nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Determination of tertiary butyl hydroquinone in edible oil by gas chromatography using gel penetrating chromatogram

A GC method for determination of Tertiary butyl hydroquinone(TBHQ) in edible oil was developed.The linear range for TBHQ was 1～1000mg/L with a correlation of 1.The detection limit for TBHQ was 0.002mg/mL.The recovery range for TBHQ was 87.2%～95.1%,and the standard deviation range was no more than 6.95%.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Molecular dynamics of the mechanism of ultrashort laser ablation of metals

By means of combining a heat conduction equation for electron with molecular dynamics method, the dynamics of melting and ablation processes at Ni surfaces under femtosecond laser irradiation is studied. The temperature distribution of lattice and the components of ablation products are analyzed, single atoms and clusters constitute the ablation products. The location where ablation occurs and the time when ablation sets in are marked by a strong increase in temperature as well as a sharp decrease in density. Simulation results show that intense evaporation and tensile stresses generated in the target are responsible for the ejection of single atoms and big clusters. The propagation of laser-induced stress wave is also further investigated, and the velocity of stress wave is predicted to be nearly 4.97 km/s simultaneously. The rates of ablation predicted are close to experimental data. A trend of increase with time for the depth of molten zone is predicted. Superheating phenomenon is also discovered.

Field of study: Physics
Impact of Dual versus Single Antiplatelet Therapy on Major Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome in the Arabian Gulf

To evaluate the association of dual versus single antiplatelet therapy with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in the Arabian Gulf.  Data were analyzed from 3,559 patients with a diagnosis of ACS admitted to 29 hospitals in 4 Arabian Gulf countries (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, and United Arab Emirates) from January 2012 to January 2013. Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), consisting of aspirin and clopidogrel, was compared to aspirin alone. MACE included 12-months cumulative stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA), myocardial infarction (MI), all-cause mortality, and readmissions for cardiac reasons, post discharge. Analyses were performed using multivariable logistic regression.  A total of 74% (n = 2,634) of the patients were on DAPT. At 12-month follow-up, patients on DAPT were significantly less likely to experience MACE events (adjusted OR [aOR] 0.73; 95% CI: 0.61–0.86; p < 0.001). Lower cardiovascular (CV) event rates were also consistent across the following MACE components; MI (aOR 0.66; 95% CI: 0.49–0.88; p = 0.005), all-cause mortality (aOR 0.69; 95% CI: 0.51–0.94; p = 0.018), and readmissions for cardiac reasons (aOR 0.79; 95% CI: 0.66–0.95; p = 0.011). Conversely, DAPT was adversely associated with increased risk of stroke/TIA (aOR 1.68; 95% CI: 1.05–2.69; p = 0.030).  DAPT, compared to aspirin therapy alone, was generally associated with better CV outcomes after an ACS event. However, DAPT was adversely associated with increased risk of stroke/TIA in ACS patients in the Arabian Gulf.

Field of study: Medicine
Generalized sampling: stability and performance analysis

Generalized sampling provides a general mechanism for recovering an unknown input function f(x)/spl epsiv//spl Hscr/ from the samples of the responses of m linear shift-invariant systems sampled at 1/mth the reconstruction rate. The system can be designed to perform a projection of f(x) onto the reconstruction subspace V(/spl phi/)=span  for example, the family of bandlimited signals with /spl phi/(x)=sinc(x). This implies that the reconstruction will be perfect when the input signal is included in V(/spl phi/): the traditional framework of Papoulis' (1977) generalized sampling theory. Otherwise, one recovers a signal approximation f(x)/spl epsiv/V(/spl phi/) that is consistent with f(x) in the sense that it produces the same measurements. To characterize the stability of the algorithm, we prove that the dual synthesis functions that appear in the generalized sampling reconstruction formula constitute a Riesz basis of V(/spl phi/), and we use the corresponding Riesz bounds to define the condition number of the system. We then use these results to analyze the stability of various instances of interlaced and derivative sampling. Next, we consider the issue of performance, which becomes pertinent once we have extended the applicability of the method to arbitrary input functions, that is, when /spl Hscr/ is considerably larger than V(/spl phi/), and the reconstruction is no longer exact. We show that the generalized sampling solution is essentially equivalent to the optimal minimum error approximation. We then perform a detailed analysis for the case in which the analysis filters are in L/sub 2/ and determine all relevant bound constants explicitly. Finally, we use an interlaced sampling example to illustrate these various calculations.

Field of study: Engineering
GLOBAL BUCKLING ANALYSIS OF SQUARE-HONEYCOMB SANDWICH PLATES CONSIDERING GEOMETRY CHARACTERISTICS

Based on the existing classical model of sandwich panels and energy principle, the equilibrium differential equations of square-honeycomb sandwich plates subjected to in-plane loads are derived, considering the geometry characteristics of the face sheets and the core.The critical pressure of global buckling for simply supported square-honeycomb sandwich plates subjected to in-plane uniform pressure is obtained by using Fourier series and weighted residual method.And the result is compared with that of the finite element analysis to validate the proposed method.Furthermore, effects of geometrical parameters including cell size, core height and face sheet thickness on the global buckling are discussed in the analysis.Numerical results show that core height and face sheet thickness have more effect than cell size on the global buckling of square-honeycomb sandwich plates.

Field of study: Engineering
Innovative fully integrated transcritical R744 refrigeration systems for a HFC-free future of supermarkets in warm and hot climates.

The regulatory pressures on environmentally deleterious refrigerants have been growing more intense, prompting CO2 to draw ever-widening attraction as the sole working fluid (R744) in supermarket applications. Direct space heating and cooling is considered as one of the most appealing techniques to promote the diffusion of “CO2 only” systems in warm and hot climates. However, to the best of the author's knowledge, the energy and environmental benefits related to its adoption have not been estimated yet. The results of this work revealed that “CO2 only” units implementing direct space heating and cooling offer an annual energy saving by up to 33.3% as well as a reduction in carbon footprint by up to 89.5% compared to the systems using hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) in high ambient temperature countries. It could be concluded that direct space heating and cooling is a very good prospect to lead to a HFC-free future of supermarkets, even in hot climates.

Field of study: Engineering
The greenhouse impact of unconventional gas for electricity generation

New techniques to extract natural gas from unconventional resources have become economically competitive over the past several years, leading to a rapid and largely unanticipated expansion in natural gas production. The US Energy Information Administration projects that unconventional gas will supply nearly half of US gas production by 2035. In addition, by significantly expanding and diversifying the gas supply internationally, the exploitation of new unconventional gas resources has the potential to reshape energy policy at national and international levels—altering geopolitics and energy security, recasting the economics of energy technology investment decisions, and shifting trends in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In anticipation of this expansion, one of the perceived core advantages of unconventional gas—its relatively moderate GHG impact compared to coal—has recently come under scrutiny. In this paper, we compare the GHG footprints of conventional natural gas, unconventional natural gas (i.e. shale gas that has been produced using the process of hydraulic fracturing, or ‘fracking’), and coal in a transparent and consistent way, focusing primarily on the electricity generation sector. We show that for electricity generation the GHG impacts of shale gas are 11% higher than those of conventional gas, and only 56% that of coal for standard assumptions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Solubilization and reconstitution of a nucleoside-transport system from Ehrlich ascites-tumour cells.

Uptake of [3H]uridine by Ehrlich cells was mediated by both nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR)-sensitive (75%) and NBMPR-insensitive (25%) mechanisms. Each cell contained approx. 26,000 high-affinity (KD = 0.19 nM) recognition sites for [3H]NBMPR, and binding was inhibited by dipyridamole and adenosine at concentrations similar to those required for inhibition of [3H]uridine uptake. Calculations show that each cell contains a total of about 35,000 nucleoside transporters. Photoaffinity labelling of a partially purified preparation of plasma membranes with [3H]NBMPR resulted in a single broad 3H-labelled band on SDS/polyacrylamide gels, with an apparent molecular-mass peak of 42 kDa. This is in contrast with human erythrocyte membranes, where [3H]NBMPR photolabelled two broad bands with peaks at 55 and 80 kDa. Treatment of photoaffinity-labelled membranes with endoglycosidase F decreased the apparent molecular masses of both the Ehrlich-cell and erythrocyte [3H]NBMPR-labelled proteins to approx. 40 kDa. These results suggest that the human erythrocyte [3H]NBMPR-binding polypeptides are more extensively glycosylated than the corresponding Ehrlich-cell polypeptides. Octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside [1.0% (w/v) + asolectin] solubilized over 90% of the [3H]NBMPR-binding sites, with near-complete retention of [3H]NBMPR-binding characteristics. The only major change was a 65-fold decrease in affinity for dipyridamole, which was partly reversed upon incorporation of the solubilized proteins into asolectin membranes. Proteoliposomes, prepared by using asolectin and the octyl glucoside-solubilized plasma membranes, were capable of accumulating [3H]uridine via a protein-dependent dipyridamole/nitrobenzylthioguanosine/dilazep-sensitive mechanism. We have thus demonstrated the efficient solubilization and functional reconstitution of a nucleoside-transport system from Ehrlich ascites-tumour cells.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Shaping the Body Politic: Mass Media Fat-Shaming Affects Implicit Anti-Fat Attitudes

The human psyche is profoundly shaped by its cultural milieu; however, few studies have examined the dynamics of cultural influence in everyday life, especially when it comes to shaping people’s automatic, implicit attitudes. In this quasi-experimental field study, we investigated the effect of transient, but salient, cultural messages—the pop-cultural phenomenon of celebrity “fat-shaming”—on implicit anti-fat attitudes in the population. Adopting the “copycat suicide” methodology, we identified 20 fat-shaming events in the media; next, we obtained data from Project Implicit of participants who had completed the Weight Implicit Association Test from 2004 to 2015. As predicted, fat-shaming led to a spike in women’s (N=93,239) implicit anti-fat attitudes, with events of greater notoriety producing greater spikes. We also observed a general increase in implicit anti-fat attitudes over time. Although these passing comments may appear harmless, we show that feedback at the cultural level can be registered by the “body politic.”

Field of study: Psychology
Macroscopic control of plasma polymerization processes

Plasma polymerization covers a broad range of plasma deposits from soft to hard coatings. Nanoscale coatings are formed within a dry and eco-friendly process on different substrate materials and structures. To gain a deeper insight into plasma polymerization, a macroscopic approach using the concept of chemical quasi-equilibria might be useful. Following this macroscopic approach, the reaction parameter power input per gas flow W/F, which represents the specific energy invested per particle within the active plasma zone, solely determines the mass deposition rate. Hence, plasma polymerization can be described by measuring the deposited mass and examining the power input and gas flow which contributes to it. Thus, the control, investigation, and up-scaling of plasma polymerization processes are enabled. Different examples are given to make use of the macroscopic approach.

Field of study: Chemistry
Management of an Open Acetabular Fracture in a Skeletally Immature Patient

Open acetabular fractures in children are rare, but potentially devastating injuries. Secondary to the low incidence, there is an apparent lack of reports on appropriate management strategies for open pediatric acetabular fractures in the literature.  Description of a case study.  A 3 years and ten months-old girl was ejected as a passenger from an all terrain vehicle. She sustained a displaced, grade IIIA open left anterior column acetabular fracture. The injury was treated by extending the open wound to a formal first window of the ilioinguinal approach. After surgical debridement, the anterior column was reduced anatomically and fixed by two lag screws which avoided the tri-radiate cartilage. A vaginal laceration was debrided and repaired. The patient was treated in a spica cast without weight bearing on the left lower extremity for 8 weeks. No perioperative complications occurred. The acetabular fracture healed in an anatomic position within 8 weeks. To avoid premature closure of the tri-radiate cartilage, the patient underwent a physeal bar resection at one year after injury. At two-year follow up, she was walking and running without pain and had a free range of motion of her left hip.  Operative management should represent the therapy of choice for open, displaced pediatric acetabular fractures. After fracture healing, a scheduled physeal bar resection may be required for injuries which involve the tri-radiate cartilage.

Field of study: Medicine
An analysis of several signs occurring to the setting of physical education teaching objectives under the background of new curriculum reform

The author sorted physical education teaching objectives set since new curriculum reform,primarily analyzed several signs existing,and revealed the following findings: after new curriculum reform,physical education teaching objectives had the following signs: in terms of form,the objectives were set in a multidimensional way;in terms of objective content expression,the objectives were too comprehensive and unspecific,lacking in operability;in terms of objective implementation,the objectives were not appropriately implemented.The author put forward ideas to improve set objective elimination randomness,dimension determination consideration effectiveness,content expression apprehension accuracy etc.

Field of study: Education
Simultaneous Low-Pass Filtering and Total Variation Denoising

This paper seeks to combine linear time-invariant (LTI) filtering and sparsity-based denoising in a principled way in order to effectively filter (denoise) a wider class of signals. LTI filtering is most suitable for signals restricted to a known frequency band, while sparsity-based denoising is suitable for signals admitting a sparse representation with respect to a known transform. However, some signals cannot be accurately categorized as either band-limited or sparse. This paper addresses the problem of filtering noisy data for the particular case where the underlying signal comprises a low-frequency component and a sparse or sparse-derivative component. A convex optimization approach is presented and two algorithms derived: one based on majorization-minimization (MM), and the other based on the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). It is shown that a particular choice of discrete-time filter, namely zero-phase noncausal recursive filters for finite-length data formulated in terms of banded matrices, makes the algorithms effective and computationally efficient. The efficiency stems from the use of fast algorithms for solving banded systems of linear equations. The method is illustrated using data from a physiological-measurement technique (i.e., near infrared spectroscopic time series imaging) that in many cases yields data that is well-approximated as the sum of low-frequency, sparse or sparse-derivative, and noise components.

Field of study: Engineering
Dorvilleids and arabellids (Annelida) as indicators of dysaerobic events in well-laminated non-bioturbated deposits of the French Mesozoic

Oceanic anoxic environments are characterized by laminated deposits rich in organic carbon and sparse benthic organisms. In anaerobic environments the benthic boundary is free of fauna. By contrast, in dysaerobic environments, the benthos comprises echinoderms, bivalves, crabs, ostracods, foraminifera and polychaete annelids which are known from tubes and burrows. When extremely low-oxygen concentrations are present, but not anoxic conditions, the only survivors are known by their bioturbation. The palynological studies in process on French black shales of the Toarcian, Kimmeridgian and Cenomanian-Turonian boundary provide a good occasion to give an “identity” to these bioturbations. Worms involved in the disorganization of sediments are revealed by the remains of their jaw apparatuses which are called scolecodonts, and are assigned to the Dorvilleidae-Mochtyellidae complex and Arabellidae families. The inferred length of the annelids is very small; hence the bioturbation is no longer visible after burial diagenesis. In this case, laminated deposits, without benthic fauna and burrows, are not necessary anoxic deposits but could be dysaerobic ones.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
VpSTS29/STS2 enhances fungal tolerance in grapevine through a positive feedback loop.

Accumulation of stilbene phytoalexins stimulates resistance mechanisms against the grapevine fungus Uncinula necator. However, the defensive mechanisms triggered by stilbene synthase (STS) genes, remain largely unknown. Here, we report the function and molecular mechanism of the stilbene synthase gene VpSTS29/STS2 from Vitis pseudoreticulata in the regulation of plant responses to powdery mildew. Stilbene synthesis occurred mainly in root tips and mesophyll cells of transgenic grapevines via transport through the vascular bundles. Overexpression of VpSTS29/STS2 in Vitis vinifera increased the abundance of STSs in mesophyll tissue and resulted in the accumulation of biologically active resveratrol derivatives at the invasion site. Similarly, expression of VpSTS29/STS2 in Arabidopsis increased resistance to Golovinomyces cichoracearum. The VpSTS29/STS2-expressing Arabidopsis lines showed increased piceid accumulation together with more local hypersensitive reactions, inhibition of mycelial growth, and a reduced incidence of pathogens. Transcriptome profiling analyses demonstrated that VpSTS29/STS2-induced defences led to reprograming of global gene expression and activation of salicylic acid (SA) signalling, thus increasing expression of WRKY-MYB transcription factors and other defence response genes. We propose a model for resveratrol-mediated coordination of defence responses in which SA participates in a positive feedback loop.

Field of study: Environmental science
Frei zerfallende Magnetfelder von Kugelschalen

The decay constants of free decaying magnetic fields of sphere shells are calculated. In the regionr1<r<r0 the electrical conductivity isσ. For different values of the parameterγ=r0/(r0-r1) the following models are considered: The conductivity is zero forr>r0 andr<r1 (model 1). The conductivity is zero forr>r0, and forr<r1 the magnetic field is excluded by infinite conductivity (model 2). The magnetic field is excluded forr>r0 andr<r1 (model 3).

Field of study: Physics
On the security of an image encryption scheme

This paper studies the security of a recently-proposed image encryption scheme based on chaos, and points out the following problems: 1) there exist a number of invalid keys and weak keys, and some keys are partially equivalent for the encryption/decryption processes; 2) given one chosen plain-image, a sub-key K10 can be guessed with a smaller computational complexity than that of the simple brute-force attack; 3) given O(10) (at most 128) chosen plain-images, a chosen-plaintext attack may be able to break the following part of the secret key: (), which works very well when K10 is not too large; 4) when K10 is relatively small, a known-plaintext attack can be mounted with only one known plain-image to recover some visual information of other plain-images encrypted by the same key.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Scope and scale insensitivities in a contingent valuation study of risk reductions.

A contingent valuation study asking willingness to pay (WTP) for reducing the overall death risk as well as the risk for fatal and non-fatal injuries in road traffic accidents was performed in Sweden 1998. Different sub-samples were used to test for scale (different risk reductions) and scope (different outcomes) effects, existence of which implies that a respondent is capable of differentiating a WTP-answer accordingly. The results indicated that respondents needed some reference point for their valuation. For instance, dependent samples showed, contrary to independent ones, a significant difference between WTP of dying from any cause and in a traffic accident for the same relative but different absolute risk reduction. Regarding non-fatal traffic accidents, tests were performed comparing valuation of risk reductions for injuries with different outcomes but identical baseline risks and relative risk reductions. Similar to the case above, dependent samples differentiated their WTP and were willing to pay significantly more for a severe injury than for a slight one, which was not the case for independent samples.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
On the Use of Correlation to Augment Data

This paper provides an evaluation of the effects of a particular regression-estimation technique used to augment measurements when concurrent and additional measurements are available for two other variates. The investigation demonstrates that this use of regression does not always produce better estimates of population parameters, and indeed, that it may produce poorer estimates than could be obtained from the original data alone. Tables of a parameter I, the relative information, are provided so that the utility of making regression estimates to decrease the variance of the mean or variance may be easily evaluated. And finally, the use of these results in the specification of an optimal sampling program is briefly indicated.

Field of study: Mathematics
An empirical investigation of the effectiveness of software documentation delivery systems

Two types of documentation delivery systems were examined. On-line and printed software documentation systems for a commercial data base management system were explored. In a controlled lab experiment, two groups of novice subjects using one or the other type of documentation were tested and the results compared. Printed-documentations users had better test scores and completed the test faster. On-linedocumentation users were frustrated by inadequate instructions and examples. Overall, printed documentation was favored by the subjects in the study.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering