nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Bayesian inference of the incompressibility, skewness and kurtosis of nuclear matter from empirical pressures in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

Within the Bayesian statistical framework we infer the incompressibility $K_0$, skewness $J_0$ and kurtosis $Z_0$ parameters of symmetric nuclear matter (SNM) at its saturation density $\rho_0$ using the constraining bands on the pressure in cold SNM in the density range of 1.3$\rho_0$ to 4.5$\rho_0$ from transport model analyses of kaon production and nuclear collective flow in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. As the default option assuming the $K_0$, $J_0$ and $Z_0$ have Gaussian prior probability distribution functions (PDFs) with the means and variances of $235\pm 30$, $-200\pm 200$ and $-146\pm 1728$ MeV, their posterior most probable values are narrowed down to 192$^{+12}_{-16}$ MeV, -180$^{+100}_{-110}$ MeV and 200$^{+250}_{-250}$ at 68\% confidence level, respectively. The results are largely independent of the prior PDFs of $J_0$ and $Z_0$ used. However, if one adopts the strong belief that the incompressibility $K_0$ has a uniform prior PDF within its absolute boundary of 220-260 MeV as one can find easily in the literature, the posterior most probable values of $K_0$, $J_0$ and $Z_0$ shift to $K_0=220^{+6}_{-0}$ MeV, $J_0=-390^{+60}_{-70}$ MeV and $Z_0=600^{+200}_{-200}$ MeV, respectively. While the posterior PDFs of the SNM EOS parameters depend somewhat on the prior PDF of $K_0$ used, the results from using different prior PDFs are qualitatively consistent. The uncertainties of all three parameters are significantly reduced especially for the $J_0$ and $Z_0$ parameters compared to their current values.

Field of study: Physics
A Mass Customization Information Systems Architecture Framework

Now that providing individual customization of products is an effective way to compete in the global economy, smart manufacturers are finding the way to overcome traditional mass production limitations. As the benefits of mass customization are realized through well designed information systems that provide direct links among value chain partners and integrate various business activities, the importance of information systems architecture in the delivery of customized goods can hardly be overemphasized. Drawing on concepts from the interrelated literature streams of organizational process-view, this paper examines the information systems requirements for mass customization and proposes an information system architecture framework for customized goods. This information systems architecture enables enterprise — wide integration, reduces systems complexity as well as the Bullwhip effect, and streamlines business processes in mass customization environment.

Field of study: Computer science
Cognitive Science, Bayesian Norms and Rules of Evidence

This paper analyses arguments that Bayesian personalist models should be normative in the formulation of evidence rules for litigation (Fienberg and Schervish, 1986; Lempert, 1986). Relying on research from cognitive science, it concludes that the models are poor sources for such norms because their empirical assumptions about human cognition are inaccurate. A rule, by its nature, implies a decription of violations of it (Wright, 1989). Argu- ments that Bayesian analysis, based on subjective probabilities (personalist analysis), should be axiomatic for the formulation of rules of evidence for litigation fail because they assume that decision-making in limited time may be conformed to Bayesian personalist theory (Fienberg and Schervish, 1986). Humans are not natural Bayesian personalists; nor is it likely that they can be Bayesian agents, at least in limited time (Cherniak, 1986). If empirical behaviour in realtime must deviate from Bayesian personalist models, then any truly Bayesian personalist norm for fact finding cannot distinguish between correct and incorrect fact finding. Courts do often rely on probabilistic evidence, e.g. in cases of alleged discrimina- tion or cases involving testimony based on empirical research about recurrent phenomena, such as blood haplotypes. The evidence in those cases, unlike personalist probabilities, requires enumeration of a group based on easily determinable charac- teristics. Because use of that evidence requires neither conjectural prior probabilities nor assumptions that personalist probabilities can be consistent in realtime, it does not rely on the same empirically inadequate model (Thagard, 1988). So the limited use of statistics in those cases has no normative implications for litigation in general. Bayesian personalists argue that, even if the human decision procedure will never be Bayesian personalist, humans can gain pragmatic benefits from following Bayesian models more closely. They point to research, typically that collected by Kahneman et al. (1982), which purports to show that laypersons systematically ignore the laws of probability. A problem used to determine whether subjects will ignore an obvious logical principle must be amenable to an interpretation which would not entail the use of the principle. Without that ambiguity, the problem would only test subjects' rote know- ledge of the obvious logical principle or of the words used in the problem. That ambi- guity conveys additional information. Under Grice's (1989) maxim of co-operation,

Field of study: Mathematics
Opioid receptor endocytosis and activation of MAP kinase pathway.

Opioid receptors, members of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) super family, bind to endogenous opioid peptides or opiate drugs and induce a wide variety of signal transduction processes by inhibiting adenylyl cyclase, modulating cation channels, and activating the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases. Similar to other GPCRs, agonist binding causes rapid internalization and down-regulation of opioid receptors. The interdependence between receptor endocytosis and activation of MAP kinase pathway are increasingly being examined. We have examined these using ligands that exhibit differential extent of endocytosis as well as mutants of mu and delta opioid receptors that are unable to internalize. We find that ligands, including morphine, that do not induce receptor internalization are able to stimulate MAP kinase phosphorylation not only in heterologous cells but also in neuronal cell lines that express endogenous mu and delta receptors. Moreover, mutant receptors that fail to undergo agonist-mediated internalization are able to efficiently phosphorylate MAP kinases. Taken together, these data are consistent with the notion that the activation of MAP kinase pathway is an internalization independent phenomenon in the case of opioid receptors and that GPCR internalization and activation of MAP kinase are governed by complex regulatory mechanisms.

Field of study: Biology
The historical origin of Newman's idea of liberal education

Henry Newman's idea of liberal education inherited the educational thoughts from Aristotle to his time,and broke through in a certain degree which was shown in dual dialectical relationship of inheritance and transcendency.He inherited and sublated predecessors' thought as follows: he accepted Aristotle's idea of "Knowledge as its own sake",but emphasized the limit of intellectual virtue;he kept education of gentleman in eighteenth century,but attached more importance to intellectual training than manners and cultivation;he inherited the idea of intellectual training which origined from Locke and flourished in early nineteenth century,whereas he pointed out the limitions for intellectual training and the religion status in education.

Field of study: Education
Incoherence and enhanced magnetic quantum oscillations in the mixed state of a layered organic superconductor

We present a theory which is able to explain enhanced magnetic quantum-oscillation amplitudes in the superconducting state of a layered metal with incoherent electronic transport across the layers. The incoherence acts through the deformation of the layer-stacking factor which becomes complex and decreases the total scattering rate in the mixed state. This novel mechanism can compensate the usual decrease of the Dingle factor below the upper critical magnetic fi eld caused by the intralayer scattering.

Field of study: Physics
Neuroserpin is post-transcriptionally regulated by thyroid hormone.

Neuroserpin is a serine protease inhibitor expressed in the developing and the adult nervous system. Studies with genetically modified mice indicate a role of neuroserpin in the regulation of anxiety. Mutations in the neuroserpin gene cause protein polymerization and formation of inclusion bodies leading to progressive myoclonic epilepsy and neurodegeneration. Here we demonstrate that neuroserpin expression is regulated by thyroid hormone (T3). Neuroserpin RNA levels are down-regulated in cortical layers II/III and VIa, the hippocampus, the retrosplenial cortex and the medial habenular nucleus, but not in cortical layer V or other areas of the hypothyroid rat brain. Concordantly, neuroserpin RNA and protein expression was induced by T3 in rat PC12 cells containing appropriate thyroid hormone receptor levels. In run-on assays T3 did not affect the transcription rate of the neuroserpin gene, indicating that regulation was post-transcriptional. Moreover, T3 increased in vitro binding of cytoplasmic proteins to neuroserpin 3'-UTR RNA and caused biphasic regulation of the stability of this transcript in PC12 cells. Ectopic neuroserpin expression induced neurite extension in PC12 cells and enhanced neuritogenesis triggered by nerve growth factor. In summary, these results indicate that neuroserpin expression is post-transcriptionally regulated by T3 at the level of RNA stability.

Field of study: Biology
[The stabilometric and clinical characteristics in patients with the consequences of stroke during the complex rehabilitation].

To perform the complex stabilometric and clinical assessment of movement disorders in post-stroke patients.



Sixty-three patients in the late recovery period of stroke underwent the complex rehabilitation in the hospital.



Based on the dynamics of statokinesiogram area and shift of the center of pressure, four variants of stabilometric changes with different baseline parameters of patient's motor activity were determined.



The stabilometric results reflect the stages of the formation of the persistent pathological static/locomotor stereotype and compensatory mechanisms for the low extremity dysfunction.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Meeting, held at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, December 29, 30, and 31, 1904, including Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Cordilleran Section, held at Berkeley, California, December 30 and 31, 1904

Session of Thursday, December 29 The Society was called to order by the President, John C. Branner, at 9.30 o’clock a m, in room 116, the Geological Museum and Lecture room, of College Hall, University of Pennsylvania, where all of the sessions of the meeting were held except the evening session of this day. The report of the Council was called for and was presented by the Secretary, in print, as follows : REPORT OF THE COUNCIL To the Geological Society of America, in Seventeenth Annual Meeting Assembled: The Council has held only one meeting during the year, in conjunction with the meeting of the Society at Saint Louis. Some business has been transacted by correspondence. The rules relating to publications have been modified, the most important change being reduction of the price of Bulletin brochures. The reduction amounts to 20 per cent of the former prices to Fellows and . . .

Field of study: Geology
Health care in Canada: a system in turmoil.

Canada, in common with most countries, is re-examining its health care system. The main reasons for the reappraisal are the rising cost of health care and the growing unease that the cost is fast outstripping the capacity of the tax base to support it. This paper examines the way in which Canada's provinces are attempting to meet this health care challenge. It does this from two perspectives: first, through a consideration of the steps taken to control and/or cut costs and, second, by an exploration of the developing debate about rationing. The paper concludes with some comments about the potential policy implications of such issues.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Determination of holdup by air purge in 50 mm discs and doughnuts pulsed extraction column

The characteristics of the time-averaged frictional pressure drop in single-phase flow, which was determined by the air purge method, for the HNO_3 solution and 30% TRPO-Kerosene solution through a 50mm-diameter discs and doughnuts pulsed extraction column were studied firstly.Experimental results showed that the time-averaged frictional pressure drop could be neglected at the condition of A′ω≠0 and (u_c=0), but Noh’s linear relation to u_c at A′ω=0 was satisfied.The frictional pressure drop could be estimated by Noh’s model at A′ω≠0, which was improved for the discs and doughnuts pulsed extraction column.The values predicted by the model were in good agreement with those obtained by experiments.Then the time averaged frictional pressure drop in two-phase flow and the dispersed phase holdup in the column, for the HNO_3 solution and 30% TRPO-Kerosene solution were studied.Experimental results showed that Noh’s model, which was developed for the reciprocating plate extraction column could be used for estimating the dispersed phase hold-up in a discs and doughnuts pulsed extraction column. Here, it was stressed that in the model, the two-phase time averaged frictional pressure drop, (Δp)_f, could be predicted by the equation for the single-phase flow that is the corresponding continuous phase in the two-phase flow.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Study on Technical Condition Assessment Method of Tunnel Construction

The technical state of the tunnel structure directly determines the performance level of the service stage. For this reason, it is important to establish a set of reasonable and effective evaluation method to the technical state of the tunnel structure. In this paper, we deeply analyzed the research status of the domestic and foreign tunnel construction technology assessment. According to the "general reflection principle" and "safety principle", we proposed the correction method based on the worst subsection and detailed the relationship of tunnel civil structure sub-item and each indicator. At the same time, we set up a comprehensive evaluation scale which is qualitative and quantitative. We set up the one-to-one corresponding relationship between the technology condition value of norms and point value in the amendment method, and a quantitative evaluation model of the technical condition of the tunnel structure is established. At last, the validity of the proposed method is verified by the data of the existing test and evaluation

Field of study: Engineering
免疫活性寡脱氧核苷酸CpG ODN的研究进展

早在1890年就观察到给癌症患者注射菌体粗提制剂有时可使肿瘤明显退缩,但不明其原因.直到20世纪80年代,在提取菌体中对肿瘤起作用的活性成分时,发现卡介苗中这种活性来自于菌体的核酸组分。

Field of study: Biology
Hologram recording in semiconductor-metal light-sensitive systems

The possibility of using a new class of hologram-recording materials, in the form of light-sensitive semiconductor-metal systems, is considered. Advantages of these materials over conventional photographic media are pointed out. A report is given of the results obtained using these materials in recording various types of holograms. Holographically determined properties of these materials, such as the frequencycontrast characteristic, temperature dependence of the sensitivity, and values of the diffraction efficiency, are given.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Neuroprotective effect of tacrolimus (FK506) on ischemic brain damage following permanent focal cerebral ischemia in the rat.

We investigated the neuroprotective effect of tacrolimus (FK506) on the ischemic cell death with respect to cytochrome c translocation and DNA fragmentation, which are pivotal events in the necrotic and apoptotic signaling pathway, using permanent focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Immunohistochemically, cytochrome c was observed in the cytoplasm as early as 1 h after middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in the infarcted hemisphere. Cytosolic release of cytochrome c after MCA occlusion was also confirmed by Western blot analysis and enzyme immunoassay. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) showed DNA fragmentation evolving in the ipsilateral cortex and the caudate putamen after 3 and 6 h, respectively, following MCA occlusion. Tacrolimus (1 mg/kg, i.v.), administered immediately after MCA occlusion, significantly attenuated the release of cytochrome c in the ischemic region, the number of TUNEL-positive cells in the ischemic penumbra zone, and the size of cortical ischemic lesions. This study demonstrated that tacrolimus ameliorated the accumulation of cytochrome c in the cytosol and the increase of TUNEL-positive cells induced by cerebral ischemia, indicating that the neuroprotective action of tacrolimus on ischemic brain injury caused by permanent focal cerebral ischemia could partially be attributed to the attenuation of the activation of the apoptotic execution machinery.

Field of study: Biology
Optimization and recognition of maize disease image features based on genetic algorithms

In this article,we took the pretreated maize disease images as example,and employed genetic algorithms to choose approximate and effective image features,including relevant information measure,color components b and Cb,color moments,lesion perimeter,shape factor etc as recognition features from many primordial features.The Bayes discriminant analysis results provided by SPSS software show that this method can improve the efficiency and accuracy of the disease image recognition.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The use of specimen-label databases for conservation purposes: an example using Mexican Papilionid and Pierid butterflies

In recent years, use of databases of the labels of specimens deposited in museums and herbaria is becoming increasingly common as a tool for addressing biodiversity conservation and management problems. These databases are often large in size and complex in structure, and their application to conservation deserves a wider appreciation of some of the biases, gaps and potential pitfalls common to them. In this paper, we discuss some of the problems associated with using such databases for obtaining lists of species for arbitrary sites, as well as for the estimation of the distribution area of single species. The possibility of obtaining these closely related variables using specimen databases is shown to be scale-dependent. A tool based on mark-recapture techniques is applied to the problem of: (i) detecting sites with low number of species due to lack of adequate in-site sampling and, (ii) species with small estimated areas due to poor spatial coverage of samples.

Field of study: Environmental science
An Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience in a Student-Staffed Medication Therapy Management Call Center

To describe the implementation of an advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) in medication therapy management (MTM) designed to contribute to student pharmacists’ confidence and abilities in providing MTM.  Sixty-four student pharmacists provided MTM services during an APPE in a communication and care center. Assessment. Students conducted 1,495 comprehensive medication reviews (CMRs) identifying 6,056 medication-related problems. Ninety-eight percent of the students who completed a survey instrument (52 of 53) following the APPE expressed that they had the necessary knowledge and skills to provide MTM services. Most respondents felt that pharmacist participation in providing Medicare MTM could move the profession of pharmacy forward and that pharmacists will have some role in deciding the specific provisions of the Medicare MTM program (92% and 91%, respectively).  Students completing the MTM APPE received patient-centered experiences that supplemented their confidence, knowledge, and skill in providing MTM services in the future.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
The BigApple force and it's implications to finite nuclei and astrophysical objects

The mass gap in the secondary component of the GW190814 event left us, "whether it is a super-massive neutron star or light black-hole?". Recently, Fattoyev et al. have predicted the mass of the secondary component is 2.60 M_{\odot} based on the BigApple parameter set. We study the properties of finite nuclei, nuclear matter and neutron star by using the BigApple parameter set along with four well-known relativistic mean-field forces namely NL3, G3, IOPB-I and FSUGarnet. The predicted nuclear properties like binding energy per particle, skin thickness, charge radius, single-particle energy and two-neutron separation energy are well satisfied by the BigApple for a series of nuclei. The calculated nuclear matter quantities such as incompressibility, symmetry energy and its slope parameters are consistent with the empirical/experimental values available till date. The canonical tidal deformability of the BigApple is well suited by the GW190814 data. The dimensionless moment of inertia lies in the range given by the analysis of PSR J0737-3039A. In spite of all the success, the equation of state produced by the BigApple doesn't follow the flow data and suggest a refitting of the force parameters along with the additional coupling terms.

Field of study: Physics
Degradation of phenolic pollutants in water by hydroxyl radical electrochemically generated

A modifiedβ-PbO_2 doped with fluoride and stainless steel net were used as anode and cathode in our previous work,respectively.Evidence for hydroxyl radicals generation in electrochemical degradation was shown by electron spin resonance spectroscopy(ESR)and 5,5-dimethyl-l-pyrroline-N-oxide(DMPO) was used as spin trapping agent.The study on electrocatalytic degradation of phenolic compounds and its precursor showed that the ring opening reaction was preceded under the attack of electrochemically generated hydroxyl radicals and the phenolic pollutants were degraded to biodegradable organic acid,such as maleic acid and oxalic acid,further mineralized to carbon dioxide and water.Benzoquinone(BQ) represents one of the first byproducts formed and is the common intermediate before the ring fracture.The common degradation pathway of phenolic pollutants offers a theoretic basis for potential application and cost-effective technology.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Another metric suite for object-oriented programming

Chidamber and Kemerer (C&K) proposed six metrics for object-oriented programming. Discussions about the metrics were also reported. Recently, Kitchenham and her colleagues proposed a framework to validate software metrics. This paper evaluates C&K metrics by using Kitchenham's metric-evaluation framework and finds deficiencies in some of the C&K metrics. In order to remedy the deficiencies, this paper proposes another metric suite for object-oriented programming. The new metric suite, also six in number, includes Number of Ancestor Classes (NAC), Number of Local Methods (NLM), Class Method Complexity (CMC), Number of Descendent Classes (NDC), Coupling Through Abstract Data Type (CTA), and Coupling Through Message Passing (CTM).

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering