nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Over-the-counter Drug Market in India: A Study to understand the Current Regulatory Perspective and Industry Dynamics

Self-medication is on the rise in India. This is due to various reasons that are connected to the environment, demographic factors, changing consumer lifestyles, government policies, and strategies of the pharmaceutical industry. There has been a significant increase in the number of over-the-counter (OTC) products introduced in the health care market in India. On the regulatory front, the government is trying to consider legal recognition to the OTC category of drugs which currently do not have any legal recognition. Over-the-counter drugs in India can be advertised in media unlike some categories of the prescriptiononly drugs which are totally prohibited. The OTC drugs require a sales license except some drugs in Schedule K, which are categorized as household remedies. However, Ayurvedic drugs in India do not require a sales license and therefore, can be sold freely. It is expected that the regulatory policies would undergo changes initiated by the government in the near future.

Field of study: Medicine
GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE EMERGED AND SUBMERGED ATLANTIC COASTAL PLAIN PART VII. CONTINENTAL SHELF, CONTINENTAL SLOPE, AND CONTINENTAL RISE SOUTH OF NOVA SCOTIA

The results of a series of refraction profiles made over the continental shelf south of Nova Scotia and extending down to the adjacent deep basin are reported. The resulting geologic and crustal sections show the manner in which the gradation from continent to ocean takes place. The Coastal plain sediments reach a maximum thickness of around 20,000 feet on the gently sloping area at the bottom of the continental slope and thin further seaward. The crystalline basement of metamorphic rocks and granites over Nova Scotia gradually thins under the continental margins and pinches out toward the ocean basins. It drops abruptly under the continental slope from 5000 feet to 20,000 feet. The Mohorovicic discontinuity is measured on a single profile at a depth of 52,000 feet under the continental rise.

Field of study: Geology
Optimization of the HS-SPME-GC/MS technique for the analysis of volatile compounds in caprine Coalho cheese using response surface methodology.

Caprine Coalho cheese presents great potential for a typical protected designation of origin, considering that this traditional Brazilian cheese presents a slightly salty and acid flavor, combined with a unique texture. This study optimized the HS-SPME-GC-MS methodology for volatile analysis of Coalho cheese, which can be used as a tool to help in the identification of the distinctive aroma profile of this cheese. The conditions of equilibrium time, extraction temperature and time were optimized using the statistical tool factorial experimental design 23, and applying the desirability function. After the evaluation, it was concluded that the optimum extraction conditions comprised equilibrium and extraction time of 20 and 40 minutes, respectively; and ideal extraction temperature of 45 °C. The optimum extraction of volatile compounds in goat Coalho cheese captured 32 volatile compounds: 5 alcohols, 5 esters, 3 ketones, 6 acids, 3 aldehydes, 3 terpenes, and 7 hydrocarbons.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Holomorphy types and ideals of multilinear mappings

We explore a condition under which the ideal of polynomials generated by an ideal of multilinear mappings between Banach spaces is a global holomorphy type. After some examples and applications, this condition is studied in its own right. A final section provides applications to the ideals formed by multilinear mappings and polynomials which are absolutely (p; q)-summing at every point.

Field of study: Mathematics
Development of µ-PIC as a time-resolved X-ray area detector

The application of a two-dimensional micro-pixel gas chamber (micro-PIC) to X-ray diffraction studies, and its performance, are reported. micro-PIC has a 10 cm x 10 cm detection area, and a fast-readout system for real-time X-ray imaging has been developed. Using the timing of each incoming X-ray measured by micro-PIC, continuous rotation photograph measurements were carried out for a 400 microm-diameter spherical organic crystal of Ylid (C(11)H(10)O(2)S), and then diffraction spots were successfully obtained within 2theta of 49 degrees. As a result, good internal agreement factors of 3.7% and 7.0% were confirmed among each of the symmetrically equivalent reflections for exposure times of 3700 s and 98 s, respectively.

Field of study: Physics
The Implementation of the Teaching Mode Oriented towards Cultivating Talents with Practical Skills in Independent Colleges:Taking College of Economics and Technology of Anhui Agricultural University as an Example

The rapid development of economy and situation of the employment of college graduates require independent colleges to set the cultivation of talents with practical skills as one of the primary objectives to improve the quality of talents cultivation.The current social context of deepening the reforms in an all-around way also requires independent colleges to promote the reform of traditional teaching mode with the spirit of renovation and innovation.In recent years,College of Economics and Technology,the independent college of Anhui Agricultural University,has paid much attention to the improvement of the quality of talents cultivation.To enforce the reform of teaching mode,independent colleges need to follow the rules of education and teaching,highlight their own characteristics,establish the objective of"innovation and practices",adjust teaching content to better meet the needs of social economy and development,reform teaching system and teaching method to cultivate talents with practical skills,improve teachers' practical teaching ability,and construct the educational mechanism oriented towards the industry-university-research cooperation.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Sgk1 Sensitive Pendrin Expression in Murine Platelets

The anion exchanger pendrin (SLC26A4) is required for proper development of the inner ear, and contributes to iodide organification in thyroid glands as well as anion transport in various epithelia, such as airways and renal tubules. SLC26A4 deficiency leads to Pendred syndrome, which is characterized by hearing loss with enlarged vestibular aqueducts and variable hypothyroidism and goiter. Pendrin expression in kidney, heart, lung and thyroid is up-regulated by the mineralocorticoid deoxycorticosterone (DOCA). Platelets express anion exchangers but virtually nothing is known about the molecular identity and regulation of those carriers. Other carriers such as the Na+/H+ exchanger are regulated by the mineralocorticoid-sensitive serum and glucocorticoid inducible kinase SGK1.  The present study utilized i) quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to quantify the transcript levels of Slc26a4 as compared to Gapdh and ii) western blotting to assess Slc26a4 protein abundance in murine platelets from gene-targeted mice lacking Sgk1 (sgk1-/-) and respective wild type animals (sgk1+/+) treated without or with a subcutaneous injection of 2.5 mg DOCA for 3 h, or in sgk1+/+ platelets with or without in vitro treatment for 1 h with 10 µg/ml DOCA.  Slc26a4 was expressed in platelets, and in vitro DOCA treatment increased Slc26a4 mRNA levels in platelets isolated from sgk1+/+ mice. Moreover, in vivo DOCA treatment significantly up-regulated Slc26a4 mRNA levels in platelets isolated from sgk1+/+ but not sgk1-/- mice. An increase in Sgk1 mRNA levels paralleled that of Slc26a4 mRNA levels in platelets of sgk1+/+ mice. In addition, DOCA treatment further increased Slc26a4 protein abundance in platelets isolated from sgk1+/+ mice.  Pendrin is expressed in platelets and is presumably regulated by SGK1 and mineralocorticoids.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Factors Associated With Students’ Perception of Preceptor Excellence

To identify factors associated with preceptor excellence as rated by student pharmacists and to assess the correlation of excellent ratings with years as pharmacist, specialty certification, and faculty appointment status.  A retrospective analysis of student pharmacist evaluations of preceptors from May 2009 to May 2012 was completed to determine factors associated with preceptor excellence.  Preceptors who showed an interest in teaching, related to the student as an individual, encouraged discussion, were accessible, provided feedback, served as a role model, were organized, and/or spent increased time with students were more likely to be rated excellent.  Serving as role models and showing an interest in teaching demonstrated the strongest association with being an excellent preceptor. Identifying factors students associate with preceptor excellence may result in enhanced preceptor recruitment, development, and training.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Insight in to the defect model, Li+ diffusion mechanism and doping level dependency of Li+ doping BPO4 by first principles and molecular dynamics method

In this article, two defect models of LixB1-x/3PO4, LiB″ + 2Li model and VB‴ + 3Li model, are fully evaluated by means of density function theory (DFT), bond-valence-energy-landscape mapping (BVEL) and molecular dynamics (MD). LiB″ + 2Li model is more stable and is the dominant defect model at low temperatures. The Li+ diffusion mechanism for LiB″ + 2Li model is revealed where LiB′′ mediated diffusion along a/b axis owns the lowest energy barrier of 0.35 eV. Li+ doping level dependency of Li+ diffusion coefficient is obtained by molecular dynamics simulation of LixB1-x/3PO4 with multiple doping levels, which exhibits better ionic conductivities within the range of 0.093–0.28, with the highest DLi+ of 1.45 × 10−9 cm2∙s−1 at x = 0.187. Basically, all the activation energy components increase slowly with the augmentation of Li+ doping level except the lowest doping level 0.049 and they reach their respective minimum at x = 0.093.

Field of study: Materials science
Effect of the temperature in a mixed culture pilot scale aerobic process for food waste and sewage sludge conversion into polyhydroxyalkanoates.

The utilisation of urban organic waste as feedstock for polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production is growing since it allows to solve the main concerns about their disposal and simultaneously to recover added-value products. A pilot scale platform has been designed for this purpose. The VFA-rich fermentation liquid coming from the anaerobic treatment of both source-sorted organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and sewage sludge (SS) has been used as substrate for the aerobic process steps: a first sequencing batch reactor (SBR, 100 L) for the selection of a PHA-producing biomass, and a second fed-batch reactor (70 L) for PHA accumulation inside the cells. The SBR was operated at 2.0-4.4 kg COD/(m3 d) as OLR, under dynamic feeding regime (feast-famine) and short hydraulic retention time (HRT; 1 day). The selected biomass was able to accumulate up to 48% g PHA/g VSS. Both steps were performed without temperature (T) control, avoiding additional consumption of energy. In this regard, the applied OLR was tuned based on environmental T and, as a consequence, on biomass kinetic, in order to have a constant selective pressure. The latter was mainly quantified by the PHA storage yield (YP/Sfeast 0.34-0.45 CODP/CODS), which has been recognized as the main parameters affecting the global PHA productivity [1.02-1.82 g PHA/(L d)] of the process.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
John Dee: Interdisciplinary Studies in English Renaissance Thought (review)

observational evidence and vows of obedience. Forced to write circumspectly, he thus became the butt of Galileo’s unnecessarily violent attacks over the priority of the discovery and the nature of sunspots. The unkindest cut of all was that Galileo had appropriated Scheiner’s discovery of variation in the angle of rotation of the sun and used it in the Dialogue as a principal argument in favor of Copernicanism. So in 1633 Scheiner wrote his Prodromus pro sole mobile (published only in 1651, after the author’s death) to expose both Galileo’s plagiarism of his discovery and to disprove the conclusion he had drawn from it. In appendices, Blackwell has included translations of relevant extracts from the Jesuits’ Ratio studiorum, the letters of the Jesuit General Claudio Aquaviva on adherence to Aristotle and Aquinas, and the opening chapter of Scheiner’s Prodromus. Though the conduct of Galileo’s trial was probably less sinister than Blackwell has suggested, with these two defenses of the Church’s condemnation of Copernicanism we have a new, intriguing glimpse behind the scenes. W. R. LAIRD Carleton University

Field of study: History
An estimation of the floristic richness of Bolivia’s Andean dry valleys

We estimate plant species richness of Bolivian Andean dry valleys applying the species/genus ratio of Compositae to all reported genera for those regions. The results suggest the existence of around 1500 species in the Bolivian dry valleys (12.6% more than the species recorded). A brief biogeographical analysis of our results suggests that the use of species/genus ratio of Compositae to estimate the size of the flora in Bolivian Andean dry valleys should be considered with caution, since the central Andes are geologically very young, and explosive speciation processes have taken place only in some taxa (mainly in Bromeliaceae and Cactaceae). We offer some evidence pointing to the possibility that the Andean dry valleys may possess many more species than suggested by the Compositae species/genus ratio. We discuss the implications of our estimation for conservation of the Andean dry valleys, which only represent 0.7% of the protected area of Bolivia.

Field of study: Environmental science
Determinants and Effects of Institutional Change: A Case Study of Dry Bean Grades and Standards

In an era marked by the twin forces of globalization and agro-industrialization, global food markets are undergoing a shift from homogeneous markets to differentiated markets, a reorientation from national markets to global markets, a move from spot market toward vertical coordination and integration (Schertz and Daft, 1997), and a restructuring of economies and polities from planned to market driven. In this new global context, expanded international trade of agricultural commodities and food products exists in a new trade and business environment characterized by increasingly liberalized trade, sophisticated logistics, precise product specifications and attribute management, and a concentration of actors. As the global agrifood system adapts to these forces, firms are implementing strategies to enhance quality and control coordination. Standards are part of the instruments firms use to implement those strategies and, thus, the role of standards is shifting from one of commodity definition to lower transaction costs to that of a strategic tool for product differentiation (Leat et al. 1998) and market formation and protection for both private industries and governments (Reardon et al. 1999). However, this "shift" is not a clear movement from one function to another but rather highlights the dual nature of standards. While a standard can and might produce standardization (conformity) of goods, it can also provide the necessary structure for product differentiation (diversity).

Field of study: Economics
Austerity and health in Europe.

Many European governments have abundantly cut down public expenditure on health during the financial crisis. Consequences of the financial downturn on health outcomes have begun to emerge. This recession has led to an increase in poor health status, raising rates of anxiety and depression among the economically vulnerable. In addition, the incidence of some communicable diseases along with the rate of suicide has increased significantly. The recession has also driven structural reforms, and affected the priority given to public policies. The purpose of this paper is to analyse how austerity impacts health in Europe and better understand the response of European health systems to the financial crisis. The current economic climate, while challenging, presents an opportunity for reforming and restructuring health promotion actions. More innovative approaches to health should be developed by health professionals and by those responsible for health management. In addition, scientists and experts in public health should promote evidence-based approaches to economic and public health recovery by analyzing the present economic downturn and previous crisis. However, it is governance and leadership that will mostly determine how well health systems are prepared to face the crisis and find ways to mitigate its effects.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
An Agreeable Evaluation Method for Vehicle Dashboard Considering Drivers’ Eye Movement Information

Internal cause analysis for human-computer interaction in the process of cognition, that the introduction of eye tracking technology to carry out the pilot of on-board instrument acceptance evaluation research. Select fixation time and scanning time, fixation point number, the data as an indicator to measure, put forward the calculation method of visual searching and information processing efficiency to measure the acceptance level by automotive instrumentation, and the internal differences of automotive instrument graphical analysis eye movement method is applied to evaluate two vehicle instrument of acceptance level, the result has a good degree of differentiation, the evaluation method is verified the practicability and effectiveness.

Field of study: Engineering
Aging, phase ordering, and conformal invariance.

In a variety of systems which exhibit aging, the two-time response function scales as R(t,s) approximately s(-1-a)f(t/s). We argue that dynamical scaling can be extended towards conformal invariance, thus obtaining the explicit form of the scaling function f. This quantitative prediction is confirmed in several spin systems, both for T<T(c) (phase ordering) and T = T(c) (nonequilibrium critical dynamics). The 2D and 3D Ising models with Glauber dynamics are studied numerically, while exact results are available for the spherical model with a nonconserved order parameter, both for short-ranged and long-ranged interactions, as well as for the mean-field spherical spin glass.

Field of study: Physics
Professor, Academician Ivars Kalvins on his Seventieth Birthday

Professor Ivars Kalvins is best known in the scientific community for his contributions to the discovery of new drug molecules. He is the inventor of the cardioprotective drug meldonium, which was created in Latvia, and has achieved international recognition also as an author of several other promising drug molecules and currently is actively involved in the development of a new type of anticancer drugs.

Field of study: Chemistry
Interactions between K+ and NH4+: effects on ion uptake by rice roots

Interactive effects of K+ and N (principally NH4+) on plant growth and ion uptake were investigated using hydroponically grown rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. M202) seedlings by varying the availability of NH4+ or NO3− and K+ during an 18d growth period, a 3d pretreatment period and during flux measurements. Plants grew best in media containing 100 mmol m−3 NH4+ and 200mmolm−3 K+ (N100/K200), followed by N2/K200 < N100/K2 < N2/K2. 86Rb+(K+) fluxes were increased by exposure to N during the 18 d growth period and the 3 d of pretreatment, but decreased by the presence of NH4+ during flux measurements. This inhibition was a function of prior N/K provision and the [NH4+]0 present during flux determinations. NH4+ was least inhibitory to 86Rb+(K+) influx in high-N/low-K plants. Pretreatments with K+ failed to stimulate NH4+ uptake, and the presence of K+ in the uptake solutions reduced NH4+ fluxes only in high-N/low-K plants.

Field of study: Environmental science
Monitoring-of-Understanding Research: Inquiry Directions, Methodological Dilemmas.

A study testing poor readers’ facility at detecting informational inconsistency in text given three levels of explicitness in pre-reading direction is discussed. Also discussed are general question and method concerns in the area of monitoring-of-understanding research. Within the study, there appeared to be little reason to reject the error detection method on most grounds. However, experimental materials did present somewhat of a generalizability dilemma. That dilemma, and suggestions for further research in the area, are discussed in some detail.

Field of study: Education
Single Amino Acid Changes in the Ryanodine Receptor in the Human Population Have Effects In Vivo on Caenorhabditis elegans Neuro-Muscular Function

The ryanodine receptor mediates intracellular calcium ion release with excitation of nerve and muscle cells. Ryanodine receptor missense variants cause a number of myopathologies, such as malignant hyperthermia, and have been linked with various neuropathologies, including Alzheimer’s disease. We characterized the consequences of ryanodine receptor variants in vivo. Eight Caenorhabditis elegans strains, with ryanodine receptor modifications equivalent to human myopathic RYR1 variants, were generated by genome editing. In humans, these variants are rare and confer sensitivity to the inhalational anaesthetic halothane when heterozygous. Increased sensitivity to halothane was found in both homozygous and heterozygous C. elegans. Close analysis revealed distinct subtle locomotion defects, due to the different single amino acid residue changes, even in the absence of the external triggering agent. Distinct pre- and postsynaptic consequences of the variants were characterized through the responses to cholinergic pharmacological agents. The range of phenotypes reflects the complexity of the regulatory inputs to the ryanodine receptor and the criticality of the calcium ion channel opening properties, in different cell types and with age. Ryanodine receptors with these single amino acid residue changes still function as calcium ion channels, but with altered properties which are likely to have subtle consequences for human carriers of such variants. The long-term consequences of subtly altered calcium ion signalling could be cumulative and may be focussed in the smaller nerve cells rather than the more robust muscle cells. It was important to assess phenotypes in vivo to properly appreciate consequences for a whole organism.

Field of study: Biology
The Causes of Becoming Exclusively Foreign - owned Enterprises of MNC's Constituent Companies in China

In recently, it can be distinctly seen that the tendency for MNC's constituent companies in China to become exclusively foreign - owned enterprises has been displayed increasingly clearly. This tendency's being have two sides'causes: one is MNC's causes, such as the mightiness of economy power, the change of management stratagems, and so on the other is China's causes,such as the change of China foreign capital policy,investment environmental,and China economy standing stabilization developing.

Field of study: Economics