nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Stimulation of neutrophil elastase and myeloperoxidase release by IgG fragments

Human leucocyte elastase (HLE) cleaves IgG into Fab and Fc fragments. The Fc fragment bears an elastase‐specific antigen and has previously been reported to be found in synovial fluid during rheumatoid arthritis, In addition, biological activity of clastasc‐specific Fc fragments has been described in modulating granulocyte oxidative metabolism. To investigate further regulatory effects of the elastase‐induced IgG cleavage products, we tested the elaslase and myeloperoxidase release of granulocytes. IgG fragments induce no enzyme release of unstimulated neutrophils. But elastase and myeloperoxidase release of cytochalasin b/FMLP‐treated neutrophils is stimulated in a dose‐dependent manner by the Fab fragments. The extent of stimulation depends on stimulus concentration and is at its maximum for low (e.g. 2.5 × 10−8m) FMLPconcentration. Ten nanomoles Fab/4 × 106 PMN augment elastase release to 206% and myeloperoxidasc release to 155% after prestimulation with 2.5 × 10−8 m FMLP. Fc fragments stimulate elaslasc release to 162% but no MPO release. Untreated IgGl and analog Fab and Fc fragments produced by papain cleavage react similarly. Elastase‐generated IgG fragments may therefore up‐regulate their concentration by stimulating elastase release. The concomitantly stimulated release of myeloperoxidase may influence bactericidal activity and termination of oxidative burst.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
BOILING HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS OF LIQUID METALS.

A single tube evaporator was designed for investigating heat transter coefficients of liquid metals .t either horizontal or vertical position. The heating element, the evaporating vessel and the :ondenser were made of stainless steel. 
The liquid metals employed were mercury, and amalgams containing various amounts of magne-ium and sodium. The boiling heat transfer coefficients were determined under pressures from 1~11 tmospheres (abs.), heat load from 5000~47000 kcal/m2:hr, and boiling temperatures from 356~ 24℃. 
For mercury, we obtained the following relation,- 
Similar results were obtained for amalgams. Experiments were carried out under N2 atmospheres.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Design of multipass telescopic amplifiers for a cw chemical HF laser

The results are given of calculations (carried out within the geometric optics approximation) of the energy parameters of multipass telescopic amplifiers for a cw diffusion HF laser. A brief description is given of the calculation method. Two known types of telescopic amplifier are compared with a conventional single-pass configuration. The dependences of the output parameters on the input signal, resonator gain, and coupling coefficient are investigated.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
A Hovey triple arising from two cotorsion pairs.

Assume that $(\mathcal{C}, \mathbb{E}, \mathfrak{s})$ is an extriangulated category satisfying Condition (WIC). Let $(\cal Q, \widetilde{\cal R})$ and $(\widetilde{\cal Q}, \cal R)$ be two hereditary cotorsion pairs satisfying conditions $\widetilde{\cal R} \subseteq \cal R$, $\widetilde{\cal Q}\subseteq \cal Q$ and $\widetilde{\cal Q}\cap \cal R = \cal Q \cap \widetilde{\cal R}$. Then there exists a unique thick class $\cal W$ for which $(\cal Q,\cal W,\cal R)$ is a Hovey triple. As an application, this result generalizes the work by Gillespie in an exact case. Moreover, it highlights new phenomena when it applied to triangulated categories.

Field of study: Mathematics
Efficacy of Certain Systemic Insecticmes Against the Bagworm, Pteroma Plagiophleps Damps. On Three Ornamental Crops

The relative efficacy of six systemic insecticides comprising of three granular fonnulations of phorate, mephosfolan and aldicarb @ 1.5 kg a.i./ha and emulsifiable concentrate formulations of dimethoate, phosphamidon and methyldemeton was assessed against the bag worm, Pteroma plagiophleps Hamps., infesting Thuja coccidentalis L. var. compacta., Juniperus chinensis L. var. columnaris and Rosa indica L. var. quebec gown in the premises of Banaras Hindu University, during 1977. All the granular formulations caused more than 50 per cent mortality of the larvae upto21 days, the highest mortality on Thuja, Juniperus and rose being 62.4, 65.2 and 66.5percent respectively. Spray of dimethoate recorded 90.0, 89.7 and 95.3 per cent control within 24 hours after the treatment on Thuja, Juniperus and rose. Spraying with phosphami4on was also found very effective. In subsequent observations there was decline in per cent mortality of both the soil application of granular insecticides and foliar sprays.

Field of study: Biology
No. 42284. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Loan Agreement (First Programmatic Development Policy Loan) between the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (with schedules and General Conditions Applicable to Loan and Guarantee Agreements for Single Currency Loans dated 30 May 1995, as amended through 1 May 2004). Skopje, 7 December 2005

Field of study: Political science
SU-E-J-22: Effect of MLC Leaf Width on MLC Leaf Shifting Algorithm for Concurrent Treatment of Prostate and Pelvic Lymph Nodes.

Our previous study showed that adjusting selected MLC leaf pairsto follow prostate movement is an effective strategy to account for daily prostate displacement during concurrent treatment with pelvic lymph nodes. MLC leaf width affects the quality of MLC shifting plans for longitudinal prostate motion compensation. This study is to investigate the effect of the MLC leaf width in compensation of the prostate movement.



Fifty-one daily CT on-rail scans from three patients were available for this study. On these CTs, the prostate, bladder and rectum were manually contoured, and the lymph nodes contours were transferred from the planning CT after rigid bony registration. For each patient, three different IMRT plans were created based on a planning CT using leaf width of 2.5, 5, and 10 mm, respectively. For each CT, the prostate displacement was determined by dual imaging registration and compensated by shifting MLC resulting in a total of 153 MLC shifted plans.



Among 51 daily CTs, the average prostate movement along the superior/inferior direction was 1.1±3.7 mm (range: -6 to 6.5 mm). The differences in D99 of the prostate between the dose of the day and dose of the plan were 2.3±3.3%, 1.3±2.0%, and 4.4±5.1% for 2.5, 5, and 10 mm leaf width plans, respectively (p<<0.05). The corresponding differences in D99 of the lymph nodes were 0.7±0.9%, 0.6±0.9%, and 1.4±0.8%. The mean differences in D50 were 0.8%, 1.6%, and 2.7% for the bladder, and 10.0%, 3.9%, and 5.7% for the rectum, respectively.



Using the MLC Shifting method to compensate for prostate movement in the longitudinal direction depends on the MLC leaf width and the magnitude of the prostate motion. The use of leaf width of 5 mm can provide sufficient tumor coverage without significantly affecting doses to the critical structures.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Industry-wide performance in a pilot performance evaluation sample program for hazardous materials laboratories. 1. Elemental precision and accuracy

Thiss paper discusses the results of an interlaboratory study of the accuracy and precision of environmental laboratory results from 160 accredited laboratories operating in the state of California. The results from these laboratories were compared with a group of reference laboratories using student's t-test and Snedecor's F-test. The mean results for both groups were statistically identical, but the variance for the accredited laboratories was signifiicantly higher. The higher variance was due to several sources

Field of study: Environmental science
DC SQUID RF amplifiers

The noise and signal parameters of several types of RF amplifiers based on different SQUIDs with integrated and hybrid input coils were studied. A new type of multiloop DC SQUID with an integrated input coil and extremely low stray capacitances was designed. The inductance of a four-loop SQUID was 100 pH, the input coil inductance 1.3 nH, and mutual inductance 300 pH. The tuned integrated four-loop amplifier at 420 MHz had a noise temperature lower 0.5 K and a power gain of nearly 20 dB in a 60-MHz bandwidth. For the noise calibration of such amplifiers, SIS junctions were used as a shot noise source, or a cooled attenuator and a room temperature semiconductor noise source were used.

Field of study: Physics
Particle simulation and experimental research of S-band tapered magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator

S-band tapered magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator designs using slowly tapered vanes and sharply tapered vanes were presented and analyzed.Simulation results show that: this structure can produce microwave at mean power of 2.5 GW and frequency of 2.65 GHz under the diode voltage of 500 kV;the structure improves the efficiency of beam-microwave conversion from 12% of a traditional tapered magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator to 15%.In the following experiments,average power of 1 GW has been obtained at frequency of 2.69 GHz which was in good agreement with the simulation.

Field of study: Physics
Selective Production of Xylose and Xylo-oligosaccharides from Bamboo Biomass by Sulfonated Allophane Solid Acid Catalyst

Bamboo biomass was hydrolyzed by using sulfonated allophane catalyst and hemicellulose in bamboo was preferentially decomposed to xylose and xylo-oligosaccharides in the range from 130 to 160 °C.

Field of study: Chemistry
Fossil marginal bassin from the Indian shield: A model for the evolution of Singhbhum Precambrian belt, Eastern India

ZusammenfassungIm östlichen Teil des Indischen Schildes erscheint im Shinghbhum in Distrikt Bihar ein fossiles Randbecken, das sich im frühen Proterozoikum geöffnet hat und vom Archaischen Kontinent im Süden flankiert wurde. Vulkanismus spielte eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Füllung dieses Beckens. Das Zentrum des Beckens wird von einer Basaltlage eingenommen, die einen engen ozeanischen Bereich dokumentiert. BIF und Beckenophiolithe sind weitere charakteristische Teile der Füllung. Die tektonische Struktur und die sedimentäre Geschichte des Beckens sind für Randbeckenentwicklung typisch. Die Entdeckung dieses Beckens weist auf die Rolle der Plattentektonik bei der Entwicklung des Indischen Schildes im Präkambrium hin.AbstractIn the eastern part of the Indian shield covering Shinghbhum and adjoining districts of Bihar, occurs the fossil marginal basin which opened up during the early Proterozoic, flanked by Archaean continent to the south. Volcanism played a significant role in filling up the basin. The spine of the basin is occupied by a basaltic lava pile representing a narrow oceanic sector. BIF and possible ‘marginal basin ophiolites’ are other significant members of the basin cover. The structural features and sedimentary history of the basin are characteristic for marginal basins in general. Identification of this marginal basin emphasises the role of plate tectonics in the evolution of the Indian Precambrian shield.RésuméDans le Shingbhum et les districts voisins du Bihar de la partie orientale du bouclier indien, apparaît un bassin marginal fossile qui s'est ouvert au cours du Protérozoïque inferieur, flanqué au nord par un continent archéen. Le volcanisme y a joué un rôle important en remplissant le bassin. Le centre du bassin est occupé par un empilement de laves basaltiques représentant un secteur océanique étroit. BIF et peut-être aussi des ophiolites de bassin marginal sont d'autres membres importants de la couverture de ce bassin. Les faits structuraux et l'histoire sédimentaire du bassin sont caractéristiques pour des bassins marginaux en général. L'identification de ce basin marginal met en relief le rôle de la tectonique de plaque dans l'évolution du bouclier précambrien indien.Краткое содержаниеВ восточной части Инд ийского щита в Shinghbhum'e, дист рикт Bihar, установлен фоссильный краевой б ассейн, который сущес твовал в раннем палеозое открытым и с юга обрам лялся архейским мате риком. При заполнении этого бассейна решающая ро ль принадлежала вулк анизму. Центр бассейна запол нен слоем базальтовых по род, что подтверждает наличие сдавленного океанического регио на. Характерной часть ю заполняющего его мат ериала являются BIF и офиолиты. Тектонические струк туры и история осадконакоп ления бессейна не выходят з а рамки обычного разв ития краевых бассейнов. Открытие этого бассе йна указывает на роль тектоники плит при развитии Индийского щита в док ембрии.

Field of study: Environmental science
On Programming the Integral RTH Root of a Number on Friden Standard and Square Root Desk Calculators

although its application for taking advantage of the square-root feature on certain Friden Calculators is believed to be new. The m at he m atics of the derivations are given in the third section of the paper since this information is probably of least interest to those who will operate with the form ulas. The second section contains three examples. The cube root example is symbolically pro grammed for the c al c ul ator in s e c tion 4. Ta ble I presents a set of f ormulas which are effi cient for finding the rth root of a real number. That is, for finding the square root, cube root, etc., of some number, N. The symbol xin the formulas stands for a guessed or trial value of the root and cone ei vably may be grossly in error. However, if it is considerably in error, the form ulas will ultimately provide an accurate estimate of the root although it will take a longer time than if an estimate only slightly in error were used. The method to us e with the formulas involves essentially selectinga trial value, substituting this (as x) in the appropriate formula and there by obtaining a new trial value. This new value is again substituted in the formula (as x). This iter ation process is repeated until the desired deci mal accuracy is obtained. The formulas in Table I have been arranged so that the arithmetic ultimately involves the accu mulation of two quotients. Therefore, the proper machine set-up requires the NON ENT key to be down. Also it is advisable that the ADD key is in the down position. In some of the f o r m ul as the divisors of x appear as improper fractions (e. g., -5-). In actual computations, these numbers can be changed to decimals appropriate to the accu racy required or the problem can be treated as a simple quotient (e.g., 3x/4). The Square Root Friden enables all roots of the form r = 2*, where i = 1, 2,3,..., of a number to be taken directly without the use of any special formulas. For instance, to obtain the fourth root of 2. 0000 we merely find the -?2 = 1.41421 and then find VI. 41421 = 1.1892 which is an accurate esti i

Field of study: Education
Sensitivity of the Single Particle Soot Photometer to different black carbon types

Black carbon (BC) is now mainly of anthropogenic origin. It is the dominant light absorbing component of atmospheric aerosols, playing an important role in the earth's radiative balance and therefore relevant to climate change studies. In addition, BC is known to be harmful to human beings making it relevant to policy makers. Nevertheless, the measurement of BC remains biased by the instrument-based definition of BC. The Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2), allows the measurement of the refractory BC (rBC) mass of individual particles using laser-induced incandescence. However, the SP2 needs an empirical calibration to retrieve the rBC mass from the incandescence signal and the sensitivity of the SP2 differs between different BC types. Ideally, for atmospheric studies, the SP2 should be calibrated using ambient particles containing a known mass of ambient rBC. However, such "ambient BC" calibration particles cannot easily be obtained and thus commercially available BC particles are commonly used for SP2 calibration instead. In this study we tested the sensitivity of the SP2 to different BC types in order to characterize the potential error introduced by using non-ambient BC for calibration. The sensitivity of the SP2 was determined, using an aerosol particle mass analyzer, for rBC from thermodenuded diesel exhaust, wood burning exhaust and ambient particles as well as for commercially available products: Aquadag® and fullerene soot. Thermodenuded, fresh diesel exhaust has been found to be ideal for SP2 calibration for two reasons. First, the small amount of non-BC matter upon emission reduces the risk of bias due to incomplete removal of non-BC matter and second, it is considered to represent atmospheric rBC in urban locations where diesel exhaust is the main source of BC. The SP2 was found to be up to 16% less sensitive to rBC from thermodenuded ambient particles (≤15 fg) than rBC from diesel exhaust, however, at least part of this difference can be explained by incomplete removal of non-refractory components in the thermodenuder. The amount of remaining non-refractory matter was estimated to be below 30% by mass, according to a comparison of the scattering cross sections of the whole particles with that of the pure BC cores. The SP2 sensitivity to rBC from wood burning exhaust agrees with the SP2 sensitivity to rBC from diesel exhaust within an error of less than 14% (≤40 fg). If, due to experimental restrictions, diesel exhaust cannot be used, untreated fullerene soot was found to give an SP2 calibration curve similar to diesel exhaust and ambient rBC (within ±10% for a rBC mass ≤15 fg) and is therefore recommended although two different batches differed by ~14% between themselves. In addition, the SP2 was found to be up to 40% more sensitive to Aquadag® than to diesel exhaust rBC. Therefore Aquadag® cannot be recommended for atmospheric application without accounting for the sensitivity difference. These findings for fullerene soot and Aquadag® confirm results from previous literature.

Field of study: Environmental science
First measurements with the K-monochromator at the European XFEL.

Hard X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) generate intense coherent X-ray beams by passing electrons through undulators, i.e. very long periodic magnet structures, which extend over hundreds of meters. The SASE1 and SASE2 undulator systems of the European XFEL consist of 35 segments with variable-gap planar undulators which are initially tuned to precise on-axis magnetic field strengths in a magnetic measurement laboratory to keep an important quality parameter - the K-value variation from segment to segment - below a certain limit (3 × 10-4 for 12 keV photon energy). After tunnel installation only photon-based methods can determine the K-values of undulator segments with a similar accuracy. The synchrotron radiation from a single or a few segments can be spectrally filtered by a dedicated crystal monochromator (K-monochromator) and recorded with a photodiode or with an imager that provides 2D information, tuned for high sensitivity to detect low photon densities from distant single undulator segments. This instrumentation is applied for electron orbit analysis and optimization, and adjustment of individual undulators in terms of their central magnetic axis with respect to the electron beam. Single undulator segments were analysed by scanning the monochromator crystal angle and detecting the steepest slope of a photodiode signal. Alternatively, in the imaging method, an imager recorded the radiation cone of electrons passing through the undulator segment. From the spatial distribution of the radiation, the K-parameter was determined with a sufficiently high relative accuracy.

Field of study: Physics
Versatile workload-aware power management performability analysis of server virtualized systems

The widespread integration of virtualization technologies in data centers has enabled in the last few years several benefits in terms of operating costs and flexibility. These benefits maybe boosted through join optimization of power management (PM) and dependability for virtualized systems. This indeed involves developing appropriate models to better understand their performability behavior whenever they are exposed to predictable (e.g. rejuvenation) and unpredictable breakdowns. We propose in this paper a performability analysis of server virtualized systems (SVSs) using a workload-aware PM mechanism based on non-Markovian Stochastic Reward Nets (SRNs) modeling approach. This analysis investigates interactions and correlations between several modules involving workload-aware PM mechanism, dynamic speed scaling processing, virtual machine (VM) and virtual machine monitor (VMM) both subject to software aging, failure and rejuvenation. We show through numerical results, using quantitative and qualitative metrics, how performance, power usage and efficiency are impacted by workload-aware PM mechanism. We show also how judicious choice of tunable attribute (i.e. Timeout ) of the proposed PM mechanism with respect to workload can lead to a good power-performance trade-off.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Tuberculoma of the Spermatic Cord

Tuberculoma of the intrascrotal cord is rare. There were only 8 other cases reported in the English literature.  A 40-year-old man presented with a painless mass in the left scrotal region. Preoperated frozen section showed it to be a tuberculous lesion.  The mass was excised in toto and the final histopathology confirmed the frozen section and antituberculous drugs were administered.  An awareness of this condition would prevent an orchidectomy on the patient for a benign lesion.

Field of study: Medicine
Cenozoic faulting and sedimentation in northern San Luis Valley, Colorado

The northern San Luis Valley is a high mountain valley encompassing about 4,000 sq km (1,500 sq mi) of south-central Colorado and is located 210 km (130 mi) southwest of Denver (. The valley is situated along the Rio Grande Rift, a zone of Cenozoic normal faulting, volcanic activity, and high heat flow (Chapin, 1971). The valley is bounded on the east and west by the Sangre de Cristo and San Juan Mountains, respectively, on the north by Poncha Pass, and is bounded in part on the south by a shallow ground and surface water divide north of the Rio Grande. PREVIOUS WORK Previous studies of the northern San Luis Basin can be grouped into two categories: (1) geologic studies of portions of the Sangre de Cristo and San Juan Mountains, such as those by Knepper (1974), Peel (1971), Bolyard (1956), Johnson (1969), Larsen and Cross (1956), Steven and others (1974), and Huntley (1976); and (2) general hydrologic studies of San Luis Valley, such as the work of Siebenthal (1910), Powell (1958), Emery and others (1969, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975), and Huntley (1976). This report results from an attempt to integrate geologic and hydrologic data of the valley in order to evaluate mechanisms of groundwater recharge to the basin.

Field of study: Geology