nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Robust vehicle tracking algorithm for nighttime videos captured by fixed cameras in highly reflective environments

In this study, the problem of vehicle detection, tracking and speed estimation in the nighttime traffic surveillance videos captured in highly reflective environments is considered. In this case, a robust algorithm is proposed which uses vehicle headlights as their prominent features. The proposed algorithm consists of three main stages. In the first stage, bright objects are segmented by thresholding the grey-scale image. An effective algorithm is then applied to distinguish between vehicles lights and lights reflected on the road and on the vehicles bodies. In the second stage, the segmented bright objects are tracked using their spatial characteristics and their shapes and then, their speeds are estimated. To correct the camera perspective effect and reduce computational complexity, a projective transformation is used. In the third stage, the lights of each vehicle are grouped and paired using their positions and speeds. Motorbikes are also identified among the unpaired lights in this stage. Finally, the proposed real-time system is implemented in C and applied to videos captured by traffic surveillance cameras in some highways in Iran. Experimental results reveal that accuracy of the algorithm proposed for vehicle detection is more than 98%.

Field of study: Computer science
Total phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of banana pulp and peel flours: influence of variety and stage of ripeness

The influence of variety (Cavendish and Dream), stage of ripeness (green and ripe) and parts (pulp and peel) on antioxidative compounds and antioxidant activity of banana fruit was investigated. The TPC and TFC ranged widely from 75.01 to 685.57 mg GAE/100 g and 39.01 to 389.33 mg CEQ/100 g of dry matter respectively. Cavendish banana flour contained higher TPC and TFC compared to Dream variety. TPC and TFC values of banana peel were higher than those of banana pulp. Also, green banana showed higher TPC and TFC values than those of ripe fruit. Radical scavenging activities (inhibition of DPPH) of the extracts ranged from 26.55 to 52.66%. Although Dream banana peel extracts appeared to have low TPC and TFC, its antioxidant activities were ranked moderate to high. This implies that antioxidative compounds other than phenolics and flavonoids were probably responsible for inhibition of DPPH.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Compressive Sensing-Based Adaptive Active User Detection and Channel Estimation: Massive Access Meets Massive MIMO

This paper considers massive access in massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems and proposes an adaptive active user detection and channel estimation scheme based on compressive sensing. By exploiting the sporadic traffic of massive connected user equipments and the virtual angular domain sparsity of massive MIMO channels, the proposed scheme can support massive access with dramatically reduced access latency. Specifically, we design non-orthogonal pseudo-random pilots for uplink broadband massive access, and formulate the active user detection and channel estimation as a generalized multiple measurement vector compressive sensing problem. Furthermore, by leveraging the structured sparsity of the uplink channel matrix, we propose an efficient generalized multiple measurement vector approximate message passing (GMMV-AMP) algorithm to realize joint active user detection and channel estimation based on a spatial domain or an angular domain channel model. To jointly exploit the channel sparsity present in both the spatial and the angular domains for enhanced performance, a Turbo-GMMV-AMP algorithm is developed for detecting the active users and estimating their channels in an alternating manner. Finally, an adaptive access scheme is proposed, which adapts the access latency to guarantee reliable massive access for practical systems with unknown channel sparsity level. Additionally, the state evolution of the proposed GMMV-AMP algorithm is derived to predict its performance. Simulation results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed active user detection and channel estimation schemes compared to several baseline schemes.

Field of study: Engineering
Cytopathic effect of rotavirus NSP4 on rat neurons and its influence on intracellular calcium homeostasis

To investigate the cytopathic effect of amino acid residues 86 to 175 of rotavirus nonstructural protein 4 (NSP486-175) on rat neurons and to analyze the underlying mechanism. 
 
 
 
Primary cultured rat neurons were treated with NSP486-175 and the morphological changes induced in rat neurons were observed. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the culture supernatant of NSP486-175 treated-neurons was measured. Laser scanning confocal microscope was used to detect the concentration of intracellular Ca2+ labeled with Fluo-3 AM. 
 
 
 
Exogenous addition of NSP486-175 induced obvious cytopathic effect on rat neurons. The LDH activity in the culture supernatant of treated-neurons was stronger than that of the control group. The intensity and the distribution of fluorescence in neurons were altered after stimulation with NSP486-175. 
 
 
 
NSP486-175 can induce the damage of rat neurons, which may be related to its role in increasing the concentration of intracellular Ca2+ . This study may provide certain theoretical basis for understanding extra-intestinal spread and pathogenesis of rotavirus infection. 
 
 
 
Rotavirus; NSP486-175; Cytopathic effect; Intracellular calcium ion

Field of study: Biology
Downward Intrusive Breccias in the Huronian Espanola Formation, Ontario, Canada

Some breccias in the early Aphebian Espanola Formation of the north shore of Lake Huron apparently formed by downward injection caused by sudden release of high pore pressures in water saturated sediments. Pressure release was effected by movement of sediment-water mixtures into fissures formed in the Espanola Formation by early (probably pre-Gowganda) tectonic movements.

Field of study: Environmental science
Atlas ilustrado de los pueblos de indios. Nueva España, 1800 (review)

There are coffee table books, and then there are COFFEE TABLE BOOKS ! Dorothy Tanck de Estrada has produced one of the latter. Not only is it heavy and filled with gorgeous full-color pictures, plans and maps, but it is also a positive contribution to scholarship in the tradition of Peter Gerhard's works on geography. She and her collaborators have culled statistical and visual information created between 1766 and 1800 regarding 4,468 officially recognized Indian communities within the sixteen intendencies of New Spain encompassed within the boundaries of the modern Mexican republic. These communities and their elected officials along with those of 20 Hispanic cities and 50 villas constituted the administrative foundation of viceregal government.

Field of study: History
Development of an air quality standard for lead from community studies.

A methodology for the development of an air quality standard (AQS) for lead is presented. It is shown that the results of community studies can be used to calculate the air lead level at which the cumulative frequency distribution of blood lead values of a population will meet a biological guideline for blood lead. The procedure is illustrated by using the data on the relationship between blood lead and air lead obtained in two well-known epidemiological studies. A variety of analyses, involving different blood lead-air lead models, blood lead frequency distributions, and data bases, are included to study the sensitivity of the methodology to variations in assumptions and calculation procedures. The proposed methodology is general and can be used in the development of any AQS for which the appropriate biological guidelines is expressed in the form of a cumulative frequency distribution.

Field of study: Environmental science
Meson spectrum in a relativistic harmonic model with instanton-induced interaction

On the basis of the phenomenological relativistic harmonic model for quarks, we have obtained the ground-state masses of the light pseudo-scalar and vector mesons. The full Hamiltonian used in the investigation has Lorentz scalar + vector confinement potential, along with one-gluon-exchange potential (OGEP) and the instanton-induced quark-antiquark interaction. A good agreement is obtained with the experimental masses. The respective role of instanton-induced interaction and OGEP for the determination of the meson masses is discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Magnetostratigraphic study of the potash-bearing strata from drilling core ZK2893 in the Sakhon Nakhon Basin, eastern Khorat Plateau

The Khorat Plateau holds one of the world's largest potash deposits. Although many attempts have been made, the age of the potash-bearing strata remains poorly determined. Here, we report a high resolution magnetostratigraphic study of a 595.4 m-deep potash bearing borehole (ZK2893) in the southeast Sakhon Nakhon Basin in central Laos. This borehole penetrated the whole potash-bearing Nong Boua Formation and reached the underlying sandstone beds of the Nam Noy Formation. A total of 500 (383 level) cubic paleomagnetic samples were collected. k -T curves and hysteresis loops revealed that hematite and magnetite were the main magnetic carriers and were likely of detrital origin, as indicated by microscopic and Electron Microprobe Analysis (EMPA) examinations. Progressive thermal and alternating field (AF) demagnetization isolated 229 valid characteristic remnant magnetizations (ChRMs), which showed a normal and antipodal distribution of the inclination data. Both the microscopic and EMPA examinations and inclination-only analysis suggest primary magnetizations of the ChRMs, yielding nine normal and seven reversed polarity zones. Combined with regional palynological, isotopic and sedimentologic evidence, the obtained polarity zones were best correlated to the geomagnetic polarity time scale of Gradstein et al. (2012) (GPTS2012), yielding magnetostratigraphic ages of > 63.5 Ma to ~ 92 Ma for the potash-bearing Nong Boua Formation and ~ 85 Ma for the potash bed in its lower salt unit.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Accurate T1 and spin density NMR images.

We present a method for producing accurate calculated T1 and spin density nuclear magnetic resonance images. A modified Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill pulse sequence is used to obtain a series of images containing both T1 and T2 dependence. The image series is first analyzed to remove the T2 dependence. The resulting images are then analyzed, pixel by pixel, to generate an image containing T1 values and an image containing values proportional to spin density (SD). Tests performed on two phantoms containing solutions of various known T1's and H2O/D2O concentrations indicate that the T1 image values are accurate to better than 11% and the relative SD values agree to within one standard deviation.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Commensal worm traces and possible juvenile thalassinidean burrows associated with Ophiomorpha nodosa, Pleistocene, southern Brazil

consists of coastal marine and eolian sands, the former containing abundant and well-preserved Ophiomorpha nodosa burrow systems. Detailed ichnological study has revealed interesting features associated with them. Small-sized Ophiomorpha , here assigned to a new ichnospecies, O. puerilis , are interpreted as possible burrows of juvenile thalassinidean crustaceans probably belonging to the same species as the producers of larger O. nodosa . Additionally, helicoidal burrows with thick, concentrically laminated linings are associated with the walls of O. nodosa . They are assigned to the new ichnospecies Cylindrichnus helix , and they are interpreted as dwellings of commensal annelid worms. The association of these three ichnospecies constitutes a fossil example of the role of thalassinideans as ecosystem engineers able to modify their environment and to create new space and resources usable by other organisms.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Bandgap closing at the screw dislocations of WS2 spirals

Van der Waals (vdW) layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) materials are emerging as one class of quantum materials holding novel optical and electronic properties. In particular, the bandgap tunability attractive for nanoelectronics technology have been observed up to 1.1 eV when applying dielectric screening or grain boundary engineering. Here we present the experimental observation of bandgap closing at the center of the screw dislocation-driven WS2 spiral pyramid by means of scanning tunneling spectroscopy, which is validated by first-principle calculations. The observed giant bandgap modulation is attributed to the presence of dangling bonds induced by the W-S broken and the enhanced localized stress in the core of the dislocation. Achieving this metallic state and the consequent vertical conducting channel presents a pathway to 3D-interconnected vdW heterostructure devices based on emergent semiconducting TMDCs.

Field of study: Physics
Spatial nonlocality in the infrared absorption spectra of polar semiconductor nanospheres

The absorption of infrared radiation by a polar semiconductor nanosphere is investigated, using a new extension of the Mie theory. The theory takes into account the spatial dispersion or nonlocality and determines the generalized Mie coefficients using an additional boundary condition of the continuity of the normal component of the displacement field at the surface of the system. Examples of calculated infrared absorption spectra are presented, by employing the typical values of doped InAs and InSb nanospheres. In the presence of the spatial nonlocal effects, the blue shift of the main absorption peaks, due to the coupled surface plasmon-optical phonon modes, are found to occur, while two groups of subsidiary peaks, due to coupled bulk plasmon-optical phonon excitations, appear in the optical spectra of the polar semiconductor nanospheres.

Field of study: Materials science
Distribution of the neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor mRNA in rat central nervous system.

Our group has recently reported the expression cloning of the human neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor DNA and subsequently the cloning of the rat homologue. These studies have made it possible to localize the mRNA encoding this NPY receptor subtype in rat tissues. We have, thus, carried out in situ hybridization studies, using radiolabeled oligonucleotide probes to the rat Y2 receptor mRNA, to determine the distribution of Y2 mRNA in rat brain and limited peripheral ganglia. Probe specificity was confirmed by testing antisense and sense probes in transfected cells. In rat brain, hybridization signals obtained with the antisense probes were discrete and were restricted to neuronal profiles in specific subregions of the cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, mesencephalon and pons. Among the regions exhibiting the most intense labeling were the CA3 region of the hippocampus, the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and layer 3 of the piriform cortex. Other regions containing labeled neurons included the medial amygdala, the centromedial thalamic nucleus, the dorsal raphe, the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and the trigeminal ganglion. The present results indicate that the mRNA encoding the Y2 receptor is discretely localized in the rat brain and that the distribution is generally consistent with previous radioligand-binding studies. This study should help clarify the relationship between the Y2 receptor distribution and functional studies of NPY receptor subtype classification and provides further evidence for the involvement of the Y2 receptor in multiple physiological processes.

Field of study: Biology
Science Represented in Newspapers in the Constitutional Monarchy and the 1st Republic. A Study in Faial Island, the Azores, Portugal

This study aims to apprehend the representations of science published in two local newspapers (O Faialense and O Telegrafo) published in the periphery of Portugal (Faial Island, the Azores), in the last quarter of the 19th and early 20th century. For this purpose, the authors carried out a thematic and qualitative analysis of the news collected in these two newspapers. Results allow concluding that, while Positivism is considered one of the main currents of thought justifying the rise of the republican logic, which culminated in the revolution that deposed the constitutional monarchy regime and implemented the republican regime in 1910 in Portugal, the research carried out shows a growing appreciation and visibility of the importance ascribed to both science and technology, without, however, any explicit association with political ideologies. This may be due to the type of search carried out and the editorial lines of the two newspapers, as well as – or also – to their peripheral geographical location concerning the propagation of these ideas.
 
 31 October 2020  9 December 2020 / Published: 17 January 2021

Field of study: Education, Sociology
MOVING FORCE IDENTIFICATION BASED ON B-SPLINE WAVELET ON THE INTERVAL

The elements in the WFEM(wavelet finite element method) are constructed by the scale function of BSWI(B-spline wavelet on the interval),and an elemental transformation matrix is formed to combine the parameters in both wavelet and physical spaces.The dynamic programming technique and Tikhonov regularization are used for the moving force identification,which inherently avoids large fluctuations and ill-condition.The superiority of WFEM and multi-scale property of BSWI is validated in the numerical cases using several distributed measured dynamic responses.The result shows WFEM gives more accurate results over the TFEM(traditional finite element method) under the same condition with fewer elements;and the scales can be conveniently changed and chosen to satisfy any identification precision we desired.

Field of study: Engineering
Some principles of second language phonology

The research we report here is intended to build an understanding of several well-known yet poorly comprehended problems relating to phonemic contrasts in the learning of L2 pronunciation. The competing influences of similarity and difference between native and target language sound systems, in particular, are central to this understanding, which we believe show that L2 phonology is a highly abstract enterprise parallel to the phonologies of primary languages, rather than - as has been assumed - a mere imitation of the target language’s pronunciations. We identify three interesting learning situations which involve the target language’s having different phonemic contrasts from the native language. In the first situation, the native language has neither of two sounds which contrast in the target language; in the second situation, the native language includes just one of two sounds which contrast in the target language. And in the third situation, the native language has both of the sounds in question but shows no contrast between them, i.e., a phoneme of the native language has two (or more) allophones that categorize as separate phonemes in the target language.

Field of study: Linguistics
High-temperature and high-pressure in situ SCC device for synchrotron radiation diffraction experiments and application using an austenitic stainless steel.

Suppressing the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) by reducing the carbon content in austenitic stainless steels is apparently not effective on core shrouds used in boiling water reactors in Japan: trans-granular cracking was found in the shrouds. To clarify the mechanism of the cracking, in situ stress measurements on specimens under stretched conditions in hot water have been attempted in the present study. An in situ device for diffraction measurements at synchrotron radiation facilities has been developed, and in situ experiments have been carried out at SPring-8. The SUS316L steel specimen was solution heat-treated, surface-ground and then placed in the in situ device. Sapphire windows were used for the light path in the device. A sufficient diffracted beam intensity was obtained through two sapphire windows and water. The side-inclination method was used for measuring the stress exerted on the specimen. A 2theta-sin2psi plot showed that a tensile stress was induced. The measured stress value is considered to be the summation of stresses owing to pre-straining, in situ loading and residual stress owing to surface grinding.

Field of study: Physics
Interaction of Diesel Exhaust Particles with Human, Rat and Mouse Erythrocytes in Vitro

Inhaled ultrafine (nano) particles can translocate into the bloodstream and interact with circulatory cells causing systemic and cardiovascular events. To gain more insight into this potential mechanism, we studied the interaction of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) with human, rat and mouse erythrocytes in vitro. Incubation of erythrocytes with DEP (1, 10 or 100 µg/ml) for 30 min caused the highest hemolytic effect (up to 38%) in rats, compared to small but significant hemolysis in mice (up to 2.5%) and humans (up to 0.7%). Transmission electron microscopy of erythrocytes revealed the presence of variable degrees of ultrafine (nano)-sized aggregates of DEP either internalized and/or adsorbed onto the erythrocytes in the three species. A significant amount of DEP was found in rat and mouse (but not human) erythrocytes. Lipid erythrocyte susceptibility to in vitro peroxidation measured by malondialdehyde showed a significant and dose-dependent increase in erythrocytes of rats, but not humans or mice. Unlike in human erythrocytes, total antioxidant status (TAS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in rats were significantly and dose- dependently decreased. In mouse erythrocytes, DEP caused a decreased in SOD (at 10 µg/ml) and TAS (at 100 µg/ml) activities. In conclusion, DEP caused species–dependent erythrocyte hemolysis and oxidative stress, and were either taken up and/or adsorbed onto the red blood cells. Rat (and to a lesser degree mouse) erythrocytes were susceptible to DEP. Human erythrocytes showed the highest resistance to the observed effects. These species difference should be noted when using rats and mice blood as models for humans.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Sillén–Aurivillius-related Oxychloride Bi6NbWO14Cl as a Stable O2-evolving Photocatalyst in Z-scheme Water Splitting under Visible Light

Following the recent discovery of a Sillen–Aurivillius perovskite Bi4NbO8Cl with a stable photocatalytic activity for water oxidation under visible light, we studied a structurally related intergrowth compound Bi6NbWO14Cl. It also works as a stable O2-evolving photocatalyst in a Z-scheme water splitting system, but has a slightly wider band gap than that in Bi4NbO8Cl. These results suggest the importance of the Sillen–Aurivillius framework, offering possible band gap tuning by varying structural motifs and their sequence in the Sillen–Aurivillius-related systems.

Field of study: Chemistry
wai yong zhong zu ren jian xing cheng xian wei xi bao sheng chang yin zi zhi liao tang niao bing zu kui yang de hu li guan cha

目的：观察外用重组人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子治疗糖尿病足溃疡的护理。方法选取本院收治的糖尿病足溃疡未发生感染患者56例，按照数字随机法将其随机分成观察组和对照组，观察组采取外用重组人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子进行护理，对照组采取常规护理，比较两组护理效果。结果观察组总有效率高于对照组，差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组总满意度高于对照组，差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论外用重组人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子应用于糖尿病足溃疡患者治疗护理中的效果显著，并且可提升患者满意度，临床价值较高。

Field of study: Medicine