nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Stratospheric Water-Vapor Upper Limits Inferred From Upper-Air Observations: Part I. Northern Hemisphere

Observational data from the lower stratosphere are examined to determine to what extent an upper limit can be placed on the water-vapor content of that region of the atmosphere, a quantity which is presently in controversy by half an order of magnitude. Presented herein are the details of a systematic search of 37 winter months (November 1964–December 1971) of Northern Hemispheric 30-mb and 50-mb synoptic maps, as well as a search of over 170,000 individual radiosonde 30-mb temperature soundings for the same period. In addition, the results of a search of all available high-latitude Northern Hemispheric meteorological rocket data and a study of the 30-mb climatology for Jan Mayen Island are presented. The results of these studies are compared with the results of a careful literature search, as well as an inquiry to an airline pilot's volunteer organization, for reports of stratospheric cloud observations. The extreme sparsity of such observations, even with allowance for possible obscuring effect...

Field of study: Environmental science
Coherent control for ultrafast photochemical reactions

Many photochemical processes involving the breaking and formation of chemical bonds take place on a femtosecond time scale. By means of ultrafast laser pulses it became possible to monitor these events in real time with a temporal resolution in the sub-20 fs regime. Moving beyond the observation to the control of chemical reactions requires additional theoretical and experimental effort. We illustrate with the aid of selected model systems the concepts and possibilities of "passive" and "active" control and their differences.

Field of study: Chemistry
PREDICTION AND COMPARISON OF SECONDARY STRUCTURES AND SURFACE PROBABILITIES OF CAPSID PROTEINS OF REFERENCE STRAINS OF THREE TYPE POLIOVIRUSES WITH COMPUTER

Results o.f microcomputer analysis are reported on the prediction and comparison of secondary structures and surface probabilities of the ca.psid proteins of 6 reference strains of the three type of polioviruses and on the secondary structure basis for antigenic sites on the surface of capsid and for neurovirulent attenuation. The results showed: ( 1 ) there are some similarities in the secondary structure of VP1, VP2 and VP3 with 8 or more sheets in each of the 3 proteins, ( 2 ) the 5 peptides capable of priming immune system in rabbit for an IgG response are formed by characteristic turn structures and it is speculated that only a turn can be an antigenic determinant and the increase, decrease, translocation of turn or residue substitution in the turn may be the structural basis for antigenic change of poliovi-rus; ( 3 ) attenuation does not basically cause changes of secondary struc-turse of viral proteins, but cause changes of hydrophilic surface probabilities of some regions of the viral proteins; (4) according to surface probabilities, intratypic-specific regions and intertypic specific regions are identified. These results are of importance in designing synthetic vaccine and re-combinant vaccine against poliomyelitis.

Field of study: Biology
Realistic Expanding Source Model for Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions

An international search is currently underway for the quark-gluon plasma—a predicted new phase of nuclear matter where quarks roam almost freely throughout the medium instead of being confined to individual nucleons.1,2 Such a plasma could be formed through the compression and excitation that occur when nuclei collide at relativistic speeds. With increasing compression the nucleons overlap sufficiently that they should lose their individual identity and transform into deconfined quarks, and with increasing excitation the many pions that are produced overlap sufficiently that they should lose their individual identity and transform into deconfined quarks and anti-quarks.

Field of study: Physics
Threats to Latin America's Market Model?

What are the prospects for the survival of Latin America's new market model? Are most countries in the region likely to preserve the basic outlines of the neoliberal development scheme, or will there be a reversal, that is, a region-wide trend away from free-market economics? This question is par ticularly acute, given the recent economic and political difficulties facing the new market system in major Latin American countries. Three cases stand out: In Venezuela, President Hugo Chavez has spouted strident antineoliberal rhet oric and has enacted a number of measures that depart from free-market reci pes, such as stringent currency controls. In Argentina, one of the big neoliberal success stories of the early and mid-1990s, the economy collapsed in 2001-2002 and a center-left president who criticizes the free-market system was recently elected. And in Brazil, the socialist Workers' Party, which was traditionally very critical of neoliberalism, won the presidential election in a landslide in late 2002. Thus, important potential challenges to the continuing predominance of the market model have emerged over the last few years. Observers have, there fore, become worried. Eduardo Lora and Ugo Panizza, for instance, report that "the future of structural reforms seems cloudy"; and a panic-stricken columnist for the Financial Times even saw Latin America moving "back to revolution."1 What, then, are the future prospects of Latin American neoliberalism? Is the new economic model there to stay, or was the wave of free-market reforms only a passing fad? Will the economic vulnerabilities and social limitations of neoliberalism and the dashed hopes that market reform would finally put Latin America back on a path toward sustained growth cause a backlash?

Field of study: Political science
Recent advances in cyclic-adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A signaling in ethanol-induced synaptic and behavioral alterations.

This article represents the proceedings of a symposium at the 2002 RSA Meeting in San Francisco, California, organized and co-chaired by L. Judson Chandler and Richard A. Morrisett. The presentations were (1) PKA regulates chronic ethanol-induced synaptic targeting of NMDA receptors, by L. Judson Chandler; (2) Long-lasting potentiation of GABAergic synapses in dopamine neurons after a single in vivo ethanol exposure, by Antonello Bonci; (3) The DARPP-32 cascade and regulation of the ethanol sensitivity of NMDA receptors in the nucleus accumbens, by Richard A. Morrisett; (4) and The cAMP/PKA signal transduction pathway modulates ethanol consumption and sedative effects of ethanol, by Gary S. Wand.

Field of study: Medicine
Involving Preservice Teachers in Collecting and Performing Oral Stories

Social studies teacher educators highlight the importance of oral stories and histories in the social studies classroom, leading social studies learners to seek multiple perspectives and encourage historical thinking in the classroom. However, preservice teachers are given few opportunities to internalize this idea. In this article, the author examines the collection of oral stories and creation of performances in a social studies methods course. The process involves preservice teachers conducting oral history interviews, choosing material to explore, creating and performing stories, and sharing their representations with peers. As preservice teachers become storytellers of someone's history, they are made aware of their own subjectivity.

Field of study: Sociology
Le cannabis et les jeunes Canadiens: Les données probantes plutôt que l’idéologie

Une recente etude sur le bien-etre des enfants, realisee par le Fonds des Nations Unies pour l’enfance[1][1] et portant sur 29 economies developpees, a fait valoir que le taux de consommation de cannabis par les adolescents canadiens (âges de 11 a 15 ans) est le plus eleve du monde;

Field of study: Medicine
Photocatalytic degradation of aromatic pollutants: a pivotal role of conduction band electron in distribution of hydroxylated intermediates.

The modulation of the yield distribution of intermediates formed in the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants is of extreme importance for the application of photocatalysis in environmental cleanup, as different intermediates usually exhibit distinct biological toxicity and secondary reactivity. In this paper, we report that the distribution of monohydroxylated intermediates (m-, p- and o-) formed during the photocatalytic oxidation of aromatic compounds changes with the variation of reaction conditions, such as O(2) partial pressure and substrate concentration. By detailed product analysis, theoretical calculation, and oxygen isotope labeling experiments, we show that these changes are due to the selective reduction of HO-adduct radicals (the precursors of hydroxylated intermediates) by conduction band electrons (e(cb)(-)) back to the original substrate, that is, p- and o-HO-adduct radicals are more susceptible to e(cb)(-) than the m- one. Our experiments give an example that, even under oxidative conditions, the yield distribution of isomeric intermediates can be modulated by e(cb)(-)-initiated reduction. This study also illustrates that the unique redox characteristics of photocatalysis, that is, both oxidation and reduction reactions take place on or near the surface of a single nanoparticle, can provide opportunities for the reaction control.

Field of study: Environmental science
A pilot study of active vitamin D administration and insulin resistance in African American patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis.

Insulin resistance (IR) is associated with increased cardiovascular risk in multiple patient populations, including those undergoing chronic hemodialysis (CHD). Active vitamin D deficiency has been proposed to play a role in the extent of IR observed in patients with CHD. We postulated that administration of paracalcitol, an active vitamin D medication, influences IR in patients with CHD.



This was a pilot randomized controlled trial. Ten prevalent CHD patients receiving a stable dose of paracalcitol were recruited. Paracalcitol was withheld for 8 weeks in all patients (phase I). Parathyroid hormone levels were managed with the calcium-sensing receptor agonist cinacalcet. At week 8, patients were randomized to continue cinacalcet or to restart paracalcitol for 8 weeks (phase II). The primary outcome was the change in IR measured by the glucose disposal rate (GDR) using hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (HEGC) method. Secondary outcomes included changes in IR between groups in indirect indices of IR, biomarkers of inflammation, and adipokine levels.



The mean age was 49 years (range, 46-57 years) and 40% of patients were women. There was no detectable change in the GDR at the end of phase I (P = .7) when compared with baseline values. There was also no statistically significant difference in GDR between groups at the end of phase II (P = .9). No changes were observed in indirect indices of IR, adipokine levels, or biomarkers of inflammation in either phase.



The results of this pilot study suggest that withdrawal of paracalcitol over 8 to 16 weeks and replacement for 8 weeks after withdrawal does not influence IR measured by HEGC in patients receiving CHD.

Field of study: Medicine
Relation between Working Alliance and Outcome in Psychotherapy: A Meta-Analysis.

Results of 24 studies (based on 20 distinct data sets) relating the quality of the working alliance (WA) to therapy outcome were synthesized using meta-analytic procedures. A moderate but reliable association between good WA and positive therapy outcome was found. Overall, the quality of the WA was most predictive of treatment outcomes based on clients' assessments, less so of therapists' assessments, and least predictive of observers' report

Field of study: Psychology
Stratigraphy, paleogeography, and tectonic setting of the Coldbrook Group in the Caledonia Highlands of southern New Brunswick

The late Precambrian Coldbrook volcanic sequence and stratigraphic equivalents in southern New Brunswick can be divided into three distinct belts. These have been named the Eastern, Central and Western Volcanic Belts.The Eastern Volcanic Belt, along the Bay of Fundy coast, is characterized by intensely deformed mafic and felsic flows, tuffs, and abundant related volcanogenic sediments. Two thick arkosic sedimentary units in this belt reflect extensive intervals of volcanic quiescence. Fine-grained siliceous siltstone and conglomerate, locally intercalated with these rocks, have probably been derived from erosion of older Precambrian basement rocks to the northwest.The Central Volcanic Belt is composed of generally weakly deformed felsic and lesser mafic flows, and coarse lithic tuffs (including ignimbrites), and very minor intercalated sediments. The almost complete lack of water-lain sediments and presence of ignimbrites suggests subaerial deposition for most of these volcanic rocks. The relationship bet...

Field of study: Environmental science
Learning and distinguishing time series dynamics via ordinal patterns transition graphs

Strategies based on the extraction of measures from ordinal patterns transformation, such as probability distributions and transition graphs, have reached relevant advancements in distinguishing different time series dynamics. However, the reliability of such measures depends on the appropriate selection of parameters and the need for large time series. In this paper we present a method for the characterization of distinct time series behaviors based on the probability of self-transitions, a measure extracted from their transformation onto ordinal patterns transition graphs. We validate our method by investigating the main characteristics of periodic, random, and chaotic time series. By the application of learning strategies, we precisely classify different randomness levels in time series, reaching 100% in accuracy, and advances in performing the hard task of distinguishing random noises from chaotic time series, correctly distinguishing 96.61% of the cases. Furthermore, we show that this strategy is well suitable to be used by many applications, even for short time series, and does not depend on the selection of parameters.

Field of study: Mathematics
Crystalline Weyl semimetal phase in Quantum Spin Hall systems under magnetic fields

We investigate an unconventional topological phase transition that occurs in quantum spin Hall (QSH) systems when applying an external in-plane magnetic field. We show that this transition between QSH and trivial insulator phases is separated by a stable topological gapless phase, which is protected by the combination of particle-hole and reflection symmetries, and thus, we dub it as crystalline Weyl semimetal. We explore the stability of this new phase when particle-hole symmetry breaking terms are present. Especially, we predict a robust unconventional topological phase transition to be visible for materials described by Kane and Mele model even if particle-hole symmetry is significantly broken.

Field of study: Physics
Interaction of (z)-4-bromo-1,3-di(2-thienyl)- 2-buten-1-one with amines, synthesis of di(2-thienyl)azolo[a]pyridines

(Z)-4-Bromo-1,3-di(2-thienyl)-2-buten-1-one was obtained by the bromination of 1,3-di(2-thienyl)-2-buten-1-one by NBS in anhydrous CCl4. The starting butanone was obtained by the condensation of 1-(2-thienyl)-1-ethanone by the action of SOCl2. The reaction of (Z)-4-bromo-1,3-di(2-thienyl)-2-buten-1-one with tertiary amines such as Et3N, pyridine, 1-alkyl-1,3-diazole, 1-alkylbenzimidazole, and 1-alkyl-1,2,4-triazole leads to quaternary salts. The azolium salts cyclize by the action of base to give di(2-thienyl)azolo[a]pyridinium derivatives. 3-Methyl-6,8-di(2-thienyl)[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyridin-4-ium and 2,4-di(2-thienyl)pyrido[2,1-b]benzothiazol-10-ium bromides were obtained by the same procedure but without separating the intermediate quaternary salts.

Field of study: Chemistry
Exploring the Intention to Use Computers: An Empirical Investigation of the Role of Intrinsic Motivation, Extrinsic Motivation, and Perceived Ease of Use

This research utilizes the Integrated Model of Technology Acceptance (IMTA) to study the intention to use computers among first line managers in a mid-sized manufacturing organization (n=172). As hypothesized, the study found 1) a positive relationship between extrinsic motivation and behavioral intention to use computers, 2) a positive relationship between perceived ease of use and behavioral intention to use computers, 3) a positive relationship between intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation, 4) a positive relationship between perceived ease of use and extrinsic motivation, and 5) a positive relationship between intrinsic motivation and perceived ease of use. However, the hypothesis that intrinsic motivation would have a positive relationship to behavioral intention to use computers was not supported. This work makes a needed contribution to the literature by validating the IMTA with a group of real-world users, and suggests that the model may provide a useful foundation for future research in this area.

Field of study: Computer science
The role of socioregional factors in moderating genetic influences on early adolescent behavior problems and alcohol use.

Twin and family studies have demonstrated that adolescent alcohol use and behavior problems are influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. More recently, studies have begun to investigate how genetic and environmental influences may interact, with efforts underway to identify specific environmental variables that moderate the expression of genetic predispositions. Previously, we have reported that community-level factors, including urban/rural residency, migration rates, and prevalence of young adults, moderate the importance of genetic effects on alcohol use in late adolescence (ages 16 to 18). Here, we extend these findings to test for moderating effects of these socioregional factors on alcohol use and behavior problems assessed in a younger sample of adolescent Finnish twins.



Using data from the population-based Finnish twin study, FinnTwin12, biometric twin models were fit to data on >1,400 twin pairs to examine the significance of each of the socioregional moderating variables on alcohol use measured at age 14, and behavior problems, measured at age 12.



We find no evidence of a moderating role of these socioregional variables on alcohol use; however, there was significant moderation of genetic influences on behavior problems, with effects limited to girls. Genetic influences assumed greater importance in urban settings, communities with greater migration, and communities with a higher percentage of slightly older adolescents.



The moderation effects observed on behavior problems in early adolescence paralleled the effects found on alcohol use late in adolescence in an independent sample, providing further support for the idea that behavior problems may represent an earlier manifestation of the predisposition to subsequent alcohol problems. Our findings also support the growing body of evidence suggesting that females may be more susceptible to a variety of environmental influences than males.

Field of study: Medicine
Pterosaurs as a food source for small dromaeosaurs

Stomach contents preserved in fossil specimens provide direct evidence for the diet of extinct animals. Such exceptional fossils remain rare for predatory non-avian dinosaurs and each can add significantly to our understanding of trophic interactions between various taxa. Here we present evidence for the dromaeosaurid theropod Velociraptor scavenging on the carcass of an azhdarchid pterosaur, with a long bone of the pterosaur being found as gut contents of the dinosaur. Despite previous inferences of dromaeosaurs as hyper-predators, scavenging appears to have been an important part of their ecology.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Development of a Battery Support System for the Prolonged Activity of Mobile Robots

The majority of traditional power supply solutions for prolonged activity of mobile robots have involved work robots returning to a charge station for charging or exchanging batteries. These methods have problems such as the interruption of a task in process and the limitation of robot's activity range. As a new approach to solve these problems, we have developed a battery support system that includes an exclusive robot to deliver fresh batteries. The battery support system is made up of a work robot, a support robot, a battery charge station, and a server PC to manage the entire system. The work robot in the system monitors its own battery power and location continuously while implementing tasks assigned by the server PC. If its battery power falls below a certain threshold, the server PC commands the support robot to help the work robot. After the support robot approaches and docks with the work robot, the two robots exchange batteries using the attached battery exchange mechanism. In the present paper, the details of each mechanisms of the system and the performance of the battery support system integrated with the practical mechanics are described, and experimental results are presented.

Field of study: Computer science
A survey of SiC power MOSFETs short-circuit robustness and failure mode analysis

The aim of this paper is to provide an extensive overview about the state-of-art commercially available SiC power MOSFET, focusing on their short-circuit ruggedness. A detailed literature investigation has been carried out, in order to collect and understand the latest research contribution within this topic and create a survey of the present scenario of SiC MOSFETs reliability evaluation and failure mode analysis, pointing out the evolution and improvements as well as the future challenges in this promising device technology.

Field of study: Engineering
استثمار وقت التعلم الاكاديمي في دروس بعض الألعاب المنظمة وعلاقته بالتعلم المباشر وغير المباشر

يتطلب قياس وقت التعلم الاكاديمي للألعاب المنظمة الماما واسعا من قبل المدرسين , يقتضيه تنوع مهارات هذه الالعاب وكثرتها, فضلا عن كونها مهارات مفتوحة (أي انها ذات محيط ومميزات متغيرة) لهذا يتطلب معرفة كيفية توزيع وقت الدرس والسيطرة عليه وذلك بتشخيص الوقت الضائع من اجل الاقلال منه باستخدام اساليب تدريسية مناسبة لنوع الفعالية أو المهارة المعطاة مما يؤثر على نسب التعلم المباشر وغير المباشر للطلبة . وقد هدف البحث الى تحديد نسب استثمار وقت القسم الرئيس في دروس الالعاب المنظمة واجراء مقارنة بينها من اجل معرفة علاقتها بالتعلم المباشر وغير المباشر للطلبة . واستخدمت الباحثة المنهج الوصفي بإسلوب الدراسة المسحية على عينة من طلاب السنة الدراسية الثانية في كلية التربية البدنية وعلوم الرياضة / جامعة الموصل باستخدام استمارة اندرسون, واستنتجت الباحثة وجود تفاضل في نسب توزيع الوقت لسلوكيات الطلاب في القسم الرئيس من دروس الالعاب الفرقية ( كرة السلة – الطائرة – اليد ) , وحصول لعبة الكرة الطائرة على أعلى نسبة للتعلم المباشر الى غير المباشر تليها لعبة كرة اليد ثم كرة السلة . وقد أوصت الباحثة بضرورة اعتماد الأساليب والطرائق التدريسية الكفيلة بتحقيق الاستجابة والتفاعل بين كل من الطلاب والمدرس والمادة التعليمية بغية الارتقاء بتعليم الالعاب المنظمة ( كرة السلة , الكرة الطائرة , كرة اليد ), ومراعاة التقسيم العلمي والمدروس للوقت في أثناء تعليم القسم الرئيس من دروس الالعاب المنظمة بغية توفير ما يحتمل ضياعه من الوقت للإفادة منه في ممارسة أنشطة متنوعة, فضلا عما هو مطلوب من المهارات , وتمكين الطلاب من ممارسة المهارات بشكل مستمر وبدون توقف من خلال إسناد الدرس بوفرة من الأدوات اللازمة

Field of study: Education
Analyses on the Difference in Cultures of English and Chinese

The English and Chinese nations are d ifferent in their cultural contexts.Because of the different geographi cal habits and customs,religious beliefs,thi nking -ways,and historic background,differences arise between the two cul-tures:different associations of me anings of words;associations that belong to one cult ure,but do not exist in anoth-er.This paper discusses the implied meanings outside the literal ones.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences