nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The appearance of immunological competence at an early age in New Zealand black mice.

Adult and 5-day-old New Zealand Black (NZB) and Ju control strain mice were injected with sheep red blood cells. At various times after injection they were killed and the spleens, lymph nodes and thymus tested for haemolysin-producing cells. When the response was expressed as plaque-forming cells (PFC) per million viable cells, the response curve of the spleens of baby NZB mice was very similar to the response in the spleens of the adults, and the response in the lymph nodes of the babies was as high and more sustained than that of the adults. In Ju control strain baby mice of this age, the response in the spleen and the lymph nodes was both reduced and delayed compared with the adults. Neither strain gave a significant response in the thymus. The spleen and lymph nodes of adult NZB mice showed a response which was delayed but not reduced as compared with the adults of the Ju control strain, whereas in baby NZB mice the spleen and lymph nodes showed a response which was advanced and increased (particularly in the lymph nodes) compared with control strain babies (Ju, Swiss, C57B1, CBA). The NZB mice did not reach this level of responsiveness until they were 4–5 days old.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Changes of and confusions about the physical education and health curriculum standard

The author compared and analyzed changes in the revised and experimental versions of the physical edu-cation and health standard.The revised version unifies the curriculum name to "physical education and health";cur-riculum conceptions are changed from "base the center on student development,value students' subject status" to "base the center on student development,help students learn physical education and health learning";"five areas" integrated 4 learning aspects,i.e.mental health,social adaptation were integrated into one,namely,mental health and social adaptation;implementation guidance is more specific and practical.In the mean time,there still are con-fusions in such aspects as curriculum content,objective and evaluation etc.

Field of study: Education
Methods for Suppressing Spike Voltage of ARCPI Auxiliary Switch

The Auxiliary Resonant Commutated Pole Inverter which is a kind three phase soft inverter. It is very suitable for AC driving. During the developing process, the spike voltage was produced between the auxiliary switch. Research shows that the diode in the auxiliary resonant circuit has a reverse-recovery phenomenon. Aim at this phenomenon, the methods of using clamping diode, double RCD snubber and saturable inductance are adopted. Experiments approve that all the methods can suppress the spike voltage between the auxiliary switch effectively. The method using saturable inductance has the advantage of simple circuit , low power-loss and low effect on ARCPI.

Field of study: Engineering
Contextual Influences on Interpersonal Complementarity

The influence of context on interpersonal complementarity was examined using an event-contingent recording procedure. Setting and role status moderated the relation between how a person behaved and how the other person behaved. Individuals were more likely to respond with agreeable behavior to agreeableness in others when not at work than when at work and when in a high status work role relative to a low status work role. Reciprocity between dominance and submissiveness was found in work settings but not in nonwork settings. Individuals were more likely to reciprocate more submissive behavior by the other person with more dominant behavior and more likely to reciprocate more dominant behavior by the other person with relatively more submissive behavior when in a higher status work role relative to lower status work roles. Results were interpreted in terms of the influence of decreased structure and shared goals on increasing interpersonal complementarity.

Field of study: Psychology
Experiments with A = 6–8 exotic beams in RIBRAS

Experiments with secondary radioactive beams $$^6$$
 He, $$^7$$
 Be, $$^8$$
 Li and $$^8$$
 B on several targets have been performed in recent years at the Radioactive Ion Beams facility in Brasil (RIBRAS). We present results of elastic scattering and reaction measurements performed with this facility. A preliminary Coulomb excitation experiment using gamma-particle coincidence technique is described.

Field of study: Physics
The Effect of Higher Order Model on the Geometric Nonlinear Analysis of Antisymmetric Angle Ply Laminates

Geometric nonlinear analysis of simply supported antisymmetric angle-ply laminated composite plates are investigated based on first order and higher order displacement models with five degrees of freedom. Analytical formulations and solutions are developed based on Von-Karman nonlinear plate theory and Taylor's series expansion of displacement components. Equations of equilibrium are obtained using Principle of Minimum Potential Energy (PMPE) and closed form solutions using Navier's Solution technique. A four layered square plate is considered for the present study. Parametric studies are performed on both the models to study the behaviour of displacements and stresses in laminated composite plates. Comparative studies are performed on both the models and the effect of geometric nonlinearity is discussed.

Field of study: Materials science
Residues of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in some Brazilian municipal solid waste compost

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), listed as per the Stockholm Convention (α -HCH, β -HCH, γ -HCH, p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDE, aldrin, endrin, dieldrin, PCBs 28, 52, 118, 138, 153, and 180), were analyzed in municipal solid waste (MSW) compost samples from three different Brazilian composting plants located in three São Paulo State cities: Araras, Araraquara and São Paulo (Vila Leopoldinha). Quantitative and qualitative analyses were carried out using gas chromatography electron capture detection (GC-ECD) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (Ion Trap, electron impact ionization), respectively. The samples were analyzed in triplicate and the target POPs were not detected by GC-ECD. Twelve pollutants were identified in two samples when qualitative analysis (GC-MS) was used (β -HCH, γ -HCH, p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDD, and p,p′-DDE, PCBs 28, 118, 138, 153 and 180). The composting process has advantages such as urban solid waste reduction and landfill life-span increase, however the MSW compost quality, which can be utilized for agricultural purposes, should be evaluated and be controlled. This kind of study is the first step in making available information to answer questions regarding MSW compost for sustainable agricultural use, such as the pollutants accumulation in soil and in groundwater, and plants uptake.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Greener solvents for solid-phase organic synthesis

Solid-phase organic synthesis is an essential method for the rapid synthesis of complex biological structures and libraries of small organic molecules. However, it is often associated with the use of large quantities of problematic solvents for the removal of excess reagents and reaction by-products. Given that solvent will often be the biggest contributor to waste generated in the average pharmaceutical/fine-chemical process, its exchange for a more desirable alternative often presents the biggest gains in terms of reducing environmental impact. This review aims to explore recent approaches to performing solid-phase organic synthesis, and associated solid-phase peptide synthesis, in neoteric solvents and reaction media that present greener alternatives.

Field of study: Chemistry
Estimation of the Bias of the Maximum Likelihood Estimators in an Extreme Value Context

Interest is centered on the maximum likelihood (ML) estimators of the parameters of the Generalized Pareto Distribution in an extreme value context. Our aim consists of reducing the bias of these estimates for which no explicit expression is available. To circumvent this difficulty, we prove that these estimators are asymptotically equivalent to one-step estimators introduced by Beirlant et al. (2010) in a right-censoring context. Then, using this equivalence property, we estimate the bias of these one-step estimators to approximate the asymptotic bias of the ML-estimators. Finally, a small simulation study and an application to a real data set are provided to illustrate that these new estimators actually exhibit reduced bias.

Field of study: Mathematics
Oral contraceptive estrogen content and adverse effects: has a dose-response relationship been established?

It is widely assumed that oral contraceptives (OCs) containing 30-35 mcg of estrogen carry a lower risk of adverse health effects than the OCs initially prescribed that contained 50 mcg of estrogen. Canadian physicians are urged to prescribe the lowest dose of estrogen possible that will provide cycle control. Lacking however is strong scientific evidence that the newer low-dose OCs are any safer than OCs with a high estrogen content. The 14 epidemiologic studies published to date that have explored the relationship between estrogen dose and side effects such as venous thromboembolism arterial thromboembolism hypertension and gallbladder disease have produced inconsistent findings and contained many biases. Studies of OC effects are made difficult by the short time period in which low-dose OCs have been on the market and the lack of standardized methods for comparing the potencies of the progestogen component of OCs. A perennial source of bias in these studies is the spurious dose response association in older women who are inherently at greater risk of disease processes because of age factors. Many studies fail to control for cigarette smoking an important confounding factor in thromboembolic disease. It must also be considered that admission for the investigation of possible OC-related conditions may be biased toward women using a higher-dose OC because of an increased index of suspicion in such cases. Overall a review of the literature suggests that the existence of a dose-response relationship between the OCs estrogen content and adverse health effects is uncertain at best. While a low-dose OC is recommended for the majority of women physicians should not hesitate to prescribe high-dose pills to women who are on antibiotics or may forget to take the pill or discontinue its use if spotting occurs.

Field of study: Medicine
Responses of evaporite mineralogy to inflow water sources and climate during the past 100 k.y. in Death Valley, California

The mineralogy of cored sediments from Badwater Basin, Death Valley, California, provides information on water inflow sources and climate over the past 100 k.y. Abundant glauberite (Na 2 SO 4 ċ CaSO 4 ) and gypsum (CaSO 4 ċ 2H 2 O), and relatively small amounts of calcite are associated with mudflat deposits from dry periods from 0 to 10 ka and 60 to 100 ka. In contrast, scarce CaSO 4 -bearing minerals but relatively abundant calcite are associated with halite and mud layers from 10 to 60 ka, including the 25 ka wet period when Death Valley contained a perennial lake (10 to 35 ka). Different mixing ratios of inflow waters between wet and dry periods are interpreted to be responsible for the relationship between mineral assemblages and climate. Modern Death Valley, representative of dry periods, is characterized by Na-Cl-SO 4 brines, produced by mixing two basic types of inflow waters: (1) Na-HCO 3 –rich and Na-Cl-SO 4 -HCO 3 –rich meteoric waters from the Amargosa River, springs, and ground waters from northern and central Death Valley; and (2) Na-Ca-Cl-rich springs and ground waters from southern Death Valley, possibly related to volcanism, hydrothermal activity, and a 15-km-deep magma body. During dry periods, relatively abundant Ca-rich spring inflow removes HCO 3 as calcite during the early stages of brine evolution. Further evaporative concentration produces gypsum and glauberite from the remaining Ca. During wetter periods, increased discharge of meteoric HCO 3 –rich Amargosa River water and basin-margin spring waters removes most Ca from the brine via precipitation of calcite, and, with low calcium concentrations, CaSO 4 -minerals are not abundantly formed during further evaporative concentration. Such Ca-poor, Na-Cl-SO 4 -rich brines precipitate thenardite (Na 2 SO 4 ) during later stages of brine evolution.

Field of study: Geology
Bioaccumulation of the pharmaceutical 17alpha-ethinylestradiol in shorthead redhorse suckers (Moxostoma macrolepidotum) from the St. Clair River, Canada.

17alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE2), a synthetic estrogen prescribed as a contraceptive, was measured in Shorthead Redhorse Suckers (ShRHSs) (Moxostoma macrolepidotum) collected near a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in the St. Clair River (Ontario, Canada). We detected EE2 in 50% of the fish samples caught near the WWTP (Stag Island), which averaged 1.6+/-0.6ng/g (wet weight) in males and 1.43+/-0.96ng/g in females. No EE2 was detected in the samples from the reference site (Port Lambton) which was 26km further downstream of the Stag Island site. Only males from Stag Island had VTG induction, suggesting the Corunna WWTP effluent as a likely source of environmental estrogen. EE2 concentrations were correlated with total body lipid content (R(2)=0.512, p<0.01, n=10). Lipid normalized EE2 concentrations were correlated with delta(15)N (R(2)=0.436, p<0.05, n=10), suggesting higher EE2 exposures in carnivores. Our data support the hypothesis of EE2 bioaccumulation in wild fish.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Density Matrix Renormalization Group and the Nuclear Shell Model

Recibido el 30 de enero de 2009; aceptado el 18 de marzo de 2009We summarize our recent efforts to develop the Density Matrix Renormalization Group (DMRG) method into a practical truncation strategyfor large-scale nuclear shell model calculations. Following an overview of the essential features of the DMRG, we discuss the changes wehave implemented for its use in nuclei. In particular, we have found it useful to develop an angular-momentum conserving variant of themethod (the JDMRG). We then summarize the principal results we have obtained to date, ﬁrst reporting test results for

Field of study: Physics
3D DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION SYSTEM BASED ON MIXED LINEAR-NONLINEAR SUBSTRUCTURE METHOD

To improve the computational efficiency of a 3D nonlinear dynamic problem of a soil-structure interactive system,based on the characteristic that structures have local plastic regions,the mixed linear-nonlinear constrained mode synthesis method,suitable for nonlinear substructure coupled with several linear substructures at the interface boundaries,is presented.This method divides the system into linear and nonlinear substructures.The dynamic response of the whole nonlinear system can be obtained by reducing the degree of freedom of linear substructures using mode cut-off criterion based on potential energy criterion and synthesizing with the nonlinear substructure.Furthermore,the proposed method is used to solve the 3D soil and multi-story buildings interaction system dynamic problem and several dynamic analyses has been carried out according to two kinds of soil boundary conditions by different seismic excitations.The analysis results indicate that the proposed method is accurate and effective.Finally,the nonlinear soil region scale is studied by several groups of numerical experiments,the comparison results show that the satisfactory result can be obtained when the range of nonlinear substructure gets 3 times of superstructure's,the effectiveness of the proposed method has been further verified.

Field of study: Engineering
The differentiated treatment of dystonia musculorum deformans in children

Thirty-eight children with deforming muscular dystonia were treated. Eighteen of them suffered from rigid, seven from hyperkinetic, and 13 from, mixed forms of the disease. To patients with rigid condition DOPA-containing drugs (nakom) were administered in combination with cholinolytics, diphenin, midocalm. If the condition proved resistant to therapy, parlodel, remantadin, antidepressants were added. To patients with hyperkinetic forms haloperidol, clonazepam, dephenin, finlepsin were administered. In mixed forms combinations of nakom with haloperidol and clonazepam were prescribed. The best results were attained in therapy of rigid forms (77% of all rigid forms), particularly of DOPA-dependent forms and those with local involvement.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
NO_x EMISSION FROM INCINERATION OF ORGANIC WASTE WATER CONTAINING HEXAMETHYLENEDIAMINE AND DILUTE HNO_3

Experiments were conducted in a fluidized bed with I.D.of 81?mm and height of 1600?mm to investigate NO x emissions from incineration of waste water,which contains hexamethylenediamine of 4.5% and dilute HNO 3 of 1.25%.The result shows that decomposition products of dilute HNO 3 water solution are NO and NO 2.NO is the main product,which represents more than 90% of total NO x.The conversion ratio of HNO 3 converted to NO x is about 95%～96%.The results of incinerating organic waste water in a temperature range from 800?℃ to 950?℃ shows that,under non-staged combustion condition,the de-NO x ratio is only about 46%～61% at oxygen concentration of 11%.Staged combustion was adopted to further decrease NO x emission.The experimental data indicate that the NO x emission can be reduced very efficiently,the de-NO x ratio is increased up to 86%-93%.It was found that the presence of hexamethylenediamine is positive for reduction of NO x emission.950?℃ is the optimal operation temperature for incineration of the examined waste water,concerning the NO x reduction.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
The Influence of Verbal Labelling on the Retention of Picture Stimuli: An Alternative Viewpoint

as thinking was believed to consist of subvocal speech, so memory was thought to consist of translating experiences into words and using these words as a basis for reconstructing the original. Second, its slender empirical base drew mainly upon the rather primitive work of the early pioneers. Experiments, notably those by Kuhlmann (1907), Bartlett (1932), and Jenkin (1935), had discredited the view that Ss retained a photographiclike record of everyday experience. These experiments demonstrated that remembering was often reconstructive rather than literal, and emphasized the apparent advantages subjects gained from verbalizing their perceptions. However, perhaps because of the theoretical tenor of the

Field of study: Education
A noncrystallographic screw axis parallel to a twin axis can corrupt intensity statistics.

A number of methods to detect twinning are based upon the assumption that the statistical properties of diffracted intensities are different for twinned and untwinned specimens. This may not be true for a large portion of the reflections in a twinned specimen if a noncrystallographic screw axis parallel to the twinning axis is present. In this case, up to half of all reflections can obey Wilson statistics, which are typical of untwinned crystals. The distribution corresponding to a whole set of observed intensities is biased towards the Wilson distribution in this case.

Field of study: Chemistry
Performance and heat transfer characteristics of hydrocarbon refrigerants in a heat pump system

Performance of a heat pump system using hydrocarbon refrigerants has been investigated experimentally. Single component hydrocarbon refrigerants (propane, isobutane, butane and propylene) and binary mixtures of propane/isobutane and propane/butane are considered as working fluids in a heat pump system. The heat pump system consists of compressor, condenser, evaporator, and expansion device with auxiliary facilities such as evacuating and charging unit, the secondary heat transfer fluid circulation unit, and several measurement units. Performance of each refrigerant is compared at several compressor speeds and temperature levels of the secondary heat transfer fluid. Coefficient of performance (COP) and cooling/heating capacity of hydrocarbon refrigerants are presented. Experimental results show that some hydrocarbon refrigerants are comparable to R22. Condensation and evaporation heat transfer coefficients of selected refrigerants are obtained from overall conductance measurements for subsections of heat exchangers, and compared with those of R22. It is found that heat transfer is degraded for hydrocarbon refrigerant mixtures due to composition variation with phase change. Empirical correlations to estimate heat transfer coefficients for pure and mixed hydrocarbons are developed, and they show good agreement with experimental data. Some hydrocarbon refrigerants have better performance characteristics than R22.

Field of study: Engineering
A Case Study of the Application of SAMR and TPACK for Reflection on Technology Integration into Two Social Studies Classrooms

As emerging technology continues to enter the social studies classroom, teachers need to approach integration of such technology in a systematic manner to ensure that such technology enhances the learning of their students. Currently, scholars of technology integration advocate for the use of one of two different models, either SAMR or TPACK. This article makes use of a case study process to document a yearlong integration of iPad carts into two neighboring social studies classrooms, as examined through both the SAMR and TPACK lenses. The results provide insights for future social studies teachers and departments wishing to effectively integrate technology into their classrooms.

Field of study: Sociology
Effects of resveratrol and ethanol on production of pro-inflammatory factors from endotoxin activated murine macrophages.

To study the interaction of resveratrol and ethanol on the production of pro-inflammatory factors from activated murine peritoneal macrophages (MPM).



NO production was measured with Griess assay; IL-1 production was measured through thymocyte co-stimulating assay; IL-6 and TNF-alpha were detected by ELISA method.



Resveratrol (6.25, 12.5, 25 micromol/L) and ethanol (0.2 %, 0.8 %) synergistically inhibited the 24 h production of NO from lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 mg/L) and IFN-gamma (5 kU/L) stimulated MPM; resveratrol at higher dose (25 micromol/L) also inhibited IL-6 production. Ethanol additively strengthened this effect. Ethanol had no significant influence on 24 h MPM IL-1 production, but it promoted the ability of resveratrol on enhancing the IL-1 release from activated MPM. Low doses of ethanol inhibited 24 h production of TNF-alpha, however, both dose of ethanol enhanced the promoting effect of resveratrol on TNF-alpha production.



Resveratrol and ethanol can interact to influence the production of macrophage function molecules, which is noteworthy in evaluating the health-care effect of wine consumption.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Action without attention

Wayne Wu argues that attention is necessary for action: since action requires a solution to the ‘Many–Many Problem’, and since only attention can solve the Many–Many Problem, attention is necessary for action. We question the first of these two steps and argue that it is based on an oversimplified distinction between actions and reflexes. We argue for a more complex typology of behaviours where one important category is action that does not require a solution to the Many–Many Problem, and so does not require attention.

Field of study: Philosophy