nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A New Approach to the Fatigue Life Prediction for Notched Components Under Multiaxial Cyclic Loading

A new fatigue life prediction approach for notched components is proposed under multiaxial cycle loading. Firstly, the pseudo equivalent strain-real equivalent stress relationship is determined by utilizing the Neuber’s rule and the material stress-strain relation under proportional loading. Secondly, the pseudo elastic strain histories at the notch need to be solved for the investigated notched components under multiaxial cyclic loading. Thirdly, for the pseudo elastic strain histories, it is proposed that the Shang–Wang multiaxial fatigue damage parameter can be used to substitute the equivalent strain under proportional loading to take account of the additional hardening due to the non-proportionality of external loadings. Meanwhile, the real equivalent stress amplitude at the notch can be solved. Fourthly, based on the real equivalent stress amplitude at the notch integrated with the Neuber’s rule, the real equivalent strain amplitude can be determined. Finally, the real equivalent strain amplitude is utilized to predict the fatigue crack initiation lifetime of notched components. The proposed method is verified by the experimental data of SAE 1045 notched shaft specimens under proportional and non-proportional cyclic loading. The results showed the prediction errors are mostly within a factor of 2.

Field of study: Engineering
Method for Mutual Nearest Neighbor Query in Road Networks

The problem of mutual nearest neighbor(MNN) query in road networks is proposed in this paper.Given road networks G(V,E),a set P of objects,a query object q,two parameters k1 and k2,an MNN query returns from P,the set of objects that are among the k1 nearest neighbors of q;meanwhile,have q as one of their k2 nearest neighbors.To address this problem,firstly,the paper provides a fundamental algorithm that retrieves k1 nearest neighbors of q as candidate objects and then removes the false misses.Then,based on it,an optimal algorithm is proposed,which can remove some false misses directly according to the count of mark points which fall on the edge of shortest path between object and query.Finally,the experimental results show that the optimal algorithm is efficient and effective.

Field of study: Computer science
Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of rabies virus strain 3aG-V adapted to vero cell line

A rabies virus strain 3aG-V adapted to Vero cell line had been characterised in pathogenicity and immunogenicity as wellPathogenicity of the virus strain was observed in mice,rabbits,Guinea pigs and caninies infected with this virus through different routesImmunogenicity in mice,rabbits,Guinea pigs had also been investigated by determining the protection indexMeanwhile,the virus strain was identified by rabies virus neutralizing antibody and the Negri body formation in mice central nervous system was observedBy comparing with rabies virus 3aG-5 strain,the 3aG-V possessed weak pathogenicity,longer incubation period, inclusion bodies forming in neurocells,and good immunogenicity in laboratory animalsThe 3aG-V was proven to be a fixed rabies virusThe results suggested that this strain can be used in preparation of purified Vero cell rabies vaccine in our country

Field of study: Biology
Specific activation of resting T cells against tumour cells by bispecific antibodies and CD28‐mediated costimulation is accompanied by Th1 differentiation and recruitment of MHC‐independent cytotoxicity

Specific activation of resting lymphocytes for tumour targeting can be achieved by bispecific monoclonal antibodies (bi‐MoAbs) with specificity for tumour antigens and T cell‐activating antigens in combination with a costimulatory anti‐CD28 antibody. In this study we focus on the immunomodulatory function of an anti‐CD3/CA19‐9 bi‐MoAb in combination with a costimulatory anti‐CD28 antibody which may result not only in antigen‐specific, T cell‐mediated tumour cell lysis but also in recruitment of other cellular effector functions. In combination with costimulatory anti‐CD28 antibodies, resting peripheral lymphocytes could be activated specifically to secrete high amounts of Th1 cytokines (IL‐2, interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ)) characterizing a cellular immune response. In contrast, no IL‐4 and only low amounts of IL‐10 could be detected. Furthermore, bi‐MoAb‐mediated CA19‐9‐specific activation of T cells was accompanied by recruitment of MHC‐ and CA19‐9‐independent cytotoxicity, as was determined by lysis of different CA19‐9−cell lines. This MHC‐independent cytotxicity was mediated at least in part by activated natural killer (NK) cells, as depletion of CD16+ NK cells resulted in substantial decrease of cytotoxicity against CA19‐9− targets. Our results indicate that specific activation of resting T cells with CD3‐associated bi‐MoAbs in combination with an anti‐CD28 antibody leads to a Th1 differentiation pathway and is accompanied by recruitment of MHC‐independent lymphokine‐activated killer (LAK) cell cytotoxicity which can possibly be directed against a heterogeneous tumour.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Kinetics of the reactions of OH radicals with 2- and 3-methylfuran, 2,3- and 2,5-dimethylfuran, and E- and Z-3-hexene-2,5-dione, and products of OH + 2,5-dimethylfuran.

Furan and alkylfurans are present in the atmosphere from direct emissions and in situ formation from other volatile organic compounds. The OH radical-initiated reactions of furan and alkylfurans have been proposed as relatively clean in situ sources of unsaturated 1,4-dicarbonyls, some of which are otherwise not readily available. Using a relative rate method, rate constants at 296 ± 2 K for the gas-phase reactions of OH radicals with 2- and 3-methylfuran, 2,3- and 2,5-dimethylfuran, and Z- and E-3-hexene-2,5-dione have been measured, of (in units of 10(-11) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1)): 2-methylfuran, 7.31 ± 0.35; 3-methylfuran, 8.73 ± 0.18; 2,3-dimethylfuran, 12.6 ± 0.4; 2,5-dimethylfuran, 12.5 ± 0.4; Z-3-hexene-2,5-dione, 5.90 ± 0.57; and E-3-hexene-2,5-dione, 4.14 ± 0.02. Products of the OH radical-initiated reaction of 2,5-dimethylfuran were investigated, with 3-hexene-2,5-dione being formed with molar yields of 24 ± 3% in the presence of NO and 34 ± 3% in the absence of NO. Direct air sampling atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry showed the formation of additional products of molecular weight 114, attributed to CH(3)C(O)CH ═ CHC(O)OH and/or 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-furanone, and 128, attributed to CH(3)C(O)OC(CH(3)) = CHCHO.

Field of study: Environmental science
Quantifying the Structure and Composition of Flocculated Suspended Particulate Matter Using Focused Ion Beam Nanotomography.

Suspended particulate matter (SPM) is present in the natural aquatic environment as loosely bound aggregates or "flocs" and is responsible for the transport and fate of sediment, carbon, nutrients, pollutants, pathogens and manufactured nanoparticles from catchment to coast. Accurate prediction of SPM hydrodynamics requires the quantification of 3D floc properties (size, shape, density and porosity) that span several spatial scales. Yet, current techniques (video camera systems, optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, TEM) can only provide 2D simplifications of size and shape with a spatial resolution gap between the "gross" (>100s μm) and nanoscale (<1 μm). Here, we translate 3D-microscopy techniques (focused ion beam nanotomography, FIB-nt) typically used in the biomedical sciences to the study of natural flocculated SPM filling both this spatial and dimensional gap. Fragile 3D floc samples were successfully captured and stabilized, identifying five basic organic and inorganic floc components and quantifying porosity and bacteria numbers. This provides new 3D floc geometric data sets at the nanoscale that will be critical in the development of cohesive sediment transport models. Detailed compositional and structural information could provide novel insights into the association of pathogens and pollutants with SPM and their impact on aquatic life.

Field of study: Environmental science
Properties of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of element speciation analysis of carbon

Four different power samples, sulfanilic acid anhydrous, soluble starch, graphite and calcium carbonate,with different content of carbon were used to determine the influence of element speciation on the properties of laser-induced spectroscopy. The srectral line of CI 247.856 nm was chosen to analye the excitation properties of laser-induced plasma of different carbon speciations. The chemical compositions, molecular binding forces of materials on were used to account for the differences of spectral properties among different forms of carbons. The results show that the excitation energy of carbon in compound with complex structure and greater chemical bond energy requires relatively more energy.

Field of study: Physics
An island-based evolution algorithm for discrete-continuous scheduling with continuous resource discretisation

A problem of scheduling nonpreemptable tasks on parallel identical machines under additional continuous resource to minimize the schedule length is considered in the paper. A continuous resource is divisible continuously and is allocated to tasks from given intervals in amounts unknown in advance. Task processing rate depends on the amount of the continuous resource allotted to it. The considered problem can be solved in first step, by generating all possible task schedules and second, by finding an optimal schedule among all schedules with optimal continuous resource allocation. The second step can be formulated as a convex programming problem with linear constraints that can be solved by specialized solvers. To eliminate time consuming optimal continuous resource allocation a problem Thetaz with continuous resource discretisation is considered. Because Thetaz is NP-hard an island-based evolution algorithm (IBEA) is proposed to tackle the problem. Experiment results proved IBEA to be competitive with known algorithms for solving the considered problem

Field of study: Computer science
Low frequency, weak MCP‐1 secretion and exhausted immune status of peripheral monocytes were associated with progression of severe enterovirus A71‐infected hand, foot and mouth disease

A minority of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) caused by enterovirus A71 (EV‐A71) results in severe neural complications. However, whether monocyte‐mediated immunity is involved in the disease progression of HFMD remains unknown. One hundred and twenty mild and 103 severe HFMD patients were recruited and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), flow cytometry and Transwell culture were performed in the study. Peripheral monocyte counts were lower in both absolute counts and frequencies in severe cases compared to mild cases. After screening 10 monocyte‐related cytokines by ELISA, only monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) was found at higher levels in sera of mild cases compared to those with severe symptoms. Monocytes purified from mild cases produced more MCP‐1 than the cells from severe patients when stimulated in vitro. We observed that immune exhaustion markers programmed death 1 (PD‐1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) were highly regulated on the surface of monocytes from severe cases compared to mild cases. PD‐L1 blockade induced a higher production of MCP‐1 in the supernatant of a Transwell system. The production of MCP‐1 also increased following PD‐L1 blockade of purified monocytes activated by granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) combined with R848 or EV‐A71 virus. Our results indicate that absolute count, frequency and levels of MCP‐1 secretion of peripheral monocytes, together with their immune status, probably contribute to differential disease prognosis in EV‐A71‐associated HFMD.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Estimation of refrigerant mixture phase equilibrium with UNIFAC model

In this paper, the vapor-liquid phase equilibrium therm odynamic properties of HCFCs refrigerant mixtures were estimated by using the UN IFAC model of group contribution.According to experimental data in literature, t he interaction coefficients of the three main groups were obtained by mathematic al fitting. Based on the interaction coefficients, the vapor-liquid phase equi librium properties of the new refrigerant mixtures R32/R227ea, R227ea/R134a , R1 52a/R227ea and the ternary refrigerant mixture R32/R125/R134a were obtained and agreed well with the experimental data.The paper’s work provides a genera lized method to predict new HFCs refrigerant mixture.The result can meet the dem and of engineering designs which use new refrigerant mixtures as working fluids.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
A q-multinomial expansion of LLT coefficients and plethysm multiplicities

Lascoux, Leclerc and Thibon (1997)  introduced a family of symmetric polynomials, called LLT polynomials. We prove a q-multinomial expansion of the coefficients of LLT polynomials in the case where @m=(@m,...,@m)@?n and define a q-analog of a sum of the plethysm multiplicities.

Field of study: Mathematics
Structure, diversity, and regeneration of tropical dry deciduous forest of northern India

This study examined the impact of disturbance on the pattern of diversity, forest structure and regeneration of tree species in the Vindhyan dry tropical forest of India. A total of 1500 quadrats distributed over five, 3-ha permanent plots in five sites, differing in degree of disturbance, were used to enumerate and measure the tree species. A total of 65 species with 136,983 individuals were enumerated in the total 15-ha area for stems ≥ 30 cm height. The number of species and number of stems ranged from 12 to 50 and 8063–65331 per 3-ha area. The number of species and stems for trees ≥10 cm dbh ranged from 3 to 28 species, with a mean value of 16 species ha−1, and from 16 to 477 stems, with a mean value of 256 stems ha−1, respectively. The adult based PCA ordination indicated uniqueness of sites in terms of species composition and habitat characteristics. PCA ordination also showed uniqueness of sites in terms of seedling composition, but the seedling and adult distributions were not spatially associated. The distinct species composition at the different sites and at the two life-cycle stages on the same site is indicative of marked spatio-temporal dynamics of the dry tropical forest. The density–diameter semi-logarithmic curves ranged from a near linear to an overall concave appearance with a limited plateau in the mid-diameter ranges. The α-diversity and its components decreased with increasing disturbance intensity, reflecting enhanced utilization pressure with increasing disturbance. The site-wise and species-wise regression analyses of the number of individuals in different stages of the species revealed that both the level of disturbance and the nature of species strongly affect the regeneration. In conclusion, although the forest is relatively species-poor, the differential species composition on different sites and the temporal dynamics lend a unique level of diversity to the tropical dry deciduous forest.

Field of study: Environmental science
The time-dependent Stokes paradox

When a uniform stream starts to flow impulsively at time t = 0 past a two-dimensional body, the solution of the Stokes equation indicates that the velocity grows without bound as / -too. It is seen that this is a natural extension of the Stokes paradox to unsteady flows. Two resolutions of this result are presented: firstly, through an analysis of the Oseen equation on the basis of singular perturbation theory and, secondly, through considering the two-dimensional body as the limit of a threedimensional body when the length increases without bound. When Stokes  tried to describe the uniform streaming flow past a circular cylinder, he found it was impossible to find a solution of the governing two-dimensional equations for slow viscous flow which gave finite velocities at large distances—a conclusion now known as the "Stokes paradox." Although Oseen showed that the velocity is bounded when the convection terms are included for 0 < Re «: 1 , the full resolution of the paradox required the perspective of singular perturbation theory as developed by Kaplun and Lagerstrom , and Proudman and Pearson . They showed that the Stokes equation is only valid in the inner domain where the radial distance r = 0{ 1), whereas the Oseen equation is appropriate in the outer domain where Re r = 0{ 1); the solutions in the separate regions can then be matched across the boundary where r —> oo , Re r —> 0 . In his classical paper, Stokes writes (in paragraph 46) We have evidently a right to conceive a sphere or infinite cylinder to exist at rest in an infinite mass of fluid also at rest, to suppose the sphere or cylinder to be then moved with a uniform velocity V , and to propose for determination the motion of the fluid at the end of the time t. But we have no right to assume that the motion approaches a permanent state as t increases indefinitely. We may follow either of two courses. We may proceed to solve the general problem in which the sphere or cylinder is supposed to move from rest, and then examine what results we obtain by supposing t to increase indefinitely, or else we may assume for trial that the motion is steady, and proceed to inquire whether we can satisfy all the conditions of the problem on Received June 13, 1989.

Field of study: Mathematics
Unconformity in the so-called Laramie of the Raton coal field, New Mexico

The purpose of this paper is to describe an unconformity hitherto unknown that is of more than ordinary interest because it divides rocks, previously referred to the Laramie, into two distinct formations. The investigation is not complete, but enough is known to warrant the statement that during the time interval represented by the unconformity the sedimentary rocks previously laid down within the Raton field were subjected to erosion for a considerable length of time and the Rocky mountains west of this field were elevated and eroded to a depth of several thousand feet. The positions in the geologic column of the two coal-bearing formations are not yet fully determined. Until they are studied in detail and final correlations made, the positions here assigned and the names used should be regarded as serving only the temporary purpose of giving definiteness to the description. The upper formation has . . .

Field of study: Geology
Intellectual Capital Performance of Pakistani Listed Corporate Sector

Performance of Intellectual Capital (IC) in an enterprise is becoming a critical success factor. The paper measures, evaluates and ranks the IC performance of the second largest stock exchange of Pakistan, the Lahore Stock Exchange index companies (LSE-25). It uses popular IC model, Value Added Intellectual Coefficient (VAICTM) developed by Ante Pulic in 1998. Six-year data of LSE-25 was obtained from audited financial reports to calculate human capital, structural capital and capital employed efficiency of companies related to different industrial sectors. Findings indicate that oil & gas, chemical and cement sectors show top performance; banking sector shows average performance; and public sector companies show least performance. The study is a pioneering attempt to measure the IC performance in Pakistan using cross sectional data.

Field of study: Business
Liver transplantation and inflammation: is lipopolysaccharide binding protein the link?

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding protein (LBP) is an acute phase protein, which upregulated in response to surgical interventions. LBP plays an important role in modulating LPS-induced inflammatory response. We investigated the expression of LBP and the translocation of LPS in rat models of hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury and liver transplantation (LTx). We also elucidated the effect of LBP on the inflammatory response.



In this study, cold ischemia (CI), warm ischemia/reperfusion (WI/R), and LTx models were used to model relevant physiologic situations during LTx. Serum and effluent protein levels as well as hepatic-mRNA and protein levels of LBP were examined. LBP released into the effluent during CI was used in a macrophage-LPS-stimulation assay to investigate the role of LBP in modulating the LPS-induced inflammatory response. Blocking experiments using an LBP-inhibitory peptide were performed to confirm the relevance of LPS/LBP for the induction of the inflammatory response. Impairment of the intestinal barrier and translocation of LPS into the liver was visualized by immunohistochemistry. Induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) mRNA expression in the liver was taken as indicator of the inflammatory response.



Upregulation of LBP in serum and/or liver tissue was observed after WI/R, CI and LTx, respectively. The LBP released during CI enhanced the LPS induced inflammatory response in vitro as indicated by an induction of TNF-α. On the other hand, blocking LBP using LBP inhibitory peptide, suppressed the induction of TNF-α in vitro markedly. After LTx, elevated serum LBP levels were associated with post-operative LPS translocation and production of inflammatory cytokines.



Our findings suggest that translocation of LPS occurs after LTx and that LBP is mediating the LPS-induced inflammatory response after LTx. Blocking LBP using LBP-inhibitory peptide might represent a novel strategy to reduce the I/R-induced inflammatory response.

Field of study: Medicine
Personality Psychology’s Comeback and Its Emerging Symbiosis With Social Psychology

Psychology’s early allegiance to behaviorism and experimental methods led many to disparage personality approaches throughout much of last century. Doubts about personality psychology’s viability culminated in Mischel’s assertion that measures of personality account for modest amounts of variance in behavior. In the years immediately following this critique, interest in personality research waned and many psychology departments dropped their training programs in personality. Throughout the past two decades, however, personality psychology has enjoyed a resurgence. The authors discuss several possible explanations for personality’s comeback and then describe the emergence of a promising symbiosis between personality psychology and its sister discipline, social psychology. The article concludes by noting that although this emerging symbiosis is likely to continue bearing considerable theoretical fruit, the traditional distinction between personal, situational, and interactional determinants of behavior continues to be useful within appropriate contexts.

Field of study: Psychology
Accounting for Dose-Enhancement Effects with CMOS Transistors

Dose-enhancement effects are monitored with standard CMOS transistors by measuring thresholdvoltage shifts due to oxide-trapped charge and interface states. These results, in conjunction with studies of the effects of trapped-hole annealing and electron-hole recombination, are used to correlate the responses of transistors irradiated with Co-60 gamma rays or 10 keV X rays.

Field of study: Physics
Choice and reinforcement delay.

Previous studies of choice between two delayed reinforcers have indicated that the relative immediacy of the reinforcer is a major determinant of the relative frequency of responding. Parallel studies of choice between two interresponse times have found exceptions to this generality. The present study looked at the choice by pigeons between two delays, one of which was always four times longer than the other, but whose absolute durations were varied across conditions. The results indicated that choice is not uniquely determined by the relative immediacy of reinforcement, but that absolute delays are also involved. Models for concurrent chained schedules appear to be more applicable to the present data than the matching relation; however, these too failed to predict choice for long delays.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology