nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Design study of the gate-all-around silicon nanosheet MOSFETs

The gate-all-around (GAA) silicon nanosheet (SiNS) metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) structures have been recognized as excellent candidates to achieve improved power performance and area scaling compared to the current FinFET technologies. Specifically, SiNS structures provide high drive currents due to wide effective channel width (W eff ) while maintaining short-channel control. In this paper, we fabricate a GAA SiNS MOSFET fully surrounded by a gate with a gate length (L G ) of 22 nm, a SiNS width (W NS) of 23 nm, and SiNS thickness (T NS) of 6 nm. In addition, the fabricated GAA SiNS MOSFETs were evaluated for electrostatic characteristics and short-channel effects (SCEs) according to various channel length and width dimensions. We confirmed that the GAA SiNS MOSFET showed similar short-channel controllability regardless of W NS due to the extremely thin T NS. In addition, we analyzed SCEs of GAA SiNS MOSFETs with different T NS through simulation.

Field of study: Materials science
Analysis of Genes Related to Angiotensin II-Induced Arterial Injury Using a Time Series Microarray

Angiotensin II (Ang II)-mediated hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Ang II induces changes in vessel structure and function through the activation of genes related to signaling pathways. However, the changes in the gene expression profiles of blood vessels in response to Ang II remain unclear.  Wild-type C57BL/6 mice were infused with Ang II (1500 ng/kg/min) using an osmotic pump for 1, 3, and 7 days. Vascular wall inflammation and remodeling were evaluated by pathological examination. Time-series microarray and quantitative PCR analyses were performed. Bioinformatics analyses were conducted to identify key genes, pathways, and biological processes.  After Ang II infusion, blood pressure and aortic remodeling were increased over time. Microarray analysis identified a totally of 3631 differentially expressed genes in aortas at days 1, 3, and 7 of Ang II infusion. These genes were involved in multiple biological processes, including cell adhesion, angiogenesis, cell migration, protein phosphorylation, immune system, and cell cycle, which may play important roles in regulating Ang II-induced arterial injury during hypertension. The genes were classified into 50 profiles by hierarchical cluster analysis, and finally, 14 significant profiles were identified. Among these genes, protein kinase cAMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha (Prkaca), a gene that directly regulated 137 neighboring genes, was located at the center of the gene network in Ang II-infused aortas. Further, Prkaca protein expression and cAMP level were downregulated in a time-dependent manner in Ang II-infused aortas.  The combined use of DNA microarrays and cluster and gene network analyses identified Prkaca as a key Ang II-responsive gene that may mediate early vascular injury and hypertension.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
The influence of epitope availability on atomic-force microscope studies of antigen-antibody interactions.

The ability of the atomic-force microscope (AFM) to detect interaction forces between individual biological molecules has recently been demonstrated. In this study, force measurements have been obtained between AFM probes functionalized with the beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin (betahCG) and surfaces functionalized with anti-betahCG antibody. A comparison of the obtained results with previous anti-ferritin antibody-binding data identifies differences when the antigen molecule expresses only a single epitope (betahCG), rather than multiple epitopes (ferritin), for the monoclonal antibodies employed. Specifically, the probability of observing probe-sample adhesion is found to be higher when the antigen expresses multiple epitopes. However, the periodic force observed in the adhesive-force distribution, due to the rupture of single antigen-antibody interactions, is found to be larger and more clearly observed for the mono-epitopic system. Hence, these findings indicate the potential of the AFM to distinguish between multivalent and monovalent antibody-antigen interactions, and demonstrate the influence of the number of expressed epitopes upon such binding studies.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
First experiment by two-dimensional digital mammography with synchrotron radiation

Two-dimensional digital mammography with synchrotron radiation was developed to obtain high-contrast images. The system consisted of a single-crystal monochromator with an asymmetrically reflecting silicon 〈311〉 crystal, an avalanche multiplication-type pick-up tube camera with a fluorescent plate and lens-coupling system, and a workstation. The preliminary experiment was carried out with a synchrotron light source at the Photon Factory, KEK, in Tsukuba. Breast phantom and human breast specimen were imaged using 20 keV monochromatic synchrotron X-rays. These images were compared with images obtained by a conventional mammography system. The minimal detectable diameter of microcalcification on the breast phantom was 165 µm by the two-dimensional synchrotron radiation imaging system and 196 µm by the conventional mammography system. In the breast specimens, microcalcification and soft-tissue masses were clearly imaged and their contrasts improved by about 18% and 38%, respectively, in the two-dimensional synchrotron radiation system. The entrance surface dose of the two-dimensional synchrotron radiation system was about 400 mR, which was almost the same value as the 420 mR delivered by the conventional mammography system. Two-dimensional synchrotron radiation digital mammography is considered to be a powerful imaging modality for diagnosing breast tumors.

Field of study: Physics
Investigation of AC loss and current distribution in co-axially assembled cable conductor of multiple HTS tapes

Numerical studies on characteristics of the inter-layer current distribution and the AC losses in co-axial multi-layer cable conductors with superconducting magnetic shields were performed by using the model developed by our previous study. The inter-layer current distribution and AC loss dependencies on the twist pitches, the diameter and the numbers of the superconducting layers of the cables were investigated. The analytical results showed that the magnetic field produced by the shielding currents strongly affected the current distribution and the AC losses of the cable. Based on the model, the optimized cable structures to achieve the uniform current distribution and to reduce the AC losses were studied. Examples of the optimized structures obtained by our model were presented and compared with those obtained by the conventional electric circuit model.

Field of study: Physics
A new method for CT dose estimation by determining patient water equivalent diameter from localizer radiographs: Geometric transformation and calibration methods using readily available phantoms

Water equivalent diameter (Dw) reflects patient's attenuation and is a sound descriptor of patient size, and is used to determine size‐specific dose estimator from a CT examination. Calculating Dw from CT localizer radiographs makes it possible to utilize Dw before actual scans and minimizes truncation errors due to limited reconstructed fields of view. One obstacle preventing the user community from implementing this useful tool is the necessity to calibrate localizer pixel values so as to represent water equivalent attenuation. We report a practical method to ease this calibration process.  Dw is calculated from water equivalent area (Aw) which is deduced from the average localizer pixel value (LPV) of the line(s) in the localizer radiograph that correspond(s) to the axial image. The calibration process is conducted to establish the relationship between Aw and LPV. Localizer and axial images were acquired from phantoms of different total attenuation. We developed a program that automates the geometrical association between axial images and localizer lines and manages the measurements of Dw and average pixel values. We tested the calibration method on three CT scanners: a GE CT750HD, a Siemens Definition AS, and a Toshiba Acquilion Prime80, for both posterior–anterior (PA) and lateral (LAT) localizer directions (for all CTs) and with different localizer filters (for the Toshiba CT).  The computer program was able to correctly perform the geometrical association between corresponding axial images and localizer lines. Linear relationships between Aw and LPV were observed (with R2 all greater than 0.998) on all tested conditions, regardless of the direction and image filters used on the localizer radiographs. When comparing LAT and PA directions with the same image filter and for the same scanner, the slope values were close (maximum difference of 0.02 mm), and the intercept values showed larger deviations (maximum difference of 2.8 mm). Water equivalent diameter estimation on phantoms and patients demonstrated high accuracy of the calibration: percentage difference between Dw from axial images and localizers was below 2%. With five clinical chest examinations and five abdominal‐pelvic examinations of varying patient sizes, the maximum percentage difference was approximately 5%.  Our study showed that Aw and LPV are highly correlated, providing enough evidence to allow for the Dw determination once the experimental calibration process is established.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Die Atomanordnung in den tetragonalen Kristallen von K2J2O8, Kaliummetaperjodat

ZusammenfassungDie Kristallstruktur von K2J3O8 ist bestimmt worden. Das Gitter zeigt tetragonal-bipyramidale Symmetrie und gehört der Raumgruppe C4h6 von Niggli 1) an. Die Diagonale der Grundfläche der eigentlichen Elementarzelle ist als Kantenlänge der quadratischen Grundfläche der Basis gewählt worden, wodurch sich die Anzahl zusammengehöriger Punkte verdoppelt. Die Basis enthält dann 8 K- und 8 J-Atome, die je ein diamantenähnliches Gitter bilden, und 32 O-Atome, die die allgemeinste zusammengehörige Punktsammlung der Raumgruppe bilden.

Field of study: Physics
Multimodal Intraoperative Spinal Cord Monitoring during Spinal Deformity Surgery: Efficacy, Diagnostic Characteristics, and Algorithm Development

This study aims to present the diagnostic characteristics of multimodal intraoperative monitoring (IOM) in spinal deformity surgery and to define and categorise the neuromonitoring events, as well as propose an algorithm of action.  We reviewed 1,155 consecutive patients (807 female, 348 male) who underwent deformity correction using standardised perioperative care, cortical/cervical somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs), and upper/lower limb transcranial electrical motor evoked potential (MEPs) by a single surgeon. The mean age at surgery was 13.8 years (range 10–23.3). We categorised IOM events as true, transient true, and false positive or negative. Diagnostic performance criteria were calculated.  The most common diagnosis was adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in 717 (62%) patients. We identified 3 true positive monitoring events occurring in 2 patients (0.17%), 8 transient true positive (0.69%), and 8 transient false positive events (0.69%). There were no false negative events and no patient had postoperative neurological complications. The multimodal IOM technique had a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 99.3%, positive predictive value of 55.6%, and negative predictive value of 100%. Sensitivity was 100% for MEPs and multimodal monitoring compared to 20% for cortical or cervical SSEPs. The frequency of true or transient true positive events was higher (p = 0.07) in Scheuermann’s kyphosis (3/91 patients, 3.3%) compared to adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (6/717 patients, 0.84%).  Multimodal IOM is highly sensitive and specific for spinal cord injury. This technique is reliable for the assessment of the condition of the spinal cord during major deformity surgery. We propose an algorithm of intraoperative action to allow close cooperation between the surgical, anaesthetic, and neurophysiology teams and to prevent neurological deficits.

Field of study: Medicine
Another 20th century epidemic.

Sir,

I greatly enjoyed Dr David Grimes’ review ‘An epidemic of coronary heart disease’.1 An epidemic of a completely different disease, duodenal ulcer, occurred during almost exactly the same time, which seems rather unlikely to have been a coincidence. David Grimes describes the fact that coronary heart disease was rare before the first world war, then became increasingly common in the 1920s and then, after peaking in the late 1960s, has declined in incidence steadily ever since. Duodenal ulcer disease shows a very similar time scale.

Duodenal ulcers were rare before the early 1900s. Although this was partly due to the lack of radiological diagnosis, dramatic events such as perforation or fatal haemorrhage were obvious to doctors, and such events provide the most reliable data for estimating ulcer incidence around a 100 years ago. The work of surgeons such as Moynihan2 made it possible to recognize the typical symptoms. William Osler, then working in Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, wrote in the third edition of his textbook of medicine, published …

Field of study: Medicine
Dynamic Latent Trait Models for Multidimensional Longitudinal Data

This article presents a new approach for analysis of multidimensional longitudinal data, motivated by studies using an item response battery to measure traits of an individual repeatedly over time. A general modeling framework is proposed that allows mixtures of count, categorical, and continuous response variables. Each response is related to age-specific latent traits through a generalized linear model that accommodates item-specific measurement errors. A transition model allows the latent traits at a given age to depend on observed predictors and on previous latent traits for that individual. Following a Bayesian approach to inference, a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm is proposed for posterior computation. The methods are applied to data from a neurotoxicity study of the pesticide methoxychlor, and evidence of a dose-dependent increase in motor activity is presented.

Field of study: Mathematics
BISA slaan 'n ses in die Suid-Kaap : promosie-artikel

Die onvleiende aspek van plaaslewe is die irritasie van vliee en die higieniese risiko's wat daarmee gepaardgaan. Danksy Bio-Insectaries SA (BISA) se natuurlike benadering tot insekbeheer, is die probleem vir James Vermaak (54) van Tsitsikamma iets van die verlede.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Testing the higher-taxon approach: a case study of aquatic marcophytes in China’s northwest arid zone and its implications for conservation

Assessments of biodiversity are time-consuming and require a high level of expert knowledge. A reduced set of taxonomic ranks other than species has been proved to be useful for rapid and cost-effective assessment of biodiversity. However, few studies have examined how well this method performs for aquatic plant group that of enormous ecological importance. We studied the aquatic plant flora in the arid zone of China and examined whether the distribution of species α- and β-diversity could be predicted well from genus-, and family-levels. Analyses of 3 years field data showed that significant and positive relations exist between α-diversity of species and α-diversity of genera and family in both entire arid zone and five sub-zones. In contrast, β-diversity at species level is difficult to predict from β-diversity indexes at higher taxonomic level. The results indicate that higher-taxon α-diversity, especially at the generic level in our research, can be useful surrogates of species α-diversity for aquatic plants conservation.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Low-Complexity Delayless Selective Subband Adaptive Filtering Algorithm

Adaptive filters of significant order, requiring high computational complexity, are necessary in many applications such as acoustic echo cancellation and wideband active noise control. Successful approaches to lessen the computational complexity of such filters are subband methods, and partial updating schemes where only a part of the filter is updated at each instant. To avoid the time delay introduced by the subband-splitting, delayless structures which reconstructs a fullband filter, producing delayless output, from the adaptive subband filters have been proposed. This paper proposes a delayless subband adaptive filter partial updating scheme, where the general idea is to only update the most misadjusted subband filter(s). Analysis in terms of mean square deviation is presented and shows that the fullband filter convergence speed is significantly increased, even for flat spectrum signals, as compared to traditional periodic subband filter update with the same computational complexity. Echo cancellation simulations with an artificial system to verify the analysis, using both flat spectrum signals and speech, is also presented, as well as offline calculations using signals from a real system.

Field of study: Engineering
EFEITOS DA APTIDÃO CARDIORRESPIRATÓRIA E DE UM EXERCÍCIO FÍSICO EXAUSTIVO NA CONCENTRAÇÃO PLASMÁTICA PÓS-PRANDIAL DE TRIGLICÉRIDES E COLESTEROL TOTAL - DOI: 10.4025/reveducfis.v19i4.1997

The aim of this study was to verify the effects of the cardiorespiratory fitness and of a exhaustive physical exercise session on plasmatic post-prandial triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (CT) concentration. Fifteen females and twelve males (age 23 ± 2.3), both non athletes were grouped by cardiorespiratory fitness level, determined through a progressive and exhaustive field test. The TG and CT concentrations were evaluated two hours after the lunch meal, in two different conditions, a) without exercise; and b) with an exhaustive exercise previously to the lunch, performed with one week interval. Anova two-way for repeated measures did not reveal differences in TG and CT concentrations despite the physical exercise. The cardiorespiratory level associated to an exhaustive single session of short-term exercise did not promoted alterations on the post-prandial lipaemia.

Field of study: Education
Seeking behavior, place conditioning, and resistance to conditioned suppression of feeding in rats intermittently exposed to palatable food.

Binge eating disorder is characterized by excessive consumption of highly palatable food within short periods of time accompanied by loss of control over eating. Extensive evidence provides support for the consideration of binge eating disorder as an addiction-like disorder. In this study, we wanted to determine whether rats undergoing an operant binge-like eating procedure could develop maladaptive forms of conditioned feeding behaviors. For this purpose, we trained male rats to self-administer either a sugary, highly palatable diet ("Palatable" rats) or a chow diet ("Chow" rats) for 1 hour a day. After escalation and stabilization of palatable food intake, we tested Chow and Palatable rats in (a) a conditioned place preference test, (b) a second-order schedule of reinforcement, (c) a cue-induced suppression of feeding test. In the conditioned place preference task, Palatable rats spent significantly more time in the compartment that was previously paired with the palatable food, compared to Chow controls. Furthermore, in the second-order schedule of reinforcement task, Palatable rats exhibited active lever responding 4- to 6-fold higher than Chow control rats. Finally, in the cue-induced suppression of feeding test, although Chow control subjects reduced responding by 32% in the presence of the conditioned punishment, Palatable rats persevered in responding despite the aversive cue. These results further characterize this animal model of binge-like eating and provide additional evidence for the addictive properties of highly palatable food.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Stratégies to improve the production of secondary metabolites with plant cell cultures : a literature review

The production of secondary metabolites using plant cells has been the subject of much research in recent years. The expectations were high since the market introduction of the first commercial product made with this technique, shikonin made with cell cultures of Lithospermum erythrorhizon in Japan. In spite of the huge amount of effort that has been put into research into this topic, not many products have reached the commercial stage since then. It is generally acknowledged that the main problem in this field is the lack of basic knowledge of the biosynthetic routes, and the mechanisms behind the production of secondary metabolites. There are, however, some techniques that have beneficial effects on the production and excretion in many cases, and they will be reviewed in this paper. The subjects treated will be the immobilization of plant cells, the use of two-phase systems to enhance the excretion of secondary metabolites, the use of selected reactors for the growth of the cells and the production of secondary metabolites, models that describe the phenomena during growth and production, and the commercial processes that exist at this moment, including some economic considerations. More techniques exist to enhance growth, production and excretion, but they do not fit into the scope of this review. Examples are elicitation, cell line selection or genetic manipulation of the plant cells. Although the discussed strategies have proven to work in a number of cases, there is still no general approach that guarantees a long-term, high producing

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Prolonged Exposure to Alcohol Vapor Causes Change in Cardiovascular Function in Female but not in Male Rats.

Alcohol abuse is a health concern worldwide. Studies have associated alcohol abuse with cardiovascular impairments. In this study, we investigated differences in the effects of chronic alcohol vapor exposure on cardiovascular function between male and female rats by using the alcohol vapor chamber method to induce alcohol addiction-like behaviors in rats.



We exposed male and female Long-Evans rats to alcohol vapor for 14 hours, followed by ethanol withdrawal for 10 hours, for 30 consecutive days or room air (control groups). The animals underwent preparation for the surgical implantation of cannulas into femoral vessels, for allowing the assessment of the basal arterial pressure and heart rate values, baroreflex function, and autonomic activity.



Female control rats showed higher basal heart rate compared to male control rats. Chronic alcohol vapor inhalation reduced basal heart rate in females, but not in males; this effect was followed by an increase in the parasympathetic tone of the heart. Further, female rats subjected to alcohol vapor showed an increase in the baroreflex activity.



These findings suggest that females are more sensitive to chronic alcohol vapor exposure than males because they had a reduction in basal heart rate and changes in the baroreflex activity.

Field of study: Medicine
Luminescent acetylthiol derivative tripodal osmium(II) and iridium(III) complexes: Spectroscopy in solution and on surfaces

Luminescent Os(II) and Ir(III) complexes containing a tripodal-type structure terminalized with three thiol derivatives are described. The tripod is introduced through derivatization, with a rigid spacer, of a phenanthroline ligand coordinated to the metal ion, and the entire structure possesses axial geometry. The geometry of the complexes combined with the three anchoring sites, the thiol groups, allows the complexes to adopt an almost perpendicular arrangement to the surfaces and the formation of a well-packed monolayer on Au substrates. The photophysical and electrochemical behavior of the complexes is studied in solution and on surfaces. Furthermore, a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of Os(II) complexes on an ultraflat Au surface is used to fabricate a metal–molecule–metal junction with Au and In Ga eutectic as electrodes. The Os(II) SAM in the tunneling junction exhibits rectification behavior which is opposite in direction to that which we have previously shown for Ru(II) SAMs.

Field of study: Chemistry