nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Three Models of Development: Community Ophthalmology NGOs and the Appropriate Technology Movement

This paper describes a new shift in the appropriate technology movement in less economically developed countries as seen in a multi-sited ethnography of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the scientific field of ophthalmology. This research reveals how Aravind Eye Care System in southern India and Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology in Nepal are addressing “undone science” for avoidable blindness. They are creating the requisite local hospital and personnel infrastructure while conducting “civil society research.” They are also providing high quality modern care to low-income patients of the global south while charging reduced or no fees. This paper argues that they represent a third model in the appropriate technology movement—contextually appropriate local production of high technology. This third model focuses on socially responsible innovation for purposes of social improvement; it is rooted in nonprofit, social enterprise organizations to include the following four aspects: (1) scientific innovation or the “appropriation” of new science; (2) organizational innovation, including changes in operations management for self-sufficiency through multiple revenue streams; (3) technological innovation or the creation of new products and artifacts; and (4) an underlying ideological orientation that is based on local philosophy (and challenges hegemonic understandings of postcolonial dependency or neoliberalism).

Field of study: Political science
Modeling transport phenomena of ice slurry in an ice forming unit

In this article, multiphase convective and solidification transport phenomena of ice slurry is investigated by developing a one-domain macroscopic model to simulate its formation in a rectangular ice forming unit. Convection, sedimentation, interfacial drag, permeability, remelting and viscosity variations are incorporated into this model through the appropriate governing multiphase transport equations. Validation studies with literature data are performed to determine the most suitable drag law by comparing the position of the interface between the coherent and non-coherent zones. After establishing modified Stokes' Law as the best-suited drag model, solidification study of an aqueous ammonium chloride solution is performed. The results for the evolution of ice fraction, species distribution, temperature profile and multiphase velocity field are presented. Solid fraction gradient, due to the generation of ice particles, has a major influence on the density gradient leading to a counter-clockwise flow current resulting in the homogenization of temperature and species in the generated ice slurry.

Field of study: Engineering
Inhibitory effect of quercetin on tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 1β

To study the effects of quercetin on tumor necrosis 
factor (TNF) and interleukin 1β (IL 1β) pro osteoclastic 
activities.  TdR uptake by osteoblasts was used to measure 
cell proliferation, microspectrophotometer for cellular AlP activity 
using p nitrophenyl phosphate as enzyme substrate, and 
radioimmunoassay for prostaglandin E 2.  Quercetin 5-40 μ 
mol·L -1 reduced the inhibition of cell proliferation and AlP 
activity induced by TNF or IL 1β in a concentration dependent 
manner. PGE 2 produc￣tion stimulated by either cytokines was also 
reduced by quercetin at 20 and 40 μmol·L -1 .  
quercetin exerted a marked inhibitory effect on TNF and IL 1 
activities, related to their pro osteoclastic function.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Chemical reactivity and interdiffusion of (La, Sr)MnO3 and (Zr, Y)O2, solid oxide fuel cell cathode and electrolyte materials

The chemical reactivity and interdiffusion of (La, Sr)MnO3 and (Zr, Y)O2 were studied from 1110 to 1755 K. Reaction of LaMnO3 with (Zr, Y)O2 was already observed at 1170 K, whereas reactions between (La, Sr)MnO3 with 30 at.% Sr and (Zr, Y)O2 with 8 at.% Y were not observed at 1365 K. The reaction products observed in the experiments are La2Zr2O7 and/ or SrZrO3. It is proposed that reaction layers are formed by diffusion of La and/or Sr into (Zr, Y)O2 via a vacancy diffusion mechanism. The composition of the layers depends on the La2O3 and SrO activities in (La, Sr)MnO3. The activation energy for the formation of a La2Zr2O7 reaction layer was determined to be 17.5 ± 1.8 kJ · mol−1, the activation energy for the formation of a SrZrO3 reaction layer was determined to be 18.8 ± 1.9 kJ·mol−1. On the basis of the experiments it was calculated that at 1273 K it would take about 29100 h to grow a reaction layer of SrZrO7 from (La0.5Sr0.5)MnO3 and (Zr0.97Y0.03)O1.985, and about 82000 h to grow a reaction layer of La2Zr2O7 from LaMnO3 and (Zr0.92Y0.08)01.96, with a thickness of 1 μm for both layers. It is propose d reaction layers might result in both ohmic and polarization losses of the SOFC.

Field of study: Materials science
Synthesis and its scale inhibition effect of green scale inhibitor polyepoxysuccinic acid

A green scale inhibitor polyepoxysuccinic acid(PESA) was synthesized from maleic anhydride in one step, and was characterized with IR and ~ 13 C NMR.The effects of PESA on CaCO_3 scale diameter and scale shape were investigated by size distribution measurement and SEM respectively.The dynamics of scaling process was studied, and the mechanism of scale inhibition was discussed.The results showed that PESA had high performance of scale inhibition on both dispersion and lattice distortion of CaCO_3.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
The structural evolution of an ultra- and polymetamorphic gneiss-complex, West Greenland

ZusammenfassungAls typisches Beispiel für verschiedene Komplexe Südwestgrönlands wird das Tovqussaq-Gebiet in seiner tektonischen und metamorphen Entwicklung geschildert. Dioritische Aplite und Gänge, welche einem älteren tektonischen Hauptzyklus folgen, ermöglichen dessen Abtrennung von einem jüngeren Hauptzyklus. Die ältere Tektonik war sehr intensiv und zeigt nach Auswicklung der Tauchfalten alpinotypen Charakter. Die damit verbundene Metamorphose steigerte sich bis zur Granulitfazies, wobei Gabbro-Anorthosite als ultrametamorphe Produkte kalkiger Paragesteine entstanden, Petrogenetische Hinweise über die Beziehungen zu anderen Metamorphiten und tektonischer Beanspruchung. Der II. Hauptzyklus wirkte nur örtlich und schwach. Er war mit rückschreitender Metamorphose in Amphibolitfazies verbunden.

Field of study: Environmental science
How Closely do Top Income Shares Track Other Measures of Inequality?

In recent years, researchers have used taxation statistics to estimate the share of total income held by the richest groups, such as the top 10% or the top 1%. Compiling a standardised top income shares dataset for thirteen developed countries, I find that there is a strong and significant relationship between top income shares and broader inequality measures, such as the gini coefficient. This suggests that panel data on top income shares may be a useful substitute for other measures of inequality over periods when alternative income distribution measures are of low quality, or unavailable

Field of study: Economics
Measurement and Analysis on SH-CCT Curves of SA738Gr.B Steel for Steel Container of Nuclear Power Station

The simulated HAZ continuous cooling transformation(SH-CCT) curves of SA738Gr.B steel for steel container of nuclear power station were measured by Gleeble-3500 thermal mechanical simulator according to the method of expansion.The effects of phase transformation microstructure and vickers hardness with different continuous cooling transformation curves were analyzed.The SH-CCT curves research of SA738Gr.B steel can provide the correct theory formulation to its welding technology.

Field of study: Materials science
Improving the queue size and delay performance with the I-CSMA link scheduling algorithm

In a prior work, we proposed a new CSMA-like randomized link scheduling algorithm for wireless networks, called I-CSMA, based on a modified version of the Ising model in physics. I-CSMA is a generalization of earlier Glauber-dynamics-based algorithms, and it was shown to be throughput-optimal. In this paper, we evaluate the queue size/delay performance of I-CSMA. The simulation results show that, while maintaining throughput-optimality, I-CSMA gives better queue-size/delay performance than the popular Q-CSMA algorithm. The improvement is significant and consistent, particularly in the regime of low to moderately high traffic intensity. We analyze the control overhead of I-CSMA, discuss parameter tuning for the algorithm, and show the effects of parameter tuning with simulation results. We also propose a simpler, heuristic I-CSMA algorithm and show that it has similar performance as I-CSMA. To make I-CSMA immediately useful, we provide a device-based implementation of the I-CSMA algorithm as a reference implementation.

Field of study: Computer science
Digital Video as a Personalized Learning Assignment: A Qualitative Study of Student Authored Video Using the ICSDR Model.

Students within this study followed the ICSDR (Identify, Conceptualize/Connect, Storyboard, Develop, Review/Reflect /Revise) development model to create digital video, as a personalized and active learning assignment. The participants, graduate students in education, indicated that following the ICSDR framework for student-authored video guided their video creation process, resulting in focus for their ideas, and increasing motivation to learn more about their content. Finally, the participants indicated that creating a digital video was an authentic and personalized learning experience that fostered personal choice and voice and peer collaboration. Evidence from the qualitative study supports students following a development framework for video creation.

Field of study: Education
Influence study of FLTD stage output when switches discharge synchronous

This paper builds up a circuit model of the switch synchronously discharge in the FLTD stage and a circuit simulation model of the FLTD stage. The switch in FLTD simulation model integrates the switch controlled by voltage and self-break switch. The FLTD stage simulation model can simulate stage output influence by switch discharge jitter and bricks discharge each other. The simulation model has been validated by the experiment result of a 14-brick FLTD stage. The influence of the 20-brick FLTD stage output current peak and rise-time with switches discharge synchronously have been simulated by the circuit simulation model of the FLTD. The simulation results indicate that the stage output influence is insignificant when the jitter of switch is less than 5 ns.

Field of study: Physics
Martín Abel González, The Genesis of the Falklands (Malvinas) Conflict (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), pp. xvii + 258, £60.00, hb.

the sense that this is a book from another era of scholarship. They rely too exclusively on older literature and largely ignore recent work: other than articles and working papers on narrow economic questions, the footnotes and bibliography cite hardly any titles published in the last  years. It may have been a choice not to reference works of the new social history that do not fit the analytical framework, but the authors also miss innovative scholarship that has moved the socio-political narrative of twentieth-century Brazil beyond the schematic portrayals of Cold War area studies. Recent work that questions the easy dichotomy of democracy and authoritarian rule by taking the legal foundations of the Brazilian state seriously would have greatly enriched the analysis. Consequently, Luna and Klein’s narrative is vibrant only when it comes to economic questions but rather stale in its social and political analysis. The economic mindset also shines through in interpretive missteps. In the section on the ‘military interregnum’, a very peculiar choice of terms, the text describes the government of the ‘hard-line group’ under President Médici (–) as a ‘relative success’ (p. ). This is puzzling in light of the preceding paragraph, which characterises Médici’s regime as ‘the most closed and repressive military regime in Brazilian history’ and highlights an ‘increasing concentration of income’. Only in a world where macroeconomic indicators were the only relevant measure of effective government would the use of the term ‘success’ make sense. The teacher of Brazilian history looking for a survey to assign to undergraduates will lament the book’s lack of structure. The four main chapters, between  and  pages in length, have no subheadings to help the reader navigate the content. The chapters’ internal logic does not become easily apparent, a problem aggravated by a lack of integration of economic analysis and political narrative. For example in Chapter , on ‘Formative Democracies and the Military Interregnum’, the section on the military regime opens (on p. ) with a seven-page political survey before abruptly jumping back to a parallel, but much longer narrative on the economy and economic policy. Inevitably, politics re-enters the analysis of economic policy, which makes for unnecessary repetition. Moreover, for a survey text, there is too much reporting of data and too little help with its interpretation. How is a reader not already familiar with the intricacies of Brazil’s economic history to assess the significance of this wealth of figures? In the end, Luna and Klein have produced more of a reference work than a fluid narrative survey. The wealth of quantitative information on Brazil’s twentieth century is most useful to the specialist, but the reader should not expect to find that long-awaited English-language synthesis.

Field of study: Political science
A far-IR view of the starburst-driven superwind in NGC 2146

NGC 2146, a nearby luminous infrared galaxy, presents evidence for outflows along the disk minor axis in all gas phases (ionized, neutral atomic, and molecular). We present an analysis of the multi-phase, starburst-driven superwind in the central 5 kpc as traced in spatially resolved spectral line observations, using far-IR Herschel PACS spectroscopy, to probe the effects on the atomic and ionized gas, and optical integral field spectroscopy to examine the ionized gas through diagnostic line ratios. We observe an increased ~250 km s^(–1) velocity dispersion in the [O I] 63 μm, [O III] 88 μm, [N II] 122 μm, and [C II] 158 μm fine-structure lines that is spatially coincident with high excitation gas above and below the disk. We model this with a slow ~200 km s^(–1) shock and trace the superwind to the edge of our field of view 2.5 kpc above the disk. We present new SOFIA 37 μm observations to explore the warm dust distribution, and detect no clear dust entrainment in the outflow. The stellar kinematics appear decoupled from the regular disk rotation seen in all gas phases, consistent with a recent merger event disrupting the system. We consider the role of the superwind in the evolution of NGC 2146 and speculate on the evolutionary future of the system. Our observations of NGC 2146 in the far-IR allow an unobscured view of the wind, crucial for tracing the superwind to the launching region at the disk center, and provide a local analog for future ALMA observations of outflows in high-redshift systems.

Field of study: Physics
Regioselektive Synthesen von 3,3′‐Bijuglon, Mamegakinon, Dianellinon, cyclo‐Trijuglon, Xylospyrin und Trianellinon durch Phenol/Chinon‐Addition

Durch regioselektive Phenol/Chinon-Addition werden aus Juglon (1a), 7-Methyljuglon (1b) und Stypandron (1c) in Pyridin die Dimeren 3,3′-Bijuglon (5a), Mamegakinon (5c), Dianellinon (5e) und in Eisessig die cyclo-Trimeren cyclo-Trijuglon (12a), Xylospyrin (12d) und Trianellinon (12g) synthetisiert. 
 
 
 
 Syntheses of 3,3′-Bijuglone, Mamegakinone, Dianellinone, cyclo-Trijuglone, Xylospyrin and Trianellinone by Phenol-Quinone Addition 
 
 
 
Regioselective phenol-quinone addition of juglone (1a), 7-methyljuglone (1b), and stypandrone (1c) in pyridine yields the dimers 3,3-bijuglone (5a), mamegakinone (5c), and dianellinone (5e). In acetic acid mainly the cyclo trimers cyclo-trijuglone (12a), xylospyrin (12d), and trianellinone (12g) are obtained

Field of study: Chemistry
Numerical analysis of a double avalanche region IMPATT diode on the basis of nonlinear model

The analysis of the n+pvnp+ avalanche diode structure has been realized on the basis of the nonlinear model. This type of the diode that was named as double avalanche region (DAR) IMPATT diode includes two avalanche regions inside the diode. The phase delay which was produced by means of the two avalanche regions and the drift region v is sufficient to obtain the negative resistance for the wide frequency band. The numerical model that is used for the analysis of the various diode structures includes all principal features of the physical phenomena inside the semiconductor structure. The admittance characteristics of the DAR diode were analyzed in very wide frequency band. The obtained results contradict to the before performed analysis on basis of the approximate models and show that only diode with a sufficiently short drift region can produce active power in some frequency bands.

Field of study: Engineering
Attitudes and perceptions of villagers toward community-based mariculture in Minahasa, North Sulawesi, Indonesia

This study assesses how characteristics of individuals (e.g. preparedness to take risks), households (e.g. employment structure) and communities (e.g. distribution of resources) affect the chances that mariculture is successfully adopted as an alternative to fisheries. An increasing number of coastal households in tropical countries see their livelihoods endangered by declining fisheries catches. Acceptable livelihood alternatives are needed to reduce the pressure on the marine environment. Indonesian coastal communities do not always depend exclusively on fishing but often diversify their livelihood portfolios, which makes livelihood programs a relevant policy intervention for them. Sea cucumber mariculture is increasingly advocated in Indonesian coastal management. Using semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and non-participant observation, current livelihoods and the attitudes toward the possibility of sea cucumber mariculture activities were assessed in two coastal villages in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Respondents stated a high interest in alternative livelihoods. At the same time, non-economic factors such as tradition and personal gratification played an important role in decisions on whether to fish or not. Villagers' attitudes were influenced by fishery-related experiences, perceptions and understandings, as well as by previous experiences with alternative livelihood programs. The results suggest that it is easier to turn people with farming experience into aquaculturists than people who are highly focused on fishing. Moreover, the indications are that sea cucumber mariculture would remain an additional source of income rather than replace fishing. In the study area, mariculture is still an unfamiliar activity, not yet sufficiently trusted to generate willingness to invest. Villagers' general acceptance of non-fishing income alternatives will need to be promoted if livelihood alternatives are to be successful in reducing pressure on marine resources.

Field of study: Environmental science
Chirality-dependent properties of carbon nanotubes: electronic structure, optical dispersion properties, Hamaker coefficients and van der Waals–London dispersion interactions

Optical dispersion spectra at energies up to 30 eV play a vital role in understanding the chirality-dependent van der Waals–London dispersion interactions of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). We use one-electron theory based calculations to obtain the band structures and the frequency dependent dielectric response function from 0–30 eV for 64 SWCNTs differing in radius, electronic structure classification, and geometry. The resulting optical dispersion properties can be categorized over three distinct energy intervals (M, π, and σ, respectively representing 0–0.1, 0.1–5, and 5–30 eV regions) and over radii above or below the zone-folding limit of 0.7 nm. While π peaks vary systematically with radius for a given electronic structure type, σ peaks are independent of tube radius above the zone folding limit and depend entirely on SWCNT geometry. We also observe the so-called metal paradox, where a SWCNT has a metallic band structure and continuous density of states through the Fermi level but still behaves optically like a material with a large optical band gap between M and π regions. This paradox appears to be unique to armchair and large diameter zigzag nanotubes. Based on these calculated one-electron dielectric response functions we compute and review van der Waals–London dispersion spectra, full spectral Hamaker coefficients, and van der Waals–London dispersion interaction energies for all calculated frequency dependent dielectric response functions. Our results are categorized using a new optical dielectric function classification scheme that groups the nanotubes according to observable trends and notable features (e.g. the metal paradox) in the 0–30 eV part of the optical dispersion spectra. While the trends in these spectra begin to break down at the zone folding diameter limit, the trends in the related van der Waals–London dispersion spectra tend to remain stable all the way down to the smallest single wall carbon nanotubes in a given class.

Field of study: Physics
Gindikin-Karpelevich finiteness

In this paper, we give a proof of certain finiteness results about split Kac-Moody groups over a local non-archimedian field. Our results generalize those of "An affine Gindikin-Karpelevich formula" of Alexander Braverman, Howard Garland, David Kazh-dan and Manish Patnaik. We do not require our groups to be affine. We use the hovel I associated to this situation, which is the analogue of the Bruhat-Tits building for a reductive group.

Field of study: Mathematics
Characteristics and antioxidant activity of Maillard reaction products derived from chitosan-sugar solution.

The Maillard reaction occurring between amino group and carbonyl group produces neoformed compounds having certain levels of antioxidant activity depending on the reaction conditions and the type of reactants. In this study, maillard reaction products (MRPs) derived from four model systems including chitosan-glucose (CG), chitosan-fructose (CF), chitosanmaltose (CM) and chitosan-lactose (CL) solutions were prepared by heating at 100 oC for various times (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 h) and their characteristics and antioxidant activity were investigated. Browning intensity and intermediate products, as monitored by A420 and AUVλmax, increased with heating time. The increase in browning intensity and formation of intermediate products were concomitant with the decreases in free amino group and reducing sugar contents. DPPH radical scavenging activity, FRAP, reducing power, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and inhibition of lipid peroxidation of all MRPs derived from chitosan-sugar model systems increased with the increase in browning intensity and intermediate formation. Among all MRPs tested, those derived from CG system rendered the highest browning intensity, intermediate products and antioxidant activity as evidenced by the greatest scavenging effect, reducing power, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Thus, MRPs derived from chitosan-sugar model system can be promoted as a novel antioxidant to prevent lipid oxidation in food system.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences