nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Magnetic field dependent tunneling in glasses

We report on experiments giving evidence for quantum effects of electromagnetic flux in barium alumosilicate glass. In contrast to expectation, below 100 mK the dielectric response becomes sensitive to magnetic fields. The experimental findings include both lifting of the dielectric saturation by weak magnetic fields and oscillations of the dielectric response in the low temperature resonant regime. As the origin of these effects we suggest that the magnetic induction field violates the time reversal invariance leading to a flux periodicity in the energy levels of tunneling systems. At low temperatures, this effect is strongly enhanced by the interaction between tunneling systems and thus becomes measurable.

Field of study: Physics
Scoring Objective Structured Clinical Examinations Using Video Monitors or Video Recordings

To compare scoring methods for objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs) using real-time observations via video monitors and observation of videotapes.  Second- (P2) and third-year (P3) doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) students completed 3-station OSCEs. Sixty encounters, 30 from each PharmD class, were selected at random, and scored by faculty investigators observing video monitors in real-time. One month later, the encounters were scored by investigators using videotapes.  Intra-rater reliability between real-time and videotaped observation was excellent (ICC 3,1 of 0.951 for P2 students and 0.868 for P3 students). However, 13.3% of students' performance in both P2 and P3 cohorts changed in pass/fail determination from passing based on real-time observation to failing based on video observation, and 3.3% of students changed from failing real-time to passing on video.  Despite excellent overall reliability, important differences in OSCE pass/fail determinations were found between real-time and video observations. These observation methods for scoring OSCEs are not interchangeable.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Organ Transplantation: The Ethics of Consequences

Organ allograft transplantation, as a life-saving procedure for those in endstage irreversible organ failure, has benefited and progressed because of the innovations in clinical and pharmacological research. Advancing the early studies in transplantation Dr. Joseph Murray and colleagues were among the first to use pharmacological agents in transplant patients. I Initially, the agents used to enhance graft acceptance were either cytotoxic and suppressed all dividing cells in the body or cytostatic, such as the steroids, which attenuated the immune cells. These drugs, however, were non-specific, had unpredictable efficacy, and usually grave side effects. As knowledge and understanding of the immune system unfolded, so did new concepts for designing better methods of preventing organ allograft rejection. Early on, attention centered on the theory of graft "foreignness", but in the era of molecular biology, it has expanded to include the intricacies of the intracellular environment and the events, which comprise the recognition, activation and cellular proliferation of the immune response. This science has unmasked new strategies for the identification of targets for immunopharmacological intervention, so that each phase in the intracellular signaling system is available for modification or inhibition to alleviate the aggressive response that destroys the transplanted organ. Now more specific agents, which are directed to a distinct component of the immune response, are used to inhibit the initiation phase. In 1984, the discovery and use Cyclosporin-A (CsA), a powerful new immunosuppressive drug that lowers significantly the chances of rejecting

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Crack image detection based on fractional differential and fractal dimension

In civil engineering, crack detection using image processing has gained much attention among researchers and transportation agencies. As the crack image often presents a fuzzy boundary and random shape, it is difficult to achieve satisfactory detection performance. This study proposes a crack detection method based on the fractional differential and fractal dimension. This method achieves image enhancement and crack extraction in two stages. First, an image enhancement algorithm based on the fractional differential is applied to solve the fuzzy crack boundary. This algorithm can enhance the crack boundary information significantly while simultaneously maintaining texture details. Second, an improved extraction algorithm based on the fractal dimension is studied. This algorithm can effectively accomplish crack extraction according to shape features. Last, upon comparisons with classic and state-of-the-art methods, the experiment shows that the proposed method can achieve satisfactory results for crack image detection.

Field of study: Computer science
Existence and nonexistence of steady-state solutions for a selection-migration model in population genetics

We discuss a selection-migration model in population genetics, involving two alleles A1 and A2 such that A1 is at an advantage over A2 in certain subregions and at a disadvantage in others. It is shown that if A1 is at an overall disadvantage to A2 and the rate of gene flow is sufficiently large than A1 must die out; on the other hand, if the two alleles are in some sense equally advantaged overall, then A1 and A2 can coexist no matter how great the rate of gene flow.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Stirring N-body systems 2: Avoiding Convergence

We study the evolution of the phase-space of collisionless N-body systems under repeated stirrings or perturbations, which has been shown to lead to a convergence towards a limited solution group, in accordance with Hansen et al. (2010), that is independent of the initial system and environmental conditions. We address, and dismiss, concerns that such convergent behaviour was due to collapse through radial orbit instability. We further examine the eects of radial velocity kicks in rigid potential and isotropic velocity kicks. There are no energy exchanges in these two recipes of kicks. We nd that these kicks do not lead to the attractor.

Field of study: Physics
Influence of Ni on Structure and Performance of Welding Joints of ASTM A572GR.65 Steels

The research developed the technology which impoved the mechanical performance and structure of welding joints of the ASTM A572GR.65 steels by adding Ni into them.At the same time,the reasons were made through mechanical performance tests and metallographic observations.Conclusions are made as follows: after the Ni is added into the welding joints of ASTM A572GR.65 steels,crystal structures in the seams is refined,the proportion of volume content between the acicular ferrite and the pro-eutectoid ferrite rises.For these reasons,the impact toughness is largely strengthened while the tensile strength and HV hardness improve.The research also lies the foundations for exploring welding consumables matching the ASTM A572GR.65 steels.

Field of study: Materials science
Mineral nutrient supply, cell wall adjustment and the control of leaf growth

The possibility that changes in the plasticity of expanding cell walls are involved in regulating early leaf growth responses to nutrient deficiencies in monocot plants was investigated. Intact maize seedlings (Zea mays L.) which were hydroponically grown with their roots in low-nutrient solution (1 mol m−3 CaCl2) showed early inhibition of first-leaf growth, as compared with seedlings on complete nutrient solution. This early inhibition of leaf growth was not associated with reduced cell production. However, segmental elongation along the cell expansion zone at the base of the leaf and the lengths of mature epidermal cells were reduced by the low-nutrient treatment. Solute (osmotic) potentials in the expanding leaf tissues were unchanged. In contrast, low-nutrient treatments significantly altered leaf plasticity, i.e. the irreversible extension caused by applying a small force in the direction of leaf growth. For example, in vivo plasticity decreased, along with leaf growth, after transfer of seedlings from complete nutrient solution to low-nutrient solution for 15 h. Conversely, in vivo plasticity increased, along with leaf growth, after transfer of plants previously grown on low-nutrient solution to complete nutrient solution for 15 h. The nutrient treatments also induced similar changes in the in vitro plasticity of the expanding leaf cell walls. There were no consistent changes in elasticity. Thus, reductions in the plasticity of expanding leaf cell walls appear to be involved in controlling the early inhibition of maize leaf growth by root imposition of nutrient stress.

Field of study: Environmental science
[Poststroke cognitive, emotional impairment and sleep quality: efficience of treatment with melaxen].

To study melatonin secretion and its correlations with poststroke cognitive, emotional impairment and sleep quality in the acute period of stroke and to assess treatment efficacy of melaxen. We studied 96 patients with acute stroke. A battery of tests and scales for assessment of neurological deficit, neuropsychological status and emotional impairment was used. The night urinary level of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin was assessed. The relationship between 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and cognitive, emotional status and sleep parameters was analyzed. The level of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin was decreased in the night urine. Patients with dysexecutive poststroke cognitive impairment had higher level of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and patients with dysmnestic and mixed cognitive impairment had lower level of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin in comparison with patients with normal cognitive functions. Melaxen improved cognitive function and sleep parameters, reduced the level of anxiety in the early recovery period of stroke. A role of chronobiological processes in the development of clinical signs of stroke in the aspect of cognitive impairment is discussed.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
A dynamic systems approach to psychotherapy: A meta-theoretical framework for explaining psychotherapy change processes.

Notwithstanding the many methodological advances made in the field of psychotherapy research, at present a metatheoretical, school-independent framework to explain psychotherapy change processes taking into account their dynamic and complex nature is still lacking. Over the last years, several authors have suggested that a dynamic systems (DS) approach might provide such a framework. In the present paper, we review the main characteristics of a DS approach to psychotherapy. After an overview of the general principles of the DS approach, we describe the extent to which psychotherapy can be considered as a self-organizing open complex system, whose developmental change processes are described in terms of a dialectic dynamics between stability and change over time. Empirical evidence in support of this conceptualization is provided and discussed. Finally, we propose a research design strategy for the empirical investigation of psychotherapy from a DS approach, together with a research case example. We conclude that a DS approach may provide a metatheoretical, school-independent framework allowing us to constructively rethink and enhance the way we conceptualize and empirically investigate psychotherapy.

Field of study: Psychology
Two-dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy with Parallel Acquisition of 1H-1H and 19F-19F Correlations

A pulse sequence was established to obtain the two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy with parallel acquisition of 1H-1H and 19F-19F correlations (1H/19F PANSY-COSY) using a 600 MHz Agilent Direct Drive II NMR instrument equipped with a triple resonance HFX probe feeding 1H and 19F receiver channels independently. The results of homo-nuclear COSY experiments on 4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-nonafluoro-1-heptanol provided simultaneously 1H-1H and 19F-19F correlation spectra, which were compared with the regular COSY spectra acquired under the same conditions. The 1H/19F PANSY-COSY data showed the same resolution and signal sensitivity as the regular 1H-1H COSY and 19F-19F COSY while saving 40% of the experiment time. To improve the resolution for 1H/19F PANSY-COSY signals along the indirectly detection dimension, a narrow spectral window was set up in favor of the 1H chemical shifts range. The resulted 19F-19F COSY signals were folded along the indirectly detection dimension, and the spectra quality was improved.

Field of study: Chemistry
Separation and analysis of forward scattered power in laboratory measurements of light beam transmittance through a turbid medium.

In laboratory measurements of the transmittance of a light beam through a diffusing medium (water plus latex spheres), a distinction between the attenuated beam power and the received forward scattered power was made possible by the use of a transmissometer whose receiver has a variable field of view. The dependence of the received scattered power on the FOV angle and on the medium optical depth was analyzed. The deduced separated contributions of first- and second-order scattering, as well as the total received scattered power, were compared to the results of calculations.

Field of study: Physics
Intrusion Detection System Model Based on Hybrid Immune Mechanism

This article analyzes two main kinds of intrusion detection mechanism and their existing problems. Then an intrusion detection system model HIMIDS based on hybrid immune mechanism is brought forward after analyzing the working mechanism of the human immune system. As to this model, the higher false positives and false negatives—which are the insurmountable shortcomings of the traditional IDS, a simple and feasible solving method is provided. This model has been successfully applied in authors developed prototype and a good result has been gained.

Field of study: Computer science
Enhanced accuracy of electrochemical kinetic parameters determined by electrical conductivity relaxation

Electrical conductivity relaxation (ECR) is a widely adopted technique for determination of oxygen surface exchange coefficient (kchem) and chemical oxygen diffusivity (Dchem) of mixed ionic and electronic conductors (MIECs). However, it has been argued that the fitting process of determining two kinetic parameters from a single conductivity relaxation curve inevitably leads to high error in the determined values. In this research, we demonstrate experiment-based analytical approaches to overcome the issue and obtain highly reliable kinetic parameters using ECR for the case of (La0.6Sr0.4)0.95Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ (LSCF), a representative MIEC. As a baseline, kinetic parameters of a standard LSCF bar sample with the thickness close to the critical thickness are obtained using a conventional ECR method along with error range and sensitivity analysis at oxygen partial pressures of 0.2–3.125 × 10−3 atm. Dchem with improved accuracy is obtained by ECR under primarily bulk diffusion-controlled condition, which is achieved by either increasing the thickness or coating porous LSCF on the baseline sample. With the Dchem determined, the baseline data are further refined to obtain kchem as the sole fitting parameter and the error range is reduced more than 70% of the original value under all test conditions. With the significantly improved accuracy and sensitivity of both kchem and Dchem, this demonstrated method is proven to be a practical approach to advance the application of ECR.

Field of study: Materials science
Air pollution co-benefits of low carbon policies in road transport: a sub-national assessment for India

This letter assesses low carbon scenarios for India at the subnational level in the passenger road transport sector. We estimate the future passenger mobility demand and assess the impact of carbon mitigation policies using the Asia–Pacific Integrated Assessment/Enduse models. This letter focuses on the transitions of energy and emissions of passenger transport in India in alternate scenarios i.e. the business-as-usual scenario and a low carbon scenario that aligns to the 2 °C temperature stabilization target agreed under the global climate change negotiations. The modelling results show that passenger mobility demand will rise in all sub-national regions of India in the coming few decades. However, the volume and modal structure will vary across regions. Modelling assessment results show that aligning global low carbon policies with local policies has potential to deliver significant air quality co-benefits. This analysis provides insights into the comparative dynamics of environmental policymaking at sub-national levels.

Field of study: Environmental science
Von Willebrand factor, its cleaving protease (ADAMTS13), and inflammation in young adults: The African-PREDICT study.

The role of inflammation in the early development of vascular dysfunction remains complex. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) can cause an acute imbalance in the von Willebrand factor (vWF)-ADAMTS13 interaction, indicating a possible link between markers of haemostasis and low-grade inflammation. To better understand these inter-relationships in the early phases of disease development, we investigated whether vWF and ADAMTS13 associate with the pro-inflammatory markers, IL-6 and CRP in healthy young adults. We considered the role of blood types, sex and race on these relationships.



In healthy black and white men and women (n = 1113; 24 ± 5 years; no previous diagnosis or medication use for chronic diseases) we analysed von Willebrand factor antigen (vWFag), ADAMTS13, IL-6 and CRP, and grouped blood types as non-O (A, B and AB) and O. Covariates included socioeconomic status, age, estimated glomerular filtration rate, 24-hour systolic blood pressure, waist circumference, glucose, total cholesterol, platelet count, γ-glutamyl transferase and total energy expenditure.



In the total group, vWFag was highest in the third tertile of both IL-6 and CRP (p ≤ 0.014), while ADAMTS13 was lowest in the third compared to the first IL-6 tertile (p = 0.006). In multivariate regression, vWFag associated positively with IL-6 (Adj R2 = 0.169; β = 0.123; p = 0.001) and CRP (Adj R2 = 0.163; β=0.094; p = 0.019) in the total group, in the O blood group (all p ≤ 0.051) and white men (all p ≤ 0.035). ADAMTS13 associated negatively with IL-6 (Adj R2 = 0.053; β = -0.154; p = 0.015) and CRP (Adj R2 = 0.055; β = -0.177; p = 0.009), only in the O blood group.



Markers of haemostasis associated independently with low-grade inflammation in the O type blood group and white men. An interplay between the haemostatic and inflammatory systems may already exist in young healthy adults and is dependent on blood groups, sex and race. This extends our understanding on the role of inflammation in the early development of vascular dysfunction prior to cardiovascular compromise.

Field of study: Medicine
Characterization of the structure of Y-Ba-Cu-O coated conductors

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been applied to the microstructural investigation of YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-/spl delta// (YBCO) thick films deposited on polycrystalline Ni-based metal substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The films were found to be strongly textured with c-axis oriented grains aligned perpendicular to the substrates. Despite the large average in-plane misorientation (/spl theta//spl sim/14/spl deg/), as was estimated from selected area electron diffraction and X-ray diffraction, TEM inspection reveals colonies of submicron-sized grains with low angle (/spl theta//spl les/7/spl deg/) tilt grain boundaries. The linkage of the colony structures may provide a continuous percolation pathway for the supercurrent transport in YBCO, which may provide the mechanism for the higher than expected critical current density J/sub c/. Periodic arrays of grain boundary dislocations were observed, which may serve as effective flux pinners.

Field of study: Physics
Lymphokine‐activated killer cytotoxicity against leukaemic blast cells

While the sensitivity of cell lines and solid tumours to lymphokine‐activated killer (LAK) cell cytotoxicity is extensively reported, the ability of these generated cytotoxic ccMs to lyse leukaemic blast cells is controversial. This study reports the successful generation of LAK cells with specificity for leukaemic blast cells. Control donors, patients in remission and patients with active leukaemia were capable of lysing allogeneic leukaemic blast cells. One patient was also capable of lysing autologous leukaemie blast cells. Successful LAK generation was achieved by the use of high dose recombinant interleukin‐2 (rIL‐2) while combinations of lymphokines did not improve LAK specificity or efficacy. These findings suggest that LAK immunotherapy may be considered for the treatment of patients with acute leukaemia.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
The effects of electrolytic lesion to the shell subterritory of the nucleus accumbens on delayed non-matching-to-sample and four-arm baited eight-arm radial-maze tasks.

The effects of bilateral electrolytic lesions of the "shell" subterritory of the nucleus accumbens in the rat were examined on 2 tasks known to be sensitive to hippocampal damage. Experiment 1 tested the effects of shell lesion on delayed non-matching-to-sample (DNMS) task in a T-maze. The maze was rotated 180 degrees after the end of acquisition. Experiment 2 used a 4-arm baited, 4-arm unbaited, 8-arm radial-maze task and its reversal. Shell lesion led to impaired acquisition of DNMS in a T-maze and of 4-arm baited, 4-arm unbaited, 8-arm radial maze tasks, suggestive of mnemonic deficits. Following analysis of animals' choice pattern in both tasks, the deficit was interpreted as being largely due to an extensive use of response strategy. The results suggest that the inappropriate use of response strategy by shell animals was a result of their inability to switch from initial response strategy to a later, more appropriate, memory-dependent strategy.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Infrared extrapolations for atomic nuclei

Harmonic oscillator model-space truncations introduce systematic errors to the calculation of binding energies and other observables. We identify the relevant infrared (IR) scaling variable and give values for this nucleus-dependent quantity. We consider isotopes of oxygen computed with the coupled-cluster method from chiral nucleon–nucleon interactions at next-to-next-to-leading order and show that the IR component of the error is sufficiently understood to permit controlled extrapolations. By employing oscillator spaces with relatively large frequencies, well above the energy minimum, the ultraviolet corrections can be suppressed while IR extrapolations over tens of MeVs are accurate for ground-state energies. However, robust uncertainty quantification for extrapolated quantities that fully accounts for systematic errors is not yet developed.

Field of study: Physics
The Lauda and the Cult of Savonarola

ravelers in Florence around the year 1500 who happened on Piazza San Marco toward evening might well, if they listened carefully, have caught the muffled strains of a lauda sung by the Dominican friars beyond the walls of the convent of San Marco. And if any of the words had been audible, chances are good they would have been "Ecce quam bonum et quam jocundum habitare fratres in unum" ("Behold how good and pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity," Ps. 132:I). Only a few years before, the streets of Florence had echoed with the singing oflaude such as Ecce quam bonum as thousands of children-the Savonarolanfanciulli-

Field of study: History