nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterizing water vapour concentration dependence of commercial cavity ring-down spectrometers for continuous on-site atmospheric water vapour isotope measurements in the tropics

The recent development and improvement of commercial laser-based
spectrometers have expanded in situ continuous observations of water vapour
(H 2 O) stable isotope compositions (e.g. δ18 O and δ2 H) in a variety of sites worldwide. However, we still lack
continuous observations in the Amazon, a region that significantly
influences atmospheric and hydrological cycles on local to global scales. In
order to achieve accurate on-site observations, commercial water isotope
analysers require regular in situ calibration, which includes the correction
of H 2 O concentration dependence ([H 2 O] dependence) of isotopic
measurements. Past studies have assessed the [H 2 O] dependence for air
with H 2 O concentrations of up to 35 000 ppm, a value that is frequently
surpassed in tropical rainforest settings like the central Amazon where we
plan continuous observations. Here we investigated the performance of two
commercial analysers (L1102i and L2130i models, Picarro, Inc., USA) for
measuring δ18 O and δ2 H in atmospheric moisture at
four different H 2 O levels from 21 500 to 41 000 ppm. These H 2 O
levels were created by a custom-built calibration unit designed for regular
in situ calibration. Measurements on the newer analyser model (L2130i) had
better precision for δ18 O and δ2 H and demonstrated
less influence of H 2 O concentration on the measurement accuracy at each
concentration level compared to the older L1102i. Based on our findings, we
identified the most appropriate calibration strategy for
[H 2 O] dependence, adapted to our calibration system. The best strategy
required conducting a two-point calibration with four different H 2 O
concentration levels, carried out at the beginning and end of the
calibration interval. The smallest uncertainties in calibrating
[H 2 O] dependence of isotopic accuracy of the two analysers were
achieved using a linear surface fitting method and a 28 h calibration
interval, except for the δ18 O accuracy of the L1102i analyser
for which the cubic fitting method gave the best results. The uncertainties in
[H 2 O] dependence calibration did not show any significant difference
using calibration intervals from 28 up to 196 h; this suggested that one
[H 2 O] dependence calibration per week for the L2130i and L1102i
analysers is sufficient. This study shows that the cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) analysers,
appropriately calibrated for [H 2 O] dependence, allow the detection of
natural signals of stable water vapour isotopes at very high humidity
levels, which has promising implications for water cycle studies in areas
like the central Amazon rainforest and other tropical regions.

Field of study: Environmental science
A new Cys2/His2 zinc finger gene, rKr1, expressed in oligodendrocytes and neurons.

The myelination of nerve fibers is essential for the function of the vertebrate nervous system as a prerequisite for fast saltatory conduction of action potentials. In the central nervous system (CNS), myelin is produced by oligodendrocytes. In order to identify gene regulatory proteins involved in the differentiation of this glial cell type or in the expression of myelin-specific genes, we have constructed a cDNA library from a highly enriched population of rat oligodendrocytes and screened this library for members of the Krüppel family of Cys2/His2 zinc finger proteins. One of the identified clones, named rKr1, encodes a novel protein of 650 amino acids which contains 12 carboxy-terminal zinc finger domains and an amino-terminal acidic domain. On Northern blots, a single rKr1 mRNA of 4.3 kb is detected. This message is present in all adult rat tissues tested, with the highest levels found in the CNS and testis. In situ hybridization on the P15 brain revealed that the transcript is expressed in differentiated oligodendrocytes and in subtypes of neurons. Particularly high message levels are found in motor neurons of the brainstem and the spinal cord. The modular structure of the rKr1 protein, in which a potential DNA binding region (the zinc fingers) is combined with a putative activation domain (the acidic region), suggests a function as sequence-specific transcriptional activator.

Field of study: Biology
Quantisierung der Strahlungsprozesse am Kerntropfen

ZusammenfassungEs wird gezeigt, daß die Quantisierung des inkompressiblen Kerntropfens analog der Quantisierung des kugelsymmetrischen Strahlungsfeldes durchgeführt werden kann. Die Berechnung der Matrixelemente aus der Wechselwirkungsenergie zwischen Materie und Feld liefert dann die Drehimpulserhaltung und die Übergangswahrscheinlichkeiten für Emission und Absorption.

Field of study: Physics
Recuperation, rehabilitation and the residential option: the Brentwood Centre for Mothers and Children.

The place of anti-social behaviour in government policy in the United Kingdom is attracting increasing attention. Particularly interesting are residential projects aiming to rehabilitate 'problem families'. Nevertheless, to date, attempts to view these initiatives in historical perspective have been limited. This article reconstructs the history of one such institution, the Brentwood Recuperation Centre for Mothers and Children, within the broader context of the problem family debate. The argument is that, unlike in The Netherlands (whose pioneering efforts in this field were widely noted at the time), Britain tended to steer clear of residential options for families, regarding these as an expensive last resort. Nevertheless the Brentwood Centre was an important experiment, with its rise and fall mirroring broader changes in the relationship between voluntarism and the state; social work theory and practice; and attitudes to the segregation and social integration of families. Letters from the mothers also challenge the idea that stays in residential institutions were always punitive and unpleasant.

Field of study: History
Physiological significance of the plant circadian clock in natural field conditions.

For many decades, researchers have focused on the self-sustainable oscillations of plant circadian clocks, which can only be observed under artificial constant environmental conditions. However, plants have evolved under natural diurnal conditions where several major environmental cues such as light, temperature and humidity are dramatically changing and interacting with each other. Therefore, little is known about the roles of the plant circadian clock in natural field conditions. Molecular genetic analyses in Arabidopsis thaliana have revealed that some core circadian clock genes are required for the establishment of robust circadian rhythms under artificial diurnal conditions, and that others function only as self-oscillators. However, it is largely unknown yet how those robust rhythms can be obtained under natural diurnal conditions. Recently, an extensive time-course transcriptome analysis of rice (Oryza sativa) leaves in natural field conditions revealed that OsGIGANTEA, the sole rice ortholog of the Arabidopsis GIGANTEA gene, governs the robust diurnal rhythm of rice leaf transcriptomes even under natural diurnal conditions; rice Osgi mutants exhibited severely defective transcriptome rhythms under strong diurnal changes in environmental cues. This review focuses on the physiological significance of the plant circadian clock in natural field conditions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Postischemic hyperactivity in the Mongolian gerbil correlates with loss of hippocampal neurons.

Gerbils show a postischemic increase in locomotor activity that correlates to the extent of neuron loss in the hippocampal CA1 subfield. It has been suggested that this hyperactivity is predictive of neuron loss in the CA1. In this study the correlation between postischemic hyperactivity and neuron loss in several hippocampal subfields was investigated, and the theory that the hyperactivity is due to a reduced ability for spatial navigation was evaluated. Significant correlations were found between hyperactivity and neuron loss in several hippocampal subfields; the correlation was stronger for the CA3 than for the CA1 subfield, suggesting that postischemic hyperactivity can be used as a predictor of neuron loss in the CA3 rather than in the CA1. From observations of the pattern of hyperactivity within the test arenas and during the test period, this study challenges the spatial mapping theory of postischemic hyperactivity.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Quadratic B-spline finite element method for numerical solution of the Burgers' equation

In this paper, the one-dimensional nonlinear Burgers’ equation was converted to a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations by the method of discretization in time and then each of them was solved by applying the quadratic B-spline finite element method. In order to show the efficiency of the presented method two problems were considered. The numerical solutions obtained for various values of viscosity were compared with the exact solutions. It is seen that the results obtained by this way are quite satisfactory.

Field of study: Mathematics
A genetic model for cloacal exstrophy, the extreme cloacal malformation.

Cloacal exstrophy (CE) or vesicointestinal fissure is an uncommon but well known anomaly that represents the extreme cloacal malformation. It is most often seen as an isolated anomaly, or as part of the OEIS complex (omphalocele, exstrophy, imperforate anus, spinal defects). Limb anomalies are also seen with CE. Unlike the OEIS complex, limb anomalies occur as independent malformations. Here, we present two cases of CE with limb anomalies that are consistent with the phenotype seen in Disorganization (Ds), an unusual human malformation syndrome. From reviewing the mouse model, it may be that the Ds gene is a candidate for isolated CE as well.

Field of study: Medicine
Electrochemical investigation of radical-anion reactions of 5-nitro-2-furfuryl derivatives

Dans les etudes de substitution nucleophile de derives nitro-5 furfuryle-2 la fonction de l'agent nucleophile est substituee par electrolyse. La reduction electrochimique de ces composes et les reactions consecutives des intermediaires sont etudiees par voltammetrie cyclique, polarographie et spectroscopie RPE

Field of study: Chemistry
Laminectomy for thoracic spinal canal stenosis.

Stenosis of the thoracic spinal canal is a relatively rare disorder with numerous causes. Clinical manifestations include signs and or symptoms consistent with focal thoracic radiculopathy and/or myelopathy. Several surgical approaches for the decompression of the stenotic thoracic canal have been described. Laminectomy is typically reserved for only those cases in which dorsal compression of the neural elements is demonstrated; it is contraindicated when the epidural compression is primarily ventral in location.

Field of study: Medicine
El Salvador and the Central American Free Trade Agreement: Consolidation of a Transnational Capitalist Class

On December 17, 2004, El Salvador became the first of six signatory countries to ratify the Dominican Republic-Central American Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) and on March 1, 2006, it became the first to implement the agreement. However, even staunch supporters of trade agreements would likely agree that DR-CAFTA provides questionable advantages for the five Latin American signatories, as they already received most of the DR-CAFTA-related trade benefits through the Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI) with fewer conditions. Meanwhile, the potential benefits are questionable, at best. Thus, begs the question, why would any of the five Latin American economies sign on to such an agreement? Understanding El Salvador's participation in CAFTA-DR is critical not only because it's government was the most vociferous supporter of the agreement but because DR-CAFTA demonstrates the consolidation of the country's previously nascent Transnational Capitalist Class (TCC). Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI); DR-CAFTA; El Salvador; Latin American economies; Transnational Capitalist Class (TCC)

Field of study: Political science
Symbolic Security of Garbled Circuits

We present the first computationally sound symbolic analysis of Yao's garbled circuit construction for secure two party computation. Our results include an extension of the symbolic language for cryptographic expressions from previous work on computationally sound symbolic analysis, and a soundness theorem for this extended language. We then demonstrate how the extended language can be used to formally specify not only the garbled circuit construction, but also the formal (symbolic) simulator required by the definition of security. The correctness of the simulation is proved in a purely syntactical way, within the symbolic model of cryptography, and then translated into a concrete computational indistinguishability statement via our general computational soundness theorem. We also implement our symbolic security framework and the garbling scheme in Haskell, and our experiment shows that the symbolic analysis performs well and can be done within several seconds even for large circuits that are useful for real world applications.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
The Psychosocial and Independent Living Donor Advocate Evaluation and Post-surgery Care of Living Donors

Solid organ transplantation as a treatment for end stage organ failure has been an accepted treatment option for decades. Despite advances in medicine and technology, and increased awareness of organ donation and transplantation, the gap between supply and demand continues to widen. Living donation has been an option that has increased the number of transplants despite the continued shortage of deceased organs. In the early 2000s live donor transplantation reached an all-time high in the United States. As a result, a consensus meeting was convened in 2000 to increase the oversight of living donor transplantation. Both the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and the United Network for Organ Sharing developed regulations that transplant programs performing live donor transplantation. These regulations and guidelines involve the education, evaluation, informed consent process and living donor follow-up care. Two areas in which had significant changes included the psychosocial and the independent living donor advocate (ILDA) evaluation. The purpose of this paper was to outline the current regulations and guidelines associated with the psychosocial and ILDA evaluation as well as provide further recommendations for the administration of a high quality evaluation of living donors. The goals and timing of the evaluation and education of donors; qualifications of the health care providers performing the evaluation; components of the evaluation; education provided to donors; documentation of the evaluation; participation in the selection committee meeting; post-decline and post-donation care of donors is described. Caveats including the paired donor exchange programs and non-directed and directed donation are also considered

Field of study: Psychology
Dark Current Random Telegraph Signals in Short-Wavelength Infrared Image Sensors Based on InGaAs

Dark current and associated random telegraph signals are studied in short-wave infrared image sensors. The effects of space radiation on these parameters are analyzed and modeled to understand the degradation in this indium–gallium–arsenide (InGaA)-based technology. Multiple proton tests were performed to cover the space mission range of radiation dose. Comparison with existing data and damage factors is provided and highlights the behavior of such technology against radiation doses.

Field of study: Physics
The effect of applying NICE guidelines for the investigation of stable chest pain on out-patient cardiac services in the UK.

The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) recently released guidelines for the investigation of chest pain of recent onset. There is no published data regarding their impact on out-patient cardiac services.



This study was undertaken to assess the likelihood of coronary artery disease (CAD) in Rapid Access Chest Pain Clinic (RACPC) patients and the resultant investigation burden if NICE guidance was applied.



Five hundred and ninety-five consecutive patients attending two RACPCs over 6 months preceding release of the NICE guidelines [51% male; median age 55 (range 22-94) years] were risk stratified using NICE criteria and the resultant investigations evaluated.



One hundred and six (18%) patients had a likelihood of CAD <10%, 123 (21%) between 10% and 29%, 175 (29%) between 30% and 60%, 141 (24%) between 61% and 90% and 50 (8%) >90%. NICE would have recommended 443 (74%) patients for no cardiac investigation, 10 (2%) for cardiac computed tomography (CCT), 69 (12%) for functional cardiac testing and 73 (12%) for invasive angiography. Relative to existing practice, there would have been a trend towards reduced functional cardiac testing (-24%, P = 0.06), no significant change in CCT (43%, P = 0.436) and a significant increase in invasive angiography (508%, P < 0.001). The cost of investigations recommended by NICE would have been £15,881 greater than existing practice.



This study suggests patients attending RACPC will have a greater likelihood of CAD than predicted by NICE. Differences between recommended investigations and existing practice will guide investment in cardiac services. Individual hospitals should assess their RACPC cohorts prior to implementing the NICE guidelines.

Field of study: Medicine
EFFECTS OF PERIOD OF THE INLET FLUCTUATING VELOCITY DATA ON THE DIRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TURBULENT PREMIXED JET FLAME

A direct numerical simulation of turbulent premixed planar jet flame is conducted.The fluctuating velocity field at the jet inflow boundary is generated based on the energy spectrum of isotropic decaying turbulence.The effects of the period of the fluctuating velocity data on the simulation results are investigated.When the period is larger than the total time for simulation,the computational instantaneous results at different times exhibit obvious differences.The time-averaged gas temperature,velocity,and species concentrations are obtained and they are in a steady state.While the period is less than the total time for simulation,the computational results are affected by the cyclic utilization of the inlet fluctuating velocity data.The periodicity appears in the instantaneous results.

Field of study: Engineering
SOFERS: Scenario Ontology for Emergency Response System

with the ability to assist people to make reasonable decisions in an emergency, scenario-response paradigm has been widely regarded as one of the most effective emergency management models. In order to promote the processing capacity of scenario information for Emergency Response System (ERS), a new kind of scenario ontology is proposed in this paper. Following the well-known modeling primitives, the scenario ontology is constructed on the basis of PROTON (Proto Ontology), the reference layer ontology of FactForge that includes some central datasets of Linked Open Data (LOD). The event module, scenario module and mitigation module comprise the core level scenario ontology, defined with some core concepts and relations, which can be reused in the domain level scenario ontology. Considering earthquake is a representative emergency, we analyze the scenario information required by decision makers in some earthquakes, and design the scenario ontology of earthquake as an example in the domain level scenario ontologies. To show the validity of the scenario ontology, we implement the scenario ontology of earthquake with Protege and develop a prototype system, which can retrieve some parts of scenario information from FactForge and provide a visualization interface for decision makers to browse the scenario instances involved in an earthquake

Field of study: Computer science
Integrating phylogenetic and functional biodiversity facets to guide conservation: a case study using anurans in a global biodiversity hotspot

The Cerrado is one of the most threatened biomes in Brazil, with little spatial representation within the Protected Area network. Recently, proposed conservation plans worldwide have advocated for the use of multiple biodiversity facets to protect unique evolutionary and functional processes. Our aim was to identify areas with high biodiversity representativeness applying this multifaceted perspective, and propose conservation plans based on the joint analysis of taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity. We used a database of the Brazilian National Program for Research in Biodiversity, which employs a standard protocol for sampling tadpoles. The Cerrado database includes samples from 165 water bodies spread over 15 localities, covering most of the Central Brazilian Cerrado. We selected four morphological traits to calculate functional diversity and used a dated phylogeny available in the literature to compute phylogenetic diversity. Our approach selected five priority areas for conservation, one of which is already protected. Our results highlighted the importance of four new areas which show high values of diversity, including original lineages and traits, and urgently need conservation prioritization. Furthermore, unlike the current protected network, our approach performs significantly better than random at protecting sites with high phylogenetic and functional diversity. We therefore discuss how the multifaceted indices considered can help protect key ecosystem functions and evolutionary legacy in anuran communities of the Brazilian Cerrado.

Field of study: Environmental science
Influence of climate change on the multi-generation toxicity to Enchytraeus crypticus of soils polluted by metal/metalloid mining wastes.

This study aimed at assessing the effects of increased air temperature and reduced soil moisture content on the multi-generation toxicity of a soil polluted by metal/metalloid mining wastes. Enchytraeus crypticus was exposed to dilution series of the polluted soil in Lufa 2.2 soil under different combinations of air temperature (20 °C and 25 °C) and soil moisture content (50% and 30% of the soil water holding capacity, WHC) over three generations standardized on physiological time. Generation time was shorter with increasing air temperature and/or soil moisture content. Adult survival was only affected at 30% WHC (∼30% reduction at the highest percentages of polluted soil). Reproduction decreased with increasing percentage of polluted soil in a dose-related manner and over generations. Toxicity increased at 30% WHC (>50% reduction in EC50 in F0 and F1 generations) and over generations in the treatments at 20 °C (40-60% reduction in EC50 in F2 generation). At 25 °C, toxicity did not change when combined with 30% WHC and only slightly increased with 50% WHC. So, higher air temperature and/or reduced soil moisture content does affect the toxicity of soils polluted by metal/metalloid mining wastes to E. crypticus and this effect may exacerbate over generations.

Field of study: Environmental science