nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Palaeoecological distribution pattern of Early–Middle Jurassic benthic foraminifera in the Lusitanian Basin (Portugal) based on multivariate analysis

Paleontologists have favoured univariate statistical methods over multivariate ones, using information-rich data to derive diversity measures such as the Simpson's index. However, such palaeontological datasets may benefit from flexible multivariate methods that exploit data directly. Hence in this work, with the aim of quantifying and characterising the spatio-temporal change in the species composition and abundance of benthic foraminiferal assemblages, univariate and multivariate statistical techniques are applied on a Lusitanian Basin dataset from the Lower–Middle Jurassic transition. This paper presents the trends identified at spatial and temporal scales, i.e. among sections corresponding to distal, middle and proximal palaeogeographical positions within the platform and between two successive stratigraphic intervals (upper Toarcian and lower Aalenian). It also compares the results obtained by univariate and multivariate methods. Samples in the reference sections are composed by taxa typical of the Jurassic carbonate marine platforms of the Boreal Realm, such as Vaginulinidae and Lenticulina species. Univariate analysis only found significant change in species diversity between the two most distant sections and failed to detect any temporal change. In contrast, multivariate analysis (PERMANOVA and NMDS) revealed that spatial change in assemblage structure (22%) quadruples temporal change (5%). CAP analysis identified characteristic species for each section along the palaeogradient, with a posterior cross-validation procedure that classified correctly 97% of the samples. In fact, multivariate results suggest the existence of stable palaeoecological conditions across the Lower–Middle Jurassic transition in the Lusitanian Basin. Future work in the field may benefit from multivariate analysis, including hydrocarbon exploration activities where only core samples are available and foraminifera are currently used.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
The Research Evolution about Element and Structure of Higher Education Opportunity Equality

Education opportunity equality,which varies according to the situation.The concept of education opportunity equality in modern society is different from that in ancient times.In ancient times,it came from the philosophy of natural law and existed in individual moral structure.In modern society,it is considered as the basic human right,which is regulated and protected by national constitution and laws.In educational society,as a legal right,the concept of higher education opportunity equality emphasizes the opportunity firstly,not equality.The three hidden elements of opportunity are subject,goal,and the relations between subject and goal.Equality is the inference factor of education opportunity equality concept.The structure of higher education opportunity is evolving from the theory pattern to higher education policy practice.

Field of study: Education
Clean-coast index—A new approach for beach cleanliness assessment

A clean-coast index (CCI) was developed and is suggested as a tool for evaluation of the actual coast cleanliness. It measures plastic debris as a beach cleanliness indicator, in an easy way precluding bias by the assessor. Furthermore, the CCI is the measuring tool of the “Clean Coast” program—a new, long-term approach for cleaner beaches by various activities such as an increase in the public awareness. The CCI was proved to be a useful tool for measuring progress and the success of activities such as education campaigns, media coverage and enforcement actions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Rural Households' Perception of the Expanded Programme on Children Immunization (Epi) in the Southwest of Nigeria.

The study was carried out in the South West of Nigeria. Three states out of six were selected namely; Ekiti, Ondo and Osun States. Three Local Government Areas (LGAs) were randomly selected from each State while two communities were sampled from each LGA. In all, 18 communities were used for the study. From each community, ten households were randomly interviewed giving a total of 180 households. Data collected were analyzed using frequency tables and percentages and also Chi-square analysis. The study found that only 18 percent of the respondents did not participate in Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) while 56 percent had high participation. Further finding showed that the respondents had favorable attitude towards EPI, and as well, perceived it as important. Furthermore, it was found that age, marital status, household size and religion had significant relationship with the respondents’ perception towards EPI. It was recommended that the zero payment status for the programme should be continued and the services of town criers in the communities should be encouraged as rural people placed much premium on information disseminated from town criers as a form of reminder.

Field of study: Medicine
Functional analysis of nuclear pore complex protein Nup62/p62 using monoclonal antibodies.

The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is an enormous structure embedded in the double membrane of the nuclear envelope that acts as a passageway for nucleocytoplasmic transport. The vertebrate NPC is comprised of about 30 unique proteins. Nup62/p62, a major component of the NPC, has been reported to interact directly with several nuclear transport factors, including importin-beta and NTF2. However, it has not been shown how the interaction of Nup62/p62 with transport factors is involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport. The present study reports on the preparation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against human Nup62/p62 and a functional analysis of Nup62/p62 using antibodies in living cells. Hybridomas producing the antibodies were produced by the hybridization of mouse myeloma cells with medial iliac lymph node cells from an immunized rat. These MAbs specifically recognized Nup62/p62 as evidenced by immunoblotting analysis using a nuclear membrane fraction. In the immunostaining using MAbs, a punctuate nuclear rim staining pattern was observed. Moreover, cytoplasmic injected-anti-Nup62/p62 MAbs were rapidly targeted to the nuclear pore of cultured cells and some of them inhibited normal cell division, causing the formation of abnormal nuclei. The antibodies described in this study provide the means for immunochemical analyses of the NPC protein Nup62/p62 in mammalian cells, and represent useful molecular tools that should permit a better understanding of the biological roles and cellular dynamics of this protein in nucleocytoplasmic transport, cell division, and nuclear organization.

Field of study: Biology
Numerical and experimental investigation on Ag+-Na+ field assisted ion-exchanged channel waveguides.

The characteristics of Ag+ diffusion during field assisted fabrication of a channel waveguide in glass substrates are analyzed using a numerical model. Differences between the results of the author's original model and the other typically used models are discussed. Experimental conditions have been chosen to clearly demonstrate the essential features of Ag+ concentration contours, particularly near the mask edges. Metallic and dielectric masks have been used in the experiment, and the results are similar for both mask materials. The shapes of Ag+ concentration contours reveal the presence of a thin polarized layer under the mask and seem to be consistent with the results predicted by the proposed numerical model. Some modifications of the model are suggested for a better fit of the numerical to the experimental results.

Field of study: Physics
The Process of Analyzing Data is the Emergent Feature of Data Science

In recent years the term “data science” gained considerable attention worldwide. In a A Very Short History Of Data Science by Press (2013), the first appearance of the term is ascribed to Peter Naur in 1974 (Concise Survey of Computer Methods). Regardless who used the term first and in what context it has been used, we think that data science is a good term to indicate that data are the focus of scientific research. This is in analogy to computer science, where the first department of computer science in the USA had been established in 1962 at Purdue University, at a time when the first electronic computers became available and it was still not clear enough what computers can do, one created therefore a new field where the computer was the focus of the study. In this paper, we want to address a couple of questions in order to demystify the meaning and the goals of data science in general.

Field of study: Biology
Statistical Densities, Cumulatives, Quantiles, and Power Obtained by S-System Differential Equations

A comprehensive approach for the analysis of statistical univariate distributions is advanced. The method is based on recasting a distribution in a canonical set of first-order nonlinear differential equations called an S system, in which the derivative of each variable equals a difference of products of power-law functions. The recasting techniques are illustrated with some examples from central and noncentral probability distributions. The density and the cumulative, because of their close relationship, can be simultaneously evaluated within one S system. A simple inversion procedure permits the calculation of quantiles. When, in addition, a noncentral distribution and its central counterpart are represented in one S-system, the power function and the inverse power function are obtainable. Given a set of initial conditions, any differential equation solver can generate the desired solution. Particularly convenient and efficient is the program ESSYNS, designed specifically to solve and analyze s...

Field of study: Mathematics
Research on Spot Welding Between Aluminum and Steel Dissimilar Metal for Automobile Body

The development of spot welding methods for joining aluminium/steel like for resistance spot welding,friction stir spot welding,laser spot welding and spot weld bonding was introduced.The process parameter selection is an effective factor in controlling the intermetallic compound.The strength and shortcoming of the different spot weldings in industrial production were discussed.Moreover,the application prospect of the spot welding process of aluminum/steel dissimilar metal bonding in the automobile manufacturing was put forward.

Field of study: Materials science
Improved chloride quantification in quadrupole aerosol chemical speciation monitors (Q-ACSMs)

Particulate chloride is an important component of fine particulate matter in marine air masses. Recent field studies also report elevated concentrations of gas-phase reactive chlorine species and particulate chloride related to anthropogenic activities. This work focuses on particulate chloride detection and quantification issues observed for some quadrupole aerosol chemical speciation monitors (Q-ACSM), which are designed for long-term measurement of ambient aerosol composition. The ACSM reports particle concentrations based on the difference between measurements of ambient air (sample mode) and particle-free ambient air (filter mode). For our long-term campaign in Krakow, Poland, the Q-ACSM reports apparent negative total chloride concentration for most of the campaign when analyzed with the default fragmentation table. This is the result of the difference signal from m/z 35 (35Cl+) being negative which dominates over the positive difference signal from m/z 36 (H35Cl+). Highly time-resolved experiments with NH4Cl, NaCl and KCl particles show that the signal response of m/z 35 is non-ideal, where the signal builds up and decreases slowly for all three salts, leading to a negative difference measurement. In contrast, the m/z 36 signal exhibits a near step-change response for NH4Cl during sampling and filter period, resulting in a positive difference signal. The response of m/z 36 for NaCl and KCl is not as prompt as for NH4Cl but still fast enough to have a positive difference signal. Furthermore, it is shown that this behavior is mostly temperature-independent. Based on these observations, this work presents an approach to correct the chloride concentration time series by adapting the standard fragmentation table coupled with a calibration of NH4Cl to obtain a relative ionization efficiency (RIE) based on the signal at m/z 36 (H35Cl+). This correction can be applied for measurements in environments where chloride is dominated by NH4Cl. Caution should be exercised when other chloride salts dominate the ambient aerosol.

Field of study: Environmental science
Study on measurements of frost crystals dimensions/distribution and frost scraping force using a scanning probe microscope (Investigation on influence of surface temperature of cooling solid surface)

Since frosting to a cooling solid surface has caused many serious accidents accompanied by economic losses, it is necessary to clarify the mechanism of frosting to the cooling solid surface both scientifically and technologically. Thus, at first clarification of frosting from generation to primary stage of growth is very important. And considering the size of frost crystals until the primary stage, it is essential to investigate frost crystals in nano/micro scale field. In this paper, using a scanning probe microscope (SPM), frost crystals dimensions/distribution and scraping force of frost crystals were measured based on the method proposed by one of authors, under a fixed humidity varying cooling solid surface temperatures. And then, the correlations among frost crystals dimensions/distribution and scraping force were clarified.

Field of study: Engineering
COX REGRESSION; TIES WITHOUT TEARS

The maximum likelihood approach to the proportional hazards model is considered. The purpose is to find a general approach to the analysis of the proportional hazards model, whether the baseline distribution is absolutely continuous, discrete, or a mixture. The advantage is that ties are treated without pain, while the performance for continuous data is almost the same as Cox's partial likelihood. The potential disadvantage with many nuisance parameters is taken care of by profiling them out for risk sets containing only one failure.

Field of study: Mathematics
Diastolic function impairment in alcoholics.

Chronic excessive ethanol consumption exerts a deleterious effect on the myocardium. Although the effects of chronic alcoholism on systolic cardiac function are well known, diastolic involvement has been evaluated only partially. Therefore, we determined the presence of left ventricular diastolic impairment in chronic alcoholics and its relation with simultaneous systolic dysfunction. We also assessed the influence of ethanol consumption in diastolic impairment.



Thirty-five alcoholics with cardiomyopathy (ejection fraction < or = 50%) and 77 alcoholics with normal systolic function (ejection fraction > 50%) were evaluated. Assessment of New York Heart Association functional class, history of ethanol intake, technetium-99m radionuclide angiocardiography, and bidimensional Doppler echocardiography with evaluation of systolic and diastolic left ventricular function were performed.



Diastolic function impairment was present in one third of the alcoholics without cardiomyopathy, compared with two thirds of the patients with cardiomyopathy (p < 0.01). A pseudonormalization phenomenon of diastolic function was observed in patients with more advanced systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction < 32%). The deterioration of the diastolic parameters correlated with ethanol consumption, regardless of age (r = 0.44, p < 0.001 for ratio of peak velocity of the transmitral flow in early diastole and peak velocity of atrial contraction flow, with lifetime dose of ethanol).



There seems to be a dose-dependent effect of ethanol on systolic and diastolic heart function. Diastolic function impairment is present in one third of alcoholics with normal systolic function and is even more frequent when systolic dysfunction coexists.

Field of study: Medicine
On Approximate Nonlinear Gaussian Message Passing on Factor Graphs

Factor graphs have recently gained increasing attention as a unified framework for representing and constructing algorithms for signal processing, estimation, and control. One capability that does not seem to be well explored within the factor graph tool kit is the ability to handle deterministic nonlinear transformations, such as those occuring in nonlinear filtering and smoothing problems, using tabulated message passing rules. In this contribution, we provide general forward (filtering) and backward (smoothing) approximate Gaussian message passing rules for deterministic nonlinear transformation nodes in arbitrary factor graphs fulfilling a Markov property, based on numerical quadrature procedures for the forward pass and a Rauch-Tung-Striebel-type approximation of the backward pass. These message passing rules can be employed for deriving many algorithms for solving nonlinear problems using factor graphs, as is illustrated by the proposition of a nonlinear modified Bryson-Frazier (MBF) smoother based on the presented message passing rules.

Field of study: Computer science
Barremian–Cenomanian palaeotemperatures for Australian seas based on new oxygen-isotope data from belemnite rostra

Oxygen‐isotope ratio (δ18O) data are presented for 55 belemnite rostra specimens of late Aptian–Albian age from the Great Artesian Basin of eastern Australia and of late Barremian–early Cenomanian age from the Carnarvon Basin of Western Australia. The belemnites were carefully screened for diagenesis by means of catholuminescence and trace element geochemistry. The δ18O record for the Carnarvon Basin (palaeolatitude ~ 40°S) is interpreted to show a long‐term warming trend from ~ 10 °C in the Aptian to a maximum of ~ 15 °C in the Cenomanian. Shorter-term fluctuations in the mid-Albian are also apparent. Data from the Great Artesian Basin (palaeolatitude 40°–55°S) show a wider δ18O range which is attributed to the epeiric sea context of this sample set. The larger range in δ18O is interpreted to reflect differing water mass characteristics, due possibly to a combination of variable freshwater dilution, seasonal temperature fluctuations and isotopic exchange between seawater and pyroclastic sediment within the epeiric sea. Nevertheless, the Aptian–Albian δ18O trends are still comparable to those obtained for the Carnarvon Basin. The inferred palaeotemperature trends for the Australian sedimentary basins are consistent with records from other regions and demonstrate that broadly synchronous palaeotemperature variations can be recognised on a global scale during the Cretaceous. Although our data do indeed show cool temperatures within the Aptian (and the Albian) reaching a low of ~ 10 °C, these estimates are somewhat warmer than those based on glendonite genesis. However, the exact position of the glendonite-bearing and dropstone-rich parts of the Bulldog Shale is poorly constrained with respect to our isotope data, and the warmest temperatures were of late Albian and early Cenomanian age. However, to conform to greenhouse warmth and equability, and to achieve parity with other palaeotemperature records, the δ18Oseawater estimate of − 1.0‰ that is generally used for Cretaceous oceans in an ice-free world needs to be adjusted to a slightly higher value.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Biologiese vliegbeheer : die Suid-Afrikaanse situasie

Biologiese vliegbeheer met behulp van parasitiese wespes, is al vir nagenoeg 35 jaar bekend in die VSA en Kanada. Die bedryf in Suid-Afrika is ongeveer vyf jaar oud. Hierin le heelwat ironie, want die Amerikaanse bedryf het hoogs waarskynlik sy ontstaan te danke aan 'n Suid-Afrikaanse entomoloog.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Analysis of dialogue mechanisms in sport policy establishment by the European Union from the perspective of the establishment of the White Book of Sport.

The conception of "sports governance" is popular in Europe,while the rigid functions of policies and laws are being gradually weakened,and the flexible functions of dialogue mechanisms are being gradually exerted.By utilizing a dialogue mechanism,the European Union played an important role in establishing the White Book of Sport.The subjects of dialogue include member countries,sports organizations and other interest relevant parties.The ways of dialogue include sports minister meetings,sports forums,action specific working teams,online con-sultation,etc.The contents of dialogue are mainly the frameworks,topics and focuses with respect to the While Book of Sport.Such a dialogue mechanism is formally similar to the activity of "policy research" in China,essentially a way of power gaming.

Field of study: Education
Wide area mapping of liquid crystal devices with passive and active command layers.

We track the non-uniformity of a wide area liquid crystal device using multiple cross-polarized intensity measurements. They give us not only accurate estimates of the core physical liquid crystal parameters, such as elastic constants, but also spatial maps of the device properties, including the liquid crystal thickness and pretilt angle. A bootstrapping statistical analysis, coupled with the multiple measurements, gives us reliable error bars on all the measured parameters.

Field of study: Physics
A case of malignant lymphoma, undifferentiated, Burkitt's type with high antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus.

A 5-year-4-month-old girl was admitted to Taipei Municipal Jen-Ai Hospital because of a rapidly enlarging right submandibular tumor. The diagnosis of malignant lymphoma, undifferentiated, Burkitt's type was made by distinctive histopathological features. Positive serological findings related to Epstein-Barr virus infection were disclosed. Complete remission has been achieved since the treatment with high-dose cyclophosphamide was given, and no signs of relapse have been found yet.

Field of study: Biology