nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Phosphorylation of the α4 subunit of human α4β2 nicotinic receptors: role of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC)

This study determined whether the α4 subunit of human α4β2 neuronal nicotinic receptors is phosphorylated in situ by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) or protein kinase C (PKC). To accomplish this, human cloned epithelial cells stably transfected with the human α4β2 nicotinic receptor (SH-EP1-hα4β2) were incubated with 32P-orthophosphate to label endogenous ATP stores, and the phosphorylation of α4 subunits was determined in the absence or presence of PKA or PKC activation. Autoradiographs and immunoblots indicated that α4 subunits immunoprecipitated from a membrane preparation of SH-EP1-hα4β2 cells exhibited a single 32P-labeled band corresponding to the α4 subunit protein; no signals were associated with untransfected SH-EP1 cells. The α4 subunits from SH-EP1-hα4β2 cells incubated in the absence of the activators exhibited a basal level of phosphorylation that was decreased in the presence of the PKA inhibitor H-89 (5 μM), but unaltered in the presence of the PKC inhibitor Ro-31-8220 (0.1 μM). Activation of PKA by forskolin (10 μM), dibutyryl-cAMP (1 mM), or Sp-8-Br-cAMP (1 mM) enhanced phosphorylation nearly threefold; the inactive isomer, Rp-8-Br-cAMP (1 mM) had no effect. In addition, the forskolin effect was totally blocked by the PKA inhibitor H-89 (5 μM). Activation of PKC by the phorbol esters PDBu (200 nM) or PMA (200 nM) increased α4 subunit phosphorylation approximately twofold, and the PDBu effect was blocked by the selective PKC inhibitor Ro-31-8220 (0.1 μM). These findings indicate that the α4 subunit of human α4β2 nicotinic receptors is phosphorylated in situ by PKA and PKC.

Field of study: Biology
Separating the Hawks from the Doves: Evidence from Continuous Time Laboratory Games

Human players in our laboratory experiment received flow payoffs over 120 seconds each period from a standard Hawk-Dove bimatrix game played in continuous time. Play converged closely to the symmetric mixed Nash equilibrium under a one-population matching protocol. When the same players were matched in a two-population protocol with the same bimatrix, they showed clear movement towards an asymmetric (and very inequitable) pure Nash equilibrium of the game. These findings support distinctive predictions of evolutionary game theory.

Field of study: Economics
Private Anonymous Data Access

We consider a scenario where a server holds a huge database that it wants to make accessible to a large group of clients. After an initial setup phase, clients should be able to read arbitrary locations in the database while maintaining privacy (the server does not learn which locations are being read) and anonymity (the server does not learn which client is performing each read). This should hold even if the server colludes with a subset of the clients. Moreover, the run-time of both the server and the client during each read operation should be low, ideally only poly-logarithmic in the size of the database and the number of clients. We call this notion Private Anonymous Data Access (PANDA). PANDA simultaneously combines aspects of Private Information Retrieval (PIR) and Oblivious RAM (ORAM). PIR has no initial setup, and allows anybody to privately and anonymously access a public database, but the server’s run-time is linear in the data size. On the other hand, ORAM achieves poly-logarithmic server run-time, but requires an initial setup after which only a single client with a secret key can access the database. The goal of PANDA is to get the best of both worlds: allow many clients to privately and anonymously access the database as in PIR, while having an efficient server as in ORAM.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Über ein klassisches Analogon des Elektronenspins

ZusammenfassungDie Bewegungsgleichungen der klassischen Elektronentheorie mit Einschluß der Strahlungsreaktion werden auf eine Form gebracht, in der sie sich mit denen der Diracschen Theorie des Elektrons vergleichen lassen. Man findet dabei auch für die Variablen des Spins ein klassisches Analogon.

Field of study: Physics
Survey of the current situation of excellent athlete recruitment by institutes of higher learning in China

The authors revealed the following findings in their research: Both the short-term effect and long-term development of the construction of high performance athlete teams in institutes of higher learning must be consid- ered in high performance athlete recruitment by institutes of higher learning; on the one hand, the construction of high performance athlete teams in institutes of higher learning should be expedited according to the actual circum- stances currently existing and based mainly on fully sharing athlete resources in the sports system, especially, atten- tion should be showered on the joint construction of institutes of higher learning and athlete teams, so as to ensure that the educational system can undertake and fulfill tasks for participating in world games; on the other hand, re- cruitment policies favorable for encouraging middle and elementary schools to develop competitive sport backup talent cultivation should be established, so as to form a competitive sport backup talent cultivation system that is led by institutes of higher learning and integrates colleges, middle schools and elementary schools.

Field of study: Education
Characteristics of phase distribution of gas-liquid two-phase flow in new scrubbing-cooling chamber

The bubbly flow parameters,such as phase fraction and bubble diameter in the bubble column of a new type scrubbing-cooling chamber were measured by a double-sensor probe.A numerical model of the phase profile of gas-liquid two-phase flow in this scrubbing-cooling chamber was established by the software Fluent.The simulation results agreed with the experimental data.The research indicated that the inner component in this scrubbing-cooling chamber affected the gas-liquid two-phase distribution in the bubble column obviously.Compared with the GE-Texaco technology,the distribution of gas phase concentration in this chamber was more uniform,the liquid surface was more stable,the outlet gas entrainment was also controlled well,and the flexibility of operation was much better.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
[An analysis of the dynamics of the main types of stroke and pathogenetic variants of ischemic stroke].

To analyze the main changes in the prevalence of stroke types and pathogenetic variants of ischemic stroke based on the data obtained from seven regions of the Russian Federation among the population aged 25 years and older.  In total, 29 779 cases of stroke, of which 4167 cases were registered in 2009 and 3402 cases in 2016, were detected during the period from 2009 to 2016.  The comparative analysis showed that the proportion of unspecified stroke (unspecified as a hemorrhage and or heart attack) decreased by 11 times from 4.7% to 0.4% (p<0.001). A decrease in 28-day mortality in ischemic stroke, intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage was registered. A change in the ratio of the prevalence of pathogenetic variants of ischemic stroke was revealed. Over the 8-year period, the prevalence of cardioembolic stroke decreased from 35% to 21% (p=0.037). The prevalence of other pathogenetic variants of ischemic stroke has undergone changes. The changes in the ratio of the types of stroke studied are primarily related to the improvement of the diagnosis of stroke types, due to an increase in the percentage of computer tomography/magnetic resonance imaging performed, as well as the introduction of high-tech methods of helping patients with stroke and its effective prevention.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
One More Server for Supporting Interactivity in a P2P Video-on-demand System

In a P2P video-on-demand(VoD) system,the asynchronous characteristic of users′ VCR operations makes data sharing among peers more challenging,and raises very high capability requirement of the source video server.In this paper,we consider the problem of how to improve users′ experience of random seeking.We propose adding one more server in a P2P VoD system to support the VCR operations and investigate the capacity dimensioning problem for the new server.We use a simple queueing model to characterize the access of users′ random seeking data requests to the server and formulate a quantitative relationship between longest tolerant waiting time of VCR operation and the required bandwidth of the server.The numerical results show that only fairly small server capacity is needed to satisfy the bandwidth requirement of random seeking in a P2P VoD system with thousands of users.

Field of study: Computer science
Star Formation History of the SMC: six HST/ACS

We observed six fields of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) with the Advanced Camera for Survey on board the Hubble Space Telescope in the F555W and F814W filters. These fields sample regions characterized by very different star and gas densities, and, possibly, by different evolutionary histories. We find that the SMC was already forming stars ~12 Gyr ago, even if the lack of a clear horizontal branch suggests that in the first few billion years the star formation activity was low. Within the uncertainties of our two-band photometry, we find evidence of a radial variation in chemical enrichment, with the SMC outskirts characterized by lower metallicity than the central zones. 
From our CMDs we also infer that the SMC formed stars over a long interval of time until ~2-3 Gyr ago. After a period of modest activity, star formation increased again in the recent past, especially in the bar and the wing of the SMC, where we see an enhancement in the star-formation activity starting from ~500 Myr ago. The inhomogeneous distribution of stars younger than ~100 Myr indicates that recent star formation has mainly developed locally.

Field of study: Physics
Differential effects of 2-oxo acids on pyruvate utilization and fatty acid synthesis in rat brain.

1. The effects of 2-oxo-4-methylpentanoate, 2-oxo-3-methylbutanoate and 2-oxo-3-methylpentanoate on the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.4.1), citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.7), acetyl-CoA carboxylase, (EC 6.4.1.2) and fatty acid synthetase derived from the brains of 14-day-old rats were investigated. 2. The pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme activity was competitively inhibited by 2-oxo-3-methylbutanoate with respect to pyruvate with a K(i) of 2.04mm but was unaffected by 2-oxo-4-methylpentanoate or 2-oxo-3-methylpentanoate. 3. The citrate synthase activity was inhibited competitively (with respect to acetyl-CoA) by 2-oxo-4-methylpentanoate (K(i)~7.2mm) and 2-oxo-3-methylbutanoate (K(i)~14.9mm) but not by 2-oxo-3-methylpentanoate. 4. The acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity was not inhibited significantly by any of the 2-oxo acids investigated. 5. The fatty acid synthetase activity was competitively inhibited (with respect to acetyl-CoA) by 2-oxo-4-methylpentanoate (K(i)~930mum) and 2-oxo-3-methylpentanoate (K(i)~3.45mm) but not by 2-oxo-3-methylbutanoate. 6. Preliminary experiments indicate that 2-oxo-4-methylpentanoate and 2-oxo-3-phenylpropionate (phenylpyruvate) significantly inhibit the ability of intact brain mitochondria from 14-day-old rats to oxidize pyruvate. 7. The results are discussed with reference to phenylketonuria and maple-syrup-urine disease. A biochemical mechanism is proposed to explain the characteristics of these diseases.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Late Quaternary sedimentation in the western north Atlantic: stratigraphy and paleoceanography

A detailed analysis of stratigraphic indices was undertaken to study paleoclimatic change in the western North Atlantic. Three stratigraphic indicators — carbonate content, Globorotalia menardii , and Uvigerina peregrina — were tested in ten radiocarbon dated cores from the North American continental margin. Of these, carbonate content appears to be most accurate. Carbonate content exhibits two major increases from late glacial time to the present; estimated ages of the average of the mid-point of these increase are 13 200 B.P. and 8600 B.P. An absolute chronology was established down fifteen cores using these stratigraphic indicators and the radiocarbon dates. Sea-surface temperature (SST) estimates derived from planktonic foraminifera were mapped at 2000-yr intervals from 2000 B.P. to 14 000 B.P. SST warms rapidly from 12 000 to 8000 B.P., reaches a maximum between 8000 and 6000 B.P., and gradually cools after 6000 B.P. Bottom waters were monitored with Uvigerina peregrina and dissolution indices. The disappearance of Uvigerina suggests that the water type it lives in (low O 2 ?) started to thin from both the top and bottom by 13 000 B.P. and by 7300 B.P. had disappeared. Fragmentation of planktonic foraminifera was used as an index of dissolution. In most cores dissolution was intense during late glacial time, lessened during early postglacial time and resumed in the late postglacial.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Hydrogen contaminant and its correlation with background electrons in GaN

GaN epilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy using NH3 as the nitrogen source were found to contain hydrogen. We further notice that the background electron concentration in GaN can be correlated with the amount of hydrogen contaminant. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements of the N Is peak reveal that hydrogen is bound to nitrogen. This will make the corresponding Ga atom see insufficient N counterpart, as can be inferred from the XPS Ga 3d spectrum. We then think that nitrogen in the lattice terminated by hydrogen is an effective nitrogen vacancy and hence a donor accounting for the background electrons.

Field of study: Materials science
Immunoglobulin allotypes and IgG subclass antibody response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa antigens in chronically infected cystic fibrosis patients

Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection is the leading cause of death in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Poor prognosis correlates with a high number of anti-pseudomonas precipitins and with high levels of IgG2 and IgG3 anti-pseudomonas antibodies. Reports of several highly significant associations between certain Gm (genetic markers of IgG on human chromosome 14) and Km (k-type light chain determinants on chromosome 2) phenotypes and immune responsiveness to various antigens suggest that allotype-linked immune response genes do exist in man. Furthermore correlation between Gm types and IgG subclass levels has been reported. A group of 143 CF patients were investigated (31 non-infected and 112 chronic infected). The IgG subclass antibodies to three different P. aeruginosa antigens (P. aeruginosa standard antigen (St-Ag), alginate and LPS) were determined. Immunoglobulin allotypes were determined by haemagglutination inhibition. Samples were typed for G1m(1,2,3, and 17), G2m(23), G3m(5,21), and Km(1,3). Statistical analysis of our data demonstrate that IgG3 anti-pseudomonas antibody levels and Gm markers are related. IgG3 antibody levels to all investigated P. aeruginosa antigens are significantly higher in sera homozygous for Gm(3;5), somewhat lower in heterozygous sera, and significantly lower in sera homozygous for Gm(1,2,17;21). We suggest that genetic differences between the patients may explain the present differences in subclass patterns.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Examination on the perspective of work process-orientated curriculum

The perspective of work process-oriented curriculum has been imported from Germany in recent years,which has already become the predominant idea in the curriculum reform of higher vocational education in China.In a certain sense,the perspective of work process-orientated curriculum provides references for the curriculum reform of Chinese higher vocational education.However,because of the situational difference between China and Germany,the insufficiency of supporting conditions,and the theoretical flaw in the perspective of work process-orientated curriculum,it need to be assimilated and modified according to the practical situation,not wholly borrowed.

Field of study: Education
Comparison of dietary intake among women on maintenance dialysis to a Women's Health Initiative cohort: results from the NKF-CRN Second National Research Question Collaborative Study.

The objective of this study was to compare the characteristics and dietary intake of Second National Research Question (SNRQ) participants to the Women's Health Initiative-Dietary Modification (WHI-DM) Trial group and to compare the dietary intake of both groups to relevant reference norms.



The study design was a secondary analysis of data collected from the SNRQ and from the WHI-DM Trial.



SNRQ participants were adult women on dialysis (n = 248) from U.S. dialysis facilities. WHI-DM Trial participants (n = 48,836) were postmenopausal, 50- to 79-year-old women from 40 U.S. clinical centers.



The 1-sample t test, χ(2), and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used to compare the SNRQ participants to the WHI-DM group and to compare the dietary intake of both to nutrition reference norms. Differences were considered significant at a 2-tailed P ≤ .01.



Dietary intake was defined as dietary energy intake (DEI), dietary protein intake (DPI), fiber, fat, saturated fat, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, fruits, and vegetables.



Characteristics including age, race, weight, educational level, and cardiovascular disease differed between the SNRQ and WHI-DM groups (P < .001). SNRQ participants had lower DEI, DPI, fiber, fat, saturated fat, potassium, sodium, phosphorus, fruit, and vegetable intake than WHI-DM women (P < .001). Dietary intake of SNRQ hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients differed significantly from reference norms (P < .001) except for phosphorus intake in PD patients (P = .03). WHI-DM women had higher intakes of fat and saturated fat and lower intakes of fiber, fruit, and vegetables than recommended in reference norms for the general population.



Dietary intake differed significantly between SNRQ participants and the WHI-DM group. Dietary intake of the SNRQ participants, except for phosphorus intake in PD patients, differed significantly from relevant reference norms.

Field of study: Medicine
STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF COLUMN-SUPPORTED STEEL SILOS WITH ENGAGED COLUMNS

Supporting silo walls directly on engaged columns provides a simple and cost-effective support arrangement for light steel silos.Numerical analyses including linear stress analyses,linear eigenvalue buckling analyses and geometrically nonlinear analyses are carried out to investigate the structural behavior(mainly stability behavior)of these column-supported steel silos with engaged columns.The effects of geometric parameters,including the radius-to-thickness ratio,the height of the engaged column and the width of the column,on the structural behavior are analyzed.It is found that the buckling strength of column-supported silos is mainly dependent on the height of the engaged column,which also affects the buckling deformation mode.In order to improve the load-carrying capacity of column-supported silos,the engaged columns should extend to the top of the silo wall.Such support arrangement that columns extend to the eave ring may be used in medium/heavy silos.

Field of study: Engineering
Accurate quotient-difference algorithm: Error analysis, improvements and applications

The compensated quotient-difference (Compqd) algorithm is proposed along with some applications. The main motivation is based on the fact that the standard quotient-difference (qd) algorithm can be numerically unstable. The Compqd algorithm is obtained by applying error-free transformations to improve the traditional qd algorithm. We study in detail the error analysis of the qd and Compqd algorithms and we introduce new condition numbers so that the relative forward rounding error bounds can be derived directly. Our numerical experiments illustrate that the Compqd algorithm is much more accurate than the qd algorithm, relegating the influence of the condition numbers up to second order in the rounding unit of the computer. Three applications of the new algorithm in the obtention of continued fractions and in pole and zero detection are shown.

Field of study: Mathematics
Avoiding pathologies in very deep networks

Choosing appropriate architectures and regularization strategies of deep networks is crucial to good predictive performance. To shed light on this problem, we analyze the analogous problem of constructing useful priors on compositions of functions. Specifically, we study the deep Gaussian process, a type of infinitely-wide, deep neural network. We show that in standard architectures, the representational capacity of the network tends to capture fewer degrees of freedom as the number of layers increases, retaining only a single degree of freedom in the limit. We propose an alternate network architecture which does not suffer from this pathology. We also examine deep covariance functions, obtained by composing infinitely many feature transforms. Lastly, we characterize the class of models obtained by performing dropout on Gaussian processes.

Field of study: Computer science
No. 35247. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Ethiopia

Exchange of notes between the government of the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland and the government of the federal democratic republic of ethiopia concerning certain commercial debts (united kingdom/ ethiopia debt agreement no. 2 (1997)). Addis Ababa, 19 july 1997 and 8 october 1997 [united nations, treaty series, vol. 2038, i-35247.]

Field of study: Political science
Sevier Orogenic Belt in Nevada and Utah

In Nevada and Utah, sedimentation in the Cordilleran miogeosyncline began before the appearance of Cambrian fossils and continued without orogenic interruption through the Triassic. During the Jurassic, deformation and regional metamorphism occurred in the western part of the miogeosyncline, and the area of sediment accumulation shifted onto the Colorado Plateau. A major source of clastic material appeared along the eastern margin of the Cordilleran miogeosyncline in Early Cretaceous time; this source supplied the sediments that filled the Cretaceous to Paleocene Rocky Mountain geosyncline. Clasts in the Cretaceous conglomerates show an inverted stratigraphy, reflecting successive exposure of older and older rocks in an evolving orogenic belt along the eastern side of the Cordilleran miogeosyncline. This source area was the Sevier orogenic belt, which had a history of deformation through most of the Cretaceous (Sevier orogeny). Decollement thrusts with displacements of tens of miles are the characteristic structures of the belt, but several large folds are also known. The largest thrusts are overlain unconformably by uppermost Cretaceous conglomerates. Thrusting in the Sevier orogenic belt had virtually ceased by the time the Laramide orogeny began east of the Sevier belt in latest Cretaceous time. Laramide mountains were the result of uplift of great blocks of crystalline basement along nearly vertical, reverse, and steep thrust faults. The Uinta arch, which intersects the Sevier orogenic belt almost at a right angle, is the only one of these basement uplifts closely involved with the deformation of the Cordilleran miogeosyncline. North-south-trending regional normal faulting of post-Oligocene age has broken up the orogenic belt so that it is not immediately recognizable on geologic maps. Arch ranges, intrusive domes, and gravity slides are additional complications of the Tertiary geology, but widespread Tertiary deposits, particularly Oligocene ignimbrites, make a paleogeologic reconstruction possible; thus, the Sevier orogenic belt can be viewed as it existed before the normal faulting.

Field of study: Geology