nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Deforming Convex Hypersurfaces by Curvature Functions

We study the motion of any smooth, closed and uniformly convex hypersurface in R contracting along its normal vectorfield with the speed given by some suitable smooth, positive and symmetric function of the principal curvatures, including any power of the m-th mean curvature. We prove that the surface remains uniformly convex for a finite time interval and then shrinks to a single point. No pinching condition is needed in the discussion.

Field of study: Philosophy
Electrochemical oxygen separation and compression using planar, cosintered ceramics

Cosintered, planar electrochemical devices were used to separate and compress oxygen at pressures as high as 2 MPa. Thin samaria-doped ceria electrolytes (CSO) were mechanically supported by porous electrodes and dense microchannel layers. Composite electrodes, comprised of CSO and La 1 −  x Sr x Co 0.2 Fe 0.8 O 3 −  δ (LSCF) particles, were used for cathodic and anodic reactions. The incoming air and the separated oxygen were manifolded through microchannel layers composed of La 1 −  y Ca y MnO 3 (LCM), a dense electrically conductive ceramic. Multiple green ceramic tape layers were featured by laser cutting before lamination. The laminated structure was cosintered to produce a functional microchanneled electrochemical device or couple suitable for electrically driven oxygen separation at temperatures > 600 °C. Multiple couples were assembled into stacks and connected electrically in series to generate the oxygen flow desired. The high chemical expansion of the electrodes resulted in microcracking, which facilitated the operation of this planar device without damage to the electrolyte. The thermal expansion of the LCM can be tailored to eliminate residual tensile stress in the electrolyte. Fabrication challenges include the different initial sintering temperatures and varying sintering rates of the materials. Good bonding between layers during cosintering enables the device to withstand internal oxygen pressures high enough to be used for many applications requiring pressurized high-purity oxygen; without the aid of an auxiliary mechanical endload.

Field of study: Materials science
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and TNF‐related molecules in HIV‐1+ individuals: relationship with in vitro Thl/Th2‐type response

We examined the secretion and expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of TNF‐α and TNF‐related molecules with regard to Th1/Th2‐type cytokine production. In 76 HIV+ patients at different disease stages and in 25 controls we measured cytokine (TNF‐α/β, interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐10), and activation marker secretion (sCD4, sCD8, sCD30) in phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)‐stimulated and unstimulated PBMC cultures by ELISA, and membrane‐bound TNF‐α and CD30 expression by flow cytometry. We found an expansion of the TNF system in HIV+ individuals, that positively correlated with TNF‐α, IFN‐γ and sCD8, probably representing activation of the cytotoxic compartment. In advanced disease these correlations disappeared, and TNF‐α and TNF‐related molecules positively correlated with IL‐10. Our results are in line with the hypothesis that an expanded TNF system is immunopathological in conjunction with Th2‐type immunity in the advanced stage of disease and with the inexorable progression to disease seen when both IL‐10 and TNF‐α are elevated.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Design of Rural Water Supply System Using LOOP 4.0

1 PG Student (Hydraulic structure), Civil Engineering Department, The Maharaja Sayajirao University, Baroda 2 Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department, The Maharaja Sayajirao University, Baroda Abstract— Water is a valuable resource, used as the main raw material by our civilization. This paper concerns for the design of rural water distribution system in developing countries. Approximate 68% population of India is staying in the rural area (census 2011, India). For this study, water supply distribution system is designed for population estimated for future 30 years. The heuristic software LOOP version 4.0 has been used for designing best economical water distribution system. Intermittent water supply planned for the study with considering 100 lpcd water consumption. The economical diameter of water supply distribution system is designed by considering the constraint such as residual nodal pressure, velocity of flow in pipe, pipe material, reservoir level, peak factor and available commercial pipe diameters. Estimated population, Water distribution network design, LOOP version 4.0 software, Economical diameter, Rural water distribution system

Field of study: Engineering
An alternative approach to calculating Area-Under-the-Curve (AUC) in delay discounting research.

Applied to delay discounting data, Area-Under-the-Curve (AUC) provides an atheoretical index of the rate of delay discounting. The conventional method of calculating AUC, by summing the areas of the trapezoids formed by successive delay-indifference point pairings, does not account for the fact that most delay discounting tasks scale delay pseudoexponentially, that is, time intervals between delays typically get larger as delays get longer. This results in a disproportionate contribution of indifference points at long delays to the total AUC, with minimal contribution from indifference points at short delays. We propose two modifications that correct for this imbalance via a base-10 logarithmic transformation and an ordinal scaling transformation of delays. These newly proposed indices of discounting, AUClog d and AUCor d, address the limitation of AUC while preserving a primary strength (remaining atheoretical). Re-examination of previously published data provides empirical support for both AUClog d and AUCor d . Thus, we believe theoretical and empirical arguments favor these methods as the preferred atheoretical indices of delay discounting.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Brou\'e's abelian defect group conjecture for the sporadic simple Janko group J_4 revisited

We show that the 3-block of the sporadic simple Janko group J_4 with defect group C_3 x C_3, and the principal 3-block of the alternating group A_8 are Puig equivalent, answering a question posed in earlier work of Koshitani-Kunugi-Waki. To accomplish this, we apply computational techniques, in particular an explicit version of the Brauer construction.

Field of study: Mathematics
NMR investigation on molecular mobility of pyrazole and pyridazineintercalated in layered α-zirconium phosphate

Intercalation compounds of α-zirconium phosphate with pyrazole and pyridazine have been investigated by solid state NMR measurements, in order to have information about the proton conduction mechanism.13C chemical shifts, obtained under CP MAS conditions, show that both heterocycle guest molecules are in the protonated state, at least partially. Proton spin-spin relaxation experiments have been carried out in the temperature range 200–400 K. At 273 K no molecular motions occur in either sample on the measurement time scale. With increasing temperature, a narrow component appears in the free induction decay of the pyrazole intercalate, which can be assigned to proton containing fragments involved in translational diffusion. This component is absent when all the mobile acidic protons are substituted by deuterons; this excludes translational mobility of the guest molecules and supports the Grotthus type mechanism previously proposed. No significant changes are observed in the free induction decay of the pyridazine intercalate with increasing temperature, thus indicating hindered rotation up to 350 K. These interpretations agree with the results obtained for both intercalation compounds from spin-lattice relaxation experiments in the temperature range 150–350 K.

Field of study: Materials science
Linking ecodevelopment and biodiversity conservation at the Great Himalayan National Park, India: lessons learned

There are very few actual field experiences of initiatives where fostering a harmonious relationship between conservation and development has been attempted. It is even rarer to find an example of a state-led initiative such as at Great Himalayan National Park (GHNP). The present paper is an attempt to document efforts made at the Park to address the emerging relations between people and the Park. The success of an environmental conservation programme being implemented at GHNP hinges on addressing the imbalances in resource creation or distribution as well as in the allocation of accountability of all the players including the Park management, NGOs, researchers, Friends of GHNP, and community.

Field of study: Environmental science
Influence of the jahn-teller-effect onto theU-center local mode absorption

The triply-degenerate local mode of theU-center is coupled to non-degenerate, doubly-degenerate, and triply-degenerate lattice vibrations. Because of the coupling to degenerate lattice vibrations an optical Jahn-Teller-Effect is to be expected which influences the structural form of the side-band. To investigate this influence the absorption band belonging to the triply-degenerate lattice vibrations has been calculated. A response formalism employing double-time thermodynamic Green's functions has been used. The numerical calculation is done for KBr. Our result exhibits a considerable deviation of the structural form from the one in which the dynamical mixing due to the Jahn-Teller-effect has been neglected.

Field of study: Physics
Ginkgolide B Inhibits Human Bladder Cancer Cell Migration and Invasion Through MicroRNA-223-3p

Ginkgolide B (GB) is currently used as an anticancer drug for treatment of some malignant cancers. However, whether it may have therapeutic effects on bladder cancer remains unknown. Here, we studied the effects of GB on bladder cancer cells.  Bladder cells were treated with different doses of GB, and the effects on ZEB1 and microRNA-223-3p (miR-223-3p) were analyzed by RT-qPCR and/or Western blot. Prediction of a regulatory relationship between miR-93 and 3'-UTR of Beclin-1 mRNA was performed by a bioinformatics algorithm and confirmed by a dual luciferase reporter assay.  We found that GB dose-dependently decreased ZEB1 protein, but not mRNA, in bladder cancer cells, resulting in suppression of cell invasion. Moreover, in bladder cancer cells, GB dose-dependently decreased the levels of miR-223-3p, which suppressed the protein translation of ZEB1 through binding to 3'-UTR of ZEB1 mRNA. Overexpression of miR-223-3p decreased ZEB1 protein, while depletion of miR-223-3p increased ZEB1 protein in bladder cancer cells.  GB inhibits bladder cancer cell invasiveness through suppressing ZEB1 protein translation via upregulating miR-223-3p.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Die Sklavenbefreiung in Brasilien, eine soziale Frage fur die Kirche? Die Katholische Kirche und das Ende der Sklaverei in der Kaffeeprovinz Sao Paulo, 1871-1888 (review)

riences of these few hundred people cannot stand for all of Panama’s poor, they are nonetheless broadly representative. In this respect, although Rudolf makes good use of earlier work (especially Steven Gudeman’s now classic studies of peasant life in Veraguas), she would have strengthened her conclusions by comparison with Stanley Heckadon Moreno’s Cuando se acaban los montes (Editorial Universitaria; Instituto de Investigaciones Tropicales Smithsonian, 1983), which deals with some of the same transformations in Los Santos Province. In a fitting tribute to Rudolf’s committed research, a Spanish-language edition of the monograph was presented to the public in the town of Coclé in July 2000 at an event attended by Panamanian social scientists and many of the inhabitants of Loma Bonita.

Field of study: History
Drivers of epsilonproteobacterial community composition in sulfidic caves and springs.

Epsilonproteobacteria are widely distributed in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments, although most well-studied groups are from hydrothermal vents and the human intestinal tract. The environmental variables that control epsilonproteobacterial communities in sulfidic terrestrial environments, however, are poorly understood. Here, the environmental variables that influence epsilonproteobacterial community composition in geographically separated sulfidic caves and springs were determined by coarse and fine-scale approaches: denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiling of 23S rRNA PCR amplicons and clone library sequencing of the 16S-ITS-23S rRNA operon. Sequences retrieved from this study were not closely related to cultured representatives, indicating that existing culture collections do not adequately capture the diversity of terrestrial Epsilonproteobacteria. Comparisons of 16S-ITS-23S rRNA operon sequences from four sites revealed that some distant communities (> 8000 km) share closely related populations of Epsilonproteobacteria, while other sites have nearly clonal and phylogenetically distinct populations. Statistical evaluations of sequence data reveal that multiple environmental variables (e.g. temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and bicarbonate concentrations) influence Epsilonproteobacteria community composition. Locations with clonal populations tended to be from higher temperatures and intermediate dissolved oxygen concentrations. rRNA operon sequences outside of the 16S rRNA gene may be critical to recognizing environmental drivers of epsilonproteobacterial community composition.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Psychometric Properties of the Expanded Version of the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms in a Turkish Population

The study examined psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms-II (IDAS-II) in a Turkish sample. The sample consisted of nonclinical (N = 931) and clinical (N = 208) individuals. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that Turkish IDAS-II was similar to the original IDAS-II and supported the construct validity of the test. The Turkish IDAS-II showed good internal consistency, significant acceptable retest correlations, and was sensitive to changes over time. The Turkish IDAS-II also showed good convergent and discriminant validity in relation to the Beck Depression Inventory, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Mood Disorder Questionnaire, the Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory, the Panic Agoraphobia Scale, and the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Version. Discriminant analyses revealed that the subscales of the Turkish IDAS-II significantly differentiated healthy controls from outpatients. The Turkish IDAS-II is a reliable and valid measure for assessing symptoms of depression and anxiety in Turkish-speaking participants.

Field of study: Psychology
Genome-wide association and pathway analysis of feed efficiency in pigs reveal candidate genes and pathways for residual feed intake

Residual feed intake (RFI) is a complex trait that is economically important for livestock production; however, the genetic and biological mechanisms regulating RFI are largely unknown in pigs. Therefore, the study aimed to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), candidate genes and biological pathways involved in regulating RFI using Genome-wide association (GWA) and pathway analyses. A total of 596 Yorkshire boars with phenotypes for two different measures of RFI (RFI1 and 2) and 60k genotypic data was used. GWA analysis was performed using a univariate mixed model and 12 and 7 SNPs were found to be significantly associated with RFI1 and RFI2, respectively. Several genes such as xin actin-binding repeat-containing protein 2 (XIRP2),tetratricopeptide repeat domain 29 (TTC29),suppressor of glucose, autophagy associated 1 (SOGA1),MAS1,G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinase 5 (GRK5),prospero-homeobox protein 1 (PROX1),GPCR 155 (GPR155), and FYVE domain containing the 26 (ZFYVE26) were identified as putative candidates for RFI based on their genomic location in the vicinity of these SNPs. Genes located within 50 kbp of SNPs significantly associated with RFI and RFI2 (q-value ≤ 0.2) were subsequently used for pathway analyses. These analyses were performed by assigning genes to biological pathways and then testing the association of individual pathways with RFI using a Fisher’s exact test. Metabolic pathway was significantly associated with both RFIs. Other biological pathways regulating phagosome, tight junctions, olfactory transduction, and insulin secretion were significantly associated with both RFI traits when relaxed threshold for cut-off p-value was used (p ≤ 0.05). These results implied porcine RFI is regulated by multiple biological mechanisms, although the metabolic processes might be the most important. Olfactory transduction pathway controlling the perception of feed via smell, insulin pathway controlling food intake might be important pathways for RFI. Furthermore, our study revealed key genes and genetic variants that control feed efficiency that could potentially be useful for genetic selection of more feed efficient pigs.

Field of study: Biology
Preparation of glucose-sensitive chitosan-polyacrylic acid microcapsule and its characterization

Chitosan-polyacrylic acid(PAAC) microcapsules were prepared by reverse emulsion polymerization method with atoleine as oil phase and chitosan as water phase.GOD was immobilized onto the PAAC-grafted chitosan microcapsules by a carbodiimide method.The chitosan-PAAC microcapsules were characterized by infrared radiation spectroscopy,scanning electron microscope,ultraviolet spectrophotometer.Rhodamine B was chosen as a model molecule to vertify the controlled-release of microcapsule.The results show that the prepared microcapsule is circular and has a rough surface,inaddition,the release rate of Rhodamine B increases dramatically in the presence of 0.2 mol/L glucose.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Relating ion binding by fulvic and humic acids to chemical composition and molecular size. 1. Proton binding.

Proton binding by a soil fulvic acid, humic acid, and a set of size fractions of the humic acid was studied as a function of pH and ionic strength by potentiometric titrations. The negative charge of the humic substances resulting from deprotonation of acidic functional groups generally increased with increasing pH and increasing ionic strength. At any given pH and ionic strength, the fulvic acid fraction exhibited much higher negative charge than the humic acid fraction. For the size-fractionated humic acids, negative charge decreased steadily with increasing apparent molecular weight, as determined by size exclusion chromatography. Observed differences in proton binding by the various humic substances corresponded well to differences in functional group composition, which has been extensively characterized in a previous study using a combination of analytical techniques. The proton binding behavior of the humic substances was described very well by the consistent NICA-Donnan model. However, when all adjustable model parameters were determined using a least-squares minimization technique without introducing parameter constraints, the values of some parameters turned out physically and chemically unreasonable. Therefore, we propose to derive some model parameters from chemical characterization results obtained by size exclusion chromatography and solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy. Using this approach, we obtained excellent descriptions of all titration data, and the model parameter values were more consistent and chemically reasonable. Our results demonstrate that characterization results of humic substances can be used in NICA-Donnan modeling to reduce the number of free fitting parameters without arbitrary constraints and, thereby, obtaining a more reliable database for environmental modeling.

Field of study: Environmental science
Spontaneous Rayleigh-Brillouin scattering of ultraviolet light in nitrogen, dry air, and moist air.

Atmospheric lidar techniques for the measurement of wind, temperature, and optical properties of aerosols rely on the exact knowledge of the spectral line shape of the scattered laser light on molecules. We report on spontaneous Rayleigh-Brillouin scattering measurements in the ultraviolet at a scattering angle of 90 degrees on N(2) and on dry and moist air. The measured line shapes are compared to the Tenti S6 model, which is shown to describe the scattering line shapes in air at atmospheric pressures with small but significant deviations. We demonstrate that the line profiles of N(2) and air under equal pressure and temperature conditions differ significantly, and that this difference can be described by the S6 model. Moreover, we show that even a high water vapor content in air up to a volume fraction of 3.6vol.% has no influence on the line shape of the scattered light. The results are of relevance for the future spaceborne lidars on ADM-Aeolus (Atmospheric Dynamics Mission) and EarthCARE (Earth Clouds, Aerosols, and Radiation Explorer).

Field of study: Physics
Minimally invasive palliative resection of lumbar epidural metastasis.

Spinal metastatic lesions are the most common tumors encountered by spinal surgeons. As with procedures for degenerative disease, minimally invsive surgery techniques have been applied to minimize muscle and soft tissue destruction in procedures for tumor resection. Here, we present a 23-year-old female with radiculopathy and foot drop secondary to nerve root compression by epidural metastases from Ewing's sarcoma. This patient had a history of previous resection and instrumentation as well as multiple rounds of chemotherapy and radiation that failed to control her disease. The patient presented with three weeks of radicular pain and foot drop that was continuing to worsen at the time of her operation. The decision was therefore made to perform a palliative resection and decompression for relief of her progressive symptoms. In this video, we demonstrate a palliative tumor debulking and nerve root decompression utilizing an MIS approach. The video can be found here: http://youtu.be/tq4kbvKTebI.

Field of study: Medicine
Intrinsic cultural heritages of Guangzhou Asian Games

The authors predicted the effects of Guangzhou Asian Games 2010 on the ideology of and academic re-searches on Guangzhou spirit and Asian value,as well as hefty urban intrinsic cultural heritages that may be passed down by its communication,literature and art to the demonstration of Guangzhou’s graceful bearing and Asian ele-gant demeanor,the construction of Guangzhou as a learning type metropolis,the promotion of traditional Chinese culture with Guangzhou and Lingnan features,and the building of personality of Guangzhou citizens,and thus pre-dicted that careful planning,powerful measures,extensive promotion and comprehensive participation will greatly boost the spiritual and cultural construction and the enhancement of soft strength and symbolic capital of Guang-zhou and Guangdong,and even the multi-elemental coexistence of cultural modernization of the entire China and national culture of all countries in Asia.

Field of study: Education