nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Quaternion-Valued Stochastic Gradient-Based Adaptive IIR Filtering

A learning algorithm for the training of quaternion valued adaptive infinite impulse (IIR) filters is introduced. This is achieved by taking into account specific properties of stochastic gradient approximation in the quaternion domain and the recursive nature of the sensitivities within the IIR filter updates, to give the quaternion-valued stochastic gradient algorithm for adaptive IIR filtering (QSG-IIR). Further, to reduce computational complexity, a variant of the QSG-IIR is introduced, which for small stepsizes makes better use of the available information. Stability analysis and simulations on both synthetic and real world 4D data support the approach.

Field of study: Engineering
New maps of Federal coal

Compilation and analysis of publicly available data on Federal coal are resulting in voluminous map sets showing coal isopachs, structure contours, and overburden isopachs on each known minable coal bed. As of the spring of 1981, there are available from the U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Services Section in Denver map sets at 1:24,000 scale or microfiche sets covering approximately 470 of the ultimately 1,400 quadrangles in the program. Because Congress in 1976 mandated the prompt “inventorying” of all unleased Federal coal for Government land-use planning, and because dollars but not employee positions were provided for the work, the U.S. Geological Survey was obliged to contract for the compilations. A typical map set has a short text and about 20 plates, including a data sheet; a Federal mineral ownership map; and correlation charts. For each coal bed, there are isopachs, structure contours, stripping limits, and mining ratios extending as far as the data will permit, regardless of coal ownership. Reserve base tonnages and relative development potentials are calculated, but only for unleased Federal coal areas. Termed “minable” are coal beds at least 1.524 m (5 ft) thick and less than 914.4 m (3,000 ft) deep. For conventional underground mining methods, beds dipping more than 15° are excluded; also excluded are all but 3.66 m (12 ft) of thick beds. For in situ conversion methods, the minimum dip is 15° except for the deep thick beds in the Powder River Basin. Arbitrary parameters classify the development potential of each unleased 16.19-hectare (40-acre) tract as high, moderate, low, unknown, or negative. The former Secretary of the Interior announced his intention to restrict leasing in general to tracts classified as having high to moderate potential for development. Many geologists will find these systematic map compilations to be useful bases for adding new data points and making their own interpretations, correlations, extrapolations, and reserve estimates.

Field of study: Geology
Design of the Ageneric Kinematics Model of Five-axis Machine Tools

This paper presents a generic five-axis model for various five-axis machine tools.It establishes a universal 5-axis machine tool mechanism model using mechanism theory and based on the analysis of three typical five-axis machine structures which has four rotational degrees of freedom(DOF),two rotational DOF on the fixture table and two rotational DOF on the spindle respectively.The generalized kinematics model of five-axis machines is constructed by combining the analytical equations for NC data are determined through homogeneous coordinate transformation matrix together with forward and inverse kinematics.The derived five-axis NC code expression is a general expression for all kinds of five-axis machine tools with three linear axes and two rotational axes.Moreover,the NC data for a specific machine tool can be transformed to the other machine tool configuration using the derived analytical equations.The implement of this model not only makes NC system having the ability to change the space coordinate,but also makes a spatial kinematics foundation for the development of high CNC system processing of five-axis functions.

Field of study: Computer science
Adsorption performance of silica gel/molecular sieve composites

The static adsorption performance of honeycomb monolithic silica gel/molecular sieve composites(HMSMC)was tested,and their dynamic adsorption performance was also measured by using adsorbent bed to simulate the dehumidifying process of rotary-type dehumidifier.The distribution of temperature and humidity inside HMSMC during adsorption and the influences of processing air parameters,such as temperature,humidity and speed on adsorption performance were discussed.The results of experiments showed that the dehumidifying performance of HMSMC excelled honeycomb monolithic silica gel(HMSG),especially under high temperature and low humidity conditions.HMSMC had excellent dehumidifying ability under the low processing air temperature,low air speed,or high relative humidity condition.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Methotrexate reduces antibody responses to recombinant human α‐galactosidase A therapy in a mouse model of Fabry disease

Therapeutic enzymes are often recognized as foreign by the immune system of patients undergoing enzyme replacement therapy. The antibodies that develop may alter pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of the therapeutic protein, may be able to neutralize the activity of the enzyme, or may cause immune reactions in certain patients. We have explored treatment regimens to reduce the antibody response to human α‐galactosidase A (r‐hαGAL) in Fabry (αGAL knock‐out) and normal BALB/c mice. A wide variety of treatment modalities were tested, including high dose tolerance induction, increased frequency of therapeutic doses and immunosuppressive drugs in combination with administration of enzyme. The most substantial effects were observed in mice injected intravenously with r‐hαGAL in combination with methotrexate (MTX), which significantly lowered r‐hαGAL‐specific serum antibody levels. A short course of treatment with MTX was able to reduce antibody and spleen cell proliferative responses to long‐term r‐hαGAL treatment. MTX was able to suppress the development of r‐hαGAL‐specific IgG in antigen‐primed mice. However, MTX was not effective in dampening robust ongoing antibody responses. These experiments provide a framework for the design of clinical protocols to prevent the drug‐specific antibody responses of patients undergoing enzyme replacement therapy.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Structure determination of an FMN reductase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01 using sulfur anomalous signal.

The availability of high-intensity synchrotron facilities, technological advances in data-collection techniques and improved data-reduction and crystallographic software have ushered in a new era in high-throughput macromolecular crystallography. Here, the de novo automated crystal structure determination at 1.28 A resolution of an NAD(P)H-dependent FMN reductase flavoprotein from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01-derived protein Q9I4D4 using the anomalous signal from an unusually small number of S atoms is reported. Although this protein lacks the flavodoxin key fingerprint motif [(T/S)XTGXT], it has been confirmed to bind flavin mononucleotide and the binding site was identified via X-ray crystallography. This protein contains a novel flavin mononucleotide-binding site GSLRSGSYN, which has not been previously reported. Detailed statistics pertaining to sulfur phasing and other factors contributing to structure determination are discussed. Structural comparisons of the apoenzyme and the protein complexed with flavin mononucleotide show conformational changes on cofactor binding. NADPH-dependent activity has been confirmed with biochemical assays.

Field of study: Chemistry
Regulation of LPS induced IL‐12 production by IFN‐γ and IL‐4 through intracellular glutathione status in human alveolar macrophages

Interleukin‐12 (IL‐12) is secreted from monocytes and macrophages; it exerts pleiotropic effects on T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, and stimulates interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) secretion. Glutathione tripeptide regulates the intracellular redox status and other aspects of cell physiology. We examined whether IFN‐γ and IL‐4 affect the balance between intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, as this may affect IL‐12 production in human alveolar macrophages (AM). We used both AM from healthy non‐smokers obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage and the monocytic THP‐1 cell line in this study. Incubation of AM for 2 h with the GSH precursor N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) increased the intracellular GSH/GSSG ratio, and enhanced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced IL‐12 secretion by AM. In THP‐1 cells, NAC increased the GSH/GSSG ratio and the expression of LPS‐induced IL‐12 mRNA, whereas l‐buthionine‐[S,R]‐sulphoximine (BSO) decreased these. NAC and BSO offset their own effects on the intracellular GSH/GSSG ratio and the expression of LPS‐induced IL‐12 mRNA. Furthermore, exposure of AM to the helper T cell type 1 (Th1) cytokine IFN‐γ or the helper T cell type 2 (Th2) cytokine IL‐4 for 72 h increased and decreased the GSH/GSSG ratio, respectively. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced secretion of IL‐12 in AM was enhanced by IFN‐γ but inhibited by IL‐4. These results suggest that IFN‐γ and IL‐4 oppositely affect the GSH/GSSG balance, which may regulate IL‐12 secretion from AM in response to LPS.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Evaluation of the epidemiological efficacy of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine among the elderly in Minhang District of Shanghai

To evaluate the epidemiological efficacy of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine on the clinical symptoms and the incidence of respiratory tract infections in the elderly over 60 years old in Minhang District,  
A prospective cohort study was conduct, in which the sample size was 1 200 for both inoculated and uninoculated groups. This study followed the two groups of subjects every quarter for a year. Clinical symptoms and the incidence of respiratory tract infectious diseases as well as the acute onset of chronic respiratory diseases were compared between the subjects of the two groups. 
 
 
 
Compared with the uninoculated group, less people in the inoculated group developed the clinical symptoms of respiratory tract infection (RR=0.894, 95% CI: 0.804-0.994). Immunization with the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine protected 57.7% of the senior citizens (≥75 years old) from respiratory tract infections(95% CI: 0.207-0.775). 
 
 
 
The 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine can effectively reduce the incidence of respiratory tract infections in the elderly aged 60 years old and over and protects the elderly aged 75 years old and over from respiratory tract infections. Further studies on the immunological efficacy of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine should be carried out by measuring the antibody titers before and after vaccination. 
 
 
 
The elderly; Pneumococcal vaccine; Respiratory tract infection; Cohort study; Efficacy evaluation

Field of study: Biology
Quantitative analysis of PbO-SiO2 glass by electron microprobe (Technical Report)

*Membership of the Commission during the period (1985-1995) when this report was prepared was as follows: Chairman: 1989-95 J. Corish (Ireland); 1985-89 R. Metselaar (Netherlands);  1991-95 G. M. Rosenblatt (USA); 1987-91 J. Corish (Ireland); 1985-87 P. W. Gilles (USA); ZimZar Members: J. F. Baumard (1985-93; France); H. P. Boehm (1994-95; Germany); J. Corish (1985-89; Ireland); J. D. Drowart (1987-93: Belgium); L. N. Gorokhov (1987-95; USSR); L. V. Gurvich (1985-87; USSR); J. W. Hastie (1987-93; USA); D. Kolar (1994-95; Slovenia); M. H. Lewis (1994-95, UK); M. H. Rand (1985-87; UK); D.-S. Yan (1987-95; China); Associate Members: A.-M. Anthony (1985-89; France); G. Balducci (1994-95; Italy); H. P. Boehm (1991-93; Germany); C. Chantillon (1989-95; France); J. B. Clark (1985-91; South Africa); J.-P. Coutures (1985-87; France); J. Drowart (1985-87; Belgium); J. G. Edwards (1987-95; USA); L. N. Gorokhov (1985-87; USSR); J. Hastie (1985-87; USA); H. Hausner (1987-91; Germany); M. G. Hocking (1985-87; UK); L. H. E. Kihlborg (1985-91; Sweden); M. Kizilyalli (1994-95; Turkey); K.Kuomoto (1994-95; Japan); M. H. Lewis (1989-93: UK); J. Matousek (1985-93; Czechoslovakia); H. J. Matzke (1987-93; Germany); R. W. Ohse (1985-87; Germany); G.-M. Rosenblatt (1985-91; USA); T. Saito (1989-93; Japan); K. E. Spear (1994-95; USA); M. M. Thackeray (1991-93; South Africa); G. van Tendeloo (1989-93; Belgium); R. J. D. Tilley (1994-95, UK); G. F. Voronin (1989-95; USSR); H. Yanagida (1985-87; Japan). National Representatives: M. S . E. El-Sewefy (1985-87; Arab Republic of Egypt); E. J. Baran (1985-91; Argentina); N. E. Walso de Reca (1994-95; Argentina); P. Ettmayer (1986-93; Austria); B. G. Hyde (1987-93; Australia); J. D. Drowart (1994-95; Belgium); 0. L. Alves (1991-95; Brazil); D.-S. Yan (1985-87; China); E. Fitzer (1986-93; Germany); F. Solymos (1985-87; Hungary); C. K. Mathews (1994-95; India); A. P. B. Sinha (1985-87; India); G. V. Subba-Rao (1989-93; India); G. De Maria (1985-95; Italy); S. Somiya (1985-87; Japan); C. H. Kim (1989-93; Korea); M. Badri (1985-87; Malaysia); W.-L. Ng (1989-93; Malaysia); K. J. D. MacKenzie (1987-93; New Zealand); F. M. de Abreu da Costa (1991-95; Portugal); F. Hanic (1994-95; Slovakia); M. A. Alario Franc0 (1987-93; Spain); M. Nygren (1994-95; Sweden); G. Bayer (1985-87; Switzerland); M. Kizilyalli (1987-93; Turkey); K. Spear (1989-93; USA); W. L. Worrell(l985-87; USA); D. Kolar (1987-83; Yugoslavia); M. M. Ristic (1985-87; Yugoslavia).

Field of study: Chemistry
Fungal biodiversity in aquatic habitats

Fungal biodiversity in freshwater, brackish and marine habitats was estimated based on reports in the literature. The taxonomic groups treated were those with species commonly found on submerged substrates in aquatic habitats: Ascomycetes (exclusive of yeasts), Basidiomycetes, Chytridiomycetes, and the non-fungal Saprolegniales in the Class Oomycetes. Based on presence/absence data for a large number and variety of aquatic habitats, about 3,000 fungal species and 138 saprolegnialean species have been reported from aquatic habitats. The greatest number of taxa comprise the Ascomycetes, including mitosporic taxa, and Chytridiomycetes. Taxa of Basidiomycetes are, for the most part, excluded from aquatic habitats. The greatest biodiversity for all groups occurs in temperate areas, followed by Asian tropical areas. This pattern may be an artifact of the location of most of the sampling effort. The least sampled geographic areas include Africa, Australia, China, South America and boreal and tropical regions worldwide. Some species overlap occurs among terrestrial and freshwater taxa but little species overlap occurs among freshwater and marine taxa. We predict that many species remain to be discovered in aquatic habitats given the few taxonomic specialists studying these fungi, the few substrate types studied intensively, and the vast geographical area not yet sampled.

Field of study: Environmental science
An empirical equation of state to study high pressure compression behavior of solids

The Suzuki formulation widely used in literature to study the thermal expansion of solids at constant pressure is extended to study the compression of solids at constant temperature. Two slightly different formulations are used and a modified form is proposed on an empirical basis. The Shanker formulation, which has been derived on the similar ground, is also included in the study. It is found that the earlier relations are applicable up to a finite range of pressure. The deviation occurs as the pressure range is increased. The modified relation gives results, which are in better agreement with the experimental data as compared with the earlier relations in the high pressure range for sodiumhalides viz. NaF, NaCl, NaBr and NaI. This demonstrates the validity of the simple relation proposed in the present paper.

Field of study: Materials science
Persistent organochlorine contaminants in eggs of northern goshawk and Eurasian buzzard from northeastern Spain: temporal trends related to changes in the diet.

Persistent organochlorine compounds (pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls) were determined in 24 northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) and eight Eurasian buzzard (Buteo buteo) samples of eggs collected between 1988 and 1999 in La Segarra (northeast Spain), in order to evaluate the changes in exposure and detrimental effects during this period. In the study area, both species exhibited similar levels of contamination, which may be related to their similar diet, mainly based on European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in terms of biomass. The buzzard showed contamination levels similar to those found in other Spanish areas, but the levels found in the goshawk were much lower. The shell index in goshawk eggs was inversely correlated to concentration of p,p'-DDE. In late eighties, the concentrations of p,p'-DDE and heptachlor-epoxide in goshawk eggs were positively correlated to the biomass percentage of passeriforms in the diet. In goshawk samples, a decline in HCB concentration in the 1990s as compared to the 1980s was detected. Surprisingly, p,p'-DDE concentrations did not decline, as could be expected from the ban on DDT use. On the contrary, the highest p,p'-DDE concentrations were detected in some samples from the nineties, which also showed the lowest shell indices. This may be related to a severe reduction of rabbit population after 1989 that produced an increase in the consumption of passeriformes, which are known to accumulate higher levels of organochlorine compounds. Our study suggests that monitoring programs aiming to detect temporal trends in chemical contamination should take into account changes in diet composition before any conclusion can be drawn.

Field of study: Environmental science
Mössbauer study of amorphous alloys Fe85–xCrxB15 (x = 0–20)

Mössbauer spectra of amorphous alloys Fe85–xCrxB15 (x = 0–20) are measured at 91 K. Distributions of 57Fe hyperfine fields are recovered from the experimental spectra. The data are analyzed using a nanocrystal model. It is found that atoms of chrome replace iron atoms in nanocrystals of type α-Fe with orthorhombic o-Fe3B and tetragonal Fe3B phases. The local magnetic moments of iron atoms in the nanocrystal phases are estimated. Replacing iron atoms with atoms of chrome sharply reduces the local magnetic moments of iron atoms in nanocrystals of amorphous alloys.

Field of study: Physics
Bayesian Compressive Sensing Using Normal Product Priors

In this letter, we introduce a new sparsity-promoting prior, namely, the “normal product” prior, and develop an efficient algorithm for sparse signal recovery under the Bayesian framework. The normal product distribution is the distribution of a product of two normally distributed variables with zero means and possibly different variances. Like other sparsity-encouraging distributions such as the Student's t-distribution, the normal product distribution has a sharp peak at the origin, which makes it a suitable prior to encourage sparse solutions. A two-stage normal product-based hierarchical model is proposed. We resort to the variational Bayesian (VB) method to perform the inference. Simulations are conducted to illustrate the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm as compared with other state-of-the-art compressed sensing algorithms.

Field of study: Computer science
“They're Always over Us”—Teaching about Drones

Social studies teachers have an obligation to help students grapple with and thoughtfully examine controversial issues, often in a contemporary context. One such issue is the U.S. use of unmanned aerial vehicles, generally known as drones. Whether for surveillance purposes or military missions, the use of drones by the U.S. government has preceded the development of clearly articulated policy guidelines. This article examines the use of drones in U.S. policy, the argument for and against their deployment, and the manner in which social studies educators may effectively teach their students about such a complex, challenging topic. Toward that end, the article also advocates for the use of an ethical and analytical framework, the “just war” doctrine, which can assist students in critiquing how drones are used, under what conditions, and the social impact that may entail.

Field of study: Sociology
Allelic distributions of CYP2D6 gene copy number variation in the Eastern Han Chinese population

The human cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) gene copy number variation, involving CYP2D6 gene deletion (CYP2D6*5) and duplication or multiduplication (CYP2D6*×N), can result in reduced or increased metabolism of many clinically used drugs. The identification of CYP2D6*5 and CYP2D6*×N and the investigation of their allelic distributions in ethnic populations can be important in determining the right drug and dosage for each patient.The CYP2D6*5 and CYP2D6 genes, and CYP2D6 gene duplication were identified by 2 modified long PCR, respectively. To determine duplicated alleles, a novel long PCR was developed to amplify the entire duplicated CYP2D6 gene which was used as template for subsequent PCR amplification. A total of 363 unrelated Eastern Han Chinese individuals were analyzed for CYP2D6 gene copy number variation.The frequency of CYP2D6*5 and CYP2D6*×N were 4.82% (n=35) and 0.69% (n=5) in the Eastern Han Chinese population, respectively. Of the 5 duplicated alleles, 3 were CYP2D6*1×N and 2 were CYP2D6*10×N. One individual was a carrier of both CYP2D6*5 and CYP2D6*1×N. Taken together, the CYP2D6 gene rearrangements were present in 10.74% of subjects.Allelic distributions of the CYP2D6 gene copy number variation differ among Chinese from different regions, indicating ethnic variety in Chinese. Long PCR are convenient, cost effective, specific and semiquantitative for the detection of the CYP2D6 gene copy number variation, and amplification of the entire duplicated CYP2D6 gene is necessary for the accurate identification of duplicated alleles.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
DOMESTIC WASTEWATER DISINFECTION USING SOLAR RADIATION FOR AGRICULTURAL REUSE

A study was performed in Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil, to determine the feasibility of using solar radiation to disinfect treated domestic wastewater (TDWW). The effluent from a residential development, after passing through a pre-treatment unit (bar screen and grit channel) and a septic tank, was used as supply. After the septic tank, the TDWW had mean values of 286 mg L -1 COD, 54 mg L -1 TSS, and 65 NTU turbidity. A square cement block reactor was constructed (located at 20° 45' 14" S, 42° ° 52 ' 53 " W) and used to disinfect the reclaimed TDWW Fixed depths of water (0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 m) were tested at different exposure times from November 2004 to May 2005. Solar UV disinfection (SODIS) was effective in reducing mean concentration of indicator microorganisms, i.e., total coliform (TC) and Escherichia coli (E. coli), after 8 h of exposure to direct sunlight. Statistical analysis showed that the inactivation rates of E. coli did not significantly vary due to turbidity or dissolved oxygen. A model was developed to estimate the surviving E. coli population after SODIS from its initial population, depth of water treated, and solar energy received. The model indicated that, for a fluence accumulated of 32.91 MJ m -2 , a 4 log reduction of E. coli population was achieved with a wastewater depth of 0.05 m in the SODIS reactor.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences