nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
How “It Gets Better”

What is said when communicating intergroup support to targets of prejudice, and how do targets react? We hypothesized that people not targeted by prejudice reference social connection (e.g., social support) more than social change (e.g., calling for a reduction in prejudice) in their supportive messages. However, we hypothesized that targets of prejudice would be more comforted by social change messages. We content coded naturalistic messages of support for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered, and questioning teenagers from youtube.com (Study 1) and college undergraduates’ statements (Study 2a) and found social connection messages more frequent than social change messages. Next, we explored targets’ responses (Studies 2b-4b). Lesbian and gay participants rated social connection messages less comforting than social change messages (Study 3). Study 4 showed that only targets of prejudice distinguish social connection from social change messages in this way, versus non-targets. These results highlight the importance of studying the communication, content, and consequences of positive intergroup attitudes.

Field of study: Psychology
Resistivity and hall-effect topography on photoexcited semi-insulating GaAs

A new non-destructive method is presented for obtaining true resistivity (ρ), mobility(μ), and electron concentration(n) topography on photoexcited, semi-insulating GaAs. The method is based on the use of two perpendicular light slits, which join four removable In contacts on the periphery of the wafer to form a classical Greek-cross configuration. By placing contacts all around the periphery the whole wafer can be mapped. We give results for 1.1 μm photoexcitation on a 3′ low-pressure, liquid-encapsulated Czochralski wafer and compare with EL2 results on the same wafer. A by-product of the analysis is the determination of electron lifetime. Finally, the possibility of nondestructive dark electrical topography is discussed.

Field of study: Materials science
Education is the Best Contraceptive: A Case Study of Faisalabad

The study examined the role of education on fertility trends in Faisalabad city. For the purpose primary and secondary sources of data were used. Primary data was collected through structured questionnaire and total sample of 250 respondents was selected from four locations of Faisalabad city. Level of education, ideal family size and wife s’ education were variables for the purpose. It was observed that education has a great effect on number of children, ideal family size. Family size is directly related to education level of the mother.

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Empirical Bayes Confidence Sets for the Mean of a Multivariate Normal Distribution

Through the use of an empirical Bayes argument, a confidence set for the mean of a multivariate normal distribution is derived. The set is a recentered sphere, is easy to compute, and has uniformly smaller volume than the usual confidence set. An exact formula for the coverage probability is derived, and numerical evidence is presented which shows that the empirical Bayes set uniformly dominates the usual set in coverage probability.

Field of study: Mathematics
Classification of Topological Insulators and Superconductors

An exhaustive classification scheme of topological insulators and superconductors is presented. The key property of topological insulators (superconductors) is the appearance of gapless degrees of freedom at the interface/boundary between a topologically trivial and a topologically non‐trivial state. Our approach consists in reducing the problem of classifying topological insulators (superconductors) in d spatial dimensions to the problem of Anderson localization at a (d−1) dimensional boundary of the system. We find that in each spatial dimension there are precisely five distinct classes of topological insulators (superconductors). The different topological sectors within a given topological insulator (superconductor) can be labeled by an integer winding number or a Z2 quantity. One of the five topological insulators is the “quantum spin Hall” (or: Z2 topological) insulator in d = 2, and its generalization in d = 3 dimensions. For each dimension d, the five topological insulators correspond to a certain ...

Field of study: Physics
Structure of rotational bands in 253No

In-beam gamma-ray and conversion electron spectroscopic studies have been performed on the 253No nucleus. A strongly coupled rotational band has been identified and the improved statistics allows an assignment of the band structure as built on the $\ensuremath 9/2^-[734]_{\nu}$ ground state. The results agree with previously known transition energies but disagree with the tentative structural assignments made in earlier work.

Field of study: Physics
Docs all memory imply factual memory

IN two recent papers upon memory,' Professor Norman Malcolm explicitly attempts to show that perceptual memory, personal memory, correct memory, and remembering-to each (logically) imply factual memory, and he informs us that he has "not been able to discover any form of memory which does not... [imply] factual memory" (222). I wish here to refute these claims, and, in passing, to indicate other inadequacies in Malcolm's analysis of remembering-to.

Field of study: Philosophy
Understanding the “mmhm”: Dilemmas in talk between teachers and adolescent emergent bilingual students

Dyadic teacher–student interactions represent a potentially valuable opportunity for adolescent emergent bilingual students to access academic knowledge, develop language proficiency, and acquire literacy skills in secondary school contexts. But to what extent are these conversations actually an affordance for students? Drawing upon insights in interactional sociolinguistics, conversation analysis, and other classroom discourse research, this study analyzes interactions during in-class writing activities between teachers and Spanish-speaking adolescents at beginning and intermediate levels of English proficiency. Data indicate that students often tend to offer agreement or limited responses in interactions related to language use, generating ideas, factual knowledge, and conceptual issues. Analysis of discourse includes a focus on both the dilemmas teachers face in interpreting students’ limited contributions and teachers’ interactional and interpretive roles in these interactions.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
Pesticide residues in raspberries and their risk assessment.

Raspberry is one of the oldest fruits, used for millennia in the nutritional and medicinal purposes. Cultivation of this fruit in Poland is quite common because of its complex flavor and pharmacological effectiveness. The objective of this study was to investigate the residue levels of 130 pesticides on raspberries from north-eastern Poland producers during seven years (2005–2011). A risk assessment of the pesticides in raspberries was conducted by calculating acceptable daily intakes (ADI) and acute reference dose (ARfD). Pesticide residues exceeding maximum residue levels (MRLs) were found in 29.3% of samples. Among the detected compounds, the most frequently detected pesticide was pyrimethanil (34.8%). Fenhexamid was the fungicide with the highest concentration (5.53 mg/kg). The ADIs ranged from 0.003% to 3.183% for adults and 0.008% to 9.739% for toddlers. The chronic dietary intakes of 18 pesticides for adults and toddlers didn’t overcome the toxicologically acceptable levels. The most critical case was procymidone with 180.9% of ARfD for toddlers and 83% of ARfD for adults. The results of this research show that raspberries are safe in long and short term nutrition of human beings.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Die Störungen im Bandenspektrum des Schwefelmoleküls

ZusammenfassungDie für die Triplettkomponenten der Schwefelbanden charakteristischen Größen werden in Übereinstimmung mit derKramersschen Theorie berechnet. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Schwingungsniveaus des oberen Zustandesv′=1, 3, 5 ungestört undv′=2, 4, 6, 7 gestört sind. Rotationsstörungen konnten nicht nachgewiesen werden.

Field of study: Physics
Different activities of type I interferons on hepatitis B virus core promoter regulated transcription.

The type I interferons (IFNs) are a group of closely related cytokines which have different signal transduction pathways and different biological activities. Using transient transfection of human hepatoma cells with reporter plasmids containing the firefly/renilla luciferase genes under the control of the HBV-Enhancer (Enh) I, Enh II and core promoter we have investigated the biological activities of 10 recombinant (r) type I IFNs on transcription. Low concentrations of IFN (0.025 ng/ml) had a significant and specific inhibitory effect but the potencies of the different recombinant type I IFNs differed markedly with IFNalpha8 and IFNbeta being six-fold more potent than the least effective subtype (IFNalpha1). However, the addition of IFNalpha5-the subtype produced predominantly in the human liver-did not cause any synergistic effects.The non-natural consensus IFN displayed a more pronounced inhibition of HBV-regulated transcription than IFNalpha8 or IFNalpha2 but not IFNbeta. The INF-induced inhibitory effect was not dependent on the presence of the HBV-Enh1 and in particular of an interferon stimulated response element (ISRE)-like sequence. The characterization of different effects among type I interferons on HBV-regulatory elements may implicate an IFN-subtype-specific role for the pathogenesis and treatment of HBV-infection.

Field of study: Medicine
The national park Niedersächsisches Wattenmeer

The Wadden Sea fronting the North Sea coast of Germany is a unique, virtually untouched, natural landscape. It is a very important dynamic site for special plants and animals dependent on this habitat. Therefore the Lower Saxony Wadden Sea and the islands have the status of a wetland of international importance, agreed by the Ramsar-Convention, in 1976. It has also been declared as an area of the European Bird Directive and a region with priority for nature. As a consequence, the total Wadden Sea (without the Dollart) of 240 000 ha was constituted as the national park ‘Niedersachsisches Wattenmeer’ on 1 January 1986. It is sectioned into three zones with different states of preservation and human use. The national park administration in Wilhelmshaven protects and tries to develop the park. Therefore it is necessary to stop or reduce all kinds of human activities, for instance farming, hunting, fishing, coast protection and tourism.

Field of study: Environmental science
Relating cadmium concentrations in three macrophyte-associated freshwater invertebrates to those in macrophytes, water and sediments.

We found that Cd concentrations in three species of macrophyte-associated invertebrates (the gastropods Bithynia tentaculata and Physa gyrina, and the amphipod Gammarus fasciatus) collected at twenty sites along the St. Lawrence River were correlated with Cd concentrations in their main food source, i.e. macrophytes and associated periphyton. Cd in these invertebrates was not significantly correlated with Cd concentrations in the sediments (even when corrections for iron oxide or organic carbon content were applied) or to calculated free-cadmium concentrations in the water. Cd levels in juveniles of B. tentaculata were very tightly linked to Cd concentrations in macrophytes, which is consistent with the close relationship that these organisms have developed with macrophytes. Linear models predicting Cd levels in juveniles of B. tentaculata from Cd levels in different macrophyte species were strong (R2 = 0.69-0.90). Analysis of covariance on these models showed no statistical difference of slope or intercept for any of the macrophyte species, except Vallisneria americana. We suggest that the macrophyte-periphyton complex is a key link in the transfer of cadmium to some aquatic invertebrates in the littoral zone of the St. Lawrence River and that macrophytes and their associated epiphytes should also be used as biomonitors.

Field of study: Environmental science
Exploring the Results of the Ontario Home Care Minimum Wage Change.

In 2014, Ontario increased its "minimum wage" for personal support workers (PSWs) in publicly funded home care.



The objective of this article is to determine the short-term results of this policy for home care PSWs' wages, hours and job stability.



This study uses descriptive graphs and ordinary least squares and unconditional quantile regressions, using PSWs across Canada as comparison groups.



Pre-policy nominal wages for Ontario home care PSWs stagnated, whereas real wages declined. The policy increased home care PSWs' wages without noticeably affecting hours or job stability. However, wages were already increasing for low-wage home care workers in the rest of Canada.



Ontario exercises monopsony power in the home care market and, before the wage increase, kept nominal wages stable compared to rising real and nominal wages in the rest of Canada. This PSW-specific wage increase did not represent a drastic change relative to market conditions.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Statistic Characteristics of Hunan Power Grid Faults Analysis

This paper investigates time series of faults in Hunan power grid.Investigation shows that the time series of faults have long term correlation and its probability distribution has power law tail,which indicate its characteristic of self-organized criticality(SOC).Analysis on the faults causes show that extreme climate contributes most to power system faults.Therefore,it is reasonable to conclude that the powe system faults derived its SOC from impact of atmosphere system.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
On Ecological Good Governance from the Perspective of Governance Theory

An analysis of ecological governance issues in the framework of governance theory entails a discussion of the goal and mode of good ecological governance.Good ecological governance on the part of the government requires democracy,cooperation,accountability and transparency.Currently there are many problems in government ecological governance,including the conflict between ability and accountability,the lack of social capital and the yet-to-be-established multiple governance mechanism.Therefore,the government must change the approaches of governance,making positive interactions with the market,enterprises,and the public,constructing a pluralistic ecological co-governance network,and establishing relevant institutional safeguard mechanisms,so as to achieve good ecological governance.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
CONTROL OF LASER RADIATION PARAMETER: Collisions of ultrashort light pulses in a dye solution inside a nonresonant ring

Numerical calculations were made of the characteristics (energy, duration, and phase modulation) of ultrashort light pulses emerging from a nonresonant ring (Sagnac interferometer) containing a dye solution. It is shown that the sign of the frequency modulation of the reflected optical signal is positive, whilst the transmitted optical pulse is split and, depending on the position of the cell containing the solution, its energy is exposed to an "anticollision" influence.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Neural Architecture Search for Joint Optimization of Predictive Power and Biological Knowledge

We report a neural architecture search framework, BioNAS, that is tailored for biomedical researchers to easily build, evaluate, and uncover novel knowledge from interpretable deep learning models. The introduction of knowledge dissimilarity functions in BioNAS enables the joint optimization of predictive power and biological knowledge through searching architectures in a model space. By optimizing the consistency with existing knowledge, we demonstrate that BioNAS optimal models reveal novel knowledge in both simulated data and in real data of functional genomics. BioNAS provides a useful tool for domain experts to inject their prior belief into automated machine learning and therefore making deep learning easily accessible to practitioners. BioNAS is available at this https URL.

Field of study: Computer science
Thin film HTS passive microwave components for advanced communication systems

This paper presents results of thin film high temperature superconducting (HTS) passive microwave components recently developed for advanced communication systems, which include miniature resonators, narrow-band bandpass and bandstop filters, couplers and duplexers. The components are fabricated using YBCO thin films on either MgO or LAO substrates. Excellent performances have been achieved.

Field of study: Physics
[Indices of 24-hour monitoring of arterial blood pressure in patients with neurogenic syncope and patients with chronic constitution- dependent hypotension].

Clinical-psychologic study, spectral analysis of heart rate variability, 24-h monitoring of arterial pressure (AP) were performed in 20 patients with chronic constitutional arterial hypotension and in 18 patients with neurogenic syncopal states. Both groups were characterised by considerable manifestations of the syndrome of autonomic dystonia, by emotional-personal disorders that correlated with elevated level of slow-waves of the second order in heart rhythms' spectrum. That testified activation of supersegmental sympathetic-adrenal systems. Disorders in sympathetic-parasympathetic correlations were specific in each group. In patients with arterial hypotension disorder of circadian rhythm was observed in the form of superfluous decrease of diastolic AP during sleep. Circadian rhythms in patients with neurogenic syncopes have parameters characteristic for normals showing a preverved chronobiologic AP regulation. A role of the alterations revealed in pathogenesis of arterial hypotensionis discussed.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Fractional Power Spectrum

In this paper, by investigating the definitions of the fractional power spectrum and the fractional correlation for the deterministic process, we consider the case associated with the random process in an explicit manner. The fractional power spectral relations for the fractional Fourier domain filter are derived, and the expression for the fractional power spectrum in terms of the fractional correlation is obtained. In addition, the definitions and the properties of the fractional white noise and the chirp-stationary process are presented. Simulation results verify the theoretical derivations and demonstrate the potential applications, such as detection and parameter estimation of chirp signals, fractional power spectral estimation and system identification in the fractional Fourier domain.

Field of study: Engineering
Antibody responses to a C‐terminal fragment of the Plasmodium falciparum blood‐stage antigen Pf332 in Senegalese individuals naturally primed to the parasite

Previous studies have shown that antibodies from humans exposed continuously to malaria recognize the Plasmodium falciparum asexual blood‐stage antigen Pf332. Here we analysed the antibody responses to a C‐terminal fragment of Pf332, designated C231, in individuals from Senegal, by measuring the serum levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgG class and subclass and IgE antibodies. IgG antibody reactivity with crude P. falciparum antigen was detected in all the donors, while many of the children lacked or had low levels of such antibodies against C231. The antibody levels increased significantly with age for both crude P. falciparum antigen and C231, and in the older age groups most of the donors displayed antibodies to C231. This was also true for IgM, IgE and IgG subclass reactivity against C231. Moreover, the ratio of IgG1/IgG2 was considerably lower for C231 than for crude P. falciparum antigen, and in age groups 10–14 and 15–19 years the levels of IgG2 against C231 even exceeded that of IgG1. The IgG2/IgG3 ratios suggest that C231 gives similar levels of IgG2 and IgG3, except for children aged 4–9 years, where IgG3 was higher. Raw IgM, IgG class and subclass and IgE antibody levels to C231 tended to be higher in those who did not experience a malaria attack, but following linear multivariate analysis the trends were not significant.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Das magnetische Verhalten von Ammoniummanganosulfat-Hexahydrat bei niedrigen Temperaturen

ZusammenfassungDie kürzlich von Jackson und de Haas ausgesprochene Vermutung, daß die magnetischen Momente des Mn++-Ions im Ammoniummanganosulfatkristall sich mit der Richtung ändern, beruht auf Rechenfehlern. In Wirklichkeit verhält sich der genannte Kristall in wesentlich derselben Weise wie andere paramagnetische Kristalle.

Field of study: Physics
Robustness of the student t based M-estimator

This paper considers the maximum likelihood type (M) estimator based on Student's t distribution for the location/scale model. The Student t M-estimator is generally thought to be robust to outliers. This paper shows that this is only true if the degrees of freedom parameter is kept fixed. By contrast, if the degrees of freedom parameter is also estimated from the data, the influence functions for the scale and degrees of freedom parameter become unbounded. Moreover, the influence function of the location parameter remains bounded, but its change-of-variance function is unboi~nded. The intuitioil behind these results is explained in the paper. The rates at which both the influence functions and the change-of-variance function diverge to infinity, are very slow. Tliis implies that outliers have to be extremely large in order to become detrimental to the performance of the Student t based M-estimator with estimated degrees of freedom. The theoretical results are illustrated in a a simulation experiment usin...

Field of study: Mathematics
Estimation of the mean of some stationary markov sequences

This paper deals with the estimation of the mean e of the stationary distribution of some Markov sequences. In particular, if one can identify the error variables from a given realization of the model, it is possible to obtain improved estimators based on the errors. A two stage procedure for determining the regression parameter without error and then estimating the mean is presented. The conditional least square and the best linear unbiased estimators of e are studied and compared with the traditional timeaverage. The asymptotic properties of these estimators are also established.

Field of study: Mathematics
Tritiation of alpha-bungarotoxin with N-succinimidyl [2,3-3H]propionate. A useful reagent for labelling proteins.

Mono[3H]propionyl-alpha-bungarotoxin, prepared with N-succinimidyl [2,3-3H]propionate (sp. radioactivity 50 Ci/mmol) and purified to homogeneity by electrofocusing, retains its biological activity and stability. Rate constants for its binding to acetylcholine receptor were 4.4-fold lower than for unlabelled toxin; no dissociation was detectable. Analysis of enzymic digests of toxin showed 3H is located mainly of entirely in epsilon-propionyl-lysine.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science