nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
TERTIARY GEOLOGY OF A PORTION OF THE CENTRAL CASCADE MOUNTAINS, WASHINGTON

The Central Cascade Mountains of Washington are composed largely of Tertiary continental and volcanic rocks. They lie between older metamorphic rocks to the north, Tertiary marine rocks to the west, and younger volcanic rocks to the south and east. An eastward-dipping reverse fault through Lake Kachess separates two Tertiary basins of the same general age. This fault cuts Eocene rocks and is older than the Snoqualmie granodiorite.

East of the fault the structures are open. The Swauk arkose unconformably covers pre-Tertiary peridotite and Easton schist. The Swauk is folded along northwest trends that become more east-west south of Mount Stuart. This change in trend and the local origin of some of the Swauk suggest that the Mount Stuart block was high during early Tertiary time. Locally the Silver Pass volcanic rocks overlie the Swauk. The conformable sequence of Teanaway basalt-Roslyn arkose lies unconformably above the Swauk and is deformed into a broad basin. The nearly horizontal Yakima basalt unconformably overlies the older rocks.

West of the Kachess fault, the structures are more complex. The oldest rocks are limy hornfels and marble of the Denny formation. They are overlain apparently unconformably by the sedimentary rocks of the Guye formation. Unconformably above the Guye is the extrusive Mount Catherine rhyolite; that is overlain by the tightly folded sedimentary rocks and basalt of the Naches formation. The mildly deformed Keechelus andesite overlies the Naches unconformably. The Snoqualmie granodiorite intrudes all the units in the western area.

Fossils are rare. A few vertebrate remains indicate that the Roslyn is probably middle or upper Eocene. Fossil leaves suggest that the Swauk and Guye formations are Paleocene or Eocene and the Naches is Eocene.

Field of study: Geology
Frailty: Identifying elderly patients at high risk of poor outcomes.

To help family physicians better recognize frailty and its implications for managing elderly patients.



PubMed-MEDLINE was searched from 1990 to 2013. The search was restricted to English-language articles using the following groups of MeSH headings and key words: frail elderly, frail, frailty; aged, geriatrics, geriatric assessment, health services for the aged; and primary health care, community health services, and family practice.


MAIN MESSAGE
Frailty is common, particularly in elderly persons with complex chronic conditions such as heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Emerging evidence demonstrates the value of frailty as a predictor of adverse outcomes in older persons. While there is currently a lack of consensus as to how best to assess and diagnose frailty in primary care practice, individual markers of frailty such as low gait speed offer a promising feasible means of screening for frailty. Identification of frailty in primary care might provide an opportunity to delay the progression of frailty through proactive interventions such as exercise, and awareness of frailty can guide appropriate counseling and anticipatory preventive measures for patients when considering medical interventions. Recognition of frailty might also help identify and optimize the management of coexisting conditions that might contribute to or be affected by frailty. Further research should be directed at identifying feasible and effective ways to appropriately assess and manage these vulnerable patients at the primary care level.



Despite its importance, little attention has been given to the concept of frailty in family medicine. Frailty is easily overlooked because its manifestations can be subtle, slowly progressive, and thus dismissed as normal aging; and physician training has been focused on specific medical diseases rather than overall vulnerability. For primary care physicians, recognition of frailty might help them provide appropriate counseling to patients and family members about the risks of medical interventions.

Field of study: Medicine
Online Low-Rank Subspace Learning from Incomplete Data: A Bayesian View

Extracting the underlying low-dimensional space where high-dimensional signals often reside has long been at the center of numerous algorithms in the signal processing and machine learning literature during the past few decades. At the same time, working with incomplete (partly observed) large scale datasets has recently been commonplace for diverse reasons. This so called {\it big data era} we are currently living calls for devising online subspace learning algorithms that can suitably handle incomplete data. Their envisaged objective is to {\it recursively} estimate the unknown subspace by processing streaming data sequentially, thus reducing computational complexity, while obviating the need for storing the whole dataset in memory. In this paper, an online variational Bayes subspace learning algorithm from partial observations is presented. To account for the unawareness of the true rank of the subspace, commonly met in practice, low-rankness is explicitly imposed on the sought subspace data matrix by exploiting sparse Bayesian learning principles. Moreover, sparsity,  to low-rankness, is favored on the subspace matrix by the sophisticated hierarchical Bayesian scheme that is adopted. In doing so, the proposed algorithm becomes adept in dealing with applications whereby the underlying subspace may be also sparse, as, e.g., in sparse dictionary learning problems. As shown, the new subspace tracking scheme outperforms its state-of-the-art counterparts in terms of estimation accuracy, in a variety of experiments conducted on simulated and real data.

Field of study: Computer science
Helminth parasite richness among vertebrates

The numbers of intestinal helminth species (parasite richnesS) recorded from each of 488 vertebrate host species are compared using data compiled from the published literature. Associations between parasite richness, sampling effort, host size and host habitat (aquatic versus terrestrial) are assessed using a method designed to control for phylogenetic association. Parasite richness increases with the number of surveys on which each estimate of parasite richness is based (sampling effort). When the effects of sampling effort are controlled for, there remains a strong positive relationship between parasite richness and host body size. There is no tendency for aquatic hosts to harbour more parasite species than terrestrial hosts independently of differences in sampling effort and body size. The results are interpreted in the context of hosts representing habitats for parasite colonization, resource allocation between parasite species, and the age of the major mammalian radiations.

Field of study: Environmental science
Transport properties of a 2DEG in the presence of a tilted magnetic field

The effect of a tilted dc magnetic field on the transport properties of a two dimensional electron gas (2DEG) is studied. The influence of the component of magnetic field parallel to the surface is analyzed and the dependence of the Fermi energy on the intensity and direction of the external field is discussed. Numerical results are obtained for the Hall conductivity considering values of electronic densities and strength of the dc magnetic field that are currently obtained in many laboratories

Field of study: Physics
Moth species richness, abundance and diversity in fragmented urban woodlands: implications for conservation and management strategies

Urban expansion threatens global biodiversity through the destruction of natural and semi-natural habitats and increased levels of disturbance. Whilst woodlands in urban areas may reduce the impact of urbanisation on biodiversity, they are often subject to under or over-management and consist of small, fragmented patches which may be isolated. Effective management strategies for urban woodland require an understanding of the ecology and habitat requirements of all relevant taxa. Yet, little is known of how invertebrate, and in particular moth, assemblages utilise urban woodland despite being commonly found within the urban landscape. Here we show that the abundance, species richness, and species diversity of moth assemblages found within urban woodlands are determined by woodland vegetation character, patch configuration and the surrounding landscape. In general, mature broadleaved woodlands supported the highest abundance and diversity of moths. Large compact woodlands with proportionally less edge exposed to the surrounding matrix were associated with higher moth abundance than small complex woodlands. Woodland vegetation characteristics were more important than the surrounding landscape, suggesting that management at a local scale to ensure provision of good quality habitat may be relatively more important for moth populations than improving habitat connectivity across the urban matrix. Our results show that the planting of broadleaved woodlands, retaining mature trees and minimising woodland fragmentation will be beneficial for moth assemblages.

Field of study: Environmental science
On-line Fault Diagnosis Method for Electronic Transformer Based on Wavelet Theory

Electronic transformer (ET) is wildly used in digital smart substation. However, the actual running time of ETs is generally short, and most of them have higher failure rate than that of traditional transformers. Since the accuracy and stability of ETs data collection affect the safe operation of smart grid, it is necessary to study the fault diagnosis method of ETs. According to the characteristics of ETs, this paper proposes an on-line fault diagnosis method of ET based on wavelet transform theory. After noise reduction the output signal waveform of the transformer, the high frequency decomposition coefficient is obtained by wavelet transform, so as to diagnose and locate the three kinds of faults: drift deviation fault, variable ratio deviation fault, and fixed deviation fault

Field of study: Engineering
Antigen‐presenting function of human peritoneum mesothelial cells

Mesothelial cells (MC) from human peritoneal omentum fragments obtained during surgical insertion of peritoneal catheters for continuous peritoneal dialysis in end stage renal failure (ESRF) patients were cultured in vitro. MC exhibited a phenotype different from macrophages, but MHC class II molecules were well expressed. Therefore MC lines were tested for antigen‐presenting capacity by pulsing with soluble antigens (tetanus toxoid and purified protein derivative (PPD)) or with a corpusculate antigen (Candida albicans bodies). Autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) depleted of adherent monocytes and cloned T cells generated from an individual matched for the MHC class II antigen DR2 were used to test antigen‐presenting function. MC effectively presented the soluble and corpusculate antigens to autologous and MHC‐compatible allogeneic lymphocytes, indicating that they are endowed with both endocytic/phagocytic activity and with processing/presenting capacity. Preincubation of MC with human recombinant interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) up‐regulated MHC class II and intercellular adhesion molecule‐I (ICAM‐I) expression, but the effect on antigen‐presenting function was not consistent. Since MC are an important component of the peritoneal environment, they may participate, along with macrophages, in activation of specific T cells and in the generation of local cell‐mediated immunity to various pathogens.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Spectromicroscopy of Mn distributions in micronodules produced by biomineralization.

The interaction of single cell microorganisms with inorganic substrates is a central issue in soil and aquatic environmental chemistry. The biochemical pathways of the bacterial metabolism based on redox reactions of transition metal compounds involve the processes of microbial attachment to and subsequent modification of inorganic surfaces (biocorrosion), as well as the precipitation of inorganic compounds (biomineralization). Soft x-ray spectromicroscopy has been used to investigate Mn micronodules collected from freshwater sediments in order to attempt the direct mapping of the distribution of Mn valence states in biologically produced minerals.

Field of study: Physics
DETECTION OF A NEARBY HALO DEBRIS STREAM IN THE WISE AND 2MASS SURVEYS

Combining the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer All-Sky Release with the Two Micron All Sky Survey Point Source Catalog, we detect a nearby, moderately metal-poor stellar debris stream spanning 24° across the southern sky. The stream, which we designate Alpheus, is at an estimated distance of ~1.9 kpc. Its position, orientation, width, estimated metallicity, and, to some extent, its distance, are in approximate agreement with what one might expect of the leading tidal tail of the southern globular cluster NGC 288.

Field of study: Physics
Security and identification indicators for browsers against spoofing and phishing attacks

In spite of the use of standard Web security measures (SSL/TLS), users enter sensitive information such as passwords into fake Web sites. Such fake sites cause substantial damages to individuals and corporations. In this work, we identify several vulnerabilities of browsers, focusing on security and identification indicators.
 We present improved security and identification indicators, as we implemented in TrustBar, a browser extension we developed. With TrustBar, users can assign a name or logo to identify SSL/TLS-protected sites; if users did not assign a name or logo, TrustBar identifies protected sites by the name or logo of the site, and by the certificate authority (CA) who identified the site.
 We present usability experiments which compared TrustBar's indicators to the basic indicators available in most browsers (padlock, URL, and https prefix), and some relevant secure-usability principles.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Predictive accuracy comparison of fuzzy models for software development effort of small programs

Regression analysis to generate predictive equations for software development effort estimation has recently been complemented by analyses using less common methods such as fuzzy logic models. On the other hand, unless engineers have the capabilities provided by personal training, they cannot properly support their teams or consistently and reliably produce quality products. In this paper, an investigation aimed to compare personal Fuzzy Logic Models (FLM) with a Linear Regression Model (LRM) is presented. The evaluation criteria were based mainly upon the magnitude of error relative to the estimate (MER) as well as to the mean of MER (MMER). One hundred five small programs were developed by thirty programmers. From these programs, three FLM were generated to estimate the effort in the development of twenty programs by seven programmers. Both the verification and validation of the models were made. Results show a slightly better predictive accuracy amongst FLM and LRM for estimating the development effort at personal level when small programs are developed.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Supplementation of Vitamin E Protects Chickens from Newcastle Disease Virus-Mediated Exacerbation of Intestinal Oxidative Stress and Tissue Damage

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes a highly devastating and contagious disease in poultry, which is mainly attributed to extensive tissue damages in the digestive, respiratory and nervous systems. However, nature and dynamics of NDV-induced oxidative stresses in the intestine of chickens remain elusive.  In this study, we examined the magnitude of intestinal oxidative stress and histopathological changes caused by the virulent NDV infection, and explored the protective roles of vitamin E (vit. E) in ameliorating these pathological changes. For these purposes, chickens were divided into four groups namely i) non supplemented and non-challenged (negative control, CON); ii) no supplementation of vit. E but challenged with ZJ1 (positive control, NS+CHA); iii) vit. E supplementation at the dose of 50 IU/day/Kg body weight and ZJ1 challenge (VE50+CHA); and 4) vit. E supplementation at the dose of 100 IU/day/Kg body weight and ZJ1 challenge (VE100+CHA). In all groups, we analyzed concentrations of glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) using biochemical methods. The virus loads were determined by quantitative RT-PCR and antibody titers by hemagglutination inhibition assays. We also examined the histopathological changes in the duodenal and jejunal mucosa at 3 and 5-day post infection (dpi) with NDV.  A significant elevation in the NO level was observed in NDV challenged chickens compared to the CON chickens at 2 dpi. The MDA contents were significantly increased whereas GSH was significantly decreased in NDV-challenged chickens compared to control. Furthermore, activities of GST, CAT, SOD, as well as the TOAC were markedly decreased in challenged chickens in comparison with control. Virus copy numbers were higher in NDV infected NS+CHA group compared to other groups. Severe histopathological changes including inflammation, degeneration and broken villi were observed in the intestine of NDV challenged chickens. However, all these malfunctions of antioxidant system and pathological changes in the intestine were partially or completely reversed by the vit. E supplementation.  Our results suggest that NDV infection causes oxidative stress and histopathological changes in the duodenum and jejunum of chickens, which can be partially or fully ameliorated by supplementation of vit. E. Additionally, these findings suggest that oxidative stress contributes to the intestinal damages in NDV infected chickens. These findings will help to understand the pathogenesis of NDV and further investigation of therapeutic agents for control of Newcastle disease.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Determination of deuterium location in Ba3Ca1.18Nb1.82O8.73

The neutron diffraction study was carried out to determine the location of protons in the crystal of a proton conducting mixed perovskite oxide Ba 3 Ca 1.18 Nb 1.82 O 8.73 . The sample was synthesized by a method of solid state reaction, and then the sintered sample was heated for the two experiments; for dried and deuterated samples. The neutron diffraction experiments were performed using HRPD at JAEA for the dried and deuterated samples at 300 K. The obtained data were analyzed by Rietveld method and maximum entropy method. It was concluded that deuterium existed at 96 j site, which was shifted to the Ca/Nb mixed site.

Field of study: Materials science
Markets, Hierarchies, and Innovation

Industrial organization traditionally has been concerned with explaining why industries are organized in specific ways and with evaluating conduct and performance patterns emerging from given industrial structures.' It has largely ignored the relationship between the costs of effecting specific transactions and the institutional structures governing them, but a growing body of literature has begun to focus quite explicitly on this relationship. 0. E. Williamson's description of a number of specific factors that encourage firms to internalize transactions across different stages of a production process, rather than contract in markets, is a major contribution in this area.2 His essential argument is that, under certain conditions, hierarchical control is superior to contracting for governing transactions. This superiority derives primarily from the ability of jointly owned economic units to substitute adaptive sequential decision making for extensive contingent claims contracting. In addition, management decree is ordinarily a more effective and less costly means of conflict resolution than thirdparty arbitration or litigation. At some point, of course, rising costs of managerial control may outweigh any benefits of extending the scope of common ownership.3 Recent research has extended earlier contributions by stressing the

Field of study: Economics
Impacts of non-oil tree plantations on biodiversity in Southeast Asia

Tree plantations are rapidly expanding throughout Southeast Asia, and likely pose threats to the conservation of native biodiversity. While the impacts of oil palm expansion on tropical biodiversity has received increasing attention, and several recent reviews, the effects of other tree crops on native flora and fauna biodiversity remain understudied. Here we assess and compare the impact of rubber, acacia, eucalyptus, teak, and cacao plantations on biodiversity throughout the region, and discuss spatial and temporal factors that influence a production landscape’s ability to support native species. Using a meta-analysis, we show that rubber and cacao plantations support lower biodiversity than intact forests, and are approximately equivalent to oil palm in their impacts on native biota. In contrast, richness of native species in acacia plantations was not statistically different from that in intact or secondary forests, though species composition could still be radically altered. Furthermore, older plantations are more similar to primary forests regarding community composition than younger plantations, likely due to increased habitat complexity and heterogeneity with plantation age. Though non-oil palm tree plantations are not ecologically equivalent to primary forests with regards to maintaining native community composition, they can support greater biodiversity than other modified landscapes such as annual crops. Increasing habitat complexity and spatial heterogeneity within plantations can improve the quality of the habitat they provide to native species. With industrial plantations projected to continue to expand, identifying ways to mitigate their impacts on biodiversity are increasingly critical.

Field of study: Environmental science
Prophylactic Citalopram Treatment in Hepatitis C Patients on Antiviral Therapy: Will It Limit Drug-induced Depression and Enhance Adherence?

Patients were recruited from two Veterans Affairs hospitals. They were randomly assigned to a citalopram arm or a placebo arm. Patients who were already depressed, taking antidepressants, had abused substances within 6 months of the study, or had medical comorbidities that could interfere with treatment were excluded. Citalopram or placebo was begun 2 weeks after antiviral therapy was initiated. Patients were continued on the IFN-α and ribavirin for at least 24 to 48 weeks, depending on their genotype. Assessment of diagnosis was by the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV (SCID) 2 weeks before the antiviral treatment was administered. Both the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory-II were administered throughout the study, which included eight follow-up visits during the first 24 weeks. The Hamilton Anxiety Depression Scale and two scales for adverse events were also used for neurotoxicity as well as the side effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The final study cohorts included 19 on citalopram and 20 on placebo. Following the initial citalopram dose of 20 μm, increases after 2 weeks were allowed, up to a maximum of 60 μm daily, depending on the depression rating scale results.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology