nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The US. Aircraft Industry: A Case for Sectoral Planning

The aircraft industry in the United States is now operating at about 55 percent of its one-shift production capability. This high level of idle physical capacity, combined with the even larger burden of laborrelated overhead structure (engineering teams, marketing organizations, etc.), is costing about $1.0 billion per year in inefficiency. The Defense Department's share of this cost is over $400 million per year. Better economic and market planning in the military aircraft sector alone could result in annual savings of at least $250 million to the Defense Department within just a few years. Over-capacity and other significant problems in the aircraft industry seem to be directly related to the unique market conditions of the postVietnam period. Of prime importance is the fact that the aircraft procurement budget of the Department of Defense dropped, in constant 1977 dollars, from $17 billion in 1968 to $7 billion in 1975. Coincidentally, the major procurements of commercial aircraft in the United States also shrank within this same period, and are expected to contract still further until major replacement buys occur in the mid-1980s. There has also been a dramatic shift in the sale of U.S. military aircraft to foreign nations during the past seven years. In 1968, this amounted to approximately 10 percent of U.S. military aircraft procurements; by 1976 foreign sales of military aircraft were up to approximately 60 percent. These foreign sales have provided a short-term "stop-gap," but the pattern is now changing in the direction of "co-production" or "host-country production" agreements with other countries. Certainly, future foreign sales are far less assured than domestic procurements. Since the mid-1950s, there has been a significant shift in the number of military aircraft being bought.

Field of study: Economics
Abyssal Hills and Sea-Floor Spreading in the Central North Pacific

Abyssal-hill topography in the central North Pacific, far removed from active sea-floor spreading centers, possesses a strong linear character that reflects the original grain imparted to the crust during its generation. South of the Aleutian Trench, elongated abyssal hills closely parallel linear magnetic anomalies 25 to 32 (60 to 78 m.y. in age). In this area, isochronous bands of crust can be distinguished on the basis of subtle relief differences, as well as by magnetic anomalies. Topographic and magnetic evidence both indicate crustal extension within the south wall and floor of the trench. A topographic grain related to sea-floor spreading also appears to be present throughout the magnetic “quiet zone” north of the Hawaiian Ridge in regions of the crust that may be as old as Early Cretaceous.

Field of study: Geology
Role of dopamine in anticipatory and consummatory aspects of sexual behavior in the male rat.

The ability of dopamine (DA) receptor antagonists to disrupt anticipatory and consummatory measures of sexual behavior displayed by male rats in bilevel chambers was investigated. In Experiment 1, systemic administration of haloperidol, pimozide, and the D1 antagonist SCH 23390 reduced the number of anticipatory level changes (LC) displayed during a 5-min period before the introduction of a sexually receptive female, increased the mount and intromission latencies (ML and IL), and decreased the number of intromissions before ejaculation (NI) and the total number of ejaculations (NE). The dosages of these drugs required to reduce the LC were lower than those required to increase the ML or IL. Clozapine and the D2 antagonist sulpiride reduced the LC and increased the IL at comparable dosages, although neither drug affected the NI or NE. High dosages of haloperidol, pimozide, and clozapine delayed or abolished level changing and the initiation of copulation. In Experiment 2, bilateral infusions of haloperidol into the nucleus accumbens reduced the LC but did not affect consummatory measures of copulation, whereas bilateral infusions into the dorsal striatum increased the NE. Midline infusions of haloperidol to the medial preoptic area (MPOA) produced nearly all the effects of systemic administration, including a reduced LC, increased ML and IL, a decreased NI, and a decreased NE. These results indicate that both anticipatory and consummatory measures of sexual behavior were disrupted by DA receptor antagonists; however, the measure of anticipatory sexual behavior was more sensitive to disruption than consummatory measures of copulation. DA in the nucleus accumbens and MPOA may be involved in the control of anticipatory sexual behavior, whereas in the MPOA it may also be involved in the initiation of copulation and copulatory rate.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
On character values and decomposition of the Weil representation associated to a finite abelian group

We develop a simple algebraic approach to the study of the Weil representation associated to a finite abelian group. As a result, we obtain a simple proof of a generalisation of a well-known formula for the absolute value of its character. We also obtain a new result about its decomposition into irreducible representations. As an example, the decomposition of the Weil representation of Sp_{2g}(Z/NZ) is described for odd N.

Field of study: Mathematics
Assessment of the Impact of Different Treatments on the Technological and Antifungal Properties of Papyrus (Cyperus Papyrus L.) Sheets

In the present work, sheets of Papyrus (Cyperus papyrus L.), manufactured by lamination from strips pre-treated with different treatments, were evaluated for their technological and fungal infestation properties (Aspergillus flavus AFl375, A. niger Ani245 and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Cgl311). The results showed that the highest values of tensile strength, tear strength, burst index and double-fold number were observed in papyrus sheets produced from strips treated with nano-cellulose (0.25%), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO 10%), Tylose (0.25%) and nano-cellulose (0.5%), with values of 98.90 N·m/g, 2343.67 mN·m2/g, 1162 kpa·m2/g and 8.33, respectively. The percentage of brightness ranged from 49.7% (strips treated with KOH 2% + 100 mL NaClO) to 9.6% (strips treated with Eucalyptus camaldulensis bark extract 2%), while the percentage of darkness ranged from 99.86% (strips treated with Salix babylonica leaf extract 2% or E. camaldulensis bark extract 0.5%) to 67.26% (strips treated with NaOH (2%) + 100 mL NaClO). From the SEM examination, sheets produced from treated strips with extracts from P. rigida and E. camaldulensis or S. babylonica showed no growths of A. flavus and C. gloeosporioides. Additionally, other pre-treatments, such as Nano-cellulose+Tylose 0.5% (1:1 v/v) and Tylose 0.5%, were also found to have no growth of A. niger. In conclusion, strips pre-treated with nanomaterials and extracts were enhanced in terms of the technological and antifungal properties of produced Papyrus sheets, respectively.

Field of study: Materials science
Spectra of baryons containing two heavy quarks

Doubly heavy baryons, i.e., the baryons containing two heavy quarks are treated in the adiabatic approximation, considering the motion of the light quark as a relativistic motion. The binding energy and mass spectra of doubly heavy baryons are calculated solving the two-center Dirac equation the one-centre Schrödinger equation for Coulomb plus linear potential. The binding energy of the light quark as a function of the distance between heavy quarks is found.

Field of study: Physics
Moments of order statistics using the orthogonal inverse expansion method and its application in reliability

Moments of order statistics have widespread use in life-testing and reliability studies. The orthogonal inverse expansion method is a unique method which allows one to obtain moments and product moments of order statistics of any distribution. In the present paper, we demonstrate the application of the orthogonal inverse expansion method to compute moments of order statistics and the use of these moments in various reliability studies.

Field of study: Engineering
Effects of surfactants on photolysis of vinclozolin

The effects of 6 kinds of surfactants on photolysis of vinclozolin in redistilled water and on glass surface under high pressure mercury lamp and sun light were studied.Results showed that there were significant differences of effects on photolysis of vinclozolin in redistilled water under high pressure mercury lamp,as surfactants were fortified with various concentrations.But on glass surface,photoquenching effect of surfactants on photolysis of vinclozolin changed in a narrow range with various fortification concentrations.Under sun light,SLS,SLBS,CTAB and S-20 showed photosensitizing effect on photolysis of vinclozolin in redistilled water,but only SDS showed photosensitizing effect on glass surface.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Seasonality of antibiotic prescriptions for outpatients and resistance genes in sewers and wastewater treatment plant outflow.

To test the hypothesis of a seasonal relationship of antibiotic prescriptions for outpatients and the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the wastewater, we investigated the distribution of prescriptions and different ARGs in the Dresden sewer system and wastewater treatment plant during a two-year sampling campaign. Based on quantitative PCR (qPCR), our results show a clear seasonal pattern for relative ARGs abundances. The higher ARGs levels in autumn and winter coincide with the higher rates of overall antibiotic prescriptions. While no significant differences of relative abundances were observed before and after the wastewater treatment for most of the relative ARGs, the treatment clearly influenced the microbial community composition and abundance. This indicates that the ARGs are probably not part of the dominant bacterial taxa, which are mainly influenced by the wastewater treatment processes, or that plasmid carrying bacteria remain constant, while plasmid free bacteria decrease. An exception was vancomycin (vanA), showing higher relative abundance in treated wastewater. It is likely that a positive selection or community changes during wastewater treatment lead to an enrichment of vanA. Our results demonstrate that in a medium-term study the combination of qPCR and next generation sequencing corroborated by drug-related health data is a suitable approach to characterize seasonal changes of ARGs in wastewater and treated wastewater.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Electrical resistivity of alkali metals

The temperature variations of the electrical resistivity of alkali metals lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and caesium are calculated in the free electron approximation and using Krebs's model for the phonon spectrum. The double average over the Fermi surface is evaluated by an improved method due toBailyn and the separation between normal and Umklapp processes is affected in a more satisfactory manner. The results of the calculations are compared with the experimental data obtained at different temperatures. The theoretical resistivity curves for sodium, potassium, rubidium and caesium show satisfactory agreement with experiment, but not in the case of lithium.

Field of study: Physics
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate efficacy of ketodiet in predialytic chronic renal failure.

To assess whether a ketodiet, a combination of ketoanalogs of essential amino acids (KAs) and a very low-protein diet, retards progression of chronic renal failure and maintains nutritional status.



A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.



Nephrology outpatient department in Northern Railways Central Hospital, New Delhi, India.



Thirty-four patients in predialytic stages of chronic renal failure (CRF), randomized to 2 comparable groups in terms of age, sex distribution, blood pressure control, etiology, use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, serum creatinine, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and body mass index (BMI).



Subjects randomly received either 0.6 g/kg/d protein plus placebo (n = 16) or 0.3 g/kg/d protein plus tablets of KAs (Ketosteril; Fresenius Kabi, Germany) (n = 18) for 9 months. A dietician administered the diet as well as the KAs or the placebo to the patients.



Changes in GFR and renal and nutritional parameters were measured.



Mean (+/- SD) GFR measured by the 99mTc-DTPA (99 m technetium diethylenetri-aminepenta-aceticacid) plasma sample method was unchanged in the ketodiet group: 28.1 +/- 8.8 (before) and 27.6 +/- 10.1 mL/min/1.73 m2 (after the study) (P =.72). However, it significantly decreased from 28.6 +/- 17.6 to 22.5 +/- 15.9 mL/min/1.73 m2 in the placebo group (P =.015). Serum creatinine before and after the study in the ketodiet group was 2.26 +/- 1.03 mg/dL and 2.07 +/- 0.8 mg/dL (P =.90) and in the placebo group was 2.37 +/- 0.85 and 3.52 +/- 2.9 mg/dL (P =.066), respectively. In both groups the mean BMI did not change from 25.4 +/- 4.2 to 24.5 +/- 4.2 kg/m2 (P =.46) for ketodiet and from 25.0 +/- 6.8 to 23.9 +/- 4.1 kg/m2 (P =.39) for the placebo group. Serum total proteins decreased significantly (P =.038) in the placebo group, and serum albumin showed a trend (P =.061) toward reduction, whereas both of these parameters were maintained in the ketodiet group.



Over a 9-month period, very low-protein diet supplemented with ketoanalogs helped CRF patients to preserve GFR and maintain BMI. KAs were safe and efficacious in retarding the progression of renal failure and preserving the nutritional status of CRF patients.

Field of study: Medicine
Stakeholder discourses on urban mangrove conservation and management

In Southeast Asia, mangrove forest cover and biodiversity has shown a rapid decline in recent decades, despite extensive conservation efforts. Identifying and analysing discourses on biodiversity conservation improves our knowledge and understanding of stakeholder perspectives (including normative values and socially constructed viewpoints) on biodiversity conservation within a specific social-ecological context. Considering these perspectives in a decision-making context contributes to the long-term sustainability of resulting conservation approaches, thus contributing to continued biodiversity conservation efforts in the far future. We consider the urban City State of Singapore to identify and interpret stakeholder discourses -including values and socially constructed viewpoints-on (effective) mangrove biodiversity conservation and management in an urban context. Using the Q methodology, we: (i) delineate and describe mangrove conservation and management discourses in Singapore and (ii) extract consensual perspectives common to discourses as a basis for management recommendations. Areas of agreement and disagreement on motivation, prioritization and responsibilities related to mangrove conservation and management are described based on numerical (i.e. sorting of statements along an ordinal scale) and qualitative data (i.e. structured interviews). There was a large overlap between discourses, suggesting that disagreement between various stakeholders may not be a prominent inhibitor of future decision making regarding mangrove conservation and management. It seems stakeholders realise the urban context strongly limits the range of realistic conservation and management approaches of mangrove forests, resulting in the larger overlap between discourses. Generally, all participants agree no further loss of existing Singapore mangroves should be allowed. The most important recommendations to reach this ultimate objective include indefinite legal protection and increase of mangrove areas under national park and nature reserve status, as well as continued promotion of mangrove's cultural ecosystem services. The identified discourses can inform decision-making by deducing shared stakeholder objectives based on the consensus values and perspectives. These shared objectives can readily be incorporated in decision-making processes on mangrove conservation and management in an urban context.

Field of study: Environmental science
Obtaining more Karatsuba-like formulae over the binary field

The aim of this study is to find more Karatsuba-like formulae for a fixed set of moduli polynomials in GF(2)[x]. To this end, a theoretical framework is established. The authors first generalise the division algorithm, and then present a generalised definition of the remainder of integer division. Finally, a generalised Chinese remainder theorem is used to achieve their initial goal. As a by-product of the generalised remainder of integer division, the authors rediscover Montgomery's N-residue and present a systematic interpretation of definitions of Montgomery's multiplication and addition operations.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
An Empirical Study of Response and Sampling Errors for Multiplicity Estimates with Different Counting Rules

The components of the mean square error (MSE) of estimates from surveys with multiplicity, where households report on events which occurred in them and also in other households (linked to them according to well-specified counting rules), can be estimated on the basis of a specially designed evaluation survey, under certain simplifying assumptions. The empirical results from such a survey, designed to estimate births and marriages, indicate that a wide counting rule is more efficient than a conventional rule, since the slightly higher response bias and variance are more than offset by the reduction in sampling variance.

Field of study: Mathematics
Transgender People of Color’s Experiences of Sexual Objectification: Locating Sexual Objectification Within a Matrix of Domination

The purpose of this grounded theory study was to investigate transgender people of color’s (TPOC’s) sexual objectification experiences (SOEs). Fifteen TPOC were interviewed about their experiences with sexual objectification. Using intersectionality and objectification theories as our research paradigms, results suggested that participants’ SOEs were shaped by the intersections of cissexism, sexism, and racism, and that participants experienced various levels of privilege and oppression based on their specific identities. Results revealed similarities with previous sexual objectification research as well as unique sexual objectification experiences for TPOC, including racialized sexual objectification, fetishization, genital- and gender transition-based comments, and body policing. Results also suggested that self-objectification may manifest as a desire to affirm one’s gender identity and result in physical safety anxiety. TPOC may engage in body surveillance to achieve transgender congruence and reduce potential victimization experiences. Mental health practitioners are encouraged to attend to how intersections of cissexism, sexism, and racism may encourage SOEs, and the ways in which such experiences may impact TPOC.

Field of study: Psychology
Beyond Post-Downsizing Organisational Injustice and Counterproductive Work Behaviours: Antecedents and Consequences of Learnt Helplessness

The overall objective of this study was to explore perceived organisational injustice through the lens of learnt helplessness in a Norwegian post-merger case study focusing on an ageing knowledge-based workforce. The case describes a lucrative large-scale early retirement organisational downsizing deployed only in the headquarters, located in Norway, but not offered across country subsidiaries. This qualitative research collected data from 28 semi-structured face-to-face interviews and other observations. This study was based on the assumption that organisational injustice would prevail with observed counter-productive workplace behaviours (CWBs). Three research questions were formulated: 1) Does perceived organisational injustice always lead to the expected CWB? 2) To what degree does learnt helplessness function as a buffer against the expected CWB resulting from perceived organisational injustice? 3) What are the antecedents and consequences of learnt helplessness? A key contribution of this study is to provide a unique case where injustice does not always lead to the predicted negative organisational outcomes of CWBs under the conditions of learnt helplessness. The case illustrates that organisational culture is the antecedent of learnt helplessness, which in turn, has buffering effects against the predicted CWBs.

Field of study: Business
Detection of formaldehyde in cheese using FTIR spectroscopy.

A new analytical method was developed for determining formaldehyde (CH2O) in cheese by FTIR spectroscopy. Formaldehyde (CH2O) was also spiked at 0 to 100 mg/100g in freshly prepared cheese. Two sets, each of twenty one (21) samples, were prepared using the same type of soft white cheese. FTIR spectra were recorded using Attenuated Total Reflectance accessory at room temperature, and the Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression statistical method was used to derive calibration models for the set of samples in triplicates. The spectral region used for correlation and cross validation were set include the data from 1650 – 800 cm–1. As suggested by the correlation and variance spectra. The coefficient of determination (R2) of correlation was found to be 0.986 with average standard error of calibration (SEC) of 2.24 mg/100g, with. The calibration model was validated by using the “leave-one-out” cross-validation method, and the R2 of validation, the standard errors of prediction (Yang & Irudayaraj), and standard deviation (Angulo et al.) of the differences for repeatability and accuracy were computed and found to be 0.9662, 4.07mg/100g and 4.61, respectively. The results support the premise that FTIR spectroscopy is an efficient, precise and rapid analytical technique for the determination of minor components such as formaldehyde / formalin in cheese samples.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Mao Tsedong's Comments on Capitalism Development

One of the important principles of Marxism holds that the economically backward countries can take advantage of all the positive outcomes resulted from the capitalism to develop the socialism productivity in the course of the socialism construction.Theoretically,Mao Tsedong once elaborated the question about the capitalism in the period of his leading the China's Revolution.And the most remarkable elaboration on the capitalism is in his New Democracy Theory.After the accomplishment of Socialism Reconstruction,Mao Tsedong once again put forward and deepened the thought: "Demolish the capitalism and then reestablish it".The probe into Mao's Comments on Capitalism still makes great sense today.

Field of study: Economics