nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of phytohormones in aluminium rhizotoxicity.

Elevated concentrations of soluble aluminium (Al) reduce root growth in acid soils, but much remains unknown regarding the toxicity of this Al as well as the mechanisms by which plants respond. This review examines changes in phytohormones in Al-stressed plants. Al often results in a rapid 'burst' of ethylene in root apical tissues within 15-30 min, with this regulating an increase in auxin. This production of ethylene and auxin seems to be a component of a plant-response to toxic Al, resulting in cell wall modification or regulation of organic acid release. There is also evidence of a role of auxin in the expression of Al toxicity itself, with Al decreasing basipetal transport of auxin, thereby potentially decreasing wall loosening as required for elongation. Increasingly, changes in abscisic acid in root apices also seem to be involved in plant-responses to toxic Al. Changes in cytokinins, gibberellins and jasmonates following exposure to Al are also examined, although little information is available. Finally, although not a phytohormone, concentrations of nitric oxide change rapidly in Al-exposed tissues. The information presented in this review will assist in focusing future research efforts in examining the importance of phytohormones in plant tissues exposed to toxic levels of Al.

Field of study: Environmental science
Transition metal-stabilised vinylketenes

Vinylketene)tricarbonyliron complexes are synthesised from readily-available (vinylketone)tricarbonyliron complexes. They react with isonitriles to give (vinyl- ketenimine)tricarbonyliron complexes and with nucleophiles at C- 1 to give p,y- unsaturated carbonyl derivatives. In contrast (vinylketenimine)tricarbnyliron complexes react with nucleophiles at C-2 to give P,y-unsaturated carbonyl derivatives containing an a quaternary centre. This approach has been used to generate homochiral quaternary centres.

Field of study: Chemistry
A NOVEL TECHNIQUE FOR MESH GENERATION AND UPDATE IN THE ANALYSIS OF FLOW FIELD AND FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION

Based on the Formex algebra and the mathematic mapping theory, a novel mesh generation technique for both two and three dimensional fluid flow field and the fluid-structure interface was presented.The virtual mesh system generated on the virtual regular polygon was mapped to the real mesh system by means of a family of the specific Formex algebraic functions.In the update technique for flow field mesh, the increment displacement mapping relationship and the reasonable random displacements along the fluid-structure interface were introduced, while the topology and data exchange format on the fluid-structure interface remained unchanged.Finally, some two/three dimensional interior and exterior flow fields were computationally investigated to verify the present technique and evaluate the quality of the initial and updated meshes.

Field of study: Engineering
Transforming a Large-Class Lecture Course to a Smaller-Group Interactive Course

To transition a large pharmacokinetics course that was delivered using a traditional lecture format into a smaller-group course with a discussion format.  An e-book and Web-based multimedia learning modules were utilized to facilitate students' independent learning which allowed the number of classes they were required to attend to be reduced from 3 to 1 per week. Students were assigned randomly to 1 of 3 weekly class sessions. The majority of lecture time was replaced with active-learning activities including discussion, problem solving, and case studies to encourage higher-order learning. Assessment. Changes in course delivery were assessed over a 4-year period by comparing students' grades and satisfaction ratings on course evaluations. Although student satisfaction with the course did not improve significantly, students preferred the smaller-group setting to a large lecture-based class. The resources and activities designed to shift responsibility for learning to the students did not affect examination grades even though a larger portion of examination questions focused on higher orders of learning (eg, application) in the smaller-group format.  Transitioning to a smaller-group discussion format is possible in a pharmacokinetics course by increasing student accountability for acquiring factual content outside of the classroom. Students favored the smaller-class format over a large lecture-based class.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
The Measurement Artifact in the Organizational Commitment Questionnaire

This study empirically examined the debate in the literature regarding the dimensionality of the Organizational Commitment Questionnaire. The sample comprised 803 employees from organizations in the information technology and hospitality industries. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the Organizational Commitment Questionnaire appears to have a two-factor structure, with one factor consisting of positively worded items and the other factor, negatively worded items. Scores on both factors correlated significantly with job satisfaction, suggesting that both factors appear to be measuring a similar aspect of organizational commitment and that they present as two factors given as measurement artifacts of the item wording.

Field of study: Psychology
Cayar Submarine Canyon

The characteristics of the Cayar Submarine Canyon off the coast of Senegal suggest that its evolution was controlled by submarine processes. This well-delineated, hitherto-unsurveyed canyon originates near the shoreline (10 to 20 m deep) on the upcurrent side of the Cape Verde peninsula and extends downslope to the oceanic basin. Its channel remains a prominent feature at 1800 fm (3294 m); its maximum width is 5 nautical miles (9 km). The Cayar Canyon confirms the conditions which attend the development of canyons up-current from headlands: a supply of sediment available at the canyon head, a steep nearshore gradient, and a decrease in longshore current transport. The conspicuous absence of fluvial influence and the apparent lack of direct tectonic involvement in recent geologic time suggest that the canyon was developed by the movement of sediment downslope in response to a localized over-accumulation of continental detritus. This canyon is probably second only to the Congo Canyon in geologic importance around Africa.

Field of study: Geology
A Limited Feedback Joint Precoding for Amplify-and-Forward Relaying

This paper deals with the practical precoding design for a dual hop downlink with multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) amplify-and-forward relaying. First, assuming that full channel state information (CSI) of the two hop channels is available, a suboptimal dual hop joint precoding scheme, i.e., precoding at both the base station and relay station, is investigated. Based on its structure, a scheme of limited feedback joint precoding using joint codebooks is then proposed, which uses a distributed codeword selection to concurrently choose two joint precoders such that the feedback delay is considerably decreased. Finally, the joint codebook design for the limited feedback joint precoding system is analyzed, and results reveal that independent codebook designs at the base station and relay station using the conventional Grassmannian subspace packing method is able to guarantee that the overall performance of the dual hop joint precoding scheme improves with the size of each of the two codebooks. Simulation results show that the proposed dual hop joint precoding system using distributed codeword selection scheme exhibits a rate or BER performance close to the one using the optimal centralized codeword selection scheme, while having lower computational complexity and shorter feedback delay.

Field of study: Engineering
Low-dimensional exchange interactions, structural deformation, and antiferromagnetic ordering in lithium manganite LiMnO2

Structure deformation in lithium manganite LiMnO2 has been analyzed. It is shown that suppression of the Jahn-Teller effect with a decrease in temperature is related to striction effects, which are caused by intercluster exchange interactions. It is concluded that low-dimensional interactions play an important role in the formation of magnetic properties of lithium manganite.

Field of study: Physics
Development of a C1q-immobilized (Cim) assay to measure total antibodies to infliximab and its clinical relevance in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

Determination of antibodies to infliximab (ATI) is desirable for the management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) who receive infliximab. Conventional ligand-binding ATI-assays detect only free-form of ATI, potentially increasing the proportion of patients with undetectable ATI, but with adequate trough infliximab (TRI) level who experience loss of response (LOR) to infliximab. We investigated this assertion using a novel ATI-Cim assay.



An ATI-Cim assay was developed by utilizing a C1q-immobilized plate, detecting free-form and ATI-infliximab complexes. Plasma ATI in 137 consecutive IBD patients, 56 with sustained clinical response (SCR), 76 with LOR and 5 with infusion reactions was measured.



ATI levels reached a plateau following addition of up to 25 μg/mL infliximab to different concentrations of free-form ATI. ATI concentration did not significantly change during infliximab infusion (P = 0.4316). ATI concentration > 0.153 μg/mL was associated with LOR (odds ratio 3.0: 95%, confidence interval 1.5 to 6.1, P = 0.0029). The number of patients with undetectable ATI was higher in SCR than in LOR, 53.6% vs 22.4% (P = 0.0004). Patients with SCR and LOR were divided into 4 subgroups by combined cut-off ATI and TRI values.  The frequency of LOR showed a decreasing trend from subgroup A to D, 80.8%, 64.1%, 55.2% and 36.8%, respectively (P = 0.0003).



The measured ATI level appeared to define the patients' response to infliximab. Combining ATI and trough infliximab levels should help to understand the mechanism of LOR and make therapeutic algorithms.

Field of study: Medicine
Homogeneous Lie Groups and Quantum Probability

Here we extend the algebro-geometric approach to free probability, started in~\cite{FMcK4,F14}, to general (non)-commutative probability theories. We show that any universal convolution product of moments of independent (non)-commutative random variables defined on a graded connected dual semi-group is given by a pro-unipotent group scheme. We show that moment-cumulant formulae have a natural interpretation within the theory of homogeneous Lie groups, which we generalise for the present purpose, and are given by the log and exp map, respectively. Finally, we briefly discuss the universal role of the shuffle Hopf algebra.

Field of study: Mathematics
Large Universe Ciphertext-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption with White-Box Traceability

A Ciphertext-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption CP-ABE system extracts the decryption keys over attributes shared by multiple users. It brings plenty of advantages in ABE applications. CP-ABE enables fine-grained access control to the encrypted data for commercial applications. There has been significant progress in CP-ABE over the recent years because of two properties called traceability and large universe, greatly enriching the commercial applications of CP-ABE. Traceability is the ability of ABE to track the malicious users or traitors who intentionally leak the partial or modified decryption keys to others for profits. Nevertheless, due to the nature of CP-ABE, it is difficult to identify the original key owner from an exposed key since the decryption privilege is shared by multiple users who have the same attributes. On the other hand, the property of large universe in ABE proposed by Lewko and Waters enlarges the practical applications by supporting flexible number of attributes. Several systems have been proposed to obtain either of the above properties. However, none of them achieve the two properties simultaneously in practice, which limits the commercial applications of CP-ABE to a certain extent. In this paper, we propose a practical large universe CP-ABE system supporting white-box traceability, which is suitable for commercial applications. Compared to existing systems, our new system has three advantages: 1 The number of attributes is not polynomially bounded; 2 Malicious users who leak their decryption keys could be traced; and, 3 The storage overhead for traitor tracing is constant. We also prove the selective security of our new system in the standard model under "q-type" assumption.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Second Generation HTS Quadrupole for FRIB

Quadrupoles in the fragment separator region of the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) will be subjected to very large heat loads (over 200 Watts) and an intense level of radiation (~10 MGy per year) into the coils of just the first magnet. Magnets made with High Temperature Superconductors (HTS) are advantageous over conventional superconducting magnets since they can remove these heat loads more efficiently at higher temperatures. The proposed design is based on second generation (2G) HTS which allows operation at ~50 K. 2G has been found to be highly radiation tolerant. The latest test results are summarized. The goal of this R&D program is to evaluate the viability of HTS in a real machine with magnets in a challenging environment where HTS offers a unique solution.

Field of study: Physics
HEAT TRANSFER PERFORMANCE MODEL OF PULSATING HEAT PIPE BASED ON NEURAL NETWORK

This paper presents artificial neural network (ANN) modeling of heat transfer performance for a pulsating heat pipe (PHP). The investigated PHP is a vertical closed loop copper/ethanol PHP. Fully connected multi-layer feed forward network is adopted and back propagation momentum algorithm, sigmoid node function are used. In the network, two input nodes correspond to heat load and fill rate and the output is a single node for thermal resistance. The matching of the ANN test output data and the experimental data is satisfying. It can be inferred that the ANN model can be applied to accurately model PHP performance.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Variations of redox conditions in the atmosphere and Yangtze Platform during the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition: Constraints from Cr isotopes and Ce anomalies

The Ediacaran-Cambrian transition was characterized by the evolution from Ediacaran soft-body to Cambrian skeletal organisms, and fluctuations of the marine carbon cycle. Marine redox changes should have played an essential role in both ecological and environmental evolutions; however, temporary changes and spatial distribution of redox conditions in the Ediacaran-Cambrian oceans remain elusive and highly debated. In this study, we analyzed chromium (Cr) isotope and cerium (Ce) anomaly profiles in carbonates from the Upper Ediacaran-Lower Cambrian Dengying and Zhujiaqing formations at the Xiaotan section, South China, in an attempt to provide new insights helping unravel Earth's surface redox changes during the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition. Our results show that these carbonates record generally positive δ53Crauth values (up to 1.15‰) with fluctuations and prominent negative Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce⁎ values down to 0.35), implying a broad increase in oxygenation in the atmosphere and the inner shelf of the Yangtze Platform during the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition. The first appearance and subsequent diversification of the Cambrian animals may have benefited from this oxygenation event. The pronounced fluctuations of δ53Crauth and δ13Ccarb values can be explained by episodic oxidation of a deep-water DOC pool in a stratified water column across the chemocline through upwelling, releasing light carbon isotopes and organic-matter-bound isotopically unfractionated Cr (III) into shallow waters.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Information space conditions for the first-order approach in agency problems

When the principal is risk-neutral, the optimal contract for the agent which is derived using the first-order approach depends on the signals of the agent's effort only through the information variable (i.e., the likelihood ratio of the signals). By analyzing the principal-agent problem based on the information variable rather than the signals, we derive three new sets of conditions under which the first-order approach is justified. We show not only that they are more general than any sets of conditions in the existing literature, including Conlon's conditions in the multi-signal case and Jewitt's conditions in the one-signal case but also that they do not require the monotone likelihood ratio property (MLRP) for the density function of the signals. We also derive a set of conditions which applies when the principal is risk-averse and show that those conditions are more general than Conlon's corresponding conditions.

Field of study: Economics
Production and characterization of mouse monoclonal antibodies to wild-type and oncogenic FLI-1 proteins.

Mouse monoclonal antibodies were raised against the C-terminal domain of human FLI-1, a member of the ETS family of transcription factors which is involved in various murine and human malignancies. This FLI-1 specific domain is included in the fusion product EWS-FLI-1, an oncogenic variant of FLI-1 expressed in Ewing tumors. Antibodies were screened first by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay onto recombinant FLI-1-coated plates. Positive clones were then tested for their ability to immunoprecipitate over-expressed EWS-FLI-1 protein. Three monoclonal antibodies were selected and further characterized. One of them, termed 7.3 MoAb, was shown to react with FLI-1 and EWS-FLI-1 in immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence experiments. With all three methods, this antibody not only enabled the detection of overexpressed proteins but also more interestingly, that of endogenously expressed proteins. Furthermore, the 7.3 MoAb can specifically inhibit the interaction of FLI-1 with its DNA-binding site as shown by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The 7.3 MoAb appears to be specific for FLI-1 because it does not react with ERG, the ETS family member most closely related to FLI-1. This antibody should be a useful tool in the diagnostic evaluation of Ewing tumors and should permit biochemical analyses to study the function of the wild-type FLI-1 protein and of the EWS-FLI-1 fusion protein.

Field of study: Biology
Scalable orchestration of software defined service overlay network for multipath transmission

Multipath transmission on overlay network is proved to effectively improve transmission quality for Internet applications requiring stringent QoS guarantees, e.g., real-time conversational applications. The orchestration of overlay nodes is the basis of overlay multipath transmission, which fundamentally impacts the management, control and transmission quality of overlay network. In this paper, we introduce SDN (Software Defined Networking) paradigm to orchestrate overlay nodes for optimal global management and intelligent forwarding control and we name the overlay multipath framework Software Defined Service Overlay Network (SDSON). To achieve efficient and reliable orchestration of nodes in SDSON, we focus on two major challenges, 1) the match between overlay and underlay networks for reducing the transmission quality degradation from the uncertainty of overlay paths, 2) the enhancement of scalability for eliminating control plane bottleneck of SDSON centralized structure. Correspondingly, we propose a scalable overlay orchestration structure. 1) coordinate-based global topology view of overlay nodes is employed to characterize and constrain relationships between overlay nodes. Coordinates are generated by using MDS-MAP to convert measured delays. And a balanced-binary-tree measure method is designed to balance measure loads. 2) The two-level distributed control plane is designed by decoupling control and management functions in control plane and together a novel collaborative control mechanism. The first level focuses on global management and the second concentrates on conducting global control with the collaborative control mechanism among distributed controllers. We use modified ISODATA with density-based initialization improvement to partition global topology view into distributed sub-domains, which are governed by controllers composing the second level control plane. Evaluations on OMNeT++ demonstrate that coordinate-based view matches well with practical underlay networks, sub-domains partition quality outperforms classical algorithms, and the scalable control planes with collaborative control mechanism alleviate control pressure and improve control performance efficiently.

Field of study: Computer science
Inhibition of Na+/H+ Exchanger Activity by Parvovirus B19 Protein NS1

Infection with parvovirus B19 (B19) may induce apoptosis resulting in anemia, acute fulminant liver failure, placental insufficiency and myocarditis. Apoptosis has been attributed to proapoptotic activity of the non-structural viral protein NS1, which is known to trigger a signaling cascade eventually leading to activation of caspases. In several cell types apoptosis was found to be paralleled by profound cytosolic acidification, which may be secondary to inhibition of the Na+/H+ exchanger. The acidification has been considered to support the activation of pH sensitive caspases and endonucleases. However, nothing is known about the effect of NS1 on Na+/H+ exchanger activity and cytosolic pH. The present study thus explored whether NS1 expression affects cytosolic pH (pHi) and Na+-dependent realkalinization (ΔpHi) following acidification by an ammonium pulse. According to FACS analysis, overexpression of NS1 in RXR-10SW cells led within 72 hours to activation of caspase 3 and DNA fragmentation. NS1 overexpression resulted within 24 hours in a significant decline of pHi from 6.93 ± 0.03 (n = 6) to 6.78 ± 0.04 (n = 7), and to a significant decrease of ΔpHi from 0.159 ± 0.017 (n = 6) to 0.039 ± 0.004, (n = 7). The decrease of pHi and of ΔpHi following NS1 expression could be significantly blunted by inhibition of caspase 3 with zVAD. Western blot analysis revealed degradation of NHE1 following NS1 expression. In vitro, caspase 3, but not caspase 6, caspase 7 and caspase 8 degraded NHE1 protein of cell lysates. In conclusion, overexpression of NS1 triggers a signaling cascade eventually leading to activation of caspase 3 and subsequent degradation of NHE1. The effect contributes to cytosolic acidification which may in turn favor activation of caspases and endonucleases and thus participate in the pathophysiology of B19-infection.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Locomotor activity rhythms in dogs vary with age and cognitive status.

Beagle dogs exhibited diurnal patterns of locomotor activity that varied as a function of age, cognitive status, and housing environment. Aged dogs housed in an indoor facility showed a delayed onset of activity following lights on and displayed shorter bouts of activity, with more rest periods during the day, compared with young dogs. Cognitively impaired aged dogs were more active and showed a delayed peak of activity compared with unimpaired aged dogs. Housing in continuous light did not disrupt activity rhythms. The effect of age was less prominent in dogs housed in an indoor/outdoor facility. This suggests that bright sunlight and natural light-dark transitions are better able to consolidate and synchronize the activity rhythms of the dogs.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology