nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Control of responding during stimuli that precede transitions in reinforcement frequency.

Pigeons' responses were reinforced on a variant of a mixed variable-interval extinction schedule of reinforcement in which the transition to the higher reinforcement rate was signaled by a trace stimulus projected on the response key prior to the onset of the component correlated with food delivery. In the first of two experiments, the duration of the trace stimulus preceding the component correlated with food delivery was varied from 1.5 to 50.0 s and in the second experiment, the reinforcement frequency in the same component was varied from 10 to 60 reinforcers per hour. Pigeons pecked at the trace stimulus preceding the onset of the component correlated with food delivery even though responding was not reinforced in its presence and only one of the changes in reinforcement rate (i.e., from extinction to reinforcement) was signaled. The rate of pecking during the trace stimulus was a function of its duration but not of the reinforcement frequency in the following component. Higher rates generally occurred at the shorter trace-stimulus durations. Component responding following the offset of the trace stimulus was under discriminative control of the trace stimulus whether or not responding occurred in the presence of the trace stimulus.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Adaptive semi-stateless forwarding for Content-Centric Networks

In Content-Centric Networks, users request content by issuing Interest messages, receiving Data messages in response. Interests leave state on routers on their path, to allow Data to follow the reverse path. Despite the advantages made possible by this state, its storage requirements raise scalability concerns. We propose an adaptive semi-stateless forwarding scheme where Interests are tracked only on a fraction of the routers. Between state-tracking routers, Interests gather reverse path information, which is used to deliver Data via Bloom filter-based forwarding. We show how the fraction of state-tracking routers can be dynamically adapted to reduce state while limiting communication overheads. Our scheme allows this state, along with all other required data structures, to comfortably fit into the fast memory of a practical router.

Field of study: Computer science
Die wissenschaftlichen Ergebnisse der Alpenexkursion der Geologischen Vereinigung

In der Eiszeit war das ganze Gebirge, das noch heute eine sehr ausgedehnte Vergletseherung besitzt, in viel hSherem Mal~ vergletsehert. Die Beweise dafiir sind iiberall zu sehen, die heutige Physiognomie des Gebirges ist grol~enteils auf die Wirkungen der gewaltigen Eisnnd Wasserreassert jener Zeit nnd die dadureh bedingten Anhiiufungen yon Mori~nen, fluvioglacialen Schottern und Seeablagerungen zuriickzufiihren. Dazu kommt als weiterer, die Physiognomie, besonders in den Randgebieten, wesentlich beeinflussender Faktor die zentrale Lage des Gebirges. Darans ergibt sich die Anhgnfung der mgchtigen Schuttund Sandmassen in den Gebieten zwischen den einzelnen Ketten, sowie an den lggndern des Gebirges; daraus entstehen die in ihrem eigenen Schutt erstickenden Gebirgsziige besonders des siidSstlichen Tian-Schan, wo der Pe-Sehan den Typus eines solchen Gebirges darstellt, bei welehem durch die rein kontinentalen Abtragungsvorggnge der Charakter als Kettengebirge nahezn vollstiindig verwiseh~ ist, nnd der Rumpf des Gebirges heute als eine Felsenwiiste erseheint.

Field of study: Environmental science
ARTICLES: Mode-locked laser for very-wide-band communication systems

The results are given of an investigation of mode locking in an He–Ne laser used in a fast-response communication system. A determination is reported of the frequency width of the mode-locking band in which optical pulses of stable amplitude and phase, suitable for communication purposes, are generated. It is shown that the unavoidable variations of the laser parameters have a strong influence on the optimal intracavity modulation frequency and the necessary (for mode locking) magnitude of dissipative perturbations. The results are given of a study of the phase characteristics of an optical pulse generator based on a mode-locked He–Ne laser. It is shown that stabilized self-mode-locking can be used to improve the phase stability of the output light pulses.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Gregarious behaviour among non-avian theropods inferred from trackways: A case study from the Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Candeleros Formation of Patagonia, Argentina

Gregarious behaviour among dinosaurs has been inferred from several lines of evidence (monospecific bonebeds, skeletal morphology, phylogenetic inferences, comparison with modern ecosystems and parallel trackways with particular characteristics), but is relatively poorly documented for non-avian theropods. Here, we report five parallel theropod trackways of large track size (average length of 28 cm) in the Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Candeleros Formation from northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. The tracks are provisionally assigned to aff. Asianopodus pulvinicalx and considering the autopod morphology of the theropod taxa documented in the Candeleros Formation, abelisaurid theropods are suggested as trackmakers. The trackways possess similar stride, speed estimation, direction and preservational features, and track show uniform depth and do not overlap. Physical barriers (i.e., large fluvial channels or perennial lake) that could influence the direction of the theropod trackmaker gaits were not recognized in the section. Taking into account these considerations, a gregarious behaviour for the abelisaurid theropod trackmakers is proposed. The tracks are preserved as shallow undertracks in a medium-grained sandstone bed deposited in a floodplain setting. The tracking surface is interpreted as the overlaying layer of muddy-siltstone. The occurrence of swelling clays and microbial mats in the track-bearing level could have contributed to the substrate stabilization and their role in the preservation is discussed.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
High-efficiency ultra-precision comparator for d-spacing mapping measurement of silicon.

This article describes a high-efficiency experimental configuration for a self-referenced lattice comparator with a `brush beam' of synchrotron radiation from a bending magnet and two linear position-sensitive photon-counting-type X-ray detectors. The efficiency is more than ten times greater compared with the `pencil-beam' configuration and a pair of zero-dimensional detectors. A solution for correcting the systematic deviation of d-spacing measurements caused by the horizontal non-uniformity of the brush beam is provided. Also, the use of photon-counting-type one-dimensional detectors not only improves the spatial resolution of the measurements remarkably but can also adjust the sample's attitude angles easily.

Field of study: Physics
On the second optimality theorem of welfare economics

To what extent does the second optimality theorem of welfare economics (every Pareto optimal allocation can be repesented as a Walras equilibrium allocation) remain valid when preferences are allowed to be locally satiated? It is always valid for an exchange economy, and is valid for a production economy if there is a consumer who is not locally satiated, but not in general for a production economy where all consumers are locally satiated. A generalized equilibrium is defined, which includes the Walras equilibrium as a special case. Every Pareto optimum can be represented as a generalized equilibrium allocation. Furthermore, every Pareto optimal utility distribution can be realized by a Walras equilibrium allocation.

Field of study: Economics
What factors influence European corporate bond spread

This paper examines the main determinants of corporate euro-bond spread. We analyse a large sample of corporate euro-country bonds over the period May 2005 -January 2012, considering three sub-periods: May 2005- July 2007 (pre-crisis period), August 2007-April 2010 (worldwide financial crisis) and May 2010-January 2012 (European sovereign debt crisis).

We show that both liquidity risk and risk related to the country of the issuing firms affect corporate bond spread. We also find that the market yield of corporate bonds issued in the main European countries is, other things being equal, strongly influenced by the risk of the corresponding sovereign bonds and Credit Default Swap (CDS). Finally, we compare the yields of bonds issued by banks with those of bonds issued by firms from other sectors and find that the spread, other things being equal, is significantly higher for banks. These findings may have operating implications for market activity, regulators and policy makers.

Field of study: Business
Ethnographic decision tree modeling: A research method for counseling psychology.

This article describes ethnographic decision tree modeling (EDTM; C. H. Gladwin, 1989) as a mixed method design appropriate for counseling psychology research. EDTM is introduced and located within a postpositivist research paradigm. Decision theory that informs EDTM is reviewed, and the 2 phases of EDTM are highlighted. The 1st phase, model building, is an inductive process consisting of a series of ethnographic interviews designed to describe and diagram the choices of decision makers. The 2nd phase, model validation, utilizes linear hypothesis testing borrowed from a quantitative research paradigm. During model validation, the group decision model is tested using a separate group of participants from the same population. Strengths and limitations of EDTM, and its potential applications in counseling psychology research, are emphasized.

Field of study: Psychology
Pharmacists' experiences with dispensing opioids

To explore pharmacists’ beliefs, practices, and experiences regarding opioid dispensing.

Design Mailed survey.

 The province of Ontario.

Participants A total of 1011 pharmacists selected from the Ontario College of Pharmacists’ registration list.

Main outcome measures Pharmacists’ experiences with opioid-related adverse events (intoxication and aberrant drug-related behaviour) and their interactions with physicians.

 A total of 652 pharmacists returned the survey, for a response rate of 64%. Most (86%) reported that they were concerned about several or many of their patients who were taking opioids; 36% reported that at least 1 patient was intoxicated from opioids while visiting their pharmacies within the past year. Reasons for opioid intoxication included the patient taking more than prescribed (84%), the patient using alcohol or sedating drugs along with the opioid (69.9%), or the prescribed dose being too high (34%). Participants’ most common concerns in the 3 months before the survey were patients coming in early for prescription refills, suspected double-doctoring, and requests for replacement doses for lost medication (reported frequently by 39%, 12%, and 16% of respondents, respectively). Pharmacists were concerned about physician practices, such as prescribing benzodiazepines along with opioids. Pharmacists reported difficulty in reaching physicians directly by telephone (43%), and indicated that physicians frequently did not return their calls promptly (28%). The strategies rated as most helpful for improving opioid dispensing were a provincial prescription database and opioid prescribing guidelines.

 Pharmacists commonly observe opioid intoxication and aberrant drug-related behaviour in their patients but have difficulty communicating their concerns to physicians. System-wide strategies are urgently needed to improve the safety of opioid prescribing and to enhance communication between physicians and pharmacists.

Field of study: Medicine
Isotretinoin use in severe acne.

Isotretinoin, an oral vitamin A derivative, is highly effective in, and at present indicated only for, the treatment of cystic acne, conglobate acne, or severe acne which has failed to respond to conventional therapy, including systemic antibiotics. Isotretinoin use usually results in a prolonged remission, often with complete disappearance of previously resistant lesions. Virtually all patients experience reversible integumentary side effects, which can almost always be controlled with emollients or lubricants. Isotretinoin is a known teratogen. The longterm effects of the transient vitamin A imbalance produced by this medication are not yet known.

Field of study: Medicine
Treatment on Axial Vibration of Heavy-duty Blast Furnace Blower

Vibration high is often happened on heavy-duty blast furnace blower,especially axial vibration of the bearing from very complex reasons.This paper analyzes the mechanism and reason of generating the bearing axial vibration on heavy-duty blast furnace blower,puts forward a treatment method on this problem.An axial vibration fault on one imported heavy-duty blast furnace blower was solved successfully by using this method.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
The Design of Gamma Backscatter Density Gauges

This paper points out the importance of studying case histories in courses of instruction on nuclear instrumentation, and that the byproducts of such studies can often provide useful research projects. The case of the gamma backscatter density gauge is considered as a specific example. Starting from the original type of gauge, using a fixed source-detector separation in which a counting rate vs density chart is employed, the authors discuss the elimination of "soil type" effects, the anomalous behaviour of hydrogen, etc. to the new moving-source (variable source-detector distance) gauge, and the advantages which it offers, e.g. no calibration being necessary, etc. Finally, more recent work is described showing how the density gauge may be employed for measuring the moisture content of materials as well as the density.

Field of study: Physics
Li^+ Transference Number Enhancement in Polymer Electrolytes by Incorporation of Anion Trapping Boroxine Rings into the Polymer Host

Polymer electrolytes incorporating boroxine rings with pendant oligoether side chains and a variety of dissolved lithium salts were prepared. High ionic conductivities and Li+ transference numbers were observed, the latter being ascribed to the anion trapping ability of the boroxine ring.

Field of study: Chemistry
On Cultivating the Talent of Modern Interflow of Commodities

Modern interflow of commodities has become an important industry and the key increase in the economic development in the new century in our country. Today, the talents of modern interflow of commodities, especially the management talent, are urgently needed by enterprises. The higher professional colleges should grasp the opportunity to change the old ideas and make up a new teaching plan to cultivate the talents of modern interflow of commodities.

Field of study: Education
Screening for Eating Disorders on College Campuses: a Review of the Recent Literature

This paper provides a review of the recent literature on screening for eating disorders (EDs) on college campuses, and reports on methodology, prevalence rates, treatment receipt, and ED screening tools. Recent research highlights relatively high prevalence rates of EDs among students on college campuses, with the majority of studies demonstrating elevated prevalence compared to the general population. Among students who screened positive for an ED, approximately 20% or less reported having received treatment for their ED. Findings also revealed various recruitment strategies, methods, ED screening tools, and clinical cutoffs used to study this topic, making it challenging to draw firm conclusions about prevalence of EDs on college campuses. Recent research on ED screening on college campuses reveals that EDs are a significant problem among college students, and there is a marked treatment gap between those who need care and those who receive it. Implications and future research are discussed.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Carbon sedimentation at Lago Grande de Curuai, a floodplain lake in the low Amazon region: insights into sedimentation rates

We studied recent organic carbon sedimentation in an Amazonian floodplain using sediment trap samples and one core. Sediment traps were placed in several lakes of the “Lago Grande de Curuai” floodplain during different water-level phases: the end of the period of water-level reduction (‘falling water’) and the start of the period of water-level increase (‘rising water’). Vertical seasonal fluxes of settling particles (SP) are very difficult to estimate and interpret, especially during ‘falling water’ periods, when the concentration of suspended matter in the water column is greater than during ‘rising water’ periods, probably due to resuspension processes. Vertical fluxes of settling particles (SP) varied between ca. 4 and 2000 g m−2 day−1. Fluxes of organic carbon ranged between (5–50 g C m−2 day−1) during the ‘falling water’ and between (0.041–4 g C m−2 day−1) during the ‘rising water’. The core is characterised by two laminated, sedimentological units. Sediments in the upper unit, which generally coarsens upwards, are interpreted as a progradation sequence of the sand and silt flat at the entrance of an inflow channel where the core was collected. This unit is composed of three sub-units: a superficial layer reworked by bioturbation, a lower sub-unit characterised by horizontal and sub-horizontal laminations of fine sands and silts, and a basal sub-unit composed of horizontal laminations of fine silts and clays. The lower unit is characterised by horizontal and sub-horizontal laminations of fine sands and silts and corresponds to the top of an older accumulating sequence. These changes show that the sedimentary environment is very dynamic at the centennial scale. Sedimentation rates generally ranged between 0.42 and 1.34 cm year−1, and were estimated to range from 0.56 to 1.35 cm year−1 after normalisation for clay-sized particles (<4 μm). Floodplain sediment accumulation generally varies between 0.42, 1.16, and 1.10 g m−2 year−1, within the first, second and third sub-units, respectively. In the second unit the non-supported 210Pb date is close to the detection limit. Carbon content is relatively low, around 1% sediment weight through the core, although mean carbon accumulation rates are very high, generally 100 g m−2 year−1 and peaking at 250 g m−2 year−1. These results suggest that Amazon floodplain lakes may constitute an important sink for organic carbon.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
A mouse monoclonal antibody specific for calreticulin.

Calreticulin (CRT) has various versatile functions. It is one of the family of heat shock proteins (HSPs), and is mainly located in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In order to elucidate the functional and structural properties of CRT, we expressed and purified CRT protein; we then developed a monoclonal antibody (MAb) against mouse CRT by immunizing BALB/c mice with a specific region of the N and P domains of CRT (dCRT) as antigen, which was expressed in Escherichia coli. A stable hybridoma cell line was established by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) screening. The MAb was then prepared from mouse ascites after inoculating the hybridoma cells. Different methods were used to analyze the characterization of the MAb: ELISA, Western blot analysis, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry. The dCRT protein was expressed and purified and a MAb cell line for CRT was established through immunization, fusion, and screening. ELISA and Western blot analysis indicated that the MAb specifically recognized CRT. In addition, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry demonstrated that the MAb exhibits excellent reactivity to the ecto-CRT when the cells were induced to apoptosis. This CRT MAb will be a valuable tool for further investigation of calreticulin functions.

Field of study: Biology
Acousto-optic channel equalization for microwave digital radios.

Digital radio transmission systems use complex modulation schemes that require powerful signalprocessing techniques to correct channel distortions and to minimize bit error rates. Acousto-optic processors are used, in conjunction with adaptive digital equalizers, to reduce the bit error rate of the digital radio receiver. The acousto-optic processor implements an inverse channel filter that is rapidly adaptable to time-varying distortions. A specific architecture is identified and a laboratory system is tested to verify the ability of the processor to track and correct time-varying channels. Computer simulations are used to show that the hybrid acousto-optic and digital equalizer permits a fourfold increase in the modulation capacity of radio, relative to all digital equalization, while improving the bit error rate performance.

Field of study: Physics
Computer assisted gasoline blending design

The design of gasoline blending made a linear transformation of the set of variables comprising component octane number, component distillation process data, component proportion of blending gasoline,and additive quantity.With a production-based data LSSVM and ν-SVR and RBFNN machine learning methods the prediction model for octane number was established, and the design was computerized for directing gasoline blending in a petroleum refinery.The experimental results showed that the mean of value of absolute error was 0.227RON,and the maximun absolute error was 0.480RON.The experiments with the absolute error within 0.3RON accounted for 76.2% of the total experiments while those with absolute error within 0.4RON accounts for 90.5% of total experiments.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
The legacy of Hicks : his contributions to economic analysis

Sir John Hicks made a major contribution to almost every aspect of modern economic theory. His diverse and inventive work has left a huge impression on the discipline.  Roegen, Vanderbilt University; Richard Goodwin, University of Siena; Frank H. Hahn, Cambridge University; John D. Hey, University of York; Charles M. Kennedy, University of Kent; David Laidler, University of Western Ontario; Axel Leijonhufvud, University of California, Los Angeles; Robin C.O. Matthews, Cambridge University; Michio Morishima, London School of Economics; Kurt W. Rothschild, Vienna; Robin Rowley, McGill University; Roberto Scazzieri, University of Bologna.

Field of study: Economics
The Central Argentine Railway and the Economic Development of Argentina, 1854–1881

IT has long been obvious that the diffusion of technical knowledge has been closely identified with the rapid economic growth characteristic of the nineteenth century. Perhaps less appreciated is that technical innovation in the nineteenth century generally occurred in response to economic demands. Indeed, technological change is usually integral to the everyday processes of production and consumption. "It expresses something not adventitious to a nation's economic life but an inherent part of it."' Transportation innovation was crucial to Argentine economic growth in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Once constructed, railroads provided an unmatched stimulus to production, created a national market, helped to shape the export orientation of the economy, and promoted the economic and political integration of the nation. It is the contention of this paper that the railroads not only contributed to Argentine economic growth but also were built in response to clearly discerned market patterns and economic opportunity. Transportation innovation, in short, was intimately linked to economic demand. The Central Argentine Railway, constructed between Rosario and C0rdoba in the 1860s, provides an excellent example of this relationship. Analysis of the Central's early years also provides a test of a variant but similar theme-the railroad created demand and was the prime mover in economic development. As Wilfrid Latham observed in 1866, "enterprise and industry, capital and civilization, peace and

Field of study: History