nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Millennial-scale variability in the productivity signal from the Alboran Sea record, Western Mediterranean Sea

Primary productivity of the Alboran Sea (Western Mediterranean) is reconstructed for the time interval 48,000 to 28,000 years BP using the following geochemical proxies: calcium carbonate, barium excess (Baexcess), total organic carbon (TOC) and alkenone concentration. The records show a consistent pattern that indicates enhanced productivity during Dansgaard/Oeschger (D/O) warm periods. At the same time, deep-water conditions were favorable for organic matter preservation in the sediments, as indicated by the variation in redox-sensitive elements, such as Mn, Cr or V, and by the δ13C record of benthic foraminifers. The Alboran Sea productivity variation during D/O cycles is explained by the succession of two climatic scenarios that led to latitudinal shifts of the westerly wind system. This mechanism would also account for the variability in the deep-water ventilation of the Western Mediterranean Sea.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
STUDIES IN THE ALLO- AND ISOALLOXAZINE SERIES. XII. NEW SYNTHESIS OF 7-CHLOROALLOXAZINE

A new synthesis of 7-chloroalloxazine is effected by condensing 4-chloro-O-phenylenediamine with violuric acid in 3 N HCl. The same starting materials when condensed together in 50% acetic acid give 6-chloro-2-hydroxyquinoxaline-3-carboxylic acid ureide.  V. M. Berezovskii, G. D. Glebova. English Translation in Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds , 1965, 1 (1), pp 83-85

Field of study: Chemistry
Embedding Student Employability into the Curriculum:Experiences from the UK

Employability is an individual possession required to successfully obtain a job or be well equipped for a job,which includes the qualities,knowledge and competencies.Enhancing employability is of much significance for graduates to hunt jobs.The strategies of embedding employability into curriculum are advocated by scholars in developed countries and have been put into practice by many universities.Studies on employability in the UK take the forefront in the world,while the University of York is one of the outstanding representatives.The University of York has done well in training students' employability,employment and entrepreneurship,which is worthy of learning for Chinese universities.

Field of study: Education
Effect of growth rate on stability and gene expression of recombinant plasmids during continuous and high cell density cultivation of Escherichia coli TG1.

Continuous and fed-batch cultures of recombinant Escherichia coli TG1 were carried out in order to study plasmid stability and recombinant product formation at different specific growth rates. The aprotinin::beta-galactosidase gene (Ap::lacZ) was placed under the control of two different promoter/repressor systems, the PLac/lacI (pPLac8) and the lambda PL/cIts857 (pPL6) system. The chemically (0.5 mM IPTG) induced gene expression exhibited higher product activity and plasmid stability than the thermally (40 degrees C) induced expression. In fed-batch cultivations with the more stable E. coli TG1(pPLac8) a special feeding strategy allowed bacterial growth with a constant growth rate mu for several hours up to high cell densities. The cloned gene product activity was noticeably effected by the specific growth rate and the cell density at the moment of induction. In particular, the enzyme activities passed a pronounced maximum value in dependence of the set growth rate. The results indicate that fed-batch cultivation strategies are well suited to produce recombinant gene products.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
AWG-based WDM ring networks: High-performance and low-cost system designs

Optical packet switching (OPS) ring networks are regarded as being promising solutions for future optical metropolitan area networks. In this paper, we propose novel arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG)-based wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) ring network systems that are aimed at achieving low-cost, scalable, and high-performance systems. By exploiting the cyclic routing properties and spatial wavelength reuse of a passive 2*2 AWG device, we redesign the ring network into a two-subring network, connected through the AWG device. The network is governed by a novel distributed medium access control (MAC) scheme, and we further derive a highly efficient and fair bandwidth allocation in accordance with a quota. A previously proposed experimental optical packet-switched WDM metro-ring network, called HOPSMAN, has shown to have exceptional performance among the OPS ring network studies. We show simulation and analytic results to demonstrate that our proposed system have achieved enhanced performance of the TT (tunable transmitter)-TR (tunable receiver)-based HOPSMAN by 1.5 times but have used only low-cost TT-FR (fixed-tuned receiver) or FT (fixed-tuned transmitter)-FR optical devices. Thus, the proposed networks achieve exceptional network throughput and also greatly reduce system costs.

Field of study: Computer science
Calorimetric study of thermal denaturation of type I human placenta collagen.

The thermal denaturations of type I human placenta collagen were studied in different aqueous solutions in the temperature range from 274 to 345 K by differential scanning calorimetry. The thermodynamic parameters of denaturational process were accurately. The average temperature of denaturation of the collagen Td is 47.1 degrees C, and the denaturational enthalpy delta Hd is 8.43 kJ per mole of residue in salt-free aqueous solution at pH 3.7. The linear relationship of delta Hd with Td has been obtained for the various collagens studied. The various factors concerning the stabilization of collagen structure of the Sigma collagen have been demonstrated. The dominant factors are hydrogen bonding and the participation of water molecules in the collagen structure. It is concluded from the thermodynamic evidence obtained that the water-carbonyl model is preferable to other models. By means of calculating the van't Hoff enthalpy of the collagen denaturation, the number and the size of cooperative blocks of the Sigma collagen have been evaluated. Its molecule contains five cooperative blocks, each having 600 residues or so. The type I human placenta collagen is a multi-domain protein.

Field of study: Chemistry
N-Acetylcysteine Blocks Serotonin 1B Agonist-Induced OCD-Related Behavior in Mice

Glutamate-modulating agents are of increasing interest in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Current pharmacotherapies for OCD target the serotonin and dopamine systems, and are limited in efficacy. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is an over-the-counter amino acid supplement that inhibits glutamate neurotransmission and has been shown in preliminary studies to reduce symptoms in OCD and related compulsive disorders. Despite growing interest in NAC as a novel psychiatric medication, no studies currently exist examining the effects of NAC in animal models of compulsive disorders. Here, we investigate NAC in a well-validated mouse model of OCD that is predictive of treatment efficacy as well as the time course for therapeutic onset of OCD medications. NAC (60 mg/kg/day or 120 mg/kg/day) was administered via the drinking water of mice for 3 weeks prior to behavioral testing. Mice were tested in the delayed alternation task (DAT) and open field test following acute serotonin 1B receptor (5-HT1B) agonist challenge to induce OCD-related behavior. We found that both doses of NAC blocked 5-HT1B agonist-induced deficits on the DAT. In a separate study, we administered NAC (60 mg/kg/day) for 1 week or 3 weeks in the drinking water of mice prior to examining OCD-related behavior. We found that blockade of 5-HT1B agonist-induced OCD-like behavior is present at 3 weeks, but not 1 week, of NAC treatment. Together, our findings suggest that NAC is a novel OCD treatment with potential utility as monotherapy and therapeutic effects that emerge on a time-course similar to established medications.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Research progress of transparent polycrystalline Y_2O_3 ceramics

Transparent Y2O3 ceramics are a sort of highly valuable functional materials for the outstandingly optical and thermal properties.Nowadays,it has become the replacing material of single crystal.According to some foreign and domestic research fruits,the research progress of transparent Y2O3 ceramics is briefly introduced,including powder synthesis,compaction,sintering and machining.Fabrication processes of transparent Y2O3 ceramics are elaborately described.The reasons for cracking in powder compact are expatiated on.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Particle extinction measured at ambient conditions with differential optical absorption spectroscopy. 1. system setup and characterization.

We describe an instrument for measuring the particle extinction coefficient at ambient conditions in the spectral range from 270 to 1000 nm. It is based on a differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) system, which was originally used for measuring trace-gas concentrations of atmospheric absorbers in the ultraviolet-visible wavelength range. One obtains the particle extinction spectrum by measuring the total atmospheric extinction and subtracting trace-gas absorption and Rayleigh scattering. The instrument consists of two nested Newton-type telescopes, which are simultaneously used for emitting and detecting light, and two arrays of retroreflectors at the ends of the two light paths. The design of this new instrument solves crucial problems usually encountered in the design of such instruments. The telescope is actively repositioned during the measurement cycle. Particle extinction is simultaneously measured at several wavelengths by the use of two grating spectrometers. Optical turbulence causes lateral movement of the spot of light in the receiver telescope. Monitoring of the return signals with a diode permits correction for this effect. Phase-sensitive detection efficiently suppresses background signals from the atmosphere as well as from the instrument itself. The performance of the instrument was tested during a measurement period of 3 months from January to March 2000. The instrument ran without significant interruption during that period. A mean accuracy of 0.032 km(-1) was found for the extinction coefficient for an 11-day period in March.

Field of study: Physics
Plastic Deformation Behavior and Fracture Characteristic of Mg-RE-Zr Alloy

The plastic deformation behavior and fracture characteristic of Mg-RE-Zr alloy at different temperatures were studied by compression test. The results show that Mg-RE-Zr alloy has a large uniform plastic deformation and a significant deformation strengthening effect at 400 ℃. The room temperature fracture is mainly shear fracture,which is relative flat and has some visible quadratic cracks. At compression deformation,the fracture is the mixture of cleavage fracture and quasi-cleavage crack,while the tensile fracture mode is quasi-cleavage crack. Subsequently,the Mg-RE-Zr alloy can meet the requirements of plastic deformation as biomaterials.

Field of study: Materials science
Study on gene engineering inulinase hydrolyzed hypso-concentration sucrose

The recombinant inulinase strain GS115/INU1 was induced and expressed. After broth separation and purification, enzyme liquid of GS115/INU1 was obtained which presented single zone in SDS electrophoresis. The optimum temperature and pH of the sucrose hydrolysis were at 50℃ and pH4.0,respectively.Under 48U enzyme per gram sucrose condition, the enzyme hydrolyzed sucrose solution at concentration 50% for 6 hours, and the hydrolysis rate approached 99.7%. The enzyme hydrolyzed sucrose solution at concentration 80% for 14 hours , the hydrolysis rate approached 97.8%.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Genetic and biochemical factors relevant to alcoholism.

Important biochemical clues from animal and human studies as well as epidemiologic studies of twins and adoptees suggest that genetic factors may predispose to alcohol addiction. This paper critically examines the epidemiology and biochemistry literature to assess the strength of the evidence supporting a genetic element in alcohol addiction. Then, a biochemical hypothesis is presented that involves the identification of specific metabolic pathways, pathway controls, and metabolites that may be unique to alcoholics, and which has been tested by experiment.

Field of study: Medicine
[Effect of calcium, magnesium and temperature on praziquantel-induced tegument damage of the male Schistosoma japonicum].

When male shistosomes were preincubated in Hank’s balanced salt solution(HBS) without calcium for 1 h, followed by the addition of praziquantel at the final concentration of 1 or 30 microg/mL, about half of the worms tested appeared intact while others showed some vesicles along their surface within 1h.After the addition of Ca2+(1.4 mM) to the media, all worms exhibited strong contraction and vesicles appeared along the tegument within 15-30 min. Preincubation of male schistosomes in HBS with 30 mM Mg2+ before the addition of praziquantel (1 or 30 microg/mL) prevented the formation of vesicles in about half of the worms tested within 1 h. At 4 degrees male schistosomes showed moderate contraction and praziquantel exhibited little activity on them, but once returned to 37 degrees, the worms recovered to normal. When male schistosomes were exposed to praziquantel( 1 or 30 mcirog/mL) in HBS at 4 degrees for 1-2 h, no vesicles were formed. However, when these worms were transferred to 37 degrees, a strong spasmodic contraction occurred and vesicles appeared along the tegument within 15-30 min.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Repair Welding of Tunnel Defect in Friction Stir Weld of Al-Zn-Mg Alloys

The tunnel defect formed in friction stir welding dramatically, which deteriorated mechanical properties of joints owing to its larger size in lack of fusion. By welding the Al-Zn-Mg aluminum plates with specific process parameters, the defective joints with tunnel defect were obtained. Then, the repair welding and twice repair welding were carried out to use friction stir welding on the defective joint. Experiment results showed that the joint with tunnel defect could be repaired by the friction stir repair welding. Microstructure of repaired joints showed that grain size in the nugget zone decreased slightly while inhomogeneity of grain size was increased, and grain presented recrystallization phenomenon in the retreating side of thermo-mechanically affected zone; Mechanical properties testing results showed that the yield strength and tensile strength increased obviously. The tensile fracture scanning results showed that repaired joints presented layered in different positions. Compared with the repair welding joint, the mechanical properties of twice repair welding joint lowered slightly, and the thickness of welding reduced gradually with the repair welding.

Field of study: Engineering
On the School-running Mode of "Three-layer Integration" in Local Vocational and Technical Colleges

Three-layer integration in local vocational and technical colleges,which is schools integrating with industries,majors integrating with enterprises,and teachers and students integrating with occupations,should be the development direction of school-running.Therefore local vocational and technical colleges should enter the department of government and industries,innovate the cooperation carrier,and promote industrial cooperation interactively;establish the temporary post mechanism,analyze and develop the curriculum by work task,build the professional training base,and enhance the major construction with the help from industries;create a practice mechanism of teachers,offer various post practice of students,and promote the teaching construction combining work and learning.

Field of study: Education
Design of Registration and Payment System of Personnel Training Based on ASP.NET

Designs the B/S structure-based registration and payment system of personnel training,which is developed on the ASP.NET platform. Analyses the ASP.NET security mechanism,and elaborates the technology of permission control,value-passing security between the pages,data encryption and verification code in the database and so on to Website security. Practice proves that the design and application of the system is a good solution to different locations at different times of registration,payment and other issues,and improves the work efficiency.

Field of study: Computer science
Thermal dissociation of the ErMn2O5 compound

Phase equilibria in the Er-Mn-O system have been studied by the static method on vacuum circulation setup at 1010–1160 K with subsequent X-ray diffraction analysis of the quenched solid phases with step-by-step removal of oxygen from the ErMn2O5 compound. It is established that ErMn2O5 dissociation occurs in three stages. The temperature dependences of the equilibrium oxygen pressure are experimentally determined for the found phase equilibria. The changes in the standard thermodynamic functions of the reactions of dissociation and formation of ErMn2O5 and ErMnO3 from elements are calculated.

Field of study: Physics
Continuous stand-alone controllable aerosol/cloud droplet dryer for atmospheric sampling

We describe a general-purpose dryer designed for continuous sampling of atmospheric aerosol, where a specified relative humidity (RH) of the sample flow (lower than the atmospheric humidity) is required. It is often prescribed to measure the properties of dried aerosol, for instance for monitoring networks. The specific purpose of our dryer is to dry cloud droplets (maximum diameter approximately 25 μm, highly charged, up to 5 × 102 charges). One criterion is to minimise losses from the droplet size distribution entering the dryer as well as on the residual dry particle size distribution exiting the dryer. This is achieved by using a straight vertical downwards path from the aerosol inlet mounted above the dryer, and removing humidity to a dry, closed loop airflow on the other side of a semi-permeable GORE-TEX membrane (total area 0.134 m2). The water vapour transfer coefficient, k, was measured to be 4.6 × 10-7 kg m−2 s−1% RH−1 in the laboratory (temperature 294 K) and is used for design purposes. A net water vapour transfer rate of up to 1.2 × 10-6 kg s−1 was achieved in the field. This corresponds to drying a 5.7 L min−1 (0.35 m3 h−1) aerosol sample flow from 100% RH to 27% RH at 293 K (with a drying air total flow of 8.7 L min−1). The system was used outdoors from 9 May until 20 October 2010, on the mountain Brocken (51.80° N, 10.67° E, 1142 m a.s.l.) in the Harz region in central Germany. Sample air relative humidity of less than 30% was obtained 72% of the time period. The total availability of the measurement system was >94% during these five months.

Field of study: Environmental science
Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of a fungal saponin-detoxifying enzyme.

Tomatinase, an extracellular enzyme belonging to family 3 of the glycosyl hydrolases, is produced by the fungal tomato-leaf pathogen Septoria lycopersici and detoxifies the saponin alpha-tomatine. An efficient strategy for purification of the enzyme from fungal culture medium has been developed. Single crystals have been grown by vapour diffusion at 289 K from 17.5%(w/v) PEG 4K, 5%(v/v) 2-propanol and 0.1 M sodium acetate pH 4.5 as precipitant. When cryoprotected at 100 K, these crystals diffract to at least 3.0 A and belong to space group P2(1)2(1)2. Based on an estimated molecular weight of 110 kDa for the glycosylated protein and assuming two molecules in the asymmetric unit, the crystals contain approximately 46% solvent.

Field of study: Chemistry
Galectin-9（Tim-3L） significantly attenuates aUogeneic immune response in mice

To explore the subcellular localization of Galectin-9 and its effect on allogeneic immune response.  The plasmid pEGFP-N1 was inserted with Galectin-9 fragment which was amplified from pBKCMV-Galectin-9 by PCR. The recombinant plasmid was then transfected into CHO cells using JetPEl in vitro. The cells were cultured in G418 selecting medium to obtain the stably-transfected cells. The transcription and expression of Galectin-9 gene were verified by immunohistochemical staining and RT-PCR. The solid-phase transgenic CHO cells or freshly-cultured supernatant was added into the mixed lymphocyte response system to detect the inhibitory effect of Galectin-9. Galectin-9 protein was administered intraperitoneally for 7 d consecutively.  The expression of Galectin-9 was localized in the cytosol of CHO. The allogeneic mix lymphocyte proliferation was dose-dependently inhibited by the freshly-cultured su- pernatant from stably-transfected CHO cells. Furthermore, the supernatant from stably-transfected CHO cells dose-dependently inhibited the level of IL-2. The inhibitory effect could be reversed by Tim-3-Fc blocking. Administration of Galectin-9 significantly prolonged the survival of allogeneic cardiac transplants [ （22.7 ± 1.2） d vs （7.2 ± 0.4） d） ].  Galectin-9 may be secreted in physical situation to exert its im- munomodulatory function on allogeneic immune response. Furthermore, Galectin-9 may be a novel therapeutic drug in transplant medicine. 
 
 
Tim-3;  Galectin-9;  Immunosuppression;  Mouse

Field of study: Biology
Study on the effects of high intensity pulsed electric fields on the contents of free amino acids and lactose in skim milk

The contents variations of free amino acids and lactose in skim milk after treated by high intensity pulsed electric fields were studied. Results showed that the contents of the free amino acids were increased and increased more with longer treatment time. The results also showed that there was almost no effect on the content of the lactose in skim milk.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 as possible therapeutic targets in systemic sclerosis.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by fibrosis of skin and internal organs. Its pathogenesis, which is still poorly understood, features three main pathogenic moments: an initial diffuse vasculopathy followed by low-grade inflammation and a subsequent tissue fibrosis. Numerous evidences support the role of a Th2-oriented immune response during both the inflammatory and the fibrotic phase of SSc. Levels of IL-4, IL-13 and CXCL4 are higher in the serum of SSc patients compared to healthy controls. Fibrotic tissue in SSc displays a Th2 polarized CD4+ cell infiltration, influencing fibroblast phenotype and inducing collagen and extra cellular matrix protein synthesis. In tight skin mice the administration of neutralizing anti-IL-4 antibodies prevents the development of dermal fibrosis. Back-crossing these mice onto a genetic background that cannot respond to IL-4 prevents skin sclerosis. In SSc, CD8+ T lymphocytes secrete IL-13 and mediate dermal fibrosis and have skin-homing receptors. Incubation with healthy dermal fibroblasts results in elevation of extracellular matrix, which can be reduced with anti-IL13 antibodies. Specifically, IL-4 and IL-13 take part in the inflammatory phase, contribute to the transition from the inflammatory to the fibrotic phase and maintain a profibrotic state in affected organs, mediating the interaction between T cells and fibroblasts. Blocking the cross-talk between these cell types by acting on the soluble cytokines, on their receptors on cell surfaces or on intracellular signaling pathways could constitute a new therapeutic approach.

Field of study: Medicine