nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Rotational Cryptanalysis on MAC Algorithm Chaskey

In this paper we generalize the Markov theory with respect to a relation between two plaintexts and not their difference and apply it for rotational pairs. We perform a related-key attack over Chaskey- a lightweight MAC algorithm for 32-bit micro controllers - and find a distinguisher by using rotational probabilities. Having a message m we can forge and present a valid tag for some message under a related key with probability \(2^{-57}\) for 8 rounds and \(2^{-86}\) for all 12 rounds of the permutation for keys in a defined weak-key class. This attack can be extended to full key recovery with complexity \(2^{120}\) for the full number of rounds.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
EFFECTS OF LASER RADIATION ON MATTER: Role of the external photoelectric effect in surface microprocessing

An analysis is made of the photoemission of electrons in gases when the surface of a solid is subjected to high-intensity ultraviolet laser radiation which does not cause surface heating. Various situations are considered in which generation of high local electric fields and of a dense cloud of charged particles near the surface may alter and even determine the mechanism of laser-stimulated processes on surfaces of solids.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Young Adult Romantic Relationships: The Role of Parents' Marital Problems and Relationship Efficacy

This study examined the link between parental divorce and marital conflict and young adult romantic relationships, and it tested whether offspring efficacy beliefs and conflict mediate this association. Young adults (N = 358) provided data at three time points each separated by 7-week intervals. Results from structural equation modeling demonstrated that (a) parents' marital conflict, rather than parental divorce, was associated with offspring conflict behavior; (b) relationship efficacy mediated this association; and (c) conflict behavior, in turn, mediated the association between efficacy beliefs and the quality of offspring romantic relationships. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for understanding the impact of parents' marital problems on romantic relationships in young adulthood. Their implications for preventive interventions and future research are also outlined.

Field of study: Psychology
Preferential export of permafrost-derived organic matter as retrogressive thaw slumping intensifies

Enhanced warming of the Northern high latitudes has intensified thermokarst processes throughout the permafrost zone. Retrogressive thaw slumps (RTS), where thaw-driven erosion caused by ground ice melt creates terrain disturbances extending over tens of hectares, represent particularly dynamic thermokarst features. Biogeochemical transformation of the mobilized substrate may release CO2 to the atmosphere and impact downstream ecosystems, yet its fate remains unclear. The Peel Plateau in northwestern Canada hosts some of the largest RTS features in the Arctic. Here, thick deposits of Pleistocene-aged glacial tills are overlain by a thinner layer of relatively organic-rich Holocene-aged permafrost that aggraded upward following deeper thaw and soil development during the early Holocene warm period. In this study, we characterize exposed soil layers and the mobilized material by analysing sediment properties and organic matter composition in active layer, Holocene and Pleistocene permafrost, recently thawed debris deposits and fresh deposits of slump outflow from four separate RTS features. We found that organic matter content, radiocarbon age and biomarker concentrations in debris and outflow deposits from all four sites were most similar to permafrost soils, with a lesser influence of the organic-rich active layer. Lipid biomarkers suggested a significant contribution of petrogenic carbon especially in Pleistocene permafrost. Active layer samples contained abundant intrinsically labile macromolecular components (polysaccharides, lignin markers, phenolic and N-containing compounds). All other samples were dominated by degraded organic constituents. Active layer soils, although heterogeneous, also had the highest median grain sizes, whereas debris and runoff deposits consisted of finer mineral grains and were generally more homogeneous, similar to permafrost. We thus infer that both organic matter degradation and hydrodynamic sorting during transport affect the mobilized material. Determining the relative magnitude of these two processes will be crucial to better assess the role of intensifying RTS activity in CO2 release and ecosystem carbon fluxes.

Field of study: Environmental science
A new sequential optimal sampling method for radial basis functions

The sampling procedure is crucial for accuracy of model approximation for a given metamodel. In this paper, we propose a new sequential sampling method for radial basis functions. At each sampling step, we provided a criterion to determine the optimal sampling point, which maximizes the value of the product of curvature and square of minimum distance to other design sites. Experiments proved that using the same sampling size the highest accuracy and efficiency can be obtained to approximate an objective function under this criterion.

Field of study: Mathematics
Downregulation of N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase GCNT3 by miR-302b-3p Decreases Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Cell Proliferation, Migration and Invasion

GCNT3 is a member of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase family involved with mucin biosynthesis. GCNT3 aberrant expression is known to promote the progression of several human cancers. However, its role in tumorigenesis and the progression of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has not been well-characterized. Our study investigated the functional mechanisms of GCNT3 regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs) in NSCLC.  The differential expression of mRNAs in NSCLC tissues and matched adjacent non-cancerous lung tissues from patients in Xuanwei, Yunnan province, China, was screened via mRNA microarray. The expression of GCNT3 and its correlation with NSCLC progression was measured in 92 paired tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues. The functions of GCNT3 in NSCLC cells and its underlying mechanisms were measured using siRNA and GCNT3-expression vectors. The miRNA immunoprecipitation (miRIP) method was used to identify the miRNAs targeting GCNT3. The protein were measured using western blot assay, and the mRNAs were measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assay. Cell proliferation was measured using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and a colony forming assays; cell migration and invasion assays were performed using 24-well Transwell chambers with 8-μm pores filter, and analyses of the cell cycle and apoptosis were performed via flow cytometric analysis. The dual luciferase reporter assay was performed to confirm whether GCNT3 gene was a direct target of miR-302b-3p.  GCNT3 was found to be highly expressed in both NSCLC tissues and cell lines, and higher expression correlated significantly with advanced tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage, positive lymph node metastasis, and poor overall survival. Knockdown of GCNT3 inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion ability of NSCLC cells, while overexpression facilitated these activities. Further mechanistic experiments using miRIP and dual luciferase reporter assays revealed that GCNT3 was a direct target of miR-302b-3p. Low expression of miR-302b-3p was found in NSCLC cells and negatively correlated with GCNT3 levels, while miR-302b-3p overexpression inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of NSCLC cells. Co-transfection with miR-302b-3p and the expression vector of GCNT3 abrogated the effects of mir-302b-3p, confirming that miR-302b-3p inhibited NSCLC progression by targeting GCNT3. Western blotting revealed that E-cadherin, N-cadherin, vimentin, p-Erk and cyclin D1 were downstream molecules of miR-302b-3p/GCNT3 pathway.  miR-302b-3p/GCNT3 axis regulated cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by activating the Erk signaling pathway and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which was identified as a potential therapeutic target for NSCLC.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Plasmon exchange model for superconductivity in carbon nanotubes and metallic nanowires

Recent investigations of superconductivity in carbon nanotubes have shown that a single-wall zig-zag nanotube can become superconducting at around 15 K. Theoretical studies of superconductivity in nanotubes using the traditional phonon exchange model, however, give a superconducting transition temperature T c less than 1 K. To explain the observed higher critical temperature we explore the possibility of the plasmon exchange mechanism for superconductivity in nanotubes. We first calculate the effective interaction between electrons in a nanotube mediated by plasmon exchange and show that this interaction can become attractive. Using this attractive interaction in the modified Eliashberg theory for strong coupling superconductors, we then calculate the critical temperature T c in a single-wall nanotube. Our theoretical results can explain the observed T c in a single-wall nanotube. In particular, we find that T c is sensitively dependent on the dielectric constant of the medium, the effective mass of the electrons and the radius of the nanotube. We then consider superconductivity in a bundle of single-wall nanotubes and find that bundling of nanotubes does not change the critical temperature significantly. Going beyond carbon nanotubes we show that in a metallic hollow nanowire T c has some sort of oscillatory behaviour as a function of the surface number density of electrons.

Field of study: Physics
Pre-Kenoran Tonalitic Gneisses in the Grenville Province

Rb–Sr whole-rock studies of tonalitic gneiss within the Grenville Province on the eastern extension of the Abitibi fold belt may indicate an age greater than 3000 m.y. The gneiss samples were collected up to 32 miles (52 km) from the Grenville Front. Rocks beyond this generally show the effects of the Grenvillian orogeny about 1100 m.y. ago which raised the 87Rb/86Sr initial ratio from about 0.7025 to 0.7148. Rocks more than 40 miles (64 km) from the Grenville Front show retrograde metamorphism from the granulite facies that is considered to be related to the metamorphism associated with the intrusion of anorthosite still farther to the southeast (ca. 1500 m.y.). The Archean tonalitic gneisses exhibit E–W and NE–SW aeromagnetic trends but similar rocks to the southeast exhibit aeromagnetic patterns that are chiefly N–S and may be a result of Hudsonian deformation. A small granitic body in this zone of N–S aeromagnetic pattern was intruded 1745 ± 23 m.y. ago(87Rb λ = 1.39 × 10−11y−1).

Field of study: Environmental science
Self-diffraction of high-power short light pulses in resonant media

A theoretical analysis is made of the self-diffraction of short light pulses in an induced amplitude-phase grating in a thin layer of resonant medium. Expressions describing the amplitudes (intensities) of the diffracted beams are derived and analyzed. It is shown that the nature of the amplitude modulation of the light diffracted into small angles depends strongly on the amplitudes of the input pulses. It is demonstrated that transient self-diffraction of short pulses can be used in estimating the dipole moment of a saturable transition.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Studies on degradation of glyphosate by several oxidative chemical processes: Ozonation, photolysis and heterogeneous photocatalysis

Several different Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) including ozonation at pH 6.5 and 10, photolysis and heterogeneous photocatalysis using TiO2 as semiconductor and dissolved oxygen as electron acceptor were applied to study the degradation of glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl glycine) in water. The degree of glyphosate degradation, the reactions kinetic and the formation of the major metabolite, aminomethyl phosphonic acid (AMPA), were evaluated. Ozonation at pH 10 resulted in the maximum mineralization of glyphosate. It was observed that under the experimental conditions used in this study the degradation of glyphosate followed the first-order kinetics. The half-life obtained for glyphosate degradation in the O3/pH 10 process was 1.8 minutes.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Regional variations in bulk chemistry, mineralogy, and the compositions of mafic and accessory minerals in the batholiths of California

We define regional variations in mafic and accessory mineral assemblages and compositions and expand the current understanding of spatial variations in whole-rock geochemistry in the batholiths of California. In so doing, we gain new insights into the nature of magmatic source rocks and mechanisms of magma generation in volcano-plutonic arcs of active continental margins. Little-studied metaluminous to strongly peraluminous granites containing Fe-rich biotite with log(X Mg /X Fe ) F/OH and Mn in biotite and amphibole increase on a regional scale from western I-WC types to eastern I-MC and I-SC types, parallel to eastward increases in incompatible elements and decreases in compatible elements in the plutons. In contrast, the belts of western I-SCR granites and eastern I-WC quartz diorites and granodiorites disrupt the regional west-to-east systematics in both mineral and whole-rock geochemistry. Spatial variations in the Al content of amphibole are regional in scale and reflect pressures of pluton crystallization. We conclude that significant, previously unrecognized complexity exists in regional geochemical systematics in the California batholiths.

Field of study: Geology
Using the EM algorithm to increase the number of signals estimable by 2-D parametric techniques

This paper provides an easy method for increasing the number of modes estimable by 2-D parameter estimation schemes which use a single snapshot of the data. For data of size M/sub 1//spl times/M/sub 2/ few of these techniques allow the number of modes to exceed M/sub 1/ and/or M/sub 2/. As these restrictions are not inherent to the model but the algorithms themselves, this problem is circumvented by treating the observed data as an incomplete version of a larger data set. An existing 2-D parameter estimation scheme is then used for the maximization (M) step of the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. In this way, one can increase the number of modes the scheme can estimate without changing the scheme itself.

Field of study: Engineering
The tensor algebra of power series spaces

The linear isomorphism type of the tensor algebra T (E) of Frechet spaces and, in particular, of power series spaces is studied. While for nuclear power series spaces of infinite type it is always s the situation for finite type power series spaces is more complicated. The linear isomorphism T (s) ∼= s can be used to define a multiplication on s which makes it a Frechet m-algebra s•. This may be used to give an algebra analogue to the structure theory of s, that is, characterize Frechet m-algebras with (Ω) as quotient algebras of s• and Frechet m-algebras with (DN) and (Ω) as quotient algebras of s• with respect to a complemented ideal. In  there was calculated the linear isomorphism type of the space s of rapidly decreasing sequences and all of its complemented subspaces E. It was shown that T (E) ∼= s whenever dim E ≥ 2. This includes all of socalled power series spaces of infinite type, including the space H(C) of entire functions for any dimension d. In the present work we study the tensor algebra of Frechet spaces in a more general context. We use these results to give another proof for the isomorphism theorem in the case of infinite type power series spaces. The isomorphism T (s) ∼= s defines a multiplication on s which turns it into a Frechet m-algebra which we call s•. Its quotient algebras are all nuclear Frechet m-algebras with property (Ω) or, equivalently, which are linearly isomorphic to a quotient of s, and its quotient algebras with respect to a complemented ideal are the nuclear Frechet m-algebras with properties (DN) and (Ω). This gives an “algebra equivalent” to the structure theory of s as developed in . In the last section we extend our study to the finite type power series spaces, including e. g. the spaces s0 of very slowly increasing functions and the spaces H(D) of holomorphic functions on the d-dimensional polydisc. There the situation is much more complicated. But it is interesting to observe that for E = s0 and E = H(D) the results are different, however 2000  Secondary: 46A45, 46A63

Field of study: Mathematics
Preserved negative patterning and impaired spatial learning in pigeons (Columba livia) with lesions of the hippocampus.

Pigeons (Columba livia) with bilateral electrolytic lesions of the hippocampus and area parahippocampalis were compared with control pigeons on 2 tasks: negative patterning and delayed spatial alternation. Negative patterning demands configural stimulus representations for its successful solution. The only effect of hippocampal lesions on this task was an increased response rate to the rewarded stimuli. On the delayed spatial alternation task, hippocampal birds showed deficits relative to controls. Differences in the results of prior studies on negative patterning appear to be due to different response requirements to the nonreinforced stimuli. These results are consistent with prior work with rats and suggest that the avian hippocampus is essential for spatial memory and response inhibition but is not involved in configural learning.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Image-guided endoscopy: description of technique and potential applications.

OBJECT
Neuroendoscopic approaches to lesions of the central nervous system and spine are limited by the loss of stereoscopic vision and high-fidelity image quality inherent in the operating microscope. Image-guided endoscopy (IGE) and image-guided surgery (IGS) have the potential to overcome these limitations. The goal of this study was to evaluate IGE for its potential applications in neurosurgery.



To determine the feasibility of IGE, a rigid endoscope was tracked using an IGS system that provided navigational data for the endoscope tip and trajectory as well as a computer-generated, three-dimensional, virtual representation of the image provided by the endoscope. The IGE procedure was successfully completed in 14 patients (nine with pituitary adenomas, one with a temporal cavernous malformation, and four with unruptured aneurysms). No complications could be attributed to the procedure. Compared with direct microscopy performed using anatomical landmarks, registration of the endoscope, and virtual image were highly accurate.



This procedure offers many potential advantages for central nervous system and spinal endoscopy. Advances in IGE may enable its application to regions outside the central nervous system as well.

Field of study: Medicine
Potential Toxicity of Complex Mixtures in Surface Waters from a Nationwide Survey of United States Streams: Identifying in Vitro Bioactivities and Causative Chemicals.

While chemical analysis of contaminant mixtures remains an essential component of environmental monitoring, bioactivity-based assessments using in vitro systems increasingly are used in the detection of biological effects. Historically, in vitro assessments focused on a few biological pathways, for example, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) or estrogen receptor (ER) activities. High-throughput screening (HTS) technologies have greatly increased the number of biological targets and processes that can be rapidly assessed. Here we screened extracts of surface waters from a nationwide survey of United States streams for bioactivities associated with 69 different end points using two multiplexed HTS assays. Bioactivity of extracts from 38 streams was evaluated and compared with concentrations of over 700 analytes to identify chemicals contributing to observed effects. Eleven primary biological end points were detected. Pregnane X receptor (PXR) and AhR-mediated activities were the most commonly detected. Measured chemicals did not completely account for AhR and PXR responses. Surface waters with AhR and PXR effects were associated with low intensity, developed land cover. Likewise, elevated bioactivities frequently associated with wastewater discharges included endocrine-related end points ER and glucocorticoid receptor. These results underscore the value of bioassay-based monitoring of environmental mixtures for detecting biological effects that could not be ascertained solely through chemical analyses.

Field of study: Environmental science
On some axioms for ranking sets of alternatives

The problem of extending an ordering on a finite set of alternatives to its power set is considered. It is shown that two fairly mild axioms imply the restrictive condition that every set is equivalent to the set consisting only of its least and greatest elements. A characterisation of all extensions of a linear ordering, which satisfy our two axioms, is made by means of a class of real valued functions defined on integer pairs. The induced orderings are interpreted in terms of choice under uncertainty and an application made to welfare economics.

Field of study: Economics
The Concentration of Adenosinetriphosphate (ATP) Citrate and Calcium in Blood During Insulin Shock Therapy

The blood content of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the serum content of citrate and calcium has been studied at various stages before, during and after hypoglycaemic coma and the following observations are recorded:— 

1. In accordance with previous investigators it is found that the curve of inorganic phosphate has fallen by about 30 per cent. two hours after the injection of insulin, but then again moves upwards and has reached normal levels one hour after the termination of coma.

2. The level of ATP is unchanged two hours after insulin injection, but shows a slight increase later.

3. ATP accounts for 80–90 per cent. of the “acid-labile” phosphate fraction. As the concentration of ATP increases, that of the unknown residual component decreases. It is suggested that the residue unaccounted for by ATP may consist partly or wholly of adenosine diphosphate.

4. There is a slight fall of serum citrate during the first phase of hypoglycaemia amounting to about 15 per cent. on the average and a return to normal after termination of coma.

5. There is a fall of serum calcium during hypoglycaemia which is quantitatively small, but statistically significant.

6. The changes are discussed and it is suggested that the drop in citrate concentration may be connected with the changes in phosphate and calcium metabolism rather than with changing levels of other glucose metabolites.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
A Note on the Berry-Esséen Bound of Sample Quantiles for ϕ-mixing Sequence

By using martingale method and properties of ϕ-mixing random variables, we go on studying the Berry-Esséen bound of sample quantiles for ϕ-mixing sequence and improve the rate O(n− 1/9) to O(n− 1/6 · log n · log log n), where the mixing coefficients relax to . It improves the corresponding result.

Field of study: Mathematics
Electrochemiluminescence Immunosensor Based on Carbon Nanotubes and Liposomes for Detection of Human Immunoglobin G

A simple and sensitive electrochemiluminescence(ECL) immunosensor was fabricated by immobilizing goat-anti-human immunoglobulin G (hIgG) antibody on a multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) modified glassy carbon electrode. The hIgG antigen and antibody-tagged liposome can be sequentially bound on the immunosensor through antigen-antibody specific interaction, forming a sandwich-type immunocomplex. The ECL intensity of the immunosensor increased linearly with the hIgG concentration from 0.01 to 0.8 mu g/L with a detection limit of 0.004 mu g/L(S/N = 3). The immunosensor mentioned above was successfully applied for the detection of hIgG in human serum.

Field of study: Chemistry