nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
TID Radiation Response of 3-D Vertical GAA SONOS Memory Cells

The total ionizing dose response against the γ ray of 3-D silicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-nitride (SONOS) cells with a vertical polysilicon channel was investigated. No leakage current increase or subthreshold slope degradation is observed up to the total ionizing dose of 1 Mrad(Si) even for devices scaled down to 22 nm, as the gate-all-around structure provides better control over the potential in the body, and shallow trench isolation oxide is not required. The threshold voltage (VT) shifts trend during radiation is similar to the behavior of 2-D cells, and can be well predicted with McWhorter's model. Benefiting from a larger initial memory window before irradiation, 3-D SONOS cells have a significant memory window of 4.5 V after exposure to a high radiation dose of 1 Mrad(Si). These results clearly indicate that 3-D SONOS devices are promising as radiation-tolerant memories.

Field of study: Physics
Galaxy luminosity functions in WINGS clusters

Using V band photometry of the WINGS survey, we derive galaxy luminosity functions (LF) in nearby clusters. This sample is complete down to MV =−15.15, and it is homogeneous, thus allowing the study of an unbiased sample of clusters with different characteristics.  We constructed the photometric LF for 72 out of the original 76 WINGS clusters, excluding only those without a velocity dispersion estimate. For each cluster we obtained the LF for galaxies in a region of radius=0.5× r200, and fitted them with single and double Schechter’s functions. We also derive the composite LF for the entire sample, and those pertaining to different morphological classes. Finally we derive the spectroscopic cumulative LF for 2009 galaxies that are cluster members.  The double Schechter fit parameters are neither correlated w ith the cluster velocity dispersion, nor with the X‐ray lumi nosity. Our median values of the Schechter’s fit slope are, on average , in agreement with measurements of nearby clusters, but are less steep that those derived from large surveys, such as the SDSS. Early‐type galaxies outnumber late‐types at all magnitudes, but both early and late types contribute equally to the faint end of the LF. F inally, the spectroscopic LF is in excellent agreement with the ones derived for A2199, A85 and Virgo, and with the photometric one at the bright magnitudes (where both are available).  There is a large spread in the LF of different clusters. However, this spread is not caused by correl ation of the LF shape with cluster characteristics such as X‐ray luminosity or velocity dispersions. The faint end is flatter than what previo usly derived (α f =−1.7) at odds with what predicted from numerical simulations.

Field of study: Physics
Enhancement options for separate sensible and latent cooling air-conditioning systems.

The performance of desiccant wheel (DW)-assisted separate sensible and latent cooling (SSLC) air-conditioning systems has been greatly improved by the application of divided heat exchangers, resulting in 7% and 46% increases in COP for R410A and CO 2 systems, respectively. The paper simulated new performance-enhancing options that include evaporative cooling, a sensible wheel (SW) and an enthalpy wheel (EW) to the SSLC systems. The application of evaporative cooling to the SSLC system further improves the system COP by 7% and 14% respectively. By applying an EW to the SSLC systems, the COP is improved by 39% and 40% respectively. The DW-assisted SSLC technology also can be adopted for the dedicated outdoor system (DOS). It is concluded that only the EW is effective for enhancing the DW-assisted SSLC DOS systems because it lowers not only the cooling requirement of the vapor compression cycle, but also the heat requirement for DW regeneration.

Field of study: Engineering
Analysis of T cell receptors in rheumatoid arthritis: the increased expression of HLA‐DR antigen on circulating γδ+ T cells is correlated with disease activity

The phenotypic characteristics of peripheral blood T cells, isolated from 37 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and 17 healthy controls were determined with special emphasis on γδ+ T cells and CD4−CD8−αβ+ T cells. Two‐ and three‐colour automated flow cytometry analyses were performed using a panel of MoAbs directed against differentiation antigens and T cell receptor molecules. The results demonstrated: (i) no significant difference between the percentages or CD4−CD8−αβ+ T cells in patients and controls; (ii) a significant decrease of the γδ+ T cell level in the peripheral blood of RA patients relative to controls; (iii) phenotypic abnormalities of circulating γδ+ T cells in RA patients suggestive of an activation status in vivo. These abnormalities included a significant reduction in the density of the T cell differentiation antigen CD3 and an increase in the expression of HLA‐DR antigen. The level of circulating HLA‐DR+/γδ+ T cells was significantly higher in patients with active disease. HLA‐DR+/γδ+ T cells were also present in the synovial fluid obtained from three patients with an active disease. In addition, preliminary experiments showed that the activated γδ+ T cells were predominantly Vδ1. Taken together, these data support the involvement of γδ+ T cells in the pathogenesis of RA.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Late Early Triassic microbial reefs of the western United States: a description and model for their deposition in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction

Research in the western United States to reinvestigate and characterize the previously reported stromatolites of the latest Early Triassic (Spathian) Virgin Limestone Member of the Moenkopi Formation has shown that these microbial build-ups formed patch reef mounds. Detailed field analysis of these reef mounds and the surrounding beds has established that they attained 1–2 m of topographic relief above the seafloor. A petrographic study of these microbial mounds illustrates that they consisted of microbial fabrics, as well as voids with early marine cements and formed in the absence of in situ metazoans. These reef mounds formed during the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction that spanned the Early Triassic. Due to the devastation of marine metazoans at this extinction, the Early Triassic has often been deemed a reef gap because no metazoan reefs are found at this time. Whereas colonial metazoan reefs are globally absent from Lower Triassic strata, microbial build-ups similar to these described from the western United States have been found in south China, Armenia, southern Turkey and Greenland. A regional Early Permian to late Early Triassic unconformity exists in the study region. However, analysis of these microbial reefs within a global context suggests that conditions favouring microbial reef development must have existed as long as 4–8 m.y. after the end-Permian mass extinction. A depositional model of these microbial mounds indicates that flooding of the shelf with anoxic and/or CO2-rich deep waters may have fostered their occurrence.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
WNK1 is required for proliferation induced by hypotonic challenge in rat vascular smooth muscle cells

Hypotonic challenge evoked vascular cell proliferation through activation of volume-regulated Cl− channel (VRCC), leading to a decrease in the intracellular Cl− concentration ([Cl−]i). We hypothesize that the decrease in [Cl−]i may activate one or several Cl−-sensitive kinases, resulting in a subsequent signaling cascade. In this study we demonstrated that WNK1, a Cl−-sensitive kinase, was involved in VRCC-induced proliferative signaling pathway in A10 vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro. A10 cells were exposed to a hypotonic challenge (225 mosmol·kg−1·H20), which caused significantly increase in WNK1 phosphorylation without altering WNK1 protein expression. WNK1 overexpression significantly increased hypotonic-induced A10 cell proliferation, whereas silencing of WNK1 caused an opposite action. WNK1 mutation did not affect hypotonic-induced WNK1 phosphorylation and cell proliferation. Silencing of WNK1 caused cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase and prevented transition from G1 to S phase, whereas the WNK1 overexpression accelerated cell cycle transition from G1 to S phase. Silencing of WNK1 significantly inhibited cyclin D1/cyclin E1 expression and increased p27kip/p21cip expression. WNK1 overexpression significantly increased cyclin D1/cyclin E1 expression and reduced p27KIP/p21CIP expression. In addition, WNK1 knockdown or overexpression significantly attenuated or increased the hypotonic-induced phosphorylation of Akt and PI3K respectively.In conclusion, the reduction in [Cl−]i caused by hypotonic challenge-induced VRCC opening evokes WNK1 phosphorylation in A10 VSMCs, which mediates cell cycle transition from G0/G1 to S phase and proliferation through the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Teaching “Other” Genocides: Exploring the Intersection of Global Education and Genocide Studies

Holocaust education in the United States began as a grassroots movement during the 1970s. Today, more than 30 states mandate the teaching of the Holocaust; however, far less attention is given in schools to other 20th-century instances of genocide. Totten has suggested that by neglecting “other” genocides (e.g., Darfur, Rwanda, and Cambodia), these events may not be perceived as significant (when compared to the Holocaust), and moreover, students may fail to realize that genocide has occurred multiple times since 1945 and thus no longer a threat today. Given the implications surrounding Totten’s assertion and the global nature of genocide and its reach, we aim to provide social studies teachers and teacher educators with a series of accessible suggestions for incorporating “other” genocides into their practice—suggestions that are aligned and situated within Hanvey’s seminal conceptual frame for global education.

Field of study: Sociology
Extracting SBVR business vocabularies and business rules from UML use case diagrams

In model-driven information systems engineering, model transformations reside at the very core of this paradigm. Indeed, model transformations (in particular, model-to-model, or M2M) are a must-have feature of any modern model-driven approach supported by CASE technology. Model transformations are intended to raise quality of the models under development, and also speed-up the modeling itself by bringing in certain level of automation into the development process. Nevertheless, due to certain objective reasons, the level of such automation is spread unevenly throughout the development process – in this respect, Business Modeling and System Analysis are, arguably, the most underdeveloped phases of the model-driven information systems development life cycle. In this paper, we show how M2M transformation technology was used to extract well-structured business vocabularies and business rules from formal use case models represented through a set of use case diagrams; Object Management Group's (OMG) standards Semantics for Business Vocabulary and Rules (SBVR) and Unified Modeling Language (UML) were used for this purpose. The proposed solution consists of two concurrent approaches, namely, automatic and semi-automatic, which may be used selectively to achieve the best expected result. Basic implementation aspects of the solution integrating both approaches are also briefly presented in the paper. While UML use case models is the main subject in this research, the proposed solution may be adopted for other UML and MOF-based models as well.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Criticism in the Borderlands: Studies in Chicano Literature, Culture, and Ideology

Acknowledgments ix Foreword: Redefining American Literature / Roland Hinojosa xi Editors'  Criticism in the Borderlands 1 Part I. Institutional Studies and the Literary Canon Narrative, Ideology, and the Reconstruction of American Literary History / Ramon Saldivar 11 The Rewriting of American Literary History / Luis Leal 21 The Theoretical Subject(s) of This Bridge Called My Back and Anglo-American Feminism / Norma Alarcon 28 Part II. Representations of the Chicana/o Subject: Race, Class, and Gender Imprisoned Narrative? Or Lies, Secrets, and Silence in New Mexico Women's Autobiography / Genaro Padilla 43 Body, Spirit, and the Text: Alma Villanueva's Life Span / Elizabeth J. Ordonez 61 Ana Castillo's The Mixquiahuala Letters: The Novelist as Ethnographer / Alvina E. Quintana 72 Fables of the Fallen Guy / Renato Rosaldo 84 Part III. Genre, Ideology, and History The Novel and the Community of Readers: Rereading Tomas Rivera's Y no se le trago la tierra / Hector Calderon 97 Ideological Discourses in Arturo Islas's The Rain God / Rosaura Sanchez 114 Conceptualizing Chicano Critical Discourse / Angie Chabram 127 Sites of Struggle: Immigration, Deportation, Prison, and Exile / Barbara Harlow 149 Part IV. Aesthetics of the Border Chicano Border Narratives as Cultural Critique / Jose David Saldivar 167 On Chicano Poetry and the Political Age: Corridos as Social Drama / Teresa McKenna 188 Feminism on the Border / From Gender Politics to Geopolitics / Sonia Saldivar-Hull 203 Dancing with the Devil: Society, Gender, and the Political Unconcious in Mexican-American South Texas / Jose E. Limon 221 Works Cited 237 Selected and Annotated Bibliography of Contemporary Chicano Literary Criticism 260 Index 275 Contributors 287

Field of study: History
Effect of disorder on 2D topological merging transition from a Dirac semi-metal to a normal insulator

We study the influence of disorder on the topological transition from a two-dimensional Dirac semi-metal to an insulating state. This transition is described as a continuous merging of two Dirac points leading to a semi-Dirac spectrum at the critical point. The latter is characterized by a dispersion relation linear in one direction and quadratic in the orthogonal one. Using the self-consistent Born approximation and renormalization group we calculate the density of states above, below and in the vicinity of the transition in the presence of different types of disorder. Beyond the expected disorder smearing of the transition we find an intermediate disordered semi-Dirac phase. On one side this phase is separated from the insulating state by a continuous transition while on the other side it evolves through a crossover to the disordered Dirac phase.

Field of study: Physics
[Pharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders in patients with chronic cerebral ischemia].

To compare the effects of the daytime anxiolytic adaptol and the tranquilizer/nootropic drug noophen on target symptoms related to anxiety spectrum disorders in patients with chronic cerebral ischemia (CCI).



Sixty-two patients with CCI and comorbid anxiety spectrum disorders were randomized to adaptol group (n=29) and noophen group (n=33). Results of treatment were assessed with CGI, MFI-20, HADS-A and HADS-D, MMSE.



Both drugs showed the comparable efficacy and speed of achievement of anxiolytic effect. Anxiety symptoms were stopped in 79.0% of the patients. Adaptol was superior to noophen in regard to nonspecific somatic symptoms (р=0.037). Asthenia and sleep disorders have decreased significantly in the noophen group. Use of target symptoms in the individual choice of anxiolytic therapy in patients with anxiety spectrum disorders associated with CCI can increase treatment efficacy.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Contemporary Formation of Patterned Ground by Soils in South Dakota

Soils with surface patterns (gilgai) from South Dakota and other parts of the world have been described in the soils literature. Patterns of sloping, wavy gilgai and nearly level, normal gilgai seem to be analogous to stripes and nets, described as frozen-ground patterns in the geologic literature. Gilgai patterns in South Dakota, however, display soil profiles which show that the pattern is not relict but is forming today. It is important that the patterned soils of a site be described accurately, and that the age of the site, its moisture regime, and soil texture be likewise determined before one may conclude whether the pattern is relict or is actively being formed. In order to help differentiate patterned ground that is actively forming in warm climates from that either forming or already formed in cold climates, we propose that the gilgai nomenclature of Hallsworth and others (1955) be used for the former, and that of Wash-burn (1956) for the latter.

Field of study: Geology
Globalization of Risks for Chronic Diseases Demands Global Solutions

Debates about globalization and health focus almost exclusively on communicable diseases. However, chronic diseases— especially cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes—now constitute the bulk of the global burden of disease. This chapter provides updated information on trends in the major macro-determinants of chronic diseases such as urbanization, globalization, and aging. Further, it summarizes evidence of the impact of known risk factors for chronic diseases such as tobacco, diet/nutrition, physical activity, and alcohol. Reasons for failure to invest in prevention are outlined and the importance of implementing available knowledge about preventive and therapeutic strategies is stressed.

Field of study: Political science
Role of Organizational Change in Developing Team Performance and Support Positive Work Environment

Current study aimed at examining the influence of organizational change on two of the main aspects of any organization which are team performance and work environment. Study followed the quantitative approach through utilizing the questionnaire as a tool of study. Through applying the questionnaire on a sample of (211) managers from industrial organizations in Jordan; results indicated that there appeared to be a positive influence of organizational change on both team performance and work environment. Through the study, results indicated that technology as a variable of organizational change appeared to be the influential variable on both team performance and work environment which indicated the importance of technology in organizations and how to handle its interference and transition in a positive approach. 

Based on results, current study recommends enhancing the managerial support within industrial organizations in Jordan as it appeared that there was a lack in the support that management has on managing change. In addition to that, technology appeared to be of high importance, so it is recommended to focus more on technologies and manage the transition from manual to technological approaches within industrial organizations.

Field of study: Business
Vector-Valued Covariant Differential Operators for the Möbius Transformation

We obtain a family of functional identities satisfied by vector-valued functions of two variables and their geometric inversions. For this we introduce particular differential operators of arbitrary order attached to Gegenbauer polynomials. These differential operators are symmetry breaking for the pair of Lie groups \((SL(2, \mathbb{C}),SL(2, \mathbb{R}))\) that arise from conformal geometry.

Field of study: Mathematics
A Study of the Relation between Jiang Zong's Life and Buddhism

This article,trying to make a research about the close relation between Buddhism and Jiang Zong,the famous literator during the period of Liang and Chen Dynasties,specifies his monk friends and the historic events of Buddhism he experienced. Jiang Zong,whose forefathers and many friends enjoyed Buddhism,learned from the Buddhism master Huibu,his teacher,performed the ceremony of the Bodhisattva Vow twice,asked questions from famous monks Zhiwen and Huicheng,composed epigraphs for Huiyong,Falang,Rabbi Qiong,and in order to make Liangwu Emperor in Liang dynasty leave the temple and return to court,wrote confession for cultivation in all ministers’place.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Social Media Unrest Prediction during the {COVID}-19 Pandemic: Neural Implicit Motive Pattern Recognition as Psychometric Signs of Severe Crises

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused international social tension and unrest. Besides the crisis itself, there are growing signs of rising conflict potential of societies around the world. Indicators of global mood changes are hard to detect and direct questionnaires suffer from social desirability biases. However, so-called implicit methods can reveal humans intrinsic desires from e.g. social media texts. We present psychologically validated social unrest predictors and replicate scalable and automated predictions, setting a new state of the art on a recent German shared task dataset. We employ this model to investigate a change of language towards social unrest during the COVID-19 pandemic by comparing established psychological predictors on samples of tweets from spring 2019 with spring 2020. The results show a significant increase of the conflict indicating psychometrics. With this work, we demonstrate the applicability of automated NLP-based approaches to quantitative psychological research.

Field of study: Computer science
Responses of alpine grassland on Qinghai–Tibetan plateau to climate warming and permafrost degradation: a modeling perspective

Permafrost plays a critical role in soil hydrology. Thus, the degradation of permafrost under warming climate conditions may affect the alpine grassland ecosystem on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. Previous space-for-time studies using plot and basin scales have reached contradictory conclusions. In this study, we applied a process-based ecosystem model (DOS-TEM) with a state-of-the-art permafrost hydrology scheme to examine this issue. Our results showed that 1) the DOS-TEM model could properly simulate the responses of soil thermal and hydrological dynamics and of ecosystem dynamics to climate warming and spatial differences in precipitation; 2) the simulated results were consistent with plot-scale studies showing that warming caused an increase in maximum unfrozen thickness, a reduction in vegetation and soil carbon pools as a whole, and decreases in soil water content, net primary production, and heterotrophic respiration; and 3) the simulated results were also consistent with basin-scale studies showing that the ecosystem responses to warming were different in regions with different combinations of water and energy constraints. Permafrost prevents water from draining into water reservoirs. However, the degradation of permafrost in response to warming is a long-term process that also enhances evapotranspiration. Thus, the degradation of the alpine grassland ecosystem on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (releasing carbon) cannot be mainly attributed to the disappearing waterproofing function of permafrost.

Field of study: Environmental science