nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Pyrethrins and Piperonyl Butoxide Adsorption to Soil Organic Matter

The adsorption and mobility of pyrethrins (Pys), the major insecticidal components obtained from the pyrethrum daisy Tanacetum cinerariifolium, and piperonyl butoxide (PBO), a pyrethrum synergist, were determined in soil using batch-equilibrium and reverse-phase thin-layer chromatographic techniques. Two soil management practices were used, soil mixed with yard waste compost (COM) at 50 t acre−1 on dry weight basis and no-mulch (NM) bare soil. Adsorption isotherm experiments were carried out using known concentrations of Pys (Py-I and Py-II) and PBO mixed with known amounts of COM or NM soil at constant temperature and pressure until equilibrium was attained. Pys and PBO in soil extracts were purified and concentrated using solid-phase extraction cartridges containing C18-octadecyl bonded silica. Pys and PBO residues were quantified using a high-performance liquid chromatograph equipped with a UV detector. Adsorption studies showed that compost amended soil adsorbed more Pys and PBO than native (NM) soil. Py-I adsorption was greater than Py-II and PBO. Adsorption of Pys and PBO to humic and fulvic acids was also studied by reverse-phase thin layer chromatography (RPTLC). Results indicated that humic acid, a significant component of organic matter, reduced Pys and PBO mobility. Pys and PBO mobility decreased as the concentration of humic acid in the mobile phase increased.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Radiation exchange in large space structure and frames

The analysis of radiation heat transfer is determined by the need to determine the geometrical quantity, F(ij), which is commonly called the view factor, and which represents the fraction of energy leaving surface i which strikes surface j. The present investigation shows that the use of a rotating plane to model a one-dimensional radiation element is both computationally efficient and accurate. Because of the reduced computational cost of this element, radiation view factors for complex structures can be calculated directly. Under some conditions, the characteristics of the one-dimensional element may lead to a loss in accuracy when it is used to model obstructing cylinders. In cases in which the element is too close to the radiating surfaces, curved surfaces must be represented by a collection of flat planes. However, it appears that as long as the one-dimensional element is more than 5 diameters from the other surfaces, its use is valid.

Field of study: Physics
A Comparison of the Effects of Deafness Simulation and Observation upon Attitudes, Anxiety, and Behavior Manifested toward the Deaf

EARL D. WILSON, Ph.D. University of Nebraska An important task that confronts those who train others to work with the deaf is to acquaint them with the basic characteristics associated with deafness. Traditionally this has been accomplished through the use of reading material and direct observation of the deaf. These two techniques have been accepted and applied for many years with little evaluation or consideration of alternate methods. One alternative, deafness simulation, was considered by the writer as plausible and worthy of comparison with traditional methods. Simulation is currently receiving widespread attention as an educational technology with great promise. It has been used experimentally in teacher training (Cruickshank, 1966) and in other areas of educational research (Teaching research, 1967). Beck & Monroe (1969) have discussed the advantages and disadvantages of simulation as a method of instruction. Among the advantages they cite are affective as well as cognitive experience, the possibility of greater transfer, and a responsive environment that may provide the learner with a sense of involvement. The current study was based upon the assump-

Field of study: Education
Numerical comparison between relativistic and nonrelativistic theory for scattering of slow electrons from atoms

By means of the results for phase shifts, differential cross-sections, and spin polarization in scattering of slow electrons from screened Hg, Xe and Ar nuclei the Mott-theory is compared with its nonrelativistic approximation. For electron energies below 200 eV we find an increasing agreement of the results of the two theories with decreasing atomic number of the scatterer; for Ar both theories yield the same result.

Field of study: Physics
The Prediction of Turbulent Boundary-Layer Separation Influenced by Blowing,

The report presents an analysis predicting separation of a turbulent boundary layer over a cone-flare configuration with gas injected into the boundary layer ahead of separation point. Separation location and separation lengths are compared with experimental data obtained at Mach number of 6 and a range of Reynolds numbers. At the highest Reynolds numbers the extent of separation decreases with increasing Reynolds number. When compared to separation over cylinder-flare body it is found that the extent of separation is lower for the cone-flare configuration.

Field of study: Physics
Distal Humeral Fractures-Current Concepts

Distal humerus fractures constitute 2% of all fractures in the adult population. Although historically, these injuries have been treated non-operatively, advances in implant design and surgical technique have led to improved outcomes following operative fixation.  A literature search was performed and the authors’ personal experiences are reported.  This review has discussed the anatomy, classifications, treatment options and surgical techniques in relation to the management of distal humeral fractures. In addition, we have discussed controversial areas including the choice of surgical approach, plate orientation, transposition of the ulnar nerve and the role of elbow arthroplasty.  Distal humeral fractures are complex injuries that require a careful planned approach, when considering surgical fixation, to restore anatomy and achieve good functional outcomes.

Field of study: Medicine
Tapping into English Language Learners' (ELLs') Prior Knowledge in Social Studies Instruction

Second language research and Culturally Relevant Pedagogy have shown a consensus that ELLs who have studied social studies in their home countries will have a better chance of understanding social studies concepts and quickly catching up to their native English-speaking peers. This article discusses strategies to make good use of ELLs' prior knowledge, native language and culture, and previous literacy to teach social studies concepts meaningfully and effectively to this group of students.

Field of study: Sociology
Pseudo2GO: A Graph-Based Deep Learning Method for Pseudogene Function Prediction by Borrowing Information From Coding Genes

Pseudogenes are indicating more and more functional potentials recently, though historically were regarded as relics of evolution. Computational methods for predicting pseudogene functions on Gene Ontology is important for directing experimental discovery. However, no pseudogene-specific computational methods have been proposed to directly predict their Gene Ontology (GO) terms. The biggest challenge for pseudogene function prediction is the lack of enough features and functional annotations, making training a predictive model difficult. Considering the close functional similarity between pseudogenes and their parent coding genes that share great amount of DNA sequence, as well as that coding genes have rich annotations, we aim to predict pseudogene functions by borrowing information from coding genes in a graph-based way. Here we propose Pseudo2GO, a graph-based deep learning semi-supervised model for pseudogene function prediction. A sequence similarity graph is first constructed to connect pseudogenes and coding genes. Multiple features are incorporated into the model as the node attributes to enable the graph an attributed graph, including expression profiles, interactions with microRNAs, protein-protein interactions (PPIs), and genetic interactions. Graph convolutional networks are used to propagate node attributes across the graph to make classifications on pseudogenes. Comparing Pseudo2GO with other frameworks adapted from popular protein function prediction methods, we demonstrated that our method has achieved state-of-the-art performance, significantly outperforming other methods in terms of the M-AUPR metric.

Field of study: Biology
Temperature and salinity effects on the toxicity of common pesticides to the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio

This study investigated the effects of increased temperature and salinity, two potential impacts of global climate change, on the toxicity of two common pesticides to the estuarine grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio. Larval and adult grass shrimp were exposed to the fungicide chlorothalonil and the insecticide Scourge® under standard toxicity test conditions, a 10°C increase in temperature, a 10 ppt increase in salinity, and a combined increased temperature and salinity exposure. Toxicity of the fungicide chlorothalonil increased with temperature and salinity. Toxicity of the insecticide Scourge® also increased with temperature; while increased salinity reduced Scourge® toxicity, but only in adult shrimp. These findings suggest that changes in temperature and salinity may alter the toxicity of certain pesticides, and that the nature of the effect will depend on both the organism's life stage and the chemical contaminant. Standard toxicity bioassays may not be predictive of actual pesticide toxicity under variable environmental conditions, and testing under a wider range of exposure conditions could improve the accuracy of chemical risk assessments.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Singapore’s willingness to pay for mitigation of transboundary forest-fire haze from Indonesia

Haze pollution over the past four decades in Southeast Asia is mainly a result of forest and peatland fires in Indonesia. The economic impacts of haze include adverse health effects and disruption to transport and tourism. Previous studies have used a variety of approaches to assess the economic impacts of haze and the forest fires more generally. But no study has used contingent valuation to assess non-market impacts of haze on individuals. Here we apply contingent valuation to estimate impacts of haze on Singapore, one of most severely affected countries. We used a double-bounded dichotomous-choice survey design and the Kaplan-Meier-Turnbull method to infer the distribution of Singaporeans' willingness to pay (WTP) for haze mitigation. Our estimate of mean individual WTP was 0.97% of annual income (n = 390). To calculate total national WTP, we stratified by income, the demographic variable most strongly related to individual WTP. The total WTP estimate was $643.5 million per year (95% CI [$527.7 million, $765.0 million]). This estimate is comparable in magnitude to previously estimated impacts of Indonesia's fires and also to the estimated costs of peatland protection and restoration. We recommend that our results be incorporated into future cost–benefit analyses of the fires and mitigation strategies.

Field of study: Environmental science
[Effect of diethyllipoamide on DNA damage and repair of gamma-irradiated mouse bone marrow cells].

By means of Bradley and Kohn’s neutral elution method modified by us, the radioprotective agent DELA (100μg/ml) reduced the DNA double strand breaks and accelerated their rejoining in mouse bone marrow cells after 100 Gy γ-irradiation in vitro. If the mice receivedf the first whole-body irradiation of 7 Gy 10 min after ip DELA 1.1 mg/mouse and the second irradiation of 2.5 Gy 60 min before sacrifice, and hydroxyurea used for inhibiting the normal DNA synthesis, the unscheduled DNA synthesis of bone marrow cells in DELA-protected mice was greatly enhanced on d 3 and d 5. These results showed that DELA protected effectively the DNA macromolecules in irradiated hematopoietic cells.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
The Folklore of Spain in the American Southwest: Traditional Spanish Folk Literature in Northern New Mexico and Southern Colorado

Chapters five through seven deal with the California expedition itself; with extensive analysis of cartography; the nature of ships, sailing, and sailors; methods of navigation; and the extant vague "logs" of the voyage. A final chapter is devoted to an analysis of post-voyage hearings and litigation, contemporary accounts, and a historiography of the voyage. Kelsey concludes his book by quite properly stating: "In the grand scheme of Spanish settlement in the New World, Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo played only a supporting role." The author has done an excellent job in documentary analysis as well as in producing a biography of a heretofore elusive figure. Extensive notes and an exhaustive bibliography of manuscripts, books, and periodical articles in Spanish, English, French, and Portuguese reflect the diligent research of the author. A judicious selection of illustrations and maps, and the inclusion of an analytical index enhance the work. Lest it be said that this review is excessively praisworthy, a few "nit picks" may be found in accenting and spelling of Spanish words and names, probably the result of typographical slips; also, there is room to doubt Peninsular Spanish devotion to the Mexican Virgin of Guadalupe as early as 1543, since devotion to the Castillian Virgin of the same name had existed for over a century earlier. Scholarly and readable, nicely printed and bound, this book is a major contribution to the history of Spanish California, and no collection of Californiana is complete without it. It is particularly recommended to the California Portuguese community. University of San Francisco W. MICHAEL MATHES

Field of study: History
Recent Advances in the Development of Low-Cost Ceramic-Based Magnet Insulation

The wind-and-react production of complex Nb3Sn magnets requires that the coils be wound using un-reacted conductor materials, which are then reacted at 600 to 700degC to produce the superconducting phase. Application of the electrical insulation prior to the heat treatment enables more efficient construction of these magnets and minimizes handling of the strain-sensitive superconductor. Ceramic-based composite insulation materials have been successfully used to produce Nb3Sn magnets via a wind-and-react process. In this work, the mechanical and thermal properties of lower-cost ceramic insulation materials are reported. This insulation provides the compression and shear strengths needed for magnet applications, and offers increased stiffness and thermal conductivity as compared to S2-glass-reinforced polymers.

Field of study: Physics
Projection approximation subspace tracking

Subspace estimation plays an important role in a variety of modern signal processing applications. We present a new approach for tracking the signal subspace recursively. It is based on a novel interpretation of the signal subspace as the solution of a projection like unconstrained minimization problem. We show that recursive least squares techniques can be applied to solve this problem by making an appropriate projection approximation. The resulting algorithms have a computational complexity of O(nr) where n is the input vector dimension and r is the number of desired eigencomponents. Simulation results demonstrate that the tracking capability of these algorithms is similar to and in some cases more robust than the computationally expensive batch eigenvalue decomposition. Relations of the new algorithms to other subspace tracking methods and numerical issues are also discussed.

Field of study: Engineering
CONSTRUCTION OF A EXPRESSION CLONE OF AN EPITOPE GENE OF HUMAN CYTOMEGALOVIRUS BY MUTAGENESIS

he data 
have shown that single epitope of HCMV protein could only be recognized by partial positive 
serafrom patients.A gene clone antigen that can replace virion antigen in serological diagnosis 
need to be composed ofmultiple epitopes of several main antigenic proteins of the virus.To 
understand whether a clone containing repeatgene of epitope can express fusion protein with 
high antigenic titer,we have constructed 3 clones containing 1,2,and 3 copies of the epitope 
gene of HCMV ppUL32 C-terminal respectively by mutagenesis.There was no signifi-cant 
difference of the reactions between the fusion proteins expressed from the 3 clones and viral 
positive sera.Theresults showed that the different numbers of epitope genes in expression 
clones had no significant effect on the anti-genic titers of their fusion proteins.

Field of study: Biology
The Enzyme Free Uric Acid Sensor Based on Iron Doped CuO Nanostructures for the Determination of Uric Acid from Commercial Seafood

In this study, a wet chemical method was used to produce iron-doped CuO nanostructures. Cyclic voltammetry was employed to record sensor signals in a saline phosphate buffer solution of pH 7.3. Iron added into CuO nanostructures contributed electrons to the conduction band of CuO, showing a well-resolved electro-oxidation peak for uric acid. The developed sensor exhibits a wide linear range of uric acid concentrations from 0.05 mM to 4 mM. The limit of detection for the sensor was found to be 0.01 mM. The sensor is highly selective, sensitive, and stable. The results of the in vitro analysis of uric acid motivated the researchers to measure the uric acid from the marine shellfish Perna viridis and razor clam Solen dactylus. The obtained results reveal that the proposed sensor will help to avoid the gout and could be used as an early safeguard of human health.

Field of study: Materials science
Stratigraphic evidence for the Hirnantian (latest Ordovician) glaciation in the Zagros Mountains, Iran

High-latitude Hirnantian diamictites (Dargaz Formation) and lower-Silurian kerogenous black shales (Sarchahan Formation) are locally exposed in the Zagros Mountains. The glaciogenic Dargaz deposits consist of three progradational/retrogradational cycles, each potentially controlled by the regional advance and retreat of the Hirnantian ice sheet. Glacial incisions of sandstone packages change laterally from simple planar to high-relief (

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Phytoplankton dynamics in the eastern Mediterranean Sea during Marine Isotopic Stage 5e

Calcareous nannoplankton, diatoms and organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts from seven eastern Mediterranean sediment cores were investigated to clarify the climatic and paleoceanographic conditions that influenced the deposition of sapropel S5 during Marine Isotopic Stage 5e. Warming of surface waters during S5 deposition is indicated by the high abundance of the calcareous nannofossil “small” Gephyrocapsa group, the presence of the dinoflagellate species Spiniferites mirabilis, Spiniferites pachydermus, Lingulodinium machaerophorum and Polysphaeridium zoharyi, and the tropical–subtropical diatom Pseudosolenia calcar-avis, Chaetoceros resting spores, Rhizosolenids and Thalassionema group. Increased productivity accompanied S5 deposition as evidenced by a general decrease in abundance of calcareous nannofossil superficial species and a coeval increase of dinocysts and diatoms. The productivity increase is further supported by an increase of the deep dwelling calcareous nannofossil species Florisphaera profunda. Stratification of near-surface waters is recorded by the presence of the dinocyst species L. machaerophorum and P. zoharyi together with the co-occurrence of the diatom Chaetoceros resting-spore group, Thalassionema frauenfeldii, and Thalassionema nitzschioides var. parva, which reflect transport of neritic waters off-shore, and by the presence of some freshwater and transport-related diatom taxa (Cyclotella, Diatomella and Diploneis). Gradual shoaling of the nutricline and a gradual weakening of water stratification at the end of S5 deposition is indicated by an increase in the deep dwelling calcareous nannoplankton species Gladiolithus flabellatus, which suggests a less-deep niche compared to the deeper dwelling F. profunda. Time transgressive variations in the distribution of the calcareous nannofossil Emiliana huxleyi and changes in the abundances of Gephyrocapsa oceanica, small Gephyrocapsa, G. flabellatus, and of the dinocysts P. zoharyi and L. machaerophorum lead to paleocirculation considerations, as they always reflect the main current path. Moreover, the occurrence of upwelling-related diatom and dinocyst taxa, such as Chaetoceros resting spores and S. pachydermus, suggests the presence of a former gyre structure south of Crete that was active during S5 time.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Quality in, quality out : feed facts : production

Profitability is driven by milk volume, which in turn is driven by a higher feed intake. Accomplishing a high and sustainable level of milk production at the lowest feed intake (high feed conversion) means that feed of the highest quality in terms of digestible required nutrients must be offered to the cows. Feed quality can be measured in terms of the total amount of required digestible nutrients per unit of dry matter (DM).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Fir Filter Design Using Optimization Implementation Using VHDL

In recent years a very intensive research work is concerned with design of digital filters. The filter shave two uses: signal separation and signal restoration. Signal separation is needed when a signal has been contaminated with interference, noise, or other signals. Signal restoration is required when a signal has been distorted in some way. Every linear filter has an impulse response, a step response and a frequency response .Each of these responses contains complete information about the filter, but in a different form. The filter design process can be described as an optimization problem where each requirement contributes with a term to an error function which should be minimized. Classical optimization methods cannot optimize such objective functions and cannot converge to the global minimum solution. To reduce all these drawbacks encountered with the classical optimization methods, several researchers have utilized many heuristic and meta-heuristic evolutionary optimization algorithms, the majority of which are based on the natural selection and evolution technique. A new algorithm binary discrete optimization method based on cat swarm optimization (CSO). BCSO is a binary version of CSO generated by observing the behaviors of cats. As in CSO, BCSO consists of two modes of operation: tracing mode and seeking mode. The obtained results are compared with a number of different optimization problems including genetic algorithm and different versions of binary discrete particle swarm optimization is the best. It is shown that the proposed method greatly improves the results obtained by other binary discrete optimization problems.  Digital filter, PSO, GA, CSO, BCSO

Field of study: Engineering
Radioisotope Detection and Dating with Tandem Accelerators

During the past three years the Rochester MP tandem accelerator and associated equipment have been used to develop the techniques for the detection of naturally occuring radioisotopes and rare atoms such as the platinum group elements (PGE). Isotope ratios below 10-15 (for 14C and 36Cl) and PGE element abundances down to at least 10-9 (1 ppb) have been detected. Isotope ratios are also being measured in an effort to develop the techniques for radioisotope dating, element abundance measurements (by isotope dilution), nuclear cross section measurements, cosmic ray exposure ages etc. The apparatus at Rochester is now being further developed to increase the sensitivity and accuracy of the measurements and equipment for Toronto is being built at General Ionex exclusively for isotope and rare element abundance studies in geology, archaeology and nuclear physics.

Field of study: Physics