nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Assessment of drivers of coastal land use change in Malaysia

Drivers of coastal land use change (CLUC) were assessed between 1990 and 2006 in Selangor, Malaysia. Land use maps for the state (Selangor, Malaysia) for 1990 and 2006 and their respective biophysical and socio – economic data were obtained from the Malaysian departments of agriculture, survey and statistics respectively. Vector maps of socio economic variables were prepared in a GIS environment. All maps (land use maps and their potential drivers) were gridded and compared at three spatial scales using logistic regression analysis. Results indicated that agricultural practises were particularly responsible for coastal land use change. Coastal lands were converted to agricultural uses as a result of increased accessibility, suitable slope and favourable climatic condition of the areas. Findings further indicated that the impact of urbanization is just becoming an important factor of coastal land use change. While efforts of the government at coastal resources restoration and conservation is commendable, a political will is still required in achieving sustainable development of the coastal areas in order to fulfil the environmental component of the ongoing Vision 2020 economic development plan.

Field of study: Environmental science
An algorithm for determining the most reliable path of a network

This paper present an algorithm for determining the most reliable path between two specified vertices of a communication network, taking into account both the reliabilities of nodes and links. The proposed algorithm is based on the basic idea of node removal technique, which is generally used for finding Boolean transmission functions between input-output terminals in the analysis of bilateral switching networks. The proposed algorithm can be applied to oriented or non-oriented, symmetric or non-symmetric networks and is capable of handling networks with hundreds of nodes and links. The proposed algorithm is a good time saver and efficient for large networks, as compared to other existing methods.

Field of study: Engineering
Anomalous Magnetic Properties of Tb/Cr/Ta Film Above Curie Temperature

Magnetic properties of Tb/Cr/Ta film, for which the Curie temperature (TC) of ferromagnetic Tb is much lower than the Néel temperature (TN) of antiferromagnetic Cr, have been investigated. An apparent TC beyond that of pure Tb film was observed. The origin of this enhancement of TC is due to a magnetic proximity effect between Tb and Cr. In the temperature range of TC < T < TN, the coercivity HC and exchange bias field HE of the film show unusual temperature dependence. As the temperature increases from TC to TN, HE still exists and its sign changes from negative to positive with a low cooling field. At T > TN, HE turns to vanish. The coercivity HC exists not only at TC < T < TN, but also above TN. These unusual results can be discussed in terms of the pinned uncompensated spins and rotatable uncompensated spins in the interface. Additionally, the magnitude of the cooling field has a strong effect on HE, which probably results from the competition between the exchange coupling energy at the Tb/Cr interface and the Zeeman energy of the Cr surface magnetization.

Field of study: Materials science
An Introduction of Globalization and Basic ldeas of China's Participation

The issue of globalization has become a worldwide focus of interest.Of its course,the supreme characteristic is "multidimension” .For most scholars,the economic aspect of globalization,i.e.the economic globalization is their main concern.However,we can never ignore its political aspect,i.e. the political globalization. What counts for China's participation in the political globalization is to handle its own affairs superbly.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Laser projection microscope with a barium vapor amplifier and luminescent screens for infrared image visualization

A design study was made of a laser projection microscope with a large luminescent screen for the visualization of infrared images. The characteristics of a barium vapor amplifier were determined. The gain per trip was found to be ~2.7×103. Tests were carried out on screens made of all known phosphor classes: temperature-sensitive, light-sensitive, and anti-Stokes. All these classes could be used in the proposed microscope and the optimal phosphor would be determined by the requirements in respect of the image parameters.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
The Lncrna-TUG1/EZH2 Axis Promotes Pancreatic Cancer Cell Proliferation, Migration and EMT Phenotype Formation Through Sponging Mir-382

Pancreatic carcinoma (PC) is the one of the most common and malignant cancers worldwide. LncRNA taurine upregulated gene 1 (TUG1) was initially identified as a transcript upregulated by taurine, and the abnormal expression of TUG1 has been reported in many cancers. However, the biological role and molecular mechanism of TUG1 in PC still needs further investigation.  Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to measure the expression of TUG1 in PC cell lines and tissues. MTT and colony formation assays were used to measure the effect of TUG1 on cell proliferation. A wound healing assay, transwell assay and western blot assay were employed to determine the effect of TUG1 on cell migration and the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype. RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP) and a biotin-avidin pulldown system were performed to confirm the interaction between miR-328 and TUG1. A gene expression array analysis using clinical samples and RT-qPCR suggested that enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) was a target of miR-382 in PC.  In this study, we reported that TUG1 was overexpressed in PC tissues and cell lines, and high expression of TUG1 predicted poor prognosis. Further experiments revealed that overexpressed TUG1 promoted cell proliferation, migration and contributed to EMT formation, whereas silenced TUG1 led to opposing results. Additionally, luciferase reporter assays, an RIP assay and an RNA-pulldown assay demonstrated that TUG1 could competitively sponge miR-382 and thereby regulate EZH2.  Collectively, these findings revealed that TUG1 functions as an oncogenic lncRNA that promotes tumor progression, at least partially, by functioning as an endogenous ‘sponge’ and competing for miR-382 binding to the miRNA target EZH2.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Research and evaluation in health communication.

The purpose of this review is to briefly summarize the nature and extent of research and evaluation in health communication, focusing primarily on the importance of interpersonal skills in practice settings and in the education of patients. The focus of research activities has varied from the socio-behavioral aspects of health and illness to patient outcomes and the results of providing care to the nature of interpersonal interactions in health settings. Evaluative research is more advanced, with the greatest emphasis being on the evaluation of clinical interviewing skills and the development of assessment scales. Future trends in health communication research and evaluation are noted, and some comments and suggestions are provided to assist in these efforts.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Accommodating Religious Beliefs: Harm, Clothing or Symbols, and Refusals to Serve Others

Is there a middle path between the existing case law of the European Court of Human Rights, which rarely requires accommodation of a religious individual's beliefs, and a ‘general right to conscientious objection’, which would exempt religious individuals from all anti‐discrimination and other rules interfering with manifestations of their beliefs? The author argues that failure to accommodate is better analysed as prima facie indirect discrimination, to highlight the exclusionary effects of non‐accommodation on religious minorities, and that the presence or absence of direct or indirect harm to others (or cost, disruption or inconvenience to the accommodating party) could guide case‐by‐case assessments of whether the prima facie indirect discrimination is justified. The author then applies a harm analysis to the examples of religious clothing or symbols and religiously motivated refusals to serve others, recently considered by the European Court of Human Rights in Eweida and Others v United Kingdom.

Field of study: Law
Nitrogen Release During Litter Decomposition and in Rubber Plantations

In this study,both the rate and the content and release of nitrogen during decomposition for branches and leaves in rubber plantation were analyzed.The results showed that: 1)the weight lost from the decomposition in the year of 47.37% and 94.44% for branches and leaves,respectively,which mainly occurred during the period from June to October and from January to June;2)the nitrogen content varied yearly during the decomposition,which was increased for branches and decreased for leaves;3)there were different changes of nitrogen release rate between branches and leaves,that it mainly appeared the net nitrogen release for leaves in one year and the most rate with 41.50% in May,while,the average nitrogen enrichment rate with 12.25% for branches was more than that for leaves with 2.75%;4)the nitrogen release during litter decomposition in rubber plantation was gradually increasing with the age of the growth,in addition,the maximum emission of nitrogen appeared in May and enrichment in April.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Privacy-Preserving Computation over Genetic Data: HLA Matching and so on

Genetic data is an indispensable part of big data, promoting the advancement of life science and biomedicine. Yet, highly private genetic data also brings concerns about privacy risks in data sharing. In our work, we adopt the cryptographic primitive Secure Function Evaluation (SFE) to address this problem. A secure SFE scheme allows institutions and hospitals to compute a function while preserving the privacy of their input data, and each participant knows nothing but their own input and the final result. In our work, we present privacypreserving solutions for Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) matching and two popular biostatistics tests: Chi-squared test and odds ratio test. We also show that our protocols are compatible with multiple databases simultaneously and could feasibly handle larger-scale data up to genome-wide level. This approach may serve as a new way to jointly analyze distributed and restricted genetic data among institutions and hospitals. Meanwhile, it can potentially be extended to other genetic analysis algorithms, allowing individuals to analyze their own genomes without endangering data privacy.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Paleoclimate of the subtropical Andes during the latest Miocene, Lauca Basin, Chile

Uplift of the Andean Cordillera during the Miocene and Pliocene produced large-scale changes in regional atmospheric circulation that impacted local ecosystems. The Lauca Basin (northern Chilean Altiplano) contains variably fluvial and lacustrine sedimentary sequences spanning the interval from 8.7 to 2.3 Ma. Field samples were collected from paleo-lacustrine sediments in the basin. Sediments were dated using detrital zircon geochronology on volcanic tuffs, yielding an age range between ~5.57 and 5.44 Ma. These new age constraints provided an opportunity to evaluate changes in the Lauca Basin ecosystem across this dynamic Miocene-Pliocene transition. We employed multiple proxies (lithofacies analysis, diatoms, pollen, and oxygen stable isotopes of authigenic carbonates) to interpret ancient lacustrine and terrestrial paleoenvironments. Alternations among mudstone, carbonate, and evaporitic facies indicate lake-level variability through time. The diatom assemblage is characterized by meso- to hypersaline and alkaline-tolerant taxa typical of shallow lakes. The δ18O values ranged from −8.96 to −2.22‰ indicating fluctuations in water balance. Pollen taxa in the outcrop are typical of a transitional stage between seasonal cloud forest and open grassland. Together, these proxies indicate that the Lauca paleolake sediments were deposited under a wetter-than-modern climate with high temporal variability. Our results refine previous studies in the Lauca Basin and are consistent with other regional studies suggesting that the South American summer monsoon at the Miocene-Pliocene transition was more intense than it is at present.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Nootropics and antioxidants in the complex therapy of symptomatic posttraumatic epilepsy

: To study the possibility of application of nootropics and antioxidants in the complex antiepileptic therapy, we examined 75 patients with symptomatic focal posttraumatic epilepsy. A statistically significant reduction in the number of epileptic seizures, improvement of cognitive function and quality of life of the patients as well as a decrease in the severity of depression and epileptic changes in the EEG were identified. The potentiation of antiepileptic activity of basic drugs, normalization of brain's electrical activity and reduction in EEG epileptiform activity, in particular coherent indicators of slow-wave activity, were noted after treatment with the antioxidant mexidol. A trend towards the improvement of neuropsychological performance and quality of life was observed. There was a lack of seizure aggravation typical of many nootropic drugs. Thus, phenotropil and mexidol can be recommended for complex treatment of symptomatic posttraumatic epilepsy.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
The dynamic stabilization of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability and the corresponding dynamic equilibrium

Conditions are derived for dynamically stabilizing the Rayleigh-Taylor instability of a fluid interface and for attaining the corresponding dynamic equilibrium. These conditions could be proved in experiments using an aqueous solution of Potassium Jodide (ρh=1.6 g/cm3) as the heavy fluid and oil (viscosity SAE 140,ρι=0.9 g/cm3) as the light one. Parametric resonances were suppressed, but could be observed using oil of lower viscosity.

Field of study: Physics
Evaluation of digital optical method to determine plume opacity during nighttime.

United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) set opacity standards for visual emissions from industrial sources to protect ambient air quality. USEPA developed Method 9, which is a reference method to describe how plume opacity can be quantified by human observers during daytime conditions. However, it would be beneficial to determine plume opacity with digital still cameras (DSCs) to provide graphical records of the plume and its environment during visual emission evaluation and to be able to determine plume opacity with DSCs during nighttime conditions. Digital optical method (DOM) was developed to quantify plume opacity from photographs that were provided by a DSC during daytime. Past daytime field campaigns have demonstrated that DOM provided opacity readings that met Method 9 certification requirements. In this paper, the principles and methodology of DOM to quantify plume opacity during nighttime are described. Also, results are described from a nighttime field campaign that occurred at Springfield, IL. Opacity readings provided by DOM were compared with the opacity values obtained with the reference in-stack transmissometer of the smoke generator. The average opacity errors were 2.3-3.5% for contrast model of DOM for all levels of plume opacity. The average opacity errors were 2.0-7.6% for the transmission model of DOM for plumes with opacity 0-50%. These results are encouraging and indicate that DOM has the potential to quantify plume opacity during nighttime.

Field of study: Environmental science
Design and application of SAE J1939 communication protocol in electric vehicle

Recently, cooperative control actions of electric vehicle become much more complex than before, it is important and significant to manage and allocate energy by a network in electric vehicle. According to the electric vehicle control requirements, this paper have designed a network architecture based on the vehicle CAN network communication protocol SAE1939, including high-speed network, slow-speed network and charging network, three different CAN network subnet; it have also designed the database of CAN network application layer, message format and time scheduling period, semaphores, etc. a new method for estimating the worst case delay and designed a simulation platform is been proposed to test the situation of CAN bus network under various conditions of the vehicle, and applied the database in the real electric vehicle, the result could meet the requirements.

Field of study: Computer science
Principles and Practice of Nonpharmacological Interventions to Reduce Cardiometabolic Risk

The components of the metabolic syndrome, including prediabetes, prehypertension and dyslipidemia, represent prodromal stages of major cardiometabolic disorders. Lifestyle interventions have been shown to ameliorate or prevent the progression of individual components of the metabolic syndrome. The specific interventions utilized in randomized controlled studies often include dietary modification and physical activity. The effects of smoking cessation and the reduction of psychosocial stress on cardiometabolic risk factors need to be studied more. Because of the close concordance between the metabolic syndrome and multiple cardiometabolic diseases, the adoption of an effective lifestyle change upon initial recognition of the metabolic syndrome can be expected to delay or prevent the future development of sequelae such as diabetes, hypertension, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Such a nonpharmacological approach to primary prevention and disease interruption carries enormous public health significance. Meeting the challenge of an implementation of effective lifestyle change at the community level requires (a) a system for the identification of at-risk populations, (b) an optimization of the knowledge base and practices of health care providers, and (c) a piloting of targeted biobehavioral intervention programs. Once identified, persons and communities at risk for cardiometabolic disorders can be empowered through increased health and nutritional literacy, the promotion of lifestyle interventions, provision of community resources, and pertinent legislative action that rewards preventive behavior. This paper reviews landmark studies that demonstrate the principles of nonpharmacological approaches to the reduction of cardiometabolic risk. We also discuss the physiological and emerging molecular genetic mechanisms that underlie the efficacy of lifestyle interventions.

Field of study: Medicine
Photodisintegration average cross sections of dysprosium p-nuclei near ($\gamma$γ,n) reaction threshold

First measured cross section data on ($\gamma$γ,n) reaction of dysprosium proton-rich nuclei 156Dy and 158Dy was experimentally determined via activation methods using a bremsstrahlung photons beam delivered by an electron medical accelerator. An integrated cross section of $ 144\pm 44$144±44 mb is calculated for the 156Dy ($\gamma$γ,n) reaction at the energy interval 9.4-14MeV while for the 158Dy ($\gamma$γ,n) reaction at the energy interval 9.1-14 MeV is estimated as $168\pm 42$168±42 mb. Moreover, theoretical calculations have been performed for all Dy isotopes employing the TALYS code. The effect of the nuclear-physics input parameters ($\gamma$γ-ray strength function, nuclear level densities) on the cross section calculations has been studied to successfully reproduce the experimental data. The effective cross section estimated using the TALYS code ranges between 115 and 206 mb for 156Dy ($ \gamma$γ,n) and between 124 and 206mb for 158Dy ($\gamma$γ,n) reaction depending on the $\gamma$γ-ray strength function used.

Field of study: Physics
Lifetime hospitalization profiles for symptomatic, HIV-infected persons.

We explored the relationship between the incidence of hospitalization and disease progression in a group of 140 symptomatic, HIV infected patients by linking hospitalizations to the time of diagnosis, the time of death, or both. The relationship could best be described by positively skewed U-patterns or (weak) J-patterns with a high use of resources immediately following diagnosis and preceding death. The lifetime hospitalization profiles differed according to the type of insurance, age, the initial diagnosis in the CDC-IV stage and the length of survival. The results not only confirm general hypotheses posed by other research groups, but also demonstrate the existence of variations among subgroups of patients. The results can be used to improve economic assessments of the impact of AIDS in The Netherlands and the European Union. The method used has the advantage of being based on a bottom-up approach to resource utilization, involving the use pf prospective data for the patients' full lifespans, and can easily be applied to other areas of health services research.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
THEORY AND CALCULATING MODEL OF BLOCK ELEMENT METHOD

In this paper, a discrete model of numerical analysis block element method (BKEM) ispresented. The basic unknown quantities in this method are the rigid displacements of the blockelements. Based on the equilibrium conditions of the loads acting on the blocks and the stressesin the joints betWeen the blocks, deformation compatibility conditions and constitutive law of thejoint material, the governing equations can be derived with variational principle. Owing to thedifferent displacements of two adjacent elements, the element is a type of discontinuousdisplacement element. The convergency for BKEM has been proved with generalized variationalprinciple. By presenting different constitutive law of joint material, elasticity, plasticity andviscosity of structure can be considered. This method can be used to solve discontinuous mediumproblems, especially to find deformation, stress and stability of rock mass which containsnumerous joints and fissures. Research and numerical examples show the method has theadvantages of high efficiency and high accuracy.

Field of study: Engineering
An Agonist's Reply

I am grateful to Hans Lindahl, the conference organizers – Sanne Taekema, Roland Pierik, and Wout Cornelissen – and the conference participants and the discussants for engaging the work of my essay candidly and seriously. By way of reply, I want briefly to say something about my approach, which informs the questions posed in my essay on law and politics, and then pro­ ceed with my response to the responses published here.

Field of study: Philosophy
Conflicts in Societal Research A Study of one RANN Project Suggests that Benefiting Society May Cost Universities

Research on social problems has thrust universities into a social, political, and economic environment of competing interests. This paper describes one project, the Heavy Metals Task Force at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, to illustrate the conflicts of doing research on social problems in a university setting. It was found that the basic contention over what research is to be pursued was affected by the funding organization, the university itself and external social policy-making groups. It was concluded that doing research on social problems affects the conduct of science as it relates to control and self-determination over research.

Field of study: Education