nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Printed Voices: The Renaissance Culture of Dialogue (review)

anatomy of Folly; an essay about Dürer’s and Bruegel’s visual portrayals of vomiting, defecation, and urination in images of peasant festivals; and, finally, for England, articles on Marlowe’s Tamburlaine and English Cavalier verse. Many of the essays work on the intersections between literature and science, revealing a desire to address interdisciplinarily the cultural production and representation of discourses of human waste through the use of what was, arguably, one of the dominant discourses of the day — the literary and/or the visual — alongside one that was marginal, because as yet emergent — the medical/scientific. It would seem then that the modern-day hegemony of medico-scientific discourses of the human enables, in collections such as Fecal Matters, a renewed consideration in literature and the visual arts of those aspects of the body most effaced in academic humanist endeavor, among them the elimination of waste. Given that many contributors argue authorial and textual fascination with excremental matters as a result of developments in science and scientific discourses about the body, and that they also attribute symbolic and allegorical purposes to the scatological, what emerges for me is a sense of the similarities rather than the differences between then and now, both with regard to the complementarity between developments in the larger culture and textually specific discourses and with regard to the uses to which these discourses are put and the genres within which they appear. Thus the sense that the editors have of early modern difference from the present seems, at times, somewhat overstressed; similarities can be equally interesting and worthy of analysis, and there are many to be discerned in the scatological discourses and depictions under study. If such is the case, psychoanalysis — deemed too psychological and ahistorical to be of continued pertinence by the New Historicist, (neo) Bakhtinian, and Foucauldian perspectives championed here — may yet be able to provide us with insights into why seemingly nonsexual excreta (the collection does not deal with all physical elimination, though it does tackle both solid and liquid waste) constitute the “last taboo” (xiii). In breaching that taboo (so to speak), the essays gathered in this volume contribute importantly to the cultural materialist and Foucauldian project of constructing a genealogical history of the body’s discursively productive wastes. CARLA FRECCERO University of California,

Field of study: History
Moments of the Product-Limit Estimator Under Left-Truncation and Right-Censoring

The product-limit estimator (PLE) is a well-known nonparametric estimator for the distribution function of the lifetime when data are left-truncated and right-censored. Much work has focused on developing its asymptotic properties. Finite sample results have been difficult to obtain. This article is concerned about finite moments of the PLE. The moments of the PLE can be represented as a power series in n −1. In addition, through the U-statistic mechanism, we obtain also computable formulas for the first, second, third, and fourth of the PLE up to o(n −2). Finally, a numerical example is presented.

Field of study: Mathematics
The geriatric day hospital: a canadian experience.

As geriatric day hospitals (GDHs) and assessment units (GAUs) become increasingly established as part of the Canadian medical scene, a closer definition is emerging both of the role of the family physician working in their programs and also of the role of the family physician whose patient is being assessed in their units. This paper briefly summarizes the development of GDHs and GAUs in Canada, their rationale and their objectives. A detailed account is given of such a functioning program, the Short Term Assessment and Treatment (STAT) Centre at Vancouver General Hospital. The relationships of the family physician working there as a team member are described, and the role of the community family physician whose patient is being assessed in such a program is clarified.

Field of study: Medicine
Monitoring multi-year macro ocean litter dynamics and backward-tracking simulation of litter origins on a remote island in the South China Sea

Ocean litter has accumulated rapidly and is becoming a major environmental concern, yet quantitative and regular observations and exploration that track litter origins are limited. By implementing monthly sample collections over five years (2012–2016) at Dongsha Island, a remote island in the northern South China Sea (SCS), we assessed macro ocean litter dynamics, identified source countries of individual plastic bottles, and analyzed the origins of the litter by a backward-tracking model simulation considering both the effects of current velocity and windage. The results showed that large amounts of litter, which varied monthly and annually in weight and quantity, reached the island during the study years, and there were spatial differences in accumulation patterns between the north and south coasts. Styrofoam and plastic bottles were the two primary sources of macro ocean litter both annually and monthly, and most of the litter collected on the island originated from China and Vietnam, which were collectively responsible for approximately 47.5%–63.7% per month. The simulation indicated that current advection at the near-surface depths and low windage at the sea surface showed similar patterns, while medium to high windage exhibited comparable expression patterns in response to potential source regions and drifting time experiments. At either the surface with low windage or current advection at depths of 0.5 m and 1 m, macro ocean litter in the Western Philippine Sea, i.e. through the Luzon Strait between Taiwan and the Philippines, was an important contributor to the litter bulk from October to March, whereas the litter was predicted to mainly originate from the southwestern SCS from April to September. With an increasing windage effect, litter in the Taiwan Strait was predicted to be an additional major potential source. Surprisingly, a small proportion of the macro ocean litter was predicted to continuously travel in the northern SCS for a long duration (> 2 years) before drifting onto Dongsha Island. The estimated drifting time of macro ocean litter also showed monthly and directional variability. This study demonstrated that a tremendous quantity of macro ocean litter, which may cause great damage to the marine ecosystem, drifts in the ocean surface layer and is finally pushed onto beaches. Therefore, we proposed an action plan for effective ocean litter management development at regional and global spatial scales, which is vital for improving and restoring the health and sustainability of the oceanic environment.

Field of study: Environmental science
BSCCO-2212 conductor development at Oxford Superconducting Technology

Three types of BSCCO-2212 conductor are in development at Oxford Superconducting Technology (OST). Prototype size batches of multifilament tape continue to be manufactured for use in a 5 T high field insert magnet demonstration in collaboration with the National High Magnetic Field Lab. Progress will be reported in improving uniformity of microstructure and transport properties in these tapes. Development of multifilament wire has been renewed in response to interest from the high energy physics community. Issues of interest in these wires include the effects on J/sub c/ from filament size and distribution, as well as chemical composition and impurity content in the ceramic. Progress in J/sub c/ and J/sub E/ at 4.2 K in these wires will be discussed. Optimization of dip-coated 2212 tape for MRI magnet applications is also underway, as part of a Superconductivity Partnership Initiative. Various cost and performance tradeoffs will be considered, including the silver/ceramic ratio, the thickness of the ceramic, and the choice of batch or continuous heat treatment. The status of these optimization efforts will be reported.

Field of study: Physics
Redefining Agricultural Residues as Bioenergy Feedstocks

The use of plant biomass is a sustainable alternative to the reduction of CO2 emissions. Agricultural residues are interesting bioenergy feedstocks because they do not compete with food and add extra value to the crop, which might help to manage these residues in many regions. Breeding crops for dual production of food and bioenergy has been reported previously, but the ideal plant features are different when lignocellulosic residues are burnt for heat or electricity, or fermented for biofuel production. Stover moisture is one of the most important traits in the management of agricultural waste for bioenergy production which can be modified by genetic improvement. A delayed leaf senescence or the stay-green characteristic contributes to higher grain and biomass yield in standard, low nutrient, and drought-prone environments. In addition, the stay-green trait could be favorable for the development of dual purpose varieties because this trait could be associated with a reduction in biomass losses and lodging. On the other hand, the stay-green trait could be detrimental for the management of agricultural waste if it is associated with higher stover moisture at harvest, although this hypothesis has been insufficiently tested. In this paper, a review of traits relevant to the development of dual purpose varieties is presented with particular emphasis on stover moisture and stay-green, because less attention has been paid to these important traits in the literature. The possibility of developing new varieties for combined production is discussed from a breeding perspective.

Field of study: Materials science
Higher order Briot—Bouquet differential equations

In this note k is supposed to be >2. The main problem of integration is to find necessary and, if possible, sufficient conditions for the existence of what here will be called canonical solutions of (1.2), that is, solutions which are transcendental single-valued functions, holomorphic save for poles in the finite plane. A more general problem, not considered here, is to find the equations with fixed critical points (branch points and essential singularities). It does not seem to be significant for BB equations. Various facts are known about this problem, a few valid for all k, more for k = 1 or 2. Those which are needed or suggestive for the investigation are stated as lemmata.

Field of study: Mathematics
Conditioned suppression of bar-pressing behavior by stimuli associated with drugs.

Ten naive male albino rats were trained to press a bar under a variable-interval 30-sec schedule with water as the reinforcer in two experiments. This behavior was disrupted by chlorpromazine in Experiment I (two rats) and by lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in both Experiment I (two rats) and Experiment II (six rats). The administration of the drug was paired with an originally neutral white light. After several pairings with either drug, the light also depressed behavior. When the light was no longer paired with drug, the depression effect extinguished much faster than is usually observed in conditioned suppression studies.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Assailing the Competition

Throughout history, men have tended to be more violent than women. Evolutionary theories suggest that this sex difference derives in part from their historically greater need to compete with other men over access to potential mates. In the current research, men and women (Experiment 1) or men only (Experiments 2 and 3) underwent a mating motive prime or control prime, and then performed a task designed to measure aggression toward a same-sex partner. The mating prime increased aggression among men, but not women (Experiment 1). Furthermore, mating-related increases in aggression were directed only toward men who were depicted as viable intrasexual rivals, including a dominant (vs. non-dominant) male partner (Experiment 2) and a man who was depicted as single (versus married) and looking for a mate (Experiment 3). This research provides a picture of male intrasexual aggression as highly selective and aimed strategically at asserting one’s dominance over sexual rivals.

Field of study: Psychology
A formal methodology for integral security design and verification of network protocols

HighlightsAn iterative methodology for verifying communication protocols, combining formal and informal analysis, is presented.When security flaws are detected, it provides feedback for easing their resolution.Three case studies with real protocols are introduced to show the benefits of such methodology.The first two case studies (MANA III and WEP's Shared Key Authentication) show how some weaknesses could have been detected.The third case study shows the complete process of verification of a new protocol for obtaining digital identities. In this work we propose a methodology for incorporating the verification of the security properties of network protocols as a fundamental component of their design. This methodology can be separated in two main parts: context and requirements analysis along with its informal verification; and formal representation of protocols and the corresponding procedural verification. Although the procedural verification phase does not require any specific tool or approach, automated tools for model checking and/or theorem proving offer a good trade-off between effort and results. In general, any security protocol design methodology should be an iterative process addressing in each step critical contexts of increasing complexity as result of the considered protocol goals and the underlying threats. The effort required for detecting flaws is proportional to the complexity of the critical context under evaluation, and thus our methodology avoids wasting valuable system resources by analyzing simple flaws in the first stages of the design process. In this work we provide a methodology in coherence with the step-by-step goals definition and threat analysis using informal and formal procedures, being our main concern to highlight the adequacy of such a methodology for promoting trust in the accordingly implemented communication protocols. Our proposal is illustrated by its application to three communication protocols: MANA III, WEP's Shared Key Authentication and CHAT-SRP.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Beiträge der irreduziblen Feynman-Diagramme zur Energieabhängigkeit der Quasiteilchen-Streuamplitude

The evaluation of the Feynman diagrams contributing to the quasiparticle scattering amplitude Γω exhibits for special momenta the impossibility of expanding this function into a power series in terms of ω at ω=0 because of the existence of a branch cut in the complex energy plane. The value of the discontinuity across the cut is proportional to ¦ω¦.

Field of study: Physics
Structure of (+)-kjellmanianone, a highly oxygenated cyclopentenone from the marin alga, Sargassum kjellmanianum.

The structure and absolute configuration of a new cyclopentenone derivative, (+)-kjellmanianone, isolated from the brown alga Sargassum kjellmanianum has been determined as 5-carbomethoxy-5-hydroxy-3-methoxy-2-cyclopenten-1-one on the basis of the chemical and spectroscopic evidence and the X-ray analysis.

Field of study: Chemistry
Infiltrating polymorphonuclear leukocytes and apoptotic bodies derived from hepatocytes but not from ballooning hepatocytes containing Mallory bodies show nuclear DNA fragmentation in alcoholic hepatitis.

The mechanism of liver cell death in alcoholic hepatitis is still controversial. There is evidence that polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) which infiltrate liver parenchyma are involved in liver cell death.



We employed terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-digoxigenin nick end labeling (TUNEL) method to determine the cells that underwent apoptosis in liver specimens obtained from 1 normal liver, 23 livers with nonalcoholic liver disease, and 11 livers with alcoholic liver diseases (4 alcoholic hepatic fibrosis, 4 alcoholic hepatitis, and 3 alcoholic cirrhosis). The Fas, bcl-2, and CD15 antigens were immunolocalized to analyze the relationship between these antigens and apoptosis.



Few TUNEL-positive reactions were found in normal liver. Apoptotic bodies in acute and chronic viral hepatitis were found to be TUNEL-positive. TUNEL-positive materials were also abundant in the cytoplasm of macrophages at the area of parenchymal collapse in viral liver diseases. Mononuclear cells that infiltrated liver parenchyma and portal tracts occasionally showed TUNEL-positive reactions, which reflected the activation-induced apoptosis of T lymphocytes. In alcoholic liver diseases, the incidence of apoptotic bodies derived from hepatocytes varied from 0 to 1.00/mm2. In addition, a considerable portion (0.2-16.5%) of infiltrating PMNs in alcoholic hepatitis were TUNEL-positive. In contrast, the nuclei of ballooning hepatocytes that contained Mallory bodies revealed few positive TUNEL reactions. Interestingly, the density of CD15-positive PMNs was well correlated with peripheral white blood cell counts (r = 0.842, p < 0.005).



PMNs that infiltrate liver parenchyma show an activation-induced cell death-like phenomenon in alcoholic hepatitis, like activated T cells that infiltrate in viral hepatitis. This apoptosis phenomenon may follow the degranulation of PMNs, which may cause a necrosis of ballooning hepatocytes that contain Mallory bodies through satellitosis.

Field of study: Medicine
Could two degenerate energy states be observed for a superconducting ring at $\Phi_{0}$/2?

The Little-Parks oscillations of the resistance and the quantum oscillations of the rectified voltage observed for asymmetric superconducting Al rings give experimental evidence of two degenerate energy states at the magnetic flux $\Phi_{0}$/2. The quantum oscillations of the critical current as a function of magnetic field have also been measured. On the one hand, these oscillations confirm that the quantum oscillations of the rectified voltage are a consequence of periodical dependence of the asymmetry of the current-voltage curves and, on the other hand, comparison of the oscillations with Little-Parks measurements results in contradiction.

Field of study: Physics
Using Contingency Management Technique in the Reduction of Truancy among Secondary School Students

The study investigated the effect of contingency management techniques in reducing truancy among secondary school students. Four (4) null hypotheses guided the research. The hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The sample consisted of 50 truants aged 12 - 18 years old selected purposively from four senior secondary schools in Benin metropolis in Edo state, Nigeria. The design was experimental pre-test post-test control group. Data were collected using students’ truancy behaviour (STBS) and introversion extroversion scale (IF.S). The data were analyzed using a t-test statistics. Results indicated that contingency management techniques led to significant reduction of truancy in students; treatment was effective for both male and female irrespective of home structure and personality. Based on the findings, a major recommendation in this study is that counsellors and teachers should be trained to use contingency management techniques in reducing truancy among students.  contingency management, truancy, family structure, students, Personality.

Field of study: Education
Oxidative stress during Baltic salmon feeding migration may be associated with yolk-sac fry mortality.

The wild populations of salmon in the Baltic Sea suffer from yolk-sac fry mortality (M74). M74 mainly occurs in populations spawning in rivers flowing to the Gulfs of Bothnia and Finland. On the basis of studies with fry, M74 may be caused by oxidative stresses. Because the eggs of M74-offspring-producing females have lower thiamine and astaxanthin levels and more oxidized fatty acids than eggs of females producing healthy offspring, oxidative stresses that adult salmon experience during their feeding migration may be decisive for the development of M74. In this study we have measured several oxidative stress parameters and have evaluated bothtemporal and regional differences in these parameters in salmon individuals during their feeding migration. At present, salmon feeding in the Gulf of Finland and in the Bothnian Sea are affected by oxidative stress as compared to populations feeding in the Baltic Proper. Moreover, the feeding population of salmon in the central Baltic Proper suffered much more from oxidative stress in 1999 than in 2006-2007. In 1999 the incidence of M74 was higher than that expected in 2007/2008. Oxidative stresses experienced by feeding salmon may thus be behind the development of M74.

Field of study: Environmental science
Test of the Porter-Thomas distribution with the total cross section autocorrelation function

On the basis of experiments conducted in the 1970s and earlier, it is believed that, in a compound nucleus (CN), fluctuations in transition strengths are drawn from a Porter-Thomas distribution (PTD), a $\chi^2$ distribution of one degree of freedom. However, work done post-1990 at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) and Oak Ridge Electron Linear Accelerator (ORELA) facilities has yielded instances of neutron resonance data sets of superior quality that are inconsistent with the PTD. In view of the importance of the status of the PTD to the foundations of statistical reaction theory, the question arises whether other data acquired at these facilities can be mined for evidence of deviations from the PTD? To date, the focus has been on data taken in the regime of isolated resonances. In this letter, arguments are put forward in support of the analysis of measurements of the total cross section in the regime where resonances are weakly overlapping.

Field of study: Physics
Quantification of Trans-4-methyl-1-cyclohexane Carboxylic Acid in Culture Media for Microorganisms by GC-MS

An analytical method was developed for the determination of a candidate naphthenic acid compound using GC-MS,specifically trans-4-methyl-1-cyclohexane carboxylic acid(4MCCA) in culture media.The methods for removal of bacteria from the media and pH condition for extraction 4MCCA were optimized.Effective removal of bacteria from 4MCCA-containing media was achieved by vacuum filtration using a 0.45-μm filter and a 0.22-μm filter separately under a pressure of 0.1 kPa.The ideal acidic range for extraction 4MCCA was pH 2-3.Under the optimized conditions,the samples of 4MCCA were extracted using a liquid-liquid extraction process by dichloromethane.The 4MCCA was determined by external standard method under the SIS mode by GC-MS.The linear range was 0.10-100 mg/L(R2=0.9994).The limit of detection and quantification were 0.10 ng and 0.34 ng.The precision of inner-day and inter-day was 2.7%-6.6% and 1.5%-11.3%,respectively.This method was applied to monitor biodegradation for 150 mg/L 4MCCA.The rates of biodegradation of 4MCCA were 24.7%,51.8%and 55.0%by 24,48,and 96 h,respectively.

Field of study: Chemistry
English Language Motivation between Gender and Cultures

This study investigates the effects of the socio-cultural factors on the motivation of female and male students in 14 Arab and non-Arab countries through 14 studies. The findings indicate that both genders in the two groups share some interests of motivation for learning English, but they differ in some cultural factors that influence or hinder their learning. The findings of this research found that female students' integrative motivation and attitudes towards English are higher than male students. The present study suggests a serious need for conducting qualitative or mixed method studies to investigate this phenomenon and to propose practical alternatives to increase male students' language motivation to learn English especially the integrative type. Pedagogical implications for teachers and suggestions for further research are included.  10.5901/jesr.2017.v7n2p123

Field of study: Education, Sociology