nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of reinforcement rate and reinforcer magnitude on choice behavior of humans.

Two experiments with human subjects investigated the effects of rate of reinforcement and reinforcer magnitude upon choice. In Experiment 1, each of five subjects responded on four concurrent variable-interval schedules. In contrast to previous studies using non-human organisms, relative response rate did not closely match relative rate of reinforcement. Discrepancies ranged from 0.03 to 0.43 (mean equal to 0.19). Similar discrepancies were found between relative amount of time spent responding on each schedule and the corresponding relative rates of reinforcement. In Experiment 2, in which reinforcer magnitude was varied for each of five subjects, similar discrepancies ranging from 0.05 to 0.50 (mean equal to 0.21), were found between relative response rate and relative proportion of reinforcers received. In both experiments, changeover rates were lower on the long-interval concurrent schedules than on the short-interval ones. The results suggest that simple application of previous generalizations regarding the effects of reinforcement rate and reinforcer magnitude on choice for variable-interval schedules does not accurately describe human behavior in a simple laboratory situation.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Compressive nonparametric graphical model selection for time series

We propose a method for inferring the conditional independence graph (CIG) of a high-dimensional discrete-time Gaussian vector random process from finite-length observations. Our approach does not rely on a parametric model (such as, e.g., an autoregressive model) for the vector random process; rather, it only assumes certain spectral smoothness properties. The proposed inference scheme is compressive in that it works for sample sizes that are (much) smaller than the number of scalar process components. We provide analytical conditions for our method to correctly identify the CIG with high probability.

Field of study: Computer science
Professional Development among Middle-Aged Women: A Rising Phenomenon in Ghana Commercial Bank

The objective of this study is to examine the exponential increasing number of middle-Aged women in public sector organisations in Ghana. The study specifically investigates female staffs of the Ghana Commercial Bank wanting to undertake professional developing Programmes either through self-motivation or by propulsion from management of the Bank. The challenges they also experienced in the pursuit of such objectives such as improper job positioning and poorly regulated professional developments initiatives are among. The study underscored the short and long terms effects on their job placement for the rest of their working lives. It is a survey design with descriptive statistics of qualitative and quantitative data analysis through the application of statistical package for Social Scientist [SPSS] and excels of the Microsoft tools. Both structured and non-structured questionnaires and interview schedules were used to sample 50 out of 57 randomly from 136 middle-aged women who are employees in ten branches of the bank in the Accra Metropolis. This represents 4.3% of the 136 female staffs of the bank. The retrieval rate stands at 81.14% which accounts for the 50 respondents. The study results show that majority of female employees in formal establishments are generally limited by their social and domestic roles to achieve educational goals in life. In effect, only few women are found in managerial positions in the bank. This is due to the inequality in the selection process for training to managerial positions in the Bank. This study therefore recommends affirmative actions of giving special quota and financial aid to middle-aged women during training in all organisations after the selection. This must include both self-initiated development programmes and those organised by management. K ey words : Professional development, facilitated learning, vestibule training and gender stereotyping.

Field of study: Education
Larger cations can move faster in solid polymer electrolytes

alkali metal salts (P(CME n M)s) are synthesized as solid polymer electrolytes which can transfer only cations. The conductivity of a series of alkali metal ions such as Li + , Na + , K + , Rb + , and Cs + is measured, and the results are summarized with the reduced temperature ( T - T g: T g= glass transition temperature ) to neutralize the effect of segmental motion on the relative conductivity. They show a linear relation between the logarithm of conductivity at T - T g=60° C and the logarithm of radius of the carrier cations. The ion-dipole interaction is suggested to be the most effective factor to control the mobility in the solid polymer electrolytes. Cations having larger ionic radius such as Rb + or Cs + are suggested to have weaker interaction force with ether oxygens, reflecting the faster ion exchange between possible adjacent sites in the polymer matrix.

Field of study: Materials science
Using multiscale texture and density features for near-term breast cancer risk analysis.

To help improve efficacy of screening mammography by eventually establishing a new optimal personalized screening paradigm, the authors investigated the potential of using the quantitative multiscale texture and density feature analysis of digital mammograms to predict near-term breast cancer risk.



The authors' dataset includes digital mammograms acquired from 340 women. Among them, 141 were positive and 199 were negative/benign cases. The negative digital mammograms acquired from the "prior" screening examinations were used in the study. Based on the intensity value distributions, five subregions at different scales were extracted from each mammogram. Five groups of features, including density and texture features, were developed and calculated on every one of the subregions. Sequential forward floating selection was used to search for the effective combinations. Using the selected features, a support vector machine (SVM) was optimized using a tenfold validation method to predict the risk of each woman having image-detectable cancer in the next sequential mammography screening. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used as the performance assessment index.



From a total number of 765 features computed from multiscale subregions, an optimal feature set of 12 features was selected. Applying this feature set, a SVM classifier yielded performance of AUC = 0.729 ± 0.021. The positive predictive value was 0.657 (92 of 140) and the negative predictive value was 0.755 (151 of 200).



The study results demonstrated a moderately high positive association between risk prediction scores generated by the quantitative multiscale mammographic image feature analysis and the actual risk of a woman having an image-detectable breast cancer in the next subsequent examinations.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Assessing Trickle Emitter Application Uniformity

A method was developed for showing the uniformity of water application by trickle emitters based on the emitter's coefficient of variation. The derived design uni-formity coefficient equation for different numbers of emitters per plant was related to the uniformity coeffi-cient used in sprinkler irrigation. The interrelationship between the computed design uniformity coefficient, the manufacturer's coefficient of variation for the emitter, and the number of emitters per plant can be used as a guide for selecting the number of emitters per plant. In addition, a field uniformity coefficient and a field emitter coefficient of variation were related to the fraction of plants adequately irrigated.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Influence of acceptor-like traps in the buffer on current collapse and leakage of E-mode AlGaN/GaN MISHFETs

Current collapse has been observed in transient simulations even with highly efficient surface passivation by HfO2. In this work, current collapse and buffer-leakage mechanisms in E-mode (normally off) AlGaN/GaN metal-insulator-semiconductor heterostructure field-effect transistors (MISHFETs) have been investigated by physics-based simulations. The influences on both current collapse and off-state leakage from the energy levels of the acceptor-like traps in the buffer and also the density of the traps have been systematically studied. It is shown that traps with higher energy levels will induce less current collapse and less buffer leakage. It is demonstrated that current collapse is closely related with the change of the densities of ionized acceptor-like traps before and after the stress. Results further indicate that with increasing buffer trap density, the off-state leakage significantly decreases while current collapse increases. Finally, a non-uniform distribution of the acceptor-like traps in the buffer has been proposed to balance the trade-off between current collapse and buffer leakage.

Field of study: Materials science
RTG and its' application in visual simulation system of target being tracked

Visual simulation offers the scientific researchers the means of discovering the laws of nature by 3D space.A distributed interactive simulation system of lidar based on LAN is exploited to examine the moving target being tracked and aimed.Visual simulation system of moving target being tracked process is the key of this system.3D graphics software is introduced and compared with Vega,a popular visual simulation software.The realization of the most important parts of the visual simulation system of target being tracked is described.

Field of study: Physics
Expression of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus of the rat after transsection of the masseteric nerve.

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), a member of the VIP (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide) family of peptides, has been demonstrated in neurons of the sensory system. PACAP expression of these neurons is sensitive to nerve damages such as nerve crush or axotomy. In the present study, PACAP expression in the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus of the rat was examined after transsection of the main trunk of the masseteric nerve. The primary sensory neurons of the nucleus are considered to have purely proprioceptive functions. By quantitative in situ hybridization using a PACAP [35S]cRNA probe, an increase in PACAP mRNA was observed on the side ipsilateral to transsection already after 3 h and the expression reached a peak 24 h after surgery after which the levels gradually decreased during the next 14 days. A low and constant expression of PACAP mRNA could be seen on the side contralateral to transsection. PACAP immunoreactivity was demonstrated on the ipsilateral side after 18 h, using a specific monoclonal PACAP antibody. Co-existence of PACAP with NPY and galanin was demonstrated 7 days after transsection. Analysis of the masseteric nerve by radioimmunoassay on transsected and normal nerve stumps revealed an increase of PACAP-38 immunoreactivity in the nerve proximal to the transsection compared to the normal side (15.3 vs. 6.1 pmol/g wt). The results suggest that PACAP has a role in the early phase of adaptation to nerve injury in the proprioceptive neurons.

Field of study: Biology
The Confinement of Vortices in Nano-Superconducting Devices

We have investigated the confinement of 3-D vortices in specific cases of Type-II ($\kappa = 2$) nano-superconducting devices. The emergent pattern of vortices greatly depends on the orientation of an applied magnetic field (transverse or longitudinal), and the size of the devices (a few coherence lengths $\xi$). Herein, cylindrical geometries are examined. The surface barriers become very significant in these nano-systems, and hence the characteristics of the vortices become highly sensitive to the shape of the system and direction of an applied field. It is observed that nano-cylindrical superconductors, depending on their sizes, can display either first or second order phase transitions, under the influence of a longitudinal field. In the confined geometries, nucleation of a giant vortex state composed of a n-quanta emerges for the longitudinal magnetic field.

Field of study: Physics
Examining Mathematical Creativity Among Mongolian Ninth-Grade Students Using Problem-Posing Approach

In the 21st century, creativity has been emphasized as one of the crucial skills needed to tackle challenges stemming from technology advancement and rapid changes in society and the labor market. Therefore, various countries include the development of creativity in their education policies and curricula. Like many other countries, the Mongolian national curriculum aims to develop creativity across the subjects. Specifically, the math curriculum emphasizes mathematical creativity as a learning outcome to be measured. The intended policies and the curricula emphasize creativity; at the same time, it has been a challenging task for educators to boost and measure creativity. The present study attempts to examine mathematical creativity among Mongolian students. Research participants were 278 ninth-grade students from urban, suburban, and rural schools in Mongolia. The students completed a mathematical problem-posing test. The study found Mongolian ninth-grade students have lower mathematical creativity. The findings suggest that students' ability to think in a variety of and novel ways should be supported through various effective teaching strategies.  mathematical creativity, fluency, flexibility, originality, problem-posing DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-27-08 Publication date: September 30 th 2020

Field of study: Education
Electrochemiluminescence Determination of Thioridazine Based on Carbon Nanofiber Paste Electrode

A carbon nanofiber paste electrode (CFPE) was employed for fabrication of electrochemilumunescence (ECL) sensor. The performance of CFPE was characterized by cyclic voltammetry. The electrochemical and ECL behaviors of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) and thioridazine (TR) were investigated. The electrode showed an excellent electrochemical activity and ECL response. Based on the fact that the light emission of the ECL sensor could be enhanced by TR dramatically, a new method has been established for the determination of TR. The effects of pH value and concentration of buffer, Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) were studied respectively. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the ECL sensor exhibited excellent linear response to TR ranging from 2 to 40 mu mol/L (R=0. 998) and a low detection limit of 0. 5 mu mol/L (S/N=3). The relative standard deviation was 1.1% for 15 mu mol/L TR (n=11). The established method was successfully applied for the determination of TR in urine sample with satisfactory results, and the recovery was between 98. 7% and 105. 4%.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Post September 11 Debate Over Empire, Globalization, and Fragmentation

Months before the September 11 attacks, a few observers, working almost entirely within the Washington, DC beltway, argued that the United States was an empire and its people the fortunate Chosen who were to spread an imperialism beneficial to all, apparently whether already stable and functioning parts of the world wanted it or not. Americans, these observers elaborated, were imperial not in the old sense of wanting to hold territory, but in their determination to expand globally American ideas based on capitalism and democracy-two concepts that actually have often been at cross-purposes throughout most of the post-1900 so-called American Century. The new imperialists rightly noted that earlier U.S. imperialism had been linked to American Progressivism and especially to the international, supposedly progressive ideals of Woodrow Wilson and the big-stick diplomacy of Theodore Roosevelt. The twenty-first-century imperialists, however, who defined themselves as Reagan conservatives, concluded that large political payoffs could bless their wing of Republicanism if they could sell the idea of an imperial foreign policy that combined American political and economic principles, unilateralism, a McDonald's-Disney culture, and-the necessary accompaniment-a military that absorbed nearly as much of the gross national product as it did during the height of the cold war, when the GNP was considerably smaller.1 Such military costs were nevertheless logical, given the ambition.

Field of study: Political science
Simulation of deuterium reflection from plasma-sprayed tungsten

A method of computer simulation of the formation of plasma-sprayed tungsten surface is proposed. The dependencies of the reflection coefficients of hydrogen isotopes on the energy of incident particles in the range from 5 to 104 eV were obtained for this surface. It is shown that, at energies about 10 eV, the reflection coefficient for the surface of plasma-sprayed tungsten is smaller than that for a smooth surface by a factor of 1.5; this decrease corresponds to the increase in the deuterium incorporation coefficient by a factor of 2.

Field of study: Physics
Least squares solutions with special structure to the linear matrix equation AXB = C

In this article we give some formulas for the maximal and minimal ranks of the submatrices in a least squares solution X to AXB  =  C . From these formulas, we derive necessary and sufficient conditions for the submatrices to be zero and other special forms, respectively. Finally, some Hermitian properties for least squares solution to matrix equation AXB  =  C are derived.

Field of study: Mathematics
Duracon Total Knee Replacement in Kuwait: A Clinical and Radiographic Analysis of52 Knees Followed for 2–5 Years

In this prospective clinical and radiological study results of 52 consecutive Duracon bicompartmental total knee arthroplasties in 37 patients with femorotibial arthrosis and rheumatoid arthritis with the average observation time of 3 (2–5) years were analyzed.  The study includes 32 women (44 knees) and 5 men (8 knees) with a mean age of 60 years. Details of implant design and surgical technique were given. Two surgeons performed all the operations. The patients were evaluated by an unbiased observer. The Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) score for both pre- and postoperative assessment was used.  The average initial HSS score of 44 (20–65) improved to 85 (60–99) after operation. By subjective assessment, 41 knees were excellent, 10 good and 1 knee had a fair result. There were no revisions. The mean postoperative flexion was 101° (80–120). The mean anteroposterior angle of the tibial component was 4° of the varus and the mean lateral angle was 3° of the posterior slope. The mean postoperative hip-knee-ankle deviation was 4° of the varus.  In Kuwait, the cemented Duracon total knee arthroplasty without patellar resurfacing gave satisfactory clinical results after an intermediate follow-up period of 3 years.

Field of study: Medicine
Local structure and Tc suppression in Bi2Sr2Ca1-xYx(Cu1-yZny)2O8+delta superconductor at 1/8 doping.

Local structural studies on the Bi2Sr2Cal.xYx(CUl.yZny)208+ 5 superconductor have been carded out by Cu K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The Cu K-edge XANES spectra show a systematic evolution with the hole doping for y=0.0 while there is anomalous relaxation of the Cut 2 plane in the underdoped regime for y=0.025. Our results suggest that the 1/8 doping is a special doping below which the local structure of the Cut 2 plane shows strong sensitivity to extrinsic effects. The XANES features, associated with local structural distortions of the Cut 2 plane are discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Politics and Aesthetics in European Baroque and Classicist Tragedy. Jan Bloemendal and Nigel Smith, eds. Drama and Theatre in Early Modern Europe 5. Leiden: Brill, 2016. xii + 442 pp. $215.

modates a wide range of metaphors and contextual frameworks for representing the French poet’s agonistic relationship to antiquity. According to Hui, Du Bellay imagines ancient culture as virtually pulverized, reduced to burning ashes, to powdery dust, or to language’s constituent alphabetical and sonic elements. Ruin, for this poet, provides “license to dismember classical texts, transpose them, and reconstitute them . . . into a uniquely French body” (172). Spenser’s imitations and translations of Du Bellay figure in the chapter devoted to the keyword moniment. Throughout the Spenserian corpus, ruins are preferred over monuments, just as allegory is privileged over antiquarianism, and word over matter. The incomplete or ruined state of The Faerie Queene, according to Hui, represents Spenser’s iconoclastic commitment to an “allegory of ruins” (211); the poem’s fragmentation “demands an allegorical method of reading that is by necessity unfinished and unfinishable” (215). The book’s keyword framework occasionally proves constraining and distracting. At these moments, the prospect of contemplating ruins as historical and architectural objects fades into the background, eclipsed by a preoccupation with semantic complexities and issues of literary genealogy. This does not, however, detract from the significant contributions of this study, excavating as it does, with an impressive range of erudition, the generative influence of ruins on Renaissance poetry.

Field of study: History
Key indicators of Arctic climate change : 1971–2017

Key observational indicators of climate change in the Arctic, most spanning a 47 year period (1971–2017) demonstrate fundamental changes among nine key elements of the Arctic system. We find that, coherent with increasing air temperature, there is an intensification of the hydrological cycle, evident from increases in humidity, precipitation, river discharge, glacier equilibrium line altitude and land ice wastage. Downward trends continue in sea ice thickness (and extent) and spring snow cover extent and duration, while near-surface permafrost continues to warm. Several of the climate indicators exhibit a significant statistical correlation with air temperature or precipitation, reinforcing the notion that increasing air temperatures and precipitation are drivers of major changes in various components of the Arctic system. To progress beyond a presentation of the Arctic physical climate changes, we find a correspondence between air temperature and biophysical indicators such as tundra biomass and identify numerous biophysical disruptions with cascading effects throughout the trophic levels. These include: increased delivery of organic matter and nutrients to Arctic near‐coastal zones; condensed flowering and pollination plant species periods; timing mismatch between plant flowering and pollinators; increased plant vulnerability to insect disturbance; increased shrub biomass; increased ignition of wildfires; increased growing season CO2 uptake, with counterbalancing increases in shoulder season and winter CO2 emissions; increased carbon cycling, regulated by local hydrology and permafrost thaw; conversion between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems; and shifting animal distribution and demographics. The Arctic biophysical system is now clearly trending away from its 20th Century state and into an unprecedented state, with implications not only within but beyond the Arctic. The indicator time series of this study are freely downloadable at AMAP.no.

Field of study: Environmental science
Based on Cluster Forwarding Mobile Sink Localization Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Network

Energy holes near the sinks becomes a critical issue in wireless sensor networks.The nodes near the sink have to relay a mount of data from the other nodes and will deplete their energy very quickly resulting in limitation of the network lifetime.This paper proposes a mobile sink localization algorithm based on cluster forwarding for a new sensor network model.According to the distribution of energy of every clusters,the new allocation of sink is dertermined.The scheme can avoid the unbalance of spending energy and solve the issue of energy hole.Throught simulation,it shows the scheme is very efficient and has good effect than the other algorithm these have existed..

Field of study: Computer science