nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Demineralization of Hainan coconut shell and its residue for preparing high surface area activated carbon

As raw materials for preparing high surface area activated carbon(HSAAC), there are distinct differences between coconut shell and petroleum coak.For preparing high quality HSAAC, coconut shell and its residue must be demineralized.The result of orthogonal test indicated that the ash content of coconut shell and its residue treated under optimal conditions of 10% H_3PO_4 and 3h at room temperature,could be decreased to 0.42% and 0.75%,respectively.After improving the process of coconut shell acid hydrolyzation, the ash content of coconut shell residue could be decreased to 0.40%.Therefore, they can be excellent raw materials for preparing HSAAC.After the products were treated with acid, the iodine number of the products made from these materials increased by 9% and the specific surface area of the products could be also increased by 11% via floatation to remove free ash.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Immunization delivery in British Columbia: perspectives of primary care physicians.

To explore the experiences of family physicians and pediatricians delivering immunizations, including perceived barriers and supports.



Qualitative study using focus groups.



Ten cities throughout British Columbia.



A total of 46 family physicians or general practitioners, 10 pediatricians, and 2 residents.



A semistructured dialogue guide was used by a trained facilitator to explore participants' experiences and views related to immunization delivery in British Columbia. Verbatim transcriptions were independently coded by 2 researchers. Key themes were analyzed and identified in an iterative manner using interpretive description.



Physicians highly valued vaccine delivery. Factors facilitating physician-delivered immunizations included strong beliefs in the value of vaccines and having adequate information. Identified barriers included the large time commitment and insufficient communication about program changes, new vaccines, and the adult immunization program in general. Some physicians reported good relationships with local public health, while others reported the opposite experience, and this varied by geographic location.



These findings suggest that physicians are supportive of delivering vaccines. However, there are opportunities to improve the sustainability of physician-delivered immunizations. While compensation schemes remain under the purview of the provincial governments, local public health authorities can address the information needs of physicians.

Field of study: Medicine
Disability citizenship: an Australian human rights analysis of the cultural industries

Research on disability and cultural life (the arts, leisure, recreation, sport and tourism) in the Australian context has largely been captured by medical approaches to disability. In contrast, this paper takes direction from social approaches to disability that place the experience of people with disabilities (PwD) at the centre of the research paradigm by examining this population’s human rights’ experiences. The paper is framed by reviewing the United Nations’ disability initiatives including the Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities. The research then analyses the implementation and operation of Australia’s Disability Discrimination Act, 1992 in respect to the cultural life of PwD. The research design uses a mixed method interpretive approach drawing on the management information systems of the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission and the Federal Court. The analysis of 420 complaint cases and 80 Federal court actions show a relationship between the types of discrimination experienced in cultural life and gender, disability type and industry sector. The recurring themes of discrimination demonstrate an ongoing struggle by PwD to assert their rights of citizenship.

Field of study: Sociology
Fixed Points for Triangular α−Admissible Geraghty Contraction Type Mappings in Partial b-Metric Spaces

In this paper, we introduce the notion of generalized C−class functions for Geraghty contraction type mappings on a set X. We utilize our new notion to prove fixed point results in the setting of triangular weak α−admissible mappings with respect to η in Partial b-Metric Spaces. Our results modify and improve many exciting results in the literature. Also, we introduce an example and an application to show the validity of our main result.

Field of study: Mathematics
Leaf transpiration plays a role in phosphorus acquisition among a large set of chickpea genotypes.

Low availability of inorganic phosphorus (P) is considered a major constraint for crop productivity worldwide. A unique set of 266 chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes, originating from 29 countries and with diverse genetic background, were used to study P-use efficiency. Plants were grown in pots containing sterilized river sand supplied with P at a rate of 10 μg P g-1 soil as FePO4 , a poorly soluble form of P. The results showed large genotypic variation in plant growth, shoot P content, physiological P-use efficiency, and P-utilization efficiency in response to low P supply. Further investigation of a subset of 100 chickpea genotypes with contrasting growth performance showed significant differences in photosynthetic rate and photosynthetic P-use efficiency. A positive correlation was found between leaf P concentration and transpiration rate of the young fully expanded leaves. For the first time, our study has suggested a role of leaf transpiration in P acquisition, consistent with transpiration-driven mass flow in chickpea grown in low-P sandy soils. The identification of 6 genotypes with high plant growth, P-acquisition, and P-utilization efficiency suggests that the chickpea reference set can be used in breeding programmes to improve both P-acquisition and P-utilization efficiency under low-P conditions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Fuzzy Concept Lattices Constrained by Hedges

We study concept lattices constrained by hedges. The principal aim is to control, in a parameterical way, the size of concept lattices, i.e. the number of conceptual clusters extracted from data. The paper presents theoretical insight, comments, and examples. We introduce new, parameterized, concept-forming operators and study their properties. We obtain an axiomatic characterization of the concept-forming operators. Then, we show that a concept lattice with hedges is indeed a complete lattice which is isomorphic to an ordinary concept lattice. We describe the isomorphism and its inverse. These mappings serve as translation procedures. As a consequence, we obtain a theorem characterizing the structure of concept lattices with hedges which generalizes the well-known main theorem of ordinary concept lattices. Furthermore, the isomorphism and its inverse enable us to compute a concept lattice with hedges using algorithms for ordinary concept lattices. Further insight is provided for boundary choices of hedges. We demonstrate by experiments that the size reduction using hedges as parameters is smooth.

Field of study: Computer science
Adaptive radiations in prehistoric Panama

economies, for example, such a framework only seems to stand in the way. In this case, internal developments need to be articulated with external ones if headway is to be made on the problem. One risk of Barker's approach is that it might place the study of cultural change in a new conceptual straightjacket. It is difficult to evaluate the primacy given to subsistence in Barker's work. This is in part for practical reasons. Sites with evidence of the quality and quantity needed for the detailed reconstruction of subsistence patterns are still in short supply in central Italy. One way of getting around this shortage has been to look to the landscape. My own view is that a more critical approach is needed to employ the modern landscape in archeological studies. There is not enough space here to elaborate on the issues involved, but in most parts of Italy, today's landscape is not some timeless, natural "given" but the product in part of human behavior. Rather than simply projecting the modern landscape back into the past and seeing it as shaping early human behavior, we need first to understand it as a consequence of a long history of human action. Otherwise, we are likely to confound cause and effect.

Field of study: History
Thermal decomposition of LixCoO2 monitored by electron energy loss spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility measurements

While it is commonly known that layered Li x CoO 2 transforms to a mixture of stoichiometric LiCoO 2 and Co 3 O 4 at elevated temperature, little experimental detail exists on the role time and temperature play in the transformation process or on the occurrence of possible intermediate phases. In this article we follow the thermal decomposition of Li x CoO 2 by characterizing its decomposition products after short and long-term isothermal annealing at 350 °C. X-ray diffraction and transition electron microscopy observations are complemented by electron energy loss spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility measurements thus allowing the combination of structural and electronic information. Our results indicate that the charge balance upon Li extraction from LiCoO 2 is in parts accomplished by oxidation of Co 3+ to Co 4+ . In the annealed powder we observe an intermediate Li–Co–O phase of cubic spinel structure before the end products Co 3 O 4 and CoO are formed.

Field of study: Materials science
Reconstruction of Signals Drawn From a Gaussian Mixture Via Noisy Compressive Measurements

This paper determines to within a single measurement the minimum number of measurements required to successfully reconstruct a signal drawn from a Gaussian mixture model in the low-noise regime. The method is to develop upper and lower bounds that are a function of the maximum dimension of the linear subspaces spanned by the Gaussian mixture components. The method not only reveals the existence or absence of a minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) error floor (phase transition) but also provides insight into the MMSE decay via multivariate generalizations of the MMSE dimension and the MMSE power offset, which are a function of the interaction between the geometrical properties of the kernel and the Gaussian mixture. These results apply not only to standard linear random Gaussian measurements but also to linear kernels that minimize the MMSE. It is shown that optimal kernels do not change the number of measurements associated with the MMSE phase transition, rather they affect the sensed power required to achieve a target MMSE in the low-noise regime. Overall, our bounds are tighter and sharper than standard bounds on the minimum number of measurements needed to recover sparse signals associated with a union of subspaces model, as they are not asymptotic in the signal dimension or signal sparsity.

Field of study: Engineering
Irrigation Water Supplied by Stream Water Level Control

STREAM water levels in Mitchell Creek near Tarboro, North Carolina, were satisfactorily controlled for drought and flooding conditions by a water-inflatable dam (Fabridam). The reported 4-year period covers normal rainfall years in 1982 and 1985 (405 and 473 mm of rain for the corn-growing season and 80 and 82 mm of irrigation used, respectively); a dry year in 1983 (349 mm of rain and 175 mm of irrigation used); and a high rainfall year in 1984 (659 mm of rain during the corn-growing season and only 2 mm of irrigation used). By controlling the stream water level, runoff and drainage were redistributed, and adequate water was stored in the soil profile and shallow aquifer (2 to 7 m below the surface) to furnish irrigation water for eight center pivot systems, four volume gun hose reel systems, and one controlled-drainage/subirrigation system, irrigating 327 ha. Before the stream water level was controlled, only two center pivot systems and two volume guns, irrigating 79 ha, were able to operate and then only part time. Corn yields (4-year average) in fields with stream water level control were 27% more for nonsprinkler-irrigated fields and 71 % more in sprinkler-irrigated fields than in fields without stream water level control. These increased yields would pay for the Fabridam in 15 years, pay the cost of irrigation, and without tax break consideration give an annual return for management of $100/ha.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Highly Efficient Catalytic Activity of Lanthanide(III) Ions for Conversion of Saccharides to 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furfural in Organic Solvents

All lanthanide(III) ions were found to catalyze dehydration of saccharides to 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (HMF) in DMSO at 100 - 120 °C. Particularly, D-fructose was almost quantitatively converted to HMF without generating any byproducts. The results of the reaction with di- and trisaccharides indicated that the D-fructose moiety in the substrates was selectively converted to HMF.

Field of study: Chemistry
On Newton Screening

Screening and working set techniques are important approaches to reducing the size of an optimization problem. They have been widely used in accelerating first-order methods for solving large-scale sparse learning problems. In this paper, we develop a new screening method called Newton screening (NS) which is a generalized Newton method with a built-in screening mechanism. We derive an equivalent KKT system for the Lasso and utilize a generalized Newton method to solve the KKT equations. Based on this KKT system, a built-in working set with a relatively small size is first determined using the sum of primal and dual variables generated from the previous iteration, then the primal variable is updated by solving a least-squares problem on the working set and the dual variable updated based on a closed-form expression. Moreover, we consider a sequential version of Newton screening (SNS) with a warm-start strategy. We show that NS possesses an optimal convergence property in the sense that it achieves one-step local convergence. Under certain regularity conditions on the feature matrix, we show that SNS hits a solution with the same signs as the underlying true target and achieves a sharp estimation error bound with high probability. Simulation studies and real data analysis support our theoretical results and demonstrate that SNS is faster and more accurate than several state-of-the-art methods in our comparative studies.

Field of study: Computer science
Cytokine expression in squamous intraepithelial lesions of the uterine cervix: implications for the generation of local immunosuppression

We have addressed the notion that the progression of cancer of the uterine cervix is associated with a preferential constraint on the development of a type 1 cellular mediated response, which is necessary to efficiently eliminate (pre)neoplastic cells. Based on the importance of cytokines in the regulation of an appropriate immune response, we have evaluated the expression of IL‐12p40, IL‐10 and transforming growth factor‐beta 1 (TGF‐β1). Using reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), the expression of these three cytokines was evaluated in both low‐grade (LG) and high‐grade (HG) cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) and in normal exocervix and transformation zone biopsies. Our results show that the average level of IL‐12 increases within both the LG and HG SIL, compared with both control groups. Interestingly, the percentage of HG SIL expressing IL‐12p40 was lower compared with LG SIL. In contrast, the expression of IL‐10 increased in parallel with the severity of the lesion to a maximal level in HG SIL. Using immunohistochemistry, we ascertained the presence of IL‐12 protein in SIL and IL‐10 protein in the transformation zone and SIL biopsies. Both IL‐12‐ and IL‐10‐producing cells were localized in the stroma, not within the SIL. Furthermore, in this study we also observed that the region of the cervix the most sensitive to lesion development, the transformation zone, was associated with higher average levels of the immunosuppressive cytokines IL‐10 and TGF‐β1.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Strong genetic differentiation of the East-Himalayan Megacodon stylophorus (Gentianaceae) detected by Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR)

Megacodon stylophorus (Clarke) Smith is a perennial alpine herb endemic to the species-rich eastern Himalayan region. Its populations are locally scattered as isolated patches throughout this region. Genetic variation within and among six populations of this species was assessed using ISSR fingerprinting with 13 primers. High levels of genetic diversity exist within species (P = 69.83%, HT = 0.1949 and Hsp = 0.3047), while the within-population diversity is low (P = 11.21%, HE = 0.0532 and Hpop = 0.0792). Extraordinarily high levels of genetic differentiation were detected among populations based on various statistics, including Nei’s genetic diversity analysis (72.7%), Shannon’s diversity index (74.01%) and AMOVA (80.70%). That is, populations shared low levels of genetic identity (I = 0.8203 ± 0.0430). This genetic structure was probably due to severe genetic drift of the small-sized patchy populations resulting from postglacial habitat fragmentations. The observed genetic structure of the populations implies that as many populations as possible should be considered for any in situ and ex situ conservation practice on this species.

Field of study: Environmental science
Stratigraphy and structure of the Devil Ridge area, Texas

The consolidated strata of the Devil Ridge area in Trans-Pecos Texas are Cretaceous. They are surrounded by Cenozoic alluvial fill in the adjacent basins and are intruded by rhyolite sills and dikes of Tertiary age. The Lower Trinity Yucca formation (1567+ feet thick) is composed of red and gray limestone and red shale with sandstone and conglomerate. Conformably over-lying the Yucca are arenaceous limestone and sandstone of the Bluff formation (1080 to 1369 feet thick) of Glen Rose age. The Cox formation (557 to 1066 feet thick) above the Bluff is composed of sandstone, quartzite, and thin limestone and ranges in age from perhaps the upper Glen Rose through the Lower Fredericksburg. The Finlay formation (346+ feet thick), a limestone belonging to the Fredericksburg group, rests conformably on the Cox. Georgetown and possibly Grayson strata of the Washita group (1021+ feet thick) are limestone and sandstone. The Eagle Ford formation (1419+ feet thick) of the Upper Cretaceous rests conformably on the Washita beds and is composed of black shale, sandstone, and thin beds of chalky limestone. Northward the younger beds successively overlap the older ones. The area lies along the northeastern front of the Sierra Madre orogenic belt in Trans-Pecos Texas. Structurally it is divided into three blocks by two northwest-trending thrust faults—the Devil Ridge and the Red Hills—with a total displacement of at least 7½ miles. There are four minor thrust faults, numerous small normal faults, and some small folds.

Field of study: Geology
Nucleolar Sequestration: Remodeling Nucleoli Into Amyloid Bodies

This year marks the 20th anniversary of the discovery that the nucleolus can temporarily immobilize proteins, a process known as nucleolar sequestration. This review reflects on the progress made to understand the physiological roles of nucleolar sequestration and the mechanisms involved in the immobilization of proteins. We discuss how protein immobilization can occur through a highly choreographed amyloidogenic program that converts the nucleolus into a large fibrous organelle with amyloid-like characteristics called the amyloid body (A-body). We propose a working model of A-body biogenesis that includes a role for low-complexity ribosomal intergenic spacer RNA (rIGSRNA) and a discrete peptide sequence, the amyloid-converting motif (ACM), found in many proteins that undergo immobilization. Amyloid bodies provide a unique model to study the multistep assembly of a membraneless compartment and may provide alternative insights into the pathological amyloidogenesis involved in neurological disorders.

Field of study: Biology
Converging Patterns of Alcohol Use and Related Outcomes Among Females and Males in the United States, 2002 to 2012.

Females in the United States consume less alcohol and cause and experience fewer alcohol-related harms than males. However, recent research suggests such gaps might be narrowing. The purpose of this study was to explore changes in alcohol use and associated outcomes among females and males in the United States between 2002 and 2012.



Data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health were used to assess the prevalence and trends for females and males aged 12+ in lifetime abstinence, age of onset, current drinking, binge drinking, drinking and driving, reaching DSM-IV criteria for an alcohol use disorder, combining alcohol with other drugs such as marijuana, and other variables. Of particular interest was whether differences between females and males narrowed during the decade under study.



Differences in the drinking patterns of females and males aged 12+ narrowed between 2002 and 2012 for current drinking, number of drinking days per month, past year DSM-IV alcohol abuse, and past-year driving under the influence of alcohol. In addition, convergence was noted in 1 or more age subgroups for the prevalence of binge drinking and DSM-IV alcohol dependence and mean age at drinking onset. Divergence in drinking habits did not occur for any measure in any age subgroups with the exception of a greater increase in the prevalence of combining alcohol with marijuana among young adult male drinkers than female drinkers aged 18 to 25.



Between 2002 and 2012, differences in alcohol consumption and related outcomes narrowed for females and males. Reasons for converging patterns of alcohol use are unclear and do not appear to be easily explainable by recent trends in employment status, pregnancy status, or marital status. More research is needed to identify the psychosocial and environmental contributors to these changes and to assess implications for prevention and treatment efforts.

Field of study: Medicine
De-securitising and Re-securitising Gang Policies: The Funes Government and Gangs in El Salvador

This article analyses the gang policies of the first years of the Funes administration in El Salvador, from June 2.009 until July 2.012.. Using securitisation theory, it explains why the administration returned to an emphasis on extraordinary measures, most of them repressive, to deal with gangs. It argues that these measures were the product of an ongoing and dynamic process in which the government was but one of the players in a complex field constituted by numerous actors. The return to repressive measures as well as the support and facilitation of a 'gang truce' were not the result of a rational design or a predetermined agenda, but should be seen as a series of moves in a political conjuncture, in which the Salvadorean government needed to communicate to different audiences messages of being in control.

Field of study: Political science