nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Baja California After Walker: The Zerman Enterprise

D URING THE LATER months of the Revolution of Ayutla, Juan Alvarez and Ignacio Comonfort were led by their meager resources to listen to foreign offers of aid. One of the eager volunteers was Jean Napoleon Zerman, an old soldier of fortune then residing in San Francisco, Without authority to do so, but pressed by a short-term contract with Alvarez, San Francisco agents of the revolutionary government placed Zerman in charge of delivering a shipload of war supplies to Acapulco. As a condition for undertaking the task, Zerman forced the agents to grant him broad powers. He then stretched this authority to undertake a blockade of Mexican Pacific coastal ports loyal to Santa Anna. In trying to carry out this purely personal project he sailed into the harbor of La Paz, Baja California, where memories of William Walker 's abortive filibuster of two years earlier were still sharp. Military governor Jose Maria Blancarte considered Zerman an invader of the same type and forced him to surrender. The party was then mistreated, taken to the mainland, and marched to Guadalajara. Eventually, all were sent to Mexico City for trial on the charge of filibustering. The unsettled situation of the republic contributed to slow action in the courts. Only on November 25, 1857, more than two years after his arrest in La Paz, did the Mexican Supreme Court finally acquit Zerman of the charge. Even then the affair was unsettled, for the War of the Reform and the French intervention and Second Empire prevented judgment of damage claims filed by Zerman and his party. These were disposed of in 1876 and the ease was closed. For half a century after the settlement of damage claims there was no investigation of the expedition. When J. Fred Rippy, in 1926, looked into it he concurred with the Mexican courts, but he

Field of study: History
Effect of biotechnology product (HFS) on the activities of acidic proteinase

This paper studied the activity of 537 acidic protease effected by biotechnology product HFS.The optimum reaction conditions of protease were determined by Folin,the temperature was 55 ℃ and pH was 3.0.Studied of biotechnology products to 537 acidic protease temperature curve and the pH curve influence.The test result show that biotechnology product HFS has the good activation function to 537 acidic proteinase,and does not change the enzyme the most suitable response condition.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Temporal and spatial variability in the aviation NO x -related O 3 impact

Aviation NOx emissions promote tropospheric ozone formation, which is linked to climate warming and adverse health effects. Modeling studies have quantified the relative impact of aviation NOx on O3 in large geographic regions. As these studies have applied forward modeling techniques, it has not been possible to attribute O3 formation to individual flights. Here we apply the adjoint of the global chemistry‐transport model GEOS-Chem to assess the temporal and spatial variability in O3 production due to aviation NOx emissions, which is the first application of an adjoint to this problem. We find that total aviation NOx emitted in October causes 40% more O3 than in April and that Pacific aviation emissions could cause 4‐5 times more tropospheric O3 per unit NOx than European or North American emissions. Using this sensitivity approach, the O3 burden attributable to 83 000 unique scheduled civil flights is computed individually. We find that the ten highest total O3-producing flights have origins or destinations in New Zealand or Australia. The top ranked O3-producing flights normalized by fuel burn cause 157 times more normalized O3 formation than the bottom ranked ones. These results show significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity in environmental impacts of aviation NOx emissions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effects of microbial and chemical fertilization on yield and seed quality of faba bean (Vicia faba).

A field experiment was conducted at EL–Hudeiba Research Station farm in north Sudan for two consecutive seasons to examine the effect of inoculation by different Rhizobium and phosphate solubilizing bacteria strains and their interaction on yield and seed quality of faba bean, and to compare between the effects of chemical fertilizers and biofertilizers. Rhizobium inoculation individually increased significantly yield, seed moisture, ash, crude fiber and crude protein. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria individually significantly increased yield, seed moisture, ash and fat in faba bean. Rhizobium and phosphate solubilizing bacteria significantly increased yield and seed quality (moisture, crude protein, fat, crude fiber and ash content) and decreased seeds carbohydrate content of faba bean plants. A synergetic effect was observed when the two types of microorganisms were combined. Comparable increments in yield were obtained resulting from either microbial fertilizers (nitrogen fixing and/or phosphate solubilizing bacteria) or chemical fertilizers (nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers). The study revealed the need for biological fertilizers with compatible effective strains to compensate the chemical fertilizers, to decrease the expenses of chemical fertilizers and to protect the environment from pollution hazards.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
INFLUENCE OF NONLINEAR SURFACE VIBRATIONS ON THE DENSITY DISTRIBUTION IN NUCLEI ACCORDING TO THE HYDRODYNAMIC MODEL.

Im Tr6pfchenmode l l wird die Oberfl / iche des Kerns aufgeweicht durch NulIpunkt-Schwingungen, die der intr insisch scharf begrenzte Ke rn ausffihrt. Berechnet m a n den Erwar tungswer t der Dichte im G r u n d zus tand, so f indet m a n eine Verschmierung des Kern randes fiber einen Bereich von 2 bis 3 fm. In den bisher igen Arbe i t en 1' 2 wurde die Dichtever te i lung des Grundzus t andes und angeregter Zust~inde unter der Annahme ermit tel t , dab die Oberfl / iche des Kerns ha rmoni sch u m die Gleichgewichtslage schwingt. U m die Tragf/ ihigkei t dieser N / ihe rungs -Annahme zu priifen, wird in der vor l iegenden Arbe i t untersucht , wie sich die kubischen Glieder der H a m i l t o n F u n k t i o n des Tr6pfchenmodel l s auf die Dichtever te i lung auswirken. Unte r ihrem Einf lug schwingt die Oberfl~iche nicht mehr har monisch. U m die kubischen Gl ieder kons is ten t zu berficksichtigen, werden wir die Ober f l / i chen-Koord ina ten und die zugeh6r igen Impul se so

Field of study: Physics
Analysis of the scattering mechanisms controlling electron mobility in β-Ga2O3 crystals

Electron density and Hall mobility data were simultaneously analyzed in the frame of the relaxation time approximation in order to identify the main scattering mechanisms that limit the carrier mobility in β-Ga2O3 single crystals. The Hall factor correction was self-consistently included in the fitting procedure. The analysis indicates that low-energy optical phonons provide the main scattering mechanism, via lattice deformation. In this regard, a deformation potential of about 4 × 109 eV cm−1 was estimated. Furthermore, it is shown that the Hall coefficient and mobility can be measured by the usual experimental geometry, and the standard transport theory can be applied when off-diagonal elements of the resistivity tensor at zero magnetic field are negligible with respect to the diagonal ones. This directly follows from the analysis of the magneto-resistive tensor of a semiconductor with monoclinic structure. Such a requirement is satisfied under the hypothesis of nearly spherical energy surfaces, as has been reported to occur at the Γ minimum of the conduction band of β-Ga2O3.

Field of study: Materials science
Azimuthal Variation of Instabilities Generated on a Flared Cone by Laser Perturbations.

To study the azimuthal development of boundary-layer instabilities, a controlled, laser-generated perturbation was created in the freestream of the Boeing/U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research Mach 6 Quiet Tunnel. The freestream perturbation convected downstream in the wind tunnel to interact with a flared-cone model. The flared cone is a body of revolution bounded by a circular arc with a 3 m radius. Pressure transducers were used to measure a wave packet generated in the cone boundary layer by the freestream perturbation. Nine of these sensors formed three stations of azimuthal arrays and were used to determine the azimuthal variation of the wave packets in the boundary layer. The freestream laser-generated perturbation was positioned upstream of the model in three different configurations: along the centerline axis, offset from the centerline axis by 1.5 mm, and offset from the centerline axis by 3.0 mm. When the freestream perturbation was offset from the centerline of a flared cone with a 1.0 mm nose radius, a larger wave packet was generated on the side toward which the perturbation was offset. As a result, transition occurred earlier on that side. The offset perturbation did not have as large of an effect on the boundary layer of a nominally sharp flared cone.

Field of study: Physics
Dietary Factors in Calcium Nephrolithiasis

To review dietary factors implicated in the pathogenesis of calcium nephrolithiasis and the pathophysiological mechanisms proposed for each. ■  Data were obtained from English language articles published between 1950 and 1991 addressing the evaluation and therapy of patients with nephrolithiasis. The articles are indexed in the National Library of Medicine's MEDLINE data base.  References were reviewed by the authors with emphasis on study size, randomization, and statistical analysis.  Renal stone formation is the result of genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors. The most important environmental factors relate to diet. Assessment of dietary sodium, calcium, phosphorus, oxalate, protein, fiber, fluid, and exogenous vitamins is mandatory in the initial evaluation of the patient with renal stones. Instruction to correct identified dietary excesses or deficiencies is the first therapeutic intervention for all patients, including those in whom additional drug therapy is ultimately required.  Nutritional intervention is central to the evaluation, therapy, and long-term monitoring of the patient with calcium nephrolithiasis.

Field of study: Medicine
Characterization of Activation Metabolism Activity of Indoxacarb in Insects by Liquid Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry

A triple-quadrupole LC-MS/MS method was developed for the investigation of indoxacarb N -decarbomethoxyllation activity catalyzed by insect crude enzymes. The metabolite, N -decarbomethoxyllated indoxacarb (DCJW), was determined using electrospray ionization in positive ion mode. The quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The relative standard deviation (RSD, n = 5) of DCJW was 2.1%, indicating the metabolite had a good chemical stability in 30 h after the sample preparation. Five injections of DCJW standard solution in acetonitrile, five injections of the same sample in one incubation (substrates plus enzyme samples), and five injections of 5 separate metabolic reactions with the whole body of a susceptible strain of Plutella xylostella (L.) were individually injected into LC-MS/MS system. The RSD was 0.7%, 1.1% and 2.7%, respectively. The average recoveries for 440, 880 and 2200 pg of DCJW added to incubation mixtures were 96.1%–102.9%, and the RSD of recoveries of three added levels ranged from 4.8% to 9.4%. The limits of quantification and detection were 0.1 and 0.01 pg, respectively. A good linearity was achieved in the range of 46–2310 pg ( R 2 = 0.9996). This method with high sensitivity and simplicity was applicable to the assay of indoxacarb N -decarbomethoxyllation activity of insect metabolic enzymes. A comparison of indoxacarb N -decarbomethoxyllation activity of an avermectin-resistant strain and a susceptible strain of Plutella xylostella (L.) was carried out using this novel LC-MS/MS method. The results showed that the indoxacarb N -decarbomethoxyllation activity in the resistant strain was 3.4-fold of that in the susceptible strain, implicating that negative cross-resistance might exist between indoxacarb and avermectin in Plutella xylostella (L.).

Field of study: Chemistry
An Inevitable Trend towards Market－ Sale Strategy for Commercial Banks

Commercial banks have become aware of the marketing competition to some extent;however,they are still lacking in scientific understandeing and analysis towards marketing environment and marketing positioning.In addition,the bankw can not use marketing theoried systematically and comprehensively.As a result,we should use the marketing experience of western banks for reference,actively promoting our country's marketing work,and build up a high- quality contigents with perfect professional work and public relation ability as well as high combat power,in this way,we can ensure that financial marketing will be carried out smoothly.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Copper and Zinc Homeostasis: Lessons from Drosophila melanogaster

Maintenance of metal homeostasis is crucial for many different enzymatic activities and in turn for cell function and survival. In addition, cells display detoxification and protective mechanisms against toxic accumulation of metals. Perturbation of any of these processes normally leads to cellular dysfunction and finally to cell death. In the last years, loss of metal regulation has been described as a common pathological feature in many human neurodegenerative diseases. However, in most cases, it is still a matter of debate whether such dyshomeostasis is a primary or a secondary downstream defect. In this review, we will summarize and critically evaluate the contribution of Drosophila to model human diseases that involve altered metabolism of metals or in which metal dyshomeostasis influence their pathobiology. As a prerequisite to use Drosophila as a model, we will recapitulate and describe the main features of core genes involved in copper and zinc metabolism that are conserved between mammals and flies. Drosophila presents some unique strengths to be at the forefront of neurobiological studies. The number of genetic tools, the possibility to easily test genetic interactions in vivo and the feasibility to perform unbiased genetic and pharmacological screens are some of the most prominent advantages of the fruitfly. In this work, we will pay special attention to the most important results reported in fly models to unveil the role of copper and zinc in cellular degeneration and their influence in the development and progression of human neurodegenerative pathologies such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Friedreich's Ataxia or Menkes, and Wilson's diseases. Finally, we show how these studies performed in the fly have allowed to give further insight into the influence of copper and zinc in the molecular and cellular causes and consequences underlying these diseases as well as the discovery of new therapeutic strategies, which had not yet been described in other model systems.

Field of study: Biology
Mitigating Portland Cement CO2 Emissions Using Alkali-Activated Materials: System Dynamics Model

While alkali-activated materials (AAMs) have been hailed as a very promising solution to mitigate colossal CO2 emissions from world portland cement production, there is lack of robust models that can demonstrate this claim. This paper pioneers a novel system dynamics model that captures the system complexity of this problem and addresses it in a holistic manner. This paper reports on this object-oriented modeling paradigm to develop a cogent prognostic model for predicting CO2 emissions from cement production. The model accounts for the type of AAM precursor and activator, the service life of concrete structures, carbonation of concrete, AAM market share, and policy implementation period. Using the new model developed in this study, strategies for reducing CO2 emissions from cement production have been identified, and future challenges facing wider AAM implementation have been outlined. The novelty of the model consists in its ability to consider the CO2 emission problem as a system of systems, treating it in a holistic manner, and allowing the user to test diverse policy scenarios, with inherent flexibility and modular architecture. The practical relevance of the model is that it facilitates the decision-making process and policy making regarding the use of AAMs to mitigate CO2 emissions from cement production at low computational cost.

Field of study: Materials science
Seven-Property-Preserving Iterated Hashing: ROX

Nearly all modern hash functions are constructed by iterating a compression function. At FSE'04, Rogaway and Shrimpton [28] formalized seven security notions for hash functions: collision resistance (Coll) and three variants of second-preimage resistance (Sec, aSec, eSec) and preimage resistance (Pre, aPre, ePre). The main contribution of this paper is in determining, by proof or counterexample, which of these seven notions is preserved by each of eleven existing iterations. Our study points out that none of them preserves more than three notions from [28]. As a second contribution, we propose the new Random-Oracle XOR (ROX) iteration that is the first to provably preserve all seven notions, but that, quite controversially, uses a random oracle in the iteration. The compression function itself is not modeled as a random oracle though. Rather, ROX uses an auxiliary small-input random oracle (typically 170 bits) that is called only a logarithmic number of times.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Research prioritization based on expected value of partial perfect information : a case-study on interventions to increase uptake of breast cancer screening

We investigate whether Bayesian decision theory, in the form of expected value of partial perfect information (EVPPI) analysis, is a realistic and practical approach to research prioritization. We develop a simple cost-effectiveness analysis of breast cancer screening as a typical case-study, motivated by data from a cluster randomized 2 × 2 factorial trial of interventions to increase uptake. An EVPPI analysis is developed which shows that, on the basis of the evidence that was available beforehand, the trial was cost effective, but that after incorporating the results of the trial it would still be cost effective to carry out research that further reduced decision uncertainty. We identify key conceptual and technical issues: the relationship between the target interventions and the previous evidence, the distinction between variation and uncertainty and methods for correlated parameters. EVPPI methods have clear advantages over current methods of research prioritization, but we suggest that some specific sensitivity analyses are required before they can be used confidently in practice. These have limitations, and there is a need to develop robust methods to optimize research portfolios.

Field of study: Mathematics
Space technology and the optical sciences.

The earth-orbiting satellites and the deep-space probes have provided for the optical sciences platforms from which to study the earth, the solar system, and the universe with truly revolutionary capability. For the terrestrial sciences the orbiting platforms for optical measurements in both low and geostationary orbits have given us a view of our planet and a global coverage never before possible. For the astronomical applications of optical instruments that "cataract of the telescopic eye," the atmosphere of the earth has been left behind and through proximity, including actual contact, we now have resolution and spectral coverage limited only by money and motive.

Field of study: Physics
Dominant Strategy Implementation of Bayesian incentive Compatible Allocation Rules

A large literature on incentive mechanisms represents incentive constraints by the requirement that truthful reporting be a Bayesian equilibrium. This paper identifies mechanism design problems for which there is no loss in replacing Bayesian incentive compatibility by the stronger requirement of dominant strategies. We identify contexts where it is possible to change the transfer payments of an optimal Bayesian mechanism so as to create dominant strategies and yet leave every participant's expected utility unchanged. We also address the issue of multiple equilibria and unique implementation. Contexts where these results apply include auctions, bilateral bargaining, procurement contracting, and intrafirm resource allocation.

Field of study: Economics
Spatial memory impairment in rats with fornix transection is not accompanied by a simple encoding deficit for directions of objects in visual space.

In Experiment 1, rats learned 6 discriminations among pairs of complex wide-angle visual displays, presented concurrently, using a computer-controlled Y maze. Fornix-transected rats were unimpaired relative to controls regardless of whether the displays comprised a single large "objectlike" figure or "scenelike" arrays of spatially distributed figures. Experiment 2 compared 2 versions of a visual discrimination in which either object identity (independent of location within the visual field) or location within the visual field (independent of object identity) had to be used. The fornix-transected rats performed normally with either cue. In Experiment 3, however, the same group was clearly impaired on a standard spatial memory test, spatial delayed nonmatching to sample. Although the fornix-transected rats were more likely to choose rapidly and inaccurately, their deficit was not a by-product of impulsive responding. The spatial impairment was not merely a difficulty in encoding direction of a single item within visual space, but more complex configural deficits could not be ruled out.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Development of a regional coastal management decision-aided system. Part A: Establishment of an automatic numerical simulation program

An automatic numerical simulation program is established for coastal waters. The program is developed based on an idea of nested model. The whole process of engineering data acquisition, computational domain drafting, computational grid generation, initial and open boundary condition abstraction, parameter settings, program running and simulation results extraction is automatically carried out. The program structure and the implementation are described in detail. Based on the requirements of computational stability and efficiency, one model bank and two rule sets are established. Different from existing hydrodynamic programs, this program achieves a thorough automatic process, which can be set up and then automatically run without much user intervention. Being compiled into an EXE file, it can be easily transplanted into MGIS and other similar information system.

Field of study: Environmental science
Comment on "Magnetic Relaxations of Antiferromagnetic Nanoparticles in Magnetic Fields"

We have carried out in ferritin the Field-Cooling method and data analysis proposed by Mamiya et al. ( (2002) at T = 5 K in order to check the time magnetic relaxation of these antiferromagnetic nanoparticles as a function of the magnetic field. We found that relaxation at T = 5 K in ferritin is faster in the absence of magnetic field, in good agreement with the zero-field Resonant Spin Quantum Tunneling observed previously in ferritin ( (1997).

Field of study: Physics