nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
STRESS-STRAIN MODEL FOR FRP-STRENGTHENED WOOD COLUMN UNDER AXIAL COMPRESSION

Based on Tsai-Wu criterion, the plastic yielding formulation and the corresponding yielding-surface equation of triaxially compressed wood columns are developed. From the equilibrium condition of external forces and the strain compatibility, an elasto-plastic incremental model has been presented to describe the stress-strain relationship when the FRP-strengthened wood column is uniaxially compressed. The experiments of the uniaxially compressed columns circumferentially wrapped by CFRP or GFRP sheets have been performed for 12 different strengthening cases. It is shown that experiment data and corresponding analytical results are consistent before the strengthened column reaches its ultimate compressive strength. However, the analytical predictions are higher than the experimental results when the stress in the member exceeds its ultimate compressive strength. It is observed from the experiments that the hoop tensile strain is small and far less than the ultimate tensile strain when the strengthened wood column reaches its compressive strength. Moreover, based on the experimental data, the formula to predict the hoop strain of strengthened columns at ultimate compressive strength is formulated and it can be used as the close condition in the interactive procedure of the numerical model. According to the Bazan-Buchanan criterion, the σ1-e1 curve beyond the ultimate compressive strength is simplified as a declinedstraight line, which corresponds to the experimental results well. So the proposed model can be applied to the engineering design.

Field of study: Engineering
Are the Chiral Based $$\bar{\varvec{K}}\varvec{N}$$K¯N Potentials Really Energy-Dependent?

It is shown, that the energy dependence of the chiral based $$\bar{K}N$$K¯N potentials, responsible for the occurrence of two poles in the $$I=0$$I=0 sector, is the consequence of applying the on-shell factorization introduced in Oset and Ramos ( 1998). When the dynamical equation is solved without this approximation, the T-matrix has only one pole in the energy region of the $$\Lambda (1405)$$Λ(1405) resonance.

Field of study: Physics
Ubiquitin E3 Ligase A20 Contributes to Maintaining Epithelial Barrier Function

Epithelial barrier dysfunction is involved in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases; the mechanism is to be further understood. Ubiquitin E3 ligase A20 (A20) plays a role in maintaining the homeostasis in the body. This study aims to investigate the role of A20 in maintaining the epithelial barrier function.  Human intestinal epithelial cell line, Caco-2 cells, was cultured to monolayers to test the endocytosis and degradation of a model allergen, ovalbumin (OVA). The role of A20 in the endosome/lysosome fusion in epithelial cells was tested with A20-sufficient and A20-deficient Caco-2 cells and visualized by immunocytochemistry.  Caco-2 cells could endocytose exogenous allergens (OVA) in culture. The endocytic OVA was degraded in A20-sufficient Caco-2 cells via the mechanism of endosome/lysosome fusion, while the A20-deficient Caco-2 monolayers converted the OVA to the basal compartment of transwells, which conserved the antigenicity reflected by that it induced T cell proliferation in an allergen-specific manner. A20 was required in the fusion of endosomes and lysosomes.  A20 contributes to maintaining the epithelial barrier function.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Pressure effect on high-$T_{c}$ superconductors and Casimir Effect in nanometer scale

Considering $CuO_{2}$ conducting layers present in high Tc superconductors as plasma sheets, we proposed a prescription for the $T_{c}$ pressure behavior taken into account the Casimir effect. The Casimir energy arises from these parallel plasma sheets (Cu-O planes) when it take placed in the regime of nanometer scale (small \textit{d} distance). The charge reservoir layer supplies carries to the conducting $nCuO_{2}$ layers, which are a source of superconductivity. The pressure induced charge transfer model (PICTM) makes use of an intrinsic term, which description is still unclear. Considering Casimir energy describing the $T_{c}$ for the case of hight-$T_{c}$ superconductors, we propose an explicit expression to the intrinsic term. Realistic parameters used in the proposed expression have shown an agreement with experimental intrinsic term data observed in some high-$T_{c}$ compounds.

Field of study: Physics
Primary Malignant Tumors of the Trachea – The Tata Memorial Hospital Experience

Primary tumors of the trachea are extremely rare. Treatment methods vary considerably and few studies have sought to provide adequate guidelines. This study reviews the records of patients treated for tracheal cancer at the Tata Memorial Hospital (TMH), Mumbai, India.  Fifteen patients with primary tracheal malignancies were identified in the TMH database during the period from 1983 to 2000. They were predominantly males (87%) belonging to an older age-group (67% above 40 years). Common presenting symptoms were cough, hoarseness, hemoptysis and indications of airway obstruction. Squamous cell carcinoma was the commonest histologic subtype (40%) followed by adenoid cystic carcinoma (27%). Ten patients received radical treatment. One patient underwent surgery (resection and anastomosis) and received postoperative radiotherapy. Another was explored but was found to be unresectable and was 1 of 2 patients treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Laser resections and radiotherapy were used in 2 patients while 4 patients were managed with radiotherapy alone. One patient was treated elsewhere. The majority of patients (8/9) were treated with locoregional fields and doses ranging from 40 to 60 Gy (median 50 Gy). Two patients also received intraluminal brachytherapy, 1 as part of initial treatment and another for recurrence.  Only 5 patients treated at TMH (5/9) achieved local control of their disease. Follow-up times ranged from 1 month to 134 months, median of 38 months. Distant metastases were identified in 4 patients (bone n = 1 and lung n = 3). Median survival was 38 months. Overall survival at 5 years was 37% by Kaplan-Meier method, but this figure should be treated with caution since only 6 patients had a follow-up of more than 2 years.  Tracheal cancer is a rare malignancy. Radiation therapy is a reasonably effective modality for unresectable disease.

Field of study: Medicine
Development of a high-throughput in vivo screening platform for particulate matter exposures.

Particulate matter (PM) exposure is a public health burden with poorly understood health effect mechanisms and lacking an efficient model to compare the vast diversity of PM exposures. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are amenable to high-throughput screening (HTS), but few studies have investigated PM toxicity in zebrafish, despite the multitude of advantages. To develop standardized exposure procedures, the urban PM standard reference material (SRM) 1649b was used to systematically determine sample preparation methods, design experimental controls, determine concentration ranges and evaluation procedures. Embryos (n = 32/treatment) were dechorionated and placed into 96-well plates containing SRM1649b (0-200 μg/mL) at 6 h post fertilization (hpf). Developmental toxicity was assessed at 24 and 120 hpf by evaluating morphological changes, embryonic/larval photomotor behavior, and mortality. Differences from blank medium and particle controls were observed for all biological responses measured. Differences due to SRM1649b concentration and preparation method were also observed. Exposure to SRM1649b from DMSO extraction was associated with changes in morphology and mortality and hypoactivity in photomotor responses compared to the DMSO control for the whole particle suspension (76, 68%) and soluble fraction (59, 54%) during the embryonic and larval stages, respectively. Changes in behavioral responses were not observed following exposure to the insoluble fraction of SRM1649b from DMSO extraction. The toxicity bias from PM preparation provided further impetus to select a single HTS exposure method. Based on the biological activity results, the soluble fraction of SRM1649b from DMSO extraction was selected and shown to have concentration dependent cyp1a/GFP expression. This rapid, sensitive and consistently scalable model is a potentially cost-effective vertebrate approach to study the toxicology of PM from diverse locations, and provides a path to identifying the toxic material(s) in these samples, and discover the mechanisms of toxicity.

Field of study: Environmental science
Utilitarianism Impacting Care of those with Disabilities and those at Life's End

Society's understanding of the nature of suffering impacts the development of health-care public policy, having a significant impact on care of the elderly and those with disabilities. With scientific advances comes a societal expectation that one can have “the perfect life,” not just for one's self, but also for one's offspring. Thus extinguishing the imperfect life, at its earliest or later stages through physician-assisted suicide, becomes an accepted recourse. The Catholic tradition is rich in providing meaning to those who suffer and their families, particularly those at the end-of-life or those with disabilities. The Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Health Care Services address the importance of advanced directives to assure that the health-care wishes of patients, no longer able to express them, are respected. However, such directives cannot anticipate all of the health-care scenarios that could arise. Thus the role of a health-care agent (surrogate), who through extensive discussions knows the will of the patient and the mind of the Church, is critical. However, increasingly public policies, especially as they pertain to the allocation of costly resources such as health care, are impacting the health-care choices available to patients, their families, and the health-care provider. Consistent with the utilitarian ethic, state sanctioned killing of those deemed to have “lost their dignity” is hailed as a “good.” This essay explores the challenges for all of us who are members of a profession once entrusted with protecting the most vulnerable among us.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Modeling of gas leakage through compressor valves

This paper describes a model developed to predict gas leakage in cases of incomplete sealing of the reed-type valves of small reciprocating compressors adopted for household refrigeration. The model assumes a one-dimensional formulation for the flow, considering the effects of viscous friction, slip-flow regime and compressibility. Reed bending into the port due to the pressure load is also taken into account to characterize the valve clearance. Computations are carried out during the compression cycle and the effect of leakage on both the isentropic and volumetric efficiencies is quantified for two operating conditions. It was found that leakage significantly reduces the compressor efficiency even for very small valve clearances and that leakage in the discharge valve is of greater importance than that in the suction valve.

Field of study: Engineering
Infrared absorption and Raman scattering from H2O in Na1−xLix beta aluminas

Infrared and Raman spectra of Na 1− x Li x beta-alumina single crystals (0⩽×⩽0.9) show bands in the 3000 to 3600 cm −1 region due to vibrations of H 2 O molecules located in the conducting plane. Hydration of Naβ-Al 2 O 3 occurs on exposure to water vapor while hydration of Na 1− x Li x β-Al 2 O 3 occurs primarily during ion exchange. The extent of hydration and stability of these hydrates increases with increasing Li + concentration. Based on a simple model, the completely hydrated state of pure lithium beta-alumina is represented by Li 2.3 O·11Al 2 ) 3 ·5.4H 2 O.

Field of study: Materials science
Late glacial-Holocene atmospheric circulation and precipitation in the northeast United States inferred from modern calibrated stable oxygen and carbon isotopes

As global climate changes because of anthropogenic influences, it has become critical to better understand past climate and its various forcing mechanisms as a baseline for future comparison. To this end, we present a continental isotopic record from an 11.2-m-long wetland piston core sampled at 10‐50 yr resolution; the core was taken in the heavily populated, economically vibrant northeastern United States (adjacent to Fayetteville Green Lake) and spans 14,600‐3200 cal. yr B.P. We use a historically based correlation between d 18 Ocalcite obtained from individual varves in a box core from Fayetteville Green Lake and winter atmospheric circulation over the northeast United States to examine the way in which changes in winter circulation have influenced d 18 O in precipitation from 14,600 to 3200 cal. yr B.P. Our correlation analysis suggests that in periods during which the circumpolar westerlies are expanded, storms track more frequently from the Gulf of Mexico region, delivering precipitation with relatively high d 18 O values to the study site. By contrast, contracted westerlies result in more frequent low-d 18 Oprecipitation cross-continental storms. By using this relationship we model winter-vortex latitudes over the northeast United States for the prehistoric oxygen isotope record, focusing on millennial-scale

Field of study: Geology
[Transcranial magnetic stimulation in Parkinson's disease].

This review presents the results of studies investigating the effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TKMS) on motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). It has been found that TKMS reduces the severity of both motor and non-motor disorders without causing serious side-effects. Magnetic field therapy can be combined with pharmacological and non-drug therapies, including the use of dopaminergic therapy, antidepressants and anti-dementia drugs, as well as stereotactic operations. It is necessary to continue the study of the influence of TKMS on the severity of PD symptoms using different electromagnetic characteristics.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
A Case of Judicial Misconduct. The Impeachment and Trial of Robert W. Archibald

IT is A regrettable affair whenever it becomes necessary to remove a federal judge from office. The position of trust inherent in a judicial post is self-evident. The guarantees of the Constitution are worthless when a corrupt jurist is at hand. Indeed, the Constitution allows federal judges to sit only as long as no misconduct is discerned. Impeachment by the House of Representatives and trial by the Senate is necessary when proof of "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors" comes to the fore. The mere fact that the framers of the Constitution required Congress to devote time to the removal of recalcitrant judges shows how much trust is placed in them. By the second decade of the twentieth century congressional impeachment had not been common practice but sufficient precedent had been established. Representative cases were on hand from all three branches of the federal government. Members of Congress debated the vague phrases of the Constitution dealing with impeachment from the first case in 1797. To the question, "what is misconduct?," all shades of answers have been given. In the spring of 1912 the House, under a resolution advanced by George Norris of Nebraska, began to seek information about the conduct of Judge Robert Wodrow Archbald, an associate judge of the Commerce Court. Commissioner Eugene Meyer of the Interstate Commerce Commission had informed President Taft in February of suspected wrong doing by Archbald. Taft asked the

Field of study: History
Social Media in Food and Beverages Industry: Case of Klang Valley, Malaysia

Social media marketing plays an important role for the food and beverages industry either new or existing companies. The main objective of this study is to determine the factors influencing the usage of social media as a marketing medium in the food and beverage industry. The study was conducted to test the research question and hypotheses. Data was gathered from quantitative research methods. This research investigate the factors influencing the usage of social media as a marketing media in the food and beverage industry. A total of 198 respondents were participated in this research. Questionnaire has been used to collect the information from respondents to measurement and quantify the respondent’s response with the help of 5 point Likert scale (which indicate 1 = strongly disagree, to 5 = strongly agree). Data collected was analyzed using Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Multiple Regression Analysis. Result shows two of the independent variables; brand awareness and customer acquisition and retention have positive significant value and strong relationship with the dependent variable, the other two independent variables; information platform and feedback have negative significant value relationship with the dependent variable.

Field of study: Business
Epigenetic Modifications in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Prognosis, Treatment, and Heterogeneity

Leukemia, specifically acute myeloid leukemia (AML), is a common malignancy that can be differentiated into multiple subtypes based on leukemogenic history and etiology. Although genetic aberrations, particularly cytogenetic abnormalities and mutations in known oncogenes, play an integral role in AML development, epigenetic processes have been shown as a significant and sometimes independent dynamic in AML pathophysiology. Here, we summarize how tumors evolve and describe AML through an epigenetic lens, including discussions on recent discoveries that include prognostics from epialleles, changes in RNA function for hematopoietic stem cells and the epitranscriptome, and novel epigenetic treatment options. We further describe the limitations of treatment in the context of the high degree of heterogeneity that characterizes acute myeloid leukemia.

Field of study: Biology
Acceptance/Rejection Methods for Beta Variate Generation

The computer generation of pseudorandom variates from the beta distribution is discussed. Three exact methods applicable for parameter values p > 1 and q > 1 are presented. All three are acceptance/rejection methods, based on functions of the location of the mode and points of inflection. The methods differ in the amount of the set-up required, with higher set-up times generally resulting in lower marginal generation times. Generation times are compared to four methods in current use: ratio of gamma variates, and the methods of Johnk, Ahrens and Dieter, and Cheng. Over a wide range of parameter values marginal generation times are reduced.

Field of study: Mathematics
Improving asymmetric reduction of aryl ketone catalyzed by yeast cell with resin adsorption

Optically active aryl alcohols are one kind of the most important chiral building blocks for many single enantiomer pharmaceuticals.Asymmetric reduction of corresponding prochiral ketone to chiral alcohol by active yeast cells is one of the most promising routes,but the space-time productivity is very low due to the toxicity of the substrate and product to the cell,which prohibits the reaction from proceeding at a high substrate concentration.The toxicity of aryl ketone to yeast cell and increasing the initial substrate concentration by introducing macropore adsorbing resin to avoid the toxicity to the cell was studied,when asymmetric reduction of acetophenone(ACP)to chiral α-phenylethyl alcohol(PEA)by Saccharomyces cerevisiae was chosen as the model reaction.The experiments showed that the substrate and product did have obvious toxicity to yeast cell.This reaction could be remarkably improved with introducing the appropriate kind of resin.The initial ACP concentration could be increased to 70 mmol·L~ -1 when the appropriate amount of resin was used.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Propagation of Waves in Cylindrical Hard-Walled Ducts with Generally Weak Undulations

The method of multiple scales is utilized to analyze the wave propagation in cylindrical hard-walled ducts having weak undulations which need not be periodic. Results are presented for two and three interacting modes. In the case of modes traveling in the same direction in a uniform duct, two interacting, spinning or nonspinning modes propagate unattenuated in an undulated duct. Moreover, neither of them can exist without strongly exciting the other. On the other hand, in the case of modes propagating in opposite directions, they may be cut off as a result of the interaction. OR two-dimension al ducts, straightforward expansions of the form (f>0 + e 7 were obtained by Isakovitch ] for the case of a waveguide with only one sinusoidally undulating wall, by Samuels 2 for the case of a waveguide with inphase wall undulations, and by Salant 3 for the general problem. Nayfeh4 showed that the above expansions are not uniform near the resonant frequencies because the correction term e 7 dominates the first term 0. He determined a uniform expansion for waves propagating in a two-dimensional hardwalled duct with sinusoidally perturbed walls by using the method multiple scales.5 In this paper, we extend the latter analysis to the case of linear waves propagating in a cylinderical hard-walled duct whose wall has weak undulations which need not be periodic. The gas is assumed to be inviscid, irrotational, and nonheat conducting. Dimensionless quantities are introduced by using the mean radius of the duct r0, the undisturbed speed of sound c, and the time r0/c as reference quantities. The dimensionless radius of the duct is assumed to have the form

Field of study: Physics
A study of 65 impotent males.

Sixty-five patients primarily referred for erectile impotence were investigated. Information was obtained from patients and their partners. The demographic data are compared with those from a non-impotent psychiatric out-patient group, matched for age. Results indicate that impotent cases do not form a homogeneous population and can be classified into three fairly distinct groups. These groups differ in age, marital status, sex drive, pre-marital and post-marital relationships, duration of illness, etc. Group 1 develop impotence because of anxiety in sexual situations. Group 2 react to the sexual response and personality of their partners, while Group 3 decline, perhaps from inherent constitutional causes. Factors such as religious restrictions, sexual taboos, alcoholism and homosexuality do not appear to be of any aetiological importance.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Kinetics and mechanisms of cholesterol esterase inhibition by cardiovascular drugs in vitro.

Cardiovascular drugs such as lovastatin, simvastatin, amlodipine besylate, nifedipine, and hydralazine hydrochloride inhibit cholesterol esterase (CEase) in vitro. In the present paper, an attempt was made to determine kinetically the reaction mechanism for CEase inhibition by these drugs. The inhibition constant, Ki, for the mixed-type inhibition of CEase by these drugs in the presence of triton-X-100 or taurochloate were measured. Moreover, the pKi values were correlated with the molecular weights of these drugs. In conclusion, the fact that these drugs lower cholesterol levels in the plasma low-density lipoprotein may be partially due to the CEase inhibition by these drugs.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics