nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Review of footnotes and annotations to the 1949–2013 tables of standard atomic weights and tables of isotopic compositions of the elements (IUPAC Technical Report)

The Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights uses annotations given in footnotes that are an integral part of the Tables of Standard Atomic Weights to alert users to the possibilities of quite extraordinary occurrences, as well as sources with abnormal atomic-weight values outside an otherwise acceptable range. The basic need for footnotes to the Standard Atomic Weights Table and equivalent annotations to the Table of Isotopic Compositions of the Elements arises from the necessity to provide users with information that is relevant to one or more elements, but that cannot be provided using numerical data in columns. Any desire to increase additional information conveyed by annotations to these Tables is tempered by the need to preserve a compact format and a style that can alert users, who would not be inclined to consult either the last full element-by-element review or the full text of a current Standard Atomic Weights of the Elements report. Since 1989, the footnotes of the Tables of Standard Atomic Weights and the annotations in column 5 of the Table of Isotopic Compositions of the Elements have been harmonized by use of three lowercase footnotes, “g”, “m”, and “r”, that signify geologically exceptionally specimens (“g”), modified isotopic compositions in material subjected to undisclosed or inadvertent isotopic fractionation (“m”), and the range in isotopic composition of normal terrestrial material prevents more precise atomic-weight value being given (“r”). As some elements are assigned intervals for their standard atomic-weight values (applies to 12 elements since 2009), footnotes “g” and “r” are no longer needed for these elements.

Field of study: Chemistry
Backpacks, driving, fun and farewell: examining the ritual experience of the weekend amongst non-resident parents and their children

If not in reality, then in the cultural imaginary of Western society, the weekend is often pictured as a pilgrimage site for families. By particularly focusing on the experience of the weekend amongst non-resident parents and their child(ren), this article offers a simultaneously new and innovative gaze on the issue. Drawing on middle-class non-resident parents’ accounts collected through episodic interviews, it explores the beginning, the middle and the ending of those fortnightly weekends. Making use of a qualitative approach, key moments of anticipation, experience and farewell are examined, and the main features highlighted. Using a sociological perspective, the findings suggest that whilst outside the week, its promise is to synchronise everyone under a same family clock in the view of a ‘quality’ and ‘special’ time; inside the weekend, non-resident parents and their children experience a family ritual. In between the expectation and joy in the anticipation and the sadness and the sorrow of farewell, a ‘different’ time disrupts the daily life, and imprints a ‘unique’ and ‘special’ occasion. Always ephemeral, the weekend is, thus, unveiled as a liminal time span, not least as far as post-separation parenting is concerned.

Field of study: Sociology
Surface flashover characteristics of polyethylene film under ns impulse voltage in vacuum

Surface flashover of insulators is widely applied in pulsed power technique. In the ion diode, polyethylence (PE) film is often used as anode foil, for it's abounding in hydrogen. As a flashover ion source, the formation of anode plasma influences the quantity and quality of ion beam seriously. A set of apparatus for studying flashover behavior of PE film in vacuum and it's measurement system are developed in our work. The experiment results of three PE films with difference thickness under impulse voltage of about 100kV, 40ns are presented. For the 90 and 65μm PE fil, if the maximal electric field be up to 150.5kV/cm and 145.3kV/cm respectively, flachover will occur. The luminescence phenomenon of film surface is also studied preliminarily.

Field of study: Physics
AfriCOBRA and TransAtlantic Connections

Since its beginning in 1969 in Chicago, Afri-COBRA has espoused an Afrocentric aesthetic vision. At the same time, it has deemed demeaning any art that posits African peoples as hapless victims, and therefore it has sought to produce a celebratory art—one that reflects cultural balance and aesthetic hegemony. This concept of art and imagery has resonated with many African and African-descent artists throughout the world, and that continuum has created an international concordance in contemporary art that Donaldson describes as a “trans-African” style or movement. This article outlines the development of that movement and AfriCOBRA’s connection to it, as well as the artists with whom its members have come into contact and enjoyed mutual inspiration and influence.

Field of study: Art
Early experiences and their relationship to maternal eating disorder symptoms, both lifetime and during pregnancy.

There is some evidence that early sexual abuse is an aetiological factor for eating disorder. However, there is sparse information from large-scale, non-clinical studies.



This study was designed to explore which early experiences, recalled during pregnancy, were associated with both lifetime and antenatal eating disorder symptoms in a community sample.



Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted of data from questionnaires administered during pregnancy to a community sample of pregnant women.



Recall of parental mental health problems and of early unwanted sexual experiences were independently associated with both lifetime eating problems, laxative use and vomiting during pregnancy, and marked concern during pregnancy over shape and weight.



There are public health implications for these results. Eating disorders in mothers represent a risk for child development. It may be important to enquire during pregnancy about a history of eating problems and to provide the opportunity for early experiences to be discussed.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
The history of the combined supra- and infratentorial approach to the petroclival region.

Lesions of the ventrolateral brainstem, clivus, and cerebellopontine angle pose significant challenges for surgeons, and the rate of morbidity and mortality from classic neurosurgical approaches has proven to be unacceptably high. Early attempts to expose this region consisted primarily of an extended suboccipital craniectomy, with opening of the tentorium and ligation of the sigmoid sinus for additional exposure. During the 1960s, technological innovations including the surgical microscope and the pneumatic drill allowed surgeons to gain additional exposure by removing more bone from the base of the skull. This let surgeons define combined infra- and supratentorial approaches, which rely less on brain retraction to resect these difficult tumors successfully. These approaches rely on a combined posterior mastoid approach with an anterior petrosectomy. The evolution of this approach is discussed in this paper.

Field of study: Medicine
The Restricted and Unrestricted Two-Parameter Estimators

In this article, we introduce a new two-parameter estimator by grafting the contraction estimator into the modified ridge estimator proposed by Swindel (1976). This new two-parameter estimator is a general estimator which includes the ordinary least squares, the ridge, the Liu, and the contraction estimators as special cases. Furthermore, by setting restrictions Rβ = r on the parameter values we introduce a new restricted two-parameter estimator which includes the well-known restricted least squares, the restricted ridge proposed by Groß (2003), the restricted contraction estimators, and a new restricted Liu estimator which we call the modified restricted Liu estimator different from the restricted Liu estimator proposed by Kaçıranlar et al. (1999). We also obtain necessary and sufficient condition for the superiority of the new two-parameter estimator over the ordinary least squares estimator and the comparison of the new restricted two-parameter estimator to the new two-parameter estimator is done by the criterion of matrix mean square error. The estimators of the biasing parameters are given and a simulation study is done for the comparison as well as the determination of the biasing parameters.

Field of study: Mathematics
Resonant amplification of magnetic fields from chiral currents in spacetimes with torsion

Resonant amplification of magnetic fields in spacetimes with torsion are investigated by solving the Heisenberg-Ivanenko nonlinear spinor equation. It is shown that torsion is helicity dependent and that the magnetic fields can be resonantly amplified and that the spinor solution leads to an amplification of the magnetic field dependant of the sign of helicity. The QCD domain wall case with torsion is also investigated and the results compared with recent results by Forbes and Zhitnitski (PRL (2001)).

Field of study: Physics
Transformation of Aspergillus oryzae with a dominant selectable marker

U1638 has been transformed to phleomycin resistance using a phleomycin based vector. Protoplasts were generated using Novozyme 234 and regenerated on sucrose-stabilized minimal medium containing 200 μg ml −1 phleomycin. A frequency of 3 to 7 transformants per 10 6 viable protoplasts was obtained. All transformants tested showed increased resistance to phleomycin when subcultured onto selective medium and the mitotic stability of the transformants was 100% after growth without selective pressure. The vector sequences appeared to be integrated into the A. oryzae U1638 genome at multiple sites.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Strategic Choice of Higher Education Reform and Development in the Frontier Multinational Region under Two Kinds of Context

There're two kinds of context in the strategic choice of higher education reform and development in the frontier multinational region,which are the context of universality and characteristic.In the context of universality,the universal and formal standard is applied in the development of higher education;in the context of characteristic,the special and individual standard is employed.Reconsidering the different context,is useful to choose the development direction and strategy of regional higher education rationally.

Field of study: Education
Real-Time Crop Row Image Reconstruction for Automatic Emerged Corn Plant Spacing Measurement

In-field variations in corn plant spacing and population can lead to significant yield differences. To minimize these variations, seeds should be placed at a uniform spacing during planting. Since the ability to achieve this uniformity is directly related to planter performance, intensive field evaluations are vitally important prior to design of new planters and currently the designers have to rely on manually collected data that is very time consuming and subject to human errors. A machine vision-based emerged crop sensing system (ECSS) was developed to automate corn plant spacing measurement at early growth stages for planter design and testing engineers. This article documents the first part of the ECSS development, which was the real-time video frame mosaicking for crop row image reconstruction. Specifically, the mosaicking algorithm was based on a normalized correlation measure and was optimized to reduce the computational time and enhance the frame connection accuracy. This mosaicking algorithm was capable of reconstructing crop row images in real-time while the sampling platform was traveling at a velocity up to 1.21 m s-1 (2.73 mph). The mosaicking accuracy of the ECSS was evaluated over three 40 to 50 m long crop rows. The ECSS achieved a mean distance measurement error ratio of -0.11% with a standard deviation of 0.74%.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
3D maps of the local ISM from inversion of individual color excess measurements

Three-dimensional (3D) maps of the Galactic interstellar matter (ISM) are a potential tool of wide use, however accurate and detailed maps are still lacking. One of the ways to construct the maps is to invert individual distance-limited ISM measurements, a method we have here applied to measurements of stellar color excess in the optical. We have assembled color excess data together with the associated parallax or photometric distances to constitute a catalog of ~ 23,000 sightlines for stars within 2.5 kpc. The photometric data are taken from Stromgren catalogs, the Geneva photometric database, and the Geneva-Copenhagen survey. We also included extinctions derived towards open clusters. We applied, to this color excess dataset, an inversion method based on a regularized Bayesian approach, previously used for mapping at closer distances. We show the dust spatial distribution resulting from the inversion by means of planar cuts through the differential opacity 3D distribution, and by means of 2D maps of the integrated opacity from the Sun up to various distances. The mapping assigns locations to the nearby dense clouds and represents their distribution at the spatial resolution that is allowed by the dataset properties, i.e. of the order of ~10 pc close to the Sun and increasing to ~100 pc beyond 1 kpc. Biases towards nearby and/or weakly extincted stars make this dataset particularly appropriate to map the local and neighboring cavities, and to locate faint, extended nearby clouds, both goals that are difficult or impossible with other mapping methods. The new maps reveal a ~1 kpc wide empty region in the third quadrant in the continuation of the so-called CMa tunnel of the Local Cavity, a cavity that we identify as the Superbubble GSH238+00+09 detected in radio emission maps and that is found to be bounded by the Orion and Vela clouds.

Field of study: Physics
The control of feeding behavior by an imprinted stimulus.

Imprinted ducklings were trained to peck a pole using brief presentations of the imprinted stimulus as the response-contingent (reinforcing) event. Subjects were then permitted to spend extended periods with continuous access to food and the imprinted stimulus (via a pole peck). For other (control) subjects the experimental situation was restricted to either responding for the stimulus, or feeding in the absence of the stimulus. For subjects in the control conditions, both activities occurred in cyclic fashion. When, however, there was continuous opportunity to respond for the stimulus and food was available, the tendency to respond was related to the tendency to feed. Other experiments showed that independent presentations of the stimulus could initiate feeding in imprinted ducklings with no prior pairing of the stimulus with food and with no prior pole-peck training. The most consistent control over feeding, however, was exhibited by ducklings that were imprinted and also accustomed to periodic removals of the stimulus. It is concluded that in ducklings, imprinting procedures are sufficient to endow an arbitrary stimulus with the capacity to release feeding behavior.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Triclosan Suppresses Testicular Steroidogenesis via the miR-6321/JNK/ Nur77 Cascade

Triclosan (TCS), a broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal compound and an endocrine disruptor, has anti-androgenic properties and could adversely affect male reproduction and fertility.  To elucidate the underlying roles of miRNAs and the MAPK pathway in TCS-mediated repression of testicular steroidogenesis, Sprague-Dawley male rats were dosed daily with TCS for 31 days, and TM3 cells were exposed to TCS for 24 h after the pretreatments with the activator of JNK, Nur77 siRNA, or recombinant lentivirus vector for Nur77. Tissues and/or cells were analyzed by several techniques including transmission electron microscopy, lentivirus production, overexpression, gene silencing, luciferase reporter assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation, western blot, and real-time PCR.  TCS caused histopathologic alterations in the testis and reduced plasma LH and testicular testosterone. TCS induced miR-6321 expression, which in turn depressed its target gene, Map3k1. The inhibition of Map3k1 subsequently inactivated its downstream JNK/c-Jun pathway. ChIP and qPCR assays confirmed that c-Jun directly bound to the Nur77 DNA promoter regions to regulate Nur77 expression. The knockdown and overexpression of Nur77 demonstrated that the JNK/c-Jun-mediated decline in the transcription and translation of Nur77 resulted in the depression of steroidogenic proteins including SRB1, StAR, and 3β-HSD. Intriguingly, the protein expressions of 5α-Reductases (SRD5A1 and SRD5A2) were also downregulated after TCS exposure.  Taken together, the miR-6321/Map3k1-regulated JNK/c-Jun/ Nur77 cascade contributes to TCS-caused suppression of testicular steroidogenesis, and the decrease in 5α-Reductase expressions may be the compensatory mechanism.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Partial Identification of Probability Distributions

Statistical inference for fractal-based point processes is concentrated in the final three chapters. I found these chapters very readable and well presented. Although choosing a point process model that fits real data reasonably well is difficult, often due to the sparseness of the data and the lack of available statistical inference, the authors demonstrate how certain types of fractal behavior can be detected in real datasets by comparing several suitable statistics and/or by using resampling techniques. The authors show this skillfully on the seven real-data examples considered throughout the book. By means of simulations, they also nicely compare the performance of nonparametric estimators of point process measures and of the fractal exponent. Finally, the book’s last chapter considers the accompanying example of computer network traffic in greater detail. This phenomenon has been studied extensively in the literature, and the authors nicely incorporate the existing references into the established framework of fractal-based point processes. Previously considered statistical techniques are put into action, and several fractal-based point processes are fitted to a dataset comprising 1 million consecutive ethernet-packet arrivals. Pedagogically, each chapter is accompanied by well-selected problems that nicely complement the presentation and facilitate a deeper understanding of the subject. It is here that the reader’s mathematical background is put to the test; many may find it beneficial that solutions to selected problems are discussed in the Appendix. Practical aspects of data analysis and simulations can be accessed from the book’s website. Given the tremendous importance of the subject, Fractal-Based Point Processes will certainly prove valuable to scientists working in many distinct fields. Writing a good, practically oriented book on fractals and point processes suitable for a broad audience is not easy, especially considering the mathematical complexity of the concepts. It is apparent that the authors are truly at home in their field and succeed in presenting the topic in a comprehensive and systematic way. Along with the references listed in the presentation, I believe that Fractal-Based Point Processes will be of good use to anyone studying point processes with self-similarity characteristics.

Field of study: Mathematics
Safety : A system state or property?

Safety is frequently addressed as an emergent property of complex and dynamic systems. This contribution advocates the validity and importance of incorporating intrinsic technological hazards and systemic interrelations from a multi-actor perspective in the early phases of design and development. This perspective creates inherent properties in various system states, which may manifest themselves as emergent properties during operations. These safety properties are based on their business models, selectively focusing on primary system components such as infrastructure, vehicles or traffic management. Experiences with major aviation and railway projects highlight the potential of engineering design approaches such as multidisciplinary design optimization, value engineering and vectorial state/space modelling. Such an approach has high change potential for a specific category of high energy density complex socio-technical systems

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Decompressive hemicraniectomy without clot evacuation in dominant-sided intracerebral hemorrhage with ICP crisis.

OBJECT
Large intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), compounded by perihematomal edema, can produce severe elevations of intracranial pressure (ICP). Decompressive hemicraniectomy (DHC) with or without clot evacuation has been considered a part of the armamentarium of treatment options for these patients. The authors sought to assess the preliminary utility of DHC without evacuation for ICH in patients with supratentorial, dominant-sided lesions.



From September 2009 to May 2012, patients with ICH who were admitted to the neurological ICU at Columbia University Medical Center were prospectively enrolled in that institution's ICH Outcomes Project (ICHOP). Five patients with spontaneous supratentorial dominant-sided ICH underwent DHC without clot evacuation for recalcitrant elevated ICP. Data pertaining to the patients' characteristics and outcomes of treatment were prospectively collected.



The patients' median age was 43 years (range 30-55 years) and the ICH etiology was hypertension in 4 of 5 patients, and systemic lupus erythematosus vasculitis in 1 patient. On admission, the median Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score was 7 (range 5-9). The median ICH volume was 53 cm(3) (range 28-79 cm(3)), and the median midline shift was 7.6 mm (range 3.0-11.3 mm). One day after surgery, the median decrease in midline shift was 2.7 mm (range 1.5-4.6 mm), and the median change in GCS score was +1 (range -3 to +5). At discharge, all patients were still alive, and the median GCS score was 10 (range 9-11), the median modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score was 5 (range 5-5), and the median NIHSS (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale) score was 22 (range 17-27). Six months after hemorrhage, 1 patient had died, 2 were functionally dependent (mRS Score 4-5), and 2 were functionally independent (mRS Score 0-3). Outcomes for the patients treated with DHC were good compared with 1) outcomes for all patients with spontaneous supratentorial ICH admitted during the same period (n = 144) and 2) outcomes for matched patients (dominant ICH, GCS Score 5-9, ICH volume 28-79 cm(3), age < 60 years) whose cases were managed nonoperatively (n = 5).



Decompressive hemicraniectomy without clot evacuation appears feasible in patients with large ICH and deserves further investigation, preferably in a randomized controlled setting.

Field of study: Medicine
Versatile Synthesis of 1‐O‐(ω‐Aminolauryl)‐I(4,5)P2

The synthesis of a model 1-O-(ω-aminoacyl)-IP2 derivative, lauryl 4,5-bisphosphate 31, was realized following a versatile and high-yielding scheme. The flexible synthetic strategy used for this purpose allows the preparation of a range of other useful IP, IP2 and IP3 derivatives. In view of the central role played by IPs and PIPs in cellular life, the preparation of functionalized myo-inositol derivatives of this type may facilitate the isolation and fluorescent localization of related proteins.

Field of study: Chemistry