nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Accurate Efficient Program Behavior-based Anomaly Detection Model

An accurate efficient program behavior-based anomaly detection model is proposed.For statically-linked program portion and function recursive,optimized call stack walk is adopted to gain call stack state information,code insertion and Null call squelching is used to deal with loop function.Dynamic notifying technique is used to deal with non-standard control transfer.Thereby,it can gain complete system call context information,which improve the model's precision.Formal description of the new model is given,its enforcement is detailed and its advantages are discussed.Performance evaluations on Linux programs show that the new model is efficient.

Field of study: Computer science
Inhibition of Mild Steel Corrosion in Sulfuric Acid Solution by New Schiff Base

The efficiency of Schiff base derived from 4-aminoantipyrine, namely 2-(1,5-dimethyl-4-(2-methylbenzylidene)amino)-2-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3(2H)-ylidene) hydrazinecarbothioamide as a corrosion inhibitor on mild steel in 1.0 M H2SO4 was investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization (PD) and electrochemical frequently modulation (EFM) in addition to the adsorption isotherm, corrosion kinetic parameters and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that this inhibitor behaved as a good corrosion inhibitor, even at low concentration, with a mean efficiency of 93% and, also, a reduction of the inhibition efficiency as the solution temperature increases. A polarization technique and EIS were tested for different concentrations and different temperatures to reveal that this compound is adsorbed on the mild steel, therefore blocking the active sites, and the adsorption follows the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The excellent inhibition effectiveness of 2-(1,5-dimethyl-4-(2-methylbenzylidene)amino)-2-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3(2H)-ylidene)hydrazinecarbothioamide was also verified by scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Field of study: Materials science
Sparsity-based acoustic inversion in cross-sectional multiscale optoacoustic imaging.

With recent advancement in hardware of optoacoustic imaging systems, highly detailed cross-sectional images may be acquired at a single laser shot, thus eliminating motion artifacts. Nonetheless, other sources of artifacts remain due to signal distortion or out-of-plane signals. The purpose of image reconstruction algorithms is to obtain the most accurate images from noisy, distorted projection data.



In this paper, the authors use the model-based approach for acoustic inversion, combined with a sparsity-based inversion procedure. Specifically, a cost function is used that includes the L1 norm of the image in sparse representation and a total variation (TV) term. The optimization problem is solved by a numerically efficient implementation of a nonlinear gradient descent algorithm. TV-L1 model-based inversion is tested in the cross section geometry for numerically generated data as well as for in vivo experimental data from an adult mouse.



In all cases, model-based TV-L1 inversion showed a better performance over the conventional Tikhonov regularization, TV inversion, and L1 inversion. In the numerical examples, the images reconstructed with TV-L1 inversion were quantitatively more similar to the originating images. In the experimental examples, TV-L1 inversion yielded sharper images and weaker streak artifact.



The results herein show that TV-L1 inversion is capable of improving the quality of highly detailed, multiscale optoacoustic images obtained in vivo using cross-sectional imaging systems. As a result of its high fidelity, model-based TV-L1 inversion may be considered as the new standard for image reconstruction in cross-sectional imaging.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Stability of vitamin D3 and Zinc in fortified extruded rice during processing, storage and cooking

1  دحاو ،ییاذغ عیانص و مولع هورگ يرتکد يوجشناد راوزبس ،یملاسا دازآ هاگشناد ،راوزبس . ناریا .  2  یلیدبت و ییاذغ عیانص هورگ ،رایداتسا . ناریا یتعنص و یملع ياهشهوژپ نامزاس  نارهت ، . ناریا .  3  راوزبس ،یملاسا دازآ هاگشناد ،راوزبس دحاو ،ییاذغ عیانص و مولع هورگ ،رایشناد . ناریا .  4  انص یسدنهم و مولع هورگ ،رایداتسا ناریا ،نیوزق ،یملاسا دازآ هاگشناد ،نیوزق دحاو ،کیناکم و عیانص یسدنهم هدکشناد ،ییاذغ عی .  5  ،رایداتسا نیمارو دحاو ،تاتابن حلاصا و تعارز هورگ ناریا ،نیمارو ،یملاسا دازآ هاگشناد ،اوشیپ .

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Regioselective photoallylation of furyl and thienyl dicyanoethenes by allylic stannanes via photoinduced electron transfer.

Irradiation of 1,1-dicyano-2-(2-furyl)ethene and allyltributylstannane in the presence of phenanthrene in aqueous acetonitrile afforded regioselectively 5,5-dicyano-4-(2-furyl)-1-pentane. Photoreactions of the other furyl and thienyl dicyanoethene derivatives with allylic stannanes gave the corresponding allylic products in good yields.

Field of study: Chemistry
Burning your relatives.

If you want to dispose of a dead body, either human or animal, there are only a few ways you can do it, and they all have much the same effect. You can leave the body out in the open, so that other creatures of various kinds can eat most of it, metabolizing it into water and carbon dioxide. The bits that remain will be oxidized, essentially undergoing the same process but more slowly. An alternative option is to burn the body. This will also lead to the same results, but of course at a much faster rate. Or you can slow the process down by burying the body in the earth or at sea. In that case, consumption of the body by other creatures may still take place, but oxidization of the uneaten remains will not occur until the body is somehow exposed to the atmosphere once more.

In certain circumstances, geological change on top of a burial site will compress bodies and reposition them at increasing depths under the surface of the earth; in the case of some species—marine animals are a case in point—they may remain there for considerable periods of time, perhaps even millions of years. If you …

Field of study: Medicine
The Open Field System and Beyond

In this book, Professor Dahlman applies modern economic methodology to an old historical problem. He demonstrates how the quaint institutions of the ancient English open field system of agriculture can be understood as an intelligent and rational adaptation to a particular problem of production and to certain historical circumstances. He argues that the two major characteristics of this type of agriculture - scattered strips owned by individual peasants and extensive areas of common land - both fulfilled vital economic functions. This overturns the traditional view of the open field system as inefficient and rigidly bound by tradition, and throws light on the behaviour of medeival peasants. Professor Dahlman also offers some generalisations about the economic theory of institutions and institutional change, refuting the idea that an economic analysis of institutions must necessarily be deterministic. As a challenge to some of the fundamental criticisms of the application of economic theory to historical problems, the book will be of great interest to agrarian historians and to economic historians generally, as well as to specialists in the medieval period.

Field of study: Economics, History
Monitoring non-indigenous macroalgae in a Mediterranean MPA: Lessons from a short-temporal variability of pristine habitats invasion

Since there is no local management for Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) to prevent the establishment of macroalgae NIS, successful efforts to contrast their spread probably should concentrate in the conservation of resistant habitats. The study aimed to evaluate the role of depth and habitat in the spread of macroalgal non-indigenous species (NIS). A multifactorial sampling design was employed to compare the abundance of NIS macroalgae over a one-year period across different substrates and depths within a Mediterranean MPArea. Moreover, the ecological quality of macroalgal assemblages in relation to invasion was assessed through the ALien Biotic IndEX (ALEX). The NIS macroalgae found in the MPA, Caulerpa cylindracea, Acrothamnion preissii, Womersleyella setacea and Falkenbergia sp., were overall quite low in abundance and, accordingly, the ALEX index had generally high values. The substrate, depth and time significantly affected NIS abundance; however, the lack of significant interannual variability (December 2018–December 2019), both in pooled and separated NIS abundance, suggested that the occurrence of these four NISs will no further expand in the MPA at the scale of habitat. The highlighted patterns in NIS abundance suggest the importance of detailed sampling designs of monitoring taking into consideration different habitats and depths and using suitable sampling methods to assess NIS establishment and spread, such as those required by international directives.

Field of study: Environmental science
CpG基序诱导HL60细胞分化和凋亡作用的初步研究

研究发现细菌表面的肽聚糖、脂磷壁酸等菌体成份有直接的抗肿瘤作用,然而源于细菌DNA的CpG基序以及含CpG基序的寡核苷酸(CpG-oligodeoxynucletides,CpG-ODN)对肿瘤细胞的直接作用如何尚不明了,因此,初步研究了CpG-ODN对白血病HL60细胞的直接作用及其可能机制。

Field of study: Biology
A Maximum Entropy Approach to Recovering Information from Multinomial Response Data

The classical maximum entropy (ME) approach to estimating the unknown parameters of a multinomial discrete choice problem, which is equivalent to the maximum likelihood multinomial logit (ML) estimator, is generalized. The generalized maximum entropy (GME) model includes noise terms in the multinomial information constraints. Each noise term is modeled as the mean of a finite set of a priori known points in the interval [−1,1] with unknown probabilities where no parametric assumptions about the error distribution are made. A GME model for the multinomial probabilities and for the distributions associated with the noise terms is derived by maximizing the joint entropy of multinomial and noise distributions, under the assumption of independence. The GME formulation reduces to the ME in the limit as the sample grows large or when no noise is included in the entropy maximization. Further, even though the GME and the logit estimators are conceptually different, the dual GME model is related to a gener...

Field of study: Mathematics
Studies on monoclonal antibody production by a hybridoma cell line (C1E3) immobilised in a fixed bed, porosphere culture system.

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of fixed beds of macroporous glass spheres as a production process for animal cell products. The growth, metabolism and monoclonal antibody expression of a mouse-mouse hybridoma cell line was investigated in order to both test the potential of and to optimise the system. After the initial growth phase, the culture went into a steady-state phase brought on by glutamine limitation. An event occurred after 120-160 h of steady-state operation which destabilised the culture, causing a decline in productivity, after which the culture recovered. This event was analysed in detail to determine its cause, and whether a major switch in metabolic function had occurred. The parameter which correlated most closely to antibody production rate was oxygen, but as this was kept constant in the void medium of the bed it has to be concluded that oxygen diffusion into the spheres was the regulatory factor. A comparison of the fixed bed and a flask culture identified interesting differences in glucose metabolism between the two systems. The data gave strong indications as to how the productivity of the fixed bed system can be further improved. This includes optimisation of the glutamine concentration and modifying the porous structure of the spheres to improve diffusion characteristics.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Topological origin of quasi-flat edge band in phosphorene

Phosphorene, a honeycomb structure of black phosphorus, was isolated recently. The band structure is highly anisotropic, where the kx direction is Dirac-like and the ky direction is Schrodinger-like. A prominent feature is the presence of a quasi-flat edge band entirely detached from the bulk band in phosphorene nanoribbons. We explore the mechanism of the emergence of the quasi-flat band by employing the topological argument invented to explain successfully the flat band familiar in graphene. The quasi-flat band can be controlled by applying in-plane electric field perpendicular to the ribbon direction. The conductance is switched off above a critical electric field, which acts as a field-effect transistor.

Field of study: Physics
Dielectric behaviour of PVC-based polymer electrolytes

Thin films of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)–poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blend with lithium triflate (LiCF 3 SO 3 ) salt and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) as plasticizer were prepared by solution casting method. The conductivity and dielectric measurements were carried out on these films as a function of frequency at various temperatures. The addition of DBP significantly improved the ionic conductivity. The conductivity–temperature plots were found to follow an Arrhenius nature. The dielectric behaviour was analysed using dielectric permittivity ( e ′), dissipation factor (tan δ ) and electric modulus ( M ′) of the samples.

Field of study: Materials science
Perspectives on Insruction Quality Report of Undergraduate Education

The Ministry of Education has proposed to establish a national system of annual report on higher education teaching quality.It shows that the expectation for the quality of higher education in China has transfered from the institutional level to the state level.By the end of September 2011,39 "985 Project" universities for the first time have publicly released "Report on the Quality of Undergraduate Education and Teaching",which indicates that China's tertiary education sector has begun to respond to social expectations and accountability.While we can not say that the universities didn't take it seriously,but it does not play the roles as an information platform,quality assurance method and management tool.As an important measure to create the higher education quality assurance system with Chinese characteristics,it also needs to be furtherly standardized and improved in the aspects of quality standards,contents and forms.

Field of study: Education
Linking Spectral Induced Polarization (SIP) and Subsurface Microbial Processes: Results from Sand Column Incubation Experiments.

Geophysical techniques, such as spectral induced polarization (SIP), offer potentially powerful approaches for in situ monitoring of subsurface biogeochemistry. The successful implementation of these techniques as monitoring tools for reactive transport phenomena, however, requires the deconvolution of multiple contributions to measured signals. Here, we present SIP spectra and complementary biogeochemical data obtained in saturated columns packed with alternating layers of ferrihydrite-coated and pure quartz sand, and inoculated with Shewanella oneidensis supplemented with lactate and nitrate. A biomass-explicit diffusion-reaction model is fitted to the experimental biogeochemical data. Overall, the results highlight that (1) the temporal response of the measured imaginary conductivity peaks parallels the microbial growth and decay dynamics in the columns, and (2) SIP is sensitive to changes in microbial abundance and cell surface charging properties, even at relatively low cell densities (<108 cells mL-1). Relaxation times (τ) derived using the Cole-Cole model vary with the dominant electron accepting process, nitrate or ferric iron reduction. The observed range of τ values, 0.012-0.107 s, yields effective polarization diameters in the range 1-3 μm, that is, 2 orders of magnitude smaller than the smallest quartz grains in the columns, suggesting that polarization of the bacterial cells controls the observed chargeability and relaxation dynamics in the experiments.

Field of study: Environmental science
Profiling and accelerating commodity NFV service chains with SCC

A tool that can thoroughly profile hot parts of NFV software stacks is proposed.Our profiler revealed I/O and scheduling problems for user-space NFV chains.We solve these problems by combining I/O multiplexing and scheduling techniques.We reduce the latency (by 3x) and latency variance (by 2-40x) of these NFV chains. Recent approaches to network functions virtualization (NFV) have shown that commodity network stacks and drivers struggle to keep up with increasing hardware speed. Despite this, popular cloud networking services still rely on commodity operating systems (OSs) and device drivers. Taking into account the hardware underlying of commodity servers, we built an NFV profiler that tracks the movement of packets across the systems memory hierarchy by collecting key hardware and OS-level performance counters. Leveraging the profilers data, our Service Chain Coordinators (SCC) run-time accelerates user-space NFV service chains, based on commodity drivers. To do so, SCC combines multiplexing of system calls with scheduling strategies, taking time, priority, and processing load into account. By granting longer time quanta to chained network functions (NFs), combined with I/O multiplexing, SCC reduces unnecessary scheduling and I/O overheads, resulting in three-fold latency reduction due to cache and main memory utilization improvements. More importantly, SCC reduces the latency variance of NFV service chains by up to 40x compared to standard FastClick chains by making the average case for an NFV chain to perform as well as the best case. These improvements are possible because of our profilers accuracy.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Eigenvalue decomposition for persymmetric Hankel matrices with at most three non-zero anti-diagonals

In this paper, we present an eigenvalue decomposition for any complex persymmetric Hankel matrix with at most three non-zero anti-diagonals. Furthermore, we derive a general expression for the natural powers of these Hankel matrices in terms of the natural powers of complex persymmetric anti-tridiagonal Hankel matrices.

Field of study: Mathematics
Retaining nurses in their employing hospitals and in the profession: effects of job preference, unpaid overtime, importance of earnings and stress.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of job preference, unpaid overtime, importance of earnings, and stress in retaining nurses in their employing hospitals and in the profession. Data come from our survey of 1396 nurses employed in three teaching hospitals in Southern Ontario, Canada. Data are analyzed first for all nurses, then separately for full-time, part-time, and casual nurses. Results show that the key to understanding the effects of these variables may be to pay attention to the work status of nurses. With regards to retaining nurses in their hospitals, working in their preferred type of job is important, particularly for part-time nurses. Working unpaid and longer than agreed hours is also a factor for increasing the likelihood of part-time nurses to leave the profession. All nurses are less inclined to leave as the importance of their earnings for the family increases, but it is particularly important for part-time nurses. Stress is an ongoing concern for retaining nurses in their hospitals and within the profession. We suggest managers and policy makers pay attention to employing nurses in jobs they prefer, decrease unpaid overtime, and consider the importance of earnings for them and their families in developing policies and programs to retain nurses. More importantly, stress levels should be lowered to retain nurses.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
[A state of innate and adaptive immunity in children with schizophrenia and in the high-risk group for the disease].

Leukocyte elastase (LE) activity, alpha1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha1-PI), C-reactive protein (CRP) as the indices of innate immunity and the level of autoantibodies to nerve growth factor (Aab-NGF) and to basic myelin protein (Aab-BMP) as the indices of adaptive immunity have been studied in the blood serum of 40 children at high risk for schizophrenia and in 32 children with schizophrenia. In the high-risk group, an increase both of the LE activity, CRP content and variance of alpha1-PI concentrations, indicating the activation of innate immunity, was found. LE activity correlated with severity of schizotypal diathesis. The development of schizophrenic process is accompanied by generalization of the immune response: along with activation of the innate immunity, there was activation of immunity acquired as an increase of the level of autoantibodies to neuroantigenes. It is suggested that activation of innate and adaptive immunity is related to the processes determining the disturbances of the nervous system development.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Intense AC field driven superlattices with barrier width dimerization

The evolution of two coupled mini-bands, generated by alternating barrier widths dimerization of a superlattice, driven by intense AC fields is investigated. The present model delivers a useful framework for the transition between the analytical high frequency regime and the extreme low frequency limit described by models based on Fukuyama's {\it et al.} (, 5579 (1973)) proposal.

Field of study: Physics
Evaluating the Effects of Sealing Quality on Gas Leakage Rates During Structural Fumigation by Pressurization Testing and CFD Simulations

In this study, pressurization tests were conducted to quantify gas-tightness of the Hal Ross Flour Mill at Kansas State University, which was sealed at three sealing qualities, i.e., fully sealed, partially sealed, and non-sealed. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the mill was then constructed. Based on the building gas-tightness levels obtained from the pressurization tests, several sulfuryl fluoride fumigations were simulated to study sensitivities of the half-loss time (HLT) and concentration × time (Ct) product of the mill as affected by sealing quality, and wind and buoyancy forces. The HLT of the fully sealed simulation case was at least two to three times greater than that of the partially and non-sealed cases, respectively. The Ct product results followed a similar trend. The results of this study emphasized the importance of the pressurization test as a useful tool for quantification of building gas-tightness and for prediction of expected HLT and Ct product of a subsequent structural fumigation.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Latent interface-trap buildup and its implications for hardness assurance (MOS transistors)

Long-term anneals at temperatures from 25 degrees C to 135 degrees C were performed on irradiated MOS transistors. Following the normal saturation of interface-trap density (within 10/sup 2/ to 10/sup 5/ s after irradiation), large increases in the number of interface traps were observed for both commercial and radiation-hardened transistors at very long times after irradiation (>10/sup 6/ s at 25 degrees ). This latent buildup of interface traps can be significant, up to a factor of four times larger than the normal saturation value. The latent buildup is thermally activated with an activation energy of 0.47+or-0.08 eV. As a natural consequence of the delay between the normal and the latent buildup, there is a window in time in which little or no interface-trap buildup occurs. Two possible mechanisms for the latent buildup are explored: (1) the direct conversion of oxide traps into interface traps or border traps and (2) the diffusion of molecular hydrogen into the gate oxide from adjacent structures. The latent buildup of interface traps can degrade the performance of ICs in space systems and may cause IC failure at long times. Recommendations are provided for characterizing latent interface-trap buildup.

Field of study: Physics