nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology and natural history of arteriovenous malformations.

The epidemiology and natural history of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) remains incompletely elucidated. Several factors are responsible. With regard to the incidence and prevalence of AVMs, the results of prior studies have suffered because of the retrospective design, the use of nonspecific ICD-9 codes, and a focus on small genetically isolated populations. Recent data from the New York Islands AVM Hemorrhage Study, an ongoing, prospective, population-based survey determining the incidence of AVM-related hemorrhage and the associated rates of morbidity and mortality in a zip code-defined population of 10 million people, suggests that the AVM detection rate is 1.21/100,000 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-1.42) and the incidence of AVM-hemorrhage is 0.42/100,000 person-years (95% CI 0.32-0.55). Contemporaneous data from the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study, a prospective, longitudinal population-based study of nearly 150,000 patients in which the focus is to define the incidence of stroke, suggest the crude incidence for first-ever AVM-related hemorrhage to be 0.55/100,000 person-years (95% CI 0.11-1.61). Efforts are ongoing to study the natural history of both ruptured and unruptured AVMs in these datasets to examine the relevance of prior studies of patients selected for conservative follow up in Finland. In addition, data are being gathered to determine whether risk factors for future hemorrhage, which have previously been established in small case series, are valid when applied to whole populations. Together, these data should help inform therapeutic decisionmaking.

Field of study: Medicine
“La teoría i la realidad": The Democratic Society of Artisans of Bogotá, 1847-1854

I N late 1851, the artisan Cruz Ballesteros bitterly criticized members of the Colombian Liberal party in a scathing leaflet entitled La teoria i la realidad. Ballesteros complained that the Democratic Society of Artisans had been manipulated by Liberals to secure that party's rise to power. The society had temporarily set aside its objective of working for the common interests of Bogota's skilled laborers in order to pursue Liberal political victories, for which Liberals had pledged to reward the society by advancing its causes. Ballesteros, a carpenter, alleged that rather than fostering artisan industry and democratic government, Liberals had exploited the artisans' organizational strength, ignored their pleas for tariff protection, and denied them legitimate political participation.' In his outburst, Ballesteros echoed the sentiments of Ambrosio Lopez, who earlier in the year had charged that artisans had lost control of the society to the "red serpents" of the Liberal party, leaving craftsmen no choice but to leave the organization to struggle for their own interests.2 These sentiments are at odds with some later scholarly interpretations on the Democratic Society and seem, on the surface, to support conclusions reached by Conservatives in the 185os. Writers such as Venancio Ortiz had then argued that "red liberals" had misled loyal artisans with

Field of study: History
Local structure studies of the underdoped-overdoped transition in YBa_2Cu_3O_x. Measurement of the yttrium y-ray absorption fine structure

We have measured the extended x-ray absorption-fine-structure (EXAFS) at the Y-K edge of YBa_2Cu_3O_x for x=6.801, 6.947, 6.968, 6.984 at T=20-300 K. Across the underdoped-overdoped transition the Y-Cu2 pairs exhibit harmonic vibrations which freeze out in the superconducting phase, whereas the Y-O2,3 pairs exhibit strong anharmonicities with a singularity at T_c. In the underdoped regime the average spacing O2,3-Cu2 increases with x due to displacements of Cu2 towards Ba, but the average position of O2,3 along c is almost unaffected. Optimum doping is a notable point in the x-T phase diagram, also concerning the lattice degrees of freedom. Here the O2,3-Cu2 spacing (buckling) is largest, and in the superconducting phase the Cu2 position along the c-axis is independent on temperature. In the overdoped regime increasing x displaces the Cu2 along c further towards Ba, but the O2,3 layer starts to shift in the same direction, thus decreasing the O2,3-Cu2 spacing.

Field of study: Physics
On monotone approximate and exact equilibria of an asymmetric first-price auction with affiliated private information

This paper develops a new approach to investigating equilibrium existence in first-price auctions with many asymmetric bidders whose types are affiliated and valuations are interdependent and not necessarily strictly increasing in own type. We begin with studying a number of continuity-related properties of the model, which are used, in conjunction with tieless single crossing and H-convexity, to establish the existence of monotone approximate interim equilibria. Then we provide two sets of sufficient conditions for the game to have a sequence of monotone approximate equilibria whose limit points are pure-strategy Bayesian-Nash equilibria.

Field of study: Economics
Analysis and Discussion on the Calculation Formula of the Classical Monitoring Method of the Permanganate Index (IMn)

In this paper, the calculation formula of the classic monitoring method of the permanganate index (I Mn ) is analyzed and deduced, the difficult points of the calculation formula are discussed in the process of analysis and derivation, and the common questions about the formula in the environmental monitoring industry are solved.  Permanganate index; Formula of calculation; Parsing; misgivings

Field of study: Education
“The Unshriven Dead, Zombies on the Loose”: African and Caribbean Religious Heritage in Toni Morrison’s Beloved

In demonstrating how scholarship has neglected African and Caribbean influences in Morrison’s work, this essay argues that there is a conspicuous gap in classifications of the character of Beloved. There is compelling evidence that African religious concepts of the living-dead, the Caribbean concept of the zombi, and the American adaptation of the zombi as zombie all bear profound influence on the composite identity of the character of Beloved. The hybrid assembly of the mythical and monstrous creature of Beloved thus establishes a new creation in an evolving transnational cultural tradition.

Field of study: Art
Forecasting Using Principal Components From a Large Number of Predictors

This article considers forecasting a single time series when there are many predictors (N) and time series observations (T). When the data follow an approximate factor model, the predictors can be summarized by a small number of indexes, which we estimate using principal components. Feasible forecasts are shown to be asymptotically efficient in the sense that the difference between the feasible forecasts and the infeasible forecasts constructed using the actual values of the factors converges in probability to 0 as both N and T grow large. The estimated factors are shown to be consistent, even in the presence of time variation in the factor model.

Field of study: Mathematics
[The development of temperaments typology in E. Krestchmer's concept].

RESUME

The development of E. Kretschmer's concept of temperaments throughout fifty years is analyzed. The small changes in terminology that occurred in the fourth edition of «Body type and character» took place due to the introducing E. Bleuler's termin «synton» for the intermediate affective states of healthy cyclothymic temperaments and E. Kretschmer's termin "leptosom" for the body type that before was delineated as "asthenic". However, the transition from the systematics with 3 types of physique and corresponding 2 types of mental constitutions to the systematics, including separate temperament of athletic physique («viscous»), took place much later. This was preceded by the delineation of epileptic mental constitution by E. Bleuler (1916) and the description of epileptoid constitution. The clinical descriptions of cycloid and schizoid temperaments as the descriptions of corresponding «healthy» constitutional types of cyclothyms and schizothyms in the monograph «Body type and character» has not changed till the last lifetime edition of the author.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Helicobacter pylori-induced interleukin 8 secretion by gastric epithelial cells its relation to protein tyrosine kinase activation

To study the effect of different cag pathogenicity island in clinical isolated Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori ) and various kinase inhibitors on H. pylori induced interleukin 8 (IL 8) secretion by gastric epithelial cells.  Gastric epithelial cells (MGC 803) were cocultured with clinical cagA + cagE +, cagA + cagE -, cagA - cagE +, cagA - cagE - H. pylori in vitro , respectively. By the end of culture, IL 8 protein secretion was assayed by ELISA. The effects of the inhibitor of protein kinase A(PKA), protein kinase C(PKC), protein kinase G(PKG), protein tyrosine kinase(PTK) on IL 8 protein secretion by gastric epithelial cells stemed from H. pylori stimulation were examined.  cagA + cagE + H. pylori induced more IL 8 protein secretion than cagA + cagE - or cagA - cagE + H. pylori , but cagA - cagE - H. pylori didn′t induce IL 8 protein secretion. Further studies with gastric epithelial cells showed that IL 8 protein secretion induced by cagA + cagE + H. pylori was blocked by the PTK inhibitor herbimycin A but not by PKA inhibitor H7, PKC inhibitor calphostin C, and nor by PKG inhibitor KT5823.  The cagA + cagE + H. pylori significantly increases IL 8 secretion and this increase is dependent on PTK activation in gastric epithelial cell.

Field of study: Biology
Do the Tropics Rule? Assessing the State of Tropical Climate Science

Shaman,  A symposium honoring Mark Cane and his role in the advancement of climate science was held at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University in October 2014. Over 150 climate scientists from the United States and abroad participated in the program. First day of the symposium began with a retrospective session on the development of tropical ocean?atmosphere interactions, equatorial wave dynamics, and a theory for ENSO. Steve Zebiak, David Halpern and Ed Sarachik, each provided historical context on the advances during the 1960s to 1980s that led to ENSO prediction. The first session of the second day was devoted to outstanding issues in paleoclimate dynamics. David Battisti. He revisited the question of why the ocean overturning circulation was situated in the Atlantic and not the Pacific, reviewing various hypotheses for why the Atlantic is the saltier ocean. The final session of the symposium highlighted the perspectives of climate dynamics from some key contributors to the field. Tim Palmer discussed nonlinear dynamics and regime shifts as a paradigm for understanding climate changes.

Field of study: Environmental science
Particle removal efficiency of the portable HEPA air cleaner in a simulated hospital ward

Use of a HEPA (high efficiency particulate air) filter in a room is believed to assist in reducing the risk of transmission of infectious diseases through removing the particles or large droplets to which pathogens may be attached. Use of a portable HEPA filter(s) in hospital wards is hypothesized to increase the effective ventilation rate (for particles only). Use of a portable HEPA filter is also hypothesized to increase the effective airflow rate of the general ward to the standard of an isolation ward for emerging infection diseases. This may be a good solution for housing patients when the number of beds in an isolation ward is insufficient. An experiment was conducted in a full scale experimental ward with a dimension of 6.7 m × 6 m × 2.7 m and 6 beds to test these hypotheses for a portable HEPA filter. The removal efficiency for different size particles was measured at different locations. The influence of the portable HEPA air cleaner on the airflow pattern was also studied through smoke visualization and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Results show that the HEPA filter can effectively decrease the particle concentration level. The effective air change rate achieved by the HEPA filter (for particle removal only) is from 2.7 to 5.6 ACH in the ward. The strong supply air jet from the portable HEPA filter interacted with the room airflow pattern and became dominate, introducing global airflow mixing in the room. Background noise levels were also measured and noise level in the room increased when the maximum airflow of the filter was used.

Field of study: Engineering
Co-conception d'itinéraires techniques de culture pure du niébé (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) et du mucuna (Mucuna deeringiana [Bort], Merrill) dans la zone cotonnière ouest du Burkina Faso : intérêts et limites

Dans un contexte d'accroissement de la pression humaine sur les espaces agricoles, de reduction des pâturages et de divagation des animaux, les paysans sont interesses par des solutions qui leur permettent d'accroitre la production de biomasses a l'hectare tout en preservant la fertilite de leur sol. Dans la litterature, il est prouve que les legumineuses jouent un role important dans l'amelioration des systemes de culture. Mais, leur adoption est faible par les agriculteurs dans la zone cotonniere a l'ouest du Burkina Faso. L'objectif de cet article est de determiner les performances agronomiques et economiques du niebe (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) et du mucuna (Mucuna deeringiana [Bort] Merrill) dans le cadre d'une demarche d'experimentation chez et par les paysans (ECPP). Sur deux campagnes agricoles (2010 et 2011), nous avons utilises les donnees sur les caracteristiques de 81 exploitations (45 pour le niebe et 36 pour le mucuna), les donnees economiques et agronomiques. Les resultats indiquent que le niebe est sensible a l'arriere effet de la precedente fertilisation contrairement au mucuna. Le mucuna qui aurait un reel interet pour les agriculteurs engages dans l'intensification de leur elevage, offre l'opportunite de produire plus de biomasse (plus de 1,5 t ha-1) par unite de surface avec une meilleure qualite. Le niebe pourrait constituer une source de revenu pour les exploitations agricoles du Tuy avec une productivite de travail pouvant atteindre 10 379 FCFA par jour. Mais, dans un contexte de rarete de l'espace agricole, les experimentations doivent se poursuivre pour tester les associations cereales/legumineuses avec les agriculteurs qui ont un role a jouer dans la creation de ces cultures associees. (Resume d'auteur)

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Latin America, 1800–2000: Modern History for Modern Languages . By Will Fowler. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. Pp. xx, 170. Chronology. Illustrations. Maps. Bibliography. Index. $60.00 cloth; $19.95 paper.

Memorial de Solold. Introduction by Jorge Lujan Mufioz. Calendric correlation by J. Daniel Contreras R. Transcription to present-day Kaqchikel by Simon Otzoy, adapted and revised by Martin Chacach and Narciso Cojtf. Notes by Narciso Cojti. Spanish translation by Simon Otzoy. Revision and notes by Jorge Lujan Mufioz. First edition. Guatemala City: Comision Interuniversitaria Guatemalteca de Conmemoracion del Quinto Centenario del Descubrimiento de America, 1999. xxiii, 236 pp. illustrations, facsimilies. 29 cm. Out-of-print.

Field of study: History
Death Anxiety, Coping Resources, and Comfort with Dying Patients among Nurses in AIDS Care Facilities

437 nursing staff members in seven AIDS residential health care facilities in New York City were asked to complete a questionnaire consisting of the Death Anxiety Scale, the Coping Resources Inventory, the Comfort with Dying Patients Scale, and a Demographic Section. 197 usable questionnaires were returned. There were statistically significant racial or ethnic differences in scores on physical coping resources, with African-Americans reporting the fewest resources. No significant relations were found between scores on death anxiety, coping resources, and comfort with dying patients. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to assess the interaction of the Nursing group (professional or paraprofessional nurses), Death anxiety, and Coping resources with Comfort with dying patients. There were no statistically significant differences for death anxiety, coping resources, and comfort with dying patients by the Nursing group.

Field of study: Psychology
An analysis on a two-stage cascade thermoelectric cooler for electronics cooling applications.

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of a novel two-stage cascade thermoelectric cooler (TTEC). The novel TTEC may be simply formed by joining short-legged thermoelectric couples in cascade, which has advantages of no interstage electrical insulating materials, compact and easy-fabricated structure, and using only one operating power. An analytical model taking into account the allocation of the total input current between the two stages of the TTEC is developed and the performance characteristics are investigated in detail. Especially, the allocation ratio of thermoelectric couple leg length which maximizes the TTEC COP at a specified condition are discussed. The analysis results indicate that such a cascade TTEC can greatly improve the operating temperature difference and be in theory more efficient than a single-stage thermoelectric cooler under most circumstances. It is also revealed that the allocation ratio of thermoelectric couple leg length plays an important role in determining TTEC thermal performance. Overall, the presented TTEC may show its promise in the future electronics cooling applications.

Field of study: Engineering
Control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) through genetic improvements in disease resistance and tolerance

Infections caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) have a severe economic impact on pig production in North America, Europe, and Asia. The emergence and eventual predominance of PRRS in the 1990s are the likely result of changes in the pork industry initiated in the late 1970s, which allowed the virus to occupy a unique niche within a modern commercial production system. PRRSV infection is responsible for severe clinical disease, but can maintain a life-long subclinical infection, as well as participate in several polymicrobial syndromes. Current vaccines lessen clinical signs, but are of limited use for disease control and elimination. The relatively poor protective immunity following vaccination is a function of the virus's capacity to generate a large degree of genetic diversity, combined with several strategies to evade innate and adaptive immune responses. In 2007, the PRRS Host Genetics consortium (PHGC) was established to explore the role of host genetics as an avenue for PRRS control. The PHGC model for PRRS incorporates the experimental infection of large numbers of growing pigs and has created the opportunity to study experimental PRRSV infection at the population level. The results show that pigs can be placed into distinct phenotypic groups, including pigs that show resistance (i.e., low virus load) or pigs that exhibit “tolerance” to infection. Tolerance was illustrated by pigs that gain weight normally in the face of a relatively high virus load. Genome-wide association analysis has identified a region on chromosome 4 (SSC4) correlated with resistance; i.e., lower cumulative virus load within the first 42 days of infection. The genomic region is near a family of genes involved in innate immunity. The region is also associated with higher weight gain in challenged pigs, suggesting that pigs with the resistance alleles don't seem to simultaneously experience reduction in growth, i.e., that resistance and tolerance are not antagonistically related. These results create the opportunity to develop breeding programs that will produce pigs with increased resistance to PRRS and simultaneously high growth rate. The identification of genomic markers involved in actual tolerance will likely prove more difficult, primarily because tolerance is difficult to quantify and because tolerance mechanism are still poorly understood. Another avenue of study includes the identification of genomic markers related to improved response following vaccination.

Field of study: Biology
Profound reductions of flicker sensitivity in the elderly: can glaucoma involve the retina distal to ganglion cells?

Flicker sensitivities were measured for more than 100 people age 60 and older with stimulus-conditions originally designed to obtain estimates of preretinal absorption by the lens and macular pigment. Flicker sensitivities were measured on two chromatic backgrounds: a 1000-td, 480-nm background and a 5800-td, Wratten 33 background (approximately metameric with 633 nm). Testing sessions were administered at 18-month intervals across a 3-yr period. No subject tested had a history of glaucoma or ocular hypertension at the time of entry into the study. For ten subjects, however, flicker sensitivity was sometimes reduced by more than 2.0 log units from the mean norm for at least one of the two backgrounds. For most other subjects, flicker sensitivities were within 0.5 log units of the mean norms. On retrospective analysis, the profound reductions of flicker sensitivity (PRFS) were associated significantly with (a) advanced age (perhaps especially when combined with relatively high intraocular pressure), and (b) the use of cardiovascular medications. The PRFS probably were associated with (c) female sex, and (d) large intraocular pressure fluctuations. In addition, the majority of subjects with PRFS were found to have evidence of glaucomatous cupping or field loss. These results suggest that PRFS result from glaucoma or share etiologies with low-tension glaucoma. The use of cardiovascular medications suggested that PRFS could depend on retinal dysfunction rather than on optic nerve compromise alone. Predicted results from two additional subject populations support this possibility. For young healthy subjects, flicker threshold vs illuminance curves attained very steep slopes for sufficiently short wavelength tests on sufficiently extreme long wavelength backgrounds (655 nm, 50,000 td); the steep slopes coincided with the breakdown of effective M-cone isolation. Reductions of flicker sensitivity on the 5800-td Wratten 33 background depended correspondingly on test wavelength for subjects with well-documented low-tension glaucoma.

Field of study: Physics
Coordination between water transport capacity, biomass growth, metabolic scaling and species stature in co-occurring shrub and tree species.

The significance of xylem function and metabolic scaling theory begins from the idea that water transport is strongly coupled to growth rate. At the same time, coordination of water transport and growth seemingly should differ between plant functional types. We evaluated the relationships between water transport, growth and species stature in six species of co-occurring trees and shrubs. Within species, a strong proportionality between plant hydraulic conductance (K), sap flow (Q) and shoot biomass growth (G) was generally supported. Across species, however, trees grew more for a given K or Q than shrubs, indicating greater growth-based water-use efficiency (WUE) in trees. Trees also showed slower decline in relative growth rate (RGR) than shrubs, equivalent to a steeper G by mass (M) scaling exponent in trees (0.77-0.98). The K and Q by M scaling exponents were common across all species (0.80, 0.82), suggesting that the steeper G scaling in trees reflects a size-dependent increase in their growth-based WUE. The common K and Q by M exponents were statistically consistent with the 0.75 of ideal scaling theory. A model based upon xylem anatomy and branching architecture consistently predicted the observed K by M scaling exponents but only when deviations from ideal symmetric branching were incorporated.

Field of study: Environmental science