nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Structural, temperature comportment and electrical study of the ceramic matrix system (SiO2-Fe2O3-MoO3):Nb2O5

In this paper we present a study the structural, temperature comportment and electrical properties of the ceramic system SiO2ÂÂMoO3ÂÂFe2O3:Nb2O5. The phasesA(SiO2-Fe2O3-MoO3), B(SiO2-Fe2O3-MoO3 + 0.3%weightmolar Nb2O5) and C (SiO2-Fe2O3-MoO3 + 0.5%weightmolar Nb2O5)was prepared through the solid state reaction. The samples were analyzed byX-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) together with the Rietveld refinement, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The dielectric propertieswere measured in the frequency range 1HzÂÂ1MHz as a function of temperature.The TemperatureCapacitance Coefficient (TCC) wasmeasured for all samples. The obtained results are discussed and correlated with the preparation method. The obtained results suggest that this ceramic matrix is a good candidate for temperature sensing.

Field of study: Materials science
The thermal structure of the central Nova Scotia Slope (eastern Canada): seafloor heat flow and thermal maturation models

The thermal history and maturation potential of the central Scotian Slope is constrained using a combination of 47 recently acquired seafloor heat flow measurements, two-dimensional (2D) seismic reflection data, available well data, simple lithospheric rift models, and thermal and petroleum systems modelling. Consistent heat flow values of 41–46 mW·m−2 were measured seaward of the salt diapiric province and across the slope away from the influence of salt structures. Significant but highly variable increases in heat flow were measured for stations overlying salt diapiric structures, reaching values upwards of 72 mW·m−2. Simple models of conductive heat transfer with static salt geometries constrained from reflection profiles indicate that two of the four models fit the data, whereas two indicate much higher values suggestive of additional, convective effects. Dynamic 2D thermal models were developed to incorporate the effects of lithospheric rifting, crustal stretching, and radiogenic heat production in t...

Field of study: Environmental science
Minding the Gap: Mentor and Pre-service Teachers’ Ability Perceptions of Content Area Literacy Instruction

This mixed method study compared how student teachers rated their ability in implementing components of content-area literacy compared to their clinical educators’ perceptions of the student teachers’ actual performance. The researchers collaborated with preK-12 clinical educators to develop a scaled survey to rate level of skill in four components of content literacy instruction. 112 clinical educators (CEs) and 183 student teachers (STs) representing five teacher licensure programs completed the survey. A two-way multivariate analysis of variance measured the effect of Role (CE and ST) and Teacher Licensure Program on ability perception. Results indicated that Role and Program each significantly affected ratings of the four content literacy component skills measured, but the effect of Role did not significantly differ based on Program. Participants’ written explanations of their ability ratings revealed how their mental models of content literacy accounted for differences in ability perception by Role. Implications are provided for enhancing pre-service teachers’ perceptual and qualitative awareness of the practices that underlie highly effective content-area literacy instruction.

Field of study: Education
x-only point addition formula and faster torsion basis generation in compressed SIKE

The optimization of the main key compression bottlenecks of the supersingular isogeny key encapsulation mechanism (SIKE) has been a target of research in the last few years. Significant improvements were introduced in the recent works of Costello et al.  and Zanon et al. [17,18]. The combination of the techniques in [17,18] reduced the running time of binary torsion basis generation in decompression by a factor of 29 compared to previous work . On the other hand, generating such a basis still takes almost a million cycles on an Intel Core i5-6267U. In this paper, we continue the work of [18] and introduce a technique that drops the complexity of binary torsion basis generation by a factor log p in the number of underlying field multiplications. In particular, our experimental results show that a basis can be generated in about 1.3k cycles, attaining an improvement by a factor more than 600. Although this result eliminates one of the key compression bottlenecks, many other bottlenecks remain. In addition, we give further improvements for the ternary torsion generation with significant impact on the related decompression procedure. Moreover, a new trade-off between ciphertext sizes vs decapsulation speed and storage is introduced and achieves a 2 times faster decapsulation.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Autonomic system disorders in patients with myasthenia gravis

Using a set of techniques, segmentary and nonsegmentary autonomic nervous system compartments were studied at rest and under stress. Parasympathicotonia, on the background of general deficit of ascending nonspecific brain activity, was found to characterize myasthenia in general. A decrease of nonspecific brain activity level is combined with elevated anxiety. However, one may distinguish a generalized type of the disease by the presence of dissociation of the autonomic nervous system compartments due to sympathicotonia.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Hospital payment arrangements to encourage efficiency: the case of Victoria, Australia.

The casemix funding arrangements introduced in Victoria on 1 July 1993 represent a significant departure from the previous approaches to public hospital funding in Australia. They are designed to change the economic incentives on hospitals by linking payment to the number and case complexity of patients treated. The new funding arrangements include a combination of fixed and variable payments to hospitals for inpatient services. Outpatient services remain funded on a historical basis. Special payments are made for teaching and research functions. Total payments to hospitals are capped through operation of an 'Additional Throughput Pool' which allows price to fluctuate inversely with volume to ensure an expenditure limit. Because of operations of specific conditions on the Additional Throughput Pool, hospitals were given an incentive to reduce waiting lists. Despite the success in reducing waiting lists and budgets, there are a number of problems with the casemix approach including both technical issues (how are payment rates to be updated?; the failure to address problems of capital) and ethical issues. These are discussed in the paper.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
SINGULAR CONFORMALLY INVARIANT TRILINEAR FORMS, II THE HIGHER MULTIPLICITY CASE

Let S be the sphere of dimension n − 1, n ≥ 4. Let πλλ∈ℂ$$ {\left({\uppi}_{\uplambda}\right)}_{{{}_{\uplambda}}_{\in \mathbb{C}}} $$ be the scalar principal series of representations of the conformal group SO0(1; n), realized on C∞(S). For λ = (λ1, λ2, λ3,) ∈ ℂ3, let Tri(λ) be the space of continuous trilinear forms on C∞(S) × C∞(S) × C∞(S) which are invariant under πλ1 ⊗ πλ2 ⊗ πλ3. For each value of λ, the dimension of Tri(λ) is computed and a basis of Tri(λ) is described.

Field of study: Mathematics
Effects of temperature and pressure on Rhizomucor miehei lipase stability.

Both high temperature and high hydrostatic pressure induce irreversible deactivation of enzymes. They enable the enzyme's thermodynamic parameters to be determined and are used to study the mechanisms involved in biochemical systems. The effect of these two factors on the stability of Rhizomucor miehei lipase have been investigated. The stability criterion used was residual hydrolytic activity of the lipase. Experimental and theoretical parameters, obtained by linear regression analysis, were compared with theoretical kinetics in order to validate the series-type inactivation model. The lipase of R. miehei was deactivated by either thermal or pressure treatment. Moreover conformational studies made by fluorescence spectroscopy suggest that the conformational changes induced by pressure were different from those induced by temperature. In addition they show that after thermal deactivation there were less intermolecular hydrogen bonded structures formed than was the case for deactivation by high pressure.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Acceleration of hematopoietic recovery of chemotherapeutically lesioned mice by recombinant human macrophage colony stimulating factor expressed in silkworm

To investigate the effect of rhM CSF on hematopoietic recovery of chemotherapeutical lesions.  100mg/kg CTX were ip injected into mice for 3 consecutive days to make the model of chemotherapeutical lesions. Mice were also ip injected with rhM CSF at doses of 0 1 2 0μg/day following the injection of CTX.  Observation of the peripheral hematological changes showed: The peripheral white blood cell count of treatment group(0 5 2 0 μg/day rhM CSF) was significantly higher than that of the control group at day 8 ( P 0 01). Monocyte and granulocyte counts of treatment group(0 1 2 0 μg/day rhM CSF) were significantly higher than those of the control group at day 8( P 0 01). Among which, 1 0 μg/day rhM CSF was most active. 2 On day 7, the bone marrow CFU GM yield of control group was significantly lower than that of treatment group, and no evident difference was found between the effect of rhM CSF and rhM CSF plus G CSF as stimulating factor.  rhM CSF could accelerate hematopoietic recovery in chemotherapeutically lesioned mice.

Field of study: Biology
Verbreiterung der Debye-Seherrerschen Linien von kaltbearbeitetem Wolframdraht und Wolframband als Funktion der Glühtemperatur und Glühdauer

ZusammenfassungDie Abhängigkeit der Linienverbreiterung in Röntgenaufnahmen von kaltgezogenem Wolframdraht und gewalztem Wolframband von Glühtemperatur und Erhitzungsdauer wurde durch Photometrieren der Linien des Kupfer-Kα-Dubletts untersucht. Die Aufnahmen der Drähte bzw. Bändchen wurden unter möglichst gleichen Versuchsbedingungen gemacht. Als Maß für die Schärfe eines Dubletts wurde das Verhältnis U der Intensität im Maximum der stärksten Linie (α1) und im Minimum zwischen den beiden Linien betrachtet. U wurde für ein bestimmtes Dublett [(32i) im Falle der Drähte, (400) im Falle der Bändchen] bestimmt aus dem mit einem Mollschen Mikrophotometer hergestellten Photogramm des Dubletts, unter Zuhilfenahme einer experimentell ermittelten Intensität-Schwärzungskurve. Es zeigt sich, daß für Drähte oder Bändchen aus demselben Material die Schärfe des Dubletts zufolge des Glühens schnell zunimmt. Beim Glühen auf Temperaturen, wobei Rekristallisation nicht oder nicht merkbar stattfindet, erreichen die U-Werte eines bestimmten Dubletts für ein bestimmtes Material einen für jede Temperatur ungefähr konstanten Bndwert. Die Linien werden zufolge der Erhitzung schärfer, aber bei jeder Temperatur bleibt eine gewisse Unscharfe übrig.

Field of study: Physics
The St. Louis Ozone Gardens: Visualizing the Impact of a Changing Atmosphere

To illustrate how the present-day background concentrations of ground-level O3 damage the biosphere, we have established the St. Louis “Ozone Garden” Project as an educational and public outreach facility that provides platforms for observing and quantifying damage to plants. The St. Louis Ozone Gardens education/public outreach program is designed to increase public awareness of this environmental problem.

Field of study: Environmental science
Classification and chemical characteristics of immobilized enzymes (Technical Report)

Chairman: W. E. van der Linden (Netherlands); Secretaly: C. L. Graham (UK); Titular Members: L. A. Currie (USA); St. Glab (Poland); W. Horwitz (USA); D. L. Massart (Belgium); M. Parkany (Switzerland); Associate Members: K. Danzer (Germany); Y. Gohshi (Japan); H. Miiller (Germany); M. Otto (Germany); J. W. Stahl (USA); P. J. Worsfold (UK); National Representatives: T. M. Tavares (Brazil); J. Garaj (Czechoslovakia); J. Incz6dy (Hungary); D. Thorbum Bums (Ireland); R. D. Reeves (New Zealand); J. F. van Staden (RSA); F. Ingman (Sweden); S . Ate? (Turkey).

Field of study: Chemistry
[The clinical and psychological aspects of the reaction to disease (the problem of nosogenias)].

"Nosogenias" is the term describing some reactive states. They account for 15-90% of all the patients of somatic hospital. They are due to constellation of some psychotraumatic events related to somatic disease. A total of 166 patients were examined, among them 55 patients with ischemic heart disease, 56 cases with hypertension and 56 ones with bronchial asthma. The results evidence for the existence of two independent vectors which characterise "extremal" points of continuum of disease perception. The importance of somatic trouble (hyper- or hyponosognomia) was the basis of the first vector while the degree of completeness of independent and the whole image of disease as something which differed from "self" (ego-dystonic and ego-syntonic perception of disease) was the basis of the second vector. Combination of the above vectors with clinical and psychological characteristics in the whole clinical pattern of disease was recorded.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
High Voltage Insulators for Particle Accelerators

In modern high energy particle accelerators there are many component parts and devices which operate at high voltages in vacuum, e.g., injectors, inflectors, beam choppers and velocity separators. Since the surface voltage stress attainable across insulators is generally lower than across plane gaps, the physical size of the apparatus is governed by the high voltage performance of the support insulators in vacuum. In this paper the author discusses the various factors affecting the insulator performance, in the light of his experience with NIMROD, the 7 BeV proton synchrotron and the design of a D. C. injector for an intense neutron generator machine which was under study at Chalk River, Canada.

Field of study: Physics
On multiplication of double cosets for $\GL(\infty)$ over a finite field

We consider a group $GL(\infty)$ and its parabolic subgroup $B$ corresponding to partition $\infty=\infty+m+\infty$. Denote by $P$ the kernel of the natural homomorphism $B\to GL(m)$. We show that the space of double cosets of $GL(\infty)$ by $P$ admits a natural structure of a semigroup. In fact this semigroup acts in subspaces of $P$-fixed vectors of some unitary representations of $GL(\infty)$ over finite field.

Field of study: Mathematics
Legal Aid in the Netherlands: A View from England

England has a long established legal aid scheme and spends more money on it than any other European country. Yet it is widely seen as failing, by government, lawyers and clients. The government complains of a rising budget and appears to have lost control of expenditure. The profession complains of falling remuneration and threatens to withdraw from the scheme. Meanwhile, the consumer lobby complains that the number of people eligible for help has fallen. How far are these problems unique to Britain? The Netherlands has the second most developed legal aid scheme in Europe in terms of money spent per head of population. Like Britain, it relies on private practitioners to provide the majority of the service. Unlike Britain, however, the Dutch scheme is not purely 'judicare,'l but has a well-established and securely funded salaried sector. The Ministry of Justice spends some 15 per cent of its legal aid budget on twenty 'buros voor rechtshulp,' which in English terms combine ffie functions of law centres and legal aid area offices. The Legal Action Group (LAG) decided to find out more about how the Dutch scheme works in practice, to see if it holds any lessons for England and Wales. In March 1991, Roger Smith and I visited Amsterdam and The Hague as part of LAG's Legal Services Project, funded by the Nuffield Foundation. We visited two buros and interviewed representatives from the Ministry of Justice, the Bar and the buro movement. In order to male direct comparisons between buros and English law centres, I also visited three London and three provincial law centres, and spoke to 14 staff.2 We found that the English and Dutch schemes share similar problems. Both face an escalating legal aid budget, a fierce pay dispute between the government and legal profession and the threat that consumers may have to meet a greater share of the costs. In both jurisdictions, rights of audience, specialisation, quality control and legal aid 'contracts' are under discussion. On the other hand, the Dutch scheme is less dominated by crime work. A greater proportion of the budget is spent on social welfare issues such as employment, housing, immigration and social security. The Dutch government also appears to have been more successful in its negotiations with the private profession. Although the number of cases has increased, it has kept a firm hold on the amount it pays per case. It seems that salaried services alter the political landscape. A strong salaried sector offers a counterweight to the power

Field of study: Law
Facing Crisis: Saving a Company via Cultural Transformation

Crisis may require an organization to transform itself; however, transformation may not necessarily help the organization overcome the crisis. Two crises occurred in Taiwan that forced many businesses to change their operating style. The earthquake on September 21, 1999 and the outbreak of SARS in 2003 forced organizations to change. These two calamities exposed companies to a series of challenges which often required creativity and change to overcome. This research is a case study of how a Taiwanese company overcame the challenges caused by these crises, transforming itself from a customer-led business to a market-oriented business. Specifically, we extend Lewin’s planned change model to investigate the storytelling and organizational communication styles used in different stages of this company’s transformation. The findings reveal that a company can actively respond to crisis thereby providing guidelines for organizations facing catastrophe and chaos.

Field of study: Business
Thought about blending "cool abstractive" harmonious ideas in group calisthenics design

By interpreting the design of opening ceremony of the Athens Olympic Games,East Asia Games and Tenth National Games,the author analyzed and studied the"cool abstractive" style implications and harmonious ideas contained therein,suggested that the "cool abstractive" style should be properly blended in the design of opening ceremony of Beijing Olympic Games 2008 to fully embody harmonious ideas,and looked forward to its prospect.

Field of study: Education
Stochastic cooling in the CERN ISR during pp colliding beam physics

When the ISR is used as a pp collider a high-intensity proton beam in R1 collides with a low-intensity antiproton beam in R2 for periods of up to two weeks. The luminosity lifetime is increased with a vertical stochastic cooling system in R1 designed for currents up to 10 A with a total bandwidth of 3.3 GHz. Cooling rates up to 0.7%/h have been obtained. The R2 antiprotons are cooled vertically with a 100-600 MHz system which decreases the initial beam height by up to a factor 7 and increases the luminosity by a factor 1.3-1.4. A momentum cooling system in R2 (frequency range: 55-155 MHz) creates empty space within the p stacking aperture. This allows several stacks from the antiproton accumulator (AA) to be stored in the ISR. With this system which uses the Palmer method it has been proved experimentally that momentum cooling and horizontal betatron cooling are obtained simultaneously if the betatron phase between pick-up and exciter is an odd number of half-betatron wavelengths. The cooling rate of the momentum cooling system which is power-limited is typically 4%/h at 26 GeV/c. The layout of the cooling systems is shown schematically  The position of the various elements is mainly determined by the available free space and the lattice parameters. Future applications include vertical cooling of α-particles and cooling of antiprotons in all three planes in an experiment where a circulating 3.5-7.5 GeV/c p beam collides with a hydrogen gas jet target.

Field of study: Physics
Infrared measurements in the Arctic using two Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometers

The Extended-range Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (E-AERI) is a moderate resolution (1 cm−1) Fourier transform infrared spectrometer for measuring the absolute downwelling infrared spectral radiance from the atmosphere between 400 and 3000 cm−1. The extended spectral range of the instrument permits monitoring of the 400–550 cm−1 (20–25 μm) region, where most of the infrared surface cooling currently occurs in the dry air of the Arctic. Spectra from the E-AERI have the potential to provide information about radiative balance, trace gases, and cloud properties in the Canadian high Arctic. Calibration, performance evaluation, and certification of the E-AERI were performed at the University of Wisconsin Space Science and Engineering Centre from September to October 2008. The instrument was then installed at the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL) Ridge Lab (610 m altitude) at Eureka, Nunavut, in October 2008, where it acquired one year of data. Measurements are taken every seven minutes year-round, including polar night when the solar-viewing spectrometers at PEARL are not operated. A similar instrument, the University of Idaho's Polar AERI (P-AERI), was installed at the Zero-altitude PEARL Auxiliary Laboratory (0PAL), 15 km away from the PEARL Ridge Lab, from March 2006 to June 2009. During the period of overlap, these two instruments provided calibrated radiance measurements from two altitudes. A fast line-by-line radiative transfer model is used to simulate the downwelling radiance at both altitudes; the largest differences (simulation-measurement) occur in spectral regions strongly influenced by atmospheric temperature and/or water vapour. The two AERI instruments at close proximity but located at two different altitudes are well-suited for investigating cloud forcing. As an example, it is shown that a thin, low ice cloud resulted in a 6% increase in irradiance. The presence of clouds creates a large surface radiative forcing in the Arctic, particularly in the 750–1200 cm−1 region where the downwelling radiance is several times greater than clear-sky radiances, which is significantly larger than in other more humid regions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Eine einfache Synthesemöglichkeit für S-substituierte 2-Thioaldehyde

Setzt man Vinylthioather 4, die sich nach Wittig aus Aldehyden 1 und (Aryl- oder Alkylthiomethylen)triphenylphoranen 2 herstellen lassen, mit Brom um, so entstehen α,β-Dibromthioather 5, die beim Stehen in wasrigem Medium in S-substituierte Thioaldehyde 8 ubergehen. 
 
 
 
A Convenient Synthesis of S-substituted 2-Thioaldehydes 
 
 
 
Vinyl thioethers 4, which can be obtained by Wittig′s method from aldehydes and (aryl- or alkylthiomethylene)triphenylphosphoranes 2, react with bromine to give α,β-dibromothioethers 5. Hydrolysis of 5 yields S-substituted α-thioaldehydes 8.

Field of study: Chemistry
Probing Majorana modes in the tunneling spectra of a resonant level.

Unambiguous identification of Majorana physics presents an outstanding problem whose solution could render topological quantum computing feasible. We develop a numerical approach to treat finite-size superconducting chains supporting Majorana modes, which is based on iterative application of a two-site Bogoliubov transformation. We demonstrate the applicability of the method by studying a resonant level attached to the superconductor subject to external perturbations. In the topological phase, we show that the spectrum of a single resonant level allows us to distinguish peaks coming from Majorana physics from the Kondo resonance.

Field of study: Physics