nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Attribution of the record high Central England temperature of 2014 to anthropogenic influences

In 2014, Central England experienced its warmest year in a record extending back to 1659. Using both state-of-the-art climate models and empirical techniques, our analysis shows a substantial and significant increase in the likelihood of record-breaking warm years, such as 2014, due to human influences on climate. With 90% confidence we find that anthropogenic forcings on the climate have increased the chances of record warm years in Central England by at least 13-fold. This study points to a large influence of human activities on extreme warm years despite the small region of study and the variable climate of Central England. Our analysis shows that climate change is clearly visible on the local-scale in this case.

Field of study: Environmental science
Biologic Visual Model for Inspection of Solar Cell Crack

Solar energy as a kind of promising new energy,inspection of solar cell crack has important practical and productive significance in solar cell manufacturing industry.The hardware methods are inefficient in the past,and easily damaged solar cells.But software methods in the past mainly through the classical image processing methods for detection,and have the general effect in complex background.We propose an improved method of biological vision model,by simulating the working principle of the ventral visual pathway of T.Serre standard model of biological vision,and using Tomoyuki the Percolation-Based Image Processing to guide the selection of feature template.Through the detection experiments and comparative test on a series of collected solar cell images,demonstrated the effectiveness of our method.

Field of study: Computer science
ESTUDIOS EN ECOLOGIA DE LARVAS DE MICTOFIDOS (PISCES, MYCTOPHIDAE): UNA PROPUESTA PARA NUEVAS LINEAS DE INVESTIGACION EN LA CORRIENTE DE HUMBOLDT

En el presente trabajo se realiza una revision de algunas caracteristicas de la biologia y ecologia de los estadios de desarrollo temprano de la familia Myctophidae que ejemplifican el grado de adaptabilidad de este grupo de peces a ambientes costeros de surgencia y zonas oceanicas adyacentes. El objetivo, sin embargo, no fue el realizar un listado exhaustivo de todos los temas posibles de investigacion, sino profundizar en, a) la identificacion de aspectos relevantes que puedan ser abordados con metodologias ya existentes en la region y b) mediante la ejemplificacion de algunos estudios ya publicados a nivel nacional y regional, estimular investigaciones futuras en el area de la ecologia larval en la Corriente de Humboldt. Se abordan principalmente tres areas: aspectos taxonomicos y sistematicos, aspectos de ecologia poblacional y estrategias reproductivas, y aspectos de ecofisiologia de estadios tempranos. Se determino falta de informacion y descripcion de los estadios tempranos en mictofidos, particularmente de los estadios huevo. Se propone ademas que podrian existir diferencias geneticas, a nivel interpoblacional en algunas especies de mictofidos con distribucion mas amplia (e. g. Triphoturus mexicanus). Al respecto, el desarrollo de tecnicas genetico-moleculares se espera conlleven a un aumento en el grado de conocimiento inter e intraespecifico a nivel regional. Respecto a estudios poblacionales, la informacion existente, aunque escasa en zonas de surgencias, sugiere que algunas especies de este grupo tendrian la capacidad de variar sus estrategias reproductivas de acuerdo a las condiciones oceanograficas. Se detecta una deficiencia en la informacion referente a cambios ontogenicos en la distribucion espacial, principalmente vertical. Con la incorporacion de nuevo equipamiento en muchos centros de investigacion en Chile, se espera que estas limitaciones se superen y aumente el interes en esta area de investigacion. Finalmente, en relacion a aspectos de ecofisiologia, se advierte tambien falta de informacion incluso en estudios tradicionales (alimentacion, migraciones verticales), aunque se observa que algunas areas tematicas actualmente muy difundidas a nivel internacional (edad y crecimiento mediante lectura de otolitos) y otras mas recientes (metabolismo en condiciones de hipoxia) estan comenzando a desarrollarse tambien en larvas de peces de la Corriente de Humboldt.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Reaction of aroylenebenzimidazoles with nucleophilic reagents

The reaction of aromatic mono- and bis(o-phenylenediamines), -(aminophenols), and -(o-aminothiophenols) with mono- and diaroylenebenzimidazoles in polyphosphoric acid was studied. The interrelationship between the structures and properties of the resulting compounds, which contain benzimidazole and other rings in the ortho position relative to one another, was investigated.

Field of study: Chemistry
Elastic neutron scattering measurements on239Pu in the energy range between 0.19 and 0.38 MeV

Five neutron scattering angular distributions of239Pu were measured in the primary neutron energy range between 0.19 and 0.38 MeV. The absolute cross section results are presented in the form of coefficients of Legendre polynomial expansions. Integrated scattering cross sections are also given. Cross section calculations using a central optical model were made and their results were compared with the experimental values.

Field of study: Physics
Simulation and Implementation of a New NoC-based Interconnection Network

A new NoC-based interconnection topology,MLR is proposed taking consideration both the network performance and the hardware cost. This proposed NoC topology uses hierarchical interconnection architecture to reduce the network diameter and link number between IP cores. Due to the symmetrical and scalable architecture,MLR has a better performance on both global and local IP core communications. These performance improvements such as network drop rate,latency and throughput have been verified to be improved over 50%-70%,based on simulations on the proposed MLR network and other topologies such as 2D-mesh. The router-sharing scheme which is used in the MLR structure also reduces the hardware cost and system dynamic power for over 20% and 40% respectively.

Field of study: Computer science
Neuromidin in the restoration of motor functions after ischemic stroke

The efficacy of neyromidin in the treatment of motor disturbances after ischemic stroke (IS) was studied. The study included 60 patients with left middle cerebral artery stroke. The diagnosis was made on the basis of general clinical methods as well as the neurological examination, computed tomography (CT) scan of the head, investigation of hemodinamic parameters, ECG, ultrasound dopplerography of main head arteries, biochemical blood tests. Patients were divided into two equal groups: patients in the acute phase of stroke (main group) and patients in the early rehabilitation phase (comparison group). The groups were matched for sex, age, clinical features of the disease. Neyromidin was administered for 60 days. After the completion of the treatment with neyromidin, an improvement of the neurological status as well as an enhancement of motor functions in patients with moderate and severe paresis of the leg were observed in 30 patients with acute ischemic stroke.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
A General Analysis of the Chinese System of Independent Director

The Independent Director originated in America,which designates the director holds no post in the listed company except being a director who has no stake with the company and substantial shareholder who may interfere with his objective judgment.It is not so long since the System of Independent Director initialed in China,which only tried in overseas listed companies.In 2005,the revised Company Law made a explicit stipulation and the system was fixed with legal sense in China.Now there are still some problems existed for the system,we should make efforts to make it complete and perfect.

Field of study: Economics
IFN-α-2b induces apoptosis by decreasing cellular cholesterol levels in rat preneoplastic hepatocytes.

IFN-α administration to patients has been long discouraged and pushed back by new and apparently better drugs; however the adverse secondary effect, the high costs and the lack of specific action, make these new drugs hard to be used and put IFN-α again in the eye of the researchers. IFN-α-2b was demonstrated to induce apoptosis and modulation of lipid metabolism and the mechanisms are still unknown. Here, we sought to find the link between these features using a model of early stage cancer development. Using in vitro and in vivo approaches, we evaluated apoptosis and lipid metabolism. IFN-α-2b induced changes in hepatic cholesterol mass due to decreased synthesis and increased secretion. Interestingly, the drop in cellular cholesterol levels was necessary for IFN-α-2b to induce apoptosis. Results presented in this paper show the complexity of the action of IFN-α-2b on the early stages of liver cancer development. We show for the first time an interrelationship between cholesterol, apoptosis and IFN-α-2b. This makes clear the need for a reevaluation of IFN-α-2b action in order to develop softer, safer and more bearable derivatives. In this regard, knowing the molecular mechanisms by which IFN-α exerts its cellular actions is of crucial importance, and it is the main condition for therapy success for classical and new malignancies.

Field of study: Medicine
Quasi-steady state assumptions for non-isolated enzyme-catalysed reactions

The nature and validity of the mathematical formulation of Michaelis-Menten type kinetics for enzyme-catalysed biochemical reactions is studied. Almost all previous work has concentrated on isolated reactions, i.e. those without input or other environmental influences. In this paper, we investigate the effects of substrate input on this formulation, in particular, on the nature and validity of the quasi-steady state assumptions.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Development of reliable low temperature wafer level hermetic bonding using composite seal joint

A reliable composite metal seal comprising both intermetallic compounds (IMC) and solder joints, which are formed by transient liquid phase bonding and soldering respectively, is proposed and demonstrated in wafer level bonding experiments. Hermetic sealing is demonstrated on 8-in. wafers using low volume Cu/Sn materials at process temperatures as low as 280 °C. It is shown that the composite seal is stable when subjected to temperatures of 250 °C, and that it provides better hermeticity and reliability than an IMC seal alone.

Field of study: Engineering
Neutral pion electroproduction in $p(e,e'\pi^0)p$ above $\sqrt{s}>2$ GeV

Electroproduction of neutral pions in exclusive reaction $p(e,e'\pi^0)p$ is studied above the resonance region, $\sqrt{s}>2$ GeV. The reaction amplitude is described by exchanges of vector $\omega(782)$, $\rho(770)$ and axial-vector $h_1(1170)$ and $b_1(1235)$ Regge trajectories. The residual effect of $s$- and $u$-channel nucleon resonances is taken into account using a dual connection between the exclusive form factors and inclusive deep inelastic structure functions. In photoproduction at forward angles the exchange of Regge trajectories dominates and the dip region is filled by the resonances. In electroproduction the excitation of nucleon resonances explains the high $Q^2$ data from JLAB. The results for the beam spin azimuthal asymmetry measured at CLAS/JLAB are presented. Model calculations in the deep inelastic region at HERMES/DESY are given.

Field of study: Physics
Using stacked SDMs with accuracy and rarity weighting to optimize surveys for rare plant species

Effective conservation of rare species requires reasonable knowledge of population locations. However, surveys for rare species can be time-intensive and therefore expensive. We test a methodology using stacked species distribution models (S-SDMs) to efficiently discover the greatest number of new rare species’ occurrences possible. We used S-SDMs for 22 rare plant species in southern Ontario, Canada to predict the best survey locations among individual 1-ha cells. For each cell, we weighted distribution model outputs by accuracy and species rarity to create an efficiency value. We used these efficiency values as an index to determine the locations of our field surveys. We conducted field surveys in multi-species cells, “MSC” (areas with high predicted efficiency for multiple species) and single species cells, “SSC” (areas with high probability for only one species) to determine the relative efficiency of a multi-species survey approach. MSC were more than twice as likely as SSC to have at least one rare plant species discovered. Efficiency ranks were also useful in directing surveyors toward incidental discoveries of other rare species that were not modeled. Our technique of using S-SDMs can help direct surveys to more efficiently find rare species occurrences.

Field of study: Environmental science
Understanding the relevance of micro-structures for design patterns detection

One important issue concerning design patterns in reverse engineering is their detection to support program comprehension, design recovery, system (re-)documentation, and software evolution. The objectives of this paper are to identify and analyze different types of building blocks of design patterns and to evaluate if the detection of these building blocks (called micro-structures) is relevant for the detection of occurrences of the design patterns. This analysis is useful to understand how the different types of micro-structures can be combined to better comprehend design patterns and to improve their detection. To achieve the objectives, the paper provides a description of different micro-structures, an analysis of their relevance in different design motifs, and a statistical analysis on the number and types of micro-structures present in different design patterns. Finally, we investigate if the detection of some design patterns can be performed only through the detection of a combined set of micro-structures, or other techniques should be exploited.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Novel methods for quantifying individual host response to infectious pathogens for genetic analyses

We propose two novel approaches for describing and quantifying the response of individual hosts to pathogen challenge in terms of infection severity and impact on host performance. The first approach is a direct extension of the methodology for estimating group tolerance (the change in performance with respect to changes in pathogen burden in a host population) to the level of individuals. The second approach aims to capture the dynamic aspects of individual resistance and tolerance over the entire time course of infections. In contrast to the first approach, which provides a means to disentangle host resistance from tolerance, the second approach focuses on the combined effects of both characteristics. Both approaches provide new individual phenotypes for subsequent genetic analyses and come with specific data requirements. In particular, both approaches rely on the availability of repeated performance and pathogen burden measurements of individuals over the time course of one or several episodes of infection. Consideration of individual tolerance also highlights some of the assumptions hidden within the concept of group tolerance, indicating where care needs to be taken in trait definition and measurement.

Field of study: Biology
Characterizing Pb mobilization from upland soils to streams using (206)Pb/(207)Pb isotopic ratios.

Anthropogenically deposited lead (Pb) binds efficiently to soil organic matter, which can be mobilized through hydrologically mediated mechanisms, with implications for ecological and potable quality of receiving waters. Lead isotopic ((206)Pb/(207)Pb) ratios change down peat profiles as a consequence of long-term temporal variation in depositional sources, each with distinctive isotopic signatures. This study characterizes differential Pb transport mechanisms from deposition to streams at two small catchments with contrasting soil types in upland Wales, U.K., by determining Pb concentrations and (206)Pb/(207)Pb ratios from soil core profiles, interstitial pore waters, and stream water. Hydrological characteristics of soils are instrumental in determining the location in soil profiles of exported Pb and hence concentration and (206)Pb/(207)Pb ratios in surface waters. The highest Pb concentrations from near-surface soils are mobilized, concomitant with high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) exports, from hydrologically responsive peat soils with preferential shallow subsurface flows, leading to increased Pb concentrations in stream water and isotopic signatures more closely resembling recently deposited Pb. In more minerogenic soils, percolation of water allows Pb, bound to DOC, to be retained in mineral horizons and combined with other groundwater sources, resulting in Pb being transported from throughout the profile with a more geogenic isotopic signature. This study shows that (206)Pb/(207)Pb ratios can enhance our understanding of the provenances and transport mechanisms of Pb and potentially organic matter within upland soils.

Field of study: Environmental science
Thoughts on Innovative Talent Cultivation in Research-oriented Universities

There're a lot of problems in the talent cultivation of research-oriented universities,such as the bias of university mission,inefficiencies of cultivation institution,infirmity of critical spirit,alienation of educational object.Confronted with the plight of innovative talent cultivation in research-oriented universities,such educational ideals should be held,which are putting social responsibility first,and cultivation mission foremost;institutions should be designed,and multiple talent cultivation modes should be explored in research-oriented universities to bring up the national elites with the international perspective.

Field of study: Education
Uniform Strong Consistency of Rao-Blackwell Distribution Function Estimators

In the independent sampling model, Rao-Blackwell distribution function estimators $\tilde{F}_n(x)$ obtained by conditioning on sufficient statistics $T_n(X_1, \cdots, X_n)$ are considered. If for each $n \geqq 1, T_n$ is symmetric in $X_1,\cdots, X_n$ and $T_{n+1}$ is $\mathscr{B}(T_n, X_{n+1})$ measurable, it is shown that $\tilde{F}_n(x)$ converges strongly to the corresponding $F(x)$ and uniformly in $x$. This is a direct generalization of the Glivenko-Cantelli theorem.

Field of study: Mathematics
Microcomputer Monte Carlo electron transport codes for beta skin dose calculations

The adaptation of a one-dimensional Monte Carlo election transport program (called ZEBRA) for use on microcomputers in a program called Eltran2 is described. The purpose of this adaptation was to reduce the cost of the Monte Carlo calculations. Eltran2 has, in turn, been modified into a two-dimensional program called Eltran3 for computing the dose from a point or a disk source to a cylindrical target. For Monte Carlo calculations, theoretical beta energy spectra are calculated based on the Fermi beta decay theory. The calculated average energies of spectra agree with the values in related publications to within 6%. An extended study has been done using Eltran2 and Eltran3 to facilitate the design of, a beta/gamma skin dose monitor. The programs calculate the effects of angular distribution of source electrons and the radial distribution of the hot particle dose. It is found that the hot particle dose averaged over a live skin area of 1 cm/sup 2/ significantly underestimates the real dose value at the very small area just under the hot particle by a factor of about 1000.

Field of study: Physics
Extended defect intergrowths in Zr1-xTi1+xO4

The low-temperature, Zr/Ti ordered, form of zirconium titanate has been investigated using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy in order to characterize the incommensurate structure of phases with composition ZrTiO 4 to near Zr 5 Ti 7 O 24 . Electron diffraction reveals that compositions with Zr:Ti between 5:7 and 1:1 have incommensurate superstructures, and phases close to 1:1 are commensurate with an a -axis repeat 2× that of the disordered structure. The a -doubling in the 1:1 phase corresponds to two Zr-rich layers alternated with two Ti-rich octahedral layers. The incommensurate compositions are composed of blocks of the 1:1 structure intercalated with blocks of the 3× commensurate 5:7 superstructure. The incommensurate structure can be described based on a quasi-periodic insertion of (100) anti-phase boundaries along a . The boundaries are uniformly distributed in such a way as to produce incommensurate satellite reflections. The main driving force for the ordering transformation appears to be the reduction of the number of nearest-neighbor Zr and Ti within the cation layers. This reduction is accomplished by the formation of domain-like segregations of Zr and Ti within the layers, and by “layer reactions” which prevent the formation of Zr-Ti-Zr linkages between layers. The layer reactions assure that the distribution of (100) faults is well-mixed in three dimensions, thereby permitting incommensurate diffraction maxima to occur.

Field of study: Materials science
Isolation and Identification of a Bacterial Strain for Degrading Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl

Eight bacterial strains which could decompose fenoxaprop-p-ethyl were isolated from a batch culture with fenoxaprop-p-ethyl as carbon source and the sludge from waste water dealing system of Huaxing chemical engineering Co.Ltd. After determining the residual quantity of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl with HPLC , H was selected as dominant degradation bacterial strain for its best degradation ability to fenoxaprop-p-ethyl .Based on the morphological appearances and physiological characteristics,H was identified as Alcaligenes sp. and named as Alcaligenes sp.H., and Alcaligenes sp.H has a better biodegradation ability to high concentration fenoxaprop-p-ethyl with pure culture.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Development of Surface Treatment Technology for Magnesium Alloys

A review is made on the formation principle, characteristics, microstructure and corrosion resistant performance of surface films of magnesium alloys attained by several surface treatment methods, such as chemical conversion, anodic oxidation, micro-arc oxidation, organic compound coating and metal coating. The development tendency of the surface treatment technology for magnesium alloys is also prospected in the future.

Field of study: Materials science