nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Precision Diabetes Is Slowly Becoming a Reality

The concept of precision medicine is becoming increasingly popular. The use of big data, genomics and other “omics” like metabolomics, proteomics and transcriptomics could make the dream of personalised medicine become a reality in the near future. As far as polygenic forms of diabetes like type 2 and type 1 diabetes are concerned, interesting leads are emerging, but precision diabetes is still in its infancy. However, with regard to monogenic forms of diabetes like maturity-onset diabetes of the young and neonatal diabetes mellitus, rapid strides have been made and precision diabetes has already become part of the clinical tools used at advanced diabetes centres. In patients with some monogenic form of diabetes, if the appropriate gene defects are identified, insulin injections can be stopped and be replaced by oral sulphonylurea drugs. In the coming years, rapid advances can be expected in the field of precision diabetes, thereby making the control of diabetes more effective and hopefully leading to prevention of its complications and improvement of the quality of life of people afflicted with diabetes.

Field of study: Medicine
Some properties of Lin–Wong divergence on the past lifetime data

Measures of statistical divergence are used to assess mutual similarities between distributions of multiple variables through a variety of methodologies including Shannon entropy and Csiszar divergence. Modified measures of statistical divergence are introduced throughout the present article. Those modified measures are related to the Lin–Wong (LW) divergence applied on the past lifetime data. Accordingly, the relationship between Fisher information and the LW divergence measure was explored when applied on the past lifetime data. Throughout this study, a number of relations are proposed between various assessment methods which implement the Jensen–Shannon, Jeffreys, and Hellinger divergence measures. Also, relations between the LW measure and the Kullback–Leibler (KL) measures for past lifetime data were examined. Furthermore, the present study discusses the relationship between the proposed ordering scheme and the distance interval between LW and KL measures under certain conditions.

Field of study: Mathematics
Composite fermion picture for multi-component plasmas in 2D electron–hole systems in a strong magnetic field

Low-lying states of a 2D electron–hole system contain electrons and one or more types of charged excitonic complexes. Binding energies and angular momenta of these excitonic ions, and the pseudopotentials describing their interactions with electrons and with one another are obtained from numerical studies of small systems. Incompressible fluid ground states of such multi-component plasmas are found in exact numerical diagonalizations. A generalized composite fermion (CF) picture involving Chern–Simons charges and fluxes of different types is proposed and shown to predict the low-lying states at any value of the magnetic field.

Field of study: Physics
Kinetics of arsenic segregation at grain boundaries in polycrystalline silicon

By comparison between chemically and electrically active As concentrations in polycrystalline silicon thin films with a well-stabilized grain size, the equilibrium segregation coefficient relating the grain boundary and the Si grain is experimentally obtained in the 750 - C temperature range. Moreover, by using isothermal short anneals, it has been possible to study the kinetics of the segregation phenomena. It is found that the time constant corresponding to the achievement of the equilibrium state strongly depends on the annealing temperature. The kinetics coefficients controlling the rates of exchange between the grains and the grain boundaries have been extracted on the basis of a simple kinetics model. The technological relevance of these results for the doping control of the polycrystalline silicon layers is pointed out.

Field of study: Materials science
Granulomatous interstitial nephritis causing acute renal failure: a rare presenting feature of sarcoidosis.

A 56-year-old Caucasian woman presented to a peripheral hospital with 8 months history of abdominal discomfort, nausea, night sweats and lethargy. She had lost 10 kg weight and had recovered from an episode of painless bilateral cheek swelling ∼2 months prior to presentation. There was no history of rash, red eyes, dry mouth, joint pains, cough, breathlessness or chest pain. Her only medication at presentation was omeprazole.

On admission, she was dehydrated, and had pain and tenderness in the right hypochondrium of the abdomen. Vital signs and physical examination were otherwise normal. Initial blood tests were as follows: creatinine 266 μmol/l, urea 12.3 mmol/l, albumin 49 g/l, corrected calcium 2.61 mmol/l, C-reactive protein 7 mg/l, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) 11 mm/h, haemoglobin 15.1 g/dl and white blood cell count 5.4 × 109/l. Liver function tests and urine microscopy examination were normal. Twenty-four hour urine protein excretion was 0.24 g. Chest X-ray was interpreted as normal by the admitting team. Renal tract ultrasound scan showed normal appearance of kidneys and urinary bladder. Despite rehydration therapy, serum creatinine rose to 411 μmol/l and she was transferred to our centre. Anti-nuclear antibodies, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, complement C3 and C4 levels and myeloma screen were normal or negative. A further review of the initial chest X-ray suggested bilateral hilar enlargement, and …

Field of study: Medicine
Study on the productive technology for green tea of Passion fruit

Studies have been undertaken on the processing and formulation of green tea.The optimal added quantity of Passion fruit juice is 0.2%.The results indicate that the optimal sock tea conditions are tem-perature 80 ℃,time 60 min and ratio of tea and water is 1 ∶65.The parameter of protcecting tea color are pH3.5~4.0 and 0.05% Vc.The conditions that prevent tea subside are 0.02% β-CD,1.5% honey and 0.02% CMC.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Tuning of the emission frequency of waveguide CO2 lasers with radiofrequency excitation of the active medium

The results are reported of an investigation of the characteristics of the radiation emitted by cw waveguide CO2 lasers utilizing radiofrequency (rf) excitation, without circulation of the gas mixture. The possibility is discussed of increasing the tuning frequency range of such lasers by changing to a waveguide of rectangular cross section. Continuous tuning of the emission frequency of a laser was achieved over a range of 800 MHz using a pump frequency of 125 MHz and an rf generator power of 50 W. In the case of a nonselective resonator, an output power of more than 4 W was obtained and the efficiency was 7.5%.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Judgment Analysis for Assessing Doctoral Admission Policies

This study proposed to determine the policy of a single university department concerning admissions to the doctoral program. A Q-sort technique was used with several attributes of each graduate listed on an index card. The twelve members of the graduate faculty rated each graduate by placing a profile into one of seven piles. The number in each pile was fixed. Each rater’s policy was captured by using multiple linear regression. With the use of the Judgment Analysis technique (JAN), the raters were placed into appropriate clusters, and it was found that at least two separate judgment systems were present.

Field of study: Education
Institutionalist Labor Market Theory and the Veblenian Dichotomy

The neoclassical approach to these twin concerns was forged by Alfred Marshall and subsequently refined by A. C. Pigou and J. R. Hicks. According to neoclassical theory, the operation of labor markets is simply derivative of general equilibrium theory. The labor market is portrayed as a price-auction mechanism or "bourse" wherein atomistic workers offer their services to competitive employers in return for a wage. The demand for labor reflects the labor input's marginal product, the relative prices between factor inputs and, most importantly, the

Field of study: Economics
Correlation of the Health Sciences Reasoning Test With Student Admission Variables

To assess the association between scores on the Health Sciences Reasoning Test (HSRT) and pharmacy student admission variables.  During the student admissions process, cognitive data, including undergraduate grade point average and Pharmacy College Admission Test (PCAT) scores, were collected from matriculating doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) students. Between 2007 and 2009, the HSRT was administered to 329 first-year PharmD students. Correlations between HSRT scores and cognitive data, previous degree, and gender were examined.  After controlling for other predictors, 3 variables were significantly associated with HSRT scores: percentile rank on the reading comprehension (p<0.001), verbal (p<0.001), and quantitative (p<0.001) subsections of the PCAT.  Scores on the reading comprehension, verbal, and quantitative sections of the PCAT were significantly associated with HSRT scores. Some elements of critical thinking may be measured by these PCAT subsections. However, the HSRT offers information absent in standard cognitive admission criteria.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Effect of Sample Elevation in Radio Frequency Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (RF PECVD) Reactor on Optical Properties and Deposition Rate of Silicon Nitride Thin Films

In this paper we investigate influence of radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (RF PECVD) process parameters, which include gas flows, pressure and temperature, as well as a way of sample placement in the reactor, on optical properties and deposition rate of silicon nitride (SiNx) thin films. The influence of the process parameters has been determined using Taguchi’s orthogonal tables approach. As a result of elevating samples above the electrode, it has been found that deposition rate strongly increases with distance between sample and the stage electrode, and reaches its maximum 7 mm above the electrode. Moreover, the refractive index of the films follows increase of the thickness. The effect can be observed when the thickness of the film is below 80 nm. It has been also found that when the deposition temperature is reduced down to 200 °C, as required for many temperature-sensitive substrate materials, the influence of the substrate material (Si or oxidized Si) can be neglected from the point of view of the properties of the films. We believe that the obtained results may help in designing novel complex in shape devices, where optical properties and thickness of thin plasma-deposited coatings need to be well defined.

Field of study: Materials science
Neutron pick-up pion transfer reactions for the formation of deeply bound pionic atoms in 208Pb

We study (n, d) and (d, 3He) reactions on 208Pb leading to deeply bound pionic atoms with one neutron hole being left. We develop a theoretical model to calculate cross sections of deeply bound pionic atoms and quasi-elastic pion production. The results are compared with data which have been obtained so far. We show that the theoretical model describes the data of both reactions well.

Field of study: Physics
Controls on fossil pyritization: Redox conditions, sedimentary organic matter content, and Chuaria preservation in the Ediacaran Lantian Biota

Pyritization represents a major taphonomic pathway for exceptional preservation of soft tissues. Although various Ediacaran Lagerstatten contain pyritized fossils, the controls on this taphonomic pathway prior to the Precambrian-Phanerozoic transition have only recently received significant attention, and no studies have yet thoroughly investigated environmental conditions facilitating exceptional preservation via pyritization in the early Ediacaran. Here, we investigate the preservational environments of macroscopic fossil Chuaria in the early Ediacaran Lantian Formation of South China using petrographic, electron microscopic, and geochemical data. Chuaria occur as pervasively pyritized (spheroid-shaped) globose and non-pervasively pyritized (disk-shaped) subglobose fossils in different stratigraphic intervals. Although these different stratigraphic intervals are similar in terms of total sulfur (TS, ~ 5%), subglobose Chuaria shales have greater total organic carbon (TOC, ~ 7.9%) contents than globose Chuaria shales (~ 3.6%). Additionally, petrographic observations and TOC-TS cross-plots suggest that, whereas globose fossils were preserved under suboxic bottom waters, the subglobose fossils were preserved in euxinic bottom waters. Overall, these results affirm that pyritization in the Precambrian was generally favored in organic-poor, reactive iron-rich, sulfate-rich environments probably with slow sedimentation rates. When organics were scarce and reactive iron was abundant, bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR) created hydrogen sulfide and reactive iron concentration gradients around fossils, which kinetically and thermodynamically favored rapid and pervasive pyritization, as observed in globose Chuaria. Conversely, when organics were abundant and reactive iron/sulfate availabilities were limited by widespread BSR, fossils were relatively rapidly buried beneath the BSR metabolic zone of sediment, where they were principally preserved as aluminosilicified carbonaceous fossils that were compacted into subglobose forms. Thus, preservational variations among pyritized fossils in the Ediacaran may reflect differences in sedimentary organic matter content and/or bottom water redox chemistry.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
A Multicast Routing Algorithm for Datagram Service in Delta LEO Satellite Constellation Networks

Satellites can broadcast datagram over wide areas, therefore, the satellite network has congenital advantages to implement multicast service. LEO satellite has the property of efficient bandwidth usage, lower propagation delay and lower power consumption in the user terminals and satellites. Therefore, the constellation network composed by LEO satellites is an essential part of future satellite communication networks. In this paper, we propose a virtual center based multicast (VCMulticast) routing algorithm for LEO satellite constellation network. The algorithm uses the geographic center information of group users to route multicast datagrams, with less memory, computer power and signaling overhead. We evaluate the delay and performance of our algorithm by means of simulations in the OPENET simulator. The results indicate that the delay of the proposed multicast method exceeds the minimum propagation by at most 29.1% on the average, which is a quite acceptable achievement, considering the resource overhead reduction that can be introduced by our proposal

Field of study: Computer science
The consequences of atheoretical, task-driven experimentation: theoretical comment on Paban, Chambon, Jaffard, and Alescio-Lautier (2005).

V. Paban, C. Chambon, M. Jaffard, and B. Alescio-Lautier (2005) concluded that their evidence "demonstrates the independence of aging and cholinergic lesion effects" and stated that "this was quite unexpected" (p. 943). This commentary suggests that the authors' negative findings were predictable, resulting from a focus on behavioral tests and functions unrelated to present evidence and theory concerning the cognitive functions of forebrain cholinergic systems. The article by V. Paban et al. serves as a useful illustration for the importance of theory- and hypothesis-driven assessment of behavioral functions, and for the unproductive consequences of experiments treating behavioral tests as assays used merely for the generation of behavioral correlates.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Cloning and characterization of drought responsive partial gene sequence(s) from Oryza sativa L. subsp. Indica.

Differential display gels were run for the drought tolerant (N-22) and drought susceptible (Panidhan) genotypes of rice (Oryza sativa) to identify the genes showing differential expression with respect to moisture stress. Differential cDNA products were cloned in PCR-Trap vector and analyzed for differential expression by Northern hybridization. Two clones namely R4A and R7G were found to be associated with water deficit stress (WDS). Sequencing revealed an insert of 244 bp in the clone R4A. BLASTN and FASTA results showed that R4A had maximum homology with a full-length cDNA clone: 002-110-H10 and OSJNBa006109.12 protein. GO classification suggested that it had beta-glucosidase motif which had been implicated in ABA mobilization and thereby ABA dependent gene expression.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
A Goodness-of-Fit Test for the Gumbel Distribution Based on Kullback–Leibler Information

A goodness-of-fit test for the Gumbel distribution is proposed. This test is based on the Kullback–Leibler discrimination information methodology proposed by Song (2002). The critical values of the test were obtained by using Monte Carlo simulation for small sample sizes and different levels of significance. The proposed test is compared with the tests developed by Stephens (1977), Chandra et al. (1981), and the test given by Kinnison (1989) in terms of their power by considering various alternative distributions. Simulation results show that the Kullback–Leibler information test has higher power than some of the studied tests.

Field of study: Mathematics
Specificity of Ocimum basilicum geraniol synthase modified by its expression in different heterologous systems.

Numerous aromatic plant species produce high levels of monoterpenols, using geranyl diphosphate (GPP) as a precursor. Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) geraniol synthase (GES) was used to evaluate the monoterpenol profiles arising from heterologous expressions in various plant models. Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) calli were transformed using Agrobacterium tumefasciens and the plants were regenerated. Thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) was transformed using the floral dip method. Tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) leaves were agro-infiltrated for transient expression. Although, as expected, geraniol was the main product detected in the leaves, different minor products were observed in these plants (V. vinifera: citronellol and nerol; N. benthamiana: linalool and nerol; A. thaliana: none). O. basilicum GES expression was also carried out with microbial system yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and Escherichia coli. These results suggest that the functional properties of a monoterpenol synthase depend not only on the enzyme's amino-acidic sequence, but also on the cellular background. They also suggest that some plant species or microbial expression systems could induce the simultaneous formation of several carbocations, and could thus have a natural tendency to produce a wider spectrum of monoterpenols.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Metronidazole effects on microbiota and mucus layer thickness in the rat gut.

Both mucus and mucosa-associated bacteria form a specific environment in the gut; their disruption may play a crucial role in the development of intestinal bowel disease (IBD). Metronidazole, an antibiotic used in the treatment of IBD, alters gut microbiota and reduces basal oxidative stress to proteins in colonic tissue of healthy rats. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the altered microbiota due to the metronidazole on the thickness of the mucus layer. This study was performed in healthy untreated rats (control group) or rats treated by metronidazole (metronidazole-treated rats, 1 mg mL(-1) in drinking water for 7 days). Both PCR-temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis and quantitative PCR (qPCR) revealed an altered microbiota with an increase in bifidobacteria and enterobacteria in metronidazole-treated rats compared with control rats. Moreover, a dominant bifidobacterial species, Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, was detected. Using qPCR and FISH, we showed that bifidobacteria were also increased in the microbiota-associated mucosa. At the same time, the mucus layer thickness was increased approximately twofold. These results could explain the benefits of metronidazole treatment and warrant further investigations to define the role of bifidobacteria in the colonic mucosa.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Displacement of relict zircons during growth of feldspathic porphyroblasts

Relict zircon crystals are almost invariably present in feldspathic-porphyroblastic schist and gneiss. Rounded sedimentary zircons acquire overgrowths and begin to refacet in higher-grade metamorphic events; however, new euhedral zircons composed of reconstituted material from dissolved residual crystals are thought not to form within or below the amphibolite-granulite transitional facies. Lead-loss and other alteration effects do not destroy or remove traces of the original zircon grains. Zircon distribution within even-grained igneous rock is essentially random, and clastic sedimentary rocks have grains concentrated as heavy minerals in lenses or sheets related to bedding. Variations in these patterns of distribution are found in porphyroblastic schists and gneisses, and they suggest that relict zircons have been physically displaced outward during the growth of feldspathic porphyroblasts. Zircons in all rocks examined increase in concentration within the wrapped-around biotite-rich shells enclosing feldspathic augen and porphyroblasts. At the same time, data show that relict zircons have been systematically removed from the region of porphyroblast growth. Explanations suggesting compaction of matrix and (or) replacement coupled with ionic migration appear inadequate to fully describe the growth of these porphyroblasts and the creation of their wrapped-around shells. Physical displacement due to “force of crystallization” is suggested as a required mechanism during the formation of these porphyroblasts.

Field of study: Geology
Lemna minor membranes affected by adjuvants.

The perturbant effects of four Triton adjuvants, namely Triton X-15, X-35, X-100, and X-114 (alkyl aryl polyether alcohols), on some of the biochemical determinants of membrane integrity were determined under laboratory conditions. Two of these, Triton X-100 and X-114, are currently being assessed as emulsifiers for use in fenitrothion insecticidal formulations. Lemna minor L. plants were exposed to 40 microM (10-25 microg ml(-1) in 965 microg mg(-1) Dowanol (tripropylene glycol methyl ether) carrier solvent) adjuvant for a treatment time period of two weeks. A decrease in the contents of the total phospholipids and a concomitant increase in the contents of the galactolipids were found. No change was observed in the total lipid content. An unsaturation occurred in the fatty acids of the total lipids, phospholipids, and monogalactosyl diacylglycerides. This accounted for a significant decrease in palmitic and stearic acids and a concomitant increase in oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids when these are compared with the fatty acids in the nontreated control sets. The fatty-acid profile of the digalactosyl diacylglycerides, however, differed only slightly from controls. Membrane-fatty-acid unsaturation suggests the possibility of a desaturase enzyme's being induced by these adjuvants.

Field of study: Environmental science
Anodic Cyclization: A Protocol for the Green Synthesis of 2,5-Disubstituted 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles

An efficient and simple one-pot synthesis of chemically and pharmaceutically interesting 2,5-di-substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazoles is reported. The protocol involves anodic oxidation of N′-aroyl-hydrazones of aromatic aldehydes using LiClO4 as supporting electrolyte in MeCN solution under controlled potential at room temperature. The products were characterized by spectroscopic methods, and the mechanism was deduced from voltammetry studies. The mild reaction conditions, short reaction time, and excellent yields are notable advantages of the developed protocol.

Field of study: Chemistry