nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Can the IUCN criteria be effectively applied to peripheral isolated plant populations?

The IUCN criteria 2001 are considered one of the best methods to evaluate species extinction risk at the global and regional levels. The aim of this work is to test the applicability of the IUCN criteria to peripheral isolated plant populations (PIPPs). PIPPs have been a topic of scientific debate in Conservation Biology for about 15 years and international conventions such as ESPC address the issue of their conservation. Conservation measures often rely on Red Lists based on IUCN criteria, but there is little evidence supporting their application to PIPPs. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that PIPPs’ intrinsic restricted range and rarity lead to the overestimation of their extinction risk. We compared and analyzed four IUCN criteria (A, B, C, D), considering 17 species with PIPPs in different Italian administrative regions. Special attention must be given to the spatial scale at which PIPPs are assessed, the evaluation of the threats affecting the populations, and their decline. PIPPs should not be assessed within political boundaries and we propose a new area designation that better corresponds to the characteristics of PIPPs.  B is strongly biased by restricted range and overestimates the extinction risk of PIPPs, particularly when the population decline is only suspected and not observed. In this case, criterion D more accurately assesses the status of PIPPs.  A is also suitable for assessing PIPPs, because it is not affected by their phytogeographic rarity. The proposed statements could also be valid for the global assessment of narrow endemic species.

Field of study: Environmental science
Experimental pure fluid and binary mixture performance in a heat pump equipped with a distillation column.

An experimental heat pump system that included a distillation column, accumulator/sump, and heater was experimentally investigated using two different working fluids, R32 and a mixture of R32/134a. Performance variations with changes in sump heater power, condenser and evaporator heat transfer fluid flow, and compressor speed were examined. Heating capacity generally increased with increases in the factors tested. Heating capacity increases were generally smaller with the R32/134a tests than with the R32 tests, except with variations in sump heater power. An increase in sump heater power caused a pronounced increase in the circulating R32 concentration during the mixture tests, and the heating capacity increased markedly. The increase in heating capacity with sump heater power during the R32/134a tests was on par with the increase with compressor power during these same tests. The increase in capacity with sump heater power during the R32/134a tests also was substantial even when compared with the capacity increase with compressor speed during the R32 tests.

Field of study: Engineering
TU‐C‐141‐01: The Development of a Set of Deformable Thermoplastic Materials That Mimic Tissue for Kilovoltage and Megavoltage Computed Tomography

To construct a phantom designed to test deformable image registration algorithms, by developing a set of deformable thermoplastic materials that mimic tissue for both kilovoltage and megavoltage computed tomography.  A material formulation was developed to represent muscle, water, and adipose using two polyurethanes capable of deforming in boiling water to produce anatomical deformations. The CT Hounsfield Units (HU) were tuned by doping the polyurethanes with a primary additive to increase the HU and a secondary additive to decrease it. To mimic actual bone, a plastic mixture whose HU was controlled by a tertiary additive was formulated to remain rigid in boiling water. A phantom prototype representing a central sagittal head and neck slice was constructed using the optimized materials. To ensure the phantom was anthropomorphic, its geometry was designed by contouring the major anatomical sites of a patient. The phantom was constructed so it could be opened along the sagittal midsection where a grid of 300 nonradioopaque markers were placed with 5mm spacing. The grid served as a nonradioopaque means of characterizing the 3D magnitude of a deformation with an optical camera.  The phantom materials were successfully tuned to be both kV and MV compatible and made to represent different tissues. The phantom constructed from these materials exhibited a similar HU contrast to an actual patient and was successfully deformed around the neck section, producing a clinically realistic deformation of several mm in magnitude.  Using the formulated set of materials, an anthropomorphic phantom depicting different tissue types was built and deformed in 3D in a clinically realistic fashion. By measuring the positional changes of the optical markers, the constructed phantom can be used to physically verify deformable image registration algorithms. The work was supported in part by a UC Proof of Concept Program Commercialization Gap Grant.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
A model of data forwarding in MANETs for lightweight detection of malicious packet dropping

This work introduces a model of data forwarding in MANETs which is used for recognizing malicious packet dropping behaviors. First, different legitimate packet discard situations are modeled, such as those generated by collisions, channel errors or mobility related droppings. Second, we propose an anomaly-based IDS system based on an enhanced windowing method to carry out the collection and analysis of selected cross-layer features. Third, a real deployment of the IDS is also considered by suggesting a methodology for the collection of the selected features in a distributed manner. We evaluate our proposal in a simulation framework and the experimental results show a considerable enhancement in detection results when compared with other approaches in the literature. For instance, our scheme shows a 22% improvement in terms of true positives rate and a remarkable 83% improvement in terms of false positives rate when compared to previous well-known statistical solutions. Finally, it is notable the simplicity and lightweightness of the proposal.

Field of study: Computer science
Impact of Basalt Filler and Ceramizable Additives on the Toxicity of Gaseous Products Emitted from Thermal Decomposition of Silicone Rubber Composites

The article illustrates the impact of basalt filler in the form of flakes and fibres on the toxicity of gaseous products that formed during the thermal decomposition of silicone rubber composites. The values of specific emissions of gases were determined with the help of the IR spectroscopy and further applied to calculate the toxicometric index. The presented method of measuring the concentrations of gaseous products resulting from thermal decomposition consists in the application of a fluidised bed reactor, which makes it possible to conduct the decomposition of a sample at a precisely assumed temperature value and imitate the conditions of a real fire. At a temperature lower than 700 °C, the gases resulting from the thermal decomposition of composites are particularly toxic due to the presence of significant concentrations of formaldehyde that does not undergo oxidation to more stable inorganic products. At a temperature of 600 °C the toxicity of gases for the samples with ceramizable additives and without them was similar. In the first case, there appeared to be a positive synergistic effect of mineral and basalt additives, and the basalt additives themselves increased the toxicity of gases. At higher temperatures of decomposition, the exponentially increasing rate of the oxidation reaction in the gaseous phase results in the lack of significant differences between the toxicity of gases for the samples with and without basalt additives. The toxicometric index value at temperatures of 700 °C and 800 °C was by one or two orders of magnitude higher, respectively, than the one that was observed in the temperature range of 500–600 °C, as inorganic components appear in the place of formaldehyde.

Field of study: Materials science
Students on the Barricades: Germany and Austria, 1848

German students in the nineteenth century, like Americans in the twentieth, had periods when serious study was fashionable, other periods when the great thing was collegiate life, rare ones of military enthusiasm, less rare times of romantic artiness, and occasional violent periods of social concern. They went through moods of academic exclusiveness and moods of devotion to the rights of man. Sometimes their reforming zeal was turned toward their own institutions, and sometimes they were out to change the wide world. Sometimes these moods seem to have succeeded each other almost at random, but it is possible to trace a pattern leading up to their highest moment of political involvement, in 1848. It turned out to be the last such moment before 1918, but it was one in which all their passion for liberty and for solidarity with the underprivileged reached a tremendous climax.

Field of study: Political science
Progress in the discovery of novel cytokines from human genome

Cytokines are small secreted proteins that play an important role in physiological and pathological processes. In the field of pharmacological development, cytokine drugs have achieved great success. In 2017, five of the world′s top ten best-selling drugs were inhibitors of cytokines or their receptors. The most innovative and challenging work in cytokine research is the discovery of novel cytokines with important functions and potential druggable prospects. In the post-genome era, a number of novel cytokines have been internationally discovered using reverse biology techniques, and from which, several cytokine drugs have been approved for marketing. This review highlights 10 novel cytokines found in the human genome by the author′s laboratory, including CTRP4, CCDC134, PSMP, VSTM1-v2, FAM3D, TMEM98, CSBF/C10orf99, FAM19A4, FAM19A5 and FAM19A1. Some of them have been shown to have important physiological and pathological functions. Identification of functional receptors, clinical specimen analysis or in vivo animal experiment has been carried out for them, which lays the foundation for further research in their clinical applications. 
 
 
 
Cytokine; Human genome; Reverse

Field of study: Biology
Über die Berechnung der Photoerzeugung von π0 aus Streudaten

The cross section forπ0-production is calculated from the results of the dispersion relation approach ofChew, Goldberger, Low andNambu and compared with the experimental data. The predictions are made using the measured values of all scattering phase shifts. A fit of the theoretical result toσ(90‡) between 260 and 370 MeV givesf2=0,082. There is no systematic deviation from the predictions forσ (90‡) up toEγ=450 MeV. The general behavior of the asymmetry coefficientB is correct. A quantitative comparison which would show the contribution of the unknown electric dipole termN(+) ofChew et al. is only reasonable after the calculation ofB and the measurements have been improved.C/A depends strongly on the small phases up to 240 MeV. The effects of the small phases are pretty large forσ(l50‡) but there is no discrepancy similar to the results forπ+-production above 290 MeV.The formula for the cross section does not reduce to the results of the phenomenological theories ofBrueckner-Watson, Sachs et al. andFeld, if the simplifications made by these authors are taken into account. The origin of the differences is discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Various roles of the reticaloendothelial system

The reticuloendothelial system is the body's defence units, which are situated in every tissue's layer and tissue's folds of the body, and function as one functional unit. Its cellular components have the capacity to move to approach foreign particles by the help of the circulation function or by active amoeboid movements within the tissue, to phagocytose those foreign particles. Some of these cellular components have the capacity to make humoral antibody. Its most important function is to maintain the uniqueness of self, which includes among others: -destruction of foreign particles, -destruction of senile cells of the body, and cancer surveillance.  emperipolesis, bacterial infection - immediate and delayed hypersensitivity- Slow  Reacting Substance of Anaphylaxis - blocking antibody

Field of study: Medicine
Psychometric Properties of Chen, Gully, and Eden's “New General Self-Efficacy Scale” in a Greek Sample

The aim of the present study was to translate and investigate the psychometric properties of the New General Self-Efficacy Scale with a group of 551 Greek children (269 girls, 282 boys; ages 9 to 12 years, Grades 4, 5, and 6). A confirmatory factor analysis was performed which verified the one-factor model. The reliability, validity, and item analysis appeared to be adequate.

Field of study: Psychology
Superbubble dynamics in globular cluster infancy II. Consequences for secondary star formation in the context of self-enrichment via fast rotating massive stars

The self-enrichment scenario for globular clusters (GC) requires large amounts of residual gas after the initial formation of the first stellar generation. Recently, Krause et al. (2012) found that supernovae may not be able to expel that gas, as required to explain their present day gas-free state, and suggested that a sudden accretion on to the dark remnants, at a stage when type II supernovae have ceased, may plausibly lead to fast gas expulsion. Here, we explore the consequences of these results for the self-enrichment scenario via fast rotating massive stars (FRMS). We analyse the interaction of FRMS with the intra-cluster medium (ICM), in particular where, when and how the second generation of stars may form. From the results, we develop a timeline of the first approximately 40 Myr of GC evolution. The results of Paper I imply three phases during which the ICM is in a fundamentally different state, namely the wind bubble phase (lasting 3.5 to 8.8 Myr), the supernova phase (lasting 26.2 to 31.5 Myr), and the dark remnant accretion phase (lasting 0.1 to 4 Myr): (i) Quickly after the first generation massive stars have formed, stellar wind bubbles compress the ICM into thin filaments. No stars may form in the normal way during this phase, due to the high Lyman-Werner flux density. If the first generation massive stars have however equatorial ejections, as we proposed in the FRMS scenario, accretion may resume in the shadow of the equatorial ejecta. The second generation stars may then form due to gravitational instability in these discs that are fed by both the FRMS ejecta and pristine gas. [...]

Field of study: Physics
Slow transit constipation and lower urinary tract dysfunction.

Many theories have been proposed for the coexistence of constipation and lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD), such as bladder compression from a distended rectum and stimulation of sacral reflexes from a full rectum. In these cases, successful treatment of constipation should result in resolution of bladder symptoms. Some children have refractory constipation and others respond well to treatment, but once treatment is discontinued most children relapse back into their constipation. This may indicate the existence of a defect in colon motility, with a persistent peristalsis problem. The existence of a common neuromuscular disorder should be the base for both bladder and bowel dysfunction (BBD).



To study colonic transit time (CTT) in children and adolescents with refractory constipation and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).



A total of 15 children (mean age 9.7 years) with refractory constipation and LUTS were evaluated with: standardized medical history; physical examination; bladder and bowel diaries; Bristol stool scale; Rome III criteria; Dysfunctional Voiding Scoring System (DVSS); ultrasound examination of the kidneys and urinary tract, and measurement of rectal diameter; urodynamic evaluation; and a CTT study using radiopaque markers.



Urodynamic features were abnormal in 13 out of 15 children: 10 (66.7%) presented with detrusor overactivity (DO) and voiding dysfunction (VD), two (16.7%) had isolated DO, and one (8.3%) had a VD. The CTT study was abnormal in 12 out of 15 children: nine (60%) presented with slow transit constipation, three (20%) had outlet obstruction, and three (20%) had a normal CTT study. When comparing CTT and LUTD, nine (100%) children with slow transit constipation (STC) and three (50%) with no STC had DO (P = 0.04). Seven (77.8%) children with STC and three (50%) with no STC had VD (P = 0.29). The DVSS scores ranged from 6 to 21. The subgroup with STC had a DVSS score that was significantly higher than that of the subgroup with noF STC .



The present study showed a high prevalence of STC in children and adolescents with refractory constipation and LUTS. This was in accordance with previous studies that have demonstrated a rate of 50-60% of STC in children with refractory constipation. In addition, DO was found to be associated with STC, which raises the chance for the existence of a common neuromuscular disorder to be the base for both bladder and bowel dysmotility. The limitation of this study was the number of participants.



The present study demonstrated an association between DO and STC.

Field of study: Medicine
An analysis of the innovation and development of parallel bars movements from the perspective of the 38~(th) World Gymnastic Championship

Basing their main objects on the athletes in parallel bars final in the 38th World Gymnastic Championship,the authors analyzed the innovation and development of group D and higher parallel bars movements in the world today,which mainly include swing and turning the body before supporting the body plus swing,bouncing and turning the body 540° after supporting the body,an 114-turn air somersault followed by cranked arm supporting before splitting the legs,two air somersaults after swing the cranked body before hanging the arms plus swing and turning the body 360° followed by handstand before hanging the arms,two air somersaults after backward big circling followed by cranking the body plus Ted Payert directly cranked body followed by a front air somersault;360° backward circling body turning followed by handstand.

Field of study: Education
Experimental analysis of ammonia condensation on smooth and integral-fin titanium tubes

This paper reports on the experimental research conducted to study the condensation of ammonia on smooth and integral-fin (32 fpi) titanium tubes of 19.05 mm outer diameter. Experiments were carried out at saturation temperatures of 30, 35, 40 and 45 °C and wall subcoolings from 1 to 8 °C. The results show that the condensation coefficients on the smooth tubes are well predicted by the Nusselt theory with an average error of +0.66% and within a deviation between −6.6% and +8.3%. The enhancement factors provided by the integral-fin tubes range from 0.77 to 1.22. The low enhancement factors are due to the high condensate retention between fins, which brings about flooded fractions of the tube perimeter from 62.9% to 73.2%, and the low thermal conductivity of titanium. The Briggs and Rose [1994. Effect of fin efficiency on a model for condensation heat transfer on a horizontal, integral-fin tube. ] model, which accounts for the conduction in the fins, predicts the experimental data with a mean overestimation of 20%. The analysis of the partial thermal resistances in the overall heat transfer process points out the convenience of enhancing the outside ammonia condensation when high water velocities are considered inside the tubes.

Field of study: Engineering
Anomalous dose rate effects in gamma irradiated SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors

Low dose rate (LDR) cobalt-60 (0.1 rad(Si)/s) gamma irradiated Silicon Germanium (SiGe) Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors (HBTs) were studied. Comparisons were made with devices irradiated with 300 rad(Si)/s gamma radiation to verify if LDR radiation is a serious radiation hardness assurance (RHA) issue. Almost no LDR degradation was observed in this technology up to 50 krad(Si). The assumption of the presence of two competing mechanisms is justified by experimental results. At low total dose (<20 krad), an anomalous base current decrease was observed which is attributed to self-annealing of deep-level traps to shallower levels. An increase in base current at larger total doses is attributed to radiation induced generation-recombination (G/R) center generation. Experiments on gate-assisted lateral PNP transistors and 2D numerical simulations using MEDICI were used to confirm these assertions.

Field of study: Physics
拉米夫定疗程中YMDD变异前后血清IL-12和TH1/TH2型细胞因子变化及意义

拉米夫定疗程中出现HBV变异的慢性乙型肝炎患者20例,HBV DNA阳性,治疗前HBeAg均阳性,给予拉米夫定100mg/d,分别检测治疗前、治疗3个月、治疗6个月、治疗9个月、治疗12个月等5个时相点血清HBV DNA水平,在HBV DNA转阴的基础条件下,如果某时相点出现了HBV DNA反跳,则认为在该时相点发生了YMDD变异.健康献血员作血清细胞因子水平健康对照.采用ELISA法检测5个时相点及健康献血员血清IL-12、IL-2、IFN-γ、IL-4、IL-10水平,检测结果以pg/ml为单位.计算与健康对照校对后的IFN-γ/IL-4比值作为TH平衡指标(健康对照为1).核酸扩增荧光检测乙型肝炎病毒YMDD突变型.t检验进行统计分析。

Field of study: Biology
Finger Lake region of western New York

Location and general Description The region discussed is that part of the Allegheny plateau in western New York which lies between the Canandaigua valley on the east and the valley of the Genesee river and its tributary, Canaseraga creek, on the west. It covers the northward slope of the plateau, here about 20 miles long. At its northern limit the distance from the foot of Canandaigua lake to the Genesee river is 25 miles. It is bounded on the south by the Cohocton-Wayland valley, which connects the head of Canaseraga with the head of Canandaigua, only 10 miles apart. It includes the four western finger lakes—Honeoye, Canadice, Hemlock, and Conesus—all of which are tributary to the Genesee. The plateau rises from an elevation of about 800 feet on the north to a crest above 2,000 feet in the southern part of the region. Its northern third is underlain by the . . .

Field of study: Geology
Metal-ion-catalyzed Fluxionality of Pentadienyltins and Its Application to the Diels–Alder Reaction

(Z)-Pentadienyltins (PDT) as well as (Z)-allylic tins are isomerized to (E)-isomers most effectively by alkaline earth metal ions. The resulted (E)-PDT is trapped by 1,4-naphthoquinone to give the Diels–Alder adducts efficiently behaving as a reactive equivalent of 1,3-pentadiene.

Field of study: Chemistry
Pathological lesions survey and economic loss for male cattle slaughtered at Ismailia abattoir.

The study was a retrospective abattoir survey, undertaken for a period of one full year at the main traditional abattoir of Ismailia city, Egypt. During the survey, 9880 male cattle were slaughtered and inspected. As a result of postmortem inspections, 8 (0.10%) carcasses were totally condemned and 1456 (14.7%) organs had pathological lesions. Of the 1456 edible organs had pathological lesions; the sum of 1216 Kg was either totally or partially condemned. Based on weight of annual condemned organs, the estimated annual loss was 36480 Egyptian Pound. The gross pathological lesions detected in edible organs were in 117 of heart (8%), in 310 kidneys (21.3%), in 649 lunges (44.6%), in 260 livers (17.9%), and in 120 spleens (8.2%). The present study provides baseline data for the future monitoring of clean meat production in Ismailia abattoir. The condemnation of edible organs represents a significant economic loss to traders and livestock industry.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences