nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
On isoperimetric inequalities in plasticity

Hence, if P„) = 0 on each boundary, J vanishes for all admissible choices of Ta/>. Hence, by the converse theorem mentioned above, t'af is derivable from a single valued displacement. The same is then necessarily true of = ea0 + t'afi, and hence <raf, remains a solution for the stress when Poisson's ratio is changed. On the other hand, if P"' does not vanish on some boundaries, a suitable choice of ra(3 can always be made to render J non-zero. But this would necessarily imply that the strains e'a/j (and hence e*0) are not derivable from a single valued displacement, whence <ra0 would certainly not constitute a solution for the new material. The present theorem can be useful in simplifying the initial formulation of some problems. For example, the choice v = $ in conjunction with a total stress-strain law of plasticity permits the use of a single formula for the sum of the elastic and plastic components of strain; in other problems, the choice v = 0 might be more appropriate. In addition, the present theorem may conceivably have significance in connection with photoplasticity. Acknowledgment. The financial support of the Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr 1866(02) is gratefully acknowledged.

Field of study: Mathematics
Lupus erythematosus and nutrition: a review of the literature.

The purpose of this review was to search the scientific literature for dietary compounds that alleviate or exacerbate symptoms of lupus erythematosus (LE) in both animal and human models. A detailed literature review was undertaken to find articles showing a relationship between LE and nutrition by using MEDLINE/INDEX MEDICUS (1950-March 2000) for English-language articles, followed by cross-referencing. Aggravating substances appear to include excess calories, excess protein, high fat (especially saturated and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids), zinc, iron, and L-canavanine found in alfalfa tablets. Possible beneficial dietary compounds include vitamin E, vitamin A (beta-carotene), selenium, fish oils (omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids), evening primrose oil, flaxseed, a plant herb (Tripterygium wilfordii), dehydroepiandrosterone, and calcium plus vitamin D (if taking corticosteroids). Some people with systemic LE placed on food allergy elimination diets reported improvement in their LE symptoms; however, this may be related to a decrease of other substances in the diet. Also, although no direct evidence was reported on the beneficial effects of either bromelain or a vegetarian diet (possibly allowing fish), it is suggested that they might be beneficial. Limitations to this research are that the findings are based on relatively few studies, many of which were without control groups or extrapolated from animal models. No large-scale studies have been performed with LE patients to substantiate the benefit, if any, of these individual dietary interventions, and if they were conducted, the remission and exacerbation pattern of LE may interfere with elucidating their effectiveness. Also, dietary changes should not be attempted without a physician's approval/monitoring.

Field of study: Medicine
Cryogenic Thermal Modeling and Experimental Validation of a Novel Heat Sink for Helium Gas Cooled Superconducting Devices

Terminations are an essential part of any superconducting cable system since they maintain the cryogenic environment for the HTS superconductor by intercepting the heat leak from the ambient into the cryogenic system. Due to phase change high pressurization effects and asphyxiation hazards, the use of liquid cryogens on shipboard power systems is unacceptable. Hence, cable terminations, represented by a gaseous helium cooled heat sink, are developed for this specific purpose. A κ-ε turbulent model, discretized using the finite-element method, is used here to study the characteristics of the heat sink in turbulent flow regime. The model is successfully validated with an extensive set of experimental data covering a wide range of Reynolds numbers at various inflow temperatures conditions. Furthermore, the model is used to study the heat sink characteristics such as pressure drop and temperature rise under various coolant flow conditions and heat influxes. The model results are scalable and can be used to design and optimize larger heat sinks with turbulent flow regime.

Field of study: Physics
Brazil and Canada: Economic, Political, and Migratory Ties, 1820s to 1970s by Rosana Barbosa (review)

In November 1910 a mob of white Texans forcibly removed Antonio Rodríguez from jail in Rocksprings, Texas, beat him badly, and then burned him alive. Rodriguez had allegedly confessed to killing the wife of a prominent rancher. Seven months after the Rodríguez lynching, a revenge-seeking mob of Texans of German descent in the town of Thorndale snatched 14-year-old Antonio Gómez from law enforcement officials and hanged him. Gómez had stabbed a local German American man in an altercation following harassment of the boy by several men. The perpetrators of the crime were acquitted by a jury. In the third case, Villanueva argues that a “legal” lynching took place in Pecos in 1914 when León Martínez Jr. was executed following his conviction for murdering a white Texas woman, because she allegedly had resisted León’s sexual advances. Villanueva contends that a biased legal system in Texas yielded the unfair verdict that ended in Martínez’s execution.

Field of study: History
Reactivity of human anti-alpha-galactosyl IgG antibody with alpha(1-->3)-linked galactosyl epitopes exposed on basement membranes and on glomerular epithelial cells: an in vitro and in vivo study in the mouse.

Anti-alpha-galactosyl antibody (a-Gal Ab) is a human natural antibody belonging to the IgG class, found in high titres in all normal sera regardless of blood group, and specifically recognizing alpha (1-->3)-linked galactosyl residues. We have observed by radioimmunoassay, ELISA, passive haemagglutination and immunofluorescence blocking studies that affinity-purified a-Gal Ab reacted with mouse laminin, but not with the other mouse basement membrane proteins tested; it was able to fix complement in vitro. When injected intravenously into mice, the a-Gal Ab was found to mainly accumulate in kidneys, liver, spleen and lungs. No acute respiratory distress syndrome was observed shortly after the i.v. injection of 100 or 200 microg of antibodies. These doses of a-Gal Ab were also unable to induce acute glomerular injury. However, in primary cultures, the a-Gal Ab (100 or 200 microg per ml of medium) was shown to impair the attachment of mouse glomerular epithelial cells to mouse laminin and to elicit complement-dependent cell damage. The data indicate that the a-Gal Ab can interact in vitro and/or in vivo with alpha (1-->3)-linked galactosyl residues exposed on murine laminin or on murine cultured glomerular epithelial cells. Although this antibody fails to be pathogenic when administered at low doses in the intact animal, similar doses can alter some metabolic properties of these cells in vitro.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Actin Cytoskeleton: A Signaling Sensor in Cell Volume Regulation

The actin microfilaments are well known dynamic structures that support and organize the cell membrane and functions associated with the membrane such as ion channels and transporters. In addition, many aspects of cellular physiology seem to be actively modulated by changes in actin cytoskeleton dynamics, which involve reorganization and restructuring of the filaments. For both of these reasons, the actin cytoskeleton has attracted special attention since the early days of cell volume regulation research. Mechanisms controlling the actin equilibrium in response to external stimuli were studied and the signaling cascades leading to the regulation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics have been partially elucidated. They include: a) activation of specific actin binding proteins that regulate actin polymerization dynamics, b) activation of protein kinases or phosphatases regulating phosphorylation of specific cytoskeletal proteins and c) activation of signal transduction pathways leading from membrane receptor activation to actin reorganization involving small GTPases of the Rho and Rac families. These intracellular signal transducers are activated by extracellular stimuli that include hormones, growth factors, cytokines, or ions, many of them in turn are partially known to participate in cell volume regulation. These findings provide strong evidence that the actin cytoskeleton is involved in cell volume regulation by sensing and mediating extracellular signals.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Probe into the “Marriage” Relationship of “Outside Managers” and Family Firm

In China, the try of family firms introducing “outside managers” usually results in a failure, which is caused by imperfect legal environment, and irregular professional managers’team. This paper aims at probing into the possibility of win-win of “outside managers” and China’s family firms in perspective of their complicated relationship, in hope of “outside managers” winning survival in family firms for a long period, and improving family firms’management level and market competitiveness.

Field of study: Business
Regulation of TRP-like muscarinic cation current in gastrointestinal smooth muscle with special reference to PLC/InsP3/Ca2+ system

AbstractAcetylcholine, the main enteric excitatory neuromuscular transmitter, evokes membrane depolarization and contraction of gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells by activating G protein-coupled muscarinic receptors. Although the cholinergic excitation is generally underlined by the multiplicity of ion channel effects, the primary event appears to be the opening of cation-selective channels; among them the 60 pS channel has been recently identified as the main target for the acetylcholine action in gastrointestinal myocytes. The evoked cation current, termed mICAT, causes either an oscillatory or a more sustained membrane depolarization response, which in turn leads to increases of the open probability of voltage-gated Ca2+channels, thus providing Ca2+ entry in parallel with Ca2+ release for intracellular Ca2+ concentration rise and contraction. In recent years there have been several significant developments in our understanding of the signaling processes underlying mICAT generation. They have revealed important synergistic interactions between M2 and M3 receptor subtypes, single channel mechanisms, and the involvement of TRPC-encoded proteins as essential components of native muscarinic cation channels. This review summarizes these recent findings and in particular discusses the roles of the phospholipase C/InsP3/intracellular Ca2+ release system in the mICAT physiological regulation.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Simulation and comparison of leakage characteristics of R290 in rolling piston type rotary compressor

This paper presents a comparative analysis on leakage losses of a rolling piston type rotary compressor with refrigerants of R290, R22 and R410a. In particular, the difference of leakage losses characteristics between R290 compressor and that of other refrigerant compressors has been studied. Leakage losses through radial clearance, clearances between rolling piston faces and the cylinder head walls, clearances between the sliding vane faces and the cylinder head walls, as well as the clearances between the sides of the sliding vane and the side walls of the chutes inside the cylinder have been studied in the present methodology. Radial leakage caused by the wall velocity has been taken into account in the present study. Simulation results indicate that smaller radial clearance is required for R290 compressor to obtain relatively high efficiency comparing to that of R22 and R410a compressors under the same condition.

Field of study: Engineering
On an Extension of the Concept of Moment with Applications to Measures of Variability, General Similarity, and Overlapping

where Wj denotes the weight corresponding to the particular origin Xj, and the sunmnation is over a field 4. In particular, if 4 is the set of all values assumed in D by the variate Xi, and if Wj = F1, we shall call the quantity the rth complete total moment of D. If, on the contrary, Wj is the frequency F' of the value X} in a second frequency distribution D': [X, F1 and 4' is the set of all values assumed by the variate X} in D', PMr will be called the rth aggregate moment of D and D'. A modification of this procedure leads to what we shall call the moment of transvariation of D and D'. The consideration of complete moments draws attention to certain previously known measures of variability which are independent of the origin selected, and also provides simple methods of computation which are useful for data given in the form of a frequency distribution. The investigation of aggregate moments and moments of transvariation gives rise to certain measures of general similarity betAveen two distriblutions, as well as measures of the amount of overlapping.

Field of study: Mathematics
Growth responses of Rumex species in relation to submergence and ethylene

Submergence stimulates growth of the petioles of Rumex palustris and Rumex crispus under field, greenhouse and laboratory conditions. Growth of Rumex acetosa petioles was hardly influenced by submergence. These growth responses under flooded conditions can be partially mimicked by exposing non-submerged Rumex plants to ethylene-air mixtures. Submergence of intact plants in a solution of AgNO3 inhibited the elongation of all petioles of R. palustris and the youngest petiole of R. crispus and stimulated growth of the youngest petiole of R. acetosa, The ethylene-air mixture experiments, the effect of AgNO3 and observed increase of the endogenous ethylene concentration during submergence suggest that ethylene plays a regulatory role in the growth responses of these Rumex species under submerged conditions. The three Rumex species showed a gradient in elongation responses to submergence, which correlates with the field distribution of the three species in a flooding gradient.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Operational GOES Infrared Rainfall Estimation Technique

This paper presents a description, sensitivity analyses, sample results, validation, and the recent progress done on the development of a new satellite rainfall estimation technique in the National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service (NESDIS) at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The technique, called the auto-estimator, runs in real time for applications to flash flood forecasting, numerical modeling, and operational hydrology. The auto-estimator uses the Geoestationary Operational Environmental Satellite-8 and -9 in the infrared (IR) 10.7-mm band to compute real-time precipitation amounts based on a power-law regression algorithm. This regression is derived from a statistical analysis between surface radar–derived instantaneous rainfall estimates and satellite-derived IR cloud-top temperatures collocated in time and space. The rainfall rate estimates are adjusted for different moisture regimes using the most recent fields of precipitable water and relat...

Field of study: Environmental science
Search for a New Isomeric State in the 186Re Nucleus

An experimental search for a new low-energy isomer in the 186Re nucleus was carried out. The existence of such an isomer was recently proposed to explain the results from experiments on the stimulated de-excitation in the laser plasma of the familiar 186mRe isomer with energy E* = 149 keV and a half-life of 2 × 105 years. The experimental result corresponds to this assumption but requires further confirmation and refinement.

Field of study: Physics
Dechlorane Plus and its dechlorinated analogs from an e-waste recycling center in maternal serum and breast milk of women in Wenling, China.

We measured Dechlorane Plus (DP) and its dechlorinated analogs in the blood and milk from women living in e-waste recycling sites in Wenling of Taizhou region, China (n = 49). Both syn-DP and anti-DP were detected in all samples. Another compound, Cl(11)-DP, was detected in 45% and 84% of milk and serum samples, respectively. DP levels in blood and milk from residents living in the local environment >20 yrs (R(20) group) were significantly higher than those living in Taizhou <3 yrs (R(3) group) (p < 0.05). The milk/serum partition coefficient from the same women was approximately 0.43 and 0.47 for syn-DP and anti-DP, respectively. A similar value in milk compared with anti-DP/∑DPs (f(anti)) in serum suggested that stereoselective DP bio-accumulation did not occur during the DP transport from blood to milk. This result indicate that DP can bio-accumulate in blood and milk with the low milk/serum partition coefficient and similar blood and milk stereoselective bio-accumulation profiles.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Importance of Legislated Employment Mark Harcourt, Protection for Worker Commitment in Geoffrey Wood Coordinated Market Economies

This article extends contemporary debates about corporate governance, institutions, and firm-level behavioral effects, with a more systematic analysis of how one institution, legislated employment protection (employment security), deepens the reliance of firms in coordinated market economies (CMEs) on cooperative employer employee relations for their competitive success (cf. Whitley 1999, 38; Wood 2001, 252). This represents a meso or mid-level approach, as opposed to existing studies, which adopt a micro-level focus on industry case studies or a macro-level focus on cross-national differences in entire clusters of employment practices. We begin with a brief overview of two schools of institutional thought: varieties of capitalism (VOC) and regulation theory (RT). We then define and describe the key elements of legislated employment protection (employment security) as an institution, in addition to how these elements differ across CME countries, and between CMEs and the United States, the liberal market economy (LME) with the least employment protection. We then discuss the importance of worker commitment to CME economic success, and the crucial part played by legislated employment protection in engendering that commitment. We acknowledge that legislated employment protection may have negative lethargy effects, but argue that these are potentially less damaging in CMEs than LMEs for the same degree of protection. Next, we suggest practical ways that CMEs might modify legislated employment protection to both allay the negative lethargy effects and enhance the positive commitment effects. Finally, we conclude by stressing that despite its economic importance, legislated employment protection in CMEs remains politically fragile, in being vulnerable to attack by employers pursuing narrow, private interests.

Field of study: Economics
Compliance-Gaining in Marital Interaction

This article focuses on how the communication behaviors of married couples correspond with the individual spouse's likelihood of gaining compliance and his or her contentment with the relationship. A sieve-coding scheme was developed to categorize the 30-minute interactions of a randomly selected sample of 51 married couples who participated in two role plays of a relational conflict. Analyses of their conversations revealed that (1) husbands' compliance-gaining behavior is more often predictably related to who wins the dispute, although wives win more frequently; (2) compliance-gaining attempts by either party show a negative association with long-term relational states; and (3) husband and wife frequency of use of individual compliance-gaining strategies is correlated for most strategies.

Field of study: Psychology
Flow cytometric and functional analysis of mononuclear cells infiltrating the liver in experimental autoimmune hepatitis

Experimental autoimmune hepatitis was produced by immunizing Wistar rats with syngeneic liver proteins. Mononuclear cells infiltrating the liver tissue were identified by immunohistochemical techniques using monoclonal antibodies specific for subpopulations of rat lymphocytes. The strong infiltration of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) were found in the portal areas. Subpopulations of mononuclear cells infiltrating the liver, spleen cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes were identified by flow cytometry. Flow cytometric analysis revealed the presence of CD5‐ and CD8+ lymphocytes in the liver tissues. Mononuclear cells infiltrating the liver were isolated from Wistar rats having autoimmune hepatitis to determine whether those exhibit cytotoxicity against syngeneic hepatocytes; they exhibited cytotoxicity against isolated syngeneic hepatocytes, but failed to lyse K562 cells, syngeneic concanavalin A‐activated splenocytes and allogeneic hepatocytes. Depietion of CD8+ T cells significantly reduced the cytotoxic ability of mononuclear cells infiltrating into the liver against syngeneic hepatocytes. These findings support the idea that liver cell injury in experimental autoimmune hepatitis may at least in part be mediated by CTL.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Dysregulated MiR-3150a-3p Promotes Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Degeneration by Targeting Aggrecan

Low back pain has become one of the most common musculoskeletal diseases in the world. Studies have shown that intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is an important factor leading to low back pain, but the mechanisms underlying IDD remain largely unknown. Research over the past decade has suggested critical roles for microRNAs (miRNAs) in natural growth and disease progression. However, it remains poorly understood whether circular RNAs participate in IDD.  Clinical IDD samples were collected from 20 patients who underwent discectomy. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis was used to identify the co-expression miRNA network modules (highly co-expressed clusters of miRNAs) that were associated with IDD grade.  miR-3150a-3p was the most significantly up-regulated miRNA in module “Blue.” Notably, aggrecan (ACAN) was identified as a direct target gene of miR-3150a-3p and ACAN expression was regulated by miR-3150a-3p. Overexpression of miR-3150a-3p decreased ACAN expression in nucleus pulposus cells, whereas inhibition of miR-3150a-3p increased ACAN expression. In addition, ACAN expression was negatively correlated with IDD grade.  Our study suggests that the reduction of ACAN expression induced by the upregulation of miR-3150a-3p might participate in the development of IDD.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Synchronization in one-dimensional array of Josephson coupled thin layers

We obtain self-consistent macroscopic equations describing interlayer Josephson effect and intralayer disequilibrium in one-dimensional array of Josephson coupled layers. We show that ``nonequilibrium coupling'' can lead to effective spatial and time synchronization and formation of coherent dynamic resistive state (collective Josephson effect) in Nb-AlO-Nb stacked junctions and HTSC (intrinsic Josephson effect). We propose it to be the origin of collective switching phenomena observed in PbBiSrCaCuO.

Field of study: Physics
Recognition of Religious Advisor Privilege in Canada's Supreme Court

The House of Lords has recently allowed an appeal by Mr Johnson in R v Warwickshire CC, exparte Johnson (The Times, 16 December 1992). Lord Roskill stated that the phrase 'in the course of any business of his' in s 20(1) means any business of which the defendant is either the owner or in which he has a controlling interest. His Lordship examined Hansard before coming to his conclusion. The other Law Lords agreed.

Field of study: Law