nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Review: The Influence of Inorganic Nano-modifiers on Anti-aging Properties of Bitumen

In order to adapt to complex and severe climate change, the increasing traffic flow, and axial load, researchers devoted themselves to producing the bitumens which have excellent aging resistance, high temperature stability, low temperature crack resistance. All kinds of anti-aging inorganic nanomaterials, which contain nano-TiO2, nano-ZnO, nanoclay, etc., light stabilizer and antioxidants have been the focus of considerable research. Through the introduction of different anti-ageing inorganic nanomaterial’s research status and the elaboration of its mechanism, this paper summarizes the research achievements of various anti-aging inorganic nano-modifiers used in bitumen modification. Based on the research outcome so far, this paper analyzes dispersion and compatibility of anti-aging materials in asphalt and looks forward to the future development of the technology of ageing prevention for bitumen.

Field of study: Engineering
Local Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of EN AW 6082 Aluminium Alloy Processed via ECAP–Conform Technique

An ultrafine-grained EN AW 6082 aluminum alloy was prepared by continuous serve plastic deformation (i.e., thermo-mechanical equal channel angular pressing (ECAP)–Conform process). A miniaturized tensile testing technique was used for estimating local mechanical properties with the aim to reveal the inhomogeneity of elastic and plastic properties in a workpiece volume. These inhomogeneities may appear due to the irregular shear strain distribution in a Conformed wire. Miniaturized samples for tensile testing were cut from the Conformed workpiece. Elongation of miniaturized samples was measured with a 2D digital image correlation technique as the optical extensometer. Tensile test characteristics, such as the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength, were consequently compared with results of conventional and hardness tests. The microstructure of Conformed bars was studied in the cross-section perpendicular and parallel to the extrusion direction using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis. The microstructure of samples exhibits pronounced inhomogeneity, which is reflected by the hardness and tensile test results. Estimated distinctions between peripheral and central parts of the Conformed wires are probably a consequence of the significant strain differences realized in the upper and bottom wire parts.

Field of study: Materials science
Bajada de rahue, province of neuquen, Argentina: an interstadial deposit in northern Patagonia

Pollen and diatom analyses of a radiocarbon dated lacustrine section in the temperate Andean region of Argentina (Rahue, Province Neuquen) suggest interglacial type climatic conditions between 27,000 and 33,000 yr B.P., with environments that resemble the modern conditions at the locality. This finding correlates with a woodland record from central Chile, interpreted as reflecting conditions substantially warmer and drier prior to 27,000 yr B.P. than during the following full-glacial period. It also appears to relate to the global paleoclimatic scheme derived from deep-sea records, suggesting interhemispheric synchroneity of such broad-scale palaeoclimatic phases.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Does experience improve hospital performance in treating patients with AIDS?

This paper examines how experience affects hospital performance in treating patients with AIDS. The most common life-threatening medical complication of AIDS is Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). Studies of patients with PCP demonstrate that patients who received care at hospitals that were more experienced with AIDS had lower immediate mortality. These higher volume medical facilities did not use more resources but used resources more efficiently and provided better medical care. Better outcomes for experienced providers suggest three policy implications for improving quality of patient care: (1) create regionalized centers where large numbers of patients with a particular illness are treated; (2) encourage low volume providers to rapidly increase their experience; or (3) establish targeted educational programs for low volume providers. Historical review of experience with other medical problems such as tuberculosis indicate that one policy option, creating regional medical centers, did not have the desired effect of better patient outcomes. These facts support policies to provide targeted educational programs and opportunities for low volume facilities to rapidly increase their familiarity with AIDS. Outcomes could be improved by such policies.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Isolation of mouse vomeronasal receptor genes and their co-localization with specific G-protein messenger RNAs.

Four mouse vomeronasal receptors (mV1Rs) have been isolated by similarity to rat vomeronasal receptor (V1R) motifs. The four mV1Rs identified in this study are members of two distinct subfamilies. Specific in situ hybridization probes (ISH) derived from the 3' non-coding regions of the mV1R genes, were used to detect expression of a single receptor and probes from the homologous coding regions were used to detect expression of subfamily members. The ISH results showed that the mV1Rs expressing neurons were scattered in the middle/upper layer of the vomeronasal organ (VNO) sensory epithelium in serial VNO sections but were excluded from the deeper layers of the VNO sensory epithelium and these neurons were found to co-express the mRNA for the G-protein Galphai2, and were distinct from the deeper layers of the VNO sensory epithelium where the mRNA for Galphao positive neurons was located.

Field of study: Biology
Resedimented volcaniclastics in the Carmanville area, northeastern Newfoundland—depositional remnants of Early Palaeozoic oceanic islands

The olistostromal Carmanville ophiolitic mClange of northeastern Newfoundland contains two extensive mafic volcanic and volcaniclastic rafts (4 km x 1 km, 11 km X 7 krn), which were previously interpreted as an assemblage of lavas and pyroclastics. These rafts are ? Upper Cambrian - Arenigian in age and, prior to tectonic transport and subsequent resedimentation and incorporation into the submarine slides (olistostromes) of the Carmanville ophiolitic mClange, were originally deposited on the slopes of a volcanic edifice (volcanic islands). The primary sedimentation history and depositional environment of the volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks are examined in detail. Four volcaniclastic facies are now recognized (facies 14), each differentiated on the basis of megascopic descriptive and genetic criteria. The essential characteristics of each facies are described in detail. These facies essentially represent shallow-water mafic volcanic material resedimented into a deeper water submarine slope or fan valley system by mass-emplacement depositional mechanisms, which included debris, turbidity, and possibly fluidized sediment flows. Normal contour-following bottom currents could possibly have been responsible for depositing or at least reworking some of the volcaniclastic siltstones of facies 3. Facies 1-4 were introduced into a deeper water environment itself characterized by the formation of massive and pillowed lavas and their hyaloclastic equivalents (facies 5) envisaged as the end product of deposition from submarine seamounts and guyots.

Field of study: Environmental science
Remarks on Cohomological Hall algebras and their representations

The aim of this paper is to discuss a class of representations of Cohomological Hall algebras related to the notion of framed stable object of a category. The paper is an extended version of the talk the author gave at the workshop on Donaldson–Thomas invariants at the University Paris-7 in June 2013 and at the conference “Algebra, Geometry, Physics” dedicated to Maxim Kontsevich (June 2014, IHES). Because of the origin of the paper it contains more speculations than proofs.

Field of study: Mathematics
Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Independent School Teacher Development Inventory

In this study the author examined the psychometrics of an instrument, the Independent School Teacher Development Inventory, designed to assess the professional learning opportunities in U.S. independent schools. The inventory was sent to 3,422 independent school administrators and of these, 2,474 returned completed surveys. Exploratory factor analysis performed on a randomly assigned half of the sample (n = 1237) suggested that the Independent School Teacher Development Inventory comprises 5 factors: traditional, content, coherence, duration, and active learning/collaboration. Confirmatory factor analysis performed on the second half of the sample provided additional support for a 5-factor structure of the inventory. The Independent School Teacher Development Inventory is a promising tool for assessing professional development practices in independent schools, and further research is warranted to determine whether it may be appropriate for use in public schools.

Field of study: Education
Free-living rodents as bioindicators of genetic risk in natural protected areas

A study was carried out in the south of the Iberian Peninsula in an industrial area (Huelva city) and in two natural areas (‘Reserva Biologica de Donana’ in Donana National Park and ‘Isla Cristina’ Marshland Natural Park), located windward and leeward of the industrial area, to estimate genetic risk induced by environmental pollution in wild mice. Mutagenetic effects in Algerian mice (Mus spretus) free living in the industrial area and the range of contamination on other populations of the same species living in the two natural protected areas, were investigated. Micronucleus test on bone marrow and peripheral blood was used to detect genetic alterations. A statistically significant increase in the frequency of micronuclei was observed in animals from the industrial area and from the Donana Biological Reserve in comparison with those from ‘Isla Cristina’ marshlands. The results suggest that the mutagenicity level in natural populations living in protected areas should be controlled, and wild mice could be used as key organisms in pollution monitoring and environmental conservation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Data Network Simulation; Experiments at the National Physical Laboratory 1968-76

This paper presents a broad survey of packet-switched data network simulation experiments at the National Physical Laboratory during the years 1968–1976. Reference is made to several operating protocols, including the isarithmic method of flow control. The effects of various network enhancements and of several types of component failure are studied. Initial results of a study of hierarchical networks are reported.

Field of study: Computer science
Theoretical performance analysis of a new hybrid air conditioning system with two-stage energy recovery in cold winter

Energy recovery technologies can effectively improve the energy efficiency of air-conditioning systems and significantly reduce building energy consumption. In this paper, a parametric analysis and energy-saving potential evaluation for a new hybrid air conditioning system (HAC) is carried out theoretically based on developed models. The proposed HAC incorporates into a conventional mechanical vapor compression air conditioning system with an independent fresh air conditioner which is composed of a network of heat exchangers, including a packed bed and three air-water finned coils. Under cold winter climate, in the fresh air conditioner, a packed bed is coupled with a water-air heat exchange coil to form a total energy recovery loop. A run-around sensible energy recovery loop is also integrated in the system to produce a two-stage energy recovery effect. Moreover, a sprayer is installed upstream of the two-stage energy recovery process for fresh air humidification, and a fresh air recirculation duct is equipped for frost-free operation. In the parametric analysis, four independent affecting parameters are included: the air-to-water heat capacity ratio, the indoor temperature, the ambient temperature, and the ratio of recirculation fresh air. The energy-saving potential of the HAC is also evaluated for applications in seven typical cities located in middle-lower Yangtze River region of China over the winter period (December, January and February). The results show that compared with the conventional system with electric humidification, the HAC has an average energy saving rate of 44.0%, and its average power saving per hour is 13.41 W m−2.

Field of study: Engineering
Lithofacies relationships in a late Quaternary gravel and loess fan delta complex, New Zealand

Coastal cliffs up to 70 m high provide a nearly continuous section along depositional strike of a small Quaternary fan delta complex south of Conway Flat, north Canterbury, New Zealand. A gentle northeasterly dip permits observation of all facies of the complex, from the offshore prodelta to an emergent interdeltaic embayment facies showing beds with abundant rhizoliths, and in situ roots and stumps of large 8000-yr old podocarp trees. Coarse gravels derived from the Hawkeswood Range (650 m high), 5 km west of the sea cliffs, were transporte largely by debris flow processes into the Pacific Ocean towards the Conway Trough (800 m deep), 10 km to the east of the cliffs. Narrow (up to 1 km wide) Gilbert-type gravel deltas built elongate lobes into channels created by slumping and sediment gravity flows which deeply incised muddy prodelta deposits. Between the fan deltas, embayment facies are dominated by loessial sediment with sand:silt:clay ratios of about 7:68:25; thin sand beds are present. Prodelta sediments also are composed largely of redeposited loess. Loessial sediment came from the distant glaciated Southern Alps, transported both in air and along major rivers that produced broad plumes of suspended sediment in the ocean which were carried northwards by the prevailing longshore currents. Laterally adjoining the fan delta lobes, on several wave-cut benches within them, and scattered in the distal embayment facies are winnowed wave-sorted bars of fine gravel and sand. The proximal embayment facies includes sparse, poorly sorted, gravelly storm bars, gravelly fluvial crevasse deposits, and shallow broad tidal channel filled with loessial sediment and fine sand. Well-displayed trace fossils permit close correlation of ichnofacies with lithofacies and extend paleoenvironmental interpretation in this young deposit. Trace fossil associations and interpretations are described in the following paper in this journal.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
A New Design Method of Automatic Adjustment System for High-low Beams of Intelligent Vehicle

To solve the traffic safety problems of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and improve the operational efficiency of road transportation, a new automatic adjustment system for high-low beams of intelligent vehicle is designed. Automatic adjustment systems for vehicle high-low beams can automatically adjust the light state of vehicle headlights, but at present most of them are only limited to vehicle’s meeting or overtaking situation, rarely involved in other driving states. Based on analyzing the changes of operating parameters of vehicles when driving in the curve, the new automatic adjustment system for high-low beams is especially designed for this state. It contains three kinds of sensors and ECU control technology. Through presetting computer control algorithm, the new system will automatically adjust high-low beams when vehicle is driving in or out of the curve. It can improve driver's vision, reduce driving fatigue, provide a new field for the application domain of automatic adjustment systems for intelligent vehicle high-low beams and have a great development prospect for ITS or AVCS.

Field of study: Engineering
Liquid/air partition coefficients of acetaldehyde: values and limitations in estimating blood concentrations from analysis of breath.

We report liquid/air partition coefficients for dilute solutions of acetaldehyde in water, saline (0.9% wt/vol NaCl), human plasma, and corn oil. Equilibrium was studied at 34 degrees C and 37 degrees C with various concentrations of acetaldehyde in the liquid phases. At 37 degrees C, the liquid/air partition ratios for water, saline, plasma, and oil were 143 +/- 7.1, 132 +/- 6.6, 183 +/- 3.6, and 64 +/- 9.9 (mean +/- SE), respectively. At 34 degrees C, all the values were higher and the temperature coefficients of solubility were 3.7%, 3.3%, and 4.0% per 1 degree C for water, saline, and plasma solutions of acetaldehyde, respectively. The partition coefficients were independent of the concentration of acetaldehyde in the liquids, and the solubility was higher in water than in oil. The results are discussed with emphasis on the usefulness of expired breath as a biological specimen for the quantitative determination of acetaldehyde.

Field of study: Medicine
Monsanto and Intellectual Property in South America by Felipe Amin Filomeno (review)

In Chapter 3, on television, the author explores the use of television by both government and artists as a means to communicate messages to the masses. While the military was promoting its highly controlled image of a unified Brazil to televisions in even the most remote households, artists such as Sonia Andrade and Paulo Herkenhoff used the medium as a mechanism in their video art. Finally, in the chapter on maps, Shtromberg analyzes works that investigate spatial boundaries and cartography. In tracing the history of maps of Brazil back to the colonial period, the author underscores the negative effects of different governments’ exploitative interests on different populations and broader notions of territorial identity, and how artists working in the 1970s challenged those interests.

Field of study: History
ELEMENTARY STEPS OF HYDROGEN EVOLUTION REACTION AT A GOLD ELECTRODE IN AQUEOUS SULFURIC ACID

The rate and overvoltage of the constituent elementary steps of the hydrogen evolution reaction at a gold electrode in aqueous sulfuric acid were determined by means of a galvanostatic transient method together with a conventional steady state polarization method. It was concluded that the reaction proceeded through the discharge of hydrated proton which was followed by the recombination of adsorbed hydrogen atoms and the overvoltage of the former step was caused by the free charge on the electrode surface and that of the latter was attributed to the decrease in the electronic work function caused by the adsorbed hydrogen atoms.

Field of study: Chemistry
Swap and Rotate: Lightweight linear layers for SPN-based blockciphers

In CHES 2017, Jean et al. presented a paper on “Bit-Sliding” in which the authors proposed lightweight constructions for SPN based block ciphers like AES, PRESENT and SKINNY. The main idea behind these constructions was to reduce the length of the datapath to 1 bit and to reformulate the linear layer for these ciphers so that they require fewer scan flip-flops (which have built-in multiplexer functionality and so larger in area as compared to a simple flip-flop). In this paper, we develop their idea even further in few separate directions. First, we prove that given an arbitrary linear transformation, it is always possible to construct the linear layer using merely 2 scan flip-flops. This points to an optimistic venue to follow to gain further GE reductions, yet the straightforward application of the techniques in our proof to PRESENT and GIFT leads to inefficient implementations of the linear layer, as reducing ourselves to 2 scan flip-flops setting requires thousands of clock cycles and leads to very high latency. Equipped with the well-established formalism on permutation groups, we explore whether we can reduce the number of clock cycles to a practical level, i.e. few hundreds, by adding few more pairs of scan flip flops. For PRESENT, we show that 4 (resp. 8, 12) scan flip-flops are sufficient to complete the permutation layer in 384 (resp. 256, 128) clock cycles. For GIFT, we show that 4 (resp. 8, 10) scan flip flops correspond to 320 (resp. 192, 128) clock cycles. Finally, in order to provide the best of the two worlds (i.e. circuit area and latency), we push our scan flip-flop choices even further to completely eliminate the latency incurred by the permutation layer, without compromising our stringent GE budget. We show that not only 12 scan flip flops are sufficient to execute PRESENT permutation in 64 clock cycles, but also the same scan flip flops can be used readily in a combined encryption decryption circuit. Our final design of PRESENT and GIFT beat the record of Jean et al. and Banik et al. in both latency and in circuit-size metric. We believe that the techniques presented in our work can also be used at choosing bit-sliding-friendly linear layer permutations for the future SPN-based designs.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Fourier Analysis of Zooecial Shapes in Fossil Tubular Bryozoans

Fourier harmonic amplitudes provide exact characterization of the cross-sectional morphology of fossil tubular bryozoans. The Fourier method resolves a complex zooecial shape into multiple shape components (harmonics), which can be treated as individual morphologic variables. Shape elongation caused by varying zooecial orientation affects only the value of the second harmonic. Fourier harmonic coefficients reveal small changes in model shapes involving different numbers of neighboring zooecia, thickening of zooecial walls, and acanthopore variation. The number (between three and six) of neighboring zooecia controls the gross zooecial shape, as reflected in the third to the sixth harmonic. The sixth harmonic reflects the closest packing of zooecia within a colony, and its mean correlates with the colonial growth form and number of mesopores. Monticules represent the budding centers of a colony: zooecial chambers decrease in maximum diameter and become more densely packed away from the monticules. Ontogenetic changes, from the budding of new zooids to the closest packing of mature individuals, involve variation in gross zooecial form, revealed in the amplitudes of the second to the sixth harmonic. Harmonics above the sixth reflect small-scale sculpturing of the zooecial margin. The mean harmonics of different taxa suggest that Fourier values can be used for multivariate phenetic differentiation. The mean spectra of different growth forms indicate that variation in the second and sixth harmonics results from ontogenetic differences and nonmutational response to external stresses. Comparison of intrageneric variability and intracolonial variability shows that the second and sixth harmonics vary more widely among genetically identical individuals than among evolving taxa, even though the morphologies they reflect have been used as major bio-characters in bryozoan systematics. The higher numbered harmonics, especially the seventh, carry evolutionary information.

Field of study: Geology