nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Immunogenicity of DNA vaccines encoding structural proteins and regulatory/accessory proteins derived from an HIV-1 CRF01_AE isolate circulating in China

To construct two DNA vaccines encoding Gag-Env fusion protein and Tat-Rev-Integrase(C-half)-Vif-Nef fusion protein derived from the first HIV-1 CRF01_AE isolate(AE2f) in Chi-na and to evaluate the immunogenicity in mice.  Two DNA vaccines were constructed by inserting the codon optimized and synthesized gag-env fusion gene and tat-rev-integrase(c-half)-vif-nef fusion gene de-rived from AE2f into mammalian expression vector pDRVISV1. 0, the generated DNA vaccines were desig-nated as pSVAE/GE and pSVAE/TRIVN, respectively, and their in vitro expression were determined by Western blot with transfected 293T cells. Mice were i. m. immunized with either pDRVI1.0 as mock control, pSVAE/GE or pSYAE/TRIVN for 4 times at two-week interval. Two weeks following the final im-munization, cellular responses to pool of HIV-1 Env, Gag, Tat, Rev, Intergrase, Vif and Nef peptides were evaluated by ELISPOT assay.  The construction of DNA vaccine pSVAE/GE and pSVAE/TRIVN was validated by restriction enzyme digestion and bidirectional sequencing. Western blot showed a specific band at molecular mass 220×10~3 in lane of pSVAE/GE transfeeted 293T cell and a specific band at 95×10~3 in the lane of pSVAE/TRIVN. Both DNA vaccines mounted significant specific T cell responses with (3010 ± 566) SFC/10~6 splenocytes for DNA vaccine pSV AE/GE and (948 ± 737) SFC/10~6 spleno-cytes for DNA vaccine pSVAE/TRIVN, whereas the mock control of pDRVISV1.0 only raised marginal T cell responses.  Both pSVAE/GE and pSVAE/TRIVN were capable of expressing the inserted fusion immunogen genes and able to elicit vigorous cellular immune responses, therefore, these DNA vac-cines are highly immunogenic. 
 
 
HIV-1;  AIDS vaccine;  Structural gene;  Regulatory gene

Field of study: Biology
Two-particle scattering on the lattice: Phase shifts, spin-orbit coupling, and mixing angles

We determine two-particle scattering phase shifts and mixing angles for quantum theories defined with lattice regularization. The method is suitable for any non-relativistic effective theory of point particles on the lattice. In the center-of-mass frame of the two-particle system we impose a hard spherical wall at some fixed large radius. For channels without partial-wave mixing the partial-wave phase shifts are determined from the energies of the nearly spherical standing waves. For channels with partial-wave mixing further information is extracted by decomposing the standing wave at the wall boundary into spherical harmonics, and we solve coupled-channels equations to extract the phase shifts and mixing angles. The method is illustrated and tested by computing phase shifts and mixing angles on the lattice for spin-1/2 particles with an attractive Gaussian potential containing both central and tensor force parts.

Field of study: Physics
Teacher culture and children's voices in an urban kindergarten center

Educational theorists commonly agree that differences between children's and teachers' communication styles contribute to poor academic performance among minority children. Yet school policies and pedagogical practices based on a cultural deficiency explanation for school failure continue to persist. This article, explores why and how interactional misunderstandings are interpreted by teachers and administrators as student deficiencies. This discussion is based on an ethnographic case study of the ways that particular attitudes and pedagogical practices were played out in a kindergarten center serving predominately African American children. The study suggests that adoption of pedagogy responsive to children's cultural styles encompasses a complex array of social, cultural, and political factors that are inevitably reflected in teachers' and district officials' attitudes, values, beliefs, and practices regarding minority children.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
Iran's Integrated Coastal Management plan: Persian Gulf, Oman Sea, and southern Caspian Sea coastlines

Iran, having two separate coastlines at its north and south of about 3000 km length, with very different characteristics, suffers from various coastal problems. While its northern coastal area is over-populated and its sensitive and unique habitats must be protected from destruction, most of its southern coastal areas are undeveloped and deserted. Intense oil and gas exploitation activities in the Caspian Sea region and occurrence of two wars in the Persian Gulf during the last two decades have rendered hydrocarbon pollution a major issue for this country's marine and coastal environment. Biodiversity is under threat in some areas and natural resources are deteriorating. To overcome the problems, Integrated Coastal Management has been considered by Iran's government as a long-term solution. In Iran's ICZM study project, baseline studies along with social, economical, and spatial planning studies in the coastal provinces are carried out in order to achieve the desired outcomes as a number of strategic plans for the coastal areas that are to be implemented by a coastal management entity. Providing the required laws and regulations for establishing such a management body is also under way. In this paper after reviewing Iran's coastal zone characteristics and problems, the long-term goals, strategies, and policies for sustainable management of Iran's coastal areas are outlined. Then, the ICZM study procedure and its prospected outcomes are explained, and importance of some of the findings of Iran's ICM is emphasized. Finally, some challenges including having two separate and different coastlines at the north and south of the country and their effects on the Iran's ICZM plan are discussed.

Field of study: Environmental science
Silicon-Rich Higher Manganese Silicides for Thermoelectric Applications

Thermoelectrics are widely explored as a renewable and environmentally friendly method for converting waste heat to electrical power. Higher manganese silicides (HMS) have been identified as promising, nontoxic, inexpensive, p-type materials for thermoelectric applications. To mass-produce practical thermoelectric converters, an inexpensive, effective, and simple production method should be applied for these materials. In the frame of the current research, HMS have been synthesized using furnace melting followed by powdering and spark plasma sintering. Highly dense samples were obtained and measured for their thermoelectric properties. The samples were also characterized using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Hall-effect measurements. Homogeneous samples were obtained with small inclusions of Si, reaching a figure of merit of about 0.6 at 450°C.

Field of study: Materials science
Comparative Characterization of Mass Spectral Methods for the Study of IMIDAZO[1,5-a]QUINOXALIN-4-Ones

The major fragmentation patterns of a range of novel imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalin-4-one derivatives under the conditions of EI ionization were found to involve the elimination of СО, ArCN, and PhCN as neutral molecules, while the fragment ions under the conditions of MALDI and ESI formed only by the elimination of ArCN.

Field of study: Chemistry
A Simple Rule for the Selection of Principal Components

A vast literature has been devoted to the assessment of the proper number of eigenvalues that have to be retained in Principal Components Analysis. Most of the publications are based on either distributional assumptions for the underlying populations or on empirical evident. In addition, techniques that are based on bootstrap or cross-validatory techniques have been proposed despite the computational effort implied. In this paper a simple technique based on a control chart approach is proposed for selecting the number of principal components to retain for the analysis. This approach accounts for the sampling variability which can lead to the selection of components that are not in fact statistically significant. The method is compared with other methods and is found to be superior regardless of the underlying distributional properties of the population as well as the existing structure. An illustrative example is provided.

Field of study: Mathematics
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SETTLEMENT COMPUTATION METHOD OF PILE FOUNDATION BASED ON MEASURED DATA

Based on the measured data of the pile foundation engineering in Tianjin Binhai,some programs for the settlement calculation of a pile foundation are compiled by MATLAB software,the settlements of the pile-pile cap foundation are respectively calculated by the summation method of an equivalent effect in layers and the equivalent entity deep foundation method,and the settlements of the piled raft foundation are calculated by Mindlin method.The analysis shows that the settlements calculated by the summation method of an equivalent effect in layers are smaller than its measured values,while the calculated settlements of the equivalent entity deep foundation method and the Mindlin method are all larger than their measured values.The analyzed results will provide a reference for the application of this three settlement calculation methods for the pile foundation in Tianjin Binhai.

Field of study: Engineering
The effect of the reform of Canadian state-owned enterprises on major corporate governance mechanisms

Corporate governance is nowadays one of the most discussed topics by academics, practitioners and regulators. Most of the discussion is targeted at publicly held corporations. The present research deals with the issue of governance in the public sector and more specifically in state-owned enterprises (SOEs). We investigate the effect of the reform of Canadian SOEs on the characteristics of boards and board committees. 
 
 
 
Our results seem to confirm the presence of significant adjustments in board characteristics following two major events in the reform: commercialisation and privatisation. In both cases, boards have on average evolved towards a set of structures and mechanisms that have the potential to improve independence and governance. This study sheds new lights on the process of adjusting corporate governance mechanisms to new strategies and to new environments.

Field of study: Political science
Role of the rodent hippocampus in paired-associate learning involving associations between a stimulus and a spatial location.

The ability of rats with control or hippocampal lesions to learn an object-place, odor-place, or object-odor paired-associate task was assessed in a cheeseboard maze apparatus. The data indicate that rats with hippocampal lesions were significantly impaired, compared with controls, in learning both the object-place and the odor-place paired-associate tasks. However, rats with hippocampal lesions learned the object-odor paired-associate task as readily as did controls. The data suggest that the rodent hippocampus is involved in paired-associate learning when a stimulus must be associated with a spatial location. However, the hippocampus is not involved in paired-associate learning when the association does not involve a spatial component.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Some Empirical Aspects of the Sequential Analysis Technique as Applied to an Achievement Examination

With the presentation of the early paper 1 on sequential analysis by Dr. Wald, a new frontier in modern statistics was achieved. Prior to those writings it had been shown by Professor R. A. Fisher that the proper place for determ ining the size of sample needed in an experiment was in the planning of the experiment itself. That is, before the experiment was executed. It is well known that previous to Fisher's work, most thought about the proper sample size took place after the experiment was run. We note to day the metamorphosis of the determination of sample size, for with Wald's writing we see that under certain circumstances "n" is no longer to be regarded as a fixed quantity but as a ran dom variable, and that the designation of the proper sample size is made by the experiment itself. It is in the sense that the statistical cog itation about "n" becomes a part of the experi ment rather than a prelude or post-mortem of it, that the marvel of the sequential procedure is noted. The use of sequential analysis in educational problems has been undertaken at least by two authors. 2, 3 Dr. H. M. Walker has made a con tribution in the field of item analysis, and Dr. Cowden used sequential analysis in administer ing an examination.

Field of study: Education
Salt tolerant triticum x lophopyrum derivatives limit the accumulation of sodium and chloride ions under saline stress

Cultivars of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum cvs. Chinese Spring or PI 178704) and derivatives containing chromosomes from both a cultivar and a wild, salt-tolerant species (Lophopyrum elongatum or L. ponticum) were compared to determine differences in growth, ion transport and ion accumulation under salt-stress. Two experiments were conducted in which plants were grown under saline and non-saline conditions and harvested at various lime intervals throughout ontogeny. Under salt-stress the growth rate of the cultivars, as compared to the growth rate of the derivatives, decreased more rapidly later in development. Transport rates from root to shoot of Na+ and Cl− reached higher levels in the cultivars. The cultivars accumulated more Na+ and Cl− and relatively less K+ in the shoot. The K+/Na+ ratio was higher in the derivatives than in the cultivars from which they were derived. The addition of chromosomes from Lophopyrum species into wheat altered ion accumulation, growth rates, and ion transport rates from root to shoot.

Field of study: Environmental science
Dynamics of a wave packet in a system with a quantum dot in the Coulomb blockade regime

The nonstationary problem of electron tunneling through a quantum dot in the Coulomb block-ade regime is studied. The temporal Schrödinger equation is solved and the dynamics of the wave packet in a system consisting of a quantum dot connected to two one-dimensional contacts is investigated. The transmission coefficient is calculated. Dependences of the transmission on the tunneling electron energy are constructed.

Field of study: Physics
Study of the Three-Nucleon (e,e') Longitudinal Response Function with a New Approach

A new method for studying the many-body response functions is elaborated and first applied to the $^3$He longitudinal response. An integral transform of the response function is calculated from the bound-state-type equations for several versions of the N-N force. The equations are solved with the help of the hyperspherical expansion. The final-state interaction is completely taken into account. The results are compared with the integral transform of the experimental response function for 250 MeV/c$\leq q \leq 500$ MeV/c. The difference amounts to 20-25\% with the experimental response substantially exceeding the theoretical one in the low-energy region.

Field of study: Physics
A new-generation asymmetric multi-bore hollow fiber membrane for sustainable water production via vacuum membrane distillation.

Due to the growing demand for potable water, the capacities for wastewater reclamation and saline water desalination have been increasing. More concerns are raised on the poor efficiency of removing certain contaminants by the current water purification technologies. Recent studies demonstrated superior separation performance of the vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) technology for the rejection of trace contaminants such as boron, dye, endocrine-disruptive chemical, and chloro-compound. However, the absence of suitable membranes with excellent wetting resistance and high permeation flux has severely hindered the VMD application as an effective water production process. This work presents a new generation multibore hollow fiber (MBF) membrane with excellent mechanical durability developed for VMD. Its micromorphology was uniquely designed with a tight surface and a fully porous matrix to maximize both high wetting resistance and permeation flux. Credit to the multibore configuration, a 65% improvement was obtained on the antiwetting property. Using a synthetic seawater feed, the new membrane with optimized fabrication condition exhibits a high flux and the salt rejection is consistently greater than 99.99%. In addition, a comparison of 7-bore and 6-bore MBF membranes was performed to investigate the optimum geometry design. The newly designed MBF membrane not only demonstrates its suitability for VMD but also makes VMD come true as an efficient process for water production.

Field of study: Environmental science
Endogenous Institutions and the Politics of Property: Comparing and Contrasting Douglass North and Karl Polanyi in the Case of Finance

The purpose of this paper is to contrast the work of Douglass North and Karl Polanyi regarding financial institutions associated in market economies. Both implicitly acknowledge the synergy between public and private financial markets, which can serve to solidify an alliance between wealth holders and the state, potentially at the expense of “sociery” at large. This alliance may stimulate growth, according to North, as well as impose the strain of the market, according to Polanyi. Taken together, these insights undercut the classical story of the neutral role of money, as well as the notion of a clear distinction between public and private, politics and markets.

Field of study: Economics
A systems-theoretic analysis of low-level human motor control: application to a single-joint arm model

Continuous control using internal models appears to be quite straightforward explaining human motor control. However, it demands both, a high computational effort and a high model preciseness as the whole trajectory needs to be converted. Intermittent control shows great promise for avoiding these drawbacks of continuous control, at least to a certain extent. In this contribution, we study intermittency at the motoneuron level. We ask: how many different, but constant muscle stimulation sets are necessary to generate a stable movement for a specific motor task? Intermittent control, in our perspective, can be assumed only if the number of transitions is relatively small. As application case, a single-joint arm movement is considered. The muscle contraction dynamics is described by a Hill-type muscle model, for the muscle activation dynamics both Hatze’s and Zajac’s approach are considered. To actuate the lower arm, up to four muscle groups are implemented. A systems-theoretic approach is used to find the smallest number of transitions between constant stimulation sets. A method for a stability analysis of human motion is presented. A Lyapunov function candidate is specified. Thanks to sum-of-squares methods, the presented procedure is generally applicable and computationally feasible. The region-of-attraction of a transition point, and the number of transitions necessary to perform stable arm movements are estimated. The results support the intermittent control theory on this level of motor control, because only very few transitions are necessary.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Investigation of relation between intermetallic and tin whisker growths under ambient condition

The relation between the whisker growth and intermetallic on various lead-free finish materials that have been stored at ambient condition for 2 yrs (6.3 × 10 7  s) is investigated. The matte Sn plated leadframe (LF) had the needle-shaped whisker and the nodule-shaped whisker was observed on the semi-bright Sn plated LF. Both the Sn plated LFs had a same columnar grain structure and both whiskers were grown in connection with the scalloped intermetallic compound (IMC) layer. The morphology of the IMC layer is similar, regardless of the area which has whisker or not. On the Sn–Bi finish and bright Sn plated LF, hillock-shaped and sparsely grown branch-shaped whiskers were observed, respectively. The IMC grew irregularly under both the areas with or without whisker. The IMC growth along the Sn grain boundaries generated inner compressive stress at the plating layer. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) profiling analysis is useful for characterization the IMC growth on the Sn and Cu interface. The measured root mean square (RMS) values IMC roughness on semi-bright Sn, matte Sn, and bright Sn plated LF were 1.82 μm, 1.46 μm, and 0.63 μm, respectively. However, there is no direct relation between whisker growth and the RMS value. Two layers of η′-Cu 6 Sn 5 were observed using field emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-TEM): fine grains and coarse grains existed over the fine grains.

Field of study: Engineering
Key Techniques on Cylinder Block Production of High Strength Grey Iron

Three key techniques are discussed to manufacture 300 MPa high strength cylinder block castings.The first one is the design of grey iron chemical composition.The optimized chemical composition used for production is as follows(wt%): 3.20 ～3.30C,1.60 ～1.80Si,0.70 ～1.00Mn,S 0.10,P 0.06,0.70 ～0.80Cu,0.25 ～0.35Cr,0.30 ～0.40Ni and 0.06~ 0.08Sn;the stream inoculation is adopted.The second is to increase the chilling effect of casting mold.A kind of ceramic sand mainly composed of electric fusion bauxite gives much stronger chilling effect,which can be used in the production of high strength cylinder block castings.The tensile strength can be 20 MPa higher compared with ordinary silica sand.The third is to use the technology of synthetic cast iron.The 300 MPa cylinder block is successfully produced if above three conditions are met.

Field of study: Materials science
P-8502—a new mu selective opioid receptor ligand

The analgesic potencies of 3-[beta-(p-amino)-phenethyl)-9 beta-methoxy-9 alpha-(m-methoxyphenyl)-3- azabicyclo [3,3,1] nonane (P-8502) and 3-[beta-(p-monoester fumarylamido)-phenethyl]-9 beta-methoxy-9 alpha-(m-methoxyphenyl)-3-azabicyclo [3,3,1] nonane (P-8511) were examined. The analgesic ED50 of P-8502 and P-8511 were 55 and 200 micrograms/kg (mice, ip, hot plate), and 30 and 95 micrograms/kg (rat, sc, tail flick), respectively. The duration of the analgesic action of P-8511 (about 4 h) was longer than that of P-8502 (about 1.5 h, rat, sc, tail flick). Binding assay showed that P-8502 had a high ratio of delta/mu, kappa/mu: IC50 (DPDPE)/IC50 (DAGO) = 399; IC50(DAD-LE)/IC50 (DAGO) = 1498; IC50 (kappa)/IC50 (DAGO) = 159. In conclusion, P-8502 appears to be a new mu selective opioid receptor ligand, whereas P-8511 has no such selectivity.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Impacts of recent climate change on Wisconsin corn and soybean yield trends

The US Corn Belt supports agroecosystems that flourish in a temperate climate regime that could see significant changes in the next few decades. Because Wisconsin is situated on the northern, cooler fringes of this region, it may be the beneficiary of a warmer climate that could help support higher corn and soybean yields. Here we show that trends in precipitation and temperature during the growing season from 1976–2006 explained 40% and 35% of county corn and soybean yield trends, respectively. Using county level yield information combined with climate data, we determined that both corn and soybean yield trends were enhanced in counties that experienced a trend towards cooler and wetter conditions during the summer. Our results suggest that for each additional degree ( °C) of future warming during summer months, corn and soybean yields could potentially decrease by 13% and 16%, respectively, whereas if modest increases in total summer precipitation (i.e. 50 mm) were to occur, yields may be boosted by 5–10%, counteracting a portion of the negative effects associated with increased temperature. While northern US Corn Belt regions such as Wisconsin may benefit from a warmer climate regime and management changes that lengthen the crop-growing period in spring and autumn, mid- to high-latitude crop productivity may be challenged by additional summertime warming unless adaptive measures are taken.

Field of study: Environmental science