nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Aeroelastic optimization of a helicopter rotor using orthogonal array-based metamodels

Aeroelastic optimization of a four-bladed, soft-inplane hingeless rotor is performed to reduce hub loads and blade root loads with blade stiffness design variables. An aeroelastic analysis based on the finite element method is used. Aerodynamic modeling includes a time domain unsteady aerodynamic model and a free wake model. Metamodels (models of models) of the aeroelastic analysis are investigated in a systematic manner including various experimental designs such as factorial designs, central composite designs (CCD), gradient-enhanced CCD, and orthogonal arrays (OA). Linear, quadratic, and cubic polynomial response surfaces are obtained, and graphical, statistical, and optimization results obtained are used to compare the different designs. It is found that the CCD and OA are able to capture the basic trends of the analysis using sequential second-order polynomial response surfaces and are further investigated for use in optimization. However, the OA, which is a fractional factorial design, requires significantly fewer analysis runs than the CCD. Numerical results obtained for single-objective and multiobjective optimization problems show a 16‐22% reduction in vibratory hub loads for a nonuniform blade with six elastic stiffness design variables. The multiobjective optimization problem based on the min‐max method reduces the vibratory hub loads by about 16% and the 1/rev and 2/rev blade root loads, which are the principal cause of dynamic stresses, by about 18 and 31%, respectively. The OA-based metamodels provide an efficient and interactive approach to perform preliminary design studies using comprehensive simulation codes and is suitable for use in an industrial setting.

Field of study: Physics
Expression and modulation of cell surface determinants on human adult and neonatal monocytes.

The difference between newborn and adult mononuclear cells in the antigen dose required for optimal antibody production in vitro can be ascribed to differences in the antigen-presenting capacities of the respective monocytes (Van Tol et al., 1984b). We have therefore studied the expression of cell surface determinants on human neonatal and adult monocytes by the use of monoclonal antibodies to membrane proteins including MHC antigens. No difference was observed in the expression of LeuM3 with regard to both the percentage of positive cells and the density of the respective determinant. In contrast, neonatal cells express the antigens OKM5, LFA1, OKM1 and LeuM5 at a lower density than adult cells do. The same holds for beta 2-microglobulin, but neonatal and adult monocytes express MHC class I alpha-chains at a similar density, whereas among the class II MHC antigens, HLA-DR is significantly more highly expressed on neonatal cells. This difference remains after treatment in vitro with gamma-interferon (gamma-IFN). Treatment with gamma-IFN also resulted in a less dense expression of the LeuM3 antigen. Preincubation of monocytes with LeuM3 monoclonal antibody partially abrogates subsequent upregulation of class II MHC antigens by gamma-IFN, a phenomenon observed with both neonatal and adult monocytes. These data indicate a functional involvement of LeuM3 with the cellular action of gamma-IFN. Taken together, the cell surface phenotype of neonatal monocytes is that of a highly efficient antigen presenting cell.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Broadband Radio Access to Homes and Businesses: MMDS and LMDS

This paper gives an overview of digital microwave multipoint distribution systems (MMDS) and local multipoint distribution systems (LMDS) originally developed for digital TV broadcasting and later extended to offer interactive services for homes and businesses. We first describe the specification work carried out by the Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) project and the Digital Audio Visual Council (DAVIC) which forms the technical basis of these systems. Next, after presenting initial frequency allocations particularly in Europe and North America, we discuss the potential of MMDS and LMDS to offer broadband services to homes as well as to small- and medium-size businesses. We also discuss the major technical issues related to the design of these systems, frequency planning and reuse patterns, as well as future technical evolutions to make them more efficient in terms of performance, capacity, and the service offered. This discussion includes the use of higher-level modulations, multiple access techniques such as code-division multiple access (CDMA) and orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA), and of adaptive arrays for electronic beamforming.

Field of study: Computer science
IN VITRO RELEASE KINETICS OF AMPHIPHILIC BLOCK COPOLYMER NANO-MICELLES LOADED WITH PACLITAXEL

Different kinds of amphiphilic block copolymers, PEG PCL PEG(PECL), mPEG PLLA(PELLA) and mPEG PDLLA(PEDLLA),were used to encapsulate paclitaxel to prepare nano micelle formulation The nano micelles had a core shell structure,in which paclitaxel was enveloped in the core, and the PEG shell made the micelles loaded with paclitaxel lyotropic in water The kinetics of paclitaxel release from the micelles in phosphate buffer solution(PBS) was studied.The results showed that the diameter of the micelles affected apparently drug release rate, and micelles with low drug loaded content(DLC) would release more paclitaxel; enhancing the refresh volume of PBS facilitated drug’s release; both PECL micelle and PELLA micelle released paclitaxel in PBS under the rule of first order equation; PEDLLA micelles loaded with paclitaxel prepared by solid dispersion technology obeyed zero order release in two stage.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Area under the curve as a measure of discounting.

We describe a novel approach to the measurement of discounting based on calculating the area under the empirical discounting function. This approach avoids some of the problems associated with measures based on estimates of the parameters of theoretical discounting functions. The area measure may be easily calculated for both individual and group data collected using any of a variety of current delay and probability discounting procedures. The present approach is not intended as a substitute for theoretical discounting models. It is useful, however, to have a simple, univariate measure of discounting that is not tied to any specific theoretical framework.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Polymorphism of exon 1 of INHA gene and its relationship with prolificacy in sheep

Inhibin A(INHA) gene was studied as a candidate gene for the prolificacy of Small Tail Han sheep. Single nucleotide polymorphism of exon 1 of INHA gene was detected in both high fecundity breeds(Small Tail Han and Hu sheep) and low fecundity breeds(Dorset, Texel and German Mutton Merino sheep) by PCR-SSCP. Results indicated that there were two genotype(sAA and AB)in all five sheep breeds tested. Frequency of allele B was 0.21 and 0.47 in prolific Small Tail Han and Hu sheep, respectively. Frequency of allele B was 0.07,0.10 and 0.02 in Dorset, Texel and German Mutton Merino sheep, respectively. Sequencing revealed a T→C mutation at 877 bp of exon 1 of INHA gene in the AB genotype in comparison to the AA genotype. The INHA genotype distributions were significantly different(P0.05) among high fecundity sheep breeds and low fecundity sheep breeds. The Small Tail Han ewes with heterozygous genotype AB had 0.57(P0.01) lambs more than those with genotype AA.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Media Images and Women’s Self-Evaluations: Social Context and Importance of Attractiveness as Moderators

The current research examines the effects of exposure to ideal images on women’s self-evaluations, taking into account the moderating influence of social contextual and individual difference factors. In Study 1, women were exposed to either ideal images of women or neutral images. Participants viewed these images in a context in which (a) men were not present, (b) men were present, or (c) men were present and made comments about some of the images. Results indicated that participants’ weight-esteem was negatively affected in the ideal image/men present condition but that those in the ideal image/men comment condition actually exhibited higher levels of weight-esteem. A second study replicated the results of Study 1 and also showed that the importance participants placed on physical attractiveness influenced the effects of viewing ideal images.

Field of study: Psychology
Early Clinical Signs and Symptoms of HIV Infection: Delaying progression to AIDS.

Early clinical signs and symptoms of human immunodeficiency virus infection are protean and can reflect the effects of the virus or represent early manifestations of an illness associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Knowledge of a patient's potential risk for HIV infection and of the natural history of the illness allow early signs and symptoms to be recognized. Early intervention can delay progression to AIDS.

Field of study: Medicine
Tuning the inter-shell splitting in self-assembled CdTe quantum dots

We present photoluminescence studies of highly excited single self-assembled CdTe quantum dots under continuous-wave and pulsed excitations. We observe appearance of emission bands related to sequential filling of s-, p- and d-shells. We analyze the inter-shell splitting for five samples, in which the dots were formed from a strained CdTe layer of different width. We find that by increasing the CdTe layer width, the inter-shell splitting increases. In a time resolved measurement, we observe a radiative cascade between transitions involving one, two, and more than two excitons.

Field of study: Physics
Stability radii of positive linear difference equations under affine parameter perturbations

In this paper we study stability radii of positive linear difference equations under arbitrary affine parameter perturbations. It is shown that real and complex stability radii of positive equations coincide for block-diagonal disturbances. Moreover, for these stability radii, estimates and computable formulae are derived which generalize to positive linear difference equations known results obtained earlier for positive linear discrete-time systems of the form x(k+1)=Ax(k), [email protected]?N. Some illustrative examples are given.

Field of study: Mathematics
Optimization of tropical fruit juice based on sensory and nutritional characteristics

The objective of this study was, through mixing design and response surface methodology, to optimize a reduced calorie mixed juice of persimmon, orange and pineapple based the sensory and nutritional characteristics. This study also aimed to carry out the survey of the physicochemical characteristics that are desirable in this product. It was found that juice of these fruits, when combined, have better sensory and nutritional characteristics than when isolated. The consumer has a preference for mixed fruit juices made up of orange, pineapple and persimmon that are sweeter and more acidic and regarding color, consumers prefer a juice with less intense red color. According to evaluation, the most recommended mixed juice formulations are 50% pineapple and 50% persimmon, and 33% pineapple, 33% persimmon, and 33% orange.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Ecogeographical analysis of the distribution of six Trifolium species in Sardinia

Collections of six species of Trifolium (Fabaceae) were made at 16 sites across the island of Sardinia in June/July 1998 and detailed ecogeographic information was recorded at each site. The six species collected were the inbreeding T. glomeratum, T. subterraneum and T. tomentosum, and the outcrossing T. nigrescens, T. michelianum and T. resupinatum. A principal components analysis and canonical variate analysis were conducted to group the sites, using the ecogeographical variables collected at each site. The variables that were found to be most important in grouping the sites were: mean January and July temperature, mean annual rainfall, latitude, longitude and soil pH. None of the six species were limited to only one ecogeographical group. However, it was often found to be only one or two variables that were determining their distribution. It is suggested that more detailed analysis of ecogeographic data of collection sites will become vital for improved planning of future collection missions, as the cost of collections and genetic erosion increases.

Field of study: Environmental science
Building confidence amidst Africa's civil wars: The opportunities and constraints

Confidence building measures (CBMs) are frequently criticized as being superfluous to processes of conflict resolution. This article argues that, on the contrary, in the uncertainties of civil wars, CBMs have an important role in stabilising peace processes. It seeks to fill a vacuum in the literature on confidence building by considering specifically African contexts of conflict resolution. The essay outlines the central obstacles to building confidence in African contexts and provides an initial catalogue of CBMs and security building measures (CSBMs). In addition, various supporting conditions are highlighted which allow CBMs to be utilized with greater effectiveness.

Field of study: History, Sociology
Integrated high-precision analyses of Holocene relative sea-level changes: Lessons from the coast of Maine

A suite of salt-marsh peat samples from four sites along the coast of Maine (Wells, Phippsburg, Gouldsboro, and Machiasport) has been analyzed using high-precision techniques to determine local relative sea-level trends and to evaluate proposed along-coast warping. A spatially variable set of relative sea-level records in Maine would have important implications for geophysical models that predict the response of the lithosphere during deglaciation and postglacial isostatic relaxation. The amplification of M{sub 2} tidal range in the Gulf of Maine and the Bay of Fundy during the Holocene is modeled and applied to the mean high water data yielding best-estimate envelopes of mean tide level change for each location. Average long-term (thousands of years) mean tide level rise did not exceed {approx}2 mm/yr at any time during the late Holocene at Wells, Phippsburg, and Machiasport. Between 4.5 and 3 ka (calibrated [cal]), the apparent rate of rise at Gouldsboro was higher than at any other site studied. This along-coast variation in the rate of mean tide level rise may reflect time of deglaciation, neotectonics, or differential isostatic adjustments. A slight acceleration of mean tide level rise has occurred during the past millennium in Gouldsboro and Machiasport. If 12 m downwarping inmore » easternmost Maine occurred, as suggested in other publications, it must have happened prior to 5.7 ka(cal). 84 refs., 13 figs., 8 tabs.« less

Field of study: Geology
EFEITO DO TREINAMENTO FÍSICO SOBRE O PROCESSO DE ENVELHECIMENTO E O NÍVEL DE APTIDÃO FÍSICA DE BOMBEIROS

This study aimed at investigating the effect of the physical training on both the ageing process and the fitness level of firemen during 7 years. 33-42-year-old men were observed from 1995 to 2002. Cooper’s 12 minutes run/walk test was used for measuring the aerobic capacity, and Matsudo’s 40 seconds test was used for measuring the anaerobic power. The body weight and height measurements were used to determine the body mass index (BMI). These tests were applied in a randomly selected sample of 40 men in 1995, and reapplied in 38 of the 40 men in 2002. The results of Cooper’s 12 minutes test (maximum consumption of oxygen) showed that the physical training helps to maintain the aerobic capacity according to the age. The findings obtained with Matsudo’s 40 seconds test showed a relatively low percentile loss of the anaerobic power in relation to the standard expected. The BMI was practically maintained in the desirable level. According to the results of the research, it can be concluded that the aerobic physical training (running and swimming) and the anaerobic physical training (strength training and soccer) practiced 3 to 4 times a week during 7 years, helps to maintain the fitness level (maximum VO2 and anaerobic power) in 26-35-year-old men (starting age). Besides, it was also concluded that the body mass index was under the standard limit.

Field of study: Education
AN ANALYSIS OF CORRELATIONS BETWEEN DISRUPTION CATEGORIES IN A HIGHLY CUSTOMIZED MANUFACTURING SYSTEM

The article presents an analysis of correlations among the various categories of disruptions reported in a selected enterprise whose manufacturing system is considered to be highly customized. To conduct the analysis, the authors employed software that measures correlations between disruptions and the statistical significance of results. They commenced with justifying the need for managing organizational risks and for conducting the research in question. Next, they discussed the notions of risk and risk management with a particular focus on companies that produce to the order of individual customers. This point was followed by a presentation of research outcomes, which defined the level of correlation among the identified disruption categories. All this enabled the authors to arrive at conclusions on probable relationships among the reported issues and propose ways to address them.

Field of study: Engineering
Energy-efficient PCF operation of IEEE 802.11a WLANs via transmit power control

Transmit power control (TPC) has been recognized as one of the effective ways to save energy in wireless devices. In this paper, we demonstrate the energy-efficient point coordination function (PCF) operation of IEEE 802.11a wireless local-area networks (WLANs) via TPC and physical layer (PHY) rate adaptation. The basic idea is that the best transmit power level as well as the proper PHY rate are adaptively selected by a wireless station to transmit an uplink data frame, according to the up-to-date path loss condition between itself and the point coordinator, thus delivering data with minimum energy consumption. Evaluation results show that significant energy savings can be achieved by combining TPC with adaptive PHY rate selection. Note that a key requirement for a wireless station to realize the proposed energy-efficient PCF operation is the knowledge of the path loss, and we present a simple, novel, and effective path loss estimation scheme for this purpose. The results and conclusions presented in this paper should serve as a valuable guidance or reference for the design of future 5 GHz 802.11 WLAN systems.

Field of study: Computer science
Superconducting properties and magneto-optical imaging of Ba0.6K0.4Fe2As2 PIT wires with Ag addition

We have fabricated (Ba,K)Fe2As2 superconducting wires through an ex?situ powder-in-tube method. Silver was used as a chemical addition to improve the performance of these superconducting wires. The transport critical current densities (Jc) have reached 1.3???104?A?cm?2 and 1.0???104?A?cm?2 at 4.2?K under self-field in the wires with and without Ag addition. We used a magneto-optical (MO) imaging technique to investigate the properties of grain boundaries in the (Ba,K)Fe2As2 superconducting wire with Ag addition. MO images show the weak links in the Fe-based superconducting wires for the first time. An intragranular Jc of 6.0???104?A?cm?2 at 20?K is obtained from the MO image, which is consistent with the estimation from M?H measurement.

Field of study: Physics
Non-asymptotic end-to-end performance bounds for networks with long range dependent fBm cross traffic

Fractional Brownian motion (fBm) emerged as a useful model for self-similar and long-range dependent aggregate Internet traffic. Asymptotic, respectively, approximate performance measures are known for single queueing systems with fBm through traffic. In this paper end-to-end performance bounds for a through flow in a network of tandem queues under open-loop fBm cross traffic are derived. To this end, a rigorous sample path envelope for fBm is proven that complements previous approximate results. The sample path envelope and the concept of leftover service curves are employed to model the remaining service after scheduling fBm cross traffic at a queuing system. Using composition results for tandem systems from the stochastic network calculus end-to-end statistical performance bounds for individual flows in networks under fBm cross traffic are derived. The discovery is that these bounds grow in On(logn)^1^/^(^2^-^2^H^) for n systems in series where H is the Hurst parameter of the cross traffic. Explicit results on the impact of the variability and the burstiness of through and cross traffic on network performance are shown. Our analysis has direct implications on fundamental questions in network planning and service management.

Field of study: Computer science
The Cognizance to the Civil Damage in Insider Trading ——Studying from the View of Investor

The cognizance to the damage has significant meanings on the discussion of the civil liabilities to Insider Trading. Studying from the view of investor, the author believes that Insider Trading activities will only cause damages in terms of civil law to insider dealer's counterparts, though at the meantime, be likely to have effects on the interest of other investors, which neither have direct consequences nor are suitable for relief in terms of civil compensation in case of any minor relations in existence. The cause of damage lies in the insider dealer's illegal usage of insider information and dealing based on the subjective income rates varied from ordinary investors, which form the unequal treatment to different counterparties.

Field of study: Economics
Abscisic-acid-deficient mutants at the aba gene locus of Arabidopsis thaliana are impaired in the epoxidation of zeaxanthin

The xanthophyll content of wild type and abscisic acid (ABA) - deficient mutants of pea and Arabidopsis thaliana was determined. The wilty mutant of pea was indistinguishable from the non-mutant control. In contrast, plants homozygous for mutant alleles at the aba locus of Arabidopsis were very different from wild type. In these mutants, zeaxanthin accumulated to abnormally high levels. The major carotenoids, violaxanthin and 9′-cis-neoxanthin were virually absent from the mutant chromatograms. It was concluded that the aba genetic lesion impairs the epoxidation of zeaxanthin to violaxanthin and that this results in an inability to accumulate ABA. This provides clear evidence that zeaxanthin is a precursor of ABA.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effect of combining a DC bias current with an AC transport current on AC losses in a high temperature superconductor

Creating complex flux configurations by superposing a DC current or magnetic field onto the AC current in a type II superconducting tape should lead to a variety of peculiar behaviors. An example is the appearance of the Clem valley, a minimum in the AC losses as a function of the DC bias amplitude, which has been theoretically studied by LeBlanc et al., in the continuation of Clem's calculations. These situations have been investigated by applying a DC current to a silver-gold sheathed Bi-2223 tape at 77 K (critical current 29 A), in addition to the usual AC transport current. The AC losses were measured by the null calorimetric method to ensure that the total losses were being accounted for. These were recorded for different values of the AC and DC currents, leading to the observation of two different behaviors depending on the AC current. Our revelation of the Clem valley is, to our knowledge, the first experimental validation of this phenomenon in high temperature superconductors, and may provide a simple way of reducing the AC loss in industrial applications of these materials.

Field of study: Physics