nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Rapid and extensive warming following cessation of solar radiation management

Solar radiation management (SRM) has been proposed as a means to alleviate the climate impacts of ongoing anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, its efficacy depends on its indefinite maintenance, without interruption from a variety of possible sources, such as technological failure or global cooperation breakdown. Here, we consider the scenario in which SRM—via stratospheric aerosol injection—is terminated abruptly following an implementation period during which anthropogenic GHG emissions have continued. We show that upon cessation of SRM, an abrupt, spatially broad, and sustained warming over land occurs that is well outside 20th century climate variability bounds. Global mean precipitation also increases rapidly following cessation, however spatial patterns are less coherent than temperature, with almost half of land areas experiencing drying trends. We further show that the rate of warming—of critical importance for ecological and human systems—is principally controlled by background GHG levels. Thus, a risk of abrupt and dangerous warming is inherent to the large-scale implementation of SRM, and can be diminished only through concurrent strong reductions in anthropogenic GHG emissions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Fenofibrate plus simvastatin therapy versus simvastatin plus cholestyramine therapy for familial hypercholesterolaemia.

Combination therapy is routinely used to achieve improved cholesterol reduction in familial hypercholesterolaemia. We compared the standard simvastatin plus bile-acid sequestrant (cholestyramine) therapy with simvastatin plus fenofibrate in 29 patients with severe familial hypercholesterolaemia. The fibrate regimen resulted in an 35.1 +/- 10.7% reduction in total cholesterol, a 40.6 +/- 20.5% in LDL cholesterol, 17.2 +/- 56.5% reduction in triglycerides and a 20.3 +/- 52.0% increase in HDL cholesterol. The cholestyramine regimen produced reductions of 29.3 +/- 13.2% in cholesterol, 37.1 +/- 21.9% in LDL cholesterol, and 12.5 +/- 48.9% in triglycerides, and a 5.0 +/- 25.4% rise in HDL cholesterol. The fibrate regimen was significantly more effective in reducing total cholesterol (p < 0.001) and LDL-cholesterol (p = 0.004), and also reduced triglycerides significantly (p = 0.05), compared to the cholestyramine regimen. There were significant improvements in the LDL:HDL cholesterol ratio (3.62 +/- 1.54 vs. 4.00 +/- 1.36; p = 0.05) and in the apolipoprotein B:A1 ratio (1.13 +/- 0.036 vs. 1.20 +/- 0.34; p = 0.05). Gastrointestinal side-effects occurred in 10 patients on cholestyramine therapy, and four patients on fibrate therapy had myalgia. There were no cases of rhabdomyolysis with either regime. No significant differences in liver biochemistry or creatine kinase were seen with either regimen.

Field of study: Medicine
Utilizing science in advancing marine ecosystem-based management

This paper draws upon the findings and key lessons from the ten papers that are featured in this Special Issue in utilizing science to advance ecosystem-based management (EBM) in the context of the East Asian region. The paper highlights the East Asian region's long experience in integrated coastal management (ICM) implementation, which has provided the foundation for advancing geographic and functional scaling up to cover wider geographic and administrative boundaries and ecosystems, respectively. The experiences in China and Japan, although vary in terms of mode of implementation, demonstrated common elements that characterize EBM practice – that is, recognizing the interconnectedness of marine, coastal and terrestrial systems, including human communities; protecting ecosystem structure, function and processes from the perspective of ecosystem services; addressing cumulative impacts and managing for multiple objectives; addressing multiple spatial and temporal scales in the design and implementation; promoting integrated and multi-sectoral planning; advocating for policy and functional integration and coordination and transforming policy into on-the-ground actions. The paper also highlights the application of innovative approaches and science-based tools to understand and monitor ecosystem functioning and changes; the use of scientific information to identify appropriate management policy and interventions at varying scales and offers some key actions for consideration to support a more comprehensive EBM implementation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Trichloroethylene biodegradation by phenoloxidizing cultures grown from various conditions.

The rate and extent of trichloroethylene (TCE) degradation by three cultures of phenol oxidizing bacteria grown from two chemostats and one from rotating biological contactors was investigated. Batch experiments were performed to measure the disappearance of TCE both with the resting cell alone and with the formate added. Experimental data were then compared with mathematical predictions from a model describing TCE transformation. Through nonlinear regression analysis, a best fit between the measurements and predictions was achieved when residual sum of squares reached a minimum. Based on the resultant parameters of transformation capacity and reaction rate, the suspended cells with a mean cell retention time (MCRT) of 3.8 days were the most active in degrading TCE, while the attached bacteria had the least activity. Based on the results presented herein, it is recommend that using suspended-growth reactors operated at short MCRT to produce desirable cells for cometablic transformation of TCE.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Search for exotic baryons at HERMES

An experimental search for the Θ(1540)- and Λ(1520)-resonance was performed in quasi-real photoproduction on deuterium at the HERMES experiment. While evidence for Θ(1540) was found in the decay channel pK0S→pπ+π-, no evidence for the corresponding anti-particle was found. In some models it is expected that the Θ(1540) and the Λ(1520) have similar production mechanisms. The photoproduction cross-sections for the Λ(1520) in the decay channel Λ(1520)→pK- and the corresponding anti-particle are determined. The partial photoproduction cross-sections for Λ(1520) and ¯(1520) are obtained as σΛ(1520) = 65.3±8.8(stat)±6.9(syst)nb and σ¯(1520) = 9.8±2.6(stat)±0.9(syst)nb, corresponding to a ratio RΛ(1520) = σ¯(1520)/σΛ(1520) = 0.15±0.05(stat)±0.02(syst).

Field of study: Physics
The design and implementation of the NCTUns 1.0 network simulator

This paper presents the design and implementation of the NCTUns 1.0 network simulator, which is a high-fidelity and extensible network simulator capable of simulating both wired and wireless IP networks. By using an enhanced simulation methodology, a new simulation engine architecture, and a distributed and open-system architecture, the NCTUns 1.0 network simulator is much more powerful than its predecessor--the Harvard network simulator, which was released to the public in 1999. The NCTUns 1.0 network simulator consists of many components. In this paper, we will present the design and implementation of these components and their interactions in detail.

Field of study: Computer science
Medicinal Chemistry and the Pharmacy Curriculum

The origins and advancements of pharmacy, medicinal chemistry, and drug discovery are interwoven in nature. Medicinal chemistry provides pharmacy students with a thorough understanding of drug mechanisms of action, structure-activity relationships (SAR), acid-base and physicochemical properties, and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) profiles. A comprehensive understanding of the chemical basis of drug action equips pharmacy students with the ability to answer rationally the “why” and “how” questions related to drug action and it sets the pharmacist apart as the chemical expert among health care professionals. By imparting an exclusive knowledge base, medicinal chemistry plays a vital role in providing critical thinking and evidence-based problem-solving skills to pharmacy students, enabling them to make optimal patient-specific therapeutic decisions. This review highlights the parallel nature of the history of pharmacy and medicinal chemistry, as well as the key elements of medicinal chemistry and drug discovery that make it an indispensable component of the pharmacy curriculum.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Mu-opioids activate phospholipase C in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells via calcium-channel opening.

We have recently reported that, in SH-SY5Y cells, mu-opioid receptor occupancy activates phospholipase C via a pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein. In the present study we have further characterized the mechanisms involved in this process. Fentanyl (0.1 microM) caused a monophasic increase in inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate mass formation, with a peak (20.5 +/- 3.6 pmol/mg of protein) at 15 s. Incubation in Ca(2+)-free buffer abolished this response, while Ca2+ replacement 1 min later restored the stimulation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate formation (20.1 +/- 0.6 pmol/mg of protein). In addition, nifedipine (1 nM-0.1 mM), an L-type Ca(2+)-channel antagonist, caused a dose-dependent inhibition of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate formation, with an IC50 of 60.3 +/- 1.1 nM. Elevation of endogenous beta/gamma subunits by selective activation of delta-opioid and alpha 2 adrenoceptors failed to stimulate phospholipase C. Fentanyl also caused a dose-dependent (EC50 of 16.2 +/- 1.0 nM), additive enhancement of carbachol-induced inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate formation. In summary, we have demonstrated that in SH-SY5Y cells activation of the mu-opioid receptor allows Ca2+ influx to activate phospholipase C. However, the possible role of this mechanism in the process of analgesia remains to be elucidated.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Kneading and different desiccation methods on the impact of the mint leaf tea

Leaf of mint(Mentha haplocalyx Briq.) was used. This article studies kneading and different desi-ccation methods on the impact of the mint leaf tea. The result indicated that, kneading may raise the rate of the cellular damage and the content of the waterlogging element of mint leaf tea, that will be advantageous to enhance the valuable component for the tea drinking. It is appropriate to obtain the content of nutrition and the mint leaf tea can obtain a olivine colour, a thick fragrance, a good taste and a well-proportioned colour of footstalk by drying, which can make the evaluation of sense high.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Origin of mid-cretaceous black shales in the benue through, Nigeria

Black and dark-gray laminated shales with large amounts of both terrestrial and marine organic material are common in upper Cenomanian to lower Santonian rocks of the Benue Trough. These shales were deposited during global mid-Cretaceous marine transgressions when widespread high organic carbon sedimentation took place. The Benue Trough in those times was the site of a shallow, density-stratified, anoxic epeiric sea with estuarine-type circulation. From this reservoir, nutrient-rich oxygen-depleted waters were fed into the northern parts of the South Atlantic Ocean.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Structural, Optical and Magnetic Properties of Dy-doped In2O3 Nanoparticles

(In 1− x Dy x ) 2 O 3 ( x  = 0, 0.05, 0.10) nanoparticles with a particle size of 15–22 nm were obtained by an auto-combustion method. The powder x-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman and x-ray absorption near edge spectral (XANES) analysis revealed a cubic bixbyite structure (space group Ia-3). The presence of Dy 3+ ions in the In 2 O 3 host lattice was confirmed from XPS data. The high-resolution transition electron microscopic (HRTEM) and XANES revealed the single phase (solid solution) nature of the nanoparticles. The optical band gap was found to increase from 3.57 eV to 3.64 eV by doping Dy into the In 2 O 3 lattice. Photoluminescence spectra shows emission in the yellow region probably due to oxygen related vacancies. A weak ferromagnetic property was seen for Dy-doped In 2 O 3 at room temperature, while pure In 2 O 3 is diamagnetic. It seems that Dy:In 2 O 3 is not a suitable␣system to consider for dilute magnetic semiconductors in spintronic devices.

Field of study: Materials science
Dispersion relation of tapered MILO

The tapered coaxial slow-wave-structure is the most important part of a MILO.According to the Maxwell equations and Floquet's theorem,the dispersion function of TM modes in the tapered MILO is derived in this paper.Through numerical calculation,the influences of several structure parameters on the dispersion characteristics are summarized,which provide some theoretical fundamental to the design of the tapered MILO.

Field of study: Physics
Interpretation of the "Outline of Teaching Guidance for Various Major Courses of Regular Physical Education Specialty in Common Institutions of Higher Learning"

The authors carried out an in-depth analysis on the background and meaning of the issuance of the "Outline of Teaching Guidance for Various Major Courses of Regular Physical Education Specialty in Common Institutions of Higher Learning",curriculum objectives,basic requirements of optional teaching contents,basic contents of teaching,basic requirements of teaching,learning evaluation,and basic conditions for teaching.They believed that the Outline showed characteristics such as humanized,"area" orientated,expanded and diversified,further strengthened the construction of major courses of regular physical education specialty,and provided a beneficial reference for the construction of generally required courses and optional courses,thus having optimized the entire curriculum system of regular physical education specialty and promoted the constant enhancement of the management quality and beneficial result of physical education specialty.

Field of study: Education
State and the Low Cost Housing for the Poor: Fall of Bashentek Rehabilitation Project (BRP) in Dhaka City: Bangladesh

In the era of neoliberalism now the people especially the lower income group of people is suffering a lot for the scarcity of housing. After migrating from the rural areas for a better life they discovered themselves in the slum like areas of the city as they are not capable to afford housing in the influential areas of the city due to higher rent. Although government take initiatives to remove the housing scarcity of the lower segment of the people but at the end that is after the completion of the housing the flat has been distributed towards the politically powerful and wealthy persons instead to submit those flats to the slum dwellers. This is the case that has been taken place exactly in the case of Bashantek Rehabilitation Project (BRP) a low cost housing program for the poor initiated by the government of Bangladesh. The real situation is that the real slum dwellers were disposed in the name of low cost housing. Now the flat owner is the politically powerful elite and the wealthy personnel. And throughout of this project the slum dwellers has become the victim of dual burden like disposed form the land and lost the money that has been transferred to the project personnel to get the flat at the same time.  State; Low Cost Housing; Poor; BRP; Slum Dwellers; Right Claim Citizen;

Field of study: Education
6-Cyanuracile aus 5-Diazouracilen

Einwirkung von wasriger Kaliumcyanidlosung auf das 5-Diazouracil-Methanoladdukt 1a fuhrt unter Stickstoffabspaltung zum 6-Cyanuracil (3a). Mit wasrigem Cyanwasserstoff ergibt 1a zu-nachst 6-Cyan-5-diazo-1,6-dihydrouracil (2a), das in wasrig-alkalischem Medium ebenfalls in 3a ubergeht. In gleicher Weise erhalt man aus dem 5-Diazo-1,3-dimethyluracilderivat 1b uber das 6-Cyanaddukt 2b 6-Cyan-1,3-dimethyluracil (3b). Als instabile Zwischenprodukte dieser Reaktion werden monosubstituierte Diazene vorgeschlagen. 
 
 
 
Treatment of the methanol adduct 1a of 5-diazouracil with aqueous potassium cyanide provides 6-cyanouracil (3a) with concomitant evolution of nitrogen. The reaction of aqueous hydrogen cyanide with 1 a forms 6-cyano-5-diazo-1,6-dihydrouracil (2a) which decomposes in alkaline solution to yield also 6-cyanouracil (3a) and nitrogen. In a similar way 6-cyano-1,3-dimethyluracil (3b) is obtained from the 5-diazo-1,3-dimethyluracil derivative 1bvia the 6-cyanoadduct 2b. Monosubstituted diazenes are suggested as labile intermediates in this reaction.

Field of study: Chemistry
Magnetoconductance of the Corbino disk in graphene: chiral tunneling and quantum interference in the bilayer case.

Quantum transport through an impurity-free Corbino disk in bilayer graphene is investigated analytically, using the mode-matching method to give an effective Dirac equation, in the presence of uniform magnetic fields. Similarly as in the monolayer case (see Rycerz 2010 ; Katsnelson 2010 ), conductance at the Dirac point shows oscillations with the flux piercing the disk area ΦD characterized by the period Φ(0) = 2 (h/e) ln(R(o)/R(i)), where R(o)(R(i)) is the outer (inner) disk radius. The oscillation magnitude depends either on the radii ratio or on the physical disk size, with the condition for maximal oscillations being R(o)/R(i) ≃ [ Rit⊥/(2ℏvF) ](4/p) (for R(o)/R(i) ≫ 1), where t⊥ is the interlayer hopping integral, vF is the Fermi velocity in graphene, and p is an even integer. Odd-integer values of p correspond to vanishing oscillations for the normal Corbino setup, or to oscillation frequency doubling for the Andreev-Corbino setup. At higher Landau levels, magnetoconductance behaves almost identically in the monolayer and bilayer cases. A brief comparison with the Corbino disk in a two-dimensional electron gas is also provided in order to illustrate the role of chiral tunneling in graphene.

Field of study: Physics
Microorganisms, Australia and the Convention on Biological Diversity

The Convention on Biological Diversity arose as an international agreement for the conservation and continued exploitation of Earth's biological diversity (biodiversity). It directly affects those involved in conservation, exploitation and investigation of biodiversity in all its forms, as well as affecting the viability of all life. Australia is one of more than 170 countries that have ratified the Convention. Its involvement in this Convention will be considered in terms of the National Strategy for the Conservation of Biological Diversity with a focus on the coverage of microorganisms within this strategy. Microorganisms represent a major part of the biodiversity on Earth but, as yet, remain relatively unknown. Among those microorganisms that have been described, many, originating from a range of countries, have been deposited in culture collections worldwide. The Convention contains articles that impact on ex situ collections, although precise protocols are not set out therein. An international code of conduct is now being formulated to ensure ongoing access to and exchange of microorganisms in the interests of sustainable development in industrialised and developing nations.

Field of study: Environmental science
CXCR4 Accelerates Osteoclastogenesis Induced by Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma Cells Through Self-Potentiation and VCAM1 Secretion

Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) metastasis to bone leads to skeletal-related events and a poor quality of life. Unravelling the mechanism of metastasis is crucial for improving survival. Previous work has implicated the role of CXCR4 in bone metastasis; however, the underlying mechanisms are unknown.  The human bone metastasis tissue samples were obtained from lung cancer patients during surgery with consents. The patients were followed up and the overall survival curve was analysed. The expression of CXCR4, VCAM1, and ADAM17 was measured with real-time PCR, western blot and immunochemistry staining in human tissue or NSCLC cell lines. The effects of CXCR4, soluble VCAM1 and ADAM17 on NSCLC proliferation, migration and invasion were measured with CCK-8, monolayer scratch assay and transwell chamber, respectively. The amount of soluble VCAM1 in the conditioned medium was detected with ELISA. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatasethe (TRAP) staining was performed to stain the multinucleated cells regarded as osteoclasts.  In this study, CXCR4 was found to be highly expressed in bone destruction area of metastatic NSCLC samples and related to poor survival in NSCLC patients with bone metastasis. CXCR4 potentiated NSCLC with enhanced proliferation and invasion abilities, while CXCR4 knockdown significantly suppressed the growth and invasion. Furthermore, CXCR4 promoted lung cancer-induced osteoclast differentiation with increased osteoclast formation. We also found that soluble VCAM1 (sVCAM1) secreted in NSCLC contributed to the osteoclastogenesis induced by CXCR4. The overexpression of CXCR4 increased sVCAM1, and the sVCAM1 secreted from CXCR4-overexpressing NSCLC cells recruited and arrested additional osteoclast progenitors to promote osteoclastogenesis. ADAM17 was confirmed to act as a downstream mediator of CXCR4. The chemical inhibition of ADAM17 with TAPI-2 decreased sVCAM1 secretion and the number of TRAP+ osteoclasts.  Taken together, these results indicated that CXCR4 potentiated NSCLC and promoted osteoclastogenesis through sVCAM1, which was cleaved by ADAM17. These data support the pivotal role of the cross talk between CXCR4 and ADAM17-VCAM1 in NSCLC-induced bone metastasis.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
STRAIN LOCALIZATION ANALYSIS OF ANISOTROPIC SANDS BASED ON NON-COAXIAL THEORY

Aiming at the shortage of strain localization analysis on anisotropic sand, a non-coaxial theory was employed to improve constitutive model. The isotropy assumption in traditional plastic potential theory caused deficiencies that constitutive model can not describe non-coaxial features and can not give a better description of stress-induced anisotropy. To overcome such deficiencies, a three-dimensional non-coaxial critical state constitutive model for anisotropy sand is proposed with introduction of non-coaxial plasticity theory. In the view of the geometric relationship of micro fabric and stress state, the improved model can describe variation of sand state under the principal stress axes rotation condition, while the dilatancy and hardening law of model is a function of sand state. After amended with non-coaxial plasticity theory, the model can describe the non-coaxial features and stress-induced anisotropy, and the model with bifurcation theory can analyze the strain localization of anisotropy sand under different deposition angle and confining pressure condition. The improved model is verified against the results of simple shear and plane strain tests for Toyoura sand.

Field of study: Engineering