nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
1D highly porous Li3V2(PO4)3/C nanofibers as superior high-rate and ultralong cycle-life cathode material for electrochemical energy storage

The development of 1D porous electrodes with high-rate capability and long cycle-life is a central issue for electrochemical energy storage. Herein, the 1D highly porous Li3V2(PO4)3/C nanofibers for lithium-ion batteries cathode have been designed and successfully fabricated via a facile electrospinning-assisted solid-state method. Benefiting from the well-defined 1D porous structure, the as-fabricated product displays excellent electrochemical performance when used as cathode for lithium-ion batteries in the potential range of 3.0 and 4.8 V. It exhibits high reversible capacity of 191 mAh g− 1 at a low rate of 0.1 C, superior rate performance (110 mAh g− 1 at 20 C) and good cycle-life stability (94.5% capacity retention over 120 cycles at 20 C). Therefore, this 1D porous Li3V2(PO4)3/C is a promising cathode material for high-performance lithium-ion batteries and the synthetic strategy presented in this work can be further used to prepare other electrodes in energy storage.

Field of study: Materials science
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Emotion Regulation Over the Life Span

Purpose of ReviewEmotional symptoms are common and persistent in youth and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and cause clinically significant impairments. We review recent neuropsychological, neurophysiological, and peripheral psychophysiological evidence for emotion and emotion regulation deficits in ADHD across youth and adults.Recent FindingsCentral and autonomous nervous system correlates argue in favor of more general self-regulation deficits and also specific emotional deficits in ADHD. These include general performance deficits in executive functions, and structural as well as functional impairments in neuronal networks associated with top-down self-regulation. Specific deficits with bottom-up emotional activation in the amygdala and emotion evaluation associated with the orbitofrontal cortex have also been described. Furthermore, vagally mediated, high-frequency heart rate variability is associated with emotional self-regulation deficits throughout the life span. The current evidence is based on multilevel studies that assess associations of emotion regulation. However, further studies that adequately consider the processual recursive character of emotion generation and regulation may give important new insights into emotional regulation of ADHD.SummaryEmotion regulation deficits in ADHD are associated with specific as well as general self-regulation deficits traceable on the level of neuropsychological, neurophysiological, and psychophysiological assessments. The temporal dynamics of the interplay of those different systems need further study in order to optimize and personalize treatment of emotion regulation difficulties, including emotional reactivity, in patients with ADHD.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Demonstration of Machine Learning-Based Model-Independent Stabilization of Source Properties in Synchrotron Light Sources.

Synchrotron light sources, arguably among the most powerful tools of modern scientific discovery, are presently undergoing a major transformation to provide orders of magnitude higher brightness and transverse coherence enabling the most demanding experiments. In these experiments, overall source stability will soon be limited by achievable levels of electron beam size stability, presently on the order of several microns, which is still 1-2 orders of magnitude larger than already demonstrated stability of source position and current. Until now source size stabilization has been achieved through corrections based on a combination of static predetermined physics models and lengthy calibration measurements, periodically repeated to counteract drift in the accelerator and instrumentation. We now demonstrate for the first time how the application of machine learning allows for a physics- and model-independent stabilization of source size relying only on previously existing instrumentation. Such feed-forward correction based on a neural network that can be continuously online retrained achieves source size stability as low as 0.2  μm (0.4%) rms, which results in overall source stability approaching the subpercent noise floor of the most sensitive experiments.

Field of study: Physics
Schedule-induced drinking as functions of interpellet interval and draught size in the Java macaque.

Three Java monkeys received food pellets that were assigned by both ascending and descending series of fixed-time schedules whose values varied between 8 and 256 seconds. The draught size dispensed by a concurrently available water-delivery tube was systematically varied between 1.0 and 0.3 milliliter per lick at various fixed-time values during the second and third series determinations. Session water intake was bitonically related to the interpellet interval and was determined by the interaction of (1) the probability of initiating a drinking bout, which fell off at the highest interpellet intervals and, (2) the size of the bout, which increased directly with increases in interpellet interval. Variations in draught size had little effect on total session intakes, but reduced bout size at draught sizes of 0.5 milliliter and below. Thus, a volume-regulation process of schedule-induced drinking operated generally at the session-intake level, but was limited to higher draught sizes at the bout level.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
The Rise of Modern Militarism in Argentina

WXC HEP;N IN 1930 factions of the army overthrew the Radical regime of Hipolito Yrigoyen, the action marked the emergence of modern militarism in Argentina. Modern Argentine militarism is distinguished from previous military intervention in politics by the fact that since 1930 professional army officers rather than civilian politicians have exercised revolutionary leadership. Prior to that date the Argentine army or factions thereof had served as the necessary instruments of force in attempts by civilian political leaders to overthrow the constituted  With the revolution of 1930 army officers began to initiate, plan, and lead military conspiracies. Furthermore, rebel army leaders now aspired to rule Argentina in the aftermath of military revolution. The revolution of 1930 is generally viewed as the event which launched Argentina on the tortuous path of modern militarism and chronic instability. There has been a tendency to neglect the important fact that the revolution was the culmination as well as the inauguration of a significant political process in Argentina. Modern militarism did not suddenly emerge like a new volcano on the Argentine political scene. It was the product of institutional and political trends which began many years before the revolution of 1930. The striking characteristic of modern Argentine militarism is that it evolved in one of the most highly professionalized armies in Latin America. For those who believe that military professionalization is an antidote to militarism, the Argentine case offers serious doubts. By professionalization is meant the formation of a technically trained army officer corps comprised of paid career men dedicated solely to professional matters. This objective necessitated the establishment of academies for advanced training in modern methods and weaponry alone with the adoption of objective criteria for promotion based on

Field of study: History
Haggling over substitutes

Using a model of substitutable goods I determine generic conditions on tastes which guarantee that fixed prices are not optimal: the fully optimal tariff includes lotteries. That is, a profit maximising seller would employ a haggling strategy. We show that the fully optimal selling strategy in a class of cases requires a seller to not allow themselves to focus on one good but to remain haggling over more than one good . This throws new light on the selling strategies used in diverse industries. These insights are used to provide a counter-example to the no lotteries result of McAfee and McMillan ( (1988) 335).

Field of study: Economics
Biodegradation of imidacloprid by an isolated soil microorganism

Imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine), a chloronicotinyl insecticide used to control biting and sucking insects, is very persistent in the soil with a half-life often greater than 100 days. Although a few soil metabolites have been reported in the literature, there are no reports of imidacloprid-degrading soil microorganisms. Our objectives were to discover, isolate, and characterize microorganisms capable of degrading imidacloprid in soil. Two soil-free stable enrichment cultures in N-limited media were obtained that degraded 19 mg L− 1 (43%) and 11 mg L− 1 (16%) of the applied imidacloprid, and produced about 19 mg L− 1 6-chloronicotinic acid in three weeks. Enrichment media without microorganisms had no loss of imidacloprid. Strain PC-21, obtained from the enrichment cultures, degraded 37% to 58% of 25 mg L− 1 imidacloprid in tryptic soy broth containing 1 g L− 1 succinate and D-glucose at 27°C incubation over a period of three weeks. Trace amounts of NO3 −/NO2 −were produced and six metabolites were characterized by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using 14C-methylene-imidacloprid and liquid chromatograph-electrospray-mass spectrometer (LC-MS). Two of the metabolites were identified as imidacloprid-guanidine and imidacloprid-urea by HPLC standards and LC-MS. During the experiment, 6-chloronicotinic acid was not produced. Less than 1% of the applied 14C was incorporated into the microbial biomass and no 14CO2 was detected. Strain PC-21, identified as a species of Leifsonia by PCR amplification of a 500 bp sequence of 16s rRNA, cometabolized imidacloprid.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Sol-gel processing of buffer layers on Ni tape for YBCO surface coated conductors

Perovskite buffer layers of SrTiO/sub 3/, LaAlO/sub 3/, PbTiO/sub 3/, and BaZrO/sub 3/ were deposited using a sol-gel process from solutions derived from basic acetates and alkoxides. Homogenous, crack-free, and dense films of perovskite were deposited onto Ni tapes between temperatures of 600/spl deg/C and 750/spl deg/C by adjusting the concentration of precursors in the solutions used as material for YBCO surface coated conductors. These films were characterized by SEM, EDS and XRD. SrTiO/sub 3/ and PbTiO/sub 3/ buffer layers on Ni tapes were produced for the sol-gel YBCO surface coated conductor development.

Field of study: Physics
A fast and incremental update scheme for SDN based on a relation graph

Configuration consistency during the update process is a critical challenge for network stability in software-defined networking (SDN). An efficient updating scheme with configuration consistency is required. In this paper, we propose a fast incremental consistent update scheme (FICUS) for SDN that is based on a new structure — relation graph (RG). In our scheme, we analyze the relations between update operations, construct the RG and find the proper order of these update operations to avoid inconsistencies. In the RG, we first define two types of relations: the path dependency relation and the path rejection relation. Then, we analyze the properties of the RG and show how we accelerate the calculation of the update order with the help of the RG. To overcome the loops that may exist in the RG, we use two dividing algorithms to break the loops. We also evaluate our scheme and algorithms through comprehensive experiments. The results show that our scheme needs only 10%–40% of the rules compared with the two-phase update scheme and accelerates the update process by 40% on average.

Field of study: Computer science
Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning in the Northern Gulf of California, Mexico: Consolidating stewardship, property rights, and enforcement for ecosystem-based fisheries management

Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning (CMSP) serves as a tool for ecosystem-based management, where human activities are allocated in space and time to meet ecological, economic and social objectives. In this study, we describe the implementation of a CMSP process in Sonora, Mexico, where a multi-tiered governance structure was built with transparent and inclusive stakeholder engagement in decision making processes to address growing conflicts and management problems. In its first phase, the process focused on artisanal fishing activities, the main economic driver in the region. The planning process was driven by CEDO Intercultural, a non-profit focused on environmental conservation and fisheries management. The governance structure included an Intercommunity Fisher Group (IFG), a base technical team, a technical advisory committee and a core group of government authorities relevant to fisheries management. Together, these actors developed different fisheries management tools to organize the spatial use of eleven species exploited by artisanal fisheries. Fishers were elected to represent their communities in the IFG and engaged through workshops to analyze information. Capacity building activities and extensive communication helped ensure broad coverage and understanding of the goals of the coastal corridor and the proposed management tools. These management tools included a network of fisheries refuges, areas for local management, catch quotas, and proposals for regulating fishing effort. They were designed using a variety of modeling approaches that combined the best available science with Local Ecological Knowledge. Management tools were modified based on feedback from the different actors; the final integrated management plan was assessed for impacts on fisheries and ecosystem services and function and a formal proposal was submitted to government agencies. In addition to meeting minutes demonstrating agreement with proposals, local actors wrote letters in support of the Integrated Plan and the Proposal for Fisheries Refuges. We are now defining indicators to measure management effectiveness. If this proposal is legally implemented, it will engage stakeholders in decision making and the spatial planning for the Coastal Corridor while enhancing fishers livelihoods and preserving ecosystem services.

Field of study: Environmental science
Bioinformatics Analysis and Function Forecast of Two POD Genes in Litchi chinensis Pericarp

Two POD genes were cloned from the pericarp of Litchi chinensis and named as LiPOD1 and LiPOD2,respectively.Analysis indicated that the full length of LiPOD1 was 1 062 bp with an open reading frame encoding 353 amino acids that shared high identities with the POD from Hevea brasiliensis,Populus trichocarpa,Ipomoea batatas(87%,84% and 81%.The full length of LiPOD2 was 990 bp with an open reading frame encoding 329 amino acids that shared high identities with the POD from Gossypium hirsutum,Sesamum indicum,Medicago sativa,Arabidopsis thaliana(88%,87%,85% and 81%).Analysis of conserved domains indicated that LiPOD1 and LiPOD2 both had total conserved domains of POD gene and had heme binding site,active site,substrate binding site and calcium binding site.During the process of skin browning within 72 hours both the browning index and POD activity increased.Analysis of structure of LiPOD1 and LiPOD2 speculated that these two genes played important roles in the process of pericarp senescence and browning in postharvest Litchi chinensis.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Growth Performance in Portugal since the 1960s: A Simultaneous Equation Approach with Cumulative Causation Characteristics

The aim of this paper is to explain growth performance in Portugal in the last decades (1965-2006) through a multi-equation system with cumulative growth characteristics. The model uses a demand-orientated approach to determine the main relationships, which explain growth through a virtuous cycle. The idea is to identify the driving forces of growth with causal linkages and feedback tendencies that enable the process to be self-sustained. We estimate the multi-equation growth model by 3SLS to capture more efficiently the interrelations between the main growth forces and to control for the endogeneity of the regressors. Our evidence shows that the proposed model can successfully explain the Portuguese growth performance, highlighting the importance of export competitiveness as the key factor in this process. The cumulative growth process was interrupted at some points mainly due to the incapacity to transfer productivity gains into domestic prices and to make the economy more competitive. We also show that capital accumulation does not affect productivity growth, and domestic prices do not improve export competitiveness. These are the main drawbacks of the Portuguese economy that could explain the failure to achieve higher growth rates in the period 1965-2006.

Field of study: Economics
Microbial survey of the mummies from the Capuchin Catacombs of Palermo, Italy: biodeterioration risk and contamination of the indoor air

The Capuchin Catacombs of Palermo contain over 1800 preserved bodies dating from the 16th to 20th centuries AD and showing evidence of biodeterioration. An extensive microbiological and molecular investigation was recently performed. Samples were taken from skin, muscle, hair, bone, stuffing materials, clothes, and surrounding walls as well as from the indoor air. In this study, we witnessed that the different degradation phenomena observed on the variety of materials located at the Capuchin Catacombs of Palermo are biological in origin. Molecular techniques showed the dominance of halophilic species of the domains Bacteria and Archaea on the walls and – as a result of salt emanating from the walls – on the mummies themselves. Nevertheless, specialized microorganisms belonging to taxa well-known for their cellulolytic and proteolytic activities were detected on clothes and stuffing material, and on skin, muscle, hair, and bone, respectively. This specialized microbiota is threatening the conservation of the mummies themselves. Additionally, sequences related to the human skin microbiome and to some pathogenic Bacteria (order Clostridiales) and fungi (genus Phialosimplex) were identified on samples derived from the mummies. Furthermore, a phosphate-reducing fungus, Penicillium radicum, was detected on bone. Finally, the high concentration of airborne fungal spores is not conducive to the conservation of the human remains and is posing a potential health risk for visitors.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
It Ain't Necessarily So: A Legal Realist Perspective on the Law of Agency Work

Analysis of UK employment and labour law is often characterised by a curious dissonance. The overarching narrative mandates that labour law is a countervailing force to the inequality of bargaining power, embedded with values and assumptions concerning the nature of employment relations and the role of labour law. And yet, labour law jurisprudence tends to treat with respect, and seeks to decipher, abstract statutory concepts and tests derived from judicial pronouncements as if they were, indeed, a ‘brooding omnipresence in the sky’. This paper seeks to bridge that gap, by offering a legal realist account of the legal doctrine that governs the employment of agency workers, focusing on the ‘necessity’ and ‘sham’ tests. It assesses the legitimacy of importing legal tests from one (commercial) context to another (employment) context; questions the courts’ protestations that their use is mandated by precedent; and outlines the real implications for the status and rights of agency workers in the UK.

Field of study: Law
Structural Analyses of the Cold Mass for High Field Dusty Plasma Experiment

A magnet to study the properties of dusty plasmas in the presence of a magnetic field has been proposed. This magnet has four operating modes to vary the experimental test region and target magnetic field values. The design of the cold mass for the high field magnetized dusty plasma experiment is presented and analyzed. The cold mass includes four coils, ground insulation covering the winding packs, and coil cases used to safely support the coils. Dimensions of the four coils are specified by the magnetic design, and the equipment used to view the dusty plasma apply spatial constraints to the cold mass design. The design also considers the manufacturing process for the cold mass and the stresses resulting from electromagnetic loads coupled with thermal loads. Only one operating mode is considered in this analysis as the others produce significantly lower electromagnetic forces. Resulting stresses compare favorably to failure criteria at critical locations.

Field of study: Physics
Composition of Aspergillus niger mycelium during growth on productive and unproductive substrates

Aspergillus niger was grown in two substrates, one producing a high excretion of citric acid into the media and another which hinders it. In both cases big differences in individual mycelial constituents were observed during the cultivation period. In citric acid accumulating conditions the synthesis of lipids and nucleic acids in fungal mycelia stopped after an initial increase, and did not change till the end of the process; whereas in nonproductive pellets both lipids and nucleic acids increased during the whole period of cultivation. Concomitantly big differences were also observed with intra- and extra-cellular proteins and amino acids, extra-cellular keto acids, and intracellular tricarboxylic acid cycle acids.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
The Victorian Chronology of Our Liberal Education

T ODAY our liberal-arts colleges are the scene of rivalry between several contending philosophies of education, each asserting its right to dominate the future of American culture. Some of these base their claims on novelty, others on antiquity. Actually, the classic formulations of these rival theories are not so very novel nor so very antique. More attention should be paid to their appearance in recent history. For serious decisions on education are sometimes made on the basis of false conceptions concerning what is traditional, or concerning some apparent Wave of the Future. In this brief summary I wish to present a framework to correct a chronological confusion that seems to have had great persistence. What generation is the original habitat of the chief schemes that are being put before us for a decision? I shall not take time to do justice to any one of these philosophies; my purpose is not to evaluate each theory, but to date it, and to tell enough about it to identify "new friends with old faces." If I seem to personify whole movements in a few spokesmen, it is because of the conviction that a struggle becomes intellectually profitable only for those who turn to the vigorous defense of each position by its own leaders. When did this controversy start? A hundred years ago learning was still, as in the Middle Ages, supposed to be the handmaid of religion. Much emphasis was placed on theology. (Today this often seems to be the only subject not offered in a university catalogue.) And in his preparation for university work, the student still, as in the Middle Ages, devoted his time largely to Latin grammar. The "grammar school," literally, and "Theology, the Queen of the Sciences"-these phrases supply the key. Even the Renaissance had not fundamentally altered this educational system, and it reached its supreme expression only when it was already on the way out. For the classic statement of this conception is John Henry Newman's Idea of a University (I852-58). In this book Newman sets forth the principles of liberal education which he had known at Oxford before his conversion to the Catholic Church, while Oxford was still, as he called it, "a medieval university." He says at the beginning:

Field of study: Education