nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Modulation by lipopolysaccharide of inflammatory cytokine production by two T cell lines.

In this study, the modulation of inflammatory cytokine production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in two T cell lines, RL-male-1 and L5178Y-ML was examined. Both cell lines produced interleukin 1 (IL-1) activity in response to LPS, which was largely independent of the presence of serum. The IL-1 activity induced was neutralized by an anti-IL-1beta antibody, but not by an anti-IL-1alpha antibody. Induction of IL-1alpha and beta was also confirmed by polymerase chain reaction of reverse-transcribed mRNA (RT-PCR), although in RL-male-1 cells, IL-1alpha mRNA was constitutively expressed and somewhat enhanced by LPS. RT-PCR analysis revealed that these cell lines also upregulated tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-1 receptor antagonist mRNAs in response to LPS, although RL-male-1 cells expressed TNF-alpha mRNA constitutively. Flow cytometric analysis showed that, although these cells expressed Thy-1 antigen, they hardly expressed CD14 and gammadelta T cell receptor. In conclusion, LPS modulated inflammatory cytokine production in these T cell lines.

Field of study: Medicine
Water and Fertilizer Integrated Control System Based on Fuzzy Control

In order to realize the precise application of water and fertilizer, based on fuzzy PID adaptive control method, designed a set of integrated water and fertilizer control system. According to the set water and fertilizer concentration, the water and fertilizer concentration ratio is adjusted in real time through fuzzy PID. After the experiment, the water and fertilizer integrated control system based on fuzzy control can control the application of water and fertilizer through the time switch. Thereby saving time and effort, improving water and fertilizer utilization, and saving water and fertilizer.

Field of study: Engineering
Biopores and root features as new tools for improving paleoecological understanding of terrestrial sediment-paleosol sequences

The important role of roots and rhizosphere processes is accepted for the top soil, but still under debate for the deep subsoil including soil parent material. Especially for terrestrial sediments like loess and dune sands, roots and root traces are mostly recognized in profile descriptions, but not interpreted in the paleoenvironmental context. Further, synchrony of sediment deposition and root trace formation is commonly assumed. This is challenged by partially large maximum rooting depths of plants, exceeding the soil depth, and by frequent occurrence of secondary carbonates and biopores of potential root origin below recent soil and paleosols. To improve understanding of paleoenvironmental records in terrestrial sediment-paleosol sequences, recent roots and root traces, including calcified roots and root-derived biopores, were investigated in six soil, loess and dune sand profiles across Central and SE Europe. Visualization of small carbonate accumulations (diameter ≤1 mm), frequently called ‘pseudomycelia’, by X-ray microtomographic scanning, and morphologic comparison with rhizoliths (calcified roots; diameter mostly 3–20 mm, up to 100 mm possible) indicate root origin of the former, therefore requiring renaming to microrhizoliths. Quantification of roots, biopores, rhizoliths and microrhizoliths on horizontal levels yielded maximum frequencies of 2100 m − 2 , 4100 m − 2 , 196 m − 2 and 12,800 m − 2 , respectively. Considering the pore volume remaining from former root growth this indicates their significant contribution to structural properties of the sediments and paleosols. Depth distribution of roots and root traces was frequently related to soil and paleosols, respectively, and mostly showed maximum frequencies within or immediately below these units. Root traces are therefore not necessarily of similar age like the surrounding sediment, but are typically of younger age. The time lag between root traces and the surrounding stratigraphic unit can vary between small time periods (likely decades to centuries) in case of microrhizoliths and several millenia in case of larger rhizoliths penetrating several stratigraphic units. With assumed radii of former rhizosphere extension of 5 mm for microrhizoliths, a frequency of 12,500 m − 2 corresponded to 100% rhizosphere area in the respective depth interval. These findings emphasize the meaning of root traces in sediment–paleosol sequences. Potential temporal and spatial inhomogeneity of root growth on the one hand, especially for shrub and tree vegetation, and occurrence of root remains of different age and origin in identical depth intervals on the other hand, hamper the assessment of the chronologic context of these with the surrounding sediment or paleosol. Nevertheless, root traces in terrestrial archives provide valuable information with respect to paleovegetation and paleoenvironmental conditions, if their chronological context is known.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Spin resonance in AFe2Se2 with s-wave paring symmetry

We study spin resonance in the superconducting state of recently discovered alkali-intercalated iron selenide materials A_xFe_(2-y)Se_2 (A=K,Rb,Cs) in which Fermi surface has only electron pockets. We demonstrate that the hybridization-induced sign-changing unconventional s{+-}-wave symmetry, where the SC gap changes its sign between the hybridized pockets, support spin resonance, and the dynamical structure factor is consistent with the results of inelastic neutron scattering.

Field of study: Physics
San Jacinto Fault Zone in the Peninsular Ranges of Southern California

The San Jacinto fault zone is one of the major branches of the San Andreas fault system in Southern California. The straightness, continuity, and high seismicity of this zone, as well as its present right-lateral strain rate, suggest that currently it may be the most active member of the system in this region.

Both intrusive rocks of the mid-Cretaceous Southern California batholith and prebatholithic metasedimentary and possibly metavolcanic rocks are exposed nearly continuously along a 50-mile segment of the fault zone between San Jacinto and Borrego valleys in the northeastern Peninsular Ranges. The prebatholithic terrane on both sides of the fault zone in this interval consists of locally migmatized banded gneiss and lesser amounts of amphibolite, quartzite, marble, schist, and metaconglomerate. These rocks, together with gabbroic, tonalitic, granodioritic, and adamellitic plutons, constitute distinctive sequences of generally steep-walled bodies which are offset right-laterally by the various breaks in the fault zone. A marker section of relatively marble-rich metamorphic rocks within and parallel to a regionally unique, moderately dipping, postbatholithic zone of cataclastic deformation is also offset near Borrego and Clark valleys.

Extrapolation of critical offset contacts indicates that the cumulative right-lateral movement across the San Jacinto fault zone is about 15 miles. The southwestern side of the fault zone has been relatively raised through a probable 1- to 2-mile vertical component of net displacement, although the San Jacinto and Santa Rosa mountains northeast of the zone are now topographically higher.

North of Anza, distinctive Pleistocene gravels are offset at least 3.2 miles, and stream courses have been displaced 0.45 mile in a right-lateral sense.

The magnitude of displacement and its distribution among the various breaks within the zone indicate that: (1) the San Jacinto fault may connect with the Imperial fault in central Imperial Valley; (2) the positions of the Banning and Sierra Madre faults along the southern margins of the San Bernardino and San Gabriel mountains may reflect the total movement of the San Jacinto fault; (3) if the displacement on the San Andreas fault zone is as large as 160 miles, the San Jacinto fault has not always been as important a member of the larger system as its current activity suggests; and (4) when compared to the minimum probable Quaternary faulting rate, the displacement suggests the San Jacinto fault zone might be as young as Pliocene.

Field of study: Geology
Projections of Three Types of Factor Pattern

In transforming any given correlation matrix, i R, into a primary factor solution, two steps are] commonly taken. The first is to transform the n by n correlation matrix, of rank m, into an arbitrary orthogonal factor matrix of size n by m, such as the centro id matrix, F. The second is to rotate this factor matrix into the desired primary factor pattern. This second step ob viously depends upon a concept of the desired primary factor pattern. An indefinite number of rotations might be made, and consequently one has no notion of when to cease this opera tion unless an exact step-by-step specification of the number and character of the rotations to be made is set up beforehand, or a criterion for recognizing the primary solution is avail able. An attempt is made in this paper to give a geometric formulation of the primary factor solution that provides such a criterion for certain types of desired factor pattern. One approach to the translation of this into an analytic criterion will then be suggested.

Field of study: Education
Transsexual Attractions and Sexual Reassignment Surgery: Risks and Potential Risks

Transsexual issues and sexual reassignment surgery (SRS) are receiving a great deal of attention and support in the media, schools, and government. Given the early age at which youth seek treatment for transsexual attractions (TSA) and gender dysphoria and given the serious risks associated with such treatment, it is essential that family and youth be advised about these risks and alternative treatment options. Physicians and mental-health professionals have a professional responsibility to know and communicate the serious risks, in particular risk of suicide, that are associated with SRS; the spontaneous resolution of TSA in youth; the psychological conflicts that have been identified in such patients and in their parents; the successful treatment of conflicts associated TSA and the regrets of those who have been through SRS. SRS and gender theory are also viewed from the faith perspective of Pope Francis and Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI. Lay summary Transsexuals and sex-change operations are receiving a great deal of attention. Young people may seek treatment for transsexual attractions at an early age even though these attractions may go away on their own. Psychological conflicts have been identified in these patients and their parents and may be successfully treated. There are serious risks associated with sex change. They include the risk of depressive illness and suicide. Physicians and mental-health professionals should know these risks and the regrets of those who have been through sex-change operations. These patients and their families also should be informed of other treatment options.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Toxicity and Repellency of Hot Pepper Extracts to Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch

Increasing concern about persistence and environmental impact of synthetic pesticide residues require development of biodegradable and environmentally safe alternatives. The potential of using fruit extracts of hot pepper as alternatives to synthetic acaricides for controlling the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is explored in this study. Twenty-four Capsicum accessions (Solanaceae) were screened for their toxicity and repellency to the spider mites. Crude extracts from fruits of C. chinense, C. frutescens, C. baccatum, C. annuum, and C. pubescens were prepared in methanol and tested for their acaricidal properties. Spider mite mortality was greatest (45%) when fruit extract of accession Grif-9169 (C. annuum) was used. Results from diving board bioassays indicated that mites avoided filter paper strips treated with hot pepper extracts from accessions PI-596057 (C. baccatum), PI-195299 (C. annuum), and Grif- 9270 (C. annuum). This investigation suggests that methanolic extracts of these three accessions may have a great potential for repelling spider mites and should be field-tested on a large-scale to assess their value in managing populations of spider mites, which could reduce reliance on synthetic acaricides. An attempt was made to correlate repellency with chemical constituents of fruit extracts of the most repellent accessions to identify chemical sources of repellency. Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin, the pungent components of pepper fruit, were not correlated with toxicity or repellency, indicating that these are not likely related to the toxicity or repellency of the pepper fruit extracts. Other, unidentified chemicals are likely responsible for toxicity and repellency to the two-spotted spider mite

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Current Pest Problems in Fruit Crops and Future Needs

For many pests and diseases of fruit crops, chemical control strategies are available. As these are not compatible with sustainable farming, non-chemical management methods need to be developed. There is a need for development of more eco-friendly management methods in order to minimise residue problems, since fruits are directly consumed without cooking. The development of forecasting models and computer simulation of the same need to be taken up. Efficient prediction models should be developed. Identification of sources of resistance to pests and diseases has to be given importance. Wherever sources of resistance are already available, due emphasis should be given in breeding programmes to incorporate resistance in commercial cultivars of fruit crops. Studies on epidemiology including host range of the important pathogens and virus-vector relationship which would help in devising effective management strategies needs to be taken up. Studies on vector management should receive more emphasis in future. Crop loss assessment trials should be taken up and data on per cent loss in fruit yield, monetary loss per tree or hectare basis and per cent infestation or pest population should be generated. Studies on bioecology of major pests of fruit crops should be conducted in detail on host range, life tables, natural enemies, etc. Planned experiments should be conducted to test the effect of cultural methods on pest population and damage and the relationship of cropping systems with pest infestation especially on high density orcharding in either monoculture as in mango (Amrapali) or in polyculture as in mango + guava, mango + lemon, mango + papaya. The effect of plantation crops as intercrops in fruit crops, especially mango, on pest infestation needs to be studied. The impact of modem cultural practices on the population dynamics of key pests and their natural enemies, should also be studied. Work on biological control of especially fruit crop diseases needs to be intensified since not much work has been done on this aspect. Fungal bioagents such as Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum, Ampelomyces quisqualis and bacterial bioagent Pseudomonas fluoresces should be evaluated. Proper sampling plan for estimating relative pest densities, appropriate transformation, proper analysis approach and interpretation of results should be developed. Studies on interaction between key pests and their natural enemies should be taken up. Damage threshold level/action threshold level for key pests of fruit crops should be worked out. Key mortality factors, vulnerable pest stages and critical crop growth stages should be identified. Quick pest detection techniques within the orchard should be developed. Allelochemicals (Allomones, Kairomones and Pheromones) should be exploited as components of IPM along with bioagents. Management of pest resistance to pesticides should be taken up. Studies should be initiated on enhancement of microbial degradation of commonly used soil pesticides. IPM strategies should be developed for key pests which are ecologically sound and socially rational.

Field of study: Biology
Applications of refrigerant R1234yf in heating, air conditioning and refrigeration systems: A decade of researches

HFC refrigerants as R134a, R404A, R407C and R410A are commonly used in heating, air conditioning and refrigeration (HACR) systems since Kyoto protocol. However, they are phased-out due to their high global warming potential (GWP). There are various options to replace high GWP refrigerants, among all hydrofluorolefin (HFO) fluids, such as R1234yf, represents an excellent alternative. With GWP

Field of study: Engineering
Effectivity of pharmaca therapy compared to surgery In open-angle glaucoma

Two problems arising in determining an appropriate glaucoma therapy are when to treat and how to treat. Open-angle glaucoma is treated when damage to the optic nerve has been demonstrated in the form of progressive pathologic cupping and or characteristic visual field defects, or when pressure is elevated to an extent that is likely to cause damage to the optic nerve. On the other hand, the interrelationship between medical and surgical therapy (argon laser trabeculoplasty & drainage surgery) is complex. Initial treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma has commonly been medical, with surgery undertaken only if medical treatment fails or is not well tolerated. However, this assumption is currently under study; in some cases initial surgery may prove to be more beneficial. Hence, review article was made to prove how beneficial medical or surgical treatment is.  Primary open-angle glaucoma - medical therapy - argon laser trabeculoplasty - drainage surgery

Field of study: Medicine
TVET and Nurturing Skills for Sustainable Regional Development: Perspectives from West Africa

With the increasing awareness among global governments on the need to invest in knowledge and skills as foundation for developing an employable and globally competitive workforce, Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) is considered as pivotal to achieving both national and regional development goals. The renewed acknowledgment of the critical role TVET plays in providing platform for the development of skills for the world of work has brought it back to the front burner after decades of its neglect for other arms of education by many governments in West Africa as well as Sub-Sahara Africa. Despite the increased awareness, provision of appropriate learning materials is hampered by lack of funds as many countries in the region have not been able to finance TVET at a level that can support quality training. The region faces the enormous challenge of providing stable and sustained socio-economic development that will provide room for lifting the region’s young population out of poverty induced by unemployment and protect the region from poverty-triggered insecurity. The West Africa region faces human capital development challenges; youth unemployment, under-employment and working in vulnerable conditions thrive in the region in the face of abundant natural resources, and an unabated struggle with the absence of enabling environments for employment opportunities to thrive. This paper examines the status of TVET delivery in West Africa, the nexus between TVET and skills development, identifies regional priorities and strategies for development of TVET linked to the regional development using eclectic data gathering approach, literature reviews and document analysis. Recommendations are made for more inclusive approach to TVET delivery, increased funding, concerted regional framework for effective skills development, strategic engagement of the private sector in TVET delivery and provision of targeted programs for cultivating relevant skills needed for access to decent work, life-long learning and preparation for responsible citizenship among the growing youth population.  TVET, Skill, Regional Development, West Africa

Field of study: Education
AUSGEWÄHLTE PSYCHOLOGISCHE-ETISCHE UND SEXUALPROBLEME IN DER KINDER- UND JUGENDGYNÄKOLOGIE

Die Kinder- und Jugendgynakologie befasst sich mit angeborenen und entwicklungsbedingten gynakologischen Storungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Eine der wichtigsten-spezifischen Fragen der Gynakologie des Entwicklungsalters sind die psychologische-etische Probleme, sehr oft Probleme, die mit einer vorzeitigen sexuellen Initiation zusammenhangen. Zwischen mehreren gynekologischen somatischen Problemen der jugend Patientinen sind auch psychologische-etische  Probleme und Probleme, die mit einer vorzeitigen sexuellen Initiation zusammenhangen.  Prasentation der Bedeutung der psychologischen-etischen und sexuologischen Probleme in der Gynakologie der Pubertat.  Analyse der Literatur der Problematik der Pubertatsgynakologie in Bezug auf Sexuologie und Psychologie. Schlussfolgerung: Die kurze Uberprufung der gewahlten sexuologischen Themen in Bezug auf die Kinder- und Jugendgynakologie weist auf die Bedeutung der sexuologischen Ausbildung, der Gesundheitspromotion, inklusiv sexuelles Wohlstandes hin.

Field of study: Medicine
The ‘responsiveness gap’ in RFMOs: The critical role of decision-making policies in the fisheries management response to climate change

The impacts of climate change, owing to their potentially vast reach and scale, embody a critical challenge for fisheries management organizations. We conduct a systematic literature review to present an overview of how the peer-reviewed academic literature recommends fisheries management frameworks should respond to the climate change-driven uncertainty, vulnerability and risk facing resource bases. Our review identifies 21 different potential management responses. Adaptive management was the most commonly identified strategy, with institutional capacity development and input/output controls also frequently cited. We contrast our findings with illustrative cases characterizing management practice and outcomes in RFMOs, and argue that the ability of RFMOs to implement the climate change mitigation strategies identified in our review is a function of an organization's decision-making rules. We argue that consensus-based decision-making policies limit adaptiveness, and that a ‘responsiveness gap’ exists between consensus and majority-based decision-making frameworks. This gap will become more evident, and increase in importance, as the impacts of climate change shift from potential to kinetic. Considering that decision-making rules in RFMOs are unlikely to change, we argue that increased analytical effort concentrated on institutional contexts and member state interest complexes may promote adaptive management, expediting the pace at which scientific recommendations and findings inform policy and practise in RFMOs.

Field of study: Environmental science