nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of deactivation of l-lysinamidase, l-aminoacylase and d-hydantoinase

The partially purified enzyme preparations of l -lysinamidase, l -aminoacylase and d -hydantoinase were investigated with the aim of clarifying the mechanism of deactivation. It was established on the basis of kinetic and preparative investigations that the analyzed enzymes are transformed into kinetically different forms during the thermal deactivation process. The kinetic forms of l -lysinamidase and d -hydantoinase differ in their K m values, and those of l -aminoacylase in the activation energies of the hydrolysis reaction. The investigation not only shows the applicability of the formal deactivation mechanism suggested by Henley and Sadana (1985) but also reveals its physical meaning.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Application of focused beams for parametric reflection control

The effect of parametric reflection of a signal beam from a focused reference beam has been investigated. It is shown that focusing reduces a pump power reflection threshold but causes certain distortions due to the reduction of the area of the parametric mirror and occurrence of its longitudinal curvature. These effects limit the width and angle of incidence of the signal beam. To decrease the sum wave power, it is proposed to introduce an additional dispersion mismatch.

Field of study: Physics
LETTER TO THE EDITOR: The selective trapping of self-interstitials by interstitial carbon impurities in electron irradiated silicon

Float-zone silicon doped with carbon (1.6*1017Cm-3) has been irradiated with 2 MeV electrons below 220 K up to a dose of 1.9*1018 electrons cm-2 leading to a monotonic decrease in the concentration of the substitutional impurity. Interstitial carbon is produced but its concentration saturates and then falls because the defects trap mobile self interstitials. New infrared absorption lines at 966 and 959 cm-1 (77 K) are ascribed to a C1-Sii pair defect which also acts as a nucleation site for agglomeration of Si1 atoms. The latter reactions appear to occur during irradiations at 300 K.

Field of study: Materials science
Improvement of TCP-Veno over Hybrid Wired/Wireless Network

TCP-Veno,which inherited from TCP-Vegas,has been made a lot of improvements over traditional TCP protocol when used in the networks include wireless links.But the same with Vegas,the minimum round-trip delay(BaseRTT) is still difficult to estimate accurately in Veno,resulting in the performance degradation of Veno,in addition Veno can not adapted to sudden network traffic well.Proposes an improved algorithm named TCP Veno +.The algorithm improves the AIMD algorithm of TCP-Veno in delay and throughput to resolve the two problems mentioned above.The simulation result shows that the improved algorithm obtains good performance in hybrid wired/wireless networks,especially when the error rate is high.

Field of study: Computer science
A note on Kirillov model for representations of ${GL}_n(\mathbb{C})$

Let $G=GL_{n}(\mathbb{C})$ and $1\ne\psi:\mathbb{C}\to\mathbb{C}^{\times}$ be an additive character. Let $U$ be the subgroup of upper triangular unipotent matrices in $G$. Denote by $\theta$ the character $\theta:U\to\mathbb{C}$ given by \[ \theta(u):=\psi(u_{1,2}+u_{2,3}+...+u_{n-1,n}). \] Let $P$ be the mirabolic subgroup of $G$ consisting of all matrices in $G$ with the last row equal to $(0,0,...,0,1)$. We prove that if $\pi$ is an irreducible generic representation of $GL_{n}(\mathbb{C})$ and $\mathcal{W}(\pi,\psi)$ is its Whittaker model, then the space $\{f|_{P}:P\to \mathbb{C}:\, f\in \mathcal{W}(\pi,\psi)\}$ contains the space of infinitely differentiable functions $f:P\to \mathbb{C}$ which satisfy $f(up)=\psi(u)f(p)$ for all $u\in U$ and $p\in P$ and which have a compact support modulo $U$. A similar result was proven for $GL_{n}(F)$, where $F$ is a $p$-adic field by Gelfand and Kazhdan in "Representations of the group $GL(n,K)$ where K is a local field", Lie groups and their representations,  1975, and for $GL_{n}(\mathbb{R})$ by Jacquet in "Distinction by the quasi-split unitary group",  2010.

Field of study: Mathematics
Lithosphere thermal structure at the eastern margin of the Bohemian Massif: a case petrological and geophysical study of the Niedźwiedź amphibolite massif (SW Poland)

The crustal section beneath amphibolite Niedźwiedź Massif (Fore-Sudetic Block in NE Bohemian Massif), modelled on the basis of geological and seismic data, is dominated by gneisses with subordinate granites (upper and middle crust) and melagabbros (lower crust). The geotherm was calculated based on the chemical analyses of the heat-producing elements in the rocks forming the crust and the measurements of their density and heat conductivity. The results were verified by heat flow calculations based on temperature measurements from 1,600 m deep well in the Niedźwiedź Massif and by temperature–depth estimates in mantle xenoliths coming from the nearby ca. 4.5 My basanite plug in Lutynia. The paleoclimate-corrected heat flow in the Niedźwiedź Massif is 69.5 mW m−2, and the mantle heat flow is 28 mW m−2. The mantle beneath the Massif was located marginally relative to the areas of intense Cenozoic thermal rejuvenation connected with alkaline volcanism. This results in geotherm which is representative for lithosphere parts located at the margins of zones of continental alkaline volcanism and at its waning stages. The lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (LAB) beneath Niedźwiedź is located between 90 and 100 km depth and supposedly the rheological change at LAB is not related to the appearance of melt.

Field of study: Environmental science
Oral delivery of capsaicin using MPEG-PCL nanoparticles

To prepare a biodegradable polymeric carrier for oral delivery of a water-insoluble drug capsaicin (CAP) and evaluate its quality.CAP-loaded methoxy poly (ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) nanoparticles (CAP/NPs) were prepared using a modified emulsification solvent diffusion technique. The quality of CAP/NPs were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared techniques. A dialysis method was used to analyze the in vitro release profile of CAP from the CAP/NPs. Adult male rats were orally administered CAP/NPs (35 mg/kg), and the plasma concentrations of CAP were measured with a validated HPLC method. The morphology of rat gastric mucosa was studied with HE staining.CAP/NPs had an average diameter of 82.54±0.51 nm, high drug-loading capacity of 14.0%±0.13% and high stability. CAP/NPs showed a biphasic release profile in vitro: the burst release was less than 25% of the loaded drug within 12 h followed by a more sustained release for 60 h. The pharmacokinetics study showed that the mean maximum plasma concentration was observed 4 h after oral administered of CAP/NPs, and approximately 90 ng/mL of CAP was detected in serum after 36 h. The area under the curve for the CAP/NPs group was approximately 6-fold higher than that for raw CAP suspension. Histological studies showed that CAP/NPs markedly reduced CAP-caused gastric mucosa irritation.CAP/NPs significantly enhance the bioavailability of CAP and markedly reduce gastric mucosa irritation in rats.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
The implications of the surprising existence of a large, massive CO disk in a distant protocluster

It is not yet known if the properties of molecular gas in distant protocluster galaxies are significantly affected by their environment as galaxies are in local clusters. Through a deep, 64 hours of effective on-source integration with the Australian Telescope Compact Array (ATCA), we discovered a massive, Mmol = 2.0 ± 0.2 × 10^11 M⊙, extended, ∼40 kpc, CO(1-0)-emitting disk in the protocluster surrounding the radio galaxy, MRC 1138−262. The galaxy, at zCO = 2.1478, is a clumpy, massive disk galaxy, M∗ ∼ 5 × 10^11 M⊙, which lies 250 kpc in projection from MRC 1138−262 and is a known Hα emitter, HAE229. HAE229 has a molecular gas fraction of ∼30%. The CO emission has a kinematic gradient along its major axis, centered on the highest surface brightness rest-frame optical emission, consistent with HAE229 being a rotating disk. Surprisingly, a significant fraction of the CO emission lies outside of the UV/optical emission. In spite of this, HAE229 follows the same relation between star-formation rate and molecular gas mass as normal field galaxies. 
HAE229 is the first CO(1-0) detection of an ordinary, star-forming galaxy in a protocluster. We compare a sample of cluster members at z > 0.4 that are detected in low-order CO transitions with a similar sample of sources drawn from the field. We confirm findings that the CO-luminosity and FWHM are correlated in starbursts and show that this relation is valid for normal high-z galaxies as well as those in overdensities. We do not find a clear dichotomy in the integrated Schmidt-Kennicutt relation for protocluster and field galaxies. Our results uggest that environment does not impact the “star-formation efficiency” or the molecular gas content of high-redshift galaxies. Not finding any environmental dependence in these characteristics, especially for such an extended CO disk, 
suggests that environmentally-specific processes such as ram pressure stripping are not operating efficiently in (proto)clusters. We discuss why this might be so.

Field of study: Physics
The Verbal Adjectives as Part of Compound Words in the Albanian Language Vocabulary (ALV), 2006

Vacabularies are art work, in which can be done a lot of works with different themes and can be donne observations, various scientific studies, form the descriptive ones to the deep scientific ones. In our study we used this marvelous treasure of Albanian language, together with its features and occurences. Vocabularies are not only registrars of the word and phraseology, the lexicology treasure and semantics, but they play an important role in the dominnation of the albanian language and in the expansion of linguistic and communicating competencies. During the last century and the begining of this century, the vocabulary of albanian language has dramatically developed in all its aspects, developments that stand out in two directions: in the continous enrichment and the endurance to the foreing languages with which it is in contact, an endurance that mainly shows signs of alarms of threats. DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2014.v4n6p83

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Synthesis and properties of 1,3,4-thiadiazine derivatives. 1. Investigation of the condensation of substituted phenacyl bromides and bromoacetylpyridines with thiosemicarbazide

Abstract2-Amino-5-aryl(pyridyl)-6H-1,3,4-thiadiazines ana isomeric 2-hydrazino-4-aryl(pyridyl)thiazoles, the ratio of which depends on the reaction conditions, were obtained by the reaction of substituted phenacyl bromides and bromoacetylpyridines with thiosemicarbazide.

Field of study: Chemistry
Symbolic sequence statistical analysis of differential pressure measurement fluctuating signal of gas/liquid two-phase flow

The symbolic sequence statistical analysis method was applied to analyze two-phase flow measurement fluctuating signals and the key parameters affecting the symbolic statistical quantities were discussed.Based on the above study,eighty groups of differential pressure fluctuating signals of gas/liquid two-phase flow in vertical upward pipes were gathered and the statistical quantities of time irreversebility T_ fb and chi-square statistics χ 2 __ fb were extracted.When the gas superficial velocity was less than 0.02 m·s -1 ,the randomly variable motion features of bubble flow became stronger and the dynamic characteristics became relatively more complex with increasing gas superficial velocity.When gas superficial velocity exceeded 0.02 m·s -1 ,with increasing gas superficial velocity the flow pattern changed from bubble flow to slug flow and the dynamic characteristics became relatively simple,while with further increasing gas superficial velocity the flow pattern changed from slug flow to churn flow and the dynamic characteristics became more complex.This study showed that time irreversibility T_ fb and chi-square statistics χ 2 __ fb were sensitive statistical quantities characterizing gas/liquid two-phase flow pattern and the dynamic characteristics of gas/liquid two-phase flow pattern could be better understood by observing the change of these two statistical quantities with changing two-phase flow parameters.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Particulate damping in solid propellant combustion instability

The effect of aluminum powder in damping high-frequency solid-propellant instability has been investigated in a vortex burner developed previously. The combustor was composed of a main chamber having a shallow center-perforated grain and a hot gas generator. The generator fed combustion gases tangentially into the main chamber causing transverse mode combustion instability. Aluminum powder was added either to the main propellant or to the gas generator charge. Measurement of the amplitude of the pressure oscillations indicated the effectiveness of the metal acting 1) as an ingredient at the solid surface and in the gas phase and 2) in the gas phase only. In the absence of aluminum the combustor was unstable, exhibiting an oscillation frequency of ^3800 cps with a peak-to-peak amplitude of 55%. The addition of fine aluminum powder to the propellant in the main chamber was sufficient to damp out the high-frequency instability. Addition of aluminum to the gas generator propellant only was also effective in eliminating instability provided that an equivalent concentration of metal particles was added. It was concluded that the addition of aluminum powder to composite solid propellants suppresses instability by acting as an attenuator of sound in the gas phase rather than altering the driving or response of the propellants. Viscous damping is inferred to be the principal damping mechanism. Addition of the aluminum produced a nonacoustic disturbance which appeared to be eliminated at higher operating pressures.

Field of study: Physics
A hybrid jigsaw approach to teaching renal clearance concepts.

To evaluate the effectiveness of using a jigsaw cooperative learning approach to teach basic concepts of renal clearance to pharmacy students.



Students collected information on the mechanisms of renal clearance for a particular drug and proposed a methodology for circumventing a urine drug screen. Attitudinal surveys, an online quiz, and course examinations were used to assess student learning.


ASSESSMENT
The majority of students felt apprehensive toward a group assignment prior to the exercise, and afterwards still preferred individual work over group work. Post-exercise quiz and final examination scores showed students successfully learned the material.



Students were successful in learning from each other and there was no difference in examination performance compared to years when the technique was not used. In addition, the relative negative experiences of previous group work decreased the subjective attitudes related to the current learning experience.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Seismic stratigraphy of Lake Huron – Georgian Bay and postglacial lake level history

Five seismic reflectors in the basinal sedimentary section have been identified as representing erosional surfaces in shoaler regions of the lake basins and can be traced throughout most of the study area. The reflectors representing these erosional surfaces, and their conformable equivalents in the deep lake basins, are caused by intervals of coarser grain size in the sediments and are thought to represent lowering of lake levels prior to, and following, the Main Algonquin highstand (about 10.2 – 11.0 ka). These reflectors are used to define seismic sequences in the postglacial sedimentary fill of the basins. Two additional erosional surfaces, which closely follow the initial fall of the Main Algonquin lake level, are most clearly seen in thicker sections found in the northern part of the basins. The two oldest (pre-Main Algonquin) sequences appear to onlap highs and fill in lows within the basins, whereas the younger sequences (associated with the Main Algonquin through Mattawa times) tend to drape the ...

Field of study: Environmental science
The plant is crucial: specific composition and function of the phyllosphere microbiome of indoor ornamentals.

The plant microbiome is a key determinant of plant health. Less is known about the phyllosphere microbiota and its driving factors in built environments. To study the variability of the microbiome in relation to plant genotype and climate under different controlled conditions, we investigated 14 phylogenetically diverse plant species grown in the greenhouses of the Botanical Garden in Graz (Austria). All investigated plants showed specific bacterial abundances of up to 10(6) CFU cm(-2) on their leaves. Bacterial diversity (H('): 2.4-7.9) and number of putative OTUs (461-2013) were strongly plant species dependent. Statistical analysis showed a significantly higher correlation of community composition to plant genotype in comparison to the ambient climatic variables. In addition to the microbiome structure, we studied the antagonistic potential towards the foliar pathogen Botrytis cinerea as functional indicator. A high proportion of isolates (up to 58%) were able to inhibit pathogen growth by production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Data of structure and function were linked: frequently isolated VOCs producers (e.g. Bacillus and Stenotrophomonas) were highly present in phyllosphere communities, which were dominated by members of Firmicutes This study indicates that indoor ornamentals feature a distinct, stable microbiota on leaves irrespective of the indoor climate.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Nonlinear modal coupling in a high-stress doubly-clamped nanomechanical resonator

We present results from a study of the nonlinear inter-modal coupling between different flexural vibrational modes of a single high-stress, doubly-clamped silicon nitride nanomechanical beam. Using the magnetomotive technique and working at 100 mK we explored the nonlinear behaviour and modal couplings of the first, third and fifth modes of a 25.5 μm long beam. We find very good agreement between our results and a simple analytical model which assumes that the different modes of the resonator are coupled to each other by displacement induced tension in the beam. The small size of our resonator leads to relatively strong nonlinear couplings, for example we find a shift of about 7 Hz in the third mode for a 1 nm displacement in the first mode and frequency shifts ~ 20 times larger than the linewidth (130 Hz) are readily observed.

Field of study: Physics
Contribution of aquatic products consumption to total human exposure to PAHs in Eastern China: The source matters.

Demand for aquatic products surges, due to the increasing concerns on high-quality nutrition and food security. Eastern China is the leading area in contributing significantly to both production and consumption of aquatic products from inland aquaculture, coastal fishing, and distant-water fishing. It is imperative to comprehensively assess the dietary risks of common chemical hazards, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in aquatic products of these supply origins, and the contribution of aquatic product consumption to total human exposure. The observed body loads of total PAHs in the coastal aquatic products varied significantly, indicating an unstable food quality from the east coast of China. In the meantime, benzo[a]pyrene equivalent concentrations (BaPeq) exhibited the highest level in the aquatic products from inland farm ponds. High BaPeq, along with high consumption of inland aquaculture products, led to higher corresponding cumulative carcinogenic risks (ILCRs) than the other two kinds of products, which further indicate that the origins and consumption rates of the aquatic products do matter. Furthermore, it is confirmed that the consumption of aquatic products is an important contributor to the total daily exposure to PAHs, especially for children and pregnant women. Finally, it is necessary to apply practical remediation in aquaculture farm ponds to provide high-quality products, especially for the population groups of children and pregnant women, and alleviate the exposure and risk due to the PAHs in aquatic products.

Field of study: Environmental science
Processing of the DRB1*1103‐restricted measles virus nucleoprotein determinant 185–199 in the endosomal compartment

MHC class II molecules present to CD4+ T cells protein fragments which mostly derive from the extracellular and from the endosomal compartments. Determinants of cytosolic proteins are, however, also displayed by MHC class II molecules following pathways which are still not yet fully characterized. Here we describe the isolation of DRB1*1103‐restricted T cell clones specific for the measles virus (MV) nucleoprotein peptide 185–199 (N185). Experiments were then conducted to delineate how this determinant is assembled with DR molecules. In vitro binding analyses indicated that complexes between the N185 peptide and DRB1*1103 protein are optimally constituted at pH 4–4.5. In cellular experiments it was observed that chloroquine, leupeptin and emetine, which are classical inhibitors of presentation of MHC class II‐restricted antigens, when added during infection of B cells with MV, prevent presentation of the N185 determinant. In addition, it was found that the N185 determinant is efficiently presented when the nucleoprotein is exogenously provided to B cells, either by blocking MV fusion with the peptide FFG or by the use of purified nucleoprotein. In contrast, it was observed that nucleoprotein recombinant vaccinia virus (vv‐N)‐infected B cells weakly stimulated N185‐specific T cells, indicating that the restricted localization of the nucleoprotein in the cytosol resulted in a poor presentation of the N185 determinant. Taken together, these findings suggest that it is prior to delivery of the nucleoprotein into the cytosol that the N185 determinant is efficiently assembled with newly synthesized DR molecules in the acidic environment of the endosomal compartment.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
ECR (electron cyclotron resonance) plasma for thin film technology

ECR plasma has been used widely and industrially f or CVD and etching in semiconductor processes. In this paper, the progress which has been made in ECR plasma equipments and processing has been reviewed. ECR plasma source h as some excellent features such as low pressure plasma generation, the capability of ion energy control and high ionization effi- ciency. The magnetic plasma control and the high power microwave plasma generation t echniques developed in our laboratories have improved uniformi- ty and throughput in comparison with those in RF plasma. Satisfactory performances are obtained in various processes, which are interlayer plan- arization, a-Si CVD, tungsten CVD, SiOe and aluminum etchings.

Field of study: Chemistry