nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Gene expression of type I, III and IV collagens in hepatic fibrosis induced by dimethylnitrosamine in the rat.

Dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced hepatic fibrosis was used as an experimental model to study collagen-gene expression during liver fibrogenesis. Increase in the concentrations of the mRNAs for type I, III, and IV collagens was found to be an early event in the development of hepatic fibrosis, as the mRNAs for all three collagen types showed a definite increasing tendency by day 7 of DMN treatment. Prolyl 4-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.11.2) and galactosylhydroxylysyl glucosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.66) activities were also distinctly elevated at this stage, whereas no increase could be detected in the liver collagen content. The increase in the mRNAs for type I collagen was the smallest and that for type IV collagen the greatest at all the time points studied. The relative concentrations of the mRNAs for the three collagen types on day 21 of DMN treatment were 350% of the control mean for type I collagen, 490% for type III and 660% for type IV. The data further indicate that the proportions of the mRNAs for the three collagen types are 1.0:0.9:0.2 in normal rat liver, 1.0:1.4:0.8 on day 14 of DMN treatment, and 1.0:1.3:0.5 on day 21. The early marked increase in the mRNA for type IV collagen suggests that enhanced production of basement-membrane collagen may be an early event in the development of hepatic fibrosis.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Optimal Distributed Detection in Clustered Wireless Sensor Networks

In a clustered, multihop sensor network, a large number of inexpensive, geographically-distributed sensor nodes each use their observations of the environment to make local hard decisions about whether an event has occurred. Each node then transmits its local decision over one or more wireless hops to the clusterhead (CH). When all local decisions have been gathered by the CH, it fuses them into a final hard decision about the event. Two sources of error affect the CH's final decision: 1) local decision errors made by the sensor nodes because of noisy measurements or unreliable sensors and 2) bit errors affecting each hop on the wireless communication channel. We show that if both of these sources of error are considered, then the optimal decision at the CH is obtained by thresholding a weighted sum of the nodes' local decisions or, equivalently, computing a weighted order statistic of these decisions. The optimal weights are shown to be functions of the bit error probability of the channel and the ring from which the local decision originated. We determine the error probability of this optimal fusion algorithm, the effect of adding more nodes or rings to the cluster, and the tradeoffs involving the energy consumed in the network, the decision error probability, and the time to reach a decision. This paper thus provides tools to determine the effect of measurement and communication errors on other tradeoffs in the design of clustered sensor networks.

Field of study: Engineering
A Generalization of the Ballot Problem and its Application in the Theory of Queues

The following generalization of the classical ballot theorem is given: Suppose that an urn contains n cards marked with nonnegative integers whose sum is k ≦ n. All the n cards are drawn without replacement from the urn. The probability that for r = 1, 2, ···, n the sum of the first r numbers drawn is less than r is 1 —k/n. By using the ballot theorem and its generalization the author finds G n (x) the probability that a busy period consists of serving n customers and its length is ≦x for single-server queues when either the inter-arrival times or the service times have an exponential distribution. Finally, the author gives the general solution of the classical ballot problem as well as an application of it in the theory of Bernoulli trials.

Field of study: Mathematics
Effects of strengthening training on T-lymphocytes and saliva secretary immunoglobulin A ( SIgA ) of elite short-distance and hurdle athletes

The purpose of this study is to assay the effects of strengthen training on T-lymphocytes and saliva secretary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) system. After four weeks strengthening training,the effects of the training on T-Lymphocytes and SIgA of elite short-distance and hurdle athletes of Guang Dong province were studied. The results showed that during the training period ,the function of T-lymphocytes immune system decreased significantly(P0 01),especially the CD 4 +/ CD 8 + ratio; CD 4 + decreased notably(P0.05), but CD 8 + did not changed notably. All data tended to increase after the match. During the strengthening training and competition period, saliva SIgA increased markedly(P0.05).It showed that strengthening training could decrease the function of T-lymphocytes immune system, but saliva SIgA could be raised after strengthen training, and it was related to the change of CD 4 +or CD 4 +/CD 8 +.So we can use these to monitor the function of immune system during the track and field training for the elite short-distance and hurdle athletes.

Field of study: Education
Design and Development of Clinic Doctor Workstation Based on B/S

Makes a description of the design and implementation process of capabilities in clinic doctor workstation, and discusses the design of system structure and database table. Eventually realizes the various basic functions of this system based on B/S. The system uses the JSP language and SQL Server 2005 database, it uses some key technologies as well, including with the JDBC technology to access the database operations, with the network database and B/S,with the MVC design pattern to clarify the functions of departments of the system.

Field of study: Computer science
The use of a hybrid dynamic stabilization and fusion system in the lumbar spine: preliminary experience.

OBJECT
The authors report the use and preliminary results of a novel hybrid dynamic stabilization and fusion construct for the surgical treatment of degenerative lumbar spine pathology.



The authors performed a retrospective chart review of all patients who underwent posterior lumbar instrumentation with the Dynesys-to-Optima (DTO) hybrid dynamic stabilization and fusion system. Preoperative symptoms, visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores, perioperative complications, and the need for subsequent revision surgery were recorded. Each patient was then contacted via telephone to determine current symptoms and VAS score. Follow-up was available for 22 of 24 patients, and the follow-up period ranged from 1 to 22 months. Clinical outcome was gauged by comparing VAS scores prior to surgery and at the time of telephone interview.



A total of 24 consecutive patients underwent lumbar arthrodesis surgery in which the hybrid system was used for adjacent-level dynamic stabilization. The mean preoperative VAS score was 8.8, whereas the mean postoperative VAS score was 5.3. There were five perioperative complications that included 2 durotomies and 2 wound infections. In addition, 1 patient had a symptomatic medially placed pedicle screw that required revision. These complications were not thought to be specific to the DTO system itself. In 3 patients treatment failed, with treatment failure being defined as persistent preoperative symptoms requiring reoperation.



The DTO system represents a novel hybrid dynamic stabilization and fusion construct. The technique holds promise as an alternative to multilevel lumbar arthrodesis while potentially decreasing the risk of adjacent-segment disease following lumbar arthrodesis. The technology is still in its infancy and therefore follow-up, when available, remains short. The authors report their preliminary experience using a hybrid system in 24 patients, along with short-interval clinical and radiographic follow-up.

Field of study: Medicine
Thermal conductivity study of KFe$_2$As$_2$ single crystal: clear evidence for unconventional superconducting gap with nodes

The in-plane resistivity $\rho$ and thermal conductivity $\kappa$ of extremely overdoped KFe$_2$As$_2$ ($T_c$ = 3.0 K) single crystal were studied. It is found that $\rho \sim T^{1.5}$ at low temperature, a typical non-Fermi liquid behavior of electrons scattered by antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations. In zero field, we observed a large residual linear term $\kappa_0/T$, about one third of the normal-state value. In low magnetic fields, $\kappa_0/T(H)$ increases very fast. Such a behavior of $\kappa_0/T$ mimics the d-wave cuprate superconductors, therefore provides clear evidence for nodes in the superconducting gap of KFe$_2$As$_2$. Based on the Fermi surface topology of KFe$_2$As$_2$, it is believed that the dominant intraband pairing via antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations results in the unconventional superconducting gap with nodes.

Field of study: Physics
Dynamic model of leaching Sanggenon from Sangbaipi

The dynamics of leaching Sanggenon from Sangbaipi was studied, and the dynamic model describing leaching process, accounting to non-linear isotherm, was developed. The equilibrium equations of Sanggenon C and D between Sangbaipi and acetone, the intrapartical diffusion coefficient and the mass transfer coefficient in liquid film were obtained. The correlationships between the mass transfer coefficient in liquid film and the velocity were developed. The result that the dynamic curves calculated by the model were agreement with the experimental curves showed that the model can well express leaching process.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Choice of noninformative priors for the variance components of an unbalanced one-way random model

Several noninformative priors for the variance components of an unbalanced one-way model are proposed. A simulation study is performed to compare the posterior means of the variance components based on the different priors. These estimators are also compared to the restricted maximum likelihood estimator (REML). Under the squared error loss, this simulation study indicates that the invariant priors lead to the optimal estimators of the variance components.

Field of study: Mathematics
ARTICLES: Spectroscopic investigation of an optically pumped carbon tetrafluoride laser

Frequency tuning of the CF4 laser in the range 612-645 cm–1 and stabilization of its operation by pumping with pulsed CO2 laser radiation in the 9 μ range is reported. The CF4 laser frequency is tuned by tuning the pump frequency over the stimulated emission lines of the CO2 laser. The number of emitted frequencies is increased considerably by using isotopically substituted C18O2 and 13CF4 molecules. The CF4 laser stimulated emission is stabilized and finely tuned by stabilizing and finely tuning the CO2 laser frequency within the CO2 gain line width. At a pump energy of 2 J, a stimulated emission energy of 40 mJ was obtained in a pulse of 100 nsec duration. The Coriolis constant of the upper laser level was determined and the observed CF4 laser stimulated emission lines were identified.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Analysis of the Wallowa-Baker terrane boundary: Implications for tectonic accretion in the Blue Mountains province, northeastern Oregon

The Baker terrane, exposed in the Blue Mountains province of northeastern Oregon, is a long-lived, ancient (late Paleozoic–early Mesozoic) accretionary complex with an associated forearc. This composite terrane lies between the partially coeval Wallowa and Olds Ferry island-arc terranes. The northern margin of the Baker terrane is a broad zone (>25 km wide) of fault-bounded, imbricated slabs and slices of meta-igneous and metasedimentary rocks faulted into chert-argillite melange of the Elkhorn Ridge Argillite. Metaplutonic rocks within tectonic units in this zone crystallized between 231 and 226 Ma and have low initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios (0.7033–0.7034) and positive initial e Nd values (+7.7 to +8.5). In contrast, siliceous argillites from the chert-argillite melange have initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values ranging from 0.7073 to 0.7094 and initial e Nd values between −4.7 and −7.8. We interpret this broad, imbricate fault zone as a fundamental tectonic boundary that separates the distal, Wallowa island-arc terrane from the Baker accretionary-complex terrane. We propose that this terrane boundary is an example of a broad zone of imbrication made up of slabs and slices of arc crust tectonically mixed within an accretionary complex, providing an on-land, ancient analogue to the actualistic arc-arc collisional zone developed along the margins of the Molucca Sea of the central equatorial Indo-Pacific region.

Field of study: Geology
Fuzzy analysis of queueing systems with an unreliable server: A nonlinear programming approach

This work constructs the membership functions of the system characteristics of a queuing model with an unreliable server, in which the arrival rate and the service rate of customers, as well as the breakdown rate and repair rate of server are all fuzzy numbers. The α -cut approach is used to transform a fuzzy queue with an unreliable server into a family of conventional crisp queues with an unreliable server. By means of the membership functions of the system characteristics, a set of parametric nonlinear programs is developed to describe the family of crisp queues with an unreliable server. An efficient algorithm is provided to find the optimal solutions at a different possibility level α . Three numerical examples are solved successfully to illustrate the validity of the proposed approach. Due to the system characteristics being expressed and governed by the membership functions, more information is provided for use by management. By extending the fuzzy environment, the fuzzy queues with an unreliable server can be represented more accurately by using the proposed approach, and the analysis results for such queuing model will be useful and significant for system designers and practitioners.

Field of study: Mathematics
RDM-stars and related topics

In this paper, we will continue to study the model of black holes coupled to the radial flows of dark matter (RDM-stars). According to recent studies, this model well describes the experimental Rotation Curves (RCs) of spiral galaxies, also, RDM-stars can produce signals with the characteristics of Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs). In this paper, we will perform a combined analysis of experimental data on RCs and FRBs, which will allow to constrain tighter parameters of the model. We will also show that within the framework of the model, the Tully-Fisher relation with a slope of $ \beta = 3-4 $ can be obtained. Further, several particular solutions will be considered: tachyonic oven -- a solution in which the incoming flow of tachyons turns into an outgoing flow of massive particles; shell condensate -- a naked singularity of negative mass covered by a thin shell of positive mass, so that the Schwarzschild solution of negative mass inside is joined to one of positive mass outside; also, an RDM solution with a cosmological constant will be considered. Further, in the model under consideration, Penrose diagrams will be constructed, which share common features with Schwarzschild solutions of positive and negative mass, whose combination the model is. The mechanism of effective formation of negative masses in the model is discussed, which is activated when the density of the central core exceeds the Planck value, similarly to the previously studied quantum bounce effect.

Field of study: Physics
INDUCTION OF DECAY-ACCELERATING FACTOR (DAF) BY VEGF ON VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM: INVOLVEMENT OF A VEGF-R2, PKCα/ε, p38/JNK MAPK-DEPENDENT AND PI-3K-INDEPENDENT CYTOPROTECTIVE SIGNALING PATHWAY

Furthermore, FGF-2-induced SMC proliferation and thymidine incorporation was abrogated in SMCs overexpressing sFRP4.  1) Human vascular SMCs express both sFRP1 and sFRP4 but only sFRP4 is coordinately regulated with SMC growth. 2) sFRP4 inhibits proliferation of SMCs and blocks FGF-2 induced mitogenesis. These findings implicate an important role for Wnt mediated signaling in SMCs and indicate that sFRP4 may be an important extracellular regulator of SMC replication.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Sizes and shapes of very heavy nuclei in high-K states

We have investigated shapes and sizes of selected two- and four-quasiparticle \mbox{high-$K$} states in nobelium and rutherfordium isotopes within the microscopic-macroscopic model with the deformed Woods-Saxon potential. Excited nuclear configurations were obtained by blocking single-particle states lying close to the Fermi level. Their energies and deformations were found by the four-dimensional energy minimization over shape variables. We have selected the most promising candidates for \mbox{$K$-isomers} by analyzing the isotopic dependence of excitation energies, and compared our results to available experimental data. We calculated differences in quadrupole moments and charge radii between nuclei in their \mbox{high-$K$} and ground states and found their quite different pattern for four-quasiparticle states in neighboring No and Rf isotopes. The leading role of the quadrupole and hexadecapole deformations as well as the importance of higher rank symmetries are also discussed. The current development of laser techniques and the resulting ability to measure discussed effects in the near future is the motivation of our study.

Field of study: Physics
Banking Ethics and the Goldman Rule

Insulating people from the effects of the crisis has left intact the habits of thought and the basic institutional structure. The continued reign of pecuniary values leaves intact the Goldman Rule: pursue profitable opportunities regardless the effects on others. Within a culture dominated by pecuniary values, profitable opportunities present a coercive force. Laissez-faire policies allow profitable pursuits without restraint. Subprime mortgages offered an opportunity to tap a new source of profits, namely, the increase in housing prices. Many financial institutions engaged in unscrupulous actions to convert household wealth into corporate profits. Efforts to reign in the industry remain wanting.

Field of study: Economics
Immunological development of preterm infants in early infancy

To evaluate the immunological development of preterm infants, especially in early infancy, we examined the serum cytokine levels and the expression of Th2 and Th1 chemokine receptors, CCR4 and CCR5, on days 0, 14 and 28 in 16 low birth weight infants (1720·38 ± 502·80 g) born at less than 37 (33·63 ± 3·29) weeks of gestation. Using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), serum interleukin (IL)‐4 levels exhibited an increase on day 14, but decreased to the initial level on day 28 (P < 0·05). The significant elevation of serum transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β levels was confirmed on day 14 (P < 0·05) but decreased to the initial level on day 28 (P < 0·05). The expression of CCR4 and CCR5 were examined using reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and flow cytometric analysis. The RT‐PCR confirmed the expression of CCR5‐mRNA soon after birth, while there was no expression of CCR4‐mRNA. Thereafter, the expression of CCR4‐mRNA increased significantly and reached the level of CCR5‐mRNA expression on day 28 (P < 0·05). Flow cytometric analysis, however, revealed that the expression levels of both CCR4 and CCR5 were low at birth. Thus, CCR4+ CD4+ cells were significantly increased from days 0–28 (P < 0·05), while CCR5+ CD4+ cells were not. Increased IL‐4 and TGF‐β synthesis as well as increased CCR4+ CD4+ cells suggest that, under extra‐maternal circumstances, there is a shift in bias toward Th2 responses even in preterm infants soon after delivery, while they may be capable of developing Th1 mediated responses soon after birth.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
The Anatomy of Bragg Reflections from Small Single Crystals

In the two-dimensional δω,δ2θ representation of equatorial diffraction space, the various components which combine to generate the shapes of Bragg reflections from small single crystals are “unfolded” and can be identified and their (angular) magnitude estimated. The relation of different scan procedures is clarified by use of this form of representation. The advantage of δω,δ2θ representation over reciprocal space representation for the intercomparison of Bragg reflections is demonstrated. Some applications of δω,δ2θ diffraction space are treated. The wavelength dispersion interaction between a monochromator crystal and a small specimen crystal in δω,δ2θ space is discussed, particularly for the case where their planes of diffraction are parallel.

Field of study: Materials science
Implications for focused fluid transport at the northern Cascadia accretionary prism from a correlation between BSR occurrence a d near-sea-floor reflectivity anomalies imaged in a multi-frequency seismic data set

A high-resolution seismic survey was carried out at the accretionary prism on the continental slope off Vancouver Island, Canada. Two GI-Gun data sets with different source frequency ranges of 50–150 and 100–500 Hz were combined with 4 kHz narrow-beam echosounding data (Parasound). The data allow spatial correlation between a gas hydrate bottom simulating reflector (BSR) and distinct areas of high near-sea-floor reflectivity. An integrated interpretation of the multi-frequency data set provides insight into the regional distribution of tectonically induced fluid migration and gas hydrate formation in the vicinity of ODP Leg 146 Sites 889 and 890. The BSR at the base of the gas hydrate stability field is observed within accreted and deformed sediments, but appears to be absent within bedded slope basin deposits. It is suggested that these basin deposits inhibit vertical fluid flow and prevent the formation of a BSR, whereas the hydraulic conductivity of the accreted sediments is sufficiently high to allow for pervasive gas migration. An elevation of the BSR beneath the flanks of a topographic high is interpreted as an indicator for local upflow of warm fluids along permeable pathways within outcropping accreted sediments. Parasound data reveal discontinuous zones of high reflectivity at or directly beneath the sea floor, which may indicate local cementation of surface sediments. In combination with GI-Gun data, the occurrence of these reflective areas can be related to the location of slope sedimentary basins acting as hydraulic seals. It is proposed that the seals sometimes fail along faults extending beneath the BSR, leading to focused upflow of methane-bearing fluid and the formation of carbonate pavements at the sea floor.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Brief Survey of Cao Song’s Life Experiences

There are still some doubts about Cao Song’s life and his traveling experiences.The Correction and Commentary on Biographies of Gifted Scholars in the Tang Dynasty and Supplements and Corrections of Some Historical Events about Cao Song had conducted in-depth studies on these doubts,but still with some mistakes and negligence.Making a detailed analysis of Cao Song’s life story helps to supplement and correct some inappropriate expositions and argumentations on Cao Song.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences