nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Ten years of experience with intravesical and intrasphincteric onabotulinumtoxinA in children.

To review 10 years of experience with both intravesical and intrasphincteric onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox(®)) injections in children.



Fifty three children aged between 1 and 18 years at first injection had a combined total of 134 injections (106 intravesical, 23 intrasphincteric and five combined) between January 2004 and December 2013 at Princess Margaret Hospital. Follow-up occurred 3 months post procedure, and then 3-6 monthly. Response to Botox was graded according to the International Children's Continence Society (ICCS) response to treatment scale. Response time was the time that the injection remained effective before symptoms relapsed to the ICCS 'no response' category Nevéus et al., 2006.



Median response times to Botox by pathology are summarised in Table 1. For detrusor overactivity (DO), the response after each Botox injection was in the ICCS '>90% symptom reduction' category Nevéus et al., 2006. Two children had sustained responses to Botox for a tenth and eleventh injection, respectively. A total of 45% of children receiving intrasphincteric Botox for chronic dysfunctional voiding (DV) or detrusor sphincter dyssynergia (DSD) had no symptom recurrence. Intravesical Botox was effective for treating new-onset hydronephrosis secondary to neurogenic bladder in one child. Intravesical Botox had a sustained effect over five injections in eliminating trigonal hypersensitivity and pain with CIC in one child. Episodes of severe autonomic dysreflexia in one child with a high cord transection were effectively eliminated by intravesical Botox, and were sustained over three injections. Thirteen of the 134 Botox injections (9.7%) had a symptomatic culture-positive urinary tract infection (UTI) in the 2 weeks following injection. All had a history of previous UTI. Three children (2.8%) developed urinary retention after intravesical injection.



Intravesical Botox remained effective after up to eleven injections. In children with DV or DSD, the response to Botox was more variable, but 45% experienced symptom resolution with no recurrence. Trigonal hypersensitivity with CIC improved in a child after Botox. Botox may confer long-term bladder and upper tract protection in the neurogenic patient group. Severe episodes of autonomic dysreflexia triggered by bladder fill in a child with high cord lesion were eliminated by intravesical Botox.



This study demonstrated that intravesical Botox remained effective in response quality and response time in children up to an eleventh injection. This is one of the longer follow-up studies in children published to date. Botox was effective in numbing trigonal hypersensitivity, treating new-onset hydronephrosis secondary to neurogenic bladder, and eliminating episodes of autonomic dysreflexia in one patient each.

Field of study: Medicine
Residues following Application of Carbaryl to Sorghum Crop for the Control of Chilo Zonellus and Contarin1A Sorghicola

Jowar (Sorghum vulgares Pen.) is an important staple food of the poor classes in central and southern India. Efforts are beeing made to increase the production of this crop through intensive cultivation of high yielding hybrids. The 
hybrids of sorghum are highly susceptible to insect pests and diseases which are perpctual barriers to its high productivity...

Field of study: Biology
Electron-density histograms and the phase problem.

The specific properties of the range of possible electron-density values may serve as useful additional information for the determination and refinement of structure-factor phases. Fourier synthesis histograms (showing the spectra of frequencies of different possible values) produce the most adequate representation of these properties. The mathematical background and practical uses of these histograms are discussed. The investigation provides new information on some traditional methods of phase refinement, including density-modification procedures, maximization of Cochran's integral value and other techniques.

Field of study: Chemistry
The electron density distribution in pyridinium and bipyridylium compounds and its relevance to their adsorption by expanding lattice clays

Charge distributions in 1, 1'‐ethylene‐2, 2'‐bipyridylium (diquat), 1,1'‐dimethyl‐4,4'‐bipyridylium (paraquat) and 1‐methylpyridinium organocations were calculated by a Complete Neglect of Differential Overlap semi‐empirical quantum mechanical procedure. The data show that the positive charges in the organocations are distributed around the molecules and are greatest in the positions ortho and para to the heterocyclic nitrogen atoms. Earlier interpretations of the mechanisms of adsorption of paraquat and diquat by soils and clays assumed that the charges were located in the heterocyclic nitrogen atoms. Here some consideration is given to the influence of the charge delocalizations on the processes of adsorption by montmorillonite and vermiculite clay preparations.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Discovery of architectural layers and measurement of layering violations in source code

The layers architectural pattern has been widely adopted by the developer community in order to build large software systems. In reality, as the system evolves over time, rarely does the system remain conformed to the intended layers pattern, causing a significant degradation of the system maintainability. As a part of re-factoring such a system, practitioners often undertake a mostly manual exercise to discover the intended layers and organize the modules into these layers. In this paper, we present a method for semi-automatically detecting layers in the system and propose a quantitative measurement to compute the amount of non-conformance of the system from the set of layered design principles. We have applied the layer detection method and the non-conformance measurement on a set of open source and proprietary enterprise applications.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Survival models for fertility evaluation.

"Two proportional hazards models for cohort fertility evaluation are constructed. Time-dependent covariates describe sources of heterogeneity between and within women regarding fertility characteristics. In the first model, U.S. birth rates specific to maternal age, race, parity, and birth cohort are used as underlying hazard rates. Covariate effects are estimated by maximizing the full likelihood. In the second model, covariate effects are estimated via Cox regression with stratified underlying hazard rates regarded as unknown nuisance parameters." The authors illustrate the models "with an evaluation of the fertility histories of the wives of workers at a manufacturing plant with potential for hazardous exposure. Adjustments to the U.S. birth rates for maternal age and parity zero experience are required with the first approach. Then, despite differences in the model-specific estimation procedures, the point estimates of the exposure effect and the estimated standard errors from the two models are practically equivalent."

Field of study: Mathematics
THEORETICAL COMPUTATION ON THE EXTRUSION OF LARGE SCALE STEEL PIPE BASED ON UPPER BOUND METHOD

The extrusion force of a steel pipe is computed under a kind of a new polar coordinate system by the basis of upper bound method.The theoretical formulas for large scale steel pipes are proved by FEA method.One purpose of this paper is providing some bases for a specified load of extrusion press.When the extrusion ratio is less than 4,the deviations between theoretical results and FEA results are less than 10%.When the extrusion ratio is greater than 5,the deviations are less than 20%.Therefore the theoretical formulas are relatively adapted to predict the extrusion of steel pipes which have the extrusion ratio less than 4.For the large scale steel pipes,the extrusion force of a stationary mandrel structure is nearly equal to that of a following mandrel.On the contrary,for the small scale steel pipes,the extrusion force of a following mandrel obviously surpasses that of a stationary mandrel structure.Compared with other computational formulas on extrusion forces,the formulas in the paper are more accurate.

Field of study: Engineering
Design and preliminary application of a set of highly sensitive universal RT-PCR primers for detecting genotype I/IV hepatitis E virus

Genomic sequences of genotypes I, II, III and IV of hepatitis E virus were aligned and the conserved region was selected for designing a set of reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) primers, which were denominated as E promers. The sensitivity of E primers and three sets of reported primers (Meng, ConORF1 and ConORF2) were compared by using HEV genotypes I and IV challenged monkeys' stools and sera of hepatitis E patients. The detection limit of E primers for genotype I HEV in monkey stools was 10 to 1000 times lower than that of reference primers, and the same or 10 times lower than that of reference primers for genotype IV HEV. When amplified by RT-PCR using E primers, five out of seventeen (29.4%) anti-HEV IgM positive patients' sera were positive, and just 1 or 2 samples were positive when RT-PCR were performed using reference primers. Thus, the E primers would be a better choice for detection of HEV RNA in samples from China, where only genotype IV and genotype I HEV were reported.

Field of study: Biology
Factors Affecting the Impact of Pain and Painful Experiences on the Exceptional Child

Pain is often regarded as a symptom associated with an underlying damage to the body, resulting from disease, accidental trauma, or medical procedures such as surgery. Under these circumstances its etiology is organic. In the absence of organic origin, the presence of pain may be regarded as psychogenic: It is nonetheless real and uncomfortable. When the continued pain experience is temporally displaced from the initial insult, a transition from an acute to a chronic pain condition has occurred. For the exceptional child, the potential incidence for pain is increased as a result of additional physical conditions requiring medical intervention. Additional psychological factors such as cognitive delay and emotional disturbance may then interact with developmental factors, exaggerating pain perception and interfering with coping abilities. This attentuation of coping skills ultimately has impact upon quality of life as well as more direct deficits in educational and psychological functioning. This paper discusses these interacting factors as well as intervention approaches to reducing this debilitating condition.

Field of study: Education
Über einen zweistufigen Verstärker für kleine Wechselspannungen mit Diodengleichrichtung im Ausgang

ZusammenfassungBeschreibung eines zweistufigen Röhrenverstärkers mit hohem Verstärkungsgrad, der in erster Linie für die photoelektrische Analyse mit Wechsellicht entwickelt wurde. Der Verstärker zeichnet sich insbesondere aus durch eine neuartige Gleichrichtung der Ausgangswechselspannung mittels einer Diode. Die für diese verwendete Kompensationsschaltung erlaubt, die kontinuierlich in den Verstärker eingehenden Störungen zu beseitigen und Photostromdifferenzen bei kleinem Störspiegel mit großer Genauigkeit zu messen.

Field of study: Physics
T helper responsiveness in human Loa loa infection; defective specific proliferation and cytokine production by CD4+ T cells from microfilaraemic subjects compared with amicrofilaraemics

The proliferation and cytokine profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from microfilaraemic (Mf+) subjects infected by Loa loa in response to antigens of several parasitic stages were compared with those from amicrofilaraemic (Mf−) individuals. While a strong lymphoproliferative response and consistent levels of both Th1 (IL‐2, interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ)) and Th2 (IL‐4, IL‐5) type cytokines were observed in response to adult worm (AW) and microfilariae (Mf) antigen in Mf− individuals, Mf+ subjects were characterized by a T cell unresponsiveness, including proliferation, cytokine production and IL‐2 mRNA expression. Conversely, T cell responsiveness to mitogens and non‐specific antigen were similar in the two endemic populations. Depletion of lymphocyte subpopulations indicated that T CD4+ were mainly involved in the specific cellular response. In contrast to other cytokines, IL‐10 was produced in response to all parasitic stages, in both Mf+ and Mf− patients. Neutralization of IL‐10 did not restore cytokine production in Mf+ patients, while B7 mRNA expression was similar between Mf+ and Mf− subjects in response to Mf antigen, suggesting that IL‐10 was not the only factor responsible for T cell unresponsiveness. Mf+ patients have lower Mf antigen‐specific IgG levels compared with Mf−, and there is a significant correlation between Mf antigen‐specific antibodies and IL‐5 responses. These findings suggest that Mf− status is correlated with T helper responsiveness, including proliferation and production of both Th1‐ and Th2‐type cytokines, whereas Mf+ status is characterized by unresponsiveness of the same cell population, induced and/or maintained by microfilariae.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Intramolecular sp2-CH···O Interaction in the Single Crystal of Macrocyclic Polyethers with an Isobutenyl Group

Effects of the ring size on the conformation in the macrocyclic polyethers with an isobutenyl group have been studied by X-ray crystallography: the intramolecular CH···O interaction has been observed in the compound having 22 membered macrocyclic ring.

Field of study: Chemistry
Description of a Differential Setup for Relaxation Microcalorimetry

A specific heat measuring instrument, with the capacity for the application of magnetic fields up to 9 Tesla, resorting to microcalorimetry chips from the company Xensor Integration, has been successfully assembled and its functioning specifications are reported in the current paper. With this instrument is it possible to perform specific heat measurements with applied magnetic fields up to 9 Tesla in milligram samples. This offers our group the possibility to calculate the actual adiabatic temperature change of a material, as well as providing reliable and precise information on any phase transition that may be influenced by the application of a magnetic field.

Field of study: Engineering
Disruption of rapid, nongenomic steroid actions by environmental chemicals: interference with progestin stimulation of sperm motility in Atlantic croaker.

Several nongenomic steroid actions, like genomic ones, can be disrupted by estrogenic xenobiotics (xenoestrogens), but the extent and sensitivity of this alternative mechanism of steroid action to chemical interference remain unclear. The effects of environmentally realistic concentrations of a broad range of organic contaminants on the nongenomic action of a progestin (17,20beta,21-trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one or 20beta-S) to upregulate Atlantic croaker sperm motility were examined in an in vitro bioassay. Pretreatment of sperm for 10 min in vitro with estrogenic compounds (estradiol-17beta, o,p'-DDT derivatives, zearalenone, bisphenol A, 2',3',4',5'-PCB-4-OH, kepone, chlordane, methoxyclor) and nonestrogenic organic compounds (p,p'-DDT derivatives, atrazine, Aroclor 1254, naphthalene, benzene) at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 10 microM did not decrease the percent of motile sperm, but all of them partially or completely blocked the response to 20beta-S. Most of the compounds impaired this endocrine mechanism at a concentration of 0.1 microM (approximately 30-40ppb), whereas o,p'-DDT and atrazine were effective at lower concentrations. The antagonistic actions of o,p'-DDT were partially reversed with 10-fold higher concentrations of 20beta-S, which is consistent with a hormone receptor-mediated mechanism of DDT action. The finding that low concentrations of a wide range of organic environmental contaminants can interfere with a rapid, nongenomic steroid action suggests that this mechanism of endocrine disturbance is of toxicological importance.

Field of study: Environmental science
Distribution and Trends of Discordant Ages of the Plutonic Rocks of Northeastern Washington and Northern Idaho

K-Ar dating of granitic rocks in northeastern Washington and northern Idaho indicates four distinct periods of intrusion at about 200+ m.y., 170 m.y., 93 to 101 m.y., and 45 to 51 m.y. The two oldest events are each represented by only one pluton in the region. Plutons of the 93- to 101-m.y. event are numerous in the eastern and western parts of the region and may have occupied much of the intervening area before the youngest event. Except for a group of unrooted plutons in the upper plate of a thrust fault, no plutonic rocks between the west edge of the Pend Oreille River valley and the Purcell Trench south of lat 48° 15′ N. yielded an age outside the 45- to 51-m.y. bracket. Westward from the Pend Oreille River valley, the plutonic rocks yield successively older ages over a zone 8 to 25 km wide. All coexisting mineral pairs from rocks within this zone yield discordant ages. West of the zone, mineral pairs yield concordant ages in the 93- to 101-m.y. range. The apparent ages were contoured over about 15,000 km 2 , and the position and trend of discordant ages have been delineated. East of the Purcell Trench, a partly preserved mirror image of the Pend Oreille River zone of discordance is disrupted by faults in the trench and in places appears to have been removed. In the vicinity of the Purcell Trench, the apparent ages suggest a complex thermal history probably complicated by faults concealed in the trench. The apparent ages can be contoured at least two different ways, one interpretation assuming that the contours are disrupted by a large fault or fault system in the trench, the other assuming either that no faults exist or that the faults predate the 45 to 51 m.y. intrusions. The contours can also be drawn either being offset by the Hope fault or crossing the fault without interruption. The distribution of granitic rock outcrops around the Purcell Trench and Hope fault is such that a unique solution cannot be determined for either area.

Field of study: Geology
Intracoronary Low-Dose Ionizing Irradiation (β or γ) for Prevention of Restenosis: Could It Succeed Where Pharmacotherapy Failed?

Although the precise pathogenesis of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) remains somewhat elusive, our understanding about the reparative phenomena at the site of dilatation has been significantly improved in recent years. Thus, restenosis appears to be the result of migration, proliferation, and excessive matrix formation by smooth muscle cells plus vascular wall remodeling leading to chronic recoil (constriction). Proposed pharmacotherapies to prevent restenosis have been ineffective in humans, in spite of a relative success in certain experimental animals. The rationale for low-dose irradiation (either β or γ) in order to prevent restenosis is based on the known ability of ionizing irradiation to arrest cell division and, therefore, to reduce the number of clonal progenitors in situations like angioplasty.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Radiation damage effects on bipolar and MOS devices in X-Ray lithography

Radiation damage effects of bipolar and MOS transistors have been investigated using the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) storage ring of the national synchrotron light source (NSLS). The devices under investigation were exposed to x-ray radiation and electrical measurements were performed to determine the radiation effects on device parameters. It was found for bipolar devices that the current gain is the parameter that is most sensitive to x-ray irradiation. The current gain decreases as the dose increases and the degradation reaches saturation at 1000 mJ/cm2. Upon annealing in forming gas at 400° C for 30 min, the current gain recovered its pre-irradiation value and stress test did not show any reliability problem. Bothn-channel andp-channel MOS devices with polysilicon gates were investigated. Host of the relevant device parameters were measured before and after irradiation and after annealing. Upon irradiation the threshold voltage shows the most obvious shift, which was more negative in both cases. However, thep- channel devices experienced a much larger shift than then-channel ones. The transconductance of the devices also experienced a shift.

Field of study: Materials science
Spatial planning for water sustainability projects under climate uncertainty: balancing human and environmental water needs

Societies worldwide make large investments in the sustainability of integrated human-freshwater systems, but uncertainty about water supplies under climate change poses a major challenge. Investments in infrastructure, water regulation, or payments for ecosystem services may boost water availability, but may also yield poor returns on investment if directed to locations where water supply unexpectedly fluctuates due to shifting climate. How should investments in water sustainability be allocated across space and among different types of projects? Given the high costs of investments in water sustainability, decision-makers are typically risk-intolerant, and considerable uncertainty about future climate conditions can lead to decision paralysis. Here, we use mathematical optimization models to find Pareto-optimal satisfaction of human and environmental water needs across a large drought-prone river basin for a range of downscaled climate projections. We show how water scarcity and future uncertainty vary independently by location, and that joint consideration of both factors can provide guidance on how to allocate water sustainability investments. Locations with high water scarcity and low uncertainty are good candidates for high-cost, high-reward investments; locations with high scarcity but also high uncertainty may benefit most from low regret investments that minimize the potential for stranded assets if water supply increases. Given uncertainty in climate projections in many regions worldwide, our analysis illustrates how explicit consideration of uncertainty may help to identify the most effective strategies for investments in the long-term sustainability of integrated human-freshwater systems.

Field of study: Environmental science
Optical investigation of the band structure of GaSb

The reflectivity of GaSb has been measured for photon energies between 0·5 and 5 ev. A structure similar to the one observed for the reflectivity of germanium has been seen. Reflectivity maxima occur at 1·95, 2·47 and 4·3 ev, which can be associated with the same mechanisms producing similar structure in germanium. Thus, a further proof of the close similarity of the band structures of Germanium and GaSb has been obtained.

Field of study: Physics