nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of positive solutions to singular sublinear three-point boundary value problems

This paper investigates the existence of positive solutions for second-order singular sublinear three point boundary value problems. A necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of C [0, 1] as well as C 1 [0, 1] positive solutions is given by constructing lower and upper solutions and with the maximal theorem. Also, the uniqueness, iterative methods, convergence rate and computational methods of the C 1 [0, 1] positive solutions are studied. Our nonlinear term may be singular at t  = 0 and/or t  = 1.

Field of study: Mathematics
Cyclophanes as synthetic receptors

Strategies for improving guest recognition are discussed. The bis crown ethers (14), with well defined separation between the two macroc clic eceptors, form complexes with bis-alkyl ammonium cations H,$(CH,) %H3 and show a high selectivity for guest chain length. The big zinc porphyrin (18) is a selective host for 4 , 4 ' dipyridyl and forms complexes rather less readily with the diamines H,N(CH,) NH, without showing a high selectivity for chain length. The beha%our of synthetic ditopic receptors of the cyclophane type evidently depends upon the separation and rigidity of the bridges linking the two receptor systems and also upon the rigidity of difunctional guest molecules and the separation and orientation of the two functional groups.

Field of study: Chemistry
Optimizing Multithreading Speculative Execution Using Continuous Two-phase Online Profiling

Traditionally offline profiling approach provides necessary information for the optimizations used in speculative multithreading. However, the offline profiling can't address the applications without appropriate training input. This paper proposes an online profile guided optimization approach to address this problem, which performs profiling and optimizing at runtime and doesn't need an individual profiling pass as well as good training inputs. Furthermore, our approach is also suitable for the applications with the phase-changed behavior. The evaluation shows that this approach is competent to serve as an individual guide to speculatively parallelize the applications when traditional off-line profiling is unavailable.

Field of study: Computer science
Selective grazing of methanotrophs by protozoa in a rice field soil.

Biological methane oxidation is a key process in the methane cycle of wetland ecosystems. The methanotrophic biomass may be grazed by protozoa, thus linking the methane cycle to the soil microbial food web. In the present study, the edibility of different methanotrophs for soil protozoa was compared. The number of methanotroph-feeding protozoa in a rice field soil was estimated by determining the most-probable number (MPN) using methanotrophs as food bacteria; naked amoebae and flagellates were the dominant protozoa. Among ten methanotrophic strains examined as a food source, seven yielded a number of protozoa comparable with the yield with Escherichia coli [10(4) MPN (g soil dry weight)(-1)], and three out of four Methylocystis spp. yielded significantly fewer numbers [10(2)-10(3) MPN (g soil dry weight)(-1)]. The lower edibility of the Methylocystis spp. was not explained either by their growth phase or by harmful effects on protozoa. Incubation of the soil under methane resulted in a higher number of protozoa actively grazing on methanotrophs, especially on the less-edible group. Protozoa isolated from the soil demonstrated a grazing preference on the different methanotrophs consistent with the results of MPN counts. The results indicate that selective grazing by protozoa may be a biological factor affecting the methanotrophic community in a wetland soil.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Psychiatric Pharmacy Residency Training*

The role of the psychiatric pharmacist in the care of the mentally ill has continually evolved since the late 1960s and early 1970s. Pharmacists in the field of psychiatric pharmacy work to improve the health, safety, and welfare of those impacted by one or more psychiatric conditions. Specialty residency training programs are accredited to establish minimum training standards and a board-certification process ensures that individuals provide a high level of quality of care. It is the position of the College of Psychiatric and Neurologic Pharmacists (CPNP) that Psychiatric Pharmacy residency programs obtain American Society of Health-System Pharmacy (ASHP) accreditation and help the profession move forward as a recognized specialty.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
SIMULATION OF MIXED-MODE FRACTURE OF CONCRETE USING EXTENDED FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

The eXtended Finite Element Method (XFEM) is employed to simulate the fracture process of a concrete beam under mixed-mode loading. The cohesive crack model is used to describe the mechanical behavior between the crack surfaces. Tangential retention stiffness is introduced to consider the effects of the shear component. The cracking direction is determined by a simplified maximum tangential stress criterion. The experiments by Arrea and Ingraffea are simulated. The relationship between load and crack mouth sliding displacement (CMSD) predicted numerically agrees well with the experiment results. The results demonstrate that XFEM is an efficient method to simulate the mixed-mode fracture process of quasi-brittle materials because the expression of displacement discontinuities on both sides of cracks is independent of element meshes.

Field of study: Engineering
Thermogenesis of three species of Arum from Crete.

Inflorescences of arum lilies have a three-part spadix with a scent-producing, sterile appendix above two bands of fertile male and female florets. The appendix and male florets are thermogenic, but with different temporal patterns. Heat-production was measured in Arum concinnatum, A. creticum and A. idaeum. The male florets of A. concinnatum showed a 3 d continuous episode of thermogenesis with three waves, and the appendix warmed in a single, 6 h episode. Maximum fresh-mass-specific CO(2) production rate was 0.17 micromol s(-1) g(-1) to achieve a 10.9 degrees C temperature elevation by the appendix, and 0.92 micromol s(-1) g(-1) to achieve a 4.8 degrees C elevation by male florets. Reversible, physiological temperature regulation was not evident in either tissue. Respiration increased with tissue temperatures with Q(10) values of 1.8-3.9, rather than less than 1.0 as occurs in thermoregulatory flowers. Experimental step changes in temperature of appendix and male floret tissues also failed to show thermoregulatory responses. The patterns of thermogenesis therefore appear to be fixed by the temporal sequence of blooming. Thermogenesis in the alpine species, A. creticum and A. idaeum, was significantly lower than in the lowland A. concinnatum, possibly related to difficulty in raising floral temperature in their cold and windy habitat.

Field of study: Environmental science
Determinants of Academic Status in Higher Education

The main objective of this paper is to figure out the main factors that determine academic status in a higher education institution. Based on the data collected from 218 students using structured questionnaire the researcher uses graphical, tabular and maximum likelihood estimations techniques address the stated objective. Both the graphical illustrations and the maximum likelihood results of ordered logit and ordered probit estimates indicate that gender, age, previous academic background (i.e., students grade twelve university entrance result as a proxy), department choice have a significant effect on the academic status of student at a higher institution. The findings show that female students have a higher probability of being academically poor than male given all other factors the same. Forcing students to join a department without their choice has adverse negative effect on students’ academic status. The other variables which directly affect students academic status is students’ previous academic background. Based on the findings the researcher recommends that Student’s academic background and their first department choice should be seriously emphasized by the ministry of education when students are assigned for each university and faculty at national level.  Academic Performance, Ordered Logit, Ordered Probit, Brant Test

Field of study: Education
Beyond the traditional confines: Physical organic chemistry in the 21st century

Marye Anne Fox is the M. June and J. Virgil Waggoner Regents Chair in Chemistry and Vice President for Research at the University of Texas. She was born in Canton, Ohio in 1947 and received a bachelor’s degree from Notre Dame College and a Ph. D. from Dartmouth College, both in chemistry. She is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and of the American Philosophical Society and a fellow of American Academy of Arts and Sciences and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. She is the recipient of several national and international awards in chemistry and in science policy. She currently serves on the editorial boards of seven journals and has published over 300 papers and three books in the general area of physical organic chemistry, focussing on photochemistry, electrochemistry, and the characterization of reactive intermediates.

Field of study: Chemistry
Adaptive Cluster Row and Column Elimination Sampling +(1) Design

Simple Latin Square Sampling −k (SLSS–k) design was introduced by Borkowski (2003) for a situation that a positive spatial correlation is present in a square population. In this article, we introduce a new sampling design called Row and Column Elimination Sampling (RCES) design which is an extension of the SLSS–k to any rectangle population. There is no unbiased variance estimation for the SLSS–k design and no other variance estimation is available. Not having a variance estimator is a serious weak point of a sampling design from practical prospective. With taking an extra sample unit, we provide variance estimator for the RCES + 1 design. We then introduce adaptive cluster RCES + 1 design. We evaluate estimators of the sampling designs using real life populations and an artificial population. Estimators of adaptive and non adaptive versions of RCES + 1 have smaller variances than their simple random sample counterparts.

Field of study: Mathematics
Resolution of a Conjecture in Nonlocal Strain-gradient Plasticity

Strain-gradient theories of plasticity have been successful in modeling the behavior of complex materials. However, the traditional formulation of these theories lacks a material length scale, and is thus incapable of capturing experimentally observed size effects that play an important role in the behavior of nano structures. As a result, a modified theory was proposed which incorporates an intrinsic dissipative length scale. The theory predicts that the solutions to the flow rule are global minimizers of the functional for energy dissipation. We prove that there are no global minimizers of the functional, thus resolving a previously unsolved conjecture. Our result shows that the variational formulation of the theory is unviable. The non-existence of a global minimizer appears to be related to the formation of infinitely fine plastic boundary layers.

Field of study: Physics
The evolution of biodiversity among the Southwest European Neogene rodent (Mammalia, Rodentia) communities: pattern and process of diversification and extinction

The history of Southwest European Neogene rodent communities is analyzed in light of species diversity, immigration and extinction rates. The distribution in time of the 285 extinct species indicates that species-diversity changes occurred in parallel with the oxygen isotope marine curves and suggests a relationship between oceanic mean temperature and terrestrial mammals species diversity. Extinction rates also seem to coincide with environmental changes observed in the oceans. Three high extinction-rate periods can be recognized, at 15 Ma and between 3.3 and 2.4 Ma. Nested polycohort survival curves indicate an overall constant extinction rate interrupted by sudden bursts of higher extinction rates, which correspond to the periods of high extinction rates previously identified. Polycohort analysis indicates an increasing extinction rate through time, which corresponds also to a decreasing mean value of species duration, tentatively attributed to an increasing frequency of climatic changes. The survival curve for all species during the entire time interval is linear, demonstrating a constant extinction rate. Increased extinction rates during some short time intervals therefore do not effect the overall constant extinction rate and do not modify the prediction of the “Red Queen” hypothesis. This constancy of the extinction rate is used to recalibrate the biochronologic time scale. The results cannot be rejected on the basis of the available data, and represent a robust test for the hypothesis of constant extinction rate in mammalian communities. Bursts of increasing boodiversity correlated mainly with paleogeographic changes. The “proboscidean datum” at 18 Ma corresponds to a major faunal dispersion from the Middle East and Central Asia toward Western Europe, initiated by the closure of the Tethys sea. A second faunal dispersion from a Northest African centre across the Western Mediterrenean occurred between 7 and 6.5 Ma The third main event of increased diversity is contemporaneous with the Early Pliocene marine transgression. During Middle and Late Pliocene, the rodent faunas show a high turn-over rate, which is clearly related to the onset and strengthening of the glacial-interglacial cycles of the Northern Hemisphere. More detailed analysis and evaluation of the time-lag effects would need an increased precision in the calibration of the biochronological scales that are currently used.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Thermodynamic approach to the size dependence of the melting temperatures of films

The size dependence of melting temperature Tm of metallic films (tin and copper) on different substrates, including amorphous carbon and another refractory metal (i.e., the dependence of Tm on film thickness h) is investigated. It is found that the effect of the interfacial boundary can result in the growth of Tm for thin metallic films on carbon substrates with a reduction in film thickness h. For a system with a metallic film on a metallic substrate, the size dependence of Tm is less pronounced and Tm falls with a reduction in h.

Field of study: Physics
Optimal operating parameters in the composting of swine manure with wastepaper.

A series of experiments were conducted to determine the optimal conditions for composting of swine manure and wastepaper. The aeration rate and mixing ratio were the variables investigated. In the first study (Study-1), four experiments each with the same mixing ratio but a different aeration rate were carried out. In the second study (Study-2), different mixing ratios were investigated, each however with the same aeration rate which was found to be optimal from Study-1. Composting efficiencies were evaluated on the temperature profile and the reduction of C/N ratio. From the aeration rates of 200, 500, 1000, and 1500 mL/min.kg_vs that were evaluated, the aeration rate of 500 mL/min.kg_vs and higher showed good results. In Study-2, where the initial C/N ratios were 20, 25, 30, and 35 respectively, the C/N ratio of 30 was found to be optimal. In conclusion, the composting of swine manure with the amendment of wastepaper was best carried out at the aeration of > 500 mL/min.kg_vs and C/N ratio of 30.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Securing color information of an image by concealing the color palette

This paper deals with a method to protect the color information of images by providing free access to the corresponding gray level images. Only with a secret key and the gray level images, it is then possible to view the images in color. The approach is based on a color reordering algorithm after a quantization step. Based on a layer scanning algorithm, the color reordering generates gray level images and makes it possible to embed the color palette into the gray level images using a data hiding algorithm. This work was carried out in the framework of a project aimed at providing limited access to the private digital painting database of the Louvre Museum in Paris, France.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Subjective random discounting and intertemporal choice

This paper provides an axiomatic foundation for a particular type of preference shock model called the random discounting representation where a decision maker believes that her discount factors change randomly over time. For this purpose, we formulate an infinite horizon extension of [E. Dekel, B. Lipman, A. Rustichini, Representing preferences with a unique subjective state space, Econometrica 69 (2001) 891-934], and identify the behavior that reduces all subjective uncertainties to those about future discount factors. We also show uniqueness of subjective belief about discount factors. Moreover, a behavioral comparison about preference for flexibility characterizes the condition that one's subjective belief second-order stochastically dominates the other. Finally, the resulting model is applied to a consumption-savings problem.

Field of study: Economics
Exploration on the Experiment Teaching Innovation Mode of Data Structure Course Design

Structure course design can make students consolidate the data structure of the theory,method and application,stimulates the students to study the interest and research.Through the Data Structure course design integrated innovation experimental research on cultivating students' innovative ability and competition consciousness and team spirit.Proposes how to improve Data Structure course design,teaching effect from the course of design projects,organization and implementation of the project,the project acceptance and puts forward some feasible examination,methods and suggestions.Focusing on Data Structure course design of the actual teaching practice and research are discussed.

Field of study: Computer science
Internal strain and dislocations in Ga1−xAs crystals grown by liquid phase epitaxy/electroepitaxy

Strain relaxed, low dislocation density InxGa1−xAs crystals, 0 < x <0.2, have been successfully grown by liquid phase electroepitaxy on the GaAs substrate, despite the crystal/substrate lattice mismatch. Residual strain in these novel substrates is below 10−4, at least an order of magnitude lower than in the molecular beam epitaxially (MBE) or metalorganic chemical vapor deposition-grown ternary buffer layers of similar composition. Threading dislocation density induced by both the crystal/substrate lattice mismatch and unavoidable composition variations has been reduced from the low 106 cm−2 range, while growing directly on GaAs, to the mid 104 cm-2 by employing both the MBE grown ternary buffer layer and selective lateral overgrowth of an SiO2 mask which, prior to the crystal growth, was deposited on the buffer layer and patterned by photolithography with 10 μm wide, oxide free seeding windows. The full width at half maximum of the rocking curves measured for InxGa1−xAs crystals grown by liquid phase epitaxy/electroepitaxy on patterned, closely lattice matched buffer layers was in the 20–23 arc s range. Further reduction of the dislocation density and a more uniform dislocation distribution is expected by modifying the initial growth conditions, improving substrate preparation, and optimizing the seeding window geometry.

Field of study: Materials science
miR-194 Suppresses Proliferation and Migration and Promotes Apoptosis of Osteosarcoma Cells by Targeting CDH2

Studies have shown that miR-194 functions as a tumour suppressor and is associated with tumour growth and metastasis. This study intends to uncover the mechanism of tumour suppression by miR-194. The expression of miR-194 in osteosarcoma cell lines and tissues were monitored by real-time PCR.  The proliferation ability was examined by MTT assay. Migration and apoptosis of cells were monitored by migration assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The regulation of miR-194 on CDH2 was determined by luciferase assays and western blot assays.  The results showed that miR-194 was significantly reduced in osteosarcoma compared with that in normal bone tissue. Overexpression of miR-194 significantly attenuated the proliferation and migration and induced the apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that miR-194 has inhibited the malignant behaviour of osteosarcoma by downregulating CDH2 expression.  These findings suggested that miR-194 may act as a tumour suppressor in osteosarcoma. miR-194/CDH2 may be a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of osteosarcoma.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
COMPARISONS OF UNIFORM AND VARIABLE RATE NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZER APPLICATIONS FOR GRAIN SORGHUM

Variable rate fertilizer application has the potential to improve fertilizer use efficiency, increase economic returns, 
and reduce environmental impacts. This study was designed to examine differences in yield and economic returns between 
uniform and variable rate fertilizer applications. During the 1997 and 1998 growing seasons, a variable rate applicator, 
capable of varying two liquid fertilizers simultaneously, was used to evaluate three fertility strategies: conventional uniform 
N, uniform N and P, and variable rate N and P. The three treatments were assigned in six blocks within three 14–ha grain 
sorghum fields (two blocks in each field) in a randomized complete block design. Thirty–six soil samples were taken in a 
staggered systematic grid from each field, and levels of soil nutrients were determined. Application rate maps for the variable 
rate N and P treatment were generated based on a fixed yield goal and site–specific soil N and P levels across the experimental 
plots, while application rates for the uniform N and P treatment were calculated from the same yield goal and average soil 
N and P levels for all three fields. Yield monitor data indicated that the variable rate treatment resulted in significantly higher 
yields than the uniform N and P treatment for both years (400 kg/ha higher in 1997 and 338 kg/ha higher in 1998). Moreover, 
coefficients of variation of yield monitor data for the variable rate treatment were smaller than those for the two uniform rate 
treatments. A simple economic analysis showed that the variable rate treatment had positive relative economic returns over 
the uniform N and P treatment ($27/ha in 1997 and $23/ha in 1998). However, if additional costs for soil sampling, equipment, 
and data analysis associated with variable rate application were considered, these returns would be much lower or even 
negative. These results showed that variable rate fertilization can increase yield, reduce yield variability, and improve 
economic returns. More experiments are needed to evaluate the long–term agronomic, economic, and environmental viability 
of variable rate technology in the Rio Grande Valley of south Texas

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences