nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Magnetization Process of Certain Red Beds: Vector Analysis of Chemical and Thermal Results

A vector analysis of chemical leaching and thermal demagnetization results of 179 specimens of the Hopewell Group shows that three magnetizations were acquired in a nearly parallel direction but at different times as indicated by polarity. Field evidence indicates that magnetization occurred within 35 m.y. of deposition. It is suggested that these red beds were magnetized in three stages during a magnetization process which began at the time of deposition; hence producing one detrital (DRM) and two chemical (CRMA and CRMB) remanent magnetizations in that order. The two CRMs can be successively removed chemically to uncover the DRM. The CRMB is demagnetized by thermal treatment at 600–674 °C, but, the DRM and the CRMA cannot be separated thermally. This accounts for apparently aberrant directions obtained after thermal demagnetization at 674 °C, because the resultant vector of the remaining (and sometimes oppositely directed) DRM and CRMA is not directed along the direction of the magnetizing field. Howeve...

Field of study: Environmental science
Adaptively Secure Constrained Pseudorandom Functions in the Standard Model

Constrained pseudorandom functions (CPRFs) allow learning “constrained” PRF keys that can evaluate the PRF on a subset of the input space, or based on some predicate. First introduced by Boneh and Waters [AC’13], Kiayias et al. [CCS’13] and Boyle et al. [PKC’14], they have shown to be a useful cryptographic primitive with many applications. These applications often require CPRFs to be adaptively secure, which allows the adversary to learn PRF values and constrained keys in an arbitrary order. However, there is no known construction of adaptively secure CPRFs based on a standard assumption in the standard model for any non-trivial class of predicates. Moreover, even if we rely on strong tools such as indistinguishability obfuscation (IO), the state-of-the-art construction of adaptively secure CPRFs in the standard model only supports the limited class of \(\mathbf{NC} ^1\) predicates.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Circumpolar Arctic vegetation: a hierarchic review and roadmap toward an internationally consistent approach to survey, archive and classify tundra plot data

Satellite-derived remote-sensing products are providing a modern circumpolar perspective of Arctic vegetation and its changes, but this new view is dependent on a long heritage of ground-based observations in the Arctic. Several products of the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna are key to our current understanding. We review aspects of the PanArctic Flora, the Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map, the Arctic Biodiversity Assessment, and the Arctic Vegetation Archive (AVA) as they relate to efforts to describe and map the vegetation, plant biomass, and biodiversity of the Arctic at circumpolar, regional, landscape and plot scales. Cornerstones for all these tools are ground-based plant-species and plant-community surveys. The AVA is in progress and will store plot-based vegetation observations in a public-accessible database for vegetation classification, modeling, diversity studies, and other applications. We present the current status of the Alaska Arctic Vegetation Archive (AVA-AK), as a regional example for the panarctic archive, and with a roadmap for a coordinated international approach to survey, archive and classify Arctic vegetation. We note the need for more consistent standards of plot-based observations, and make several recommendations to improve the linkage between plot-based observations biodiversity studies and satellite-based observations of Arctic vegetation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Laboratory experimentation in economics: List of contributors

1. Introduction and overview Alvin E. Roth 2. Bargaining phenomena and bargaining theory Alvin E. Roth 3. Equity and coalition bargaining in experimental three-person games Reinhard Selten 4. The psychology of choice and the assumptions of economics Richard Thaler 5. Hypothetical valuations and preference reversals in the context of asset trading Marc Knez and Vernon L. Smith 6. Economics according to the rats (and pigeons too): what have we learned and what can we hope to learn? John H. Kagel 7. Dimensions of parallelism: some policy applications of experimental methods Charles R. Plott.

Field of study: Economics
Rose-Bengal-Sensitized Photooxidation of Quadricyclane. A [2σ+2σ+2π] Cycloaddition of Singlet Oxygen

Quadricyclane was photooxygenated with singlet oxygen generated under Rose-Bengal-sensitized conditions to a dioxetane, which in turn gave 2-cyclopentene-1,4-dicarbaldehyde and 5-norbornene-cis-2,3-exo-diol. For the mechanism to form the dioxetane, an involvement of a [2σ+2σ+2π] electrocyclic process is proposed.

Field of study: Chemistry
SU-E-J-192: Static Breath-Hold MRI Based Measurement of Change in Pulmonary Function Following a Course of Radiation Therapy.

Radiation Therapy (RT) induced pulmonary function change may depend on the location, underlying function of that lung prior to radiations, radiation dose/fractionation and other factors. We propose to evaluate the radiation induced pulmonary function change using static breath-hold MRI scans with vascular information and 3D deformable image registration which can provide pulmonary function relative to RT dose on a regional basis.



A MRI scan pair near the end of inhale and near the end of exhale with breath hold were acquired for one lung cancer patient before RT and 6 months after RT. The patient was treated with SBRT with 55 Gy to PTVs in the right and the left lung respectively. B-spline based vesselness preserving image registration algorithm was applied to register the MRI pair for the calculation of local lung expansion as a measurement of regional pulmonary function (PF). The PF maps before RT and after RT were then mapped to the planning CT using the same algorithm tuned for MRI-CT registration. The pulmonary function change was calculated via the PF ratio between two MRI pairs.



Strong spatial correlation was found between the irradiated lung region and the region with greatly decreased PF. Based on dose and PFC distribution, no strong determinant factor was found for PF lost in the left lung while the right lung shows that all the lung tissue receiving dose larger than 28 Gy will have a decreased PF.



We demonstrated a method that uses static breath-hold MRI based lung imaging to evaluate radiation induced pulmonary function change which can be applied to study the dose and the pulmonary function change in a regional basis. This work is supported by NIH grant support 1R21CA144063.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Monoamines and sleep in Drosophila.

Sleep is an important physiological state, but its function and regulation remain elusive. Drosophila melanogaster is a useful model organism for studying sleep because it has a well-established diurnal activity pattern, including consolidated periods of quiescence that share many characteristics with human sleep. Sleep behavior is regulated by circadian and homeostatic processes and is modulated by environmental and physiological context cues. These cues are communicated to sleep circuits by neurohormones and neuromodulators. A major class of neuromodulators, monoamines, has been found to be essential in various aspects of sleep regulation. Dopamine promotes arousal and sleep-dependent memory formation as well as daily activity. Octopamine, the insect homolog of norepinephrine, promotes wake and may play a role in circadian clock-dependent sleep and arousal. Serotonin promotes sleep and modulates circadian entrainment to light. The different monoamines each signal through multiple receptors in various brain regions in response to different conditions. How these separate circuits integrate their inputs into a single program of behavior is an open field of study for which Drosophila will continue to be a useful model. Monoamine biosynthetic pathways and receptors are conserved between flies and humans, and, thus far, their roles in modulating sleep also appear to be conserved.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Il principe e il mercante nella Toscana del Quattrocento: Il Magnifico Signore di Piombino Jacopo III Appiani e le aziende Maschiani di Pisa (review)

This volume on Piombino and its Appiani lords, especially Jacopo III (ca. 1440–74), offers a welcome reminder of the true political particularism of Quattrocento Italy’s smaller Renaissance states. Piombino stands as a unique case study because, as a newly-acquired signoria, it passed atypically into the hands of the Appiani as a consolation prize for relinquishing control of Pisa. Piombino was maintained, not through the typical efforts of condottieri or feudal military activities, but rather through the Appiani’s careful exploitation of the territory’s natural resources, of the advantageous geographical position of Piombino’s harbor for trade and on occasion as a safe haven for pirates. It was held also through the adroit diplomatic and economic maneuvering of its rulers caught in the web of competing ambitions of the larger peninsular states. The first part of the text, authored by Patrizia Meli, recounts the rapid political rise of the Appiani as savvy immigrants from the countryside involved first in trade and then in notarial activities that aided their advancement in the cursus honorum of political posts in Pisa, and lastly in carefully negotiated marriages by the mid-fourteenth century that allied them to the oldest families in Tuscany and the Roman aristocracy. By 1399, Gherardo Leonardo Appiani, at the time lord of Pisa, found his city caught between the expansionist aims of Giangaleazzo Visconti of Milan and the ambitions of the Medicean Republic of Florence. His solution was to cede Pisa to Milan for 200,000 florins in exchange for lands for himself, which included Piombino, part of the Maremma, and the island of Elba. The first decades of the fifteenth century required his Appiani successors once again to rely upon diplomacy, especially with Florence, Naples, and Genoa, and upon marriage alliances to impressive women of the Roman aristocracy — of particular interest in this regard is Paola Colonna — to secure their small state. It is Jacopo III’s rule of Piombino, however, that interests Meli most. She first details his political, military, and trade relations with Florence from Cosimo to Lorenzo the Magnificent, and then turns to the Renaissance court of Piombino recounting court patronage and expenditures, diplomatic and military events, including an unsuccessful revolt against Jacopo, and his expansionist ambitions in Tuscany. Indeed, one of the lasting points of the text is that Piombino’s history and interests were largely limited to Tuscany. Sergio Tognetti’s contribution to the second section of the book draws mostly upon economic documents from the Pisan archives and, importantly, from the Meschiani’s business records in the service of the Appiani lords of Piombino,

Field of study: History
Quadrupole spin oscillations in polarized rarefied media.

A new branch of weakly damped collective magnetic excitations in spin-polarized low-density systems is predicted. This type of wave corresponds to the transverse oscillations of the macroscopic quadrupole moment while the magnetization does not oscillate. The spectra of both spin waves and quadrupole modes are calculated. The theory can be applied to gaseous H↓, D↓, and other rarefied gases of S=1 particles

Field of study: Physics
Erratische Blöcke—erratische Folgerungen: ein unbekannter Brief von Leopold von Buch von 1818

ZusammenfassungAm Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts war die Frage noch offen, wie erratische Blöcke an ihren Standort gelangt sind. Auch Leopold von Buch ging dieser Frage nach. Bis zu seinem Lebensende im Jahr 1853 hielt er an der Flut-Theorie von Horace Bénedict de Saussure von 1780 fest, die er auch mehrfach durch quantitative Überlegungen zu stützen versuchte, wie es hier in einem Brief von 1818 gezeigt wird. Obwohl er jahrzehntelang enge Beziehungen zu Jean de Charpentier, dem damaligen Salinendirektor in Bex, auch durch viele Besuche pflegte und dieser den glazialen Rhônegletscher bis auf den Schweizer Jura hinauf nachweisen konnte, war er nicht von einer Gletscherwirkung zu überzeugen. Geländebegehungen mit Louis Agassiz in der Umgebung von Neuchâtel im Jahre 1837 konnten ihn gleichfalls nicht umstimmen. In Norddeutschland hatte dies bei der großen Autorität von Buchs eine lange Nachwirkung, denn erst 1875 wurde der Transport der Findlinge durch das Skandinavische Inlandeis allgemein anerkannt. Auch dieser Brief illustriert den langsamen Weg der jungen Geologie durch viele zunächst irrtümliche Theorien. Doch von Buchs Verdienste auf andern, und wichtigeren Feldern veranlassten Alexander von Humboldt, ihn als den "größten Geognosten unserer Zeit" zu bezeichnen.AbstractAt the beginning of the 19th century it was still not understood how erratic blocs were transported. Leopold von Buch's answer echoed Horace Bénedict de Saussure's flood theory from 1780.  Erratic blocks were not the only topic on which von Buch was mistaken, but because of his many important contributions in other areas, including his shift from neptunism to plutonism or his observations concerning the uplift of Scandinavia, Alexander von Humboldt characterized him as "the greatest geognosist of our time".

Field of study: Environmental science
Interpolation and Learning with Scale Dependent Kernels

We study the learning properties of nonparametric ridge-less least squares. In particular, we consider the common case of estimators defined by scale dependent kernels, and focus on the role of the scale. These estimators interpolate the data and the scale can be shown to control their stability through the condition number. Our analysis shows that are different regimes depending on the interplay between the sample size, its dimensions, and the smoothness of the problem. Indeed, when the sample size is less than exponential in the data dimension, then the scale can be chosen so that the learning error decreases. As the sample size becomes larger, the overall error stop decreasing but interestingly the scale can be chosen in such a way that the variance due to noise remains bounded. Our analysis combines, probabilistic results with a number of analytic techniques from interpolation theory.

Field of study: Computer science
Phytochemical Composition and Antifungal Actions of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of the Peels of two Yam Varieties

The phenolic composition and antifungal actions of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the peels of Dioscorea bulbifera and Dioscorea alata were investigated using standard techniques. The aqueous extract of the peel of Dioscorea bulbifera, contained 1.80 ± 0.14% flavonoids, 2.21 ± 0.16% tannins, 0.38 ± 0.04% alkaloids and 3.72 ± 0.03% saponins, while the ethanolic extract contained 1.70 ± 0.14% flavonoids, 1.47 ± 0.03% tannins, 0.68 ± 0.04% alkaloids and 6.07 ± 0.10% saponins. The aqueous extract of Dioscorea alata peel contained 1.95 ± 0.05% flavonoids, 2.18 ± 0.03% tannins, 0.25 ± 0.00% alkaloids and 3.96 ± 0.06% saponins, while the ethanolic extract contained 1.85 ± 0.14% flavonoids, 1.33 ± 0.04% tannins, 0.60 ± 0.00% alkaloids and 5.36 ± 0.01% saponins. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the flavonoid contents of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of peels of the yam varieties, the aqueous extracts of the peels of Dioscorea bulbifera and Dioscorea alata contained significantly higher (P<0.05) amounts of tannins than their ethanolic extracts, while the ethanolic extracts of the peels of Dioscorea bulbifera and D.alata contained significantly higher (P<0.05) amounts of alkaloids and saponins than their aqueous extracts. The extracts of the yam peels exhibited various antifungal actions in a dose dependent manner and at 40% concentration exhibited higher inhibitory action on Botryodiploidia theobromae than standard Griseofulvin. Results show antifungal actions and medicinal potentials of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the peels of Dioscorea alata and Dioscorea bulbfera.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Political learning in adulthood : a sourcebook of theory and research

In the wake of World War II, the issues of political stability in general and the survival of stable democracies in particular captured the attention of American political scientists. An inevitable offshoot of this interest was the study of political behavior how it is acquired and how and why it persists. In its early stages, work on political socialization focused exclusively on childhood and adolescence, as if the learning process ends when adulthood begins. Only recently has adult socialization emerged as a legitimate field of study within political science. In "Political Learning in Adulthood," social scientists for the first time examine the changes in political outlook and behavior that take place during the adult years, providing an invaluable overview of the problems, theories, and methodological approaches that characterize the field of political socialization. They consider which political values remain constant and which are subject to change, and they explore the ways in which both ordinary and extraordinary life events affect adults' political worldviews. Among specific topics considered are the effects of age and aging, the relation between participation in the work force and the development and expression of political views, continuity and change in the wake of revolutionary social and political movements, and the effects of such traumatic and life-threatening situations as war and terrorist activity."

Field of study: Political science
FXPOI: Pattern of AGG Interruptions Does not Show an Association With Age at Amenorrhea Among Women With a Premutation

Fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI) occurs in about 20% of women who carry a premutation allele (55–200 CGG repeats). These women develop hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and have secondary amenorrhea before age 40. A non-linear association with repeat size and risk for FXPOI has been seen in multiple studies women with a premutation: those with a mid-range of repeats are at highest risk (∼70–100 CGG repeats). Importantly, not all carriers with 70–100 repeats experience FXPOI. We investigated whether AGG interruptions, adjusted for repeat size, impacted age at secondary amenorrhea. We have reproductive history information and AGG interruption data on 262 premutation women: 164 had an established age at amenorrhea (AAA) (for some, age at onset of FXPOI) or menopause, 16 had a surgery involving the reproductive system such as a hysterectomy, and 82 women were still cycling at the last interview. Reproductive status was determined using self-report reproductive questionnaires and interviews with a reproductive endocrinologist. For each of these 262 women, FMR1 repeat size and number of AGG interruptions were determined. We confirmed the association of repeat size with AAA or menopause among women with a premutation. As expected, both premutation repeat size and the quadratic form of repeat size (i.e., squared term) were significant in a survival analysis model predicting AAA (p < 0.0001 for both variables). When number of AGG interruptions was added to the model, this variable was not significant (p = 0.59). Finally, we used a regression model based on the 164 women with established AAA to estimate the proportion of variance in AAA explained by repeat size and its squared term. Both terms were again highly significant (p < 0.0001 for both), but together only explained 13% of the variation in AAA. The non-linear association between AAA and FMR1 repeat size has been described in several studies. We have determined that AGG interruption pattern does not contribute to this association. Because only 13% of the variation is described using repeat size, it is clear that further research of FXPOI is needed to identify other factors that affect the risk for FXPOI.

Field of study: Biology
"It Is as It Was": Feature Film in the History Classroom

John Paul II after previewing The Passion of the Christ, Mel Gibson’s controversial film about the last hours of Christ that was released on February 25, 2004. At least that is what was reported by Steve McEveety, Gibson’s producer. Several days later, a Vatican spokesperson denied the authenticity of the Pope’s statement, fueling the controversy already gripping the film. Maybe only the Pope’s boss knows what the Pontiff really thought, but his specific views are not what caught my attention; it was the notion behind the unsubstantiated remark. Can any film, or any historical representation, be “as it was”? The answer for most historians is no, and Gibson has come under attack for saying the film is “just the way it happened” (Lampman 2004), and for denying the creative leaps necessary to tell any historical narrative in which documentation is sketchy, as detailed in the Los Angeles Times (Shapiro 2004). Hollywood films based in history are inevitably a blend of historical record, fiction, and a filmmaker’s perspective. If films are not perfect representations of the past, then how can and should we interpret their images and messages? How might teachers talk about or show historically based films during lessons in a way that promotes students’ historical understanding? In this article, I write about more than simply using film as a pedagogical tool, which we accept as a given, and focus on exploring more deeply what it means to interpret inevitably inaccurate film portrayals in a way that promotes, rather than diminishes, historical understanding. In the following sections, I examine previous conceptions of the relevance of Hollywood film in high school, consider what recent researchers tell us about Hollywood film and students’ historical understanding, and offer specific suggestions for how to use films to promote students’ historical understanding. I use the topic of World War II as a context.

Field of study: Sociology
Relationship Between Per Unit Reactance and Per Unit Inductance

Generally it is convenient to express the power system parameters in per unit system. It is a myth in power system literature that per unit reactance is equal to per unit inductance as ωpu = 1. This paper presents correct relationship between per unit reactance and per unit inductance and shows that both are not equal. In this paper correct modeling of R-L circuit and capacitor circuit is also presented.

Field of study: Engineering
Integrating Human Indoor Air Pollutant Exposure within Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Neglecting health effects from indoor pollutant emissions and exposure, as currently done in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), may result in product or process optimizations at the expense of workers’ or consumers’ health. To close this gap, methods for considering indoor exposure to chemicals are needed to complement the methods for outdoor human exposure assessment already in use. This paper summarizes the work of an international expert group on the integration of human indoor and outdoor exposure in LCA, within the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative. A new methodological framework is proposed for a general procedure to include human-health effects from indoor exposure in LCA. Exposure models from occupational hygiene and household indoor air quality studies and practices are critically reviewed and recommendations are provided on the appropriateness of various model alternatives in the context of LCA. A single-compartment box model is recommended for use as a default in LCA, enabling one to screen occupational and household exposures consistent with the existing models to assess outdoor emission in a multimedia environment. An initial set of model parameter values was collected. The comparison between indoor and outdoor human exposure per unit of emission shows that for many pollutants, intake per unit of indoor emission may be several orders of magnitude higher than for outdoor emissions. It is concluded that indoor exposure should be routinely addressed within LCA.

Field of study: Environmental science