nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Evidence for solar wind modulation of lightning OPEN ACCESS Focus on High Energy Particles and Atmospheric Processes

The response of lightning rates over Europe to arrival of high speed solar wind streams at Earth is investigated using a superposed epoch analysis. Fast solar wind stream arrival is determined from modulation of the solar wind V component, measured by the Advanced Composition Explorer spacecraft. Lightning rate changes around these event times are determined from the very low frequency arrival time difference (ATD) system of the UK Met Office. Arrival of high speed streams at Earth is found to be preceded by a decrease in total solar irradiance and an increase in sunspot number and Mg II emissions. These are consistent with the high speed stream's source being co-located with an active region appearing on the Eastern solar limb and rotating at the 27 d period of the Sun. Arrival of the high speed stream at Earth also coincides with a small (~1%) but rapid decrease in galactic cosmic ray flux, a moderate (~6%) increase in lower energy solar energetic protons (SEPs), and a substantial, statistically significant increase in lightning rates. These changes persist for around 40 d in all three quantities. The lightning rate increase is corroborated by an increase in the total number of thunder days observed by UK Met stations, again persisting for around 40 d after the arrival of a high speed solar wind stream. This result appears to contradict earlier studies that found an anti-correlation between sunspot number and thunder days over solar cycle timescales. The increase in lightning rates and thunder days that we observe coincides with an increased flux of SEPs which, while not being detected at ground level, nevertheless penetrate the atmosphere to tropospheric altitudes. This effect could be further amplified by an increase in mean lightning stroke intensity that brings more strokes above the detection threshold of the ATD system. In order to remove any potential seasonal bias the analysis was repeated for daily solar wind triggers occurring during the summer months (June to August). Though this reduced the number of solar wind triggers to 32, the response in both lightning and thunder day data remained statistically significant. This modulation of lightning by regular and predictable solar wind events may be beneficial to medium range forecasting of hazardous weather.

Field of study: Environmental science
Necessity conditions in voting theory

In this paper we take some concepts of necessity conditions in voting theory first developed by Inada, Sen, and Pattanaik and refine those concepts to deal with the more commonly discussed case of fixed numbers of voters. These new concepts are then applied to the study of domain restrictions designed to yield quasitransitive and transitive social preference relations. Along the way, a conjecture of Pattanaik is settled.

Field of study: Economics
Aversive effects of ethanol in adolescent versus adult rats: potential causes and implication for future drinking.

Many people experiment with alcohol and other drugs of abuse during their teenage years. Epidemiological evidence suggests that younger initiates into drug taking are more likely to develop problematic drug seeking behavior, including binge and other high-intake behaviors. The level of drug intake for any individual depends on the balance of rewarding and aversive effects of the drug in that individual. Multiple rodent studies have demonstrated that aversive effects of drugs of abuse are reduced in adolescent compared to adult animals. In this study, we addressed 2 key questions: First, do reduced aversive effects of ethanol in younger rats correlate with increased ethanol consumption? Second, are the reduced aversive effects in adolescents attributable to reduced sensitivity to ethanol's physiologic effects?



Adolescent and adult rats were tested for ethanol conditioned taste aversion (CTA) followed by a voluntary drinking period, including postdeprivation consumption. Multivariate regression was used to assess correlations. In separate experiments, adolescent and adult rats were tested for their sensitivity to the hypothermic and sedative effects of ethanol, and for blood ethanol concentrations (BECs).



We observed that in adolescent rats but not adults, taste aversion was inversely correlated with postdeprivation consumption. Adolescents also exhibited a greater increase in consumption after deprivation than adults. Furthermore, the age difference in ethanol CTA was not attributable to differences in hypothermia, sedation, or BECs.



These results suggest that during adolescence, individuals that are insensitive to aversive effects are most likely to develop problem drinking behaviors. These results underscore the importance of the interaction between developmental stage and individual variation in sensitivity to alcohol.

Field of study: Medicine
Implementing Occupant Behaviour in the Simulation of Building Energy Performance and Energy Flexibility: Development of Co-Simulation Framework and Case Study

Energy Flexibility: Development of Co-Simulation Framework and Case Study DTU Orbit (13/10/2019) Implementing Occupant Behaviour in the Simulation of Building Energy Performance and Energy Flexibility: Development of Co-Simulation Framework and Case Study Occupant behaviour has a substantial impact on the prediction of building energy performance. To capture this impact, cosimulation is considered an effective approach. It is still a new method in need of more development. In this study, a cosimulation framework is established to couple EnergyPlus with Java via Functional Mock-up Interface (FMI) using the EnergyPlusToFMU software package. This method is applied to a case study of a single occupant office with control of lighting, plug load and thermostat. Two control scenarios are studied. These are occupancy and occupant behaviour based control (OC), and sensor based control (SBC) triggered by dynamic electricity price under demand side management (DSM) program. The building energy performance in the OC scenario is then used as reference to evaluate the building energy (cost) saving and energy flexibility. This is an improvement of current studies on DSM and building energy flexibility, in which predefined user schedules are commonly used.

Field of study: Engineering
Light scattering by polydispersions of randomly oriented spheroids with sizes comparable to wavelengths of observation.

We report the results of an extensive study of the scattering of light by size and size-shape distributions of randomly oriented prolate and oblate spheroids with the index of refraction 1.5 + 0.02i typical of some mineral terrestrial aerosols. The scattering calculations have been carried out with Waterman's T-matrix approach, as developed recently by Mishchenko [ (1991);  (1993)]. Our main interest is in light scattering by polydisperse models of nonspherical particles because averaging over sizes provides more realistic modeling of natural ensembles of scattering particles and washes out the interference structure and ripple typical of monodisperse scattering patterns, thus enabling us to derive meaningful conclusions about the effects of particle nonsphericity on light scattering. Following Hansen and Travis [ (1974)], we show that scattering properties of most physically plausible size distributions of randomly orientednonspherical part cles depend primarily on the effective equivalent-sphere radius and effective variance of the distribution, the actual shape of the distribution having a minor influence. To minimize the computational burden, we have adopted a computationally convenient power law distribution of particle equivalent-sphere radii n(r) α r(-3),r(1) ≤ r≤r(2). The effective variance of the size distribution is fixed at 0.1, and the effective size parameter continuously varies from 0 to 15. We present results of computer calculations for 24 prolate and oblate spheroidal shapes with aspect ratios from 1.1 to 2.2. The elements of the scattering matrix for the whole range of size parameters and scattering angles are displayed in the form of contour plots. Computational results are compared with analogous calculations for surface-equivalent spheres, and the effects of particle shape on light scattering are discussed in detail.

Field of study: Physics
A large dielectric vacuum facility.

I the experimental study and developmental testing of plasma propulsion devices of various types, interference of the vacuum chamber walls with the exhaust plume has proved to be a major limitation on simulation of space operation. This interference may take the form of an artificial constriction of the exhaust plume dimensions, of a recirculation of a portion of the ambient gas in the chamber through the plume, of a participation of the walls in the arc current conduction pattern, or of remote electromagnetic interactions between currents in the plume and induced currents in the walls. The first difficulty clearly relates to chamber size; the second relates to chamber size and to the ambient pressure that can be sustained during thruster operation. The remaining interactions are fostered by the electrical conductivity of the metallic walls of the conventional stainless steel or aluminum vacuum chambers. The desirable facility would thus seem to be a large, dielectric-walled vacuum vessel, capable of low ultimate pressure. Glass or quartz has the most desirable vacuum properties but is essentially unmanageable in the desired sizes. Plastic materials are structurally more convenient, but considerable uncertainty has surrounded their vacuum behavior for the large surface exposures involved in this application. In connection with a program of pulsed plasma acceleration studies described in detail elsewhere," design, construction, and testing of a 50-ft plastic vacuum tank was undertaken, as much to determine its actual vacuum capabilities as to provide a more satisfactory environment for experiments on the ejected plasma. Specifically, this is a vessel of l-in.-thick Plexiglas G~l in the form of a cylinder 3 ft in diameter, 6 ft long, with a hemispherical fixed end and a dish-shaped removable end. Ports are provided for the plasma accelerator at the removable end and for exhaust sampling diagnostics at the fixed end. Each side of the tank also has four large access ports for pumping equipment, gages, diagnostic probes, and photographic flats. Figure 1 shows a sketch of this vessel. The tank was fabricated at a nearby industrial shop§ in the following way. The main body of the vessel was formed by heating a l-in.-thick plane sheet of Plexiglas to about 350°F and bending it over a half-cylinder mandrel, whereon it was

Field of study: Physics
Impact of lifestyle on the gut microbiota of healthy infants and their mothers—the ALADDIN birth cohort.

An anthroposophic lifestyle, which has been associated with reduced allergy risk in children, has several characteristics that could influence gut microbiota. This study aimed to investigate the impact of anthroposophic lifestyle as well as specific early life exposures on the gut microbiota. In total, 665 stool samples from 128 mother-infant pairs from the ALADDIN birth cohort study were included. Samples collected from infants at ages 6 days, 3 weeks, 2 months and 6 months, and from their mothers before and after delivery, respectively, were analyzed using 454-pyrosequencing. Information regarding lifestyle exposures was collected prospectively through interviews and questionnaires. Six-month-old infants in anthroposophic families had a significantly higher abundance of Bifidobacterium and lower abundances of Bacteroides and Veillonella. Caesarean section and breastfeeding had a significant impact on the microbiota: caesarean section was primarily associated with delayed colonization of Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides, whereas breastfed children had a higher relative abundance of Bifidobacterium and a lower abundance of Clostridiales. However, despite large differences in lifestyle exposures, we determined no significant differences in the gut microbiota between the anthroposophic and non-anthroposophic mothers or their infants' before 6 months of age.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Structure and expression of the Aplysia polyubiquitin gene.

The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, which is up-regulated in response to sensitizing treatments with serotonin (5-HT), plays a critical role in inducing long-term facilitation (LTF) of sensory-to-motor synapses in Aplysia. We characterized the structure of the polyubiquitin gene of Aplysia and studied its expression. At least six ubiquitin coding units exist in tandem, one of which encodes a protein with an amino acid sequence identical to human ubiquitin. Although the synthesis of polyubiquitin is induced by strong stimuli in many organisms, we found that the expression of ubiquitin in Aplysia is not affected by protocols that produce LTF.

Field of study: Biology
Triplet pairing driven by Hund's coupling in doped monolayer MoS$_2$

We investigate superconducting pairing driven by electron-electron interactions in a theoretical model for monolayer MoS$_2$ with the temperature-flow functional renormalization group(fRG). At low doping, the dominant instability is toward odd-parity pairing with $f$-wave Mo-nearest-neighbor structure. We compute the fRG phase diagram versus electron doping below the van Hove filling of the conduction band. In the superconducting regime, the critical temperature grows with doping, comparable to the experiments. Near van Hove filling the system favors a ferromagnetic state. We demonstrate that the triplet pairing is driven by ferromagnetic fluctuations and that the multiorbital nature of the conduction band as well as the Hund's coupling appear crucial in making the physics of MoS$_2$ different from e.g. doped graphene.

Field of study: Physics
Thermoelectric Properties of Nanocrystalline Silicon Films Prepared by Hot-Wire and Plasma-Enhanced Chemical-Vapor Depositions

We report thermoelectric measurements over a temperature range of 80 K to 300 K of heavily boron-doped nanocrystalline silicon films prepared by hot-wire and plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor depositions. The nanocrystalline silicon films were doped by either gaseous deposition precursors or post-deposition ion implantation, resulting in boron concentrations ranging from 1–2×1020 cm−3 to 3 × 1021 cm−3. Reasonable values of the Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity were obtained at 300 K, comparable to many other research work. We also report thermal conductivity measurements on these films before doping, which we use to estimate their prospective thermoelectric efficiency. These measurements show values as low as 0.76 W/mK at 300 K which depend highly upon the grain sizes of the nc-Si films. We find that post-deposition doping by ion-implantation is more effective at enhancing the power factor than gaseous doping, and the power factor is only weakly dependent upon doping concentration for the films doped by ion implantation. We conclude that improvements of the thermoelectric efficiency of nc-Si films may depend more on a reduction of their thermal conductivity than doping optimization. The small grain sizes and the low thermal conductivity of the undoped nc-Si films accomplished in this work are therefore encouraging developments.

Field of study: Materials science
Research on Xinjiang Mountainous Area Highway Pavement Construction Technology in Low Temperature

Since low temperature environment is one of the major problems encountered in the construction of asphalt pavement in northern XinJiang, this paper analyzes the solutions of Saiguo highway asphalt pavement construction technology in low temperature. It is the first time to use Chinese domestic warm mix agent (WMA) to study asphalt mixture performance. The relevant test roads are carried out on this basis. According to road effect of test roads, WMA has certain practical engineering value.

Field of study: Engineering
Can Caribbean Education Attract Knowledge-Based Foreign Direct Investment?

Institutionalists have long recognized the importance of education to a country's development. Thorstein Veblen argued that the immaterial equipment of a nation might be the most significant category of its assets and that its embodiment in workers makes a nation's tangible assets useful.1 The immaterial equipment expands through education, which increases the nation's "common stock of intangible, technological equipment," and the history of the growth and use of this stock constitutes "the history of the development of material civilization" ([1919] 1990, 328). Clarence Ayres ([1944] 1962, xxi) said "the most important factor in the economic life of any people is the educational level ... of the community." And in his monumental study of Asia, Gunnar Myrdal (1972, 378) wrote, "[E]ducational policy must have the central purpose of directing and apportioning educational efforts so as to give a maximum impetus to national development." Institutionalists have also recognized that the content and function of education change as society evolves. Veblen said that "the knowledge acquired under the priestly teachers of the primitive community was a knowledge of ritual and ceremonial.... What was learned was how to make oneself indispensable to the powers [preternatural agents], and so to put oneself in a position to ask, or even to require, their intercession in the course of events or their abstention from interference in any given enterprise" ([18991 1953, 236). This is the knowledge of those "whose habits of thought are not shaped by contact with modern industry" (237). As society develops, however, exoteric knowledge, "comprising chiefly knowledge of industrial processes and of natural phenomena which [are] habitually turned to account for the material purposes of life," assumes greater importance.

Field of study: Economics
The Six Aspects that Librarians Should Change

As libraians,we should change our concepts to make our library manegemen t meet the demands of the new techolog i-cal revolution and socialist econom y.Six concepts are dealt with in this article,concernirg the transference from li-brary to centers of inormation,inte lligence -development,and the chan ge from free -service to paid -servic e,etc.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Hasil Pengamatan Diagnosa Klinik Terhadap Diagnosa Patologi pada Penderita Radang Usus Buntu

The purpose of this paper is to review 309 patients of appendicitis operated in the Department of Surgery, Gadjah Mada University Hospital, Yogyakarta, between 1972 - 1976. Among the pa. tients 81 are males and 228 are females. The peak incidence of appendicitis is between 15 - 20 years of age. Results of the clinical diagnosis compared with the pathological diagnosis are as follows; 81,8% is chronic appendicitis; 44,4% is acute appendicitis; 64,4% is chronic appendicitis with acute exacerbation; 60% is periappendicular infiltrate and 1,9% is normal appendix. Fecaliths within the lumen-of the appendix are found in 136 patients (44%); eggs of elscaris in 8 patiens (2,6%).  appendicitis - periappendicular infiltrate - Ascaris - normal appendix - fccaliih

Field of study: Medicine
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR OF RC BEAMS STRENGTHENED WITH STEEL BAR/WIRE MESH MORTAR

In order to both keep the advantages of the RC beams strengthened with wire mesh-mortar or small diameter steel bar-mortar,and increase the load carrying capacity of the strengthened beams significantly,a thought to strengthen RC beams with steel bar/wire mesh mortar was advanced.Seven steel bars/wire mesh mortar-strengthening beams,and one comparative RC beam were produced for a comparison experimental study.The influences of the strengthening methods,and loading conditions on the bending behavior of the strengthened beams were investigated.The research result indicated that the steel bar/wire mesh mortar can significantly increase the moment capacity.Even though under a low reinforcement ratio of wire mesh the strengthened beams still have a good crack control property and displacement ductility.It was also showed that the moment capacity of once-loading beams has very small difference from that of the beams subjected to a preloading onto yield before strengthening.The calculation methods for predicting the moment capacity of the strengthened beams were also provided and show a good agreement with the tested results.

Field of study: Engineering
The Black College Mystique (review)

(Gasman, Baez, & Turner, in press). This book provides an excellent model for the next logical study: students of color at nonselective four-year colleges. After reading the book, I am left with the questions similar to those I usually ask when studying college students. Here I ask: What do these elite schools do to help the students that they bring to campus? Are there differences across institutions in the ways that arriving students are brought into the community of scholars that exists at the campus? Do some of the schools capitalize more than others on the unique strength of the students? And finally, the most obvious question: How did these students differ from students at other kinds of college campuses? Maybe the answers to these questions will help all institutions move beyond “sinking or swimming.”

Field of study: Education
Infinitely many solutions of a symmetric semilinear elliptic equation on an unbounded domain

AbstractWe study a semilinear elliptic equation of the form
$$ - \Delta u + u = f(x,u), u \in H_0^1 (\Omega ),$$
 wheref is continuous, odd inu and satisfies some (subcritical) growth conditions. The domain Ω⊂RN is supposed to be an unbounded domain (N≥3). We introduce a class of domains, called strongly asymptotically contractive, and show that for such domains Ω, the equation has infinitely many solutions.

Field of study: Mathematics