nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Disability associated with alcohol abuse and dependence.

Alcohol use disorders (AUD), i.e., alcohol dependence and abuse, are major contributors to burden of disease. A large part of this burden is because of disability. However, there is still controversy about the best disability weighting for AUD. The objective of this study was to provide an overview of alcohol-related disabilities.



Systematic literature review and expert interviews.



There is heterogeneity in experts' descriptions of disabilities related to AUD. The major core attributes of disability related to AUD are changes of emotional state, social relationships, memory and thinking. The most important supplementary attributes are anxiety, impairments of speech and hearing.



This review identified the main patterns of disability associated with AUD. However, there was considerable variability, and data on less prominent patterns were fragmented. Further and systematic research is required for increasing the knowledge on disability related to AUD and for application of interventions for reducing the associated burden.

Field of study: Medicine
Response-reinforcer independence and the economic continuum: A preliminary analysis.

Three pigeons were exposed to 1-hr and 4-hr sessions during which they earned food under a fixed-ratio 50 schedule of reinforcement while obtaining additional food according to either a variable-interval or a variable-time schedule. Postsession food was provided after the 1-hr sessions. The frequency of the variable-interval and variable-time food presentations was varied under the two session durations. The various combinations of within-session earned and unearned food, as well as the postsession food, defined conditions on the open-to-closed economy continuum. Key pecks tended to increase as the frequency of either variable-interval or variable-time food decreased. An economic-continuum analysis based on an independence quotient as a measure of response-reinforcer independence is presented to account for the effects.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
A SIMPLIFIED METHOD TO ESTIMATE RISER FATIGUE LIFE CAUSED BY VORTEX-INDUCED RESONANCE

According to the characteristic of deepwater top tensioned riser, a simplified method for estimating fatigue life caused by vortex-induced resonance is presented. The simplified model combines the analytica solution for transverse modal vibrations and the empirical expression of VIV amplitude based on wake oscillation model. It is proved that the method can take account of the modification of vibration mode and fatigue life caused by the variety of axial tension along the riser. The critical joint of fatigue damage due to VIV is presented and th effort of flow velocity on fatigue life is also discussed. This method is simple and practical for approximat calculation of fatigue damage from VIV of slender tensioned structures in design process.

Field of study: Engineering
Psycho-Spiritual Integrative Therapy for Women with Primary Breast Cancer

Breast cancer presents physical and psychological challenges, but can also result in posttraumatic growth (PTG). Twenty-four women completed Psycho-Spiritual Integrative Therapy (PSIT) treatment and completed assessments for PTG and QOL before, immediately following, and 1 month after treatment. Women showed improvement (p < .01) on the FACT-B ( Physical Well-being, Emotional Well-being, and Functional Well-being subscales, on the Profile of Mood States (POMS) Depression, Anger, and Fatigue subscales (p < .05), and on their POMS Tension, Vigor and Total Mood Disturbance (TMD) scores (p < .01). Also, women showed improvement on the FACIT-Sp-Ex ( Meaning/Peace subscale, the Spiritual Well-being total scale (p < .01), and on the New Possibilities (p < .01) and Personal Strength (p < .05) subscales of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI). This preliminary study suggests that PSIT may improve well being and stimulate PTG in breast cancer patients.

Field of study: Psychology
Efficient Global Optimal Resource Allocation in Non-Orthogonal Interference Networks

Many resource allocation tasks are challenging global (i.e., non-convex) optimization problems. The main issue is that the computational complexity of these problems grows exponentially in the number of variables instead of polynomially as for many convex optimization problems. However, often the non-convexity stems only from a subset of variables. Conventional global optimization frameworks like monotonic optimization or DC programming treat all variables as global variables and require complicated, problem specific decomposition approaches to exploit the convexity in some variables. To overcome this challenge, we develop an easy-to-use algorithm that inherently differentiates between convex and non-convex variables, preserving the low computational complexity in the number of convex variables. Another issue with these widely used frameworks is that they may suffer from severe numerical problems. We discuss this issue in detail and provide a clear motivating example. The solution to this problem is to replace the traditional approach of finding an $\varepsilon $-approximate solution by the novel concept of $\varepsilon $-essential feasibility. The underlying algorithmic approach is called successive incumbent transcending (SIT) algorithm and builds the foundation of our developed algorithm. A further highlight of this algorithm is that it inherently treats fractional objectives making the use of Dinkelbach's iterative algorithm obsolete. Numerical experiments show a speed-up of four orders of magnitude over state-of-the-art algorithms and almost three orders of magnitude of additional speed-up over Dinkelbach's algorithm for fractional programs.

Field of study: Engineering
Contaminant exposure in relation to spatio-temporal variation in diet composition: A case study of the little owl (Athene noctua).

We assessed dietary exposure of the little owl Athene noctua to trace metal contamination in a Dutch Rhine River floodplain area. Diet composition was calculated per month for three habitat types, based on the population densities of six prey types (earthworms, ground beetles and four small mammal species) combined with the little owl's functional response to these prey types. Exposure levels showed a strong positive relationship with the dietary fraction of earthworms, but also depended on the dietary fraction of common voles, with higher common vole fractions resulting in decreasing exposure levels. Spatio-temporal changes in the availability of earthworms and common voles in particular resulted in considerable variation in exposure, with peaks in exposure exceeding a tentative toxicity threshold. These findings imply that wildlife exposure assessments based on a predefined, average diet composition may considerably underestimate local or intermittent peaks in exposure.

Field of study: Environmental science
Interleukin-1 beta induction of neuron apoptosis depends on p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity after spinal cord injury

Interleukin-1 beta (IL-β) has been implicated as an extracellular signal in the initiation of apoptosis in neurons and oligodendrocytes after spinal cord injury (SCI). To further characterize the apoptotic cascade initiated by IL-1β after SCI, we examined the expression of IL-1β, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and caspase-3 after SCI, and further investigated whether p38 MAPK was involved in neuron apoptosis induced by IL-1β.Adult rats were given contusion SCI at the T-10 vertebrae level with a weight-drop impactor (10 g weight dropped 25.0 mm). The expression levels of IL-1β, p38 MAPK and caspase-3 after SCI were assessed with Western blots, immunohistochemistry staining, and real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR). Neuron apoptosis was assessed with the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) method.Increased levels of IL-β and p38 MAPK were observed soon after injury, with a peak in expression levels within 6 h of injury. By 24 h after injury, caspase-3 expression was markedly increased in the injured spinal cord. TUNEL-positive cells were first observed in the lesioned area 6 h after SCI. The largest number of TUNEL-positive cells was observed at 24 h post-SCI. Intrathecal injection of the IL-1 receptor antagonist IL-1Ra significantly reduced expression of p38 MAPK and caspase-3, and reduced the number of TUNEL-positive cells. Moreover, intrathecal injection of an inhibitor of p38 MAPK, SB203580, also significantly reduced the expression of caspase-3, and reduced the number of TUNEL-positive cells in the injured spinal cord.The p38MAPK signaling pathway plays an important role in IL-1β mediated induction of neuron apoptosis following SCI in rats.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Metal‐Free Oxidative Cyclization of o‐Acylphenols for the Construction of 2‐Aminobenzofuran‐3(2H)‐ones

An efficient metal-free approach to the synthesis of 2-aminobenzofuran-3(2H)-ones has been developed. Using TBHP as an oxidant and I2 (or TBAI) as catalyst, 2-acylphenols were treated with secondary amines to provide 2-aminobenzofuran-3(2H)-one derivatives in moderate to good yields. A possible reaction pathway for the formation of 2-dimorpholinobenzofuran-3(2H)-one is also discussed herein.

Field of study: Chemistry
Cooling performance of high thermal conduction plastics on conduction cooled Bi2223 tapes

Dyneema fiber has a high thermal conduction property. Using the property, we applied a Dyneema fiber reinforced plastic (DFRP) as a heat drain material for a conduction-cooled magnet. In the experiments, the DFRP was contacted on a surface of HTS tape, and a short-time over current exceeding its critical current was applied to the tape. The heat drain effect was measured from a voltage of the tape and a thermocouple. The experimental results showed that the effects depended on the fiber directions in the plastic. In case that the fibers in the plastic contacted perpendicular to the tape's face, the effect was good. When the DFRP is used as the heat-drain material, we should pay attention to the fiber directions in the DFRP.

Field of study: Physics
Criminal and Citizen in Modern Mexico (review)

However, it is not the character of the Franciscans that is the central focus of the work but rather the gradual erosion of Franciscan political authority from a highpoint prior to the Pueblo Revolt. While the crown's shifting priorities in the eighteenth century were essential to the Franciscans' demise, Norris argues that the 1680 Revolt had already begun to transform the role of the Franciscans, whose fear of further rebellion fostered dependence on civil-military authority. The unreliable, sporadic financial support of the crown, the crown's emphasis on the frontier's military security, and the frequent relocation of friars to different missions further weakened Franciscan authority. Norris chronologically plows through each governorship, spending more time on those administrations where the documents are richest. Ultimately, the erosion of Franciscan authority is evidenced not only by the Franciscans' interactions with civil authorities but also by the friars' subsiding resistance to the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Durango. By the early nineteenth century, the Franciscans are so without authority—political or otherwise—that many key sources from the period essentially ignore these increasingly isolated figures.

Field of study: History
Factors Affecting on the Electricity Properties of a Metal/Pet Composite during Tensile Deformation

The effects of different factors on the electrical properties of a well-bonded metal/PET composite during tensile deformation were systematically analyzed, including metal materials, metal coating film thickness and environmental temperature. It was found that, before a crack appearance in the coated metal film, the critical elongation of a well-bonded metal/PET composite depended on the differences of modulus and Poisson's ratio between the coated metal material and PET substrate. After cracking, the metal/PET composites with different metal films showed different elongations when there was a sudden increase in the resistance of the metal/PET composite; the thicker the metal film deposited on PET substrate was, the lower resistance the metal/PET composite had. The thickness of metal film had no obvious effect on the critical elongation of the metal/PET composites. In addition, the resistance of the metal/PET composite increased with the increasing environmental temperature.

Field of study: Materials science
The role of renal biomarkers to predict the need of surgery in congenital urinary tract obstruction in infants.

The diagnosis of renal function impairment and deterioration in congenital urinary tract obstruction (UTO) continues to be extremely challenging. The use of new renal biomarkers in this setting may favor early renal injury detection, allowing for a reliable choice of optimal therapeutic options and the prevention or minimization of definitive renal damage.



The aim of the study was to investigate a selection of promising biomarkers of renal injury with the intention of evaluating and comparing their profile with clinically based decisions for surgical intervention of infants with congenital obstructive uropathies.



The first-year profile of renal biomarkers, serum creatinine (sCr), serum and urine cystatin C (CyC), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1), retinol-binding protein (RBP), and microalbuminuria (μALB), was analyzed in a cohort of 37 infants with congenital UTO, divided into three subgroups, 14 cases with grade III unilateral hydro(uretero)nephrosis, 13 cases with grade III bilateral hydro(uretero)nephrosis, and 10 cases with low urinary tract obstruction (LUTO), compared with 24 healthy infants matched by gestational age and birth weight. Serum and urine samples were stored at -70 °C and thereafter analyzed by quantitative enzymatic immunoassay.



Compared with the control group (Figure), all renal biomarker values were significantly increased in patients (P ≤ 0.02). In the unilateral hydronephrosis and LUTO group, RBP (P ≤ 0.043), NGAL (P ≤ 0.043), KIM-1 (P ≤ 0.03), and TGF-β1 (P ≤ 0.034) values dropped significantly after surgery. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin alone and in combination with urine and serum CyC demonstrated the best performance in determining the need for surgery (area under the curve, 0.801 and 0.881, respectively). Biomarker profile analysis was suggestive of surgical intervention in 55.4% (7/13) of non-operated cases, and most of the biomarker values were above the cutoff levels within at least 3 months before the clinically based surgical decision in 58% (14/24) of all operated patients.



To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to present the clinical use of selected group of serum and urinary biomarkers in the setting of UTO to distinguish between patients who would benefit from surgery intervention. The most promising results were obtained using NGAL, RBP, TGF-β1, and KIM-1, especially in the unilateral hydro(uretero)nephrosis and LUTO subgroups when compared with the control group.



Urine biomarkers, alone and in combination, demonstrated high potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for identifying infants who may benefit from earlier surgical intervention.

Field of study: Medicine
Motivational Impacts on Intent to Use Health-Related Social Media

Today, the healthcare industry is challenged with promoting health and disease prevention through various customer outreach initiatives. Social media tools enable customers to aquire health information without the need to visit their doctor. Yet, healthcare providers do not understand what motivates customers to use such technology for health-related purposes. In this study, an online survey was conducted with 4,058 participants. Using SEM techniques, the results indicate that previous experience with online health-related searches serves as a direct and indirect motivational driver. While the direct relationship between prior experience with online health-related searches can be mostly positive, it can be weakened and impacted by inhibitors that create online use concerns (e.g., privacy and confidentiality). Furthermore, health condition may determine the level of interest people may have for health-related social media sites as well. This research provides a deeper understanding about motivational factors that impact the intent to use health-related social media.

Field of study: Computer science
An Overview of the Beijing 2008 Olympics Research and Development Project (B08RDP)

The Beijing 2008 Olympics Research and Development Project (B08RDP), initiated in 2004 under the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) World Weather Research Programme (WWRP), undertook the research and development of mesoscale ensemble prediction systems (MEPSs) and their application to weather forecast support during the Beijing Olympic Games. Six MEPSs from six countries, representing the state-of-the-art regional EPSs with near-real-time capabilities and emphasizing on the 6–36-h forecast lead times, participated in the project. The background, objectives, and implementation of B08RDP, as well as the six MEPSs, are reviewed. The accomplishments are summarized, which include 1) providing value-added service to the Olympic Games, 2) advancing MEPS-related research, 3) accelerating the transition from research to operations, and 4) training forecasters in utilizing forecast uncertainty products. The B08RDP has fulfilled its research (MEPS development) and demonstration (value-added service) purposes. T...

Field of study: Environmental science
A Review of the Research on Capital Market

With the function of capital financing and distributing,risk diversifying,liquidity smoothing,supervising and information disclosing,capital market promotes industrial structure updating and the development of hi-tech enterprises.The risk of capital market involves information risk,liquidity risk and systematic risk.Policy instruments and means should be innovated regarding the potential risk of capital market.The reform and development of capital market mainly depends the change in government's administration.It's regulating and supervising should adhere to market laws aiming to perfect market operation and administrative mechanism.

Field of study: Economics
Low cost fault tolerance against kc-cycle and km-unit transient for loop based control data flow graphs during physically aware high level synthesis

Recent literatures have proved that current technologies pose grave reliability concern for digital devices due to possibility of multiple (k m )-unit transient fault (MTF) and multi (k c )-cycle transient fault (MCT) emanating from particle strike with moderate linear energy transfer (LET). This has arisen due to massive scaling in device dimensions and surge in device frequency happening so far. In the literature solutions for fault tolerant design, that can address MTF and MCT simultaneously during high level synthesis (HLS) for both loop based and non-loop based applications, does not exist. This paper presents the following novel contributions: (a) novel fault tolerant HLS methodology for simultaneously providing multi-cycle (control step) and multi-unit transient fault tolerance for loop based control data flow graphs (b) novel HLS methodology for low cost design solution through exploration of fault tolerant hardware configuration and loop unrolling factor. Results of the proposed approach on standard benchmarks yielded fault tolerant solutions with significantly reduced design cost (average ~ 27%) and power consumption (average ~ 61%) when compared to a recent similar approach.

Field of study: Engineering
Isolation, Identification and Metabolites Analysis of Four Marine Rhodotorula Strains

Four marine Rhodotorula strains were isolated from leaves, flowers, fruits and soil of mangrove, sea mud hairtails, octopuses and squids in Techengdao, Donghaidao and aquatic product markets in Zhanjiang,Guangdong Province, China. The isolates were identified by the observation of its morphology, culture characteristics and the analysis of 26S rDNA D1/D2 domain sequence. Results showed that, the four strains belonged to Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain ZJZ1, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain ZJD2, Rhodotorula glutinis strain ZJN5 and Rhodotorula sp. ZJH8; the strains could secrete carotenoid, crude polysaccharide, protease,amylase, cellulase, Vitamin B1, Vitamin B2 and Vitamin B6; the content of carotenoid produced by R.mucilaginosa strain ZJD2 was the highest, 155.86 μg/g; the contents of protease and Vitamin B6 produced by R.mucilaginosa strain ZJZ1 were the highest, 188.96 U/mL and 1.14 μg/mL, respectively; the contents of Vitamin B1 and Vitamin B2 produced by R. glutinis strain ZJN5 were the highest, 9.89 μg/mL and 6.65 μg/mL, respectively; the contents of crude polysaccharide, amylase and cellulase produced by Rhodotorula sp. ZJH8 were the highest,14.696 μg/mL, 99.271 U/mL and 1.913 U/mL, respectively.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Traumatic cerebrovascular injury: clinical characteristics and illustrative cases.

Traumatic cerebrovascular injury (TCVI) is a rare and serious complication of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Various forms of TCVIs have been reported, including occlusions, arteriovenous fistulas, pseudoaneurysms, and transections. They can present at a variety of intervals after TBI and may manifest as sudden episodes, progressive symptoms, and even delayed fatal events. The purpose of this study was to analyze cases of TCVI identified at a single institution and further explore types and characteristics of these complications of TBI in order to improve recognition and treatment of these injuries.



The authors performed a retrospective review of cases of TCVI identified at their institution between 2013 and 2016. A total of 5178 patients presented with TBI during this time period, and 42 of these patients qualified for a diagnosis of TCVI and had adequate medical and imaging records for analysis. Data from their cases were analyzed, and 3 illustrative cases are presented in detail.



The most common type of TCVI was arteriovenous fistula (86.4%), followed by pseudoaneurysm (11.9%), occlusion (2.4%), and transection (2.4%). The mortality rate of patients with TCVI was 7.1%.



The authors describe the clinical characteristics of patients with TCVI and provide data from a series of 42 cases. It is important to recognize TCVI in order to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment.

Field of study: Medicine
Novel Branching of a Ketose Promoted by the Nickel(II) – Diamine Complex. The Isomerization of D-Fructose into D-Hamamelose

D-Fructose was converted into 2-C-(hydroxymethyl)-D-ribose in a methanolic solution containing a nickel(II) – N,N′-diethylethylenediamine complex.

Field of study: Chemistry