nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Further characterization of the fate of human monoclonal antibodies in rhesus monkeys.

We have shown previously that human monoclonal antibodies are not very immunogenic in rhesus monkeys, with only one monkey out of five mounting an anti-monoclonal antibody response. Two additional monkeys have been injected multiple times with much larger amounts of one human monoclonal antibody. No anti-antibody response has been detected in these monkeys. Structural changes that occur in the monoclonal antibodies over time in vivo have been investigated by Western Blots using anti-idiotypic antisera. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis reveals that very little antibody has altered molecular weight. Isoelectric focusing patterns change more dramatically. Forms of the antibodies with lower isoelectric points appear in the serum. These forms have a similar in vivo half-life as the freshly prepared antibody. Very low pI forms of the monoclonal antibodies are not detected in the serum. Isoelectric focusing can be used to determine the in vivo or in vitro condition of a monoclonal antibody preparation. Finally, the monkey anti-human IgG that arose in the single monkey studied previously has been further characterized.

Field of study: Biology
Night Watchman, Extractive, or Developmental States? Some Evidence from Late Colonial South-East Asia

The article examines aspects of government policy in different parts of colonial south-east Asia, and in nominally independent Siam (Thailand) in the first four decades of the twentieth century. The emphasis is on taxation and expenditure policies, and their implications for the development of infrastructure and also for the welfare of indigenous populations. Attention is also given to the impact of government regulation of both factor and product markets. On the basis of the empirical evidence, the article argues that the traditional view of the colonial state as a 'night watchman' was not applicable to most parts of south-east Asia after 1900. Governments were increasingly involved in implementing policies that today would be considered developmental, including building infrastructure and improving access to secular education and modern health care for the indigenous populations. But given the resources that they had, or had the potential to mobilize, more could have been achieved.

Field of study: Economics, History
[Social-psychological characteristics of different types addictive behavior].

To study social-psychological predictors of different types of addictive behavior.



Thirty-six patients, aged 22-50 years, with different addictions (nicotine dependence, alcohol dependence, drug dependence, Internet addiction, extreme sports addiction) were studied. A questionnaire for assessment of personality accentuation, the Life Style Index, The world assumptions scale and the Rokeach Value Survey were administered.



Social-psychological predictors of the types of addictive behavior were identified.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
The Long-Run Impact of Childhood Poverty and the Mediating Role of Education

This paper examines the role of education as causal channel through which growing up poor affects the economic outcomes in adulthood in the European Union. We apply a potential outcomes approach to quantify those impacts and we provide a sensitivity analysis on possible unobserved confounders, such as child ability. Our estimates indicate that being poor in childhood significantly decreases the level of income in adulthood and increases the average probability of being poor. Moreover, our results reveal a significant role of education in this intergenerational transmission. These results are particularly relevant for Mediterranean and Central and Easter European Countries.

Field of study: Mathematics
Extracellular expression of Thermobifida fusca cutinase with pelB signal peptide depends on more than type II secretion pathway in Escherichia coli.

Our previous studies demonstrated that Thermobifida fusca cutinase is released into culture medium when expressed without a signal peptide in Escherichia coli, and this extracellular expression results from an enhanced membrane permeability caused by cutinase's phospholipid hydrolase activity. The present study investigated whether this phenomenon would also occur during the expression of cutinase fused to pelB signal peptide (pelB-cutinase). Secretion of fusion proteins of this type is generally believed to occur via type II secretion pathway. The results showed that when pelB-cutinase was expressed in a secB knockout strain, which has a defective type II secretion pathway, there was still a large amount of cutinase in the culture medium. Additional experiments confirmed that the periplasmic and cytoplasmic fractions of the expressing cells had hydrolytic activity toward phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and the recombinant cells showed correspondingly improved membrane permeability. All these phenomena were also observed in the parent E. coli strain. Moreover, the secretion efficiency of the inactive cutinase mutant was found to be significantly lower than that of pelB-cutinase in the parent E. coli. Based on these results, the phospholipid hydrolase activity of pelB-cutinase must play a larger role in its extracellular production than does type II secretion pathway.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Realization strategies of dedicated path protection: A bandwidth cost perspective

Communication networks have to provide a high level of availability and instantaneous recovery after failures in order to ensure sufficient survivability for mission-critical services. Currently, dedicated path protection (or 1+1) is implemented in backbone networks to provide the necessary resilience and instantaneous recovery against single link failures with remarkable simplicity. However, in order to satisfy strict availability requirements, connections also have to be resilient against Shared Risk Link Group (SRLG) failures. In addition, switching matrix reconfigurations have to be avoided after a failure in order to guarantee instantaneous recovery. For this purpose, there are several possible realization strategies improving the characteristics of traditional 1+1 path protection by lowering reserved bandwidth while conserving all its favorable properties. These methods either utilize diversity coding, network coding, or generalize the disjoint-path constraint of 1+1. In this paper, we consider the cost aspect of the traditional and the alternative 1+1 realization strategies. We evaluate the bandwidth cost of different schemes both analytically and empirically in realistic network topologies. As the more complex realizations lead to NP-complete problems even in the single link failure case, we propose both Integer Linear Programming (ILP) based optimal methods, as well as heuristic and meta-heuristic approaches to solve them. Our findings provide a tool and guidelines for service providers for selecting the path protection method with the lowest bandwidth cost for their network corresponding to a given level of reliability.

Field of study: Computer science
Effect of barley and oat cultivars with different carbohydrate compositions on the intestinal bacterial communities in weaned piglets.

This experiment was aimed at comparing the intestinal microbial community composition in pigs fed hulled common barley supplemented with isolated barley mixed-linked beta-glucan, four hulless barley varieties and breeding lines with mixed-linked beta-glucan contents ranging from 41 to 84 g kg(-1) and different amylose/amylopectin ratios as well as two oat varieties. Seventy-two weaned piglets were allocated to one of nine diets composed of 81.5% cereal, 6% whey, 9% soy protein isolate and 3.5% minerals. After 15 days, pigs were sacrificed and ileum and colon contents were collected for quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis to evaluate microbial communities. Shifts in intestinal microbial communities were observed with the hulless barley cultivars with a normal to high beta-glucan content and from normal starch toward either high-amylopectin or high-amylose starch. These hulless barleys had the lowest (P<0.05) microbial diversity, whereas oats had intermediate diversity compared with low-beta-glucan hulless cultivars and hulled varieties. Furthermore, hulless varieties favoured xylan- and beta-glucan-degrading bacteria whereas mixed-linked beta-glucan-supplemented hulled barley favoured lactobacilli. Numbers of lactobacilli decreased in the ileum of pigs fed hulless/high mixed-linked beta-glucan barley-based diets. Thus, cultivar differences in both the form and the quantity of carbohydrates affect gut microbiota in pigs, which provides information for future feeding strategies.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Inhibitory effect of tetrahydroberberine on platelet aggregation and thrombosis.

Tetrahydroberberine (THB), an alkaloid extracted from Corydalis ambigua, inhibited the rabbit platelet aggregation triggered by arachidonic acid (AA), ADP, and collagen with IC50 of 0.86, 1.31, and 1.10 mmol.L-1, respectively. THB reduced the thromboxane B2 (TXB2) generation in rabbit platelet-rich plasma triggered by AA. THB 30 mg.kg-1.d-1 ip for 3 or 5 d restrained the ADP-induced platelet aggregation in rats. THB 30 mg.kg-1.d-1 ip for 1, 3, or 5 d inhibited the AA-induced platelet aggregation in rats. THB 15-30 mg.kg-1 iv showed an inhibition of venous thrombosis in rats. The results show that THB is a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation in vitro and in vivo and is a promising antithrombotic drug.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Recognition memory in older adults: adjustment to changing contingencies.

Four older and 4 younger men were given extended exposure to a continuous-recognition memory procedure. Experimental variables included the type of stimulus (alphanumeric strings, words, or sentences), the intervals separating repeated items, gains and losses for correct and incorrect recognitions, and the extent of practice with the memory task. Signal detection analyses indicated that the older men generally were less accurate (sensitivity), particularly when the stimuli were strings, but that age differences decreased with practice. Under conditions in which the payoff matrix was neutral, the older and younger men showed equivalent rates of hits and false alarms (bias). Alteration of the matrix to require more liberal or more conservative patterns of recognition responding led to corresponding changes for men of both ages. Adjustments by the older men, however, were not as close to the bias values called for by the new matrices.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Study on Solidification Microstructure Characteristic of AZ91 Magnesium Alloy in Semi-solid

The microstructures obtained by compressive deformed AZ91 Magnesium alloy, followed by the isothermal treatment at semisolid temperature and then squeezed cast in metal mould were analyzed. The results showed that during the reheating process, the liquid pools inside the crystals were observed in the deformed AZ91 Magnesium alloy. The re-solidified microstructures were eutectic( α+β ) as those at grain boundaries. The liquid pools within the crystals can improve plasticity of Magnesium alloy.

Field of study: Materials science
Perceived Prevalence, Perceived Superiority, and Relationship Satisfaction: Most Relationships Are Good, but Ours is the Best

In Study 1 (n = 407), Dutch adults perceived their relationship on average as better than that of most others, and a majority assumed that at least half of the people with an intimate relationship are happy with this relationship. Both perceptions were more pronounced among those with a happy relationship. In Study 2 these findings were replicated in a sample representative of the Dutch adult population (n = 1,281) and were found to be largely independent of the order in which the questions were presented. Study 3 (n = 101) showed that perceived superiority was even more pronounced when the comparison group was the "typical average adult" rather than "most others. "Study 4 (n = 50) showed that perceived superiority also existed when one's own relationship and the relationship of the typical average adult were rated separately.

Field of study: Psychology
Arctic front shifts in the subpolar North Atlantic during the Mid-Pleistocene (800–400ka) and their implications for ocean circulation

Surface water conditions at the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Site U1314 (Southern Gardar Drift, 56° 21.8′ N, 27° 53.3′ W, 2820 m depth) were inferred using planktic foraminifer assemblages between Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 19 and 11 (ca. 800–400 ka). Factor analysis of the planktic foraminifer assemblages suggests that the assemblage was controlled by three factors. The first factor (which explained 49% of the variance) is dominated by transitional and subpolar species and points to warm and salty surface water conditions (Atlantic water). The second factor (37%) is dominated by Neogloboquadrina pachyderma sin and has been associated with the presence of cold and low saline surface waters (Arctic water). Finally, the third factor (9%), linked to a significant presence of Turborotalita quinqueloba, reflects the closeness of the Arctic front (the boundary between Atlantic and Arctic water). The position of the Arctic and Polar fronts has been estimated across the glacial–interglacial cycles studied according to planktic foraminifer abundances from Site U1314 (and their factor analysis) combined with a synthesis of planktic foraminifer and diatom data from other North Atlantic sites. Regarding at the migrations of the Arctic front and the surface water masses distribution across each climatic cycle we determined five phases of development. Furthermore, deep ocean circulation changes observed in glacial–interglacial cycles have been associated with each phase. The high abundance of transitional-subpolar foraminifers (above 65% at Site U1314) during the early interglacial phase indicated that the Arctic front position and surface water masses distribution were similar to present conditions. During the late interglacial phase, N. pachyderma sin and T. quinqueloba slightly increased indicating that winter sea ice slightly expanded southwestwards whereas the ice volume remained stable or was still decreasing. N. pachyderma sin increased rapidly (above 65% at Site U1314) at the first phase of glacial periods indicating the expansion of the Arctic waters in the western subpolar North Atlantic. During the second phase of glacial periods the transitional-subpolar assemblage throve again in the central subpolar North Atlantic associated with strong warming events that followed ice-rafting events. The third phase of glacial periods corresponds to full glacial conditions in which N. pachyderma sin dominated the assemblage for the whole subpolar North Atlantic. This division in phases may be applied to the last four climatic cycles.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
A European project on the AC losses of Bi-2223 tapes for power applications

The progress of a European-funded project on the ac losses of Bi-2223 tapes for power applications, co-ordinated by BICC Superconductors, is partially reviewed. Results of loss measurements by four of the partners are presented including: a round-robin of electrical measurements; a consideration of the influence of the E-J characteristic; measurements at frequencies up to 2.5 kHz and a measurement of the losses in a twisted tape due to an applied AC field.

Field of study: Physics
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of a novel alkaline serine protease (KP-43) from alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. strain KSM-KP43.

A novel alkaline serine protease (KP-43) which belongs to a new class of the subtilisin superfamily was crystallized by the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion method with ammonium sulfate as a precipitant. The crystals belong to the orthorhombic space group C222(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 43.50 (2), b = 110.4 (1), c = 168.9 (1) A. The crystals diffract X-rays beyond 1.9 A resolution using Cu Kalpha radiation from a rotating-anode generator and are suitable for high-resolution crystal structure analysis.

Field of study: Chemistry
Love in a Green Shade: Idyllic Romances Ancient to Modern. Richard F. Hardin

with die "author" and in constructing that "author" as a writer. Proceeding chronologically, Nicol6 de' Rossi's sequences are seen as linking Dante's typological poetry to Petrarch's subjective poetics; and Petrarch's Canzoniere is finally set apart for the high degree of self-conscious control in the arrangement and transmission of its lyrics. Studies of minor authors and minor collections such as this one are much worthwhile, for they are essential in determining at the very least the cultural and literary context of all authors, regardless of their degree of canonicity. It must be stated, however, that the theoretical web ingeniously spun for this book, which claims to redefine an entire tradition, falls short of its promise. For Holmes's analysis ultimately shows how great a gap there is in the construction of an authorial presence between her cycles on one side, and the Vita nova and the Canzoniere on the other. The model proposed here is too reductive — its constitutive elements are also found in other macrotexts not mentioned in this book — to be persuasively seen as foreshadowing the authorship suggested in the Vita nova. The tour conducted around early Provencal and Italian poetry becomes a self-fulfilling crusade, tautological in its outcome and almost declared so in Holmes's own "" The Vita nova conveys far more than the perception of a self-contained poetic sequence or the sense that we are in the presence of a controlling author/scribe, as Holmes intends. Here is an authorial "site intersected by a myriad suggestions" — in the definition of Barthes's famous article on the death of the author, listed in the bibliography together witli the other equally famous article by Foucault — suggestions, in fact, deriving from the classical as well as from the new vernacualar literature. And it is above all the weight of the Latin tradition — where the notion of authorship and the status it conferred were well established — that is behind the performative act, unprecedented in vernacular literature, by which the "I" of the story sets itself up as the auctor as well as the scriba from the book of memory. The Vita nova being a text that posits itself as the book that is coming into being, establishes a new mode of authorship, one which, in Foucault's terminology, disperses the subject into a tripartite discursive function. It seems, therefore, that the birth of the author and the self ought not to be perceived in the passage from the orality of the Occitan literature to the written production of the Italians, but rather in the shift from literacy, no matter how compromised by oral transmission, to a high degree of self-referential literariness. RINALDINA RUSSELL City University of New York, Queens College

Field of study: History
Ethics Goes Global: The OECD Council Recommendation on Improving Ethical Conduct in the Public Sector

On 23 April 1998 the Council of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development issued the Recommendation on Improving Ethical Conduct in the Public Sector. It is the result of more than three years research, analysis and cooperation between OECD member countries, and, as a statement from the highest level of the organisation, it represents a consensus of all of its 29 members on an issue of global public concern. This article is a speculative analysis of a new international development that may have implications for local public management practice. The purpose of this article is to unearth some of the theoretical assumptions on which the recommendation relies and to consider the implications they might have for its implementation and effectiveness.

Field of study: Political science
Critical temperature for shape transitions in excited nuclei

The behavior of shell effects with temperature is studied within the framework of the finite-temperature Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov theory with the Gogny force. Thermal shape fluctuations in the quadrupole degree of freedom are taken into account in the frame of the Landau theory. Numerical results for the superfluid-to-normal and deformed-to-spherical phase transitions are presented for the nucleus 164Er. We find that the critical temperature for the deformed-spherical shape transition is much lowered when the thermal shape fluctuations are considered.

Field of study: Physics
Polymorphism and sequence analysis on exons of IGF-I gene in goats.

The insulin like growth factor Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ) gene was studied as a candidate gene for sexual precocity and high prolificacy in some goat(Capra hircus) breeds.Single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) of all exons of IGF-Ⅰ gene were detected in sexual precocity and high prolificacy breed(Jining Grey goat) and sexual late-maturing and moderate fecundity breed(Boer goat) and sexual late-maturing and low fecundity breeds(Angora and Inner Mongolia Cashmere goats) by polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism(PCR-SSCP).No polymorphism was detected in the amplified region in the four goat breeds tested.DNA fragments amplified in this research were cloned into pGM-T vector.The positive clones were further identified by PCR.The nucleotide sequences of four exons in goat IGF-Ⅰ were spliced and the corresponding amino acid sequences were deduced.The comparison of the fragments of all four exons of Jining Grey goat IGF-Ⅰ gene with those of human,cattle,sheep,rat,mouse and chicken showed that the homologies of the nucleotide sequences and amino acid sequences of the fragments among these seven species were from 79.6% to 99.3% and from 77.8% to 99.4% respectively.No special variation was found in amino acid sequence of Jining Grey goat.The results indicated that the IGF-Ⅰ gene was highly conserved among mammals,and may not be a major gene that affects the sexual precocity and high prolificacy in Jining Grey goats.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A simple, analytical model for hot-carrier induced degradation in n-channel MOSFETs

As the experiments described in this paper show, the transconduction degradation of n-channel MOSFET's induced by hot-carrier stress can be traced back to damages in the gate oxide inside the drain-gate overlap region. The introduction of a simple, analytical expression for this overlap region into a transistor model shows how fixed oxide charge and increased surface state density influence the transistor characteristics. The experimental verification of this considerations exhibits a good agreement between model and measured data.

Field of study: Engineering