nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of lubricating oil on cooling heat transfer of supercritical carbon dioxide

In this research, the cooling heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of supercritical CO 2 with PAG-type lubricating oil entrained were experimentally investigated. The inner diameter of the test tubes ranged from 1 to 6 mm. The experiments were conducted at lubricating oil concentrations from 0 to 5%, pressures from 8 to 10 MPa, mass fluxes from 200 to 1200 kg m −2  s −1 , and heat fluxes from 12 to 24 kW m −2 . In comparison to the oil-free condition, when lubricating oil entrainment occurred, the heat transfer coefficient decreased and the pressure drop increased. The maximum reduction in the heat transfer coefficients—about 75%—occurred in the vicinity of the pseudocritical temperature. The influence of oil was significant for a small tube diameter and a large oil concentration. From visual observation, it was confirmed that this degradation in the heat transfer was due to the formation of an oil-rich layer along the inner wall of the test tube. However, when the oil concentration exceeded 3%, no further degradation in the heat transfer coefficient could be confirmed, which implies that the oil flowing along with CO 2 in the bulk region does not influence the heat transfer coefficient and the pressure drops significantly. For a large tube at a lower mass flux, no significant degradation in the heat transfer coefficient was observed until the oil concentration reached 1%. This is due to the transition of the flow pattern from an annular-dispersed flow to a wavy flow for a large tube, with CO 2 flowing on the upper side and the oil-rich layer on the lower side of the test section.

Field of study: Engineering
TNF-mediated cytotoxicity of L929 cells: role of staurosporine in enhancement of cytotoxicity and translocation of protein kinase C isozymes.

The role of protein kinase C (PKC) in tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated cytotoxicity was investigated, using the L929 cell line. The PKC activator phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) increased proliferation and inhibited TNF-induced cytotoxicity of L929 cells. A range of specific PKC inhibitors had no effect on TNF-mediated killing, suggesting that PKC does not play a direct role in this response. However, staurosporine enhanced cytotoxicity by TNF in the presence of actinomycin D, a protein synthesis inhibitor. In view of this finding, the authors investigated the role of specific PKC isozymes in both TNF-mediated cytotoxicity and staurosporine-induced sensitization to killing. PKC-alpha, beta, epsilon and zeta were detected in L929 cells. PKC-beta was only weakly detected in the cytoplasm, PKC alpha, epsilon and zeta were all found in resting cytoplasm and membrane. Stimulation with PMA caused a strong translocation of PKC-alpha but not zeta to the membrane. TNF had no effect on these isozymes but interestingly caused a translocation of PKC-epsilon, which also occurred in response to PMA. Staurosporine caused a translocation of PKC-zeta to the plasma membrane and a loss of PKC-epsilon from the cytosol. Although TNF induced PKC-epsilon translocation, this is unlikely to be involved in cytotoxicity as this effect was also induced by PMA which protected against TNF-mediated cytotoxicity. Staurosporine also induced translocation of PKC-zeta, an isozyme whose activity was previously found to be resistant to inhibition by staurosporine. These findings suggest the possibility that the mechanism by which staurosporine potentiates TNF action does not involve inhibition of PKC, but in contrast may involve modulation of PKC-zeta.

Field of study: Medicine
Palaeovegetation in China during the late Quaternary: Biome reconstructions based on a global scheme of plant functional types

Two previous reconstructions of palaeovegetation across the whole of China were performed using a simple classification of plant functional types (PFTs). Now a more explicit, global PFT classification scheme has been developed, and a substantial number of additional pollen records have become available. Here we apply the global scheme of PFTs to a comprehensive set of pollen records available from China to test the applicability of the global scheme of PFTs in China, and to obtain a well-founded reconstruction of changing palaeovegetation patterns. A total of 806 pollen surface samples, 188 mid-Holocene (MH, 6000 14C yr BP) and 50 last glacial maximum (LGM, 18,000 14C yr BP) pollen records were used to reconstruct vegetation patterns in China, based on a new global classification system of PFTs and a standard numerical technique for biome assignment (biomization). The biome reconstruction based on pollen surface samples showed convincing agreement with present potential natural vegetation. Coherent patterns of change in biome distribution between MH, LGM and present are observed. In the MH, cold and cool-temperate evergreen needleleaf forests and mixed forests, temperate deciduous broadleaf forest, and warm-temperate evergreen broadleaf and mixed forest in eastern China were shifted northward by 200–500 km. Cold-deciduous forest in northeastern China was replaced by cold evergreen needleleaf forest while in central northern China, cold-deciduous forest was present at some sites now occupied by temperate grassland and desert. The forest–grassland boundary was 200–300 km west of its present position. Temperate xerophytic shrubland, temperate grassland and desert covered a large area on the Tibetan Plateau, but the area of tundra was reduced. Treeline was 300–500 m higher than present in Tibet. These changes imply generally warmer winters, longer growing seasons and more precipitation during the MH. Westward shifts of the forest–shrubland–grassland and grassland–desert boundaries imply greater moisture availability in the MH, consistent with a stronger summer monsoon. During the LGM, in contrast, cold-deciduous forest, cool-temperate evergreen needleleaf forest, cool mixed forests, warm-temperate evergreen broadleaf and mixed forest in eastern China were displaced to the south by 300–1000 km, while temperate deciduous broadleaf forest, pure warm-temperate evergreen forest, tropical semi-evergreen and evergreen broadleaf forests were restricted or absent from the mainland of southern China, implying colder winters than present. Strong shifts of temperate xerophytic shrubland, temperate grassland and desert to the south and east in northern and western China and on the Tibetan Plateau imply drier conditions than present.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Interpersonal Conflict-Handling Behavior as Reflections of Jungian Personality Dimensions

This study has sought to investigate the Jungian psychological correlates of an individual's choice of different interpersonal conflict-handling modes: competing, collaborating, compromising, avoiding, and accommodating. These five modes were defined according to the two basic behavioral dimensions of assertiveness and cooperativeness and were also related to integrative and distributive dimensions. The results suggest that the Jungian functions related to judging (thinking vs feeling) and the type of enactment (introverted vs extraverted) are significantly related to an individual's conflict-handling behavior. The study concludes with a schematic illustration of these Jungian functions plotted upon the basic behavioral dimensions which define and characterize the five conflict-handling modes.

Field of study: Psychology
Design and Simulation Result of N Substrate Reverse Type Avalanche Photodiode (APD)

We present results of design and simulation of the n-substrate reverse type avalanche photodiode (APD), which internally amplifies the photocurrent by an avalanche process, with the diffusion and the epitaxial methods. We aim to develop the APD which is coupled with scintillating materials for X-ray and delta-ray detections. The purpose of this simulation is to investigate optimal design parameters including guarding of the reverse type APD to meet device performance requirement as one of detector components. These optimized conditions obtained from simulation study can be applied in fabrication of the reverse type APD. In this simulation, both process and device simulations of APDs have been done by using a 2D simulation package, Athena and Atlas, from Silvaco International. The n-substrate reverse type APD based on the optimized design parameters will be fabricated and tested in near future.

Field of study: Physics
RAS Mutations and Oncogenesis: Not all RAS Mutations are Created Equally

Mutation in RAS proteins is one of the most common genetic alterations observed in human and experimentally induced rodent cancers. In vivo, oncogenic mutations have been shown to occur at exons 12, 13, and 61, resulting in any 1 of 19 possible point mutations in a given tumor for a specific RAS isoform. While some studies have suggested a possible role of different mutant alleles in determining tumor severity and phenotype, no general consensus has emerged on the oncogenicity of different mutant alleles in tumor formation and progression. Part of this may be due to a lack of a single, signature pathway that shows significant alterations between different mutations. Rather, it is likely that subtle differences in the activation, or lack thereof, of downstream effectors by different RAS mutant alleles may determine the eventual outcome in terms of tumor phenotype. This paper reviews our current understanding of the potential role of different RAS mutations on tumorigenesis, highlights studies in model cell culture and in vivo systems, and discusses the potential of expression array and computational network modeling to dissect out differences in activated RAS genes in conferring a transforming phenotype.

Field of study: Biology
Errata sheet for paper “Continuity conditions at wave fronts in coupled thermoplasticity"

The mass, momentum, and energy conservation requirements at wave fronts (or surfaces of discontinuity) are reduced to a form suitable for use in the coupled thermoplastic analysis. Constitutive equations are introduced in these relations, and, for one-dimensional situations, it is shown that an isothermal (or adiabatic) wave front separating regions of elastic and plastic behavior will propagate with the same speed as an isothermal (or adiabatic) surface of discontinuity lying completely inside a domain of plastic deformation. A new thermoplastic coupling parameter is obtained from an example involving spherical symmetry.

Field of study: Mathematics
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF A PRESTRESSED TROUGH BRIDGE FOR HIGH SPEED RAILWAY

In this paper, the dynamic field experiments on the Antoing Bridge located on the high speed railway line between Paris and Brussels are introduced. The experiments were cooperatively carried out by the Northern Jiaotong University from China, the Catholic University of Leuven, the Free University of Brussels and the Belgium Railway Company SNCB from Belgium. The bridge is composed of multi-span simply supported prestressed concrete girders with the span of 50m and the U-shaped sections. The loads are the high speed Thalys trains with articulated vehicles. The speeds of the Thalys trains were between 265-310km/h. In the experiments, the dynamic responses of the bridge such as the deflections, the accelerations and the strains were measured by LVDT, accelerometers and strain gauges, respectively. Many useful results have been obtained from the analysis of the recorded data. The tests and the measured results are of reference value for the study and design of high speed railway bridges.

Field of study: Engineering
The Characteristics of the Superconducting and Magnetic Phases in the Polycrystalline Samples of Ruthenocuprates of Nominal Compositions RuSr2GdCu2O8, Ru0.98Sr2GdCu2O8 and Ru0.5Sr2GdCu2.5O8−δ

The temperature dependencies of the resistivity for the superconducting ruthenocuprates of nominal compositions RuSr2GdCu2O8, Ru0.98Sr2GdCu2O8 and Ru0.5Sr2GdCu2.5O8−δ were examined for the magnetic field dependent characteristics of the superconducting transitions. The effect of the insignificant diminishing of the Ru/Cu ratio in parent RuSr2GdCu2O8 was confirmed as relevant for the stabilisation of the superconducting phase. Noted differences in the compared characteristics are interpreted for possible inhomogeneous nucleation of the superconducting phase in the parent ruthenocuprate. The phase anisotropy in RuSr2GdCu2O8 and Ru0.98Sr2GdCu2O8, in presence of the compounds Ru magnetism, appears to be a cause of a significant softening of the Hc2(T) phase line. An anomalous lowering of the magnetoresistivity was observed in the approx. 10 K range above the onset of the superconducting transition, which may suggest the presence of enhanced superconducting fluctuations in the samples.The positive magnetic field shift of the temperatures, which limit the magnetoresistivity and the specific heat signatures of the magnetic ordered state of the Ru sublattice, suggests probing the influence of the ferromagnetic Ru interactions in an effective metallic-like conduction channel present in the samples.Superconducting characteristics of the Ru0.5Sr2GdCu2.5O8−δ reveal a significant contribution of the Gd paramagnetic signal at low temperatures, interpreted for the presence of a significant anisotropy of the superconducting phase. It is concluded that the Ru–Cu substituted phases of ruthenocuprates may present an opportunity to investigate the effectively anisotropic superconducting phase despite its comparatively high Tc in the compounds related to the 123-type cuprate superconductor.

Field of study: Physics
Three-point collimation technology of COIL resonator

To improve the performance of chemical oxygen-iodine laser(COIL) beam,a three-point dynamic collimation method is proposed,and a resonator auto-alignment system with auto-adjusting function is designed.The system uses position sensitive device(PSD) as the position detecting element,three groups of PZT as the driving element.The coupling model of the system is presented.Multivariable self-adaptation closed-loop decoupling arithmetic is used to design a three-input-three-output decoupling controller,resulting in high precision dynamic alignment and high qualily light beam. Experiments indicate that the collimating range of the system is 4 mrad,the precision is 5 μrad and the frequency response is 20 Hz,which meet the demand of resonator alignment system for COILs.

Field of study: Physics
Volatile (sulphur and chlorine), major, and trace element geochemistry of mafic to intermediate tephras from the Chilean Southern Volcanic Zone (33–43°S)

Here we present the first systematic investigation of volatile geochemistry along the Southern Volcanic Zone (SVZ) of Chile. Holocene olivine-hosted melt inclusions in the most mafic tephras sampled from 16 volcanoes along the volcanic front of the SVZ between 33°S and 43°S were analysed for pre-eruptive sulphur, chlorine, and major element contents. These results are combined with trace element compositions of the host whole rocks. The highest fractionation-corrected gas contents occur in the least-degassed melt inclusions from small monogenetic cones of Los Hornitos, Cabeza de Vaca, and Apagado from both the transitional and the southern-central SVZ, reaching ~3,000 μg/g S and 1,400 μg/g Cl, while the lowest abundances of ~1,100 μg/g S and ~600 μg/g Cl were found in the central SVZ at Volcán Lonquimay, Volcán Llaima, and Volcán Villarrica. Chlorine co-varies with trace element indicators for the degree of melting and/or source enrichment, such that the lowest Cl contents are found in high-degree melts from the most depleted mantle sources. The size of the volcanic edifices correlates inversely with Cl abundances in the melt. This could reflect more extensive degassing during ascent through the complex magma plumbing systems beneath the stratovolcanoes or greater dilution during larger degrees of melting of more depleted sources, or a combination of these factors. Compared to other subduction zones, the SVZ melt inclusions exhibit Cl and S abundances in the same range as most of those from the Central American and those from the Marianas arcs.

Field of study: Environmental science
On the hyperalgebra of the loop algebra ${\widehat{\frak{gl}}_n}$

Let $\widetilde{\mathcal U}_{\mathbb Z}({\widehat{\frak{gl}}_n})$ be the Garland integral form of ${\mathcal U}(\widehat{{\frak{gl}}}_n)$ introduced by Garland \cite{Ga}, where ${\mathcal U}(\widehat{{\frak{gl}}}_n)$ is the universal enveloping algebra of ${\widehat{{\frak{gl}}}_n}$. Using Ringel--Hall algebras, a certain integral form ${\mathcal U}_{\mathbb Z}(\widehat{{\frak{gl}}}_n)$ of ${\mathcal U}(\widehat{{\frak{gl}}}_n)$ was constructed in \cite{Fu13}. We prove that the Garland integral form $\widetilde{\mathcal U}_{\mathbb Z}({\widehat{{\frak{gl}}}_n})$ coincides with ${\mathcal U}_{\mathbb Z}(\widehat{{\frak{gl}}}_n)$. Let ${\mathpzc k}$ be a commutative ring with unity and let ${\mathcal U}_{\mathpzc k}(\widehat{{\frak{gl}}}_n)={\mathcal U}_{\mathbb Z}(\widehat{{\frak{gl}}}_n)\otimes{\mathpzc k}$. For $h\geq 1$, we use Ringel--Hall algebras to construct a certain subalgebra, denoted by ${{\mathtt{u}}}_{\!\vartriangle\!}(n)_h$, of ${\mathcal U}_{\mathpzc k}(\widehat{{\frak{gl}}}_n)$. The algebra ${{\mathtt{u}}}_{\!\vartriangle\!}(n)_h$ is the affine analogue of ${\mathtt{u}}({{\frak{gl}}}_n)_h$, where ${\mathtt{u}}({{\frak{gl}}}_n)_h$ is a certain subalgebra of the hyperalgebra associated with ${\frak{gl}}_n$ introduced by Humhpreys \cite{Hum}. The algebra ${\mathtt{u}}({{\frak{gl}}}_n)_h$ plays an important role in the modular representation theory of ${\frak{gl}}_n$. In this paper we give a realization of ${{\mathtt{u}}}_{\!\vartriangle\!}(n)_h$ using affine Schur algebras.

Field of study: Mathematics
Using Top Ten Lists to Encourage Faith Integration Discussion in Economics Courses

This article describes the use of top ten lists as a way to break the ice with students and begin a discussion about integrating one's faith into the subject matter of a course. The literature has shown that the use of top ten lists has proven to be an attention-grabbing way of introducing a topic that encourages student participation and incites class discussion. The use of Biblically inspired top ten lists in economics classes was investigated with results similar to those observed in the literature.

Field of study: Education
Spinal Fusion in the Treatment of Chronic Low Back Pain: Rationale for Improvement

following fusion for chronic low back pain (CLBP) are unpredictable and generally not very satisfying. The major reason is the absence of a detailed description of the symptoms of patients with pain, if present, in a motion segment of the spine. Various radiological findings have been attributed to discogenic pain, but if these radiological signs were really true signs of such pain, fusion would have been very successful. If discogenic pain exists, it should be possible to select these patients from all others within the CLBP population. Even if this selection were 100% perfect, however, identification of the painful segment would remain, and at present there is no reliable test for doing so. Regardless of whether an anterior or posterior type of fusion is performed, or even if artificial discs are used, solving the puzzle of pain associated with the presumed segmental disorder must be the primary goal.

Field of study: Medicine
Light-induced gratings in a medium exhibiting two-photon absorption

An analysis is made of the excitation of transient gratings as a result of the interaction of ultrashort pulses with a medium characterized by a two-photon nonlinearity. The amplitudes of the spatial modulation of the gratings are described by fourth-order correlation functions of a pulse and in the absence of phase modulation one of these functions is identical with a two-photon absorption trace (profile) measured by a traditional method. The spectral or angular distribution of the radiation diffracted by such gratings is linked uniquely to the amplitudes of their spatial modulation. A practical method is suggested for the study of ultrashort pulses: this method is free of the influence of the background and contrast, is independent of the luminescence mechanism, and can be used in conjunction with traditional methods.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Topography of potential energy surfaces

The curves on a multi—dimensional potential energy iuCace (PES) linking the reactant and the transition state configurations are constructed. They are generally distinct frOm usual reaction path curves and a special term "optimum ascent path" (oAF) is accepted for them. A local criterion is formulated allowing to distinguish the points located on an OAP among other points in its vicinity. A mathematical analysis of singular points of a PES, where its valleys or ridges emerge, dissipate or bifurcate, is presented. These points are specified as different branching points of OAPs.

Field of study: Chemistry
A multivariate rate equation for variable-interval performance.

A value-like parameter is introduced into a rate equation for describing variable-interval performance. The equation, derived solely from formal considerations, expresses rate of responding as a joint function of rate of reinforcement and "reinforcer power." Preliminary tests of the rate equation show that it handles univariate data as well as Herrnstein's hyperbola. In addition, a form of Herrnstein's hyperbola can be derived from the equation, and it predicts forms of matching in concurrent situations. For the multivariate case, reinforcer values scaled in concurrent situations where matching is assumed to hold are taken as determinations of reinforcer power. The multivariate rate equation is fitted to an appropriate set of data and found to provide a good description of variable-interval performance when both rate and power of reinforcement are varied. Rate and power measures completely describe reinforcement. The effects of their joint variation are not predicted and cannot be described by Herrnstein's equation.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Validity of self-report in alcoholism research: results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study.

The validity of self-report in alcoholism treatment research is controversial. Our recently completed Veterans Administration Cooperative Study evaluating the efficacy of disulfiram treatment for alcoholism provided an opportunity to assess the validity of self-report. To assess treatment response, patients and household contacts were interviewed at seven scheduled points during the 1 year of follow-up. Blood specimens also were obtained from the patients at these times and were analyzed for ethanol. Eighty-eight percent of the patient and/or collateral interviews were obtained at 6 months and 90% at 1 year. The mean number of blood and urine specimens collected per patient was 4.3 and 14.4, respectively. Outcome criteria included continuous abstinence during the year and total number of drinking days. Continuous abstinence: If we had had only the patients' self reports, we would have significantly underestimated the percentage of men who drank. By self-report 58.7% (355/605) relapsed whereas the combination of self report, collaterals' reports, and laboratory tests indicated that 72.4% (438/605) drank (p less than 0.001). Using Bayes' theorem, the conditional probability that a patient is continuously abstinent for 1 year when he so claims is 65%. Total drinking days: Of the 213 patient-collateral pairs each of whom provided all seven scheduled interviews, 46.9% (100/213) agreed on the total number of drinking days during the year.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Field of study: Medicine