nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Adaptive thermal comfort in the residential buildings of north east India—An effect of difference in elevation

Thermal comfort standards are required not only to ensure good indoor climatic condition, but also to optimize the energy used in a building for heating or cooling purposes. Generally, Fanger’s Predicted Mean Vote–Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PMV–PPD) model is used by designers and architects to estimate the comfort condition and hence the setpoint temperature inside a building. However, the recent field survey based studies on adaptive thermal comfort suggests that the above used PMV model frequently either underestimates or overestimates the thermal sensation due to the non-inclusion of the adaptive opportunities that a subject may have in maintaining comfortable condition. This leads to often an estimation of higher or lower setpoint temperature than that actually required for maintaining comfort, thereby consuming higher energy. The aim of the research is to study the effect of difference in elevation which is a major factor for temperature difference in hilly terrain, on the thermal comfort of residents. We conducted a field survey in 6 residential buildings at two different elevations in the Darjeeling Himalayan Region of north east India. A total of 1017 questionnaires regarding the indoor occupant thermal comfort were collected from 46 subjects during the monthly survey held in the year 2015. Variations in clothing insulation and other thermal comfort parameters were seen both with difference in elevation and with outdoor environmental conditions.

Field of study: Engineering
Inner city leisure resources

Research into urban leisure is a response to various developments: more free time, the revaluation of urban areas, changing characteristics of the urban population and awareness of unused leisure resources. Dutch leisure policy features both sector planning and facet planning. Leisure opportunities in inner cities are based on a variety of facilities: the catering sector, shopping, tourist facilities and historical elements. In recent tourist overall recreational plans the inner city is treated as a leisure product. A further evaluation of inner-city leisure resources is required, especially in historic smaller towns. Several case studies indicate the line of research to be pursued, although a theoretical framework is lacking.

Field of study: Sociology
Relationships Between Traumatic Life Events, Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies, and Somatic Complaints

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between traumatic life events, specific cognitive emotion regulation strategies, and present somatic complaints. The sample consisted of 465 adults from the general population. The participants filled in online self-report questionnaires with regard to somatic complaints (SCL-90), cognitive emotion regulation strategies (CERQ) and traumatic life events. Multiple regression analysis was performed to study the relationships. The results showed that present somatic complaints were significantly related to the reporting of past negative events (such as loss and maltreatment) that still produce strong and negative feelings in the present. Somatic complaints were also significantly related to a more frequent use of maladaptive cognitive coping strategies, such as blaming oneself, ruminating, and catastrophizing about negative life events. Inquiring about unresolved traumatic memories and coping strategies can help guide a clinicians’ approach to managing patients with somatic complaints that have no clear medical explanation.

Field of study: Psychology
Immobilized metal ion affinity systems for recovery and structure function studies of proteins at molecular, supramolecular and the cellular levels

Immobilized metal-ion affinity (IMA) adsorption is a collective term that is used to include all kinds of adsorptions where the metal ion serves as the characteristic and most essential part of adsorption center. Of all the IMA techniques, immobilized metal-affinity chromato graphy (IMAC) has been gaining popularity as the choice of purification technique for proteins. IMAC represents a separation technique that is primarily useful for proteins with natural surface exposed-histidine residues and for recombinant proteins with engineered histidine tag. This review also gives insight into other nonchromatographic applications of IMA adsorption such as immobilized metal-ion affinity gel electrophoresis (IMAGE), immobilized metal-ion affinity capillary electrophoresis (IMACE), and immobilized metal-ion affinity partitioning (IMAP).

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Measuring geographic inequities in the Portuguese health care system: an estimation of hospital care needs.

Portugal created a NHS to achieve greater equity of access to health care. Successive governments continued to assert the importance of equity in the face of evidence of inequities in supply of hospital resources, but lacked methods to provide sound information on the degree of inequities in Portugal and hence how to achieve greater equity. Capitation formulae have been increasingly used in other countries with a NHS to measure geographical inequities and allocate resources to reduce them. The main objective of this paper was to develop a capitation formula to measure need for hospital care for the Portuguese system by transferring this technology from methods used in other countries, and, in particular, in England. We find, however, problems with the common use of standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) as a measure of need and found age-specific mortality ratios to offer more soundly-based estimates. We also raise questions on the use of empirical estimates of utilisation of health care by age and sex as they appear to reflect inadequacies of health care in Portugal. We also believe it is important to improve knowledge of health insurance and care outside the NHS. Our results show that there are considerable inequities on the distribution of hospital resources in Portugal.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
“Ungainefull Arte”: Poetry, Patronage, and Print in the Early Modern Era. Richard A. McCabe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. xiv + 376 pp. $110.

tories produced by early printers” (169). The differences rather than continuities between scribal and print culture are brought to the fore in this final chapter as Tonry advances a carefully nuanced argument about how “the logic of print” (209) seems to have inflected the development of historiographical modes. Agency and Intention in English Print draws fresh attention to a number of littleknown texts and early editions. As Tonry herself puts it, it is a work that peers into “the neglected corners and crannies of early English print” (16) to offer a range of new insights. It will undoubtedly prove useful to those researching the earliest decades of English print culture, especially those scholars with interests in the production and circulation of religious books or the intersections between England’s first printers and London’s mercantile classes.

Field of study: History
Integrating conservation and development: incorporating vulnerability into biodiversity-assessment of areas

Protection of regional biodiversity requires that priority for protection of individual areas be based on both the contribution the area can make to representing overall biodiversity and the degree to which the area, in the absence of action, is vulnerable to loss of its biodiversity. Attempts to apply these criteria together largely have been ad hoc. A solution to this problem is presented for environmental surrogate data, based on ‘environmental diversity’ (ED). ED uses a standard ecological continuum model to link environmental pattern to species-level biodiversity, so that a set of areas can be characterized by its relative expected biodiversity. This allows explicit incorporation of estimates of area-vulnerability, interpreted as the relative probability that any member species will not persist, into biodiversity assessments. The contribution of a given area to regional expected biodiversity is influenced not only by its own vulnerability value, but also by the vulnerability of other areas. Increasing the degree of protection of any area (reducing its vulnerability) will increase expected biodiversity: however, expected regional biodiversity sometimes may be maximized when limited resources for protection are directed to an area with lower vulnerability rather than to one with higher vulnerability.The allocation of land uses in a region need not be viewed as an all-or-nothing assignment of protection. The effect of a particular management regime on the biodiversity of a given area can be equated with some consequent degree of vulnerability; viewed positively, a management regime that offers some degree of biodiversity protection can make a measurable contribution to the protection of the biodiversity of a region.

Field of study: Environmental science
Das Aachener Rathaus: Ein Bauwerk als Zeugnis europäischer Geschichte, Band 2: Die repräsentative Umgestaltung im Barock und Rokoko. Georg K. Helg. Scriptorum Carolinum 4.2. Aachen: Geymüller, 2016. 276 pp. €59.

artworks themselves could be interpreted as supporting either cause. “Rembrandt’s World,” chapter 4, brings a dual focus: on the place in the world of the Dutch as a nation (including the horrors of Dutch-abetted slavery in the New World) and on Rembrandt’s personal world, including the inner world suggested through his series of self-portraits. Silver balances discussion of the social context of Rembrandt’s life and art admirably throughout these chapters, and the thematic approach allows him to consider works of art from different aspects, adding to the depth of presentation. The highlights remain those passages where he describes specific paintings and prints (and a few drawings). Here Silver’s lucid prose and engaged eye help bring these works to vivid life, especially important in the many cases where works are discussed but not illustrated. Rembrandt’s Holland is a welcome and refreshing addition to the vast scholarly literature on the artist, offering an accessible, well-rounded picture of Rembrandt, his art, and his society.

Field of study: History
Contrasting Networks for Recognition Memory and Recency Memory Revealed by Immediate-Early Gene Imaging in the Rat

The expression of the immediate-early gene c-fos was used to compare networks of activity associated with recency memory (temporal order memory) and recognition memory. In Experiment 1, rats were first familiarized with sets of objects and then given pairs of different, familiar objects to explore. For the recency test group, each object in a pair was separated by 110 min in the time between their previous presentations. For the recency control test, each object in a pair was separated by less than a 1 min between their prior presentations. Temporal discrimination of the objects correlated with c-fos activity in the recency test group in several sites, including area Te2, the perirhinal cortex, lateral entorhinal cortex, as well as the dentate gyrus, hippocampal fields CA3 and CA1. For both the test and control conditions, network models were derived using structural equation modeling. The recency test model emphasized serial connections from the perirhinal cortex to lateral entorhinal cortex and then to the CA1 subfield. The recency control condition involved more parallel pathways, but again highlighted CA1 within the hippocampus. Both models contrasted with those derived from tests of object recognition (Experiment 2), because stimulus novelty was associated with pathways from the perirhinal cortex to lateral entorhinal cortex that then involved both the dentate gyrus (and CA3) and CA1 in parallel. The present findings implicate CA1 for the processing of familiar stimuli, including recency discriminations, while the dentate gyrus and CA3 pathways are recruited when the perirhinal cortex signals novel stimuli.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Spiritual issues in counseling : Clients' beliefs and preferences

The current study assessed psychotherapy clients' beliefs about the appropriateness of discussing religious and spiritual concerns in counseling, clients' preferences for such discussion, and identified explanatory variables for these beliefs and preferences. These variables were assessed using the Client Attitudes toward Spirituality in Therapy survey; the Index of Spiritual Experiences (J. D. Kass, R. Friedman, J. Leserman, P. C. Zuttermeister, & H. Benson, 1991); the Expectations About Counsel-ing-Brief Form (H. E. A. Tinsley, 1982); the Religious scale of the Counseling Appropriateness Check List (R. Warman, 1960); the Socially Desirable Response Set-5 Scale (R. D. Hays, T. Hayashi, & A. L. Stewart, 1989); and the Religion Section of the Mooney Problem Check List-Adult Form (L. V. Gordon & R. L. Mooney, 1950). Clients believed religious concerns were appropriate for discussion in counseling and had a preference for discussing spiritual and religious issues in counseling. Spiritual experience was the most potent variable for explaining preferences for discussing spiritual issues. Implications and limitations of the study are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Heterosis Utilization of Hybrid Cotton (G. hirsutum×G. barbadence) in South Guangxi

On the basis of the adequate photothermal resource of south Guangxi,to provide a reference for choosing elite hybrid cotton and using its perennial cultivation.Studied the growth development,yield and quality of hybrid cotton(G.hirsutum×G.barbadence),and compared the main traits between annual and biennial island cotton and hybrid cotton(G.hirsutum ×G.barbadence).The main results were as follows:(1) comparing with upland cotton and island cotton,hybrid cotton(G.hirsutum ×G.barbadence) had higher emergence rate,faster growing speed,stronger body,higher yield,better fiber quality,and their growth stages were longer than upland cotton and shorter than island cotton;(2) the lint yield of the biennial cotton was 64.97% to 94.11% higher than the annual and there was no remarkable difference in fiber quality between them.It was concluded that hybrid cotton(G.hirsutum×G.barbadence) and its perennial cultivation have a good application prospect in south Guangxi.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Carbon photoassimilation by sharply stratified phototrophic communities at the chemocline of Lake Arcas (Spain)

Three populations of phototrophic microorganisms were found closely stratified in the chemocline of the holomictic Lake Arcas. Cryptomonas spp. reached a maximum population density in microaerobic waters above dense plates of Oscillatoria cf. ornata and Chromatium weissei, whose maxima were found in the deeper sulfide-rich waters. High photoassimilation rates were found during the stratification period at the chemocline (up to 197.63 mg C m−3 h−1), especially at depths at which maximal densities of prokaryotic phototrophs were located, whereas much lower values were observed in the mixed zone of the lake. Despite these high rates, the contribution of carbon photoassimilation at the chemocline level accounted for only 16.2–18.3% of the photosynthetic assimilation of the whole lake in the stratification period, due to the narrowness of the depth range in which these populations were active. Moreover, in situ oxygenic photosynthesis took place at sulfide concentrations of about 0.1 mM. The photosynthesis vs. irradiance curve shows that these microorganisms were light limited, but their light-harvesting complexes allowed them to utilize the wavelengths which are relatively more concentrated in the dim light reaching the chemocline.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Reliable Scheduling Algorithm for Time-constrained Grid Workflow

Scheduling scientific workflow which can satisfy deadline constraint is a complicated problem because of the dynamicity of Grid resource.Various strategies were proposed,including static heuristic scheduling strategies and reservation strategies.However,the existing scheduling strategies can not provide guarantee for deadline because of lacking efficient evaluation for dynamic service capacity of resource.Birth-death process was utilized to describe the change of numbers of process unit in a resource node.A novel evaluation method of resource capacity based on stochastic service model was proposed in the paper.Then,aimed at workflow scheduling with deadline constraint,a reliability enhanced scheduling algorithm was presented.The results of extensive simulation experiments show that the proposed algorithm outperforms DSESAW and PFAS,with respect to guarantee deadline and adaptability to dynamic Grid environment.

Field of study: Computer science
Conductivity of liquid metals

The conductivity of a liquid metal is calculated by a Greenwood-Peierls-formula. For the two-electron Green's function a Bethe-Salpeter-equation is derived and approximately solved. The solution, satisfying Ward-identities, gives an extension of Ziman's formula to higher order perturbation theory. Special higher order terms are discussed showing an unusual dependence on the structure factor.

Field of study: Physics
MECHANICAL BEHAVIORS OF CRYSTALLINE-AMORPHOUS NANOLAMINATES BASED ON STRAIN GRADIENT DISLOCATION THEORY

Crystalline-amorphous nanolaminates exhibit superior mechanical properties such as high strength and good ductility. For quantitative analysis the mechanical behaviors of crystalline-amorphous nanolaminate, a model based on the special statistically stored dislocations density and strain gradient was proposed. At the outset of the plastic deformation, dislocations are nucleated from the crystalline-amorphous interfaces. Then, dislocations glide across the crystal layer and are absorbed by the opposite crystalline-amorphous interface. Due to the different properties and interplay between the crystalline phase and amorphous phase, the corresponding dislocation evolution behavior in crystalline phase and the interface failure was analyzed. The calculation results are in agreement with experimental results and the interface of crystalline-amorphous nanolaminate can avoid stress concentrations that lead to fracture failure.

Field of study: Engineering
The discriminative stimulus properties of acute ethanol withdrawal (hangover) in rats.

Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to discriminate pentylenetetrazole (PTZ, 15 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) from saline (SAL) under a drug discrimination procedure. Test sessions were conducted with 10 randomly selected subjects. Tests with various doses of PTZ resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the percentage of total session responses emitted on the PTZ-appropriate lever without a significant change in response rates across a wide range of test PTZ doses. Rats did not generalize the PTZ stimulus to ethanol (ETOH) up to ETOH test doses that completely suppressed responding. High acute ETOH doses (2, 3, and 4 g/kg) administered at various time points prior to discrimination test sessions engendered responding on the PTZ-appropriate level in a quantitative fashion, that was dose- and time-dependent. This acute ETOH delayed effect from these high doses replicates our previously published study using a Drug 1-Drug 2 discrimination task with Chlordiazepoxide and PTZ. More importantly, we suggest that the present behavioral assay may be a sensitive animal analogue of human "hangover" phenomena.

Field of study: Medicine
Comparison of formaldehyde measurements by Hantzsch, CRDS and DOAS in the SAPHIR chamber

Three instruments that use different techniques to measure gaseous formaldehyde ( HCHO ) concentrations were compared in experiments in the atmospheric simulation chamber SAPHIR at Forschungszentrum Julich. One instrument (AL4021, Aero-Laser GmbH) detects HCHO using the wet-chemical Hantzsch reaction (for efficient gas-phase stripping), chemical conversion and fluorescence measurement. An internal HCHO permeation source allows for daily calibrations. This instrument was characterized by sulfuric acid titration (overall accuracy 8.6 %) and yields measurements with a time resolution of 90  s and a limit of detection (3 σ ) of 0.3  ppbv . In addition, a new commercial instrument that makes use of cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) determined the concentrations of HCHO , water vapour, and methane (G2307, Picarro, Inc.). Its limit of detection (3 σ ) is specified as 0.3  ppbv for an integration time of 300  s , and its accuracy is limited by the drift of the zero signal (manufacturer specification 1.5  ppbv ). A custom-built high-resolution laser differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) instrument provided HCHO measurements with a limit of detection (3 σ ) of 0.9  ppbv and an accuracy of 7 %​​​​​​​ using an optical multiple reflection cell. The measurements were conducted from June to December 2019 in experiments in which either ambient air flowed through the chamber or the photochemical degradation of organic compounds in synthetic air was investigated. Measured HCHO concentrations were up to 8  ppbv . Various mixtures of organic compounds, water vapour, nitrogen oxides and ozone were present in these experiments. Results demonstrate the need to correct the baseline in measurements performed by the Hantzsch instrument to compensate for drifting background signals. Corrections were equivalent to HCHO mixing ratios in the range of 0.5–1.5  ppbv . The baseline of the CRDS instrument showed a linear dependence on the water vapour mixing ratio with a slope of ( - 11.20 ± 1.60 )  ppbv  % −1 below and ( - 0.72 ± 0.08 )  ppbv  % −1 above a water vapour mixing ratio of 0.2 %. In addition, the intercepts of these linear relationships drifted within the specification of the instrument (1.5  ppbv ) over time but appeared to be equal for all water mixing ratios. Regular zero measurements are needed to account for the changes in the instrument zero. After correcting for the baselines of measurements by the Hantzsch and the CRDS instruments, linear regression analysis of measurements from all three instruments in experiments with ambient air indicated good agreement, with slopes of between 0.98 and 1.08 and negligible intercepts (linear correlation coefficients R2>0.96 ). The new small CRDS instrument measures HCHO with good precision and is accurate if the instrument zero is taken into account. Therefore, it can provide measurements with similar accuracy to the DOAS instrument but with slightly reduced precision compared to the Hantzsch instrument.

Field of study: Environmental science
Environments for VLSI and software engineering

A description of environments for VLSI and software development is provided. Many similarities exist because of the common difficulties of building complex systems in either software or hardware. These similarities include support for the complete system life cycle as well as the differences, e.g., the overwhelming need for simulation aids in the VLSI design domain. Development environments of the future will have to be able to support both disciplines because distinctions between the two continue to disappear, and because large systems need to incorporate both hardware and software components in their designs.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering