nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Geological fluvial geomorphology

The history of American fluvial geomorphology over the past century is viewed as one of conflict and crises. From 1888 to 1938, a controversy arose between (1) a rational approach to understanding landscape genesis and history, with its roots in geology, and (2) a spatial-analytical approach to landscape classification and description, with its roots in geography. By the 1960s, geomorphology, led by fluvial studies, had changed its emphasis from historical studies to process studies, and the geology/geography dispute became irrelevant. Since the 1960s, a new conflict has arisen between (1) problem-oriented studies of landform genesis and (2) method-oriented studies. The latter emphasize useful predictions and a methodology that generates respect from other scientific and engineering disciplines. In extreme cases, approach 2 may bypass the understanding of phenomena in order to generate useful predictions of systems assumed to embody the behavior of those phenomena. In order to achieve its goal of intellectually satisfying understanding of phenomena, approach 1 may require the stimulus of the occasional outrageous hypothesis, thereby posing a seeming anathema to an existing scientific program. The identification and explanation of anomalies is critical to approach 1. Because of the inherent conflict in these approaches to fluvial geomorphology, there is a need to balance opposing tendencies.

Field of study: Geology
Design and fabrication of the superconducting bending magnet for the injection system of the RIKEN SRC

A K2500 superconducting ring cyclotron with 6-sectors is being constructed at RIKEN as one of the energy boosters of the existing K540 ring cyclotron. The bending magnet for beam injection should be superconducting. Required fields are about 4 T and the radius of curvature of the coils is about 1.2 m. Its design was finalized for real production based on successful results of the R&D coils. In this paper the final design will be described with the status of the fabrication.

Field of study: Physics
Can General Education Be General

D O MOST college students really want an education? With some reason, our answer may be "No." A degree, as the sine qua non of lucrative employment, exercises its magic attraction without illuminating the not necessarily lucrative but humanly desirable growth which should take place during the four or five years devoted to its pursuit. Hence, there is a strong student emphasis on the "cash value" of particular courses as they occur in orderly sequence on the path to that degree. General-education programs, in all their various manifestations, set themselves firmly athwart this current of student opinion. Devoted to the conviction that education implies certain skills and knowledge not necessarily related directly to slide rules and test tubes, to fugues and to strophes, these programs insist that, before the degree shall be stamped on the finished student, he needs proficiency in communicative skills, logical thinking, mathematical insight, scientific methcd-and understanding of humanities and the social and natural sciences. But, too often, the necessity for such an education does not appear with the same crystal clarity to the student as it does to his teachers-or at least to some of them. "Why do we have to bother with this stuff?" is the repeated question of Freshmen and Sophomores. "What's Renoir got to do with electronics? " To lay the blame for such an attitude on the student, and on his pre-collegiate training, may relieve professorial frustration. The towers of ivory are pierced these days by many gun ports through which ugly black muzzles fire shattering rounds of grape at the "educationists" who are alleged to have emasculated intellectual curiosity in their products. The graduate of the modern high school is said to enter college incapable of responding to academic challenge and completely unaware that such incapacity implies a weakness in his well-" adjusted" character. Such evasion, however, does not improve the college situation. Regardless of the cause, student reluctance is an anchor dragged by general education; would this reluctance be less if students were made aware of the relevance of educational objectives to their immediate activities? Two often-expressed objectives of general education are preparing the student to operate as an effective citizen in democratic society and giving the student an understanding of man's relationship to his world. Both are laudable, both should be constantly in the consciousness of every teacher, and both are often lost sight of as we ride individual hobbies

Field of study: Education
Analysis on the Relationship between Yield and Quality of Dictyophora indusiata and the Application of Pig Manure Compost by Grey System Theory

The Grey system theory was used to analyze the relationship between yield and quality of Dictyophora indusiata and the application of pig manure compost so that we can provide a scientific basis of cultivating Dictyophora indusiata with rich amino acids content and high-yield with pig manure compost.The results showed that the correlation degree of the treatments were in the order of B2B3B0B1;B2 was 0.798 6 while B1 was 0.738 3.This illustrated that pig manure compost application could affect the yield and quality of Dictyophora indusiata.The correlation degree of pig manure compost application and the yield and quality of Dictyophora indusiata were in the order of total lavor amino acidtotal sweet amino acidtotal branched-chain amino acidtotal children amino acidtotal essentialamino acidC16:0C16:1total aromatic amino acidC18:0othersC18:3total sulphur amino acidC18:1C18:2yield.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Analysis of a dislocation model for earthquakes

Approximation of problems in linear elasticity having small shear modulus in a thin region is considered. Problems of this type arise when modeling ground motion due to earthquakes where rupture occurs in a thin fault. It is shown that, under appropriate scaling, solutions of these problems can be approximated by solutions of a limit problem where the fault region is represented by a surface. In a numerical context this eliminates the need to resolve the large deformations in the fault; a numerical example is presented to illustrate efficacy of this strategy.

Field of study: Mathematics
Social Surplus Approach and Heterodox Economics

Given the emphasis on social provisioning in heterodox economics, two of its central theoretical organizing principles are the concepts of the total social product and the social surplus. This appears to link heterodox economics to the social surplus approach associated with the classical economists and currently with Sraffian economists. However, heterodox economics connects agency with the social surplus and the social product, which the Sraffians reject as they take the level and composition of the social product as given. Therefore the different theoretical approach regarding the social surplus taken in heterodox economics may generate a different but similar way of theorizing about a capitalist economy. To explore this difference is the aim of the article.

Field of study: Economics
10 Gb/s single-mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser with large aperture and oxygen implantation

High-speed single transverse mode 850 nm vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) with large emission aperture with a diameter of 8 µm were fabricated. These VCSELs exhibit good performance with threshold currents of 1.5 mA, a single transverse mode emission within the full operational range and a maximum output power of 3.8 mW. The large aperture is advantageous to these VCSELs with a smaller dynamic resistance (60 Ω) than that of conventional single-mode VCSEL. These single-mode VCSELs also demonstrate superior high-speed performance up to 10 Gb s−1.

Field of study: Materials science
[Methods of rehabilitation in Parkinson's disease].

The review of literature addresses the problems of rehabilitation in Parkinson's disease (PD). In the last decade, evidence of effectiveness of training balance and gait for increasing mobility and activities of daily living in PD patients has been demonstrated. In addition, the data on the possible impact of the training on launching and strengthening of mechanisms of neuroprotection and neuroplasticity in PD has been proved. All this facts indicate the importance of rehabilitation in PD in the early stage of the disease. However, despite a large number of studies, there are many open questions in the choice of a rehabilitation program with the use of different methodology, duration and frequency of training, performance assessment. Follow-up studies are warranted to develop common practical guidelines for the rehabilitation of patients with PD.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Optimized Perturbation Theory Applied to a Model with Flavour Symmetry $SU_f(3)$.

The \textit{optimized perturbation theory} (OPT) is implemented in the $SU_f(3)$ flavor symmetric Nambu--Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model to generate non-pertubative corrections to the quark pressure beyond the large-$N$ approximation. The correctness of this implementation is verified by the recovery of the already known non-perturbative results in the Hartree-Fock approximation, and by having the large-$N$ approximation as a limiting case. This formalism is then used to revisit a discussion on the discordance between the lattice data and the two flavor model prediction of the dynamical vector repulsive interactions, beyond the pseudocritical temperature. It is shown that these contradictory predictions can be corrected by considering a three quark flavor system.

Field of study: Physics
Strong solutions of the Boussinesq system in exterior domains

We consider the instationary Boussinesq equations in a smooth three-dimensional exterior domain. A strong solution is a weak solution such that the velocity field additionally satisfies Serrin's condition. The crucial point in this concept of a strong solution is the fact that we have required no additional integrability condition for the temperature. We present a sufficient criterion for the existence of such a strong solution. Further we will characterize the class of initial values that allow the existence of such a strong solution in a sufficiently small interval. Finally, we will obtain a uniqueness criterion for weak solutions of the Boussinesq equations which is based on the identification of a weak solution with a strong solution.

Field of study: Philosophy
Enterprise Management and Its Creat ionin the Environment of Electronic Commerce

With the rapid development of comput er network and communications technology,especially the popularity an d appli-cation of Internet,dramatic change s have taken place in the social economy areas.As an inevitable outcome of net-work economy,a revolution in electr onic commerce is beginning in econom ic areas.Facing its surging tide as o ne part of social and economic environm ent,enterprises concerned should t ake strategic measures in facing the chal-lenge because electronic commerce will on the one hand inevitably penetr ate all courses of enterprise manage ment and on the other change the enterpris e operation,and as a result call for t heir creation.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Stochastically Curtailed Tests Under Fractional Brownian Motion

Stochastic curtailment has been considered for the interim monitoring of group sequential trials (Davis and Hardy, 1994). Statistical boundaries in Davis and Hardy (1994) were derived using theory of Brownian motion. In some clinical trials, the conditions of forming a Brownian motion may not be satisfied. In this paper, we extend the computations of Brownian motion based boundaries, expected stopping times, and type I and type II error rates to fractional Brownian motion (FBM). FBM includes Brownian motion as a special case. Designs under FBM are compared to those under Brownian motion and to those of O’Brien–Fleming type tests. One- and two-sided boundaries for efficacy and futility monitoring are also discussed. Results show that boundary values decrease and error rates deviate from design levels when the Hurst parameter increases from 0.1 to 0.9, these changes should be considered when designing a study under FBM.

Field of study: Mathematics
Predictors of Lymph Node Metastasis and Prognosis in pT1 Colorectal Cancer Patients with Signet-Ring Cell and Mucinous Adenocarcinomas

The local excision of early colorectal cancer is limited by the presence of lymph node metastasis (LNM). Signet-ring cell carcinomas (SRC) and mucinous adenocarcinomas (MAC) are two relatively infrequent histological subtypes. However, little is known about the predictors of LNM and prognosis to support the feasibility of local excision in early-stage SRC and MAC.  The Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Database were used to identify all patients with pT1 adenocarcinomas, including conventional adenocarcinoma (AC), MAC, and SRC. The prevalence of LNM was assessed, and the long-term survival rate in the above three types of colorectal cancer was calculated.  SRC accounted for 0.3% and MAC accounted for 4.4% of the entire cohort of colorectal adenocarcinomas. Compared to AC, MRC and SRC were more often located in the proximal colon, and exhibited a higher grade. The incidence of LNM in AC, MAC, and SRC was 10.6%, 17.2%, and 33.3% for colon cancers and 14.8%, 25.9%, and 46.2% for rectal cancers, respectively. In patients with lymph nodes resected no less than 12, incidence of LNM in AC, MRC, and SRC was 12%, 21%, and 44% for colon tumors and 17%, 30%, and 14% for rectal tumors, respectively. Although, colon patients MAC showed an entirely worse survival rate than AC, rectum patients MAC showed a similar prognosis to AC. We found that in patients with rectal tumors, SRC had a worse 3 and 5-year prognosis than AC. However, for colon cancers, the prognosis of SRC was similar to that of AC. Histology was not found to be an independent prognostic factor in multivariate survival analysis.  MAC and SRC are two distinct subtypes of colorectal cancer that require special attention despite their relatively rare prevalence. pT1 patients with SRC of the rectum and patients with MAC of the colon have higher incidences of LNM, and with these adverse outcomes, local excision is not recommended. AlthoughMAC of the rectum and SRC of colon have a high rate of LNM, the prognosis of these types are similar to that of AC.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Hydrological modelling of a Pleistocene landslide-dammed lake in the Santa Maria Basin, NW Argentina

W) dammed the Rio de las Conchas and caused a lake in the Santa Maria Basin, NW Argentina. Since climate could have played a major role in landslide generation, we used a lake-balance model to compare the present-day climate with the conditions during landsliding. This model reveals that a hypothetical present-day lake would stabilize around 70 m below the reconstructed paleolake level. The volume of the water body would be one third of the corresponding paleolake volume. However, a minimum 10–15% increase in mean-annual precipitation accompanied by at least a 3–4°C drop in temperature would result in a stable lake level at the reconstructed elevation. This result implies wetter and cooler conditions at 30,000 14 C yr BP as compared to the present. Wetter climate in turn could help to explain enhanced landsliding in the Quebrada de Cafayate during this time.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Empirical analysis in software process simulation modeling

Software process simulation modeling is increasingly being used to address a variety of issues from the strategic management of software development, to supporting process improvements, to software project management training. The scope of software process simulation applications ranges from narrow focused portions of the life cycle to longer-term product evolutionary models with broad organizational impacts. This paper discusses some of the important empirical issues that arise in software process simulation modeling. We first address issues concerning real-world data used to (1) establish input parameters to a software process simulation model, and (2) establish actual organizational results against which the model’s results (i.e., outputs) will be compared. On the input side, the challenges include small sample sizes, considerable variability and outliers, lack of desired data, loosely defined metrics, and so forth. On the output side, the paper addresses (1) verification and validation of the model, and (2) quantitative approaches to evaluating model outputs in support of managerial decision making including financial performance using Net Present Value (NPV), multi-criteria utility functions, and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The paper focuses on the stochastic modeling using Monte Carlo simulation. The paper is grounded in the authors’ practical application experiences, and major points are illuminated by examples drawn from that field work.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Hybrid Machine Learning Forecasts for the FIFA Women's World Cup 2019

In this work, we combine two different ranking methods together with several other predictors in a joint random forest approach for the scores of soccer matches. The first ranking method is based on the bookmaker consensus, the second ranking method estimates adequate ability parameters that reflect the current strength of the teams best. The proposed combined approach is then applied to the data from the two previous FIFA Women's World Cups 2011 and 2015. Finally, based on the resulting estimates, the FIFA Women's World Cup 2019 is simulated repeatedly and winning probabilities are obtained for all teams. The model clearly favors the defending champion USA before the host France.

Field of study: Computer science
Suicidal Behavior among Heroin Addicts: A Brief Report

The occurrence of past suicide attempts by 142 male and 49 female heroin addicts was 9–9%, and 18.3% reported current suicidal ideation; the rate of past attempts was lower than previously reported for heroin addicts. The findings suggested that the incidence of suicidal behavior in heroin addicts may not be as high as previously believed.

Field of study: Psychology
Optimization of Electric Pulse Modification Parameters in Al-5%Cu Alloy Using Neural Networks and Genetic Algorithms

Based on the experiments an optimal pattern of the electric pulse modification for Al-5%Cu was investigated using neural networks and genetic algorithms.The input parameters of the artificial neural network(ANN) are the voltage of electric pulse,electric pulse time and temperature of molten alloy.The outputs of the ANN model are the grain size of Al-5%Cu alloy.Based the successfully trained ANN model,genetic algorithms(GA) are used to optimize the input parameters of the model.The good optimization can be obtained through the integrated mode of neural networks and genetic algorithms.

Field of study: Materials science
N-Amination of Unsymmetrically Substituted Pyrimidines. Synthesis of Isomeric N-Aminopyrimidones

N-Amination of 6-amino-2-methyl-4-pyrimidone with O-(mesitylenesulfonyl)hydroxylamine leads to the 3-amino derivative. The isomeric 1,6-diamino-2-methyl-4-pyrimidone was obtained by the N-amination of the O-benzoyl derivative of the initial pyrimidone and removal of the benzoyl protection.

Field of study: Chemistry
Mechano-electric feedback in one-dimensional model of myocardium

We utilized our earlier developed 1D mathematical model of the heart muscle strand to study contribution of the bilateral interactions between excitation and contraction on the cellular and tissue levels to the local and global myocardium function. Numerical experiments on the model showed that an initially uniform strand, formed on the inherently identical cells, became functionally heterogeneous due to the asynchronous excitation via the electrical wave spread. Mechanical interactions between the cells and the mechano-electric feedback beat-to-beat affect the functional characteristics of coupled cardiomyocytes further, adjusting their electrical and mechanical heterogeneity to the activation timing. Model simulations showed that functional heterogeneity increases with an enlarged spatial extension of the myocardial strand (in terms of the longer slack length not a higher stretch of the strand), demonstrating a special role of the heart size in its function. Model analysis suggests that cooperative mechanisms of myofilament calcium activation contribute essentially to the generation of cellular functional heterogeneity in contracting cardiac tissue.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Design and test of permanent magnet used in high power microwave devices

A permanent magnet (PM) is one of the guiding magnet systems of high power microwave (HPM) sources. A relativistic backward wave oscillator (RBWO) packaged by the PM system has the advantages of compact structure, high efficiency and high repetition frequency. On the basis of the Halbach array, the theoretical design and the manufacture structure of the PM are proposed. The simulated magnetic flux density reaches 0.98 T, within a diameter of 50 mm. By employing the PIC simulation, the integrated design is carried out combining the PM and the RBWO. The output power of the RBWO is larger than 1 GW. Furthermore, the PM is manufactured and tested. The uniform length is 110 mm, the weight is 306 kg and the measured magnetic flux density is 0.88 T in center.

Field of study: Physics
The role of the amygdala and dorsal raphe nucleus in mediating the behavioral consequences of inescapable shock.

It has been argued that exposure to inescapable shock produces later behavioral changes such as poor shuttle box escape learning because it leads to the conditioning of intense fear, which later transfers to the shuttle box test situation and interferes with escape. Both fear, as assessed by freezing, and escape were measured in Sprague-Dawley rats 24 hr after exposure to inescapable shock. Lesions of the basolateral region and central nucleus of the amygdala eliminated the fear that transfers to the shuttle box after inescapable shock, as well as the fear conditioned in the shuttle box by the shuttle box shocks. However, the amygdala lesions did not reduce the escape learning deficit produced by inescapable shock. In contrast, dorsal raphe nucleus lesions did not reduce the fear that transfers to the shuttle box after inescapable shock, but eliminated the enhanced fear conditioning in the shuttle box as well as the escape deficit. The implications of these results for the role of fear and anxiety in mediating inescapable shock effects are discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
A novel revolving vane compressor with a fixed-vane

This paper presents design improvements of a Revolving Vane (RV) compressor which significantly reduce the frictional losses. The original RV compressor has a vane that swivels during the operation. Though in general, the frictional losses of the RV compressor are significantly lower than most currently available rotary compressors, this swivel vane design has a disadvantage of relatively high vane side friction loss. The latter is caused by a high vane-side and slot contact force due to a high gas pressure differential force across the vane. In this paper, a new design concept has been introduced to totally eliminate the vane side friction loss caused by the gas pressure differential force across the vane. This is achieved by rigidly fixes the vane onto the rotor or the cylinder. This new design yielded two possible variants, each reduces the frictional losses by 18% and 41% and improves the mechanical efficiency from 93% to 94% and 96% respectively. In this paper, details analysis on the new design that leads to the improvement in performance are presented and shown. The analysis also reveals that the design with the highest mechanical efficiency comes with a small price of a higher instantaneous peak torque requirement.

Field of study: Engineering