nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
An Assessment of Initial Leaching Characteristics of Alkali-Borosilicate Glasses for Nuclear Waste Immobilization

Initial leaching characteristics of simulated nuclear waste immobilized in three alkali- borosilicate glasses (ABS-waste) were studied. The effects of matrix composition on the containment performance and degradation resistance measures were evaluated. Normalized release rates are in conformance with data reported in the literature. High Li and Mg loadings lead to the highest initial de-polymerization of sample ABS-waste (17) and contributed to its thermodynamic instability. Ca stabilizes non-bridging oxygen (NBO) and reduces the thermodynamic instability of the modified matrix. An exponential temporal change in the alteration thickness was noted for samples ABS-waste (17) and Modified Alkali-Borosilicate (MABS)-waste (20), whereas a linear temporal change was noted for sample ABS-waste (25). Leaching processes that contribute to the fractional release of all studied elements within the initial stage of glass corrosion were quantified and the main controlling leach process for each element was identified. As the waste loading increases, the contribution of the dissolution process to the overall fractional release of structural elements decreases by 43.44, 5.05, 38.07, and 52.99% for Si, B, Na, and Li respectively, and the presence of modifiers reduces this contribution for all the studied metalloids. The dissolution process plays an important role in controlling the release of Li and Cs, and this role is reduced by increasing the waste loading.

Field of study: Materials science
Evolution and origin of Ceará Rise: An aseismic rise in the western equatorial Atlantic

The Ceara Rise is an aseismic rise located in the western equatorial Atlantic between latitudes 3° and 8 °N, and longitudes 38 ° and 48 °W. An analogous feature, the Sierra Leone Rise, is located in the eastern equatorial Atlantic. These two rises on the two sides of the Atlantic are bounded by the same fracture zones and are approximately equidistant from the ridge axis. The northern boundary of the two rises is formed by the 8 °N fracture zone, whereas the southern boundary is formed by the 4 °N fracture zone. Seismic-profiler records show that the acoustic basement under the Ceara Rise is smooth in areas where it is also the shallowest. Moreover, areas of smooth and shallow acoustic basement coincide with the presence of a seismic layer with a velocity of 3.5 km/sec overlying the oceanic layer 2. These observations indicate that volcanic extrusives probably account for the basement relief of the Ceara Rise. On the basis of the drilling data and on the basis of its distance from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, we suggest that the Ceara Rise originated approximately 80 m.y. ago. At that time, the region of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge located between the 4° and 8 °N fracture zones underwent a period of extensive volcanic extrusion. This volcanic pile reached a thickness of 2 km. As the spreading continued at the ridge, the volcanic pile was split into two segments. The western segment formed the Ceara Rise; the eastern segment formed the Sierra Leone Rise. The Ceara Rise has continuously subsided since its formation and has been covered by calcareous and siliceous pelagic sediments. However, a large influx of terrigenous sediments from the Brazilian margin, which coincided with the growth of the Amazon Cone since early Miocene time, has buried the western part of the rise under several kilometres of terrigenous sediments. The onlapping of terrigenous sediments over the flank of the rise has continued until at least the end of Pleistocene time.

Field of study: Geology
Observation of overtones of vibrational-rotational molecular transitions by coherent active spectroscopy

The method of active Raman spectroscopy was used in an experimental investigation of the rotational structure of a vibrational-rotational band of the carbon dioxide molecule near the first overtone of the Πμ vibration representing the low-frequency component of the Fermi doublet 1285.5–1388.5 cm–1. Active centers were excited by the second harmonic of a YAG:Nd3+ laser and by a tunable dye laser with a solution of rhodamine 6G in ethanol. The experimental anti-Stokes signal had a central strong component, corresponding to a purely vibrational second-order transition due to deformation vibrations of the CO2 molecule (00°0–02°0), as well as the structure in the wings due to vibrational-rotational transitions. The experimental results were used to estimate the differential cross section of spontaneous Raman scattering dδ/do ≈ 5×10–31 cm2/sr.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
A pre-Hirnantian (Late Ordovician) interval of global cooling – The Boda event re-assessed

Facies analysis suggests that the early–mid Ashgill (Late Ordovician) ‘Boda event’ of Fortey and Cocks [Fortey, R.A., Cocks, L.R.M., 2005. Late Ordovician global warming—The Boda event. Geology 33 (5), 405–408] was an episode of global cooling, not of warming as they proposed. Limestones are widely developed at this level from mid-latitude to high-latitude, commonly interrupting thick Ordovician successions of fine clastic sediments. Bryozoan carbonate mud mounds in a laterally extensive cool-water carbonate belt along the high palaeolatitude margin of W Gondwana are associated with glacial diamictites, and grew during glacial lowstand with sea ice prior to the Hirnantian glaciation. From high to mid-palaeolatitudes, contemporaneous cool-water carbonates with mud mounds, including stromatactis both in Gondwana and in Baltica, developed in mid-outer ramp settings during regression. In the dominantly clastic Welsh Basin of Avalonia, phosphatic facies on an Iapetus-facing carbonate ramp indicate upwelling cold waters down-ramp, yet up-ramp coralliferous-algal limestones suggest warm surface waters. 
 
We propose that the Late Ordovician cool-water carbonates developed in response to global cooling and expansion of Gondwanan terrestrial and sea ice that lowered eustatic sea level, and on the W Gondwanan shelf reduced or shut down fluvial clastic input. Previously poorly circulated, salinity-stratified oceans that had restricted benthic dispersal in mid–low latitudes were replaced by thermohaline ocean circulation that oxygenated bottom waters and dispersed benthic faunas. An earlier, Caradoc carbonate interval in low–mid palaeolatitudes that shares many facies characteristics with the Ashgill cool-water limestones, and correlates with a widely recognised isotope excursion, is interpreted as indicating an earlier global cooling episode.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Limits of quantum toroidal and affine Yangian

In this short note, we compute the classical limits of the quantum toroidal and the affine Yangian algebras of sl(n) by generalizing our arguments for the case of gl(1) from . These results were mentioned as motivation in the recent study of toroidal algebras by [Feigin-Jimbo-Miwa-Mukhin], while they played a crucial role in the recent paper of the author and Bershtein. An alternative proof of our key isomorphisms for n>2 was first established by [Varagnolo-Vasserot]. We also discuss some consequences of these results.

Field of study: Mathematics
Energy-selective (+, +) monolithic monochromator and relative lattice-spacing measurement of Si wafers with synchrotron radiation

X-ray optic systems have been developed at beamline BL-3C2 of the Photon Factory, KEK, for the study of the relative lattice spacings of Si wafers using synchrotron radiation. Since synchrotron radiation has no characteristic (wavelength) spectral lines, unlike an X-ray tube, a new tool has been introduced into the system as a wavelength-selective device – a (+, +) high-resolution channel-cut monolithic monochromator. Using two types of monolithic monochromator, two schemes are proposed and applied to the study of the lattice spacings of Si wafers. The lattice-spacing differences are determined in the sub-p.p.m range; for example, in scheme 1 and scheme 2 we obtain 0.6 p.p.m. and 0.2 p.p.m., respectively. One of the practical advantages of this system is that it can be applied for a fast and precise measurement of the lattice-spacing changes due to the doping and defects in Si, GaAs and other single crystals.

Field of study: Physics
Analysis of linear and non-linear genotype × environment interaction

The usual analysis of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) is based on the linear regression of genotypic performance on environmental changes (e.g., classic stability analysis). This linear model may often lead to lumping together of the non-linear responses to the whole range of environmental changes from suboptimal and super optimal conditions, thereby lowering the power of detecting G × E variation. On the other hand, the G × E is present when the magnitude of the genetic effect differs across the range of environmental conditions regardless of whether the response to environmental changes is linear or non-linear. The objectives of this study are: (i) explore the use of four commonly used non-linear functions (logistic, parabola, normal and Cauchy functions) for modeling non-linear genotypic responses to environmental changes and (ii) to investigate the difference in the magnitude of estimated genetic effects under different environmental conditions. The use of non-linear functions was illustrated through the analysis of one data set taken from barley cultivar trials in Alberta, Canada (Data A) and the examination of change in effect sizes is through the analysis another data set taken from the North America Barley Genome Mapping Project (Data B). The analysis of Data A showed that the Cauchy function captured an average of >40% of total G × E variation whereas the logistic function captured less G × E variation than the linear function. The analysis of Data B showed that genotypic responses were largely linear and that strong QTL × environment interaction existed as the positions, sizes and directions of QTL detected differed in poor vs. good environments. We conclude that (i) the non-linear functions should be considered when analyzing multi-environmental trials with a wide range of environmental variation and (ii) QTL × environment interaction can arise from the difference in effect sizes across environments.

Field of study: Biology
Sleeping Partnership And Limited Liability, 1850–1856

LTV H E appropriateness of the law of partnership to English conditions was discussed only intermittently during the first half of the nineteenth century.2 Much of the comment was the product of exceptional circumstances; boom years and their aftermaths of failures and frauds provoked controversy about the nature of speculation, and the ways in which, by curbing it, a less erratic growth of society might be promoted.3 What is notable, however, is not the spate of discussion but its relatively limited volume, violent though it was on occasion. There was no sustained movement that attempted to bring Britain into line with commercial law and practice elsewhere, and the majority view which found expression in Bellenden Ker's well-known Report on the Law of Partnership was held to have settled the  Ker listed the three 'principal evils' of the law of partnership. These were (i) the difficulties of suing and being sued, (ii) the settlement of disputes between partners, and (iii) 'the rule, that any person taking an interest in the profits becomes liable as a partner'. The Select Committee on Joint Stock Companies of i 844 enlarged upon the first of these problems, and theJoint Stock Companies Registration and Regulation Act of the same year,5 making a legislative distinction between a joint stock company and an ordinary partnership, granted certain of the privileges of incorporation in return for compliance with the terms of the Act. Ker's third problem, that of liability, evoked vigorous controversy on several occasions: in i8i8, when an attempt to introduce the society en commandite failed in the Commons ; in i825, when the debates in Parliament and outside threw up most of the arguments that were to be repeated many times during the next three decades; 7 in I 8368 and, to a lesser extent, in the early i840's.9 As in the years immediately following i850, most of the discussion was in terms of the en commandite partnership rather than of general limited liability. But those who argued from assumptions of the uni-

Field of study: Economics, History
Methodology optimization for the analysis of phenolic compounds in chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.)

Phenols are bioactive substances of great interest because of their involvement in plant physiology, their use in many industrial processes, and their impact on human health. This work aims to summarize the varied approaches to the phenolic analysis of chestnut (bark and wood of trunk and branches, leaves, catkins, burs, and fruit) and to collate the optimal conditions into an easy to follow and execute protocol. Phenolic compounds were extracted by solid–liquid extraction and separated by liquid–liquid extraction. Total phenols content was determined by Folin–Ciocalteu assay, condensed tannins by vanillin assay, and hydrolyzable tannins (gallotannins and ellagitannins) by high-performance liquid chromatography quantification of methyl gallate and ellagic acid following acid methanolysis. The lowest temperature for conservation (–80 ℃), lyophilization, and milling (liquid N2) were the most effective pretreatments for samples. For quantification of tannins, the use of water clearly reduced the sensitivity of the analysis of condensed tannins, whilst the more efficient degradation capacity of sulfuric acid improved the methanolysis of hydrolyzable tannins. These findings were validated using a range of chestnut tissues, and thus confirm the utility and effectiveness of this easy to implement, cost-effective, and efficient protocol.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Structural and electrochemical behavior of tungsten oxide obtained by solid state reaction

Tungsten oxides have been used successfully as intercalation compounds of high performance batteries. In this communication we present a new and innovative route to obtain orthorhombic WO 3 where the crystallographic structure can be carefully controlled. X-ray diffraction data indicates that a texture is obtained in the [0 k 0] direction, whereas XPS suggests that the valence of the tungsten atom is + 6. The electrochemical behavior of the oriented sample was studied by chronopotentiometry and its charge–discharge capacity was evaluated. The results showed stable values close to 100 mA h/g after the 70th cycle, which compares favorably to the best know WO 3 compounds produced so far.

Field of study: Materials science
Instructional Set and the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory

Effects of the manipulation of instructional set on the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory were studied for high school boys and girls. Total self-esteem scores were significantly greater under the ‘fake good’ instructional set than under either the control or ‘fake bad’ set (p < .01); there were no significant sex differences or a significant interaction between sex and instructions, The Lie scores were significantly different for all three sets of instructions (p < .01), but there were no significant sex differences or interactions.

Field of study: Psychology
Zulu bomber to the rescue? : small talk

Our Zulu is no longer on the stoep. He is now in Tuynhuis, bordering on South Africa's first real fresh produce garden. We hope this helps him to focus even more keenly on the importance of food security and the creation of infrastructure that will enable farmers to produce adequate supplies of badly-needed basic foodstuffs (including milk) at affordable prices.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Influences of Extrusion Ratio on Microstructure and Properties of AZ80 Magnesium Alloy

At 390 ℃, AZ80 magnesium alloy was extruded on the industrial machine. five extrusion ratioes (15, 30, 45, 60, 70) were adopted, and different extrusion samples were studied. The results show that, with the increase of extrusion ratio, that is, the increase of deformation, the volume fraction of new grains is growing gradually during deformation, and under certain conditions, dynamic recrystallization can be repeated, thus the grain is significantly refined, which effectively improves the mechanical property of the alloy. With the increase of extrusion ratio, the strength tends to increase. When extrusion ratio is 60, the tensile strength reaches 390 MPa, the elongation is 11%.

Field of study: Materials science
The clinical pathomorphosis of neuroses

: Comparison of data on neuroses in a selective group of patients which were treated in day hospital in 1988 (226 patients) and in 1996 (244 individuals) was made. In this period there was an increase of both the number of 16-20 year old patients (from 1,0 to 13%) and of women (from 58.9 to 81.2%) as well as occurrence of the group (18.9%) of unemployment patients (they were absent in 1988). In the structure of the forms of neuroses diagnosed according to ICD-9, there was a decrease of neurasthenic and obsessive-phobic forms (from 50.0 down to 30.3% and from 12.4 down to 7.4%, respectively) as well as an increase of depressive neuroses (from 19.5 to 54.4%). Moreover, the depressive symptoms were more often included in all forms of neuroses. Combinations of different psychogenic influences and especially psychogenic multifactorial situations with displacement of significance from family-personal to social-economic factors play increasingly important role in pathogenesis of different neurotic disorders.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Spectral Image Measurement and Its Application

Spectral imaging technique has attracted attention in the machine vision field to enhance measurement and inspection systems. This paper describes color analysis techniques using an imaging spectrograph for acquiring multispectral image in real-time. Two analysis cases are reported: one is the result of analyzing the relationship between skin color and the pigment by 2 kinds of multiple regression analysis, another is the result of analyzing the tone of the color of a coated surface with an undulating form using a power spectrum with shading compensation.

Field of study: Computer science
Modeling the minimum enzymatic requirements for optimal cellulose conversion

Hydrolysis of cellulose is achieved by the synergistic action of endoglucanases, exoglucanases and β-glucosidases. Most cellulolytic microorganisms produce a varied array of these enzymes and the relative roles of the components are not easily defined or quantified. In this study we have used partially purified cellulases produced heterologously in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to increase our understanding of the roles of some of these components. CBH1 (Cel7), CBH2 (Cel6) and EG2 (Cel5) were separately produced in recombinant yeast strains, allowing their isolation free of any contaminating cellulolytic activity. Binary and ternary mixtures of the enzymes at loadings ranging between 3 and 100 mg g−1 Avicel allowed us to illustrate the relative roles of the enzymes and their levels of synergy. A mathematical model was created to simulate the interactions of these enzymes on crystalline cellulose, under both isolated and synergistic conditions. Laboratory results from the various mixtures at a range of loadings of recombinant enzymes allowed refinement of the mathematical model. The model can further be used to predict the optimal synergistic mixes of the enzymes. This information can subsequently be applied to help to determine the minimum protein requirement for complete hydrolysis of cellulose. Such knowledge will be greatly informative for the design of better enzymatic cocktails or processing organisms for the conversion of cellulosic biomass to commodity products.

Field of study: Environmental science
ChemInform Abstract: Photocyanation of Pyrene in an Oil-in-Water Emulsion System.

Photoirradiation of pyrene in the presence of 1,4-dicyanobenzene and NaCN in a benzonitrile/water mixture (1/100, vol/vol%) under vigorous stirring gave 1-cyanopyrene (PyCN) in an 83% yield, while an analogous reaction in acetonitrile/water (9/1, vol/vol%) yielded PyCN in a 61% yield.

Field of study: Chemistry
Invasion dynamics and attractor inheritance

We study the dynamics of a population of residents that is being invaded by an initially rare mutant. We show that under relatively mild conditions the sum of the mutant and resident population sizes stays arbitrarily close to the initial attractor of the monomorphic resident population whenever the mutant has a strategy sufficiently similar to that of the resident. For stochastic systems we show that the probability density of the sum of the mutant and resident population sizes stays arbitrarily close to the stationary probability density of the monomorphic resident population. Attractor switching, evolutionary suicide as well as most cases of ``the resident strikes back'' in systems with multiple attractors are possible only near a bifurcation point in the strategy space where the resident attractor undergoes a discontinuous change. Away from such points, when the mutant takes over the population from the resident and hence becomes the new resident itself, the population stays on the same attractor. In other words, the new resident ``inherits'' the attractor from its predecessor, the former resident.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Just how reliable are plastic encapsulated semiconductors for military applications and how can the maximum reliability be obtained

A very large proportion of semiconductor devices are now encapsulated in plastics enabling them to be produced more cheaply than devices in hermetically sealed packages. They also have some technical advantages. There has been a progressive improvement in their reliability over the years, but the long term reliability of such devices is a matter of concern for military applications. The paper briefly describes the constructional features of the devices and points out the main failure mechanisms that occur with aluminium metallised devices, citing corrosion of the interconnections leading to open circuit as almost inevitable. The difficulties encountered by users with possible ways to improve the situation are then described along with some reported failure rate figures. Finally some official policies and views on the use and reliability of plastic encapsulated semiconductor devices are given. Twelve references are listed.

Field of study: Engineering
Lemur Tyrosine Kinase-3 Suppresses Growth of Prostate Cancer Via the AKT and MAPK Signaling Pathways

Lemur tyrosine kinase (LMTK)-3 is a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. Abnormal expression of LMTK-3 exists in various types of cancers, especially in endocrine-resistant breast cancers; however, the precise level of expression and the biological function in prostate cancer are poorly understood.  In the present study, we determined the expression of LMTK-3 in prostate cancer using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. We infected PC3 and LNCaP cells with lentivirus-LMTK-3 and observed the biologic characteristics of the PC3 and LNCaP cells in vitro with TUNEL, and migration and invasion assays, respectively. We also established a transplant tumor model of human prostate cancer with infected cells in 15 BALB/c-nu/nu nude mice.  LMTK-3 was expressed in prostate epithelial cells. There was a significant decline in the level of LMTK-3 expression in prostate cancers compared to normal tissues. LMTK-3 inhibited PC3 and LNCaP cell growth, migration, and invasion, and induced cell apoptosis in vitro. We also observed that LMTK-3 induced PC3 cell apoptosis in vivo. Further study showed that LMTK-3 inhibited phosphorylation of AKT and ERK, and promoted phosphorylation and activation of p38 kinase and Jun kinase (JNK).  Recombinant lentivirus with enhanced expression of LMTK-3 inhibited prostate cancer cell growth and induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. AKT and MAPK signaling pathways may contribute to the process.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry