nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Basic Magnesium Carbonate-Based DGT Technique for in situ Measurement of Dissolved Phosphorus in Eutrophic Waters

A technique of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) was developed for the in situ measurement of reactive phosphorus (P) species in natural waters, sediments and potentially soils. Polyacrylamide/basic magnesium carbonate was firstly used as the novel binding phase of DGT. Various factors which would affect the adsorption of phosphate to the DGT, such as initial concentration, deployment time, pH value and ionic strength, were investigated. 10 mL of 0.25 M H 2 SO 4 was used for elution of phosphate from the binding gel, and an elution efficiency of 85% ± 5% was obtained. The DGT measurement was independent of ionic strength (0.001−0.05 M) and pH value (4.10−9.15). The results indicated that the maximum adsorption capacities of DGT were limited to 20.4 μg per disc ( T = 25 °C, pH 7.0, [P] = 2 mg L −1 ). Good agreement was obtained between measurement results of DGT and molybdenum blue method in the P concentration from 0.001 mg L −1 to 20 mg L −1 . The method detection limit (MDL) was 102.4 ng L −1 . Field performance of DGT in synthetic seawater, the coastal seawater of Xiamen, Yihai Lake, Chaohu Lake and Nanfei River indicated that the basic magnesium carbonate-DGT method was more reliable than the commonly used ferrihydrite-DGT method.

Field of study: Chemistry
Living in a 64K world

MOS memory technology is currently moving into production at the 64K density level with 64K Dynamic RAMS, EPROMS and ROMS now becoming available. In the next year 128K and 256K devices will begin to be sampled with mega bit devices on the horizon. The increase in device density on the chip is coupled with technology advances leading to the sub-micron range of minimum geometrics. A number of design, package and process innovations will be required to produce the mega bit memory chip.

Field of study: Engineering
Variscan P–T deformation paths from the southwestern Aiguilles Rouges massif (External massif, western Alps) and their implication for its tectonic evolution

Petrological and structural investigations in metapelites and amphibolites were undertaken to unravel the Variscan tectonic and metamorphic evolution of the southwestern Aiguilles Rouges massif. The geometry of planar and linear structures indicates a transpressive deformation regime with a change from predominantly subhorizontal to subvertical movements during its evolution. In metapelite samples from gneiss areas, garnet zonation trends have been correlated with chemical variations in plagioclase and biotite by microstructural observations. Applied conventional cation-exchange and net-transfer geothermobarometers yielded anti-clockwise P–T-deformation paths. Clockwise P–T-deformation paths resulted from (Na, Ca)-amphibole zonations of amphibolite samples from a different lithotectonic unit. Notable differences in P–T conditions and the general shape of P–T paths for the gneisses and amphibolites indicate that the units do not represent a continuous metamorphic zonation and underwent no common tectono-metamorphic evolution throughout the entire deformation. The combination of P–T-deformation paths and structural investigations revealed first-stage thrust tectonics followed by a transpressive deformation which was responsible for the uplift of the southwestern Aiguilles Rouges massif.

Field of study: Environmental science
Optical design of a light-emitting diode lamp for a maritime lighthouse.

Traffic signaling is an emerging field for light-emitting diode (LED) applications. This sustainable power-saving illumination technology can be used in maritime signaling thanks to the recently updated norms, where the possibility to utilize LED sources is explicitly cited, and to the availability of high-power white LEDs that, combined with suitable lenses, permit us to obtain well-collimated beams. This paper describes the optical design of a LED-based lamp that can replace a traditional lamp in an authentic marine lighthouse. This source recombines multiple separated LEDs realizing a quasi-punctual localized source. Advantages can be lower energy consumption, higher efficiency, longer life, fewer faults, slower aging, and minor maintenance costs. The proposed LED source allows us to keep and to utilize the old Fresnel lenses of the lighthouse, which very often have historical value.

Field of study: Physics
NO formation from coal char combustion in cement precalciner

In a bench scale precalciner, the characteristics of NO release from coal char combustion were investigated in various conditions (different temperatures and presence of cement raw meal). The mechanism of NO formation was also discussed.The results indicated that the characteristics of NO emission from three kinds of chars were obviously different because of coal physical structure and chemical properties. The rate of NO formation increased with increasing temperature, however, sometimes the phenomenon was irregular. The rate and amount of NO formation clearly rose in the presence of cement raw meal, which suggested that cement raw meal showed distinct catalytic effect on NO formation.NO originated mainly from the oxidation of fuel nitrogen in the industrial precalciner. The conversion of char-N to NO was controlled by two competitive reactions: oxidation of fuel nitrogen and reduction of NO.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Suppression of HLA class II expression of cell lines transfected with the mutated CIITA constructs

To explore the depression of MHC class Ⅱ molecules by transfecting the mutated CⅡTA (MHC class Ⅱ transactivator) constructs.  Restriction enzymes, PCR technique and synthesized oligonucleotide strand were used to construct three mutants as pcDNA3mCⅡTA2, pcDNA3mCⅡTA3 and pcDNA3mCⅡTA4. All mutants and pcDNA3 vector were transfected into HeLa and Raji cell lines by lipofectamine. RT PCR and flow cytometry were used to determine the changes of the MHC class Ⅱ inducible/constitutive expression.  Mutants pcDNA3mCⅡTA3 and pcDNA3mCⅡTA4 suppressed the inducible/constitutive expression of MHC class Ⅱ genes. However, pcDNA3 vector and pcDNA3mCⅡTA2 in which the initiation codon ATG was not contained had no effect on the MHC class Ⅱ expression.  The constructed mutants pcDNA3mCⅡTA3 and pcDNA3mCⅡTA4 suppressed the expression of MHC class Ⅱ genes.

Field of study: Biology
Ecosystem-based management in Canada and Norway: The importance of political leadership and effective decision-making for implementation

A comparison of a Norwegian and two Canadian management plans reveals that most of the measures in the Norwegian plan were put into practice, whereas the Canadian plans did not result in the implementation of any new measures. This paper applies implementation theory to explain the different results. First, there is a striking difference in the leadership of the two governments and the way they organized for the planning. The Norwegian government led the process in a top-down manner and tried to apply a “whole-of-government” approach. The Canadian government delegated the entire task to the regional branches of one ministry alone. The different roles taken may be explained by different political and economic contexts that create different motivations for the governments to engage. Second, there were different ways of deciding when conflicts arose. The Norwegian coalition government negotiated internal compromises in the form of package deals. In Canada, the collaborative planning based on consensus concealed disagreements in high-level statements and pushed concrete solutions forward to later action planning that never occurred. These processes reflect different national policy styles and resulted in policy designs that created a very different impetus for implementation. The analysis demonstrate how theory-driven case-study methodology can lead to cumulative results.

Field of study: Environmental science
Triton Clustering in Neutron Rich Nuclei

Recently, it has been reported that as one goes from oxygen to fluorine, just the addition of one more proton, provides extraordinary stability to fluorine which can bind six more neutrons beyond what oxygen can. It is shown here that this surprising stability can be understood if neutron rich nuclei, $^{24}O$ and $^{27}F$ are treated as bound states of eight and nine-tritons respectively. Also the recently discovered $^{42}Si$ is predicted to have a bound state structure of fourteen tritons.

Field of study: Physics
Personality Factors as Correlates of Perceived Quality of Life among Adolescents with Hearing Impairment in Selected Secondary Schools in Lagos State, Nigeria

This study investigated personality factors that predict perceived quality of life among adolescents with hearing impairment in selected secondary schools in Lagos state, Nigeria. Seventy five adolescents with hearing impairment participated in the study. The participants were drawn from four special secondary schools meant for students with hearing impairment. Three (3) research questions were generated for the study. The Rosenberg self-esteem Scale, World Health Organization (WHO) Quality of life scale and the Washington University School of medicine quality of life questionnaire for adolescents were used for data collection. Data generated was analysed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The study revealed a composite influence of independent variable-personality factors (self esteem, gender and onset of hearing loss) accounted for 14% of variation on the perceived quality of life among adolescents with hearing impairment. The study also found that the onset of hearing loss has significant relative influence on perceived quality of life among adolescents with hearing impairment (? = -0.275; t = -2.429; p 0.05). Based on the findings, it is recommended that it is recommended that parents should report to professionals in the field of special education or those in medical the birth emergence or the development of any sudden hearing problem to any of their wards/children for early intervention programmes formulated for such a child to minimize the effect and burden which the hearing impairment placed on the shoulder of the person suffering from it. The curriculum developer should bear in mind the presence of hearing impaired in all our schools and so should develop curriculum that is hearing impaired friendly.  Hearing impairment, quality of life, adolescents.

Field of study: Education
High frequency of circulating HBcAg‐specific CD8 T cells in hepatitis B infection: a flow cytometric analysis

Viral antigen‐specific T cells are important for virus elimination. We studied the hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐specific T cell response using flow cytometry. Three phases of HBV infection were studied: Group A, HBeAg (+) chronic hepatitis; Group B, HBeAb (+) HBV carrier after seroconversion; and Group C, HBsAb (+) phase. Peripheral T cells were incubated with recombinant HB core antigen (HBcAg), and intracytoplasmic cytokines were analysed by flow cytometry. HBcAg‐specific CD4 and CD8 T cells were identified in all three groups and the number of IFN‐γ‐positive T cells was greater than TNF‐α‐positive T cells. The frequency of IFN‐γ‐positive CD4 and CD8 T cells was highest in Group C, compared with Groups A and B. No significant difference in the HBcAg‐specific T cell response was observed between Group A and Group B. The HBcAg‐specific CD8 T cell response was diminished by CD4 depletion, addition of antibody against human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I, class II or CD40L. Cytokine‐positive CD8 T cells without HBcAg stimulation were present at a high frequency (7 of 13 cases) in Group B, but were rare in other groups. HBcAg‐specific T cells can be detected at high frequency by a sensitive flow cytometric analysis, and these cells are important for controlling HBV replication.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Gender differences in the association of depression with career indecisiveness, career-decision status, and career-preference crystallization.

Depression has detrimental effects on broad areas of functioning. However, its association with career decision-making factors has been largely unexplored. In the present study, we focused on the association between career decision-making difficulties, career-decision status, and career-preference crystallization, on the one hand, and depression, on the other. The hypothesis that high levels of career decision-making difficulties, less advanced decision status, and low levels of preference crystallization are associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms was tested with a sample of 222 college seniors. In addition, since it has been found that work-related stressors are more often associated with depression among men than women, it was hypothesized that the associations between vocational factors and depression would be stronger for men than for women. The participants filled out online self-report questionnaires assessing depressive symptoms, emotional and personality-related career decision-making difficulties, career-decision status, and career preferences. The results indicated that self-concept and identity-related career decision-making difficulties were associated with depressive symptoms for both men and women. In addition, for men, but not for women, less crystallization of career preferences also predicted higher levels of depressive symptoms. These results show how important it is for counseling psychologists to understand the role of the individual's vocational situation in depression.

Field of study: Psychology
Investigation of Na5GdSi4O12(NGS) NASICON and highly doped NGS NASICON prepared by spray-freeze/freeze-dry methods using complex plane analysis

Complex plane techniques have been employed to measure bulk and grain boundary effects, as well as electrode/electrolyte interface effects in polycrystalline samples of pure Na5GdSi4O12 and Na5GdSi4O12 doped with either Eu(III) or Ce(III). The technique of spray-freeze/freeze-drying was employed to prepare highly dense NASICON ceramics. The densities of Na5GdSi4O12 and 10 wt% Ce-doped Na5GdSi4O12 sintered pellets were > 94% of theoretical (3.213 g/cm3) and at 300°C the bulk conductivities were 0.21 and 0.18 S-cm−1, respectively. Densities of the 10 wt% Eu-doped samples were low (78–84%), yet the multiphase ceramics exhibited high Na+ conductivities of 0.3 S-cm−1 at 300°C.

Field of study: Materials science
TRIM36 hypermethylation is involved in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-induced cell transformation.

Long term exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is associated with the increasing risk of lung cancer. To identify differentially hypermethylated genes associated with PAHs-induced carcinogenicity, we performed genome-wide DNA methylation analysis in 20 μM benzo(a)pyrene (BaP)-transformed human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells at different stages of cell transformation. Several methylated genes (CNGA4, FLT1, GAREM1, SFMBT2, TRIM36) were differentially hypermethylated and their mRNA was suppressed in cells at both pre-transformed and transformed stages. Similar results were observed in HBE cells transformed by 20 μg/mL coke oven emissions (COEs) mixture collected from a coking manufacturing facility. In particular, hypermethylation of TRIM36 and suppression of TRIM36 expression were gradually enhanced over the time of COEs treatment. We developed bisulfite pyrosequencing assay and assessed TRIM36 methylation quantitatively. We found that hypermethylation of TRIM36 and reduced gene expression was prevalent in several types of human cancers. TRIM36 hypermethylation appeared in 90.0% (23/30) of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLCs) tissues compared to their paired adjacent tissues with an average increase of 1.32 fold. Furthermore, an increased methylation rate (5.90% v.s 7.38%) and reduced levels of TRIM36 mRNA were found in peripheral lymphocytes (PBLCs) of 151 COEs-exposed workers. In all subjects, TRIM36 hypermethylation was positively correlated with the level of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (P < 0.001), an internal exposure marker of PAHs, and the DNA damage (P = 0.013). These findings suggest that aberrant hypermethylation of TRIM36 might be involved in the acquisition of malignant phenotype and could be served as a biomarker for risk assessment of PAHs exposure.

Field of study: Environmental science
Huangqi Decoction Ameliorates Streptozotocin-Induced Rat Diabetic Nephropathy through Antioxidant and Regulation of the TGF-β/MAPK/PPAR-γ Signaling

Huangqi Decoction (HQD) has been traditionally used to treat diabetes mellitus in China. The present study was carried out to assess the protective effect of HQD on diabetic nephropathy (DN) using the streptozotocin-induced (STZ) diabetic rats.  Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (60 mg/kg) in male Wistar rats. 40 diabetic rats were divided into 5 groups: vehicle-treated (DN group), 0.45, 0.15, 0.05 g/kg HQD-treated diabetic group (HQD group) and 1 mg/kg rosiglitazone-treated diabetic group (RGZ group). 16 normal rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: vehicle-treated normal control group (NC) and 0.45 g/kg HQD-treated normal control group (NC+0.45 g/kg HQD). At the end of 8-week experiment, we measured changes of renal pathological morphology, function, antioxidant enzyme levels and the activation of TGF-β/PPAR-γ/MAPK signaling pathway.  After HQD treatment, renal function, including blood urea nitrogen (BUN), 24-h albuminuria and blood glucose level were improved significantly; meanwhile, impaired kidney redox balance was diminished in diabetic rats. The activation of TGF-β, phospho-JNK, phospho-p44/42, p47 and p42 phox was blocked and the decrease in PPAR-γ in diabetic rats was attenuated by treatment with HQD in a dose-dependent manner.  These results suggest that HQD shows therapeutic efficacy in DN characterized by renal dysfunction and pathological changes through hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Optimal design for the Josephson mixer

We present an optimal design in terms of gain, bandwidth and dynamical range for the Josephson mixer, the superconducting circuit performing three-wave mixing at microwave frequencies. In a compact all lumped-element based circuit with galvanically coupled ports, we demonstrate non degenerate amplification for microwave signals over a bandwidth up to 50 MHz for a power gain of 20 dB. The quantum efficiency of the mixer is shown to be about 70$\%$ and its dynamical range reaches 5 quanta per inverse dynamical bandwidth.

Field of study: Physics
A Robust Watermarking Method for Copyright Protection of Digital Images using Wavelet Transformation

A multiresolution wavelet transformation based robust watermarking method is introduced. The coefficients of watermark are embedded into those of host image at different transformation level using a secret key. Watermark is extracted using the same key and by inverse transformation at each level. Finally, the watermark is estimated by taking mean value of the obtained watermarks. The introduced method is tested on gray and color images with added Gaussian, salt and pepper, Speckle, and JPEG noises. Correlation coefficients are used to compare the embedded and extracted watermarks. Comparison result with an earlier work is presented.

Field of study: Computer science
Ein neuer physikalischer Raum

ZusammenfassungDieser wird erzeugt von den Erweiterungen eines hyperkomplexen Zahlsystems 1), welches der Verfasser als Angelpunkt aller quantenmechanischen Matrizensysteme erkannt hat. Die neue Raum-Zeit-Struktur wird angegeben. Zu ihrer Eichung benötigt man drei Meßwerte (g, cm, sec). Die physikalischen Konstanten sind hierauf theoretisch berechenbar. Im besonderen werden Eigenschaften der Elementarteilchen quantitativ erfaßt.

Field of study: Physics
Determination of Chitosan in Serum Albumin-Cu(II)-Chitosan Ternary System Using Resonance Rayleigh Scattering Spectra

In Britton-Robinson (B-R) buffer solution (pH 6.5), serum album (SA) and chitosan reacted with each other, and the resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS) spectrum of the system seemed to be very weak. After adding Cu 2+ to make the concentration ratio of Cu 2+ to SA being 10:1, which would react to form a ternary complex, its RRS intensity was significantly enhanced. The enhanced intensity of RRS was directly proportional to the concentration of chitosan. In this study, the reaction conditions and the formation mechanism of the ternary complex of BSA (or HSA) with Cu 2+ and chitosan were studied. The maximum RRS wavelengths are observed at 350 nm and 480 nm for BSA system, and at 340 nm for HSA system. The linear ranges and the detection limits are 0.01–4.0 g ml –1 and 3.66 ng ml –1 for BSA system, and 0.01–6.0 g ml –1 and 11.0 ng ml –1 for HSA. The RSD is less than 4.0%. It is obvious that the BSA system has a higher sensibility. So, a sensitive, simple, and fast method for the determination of trace amounts of chitosan by RRS technique has been developed. The influences of coexisting substances were investigated, and it is shown that the method has a good selectivity. This method has been applied for the determination of chitosan in hygienical capsule samples and self-made chitosan raw samples, and satisfactory results have been obtained.

Field of study: Chemistry
Illnesses, Accidents, and Alcohol Use as Functions of the Arousing Quality and Pleasantness of Life Changes

Life changes were rated for their arousing quality and pleasantness-unpleasantness. Number of life changes and arousing quality of life changes correlated .92 and both were positively related to a composite measure of physical, psychosomatic, and psychological symptoms, incidence of accidents, and alcohol use. Nonscreeners, i.e., more arousable persons, experienced more illnesses, as did females who are generally more arousable than males. More dominant persons had more accidents. Tests of interactions among the independent variables yielded significant effects for the composite measure of illness and for accidents but not for alcohol use. The combination of nonscreening, i.e., arousable temperament, and arousing life changes was particularly detrimental to health. Also, a pleasant temperament helped alleviate the detrimental effect of unpleasant life changes on health. The hypothesized adverse effect of unpleasant and arousing life changes was obtained for the accident rates of nonscreeners but not of screeners. Thus, the interactive contribution of displeasure with high arousal was significant only when extremely high arousal resulted from the combination of arousing conditions and an arousable temperament. Finally, an interaction of stimulus screening × trait dominance showed dominant nonscreeners to be more accident prone than submissive nonscreeners.

Field of study: Psychology
Current rectification by H3OUO2PO4·3H2O (HUP) thin films in electrolyte media

Factors influencing the electrical current rectification by HUP thin films in the generating electrolyte media were studied. Variations of electrolyte concentration, thickness of electrolyte nature, and chemical modification of thin films were evaluated in order to establish the optimization of electrical response. The current-voltage curves were used to obtain the limit intensity of rectification and resistances in depolarizing and hyperpolarizing field. Chemical modifications in the film also allow the current rectification even when no-generating ions are present in the electrolyte solutions.

Field of study: Materials science
Self-field effects in two-dimensional Nb Josephson-junction arrays

We have measured two-dimensional niobium Josephson junction arrays in which self induced fields are important. We find an increase of the depinning current when /spl lambda//sub /spl perp//, the penetration depth in the array, is of the order of one. There is evidence for a destruction of commensurate vortex states in the arrays as the depinning current becomes almost independent of the applied magnetic field. Our data also show that self-field effects change the array flux-flow dynamics and decrease the effective array viscosity.<<ETX>>

Field of study: Physics