nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Die Temperaturabhängigkeit des Reflexionsvermögens von Cu, Ag, Au, Al und Ni

ZusammenfassungDie Temperaturabhängigkeit des Reflexionsvermögens von Cu, Ag, Au, Al und Ni wird im Sichtbaren zwischen −150 und +100° C untersucht. Die angewendete Methode macht Gebrauch von der hohen Zahl von Reflexionen, welche mit der Lichtfortpflanzung in einem tiefen Spalt verbunden ist. Bei Ag erhöht sich bei den Wellenlängen λ=578 und 546 mμ mit fallender Temperatur das Reflexionsvermögen, was durch den Einfluß freier Elektronen gedeutet wird. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse stimmen befriedigend mit den aus der Theorie des anomalen Skineffektes abgeleiteten Werten überein. Bei Cu, Au, Al und Ni ist ein temperaturabhängiger Einfluß der freien Elektronen auf das Reflexionsvermögen nicht nachweisbar. Die theoretische Abschätzung der Intensitätsänderungen, die bei diesen Metallen zu erwarten sind, ergibt Werte unter der experimentellen Nachweisgrenze, so daß sich Experiment und Theorie nicht widersprechen. Bei Al stehen Experiment und Theorie nur in Einklang, wenn die Zahl der freien Elektronen pro Atom kleiner als 1 angenommen wird. Für Cu ergibt sich bei der Wellenlänge λ=546 mμ eine Änderung des Reflexionsvermögens mit der Temperatur, die nicht durch den Einfluß freier Elektronen erklärt werden kann, sondern wahrscheinlich von Absorptionsübergängen aus demd-Band in unbesetzte Zustände des Leitfähigkeitsbandes herrührt.

Field of study: Physics
Alternative policy rankings in a large, open economy with sector-specific minimum wages

The analysis by international trade theorists of factor market imperfections, and alternative policy rankings in the presence thereof, has distinguished between two major, polar types: (i) a distortionary wage differential between two sectors, while the wage is perfectly flexible in each sector; and (ii) a sticky (or minimum) wage which is equal, however, between the two sectors. The analysis of the former class of distortions was pioneered by Hagen [7] and has subsequently been extensively explored by Bhagwati and Ramaswami , Kemp and Negishi [9], and Bhagwati, Ramaswami and Srinivasan . The analysis of the second class of distortions was pioneered by Gottfried Haberler [6] and has subsequently been extended fully for the traditional two-sector model of trade theory by Brecher . The purpose of this paper is to analyze policy rankings in the presence of a yet different type of factor market imperfection, introduced in a pioneering paper by Harris and Todaro [S] which

Field of study: Economics
Environmental factors analysis and comparison affecting software reliability in development of multi-release software

As the application of the principles of agile and lean software development, software multiple release becomes very common in the modern society. Short iteration and short release cycle have driven the significant changes of the development process of multi-release software product, compared with single release software product. Thus, it is time to conduct a new study investigating the impact level of environmental factors on affecting software reliability in the development of multi-release software to provide a sound and concise guidance to software practitioners and researchers. Statistical learning methods, like principle component analysis, stepwise backward elimination, lasso regression, multiple linear regression, and Tukey method, are applied in this study. Comparisons regarding significant environmental factors during the whole development process, principle components, significant environmental factors in each development phase and significance level of each development phase between the development of single release software and multi-release software are also discussed.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Structure and transport properties in un-doped and acceptor-doped gadolinium tungstates

Gd 5.94 Ca 0.06 WO 12 − δ , Gd 5.7 Ca 0.3 WO 12 − δ and Gd 5.7 WO 12 − δ were synthesized by solid state reaction and wet chemistry methods. The structure and morphology of the materials were analyzed by XRD, SEM and TEM and the electrical conductivity was measured as a function of temperature in reducing and oxidizing atmospheres under wet and dry conditions. The total conductivity is essentially independent of composition above 700 °C. Below 700 °C, the conductivity of Ca-doped samples is higher than that of Gd 6 WO 12 and Gd 5.7 WO 12 − δ and increases with increasing doping concentration. The conductivity below 700 °C is also higher under wet compared to dry conditions and, moreover, the H–D isotope effect on the conductivity is significant. Based on this, and on conductivity characterization as a function of p O 2 and p H 2 O , it was concluded that the materials are mixed ionic and electronic conductors where electrons and holes dominate at high temperatures and intermediate temperatures under sufficiently reducing and oxidizing conditions, respectively. Protons are the predominating ionic charge carriers below approximately 700 °C. The hydrogen flux through Gd 5.7 Ca 0.3 WO 12 − δ was measured as a function of temperature under wet and dry sweep gas conditions, as well as with varying p H 2 on the feed side, confirming the picture outlined by the conductivity measurements. A defect chemical model has been derived to which the conductivity data were fitted yielding thermodynamic and transport parameters describing the functional characteristics of the materials.

Field of study: Materials science
Genomic and physiological characterization and description of Marinobacter gelidimuriae sp. nov., a psychrophilic, moderate halophile from Blood Falls, an antarctic subglacial brine

Antarctic subice environments are diverse, underexplored microbial habitats. Here, we describe the ecophysiology and annotated genome of a Marinobacter strain isolated from a cold, saline, iron‐rich subglacial outflow of the Taylor Glacier,  This strain (BF04_CF4) grows fastest at neutral pH (range 6‐10), is psychrophilic (range: 0°C‐20°C), moderately halophilic (range: 0.8%‐15% NaCl) and hosts genes encoding potential low temperature and high salt adaptations. The predicted proteome suggests it utilizes fewer charged amino acids than a mesophilic Marinobacter strain. BF04_CF4 has increased concentrations of membrane unsaturated fatty acids including palmitoleic (33%) and oleic (27.5%) acids that may help maintain cell membrane fluidity at low temperatures. The genome encodes proteins for compatible solute biosynthesis and transport, which are known to be important for growth in saline environments. Physiological verification of predicted metabolic functions demonstrate BF04_CF4 is capable of denitrification and may facilitate iron oxidation. Our data indicate that strain BF04_CF4 represents a new Marinobacter species, Marinobacter gelidimuriae sp. nov., that appears well suited for the subglacial environment it was isolated from. Marinobacter species have been isolated from other cold, saline environments in the McMurdo Dry Valleys and permanently cold environments globally suggesting that this lineage is cosmopolitan and ecologically relevant in icy brines.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Primary small-bowel malignancy in the UK and its association with coeliac disease.

Malignancies of the small intestine are rare, accounting for <2% of all cancers of the gastrointestinal tract. There is little information about the presentation and prognosis of these tumours, and the frequency of established risk factors.



To estimate the frequency of small-bowel malignancy in the UK, and its relationship to the presence of coeliac disease.



Survey of clinicians registered with the British Society of Gastroenterology.



Data were collected monthly from June 1998 to May 2000. Clinicians (n=1327) were asked by post to report newly diagnosed cases of primary small-bowel malignancy. A form was sent to reporting clinicians, requesting an anonymous identifier, type of malignancy, and whether coeliac disease was present. A detailed questionnaire followed, requesting further clinical and pathological details.



Clinico-pathological data were ascertained for 395 cases, including 175 adenocarcinomas, 107 lymphomas and 79 carcinoid tumours. In 13% of adenocarcinoma cases and in 39% of lymphomas, there was a diagnosis of coeliac disease. Survival rates at 30 months for adenocarcinomas, lymphomas and carcinoid tumours were 58%, 45% and 78%, respectively. Prognosis of all tumours was inversely related to stage at presentation, and lymphomas associated with coeliac disease were associated with a poorer prognosis.



This study provides additional evidence that coeliac disease confers susceptibility to adenocarcinoma of the small bowel, as well as lymphoma. The long time from the onset of symptoms to diagnosis of small bowel tumours is of concern, as this delay is reflected in the high proportion that presented with metastatic disease. Although the absolute risk of malignancy is small, coeliac disease complicated by malignancy appears to be poorly controlled.

Field of study: Medicine
Synthetic and Structural Studies of Silver(I)‐ and Gold(I)‐ContainingN‐Heterocyclic Carbene Metallacrown Ethers

The ligands bis(imidazolium) hexafluorophosphate [RHimy-(CH2OCH2)n-HimyR][PF6]2 [Himy = –C3N2H3–, imidazolium; R = 1-naphthylmethyl, n = 2 (1a), 3 (2a); R = 9-anthracenylmethyl, n = 2 (1b), 3 (2b)] with a highly flexible polyether chain were easily prepared by the reaction of substituted imidazole with the corresponding polyglycol diiodide, followed by exchange of the anions with PF6–. Ligands 1a,b and 2a,b react with Ag2O to give monometallic AgI-containing N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) metallacrown ethers 3a,b and 4a,b with a long and highly flexible bridging chain (CH2OCH2)n (n = 2, 3) between the two imidazolium units. Complexes 3a,b and 4a,b react with [Au(SMe2)Cl] in a transmetalation reaction to give AuI analogues 5a,b and 6a,b. Complexes 3a,b–6a,b are novel examples of a metallacrown ether with NHCs. In contrast to the use of a high-dilution technique in the preparation of polyether chain phosphane-containing metallacrown ethers, the new trans-metallacrown ethers can be prepared in concentrated solution. The structures of 3a–6a were confirmed by X-ray diffraction determination.

Field of study: Chemistry
New embedded digital front-end for high resolution PET scanner

This work describes a new digital front-end for a high-resolution low-cost animal PET scanner which is currently under development. The advances in flexibility and size of modern FPGAs together with the release of new tools enable the integration of most of the front-end electronics in a single FPGA. The implemented system includes a small 32-bit RISC processor, several peripherals attached to the internal buses and a special DSP unit closely attached to the processor which is dedicated to the detection of the gamma events. On top of these, a small footprint real time operating system abstracts the underlying hardware, providing the mechanisms to combine on-chip slow control and data streaming.

Field of study: Physics
Influence of Oxidation of Copper on Shear Bond Strength to an Acrylic Resin Using an Organic Sulfur Compound

The aim of this study was to clarify the influence of the copper surfaces changed from Cu or Cu2O to CuO on the bonding strength of resin with organic sulfur compounds. The disk-shaped specimens (n = 44) of copper were wet-ground. Half of the specimens were heated at 400 °C for 4 min in an electric furnace (HT: heated). Half of the specimens were not heated (UH: unheated). The specimens were further divided into two groups. Each group was primed by 6-methacryloyloxyhexyl 2-thiouracil-5-carboxylate (MTU-6) or unprimed (n = 11). A statistical analysis of the results of shear bond strength testing was performed, and the failure mode of the bonded areas was classified with an optical microscope. Two types of specimen surface (UH or HT) were analyzed chemically using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). When primed with MTU-6, unheated Cu (28.3 MPa) showed greater bond strength than heated (19.1 MPa). When unprimed, heated Cu (4.1 MPa) showed greater bond strength than unheated (2.3 MPa). The results of the debonded surfaces observation showed that only the UH-MTU-6 group demonstrated a combination of adhesive and cohesive failures in all specimens. The XPS results showed that the surface of copper changed from Cu or Cu2O to CuO when HT. These results confirmed that it is necessary to take care of the copper oxide contained in noble metal alloys when using organic sulfur compounds for adhesion.

Field of study: Materials science
Recovery period of Folsomia candida influence the impact of nonylphenol and phenanthrene on the tolerance of drought and heat shock.

Soil organisms are exposed to natural and anthropogenic stressors, such as xenobiotics. However, to simplify and make laboratory experiments easily reproducible, natural stressors are often excluded from ecotoxicological studies and risk assessment. This might underestimate the effect of chemicals, since synergistic interactions between chemicals and natural stressors might occur, creating a more severe impact than expected. Several studies have addressed simultaneous exposure to natural and chemical stressors, but very little is known of about the persistence of these interactions during recovery. Here, we examined if recovery after chemical stress exposure was important for the ability of springtails (Folsomia candida) to tolerate subsequent drought- and heat stress. Nonylphenol (NP) and phenanthrene (PHE) was tested and their isolated toxicity resulted in LC50 values of 206 mg NP kg-1 dry soil and 109 mg PHE kg-1 dry soil in a 7-day test. Elimination of NP and PHE was rapid and only trace amounts remained in springtail tissues after 3-7 days of recovery. Isolated studies of drought and heat shock on Folsomia candida resulted in a lethal effect for 50% of the animals (LRH50) at a relative humidity (RH) of 97.9%, and 190 min at 34 °C was shown to be lethal for 50% of the test species (LT50). The results showed, as expected, significant synergistic interactions between the effects of the chemicals and the effects of drought and heat stress. The negative effects of NP and PHE on the drought tolerance disappeared within 7 days post exposure. Springtails exposed to PHE also recovered their heat tolerance within 7 days post exposure, while NP exposed animals had not fully recovered their heat tolerance 14 days after exposure. Overall, a recovery period post chemical exposure was found to be very important for springtails in order to cope with natural stressors like heat and drought.

Field of study: Environmental science
Behind the Scenes at Galileo's Trial (review)

here is Bruno’s fifth philosophical dialogue written and published in London, Cabala del cavallo pegaseo, the emphasis is definitely on the “parva” of the book’s title. In an innovative first chapter, Meroi incorporates recent work done on Bruno’s use of biblical sources into an original study of his daring manipulation of Saint Paul’s Epistles. In a series of further chapters, he goes on to develop an equally original study of Bruno’s satirical use of the sermons of the period, many of which would certainly have been familiar to him from his early monastic training and his brief period as a preaching monk. These chapters break new ground in the study of Bruno’s rhetorical strategies. From his vehemently critical use of these religious texts, Meroi deduces a reading of Bruno’s Cabala as a critique of all those forces that, in his opinion, were impeding the advancement of human knowledge, philosophical inquiry, and debate. The last, and certainly not the least interesting, chapter of the book pursues this theme where it is present in the Cabala not only as a critique of the Christian tradition, both Catholic and Protestant, but also as a critique of classical philosophical skepticism. The promise held out in the title of this book of a study of Bruno’s relevance to the philosophy of the modern world is less fully honored. For the moment, this theme is limited to some few if stimulating considerations of more modern philosophers in two separate chapters. In chapter 6, entitled “Uomini ed animali,” Meroi raises the question of Bruno’s well-known celebration of the animal kingdom as substantially equivalent to the human one, comparing it to Hume’s similar attitude in A Treatise of Human Nature. In chapter 7, entitled “Il pensiero oscuro,” Meroi compares Bruno’s attacks on the abstruse logical and linguistic intricacies of the Aristotelian and scholastic philosophical traditions to John Locke’s and Schopenhauer’s similar objections to the Aristotelians. There is still much more to be done on Bruno’s contribution to the philosophy of the modern world. Nevertheless, after a long season of Bruno studies at times obsessively concerned with his sources, Meroi sets the right example in accentuating the fracture that Bruno’s philosophy opens with the thought of the past. This is a book that throws important new light on Bruno’s works, and particularly on that brilliantly enigmatic Cabala “microcosmica” that has proved such a stumbling block to readers, both contemporary and modern. HILARY GATTI Università di Roma “La Sapienza”

Field of study: History
SU-F-I-14: 3D Breast Digital Phantom for XACT Imaging.

The X-ray induced acoustic computed tomography (XACT) is a new imaging modality which combines X-ray contrast and high ultrasonic resolution in a single modality. Using XACT in breast imaging, a 3D breast volume can be imaged by only one pulsed X-ray radiation, which could dramatically reduce the imaging dose for patients undergoing breast cancer screening and diagnosis. A 3D digital phantom that contains both X-ray properties and acoustic properties of different tissue types is indeed needed for developing and optimizing the XACT system. The purpose of this study is to offer a realistic breast digital phantom as a valuable tool for improving breast XACT imaging techniques and potentially leading to better diagnostic outcomes.



A series of breast CT images along the coronal plane from a patient who has breast calcifications are used as the source images. A HU value based segmentation algorithm is employed to identify breast tissues in five categories, namely the skin tissue, fat tissue, glandular tissue, chest bone and calcifications. For each pixel, the dose related parameters, such as material components and density, and acoustic related parameters, such as frequency-dependent acoustic attenuation coefficient and bandwidth, are assigned based on tissue types. Meanwhile, other parameters which are used in sound propagation, including the sound speed, thermal expansion coefficient, and heat capacity are also assigned to each tissue.



A series of 2D tissue type image is acquired first and the 3D digital breast phantom is obtained by using commercial 3D reconstruction software. When giving specific settings including dose depositions and ultrasound center frequency, the X-ray induced initial pressure rise can be calculated accordingly.



The proposed 3D breast digital phantom represents a realistic breast anatomic structure and provides a valuable tool for developing and evaluating the system performance for XACT.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Gender Differences, Motivation, and Empathic Accuracy: When it Pays to Understand

Two studies of college students investigated the conditions under which women perform better than men on an empathic accuracy task (inferring the thoughts and feelings of a target person). The first study demonstrated that women’s advantage held only when women were given a task assessing their feelings of sympathy toward the target prior to performing the empathic accuracy task. The second study demonstrated that payments in exchange for accuracy improved the performance of both men and women and wiped out any difference between men’s and women’s performances. Together, the results suggest that gender differences in empathic accuracy performance are the result of motivational differences and are not due to simple differences of ability between men and women.

Field of study: Psychology
Determination of fluoroquinolones residues in milk from large-scale farms in Anhui Province

A method for the simultaneous separation of fluoroquinolones(FQs) by solid phase extraction(SPE) high performance capillary electrophoresis(HPCE) was developed,and in this way,165 samples from 33 large-scale farms in Anhui were determined.The effects of several factors such as the ion concentration,pH value of running buffer,the voltage and the temperature on separation of samples were investigated.The optimal condi-tion was found by orthogonal experiment.The optimal conditions were as follows.UV detection wavelength,215 nm;running buffer,40 mmol·L-1 Na2HPO4-20 mmol·L-1 citric acid;pH 8.10;separation voltage,20 kV.The re-sults showed that the fluoroquinolones residues can be separated within 7 min,and each had a good linear rela-tionship between concentration and peak area(R2=0.9977-0.9997).The average recoveries were between 71.00%-84.58%%.The RSDs were 0.22%-0.67 %(transition time) and 5.41 %-9.75 %(peak area).The posi-tive rate was 9.1%,and the method for detection of antibiotic FQs in large-scale farms of Anhui was set up.The monitoring and management on milk-producing households should be enhanced.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Generalized Pareto Distributions Characterized by Generalized Order Statistics

In recent years, several attempts have been made to characterize the generalized Pareto distributions (GPD) based on the properties of order statistics and record values. In the present article, we give some characterization results on GPD based on order statistics and generalized order statistics. Some characterizations of uniform distribution based on expectation of some functions of order statistics are also given.

Field of study: Mathematics
Chirality, charge and spin-density wave instabilities of a two-dimensional electron gas in the presence of Rashba spin-orbit coupling

We show that a result equivalent to Overhauser’s famous Hartree-Fock instability theorem can be established for the case of a two-dimensional electron gas in the presence of Rashba spin-obit coupling. In this case it is the spatially homogeneous paramagnetic chiral ground state that is shown to be differentially unstable with respect to a certain class of distortions of the spin-density-wave and charge-density-wave type. The result holds for all densities. Basic properties of these inhomogeneous states are analyzed.

Field of study: Physics
IMPROVED ELECTROCHEMICAL DETERMINATIONS OF CHLORIDE-INDUCED STEEL CORROSION IN CONCRETE

A significant amount of infrastructure is located in a marine environment or in environments where high levels of chloride are present. Current specification methods are generally lacking in regard to predicting service life of reinforced concrete (RC) structures in aggressive environments and qualitative judgments are typically used to make predictions concerning service life. Much research has focused on prediction of chloride diffusion coefficients where more quantitative links to service life can be established. The problem with such techniques is that assumptions of the chloride threshold level for steel depassivation must be made, and this introduces generally unacceptable levels of uncertainty for asset owners. One approach appears to lie in improving the understanding of the electrochemical behavior of steel in concrete such that more accurate predictions of service life can be derived in the future. Work presented in this paper relates to the analysis of a significant amount of data on electrochemical corrosion rates of steel in concrete.

Field of study: Materials science