nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Exhibition Review: The Genius of Venice

The Genius of Venice I1o5-I600, the grand exhibition held at the Royal Academy of Arts from November 25, i983, to March II, i984, transformed the London season, as one brochure announced, into "A Venetian Winter." Notwithstanding the strong competition of the British Museum's exhibition of Raphael drawings, all London seemed filled with enthusiasm for the Queen of the Adriatic, an enthusiasm that manifested itself on every level of culture consumption and tourism: from gondolier shirts, carnival masks, and tins of baicoli to concerts of Venetian music, programs of films set in the lagoon, and public lecture series on topics such as "Venice: Art and Culture" and "Venice and the Victorians"; and, not least important in setting the tone of the occasion, special travel packages guaranteed the presence of large numbers of live Venetians in the British capital (the show was sponsored by the Sea Containers Group and Venice Simplon-Orient-Express Limited). 1 With a kind of forbearing noblesse, the exhibition itself put up with all this, standing well above the hoopla it generated by virtue of its own extraordinary achievement. The Genius of Venice was impressive in every way, for the scope and intelligence of its organization as well as for the quality, quantity, and variety of the works of art on view. Celebrating what is generally acknowledged to be the golden age of Venetian art, the exhibition included paintings (I47 catalogued, although not all were finally sent to London), drawings (84 items), prints (63, although not all arrived), and sculpture (42 objects); in addition there were prints, manuscripts, documents, and maps illustrating aspects of Venetian history, politics, and civic ritual (i9 items). Together, these filled fifteen galleries of the Royal Academy, offering the visitor a breathtaking panorama of the Venetian Cinquecento, highlighted by masterpieces rarely seen, the most notable being Sebastiano del Piombo'sjudgment of Solomon from Kingston Lacy and Titian's Flaying of Marsyas from Kromeii, Czechoslovakia. The presence of such works testified to the diplomatic skills of

Field of study: History
Aromatase inhibitor of formestane and letrozole on sexual differentiation of muscovy

The differentiation of poultry′s gonads is related to the regulation of estrogen,and the synthesis of estrogen is catalyzed by aromatase.The female muscovy gonads can develop into male when the activity of aromatase is blocked by aromatase inhibitor before sexual differentiation.In order to learn the effection of aromatase inhibitor to the hatchability and the growth of sexual gonade on muscovy,in this experiment,the fertilized eggs were injected separately with two kinds of aromatase inhibitors,formestane(steroid) and letrozole(nonseroid).The results showed that 100 and 150 μg·egg-1 formestane(steroid) can effectively reverse female muscovy to male(P0.01),the rate of masculinization was 52.94% and 55.56% which was identified by genetic sex,but the hatchability of muscovy decreased along with the concentration of formestane,100 μg·egg-1 letrozole(nonseroid) can effectively reverse female muscovy to male(P0.05) and the rate of masculinization was 36.36%,but 50 and 150 μg·egg-1 letrozole can′t reverse sexual efficiency.The hatchability of letrozole groups were lower than that of the normal group.The two sides of sexual gonads on fully masculinized muscovys were like normal testis,but there were some morphologic differentiations among the two sides of sexual gonads on partial masculinized muscovys.The left gonad was reversed less than the right′s and the structure was between testis and ovary.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The Role of Phosphate Ester as a Fire Retardant in the Palm-Based Rigid Polyurethane Foam

Palm-based polyurethane containing phosphate ester (PE) as fire retardant has been developed. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of PE inclusion into palm-based polyurethane (PU) system onto the mechanical and burning property of the PU. The PE was synthesized via ring-opening hydrolysis between phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and epoxy. The synthesis was conducted at 60–70 °C with varying concentration of H3PO4 at 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 wt.%. It was then added into the PU system at 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt.%. Density of the PU foam was in the range of 45–50 kg·m−3. PE increased the compression strength and modulus of the PU. The highest compression stress (1441 kPa) and modulus (7733 kPa) were discovered with the addition of 10 wt.% PE. Burning properties showed that the addition of PE has decreased the burning rate of the PU foam. PU with PE synthesized from 5.0 wt.% H3PO4 showed excellent burning properties with the lowest burning rate (0.047 cm·s−1) compared to control PU which was at 0.119 cm·s−1.

Field of study: Materials science
Model of pp and AA collisions for the description of long-range correlations

Soft processes in pp and AA interactions are considered in the framework of phenomenological model with color strings formation and fusion. Elementary parton collisions are realized in the model as the interaction of two colour dipoles from projectile and target nucleons. Modeling of the exclusive distributions of parton momentum fractions and transverse coordinates is performed. The interaction of colour strings in transverse plane is carried out in the framework of local string fusion model with the introduction of the lattice in the impact parameter plane and taking into account the finite rapidity length of strings. The parameters were fixed with experimental data on pp total inelastic cross section and charged multiplicity. The model was used for the calculation of long-range correlations between the multiplicities (n) and the mean transverse momenta (pt) of charged particles. The dependence of n-n, pt-n, pt-pt correlations on the width and position of the backward and forward rapidity windows was studied. Note that the model enables to describe the AA interactions without referring to the Glauber picture based on the concept of elementary nucleon-nucleon collisions. In this connection the charged multiplicity, the mean numbers of participant nucleons and binary collisions and their variances in the case of PbPb collisions were calculated and compared with the predictions of alternative models and the experimental data. The influence of different ways of centrality determination on the multiplicity fluctuations and long-range correlations was also discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Comparision of L2 and L3 VPN Based on MPLS Technology

Describes the main idea of MPLS tunnel technology, analyzes the mechanism of L2 and L3 VPN based on MPLS.Compares the characteristics which are possesd by L2 and L3 VPN, proposes that on the basis of the property and target of network design a plan may be reasonably choosed to construct the MPLS VPN needed by customers.

Field of study: Computer science
SU-E-T-199: How Number of Control Points Influences the Dynamic IMRT Plan Quality and Deliverability.

To study the influence of number of control points on plan quality and deliverability.



Five previously treated patients of carcinoma of rectum were selected. Planning target volume (PTV) and organs at risk (OARs) i.e. bladder and bowel were contoured. Dynamic IMRT plans (6MV, 7-fields, 45Gy/25 fractions and prescribed at 95% isodose) were created in Eclipse (Varian medical system, Palo Alto, CA) treatment planning system (TPS) for Varian CL2300C/D linear-accelerator. Base plan was calculated with 166 control points, variable mode (Eclipse Default). For generating other plans, all parameters were kept constant, only number of control points (Fixed mode) was varied as follows: 100, 166 and 200. Then, plan quality was analyzed in terms of maximum and mean dose received by the PTV and OARs. For plan deliverability, TPS calculated fluence was verified with I'matriXX (IBA Dosimetry, Germany) array and compared with TPS dose-plane using gamma index criteria of 3% dose difference and 3mm distance to agreement (DTA). Total number of monitor units (MU) required to deliver a plan was also noted.



The maximum variation for the PTV maximum with respect to eclipse default control point (166) was 0.28% (0.14Gy). Similarly, PTV mean varied only up to 0.22 %(0.11Gy). Bladder maximum and bladder mean varied up to 0.51% (0.24Gy) and 0.16% (0.06Gy). The variation for the bowel maximum and bowel mean was also only 0.39% (0.19Gy) and 0.33% (0.04Gy). Total MU was within 0.32 % (4MU). Average gamma pass rate using different control points for five patients are 98.75±0.33%, 99.37±0.09%, 99.29±0.12%, 98.14±0.13% and 99.25±0.14% respectively.



Slight variation (<1%) in PTV and OARs maximum and mean doses was observed with varying number of control points. Monitor unit was also not varied much. Reducing number of control points did not showed any comprise in plan deliverability in terms of gamma index pass rate.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Immunogenicity of G145R mutant HBsAg "a" determinant with synthetic peptides

To study the change of antigenicity and immunogenicity of G145R mutant HBsAg.  Two peptides were synthesized which were specific to HBsAg "a" determinant. P1 wt represents wild type and P2 145R represents G145R mutant. The conformation structure was analyzed with 2 ME denature test. Then the antigenicity and immunogenicity of G145R mutant HBsAg were studied with ELISA, competitive inhibition test and Western blot.  SDS PAGE results revealed that in the absence of reducing agents, both peptides had a heterogeneous mixture of multiple forms with molecular masses ranging from 4 kD to 30 kD and the main bands were at 5 kD and 10 kD, whereas in denatured condition, it showed one band of 4 kD. In a direct ELISA, peptide 1(P1 wt) showed a high degree of cross reactivity with polyclonal anti HBsAg antisera, the highest titer of antisera could reach as high as 1/32 000, whereas the antigenicity of peptide 2(P2 145R) was significantly reduced, that means when the titer of antisera was 1/8000, the result became negative. And 6 weeks after being immunized with these peptides, mice produced a high level of serum antibody against respective peptides such as P1 wt and P2 145R, but the anti peptide antibodies bound to the corresponding native peptide with an apparent affinity higher than the others.  All of the cysteine sulfhydryl groups may spontaneously form disulfide bonds to yield a conformational, disulfide dependent "a" determinant of HBsAg. And the antigenicity and immunogenicty changed significantly after amino acid mutate at amino acid 145. This result suggest that it is necessary to reevaluate the effect of present hepatitis B vaccine, set up G145R mutant HBV specific diagnostic methods and to develop new vaccines.

Field of study: Biology
Influence of spices and spice principles on hepatic mixed function oxygenase system in rats.

The status of hepatic mixed function oxygenase system (MFOS) was investigated in rats fed spice principles: capsaicin, piperine and curcumin, as well as spices: cumin, ginger, fenugreek, cinnamon, asafoetida, mustard and tamarind at two dietary levels each. Liver microsomal cytochrome P450-dependent aryl hydroxylase was generally stimulated by these spice principles and spices. Cumin, ginger and fenugreek also stimulated the levels of cytochrome P450 and cytochrome b5 and cumin and tamarind stimulated N-demethylase activity. NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and glucuronyl transferase activities, however, remained unaffected by the spices tested.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Zur Interpretation des Paramagnetismus der Eisengruppe

ZusammenfassungDie von A. Sommerfeld und dem Verfasser früher gegebenen Formeln für die Suszeptibilität enthalten die Aufspaltungen der Grundterme der Spektren der betreffenden Ionen. In dieser Arbeit werden die Aufspaltungen mittels der relativistischen Dublettformel berechnet. Die auf diesem Wege rein spektroskopisch erhaltenen Magnetonenzahlen stimmen in keinem Falle mit den beobachteten überein. Auch bei den seltenen Erden scheint sich derselbe Effekt bemerkbar zu machen.  Erklärungen dieser Diskrepanz werden diskutiert.

Field of study: Physics
The uptake and release of water vapour by the foam seal of a diffusion porometer as a source of bias.

The apparent resistance to diffusion of water vapour presented by a set of holes in a calibration plate when measured by a commercial porometer depended on materials previously measured in the sensor head of the instrument. The data reported show the variation in apparent resistance of a set of holes with a specified value of 13.7 s cm−1 after a leaf of small resistance, a set of holes with a specified resistance of 3.75 s cm−1, or a hydrophobic membrane had been in the sensor head and the effect of covering the foam seal around the mouth of the cup with aluminium foil. It was concluded that the results were profoundly affected by the history of water vapour accumulation and release from the foam seal which could give rise to biased readings both during calibration and in measurements of leaf resistance and might also explain much of the scatter when calibration data obtained at different times were pooled for the calculation of a calibration equation. Reliable estimates of resistance over the effective range of the instrument cannot be expected unless this transfer of water vapour between the seal and the cup is prevented.

Field of study: Environmental science
Simulation of changes in ground-water levels associated with strip mining

Coal strip mining can influence ground-water levels both spatially and in time in the vicinity of a mine. The magnitude, extent, and timing of such changes are not, however, well known. Through the use of a finite element model that was developed specifically to study these problems, it is possible to solve for the hydraulic-head distribution within a two-dimensional region and for the position of the water table and seepage faces in a mined area as a function of time. Sensitivity analyses conducted with the model show that strip mining not only influences water levels during the mining and early post-mining period but also show that the most significant effects are observed during the re-establishment of a steady-state flow system following mining. The magnitude and extent of changes in ground-water levels are controlled by at least four important hydrogeological parameters: (1) the presence of local discharge areas or sources of recharge, (2) the character of the post-mining landscape, (3) changes in the rate of recharge through the spoil, and (4) changes in the hydraulic conductivity of the spoil relative to the undisturbed geologic materials. The timing of water-level changes depends upon features of the flow system, such as how efficiently water is able to move to the low in hydraulic potential, caused by mining, and also upon the storativity of the mine spoil. All of the simulations indicate that long times are required for the flow system to re-establish steady-state conditions following mining. Such results imply that the maximum impact of mining at some sites may not be felt until many years following the cessation of mining.

Field of study: Geology
Using School Content Based Texts to Increase Secondary School Pupils’ Motivation to Read and Develop their Reading Skill: The Case of Second Secondary Year Pupils in Algeria

The aim of this paper is twofold: to investigate Algerian secondary school pupils’ interests and preferences for the selection of reading materials and to examine the possibility of taking pupils’ existing knowledge acquired in other school subjects into consideration for the selection of reading materials to develop their reading skill and learn E.F.L through content. This may bring an answer to the lack of interest pupils seem to show when presented to the English texts contained in their English textbooks and will perhaps contribute to the design of an E.F.L reading program for secondary school pupils. This program could take into consideration pupils’ interests and background knowledge for the selection of reading materials to the English reading classroom. This may develop pupils’ reading skill and reading to learn strategies, which they will need after leaving school.  10.5901/jesr.2015.v5n1p183

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Detecting Vortex Formation and Shedding in Cylinder Wakes Using Lagrangian Coherent Structures

The wake behind a circular cylinder is studied to investigate the complex vortex shedding physics in the near-wake region. Both the Q criterion and a Lagrangian coherent structure analysis are applied to flowfields acquired from a numerical simulation, as well as from experimental particle image velocimetry to determine the properties of the wake. A rate-of-strain filter is applied to the finite-time Lyapunov exponent field to filter out ridges corresponding to local shear, and yields ridges along which fluid trajectories separate hyperbolically. This strain filter reveals a sudden loss of hyperbolicity along a Lagrangian coherent structure as a new vortex begins to form. The Lagrangian coherent structures are also shown to identify and track topological Lagrangian saddle points in the cylinder near wake. This information characterizes the behavior of the vortices as they form, shed, and convect downstream. In particular, a Lagrangian saddle point is observed to remain attached to the cylinder surface unt...

Field of study: Physics
Effect of gamma irradiation and retort processing on microbial, chemical and sensory quality of ready-to-eat (RTE) chicken pulav.

Effect of irradiation processing in combination with retort (thermal) processing on the shelf life and safety of ethnic Indian food products namely chicken pulav was investigated. Ready-to-eat chicken pulav was irradiated in air atmosphere at room temperature with 60Co gamma source and retort processed at F0 value of 3.0. Dosimetry was carried out using Ceric-Cerous dosimeter to determine the delivered dose to each sample and found to be in the range of 2.0 kGy to 5.0 kGy at a dose rate of 0.6 kGy/h with an accuracy of ± 5%. The combination processed chicken pulav was analysed for microbiological, sensory and chemical characteristics. Microbiological analysis indicated that irradiation in combination with retort processing has significantly reduced the microbial loads (P ˂ 0.05). The changes in chemical characteristics and sensory quality on storage were insignificant. The combination of irradiation with retort processing resulted in greater overall reduction in microbial loads, extended shelf life and improved organoleptic qualities.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A Method for Constructing Algebraic Petri Nets

Algebraic Petri nets are a powerful formal method for specifying concurrent and distributed systems. We present a new method of constructing algebraic Petri net specifications by establishing a relationship between algebraic Petri nets with structured analysis methods. Algebraic Petri net specifications are systematically derived from data flow diagrams, a data dictionary, and decision table process specifications. Our results facilitate the application of algebraic Petri nets and also provide a potential analysis technique for informal specifications written in structured analysis methods.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
A comparison of Eastern North America and Coastal New England magma suites: implications for subcontinental mantle evolution and the broad-terrane hypothesis

New England and Maritime Canada host two major suites of Mesozoic diabase dykes. The oldest is the Coastal New England dykes that were emplaced between 225 and 230 Ma. These rocks are dominantly alkaline with trace element and isotopic compositions indicative of a high-238U/204Pb mantle (HIMU) source. The oldest of the ~200 Ma Mesozoic rift magmas is represented by the Talcott basalt of the Hartford basin and its feeder dykes. External to the basin is the compositionally equivalent Higganum dyke. The extension of the Higganum, the Onway dyke in New Hampshire, is identical in major and trace element and isotopic compositions indicating that the dyke system represented a feeder to flows of flood basalt proportions. The Talcott system rocks have some trace element similarities with arc basalts and have been interpreted as representing melts of a subduction zone modified mantle beneath the Laurentian- Gondwanan suture. Incompatible trace element ratios and Ba, Th, and U values are, however, unlike arc basalts...

Field of study: Environmental science
Sources of financial pressure and up coding behavior in French public hospitals.

Drawing upon role theory and the literature concerning unintended consequences of financial pressure, this study investigates the effects of health care decision pressure from the hospital's administration and from the professional peer group on physician's inclination to engage in up coding. We explore two kinds of up coding, information-related and action-related, and develop hypothesis that connect these kinds of data manipulation to the sources of pressure via the intermediate effect of role conflict. Qualitative data from initial interviews with physicians and subsequent questionnaire evidence from 578 physicians in 14 French hospitals suggest that the source of pressure is a relevant predictor of physicians' inclination to engage in data-manipulation. We further find that this effect is partly explained by the extent to which these pressures create role conflict. Given the concern about up coding in treatment-based reimbursement systems worldwide, our analysis adds to understanding how the design of the hospital's management control system may enhance this undesired type of behavior.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Identification of Energy Metabolism Changes in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Rats Using a Metabonomic Approach

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a serious complication of diabetes. It is therefore crucial to elucidate the characteristic metabolic changes that occur during the development of diabetes to gain an understanding the pathogenesis of this disease and identify potential drug targets involved.  1H nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabonomics combined with HPLC measurements were used to determine the metabolic changes in isolated cardiac tissues after 5 weeks, 9 weeks, and 15 weeks in rats treated with streptozotocin.  Pattern recognition analysis clearly discriminated the diabetic rats from time-matched control rats, suggesting that the metabolic profile of the diabetic group was markedly different from that of the controls. Quantitative analysis showed that the levels of energy metabolites, such as the high-energy phosphate pool (ATP and creatine), significantly decreased in a time-dependent manner. Correlation analysis revealed the inhibition of glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, enhanced lipid metabolism, and changes in some amino acids, which may have led to the decline in energy production in the DCM rats.  The results indicated that the administration of energy substances or the manipulation of myocardial energy synthesis induced by increased glucose oxidation may contribute to the amelioration of cardiac dysfunction in diabetes.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry