nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A mathematical model for the phase of sexual reproduction in monogonont rotifers

Recently, the optimal sex allocation in monogonont rotifers is studied in , and, as a closely related question, the relative frequencies of the relevant types of mictic females. The authors focus on the evolution of the age at which young mictic females lose their fertilization susceptibility and they address the threshold age of fertilization that maximizes resting egg production. Assuming that a stationary population is achieved, with stable age distribution, they obtain their results, without knowing the stationary population. Our aim is to study this problem in the framework of the theory of nonlinear age-dependent population dynamics developed by G. F. Webb in [13], which is more appropriate from the mathematical point of view and permits to us to obtain analytically the stationary population and consequently it is analytically shown that a threshold age of fertilization equal to the age of maturation is not an ESS, despite the fact that then the production of resting eggs is maximum, which has been obtained by simulation in .

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Measuring the reusability of software components using static analysis metrics and reuse rate information

Nowadays, the continuously evolving open-source community and the increasing demands of end users are forming a new software development paradigm; developers rely more on reusing components from online sources to minimize the time and cost of software development. An important challenge in this context is to evaluate the degree to which a software component is suitable for reuse, i.e. its reusability. Contemporary approaches assess reusability using static analysis metrics by relying on the help of experts, who usually set metric thresholds or provide ground truth values so that estimation models are built. However, even when expert help is available, it may still be subjective or case-specific. In this work, we refrain from expert-based solutions and employ the actual reuse rate of source code components as ground truth for building a reusability estimation model. We initially build a benchmark dataset, harnessing the power of online repositories to determine the number of reuse occurrences for each component in the dataset. Subsequently, we build a model based on static analysis metrics to assess reusability from five different properties: complexity, cohesion, coupling, inheritance, documentation and size. The evaluation of our methodology indicates that our system can effectively assess reusability as perceived by developers.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
FE Simulation Analysis of the Folding Problem for the Forged Half Shaft Bushing

The loose tooling forging of half shaft bushing on the steam-air forging hammer is numerically simulated using FEM software DEFORM3D. It reappeared the producing process for the folding of half shaft bushing during hot forging. The stress and velocity distribution during forming is analyzed. The simulation results show that, unstable bending produce first, then under the function of mandrel, these two metal zones converge to folding. For solve that problem, using punch with a special convex and appropriate enlargement the punch radius, avoidance produce bending and effectively prevent forming folding during forming process of the half shaft bushing.

Field of study: Materials science
Regional Value Added in Italy, 1891–2001, and the Foundation of a Long‐Term Picture

This article presents value added estimates for the Italian regions, in benchmark years 1891–1951, which are linked to those from official figures available from 1971 on, in order to offer a long‐term picture of Italy's regional development. Regional activity rates and productivity are also discussed and compared. Some basic questions about Italy's economic history are briefly considered, including the origins and extent of the north–south divide, the role of migration and regional policy in shaping the pattern of regional inequality, and the positioning of Italy in the international debate on regional convergence, where it stands out because of the long‐run persistence of its disparities.

Field of study: Economics, History
Albert Wojciech Adamkiewicz (1850-1921): unsung hero behind the eponymic artery.

The artery of Adamkiewicz is an important radiculomedullary artery supplying the spinal cord, especially the lumbar enlargement. Anatomical knowledge of this artery is important for avoiding serious neurological complications during surgery performed in this region--for neurosurgeons and interventional radiologists treating intramedullary tumors and spinal arteriovenous malformations, traumatologists performing spinal fusions, thoracic surgeons treating aortic aneurysms, and urologists and pediatric surgeons conducting retroperitoneal dissections. However, the biography of the talented Polish pathologist Albert Adamkiewicz, after whom the landmark artery is named, has not been described adequately in the existing neurosurgical literature. The authors bring to light the historical perspective of the eponymic artery and provide a recapitulation of other significant contributions made by Adamkiewicz, mostly involving the nervous system. His research papers on the histology of neuronal tissues and neurodegenerative diseases had high scientific merit, but the discovery of the anticancer antitoxin "cancroin" and his postulation of a cancer-causing parasite he named "Coccidium sarcolytus" met with harsh criticism and eventually led to his ill fame. The biography is supplemented with a brief overview of the important surgical implications of the artery of Adamkiewicz.

Field of study: Medicine
The Dynamics of Criminal Governance: Networks and Social Order in Rio de Janeiro

Academic analyses of crime and policing in Latin America have generally focused on the failure of state institutions to guarantee a rule of law. This study, however, argues that the persistently high levels of violence in Rio's favelas [shantytowns] result not from the failure of institutions but, rather, from networks that bring criminals together with civic leaders, politicians, and police. These contacts protect traffickers from state repression and help them build political support among the residents of the where they favelas operate. Rather than creating ‘parallel states’ outside of political control, then, these networks link trafficker dominated favelas into Rio's broader political and social system.

Field of study: Political science
Abiotic factors influence microbial diversity in permanently cold soil horizons of a maritime-associated Antarctic Dry Valley.

The McMurdo Dry Valleys collectively comprise the most extensive ice-free region in Antarctica and are considered one of the coldest arid environments on Earth. In low-altitude maritime-associated valleys, mineral soil profiles show distinct horizontal structuring, with a surface arid zone overlying a moist and biologically active zone generated by seasonally melted permafrost. In this study, long-term microenvironmental monitoring data show that temperature and soil humidity regimes vary in the soil horizons of north- and south-facing slopes within the Miers Valley, a maritime valley in the McMurdo Dry Valleys. We found that soil bacterial communities varied from the north to the south. The microbial assemblages at the surface and shallow subsurface depths displayed higher metabolic activity and diversity compared to the permafrost soil interface. Multivariate analysis indicated that K, C, Ca and moisture influenced the distribution and structure of microbial populations. Furthermore, because of the large % RH gradient between the frozen subsurface and the soil surface we propose that water transported to the surface as water vapour is available to microbial populations, either as a result of condensation processes or by direct adsorption from the vapour phase.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Transport Calculations for Very High Current Beams

A computer program has been developed to calculate the effect of the transverse space charge forces on a particle beam. The method is to divide the beam into a large number, M, of "beamlets," and compute the force on each beamlet by summing over the forces due to all the others. M ¿ 1000 is needed to make spurious collisional effects negligible. To the space charge forces, we add the forces due to the physical components of the system such as quadrupoles, solenoids or accelerating gaps. Using this program we have verified the prediction that at high current, certain perturbations of the K-V distributions are unstable. In a FODO line tuned to 90° phase advance per cell at zero current, with the phase advance depressed to 30° by space charge, we found that the rms emittance of a perturbed K-V distribution grows by a factor of 2 in ~ 40 cells, and then remains stable, although no longer having the K-V form. For thin-lens focusing, this result is in good agreement with Haber's calculation. The use of finite quadrupoles rather than thin lenses has remarkably little effect.

Field of study: Physics
Pulsed Ultrasound Effect on DNA Polymerase Reaction Monitored on a QCM

DNA polymerase reaction under pulsed ultrasound irradiation was investigated on a DNA-immobilized quartz-crystal microbalance (QCM), and the 240-kHz ultrasound irradiation pulsed at 20 s ―1 increased the polymerization reactivity owing to the increase of the stability of the DNA/polymerase/monomer complex, although the continuous irradiation decreases the stability.

Field of study: Chemistry
Tissue localization during resective epilepsy surgery.

OBJECT
Imaging-guided surgery (IGS) systems are widely used in neurosurgical practice. During epilepsy surgery, the authors routinely use IGS landmarks to localize intracranial electrodes and/or specific brain regions. The authors have developed a technique to coregister these landmarks with pre- and postoperative scans and the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) standard space brain MRI to allow 1) localization and identification of tissue anatomy; and 2) identification of Brodmann areas (BAs) of the tissue resected during epilepsy surgery. Tracking tissue in this fashion allows for better correlation of patient outcome to clinical factors, functional neuroimaging findings, and pathological characteristics and molecular studies of resected tissue.



Tissue samples were collected in 21 patients. Coordinates from intraoperative tissue localization were downloaded from the IGS system and transformed into patient space, as defined by preoperative high-resolution T1-weighted MRI volume. Tissue landmarks in patient space were then transformed into MNI standard space for identification of the BAs of the tissue samples.



Anatomical locations of resected tissue were identified from the intraoperative resection landmarks. The BAs were identified for 17 of the 21 patients. The remaining patients had abnormal brain anatomy that could not be meaningfully coregistered with the MNI standard brain without causing extensive distortion.



This coregistration and landmark tracking technique allows localization of tissue that is resected from patients with epilepsy and identification of the BAs for each resected region. The ability to perform tissue localization allows investigators to relate preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative functional and anatomical brain imaging to better understand patient outcomes, improve patient safety, and aid in research.

Field of study: Medicine
“My Conscience is Free and Clear”: African-Descended Women, Status, and Slave Owning in Mid-Colonial Mexico

On March 8, 1679, Polonia de Ribas entered her last will and testament into record at the offices of Alonso de Neira Claver, the royal notary public of Xalapa. The will included information about Polonia's family, possessions, debts to be collected, and how she wanted her estate distributed after her passing. She was well acquainted with the appropriate processes and venues to ensure that such matters were officially acknowledged. In the second half of the seventeenth century, Polonia demonstrated her legal acumen by documenting half a dozen transactions with the notary public in Xalapa.

Field of study: History
Synthesis of pyrrolidines and tetrahydro-1H-azepines from 4-aryl-1-benzoyl(ethoxycarbonyl)methyl-1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinium halides

Abstract4-Aryl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinium quaternary salts which have a benzoylmethyl or ethoxycarbonylmethyl group on atom N-1 generate N-ylides when heated in the presence of NaH and they can rearrange in situ with contraction or expansion of the six-membered heterocycle to give substituted pyrrolidines (as a result of a [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement) or 1H-tetrahydroazepine derivatives (via Stevens rearrangement). The presence of an aryl substituent at position C-4 in the tetrahydropyridine ring allows to avoid the formation of elimination products and changes the direction of the reaction towards the preparation of the tetrahydroazepines.

Field of study: Chemistry
Five types of the relationship in the field of the higher education——Based on the prefaces and postscripts written by Pan Mao-yuan

In more than 20 years,professor Pan Mao-yuan has written over 100 prefaces and postscripts for the younger generation who work on the research of higher education.These prefaces and postscripts reflects professor Pan Mao-yuan's penetrating understanding and original view about the relationships between knowledge and tactics,educational theory and practice,being an upright person and accomplishing something,internationalization and nationalization,and among past,present and future.

Field of study: Education
Influence of prebuckling deformations on the buckling of circular cylindrical shells under external pressure.

Upon examination of the existing experimental data in the literature, this equation is found to describe correctly the relation between the experimental maximum erosion rate and the incubation time which is denned as the intercept of the maximum slope of an erosion curve on the time axis. Pearson's experimental results show that, for a first approximation, the number of impacts for incubation is proportional to D~3, and the maximum erosion rate to D 4.8'9 This is in agreement with Eq. (6). Equation (6) also shows that the maximum erosion rate will be proportional to (v — v e)mi or vmz if the incubation time is proportional to (v — ve)pl or vpz, respectively, where the exponents mi, pi, ... have the relations nn = — pi + 1 for i = 1, 2. This appears to be a correct description of the experimental results presented in Figs. 2 and 3.10 Finally, the values of k for all of the experimental data examined can be obtained using Eq. (6). The results which are listed in the original report5 provide additional confidence on the simple analysis by showing a limited amount of scatter. In conclusion, the present analysis seems to describe satisfactorily the intermediate stage of an erosion process during which the erosion proceeds at the maximum rate. The analysis, however, appears not applicable to the early and the late stages in which the erosion is probably affected by the material inhomogeneity and the change of surface roughness. Thus, for these two stages, it-might also be necessary to take into account the microscopic properties of materials in addition to the macroscopic properties, on which this study is based.

Field of study: Physics
Detection of resistance genes of rifampin and isoniazid in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by using gene chips

To establish a method for detection of the resistance genes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by genes chips.  Designed four primers characterized by digoxin, four gene fragments of rpoB, katG, inhA and ahpC in Mycobacterium tuberculosis were amplified. Probes were designed and the gene chip was fabricated according to the 25 single nucleotide polymorphisms of 8 sites on 4 genes associated with RFP and INH resistance, amplified products were hybridized with chips.  Four kinds of amplification products were identified and contain 165, 181, 245 and 315 bp respectively. The method may detect the signals of wildness and mutation in every sites even when the concentration of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was 1.6×103/ml. The amplified products of 19 nan-Mycobacterium tuberculosis standard strains and 9 non- Mycobacterium standard strains didn't have signals when hybridized with chips. Every site of standard strain of H37Rv Mycobacterium tuberculosis was wildness. Five clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were detected five times repeatedly, the results were correspondent. In 46 clinical isolates, 28 strains were resisted to RFP, in which 24 strains were mutated, and the percent of mutation was 85.7% ; Eighteen strains were sensitive to RFP, 2 strains were mutated; Thirty-one strains were resisted to INH and 20 strains were mutated, the percent of mutation was 64.5% ; Fifteen strains were sensitive to INH, 4 strains were mutated.  Coloration gene chip for detecting resistance gene in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is highly sensitive and specific, and is technically feasible for clinical application.

Field of study: Biology
A reversible infinite HMM using normalised random measures

We present a nonparametric prior over reversible Markov chains. We use completely random measures, specifically gamma processes, to construct a countably infinite graph with weighted edges. By enforcing symmetry to make the edges undirected we define a prior over random walks on graphs that results in a reversible Markov chain. The resulting prior over infinite transition matrices is closely related to the hierarchical Dirichlet process but enforces reversibility. A reinforcement scheme has recently been proposed with similar properties, but the de Finetti measure is not well characterised. We take the alternative approach of explicitly constructing the mixing measure, which allows more straightforward and efficient inference at the cost of no longer having a closed form predictive distribution. We use our process to construct a reversible infinite HMM which we apply to two real datasets, one from epigenomics and one ion channel recording.

Field of study: Computer science
EFFECT OF PARTICLE SCATTERING ON SPECTRAL ABSORPTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF SEMITRANSPARENT FLUID LAYER

The effect of particle scattering on the absorptive characteristics of a semitransparent fluid layer is investigated by the Monte Carlo method. A one dimensional parallel plane model is used for the fluid layer. By the Fresnel's equation , the refraction and reflection of spectral radiation at the semitransparent and specular incident surface are considered along with the diffusive reflection at the opaque gray wall. Several kinds of typical scattering distributions are considered with the H-G phase function for the particles in the nongray absorbing semitransparent fluid. Taken as an example, a water layer containing particles is irradiated by an incident spectral radiation perpendicular to the surface. For the various scattering distributions, the overall spectral absorptivity of the water layer is presented along with the absorptive distribution for different positions inside the layer, which is described by a spectral absorptive distribution function introduced in this paper. By analyzing the calculated results, the influences on the absorptive characteristics of a semitransparent fluid layer are investigated , which come from the scattering distribution and albedo as well as the absorbing factor of the particles . From this investigation, the following conclusions are derived. First, particle scattering can greatly change both of the overall absorptive ability and the absorptive distribution function of a semitransparent fluid layer. The influences show multi-variable and nonlinear dependence on the fluid layer optical thickness and the absorptive factor, extinction coefficient, scattering phase function and albedo of particles. Second, the optical thickness of the fluid layer and the absorptive factor of particles exert an independent and monotonous influence that the increase of either can directly enlarge the absorptivity of the fluid layer. However,particle scattering affects the absorptive characteristics by changing transfer directions of radiation in the fluid layer, thus its influence depends on the fluid layer optical thickness and the absorbing ability of particles and therefore is dependent and nonmonotonous. Third,scattering distribution reacts differently under different scattering intensity . But for different scattering distributions, the absorptive distribution function reaches peak values almost at the same depth inside the fluid layer, and the peak occurrence moves toward the wall with decrease of scattering intensity.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Adequacy of Plant-Based Proteins in Chronic Kidney Disease.

Concerns regarding protein and amino acid deficiencies with plant-based proteins have precluded their use in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Many of these concerns were debunked years ago, but recommendations persist regarding the use of "high-biological value" (animal-based) proteins in CKD patients, which may contribute to worsening of other parameters such as blood pressure, metabolic acidosis, and hyperphosphatemia. Plant-based proteins are sufficient in meeting both quantity and quality requirements. Those eating primarily plant-based diets have been observed to consume approximately 1.0 g/kg/day of protein, or more. CKD patients have been seen to consume 0.7-0.9 g/kg/day of mostly plant-based protein without any negative effects. Furthermore, those substituting animal-based proteins for plant-based proteins have shown reductions in severity of hypertension, hyperphosphatemia, and metabolic acidosis. Plant-based proteins, when consumed in a varied diet, are not only nutritionally adequate but have pleiotropic effects which may favor their use in CKD patients.

Field of study: Medicine
Zur Tektonik im Bereich der Brennerlinie

ZusammenfassungDie Verfasser entwickeln aus den Ergebnissen ihrer feldgeologischen und petrographischen Untersuchungen — gestützt auf gesteinsmechanische Überlegungen und tektonische Experimente — ein neues geologisches Konzept für das Tauernwestende.AbstractA new concept about the geology of the Brenner region is developed from field observations, petrographic investigations, mechanic considerations and tectonic experiments.RésuméLes auteurs présentent une conception géologique nouvelle de la partie occidentale des Tauern d'après leurs observations géologiques sur le terrain et leurs recherches pétrographiques, en s'appuyant sur des considérations de la mécanique des roches et des expériences tectoniques.Краткое содержаниеНа основании своих ге олого-петрографичес ких и экспериментальных исследований авторы высказали новое мнен ия о происхождении запад ных Тавров.

Field of study: Environmental science
Thickness Influence on In Vitro Biocompatibility of Titanium Nitride Thin Films Synthesized by Pulsed Laser Deposition

We report a study on the biocompatibility vs. thickness in the case of titanium nitride (TiN) films synthesized on 410 medical grade stainless steel substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The films were grown in a nitrogen atmosphere, and their in vitro cytotoxicity was assessed according to ISO 10993-5 . Extensive physical-chemical analyses have been carried out on the deposited structures with various thicknesses in order to explain the differences in biological behavior: profilometry, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction and surface energy measurements. XPS revealed the presence of titanium oxynitride beside TiN in amounts that vary with the film thickness. The cytocompatibility of films seems to be influenced by their TiN surface content. The thinner films seem to be more suitable for medical applications, due to the combined high values of bonding strength and superior cytocompatibility.

Field of study: Materials science