nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Current Driven Domain Wall Depinning in Notched Permalloy Nanowires

In this work, we have investigated the domain wall (DW) depinning behavior in the notched nanowire by a micromagnetic simulation. A transverse domain wall (TW) was initially positioned at the center of notch and 1 ns length current pulse was applied to depin the DW with respect to the notch size s and the wire width variation. We have observed the depinning current density Jd which was a minimum current to escape DW from the notch. It was found that the depinning current density decreased as the wire width and the notch size increased. In the depinning process, we observed the inner structure of DW generally transformed from TW to anti-vortex wall (AVW). Interestingly, for the case of s less than 70 nm, AVW formed and depinned closely to the period when current pulse was active, while for s larger than 70 nm, AVW formed until the current pulse went to zero and then depinned after flipped TW was formed. It can be explained that the transformation of DW inner structures were affected by the spin torque energy and contributed to DW depinning behavior from the notched nanowires.

Field of study: Physics
Rare Earth Interstitials in Ge: A Hybrid Density Functional Theory Study

In this work, the results of density functional theory calculations for rare earth (Ce, Pr, Eu, and Er) interstitials in Ge are presented. We employed the hybrid functional of Heyd, Scuseria, and Ernzerhof (HSE06) for all the calculations. We calculated the formation energies and charge state transition levels for the tetrahedral (T) and hexagonal (H) configurations of the Ce, Pr, Eu, and Er interstitials in Ge. While for the T configuration, the charge states of the Ce and Pr did not induce any thermodynamic accessible transition state level within the band gap of Ge, for both the T and H configurations the Eu and Er interstitials in Ge induce deep levels in the band gap. The H configuration of the Ce interstitial in Ge induces a shallow donor level at 0.03 eV below the conduction band. The Eu interstitial exhibits negative-U properties for the (+2/−2) transition level and the Er interstitial displays characteristics of charge state controlled metastability.

Field of study: Materials science
The Five-Day News Survey Course

eighth grade and in college classes to guide stu-· dents in the continuity of the history. On the eighth grade and on the college levels, two types of dramatization have been used successfully. (The writer uses the same devices and techniques in college classes for the purpose of professionalizing the course.) One type, designed as a drill on historical personages, has the "Spirit of North Carolina" bring these characters from a screen representing an open book and each character gives a brief sketch of his life and work. A secohd type has been to weave leading episodes together in chronological fashion and to dramatize the chief features of each episode. No activity has proved more stimUlating than an exhibit of antiques of every variety gathered from the area represented by the laboratory school. Two girlB, dressed in costumes of fifty and one hundred years ago, acted as hostesses to the visitors from the college, from the community, and from the neighboring schools. The values of this project were manifest in the. enthusiasm with which. the pupils entered into the assembling of the materials and the arranging of the exhibit. As a closing thought for this discussion on teaching of local and state history, a quotation from Henry Johnson's Teaching of History seems fitting: "History throughout the elementary school should abound in concrete details for visualizing persons, situations, events. In meeting this condition even trivialities by the standard historians may furnish the very touch needed to make the. misty immortals of history really human."

Field of study: Sociology
Mouse motor neuron disease caused by truncated SOD1 with or without C-terminal modification.

Mutation of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) contributes to a portion of the cases of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS). We previously reported on a FALS family whose members had a mutant form of SOD1 characterized by a 2-base pair (bp) deletion at codon 126 of the SOD1 gene. To investigate the cellular consequences of this mutation, we produced transgenic mice that expressed normal and mutated copies of human SOD1: wild-type SOD1 (W), wild-type SOD1 with a FLAG epitope at C-terminal (WF), mutated SOD1 with the 2-bp deletion (D), and SOD1 with the 2-bp deletion with FLAG (DF). The mice heterozygotic for the human mutated SOD1 (D and DF) showed distinct ALS-like motor symptoms, whereas the mice heterozygotic for the normal SOD1 (W and WF) mice did not. Homozygotes of D and DF lines showed the ALS symptoms at an earlier age and died earlier than the heterozygotes. By Northern blot analysis, the mRNAs for all human SOD1s were confirmed in these lines. All the human SOD1 proteins, except the D mutant, were detectable by immunoblot. The D protein was only confirmed when it was concentrated by immunoprecipitation. Neuropathologically, loss of spinal motor neurons and reactive gliosis were common features in the symptomatic lines. The remaining motor neurons in these mice also exhibited eosinophilic inclusions. The biochemical and pathological characteristics of these mice are quite similar to those of human FALS patients with same mutation. This intriguing model will provide an important source of information of the pathogenesis of FALS.

Field of study: Biology
Tearing strength of hydroentangled non-woven fabrics

The manufacture of non-woven structures using the hydroentanglement technique is popular for the production of non-woven fabrics which need to have soft handle and high level of drapability. In this research paper the study of the tearing strength for hydroentangled fabrics made from bicomponent fibers was undertaken. The results obtained indicated that the tearing strength of the hydroentangled fabrics was affected by the density of the fiber webs, water jet inclination angle and the type of bicomponent structure.

Field of study: Materials science
Who Takes the most Revenge? Individual Differences in Negative Reciprocity Norm Endorsement

The authors report that beliefs favoring the reciprocation of unfavorable treatment form a unitary factor that is distinct from beliefs favoring the reciprocation of favorable treatment. Individual differences in endorsement of this negative reciprocity norm were related to (a) beliefs that people are generally malevolent; (b) inclination toward anger in everyday life; (c) anger, disagreement, and ridicule directed toward a new acquaintance who treated participants unfavorably; and (d) reduced anxiety, positive emotional engagement, and encouragement of a new acquaintance who treated participants favorably. These findings suggest that individual differences in endorsement of the negative norm of reciprocity influence the extent of vengeance.

Field of study: Psychology
An oil risk management system based on high-resolution hazard and vulnerability calculations

A new oil risk management system is proposed herein. Risk is computed in a quantitative way, combining a detailed hazard maps generated with a process-based oil spill model over an unstructured computational grid, and a spatially detailed methodology for vulnerability analysis. The system has a web interface that serves as a single point of access to both emergency-driven and risk-management products. The system's products are made available to decision makers and emergency response agents through a WebGIS portal. The paper describes the methodological bases and application of a risk-assessment tool that provides hazard, vulnerability and risk assessment maps for oil spills in coastal areas. The system is demonstrated in the Aveiro lagoon. The hazard maps are obtained from the analysis of an oil spill scenarios database, generated for the climatological conditions most prone to the occurrence of an oil spill event in the study region. Several vulnerability indexes are considered (namely physical, socio-economical, biological and global vulnerability indexes) and adapted to consider the intertidal areas, instead of the commonly-used coastline representation of the vulnerability indexes usually found in the literature. This new feature was possible due to the capability of the oil spill model to represent the process of oil retention and re-suspension in the intertidal zones. The methodology and the risk management system and its WebGIS interface are of generic nature and can be applied to other hazards in coastal zones.

Field of study: Environmental science
Determination of Ten Kinds of Monohydroxylated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Human Urine by Supported Liquid Extraction Followed by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

The monitoring of urinary monohydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) can be used for risk assessment of human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In this work, we developed a novel pretreatment method based on supported liquid extraction (SLE) for determination of 10 kinds of OH-PAHs by liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Urine samples were extracted with a mixed solvent of dichloromethane/n-hexane (3:7, V/V) by an SLE clean-up using a diatomaceous earth minicartridge. The results indicated that the developed pretreatment procedure gave good recoveries, while also significantly reducing the interference of the biological matrix. At three concentration levels (10, 50 and 100 μg L−1), the recoveries of 10 kinds of OH-PAHs ranged from 88.5% to 120.9%, and the repeatability ranged from 1.6% to 8.1%. The limits of detection ranged from 0.06 μg L−1 to 0.30 μg L−1, and the limits of quantification were between 0.2 μg L−1 and 1.0 μg L−1. This method was finally successfully applied for the determination of OH-PAHs in urine samples collected from primary school students in Guangdong. The results showed that 2-hydroxynaphthalene was the dominant compound, with a highest concentration of 4.83 μg L−1.

Field of study: Chemistry
X-ray vision of fuel sprays.

With brilliant synchrotron X-ray sources, microsecond time-resolved synchrotron X-ray radiography and tomography have been used to elucidate the detailed three-dimensional structure and dynamics of high-pressure high-speed fuel sprays in the near-nozzle region. The measurement allows quantitative determination of the fuel distribution in the optically impenetrable region owing to the multiple scattering of visible light by small atomized fuel droplets surrounding the jet. X-radiographs of the jet-induced shock waves prove that the fuel jets become supersonic under appropriate injection conditions and that the quantitative analysis of the thermodynamic properties of the shock waves can also be derived from the most direct measurement. In other situations where extremely axial-asymmetric sprays are encountered, mass deconvolution and cross-sectional fuel distribution models can be computed based on the monochromatic and time-resolved X-radiographic images collected from various rotational orientations of the sprays. Such quantitative analysis reveals the never-before-reported characteristics and most detailed near-nozzle mass distribution of highly transient fuel sprays.

Field of study: Physics
Análise microbiológica e caracterização eletroforética do queijo mussarela elaborado a partir de leite de búfala

This study evaluated the microbiological quality of mozzarella cheese made from buffalo milk obtained from retail outlets and validated their authenticity by checking the product for the possible presence of cow milk. The microbiological analysis included counts of E. coli, total coliform, positive coagulase Staphylococcus, and Salmonella spp. For the determination of mozzarella purity, we used polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Based on the results of the microbiological evaluation, we can state that 98% of samples comply with the legal microbiological standards although some have shown high values of total coliforms, which indicates poor hygienic conditions during manufacturing. However, 2% of the samples showed fecal coliform populations exceed the legal limit due to high E. coli contamination. Electrophoresis detected cow milk in 22% of the samples, which was probably added intentionally.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
LASERS, ACTIVE MEDIA: Lasing in xenon pumped by a radially converging electron beam

A 9-liter laser pumped by a radially converging electron beam was built. An Ar–Xe mixture was excited using a 50-μs pulsed beam current. A specially developed accelerator ensured homogeneous pumping and high specific input energies without increasing the heat loading on the foil separating the laser chamber from the accelerator. The Monte Carlo method was used to calculate the specific energy delivered by the electron beam.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Design and Implementation of Dynamic Interaction on Virtual Displaying and Customization

X3D does not have the ability of interaction,in order to achieve the dynamic interactive features in virtual system,proposes a principle of X3D interact with external dynamic.Designs a furniture X3D displaying and customization system based on that principle,realizes dynamic interactive features of the system.Provides a good method for the three-dimensional virtual electronic commerce and it has commercial value.

Field of study: Computer science
Permanence of a discrete nonlinear N-species cooperation system with time delays and feedback controls

A discrete nonlinear N-species cooperation system with time delays and feedback controls is considered in this paper. Sufficient conditions which ensure the permanence of the system are obtained. It is shown that these conditions are weaker than those of Chen [F.D. Chen, Permanence of a discrete N-species cooperation system with time delays and feedback controls, ], that is, our investigation shows that the additional condition in Chen’s paper is not necessary.

Field of study: Mathematics
Doxorubicin inhibits E. coli division by interacting at a novel site in FtsZ.

The increase in antibiotic resistance has become a major health concern in recent times. It is therefore essential to identify novel antibacterial targets as well as discover and develop new antibacterial agents. FtsZ, a highly conserved bacterial protein, is responsible for the initiation of cell division in bacteria. The functions of FtsZ inside cells are tightly regulated and any perturbation in its functions leads to inhibition of bacterial division. Recent reports indicate that small molecules targeting the functions of FtsZ may be used as leads to develop new antibacterial agents. To identify small molecules targeting FtsZ and inhibiting bacterial division, we screened a U.S. FDA (Food and Drug Administration)-approved drug library of 800 molecules using an independent computational, biochemical and microbial approach. From this screen, we identified doxorubicin, an anthracycline molecule that inhibits Escherichia coli division and forms filamentous cells. A fluorescence-binding assay shows that doxorubicin interacts strongly with FtsZ. A detailed biochemical analysis demonstrated that doxorubicin inhibits FtsZ assembly and its GTPase activity through binding to a site other than the GTP-binding site. Furthermore, using molecular docking, we identified a probable doxorubicin-binding site in FtsZ. A number of single amino acid mutations at the identified binding site in FtsZ resulted in a severalfold decrease in the affinity of FtsZ for doxorubicin, indicating the importance of this site for doxorubicin interaction. The present study suggests the presence of a novel binding site in FtsZ that interacts with the small molecules and can be targeted for the screening and development of new antibacterial agents.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Contributions of habitat sampling and alkalinity to diatom diversity and distributional patterns in streams: implications for conservation

Diatoms, microscopic unicellular algae, have been widely sampled from streams around the world because of their use in biological assessments, but as a result they are often only collected from epilithic habitats in riffles, which may lead to a substantial underreporting of their diversity and distributional patterns. The goals of this study were to identify how sampling methods and water chemistry affect the characterization of local and regional diversity and distributions. Species richness, Shannon diversity, and evenness were significantly greater in multiple habitat (MH) than epilithic habitat (EH) samples (paired t-test; P < 0.01). At the local scale, MH sampling yielded 76% of the total species collected (42% unique), EH sampling captured 58% (24% unique), and 34% were shared. From MH samples, 3, 28, and 60 regionally rare species were collected from >75, >50, and >25% of sites, respectively, whereas 1, 14, and 34 were collected from EH samples, respectively. Regional abundance more strongly predicted site frequency than mean local abundance. Smaller drainage basins tended to have fewer species, likely because of species-area relationships, but local factors (% EH and alkalinity) influenced the taxonomic complexity of assemblages. Diversity was greatest at intermediate % EH, but low alkalinity reduced diversity, which is potentially important for ecosystems affected by anthropogenic acidification, as in our study. Multiple habitats need to be sampled for better documenting diatom diversity and distributions, which could improve conservation efforts at local and regional scales along with the characterization of ecological patterns and processes.

Field of study: Environmental science
Beyond mean-field description of break-up, transfer and fusion

Microscopic theories beyond mean-field are developed to include pairing, in-medium nucleon-nucleon collisions as well as effects of initial fluctuations of one-body observables on nuclear dynamics. These theories are applied to nuclear reactions. The role of pairing on nuclear break-up is discussed. By including the effect of zero point motion of collective variables through a stochastic mean-field theory, not only average evolution of one-body observables are properly described but also fluctuations. Diffusion coefficients in fusion as well as mass distributions in transfer reactions are estimated.

Field of study: Physics
Phase equilibria of the Sn-Ag-Cu-Ni quaternary system at the sn-rich corner

Knowledge of phase equilibria of the Sn-Ag-Cu-Ni quaternary system at the Sn-rich corner is important for the understanding of the interfacial reactions at the Sn-Ag-Cu/Ni contacts, which are frequently encountered in recent microelectronic products. Various Sn-Ag-Cu-Ni alloys were prepared and equilibrated at 250°C. The alloys were then quenched and analyzed. The phases were determined by metallography, compositional analysis, and x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. No quaternary phases were found. The isoplethal sections at 60at.%Sn, 70at.%Sn, 80at.%Sn, and 90at.%Sn at 250°C are determined. The phase equilibrium relationship was proposed based on the quaternary experimental results and the 250°C isothermal sections of the four constituent ternary systems, Sn-Ag-Cu, Sn-Ag-Ni, Sn-Cu-Ni, and Cu-Ag-Ni. Because there are no ternary phases in all these three systems, all the compounds are in fact binary compounds with various solubilities of the other two elements.

Field of study: Materials science
Effect of salam [Syzygium polyanthum (Wigt) Walp.] leaves extract on the microorganism population in chicken meat and shrimp and their sensory

Recently, there has been an increasing demand and interest in developing plant extracts as natural food sanitizer, owing to their antimicrobial properties. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of salam (Syzygium polyanthum L.) leaves methanolics extract on the number of microflora on chicken meat and shrimp. Salam leaves extract at different concentrations (0.0%, 0.1%, 1.00%) and exposure times (5, and 10 min) used to treat chicken meat and shrimp by using dilution method. Result showed that the total plate count and Staphylococcus aureus had been detected in untreated chicken and shrimp samples with 6.66 ± 0.12, 8.66 ± 0.15 and 7.25 ± 0.21, 6.54 ± 0.21, respectively. However, there was no Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Vibrio cholera detected in both samples. The number of total plate count (TPC) and S. aureus in chicken meat and shrimp were starting to reduce significantly at 0.01% concentration of salam leaves extract for 5 minutes of exposure time compared to initial count. There was no significantly different between exposure times. The highest reduction in number of microorganism population was at treatment with 1.0% extract for 10 min where TPC was reduced from 6.66 ± 0.12 to 0.00 ± 0.00 log10 CFU/ml, and from 8.66 ± 0.15 to 4.88 ± 0.00 log10 CFU/ml in shrimp while S. aureus reduced from 7.25 ± 0.21 to 3.88 ± 0.01 and from 6.54 ± 0.21 to 4.92 ± 0.04 in chicken and shrimp, respectively. For the sensory acceptability, overall acceptability were accepted by panellists until treatment 0.10% for 5 min and 10 min of soaking time. In conclusion, salam leaves extract might be developed as natural sanitizer for rinsing raw food materials such as chicken meat and shrimp.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences