nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Seymouria sanjuanensis (Amphibia, Batrachosauria) from the Lower Permian Cutler Formation of north-central New Mexico and the occurrence of sexual dimorphism in that genus questioned

Six specimens of the amphibian Seymouria, preserved in a single block of matrix from the Lower Permian Cutler Formation of north-central New Mexico, are described and referred to Seymouria sanjuanensis Vaughn. They are the only Seymouria specimens known from New Mexico and provide a more extensive definition of the species. It is interpreted that the specimens from New Mexico were collected from an early to middle Wolfcampian horizon and therefore represent the earliest known members of the genus. Evidence is presented that challenges previous explanations for the variability of several features of the skull and axial skeleton in specimens of Seymouria baylorensis and S. sanjuanensis as an indication of sexual dimorphism. Differences in the number of maxillary teeth, depth of the maxilla, and development of the maxillary dentition, particularly in the "canine" region, are interpreted as closely related morphological trends in Seymouria. Although no satisfactory explanation is offered for differences in th...

Field of study: Environmental science
Facilitations between the Introduced Nitrogen-fixing Tree, Robinia pseudoacacia, and Nonnative Plant Species in the Glacial Outwash Upland Ecosystem of Cape Cod, MA

Robinia pseudoacacia, a nitrogen-fixing, clonal tree species native to the central Appalachian and Ozark Mountains, is considered to be one of the top 100 worldwide woody plant invaders. We initiated this project to determine the impact of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on an upland coastal ecosystem and to estimate the spread of this species within Cape Cod National Seashore (CCNS). We censused 20 × 20 m plots for vegetation cover and environmental characteristics in the center of twenty randomly-selected Robinia pseudoacacia stands. Additionally, paired plots were surveyed under native overstory stands, comprised largely of pitch pine (Pinus rigida) and mixed pitch pine–oak (Quercus velutina and Quercus alba) communities. These native stands were located 20 m from the edge of the sampled locust stand and had similar land use histories. To determine the historical distribution of black locust in CCNS, we digitized and georeferenced historical and current aerial photographs of randomly-selected stands. Ordination analyses revealed striking community-level differences between locust and pine–oak stands in their immediate vicinity. Understory nonnative species richness and abundance values were significantly higher under Robinia stands than under the paired native stands. Additionally, animal-dispersed plant species tended to occur in closer stands, suggesting their spread between locust stands. Robinia stand area significantly decreased from the 1970’s to 2002, prompting us to recommend no management action of black locust and a monitoring program and possible removal of associated animal-dispersed species. The introduction of a novel functional type (nitrogen-fixing tree) into this xeric, nutrient-poor, upland forested ecosystem resulted in ‘islands of invasion’ within this resistant system.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Chicago Guide to Communicating Science

Whether you are a graduate student or a senior scientist, your reputation rests on the ability to communicate your ideas and data. In this straightforward and accessible guide, Scott L. Montgomery offers detailed, practical advice on crafting every sort of scientific communication, from research papers and conference talks to grant proposals, professional reports, review articles, speeches for the general public, interviews with the media, e-mail messages, and more. Montgomery avoids the common pitfalls of other guides by focusing not on rules and warnings but instead on how skilled writers and speakers actually learn their trade - by imitating and adapting good models of expression. Moving step-by-step through sample writings from a wide variety of scientific disciplines, he shows clearly and precisely where different texts can be improved, how to critique and design visuals, what the role of "experiment" is with regard to writing, and more. He also traces the evolution of scientific expression over time, providing a context crucial for understanding the nature of technical communication today. Later chapters take up the topics of Internet science; writing creatively in science, how to design and use graphics; and how to deal with the mass media. Written with humour and eloquence, this book provides a unique and realistic guide for anyone in the sciences wishing to improve his or her communication skills.

Field of study: Physics
Driving Effects of Population on Cultivated Land in Jiangsu Province

This paper analysed the driving effect of population on cultivated land decrease in Jiangsu Province by time sequence and regional difference.It is suggested as follows:1.The population increasing is one of the vital driving forces of cultivated land decrease. 2. As the economy develops, the population increase plays a less important role in cultivated land decrease.3.The driving mechanism mainly includes residential construction, communication lines construction, urban area expansion, and the change of land use. To counter the tendency of cultivated land decrease with the population increase, some measures were proposed.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Modeling sleep mode gains in energy-aware networks

Nowadays two main approaches are being pursued to reduce energy consumption of networks: the use of sleep modes in which devices enter a low-power state during inactivity periods, and the adoption of energy proportional mechanisms where the device architecture is designed to make energy consumption proportional to the actual load. Common to all the proposals is the evaluation of energy saving performance by means of simulation or experimental evidence, which typically consider a limited set of benchmarking scenarios.In this paper, we do not focus on a particular algorithm or procedure to offer energy saving capabilities in networks, but rather we formulate a theoretical model based on random graph theory that allows to estimate the potential gains achievable by adopting sleep modes in networks where energy proportional devices are deployed. Intuitively, when some devices enter sleep modes some energy is saved. However, this saving could vanish because of the additional load (and power consumption) induced onto the active devices. The impact of this effect changes based on the degree of load proportionality. As such, it is not simple to foresee which are the scenarios that make sleep mode or energy proportionality more convenient.Instead of conducting detailed simulations, we consider simple models of networks in which devices (i.e., nodes and links) consume energy proportionally to the handled traffic, and in which a given fraction of nodes are put into sleep mode. Our model allows to predict how much energy can be saved in different scenarios. The results show that sleep modes can be successfully combined with load proportional solutions. However, if the static power consumption component is one order of magnitude less than the load proportional component, then sleep modes become not convenient anymore. Thanks to random graph theory, our model gauges the impact of different properties of the network topology. For instance, highly connected networks tend to make the use of sleep modes more convenient.

Field of study: Computer science
Towards Achieving Quality Education in Kenya: Safeguarding Sustainable Free Day Secondary Education

The Free Day Secondary Education (FDSE) was envisioned to make education in secondary schools more inexpensive and to enhance the success of students academically. These were to be attained via the reduction of user fees, textbooks provision, and other learning resources. However, stakeholders in this education sector are confronted with several problems. Many parents claim that FDSE is free, and this is probably going to influence their gathering of the other costs of education. It is against this background that the research sought to determine the effect of maximizing FDSE on the education quality in Kenya. The FDSE funds adequacy is vital in determining human capital quality available in Government free day secondary schools. Insufficiency of funds from the Free Day Secondary Education program conceded human capital quality. It is because the Free Day Secondary Education program failed to offer employment of human capital to manage the resultant enrolment increase and to provide capacity building of the present human capital to handle the changes evolving with the launch of the Free Day Secondary Education program. The rise of workload for the support staff and teachers also lessened the quality of personalized teaching they are supposed to provide to learners. However, due to the delay of FDSE funds' disbursement, the acquisition, motivation, and human capital sustenance were negatively impacted as the funds were not reliable. It implies that FDSE funds sufficiency significantly influences the human capital sufficiency available in Government free day secondary schools. Hence, free day secondary education impacts the human capital adequacy to a great extent in government day secondary schools. The Government should increase funds for FDSE allocated to government day secondary schools as the study revealed that they were not adequate to enhance full students' participation in government day secondary schools. This study recommends that there is need to put in place appropriate measures to ensure that the required facilities are put in place to support the entire FDSE program.  Free Day Secondary Education, Quality, Safeguarding, Sustainable, Kenya DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-33-09 Publication date: November 30 th 2020

Field of study: Education
Ein neuer Beitrag zur Frage der Gangsprünge bei Uhren in Greenwich und Göttingen

ZusammenfassungIn einer früheren Arbeit des Verfassers wurde über ein Parallellaufen von Pendeluhren in Greenwich und Göttingen berichtet. Zur Klärung dieser Frage stellte Herr R. d'E. Atkinson die Original-Uhrstände einer Greenwicher Shortt-Uhr zur Verfügung, die im Zusammenhang mit den früheren Beobachtungen diskutiert werden.

Field of study: Physics
Geochemical variations in igneous rocks of the Central Andean orocline (13°S to 18°S): Tracing crustal thickening and magma generation through time and space

Compositional variations of Central Andean subduction-related igneous rocks reflect the plate-tectonic evolution of this active continental margin through time and space. In order to address the effect on magmatism of changing subduction geometry and crustal evolution of the upper continental plate during the Andean orogeny, we compiled more than 1500 major- and trace-element data points, and 650 Sr-, 610 Nd-, and 570 Pb-isotopic analyses of Mesozoic-Cenozoic (190–0 Ma) magmatic rocks in southern Peru and northern Chile (Central Andean orocline), mostly from new data and the literature. This data set documents compositional variations of magmas since Jurassic time, with a focus on the Neogene period, when major crustal thickening developed and its influence on magma composition was most pronounced. We relate the observed variations in Sr/Y, La/Yb, La/Sm, Sm/Yb, and Dy/Yb ratios, as well as in Sr-, Nd-, and Pb-isotopic ratios, to the crustal structure and evolution of the Central Andean orocline. In particular, the evolution of Dy/Yb and Sm/Yb ratios, which track the presence of the higher-pressure minerals amphibole and garnet, respectively, in the lower crust, documents that crustal thickness has grown through time. Spatial variations in trace elements and isotopic ratios further suggest that crustal domains of distinct composition and age have influenced magma composition through some assimilation. The crustal input in Quaternary magmas is quantified to have been between 7% and 18% by simple two-components mixing. When comparing our geochemical data set to the geological record of uplift and crustal thickening, we observe a correlation between the composition of magmatic rocks and the progression of Andean orogeny. In particular, our results support the interpretation that major crustal thickening and uplift were initiated in the mid-Oligocene (30 Ma) and that crustal thickness has kept increasing until present day. Our data do not support delamination as a general cause for major late Miocene uplift in the Central Andes and instead favor continued crustal thickening.

Field of study: Geology
Enteric group 17 in clinical isolates.

The Enteric Group 17, a new group of Enterobacteriaceae, has been classified (by the Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A.) based on its positive methyl-red test as well as its negative response to Voges-Proskauer, motility, rhamnose and melibiose fermentation tests. The isolation rate of Enteric Group 17 among 500 clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae in Taiwan is 1.8% (9/500). This finding recommends that Taiwan's hospital laboratories should pay particular attention to the possible presence of this bacteria when an isolate has reactions similar to that of Enterobacter cloacae or other members of the Enterobacter species.

Field of study: Biology
Genesis and internal architecture of the Middle to Upper Devonian Gwirat Al Hyssan reef-mound (Western Sahara)

On the southern flanks of the Tindouf Basin (Western Sahara) reefal complexes of various sizes were developed, mostly of Givetian age but possibly reaching into the early Frasnian. Surrounding sedimentary rocks were dominantly sandstones, siltstones and marls. The larger reef complexes in the northeastern part of Western Sahara show three reef cycles within the Givetian and lowermost Frasnian, interrupted by marly sedimentation. Farther to the west, more isolated reef structures in open shelf settings occur often showing smaller dimensions. The present study focuses on one of these western reefal build-ups. Besides large-scale reefs dominated by stromatoporoids (NE), several smaller bioherms have been investigated, such as the Gwirat Al Hyssan reef-mound near Smara. Initial reef growth was of late Givetian age as indicated by corals (e.g. Heliolites ). The main reef builders were the corals Alveolites , Thamnopora , Aulopora , Frechastraea , Phillipsastrea , and, to a lesser degree, Heliolites, Scoliopora, and Roemerolites . Stromatoporoids also contributed, but were less frequent. Chaetetids (e.g. Rhaphidopora ) acted as pioneer stabilizers on bare sediment surfaces. Preservation in life position was frequently observed in both groups of organisms. Crinoids are not rare, but only present as debris. In distinct areas of the reef (depressions) concentrations of brachiopods and small solitary corals occur. The reef-mound has a present elevation of 17 m and measures about 370 m in diameter. Vertical as well as horizontal zonation could be recognized in detail. The initial reef growth started on a submarine shoal of siliciclastic sediments, containing various trace fossils and sedimentary structures such as cross-bedding and wave ripples; interference ripples suggest generation in very shallow water. The initial reef-building organisms were encrusting chaetetids, followed by platy Frechastraea colonies; thamnoporids were also present. The overlying reef limestones consist of different corals and, to a minor degree, stromatoporoids. The latter are sparsely distributed vertically as well as horizontally, depending on their position within the reef. Growth forms are more robust (bulbous) towards higher hydrodynamic conditions at the southern reef front. Reef growth is interrupted by debris limestones of thamnoporid and crinoid bioclasts, intercalated with detrital platy stromatoporoids. Generally, the debris was not transported over long distances, as demonstrated by the presence of relatively large fragments. This ‘debris phase’ (early Frasnian) is overlain by the last documented stage in reef development represented by medium- to thin-bedded coral-rich limestones. The onset of the carbonate production of the Gwirat Al Hyssan reef-mound is maybe related to the global transgressive Givetian–Frasnian Boundary Event.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
LPF-induced T cell colony formation: effect of PMA and interleukin-2, and surface marker analysis.

We demonstrated that a primary exposure to the lymphocytosis promoting factor (LPF) of Bordetella pertussis-induced T cell colony formation. Colony formation was observed when mononuclear cells (MNC) were cultured at concentrations of more than 1 X 10(6)/ml, and reached a peak on day 8. However, the number of colonies generated with LPF was about one-third induced with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). Removal of monocytes from MNC or T cells resulted in the failure of colony formation, but colony growth could be restored by the addition of monocytes or B enriched cells, indicating that they were required for the optimal colony growth induced by LPF. In the absence of accessory cells, optimal colony growth from monocyte depleted T cells could be obtained when an appropriate concentration of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or interleukin-2 (IL-2) was added in the cultures with LPF. PMA did not enhance LPF-induced colony formation in the cultures containing a sufficient amount of exogeneous IL-2. These findings suggest that IL-2 is essential to LPF-induced colony formation. Surface marker analysis showed that most of LPF-induced colony cells were T cells. The percentages of T4+ and T gamma cells of LPF-induced colony cells were more, and T8+ cells less, than those of PHA-induced colony cells. Ia1, T9 and Tac antigens were detected on many colony cells induced by LPF or PHA. These results indicate that the phenotype of LPF-induced colony cells differs from those of PHA, but the sequential antigen expression on lymphocytes triggered by IL-2 might be similar in both LPF- and PHA-induced colony formation.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
QUANTIFICATION OF SOIL RANDOM ROUGHNESS AND SURFACE DEPRESSION STORAGE: METHODS, APPLICABILITY, AND LIMITATIONS

Soil surface microtopography controls surface runoff, infiltration, and other hydrologic processes by storing water in depressions, changing flow directions and accumulations, and even altering the entire drainage system. Studies have been conducted to characterize surface microrelief and quantify surface depression storage. Various indices have been proposed to quantify soil surface roughness, and some indices have been further used to estimate maximum depression storage (MDS). Random roughness (RR) has been one of the widely used indices for estimating MDS over the past four decades. However, there have been some confusions and controversies on the data processing procedures and computation methods associated with the RR index-based approach. The focus of this study is on evaluating the performance and applicability of the RR index-based approach that incorporates four different data processing procedures for a series of microtopographic surfaces. It is demonstrated that selecting proper data processing procedures is critical and helpful to improve the estimation of RR and MDS. Particularly, removal of oriented roughness (slope and tillage marks) is a necessary data processing procedure. For a real soil surface, the relationship of MDS and slope is nonlinear and the changing pattern of MDS with RR varies, depending on the surface microtopographic conditions. In addition, the mean upslope depression (MUD) method is applied to estimate MDS for tillage surfaces. It has been found that the RR index-based approach is better suited for gentle sloping surfaces, while the MUD index method is able to provide improved estimation of MDS for steeper slopes.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
New model of LPE growth: Growth rate calculation

Expressions for the LPE growth rate are developed on the basis of the new steady-state growth model assuming nucleation in the solution. The solution thickness can be calculated at which the LPE growth rate reaches a maximum for any solution cooling rate. The initial and the volume nucleation parameters, formation times, critical supersaturations and supercoolings of the solution have been determined from experimental GaP and GaAs LPE data. Calculated growth rates fit very closely with experimental rates of GaP and GaAs LPE growth.

Field of study: Materials science
Moisture-advection feedback supports strong early-to-mid Holocene monsoon climate on the eastern Tibetan Plateau as inferred from a pollen-based reconstruction

Holocene monsoon events despite the fact that monsoonal circulation is assumed to be driven by gradual insolation changes. Here we provide proxy and model evidence to show that moisture-advection feedback can lead to a non-linear relationship between sea-surface and continental temperatures and monsoonal precipitation. A pollen record from Lake Ximencuo (Nianbaoyeze Mountains) indicates that vegetation from the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau was characterized by alpine deserts and glacial flora after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) (21–15.5 cal kyr BP), by alpine meadows during the Late Glacial (15.5–10.4 cal kyr BP) and second half of the Holocene (5.0 cal kyr BP to present) and by mixed forests during the first half of the Holocene (10.4–5.0 cal kyr BP). The application of pollen-based transfer functions yields an abrupt temperature increase at 10.4 cal kyr BP and a decrease at 5.0 cal kyr BP of about 3 °C. By applying endmember modeling to grain-size data from the same sediment core we infer that frequent fluvial events (probably originating from high-magnitude precipitation events) were more common in the early and mid Holocene. We assign the inferred exceptional strong monsoonal circulation to the initiation of moisture-advection feedback, a result supported by a simple model that reproduces this feedback pattern over the same time period.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Sub-cm Resolution Distributed Fiber Optic Hydrogen Sensing with Nano-Engineered TiO2

The 3D nano-structuring on the 2) to be reduced and matched with the cladding of optical fiber(n~1.46) for low-loss integration. A high temperature capable hydrogen sensor composed of D-shaped optical fiber with palladium nanoparticles infused nanoporous (~5nm) TiO2 film is demonstrated. The behavior of the developed sensor was characterized by examining the wavelength of an incorporated Fiber Bragg Grating and by observing the transmission losses at temperatures up to 700C. In addition, with frequency domain reflectometry the distributed sensing potential of the developed sensor for hydrogen concentrations of up to 10% is examined. The results show the possibility of detecting chemical gradients with sub-cm resolution at very high temperatures(>500C).

Field of study: Physics
Examining Differences in State Support for Higher Education: A Comparative Study of State Appropriations for Research I Universities

In this study, quantitative and qualitative methods were used to identify factors that best explain variations in state appropriations for Carnegie Public Research I Universities during the late 1990s. A combination of cultural, political, and institutional factors emerged as critical elements accounting for differences in support including institutional commitment to public service and outreach, strength of postsecondary education governance structure, and gubernatorial and legislative support.

Field of study: Education