nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Indians and the Political Economy of Colonial Central America, 1670–1810 . By Robert W. Patch. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013. Pp. xi, 284. Maps. Tables. Bibliography. Index. $36.95 cloth.

For reasons not clearly articulated, the book ignores the participation of Africans. While information on Africans during the Central American conquest campaigns remains poorly studied, possibly offering an excuse for excluding them from those events, their essential roles as intermediaries between Spaniards and natives, and later as fundamentally important labor in concerns such as sugar plantations, argues for a serious treatment of Africans in colonial society. While Lovell and Lutz focus primarily on indigenous and Spanish interaction, those historical processes cannot be fully understood without including Africans in the discussion. Also, the book largely eschews theoretical prisms that would have strengthened arguments for the rise of a core and peripheries and indigenous agency. In a way the book offers a corrective to excessively theoretical works that employ psychoanalytic theories as universals for human behavior regardless of place and time, yet it ignores the writings of scholars such as Immanuel Wallerstein and Anibal Quijano and thereby limits its potentially wider appeal. However, these issues do not detract from the book’s thoroughly documented conclusions or its overall superlative quality.

Field of study: History
Application of 3D animation in wushu routine teaching and training.

The authors analyzed the advantages of 3D animation in the sports area today,probed into how to apply 3D animation technology to assist Wushu routine teaching and training,and revealed the following findings: apply-ing 3D animation can realized the 3D Wushu routine teaching,make Wushu technical moves more vivid and intui-tive,assist the innovating of difficult technical moves in routines and the learning of new difficult moves,make technical diagnoses,and virtualize abstract processes and environments of Wushu

Field of study: Education
Analytic Phase Derivatives, All-Pass Filters and Signals of Minimum Phase

It is accepted knowledge that inner functions and outer functions in complex analysis correspond, respectively, to all-pass filters and signals of minimum phase. The knowledge, however, has not been justified for general inner and outer functions. In digital signal processing the correspondence and related results are based on studies of rational functions. In this paper, based on the recent result on positivity of phase derivatives of inner functions, we establish the theoretical foundation for all-pass filters and signals of minimum phase. We, in particular, deal with infinite Blaschke products and general singular inner functions induced by singular measures. A number of results known for rational functions are generalized to general inner functions. Both the discrete and continuous signals cases are rigorously treated.

Field of study: Engineering
Factor analysis and its application to process monitoring

Principal component analysis (PCA) has already been widely applied to process monitoring.However,PCA model is only a special case of probabilistic principal component analysis (PPCA) model and the latter itself is a special case of factor analysis (FA)model.Compared with PCA and PPCA models,FA model has less restriction and can do better to reveal essential features of the data.A FA model was built by the expectation maximum (EM)algorithm,and was introduced into industrial process monitoring.Monitoring indices based on FA were proposed to monitor the process factors space and residual space,respectively.A method was presented to select the number of factors by means of the property that the explanation ratio for the process information was convergent with the increasing number of factors.A contrastive study with PCA and PPCA was carried out in the Tennessee Eastman (TE) process,which showed the FA-based method's superiority either in missed detection rate or in the sensitivity for fault.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Weather based insect pest forewarning models in castor

Survey and monitoring of castor insect pests was carried out both in the farmers’ fields and in the research station to study the influence of weather parameters on the incidence of insect pests in castor for six years i.e. from 2006 to 2011 during Kharif season at two villages and research farm of Regional Agricultural Research Station, Palem. The data were pooled and analyzed statistically with weather parameters using correlation and regression techniques. Correlation studies showed significant and negative relation of leafhopper and semilooper damage with rainfall both in the farmer's fields and in the research station, while Spodoptera litura damage was negatively influenced by evening relative humidity. The multiple regression equations were developed for castor insect pests using linear regression and regression with forwarded selection models. By using the multiple linear regression models, biotic stresses viz., leafhopper, semilooper, Spodoptera and capsule borer were predicted to an extent of 62, 49, 46 and 68%, respectively in the farmers fields, while in research station the prediction rate is 67, 57, 66 and 46%, respectively.

Field of study: Biology
Posterodorsal septal lesions impair performance on both shift and stay working memory tasks.

Two groups of rats were trained preoperatively on either a shift or a stay problem in a T-maze. Training trials consisted of two runs, an "information run" in which a subject was forced to go down one of the two arms of the T-maze, followed immediately by a "choice run" in which the subject could choose either arm. In the shift condition, rats were rewarded with wet mash only for choosing the arm opposite the one they entered on the information run. In the stay condition, rats were rewarded for entering the arm that was entered on the information run. In both conditions, rats ultimately learned to perform with median accuracy of 100%, but the shift group reached this level of performance after fewer trials than the stay group. In a subsequent phase, the delay between information runs and choice runs was increased from 0 to 30, 60, 90, 210 and then decreased back to 0 s. Choice accuracy in both groups declined as the delay increased and returned to 100% at the 0-s delay. Half of the subjects in each condition then received either lesions of the posterodorsal septum-aimed at disconnecting the septum and hippocampus-or control surgery. Postoperative retention deficits resulted from posterodorsal septal lesions in both shift and stay conditions. There was some recovery of performance but no indication of "savings" during postoperative training. These results indicate that deficits in maze performance by rats with septo-hippocampal damage are not restricted to tasks that require alternation of spatial locations. This finding falsifies the notion that maze deficits reflect a spontaneous alternation deficit or changed "spatial strategy," but it supports the hypothesis of a working memory deficit in these animals.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Histopathology of aspirated thrombi during primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

Thrombus aspiration in the setting of primary percutaneous coronary intervention is a recently recommended technique that facilitates thrombus removal from the culprit lesions in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients. Thrombectomy specimens from 50 patients with symptoms of AMI lasting usually not more than 12 h were examined by methods of routine histology, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and electron microscopy (ELMI). In 36 patients, there were fresh thrombi, in 10 older thrombi (8 of them with simultaneous presence of a fresh thrombi) and in 3 atheroma material only (in additional 7 patients atheroma material was admixed to the thrombi), and in one patient, there was carcinoma embolus. To help to distinguish between fresh and older thrombi, we recommend IHC (presence of macrophages and endothelia) and ELMI (loss of density of the erythrocyte matrix and presence of macrophages). On the other hand, changes of neutrophils (IHC degranulation/lysis) and of platelets (ELMI degranulation) appear early and thus contribute little to distinguishing between fresh and older thrombi. It could be concluded that, in a substantial proportion of patients with AMI, there is a discrepancy between duration of the symptoms and microscopic picture of the coronary thrombus. The thrombus may apparently be symptomless for a period of days or even weeks.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Preparation of manufacturing techniques and recipes of soya milk chiffon cake

This paper combines with the traditional manufacturing techniques of chiffon cake,designing a comprehensive evaluation standard of soya milk chiffon cake.After orthogonal experiments,choose the best recipe.Using soybean power,tender tofu and soya milk partly replace the flour,egg yolk and water used in traditional manufacturing of chiffon cake.It focuses on the technique of production and recipe of soya milk chiffon cake,producing a new kind of high-quality cake and enhancing the nutrition and the flavor of the cake.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Inter-domain routing bottlenecks and their aggravation

As autonomous systems tend to forward packets along the path with minimal routing cost, Internet routes are unevenly distributed on physical links. Links which a large number of routes go through are called routing bottlenecks. Flooding such routing bottlenecks can degrade or even cut off the network connectivity in a large area, making them a serious vulnerability of the Internet. In this paper, we study the characteristics of inter-domain routing bottlenecks and point out that they can be further aggravated by manipulating BGP updates to launch prefix hijackings. We first simulate large quantities of AS-level routing paths to illustrate the pervasiveness of inter-domain routing bottlenecks, as well as their direction, topological location, distance and concentration. Then, we propose a method for measuring and aggravating inter-domain bottlenecks of some AS, such that link flooding on them can be effectively amplified in a stealthy way. Moreover, adversary can adjust the specific method according to its purpose of malicious behaviour. At last, we discuss how inter-domain routing bottlenecks may be affected as the Internet evolves, where we witness the new, or wider, deployment of some routing related mechanisms.

Field of study: Computer science
GROUP CONTRIBUTION METHOD TO ESTIMATE ENTHALPIES OF VAPORIZATION AT NORMAL BOILING POINT

An augmented van der Waals model of VLE of the pure compounds has been established by the molecular thermodynamic method, and an equation of calculating the enthalpy of vaporization at the normal boiling point is obtained from this model, which contains only a molecular size-dependent parameter.It is found that the parameter is directly proportional to the molar volume of liquid at the normal boiling point, and its values have the additivity of groups.The 45 group increments are regressed by 484 organic compounds.The calculation results of the enthalpy of vaporization for these compounds show that the average absolute deviation with the experimental values is 1.39% and is better than other methods published in the literatures.This method can be also used to calculate the enthalpies of vaporization at other temperatures.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Cytokine release from placental endothelial cells, a process associated with preterm labour in the absence of intrauterine infection.

There is currently a great deal of interest in the role that cytokines may play in the processes mediating preterm as well as normal term labour. In case of preterm delivery a cause-effect relationship between infection, uncontrollable preterm labour, and increased uterine cytokine concentrations is widely accepted, but there is considerable information that increased uterine cytokine release is also a condition in normal term labour and preterm labour not due to infection. Thereby, the exact cellular sources of cytokine production have not yet been identified. In the present study, the authors used immunohistochemical analysis to localize interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) immunoreactivity within trophoblastic villi and fetal membranes. In the absence of chorioamnionitis, uncontrollable preterm labour, and also normal term labour was associated with strong immunoreactivity for IL-1beta and IL-6 in the endothelial cells within trophoblastic villi. In contrast, preterm delivery accompanied by histologically confirmed chorioamnionitis, was not associated with increased expression of cytokine antigens within endothelial cells of the fetal vascular system, but strong cytokine activity was found in polymorphonuclear cells infiltrating the amniochorionic membranes. Therefore, the data suggest two well-defined subgroups among patients delivering preterm. Thereby, increased uterine cytokine concentrations may be realized in both groups, but the cellular sources of cytokine production may be different.

Field of study: Medicine
Quark-hadron duality of nucleon spin structure function

Bloom-Gilman quark-hadron duality of nuclear spin structure function is studied by comparing the integral of g1 from perturbative QCD prediction in the scaling region to the moment of g1 in the resonance region. The spin structure function in the resonance region is estimated by the parametrization forms of non-resonance background and of resonance contributions. The uncertainties of our calculations due to those parametrization forms are discussed. Moreover, the effect of the Δ(1232)-resonance in the first resonance region and the role of the resonances in the second resonance region are explicitly shown. Elastic peak contribution to the duality is also analyzed.

Field of study: Physics
Ends and Loose Ends: The Triptych Conclusion of Light in August

In the second chapter of Light in August (1932), a chapter told primarily from the point of view of Byron Bunch, a narrative presence more distanced and objective than Byron offers the following caution about the difficulty of interpreting human motivation: "Man knows so little about his fellows. In his eyes all men or women act upon what he believes would motivate him if he were mad enough to do what that other man or woman is doing" (43). Antecedent to the often-debated question of whether free will or determinism governs the characters in William Faulkner's seventh novel is the issue of understanding itself. To the extent that this book implies a cohesive philosophy of life, it is that life at least resists and probably defies  Therefore, the ambiguity and paradox of the three-part conclusionÂ—substantively and structurally the novel's loose endsÂ—cement the epistemological integrity of Light in August and set the capstone to one of its major themes, the poverty of comprehension against

Field of study: Art
Expression, purification, crystallization and crystallographic characterization of the human MHC class I related protein MICA.

Crystals of the human MHC-encoded molecule MICA, a homologue of MHC class I proteins, have been grown in hanging-drop vapor-diffusion trials using ammonium sulfate as a precipitating agent with recombinant protein expressed in a baculovirus-based system. Cryo-preserved crystals of MICA belong to the cubic space group F4132 with lattice constants a = b = c = 260.7 A and diffract to a resolution limit of 3.0 A when cryo-preserved. These crystals do not diffract when handled conventionally.

Field of study: Chemistry
A New Measure of Conditional Dependence for Causal Structural Learning

Measuring the dependencies among the variables of a network is of great interest to many disciplines. This paper studies the limitations of the existing dependencies measures such as their shortcomings in detecting direct influences or their lack of ability for group selection in order to have effective interventions and introduces a new statistical influence measure to overcome them. This measure is inspired by Dobrushin's coefficients and has been developed based on the paradigm that the conditional distribution of the variable of interest given all the direct causes will not change by intervening on other variables in the system. We show the advantageous of this measure over the related measures in the literature. Moreover, we establish the connection between our measure and the integral probability metric (IPM) that helps to develop estimators for our measure with lower complexity compared to the other relevant information theoretic based measures. At the end, we show the performance of this measure through a numerical simulation.

Field of study: Computer science
Temperature and current dependence of the optical intensity and energy shift in blue InGaN-based light-emitting diodes: comparison between electroluminescence and cathodoluminescence

Optical spectra of InGaN-based multiple quantum well test structures have been measured by complementary techniques: electroluminescence (EL) and cathodoluminescence (CL). A strong temperature and current dependence of the peak energy is found, highlighting the existence of a distribution of InGaN localized states, with a broadening parameter ranging between 29 and 18 meV, and the presence of internal fields screened with different efficiencies by means of the external excitations. The effects of the different injection mechanisms, mainly with (EL) or without (CL) an external bias, are underlined also by the evolution of the emission intensity with temperature. In CL, it shows a continuous decay versus T, characterized by estimated activation energies of 26 ± 14 meV and 136 ± 20 meV, due to carrier thermal escape processes. In EL, a non-monotonic temperature dependence at a fixed current is revealed. The existence of an intensity maximum and its temperature position, increasing from 120 to 180 K for currents ranging from 0.05 to 2 mA, are discussed.

Field of study: Materials science
175: Interleukin-13 predisposes mice to more severe influenza infection by suppressing interferon responses and activating microRNA-21/PI3K

Asthmatics and COPD patients are more susceptible to viral infections, which in turn are a major cause of exacerbations. However, the immunological mechanisms underpinning this association are largely unknown. Anti-interleukin (IL)-13 is currently in clinical trials for asthma, but the role of this cytokine in predispositing to viral infections is unknown.  BALB/c mice were subjected to Ovalbumin (Ova)-, house dust mite (HDM)- or recombinant IL-13 (rIL-13)-induced models of allergic airway disease (AAD), or cigarette smoke-induced COPD, and infected with influenza virus (A/PR/8/34 strain). Some groups were treated with anti-IL-13 neutralizing antibody, miRNA-21-specific anatgomirs or PI3K inhibitors during influenza infection. The effects of infection on hallmark features of AAD (airway hyper-responsiveness [AHR], mucus secreting cell [MSC] numbers and eosinophil infiltration), COPD (lung function, inflammation) and on antiviral responses (viral load and interferon [IFN]-α, -β, -λ, -γ levels) were assessed. The cellular source of IL-13 was determined using novel IL-13 reporter mice.  Influenza infection increased the severity of Ova-, HDM- and rIL-13-induced AAD by increasing AHR, MSC numbers and lung eosinophils. Importantly, anti-IL-13 treatment during AAD returned AHR, MSC numbers and eosinophils back to control levels. Infection also exacerbated COPD. All models resulted in increased viral load, which correlated with suppressed IFN-α, -β, -λ, -γ and increased miR-21 and PI3K levels in the lung. Anti-IL-13 treatment also improved anti-viral responses leading to reduced viral load. IL-13 increased both miRNA-21 and PI3K. Inhibition of these molecules protected against infection. Influenza infection increased IL-13-production by NKT cells, ILC2s and Th2 cells.  IL-13 responses during AAD and COPD lead to impaired antiviral immune responses resulting in more severe influenza infection that exacerbated the underlying disease. These studies identify anti-IL-13 and miRNA-21 and PI3K inhibitors as a potential therapies in influenza infections and influenza-induced exacerbations.

Field of study: Medicine
Artificial neural network based on hybrid genetic algorithm and prediction of melting points of organic compounds

In order to avoid local minimum points during training BP network,adaptive crossover mutation algorithm and elitist model algorithm were used,which could optimize the weight and bias of BP network so as to build a hyb rid genetic algorithm neural network. The algorithm consisted of the respective advantages of adaptive crossover mutation algorithm and elitist model algorithm . The best solution of problems was obtained by using as few generations as pos sible.In this way, local minimum point was prevented and the better average fitn ess and individual of best fitness were obtained in the algorithm. The artifici al neural network with the above optimization strategy could greatly improve sta bility and speed of convergence and guarantee convergence to a global minimum po int.Application of artificial neural network to predict physical properties of m aterials is a promising field to be developed. In this paper the proposed artificial neural network based on hybrid genetic algorithm was used to predict melting points of organic compounds. The molecular mass, critical density, normal boiling point and dipole moment of orga niccompounds were used in prediction.The predicted values based on artificial neural network with hybrid genetic algorithm were better than the values calculated with the J oback equation and Xu equation.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Drug use study for acute respiratory infection in children under 10 years of age

Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is the commonest illness in children and the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in many developing countries. It comprises approximately 50 % of all illness in children under five years. Even though usually viral in origin and of a self-limiting nature, various study indicate that antibiotic prescribing for ARI is inappropriately high.  This study was aimed to assess general practitioners' (GPs) prescribing pattern for acute respiratory infection in children seen in private practices.  This study is carried out in a cross sectional study design. Participants were GPs and pharmacies in Yogyakarta Special Province. Data on patient and measure of respiratory rate were obtained from GPs' office and data on prescribing were searched at all pharmacies in the province.  All pharmacies and 92.27% of GPs participated in the study. The average number of drug item prescribed for children with ARI was 3.74. The most widely used drugs for ARI were antibiotics followed by paracetamol, ibuprofen, chlorpheniramine maleate, phenobarbital, vitamin-C, dextromethorphan, glyceryl guaiacolate, dexamethasone, prednisone, vitamin-B6, ephedrine HCI, vitamin BI, and vitamin B2. Medication error was commonly found in the study. More than 60% children with ARI received drugs in either overdose (27.51%) or under dose (41.12%). Wrong preparation were detected in 24.07% prescriptions. It was also found that more than one fifth of children with ARI received drugs in wrong frequency of administration. Risk predictor for prescribing antibiotics were fever, abnormal respiratory rate, and duration of common cold symptom of more than 2 days.  ARI in children was often treated unnecessarily. Medication error was also commonly found in the treatment of children with ARI visiting GPs. Physicians must be encouraged to improve their prescribing practices by always catching up with current best research evidence.  acute respiratory infection - inappropriate prescribing - medication error - general practitioners - emergence of resistance

Field of study: Medicine