nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Preferences and Inferences in Encoding Visual Objects: A Systematic Comparison of Semantic and Affective Priming

The authors systematically compared semantic and affective priming in five studies involving words and pictures. In Studies 1 (lexical decision task) and 2 (evaluation task), irrelevant short duration (200 ms) primes were briefly flashed before relevant targets. The authors orthogonally varied both the semantic and affective relations between primes and targets. In both studies, semantic priming but not affective priming was found. Study 3 revealed that the same stimuli can produce affective priming, but only when words come from a single semantic category. Studies 4 and 5 used pictures rather than words to examine automatic encoding tendencies. The results conceptually replicated those from Studies 1 and 2. In sum, the findings suggest that affective priming may be a relatively fragile phenomenon, particularly when the semantic properties of objects vary in a salient manner.

Field of study: Psychology
SYMPTOMATIC TARLOV CYSTS: AN MRI EVALUATION OF CASE SERIES AND LITERATURE REVIEW

To analyze the characteristics of symptomatic Tarlov cysts by MRI.  Neuroimaging and clinical outcome data were reviewed of 48 consecutive patients treated for symptomatic Tarlov cysts. All patients were scanned under Philips Gyroscan Intera 1.5T scanner with spinal surface coils. Two widely used surgical procedures were performed, 1) incision and drainage of the cyst with imbrication of the redundant nerve root sheath, and 2) exposure of the cyst, drainage of cyst contents, identification of nerve roots, and cyst wall resection combined with duraplasty. The post-operation follow-up was obtained from return visits to the neurosurgery and orthopaedic out-patient department or by telephone questionnaires.  All cystic lesions showed hypointense signal intensity on T1WI and hyperintense signal intensity on T2WI, but the nerve root showed iso-intensity on T1WI and low signal intensity on T2WI. They were linear in shape on sagittal view, and hypo intense dotted spots within the cysts on traverse view. Surrounding structures of the larger cysts were compressed and had bone erosions in some cases; the spinal canal and the intervertebral foramen on the affected side were enlarged. The lesions/cyst wall showed no enhancement after gadolinium administration.  MRI will give a definite diagnosis of Tarlov cysts if nerve root presents within the cyst cavity or in the cyst wall; eliminating the need for histological confirmation. A correct analysis of the characteristics of symptomatic Tarlov cysts by MRI, will document its usefulness in noninvasive diagnosis and aid in exploration of the simplest treatment method.

Field of study: Medicine
Fair Trade for All: How Trade Can Promote Development

Germany. Therefore a reflection about the extent to which case study results can actually be generalized or used as guidance in different contexts, about their contribution to the field and about the main techniques and approaches used would have been a good addition to this volume. As with most edited books, the Economic Geography of Innovation also has some problems of internal inconsistency. These however, do not relate to the quality of the articles that remains high throughout the book, but mainly with their assumptions about which factors influence the capability of regions to generate innovation. Some articles, for instance, reproduce a recurrent misconception on the field: that regions innovate and compete. It is true that regions (or countries) may compete for some resources but the type of competition that is mentioned here is exclusive of firms. Therefore it does not make sense to say that a region must be competitive and innovative. What the region must do is create the conditions to facilitate its firms to do both these things. This recurrent mistake has a direct impact on policies: when policy makers are more concerned on developing networks and reinventing the narratives about their region they are missing the key point that in the end what matters is the ability of entrepreneurs, managers, and workers, of private and/or public firms to have new ideas, put them into practice, market them, and with that increase their living standards and those of the wider population.

Field of study: Economics
Structure of an outer surface lipoprotein BBA64 from the Lyme disease agent Borrelia burgdorferi which is critical to ensure infection after a tick bite.

Lyme disease is a tick-borne infection caused by the transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi from infected Ixodes ticks to a mammalian host during the blood meal. Previous studies have shown that the expression of B. burgdorferi surface-localized lipoproteins, which include BBA64, is up-regulated during the process of tick feeding. Although the exact function of BBA64 is not known, this lipoprotein is critical for the transmission of the spirochete from the tick salivary glands to the mammalian organism after a tick bite. Since the mechanism of development of the disease and the functions of the surface lipoproteins associated with borreliosis are still poorly understood, the crystal structure of the B. burgdorferi outer surface lipoprotein BBA64 was solved at 2.4 Å resolution in order to obtain a better insight into the pathogenesis of B. burgdorferi and to promote the discovery of novel potential preventive drugs against Lyme disease. In this study, the crystal structure of BBA64 was also compared with that of the paralogous protein CspA (also referred to as BbCRASP-1, CRASP-1 or BBA68). CspA is the complement regulator-acquiring surface protein-1 of B. burgdorferi; its structure is known, but its function apparently differs from that of BBA64. It is demonstrated that unlike the homologous CspA, BBA64 does not form a homodimer. Their differences in function could be explained by divergence in their amino-acid sequences, electrostatic surface potentials and overall tertiary structures. The C-terminal part of BBA64 has a different conformation to that of CspA; the conformation of this region is essential for the proper function of CspA.

Field of study: Chemistry
Algebraic independence of the values of power series with unbounded coefficients

Many mathematicians have studied the algebraic independence over Q of the values of gap series, and the values of lacunary series satisfying functional equations of Mahler type. In this paper, we give a new criterion for the algebraic independence over Q of the values ∑∞ n=0 t(n)β−n for distinct sequences (t(n))n=0 of nonnegative integers, where β is a fixed Pisot or Salem number. Our criterion is applicable to certain power series which are not lacunary. Moreover, our criterion does not use functional equations. Consequently, we deduce the algebraic independence of certain values ∑∞ n=0 t1(n)β−n, ..., ∑∞ n=0 tr(n)β−n satisfying lim n→∞,ti−1(n) =0 ti(n) ti−1(n) =∞ (i=2, ..., r) for any positive real number M . 1. The transcendence of the values of power series with bounded coefficients We introduce notation which we use throughout this paper. Let N (resp. Z+) be the set of nonnegative integers (resp. positive integers). For a real number x, we denote the integral and fractional parts of x by x and {x}, respectively. We use the Landau symbols o,O, and the Vinogradov symbols , with their regular meanings. For a sequence of integers t=(tn)n=0, put S(t) := {n∈N | tn =0} and f(t;X) := ∞ ∑

Field of study: Mathematics
Nuclei in the Exhaust of a Jet Engine

Surveys were made of condensation nuclei, freezing nuclei, and water vapor concentrations in the exhaust wake of an F80 jet aircraft. Condensation nuclei concentrations were found to be maximum in a region of 50 to 75 ft aft of the tailpipe, with secondary maxima appearing at approximately 150 ft. No freezing nuclei were found, although observations indicated the possibility that they were present but inhibited by exhaust constituents.

Field of study: Environmental science
A partitioning method for efficient system-level diagnosis

We propose a partitioning method for an adaptive distributed system-level diagnosis in arbitrary network topologies. It utilizes a biconnected component as a partitioning unit. In an adaptive distributed system-level diagnosis, testing assignment algorithm is performed before each node performs actual diagnosis to reduce the number of tests in the system. Existing testing assignment algorithms adopt non-partitioning approach covering the whole system, so they incur unnecessary extra message traffic and time. In our method, the whole system is partitioned into small groups (biconnected components), and testing assignment is performed within each group. By exploiting the property of an articulation point of a biconnected component, initial testing assignment of our method performs better than non-partitioning approach by reducing the number of nodes involved in testing assignment. It also localizes the testing reassignment caused by system reconfiguration within the related biconnected components only. It is shown that our system-level diagnosis method is correct, and the number of messages required for testing assignment of our method is smaller than that of the previous non-partitioning methods. Comparisons with other partitioning approach are also presented.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
k-Skip-n-Gram-RF: A Random Forest Based Method for Alzheimer's Disease Protein Identification

In this paper, a computational method based on machine learning technique for identifying Alzheimer's disease genes is proposed. Compared with most existing machine learning based methods, existing methods predict Alzheimer's disease genes by using structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique. Most methods have attained acceptable results, but the cost is expensive and time consuming. Thus, we proposed a computational method for identifying Alzheimer disease genes by use of the sequence information of proteins, and classify the feature vectors by random forest. In the proposed method, the gene protein information is extracted by adaptive k-skip-n-gram features. The proposed method can attain the accuracy to 85.5% on the selected UniProt dataset, which has been demonstrated by the experimental results.

Field of study: Biology
[Behcet's disease with neurologic manifestations].

Behcet's disease (BD) is a type of systematic chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology that is characterized by the combination of recurrent oral aphthous, genital ulcers and uveitis. A damage of the nervous system is observed in 3-9% of patients, in which two variants of the course of the disease are possible: parenchymal in the form of immune-mediated meningoencephalitis, and non-parenchymal, which can be represented by venous sinus thrombosis, intracranial arterial aneurysms and intracranial hypertension. The article presents a clinical case of BD with a dominant nervous system damage in the clinical presentations of the disease.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Critical Current Oscillations of Josephson Junctions Containing PdFe Nanomagnets

Josephson junctions with ferromagnetic layers are vital elements in a new class of cryogenic memory devices. One style of memory device contains a spin valve with one “hard” magnetic layer and one “soft” layer. To achieve low switching fields, it is advantageous for the soft layer to have low magnetization and low magnetocrystalline anisotropy. A candidate class of materials that fulfills these criteria is the Pd1-xFex alloy system with low Fe concentrations. We present studies of micrometer-scale elliptically-shaped Josephson junctions containing Pd97Fe3 layers of varying thickness. By applying an external magnetic field, the critical current of the junctions are found to follow characteristic Fraunhofer patterns. The maximum value of the critical current, extracted from the Fraunhofer patterns, oscillates as a function of the ferromagnetic barrier thickness, indicating transitions in the phase difference across the junction between values of zero and π.

Field of study: Physics
A new measurement approach for validating satellite-based above-cloud aerosol optical depth

The retrieval of aerosol parameters from passive
satellite instruments in cloudy scenes is challenging, partly because clouds
and cloud-related processes may significantly modify aerosol optical depth
(AOD) and particle size, a problem that is further compounded by 3D
radiative processes. Recent advances in retrieval algorithms such as the
“color ratio” method, which utilizes the measurements at a shorter
(470 nm)
and a longer (860 nm) wavelength, have demonstrated the simultaneous
derivation of AOD and cloud optical depth (COD) for scenes in which absorbing
aerosols are found to overlay low-level cloud decks. This study shows
simultaneous retrievals of above-cloud aerosol optical depth (ACAOD) and
aerosol-corrected cloud optical depth (COD) from airborne measurements of
cloud-reflected and sky radiances using the color ratio method. These
airborne measurements were taken over marine stratocumulus clouds with
NASA's Cloud Absorption Radiometer (CAR) during the SAFARI 2000 field campaign
offshore of Namibia. The ACAOD is partitioned between the AOD below-aircraft
(AOD_cloudtop) and above-aircraft AOD (AOD_sky). The results show good agreement between AOD_sky and
sun-photometer measurements of the above-aircraft AOD. The results also show
that the use of aircraft-based sun-photometer measurements to validate
satellite retrievals of the ACAOD is complicated by the lack of information
on AOD below aircraft. Specifically, the CAR-retrieved AOD_cloudtop captures this “missing” aerosol layer caught between the aircraft
and cloud top, which is required to quantify above-cloud aerosol loading and
effectively validate satellite retrievals. In addition, the study finds a
strong anticorrelation between the AOD_cloudtop and COD for
cases in which COD   10 and a weaker anticorrelation for COD  >  10, which may be associated with the uncertainties in the color
ratio method at lower AODs and CODs. The influence of 3D radiative effects
on the retrievals is examined, and the results show that at cloud troughs, 3D
effects increase retrieved ACAOD by about 3 %–11 % and retrieved COD by
about 25 %. The results show that the color ratio method has little
sensitivity to 3D effects at overcast stratocumulus cloud decks. These
results demonstrate a novel airborne measurement approach for assessing
satellite retrievals of aerosols above clouds, thereby filling a major gap
in global aerosol observations.

Field of study: Environmental science
Plant leaf classification using GIST texture features

The leaves of plants have rich information in recognition of plants. In general, agriculture experts accomplish information extraction from the leaves. Since the leaves contain useful features for recognising various types of plants, so these features can be extracted and applied by automatic image recognition algorithms to classify plant species. In this study, the authors investigate a novel approach for recognition of plant species using GIST texture features. Then, the principal and suitable features are selected by principal component analysis (PCA) algorithm. In the classification step, three different approaches such as Patternnet neural network, support vector machine, and K-nearest neighbour (KNN) algorithms were applied to the extracted features. For evaluation of the authors' approach, they applied their proposed algorithm on three famous datasets. In comparison to some widely used features, the results show that their approach outperforms the other methods in the case of the time and the accuracy. The best results were achieved by applying PCA algorithm to GIST feature vector and using the Cosine KNN classifier.

Field of study: Computer science
Contagion Effect of Macro Economic Variables on Ipo Listing Activity: A Time Series Analysis in Indian Context

Boom and slump also occurs in Initial public offer segment of corporate securities market. Studies in context of developed capital market have exhibited that the macroeconomic variables, as well as market specific variables cause fluctuation in size and number of initial public offers (IPOs). This study, examines the relation between the financial market conditions (i.e. interest rate), total economy activity (GDP) and the IPO activity.  Jan 2004 to 2016 on quarterly basis was sampled for the purpose of the analysis. Co-integration and Granger Causality tests performed on variables namely number of IPO issue, issue size, interest rate and GDP. It was found that the interest rate has cointegration, but do not have causal relationship with number of IPO issues, as well as with size of IPO. GDP showed a significant causal relation with issue size, but insignificant one with the number of issue. Our findings contradict with the findings of Kaya (2013) and Lowery (2004). Finally, it is concluded that only GDP has a causal relationship with the size of IPO.

Field of study: Business
Research on the Challenges and Development Path of E-commerce in China in the New Era

With the popularization of the Internet, e-commerce is developing very fast. However, there are still many obstacles and challenges which affect the healthy and sustainable development of e-commerce in the new situation. This paper makes an in-depth analysis of the main characteristics of electronic commerce in China, exploring the major challenges faced in its development process, putting forward the solution to improving the development of e-commerce in China under the new situation.

Field of study: Engineering
Claudin-5 levels are reduced from multiple cell types in human failing hearts and are associated with mislocalization of ephrin-B1.

Claudin-5 is transcriptionally downregulated resulting in dramatically reduced protein levels in human heart failure. Studies in mice have demonstrated that reduced claudin-5 levels occur prior to cardiac damage and far before reduced whole heart function. Therefore, claudin-5 may be a useful early therapeutic target for human heart failure. However, the cell types in which claudin-5 is localized in human heart and from which claudin-5 is reduced in heart failure is not known. The recent identification of claudin-5's interaction with ephrin-B1 in mouse hearts has also not been investigated in non-failing or failing human hearts. In this study we collected human left ventricular mid-myocardium histological samples from 7 non-failing hearts and 16 end-stage failing hearts. Immunoblots demonstrate severe reductions of claudin-5 protein in 14 of 16 failing hearts compared to non-failing controls. Claudin-5 was observed to localize to cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and a subset of fibroblasts in non-failing human heart sections. In isolated cardiomyocytes, the transmembrane claudin-5 protein localized in longitudinal striations in lateral membranes. In failing heart, both cardiomyocyte and endothelial claudin-5 localization was severely reduced, but claudin-5 remained in fibroblasts. Absence of claudin-5 staining also correlated with the reduction of the endothelial cell marker CD31. Ephrin-B1 localization, but not protein levels, was altered in failing hearts supporting that claudin-5 is required for ephrin-B1 localization. These data support that loss of claudin-5 in cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells is prevalent in human heart failure. Investigating claudin-5/ephrin-B1 protein complexes and gene regulation may lead to novel therapies.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction studies of guanidinoacetate methyltransferase from rat liver.

Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase is the enzyme which catalyzes the last step of creatine biosynthesis. The enzyme is found ubiquitously and in abundance in the livers of all vertebrates. Recombinant rat-liver guanidinoacetate methyltransferase has been crystallized with guanidinoacetate and S-adenosylhomocysteine. The crystals belong to the monoclinic space group P2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 54.8, b = 162.5, c = 56.1 A, beta = 96.8 (1) degrees at 93 K, and typically diffract beyond 2.8 A.

Field of study: Chemistry
Renormalisation group analysis of electromagnetic couplings in the pionless effective field theory

The Wilsonian renormalisation group is applied to a system of two nonrelativistic particles interacting via short-range forces and coupled to an external EM field. By demanding that a fully off-shell one-particle-irreducible 5-point amplitude is independent of the cutoff, a renormalisation group equation is derived for the interaction current density. This is solved to obtain the fixed point corresponding to the unitary limit. The scaling behaviour of perturbations around this point is analysed. Some of these terms are related by gauge invariance to terms in the effective-range expansion; others describe short-range physics that is not included in the two-body potential. We construct observables including the bound-state form factor and show how the scaling of the terms in the interaction current is reflected in the power counting for their contributions to observables.

Field of study: Physics
A High-Throughput Search for Composition–Phase–Property Relations of Cu–Ni/Ti–Al Elastic Copper Alloys

A high-throughput method was employed to effectively obtain the cross-scale relationship of elastic copper alloys. Firstly, a Cu–Ni–Ti–Cu25Al–Cu35Sn diffusion multiple was prepared and heat-treated under a specified condition to form a series of diffusion layers with the concentration gradient at the multielement metal interface. Then, the compositions, elastic moduli, and hardness of the Cu–Ni–Al and Cu–Ti–Al ternary copper alloys were tested. Meanwhile, the solid phase sequences in the diffusion zones were predicted by the CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagram) method. Through these experimental and calculated results, the composition–phase–property relations of the Cu–Ni–Al and Cu–Ti–Al ternary systems were established.

Field of study: Materials science
Giant magnetoresistance amplifier for spin-orbit torque nano-oscillators

Spin-orbit torque nano-oscillators based on bilayers of ferromagnetic (FM) and nonmagnetic (NM) metals are ultra-compact current-controlled microwave signal sources. They serve as a convenient testbed for studies of spin-orbit torque physics and are attractive for practical applications such as microwave assisted magnetic recording, neuromorphic computing, and chip-to-chip wireless communications. However, a major drawback of these devices is low output microwave power arising from the relatively small anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) of the FM layer. Here we experimentally show that the output power of a spin-orbit torque nano-oscillator can be enhanced by nearly three orders of magnitude without compromising its structural simplicity. Addition of a FM reference layer to the oscillator allows us to employ current-in-plane giant magnetoresistance (CIP GMR) to boost the output power of the device. This enhancement of the output power is a result of both large magnitude of GMR compared to that of AMR and different angular dependences of GMR and AMR. Our results pave the way for practical applications of spin-orbit torque nano-oscillators.

Field of study: Physics