nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Single jet and single photon production in proton-antiproton collisions ande+−e−-annihilation in a supersymmetric model

AbstractWe consider the production of Goldstone fermions accompanied by a single jet or a single photon in proton-antiproton collisions ande+e−-annihilation in a model realizing supersymmetry in a nonlinear way. Since the Goldstone fermions are neutrino-like particles, the experimental signature to look for is a single hard jet or photon together with missing energy. Interpreting the five single jet events and two single photon events reported recently from the CERNp
$$\bar p$$
 in this sense, we obtain a scale of spontaneous supersymmetry breaking of the order of 70 GeV. We show that this may imply a detectable rate of single photon production ine+e−-annihilation at present PETRA energies. We also calculate the ratio of single jet to single photon events in proton-antiproton collisions.

Field of study: Physics
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor and development of type-1 diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice.

T-cell activation by specific antigen has been found to increase macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) expression, indicating its role as an important feature of T-cell activation in vitro and in vivo. To date, the potential role of MIF in the development of autoimmune-mediated diabetes mellitus has not been studied.



MIF-mRNA expression in splenic lymphocytes of spontaneously diabetic non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice (n=6), cyclophosphamide-treated NOD mice (n=6), 14-day-old non-diabetic NOD mice (n=7) and C57/Bl6 control mice (n=6) was monitored using an internally standardised competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and the MIF-protein levels were determined using Western blot analysis. In addition, the impact of intraperitoneally administered recombinant MIF-protein treatment on diabetes incidence in NOD mice was evaluated.



MIF-mRNA expression was markedly increased in splenic lymphocytes of spontaneously diabetic NOD mice as well as in 8-week-old NOD mice treated with cyclophosphamide compared with 2-week-old non-diabetic NOD and healthy C57BL/6 control mice. Western blot analyses showed decreased lymphocytic MIF-protein content in diabetic as well as in cyclophosphamide-treated animals compared with 2-week-old non-diabetic NOD and healthy C57BL/6 mice, probably as a consequence of increased protein secretion. Furthermore, treatment of NOD mice with recombinant MIF-protein at 25 microg twice a week, from age 6 to 11 weeks, led to an increased diabetes incidence (86%; n=7) compared with untreated control groups (55%; n=20) at week 34.



In this study, we report for the first time that MIF-mRNA expression in splenic lymphocytes is up-regulated during development of cell-mediated diabetes in non-NOD mice. The data of our preliminary study suggest a possible role of MIF in autoimmune-inflammatory events, such as type-1 diabetes and also that anti-MIF therapeutic strategy might serve to attenuate autoimmune processes.

Field of study: Medicine
Low-dose caffeine discrimination and self-reported mood effects in normal volunteers.

A caffeine versus placebo discrimination procedure was used to determine the lowest caffeine dose that could produce discrimination and self-reported mood effects in normal volunteers. During daily sessions under double-blind conditions, caffeine-abstinent subjects orally ingested a capsule containing 178 mg caffeine or placebo. Before beginning discrimination training, the compounds were identified to subjects by letter codes. Fifteen, 30, and 45 min after capsule ingestion, subjects guessed the capsule's letter code. Correct guesses at 45 min earned money. After each session, subjects received a supplementary capsule containing caffeine or placebo to ensure that, within each phase of the study, subjects received the same daily dose of caffeine equal to the training dose. Five of the 15 subjects acquired the caffeine versus placebo discrimination within the first 20 sessions (greater than or equal to 75% correct); 6 other subjects acquired the discrimination with additional training. Nine subjects who acquired the discrimination were subsequently trained at progressively lower caffeine doses. In general, the lowest dose to produce discrimination (greater than or equal to 75% correct) was also the lowest dose to produce self-reported mood effects: 4 subjects showed discrimination and self-reported mood effects at 100 mg caffeine, 2 at 56 mg, 1 at 32 mg, and 1 at 18 mg. One of these subjects also showed self-reported mood effects at 10 mg. The present study documents discriminative stimulus and self-reported mood effects of caffeine at doses below those previously shown to affect any behavior in normal volunteers.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Nondestructive Characterization of Residual Threading Dislocation Density in HgCdTe Layers Grown on CdZnTe 
by Liquid-Phase Epitaxy

The performance of mercury cadmium telluride (MCT)-based infrared (IR) focal-plane arrays is closely related to the crystalline perfection of the HgCdTe thin film. In this work, Te-rich, (111)B-oriented HgCdTe epilayers grown by liquid-phase epitaxy on CdZnTe substrates have been studied. Surface atomic steps are shown on as-grown MCT materials using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and white-light interferometry (WLI), suggesting step-flow growth. Locally, quasiperfect surface spirals are also evidenced. A demonstration is given that these spirals are related to the emergence of almost pure screw threading dislocations. A nondestructive and quantitative technique to measure the threading dislocation density is proposed. The technique consists of counting the surface spirals on the as-grown MCT surface from images obtained by either AFM or WLI measurements. The benefits and drawbacks of both destructive—chemical etching of HgCdTe dislocations—and nondestructive surface imaging techniques are compared. The nature of defects is also discussed. Finally, state-of-the-art threading dislocation densities in the low 104 cm−2 range are evidenced by both etch pit density (EPD) and surface imaging measurements.

Field of study: Materials science
Bayesian Mixture Labeling and Clustering

Label switching is one of the fundamental issues for Bayesian mixture modeling. It occurs due to the nonidentifiability of the components under symmetric priors. Without solving the label switching, the ergodic averages of component specific quantities will be identical and thus useless for inference relating to individual components, such as the posterior means, predictive component densities, and marginal classification probabilities. The author establishes the equivalence between the labeling and clustering and proposes two simple clustering criteria to solve the label switching. The first method can be considered as an extension of K-means clustering. The second method is to find the labels by minimizing the volume of labeled samples and this method is invariant to the scale transformation of the parameters. Using a simulation example and the application of two real data sets, the author demonstrates the success of these new methods in dealing with the label switching problem.

Field of study: Mathematics
Reflectance of pigmented polymer coatings: comparisons between measurements and radiative transfer calculations.

Solar reflectance spectra of pigmented coatings have been obtained from spectroscopic measurements involving integrating sphere attachments. We demonstrate that measured and computed reflectances of an extended four-flux model [ 2615 (1998)] whose average path-length parameters (APP's) and forward-scattering ratios (FSR's) are explicitly evaluated from a multiple-scattering approach at the front or back interface of the particulate coatings display fairly good agreement. The agreement of these properties in a standard four-flux model [ (1984)], which neglects the spectral dependence of the APP and FSR, is found in the near infrared. Good agreement between these two four-flux approaches over the solar spectral range is obtained when the mean values of the APP's and FSR's are used in the standard model.

Field of study: Physics
On Independence For Non-Additive Measures, With a Fubini Theorem

Recent models of decision making represent agents' beliefs by non-additive set-functions. An important technical question which arises in applications to diverse areas of economics is how to define independence of such set-functions. After arguing that the straightforward generalization of independence does not in general yield a unique product, in this work I show that, while Fubini's theorem is in general false if additivity is not granted, it is true when a certain type of function is being integrated. For these functions the iterated integrals coincide with the integral with respect to products which satisfy a certain property, strictly stronger than independence. I show that most of the assumptions made in these results are very close to being necessary. In general the mentioned property is still not strong enough to uniquely define a product. On the other hand I discuss some proposals which have been made in the literature, and I show that unicity can however be obtained when the product is assumed to be a belief function. Moreover I show that the unique product thus obtained has an intuitive justification when the marginals are distributions induced by random correspondences. Finally I use the results in the paper to discuss the question of randomization in decision models with non-additive beliefs.

Field of study: Economics
The Adjustment Methods for Missing Data in Clinical Trials of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Missing data occurs widely in clinical trials of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which seriously compromises inferences from clinical trials and undermines the precision of the results. There are four different types of adjustment methods for missing data according to the characteristics of TCM clinical trials, which are complete-case analysis, single imputation methods, estimating-equation methods, and methods based on a statistical model. The adjustment methods selected should be clarified in detail, including its rationality and objectivity for efficacy evaluation of TCM clinical trials, and the corresponding statistical analysis method should be also indicated.

Field of study: Engineering
New elements from Dubna

We have studied the dependence of the production cross-sections of the isotopes 282, 283112 and 286-288114 on the excitation energy of the compound nuclei 286112 and 290114. The maximum cross-sections of the xn-evaporation channels for the reaction 238U(48Ca, xn)286-x112 were measured to be: σ3n = 2.5+1.8-1.1pb and σ4n = 0.6+1.6-0.5pb; for the reaction 242Pu(48Ca, xn)290-x114: σ2n ∼ 0.5pb, σ3n = 3.6+3.4-1.7pb and σ4n = 4.5+3.6-1.9pb. In the reaction 233U(48Ca, 2-4n)277-279112 we measured an upper cross-section limit of σxn≤0.6pb. An increase of σER in the reactions of actinide targets with 48Ca can be due to the expected increase of the survivability of the excited compound nucleus upon closer approach to the closed neutron shell N = 184. The observed nuclear decay properties of the nuclides with Z = 104-118 are compared with theoretical nuclear mass calculations and the systematic trends of α-decay properties. As a whole, they give a consistent pattern of decay of the 18 even-Z neutron-rich nuclides with Z = 104-118 and N = 163-177.

Field of study: Physics
Numerical study on thermal hydraulic performance of water cooled mini-channel heat sinks

This paper presents a numerical investigation on the thermal hydraulic performance of mini-channel heat sinks with different fin configurations. Results in terms of pressure drop, base temperature, thermal resistance, and overall heat transfer coefficient were compared for different geometrical configurations modeled by variation of fin spacing, fin thickness and fin height of the heat sink. In comparison to un-finned geometry, a reduction of 44.84% in base temperature was observed with the minimum temperature value of 33.7 ° C for the heat sink with fin spacing and fin thickness of 0.2 mm and 0.4 mm respectively. In association with the previous studies, pressure drop and thermal resistance were reduced by 46.5% and 30.4% respectively. The heat sink geometry with the best thermal performance was also simulated for higher heat fluxes within the same operating limits. Results were validated using available correlations and experimental data. Flow maldistribution, pressure drop and local heat transfer coefficient in the header are also reported.

Field of study: Engineering
Optical Imaging Provides Rapid Verification of Static Small Beams, Radiosurgery and VMAT Plans with millimeter resolution.

We demonstrate the feasibility of optical imaging as a quality assurance tool for static small beamlets, and pre-treatment verification tool for radiosurgery and VMAT plans.



Small static beams and clinical Volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans were simulated in a treatment planning system (TPS) and delivered to a cylindrical tank filled with water-based liquid scintillator. Emission was imaged using a blue-sensitive, intensified CMOS camera time-gated to the linac pulses. For static beams, percentage depth and cross beam profiles of projected intensity distribution were compared to treatment planning system (TPS) data. 2D gamma analysis was performed on all clinical plans, and the technique was tested for sensitivity against common errors (multileaf collimator position, gantry angle) by inducing deliberate errors in the VMAT plans control points. The technique's detection limits for spatial resolution and the smallest number of control points that could be imaged reliably was also tested. The sensitivity to common delivery errors was also compared against a commercial 2.5D diode array dosimeter.



A spatial resolution of 1 mm was achieved with our imaging setup. The optical projected percentage depth intensity profiles agreed to within 2% relative to the TPS data for small static square beams (5, 10 and 50mm2 ). For projected cross beam profiles, a gamma pass rate >99% was achieved for a 3%/1mm criteria. All clinical plans passed the 3%/3mm criteria with >95% passing rate. A static 5 mm beam with 20 Monitor Units could be measured with an average percent difference of 5.5 ±3% relative to the TPS. The technique was sensitive to multileaf collimator errors down to 1 mm and gantry angle errors of 1°.



Optical imaging provides ample spatial resolution for imaging small beams. The ability to faithfully image down to 20 MU of 5 mm, 6 MV beamlets prove the ability to perform quality assurance for each control point within dynamic plans. The technique is sensitive to small offsets errors in gantry angles and Multi-leaf collimator (MLC) leaf positions, and at certain scenario it exhibits higher sensitivity than a commercial 2.5D diode array. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Photon correlations in a multiple coherent and overlapping chaotic radiation field

We propose a study of the second-order coherence properties of radiation, such as inelastically scattered laser light, by performing an excess photon coincidence rate experiment a la Hanbury Brown-Twiss. The calculation evaluates the second-order correlation function of the electromagnetic field for an arbitrary number of coherent modes overlapped in phase space by a chaotic radiation field. We discuss the application of the general result to a specific case, namely the case of a single mode laser, and the Stokes radiation produced in a Brillouin-active medium, and a suitable part of the spectrum produced by causing dielectric breakdown in air.

Field of study: Physics
Expression of the Counter-Regulatory Peptide Intermedin is Augmented in the Presence of Oxidative Stress in Hypertrophied Cardiomyocytes

Intermedin (IMD), a novel cardiac peptide related to adrenomedullin (AM), protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and attenuates ventricular remodelling. IMD’s actions are mediated by a calcitonin receptor-like receptor in association with receptor activity modifying proteins (RAMPs 1-3).  using the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rat at 20 weeks of age, to examine (i) the presence of myocardial oxidative stress and concentric hypertrophy; (ii) expression of IMD, AM and receptor components.  In left and right ventricular cardiomyocytes from SHR vs. WKY cell width (26% left, 15% right) and mRNA expression of hypertrophic markers ANP (2.7 fold left, 2.7 fold right) and BNP (2.2 fold left, 2.0 fold right) were enhanced. In left ventricular cardiomyocytes only (i) oxidative stress was indicated by increased membrane protein carbonyl content (71%) and augmented production of O2- anion (64%); (ii) IMD (6.8 fold), RAMP1 (2.5 fold) and RAMP3 (2.0 fold) mRNA was increased while AM and RAMP2 mRNA was not altered; (iii) abundance of RAMP1 (by 48%), RAMP2 (by 41%) and RAMP3 (by 90%) monomers in cell membranes was decreased.  robust augmentation of IMD expression in hypertrophied left ventricular cardiomyocytes indicates a prominent role for this counter-regulatory peptide in the adaptation of the SHR myocardium to the stresses imposed by chronic hypertension. The local concentration and action of IMD may be further enhanced by down-regulation of NEP within the left ventricle.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Alignment of caldesmon on the actin-tropomyosin filaments.

We have reported previously that each smooth-muscle caldesmon binds predominantly to a region within residues 142-227 of tropomyosin, but a weaker binding site also exists at the N-terminal region of tropomyosin [Watson, Kuhn, Novy, Lin and Mak (1990) ]. In view of recent evidence for the presence of tropomyosin-binding sites at both the N- and C-terminal domains of caldesmon, we have studied the binding of the N- and C-terminal fragments of human fibroblast caldesmon expressed in Escherichia coli to tropomyosin and its CNBr fragments. The N-terminal fragment, CaD40 (residues 1-152), binds tropomyosin, but the interaction is mostly abolished in the presence of actin. CaD40 binds strongly to Cn1B(142-281) of tropomyosin, but weakly to Cn1A(11-127). The C-terminal fragment, CaD39, which corresponds to residues 443-736 of gizzard caldesmon, binds tropomyosin, and the interaction is enhanced by actin. CaD39 binds to both Cn1A(11-127) and Cn1B(142-281) of tropomyosin. Our results suggest that the N-terminal domain of caldesmon interacts with the C-terminal half of one tropomyosin molecule, whereas the C-terminal domain binds to both N- and C-terminal regions of the adjacent tropomyosin molecule along the actin filament. In addition, the binding of the N-terminal domain of caldesmon to the actin-tropomyosin filament is weak, which may allow this domain to project off the thin filament to interact with myosin.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Variational Gaussian Processes with Signature Covariances

We introduce a Bayesian approach to learn from stream-valued data by using Gaussian processes with the recently introduced signature kernel as covariance function. To cope with the computational complexity in time and memory that arises with long streams that evolve in large state spaces, we develop a variational Bayes approach with sparse inducing tensors. We provide an implementation based on GPFlow and benchmark this variational Gaussian process model on supervised classification tasks for time series and text (a stream of words).

Field of study: Computer science
A general geometrical model of scroll compressors based on discretional initial angles of involute

Based on discretional initial angles of involute of scroll compressors, a general mathematical representation of scroll wraps, working chamber volume and leakage areas is presented. The scroll wraps' geometrical expressions, including interaction arc, of the involute angle with discretional initial angles of involute are developed. By using it, a new calculation formula of working chamber volume without restriction to special involute initial angles is set up and the expression of the volume during all the suction, compression and discharge processes in a general subsection function style is given. A geometrical model of leakage areas, including flank in, flank out, radial in and radial out, is also developed based on the discretional initial angles condition. Finally, this geometrical model is applied in a thermodynamic model and the simulation results are compared with some former experimental results. It is found that this model has a satisfactory accuracy and is easy to be used in thermodynamic simulation.

Field of study: Engineering
A review of the factors that influence pesticide residues in pollen and nectar: Future research requirements for optimising the estimation of pollinator exposure.

In recent years, the impact of Plant Protection Products (PPPs) on insect pollinator decline has stimulated significant amounts of research, as well as political and public interest. PPP residues have been found in various bee-related matrices, resulting in governmental bodies worldwide releasing guidance documents on methods for the assessment of the overall risk of PPPs to different bee species. An essential part of these risk assessments are PPP residues found in pollen and nectar, as they represent a key route of exposure. However, PPP residue values in these matrices exhibit large variations and are not available for many PPPs and crop species combinations, which results in inaccurate estimations and uncertainties in risk evaluation. Additionally, residue studies on pollen and nectar are expensive and practically challenging. An extrapolation between different cropping scenarios and PPPs is not yet justified, as the behaviour of PPPs in pollen and nectar is poorly understood. Therefore, this review aims to contribute to a better knowledge and understanding of the fate of PPP residues in pollen and nectar and to outline knowledge gaps and future research needs. The literature suggests that four primary factors, the crop type, the application method, the physicochemical properties of a compound and the environmental conditions have the greatest influence on PPP residues in pollen and nectar. However, these factors consist of many sub-factors and initial effects may be disguised by different sampling methodologies, impeding their exact characterisation. Moreover, knowledge about these factors is ambiguous and restricted to a few compounds and plant species. We propose that future research should concentrate on identifying relationships and common features amongst various PPP applications and crops, as well as an overall quantification of the described parameters; in order to enable a reliable estimation of PPP residues in pollen, nectar and other bee matrices.

Field of study: Environmental science
Zitterbewegung (trembling motion) of electrons in narrow-gap semiconductors

The theory of trembling motion (Zitterbewegung (ZB)) of charge carriers in various narrow-gap materials is reviewed. Nearly free electrons in a periodic potential, InSb-type semiconductors, bilayer graphene, monolayer graphene and carbon nanotubes are considered. General features of ZB are emphasized. It is shown that, when the charge carriers are prepared in the form of Gaussian wavepackets, ZB has a transient character with a decay time of femtoseconds in graphene and picoseconds in nanotubes. Zitterbewegung of electrons in graphene in the presence of an external magnetic field is mentioned. A similarity of ZB in semiconductors to that of relativistic electrons in a vacuum is stressed. Possible ways of observing trembling motion in solids are mentioned.

Field of study: Physics