nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Picosecond Studies of Transient Absorption Induced by BandGap Excitation of CsI and CsI:Tl at Room Temperature

We report picosecond time-resolved measurements of optical absorption induced by a sub-picosecond pulse of light producing two-photon bandgap excitation of Csl and CsI:Tl at room temperature. The transient spectrum of undoped Csl reveals for the first time strong infrared absorption rising through the 0.8-eV limit of present measurements. We suggest that this infrared band is due to transitions of the bound electron in the off-center self-trapped exciton (STE), implying that there should be a band deeper in the infrared associated with the known on-center STE in Csl. Previously reported visible and ultraviolet transient absorption bands at 1.7, 2.5, and 3.4 eV are confirmed in these measurements as attributable to hole excitations of STE. In 0.3% thallium doped Csl, infrared absorption possibly attributable to STEs is observed for approximately the first 5 ps after excitation at room temperature, but decays quickly. The absorption bands of Tl0 (electron trapped at Ti+ activator) and of self-trapped holes are the main species seen at longer times after excitation, during which most of a scintillation pulse would occur. This is in accord with a recently published report of nanosecond induced absorption in CsI:Tl.

Field of study: Physics
Über den Elektronenübergang aus Metallen in Dielektrika

ZusammenfassungDie Austrittsarbeit von Elektronen aus Silber in Glimmer und Steinsalz wurde gemessen. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die Austrittsarbeit sich gegen den Wert für das Vakuum auf etwa 0,5 Volt für Glimmer und etwa 1,8 Volt für Steinsalz vermindert.

Field of study: Physics
Effects of Grape Destemming on the Polyphenolic and Volatile Content of Fino Sherry Wine during Alcoholic Fermentation

This study has been conducted to explore the influence of different degrees of destemming on the polyphenolic and volatile content of wines from the Palomino finogrape variety. Wines obtained from destemmed grape did not present reduced polyphenolic content. No relationship was observed between degrees of destemming and changes in the polyphenolic content. Destemming prior to pressing did not modify the production of volatile compounds during fermentation and wines with similar organoleptic characteristics to those without destemming were obtained.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Aggregation and ecotoxicity of CeO₂ nanoparticles in synthetic and natural waters with variable pH, organic matter concentration and ionic strength.

The influence of pH (6.0-9.0), natural organic matter (NOM) (0-10 mg C/L) and ionic strength (IS) (1.7-40 mM) on 14 nm CeO₂ NP aggregation and ecotoxicity towards the alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata was assessed following a central composite design. Mean NP aggregate sizes ranged between 200 and 10000 nm. Increasing pH and IS enhanced aggregation, while increasing NOM decreased mean aggregate sizes. The 48 h-E(r)C20s ranged between 4.7 and 395.8 mg CeO₂/L. An equation for predicting the 48 h-E(r)C20 (48 h-E(r)C20 = -1626.4 × (pH) + 109.45 × (pH)² + 116.49 × ([NOM]) - 14.317 × (pH) × ([NOM]) + 6007.2) was developed. In a validation study with natural waters the predicted 48 h-E(r)C20 was a factor 1.08-2.57 lower compared to the experimental values.

Field of study: Environmental science
Enhancement of pyruvate productivity by inducible expression of a F(0)F(1)-ATPase inhibitor INH1 in Torulopsis glabrata CCTCC M202019.

The aim of this study is to establish a controllable intracellular ATP content regulation system applied to the enhancement of pyruvate production in Torulopsis glabrata. The INH1 gene, which encodes a F(0)F(1)-ATPase inhibitor from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was expressed under a copper ion inducible promoter in the pyruvate producer Torulopsis glabrata CCTCC M202019. The resultant strain was designated as T. glabrata INH1. The induction efficiency was measured by the inducible expression of an enhanced green fluorescence protein. The copper inducible INH1 gene could control the intracellular ATP content (24 h) in an extensive range between 0.192 mmol/mg protein and 0.642 mmol/mg protein in a flask culture. With T. glabrataINH1, induction with 30 microM of Cu(2+) at 12 h in a 3 L fermentor improved pyruvate yield from glucose on biomass by 29% and its yield by 20%, respectively.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Hausdorff-Young-Paley inequalities and $L^p$-$L^q$ Fourier multipliers on locally compact groups

In this paper we establish the $L^p$-$L^q$ boundedness of Fourier multipliers on locally compact separable unimodular groups for the range for $1<p\leq 2 \leq q<\infty$. For this, we also prove a version of the Hausdorff-Young-Paley inequality on general locally compact separable unimodular groups. In particular, the obtained result implies H\"ormander's Fourier multiplier theorem on $\mathbb{R}^{n}$ and the corresponding known results for Fourier multipliers on compact Lie groups.

Field of study: Mathematics
Effects of CI-930, a novel phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, on platelet aggregation and arachidonic acid metabolism.

In the platelet-rich plasma of rabbits, 4,5-dihydro-6-[4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenyl]-5-methyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone (CI-930) inhibited platelet aggregation triggered by AA, U-46619, ADP, collagen and PAF, with the IC50 values of 0.91, 0.73, 2.12, 2.35 and 7.15 mumols/L, respectively. The inhibitory effect of CI-930 on AA-induced aggregation was potentiated by PGE1, an adenylate cyclase activator, and antagonized by SQ-22536, an adenylate cyclase inhibitor. The contents of cAMP in washed rabbit platelets were increased by CI-930 5-50 mumols/L. In the concentration range of 0.5-500 mumols/L, CI-930 reduced the synthesis of TXB2 by either washed rat or rabbit platelets or rat pleural neutrophils. At the same time, CI-930 induced a dose-dependent increase of PGE2, PGF2a, and PGD2 biosynthesis by rat platelets and had no significant influence on the formation of 6-keto-PGF1a by the neutrophils. It is showed that CI-930 is an anti-platelet agent with a wide-spectrum activity and its anti-aggregating action may be exerted by dual mechanisms, both increasing cAMP contents and selectively inhibiting TXA2 synthesis in platelets.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Stability and global dynamic of a stage-structured predator-prey model with group defense mechanism of the prey

Dynamics of predator-prey model where the predator feeds on two age classes of prey.Existence of defense mechanism and the interference of the prey and the age.The coexistence of the predator and the prey populations is possible.There exists a bounded range of the carrying capacity for co-existence. In this paper we describe the flow of a predator-prey model where the predator feeds on two age classes of prey. Some basic features of the flow are proved under very mild hypothesis on the functional responses. To study the relationship between the ecological parameters and the behavioral ones, we also analyze a special case of the model where modified versions of the Holling type II functional responses are considered to take into account both a certain interference of the age classes of the prey on the predator activity and a defense mechanism of the juvenile class of the prey. Indeed, we find that independently of the profit that each one of the prey age class provides to the predator, the coexistence of the predator and the prey populations is only possible for a bounded range of the carrying capacity due to the joint action of the defense mechanism and the interference of the prey and the age.

Field of study: Mathematics
Bag Reference Vector for Multi-instance Learning

Multi-instance learning (MIL) has a wide range of applications due to its distinctive characteristics. Although many state-of-the-art algorithms have achieved decent performances, a plurality of existing methods solve the problem only in instance level rather than excavating relations among bags. In this paper, we propose an efficient algorithm to describe each bag by a corresponding feature vector via comparing it with other bags. In other words, the crucial information of a bag is extracted from the similarity between that bag and other reference bags. In addition, we apply extensions of Hausdorff distance to representing the similarity, to a certain extent, overcoming the key challenge of MIL problem, the ambiguity of instances' labels in positive bags. Experimental results on benchmarks and text categorization tasks show that the proposed method outperforms the previous state-of-the-art by a large margin.

Field of study: Computer science
Geophysical Study of the Keota Dome—Keokuk and Washington Counties, Iowa

The presence of a Paleozoic high in the vicinity of Keota, Iowa, is indicated on structural maps of the Iowa Geological Survey. Stratigraphic test drilling by Natural Gas Pipeline Company of America defined a “butterfly”-shaped structural dome which covered about 30 sq miles. A small amount of petroleum has been produced from the northeast segment of the dome. Closure on this segment is about 120 ft over a length of 3 miles. A geophysical study reveals ground-magnetic and gravity anomalies having amplitudes of from 200 to 400 gammas and from 2 to 3 mgals, respectively, associated with the dome. Polynomial trend-surface analysis of the geophysical data indicates a near-coincident relationship between the low-order residual anomalies and the closure of Keota dome. Interpretation of these data suggests that the structure may possibly be due to recurrent movement during Paleozoic time along a Precambrian fault which was also the locus of Precambrian intrusive igneous activity. The possibility of draping of sediments over a Precambrian topographic high should not be discounted. On the basis of geophysical data and Stratigraphic considerations, the top of the crystalline complex is estimated to be between 3000 and 3500 ft below the surface. It is concluded that ground-magnetic and gravity surveys can be used to locate similar structures in southeastern Iowa. One such structure might occur in the vicinity of the magnetic high south of the village of Talleyrand.

Field of study: Geology
Deterministic generation of polarization-entangled photon pairs from semiconductor quantum dots with a single mechanical tuning knob

Generating polarization entangled photon pairs from semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) is a desired feature for advanced quantum applications integrated with semiconductor technology, such as quantum cryptography and quantum teleportation, but has remained a technically challenging task for a long time, due to the inevitable and hardly controlled fine structure splitting (FSS) between the single-exciton doublets of QDs. Till recently, a conceptual and technological break- through was made by Trotta et al. to successfully remove the FSSs of QDs in an universal and deterministic manner, which points out the necessity of using at least two generic fields as tuning knobs for the FSS-elimination. Inspired by the progress, currently more attempt is to develop the quantum light emitting devices with versatile functionalities, such as electrical trigger of photon- pair emission or tunability of light-wavelength. In the sense, the use of two tuning knobs yet in turn impose a restriction to the versatility of devices that needs also additional tuning knobs for the functional operations. In this study, we carry out a theoretical and computation investigation of the excitonic FSSs of droplet-epitaxial (DE) GaAs/AlGaAs QDs controlled by piezoelectricity actuators. As a main of this work, we find that the number of the required tuning knobs for a deterministic generation of EPPs from asymmetric QDs actually can be reduced to be only one as long as the crystal symmetries of QD material and piezoelectricity actuator are compatible. As a feasible example, we show that the FSSs of asymmetric GaAs QDs can be certainly eliminated with a single bi-axial stress generated by (001) PMN-PT actuator that is, in the sense of symmetry, in coincidence with the zinc-blende crystal structure of QD.

Field of study: Physics
Finite Element Simulation and Analysis of Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer

Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers(CMUTs), which are suitable for operation in both air and water, have been simulated and fabricated with sacrificial release method. We have proposed four models for CMUT, that are block-shape membrane model, the BOX model, the BOX model with etch holes and the BOX model with etching channels that were more closely match the actual structure. And, the effects of those models on the resonant frequency are analyzed. It can be concluded that the value of percent difference between block-shape membrane model and the BOX model is about 8.7% when the ratio of L/W is above 4. In addition the thinner the CMUT membrane thickness, the smaller the percent difference. We analyzed the size of the etching channel. A dynamic range in less of (0.125% or 0.25%) is observed when the height ratio of cavity and (channel or hole) increased. When the width ratio of cavity and (channel or hole) is analyzed, the results obtained are also very small. Based on the analysis of the size of the etched hole, the influence of the etching channel on the structure frequency can be obtained as a result of the small percent difference.

Field of study: Engineering
Premature and accelerated aging: HIV or HAART?

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has significantly increased life expectancy of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive population. Nevertheless, the average lifespan of HIV-patients remains shorter compared to uninfected individuals. Immunosenescence, a current explanation for this difference invokes heavily on viral stimulus despite HAART efficiency in viral suppression. We propose here that the premature and accelerated aging of HIV-patients can also be caused by adverse effects of antiretroviral drugs, specifically those that affect the mitochondria. The nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) antiretroviral drug class for instance, is known to cause depletion of mitochondrial DNA via inhibition of the mitochondrial specific DNA polymerase-γ. Besides NRTIs, other antiretroviral drug classes such as protease inhibitors also cause severe mitochondrial damage by increasing oxidative stress and diminishing mitochondrial function. We also discuss important areas for future research and argue in favor of the use of Caenorhabditis elegans as a novel model system for studying these effects.

Field of study: Biology
A Self-Study of College Teaching

T WO years ago, at the annual meeting of the American Association of University Professors, a significant address was given by President Wilkins, of Oberlin College. In the course of this address Mr. Wilkins expressed the opinion that the problem of improved college teaching was one that ought to be handled by the professors themselves and not left to administrators or to experts from schools of education. No substantial progress toward improved teaching in our colleges could be made, he intimated, until college teachers themselves were ready to conduct a self-study of their work and decide in their own way what might be done to better it. In a word, President Wilkins placed the obligation squarely on the shoulders of those who are, or ought to be, best able to fulfill it. No one has more to gain from improved teaching than the teacher himself. On the other hand, no one who is not an active teacher can appreciate the difficulties involved in securing this improvement. If a general betterment in the effectiveness of college teaching were as easy to bring about as some educationalists seem to believe, the goal would have been attained long ago. At any rate, the American Association of University Professors decided to venture upon a preliminary investigation of the problem, and with this end in view sought assistance from the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. The Foundation responded generously and the survey has been in progress during the past twelve months. It is being conducted under the direction of a committee with a membership representing the general divisions of the curriculum. Unlike most studies of its sort this is keeping clear of that fact-finding

Field of study: Education
Institutions and Lagging Development: The Case of the Don Army Region

The Russian Don Army Region is characterized by a favorable geographical location, relatively soft climate, and plenty of fertile land. It could have become one of the centers of development for agrarian and trade entrepreneurship in the Russian Empire. However, the region strongly fell short of its neighbors in the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries. We show that despite the abundance of capital and labor, as well as beneficial climate and topography, the archaic and inefficient institutional structure of the region's economy — i.e., its militaristic governance and the Don Cossacks' military service duty — substantially hindered its economic development.

Field of study: Economics
Testing the Generality of the Name Letter Effect: Name Initials and Everyday Attitudes

The name letter effect is the tendency to evaluate alphabetical letters in one’s name, especially initials, particularly favorably. Recent evidence suggests that name initials may even predict career choices. The authors investigated whether people possess favorable attitudes toward basic attitude objects beginning with name initials, both between individuals (e.g., does Judy like jam more than does Doug?) and within individuals (e.g., does Judy like jam more than honey?). Ratings of animals, foods, leisure activities (Studies 1-4) and national groups (Studies 2-4) revealed no object preference as a function of matching name initials. However, the name letter effect emerged (Studies 3-4), as did a clear preference for brand names starting with one’s name initials (Study 4). Self-esteem, narcissism, and stimuli characteristics did not reliably influence these effects. Implications for extending name letter effects to basic attitude processes are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Tuning of X-ray phase retarder for magnetic EXAFS spectroscopy in helicity modulation mode.

A technique for polarization tuning over a wide energy range has been developed for magnetic EXAFS spectroscopies using a dia mond x-ray phase retarder in helicity modulation mode. A quick rocking scan using a piezo stage enabled us to tune the angle of retarder crystal with the precision of +/-2 arcsecond within 1 s. Available energy range of circular dichroism measurements has been extended to 6-16 keV by adopting not only undulator gap scan but also the present tuning technique. This technique has been applied to magnetic EXAFS measurements in pure iron at the Fe K-edge. Higher signal-to-noise ratio was obtained in reduced data acquisition time.

Field of study: Physics
THE MODE-SUPERPOSITION METHOD FOR PASSIVE ENERGY DISSIPATION STRUCTURES BASED ON PERTURBATION METHOD AND EQUIVALENT LINEARIZATION

It is an economical and effective method to enhance the aseismatic capability of buildings by using passive energy dissipation structures. But in the analysis of this type of structure with mode-superposition response spectrum method based on equivalent linearization, it is rather difficult and time-consuming to obtain satisfactory results. An accurate expansion method for modes based on the improved first-order perturbation is presented in this paper. A relatively uncoupled mode-superposition method and a modified first-order perturbation method are derived. A numerical example shows that the present strategy is correct and effective.

Field of study: Engineering
Realization of Single-Qubit Positive-Operator-Valued Measurement via a One-Dimensional Photonic Quantum Walk.

We perform generalized measurements of a qubit by realizing the qubit as a coin in a photonic quantum walk and subjecting the walker to projective measurements. Our experimental technique can be used to realize, photonically, any rank-1 single-qubit positive-operator-valued measure via constructing an appropriate interferometric quantum-walk network and then projectively measuring the walker's position at the final step.

Field of study: Physics
Hemichordata (Pterobranchia, Enteropneusta) and the fossil record

The Hemichordata are generally interpreted as early deuterostomes, closely related to the chordates, a notion important for modern analyses of the origin of the deuterostomes. Because their fossil record is quite scanty, modern phylogenetic interpretations largely rely on the analysis of DNA of the available extant taxa. The tripartite body plan of the group of worm-like hemichordates, the Enteropneusta, may be traced back in deep time to a few poorly known Middle Cambrian (Series 3, Stage 5) taxa from the Burgess Shale biota. The derived small, colonial or pseudocolonial Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina) have a more complete fossil record due to their preservable housing construction, the tubarium. The relationships of fossil taxa, putatively identified as early deuterostomes and possible hemichordates or even as pterobranchs of Lower to Middle Cambrian age (e.g. Galeaplumosus , Herpetogaster ), cannot be substantiated. The Pterobranchia and their housing construction are first seen in the Middle Cambrian Series 3, Stage 5 but a clonal, colonial organization of the tubaria can only be recognized in the basal Drumian. The fossil enteropneust Mazoglossus ramsdelli Bardack, 1997 from the Carboniferous Mazon Creek Biota is re-described, its lectotype designated and illustrated for the first time.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
An evaluation of the distinction of ectopic and pituitary ACTH dependent Cushing's syndrome by clinical features, biochemical tests and radiological findings.

The efficiency of various laboratory and radiological investigations in the differentiation of ectopic from pituitary dependent Cushing's syndrome was studied, based on findings in 23 patients with verified Cushing's disease and seven patients with the ectopic ACTH syndrome. Clinical features strongly favouring the ectopic type were male sex and history for less than 18 months. Basal biochemical features strongly indicating the ectopic syndrome included plasma K+ less than 3.0 mmol/l and HCO3 greater than 30 mmol/l; serum cortisol at 9 a.m. or midnight of greater than 800 nmol/l; urine free cortisol greater than 1300 nmol/24 hours; plasma ACTH greater than 100 ng/l. In the high-dose dexamethasone suppression test, suppression by less than 50 per cent of 9 a.m. serum cortisol, urine free cortisol or 17-oxogenic steroids was usually indicative of an ectopic source of ACTH. A mean suppressed value of greater than 450 nmol/l for the 9 a.m. and midnight cortisol combined occurred in all of those with the ectopic syndrome, but in none of the 23 patients with Cushing's disease. For urine free cortisol, a mean suppressed value of less than 1000 nmol/24 hours was found in all patients with Cushing's disease, but in none of those in the ectopic group. In the metyrapone test, there was an increase of less than or equal to 3-fold in 11-deoxycortisol at 24 hours in patients with ectopic ACTH; the increase was greater than 3-fold in all but one of the patients with Cushing's disease. Failure to respond to either dexamethasone or metyrapone was found in only one of the patients with Cushing's disease (Patient 16); in the ectopic group, all patients except Patient D failed to respond to either test. It is concluded that patients presenting with clinically obvious Cushing's syndrome along with measurable plasma ACTH can be reliably divided by conventional tests into those that are driven from the pituitary and those driven by ectopic ACTH.

Field of study: Medicine