nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Reconstruction of Taconian and Acadian paleostress regimes in the Quebec and northern New Brunswick Appalachians

A numerical analysis of fault populations was applied in the Quebec and northern New Brunswick Appalachians to characterize paleostress fields attributed to the Taconian and Acadian orogenies. The first brittle deformation documented in the external domain of the Humber Zone is associated with the thin-skinned tectonics of the Taconian orogen. The Taconian brittle deformation, characterized by north–south to NE–SW reverse conjugated brittle faults, evolved under a pure shear compressional regime (vertical σ3 axes) with σ1 axes oriented ESE–WNW. The ENE–WSW dextral and NW–SE sinistral faults that are observed in the St. Lawrence Lowlands are also attributed to Taconian compression. The first brittle deformation recognized in the Dunnage Zone and the Gaspe Belt is attributed to an ESE–WNW compression during the Acadian Orogeny. In the Dunnage Zone of southern Quebec, the Acadian paleostress axes are similar to the directions of σ1 axes and to the pure shear compressional regime computed for the Silurian and Devonian rocks of the Gaspe Belt. In the Gaspe Peninsula, the Acadian stresses are oriented ESE–WNW and are mechanically compatible with transpressional regimes. Reverse brittle faults and pure shear stress are identified along regional and secondary sets of NE–SW brittle faults, whereas a strike-slip stress regime is reconstructed along major east–west faults. In the Humber Zone of the Quebec Appalachians, a second compression is identified. It is characterized by conjugate ENE– WSW dextral and NW–SE sinistral strike-slip faults that crosscut Taconian thrust faults. This late deformation event is attributed to a distal expression of the Acadian Orogeny.

Field of study: Environmental science
Hippocampal and amygdaloid involvement in nonspatial and spatial working memory in rats: effects of delay and interference.

Parametric manipulations of the task demand were used to examine the role of the hippocampus and amygdala in nonspatial and spatial working memory in rats. Hippocampal lesions produced an immediate and long-lasting impairment of nonspatial working memory in an operant task. The memory deficits increased as the delay interval and the amount of proactive interference increased. Hippocampal lesions severely impaired spatial working memory in spatial alternation. Extensive postoperative testing reduced the magnitude of impairment of nonspatial but not spatial working memory. Amygdaloid lesions did not impair any aspect of performance in 2 tasks. The results suggest that the hippocampus, but not the amygdala, is involved in working memory and the task demand is a critical determinant for observing impairments of nonspatial working memory following hippocampal lesions.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Synthesis and properties of 4,4’,5,5’-tetranitro-2,2’-biimidazolates: bis-semicarbazidium, bis(3-amino-1,2,4-triazolium) and bis(5-aminotetrazolium)

Ionic derivatives of 4,4’,5,5’-tetranitro-2,2’-biimidazole (TNBI) have recently been identified as interesting low sensitivity explosive compounds that combine low vulnerability to mechanical stimuli with high performance. In this work bis-semicarbazidium (1), bis(3- amino-1,2,4-triazolium) (2), bis(5-aminotetrazolium) (3) 4,4’,5,5’-tetranitro-2,2’-biimidazolates were synthesized and some of their experimental and calculated explosive properties are presented. TNBI was synthesized by nitration of 2,2’-biimidazole (BI) with nitric acid in polyphosphoric acid. Salts 1, 2, and 3 can be easily prepared in good yields and purity by reaction of TNBI with semicarbazide hydrochloride in water, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole in methanol, and 5-aminotetrazole in diethyl ether, respectively. The compounds were characterized by NMR and vibrational spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermal analysis (DSC, DTA/TG), and small scale safety testing (impact and friction sensitivity). The measured densities and standard enthalpy of formation, as well as calculated performance characteristics are reported. The compounds are thermally stable up to 180-210°C and insensitive to mechanical stimuli. The TNBI salts have slightly better performance than TNT with regard to calculated detonation parameters.

Field of study: Chemistry
Fates of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in the Gut Microbiome from Different Soil Fauna under Long-Term Fertilization.

Applying organic fertilizers has been well documented to facilitate the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in soil ecosystems. However, the role of soil fauna in this process has been seldom addressed, which hampers our ability to predict the fate of and to manage the spread of ARGs. Here, using high-throughput quantitative polymerase chain reaction (HT-qPCR), we examined the effect of long-term (5-, 8-, and 10-year) fertilization treatments (control, inorganic fertilizers, and mixed fertilizers) on the transfer of ARGs between soil, nematodes, and earthworms. We found distinct fates for ARGs in the nematodes and earthworms, with the former having higher enriched levels of ARGs than the latter. Fertilization impacted the number and abundance of ARGs in soil, and fertilization duration altered the composition of ARGs. Shared ARGs among soil, nematodes, and earthworm guts supported by a fast expectation-maximization microbial source tracking analysis demonstrated the trophic transfer potential of ARGs through this short soil food chain. The transfer of ARGs was reduced by fertilization duration, which was mainly ascribed to the reduction of ARGs in the earthworm gut microbiota. This study identified the transfer of ARGs in the soil-nematode-earthworm food chain as a potential mechanism for a wider dissemination of ARGs in the soil ecosystem.

Field of study: Environmental science
Empirical Method for Predicting the Magnus Characteristics of Spinning Shells

Nomenclature db = base diameter, calibers flfref = reference diameter, calibers Cn =zero yaw Magnus moment coefficient derivative ° 8Cn/(dadp) Cy = zero yaw Magnus force coefficient derivative Pa d C y / ( d a d p ) L = total projectile length, calibers lbt = boattail length, calibers M freestream Mach number p = spin rate p = nondimensional spin/?£/ref/(2K) r = local body radius V = freestream velocity xcg = center of gravity, calibers from nose a = angle of attack, deg Qbt = boattail angle, deg ' r? = Howarth-Mangler variable

Field of study: Physics
Der Zerfall von Nb94 m

Using scintillation spectrometers and coincidence techniques the decay of Nb94 m has been investigated. TheK-shell conversion coefficient of the 41.5 keV isomeric transition was found to be 570±100 indicating aM 3 transition. The maximum energy of theβ-decay to the 0.87 MeV level of Mo94 is (1.15±0.03) MeV occurring (4·5±0·7)×10−3 per disintegration, anotherβ-decay to the 1.57 MeV level was found to be (4·0±1·3)×10−5. From this the parities and spins of the levels involved in the decay of Nb94 m are determined.

Field of study: Physics
Enhanced DNA synthesis in isolated calf lymph node lymphocyte cultures.

Calf sub-mandibular lymph node lymphocytes and human peripheral blood lymphocytes were oxidized by NaIO4. In liquid cell cultures, both types of cells were transformed with enhanced DNA synthesis. In mixed lymphocyte cultures, untreated human lymphocytes were transformed by irradiated-oxidized human cells. However, untreated calf lymphocytes were not transformed by irradiated-oxidized calf cells. Either human or calf lymphocytes were isolated from cell-cell interaction in agarose on slides. After 2-3 days of culture, cells were pulsed with tritiated thymidine. Autoradiography indicated greater numbers of cells with active DNA synthesis in NaIO4-oxidized calf cells and in calf cells incubated with Phaseolus vulgaris E-PHA compared to untreated lymphocytes. Similarly treated human cells did not show any increase in the numbers of cells with active DNA synthesis. No enhancement of DNA synthesis was seen in oxidized calf cells which were reduced with NaBH4 or cultured with hydroxyurea. In these restricted in vitro systems, calf cells are 'transformed' independent of cell-cell interaction, while human cells are not.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Multilevel analysis of matching behavior.

Multilevel modeling has been considered a promising statistical tool in the field of the experimental analysis of behavior and may serve as a convenient statistical analysis for matching behavior because it structures data in groups (or levels) to account simultaneously for the within-subject and between-subject variances. Heretofore, researchers have sometimes pooled data erroneously from different subjects in a single analysis by using average ratios, average response and reinforcer rates, aggregation of subjects, etc. Unfortunately, this leads to loss of information and biased estimations, which can severely undermine generalization of the results. Instead, a multilevel approach is advocated to combine several subjects' matching behavior. A reanalysis of previous data on matching behavior is provided to illustrate the method and point out its advantages. It illustrates that multilevel regression leads to better estimations, is more convenient, and offers more behavioral information. We hope this paper will encourage the use of multilevel modeling in the statistical practices of behavior analysts.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Lehmer Transform and its Theoretical Properties

We propose a new class of transforms that we call {\it Lehmer Transform} which is motivated by the {\it Lehmer mean function}. The proposed {\it Lehmer transform} decomposes a function of a sample into their constituting statistical moments. Theoretical properties of the proposed transform are presented. This transform could be very useful to provide an alternative method in analyzing non-stationary signals such as brain wave EEG.

Field of study: Computer science
Estimating paleoatmospheric pCO2 during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum from stomatal frequency of Ginkgo, Okanagan Highlands, British Columbia, Canada.

Estimates of p CO 2 for the early Paleogene vary widely, from near modern-day levels to an order of magnitude greater, based on various proxy measures. Resolving the relationship between climate and p CO 2 during this globally warm period is a key task in understanding climate dynamics in a warmer world. Here, we use the stomatal frequency of fossil Ginkgo adiantoides from the Okanagan Highlands of British Columbia, Canada to estimate p CO 2 during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO), the interval of peak warmth in the Cenozoic. We also examine a dataset of modern Ginkgo biloba leaves to critically assess the accuracy and precision of stomatal frequency as a proxy indicator of p CO 2 . Early Eocene fossil G. adiantoides has significantly lower stomatal frequency than modern G. biloba , suggesting p CO 2 levels > 2× modern pre-industrial values. This result is in contrast to earlier studies using stomatal frequency of Ginkgo that indicated near modern-day levels of p CO 2 in the early Paleogene, though not including samples from the EECO. We also find that levels of p CO 2 as indicated by stomatal frequency are correlated with trends in climate (mean annual temperature) over time at the Falkland fossil locality, suggesting that climate and p CO 2 were coupled during the EECO hyperthermal.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Humanized anti‐CD4 monoclonal antibody therapy of autoimmune and inflammatory disease

We have investigated the biological and therapeutic properties of a humanized anti‐CD4 MoAb, hlgGl‐CD4, in patients with refractory psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). hIgGl‐CD4 is a modulating, non‐depleting MoAb, which induced a first‐dose reaction in most patients treated. It provided brief symptomatic relief in both conditions, and psoriasis appeared easier to control with conventional agents after MoAb therapy. At the doses used, hIgGl‐CD4 did not synergize therapeutically with the pan‐lymphocyte MoAb CAMPATH‐1H (C1H) in patients with RA treated sequentially with both agents. There were no serious adverse effects definitely attributable to therapy. Our results are compared with those of other CD4 MoAb studies, and factors influencing the outcome of therapy are discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Validation of the Impact of Event Scale on a Sample of American Vietnam Veterans

The goal of the present report is to validate the Impact of Event Scale for use as a measure of the enduring nature of reactions to combat stress by 60 American Vietnam veterans. Validity was supported through significant correlations with measures of abusive violence and combat exposure. From factor analysis a single factor (general level of distress) supported the validity of the scale and thereby further use with Vietnam veterans.

Field of study: Psychology
Correlations between microbial population dynamics, bamA gene abundance and performance of anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) treating increasing concentrations of phenol.

The relevant microorganims driving efficiency changes in anaerobic digestion of phenol remains uncertain. In this study correlations were established between microbial population and the process performance in an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) treating increasing concentrations of phenol (from 120 to 1200 mg L-1). Sludge samples were taken at different operational stages and microbial community dynamics was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. In addition, bamA gene was quantified in order to evaluate the dynamics of anaerobic aromatic degraders. The microbial community was dominated by Anaerolineae, Bacteroidia, Clostridia, and Methanobacteria classes. Correlation analysis between bamA gene copy number and phenol concentration were highly significant, suggesting that the increase of aromatic degraders targeted by bamA assay was due to an increase in the amount of phenol degraded over time. The incremental phenol concentration affected hydrogenotrophic archaea triggering a linear decrease of Methanobacterium and the growth of Methanobrevibacter. The best performance in the reactor was at 800 mg L-1 of phenol. At this stage, the highest relative abundances of Syntrophorhabdus, Chloroflexus, Smithella, Methanolinea and Methanosaeta were observed and correlated positively with initial degradation rate, suggesting that these microorganisms are relevant players to maintain a good performance in the ASBR.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
M & A Evaluation of Chinese Listed Companies-Based on EVA Return Rate

The development of the economy and market brought about mergers and acquisitions boom of China's enterprises.In this paper,I choose 213 listed companies,which had MA action from 1998 to 2000,and use adjusted EVA indicator to do empirical analysis.By tracking their ability to create value for shareholders from three years before MA to 3 years after MA,I concluded that Chinese listed companies' performance tend to decline after MA,making its shareholders suffer wealth losses.

Field of study: Economics
Fuzzy Hyperideals of Left Almost Semihypergroups

This paper explores the foundations of fuzzy left (resp. right) hyperideals of left almost semihypergroups (briefly, LA-semihypergroups). We investigate the properties of fuzzy left hyperideals and fuzzy right hyperideals in regular and intra-regular LA-semihypergroups. We also characterize regular and intra-regular LA-semihypergroups in terms of fuzzy hyperideals.

Field of study: Mathematics
Shelf Innovation Model and the Strategy Research on the Equipment Manufacturing Industry in Hanzhong

The equipment manufacturing industry is an important pillar industry and the independent self innovation capability is the key of revitalization of Hanzhong equipment manufacturing industry and the basic way of change the economic growth pattern of Hanzhong city.Based on the actual development of Hanzhong equipment manufacturing industry,the main problems of independent innovation was analyzed.It was pointed that the model of Hanzhong equipment manufacturing industry must seize the opportunities in Shaanxi equipment manufacture to put the development of major independent innovation strategy on the outstanding position of local economic development.Only by speed up the industrial upgrading,vigorously developing of industrial economy and perfect supporting system can ascend industrial equipment manufacturing and market competition ability and promoting the breakthrough of economic development of Hanzhong.

Field of study: Materials science
stochastic Impacts on Farming: V. Risk Adjustment Through Conservation Planning

PRACTICAL application of seasonal risk analysis for soil conservation planning is illustrated. Applicability is demonstrated by quantifying potential reduction in soil loss through seasonal adjustment of agronomic practice. The method is dependent upon seasonally continuous probability distributions developed earlier. The erosion index (EI) and the cover and management factor (C) of the Universal Soil Loss Equation were selected to quantify soil loss calculations. By randomizing these two variates soil loss by both seasonal pattern and annual total was simulated for 12 different agronomic practices. Reduction of soil loss was expressed in terms of expectation (risk) and in terms of variability of that expectation (uncertainty). Utilizing the simulated soil losses the utility of incorporating seasonal variability in management options to facilitate conservation planning is demonstrated.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Quantitative Phytochemical and In-Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Aqueous Leaves Extract of Blue Pussy leaf (Nelsonia Canescens) (Lam.) Spreng

Currently, there is a renewed interest in drugs of natural origin simply because they are green medicine and green medicine offer safe, effective treatment, with minimal or no side effect, easily availability, cheap and are in great demand in the developed World health care. This study is aimed at evaluating the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of aqueous leaves extract of blue pussy leaf Nelsonia canescens. Phytochemical analysis, cork borer methods, and Tube dilution methods for MIC and MBC were employed to determine the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of the aqueous leaves extracts of Nelsonia canescens. Results obtained reveals the presence of alkaloid, total phenol, flavonoids, saponins and tannins at concentration of 330.00±0.00, 144.60±1.76, 107.04±0.62, 72.50±00 and 42.17±1.17 mg/g) respectively. The antibacterial activity of the plant crude extract active on Escherichia coli had the highest mean zone of inhibition of (20.05±0.05) at 20 mg/ml with the MIC at 1.25 mg/ml and MBC of 10 mg/ml. Staphylococcus aurus had a mean zone of inhibition of (18.00±0.00) at 20 mg/ml, with the MIC at 1.25 mg/ml and MBC of 5.0 mg/ml. The plant crude extract was active against Gram-negative bacteria; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aurus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella, typhi. Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aurus and Streptococcus pyogenes, had wide zones of inhibition when compared to the activity of the control drug. The presence of some of the phytochemicals and antibacterial activity could explain their use traditionally for the treatment of a wide range of illnesses. 
  
 Nelsonia canescens; Antimicrobial; Quantitative Phytochemicals; Crude extract; Medicine

Field of study: Medicine
Contrasting changes in surface waters and barrens over the past 60 years for a subarctic forest–tundra site in northern Manitoba based on remote sensing imagery

Intensified warming in the Arctic and Subarctic is resulting in a wide range of changes in the extent, productivity, and composition of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Analysis of remote sensing imagery has documented regional changes in the number and area of ponds and lakes as well as expanding cover of shrubs and small trees in uplands. To better understand long-term changes across the edaphic gradient, we compared the number and area of water bodies and dry barrens (>100 m2) between 1956 (aerial photographs) and 2008–2011 (high-resolution satellite images) for eight ∼25 km2 sites near Nejanilini Lake, Manitoba (59.559°N, 97.715°W). In the modern landscape, the number of water bodies and barrens were similar (1162 versus 1297, respectively), but water bodies were larger (mean 3.1 × 104 versus 681 m2, respectively) and represented 17% of surface area compared with 0.4% for barrens. Over the past 60 years, total surface area of water did not change significantly (16.7%–17.1%) despite a ∼30% decrease ...

Field of study: Environmental science
Comparative toxicity of two herbicides, molinate and thiobencarb, to Brachionus calyciflorus

Acute and chronic toxicity tests with the rice herbicides molinate (S‐ethyl hexahydro‐1H‐azepine‐1‐carbothioate) and thiobencarb (S‐4‐chlorobenzyl diethyl thiocarbamate) were conducted on the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus. The 24‐hr static LC50's were 11.37 and 47.82 mg.L‐1 for molinate and thiobencarb, respectively. The effects of sublethal levels of both herbicides on the rotifer B. calyciflorus were evaluated using some demographic parameters: intrinsic rate of natural increase (r), generation time (T) and net reproductive rate (Ro). All the parameters studied decreased with increasing toxicant concentrations. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) was calculated for both herbicides using the intrisic rate of natural increase (r) as parameter of evaluation and the chronic data was used to calculate aplication factors (AF) of 0.062 and 0.066 mg.L‐1 for molinate and thiobencarb, respectively. Finally, the EC50 values were derived for the selected life history parameters (Ro, T, r...

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Attitudes of Physicians towards Different Types of Euthanasia in Kuwait

Although in recent years the world has witnessed great advances in the medical field, much ambiguity still surrounds the issue of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide, with increasingly favorable attitudes among physicians around the world. In our study, we aimed to assess the attitudes of physicians in Kuwait towards different types of euthanasia and examine whether physicians’ frequent encounters with terminally ill patients were associated with their approval.  We conducted a cross- sectional study on 464 physicians employed in government hospitals (6 general and 3 specialty hospitals). A self-administered questionnaire adapted from previous studies was used.  Of the physicians in our study, 43.9% reported that the Ministry of Health should legalize euthanasia under certain restricted conditions. In addition, 29.1% of our population was willing to perform euthanasia. After controlling for several characteristics in logistic regression analysis, approval of passive euthanasia was significantly associated with the following 2 factors: frequent exposure to terminally ill patients (AOR = 2.45) and obtention of the basic medical degree from Asia (AOR = 4.36) or North America/Europe (AOR = 3.24) compared to Kuwait. Male gender was significantly associated with willingness to perform euthanasia. Religion was the major reason for opposing euthanasia.  The attitudes of physicians towards euthanasia are diverse, and therefore the Ministry of Health should provide guidelines for physicians dealing with situations where patients or their families request euthanasia.

Field of study: Medicine