nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Diagnosing and managing delirium in the elderly.

To outline current approaches to diagnosing and managing delirium in the elderly.



A literature review was based on a MEDLINE search (1966 to 1998). Selected articles were reviewed and used as the basis for discussion of diagnosis and etiology. We planned to include all published randomized controlled trials regarding management but found only two. Consequently, we also used review articles and recent practice guidelines for delirium published by the American Psychiatric Association.



Clinical diagnosis of delirium can be aided by using DSM-IV criteria, the Delirium Symptom Interview, or the confusion assessment method. Management must include investigation and treatment of underlying causes and general supportive measures. Providing optimal levels of stimulation, reorienting patients, education, and supporting families are important. Pharmacologic management of delirium should be considered only for specific symptoms or behaviours, e.g., aggression, severe agitation, or psychosis. Only one randomized controlled trial of tranquilizer use for delirium in medically ill people has been published. Findings support the current belief that neuroleptics are superior to benzodiazepines in most cases of delirium. Most authorities still consider haloperidol the neuroleptic of choice. Controlled trials of the new atypical neuroleptics for treating delirium are not yet available. Benzodiazepines with relatively short half-lives, such as lorazepam, are the drugs of choice for withdrawal symptoms.



Delirium is frequently underdiagnosed in clinical practice. It should be suspected with acute changes in behaviour. Careful investigation of the underlying cause permits appropriate management.

Field of study: Medicine
Crystallographic characterization of the PDZ1 domain of the human Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor.

The Na(+)/H(+) exchanger regulatory factor (NHERF) contains two PDZ domains that mediate the assembly of transmembrane and cytosolic proteins into functional signal transduction complexes. The human NHERF PDZ1 domain, which spans residues 11-99, interacts specifically with carboxy-terminal residues of the beta2 adrenergic receptor and the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. The NHERF PDZ1 was expressed in Escherichia coli as a soluble protein, purified and crystallized in the unbound form using the vapor-diffusion method with 2 M ammonium sulfate as the precipitant. Diffraction data were collected to 1.5 A resolution using synchrotron radiation. The crystals belong to space group P3(1)21 or P3(2)21, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 51.6, c = 58.9 A, and one molecule in the asymmetric unit.

Field of study: Chemistry
Genotypic characterization of quinolone resistant-Escherichia coli isolates from retail food in Morocco

This study was conducted to assess the retail food as a possible vehicle for antimicrobial resistant, particularly quinolones resistant and pathogenic Escherichia coli. We determined the prevalence and characteristics of nalidixic acid (Nal) resistant E. coli isolates from diverse retail food samples. In all, 70 (28%) of 250 E. coli isolates studied were Nal-resistant E. coli and 91% of these were multi-drug resistant. Plasmid mediated quinolone resistance genes were identified in 32 isolates, including aac(6′)-Ib-cr (n = 16), qnrS1 (n = 11) and qnrB19 (n = 7). Mutations in gyr A and par C genes were detected among 80% of the isolates, and the isolates showed substitution Ser83-Leu and Asp87-Asn in gyrA and Ser80-Ile in parC. In addition, three different gene cassettes were identified (aadA1, aadA7, aac(3)-Id) in 18%. Virulence-associated genes stx1, eae, sfa, hlyA and stx2 were found in six (8%), three (4%), two (3%), three (4%) and three (4%) isolates, respectively. E. coli isolates of phylogenetic group A were dominant (64%, 45/70). Pulsed field gel electrophoresis revealed none epidemiological relationship between these isolates. The results of this work report the higher frequency of Nal-resistant E. coli isolates from Moroccan retail food samples including MDR and pathogenic isolates.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Application of High-Frequency Arbitrage in Stock Index Futures Based on TradeBlazer Language

Arbitrage is a common kind of way to invest the stock index futures,due to its low risk and moderate incomes,is favored by many institutional investors.But it is such a way of trading requiring high frequency and speed that the profit opportunities are easily fleeting.Consequently,it should be operated with the help of the program trading.The following is based on professional quantitative trading software "TradeBlazer",from the empirical view of the point,uses the high-frequency data to construct the arbitrage strategy of the mean reversion.It provides the institutional investors with a feasible framework of the calendar spread arbitrage.

Field of study: Computer science
Using a Quasi-Experimental Design in Combination with Multivariate Analysis to Assess Student Learning.

College professors have adopted numerous strategies for teaching undergraduates, yet few researchers provide empirical evidence students’ learning actually increased because of the instructional innovation. Assessment of pedagogy is frequently subjective and based on comments from students or faculty. Consequently, evaluating the effectiveness of teaching activities on college student learning, in general, and in statistical analysis courses, in particular, is warranted. This study employed a pretestposttest design to measure student learning and then examined the relationship between student demographics, prior knowledge, and course characteristics on knowledge gained in undergraduate statistics. Data derived from 185 students enrolled in six different sections of a statistical analysis course taught over a seven-year period by the same instructor. Multiple regression analyses revealed age, age X gender (interaction effect), major, prior knowledge, examinations, and group projects all had statistically significant effects on how much students learned in the course. The results suggest faculty assess students’ prior knowledge at the beginning of the semester and use such data to inform both the content and delivery of statistical analysis. Moreover, before embracing a new pedagogy, faculty should establish empirically that learning is linked to the teaching innovation.

Field of study: Education
Generation and annealing behaviour of MeV proton and /sup 252/Cf irradiation induced deep levels in silicon diodes

The generation and annihilation of deep levels in diodes fabricated on nand p-type floating zone and Czochralski silicon substrates is discussed as a function of the substrate parameters and the irradiation and thermal annealing conditions. Both low fluence irradiations with MeV protons and with the fission products of a /sup 252/Cf source are investigated. The presence of deep levels with densities in the range of 4/spl times/10/sup 11/ to 2/spl times/10/sup 12/ cm/sup -3/, is correlated with increase of the diode leakage current.

Field of study: Physics
Natural deuterium and oxygen‐18 enrichment in leaf water of cotton plants grown under wet and dry conditions: evidence for water compartmentation and its dynamics

Significant differences in leaf water oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition were observed between cotton plants grown under wet and dry conditions. The magnitude of the differences could be fully explained by the conventional model that describes the isotopic composition of an evaporating water pool under steady state conditions. The results indicate that leaf water isotopic composition is strongly influenced by transpiration rate via its effects on relative humidity adjacent to the leaf surface and on the isotopic composition of the air moisture. Our application of the model, however, provides evidence that leaf water must consist of a mixture of several isotopically distinct pools. These pools are suggested to reside in the symplast, in the cell walls and intercellular spaces and in the veins. A model is proposed suggesting that only the water residing in the cell walls and the intercellular spaces (the transpiration pool) interacts directly with the external environment. The large symplastic pool responds to the external environment to a limited extent via its relatively slow exchange with water in the transpiration pool. It is likely that the isotopic composition of water in the symplastic pool is strongly buffered against shortterm environmental variations, a possibility that would have important implications for the isotopic conditions under which organic matter biosynthesis occurs.

Field of study: Environmental science
Low loss conductors for power applications

The AC losses of (Bi,Pb)SrCaCuO tapes and wires and a YBaCuO tape have been measured in self and applied fields. The transport losses of the YBCO tape are much higher than any predictions using the critical state model. In this situation, the Bi-2223 wires and twisted tapes have the lowest losses. In applied perpendicular fields the losses of all conductors are currently too high and should be reduced. The Bi-2223 wires are the most flexible and provide the greatest scope for further loss reduction in the short to medium term.

Field of study: Physics
Synthesis and Properties of Poly(Isothianaphthene Methine)s with Chiral Alkyl Chain

We synthesized poly(isothianaphthene methine)s with chiral alkyl chains in the substituent. Resultant polymers are soluble in THF and CHCl3. Structure of the polymers was characterized with FT-IR, FT-Raman, and UV-Vis-NIR optical absorption spectroscopy. They showed low-bandgap both in solution and in a form of film. Optical activity of the polymers was confirmed with optical rotatory dispersion. Doping effects on the polymer were also examined with UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy and ESR measurement.

Field of study: Materials science
IMPROVING PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTABILITY AND STRATEGIC DECISION‐MAKING

tag=1 data=Improving public sector accountability and strategic decision-making. by Don Fuller and Bet Roffey

tag=2 data=Fuller, Don%Roffey, Bet

tag=3 data=Australian Journal of Public Administration,

tag=4 data=52

tag=5 data=2

tag=6 data=June 1993

tag=7 data=149-163.

tag=8 data=PUBLIC SERVICE%MANAGEMENT%ACCOUNTING

tag=10 data=This paper examines current public sector accountability arrangements within Australia and identifies factors which have inhibited progress towards public sector accountability.

tag=11 data=1993/5/11

tag=12 data=93/0653

tag=13 data=CAB

Field of study: Political science
MAb L9E10 to blood group H2 antigen binds to colon cancer stem cells and inhibits tumor cell migration and invasion.

The functions of the precursor H antigen for ABO blood group antigens are still not fully understood, particularly in cancer cells. In this study, we used hybridoma technology and NSY human colon cancer cells as an immunogen to generate a monoclonal antibody designated as MAb L9E10. The binding antigen of MAb L9E10 was identified as blood group (BG) H2 antigen using carbohydrate array and erythrocyte agglutination assays. In immunofluorescence study, we found that BG-H2 was expressed on the surfaces of both colon cancer stem cells and their differentiated progeny. In a functional study, we observed that MAb L9E10 inhibited tumor cell migration and invasion at a concentration of 10 microg/mL in vitro. This result suggests that MAb L9E10 could be used to study cancer biology, particularly cancer stem cell biology. In addition, it is potentially useful for studying gastric diseases caused by Helicobacter pylori bacteria, with attachment to human gastric epithelial cells mediated by blood group antigens Lewis b and H2. Finally, MAb L9E10 is an ideal biological reagent for identifying Bombay blood type in which erythrocytes have no BG-H2 antigen expression.

Field of study: Biology
Determination of Organophosphate Esters in Cosmetics by Stable Isotope Dilution-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

A method based on stable isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry( GC-MS) was established to determine five kinds of organophosphate esters( OPEs) in different kinds of cosmetics. For cream and wax-based cosmetics,samples were extracted by appropriate solvent,and then purified by ENVICarb solid phase extracting column. For powder and aqueous samples,GC-MS test could be operated directly after solvent extraction and concentration. All of the samples were separated by DB-5MS(30 m × 0. 25 mm ×0. 25 μm) chromatographic column,and detected by selected ion monitoring( SIM) mode. The target analytes were qualitatively confirmed by retention time and abundance ratio of characteristic ions,and quantified by stable isotope diluted internal standard method. Under the optimized conditions,the linear coefficients of the OPEs were larger than 0. 9995,the detection limits were 1. 0- 30 μg /kg,the average recoveries(n = 6) ranged from 89. 5% to 105%,and the RSDs were in the range of 2. 9%- 9. 1%. The developed method, which was characteristic by satisfactory purification effect, favorable matrix effect elimination capacity,as well as high recovery,was suitable for the determination of OPEs in different kinds of cosmetic matrices.

Field of study: Chemistry
MORAINE AND SHORELINE RELATIONSHIPS AT MONO LAKE, CALIFORNIA

Sierran glaciers reached Lake Russell in the late Pleistocene, and shore lines cut in lateral moraines of the next-to-last glacial stage (Tahoe) extend into troughs vacated by the ice at the close of that stage. During the waning phase of the last glacial stage (Tioga) conspicuous shore lines were carved on slopes bordering present Mono Lake. Terminal moraines of the Tioga stage, nested inside moraines of the preceding advance, reach the uppermost shore lines of Mono Lake and appear to be contemporaneous with its last expansion. Both the Tioga terminal and recessional moraines show that ice retreat was pulsatory, with several relatively long halts interrupting times of rapid recession. The comparatively stationary ice fronts probably can be correlated with broader lake terraces, the rapid ice withdrawals with narrower terraces.

Field of study: Geology
Effect of leptin on activation and cytokine synthesis in peripheral blood lymphocytes of malnourished infected children

Malnutrition compromises immune function, resulting in reduced resistance to infection. Recent animal and human studies have suggested that leptin is capable of modulating the immune response and that its levels, which are regulated by nutritional status, fall rapidly during starvation. Leptin deficiency is associated with impaired cell‐mediated immunity, an increased incidence of infectious disease and an associated increase in mortality. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of leptin on activation and cytokine production in peripheral blood T cells from malnourished children. The data obtained in the present study demonstrate that leptin produced an increase in the percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ cells producing interleukin (IL)‐2 and interferon (IFN)‐γ in 24‐h cultures. Moreover, leptin decreased the percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ cells producing IL‐4 and IL‐10, and enhanced activation of circulating T cells when co‐stimulated by phorbol 12‐myristate 13 acetate (PMA)–ionomycin. Leptin enhanced the expression of activation markers CD69 and CD25 in both CD4+ and CD8+ cells after 5 h of stimulation. In conclusion, the results obtained show that leptin modulates CD4+ and CD8+ cell activation towards a T helper 1 (Th1) phenotype by stimulating the synthesis of IL‐2 and IFN‐γ. In contrast, leptin decreases IL‐4 and IL‐10 production. Moreover, leptin enhanced the expression of CD69 and CD25 on CD4+ and CD8+ cells after stimulation with PMA–ionomycin.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Frostspalten und Froststrukturen in Schottern bei Leipzig

ZusammenfassungIn saaleeiszeitlichen Schottern bei Leipzig-Schönau, deren Alter außer durch eine Liegend- und eine Hangendmoräne auch durch Tier- und Pflanzenfunde gesichert ist (Grahmann), treten neben kryoturbaten Strukturen 5. Frostspalten auf. Die Spalten sind ganz schmal, beginnen in 4 verschiedenen Höhen und werden von ungestörtem Schotter überlagert, sind also während der Aufschotterung entstanden. Der Schotter ist gegen die Spalten gebeugt, was für Frostspalten im Schotter typisch ist und auf dessen Wasserdurchlässigkeit zurückgeführt wird. Sie sind einphasig entstanden und bezeugen für die Auf Schotterung ein trockenes, kaltes Klima. Wenn Frostspalten im Schotter beginnen, stellen sie dafür nicht nur einen Klimaindikator, sondern auch ein „glaziales Leitfossil“ dar.

Field of study: Environmental science
Pb/Bi/In and Nb/Al junctions for a 345 GHz open structure astronomical receiver

The authors report on the preparation and properties of Pb/Bi/In-oxide-Pb/Bi and Nb-Al oxide-Nb junctions prepared for a 345-GHz open-structure heterodyne receiver. The lowest receiver noise temperature with the Pb/Bi/In junctions is 215 K DSB. In this case, no matching network is integrated to tune out the junction capacitance. For the Nb/Al junctions, a microwave transmission line compensates the capacitance around 345 GHz. With the Nb-Al oxide-Nb two-junction array at 4.2 K, the lowest receiver noise temperature is 80 K at 330 GHz. The receiver is in use at the IRAM (Institut de Radio Astronomie Millimetrique) 30-m radio telescope in Spain.<<ETX>>

Field of study: Physics
Effective shear viscosity and dynamics of suspensions of micro-swimmers at moderate concentrations

Recently, there have been a number of experimental studies suggesting that a suspension of self-propelled bacteria (microswimmers in general) may have an effective viscosity significantly smaller than the viscosity of the ambient fluid. This is in sharp contrast with suspensions of hard passive inclusions, whose presence always increases the viscosity. Here we present a 2D model for a suspension of microswimmers in a fluid and analyze it analytically in the dilute regime (no swimmer-swimmer interactions) and numerically using a Mimetic Finite Difference discretization. Our analysis shows that in the dilute regime the effective shear viscosity is not affected by self-propulsion. But at the moderate concentrations (due to swimmer-swimmer interactions) the effective viscosity decreases linearly as a function of the propulsion strength of the swimmers. These findings prove that (i) a physically observable decrease of viscosity for a suspension of self-propelled bacteria can be explained purely by hydrodynamic interactions and (ii) self-propulsion and interaction of swimmers are both essential to the reduction of the effective shear viscosity. We performed a number of numerical experiments analyzing the dynamics of swimmers resulting from pairwise interactions. The numerical results agree with the physically observed phenomena (e.g., attraction of swimmer to swimmer and swimmer to more » the wall). This is viewed as an additional validation of the model and the numerical scheme. « less

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
On the Statistical Challenges of Echo State Networks and Some Potential Remedies

Echo state networks are powerful recurrent neural networks. However, they are often unstable and shaky, making the process of finding an good ESN for a specific dataset quite hard. Obtaining a superb accuracy by using the Echo State Network is a challenging task. We create, develop and implement a family of predictably optimal robust and stable ensemble of Echo State Networks via regularizing the training and perturbing the input. Furthermore, several distributions of weights have been tried based on the shape to see if the shape of the distribution has the impact for reducing the error. We found ESN can track in short term for most dataset, but it collapses in the long run. Short-term tracking with large size reservoir enables ESN to perform strikingly with superior prediction. Based on this scenario, we go a further step to aggregate many of ESNs into an ensemble to lower the variance and stabilize the system by stochastic replications and bootstrapping of input data.

Field of study: Computer science
Caregiver Knowledge and Adherence in Children With Sickle Cell Disease: Knowing is Not Doing

Though the impact of disease knowledge on adherence to medical recommendations has long been the focus of research, little of this research has focussed on sickle cell compliance in the child and adolescent population. The present study examined the relationship of caregiver knowledge of sickle cell disease (SCD) and children's adherence to prescribed behaviors. Though caregivers with high levels of knowledge of SCD were more likely to report higher levels of adherence, knowledge test score did not predict adherence for the majority of participants (72%). The effect of caregiver knowledge on reported adherence was greater among preadolescents (age ≤ 11) than adolescents (age ≥12). The relationship between knowledge and adherence may not be as strong or direct as is assumed in many theories of health behavior change.

Field of study: Psychology
Snowfall retrieval at X, Ka and W bands: consistency of backscattering and microphysical properties using BAECC ground-based measurements

Radar-based snowfall intensity retrieval is investigated at
centimeter and millimeter wavelengths using co-located
ground-based multi-frequency radar and video-disdrometer observations. Using data from four snowfall events, recorded
during the Biogenic Aerosols Effects on Clouds and Climate (BAECC) campaign in Finland, measurements of
liquid-water-equivalent snowfall rate  S are correlated to radar equivalent reflectivity factors  Ze ,
measured by the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) cloud radars operating at X, Ka and W frequency bands. From these
combined observations, power-law Ze – S relationships are derived for all three frequencies considering
the influence of riming. Using microwave radiometer observations of liquid water path, the measured precipitation is
divided into lightly, moderately and
heavily rimed snow. Interestingly lightly rimed snow events show a spectrally distinct
signature of Ze – S with respect to moderately or heavily rimed snow cases. In order to understand the
connection between snowflake microphysical and multi-frequency backscattering properties, numerical simulations are
performed by using the particle size distribution provided by the in situ video disdrometer and retrieved ice particle
masses. The latter are carried out by using both the T-matrix method (TMM) applied to soft-spheroid particle models
with different aspect ratios and exploiting a pre-computed discrete dipole approximation (DDA) database for rimed
aggregates. Based on the presented results, it is concluded that the soft-spheroid approximation can be adopted to
explain the observed multi-frequency Ze – S relations if a proper spheroid aspect ratio is selected. The
latter may depend on the degree of riming in snowfall. A further analysis of the backscattering simulations reveals that
TMM cross sections are higher than the DDA ones for small ice particles, but lower for larger particles. The differences of computed cross sections for larger and smaller particles are compensating for each other. This may explain why the soft-spheroid approximation is satisfactory for radar reflectivity simulations under study.

Field of study: Environmental science