nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
TWO THEOREMS ABOUT PERFORMANCE OF INCOMPATIBLE ELEMENTS

It is well known that some rules have to be followed when an incompatible element is formulated. From the basic mechanical concepts, two new theorems are presented and proved in this paper. Theorem 1: If there exist n independent DOFs, in the computation of stiffness matrix of any kind of finite elements, this element should only simulate n kinds of elasticity basic solutions at the very best. This theorem illustrates that the accuracy of element is limited by its DOF essentially, thus a deduction predicts the quadrilateral 4-node element cannot be improved too much and the quadrilateral 8-node Q8 element and the 3-dimensional 8-node H8 element may be well improved. Theorem 2: If a quadrilateral 4-node incompatible l-type element passes the patch test, then it should not simulate the pure bending state in arbitrary meshes. This theorem shows that the attempt to overcome distortion is limited. These theorems also hold for other types of elements in addition to incompatible elements. In a word, they would help to formulate new elements.

Field of study: Engineering
Cross Efficiency Assessment of China's marine economy under environmental governance

This paper aims to assess the green efficiency of marine economy in 11 coastal regions over 2002–2016. An improved cross efficiency model incorporating undesirable outputs is proposed, which can simultaneously consider self-appraisal and peer-appraisal. The model extends the traditional cross efficiency method by introducing undesirable outputs in a governance framework. The results show that there is still a gap to cover before becoming a high-quality development. While the efficiency exhibits a fluctuating upward trend in most regions, which highlights that the environmental governance has achieved a certain success. The geographic spatial distribution of 11 coastal regions of China indicates center diffusion mode drive the development of marine economy. The kernel density estimation analysis further demonstrates that the trends of green cross efficiencies of marine economy take on the forms of “unimodal, multimodal, unimodal” over three periods, which indicate the effects of China's environmental policies.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Design and Implementation of a General Enterprise Application Framework GEAF

Struts is a framework of MVC pattern. It is one of the most popular Web application framework used at present. Struts is used to control the process of MVC, but it is insufficient in providing support to business Model. Hibernate provides strong support to persistence layer. Based on the analysis of the mechanism of Struts and Hibernate, the paper suggests a General Enterprise Application Framework(GEAF), and describes the relation of the layers and realization in GEAF.

Field of study: Computer science
X-ray structure of the first `extremo-α-carbonic anhydrase', a dimeric enzyme from the thermophilic bacterium Sulfurihydrogenibium yellowstonense YO3AOP1.

SspCA, a novel `extremo-α-carbonic anhydrase' isolated from the thermophilic bacterium Sulfurihydrogenibium yellowstonense YO3AOP1, is an efficient catalyst for the hydration of CO2 and presents exceptional thermostability. Indeed, SspCA retains a high catalytic activity even after being heated to 343-373 K for several hours. Here, the crystallographic structure of this α-carbonic anhydrase (α-CA) is reported and the factors responsible for its function at high temperature are elucidated. In particular, the study suggests that increased structural compactness, together with an increased number of charged residues on the protein surface and a greater number of ionic networks, seem to be the key factors involved in the higher thermostability of this enzyme with respect to its mesophilic homologues. These findings are of extreme importance, since they provide a structural basis for the understanding of the mechanisms responsible for thermal stability in the α-CA family for the first time. The data obtained offer a tool that can be exploited to engineer α-CAs in order to obtain enzymes with enhanced thermostability for use in the harsh conditions of the CO2 capture and sequestration processes.

Field of study: Chemistry
Does the IUCN Red-Listing ‘Criteria B’ do justice for smaller aquatic plants? A case study from Sri Lankan Aponogetons

The IUCN Red List of threatened species is recognised as the accepted standard for species global extinction risk worldwide, and the criteria led down for evaluation are considered as one of the best methods to evaluate extinction risk of species at the global and regional levels.The IUCN’s Red List categories are given more emphasis in determining the conservation status of species and for prioritizing conservation strategies upon these threatened species. The guidelines for evaluation are laid down comprehensively to minimize errors and to maintain consistency of Red List assessments across taxa. However in some cases, it seems that the assessments based on current IUCN criteria do not accurately reflect the real extinction risk of some taxonomic groups. This is not owing to the quality or quantity of the data produced, but rather to some methodological artifacts that affects certain groups of taxa. In this paper we discuss such an event considering an aquatic plant group; genus Aponogeton ; from Sri Lanka. All the known Sri Lankan Aponogeton species have been evaluated under the Criteria B adhering to the given IUCN guidelines and the results suggest that such smaller aquatic plants with high habitat specificity are at a disadvantage when securing their conservation statuses, and thereby lose the protection they deserve through legislations. This study emphasises the obligation of much comprehensive evaluation criteria to estimate the AOO in different plant categories.

Field of study: Environmental science
Race, Cognitive Ability, and Wage Inequality

interracial and intraracial wage inequalities have increased substantially during the 1980s and 1990s. For example, after adjusting for differences in experience, length of time on the job, and other relevant factors, a college graduate's weekly earnings in 1979 were 31 percent greater than the weekly earnings of a high school graduate (Gottschalk 1997). By the early 1990s, the weekly earnings premium for college graduates was 53 percent. Wage data from the Current Population Survey, a widely used U.S. government database, show that AfricanAmerican progress came to a sudden halt in 1975, with whites maintaining at least a 15 percent wage premium from the mid-1970s onward. Worst, all men at or below the 77th percentile saw their weekly wages decline between 1973 and 1994 (after adjusting for inflation), while the wages of the highest earners increased. Women at the 30th percentile or lower did not lose ground during this period, but they did not make much

Field of study: Economics
Improvement of the radiation hardness of SIMOX buried layers using nitrogen implantation

An investigation of hardening the buried oxides (BOX) in separation by implanted oxygen (SIMOX) silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers to total-dose irradiation has been made by implanting nitrogen into the BOX layers with a constant dose at different implantation energies. The total-dose radiation hardness of the BOX layers is characterized by the high frequency capacitance–voltage (C–V) technique. The experimental results show that the implantation of nitrogen into the BOX layers can increase the BOX hardness to total-dose irradiation. Particularly, the implantation energy of nitrogen ions plays an important role in improving the radiation hardness of the BOX layers. The optimized implantation energy being used for a nitrogen dose, the hardness of BOX can be considerably improved. In addition, the C–V results show that there are differences between the BOX capacitances due to the different nitrogen implantation energies.

Field of study: Materials science
Cherenkov laser under conditions of total internal reflection

An analysis is made of the amplification of an electromagnetic wave in a planar waveguide as a result of the stimulated Cherenkov effect. Gains are obtained for two limiting cases: when the amplification is governed by the energy scatter of the beam and when it is governed by the spectral envelope of the spontaneous radiation emitted by electrons. A comparison of these two cases is made.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
TU‐C‐213CD‐07: Explore Inherent Data Structure in Thoracic CBCT Projections Using Manifold Learning

We hypothesize that all thoracic CBCT projections, if viewed as points in a high dimensional Euclidian space V, lie on the surface of a 2‐ torus structure. Understanding this structure helps many other projects, e.g. 4DCBCT phase sorting. This work will validate this hypothesis using a manifold learning algorithm.  An NCAT phantom in the thorax region with a smooth respiratory motion pattern is used to generate a series of CBCT projections with realistic scanning and breathing parameters. A manifold learning technique, diffusion map, is employed to extract the topological structure underlying these projections. Specifically, a diffusion matrix is first constructed, whose entries are determined based on the Euclidian distance between those projections in V. The associated transition matrix is then computed and diagonalized. The eigenvectors, when sorted according to the associated eigenvalues in a descending order, represent the inherent topological structure of the manifold in a coarse‐to‐fine manner. The first three eigenvectors are selected as the coordinates to represent the CBCT projections, which reduces the dimensionality from the space V to a 3D space, while preserving the major topological properties. This also allows for a visualization of the hypothesized 2‐torus structure.  The points given by the first three eigenvectors form an oscillatory curve on a distorted 2‐torus in the 3D space. The two principle directions of the torus can be interpreted as the directions corresponding to the gantry rotation and the patient breathing, respectively. During CBCT projection acquisition, the gantry angle continuously increases, while the breathing phase oscillates periodically. Hence, those projections, while being represented by points in this 3D space, travel along a spiral curve winding around the torus.  The manifold learning method can recover the 2‐torus structure of the thorax CBCT projections, whose two independent intrinsic dimensions correspond to gantry rotation and patient breathing.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Integrated environmental evaluation of heavy metals and metalloids bioaccumulation in invertebrates and seaweeds from different marine coastal areas of sardinia, mediterranean sea.

In this work, three gastropods Patella vulgata, Osilinus turbinata, and Tahis clavigera, one echinoderm Parancetrotus lividus, one coelenterate Anemonia sulcata, and two seaweed Padina pavonica, and Cystoseira mediterranea were collected from three different marine areas of Sardinia in the Mediterranean sea and studied for heavy metals and metalloid content and accumulation trends. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was used for the determination of Al, AS, B, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Sr, Te, Ti, V and Zn in the selected samples. The results showed that gastropods were capable of accumulating Al, Ba, Cu, Fe, Sr, and Zn; seaweeds can better concentrate Al, Fe, and Zn than all other species. At the same time, echinoderms and coelenterate had limited ability to store specific metals, showing a much more homogeneous distribution. PCA analysis allowed us to discriminate among the sites and the species. Cala Zafferano was the area with the higher values of accumulation of all metals in all species as expected, considering its proximity to industrial sites. The results of the analysis showed clearly that heavy metal and metalloid accumulation was different for each species studied. Therefore, for a correct environmental assessment of a given area, a comprehensive approach is strongly recommended by exploiting the different properties of both accumulation and concentration of the metals by different aquatic species.

Field of study: Environmental science
Dynamic resource configuration in DiffServ networks: control plane mechanisms and performance evaluation of a traffic control API

Voice, video and multimedia applications are sensitive to the QoS provided by the underlying IP network. The DiffServ architecture offers a set of QoS mechanisms for IP networks. The "binding" of the application, QoS needs with the QoS features offered by the DiffServ networks is still an open problem. The simplest approach is to have a static configuration of QoS and therefore no direct interaction in the control plane between applications and QoS. We consider the advanced scenario, where the QoS mechanisms can be dynamically configured to follow the applications' need. For this scenario, a set of control plane interfaces needed for a whole end-to-end QoS architecture is defined. At the lower level, an internal interface ("Application Programming Interface"--API) in the QoS router is considered. This interface provides access to the DiffServ QoS mechanism available in a router and is used by the control logic running in the router itself. Then a QoS signaling protocol is considered, that allows external QoS clients to dynamically access the QoS services provided by the network. Finally the interaction of a session level signaling protocol (i.e., the SIP for IP telephony) with the QoS protocol is defined. A testbed implementation of the proposed architecture and a set of performance tests on the internal QoS API are reported.

Field of study: Computer science
Stress Concentrations in Bone

Small cavities and notches in an otherwise perfect material will greatly reduce the strength of the material, particularly its tensile strength. They will do this by producing stress concentrations around themselves. It is shown that bone is permeated with such stress-concentrators in the form of canaliculi, osteocyte lacunae, blood-vessels, and muscle insertions. However, in mammalian bone the orientation of the lacunae and blood-vessels is such as to reduce, though not abolish, the concentrating powers of these elements in relation to the dangerous stresses acting in the bone. The smoothness of the diaphysis shaft and the raising of muscle insertions on to cristae will have similar advantageous effects. The larger the defect, the greater the tendency to be orientated favourably. The reasons for the presence of osteocytes and their associated blood-supply are not known, and a comparison with the acellular bone of some teleosts is not helpful. It is suggested that the lacunae and blood-channels in bone may to some extent increase the robustness of bone by delaying the spread of minute cracks, which must inevitably be present in bone, though they are difficult to demonstrate. The orientation of the lacunae is favourable for this effect, and they are sufficiently close-packed in the bone to ensure that any minute crack will run up against many lacunae before it has travelled ioo fj.. An examination of artificially produced cracks in cattle and human bone shows that the cracks do stop very frequently on entering lacunae and blood-vessels. The lacunae are more likely to prevent the spread of fatigue cracks than of impact cracks. The crack, running up against a lacuna, could be a stimulus for local reconstruction, so that it would be repaired.

Field of study: Mathematics
Effect of super micro-milling on physical andchemical property of wheat germ dietary fiber

Study the effect of super micro-milling on property of wheat germ dietary fiber, including water holding capacity, water swilling capacity, cation exchange capacity and water-solubility of wheat germ powder. The result showed that water holding capacity, water swilling capacity and water-solubility of wheat germ powder increase by super micro-milling, whereas cation exchange capacity decreases.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Binary coded identification of industrial chemical vapors with an optofluidic nose.

An artificial nose system for the recognition and classification of gas-phase analytes and its application in identifying common industrial gases is reported. The sensing mechanism of the device comprises the measurement of infrared absorption of volatile analytes inside the hollow cores of optofluidic Bragg fibers. An array of six fibers is used, where each fiber targets a different region of the mid-infrared in the range of 2-14 μm with transmission bandwidths of about 1-3 μm. The quenching in the transmission of each fiber due to the presence of analyte molecules in the hollow core is measured separately and the cross response of the array allows the identification of virtually any volatile organic compound (VOC). The device was used for the identification of seven industrial VOC vapors with high selectivity using a standard blackbody source and an infrared detector. The array response is registered as a unique six digit binary code for each analyte by assigning a threshold value to the fiber transmissions. The developed prototype is a comprehensive and versatile artificial nose that is applicable to a wide range of analytes.

Field of study: Physics
Research on the Internet Worm Propagation Modeling

Uses differential equation to analyze the situation of worm propagation,to achieve the goal of describing the law of worm propagation.Presents a simple and useful ASIR model to describe the dynamic interactive process between worm and benign worm.Discusses the attribute of the ASIR model and makes a detailed discussion on this model.Uses a simulation trial and a real network data to verify the validity of this model.

Field of study: Computer science
The implications of high bed occupancy rates on readmission rates in England: A longitudinal study.

Hospital bed occupancy rates in the English National Health Service have risen to levels considered clinically unsafe. This study assesses the association of increased bed occupancy with changes in the percentage of overnight patients discharged from hospital on a given day, and their subsequent 30-day readmission rate. Longitudinal panel data methods are used to analyse secondary care records (n = 4,193,590) for 136 non-specialist Trusts between April 2014 and February 2016. The average bed occupancy rate across the study period was 90.4%. A 1% increase in bed occupancy was associated with a 0.49% rise in the discharge rate, and a 0.011% increase in the 30-day readmission rate for discharged patients. These associations became more pronounced once bed occupancy exceeded 95%. When bed occupancy rates were high, hospitals discharged a greater proportion of their patients. Those were mostly younger and less clinically complex, suggesting that hospitals are successfully prioritising early discharge amongst least vulnerable patients. However, while increased bed occupancy was not associated with a substantial increase in overall 30-day readmission rates, the relationship was more pronounced in older and sicker patients, indicating possible links with short-fallings in discharge processes.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
An unusually selective photo-induced rearrangement of 4-alkoxycarbonyl-5-formyl-2,3-dihydro-6H-1,3-oxazines. A new route to preparation of condensed lactones

Obtention des composes du titre par transposition photochimique de tetrahydro-3a,4,6,6a furo [3,4-d] isoxazolecarboxylates-3 d'alkyle. Mecanisme de la phototransposition des composes du titre en alcoxy-5 tetrahydro-1,2,5,7 4H-furo [3,4-d] oxazines-1,3

Field of study: Chemistry
The Neogene of Eurasia: Spatial gradients and temporal trends — The second synthesis of NECLIME

article i nfo This volume represents the second synthesis of the international open research network NECLIME (Neogene Climate Evolution in Eurasia) that was established in 2000 to study climate change in Eurasia during the Neogene and its impact on ecosystems. The main objectives of NECLIME research are (1) proxy data-based quantitative reconstructions of Neogene climate in Eurasia by means of standardised techniques, (2) the modelling of atmospheric and oceanic circulation and of biomes using Neogene boundary conditions, and (3) the analysis of the interaction between palaeogeography, vegetation and climate. Presently, 94 scientists from 34 countries are NECLIME members, contributing with their published data to a collective data base. Integrating proxies from various sources such as palaeobotany, vertebrate palaeontology, and geology, the following core topics are addressed in the volume: precipitation patterns and landscape opening, the Asian Monsoon Systems, the potential of past climates for the evaluation of future climate change scenarios, as well as short-term change and variability of climate. Highlights of the single contributions are summarised in a proxy data section, and in a modelling section, respectively. It is shown that the integrative approach presented in this volume brings about a much better and much more detailed understanding of Neogene climate dynamics in Eurasia than previously achieved. Even though Neogene climate changes may have regional aspects differing considerably from each other and from the general, global trend, the results from the various proxy and modelling studies consistently show that later Neogene cooling implicated more pronounced latitudinal and longitudinal gradients. On the other hand, the issue reveals a number of problems and questions, resulting from the contrary nature of palaeozoological and palaeobotanical palaeoclimate proxies and modelling results, mainly at a more regional level. The models can not yet explain the relatively warm high latitudes during the Neogene and we still do not sufficiently understand the role of the various boundary conditions such as CO2, palaeogeography, and palaeovegetation in the observed Neogene climate change and its regional differentiation. These apparent uncertainties underline the importance of the study of palaeo-scenarios in order to enhance the reliability of future climate projections.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
[Therapeutic effects of 9 antitumor drugs on stomach adenocarcinoma (MKN-28) in nude mice].

Therapeutic effects of 9 antitumor drugs were studied on nude mice inoculated with transplanted human stomach tumor (MKN-28). When cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, chlormethine, 5-fluorouracil or mitomycin C was given ip to nude mice bearing MKN-28 at respective dose of 3, 100, 40, 80 and 2 mg/kg once weekly for 3 wk, the tumor inhibition rates of the former 3 drugs were over 80%, while the later 2 were 70-77%. Cytarabine 200 mg/kg twice or thrice weekly for 3 wk gave an inhibition rate of 68-72%. Hydroxycamptothecin 20 mg/kg twice weekly for 3 wk showed a better therapeutic effect than that given at 40 mg/kg once weekly for 3 wk, the tumor inhibition rates were 65 and 32% respectively. No apparent effect of vincristine and methotrexate on MKN-28 was seen. Histopathological observation indicated that in cisplatin group, numerous necrotic areas of tumor cells as well as sparse infiltration of inflammatory cells were found.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine