nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Pregnant Women's Ratings of Different Factors Influencing Psychological Stress during Pregnancy

A group of predominantly white and low-income women answered questionnaires including (a) rating adjustment required by various life events, (b) listing events occurring during pregnancy or the preceding year, (c) personal and social resources for coping with life events, (d) the Manifest Anxiety Scale, and (e) the Lie Scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Results indicate that making life-event scales more sensitive as measures of stress will require specifying the emotional significance that life events have for a person, either by obtaining the person's own ratings, or by using mean life adjustment ratings from appropriate samples. Mean adjustment ratings given 69 different life events are listed for the present sample. Women who were more candid (as judged by the Lie Scale scores) reported significantly more stressful life events and had higher Manifest Anxiety Scale scores, indicating the need to control for subject denial in stress research. However, the amount of stressful life change and the resources for coping with such change also made significant independent contributions to the variance in anxiety scale scores, suggesting the feasibility of measuring different factors influencing psychological stress in pregnant women.

Field of study: Psychology
Compatibility and Anti-oxidation Properties of Study on Liquid Oxygen Compatibility with Nano-modified Epoxy Composites

Nano-sized silica particles were synthesized by sol-gel reaction. Epoxy resin/nano-silica composites were prepared by high-speed mixing after ultrasonic dispersion. By using electron microscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques, the particle dispersion in the epoxy resin/nano-silica composites is studied. Anti-oxidation properties of the materials were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in the oxygen. The compatibility of the nano-composites with liquid oxygen was ranked according to the liquid oxygen sensitivity impact test results by the ASTM D2512 liquid oxygen (LOX) impact test. The results showed that the nano-modification method can significantly improve the liquid oxygen compatibility of epoxy composites.

Field of study: Materials science
Synthesis and secretion of human atrial natriuretic peptide in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

A chemically synthesized alpha-hANP gene was inserted into plasmid YFD18, which was an expression-secretion vector of yeast. The recombinant then transformed in the yeast Y33. The expression level of yeast transformants was about 700 micrograms ANP/L detected by RIA. More than 99% of expression products were secreted in the culture medium. N-terminal analysis of purified product showed that the first 4 amino acid residues of alpha-hANP were deleted.

Field of study: Chemistry
The 26 May 1982 breakout flows derived from failure of a volcanic dam at El Chichón, Chiapas, Mexico

The eruptions of El Chichon between 28 March and 4 April 1982 produced a variety of pyroclastic deposits. The climactic phase, on 3 April at 07:35 (4 April at 01:35 GMT), destroyed the central andesitic dome and fed pyroclastic surges and flows that dammed nearby drainages, including the Magdalena River. By late April, a lake had formed, 4 km long and 300–400 m wide, containing a volume of 26 × 10 6 m 3 of hot water. At 01:30 on 26 May, the pyroclastic dam was breached and surges of sediment and hot water soon inundated the town of Ostuacan, 10 km downstream. This hot flood was finally contained at Penitas Hydroelectric Dam, 35 km downstream, where one fatality occurred and three workers were badly scalded. Stratigraphic and sedimentologic evidence indicates that the rapidly draining lake initially discharged two debris flows, followed by five smaller debris flows and water surges. The main debris flows became diluted with distance, and by the time they reached Ostuacan, they merged into a single hyperconcentrated flow with a sediment concentration of ∼30 vol%. Deposits from this hyperconcentrated flow were emplaced for 15 km, as far as the confluence with another river, the Mas-Pac, below which the flow was diluted to sediment-laden streamflow. The minimum volume of the breakout-flow deposits is estimated at 17 × 10 6 m 3 . From high-water marks, flow profiles, and simulations utilizing the DAMBRK code from the National Weather Service, we calculated a maximum peak discharge of 11,000 m 3 /s at the breach; this maximum peak discharge occurred 1 h after initial breaching. The calculations indicated that ∼2 h were required to drain the lake.

Field of study: Geology
Analysis and application of an outsourcing risk framework

There is much reported research on risk, and risk management but research on strategic IT system development outsourcing risk, from the client perspective, remains unclear. A literature-based conceptual risk framework for strategic IT system development outsourcing from the client perspective has been developed. We then investigate, (1) critical client risks for strategic IT system development outsourcing projects, and (2) the most common critical client risk factors for such projects. In order to identify any serious omissions in our framework an initial validation of the risk framework is provided through a review of nine published cases of unsuccessful strategic IT system development outsourcing projects. The risks critical to a client are associated with complexity, contract, execution, financial, legal, the organizational environment, planning and control, scope and requirements, the team, and the user. Risks manifest in all nine published cases, include (1) complexity and (2) the team. Three risk factors not previously identified in the initial framework are included in a revised framework. The risk framework assisted us in identifying a number of critical risk factors affecting the outcome of strategic IT system development outsourcing projects.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Antecedents of Environmental Buying Behavior: Case of the Jordanian Market

This study attempts to gain insight about the factors effecting environmental buying behavior. Moreover, this study tries to present the findings in the Jordanian Market. It tries to present a vital source of information about what works in appealing the Jordanian consumer since the environmental buying behavior among Jordanians is still at its preliminary stages. In addition, this study tries study differences between the consumer’s characteristics namely: age, educational level and income level and the environmental buying behavior. The study sample consisted of 400 respondents. A total of 342 questionnaires were returned. The response rate of the survey was 85 %. Multiple Regression and One Way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hock tests were applied to verify the research framework. Results showed that both green awareness and green trust have direct impact on environmental buying behavior. In addition, statistical differences in environmental buying behavior were found due to the education and income levels.

Field of study: Business
Small Business Management: An It-Based Approach.

In the constantly changing environment of the 1990s and beyond, businesses large and small need to have a well-thought-out strategy that is based upon the best-of-breed products or services with excellent support to compete in the market. In this paper, we propose a five-step model for small business IT management based on a small business story of John Dryden. The modeling process includes: 1) developing business competition strategy; 2) developing operations strategy, 3) developing technology strategy, 4) implementing systems integration, and 5) conducting facility management. The associated enabling and/or emerging Web-based commerce technologies for small businesses are illustrated and recommended.

Field of study: Computer science
Diagnosis and management of juxtafacet cysts.

Juxtafacet cysts are lesions that are associated with spinal facet joints. Although these lesions are frequently noted as incidental findings on imaging studies of the spine, they may produce symptoms in some patients. Juxtafacet cysts can mimic herniated discs, resulting in symptoms from focal nerve root and/or spinal cord compression. Some of these lesions are associated with spinal instability, and patients may require spinal fusion to address this underlying disorder. Conservative therapy for symptomatic lesions is often unsuccessful, although there are reports of spontaneous resolution of these cysts as well as the symptoms associated with them. Surgical therapy should be focused on decompression of the lesions causing nerve root compression and the accompanying symptoms, while recognizing that instability requiring fusion may be present in some but not all cases.

Field of study: Medicine
In Karookop se skadu

Clanwilliam in die Wes-Kaap is een van die oudste dorpe in Suid-Afrika. Die skilderagtige dorpie noord van Citrusdal in die Wes-Kaap, staan vandag veral vir sy rooibostee bekend. Benewens dit, is Clanwilliam sinomiem met Augsburg Landbougimnasium.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Efficient self-tuning spin-locks using competitive analysis

Reactive spin-lock algorithms that can automatically adapt to contention variation on the lock have received great attention in the field of multiprocessor synchronization since they can help applications achieve good performance in all possible contention conditions. However, in existing reactive spin-locks the reaction relies on (i) some fixed experimentally tuned thresholds, which may get frequently outdated in dynamic environments like multiprogramming/multiprocessor systems, or (ii) known probability distributions of inputs. This paper presents a new reactive spin-lock algorithm that is completely self-tuning, which means no experimentally tuned parameter nor probability distribution of inputs are needed. The new spin-lock is built on both synchronization structures of applications and online algorithmic techniques. Our experiments, which use the Spark98 kernels and the SPLASH-2 applications as application benchmarks, on a multiprocessor machine SGI Origin2000 and an Intel Xeon workstation have showed that the new self-tuned spin-lock performs as well as the best of hand-tuned spin-lock representatives in a wide range of contention levels.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
XINPUT: a program to edit "DOSRZ" input files.

The DOSRZ user code, which is part of the EGS4 standard distribution, is widely used in medical physics for the calculation of dose deposition in cylindrical geometries. The code provides the use of advanced Monte-Carlo techniques (PRESTA) and variance reduction methods. In the case of complex cylinder geometries the input of coordinates and radii is not only tedious but also prone to a high error rate. Coordinates are to be stated in absolute numbers. A change of one number, e.g., the slab thickness, requires the change of all subsequent numbers. Furthermore, parameters are only stated as numbers with no indication of their meaning. Obviously, there is a need for a user interface to facilitate the input for DOSRZ and to largely reduce the possibility for errors. We, therefore, wrote a graphical user interface (GUI) consisting of an input mask, a coordinate input interpreter, and a two-dimensional and/or pseudo-three-dimensional display section. The GUI is based on the scripting language Tcl/Tk, which runs under various platforms such as UNIX (LINUX), w95, and WIN NT. It consists of a main window which provides common-style menus and buttons to navigate through the edit dialog boxes. The most important tools are the region input, which enables the user to create the simulation geometry, and the graphics section where the scaled output can be displayed. Different media are shown in different colors which are user defined. Furthermore, the program contains some tools to reduce the probability of an erroneous input in the EGS4 input file. Since Tcl/Tk is a modern scripting language, it offers advanced tools to create the GUI and to "glue" different applications to it. XINPUT may also be considered as a model program for the development of a more general interface to other input areas of the EGS4 simulation code.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Theoretical and experimental study of the gas- phase ignition of an evaporating fuel in a stagnant hot oxidizing gas

The gas-phase ignition theory of a condensed phase fuel suddenly exposed to a stationary hot oxidizing gas is presented for the nonconvective case of the heat feedback ignition model. Use is made of the heat balance condition as well as the Clausius-Clapeyron equation relating the fuel concentration to its temperature at the fuel surface. Analytical approximate solutions are derived for the gas temperature, the fuel concentration and the oxidizer concentration in the gas phase, and for the temperature and fuel concentration at the fuel surface. Ignition data are calculated for an organic condensed phase fuel in the oxygen atmosphere as an example. These results show qualitatively the same basic characteristics as those presented in a recent numerical analysis by Hermance et al. In the temperature range investigated, T = 1250-2500 °K, the predicted ignition delays agree fairly well with the corresponding experimental data obtained in a shock tube. Thus, the gas-phase ignition behavior of condensed phase fuels can be described properly by the analytical solutions achieved in the present paper. Because of their less restrictive nature, these analytical solutions could be applied to metal vapor ignition problems in rocketry.

Field of study: Physics
Impact of Nanostructure Configuration on the Photovoltaic Performance of Quantum-Dot Arrays

In this work, a mesoscopic model based on the non-equilibrium Green's function formalism for a tight-binding-like effective Hamiltonian is used to investigate a selectively contacted quantum dot array designed for operation as a single junction quantum dot solar cell. By establishing a direct relation between nanostructure configuration and optoelectronic properties, the investigation reveals the influence of inter-dot and dot-contact coupling strengths on the rates of charge carrier photogeneration, radiative recombination, and extraction at contacts, and consequently on the ultimate performance of photovoltaic devices with finite quantum dot arrays as the active medium. For long carrier lifetimes, the dominant configuration effects originate in the dependence of the joint density of states on the inter-dot coupling in terms of band width and effective band gap. In the low carrier lifetime regime, where recombination competes with carrier extraction, the extraction efficiency shows a critical dependence on the dot-contact coupling.

Field of study: Physics
Salvador Allende: Revolutionary Democrat by Victor Figueroa Clark (review)

country during the war, but Prutsch concludes that the Vargas government used the wartime alliance to its advantage. She also discusses coordination committees established in Rio de Janeiro and other cities by the OIAA. The work of these committees in Central America is the subject of chapter 8 by Thomas M. Leonard. Composed of prominent, locally based American businessmen, the committees engaged in a wide range of activities, such as distribution of press materials, radio programs, and films and the purchase of books for schools and libraries, though the extent of committee work was affected by conditions in each country.

Field of study: History
Spatial and temporal scaling of intercellular CO2 concentration in a temperate rain forest dominated by Dacrydium cupressinum in New Zealand.

Seven methods, including measurements of photosynthesis (A) and stomatal conductance (g(s)), carbon isotope discrimination, ecosystem CO2 and water vapour exchange using eddy covariance and the use of a multilayer canopy model and ecosystem Keeling plots, were employed to derive estimates of intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) across a range of spatial and temporal scales in a low productivity rain forest ecosystem dominated by the conifer Dacrydium cupressinum Lamb. in New Zealand. Estimates of shoot and canopy Ci across temporal scales ranging from minutes to years were remarkably similar (range of 274-294 micromol mol(-1)). The gradual increase in shoot Ci with depth in the canopy was more likely attributable to decreases in A resulting from lower irradiance (Q) than to increases in g, due to changes in air saturation deficit (D). The lack of marked vertical gradients in A and g(s) at saturating Q through the canopy and the low seasonal variability in environmental conditions contributed to the efficacy of scaling Ci. However, the canopy Ci estimate calculated from the carbon isotope composition of respired ecosystem CO2 (delta13CR; 236 micromol mol(-1)) was much lower than other estimates of canopy Ci. Partitioning delta13CR into four components (soil, roots, litter and foliage) indicated root respiration as the dominant (> 50%) contributor to delta13CR. Variable time lags and differences in isotopic composition during photosynthesis and respiration make the direct estimation of canopy Ci from delta 13CR problematic.

Field of study: Environmental science
Split Bregman Method for Sparse Inverse Covariance Estimation with Matrix Iteration Acceleration

We consider the problem of estimating the inverse covariance matrix by maximizing thelikelihood function with a penalty added to encourage the sparsity of the resulting matrix. We proposea new approach based on the split Bregman method to solve the regularized maximum likelihoodestimation problem. We show that our method is signiﬁcantly faster than the widely used graphicallasso method, which is based on blockwise coordinate descent, on both artiﬁcial and real-world data.More importantly, diﬀerent from the graphical lasso, the split Bregman based method is much moregeneral, and can be applied to a class of regularization terms other than the l

Field of study: Computer science
FIRGEN: a computer-aided design system for high performance FIR filter integrated circuits

The authors describe automatic architecture and floorplan generation techniques for integrated circuit fixed-coefficient FIR (finite impulse response) filters that can achieve high sample rates with compact layouts. These techniques have been implemented in a filter design system called FIRGEN that can automate the entire design from filter specifications to final chip layout. It can be retargeted to new cell libraries and place and route tools. Result on four chips designed with FIRGEN are presented. These achieve sample rates ranging from 25 MHz to 112 MHz.

Field of study: Engineering
Investigation into the biological activities and chemical composition of Calendula officinalis L. growing in Tunisia

Calendula officinalis (Marigold) was characterized in respect to its chemical composition, antioxidant potential and antimicrobial activities. Five compounds were identified and quantified by LC/MS and HPLC in leaves and flowers of aqueous-methanolic extracts. Total flavonoids ranged between 44.91 and 76.44 mg QE/g dry weight in leaf and flower extracts, respectively. Rutin, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, scopoletin-7-O-glucoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside and gallic acid were tentatively identified in this plant. The highest antioxidant activities using two methods, DPPH and FRAP assays were obtained with aqueous-methanol flower extract from C. officinalis (0.35 mg.mL -1 and 28.37 mM of Trolox). The potential antimicrobial activity of the leaf and flower aqueous-methanol extracts from the C. officinalis was screened against three bacteria and two pathogenic fungi, using the cellulosic disc method. A strong inhibited activity against the five microorganisms is obtained. This study could provide useful information for industry to produce potentially bioactive plant extract.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Dan Jenkins' Needle

Drama critic Maurice Charney has written that comedy "provides a form of awareness by which we may understand and deal with a puzzling reality" (5). Dan Jenkins' Billy Clyde Puckett echoes Charney when he says that "laughter is the only thing that'll cut trouble down to a size where you can talk to it" {Life 272-273). Billy's country-shrewd remark could serve as his creator's underlying assumption in his sport-centered fiction and journalism. Indeed, Dan Jenkins has fashioned a lucrative career out of deflating sportsworld, lampooning the excesses and foolishness of organized sport so that we can "talk to it," doing so from a position of common sense and, paradoxically, deep affection. In his fiction, he reveals himself as a satirist very much in the American grain, a Mark Twain of the NFL, the Soumwest Conference, and the sports media. Larry L. King, a fellow master of redneck prose, has said in private conversation that some of the funniest moments in his life have occurred simply listening to Jenkins read and comment on the morning paper over coffee and cigarettes in Manhattan. In his recent journalism, especially his regular monthly column for Playboy, Jenkins has become our Mencken, outrageously and unabashedly prejudiced, jaundiced, eccentric, ornery, taking well-

Field of study: Art
Evaluation of a Portable DVD Player and System of Least Prompts to Self-Prompt Cooking Task Completion by Young Adults With Moderate Intellectual Disabilities

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a portable DVD player plus the system of least prompts (SLP) for DVD player use as a self-prompting device to teach cooking tasks to three young adults with moderate intellectual disabilities. A multiple probe design across three cooking tasks and replicated across three students was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the portable DVD player to prompt completion of multistep tasks. Results indicate that the self-prompting, portable DVD player with the SLP was effective in teaching multistep cooking tasks that were maintained over time.

Field of study: Education
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of cytochrome c6 from Porphyra yezoensis.

Cytochrome c(6) from the red alga Porphyra yezoensis has been purified and crystallized by the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion method. Two different crystal forms, tetragonal and orthorhombic, were obtained. The tetragonal crystals belong to space group P4(1)2(1)2 or P4(3)2(1)2, with unit-cell dimensions a = 49.33 (2), c = 83.70 (10) A. The orthorhombic crystals belong to space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell dimensions a = 46.74 (2), b = 49.42 (1), c = 37.11 (1) A. Absorption spectra of the crystals showed that the tetragonal form was oxidized and the orthorhombic form was reduced.

Field of study: Chemistry
Radiation vulcanisation of short-carbon fibre-reinforced styrene-butadiene rubber composites

The effects of short-carbon fibres on the anisotropy swelling, mechanical and electrical properties of radiation vulcanized styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) composites have been studied. The effect of radiation on the crosslinking density as well as the fracture mode of the composites have also been studied. It has been found that carbon fibre improves the reinforcement of SBR due to good adhesion between the fibre and the rubber matrix. However, increasing fibre loading leads to decrease the strength in spite of increasing the crosslinking density. Moreover, tensile fracture surfaces of the composites have been studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to assess the failure criteria. SEM studies indicate that the fracture mode depends mainly on the adhesion between the fibre and the matrix.

Field of study: Materials science