nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A hybrid model for fusion at deep sub-barrier energies

A hybrid model where the tunneling probability is estimated based on both sudden and adiabatic approaches has been proposed to understand the heavy ion fusion phenomena at deep sub-barrier energies. It is shown that under certain approximations, it amounts to tunneling through two barriers: one while overcoming the normal Coulomb barrier (which is of sudden nature) along the radial direction until the repulsive core is reached and thereafter through an adiabatic barrier along the neck degree of freedom while making transition from a di-nuclear to a mono-nuclear regime through shape relaxation. A general feature of this hybrid model is a steep fall-off of the fusion cross section, sharp increase of logarithmic derivative L(E) with decreasing energy and the astrophysical S-factor showing a maxima at deep sub-barrier energies particularly for near symmetric systems. The model can explain the experimental fusion measurements for several systems ranging from near symmetric systems like $^{58}Ni+^{64}Ni, ^{58}Ni+^{58}Ni$ and $ ^{58}Ni+^{69}Y$ to asymmetric one like $^{16}O+^{208}Pb$ where the experimental findings are very surprising. Since the second tunneling is along the neck co-ordinate, it is further conjectured that deep sub-barrier fusion supression may not be observed for the fusion of highly asymmetric projectile target combinations where adiabatic transition occurs automatically without any hindrance. The recent deep sub-barrier fusion cross section measurements of $^{6}Li+^{198}Pt$ system supports this conjecture.

Field of study: Physics
A uniformly convergent numerical method on non-uniform mesh for singularly perturbed unsteady Burger-Huxley equation

In this paper, we present a numerical method which deals with the solvability of initial boundary value problem and related general properties of singularly perturbed Burger–Huxley equation. Singular perturbation problems are the problems in which a very small positive parameter is multiplied to the highest order derivative term. When this parameter approaches the limiting value of interest, i.e. ϵ → 0 , the problem exhibits boundary layers and most of the conventional methods fails to capture this effect. Thus, the quest for some new numerical techniques that may handle the difficulties occurring due to the presence of perturbation parameter and nonlinearity in the problem earns relevance. In this paper, one such parameter robust numerical scheme is constructed. The first step in this direction is the discretization of the time variable using the Euler implicit method with a constant time step. This produces a set of nonlinear stationary singularly perturbed semidiscrete problem class which is linearized further using the quasi-linearization process followed by spatial discretization using upwind finite difference operator on a piecewise uniform mesh. An extensive amount of analysis is carried out that uses a suitable decomposition of the error into smooth and singular component and a comparison principle combined with appropriate barrier functions. The error estimates are obtained, which ensures uniform convergence of the method. A set of numerical experiments is carried out in support of the predicted theory which validates the theoretical results computationally.

Field of study: Mathematics
A survey of adverse drug reactions in family practice.

In this study, 232 Canadian family physicians recorded suspected adverse drug reactions (SADRs) in their practices for five months. Patients' age and sex, the drug(s) implicated, type of reaction and any disability were recorded on a card and sent to a central coordinating office each week. The number of SADRs in clinical practice seems to be small. An estimated 300,000 patients were involved in the study, and a total of 314 suspected adverse drug reactions in 314 patients were reported. A proposal is made for a surveillance system for new drugs. Family physicians would monitor all patients taking a drug or group of drugs and matched controls. The status of patients and controls would be recorded regularly and any SADRs reported to a central coordinating centre.

Field of study: Medicine
A Finite Element Model of Electrode Placement During Stimulus Evoked Electromyographic Monitoring of Iliosacral Screw Insertion

Pelvic ring fractures that occur as a result of substantial orthopedic trauma are frequently repaired using iliosacral screws to stabilize the fracture. Stimulus evoked electromyography, using pulsed current stimuli provided through the drill bit cathode, has been advocated to prevent nerve root injury during iliosacral screw insertion. Our objective was to examine the effects of anode location, drill bit position, and anatomical structure on the nerve monitoring technique. A three-dimensional finite element model was constructed from computed tomography data to evaluate the effectiveness of five anode locations at four stations of drill bit insertion. Results indicate that the anode location should be at the midline or on the side contralateral to drill bit insertion. Locating the anode at other positions, such that the nerve root is outside of the primary electromagnetic field, leads to an attenuated electromyographic response that will ultimately lead to the failure of the monitoring technique.

Field of study: Medicine
STUDY OF IMPACT MECHANICAL RESPONSE AND STATISTICAL DAMAGE CONSTITUTIVE MODEL OF CERAMIC FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE

A 100-mm-diameter split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB) apparatus is used to study the dynamic mechanical properties of ceramic fiber reinforced concrete(CRFRC) experimentally.The validity of the test has been approved.The statistical damage constitutive model of CRFRC under uniaxial impact compressive load is established based on an improved parallel bar system model(IPBS) to simulate the dynamic damage process.The results show that ceramic fibers can enhance the strength and the toughness of plain concrete remarkably,especially when the specimens are loaded in a high strain rate.The stress equilibrium and the constant strain rate are satisfied during the test by means of pulse shaping technique.The stress-strain curves derived from the constitutive model are consistent with the test results,and enable to predict the stress-strain relationship of CRFRC accurately before its damage.

Field of study: Engineering
Clinical aspect and management of basal cell carsinoma

To identify the pattern, clinic:al aspect and management of Basal Cell Carsinoma (BCC) at Ophthalmology Department, Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta from 1997 to 2002.  The author reviewed eligible medical records of all patients with BCC diagnosis based on clinical symptoms and histopatologic examination. Operative management with frozen section procedure.  Based on the collected data we found 31 cases of BCC in 1997 to 2002. Most of these cases (30) were noduloulcerative types, while 1 case was morphea in type. Most location of lesion were inferior palpebral region. In these cases, the range of age was between 49-75 years. Wide excision with skin graft was performed on 11 cases and 9 cases with orbital exenteration and skin graft, 6 cases with wide excision and skin flap, 5 cases orbital exenteration â€“wide excisionâ€“ skin graft, as well as the ensuring 17 cases with radiotherapy. Most of the cases (30 cases) were good at follow up with a period of follow up between 2-14 month, while 1 case died.  The most frequent of BCC were ulcerative nodular type, most location in the inferior palpebral region. Wide excision and skin graft management in the majority of cases clinical good result.  BCC-Noduloulcerative type- Wide excision and skin graft.

Field of study: Medicine
Semi-analytical approximations to statistical moments of sigmoid and softmax mappings of normal variables

This note is concerned with accurate and computationally efficient approximations of moments of Gaussian random variables passed through sigmoid or softmax mappings. These approximations are semi-analytical (i.e. they involve the numerical adjustment of parametric forms) and highly accurate (they yield 5% error at most). We also highlight a few niche applications of these approximations, which arise in the context of, e.g., drift-diffusion models of decision making or non-parametric data clustering approaches. We provide these as examples of efficient alternatives to more tedious derivations that would be needed if one was to approach the underlying mathematical issues in a more formal way. We hope that this technical note will be helpful to modellers facing similar mathematical issues, although maybe stemming from different academic prospects.

Field of study: Computer science
Morphological disparity and ontogeny of the endemic heteromorph ammonite genus Aegocrioceras

Despite the fact that heteromorph ammonites often show a large range of intraspecific variation, that variation has rarely been quantified. Here, we quantify the intraspecific variation and ontogeny of 85 newly collected specimens of the Hauterivian endemic ammonite genus Aegocrioceras. All specimens were collected from concretions in the recently exposed bed 82 in the clay pit Resse in NW Germany (Lower Saxony Basin). Data for the conch morphology (diameter, whorl height, whorl interspace, rib spacing) were collected in 45° steps using the new software CONCH©. The CONCH© software will be made officially available with this publication. All ammonites were a priori identified as A. bicarinatum or A. semicinctum. An assessment of the intra- and interspecific variation as well as the ontogeny of this assemblage demonstrates the presence of just one species, i.e., A. bicarinatum. Comparison with the type material of A. bicarinatum and A. semicinctum reveals a large morphological overlap of different conch parameters and does not support a separation of both forms as distinct species. The analyzed assemblage of A. bicarinatum has a high variation in conch morphology including whorl interspace, umbilical width, and whorl expansion. Furthermore, the changes in intraspecific variation through ontogeny were quantified and the presence or absence of sexual dimorphism within the assemblage is discussed.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Nucleophilic acylation of benzimidazole

Conditions that make it possible to realize the direct C(2) acylation of benzimidazole and some of its derivatives were found. It is shown that bis products, which are converted to 2-acylbenzimidazoles upon heating to 140–200 °C with acyl halides in the presence of triethylamine, are formed in attempts to carry out C(2) acylation.

Field of study: Chemistry
Nuclear levels in 228Th populated in the decay of 228Pa (II)


The electron-capture decay of 228Pa to levels in 228Th was studied using mass-separated sources and a γ-ray detection system consisting of five Compton-suppressed Ge detectors. A total of 87 levels were observed up to an excitation energy of 2 MeV which are connected by approximately 500 γ-ray transitions. The complete octupole quadruplet, three excited Kπ=0+ bands and two Kπ=2+ bands were identified below 1.4 MeV. The observed level structure is compared to calculations within the quasiparticle-phonon nuclear model. The surprisingly good agreement indicates that 228Th has less transitional character than hitherto assumed.

Field of study: Physics
From GVC to NVC: a study of ways of upgrading for the sporting goods industry in China.

The authors studied ways of upgrading for the sporting goods industry in China, probed into a comparative analysis of function upgrading to be carried out by sporting goods enterprises, put forward preconditions for building a domestic value chain, and finally, by taking Anta company upgrading for example, probed into manners and ways to build a domestic value chain, and put forward the following suggestions: 1) sporting goods enterprises in China needs to form a domestic enterprise network system parallel to GVC by relaying on the local market; 2) the enterprises should establish a value chain competition conception; 3) the enterprises should build up the subject advantages of the domestic value chain and establish the core links of the value chain by relying on the resources of the local market; 4) the enterprises should change the export oriented development strategy, cultivate high class production elements to realize industrial upgrading; 5) domestic value chain administrators must enhance their administration ability, encourage small and medium size enterprises to walk the path of professionalized development, actively cooperate with leading and core enterprises, jointly build up advantages in value chain competition, and realize a "win-win situation" for all the enterprises on the value chain.

Field of study: Education
Australian diagnosis related groups: Drivers of complexity adjustment.

In undertaking a major revision to the Australian Refined Diagnosis Related Group (ARDRG) classification, we set out to contrast Australia's approach to using data on additional (not principal) diagnoses with major international approaches in splitting base or Adjacent Diagnosis Related Groups (ADRGs).



Comparative policy analysis/narrative review of peer-reviewed and grey literature on international approaches to use of additional (secondary) diagnoses in the development of Australian and international DRG systems.



European and US approaches to characterise complexity of inpatient care are well-documented, providing useful points of comparison with Australia's. Australia, with good data sources, has continued to refine its national DRG classification using increasingly sophisticated approaches. Hospital funders in Australia and in other systems are often under pressure from provider groups to expand classifications to reflect clinical complexity. DRG development in most healthcare systems reviewed here reflects four critical factors: these socio-political factors, the quality and depth of the coded data available to characterise the mix of cases in a healthcare system, the size of the underlying population, and the intended scope and use of the classification. Australia's relatively small national population has constrained the size of its DRG classifications, and development has been concentrated on inpatient care in public hospitals.



Development of casemix classifications in health care is driven by both technical and socio-political factors. Use of additional diagnoses to adjust for patient complexity and cost needs to respond to these in each casemix application.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
The effects of reinforcer magnitude in the preceding and upcoming ratios on between-ratio pausing in multiple, mixed, and single fixed-ratio schedules.

Hens responded under multiple fixed-ratio schedules with equal response requirements and either a 1-s or a 6-s reinforcer. Upcoming reinforcer size was indicated by key color. Components were presented in a quasirandom series so that all four component transitions occurred. Postreinforcement pauses were affected by the upcoming and preceding reinforcer size, with longer pauses after large reinforcers followed by small reinforcers than when followed by large ones, and longer pauses after small reinforcers that were followed by small reinforcers rather than large ones. Pauses increased with fixed-ratio size and the effects of reinforcer size were larger the larger the ratio. When reinforcer size was not signaled-mixed fixed-ratio schedules-pauses were shorter after small than after large reinforcers. Signalling the upcoming reinforcer attenuated the effect of the previous reinforcer size on pause duration when small was followed by small and when either small or large by large, but enhanced the effect when large was followed by small. There was no effect of reinforcer size on pause duration when single fixed-ratio schedules were arranged. The effects of reinforcer size on pauses depends on the size and range of the fixed ratios as well as the exact procedures used in the study.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
The Section 412(i) Retirement Alternative: Hedging against an Uncertain Future

Generally, whether a payment is alimony depends on IRC section 71(b). Alimony and separate maintenance payments (collectively referred to as alimony) are taxable to the recipient and deductible by the payor. When a taxpayer makes support payments under a court order issued pending a divorce, the parties may specify the amount of alimony in a separation agreement. If neither a divorce decree nor a separation agreement exists, payments made under court orders that don't specifically allocate a portion of the amount as alimony or child support but rather as household maintenance may be deemed alimony if they meet the requirements in section 71(b)(1). Section 71(b)(1) defines "alimony or separate maintenance payment" as any payment in cash if (A) Such payment is received by (or on behalf of) a spouse under a divorce or separation instrument. (B) The divorce or separation instrument does not designate such payment as a payment which is not includible in gross income under this section and not allowable as a deduction under section 215.  The couple had three minor children. In April 1992 Robert received a court order requiring him to deposit no less than $6,000 each month into a joint checking account maintained in both their names. The court granted Patricia unlimited access to the joint account and ordered her to use the money to maintain herself, the children and the household. In March 1993 the court prevented Robert from using the joint account and granted Patricia exclusive use of the funds. In January 1995 the court ordered Robert to make future payments to Patricia through the state probation department. An April 1996 order reduced support to Patricia to $1,600 from $6,000 and required Robert to pay all the children's household bills and expenses. The court issued a final judgment of divorce in February 1997. Prior to that time, Robert and Patricia were not legally separated under a decree of divorce or a separation agreement. While the divorce was pending, they shared joint custody of the children. The two, along with the children, continued to reside in the marital residence during most of the time in question. For taxable years 1992 through 1996, the Keans filed separate tax returns and treated the court-ordered support payments as follows on their federal income tax returns: The IRS determined deficiencies on Patricia's 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 and 1996 tax returns. It determined deficiencies for Robert in 1995 and 1996, but later "amended on brief" its inconsistent position that payments were includible in Patricia's gross income as alimony received and not deductible by Robert. …

Field of study: Business
Analysis and Comparison of the Debugging Method of the Embedded System

The debugging is that an embedded system develops the essential important link in the course, it accounts for 20%~50% of the whole construction period. This text makes an introduction to the commonly used debugging method, analyzed and relatively debugging methods and the characteristic of the debugging tools. Have offered reference for choosing the suitable debugging tools under different conditions , contribute to the embedded system and debug the improvement of performance.

Field of study: Computer science
Two-Step Synthesis of Furans by Mn(III)-Promoted Annulation of Enol Ethers.

Enol ethers, β-dicarbonyl compounds and the Mn(III) reagent Mn3O(OAc)7 react under mild conditions to form 1-alkoxy-1.2-dihydrofurans in good (70-98%) yields. The latter are readily converted to furans by acid-catalyzed elimination of ROH.

Field of study: Chemistry
An inter-comparison study of three stomatal-proxy methods for CO2 reconstruction applied to early Jurassic Ginkgoales plants

The inverse relationship between concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere (pCO2) and the stomatal index of vascular plant has been widely used to estimate ancient levels of atmospheric CO2. However, some atmospheric concentration of CO2 in the geological past (paleo-CO2) estimates show little congruence because they are derived using different correlative methods, or from different fossil plant species with different calibration approaches. Here we apply three methods, including (1) the empirical method of McElwain (1998) , (2) the empirical method of Barclay and Wing (2016) and (3) the mechanistic method of Franks et al., (2014) to a single fossil Ginkgo species (Ginkgoites marginatus) to track and assess their consistency of pCO2 estimates for the Early Jurassic. By using an inter-comparison of three methods, a high degree of consistency in pCO2 estimates and trends has been observed in two empirical proxy methods. In addition, the mechanistic method and both the empirical methods also show generally good consistent paleo-CO2 estimates at the bed-level. To test the congruence of paleo-CO2 estimates, we also apply all three methods to one additional Ginkgoalean fossil species (Sphenobaiera huangii). All three methods show species-dependent uncertainty in paleo-CO2 estimates when applied to different Ginkgalean fossil species collected from the same fossiliferous bed. Moreover, considering the potential effect of guard cell size to the mechanistic method, the genome size of fossil and living Ginkgo taxa was analyzed based on the significant positive relationship between genome size and guard cell size. The result demonstrates that a likely occurrence of polyploidy in Sphenobaiera huangii may result in underestimated paleo-CO2 when applying mechanistic method due to an increase in the size of the stomatal complex.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Organophosphate dichlorvos induced dose-related differential alterations in lipid levels and lipid peroxidation in various regions of the fish brain and spinal cord.

The effect of dichlorvos (DDVP) (0-0, dimethyl 2:2-dichlorovinyl phosphate), on various lipid fractions and lipid peroxidation in the discrete areas of the brain and spinal cord were studied in the fresh water teleost (Heteropneustes fossilis). Fishes were exposed to three different doses (3.0, 6.0 and 9.0 ppm) of DDVP daily for 7 days. Dose-related increase in the levels of total lipids, cholesterol and esterified fatty acids was detected in the fore brain, optic lobes, cerebellum, medulla oblongata and spinal cord. However, phospholipids were significantly decreased in the aforementioned regions of the central nervous system. The rate of lipid peroxidation was significantly increased in all the regions of the CNS.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Histogram of gradient phases: a new local descriptor for face recognition

Gradient-based local descriptors have received more attention these years and have been successfully used in many applications such as human detection and face recognition. The advantages of the local descriptors are the resistance to the local geometric and photometric errors and the robustness to the expression variations. In this paper, the authors propose a new local descriptor called the histogram of gradient phases (HGP), which has some intriguing properties compared with the existing local descriptors such as the histogram of orientated gradients and DAISY for face recognition under the unconstrained conditions. In contrast with the histogram of the oriented gradient descriptor, the orientation histogram is computed from the estimated gradient phase distributions instead of weighting the votes of the gradient magnitudes. In this paper, the phase distributions are estimated by means of the gradient phases and the variances are decided by the estimated gradient signal-to-noise ratios of the pixels in a local region. The HGP descriptor which takes the confidence of the gradient phase into account is more discriminative and less sensitive to the normalisation process than most local descriptors, which significantly degrade without a proper normalisation. The simulation results show that the proposed HGP descriptor achieves a better performance and is more robust than the existing local descriptors.

Field of study: Computer science