nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
On someLp-estimates for hyperbolic equations

where ak(~)ES -k and 0~suppak. (S -k is the class of smooth functions which satisfy the estimates ID~a(OI<-C,(1 + [~l)-k-I~l for all derivations D'.) The operators MR, n(D)=F-1mk, dF (F denotes the Fourier transform, and F -1 its inverse) are used to represent the fundamental solutions of Cauchy problems for Schr6dinger equations (d= 1) and wave equations (d=2). It was not so easy to obtain L pestimates for them because we cannot apply the famous Marcinkiewicz theorem: "I f [D~m(~)[~C~l~[ -I~1 for I~[<=[n/2]+l, the operator M ( D ) = F l m F is L pbounded ( l<p<oo) . " (See, for example, Stein[15].) But many authors such as Hirshmann , Wainger [17], Fefferman--Stein , Sj6strand , Miyachi , [11], and Peral  contributed to it and gave

Field of study: Mathematics
The Model and Simulation of the Invulnerability of Scale-free Networks Based on "Honeypot"

The frangibility of the scale-free networks under intentional attack is very obvious. In order to study the invulnerability of scale-free networks under intentional attack, the study bring forwards to applying the “honeypot” concept of internet’s safety to scale-free networks. Over random simulated method, a few “honeypot node” as low as 2.5% in scale-free networks can improve the invulnerability of networks. This validates the validity and correctness of this model.

Field of study: Computer science
Anti-Drug Policies in Colombia: Successes, Failures, and Wrong Turns eds. by Alejandro Gaviria and Daniel Mejía (review)

The authors find that genomic research fixes the concept of race but at the same time unfixes it. It fixes race through “[genetic] precision and triangulation,” absent in the early works of historians and anthropologists like Justo Sierra, Robert Redfield, or Stanley Stein (214–215). It unfixes race because, while genetic research may pinpoint ancestral paths and proportions, it also uncovers “different combinations” that “could be possible, and that the number of [these ethnic] combinations is practically unlimited” (223). At this point, Wade even leans on Michel Foucault, who believed that “classic 19th-century social formations . . . walked between a conception of finitude (the realm of humans) and infinity (the transcendent realm of God)” (222). Wade views these newly discovered permutations as the “re-figuration of race . . . through the unlimited finity generated by genomics [which] creates a sense of movement and modulation” (224).

Field of study: History
Frustrated Chinese Investors in the OPC & OEPC v. Republic of Ecuador

Chinese Investor brought forty percent of property interest of an Ecuadorian Oil Participation Contract owned by a Canadian oil company. The interest was entitled by two American oil companies, who afterwards transferred to the Canadian. The Ecuadorian government rejected the transfer, and terminated the participation contract. The American investors disagreed, and claimed for compensation. The international investment tribunal in Washington D.C. issued award in favor of two American investors, but set aside the Chinese investor’s interests. It is concluded that Chinese investors are under the protection of the Ecuador-China Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) instead of the U.S.-Ecuador BIT. However, Chinese investors have no right to apply for ICSID arbitration but an ad hoc arbitration instead under Ecuador-China BIT.

Field of study: Engineering
Ultrasonography and renography to visualize upper urinary tract in children with meningomyelocele - a prospective study.

Ultrasonography (US) is commonly used to visualize the upper urinary tract in children and adolescents with meningomyelocele (MMC). The aim of this investigation was to prospectively evaluate US in those with spinal angulation or obesity and compare it to the corresponding results obtained by mercaptoacetyltriglycine renography.



Twenty-five children and adolescents with MMC and pronounced angulation of the spine or obesity, were prospectively investigated with both US and renography during the period 2006 to 2008.



In 13 (52%) patients the kidneys could not be fully evaluated; in 4 (16%) neither renal size nor pelvic dilation, in 12 (48%) renal length and in 5 (20%) dilation was not accessible. In 23 individuals where dilatation could be evaluated uni- or bilaterally, US was compared to OEE% (%outflow excretion efficiency) at renography. In 1 of these individuals there was normal OEE% while slight dilatation on US was noticed. In 2/15 individuals, split function at renography did not correlate with renal length on US.



Severe spinal angulation and obesity in individuals with MMC reduced the possibility to evaluate the urinary tract by US. However, it seems that renography could be a reliable alternative to evaluate renal condition in those patients where US is insufficient.

Field of study: Medicine
Tourists Structure of Inbound Tourism Market in Wuyishan City: A Study Based on Shift-Share Analysis

Shift-share analysis is an important method which studies regional economic structure.Wuyi Mountain scenic area is a world-class tourist destination,whose market structure changes of inbound tourist is one of influencing factors for Wuyishan City to establish tourism strategic planning.This paper makes use of shift-share analysis to research 12 records in incoming passenger number from the year of 2004 to 2010.It is found that the proximity market share is bigger,such as Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan regions of China,Singapore,Malaysia,and Japan,while the remote path market share is comparatively smaller but displays an increasing trend.On the whole,the inbound tourist market of Wuyishan City is less competitive.To boost the development of tourism in Wuyishan City,the article offers some proposal to improve tourism products and tourism service quality and strengthen overall competitiveness,so as to enhance its marketing ability and market share.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A multiplication formula for module subcategories of Ext-symmetry

We define evaluation forms associated to objects in a module subcategory of Ext-symmetry generated by finitely many simple modules over a path algebra with relations and prove a multiplication formula for the product of two evaluation forms. It is analogous to a multiplication formula for the product of two evaluation forms associated to modules over a preprojective algebra given by Geiss, Leclerc and Schroer in Compositio Math. 143 (2007),

Field of study: Mathematics
Balancing water, religion and tourism on Redang Island, Malaysia.

Redang Island (Pulau Redang) is an island off of Peninsular Malaysia that is part of a Marine Park archipelago of corals and thousands of fish and invertebrates. The relatively isolated local community is generally centered on fishing, and Islam guides daily life. Recently, the tourism industry has expanded on the island. New hotels and resorts provide jobs, but also expose the locals to western culture and touristic behavior, which may clash with deeply traditional community values. Further, the tourism industry may be putting a strain on the natural resources, especially the quantity and quality of freshwater. The island village may become divided between those who support the tourism industry and those who do not. Here we present an exploratory investigation into the development–environment–culture dynamics of tourism, water and religion on Redang Island while building collaborations between universities of this Muslim state and the West.

Field of study: Environmental science
Model IgG monoclonal autoantibody-anti-idiotype pair for dissecting the humoral immune response to oxidized low density lipoprotein.

Increasing evidence implicates IgG autoantibodies against oxidized forms of low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in the pathophysiology of atherosclerotic arterial disease. However, insufficient knowledge of their structure and function is a key gap. Using an elderly LDL receptor-deficient atherosclerotic mouse, we isolated a novel IgG3k against oxLDL (designated MAb LO1). LO1 reacts with copper-oxidized LDL, but minimally with native LDL. Further analysis showed that MAb LO1 also reacts in vitro with malondialdehyde-conjugated LDL (MDA-LDL), a known key epitope in copper-oxidized LDL preparations. By screening a phage library expressing single chain variable region antibodies (scFv), we selected an anti-idiotype scFv (designated H3) that neutralizes MAb LO1 binding to MDA-LDL. Amino acid substitutions between H3 and an irrelevant control scFv C12 showed that residues in the H3 CDRH2, CDRH3, and CDRL2 are all critical for MAb LO1 binding, consistent with a conformational epitope on H3 involving both heavy and light chains. Comparison of amino acids in H3 CDRH2 and CDRL2 with apoB, the major LDL protein, showed homologous sequences, suggesting H3 has structural similarities to the MAb LO1 binding site on MDA-LDL. Immunocytochemical staining showed that MAb LO1 binds epitopes in mouse and human atherosclerotic lesions. The MAb LO1-H3 combination therefore provides a very promising model for analyzing the structure and function of an individual IgG autoantibody in relation to atherosclerosis.

Field of study: Biology
Resonant parametric frequency conversion in active media

An investigation is made of the influence of saturation of the populations on the dynamics of the parametric four-wave interaction in an active medium which amplifies one of the interacting waves. Dependences of the conversion coefficient of long (τpT1) and short (T2τpT1) pulses on the length of the interaction zone are derived for the case of complete phase matching and in the absence of such matching. Equalization of the populations of the active levels results in breakdown of phase locking at the trailing edge of an output pulse and in saturation of the conversion coefficient. An estimate is obtained of the effectiveness of frequency addition in the case of the active medium of an HF laser. It is shown that the proposed method can be used for visualization and detection of weak laser radiation.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
A survey of microarchitectural timing attacks and countermeasures on contemporary hardware

Microarchitectural timing channels expose hidden hardware states though timing. We survey recent attacks that exploit microarchitectural features in shared hardware, especially as they are relevant for cloud computing. We classify types of attacks according to a taxonomy of the shared resources leveraged for such attacks. Moreover, we take a detailed look at attacks used against shared caches. We survey existing countermeasures. We finally discuss trends in attacks, challenges to combating them, and future directions, especially with respect to hardware support.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Extraction of HL-A transplantation antigen in high molecular weight soluble form.

A crude membrane extract was made from a typed human spleen and half of the product was solubilized by proteolytic methods previously described. The remaining half was treated with starch stearate and sodium dodecylsulphate and the soluble product compared with the first for its HL-A specificity and behaviour on Sephadex G-200. The product of the starch stearate method had a molecular weight in excess of 200,000 and might be a membrane subunit.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Thermal conductivity of RNi/sub 2/B/sub 2/C (R=Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm and Lu) systems

We have systematically studied the thermal conductivity of the quaternary nickel borocarbide compounds RNi/sub 2/B/sub 2/C (R=Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm and Lu). Thermal conductivity measurements have been conducted for RNi/sub 2/B/sub 2/C systems in the temperature range from 4.2 K to 25 K, under applied magnetic fields up to 30 kOe. The temperature dependence of thermal conductivity for the superconducting samples in zero magnetic field show a small and clear decrease at their superconducting transition temperatures. In zero or lower magnetic fields, the thermal conductivity for the samples with magnetic transition show a small peak at their magnetic transition temperatures (T/sub N/ or T/sub m/), which disappear under higher applied magnetic fields. The results suggest the existence of strong electron-phonon interplay in these compounds.

Field of study: Physics
Initial report on polar mesospheric cloud observations by Himawari-8

We provide an initial report on polar mesospheric cloud (PMC) observations by
the Japanese Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) meteorological satellite
Himawari-8. Heights of the observed PMCs were estimated to be 80–82  km .
Observed PMCs were active only during summertime in both the northern and
southern polar regions. These observations are consistent with known PMC
behavior. From its almost fixed location relative to the Earth, Himawari-8 is
capable of continuously monitoring PMC every 10  min with three visible bands:
blue (0.47  µm ), green (0.51  µm ), and red (0.64  µm ). Thus, Himawari-8
can contribute to PMC research in the near future.

Field of study: Environmental science
A multi-objective lead time control problem in multistage assembly systems using an interactive method

In this paper, we develop a multi-objective model to optimally control the lead time of a multistage assembly system, using an interactive method. The multistage assembly system is modelled as an open queueing network, whose service stations represent manufacturing or assembly operations. It is assumed that the product order arrives according to a Poisson process. In each service station, there is either one or infinite number of servers (machines) with exponentially distributed processing time, in which the service rate (capacity) is controllable. The transport times between the service stations are independent random variables with generalized Erlang distributions. The problem is formulated as a multi-objective optimal control problem that involves four conflicting objective functions. The objective functions are the total operating costs of the system per period (to be minimized), the average lead time (min), the variance of the lead time (min) and the probability that the manufacturing lead time does not exceed a certain threshold (max). Finally, the STEM method is used to solve a discrete-time approximation of the original problem. We also investigate the trade-off between the accuracy (correctness) and the computational time of the proposed approximation technique.

Field of study: Mathematics
Magnetic states in prismatic core multishell nanowires.

We study the electronic states of core multishell semiconductor nanowires, including the effect of strong magnetic fields. We show that the multishell overgrowth of a free-standing nanowire, together with the prismatic symmetry of the substrate, may induce quantum confinement of carriers in a set of quasi-1D quantum channels corresponding to the nanowire edges. Localization and interchannel tunnel coupling are controlled by the curvature at the edges and the diameter of the underlying nanowire. We also show that a magnetic field may induce either Aharonov-Bohm oscillations of the energy levels in the axial configuration, or a dimensional transition of the quantum states from quasi-1D to Landau levels for fields normal to the axis. Explicit predictions are given for nanostructures based on GaAs, InAs, and InGaN with different symmetries.

Field of study: Physics
A rate measure of the relative aversiveness of signalled vs unsignalled shock.

Five rats were trained on a two-component multiple schedule with each component consisting of a two-link chain schedule. Differential response suppression in the initial links of the chain schedules was used as a measure of the relative aversiveness of events introduced into the subsequent terminal links. When unsignalled shock was scheduled in one terminal link and signalled shock in the other (in addition to equal numbers of food reinforcers), responding was suppressed to a greater degree in the initial link preceding the unsignalled-shock condition. Reversing the terminal-link positions of unsignalled shock and signalled shock led to a reversal of the differential response suppression in the initial links. These results confirm previous findings that signalled shock is less aversive than unsignalled shock and extend the generality of this phenomenon from choice measures to rate measures of aversiveness.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Learning about High‐Tc Superconductors from Their Imperfections

In the old nursery rhyme, little Jack Horner stuck in his thumb and pulled out a plum. That's more or less what experimenters from the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of Tokyo did recently: They stuck a zinc atom into the copper site of a high‐Tc superconductor and extracted a plum of an image using a specially developed scanning tunneling microscope (STM). That image provided dramatic visual confirmation of the d‐wave nature of the electron pairing state in such materials (see the cover of this issue).

Field of study: Physics
An information presentation method based on tree-like super entity component

Information systems are increasingly oriented in the direction of large-scale integration due to the explosion of multi-source information. It is therefore important to discuss how to reasonably organize and present information from multiple structures and sources on the same information system platform. In this study, we propose a 3C (Components, Connections, Container) component model by combining white-box and black-box methods, design a tree-like super entity based on the model, present its construction and related algorithm, and take a tree-like super entity as the information organization method for multi-level entities. In order to represent structural, semi-structural and non-structural data on the same information system platform, an information presentation method based on an editable e-book component has been developed by combining the tree-like super entity component, QQ-style menu and 1/K switch connection component, which has been successfully applied in the Flood Protection Project Information System of the Yangtze River in China.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Geochemical discriminators and the palaeotectonic environment of the North Mountain basalts, Nova Scotia

The late Triassic – early Jurassic North Mountain basalts of Nova Scotia have been analyzed for various elements believed to be useful in determining the palaeotectonic environment of eruption. The discriminant diagrams show these basalts to have within-plate affinities, with a possible indication of oceanic chemical characteristics. An oceanic environment, however, is at variance with the field relations, which show the within-plate environment to be continental; thus the oceanic chemical characteristics may suggest eruption through a continental crust that was thinning prior to the onset of active sea-floor spreading later in the Jurassic.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effects of Acute and Chronic Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure on PC12 Cells during Neuronal Differentiation

The purpose of this study was to provide information about the in vitro neuritogenesis during cell exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) of different intensities and durations using pheochromocytoma-derived cell line (PC12 cells) as neuronal model.  Proliferative rates and neuritogenesis were tested by colorimetric assay and morphological analysis, respectively; reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and intracellular Ca2+ variations monitored using single cell videomicroscopy.  The long-lasting ELF-EMF exposure (0.1-1.0 mT) did not appear to significantly affect the biological response (proliferation and neuritogenesis). However, during the acute ELF-EMF exposure (30 min), in undifferentiated PC12 cells, there were increased ROS levels and decreased catalase activity, that, conversely, resulted increased after chronic exposure (7 days) at 1.0 mT. Acute exposure (0.1-1.0 mT) affected the spontaneous intracellular Ca2+ variations in undifferentiated cells, in which basal intracellular Ca2+ resulted increased after chronic exposure. In addition acute exposure affected cell response to a depolarizing agent, while basal membrane potential was not changed.  Even if further studies remain necessary to identify the ROS/intracellular Ca2+cross-talking pathway activated by ELF-EMF exposure, we support the hypothesis that ROS and Ca2+ could be the cellular “primum movens” of the ELF-EMF induced effects on biological systems.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
The Treatment of Melancholia by the Lactic Acid Bacillus

Melancholia, with its attendant constipation and faulty alimentation, lends itself at once to a dietetic form of treatment. Whether the constipation is dependent on defective innervation and is a direct symptom of melancholia or is the initial cause of this mental disturbance, it matters not so far as our endeavours in treatment are concerned.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Building a Relationship Between Vocational Training Institutions and Enterprises in Vietnam in the Integration Period

In recent years, with the policy of international economic integration of Vietnamese government, vocational training has made many positive changes. The quality and efficiency of vocational training have been improved and trained workers have participated in almost all sectors of the national economy. The effective cooperation model between the vocational training institution (the schools) and the enterprises is the key for this sucess. We used both qualitative and quantitative approaches for analysis data. The results of descriptive statistics, Cronbach’s Alpha analysis have identified and measured 7 attributes of building a relationship between vocational training institutions and enterprises. The paper discusses the relationship between the schools and enterprises in vocational training in Vietnam and make some recommendations for effectively enhancing this relationship in the coming time.  vocational training, schools, businessess, relationships DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-12-06 Publication date: April 30 th 2020

Field of study: Education
The role of monosialoganglioside GM1 in LTP-induction in rat hippocampal slices.

The effect of monosialoganglioside GM1 of different doses on the long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic transmission has been studied in the CA1 region of rat hippocampal slices, and the possible role that calcium ion and NMDA receptor play has also been investigated. The results reveal that larger magnitude of LTP is induced in hippocampal slices pre-incubated with GM1. The dose-response curve appears in diphase, and the largest magnitude of LTP has been obtained at the GM1 concentration of 50 mg/L in incubation ACSF. Moreover, the magnitude of LTP induced from the slices pre-incubated with GM1 at lower calcium ion concentration is similar to that obtained from the control slices at normal calcium ion concentration. Under higher calcium ion concentration, the enhancing effect of GM1 on LTP seems relatively feeble. After NMDA receptors were blocked, no enhancing effect of GM1 was observed. The mechanism of GM1 action on LTP is discussed.

Field of study: Chemistry