nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Stimulated scattering of focused light beams

The quasioptics approximation is used to study the stimulated scattering of focused light beams. The correlation function and the increment of the scattered radiation are found and conditions are formulated for the spatial coherence of the stimulated-scattering field. Special features of the stimulated scattering of short light pulses, focused in a nonlinear medium, are considered.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
History in Memoriam: Analyzing Obituaries to Learn Historical Context

Understanding history involves being able to construct knowledge about the past from historical traces left behind. In this article, the author describes a five-step strategy using historical obituaries to recreate the social landscapes of the past and raise critical consciousness regarding power relations in different contexts. The strategy is designed to assist teachers in guiding students through the process of analyzing the language in an obituary, comparing and contrasting multiple obituaries, and then participating in a classwide discussion to critically assess the dominant norms, values, and expectations structuring the historical period under investigation. In the final step, students consider their present-day context and their future in light of their newly constructed knowledge about the past. The sample inquiry presented in this article centers around uncovering how gender and race are socially constructed in the late-nineteenth century. This strategy can be implemented in either middle or high school social studies classrooms.

Field of study: Sociology
Morphology, ethology and taxonomy of the ichnogenus Schaubcylindrichnus: Notes for clarification

article i nfo Two recent publications dealing with the trace fossil Schaubcylindrichnus (Frey and Howard, 1981) in Cenozoic outcrops have been published independently in the same year (Lowemark and Hong, 2006; Nara, 2006). The two studies came to similar conclusions regarding morphology, somewhat different conclusions with respect to the behavior of the trace maker, and diametrically opposed conclusions regarding the ichnotaxonomy. The two studies (Lowemark & Hong, 2006; Nara, 2006) were published in parallel without taking the other into consideration. During the 2nd International Ichnological Congress in Krakow 2008 the authors had the opportunity to compare their results (Lowemark and Nara, 2008). We therefore feel that a clarifying note is timely. Morphologically, S. coronus is shown to typically consist of three distinct parts: a bundle of thickly lined, often crossing tubes that have been constructed after each other, a feeding funnel connected to one end of the burrow system, and a fecal mound connected to the other end (Nara, 2006). Lowemark & Hong (2006) introduced a new ichnospecies, S. formosus, based on the differences in morphology to the original description of S. coronus that outlined a congruent bundle as the typical form. However, subsequent comparison of S. formosus with Nara's (2006) descriptions of S. coronus showed that the former can be accommodated in the latter. S. formosus therefore should be considered as a junior synonym of S. coronus and be abandoned.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Two-component concept for ground level enhancements of solar cosmic rays: Solar and interplanetary aspects

We discuss solar and interplanetary aspects concerning the observations and interpretation of two relativistic components of solar cosmic rays (SCRs), namely, impulsive (prompt) and slow (delayed) components (PC and DC, respectively). The prompt component is characterized by the strong anisotropy and exponential energy spectrum. The delayed component is essentially isotropic and has a power-law energy spectrum. Our analysis of observational data and theoretical arguments rules out the interplanetary propagation as the origin for these two components. Most likely, they are formed in the SCR generation on the Sun within the framework of two-source model with multiple acceleration processes in the solar atmosphere.

Field of study: Physics
Artiguista, White, Cosmopolitan and Educated: Constructions of Nationhood in Uruguayan Textbooks and Related Narratives, 1868–1915

Uruguay's late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century economic modernisation and political institutionalisation were accompanied by the education reform led by José Pedro and Jacobo Varela, which was extended to the whole country during the administrations of José Batlle y Ordóñez. Schools were to insert future generations into the capitalist world market and a more liberal polity. This article explores how official manuals and related texts constructed the nation. They invented a foundation narrative that made José Artigas a protagonist of independence; converted Amerindians into extinct ancestors; represented European immigrants as dynamic elements who, rightly mixed, would form a new ethnic group and help the cosmopolitan lettered city to civilise the gaucho; and taught children that hard work and education held the key to prosperity. Spanish abstract La modernización económica e institucionalización política de Uruguay a fines del siglo XIX y comienzos del XX estuvieron acompañadas por la reforma educativa encabezada por José Pedro y Jacobo Varela, misma que se extendió a todo el país durante la administración de José Batlle y Ordóñez. Las escuelas habrían de insertar a futuras generaciones dentro del mercado mundial capitalista y de un régimen político más liberal. Este artículo explora cómo los manuales oficiales y sus textos relacionados construyeron a la nación. Estos crearon una narrativa fundacional que hicieron de José Artigas un protagonista de la independencia; volvieron a los amerindios ancestros extintos; representaron a los inmigrantes europeos como elementos dinámicos que, correctamente mezclados, habrían de formar un nuevo grupo étnico y ayudar a la ciudad letrada y cosmopolita a civilizar al gaucho; y enseñaron a los niños que en el trabajo intenso y la educación estaba la clave para la prosperidad.  A modernização econômica e a institucionalização política uruguaia no fim do século XIX e no início do século XX foram acompanhadas pela reforma educacional, liderada por José Pedro e Jacobo Varela, e foi ampliada para todo o país durante as administrações de José Batlle y Ordóñez. O papel das escolas seria de inserir as gerações futuras no mercado capitalista global sob um regime político mais liberal. O artigo explora como manuais oficiais e textos relacionados formaram a nação. Inventaram uma narrativa fundadora que estabeleceu José Artigas como protagonista da independência, converteu os ameríndios em ancestrais extintos, enquanto representou imigrantes europeus como elementos dinâmicos que, miscigenados corretamente, formariam um novo grupo étnico e ajudariam a cidade cosmopolita e letrada a civilizar o gaúcho, ensinando às crianças que a chave para a prosperidade residia em trabalho duro e educação.

Field of study: Political science
Explosive volcanic activity in the Mediterranean over the past 200

As many as 20 air-borne tephra layers have been identified in the upper Quaternary sequence of deep-sea cores from the eastern Mediterranean. Petrographical examination based on refractive index, phenocryst content, and chemical composition of the volcanic glass distinguishes the parent magma types: (1) tephritic, (2) alkalic-trachytic, (3) peralkalic-pantelleritic, and (4) calc-alkalic andesitic to rhyodacitic and alkali-basaltic. Tephra layers could be correlated with the following source volcanoes: Somma-Vesuvius, Roman district, Phlegraean Fields and Ischia, Pantelleria, Aeolian Islands, Mount Etna, and Aegean arc. The distribution for single layers has been traced over more than 2,000 km.

Field of study: Geology
The Strategy in Developing the Goods Circulation Industry in Binhai Area

As the science and technology improve and globalization develops, the modern goods circulation industry meets a great chance to develop itself. Binhai Area , as its outstanding special location, should become the center of the international goods circulation. According to the basic character of the modern goods circulation we should make the plan suitable to the local development, construct the model to show the advantage both in location and industry and let the development of the modern goods circulation as the lever to improve the development of the economy and society in Binhai Area.

Field of study: Education
A climate-based malaria model with the use of bed nets

Insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) are among the most important and effective intervention measures against malaria. In order to investigate the impact of bed net use on disease control, we formulate a periodic vector-bias malaria model incorporating the juvenile stage of mosquitoes and the use of ITNs. We derive the vector reproduction ratio $$R_v$$Rv and the basic reproduction ratio $$R_0$$R0. We show that the global dynamics of the model is completely determined by these two reproduction ratios. More precisely, the mosquito-free periodic solution is globally attractive if $$R_v<1$$Rv<1; the unique disease-free periodic solution is globally attractive if $$R_v>1$$Rv>1 and $$R_0<1$$R0<1; and the model admits a unique positive periodic solution and it is globally attractive if $$R_v>1$$Rv>1 and $$R_0>1$$R0>1. Numerically, we study the malaria transmission case in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Our findings show that the use of ITNs has a positive effect on reducing $$R_0$$R0, and that malaria may be eliminated from this area if over 75% of the human population were to use ITNs. The simulation about the long term behavior of solutions has good agreement with the obtained analytic result. Moreover, we find that the ignorance of the vector-bias effect may result in underestimation of the basic reproduction ratio $$R_0$$R0. Another notable result is that the infection risk would be underestimated if the basic reproduction ratio $$[R_0]$$[R0] of the time-averaged autonomous system were used.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Poly(Phenylenesulphide) Composite Coatings

To enhance the thermal conductivity and improve the mechanical properties of poly(phenylene sulphide) (PPS) that was used as a coating for carbon steel heat exchanger tubes, chopped carbon fibres, ∼7.5 μm diam. x ∼3 mm long were incorporated into the PPS matrix. All the experiments in this work were performed using steel panels instead of steel tubes. As a result, 0.5 wt% of fibres was the most effective amount of fibres in minimizing the rate of penetration of electrolytes through the composite coating films. Even though the steel panels coated with the 0.5 wt% fibre-reinforced PPS composites were exposed for 14 days in an autoclave containing 20,000 ppm CO2-laden 13 wt% NaCl solution at 200°C, the coatings remained intact. This suggested that the composite coatings not only adequately protect steel against corrosion in a wet, harsh, and hostile geothermal environment, but they also have great hydrothermal stability. In addition, the thermal conductivity of the bulk PPS rose ∼ 60% by adding 0.5 wt% fibre. The rough surface texture of the fibres provided good mechanical interlocking bonds with the PPS matrix. Such interfacial bonding can be interpreted as one of the factors governing the outstanding mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, tensile modulus, and elongation, of the multidirectional fibre-reinforced composite films.

Field of study: Materials science
The role of the immune system in kidney disease

The immune system and the kidneys are closely linked. In health the kidneys contribute to immune homeostasis, while components of the immune system mediate many acute forms of renal disease and play a central role in progression of chronic kidney disease. A dysregulated immune system can have either direct or indirect renal effects. Direct immune‐mediated kidney diseases are usually a consequence of autoantibodies directed against a constituent renal antigen, such as collagen IV in anti‐glomerular basement membrane disease. Indirect immune‐mediated renal disease often follows systemic autoimmunity with immune complex formation, but can also be due to uncontrolled activation of the complement pathways. Although the range of mechanisms of immune dysregulation leading to renal disease is broad, the pathways leading to injury are similar. Loss of immune homeostasis in renal disease results in perpetual immune cell recruitment and worsening damage to the kidney. Uncoordinated attempts at tissue repair, after immune‐mediated disease or non‐immune mediated injury, result in fibrosis of structures important for renal function, leading eventually to kidney failure. As renal disease often manifests clinically only when substantial damage has already occurred, new diagnostic methods and indeed treatments must be identified to inhibit further progression and promote appropriate tissue repair. Studying cases in which immune homeostasis is re‐established may reveal new treatment possibilities.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Representations of Bihom-Lie algebras

Bihom-Lie algebra is a generalized Hom-Lie algebra endowed with two commuting multiplicative linear maps. In this paper, we study cohomology and representations of Bihom-Lie algebras. In particular, derivations, central extensions, derivation extensions, the trivial representation and the adjoint representation of Bihom-Lie algebras are studied in detail.

Field of study: Mathematics
Novel chemistry of indole in the synthesis of heterocycles

Indoles that are substituted at the 2- or 3-position with electron-withdrawing groups (nitro, phenylsulfonyl) undergo nucleophilic addition, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, and Diels–Alder reactions to give a variety of indoles, pyrroloindoles, and carbazoles. New methods for the synthesis of furo[3,4-b]indoles and the novel ring system furo[3,4-b]pyrrole are described for the first time. Diels–Alder reactions of furo[3,4-b]pyrroles afford indoles after dehydration of the primary cycloadducts. Efficient syntheses of both 2- and 3-nitroindoles from indole are reported, and the first generation and successful electrophilic trapping of a 2,3-dilithioindole has been achieved.

Field of study: Chemistry
Storage characteristics of large round alfalfa bales: dry hay.

Losses of forage dry matter (DM) and quality in large round bales of alfalfa stored outdoors can be substantial. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of wrap type and storage method on the preservation of dry alfalfa bales stored outdoors. Several methods to wrap large round dry hay bales of alfalfa/grass and grass/alfalfa were investigated, including sisal twine (ST), plastic twine (PT), to-edge net wrap (TEN), cover-edge net wrap (CEN), plastic bale covers (BC) and indoor storage (IS). Some outdoor storage treatments were split between storing either directly on the ground or on a well-drained surface. Storage characteristics were quantified by moisture in the outer layer versus time, final moisture distribution, DM loss, and nutrient retention. Storage length was either 5 or 11 months. Net wrap bales consistently had lower moisture in the outer layer and lower DM loss than twine wrapped bales. Net wrapped bales shed more water than twine wrapped bales, so storing on a well-drained surface was important to reduce damage to the bottom of the bale. Average DM loss across all trials was 19.5%, 11.3%, and 7.3% of DM for ST, PT, and TEN/CEN treatments, respectively. Compared to other treatments, DM losses were significantly less for BC and IS bales. Storing on a well-drained surface reduced DM losses for all treatments. Net wrapped bales tended to have better nutrient retention in the outer layer than twine wrapped bales, but nutrient retention in the bale core was unaffected by wrapping or storage treatment. Wrapping with net wrap increased baling productivity by 32% and reduced losses during wrapping by 65% compared to wrapping with twine. Wrapping bales of alfalfa with a mesh net wrap and storing on a well-drained surface will substantially reduce losses of forage DM and quality compared to wrapping bales with twine.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Memory architecture and the influence of the microprocessor

In the last year the whole area of memory products has taken on a new order of importance, partly because of new technologies and products in the memory area itself, and partly because of the exploding microprocessor market. Microprocessors demand bit slice orientated memories and generally do not need large capacity; as a result many 4-bit, 8-bit and even 16-bit parts have appeared. Technologies vary from bipolar Schottky to N-channel and silicon gate CMOS, depending on the ultimate parametric objective. This paper describes some of these parts, such as 4k RAMS, ROMS, PROMS and the various architectures used to optimise applications and end product losts.

Field of study: Engineering
FLUID DYNAMIC MODEL OF CONCURRENT-UP GAS-SOLID TWO-PHASE FLOW

Radial slip velocity and solid velocity are formulated by using the energy-minimization multi-scale (EMMS) model, leading to analytical solutions for radial distribution of voidage, fluid velocity, cluster diameter and particle mass flux, and indicating the existence of radial heterogeneity and annulus/core structure. Model calculation is well consistent with experimental data. The model overcomes the difficulty in solving the original EMMS model, and makes it possible to predict patterns in gas-solid two-phase systems without using adjustable parameters.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Use of negative capacitance to provide a sub-threshold slope lower than 60 mV/decade

It is well known that conventional Field Effect Transistors (FET's) require a change in the channel potential of at least 60 mV at 300K to effect a change in the current by a factor of ten, and this minimum subthreshold slope S puts a lower limit of fundamental nature on the operating voltage and hence the power dissipation in standard FET based switches. Here we show that by replacing the standard insulator with a ferroelectric insulator of the right thickness it should be possible to implement a step-up voltage transformer that will amplify the gate voltage thus leading to values of S lower than 60 mV/decade and enabling low voltage/low power operation. The voltage transformer action can be understood intuitively as the result of an effective negative capacitance provided by the ferroelectric capacitor which arises from an internal positive feedback that in principle could be obtained from other microscopic mechanisms as well. Unlike other proposals to reduce S this involves no change in the basic physics of the FET and thus does not affect its current drive or impose other restrictions.

Field of study: Physics
The Extent of Incorporation of Dynamic Assessment into Cognitive Assessment Courses

This survey of 120 school psychologist trainers documents the extent to which information about dynamic assessment is incorporated into graduate cognitive assessment courses. Responses to the survey suggest the following: (a) There is widespread familiarity with dynamic assessment as a model of cognitive assessment; (b) few trainers are actually using the procedures themselves, although those most familiar with it are more likely to use it; (c) the majority of the responders gained their familiarity through reading and, many, through a workshop; (d) most of the trainers who are familiar with the model do mention it in their courses, and the model they are most likely to discuss is Feuerstein's; (e) most of the trainers who do not teach the model attribute this omission to their insufficient knowledge base and lack of time, in view of other priorities. Some express reservations about technical adequacy; (f) trainers who are familiar with the model see its primary asset as the change in focus from learning products to processes. Other assets include relatedness to interventions, reduced cultural bias, and increased comprehensiveness of information provided; and (g) trainers who are familiar with the model see the primary limitations as time required for administration, technical adequacy, and lack of a match with demands of the school/employment situation. The issues and implications of these findings are discussed.

Field of study: Education
Nuclear factor kappaB-dependent mechanisms coordinate the synergistic effect of PMA and cytokines on the induction of superoxide dismutase 2.

Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) serves a protective role under conditions of oxidative stress mediated by such diverse agents as adriamycin, radiation, chemical hypoxia and ischaemia and might act as a newly recognized type of tumour-suppressor. MnSOD is an inducible enzyme; however, the signalling molecules and pathways involved in its induction have not been fully elucidated. Recently we reported the identification of a 342 bp enhancer within the second intron (I2E) of the human gene encoding MnSOD (SOD2), which contains sites for binding nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) and nuclear factor 1 (NF-1). Using a human fibroblast cell line transformed by simian virus 40, we have identified the I2E fragment as being responsive to PMA. Furthermore, simultaneous treatment with PMA and cytokines (tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1beta) synergistically increases MnSOD induction. The use of mutant constructs identified the NF-kappaB element within the enhancer fragment as being essential for the PMA and PMA/cytokine effect. Mutations in the C/EBP- and NF-1-binding sites revealed a potential co-operation between proteins that bind to these sites and the NF-kappaB element. Evaluation of inhibitory kappaB (IkappaB)-alpha and IkappaB-beta proteins reveals agent-specific differences in their turnover kinetics. Both C/EBP and NF-kappaB DNA-binding activities were increased in cells receiving a combination of cytokine and PMA. Supershift and immunoprecipitation studies suggest a physical interaction between C/EBP and NF-kappaB proteins. Taken together, these studies suggest the activation of multiple transcription factors as well as pathways leading to increased NF-kappaB activity as being the mechanisms responsible for the synergistic induction of MnSOD by PMA and cytokines.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Effects of inter and intraspecific diversity and genetic divergence of aquatic fungal communities on leaf litter decomposition-a microcosm experiment.

Freshwater fungi play a key role in plant litter decomposition and have been used to investigate the relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in streams. Although there is evidence of positive effects of biodiversity on ecosystem processes, particularly on biomass produced, some studies have shown that neutral or negative effects may occur. We manipulated the composition and the number of species and genotypes in aquatic fungal assemblages creating different levels of genetic divergence to assess effects of fungal diversity on biomass produced and leaf decomposition. Generally, diversity effects on fungal biomass produced were positive, suggesting complementarity between species, but in assemblages with more species positive diversity effects were reduced. Genotype diversity and genetic divergence had net positive effects on leaf mass loss, but in assemblages with higher diversity leaf decomposition decreased. Our results highlight the importance of considering multiple biodiversity measures when investigating the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science