nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of age at unilateral ovariectomy on compensatory responses of remaining ovary in rabbits.

Effects of age at unilateral ovariectomy (ULO) on compensatory responses of the remaining ovary were examined in rabbits. ULO was performed on 8 does for each group at 30 (group 30), 90 (group 90), 160 (group 160) and 230 days of age (group 230). Eight intact does were served as controls. Four does of each group were laparotomized and remaining ovaries were removed at first estrus (over 250 days of age). Numbers of large follicles on ovarian surface ( ?? 1.5 mm in diameter) per doe in all groups were nearly 10 and these values of ULO groups were twice as large as controls. Mean ovarian weight and volume of group 90 were the highest, and those of group 30 were second. The values in these ULO groups showed significant differences in comparison with controls. In histology of these ovaries, numbers of large, healthy follicles ( ?? 1 mm in diameter) per ovary in ULO groups were roughly double compared with those in controls. There was a tendency that the number of small, atretic antral follicles (< 1 mm in diameter) was increased in ULO animals operated at young age. The number of atretic antral follicles was closely correlated with ovarian weight and volume. To induce ovu-lation, the remaining 4 does of each group were injected with 20 IU of hCG. The num-bers of corpora lutea per doe of all groups were about 10 with no significant difference among groups. These results suggest that ULO in the immature period induces marked compensatory hypertrophy after puberty and that, regardless of age at ULO, the re-maining ovary in the ULO animal fulfills the function of both ovaries in the intact animal.

Field of study: Biology
Simultaneous Determination of 22 Benzodiazepines in Chinese Patent Drugs and Health-Care Foods by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

A sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric(LC-MS/MS) method has been developed for simultaneous determination of 22 benzodiazepines in Chinese patent drugs and health-care foods samples.Compounds were extracted with ether-dichloromethane(8 ∶ 2,V/V) in pH 11 borax buffer solution,the extract was concentrated to dry,dissolved in acetonitrile:water(2 ∶ 8,V/V),detected by positive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in the multiple reaction monitoring(MRM) mode,and quantified by isotope internal standard method.There were good linear correlations between the peak areas and concentration of the 22 benzodiazepines,the linear range was 0.5-50.0 L and correlation coefficients were above 0.9990.The limits of detection(LOD) of these 22 benzodiazepines were in the range of 0.0085-0.062 L,limits of quantification(LOQ) were in the range of 0.028-0.21 L.The average recoveries of benzodiazepines were 58.0%-116.5%,at spiked levels of 1.0,2.0 and 5.0 kg,the relative standard deviations(RSDs) of the method were between 2.4% and 12.2%.

Field of study: Chemistry
Rate adaptation with joint receive diversity and power control for cognitive radio networks

A joint receive diversity and power control (JRDPC) algorithm is proposed for cognitive radio networks. By this algorithm, the quality of service for the primary user can be ensured and the secondary user (SU) can make its signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) converge to the SINR requirement. To realize rate adaptation, we propose the rate adaptation algorithm that works with the proposed JRDPC algorithm. We assume that there is a throughput requirement (which is determined by the transmission rate and the SINR), and the proposed rate adaptation algorithm aims to adapt SUs transmission rate to the SINR so that SUs adapted transmission rate can meet the throughput requirement. Simulation results show that compared to rate adaptation without joint receive diversity and power control, the proposed rate adaptation algorithm increases SUs probability of feasibility (for making SUs adapted transmission rate meet the throughput requirement).

Field of study: Computer science
Vocationalism in Higher Education: The Triumph of the Education Gospel

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, a widely circulated Education Gospel has achieved worldwide influence. Communicating the good word about education, the Gospel's essential vision goes something like this: The Knowledge Revolution (or the Information Society, or the Communications Revolution, or the High-Tech revolution) has changed the nature of work, shifting away from occupations rooted in industrial production to occupations associated with knowledge and information. This transformation has both increased the skills required for new occupations and updated the three R's, driving work skills in the direction of "higher-order" skills including communications skills, problem solving, and reasoning-the "skills of the twenty-first century."

Field of study: Education
Electrical and magnetoresistive properties of nanogranular CoFeB-CaF2

The electrical properties and magnetoresistance of (Co41Fe39B20)x(CaF2)100 − x composite are investigated. The principal mechanisms of electric charge transfer at low temperatures are determined. The effective density of localized states at the Fermi level and the average number of localized states between adjacent granules at various concentrations of the metal phase are estimated.

Field of study: Physics
Controls on Early Permian shelf deglaciation in the Karoo Basin of South Africa

The Late Carboniferous to Early Permian glacigene Dwyka Group has at its top three types of transitions from diamictite to postglacial mudrock in the southern Karoo. The type 1 transition sequence consists of clast-poor carbonate-rich diamictite having a sharp contact with the overlying mudrocks. This diamicton accumulated slowly by rain-out and sediment gravity flow processes. During sedimentation the polar ice front was stabilised by a possible ice shelf. Collapse of the ice shelf caused rapid ice margin retreat. The type 2 transition sequence consists of clast-poor diamictite with sandstone bodies overlain by mudrock with ice-rafted debris or thin interbedded debris-flow diamictites. Deposition of the diamictite facies occurred during oscillations of a subpolar ice front with short stable periods of surface melting of the ice resulting in the formation of small subaqueous outwash fans. The type 3 transition sequence consists of bouldery diamictite interbedded with massive or sandstone-bearing diamictite overlain by mudrock with ice-rafted debris or thin interbedded debris-flow diamictites. The sequence represents highly unstable ice front conditions and fluctuating sea-levels with periods of rapid deposition probably by collapsing ice streams. Climatic conditions may have alternated between polar and subpolar. The type 1 transition sequence is predominant in the western part and the type 3 sequence in the eastern part of the Karoo Basin. Long-term controls on deglaciation was climatic warming as Gondwana drifted over the pole as well as changes in land-sea configuration. Superimposed on these were local controls such as relative sea-level changes, presence of deformable substrate and meltwater production.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
A critical review of pulse tube cryogenerator research

This paper is a synthesis of the state of the art in the design and theory of regenerative Pulse Tube cryogenic systems. A general outlook of the functional principles and of the processes occurring in these cryogenic systems is given. The main irreversibility sources are analyzed. A review of the important contributions on the subject, likely to improve the constructional and functional characteristics, is then presented, along with the evaluation of their scientific foundation.

Field of study: Engineering
Research of Grain Refining on Pure Al by Three Different Master Alloys

The microstructures of Al-5Ti-1B,Al-10Ti and Al-4B master alloys were investigated by OM and XRD.The grain refining effects of these three master alloys on pure Al were also researched.The results show that Al-5Ti-1B master alloy is a composite of TiAl3,TiB2 and α-Al,Al-10Ti master alloy is comprised of TiAl3 and α-Al,the size of TiAl3 is uneven,Al-4B alloy is formed with AlB2 and α-Al.The refining efficiency of Al-5Ti-1B and Al-10Ti alloy on pure Al is fine,Al-4B alloy has little refining effect to pure Al.The refining efficiency of TiAl3 is essential,the addition of B element based on TiAl3 phase can further enhance the refining effect.

Field of study: Materials science
Introduction to the special issue of Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences: The Nechako NATMAP Project of the central Canadian Cordillera

The Canadian Cordillera in central British Columbia has seen the Mesozoic subduction of an oceanic terrane; the amalgamation of volcanic-arc terranes; continued intermittent Mesozoic compression and magmatism; and Tertiary wrenching, extension and magmatism. Except in its northernmost mountain ranges, the area is extensively cov- ered in glacial drift and thin veneers of Tertiary volcanic rocks. In 1994, a group of scientists and technologists be - lieved they could understand that cover, see through it, and discover the components of that collision and extensional orogen. They would apply modern techniques of isotopic and paleontological geochronology; lake-sediment, till, and plant geochemistry; detailed gravity, magnetic, radiometric, paleomagnetic, and electromagnetic surveys; and isotopic and trace element lithochemistry, as they conducted extensive bedrock and surficial mapping. This special issue summa- rizes a cross-section of the scientific contributions derived from that mapping conducted under the auspices of the Nechako NATMAP Project. It demonstrates the absolute necessity of applying modern isotopic and paleontologic geo- chronology to understand the Phanerozoic geology of the Cordillera. It emphasizes the necessity of detailed aeromag- netic surveys (500 m or less line spacing) in looking through covered terranes at anything more than 1 : 250 000 scale. And, it shows the immense utility of applying various geochemical techniques to solve geological problems and estab- lish baselines for future research and economic development. Bedrock and surficial mapping in the central Cordillera, using these and other techniques, have established the nature and timing of Mesozoic crustal growth, Tertiary crustal thinning, and the associated formation of mineral deposits.

Field of study: Environmental science
Preparation of AlN polycrystalline plate from aluminum plate

Abstract AlN was produced by nitriding electrolytically etched aluminum plate. It was found that the plate shape did not change. (100) Oriented aluminum plate (18×50×0.1 mm in size, 99.99% in purity) was suitable for the conservation of plate shape. Electrolytic etching and preheating at 600°C in N 2 flow are essential for the complete nitriding. Although nitriding temperature (1100–1400°C) was much higher than the melting point of aluminum, the plate was completely nitrided without the destruction of shape. The surface film of aluminum oxide, which was formed by a trace amount of oxygen in N 2 gas, conserved the plate shape during nitriding. The relative density of product was increased to 91% by sintering at 1800°C for 2 h.

Field of study: Materials science
Nutrition assessment and risk prediction in dialysis patients-a new integrative score.

We developed a quantitative nutritional score, based on biochemical measures, taken as part of monthly routine care. The score can be accomplished within a short time after routine laboratory results completion and identify a monthly change in nutritional status.



A longitudinal observational cohort study



The Institute of Nephrology, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.



A total of 179 hemodialysis patients were followed up for up to 2.5 years after study baseline.



The Integrative Clinical Nutrition Dialysis Score (ICNDS) is based on the biochemical measures of albumin, creatinine, urea, cholesterol, C-reactive protein, dialysis adequacy, and weight change. Each parameter is ranked between 1 and 5, with the higher rank derived from recommended National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease/Dialysis Outcomes and Quality Initiative values and the lower rank indicating deviation from those values. The final ICNDS is the sum of ranks over 7 parameters.



The Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated for association between subjective global assessment and ICNDS in 63 randomly selected patients. In 179 dialysis patients, the baseline ICNDS, the slope of 3 subsequent monthly ICNDS values, were tested for their correlation with odds of all-cause mortality, hospitalization frequency, length of stay, after 31 months. Spline Cox regression was used to select the best cutoff point, associated with severe mortality risk.



Score results were significantly correlated with nutrition evaluation by subjective global assessment (r = 0.842, P < .01). For a unit increase in baseline score, death odds were significantly decreased (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.929, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.88-0.974, P < .002). Each unit increase in slope significantly reduced mortality risk (HR = 0.485, 95% CI 0.278-0.847, P < .011). Hospitalization frequency was significantly increased across worsening baseline score (HR = 0.935, 95% CI 0.906-0.964, P < .0001). A 1-unit increase in slope significantly decreased hospitalization (HR = 0.799, 95% CI 0.726-0.881, P < .0001).



Results confirm that ICNDS is a useful prognostic tool that serves to detect nutrition deterioration at its very beginning.

Field of study: Medicine
Waveband Optimization for Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis of Total Nitrogen in Soil

Moving window partial least square(MWPLS) and Savitzky-Golay(SG) smoothing methods were used to optimize near-infrared(NIR) spectroscopic analysis model of total nitrogen in soil.Thirty-five samples were selected randomly from all 97 soil samples as validation set.The remaining 62 samples were divided into modeling calibration set(37 samples) and modeling prediction set(25 samples) with similarity based on the predictive bias of cross-validation of partial least square(PLSPB) model.The optimal waveband was 1692-2138 nm,order derivative(OD),degree polynomial(DP) and number of smoothing points(NSP) of SG smoothing parameters were 0,6 and 69 respectively,PLS factor was 11,the root mean square error of modeling prediction(M-RMSEP) and the correlation coefficient of modeling prediction(M-RP) were 0.015% and 0.931,respectively,the root mean square error of validating prediction(V-RMSEP) and the correlation coefficient of validating prediction(V-RP) were 0.018% and 0.882,respectively.The results could provide valuable reference for designing specialized NIR instruments.

Field of study: Chemistry
Some Results About a Boundary Value Problem on Mixed Convection

The purpose of this paper is to study the autonomous third order non linear differential equation f’’’ + ff’’ + g(f’) = 0 on [0, +∞[ with g(x) = βx(x − 1) and β > 1, subject to the boundary conditions f(0) = a ∈ R, f’(0) = b < 0 and f’(t) → λ ∈ {0, 1} as t → +∞. This problem arises when looking for similarity solutions to problems of boundary-layer theory in some contexts of fluids mechanics, as mixed convection in porous medium or flow adjacent to a stretching wall. Our goal, here is to investigate by a direct approach this boundary value problem as completely as possible, say study existence or non-existence and uniqueness solutions and the sign of this solutions according to the value of the real parameter β.

Field of study: Mathematics
Complete percutaneous treatment of vertebral body tumors causing spinal canal compromise using a transpedicular cavitation, cement augmentation, and radiosurgical technique.

Patients with symptomatic pathological compression fractures require spinal stabilization surgery for mechanical back pain control and radiation therapy for the underlying malignant process. Spinal radiosurgery provides excellent long-term radiographic control for vertebral metastases. Percutaneous cement augmentation using polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) may be contraindicated in lesions with spinal canal compromise due to the risk of displacement of tumor resulting in spinal cord or cauda equina injury. However, there is also significant morbidity associated with open corpectomy procedures in patients with metastatic cancer, especially in those who subsequently require adjuvant radiotherapy. This study evaluated a treatment paradigm for malignant vertebral compression fractures consisting of transpedicular coblation corpectomy combined with closed fracture reduction and fixation, followed by spinal radiosurgery.



Eleven patients (6 men and 5 women, mean age 58 years) with symptomatic vertebral body metastatic tumors associated with moderate spinal canal compromise were included in this study (8 thoracic levels, 3 lumbar levels). Primary histologies included 4 lung, 2 breast, 2 renal, and 1 each of thyroid, bladder, and hepatocellular carcinomas. All patients underwent percutaneous transpedicular coblation corpectomy immediately followed by balloon kyphoplasty through the same 8-gauge cannula under fluoroscopic guidance. Patients subsequently underwent radiosurgery to the affected vertebral body (mean time to treatment 14 days). Postoperatively, patients were assessed for pain reduction and neurological morbidity.



There were no complications associated with any part of the procedure. Adequate cement augmentation within the vertebral body was achieved in all cases. The mean radiosurgical tumor dose was 19 Gy covering the entire vertebral body. The procedure provided long-term pain improvement and radiographic tumor control in all patients (follow-up range 7-44 months). No patient later required open surgery. No radiation-induced toxicity or new neurological deficit occurred during the follow-up period.  This treatment paradigm for pathological fractures of percutaneous transpedicular corpectomy combined with cement augmentation followed by radiosurgery was found to be safe and clinically effective. This technique combines minimally invasive procedures that avoid the morbidity associated with open surgery while providing spinal canal decompression and immediate fracture stabilization, and then administering a single-fraction tumoricidal radiation dose.

Field of study: Medicine
Steering field quality in the main dipole magnets of the Large Hadron Collider

More than 10% of the collared coils of the main LHC dipoles have been produced. In this paper, we compare the measured field quality to beam dynamics targets using correlations to measurements at 1.9 K. The present status of field quality is given and corrective actions carried out to center field quality on optimal values are presented. Differences among the three manufacturers are analyzed, and the main results that concern correlation between cold and warm measurements are outlined. Present trends in the production and open points are discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Population Genetic Structure and Connectivity of the European Lobster Homarus gammarus in the Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas

Highly selective fishing has the potential to permanently change the characteristics within a population and could drive the decline of genetic diversity. European lobster is an intensively fished crustacean species in the Adriatic Sea which reaches high market value. Since knowledge of population structure and dynamics is important for effective fisheries management, in this study, we used 14 neutral microsatellites loci and partial mitochondrial COI region sequencing to explore population connectivity and genetic structure by comparing samples from the Adriatic Sea and the adjacent basins of the Mediterranean Sea. The obtained results suggest that neutral genetic diversity has not been significantly affected by decrease in population size due to overfishing, habitat degradation and other anthropogenic activities. Global genetic differentiation across all populations was low (FST = 0.0062). Populations from the Adriatic Sea were panmictic, while genetic differentiation was found among populations from different Mediterranean basins. Observed gene flow for European lobster suggest that populations in the north eastern Adriatic act as a source for surrounding areas, emphasizing the need to protect these populations by establishing interconnected MPAs that will be beneficial for both fisheries and conservation management.

Field of study: Biology
An Thresholding Segmentation based on Wavelet-Transform and Two-Dimension Maximum Entropy Sum Method

In this paper,a new segmentation based on wavelet-transform and two-dimension maximum entropy sum method has been proposed.Firstly,the image is processed by using n-level wavelet-transform.The thre- shold of the lowest frequency sub-image is computed by using two-dimensions maximum entropy sum method.Combining other high frequency sub-images which represent the edge of the image,the lowest frequency sub-image is segment into two classes:the object and its background.The percentage of the object's energy in the sub-image is computed.Secondly,the threshold is used as a seed to segement the original image,its value is being adjusted until the two value which are the percentage of energy of the object that segmented from the original image and the percentage that got in the first process are equal in the bound of error.Finally,the best threshold of the original image is got.This algorithm can achieve good result of segmentation and is better than the two-dimension maximum entropy sum method.

Field of study: Computer science
Evidence for diagenetic remanent magnetization in the Maringouin Formation

Samples were obtained at 13 sites in the Maringouin Formation (late Mississippian red sediments) in New Brunswick and subjected to routine thermal demagnetization. After thermal cleaning at 550 °C, the results fall into two groups of comparable stability, but with different mean directions, direction dispersions, and intensities. Group I directions have a small dispersion (mean 179°, + 21°; k = 46; pole 117° E 34° N) after correction for folding. The folding was early Pennsylvanian so that the magnetization was acquired before that time. Comparison with results from somewhat younger formations indicates that there was an apparent polar shift of about 14° between late Mississippian-early Pennsylvanian time and late Pennsylvanian-early Permian time. Group II directions, although thermally stable, have a large dispersion (mean k = 4) and the intensities are generally lower than those of Group I. The Group II results may be explained by supposing that the magnetization was acquired not at a single point in ti...

Field of study: Environmental science
Number of blastomeres and chromosome abnormalities of bovine blastocysts obtained from in vitro matured, fertilized and cultured follicular oocytes.

牛卵胞卵子を体外成熟,体外受精後,体外培養することにより得た胚(胚盤胞~脱出胚盤胞)について割球数を算定し,染色体を詳細に分析して,染色体数の異常を調べるとともに性染色体分析による性判別も試みた。体外受精後8~12日目に得た胚盤胞~脱出胚盤胞を供試胚とし,0.04μg/mlのコルセミドと5%仔牛血清を含むTCM 199(25 mM HEPES緩衝)中で90~180分培養した。ついで0.5%クエン酸ナトリウム溶液で低調処理後,メタノール:酢酸:水=3••2••1で一次固定,スライドガラス上で酢酸を滴下することにより二次固定を行い,ギムザ染色後,割球数と染色体解析を行った。主なる結果は次の通りであった。1.胚盤胞,拡張胚盤胞および脱出胚盤胞にみられる平均割球数は,それぞれ68.2±34.7,100.1±51.5,128.1±56.8個と変異は大きいが,ステージが進むにつれ,平均割球数は有意に増加した。2.中期核板出現率は81%前後でステージによる変化はなく,中期核板数は胚盤胞期で平均4.3個,拡張胚盤胞期で5.7個,脱出途中~胚盤胞脱出胚盤胞期で5.1個であった。3.雌雄判別率は胚盤胞,拡張胚盤胞,脱出胚盤胞とステージが進むにつれ53.7,65.1,82.4%と有意に増加した。判別可能であった全胚のうち雌は35個,雄は29個であった。4.染色体数の異常胚率は発生ステージが進むにつれて,やや増加する傾向を示した。また雌胚の方が雄胚にくらべて染色体異常が多い傾向がみられた。

Field of study: Biology