nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Probabilistic Model for Statistics of Total Damage on Different Insurance Items

Mirvari Hasanaga Hasratova National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan of Control Systems, Baku, Azerbaijan Abstract This paper deals with the tariff calculation model for estate insurance using the three years' loss portfolio of BUTA insurance company. Based on company policies’ data model of total damage is constructed. Mathematical formulation of this problem requires the use of several parameter estimating methods and hypothesis tests. The results have statistically been analyzed for making exact decision of tariff's rate. Finally, estimating tariffs are compared with the corresponding actual data. KeywordsInsurance, Damage, Cost, Probabilistic Model,Hypothesis Testing, Maximum Likelihood Method

Field of study: Engineering
"Wages" and the Employer-Employee Relationship: A Change in IRS Position on Withholding

When a corporation redeems its own shares, the selling shareholder must report either capital gains or dividend income; IRC section 302 decides the type of income to report. Under IRC section 318(a) a taxpayer is deemed to own the stock owned by family members. Consequently most redemptions by closely held corporations are treated as dividends, but there is an important exception in cases of complete redemption of the shareholder's interest. The Tax Court recently considered how this exception works. Richard Hurst owned all the stock of Hurst Mechanical Inc. (HMI). He and his wife Mary also owned all the stock of RHI, a sister corporation. In 1997, when Richard decided to retire, he and his wife sold all the P, HI stock to HMI. HMI redeemed 90% of the stock owned by Richard, and he sold the remainder of his HMI stock to three individuals, one of whom was his son. Richard received installment notes in payment for the stock. The Hursts continued to lease the building housing HMI and RHI to the two corporations, and Mary continued as an employee of HMI, receiving a salary and fringe benefits. As the Hursts believed Richard had completely terminated his ownership, they reported the sales of their stock as long-term capital gains. IlLS objected to this treatment.  For the taxpayers. Normally, in determining the tax results of a stock redemption, taxpayers are considered to own all the stock they own directly and all the stock they own by attribution, including stock owned by their children. There is an exception: Taxpayers who completely terminate their interest and have no relationship with the corporation other than that of a creditor can waive the family attribution rules. The IRS argued that the notes Richard received, the building lease and the wife's employment violated the no-relationship test. The note Richard received for the redemption of the HMI stock had a principal amount of $2 million. The note he received from the sale of the P,_HI stock to HMI was $250,000. Both notes were payable in 60 quarterly installments with 8% interest. A default on either note or on Mary's employment contract would have been considered a default on both notes and would have allowed Richard to reclaim the stock that was pledged as collateral. The notes were subordinated to HMI's bank obligations. The IRS claimed the provisions in the installment notes created a relationship greater than a normal debtor/ creditor relationship permitted by section 302(c)(2). The Tax Court concluded, however, that the Hursts' use of the stock as collateral was acceptable. Likewise, the provision that a default on either note would be treated as a default on both notes was acceptable because this provision was a reasonable condition and the note payments were independent of the financial performance of the corporation. Therefore the notes were true debt and did not violate the requirements for the attribution waiver. …

Field of study: Business
Studies of hypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism.

Twenty eight hypocalcaemic patients were studied, 14 with primary hypoparathyroidism, nine with pseudohypoparathyroidism and two with hypo-hyperparathyroidism, to characterized the essential features of these disorders. Like tetany, which was present in 12 of the patients, epilepsy was a common symptom, occurring in 13, seven of whom had received anticonvulsants for two to eight years before hypocalcaemia was detected. Differentiation between primary and pseudohypoparathyroidism could not be made with certainty on clinical grounds but confident distinction could be made by measurement of endogenous parathyroid hormone concentrations and by testing for renal resistance to exogenous parathyroid hormone. This was achieved by measurement of the plasma and, in some patients, the urinary cyclic AMP response to an intravenous injection of highly purified bovine parathyroid hormone. These investigations were also valuable in the assessment of the other three hypocalcaemic patients in whom a diagnosis of parathyroid dysfunction would otherwise have been made. In 10 of the patients synthetic 1 alpha-hydroxylated forms of vitamin D were used to establish and maintain normocalcaemia, though their use required careful monitoring.

Field of study: Medicine
Purification and physical characterization of glutathione S-transferase K. Differential use of S-hexylglutathione and glutathione affinity matrices to isolate a novel glutathione S-transferase from rat liver.

A novel hepatic enzyme, glutathione S-transferase K, is described that, unlike previously characterized transferases, possesses little affinity for S-hexylglutathione-Sepharose 6B but can be isolated because it binds to a glutathione affinity matrix. A purification scheme for this new enzyme was devised, with the use of DEAE-cellulose, S-hexylglutathione-Sepharose 6B, glutathione-Sepharose 6B and hydroxyapatite chromatography. The final hydroxyapatite step results in the elution of three chromatographically interconvertible forms, K1, K2 and K3. The purified protein has an isoelectric point of 6.1 and comprises subunits that are designated Yk (Mr 25,000); during sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, it migrates marginally faster than the Ya subunit but slower than the pulmonary Yf monomer (Mr 24,500). Transferase K displays catalytic, immunochemical and physical properties that are distinct from those of other liver transferases. Tryptic peptide maps suggest that transferase K is a homodimer, or comprises closely homologous subunits. The tryptic fingerprints also demonstrate that, although transferase K is structurally separate from previously described hepatic forms, a limited sequence homology exists between the Yk, Ya and Yc polypeptides. These structural data are in accord with the immunochemical results presented in the accompanying paper [Hayes & Mantle (1986) ].

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Geophysical Activity Increasing

The Society of Exploration Geophysicists met in St. Louis March 14–17. The group, organized in 1930, now numbers two thousand members, and as the word exploration in its title implies, is composed of men active in geophysical exploration—primarily for oil, and to a lesser extent for ores. The annual meeting in St. Louis was, as is usual, held jointly with the American Association of Petroleum Geologists and the Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists.

Field of study: Physics
Effects of model structural uncertainty on carbon cycle projections: biological nitrogen fixation as a case study

Uncertainties in terrestrial carbon (C) cycle projections increase uncertainty of potential climate feedbacks. Efforts to improve model performance often include increased representation of biogeochemical processes, such as coupled carbon–nitrogen (N) cycles. In doing so, models are becoming more complex, generating structural uncertainties in model form that reflect incomplete knowledge of how to represent underlying processes. Here, we explore structural uncertainties associated with biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and quantify their effects on C cycle projections. We find that alternative plausible structures to represent BNF result in nearly equivalent terrestrial C fluxes and pools through the twentieth century, but the strength of the terrestrial C sink varies by nearly a third (50 Pg C) by the end of the twenty-first century under a business-as-usual climate change scenario representative concentration pathway 8.5. These results indicate that actual uncertainty in future C cycle projections may be larger than previously estimated, and this uncertainty will limit C cycle projections until model structures can be evaluated and refined.

Field of study: Environmental science
On the Collaborative Promotion of University Governance and Management

The relationship between university governance and management is not substitute,but complementary.As a grass-level organization,the university needs to attach the importance of management and governance.In the organization of a university,the school needs to attach importance of governance,and the departments need pay more attention to the management.The current focuses of the governance area in our universities are:to improve university governance structure,to optimize the university governance mechanism and to establish and perfect social accountability.The management focus areas include:the innovation of management concept and mode;the quality management and talent training quality;the performance evaluation system and teachers' performance management;the post setting,personnel appointment and compensation reform,etc.The main paths of promoting university governance and management collaboratively are:to establish the benign interactive relations of quaternity among the university,the government,the market and the society;to implement strategic management;to formulate and perfect the statutes of the university;to improve the quality of the staff.

Field of study: Education
Reply to the comment on “Diatomaceous sediments and environmental change in the Pleistocene Olorgesailie Formation, southern Kenya Rift Valley” by R.B. Owen, R. Potts, A.K. Behrensmeyer and P. Ditchfield [Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 269 (2008) 17–37]

We welcome the reply by Trauth and Maslin (Comment on “Diatomaceous sediments and environmental change in the Pleistocene Olorgesailie Formation, southern Kenya Rift Valley” by R.B. Owen, R. Potts, A.K. Behrensmeyer and P. Ditchfield [Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 269 (2008) 17–37], Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2009-this issue) to Owen et al. (2008, Diatomaceous sediments and environmental change in the Pleistocene Olorgesailie Formation, southern Kenya Rift Valley, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 269, 17–37) and accept the clarifications made concerning their earlier work. However, we also note some of the differences between their broad characterization of the Olorgesailie record and our more detailed approach.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Cryptanalysis of an Ultra lightweight Authentication Scheme based on Permutation Matrix Encryption for Internet of Vehicles

Internet of Things (IoT) has various applications such as healthcare, supply chain, agriculture, etc. Using the Internet of Vehicles(IoV) to control traffic of the cities is one of the IoT applications to construct smart cities. Recently Fan et al. proposed an authentication protocol to provide security of the IoV networks. They claimed that their scheme is secure and can resist against various known attacks. In this paper, we analyze more deeply the proposed scheme and show that their scheme is vulnerable against disclosure and desynchronization attacks. In disclosure attack, we disclose unique identification of the tag ID, secret key S, encryption matrix M2 and half rows of encryption matrix M1. Furthermore, we proposed an improved authentication scheme based on Maximum Distance Separable(MDS) matrices that is resistance against various attacks while maintaining low computational cost.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Visible/Near-infrared Reflectance and Interactance Spectroscopy for Detection of Abnormal Poultry Carcasses

The results of the development of a nondestructive and noninvasive technique for the detection of abnormal poultry carcasses using a diode array spectrophotometer system were presented. Visible/near-infrared reflectance and interactance spectra (500 to 1113 nm) for both sides of the breast of normal, septicemic, and cadaver poultry carcasses were obtained using a fiber optic probe with the spectrophotometer. Optimal wavelengths for correlating the spectral reflectance and interactance and second difference with the condition of the poultry carcasses were obtained. In general, differentiating between the normal and cadaver carcasses was more accurate than differentiating between normal and septicemic and between septicemic and cadaver. It was concluded that this technique can be used to separate normal carcasses from the abnormal (septicemic and cadaver) ones with good accuracy. The model based on second differences of interactance spectra, which requires 24 wavelength readings, yielded a classification accuracy of 93.3% for normal carcasses and 96.2% for the abnormal carcasses. Alternative decision criteria could be chosen so that none of abnormal carcasses were misclassified as normal. However, for a sensor limited to four wavelength readings, the model based on the reflectances should be used. The reflectance model required four wavelength readings and provided a classification accuracy of 94.4% for normal carcasses and 93.1% for abnormal carcasses.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Recording of holograms with a liquid-crystal-controlled transparency of 128?128 element capacity

An investigation was made of the characteristics of a matrix-addressable transparency with a 128×128 element capacity, utilizing the effect of electrically controlled scattering as a result of transition of a cholesteric liquid crystal to a nematic phase. The experiments carried out made it possible to optimize the operation of the transparency in the recording of holograms in optical memories.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Lipid peroxidation and the reduction of ADP-Fe3+ chelate by NADH-ubiquinone reductase preparation from bovine heart mitochondria.

The NADH-ubiquinone reductase preparation (Complex I) of bovine hart mitochondria catalysed in the presence of reduced coenzymes and ADP-Fe3+ the lipid peroxidation of liposomes prepared from mitochondrial lipids. The apparent Km values for the coenzymes and the optimal pH of the reactions agreed well with those of the lipid peroxidation of the submitochondrial particles treated with rotenone. On assay of the reduction of ADP-Fe3+ chelate by the reduction of cytochrome c in the presence of superoxide dismutase and antimycin A or by the oxidation of reduced coenzymes, the reactions were not affected by rotenone but were inhibited by thiol-group inhibitors. The properties of the ADP-Fe3+ reductase activity were highly consistent with those of the lipid-peroxidation reaction. These observations suggest that electrons from reduced coenzymes are transferred to ADP-Fe3+ chelate from a component between a mercurial-sensitive site and the rotenone-sensitive one of the NADH dehydrogenase and that the reduction of ADP-Fe3+ chelate by the NADH dehydrogenase is an essential step in the lipid peroxidation.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
A Multivariate Extension of Inverse Gaussian Distribution Derived from Inverse Relationship

We propose a new multivariate extension of the inverse Gaussian distribution derived from a certain multivariate inverse relationship. First we define a multivariate extension of the inverse relationship between two sets of multivariate distributions, then define a reduced inverse relationship between two multivariate distributions. We derive the multivariate continuous distribution that has the reduced multivariate inverse relationship with a multivariate normal distribution and call it a multivariate inverse Gaussian distribution. This distribution is also characterized as the distribution of the location of a multivariate Brownian motion at some stopping time. The marginal distribution in one direction is the inverse Gaussian distribution, and the conditional distribution in the space perpendicular to this direction is a multivariate normal distribution. Mean, variance, and higher order cumulants are derived from the multivariate inverse relationship with a multivariate normal distribution. Other properties such as reproductivity and infinite divisibility are also given.

Field of study: Mathematics
Modelling the chemical evolution in galaxies with KROME

In this paper we present and test chemical models for three-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy evolution. The microphysics is modelled by employing the public chemistry package KROME and the chemical networks have been tested to work in a wide range of densities and temperatures. We describe a simple H/He network following the formation of H2, and a more sophisticated network which includes metals. Photochemistry, thermal processes, and different prescriptions for the H2 catalysis on dust are presented and tested within a simple one-zone framework. We explore the effect of changing some of the key parameters such as metallicity, radiation and non-equilibrium versus equilibrium metal cooling approximations on the transition between the different gas phases. We find that employing an accurate treatment of the dust-related processes induces a faster HI-H2 transition. In addition, we show when the equilibrium assumption for metal cooling holds, and how a non-equilibrium approach affects the thermal evolution of the gas and the HII-HI transition. These models can be employed in any hydrodynamical code via an interface to KROME and can be applied to different problems including isolated galaxies, cosmological simulations of galaxy formation and evolution, and supernova explosions in molecular clouds. The metal network can be used for a comparison with observational data of CII 158 {\mu}m emission both for high-redshift as well as for local galaxies.

Field of study: Physics
ICT Integration in Secondary School Physics and Teachers’ Attitude Towards Using ICT in Teaching Physics in Mombasa County, Kenya

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) provides an opportunity for Educational Institutions and other organisations to harness and use technology to complement and support the teaching and learning process. However, despite the enormous advocacy for ICT-aided teaching and learning, investment and donation of ICT equipment to schools, there is a challenge on how to transform students learning process to provide students with the skills to function effectively in this information-rich and dynamic environment. Unless ICT is effectively integrated in teaching and learning, the investment for the development of ICT in schools will be wasted. The school curriculum may also fail to achieve its mission to produce learners who are ready for the world of work, which is increasingly reliant on ICT- aided generation and dissemination of knowledge. This study was aimed at finding out the extent of ICT integration in secondary school Physics and the teachers’ attitude towards the using ICT in teaching Physics. Further. The study also assessed the extent to which the National ICT policy on education has been implemented in Mombasa County. It also assessed the teachers attitude towards teaching Physics using ICT. The study was done through administering questionnaires to 148 Physics teachers in public and private secondary schools, and conducting interviews with three (3) ICT champions in the county. The quantitative data based on a Likert Scale was analysed with the aid of the SPSS computer software (version 20) while the qualitative data was analysed using the Bryman’s Four Stage Qualitative Analysis.  Information and Communication Technology, Attitude.  2019

Field of study: Education
Preparation and properties of starch-based film using N-(1-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl)formamide as a new plasticizer

N-(1-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl)formamide (HMF) was used as a new plasticizer for corn starch to prepare starch-based film (SF). By scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM), starch granules were completely disrupted and proved to transfer to homogeneousmaterial. The crystallinity of corn starch and HMF-plasticized starch-based film (HSF) was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The glass transition temperatures (Tg) of glycerolplasticized starch-based film(GSF) andHSFwere investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). At relative humidity (RH) 75%, the water resistance of HSF was superior to that of GSF, under the same conditions, water vapor absorption of glycerol was higher than that of HMF. The water vapor permeability of HSF was lower than that of GSF, i.e. the water vapor barrier property ofHSF was better than that of GSF. The elongation at break of HSF was higher than that of GSF, but the tensile strength of HSF was inferior toGSF at 75%RH.

Field of study: Materials science
Structure of Escherichia coli pyridoxine 5'-phosphate oxidase in a tetragonal crystal form: insights into the mechanistic pathway of the enzyme.

Escherichia coli pyridoxine 5'-phosphate oxidase (ePNPOx) catalyzes the terminal step in the biosynthesis of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) by the FMN oxidation of pyridoxine 5'-phosphate (PNP) or pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate (PMP), forming FMNH(2) and H(2)O(2). The crystal structure of ePNPOx is reported in a tetragonal unit cell at 2.6 A resolution. The three-dimensional fold of this structure is very similar to those of the E. coli and human enzymes that crystallized in trigonal and monoclinic unit cells. However, unlike the previous structures, the tetragonal structure shows major disorder in one of the two subunit domains that has opened up both the active site and a putative tunnel. Comparison of these structures gives an insight into the mechanistic pathway of PNPOx: from the resting enzyme with no substrate bound, to the initial binding of the substrate at the active site, to the catalytic stage and to the release of the catalytic product from the active site.

Field of study: Chemistry
Nanoscale optical electrometer.

We propose and demonstrate an all-optical approach to single-electron sensing using the optical transitions of a semiconductor quantum dot. The measured electric-field sensitivity of 5 (V/m)/√Hz corresponds to detecting a single electron located 5 μm from the quantum dot-nearly 10 times greater than the diffraction limited spot size of the excitation laser-in 1 s. The quantum-dot-based electrometer is more sensitive than other devices operating at a temperature of 4.2 K or higher and further offers suppressed backaction on the measured system.

Field of study: Physics