nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamically anomalous regions and possible new signals of mixed-phase formation

Using an advanced version of the hadron resonance gas model we have found indications for irregularities in data for hadrons produced in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. These include an abrupt change of the effective number of degrees of freedom, a change of the slope of the ratio of lambda hyperons to protons at laboratory energies 8.6-11.6A GeV, as well as a plateau in the collision-energy dependence of the thermal pion number per baryon at laboratory energies 6.9-11.6A GeV. We also find hints for the existence of plateaus in the collision-energy dependence of the entropy per baryon and the total pion number per baryon, which are correlated to the one of the thermal pion number per baryon at the same collision-energy range. Also, we observe a sharp peak in the dimensionless trace anomaly at a laboratory energy of 11.6A GeV. On the basis of the generalized shock-adiabat model we demonstrate that these observations give evidence for the anomalous thermodynamic properties of the mixed phase at its boundary to the quark-gluon plasma. We argue that the trace-anomaly peak and the local minimum of the generalized specific volume observed at a laboratory energy of 11.6A GeV provide a signal for the formation of a mixed phase between the quark-gluon plasma and the hadron phase. This naturally explains the change of slope in the energy dependence of the yield of lambda hyperons per proton at a laboratory energy of 8.6A GeV.

Field of study: Physics
miRNome Reveals New Insights Into the Molecular Biology of Field Cancerization in Gastric Cancer

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in gastric carcinogenesis and have been associated with gastric field cancerization; however, their role is not fully understood in this process. We performed the miRNome sequencing of non-cancerous, adjacent to tumor and gastric cancer samples to understand the involvement of these small RNAs in gastric field cancerization.  We analyzed samples of patients without cancer as control (non-cancerous gastric samples) and adjacent to cancer and gastric cancer paired samples, and considered miRNAs with |log2(fold change)| > 2 and Padj < 0.05 to be statistically significant. The identification of target genes, functional analysis and enrichment in KEGG pathways were realized in the TargetCompare, miRTargetLink, and DAVID tools. We also performed receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and miRNAs that had an AUC > 0.85 were considered to be potential biomarkers.  We found 14 miRNAs exclusively deregulated in gastric cancer, of which six have potential diagnostic value for advanced disease. Nine miRNAs with known tumor suppressor activities (TS-miRs) were deregulated exclusively in adjacent tissue. Of these, five have potential diagnostic value for the early stages of gastric cancer. Functional analysis of these TS-miRs revealed that they regulate important cellular signaling pathways (PI3K-Akt, HIF-1, Ras, Rap1, ErbB, and MAPK signaling pathways), that are involved in gastric carcinogenesis. Seven miRNAs were differentially expressed in both gastric cancer and adjacent regarding to non-cancerous tissues; among them, hsa-miR-200a-3p and hsa-miR-873-5p have potential diagnostic value for early and advanced stages of the disease. Only hsa-miR-196a-5p was differentially expressed between adjacent to cancer and gastric cancer tissues. In addition, the other miRNAs identified in this study were not differentially expressed between adjacent to cancer and gastric cancer, suggesting that these tissues are very similar and that share these molecular changes.  Our results show that gastric cancer and adjacent tissues have a similar miRNA expression profile, indicating that studied miRNAs are intimately associated with field cancerization in gastric cancer. The overexpression of TS-miRs in adjacent tissues may be a barrier against tumorigenesis within these pre-cancerous conditions prior to the eventual formation or relapse of a tumor. Additionally, these miRNAs have a great accuracy in discriminating non-cancerous from adjacent to tumor and cancer tissues and can be potentially useful as biomarkers for gastric cancer.

Field of study: Biology
Management of Liver Trauma in Kuwait

The aim of this study was to introduce the concept of non-operative management (NOM) for blunt liver trauma by establishing a protocol and a prospective Liver Trauma Registry in Kuwait.  A prospective Liver Trauma Registry was started in 4 hospitals and it included 117 patients who had sustained blunt liver trauma (94 men and 23 women). Unstable patients were taken to surgery while stable patients were managed conservatively regardless of the grade of liver injury. High-grade (III-VI) liver injuries were managed in collaboration with the liver surgery specialist.  The mean age of the 117 patients was 29.02 ± 11.18 years (range 7-63). NOM was successful in 94 (96%) patients and failed in 4 (4%) (these 4 then underwent successful surgery). Nineteen (16.2%) were unstable and underwent surgery immediately; 15 (79%) of them survived (they had had grade III-V injuries) and 4 died (2 with grade V injuries and 2 with grade VI injuries). Perihepatic packing was necessary in 8/19 (42%) patients. The overall mortality was 3.4% (4/117).  This study showed that NOM was successful in a majority of patients with blunt liver trauma. In addition, it confirmed that the magnitude of liver injury and haemoperitoneum did not preclude NOM as long as the patient was haemodynamically stable.

Field of study: Medicine
Die Verschiebung der Isotopenhäufigkeiten im Lösungsgleichgewicht Blausäure-Eisessig

ZusammenfassungEs wird die Verschiebung des Mischungsverhältnisses der Kohlenstoff- und Stickstoffisotope zwischen gasförmiger und in Eisessig gelöster Blausäure gemessen. Ziel der Untersuchung ist die Klärung der Frage, ob die Isotopenverschiebung in einem Lösungsgleichgewicht auf den Gitterschwingungen der Lösung, oder auf einer Beeinflussung der inneren Schwingungen der gelösten Molekel beruht. Da sich für das Verhältnis der Isotopenverschiebungen beim Kohlenstoff und Stickstoff ein merklich von 1 abweichender Wert ergibt (1,74 ±0,3), wird geschlossen, daß die Beeinflussung derinneren Schwingungen für den Isotopieeffekt wesentlich ist. Für den13C- und15N-Austausch werden im einzelnen die Gleichgewichtskonstanten α (13C)=1,0019 ±0,0006 und a (15N)=1,0011 ±0,0005 gefunden. Beide Isotope reichern sich in derflüssigen Phase an.

Field of study: Physics
Stable isotope (δ18O and δ13C) sclerochronology of Callovian (Middle Jurassic) bivalves (Gryphaea (Bilobissa) dilobotes) and belemnites (Cylindroteuthis puzosiana) from the Peterborough Member of the Oxford Clay Formation (Cambridgeshire, England): Evidence of palaeoclimate, water depth and belemnit

Incremental δ 18 O and δ 13 C signals were obtained from three well-preserved specimens of Cylindroteuthis puzosiana and from three well-preserved specimens of Gryphaea ( Bilobissa ) dilobotes from the Peterborough Member of the Oxford Clay Formation (Cambridgeshire, England). Through-ontogeny (sclerochronological) δ 18 O data from G. ( B. ) dilobotes appear to faithfully record seasonal temperature variations in benthic Callovian waters of the study area, which range from c . 14 °C to c . 17 °C (arithmetic mean temperature c . 15 °C). Water depth is estimated to have been in the region of c . 50 m, based upon comparisons between these data, previously published non-incremental sea surface δ 18 O values, and a modern analogue situation. Productivity in Callovian waters was comparable with that in modern seas, based upon δ 13 C data from G. ( B. ) dilobotes , with 13 C depletion occurring during warmer periods, possibly related to an interaction between plankton blooms and intra-annual variations in mixing across a thermocline. Incremental δ 18 O data from C. puzosiana provide temperature minima of c . 11 °C for all specimens but with maxima varying between c . 14 °C and c . 16 °C for different individuals (arithmetic mean values c . 13 °C). Temperatures for late ontogeny, when the C. puzosiana individuals must have been living close to the study site and hence the analysed specimens of G. ( B .) dilobotes , are closely comparable to those indicated by the latter. However, for significant portions of ontogeny C. puzosiana experienced temperatures between c . 2 °C and c . 3 °C cooler than the winter minimum as recorded by co-occurring G. ( B. ) dilobotes . Comparisons with modern seas suggest that descent to a depth of c . 1000 m would be necessary to explain such cool minimum temperatures. This can be discounted due to the lack of deep waters locally and due to estimates of the depth tolerance of belemnites. The most likely cause of cool δ 18 O signals from C. puzosiana is a cosmopolitan lifestyle including migration to more northerly latitudes. Mean δ 13 C values from C. puzosiana are comparable with those from G. ( B. ) dilobotes . However, the incrementally acquired data are highly variable and probably influenced by metabolic effects. The probable identification of migratory behaviour in C. puzosiana calls into question the reliability of some belemnite species as place-specific palaeoenvironmental archives and highlights the benefits of adopting a sclerochronological approach.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
The phosphorus legacy offers opportunities for agro ecological transition (France 1850-2075)

Management of the non-renewable resource phosphorus (P) is critical to agricultural sustainability. The global P cycle is currently disturbed beyond planetary boundaries, mostly due to large excess P use in the agriculture of industrialized countries, while P is lacking in the Global South. The trajectories of P management and their effects on future sustainable agriculture were investigated for the case of France from 1850 to 2015 based on empirical data and simulations of two coupled biogeochemical models. Here we show that while French cropland soils have accumulated significant amounts of P, mainly sourced from former colonies or protectorates, P reserves in grassland soils have been depleted. Scenario calculations indicate that current P reserves may on average allow for another 60 years of agricultural production without mineral P application. In the light of a possible upcoming P scarcity, this time frame offers an opportunity for a transition towards regionally closed P loops and enhanced sustainability, allowing for fairer international distribution of P resources in the future.

Field of study: Environmental science
Characteristics of nitrogen mineralization of maize stalk in lime concretion black soil.

The processes and characteristics of nitrogen mineralization in lime concretion black soil in the north of the Huai River of Anhui Province were studied with an interval leached aerial incubation at various temperature(10℃,20℃ and 30℃) and different C/N ratios.The results showed that soil nitrogen net mineralized amount increased as the extension of incubation time under different treatments,while under the same C/N ratios condition it increased with the temperature rising.The result was analyzed with non-linear regression procedure of SPSS software indicated that three models(one-pool model,two-pool model and special model) could significantly fit the experimental data.The soil nitrogen mineralization potential No and nitrogen mineralization rate constant Ko was calculated from one-pool model,and affected by different temperature and C/N ratios.The nitrogen mineralization potential No increased with the increasing of temperature,while under the same condition of incubation temperature,No would be increased with the increasing of C/N ratios.There were close relationships between Ko and C/N ratios,while under the same temperature condition the C/N ratios increased but Ko decreased.Both the two-pool model and special model fitted the the experimental data better than one-pool model suggested that it would be more reasonable and practical to divide the organic nitrogen pool into easily decomposable plant materials Na and resistant plant materials Nr.Nr was deeply affected by temperature,and its value decreased from higher temperature to lower temperature.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Detecting the Internal Distribution and Structure 
of Pd-Doped Ag Wire Bonds Using an RF Technique

A vector network analyzer was used to obtain the S parameters of Pd-doped Ag-alloy wire bonds up to 67 GHz. The alternating-current (AC) resistance was extracted at around 3 GHz, 8 GHz, 16 GHz, and 20 GHz before the resonance; it was found that Ag alloy wire bonds with 3.5 wt.% Pd had the lowest AC resistance, with consistent trends at these frequencies. Because Pd has higher resistance than silver, and at high frequencies the current tends to be distributed at the periphery (according to the skin effect), the inward movement of Pd can account for this lowest AC resistance. Analytical methods including electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and focused ion beam (FIB) were employed to determine whether Pd had higher concentration in the central region for Ag wire with 3.5 wt.% Pd. EPMA and EDS showed evidence of higher Pd concentration in the central area for Ag wires with 3.5 wt.% Pd. Also, from FIB micrographs, the central area of the Ag wires with 3.5 wt.% Pd had regions of high-angle grain structure, which may explain why the Ag wires with 3.5 wt.% Pd performed better in reliability testing. It is hypothesized that regions of high-angle grain structure are associated with higher Pd concentration in the core region, but verification of this hypothesis lies beyond the scope of this work.

Field of study: Materials science
Are football referees really biased and inconsistent? Evidence on the incidence of disciplinary sanction in the English Premier League

The paper presents a statistical analysis of patterns in the incidence of disciplinary sanction (yellow and red cards) that were taken against players in the English Premier League over the period 1996-2003. Several questions concerning sources of inconsistency and bias in refereeing standards are examined. Evidence is found to support a time consistency hypothesis, that the average incidence of disciplinary sanction is predominantly stable over time. However, a refereeing consistency hypothesis, that the incidence of disciplinary sanction does not vary between referees, is rejected. The tendency for away teams to incur more disciplinary points than home teams cannot be attributed to the home advantage effect on match results and appears to be due to a refereeing bias favouring the home team.

Field of study: Mathematics
Unruptured intracranial aneurysms: natural history and management decisions.

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) carries a grim prognosis, with high mortality and morbidity rates. The mortality rate in the first 30 days postrupture is estimated to be in the range of 40 to 50%, and almost half of the survivors will be left with a neurological deficit. Unlike patients with aneurysmal SAH, those with unruptured intracranial aneurysms usually experience no neurological deficit, and their treatment is prophylactic, aiming to reduce the risk of future bleeding and its consequences. The risk of rupture therefore assumes special importance when making decisions regarding which patient or aneurysm to treat. In previous reports the risk of bleeding for unruptured aneurysms has been stated as approximately 2% per year. The retrospective part of the International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms (ISUIA) reported very low annual bleeding rates (0.05-1%) and high surgical morbidity and mortality rates (8-18%), prompting discussion in which the benefits of prophylactic treatment in the majority of these lesions were questioned. Prospective data from the second part of the ISUIA recently included rupture rates ranging from 0 to 10% per year. The aim of this paper was to review the evidence that is currently available for neurosurgeons to use when making decisions regarding patients who would benefit from treatment of an unruptured intracranial aneurysm.

Field of study: Medicine
Science with an ngVLA: Offset Active Galactic Nuclei.

Gravitational-wave (GW) and gravitational slingshot recoil kicks, which are natural products of SMBH evolution in merging galaxies, can produce active galactic "nuclei" that are offset from the centers of their host galaxies. Detections of offset AGN would provide key constraints on SMBH binary mass and spin evolution and on GW event rates. Although numerous offset AGN candidates have been identified, none have been definitively confirmed. The ngVLA offers unparalleled capabilities to identify and confirm candidate offset AGN from sub-parsec to kiloparsec scales, opening a new avenue for multi-messenger studies in the dawn of low-frequency GW astronomy.

Field of study: Physics
The Effect of Group Work and Portfolio in Writing Activities on Developing the Linguistic and Discourse Competences of the EFL Students at Al Al-Bayt University

This study aimed at investigating the effect of group work and portfolio on developing the linguistic and discourse competence of the EFL students at Al-al-Bayt university in Mafraq city in Jordan. The researcher, who is simultaneously an instructor in the department of English language and literature at Al al-Bayt university, conducted her study on the purposeful sample of the obligatory writing 2 course students who are all English major students from 2 nd , 3 rd , and fourth years. The participants of the study were distributed in the only two writing 2 sections in the first semester of the academic year 2013/2014. They were randomly distributed into two sections, each of 30 male and female EFL students. The experimental group was taught writing the essay through group work and using portfolio whereas the control group was taught writing the essay through the conventional way. At the beginning of the semester, both groups were pre-tested in writing an essay about a chosen topic, and similarly, at the end of the semester, they were post- tested by being asked to write an essay about the same topic of the pre-test. The researcher analyzed and counted the linguistic various errors in their writings in both tests of the two groups; she also quantitatively measured the frequencies of using discourse elements in both tests of both groups. She then calculated the means and standard deviations of both groups' frequencies in order to find any significant differences due to the treatments used. The findings of the study showed that both groups performed better in their discourse competences; on the other hand, both groups showed some progress in some areas of their linguistic competences. According to the interviews with the participants of the experimental group, all students appreciated using portfolio and assured that it improved their linguistic and discourse competences. However, most students valuated group or peer work and their positive impact on their linguistic and discourse competences. Key word s : Portfolio, Group Work, Linguistic Competence, Discourse Competence.

Field of study: Education
Departmental Secretaries: Appointment, Termination and their Impact

This report examines the conditions of appointment and termination of departmental secretaries in the APS and considers the impact of these conditions on: the secretaries themselves; the potential pool from which secretaries are drawn; and the likely continuing influence on the way in which the APS operates. 
 
 
 
The report is based on reviews of the literature on the appointments of departmental secretaries and of the legislative changes made in the last decades. It also draws from a series of interviews with 20 past and present secretaries. The interviews were conducted in October and December 1996, after a number of secretaries had been terminated by the new government but in most cases before the government paper on public service reform was released 
 
 
 
The report is divided into two main sections: the first section analyses the changing conditions of service and tenure, the appointment and termination of secretaries and pay and conditions; the second section analyses the impact of the changes under three headings and explores the future implications.

Field of study: Political science
A simple metal-semiconductor substructure for the advanced thermo-mechanical numerical modeling of the power integrated circuits

The lifetime of power DMOS devices subjected to Thermal Induced Plastic Metal Deformation (TPMD) is highly dependent on the design of the metallization systems and thus requires the understanding of temperature, stress and strain distribution. This paper introduces and studies via numerical simulations with finite element method (FEM) a simple three dimensional (3D) transistor substructure commonly found in different high integration BCD technologies, for the assessment of thermo-mechanical phenomena in order to identify the areas of high stress accumulation and failure mechanisms.

Field of study: Engineering
2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-p-DIOXIN (TCDD)-INDUCED DOWN-REGULATION OF GLUCOSE TRANSPORTING ACTIVITIES IN MOUSE 3T3-L1 PREADIPOCYTE

The possibility that 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, while the level of its glucose uptake activity is relatively low, may offer a useful tool for studying the cause for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced “lipolytic response” was studied. It was established first, that TCDD causes reduction of glucose uptake, one of the hallmark events of the lipolytic process. Then the function of c-Src was investigated. The antisense c-src oligonucleotide decreased the inhibitory action of TCDD on glucose uptake activity in a sequence specific manner. Since antisense oligonucleotides are known to own their blocking effects to their ability to reduce translation of proteins, Western blotting analysis was performed to verify their effectiveness. As expected, the treatment of preadipocytes with antisense c-src oligonucleotide reduced c-Src in a sequence specific manner. The treatment of antisense c-src oligonucleotide alone was sufficient to diminish the inhibitory action of TCDD on glucose uptake activity in 3T3-L1 cells, indicating that c-Src is somehow involved in the action of TCDD. In a similar manner, the contribution of c-Fos was investigated using antisense c-fos oligonucleotide, since c-Fos is known to be one of the most affected proteins by c-Src activation among AP-1 members. The treatment of antisense c-fos oligonucleotide did not block the effect of TCDD on glucose uptake activity in 3T3-L1 cells. Therefore, it is unlikely that c-Fos is very important in the lipolytic signal transduction of TCDD mediated through c-Src. In order to determine the relationship between c-Src and c-Myc in the mitotic signal transduction pathway, the effect of antisense c-myc oligonucleotide was investigated. Basically the same result as antisense c-src oligonucleotide experiment was obtained thereby, suggesting the importance of c-Myc as well as c-Src in the signal transduction of TCDD. To show the effect of antisense c-myc oligonucleotide treatment, the level of c-Myc protein by Western blotting and electrophoretic gel-mobility shift assay was assessed. However, antisense c-myc oligonucleotide treatment increased the activity of c-Myc in a sequence specific manner. This may be the result of cellular compensatory response to the initial suppression of c-Myc by antisense treatment. The observation that antisense c-fos oligonucleotide could not block the effect of TCDD, indicates that this preadipocyte model is different from the adipocyte differentiation model.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences