nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Mind the Gap: Towards Secure 1st-Order Masking in Software

Cryptographic implementations are vulnerable to side-channel analysis. Implementors often opt for masking countermeasures to protect against these types of attacks. Masking countermeasures can ensure theoretical protection against value-based leakages. However, the practical effectiveness of masking is often halted by physical effects such as glitches and distance-based leakages, which violate the independent leakage assumption (ILA) and result in security order reductions. This paper aims to address this gap between masking theory and practice in the following threefold manner. First, we perform an in-depth investigation of the device-specific effects that invalidate ILA in the AVR microcontroller ATMega163. Second, we provide an automated tool, capable of detecting ILA violations in AVR assembly code. Last, we craft the first (to our knowledge) “hardened” 1st-order ISW-based, masked Sbox implementation, which is capable of resisting 1st-order, univariate side-channel attacks. Enforcing the ILA in the masked RECTANGLE Sbox requires 1319 clock cycles, i.e. a 15-fold increase compared to a naive 1st-order ISW-based implementation.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
DIASTEREOSELECTION IN A DIRECTED CROSSED ALDOL REACTION BETWEEN TWO POLYOXYGENATED KETONES EMPLOYING TIN(II) ENOLATES. A FACILE STEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF ETHYL 2-C-METHYL-DL-LYXOFURANOSIDE

Tin(II) enolates of 1,3-dihydroxy-2-propanone derivatives react with a second ketone, methyl pyruvate, under mild conditions to afford the corresponding anti-crossed aldol products in moderate to excellent yields. Facile elaboration to the branched-chain sugar, ethyl 2-C-methyl-DL-lyxofuranoside, was demonstrated.

Field of study: Chemistry
Online Anomaly Detection Under Markov Statistics With Controllable Type-I Error

We study anomaly detection for fast streaming temporal data with real time Type-I error, i.e., false alarm rate, controllability; and propose a computationally highly efficient online algorithm, which closely achieves a specified false alarm rate while maximizing the detection power. Regardless of whether the source is stationary or nonstationary, the proposed algorithm sequentially receives a time series and learns the nominal attributes-in the online setting-under possibly varying Markov statistics. Then, an anomaly is declared at a time instance, if the observations are statistically sufficiently deviant. Moreover, the proposed algorithm is remarkably versatile since it does not require parameter tuning to match the desired rates even in the case of strong nonstationarity. The presented study is the first to provide the online implementation of Neyman-Pearson (NP) characterization for the problem such that the NP optimality, i.e., maximum detection power at a specified false alarm rate, is nearly achieved in a truly online manner. In this regard, the proposed algorithm is highly novel and appropriate especially for the applications requiring sequential data processing at large scales/high rates due to its parameter-tuning free computational efficient design with the practical NP constraints under stationary or non-stationary source statistics.

Field of study: Engineering
Signature inversion phenomena in odd-odd 182Au

High-spin states in the odd-odd 182Au nucleus have been investigated using the 152Sm(35Cl, 5nγ)182Au reaction through X-γ and γ-γ-t coincidence measurements. Rotational bands based on the πh9/2⊗νi13/2 and πi13/2⊗νi13/2 configurations have been identified. It is found that the two bands show characteristics of low-spin signature inversion. The observed signature inversion can be well reproduced by pairing-deformation self-consistent cranking Woods-Saxon calculations.

Field of study: Physics
Adaption to the Individual Differences Using an Online Tuning System in the Awakening Behavior Detection System

To prevent a person from falling of a bed, we have developed an awakening behavior detection system using a neural network (abbreviated as NN). However, the detection ability of unknown persons is not sufficient compared to that of learned persons. In this research, to improve the detection ability of unknown persons, we apply an online tuning system using a continuous learning of the NN to the detection system. In the online tuning system, only a few additional data of a new target person are used for the continuous learning, where the weights of the NN converged in the initial learning are used as the initial weights for the continuous learning. In this paper, first, we verify that the individual differences among persons affect the detection ability. Second, we demonstrate that the detection ability is improved by executing the online tuning. Thus, we verify the effectiveness of the online tuning of the awakening behavior detection system.

Field of study: Computer science
Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation of 16-element radial line helical rectangular array antenna

Radial line helical rectangular array antenna is a new antenna which realizes the directional radiation of circularly polarized microwave,and can be easily assembled to a high gain antenna.In this paper,the fundamental theory is introduced,and a helical rectangular array antenna of 16-element using two kinds of coupling probes is put forward.The numerical simulation result shows that at 4.0 GHz,the gain of the antenna is 18.24 dB and the axial ratio at the normal direction is 1.065.In the range of 3.8 GHz to 4.2 GHz,the gain is greater than 17.89 dB,the axial ratio is below 1.2,the voltage standing wave ratio is below 1.3,and the aperture efficiency is over 85%.

Field of study: Physics
Sediment reservoirs at mountain stream confluences: Dynamics and effects of tributaries dominated by debris-flow and fluvial processes

Radiocarbon age estimates (N = 68) from bank, terrace riser, and in-channel materials sampled from random locations near two channel confluences, a debris-flow–dominated tributary to Cedar Creek, and a fluvially dominated tributary to Golden Ridge Creek in the Oregon Coast Range, are proxies for sediment transit times through tributary and mainstem sediment reservoirs separated from one another by incised bedrock risers. Geomorphic, volumetric, stratigraphic, and sedimentologic data aided reservoir characterizations. Inferred transit-time distributions for tributary deposits are right-skewed and heavy-tailed, indicating preferential evacuation of younger deposits. The debris-flow fan is much larger than fluvial terraces on the other tributary, but mean transit times (±σ) in both reservoirs are similar: 1370 ± 2240 yr and 1660 ± 2130 yr for fan and terrace deposits, respectively. Whereas tributary deposits are much larger than mainstem deposits at both sites, mainstem deposits adjacent to the fan have a relatively short mean transit time of 442 ± 491 yr, but mean transit time in mainstem deposits adjacent to the fluvial terrace is much greater: 3870 ± 6720 yr. Reservoir flux estimates indicate that most (>60%) of the debris-flow fan tributary9s sediment yield enters fan storage, but only a small part (3%) of the fluvial tributary9s yield enters storage at the confluence. Debris flows from the debris-flow fan tributary apparently promote both greater storage of mainstem sediments and more rapid unbiased evacuation of mainstem deposits, whereas old mainstem deposits adjacent to the fluvial tributary have a much greater probability of preservation.

Field of study: Geology
The properties of annealed AlN films deposited by pulsed laser deposition

AlN films deposited on SiC or sapphire substrates by pulsed laser deposition were annealed at 1200°C, 1400°C, and 1600°C for 30 min in an inert atmosphere to examine how their structure, surface morphology, and substrate-film interface are altered during high temperature thermal processing. Shifts in the x-ray rocking curve peaks suggest that annealing increases the film density or relaxes the films and reduces the c-axis Poisson compression. Scanning electron micrographs show that the AlN begins to noticeably evaporate at 1600°C, and the evaporation rate is higher for the films grown on sapphire because the as-deposited film contained more pinholes. Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy shows that the interface between the film and substrate improves with annealing temperature for SiC substrates, but the interface quality for the 1600°C anneal is poorer than it is for the 1400°C anneal when the substrate is sapphire. Transmission electron micrographs show that the as-deposited films on SiC contain many stacking faults, while those annealed at 1600°C have a columnar structure with slightly misoriented grains. The as-deposited films on sapphire have an incoherent interface, and voids are formed at the interface when the samples are annealed at 1600°C. Auger electron spectroscopy shows that virtually no intermixing occurs across the interface, and that the annealed films contain less oxygen than the as-grown films.

Field of study: Materials science
Analysis and optimisation of event-condition-action rules on XML

XML is now a dominant standard for storing and exchanging information. With its increasing use in areas such as data warehousing and e-commerce, there is a rapidly growing need for rule-based technology to support reactive functionality on XML repositories. Event-condition-action (ECA) rules automatically perform actions in response to events and are a natural facility to support such functionality. In this paper, we study ECA rules in the context of XML data. We define a simple language for specifying ECA rules on XML repositories. The language is illustrated by means of some examples, and its syntax and semantics are then specified more formally. We then investigate methods for analysing and optimising these ECA rules, a task which has added complexity in this XML setting compared with conventional active databases.

Field of study: Computer science
Mariarosa Cortesi and Silvia Fiaschi .Repertorio delle traduzioni umanistiche a stampa: Secoli XV–XVI. 2 vols. Il Ritorno dei Classici nell'Umanesimo, 3.5. Florence: SISMEL, Edizioni del Galluzzo, 2008. lxxviii + 1844 pp. index. illus. tbls. map. bibl. €240. ISBN: 978–88–8450–323–7.


Field of study: History
Ex situ and in situ biodegradation of lindane by Azotobacter chroococcum

This study was undertaken to investigate the potential of Azotobacter chroococcum for degrading lindane. Ten cultures were screened for lindane degradation by a chloride estimation method and the best A. chroococcum culture JL 102 was selected for further studies. This strain was subjected to a lindane–tolerance experiment and based on the results obtained, 10 and 100 ppm of lindane were selected to study the potential of the A. chroococcum strain for ex situ and in situ biodegradation of lindane. The organism was grown in 2 different media viz. Jensen's broth and soil extract broth and ex situ lindane degradation was studied for a period of 6 days. Maximum degradation of lindane was recorded at 10 ppm concentration. The degradation was higher in Jensen's medium, compared to the soil extract broth. A pot culture experiment was conducted using both sterile and non-sterile soils supplemented with 10 ppm lindane to study in situ degradation potential of this strain for a period of 8 weeks. In both the conditions (sterile and non-sterile), the organism exhibited increased degradation over the days with maximum degradation observed on the 8th week of incubation. It could degrade most of the applied lindane by the end of the study period.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Some research on Levenberg-Marquardt method for the nonlinear equations

Marquardt method is one of the most important methods for solving systems of nonlinear equations. In this paper, we consider the convergence of a new Levenberg–Marquardt method (i.e. λ k = θ ‖ F k ‖ + ( 1 - θ ) ‖ J k T F k ‖ , where θ ∈ [0, 1] is a real parameter) for solving a system of singular nonlinear equations F(x) = 0, where F is a mapping from Rn into Rm. We will show that if ∥F(x)∥ provides a local error bound which is weaker than the condition of nonsingular for the system of nonsingular for the system of nonlinear equations, the sequence generated by the new Levenberg–Marquardt method convergence to a point of the solution set X∗ quadratically. Numerical experiments and comparisons are reported.

Field of study: Mathematics
Loop Current and Orbital Magnetism in Pyrite-Type $Ir_{3}Ch_{8}$ ($Ch=Se,Te$)

We study the parent compound of the pyrite-type $Ir_{x}Ch_{2}$ iridium chalcogenide superconductors, $Ir_{0.75}Ch_{2}$ (or $Ir_{3}Ch_{8}$). While the lattice structure of the material is rather complicated, we show that the electron physics near the Fermi surface (FS) can be described by a three-band tight-binding model. We find that the material possesses a loop current ground state which is responsible for the highly anisotropic strong diamagnetism observed in experiments. The fluctuations of this loop current state can be a possible pairing mechanism for superconductivity.

Field of study: Physics
The space density of luminous dusty star-forming galaxies at $z>4$ : SCUBA-2 and LABOCA imaging of ultrared galaxies from $Herschel$-ATLAS

This is an author-created, un-copyedited version of an article accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal. IOP Publishing Ltd. is not responsible for any errors or omissions in this version of the manuscript or any version derived from it. The Version of Record is available online at 10.3847/0004-637X/832/1/78

Field of study: Physics
Case Report: On a Boy Growing Up / Living with Bladder Exstrophy

To describe some of the obstacles met when growing up with bladder exstrophy.  A male patient, now 34 years old, born with bladder exstrophy.  He went through bladder resection and an ilial bladder was constructed 10 days after birth. Bandage problems led to urine leakage and a correction of the stoma was preformed at the age of 2.5 and at 3. Epispadia/penile plasty were done at the age of 1.5, 2.5 and 11 and a final at 18. As a teen-ager he was very embarrassed at his broad hips and went through bilateral osteotomi at the age of 17. New school/new schoolmates made him feel depressed, sad as “they saw I had nothing in the pants”. He took great effort not letting his parents know his sorrow. No psychological help was offered. Unrealistic expectations on sexual intercourse, penetration not possible, feelings of utter basement. Started tu use alcohol/ getting drunk meeting opposite gender, further frustrations and feelings of deep loneliness. At age 21 he had a 5 years older girlfriend, teaching him sex-variations. At 23, he got married, optimistic on becoming a father, as when growing up his urologist assured his parents and himself “ there will be no problem”, which it turned out to be.  Specialized urologist, orthopaedist, continiuous psychological support and specialized nurse providing adequate and realistic information about possible/upcoming problems in the future would provide better surgical results and less personal suffering and struggling.

Field of study: Medicine
Bonding of Bi2Te3-Based Thermoelectric Legs to Metallic Contacts Using Bi0.82Sb0.18 Alloy

Thermoelectrics is gaining increased attention as a renewable direct energy conversion method from heat to electricity. The most efficient and up-to-date thermoelectric materials for temperatures of up to 250°C are (Bi1−xSbx)2 (Te1−ySey)3 alloys. In the current research, to discover practical thermoelectric power generation devices capable of operation at such temperatures, Bi0.82Sb0.18 alloy was considered as a lead-free high-temperature (<250°C) solder composition for bonding of n-type Bi2Te2.4Se0.6 and p-type Bi0.4Sb1.6Te3 legs into Cu, Ag, Ni and Fe metallic bridges. In the case of Cu, fine contacts with low electrical contact resistance of ∼1.5 ± 0.5 mΩ mm2 were observed upon soldering at 350°C.

Field of study: Materials science
Integration of an atmospheric dispersion model with a dynamic multimedia fate model: development and illustration.

Growing attention is devoted to understand the influence of the short-term variations in air concentrations on the environmental fate of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). These variations are ascribable to factors such as temperature-mediated air-surface exchange and variability of planetary boundary layer (PBL) height and structure. But when investigating the fate of SVOCs at a local scale, further variability can derive from specific point source contributions. In this context, a new modeling approach (AirPlus) which integrates a previously developed model (AirFug) with an air dispersion model (AERMOD) is presented. The integrated model is illustrated for two PAHs in a Northern Italy scenario. Results show how chemical contributions deriving from background advective inflows, local emissions and a point source interact in an hourly-varying meteorological scenario to determine air concentration rapid changes and the consequent response of the soil compartment.

Field of study: Environmental science
Pacemakers in aggregation fields of Dictyostelium discoideum: does a single cell suffice?

In this paper we address the following question: can a single cell of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum serve as a pacemaker for the aggregation phase? Whether or not this is possible is determined by the relative importance of cyclic AMP production due to self-stimulation as compared to diffusion of cyclic AMP away from the cell and extracellular degradation. We determine the conditions under which a single cell on an infinite place can emit periodic signals of cyclic AMP using a model developed previously for signal relay and adaptation in Dictyostelium. Elsewhere it has been shown that this model provides an accurate representation of the stimulus-response behavior of Dictyostelium for a variety of experimental conditions.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Soviet-American Politics and the Turkish Straits

In light of the growing concern over Turkey's future in the NATO alliance at a time when Soviet interest and influence in the eastern Mediterranean have increased, the postwar test of diplomatic strength between the United States and the Soviet Union over the status of the Turkish Straits acquires greater significance. Since much of the 1946 debate concerning revision of the Montreux Convention involved an interpretation of Turkey's role as custodian of the Straits during the war, it is necessary to review in detail the origins of Turkish neutrality, Turkey's wartime record as guardian of the Straits, and discussions among the Allied powers relative to revision of the Montreux Convention. These episodes in the complex history of the Straits question constitute the immediate background and framework for the 1946 political and diplomatic confrontation; and the origins, outcome, and significance of that confrontation are critical to any understanding of the substance and texture of Soviet-American rivalry in Europe and the Middle East after World War II.

Field of study: Political science
In the Company of Demons: Unnatural Beings, Love, and Identity in the Italian Renaissance (review)

and the Bahir, which were still unpublished. Postel had sent both manuscripts to Ioannes Oporinus in Basel, who never published them. He began his translation of the Zohar in 1548, commenting that he had received the manuscript “from Venetian blood.” The reference was, in all likelihood, to Daniel Bomberg, the Venetian printer for whom Postel had worked in the 1530s and 1540s. Bomberg had also provided Postel with his copy of the Bahir, which Postel had collated with his own copy found in Ferrara, as he notes in his translation of the Bahir (Universität Bibliothek, Basel, ms. A. IX. 99, fols. 36–98. See fol. 70 for statement about Bomberg.). Postel played an important part in the transmission of Hebrew texts in the Renaissance, and his Zohar was with him on the day of his death, 6 September 1581. Saverio Campanini’s edition of Mithridates’ Latin translation should kindle a rebirth of interest in the Bahir and in other important Hebrew texts which were studied so avidly in the Renaissance. Campanini’s edition provides all that a scholar could desire in a text. The introduction is detailed but clearly written, and the foreword by Giulio Busi introduces the reader to the world of the Bahir and its transmission. In Campanini’s introduction we find a careful explanation of the manuscript tradition. Flavius’s Latin translation is printed and annotated, as is the Hebrew text. The English translation is accurate and readable, a difficult task to accomplish for a work like the Bahir. The printing of this book is beautiful and the type large enough to provide easy reading. One could wish for an index of concepts as well as one of names, although this is a minor fault in comparison with what Campanini has provided for us. MARION LEATHERS KUNTZ Georgia State University

Field of study: History
A reaction-diffusion system arising in population genetics

This paper is concerned with a nonweakly coupled system of parabolic equations that models the reaction-diffusion process of a population of continuously reproducing diploids with two alleles at one locus of genes. We assume that the fitnesses of genotypes are density dependent and the boundary condition is Dirichlet type with the boundary data given in the form such that the system has a unique uniform steady-state solution. The existence of nonuniform steady-state solutions is examined in relation with the stability of uniform steady-state solutions. In several cases we show that a nonuniform steady-state solution exists if the uniform one is unstable. We also investigate the stability and attractivity of the uniform steadystate solution in various cases. Some results of global convergence of solutions to a uniform steady-state solution are also given.

Field of study: Mathematics
A structural model of mono- and diacylglycerol lipase from Penicillium camembertii.

The amino acid sequence of lipase from Penicillium camembertii was aligned with Rhizomucor miehei lipase without permitting any deletion or insertion in the structurally conserved regions. This lipase was classified into the R. miehei lipase family, because 33% of the residues were identical and 18% of the exchanges were conserved. A graphic molecular model for P. camembertii lipase was built using information from the sequence and X-ray structure of R. miehei lipase. The primary specificity pocket in the model of P. camembertii lipase predicted a substrate preference for monoacylglycerols and diacylglycerols. The close region to reactive His259 in P. camembertii lipase, which located in the opposite shore to the helical lid that was predictable to move in the activated state, contributed to the decision of the unique substrate specificity.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering