nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Monodisperse colloids of transition metal and lanthanide compounds

Monodisperse colloids are regularly shaped particles, often spheres, all of nearly the same size. Monodispersity is achieved by creating a short period of nucleation, after which no new particles are formed, but the particles continue to grow. Examples which have been known for a long time include gold sols, sulfur sols, and polymer latices. Recently, conditions have been found to prepare monodisperse colloids of metal hydroxides and oxides. Monodisperse powders are not necessarily good ceramic precursors, because the packing density of uniform spheres is low. The correct proportion of large and small particles to create a high packing density could be preferable. Hence it is desirable to control the growth of monodisperse colloids so that particles of a particular size can be produced. To control the size of the particles it is necessary to control the length of the growth time relative to the nucleation period. Monodisperse hydroxides of trivalent transition metal ions and of lanthanide ions have been produced by thermally forced hydrolysis of aqueous solutions. Calcination of these colloids can lead to oxide particles of the same spherical shape. This approach is limited, however, because the only controllable variables are the temperature, time, and initial conditions. More flexible is the generation of a critical reagent by a chemical reaction. Various monodisperse hydroxides and carbonates have been formed by the thermal hydrolysis of urea. This is an example of homogeneous precipitation, a procedure widely used in analytical chemistry to obtain precipitates of desirable properties. By introducing this additional homogeneous chemical reaction, further control of the systems can be obtained. Some examples include coprecipitation to obtain potential catalyst precursors of precious metals on alumina, coprecipitation to generate powders for high-temperature superconducting materials, and preparation of monodisperse lanthanide oxides for various applications.

Field of study: Chemistry
The effects of apomorphine and haloperidol on memory consolidation in the day-old chick.

Apomorphine was found to disrupt memory consolidation in a dose-dependent manner on chicks trained on a 1-trial passive avoidance task with a strong aversant experience. Chicks injected with 4.0 mg/kg apomorphine displayed memory deficits at 180 min after learning and showed marked behavioral disturbances, including increased locomotion and increased pecking at the feet of conspecifics. Pretreatment with the dopamine antagonist haloperidol eliminated the memory disturbance induced by apomorphine and facilitated consolidation of memory in chicks given a weak (20% vol/vol methyl anthralinate) training experience. Time-of-retention data suggested that the memory disruption occurred from 120 min after learning, leading to the suggestion that dopamine-related modulation of the training experience may be involved in late-memory formation processes.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Microstructure of a lead-free composite solder produced by an in-situ process

A composite solder, which consisted of solder matrix and intermetallic reinforcements, was manufactured by an innovative method. The cast ingot of the Sn-6.9Cu-2.9Ag alloy has primary Cu6Sn5 intermetallics in dendritic form. After rolling, the intermetallic dendrites are crushed into fine particles and distributed uniformly in the solder matrix. The crushed intermetallic particles do not melt, and they retain their shape during spheroidizing and reflow because of their high melting temperature. Coarsening and gravitational segregation of the particles was observed during reflow and analyzed theoretically.

Field of study: Materials science
Clinical Application of Tramadol and Propoxate in Tracheal Extubation

To observe the effects of intravenous tramadol and propoxate on reducing stress response to emergence from tracheal extubation.Methods 60 cases of ASA I-II patients, which were scheduled for selective surgery of abdomen were randomly divided into three groups and received a standard general anesthesia consisting of fentanyl,propofol,rocuronium and isoflurane. After the operate, tramadol and propoxate (Group A),propoxate (Group B),the normal saline (Group C) were given respectively by I.V. injection. Postoperative tracheal extubation was performed when acceptable criteria was achieved. Non-invasive mean arterial pressure (MAP) ,heart rate (HR) and RPP were recorded at 2 min interval from the end of operation,  Within the several minutes after extubation, In the Group A, the SBP,DBP,MAP,HR,RPP were no variation significantly (p0.05), the Group B and C was more increased than before extubation in this parameter, and compared with Group A, it had a difference obviously (P0.05).Conclusion Intravenous tramadol and propoxate can effectively relieve stress response to emergence from tracheal extubation.

Field of study: Medicine
Bat diversity in the lowland forests of the Heart of Borneo

Borneo’s rainforests are renowned for their high levels of biodiversity, yet information on the distribution and structure of this diversity is lacking, particularly for less charismatic taxonomic groups. We quantified bat diversity across ten sites within a contiguous tract of largely undisturbed rainforest in the Heart of Borneo (HoB) transboundary conservation area. Using comparative analyses of 1,362 bat captures from six sites in Brunei Darussalam, together with data from four additional sites in neighbouring territories, we show that the main differences in bat assemblage composition between sites were driven by the abundances of a few cave-roosting species. Beta diversity (distance decay) was notably low and non-significant. Bat assemblage structure in these undisturbed palaeotropical forests is therefore relatively homogenous in the absence of environmental gradients. By adding 15 bat species to the Brunei national inventory, we confirm the area of north Borneo to be species-diverse and therefore a priority for conservation efforts. However, we also highlight that coastal forest to be included in a recent extension to the HoB hosts bat assemblages with the fewest species and lowest densities. We maintain that extending the HoB in Brunei to include a more diverse portfolio of habitat types is still warranted on the grounds of maximising botanical diversity and habitat area, as long as it does not detract attention from interior forests that support higher vertebrate diversity.

Field of study: Environmental science
Optimal two-point designs for the michaelis-menten model with heteroscedastic errors

We construct D-optimal designs for the Michaelis-Menten model when the variance of the response depends on the independent variable. However, this dependence is only partially known. A Bayesian approacn is used to find an optimal design by incorporating the prior lnformation about the variance structure. We demonstrate the method for a class of error variance structures and present efficiencies of these optimal designs under prior mis-specifications. In particular, we show that an erroneous assumption on the variance structure for the Michaelis-Menten model can have serious consequences.

Field of study: Mathematics
Study on Ligand Binding Domains of Human Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor Flt-1 by Yeast Two-Hybrid System

The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor Flt-1 is charaterized by seven Ig-like loops within the extracellular domain. To identify which part is responsible for ligand binding, four cDNA clones coding for truncated Flt-1 mutants consisting of loop 1, 1-2, 2-3 and 1-3 were obtained by PCR from human cardiac cDNA library and inserted into the vectors of the yeast two-hybrid system, with VEGF cDNA on the partner plasmid. The paired plasmids were transformed into yeast strain SFY526, and tested by filter membrane method and β-galactosidase activity. The results showed that Flt-1(1-2)、Flt-1(2-3) and Flt-1(1-3) all were able to bind VEGF, of which Flt-1(1-3) showed the highest binding affinity, but no binding of VEGF was observed with Flt-1(2) and VEGF.

Field of study: Biology
A Versatile Plant Growth System With Wide Range Environmental Control

A controlled-environment facility is described that can be used as a general purpose plant growth room (9.3 m3 total volume) or a dual chamber unit (0.97 m3 each) for studying photosynthesis, respiration and transpira-tion. Temperature for either application can be main-tained with average fluctuations of less than ±1.5 °C for the range of 15 to 35 °C. Humidity and carbon dioxide control is possible over ranges of 30 to 95 percent relative humidity and 300 to 1400 ppm C02 with maximum fluc-tuations of ±8.2 percent RH and ±10 percent of full operational scale, respectively. Continuous measurement of evapotranspiration and carbon dioxide exchange is provided. Photosynthetically active radiation (400 - 700 nm) up to 1150 JLIE nr2 s'1 (81 klux illuminance) is pro-vided by a combination of fluorescent and high pressure sodium lamps. The internally located chambers are detachable and mobile and assembled of structural subunits for simple interchange of cultivation type and/or separation of aerial and root environments.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Giovanna Rizzarelli, ed.I Marmi di Anton Francesco Doni: la storia, i generi e le arti. Biblioteca dell “Archivum Romanicum” Serie I: Storia, Letteratura, Paleografia 389. Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 2012. xviii + 428 pp. ISBN: 978–88–222–6113–7.


Field of study: History
BSA structural changes during homomolecular exchange between the adsorbed and the dissolved states.

The secondary structure and the thermostability of bovine serum albumin (BSA), before adsorption and after homomolecular displacement from silica and polystyrene particles, are studied by circular dichroism spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The structural perturbations induced by the hydrophilic silica surface are reversible, i.e. BSA completely regains the native structure and stability after being exchanged. On the other hand, the adsorption on, and subsequent desorption from, polystyrene particles causes irreversible changes in the stability and (secondary) structure of BSA. The exchanged proteins have a higher denaturation temperature and a lower enthalpy of denaturation than native BSA. The alpha-helix content is reduced while the beta-turn fraction is increased in the exchanged molecules. Both effects are more pronounced when the protein is displaced from less crowded sorbent surfaces. The irreversible surface-induced conformational change may be related to some aggregation of BSA molecules after being exposed to a hydrophobic surface.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Causal Stories and the Formation of Policy Agendas

There is an old saw in political science that difficult conditions become problems only when people come to see them as amenable to human action. Until then, difficulties remain embedded in the realm of nature, accident, and fate -a realm where there is no choice about what happens to us. The conversion of difficulties into problems is said to be the sine qua non of political rebellion, legal disputes, interest-group mobilization, and of moving policy problems onto the public agenda.' This article is about how situations come to be seen as caused by human actions and amenable to human intervention. Despite the acknowledged importance of this phenomenon as a precursor to political participation and to agenda setting, there is little systematic inquiry about it in the political science literature. For the most part, the question is dealt with under the rubric of agenda setting, even though the transformation of difficulties into problems takes place in something of a black box prior to agenda formation. Three strands of thinking in the agenda literature contribute indirectly to an understanding of this topic. One strand focuses on the identity and characteristics of political actors -leaders, interest groups, professionals, breaucrats. It looks at the actors' attitudes, resources, and opportunities

Field of study: Political science
Study on Automatically Determining the Optimal Number of Clusters Present in Spectral Coclustering Documents and Words

For the problem of most spectral clustering algorithms lacking of the number of clusters,this paper proposes a method w hich determine the optimal number of clusters in co-clustering documents and w ords. The proposed method starts from w ord-documents matrix corresponding to multi-document sets,transforms and filters the matrix by morphology technology,determines the clustering number by eigengap. The main process includes three stages. The first stage is to establish Visual Assessment of Cluster Tendency from w ord-documents matrix,the second stage is to filter the VAT image by some morphology method. The final stage is to report the cluster number of co-clustering documents and w ords from the location of the first maximal eigengap of gray-scale matrix. Our experimental results show that the proposed method not only can evaluate the optimal number of clusters,but also can improve the accuracy of spectral co-clustering documents and w ords in some degree.

Field of study: Computer science
Enhancing student altruism using Secure Attachment Messages (SAM) in lecture

In this brief report, we examine whether students’ (N=230) willingness to help individuals in distress (altruism) would be augmented after viewing Secure Attachment Messages (SAM) during lecture in a college racism course. Students were presented with SAM in alternating weeks as part of the PowerPoint presentation slides. In each of the weeks, their likelihood of engaging in altruistic behaviors was assessed using hypothetical scenarios and a student response system, Top Hat Monocle. We predicted that the SAM would prompt students to think of their attachment figures and enhance their feelings of security, which would increase their willingness to engage in altruistic behaviors. Our hypothesis was statistically supported in that students reported greater altruism towards individuals of various ethnic backgrounds on days for which SAM were shown in lecture. The results suggest that SAM may promote prosocial tendencies, particularly in courses with sensitive subject matter.

Field of study: Education
The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Stanford-Binet, and the Modified Stanford-Binet with Normal and Cerebral Palsied Preschool Children

1This paper was supported, in part, by Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Social and Rehabilitation Service Grant 15-P-55277/9-02, "Intelligence Test Modifications on Handicapped and Nonhandicapped Children." It is partly based on an unpublished master’s thesis completed at San Diego State College by the second author. The present investigation was designed to determine the validity of two pointing tests of intelligence-the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale Modified (SB Modified)-by comparing them with the standard Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (SB) in normal and cerebral palsied populations. The PPVT has been generally recommended as being useful whenever a quick screening device is needed (Burnett, 1965; Hammill & Irwin, 1965; Hughes & Lessler, 1965; Tempero & Ivanoff, 1965). However, this recommendation does not hold for testing ethnic minority-group preschool children because the PPVT yields 10s that

Field of study: Education
Academic Achievement and Socioemotional Adjustment among Chinese University Students.

Chinese Americans have been considered as high achievers and excellent students. In this study, the academic performance, majors, study habits, and socioemotional adjustment of 177 Chinese university students were examined. Data were collected through official university records, questionnaires, and inventories. Students were divided into three groups, depending on place of birth and length of residency in the United States. Results indicated that the image of the high achieving, well-adjusted Chinese student is tempered when examining criteria other than grade point average. Although grades received by the three groups of Chinese exceeded the university average, recent immigrants apparently used certain strategies to compensate for limited English proficiency by taking reduced courseloads, studying more hours, and limiting career majors. There also was evidence that the recent immigrants were less socio-emotionally adjusted than were other Chinese students. Implications for counseling and research are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Response to comment by Cuk et al

In a recent study of the optical conductivity of the Bi-2212 high temperature superconductor, Hwang, et al. have confirmed the mass-renormalization changes observed in ARPES but find that such changes are no longer observed in the highly overdoped regime. In a comment on this study, Cuk, et al. challenge this conclusion and present ARPES evidence for a kink in the superconducting state in the highly overdoped regime. We show, however that two doping dependent properties in the data of Cuk et al., the frequencies of the superconducting gap and the Van Hove singularity, suggest a Tc that is higher than the 58 K quoted, and that their sample is not as highly overdoped as claimed. As a result, these data can not refute the claim of Hwang et al. that the kink is absent in the highly overdoped region.

Field of study: Physics
Mineralogy and geochemistry of an Archean tuffaceous exhalite: the Main Contact Tuff, Millenbach mine area, Noranda, Quebec

The Main Contact Tuff, in the vicinity of Millenbach mine, Noranda, Quebec, is an extensive, although discontinuous, ore-related volcanic exhalative metalliferous sediment, or "tuffaceous exhalite," of Archean age. It was formed by the variable contribution of two constituents: (1) exhalite (chemical) composed mainly of pyrite, quartz, sphalerite, pyrrhotite, and chalcopyrite and (2) tuff (clastic) composed of quartz, chlorite, and sericite.Tuffaceous exhalites such as the Main Contact Tuff and the similar tetsusekiei of the Japanese Kuroko deposits (Miocene age) indicate a fossil hydrothermal system that may or may not have produced economic concentrations of metallic sulfides. The Main Contact Tuff displays cryptic variations, which provide exploration guides at different scales: (1) the Fe/[Fe + Mg] ratios of chlorite decrease from 0.63 to 0.32 over a distance of 0.3 km approaching ore from the north, and from 0.72 to 0.32 over 1.5 km from the south; (2) the FeO/[FeO + MgO] (sulfide-free) ratios of who...

Field of study: Environmental science
Simulation and experimental analysis of large area substrate overmolding with epoxy molding compounds

This paper presents new experimental and numerical methods to characterize the transfer overmolding of substrates with epoxy polymer. We investigated Multi Chip Modules on ceramic panels as well as on printed circuit boards encapsulated as a Mold Array Package (MAP). Experiments show that the polymer flow during the overmolding process depends significantly on the mold height: While standard MAP-type mold cavities are filled homogeneously and symmetrically in most cases, low cavity heights (<500 μm) can cause the flow front to concentrate on a few flow paths (flow front fingering). We developed a numerical method to describe this inhomogeneous polymer flow. The reason for flow front fingering seems to be local variations of polymer viscosity which enforces a necking on distinct flow paths. Fingering can cause the formation of air traps and excessive wire sweep. We also developed new experimental methods to measure the pressure distribution within cavities: our sensor is based on commercially available, passive pressure sensitive films from FUJUFILM and is operational at temperatures up to 180°.

Field of study: Engineering
Sepsis, fluid resuscitation and bedside echocardiography

Sepsis, fluid resuscitation and bedside echocardiography J.V. Alonso, F.J.F. del Pozo, M. Vaquero and I. Islam From the Department of Emergency Medicine, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth BH7 7DW, UK, Department of Emergency and Critical Care Unit of Montoro, Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain and Department of Family Medicine, Jean Health Centre, 23003 Jaén, Spain

Field of study: Medicine
Hormonal stimulation of mitochondrial glutaminase. Effects of vasopressin, angiotensin II, adrenaline and glucagon.

Adrenaline (through alpha 1-adrenoceptors), vasopressin and angiotensin II stimulate mitochondrial glutaminase activity. This stimulation probably contributes to the ureogenic effect of these hormones. The activity of the enzyme is sensitive to Ca2+ depletion. A role of Ca2+ in hormonal modulation of glutaminase activity is suggested.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Temporal and spatial expression of mRNAs encoding pathogenesis‐related proteins during ethylene‐promoted leaflet abscission in Sambucus nigra*

Differential screening of a cDNA library generated from RNA extracted from ethylene-treated leaflet abscission zones of Sambucus nigra resulted in the isolation of 20 abscission-related clones. These clones could be grouped into seven families. Sequencing of members of these families revealed that the majority encoded pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, and these could be identified by sequence homology as a polyphenol oxidase (PPO), a PR-1 type protein, a Chial type chitinase, a PR-4 type protein similar to the potato win peptides, a PR-6 type proteinase inhibitor, a Chia4 type chitinase and a metallothionein-like protein (Coupe, Taylor & Roberts 1995, Planta 197, 442–447). Northern analysis revealed that these mRNAs were not expressed in freshly excised material but accumulated primarily in the abscission zone tissue after 18 h of exposure to ethylene at a time when abscission of the leaflet explants had reached 70%. Expression of the PPO and the Chia4-type chitinase was ethylene-dependent while that of the PR-4 type was up-regulated in the abscission zone tissue in the absence of the gas. The characterization of these mRNAs and their encoded proteins is presented and their possible roles during abscission are discussed.

Field of study: Environmental science
Some kinetic properties of the two-band superconductors

In the comment of M.E. Palistrant (arXiv: cond-mat/0305496) the main results of the theory of superconductors with overlapping energy bands are formulated. The comment provides a list of references to the classical papers of the author of this theory, Prof. V.A.Moskalenko, and coworkers. This theory has been generalized by Prof. M.E.Palistrant and coworkers to the case of a reduced density of charge carriers. Respective references are also included in the comment. 
In our opinion, it would be useful to provide in addition to the above comment the references covering our research of the kinetic properties of superconductors with overlapping energy bands. In particular, we mention some important results obtained many years ago: the Ginsburg-Landau (GL)equations for the two-band superconductors doped with impurities and the influence of impurities on the energy gap, as well as those concerning dynamical properties of the two-band superconductors.

Field of study: Physics
Review on Thymus vulgaris Traditional Uses and Pharmacological Properties

Medicinal plants have played an essential role in the development of human culture. Medicinal plants are resources of new drugs and many of the modern medicines are produced indirectly from plants. It is estimated there are more than 2,50,000 flower plant species. Studying medicinal plants helps to understand plant toxicity and protect human and animals from natural poisons. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review on the and pharmacological aspects of Thymus vulgaris. It is obtained from European countries, together with France, Svizzera, Spain, Italy, Bulgaria, Portuguese Republic and Ellas. Thymus vulgaris oil is a combination of monoterpenes and those will acts as antioxidative, antimicrobial, medicinal drug, antitussive, antispasmodic, and antibacterial activities.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences