor amplitudes from small-molecule crystals, and the estimation of their phases can be carried out by statistical direct methods. Then, the phase of (0)F(h) and finally the conventional (e.g. in vacuum) protein structure factor F(p)(h) can be determined. As in the MAD method, the strength of MASC signals can be quantified by Bijvoet and dispensive ratios, for which practical expressions are derived in the case of zero contrast. The behaviour of these ratios at increasing resolution is discussed, using approximations for |G(h)| and |Delta(h)| , respectively, derived from Porod's law and assuming a random distribution of atoms in the solvent excluding volume. Expected values of anomalous ratios are calculated for a hypothetical MASC experiment based on the known three-dimensional structure of kallikrein A, using a solvent with 3.5 M ammonium selenate to ensure zero contrast, and wavelength tuning near the Se K-absorption edge. The main steps of a MASC experiment are discussed in the context of a MAD-like data collection optimized for accurate measurements of intensities of anomalous pairs at low resolution. Finally, the results of preliminary experiments on two protein crystals are reported. The first, a partial single-wavelength data collection, used anomalous scattering of selenium at the K edge and gave anomalous ratios with the expected behaviour. The second one, at three wavelengths, used anomalous scattering of ytterbium at the L(III) edge. In this case, effects from solvent as well as from ordered lanthanide ions were demonstrated.

Field of study: Physics
Stuttering and Cluttering: Developmental Aspects of Dysrhythmic Speech

ology of stuttering. Currently prevailing theories can be classified into three groups. (1) Genogenictheories maintain that the stutterer is biologically different from the non-stutterer (Wepman, 1939). (2) Psychogenic theories conceive of stuttering as a psychoneurosis, characterized by obsessive compulsive mechanisms; psychoanalytic concepts which stress oral-aggressive and anal-sadistic features belong here (Coriat, 1927). (3) Semantogenic theories postulate that stuttering is &dquo;learned&dquo; behavior -a response to the mislabeling on the part of the environment of the early normal syllable and word repetitions

Field of study: Education
THE WIDTH OF EQUIVALENT OBLIQUE COMPRESSION STRUT OF ECOLOGICAL COMPOSITE WALL BASED ON TWIN SHEAR UNIFIED STRENGTH THEORY

According to the experimental data of frame grids and composite walls, the paper analyzes the mechanical characteristics of the ecological filled blocks and frame grids. The twin shear unified strength theory is adopted, in which the influence of intermediate principal stress σ2 is considered and it is applied to various materials of different performance in tension and compression under complex stress state. Based on the unified strength theory, the width expression of equivalent oblique compression strut is deduced, and the calculated values and experimental values are compared. The results show that the width expression works for ecological composite wall filled with different ecological materials, and the numerical results agree well with experimental ones. Inaddition, this model is capable of analyzing the dynamic characteristics of composite walls.

Field of study: Engineering
How Important Are Enjoyment and Mobility for Mobile Applications?

This article investigates how perceived enjoyment and mobility drive user continuance intentions toward using mobile applications. A second-stage continuance model was developed after a thorough literature review. A survey instrument was deployed to collect data from 584 smartphone users. The model was empirically tested using structural equation modeling procedures. Data analyses show that the salience of disconfirmation and beliefs in enjoyment and mobility serve as the primary driver of the changes in satisfaction and attitude toward continuance intentions. Furthermore, perceived enjoyment, mobility and satisfaction jointly explained over 60% of the variance in post-usage attitude. As an initial effort to revise and test the expanded IS continuance model, this study deepens our understanding of enjoyment and mobility at post-usage stage of mobile experience. It urges mobile application providers to forge continuance by devoting more resources and efforts toward creating a truly enjoyable as well as mobile experience.

Field of study: Computer science
Consumers' Intentions to Use E-Readers

Although the e-reader marketplace has become increasingly significant in recent years, the current lack of understanding of factors that drive consumers' intention to use e-readers suggests there is much to be learned in this area. This study develops and tests a variation on the Technology Acceptance Model in order to investigate factors influencing consumers' intention to use e-readers. A survey of 234 consumers revealed that perceived usefulness and subjective norm positively influence intention to use, whereas there was little evidence to support the significance of image, cost, or ease of use. Findings have both theoretical and practical implications. Results provide empirical support for some existing TAM relationships, and a basis from which to examine additional factors in order to further develop knowledge affecting intention to use e-readers. Confirmation of the influence of perceived usefulness and subjective norm has implications for practitioners, particularly in terms of product design and marketing.

Field of study: Computer science
COMPETITIVE SORPTION OF ATRAZINE AND METOLACHLOR IN SOIL

Atrazine and metolachlor co-application to soil created competitive sorption between the two herbicides, producing smaller partitioning coefficients than for separate atrazine and metolachlor applications. The partitioning coefficients for both compounds were also less when applied in a commercial formulation, compared with separate analytical-grade applications. Since the Freundlich slope of the isotherms was less than unity (0.83 to 0.87), the sorption strength of the herbicides decreased with increasing solution concentrations. Based on the Freundlich adsorption values obtained, this study concludes that atrazine and metolachlor co-applications on agricultural fields have the potential to increase the mobility of these herbicides in soil, thereby also increasing the risk for groundwater contamination.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Analysis of the properties of median and weighted median filters using threshold logic and stack filter representation

The deterministic properties of weighted median (WM) filters are analyzed. Threshold decomposition and the stacking property together establish a unique relationship between integer and binary domain filtering. The authors present a method to find the weighted median filter which is equivalent to a stack filter defined by a positive Boolean function. Because the cascade of WM filters can always be expressed as a single stack filter this allows expression of the cascade of WM filters as a single WM filter. A direct application is the computation of the output distribution of a cascade of WM filters. The same method is used to find a nonrecursive expansion of a recursive WM filter. As applications of theoretical results, several interesting deterministic and statistical properties of WM filters are derived.

Field of study: Engineering
Acute toxicity of cadmium in Daphnia magna under different calcium and pH conditions: importance of influx rate.

Water chemistry is generally thought to influence metal toxicity via affecting metal bioavailability and bioaccumulation, but its effects on tissue residue-based toxicity are poorly known. We conducted toxicity tests in parallel with uptake kinetics experiments of cadmium (Cd) in waters of different calcium (Ca) concentrations and pH levels using acclimated Daphnia magna as a model organism. Both the acute toxicity and uptake of Cd were reduced by higher Ca concentration and lower pH. Strikingly constant median effective influx rates (EJ(50), 1.3-1.6 μg g(-1) h(-1)) of Cd were observed when the concentration of Ca varied from 0.5 to 200 mg L(-1), indicating that acclimation to different Ca levels did not affect the tissue residue-based toxicity. The EJ(50) values increased consistently with decreasing pH level, showing that acclimation to acidic water decreased the tissue residue-based toxicity. With the use of calcium uptake inhibitors, we demonstrated that both Ca channel and Ca(2+)/Na(+) exchanger were involved in Cd uptake in daphnids, but there were also other possible pathways with higher affinity. The relative importance of different pathways was clearly dependent on the ambient Ca availability. Our findings are helpful for the development of a more accurate biotic ligand model in predicting the acute toxicity of Cd to daphnids.

Field of study: Environmental science
K-characteristic photon absorption from intensifying screens and other materials: theoretical calculations and measurements.

When an extended object is irradiated with primary x rays, K-characteristic radiation is produced throughout the object. At a given location, the ratio of the K-characteristic radiation received to the primary radiation is not well understood. Knowledge of this ratio is important in the consideration of image detector design, as K-characteristic radiation generated within or proximal to the imaging detector may be considered as secondary radiation and as a specialized form of scatter to primary ratio, will reduce image contrast. This article models the production of K-characteristic radiation and calculates the K-characteristic to primary exposure and absorbed energy ratios for a number of sample materials, geometries, and detector types. Calculations have been experimentally verified for tin and gadolinium oxysulphide sample materials in some geometries using an ionization chamber detector. It was found from calculation that the magnitude of the K/p exposure and absorbed energy ratio were closely related to the ratio of the field size to the detector-to-sample distance when the detector-to-sample distances are small compared to the source-to-detector distance. It was also found that the K/p exposure and absorbed energy ratios were maximal and constant when the field size to detector-to-sample ratio was greater than 20:1 for an intensifying screen detector and greater than 100:1 for ionization chamber measurements. Calculation, also confirmed experimentally, indicated that significant ratios of K/p absorbed energy could be detected using intensifying screens proximal to fluorescing sample material.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Single- and double-frequency cw dye laser with active frequency stabilization and electronic spectral scanning

A cw dye laser capable of generating both single- and double-frequency radiation with a high output power (P1W) was made and investigated. A simple system for active stabilization of the laser, was based on an external passive Fabry-Perot etalon with a drift in the lasing frequency of less than 3 MHz/h. Electronic discrete-continuous tuning in a range of 200 GHz was provided by using galvanometers to rotate intracavity Fabry–Perot etalons.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Investigation of the polarization-dependent diffraction of deep dielectric rectangular transmission gratings illuminated in Littrow mounting.

Dielectric transmission gratings with a similar period as the wavelength of the incident light can exhibit strong polarization dependence. By optimizing the groove width of a negative first-order Littrow transmission grating it can be achieved that light is transmitted to the zeroth order for one polarization, regardless of the groove depth, while it is efficiently diffracted for the other polarization. An investigation of this remarkable effect, based on a modal field representation inside the grating, as well as experimental results are presented.

Field of study: Physics
Literature Review on Reproducible Data and Secure auditing in Cloud Computing

As the distributed computing development makes the latest decade, outsourcing data to cloud organization for limit transforms into an appealing example, which benefits in sparing attempts on considerable data upkeep and organization, For any situation, the outsourced cloud stockpiling is not totally dependable, it raises security stresses on the most capable strategy to recognize data deduplication in cloud while achieving uprightness inspecting. In this work, framework contemplates the issue of genuineness inspecting and secure deduplication on cloud data. Here, framework utilize piece level deduplication for check the labels of the document squares. In particular, going for fulfilling both data uprightness and deduplication in cloud, framework propose two ensured structures, to be particular SecCloud and SecCloud+. SecCloud presents an analyzing substance with an upkeep of Map Reduce cloud, which helps client with creating data marks before moving and furthermore surveys the trustworthiness of data having been secured in cloud. Differentiated and past work, the figuring by customer in SecCloud is colossally reduced in the midst of the record exchanging and checking on stages. SecCloud+ is formed pushed by the way that customers continually need to scramble their data before exchanging, and enables trustworthiness assessing and secure deduplication on encoded advice.

Field of study: Engineering
Chinese Dependency Syntax Analysis Based on Question Answering System of Admissions

Focuses on the theory and methods of interdependence syntactic analysis, syntactic analysis is one of the key technologies of natural language processing. Compares the top-down algorithm, bottom-up algorithm and the maximum spanning tree algorithm, concludes that the maximum spanning tree algorithm is the best. It can improve the correct rate of the question classifications, thereby the accuracy of the whole system is improved.

Field of study: Computer science
Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of a novel haemolytic lectin from the mushroom Laetiporus sulphureus.

The novel haemolytic lectin from the parasitic mushroom Laetiporus sulphureus (LSL) is a homotetramer (approximately 140 kDa) composed of subunits associated by non-covalent bonds. It exhibits haemagglutination and haemolytic activities, both of which are inhibited by N-acetyllactosamine. The structural similarity found between LSL and the bacterial pore-forming toxins mosquitocidal toxin (MTX2) from Bacillus sphaericus and alpha-toxin from Clostridium septicum points to a mechanism of biological action involving the formation of pores in the target membranes. LSL has been crystallized using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method at 291 K. Diffraction-quality hexagonal crystals have unit-cell parameters a = b = 101.8, c = 193.9 angstroms and belong to space group P6(3)22. A 2.7 angstroms native data set was collected with an Rmerge of 9.2%.

Field of study: Chemistry
Sex and Age Differences in Problems and Interests of Adolescents.

The problems and interests of 1,366 adolescents were investigated using an instrument devised by Symonds and later used by Harris and Kaczkowski. Findings of the various studies were compared to determine the val idity of Symonds' hypothesis that changes in the social and economic structure of society would immediately change the relative emphasis of these problems and interests. Certain problems and interests offered by the instrument did alter their position in the 32 years spanned by the four studies, but others seemed to be imper vious to the influence of the changes of which Symonds spoke. The influence of regional and geographic differ ences in the samples used in the various studies is not known.

Field of study: Education
Effect of disorder in non-uniform hybrid nanowires with Majorana and fermionic bound states

Majorana fermions in some model semiconductor nanowires proximity coupled with \emph{s}-wave superconductor have been investigated, as well as other intragap bound states in topological phase of a Rashba nanowire with non-uniform spin-orbit interaction (SOI). Various sources of disorder, such as disorder in semiconductor nanowire, bulk superconductor and semiconductor-superconductor interface, are included to characterize their effects on the stability of the topological phase. In the case of multiband semiconducting nanowires, the phase diagram of the system as a function of the chemical potential and magnetic field have been calculated. In two-band wire or two coupled single band wire, the phase of one band can be controlled through the other band, and these properties is critical to build multiband quantum device. When the SOI vector or magnetic field in semiconductor nanowire rapidly rotates by the angle $\pi $, changes its sign, a topological $\pi $ junction forms at the junction between two wire sections characterized by different directions of the SOI vectors or magnetic field. In this case, some fermionic bound states (FBS) can emerge inside the proximity gap, which localize at the topological $\pi $ junction, and coexist with Majorana bound states localized at the nanowire ends. Changing the position of the topological $\pi $ junction from one end to the other, the zero-energy FBS moves and can be used as mediator to transfer quantum information between two distance MFs. Meanwhile, the Andreev spectrum of the junction is qualitatively phase shift by $\pi $ compared to usual Majorana weak links. The FBS can act as quasiparticle traps and serve as an effective mediator of hybridization between two distant Majorana bound states (MBSs).

Field of study: Physics
Phanerozoic evolution of the basins of Northern Egypt and adjacent areas

The results of integrating geological well data and geophysical information from the subsurface of northern Egypt are presented in terms of basin dynamics. Recent biostratigraphic data from wells and scarce outcrops are shown to be critical to an understanding of syndepositional tectonics. Six tectonostratigraphic phases of basin evolution are recognized to span the Phanerozoic. These phases initially record the development of intracratonic subsidence, controlled by deep crustal strike-slip tectonics, as Nubian continental and Tethyan marine influences competed across the northern margin of Gondwanaland. Evidence is also presented for the formation of the present day continental margin to northern Egypt. After a phase of crustal stretching, oceanic rifting focused on the western margin of the Arabian Platform, propagating progressively westwards during the Early-Mid-Jurassic. Thereafter, the effects of passive subsidence on the continental margin were disturbed by discrete phases of intracratonic strike-slip, associated ‘Syrian Arc’ folding, and the formation of deep basins in the opening Red Sea and Gulf of Suez. Three structural fabrics persisted throughout Phanerozoic basin evolution, the result of repeated extensional reactivation and inheritance from Pan-African basement.

Field of study: Environmental science
THE IMPACT OF TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND CONTINGENT REWARD LEADERSHIP STYLES ON INNOVATIVE BEHAVIOUR: MEDIATING ROLE OF LEADER-MEMBER EXCHANGE QUALITY

Innovation is utmost factor of organizational success during the period of unbelievable global competition. Innovation is generally triggered by leader’s strategic behaviors and leadership styles are decisive in organizations’ vision and mission nowadays. Employee’s innovation perception and also innovative behavior have an important role at the execution process of innovation. From this aspect, determination of factors which effect innovative behavior is an important research area. The paper focus on the determination of leader-member exchange quality’s (LMX) mediator role at the effects of transformational and contingent reward leadership’s style, at private and public sector, to employee’s innovative behaviors

Field of study: Business
Biodegradation of endosulfan isomers and its metabolite endosulfate by two biosurfactant producing bacterial strains of Bordetella petrii

The main objective of the investigation was to study the biodegradation of endosulfan isomers and its major metabolite endosulfate by two biosurfactant producing bacterial strains of Bordetella petrii. The significance of the study is to evaluate the capability of biosurfactant producing bacterial strains in enhancing the bioavailability of endosulfan. Sixty bacterial strains were isolated from the endosulfan degrading bacterial consortium and were screened for endosulfan degradation and biosurfactant production. Among those, two strains Bordetella petrii I GV 34 (Gene bank Accession No KJ02262) and Bordetella petrii II GV 36 (Gene bank Accession No KJ022625) were capable of degrading endosulfan with simultaneous biosurfactant production. Bordetella petrii I degraded 89% of α and 84% of β isomers of endosulfan whereas Bordetella petrii II degraded 82% of both the isomers. Both the strains were able to reduce the surface tension up to 19.6% and 21.4% with a minimum observed surface tension of 45 Dynes/cm and 44 Dynes/cm, respectively. The study revealed that the strains have the potential to enhance the degradation endosulfan residues in contaminated sites and water by biosurfactant production.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences