nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
What is the role of putrescine accumulated under potassium deficiency?

Biomarker metabolites are of increasing interest in crops since they open avenues for precision agriculture, whereby nutritional needs and stresses can be monitored optimally. Putrescine has the potential to be a useful biomarker to reveal potassium (K+ ) deficiency. In fact, although this diamine has also been observed to increase during other stresses such as drought, cold or heavy metals, respective changes are comparably low. Due to its multifaceted biochemical properties, several roles for putrescine under K+ deficiency have been suggested, such as cation balance, antioxidant, reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated signaling, osmolyte, or pH regulator. However, the specific association of putrescine build-up with low K+ availability in plants remains poorly understood, and possible regulatory roles must be consistent with putrescine concentration found in plant tissues. We hypothesize that massive increase of putrescine upon K+ starvation plays an adaptive role. A distinction of putrescine function from that of other polyamines (spermine, spermidine) may be based either on its specificity or (which is probably more relevant under K+ deficiency) on a very high attainable concentration of putrescine, which far exceeds those for spermidine and spermine. Excessive putrescine and its catabolites appear to possess a strong potential in controlling cellular K+ and Ca2+ , and mitochondria and chloroplasts bioenergetics under K+ stress. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Field of study: Environmental science
Before the Eyes of the World: Mexico and the 1968 Olympic Games (review)

accepts at face value what was recorded as slaves’ statements. The abbreviated archival references—no doubt mandated by the publisher in the interests of economy—make it impossible to determine the kinds of filters through which slaves’ words reach us. Elegant phrases in what appear to be slave soldiers’ petitions for promised freedom, such as the book’s title quotation, may indeed have reflected slaves’ views, but their phrasing owes at least something to the scribes and other professionals who prepared documents for presentation to the courts. This, in turn, raises the question of the alliances that slave soldiers constructed with free people in order to secure freedom, and more broadly, the wars’ impact on attitudes toward slavery. It would be interesting to know more about the views of rank-and-file soldiers, the lower-ranking officers who dealt with slave soldiers on a daily basis, and the free poor who interacted with soldiers (free and slave alike) while they were stationed nearby. Slaves’ often exemplary service clearly failed to convince most masters to give up slavery, but did it contribute to popular antislavery sentiment? Future research on these questions will be much easier thanks to Blanchard’s important work.

Field of study: History
Cost-effectiveness of glycemic control and ophthalmological care in diabetic retinopathy.

Glycemic control and ophthalmological care are known to significantly diminish the risk of visual impairment and blindness by diabetic retinopathy (DRP). The (cost-)effectiveness of both strategies was studied to highlight their benefits for patients and care providers.



A computer analysis was developed, following the progression of DRP and the effectiveness of metabolic control and ophthalmological care continuously and individually in cohorts of type I and type II DM patients with divergent degrees of compliance. Costs relate to present medical charges in the Netherlands.



Intensive glycemic control shortens the duration of blindness in a type I DM patient by 0.76 years, intensive ophthalmological care by 0.53 years. One year sight gain may cost 1126 euros by providing ophthalmological care and 50479 euros by glycemic control. The duration of blindness drops in a type II DM patient by 0.48 and 0.13 years, respectively, whereas the effectiveness decreases as the age of onset of DM rises.



The vast majority of diabetic patients benefits from both intensive glycemic control and intensive ophthalmological care, but these cost-effective interventions which are not only complementary, but also substitute each other, require lasting, full compliance by all parties concerned.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Dysregulation of CircRNA_0001946 Contributes to the Proliferation and Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer Cells by Targeting MicroRNA-135a-5p

This study was aimed to evaluate the potential function of circ-0001946 in the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) and the related regulatory mechanism. First, the expression levels of circRNA_0001946 and microRNA-135a-5p (miR-135a-5p) in normal and CRC tissues were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). In addition, cell proliferation was assessed by the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, cell migration and invasion were evaluated by Transwell assays, and the cell cycle patterns were determined by flow cytometry. The relationship between the expression levels of circ_0001946 and miR-135a-5p was determined by dual-luciferase reporter assays. Our data showed that the expression of circ_0001946 was upregulated in CRC tissues, which was negatively correlated with tumor size, histologic grade, lymphatic metastasis, and TMN stage, and patients with circ_0001946 overexpression were more likely to have a poor prognosis. In addition, in vitro experiments showed that silencing circ_0001946 inhibited the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway and markedly suppressed CRC cell growth, migration, and invasion. Furthermore, we discovered that the transfection of miR-135a-5p mimics could reverse the antitumor effects of circRNA_0001946 downregulation. To summarize, this study revealed that circRNA_0001946 might act as a tumor promoter by activating the miR-135a-5p/EMT axis and may be a promising treatment target for CRC.

Field of study: Biology
Optomechanical design and simulation of a cryogenic infrared spectrometer.

To continuously monitor, identify, and classify a wide range of areas all day and satisfy the hyperspectral remote sensing requirements in disaster reduction, environment, agriculture, forestry, marine, and resource areas, the authors participated in a pre-research program for full spectrum hyperspectral detection in geostationary orbit. As part of the program, the authors designed a cryogenic infrared spectrometer working at the diffraction limit. Such spectrometer complied with prism dispersion, exhibiting a 120 mm long slit, 2.5-5 µm band range, and 50 nm minimum spectral resolution. The spectrometer should overtake a temperature variation of 143 K for its assembly temperature at 293 K and the working temperature at 150 K. Low-temperature invar and carbon fiber were adopted as the framework material. The spectrometer was composed of two reflective Zerodur mirrors and one CaF2 Fery prism. Compensation mounts were developed for the reflective mirrors, while a spring-loaded autocentering cryogenic lens mount was designed for a CaF2 prism. CaF2 material exhibits a large linear expansion coefficient, making its mount difficult to design. The alignment requirements of the system were described, and the calculations that ensure the lenses undergo both appropriate stresses and temperature differences were presented. Structural thermal optical performance analysis was also conducted to assess the degradation in optical performance caused by temperature variation to verify the overall optomechanical design.

Field of study: Physics
Arithmetic expressions of Selberg's zeta functions for congruence subgroups☆

In [P. Sarnak, Class numbers of indefinite binary quadratic forms, J. Number Theory 15 (1982) 229–247], it was proved that the Selberg zeta function for SL 2 ( Z ) is expressed in terms of the fundamental units and the class numbers of the primitive indefinite binary quadratic forms. The aim of this paper is to obtain similar arithmetic expressions of the logarithmic derivatives of the Selberg zeta functions for congruence subgroups of SL 2 ( Z ) . As applications, we study the Brun–Titchmarsh type prime geodesic theorem and the asymptotic formula of the sum of the class number.

Field of study: Mathematics
Non-equilibrium critical flow characteristics of trans-critical carbon dioxide in short tube

A two-fluid model and a homogeneous model for trans-critical carbon dioxide in a short tube were developed.Both inter-phase velocity slip and temperature difference were taken into account in the two-fluid model, but not in the homogeneous model. Experimental results on the mass flow rate were used to verify these two models.The results showed that for the two-fluid model the deviation of 90% model prediction was under ±20%.Furthermore it could give reasonable pressure distribution along the tube length.The homogeneous model could also give reasonable prediction results,and not seriously lower than measured results while disregarding the non-equilibrium characteristics.The non-equilibrium flow characteristics of trans-critical carbon dioxide in the short tube are not obvious which could also be verified by small inter-phase velocity slip and temperature difference.Finally, this phenomenon was given theoretical explanation.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Magnetic phases of $t-J$ model on triangular lattice

We study the magnetic properties of the $t-J$ model on triangular lattice in light of the recently discovered superconductivity in Na$_{x}$CoO$_{2}$ system. 
We formulate the problem in the Schwinger Boson - slave Fermion scheme and proposed a sound mean field ansatz(canting ansatz) for the RVB order parameters. Working with the canting ansatz, we map out the temperature-doping phase diagram of the model for both sign of the hopping term. We find the prediction of the $t-J$ model differ drastically from that of earlier LSDA calculation and there is large doping range in which the system show zero net magnetization, rather than saturated magnetization as predicted in the LSDA calculation. We show the result of LSDA is unreliable in the strong coupling regime due to its neglect of electron correlation. We find the spin Berry phase play a vital role in this geometrically frustrated system and the various states in the phases diagram are characterized(and distinguished) by their respective spin Berry phase, rather than any Landau-like order parameter related to broken symmetry. We find the spin Berry phase is responsible for the qualitative difference in the low energy excitation spectrum of the various states of the phase diagram. We argue the phase boundary in the mean field phase diagram may serve as the first explicit and realistic example for phase transition between states with different quantum orders which in our case is nothing but the spin Berry phase. We also find an exotic state with nonzero spin chirality but no spin ordering is stable in a large temperature and doping range and find.......

Field of study: Physics
S2-LBI: Stochastic Split Linearized Bregman Iterations for Parsimonious Deep Learning

This paper proposes a novel Stochastic Split Linearized Bregman Iteration ($S^{2}$-LBI) algorithm to efficiently train the deep network. The $S^{2}$-LBI introduces an iterative regularization path with structural sparsity. Our $S^{2}$-LBI combines the computational efficiency of the LBI, and model selection consistency in learning the structural sparsity. The computed solution path intrinsically enables us to enlarge or simplify a network, which theoretically, is benefited from the dynamics property of our $S^{2}$-LBI algorithm. The experimental results validate our $S^{2}$-LBI on MNIST and CIFAR-10 dataset. For example, in MNIST, we can either boost a network with only 1.5K parameters (1 convolutional layer of 5 filters, and 1 FC layer), achieves 98.40\% recognition accuracy; or we simplify $82.5\%$ of parameters in LeNet-5 network, and still achieves the 98.47\% recognition accuracy. In addition, we also have the learning results on ImageNet, which will be added in the next version of our report.

Field of study: Computer science
Experimental study of GaAs photoconductive semiconductor switch with bulk structure

Two kinds of Photoconductive semiconductor switch(PCSSs) with bulk structure are studied experimentally, which are fabricated from semi-insulating GaAs. The first switch has a size of 10 mm×10 mm×0.6 mm, whose electrodes are 6 mm in diameter on the opposite side of the chip. The second one has a size of 15 mm×15 mm×3 mm, whose electrodes are 8 mm in diameter on the opposite side of the chip. The withstand voltage of the first switch is tested under pulse voltages with different full-width-at-half-maximum. A maximum withstand voltage of 7.6 kV is achieved, which means the breakdown electric field is 127 kV/cm. The volt-ampere performance at DC bias voltage and dark condition of the second switch is tested as well as its triggered performance. The maximum current of the switch is more th

Field of study: Physics
An Overview of Metallic Nanowire Networks, Promising Building Blocks for Next Generation Transparent Conductors: Emergence, Fundamentals and Challenges

Transparent conductors (TCs) have a wide range of applications in numerous electronic and optoelectronic devices. This review provides an overview of the emergence of metallic nanowire networks (MNNs) as promising building blocks for the next generation transparent conductors. The fundamental aspects, structure–property relations, fabrication techniques and the corresponding challenges are reviewed. Theoretical and experimental researches suggest that nanowires with smaller diameter, longer length and higher aspect ratio have higher performance. Yet, the development of an efficient synthesis technique for the production of MNNs has remained a challenge. The synthesis method is also crucial to the scalability and the commercial potential of these emerging TCs. The most promising techniques for the synthesis together with their advantages, limitations and the recent findings are here discussed. Finally, we will try to show the promising future research trends in MNNs to have an approach to design the next generation TCs.

Field of study: Materials science
Uruguay Nunca Mas: Human Rights Violations, 1972-1985

Preface Acknowledgments Introduction Lawrence Weschler Abbreviations Part I: The Historical Process 1. The Decline of the Democratic System, I: Crisis, Social Mobilization, and Authoritarianism 2. The Decline of the Democratic System, II: Ascendancy of the Military 3. The Military Dictatorship, I: Social Control and State Militarization 4. The Military Dictatorship, II: Military Failure and the Restoration of Democracy Part II: The Practice of State Terrorism 5. Arrests 6. Torture 7. Military Justice 8. The Long Imprisonment 9. Prison Medical Care 10. Deaths 11. Forced Disappearances 12. Doctors', Psychologists', and Paramedics' Participation in Torture 13. Coordination among Military Operations in the Southern Cone Part III: Beyond Prison 14. The Dismantling of Civilian Life 15. The Long Exile 16. The Scars of Terrorism Epilogue: Final Words  Dies as a Result of the Political Violence Beginning April 14, 1972  Were Arrested and Disappeared Notes Index

Field of study: History
Implications of China’s Higher Education Development: From the Perspective of Comparative Culture

Contemporary comparative and international studies of higher education have portrayed the powerful influence of economic and political realities.Cultural dimensions,especially those of traditional ways of thinking,have often been ignored.As universities are culturally embedded,it is erroneous to treat them as the same entity in various cultural contexts.Chinese traditional culture cannot coexist easily with the globally dominant European-American university model,and it is a unfinished business of integrating Chinese and Western ideas of a university.With a strong catch-up mentality,universities in China are often uncritical towards the European-American model.Without an infusion of traditional education values,universities in China risk losing touch with their cultural roots in their quest for world-class status.

Field of study: Education
Self-Punishment and Depression

The relationship between depression and the behavior of self-administered reward and punishment was examined among college students. Students scoring high and low on the Beck Depression Inventory were compared on a memory task on which they were to self-reward or self-punish their responses. There were no differences in actual accuracy of memory or in frequency of self-reward, but depressed subjects gave themselves more self-punishment. The results were discussed in light of previous research on self-control behavior of depressed persons.

Field of study: Psychology
Synthesis and transformation of sulfides of the thiophene series. 34. Quantum-chemical studies of the specificity of electrophilic attack and isomerization under C-protonation conditions in the alkylmercaptothiophene series

Abstract2-Methoxy-5-methylthiothiophene, 2,5-bis(methylthio)thiophene, and all of their possible C-protonated forms (σ complexes) were subjected to calculations by the self-consistent-field (SCF) MO LCAO method within the CNDO/2 (complete neglect of differential overlap/2) valence approximation. The results obtained were used to explain the peculiarities of the behavior of these compounds in electrophilic-substitution reactions (Vilsmeier formylation and acetylation). It is shown that the most preferred sites of electrophilic attack in both compounds are the 3 and 5 positions, while the least active site is the 2 position in 2-methoxy-5-methylthiophene, as a result of which one should not observe either migration or splitting out of an OCH3 group, in agreement with the available experimental data. The energetics of the secondary transformations of the σ complexes formed in the reaction, viz., isomerization and elimination of the SCH3+ group, were estimated.

Field of study: Chemistry
Atranes XI. 1-hydrosilatranes

A new and original method of synthesizing difficultly accessible 1-hydrosilatranes, is developed. It is based on transesterification of the appropriate boratranes in the presence of aluminum alkoxide catalyst. The method is used to prepare four compounds of the type stated, only one of which (R′=R″=R"=H) was previously known.

Field of study: Chemistry
Moderated degradation enhancement of lateral pnp transistors due to measurement bias

Enhanced low-dose-rate gain degradation of ADI RF25 lateral pnp transistors is examined as a function of the bias at which the gain is measured. Degradation enhancement at low dose rates diminishes rapidly with increasing measurement bias between the emitter and the base. Device simulations reveal that interface trap charging, field effects from oxide trapped charge and emitter metallization, base series resistance and high-level carrier injection all contribute to this behavior. As a practical consequence, accelerated hardness assurance tests of this device require higher irradiation temperatures or larger design margins for low power applications.

Field of study: Physics
The Honduran Army in the Sociopolitical Evolution of the Honduran State

REQUENTLY, commentators on political developments in various small Central American nations describe the political participation of the military as if it were an unchanging and ineluctable force that had conditioned public life from time immemorial. Unfortunately, such a perspective not only distorts historical reality but makes it extremely difficult to offer accurate interpretations of current events. While it seems fundamentally correct to assert that Latin American military institutions differ from such organizations in other less developed areas in that they were forged in the crucible of 19th rather than 20th century events, such a generalization cannot apply to every Hispanic nation.' A more adequate representation of reality might be that there are essentially two types of Latin American military establishments which relate in quite different ways to their respective political systems. First, there is that class of military organization where institutional identities were fairly well established by the early 20th century and, secondly, there are those which bear a closer affinity to military establishments in the new nations. Here, there has been a very late process of institutional consolidation which makes the behavioral patterns of these institutions particularly volatile.

Field of study: History
ARTICLES: Luminescence spectra of XeF2 excited by radiation from the excimers Xe2* and Kr2*

An investigation was made of the dependences of the intensity of the luminescence due to electronic–vibrational transitions in XeF* molecules in the ultraviolet spectral region on the pressures of different buffer gases. When XeF2 was photolyzed by excimer radiation in the presence of xenon, luminescence of the triatomic molecule Xe2F* was detected. The dependence of its power on the pressures of N2, Kr, Xe, and Ar was investigated.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
ARTICLES: Emission spectrum of a semiconductor laser with an external resonator

An investigation is made of the influence of an external resonator on the emission spectrum of a single-mode semiconductor laser. It is shown that spontaneous radiation may be the main reason for the excitation of several longitudinal modes of the external resonator. A correlation approximation allowing for the coupling between the amplitude and phase of spontaneous oscillations is used to study the amplitude and phase spectra of fluctuations and the emission spectrum of a semiconductor laser with an external resonator. The conditions for single-mode emission are determined and the limitations imposed on the attainable line narrowing in the single-mode regime are found.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Interleukin-13 induces thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (CCL17) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

In allergic inflammation involving allergic rhinitis, the predominance of Th(2) lymphocytes is one of the primary causal agents in promotion of the allergic condition. Thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC/CCL17) is a recently identified chemokine that induces the development of Th(2) lymphocytes. One of the sources of TARC has been reported to be peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).



We investigated TARC production from PBMCs by the stimulation of specific antigens and Th(2) type cytokines.



PBMCs were isolated from both allergic rhinitis patients and healthy volunteers. PBMCs were incubated with cytokine. TARC mRNA expression was examined by real time PCR methods and the amount of TARC production was examined by ELISA.



IL-13 was found to be the most potent inducer for TARC mRNA expression and protein production in PBMCs. Furthermore, tumour necrosis factor alpha and IL-13 synergistically induce TARC. The amount of TARC from allergic rhinitis patients was significantly larger than that from healthy volunteers. Moreover, TARC was induced by a specific antigen, and was 35% inhibited by an anti-IL-13 neutralizing antibody.



These results indicate that IL-13 is important in TARC mediated Th(2) lymphocytes infiltration in the nasal mucosa.

Field of study: Medicine