nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Problems and Countermeasures of Bilingual Education in Agricultural University

Bilingual teaching is a new measure of education reform in agricultural universities,which is evitable to create a favorable situation for senior talant cultivation.From certain aspects problems in such as curricula structure,teaching methods and tools,teaching material,qualified teachers and students foreign language ability,the bilingual teaching in agricultural universitys is studied.In view of the existing problemes,corresponding solutions have been put forward.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Late Holocene sea-level changes on the western Anatolian coast

Late Holocene sea level changes in two widely separated parts (Datca and Canakkale) of the western coast of Anatolia have been studied. Geomorphic features were mapped and subsurface depositional environments were interpreted from the evidence obtained from bore-holes in Holocene coastal sedimentary deposits. In addition, geomorphological reconstructions of the former shorelines and related sea-level changes are established on the basis of archaeological data. There are important parallels between the sea-level changes observed in these two distant coastal areas and in other coastal parts of Western Anatolia. The sea-level curve for the Dalacak area shows that sea level rose rapidly to the present position or a little (about 50 cm) higher and rias or estuaries formed at the principal river mouths and coastal embayments about 6000-5000 yr ago. However, some geomorphological and archaeological evidence show that sea level descended about two meters during the 4th millennium B.P. after the first rising stage. Archaeological evidence related to the Dorians who settled on Dalacak and built their city Old Knidos, imply that the sea level was rising but still it was a little lower than the present when the first harbours of the city were being built. Since 3000 B.P. sea level has risen to the present position generally. A precise sea level curve has not been drawn for the Besige area separately yet because of some dating problems. However, there is quite a parallel between Dalacak and Besige on the Late Holocene sea level changes. This implies that the sea level has risen along the western coast of Anatolia in the similar order generally, in spite of recent tectonic formation and the block faulted structure of the region. However, more detailed local studies are necessary to confirm this conclusion.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
An algorithm for automatic prober movement control for better coverage of test sites on a wafer during measurement

In most of the methods employed for scanning semiconductor wafers during computer-aided measurement on test structures provided for process characterization and yield estimation there is a possibility of either loosing some sites or recording erroneous data corresponding to incomplete test structures. This leads to either over or under estimations. In the present paper an algorithm is presented for the movement of the prober across the wafer in such a manner that it provides a better coverage of test sites throughout the wafer.

Field of study: Engineering
Quantification of IgG subclasses in sera of normal adults and healthy children between 4 and 12 years of age.

The concentration of the four subclasses of IgG was determined in sera of normal adults and healthy children between 4 and 12 years of age, using the radial immunodiffusion technique. A relation between the concentration of IgG subclasses and Gm type was studied in adults. No influence of Gm type on IgG1 concentration could be shown, except that the group of Gm(fb) individuals had a higher level than the others. The mean concentration of IgG2 was higher in sera positive for Gm(n) than in those lacking this genetic marker. High IgG3 concentrations corresponded to the presence of Gm(b). No clearcut evidence was obtained for a relation between IgG4 concentration and Gm factors, although in general Gm(n) positive individuals had higher and Gm (zag) positive individuals lower concentrations of this subclass in their serum. Quantification of IgG subclasses in sera from healthy children of different ages revealed that the amount of IgG2 rises slowly with age, having not yet reached the adult level at the age of 12 years. This also holds for IgG4, although in a lesser degree. No significant differences from the adult level were found for the concentrations of IgG1 and IgG3.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Noise and flow structure of a tone-excited jet

Detailed and well-controlled acoustic as well as turbulence measurements are made of a tone-excited jet to obtain an understanding of the mechanism of broadband noise augmentation. Results are presented for a range of excitation frequencies and levels both with and without flight simulation. Results of measurements of the large-scale instability waves within the excited jet are also described. Changes in the radiated noise and the flow structure and their interrelationship are then discussed.

Field of study: Physics
How Countries Democratize

Between 1974 and 1990 more than thirty countries in southern Europe, Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe shifted from authoritarian to democratic systems of government. This '"global democratic revolution" is probably the most important political trend in the late twentieth century. It is the third wave of democratization in the modern era. A wave of democratization is a group of transitions from nondemocratic to democratic regimes that occurs within a specified period and that significantly outnumbers transitions in the opposite direction in the same period. The first wave began in America in the early nineteenth century and culminated at the end of World War I with about thirty countries having democratic regimes. Mussolini's march on Rome in 1922 began a reverse wave, and in 1942 there were only twelve democracies left in the world. The Allied victory in World War II and decolonization started a second movement toward democracy which, however, petered out by the early 1960s when about thirty-six countries had democratic regimes. This was then followed by a second reverse movement towards authoritarianism, marked most dramatically by military take-overs in Latin America and the seizure of power by personal despots such as Ferdinand Marcos. The causes of the third wave, like those of its predecessors, were complex and peculiar to that wave. This article, however, is concerned not with the why of the third wave but rather with the question of how third wave democratizations

Field of study: Political science
Physique and Effort Syndrome

1. An anthropometric investigation of 200 soldiers suffering from effort syndrome revealed that the group as a whole was significantly more leptosomatic in body-build than a comparable control group.

2. The proportion of leptosomes was significantly greater and the proportion of pyknics significantly smaller than in the normal group.

3. Comparison of the aetiological factors in the leptosomatic and pyknic effort syndrome groups showed striking differences, indicating marked constitutional predisposition in the leptosomatic group as shown by family history, long-standing symptoms of effort intolerance, vegetative disequilibrium, hypochondriasis and general neuroticism. The pyknic group on the other hand showed little evidence of constitutional predisposition; the illness was usually of comparatively short duration and mainly determined by exogenous factors.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
The Ideology of the Laissez Faire Program

Over the last 35 years, a free market, laissez faire program has increasingly dominated perceptions as to what constitutes correct economic theory and policy. Most adherents of this program trace its origins to Adam Smith, and claim that its dominant position is the result of superior theory. The argument here is that Adam Smith is not the theoretical ancestor of modern laissez faire economics, and that there are fundamental differences between Smith’s position on laissez faire and that of conventional neoclassical theory. A difference between “soft” and “hard” laissez faire is made, where Smith represents the former position; neoclassical theory the latter. Further, and more important, it is argued that the current laissez faire program is an outgrowth of a political program instituted in the 1930’s and financially supported in the present era by conservative foundations to promote an ideological framework that permits the development of specific governmental (and non-governmental) actions.

Field of study: Economics
Anisotropy of the upper critical field in MgB2: the two-gap Ginzburg-Landau theory

The upper critical field in MgB2 is investigated in the framework 
of the two-gap Ginzburg-Landau theory. A variational solution of linearized
Ginzburg-Landau equations agrees well with the Landau level expansion 
and demonstrates that spatial distributions of the gap functions are different 
in the two bands and change with temperature. The temperature variation of the ratio of two gaps
is responsible for the upward temperature dependence of in-plane Hc2 
as well as for the deviation of its out-of-plane behavior from the standard angular dependence. 
The hexagonal in-plane modulations of Hc2 can change sign with decreasing temperature.

Field of study: Physics
When does large woody debris influence ancient rivers? Dendrochronology applications in the Permian and Triassic, Antarctica

Accumulations of woody debris and in situ forests in and near ancient river systems are studied in Permian through Triassic strata of Antarctica. These Permian and Triassic fossil ecosystems represent paleo-polar and paleo-high-latitude environments, respectively, and therefore represent unique ecosystem end-members for assessing the role of woody debris in influencing fluvial deposition and paleoecologic processes. A new application of dendrochronology, the cross-dating of ring widths from individual trees, is applied to these fossil woods to develop a chronology of wood growth in the transported woody debris relative to in situ stumps. Cross-matching of woody debris relative to in situ stumps for the Permian indicates that woody debris deposition in river channels was contemporaneous with the development of vegetated macroforms in in-channel fluvial deposits. In contrast, Triassic woody debris occurs without evidence of vegetated in-channel macroforms, yet the volume and areal distribution of woody debris is greater than that measured in the Permian. Floral diversity increased dramatically across the Permian–Triassic transition in Antarctica, in addition to an increase in tree density in Triassic forests relative to Permian forests. However, these observations do not clearly explain the difference between the woody debris influence on Permian river systems relative to Triassic river systems. Paleoclimate simulations, however, indicate that the Permian polar environment was in surplus of water during the austral summer relative to the Triassic, consistent with paleosol morphology, suggesting that paleoclimate variation exerted a prominent control on vegetation-river dynamics.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Early Career Boot Camp: A Novel Mechanism for Enhancing Early Career Development for Psychologists in Academic Healthcare

The purpose of this article is to describe a pilot mentoring program for Early Career Psychologists (ECPs) working in Academic Health Centers (AHCs) and synthesize the lessons learned to contribute to future ECP and AHC career development training programs. The authors describe an early career development model, named the Early Career Boot Camp. This intensive experience was conducted as a workshop meant to build a supportive network and to provide mentorship and survival tools for working in AHCs. Four major components were addressed: professional effectiveness, clinical supervision, strategic career planning, and academic research. Nineteen attendees who were currently less than 5 years post completion of doctoral graduate programs in psychology participated in the program. The majority of boot camp components were rated as good to excellent, with no component receiving below average ratings. Of the components offered within the boot camp, mentoring and research activities were rated the strongest, followed by educational activities, challenges in AHCS, and promotion and tenure. The article describes the purpose, development, implementation, and assessment of the program in detail in an effort to provide an established outline for future organizations to utilize when mentoring ECPs.

Field of study: Psychology
Determination of 1-keV to 1-MeV Neutron Flux by Radiative Capture (n, $\gamma $ ) on92,94 Zr Dosimeters

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate <sup>92,94</sup>Zr application in neutron reactor dosimetry. We aim to detect neutron flux in 1-keV to 1-MeV energy range by irradiating <sup>92,94</sup>Zr samples under boron nitride (BN) filter. The presence of BN is needed in order to cut off thermal neutron contribution. This paper describes Zr irradiation and experimental results that were obtained by <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\gamma $ </tex-math></inline-formula> spectrometry and accelerator mass spectrometry. In parallel, Zr irradiation is modeled with Monte Carlo-based code for neutron transport—TRIPOLI-4v10 developed by CEA (Saclay). Experimental values of <sup>95</sup>Zr activity and <sup>93</sup>Zr/<sup>92</sup>Zr ratio are compared to calculation results. Since crosssection values are necessary for the neutron flux determination, we present here the comparison between several nuclear data libraries for radiative capture on <sup>92,94</sup>Zr. Uncertainties for calculation/experience (C/E) ratios are obtained combining both experimental and nuclear data ones. This paper shows the feasibility of 1-keV to 1-MeV neutron detection by using <sup>92,94</sup>Zr (n, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\gamma $ </tex-math></inline-formula>) reaction and introduces a postirradiation analysis for reactor dosimetry based on accelerator mass spectrometry. It also reveals that more precise evaluation of <sup>92,94</sup>Zr (n, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\gamma $ </tex-math></inline-formula>) cross section is required in order to improve C/E values.

Field of study: Physics
四重荧光RT-PCR检测手足口肠道病毒方法的研究

本文采用TaqMan探针技术,建立了含有非竞争性内标检测肠道病毒通用型并能对EV71型和CA16型进行分型的多重荧光RT-PCR检测方法,内标同步参与样品核酸的提取,不仅能够有效地监控样本中的抑制物,还能避免操作误差所造成的假阴性。

Field of study: Biology
Landscape effects on the genetic structure of the ground beetle Poecilus versicolor STURM 1824

The impact of landscape structure on the genetic structure of an abundant and widespread carabid beetle Poecilus versicolor was analysed in a low mountain range (Lahn-Dill-Bergland, Germany) by means of RAPD-PCR. Habitat patch and landscape characteristics were included as independent variables into a GIS oriented correlative approach. Results indicated a high overall genetic diversity of the beetle population and suggest that the mobility of P. versicolor is much higher than previously thought. An equilibrium among migration and genetic drift has not been reached yet, therefore it is very likely that revealed differences in allele frequencies reflect current pattern of genetic diversity. Landscape characteristics at a scale of 1000 × 1000 m surrounding each study site significantly affected the genetic population structure of the carabid beetle, while it is only indirect affected by patch conditions. Opposite effects of grassland and arable land on genetic diversity demonstrated that grassland in the surrounding landscape facilitates dispersal, while arable land apparently decreases successful dispersal, but both factors increase population density on the study site. We conclude that the local population genetic structure of a widespread and highly mobile species as P. versicolor is strongly affected by the amount of suitable habitat in a landscape of large habitat proportion. The inclusion of landscape characteristics offers a powerful way for analysing effects on genetic diversity. Further studies on conservation genetics should incorporate a landscape perspective in order to assess the loss of local genetic diversity.

Field of study: Environmental science
Ginsenoside Rb1 Protects the Brain from Damage Induced by Epileptic Seizure via Nrf2/ARE Signaling

Ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) has been reported to have varieties of neuroprotective effects. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Rb1 on pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced rat brain injury and Mg2+ free-induced neuron injury and analyzed the detailed molecular mechanisms in vivo and in vitro.  Seizure duration and latency were measured in epilepsy kindled rat. The cognitive impairment was assessed by Morris water maze (MWM) test. Oxidative stress parameters, malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) were measured by the 2-thiobarbituric acid methods and the DTNB-GSSG reductase recycling methods. Neuronal damage was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Nissl staining. Neuronal apoptosis was measured by Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide (PI) staining. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining were performed to evaluate Nrf2 and HO-1 expressions. Expression of Nrf2, HO-1, Bcl-2, iNOS and LC3 were evaluated by western blot.  The PTZ-injured rats presented longer seizure duration and shorter seizure latency. Rb1 ameliorated these effects, as well as the cognitive deficits caused by PTZ exposure. Besides, Rb1 dose-dependently increased GSH levels, decreased MDA levels and alleviated neuronal damage in PTZ-treated rats. In vitro, Rb1 increased cell viability and decreased neuronal apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner under Mg2+ free condition. Moreover, in vivo and in vitro, Rb1 enhanced both the Nrf2 and HO-1 expressions. Furthermore, upregulation of the expression of Bcl-2 and downregulation of the expression of iNOS and LC3 were observed. However, knockdown of Nrf2 adversely affected the protective effects of Rb1 in epileptic hippocampal neurons.  Rb1 conferred neuroprotective effects against PTZ-induced brain damage and Mg2+ free-induced neuron injury by activating Nrf2/ARE signaling.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
An enhanced method of evaluation, assessment, and statistical inference to assist management decisions on coastal access to rocky shores

Determining the effects of public access on biological communities can be difficult, as both public access and natural influences can be highly variable over time and space. The multiple sources of variation can obscure the magnitude and significance of the changes to species and ecosystem functioning due to public access. Manipulative field experiments simulating foot traffic have been a preferred method for identifying the species most sensitive to impacts from public access. However, using the results to describe the magnitude of change in real situations can be complicated if the treatment applications were not accurate in simulating the amount of foot traffic at the location of concern. Here we describe a novel three-pronged approach that we designed and implemented to help understand the magnitude of impacts from visitor traffic in a highly variable ecological community. We focused on an intertidal rockweed community in central California, U.S.A. numerically dominated by the brown rockweed Silvetia compressa and exposed to moderate levels of foot traffic. We began by determining the numbers of visitors and time spent in popular visited rocky shorelines supporting this type of community. Second, those exposure levels were applied to species of the same community type in a manipulative field experiment in an area of no public access and with the experiment designed as a before-after-control-impact study. The treatments were numbers of people and amount of time spent in large plots, not prescribed footstep numbers in smaller test plots, which has been commonly used in other studies. Third, we completed a field observational study consisting of sampling intertidal species abundances in nearby areas experiencing foot traffic levels similar to those tested in our experiment, and we also sampled adjacent areas with lower/no public access. Our highest treatment exposure resulted in a statistically significant reduction in algal cover of approximately 20%, relative to controls. The amount of change was similar to the differences in algal cover found in the field observational study between the public access and low/no public use areas, which also had similar differences in visitor exposure levels as the manipulative experiment. The consistency of the results between the observational study and field experiment strengthens the inference that the changes were attributable to visitor traffic and not natural variation. The three components of our study can be adapted to other ecosystems for determining impacts to natural resources and for supporting decisions on whether actions are necessary to protect natural resources from public access.

Field of study: Environmental science
Governing Work and Welfare in a New Economy: European and American Experiments

by using policies that they intend should have negative effects on the economic welfare of u.s. residents. It is equally certain that the United States government would not pursue such policies if it were that political support were absent and the support for current policy need not come from a majority of the population. It is a heavy argument among these authors that the United States has "given away" a big part of its advantages in trade relationships. This must mean that other countries are better at manipulating their trade relationships to gain advantages that would otherwise be realized by the United States. The final essay in the book proposes a series of adjustments to United States trade policy which Professor Lovett believes will extricate the country from its current economic malaise. This is a wide-ranging set of suggestions from adopting a truly international mind set to some specific policy changes involving, among other things, serious modifications to several international economic agencies and a general commitment to negotiating with other countries in a multilateral framework between equal partners. Professor Lovett is not too kind to the current style of international negotiations. This book would benefit greatly from a focus on reasoned arguments regarding U.S. trade policy rather than depending on superfluous bibliographic references obscuring the thesis that the authors obviously are hoping to elucidate. It is easy to sympathize with their conclusion that the international trade of the United States is not reciprocated and so is disadvantageous to this country. Many of us have developed arguments to that conclusion other than those presented in this book, but we realize that the losses of welfare accrue only to a certain portion of the population of the United States while, at the same time, those policies work to the significant advantage of certain other portions of the population of this country. We might direct our research on trade policy to greater effect if we were to focus on the identification of the gains to certain groups from current trade policies compared to the welfare losses from those policies to everyone else. After all, neither "neoliberals" nor others would pursue these counterproductive policies if certain ones of us did not gain an advantage over the rest of us.

Field of study: Economics