nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Performance analysis of a Poisson-Pareto queue over the full range of system parameters

There have been many queuing analyses for a single server queue fed by an M/G/~ traffic process, in which G is a Pareto distribution, that focus on certain limiting conditions. In this paper we enhance the so-called Quasi-Stationary (QS) approximation - a queuing analysis introduced previously that provides an algorithm for computation of an accurate approximation for the stationary queue distribution, applicable to the entire range of system parameters. By numerical evaluation of the QS approximation and the asymptotic approximations (large buffer, many sources, and heavy traffic) over an extremely wide range of parameter values we are able to graphically display consistency of the QS approximation with all the asymptotic results. We demonstrate that the accuracy of the asymptotic approximations is satisfactory only in limited regions of the system parameter space.

Field of study: Computer science
Retrieval of daytime mesospheric ozone using OSIRIS observations of O2 (a1Δg) emission

Improving knowledge of the ozone global distributions in the mesosphere-lower thermosphere (MLT) is a crucial step in understanding the behaviour of the middle atmosphere. However, the ozone concentration under sunlit conditions in the MLT is often so low that its measurement requires instruments with very high sensitivity. Fortunately, the bright oxygen airglow can serve as a proxy to retrieve the daytime ozone density indirectly, due to the strong connection to ozone photolysis in the Hartley band. The OSIRIS IR imager (hereafter IRI), one of the instruments on the Odin satellite, routinely measures the oxygen infrared atmospheric band (IRA band) at 1.27 μm. In this paper, we will describe the detailed steps of retrieving the calibrated IRA band limb radiance, the volume emission rate of O2(a1∆g) and, finally, the ozone number density. This retrieval technique is applied to a one-year-sample IRI dataset. The resulting product is a completely new ozone dataset with very high along-track resolution. The performance of the retrieval technique is demonstrated by a comparison of the coincident ozone measurements from the same spacecraft, as well as zonal mean and monthly average comparisons between OS, SMR, MIPAS and ACE-FTS. The consistency of this IRI ozone dataset implies that such a retrieval technique can be further applied to all the measurements made throughout the 19 years-long mission, leading to a long-term, high resolution dataset in the middle atmosphere.

Field of study: Environmental science
Deformed frogs and environmental retinoids

Since the early 1990s, a substantial number of deformed frogs have been observed in North America, particularly in the upper Midwest and Canada. Attempts to understand the etiology of the deformed frog problem have met with limited success to date with nearly as many proposed explanations as research groups working on the problem. Models for the mechanism underlying the development of deformed frogs include parasite/predation, ultraviolet radiation, and chemical exposure. Each model has its strengths and weaknesses. Despite contentious debate among researchers, there is an overall consensus that the increasing prevalence of deformed frogs is the result of a water-borne contaminant that has recently appeared, or reached a critical concentration. Our detailed analysis of malformed frogs collected in Minnesota ponds and lakes suggested that limb patterning was being modified by the disruption of a retinoid-sensitive developmental signaling pathway. Accordingly, we focused in the identification and characterization of bioactive retinoids from lake water and showed that retinoid treatment of frog embryos at sensitive times of development could recapitulate the full spectrum of limb abnormalities observed in field specimens in the laboratory. These data have led to the conclusion that inappropriate modulation of retinoid signaling by environmental contaminants is the mechanism underlying the increased incidence of frog malformations.

Field of study: Chemistry
Differential regulation of the interferon induced gene ISG12A by serum from healthy and preeclamptic pregnancies.

Endothelial-cell dysfunction is central in the preeclamptic pathogenesis. Several components present in the blood of the preeclamptic mother are capable of mediating this dysfunction. We analyzed the regulation of the ISG12A gene by serum from the third trimester, to elucidate the role of type 1 interferon ISGs late in both healthy and preeclamptic pregnancies. The ISG12A transcription was up-regulated by serum from healthy pregnant women, but not by preeclamptic serum in HeLa and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). However, the ISG12A up-regulation by healthy pregnancy serum was not due to a general type 1 interferon response, since 6-16 and OAS1 were not up-regulated similarly. Also, the up-regulation of ISG12A was independent of the interferon-alpha receptor 2, but dependent on STAT1. Stimulation with folic acid alone or in combination with preeclamptic serum up-regulated ISG12A and 6-16. We conclude that type 1 interferon is not increased in third trimester serum, neither from healthy nor preeclamptic pregnancies. However, since ISG12A mRNA is up-regulated in healthy pregnancies, the ISG12A protein might take part in maintaining endothelial stability, as this function is lacking in preeclamptic pregnancies. Folic acid may ameliorate endothelial cell stability in preeclampsia by up-regulating ISG12A.

Field of study: Medicine
The Consideration of“Foreign Languages Popular to the Public”

Nowadays in China,there's a problem in education, not only the efficiency of education is very slow,but also education resources are not available. Therefore,we have to research the investment in education firstly before we set about to solve these problems.There are some advice as follows:we should adjust the structure of foreign language education;especially strengthen the investment in primary schools and middle schools.We should increase further foreign language teaching besides advanced education.Foreign languages should come into markets and become a kind of tools.From all above-mentioned analysis,we can know that learning foreign languages are becoming so critical.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Factors influencing adherence in chronic dialysis patients with hyperphosphatemia

To determine if patients with moderate hyperphosphatemia are more knowledgeable about hyperphosphatemia and its treatment than patients with severe hyperphosphatemia.  Observational study.  University-affiliated outpatient dialysis center.  Twenty-one stable, chronic hemodialysis or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients with serum phosphorus concentrations greater than 4.5 mg/dL were divided into two groups based on moderate and severe hyperphosphatemia.  Participants were evaluated by questionnaire on their knowledge of hyperphosphatermia and its treatment. Patients' self-reported adherence to prescribed phosphate binder medication regimens was determined.  Knowledge test scores, self-reported adherence scores, and social and medical variables were compared between the two groups.  Knowledge test scores in the moderately hyperphosphatemic group were statistically higher than in the severely hyperphosphatemic group. The occupation of the patient correlated with knowledge test score. Multiple regression analysis showed that, except for age, no other social or medical variables, including serum phosphorus levels, had a significant effect on self-reported adherence. Self-reported adherence was found to be an increasing function of the age of the patient. Overall, patient knowledge of hyperphosphatemia and its treatment was poor.  Increasing patient knowledge of hyperphosphatemia and its treatment may enhance adherence to dietary phosphorus restriction and phosphate binder medications.

Field of study: Medicine
Experimentelle Untersuchungen über den statistischen Charakter des radioaktiven Zerfallsgesetzes und Stoßgrößenverteilungen in Ionisationskammern

ZusammenfassungDas Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist der experimentelle Nachweis des statistischen Charakters des radioaktiven Zerfallsgesetzes, wenn als Ionisationsgefäß eine Kugelkammer benutzt wird. Ein weiteres Ziel ist, Stoßgrößenverteilungskurven in einer Kugelkammer mit gealterter Luft aufzunehmen und daraus Schlüsse auf das Vorhandensein von bestimmten aktiven Substanzen zu ziehen.

Field of study: Physics
Neural Bases of Intelligence and Training

Current research on neural mechanisms of learning and memory is revealing neurochemical and neuroanatomical changes that may store memories. These changes occur at the synaptic junctions, which are the functional contacts between neurons. Various drugs can either improve or impair the formation of memory. In experimental animals, full development of the brain and of behavioral capacity require experience that is enriched beyond the level of the standard colony environment. Enriched experience also serves as therapy for brain damage. Advances in science and medicine, coupled with a lowered birthrate, should reduce the incidence of mental retardation markedly by the end of the century, but special educators do not seem to be aware of this impending change.

Field of study: Education
Raman study of W-doped diamond-like carbon films

Amorphous diamond-like carbon (DLC) films prepared by the plasma chemical method on glass substrates SiO2-Al2O3-TiO2 have been studied by Raman spectroscopy. W-doped DLC films show a considerable increase in the G-band frequency up to 1592 cm−1 and an enhanced surface hardness. The DLC films doped with W and atoms of semiconductors exhibit high transparency and a higher G-band shift to the high-frequency range (up to 1611 cm−1).

Field of study: Physics
NHS reforms and resource management: whither the hospital?

This paper considers whether resource management (RM) as currently constituted in the National Health Service (NHS) is likely to fulfil its aim of efficiency. For the individual hospital RM has two key features: changes in managerial structure and changes in information systems. The paper assesses the extent to which the hospital behavioural model that implicitly underlies RM can be judged to reflect well the actual behaviour of hospitals. It is noteworthy that in the RM literature there is no explicit statement about the assumed underlying behaviour of the NHS hospital. Here the author selects the Harris model of hospital behaviour as providing the best explanation of internal hospital organisation. Harris represents the two lines of authority, physicians and administrators (managers in the present-day NHS), as two firms within the hospital structure, each with its own managers, objectives and constraints, making this model particularly appealing as a basis for analysing RM. Using this model the paper concludes that RM alone and as currently constituted will not be successful in promoting efficiency, because the structural and cultural mechanisms put in place by RM will not sufficiently affect physician behaviour.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Effect of a trace of water vapor on Ohmic contact formation for AlGaN/GaN epitaxial wafers

The authors observed that a trace of water vapour can have a significant degradation effect on Ohmic contact formation for AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). The degradation effect due to a trace of water vapour is less serious for n-GaN. This is a more serious problem for AlGaN/GaN  Using cooling water with a temperature slightly higher than the ambient temperature during rapid thermal annealing (RTA) appears to be the best approach.

Field of study: Engineering
Conservation assessment of cassava wild relatives in central Brazil

Crop wild relatives (CWR) are a key component of the world’s biota since they have the potential to contribute traits for crop improvement. The rich flora of the Brazilian Cerrado harbours a large number of CWR, but little is known about their distribution and conservation status. This study focused on the conservation of cassava ( Manihot ) wild relatives in the Cerrado. To accomplish this, we performed herbarium and field surveys to assess species conservation status based on geographic distribution, population density estimates, and rates of habitat loss. We found 75 species of Manihot occurring in the Cerrado, including 59 endemics. Among the endemic taxa, 24 are at some level of threat according to IUCN classification (14% Vulnerable, 22% Endangered, 5% Critically endangered), mostly owing to narrow geographic range and habitat loss. Most species are locally abundant, ranging from 55 to 1493 mature individuals per hectare. A quarter of the species recorded have been described over the past 5 years, indicating that the diversity of Manihot in the Cerrado is still underestimated. Areas of high species richness and endemism coincided mostly with Cerrado highlands, particularly in northern Goiás state. Field surveys in 16 reserves indicate that 54% of Cerrado endemics are not represented in these protected areas. We believe that the patterns of distribution and conservation status uncovered here for Manihot are representative of many plant groups that are particularly diverse in high-altitude areas in the Cerrado. This calls for expansion of the network of protected areas to cover a wider range of environments, particularly those with a concentration of rare and endemic species, to ensure the effective in situ conservation of CWR present in the Cerrado flora.

Field of study: Environmental science
Hyperpolarized 13C-MRSI and PET (hyperPET) in an Osteomyelitis Pig Model: A Pilot Study

Hyperpolarized 13C-pyruvate magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) is a real-time metabolic imaging technique, which can be combined with positron emission tomography (PET). In this pilot study, we explore the potential of combined hyperpolarized 13C-MRSI and FDG-PET for imaging of infection.  Three pigs were inoculated with S. aureusbacteria in the right tibia and saline in the left tibial bone. FDG-PET, 1H-MRI and 13C-MRSI was performed using a clinical whole-body PET/MR system (Siemens Biograph mMR, Erlangen, Germany). Hyperpolarized13C-pyruvate was prepared using a SpinLab System (GE Healthcare, Pittsburgh, PA, USA). 13C-lactate to 13C-pyruvate ratio and FDG SUV was reported in anatomical regions of interest covering bone and regions of inflammation and abscess defined on 1H-MRI. Histopathological examination was performed of both legs.  An abscess was observed outside the right (infected bone) on 1H-MRI and confirmed by histopathology. In the abscess the 13C-lactate to 13C-pyruvate ratio was increased as compared to the inflammatory region of the control leg. 18F-FDG uptake showed no clear trend when comparing abscess versus inflammation, but showed an increase considering the infected bone versus the control. In the abscess, the FDG-PET signal distribution had highest intensity in the abscess membrane, whereas the maximum of the13C lactate ratio appears in the abscess cavity.  The apparent different spatial enhancement pattern of FDG uptake and 13C lactate ratio in abscess suggests that they are independent biomarkers and that hyperpolarized 13C-MRSI is a method with potential for clinical imaging of infection and treatment response.

Field of study: Physics
On the compression of a short cylinder between rough end-blocks

1. In this paper we consider non-uniform elastic compression between parallel endblocks of a cylindrical test specimen with circular cross-section. It is assumed that there is sufficient friction between the end-blocks and the end faces of the specimen to prevent slippage. Thus, points on the end faces of the cylinder undergo only axial displacements. It is the purpose of this paper to determine the relation between the force F acting on the specimen, the compression 2a, and Young's modulus E of the material, assuming Poisson's ratio v to be known. If lateral expansion were not obstructed by the friction at the end surfaces, these quantities would be connected by the relation E = Fh/Aa, where 2h denotes the height of the specimen, b its radius and A its cross-sectional area. If there is friction at the end surfaces, a correction must be applied to this simple formula; the derivation of this correction will now be sketched. The above problem is solved to a good approximation by finding upper and lower bounds for the strain energy of the specimen, using the method of Prager and  It is advantageous to resolve the original problem, which we shall denote by P0 , into two simpler problems Pc and P, where Pc is the problem of simple compression and P is that problem which will yield the initial problem P0 when superimposed on Pc. In the natural cylindrical coordinates, the original problem P0 involves the boundary conditions

Field of study: Mathematics
Musicophilia: Tales of music and the brain

AUTHOR Oliver Sacks PUBLISHER Knopf Canada, 2775 Matheson Blvd E, Mississauga, ON L4W 4P7 TELEPHONE 905 624-0672 FAX 905 624-6217 WEBSITE [www.musicophilia.com][1] PUBLISHED 2007/400 pp/$34.95

![Figure][2] 

OVERALL RATING Excellent

STRENGTHS Well written; erudite; short chapters; easy to

Field of study: Medicine
Deep levels in metal–oxide–semiconductor capacitors fabricated on n-type In0.53Ga0.47As lattice matched to InP substrates

In this work, deep levels present in n-type In0.53Ga0.47As hetero-epitaxial layers grown lattice-matched on n-type InP substrates by molecular beam epitaxy have been studied by deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS). Metal–oxide–semiconductor capacitors are employed, based on an Al2O3 gate oxide. It is shown that a single, near mid-gap electron trap dominates the DLT-spectra, whatever the surface pre-or post-gate oxide deposition treatment. At the same time, it is shown that the deep level parameters vary significantly from capacitor to capacitor and from wafer to wafer. Only after Forming Gas Annealing, a stable value for the activation energy of 0.39 ± 0.01 eV is obtained. These results are tentatively interpreted in terms of antisite defects in the epitaxial layer, which form a family of related complexes with close deep-level parameters.

Field of study: Materials science
Analysis of Power Dissipation & Low Power VLSI Chip Design

Low power requirement has become a principal motto in today’s world of electronics industries. Power dissipation has becoming an important consideration as performance and area for VLSI Chip design. With reducing the chip size, reduced power consumption and power management on chip are the key challenges due to increased complexity. Low power chip requirement in the VLSI industry is main considerable field due to the reduction of chip dimension day by day and environmental factors. For many designs, optimization of power is important as timing due to the need to reduce package cost and extended battery life. This paper present various techniques to reduce the power requirement in various stages of CMOS designing i.e. Dynamic Power Suppression, Adiabatic Circuits, Logic Design for Low Power, Reducing Glitches, Logic Level Power Optimization, Standby Mode Leakage Suppression, Variable Body Biasing, Sleep Transistors, Dynamic Threshold MOS, Short Circuit Power Suppression. Low power, VLSI, CMOS, package cost, battery life, power dissipation.

Field of study: Engineering
Effects of pile-driving on harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) at the first offshore wind farm in Germany

The first offshore wind farm ‘alpha ventus’ in the German North Sea was constructed north east of Borkum Reef Ground approximately 45 km north off the German coast in 2008 and 2009 using percussive piling for the foundations of 12 wind turbines. Visual monitoring of harbour porpoises was conducted prior to as well as during construction and operation by means of 15 aerial line transect distance sampling surveys, from 2008 to 2010. Static acoustic monitoring (SAM) with echolocation click loggers at 12 positions was performed additionally from 2008 to 2011. SAM devices were deployed between 1 and 50 km from the centre of the wind farm. During aerial surveys, 18 600 km of transect lines were covered in two survey areas (10 934 and 11 824 km 2 ) and 1392 harbour porpoise sightings were recorded. Lowest densities were documented during the construction period in 2009. The spatial distribution pattern recorded on two aerial surveys three weeks before and exactly during pile-driving points towards a strong avoidance response within 20 km distance of the noise source. Generalized additive modelling of SAM data showed a negative impact of pile-driving on relative porpoise detection rates at eight positions at distances less than 10.8 km. Increased detection rates were found at two positions at 25 and 50 km distance suggesting that porpoises were displaced towards these positions. A pile-driving related behavioural reaction could thus be detected using SAM at a much larger distance than a pure avoidance radius would suggest. The first waiting time (interval between porpoise detections of at least 10 min), after piling started, increased with longer piling durations. A gradient in avoidance, a gradual fading of the avoidance reaction with increasing distance from the piling site, is hence most probably a product of an incomplete displacement during shorter piling events.

Field of study: Environmental science
Survey and analysis of sports events participated in by residents at different social stratums in small towns

From the perspective of social stratum structure,the authors looked into the current state of the develop-ment of sports events participated in by residents at different social stratums in small towns,and revealed the fol-lowing findings: there is a significant difference between sports events participated in by residents at different social stratums: the events selected by residents at middle and low stratums present the characteristics of traditional sports,while the events selected by residents above middle stratum present the characteristics of modern sports.From the perspective of entertainment and practical application,the authors dissected the discrepancies between the charac-teristics of sports events participated in by residents at different stratums,and put forward such a development trend: sports events participated in by residents above middle stratum are mainly for leisure entertainment,while sports events participated in by residents at middle and low stratums are mainly for leisure entertainment are mainly for practical application.

Field of study: Education
The Wrath of God: Lope de Aguirre, Revolutionary of the Americas (review)

It seems likely that far more people know the Lope de Aguirre of the 1972 Werner Herzog film Aguirre, the Wrath of God than know the complex and compelling historical figure who inspired that visually rich filmic fantasy. Evan Balkan’s book does much to put the Lope de Aguirre of history, the head of the fateful 1560–1561 expedition in search of El Dorado in the Amazon jungle, in the broader context his biography deserves. In retelling the Aguirre story Balkan draws on a wide range of published literature, including modern editions of several eyewitness chronicles, nineteenth-century ruminations, and the recent proliferation of essays on the topic, especially those by literary scholars whose focus, in turn, is on fictionalized versions of the outlandish tale of rebellion and murderous rampage and the inexorable fate of violent death.

Field of study: History