nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Eine neue Zählrohr- und Koinzidenztheorie

ZusammenfassungDie exakte Bestimmung der Richtungsverteilung R
$$\left( \mathfrak{s} \right)$$
 der Höhenstrahlung aus Zählrohrmessungen oder Koinzidenzen lä\t sich auf die Auflösung der Integralgleichung 1. Art
$$K\left( p \right) = \int\limits_\mathfrak{s} {R\left( \mathfrak{s} \right)S} \left( {\mathfrak{s},p} \right)d \omega $$
 zurückführen. Ein Verfahren zur Lösung dieser Gleichung unter der Voraussetzung azimutal symmetrischen Einfalls wird dazu entwickelt. Als Beispiel wird die Bestimmung der Richtungsverteilung der Höhenstrahlung behandelt, wie sie sich aus einer Me\reihe mit einer G-Anordnung in Potsdam ableiten lä\t. Hinweise auf die physikalische Bedeutung und die praktische Verwendbarkeit der neuen Zählrohrtheorie wurden gegeben und Tabellen zur Abkürzung der Rechnung im Anhang gebracht.

Field of study: Physics
The Effectiveness of Three Methods of Teaching Reading on Students' Achievement in Comprehension

Reading is a fundamental skill in the learning process and personal development of an individual. This study examined the relative effectiveness of three methods of teaching reading on students’ achievement in comprehension. A quasi experimental design was adopted for the study. A sample of four hundred and ninety eight (498) students was selected using multi-stage random sampling. Three research questions were raised and one hypothesis was formulated for the study. Reading Comprehension Achievement Tests (RCAT) I and II were respectively used as pre-test and post-test. Mean, standard deviation, ANCOVA and Scheffe’s post hoc test were used for analysis. Results from the study showed that the individualized method is superior to both the language experience and basal method. The results suggest that teachers should be encouraged to use it in teaching reading. It was therefore recommended that attention should be paid to the teaching of reading at the secondary school level as it is the practice in primary schools.  10.5901/jesr.2016.v6n1p17

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Space Charge and Carrier Trapping Effects on the Transient Photocurrents of Organic Materials Using the Time-of-Flight Technique

We apply the time-of-flight (TOF) technique to study space charge and carrier trapping effects in the organic materials N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-1,1-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine (TPD) and tris(8-hydroxyquinolato) aluminum (Alq3). This is carried out by changing the applied electric field, the laser pulse intensity, and the repetition rate together with environmental conditions in air or in vacuum. We report for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, a clearly nondispersive electron transport in TPD due to the absence of deep traps. Conversely, Alq3 exhibits a dispersive electron transport. However, this can be partially recovered by leaving the sample in high vacuum for several hours. This behavior is ascribed to a reduced concentration of O2-related deep traps.

Field of study: Materials science
Late ordovician glaciomarine deposits (orea shale) in the sierra de albarracin, Spain

A description and interpretation is given of marine, fragment-bearing arenaceous shales occuring near the Ordovician/Silurian boundary in northeast Spain. These deposits, known as the Orea Shales, have been reported before as non-glacial or questionably glaciomarine. Sedimentary features and scanning electron microscopical examination of quartz grains, however, reveal that much of the debris has been supplied by ice-rafting (paratillite). Close similarity between these Spanish deposits and coeval Normandian paratillites, supports the theory that the Iberian Peninsula and northwest France belonged to one depositional realm, probably forming a microcontinent (Armorica) separated from the glaciated Gondwanaland.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Cross-sections for the photo-production of π0-mesons from hydrogen from 238 to 922 MeV

The results of a comprehensive series of measurements of the cross-sections for the photo-production of π0-mesons from hydrogen at pion c.m. angles from 47 to 145 degrees are presented. The minimum and maximum photon energies have been 238 and 922 MeV respectively.

Field of study: Physics
Raman scattering by wavevector-dependent LO phonon-plasmon modes in heavily doped n-type ZnSe

We have studied Raman scattering from heavily n-doped ZnSe:Cl epilayers grown on GaAs substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. The spectrum of the phonon-like component of the coupled plasmon-LO phonon modes is strongly determined by wavevector non-conservation. The degrees of relaxation of the q=O selection rule correspond to two different length scales in real space: the carrier and the impurity spacing. Our experimental results indicate that both length scales are of relevance to the scattering mechanisms that contribute to the observed Raman signal. Using a dye laser tuned in the energy range of the ZnSe bandgap, our measurements show that variations of the carrier density within the epilayer are closely correlated to the local effective impurity concentration extracted from the evaluation of our Raman spectra.

Field of study: Materials science
A new type Tb~(3+) doped silicate luminescent glass

X-ray to light convertor in a real time radiography image formation system plays an important role. A new type Tb~(3+) doped silicate luminescent glass has been developed recently. There is no visible light dispersion in the glass and it can take the place of traditional rare earth fluorescent screen in high energy radiography applications. For its spatial resolution will not be greatly reduced when its thickness increases in a certain range, a thicker glass can be used to reach a higher DQE. The luminescent glass can be used in a radiography image formation system which adopts a high energy X-ray source up to 30 MeV. The spatial resolution is about the same as 301 type luminescent glass excitated by 100 keV X-ray and the spatial resolution may not be less than 1.5 lp/mm when excitated by 12 MeV X-ray. Its luminescence intensity is about 3 times of 301 type. Some effects on its characters of main ingredient materials (BaO,Cs_2O,Tb_2O_3,Gd_2O_3 and Ce_2O_3) are also researched in the way of changing the mass fraction and appropriate ingredient configuration for high performance. Optical performances are tested and results are given out in the paper.

Field of study: Physics
Short-Term Nose-Only Water-Pipe (Shisha) Smoking Exposure Accelerates Coagulation and Causes Cardiac Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Mice

Water-pipe smoking (WPS) has acquired worldwide popularity, and is disseminating particularly rapidly in Europe and North America. However, little is known about the short-term cardiovascular effects of WPS.  Presently, we assessed the short-term cardiovascular effects of nose-only exposure to mainstream WPS in BALB/c mice for 30 min/day for 5 consecutive days. Control mice were exposed to air. At the end of the exposure period, several cardiovascular endpoints were measured.  WPS did not affect the number of leukocytes and the plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Likewise, plasma levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase were not affected by WPS. By contrast, WPS aggravated in vivo thrombosis by shortening the thrombotic occlusion time in pial arterioles and venules. The number of circulating platelets was reduced by WPS suggesting the occurrence of platelet aggregation in vivo. Elevated concentrations of fibrinogen and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 were seen after the exposure to WPS. Blood samples taken from mice exposed to WPS and exposed to adenosine diphosphate showed more platelet aggregation. The heart concentrations of IL-6 and TNFα were augmented by WPS. Likewise, heart levels of LPO, reactive oxygen species and the antioxidants catalase and GSH were increased by WPS. However, the systolic blood pressure and heart rate were not affected by WPS.  It can be concluded that short-term exposure to WPS exerts procoagulatory effects and induce cardiac inflammation and oxidative stress. At the time point investigated, there was no evidence for blood inflammation or oxidative stress.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Class-Discriminative Kernel Sparse Representation-Based Classification Using Multi-Objective Optimization

In this paper, we propose class-discriminative kernel sparse representation-based classification (KSRC) using multi-objective optimization (MOO) called KSRC 2.0. In sparse representation-based classification (SRC), both dictionary and residuals (reconstruction errors) play an important role in classifying a sample. Thus, discriminative dictionary and residuals are required to achieve high classification performance. To generate discriminative dictionary and residuals from training data sets, we formulate multi-objective functions via the Fisher discrimination criterion that minimizes distances within and maximizes distances between classes. Then, we solve them by using MOO, which can optimize conflicting objectives at the same time, and obtain component importance factors to make dictionary and residuals class-discriminative. Extensive experiments on publicly available databases demonstrate that the proposed KSRC 2.0 enhances the class separability of KSRC and achieves high classification performance.

Field of study: Engineering
[Features of the immune system and the risk of endogenous psychosis at juvenile age].

To study an immunological profile at prodromal and manifesting stages of endogenous juvenile psychosis.



Authors studied 77 patients, aged from 16 to 25 years. Patients were stratified into 2 groups. The first group included 39 patients without psychotic symptoms (prodromal group) and the second one -- 38 patients with the first episode of psychosis (psychotic group). A complex of immunological parameters included phagocyte activity, cytotoxic activity, natural killer lymphocytes, production of interleukins (IL-1, IL-4, IL-10 and γ-interferon), content of circulating immune complexes. These parameters were measured at baseline and after treatment.



The changes in the immune system emerged at the very early stages of the disease. There was the activation of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory interleukins, decrease in the phagocyte index and cytotoxic activity of natural killer lymphocytes. The high activity of IL-10 production, decreased levels of the cytotoxic activity of natural killer lymphocytes and reduced phagocyte index as well as the accumulation of circulating immune complexes are maintained during psychosis.



The authors recommend to use immunomodulating drugs, along with psychotropics, at the very early stages of the disease to prevent poor outcome.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
[Pathogenesis of H5N1 avian influenza virus in C57BL/6 mice].

C57BL/6 mice were inoculated intranasally (50 microl) with serial 10-fold dilution of HAB/01 H5N1 virus. Three and five days later, three mice of each group were euthanized. Lung injury was assessed by observation of lung histopathology, virus titers and MCD50 were also measured. Our data showed that H5N1 viral infection in mice resulted in mainly epithelial injury and interstitial pneumonia, featuring significant weight loss, dramatically increased lung wet weight:body weight ratio, inflammatory cellular infiltration, alveolar and interstitial edema, hemorrhage in lungs with high virus titers, and MCD50 was 10(-6.5)/ 0.05 mL. These results suggested that a mouse model of H5N1 viral infection was successfully established which may benefit study of H5N1 avian influenza virus and pathogenic mechanism of host.

Field of study: Biology
On the Systematic Fitting of Straight Line Trends by Stencil and Calculating Machine

Whenever there is only one plotting point corresponding to IV successive abscissal values equally spaced, it is possible greatly to simplify the fitting of straight lines to the empirical observations. Let the N several absicissal values (ordinarily time) be X % , X2 1 X3, Let these several % values be replaced by a series of transmuted steps.. X. ( ?, 3, -} a)1 Let the several corresponding ordinates be y,, y., y3). . The situation is represented in

Field of study: Mathematics
Plants as sensors: vegetation response to rainfall predicts root-zone water storage capacity in Mediterranean-type climates

In Mediterranean-type climates, asynchronicity between energy and water availability means that ecosystems rely heavily on the water-storing capacity of the subsurface to sustain plant water use over the summer dry season. The root-zone water storage capacity (Smax [L]) defines the maximum volume of water that can be stored in plant accessible locations in the subsurface, but is poorly characterized and difficult to measure at large scales. Here, we develop an ecohydrological modeling framework to describe how Smax mediates root zone water storage (S [L]), and thus dry season plant water use. The model reveals that where Smax is high relative to mean annual rainfall, S is not fully replenished in all years, and root-zone water storage and therefore plant water use are sensitive to annual rainfall. Conversely, where Smax is low, S is replenished in most years but can be depleted rapidly between storm events, increasing plant sensitivity to rainfall patterns at the end of the wet season. In contrast to both the high and low Smax cases, landscapes with intermediate Smax values are predicted to minimize variability in dry season evapotranspiration. These diverse plant behaviors enable a mapping between time variations in precipitation, evapotranspiration and Smax, which makes it possible to estimate Smax using remotely sensed vegetation data - that is, using plants as sensors. We test the model using observations of Smax in soils and weathered bedrock at two sites in the Northern California Coast Ranges. Accurate model performance at these sites, which exhibit strongly contrasting weathering profiles, demonstrates the method is robust across diverse plant communities, and modes of storage and runoff generation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Can visitors visually distinguish successive coastal landscapes? A case study from the Curonian Spit (Lithuania)

Visual distinctiveness of the series of successive coastal landscapes featuring the Curonian Spit, a UNESCO World Heritage site, has been investigated using black and white landscape photos as visual stimuli. Based on the results of the chi-square test it was confirmed with strong statistical evidence that lay visitors indeed are capable of visual distinguishing different coastal landscapes and habitats which occur in the succession series from the shifting dunes to the mature forest. In all investigated 45 different cases of coastal landscapes the ‘null hypothesis’ was rejected with p

Field of study: Environmental science
A decade of public long-term care insurance in South Korea: Policy lessons for aging countries.

South Korea proactively introduced public long-term care insurance (LTCI) in 2008 when older people were only about one-tenth of the total population. At that time, Korea switched from a tax-based, local-government-operated LTC program targeting low-income older people to the current universal public LTCI run by the National Health Insurance Service, the single public insurer. The LTCI program provides a comprehensive package of home- and institution-based care mainly targeting older people who need assistance in daily living. Over the past decade, the program has continued to expand its population and service coverage: older people in high need have been covered, and an infrastructure for service provision has been established. Future agendas include financial sustainability, care coordination, and the role of local governments. Korea's experiences suggest having an LTCI separate from the NHI has the benefit of potential de-medicalization of LTC, which, in turn, creates challenges for the coordination of health care and LTC. A centralized LTCI system with a single payer has the benefit of bigger risk-pooling, but this may become a barrier to designing integrated community care systems at the local level. There is a tradeoff between population coverage, benefits/cost coverage, and fiscal sustainability.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Founding and perfecting the control mechanism function of the PE teaching in university

With the further development of the socialistic market economy of our country, the old archetype of the P.E management of university can't gear to the circumstances gradually. The important and harsh problem is that how to transform the functions of teaching and management of the P.E Department, and how to found and perfect the efficient P.E teaching quality-controlling mechanism in order to ensure the improvement of the teaching qualities.

Field of study: Education
Petrology and tectonic significance of augen gneiss from a belt of Mississippian granitoids in the Yukon-Tanana terrane, east-central Alaska

An approximately east-west-trending belt of porphyritic peraluminous granitoids, metamorphosed and deformed to augen gneiss, is exposed for 400 km across the Yukon-Tanana terrane. This belt consists of compositionally, texturally, and isotopically similar, concordant intrusions of augen gneiss in the Big Delta, Eagle, and Tanacross quadrangles of east-central Alaska, in the Fiftymile batholith of west-central Yukon Territory, and in two batholiths in the offset part of the Yukon-Tanana terrane northeast of the Tintina fault in southeastern Yukon Territory. Chemical analyses of augen gneiss from widely separated localities within the Big Delta intrusion suggest that the various samples are related by crystal fractionation. Comparison of major- and trace-element data from concordant layers of augen-poor gneiss and aplitic gneiss with similar data from adjacent augen gneiss suggests that the layers represent co-magmatic sills of more highly differentiated filter-pressed melt. Similarities between elemental abundances, particularly those of rare-earth elements, in augen gneiss from the large bodies in the Big Delta, Eagle, and Tanacross quadrangles, Alaska, and southeastern Yukon Territory suggest a common origin for these bodies. The peraluminous composition of the gneiss, its high initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio and high Th concentration indicate that the augen gneiss protolith contains a large component of crustal material. Geochronologic studies of augen gneiss in east-central Alaska and southeastern Yukon Territory indicate a Mississippian intrusive age and an early Proterozoic age for the crustal component. The augen gneiss bodies were intruded late in a middle Paleozoic volcanic-plutonic episode, and they may represent a deeply eroded continental magmatic arc. Regional amphibolite-facies metamorphism and mylonitization may have occurred late during the tectonic episode that resulted in intrusion of the porphyritic granitoid protoliths.

Field of study: Geology
Quartz-plagioclase metasomatic rocks in the Västervik area, southeastern Sweden

ZusammenfassungQuarz-Plagioklas-Adern in der Nähe von Västervik in Südost-Schweden haben makroskopische und mikroskopische Kennzeichen, die auf ein metasomatisches Entstehen hinweisen. Aus Modalanalysen erweist sich, daß Biotit und Kaliumfeldspat, die im Nebengestein sehr allgemein sind, in den Adern fast ganz fehlen. Plagioklas ist in den Adern sehr allgemein vertreten und im Nebengestein nur spärlich. Eine Bildung durch überkritische wässerige Lösungen wird als wahrscheinlich angenommen.AbstractQuartz-plagioclase veins in the Västervik area, southeastern Sweden, show macroscopic and microscopic characteristics that indicate a metasomatic mode of origin. Comparison of the mineralogical composition of the veins and the host rocks shows that biotite and kalifeldspar, which both are abundant in the host rocks, are scarce in the veins. Plagioclase is much more abundant in the veins than in the host rocks. Modal analyses were used to compare the compositions of veins and host rocks. The quartz-plagioclase veins are considered to have originated by supercritical aqueous solutions.RésuméDes filons constitués de quarz et de plagioclase dans la région de Västervik dans la partie sud-est de la Suède montrent des caractères macroscopiques et microscopiques qui indiquent une origine métasomatique. La comparaison de la composition minéralogique des filons et celle des roches encaissantes montre que les minéraux qui sont abondants dans les roches encaissantes, la biotite et les feldspaths alcalins, sont peu fréquents dans les filons. D'autre part, la plagioclase est beaucoup plus abondante dans les filons que dans les roches encaissantes. Les compositions des filons et des roches encaissantes ont été comparées à l'aide des analyses modales. Des solutions aqueuses supercritiques sont considérées d'être responsables pour la formation des filons.Краткое содержаниеВ жилах кварц-плагиок лаза в близи Västervik, юг Швец ии, отмечают как микроскопически е, так и макроскопичес кие черты, говорящие об их метасоматическом пр оисхождении. С помощь ю модального анализа установили отсутствие в них биот ита и К-полевого шпата, очень распространенных во вмещающих породах. Плагиоклаз обычно на ходят в жилах, а во вмещающих порода х он редок.

Field of study: Environmental science
LRP and senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease: colocalization with apolipoprotein E and with activated astrocytes.

The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) is a multifunctional receptor which is present on senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is suggested to play an important role in the balance between amyloid beta (Abeta) synthesis and clearance mechanisms. One of its ligands, apolipoprotein E (apoE), is also present on senile plaques and has been implicated as a risk factor for AD, potentially affecting the deposition, fibrillogenesis and clearance of Abeta. Using immunohistochemistry we show that LRP was present only on cored, apoE-containing senile plaques, in both PDAPP transgenic mice and human AD brains. We detected strong LRP staining in neurons and in reactive astrocytes, and immunostaining of membrane-bound LRP showed colocalization with fine astrocytic processes surrounding senile plaques. LRP was not present in plaques in young transgenic mice or in plaques of APOE-knockout mice. As LRP ligands associated with Abeta deposits in AD brain may play an important role in inducing levels of LRP in both neurons and astrocytes, our findings support the idea that apoE might be involved in upregulation of LRP (present in fine astrocytic processes) and act as a local scaffolding protein for LRP and Abeta. The upregulation of LRP would allow increased clearance of LRP ligands as well as clearance of Abeta/ApoE complexes.

Field of study: Biology