nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
TRIGONOMETRIC PARALLAX OF W51 MAIN/SOUTH

We report measurement of the trigonometric parallax of W51 Main/South using the Very Long Baseline Array. We measure a value of 0.185 ± 0.010 mas corresponding to a distance of 5.41+0.31 –0.28 kpc. W51 Main/South is a well-known massive star-forming region near the tangent point of the Sagittarius spiral arm of the Milky Way. Our distance to W51 yields an estimate of the distance to the Galactic center of R 0 = 8.3 ± 0.46 (statistical) ±1.0 (systematic) kpc by simple geometry. Combining the parallax and proper motion measurements for W51, we obtained the full-space motion of this massive star-forming region. We find W51 is in a nearly circular orbit about the Galactic center. The H2O masers used for our parallax measurements trace four powerful bipolar outflows within a 0.4 pc size region, some of which are associated with dusty molecular hot cores and/or hyper- or ultra-compact H II regions.

Field of study: Physics
INFLUENCE OF SURFACE CONDITIONS ON GROUND TEMPERATURE

Ground temperatures were measured under two parking lots, one of which was cleared of snow in winter, and monthly and annual average surface temperatures were estimated by extrapolation. The surface temperatures were compared with monthly and annual surface and air temperatures measured at a nearby grassed site. A dependence of the difference between the monthly average surface and air temperatures on snow cover and convective loss was observed. A correlation was found to exist between the monthly average of the daily global solar radiation and the difference between monthly average air temperature and monthly average parking lot surface temperature. It was demonstrated that, because of a change in surface conditions, there was a change in annual average ground temperature beneath a parking lot. The observations are discussed with reference to the formation of sporadic permafrost.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effects of forskolin on contractile responses and protein phosphorylation in the isolated perfused rat heart.

Continuous perfusion of rat hearts with concentrations of forskolin between 0.1 and 12 microM resulted in transient increases in tension after 45 s, followed by a return to the control value after 5 min. In contrast, the content of cyclic AMP increased linearly with time over this period, reaching values up to 35 times control after 5 min. Increases in contractile force, intracellular cyclic AMP concentration and the proportion of phosphorylase in the a form were dependent on the concentration of forskolin when measured 45 s and 120 s after initiation of perfusion. In hearts perfused for 45 s with various concentrations of forskolin, the measured cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity ratio and phosphorylase a content for a given measured intracellular cyclic AMP concentration were both much less than the corresponding values in hearts perfused for 30 s with various concentrations of isoprenaline. The phosphorylation of the contractile proteins troponin-I and C-protein also showed a concentration-dependent increase in hearts perfused with forskolin. There was a strong correlation between the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity ratios and the phosphorylation of the contractile proteins under all perfusion conditions. These results suggest that cyclic AMP is compartmented in perfused rat heart, and that much of the cyclic AMP produced in response to forskolin is unavailable to activate cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Alter Apelles: Dürer’s 1500 Self-Portrait

The persistence of interpretations that view Dürer’s 1500 Self-Portrait as a Christlike image in spite of the issue of blasphemy it raises is due in large part to the lack of a competing historical narrative, one that accounts for the unusual aspects of the painting without recourse to religious imagery. In this article, Dürer’s motivation in creating this unprecedented painting and the strategies he used in constructing it are analyzed from the perspective of his contemporaries. In this alternative view, the humanist context is crucial, with Dürer emulating the greatest artist of the ancient world by composing the 1500 Self-Portrait in ways that accord with Apelles’s art, practice, and reputation as it was transmitted through the literature of the ancient world.

Field of study: History
Simulation of a building and its HVAC system with an equation solver: Application to benchmarking

The today-availability of powerful engineering equation solvers is opening very new possibilities in technical component modelling and in system simulation. The simulation models, the “user guide” and the “reference guide” are all included in a same file. Reliable “reference” and “simplified” models are currently available for the building zone and for most (heating, ventilation and air-conditioning) HVAC components. Focus is given here on “simplified” models and on a simulation tool, called “Benchmark”. This tool should help an auditor to make the best use of the limited information usually available about actual fuel and electricity consumptions and to get a very first evaluation of the actual performances of a given HVAC system. An example of such use is presented. Another simulation tools and more information about the modelling of HVAC components will be presented in a further paper.

Field of study: Engineering
ru xian ai gai liang gen zhi shu hou gong neng duan lian de xiao guo fen xi

目的 探讨乳腺癌改良根治术后功能锻炼的临床效果.方法 本次实验以我院2010年1月至2011年1月所收治的60例乳腺癌改良根治术患者为实验对象,将患者随机分为实验组和对照组两组,对照组患者接受常规的术后锻炼,实验者患者实施功能锻炼,对比分析两组患者的临床治疗效果.结果 经过术后的锻炼和护理,两组患者临床症状都有所缓解,其中,

Field of study: Medicine
Carbonate–sulphate–redbed facies and cyclic sedimentation of the Windsorian Stage (Middle Carboniferous), Maritime Provinces

After the late Devonian orogeny, thick Carboniferous, mainly continental redbeds, derived from intrabasinal horsts, accumulated in a complex rift-valley system called the Fundy basin. During the mid-Carboniferous Windsorian Stage, generally hypersaline seas flooded repeatedly into the tortuously interconnected, intrabasinal grabens. The resulting carbonate–sulfate blankets intertongue laterally with increasingly coarser redbeds and even basalt adjacent to the horst. Macrofaunal, microfaunal, insoluble residue, heavy-mineral, and trace-element analyses and Irwin-logs have limited success in identifying remnants of each particular blanket. Nevertheless, a Windsorian facies model is constructed from detail microscopy and Recent analogues, including field work in Bermuda.Windsorian carbonates are mainly shallow marine to supratidal; calcium sulfate is mainly diagenetic and supratidal, precipitated within, not on, subaerial salt flats; and redbeds are mainly subaerial and diagenetic, pigmented by post-depositi...

Field of study: Environmental science
Illinois School Reform and the Social Sciences: 1985 to the Present

ter school improvement at the local level in crucial subject matter areas in all Illinois schools have been underway for nearly two decades and have involved all stakeholders, from educators to citizens to state board employees to elected officials. The overarching goal has been to help children increase their knowledge and skills in selected subject matter areas that are considered essential to their continued development in life. The effort has evolved through several stages . Throughout the process, development committees have relied heavily on curriculum guidelines and the national standards of the professional organizations representing the targeted disciplines, including those in geography and the other social sciences, to craft state goals, standards for learning, and assessments. In addition, careful attention has been paid to the alignment of state goals for learning, learning standards, performance standards, and assessment frameworks.

Field of study: Sociology
Colours, colour relationalism and the deliverances of introspection

Let colour relationalism be that form of colour realism according to which colours are constituted (partly) in terms of relations to subjects (possibly inter alia). Colour relationalism can be usefully contrasted with non-relationalist views according to which colours are, say, non-relational physical properties of objects (Byrne and Hilbert 2003; Tye 2000). One (historically important) way to bring out the conflict between these two sorts of views is to ask whether, in cases where subjects appear to disagree in the colours they ascribe to a common object, it must be the case that at most one of the ascriptions can be veridical. For example, suppose that you look at a ripe tomato, that it appears to be red and that you report as much when asked; and now suppose that an alien being, with very different perceptual apparatus, views the same ripe tomato, but that it appears to her to be green, and that she reports as much when asked. Would one of the two reports of the ripe tomato’s colour have to be mistaken, or is it possible that both of them could be correct? Anti-relationalist views about colour predict that, in such cases of perceptual variation with respect to colour, just as in the case where you and I disagree in (say) the shape we ascribe to an object, at most one report

Field of study: Philosophy
Development of an alanine-derived chiral stabilized azomethine ylid based on the 5-(2′-naphthyl)morpholin-2-one template

A rows to enantiomerically pure α-methyl functionalized proline derivatives is presented, using a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition strategy based upon a homochiral 5-(2′-naphthyl)morpholin-2-one template. A mild means of generating stabilized azomethine ylids using sonication and Lewis acid catalysis is developed, avoiding the use of excessive temperatures.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Level of Shyness among Talented Students in Light of Socio-Economic Level of the Family in Riyadh

The present study aimed to identify the level of shyness among talented students in the city of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and detect differences according to the variable of socio-economic level of the family. The sample consisted of (101) students, who randomly chosen from centers of talented students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Shyness scale utilized in this study. The results showed that the arithmetic mean of the feeling of shyness among the participants was medium, and the results indicated that there were statistically significant differences in the level of feeling shy attributed to the socio-economic level of the family in favor of those with low- socio-economic level. The study recommended the need to develop strategies and programs, by educational officials, which contribute to the reduction of the level of shyness among talented students, including those with low socio-economic level.  feeling of shyness, the talented students, Riyadh.

Field of study: Education
Visual Error Criteria for Qualitative Smoothing

An important gap, between the classical mathematical theory and the practice and implementation of nonparametric curve estimation, is due to the fact that the usual norms on function spaces measure something different from what the eye can see visually in a graphical presentation. Mathematical error criteria that more closely follow “visual impression” are developed and analyzed from both graphical and mathematical viewpoints. Examples from wavelet regression and kernel density estimation are considered.

Field of study: Mathematics
Design and Implementation of Energy Management Information System Based on Power Line Carrier

In order to achieve energy conservation, designs and implements an energy management information system based on power line carrier communication technology, and elaborates hardware architecture, function modules design, energy policy settings, data collection and oth-er aspects. Through this system, achieves energy saving management and scientific deployment management, such as remote electricity automatic meter reading,electricity measuring, remote on/off control, which can achieve automation, information technology, networking,humane "managing energy conservation".

Field of study: Computer science
Grand Rounds: A Method for Improving Student Learning and Client Care Continuity in a Student-Run Physical Therapy Pro Bono Clinic.

Grand Rounds is a teaching methodology that has existed in various forms in medical education for centuries. When a student-run pro bono clinic identified a growing challenge of providing continuity of care for clients and a lack of preparedness in students, they implemented a Grand Rounds model of case presentation within the curriculum. The purpose of this paper is to describe the implementation and assessment of Grand Rounds as it attempts to improve both the continuity of care for the clients and the learning experience for the students involved in a student-run pro bono clinic.  The Student Board divided the student physical therapists and the clients into three teams. Each team of students would meet every three weeks to discuss the clients on their caseload. More advanced students helped to mentor the more novice students and a faculty member would facilitate the discussions.  After eight months of implementation, the Student Board gathered evaluative data from students, supervisors and client. The Widener University Institutional Review Board approved the program evaluation. Analysis of the data collected revealed that the students grew more confident and effective in their ability to implement and advance the physical therapy program.  The program evaluation confirmed that the implementation of teams and Grand Rounds positively impacted students' confidence and ability to collaboratively treat and advance clients and their physical therapy program in the student-run pro bono clinic. The program evaluation was not effective in thoroughly assessing the impact that the model had on clients and their recovery. Further evaluation should be conducted with client outcomes measures. Recommendations for the modification and improvement of Grand Rounds emerged.

Field of study: Education
Partonic transverse momenta in non-relativistic hyper-central quark potential models

We investigate the impact of three-body forces on the transverse-momentum distribution of partons inside the proton. This is achieved by considering the three-body problem in a class of hyper-central quark potential models. Solving the corresponding Schrödinger equation, we determine the quark wave function in the proton and with appropriate transformations and projections we find the transverse-momentum distribution of a single quark. In each case the parameters of the quark potentials are adjusted in order to sufficiently describe observable properties of the proton. Using a factorization ansatz, we incorporate the obtained transverse-momentum distribution in a perturbative QCD scheme for the calculation of the cross-section for prompt photon production in pp collisions. A large set of experimental data is fitted using as a single free parameter the mean partonic transverse momentum. The dependence of 〈kT〉 on the collision characteristics (initial energy and transverse momentum of the final photon) is much smoother when compared with similar results found in the literature using a Gaussian distribution for the partonic transverse momenta. Within the considered class of hyper-central quark potentials the one with the weaker dependence on the hyper-radius is preferred for the description of the data since it leads to the smoothest mean partonic transverse-momentum profile. We have repeated all the calculations using a two-body potential of the same form as the optimal (within the considered class) hyper-central potential in order to check if the presence of three-body forces is supported by the experimental data. Our analysis indicates that three-body forces influence significantly the form of the parton transverse-momentum distribution and consequently lead to an improved description of the considered data.

Field of study: Physics
Abundance, morphology and chemical composition of microplastics in sand and sediments from a protected coastal area: The Mar Menor lagoon (SE Spain).

This paper presents the abundance and ubiquitous presence of microplastics in a protected coastal zone located in the southeast of Spain: The Mar Menor lagoon, an important tourist destination in this region. Seventeen sampling sites, corresponding to both intertidal and backshore points, were collected during winter 2017 and 2018, being situated in different protected areas according to international, European and Spanish environmental policies. The main objectives of the study were to examine microplastics in both protected and non-protected areas, and to test the importance of local activities on their presence. Northwest samples reported higher average microplastic concentrations than samples collected in the southeastern part of the coastal lagoon, likely due to the extensive use of sludge from wastewater treatment plants besides the fragmentation of low density polyethylene from plastic greenhouses, being microplastic films also higher for northwest than for southeast samples. Moreover, large inter-site differences observed in microplastic concentrations also demonstrated that local activities, mainly tourism and fishery, may play an important role as microplastic sources. The extensive amount of 17 different polymer types identified in this paper, much higher than most reported in similar studies, together with the variety of colors of microplastics most of them in a fragmented form (59.4%) and mainly detected in urban beaches, should be related to the geographical situation of this coastal lagoon, together with enormous environmental passives accumulated over the past 50 years. Only polyvinyl ester resins proved to be statistically higher in non-protected than in protected zones, probably related to their use in manufacturing boat hulls, although sources and pathways for microplastics are always difficult to assess. Measures to avoid microplastic pollution should be taken through educational programs, with also a clear commitment from plastic producers and transformers.

Field of study: Environmental science
Thermal diffusivity measurements of R1234yf and R1234ze(E) under saturation conditions using dynamic light scattering method

Tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (R1234yf) and trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (R1234ze(E)) have gained increasing interesting due to their environmental properties and are expected as alternatives to 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a). The purpose of this work is to investigate the thermal diffusivities of the two refrigerants with dynamic light scattering method, for which the reliability of the experimental setup was checked at first by measuring the thermal diffusivity of R134a. Then the thermal diffusivities of R1234yf and R1234ze(E) in the liquid phase were measured under saturation conditions from 298 K up to 378 K. The relative combined uncertainties of thermal diffusivity were estimated to be 2%, and increased to 3% when the reduced temperature above 0.95.

Field of study: Engineering
Trypanosoma cruzi infection induces morphological reorganization of the myocardium parenchyma and stroma, and modifies the mechanical properties of atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes in rats.

This study investigates morphofunctional adaptations of the heart stroma and parenchyma in rats that are chronically infected with Trypanosoma cruzi.



Four-month-old male Wistar rats were randomized into control (n=14) and infected (n=14) groups. Infected animals were inoculated with T. cruzi Y strain. After 9 weeks, the animals were euthanized, and the right atrium (RA) and left ventricle (LV) were removed for biochemical, stereological, and cardiomyocyte mechanical analyses.



Infected animals presented cardiomyocyte atrophy and myocardial fibrosis. For these animals, the total volume, length, surface area, and cross-sectional area of cardiomyocytes were significantly reduced, and the total interstitial and collagen volumes were significantly increased in the RA and LV compared to the controls. The total volume and length of blood vessels were significantly increased in the LV, and the total blood vessel surface area was significantly higher in the RA of infected animals. RA and LV cardiomyocytes from infected animals exhibited a significant reduction in cell shortening (43.02% and 24.98%, respectively), prolongation of the time to the peak of contraction (17.09%) and the time to half relaxation (23.68%) compared to non-infected animals. Lipid hydroperoxides, but not mineral concentrations, were significantly increased in the RA and LV from infected animals, showing an inverse correlation with cell shortening.



T. cruzi infection induces global structural remodeling of the RA and LV in rats. This remodeling coexists with cardiomyocyte contractility dysfunction, which is possibly related to the abnormal organization of the myocardial stroma and increased cellular lipid peroxidation.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
COFACTORS AND MARKERS OF DISEASE PROGRESSION IN HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION

The identification of factors which are related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression, either by a direct interaction with HIV to increase the rate of disease progression or by providing an indication of an infected individual's likely prognosis, can have great value when understanding HIV pathogenesis and in the development of novel therapeutic approaches. This paper describes the roles of the CD4 cell count and the viral load as markers of disease progression and discusses the recent findings on chemokine receptors in HIV infection. Our current knowledge on these factors is summarized and unresolved statistical issues are highlighted.

Field of study: Mathematics
Some Aspects of Isotopic Composition of Belemnites and Related Paleotemperatures

Belemnites have been regarded in the past as one of the most suitable fossil groups for paleotemperature determinations. We have investigated the isotopic composition of carbon and oxygen of about 200 carefully selected belemnite samples. We have made special efforts to elucidate questions of preservation of primary isotopic composition and of possible metabolic effects. The two most striking results of our measurements are: (1) The existence of variations of as much as l4‰ in δC 13 and 5‰ in δO 18 within single belemnite specimens have been found. (2) The aragonite samples, taken from conotheca and septa of Megateutbis giganteus (v. Schloth.), show a broader variation than calcite. In two examples, in which a sequence of five or six septa could be prepared separately, a correlation exists between very light δC 13 and δO 18 values, indicating—at least partially—a metabolic source of the CO 2 . The relevance of these results for studying paleotemperatures based on belemnites is discussed.

Field of study: Geology
Modeling and Implementation of Management System of Welding Procedure Qualification

Welding procedure qualification,which is an important measure to ensure the welding quality,provides a basis for welding process design.According to the analysis of the process of welding procedure qualification in manufacturing industry,the requirements for the system were acquired.By using the method of UML model analysis,the system structure was constructed and the use case models,static models,active models were established.The system was developed based on the designed models and using the modus of WYSIWYG(What  Get) to edit the card and chart that is concerned to the welding procedure qualification documents.Combined with database design,the system realizes data sharing and effective management of welding procedure qualification documents.

Field of study: Materials science