nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Atividade Física e Agregação de Fatores de Risco Metabólicos em Adolescentes

Identificar a associacao da atividade fisica (AF) com a agregacao dos fatores de risco metabolicos em adolescentes de Curitiba, Parana.  162 adolescentes (64 meninos) compuseram a amostra. Acelerometros avaliaram a AF e o perfil metabolico (glicemico e lipidico) e antropometrico (circunferencia de cintura) foram avaliados. Calculou-se Escores Z para cada fator de risco e a soma destes escores categorizou o Escore de Risco Metabolico (ERM). Para analise estatistica, utilizou-se da correlacao de Spearman e do teste do Kruskal-Wallis adotando p<0,05.  A AF relacionou-se inversamente com o Triglicerideos (r=-0,217, p<0,05), Colesterol Total (r=-0,243, p<0,05), LDL-C (r=-0,211, p<0,05) e ERM (r=-0,269, p<0,01) nas meninas. Meninas do grupo de maior nivel de AF apresentaram menores valores de Colesterol Total e ERM em comparacao as do grupo de baixo nivel de AF (p<0,01).  A pratica de AF favoreceu o melhor perfil metabolico nas meninas.

Field of study: Education
Taphonomy of cephalopod assemblages from Middle Jurassic hardgrounds of pelagic swells (South-Iberian Palaeomargin, Western Tethys)

Taphonomic analysis of cephalopod assemblages, together with analyses of ichnologic and sedimentologic features, are useful tools in the interpretation of the history of unconformities in Jurassic pelagic swells. The External Subbetic presents a complex evolution during the Middle Bathonian–Middle Oxfordian interval that includes hardgrounds and condensed levels rich in ammonoids. Bathonian and Callovian hardgrounds, separated by a condensed calcarenitic bed, can be differentiated. In the Bathonian hardground, ammonoids are preserved with unfilled phragmocone chambers, as a consequence of initial fast burial. Neomorphic calcite in the ammonoids is related to early diagenesis, indicating a stop in sedimentation. The ichnological features testify to an early diagenesis and progressive cementation of the sea-bottom, which is corroborated by the record of neptunian dykes. Subsequently, sediment by-passing and erosion produced reorientation of the ammonoids and belemnite remains and exhumation of moulds, during which faceting and reelaboration took place. Finally, the sedimentation began resulting in the deposition of a condensed calcarenite bed with Fe–Mn macro-oncoids. The Callovian hardground developed at the top of the calcarenite bed, where the cephalopods show signs of long exposure on the sea-bottom such as colonization by chemosynthetic microbial communities and sessile foraminifera. The study proves that the Middle Bathonian–Middle Oxfordian represents a time interval of strongly reduced and highly discontinuous sedimentation, interrupted by periods of non-deposition and erosion.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Das Verhalten der Elektronengesamtheit eines Isolators im elektrischen Feld

ZusammenfassungEs wird gezeigt, daß die Vorgänge, die in der Elektronengesamtheit eines Isolators beim Anlegen eines elektrischen Feldes vor sich gehen, durch eine „Bewegungsgleichung“ beschrieben werden können, die zwar dieselbe Form hat wie für ein Metall, in ihrer Anwendung auf den Isolator jedoch etwas anders zu deuten ist. Auch das energetische Verhalten der Elektronengesamtheit steht in engster Analogie zu Erscheinungen, die von der Behandlung des Einzelelektrons im Gitter her geläufig sind. Aus der Diskussion des raumzeitlichen Verhaltens der Wellenfunktion im elektrischen Feld wird die Möglichkeit von Übergängen aus dem Grundzustand in höhere Zustände ersichtlich.

Field of study: Physics
Expression, purification and crystallization of a BH domain from the GTPase regulatory protein associated with focal adhesion kinase.

Signaling by small GTPases is down-regulated by GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) which enhance the rate of GTP hydrolysis. The activity of GAPs specific for Rho GTPases resides in the BH domain, many homologues of which are found in any mammalian genome. One of them was identified in the GTPase regulator associated with focal-adhesion kinase (GRAF). It shares approximately 20% sequence identity with p50RhoGAP. This GAP activates RhoA and Cdc42Hs, but not Rac. In order to dissect the molecular basis of this specificity, a 231-residue-long fragment corresponding to the BH domain of GRAF has been expressed, purified and crystallized. Trigonal crystals, of space group P3(1)21 or P3(2)21, with unit-cell dimensions a = b = 63.5, c = 90.38 A were grown from solutions of PEG 6000. Data to 2.15 A were collected from a flash-frozen sample on an R-AXIS IV imaging-plate detector mounted on a rotating anode X-ray generator.

Field of study: Chemistry
Bronchodilating effects of bambuterol on bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs.

To study the effects of bambuterol (Bam) on bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs.



Bronchospasm induced by histamine aerosol, lung resistance (RL) and dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn) changes induced by ovalbumin aerosol in vivo, isolated resting lung parenchyma strips, and carbamylcholine-induced tracheal constriction in vitro in guinea pig were investigated.



Bam dose-dependently prolonged the time to histamine-induced collapse, ED50 values (95% confidence limits) of Bam intragastric gavage (i.g.) after 1 h, 4 h, and 24 h were 0.74 (0.60-0.91), 0.75 (0.61-0.91) and 1.00 (0.77-1.30) mg.kg-1, respectively. Bam 2 or 10 mg.kg-1 i.g. 2 h before ovalbumin aerosol partly or almost completely inhibited bronchial challenge of ovalbumin-induced change of RL and Cdyn. Bam 0.1-1.0 mumol.L-1 gave a weak relaxation on isolated tracheal strips induced by carbamylcholine and failed to relax the isolated resting lung parenchyma strips in guinea pig.



Bam showed a long-acting bronchodilation by its slow metabolism in vivo.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Mode locking and efficient generation of pulsed difference-frequency radiation in two-color heterolasers

Efficient schemes are proposed for generation of picosecond pulses in the mid/far-IR and THz ranges through intracavity nonlinear mixing of fields generated in two-color injection heterolasers, operating in the mode-locking regime at room temperature. It is shown that these schemes make it possible to increase the peak lasing power by a factor of about 100.

Field of study: Physics
A UNIFIED FORMULA OF CRITICAL FATIGUE STRENGTH UNDER ASYMMETRIC LOADING

A systematic study is made on those formula by which the critical fatigue strength or fatigue life of a structure under asymmetric loading can be estimated. The prerequisites for some famous formula such as Goodman formula, Soderberg formula and Gerber formula are discussed, and a unified formula for predicting the critical fatigue strength or fatigue life of a structure under asymmetric loading is established The new formula has two important features: l) it is valid to any shape of failure surface; 2) its parameters can be correctly estimated from any type of experimental data of fatigue.

Field of study: Engineering
Design and Optimization of the Local Laser Treatment to Improve the Formability of Age Hardenable Aluminium Alloys

The research of innovative methodologies to improve the Aluminium alloys formability at room temperature still remains an open question: the local modification of the material properties via short-term heat treatments followed by the stamping at room temperature is reported to be an effective alternative to the forming in warm conditions. In the present work, such a methodology has been applied to the deep drawing of an age-hardenable Aluminium alloy (AA6082-T6) using an experimental/numerical approach. A preliminary extensive material characterization was aimed at investigating the material behaviour: (i) in the as-received condition (peak hardening), (ii) in the supersaturated condition (obtained by physical simulation) and (iii) after being locally solutioned via laser heating. A Finite Element based approach (Abaqus CAE, v. 6.17) was then used to design the laser treatment of the blanks to be subsequently deep drawn at room temperature: a 2D axisymmetric model of the deep drawing process was coupled with the optimization platform modeFRONTIER in order to define the radial extent of the laser heat treated area able to maximize the Limit Drawing Ratio. The experimental tests were finally conducted for validation purposes and revealed the effectiveness of the adopted approach which allowed to improve the drawability of more than 20% with respect to the as received condition (T6).

Field of study: Materials science
Yinka Shonibare Garden of Love (review)

A tail transparent wall separates the gardens of the Musee du Quai Branly from Quai Branly, the street. The gardens, which are separated by walls and a moat on the Rue de I'Universite side as well, make up an enclosed space of fantasy. The winding sidewalks lead visitors under the museum's intentionally boatlike structure, and to the museum, the cafe, or to clearings hidden from view. Embedded in the sidewalks are "tresors," objects such as cowrie shells and iridescent insects encased in resin. The theme of the garden is travel and discovery.

Field of study: Art
[Effect of triptolide on cytokinetics of HeLa cells].

The cytostatic effects of triptolide on HeLa cells in different proliferation stages and cell cycle phases were studied by colony-forming units assay. An exposure of exponential-phase cells to triptolide 0.02-4.00 micrograms/ml for 0.5 h resulted in a biphasic-exponential dose-survival curve (n = 1, D0 = 0.3 micrograms/ml in the most sensitive population; D0 = 2.8 micrograms/ml in the more resistant population). The plateau-phase cells in the same conditions seemed to have lower sensitivity to the drug. The synchronized cells caused by excess TdR double block and the selective detachment of mitotic cells from monolayer were exposed to triptolide 0.06 micrograms/ml for 0.5 h. The sensitivity of cell cycle phases to the drug ranked as follows: S greater than G2, M greater than G1. The result showed that triptolide is one of the cell cycle phase non-specific agents, but more sensitive to S phase cells.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Einfluß der Mehrfachstreuung auf Polarisation und Winkelverteilung bei der Streuung langsamer Elektronen

The influence of plural scattering on the angular distribution and spin polarization of slow electrons scattered by mercury atoms has been investigated at 180, 300 and 900 eV. Especially the high polarization peaks are very sensitive to plural scattering, while lower polarization values remain relatively unaffected. A simple explanation of the results is given.

Field of study: Physics
Structure of Neutron-Rich Nuclei in the 132Sn Region

We report on a study of neutron-rich nuclei around 132Sn in terms of the shell model employing a realistic effective interaction derived from the CD-Bonn nucleon-nucleon potential. We present results for some Sb and Te isotopes. Comparison shows that our results are in very good agreement with the available experimental data supporting confidence in the predictions of our calculations. This may stimulate experimental efforts to gain more information on these nuclei lying well away from the valley of stability.

Field of study: Physics
OUT-OF-PLANE ELASTIC BUCKLING BEHAVIOR OF BEAM STRING STRUCTURE

A beam string structure(BSS) loaded in a plane may suddenly buckle in its out-of-plane for the absence of lateral bracings. The out-of-plane stability of a BSS is classified as the stability of a string-struts system and the global stability of a BSS. Firstly, the equilibrium procedure and energy method are used to investigate the stability of a string-struts system. After that, it is pointed that the current design method is not safe for analyzing the global stability of a BSS, which takes string and struts as a concentrated load acting on the beam of the BSS. By using the principle of stationary potential energy, the potential energy equation of a BSS is set up and Ritz method is used to investigate the out-of-plane elastic buckling load of the BSS due to a uniformly distributed load or a uniform moment respectively, and the results obtained agree very well with finite element method(FEM) results. Therefore, the out-of-plane buckling load of a BSS proposed has reference value on its out-of-plane stability design.

Field of study: Engineering
Electrical stimulation of the central nucleus of the amygdala induces fos-like immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus of the rat: a quantitative study.

The effect of electrical stimulation of an important forebrain autonomic structure, the central nucleus of the amygdala (CNA), on c-fos expression in three hypothalamic nuclei was studied in rat with immunocytochemistry to reveal the protein (Fos) encoded by the immediate early gene (IEG). Image analysis was used to quantify the Fos immunoreactive neurons within the supraoptic (SON), paraventricular (PVN), and arcuate (AN) nuclei. Stimulation for 60 min induced a statistically significant increase of the number of Fos immunoreactive neurons in all three nuclei ipsilateral to the CNA stimulation site. Double immunocytochemical staining (Fos and vasopressin or Fos and oxytocin) was employed to evaluate the participation of different subpopulations of neurons within the SON and PVN in response to CNA stimulation. In the SON, the increased number of Fos immunoreactive nuclei following the stimulation was observed in the vasopressin and oxytocin-secreting cells within this nucleus. In the PVN, the increase in the number of Fos immunoreactive neurons was predominantly within the parvocellular compartment. These studies demonstrate that IEG expression in hypothalamic neurons can be evoked as a result of afferent stimulation from the CNA. Activation of peptide- and hormone-containing neurons within the SON, PVN and AN, through mono- or multisynaptic pathways, may play a role in hormonal and autonomic responses.

Field of study: Biology
Transformation of financial system in Kenyan public higher education and funds-raising of colleges and universities

The financial system in Kenyan higher education transferred from all the cost disbursed by the government to cost-sharing in the 1990s. In the new system, Kenyan colleges and universities raise money by providing parallel degree and diploma programs, and through actions such as production, business and services. These actions have improved the school running, expanded students’ study opportunities, improve the efficiency of higher institution running and its social adaptability. But the income-generating actions of these institutions are confronted with various challenges, so funds are still lacking. The further reform of the financial system in Kenyan higher education should emphasize on adjusting the relationship among higher education scale, structure and quality, and readjust the structure of various income generating activities, improve qualification of those income generators.

Field of study: Education
Genetic and epigenetic divergence of duplicate genes in two legume species.

Soybean (Glycine max) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) share a polyploidy event ~59 MYA, followed by a Glycine-specific whole genome duplication (WGD) ~8-13 MYA. Duplicated genes were classified into five categories: singletons, dispersed, proximal, tandem, or WGD/segmental and found strong correlations between gene category and functional annotation. Photosynthesis and transcriptional regulation-related Gene Ontology terms were significantly over-represented in singletons and WGD genes, respectively, aligning with the gene balance hypothesis. We found that the divergence of gene expression and DNA methylation between WGD-derived paralogs increased with age and that WGD genes, initially retained via dosage constraints, subsequently underwent expression divergence, associated with other factors such as DNA methylation. Genes derived from different modes of duplication differed in breadth, level, and specificity of expression in both species. Orthologous genes and ungrouped genes (genes not in an ortholog group) differed in expression patterns. The protein divergence rates of WGD paralog pairs containing an ungrouped gene were higher than those for which both copies had orthologs. We propose that many ungrouped genes are derived from divergent and redundant gene copies, concordant with the neofunctionalization hypothesis. Tandemly duplicated genes were distinct from WGD-derived genes, indicating that mode of duplication contributes to the evolutionary fate of duplicated genes.

Field of study: Environmental science
Intervalley scattering by charged impurities in graphene

Intervalley charged-impurity scattering processes are examined. It is found that the scattering probability is enhanced due to the Coulomb interaction with the impurity by the Sommerfeld factor $$F_z \propto \varepsilon ^{2\sqrt {1 - 4g^2 } - 2}$$; where ∈ is the electron energy and g is the dimensionless constant of the Coulomb interaction.

Field of study: Physics
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation: capacity, discussion and documentation.

End-of-life care decisions, including treatment such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), are complex issues requiring a patient to have the capacity for effective decision-making.



To assess the prevalence and documentation of CPR decisions in our hospital in patients aged > 65 years.



Prospective audit.



Review of patient notes and resuscitation forms within our acute Trust on Elderly Care and General Medicine wards, including the decisions made, involvement of patient and/or family members and whether an assessment of capacity was made.



On the Elderly Care wards, 37 CPR decisions were made on 104 patients, and nearly all of these were clearly documented. On the General Medical wards, only one decision out of 40 patients was made. Geriatricians incorporated patient views in one quarter of decisions; all but one of these patients wanted CPR. Of those patients 'not for CPR', family members were informed in only one third of cases, according to the documentation. Capacity was documented on only four occasions.



Geriatricians make significantly more CPR decisions than general physicians do, but still involve patient and family views in only a minority of cases, and an assessment of capacity is rarely explicitly documented. We suggest a three-step approach to clinical decision making, to increase both the volume and the quality of CPR decisions, which may be improved further by the use of information leaflets for patients and their families.

Field of study: Medicine
Introduction to Occult Spinal Dysraphism

Occult spinal dysraphism (OSD) is known as a group of congenital and pathological changes occurring in the spine and spinal cord that are united by similar embryological causes, common forms of presentation, and a propensity for multiple expressions within a single patient. These entities encompass the split cord anomalies, tethered cord induced by a tight terminal filum, neurenteric cyst, meningocele manque, terminal syrinx, lipomyelomeningocele, and dermal sinus tract with intradural dermoids. The development of OSD is also linked to open neural tube defects because additional pathological expression is often found within the myelomeningocele. Near the area of the placode the cord may split, the filum may be too robust, or a number of other changes may occur. In families in which one child has some form of OSD the mother's subsequent neonates appear to have the same risks (3.5%) of developing an open neural tube defect as if the first child had a myelomeningocele. These lesions are important for all physicians to recognize. Prophylactic surgery has a high likelihood of changing the natural history in which a gradual loss of function may be replaced by clinical stability. Although the disease in many patients will be recognized in infancy and childhood because of cutaneous signs, at least one third of patients may not have apparent skin changes. The onset of signs and symptoms may be so gradual that a patient's initial presentation to a neurosurgeon may not be until adulthood. It is for all of these reasons that it behooves the neurosurgical community to be knowledgable about this complex and fascinating group of problems.

Field of study: Medicine
The Surface Strengthening by Chrome Vanadizing in GCr15 Cold Working Die

It has been investigated that powders chrome vanadizing process parameter for GCr15 steel.By examination of metallograph,microhardness,SEM spectrometer,X ray diffraction,wear and brittlement,the authors have determined the microstructure,phase structure,hardness distribution along the impregnated layer,wear and embrittlement properties.The results show that the surface microstructure by chromtitanizing is uniform and compact,possessing high hardness.good sliding friction,wear property,and lower brittlement.It has obtained high service life with applying cold working dies.

Field of study: Materials science
Pollution level, phase distribution and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor air at public places of Hangzhou, China.

PAHs pollution survey in air of public places was conducted in Hangzhou, China. The most serious PAHs pollution was observed in indoor air of shopping centers and the slightest was in train stations. The molecular weight of chrysene (MW 228) appeared to be the dividing line for the PAHs with a larger or smaller distribution in the vapor or particulate phase. Concentrations of 15 PAHs on PM2.5 accounted for 71.3% of total particulate PAHs, and followed by PM2.5-10 fraction (17.6%) and >PM10 fraction (11.1%). In shopping centers and supermarkets, emission of 2-4 rings PAHs occurred from indoor sources, whereas 5-6 rings PAHs predominantly originated from transport of outdoor air. In temples, PAHs in indoor air mainly originated from incense burning. Health risks associated with the inhalation of PAHs were assessed, and naphthalene made the greatest contribution (62.4%) to the total health risks.

Field of study: Environmental science
Linear Latent Force Models Using Gaussian Processes

Purely data-driven approaches for machine learning present difficulties when data are scarce relative to the complexity of the model or when the model is forced to extrapolate. On the other hand, purely mechanistic approaches need to identify and specify all the interactions in the problem at hand (which may not be feasible) and still leave the issue of how to parameterize the system. In this paper, we present a hybrid approach using Gaussian processes and differential equations to combine data-driven modeling with a physical model of the system. We show how different, physically inspired, kernel functions can be developed through sensible, simple, mechanistic assumptions about the underlying system. The versatility of our approach is illustrated with three case studies from motion capture, computational biology, and geostatistics.

Field of study: Computer science