nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Reinforcement: food signals the time and location of future food.

It has long been understood that food deliveries may act as signals of future food location, and not only as strengtheners of prefood responding as the law of effect suggests. Recent research has taken this idea further--the main effect of food deliveries, or other "reinforcers", may be signaling rather than strengthening. The present experiment investigated the ability of food deliveries to signal food contingencies across time after food. In Phase 1, the next food delivery was always equally likely to be arranged for a left- or a right-key response. Conditions were arranged such that the next food delivery was likely to occur either sooner on the left (or right) key, or sooner on the just-productive (or not-just-productive) key. In Phase 2, similar contingencies were arranged, but the last-food location was signaled by a red keylight. Preference, measured in 2-s bins across interfood intervals, was jointly controlled by the likely time and location of the next food delivery. In Phase 1, when any food delivery signaled a likely sooner next food delivery on a particular key, postfood preference was strongly toward that key, and moved toward the other key across the interreinforcer interval. In other conditions in which food delivery on the two keys signaled different subsequent contingencies, postfood preference was less extreme, and quickly moved toward indifference. In Phase 2, in all three conditions, initial preference was strongly toward the likely-sooner food key, and moved to the other key across the interfood interval. In both phases, at a more extended level of analysis, sequences of same-key food deliveries caused a small increase in preference for the just-productive key, suggesting the presence of a "reinforcement effect", albeit one that was very small.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Reisen erzählen: Erzählrhetorik, Intertextualität und Gebrauchsfunktionen des adligen Bildungsreiseberichts in der Frühen Neuzeit. Andrea Voß. Neue Bremer Beiträge 20. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, 2016. xii + 350 pp. €45.


Field of study: History
Mycoplasma pneumonia increases the risk of acute coronary syndrome: a nationwide population-based cohort study.

Studies investigating the epidemiological relationship between Mycoplasma pneumonia (MP) and the subsequent development of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are scant. We conducted a nationwide longitudinal cohort study in Taiwan to explore whether MP patients are at an increased risk of developing ACS.



This study investigated the incidence and risk factors for ACS in 12 152 newly diagnosed MP patients from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database between 2004 and 2011. The control group consisted of 48 600 individuals without MP. The follow-up period ran from the time of initial MP diagnosis to the date of an ACS event, censoring, or 31 December 2011. We analyzed the risk of ACS by using Cox proportional hazard regression models, including variables for sex, age and comorbidities.



The incidence of ACS was higher in MP patients than in comparison cohort (3.08 vs. 2.42 per 1000 person-years). The hazard ratio of developing ACS increased 37% in MP patients compared with that in the comparison cohort after adjustment for covariates. The effect of MP on subsequent ACS development appeared to 12 months after infection.



This nationwide study determined that compared with the general population, MP patients exhibited a 37% increase in the risk of subsequently developing ACS. Clinicians should be aware of this risk in MP patients and provide appropriate cardiovascular management in addition to MP treatment.

Field of study: Medicine
On improving the culture and bulding the image of college organization

Organizational culture theory is a theory on administration, which appeared in the end of the twentieth century. It emphasizes on the role and the function of organizational culture in the development of an organization. It has been applied in the educational management. This paper claims that universitiy leaders must possess the excellent percipient ability and cultural consciousness, put more effort into molding the organizational image and improving the organizational culture.

Field of study: Education
Aspect has a greater impact on alpine soil bacterial community structure than elevation.

Gradients in environmental conditions, including climate factors and resource availability, occur along mountain inclines, providing a 'natural laboratory' to explore their combined impacts on microbial distributions. Conflicting spatial patterns observed across elevation gradients in soil bacterial community structure suggest that they are driven by various interacting factors at different spatial scales. Here, we investigated the relative impacts of non-resource (e.g. soil temperature, pH) and resource conditions (e.g. soil carbon and nitrogen) on the biogeography of soil bacterial communities across broad (i.e. along a 1500 m mountain elevation gradient) and fine sampling scales (i.e. along sunny and shady aspects of a mountain ridge). Our analysis of 16S rRNA gene data confirmed that when sampling across distances of < 1000 m, bacterial community composition was more closely related to the aspect of a site than its elevation. However, despite large differences in climate and resource-availability factors across elevation- and aspect-related gradients, bacterial community composition and richness were most strongly correlated with soil pH. These findings highlight the need to incorporate knowledge of multiple factors, including site aspect and soil pH for the appropriate use of elevation gradients as a proxy to explore the impacts of climate change on microbial community composition.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Obliquely deposited CdTe:In films with anomalous photovoltaic properties

A technology of doping of photovoltaically anomalous polycrystalline CdTe films with indium is developed, which makes it possible to increase the photovoltage by an order of magnitude and the short-circuit current by more than two orders of magnitude. This effect, which was observed for the first time in CdTe:In films, is explained by the asymmetric thermofield migration of In+i ions and cadmium vacancies VCd−j in the crystal field of grain boundaries during the heat treatment

Field of study: Physics
[Clinical efficacy of neuropeptides in cerebrovascular pathology].

Great value in the treatment of ischemic stroke (IS) is given for neuroprotection. When ischemic neuroprotection aims to increase the period of 'therapeutic window' and stop the cascade of pathological reactions. The neuroprotection is defined as the continuous adaptation of the neuron to new functional conditions, as the key to reducing damage to brain tissue caused by ischemia, it acts at the level of the molecular cascade leading to the dysfunction and death of neurons. Special attention is paid to the study of the properties of low molecular weight neuropeptides that penetrate through the hematoencephalitic barrier and exert a multiple effect on the Central nervous system (CNS) even in small concentrations. One of neuropeptide of cytoprotectors, is Cortexin, containing a complex of low molecular weight peptides (with mass from 1 to 10 kDa), which is optimally balanced and close to the metabolism of brain neurons (organotropic) that exert tissue-specific, regulatory and restorative effect on the cerebral cortex. The article presents data on the effectiveness purpose of Cortexin in patients with IS. It is shown that the optimal scheme for the purpose of Cortexin includes: intramuscular administration of Cortexin in the dose of 20 mg (10 mg morning + 10 mg evening) for 10 days, with a repeat the same course within 10 days after the first, since the first 6 h after the onset of stroke symptoms. The observation period is more than 2 months.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Existence and uniqueness of solutions for a second order differential equation with integral boundary conditions

In this paper, we consider the following second order differential equation ( ϕ ( u ′ ( t ) ) ) ′ + f ( t , u ( t ) , u ′ ( t ) ) = 0 , 0 t 1 , subject to the integral boundary conditions: u ( 0 ) - k 1 u ′ ( 0 ) = ∫ 0 1 h 1 ( u ( s ) ) ds , u ( 1 ) + k 2 u ′ ( 1 ) = ∫ 0 1 h 2 ( u ( s ) ) ds , where f : [ 0 , 1 ] × R 2 → R and h i : R → R ( i = 1 , 2 ) are continuous and k i ( i = 1 , 2 ) are nonnegative constant. ϕ ( u ) is continuous and strictly increasing function with ϕ ( 0 ) = 0 and ϕ ( R ) = R . The existence and uniqueness result to the above boundary value problem is obtained by applying the method of upper and lower solutions and Leray–Schauder degree theory.

Field of study: Mathematics
Application of coupled electro-thermal and physics-of-failure-based analysis to the design of accelerated life tests for power modules

In the reliability theme a central activity is to investigate, characterize and understand the contributory wear-out and overstress mechanisms to meet through-life reliability targets. For power modules, it is critical to understand the response of typical wear-out mechanisms, for example wire-bond lifting and solder degradation, to in-service environmental and load-induced thermal cycling. This paper presents the use of a reduced-order thermal model coupled with physics-of-failure-based life models to quantify the wear-out rates and life consumption for the dominant failure mechanisms under prospective in-service and qualification test conditions. When applied in the design of accelerated life and qualification tests it can be used to design tests that separate the failure mechanisms (e.g. wire-bond and substrate-solder) and provide predictions of conditions that yield a minimum elapsed test time. The combined approach provides a useful tool for reliability assessment and estimation of remaining useful life which can be used at the design stage or in-service. An example case study shows that it is possible to determine the actual power cycling frequency for which failure occurs in the shortest elapsed time. The results demonstrate that bond-wire degradation is the dominant failure mechanism for all power cycling conditions whereas substrate-solder failure dominates for externally applied (ambient or passive) thermal cycling.

Field of study: Engineering
Reaktionen von Derivaten des S-Alkyl-2-thiocytosins mit bifunktionellen Nucleophilen und deren Anwendung für die chemische Modifikation von transfer-Ribonucleinsäuren†

4-Amino-l-methyl-2-(methylthio)pyrimidiniumjodid (4) - ein alkyliertes Derivat des 2-Thiocytosins (3) - reagiert sehr leicht mit Nucleophilen unter Austausch des Substituenten am C-2 des Pyrimidinringes. Wird diese Austauschreaktion mit bifunktionellen Athylderivaten durchgefuhrt, so erhalt man in der Folgereaktion intramolekular eine Substitution. Mit 2-Mercaptoathanol entsteht I-Methylcytosin (9), mit 1,2-Athandithiol I-Methyl-2-thiocytosin (8). Die Austauschreaktion mit primaren Aminen fuhrt zu 2-Alkylamino-4-amino-1 -methyl-pyrimidiniumhalogeniden (4 5, 6, 7). Wie durch geeignete Experimente mit 3 enthaltender transfer-Ribonucleinsaure aus Hefe gezeigt werden konnte, sind diese Reaktionen zur schonenden Modifizierung von Ribonucleinsauren anwendbar. 
 
 
 
Reactions of S-Alkyl-2-thiocytosine Derivatives with Bifunctional Nucleophiles and their Application to Chemical Modifications of Transfer Ribonucleic Acids 
 
 
 
The chemical properties of 4-amino-I -methyl-2-(methylthio)pyrimidinium iodide (4) which is an alkylated derivative of 2-thiocytosine (3), were investigated. This compound reacts easily with nucleophilic reagents leading to an exchange of the substituent at the C-2 of the pyrimidine ring. Using an appropriate bifunctional nucleophile, derived from ethylene an intramolecular reaction occurs. Thus treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol or 1,2-ethanedithiol leads to 1-methylcytosine (9) or I-methyl-2-thiocytosine (8), respectively. If primary alkyl- amines are used for this exchange reaction 2-alkylamino-4-amino-I-methylpyrimidinium halides are formed (4 5, 6,7). Experiments o n 3 containing transfer ribonucleic acid from baker's yeast show that these reactions can be used for chemical modification of ribonucleic acids under mild conditions.

Field of study: Chemistry
Organ preservation: from the past to the future

Organ transplantation is the most effective therapy for patients with end-stage disease. Preservation solutions and techniques are crucial for donor organ quality, which is directly related to morbidity and survival after transplantation. Currently, static cold storage (SCS) is the standard method for organ preservation. However, preservation time with SCS is limited as prolonged cold storage increases the risk of early graft dysfunction that contributes to chronic complications. Furthermore, the growing demand for the use of marginal donor organs requires methods for organ assessment and repair. Machine perfusion has resurfaced and dominates current research on organ preservation. It is credited to its dynamic nature and physiological-like environment. The development of more sophisticated machine perfusion techniques and better perfusates may lead to organ repair/reconditioning. This review describes the history of organ preservation, summarizes the progresses that has been made to date, and discusses future directions for organ preservation.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Construction of Recombinant Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 with α 1b IFN

To study the biological r elevance of using herpes simplex vir uses as a vector for expressing cy tokines,a new kind of recombinant herpes simplex virus type 1(HSV1) that expressed human interferon α1 bIFN was constructedBased on a se t of cosmids containing the entire HSV1 genome,the α1bIFN expression bo x (the α1bIFN gene was placed under the control of the HCMV promoter) was inserted into HSV1 UL2 gene on cosmid 6 to generate cos6/α1bIFNBy co-transfecting cos6/α1bIFN with the other cosmids such as cosmid28,cos mid14,cosmid56 and cosmid48,HSV1-α 1bIFN/△UL2 was generated in the cell s by recombinationTo evaluate α1bIFN expression,vector infected cell cu lture media were assayed for α1bIF N releaseIn vitro characterizatio n of the recombinant interferon-α 1bIFN confirmed that the α1bIFN ex pressed in HSV1 infected cells was biologically activeThese cells di d not secrete detectable levels of α1bIFN when infected with control virusesCells infected at a multip licity of infection of 10 with HSV-α 1bIFN/△UL2 produced approximately 2 8×104IU/ml α1bIFN in 24 hrs,as de termined by a standard vecicular s tomatitis virus(VSV) replication inhibition assay. These vectors should be useful for in vivo analysis of the antiviral potential of α1bIFN ex pression from within the nervous system

Field of study: Biology
Thermal damage in SiC Schottky diodes induced by SE heavy ions

The failure of SiC Schottky diodes due to the impact of high energy heavy ions is investigated by means of electro-thermal and thermal finite element simulations. In particular, 3D ATLAS simulation of a small portion of the diode structure is used for computing the dissipated power density, which is subsequently used as input for the thermal COMSOL simulation of the complete system including chip and packaging. Results show that, as a consequence of the ion penetrating through the device, the temperature at the Schottky barrier becomes bigger than the SiC melting point for a time large enough to cause permanent damages to the SiC lattice. Simulation results are in good agreement with experiments presented in the literature.

Field of study: Engineering
Modified in-line Sagnac interferometer with passive demodulation technique for environmental immunity of a fiber-optic current sensor.

A modified in-line Sagnac interferometer (MISI) with passive demodulation Technique (PDT) was proposed to immunize the fiber-optic current sensor (FOCS) from environmental perturbations. A large vibration to simulate the environmental perturbations with acceleration up to 12 g was applied to the lead fiber of the FOCS. The noise floor could be significantly suppressed (20 dB) by the MISI better than by a conventional interferometer. In the same dynamic environments, the PDT could make the FOCS achieve a good linear demodulation with average distortion rates always lower than 0.9%. In addition, all the sensitivities measured in both static and dynamic environments are all approximately 4.5 microrad/(A(rms) turns), which is close to the literatural data measured in static environments. These considerable achievements of high sensitivity, environmental immunity, and free electric shock concerns may lead FOCS's to field-monitoring applications of power delivery lines.

Field of study: Physics
Stochastic olg models, market structure and optimality

For a general class of pure exchange OLG economies under uncertainty, we provide a complete characterization of the efficency properties of competitive equilibria when markets are only sequentially complete and the criterion of efficency is conditional Pareto optimality. We also consider a particular case in which markets fail to be even sequentially complete and provide a characterization when the criterion of efficency is weakened to ex post Pareto optimality.

Field of study: Economics
Academic Careers from a European Perspective

Internationally, the fault lines of an uncertain academic career are becoming increasingly apparent. Despite extensive preparation, young academics confront restricted opportunities to become regular members of the academic community. Many of them are on a temporary contract, often with poor working conditions and uncertainties about reappointments. A long academic career seems unobtainable, which can lead to a negative image for academic employment. Those who opt for an academic career run the risk of moving from one contract to another without the opportunity to establish a particular research program. Finkelstein, Seal, and Schuster (1998) found that a large segment of the new academic generation in the United States have entered into "temporary" positions not part of the traditional academic career ladder.

Field of study: Education
Reactions to AIDS Victims: Ambiguity Breeds Contempt

The present study investigated the causes of negative reactions towards AIDS victims. Fifty-eight subjects rated the personal responsibility and interactional desirability of eight hypothetical disease victims who varied on their sexual preference (homosexual/heterosexual) and on their diagnosis (AIDS/serum hepatitis/Legionnaire's disease/genital herpes). While the homosexual victims were rated more personally responsible for their disease and AIDS victims were rated the least interactionally desirable, no support was found for a victim derogation (Lerner, 1966, 1970) interpretation of these phenomena. The results are interpreted as suggesting instead that the reaction against AIDS victims reflects a fear of the unknown causes of the disease, coupled with a general prejudice against homosexuals.

Field of study: Psychology
Multi-scale analysis of acoustic emissions and measurement of particle mass flowrate in pipeline

A model of particle mass flowrate was proposed to explore the quantitative relationship between acoustic emission (AE ) energy, superficial gas velocity, and particle mass flowrate, by using wavelet transform and based on the mechanism that AE signals with different characteristic frequency band energies are emitted when the particles with different velocities impact with the wall.The system of air and polyethylene particles were used as an example and investigated in the superficial gas velocity range from 4.62 m·s-1 to 6.35 m·s-1 and with four kinds of single size LLDPE particles 0.84 mm, 0.59 mm, 0.42 mm, 0.21 mm in size respectively.AE signals were analyzed by using 7 scales wavelet transform in the frequency range from 0 to 500 kHz.It was found that the ratio of the characteristic frequency band energy to the square of the superficial gas velocity varied linearly with particle mass flowrate.Based upon the proposed model for predicting mass flowrate of single size particles, and according to the principle that the AE energy of multi-size particles is a linear superposition of the AE energies of single size particles, the prediction model for multi-size particles was obtained.The average absolute relative error between the values calculated with the prediction model and the experimental values obtained by weighing the polyethylene particles was 4.15 %.Therefore, this model could predict particle mass flowrate in an environmentally friendly way with fairly good accuracy.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Germanium-palladium ohmic contacts to n-type GaAs

Ohmic contacts to n-GaAs (Si doped at 2.7*1015 cm-3 and 4.5*1018 cm-3) have been formed using a Ge/Pd/GaAs metallisation and annealing for short times yielding specific contact resistivities ( rho c) of 2.27*10-4 Omega cm2 for low-doped epilayers and 1.25*10-6 Omega cm2 for high-doped epilayers. The resulting contacts display a smooth surface and sidewalls. Contact has also been made to two modulation doped structures with specific contact resistivities of 4.22*10-4 and 1.09*10-4 Omega cm2 using the same metal system.

Field of study: Materials science
Advances in superconducting magnets for commercial and industrial applications

Superconducting magnets are finding increasing applications outside research laboratories, due both to new commercial and industrial demands for high magnetic fields, and to advances in magnet design and cooling technology. Applications such as minerals separation, large-diameter crystal growth and ceramic processing may benefit from the high magnetic fields and field gradients possible with superconducting magnets. While whole-body MR imaging is a well-established application of superconducting magnets in medicine, new medical applications are emerging. The challenge in designing all such magnets is to combine stringent magnetic field parameters (field profile, gradient, etc.) with economical operating costs and industrial ruggedness. Oxford Instruments is engaged with several commercial magnet applications, and the development of Cryofree(R) and helium recondensing systems has opened new opportunities to exploit superconducting magnets in an economic and reliable way. A review of the key technologies and design constraints of such magnet systems will be given. The most recent commercial magnets constructed by Oxford Instruments will be described, giving focus to the innovative steps which have enabled their production.

Field of study: Physics
Volcanic history of the Clear Lake area, California

Geologists have long known of the presence of Pleistocene and Recent lava flows and cones around the southern half of Clear Lake, California, but very little has been written regarding these features since the pioneer work of Becker,1 although several papers have appeared in reference to the quicksilver deposits at Sulphur Banks. Lack of suitable base maps has inhibited geologic mapping. However, a soil survey was published recently by Carpenter, Storie, and Cosby,2 and they prepared a base map by means of plane-table traverses, using an automobile speedometer for measuring distances. Unfortunately, no topography is expressed on this map, but the location of the roads and shore of Clear Lake are accurately shown. Using their map as a base, aided by the topographic maps of the War Department, the writer mapped the volcanic rocks. This paper covers the results of the study. Clear Lake lies in the midst of . . .

Field of study: Geology