nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Socio-cultural dimensions of renal transplants in Japan.

One of the most vigorous developments in the recent years in the social sciences is seen in the domain of illness, health and health care systems. It has provided a meaningful interface between the health sciences and the social sciences. While the field is represented by a variety of approaches epistemologically, methodologically and theoretically, we have become increasingly aware of the socio-cultural dimensions of our health-related concepts and behavior. We no longer assume that even biomedicine is an objective ‘science’. Not only is its theoretical foundations not free of the structure of consciousness of the Western intellectual tradition, in which it has been developed, but its delivery is strongly influenced by a culture in which it is practiced [l]. The paper by Ohi et al. , entitled “Why are cadaveric renal transplants so hard to find in Japan? An analysis of economic and attitudinal aspects” is one such attempt. The paper provides us with a dramatic example of how the rational economic model has little room in Japan. While the information presented in the paper is fascinating, the causal factors chosen by the authors the decision making pattern in Japanese society and a residual effect of a dubious heart transplantation case in 1%8 seem misdirected and overly simplified. I also find objectionable the value judgement about the Japanese attitude (“Cadaveric kidneys may not be available in substantial numbers until this negativistic hypersensitivity is brought under control”, p. 270). In this brief commentary, I first offer a critique of these two causal factors proposed by the authors, and then suggest alternative ways for understanding the phenomenon of the Japanese reluctance for cadaveric renal transplants. The authors point to the “custom of the Japanese making decisions by consensus” (p. 269), in contrast to the “ ‘divided’ majority” underlying the decision mak-

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Typology of after-hours care instructions for patients: telephone survey and multivariate analysis.

To develop a typology of after-hours care (AHC) instructions and to examine physician and practice characteristics associated with each type of instruction.



Cross-sectional telephone survey. Physicians' offices were called during evenings and weekends to listen to their messages regarding AHC. All messages were categorized. Thematic analysis of a subset of messages was conducted to develop a typology of AHC instructions. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify associations between physician and practice characteristics and the instructions left for patients.



Family practices in the greater Toronto area.



Stratified random sample of family physicians providing office-based primary care.



Form of response (eg, answering machine), content of message, and physician and practice characteristics.



Of 514 after-hours messages from family physicians' offices, 421 were obtained from answering machines, 58 were obtained from answering services, 23 had no answer, 2 gave pager numbers, and 10 had other responses. Message content ranged from no AHC instructions to detailed advice; 54% of messages provided a single instruction, and the rest provided a combination of instructions. Content analysis identified 815 discrete instructions or types of response that were classified into 7 categories: 302 instructed patients to go to an emergency department; 122 provided direct contact with a physician; 115 told patients to go to a clinic; 94 left no directions; 76 suggested calling a housecall service; 45 suggested calling Telehealth; and 61 suggested other things. About 22% of messages only advised attending an emergency department, and 18% gave no advice at all. Physicians who were female, had Canadian certification in family medicine, held hospital privileges, or had attended a Canadian medical school were more likely to be directly available to their patients.



Important issues identified included the recommendation to use an emergency department as the sole source of AHC, practices providing no specific AHC instructions to their patients, and physicians' lack of acceptance of Telehealth. To improve AHC, new initiatives should build upon the existing system, changes should be integrated, and there should be a range of AHC options for patients and physicians.

Field of study: Medicine
Charles Godfrey Leland and Vanity Fair

V anity Fair at one time created a considerable stir. It was, in a sense, a pioneering venture. Launched in 1852, The J^anterny the first comic periodical in America, had lasted only about a year. Although Vanity Fair emerged at a crucial period in the history of the nation, when the prospect of great financial support seemed slim, it met with a fair measure of success. Contrary to expectations, the times were ripe for the development of a humorous magazine that provided live, topical, substantial fare. Vanity Fair followed more or less in the footsteps of The J£jmtern> but it dealt more frequently and more discerningly with political and social matters of importance and it attracted a larger number of talented writers. Coming as it did during a period of intense social and political excitement, it was forced to touch often on the leading issues of the day if it wished to command attention and increase its circulation. The weapon it wielded, that of satire in the form of verse, biting puns and epigrams, bold caricature, brilliant essays, was in many ways more potent than either impassioned editorials or sober argument. By making men laugh, by applying the acid of satire or ridicule to many of the problems that then engaged the distracted and later war-torn nation, it succeeded in producing a deep impression where appeals to logic might have failed. It set men free temporarily from pressing responsibilities \ it enabled them to laugh heartily at themselves and their opponents, at the rant of politicians, the hypocrisy of statesmen, the absurdities of editors and public figures. Vanity Fair was literary without making any pretensions to high literary excellence. In a time of seething unrest, of fratricidal hatred and unloosed political passions, the tone of Vanity Fair—witty, ironic, irreverent— was a salutary and stimulating influence. Vanity Fair was popular in its day precisely because it was clever, caustic, outspoken. Because it did so under the guise of humor, it could satirize politics and eminent politicians without arousing too great resentment. It was an odd hodge-podge of gossip, mental froth, extravagant conceits, journalistic jokes, personal innuendos and

Field of study: History
Quasi-Minimax Estimation in the Linear Model with Measurement Errors

In this article, we consider quasi-minimax estimation in the linear regression model where some covariates are measured with additive errors. When measurement errors are directly ignored the minimax risk of the resulting estimator can be large. By correcting the attenuation we propose a penalized quadratic risk function. A simulation study is conducted to illustrate the performance of the proposed estimators.

Field of study: Mathematics
Flavour Hund's Coupling, Correlated Chern Gaps, and Diffusivity in Moir\'e Flat Bands

Interaction-driven spontaneous symmetry breaking lies at the heart of many quantum phases of matter. In moire systems, broken spin/valley 'flavour' symmetry in flat bands underlies the parent state out of which ultimately correlated and topological ground states emerge. However, the microscopic mechanism of such flavour symmetry breaking and its connection to the low-temperature many-body phases remain to be understood. Here, we investigate the symmetry-broken many-body ground state of magic angle twisted bilayer graphene (MATBG) and its nontrivial topology using simultaneous thermodynamic and transport measurements. We directly observe flavour symmetry breaking as a pinning of the chemical potential $\mu$ at all integer fillings of the moire superlattice, highlighting the importance of flavour Hund's coupling in the many-body ground state. The topological nature of the underlying flat bands is manifested upon breaking time-reversal symmetry, where we measure energy gaps corresponding to Chern insulator states with Chern numbers $C=3,2,1$ at filling factors $\nu=1,2,3$, respectively, consistent with flavour symmetry breaking in the Hofstadter's butterfly spectrum of MATBG. Moreover, our concurrent measurements of resistivity and chemical potential allow us to obtain the temperature dependence of the charge diffusivity of MATBG in the strange metal regime, a quantity previously explored only in ultracold atom systems. Our results bring us one step closer to a unified framework for understanding interactions in the topological bands of MATBG, both in the presence and absence of a magnetic field.

Field of study: Physics
Counteracting free riding in Peer-to-Peer networks

The existence of a high degree of free riding is a serious threat to Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks. In this paper, we propose a distributed framework to reduce the adverse effects of free riding on P2P networks. Our solution primarily focuses on locating free riders and taking actions against them. We propose a framework in which each peer monitors its neighbors, decides if they are free riders, and takes appropriate actions. Unlike other proposals against free riding, our framework does not require any permanent identification of peers or security infrastructures for maintaining a global reputation system. Our simulation results show that the framework can reduce the effects of free riding and can therefore increase the performance of a P2P network.

Field of study: Computer science
Stem cell biology and its therapeutic applications in the setting of spinal cord injury

✓ Despite advances in medical and surgical care, the current clinical therapies for spinal cord injury (SCI) are largely ineffective. During the last 2 decades, the search for new therapies has been revolutionized by the discovery of stem cells, which has inspired scientists and clinicians to search for a stem cell–based reparative approaches to many diseases, including neurotrauma. In the present study, the authors briefly summarize current knowledge related to the pathophysiology of SCI, including the concepts of primary and secondary injury and the importance of posttraumatic demyelination. Key inhibitory obstacles that impede axonal regeneration include the glial scar and a number of myelin inhibitory molecules including Nogo. Recent advancements in cell replacement therapy as a therapeutic strategy for SCI are summarized. The strategies include the use of pluripotent human stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and a number of adult-derived stem and progenitor cells such as mesenchymal stem cells, Schwann...

Field of study: Medicine
Present-day Galactic Evolution: Low-metallicity, Warm, Ionized Gas Inflow Associated with High-velocity Cloud Complex A

The high-velocity cloud Complex A is a probe of the physical conditions in the Galactic halo. The kinematics, morphology, distance, and metallicity of Complex A indicate that it represents new material that is accreting onto the Galaxy. We present Wisconsin Hα Mapper kinematically resolved observations of Complex A over the velocity range of –250 to –50 km s–1 in the local standard of rest reference frame. These observations include the first full Hα intensity map of Complex A across to (171°, 53°) and deep targeted observations in Hα, [S II] λ6716, [N II] λ6584, and [O I] λ6300 toward regions with high H I column densities, background quasars, and stars. The Hα data imply that the masses of neutral and ionized material in the cloud are similar, both being greater than 106 M ☉. We find that the Bland-Hawthorn & Maloney model for the intensity of the ionizing radiation near the Milky Way is consistent with the known distance of the high-latitude part of Complex A and an assumed cloud geometry that puts the lower-latitude parts of the cloud at a distance of 7-8 kpc. This compatibility implies a 5% ionizing photon escape fraction from the Galactic disk. We also provide the nitrogen and sulfur upper abundance solutions for a series of temperatures, metallicities, and cloud configurations for purely photoionized gas; these solutions are consistent with the sub-solar abundances found by previous studies, especially for temperatures above 104 K or for gas with a high fraction of singly ionized nitrogen and sulfur.

Field of study: Physics
Strategic Behaviour and the Rules for International Taxation of Capital

This paper examines the welfare of a capital exporting or source country and a capital importing or host country under tax credit and tax deduction systems for the international taxation of capital. Because the two tax systems may create quite different strategic incentives for the countries, the authors compare the equilibria in the tax-setting game played by the two countries under each system. They find that the tax credits system introduces an antitrade bias into the equilibrium, contrary to initial impressions, and that both capital exporting and capital importing countries will prefer the tax-deductions scheme to tax credits.

Field of study: Economics
Automated translation of JSD into CSP - a case study in methods integration

A software tool has been developed for translating the notation of the Jackson system development (JSD) method into the formalism of communicating sequential processes (CSP). The paper illustrates the translation using a small example and then introduces a systematic approach to automating the translation. The automation involves a formalized version of the JSD notation, called FJSD, and the definition of a translation function. The applicability and limitations of this approach to automated translation are considered in the wider context of methods integration.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Supercritical fluids-assisted micronization techniques. Low-impact routes for particle production

Micronized powders are of interest in many industrial fields; pharmaceuticals, catalysts, pigments, and biopolymers, for example, are some categories of products that can be used as micro-sized particles. Traditional techniques used to produce micronic powders are based on high-temperature reactions that require high energies, on jet milling that is characterized by low efficiencies and mechanical stress, and on liquid solvents precipitation that has a poor control on particle size and can pollute the product. Generally, the control of the powder size and the span of its distribution are still very approximate. In the last few years, several supercritical fluids-based techniques have been proposed for the production of micronic and nanometric particles. These processes try to take advantage of some specific properties of gases at supercritical conditions such as enhanced solubilization power and its modulation, large diffusivities, solventless or organic solvent reduced operation, and the connected possibility of controlling powder size and distribution. Techniques like the rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS), supercritical antisolvent precipitation (SAS), particle generation from gas-saturated solutions (PGSS), and new atomization processes have been critically reviewed in this work.

Field of study: Chemistry
X-ray scattering from semiconductors and other materials

in which f is the force per unit length at a point on a dislocation line, σ is the local stress field, b is the Burgers vector and ξ is the local line tangent direction, so the PK force is always perpendicular to the line itself. I would have liked to have seen more explanation of this equation in the Introduction, bearing in mind that σ is a second-rank tensor and the other entities are vectors; and that it is needed again in Chapter 10. I would have also liked to have seen more pictures of dislocation arrays (either electron micrographs or X-ray topographs) and some experimental results, against which the success of the computer simulations could have been judged. Although the final section (11.6) contrasts the PFM with the line DD technique, the book lacks a comprehensive conclusion. This could have summarized and compared the relative merits, computation times and applicability of all the simulation techniques employed. As is noted in Section 7.1, molecular dynamics simulations have an integration step of order one femtosecond (10−15 s), so the time horizon is unlikely to exceed one nanosecond (10−9 s). Dislocation behaviours of interest however occur on timescales of milliseconds (10−3 s) or longer. The authors have written fluently and scholarly; and they have supplied informative introductory paragraphs to each chapter and summaries of the main points at the end of each section. I did not find any typographical errors. Numerous acronyms are used, including those given above, such as CGR, CSD, DFT, EAM, EMT, FMM, kMC, MC, MEP, NEB, PBC, SA, SW, TAS, TB, TST. A list of all of these, with their definitions, would be a helpful reference for the reader. The meanings of some letters in equations are not clear: for example, the ‘fictitious parameter’ ζ (t) in the Nose–Hoover Thermostat (Section 4.4.2). There are many problems (of some difficulty) set for the reader/student, but there are no answers or solutions within the book. There are however helpful hints and useful links to computer programs and codes in the website. Bearing in mind that materials modelling is a recent and rapidly expanding research area, it would be good if the authors could be persuaded to include in the website the salient updates in the decade beyond the original publication date of 2006, ready for the next edition.

Field of study: Materials science
An Algebraic Translation of Cayley-Dickson Linear Systems and Its Applications to Online Learning

The m-dimensional Cayley-Dickson number system Am is a standard extension of real (m=1), complex (m=2), quaternion (m=22), octonion (m=23) and sedenion (m=24) etc. In this paper, we present a systematic algebraic translation of the Cayley-Dickson hypercomplex valued linear systems into a real vector valued linear model. This translation is designed by using jointly two new isomorphisms between real vector spaces and enables us to straightforwardly apply the well established schemes in real domain to problems for the hypercomplex linear model. We also clarify useful algebraic properties of the proposed translation. As an example of many potential algorithms through the proposed algebraic translation, we present Am-adaptive projected subgradient method ( Am-APSM) for Am valued adaptive system identification, and show that many hypercomplex adaptive filtering algorithms can be viewed as special cases of this algorithm. Moreover, we also apply the Am-APSM to nonlinear adaptive filtering by using the kernel trick. Numerical examples show that the effectiveness of the Am-APSM in many Cayley-Dickson valued linear system identification and nonlinear channel equalization problems.

Field of study: Engineering
Evelien Chayes .L’Éloquence des pierres précieuses: de Marbode de Rennes à Alard d'Amsterdam et Remy Belleau. Sur quelques lapidaires du XVIesiècle. Bibliothèque littéraire de la Renaissance 78. Paris: Honoré Champion Éditeur, 2010. 426 pp. index. illus. bibl. €75. ISBN: 978–2–7453–1965–4.


Field of study: History
Antioxidant activities of fractions from longan pericarps

The antioxidant activities of ethanolic crude extract (LPCE) and its four different solvent sub-fractions (namely, diethyl ether fraction (LPDF), ethyl acetate fraction (LPEF), n-butyl alcohol fraction (LPBF) and residue fraction (LPR)) from longan pericarps were investigated employing various systems including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)/ 2,2'-amino-di(2-ethyl-benzothiazoline sulphonic acid-6)ammonium salt (ABTS)/hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content and reducing power. Each extract showed concentration-dependent antioxidant activity. LPEF showed the highest scavenging activity against DPPH, ABTS and hydroxyl radicals with EC50 values of 0.506, 0.228 and 4.489 mg/mL, respectively. LPEF showed the highest reducing power with EC50 values of 0.253 mg/mL. The next was LPDF with EC50 values of 0.260 mg/mL. LPEF possessed the highest total phenolic content (230.816 mg/g, expressed as gallic acid equivalents), followed by LPDF, LPBF, LPCE and LPR. The results suggested that longan pericarp fractions possessed significant antioxidant activities and could be a promising source of natural antioxidant.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A different approach to the analysis of data in life-tests of laser diodes

A different reading of the available I–V curves is proposed for laser diodes whose characteristics display some degradation. In particular, the usual monitoring of the optical power P and of the threshold current Ith is complemented by the inspection of two more parameters, which separately or jointly contribute to the general variation of Ith. These two parameters are related to the simplest laser model, made of an ideal diode that is voltage-clamped under operating conditions, and are completely defined by those same standard measurements that lead to evaluate Ith. A different definition of the failure modes, and a deeper insight in the possible failure mechanisms are derived. Combined voltage and optical power monitoring during constant-current life-tests is also proposed as a more discriminating measurement than usually considered.

Field of study: Engineering
Interference effects in the UV(VUV)-excited luminescence spectroscopy of thin dielectric films.

The problem of exciting UV and VUV light interference affecting experimental photoluminescence excitation spectra is analysed for the case of thin transparent films containing arbitrarily distributed emission centres. A numerical technique and supplied software aimed at modelling the phenomenon and correcting the distorted spectra are proposed. Successful restoration results of the experimental synchrotron data for ion-implanted silica films show that the suggested method has high potential.

Field of study: Physics
Clinical Psychology in India

Psychology in India has seen steady development since its inception in the early 1900s. With clinical psychology developing as an independent profession, clinical psychologists have been functioning in various roles, offering a wide range of services in consultation, training, research, and private practice on multidisciplinary teams as well as in independent practice. This paper focuses on the historical roots of clinical psychology in India and highlights the role of clinical psychologists in the general mental health care and the contributions made by the profession in a wide range of public and private health care settings. Ancient Indian systems of Medicine, mental health care and psychotherapy in India, and training-related and organizational issues are discussed. This paper reflects on the growth and development of clinical psychology that has occurred in India in spite of current difficulties and the challenges that lie ahead.

Field of study: Psychology