nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of ground-based and satellite measurements of water vapour vertical profiles over Ellesmere Island, Nunavut

Improving measurements of water vapour in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) is a priority for the atmospheric
science community. In this work, UTLS water vapour profiles derived from
Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) satellite measurements are assessed
with coincident ground-based measurements taken at a high Arctic observatory
at Eureka, Nunavut, Canada. Additional comparisons to satellite measurements
taken by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS), Microwave Limb
Sounder (MLS), Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric
CHartography (SCIAMACHY), and Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) are included to put the
ACE Fourier transform
spectrometer (ACE-FTS) and ACE Measurement of Aerosol Extinction in the
Stratosphere and Troposphere Retrieved by Occultation (ACE-MAESTRO) results in context. Measurements of water vapour profiles at Eureka are made using a Bruker
125HR solar absorption Fourier transform infrared spectrometer at the Polar
Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL) and radiosondes launched
from the Eureka Weather Station. Radiosonde measurements used in this study
were processed with software developed by the Global Climate Observing
System (GCOS) Reference Upper-Air Network (GRUAN) to account for known
biases and calculate uncertainties in a well-documented and consistent
manner. ACE-FTS measurements were within 11 ppmv (parts per million by volume; 13 %) of 125HR measurements
between 6 and 14 km. Between 8 and 14 km ACE-FTS profiles showed a small wet
bias of approximately 8 % relative to the 125HR. ACE-FTS water vapour
profiles had mean differences of 13 ppmv (32 %) or better when compared to
coincident radiosonde profiles at altitudes between 6 and 14 km; mean
differences were within 6 ppmv (12 %) between 7 and 11 km. ACE-MAESTRO
profiles showed a small dry bias relative to the 125HR of approximately
7 % between 6 and 9 km and 10 % between 10 and 14 km. ACE-MAESTRO
profiles agreed within 30 ppmv (36 %) of the radiosondes between 7 and
14 km. ACE-FTS and ACE-MAESTRO comparison results show closer agreement with
the radiosondes and PEARL 125HR overall than other satellite datasets –
except for AIRS. Close agreement was observed between AIRS and the 125HR and
radiosonde measurements, with mean differences within 5 % and correlation
coefficients above 0.83 in the troposphere between 1 and 7 km. Comparisons to MLS at altitudes around 10 km showed a dry bias, e.g. mean
differences between MLS and radiosondes were −25.6  %. SCIAMACHY
comparisons were very limited due to minimal overlap between the vertical
extent of the measurements. TES had no temporal overlap with the radiosonde
dataset used in this study. Comparisons between TES and the 125HR showed a
wet bias of approximately 25 % in the UTLS and mean differences within
14 % below 5 km.

Field of study: Environmental science
Fraud Detection and Audit Expectation Gap: Empirical Evidence from Iranian Bankers

Our focus in this study is to determine the expectation gap in auditor’s responsibility between auditors and bankers in Iran. In the view on the fact, the key factor in enhanced credibility is the perception of stakeholders that the external auditors judge to financial statements providing through the management. In recent years corporate scandals were happened, so third parties demand auditors should be as an honest judge. Third parties expect the auditors should have more responsibility to detect fraud. The auditors although they view their role as bringing credibility to financial statements, know because of scope want limitation of their responsibility cannot detect all kinds of fraud. Therefore there is so called gap. Our findings indicate that there is significant gap between auditors and bankers in areas of auditor’s responsibilities to detection fraud and illegal acts. In this study, the authors came to conclusion that the bankers have reasonableness expectation gap from auditors.

Field of study: Business
Unsaturated esters of N-(β-hydroxyethyl) lactams

A general method is developed for synthesizing methacrylic esters with a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered lactam ring β to the carboxyl group, by reacting the sodio-derivatives of the lactams with β-chloroethyl methacrylate. The esters synthesized are prone to thermal polymerization, and able to copolymerize with other monomers in the presence of azodiisobutyronitrile. The following copolymers are prepared; β-(N-pyrrolidonyl) ethyl acrylate with methyl acrylate, β-(N-pyrrolidonyl) ethyl, β-(N-2-oxotetramethyleneimino) ethyl, and β-(N-2-oxopentamethyleneimino) ethyl methacrylates withmethyl methacrylate.

Field of study: Chemistry
Supercooling and superheating effects in heterogeneous systems

In the model for phase transitions in binary systems based on Fourier's and Fick's laws, the interface equilibrium condition 6 = w, relating the temperature 8 and the chemical activity w, is here replaced by a relaxation dynamics for the liquid concentration -37 + ,w) (H 1: inverse of the Heaviside graph); here fi e C°(R2) and sign fi(6,w) = sign(# — w). In the case of a single dimension of space, with an interface jc = s(t), a different dynamics can be considered: s'(t) = fi(6{s(t),t),w(s(t),t)). Each of these laws is coupled with the energy conservation equation. Existence of at least one solution and maximum and minimum principles are proved for both problems. These results can be generalized in many ways, in particular, for temperature, concentration and phase-dependent coefficients. For the problem in a single space dimension, existence of a solution is proved also for the case of vanishing mass diffusivity in the solid. Uniqueness of the solution is shown for the problem in several dimensions of space.

Field of study: Mathematics
Arts in Symbols——An Analysis of Cassirer’s Outlook on Arts Embodied in His Person Theory

Cassirer’s artistic viewis the embodiment of his symbolic philosophy in culture. He believed that art is the manifestation of intrinsic life and the discovery and creation of forms, having the function of understanding and liberating minds. Based on the analysis of his outlook on arts from the perspectives of nature, form and function, the paper concludes that Cassirer’s artistic viewis just that arts are in symbols.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
An encompassing life cycle centric survey of software inspection

This paper contributes an integrated survey of the work in the area of software inspection. It consists of two main sections. The first one introduces a detailed description of the core concepts and relationships that together define the field of software inspection. The second one elaborates a taxonomy that uses a generic development life-cycle to contextualize software inspection in detail. After Fagan's seminal work presented in 1976, the body of work in software inspection has greatly increased and reached measured maturity. Yet, there is still no encompassing and systematic view of this research body driven from a life-cycle perspective. This perspective is important since inspection methods and refinements are most often aligned to particular life-cycle artifacts. It also provides practitioners with a roadmap available in their terms. To provide a systematic and encompassing view of the research and practice body in software inspection, the contribution of this survey is, in a first step, to introduce in detail the core concepts and relationships that together embody the field of software inspection. This lays out the field key ideas and benefits and elicits a common vocabulary. There, we make a strong effort to unify the relevant vocabulary used in available literature sources. In a second step, we use this vocabulary to build a contextual map of the field in the form of a taxonomy indexed by the different development stages of a generic process. This contextual map can guide practitioners and focus their attention on the inspection work most relevant to the introduction or development of inspections at the level of their particular development stage; or to help motivate the use of software inspection earlier in their development cycle. Our work provides three distinct, practical benefits: First, the index taxonomy can help practitioners identify inspection experience directly related to a particular life-cycle stage. Second, our work allows structuring of the large amount of published inspection work. Third, such taxonomy can help researchers compare and assess existing inspection methods and refinements to identify fruitful areas of future work.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Remarks on an Immune-Feedback-Based Learning of Neural Networks

As an engineering application of a biological immune system, an immune feedback control law featuring rapid response to foreign materials and quick stabilization of the immune system is applied to controlling the learning of multi-layer neural networks. Applying the immune feedback control law to the generalized 8-rule, the immune-feedback-based learning rule is derived. The stability condition of the proposed learning rule for the 2-layer neural networks is analytically described. To investigate the feasibility of the proposed learning rule to the multi-layer neural networks, simulation studies of identifying nonlinear functions using the 4-layer neural networks and the sandglass-type neural networks are carried out. Simulation results show both the effectiveness and characteristics of the immune feedback-based learning rule.

Field of study: Computer science
Formylation of 5-hydroxybenzofuran derivatives and synthesis of furo-[3,2-f]coumarins based on them*

The formylation of esters of 5-hydroxy-1-benzofuran-3-carboxylic acid has been studied. The interaction of the synthesized aldehydes with esters of β-keto acids and hetarylacetonitriles gave furo[3,2-f]coumarin-1-carboxylic acids derivatives.

Field of study: Chemistry
A Human Gonadal Cell Model From Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Sertoli cells are main players in the male gonads development and their study may shed light on 46,XY disorders of sex development (DSD). Mature primary Sertoli cells are incapable of proliferating in prolonged in vitro cultures and the available Sertoli cell models have several limitations since they derive from mouse or human cancer tissues. We differentiated human fibroblasts (HFs)-derived induced pluripotent stem cells into Sertoli-like cells (SLC) and, in order to characterize this new Sertoli cell model, we performed gene expression analyses by NextGeneration Sequencing techniques. This approach revealed that our putative SLC have reduced expression of pluripotency markers and expressed Sertoli cell markers such as SRY-Related HMG-Box 9 (SOX9), vimentin (VIM), and claudin-11 (CLDN-11). More in detail, the transcriptional profile analysis suggested that these cells are in an early stage of Sertoli cells maturation. Harnessing the power of induced pluripotent stem cells, we were able to generate SLC that show genetic and functional similarities to human Sertoli cells (HSerCs). SLC could become an excellent source of patient-specific Sertoli cells that could be of paramount benefit for both basic research and personalized medicine in sex development and reproductive medicine.

Field of study: Biology
Novel Design of Interior Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motor Adopting Ferrite Shells on the Rotor Surface

This paper deals with a novel design method for low torque ripple and voltage ripple of interior permanent-magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMs) by using ferrite shells on the rotor surface. The IPMSM with ferrite shells is optimally designed with two design variables related to the structure of the ferrite shells by using the response surface method and the finite-element method in order to minimize torque ripple and voltage ripple. In the vicinity of air gap of the IPMSM, the magnetic flux remarkably fluctuates due to flux-weakening control by the vector inverter. Ferrite shells on the rotor surface can decrease the fluctuation of the magnetic flux effectively. For this reason, the proposed method is a good solution for the robust control of IPMSMs.

Field of study: Physics
Le Volcanisme du Kouh-e-Tchah-e-Shahi au nord du Makran(Iran)

ZusammenfassungDer rezente Spaltenvulkanismus von Kouh-e-Tchah-e-Shahi ist nicht differenziert und besteht hauptsächlich aus andesitischem, an Olivin, Diopsid, Pigeonit und Labrador-Bytownit reichem Basalt. Die Entwicklung, die zur Restschmelze führt, läßt unmischbare Gläser entstehen.Der vulkanische Bogen von Bazman-Taftan wird gedeutet als Subduktionsvulkanismus einer ozeanischen Kruste des Indischen Ozeans, die hinter dem Rücken von Makran von Jaz Murian an tief abtaucht.AbstractThe recent fissural volcanism of Kouh-e-Tchah-e-Shahi is undifferentiated and consists mainly in andesitic basalt, rich in olivine, diopside, pigeonite, and labradorbytownite. The evolution, which leads to residual liquids, shows glasses unmiscible between one another.The volcanic arc of Bazman-Taftan and Kouh-e-Tchah-e-Shahi is interpreted as a subducting volcanism of an oceanic crust of the Indian Ocean, deeply diving from Jaz Murian behind the accretional prism of Makran.RésuméLe volcanisme fissurai du Kouh-e-Tchah-e-Shahi, subrécent, est indifférencié avec essentiellement des basaltes andésitiques à olivine, diopside, pigeonite, bytownite-labrador. L'évolution qui conduit aux liquides résiduels fait apparaître des verres immiscibles entre-eux.L'arc volcanique Bazman-Taftan, avec le Kouh-e-Tchah-e-Shahi, est intreprété comme un volcanisme de subduction à la verticale d'une croûte océanique de l'Océan Indien, fortement plongeante à partir du Jaz Murian, en arrière du prisme d'accrétion du Makran.Краткое содержаниеЛава современных тре щиных излияний в Kouh-e-Tchah-e-Shahi н е дифференцирована и состоит гл. обр. из анд езитного базальта, бо гатого оливином, диопсидом, п игеонитом и лабрадор-бидовнито м. Из её остатков образ уется вулканическое стекл о, не смешивающееся с другими породами. Сч итают, что вулканичес кая дуга Bazman-Taffan образовались из океанической коры Индийского океана.

Field of study: Environmental science
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering sensing platform for detecting amyloid-β peptide interaction with an aggregation inhibitor.

Soluble, small amyloid-β oligomers (AβO) are recognized as significant contributors to the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although drugs for treating AD symptoms have been approved, no therapy targeting amyloid-β (Aβ) capable of modifying the course of the disease is available. In an effort to develop a label-free method for screening new anti-AD therapeutic agents, we show the use of a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) active substrate for detecting the interactions between Aβ peptides and spin-labeled fluorine (SLF), a peptide aggregation inhibitor. Changes in the peak positions and intensity ratios of two spectral peaks near 1600cm-1 and 2900cm-1 can be used to monitor the molecular interactions between SLF and Aβ. This study demonstrates the potential of SERS spectroscopy for rapidly screening and identifying new anti-Aβ therapeutic agents.

Field of study: Physics
SYNTHESIS OF DEHYDRO-3,3′-BIS(p-HYDROXYCINNAMOYL)-5,5′-METHYLENEDIFILICINIC ACID, AN ANALOG OF CARTHAMIN

In connection with the studies on the structure of carthamin (1), dehydro-3,3′ -bis(p-hydroxycinnamoyl)-5,5′-methylenedifilicinic acid, an analog of 1, was synthesized from 2-benzoylphloroglucinol through five steps and its properties were compared with those of 1.

Field of study: Chemistry
Chronic continuous nicotine exposure during periadolescence does not increase ethanol intake during adulthood in rats.

Nicotine has been considered as the gateway drug, because many teenagers experience cigarette smoking before seeking out other drugs. By using an animal model system, we assessed the effects of chronic continuous nicotine exposure during periadolescence on ethanol intake during young adulthood.



Periadolescent Sprague-Dawley rats (35 days old) were used at the beginning of this study. These animals received subcutaneous implantation of nicotine pellets (15 or 25 mg in 21-day time-release pellets) or placebo pellets (0 mg of nicotine) on postnatal day 35. Beginning on postnatal day 53, the animals received various concentrations of ethanol solution during their active period (5:00 PM to 9:00 AM) starting with 2% (v/v, 4 days), then 5% (5 days), 8% (6 days), and 10% (6 days). Between 9:00 AM and 5:00 PM of the same day, the ethanol solution was replaced by regular tap water. The amounts of ethanol solution and regular water were measured daily.



The analyses showed that ethanol intake (grams per kilogram of body weight) in the nicotine 15 and 25 mg groups did not differ from that in the nicotine 0 mg group, and no sex difference was found in ethanol intake. However, ethanol intake was increased as a function of the treatment days.



The results showed that chronic continuous nicotine exposure during adolescence did not increase ethanol intake in rats during young adulthood.

Field of study: Medicine
Stability in an age-structured metapopulation model

We present a discrete model for a metapopulation of a single species with overlapping generations. Based on the dynamical behavior of the system in absence of dispersal, we have shown that a migration mechanism which depends only on age can not stabilize a previously unstable homogeneous equilibrium, but can drive a stable uncoupled system to instability if the migration rules are strongly related to age structure.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Determination of Curve of Curing Oven with Lining for Gassy Suspension Roasting Furnace

According to property of material poured with low content of cement, a reasonable curing curve for No. 4 roasting furncace of Shanxi Alumina Plant is drawn up, which makes the quality of the refractory lining to be improved and the service life of the lining to be prolonged.

Field of study: Materials science
Long Intergenic Non-protein Coding RNA 511 in Cancers

Long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 511 (LINC00511) is upregulated in diverse cancers and involved in prognosis. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic profile of LINC00511 in cancer patients.  Published studies evaluating the prognosis of LINC00511 in patients with different cancers were identified from Medline, Embase, and Web of Science. Analysis of the association between LINC00511 and clinicopathological characteristics was conducted. GEPIA was used to validation and functional analysis and LnCeVar was used to get genomic variations.  We eventually included 9 studies, and the combined results showed LINC00511 was significantly associated with decreased OS (HR = 3.18, 95% CI = 2.29 ~ 4.42, P < 0.001) albeit with mild heterogeneity (I2 = 58.1%, Ph = 0.014), similarly in cancer type subgroups: breast cancer, digestive system cancer, and cervical cancer (all P < 0.001). There is no publication bias and meta-regression indicated follow-up time maybe heterogeneity of the results (P = 0.008). Additionally, LINC00511 appeared to be correlated with age, clinical stage, tumor size, and lymph node metastasis. Those findings were confirmed in GEPIA. Through LnCeVars, gene ontology and functional pathways were enriched, and dysregulated hallmarks and related ceRNA network of LINC00511 were disturbed.  LINC00511 could be predictive of poor OS and lymph node metastasis in multiple cancers, in another word, LINC00511 serves as an unfavorable prognostic factor, and its mechanism is related to ceRNA.

Field of study: Biology
Intoxication is not always visible: an unrecognized prevention challenge.

T HE USE OF alcohol or other drugs (AOD) to alter consciousness and produce intoxication is not new. Alcohol, for example, is the most widely used and abused drug on earth and has been consumed for its intoxicating effects for thousands of years. One consequence of AOD intoxication is impaired driving. One of the challenges facing prevention specialists is that many factors contribute to intoxication as well as to whether a person is ‘‘visibly intoxicated.’’ ‘‘Visible intoxication’’ (meaning a series of perceptible acts and behaviors consistent with gross impairment) is, in some cases, different from ‘‘obvious intoxication,’’ a term used in some state statutes (and some older studies to mean visibly intoxicated), that relates to a combination of all the factors used to determine whether a person is or is likely to be alcohol impaired. ‘‘Intoxication’’ is not always visible even to trained observers. The goals of this review are (i) to educate prevention specialists about the state of knowledge in determining intoxication, (ii) to provide an authoritative treatise on the subject of visible intoxication, and (iii) to address the medicolegal consequences of such intoxication—primarily the prevention of impaired driving. Historically, most of the direct consequences of intoxication have been limited to individual drinkers who, if they lived long enough, would eventually incur significant medical consequences (Brick, 2008). However, the introduction of motor vehicles and the eventual proliferation of mechanized transportation dramatically changed society. No longer were the effects of alcohol overuse limited to the drinker, but now others (passengers, occupants of other vehicles, and pedestrians) were included as well. Today about 14,000 alcohol-related fatal crashes occur per year (Yi et al., 2006). The actual number of crashes directly due to intoxication is probably lower as most recent epidemiological studies of this type include drivers with blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) of more than zero, and statistical methods, such as intupation, assume intoxication based on driver and crash profiles. But even when objective blood alcohol evidence is missing (US Department of Transportation ⁄National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2002), drunken driving is a major health hazard. Diverse approaches have been applied to prevent drunken driving (Hingson et al., 1996a,b, 1999; Holder et al., 2000; NIAAA, 2000) but only three approaches specifically relate to identifying signs of alcohol intoxication: DWI laws, dramshop ⁄ related host liability, and Alcohol Beverage Control Board laws. A review of differences between DWI-related issues and visible intoxication (the focus of dram shop laws) is important to the general public’s awareness and understanding of this problem, and the reduction of motor vehicle and other injuries due to intoxication. In this article, we review the development, scientific foundation, implications, and interrelationships among these approaches.

Field of study: Medicine
Sensitivity of Two-Sample Permutation Inferences in Observational Studies

In observational studies, subjects are not randomly assigned to treatment or control, so they may differ in their chances of receiving the treatment. A simple method is developed and demonstrated for displaying the sensitivity of conventional two-group permutation inferences to departures from random assignment of treatments. The unmatched case, discussed here, differs in certain technical and computational details from the matched case, discussed previously; however, the underlying model and the method for quantifying departures from randomization are the same. The method may be applied to Wilcoxon's rank sum test, the Gehan and log-rank tests for censored outcomes, Mantel's test for scored categories, and Fisher's exact test for binary responses. The method embeds the usual randomization reference distribution in a one-parameter family of departures involving an unobserved covariate that would have been controlled by adjustments had it been observed. As this parameter is varied, the sensitivity...

Field of study: Mathematics