nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Structural basis for non-catalytic and catalytic activities of ribonuclease III.

Ribonuclease III (RNase III) represents a highly conserved family of double-stranded (ds) RNA-specific endoribonucleases, exemplified by bacterial RNase III and eukaryotic Rnt1p, Drosha and Dicer. Bacterial RNase III, containing an endonuclease domain followed by a dsRNA-binding domain, is the most extensively studied member of the family. It can affect RNA structure and gene expression in either of two ways: as a processing enzyme that cleaves dsRNA or as a binding protein that binds but does not cleave dsRNA. The available biochemical and structural data support the existence of two distinct forms of the RNase III-dsRNA complex which reflect the dual activities of the protein. The information revealed by the structures of bacterial RNase III provides insight into the mechanism of dsRNA processing by all members of the family.

Field of study: Chemistry
Electron spin resonance study of radiation-induced points defects in nitrided and reoxidized nitrided oxides

X-ray irradiated oxide, nitrided oxide, and reoxidized nitrided oxide films were studied with electron spin resonance. Nitridation of oxide films reduces the density of radiation-induced E' centers and creates bridging nitrogen center precursors, while reoxidation of nitrided oxides increases the number of radiation-induced E' centers, reduces the number of bridging nitrogen center precursors, and introduces overcoordinated nitrogen center precursors. Nitridation and reoxidation of these films also change the distribution of the radiation-induced defects. The present evidence supports earlier findings that the bridging nitrogen defect plays an important role in electron trapping in nitrided oxides and that the dominant hole trap in reoxidized nitrided oxides is not the E' center. Exposure to molecular hydrogen at room temperature annihilates paramagnetism of the nitrogen-associated centers and reduces that of the E' centers.

Field of study: Physics
The Ideology of Burgundy: The Promotion of National Consciousness, 1364–1565 (review)

against the Turks. The earliest memorials included the symbolic cross of Lorraine at the edge of the forest where Charles’s body was found; the construction of the church of Notre Dame de la Victoire et des Rois (the present-day Notre Dame de Bonsecours) at the mass grave of Burgundian soldiers; the new mausoleum for the Dukes of Lorraine (1482: “Les Cordeliers”); memorial additions to the old castle church of St. Georges, including the tomb and cenotaph of Charles; a bronze relief honoring René as “saviour of the fatherland”; renovation of the old pilgrimage church of Saint-Nicolas-de-Port where René had attended Mass before the battle; René’s own tomb in Les Cordeliers (1510); and memorial stained-glass windows in both Metz cathedral and at Saint-Nicolas-de-Port. A Madonna of Mercy one-and-a-half meters high by the court sculptor Mansuy Gauvin (1505) commissioned by René for Notre Dame de la Victoire directs the viewer in verse to forget the cause of the war and pray for all of the fallen. Of particular interest are the literary tributes to René, including Pierre de Blarru’s Nanceide (ca. 1500), a Latin panegyric known today from René’s own copy, and the Songe du pastourel by Jean du Prier, reproduced in full with its French text and delicate watercolor illustrations by Pierre Garnier (Vienna, ÖNB cod. 2556), an allegory in which René is the shepherd boy of the title, and his flock the people of Lorraine, who are threatened by a lion (Charles). It culminates in a long debate between Death and a Burgundian soldier, and a chronicle of the battle. Brachmann discusses the recent literature on the manuscript, and the reasons why the illustrations are thirty years later than the text, which had originally been written for dramatic performance. JANE CAMPBELL HUTCHISON University of Wisconsin, Madison

Field of study: History
Efficiency in the design of coastal erosion adaptation strategies: An environmental-economic modelling approach

Coastal zones host between 15% and 40% of the world population, important residential, tourism and port infrastructures, and a wide variety of terrestrial, aquatic and coastal ecosystems. These built and natural capitals, corresponding services and associated values may be lost due to coastal erosion. Coastal erosion adaptation strategies are frequently based on the adoption of adaptation measures at the local scale (i.e. ‘best practices’) – we argue that the factual costs, impacts and benefits of coastal erosion adaptation strategies are determined by the suit of adaptation measures at the landscape scale. Sustainable economic development of coastal regions requires balancing of the marginal costs and associated marginal benefits from coastal erosion adaptation strategies. In this paper, we develop and apply the Coastal Erosion Adaptation Strategies (CEAS) approach, a spatially explicit environmental-economic modelling approach that allows for the identification of efficient (welfare maximizing) coastal erosion adaptation strategies in coastal socio-ecological systems. Results for the case of groin systems along the Central Portuguese coast show that while the protection of urban as well as natural areas may be optimal from an environmental-economic perspective, budget constraints provoke the loss of natural areas in favour of the protection of urban areas.

Field of study: Environmental science
QS-Net: Reconstructing Phylogenetic Networks Based on Quartet and Sextet

Phylogenetic networks are used to estimate evolutionary relationships among biological entities or taxa involving reticulate events such as horizontal gene transfer, hybridization, recombination, and reassortment. In the past decade, many phylogenetic tree and network reconstruction methods have been proposed. Despite that they are highly accurate in reconstructing simple to moderate complex reticulate events, the performance decreases when several reticulate events are present simultaneously. In this paper, we proposed QS-Net, a phylogenetic network reconstruction method taking advantage of information on the relationship among six taxa. To evaluate the performance of QS-Net, we conducted experiments on three artificial sequence data simulated from an evolutionary tree, an evolutionary network involving three reticulate events, and a complex evolutionary network involving five reticulate events. Comparison with popular phylogenetic methods including Neighbor-Joining, Split-Decomposition, Neighbor-Net, and Quartet-Net suggests that QS-Net is comparable with other methods in reconstructing tree-like evolutionary histories, while it outperforms them in reconstructing reticulate events. In addition, we also applied QS-Net in real data including a bacterial taxonomy data consisting of 36 bacterial species and the whole genome sequences of 22 H7N9 influenza A viruses. The results indicate that QS-Net is capable of inferring commonly believed bacterial taxonomy and influenza evolution as well as identifying novel reticulate events. The software QS-Net is publically available at https://github.com/Tmyiri/QS-Net.

Field of study: Biology
Simplified terrain identification and component fatigue damage estimation model for use in a health and usage monitoring system

Improved reliability of military ground vehicle systems is often in direct conflict with increased functionality and performance. Health and Usage Monitoring Systems or HUMS are being developed to address this issue. Traditionally, HUMS applications have been limited to high-cost equipment such as aircraft. In order to apply a HUMS to a relatively inexpensive military ground vehicle, simplified algorithms that derive terrain exposure from a basic set of sensors and estimate fatigue damage accumulated on components whose loading comes primarily from terrain have been developed. Various inputs and statistical parameters are evaluated for this model based on accuracy of terrain identification and quality of fatigue prediction on an example component. The generalized process and recommendations for application of this model to military ground vehicle systems are discussed.

Field of study: Engineering
Model-based optimizations of packaged rooftop air conditioners using low global warming potential refrigerants

Based on laboratory investigations for R-22 and R-410A alternative low GWP refrigerants in two baseline rooftop air conditioners (RTU), the DOE/ORNL Heat Pump Design Model was used to model the two RTUs and the models were calibrated against the experimental data. We compared the compressor efficiencies and heat exchanger performances. An efficiency-based compressor mapping method was developed. Extensive model-based optimizations were conducted to provide a fair comparison between all the low GWP candidates by selecting optimal configurations. The results illustrate that all the R-22 low GWP refrigerants will lead to slightly lower COPs. ARM-20B appears to be the best R-22 replacement at normal conditions. At higher ambient temperatures, ARM-20A exhibits better performance. All R-410A low GWP candidates will result in similar or better efficiencies than R-410A. R-32 has the best COP while requiring the smallest compressor. R-452B uses the closest compressor displacement volume and achieves the same efficiency as R-410A.

Field of study: Engineering
Rethinking restoration targets for American chestnut using species distribution modeling

Given the scale and speed of contemporary environmental changes, intensive conservation interventions are increasingly being proposed that would assist the evolution of adaptive traits in threatened species. The ambition of these projects is tempered by a number of concerns, including the potential maladaptation of manipulated organisms for contemporary and future climatic conditions in their historical ranges. Following the guidelines of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, we use a species distribution model (SDM) to consider the potential impact of climate change on the distribution and quantity of suitable habitat for American chestnut (Castanea dentata), a functionally extinct forest species that has been the focus of various restoration efforts for over 100 years. Consistent with other SDMs for North American trees, our model shows contraction of climatically suitable habitat for American chestnut within the species’ historical range and the expansion of climatically suitable habitat in regions to the north of it by 2080. These broad changes have significant implications for restoration practice. In particular, they highlight the importance of germplasm conservation, local adaptation, and addressing knowledge gaps about the interspecific interactions of American chestnut. More generally, this model demonstrates that the goals of assisted evolution projects, which often aim to maintain species in their native ranges, need to account for the uncertainty and novelty of future environmental conditions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Influence of Family Background on Scholastic Achievement.

The Coleman Report demonstrated that family background is correlated with achievement in school. The present study ex amined this relationship for different sexes and social classes. Data were obtained from the cumulative folders of 637 white children in grades 3 through 6. Measures of scholastic achievement were the Californial Achievement Tests. Multiple regression analyses of variance revealed a number of significant main effects and interactions, and their implications were discussed. IN THE FREQUENTLY cited monograph, Equality of Educational Opportunity, Coleman and his associates (7) called attention to the correlation between family back ground and scholastic achievement. Family background in cluded whether or not a child was living with both natural parents as well as the ordinal position of the child and the number of children in the family. Scholastic achievement was defined in terms of performance on standardized achievement tests. They found that the relationship be tween these variables was considerable and did not dimin ish over the years in school. The purpose of the present study was to examine the influence of family background on educational achievement for boys and girls and for different social classes. The fol lowing hypotheses were tested: Achievement in school changes as children go from one grade to another, in spite of efforts to control for such changes. Boys do less well in school than girls. Children from lower social classes do less well in school than children from higher social classes. Liv ing with both natural parents, as opposed to not living with both natural parents, facilitates school achievement. Ordi nal position in the family is correlated with achievement in school. Coming from a small family, as opposed to coming from a large family, facilitates school achievement. Finally, it was thought that there would be a significant interaction among these variables in their influence on scholastic achievement.

Field of study: Education
Surface Plasmon Resonance Study on the Interaction of Immobilized Macrocyclic Sugar Clusters with Lectins and Water-soluble Polymers

A surface plasmon resonance study indicates that an amphiphilic calix[4] resorcarene derivative having eight polar side chains with terminal galactose or glucose residues and four long alkyl chains are immobilized on a hydrophobic sensor chip; the resulting monolayer of the sugar moieties, exposed to the bulk aqueous phase, binds lectin polysaccharides, and ploy(vinylalcohol) in water.

Field of study: Chemistry
Study on temperature rise of electromagnetic coil launcher

Synchronous induction coil launcher mainly uses pulse current to supply power directly to the coil. The temperature rise of armature and coil will occur in the actual working process, and it is a major factor restricting the development of coil launcher to miniaturization and high speed. In this paper, the temperature rise model of electromagnetic coil is established. For single trigger, Comsol and self-programmed Coilgun are used to calculate, and the corresponding test platform is built to verify the temperature rise. The Comsol method with direct coupling is the most accurate method, and the change of material parameters with temperature can also be considered. The simulation results show that the temperature rise of armature is about 4.2 ℃ and the maximum temperature rise of coil is 7.7 ℃. Because of the limitation of measurement delay and sampling frequency of thermocouple temperature sensor, the armature temperature test curve can not measure the maximum temperature point in the simulation curve, it can record the temperature change curve in the whole test process. The change of temperature and the final stable temperature are basically consistent with that of the simulation. The maximum error is 6.1%, which shows the accuracy of the simulation. This study lays a foundation for subsequent multi-stage coil continuous launching.

Field of study: Physics
Loving in Verse: Poetic Influence as Erotic (review)

from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries dedicated to suggesting “a new way of conceiving death” (126). Paula Barros shifts the focus to England, where Puritan hagiography redefined the place of the deceased in the society’s memory by producing role models and promoting individual canonization. Bruno Petey-Girard shows that even funeral orations for famous figures, such as Mary Stuart or Charles IX, are subject to rhetoric and often celebrate the life of the speaker rather than the deceased. Adrien Roig insists on the importance of orality in the life-and-death narrative of Inès de Castro, subject of the first Portuguese tragedy. Agnès Delage analyzes the celebration of pagan heroes’ lives and deaths that became popular at the beginning of Philip IV’s reign, mostly in order to provide the young king with models of government, to praise the new regime, and to correct the depraved morals of contemporary society. The publication of press reports of Philip III’s death, a rare event at the time, leads Didier Rault to question the reasons behind this occurrence: to ensure the sacred status of the king against rumors of diabolic temptation, particularly harmful to the throne in Catholic Spain. The paradoxical presence of death in autobiographical texts is the topic of the third section, in which Patricia Eichel-Lojkine looks at the curious tale of Pius II’s quasi-deaths, miracles, or simply extraordinary events whose meaning the author is unable (or unwilling) to define and which frustrate the reader deprived of certainty. Ethics and aesthetics also govern Piero Quirino’s autobiography that Nicole Chareyron presents as an exemplum for the Christian reader incited to meditate on the fragility of human existence, an observation that brings the collection full circle. Michelle Bianchini’s reading of Benvenuto Cellini’s Vita points in a similar direction, even though the narrator, despite an undeniable ironic distance to his text, seems to use the exemplary character of his life to underline his own extraordinary existence. Véronique Lacarde also focuses on the poetic qualities of her texts, the Mémoires of Monluc and Jean d’Antras, to distill a specifically Gascon manner of talking about life and death, preoccupied with survival more than anything else. Nadine Kuperty-Tsur finally analyzes the diverse strategies of closure in the inherently open-ended genre of the autobiography. In addition to all the topics touched upon in this overview, Michel Bideaux, in his closing remarks, insists on the central importance of the narrator’s role in this problematic genre, a genre that will certainly be subject to further scrutiny, not in the least thanks to the many venues of inquiry opened up by this heterogeneous collection. BERND RENNER Brooklyn College and The Graduate Center, The City University of New York

Field of study: History
Piezoelectric effects in superlattices

Magnetotransport and optical measurements have been carried out on (001) and piezoelectrically active (111) InGaSb/GaSb and InAs/GaSb structures. In accordance with theory, these comparative studies reveal enhanced carrier density and mobility for growth in the (111) direction. The observed Stark shifts of up to 100 meV, in the (111) oriented InGaSb/GaSb structures are well accounted for by the estimated built-in piezoelectric field, of the order of 1*105 V cm-1. The absorption coefficient of (111) oriented InAs/GaSb superlattices shows significant enhancement.

Field of study: Materials science
Two different CTXΦ prophage genomes present on the chromosomes of Vibrio cholerae serogroup O139 strains and multiformity of their concomitance

To study the diversity of bacteriophage CTXΦ genomes in serogroup O139 strains of Vibrio cholerae that harbored two types of CTXΦ genome.  Some strains with distinct variance in copy number of ctxAB and zot of CTXΦ were detected by Southern blot and selected as the templets, fragments containing the suppressor gene rstR were amplified, sequenced and analysed.  The rstR containing fragments which were amplified with primers designed according to the conservative regions presented two different amplicons in length with these strains, implying that two types of CTXΦ genomes coexist in the chromosome of the 3 strains, i.e., one CTXΦ genome that encodes ctxAB, and another CTXΦ genome without ctxAB. These amplicons were further cloned and sequenced. By homology searching in GenBank, three different co existence of CTXΦ genomes in the 3 strains were found.  Different CTXΦ genomes with different sequence of rstR coexist in the same strain. The complexity in the process of evolution in the CTXΦ family and the appearance, transfer of CTXΦ family in various serogroups or biotypes of V.cholerae may show divergence of V.cholerae strains.

Field of study: Biology
Weak Baire measurability of the balls in a Banach space

Let X be a Banach space. The property (?) “the unit ball of X belongs to Baire(X, weak)” holds whenever the unit ball of X∗ is weak∗separable; on the other hand, it is also known that the validity of (?) ensures that X∗ is weak∗-separable. In this paper we use suitable renormings of `∞(N) and the Johnson-Lindenstrauss spaces to show that (?) lies strictly between the weak∗-separability of X∗ and that of its unit ball. As an application, we provide a negative answer to a question raised by K. Musia l.

Field of study: Mathematics
The Comprehensive Examination of the Multidisciplinary Research of Higher Education——Review and Thought Based on the Domestic Literature

The multidisciplinary research of higher education becomes a hot spot of the domestic academic circle in recent years.The scholars launched the thorough analysis regarding the basic connotation,the existence basis,effectiveness limit,development trend and so on,which formed massive research literature.There are mutual recognition and difference,the achievement and the disappointment in the literature.It helps promote the academic dialogues and the further research in this field to review and evaluate the existing research,which has important academic value.

Field of study: Education
Geochemistry and provenance of bed sediments of the large rivers in the Tibetan Plateau and Himalayan region

We investigated the geochemical characteristics of major, trace and rare earth elements and Sr–Nd isotope patterns of bed sediments from the headwaters and upper reaches of the six large rivers draining the Tibetan Plateau (the Jinsha River—Yangtze, Lancang River—Mekong, Nujiang River—Salween, Huang He—Yellow, Indus, and Yarlung Tsangpo—Brahmaputra). By using Ca/Al versus Mg/Al, La/Sc versus Co/Th, and 87Sr/86Sr versus εNd (0) binary differentiation diagrams of provenance, some typical contributors to the different catchment sediments can be identified. In the Three-River (the Jinsha, Lancang, and Nujiang Rivers) tectonomagmatic belt, acidic–intermediate-acidic volcanic rocks are very important provenance of sediments. Carbonate rocks and Permian Emeishan basalts are dominant in the Jinsha River. The Yellow River sediments have similar geochemical characteristics with loess in catchments. The Indus and Yarlung Tsangpo Rivers sediments are mainly from ultra-K volcanic rocks and Cenozoic granitoids widely distributed in the Indus–Yarlung suture. The intensity of chemical weathering in these river catchments is evaluated by calculating the chemical indices of alteration (CIA) of sediments and comparing them with bedrocks. The CIA values of the six river sediments are from 46.5 to 69.6, closing to those of bedrocks in the corresponding catchment, which indicates relatively weak chemical weathering intensity. Lithology, climate, and topography affect the chemical weathering intensity in these river catchments.

Field of study: Environmental science
Examination of degradation mechanism due to negative bias temperature stress from a perspective of hole energy for accurate lifetime prediction

An evaluation method using the modified hole injection method is proposed to evaluate Negative Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI) in this paper. The physical backgrounds of the evaluation method are strictly discussed. The proposed method accelerates the degradation such as the threshold voltage ( V th ) shift by the amount of the hole injection without the high gate voltage stress. Our experimental and theoretical frameworks clarify that two degradation mechanisms, one follows the reaction–diffusion (R–D) model and another follows the hole trap/de-trap (HTD) model, coexist in NBTI. In the inversion layer, holes distributed in the quantized upper energy levels especially induce the degradation that follows the R–D model, and holes distributed in the ground energy level induce the degradation that follows the HTD model. Finally, the accurate NBTI lifetime prediction is demonstrated using the proposed acceleration method.

Field of study: Engineering