nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Fluid-Dynamics-Based Analytical Model for Synthetic Jet Actuation

An analytical model for synthetic jet actuation based on the laws of fluid dynamics is presented. A synthetic jet actuator consists of a cavity with a driven wall and an orifice. Under actuation, the wall is oscillated, resulting in an oscillatory flow through the orifice. In the model, the driven wall is modeled as a single-degree-of-freedom mechanical system, which is pneumatically coupled to the cavity-orifice arrangement acting as a Helmholtz resonator. The latter was modeled using the unsteady form of the continuity and Bernoulli equations with a loss term. The model was validated against experimental data available in the published literature, and very good agreement is obtained between the predicted and measured frequency responses as well as for the phase relationships between velocities and pressures. The model and analysis based on it provide valuable insights into the behavior of synthetic jet actuators and reveal that air in the actuator cavity exhibits compressibility at all frequencies beyond the Helmholtz resonance frequency.

Field of study: Physics
Weathering of Basaltic Tephra on the Island of Hawaii

Three basaltic tephra deposits of Kilauea were studied in order to determine the nature and amount of weathering as a function of age and climate. One of these deposits, the Pahala Ash, is a regional tephra blanket 10,000 to 17,000 yrs old that is weathering under present rainfall ranging from about 25 to 635 cm/yr. The Keanakakoi Formation and Uwekahuna Ash, which contain the other deposits investigated, are less than 10,000 yrs old, and are present only in the vicinity of Kilauea caldera, where rainfall is from 115 to 255 cm/yr.

Basaltic glass in the Pahala Ash is extensively weathered, whereas that in the Keanakakoi Formation generally is little altered. The principal weathering products of glass are palagonite and clay. Montmorillonite and calcite are weathering products of the Pahala Ash in the drier areas; gibbsite has formed at rainier sites. Plagioclase, pyroxene, and olivine are weathered only in the Pahala Ash.

Chemical changes on weathering of the tephra deposits vary as a function of climate. From comparative analysis of unaltered and altered solids, SiO2 and Na + K + Ca + Mg seem to be lost under heaviest rainfall in average proportions as high as 2:1; in the driest areas they have been leached in the ratio of about 1:3. In an area of intermediate rainfall, SiO2 and Na + K + Ca + Mg are lost in an average ratio of 3:2, as shown by chemical composition of both solids and interstitial waters. However, an unresolved discrepancy occurs between the rate of leaching, as calculated from solids and that calculated from solution data, when an age of 10,000 yrs is taken for the upper part of the Pahala Ash. Ion-activity products calculated from the solution analyses provide a framework for elucidation of the weathering processes and products.

Field of study: Geology
Synthesis and Characterization of Cryptomelane and Adsorption of Pb~(2+)

Cryptomelane is an effective water treatment agent with high adsorptive ability for heavy metals. Cryptomelane was prepared by precipitation method and characterized as tetragonal crystal with specific surface area and abundant hydroxyl groups at its surface. The adsorption of Pb2+ by synthesis cryptomelane in aqueous solution was studied and the reaction mechanism of adsorption was also discussed. Results showed that the adsorption mechanism of Pb2+ on cryptomelane was well in accordance with Langmuir model when concentration of Pb2+ was less than 300mg/L and maximum adsorption amount of Pb2+ was 126.58mg/g.

Field of study: Environmental science
Estimation of indifference points with an adjusting-delay procedure.

In a series of conditions, pigeons chose between 1.5 s and 3 s of access to grain, each preceded by some delay. The delay that preceded the small reinforcer was constant throughout a condition. The delay that preceded the large reinforcer was increased or decreased a number of times each session in order to estimate an "indifference point," a delay at which the subject chose each alternative about equally often. The experiment was designed to determine whether variations in any of four features of this adjusting-delay procedure would systematically alter the estimated indifference points. The four features were the total trial duration, the number of center-key responses necessary to begin a trial, the number of choice trials that preceded each change in the adjusting delay, and step size--the size of each increment and decrement in the delay. Manipulation of the first three features had no systematic effects on the indifference points. As step size was increased from 0.5 s to 6 s, within-session variability of the adjusting delay steadily increased, and the 6-s step size produced larger indifference-point estimates for some subjects. The results suggest that, within certain limits, these procedural features can be altered without affecting the indifference-point estimates, but that the use of a large step size can distort the estimates. Some theoretical implications of the relative constancy of indifference points across these procedural variations are discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Numerical simulations of nonlocal phase-field and hyperbolic nonlocal phase-field models via localized radial basis functions-based pseudo-spectral method (LRBF-PSM)

In this paper we consider the two-dimensional nonlocal phase-field and hyperbolic nonlocal phase-field models to obtain their numerical solutions. For this purpose, we propose a localized method based on radial basis functions (RBFs), namely localized radial basis functions-based pseudo-spectral method (LRBF-PSM) for spatial discretization. The basic idea of the LRBF-PSM is to construct a set of orthogonal functions by RBFs on each overlapping sub-domain from which the global solution can be obtained by extending the approximation on each sub-domain to the entire domain. This approach does not require meshing in spatial domain and hence inherits the meshless and spectral convergence properties of the global radial basis functions collocation method (GRBFCM). Some numerical results indicate that the obtained simulations via the LRBF-PSM is effective and stable for approximating the solution of nonlocal models investigated in the current paper.

Field of study: Mathematics
World History's Narrative Problem

T. Rodriguez, Stanley M. Burstein, Duane Corpis, Julia Foulkes, Barbara Weinstein, Mary Kay Vaughan, Kathryn Litherland, Jerrold Seigel, and Lisa Kung. 1. Jerry H. Bentley criticizes the National Standards for World History, ed. Charlotte A. Crabtree and Gary B. Nash ( The National Center for History in the Schools), for this lack in “The Quest for World-Class Standards in World History,” The History Teacher 28,  (May 1995): 449–56, esp. 453. In Old World Encounters: CrossCultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times ( 1993), 25–26, however, Bentley agrees that the Americas are difficult to write about in terms of the sorts of cross-cultural encounters he discusses. William A. Green gestures to “the minimal attention usually given to sub-Saharan Africa and pre-Columbian America” but defends the choice “because the region was not in conversation with other continents until after 1492”; “Periodizing World History,” History and Theory 34, no. 2 (May 1995): 110, 101.

Field of study: History
Diaryl-substituted carboranes as inhibitors of hypoxia inducible factor-1 transcriptional activity

Diaryl-substituted carboranes, as a new class of HIF-1α inhibitors, were synthesized from the corresponding diaryl-substituted alkynes by decaborane coupling. The microwave-irradiated conditions with a combination of N,N-dimethylaniline and chlorobenzene were effective to obtain the diaryl-substituted carboranes in good to high yields. Among the compounds synthesized, compounds 1a and 1d showed significant inhibition of HIF-1 mediated transcriptional activity under hypoxia. Both compounds similarly suppressed hypoxia-induced HIF-1α accumulation in a concentration-dependent manner without affecting HIF-1α mRNA expression.

Field of study: Chemistry
Diamond beamline I07: a beamline for surface and interface diffraction

A beamline is described for grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction at Diamond Light Source that houses two experimental hutches, the first housing a large multi-circle diffractometer on which a wide variety of sample environments can be mounted and the second with an ultrahigh-vacuum system on the diffractometer to enable in situ studies of molecular beam epitaxy. Techniques available include X-ray reflectivity, surface X-ray diffraction, grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering, grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering and grazing-incidence diffraction.

Field of study: Physics
Simulated Order Verification and Medication Reconciliation during an Introductory Pharmacy Practice Experience

To create, implement, and assess a simulated medication reconciliation and an order verification activity using hospital training software.  A simulated patient with medication orders and home medications was built into existing hospital training software. Students in an institutional introductory pharmacy practice experience (IPPE) reconciled the patient’s medications and determined whether or not to verify the inpatient orders based on his medical history and laboratory data. After reconciliation, students identified medication discrepancies and documented their rationale for rejecting inpatient orders. Assessment. For a 3-year period, the majority of students agreed the simulation enhanced their learning, taught valuable clinical decision-making skills, integrated material from previous courses, and stimulated their interest in institutional pharmacy. Overall feedback from student evaluations about the IPPE also was favorable.  Use of existing hospital training software can affordably simulate the pharmacist’s role in order verification and medication reconciliation, as well as improve clinical decision-making.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Quantitative structure-activity relationship of 4,5-diphenyl-2-(substituted thio)-1H-imidazoles as the inhibitors of acyl CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase.

A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis of 4,5-diphenyl-2-(substituted thio)-1H-imidazoles as the potential inhibitors of acyl CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase is presented with a view to reflect upon the parametric requirement of various substitutions. For this purpose the van der Waals volume, Vw which is the measure of molecular bulk/size of substituents present at R1- and R2-positions has emerged as the befitting correlative parameter. A number of correlations obtained amongst different subclasses of the title compounds have helped in ascertaining the relative importance of X-substituents and the role of Vw(R1) and Vw(R2). Finally, a significant correlation between the sum of van der Waals volume of R1- and R2-substituents, sigma Vw and biological activities of the entire series was also derived. From the resulting parabolic QSAR equation, an optimum molecular bulk of 1.846 x 10(2) A3 leading to the highest potent compound of the series, specially among those congeners which have X = -NH-, was predicted. This finding has, therefore, hinted at the existence of a cavity, capable of accommodating the maximum steric bulk, on to the receptor.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Research on Real-time Closed-loop Control Strategy of Distribution Network Smart AVC and Its Construction Method

For building smart grid and promoting power grid reactive power and voltage technology economic transformation,this article first introduced intelligent AVC facilitated technical features and its technical support,also its difference with AVC.Focused on real-time closed-loop control strategy of intelligent AVC in distribution network and exampled a best result when power quality,line loss and voltage stability reserve factor these three indices reach optimum at the same time;proposed its construction method;summed up the highlights of smart AVC in final conclusion.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Ultimate Power of Inference Attacks: Privacy Risks of High-Dimensional Models

Models leak information about their training data. This enables attackers to infer sensitive information about their training sets, notably determine if a data sample was part of the model's training set. The existing works empirically show the possibility of these tracing (membership inference) attacks against complex models with a large number of parameters. However, the attack results are dependent on the specific training data, can be obtained only after the tedious process of training the model and performing the attack, and are missing any measure of the confidence and unused potential power of the attack. A model designer is interested in identifying which model structures leak more information, how adding new parameters to the model increases its privacy risk, and what is the gain of adding new data points to decrease the overall information leakage. The privacy analysis should also enable designing the most powerful inference attack. 
In this paper, we design a theoretical framework to analyze the maximum power of tracing attacks against high-dimensional models, with the focus on probabilistic graphical models. We provide a tight upper-bound on the power (true positive rate) of these attacks, with respect to their error (false positive rate). The bound, as it should be, is independent of the knowledge and algorithm of any specific attack, as well as the values of particular samples in the training set. It provides a measure of the potential leakage of a model given its structure, as a function of the structure complexity and the size of training set.

Field of study: Computer science
Coherent Thermoelectric Effects in Mesoscopic Andreev Interferometers

We investigate thermoelectric transport through Andreev interferometers. We show that the ratio of the thermal and the charge conductance exhibits large oscillations with the phase difference $\phi$ between the two superconducting contacts, and that the Wiedemann-Franz law holds only when $\phi=\pi$. A large average thermopower furthermore emerges whenever there is an asymmetry in the dwell times to reach the superconducting contacts. When this is the case, the thermopower is odd in $\phi$. In contrast, when the average times to reach either superconducting contact are the same, the average thermopower is zero, however mesoscopic effects (analogous to universal conductance fluctuations) lead to a sample-dependent thermopower which is systematically even in $\phi$.

Field of study: Physics
Study on Diggerential Gene Expression of Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis) During Cold Acclimation in Winter

Gene differential expression between three samples of tea plant(Camellia sinensis)during winter were preliminary study by mRNA differential display reverse transcription-PCR(DDRT-PCR).31 differentially expressed cDNA fragments of steadily reamplification were obtained from the 134 fragments.10 differentially expressed cDNA fragments were confirmed by the analysis of RT-PCR,which primers were according to the sequence of differentially expressed cDNA fragments.The length were between 200 bp and 300 bp.Among them,6 were increasing and 4 were reducing.Through BLAST,five differentially expressed cDNA fragments were showed homology to nectarin III(NEC3)mRA(3),glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase family protein mRNA(48),tubuLin-specific chaperone C-related mRNA(52),photosystem II protein D1 gene(80,138),lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase family protein gene(147)respectively.The fragments of 15,82 and 134 showed high homologous to hypothetical protein of Vitis vinifera.might be novel genes.The fragment of 72 showed poor homologous to all known genes,might be novel genes.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Special Thinking in Special Settings

Researchers have suggested that educating learners with special needs entails particular cognitive skills and that teachers make differential judgments about students with disabilities (Bartelheim & Evans, 1993; Bay & Bryan, 1991; Blanton, Blanton, & Cross, 1994). In this study, a stimulated recall procedure was used to examine the instructional decision making of 19 expert special educators. Qualitative analysis of the data indicated that a highly detailed and extensive knowledge base about students enabled these teachers to (a) assess their students' academic and emotional states of mind and (b) effectively address the students' needs within the classroom. The authors suggest that what is central to effective special education instruction is the knowledgeable, reflective, and concerned responsiveness of teachers to individual students.

Field of study: Education
CD4~+ CD25~+ regulatory T cells exhibit cytotoxicity against dendritic cells

To investigate whether CD4~+ CD25~+ regulatory T cells could regulate dendritic cells. CD25~+ regulatory T cells were isolated by MACS(magnetic cell sorting)from naive BALB/ c mice.Their suppression on the proliferation of CD4~+ CD25~- T cells was analyzed by cell proliferation assay.Au- tologous DCs were prepared from bone marrow progenitors and cultured with GM-CSF/IL-4.The characters of these DCs were analyzed by FACS.CD4~+ CD25~+ regulatory T cells were activated by CD3/CD28 antibodies and their cytotoxic effects on autologous DCs were evaluated in vitro by flow-based killing assay.To analyze the role of the pefforin/granzyme pathway in killing,EGTA was added to inhibit calcium-dependent pefforin polymerization.Re- sults It was found that DCs derived from bone marrow expressed CD11c,MHCⅡand low levels of other co-stim- ulatory molecules such as CDS0,CD86.CD4~+ CD25~+ regulatory T cells could be successfully classified by MACS with 98% purity and specifically express the Foxp3 gene.CD4~+ CIY25~+ regulatory T cells stimulated by CD3/ CD28 exhibited cytotoxic effects on autologous DC targets(P＜0.05),and the process could be partially inhibited by EGTA(P＜0.05).Conclusion CD4~+ CD25~+ regulatory T cells could regulate immune response by killing autologous DCs,and perforin/granzyme pathway might participate in this process.

Field of study: Biology
Investigation of the conductivity of Na2SO4–PbTiO3 composite electrolyte system: Non linear electrical behavior at Curie temperature of the dispersoid

The effect of dielectric constant of the PbTiO 3 dispersoid on the conductivity of Na 2 SO 4 has been probed. At the Curie temperature, 490 °C, PbTiO 3 undergoes ferroelectric to paraelectric phase transition followed by a sharp change in the dielectric constant. The Na 2 SO 4 –PbTiO 3 composites have been prepared at two different temperatures, namely 600 and 900 °C. Compositions containing 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 m% PbTiO 3 have been investigated using Impedance Spectroscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Rietveld analysis. The series of compositions prepared at 900 °C exhibit a maxima in the conductivity for 20 m% PbTiO 3 . The composites prepared at 600 °C exhibit a peak in the conductivity at 20 m% PbTiO 3 in addition to the percolation threshold at 40 m% PbTiO 3 . The enhancement in the conductivity by a factor of 40 at 300 °C has been observed for the system prepared at 600 °C while an enhancement in the conductivity by a factor of 8 at 300 °C has been observed for the system prepared at 900 °C. Further, the transition temperature of Na 2 SO 4 remains unaltered for both series. A slight nonlinearity has been observed in the vicinity of the transition temperature of the dispersoid.

Field of study: Materials science
WE‐D‐I‐609‐05: Optical Imaging of Tumor Microvasculature in 3D

Great interest exists at present in determining methods to image and understand tumor micro‐vasculature structure and how it can be perturbed by a variety of agents, including radiation and anti‐angiogenic drug therapies. Present methods including micro MRI and micro CT can yield high spatial resolution, but limited contrast in micro‐vasculature makes determining subtle 3D structure problematic. We have developed a non‐destructive optical method for imagingtumor micro‐vasculature which can yield significantly greater image resolution and micro‐vasculature contrast than achievable with existing technique.  Murine tumor micro‐vasculature staining was achieved by in‐vivo tail vein injection of dark‐dye solution. After several minutes the HTC116 (human colon cancer)tumor was removed, washed in saline solution and set in 1% agarose gel.Tumortissue was then taken through a clearing process prior to optical imaging. Light from a diffuse white light source was caused to traverse through the tumortissue and a projection image was acquired using focussing optics and a CCD camera. Quantitative images of microvasculature density were reconstructed from projections acquired at multiple angles.  Good optical transmission was achieved through significant tumor samples (e.g. 1×1×1cm). Excellent contrast was observed between microvasculature and surrounding tumortissue. Very high resolution (5 micron) isotropic 3D reconstructions were achieved through large whole mount murine tumor sample. The method can provide quantitative maps of micro‐vasculature density throughout the tumor sample.  We present a novel technique for imaging 3D micro‐vasculature in tumor and normal tissue with unprecedented image resolution and contrast. Quantitative analysis of microvascular density in whole mount (i.e. unsliced or undisturbed) large tumor specimens is possible. The technique has potential as a valuable new tool for the analysis of tumor microvasculature and the effects of vascular perturbing agents (e.g. anti‐angiogenic drugs and radiation).

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Local and electronic structure around Ga in CdTe: evidence of DX- and A-centers.

The lattice relaxation around Ga in CdTe is investigated by means of extended X-ray absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations using the linear augmented plane waves plus local orbitals (LAPW+lo) method. In addition to the substitutional position, the calculations are performed for DX- and A-centers of Ga in CdTe. The results of the calculations are in good agreement with the experimental data, as obtained from EXAFS and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES). They allow the experimental identification of several defect structures in CdTe. In particular, direct experimental evidence for the existence of DX-centers in CdTe is provided, and for the first time the local bond lengths of this defect are measured directly.

Field of study: Physics
Image Retrieval Using Relevance Feedback with Historical Information Learning

The relevance feedback techniques are applied efficiently to the content-based image similarity retrieval(CBIR).However,the traditional relevance feedback techniques do not sufficiently utilize the historical retrieval information.In order to enhance the image retrieval efficiency and precision further,a retrieval approach using the relevance feedback based on the historical retrieval information learning was presented in this paper.Every image retrieval result was saved as the historical retrieval information.When carrying out a new retrieval,decide the semantic similarity between the current query sample and the historical retrieval information,and predict the retrieval results,so as to reduce the interactive number of the relevance feedbacks.The performance of the approach was tested using an image database containing 8000 images.Results show the improved performance compared with the CBIR system with the traditional relevance feedback technique when using the same image similarity measure.

Field of study: Computer science