nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Energy Transfer and Spectra in Simulations of Two-dimensional Compressible Turbulence

We present results of high-resolution numerical simulations of compressible 2D turbulence forced at intermediate spatial scales with a solenoidal white-in-time external acceleration. A case with an isothermal equation of state, low energy injection rate, and turbulent Mach number \(M\approx 0.34\) without energy condensate is studied in detail. Analysis of energy spectra and fluxes shows that the classical dual-cascade picture familiar from the incompressible case is substantially modified by compressibility effects. While the small-scale direct enstrophy cascade remains largely intact, a large-scale energy flux loop forms with the direct acoustic energy cascade compensating for the inverse transfer of solenoidal kinetic energy. At small scales, the direct enstrophy and acoustic energy cascades are fully decoupled at small Mach numbers and hence the corresponding spectral energy slopes comply with theoretical predictions, as expected. At large scales, dispersion of acoustic waves on vortices softens the dilatational velocity spectrum, while the pseudo-sound component of the potential energy associated with coherent vortices steepens the potential energy spectrum. 
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Field of study: Physics
Persistence of Carbaryl Residues in Sandy Loam Soil and its Uptake by Root Crops.

The average deposits 18 to 53 26 to 90 and 39 to 215 ppm were obtained from 15, 30 and 45 kg a i./ha respectively, These deposits got dissipated 44–93 per cent after 15 days of application of insecticide. The persistence was noticed from 60 to 120 days. The half life values varied from 11.94 to 20.20 days. The residues of carbaryl in beet root, carrot and radish were below detectable level at harvest time of these crops.

Field of study: Biology
Tobin's Q and the location of Foreign Direct Investment in China

The aim of this paper is to examine the effects of the Chinese and Hong Kong stock markets on the levels of foreign direct investment into China’s regions, utilising dynamic panel estimation techniques. Using a Tobin’s Q measure, the results indicate that the effect is significant for both the Chinese and Hong Kong stock markets, but negatively signed, suggesting that FDI into China acts as a substitute for domestic investment. In addition we show that the Arellano-Bovver approach to dynamic panels produces an improvement into the modelling of FDI in China.

Field of study: Business
Evolution at a multiallelic locus under migration and uniform selection

The semilinear parabolic system that describes the evolution of the gene frequencies in the diffusion approximation for migration and selection at a multiallelic locus is investigated. The population occupies a finite habitat of arbitrary dimensionality and shape. The drift and diffusion coefficients may depend on position, but the selection coefficients do not. It is established that if $${\hat{p}}$$ is a uniform equilibrium point under pure selection, then $${\hat{p}}$$ is a migration-selection equilibrium, and that generically the introduction of migration does not change the stability of $${\hat{p}}$$ . It is also proved that if $${\hat{p}}$$ is a uniform, globally asymptotically stable, internal equilibrium point under pure selection, then the gene frequencies converge to $${\hat{p}}$$ when both migration and selection are present. Thus, in this case, after a sufficiently long time, there is no genetic indication of the spatial distribution of the population.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Biogeophysical controls on soil-atmosphere thermal differences: implications on warming Arctic ecosystems

Soil temperature (ST) has a key role in Arctic ecosystem functioning and global environmental change. However, soil thermal conditions do not necessarily follow synoptic temperature variations. This is because local biogeophysical processes can lead to a pronounced soil-atmosphere thermal offset (∆T) while altering the coupling (βT) between ST and ambient air temperature (AAT). Here, we aim to uncover the spatiotemporal variation in these parameters and identify their main environmental drivers. By deploying a unique network of 322 temperature loggers and surveying biogeophysical processes across an Arctic landscape, we found that the spatial variation in ∆T during the AAT≤0 period (mean ∆T=-0.6°C, standard deviation ± 1.0°C) was directly and indirectly constrained by local topography controlling snow depth. By contrast, during the AAT>0 period, ∆T was controlled by soil characteristics, vegetation and solar radiation (∆T=6.0°C ± 1.2°C). Importantly, ∆T was not constant throughout the seasons reflecting the influence of βT on the rate of local soil warming being stronger after (mean βT = 0.8 ± 0.1) than before (βT = 0.2 ± 0.2) snowmelt. Our results highlight the need for continuous microclimatic and local environmental monitoring, and suggest a potential for large buffering and non-uniform warming of snow-dominated Arctic ecosystems under projected temperature increase.

Field of study: Environmental science
Adsorption Performance of Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes to Trace Benzodiazepines

The adsorption performance of MWCNTs to four benzodiazepines including diazepam,estazolam,alprazolam and triazolam was examined.Four drugs can be adsorbed rapidly and quantitatively on MWCNTs in the static adsorption experiment,and the adsorption equilibrium was obtained within 10 min.The adsorptive capacities of MWCNTs increase with increasing concentration of these drugs.In original drugs concentration,the adsorptive capacities of MWCNTs to four drugs were greater.The adsorptive capacity was 7.95,7.88,7.99 and 7.73 mg/g,respectively.The effects of experimental temperature were studied at 295 K,303 K and 313 K.The adsorptive capacities of MWCNTs increased while temperature dropped.The data were simulated by Freundlich and Langmuir equations.The Langmuir equation accorded with the static adsorption characteristic of the compounds.The data from the dynamic adsorption experiment showed that the adsorption capacity and the extraction recoveries of four drugs on MWCNTs were satisfactory.The extraction recoveries of four drugs were more than 90%.The results indicated that MWCNTs could be used as a solid phase sorbents for the determination of benzodiazepines residues.

Field of study: Chemistry
Role of edema in peritumoral cyst formation.

Peritumoral cysts (those arising immediately adjacent to the tumor mass) are frequently associated with benign and malignant tumors of the brain and spinal cord (syringomyelia). The cystic component of central nervous system (CNS) tumors and associated peritumoral cysts are often the cause of clinical symptoms. Because of the common occurrence of peritumoral cysts with CNS neoplasms and the morbidity associated with them, advanced imaging, histological, and molecular techniques have been used to determine the mechanism underlying cyst formation and propagation. Based on evidence from such studies, edema appears to be a common precursor to peritumoral cyst formation in the CNS. Mediators of vascular permeability acting locally in the tumor and/or hydrodynamic forces within abnormal tumor vasculature appear to drive fluid extravasation. When these forces overcome the ability of surrounding tissue to resorb fluid, edema and subsequent cyst formation occur. These findings support the concept that the tumor itself is the source of the edema that precedes cyst formation and that resection of tumors or medical therapies directed at decreasing their vascular permeability will result in the resolution of edema and cysts.

Field of study: Medicine
Interference of Wireless LAN and Mitigation Technique on TD-CDMA System for City Lifelines Monitoring

A dedicated wireless data collection system to monitor city lifelines, i.e., water, electricity and gas supply, duringand post seismic hazard has been investigated using an experimental system. The system employed a 2.4GHz TD-CDMA technique as a new application of CDMA. The TD-CDMA system collected data from 256 household terminals in a cell in 10.24sec with a frame error rate (FER) at 2•~10-1 When a wireless LAN (W-LAN) was brought into operation in the same frequency band as the experimental system, interference occurred. A method using an attenuator placed in the input port of the base station receiver in conjunction with CDMA power control has been developed to mitigate the interference in a CDMA fixed station. While W-LAN operating, the interference power increased from -106dBm to -87dBm, and the FER deteriorated to 3•~10-2 or more. When attenuation in the range of 3dB-11dB was placed in the input port of the receiver, CINR (Carrier-to-Interference-Noise Ratio) improved from -13dB to -10dB or more, provided that the power control function remained effective. As a result, the FER recovered to a level at 1•~10-3 The experiment has demonstrated the effectiveness of the interference mitigation technique.

Field of study: Computer science
The Quality of College Teaching

A LTHOUGH administrators, students, and colleagues have often rated college teachers, in very few instances, if any, have elementary-school and high-school teachers recorded reactions to their former college teachers under a list of categories. The major purposes of this study were to gather opinions of elementaryand high-school teachers with respect to certain practices and conditions in colleges; to determine, as far as their expressed opinions would permit, what constitutes good or poor teaching; and to learn why certain college teachers are considered poor and others considered good. Two copies of a questionnaire were sent to one high school and to one elementary school in each state in the Union and other copies were submitted to teachers in attendance at summer sessions. The number of usable copies returned by elementary teachers was 57, by high-school teachers, 98. The elementary-school teachers had attended 3I universities, 25 teachers' colleges, i6 liberal-arts colleges, 3 agricultural, and 3 junior colleges. The total student-college-teacher relationships of the elementary-school teachers were i,784; the average number of college teachers had by each elementary-school teacher was 32. The high-school teachers had attended 49 universities, i6 teachers' colleges, 27 liberal-arts colleges, 8 agricultural colleges, and 5 junior colleges. The total student-college-teacher relationships of the high-school teachers were 3,020; the average number of college teachers had by each high-school teacher was 35. These institutions ranged from the smallest to the largest and from mediocre to the best in America. Every region of the United States was represented. Table I shows the college majors and minors of these elementaryand high-school teachers. Since many of the elementary-school teachers attended teachers' colleges, where a major in education is usually required, 67 per cent had majors in education, while only 42 per cent, or less than half of the high-school teachers, had majors in education. Social studies came second and English third with the elementary-school teachers, while English came second and social studies third with the high-school teachers.

Field of study: Education
The Largest Italian SMES

The industrial prototype of a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), sized to deliver 1 MW for 1 s, was designed and constructed as the result of a research project, partly funded by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research. After successfully undergoing factory tests, the SMES was installed at the Elettra Synchrotron Light facility in Trieste-I and is there under commissioning and testing as protecting device from temporary voltage dips and interruptions, the most frequent grid malfunctions causing faults of the beam magnetic confinement system. The innovative part of the prototype, which also includes several sophisticated power electronics items, is a 2.6 MJ stored energy magnet, wound with a new low-losses Nb Ti cable, cooled by liquid helium at 4.2 K and adopting an electric insulation design solution to withstand 8 kV and obtain very close contact between coolant and coil. New design hybrid current leads, made of a resistive copper stage and a high temperature superconducting one, cooperate together with a set of three cryocoolers and a multi-shield cryostat to keep the helium loss amount negligible. Electrical insulation of the most critical components and the quench detection system is extremely accurate, because the voltage at coil-ends rises up to 2.500 V. The experimental results obtained at Elettra during the beginning of the SMES commissioning phase are presented

Field of study: Physics
Ponds support higher bird diversity than rice paddies in a hilly agricultural area in Japan

The aim of the present study was to evaluate bird diversity (richness, abundance, and community composition) in three types of artificial wetlands (rice paddies, carp aquaculture ponds, and farm ponds for irrigation) while considering bird habitat groups and seasons and to reveal the environmental characteristics of wetlands (e.g. wetland type, water depth, and vegetation cover) associated with bird richness and abundance. Bird and environmental characteristics were surveyed in 30 sites (10 sites per wetland type) in the hilly agricultural area of central Japan, considering four bird groups (open-land, wetland, bush, and woodland) and three seasons (breeding, migrating, and wintering). Bird richness of each group was the highest in farm ponds, followed by carp ponds and then rice paddies, throughout the year, except for bush and woodland species. Abundance levels of open-land, woodland, and total species were significantly higher in farm ponds than in rice paddies and carp ponds in the wintering season (and also in migrating season for open-land species). Effects of wetland type, wetland area, vegetation cover on water surface, and slope of bank to bird species and abundance differed among bird groups. There were no differences in community compositions among wetland types, although significant differences were apparent among seasons. Therefore, for bird diversity conservation in hilly agricultural areas, (1) various wetland types creating a spatial–temporal heterogeneity of environments is important, (2) preserving ponds rather than rice paddies would be effective, and (3) steeper slopes and richer vegetation cover on water surfaces should be considered for waterbirds.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effect of low-dose cyclosporin on plasma lipoproteins and markers of cholestasis in patients with psoriasis.

The benefits of using cyclosporin in organ transplantation to prevent graft rejection outweigh its potential disadvantages, but with the use of low-dose cyclosporin in relatively healthy individuals, such as those with psoriasis, the risk:benefit ratio is altered. The effects of low-dose cyclosporin (< 5 mg/kg body weight) on liver function and serum lipids and lipoproteins were examined in 40 normolipidaemic, normotensive psoriasis patients with normal renal function. After 3 months of treatment, serum cholesterol and bilirubin concentrations and alkaline phosphatase activity increased significantly (p = 0.001), and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) declined from 107 to 96 ml/min/1.73 m2 (p = 0.05). All these values returned to pretreatment levels 3 months after cessation of cyclosporin. In 15 patients in whom lipoproteins were isolated by ultracentrifugation, there was an increase in plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (p = 0.05), but very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and HDL2 and HDL3 cholesterol concentrations did not change. The increases in serum bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase activity and LDL cholesterol, seen in individuals with normal baseline liver and renal function, which reverted to baseline following cessation of cyclosporin, suggest that cyclosporin-induced hypercholesterolaemia may be due to either decreased biliary excretion of cholesterol or impaired catabolism of LDL.

Field of study: Medicine
Selling multiple correlated goods: Revenue maximization and menu-size complexity

We consider the well known, and notoriously difficult, problem of a single revenue-maximizing seller selling two or more heterogeneous goods to a single buyer whose private values for the goods are drawn from a (possibly correlated) known distribution, and whose valuation is additive over the goods. We show that when there are two (or more) goods, _simple mechanisms_ -- such as selling the goods separately or as a bundle -- _may yield only a negligible fraction of the optimal revenue_. This resolves the open problem of Briest, Chawla, Kleinberg, and Weinberg (JET 2015) who prove the result for at least three goods in the related setup of a unit-demand buyer. We also introduce the menu size as a simple measure of the complexity of mechanisms, and show that the revenue may increase polynomially with _menu size_ and that no bounded menu size can ensure any positive fraction of the optimal revenue. The menu size also turns out to "pin down" the revenue properties of deterministic mechanisms.

Field of study: Economics
Hydrogen sulphide may be a novel downstream signal molecule in nitric oxide-induced heat tolerance of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a second messenger with multifunction that is involved in plant growth, development and the acquisition of stress tolerance. In recent years, hydrogen sulphide (H(2)S) has been found to have similar functions, but crosstalk between NO and H(2)S in the acquisition of heat tolerance is not clear. In this study, pretreatment with the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) improved the survival percentage of maize seedlings and alleviated an increase in electrolyte leakage and a decrease in tissue vitality as well as accumulation of malondialdehyde, indicating that pretreatment with SNP improved the heat tolerance of maize seedlings. In addition, pretreatment with SNP enhanced the activity of L-cystine desulfhydrase, which, in turn, induced accumulation of endogenous H(2)S, while application of H(2)S donors, NaHS and GYY4137, increased endogenous H(2)S content, followed by mitigating increase in electrolyte leakage and enhanced survival percentage of seedlings under heat stress. Interestingly, SNP-induced heat tolerance was enhanced by application of NaHS and GYY4137, but was eliminated by inhibitors of H(2)S synthesis DL-propargylglycine, aminooxyacetic acid, potassium pyruvate and hydroxylamine, and the H(2)S scavenger hypotaurine. All of the above-mentioned results suggest that SNP pretreatment could improve heat tolerance, and H(2)S may be a downstream signal molecule in NO-induced heat tolerance of maize seedlings.

Field of study: Environmental science
Criterial Learning is Not Enough: Retrieval Practice is Necessary for Improving Post-Stress Memory Accessibility

In a recent study, having participants make three retrieval attempts (i.e., retrieval practice) when learning information strengthened memory against the detrimental effects of psychological stress. We aimed to determine whether learning to criterion, in which only one successful retrieval attempt is made, would similarly buffer memory against stress, or whether multiple retrieval attempts are necessary to achieve that effect. In Experiment 1, participants learned to criterion and then engaged in additional restudying (CLS) or retrieval practice (CLR). Twenty-four hours later, stress was induced and stress-related increases in cortisol were observed. However, no differences in recall performance were observed between any of the groups. Experiment 2 was similar but introduced a 1-week delay between encoding and retrieval. Recall performance was impaired for both groups under stress, but recall for those in the CLR group was still better than either pre- or post-stress performance for those in the CLS group. Thus, criterial learning may protect memory against stress in the short-term, but additional retrieval practice is more beneficial for achieving this effect in the long-term.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Superconductivity and Spin gap in the zigzag chain t-J model simulating a CuO double chain in Pr_2Ba_4Cu_7O_15-delta

Using the numerical diagonalization method, we examine the one-dimensional t_1-t_2-J_1-J_2 model (zigzag chain t-J model) which represents an effective model for metallic CuO double chain in the superconductor Pr_2Ba_4Cu_7O_15-\delta. Based on the Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid theory, we calculate the Luttinger-liquid parameter K_\rho as a function of electron density n. It is found that superconductivity is realized in parameter region corresponding to the experimental result. We show phase diagram of spin gap on the t_2/|t_1|-n plane by analyzing the expectation value of twist-operator Z_\sigma in the spin sector. The spin gap appears in the region with large t_2/|t_1|, where the phase boundary at half-filling is consistent with that of the known frustrated quantum spin system. The analysis also suggests that the estimated value of the spin gap reaches 100K in the realistic parameter region of Pr_2Ba_4Cu_7O_15-delta.

Field of study: Physics
A high-power 975 nm tilted cavity laser with a 0.13 nm K- 1 thermal shift of the lasing wavelength

We address design and performance issues of a 975 nm range tilted cavity laser (TCL) based on GaAs/GaAlAs waveguide and GaInAs quantum wells as an active medium. The all-epitaxial design of a TCL includes a cavity and a multilayer interference reflector (MIR). The cavity and the MIR are constructed as follows. The cavity confines one tilted optical mode, and the wavelength of this mode as a function of the tilt angle follows a first dispersion curve. The reflectivity spectrum of the MIR for tilted incidence of light has a well-pronounced stopband, and the stopband reflectivity maximum follows a second dispersion curve. The two dispersion curves intersect at one optimum tilt angle and one optimum wavelength λ0. At the wavelength λ0 the leakage loss of the optical mode through the MIR to the substrate has a minimum, which favors lasing at this optimum wavelength. The thermal shift of λ0 is governed by the shift of the intersection point. As the photon energy corresponding to the operation wavelength of the laser 975 nm is close to the resonance with the electronic energy gap in GaAs, the refractive index temperature coefficient dn/dT of GaAlAs strongly increases at the GaAs side. This gives a tool to control the thermal shift of λ0 by replacing some layers of the cavity by a superlattice containing narrow insertions of GaAs. Such a superlattice may have the same averaged refractive index at room temperature, but significantly different values of dn/dT, thus affecting the thermal shift of λ0. Within this approach broad-area (100 µm) devices have been fabricated showing a high temperature stability of the lasing wavelength (0.13 nm K−1), low threshold current density (300 A cm−2), a high power operation (>7 W in pulsed mode and >1.5 W in continuous wave mode), a high spectral stability at high output power, and a narrow vertical far-field beam divergence (FWHM ~ 20°).

Field of study: Materials science
Efficient and adaptive discovery techniques of Web Services handling large data sets

Attempts have been made concerning the search and finding of a Web Service based on keywords and descriptions. However, no work has been done concerning the efficient selection of the appropriate Web Service instance in terms of quality and performance factors at the moment of the Web Service consumption attempt. Such factors may include execution time and response time. The proposed approach adaptively selects the most efficient WS among possible different alternatives with real-time, optimized and countable factors-parameters. Implementation issues and case study experiments are presented along with the corresponding results. Additionally, an optimal selection algorithm for series of Web Services requests is proposed. Finally, conclusions and future steps are discussed.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering