nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Method of Library Website Evaluation Based on BP Neural Network

Establishes the evaluation index system which accords with the characteristics of library Website.On the ground of this index system,explores an integrated evaluation method based on back propagation neural network.Introduces the BP neural network and its basic principles,and then expounds the establishing processes of evaluation model,including determining the structure of neural network,network training,and network verification.Applies the model to test sample,and obtains a satisfactory effect.

Field of study: Computer science
A Study of Potash Fenitization around the Brent Crater, Ontario,—A Paleozoic Alkaline Complex

Fractured and brecciated granitoid gneisses around and within the Brent Crater display progressive chemical and mineralogical changes due to metasomatism, culminating in potassic, silica-undersaturated metasomatic rocks. In the metasomatized rocks, potash feldspar increases in amount and degree of triclinicity with increasing metasomatism, while quartz and plagioclase decline in amount. Calcite of carbonatitic isotopic character is found in some of the breccia matrices. Alkaline ultrabasic dikes, identical in chemistry, petrography, and radiometric age to those of the Nippissing alkaline petrographic province, cut the breccia. Potassic trachyte, which appears to form dikes and lenses within the crater, may be the result of anatexis of potassic metasomatites. The geometric form, petrography, and chemical trends of the metasomatized rocks are virtually identical to those of the fenite aureole of the Callander Bay alkaline carbonatite complex, 42 miles (67.6 km) to the west, suggesting that they result from ...

Field of study: Environmental science
The impact of monochloramine on the diversity and dynamics of Legionella pneumophila subpopulations in a nuclear power plant cooling circuit.

Members of the pathogenic Legionella genus encounter suitable growth conditions in nuclear power plant cooling circuits. To limit its proliferation and ensure that levels remain below regulatory thresholds, chemical treatment with monochloramine can be used in continuous or sequential conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of monochloramine on L. pneumophila subpopulations in the cooling circuits of a nuclear power plant. The chosen procedure involved monitoring the diversity and dynamics of L. pneumophila subpopulations every month over the course of a year in a nuclear power plant cooling circuit, which was treated for 2 months during the period under study. This study confirmed the effectiveness of monochloramine to limit L. pneumophila concentrations in cooling circuits. The culturable L. pneumophila community was strongly affected by the injection of monochloramine. Several subpopulations persisted during treatment at low concentrations (below the detection limit of standard methods), suggesting that the susceptibility of L. pneumophila is strain dependent. Although the composition of the subpopulations was not similar, the resilience of the community structure was observed. Indeed, the community eventually returned to its initial structure and presented a similar pattern of richness, diversity and uniformity to that seen before treatment.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Maturity evaluation in project management and implementation of a PMO case study

As a collaborator of MCG and actively participating in many of the company's projects, I often find myself with preventable situations, ones more complex than others, that call into question the success of projects. After the conclusion of my training in project management (PM), it became clear that many of these problems are easily surmountable through correct application of tools and techniques in PM. Being MCG a successful company in continuous growth since 2011, the introduction of a Project Management Office can optimize and contribute to the improvement of its results by reducing unplanned work and reducing costs through risk management, thus introducing a PM culture in the company. The aim is to make a diagnosis of the maturity in project management, identify the main obstacles to the implementation of a PMO, sensitize project teams for the importance of PM and on that basis, it is suggested to use the unanimously recognized techniques and tools. In addition to the internal knowledge already pre-purchased in the company, a maturity assessment was carried out in PM using an adaptation of the OPM3 model, recommended by the Project Management Institute (PMI). Simultaneously, during the application of the model, formal conversations with responsible for the PM of different units were held. Despite the constraints encountered, such as the inability to assess accurately the costs associated with each of the projects, this evaluation has shown that maturity in PM in the organization is still below the expectations for a company with the size and the market position as MCG. Therefore, it is recommended to create a PMO in order to standardize procedures, tools and techniques throughout the company, thus contributing to increase the project management culture in all employees.

Field of study: Business
Study on Clinched Joint in Similar and Dissimilar Sheets About Copper Alloy

Three types of clinched joints in similar and dissimilar sheets called H62-H62, H62-SPCC and SPCC-H62 respectively were studied by experiment. The tensile-shear tests were carried out to examine the mechanical behavior of them. It can be seen from the experiments that the neck thicknesses and interlocking lengths of H62-H62and H62-SPCC are both similar very much, but the interlock length of SPCC-H62 is insufficient. The tensile-shear strength is about 4000 N both for H62-H62 and H62-SPCC, and the failure mode are that the upper sheet fractures at the neck have a minimum thickness in the welded joint. The tensile-shear strength of SPCC-H62 is lower compared with the other two types of joints, and the failure modes include fracture of upper sheet at the neck with the minimum thickness and pulled-out of upper sheet resulting in upper sheet separation form bottom sheet. SPCC-H62 joint has bigger tensile-shear displacement and more energy absorption. The comparison results show that H62 sheet should be the upper sheet when joined with SPCC by clinch technology.

Field of study: Materials science
Renovascular hypertension: ten years' experience in a regional centre.

In a unit serving a population of three million, 60 hypertensive patients with renovascular disease were identified over a 10-year period. The presence of renovascular disease was usually suggested by intravenous urography (IVU), although this was falsely negative in 21 per cent of cases; isotope renography (IR) was normal in a similar proportion of patients (25 per cent). Eight patients were treated medically and 52 underwent surgical procedures; nephrectomy in 32, autotransplantation in 10, by pass graft in six and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in four. Twenty-three per cent of patients were cured, 37 per cent improved and 40 per cent unchanged one year after surgery, but the response could not be accurately predicted. Clinical features were of some value in that those patients most likely to benefit from surgery were younger, had less severe hypertension of shorter duration, smoked less, had less severe retinopathy and less cardiomegaly. There was also a trend for those with better renal function and less electrocardiographic evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy to benefit from surgery. The IVU and IR did not predict response to surgery but arteriographic appearances of fibromuscular dysplasia indicated there should be a favourable response. The renal vein renin ratio, basal or stimulated, was of no prognostic value since approximately two-thirds of patients with ratios above or below the threshold value had some benefit from surgery. We conclude that the surgical treatment of renovascular hypertension is worthwhile but the number of patients suitable for surgery is small. Clinical features and the results of simple investigations provided the best guide to surgical outcome in our patients.

Field of study: Medicine
A new type of compact stellar population: dark star clusters

Among the most explored directions in the study of dense stellar systems is the investigation of the effects of the retention of supernova remnants, especially that of the massive stellar remnant black holes (BHs), in star clusters. By virtue of their eventual high central concentration, these stellar mass BHs potentially invoke a wide variety of physical phenomena, the most important ones being emission of gravitational waves (GWs), formation of X-ray binaries, and modification of the dynamical evolution of the cluster. Here we propose, for the first time, that rapid removal of stars from the outer parts of a cluster by the strong tidal field in the inner region of our Galaxy can unveil its BH sub-cluster, which appears as a star cluster that is gravitationally bound by an invisible mass. We study the formation and properties of such systems through direct N-body computations and estimate that they can be present in significant numbers in the inner region of the Milky Way. We call such objects "dark star clusters" (DSCs) as they appear dimmer than normal star clusters of similar mass and they comprise a predicted, new class of entities. The finding of DSCs will robustly cross-check BH retention; they will not only constrain the uncertain natal kicks of BHs, thereby the widely debated theoretical models of BH formation, but will also pinpoint star clusters as potential sites for GW emission for forthcoming ground-based detectors such as the Advanced LIGO. Finally, we also discuss the relevance of DSCs for the nature of IRS 13E.

Field of study: Physics
Responding by exclusion in temporal discrimination tasks.

Responding by exclusion, one of the most robust phenomena in Experimental Psychology, describes a particular form of responding observed in symbolic, matching-to-sample tasks. Given two comparison stimuli, one experimentally defined and one experimentally undefined, the participant prefers the undefined comparison following an undefined sample. The goal of the present study was to determine whether responding by exclusion could be obtained using samples that varied along a single dimension. Using a double temporal bisection task, 10 university students learned to choose visual comparisons (colored circles) based on the duration of a tone. In tests of exclusion, sample stimuli with new durations were followed by comparison sets that included one previously trained, defined comparison (colored circle) and one previously untrained, undefined comparison (geometric shape). Participants preferred the defined comparisons following the defined samples and the undefined comparisons following the undefined samples, the choice pattern typical of responding by exclusion. The use of samples varying along a single dimension allows us to study the interaction between stimulus generalization gradients and exclusion in the control of conditional responding.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
2D simulation of static surface states in AlGaN/GaN HEMT and GaN MESFET devices

Two-dimensional simulations of surface charge effects in AlGaN/GaN HEMT and GaN MESFET devices are performed. The influence of charges of different magnitude, sign and spatial distribution at the ungated surface on drain current characteristics is studied. We have found that positive and negative surface charges of the same magnitude produce very different modifications of drain current. The relative influence of polarization fields, surface charges and free hole accumulation at the top surface is considered and gives rise to the opposite behaviour in HEMT and MESFET devices. The implications of our study in current collapse and related dispersion effects in GaN FETs are discussed.

Field of study: Materials science
SyLMAND: a microfabrication beamline with wide spectral and beam power tuning range at the Canadian Light Source.

SyLMAND, the Synchrotron Laboratory for Micro and Nano Devices, is a recently commissioned microfabrication bend magnet beamline with ancillary cleanroom facilities at the Canadian Light Source. The synchrotron radiation is applied to pattern high-aspect-ratio polymer microstructures used in the area of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS). SyLMAND particularly focuses on spectral and beam power adjustability and large exposable area formats in an inert gas atmosphere; a rotating-disk intensity chopper allows for independent beam-power reduction, while continuous spectral tuning between 1-2 keV and >15 keV photon energies is achieved using a double-mirror system and low-atomic-number filters. Homogeneous exposure of samples up to six inches in diameter is performed in the experimental endstation, a vertically scanning precision stage (scanner) with tilt and rotation capabilities under 100 mbar helium. Commissioning was completed in late 2017, and SyLMAND is currently ramping up its user program, mostly in the areas of RF MEMS, micro-fluidics/life sciences and micro-optics.

Field of study: Physics
A Design of Wind Swing Control System

The wind swing control system consists of control module, liquid crystal display module, motor drive module, attitude acquisition module, power module and man-machine exchange system. The system based on our understanding of the law of wind swing, the establishment of the mathematical model of its trajectory. After a preliminary understanding of the model, with the STM32 micro-controller as the controller, combined with the PID algorithm to control the wind swing system. In the movement process, sensor acquisition this wind swing rod angle, angle feedback through the PID algorithm to achieve closed-loop control of the whole system and parameters by the man-machine exchange system with LCD screen display.

Field of study: Engineering
The Devloping Prostate: An Interaction Of Androgens And Estrogens

Androgens and estrogens modulate both fetal prostatic development and the pathophysiology of hyperplasia and cancer. Throughout life the exact time course of these interactions and their allocation to different prostatic compartments remain unclear. We investigated the presence and relationship of the androgen (AR) and both estrogen receptor subtypes (ER α,β) in fetuses, infants and adults.  Histological sections of these prostates were morphologically analyzed. All specimens were double stained using anti-AR and anti-ER α antibodies. Additionally, 7 fetal and infant specimens were stained for the AR and ERβ. RT-PCR was done to verify the tissue expression of all receptors.  ER α,β and AR were detectable starting from 12th week of gestation and in neoplastic tissue. RT-PCR clearly underlined those findings. Both types of the ER were found in the stroma and in the epithelium while the staining intensity and distribution was different. ER α was more densely expressed in the epithelium than in the stroma in all stages. ER β-reactivity was notably weaker but positive in the epithelial and stromal compartment. AR (epithelium) increased in the second trimester. Postnatally a decrease of AR-expression was detected. However, AR-staining intensity was strong in prostate cancer. RT-PCR verified the presence of all three receptors from the 12th gestational week on till 6 years of age.  This study outlines the different expression patterns of AR, as well as ER α and β in the human prostate. These findings may be helpful to characterize both normal and abnormal prostate development. The high abundance of ER α suggests a pivotal role along with the AR in the development of the fetal prostate and in prostate cancer formation. ER β is ubiquitous in all prostatic compartments and throughout different developmental stages rendering its relative importance difficult to assess.

Field of study: Medicine
The role of adenotonsillectomy in the treatment of primary nocturnal enuresis in children: A systematic review.

Primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) is a challenging condition for physicians, patients and families. Although the etiology remains unclear, sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and sleep apnea have been suggested to play an important role. Recent research has suggested a potential therapeutic benefit of adenotonsillectomy (T&A) and surgical management of upper airway obstruction in the treatment of PNE.



The aim was to conduct a systematic review of relevant literature to determine the effectiveness of T&A in treating children aged 2-19 years with PNE.



This was a systematic review using a comprehensive electronic search strategy that included PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, conference proceedings, and the gray literature up to July 2015. We included all studies of children aged 2-19 years with PNE and SDB who underwent T&A. The primary outcome was resolution of PNE following surgery. Observational studies and randomized trials were reviewed. Risk of bias assessment and meta-analyses of included studies were performed.



We screened 3254 citations; following title and abstract screening, 42 studies were selected for full-text screening by two independent reviewers. We included 18 studies (890 patients) in our final analysis. All studies were observational and only one included a control group. Meta-analysis of proportions of all (18) studies revealed a pooled complete resolution rate of 51% (43-60%), with significant heterogeneity among studies (I2 = 82.2%). Partial resolution was seen in 20% (14-27%), with similar heterogeneity to the complete resolution group. Sensitivity analysis including only studies with a low risk of bias and with patients ≥5 years (n = 244 patients) yielded a complete resolution rate of 43% (36-49%) with minimal heterogeneity (I2 = 0%; figure).



In our systematic review, T&A resulted in improvement of nocturnal enuresis in more than 60% of patients, with complete resolution rates in excess of 50%. Findings were persistent on meta-analysis focused only on studies including older patients (≥5 years) and those with short follow-up after surgery (≤3 months), which imply a higher cure rate than would be expected based on natural history alone. The limitations of this review include the lack of controlled trials, the overall quality of the evidence reviewed and the heterogeneity between included studies. The role for systematic investigation and treatment of sleep disorders in patients with PNE should be scrutinized further, since a near 50% complete resolution rate for PNE may be expected with T&A in some settings.

Field of study: Medicine
Crop loss due to air pollution in The Netherlands.

The extent of yield reduction and economic loss caused by air pollution has been estimated for The Netherlands. Based on available data on direct effects only, each species was designated as sensitive, moderately sensitive or tolerant. On a nationwide scale, only ozone (O3), sulphur dioxide (SO2), and hydrogen fluoride (HF) exceeded effect thresholds. Effects from pollutant combinations were assumed to be additive. Yield reductions were calculated, using 10 exposure-response relationships and concentration data from the Dutch air pollution monitoring network. Changes in air pollution levels result in changes in supply. By multiplying the supply with the current price, the so-called crop volume was calculated. Subsequently, changes in crop volume were converted into economic terms, taking into account demand elasticity. On the basis of these calculations, air pollution in The Netherlands reduces total crop volume by 5%:3.4% by O3, 1.2% by SO2, and 0.4% by HF. The slope of the nonlinear relationship between crop volume reduction and exposure level increases at higher concentrations. In general, air pollution causes relatively little loss to producers, since yield reductions are largely compensated by higher prices. If air pollution in The Netherlands would be reduced to background concentrations, consumers would experience a net gain of Dfl 640 million (US 320 million dollars). Although large amounts of data were attained through literature and our own experience for this study, many assumptions still had to be made to arrive at these conclusions. With the current available knowledge, validation of our results in the field is not yet possible.

Field of study: Environmental science
Cambrian granitoids in pre-Alpine basement of Crete (Greece): evidence from U-Pb dating of zircon

The pre-Alpine basement of eastern Crete consists of at least three sub complexes which show differences in age and grade of pre-Alpine metamorphism. U-Pb analyses of zircons of two orthogneisses yielded upper intercepts in the concordia diagram at 511±16 Ma (Chamezí crystalline complex) and 514±14 Ma (Myrsini crystalline complex). These values are interpreted as protolith ages of the gneisses, suggesting that parts of the basement underwent Cadomian (Pan-African) imprints at the northern margin of Gondwana. The lower intercept ages are attributed to Alpine subduction which led to high-pressure/low-temperature metamorphism (T=ca. 300 °C), brittle-ductile deformation, and hydrothermal fluid activity. Due to pervasive Alpine fluid migration, the zircons of the Chamezí crystalline complex display disturbed zonation and solution, resulting in 87% radiogenic Pb loss, Ca- and Al-gain, and Zr depletion.

Field of study: Environmental science
Transformation Kinetics of Burnt Lime in Freshwater and Sea Water

Calcium oxide (CaO), also known as burnt lime, is being considered as a possible treatment to reduce the negative impact of sea urchins on tare forests in northern coastal waters and blue-green algal blooms in the surrounding of fish-farms. In this respect, the reaction kinetics of burnt lime in contact with sea water has been elucidated and compared to its behaviour in fresh water. In the first minutes of contact between burnt lime and water, it “slaked” as CaO reacted with water to yield calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). Subsequently, calcium hydroxide reacted with magnesium, sulphate and carbonate from the sea water to yield magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), calcium sulphate dihydrate (gypsum, CaSO4·2H2O) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3), respectively. In a closed system of 1% CaO in natural sea water (where the supply of sulphate, magnesium and carbonate is limited), more than 90% reacted within the first 5 h. It is foreseen that in an open system, like a marine fjord, it will react even faster. The pH 8 of sea water close to the CaO particle surface will immediately increase to a theoretical value of about 12.5 but will, in an open system with large excess of sea water, rapidly fall back to pH 10.5 being equilibrium pH of magnesium hydroxide. This is further reduced to <9 due to the common ion effect of dissolved magnesium in sea water and then be diluted to the sea water background pH, about 8. Field test dosing CaO particles to sea water showed that the pH of water between the particles stayed around 8.

Field of study: Materials science