nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Simultaneously Toughening and Strengthening Soy Protein Isolate-Based Composites via Carboxymethylated Chitosan and Halloysite Nanotube Hybridization

Chemical cross-linking modification can significantly enhance the tensile strength (TS) of soy protein isolate (SPI)-based composites, but usually at the cost of a reduction in the elongation at break (EB). In this study, eco-friendly and high-potential hybrid SPI-based nanocomposites with improved TS were fabricated without compromising the reduction of EB. The hybrid of carboxymethylated chitosan (CMCS) and halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) as the enhancement center was added to the SPI and 1,2,3-propanetriol-diglycidyl-ether (PTGE) solution. The chemical structure, crystallinity, micromorphology, and opacity properties of the obtained SPI/PTGE/HNTs/CMCS film was analyzed by the attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results indicated that HNTs were uniformly dispersed in the SPI matrix without crystal structure damages. Compared to the SPI/PTGE film, the TS and EB of the SPI/PTGE/HNTs/CMCS film were increased by 57.14% and 27.34%, reaching 8.47 MPa and 132.12%, respectively. The synergy of HNTs and CMCS via electrostatic interactions also improved the water resistance of the SPI/PTGE/HNTs/CMCS film. These films may have considerable potential in the field of sustainable and environmentally friendly packaging.

Field of study: Materials science
Developing a uniformed assessment tool to evaluate care service needs for disabled persons in Japan.

Until recently, the care services for disabled persons have been under rigid control by public sectors in terms of provision and funding in Japan. A reform was introduced in 2003 that brought a rapid increase of utilization of services and serious shortage of financial resources. Under these circumstances, the "Services and Supports for Persons with Disabilities Act" was enacted in 2005, requiring that the care service provision process should be transparent, fair and standardized. The purpose of this study is to develop an objective tool for assessing the need for disability care. In the present study we evaluate 1423 cases of patients receiving care services in 60 municipalities, including all three categories of disabilities (physical, intellectual and mental). Using the data of the total 106 items, we conducted factor analysis and regression analysis to develop an assessment tool for people with disabilities. The data revealed that instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) played an essential role in assessing disability levels. We have developed the uniformed assessment tool that has been utilized to guide the types and quantity of care services throughout Japan.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Reaction of massive clusters to gas expulsion – The cluster density dependence

The expulsion of the unconverted gas at the end of the star formation process potentially leads to the expansion of the just formed stellar cluster and membership loss. The degree of expansion and mass loss depends largely on the star formation e ciency and scales with the mass and size of the stellar group as long as stellar interactions can be neglected.  We investigate under which circumstances stellar interactions between cluster members become so important that the fraction of bound stars after gas expulsion is significantly altered.  The Nbody6 code is used to simulate the cluster dynamics after gas expulsion for di erent SFEs. Concentrating on the most massive clusters observed in the Milky Way, we test to what extend the results depend on the model, i.e. stellar mass distribution, stellar density profile etc., and the cluster parameters, such as cluster density and size.  We find that stellar interactions are responsible for up to 20% mass loss in the most compact massive clusters in the Milky Way, making ejections the prime mass loss process in such systems. Even in the loosely bound OB associations stellar interactions are responsible for at least 5% mass loss. The main reason why the importance of encounters for massive clusters has been largely overlooked is the often used approach of a single-mass representation instead of a realistic distribution for the stellar masses. The density-dependence of the encounter-induced mass loss is shallower than expected because of the increasing importance of few-body interactions in dense clusters compared to sparse clusters where 2-body encounters dominate.

Field of study: Physics
Accelerating the Development of Down's Syndrome Infants and Young Children

Developmental progress data are reported on 36 Down's syndrome infants and young children who have been involved in an early educational intervention project for between 4 months and 2 years. The project incorporated parent training and home-based instruction as well as center-based instruction. The development of all children was accelerated, with achievements at and above normal levels being attained in several cases. Younger children were particularly advantaged by virtue of entering the project with higher developmental-quotient scores, and they progressed at least as rapidly (in some cases more rapidly) than older children.

Field of study: Education
Singular stress concentrations in second-grade materials

The problems of a second-grade elastic half-space deformed in plane strain and subject to a concentrated load, a discontinuous load, and a double force, acting at a point on the free surface are solved. The nature of the stress singularity is found in each case. Although the strengths of the stress singularities are the same as for both classical elasticity and conventional couple-stress materials, the detailed forms are different and depend on a certain combination of the five new elastic constants. The displacement field produced by a point load is bounded in the neighbourhood of the point of application of the force, in contrast to both earlier theories where it is singular.

Field of study: Mathematics
Reply to comment from E. Głowniak and H. Wierzbowski on “The mid-Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) positive carbon-isotope excursion recognised from fossil wood in the British Isles; C.R. Pearce, S.P. Hesselbo and A.L. Coe, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 221, 343–357”


Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Some Newly Occuring Destructive Production Forest Pests

An investigation on pests for 28 species of economic trees of production forests and special forests from 1988 to 1995 revealed 1074 pest species.Among them,18 new pests occurring destructively on 11 production tree species including chestnut and ginkgo were recorded,and their respective regional characteristics of occurrence places,infestation status,biological characteristics,and occurrence characteristics were described.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Mechanism for settling disputes in the American Cup Sailing Games

The American Cup Sailing Games is an ancient sports event,one of the 4 most influential sports events in the world.The mechanism for settling disputes in the American Cup Sailing Games has experienced a course from being born to being gradually developed and perfected.The referee committee of the American Cup is a new institution that integrates arbitration court with international referee committee.It is a committee that judges applicable rules,and also performs the functions of an arbitration court.The American Cup arbitration mechanism has settled a lot of disputes,being widely accredited by various game participants.In China the sports dispute settling mode is still not mature,so we can refer to some experiences of the mechanism for settling disputes in the American Cup Sailing Games.

Field of study: Education
[Effects of delsoline on beating rate of cultured rat myocardial cells].

Cells from neonatal rat ventricular myocardium were cultured in Eagle MEM. After the cells were exposed to delsoline (DS) 0.5 and 0.75 mmol/L for 15 min, the beating rate increased by 7+/-7 and 10+/-9%, respectively. At 2.5 mmol/L, the beating rate decreased by 43+/-30%, while the amplitude of contraction was diminished. The increase in spontaneous frequency induced by DS 0.75 mmol/L was antagonized by propranolol 0.01 mmol/L. But propranolol per se did not alter the beating rate. The positive chronotropic responses of isoproterenol 1 micromol/L were reversed by DS 1 mmol/L.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Searching for predominant soil bacteria: 16S rDNA cloning versus strain cultivation.

The predominant bacteria in Dutch grassland soils, as identified by direct DNA extraction, PCR amplification of 16S rDNA and subsequent cloning and sequencing, were compared to the most abundant culturable bacteria. The 16S rDNAs of the strains from a comprehensive cultivation campaign were compared to some of the predominant cloned sequences by temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE). Four ribotypes were selected that were found to be abundant in the clone library: two closely related Bacillus-like sequences, a representative from the Verrucomicrobiales cluster and an uncultured member of the Actinobacteria. Using a variety of cultivation approaches a total of 659 pure cultures were isolated. Initially, approximately 8% of all isolates matched any of these ribotypes by same migration speed of their 16S rDNA amplicons on TGGE. However, sequencing analysis of matching isolates indicated that their 16S rDNA sequences were clearly different from the cloned sequences representing the fingerprint bands. Comparing the cultivation approach and the molecular 16S rDNA analysis from the same soil sample, there was no correlation between the collection of cultured strains and the 16S rDNA clone library.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
The Mount Evans batholith in the Colorado Front Range: revision of its age and reinterpretation of its structure

The Mount Evans batholith, in the central Front Range of Colorado, is composed of a main phase of massive to conspicuously foliated monzogranite and granodiorite and undeformed aplite and pegmatite. The Mount Evans batholith was previously considered to be part of the 1.7 Ga Routt Plutonic Suite. New U-Pb zircon ages on four samples (granodiorite, monzogranite, and granite), however, indicate that the batholith was emplaced at 1,442 ± 2 Ma and belongs to the Berthoud Plutonic Suite. Most of the batholith has igneous textures and structures, except in the vicinity of the Idaho Springs-Ralston shear zone where those features are tectonically recrystallized and foliated. Foliation elsewhere in the batholith is a flow structure. Zircons in two granodiorite samples, collected near the shear zone (just south of the Colorado Mineral Belt), are reversely discordant by about 0.8%-2.1%, with a considerable spread in 207 Pb/ 206 Pb ages. Many of the zircons from these samples contain apatite, K-feldspar, and quartz inclusions that appear to replace zircon along cracks and imperfections from rim to core. We suggest that these inclusions formed during a Laramide ore-forming event and incorporated Early and Middle Proterozoic radiogenic lead scavenged from the country rock. The excess radiogenic lead caused the scatter and reverse discordance in the data. The Mount Evans batholith is anomalous in composition and structure compared to most other 1.4 Ga plutons of the southwestern United States. The differences probably reflect different sources of partial melting; the specific tectonic setting where rocks of such disparate origin are temporally and spatially juxtaposed is not understood.

Field of study: Geology
A novel approach for extracting spatial correlation of visual information in heterogeneous wireless multimedia sensor networks

In applied wireless multimedia sensor networks, heterogeneous camera nodes with different sensing capabilities are usually deployed due to their role in enhancing the overall network performance and lifetime. Exploiting the correlation characteristics of the overlapping fields of view of different camera nodes would enable very efficient collaborative in-network processing algorithms. This paper introduces a novel geometrical model to extract the spatial correlation characteristics of heterogeneous camera nodes in wireless multimedia sensor networks, taking into consideration the different sensing radii and the angles of view of the camera nodes. The novelty in the proposed model is in using virtual cameras at the two far ends of the camera's field-of-view. In order to provide better coverage of the field-of-view and hence better estimation of the correlation characteristics, key points in the observed scene are projected at the virtual cameras; in addition to the physical camera. This is shown to significantly improve the estimation of the spatial correlation characteristics to be almost identical to that extracted by well-known image processing techniques. An analytical closed-form solution of the proposed model is derived and validated and its performance is evaluated and compared against the state-of-the-art models; in terms of correlation characteristics estimating accuracy, visual information gain, and distortion ratio. The experimental and simulation results demonstrate that, compared to similar existing models, the proposed model achieves very accurate estimation of the correlation characteristics and significant improvement on the overall network resource utilization for a negligible increase in the camera node's computational cost.

Field of study: Computer science
VIBRATIONAL RELAXATION OF H2 (V = 1, J = 1) ON PD(111)

We have observed the relaxation of H{sub 2 } from the rovibrational state (v=1,J=1) into (v=0, J=5, and J=7) upon scattering from Pd(111). The relaxation probability is 0.04{plus_minus}0.01 into J=5 and 0.03{plus_minus}0.01 into J=7 . Relaxation does not occur when the surface is saturated with H atoms at low temperature. Furthermore, relaxation occurs with significant loss of vibrational energy, 50{endash}120 meV, to the substrate. The relaxation mechanism is most likely electronically nonadiabatic. The survival probability of the incident H{sub 2} (v=1,J=1) is 0.05{plus_minus}0.01 for a clean surface, but nearly unity for an H-saturated surface.

Field of study: Physics
Contrast study on main technical of main athletes between the Chinese and the Korean table tennis terms on the 13th Asian Game

since 80's,for the Chinese terms investigate the Europe's term as study objects .in the 13th Asian game, at the men's single event the Korean sportsman kingzezuo had beaten two Chinese athletes, and got the event's champion. The truth shows that it's very impartment and necessary to investigate the technical and play methods of the Korean term.

Field of study: Education
Validation of a Coupled Thermal-Electromagnetic Quench Model for Accelerator Magnets

Quench simulation in superconducting magnets is a challenging task due to the interdependence of thermal, electrical, and magnetic phenomena. We present a new quench-simulation module in the CERN magnet-design program ROXIE. Thermal, electrical, and magnetic models are solved simultaneously. The integrated model helps to single out the impact of different phenomena. We can thus reach a deeper understanding of measured quench behavior. Moreover, the magnet-design process is improved due to the implementation within an integrated design and optimization environment. We compare simulations and measurements of the LHC main dipole magnet.

Field of study: Physics
Localization of putative calcium-responsive regions in the rat BDNF gene.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has potent trophic and protective actions on CNS neurons, including mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons, ventral forebrain cholinergic neurons and spinal motor neurons. To evaluate the effects of calcium and other second messengers on BDNF gene transcription, C6 glioma cells were treated for 4 h with the calcium ionophore A23187, forskolin + isobutyl-methyl-xanthine (IBMX), or the phorbol ester, 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that A23187 treatment increased BDNF transcripts containing the protein coding exon by 4.4-6.4-fold. Alternate BDNF transcripts were elevated to varying degrees after treatment with this ionophore and a subset of these transcripts was elevated following forskolin + IBMX treatment. When co-incubated with the RNA polymerase inhibitor, actinomycin D, A23187-induced increases were reduced or abolished, suggesting that calcium-mediated regulation of BDNF mRNA expression occurs at transcriptional as well as post-transcriptional levels. Transient transfection experiments employing reporter constructs containing serial 5' deletions of alternate BDNF promoters suggested that A23187-induced elevations in BDNF exon 1b, 1d and 1e containing transcripts are mediated by putative calcium-responsive regions flanking all three of these exons.

Field of study: Biology
Canal Irrigation Allocation Planning Model

A water allocation model was developed to recommend allocation of irrigation water to different crop fields in a canal-based irrigation project. Model components are an irrigation scheduling program to predict irrigation water demands, a crop response model to compute crop yields, and a canal delivery model to check the physical feasibility of water delivery. Multiperiod linear programming is utilized to determine the optimal allocation strategy, which maximizes irrigation benefits. Allocation constraints are irrigation water demand, irrigation water availability, canal delivery capacity, minimum irrigation limitations, and crop response model limitations. The allocation model was validated using crop, soil, canal, and irrigation management data for MAC, a University of Arizona farm.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Efficient Constructions for t- (k, n)*-Random Grid Visual Cryptographic Schemes

In this paper we consider both “OR” and “XOR” based monochrome random grid visual cryptographic schemes (RGVCS) for t-(k, n)∗ access structure which is a generalization of the threshold (k, n) access structure in the sense that in all the successful attempts to recover the secret image, the t essential participants must always be present, i.e., a group of k or more participants can get back the secret if these t essential participants are among them. Up to the best of our knowledge, the current proposed work is the first in the literature of RGVCS which provides efficient direct constructions for the t-(k, n)∗-RGVCS for both “OR” and “XOR” model. Finding the closed form of light contrast is a challenging work. However, in this paper we come up with the closed forms of the light contrasts for the “OR” as well as for the “XOR” model. As our proposed schemes are the first proposed schemes for t-(k, n)∗-RGVCS, it is not possible for us to compare our schemes directly with the existing schemes. However, we have constructed t-(k, n)∗-RGVCS, as a particular case, from the random grid based schemes for general access structures. Theoretical as well as simulation based data show that our proposed schemes work much efficiently than all these customized schemes.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Advanced Sandwich Composite Cores for Patient Support in Advanced Clinical Imaging and Oncology Treatment

Ongoing advances in both imaging and treatment for oncology purposes have seen a significant rise in the use of not only the individual imaging modalities, but also their combination in single systems such as Positron Emission Tomography combined with Computed Tomography (PET–CT) and PET–MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) when planning for advanced oncology treatment, the most demanding of which is proton therapy. This has identified issues in the availability of suitable materials upon which to support the patient undergoing imaging and treatment owing to the differing requirements for each of the techniques. Sandwich composites are often selected to solve this issue but there is little information regarding optimum materials for their cores. In this paper, we presented a range of materials which are suitable for such purposes and evaluated the performance for use in terms of PET signal attenuation, proton beam stopping, MRI signal shading and X-Ray CT visibility. We found that Extruded Polystyrene offers the best compromise for patient support and positioning structures across all modalities tested, allowing for significant savings in treatment planning time and delivering more efficient treatment with lower margins.

Field of study: Materials science
Psychosocial Challenges in Solid Organ Transplantation

Organ transplantation is often a life-saving surgery for individuals with end-stage organ disease. However, for most types of solid organ transplant, the demand for organs outweighs the supply, resulting in the need to institute a waiting list for suitable patients who cannot immediately receive an organ. Individuals who need transplants must undergo an assessment process that includes medical, surgical, and psychosocial evaluations. The transplant psychosocial evaluation considers whether surgical candidates are able and willing to care for the transplanted organ for many years. The evaluation must also consider a number of psychosocial risk factors that can lead to complications, which may cause premature loss of the graft. Some of these risk factors include a history of poor medical adherence, psychopathology (including substance use disorders), poor social support, and cognitive dysfunction. This article briefly summarizes the assessment of each of these risk factors and how they can be mitigated to ensure the best outcomes for patients and their families.

Field of study: Psychology
On channel identification based on second-order cyclic spectra

Gardener (1991) presented an interesting use of cyclostationarity for channel identification in PAM data communication systems. The present paper presents new results that address the identification of linear rational channels with higher than minimum bandwidth based on the use of second-order cyclic statistics. Unlike the approach taken by Gardener, the present authors show that channel identification is achievable for a class of linear channels without the need for a pilot tone or training periods. Moreover, channel identification based on cyclic statistics does not preclude Gaussian or near-Gaussian inputs.

Field of study: Engineering
The influence of giant resonances on the production of δ-electrons in heavy ion collisions

Recently measuredδ-electron spectra from elastic U + Pd-collisions at 6.1 MeV/u show for small impact parameters enhancements up to two orders of magnitude relative to coupled-channel calculations which describeδ-electron production for larger impact parameters almost perfectly. If these deviations are interpreted as due to modified nuclear trajectories they imply most interesting structures of the internuclear potential at the Coulomb-barrier. We show that an alternative explanation, namely anδ-electron enhancement due to strong collective nuclear excitations, e.g. giant resonances, does not reproduce the experimental finding.

Field of study: Physics