nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Potential and costs of carbon dioxide removal by enhanced weathering of rocks

The chemical weathering of rocks currently absorbs about 1.1 Gt CO2 a−1 being mainly stored as bicarbonate in the ocean. An enhancement of this slow natural process could remove substantial amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere, aiming to offset some unavoidable anthropogenic emissions in order to comply with the Paris Agreement, while at the same time it may decrease ocean acidification. We provide the first comprehensive assessment of economic costs, energy requirements, technical parameterization, and global and regional carbon removal potential. The crucial parameters defining this potential are the grain size and weathering rates. The main uncertainties about the potential relate to weathering rates and rock mass that can be integrated into the soil. The discussed results do not specifically address the enhancement of weathering through microbial processes, feedback of geogenic nutrient release, and bioturbation. We do not only assess dunite rock, predominantly bearing olivine (in the form of forsterite) as the mineral that has been previously proposed to be best suited for carbon removal, but focus also on basaltic rock to minimize potential negative side effects. Our results show that enhanced weathering is an option for carbon dioxide removal that could be competitive already at 60 US $ t−1 CO2 removed for dunite, but only at 200 US $ t−1 CO2 removed for basalt. The potential carbon removal on cropland areas could be as large as 95 Gt CO2 a−1 for dunite and 4.9 Gt CO2 a−1 for basalt. The best suited locations are warm and humid areas, particularly in India, Brazil, South-East Asia and China, where almost 75% of the global potential can be realized. This work presents a techno-economic assessment framework, which also allows for the incorporation of further processes.

Field of study: Environmental science
Toward Generalized Evolutionism: Beyond “Generalized Darwinism” and Its Critics

This article seeks to transcend the debate regarding “generalized Darwinism” or “universal Darwinism” for the social sciences. Highlighting recent discoveries in evolutionary biology, the article argues that it is no longer tenable to insist that (neo-)Darwinism is the only proper doctrine for understanding biological evolution. Moreover, social evolution is much more than purely (neo-)Darwinian or (neo-)Lamarckian. As such, the debate on whether we deploy only (neo-)Darwinism or (neo-)Lamarckism — generalized or not — to understand social evolution is a red herring. Instead, social scientists should embrace “generalized evolutionism,” a more accommodating and versatile doctrine that subsumes “(generalized) Darwinism” or “(generalized) Lamarckism.” Empirical inquiries that deploy “generalized evolutionism” have shed important new light on some critical puzzles in human society: from institutional change to the foundation of economic development before 1500 AD, through the coming of the industrial revolution, to the evolution of the international system. More empirical efforts along this line of theorizing are needed.

Field of study: Economics
Comparative efficiencies and implications for greenhouse gas emissions of chiller refrigerants

This paper summarizes analyses of refrigerant options for chillers. It presents tabulated global warming potentials and other environmental data for candidate refrigerants. The paper discusses briefly the historic progression in refrigerant release reductions and presents analyses to compare the efficiencies of historic and current refrigerant options. The 28 refrigerants addressed include chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC), hydrofluorocarbon (HFC), hydrocarbon (HC), and inorganic (such as ammonia) fluids. The paper discusses the relative importance of the refrigerant-related and energy-related components of chiller emissions.

Field of study: Engineering
Properties of Submillimeter Galaxies in the CANDELS GOODS-South Field

We derive physical properties of 10 submillimeter galaxies located in the CANDELS coverage of the GOODS-S field. The galaxies were first identified as submillimeter sources with the LABOCA bolometer and subsequently targeted for 870 μm continuum observation with ALMA. The high angular resolution of the ALMA imaging allows secure counterparts to be identified in the CANDELS multiband data set. The CANDELS data provide deep photometric data from UV through near-infrared wavelengths. Using synthetic spectral energy distributions, we derive photometric redshifts, stellar masses, extinction, ages, and the star formation history. The redshift range is z = 1.65-4.76, with two of the galaxies located at z > 4. Two submillimeter galaxy (SMG) counterparts have stellar masses 2-3 orders of magnitude lower than the rest. The remaining SMG counterparts have stellar masses around 1 × 1011 M ⊙. The stellar population in the SMGs is typically older than the expected duration of the submillimeter phase, suggesting that the star formation history of SMGs is more complex than a single burst. Non-parametric morphology indices suggest that the SMG counterparts are among the most asymmetric systems compared with galaxies of the same stellar mass and redshift. The Hubble Space Telescope images show that three of the SMGs are associated with ongoing mergers. The remaining counterparts are isolated. Estimating the dust and molecular gas mass from the submillimeter fluxes, and comparing with our stellar masses shows that the gas mass fraction of SMGs is ~28% and that the final stellar mass is likely to be ~(1-2) × 1011 M ⊙.

Field of study: Physics
Royalist Propaganda and “La Porción Humilde Del Pueblo” During Mexican Independence

The Alhondiga of Guanajuato fell to the irregular army of Miguel Hidalgo and Ignacio Allende on September 28, 1810, in one of the most celebrated events in Mexican independence history. With the collapse of the economic and political capital of the Bajio, control over a major province of New Spain was wrenched from traditional authority. The rebellion in Tierradentro, as it was called in the City of Mexico, had been watched nervously for a fortnight by an Establishment sensitized to previous domestic tumultos and to social revolution of the most frightening sort in Haiti. The Hidalgo revolt was quickly and accurately perceived as a major threat to a well ordered way of life. There was, moreover, an acute awareness that the drought years of 1808 and 1809 and the soaring price of maize in 1810 had contributed to volatile social conditions which would surely exacerbate any uprising. Now the worst fears had been realized with the sack of Guanajuato.

Field of study: History
Stimulus control topographies and tests of symmetry in pigeons.

Pigeons were tested for symmetry after A-B training under conditions designed to avoid problems that may prevent its emergence, namely the change of stimulus location in testing relative to training and the lack of requisite discrimination training. In Experiment 1, samples appeared in two locations during baseline training to minimize the impact of stimulus location. Experiments 2 and 3 included multiple-location training along with additional identity and symbolic matching training, respectively, to explicitly train all of the simultaneous and successive stimulus discriminations required for testing. Experiment 4 provided reinforcement for symmetrical matching relations with some stimulus sets (with multiple-location training) prior to symmetry testing with different sets. In all experiments, pigeons showed no evidence of symmetry despite the fact that baseline (A-B) matching transferred to novel locations. Additional tests for reflexivity (Experiment 2) yielded similar outcomes. These results indicate that the change in stimulus location is not the sole reason that pigeons do not show symmetry and increase the plausibility of arguments that symmetry and other indexes of stimulus equivalence may be beyond the capabilities of the pigeon.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Alcohol Drinking and Blood Alcohol Concentration Revisited

It is widely assumed that the amount of alcohol in the blood reflects the amount of alcohol consumed. However, several factors in addition to amount of alcohol consumed can influence blood alcohol concentration (BAC). This study examines the effect of alcohol dose, concentration, and volume on BAC in rats with a high-alcohol-drinking (HAD) phenotype.



Study 1 examined the relationship between the amount of alcohol consumed and BAC. Alcohol-naïve, male, HAD rats (N = 7) were given access to alcohol for 2 h/d for 9 consecutive days with food and water ad libitum. Alcohol intake and BAC were measured at 30, 60, and 90 minutes after onset of access. Study 2 examined the effects of altering alcohol dose, concentration, and volume on BAC (as measured by area under the curve). Alcohol-naïve, male, HAD rats (N = 39) were infused, via an intragastric cannulus, with 1.16, 2.44, or 3.38 g alcohol/kg body weight (BW), produced by varying alcohol volume while holding concentration constant or by holding volume constant while varying concentration. Other rats were infused with 10, 15, or 20% v/v alcohol solutions while holding dose constant.



BAC was more strongly correlated with the ratio of alcohol intake (g/kg BW) to total fluid intake (mls) (R = 0.85 to 0.97, p < 0.05 to p < 0.001) than it was with the amount of alcohol consumed (g/kg BW) (R = 0.70 to 0.81, p < 0.05). No effect of alcohol dose was seen during the first hour following the onset of an alcohol infusion regardless of whether dose was achieved by altering alcohol volume or concentration. After 1 hour, higher alcohol doses were predictive of greater BACs.



The fact that a 3-fold difference in alcohol dose did not result in significant differences in BACs during the first 30 minutes after ingestion of alcohol has potentially important implications for interpretation of studies that measure alcohol-sensitive end points during this time.

Field of study: Medicine
When Self Is the Source: Effects of Media Customization on Message Processing

Customization of media technologies enables users to become active sources in the communication process. But, does this sense of “self-as-source” alter the way users process information received via customized interfaces? A between-subjects experiment (N = 146) was conducted to answer this question. Data indicate that the effect of self-driven customization (high vs. low self-as-source) on persuasive message processing is mediated by perceived identity. Those who experience high self-as-source tend to process messages less systematically, but perceive the message topic as more important and show greater intention to follow the suggestions of messages than those with a low sense of self-as-source, an effect that is mediated by perceived identity. Theoretical implications for persuasive technologies, dual process models, and the agency model of customization are discussed, followed by practical implications for communicators who wish to incorporate new media technologies into their social influence campaigns.

Field of study: Psychology
The Influence of Single Lap Geometry in Adhesive and Hybrid Joints on Their Load Carrying Capacity

The manufacturing technology for adhesive joints is not yet fully optimized, as proved by a large number of papers that have been published in recent years. Future studies on innovative techniques for fabricating adhesive joints should investigate the influence of parameters such as: (1) The shape of adhesive protrusion, (2) lap dimensions, and (3) cohesive layer reduction in the most efforted regions of the joint. With the application of additional mechanical connectors (e.g., rivets, screws, and welds) in adhesive joints, new hybrid connections can be fabricated. The number of publications in this new field is still relatively small. To fill the gap, this paper presents the results of a numerical analysis of different single lap geometries in (1) pure adhesive and (2) hybrid joints. A total of 13 different models with the same surface area of the adhesive layer were considered. In the case of hybrid joints, the adhesive surface before the application of mechanical connectors was assumed to be the same in every tested case. The numerical analysis of pure adhesive and hybrid joints revealed that the differences in strength led to a 30% decrease in the load capacity of these joints. Therefore, when designing pure adhesive and hybrid joints, special attention should be paid to the shape of the lap between the joined elements.

Field of study: Materials science
The Skill�?Biased Effects of Exchange Rate Fluctuations

This paper examines the linkages between real exchange rate movements and firms’ skill demand. Real exchange rate movements may affect unskilled workers differently than skilled workers because of skill-specific adjustment costs, or because exchange rates lead to changes in relative factor prices and firms’ competition intensity. Using panel data on Swiss manufacturers, we find that an appreciation increases high-skilled and reduces low-skilled employment in most firms, while total employment remains roughly unchanged. We find evidence that exchange rates influence firms’ skill intensity because they affect outsourcing activities, innovation efforts, and firms’ compensation schemes.

Field of study: Economics
Magnetism of magnetite nanoparticles: Effects of finite size and coating

How the size of magnetite nanopaticles affects different magnetic properties of the material (magnetic moment, Curie temperature, blocking temperature, and so on) is examined experimentally. Both native particles and particles coated with bioresorbed layers are studied. Experimental results are compared to results obtained via numerical simulations in the classical Heisenberg model with the help of the Monte Carlo method.

Field of study: Physics
Preserving architectural styles in the search based design of software product line architectures

This paper presents search operators for layered and client/server architectures.The goal is to preserve the style of a PLA in a search based optimization approach.A representation for layered and client/server PLAs in a class diagram is presented.Rules for each style based on their representation are defined.The operators preserved the styles and contributed to improve quantitative results. Architectural styles help to improve the Product Line Architecture (PLA) design by providing a better organization of its elements, which results in some benefits, like flexibility, extensibility and maintainability. The PLA design can also be improved by using a search based optimization approach, taking into account different metrics, such as cohesion, coupling and feature modularization. However, the application of search operators changes the PLA organization, and consequently may violate the architectural styles rules, impacting negatively in the architecture understanding. To overcome such limitation, this work introduces a set of search operators to be used in the search based design with the goal of preserving the architectural styles during the optimization process. Such operators consider rules of the layered and client/server architectural styles, generally used in the search based design of conventional architectures and PLAs. The operators are implemented and evaluated in the context of MOA4PLA, a Multi-objective Optimization Approach for PLA Design. Results from an empirical evaluation show that the proposed operators contribute to obtain better solutions, preserving the adopted style and also improving some software metric values.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
No evidence for fungal infection of Upper Jurassic horseshoe crabs: A comment on Błażejowski et al. (2019)

(2019) intended to provide evidence for fungal infection of Upper Jurassic horseshoe crabs from Poland based on the presence of boring traces preserved on their carapaces and assigned to the ichnogenus Mycelites. However, the borings are in fact burrows which can be assigned to the ichnogenus Arachnostega. Thus, their hypothesis about the fungal infection is rejected on the basis of erroneous identification of the ichnofossils preserved. There is also no compelling evidence for environmental deterioration causing the “infection”. Rather, the bottom waters were oxygenated and thus hospitable for benthic organisms.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
[Vasodilating action of methylhesperidin].

The vascular resistance in the hindlimb of anesthetized dogs was measured by constant-rate perfusion. It showed that methylhesperidin (MH) 40 mg/kg iv reduced both vascular resistance and blood pressure. MH 1.6, 3.2, 6.4 mg/kg ia caused a dose-dependent reduction of vascular resistance. The vasodilating action of MH was partially prevented by propranolol 20μg/kg only but neither affected by atropine 50μg/kg nor by diphenhydramine 0.3 mg/kg. MH 3.2 mg/kg did not affect the vasoconstrictive action of methoxamine 2.5μg/kg. NA- and KCl-induced contraction of the rabbit aortic strip was inhibited by MH which made the cumulative dose-response curve of the aortic strip to CaCl2 unparallelly shift rightward. MH inhibited intracellular Ca2+-dependent contraction of the aortic strip induced by NA but failed to suppress the extracellular Ca2+-dependent contraction. It is suggested that MH inhibited the voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel and the release of intracellular Ca2+ by NA.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
A new theory of sports origin

The authors analyzed primitive ecological sports by means of literature data and field investigation,and revealed the following findings: the needs and activities of human beings for reproduction and multiplication are one of the causes for the generation of sports.Promotive selection,perfecting the marriage system and enhancing the physical quality of human beings are the value for the generation,existence and development of many traditional sports activities.The fundamental connotation of sports activities of primitive ancestors is to seek for thriving popu-lation and good crop harvests.Sports instruments used by primitive ancestors reflected their worship towards re-production;activity contents were the innuendo of sexual behaviors and the pray for more offspring and happiness;sports activities in the unit of family and clan intensified marriage taboos,promoted race multiplication,and coin-cided with the ultimate interests of early human beings.It is hence concluded that the reproduction and mortification activities of primitive ancestors had boosted the generation and development of folk sports of some nations,and that their sports activities include such a connotation as boosting human reproduction and multiplication.

Field of study: Education
Regulation of the human protein C inhibitor gene expression in HepG2 cells: role of Sp1 and AP2.

Protein C inhibitor (PCI) is the plasma inhibitor of activated protein C, which is the main protease of the anticoagulant protein C pathway. In this study the transcriptional regulation of human PCI gene in the human hepatoma cell line, HepG2, was characterized by evaluating the transient expression of a luciferase reporter gene. The 5' flanking region (residues -1587 to +2) of the PCI gene showed an adequate transcriptional activity, the maximum transcriptional activity being in a region between residues -452 and -94, which contains an Sp1-binding site, two AP2-binding sites and an inverted AP2-binding site. Transient expression assays with various deletion mutants and site-directed mutants showed that the Sp1-binding site (residues -302 to -294) has a potent promoter activity and that the upstream AP2-binding site (residues -350 to -343) has a potent enhancer activity; no activity was detected in the inverted (residues -413 to -404) and downstream (residues -136 to -127) AP2-binding sites. In addition, a region of the PCI gene (residues -452 to -414) containing the STATx-binding site, the A-activator (AA)-binding site, and the interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) response element, and another region of the PCI gene (residues -176 to -147) containing the GATA-1 and the IFN-gamma response element showed potent silencer activities. Gel mobility-shift assays with various DNA fragments indicated that the Sp1-binding site, the upstream AP2-binding site, the AA-binding site and the IFN-gamma response element interact with nuclear protein(s) of HepG2 cells. These findings suggest that the Sp1-binding site is the promoter, the AP2-binding site (residues -350 to -343) the enhancer, and both the AA-binding site and the IFN-gamma response element are the silencers of human PCI gene expression in HepG2 cells.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
COMPARISON OF BUBBLE BEHAVIOR FOR DOUBLE-SIDE AND SINGLE-SIDE HEATING OF SUBCOOLED FLOW BOILING IN NARROW CHANNELS

The bubble behavior of subcooled R-12 flow boiling in the narrow channels with both double-side and single-side heating was studied experimentally.Experimental settings are: a test-section heating length of 400 mm,a cross-section of 35 mm in width and 2 mm in gap size,a mass flux of 700～1500 kg·m -2 ·s -1 ,a heat flux of 25～70 kW·m -2 and a pressure of 1.3～2.0 MPa.A comparison was made in terms of the onset of nucleate boiling(ONB)point and bubble characters with other flow pattern. The study found that with some appropriate modifications, the characteristics of double-side heating and single-side heating showed a better similarity.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Exploring Factors Affecting the Adoption of Internet of Things Services

The Internet of things (IoT) is seen as a potentially effective means of integrating multiple technologies to improve the quality of life. However, little attention has been paid to factors that may have a significant effect on a user’s intention to use the IoT services. This study applies the value-based adoption model to examine the influences of benefits (i.e. perceived usefulness and perceived enjoyment) and sacrifices (i.e. perceived privacy risk and perceived costs) on the user’s perceived value of and intention to use the IoT services. A structural equation modeling approach is applied to a survey of 489 IoT users, with results indicating that perceived usefulness and perceived enjoyment significantly affect behavioral intention through perceived value. Moreover, perceived privacy risk also plays a key factor in determining IoT adoption. The implications of this study are discussed.

Field of study: Computer science
Psychosis in anorexia nervosa and bulimia.

In a sample of 130 consecutive patients with a lifetime diagnosis of anorexia nervosa and/or bulimia, 17 displayed psychotic symptoms. In 16 patients, these symptoms appeared attributable to major affective disorder or schizo-affective disorder, while in one, they appeared to represent factitious psychosis. No cases of schizophrenia or organic psychosis were identified.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Electrical properties of the surface layer formed on the Nb-doped SrTiO3 single crystal at low temperatures

The electrical properties of the surface layer formed on the Nb-doped SrTiO 3 single crystals after annealing in air were characterized by the measurements of current–voltage relationship on the junction, (−) Ga–In/bulk/surface layer/Ga–In (+), at low temperatures. Here, Ga–In alloy is an ohmic electrode material. In the forward bias, the tunneling process predominate the current below 130 K, while at high temperatures, the Poole–Frenkel effect determines the current. An anomalous decrease of current under reverse bias with increasing temperature was found. This phenomenon was attributed to the variation of the Fermi energy in the surface layer and the bulk with temperature.

Field of study: Materials science