nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Predictability of twentieth century sea-level rise from past data

The prediction of global sea-level rise is one of the major challenges of climate science. While process-based models are still being improved to capture the complexity of the processes involved, semi-empirical models, exploiting the observed connection between global-mean sea level and global temperature and calibrated with data, have been developed as a complementary approach. Here we investigate whether twentieth century sea-level rise could have been predicted with such models given a knowledge of twentieth century global temperature increase. We find that either proxy or early tide gauge data do not hold enough information to constrain the model parameters well. However, in combination, the use of proxy and tide gauge sea-level data up to 1900 AD allows a good prediction of twentieth century sea-level rise, despite this rise being well outside the rates experienced in previous centuries during the calibration period of the model. The 90% confidence range for the linear twentieth century rise predicted by the semi-empirical model is 13‐30 cm, whereas the observed interval (using two tide gauge data sets) is 14‐26 cm.

Field of study: Environmental science
Dust Loading Performance of a Novel Submicro-Fiber Composite Filter Medium for Engine

Airborne dust can cause engine wear and contribute to engine gas emission. This study developed a novel submicro-fiber filter medium to provide protection to engines against dust. The wet-laid submicro-fiber medium was prepared by a dual-layer paper machine, and its dust loading performance was compared with other filter media during laboratory and field tests. During the laboratory tests, the dust holding capacity of the wet-laid submicro-fiber medium was 48% and 10% higher than that of the standard heavy-duty medium and electrospun submicro-fiber medium, respectively. During the field tests, the pressure drop of the wet-laid submicro-fiber filter was 45% lower than that of the standard heavy-duty filter after 10,000 km of operation. It was found that there were two crucial ways to design a better filter medium for protection against dust. Firstly, the surface loading rather than the depth loading was preferred for dust filtration. The submicro-fiber layer kept large amounts of dust particles from penetrating into the depth of filter medium. Secondly, particles were captured preferably by fibers rather than pores. The unique fibrous structure of the wet-laid submicro-fiber medium made more particle deposition take place on fibers via interception and inertial impaction.

Field of study: Materials science
People/vehicle classification by recurrent motion of skeleton features

Object classification is a major application in video surveillance such as automatic vehicle detection and pedestrian detection, which is to monitor thousands of vehicles and people. In this study, an object classification algorithm is proposed to classify the objects into persons and vehicles despite the presence of shadow and partial occlusion in mid-field video using recurrent motion image (RMI) of skeleton features. In this framework, the background subtraction using a Gaussian mixture model is followed by Gabor filter based shadow removal in order to remove the shadow in the image. The star skeletonisation algorithm is performed on the segmented objects to obtain skeleton features. Then the RMI is computed and it is partitioned into two sections such as top and bottom. Based on the signatures derived from the bottom section of the partitioned RMI using skeleton features, the object is classified into people and vehicles.

Field of study: Computer science
Highly Efficient Regeneration of Carbonyl Compounds from Oximes, Tosylhydrazones, 1,3-Dithiolanes, and 1,3-Dithianes Using Cupric Nitrate Supported on Silica Gel

Cupric nitrate supported in silica gel is exceptionally efficient in regenerating aldehydes and ketones from oximes, tosylhydrazones, 1,3-dithiolanes, and 1,3-dithianes.

Field of study: Chemistry
Effect of processing conditions on physico-chemical and textural properties of shami kebab.

Effect of processing conditions like time and temperature of processing and methods of cooking on physico-chemical and textural attributes of shami kebab were studied. Shami kebab was deep fat fried at 120°C for 5 min and 170°C for 2 min and grilled at 140 and 180°C for 5 and 3 min respectively. Variation in cooking yield do not differ significantly (p < 0.05) at 120°C deep fat frying and 180°C grilling. Overall acceptability indicated highest as 8.01 at 170°C deep fat frying processing conditions. Deep fat frying has induced more moisture loss in the product affecting the visco-elastic behavior and the effect was evident in the springiness and cohesiveness profile. Gumminess behavior of all the kebab samples revealed a more energy requirement in complete disintegration. Lipid oxidation in terms of free fatty acid and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances ranged from 7.02 to 8.74% oleic acid and 0.38 to 0.68 mg/ kg malonaldehyde respectively.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Analyzing the June 2015 Forbush effect by the spectrographic global survey

The June 2015 Forbush effect is studied using ground-based measurement data on cosmic rays (CRs), obtained from the worldwide network of stations by the spectrographic global survey. When approximating the variation spectra via the exponential function of particle rigidity in the 10–50 GV range, the spectrum index is higher at the phase of maximum modulation than at those of the drop in CR intensity and its recovery.

Field of study: Physics
A novel adaptive protocol for lightweight efficient multicasting in ad hoc networks

In group communications, we find that current multicast protocols are far from ''one size fits all'': they are typically geared towards and optimized for particular scenarios. As a result, when deployed in different scenarios, their performance and overhead often degrades significantly. A common problem is that most of these protocols incur high overheads with a high density of group members and in high mobility. Our objective is to design a protocol that adapts in response to the dynamics of the network. In particular, our objective is to provide efficient and lightweight multicast data dissemination irrespective of the density of group members and node density. Our work is motivated by two observations. First, broadcasting in some cases is more efficient than multicasting. Second, member and node layout distributions are not necessarily homogeneous. For example, many MANET applications result in a topological clustering of group members that move together. Thus, we develop Fireworks, an adaptive approach for group communications in mobile ad hoc networks. Fireworks is a hybrid 2-tier multicast/broadcast protocol that adapts to maintain performance given the dynamics of the network topology and group density. In a nutshell, our protocol creates pockets of broadcast distribution in areas with many members, while it develops a multicast backbone to interconnect these dense pockets. Fireworks offers packet delivery statistics comparable to that of a pure multicast scheme but with significantly lower overheads.

Field of study: Computer science
Global existence and blow-up solutions and blow-up estimates for a non-local quasilinear degenerate parabolic system

This paper deals with p-Laplacian systems 
ut-div(|∇u|p-2∇u)=a∫Ωuα1(x,t)vβ1(x,t)dx,x∈Ω,t>0,vt-div(|∇v|q-2∇v)=b∫Ωuα2(x,t)vβ2(x,t)dx,x∈Ω, 
with null Dirichlet boundary conditions in a smooth bounded domain Ω⊂RN, where p,q>1, αi,βi⩾0,i=1,2, and a,b>0 are positive constants. We first get the non-existence result for a related elliptic systems of non-increasing positive solutions. Secondly by using this non-existence result, blow-up estimates for above p-Laplacian systems with the homogeneous Dirichlet boundary value conditions are obtained under Ω=BR={x∈RN:|x| 0). Then under appropriate hypotheses, we establish local theory of the solutions and obtain that the solutions either exists globally or blow-up in finite time.

Field of study: Mathematics
Cyclone Center: Can Citizen Scientists Improve Tropical Cyclone Intensity Records?

AbstractThe global tropical cyclone (TC) intensity record, even in modern times, is uncertain because the vast majority of storms are only observed remotely. Forecasters determine the maximum wind speed using a patchwork of sporadic observations and remotely sensed data. A popular tool that aids forecasters is the Dvorak technique—a procedural system that estimates the maximum wind based on cloud features in IR and/or visible satellite imagery. Inherently, the application of the Dvorak procedure is open to subjectivity. Heterogeneities are also introduced into the historical record with the evolution of operational procedures, personnel, and observing platforms. These uncertainties impede our ability to identify the relationship between tropical cyclone intensities and, for example, recent climate change.A global reanalysis of TC intensity using experts is difficult because of the large number of storms. We will show that it is possible to effectively reanalyze the global record using crowdsourcing. Throu...

Field of study: Environmental science
Image Segmentation Based on Multi-direction Gabor Filters

Aiming at the over-segmentation problem that traditional segmentation methods are prone to affect by noise, a region-based method that extracting adaptive coarse edge by using multi-direction Gabor filters is proposed. Firstly, extract the multi-direction magnitude responses by using imaginary part of Gabor filter and get the gradient magnitude at each pixel, then use the adaptive threshold method to extract coarse edge. Secondly, watershed transform on the coarse edge map to get the initial over-segmentation result. Finally, on the premise of not exceeding the region merging cost, the initial segmented regions are merged iteratively. The experimental results show that compared with Canny, region growing and LOG methods, the proposed method relieves the over-segmentation problem effectively and the average computational complexity has been reduced by about 21.5%.

Field of study: Engineering
Climate change and permafrost thaw-induced boreal forest loss in northwestern Canada

Permafrost distribution throughout the western Canadian subarctic is not well understood due to the remoteness and size of the region, its spatial and temporal heterogeneity, limited data availability, and sparse monitoring networks. These factors severely challenge investigations of how climate warming might affect the distribution of permafrost and provide strong justification for new methods of evaluating permafrost extent using remote sensing platforms. This study quantifies forest loss at ten subarctic boreal sites in the southern Northwest Territories and northeastern British Columbia between 1970 and 2010. Historical air photos and optical remote sensing images were assessed using a change detection approach over the ten sites, each 10 km2 spanning a north/south transect of 200 km. This study is the first to apply change detection methods to a large-scale gradient and spans the southern margin of discontinuous permafrost where results demonstrate variable patterns of net forest loss at each site ranged from 6.9% to 11.6% over the 40 year study period. Here we show that these differential rates of landcover change can be explained in part through climatic and environmental factors that vary latitudinally across the selected sites. Change statistics—net change, forest gain and forest loss were significantly correlated with an assortment of factors that varied across the ten-site transect.

Field of study: Environmental science
Three-dimensional visualization of the inner structure of single crystals by step-scanning white X-ray section topography.

Visualization of the three-dimensional distribution of the crystal defects of large single crystals of calcium fluoride has been demonstrated by white X-ray section topography using sheet-like X-rays (BL28B2 at SPring-8). An image of the three-dimensional distribution of the crystal defects was reconstructed by stacking section topographs, which expressed the images of cross sections of the sample. The section topographs were recorded using a CMOS flat-panel imager or a CCD detector combined with scintillator (Gd(2)O(2)S:Tb) and relay lens system. The section topographs were measured by repeating cycles of exposure and sample translation along the direction perpendicular to the top face of the sample. Using high-brilliance and high-energy white X-rays ( approximately 60 keV) efficiently, visualization of the three-dimensional structure of subgrains of a sample of up to 60 mm in diameter was achieved. Furthermore, the three-dimensional distribution of the glide plane in the crystal was visualized by reconstructing the linear contrast of the glide plane.

Field of study: Physics
Analysis of Expression and Its Clinical Significance of the Secreted Phosphoprotein 1 in Lung Adenocarcinoma

To explore the expression of secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), and evaluate its relationship with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of LUAD, and analyze the advantages of SPP1 as a potential prognostic marker in LUAD.  The expression of SPP1 in normal lung tissue and LUAD was analyzed from the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE), Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and Human Protein Atlas (HPA) databases. GSE68465 was used to explore the relationship between the SPP1 expression and clinicopathological characteristics and the prognosis of LUAD patients. The relationship between SPP1 and immune infiltration in LUAD was analyzed by the Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) database. Gene enrichment analysis was performed in GSEA. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-LUAD data was used to verify the results.  In the cell line level, non-small cell lung cancer ranked ninth among cancer cell lines based on SPP1 expression. In the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels, SPP1 expression was higher in LUAD tissues than that in normal control. SPP1 expression was related to gender, N stage, histological grade, and progression or relapse. In men, SPP1 expression were higher compared to that in women. The higher the N stage, the higher the SPP1 expression level. As LUAD progresses or relapses, SPP1 expression could increase. In the pathological grade, the SPP1 expression was higher in LUAD samples with moderate differentiation. In addition, the overall 5-year survival rates of the SPP1 high and low expression groups were 50.574 and 59.181% [P = 0.008; hazard ratio (HR) = 0.7057; 95% CI, 0.5467–0.9109], indicating that SPP1 had an impact on overall survival for LUAD patients. The relationship between SPP1 expression and CD4+ T cell, macrophage, neutrophil, and dendritic cell infiltration was weak in LUAD. SPP1 could be considered as an independent prognostic marker in LUAD (P = 0.003; HR = 1.150; 95% CI, 1.048–1.261) by multivariate Cox regression analysis. The results of GSEA indicated that samples with high SPP1 expression were enriched in protein secretion, mTORC1 signaling, angiogenesis, and glycolysis pathway. The analysis results obtained by TCGA-LUAD data were basically consistent with the results obtained by GSE68465.  SPP1 can not only affect the occurrence and development of LUAD but also may be an independent prognostic marker of LUAD. SPP1 is expected to be a new target for molecular targeted therapy.

Field of study: Biology
Preparation and Characterization of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) Membrane

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membrane blended with synthesized graft poly(vinylidene fluoride)-graft-poly(potassiosulfonatopropyl methacrylate) (PVDF-g-PSPMA) (A2) was prepared via a nonsolvent...

Field of study: Chemistry
Reading and Perceptual-Motor Performance: Can We Strengthen Them Simultaneously? 1,2

The study attempted to ascertain whether a direct remedial-reading program would improve performance on a perceptual-motor test as it strengthened reading skill. Subjects were 119 intermediate grade pupils whose average reading achievement was more than 2 years below CA. They were randomly assigned to a remedial-reading program or to regular classrooms for instruction in reading. A comparison of pre- and posttreatment functioning on perceptual-motor and reading measures revealed that: (a) The experimentals' gain on the perceptual-motor instrument was significantly and dramatically greater than the controls' improvement on the same test; and (b) while both treatment groups' reading skill appeared to improve substantially, the experimentals' gain was not significantly greater than the controls'. Thus, the experimentals' more impressive functioning on the perceptual-motor test cannot readily be attributed to reading achievement. Nevertheless, findings indicate that performance on a perceptual-motor measure can be positively affected by a reading instructional program which does not explicitly employ perceptual-motor training. This seriously questions the belief, popular among perceptual-motor practitioners, that perceptual-motor functioning can be improved only through direct training. If perceptual-motor functioning is strengthened concomitant with, and indirectly by, standard remedial-reading instruction, educators may think twice about routinely assigning reading-disabled students to perceptual-motor training programs when the more direct method not only achieves the goal of perceptual-motor training but teaches reading skill as well.

Field of study: Education
Explaining differences in stakeholder take up of disease management programmes: A comparative analysis of policy implementation in Austria and Germany.

Understanding why policies to improve care for people with chronic conditions fail to be implemented is a pressing issue in health system reform. We explore reasons for the relatively high uptake of disease management programmes (DMPs) in Germany, in contrast to low uptake in Austria. We focus on the motivation, information and power of key stakeholder groups (payers, physician associations, individual physicians and patients).



We conducted a comparative stakeholder analysis using qualitative data from interviews (n=15 in Austria and n=26 in Germany), legal documents and media reports.



Stakeholders in Germany appeared to have systematically stronger motivation, exposure to more positive information about DMPs and better ability to implement DMPs than their counterparts in Austria. Policy in Austria focused on financial incentives to physicians only. In Germany, limited evidence about the quality improvement and cost savings potential of DMPs was mitigated by strong financial incentives to sickness funds but proved a fundamental obstacle in Austria.



Efforts to promote DMPs should seek to ensure the cooperation of payers and patients, not just physicians, using a mix of financial and non-financial instruments suited to the context. A singular focus on financially incentivising providers is unlikely to stimulate uptake of DMPs.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
The Bubble Machine: Relative Capital Valuation, Distributive Shares and Capital Gains

The largest part of any explanation of large capital gains must certainly put at center stage the manic hypothesis, most humorously discussed over decades by John Kenneth Galbraith ([1954] 1961; 1994), and dissected most recently, in its psychological dimension by Robert Shiller (2005). Manic asset psychosis develops when, for whatever reason, an asset class acquires some tenable reason for earnings' gains, which in turn, motivate investors to jump in generating capital gains that persuade others now the size of a herd to follow. Losing sight of earnings, the herd, running madly in a deeply leveraged gallop inevitably run off the cliff, when for whatever reason bad news starts to spread or when some of the herd moves off in another direction. The New Economy hype of the 1990s, so adequately described by Shiller, and so nicely captured by Alan Greenspan's term, "irrational exuberance," exemplifies the manic situation completely. More recently, the rapid rise in housing prices to income and rents suggests at least the possibility of another manic psychology associated with still another bubbly asset class. The manic hypothesis of capital gains involves feedback loops of demanding herds. It is a "demand" hypothesis that requires some explanation exogenous to the manic hypothesis itself of the "origins" of whatever prospective earnings the herd eventually loses track of. In contrast, the present essay inquires into the "supply side" of recent bubbles by examining institutional and historical factors that tend to further the phenomena of capital gains surrounding stocks and housing the two main asset

Field of study: Economics
Phthalocyanines and related compounds as switchable materials upon strong irradiation: the molecular engineering behind the optical limiting effect

The possibility of varying the optical properties of materials in a controlled fashion constitutes an appealing objective, which represents the necessary starting point for the development of those advanced technologies designated to exploit the energy of the luminous radiation into a desirable way. Usually, in electrochromic, thermochromic or photochromic processes, the reversible switching of the material absorbance or reflectance in the UV–vis–NIR spectrum is accompanied by reversible variations of the material chemical composition. This is followed by mostly redox, dimerization or isomerization reactions which are induced by temperature changes or slowly and rapidly variable electric fields. Other means of varying the optical properties of materials are offered by nonlinear optical (NLO) processes in which the intensity of the light modifies absorptive and refractive properties of the irradiated material within the limits of its photochemical stability (photochromic effect). Among various nonlinear optical phenomena, the optical limiting (OL) effect represents an important one for its possible exploitation in the protection of light-sensitive elements which must operate below a safety threshold of light intensity. In the present contribution, the optical limiting effect generated by different classes of phthalocyanine-based materials is described and analyzed in terms of those molecular features which are associated with the better optical limiting performances.

Field of study: Materials science