nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of phosphorus availability and phosphorus utilization behavior of Microcystis aeruginosa on its adaptation capability to ultraviolet radiation.

Phosphorus (P) plays a critical role in eutrophication and algal growth; therefore, improving our understanding of the impact of P is essential to control harmful algal blooms. In this study, Microcystis aeruginosa was treated with 5-h ambient irradiation in the medium with different dissolved inorganic P (DIP) concentrations, DIP-free, moderate-DIP, and high-DIP, to explore its growth and other physiological responses. Compared to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), UV-A (320-400 nm) and UV-B (280-320 nm) radiation had inhibitive effects on the photosynthesis and growth of M. aeruginosa, while high P availability could alleviate or eliminate the negative effects of UV radiation. The photosynthetic parameters had a minimum reduction and quickly recovered after re-inoculation under high-DIP conditions. Confirmed by SEM, photosynthetic pigments, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and other methods, ambient UV radiation exerted oxidative stresses rather than direct lethal effects on M. aeruginosa. Photosynthetic parameters indicated that algal UV-adaptation processes could include decreasing photo-induced damages and increasing self-repair efficiency. The P acquired by M. aeruginosa cells can have two function, which included alleviating UV-induced negative effects and sustaining algal growth. Consequently, UV-adaptation processes of M. aeruginosa resulted in an elevated demand for DIP, which resulted to increased P uptake rates and cellular P quota under moderate and high-DIP conditions. Therefore, the production of carotenoid and phycocyanin, and SOD activity increased under UV stress, leading to a better adaptation capability of M. aeruginosa and decreased negative effects of UV radiation on its growth. Overall, our findings demonstrated the significant interactive effects of P enrichment and irradiation on typical cyanobacteria, and the strong adaptation capability of M. aeruginosa in the eutrophic UV-radiated waters.

Field of study: Environmental science
Experimental evaluation of a controlled hybrid two-phase multi-microchannel cooling and heat recovery system driven by liquid pump and vapor compressor

The energy use in data centers is on an accelerating rise due to both demand and technological limitations. Today, the most widely used cooling strategy for data centers is refrigerated air-cooling. Unfortunately, air-cooling presents phenomenally low efficiencies. Therefore green computing paradigms are needed to improve energy efficiency by several orders of magnitude and allow a continued chip scaling for tackling the energy crisis in future-generation data centers. A promising solution would be implementing direct on-chip two-phase cooling technology, which not only improves the heat removal efficiency but also permits the reuse of waste heat since the two-phase coolant can cool CPUs effectively at 60 °C. In the present work a specific cooling cycle using micro-evaporation technology has been experimentally evaluated considering different aspects such as cooling cycle and energy recovery efficiencies and controllability. In resume, this novel cycle shows strong competence in energy usage, heat recovery and controllability towards green data center.

Field of study: Engineering
A relation between Mirkovic-Vilonen cycles and modules over preprojective algebra of Dynkin quiver of type ADE

The irreducible components of the variety of all modules over the preprojective algebra and MV cycles both index bases of the universal enveloping algebra of the positive part of a semisimple Lie algebra canonically. To relate these two objects Baumann and Kamnitzer associate a cycle in the affine Grassmannian for a given module. It is conjectured that the ring of functions of the T-fixed point subscheme of the associated cycle is isomorphic to the cohomology ring of the quiver Grassmannian of the module. I give a proof of part of this conjecture. Given this conjecture, I give a proof of the reduceness conjecture.

Field of study: Mathematics
DRGs: evaluating the experience

It is usually said that anything that originates in the U.S. takes about 5 years to reach the European coast. Certainly the waves set up around the diagnosis-related groups scheme of describing case mix have washed up on our shores. Whether they have taken the polar route to Norway or the more obvious transatlantic route to Portugal, they are here in Europe. In the U.S. there was a development period of 12-15 years before the DRG scheme became a part of the method of payment for nearly half the hospital expenditure in the U.S. in 1983. It could therefore be argued that the scheme has arrived a little early and should really be expected in October 1988. One only has to look at conference programmes in the fields of medical informatics, hospital finance and budgeting, health economics, health service management, hospital information and computer systems to realise that DRGs are being talked about. Not only are they frequently to be found in such programmes, but DRGs have been the subject of much back-room research, analysis and initial experimentation outside the U.S. for some years. In order to review both what had happened to the U.S. health market and to draw together the growing body of expertise outside the U.S., the European Health Policy Forum took up the subject in its recent conference “DRGs evaluating the experience”. The conference was the 15th joint WHO/EHPF meeting, held in Brussels on 141.5 October 1987. The event was planned to follow-on from a twoday WHO technical working meeting, and receive a report of the discussions in the first meeting. Since DRGs are, or at least appear to many people to be a complex subject, the conference organisers wisely chose to keep the presentations away from technical detail and most speakers concentrated on an evaluative approach to their subject. This was also partly because those attending the WHO meeting, and who moved en bloc to the joint conference, had already had the opportunity over the previous two days to discuss the subject in more detail.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Isotopic Dating and Geomagnetic Polarity Studies on Volcanic Rocks from Mauritius, Indian Ocean

Results of a geochronological and paleomagnetic investigation of the volcanic island of Mauritius are reported. Potassium-argon dates indicate that the main shield volcano was built subaerially between about 7.8 and 6.8 m.y. ago in the early Pliocene. Some evidence is presented for caldera formation following the construction of the volcanic shield. Profound erosion subsequently destroyed much of the volcano, leaving only peripheral steep-sided massifs. Lavas of the Younger Volcanic Series were erupted from about 3.5 m.y. ago until less than 0.2 m.y. ago, flooding the denuded stumps of the shield volcano. This activity was intermittent and a hiatus is recognized from about 2 to 0.7 m.y. ago, which we have taken as the break between the eruption of the Early and Late Lavas of the Younger Volcanic Series. The mean directions of magnetization of the three groups of lavas are not significantly different from one another and are close to an axial dipole direction. The combined paleomagnetic and dating studies on the lavas also yield further information on the geomagnetic polarity time scale; 16 results on rocks with ages lying between 3.5 and 0.17 m.y. are consistent with the established scale for this period of geological time. Of particular significance are results that confirm the Mammoth reversed event at 3.0 m.y. ago, and the age of the boundary between the Gauss normal and Gilbert reversed polarity epochs at 3.35 m.y. Nineteen results were obtained on rocks whose ages are between 4.6 and 7.9 m.y., and these data generally are consistent with the polarity time scale based upon extrapolations from the sea-floor spreading hypothesis. The evolution of the Mascarene Islands, comprising Mauritius, Reunion and Rodriguez is briefly reviewed and it is concluded that each island had developed independently, and that no correlation of age with respect to distance from the Mid-Indian Ocean Ridge is observed. The volcanism that has built Mauritius and Reunion may be a continuation of the development of the Mascarene Plateau with migration of the activity generally southward with time.

Field of study: Geology
Thermokinetic description of anaerobic growth of Halomonas halodenitrificans using a static microcalorimetric ampoule technique.

Efficiency and velocity of growth are key variables to consider when designing any microbial biotechnological process. Selection of the optimal strain and description of environmental effects on growth patterns require rapid information about relevant parameters. Calorimetry is particularly suitable for providing such data, provided it can simultaneously perform many measurements and the apparatus is as simple as possible. The simplest experimental set-up measures the heat flux of microorganisms growing in a static, sealed ampoule. But, how reliable and reproducible are the growth rates and growth yield coefficients obtained from such a system? To answer this question, the strain Halomonas halodenitrificans CCM 286(T) was grown on glycerol with nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor in a multi-channel isothermal heat conduction calorimeter in such a way that growth was predominantly influenced by availability of the oxidant. The time course of the heat fluxes up to the maximum attained was successfully modelled using integrated Monod kinetics. The reproducibility of the specific growth rate obtained was excellent (standard deviation less than 1% for a single measurement and less than 3% for a couple of measurements) and agreed well with figures reported in the literature. An Arrhenius-type model, consisting of one term for the activation and one for the inactivation of the microbial catalyst, was found to fit the whole specific growth rate versus temperature curve.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Morphology Study on Inclusion Modifications Using Mg–Ca Treatment in Resulfurized Special Steel

In resulfurized special steel, MnS and Al2O3 are two main inclusions that deteriorate fatigue life and machinability. It is important that these two inclusions should be well controlled to increase steel quality and usage performance. In the present study, a Mg–Ca treatment was employed to modify the MnS and Al2O3 inclusions in resulfurized steels to reduce detrimental effects on fatigue life and machinability. In the laboratory study, Ni–Mg alloy was added to 16MnCrS5 and 49MnVS3 steels. Both Al2O3 and CaO–Al2O3 were gradually modified to MgO·Al2O3 and MgO, being surrounded by MnS, that is, a complex inclusion with an oxide core and sulfide outer layer was formed. The amount of the complex inclusion increased with Mg content. In the hot forging experiment, non-Mg treated inclusions were in the morphology of long strip, while those with Mg treatment were seen to be less deformed with spherical morphology of low aspect ratio in which case inclusions had less effect on steel mechanical properties. The Mg–Ca treatment was also applied to the manufacture of resulfurized special steel in steel plants. The scanning electron microscope–energy dispersive spectrometer and statistical results agreed well with those in the laboratory studies.

Field of study: Materials science
SU-E-T-419: Workflow and FMEA in a New Proton Therapy (PT) Facility.

Workflow is an important component in the operational planning of a new proton facility. By integrating the concept of failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) and traditional QA requirements, a workflow for a proton therapy treatment course is set up. This workflow serves as the blue print for the planning of computer hardware/software requirements and network flow. A slight modification of the workflow generates a process map(PM) for FMEA and the planning of QA program in PT.



A flowchart is first developed outlining the sequence of processes involved in a PT treatment course. Each process consists of a number of sub-processes to encompass a broad scope of treatment and QA procedures. For each subprocess, the personnel involved, the equipment needed and the computer hardware/software as well as network requirements are defined by a team of clinical staff, administrators and IT personnel.



Eleven intermediate processes with a total of 70 sub-processes involved in a PT treatment course are identified. The number of sub-processes varies, ranging from 2-12. The sub-processes within each process are used for the operational planning. For example, in the CT-Sim process, there are 12 sub-processes: three involve data entry/retrieval from a record-and-verify system, two controlled by the CT computer, two require department/hospital network, and the other five are setup procedures. IT then decides the number of computers needed and the software and network requirement. By removing the traditional QA procedures from the workflow, a PM is generated for FMEA analysis to design a QA program for PT.



Significant efforts are involved in the development of the workflow in a PT treatment course. Our hybrid model of combining FMEA and traditional QA program serves a duo purpose of efficient operational planning and designing of a QA program in PT.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Band gap in Bi2Se3 topological insulator nanowires: magnetic and geometrical effects

Stimulated by the recent realization of three dimensional topological insulator nanowire interfer- ometers, a theoretical analysis of quantum interference effects on the low energy spectrum of Bi2Se3 nanowires is presented. The electronic properties are analyzed in nanowires with circular, square and rectangular cross-sections starting from a continuum three dimensional model with particular emphasis on magnetic and geometrical effects. The theoretical study is based on numerically exact diagonalizations of the discretized model for all the geometries. In the case of the cylindrical wire, an approximate analytical solution of the continuum model is also discussed. Although a magnetic field corresponding to half quantum flux is expected to close the band gap induced by Berry phase, in all the studied geometries with finite area cross-sections, the gap closes for magnetic fields typically larger than those expected. Furthermore, unexpectedly, due to geometrical quantum interference effects, for a rectangular wire with a sufficiently large aspect ratio and smaller side ranging from 50°A and 100°A, the gap closes for a specific finite area cross-section without the application of a magnetic field.

Field of study: Physics
Contract-based testing for PHP with Praspel

We summarize several contributions related to the PHP Realistic Annotation and SPEcification Language (Praspel). This language extends PHP programs with annotations for the formal specification of the behavior of their functions and for the declaration of types for their data. These contracts are used to automate test generation, by deriving test cases and test data, and test execution, by checking assertions at run-time in order to establish the test verdict. Our approach to contract-based testing for PHP is fully implemented into a PHP framework currently in use by several web companies.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
The Positive Economics of Methodology

Does an observation that is consistent with a theory constitute stronger evidence for that theory if it was made after the theory was proposed rather than before (when the observation might have influenced the theory's formation)? How and why might the research strategy of theorizing prior to observation affect the conditional probability that the theory is true? Is there a socially optimal set of research strategies and on what does it depend? In a world of asymmetric information, what incentive structure can induce that social optimum? This paper answers these questions in a simple, stylized model that provides a starting point for a rigorous economic model of scientific method.

Field of study: Economics
L^p-Poisson integral representations of the generalized Hua operators on line bundles over SU(n,n)/S(U(n)xU(n))

Let $\tau_\nu$ ($\nu \in \mathbb{Z}$) be a character of $K=S(U(n)\times U(n))$, and $SU(n,n)\times_K\mathbb{C}$ the associated homogeneous line bundle over $\mathcal{D}=\{Z\in M(n,\mathbb{C}): I-ZZ^* > 0\}$. Let $\mathcal{H}_\nu$ be the Hua operator on the sections of $SU(n,n)\times_K\mathbb{C}$. Identifying sections of $SU(n,n)\times_K\mathbb{C}$ with functions on $\mathcal{D}$ we transfer the operator $\mathcal{H}_\nu$ to an equivalent matrix-valued operator $\widetilde{\mathcal{H}}_\nu$ which acts on $\mathcal{D}$ . Then for a given ${\mathbb{C}}$-valued function $F$ on $\mathcal{D}$ satisfying $\widetilde{\mathcal{H}}_\nu F=-\frac{1}{4}(\lambda^2+(n-\nu)^2) F.(\begin{smallmatrix} I&0 0&-I \end{smallmatrix})$ we prove that $F$ is the Poisson transform by $P_{\lambda,\nu}$ of some $f\in L^p(S)$, when $1 n-1$. This generalizes the result in \cite{B1} which corresponds to $\tau_\nu$ the trivial representation.

Field of study: Mathematics
Pharmacokinetics of ethanol: a review.

The pharmacokinetics of ethanol in man are reviewed from a historical perspective from the earliest attempts at kinetic analysis of urinary data in 1899 to the present nonlinear analysis of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and time data. Review of the various kinetic theories that have been utilized to describe the kinetics of alcohol metabolism is provided. Extensive review is made of recent investigations supporting the application of Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics to describe alcohol metabolism. Results of direct, nonlinear least-squares computer fitting of BAC following intravenous and oral feeding of alcohol both in the fasting and fed states are presented with appropriate theory. The kinetics of the oral absorption of alcohol and the relationship among stomach emptying rate, the apparent absorption rate, and the area under the BAC-time curve are discussed and data presented. The kinetics of multiple Michaelis-Menten pathways are discussed with application to the (potential) contributions of the MEOS and/or ADH systems to the observed BAC curve and resultant kinetic parameters. Several methods of obtaining pharmacokinetic (Michaelis-Menten) parameters from BAC curves and their interpretation and usage in comparative studies are presented.

Field of study: Medicine
Progressive freeze concentration of skimmed milk in an agitated vessel: Effect of the coolant temperature and stirring rate on process performance

The aim of this study was to investigate the freeze-concentration of skimmed milk by a progressive freeze concentration process. The progressive freeze concentration procedure was performed at three different temperatures (−5, −10, and −15 ℃) and stirring rates (0, 500, and 1000 r/min). The solids concentration was determined and used for calculations of the efficiency of the process, concentrated yield, and experimental results validation. A general linear model was applied to determine the influence of the two factors studied, namely coolant temperature and agitation speed. In all tests, it was possible to concentrated skimmed milk with total solids content higher (P < 0.05) than ultra-high temperature skimmed milk. The highest concentration (P < 0.05) was achieved at low coolant temperature (−15 ℃) and high agitation speed (1000 r/min). The coolant temperature and the stirring rate both had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on the results of efficiency of the process and concentrated yield. Nevertheless, the parameter that showed the most significant effect in our study was the stirring rate. The tests presented a good fit since the root mean square values were below 25%. The freezing point temperatures of the concentrated milk fractions were lower than that of skimmed milk. Finally, the best-operating conditions in our study were achieved using a high coolant temperature (−5 ℃) and high mechanical stirring (1000 r/min), which was also the variable with the lowest (P < 0.05) retention of solids in the ice fraction. In our study, the progressive freeze concentration technique showed promise as an alternative for the dairy industry since it makes the development of new dairy products possible.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Speech Personality and Social Change

T HE function of speech is to facilitate the meeting of ideas and purposes as related to facts and reality. It connects and relates idea with idea, idea with feeling, fact with fact, and reality with ideal. When fulfilling its essentially integrative functions it disconnects and sifts out the erroneous and false, the illusory and unreal, the deceitful and artificial. A corporate part of this process is an increased warmth in the human relations. Security and confidence take the place of fear and anxiety; good fellowship and affection take the place of anger and hostility; respect, mutual support, co-operation, and unity take the place of envy, jealousy, withdrawal, and disruption. Speakers who are social integrators must be themselves integrated. Consistently to connect with another mind is an active co-operating process, to which the interplay of listening and overt speech is fundamental. To listen to what the other person has to share, to evaluate it, and to incorporate it form the basis for integrative speech behavior. To connect with another mind through speech requires a two-way concentration. The chief absorption is in the idea and the larger goal; a secondary reference is to the other mind and its responses. The central problem in any speech performance always springs from the same basethe speaker or actor has difficulty in " getting out of himself" and "getting into his part," in "meaning" what he is trying to say. Any hang-over of infantilism, any residue of childhood egocentricity, any other habitual selfreference may come out in the speech at some point to mar human relations, to divert the speaker's focus from his speech content, to interfere with the meeting of minds, and, almost inevitably, to frustrate the person himself. Involved in the speaking which marks every enterprise which breaks down, every family which disintegrates, every industrial group that strikes, and every war are the persons who have not grown up emotionally. Contributing to every one of these breakdowns has been unmeasured poor speech-speech reflecting the symptoms of immaturity. Integration in the democratic process requires functioning with the critical and the evaluational powers efficiently operating. A monkey can be trained to start and stop a car

Field of study: Education
Guinea-pig nephrotoxic nephritis II. Autologous phase: complement activation without detectable injury.

In the autologous phase of nephrotoxic induced by sheep antibody to glomerular basement membrane (GBM) in Dunkin-Hartley and C4 deficient strain guinea-pigs, less than 50% of animals developed proteinuria at the height of the autologous antibody response despite high anti-sheep immunolglobulin tetres and fixation of guinea-pig IgG and complement in the kidney. tonly two of thirty-sdven animals (5-4%) developed progressive. In a passive model of autologous phase injury using high titres rabbit antibody to sheep IgG, proteinuria failed to occur despite fixation of up to 95 microng rabbit antibody per kidney. Repeated injection of sheep nephrotoxic antibody (NTab) caused a persisting nephrotic syndrome but not the characteristic proliferative lesion of anti GBM diseases in other species.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine