nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of Polypropylene Orientation on Mechanical and Heat Seal Properties of Polymer-Aluminum-Polymer Composite Films for Pouch Lithium-Ion Batteries

In this study, polyamide-aluminum foil-polypropylene (PA-Al-PP) composite films with different orientation status of the PP layer were prepared, and their morphology, tensile, peeling and heat seal behavior were studied. The comparative study of tensile and fracture behaviors of single-layer film of PA, Al and PP, as well as the composite films of PA-Al, PP-Al and PA-Al-PP revealed that in PA-Al-PP composite film, the PA layer with the highest tensile strength can share the tensile stress from the Al layer during stretching, while the PP layer with the lowest tensile strength can prevent further development of the small cracks on boundary of the Al layer during stretching. Moreover, the study of heat seal behavior suggested that both the orientation status and the heat seal conditions were important factors in determining the heat seal strength (HSS) and failure behavior of the sample. Four failure types were observed, and a clear correspondence between HSS and failure types was found. The results also elucidated that for the composite film, only in the cases where the tensile stress was efficiently released by each layer during HSS measurement could the composite film exhibit desired high HSS that was even higher than its tensile strength.

Field of study: Materials science
Transmembrane topology of ceramide synthase in yeast.

Ceramide plays a crucial role as a basic building block of sphingolipids, but also as a signalling molecule mediating cell-fate decisions. Three genes, LAG1, LAC1 and LIP1, have been shown to be required for ceramide synthase activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae [Guillas, Kirchman, Chuard, Pfefferli, Jiang, Jazwinski and Conzelman (2001)  Schorling, Vallee, Barz, Reizman and Oesterhelt (2001) -3427; Vallee and Riezman (2005) EMBO J. 24, 730-741]. In the present study, the topology of the Lag1p and Lac1p subunits was investigated. The N- and C-termini of the proteins are in the cytoplasm and eight putative membrane-spanning domains were identified in Lag1p and Lac1p by insertion of glycosylation and factor Xa cleavage sites at various positions. The conserved Lag motif, potentially containing the active site, is most likely embedded in the membrane. We also present evidence that histidine and aspartic acid residues in the Lag motif are essential for the function of Lag1p in vivo.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
AN ELEMENT-ENERGY-PROJECTION METHOD FOR POST-COMPUTATION OF SUPER-CONVERGENT SOLUTIONS IN ONE-DIMENSIONAL FEM

The present paper presents, for one-dimensional FEM at the present stage, a natural and rational approach called Element Energy Projection (EEP) method for super-convergent calculation of both displacements and stresses at any point in an element in post-processing stage. The proposed method is simple, effective and efficient. A large number of numerical examples consistently show that the accuracy of both displacements and stresses so calculated is well comparable to that of the nodal displacements, i.e. being of order mh2 for elements of degree m with sufficiently smooth solutions.

Field of study: Engineering
Cinnamaldehyde Prevents Endothelial Dysfunction Induced by High Glucose by Activating Nrf2

It is well documented that hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress is an important causative factor of endothelial dysfunction. Cinnamaldehyde (CA) is a key flavor compound in cinnamon essential oil that can enhance the antioxidant defense against reactive oxygen species (ROS) by activating NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which has been shown to have a cardiovascular protective effect, but its role in endothelial dysfunction induced by high glucose is unknown.  Dissected male C57BL/6J mouse aortic rings and HUVECs were cultured in normal glucose(NG 5.5 mM) or high glucose(HG 30.0 mM) DMEM treatment with or without CA (10 µM).  Treatment with CA protected the endothelium relaxation, inhibited ROS generation and preserved nitric oxide (NO) levels in the endothelium of mouse aortas treated with high glucose . CA up-regulated Nrf2 expression, promoted its translocation to the nucleus‚and increased HO-1, NQO1, Catalase and Gpx1 expression under high glucose condition. The increased level of nitrotyrosine in HUVECs under high glucose was also attenuated by treatment with CA. Dihydroethidium (DHE) and DAF-2DA staining indicated that CA inhibited the ROS generation and preserved the NO levels in HUVECs, but these effects were reversed by Nrf2-siRNA in high glucose conditions.  Our results indicated that CA protected endothelial dysfunction under high glucose conditions and this effect was mediated by Nrf2 activation and the up-regulation of downstream target proteins. CA administration may represent a promising intervention in diabetic patients who are at risk for vascular complications.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
On the asymptotic normality of the kernel estimators of the density function and its derivatives under censoring

In this paper, we study asymptotic normality of the kernel estimators of the density function and its derivatives as well as the mode in the randomly right censorship model. The mode estimator is defined as the random variable that maximizes the kernel density estimator. Our results are stated under some suitable conditions upon the kernel function, the smoothing parameter and both distributions functions that appear in this model. Here, the Kaplan–Meier estimator of the distribution function is used to build the estimates. We carry out a simulation study which shows how good the normality works.

Field of study: Mathematics
Effect of lubricating oil on the flow and heat transfer characteristics of supercritical carbon dioxide

Effects of lubricating oil on heat-transfer performance of supercritical CO2 were studied by applying three lubricants: PAG, PVE, and ECP. Heat-transfer coefficient measurements and flow-pattern visualization were conducted in a horizontal tube of 2 mm I.D. at CO2 pressures from 8 to 10 MPa and mass fluxes from 800 to 1200 kg m−2 s−1. The solubility of lubricants with CO2 was found having remarkable influence on both the flow pattern and heat-transfer coefficient. For PVE, which has the highest CO2 solubility, oil droplets can only be observed occasionally and the oil film can hardly be identified at temperatures lower than Tpc, and the heat-transfer coefficient does not greatly change with oil concentration. At higher temperatures, a decrease in the heat-transfer coefficient with increasing oil concentration was observed for all three lubricants due to the formation of oil film. The experiments show that while ECP is inferior to PVE, it provides better heat-transfer performance than PVG.

Field of study: Engineering
Beitrag zur Dispersion der Edelgase

ZusammenfassungEs wird die Dispersion in Argon zwischen 5780 und 2300 Å experimentell untersucht. Der Dispersionsverlauf kann nicht durch eine eingliedrige Sellmeyersche Dispersionsformel dargestellt werden. Dagegen gibt eine dreigliedrige Formel, in deren zwei Glieder die beiden Resonanzlinien eingehen, die Meß-ergebnisse sehr gut wieder.

Field of study: Physics
Differentiation-inducing action of 10-hydroxycamptothecin on human hepatoma Hep G2 cells.

To study the mechanism of differentiation-inducing action of 10-hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) on human hepatoma Hep G2 cells.



The proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression was studied by immunocytochemical staining method. The cell cycle distribution and the wild-type protein p53 expression were measured by flow cytometry. Telomerase activity was assayed with telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP).



After treatment with HCPT at differentiation-inducing concentrations 5-20 micrograms.L-1 for 6 d, Hep G2 cells were mainly arrested at G2/M phase and the PCNA expression rate was lower than that of control cells. When Hep G2 cells grew in a medium containing HCPT 5 micrograms.L-1 for 6 d, the p53 expression level markedly increased in comparison with the control cells. The telomerase activity did not change in Hep G2 cells treated with HCPT 5-20 micrograms.L-1 for 8 d.



The differentiation-inducing effect of HCPT on Hep G2 cells is related with the cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase, down-regulation of PCNA and up-regulation of wild-type protein p53.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
[Effects of neutrophils emigration on vascular permeability and anti-inflammatory mechanism of dexamethasone].

In rat peritonitis induced by ip carrageenin, depletion of circulating neutrophils (Neu) either by iv nitrogen mustard (1.2, 2.4, 3.6 mg/kg) or by exposure to 60Co (9 Gy) caused the decrease in number of Neu and amount of protein in exudate. However, in histamine-induced peritonitis, although the depletion of circulating Neu by 60Co decreased Neu emigration, the protein exudate was not reduced. Dexamethasone (0.15, 0.5, 1.5 mg/kg) im th before ip carrageenin suppressed both Neu emigration and protein exudate. On the other hand. dexamethasone only inhibited Neu emigration. but had no significant inhibitory effect on protein exudate induced by histamine. The results revealed tbat the increase in vascular permeability induced by carrageenin was dependent on the presence of circulating Neu, so that Neu emigration may be responsible for the exudation of plasma protein through the blood vessel wall. In addition. the primary action of dexamethasone may be an inhibitory action on Neu emigration and then control the vascular permeability.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Molecular mechanics studies of homopolymeric and mixed sequence Py.Pu*Pu triple helices.

DNA triple helices containing two purine strands and one pyrimidine strand (C.G*G and T.A*A) have been studied, using model building followed by energy minimisation, for different orientations of the third strand resulting from variation in the hydrogen bonding between the Watson-Crick duplex and the third strand and the glycosidic torsion angle in the third strand. Our results show that in the C.G*G case the structure with a parallel orientation of the third strand, resulting from Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds between the third strand and the Watson-Crick duplex, is energetically the most favourable while in the T.A*A case the antiparallel orientation of the third strand, resulting from reverse Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds, is energetically the most favourable. These studies when extended to the mixed sequence triplexes, in which the second strand is a mixture of G and A, correspondingly the third strand is a mixture of G and A/T, show that though the parallel orientation is still energetically more favourable, the antiparallel orientation becomes energetically comparable with an increasing number of thymines in the third strand. Structurally, for the mixed triplexes containing G and T in the third strand, it is seen that the basepair non-isomorphism between the C.G*G and the T.A*T triplets can be overcome with some changes in the base pair parameters without much distortion of either the backbone or the hydrogen bonds.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Optimized Si_3N_4 grating couplers for relaxed alignment requirements under flood illumination

Grating couplers are essential building blocks to integrated photonic circuits, as they allow surface access to the photonic chip. They are most commonly used in combination with an optical fiber, requiring precise alignment, resulting in a high instrumentation cost. In this paper, an alternate use is proposed: by flood illuminating part of the chip surface, the alignment conditions can be relaxed. The grating coupler parameters were optimized for this coupling method. The novel grating couplers were fabricated in Si3N4 and characterized through flood illumination measurements. At peak wavelength as well as within a 20 nm interval, the coupled power was increased considerably over a smaller coupler, by a factor of 6 and 4.5, respectively. The influence on bandwidth and the required precision of coupling angle were also investigated. These optimized designs for flood illumination can provide a cost-efficient coupling mechanism for numerous applications.

Field of study: Physics
[Cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase activity and the functions of immunologically competent cells].

The authors summarize the data on the interrelationship between cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase system activity in immunocompetent cells and their functional properties, provide the results of experimental research showing an important role this enzyme system plays in macrophages and lymphocytes and the influence of immunoactive substances on their activity. The data amassed support the immunomodulating effects of cytochrome P450 inducing substances. In a majority of cases their action manifests itself in the suppression of different functions of immunocompetent cells. The role of Ah-receptor and other biochemical mechanisms in the development of those effects is discussed. Emphasis is laid on the fact that the high sensitivity of the immune system to the action of xenobiotics and the diversity of their influences on immune responses depend to a large measure on the activity of the enzyme systems metabolizing antibiotics.

Field of study: Medicine
Topology control based on optimally rigid graph in wireless sensor networks

This paper presents an optimization scheme of sensor networks for node scheduling and topology control, aiming to reduce energy consumption for heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) with non-uniform transmission ranges. Motivated by geographical adaptive fidelity (GAF), we partition sensors into groups based on the location of sensors, such that a connected backbone network can be maintained by keeping only one arbitrary node from each group in active status while putting others to sleep. In addition, optimally rigid geographical adaptive fidelity (ORGAF) approach is proposed to decrease the communication complexity and reduce the energy dissipation. Furthermore, we prove the topology derived under ORGAF is 2-connected; and the average degree of nodes in the topology converges to four approximately. Simulation results show that ORGAF can improve the network performance as well as reducing the energy consumption.

Field of study: Computer science
Cold Comfort Farm, D. H. Lawrence, and English Literary Culture Between the Wars

Stella Gibbons's Cold Comfort Farm (1932) has been an incredibly popular novel. Its most famous line, "I saw something nasty in the woodshed," has become a catchphrase, and the book has sold in large numbers since its first publication in 1932. It has been adapted as a stage play, a musical, a radio drama, and two films, thereby reaching a still larger audience. However, its status within the academically-defined literary canon is comparatively low. One full article on Cold Comfort Farm was published in 1978, and since then, only a few paragraphs of criticism have been devoted to the novel. Critics apparently do not consider Cold Comfort Farm to be properly "literary," and it is rarely mentioned in studies of the literature of the interwar years. This is curious because Cold Comfort Farm is an extremely sophisticated and intricate parody whose meaning is produced through its relationship with the literary culture of its day and with the work of such canonical authors as D. H. Lawrence, Thomas Hardy, and Emily Bronte. The novel's engagement with the gender issues of the 1930s also repays detailed examination.

Field of study: Art
Observation on the immunological competence of multiple antigen peptides based on the mimic epitope of the adhesion protein of Mycoplasma genitalium

To provide experimental evidence for the development of multi-epitope-baseded marker vaccines through investigating the humoral and cellular immune responses in BALB/c mice induced by the multiple antigen peptides (MAPs) with the mimic epitope. Three types of MAPs in eight branched forms containing the mimic epitope of Mycoplasma genitalium adhesion protein (MgPa) were prepared using poly-lysine as the core matrix.The purity of MAPs was analyzed by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC).The molecular weights of MAPs were characterized by Mass Spectrometry.The BALB/c mice were immunized intramuscularly for four times with single or mixed MAPs.The specific IgG antibody and the subtype of IgG antibody in serum of the immunized mice were detected by indirect ELISA.The proliferative responses of the spleen lymphocytes were detected using MTT assay.The ELISA were used to detect IFN-γ and IL-4 levels in the cultured supematant of spleen lymphocytes. The three types of MAPs containing the mimic epitopes were successfully prepared with high purity.They,could stimulate mice to produce specific IgG antibodies,of which,the major antibody isotype was Th1 immune response-associated IgG2a.Compared with the single MAP immunization group,the mixed-MAPs immunized mice produced more IgG,IgG1 and IgG2a antibody (P＜0.05).Furthermore,these MAPs could enhance the specific proliferation of spleen lymphocytes in immunized mice and induce the production of IFN-γ and IL-4.The levels of IFN-γand IL-4 in mixed-MAPs group were significantly higher than those of the single MAPs group (P＜0.01).Conclusion The three types of MAPs could induce strong specific cellular and humoral immune responses.The immunological competence of the mixed-MAPs was stronger than those of the single MAP. 
 
 
Mycoplasma genitalium;  Adhesin protein ;  Mimic epitope;  Multiple antigen peptides; Immunogenicity

Field of study: Biology
A new approach for simultaneously retrieving cloud albedo and cloud fraction from surface-based shortwave radiation measurements

Surface-based measurements of shortwave (SW) radiative fluxes contain valuable information on cloud properties, but have not been fully used to infer those properties. Here a new analytical approach is presented that simultaneously infers cloud albedo and cloud fraction from surface-based measurements of total and direct radiative fluxes. An inspection of the analytical formulation reveals that cloud fraction is primarily determined by the relative cloud radiative forcing for the direct radiation, defined as the difference between the clear-sky and all-sky direct downwelling radiative fluxes normalized by the clear-sky direct downwelling radiative fluxes, while cloud albedo is primarily determined by the ratio of the relative cloud radiative forcing for the total downwelling radiation to the relative cloud radiative forcing for the direct radiation. The new analytical approach is validated using synthetic measurements generated by the rapid radiative transfer model (RRTM) algorithm with known cloud inputs and some surface- and satellite-based measurements. The effect of cloud absorption is further corrected based on a suite of numerical experiments. The new approach demonstrates the utility of partitioning total radiation into direct and diffuse radiation, and eliminates the potential contamination of errors in existing approaches that retrieve cloud fraction and cloud albedo separately.

Field of study: Environmental science
Polymer moulding manufacturing using rapid tooling

An important factor in the design cycle of polymer moulded components is the ability to produce representative components for test. Rapid modelling and tooling has become an essential part of this programme, particularly since it enables significant design time compression. The computer modelled rapid prototype has provided design confidence by allowing it to be fitted, tested for functionality and analysed. Possibly more important, rapid tooling is established by using the models as patterns; this allows the production of a prototype in the correct shape and material. Rapid tooling methods for injection moulding enable manufacture in days rather than months.

Field of study: Materials science
PREPAID ENERGY METER USING RFID

The present system of energy billing in India is error prone and also time and labor consuming. Errors get introduced at every stage of energy billing like errors with electro-mechanical meters, human errors while noting down the meter reading and error while processing the paid bills and the due bills. There are many cases where the bill is paid and then is shown as a due amount in the next bill. There is no proper way to know the consumer's maximum demand, usage details, losses in the lines, and power theft. The remedy for this drawback is prepaid energy billing, which could be titled. Pay first and then use it. There are clear results from many countries, where prepaid system have reduced the usage (wastage) by a

Field of study: Engineering
1.70 A resolution structure of myoglobin from yellowfin tuna. An example of a myoglobin lacking the D helix.

The crystal structure of metmyoglobin from yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) has been determined by molecular replacement methods and refined to a conventional R factor of 0.177 for all observed reflections in the range of 6.0-1.70 A resolution. Like other myoglobins for which a high-resolution structure is available, the polypeptide chain is organized into several helices that cooperate to form a hydrophobic pocket into which the heme prosthetic group is non-covalently bound; however, the D helix observed in other myoglobins is absent in myoglobin from yellowfin tuna and has been replaced with a random coil. As well, the A helix has a pronounced kink due to the presence of Pro16. The differences in structure between this and sperm whale myoglobin can be correlated with their reported dioxygen affinity and dissociation. The structure is in agreement with reported fluorescence data which show an increased Trp14.heme distance in yellowfin tuna compared to sperm whale myoglobin.

Field of study: Chemistry
Acrosome of spermatozoa of domestic animals.

精子の頭部前半をおおっている帽子状の構造, すなわち, acrosomeは約70年前MEvEs1) によって発見されたが, その構造や役割が明らかになってきたのは比較的新しい。1950年LEBLOND2) はacrosomeがPAS染色で良く染まることに着目し, PAS染色を用いて, それまで意見の一致しなかったラットの精子完成を見事に画くことに成功した。更にBURGOS&FAWCETT3) は優れた電子顕微鏡技術を駆使してモルモットの精子完成を研究し, それらが端緒となって精子完成ばかりでなく, 精子形成に関する研究も著しく進展した。また, ウニ精子が受精に際してacrosome反応を起こすことが知られ4), 受精におけるacrosomeの役割についても多大の関心が寄せられるようになった。しかし, 家畜精子のacrosomeを対象とした研究は比較的少なく, 未解決のまま残されている問題が多い。そこで, 家畜精子のacrosomeをめぐる問題点の解明を目的として一連の実験を行なった。

Field of study: Biology
Housing unit maintenance and the mode of tenure

Empirical studies have demonstrated that owner-occupied housing units tend to be better maintained than rental units. This paper presents an economic model which explains the observations. It is shown that, under a set of perfect market assumptions, an owner-occupant will maintain his housing unit at a higher rate than will a landlord. The effects of changing tenure times, of changing incomes, and of transactions costs are analyzed and testable hypotheses are developed. While the model is applied only to housing, it is applicable to a wider class of durable goods which may either be rented or user owned.

Field of study: Economics