nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Expression of the fibroblast growth factor family and their receptor family genes during mouse brain development.

The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is composed of nine members and four genes encode protein tyrosine kinase receptors for them. To gain insight into the involvement of FGFs and their receptors in the development of nervous system, their expression in brains of perinatal and adult mice was examined by semi-quantitative reverse transcription-linked polymerase chain reactions and in situ hybridization. Although all the genes, with the exception of FGF-4, were found to be expressed, FGF-3, FGF-6, FGF-7 and FGF-8 genes demonstrated higher expression in the late embryonic stages than in postnatal stages, suggesting that these members are involved in the late stages of brain development. In contrast, expression of FGF-1 and FGF-5 increased after birth. Interestingly, FGF-6 expression in perinatal mice was restricted to the central nervous system and skeltal muscles, with intense signals in the developing cerebrum in embryos but in cerebellum in 5-day-old neonates. Furthermore, FGF-receptor (FGFR)-4, a cognate receptor for FGF-6, demonstrated similar spatiotemporal expression, suggesting that FGF-6 and FGFR-4 plays significant roles in the maturation of nervous system as a ligand-receptor system. The results indicate that individual member of the fibroblast growth factor and their receptor family are expressed either sequentially or simultaneously in brain development, strongly suggesting their involvement in the regulation of a variety of developmental processes of brain, i.e., proliferation and migration of neuronal progenitor cells, neuron and glia differentiation, neurite extensions, and synapse formations.

Field of study: Biology
THERMO-MECHANICAL COUPLING ANALYSIS OF RAIL IN ROLLING-SLIDING CONTACT

A thermo-mechanical coupling analysis of the rail under a rolling-sliding state is conducted by the thermo-elasto-plastic finite element method. The temperature rise and the stress/strain near the wheel-rail contact patch of the rail are calculated. The effect of the wheel-rail creepage is also investigated. The temperature-dependent material properties are taken into consideration in the finite element model. The movement of boundary conditions of the rail surface is used to simulate the movement of wheels. The results indicate that the thermally affected zone exists mainly in a very thin layer of the material near the rail contact surface. Both the temperature rise and thermal strain increase with increasing the creepage. The circumferential and axial residual stresses generated by the thermal load in the surface layer of the rail appear to be tensile. The thermal load caused by small creepages can reduce the residual compressive stresses generated by the mechanical load. When the creepage becomes larger, however, the thermal response has a significant influence on the residual stresses and residual strains. As the creepage reaches a certain value, the circumferential and axial residual stresses in the thermo-mechanical case become tensile stresses, while in the mechanical case they appear to be compressive stresses. With further increasing the creepage, the residual stresses and residual strains in the thermo-mechanical case increase as well.

Field of study: Engineering
Beyond Ricardian Model: An Optimal Commodity Distribution Based on Absolute Advantage for Multi-Country Multi-Commodity

Ricardo’s comparative advantage model asserts that international trade will make every single participantcountry better off if they traded goods in which they have comparative advantage. Tian (2008) has generalizedand expanded this Ricardo's 2-country, 2-commodity comparative advantage into a multi-country,multi-commodity model. His methodology, however, occasionally fails to achieve optimal commoditydistribution or to facilitate international trade even if it succeeds in optimal distribution, for it results in a highdegree of difference in countries’ commodity prices. This paper proposes an algorithm that selects countries’comparatively advantageous goods for multi-country, multi-commodity model based on their absolute advantage.The proposed algorithm simply selects a commodity with the maximum absolute advantage - the minimum price- from each country and reassigns commodities of over-assigned countries to under-assigned countries. Thisabsolute advantage model (AAA) is found to be much simpler than Tian’s comparative advantage method and toyield superior results.

Field of study: Business
[Psychoautonomic disorders in patients with hypertension, stage I and possibilities of their treatment].

The article is devoted to the study of psychoautonomic features of patients with essential hypertension stage 1. The authors present the results of the clinical and psychological examinations of 62 patients with this pathology. These results show an increase in the levels of state and trait anxiety, which confirms the leading role of the psycho-emotional sphere in the formation of hypertensive reactions. This study evaluated the efficacy of the drug adaptol usage during 8 weeks in daily dose 1500 mg divided into three parts in the treatment of this group of patients. The results clearly demonstrate the positive effect of adaptol on psychoautonomic adaptation of patients with essential hypertension stage 1.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Preliminary X-ray analysis of a new crystal form of recombinant pig kidney DOPA decarboxylase.

DOPA decarboxylase is responsible for the synthesis of the key neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin via decarboxylation of L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) and L-5-hydroxytryptophan, respectively. The crystals of recombinant DOPA decarboxylase differ from those previously reported for the enzyme purified from pig kidney. They belong to space group P622 with unit-cell dimensions a = b = 302.6, c = 178.1 A. Both the self-rotation function and the good diffraction quality of these crystals (2.5 A on a synchrotron source) suggest that there should be at least three protein dimers in the asymmetric unit. Diffraction data sets have been collected for the native enzyme and a heavy-atom derivative.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Moenave Formation: Sedimentologic and stratigraphic context of the Triassic-Jurassic boundary in the Four Corners area, southwestern U.S.A.

The Moenave Formation was deposited during latest Triassic to earliest Jurassic time in a mosaic of fluvial, lacustrine, and eolian subenvironments. Ephemeral streams that flowed north-northwest (relative to modern geographic position) deposited single- and multi-storeyed trough cross-bedded sands on an open floodplain. Sheet flow deposited mainly silt across broad interchannel flats. Perennial lakes, in which mud, silt and carbonate were deposited, formed on the terminal floodplain; these deposits experienced episodic desiccation. Winds that blew dominantly east to south-southeast formed migrating dunes and sand sheets that were covered by low-amplitude ripples. The facies distribution varies greatly across the outcrop belt. The lacustrine facies of the terminal floodplain are limited to the northern part of the study area. In a southward direction along the outcrop belt (along the Echo Cliffs and Ward Terrace in Arizona), dominantly fluvial–lacustrine and subordinate eolian facies grade mainly to eolian dune and interdune facies. This transition records the encroachment of the Wingate erg. Moenave outcrops expose a north–south lithofacies gradient from distal, (erg margin) to proximal (erg interior). The presence of ephemeral stream and lake deposits, abundant burrowing and vegetative activity, and the general lack of strongly developed aridisols or evaporites suggest a climate that was seasonally arid both before and during deposition of the Moenave and the laterally equivalent Wingate Sandstone. We interpret growth of the erg as a consequence of marine regression during the latest Triassic through earliest Jurassic that exposed sediments on the coast of the back-arc sea to eolian reworking. Tectonic processes that created accommodation space enhanced preservation of the erg.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Flexural Strength of 3D-Printing Resin Materials for Provisional Fixed Dental Prostheses

The clinical application of 3D-printed provisional restorations is increasing due to expansion of intraoral scanners, easy dental computer-aided design (CAD) software, and improved 3D printing speed. This study compared flexural strength of 3D-printed three-unit fixed dental prostheses with that of conventionally fabricated and milled restorations. A metal jig of two abutments and pontic space and an indenter for flexural strength measurement were fabricated. A three-unit fixed dental prosthesis was designed and manufactured using three additive manufacturing technologies, with subtractive manufacturing and a conventional method as controls. Digital light processing (DLP) group specimens were prepared from a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-based resin and printed with a DLP printer. Stereolithography (SLA) group specimens were prepared from PMMA-based resin and printed with an SLA printer, and fused deposition modeling (FDM) group specimens were from a polylactic acid-based resin and printed with an FDM printer. Flexural strength was investigated using a universal testing machine, and the results were statistically analyzed. DLP and SLA groups had significantly higher flexural strength than the conventional group (p < 0.001). No significant difference was observed in flexural strength between DLP and SLA groups. The FDM group showed only dents but no fracture. The results of this study suggest that provisional restorations fabricated by DLP and SLA technologies provide adequate flexural strength for dental use.

Field of study: Materials science
Refined crystal structure of lysozyme from the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Lysozymes (E.C. 3.2.1.17) are well characterized ubiquitous enzymes that have an antibacterial effect. The lysozymes from rainbow trout (RBTL) (Oncorhynchus mykiss) could be particularly interesting in aquaculture since they show higher activity than egg-white lysozyme and lysozymes from other fish species against a variety of pathogenic bacteria. Two lysozymes, I and II, differing only in a single amino acid, were purified from the kidney of rainbow trout and shown to belong to the c-type class of lysozymes. The type II form was shown to be much more potent against a variety of bacteria than the type I enzyme. We have grown crystals from a mixture containing about 80% type I and 20% type II lysozyme from rainbow trout, and solved the X-ray crystal structure. The crystals are trigonal with a = 76.68, c = 54.46 A and space group P3(1)21. The phase problem was solved by the molecular-replacement method, and the structure was refined to an R-factor of 17.4% using data to 1.8 A resolution. The crystal structure shows that the three-dimensional structure of rainbow trout lysozyme is very similar to the previously solved structures of other c-type lysozymes. The single polypeptide of 129 amino acids is folded into two domains separated by a deep cleft which contains the active site. Secondary-structure elements, four alpha-helices and a three-stranded beta-sheet, are located in the same sequential positions as in the hen, turkey and human enzymes. The beta-sheet is found to be common for structures of both c- and g-type lysozymes. We suggest that differences in antibiotic activity of the two forms of RBTL are probably due to small differences in the hydophobicity of a small surface region.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Myth of Ownership: Taxes and Justice

the actual text to gain a good grasp of the contents of the agreement, a very informative but not particularly engrossing exercise. On the other hand, one can learn a great deal about TRIPs and related issues by reading this book. It is well written, well documented, accessible, and concise. Some might find it useful in the classroom, and anyone needing a good overview of the global intellectual property rights issue should consider reading this book. Matthews does a good job of identifying unresolved and ongoing issues, and academic readers may find this book to be a good source of research ideas.

Field of study: Economics
Attention State Related EEG Spectrum and Pupil Size in Vigilance Task

Objectively recognizing Attention State is a particularly important task to ensure vigilance decrement in Vigilance Task. The aim of this study was to develop a vigilance task system using Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals to identify four kinds of Attention State including Thinking Otherthing (TO), Sleepy(S), Attention Outside (AO), and Attention to Screen (ATS). Simultaneously, Pupil dimension was recorded as reference. We approached this objective by firstly investigating the relevant EEG frequency band followed by deciding the appropriate feature extraction method. Two features were considered namely: 1. Wavelet Energy Percent, and 2. Wavelet Cosine Similarity. The results presented in this study indicated that wavelet energy percent extracted from alpha, beta, delta and theta bands seem to provide the necessary information for describing the aforementioned Attention State. Using the Wavelet Cosine Similarity (Dataset for attention state Analysis using electroencephalogram, subjective valuing and Vigilance Signals), our proposed method achieved a significant sensitivity and specificity. Deviation of pupil size also reflected the four kinds of attention state.

Field of study: Engineering
London Calling: V.S. Naipaul, Postcolonial Mandarin (review)

only ones short on scholarship; sociologist Joy Rudd cites no sources and insults the intelligence of many readers by explaining the Literary Revival and the Easter Rising from scratch. The inclusion of more than twenty generally short essays makes for a fragmented reading experience. What we still need, beyond these collections of essays, is a more unified, focused examination of Big House fiction. In The Literary Works of Jack B. Yeats, John W. Purser, a freelance composer and writer, sets out to make a case that Jack Yeats's plays and novels are excellent in their own right and have suffered neglect in the shadow of his big brother. But he does not make a convincing case. The following quotation on the novel The Charmed Life is all too typical of Purser's approach and style: "Truly, this is a work of genius ... I am myself humbled ... I can only hope what I have done will serve as sufficient stimulus for others to look more deeply into the unlimited treasures of this great novel." Jack Yeats's novels remain forgettable after reading Purser. The Yeats scholar might forgive him if some meaningful connections were made between the painter's writings and those of his older brother the poet, but Purser does not make diem. This book was completed two years earlier as a dissertation (which Purser oddly cites parenthetically, confusing the reader until the dissertation is found in a list of abbreviations at the beginning of the book). He identifies the oft-cited Sarah Purser, a friend of Jack Yeats, as his own great-grand-aunt only on this book's penultimate page, and his notes appear after his bibliography, in which articles are listed by title rather than author. This quirky book is not up to the level of the previous four titles in the "Princess Grace Irish Library."

Field of study: Art
Stress and volcanism in the northern Mogollon-Datil volcanic field, New Mexico: Effects of the post-Laramide tectonic transition

The tectonic transition between Laramide crustal shortening and mid-Tertiary extension occurred during Datil Group (upper Eocene-lower Oligocene) volcanism in the northern Mogollon-Datil field, New Mexico. Radiometrically constrained stratigraphic evidence for (1) displacement reversal across intrabasin fault zones and (2) initial foundering and burial of Laramide uplifts that would later form basins of the Rio Grande rift indicates that the tectonic transition occurred about 36 Ma. The change from Laramide shortening to mid-Tertiary extension coincides temporally and spatially with the end of early intermediate- composition volcanism (lower Datil Group) and the beginning of bimodal volcanism (upper Datil Group and younger rocks) in the northern Mogollon-Datil field. Lithospheric stress regimes provided a common link between tectonism and volcanism during Datil time. Tectonic compression during Laramide crustal shortening prevented dike propagation on a regional scale. Diapirism was the only major mechanism available for ascent of early Datil magmas. Because diapirs derive buoyancy from density contrast over a short depth interval, basaltic melts must evolve to at least andesitic composition to penetrate low-density continental crust. Tectonic tension began about 36 Ma in west-central New Mexico, allowing widespread dike propagation. Upper Datil basaltic andesite melts, which were more dense than parts of the continental crust, were able to ascend via dike propagation because dikes have sufficient vertical extent to derive buoyancy from "roots" in the dense upper mantle or lower crust. Crustal melting caused by widespread intrusion of mafic dikes may have produced the silicic mode of late Datil volcanism.

Field of study: Geology
Augmented Lagrangian-based approach for dense three-dimensional structure and motion estimation from binocular image sequences

In this study, the authors propose a framework for stereo-motion integration for dense depth estimation. They formulate the stereo-motion depth reconstruction problem into a constrained minimisation one. A sequential unconstrained minimisation technique, namely, the augmented Lagrange multiplier (ALM) method has been implemented to address the resulting constrained optimisation problem. ALM has been chosen because of its relative insensitivity to whether the initial design points for a pseudo-objective function are feasible or not. The development of the method and results from solving the stereo-motion integration problem are presented. Although the authors work is not the only one adopting the ALMs framework in the computer vision context, to thier knowledge the presented algorithm is the first to use this mathematical framework in a context of stereo-motion integration. This study describes how the stereo-motion integration problem was cast in a mathematical context and solved using the presented ALM method. Results on benchmark and real visual input data show the validity of the approach.

Field of study: Computer science
The Motion of An Inv Nodal Cilium: a Realistic Model Revealing Dynein-Driven Ciliary Motion with Microtubule Mislocalization

Nodal cilia that rotate in the ventral node play an important role in establishing left-right asymmetry during embryogenesis; however, inv mutant cilia present abnormal movement and induce laterality defects. The mechanism of their motility, which is regulated by dynein activation and microtubule arrangement, has not been fully understood. This study analyzed the dynein-triggered ciliary motion in the abnormal ultrastructure of the inv mutant, aiming to quantitatively evaluate the influence of microtubule mislocalization on the movement of the cilium.  We established a realistic 3-D model of an inv mutant cilium with an ultrastructure based on tomographic datasets generated by ultra-high voltage electron microscopy. The time-variant activation of the axonemal dynein force was simulated by pairs of point loads and embedded at dynein-mounted positions between adjacent microtubule doublets in this mathematical model. Utilizing the finite element method and deformable grid, the motility of the mutant cilium that is induced by various dynein activation hypotheses was investigated and compared to experimental observation.  The results indicate that for the inv mutant, simulations of the ciliary movement with the engagement of dyneins based on the distance-controlled pattern in the partially activation scenario are broadly consistent with the observation; the shortening of the microtubules induces smaller movement amplitudes, while the angles of the mislocalized microtubules affect the pattern of the ciliary movement, and during the ciliary movement, the microtubules swing and twist in the mutant ciliary body.  More generally, this study implies that dynein engagement is sensitive to subtle geometric changes in the axoneme, and thus, this geometry greatly influences the integrity of a well-formed ciliary rotation.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Air oxidation of 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene to 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid in liquid phase

The influences of catalyst concentration, reaction temperature and pressure, feed rate, and water content on the liquid phase oxidation of 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene to 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid (2,6-NDCA)were studied in a 1 L titanium reactor using air as oxidant, acetic acid as solvent, and a Co-Mn-Br mixture as catalyst, and the optimum operation conditions were obtained in the experimental range.Meanwhile, the promotor effects of individual CO2 and Ni 2+ and their combined use on the activity of Co-Mn-Br catalyst were discussed.Based on the results of the batch experiments, a continuous process for making 2,6-NDCA was developed.The yield of 2,6-NDCA increased from 69% to 73% and the purity of 2,6-NDCA could be up to 95% with the increasing of reaction time.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Final Report of the Council of Deans

The mission of the Council of Deans is to identify and address major issues related to the conduct of professional, post-professional and graduate education, research and service in pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences. The issues addressed by the Council of Deans in 2007-2008 included the costs of experiential education; underrepresented minorities and the academy; emerging issues that have the greatest potential to affect the educational, research, and service enterprise; faculty workforce; medication safety; and strategies for college/school of pharmacy engagement in campus-wide activities aimed at providing public health education for all undergraduates. The COD Chair worked closely with the COF Chair, Brian Crabtree, to continue the work of the Councils on faculty workforce issues and a healthy students project that explores how colleges and schools of pharmacy and their faculties might participate in and advance efforts on their campuses to meet the IOM recommendation that all undergraduates should have access to education in public health. The COD also partnered with the COF to establish two new joint task forces, one on emerging issues in pharmacy education from the perspective of faculty members and deans with the greatest potential impact on schools and colleges of pharmacy over the next five to ten years; and another task force to address the role of pharmacy education in improving medication safety.

Field of study: Education, Medicine