nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Histological Change in a Chinese Milroy Disease Family With Venous and Skin Abnormities

Milroy disease (MD) is rare and autosomal dominant resulting from mutations of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3 or FLT4), which leads to dysgenesis of the lymphatic system.  Here we report a Chinese MD family with 2 affected members of two generations. We identified the mutation of c.3075G>A in one allele of FLT4 in Chinese population firstly. The father and child presented lymphedema under knees both. Unfortunately, the child was premature delivered for a car accident of the mother and then died of asphyxia. Then we gathered the tissue of the lower-limb from the child with permission from the parents and ethic committee. We stained the tissue with lymphatic marker D2-40 and hematoxylin-eosin to explore the histological changes. Afterwards, we compared the results with a normal child who unfortunately died of premature delivery also.  It is firstly identified the mutation of FLT4: c.3075G>A in Chinese population, and the mutation Inherited in the lineage. The histological evaluation indicated: (1) The number of lymphatic vessels decreased; (2) The morphology and structure of lymphatic vessels was abnormal. And what is added to our knowledge: (1) Capillary hyperemia and phlebectasia is severe; (2) Vascular malformations; (3) The number of vascular endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells decreased; (4) Large sheets of epidermis desquamated; (5) The numbers of cutaneous appendages reduced in MD.  Based on the new findings, we assume that mutation of FLT4 not only affect the lymphogenesis, but also the angiogenesis, and epidermis structure.

Field of study: Biology
Influence of Environmental Factors on the Fate of Legacy and Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances along the Salinity/Turbidity Gradient of a Macrotidal Estuary.

This study aimed at bridging knowledge gaps regarding the land-sea transport of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) through riverine discharge into coastal waters. The present survey was conducted in the Gironde estuary (southwestern France) where PFASs were ubiquitously detected albeit at low levels. Emerging PFASs such as fluorotelomer sulfonates or polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diesters accounted for a relatively minor proportion of ∑PFASs, while perfluorooctanesulfonate, perfluorohexanesulfonate, and perfluorohexanoate were the predominant congeners. Multiple linear regressions provided insights into the relative influence of factors controlling PFAS sediment levels. In that respect, the organic carbon fraction (strongly correlated to sediment grain size) appeared as a more important controlling factor than black carbon or distance from upstream sources for long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids. In the maximum turbidity zone (suspended solids up to 2600 mg L-1), the particle-associated fraction was almost consistently >50% for long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylates and sulfonates (≥C8 and ≥ C6, respectively). Empirical models of KD partitioning coefficients were derived by integrating, for the first time, both particle-concentration and salting-out effects. These results represent significant progress toward the development of numerical transport models integrating both PFAS partitioning and 3D-hydrosedimentary dynamics, with a view to estimate PFAS mass budgets at the land-sea interface.

Field of study: Environmental science
Autonomous application of quantitative PCR in the deep sea: in situ surveys of aerobic methanotrophs using the deep-sea environmental sample processor.

Recent advances in ocean observing systems and genomic technologies have led to the development of the deep-sea environmental sample processor (D-ESP). The D-ESP filters particulates from seawater at depths up to 4000 m and applies a variety of molecular assays to the particulates, including quantitative PCR (qPCR), to identify particular organisms and genes in situ. Preserved samples enable laboratory-based validation of in situ results and expanded studies of genomic diversity and gene expression. Tests of the D-ESP at a methane-rich mound in the Santa Monica Basin centered on detection of 16S rRNA and particulate methane monooxygenase (pmoA) genes for two putative aerobic methanotrophs. Comparison of in situ qPCR results with laboratory-based assays of preserved samples demonstrates the D-ESP generated high-quality qPCR data while operating autonomously on the seafloor. Levels of 16S rRNA and pmoA cDNA detected in preserved samples are consistent with an active community of aerobic methanotrophs near the methane-rich mound. These findings are substantiated at low methane sites off Point Conception and in Monterey Bay where target genes are at or below detection limits. Successful deployment of the D-ESP is a major step toward developing autonomous systems to facilitate a wide range of marine microbiological investigations.

Field of study: Environmental science
Dimensionality driven spin-flop transition in layered iridates.

Using resonant x-ray diffraction, we observe an easy c-axis collinear antiferromagnetic structure for the bilayer Sr3Ir2O7, a significant contrast to the single layer Sr2IrO4 with in-plane canted moments. Based on a microscopic model Hamiltonian, we show that the observed spin-flop transition as a function of number of IrO2 layers is due to strong competition among intra- and interlayer bond-directional pseudodipolar interactions of the spin-orbit entangled J(eff)=1/2 moments. With this we unravel the origin of anisotropic exchange interactions in a Mott insulator in the strong spin-orbit coupling regime, which holds the key to the various types of unconventional magnetism proposed in 5d transition metal oxides.

Field of study: Physics
THE RESEARCH OF CORE RING METHOD TO MEASURE RESIDUAL STRESS ON THE SURFACE OF CEMENT CONCRETE SLAB

In the procedure of concrete strength development,the changes in cementitious material volume results in the production of internal residual stress.Because the volume changes of cement pasted on the surface are influnced more obviously by environmental factors,the residual stress on the surface of rigid pavement slab will develop quickly and may lead to the appearance of micro crackings.According to the hole drilling strain gage(HDSG) method which is often used to measure residual stress in metal structure,some researchers developed the core ring strain gage(CRSG) method for concrete structures and the feasibility of this method was studied.In this paper a finite element model(FEM) is developed to simulate the process of core ring drilling in concrete slab.The parameters in CRSG method are selected based on FEM's results for different cases.Large scale slabs are casted in laboratory and tests using CRSG method to measure residual stress are conducted.The test results of two cases(loading on slab corner and no loading) indicate that CRSG method can release the residual stress and can be used to measure residual stress on the surface of rigid pavement slab.

Field of study: Engineering
Pharmacologically inhibiting phosphoglycerate kinase 1 for glioma with NG52

Inhibition of glycolysis process has been an attractive approach for cancer treatment due to the evidence that tumor cells are more dependent on glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation pathway. Preliminary evidence shows that inhibition of phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) kinase activity would reverse the Warburg effect and make tumor cells lose the metabolic advantage for fueling the proliferation through restoration of the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity and subsequently promotion of pyruvic acid to enter the Krebs cycle in glioma. However, due to the lack of small molecule inhibitors of PGK1 kinase activity to treat glioma, whether PGK1 could be a therapeutic target of glioma has not been pharmacologically verified yet. In this study we developed a high-throughput screening and discovered that NG52, previously known as a yeast cell cycle-regulating kinase inhibitor, could inhibit the kinase activity of PGK1 (the IC 50  = 2.5 ± 0.2 μM). We showed that NG52 dose-dependently inhibited the proliferation of glioma U87 and U251 cell lines with IC 50 values of 7.8 ± 1.1 and 5.2 ± 0.2 μM, respectively, meanwhile it potently inhibited the proliferation of primary glioma cells. We further revealed that NG52 (12.5–50 μM) effectively inhibited the phosphorylation of PDHK1 at Thr338 site and the phosphorylation of PDH at Ser293 site in U87 and U251 cells, resulting in more pyruvic acid entering the Krebs cycle with increased production of ATP and ROS. Therefore, NG52 could reverse the Warburg effect by inhibiting PGK1 kinase activity, and switched cellular glucose metabolism from anaerobic mode to aerobic mode. In nude mice bearing patient-derived glioma xenograft, oral administration of NG52 (50, 100, 150 mg· kg −1 ·d −1 , for 13 days) dose-dependently suppressed the growth of glioma xenograft. Together, our results demonstrate that targeting PGK1 kinase activity might be a potential strategy for glioma treatment.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Agricultural productivity and european industrialization, 1890-1980

This exercise in comparative measurement and analysis surveys indicators for labour and land productivities in European agricultures between 1890 and 1980. It exposes the empirical flaws and above all the range of conceptual difficulties involved in defining agricultural outputs and inputs for purposes of international comparison. Yet the numbers do reveal how the industrialization of continental economies was constrained (and severely constrained in Mediterranean Europe) compared with that of the UK by malign historical legacies of high ratios of labour to land and an unfavourable ecological environment for the diffusion of the animal intensive technology of the first agrarian revolution.

Field of study: Economics, History
Parental Coping in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Fifty-six mothers of premature infants who participated in a study to reduce symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) completed the Brief COPE, a self-report inventory of coping mechanisms, the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire to assess acute stress disorder (ASD) and the Davidson Trauma Scale to assess PTSD. 18 % of mothers had baseline ASD while 30 % of mothers met the criteria for PTSD at the 1-month follow-up. Dysfunctional coping as measured by the Brief COPE was positively associated with elevated risk of PTSD in these mothers (RR = 1.09, 95 % CI 1.02–1.15; p = .008). Maternal education was positively associated with PTSD; each year increase in education was associated with a 17 % increase in the relative risk of PTSD at 1 month follow-up (RR = 1.17, 95 % CI 1.02–1.35; p = .03). Results suggest that dysfunctional coping is an important issue to consider in the development of PTSD in parents of premature infants.

Field of study: Psychology
Interaction of Cucurbit[n]uril(n=7,8) with Sildenafil Citrate Using ~1H NMR

The host-guest chemistry of systems containing Sildenafil Citrate(denoted as SCT) and cucurbit[n]uril(denoted as CB[n],n=7,8) was investigated by 1H NMR,ESI-MS,IR,and UV-vis spectra.The results revealed that the sildenafil citrate guest and CB[n](n=7,8) host could form a stable 1 ∶ 1(molar ratio) inclusion complex,in which the position of CB[n](n=7,8) was different due to the size of their cavity.The inclusion constant of sildenafil citrate with CB[7] and CB[8] was 958 L/mol and 1530 L/mol,respectively.The binding constant which located from 102 L/mol to 103 L/mol indicates that CB[7] and CB[8] could be used as a potential slow-released agent.

Field of study: Chemistry
Single spatial mode 2–2.2 µm diode lasers fabricated by selective wet etching

Diffraction limited ? = 2?2.2??m ridge waveguide lasers with continuous wave output power near 100 mW at room temperature were fabricated with a two-step wet etching technique using the interface between the top cladding and waveguide core materials as an etch stopper. The devices did not suffer from lateral current spreading. The second optical mode was suppressed by the low lateral confinement. Experiments showed that reducing the ridge width below 6??m did not affect the device efficiency or the output beam quality but led to an increase of the transparency current density. We speculate that this increase was associated with the mismatch between the wide modal size and the narrow current path in ridge lasers with suppressed lateral current spreading.

Field of study: Materials science
Bayesian analysis of mortality data

Congdon argued that the use of parametric modelling of mortality data is necessary in many practical demographical problems. In this paper, we focus on a form of model introduced by Heligman and Pollard in 1980, and we adopt a Bayesian analysis, using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation, to produce the posterior summaries required. This opens the way to richer, more flexible inference summaries and avoids the numerical problems that are encountered with classical methods. Particular methodologies to cope with incomplete life-tables and a derivation of joint lifetimes, median times to death and related quantities of interest are also presented.

Field of study: Mathematics
NEW TYPE OF PREFABRICATED FULLY PROTECTED RIBONUCLEOTIDE MONOMER UNITS AS USEFUL SYNTHETIC INTERMEDIATES IN RAPID OLIGORIBONUCLEOTIDE SYNTHESIS

Oligoribonucleotide synthesis has been done by employing newly constructed fully protected ribonucleotide units, S,S-diphenyl 5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-2′-O-tetrahydropyranyl-N-monomethoxytritylnucleoside 3′-phosphorodithioates 7. The units were found to be useful synthetic intermediates for rapid oligoribonucleotide synthesis.

Field of study: Chemistry
Commitment, choice and self-control.

When offered a choice (Choice Y) between a small immediate reward (2-sec exposure to grain) and a large reward (4-sec exposure to grain) delayed by 4 sec, pigeons invariably preferred the small, immediate reward. However, when offered a choice (Choice X) between a delay of T seconds followed by Choice Y and a delay of T seconds followed by restriction to the large delayed reward only, the pigeon's choice depended on T. When T was small, the pigeons chose the alternative leading to Choice Y (and then chose the small, immediate reward). When T was large, the pigeons chose the alternative leading to the large delayed reward only. The reversal of preference as T increases is predicted by several recent models for choice between various amounts and delays of reward. The preference for the large delayed alternative with long durations of T parallels everyday instances of advance commitment to a given course of action. Such commitment may be seen as a prototype for self-control.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Sedimentary and Gravity-Slide Emplacement of Serpentinite

Large deposits of serpentinite in alpine-type orogenic areas have been formed by sedimentary processes ranging from the detrital accumulation of bedded serpentinite sandstone and shale to the emplacement of chaotic breccias (olistostromes) and gigantic slide blocks. Known occurrences of sedimentary serpentinite are listed, and eight deposits from the circum-Pacific, Caribbean, and Mediterranean areas are described in detail. Sedimentary serpentinites range in age from early Paleozoic to Quaternary, although most are Cretaceous or Tertiary. Most were deposited in eugeosynclinal environments, early in the geosynclinal cycle. Individual deposits range in thickness from a few centimeters to nearly 3 km, and several extend laterally for tens of kilometers. Graded bedding is common, and many deposits contain marine fossils.

Serpentinite is the dominant rock constituent, and clasts foreign to the alpine ultramafic assemblage are rare. Chemical analyses often detrital serpentinites show that these rocks contain slightly more silica and alumina than do nondetrital serpentinites, due to contamination by aluminosilicate minerals and quartz during deposition. This and nine other criteria are potentially useful in the recognition of sedimentary serpentinites.

Several features suggest that most sedimentary serpentinites were deposited very rapidly by submarine landslides, mudflows, or turbidity currents. The sources of this serpentinite debris are postulated to be upward-migrating serpentinite protrusions which penetrate the seafloor or Earth's surface upslope from eventual depositional sites.

Sedimentary serpentinites are much more abundant in alpine-type orogenic areas than is commonly thought, and many ultramafic masses presently regarded as igneous intrusions or tectonic protrusions may in fact be coeval with, instead of younger than, their enclosing sedimentary or metasedimentary rocks. In eugeosynclinal sequences such as the Franciscan Formation, some elongate bodies now regarded as serpentinite sills may be beds of ultramafic detritus whose sedimentary features have been masked by post-depositional shearing; isolated masses may be exotic slide blocks. A sedimentary origin can explain some of the most persistent and perplexing characteristics of many alpine serpentinites: their conformity with enclosing sedimentary rocks, their grossly planar shapes, and the absence of metamorphism along their contacts.

Field of study: Geology
On nonlinear classical electrodynamics with an axionic term

Recently there has been a renewed interest in axionic generalization of electrodynamics due to its application to topological insulators. A low-energy electromagnetic response of these exotic materials was proposed to be described by an axionic term in the Lagrangian. Motivated by this it is of interest to study various aspects of axionic electrodynamics and analyze the universal features of the axionic effects. Here we discuss the axionic modification of generalized electrodynamics with a Lagrangian being an arbitrary function of two electromagnetic invariants. Surprisingly, the qualitative characteristics of the major axionic effects known in the Maxwell theory happen to be independent of the exact type of the nonlinear Lagrangian and are uniquely fixed by the form of the axionic term.

Field of study: Physics
Implications of Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Proterozoic piercing lines for Laramide oblique-slip faulting in New Mexico and rotation of the Colorado Plateau

Regional isopach patterns and pinch-out data for nine stratigraphic units of Jurassic and Cretaceous age are either permissive or supportive of significant dextral slip of Laramide age along the eastern Colorado Plateau boundary in New Mexico. The best-constrained dextral offset estimates are for the Sand Hill–Nacimiento fault system (20–33 km) and the previously published 13 km estimate for the Defiance monocline, which together yield a cumulative offset of 33–46 km. Mesozoic stratigraphic constraints for other Laramide fault systems are less precise, and typically provide only maximum limits for possible dextral offsets because of widely spaced control points and broad areas of Tertiary erosion. These less precise constraints allow as much as 40–60 km of Laramide dextral slip along what is now the Rio Grande rift and as much as 110 km across the entire breadth of the Laramide deformed zone in central and northern New Mexico. Well-documented dextral offsets of Proterozoic lithologies and structures across the Tusas-Picuris fault system (15 km) and Picuris-Pecos fault (37 km) probably represent minimum Laramide displacements because of the need to account for sinistral components related to other deformations. These displacements, when combined with dextral offsets along Sand Hill–Nacimiento and Defiance structures, yield a minimum dextral offset of ∼85 km for Laramide structures in northern New Mexico. This minimum dextral offset is approximately equivalent to the amount of Laramide crustal shortening on and northward of the Colorado Plateau, a result that argues against nearby Euler pole locations for Laramide rotation of the Colorado Plateau relative to cratonic North America. Geological constraints allow ∼0° to 3° of Laramide clockwise rotation of the Colorado Plateau. Additional clockwise plateau rotation during late Cenozoic development of the Rio Grande rift was 1° to 1.5°. Geological constraints thus indicate that clockwise rotation of the Colorado Plateau from combined Laramide and Rio Grande rift deformations was between about 1° and 4.5°.

Field of study: Geology
The effect of Sodium Alginate Based Edible Coating Containing Wild Garlic on Microbial, Chemical and Sensorial Charactertistes of Veal Fillet in Refrigerated condition

هدیکچ  ایمیش و یبورکیم یگدولآ دعتسم تشوگ تسا یی و نویسادیسکا و یبورکیم دشر یبرچ  اه لماوع زا هدمع داسف نآ م ی ،دنشاب اربانب زا هدافتسا نی دنرادهگن ه ه ا یتنآ تایصوصخ اب یی  یبورکیم دض و ینادیسکا یم  دهد شیازفا ار نآ يراگدنام دناوت . هایگ  کلاو  هب  تلع  نتشاد  و یلنف تابیکرت داوم  رادروفلوس  ياراد  لیسناتپ  یتنآ  ا و ینادیسک  دض  یبورکیم  رایسب  يوق  تسا . هلیف قیقحت نیا رد  اب هلاسوگ تشوگ ياه یکاروخ ششوپ تانیژلآ میدس يواح کلاو هراصع ) 0 ، 5 / 0 ، 1 و 5 / 1 دصرد ( ششوپ هداد  هدش هرود کی رد و 28 هزور  شرامش  يرتکاب یلک  ياه  لیفوزم  و  يرتکاب  ياه  ارگامرس  و  نینچمه  ،تبوطر ددع  دیسکارپ ) PV ( ، ا سیدن  کیروتیبرابویت  دیسا ) TBA ( ،  pH و  صاوخ  یسح  هلاسوگ تشوگ هلیف  تفرگ رارق یبایزرادروم . جیاتن  ششوپ هک داد ناشن  یکاروخ  يواح  هراصع  کلاو  ینعم روط هب  يراد ) 05 / 0 < P (  دشر يرتکاب  ياه  لیفوزم  و  ارگامرس شهاک لرتنک هنومن هب تبسن ار  داد .  پ یکاروخ ششو يواح 5 / 1 و هراصع دصرد کلا ،  ت نیرتشیب أ شیازفا لرتنک ربارب رد ار ریث pH ، PV  و TBA  لوط رد 28 لاچخی رد يرادهگن زور داد ناشن . رد  نیب  صخاش  ياه  ،یسح  تفاب  و  شریذپ  یلک ، رامیت  يواح  1  دصرد  هراصع  کلاو  زایتما  ب هنومن ریاس هب تبسن يرتلاا  درک بسک اه .  جیاتن  یلک  ناشن  داد  هراصع يواح تانیژلآ ششوپ هک کلاو یم  دناوت و یبورکیم داسف نویسادیسکا دنا ریخأت هب هلاسوگ تشوگ هلیف رد ار و هتخ  صاوخ  لاچخی طیارش رد يرادهگن یط رد هلاسوگ تشوگ هلیف یسح ی  دهد دوبهب .

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences