nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Cloning and Expression Analysis of SlAGO7 in Tomato

Based on EST sequences from tomato genome database(SGN),the full-length cDNA and genomic DNA sequence of SlAGO7 were isolated by using RACE and PCR.Bioinformatics methods were used to analyze the sequence characteristics of this gene and the Real-time PCR method was used to investigate the temporal and spatial expression pattern of SlAGO7 gene.These results showed that the cloned full-length cDNA of SlAGO7 was 3 238 bp JX467714),containing a 3 003 bp open reading frame(ORF)which encoding 1 000 amino acids.In addition,the full length of genomic DNA contained three extrons and two introns.The deduced SlAGO7 protein with two conserved PAZ and PIWI domains had the typical characteristics of the AGO family.This deduced amino acid had a high identity with the known AGO7 protein.Phylogenetic analysis showed that SlAGO7 was classified into the ZIPPY/AGO7 subfamily of the AGO family.Real-time PCR analysis indicated that the expression of the SlAGO7 gene was detected in vegetative tissues such as roots and stems,but not in leaves.SlAGO7 gene was mainly expressed in flower organs(Buds and flowers),while its mRNA was not detected in fruits.Therefore,SlAGO7 was probably involved in the development of flower organ in tomato.The results would provide a foundation for further dissection of the molecular and genetics mechanisms of SlAGO7 in the control of floral organ development by the ta-siRNA pathway.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
On a class of limit states of frictional joints: formulation and existence theorem

The model dealt with is a linear elastic body in frictional contact with a rigid support. Limit states of such an assemblage are characterized by deformations and forces such that a small perturbation may introduce a large change in configuration. The class of limit states considered here is specified by the possibility of superposing a time constant rigid body velocity field to a static deformation. The problem of finding such states (i.e., forces and static deformations) for a prescribed rigid body velocity is formulated, and for the case when the geometrically admissible rigid body displacements form a linear space an existence result is given. It is proved that under restrictions on the magnitude of the friction coefficient and in the case that an intuitively clear condition on the direction of the forces is satisfied, there exist a load multiplier and a corresponding static displacement.

Field of study: Mathematics
Is the combinational administration of doxorubicin and glutathione a reasonable proposal?

The combinational administration of antioxidants and chemotherapeutic agents during conventional cancer treatment is among one of the most controversial areas in oncology. Although the data on the combinational usage of doxorubicin (DOX) and glutathione (GSH) agents have been explored for over 20 years, the duration, administration route, and authentic rationality have not yet been fully understood yet. In the current study, we systematically investigated the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) with both in vivo and in vitro models to elucidate the influence of GSH on the toxicity and efficacy of DOX. We first studied the cardioprotective and hepatoprotective effects of GSH in Balb/c mice, H9c2, and HL7702 cells. We showed that coadministration of exogenous GSH (5, 50, and 500 mg/kg per day, intragastric) significantly attenuated DOX-induced cardiotoxicity and hepatotoxicity by increasing intracellular GSH levels, whereas the elevated GSH concentrations did not affect the exposure of DOX in mouse heart and liver. From PK and PD perspectives, then the influences of GSH on the chemotherapeutic efficacy of DOX were investigated in xenografted nude mice and cancer cell models, including MCF-7, HepG2, and Caco-2 cells, which revealed that administration of exogenous GSH dose-dependently attenuated the anticancer efficacy of DOX in vivo and in vitro, although the elevated GSH levels neither influenced the concentration of DOX in tumors in vivo, nor the uptake of DOX in MCF-7 tumor cells in vitro. Based on the results we suggest that the combined administration of GSH and DOX should be contraindicated during chemotherapy unless DOX has caused serious hepatotoxicity and cardiotoxicity.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Effects of thermo-erosional disturbance on surface soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics in upland arctic tundra

Thaw of ice-rich permafrost soils on sloping terrain can trigger erosional disturbance events that displace large volumes of soil and sediment, kill and damage plants, and initiate secondary succession. We examined how retrogressive thaw slumps (RTS), a common form of thermo-erosional disturbance in arctic tundra, affected the local loss and re-accumulation of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) pools in organic and surface mineral soil horizons of 18 slumps within six spatially independent sites in arctic Alaska. RTS displaced 3 kg C and 0.2 kg N per m2 from the soil organic horizon but did not alter pools of C and N in the top 15 cm of the mineral horizon. Surface soil C pools re-accumulated rapidly (32???10 g C m?2 yr?1) through the first 60 years of succession, reaching levels similar to undisturbed tundra 40?64 years after disturbance. Average N re-accumulation rates (2.2???1.1 g N m?2 yr?1) were much higher than expected from atmospheric deposition and biological N fixation. Finally, plant community dominance shifted from graminoids to tall deciduous shrubs, which are likely to promote higher primary productivity, biomass accumulation, and rates of nutrient cycling.

Field of study: Environmental science
The History of Swedish Economic Thought

1.  Before economics 3. David Davidson: the transition to neoclassical economics 4. Knut Wicksell, neoclassicist and iconoclast 5. Gustav Cassel, popularizer and enigmatic Walrasian 6. Eli F. Heckscher: the economic historian as economist 7. The Stockholm school and the development of dynamaic method 8. Beyind the Stockholm school

Field of study: Economics, History
Parity inversion, breakdown of shell closure and particle-vibration coupling in Be-isotopes.

The properties of ﬁnite many-body systems arestrongly inﬂuenced by spatial quantization  leading tomarked shell structures . This type of quantal sizeeﬀects are, on the other hand, renormalized in an impor-tant way by zero point ﬂuctuations [3, 4]. The smallerthe system is, the largest the surface/volume ratio is andthe strongest these eﬀects may become. In particular,the interweaving of single-particle motion and of collec-tive vibrations of the surface of atomic nuclei can leadto state dependent eﬀective masses which, for light sys-tems can even invert the sequence of particular levels,thus altering the magic numbers associated with closedshell. While the standard parametrization of the single-particle potential [2] indicates the states 0p

Field of study: Physics
Anti-Allergic Drugs Tranilast and Ketotifen Dose-Dependently Exert Mast Cell-Stabilizing Properties

Anti-allergic drugs, such as tranilast and ketotifen, inhibit the release of chemokines from mast cells. However, we know little about their direct effects on the exocytotic process of mast cells. Since exocytosis in mast cells can be monitored electrophysiologically by changes in the whole-cell membrane capacitance (Cm), the absence of such changes by these drugs indicates their mast cell-stabilizing properties.  Employing the standard patch-clamp whole-cell recording technique in rat peritoneal mast cells, we examined the effects of tranilast and ketotifen on the Cm during exocytosis. Using confocal imaging of a water-soluble fluorescent dye, lucifer yellow, we also examined their effects on the deformation of the plasma membrane.  Relatively lower concentrations of tranilast (100, 250 µM) and ketotifen (1, 10 µM) did not significantly affect the GTP-γ-S-induced increase in the Cm. However, higher concentrations of tranilast (500 µM, 1 mM) and ketotifen (50, 100 µM) almost totally suppressed the increase in the Cm, and washed out the trapping of the dye on the surface of the mast cells. Compared to tranilast, ketotifen required much lower doses to similarly inhibit the degranulation of mast cells or the increase in the Cm.  This study provides electrophysiological evidence for the first time that tranilast and ketotifen dose-dependently inhibit the process of exocytosis, and that ketotifen is more potent than tranilast in stabilizing mast cells. The mast cell-stabilizing properties of these drugs may be attributed to their ability to counteract the plasma membrane deformation in degranulating mast cells.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Both neuronal NO synthase and nitric oxide are required for PC12 cell differentiation: a cGMP independent pathway.

PC12 cells are used as a model system to study neuronal differentiation. Nerve growth factor (NGF) triggers a differentiation pathway in PC12 cells. Neurite outgrowth (a morphological marker of differentiation) in PC12 cells is significantly reduced in the presence of the NOS inhibitor l-NAME, but not d-NAME, implicating NOS in the differentiation process. Previously we have shown that the neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) isoform is induced in PC12 cells in the presence of NGF. Thus, we wished to further evaluate the role of nNOS and NO in PC12 cell differentiation. When a dominant negative mutant nNOS expression vector was transiently transfected into NGF-treated PC12 cells, it significantly reduced PC12 cell neurite outgrowth. Thus, we concluded that the NO required for PC12 cell differentiation, in response to NGF, is produced by nNOS. NO alone was insufficient to induce differentiation as cells treated with the NO donor, sodium nitroprusside did not produce neurites. Treatment of PC12 cells with oxyhemoglobin (an NO scavenger) was also found to significantly reduce the number of neurites produced by PC12 cells treated with NGF. Thus, NO appears to be necessary, but not sufficient, to induce differentiation, and its mode of action appears to be extracellular. A well documented action of NO is to activate soluble guanylate cyclase. Thus, we determined the role of soluble guanylate cyclase activation as a means by which NO induces PC12 cell differentiation. However, in the presence of NGF (to prime PC12 cells for differentiation) and l-NAME (to specifically remove the NO component), 8Br-cGMP (a cGMP analog) failed to induce PC12 cell differentiation. In addition, blockade of sGC activity with specific inhibitors failed to block NGF-induced PC12 cell differentiation. We conclude that the NO required for PC12 cell differentiation is produced by nNOS and that the NO exerts its effects on surrounding PC12 cells in a sGC/cGMP independent manner.

Field of study: Biology
[Results of open post-registration clinical trials of copaxone in patients with multiple sclerosis].

Results of the 2-year open postregistration study of Copaxone (glatiramer acetate), conducted in 3 Moscow leading medical centres are given. 32 MS patients with remitting-relapsing MS were investigated in accordance with international requirements (neurological scales, MRI of the brain, multimodal evoked potential). Significant reduction of annual relapse rate for 70.3%, stabilization of neurological status and benign safety profile were demonstrated during Copaxone treatment. Practical recommendations for Copaxone use are given.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
How accurate is glucometer in determining glycemic index

Incorporation of foods with low and medium glycemic indices (GI) in diets indicates a therapeutic potential in reducing insulin resistance and diabetes. Glucometers are convenient in measuring the postprandial blood glucose concentrations and calculation of GI. The aim of this study was to compare an enzymatic kit method and a glucometer in evaluating fasting, postprandial glucose concentrations and GI of different foods. The Accu-Check Active glucometer and glucose oxidase kit (GOD-PAP) were used to analyze the glycemic response of 16 foods. Healthy individuals (age:20-30 yrs, BMI:24±3 kg/m2) participated in the study. GI values were calculated using bread as the standard. Fasting glucose concentrations measured by the two methods were significantly different (p<0.05). Mean glucometer glucose concentrations (n=10) at each time point for all foods were higher than the enzymatic kit values except for one which was not significant. Peak blood glucose concentrations obtained from the two methods and the GI values of the 15 foods were not significantly different (p>0.05). Thus the Accu-Check Active glucometer can be used to determine the GI values of foods.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The intermediate temperature optimization for cascade refrigeration system and air source heat pump via extreme seeking control

The cascade refrigeration system and cascade air source heat pump have both been a well-known advanced technology for providing cooling and heating under certain circumstances. The intermediate temperature has been proven as a key factor in affecting the operating performance for both the refrigeration and heat pump system. However, the optimal intermediate temperature varies along with the change of the ambient temperature, cooling/heating demand. So achieving the real-time optimal intermediate temperature in a realistic operating circumstance is critical for improving the performance of cascade refrigeration or heat pump system. In this paper, the extreme seeking control strategy is proposed to optimize the coefficient of performance via seeking the real-time optimal intermediate temperature. A cascade refrigeration system model and a cascade air source heat pump water heater model are built based on Modelica, and the ASHP water heater model is validated by experimental data. The simulations are conducted under fixed and variable operating conditions to validate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.

Field of study: Engineering
Parity-violating effects in elastic electron deuteron scattering

The general expressions for parity violation observables in elastic scattering of polarized and/or unpolarized electrons from unpolarized deuterons are given and are numerically evaluated for the kinematics of SAMPLE, PVA4 and G0 experiments. The dominant contribution from the interference of $ \gamma$ and Z exchange as well as the smaller contributions from strangeness (s$ \bar{{s}}$ components of the nucleon, parity odd admixtures in the deuteron wave function, anapole moments and radiative corrections are included and discussed in the context of parity-violating electron scattering experiments of present interest.

Field of study: Physics
Astragaloside-IV Alleviates Heat-Induced Inflammation by Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Autophagy

Thermal injury is the main cause of pulmonary disease in stroke after burn and can be life threatening. Heat-induced inflammation is an important factor that triggers a series of induces pathological changes. However, this mechanism underlying heat-induced inflammation in thermal inhalation injury remains unclear. Studies have revealed that astragaloside-IV (AS-IV), a natural compound extracted from Astragalus membranaceus, has protective effects in inflammatory diseases. Here, we investigated whether the protective effects of AS-IV occur because of the suppression of heat-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and excessive autophagy  AS-IV was administered to Wistar rats after thermal inhalation injury and 16HBE140-cells were treated with AS-IV. TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 levels were determined by ELISA and real-time PCR. ER stress and autophagy were determined by western blot. Autophagic flux was measured by recording the fluorescence emission of the fusion protein mRFP-GFP-LC3 by dynamic live-cell imaging.  AS-IV had protective effects against heat-induced reactive oxygen species production and attenuated ER stress. AS IV alleviated heat-induced excessive autophagy in vitro and in vivo. Excessive autophagy was attenuated by the PERK inhibitor GSK2656157 and eIF2α siRNA, suggesting that heat stress-induced autophagy can activate the PERK-eIF2α pathway. Beclin 1 and Atg5 siRNAs inhibited the upregulation of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 after heat exposure.  Thus, AS-IV may attenuate inflammatory responses by disrupting the crosstalk between autophagy and the PERK-eIF2α pathway and may be an ideal agent for treating inflammatory pulmonary diseases.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Long-term results with the laparoscopic transposition of renal lower pole crossing vessels.

For the treatment of ureterovascular pelviureteric junction obstruction (PUJO), transposition of lower pole crossing vessels (LPCV) has been described as an alternative to dismembered pyeloplasty.



To report on the long-term follow-up of children after laparoscopic transposition of LPCV.



A retrospective analysis of 70 children consecutively treated by laparoscopic transposition of LPCV. Candidate patients were selected on the basis of clinical history, renal ultrasound (US), and pre-operative mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG-3) scan. Selection criteria included: presence of LPCV with SFU Grade 1-2 hydronephrosis, impaired drainage on MAG-3 and intraoperative normal pelviureteric junction (PUJ) and ureter peristalsis. Thinned parenchyma, impaired renal function, or history of prenatal hydronephrosis were not considered as exclusion criteria. Children were clinically followed up with US and MAG-3 scan. Success was defined by symptom resolution with improvement in hydronephrosis.



Seventy children, aged 8.3 years (range 2.75-16.0), were selected. Procedures were performed through transperitoneal laparoscopy (n = 42) or were robotic-assisted (n = 28). Operative time was 120 min and length of hospital stay was 2 days. The outcome was successful in 67/70 patients (96%), with a median follow-up of 52 months (range 13-114). There were three failures in children who eventually underwent dismembered pyeloplasty for a symptomatic, undiagnosed, intrinsic PUJ obstruction. Two of them had been postnatally followed for a resolving prenatally diagnosed hydronephrosis. Three children became free of symptoms, had improved hydronephrosis, but still showed impaired drainage on MAG-3 and are being closely followed up.



Although this procedure proves to have long-term efficiency in selected indications, the main challenge is to intraoperatively ascertain the absence of associated intrinsic stenosis. Objective criteria remain difficult to establish, but intraoperative findings, including dependent, funnel-shaped, normal-looking PUJ with decreasing hydronephrosis after pelvis and LPCV mobilisation, and efficient peristalsis across the PUJ under intraoperative diuretic test, represent a low likelihood of associated intrinsic stenosis. Ipsilateral impaired renal function doesn't seem to be associated with an adverse outcome. In contrast, a prenatal history of mild or self-resolving hydronephrosis in a patient later presenting with intermittent dilatation, raises the suspicion of associated intrinsic PUJ obstruction, as it is associated with a higher risk of failure.



With a long postoperative follow-up, the robotic-assisted or laparoscopic vascular hitch procedure has been successful in treating a selected group of children with obstructive LPCV, and represents a safe and reliable alternative to standard dismembered pyeloplasty in the absence of intrinsic PUJO suspected on prenatal US.

Field of study: Medicine
A SVM Method for P2P Traffic Identification based on Multiple Traffic Mode

Support Vector Machines (SVM) algorithms are one of the algorithm s currently applied in Deep Traffic Inspection (DFI) technologies. This paper realizes online real-time traffic information detection, provides a P2P traffic identification system that supports online SVM analysis and offline SVM training function, and demonstrates the thinking of different identification for IP data traffic and IP-Port data traffic. This paper designs different combinations of traffic features for IP data traffic and IP-Port data traffic, analyzes the effectiveness and exactness of these combinations from various function criteria, and based on a lot of experiments, obtains a best SVM kernel function and a combination of parameters that match es the very combination of traffic features.

Field of study: Computer science
Transfer of displacement from multiple slip zones to a major detachment in an extensional regime: Example from the Dead Sea rift, Israel

Fabric development and block rotation related to flexural slip were examined in sedimentary strata draped over a basement normal fault at the western margin of the Dead Sea rift in southern Israel. In addition to documenting differences in deformation style as a function of lithology, this study focuses on the progressive development of flexural-slip horizons and fabric development in extensional settings. Deformation in the intercalated shale, siltstone, carbonate, and gypsum beds of the Turonian Ora Formation is dominated by extension, bedding-plane slip, and block rotation, which occur at different scales and magnitudes throughout the approximately 12 m section. Extension appears as boudinage in carbonate beds and fibrous sigmoidal gypsum veins in shale, whereas strong foliation, highly deformed gypsum veins, and asymmetric folds characterize slip and adjacent drag zones. Magnitude of extension in individual beds is directly related to relative magnitude of adjacent bedding-plane–slip horizons, implying a common origin. Initial flexural slip was lithologically controlled, with displacement occurring along numerous narrow zones throughout shale and siltstone horizons. Continued top-to-the-west bedding-plane slip, however, led to antithetic block rotation within competent beds, which in turn resulted in the termination of slip along zones abutting block-bounding faults. As block size increased during progressive development of flexural slip, so did the spacing between active slip zones. Therefore, rigid block rotation within subhorizontal simple shear zones provided the mechanism for concentrating flexural slip along several major detachments during extension of the Ora Formation above a basin-bounding normal fault.

Field of study: Geology
Noise in x-ray grating-based phase-contrast imaging.

Grating-based x-ray phase-contrast imaging is a fast developing new modality not only for medical imaging, but as well for other fields such as material sciences. While these many possible applications arise, the knowledge of the noise behavior is essential.



In this work, the authors used a least squares fitting algorithm to calculate the noise behavior of the three quantities absorption, differential phase, and dark-field image. Further, the calculated error formula of the differential phase image was verified by measurements. Therefore, a Talbot interferometer was setup, using a microfocus x-ray tube as source and a Timepix detector for photon counting. Additionally, simulations regarding this topic were performed.



It turned out that the variance of the reconstructed phase is only dependent of the total number of photons used to generate the phase image and the visibility of the experimental setup. These results could be evaluated in measurements as well as in simulations. Furthermore, the correlation between absorption and dark-field image was calculated.



These results provide the understanding of the noise characteristics of grating-based phase-contrast imaging and will help to improve image quality.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics