nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Examples of differential multicollisions for 13 and 14 rounds of AES-256

Here we present practical differential q-multicollisions for AES-256. In our paper  q-multicollisions are found with complexity q · 2. We relax conditions on the plaintext difference ∆P allowing some bytes to vary and find multicollisions for 13 and 14 round AES with complexity q · 2. Even with the relaxation there is still a large complexity gap between our algorithm and the lower bound that we have proved in Lemma 1. Moreover we believe that in practice finding even two fixed-difference collisions for a good cipher would be very challenging. The multicollision sets, presented in the tables below, are obtained using the technique described in our original paper. Our search algorithm for 13 and 14 rounds of AES-256 can be described as:

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
The Design of E-Traveler's Check with Efficiency and Mutual Authentication

Nowadays, traveling has become a popular leisure activity in our daily lives. Travelers can either use cash or credit cards to pay their bills. However, there is risk of cash being robbed or credit cards being copied. The traveler’s check, which is a third choice, comes in to get travelers around such risks and to protect their rights. Nevertheless, traditional travelers’ checks cannot keep imposters from forging and cashing them illegally. Hence, we propose a new type of check, called the e-traveler’s check, to preserve the rights of holders of e-traveler’s check and to prevent the check-issuing banks from being damaged.

Field of study: Computer science
Complete and incomplete fusion dynamics of 6,7Li + 159Tb reactions near the Coulomb barrier

The complete fusion (CF) and incomplete fusion (ICF) cross-sections are estimated for 6, 7Li + 159Tb reactions using the energy-dependent Woods-Saxon potential model (EDWSP model) and dynamical cluster-decay model (DCM). The CF data of the 6Li + 159Tb(7Li + 159Tb) reaction at above barrier energies is suppressed with reference to expectations of the EDWSP model by 25% (20%) which is smaller than the reported data by ∼ 9% (6%). This suppression is correlated with the projectile breakup effect. The projectiles 6,7Li are loosely bound systems, which may break up into charged fragments prior to reaching the fusion barrier and subsequently one of the fragment is captured by the target leading to the suppression of fusion data at above barrier energies. The sum of CF and ICF, which is termed as total fusion cross-section (TF), removes the discrepancies between theoretical predictions and the above barrier complete fusion data and hence is adequately explained via the EDWSP model over a wide range of energy spread across the Coulomb barrier. In addition to fusion, the decay mechanism of 6Li + 159Tb reaction is studied within the framework of the dynamical cluster-decay model (DCM). The breakup of the projectile (6Li) in the entrance channel indicates the presence of ICF, which is investigated further using the collective clusterization approach of DCM. The present theoretical analysis suggests that a larger barrier modification is needed to address the fusion data of chosen reactions in the below barrier energy region.

Field of study: Physics
Research on the Vertical Bearing Capacity of Light Steel-foam Concrete Composite Wall Frame Column

Using the finite element method to analysis the bearing capacity of light steel-foam concrete composite wall frame column under vertical load. Through the analysis of the bearing capacity of the wall frame columns filled with different grades of foamed concrete under the vertical load, the results of the effect of filled foamed concrete on the bearing capacity of light steel composite wall are obtained.  1) for the light steel structure with no foamed concrete, the spacing of the wall frame column is increased from 400mm to 600mm, and the axial load bearing capacity is reduced. 2) for the steel foam concrete filled with 12MPa foam concrete structure, the spacing of the wall frame column is increased from 400mm to 600mm, the axial bearing capacity decreases slightly. 3) when the strength of foam concrete is reduced to 8MPa, or increased to 24MPa, the spacing of the wall frame column increases from 400mm to 600mm, the axial bearing capacity decreases first and then increases.

Field of study: Engineering
Quaternary History of Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada

Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada, occupies a graben near the crest of the Sierra Nevada. The lake basin was formed by faulting and volcanism about 2 m.y. ago and contains more than 400 m of sediments. Alternating layers of well-layered sediments and sediments displaying chaotic internal reflections characterize the seismic reflection stratigraphy of the central lake basin. During Pleistocene glaciations, valley glaciers dammed Truckee Canyon, the lake9s outlet, raising the lake level. Joklhlaups (floods through breached ice dams) rapidly lowered the elevated lake level to the present lake level. It is postulated that glacial outwash deltas prograded out along the western, northern, and southern shores of the lake at elevated lake levels and slumped into the lake basin during the periods of rapid lake level lowering. Evidence for the slumping is seen in the irregular topography at the base of the western sidewall and chaotically reflecting sediment layers extending into the central lake basin. The slump layers are covered and underlain by Holocene and interglacial well-layered sediments of turbidite and suspensate rain origin. Three possible periods of glacial progradations followed by massive slumping are proposed and are correlated with the Hobart, Donner Lake, and Tahoe glaciations of the drainage basin. The more recent Tioga glaciation was less extensive than the other glaciations and resulted in limited slumping.

Field of study: Geology
Pharmacy Students’ Ability to Identify the Steps of the Pharmacists’ Patient Care Process During IPPE

To determine the ability of first-year Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) students to describe patient care activities performed by pharmacists and accurately associate those activities with the five core steps of the Pharmacists’ Patient Care Process (PPCP).  First-year student pharmacists completed introductory practice experiences at ambulatory and institutional pharmacies. Students’ ability to describe activities that occurred in these settings and align them with the five core steps (collect, assess, plan, implement, and follow-up) of the PPCP were assessed.  The students were more adept in describing patient care activities and aligning them to the appropriate PPCP steps in an ambulatory pharmacy setting than in an institutional pharmacy setting. Students achieved higher scores when describing and aligning patient care activities associated with the collect and implement steps in an ambulatory pharmacy setting and for the assess step in an institutional pharmacy setting.  As institutions strive to adopt the PPCP in all areas of the curriculum, this application serves as an example of successful PPCP integration early in the introductory experiential curriculum. Our results challenge faculty to provide early opportunities for students to apply the PPCP in a variety of practice settings, including settings focused on the medication distribution system.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Embryonic exposure to pentabromobenzene inhibited the inflation of posterior swim bladder in zebrafish larvae.

The emerging flame retardants pentabromobenzene (PBB) has been frequently detected in recent years and may pose exposure risks to wild animals and human beings. In this study, the inflation of posterior swim bladder of zebrafish larvae was used as an endpoint to study the developmental toxicity and putative mechanisms associated with PBB toxicity. Our results showed that embryonic exposure to PBB could significantly inhibit the inflation of posterior swim bladders. Reduced T3 levels and transcriptional changes of crh and pomc were observed in PBB treated zebrafish larvae at 120 hpf. However, key regulators of thyroid and adrenocortical system involved in the synthesis (tsh), biological conversion (ugt1ab, dio2) and functional regulation (trα, trβ, gr) showed no significant changes. Further data revealed that prlra was the only gene that was altered among the detected genes at 96 h post fertilization (hpf). At 120 hpf, the morphology of swim bladder indicated deflation in treatments at 0.25 μM and higher. In addition, the mRNA levels of anxa5, prlra, prlrb, atp1b2 and slc12a10 were all significantly changed at 120 hpf. Taken together, we suppose that embryonic exposure to PBB inhibited the inflation of swim bladder in zebrafish probably via prlra mediated pathways. The observed changes of thyroid and adrenocortical parameters might be indirect effects evoked by PBB exposure. Overall, our results provide important data and indications for future toxicological study and risk assessment of the emerging flame retardants PBB.

Field of study: Environmental science
Megabreccia shedding from modern, low-relief carbonate platforms, Nicaraguan Rise

Single-channel seismic reflection data from the margins of lowrelief (150-250 m, measured from edge of bank to basin) carbonate platforms on the northern Nicaraguan Rise reveal complex seismic intervals consisting of mounded, chaotic seismic facies interspersed with discontinuous, parallel/laminated seismic facies. We interpret that these intervals contain megabreccias (chaotic facies) and sandy turbidites (parallel/laminated facies). One megabreccia is exposed on the sea floor displaying an overall fan shape having individual blocks measuring nearly 300 m across and >110 m high. The source area consists of a scalloped embayment with a headwall scarp 180 m high. Reflections within the platform are sharply truncated by this escarpment. This single megabreccia is ∼120 m thick and extends ∼27 km along slope and ∼16 km out into the basin. Other megabreccias within the basin have individual blocks measuring >400 m across. Rocks from dredge hauls are a mixture of shallow- and deep-water facies. Shallow-water facies consist of mixed, skeletal grain-stones and Halimeda packstones. Deep-water facies are massive chalks, chalks with shallow-water skeletal grains, and chalk-block breccias. This indicates that the megabreccias formed as a result of bank-margin collapse, during which the ensuing debris flow eroded into slope and basin facies, mixing rock types together. We speculate that bank-margin-collapse events, resulting in megabreccia formation, may have been seismically triggered, and we emphasize that these large-scale, mass-wasting events occurred along margins of low-relief carbonate platforms.

Field of study: Geology
Organotypic brain slice cultures for functional analysis of alcohol-related disorders: novel versus conventional preparations.

Assessment of long-term alterations in neural function and phenotype has usually involved culture techniques that utilize dissociated preparations. Recently, we have approached such topics in alcohol research by using brain slice cultures, also known as explant or organotypic preparations. In this symposium presentation, two preparations will be discussed, and examples of the particular advantages of these preparations will be presented in relation to alcohol research. First, we use the hippocampal explant preparation for assessment of long-term alterations in N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) function due to chronic ethanol exposure and subsequent withdrawal. This preparation displays many synaptic, structural, and enzymatic phenotypes indicative of normal neural preparations. Patch clamp recordings reveal NMDAR-mediated excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) elicited upon stimulation of Schaffer collateral fibers and recorded from CA1 pyramidal cells. Long-term ethanol exposure followed by subsequent withdrawal resulted in a specific enhancement of NMDAR-mediated synaptic responses which preceded the expression of epileptiform events that occurred after prolonged withdrawal periods. Second, we describe a novel explant preparation, derived from horizontal slices of the entire forebrain and midbrain of the rat. These long-term explants displayed multiple normal phenotypes including Nissl, AChE, TH, and GFAP staining. Electrophysiologically, these explants displayed a functional corticostriatal pathway recorded with field and patch clamp techniques and elicited by synaptic stimulation. Taken together, these explant preparations display utility for long-term study of ethanol effects on neural systems, especially relating to withdrawal hyperexcitability as well as systems involved in drug-seeking behavior.

Field of study: Medicine
Expressing a Target Mimic of miR156fhl-3p Enhances Rice Blast Disease Resistance Without Yield Penalty by Improving SPL14 Expression

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play essential roles in the regulation of plant growth and defense responses. More and more, miRNA-3ps are reported to act in plant development and immunity. miR156 is a conserved miRNA, and most previous studies focus on its roles in plant growth, development, and yield determinacy. Here, we show that expressing a target mimic of miR156fhl-3p led to enhanced rice blast disease resistance without a yield penalty. miR156fhl-3p was differentially responsive to Magnaporthe oryzae in susceptible and resistant accessions. Transgenic lines expressing a target mimic of miR156fhl-3p (MIM156-3p) exhibited enhanced rice blast disease resistance and increased expression of defense-related genes. MIM156-3p also enhanced the mRNA abundance of SPL14 and WRKY45 by down-regulating miR156-5p and pre-miR156. Moreover, MIM156-3p lines displayed a decreased number of second rachis branches per panicle but enlarged grains, leading to unchanged yield per plant. Consistently, overexpressing miR156h (OX156) led to enhanced susceptibility to M. oryzae and decreased the expression of SPL14 and WRKY45. Our results indicate that miR156fhl-3p mounts a regulatory role on miR156-5p, which subsequently regulates the expression of SPL14 and WRKY45 to improve rice blast disease resistance.

Field of study: Biology
U.S. Decision Making in the Jordan Crisis: Correcting the Record

The Jordan Crisis of September 1970 is one of the most frequently mentioned, but least studied, episodes in the recent history of United States Middle East policy. The crisis has become a minor "condensation symbol," not unlike better known incidents such as "Munich" and "Prague Spring."' While "Munich" stands for the tragedy of appeasement and "Prague Spring" for the fleeting exception of political reform in Eastern Europe that proves the rule of Soviet repression, the "Jordan Crisis" has come to represent the supposedly positive value of close U.S.-Israeli political and military coordination in the face of Soviet-Arab ties and Soviet ambitions in the Middle East. Most important international crises are ultimately raised from their historical contexts and simplified into lessons or illustrations of one kind or another. But the Jordan Crisis is unusual because it was seen as quintessentially lessonbearing from the very beginning indeed, even before it was over. This was a consequence of three factors: first, the Jordan Crisis was the climactic, largely unexpected, denouement of the Nixon administration's first major foreign policy

Field of study: Political science
Medium and Long Term Power Load Forecasting using CPSO-GM Model

To overcome the low precision of the basic grey model (GM) in forecasting power loads of medium and longterm, a co-evolutionary particle swarm optimization (CPSO) Grey Model (CPSO-GM) is proposed in this paper. This is done by employing the CPSO to optimize the parameters of the grey model based on the modified formula of the background value. They conduct the simulation experiments on the power load data of medium and long-term by applying the CPSO-GM. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is superior to the three different grey prediction models and better to forecast power load data of medium and long-term.

Field of study: Computer science
Contribution of NADH increases to ethanol's inhibition of retinol oxidation by human ADH isoforms.

A decrease in retinoic acid levels due to alcohol consumption has been proposed as a contributor to such conditions as fetal alcohol spectrum diseases and ethanol-induced cancers. One molecular mechanism, competitive inhibition by ethanol of the catalytic activity of human alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1) (ADH) on all-trans-retinol oxidation has been shown for the ADH7 isoform. Ethanol metabolism also causes an increase in the free reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) in cells, which might reasonably be expected to decrease the retinol oxidation rate by product inhibition of ADH isoforms.



To understand the relative importance of these two mechanisms by which ethanol decreases the retinol oxidation in vivo we need to assess them quantitatively. We have built a model system of 4 reactions: (1) ADH oxidation of ethanol and NAD(+), (2) ADH oxidation of retinol and NAD(+), (3) oxidation of ethanol by a generalized Ethanol(oxidase) that uses NAD(+), (4) NADH(oxidase) which carries out NADH turnover.



Using the metabolic modeling package ScrumPy, we have shown that the ethanol-induced increase in NADH contributes from 0% to 90% of the inhibition by ethanol, depending on (ethanol) and ADH isoform. Furthermore, while the majority of flux control of retinaldehyde production is exerted by ADH, Ethanol(oxidase) and the NADH(oxidase) contribute as well.



Our results show that the ethanol-induced increase in NADH makes a contribution of comparable importance to the ethanol competitive inhibition throughout the range of conditions likely to occur in vivo, and must be considered in the assessment of the in vivo mechanism of ethanol interference with fetal development and other diseases.

Field of study: Medicine
Dynamic Monte Carlo simulation of inhibiting protein aggregation by polymer

Adding soluble polymers into the protein solution is one of the traditional techniques to prevent protein aggregation.The mechanism of this process,however,is not well understood.Dynamic Monte Carlo simulation was used to investigate the molecular assembly formed between 2D model proteins and 2D model polymers with different hydrophobicity values,molecular weight and concentration.It was shown that polymer with a moderate hydrophobicity value could prevent protein aggregation and thus stabilize the native structure via forming protein-polymer complex.It was also shown that the increase of molecular weight and concentration of polymer could prevent protein aggregation.The snapshots of protein-polymer complex and the distribution of protein conformations showed that the polymers with a suitable hydrophobicity value,molecular weight and concentration,could assemble around the surface of model protein via weakly hydrophobic interaction to disperse protein,thus avoiding protein-protein interaction,which leads to the aggregation.The above dynamic Monte Carlo simulation agreed well with experimental observations reported in literature.The molecular insight of polymer-protein interactions,as established by the present simulation,can be used to guide the design and application of polymers as protein stabilizer in bioprocessing engineering.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Lineshape measurement for coupling to waveguide modes in the prism-film coupler.

Coupling to optical waveguide modes was investigated by depositing two thin film layers on the hypotenuse of a rutile prism. Coupling efficiency was determined as a function of input beam angle for the three lowest order TE and TM modes. The coupling lineshape was found to agree with the predictions of a lossless, ray-optics analysis for all but the lowest order TM modes. This result is explained in terms of the relative effects of loss on the coupling efficiencies of the various modes.

Field of study: Physics
Institutional barriers in adapting to climate change: A case study in Sri Lanka

Uncertainty and unpredictability characterising complex socio-ecological systems challenge conventional hierarchical governance regimes seen in South Asian developing countries such as Sri Lanka. Though experimental interventions that seek to engage communities have been implemented in a number of regions, most of these interventions stall after the experimental stage. This research utilised opportunities provided by a landmark intervention on Special Area Management in Negombo, Sri Lanka, to draw lessons for community-based interventions for climate change adaptation. Short term policy interventions can lead to irrevocable changes within complex socio-ecological systems, disintegrating identities and functions. Such systems become artificial, empty shells, losing their former richness and serenity. Tight social networks and bonds, which prevailed through centuries disappear, taking away the ability of communities to engage in collective action that allowed sustainable use of their common resource base. The resulting degradation of the natural resource base that form the livelihood of communities leads to further breaking down of the social network, driving this vicious cycle. It is clear that the Special Area Management (SAM) intervention in Negombo, Sri Lanka needs further improvement if it were to further the adaptive co-management approach, though the project that funded the intervention clearly expected to utilise this approach. The current national and provincial level institutional set up is not conducive for effective adaptive co-management. This is mainly due to conventional institutions adhering to governance regimes that are rigid and inflexible, and as such are not prepared to be adaptive through policy learning. It is also due to the fact that existing systems are not serious about community empowerment in the governance process. It is clear that any breakthrough allowing for an adaptive co-management kind of approach needs policy and institutional change.

Field of study: Environmental science
Chemical constituents in seed of litchi chinensis of hypoglycemic activity site(I)

To study the chemical construction of Hypoglycemic activity parts of litchi seeds.  Using the method of determin α-glucosidase activity on activities of extract parts of lithchi seeds. The activity are isolated and purified by various chromatographic means. Their structures are elucidated on basis of spectrum analysis and documents.  Eight constituents are isolated and identified from the hypoglycemic activity parts of litchi seeds. They are identifiedas: pinocembrin-7-neohesperi-doside(1), onychin(2), quercetin(3), protocatechuicaldehyde(4), proto-catechuic(5), D-1-0-methylmyo-inositol(6), dancosterol(7), β-sitostero(8).  Compound 1, 3 is obtained from hypoglycemic activity parts of litchi seeds for the first time.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Characteristics of PEMA/PVdF-HFP blend polymeric gel films incorporated with lithium triflate salt in electrochromic device

), PVdF-HFP have been blended in the weight ratio 70:30. The blend has been incorporated with lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF 3 SO 3 ) and added with ethylene carbonate (EC) and propylene carbonate (PC). The sample 70 wt.% PEMA/PVdF-HFP – 30 wt.% LiCF 3 SO 3 exhibits the highest room temperature ionic conductivity of 2.87 × 10 − 7 S cm − 1 for the blend-salt system. The sample in the PC system (designated 6PC) has the highest room temperature conductivity of 1.46 × 10 − 6 S cm − 1 . The highest conducting EC system has conductivity of 1.05 × 10 − 4 S cm − 1 and the sample is designated as 6EC. The polymeric gel electrolytes are transparent and mechanically stable at room temperature. An electrochromic device (ECD) with configuration glass/FTO/WO 3 /sample/CeO 2 -TiO 2 /FTO/glass utilizing S30, 6PC and 6EC as electrolytes have been fabricated. The cyclic voltammogram (CV) of glass/FTO/WO 3 /6EC/CeO 2 -TiO 2 /FTO/glass shows a cathodic peak occurring at − 1.3 V upon coloration while an anodic peak is observed at − 0.8 V during bleaching process.

Field of study: Materials science