nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
First measurements with the neutron decay spectrometer a SPECT

The neutron decay spectrometera SPECT has been built to perform a precise measurement of the proton spectrum shape in the decay of free neutrons. Such a measurement allows a determination of the neutrino electron angular-correlation coefficienta . The present best experiments have an uncertainty of Δa/a = 5% and since the seventies there is no substantial improvement. Witha SPECT, we aim for an uncertainty which is lower by more than an order of magnitude, thus enabling us to perform several precise tests of the Standard Model. In our first beam time at the particle physics beam MEPHISTO at the Forschungsneutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz, we studied the properties of the spectrometer. The most serious problem turned out to be the situation- and time-dependent behavior of the background. From the data sets from this beam time in which a background problem was not obvious, we could extract a value ofa = - 0.1151±0.0040stat , but we could not quantify the background uncertainty. We show ways to deal with the background and other problems for future beam times.

Field of study: Physics
Alkylation of 5-substituted 1-H-tetrazoles by Mannich bases under the action of ultrasound

Alkylation of 5-substituted 1-H-tetrazoles by Mannich bases — N-(3,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)piperidine and N-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-formylbenzyl)piperidine — under the action of ultrasound increases the yield of the desired products, reduces the reaction time, and improves the regioselectivity.

Field of study: Chemistry
Usage of troponin in the real world: a lesson for the introduction of biochemical assays.

Studies have demonstrated economic and clinical effectiveness using troponin as a risk stratification tool in chest pain patients. Those with a positive result are investigated invasively, whilst those with a negative result and ECG are promptly mobilized, facilitating discharge.



To determine whether our use of troponin I (cTnI) in routine clinical practice conforms to ideal standards.



Audit study.



Data were collected from 93 laboratory request forms for cTnI measurement on 72 patients with matched available patient records.



Eighty requests had no information regarding timing of blood sample in relation to the clinical event; 39% gave no clinical indication. Only 71% of results were available within 12 h. An admission diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) was made in 25%. Fifteen had typical cardiac chest pain with a negative cTnI: 6 of these had an exercise treadmill test before discharge. Nine had a positive cTnI, but only two had coronary angiography. Of patients with negative cTnI and possible ACS, 84% were in hospital for >4 days.



The introduction of troponin assays into widespread use requires careful assessment. cTnI requests and subsequent patient management remain below expected standards. Ideally, the laboratory should provide an accurate result within a reasonable time frame, while physicians need to request cTnI at a suitable time-point and use the result appropriately. Lessons from the introduction of cTnI measurement may be useful for the introduction of future new tests in other areas of cardiology and medicine.

Field of study: Medicine
Personalised face neutralisation based on subspace bilinear regression

Expression face neutralisation helps to improve the performance of expressive face recognition with one single neutral sample in gallery per subject. For learning-based expression neutralisation, the virtual neutral face totally relies on training samples, which removes person-specific characters from the neutralised face. Bilinear kernel rank reduced regression (BKRRR) algorithm is designed in a virtual subspace to simultaneously and efficiently generate both virtual expressive and neutral images from training samples. An expression mask is then established using grey and gradient differences of the two images. The test expression image is transformed to neutral template by piece-wise affine warp (PAW). Using the virtual BKRRR neutral image as source, the PAW image as destination and the area covered by expression mask as clone area, an image fusion strategy based on Poisson equation is then designed, which achieves virtual neutralised face image with person-specific characters preserved. From experiments on the CMU Multi-PIE databases, it could be observed that the neutral faces synthesised by the proposed method could effectively approximate the real ground truth expressive faces, and greatly improve the performance of classic face recognition algorithms on expression variant problems.

Field of study: Computer science
Osmotic stress at the barley root affects expression of circadian clock genes in the shoot.

The circadian clock is an important timing system that controls physiological responses to abiotic stresses in plants. However, there is little information on the effects of the clock on stress adaptation in important crops, like barley. In addition, we do not know how osmotic stress perceived at the roots affect the shoot circadian clock. Barley genotypes, carrying natural variation at the photoperiod response and clock genes Ppd-H1 and HvELF3, were grown under control and osmotic stress conditions to record changes in the diurnal expression of clock and stress-response genes and in physiological traits. Variation at HvELF3 affected the expression phase and shape of clock and stress-response genes, while variation at Ppd-H1 only affected the expression levels of stress genes. Osmotic stress up-regulated expression of clock and stress-response genes and advanced their expression peaks. Clock genes controlled the expression of stress-response genes, but had minor effects on gas exchange and leaf transpiration. This study demonstrated that osmotic stress at the barley root altered clock gene expression in the shoot and acted as a spatial input signal into the clock. Unlike in Arabidopsis, barley primary assimilation was less controlled by the clock and more responsive to environmental perturbations, such as osmotic stress.

Field of study: Environmental science
Design of Self-Study Examination Management System Based on B/S and C/S Mixed Model

Guangdong self-study examination management system which is based on B/S and C/S,makes a good use of the advantages of the mixed model,so that the system is more stability and secure.Module-based design makes the coupling among all modules weak and increases the flexibility and maintainability of the system,and what is more,some advanced technologies have been used in the key module,which makes the system more intelligent and optimum.

Field of study: Computer science
Structure and species richness of low-diversity floodplain forest on the Rio Tapajós, Eastern Amazonia, Brazil

Rivers in the Amazonian region have annual water level fluctuations varying from 6 to 20m, and the flooding period ranges from 50 to 270 days between the rising and falling phases. Along the rivers there are many different types of vegetation which are annually flooded. In order to study the variation of the species composition and structure of a forest that is seasonally flooded by a clear water river in Brazilian Amazonia 20km SW of Santarém, Pará State, Brazil, we surveyed three hectares, each divided in ten randomly placed rectangular quadrats (10×50m). The number of species per hectare ranged from 21 to 30. The number of trees varied from 242 to 741. Total basal area ranged from 0.70 to 10.9m2. Leguminosae was the most abundant and dominant family in the three hectares sampled. Couepia paraensis (Chrysobalanaceae), Campsiandra laurifolia (Leguminosae) and Leopoldinia pulchra (Palmae) were the most abundant species in the hectares sampled. Similarity indexes at species level varied from 46 to 60% between the three hectares sampled. The hectares studied have the lowest species richness observed in igapó floodplain forest of the Brazilian Amazonia. This may be correlated with the water type, soil condition and proximity of savanna.

Field of study: Environmental science
Magnetic Lineations over the Line Islands Ridge

Aeromagnetic studies of the Line Islands Ridge between Kingman Reef and Christmas Island show a predominant magnetic lineation direction at 310° paralleling the strike of the ridge. On the average, the amplitude of the anomalies is less than 200 gammas, although the largest anomaly, observed over Kingman Reef, reaches 900 gammas peak to peak. The anomalies appear to have formed as the result of volcanic intrusions and extrusions during the formation and growth of the island ridge.

Field of study: Geology
On the Behavior of Cheating in Examination

Examination is a kind of social activity,which implicates many utility aims.For these aim,some people cheat in the examination.Meanwhile,as there are a lot of candidates for the entrance examination are keen on cheating,cheating has been commercialized.Today,there are various cheating methods and advanced cheating skills.For this,appropriate anti-cheating measures have been taken by the exam administrative department.However,to truly realize the anticheating is still a path overgrown with brambles.How to strengthen the examination management and enhance the examiners' quality are the important problems demanding prompt solution in anti-cheating work under the new exam situation.

Field of study: Education
Raman scattering from folded phonon dispersion gaps.

We study the consequences of interface roughness on folded acoustic phonon Raman spectra in GaAs/AlAs quantum wells and superlattices. Layer thickness fluctuations cause a partial breakdown of crystal momentum conservation along and perpendicular to the growth direction. Folded phonons from the whole minizone contribute to a continuous Raman background with intensity anomalies at zone edge and internal dispersion gaps. The observations are explained by invoking the dependence of the Raman efficiency on crystal momentum. Typical length scales of interface roughness are determined

Field of study: Physics
Review of recent developments in advanced ejector technology

Previous reviews on ejectors for expansion work recovery have provided detailed discussions of operating characteristics and control of ejector cycles, zero-dimensional ejector modeling, ejector geometry effects, and alternate ejector cycles. However, important advances in the field of ejector technology have occurred since previous reviews were written. Several focuses of recent ejector research are the development of multi-dimensional CFD ejector models, investigation of alternate ejector cycles and uses of the work recovered by the ejector, implementation of effective control strategies for ejector cycles, and application of ejectors in real systems. The objective of this paper is to present a review of developments in the use of ejectors for expansion work recovery in vapor-compression systems focusing on the past several years. Although the first commercial applications are being introduced to the market, it is suggested that future works continue in these areas in order to make ejectors more suitable for additional applications.

Field of study: Engineering
Exome Sequencing Identifies a c.148-1G>C Mutation of TBX5 in a Holt-Oram Family with Unusual Genotype-Phenotype Correlations

Congenital heart defects (CHD) can occur with upper limbs deformities. Holt-Oram syndrome is the main type of heart-hand syndromes, characterized by upper limb radial ray malformations, CHD and/or conduction abnormalities. Mutations of the TBX5 gene, most of which are found within the T-box domain, are one cause of the disease. We aimed to find the cause of the disease in a family with two children exhibiting symptoms of Holt-Oram syndrome while the parents tend to be normal.  Chromosomal microarray analysis and exome sequencing were applied in the proband segments bearing the specific mutation and single nucleotide variants (SNVs) suspected of being involved in the disease were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing.  A splice acceptor site mutation c.148-1G>C of TBX5 was detected in both the father and the proband. The mutation may result in an aberrant transcript which will most probably undergo nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) system resulting in haploinsufficiency of TBX5 protein. In the meantime, 3 candidated SNVs were detected.  c.148-1G>C of TBX5 should be the pathogenic cause of the disease in this family. Works have been done to find a possible explanation of the unusual genotype-phenotype correlations in this family and further studies are still needed.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
New symmetry solution techniques for first-order non-linear PDEs

Using recent extensions of work of S. Lie (Vorlesungen uber Differentialgleichungen mit bekannten infinitesimalen Transformationen, Leipzig, Teubner, 1891) and E. Cartan (Lecons sur les invariants integreaux, Hermann, Paris, 1922; Les systems differentials exterieures et leurs applications geometrique, Hermann, Paris, 1945) for integrating Frobenius integrable vector field distributions via symmetry, we examine some symmetry techniques for finding local solutions of first-order non-linear partial differential equations (PDEs). In the language of exterior differential systems, we develop a technique for solving first-order quasilinear PDEs that is then applied to general, first-order non-linear partial differential equations. Our results are significant inasmuch as we give algorithms for solving first-order PDEs in the presence of symmetry that are essentially mechanical in nature and done in the original coordinate system.

Field of study: Mathematics
Investigation of Stress Intensity Factor of Finite Plate for Change in Center Crack Width

1 Post Graduate Student, Mechanical Engineering, JNEC, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India 2 Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Portugal 3 Mechanical Engineering, JNEC, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India Abstract—In real world problem, theoretical solutions are existing for idealized cases such as Infinite flat plate with edge crack, central crack and so on. Main limitation of these theoretical solutions is that they are very restrictive and whereas analyzing a usual component, a lot of assumptions are needed. Finite Element Analysis on the other hand offers good tool to determine Stress Intensity Factor. Generally cracks initiate at geometric discontinuities (such as weld toes, voids, notches, holes, etc.) that induce large stress (stress concentration). Mostly the stress intensity factors depend on the geometry of the workpiece and on loading condition. In this study investigation is carried on central cracked plate of a finite length where stress intensity factor is calculated for different values of crack width. This paper highlight the effect of crack width on stress intensity factor. From results, it is concluded that width of crack can be used as a fracture criterion for thin Plates. Stress Intensity Factor (SIF), ANSYS, crack width

Field of study: Engineering
Fibroelastic papilloma: A not-so-benign cardiac tumor.

Six fibroelastic papillomas, ranging in size from 2 to 17 mm, were diagnosed among 106 benign cardiac tumors observed at our institute since 1970. Two were incidental autopsy findings, and involved the pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves, respectively; four were surgically removed specimens from the left side of the heart. Clinical diagnosis was achieved in two young subjects, aged 25 and 31 years, by 2D-echo examination, following an episode of acute myocardial infarction precipitated during a soccer game; the tumor was related to the mitral valve apparatus in both cases, and a coronary embolism, either neoplastic or thrombotic, was the most likely cause of myocardial infarction. Thus, cardiac left-side fibroelastic papilloma should be considered a potentially lifethreatening tumor in hemodynamic terms. Like myxoma, this tumor entails the risk of systemic embolism that may also occur in the coronary arterial tree, precipitating myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac arrest.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Proximity-effect-induced superconductivity in topological insulator-related material Bi2Se3

We have studied the electron transport properties of topological insulator-related material Bi2Se3 near the superconducting Pb-Bi2Se3 interface, and found that a superconducting state is induced over an extended volume in Bi2Se3. This state can carry a Josephson supercurrent, and demonstrates a gap-like structure in the conductance spectra as probed by a normal-metal electrode. The establishment of the gap is not by confining the electrons into a narrow space close to the superconductor-normal metal interface, as previously observed in other systems, but presumably via electron-electron attractive interaction in Bi2Se3.

Field of study: Physics
The Link Between Religion and Spirituality and Psychological Adjustment: The Mediating Role of Optimism and Social Support

Although optimism, social support, religiousness, and spirituality are important predictors of adjustment, rarely have studies examined these variables simultaneously. This study investigated whether optimism and social support mediated the relationship between religiousness and adjustment (distress and life satisfaction) and between spirituality and adjustment. Findings indicate that the relationship between intrinsic religiousness and life satisfaction and between prayer fulfillment and life satisfaction was mediated by optimism and social support. Furthermore, the relationship between religiousness and adjustment varied depending on how religiousness was operationalized and whether positive versus negative adjustment indicators were used. That is, intrinsic religiousness and prayer fulfillment were associated with greater life satisfaction, but extrinsic religiousness was not associated with life satisfaction. These findings were significant even after accounting for covariates (age, gender, ethnicity, social desirability). Results suggest religiousness and spirituality are related but distinct constructs and are associated with adjustment through factors such as social support and optimism.

Field of study: Psychology
Determination and Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil Nearby Oil Waste Disposal Site

By using microwave extraction,a GC /MS method was developed for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) content in soil which is around the discharge ditch of oily wastewater,and a correlation analysis of the content of organic matter in soil was carried out. The results showed that PAHs in the surface soil pollution were mainly from 2 to 4 rings of low molecular PAHs,and the PAHs with high molecular were not detected. Each sampling point belongs to slight or moderate pollution and the overall assessment is moderate pollution,which is middle and low lever in comparison with soil data of central regions. The origin may be the low molecular PAHs of oil pollution along with the atmospheric transmission,but it cannot be completely excluded the possibility of fuel combustion pollution. No obvious correlation was found between the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organic matter.

Field of study: Chemistry
Effect of Lignin on Acetic Acid Production in Wet Oxidation of Lignocellulosic Wastes

The role of lignin in acetic acid production in wet oxidation (WO) of lignocellulosic biomass was discussed. It was found that lignin was indirectly attributed to the increase of acetic acid production in WO of lignocellulosic waste. A possible mechanism for this is that decomposition intermediates of lignin would act as a retardant in WO of cellulose, leading to the formation of HMF and 2-FA which are dehydration products from monosaccharides and can produce a large amount of acetic acid by their oxidation.

Field of study: Chemistry
Late Cenozoic Alkali-Rich Basalt from the Western Grand Canyon Area, Utah and Arizona: Isotopic Composition of Strontium

Twenty samples of Pliocene-Holocene basanite, hawaiite, and quartz-bearing basaltic andesite from the western Grand Canyon district have Sr 87 /Sr 86 ratios that range from 0.7028 to 0.7069. Sixteen of these are lava flows that have Sr 87 /Sr 86 (0.7028 to 0.7041), K/Rb (500 to 790), and Rb/Sr (0.016 to 0.047) ratios, which suggest a probable mantle origin. These data are typical of many late Cenozoic basaltic flows from the southern Great Basin and southern Colorado Plateau. In the remaining four Grand Canyon samples (3 hawaiites, 1 basaltic andesite) Sr 87 /Sr 86 , K/Rb, and Sr concentrations are suggestive of possible crustal contamination. Correlation coefficients for chemical and isotopic compositions of the Grand Canyon basalt are significant at the 95 percent level for covariances between Sr 87 /Sr 86 and only TiO 2 , Rb/Sr, and Sr. The latter two correlations are mainly influenced by data for the four possibly contaminated basalt samples and are insignificant when those samples are omitted. The isotopic and chemical data are compatible with the model proposed by Best and Brimhall (1974) in which the Grand Canyon basalt flows are derived by variable degrees of partial melting of mantle material over a range in depth and modified by polybaric crystal fractionation during ascent to the surface. Small variations in isotopic composition in the bulk of these samples probably reflect heterogeneities in their mantle source regions rather than the effects of crustal contamination. It is inferred that the mantle underlying the western Grand Canyon district is similar in its isotopic characteristics to typical oceanic-type mantle regions.

Field of study: Geology
Genetic diversity of symbiotic cyanobacteria in Cycas revoluta (Cycadaceae).

The diversity of cyanobacterial species within the coralloid roots of an individual and populations of Cycas revoluta was investigated based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Sixty-six coralloid roots were collected from nine natural populations of cycads on Kyushu and the Ryukyu Islands, covering the entire distribution range of the species. Approximately 400 bp of the 5'-end of 16S rRNA genes was amplified, and each was identified by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Most coralloid roots harbored only one cyanobiont, Nostoc, whereas some contained two or three, representing cyanobiont diversity within a single coralloid root isolated from a natural habitat. Genotypes of Nostoc within a natural population were occasionally highly diverged and lacked DNA sequence similarity, implying genetic divergence of Nostoc. On the other hand, Nostoc genotypes showed no phylogeographic structure across the distribution range, while host cycads exhibited distinct north-south differentiation. Cycads may exist in symbiosis with either single or multiple Nostoc strains in natural soil habitats.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Screening of Muskmelon Germplasm for Resistance to Fusarium Wilt and Studies on Phenols in Relation to Seedling Resistance

Forty nine genotypes of melons (Cucumis melo L.) were screened artificially for resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis. Four genotypes (Arka Jeet, Harela, NC 62923 muskmelon and IC 625 longmelon showed high resistance; five (Panna Local, Gujarati, Green Glabrous, Allahabad Kajra and Hermaphrodite) were moderately resistant and the remaining showed susceptible reaction. Studies on total and ortho-diphenols in seedlings of selected resistant, moderately resistant and susceptible genotypes revealed no relation with disease reaction to the pathogen.

Field of study: Biology