nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray studies on the putative dTDP sugar epimerase NovW from the novobiocin biosynthetic cluster of Streptomyces spheroides.

Crystals of recombinant NovW (subunit MW = 22 289 Da), a putative dTDP sugar epimerase from Streptomyces spheroides, were grown by vapour diffusion. The protein crystallizes in space group P4(3)2(1)2, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 59.20, c = 109.23 A. Native data to a resolution of 2.0 A were collected from a single crystal at 100 K on a rotating-anode X-ray generator. Preliminary analysis of these data indicated that the asymmetric unit corresponded to a monomer, whilst dynamic light scattering (DLS) suggested that NovW was a dimer in solution. NovW is involved in the biosynthesis of the aminocoumarin antibiotic novobiocin, which targets the bacterial enzyme DNA gyrase, and represents the first enzyme to be crystallized from this biosynthetic pathway.

Field of study: Chemistry
Guggultetrols: a new class of naturally occurring lipids

The gum-resin from Commiphora mukul has yielded a number of long-chain aliphatic 1,2,3,4-tetrols esterified with ferulic acid at the primary hydroxyl function. The tetrols are mainly C 18 and C 20 compounds with minor amounts of C 16 , C 17 , C 19 , C 21 and C 22 entities. Evidence has been obtained for the occurrence of corresponding mono-olefinic anaogues in the exudate. All these tetrols are configurationally homogenous. Configuration has established as D-xylo by unambiguous synthesis of D-lyxo-, L-ribo- and L-xylo-octadecane-1,2,3,4-tetrols and comparison with the naturally occurring C 18 guggultetrol. A number of plants belonging to different families have been screened for the presence of such tetrols.

Field of study: Chemistry
Agricultural Technology and the Margin of Cultivation in the Fourteenth Century

DvETAILED examples of later medieval agricultural technology are not so numerous that the heart sinks at the prospect of a new one. The whole topic of later medieval practice is only now beginning to be systematically explored by contributors to the Cambridge Agrarian History of England and Wales, the relevant volume of which is currently being prepared under the editorship of Dr Miller. The main objection to a single case study, such as the present one, is nevertheless easy to anticipate. It is the inevitable objection to all minute research in agrarian history-that the multiplication of differently observed examples of different ways of cultivating different crops on different soils at different times by different types of farmer makes for painful reading without making generalizations any easier to form, and indeed usually rendering them more difficult. My defence for drawing attention to the present example would be that it implies a set of general technical considerations. It illustrates a pattern of events which -may have repeated itself in many places and on many different types of soil, if I have explained it correctly. The interpretation is grounded partly in principles of agriculture (the principles of crop rotation), partly in principles of economic theory (especially the principle of diminishing returns) and partly in a well-established proposition concerning later medieval economic history (that the production of cereals was declining as a consequence of declining population). This is quite sufficient to suggest its general relevance, and my hope is that it will prove useful in accounting for similar changes in other places. I The problem concerns the relationship between the annual output of cereals, the productivity of labour in agriculture and the technique of production adopted. According to a well-known supposition about the progress of agriculture, with a given range of soils and a given range of techniques labour is likely to be concentrated first on more fertile soils and to be applied to increasingly less fertile soils as the demand for grain increases. Prof. Postan has argued that the margin of cultivation was being extended in this way during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and that the marginal product of labour was declining through this period. He has argued, too, that the technology of arable farming was linked to that of pasture farming by the use of animal dung as a manure. The expansion of the arable area at the expense of the pasture area would reduce the number of animals which could be kept, and so cause an absolute reduction in the amount of manure available.

Field of study: Economics, History
Manifest Anxiety-Defensiveness Scale: First Factor of the MMPI Revisited

A 63-item form for men and 59-item form for women of the Manifest Anxiety-Defensiveness (MAD) scale resulted from three separate item analyses performed on a 243-item composite scale obtained by pooling 10 scales purported to reflect anxiety and defense. A factor analysis of these 11 scales yielded two clearly identifiable factors, with the MAD scale defining the first factor. The MAD scale was shown to possess very high reliability and several studies considering normal and psychiatric samples indicated satisfactory validity. Substantive and stylistic interpretations of the MAD scale were discussed in terms of the first factor of the MMPI. It was concluded that the MAD scale best reflects a bipolar dimension of anxiety and defense.

Field of study: Psychology
Cluster-additive functions on stable translation quivers

Additive functions on translation quivers have played an important role in the representation theory of finite-dimensional algebras, the most prominent ones are the hammock functions introduced by S. Brenner. When dealing with cluster categories (and cluster-tilted algebras), one should look at a corresponding class of functions defined on stable translation quivers, namely the cluster-additive ones. We conjecture that the cluster-additive functions on a stable translation quiver of Dynkin type $\mathbb{A}_{n}, \mathbb{D}_{n}, \mathbb{E}_{6}, \mathbb {E}_{7}, \mathbb{E}_{8}$ are non-negative linear combinations of cluster-hammock functions (with index set a tilting set). The present paper provides a first study of cluster-additive functions and gives a proof of the conjecture in the case $\mathbb{A}_{n}$.

Field of study: Mathematics
Characterization of electron transport at high fields in silicon-on-insulator devices: a Monte Carlo study

The high field transport regime of single gate (SG) SOI MOSFETs has been the subject of an in-depth characterization. To study this, we have used a Monte Carlo simulator where all the major features involved in the description of the transport of state-of-the-art SOI devices are taken into account: quantization, non-parabolic band structure, phonon and surface roughness scattering. It has been shown that the behaviour of stationary electron velocity curves versus the longitudinal electric field is different to what we found in standard bulk devices. Particularly, it is very interesting that different saturation velocity values show up in the simulations. We found different curves corresponding to different effective fields when both phonon and surface roughness scattering mechanisms are taken into consideration. In addition, it was observed that the electron velocity obtained was dependent on the silicon layer thickness even when the same effective field was taken into account. Clear dependence of the saturation velocity has also been depicted in the delta parameter (representing the abrupt variations of the oxide-semiconductor surface) used in the surface roughness scattering model. Finally, we have performed simulations on double gate (DG) MOSFETs and observed different saturation velocities when we change the thickness of the intrinsic silicon slab.

Field of study: Materials science
Spectroscopy and primary processes in the photolysis of iodides for iodine photodissociation lasers (review)

An analysis is made of the general laws governing the spectroscopy of diatomic and polyatomic iodides in the UV?VUV parts of the spectrum and their spectroscopic properties are compared with published data on the primary photolysis processes. Particular attention is paid to alkyl iodides and perfluoroalkyl iodides. An attempt is made to interpret the observed dependences.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Late Cenozoic paleomagnetic record of Duck Hawk Bluffs, Banks Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago

Detailed paleomagnetic investigations have been completed on unconsolidated sediments from Duck Hawk Bluffs on Banks Island, in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, that record some of the oldest late Cenozoic glacial and nonglacial events in Canada. The preglacial Worth Point Formation, the overlying Duck Hawk Bluffs Formation, including marine and glacial deposits laid down during the Banks Glaciation, and the lower part of the interglacial Morgan Bluffs Formation have magnetically reversed directions and therefore are of Matuyama age (>790 ka). Upper Morgan Bluffs Formation organic beds and deposits of the younger Thomsen Glaciation, Cape Collinson Interglaciation, and Amundsen Glaciation are normally magnetized and therefore of Brunhes age (<790 ka). The Brunhes–Matuyama boundary is recorded in the upper portion of the Morgan Bluffs Formation. Its precise position within the interglacial sequence can be identified, since the sediments document the gradual change from reversely inclined directions to norma...

Field of study: Environmental science
Model of tunneling transistors based on graphene on SiC

Recent experiments shown that graphene epitaxially grown on Silicon carbide (SiC) can exhibit a energy gap of 0.26 eV, making it a promising material for electronics. With an accurate model, we explore the design parameter space for a fully ballistic graphene-on-SiC tunnel field-effect transistors, and assess the dc and high frequency figures of merit. The steep subthreshold behavior can enable ION/IOFF ratios exceeding 104 even with a low supply voltage of 0.15 V, for devices with gatelength down to 30 nm. Intrinsic transistor delays smaller than 1 ps are obtained. These factors make the device an interesting candidate for low-power nanoelectronics beyond CMOS.

Field of study: Physics
Tuning Over-Relaxed ADMM

The framework of Integral Quadratic Constraints (IQC) reduces the computation of upper bounds on the convergence rate of several optimization algorithms to a semi-definite program (SDP). In the case of over-relaxed Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM), an explicit and closed form solution to this SDP was derived in our recent work . The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we summarize these results. Second, we explore one of its consequences which allows us to obtain general and simple formulas for optimal parameter selection. These results are valid for arbitrary strongly convex objective functions.

Field of study: Computer science
DETERMINATION OF WIDENING OF AEROSOL PULSES IN CAPILLARIES DIFFUSION BATTERY

A set of equipment of real-time measurement of aerosols concentration was established to survey of the diffusional and migratory behavior of aerosols in diffusion batteries by using aerosol counting instruments and chromatography analysis.Measurements of mean residence time and penetration of submicrometer aerosols in flows in tubes were made within the range of Reynolds numbers from 0.07 to 0.26 by widening of aerosols pulses analysis of monodisperse polystyrene spheres solid particles injected in clean nitrogen flow through a diffusion battery of capillary tubes.It was shown that the penetration of aerosol significantly depended on the mean flow velocity and particles size.On the other hand, the mean aerosol velocity weakly differs from the mean flow velocity.The results obtained were important in several applications, including aerosols sampling, detection and leakage evaluation.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Unsteady perturbed flow at low Mach number of a viscous compressible fluid

The problem of the unsteady perturbed two-dimensional flow at low Mach number of a viscous compressible fluid is studied taking the relation between the stress and deformation rates tensors that was obtained and applied in  and . It is shown that the system of equations describing the phenomenon is totally hyperbolic and therefore the perturbations in any point P of the field are propagated by means of waves corresponding to four characteristic surfaces passing through P. The displacement and propagation velocities of these waves are determined as well as their dependence on the orientation of their front in P; it is shown besides that the discontinuity vector across the waves has components both longitudinal and transversal. The variation laws of the fluid velocities both on the characteristic surfaces and along their bicharacteristics are determined, which allows us to solve the Cauchy problem with a "step-by-step" method.

Field of study: Mathematics
REACTION OP CYCLOALKANONES WITH COPPER(II) HALIDE. III. REACTION OP CYCLOHEXANONES AND STEROIDAL KETONES WITH COPPER(II) HALIDE IN ETHYLENE GLYCOL

It was found that, in the presence of small amounts of copper(II) halide, cyclohexanones and steroidal ketones in ethylene glycol gave smoothly their acetals. Moreover, the reaction of steroidal ketones with 5 molar equiv. of copper(II) halide in ethylene glycol/dioxane (1:1) gave their α-haloacetals.

Field of study: Chemistry
An Improved Hadoop Data Load Balancing Algorithm

Data load balancing is one of the key problems of big data technology. As a big data application, Hadoop has had many successful applications. HDFS is Hadoop Distributed File System and has the load balancing procedure which can balance the storage load on each machine. However, this method cannot balance the overload rack preferentially, and so it is likely to cause the breakdown of overload machines. In this paper, we focus on the overload machines and propose an improved algorithm for balancing the overload racks preferentially. The improved method constructs Prior Balance List list which includes overload machines, For Balance List list and NextForBalanceList list by many factors and balances among the racks selected from these lists firstly. Experiments show that the improved method can balance the overload racks in time and reduce the possibility of breakdown of these racks

Field of study: Computer science
Clinical pathway for early discharge after complete primary repair of exstrophy and epispadias by using a spica cast.

Secure closure of the pubic diastasis during bladder exstrophy and epispadias repair decreases the abdominal wall tension at the time of reconstruction. Pelvic osteotomies are routinely performed at the time of abdominal wall and bladder reconstruction in order to more easily facilitate pubic symphyseal diastasis approximation. Postoperative pelvic immobilization is performed by methods that include modified Buck's traction, modified Bryant's traction, and spica casting. People undergoing closure often require inpatient hospitalization for 2-8 weeks because of the pelvic immobilization. The present study examined the findings from a clinical pathway for early discharge after complete primary repair of exstrophy (CPRE) and proximal epispadias repair with spica casting.



The present study is a retrospective review of patients that underwent pelvic osteotomies with spica casting at the time of CPRE or proximal epispadias repair from November 2006 to March 2013. All patients had anterior innominate osteotomies and spica cast pelvic immobilization.



Pelvic osteotomies and spica cast pelvic immobilization were performed on 17 children. The median postoperative stay was 6.0 days and the subdivided results are in Table. No children experienced an abdominal or orthopedic complication. A few children required minor cast adjustments to relieve pressure. After cast removal, no skin breakdown, pressure necrosis, or nerve palsy were found. The median length of casting without pinning was 31 (26-48) days.



The use of spica cast pelvic immobilization after exstrophy and epispadias repair is safe and allows for earlier discharge when compared to other methods of pelvic immobilization. However, although the family appreciates early discharge and additional bonding, the priority is the success of the closure. The present findings demonstrate, and are corroborated by other spica cast publications, that spica casting is as effective as modified Bryant's traction or modified Buck's traction. The success rates for CPRE with spica casting are similar to published staged repairs and have the benefit of allowing for bladder cycling, which potentially enables better bladder growth and development. If success and complication rates are comparable amongst the different pelvic immobilization groups, then variables including hospital length of stay and cost become appropriate comparisons.



The shortened discharge time, along with a significant decrease in acuity of care leads to significant decreases in hospital costs. Additional hospital stay when using modified Bryant's traction or modified Buck's traction with external fixation will accrue significant hospital costs.

Field of study: Medicine
A study of the cation order in hollandite-like MxT5S8 phases☆

The phases InTi5S8, InCr5S8, Ba0.50V5S8, Ba0.50V5S8, Ba0.51Cr5S8, Ba0.56Cr5S8 and Sr0.48Cr5S8 were prepared and their crystal structures determined from single crystal data and diffuse scattering. Their basic structure is isotypic to the TIV5S8 type with space group C2 m . Indium is in a split position resulting in an asymmetric four-fold coordination. In the BaxT5S8 phases the barium ions form one-dimensional domain structures (x ≈ 0.56) with a nine-fold superperiod along the b axis, or two-dimensional sheets (x ≈ 0.5) with mesh (2b, c). Strontium forms a three-dimensional superstructure.

Field of study: Materials science
Unsteady airloads in supercritical transonic flows

Results obtained from a simplified theory of unsteady perturbations of supercritical two-dimensional transonic flows, introduced in an earlier paper, are presented. Unsteady loads generated by an oscillating flap and by airfoils oscillating as a whole are given with comparisons to experimental results and finite difference solutions. The theory, which was originally formulated for symmetric airfoils at zero mean angle of attack, is extended to treat asymmetric mean flows.

Field of study: Physics
Risk factors for increased severity of paediatric medication administration errors.

Patients' risks from medication errors are widely acknowledged. Yet not all errors, if they occur, have the same risks for severe consequences. Facing resource constraints, policy makers could prioritize factors having the greatest severe-outcome risks. This study assists such prioritization by identifying work-related risk factors most clearly associated with more severe consequences. Data from three Canadian paediatric centres were collected, without identifiers, on actual or potential errors that occurred. Three hundred seventy-two errors were reported, with outcome severities ranging from time delays up to fatalities. Four factors correlated significantly with increased risk for more severe outcomes: insufficient training; overtime; precepting a student; and off-service patient. Factors' impacts on severity also vary with error class: for wrong-time errors, the factors precepting a student or working overtime significantly increase severe-outcomes risk. For other types, caring for an off-service patient has greatest severity risk. To expand such research, better standardization is needed for categorizing outcome severities.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
On the Possibility of Applying the Quasi-Isothermal Stäckel’s Model to Our Galaxy

An earlier derived quasi-isothermal Stäckel’s model of mass distribution in stellar systems and the corresponding formula for space density are applied to our Galaxy. The model rotation curve is fitted to HI kinematical data. The structural and scale parameters of the model are estimated and the corresponding density contours for our Galaxy are presented.

Field of study: Physics
Special Considerations in Administering the Quick Test to Mentally Retarded and Central Nervous System-Impaired Subjects

Eight special considerations are reported for use with the Quick Test (Ammons & Ammons, 1962) when testing mentally retarded or central nervous system-impaired subjects. Use of these techniques may result in a more accurate IQ. The techniques pertain to the manner of presenting stimuli, examiner's empathy, subject's self-perception, and control of guessing. The techniques are intended to supplement directions that appear in the Quick Test manual.

Field of study: Psychology
On the convergence of Gander's type family of iterative methods for simultaneous approximation of polynomial zeros

In this paper, we propose a fifth-order family of iterative methods for approximation of all zeros of a polynomial simultaneously. The new family is developed by combining Gander’s third-order family of iterative methods with the second-order Weierstrass root-finding method. The aim of the paper is to state initial conditions that provide local and semilocal convergence of the proposed methods as well as a priori and a posteriori error estimates. In the case of semilocal convergence the initial conditions and error estimates are computationally verifiable which is of practical importance.

Field of study: Mathematics
Impaired "episodic-like" object memory in adult APPswe transgenic mice.

An early clinical symptom of Alzheimer's disease is impaired episodic memory. However, the precise pathological event(s) that underpins this deficit remains unclear. In the present study, the authors examined whether wild-type mice and Tg2576 mice expressing an amyloid precursor protein (APP) mutation are able to form an integrated memory of the spatio-temporal context in which objects are presented. In Experiment 1, wild-type mice, but not Tg2576 mice that were 10-12 months old, explored objects presented in a novel location. In Experiment 2, wild-type mice explored an object that was presented both earlier in a sequence and in a different location relative to other objects that possessed only one of these properties (i.e., memory for "what," "where," and "when" items were presented). In contrast, the behavior of adult Tg2576 mice was influenced only by the temporal order in which objects were presented. These results demonstrate that wild-type, but not APP-mutant, mice are able to form an "episodic-like" memory of the spatio-temporal properties of objects and support the hypothesis that aberrant APP processing contributes to impairments in event memory.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Intrinsic Multi-scale Evaluation of Generative Models

Generative models are often used to sample high-dimensional data points from a manifold with small intrinsic dimension. Existing techniques for comparing generative models focus on global data properties such as mean and covariance; in that sense, they are extrinsic and uni-scale. We develop the first, to our knowledge, intrinsic and multi-scale method for characterizing and comparing underlying data manifolds, based on comparing all data moments by lower-bounding the spectral notion of the Gromov-Wasserstein distance between manifolds. In a thorough experimental study, we demonstrate that our method effectively evaluates the quality of generative models; further, we showcase its efficacy in discerning the disentanglement process in neural networks.

Field of study: Computer science
Physics Today in China

When I landed in Peking one cold night last November I was warmly greeted by Kuan Wei‐yen, a low‐temperature physicist who runs Academia Sinica's Institute of Physics. It was the start of a three‐week tour of the People's Republic of China as the guest of Academia Sinica, in which I met with Vice‐Premier Fang Yi and other leading science officials, visited six physics institutes and five university physics departments.

Field of study: Physics