nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
TRAF6 negatively regulates TNFalpha-induced NF-kappaB activation.

TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) is an essential adaptor protein for the Interleukin-1 (IL-1) signaling pathway; however, its role in the signaling of another proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha, has not been explored. Interestingly, we observed that TNFalpha-induced expression of IL-6, CXCL1 and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were significantly enhanced in TRAF6-deficient MEFs. Compared to those observed in wild-type MEFs, TNFalpha-induced IkappaB kinase (IKK) activation and IkappaBalpha degradation were enhanced in TRAF6-deficient MEFs. Also, TNFalpha-induced DNA binding activity and transcriptional activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) were also augmented in TRAF6-deficient MEFs. On the other hand, TRAF6 deficiency did not affect the TNFalpha-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, ERK, JNK, and p38. Moreover, the reintroduction of exogenous TRAF6 into TRAF6-deficient MEFs clearly suppressed TNFalpha-induced IKK activation, NF-kappaB activation and subsequent cytokine expression. In contrast, both the deletion mutant (DeltaN) and the point mutant (C70A) of TRAF6, which is defective in its ubiquitin ligase activity, failed to repress TNFalpha-induced IKK activation, NF-kappaB activation and cytokine production. Thus, these data suggest that TRAF6 negatively regulates TNFalpha-induced NF-kappaB activation through its ubiquitin ligase activity.

Field of study: Medicine
Expression caching for runtime verification based on parameterized probabilistic models

Self-adaptive software systems change their behaviors to adapt to their environmental changes at runtime. Runtime verification, which checks the correctness of behaviors after adaptation, sometimes uses probabilistic model checking, because the verification has to deal with uncertainty. However, since probabilistic model checking is usually computation intensive and time consuming, a more efficient verification mechanism is desired. A possible approach is to pre-generate some expressions for model checking at design time and execute model checking simply by evaluating the expressions at runtime. A problem with this approach is that when environmental changes require changes of the system model, these expressions need to be re-generated at runtime. In order to cope with such significant changes, we develop a caching mechanism that reduces computational time at runtime. We also introduce a parameterization technique in order to improve the efficiency of caching. The experimental results show that our new implementation of the caching mechanism greatly improves the computational time of runtime verification.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
GeoChip-based insights into the microbial functional gene repertoire of marine sponges (high microbial abundance, low microbial abundance) and seawater.

The GeoChip 4.2 gene array was employed to interrogate the microbial functional gene repertoire of sponges and seawater collected from the Red Sea and the Mediterranean. Complementary amplicon sequencing confirmed the microbial community composition characteristic of high microbial abundance (HMA) and low microbial abundance (LMA) sponges. By use of GeoChip, altogether 20,273 probes encoding for 627 functional genes and representing 16 gene categories were identified. Minimum curvilinear embedding analyses revealed a clear separation between the samples. The HMA/LMA dichotomy was stronger than any possible geographic pattern, which is shown here for the first time on the level of functional genes. However, upon inspection of individual genes, very few specific differences were discernible. Differences were related to microbial ammonia oxidation, ammonification, and archaeal autotrophic carbon fixation (higher gene abundance in sponges over seawater) as well as denitrification and radiation-stress-related genes (lower gene abundance in sponges over seawater). Except for few documented specific differences the functional gene repertoire between the different sources appeared largely similar. This study expands previous reports in that functional gene convergence is not only reported between HMA and LMA sponges but also between sponges and seawater.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Pentafulvene durch Aminomethinylierung des Cyclopentadiens

Aus der Dreikomponentenreaktion von Cyclopentadien (1) mit s-Triazin (2) und einem sekundaren Amin 4 gehen die cyclisch N,N-disubstituierten Pentafulven-6-amine 5 und die cyclisch N1,N1-disubstituierten N2-(6-Pentafulvenyl)formamidine 7 hervor. Unter den biologischen Eigenschaften der neuen Verbindungen ist besonders die anthelminthische Wirkung von 5d interessant. 
 
 
 
Pentafulvenes by Aminomethynylation of Cyclopentadiene 
 
 
 
The three component reaction comprising the interaction of cyclopentadiene (1) with s-triazine (2) and a secondary amine 4 leads to the cyclic N,N-disubstituted pentafulven-6-amines 5 and the cyclic N1,N1-disubstituted N2-(6-pentafulvenyl)formamidines 7. Among the biological properties of the new compounds, the anthelminthic activity of 5d is of special interest.

Field of study: Chemistry
Titanium dioxide content in foodstuffs from the Jordanian market: spectrophotometric evaluation of TiO2 nanoparticles.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is recognized for its safe use as an additive (E171) in food and drugs. However, TiO2 was the subject of recent studies regarding its toxicity and carcinogenicity. The new studies targeted TiO2 nanoparticles that may exist in the pigment grade in small amounts. These recent investigations initiated a local survey in the Jordanian market to determine the TiO2 content in the different types of foodstuffs to ensure that limits did not exceed the 1% by weight (as established by the Food and Drug Administration). Myers’ spectrophotometric procedure for faecal samples was optimized and validated for TiO2 analysis. In this study, TiO2 was evaluated in 25 traditional foodstuffs in the Middle East (Tahini, Halawa, Jameed, Humus, gums and juice powders). Food grade TiO2 supplied in the local market for the food industry was tested for TiO2 nanoparticles by SEM. The data obtained in this study indicated the absence of TiO2 from Tahini, Halawa, canned humus, and Jameed (for all tested brands); in accordance with the information provided in the labels. For the tested gums and juice powders, TiO2 content also did not exceed 1%.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Feasibility and acceptability of computer based online certifcation program for frontline community health workers of Wardha district, India

In India, different types of Frontline Community Health Workers are recruited under different departments and health programmes. These include Anganwadi Workers (AWW) under ICDS, ASHA and ANMs under NRHM and health services. Training and recruitment of this staff cadre is an ongoing process. Most of the trainings are aimed at improving the knowledge and skills. A set of test is needed to assess the post training knowledge of trainees which should be feasible, acceptable and easy to administer. Team of Health Experts from DMIMSU, Wardha has developed such specifc Computer based online certifcation tests which were administered to selected Frontline Community Health Workers engaged with DMIMSU. This study was conducted to assess the feasibility and acceptability of these tests.   Team of Health Experts from DMIMSU,Wardha has developed specifc Computer based online certifcation tests which were administered to selected Frontline Community Health Workers engaged with DMIMSU. This study was conducted -1] To assess the feasibility and acceptability of Computer based online certifcation tests for frontline workers. 2] To assess the scope for generalization of these tests to entire frontline health cadre of the district.   Data was collected from 30 randomly selected Frontline Health Workers who were engaged in Community Outreach Activities/Projects of DMIMS and had undergone trainings and Online Certifcation tests. Questionnaire with Likert type scoring scale was administered. Data was compiled in MS Excel and Weighted Means and proportions of responses towards agreement and disagreement were calculated.   Average Weighted Mean was 4.07 showing Strong Agreement towards the feasibility and acceptability. Only 10.3% participants showed disagreement towards the feasibility and acceptability of this test whereas 89.7% participants showed agreement and among them, 47.67% showed strong agreement towards the feasibility and acceptability of this test.   These tests were found quite feasible and well accepted by Frontline Health Workers. Similar tests should be made compulsory for all Frontline Health Workers Cadre and their performance in tests should be linked to provisions of incentives and seniority benefits.

Field of study: Medicine
How normal is the "normal" state of superconducting cuprates?

High magnetic field studies of the cuprate superconductors revealed a non-BCS temperature dependence of the upper critical field $H_{c2}(T)$ determined resistively by several groups. These determinations caused some doubts on the grounds of the contrasting effect of the magnetic field on the in-plane, $\rho_{ab}$, and out-of-plane, $\rho_{c}$ resistances reported for large sample of Bi2212. Here we present careful measurements of both $\rho_{ab}(B)$ and $\rho_{c}(B)$ of tiny Bi2212 crystals in magnetic fields up to 50 Tesla. None of our measurements revealed a situation when on field increase $\rho_c$ reaches its maximum while $\rho_{ab}$ remains very small if not zero. The resistive $H_{c2}(T)$ estimated from $\rho_{ab}(B)$ and $\rho_{c}(B)$ are approximately the same. We also present a simple explanation of the unusual Nernst signal in superconducting cuprates as a normal state phenomenon. Our results support any theory of cuprates, which describes the state above the resistive phase transition as perfectly 'normal' with a zero off-diagonal order parameter.

Field of study: Physics
TCP Libra: Derivation, analysis, and comparison with other RTT-fair TCPs

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), the most widely used transport protocol over the Internet, has been advertised to implement fairness between flows competing for the same narrow link. However, when session round-trip-times (RTTs) radically differ, the share may be anything but fair. This RTT-unfairness represents a problem that severely affects the performance of long-RTT flows and whose solution requires a revision of TCP's congestion control scheme. To this aim, we discuss TCP Libra, a new transport protocol able to ensure fairness and scalability regardless of the RTT, while remaining friendly towards legacy TCP. As main contributions of this paper: (i) we focus on the model derivation and show how it leads to the design of TCP Libra; (ii) we analyze the role of its parameters and suggest how they may be adjusted to lead to asymptotic stability and fast convergence; (iii) we perform model-based, simulative, and real testbed comparisons with other TCP versions that have been reported as RTT-fair in the literature. Results demonstrate the ability of TCP Libra in ensuring RTT-fairness while remaining throughput efficient and friendly towards legacy TCP.

Field of study: Computer science
METAMORPHOSED MIDDLE PALEOZOIC FOSSILS FROM CENTRAL MASSACHUSETTS, EASTERN VERMONT, AND WESTERN NEW HAMPSHIRE

Study of thin and polished sections and spectrographic analyses indicate that the brachiopod most recently used to date the Bernardston Formation in Massachusetts probably came from Lower Devonian beds (chlorite zone) in Nova Scotia, and not from Bernardston, Massachusetts. Restudy of the faunule from the calcareous quartzite (garnet zone) of the Bernardston Formation indicates that it is probably of Silurian rather than Devonian age. The upper part of the Clough Formation on Skitchewaug Mountain (garnet zone) in eastern Vermont contains tetracorals of Silurian or Devonian age. The Clough Formation on Croydon Mountain (sillimanite zone) in west-central New Hampshire contains tetracorals. The fossiliferous zone in the lower part of the Bernardston Formation is possibly equivalent to the upper part of the Clough Formation.

Field of study: Geology
Diffusion of Innovation Theory and Animplementation on Enterprise Resource Planning Systems

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems are adopted by many companies. By means of setting up this management information system software, significant organizational activities are accomplished while many others remain unachieved. This article grounds on utilization of variables of Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) Theory (Rogers, 2003) in accomplished adoptions of ERP systems. DOI Theory can be carried out in terms of guiding ERP application. Attained evidences reveal that variables in theory affect ERP success positively as well as organizational performance. Considering variables of DOI Theory will accelerate the adoption of innovation. The major contribution of this article to the science literature is to define the essential building blocks of application of ERP software system to the organization.

Field of study: Business
An MMSE Strategy at Relays With Partial CSI for a Multi-Layer Relay Network

We consider a relay network with a single source-destination pair and multiple layers of relays between them. We assume that these layers sequentially relay the signal transmitted by the source to the destination. Unlike existing work, we also assume that the destination and all the forward layers present between the transmitting layer and the destination receive signals during every transmission phase. We optimally combine these signals, say μ of them, using a precoder at each relay layer for onward transmission. We obtain this precoding matrix by minimizing the mean-squared error (MSE) at the relays, and do not require channel-state-information (CSI) of the forward channels at the relays unlike existing systems that minimize MSE at the destination and require CSI of the forward channels at the relays. Our closed-form solution for this matrix is valid for any K number of layers, whereas minimizing MSE at the destination does not have closed-form solution for K > 1. For K > 1, we enhance an existing scheme to obtain a sub-optimal closed-form precoder solution and use it for comparison. We show using simulations that our scheme approaches the bit-error-rate (BER) performance of this scheme, when μ is increased, even with partial CSI.

Field of study: Engineering
Electron Tunneling in Monolayer and Bilayer Graphene

Electron’s tunneling through potential barrier in monolayer and bilayer graphene lattices is investigated by using full tight-binding model. Emphasis is placed on the resonance tunneling feature and inter-valley scattering probability. It is shown that normal incidence transmission probabilities for monolayer and bilayer graphene exhibit different properties. Our calculation indicates that valleytronics in graphene systems may be detected, generated and controlled by changing the structure parameters of the external electric potential.

Field of study: Physics
Quadratic functionals on modules over complex Banach *-algebras with an approximate identity

The problem of representability of quadratic functionals by sesquilinear forms is studied in this article in the setting of a module over an algebra that belongs to a certain class of complex Banach ∗-algebras with an approximate identity. That class includes C∗-algebras as well as H∗-algebras and their trace classes. Each quadratic functional acting on such a module can be represented by a unique sesquilinear form. That form generally takes values in a larger algebra than the given quadratic functional does. In some special cases, such as when the module is also a complex vector space compatible with the vector space of the underlying algebra, and when the quadratic functional is positive definite with values in a C∗-algebra or in the trace class for an H∗-algebra, the resulting sesquilinear form takes values in the same algebra. In particular, every normed module over a C∗-algebra, or an H∗-algebra, without nonzero commutative closed two-sided ideals is a pre-Hilbert module. Furthermore, the representation theorem for quadratic functionals acting on modules over standard operator algebras is also obtained.  Let M be a right module over a ∗-ring R. Then a mapping Q : M → R is called a quadratic functional if it satisfies the parallelogram law Q(f + g) +Q(f − g) = 2Q(f) + 2Q(g) for all f, g ∈ M and the homogeneity equation Q(fa) = a∗Q(f)a for all f ∈ M and a ∈ R. A biadditive form S : M ×M → R is called sesquilinear if S(fa, g) = a∗S(f, g), S(f, ga) = S(f, g)a for all f, g ∈ M and a ∈ R. For every sesquilinear form S : M × M → R, the mapping Q : M → R defined by Q(f) = S(f, f) is a quadratic functional. The question is if each 2000  Secondary 16W, 39B52, 47B47.

Field of study: Mathematics
Evidence for voluminous bimodal pyroclastic volcanism during rifting of a Paleoproterozoic arc at Snow Lake, Manitoba

The thrust-bounded McLeod Road – Birch Lake (MB) sequence occurs within the Paleoproterozoic Snow Lake arc (SLA) assemblage of the Flin Flon belt. Stratigraphic correlation of volcanic strata of the MB sequence with strata of the thrust-bounded Chisel sequence indicates that distinctive, submarine, eruption-fed, pyroclastic flow deposits are more extensive and voluminous than previously recognized (>10 km3). These voluminous felsic pyroclastic deposits define a distinct magmatic and explosive volcanic event during bimodal volcanism that accompanied rifting of the SLA. The felsic pyroclastic deposits define the remnants of a basin, or of nested basins, that formed during arc rifting and subsidence, and their eruption immediately preceded formation of the Chisel sequence volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits. Although the Chisel sequence ore interval is recognized in the MB sequence, the lack of VMS-related alteration indicates that VMS hydrothermal activity was restricted to the Chisel portion of the...

Field of study: Environmental science
New sources of resistance to pearl millet downy mildew

Use of host plant resistance is the most effective method of control of downy mildew (Sclerospora ffaminicola) in pearl millet (Pennisetum gimicum). To identify new sources of resistance to the disease, we tested 500 accessions of diverse origin in two green house tests (spray and dip inoculations) and in a field disease nursery during 1992–93 at ICRISAT Asia Center. An accession was sown in two pots each in the green house, and in a 4-m row plant in two replications in the field disease nursery. Many accessions that were free from downy mildew in individual tests, but only two accessions, IP 8897 and IP 14619 remained downy mildew free and IP 17311 showed a high degree of resistance (%) in all the tests. Maximum disease incidence recorded was 9%, 44.4% and 61.3% in field, dip and spray-inoculation tests, respectively. The stability of resistance in the newly identified accession will be examined in multilocational tests in coming years.

Field of study: Biology
Adhesion, phase morphology, and bondability of reacttvely-bonded and frit-bonded gold and silver thick-film conductors

The phase morphologies of reactively-bonded commercial gold and similarly bonded silver thick-film conductors have been characterized as a function of firing conditions and material types. Adhesion strengths of the samples were measured by a solderless technique, and the strengths are correlated in this presentation with the development of phase morphologies in the film and with the adhesion data of other investigators. The bondability-adhesion strength trade-off for frit-bonded and reactively-bonded conductors is discussed in view of an analysis for potential bondability which was made using a recently developed technique. First-order theories of adhesion development in reactively-bonded and frit-bonded conductors are briefly discussed, and conclusions are drawn for optimizing firing parameters in the processing of frit-bonded and reactively-bonded thick film conductors.

Field of study: Materials science
The future of leisure: making leisure work: a rejoinder.

W. Harper's linking of Samuel Smiles' ideas on self-help to the future of leisure was innovative and thought-provoking. The author is in general sympathy with Harper's view that leisure ought to be more integrated with work than it has been in the past. However, he has a number of reservations about what he writes in pursuit of this theme. These reservations may be discussed under five headings : what if we can make leisure work ? Self-help or mutual help ? Employment, not work, is the problem. What is the problem about simplification ? Don't blame technology, blame the sytem

Field of study: Sociology
Transgenic Brassica napus plants overexpressing aluminium-induced mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase cDNA are resistant to aluminium

We investigated the role that manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD, EC 1·15·1·1), an important enzyme of the antioxidant pathway, may play in aluminium (Al) toxicity/ resistance. A wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) cDNA ( WMnSOD ) was cloned and up-regulation of the transcript was observed in root tips after 24 h exposure to 100 µ µ M Al. The WMnSOD1 under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter was expressed in canola ( Brassica napus ). Transgenic plants were phenotypically normal. Northern analyses showed enhanced levels of the WMnSOD1 and WMnSOD1-GUS transcripts and total SOD activity was 1·5- to 2·5-fold greater in transgenic plants than in wild type (WT) plants. Transgenic (T 1 ) leaf discs showed increased retention of chlorophyll and reduced electrolyte leakage when exposed to methyl viologen (MV) as compared with WT leaf discs, suggesting that transgenic plants were more resistant to oxidative stress. When WT canola plants were exposed to aluminium (0‐200 µ µ µ M ), inhibition of root growth, higher SOD activity and increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA, an indicator of lipid peroxidation) were observed in roots. Aluminium-induced inhibition of root growth and accumulation of MDA was lower in homozygous transgenic plants (T 2 ) compared with WT plants. Transgenic lines also showed lower synthesis of 1,3- β glucans (callose, a sensitive marker for Al injury) as compared with WT. These data suggest that resistance to Al toxicity can be improved by overexpressing WMnSOD1 .

Field of study: Environmental science