nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
In vivo quality control of photosystem II in cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803: D1 protein degradation and repair under the influence of light, heat and darkness.

The cells of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 were subjected under photoinhibitory irradiation (600 micromolm(-2)s(-1)) at various temperatures (20-40 degrees C) to study in vivo quality control of photosystem II (PSII). The protease biogenesis and its consequences on photosynthetic efficiency (chlorophyll fluorescence ratio Fv/Fm) of the PSII, D1 degradation and repair were monitored during illumination and darkness. The loss in Fv/Fm value and degradation of D1 protein occurred not only under high light exposure, but also continued when the cells were subjected under dark restoration process after high light exposure. No loss in Fv/Fm value or D1 degradation occurred during recovery under growth/low light (30 micromol m(-2) s(-1)). Further, it helped the resynthesis of new D1 protein, essential to sustain quality control of PSII. In vivo triggering of D1 protein required high light exposure to switch-on the protease biosynthesis to maintain protease pool which induced temperature-dependent enzymatic proteolysis of photodamaged D1 protein during photoinhition and dark incubation. Our findings suggested the involvement and overexpression of a membrane-bound FtsH protease during high light exposure which caused degradation of D1 protein, strictly regulated by high temperature (30-40 degrees C). However, lower temperature (20 degrees C) prevented further loss of photoinhibited PSII efficiency in vivo and also retarded temperature-dependent proteolytic process of D1 degradation.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Limbic seizures increase cyclophilin mRNA levels in rat hippocampus.

Limbic seizures lead to dramatic and specific modulation of mRNA levels for many genes in the hippocampus including immediate early, growth factor and neuropeptide genes. In the present study, the influence of hilus lesion (HL)-induced seizures on the abundance of mRNA coding for cyclophilin, a peptide prolyl isomerase, in rat hippocampus was analyzed. By nuclease protection analysis a significant increase in cyclophilin mRNA levels was observed in the hippocampal dentate gyrus/CA1 subfield following HL-induced seizures. The increase began 6 h post-HL, reached a maximum (2.5-fold) at 12 h post-HL and returned to control values by 48 h post-HL. Cyclophilin mRNA levels remained stable in the cerebral cortex throughout the same seizure and post-seizure activity time span.

Field of study: Biology
X-ray reflectivity characterization of thickness and mass density of α:CH films

Grazing-angle X-ray reflectivity(XRR) is described as an efficient,nondestructive means to measure the mass density of various amorphous carbon films down to the nanometer thickness range.Amorphous hydrogenated carbon films(α:CH films) are fabricated by low pressure plasma chemical vapor deposition method.The thickness of α:CH films is derived from XRR by the method of line fitting(according to the theory of modified Bragg equation) and by the period width(fringe space) of XRR.The mass density of the films is also derived from the critical angle of XRR based on the refractive theory.The results show that the thicknesses of films obtained by the two methods agree well,the average difference among them is only 5.5%.The mass density of the films' error obtained from the critical angle is 8%.

Field of study: Physics
Current treatment of patients with multiple brain metastases.

The management of patients with multiple brain metastases remains a difficult challenge for neurosurgeons. This patient population has a poor prognosis when compared with those harboring a solitary brain metastasis, and historically treatment has generally consisted of administering whole-brain radiotherapy once the diagnosis of multiple brain metastases is made. Resection can be useful in a subset of patients with multiple metastases in whom one or two of the lesions are symptomatic, as this may provide rapid reduction of mass effect and edema. Furthermore, the authors of recent studies have shown that stereotactic radiosurgery can be used in certain patients with multiple brain metastases as part of the treatment regimen. In this review the authors outline the treatment options and indications as well as a management strategy for the treatment of patients with multiple brain metastases.

Field of study: Medicine
No. 44268. Germany and International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea

Agreement between the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea on the Occupancy and Use of the Premises of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea in the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg (Additional Agreement in accordance with article  of the Headquarters Agreement) (with annexes). Berlin, 18 October 2000

Field of study: Political science
Why Economists Should Study Fairness

the 1996 Republican presidential primaries, Pat Buchanan argued that the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is causing the loss of American jobs. That spring Buchanan visited a closed textile plant in South Carolina to emphasize his belief that free trade agreements cause factories to close and jobs to be lost. Buchanan argued that continuing movements to free trade will put many other middle-class jobs at risk. On the same day Senator Bob Dole visited a new BMW plant in South Carolina. He argued that the new jobs at the plant are precisely the kind of opportunities one can expect from free trade. Each of these candidates was trying to convince voters that his argument was right. Unfortunately for voters, economic theory suggests both are right. In the continuing public debate between free trade and pro-

Field of study: Economics
Brazil: Ironies of the Colonial Past

Porto Seguro, the site of Cabral’s original landfall on the Brazilian coast in 1500, was once a separate and somewhat backwater captaincy but is now part of the state of Bahia. Long ignored by the politicians in the provincial capital of Salvador, Porto Seguro has in recent years become the center of a flourishing tourist industry catering mostly to the Brazilian middle class from Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, and São Paulo who fly in to enjoy the beaches, the Lambada (it is claimed to have been invented there), and the cachaça. Agile young black men from Salvador come down to perform Capoeira in the streets for tips, and in the makeshift street markets the indigenous Pataxó people of the region now come to sell salad bowls and serving platters made from the same brazilwood that first caught the attention of the Portuguese five centuries ago. The layers of irony are thickening in postcolonial Brazil, five hundred years after Cabral’s arrival. It should surprise no one that after the inversion of symbols, the reversal of accepted wisdoms, and the outpouring of opprobrium that accompanied the 1992 commemorations of the voyage of Columbus and what it implied for the subsequent history of the Americas and the world, this year’s commemoration of the five hundredth anniversary of Pedro Alvares Cabral’s landing on the Brazilian coast has been condemned as much as it has been celebrated. Naturally, in Portugal, the National Commission on the Discoveries integrated Cabral’s voyage into its program of commemorations, and there was a serious attempt made by the Commission to present, if not a balanced vision of the epoch of discoveries in which Portugal played so large a part, at least a vision that was open to alternative

Field of study: History
The projective limit functor for spectra of webbed spaces

We study Palamodov’s derived projective limit functor Proj1 for projective spectra consisting of webbed locally convex spaces introduced by Wilde. This class contains almost all locally convex spaces appearing in analysis. We provide a natural characterization for the vanishing of Proj1 which generalizes and unifies results of Palamodov and Retakh for spectra of Fréchet and (LB)-spaces. We thus obtain a general tool for solving surjectivity problems in analysis.

Field of study: Mathematics
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Efficiency of diffraction of light by a sinusoidally corrugated interface

A method is developed for the calculation of the efficiency of light scattering in an arbitrary diffraction order by a phase grating whose period and depth are comparable with the wavelength of light. The example of a sinusoidally corrugated interface is used to study numerically the convergence of the solution in respect of the expansion parameter 2??/? (? is the corrugation amplitude and ? is the wavelength of light).

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Strategies for sports activities to intervene mental traumas of elementary and middle school students in the disaster area.

The authors analyzed the symptoms of,causes for and current state of mental traumas caused to elementary and middle school students in the Wenchuan earthquake disaster area,probed into the principles,methods and functions for sports activities to correct mental traumas in terms of physiological mechanism and practice.The results indicated that sports activities have unique advantages and positive functions in intervening mental traumas of elementary and middle school students in the disaster area.In the process of intervention implementation,corre-sponding sports events should be selected,activity intensity,time and frequency should be controlled,a harmonious sports atmosphere should be created,and activity forms which the students are interested in should be selected,according to different symptoms of mental traumas of elementary and middle school students in the disaster area,and verbal and physical instructions given by physical education teachers should be emphasized,so as to guide the students to eliminate mental disorders gradually.

Field of study: Education
Disorder, History Dependence and Phase Transitions in a Flux Lattice

The vortex lattice is an ideal system to study the competition and interplay between interaction and disorder. New results on 2H-NbSe_2 (in samples of progressively increasing pinning) elucidate how pinning alters the phase boundary separating the "ordered" and "disordered" states of the flux lines and causes a novel disorder-induced transition. A generic magnetic phase diagram of a type II superconductor.

Field of study: Physics
A Note on Parameter Choices of Round5

We examine the current parameter choice of Round5, and rectify its consideration of the improved dual attack due to Albrecht [Alb17]: there is one significant optimization of Albrecht’s dual attack, which was not reflected to Round5 parameter choices. By taking this into consideration, some parameter choices of Round5 cannot enjoy the claimed security level. For simplicity, we omit the details for the dual attack (and primal attack) and assume the readers are already familiar with the attacks. Please refer to Section 2.7.4 and 2.7.5 of original specification document [BBF19] for the detailed explanation for the attacks.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
CSTBT™ technology for high voltage applications with high dynamic robustness and low overall loss

This paper discusses the edge termination design of high-voltage insulated gate bipolar transistors with large current turn-off switching operation. We discovered that the phenomena of current crowding and impact ionization act as separated heat sources and induce one local hot spot that causes thermal destruction in the edge termination during the turn-off switching period. Optimizing the backside hole injection efficiency and relaxing the electric field of the surface pn junction edge at the edge termination region prevent the above problems. These concepts benefit the dynamic ruggedness under hard-switching conditions. This paper presents our novel edge termination design that achieves robust turn-off capability without deteriorating other performances of the device.

Field of study: Engineering
Giant cell myocarditis as a manifestation of drug hypersensitivity.

Adverse drug effects on the myocardium are often classified into toxic and hypersensitivity forms of myocarditis, each with distinct histologic findings. In contrast, giant cell myocarditis (GCM) is generally not associated with adverse drug reactions and has unique histopathologic features. We report four cases of adverse drug reactions in which the histologic findings were characteristic of GCM. The clinical recognition that GCM may be a manifestation of an adverse drug reaction is important, since the prognosis and treatment of this entity may be different from that of other forms of myocarditis.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Simplified performance correlation of an indirect evaporative cooling system: development and validation.

At present, there is an increasing interest in indirect evaporative coolers (IEC), which are an effective alternative to conventional cooling systems due to their high efficiency. In this study a new simplified first order linear regression model of an IEC system has been developed. The model is based on experimental data and results of the proposed correlation have been compared with ones of a phenomenological model and with further measurements collected in significant operating conditions (data center, desiccant evaporative cooling cycle and residential application). It is shown that deviations of wet bulb effectiveness are limited to 3.4% for the simplified model and 2.1% for the detailed one. Therefore, due to its good accuracy and low computational load, the simplified model could be suitable to be implemented in simulation tools.

Field of study: Engineering
Fuel-Rich Particle-Laden Plume Combustion

Theme I ducted rockets using boron-loaded solid propellants, primary chamber reaction products containing unreacted gaseous and particulate fuels mix, ignite, and burn with a subsonic airstream in a secondary chamber. It is generally known that the overall efficiency of these systems decreases with decreasing secondary chamber pressure, increasing air-to-fuel ratio, and decreasing propellant mass flow. Based on systematic tests in a subscale rocket motor,' it was determined that ignition of the gaseous fuel components of the primary chamber with the airstream is critical if high combustion efficiency of the boron components is to be achieved. This study provides additional insight into the ignition and combustion processes of the gaseous components with and without boron particles. It will be shown that reduction of the primary exhaust velocity to subsonic speed significantly improves the ignition process of the gaseous components and the boron particle combustion efficiency.

Field of study: Physics
Security Analysis of Password-Authenticated Key Retrieval

A PAKR ( protocol and its multi-server system allow one party (say, client), who has a memorable password, to retrieve a long-term static key in an exchange of messages with at least one other party (say, server) that has a private key associated with the password. In this paper, we analyze the only PAKR (named as PKRS-1) standardized in IEEE 1363.2 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">[9]</xref> and its multi-server system (also, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref12">[12]</xref> ) by showing that any passive/active attacker can find out the client’s password and the static key with off-line dictionary attacks. This result contradicts the security claims made for PKRS-1 (see Clause 10.2 of IEEE 1363.2 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">[9]</xref> ).

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Inter-comparison of laboratory smog chamber and flow reactor systems on organic aerosol yield and composition

A variety of tools are used to simulate atmospheric aging, including smog chambers and flow reactors. Traditional, large-scale smog chambers age emissions over the course of hours to days, whereas flow reactors rapidly age emissions using high oxidant concentrations to reach higher degrees of oxygenation than typically attained in smog chamber experiments. The atmospheric relevance of the products generated under such rapid oxidation warrants further study. However, no previously published studies have compared the yields and chemical composition of products generated in flow reactors and smog chambers from the same starting mixture. The yields and composition of the organic aerosol formed from the photo-oxidation of α-pinene and of wood-combustion emissions in a smog chamber (SC) and two flow reactors: a potential aerosol mass reactor (PAM) and a micro-smog chamber (MSC), were determined using aerosol mass spectrometry. Reactants were sampled from the SC and aged in the MSC and the PAM using a range of hydroxyl radical (OH) concentrations and then photo-chemically aged in the SC. The chemical composition, as well as the maximum yields and emission factors, of the products in both the α-pinene and wood-combustion systems determined with the PAM and the SC agreed reasonably well. High OH exposures have been shown previously to lower yields by breaking carbon–carbon bonds and forming higher volatility species, which reside largely in the gas phase; however, fragmentation in the PAM was not observed. The yields determined using the PAM for the α-pinene system were slightly lower than in the SC, possibly from increased wall losses of gas phase species due to the higher surface area to volume ratios in the PAM, even when offset with better isolation of the sampled flow from the walls. The α-pinene SOA results for the MSC were not directly comparable, as particles were smaller than the optimal AMS transmission range. The higher supersaturation in the flow reactors resulted in more nucleation than in the SC. For the wood-combustion system, emission factors measured from the MSC were typically lower than those measured from the SC. Lower emission factors in the MSC may have been due to considerable nucleation mode particles formed in the MSC which were not detected by the AMS or due to condensational loss of gases to the walls inside or after the MSC. More comprehensive coverage of the potential particle size range is needed in future SOA measurements to improve our understanding of the differences in yields when comparing the MSC to the SC. The PAM and the SC agreed within measurement uncertainties in terms of yields and composition for the systems and conditions studied here and this agreement supports the continued use of the PAM to study atmospheric aging.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Fluctuating Watertable Model for the Management of a Controlled-drainage/subirrigation System

A model (FWTMOD) was developed as a simplified method to predict daily changes in watertable depth for a controlled-drainage and subirrigation system. The model was based upon a fluctuating watertable equation derived by de Zeeuw and Hellinga of The Netherlands. This equation only requires two parameters to describe daily watertable fluctuation: (1) a reaction factor for a receding or rising watertable, and (2) a recharge coefficient to account for the portion of rainfall which causes the watertable to rise. For a given water management system, these parameters can be estimated from observed (measured) watertable responses for a representative number of rainfall events. The model was calibrated and tested to evaluate its application in simulation of a subsurface drainage system. Climatological and watertable data from a field drainage experiment at the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station’s Ben Hur Research Farm, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, was used to calibrate the model.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Psychological Distress Reported by Patients Undergoing Limb Reconstruction Surgery: Implications for Psychological Interventions

Limb reconstruction is an orthopaedic surgical technique designed to restore or improve functioning and appearance. The aims of the present study were to investigate levels of psychological distress in adults undergoing limb reconstruction as a result of traumatic injury, to examine which variables could account for any variations in distress during and after treatment, and to ascertain the potential relevance of psychological interventions. A cross-sectional sample of patients completed measures of psychological distress, posttraumatic symptomatology, coping, social support, pain, and disability. Self-reported levels of psychological distress and posttraumatic symptoms were high but did not tend to vary across stage of treatment, suggesting that distress is not solely attributable to limb reconstruction treatment per se but to other factors. Both medical variables (pain and mobility) and psychological variables (symptoms of trauma and coping strategies) accounted for a significant percentage of the variance in HAD scores. These results suggest that both medical and psychological interventions have potential for reducing distress and increasing well-being in an orthopaedic population who are experiencing high levels of emotional distress.

Field of study: Psychology
Influence of maltodextrin and environmental stresses on stability of whey protein concentrate/κ-carrageenan stabilized sesame oil-in-water emulsions

The influence of maltodextrin with different concentrations (0–30%) and dextrose equivalent (dextrose equivalent 10 and dextrose equivalent 15) under different environmental stresses (pH 3–8, NaCl 0–500 mM, and sucrose 0–20%) on the stability of whey protein concentrate/κ-carrageenan stabilized sesame oil-in-water emulsions was investigated by mean particle diameter, particle size distribution, ζ-potential, microstructure, and viscosity. Sesame oil-in-water emulsions containing anionic droplets stabilized by interfacial membranes comprising whey protein concentrate/κ-carrageenan/maltodextrin (15% sesame oil, 0.5% whey protein concentrate, 0.2% κ-carrageenan, 0.02% sodium azide and 0–30% maltodextrin with dextrose equivalent of 10 and 15, 5 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7) were produced using a homogenizer. The primary emulsion (1°) containing whey protein concentrate-coated droplets was prepared by homogenizing. The secondary emulsion (2°) containing whey protein concentrate–κ-carrageenan in the absence or presence of maltodextrin was produced by mixing the 1° emulsion with an aqueous κ-carrageenan in the absence or presence of maltodextrin solution. There were no significant changes in mean droplet diameter and ζ-potential of droplets at any maltodextrin concentration (0–30%) or dextrose equivalent (10 and 15) after 24 h storage. The apparent viscosity of emulsions increased when the maltodextrin concentration increased. The 2° emulsion containing 15% maltodextrin with dextrose equivalent of 10 had the stability to aggregation at pH 6–8, NaCl ≤ 300 mM, and sucrose 0–20%. The addition of maltodextrin to emulsion can be used to form emulsions with different physicochemical properties for various applications in food processing (for example, encapsulation).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Harmful effects of 41 and 202 MHz radiations on some body parts and tissues.

Many types of invisible electromagnetic waves are produced in our atmosphere. When these radiations penetrate our body, electric fields are induced inside the body, resulting in the absorption of power, which is different for different body parts and also depends on the frequency of radiations. Higher power absorption may result into health problems. In this communication, effects of electromagnetic waves (EMW) of 41 and 202 MHz frequencies transmitted by the TV tower have been studied on skin, muscles, bone and fat of human. Using international standards for safe exposure limits of specific absorption rate (SAR), we have found the safe distance from TV transmission towers for two frequencies. It is suggested that transmission towers should be located away from the thickly populated areas and people should keep away from the transmission towers, as they radiate electromagnetic radiations that are harmful to some parts/tissues of body.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics