nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Aquaporins and plant transpiration.

Although transpiration and aquaporins have long been identified as two key components influencing plant water status, it is only recently that their relations have been investigated in detail. The present review first examines the various facets of aquaporin function in stomatal guard cells and shows that it involves transport of water but also of other molecules such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen peroxide. At the whole plant level, changes in tissue hydraulics mediated by root and shoot aquaporins can indirectly impact plant transpiration. Recent studies also point to a feedback effect of transpiration on aquaporin function. These mechanisms may contribute to the difference between isohydric and anisohydric stomatal regulation of leaf water status. The contribution of aquaporins to transpiration control goes far beyond the issue of water transport during stomatal movements and involves emerging cellular and long-distance signalling mechanisms which ultimately act on plant growth.

Field of study: Environmental science
Developmental Analysis in Aplysia Reveals Inhibitory as Well as Facilitatory Effects of Tail Shock

Recent studies that were performed to examine the development of learning in the siphon withdrawal reflex in Aplysia have shown that habituation, dishabituation, and sensitization emerge according to different developmental timetables. In the course of those studies, an inhibitory process triggered by tail shock was also described. In this study we examined some of the features of this inhibitory process in young juvenile animals (stage 11 and early stage 12) which developmentally lack sensitization

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
In search of influence : Leading knowledge workers with care

Managers in Research and development (R&D) are in search of influence because knowledge workers valueautonomy and dislike direct supervision. The purpose of this article is to explore if and how leadership support isconnected to influence. Through interviews with knowledge workers, it is evident that they expect their managerto be supportive and take an interest in them as complete persons. Observations and interviews with managersreveal that they fulfill these expectations by engaging in listening and chatting. In addition, the data alsoillustrates that managers care about their employees. The analysis shows that manager’s activities of care canindeed be a source of social influence, illustrating close connection between emotion and influence. Thisintertwinement should inspire future research to look deeper and broader for potential sources of influence in theleadership process, but also to acknowledge the importance of leadership in the setting of innovation.

Field of study: Business
A Mathematical Model for the Characterization of Superconducting Level Sensors

An automated level control in cryogenic systems requires a precise and continuous level measurement. If properly characterized, superconducting level sensors are a viable option for the same. The operation of a superconducting level sensor is based on the difference in the heat transfer from the sensor wire to the liquid and the gaseous phases of the cryogen. The higher heat transfer in the liquid phase results in a superconductive status, whereas the lower heat transfer in the gaseous phase results in a normal conductive status with a voltage drop corresponding to the length of the wire in the gaseous phase. Hence, it demands a judicious selection of the sensor and the operational parameters such as the current input, for an accurate level measurement as well as the reduction of the liquid boil off. In this paper, to simulate the operation of a superconducting level sensor, a model has been developed by taking the steady-state heat balance along the sensor wire. It is then used for the investigation of the sensor current, voltage output at various liquid levels, and temperature profile of the sensor wires of NbTi and MgB2 /SS level sensors in LHe. Furthermore, design guidelines have been proposed for an MgB2/SS superconducting level sensor for LH2 level measurement. The parameters considered for the analysis are the sensor wire diameter and the active length. In addition, the effect of an external resistor on the sensor operation is also studied.

Field of study: Physics
Application of Verification and Validation on Safety Parameter Display Systems

Greatest benefit from the application of V&V can be realized when it is viewed as technical support to management in an era of high technology. Verification offers management a means to obtain objective interim feedback during digital system development so important in tracking the technical progress being made. Once the system is completed, Validation supplies evidence of an independent evaluation of the integrated system "as built" through testing. V&V supports cost effective digital system development created by opportunity for management to receive front-end feedback regarding the technical completeness and validity of system requirements and interim feedback regarding the technical progress being made. These objective evaluations may reduce the amount of system development effort spent due to misunderstanding and inprocess creativity which may stray away from system objectives. The results of systems development when V&V is applied is a well documented system which supports maintenance and change control. When the nuclear industry computes digital system maintenance costs, the well documented systems will demonstrate a significant cost savings, both in level of effort and plant operation. Both from a technical perspective and regulator perspective, V&V is an important technical approach which facilitates wider application and greater dependence on the use of digital systems to increase the efficiency and reliability of nuclear power plant operation.

Field of study: Physics
Growth of zinc- blende GaN on GaAs (100) substrates at high temperature using low-pressure MOVPE with a Low V/lll molar ratio

Zinc-blende GaN films were grown on GaAs (100) substrates by low-pressure metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy using trimethylgallium or triethylgallium and NH3. Films grown at lower temperatures contained considerable amounts of carbon, but the carbon concentration was reduced in high temperature growth. When the film was grown at 950°C using triethylgallium and NH3, its carbon concentration was on the order of 1017 cm−3. The crystalline and optical quality of zinc-blende GaN crystal also improved with high-temperature growth at a low V/III ratio using a thin buffer layer. The films exhibited only one sharp photoluminescence peak at 3.20 eV with a full width at half maximum as low as 70 meV at room temperature.

Field of study: Materials science
Evolution of the middle crust of the Pyrenees during the Paleozoic: new data on the plutonic rocks from the North Pyrenean Agly Massif

The Variscan middle crust of the eastern Pyrenees is represented by the Bélesta and Caramany gneissic units of the North Pyrenean Agly Massif. In this study, we date and reinterpret the orthogneisses and granites composing these units. We characterize a recurrent plutonic activity spanning all the Paleozoic in this part of the Pyrenean crust. The Bélesta unit (amphibolite facies) is mainly composed of sills of (Latest Ediacaran)–Earliest Cambrian (542 ± 4 and 540 ± 4 Ma) orthogneisses (70% of the series), almost unknown in the Pyrenees until now, and Latest Carboniferous–(Earliest Permian) (307 ± 3–298 ± 3 Ma time span) granites (15% of the series). These plutonic rocks were emplaced in probably Ediacaran aluminous pelites later transformed into paragneisses (15% of the series). The Caramany unit (granulite facies) is mainly composed of Precambrian aluminous paragneisses migmatized during the Latest Carboniferous–(Earliest Permian) (299 ± 4 Ma), sills of Earliest Cambrian (529 ± 5 Ma) orthogneisses and sills (about 30% of the series) of Late Carboniferous (308 ± 3–299 ± 3 Ma) opx-bearing and opx-free granodiorites, grt-bearing leucogranites and norites. Among these last rocks, the Ansignan charnockite, forming a 800 m-thick laccolith near the base of the Caramany unit, and previously dated at 314 ± 6/7 Ma (Respaut, Lancelot, Neues Jahrbuch Miner Abh 147-1:21–34, 1983), is refined at 307 ± 3 Ma. Our results confirm the importance of the Late Carboniferous plutonism in deep levels of the Pyrenean crust, which largely resulted from recycling of older para- and orthoderived rocks of this crust. The emplacement of hundreds of metres in thickness of granites and other plutonic rocks in the Variscan Pyrenees occurred in a rather short time both as sills in these deep levels and as large plutons in shallower levels, a fact which necessarily had consequences on the HT–LP Carboniferous metamorphism.

Field of study: Environmental science
The fossil record of drilling predation on barnacles

The fossil record of drilling predation has been studied in detail for a few major invertebrate groups (bivalves, gastropods, brachiopods, and echinoids), while other prey (e.g., scaphopods, serpulids, decapods, and barnacles) have been largely neglected. Herein, we report on drilling predation using an extensive collection of Cretaceous–Quaternary barnacles (> 50,000 specimens). In total, 312 drill holes of predatory origin were found in Eocene–Holocene wall and opercular plates of balanomorph and scalpellomorph barnacles. The drilled specimens originated from localities in the USA, Jamaica, Panama, The Netherlands, Belgium, Antarctica, South Africa, Chile, and Venezuela, suggesting that drilling predation on barnacles was a worldwide phenomenon during the Cenozoic. Muricid gastropods are the inferred producers of the majority of the drill holes; two drill holes were likely caused by octopods. Drilling frequencies lack major temporal trends and appear low (

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Personality and Postpartum Sexual Functioning in Israeli Women: The Mediating Role of Body Image

In this study, we aimed to measure the association between the postpartum personality and sexual functioning. This association was examined in light of the possible mediation effect of body image measures, that is, body satisfaction and body exposure during sexual activity. This cross-sectional study employed a web-based questionnaire for women who had given birth in the previous year (N = 382). Key outcome measures included sexual functioning after birth, body image satisfaction, neuroticism, and extraversion personality dimensions. Among the key findings, increased anxiety regarding body exposure during sexual activity and lower body satisfaction were associated with lower postpartum sexual functioning. Higher neuroticism, but not extraversion, was associated with lower postpartum sexual functioning; however, this association was mediated by the body image measures. Given this mediation by body image variables, it may be beneficial to address body image issues when treating women with postpartum sexual difficulties.

Field of study: Psychology
Underreporting of alcohol use in pregnancy: relationship to alcohol problem history.

Assessment of alcohol-related fetal risk is complicated by difficulties in assessing alcohol exposure. We previously described considerable underreporting of alcohol use during pregnancy, particularly among problem drinkers. This report is of the relationship between severity of drinking problems and the magnitude of underreporting. Pregnant disadvantaged women responded to the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) at the first antenatal visit and provided self-report data regarding alcohol use at each antenatal visit. Five years later, 238 of these women again provided self-report information about drinking during the target pregnancy. Underreporting was defined as a positive difference between the indices computed from the retrospective and the in-pregnancy data. The relationship of underreporting to the MAST score was highly significant and indicated a 20-fold increase in underreporting from the lowest to highest MAST score. However, the marked individual variability seen in this relationship indicates that while the MAST may be a better indicator of risk than self-reports of drinking, it is also not sufficient for the purpose. Further work examining other measures and techniques for obtaining drinking information is indicated.

Field of study: Medicine
Dispersion of Dielectric Permittivity in Ferroelectric Ceramics (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 Modified with BaTiO3

Dispersion of the dielectric constant of ferroelectric ceramics based on (K,Na)NbO3 modified by barium titanate with a concentration of 0.01, 0.02 and 0.04 mol % is studied in the temperature range of 25–120°C. Patterns in the effect the modifying additive has on the dispersion of the dielectric constant in the frequency range of 0.25–105 Hz are determined.

Field of study: Physics
Characterization of quality degradation during chilled shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) supply chain.

Loss of quality in white shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei) during a cold supply chain (0-8oC for 96 hours) was measured and modeled at constant and variable temperature conditions. Quality parameters such as color, Texture Profile Analysis (TPA), Total Viable Count (TVC), Total Non-Volatile Basic Nitrogen (TVB-N), and Sensory Index (SI) were selected as indices of quality. A bulk mean temperature (Tbm) function was calculated to describe the effect of storage time and temperature, to which the shrimp were subjected, on the quality indices using stepwise multiple linear regressions (R2 = 0.88-0.99, SEE = 0.045-15.63). Color degradation (L*, a*, b* index), SI, and TVC (CFU/g) in cold chain were adequately described by a zero order reaction with R2 values > 0.9. In order to reduce the number of variables obtained in TPA, hardness (H), springiness (S), gumminess (G), cohesiveness (Co) and chewiness (Ch), were subjected to multiple linear regression. The hardness, H, turned out to be the most significant parameter (P < 0.05). Using the Arrhenius equation kinetic parameters, reaction rates (k, min.-1) and activation energy (Ea, KJ. Mole -1.oK) were calculated for all the textural properties. The developed models were used to estimate remaining shelf life in terms of H, TVC, TVB-N and SI at 4 different distribution stages of a supply chain. The predicted values showed a good relationship (R2 ≥ 0.9) with the experimental data for all the quality parameters. The correlation matrix of the dependent variables showed that color parameters (L*,b*), pH, and sensory index were positively correlated (P < 0.05) with H, TVC, and TVB-N, respectively. However, after 84 hours of storage in variable temperature conditions, the level of TVB-N was still within the acceptable range (≤ 25 mg/100 gm N), but samples were unacceptable due to high microbial growth (> 7.5).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Abrupt warming in the latest Permian detected using high-resolution in situ oxygen isotopes of conodont apatite from Abadeh, central Iran

Climate warming, probably as a result of massive degassing of greenhouse gases from the Siberian Traps magmatism, has often been acclaimed as a major cause of the end-Permian mass extinction. Indeed, several studies have documented a sudden rise in seawater temperatures during the latest Permian-earliest Triassic, as evidenced by oxygen isotopic records measured on conodont apatite. However, whether such a rapid increase in seawater temperatures occurred before, during, or after the mass extinction remains controversial. Moreover, the pattern of this rise in seawater temperatures and its timing relative to the latest Permian-earliest Triassic carbon cycle disruption, mass extinction, as well as the Siberian Traps magmatism still need to be rigorously examined in various regions. In this study, we present high-resolution oxygen isotopic records of conodont apatite (δ18Oapatite) from the Upper Permian-lowermost Triassic interval at the Abadeh section, central Iran that are analyzed with in situ secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) method. The δ18Oapatite results from Abadeh demonstrate a clear pattern consisting of three phases: (1) From the lower Wuchiapingian Clarkina dukouensis Zone to the end-Permian mass extinction horizon, δ18Oapatite values are relatively stable, fluctuating in the range of 18.28-20.15‰ with an average of 19.44‰. (2) δ18Oapatite value remains high as 19.26‰ at the mass extinction horizon. Above this horizon, a sudden decrease occurs in the Clarkina hauschkei Zone and reaches a low value of 17.05‰ close to the Permian-Triassic boundary. (3) In the lowermost Triassic, δ18Oapatite values maintain a low baseline in the range of 16.92-17.39‰ with an average of 17.11‰. Overall, the most dramatic change in δ18Oapatite values (i.e., a decrease of ~2‰), converting into an abrupt warming of ~10 °C, occurred above the mass extinction horizon and below the Permian-Triassic boundary at Abadeh. The Abadeh δ18Oapatite record is consistent with previous results documented in South China, Iran, and Armenia in terms of the timing and magnitude of a substantial warming, and therefore represents a global signature. If applying the high-precision temporal framework established in the well-dated Meishan GSSP section to Abadeh, the abrupt warming of ~10 °C took only a maximum duration of ~37 kyr (thousand years). By projecting the carbon cycle change, temperature rise, mass extinction at the Abadeh and Meishan sections, and the temporal evolution of the Siberian Traps magmatism onto a unified timescale, the temporal correlation strongly suggests that the switch from dominantly extrusive eruptions to widespread sill intrusions is probably the most annihilating phase of the Siberian Traps magmatism, and is temporally consistent with the end-Permian mass extinction.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Compromised mitochondrial remodeling in compensatory hypertrophied myocardium of spontaneously hypertensive rat.

Hypertension leads to cardiac hypertrophy as an adaptive response to increased workload. While initial development of hypertrophy is compensatory when contractile function is maintained, persistent stress on heart leads to deteriorated cardiac function and onset of heart failure. Mitochondrial dysfunction develops in the failing heart; however, whether it presents in compensatory cardiac hypertrophy is controversial.



Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and age-matched normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats were used in the study. Mitochondrial function and remodeling-related mechanisms in the left ventricles were measured by enzyme activity tests, Western blots, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.



Compensatory cardiac hypertrophy in SHR was indicated by higher heart/weigh ratio, left ventricular systolic pressure and ±dp/dt(max) (P<.001, P<.05, and P<.01, respectively). Enzyme activities of mitochondrial complex I and II were significantly reduced (P<.05 and P<.01) in SHR in concert with decreased expression of complex subunits (P<.01 for NDUFS3, P=.068 for SDHB, and P<.05 for ATP5A1). Mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 was decreased (P<.05), while fusion protein OPA1 was increased (P<.01). Parkin and SirT1/AMPK-PGC-1α signaling, responsible for mitochondrial elimination and biogenesis respectively, were decreased in SHR (P<.01 for Parkin, P<.001 for SirT1 and p-AMPK).



Our results implicated that mitochondrial function and remodeling, indicated by mitochondrial enzyme activities and remodeling-related molecules, were compromised in compensatory hypertrophied myocardium of the SHR hypertensive model.



Mitochondrial function in compensatory hypertrophied myocardium is controversial. Our present study found mitochondrial dysfunction in the left ventricle of spontaneously hypertensive rats, which was possibly a result of compromised mitochondrial remodeling including mitochondrial dynamics, elimination, and biogenesis.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Review of Mathematical frameworks for Fairness in Machine Learning

A review of the main fairness definitions and fair learning methodologies proposed in the literature over the last years is presented from a mathematical point of view. Following our independence-based approach, we consider how to build fair algorithms and the consequences on the degradation of their performance compared to the possibly unfair case. This corresponds to the price for fairness given by the criteria $\textit{statistical parity}$ or $\textit{equality of odds}$. Novel results giving the expressions of the optimal fair classifier and the optimal fair predictor (under a linear regression gaussian model) in the sense of $\textit{equality of odds}$ are presented.

Field of study: Computer science
Electron gun with a ferroelectric material cathode

The simulation and experimental r esults of electron gun with a ferroelectric material cathode by author in Cornel l university are presented in this paper. The results show that the current den sity is of order 110A/cm 2, experimentally. The current generated with the fer roelectric material cathode exceeds space charge limited current. It is consider ed that this is caused by the electric field enhancement adjacent to the cathode surface, due to the introduction of trigger pulse, FE effect, and grid structur e etc. Enhanced electric field will accelerate electrons to some energy in the d istrict near cathode surface. According to this, the electron gun with ferroelec tric material cathode can be reasonably simulated and designed by assigning inje cting electrons from cathode with an effective initial energy.

Field of study: Physics
Colour Polymorphism of a Bis(quinoxaline) Compound

Synthesis of 2(1H)-quinoxalinone O-(2′-quinoxalinyl)oxime (3) results in two easily distinguishable crystal forms with different colours, providing a rare example of colour polymorphism. The crystal structures of the two forms have been determined and compared. Intermolecular interactions and light-absorption characteristics of the polymorphs have been analysed by a mixed quantum chemical/molecular mechanical method. In one of the polymorphic forms the crystal field stabilises relatively high energy conformations by enhanced electrostatic interactions. The difference in the light absorption is found to be caused partly by a conformational difference of the molecules. The crystal field increases the difference in the absorption wavelengths and shift them towards higher values.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Km Chain — Empirical Study of the Vital Knowledge Sourcing Links

Knowledge management is an important element for success in the modern organization. Much current research has focused on the implementation of IT infrastructures in creating an effective knowledge management system. However, literature has suggested a number of other factors which must be considered. This study proposes a knowledge management model that views IT application and worker learning motivation as critical factors which promote knowledge sourcing activities, knowledge sourcing activities then stimulate learning outcomes in knowledge acquisition and application. Sample data collected from a high-tech company in Taiwan (n = 466) were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). Results showed that IT application and learning motivation are critical elements in successful knowledge management. Specifically, IT application and learning motivation influences learning outcome indirectly through knowledge sourcing channels, indicating that it is crucial for organizations to promote various channels of knowledge sharing in conjunction with IT investments and fostering learning motivation.

Field of study: Computer science