nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Getting to Know the Unknown Soldier: Official Nationalism in Liberal Costa Rica, 1880–1900

On 28 February I885 Guatemala's Liberal dictator, Justo Rufino Barrios, declared the Union of Central America, and made it plain that this would be achieved through force of arms if the four other Central American Republics did not consent to his decree. On 5 and 6 March, as Costa Rica's Liberal state began to plan a popular mobilisation against the Guatemalan threat, an article appeared in the pages of El Diario de Costa Rica, written by a resident Honduran man of letters, Alvaro Contreras. It was called 'Un heroe an6mino'. Curiously, though, this hero is not anonymous at all. The article soon reveals that his name is Juan Santamaria, a humble footsoldier who, during the Battle of Rivas in 1856, had volunteered to burn down the Mesdn de Guerra from where William Walker's filibusters

Field of study: Political science
Cloning, purification and crystallization of full-length human annexin 2.

Annexin 2, a Ca(2+)/phospholipid-binding protein, is involved in many biological processes, including membrane aggregation and the modulation of fibrinolytic activity. Here, the expression and purification of recombinant full-length human annexin 2 is reported, as well as crystals obtained by sitting-drop and hanging-drop vapor diffusion at 277 K. A condition consisting of 18% PEG 8000, 0.1 M sodium cacodylate pH 6.5, 0.2 M calcium acetate yielded long needles that diffracted to 3.20 A. Another condition, consisting of 2.5 M NaCl, 0.1 M acetate pH 4.5, 0.2 M Li(2)SO(4), gave crystals with unit-cell parameters a = 48.36, b = 62.86, c = 119.11 A that diffracted to 1.52 A. Both crystals belong to the orthorhombic P2(1)2(1)2(1) space group. The high-resolution 1.52 A data set was collected at ALS beamline 5.0.2 and is 93.0% complete, with an R(sym) of 4.5%. The structure of full-length annexin 2 will provide insight into how its N-terminal domain contributes to its functional role in a variety of biological processes.

Field of study: Chemistry
Spectroscopic and theoretical study of the 1,2,3-Triazole-4,5-dicarbonitrile anion and its lithium ion pairs

The lithium cation coordination to the 1,2,3-Triazole-4,5-dicarbonitrile (TADC) anion was studied using Raman spectroscopy and ab initio SCF-MO Hartree-Fock (HF) calculations. Three stable 1:1 ion pair complex geometries were found, one transition state (TS) and two local minima, all of which having comparable lithium binding energies. The binding energies were further evaluated using single point calculations with larger basis sets and electron correlation: HF/6-311+G*//HF/6-31G* and LMP2/6-31G*//HF/6-31G*. By comparing theoretical spectra with both polarised and depolarised Raman spectra of the pure lithium salt of TADC and salt solutions, a preference for bi-dentate lithium ion coordination to the nitrogen atoms in the planar five-member ring was revealed. Finally, comparisons with other previously calculated coordination strengths for lithium ion–anion 1:1 systems were made.

Field of study: Materials science
Comparaison between Coulomb and Hulth\`en potentials within Bohr Hamiltonian for $\gamma$-rigid nuclei in the presence of minimal length

In this work we solve the Schr\"odinger equation for Bohr Hamiltonian with Coulomb and Hulth\'en potentials within the formalism of minimal length in order to obtain analytical expressions for the energy eigenvalues and eigenfunctions by means of asymptotic iteration method. The obtained formulas of the energy spectrum and wave functions, are used to calculate excitation energies and transition rates of $\gamma$-rigid nuclei and compared with the experimental data at the shape phase critical point X(3) in nuclei.

Field of study: Physics
Study of the correlation of charge separation of the chiral magnetic effect in Relativistic Heavy-ion Collisions

It was pointed out that the chiral magnetic effect is a process of charge separation with respect to the reaction plane. There is one kind of phenomenon of gauge field configurations with nonzero topological charge, which can be a sphaleron in the QCD vacuum. At high temperatures, one expects that the sphaleron process is a dominant process. It is believed that a very strong magnetic field can be produced in relativistic heavy-ion collisions, and it is crucial for charge separation. We calculate the chiral separation effects during RHIC and LHC energy regions by studying the detailed chiral charge separation dependencies on the centralities, collision energies and nuclear screening effects in the paper. The response of QGP medium to magnetic field is introduced in the discussion, which help us to study the features of chiral magnetic field and QGP in relativistic heavy-ion collisions.

Field of study: Physics
Research of University Building’s Electrical Energy Consumption Management Based on IoT & AI

Energy is an important factor in socio-economic development. The level of energy reserves is closely related to the national development, and has a great impact on the national economic development. However, many buildings in university/college, the management of electrical equipment, e.g., lighting and air conditioning is still under the control of students in manual way. According to the published data combined with the often seen phenomenon, the wastage of electrical energy in university/college is serious; and it has become a hot issue. This paper provides a solution to the above challenges in an automatic way through a combined application of technologies like Internet of things, AI, sensors, intelligent control devices and wireless communication technologies. It organized in four sections; the second is a comprehensive literature review after a brief introduction; the third section provides a case of Building Electrical Energy Consumption (BEEC) management and then presents a recommended solution; the future development trend and future work is given in the final part

Field of study: Engineering
Gas-phase formaldehyde adsorption isotherm studies on activated carbon: correlations of adsorption capacity to surface functional group density.

Formaldehyde (HCHO) adsorption isotherms were developed for the first time on three activated carbons representing one activated carbon fiber (ACF) cloth, one all-purpose granular activated carbon (GAC), and one GAC commercially promoted for gas-phase HCHO removal. The three activated carbons were evaluated for HCHO removal in the low-ppm(v) range and for water vapor adsorption from relative pressures of 0.1-0.9 at 26 °C where, according to the IUPAC isotherm classification system, the adsorption isotherms observed exhibited Type V behavior. A Type V adsorption isotherm model recently proposed by Qi and LeVan (Q-L) was selected to model the observed adsorption behavior because it reduces to a finite, nonzero limit at low partial pressures and it describes the entire range of adsorption considered in this study. The Q-L model was applied to a polar organic adsorbate to fit HCHO adsorption isotherms for the three activated carbons. The physical and chemical characteristics of the activated carbon surfaces were characterized using nitrogen adsorption isotherms, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Boehm titrations. At low concentrations, HCHO adsorption capacity was most strongly related to the density of basic surface functional groups (SFGs), while water vapor adsorption was most strongly influenced by the density of acidic SFGs.

Field of study: Environmental science
Year-round acoustic patterns of dolphins and interaction with anthropogenic activities in the Sicily Strait, central Mediterranean Sea

Understanding spatio-temporal patterns of top predators can be crucial for evaluating key habitats, assessing the effects of anthropogenic activity and consequently applying suitable management policies. Here, we characterized dolphins acoustic occurrence and interactions with boat presence and noise in the waters of the Sicily Strait. A hydrophone was deployed on an elastic beacon three miles off the coast of south-west Sicily, and recorded continuously for 14 months, from January 2015. Results revealed that packed and train clicks types were the most detected signals, suggesting that animals were especially involved in feeding activity. A regular year-round acoustic presence was recorded, with seasonal variability. Two peaks were detected during the year in August and November, cuncurrently with a possible increase in fish biomass in the area. An abrupt decrease in click detection rate in September coincides with the biological shutdown in 2015 and the shift of fishing vessels offshore, suggesting a possible movement of dolphins following trawlers. Furthermore, dolphins vocalized more during the night-time, probably carrying out movements to and from the coast. Results indicated that dolphins interact with trawlers during mid-morning when an intermediate level of activity was collected, but click detection rate decreased with increasing noise levels at one-third octave bands centered at 250 Hz. Outcomes can help inform conservation efforts and the development of monitoring programmes focused on environmental impact assessments under the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive.

Field of study: Environmental science
On the Enlightenments from the Carffdin Canyon Idea of Marxism to Develop Private Economy in China

From the peculiarities of rural community in Russian ,Marx put forward the idea that a backward country on the economy and culture can leap over the Carffdin Canyon of capitalism .Not only does it reflect at the social system ,but also at the economic base. At present,it's an important way of leaping over the Carffdin Canyon for us to develop privately owned economy unshakably .Because the privately owned economy owns double characteristics,it's possible for us to leap over the Carffdin Canyon by developing privately owned economy .

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Measuring Animal Age with DNA Methylation: From Humans to Wild Animals

DNA methylation (DNAm) is a key mechanism for regulating gene expression in animals and levels are known to change with age. Recent studies have used DNAm changes as a biomarker to estimate chronological age in humans and these techniques are now also being applied to domestic and wild animals. Animal age is widely used to track ongoing changes in ecosystems, however chronological age information is often unavailable for wild animals. An ability to estimate age would lead to improved monitoring of (i) population trends and status and (ii) demographic properties such as age structure and reproductive performance. Recent studies have revealed new examples of DNAm age association in several new species increasing the potential for developing DNAm age biomarkers for a broad range of wild animals. Emerging technologies for measuring DNAm will also enhance our ability to study age-related DNAm changes and to develop new molecular age biomarkers.

Field of study: Biology
Preparation and optical characterization of nanocomposites with semiconductor colloidal quantum dots

A simple and effective technique for depositing thin films of semiconductor colloidal quantum dots (QD) on glass substrates is developed. Samples with CdSe/CdS/ZnS quantum dots are fabricated and investigated via luminescence microspectroscopy. Four-wave mixing signals are recorded at room temperature in a solution and in a thin film of quantum dots.

Field of study: Physics
Descriptive norms but not harm reduction strategies as a mediator of personalized boosters after a computerized college drinking intervention.

Computer-delivered programs to reduce college drinking have strong appeal but are sometimes less efficacious than their in-person counterparts. Boosters may be an ideal way to strengthen and extend the effects of computerized interventions while maintaining low cost and easy dissemination. However, little is known about how they work. Consequently, the current study aimed to explore descriptive perceived drinking norms and use of protective behavioral strategies (PBS) as potential mediators of booster effects. We also examined norms and PBS as mediators of the main intervention. The present study was a follow-up analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial (Braitman & Lau-Barraco, 2018) testing the efficacy of emailed boosters containing personalized feedback after a computerized alcohol intervention.



Participants were 537 (67.4% women) emerging adult college drinkers (M age = 19.65, SD = 1.67). They were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: general health education, alcohol intervention only, or alcohol intervention plus booster email. Participants completed assessments at baseline and follow-ups through 9 months.



Descriptive norms was a mediator of booster efficacy where receiving the booster yielded stronger reductions in alcohol use through reduced concurrent norms; however, fully longitudinal models did not reach significance. There was also an indirect effect for the intervention where those who received the intervention experienced an increase in drinking through increased concurrent norms. However, a stronger direct effect was found where those who received the intervention experienced a stronger decrease in drinking after controlling for norms. There was not support for PBS as a mediator of booster or intervention efficacy.



The present study was the first, to our knowledge, to demonstrate a potential mechanism of change in booster interventions. A simple, succinct reminder via email lead to reductions in perceptions of how much peers drink and this led to reductions in alcohol consumption. Our findings support the promise of utilizing brief and easily implemented targeted messaging to enhance the potency of computerized interventions for college drinkers.

Field of study: Medicine
Cross-layer QoS Routing Algorithm for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks

This paper presents a cross-layer QoS dynamic codeword routing (CLQDCR) algorithm for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks. It combines the advantages of AODV(Ad-hoc Distance Vector) and DCR(Dynamic Codeword Routing). Basing on the principle of cross-layer,the protocol adapt delay,interference and energy as QoS metrics,and provide Differentiated Services for Real time Multimedia streams and delay-tolerant Data. By presenting and analyzing simulation results,the CLQDCR is shown to result in good performance of end-to-end delay and payload balancing.

Field of study: Computer science
Cholesterol biosynthesis and the pro-apoptotic effects of the p75 nerve growth factor receptor in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells.

Neocarzinostatin (NCS), an enediyne antimitotic agent, induces cell death in both p75NTR neurotrophin receptor (NTR)-positive and p75NTR-negative PC12 cells in a concentration-dependent fashion. However, p75NTR-positive cells demonstrate a higher susceptibility to NCS-induced cell damage. Furthermore, treatment of p75NTR-positive cells with the p75NTR-specific ligand, MC192, resulted in apoptosis, while treatment of these cells with the TrkA-specific ligand, NGF-mAbNGF30, protected them from NCS-induced death, implying that both the naked and liganded p75NTR receptors have a pro-apoptotic effect on PC12 cells. Microarray studies aimed at examining differential gene expression between p75NTR-positive and p75NTR-negative cells suggested that enzymes of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway are differentially expressed. We therefore tested the hypothesis that altered cholesterol biosynthesis contributes directly to the pro-apoptotic effects of p75NTR in this PC12 cell-NCS model. Subsequent Northern blotting studies confirmed that the expression of p75NTR is associated with the upregulation of cholesterol biosynthetic enzymes including 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMG CoA reductase), farnesyl-diphosphate synthase, and 7-dehydro-cholesterol reductase. Mevastatin, an HMG CoA reductase inhibitor, converts the apoptosis susceptibility of p75NTR-positive cells to that of p75NTR-negative cells. It does so at concentrations that do not themselves alter cell survival. These studies provide evidence that the pro-apoptotic effects of p75NTR in PC12 cells are related to the upregulation of cholesterol biosynthetic enzymes and consequent increased cholesterol biosynthesis.

Field of study: Biology
Studies on pregnancy in rabbits after superovulation with gonadotrophins.

性腺刺激ホルモンによって家畜や実験動物に過排卵が誘起できることはよく知られており, これの応用の一つとして, 過排卵処理動物を妊娠させ, 産子数を増加させようとする試みが多くの研究者によって行なわれてきた。しかしながら, 一般に過排卵処理を行なった動物の妊娠成績は芳しくなく, たとえ多数の胚が着床してもその後の胚死亡が高いため, ほとんどの場合正常の産子数を超えるに至っていない。したがって, この方法はまだ実用化の域に達しておらず, 大部分の研究は基礎実験に終始している現状にある。とくにこの種の研究はマウスにおいて活発になされているが, そのほかの動物の報告は比較的少なく, そのうえ, 処理後の妊娠がうまくいかない原因についても十分解明されていない。そこで著者は, 家兎においてこの問題を追究する目的で, PMS製剤を用いて, 過排卵に有効な処理方法の検討および処理後の諸現象ならびに処理後の妊娠そのものについて一連の観察を行なった。

Field of study: Biology
Ein Versuch über die Rekombination von Wasserstoffatomen an metallischem und oxydiertem Nickel

ZusammenfassungDie mittlere freie Weglänge von Elektronen ist im Entladungsrohr mit Faradaykäfig aus blankem Nickel beträchtlich kleiner, als wenn der Käfig oberflächlich oxydiert worden ist. Diese Erscheinung wird dadurch erklärt, daß die oberflächliche Oxydation die Rekombination der Wasserstoffatome an der Nickeloberfläche verringert. Die gefundene Abhängigkeit des Wirkungsquerschnitts von H2 von der Elektronengeschwindigkeit ist in Einklang mit früheren Messungen.

Field of study: Physics
Coplanar quarter-wavelength resonator filters fabricated by the superconducting sol-gel films

High temperature superconducting Y-Ba-Cu-O films were prepared on MgO polycrystal substrates by the sol-gel process. The average transition temperature and the surface resistance are 83 K and 2.8 m/spl Omega/ (at 30 K and 9.9 GHz, input power =-10 dBm), respectively. We fabricated a YBCO coplanar waveguide (CPW) quarter-wavelength (/spl lambda//4) resonator around 2 GHz (the length of the resonator is one half as long as that of the popular half-wavelength (/spl lambda/1/2) resonator) and compared its RF properties with that of a /spl lambda//2 resonator. Moreover, 2-pole CPW bandpass filter using YBCO sol-gel film was constructed with capacitively coupled /spl lambda//4 resonators. It has a narrow fractional bandwidth (3.60%) at 30 K.

Field of study: Physics
The Theory of Education Science and Its Practical Logic——On the Methodology Implication of "Practical Logic" by Bourdieu

In education research,the characteristics of theory logic limit the theory seeing through practice,which makes the theory confronted the dangerous of distortion when the practice is brought into the theory dialogue.Bourdieu raised "practical logic",and considered it as the medium binding theory and practice,which was of methodology significance for education research.Practical logic was produced in the interaction between practitioner and surroundings.Deeply understanding education practice,free from scholasticism epistmology,the generation of the concept of epistmology should be inspected in the social history condition.Insisting on the unification of history and logic,it's possible to reconstruct the practical logic of varieties of education activities,and improve it in the examination of practice.

Field of study: Education
Halogen lamp rapid thermal annealing of Si- and Be-implanted In0.53Ga0.47As

Halogen lamp rapid thermal annealing was used to activate 100 keV Si and 50 keV Be implants in In0.53Ga0.47As for doses ranging between 5 × 1012−4 × 1014 cm−2. Anneals were performed at different temperatures and time durations. Close to one hundred percent activation was obtained for the 4.1 × 1013 cm−2 Si-implant, using an 850° C/5 s anneal. Si in-diffusion was not observed for the rapid thermal annealing temperatures and times used in this study. For the 5 × 1013 cm−2 Be-implant, a maximum activation of 56% was measured. Be-implant depth profiles matched closely with gaussian profiles predicted by LSS theory for the 800° C/5 s anneals. Peak carrier concentrations of 1.7 × 1019 and 4 × 1018 cm−3 were achieved for the 4 × 1014 cm−2 Si and Be implants, respectively. For comparison, furnace anneals were also performed for all doses.

Field of study: Materials science
Polarisationseffekte in der Hyperfeinstruktur von65Cu I, 3d94s2m2D

The hyperfinestructure of the transition65CuI, 3d104p2P3/2—3d94s2m2D5/2 was investigated by optical interferometric methods. For the hfs-factors the following values were found:A(65Cu,m2D5/2)=26,79(3) mK andB(65Cu,m2D5/2)=5,81(10) mK. The core polarization of them2D-terms and the Sternheimer corrections in the calculation of the quadrupolmoment of copper 65 from theB-factors of the terms 3d9 4s2m2D and 3d10 4p2P3/2. were discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Local geometric Langlands correspondence and affine Kac-Moody algebras

Let \( \mathfrak{g} \) be a simple Lie algebra over ℂ and G a connected algebraic group with Lie algebra \( \mathfrak{g} \). The affine Kac-Moody algebra \( \hat {\mathfrak{g}} \) is the universal central extension of the formal loop agebra \( \mathfrak{g} \)((t)). Representations of \( \hat {\mathfrak{g}} \) have a parameter, an invariant bilinear form on \( \mathfrak{g} \), which is called the level. Representations corresponding to the bilinear form which is equal to minus one half of the Killing form are called representations of critical level. Such representations can be realized in spaces of global sections of twisted D-modules on the quotient of the loop group G((t)) by its “open compact” subgroup K, such as G[[t]] or the Iwahori subgroup I.

Field of study: Mathematics
Effects of Light Quality on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Several Physiological and Biochemical Indices of Cowpea Seedings

Photosynthetic characteristics and physiological and biochemical indices of dwarf cowpea leaves were studied under different light quality in the greenhouse of south China.The results showed that red light was conducive to increasing the content of chlorophyll,the photosynthetic rate,the transpiration rate and the content of soluble sugar,while blue light could increase the content of carotenoids and the content of protein.SOD,POD and CAT activity firstly increased and then decreased,the enzyme activities were at the highest level at 25 d.The MDA content in leaves of cowpea in red,blue and green light was significantly lower than the control,and the effect of green light was the most significant.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Hydrogen sulfide and translational medicine

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) along with carbon monoxide and nitric oxide is an important signaling molecule that has undergone large numbers of fundamental investigations. H2S is involved in various physiological activities associated with the regulation of homeostasis, vascular contractility, pro- and anti-inflammatory activities, as well as pro- and anti-apoptotic activities etc. However, the actions of H2S are influenced by its concentration, reaction time, and cell/disease types. Therefore, H2S is a signaling molecule without definite effect. The use of existing H2S donors is limited because of the instant release and short lifetime of H2S. Thus, translational medicine involving the sustained and controlled release of H2S is of great value for both scientific and clinical uses. H2S donation can be manipulated by different ways, including where H2S is given, how H2S is donated, or the specific structures of H2S-releasing drugs and H2S donor molecules. This review briefly summarizes recent progress in research on the physiological and pathological functions of H2S and H2S-releasing drugs, and suggests hope for future investigations.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine