nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Relevance Theory and second language learning/behaviour

In my review article of Sperber and Wilson (1986=95), published in this journal (Foster-Cohen, 2000), I suggested that relevance theoretic work in second language acquisition had barely begun. The current issue of this journal is intended to demonstrate that, despite its young history, research into second language study adopting a Relevance Theory approach is now a vigorous and important player in our field. The impact, I believe, of the current collection is that it demonstrates how relevance theoretic researchers think about second language data, how they argue with each other over theoretical issues, and how they can and do provide insight into key issues in ways worthy of attention by researchers in other frameworks. Most importantly, the collection demonstrates both how behaviours that are general to all language users as well as those particular to second language (L2) learners can be understood from this theoretical perspective. At the basis of the application is that second language learners are not some unusual breed of speaker= hearer (Foster-Cohen, 2000; Rosales Sequieros, this issue). The first two articles in the issue address specific topics in the acquisition of particularly difficult morphosyntactic distinctions in English. Zegarac’s article examines the acquisition of the English definite article the by L2 learners who do not have an article system in their first language (L1); he looks at Croatian and Serbian.

Field of study: Linguistics
Pathological fatigue and fatigability after stroke

To compare the phenomena of pathological fatigue and fatigability in patients after stroke.  Forty-two patients were examined 6-24 months after stroke onset. Fatigue and fatigability were assessed by Russian versions of the Fatigue Assessment Scale and the Dutch Exertional Fatigue Scale, respectively.  The severity of both fatigue and fatigability was related to the levels of anxiety and depression. The degree of fatigability, but not fatigue, depended on the severity of cognitive and physical deficits. Thus, fatigue and fatigability after stroke represent different phenomena.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Analytical Solutions for Stochastic Vibration of Orthotropic Membrane under Random Impact Load

Orthotropic membrane materials have been applied in the numerous fields, such as civil engineering, space and aeronautics, and mechanical engineering, among others. During their serving lifespan, these membranes are always facing strong stochastic vibrations induced by the random impact load such as hail, heavy rain, and noise, among others. In this paper, the stochastic vibration problem of orthotropic membrane subjected to random impact load is investigated. The statistical characteristics of random impact load are initially obtained based on the stochastic pulse theory. Then, the Von Karman theory is applied to model the nonlinear vibration of membrane with geometric nonlinearity, which is then used to derive and solve the corresponding fokker–plank–kolmogorov (FPK). The theoretical model developed is validated by means of experiment study and monte carlo simulation (MCS) analysis. The effects of variables like pretension force, velocity of impact load, and material features on stochastic dynamic behavior of membranes are discussed in detail. This exposition provides theoretical framework for stochastic vibration control and design of membranes subjected to random dynamic load.

Field of study: Materials science
STAS Domain Structure and Function

Pendrin shares with nearly all SLC26/SulP anion transporters a carboxy-terminal cytoplasmic segment organized around a Sulfate Transporter and Anti-Sigma factor antagonist (STAS) domain. STAS domains of divergent amino acid sequence exhibit a conserved fold of 4 β strands interspersed among 5 α helices. The first STAS domain proteins studied were single-domain anti-sigma factor antagonists (anti-anti-σ). These anti-anti-σ indirectly stimulate bacterial RNA polymerase by inactivating inhibitory anti-σ kinases, liberating σ factors to direct specific transcription of target genes or operons. Some STAS domains are nucleotide-binding phosphoproteins or nucleotidases. Others are interaction/transduction modules within multidomain sensors of light, oxygen and other gasotransmitters, cyclic nucleotides, inositol phosphates, and G proteins. Additional multidomain STAS protein sequences suggest functions in sensing, metabolism, or transport of nutrients such as sugars, amino acids, lipids, anions, vitamins, or hydrocarbons. Still other multidomain STAS polypeptides include histidine and serine/threonine kinase domains and ligand-activated transcription factor domains. SulP/SLC26 STAS domains and adjacent sequences interact with other transporters, cytoskeletal scaffolds, and with enzymes metabolizing transported anion substrates, forming putative metabolons. STAS domains are central to membrane targeting of many SulP/SLC26 anion transporters, and STAS domain mutations are associated with at least three human recessive diseases. This review summarizes STAS domain structure and function.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
The university assets management company from the perspective of entrepreneurial university:international comparison and policy selection

Facing the crisis of itself,the entrepreneurial university appeared under the promotion of the government and the society.The changes of organizational environment and the forming of entrepreneurial organization consist of the basis of the entrepreneurial activities of universities.The university assets management company in China is different from the foreign entrepreneurial organizations in the respect of the enterprise mode,the route selection,the driver mechanism and crisis risks.The university assets management company should take active measures such as improving withdrawal mechanism of state-owned assets,forming medium service system,enhancing entrepreneurial mechanism of investment risk and building effective mechanism of incentive supervision in order to realize the transformation toward the entrepreneurial organization.

Field of study: Education
Pseudo closed trajectories in the family of trajectories defined by a system of differential equations

Some of these curves are considered in a rather incidental way in the writings of Poincare. However, the full concept of pseudo closed trajectories does not seem to have been discussed explicitly heretofore. We assume that all of the variables in the equations (1) are real, that the functions X and Y are continuous in an open connected region R in the xy-plane, that these functions satisfy Lipschitz conditions locally throughout R, and that the real curves X = 0 and Y = 0, if they exist, have only simple intersections. We assume that these points of intersection have no point of condensation in the region R. We also assume that if the functions X and Y are not linear, they satisfy conditions which are sufficient to insure that the topological properties of the family of trajectories in a small neighborhood of any singular point (point of intersection of the curves X = 0, Y = 0) other than a center are the same as in the case obtained by replacing X and Y by their linear approximations. The last assumption is satisfied if X and Y are, for instance, of class C2 in R. In brief, our assumptions are simply the ones that are usually employed in discussions of the family of trajectories. The necessary information about the implications of the assumptions is readily available in the literature.f Since the notion of a trajectory is a familiar one, we have used the term so far without any explanations. However, in order to avoid the danger of future ambiguities, it will be well now to define the term explicitly. Let x — <p(t), y — ip(t) be a solution of the system of equations (1). It is understood that the solution is defined over a certain maximum (finite or infinite) open interval J(,) on the i-axis. As t describes 7(<> once in the sense of increasing t, the point (x, y) = (<p(t), $(t)) describes a certain curve T in R. We call T a trajectory.

Field of study: Mathematics
Through‐Bond Orbital Coupling in End‐Functionalized Bicyclohexylidenes − Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Ab initio SCF−MO Calculations

To establish whether through-bond (TB) orbital interactions occur between the functional groups and the hydrocarbon skeleton in a series of end-functionalized oligo(cyclohexylidenes) 1−12, their HeI photoelectron (PE) spectra were measured and analyzed. Vertical ionization energies, Ivj, of the highest occupied molecular orbitals (MOs) of 1−12 were assigned using ab initio RHF/6−31G* MO energies (−εj) in combination with Koopmans’ theorem. Excellent to good agreement was found between the PES and RHF/6−31G* results. In addition, the Ivj, assignments were further corrobor-

Field of study: Chemistry
Linearized Vortex Flows

Steady vortex flows driven by a radial convection of angular momentum are considered. The incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are linearized by considering perturbations about both simple, nonrotating flows and strongly rotating flows, i.e., the equations are expanded for large and small Rossby numbers. Axial variations in a swirl superimposed upon a stagnation-point flow (with radial inflow) are considered for large Rossby numbers. An analytic solution is found for the axial decay of a given swirl. By considering flows for small Rossby numbers, it is found that, in flows dominated by rotation, the fluid motion is forced to be two-dimensional except in thin shear regions where necessary adjustments imposed by boundary conditions are made. The properties of these different shear layers are dependent on the gradient of the basic circulation of the flow as well as the Reynolds number.

Field of study: Physics
Optimal contracts with public ex post information

We are concerned with the value of public ex post information about a seller's costs (θ ∈ Θ) to an initially uninformed buyer. We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for a public ex post signal (s ∈ S) that is correlated with the risk-neutral seller's costs to render the initial information asymmetry inconsequential to the buyer. The First-Best outcome for the buyer is shown to be feasible if: (1) the dimension of S is at least that of Θ, or (2) the conditional likelihood function of s given θ is, for one of its realizations, sj, a strictly increasing function of θ and more concave in θ than is the seller's cost function.

Field of study: Economics
Petrogenesis of the Solanas gabbro-granodiorite intrusion, Sàrrabus (southeastern Sardinia, Italy): implications for Late Variscan magmatism

The igneous complex of Solanas is a small, composite calc-alkaline intrusion emplaced at ~ 300 Ma in the Sàrrabus region (southeastern Sardinia), and consists of olivine gabbronorites, amphibole gabbros, microgabbros, quartz diorites, tonalites, amphibole granodiorites, and biotite granodiorites. Thermobarometry calculations indicate that the Solanas rocks were emplaced at mid-to-upper crustal levels (0.6–4.0 kbar). The intermediate and silicic rocks are metaluminous to weakly peraluminous and are enriched in large ion lithophile elements. The range in the initial Sr and Nd isotopic compositions is small throughout the intrusion despite a large range in silica contents (46.3–73.6 wt% SiO2). The isotopic signatures, mineralogy, and geochemistry suggest that the quartz diorites, tonalites, and granodiorites derived from fractional crystallisation and crustal contamination processes starting from different mafic parental magmas. The origin of tonalites and granodiorites is compatible with removal of plagioclase, hornblende, biotite, apatite and zircon starting from a quartz dioritic magma. The mafic rocks range in composition from primitive to relatively evolved (Mg# 49–70). The olivine gabbronorites and amphibole gabbros have petrographic and geochemical features of arc cumulates derived from different basaltic magmas. The microgabbros have geochemical characteristics similar to high-alumina basalts with fractionated rare-earth element patterns (LaN/YbN = 4.3–6.0), enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (e.g., Rb, Ba, U, and K) and depletion in Nb and Ta compared with the primitive mantle. These characteristics are consistent with partial melting of a mantle source that was enriched by subduction-related fluids.

Field of study: Environmental science
Immunosuppressive effects of rubidatum in mice.

To study the effect of rubidatum (Rub) on immune function in normal mice.



Serum lysozyme concentration (SLC) was measured using micrococcus lysodiekticus as a substrate. Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) was determined by measuring the thickness of the right hind footpad 24 h after the injection of 1 x 10(8) washed sRBC (50 microL 10% sRBC). Serum hemolysin concentration was determined by OD measuring at A540 after the serum was treated with 2-mercaptoethanol. Phagocytic function of peripheral leukocyte (Leu) were determined by the incorporated radioactivity of [3H]TdR. The hemolytic activity of plaque forming cell (PFC) was determined by measuring the lymphocytemediated hemolysis of sheep red blood cell in vitro. T- and B-lymphocyte transformation (TLT and BLT) were induced by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and lipopolysacharide (LPS) respectively and measured by the incorporation of [3H]TdR.



Rub 125, 500, 2000 mg.kg-1.d-1 p.o. to BALB/c (or NIH) mice decreased the SLC; inhibited the phagocytosing functions of peripheral leukocytes; diminished the hemolytic activity of PFC; decreased the HC50; inhibited the DTH reaction; and showed inhibitory effects on TLT and BLT.



Rub has immunosuppressive effects on immune system in mice by affecting M phi, T, and B lymphocyte, which suggests that Rub has inhibitory effects on both nonspecific and specific immune function.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Optimizing conservation of forest diversity: a country-wide approach in Mexico

A recent vegetation study [Palacio-Prieto et al. (2000) Bol Inst Geogr UNAM 43:183–203] showed that Mexico’s forest area has declined to 33.3%, from originally 52.0% of the country’s land area. In order to assess strategies for tree diversity conservation, we compiled a list of 846 tree species native to Mexico, and determined for each the presence or absence in 234 geographical squares of 1° latitude by 1° longitude (approximately 106  ×  106 km). On the average, any two squares shared only 6% of their species composition. Using a standard optimization method from engineering and economics [Dantzig (1963) Linear programming and extensions. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA, 625 p], we determined the minimally necessary land area in Mexico to conserve the 846 tree species, while securing that each species is found in an area of (approximately) 1,100 km2 of currently existing forest vegetation. Furthermore, we took into account 15 existing protected areas with a size of at least 1,100 km2 each. With these constraints, the total minimum area needed to conserve all 846 tree species is 45,136 km2 of currently existing forest vegetation, or 2.3% of Mexico’s surface. While this analysis can be refined with subsequent field work, the proposed reserve network indicates that efficient land use planning on a national scale may be able to conserve tree species diversity in a relatively small portion of Mexico, even after severe deforestation has taken place.

Field of study: Environmental science
Investment in Long-Term Goals and Commitment to Just Means Drive the Need to Believe in a Just World

The author hypothesized that the less one focuses on long-term goals, or the less one plans to achieve goals through just means, the less essential is the belief in a just world (BJW) and the less one will work at maintaining this belief when it is threatened. In Studies 1 and 2, participants’ focus on long-term investments was either manipulated or measured, and their reactions to a victim who presented a high or low threat to the BJW were assessed. In Study 2, the tendency to obtain goals through unjust means (delinquency) also was measured. As predicted, strong long-term focus and low-delinquency participants reacted more negatively toward the high-threat victim, presumably to maintain the BJW. Study 3 showed that the more one focuses on long-term investments and the less one uses unjust means, the stronger one’s BJW.

Field of study: Psychology
Plac1 Expression Pattern at the Mouse Fetomaternal Interface and Involvement in Trophoblast Differentiation

It is well known that Plac1 is a placenta-specific gene; however, its spatiotemporal expression pattern and exact role at t h e mouse fetomaternal interface r e m a i n s unclear.  In situ hybridization (ISH) was used to localize the Plac1 mRNA at the mouse fetomaternal interface. A trophoblast stem cell (TS) differentiation model with Plac1 shRNA-overexpressing lentivirus was employed to investigate the possible role of Plac1 in placentation. Real-time RT-PCR was used to detect changes in gene expression.  Plac1 was exclusively expressed in the ectoplacental cone (EPC) as well as in 8.5 and 9.5 days post-coitum (dpc) embryos. Subsequently, Plac1 expression was abundant in the spongiotrophoblast layer and moderately in the labyrinth layer until 13.5 dpc, and declined thereafter. Interestingly, Plac1 was also expressed by secondary trophoblast giant cells and glycogen trophoblast cells, but not in primary trophoblast giant cells. Plac1 transcription was increased during the TS differentiation (P < 0.01), and knockdown of Plac1 significantly impaired TS differentiation.  Plac1 is abundantly expressed at the fetomaternal interface and in all trophoblast subtypes except in primary trophoblast giant cells. Plac1 knockdown retarded the progress of TS differentiation, indicating that Plac1 is necessary for normal trophoblast differentiation into various trophoblast subpopulations.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Hardware-assisted Routing Circuit for Fault Tolerance of Reconfigurable Hardware

At present,the methodology of fault tolerance for reconfigurable hardware is to replace and reroute reconfigurable hardware resources,but it requires a long routing time.A hardware-assisted routing circuit supporting rapid fault tolerance of reconfigurable cell array is presented.The architecture is composed of two-dimensional hard-assisted routing modules,each module can read and write configuration memory of the programmable switch.When fault is detected,hardware-assisted routing circuit can rip up nets that need to reroute,and reroute ripped up nets instead of external software after resource relocated rapidly.The implementation and simulation of a 4-bit parallel multiplier circuit is presented.Experimental results show the hardware-assisted routing circuit can speed up ripping up nets and rerouting process greatly.

Field of study: Computer science
The Quesadas of Cuba: Biographers and Editors of José Martí

Students of the life and writings of Jose Marti y Perez (1853–1895), the National Hero of Cuba, will be forever indebted to the lifelong efforts of Marti’s close friend, fellow revolutionist, and “literary heir,” Gonzalo de Quesada y Arostegui, and to those of his son, Gonzalo de Quesada y Miranda. Through painstaking research and editing they have preserved, over a period of nearly seventy years, the record of Marti’s prodigious writings as a revolutionist, journalist, novelist, dramatist, and poet. It is no exaggeration to say that most of the writing on this remarkable Cuban is derived from their carefully edited collections of his works. Gonzalo de Quesada y Arostegui, as one of the architects of Cuban independence, Cuba’s first Minister to the United States, and major participant in the early International Conferences of American States, is deserving of special attention by scholars in the Americas. Now that a third official edition of Marti’s writings is nearing completion by Gonzalo de Quesada y Miranda in Cuba, a biographical and bibliographical sketch of the Quesadas, father and son, is in order.

Field of study: History
Experimental Research Requires Valid and Sensitive Measures of Alcohol Intake, and This is a Step in the Right Direction: Commentary on Leeman and Colleagues (2018).

The paper by Leeman and colleagues (2018) makes an important contribution to the broader literature on cognitive bias modification (CBM) for alcohol use disorders. In a balanced discussion, the authors speculate on possible explanations for their null findings, including failure of CBM to change cognitive biases, participant characteristics, and the suitability and sensitivity of the alcohol self-administration paradigm that was the primary outcome measure. The former explanations have been the subject of recent discussion, often heated (see Cristea, Kok, & Cuijpers, 2015, 2017, 2018; Grafton et al., 2017; Wiers, Boffo, & Field, 2018a, 2018b), and we will not revisit those issues here. This commentary is focussed on the alcohol self-administration task, which raises issues that have broader implications for researchers who measure alcohol consumption in controlled settings. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Field of study: Medicine
Polydom: a secreted protein with pentraxin, complement control protein, epidermal growth factor and von Willebrand factor A domains.

To identify extracellular proteins with epidermal growth factor (EGF) domains that are potentially involved in the control of haemopoiesis, we performed degenerate reverse-transcriptase-mediated PCR on the murine bone-marrow stromal cell line MS-5 and isolated a new partial cDNA encoding EGF-like domains related to those in the Notch proteins. Cloning and sequencing of the full-length cDNA showed that it encoded a new extracellular multi-domain protein that we named polydom. This 387 kDa mosaic protein contained a signal peptide followed by a new association of eight different protein domains, including a pentraxin domain and a von Willebrand factor type A domain, ten EGF domains, and 34 complement control protein modules. The human polydom mRNA is strongly expressed in placenta, its expression in the other tissues being weak or undetectable. The particular multidomain structure of the encoded protein suggests an important biological role in cellular adhesion and/or in the immune system.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science