nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Hole trap annealing in neutron-transmutation-doped silicon with different initial resistivities

The effect of radiation damage on minority carriers (holes) has been investigated by optical deep-level transient spectroscopy on initially low- and high-resistivity (phosphorus-doped) neutron-transmission-doped silicon. New experimental data are compared with prior data on majority carrier traps in the same material. Four minority carrier traps are dominant. In initially low-resistivity material H3 (Ev+0.34 eV) and H5 (Ev+0.40 eV) are dominant and anneal out at 560 degrees C. In initially high-resistivity two other traps H4 (Ev+0.35 eV) and H6 (Ev+0.46 eV) are dominant and remain upon annealing up to around 700 degrees C. The results suggest that the latter traps H4 and H6, are closely related to the transmutation-doped phosphorus atoms, and they are constituents of the defect clusters introduced by the fast-neutron knock-on process.

Field of study: Materials science
Periplocoside A prevents experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by suppressing IL-17 production and inhibits differentiation of Th17 cells

The aim of this study was to determine the therapeutic effect of Periplocoside A (PSA), a natural product isolated from the traditional Chinese herbal medicine Periploca sepium Bge, in MOG35–55 (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35–55)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (Female C57BL/6 mice immunized with MOG35–55 were treated with (50 mg/kg or 25 mg/kg) or without PSA following immunization and continuously throughout the study. The degree of CNS inflammation was evaluated by H&E staining. Anti-MOG-specific recall responses were analyzed by [3H]-Thymidine incorporation, ELISA, and RT-PCR. The proportion of IL-17-producing T cells was measured by flow cytometry.Oral administration of PSA significantly reduced the incidence and severity of EAE, which closely paralleled the inhibition of MOG35–55-specific IL-17 production. Importantly, PSA inhibited the transcription of IL-17 mRNA and RORγt. Further studies examining intracellular staining and adoptive transfer EAE validated the direct suppressive effect of PSA on Th17 cells. In vitro studies also showed that PSA significantly inhibited the differentiation of Th17 cells from murine purified CD4+ T cells in a dose-dependent manner.PSA ameliorated EAE by suppressing IL-17 production and inhibited the differentiation of Th17 cells in vitro. Our results provide new insight into the potential mechanisms underlying the immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects of PSA.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
New Methods for Reasoning Towards PosteriorDistributions Based on Sample Data

This paper redefines the concept of sampling from a population with a given parametric form, and thus leads up to some proposed alternatives to the existing Bayesian and fiducial arguments for deriving posterior distributions. Section 2 spells out the basic assumptions of the suggested class of sampling models, and Sect. 3 suggests a mode of inference appropriate to the sampling models adopted. A novel property of these inferences is that they generally assign upper and lower probabilities to events concerning unknowns rather than precise probabilities as given by Bayesian or fiducial arguments. Sections 4 and 5 present details of the new arguments for binomial sampling with a continuous parameter p and for general multinomial sampling with a finite number of contemplated hypotheses. Among the concluding remarks, it is pointed out that the methods of Sect. 5 include as limiting cases situations with discrete or continuous observables and continuously ranging parameters.

Field of study: Mathematics
Projection as an Interpersonal Influence Tactic: The Effects of the Pot Calling the Kettle Black

In his analysis of Nazi propaganda, Ellis Freeman identified an influence tactic based on projection: accusing another person of the negative traits and behaviors that one possesses and exhibits with the goal of deflecting blame away from one’s own misdeeds and toward the accused. Although the use of projection as an influence tactic is not limited to fascist regimes and its consequences can be socially devastating, the projection tactic has not been subjected to experimental analysis. In four experiments, the authors found that projection was effective in (a) increasing the blame placed on the target of the projection and (b) decreasing the culpability of the accuser (or projectionist). These effects occurred despite (a) raising suspicions about the motives of the projectionist, (b) providing evidence that the projectionist is guilty of the deed, and (c) timing the projection so that it occurred after the misdeeds came to light.

Field of study: Psychology
Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary problem on shallow carbonate platform: Carbon and oxygen excursions, biota and microfacies at the K/T boundary sections Dolenja Vas and Sopada in SW Slovenia, Adria CP

The transition of Maastrichtian to Danian in SW Slovenia was studied in two shallow marine carbonate successions. Apart from the extinction of some biota, the K/T boundary is reflected also in carbonate isotopic composition and in geochemistry. The K/T boundary is characterized by 20 cm to 1 m thick sedimentary breccia of intertidal origin. Extreme depletion in the δ 13 C content (up to − 8‰) was found in Dolenja Vas section just at this boundary. It related to global climatic changes caused by impact of extraterrestrial body followed by the destruction and combustion of terrestrial plants. Slight enrichment in δ 13 C content (up to 2‰) is evident at Danian/Selandian boundary too.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Adrenomedullin Increases AP-1 Expression in Rat Mesangial Cells via Activation of Protein Kinase-A and p38 MAPK

Adrenomedullin (AM), a potent vasodilatory peptide, has anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects in rat mesangial cells (RMCs). We have previously demonstrated that AM modulates activities of the members of MAPK family in RMCs. Because activation of MAPKs has been reported to induce AP-1 expression in other cell systems, the major aim of the present study was to examine the effects and mechanisms of AM on AP-1 member mRNA expression, in RMCs. AM produced a concentration- and time-dependent increase in c-fos and jun-B mRNA expression without observable effects on fos-B and c-jun. Associated with this change, AM increased the AP-1 DNA binding activity. RMCs transiently transfected with a luciferase fusion gene driven by an AP-1 cis-element demonstrate a concentration- and time-dependent increase in luciferase activity suggesting that AM increases AP-1-mediated gene transcription in these cultured cells. Both an AM-induced increase in AP-1 mRNA expression and AP-1 luciferase activities were inhibited by H89 (protein kinase-A inhibitor) and SB203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor). These results indicate a likely role for the members of AP-1 family in AM-mediated biological responses in rat mesangial cells and a role for cAMP activation and subsequent activation of p38 MAPK in AM-induced AP-1 activity.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Making More Use of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977: Stewart Gill Ltd v Horatio Myer & Co Ltd

In 1984 Lord Justice Slade was surprised to find that there had been only one reported case in which the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 ('UCTA) had been mentioned. ] By those standards, there has recently been something of a flurry of cases,' the latest of which is Stewart Gill Ltd v Horatio Myer & Co Ltd.3 The decision of the Court of Appeal raises a number of interesting issues regarding the scope and operation of the Act.

Field of study: Law
High pulse repetition frequency, multiple wavelength, pulsed CO(2) lidar system for atmospheric transmission and target reflectance measurements.

A multiple wavelength, pulsed CO(2) lidar system operating at a pulse repetition frequency of 200 Hz and permitting the random selection of CO(2) laser wavelengths for each laser pulse is presented. This system was employed to measure target reflectance and atmospheric transmission by using laser pulse bursts consisting of groups with as many as 16 different wavelengths at a repetition rate of 12 Hz. The wavelength tuning mechanism of the transversely excited atmospheric laser consists of a stationary grating and a flat mirror controlled by a galvanometer. Multiple wavelength, differential absorption lidar (DIAL) measurements reduce the effects of differential target reflectance and molecular absorption interference. Examples of multiwavelength DIAL detection for ammonia and water vapor show the dynamic interaction between these two trace gases. Target reflectance measurements for maple trees in winter and autumn are presented.

Field of study: Physics
Properties of Icosahedral Clusters and Medium-Range Order in AlCuZr Alloy

The evolution characteristics of icosahedral clusters during the rapid solidification of Al10Cu50Zr40 alloy under cooling rates of 1.0 × 1011 K/s are investigated based on molecular dynamics simulations. The structural properties of short-range order and medium-range order of Al10Cu50Zr40 alloy are analyzed by several structural characterization methods. It is found that the icosahedral cluster is the dominant short range order structure. Simultaneously, the medium -range order structural evolutions are described in detail by quantitative method and visualization technology during the rapid solidification. The results reveal that the medium-range order icosahedral clusters are bonding with each other by chain, triangle, tetrahedral and their combination structures, and have excellent structural stability and configural continuity with the temperature decreasing. The medium-range order clusters that consist of , and interlocked with each other and built the densely packed network structures.

Field of study: Engineering
The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor binding sites of platelet membranes. pH-dependency, inhibition by polymeric sulphates, and the possible presence of arginine at the binding site.

The present study was initiated to characterize the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3)-binding site in human platelets that is involved in Ca2+ release. InsP3 binding to platelet membranes was measured in two ways; (1) by displacement of labelled InsP3 with unlabelled InsP3, as in previous studies, and (2) directly, using only radioactive InsP3 as ligand, over the concentration range 0.25-100 nM. At physiological pH (7.1) the binding data were best fitted by a model for a single saturable binding site, with KD = 11.8 nM and Bmax. = 1.4 pmol/mg of protein. At alkaline pH values (8.3 and 9.4) binding was best fitted by a two-site model, the second site being of higher affinity (KD = 0.75-1.2 nM) but lower concentration (Bmax. = 0.195-0.6 pmol/mg of protein). All binding of InsP3 was blocked by polymeric sulphates (heparin, dextran sulphate, polyvinyl sulphate) regardless of pH. The specific arginine-modifying reagent p-hydroxyphenylglyoxal irreversibly blocked InsP3 binding, suggesting the presence of arginine at the recognition site for InsP3 binding. NN'-dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide (DCCD) and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodi-imide (ECCD), which are carboxy-group-specific reagents, blocked Ca2+ release, but not InsP3 binding, indicating the existence of another site that regulates Ca2+ release apart from the active centre for InsP3.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Bisulfate – cluster based atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometer for high-sensitivity (< 100 ppqV) detection of atmospheric dimethyl amine: proof-of-concept and first ambient data from boreal forest

Atmospheric amines may play a crucial role in formation of new aerosol particles via nucleation with sulfuric acid. Recent studies have revealed that concentrations below 1 pptV can significantly promote nucleation of sulfuric acid particles. While sulfuric acid detection is relatively straightforward, no amine measurements to date have been able to reach the critical sub-pptV concentration range and atmospheric amine concentrations are in general poorly characterized. In this work we present a proof-of-concept of an instrument capable of detecting dimethyl amine (DMA) with concentrations even down to 70 ppqV (parts per quadrillion, 0.07 pptV) for a 15 min integration time. Detection of ammonia and amines other than dimethyl amine is discussed. We also report results from the first ambient measurements performed in spring 2013 at a boreal forest site. While minute signals above the signal-to-noise ratio that could be attributed to trimethyl or propyl amine were observed, DMA concentration never exceeded the detection threshold of ambient measurements (150 ppqV), thereby questioning, though not excluding, the role of DMA in nucleation at this location.

Field of study: Environmental science
The rational nature-choosing and orientating of northwest minority traditiond physical education

It has been expounded for the condition and forming of the rational nature choosing and orientating of northwest minority tradition physical education by the methods of reference data and social investigation. The results show that the natural environment is the cradle and resource of the hastening and breeding for national physical-education; the labour is the nutrient milk for national physical education; and the national physical education can never be apart from humanity ambience. The aim of the research is setting up the basic frame of national physical education theory.

Field of study: Education
CHARACTERIZATION OF ACTIVATED CARBONS PREPARED FROM SUGARCANE BAGASSE BY ZnCl2 ACTIVATION

Activated carbons were prepared from the agricultural waste of sugarcane bagasse by the chemical activation with zinc chloride (ZnCl2) at the activation temperature of 500°C with soaking time of 0.5 hour. The influence of activation parameters on the final carbon products was examined by varying the impregnation ratio (i.e., mass ratio of added ZnCl2 to bagasse) and bagasse size. The physical properties of carbon products were characterized by nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms (at 77 K) and helium displacement method. The surface area and pore volume of carbons were thus obtained by the BET equation and t-plot method. Also, the particle density and porosity of carbons were estimated by the total pore volume and true density. The increases of the values of surface area and pore volume are approximately proportional to the impregnation ratio. The microporous carbon product with the BET surface area of 905 m2/g and total pore volume of 0.44 cm3/g was obtained in the present study. Further, the adsorption isotherms of two acid dyes from aqueous solutions onto the carbon products were performed at 30°C. The results show that the adsorption isotherms of acid dyes with high molecular weight or large molecular size on the microporous adsorbents of activated carbons are plateau forms, indicating multilayer adsorptions, which may be attributed to the steric hindrance of the adsorbate molecules.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
FaRNet: Fast recognition of high-dimensional patterns from big network traffic data

Extracting knowledge from big network traffic data is a matter of foremost importance for multiple purposes including trend analysis, network troubleshooting, capacity planning, network forensics, and traffic classification. An extremely useful approach to profile traffic is to extract and display to a network administrator the multi-dimensional hierarchical heavy hitters (HHHs) of a dataset. However, existing schemes for computing HHHs have several limitations: (1) they require significant computational resources; (2) they do not scale to high dimensional data; and (3) they are not easily extensible. In this paper, we introduce a fundamentally new approach for extracting HHHs based on generalized frequent item-set mining (FIM), which allows to process traffic data much more efficiently and scales to much higher dimensional data than present schemes. Based on generalized FIM, we build and thoroughly evaluate a traffic profiling system we call FaRNet. Our comparison with AutoFocus, which is the most related tool of similar nature, shows that FaRNet is up to three orders of magnitude faster. Finally, we describe experiences on how generalized FIM is useful in practice after using FaRNet operationally for several months in the NOC of GEANT, the European backbone network.

Field of study: Computer science
Thermal analysis of high average power laser diode arrays

In this paper a water cooler for 2D laser diode arrays cooling was presented. The cooler can be manufactured with line cutting method and with very low cost. The thermal resistance of the laser diode with back cooling packaged structure was calculated and the thickness of the submount and the structure of the cooler were optimized by three dimension finite element method. The calculated results indicated that the thickness of submount, the cooling water channel depth and the fin width have optimum values. The lowest thermal impedance of the water cooler was 0.093℃·cm 2/W. The package design can meet the needs of heat dissipating for high power laser diode arrays with power density of 500W/cm 2 and 20% duty cycle.

Field of study: Physics
Surface modification of sphalerite with sodium alginate

In order to prevent sphalerite particles from aggregating in leaching solution, and to reduce the loss of organic solvent, the surface modification of sphalerite with sodium alginate was investigated. The modified sphalerite particles were characterized by dispersion experiments, determination of adsorption rate of oil, FT-IR spectra and X-ray photoelectron spectra. The results showed that the modified sphalerite particles exhibited good dispersibility in water. The contact angle between sphalerite particles and water changed from 86.9° before modification to 0° after modification with sodium alginate. The sedimentation volume reduced from 0.85 ml/g to 0.70 ml/g. The adsorption rate of oil reduced from 0.15 ml/g to 0.07 ml/g. The checking results of FT-IR and XPS spectra indicated that some modification reagents were coated on the particle surface. The modifier combined to sphalerite particle surface through the chemical bond, resulting in the comprehensive stability action of static and steric effect.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
A Hospital Medical Staff Psychology Department: The Interface of Medical Education, Postdoctoral Psychology Training, Clinical Practice, and Medical Staff Membership

We describe the organization and development of the free-standing medical staff department of psychology at Hurley Medical Center (HMC) in Flint, Michigan. Housed in a tertiary care teaching hospital of Michigan State University College of Human Medicine (MSU/CHM), the department is unique in its independence and parity within the organized medical staff. The description herein follows the 10 organizational variables suggested by the Working Group on Governance and Administration from the 1995 Georgetown Conference of the Association of Medical School Psychologists. The departmental structure, its developmental history, clinical and educational services, and keys to success are described. In conjunction with a collegial medical staff, the department and its endeavors reflect a professional environment that is stable, responsive to the needs of the physicians, the hospital, and their patients, and is rich in independent practice opportunities. We believe it may represent a worthy example of advanced psychology practice for the future.

Field of study: Psychology
Investigation of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Centrifugal Casting Mg-Zn-Y-Zr Alloy

Mg-6wt%Zn-1wt%Y-0.5wt%Zr(ZW61) alloy was prepared by centrifugal casting and metal mould casting respectively.The as-cast microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloys were compared.The results show that the microstructure of centrifugal casting magnesium alloy is significantly refined,and its mechanical properties are improved.The microstructure and phase composition of ZW61 alloy were investigated through SEM and XRD.It was found that the matrix phase of both the alloys is α-Mg phase,and the second phase of ZW61 alloy are composed of I-phase(Mg3Zn6Y) and W-phase(Mg3Zn3Y2).According to the ImageJ software analysis,the area fraction of the second phase in the centrifugal casting alloy is lower than that in the metal mould casting alloy.In centrifugal casting process,the eutectic t ransformation of L → α-Mg + W and eutectoid transformation of L+ W→ α-Mg + I were suppressed,leading to the reduced amount of I-phase and W-phase,and form a solidification microstructure with the saturated primary phase consisting mainly of α-Mg phase.The centrifugal casting alloy has more plastic features than the metal mould casting alloy.

Field of study: Materials science
Construction of the eukaryotic recombinant plasmid for hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase of Schistosoma japonicum Chinese strain and its immunoprotection in mice

目的 克隆日本血吸虫次黄嘌呤-鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶(SjHGPRT)全长编码基因,研究其DNA疫苗诱导小鼠的免疫保护作用.方法 将全长SjHGPRT基因克隆到真核表达载体pcDNA3上,构建真核表达质粒pcDNA3-SjHGPRT,用经双酶切、PCR和测序鉴定正确的真核表达质粒免疫昆明小鼠3次,每次间隙2周,第3次免疫后第2周进行日本血吸虫尾蚴攻击感染,感染后42 d处死小鼠,收集成虫、肝脏和24 h粪便,计算减虫率和减卵率.结果 成功构建真核表达质粒pcDNA3-SjHGPRT.动物免疫实验结果显示:pcDNA3-SjHGPRT疫苗组减虫率23.17%、肝减卵率41.64%、粪减卵率40.57%,每雌虫子宫内卵减卵率26.95%,与对照组相比差异均具有统计学意义(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).每雌虫子宫内卵减卵率及肝、粪减卵率明显高于减虫率,表明pcDNA3-SjHGPRT疫苗可能主要在抗血吸虫卵胚发育或抗生殖方面起作用.结论 日本血吸虫次黄嘌呤-鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶DNA疫苗可诱导抗血吸虫卵胚发育或抗生殖作用,具有潜在的疫苗研究与开发价值。

Field of study: Biology
Language definition-based compiler development

An important reason for developing a formal definition of a programming language is to provide guidance for implementors. At the very least, a formal definition establishes a standard of implementation correctness. Here we examine one avenue of compiler implementation based on a constructive functional language definition organized into a set of modular theories and syntax-directed rules. A modular implementation, whose structure follows that of the formal definition, is developed by a combination of hand coding and semiformal transformations that bring the definition down to the level of a program in a Pascal-like language. Program verification techniques are then used to confirm the correctness of the implementation steps.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Berengario's drill: origin and inspiration.

Craniotomies are among the oldest neurosurgical procedures, as evidenced by early human skulls discovered with holes in the calvaria. Though devices change, the principles to safely transgress the skull are identical. Modern neurosurgeons regularly use electric power drills in the operating theater; however, nonelectric trephining instruments remain trusted by professionals in certain emergent settings in the rare instance that an electric drill is unavailable. Until the late Middle Ages, innovation in craniotomy instrumentation remained stunted without much documented redesign. Jacopo Berengario da Carpi's (c. 1457-1530 CE) text Tractatus de Fractura Calvae sive Cranei depicts a drill previously unseen in a medical volume. Written in 1518 CE, the book was motivated by defeat over the course of Lorenzo II de'Medici's medical care. Berengario's interchangeable bit with a compound brace ("vertibulum"), known today as the Hudson brace, symbolizes a pivotal device in neurosurgery and medical tool design. This drill permitted surgeons to stock multiple bits, perform the craniotomy faster, and decrease equipment costs during a period of increased incidence of cranial fractures, and thus the need for craniotomies, which was attributable to the introduction of gunpowder. The inspiration stemmed from a school of thought growing within a population of physicians trained as mathematicians, engineers, and astrologers prior to entering the medical profession. Berengario may have been the first to record the use of such a unique drill, but whether he invented this instrument or merely adapted its use for the craniotomy remains clouded.

Field of study: Medicine