nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Distribution of injected anti-Thy-1 monoclonal antibodies in mouse lymphatic organs: evidence for penetration of the cortical blood-thymus barrier, and for intravascular antibody-binding onto lymphocytes.

The localization of monoclonal anti-Thy-1 binding in mouse thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes was studied at early intervals after intravenous (i.v.), intraperitoneal (i.p.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of a single dose of the monoclonal antibody (MAb). Five minutes after i.v. injection, anti-Thy-1 was bound to cortical thymocytes surrounding capillaries in the thymic cortex, to thymic cells beneath the thymic capsule and to medullary thymocytes around venules of the thymus medulla. When anti-Thy-1 was injected i.p. or s.c. the MAb was first deposited in capillary walls in the thymus cortex and did not appear on thymocytes outside of capillaries until 60 min after injection. These findings suggest that thymic cortical capillaries are permeable for anti-Thy-1 MAb contrary to the generally accepted principle of a blood thymus barrier to antigens in thymic cortex. Some cortex capillaries also became permeable for peroxidase when injected 15 min after anti-Thy-1 MAb. Anti-Thy-1 MAb penetration into spleen white pulp and lymph node paracortex occurs along the circulatory pathway of the vascular system in the spleen and of lymphatics in lymph nodes. But those lymphocytes with a strong anti-Thy-1 MAb loading always appeared along the pathways of lymphocyte circulation indicating that the most intense contact between anti-Thy-1 MAb and T-lymphocytes occurs not in the lymphatic organs but during the intravascular period of recirculation of lymphocytes.

Field of study: Biology
Definitions, indications and practice of urotherapy in children and adolescents: - A standardization document of the International Children's Continence Society (ICCS).

Urotherapy is an umbrella term for all non-surgical, non-pharmacological interventions for lower urinary tract disorders (LUTD) in children and adolescents. Urotherapy is a specialized practice, which has become mainstay therapy not only for daytime urinary incontinence, but also for nocturnal enuresis, functional constipation and fecal incontinence. The aim of urotherapy is to achieve the normalization of the micturition and bowel pattern and to prevent further functional disturbances by repeated training. It is well known that in the treatment of adult and childhood incontinence a team approach is best, where there are shared areas of expertise and also discipline-specific expertise available.



We present a consensus view from a cross-professional team of experts affiliated with the International Children's Continence Society on definitions, indications and practice of urotherapy. This is a selective, non-systematic review with practical recommendations for the implementation and research on urotherapy.



The document uses the globally accepted ICCS terminology. Evidence-based literature serves as the basis, but in areas lacking in primary evidence, expert consensus is used. Before submission, a full draft was made available to all ICCS members for additional comments.



Urotherapy uses non-pharmacological, non-surgical methods and focuses on behavioral interventions, largely based on cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy (CBT). Standard urotherapy comprises components such as provision of information, instructions, life-style advice, counselling and registration of symptoms. Specific urotherapy is tailored towards specific disorders and includes alarm treatment, biofeedback training, pelvic floor training, neurostimulation and other interventions.  Urotherapy is a treatment that addresses all aspects of incontinence, leading to the best clinical outcome. This includes somatic, psychosocial, and behavioral problems and quality of life. Therefore urotherapy is recommended by the ICCS as the first-line treatment for most types of LUTD. The document is intended to be clinically useful in primary, secondary and tertiary care.

Field of study: Medicine
Detection and cultivation of filamentous bacteria from activated sludge

Different applications of the activated sludge treatment process are employed globally for the biological treatment of wastewater. Since the activated sludge process was first developed, different kinds of sedimentation problems, in particular bulking sludge and foaming, have been observed and it is widely accepted that extensive, uncontrolled growth of filamentous bacteria is the main cause of these difficulties. Since the pioneering work of Eikelboom and coworkers who characterized and described seven groups of 26 morphological types of filamentous organisms several attempts have been made to develop new methods for isolation, cultivation and identification of the isolates. Improvement has also been sought in the methods for direct detection, to allow a better understanding of the complex phenomena of sludge bulking and foaming. However, although knowledge of the phylogeny of filamentous organisms has increased recently, only a few attempts have been made to achieve a better understanding of their growth characteristics. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of detection and cultivation methods with special emphasis on the comparison of classical approaches with the modern molecular biological methods, including in situ detection and identification of filamentous bacteria.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies directed at epitopes of human IFN-γ

Five monoclonal antibodies (A7, B24, I14, L12, and M2) recognizing different epitopes of the human natural IFN-γ were prepared by immunizing BALB/c mice with a highly purified human natural IFN-γ preparation (107 U/mg). All five antibodies had high IFN-γ-binding activity but exhibited differential IFN-γ-neutralizing activities. Furthermore, none of them neutralized the antiviral activity exhibited by either IFN-α or IFN-β preparations, indicating thus their specificity for IFN-γ. The A7, L12, M2, and I14 monoclonal antibodies, but not the B24, blocked the augmentation of natural killer cytotoxicity, mediated by peripheral blood monocyte-depleted lymphocytes, by Escherichia coli-derived IFN-γ or natural IFN-γ but not by IFN-α2. All five monoclonal antibodies precipitated an identical molecular complex containing two major protein components with molecular weights of 20,000 (20 kD) and 25,000 (25 kD) and two minor components with molecular weights of 17,000 (17 kD) and 45,000 (45 kD). Treatment of the immun...

Field of study: Biology
Electromigration characterization of damascene copper interconnects using normally and highly accelerated tests

We have completed a set of experiments on damascene Chemical Vapor Deposition Copper (CVD-Cu) interconnects using Wafer Level and Package Level Reliability (WLR and PLR) tests. Two line widths have been extensively characterized : w=4 and 0.6 μm. For both line widths, the activation energy values extracted using WLR and PLR data are good in agreement demonstrating that the active diffusion paths remain the same over the wide range of used measurement conditions : Ea=0.65eV for w = 4μm, Ea = 0.7-0.8eV for w = 0.6μm. spite of Ea experimental values lower than the reference values of the literature.

Field of study: Engineering
Experimental investigation of a low-cost solid state detector with high spatial resolution for ultracold neutrons

An ultracold-neutron detector based on a commercial CMOS webcam was investigated for the first time at the instrument PF2 of the Institut Laue-Langevin. In this feasibility study two different neutron converters, 10B and 6Li, were compared. For a standard high-definition videochip with an active area of 3.2 mm × 4.8 mm, a spatial resolution of ≈ 0.3 μm is possible to obtain. For a 430 nm thin 6Li converter, positioned in front of the webcam, a detection efficiency of (47.1 ± 0.6)% was found.

Field of study: Physics
Evidence of dissolved ions and ion pairs in dilute poly(propylene oxide)salt solutions

To test previous interpretations of splitted Raman modes in terms of solvated “free” ions and ion pairs in polyether-salt complexes we have carried out Raman measurements of poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) containing MClO 4 and MCF 3 SO 3 ( M = Li or Na), respectively, from the low concentrations L : M = 1000 ( O : M is the oxygen to salt ratio) previously not investigated to the range O : M ≈ 30−5 in which most reported spectral measurements have been carried out.

Field of study: Materials science
The ordenanza del patronazgo, 1574: an interpretative essay.

AT the accession of Isabella in 1474 the Church in Castile lay prostrate for the most part before the will of the papacy. Greater and lesser benefices were controlled from Rome, foreigners were commonly appointed to the highest dignities, and tribunals of justice were rendered impotent by interminable appeals to Rome. No less were the Castilian nobles accustomed to usurping royal authority in the civil and political branches of government. Castile was a patchwork of private jurisdictions and privileges of which Isabella was no more than a titular sovereign.

Field of study: History
Environmental assessment of passenger transportation should include infrastructure and supply chains

To appropriately mitigate environmental impacts from transportation, it is necessary for decision makers to consider the life-cycle energy use and emissions. Most current decision-making relies on analysis at the tailpipe, ignoring vehicle production, infrastructure provision, and fuel production required for support. We present results of a comprehensive life-cycle energy, greenhouse gas emissions, and selected criteria air pollutant emissions inventory for automobiles, buses, trains, and airplanes in the US, including vehicles, infrastructure, fuel production, and supply chains. We find that total life-cycle energy inputs and greenhouse gas emissions contribute an additional 63% for onroad, 155% for rail, and 31% for air systems over vehicle tailpipe operation. Inventorying criteria air pollutants shows that vehicle non-operational components often dominate total emissions. Life-cycle criteria air pollutant emissions are between 1.1 and 800 times larger than vehicle operation. Ranges in passenger occupancy can easily change the relative performance of modes.

Field of study: Environmental science
Natural product chemisrty, 143. Convenient synthesis of isoacronycine and some other new acridone derivatives

The iodination of 1,3-dihydroxy-9-acridone (1), 1-hydroxy-3-methoxy-10-methyl-9-acridone (2) and 1,3-dihydroxy-10-methyl-9-acridone (3) yields 1,3-dihydroxy-2,4-diiodo-9-acridone (4), 1-hydroxy-2-iodo-3-methoxy-10-methyl-9-acridone (5) and 1,3-dihydroxy-2-iodo-10-methyl-9-acridone (6), respectively. The methylation of 4 and 5 gives 2,4-diiodo-1,3-dimethoxy-10-methyl-9-acridone (7) and 2-iodo-1,3-dimethoxy-10-methyl-9-acridone (9), respectively. The direct CC coupling of 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol to the compounds 5, 7 and 9 by palladium catalysed Heck condensation method gives three new acridone derivatives 1-hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl)-3-methoxy-10-methyl-9-acridone (10), 2,4-bis(3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl)-1,3-dimethoxy-10-methyl-9-acridone (12) and 2-(3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl)-1,3-dimethoxy-10-methyl-9-acridone (13) while compound 6 is converted into isonoracronycine (11). The methylation of 11 yields isoacronycine (14).

Field of study: Chemistry
Electrical properties of CFC- and HCFC-substitutes

Electrical properties of refrigerants are of importance as soon as bushings are surrounded by a refrigerant. This is the case e. g. for hermetic sealed motor compressors as well as for some control devices such as liquid level control units or capacity controls for compressors. This paper presents a survey of existing data for HFC refrigerants and presents new measurements for those HFC blends that have been identified as long term replacements for CFCs and HCFCs. The data collection includes permittivity, electrical conductivity and breakdown voltage. Values are given for the HFC blends R404A, R407C, R410A and R507 as well as for R134a.

Field of study: Engineering
High dose interleukin‐12 exacerbates Bordetella pertussis infection and is associated with suppression of cell‐mediated immunity in a murine aerosol challenge model

The in ‐vivo clearance of Bordetella pertussis infections in murine models in naive mice and animals vaccinated with whole‐cell vaccine is considered to be via a Th‐1‐dependent mechanism in which interleukin‐12 (IL)‐12 may play a prominent role. It has also been demonstrated clearly that the treatment of animals with macrophage‐derived IL‐12 administered with an acellular vaccine can increase the efficacy of this vaccine preparation to levels seen with the whole‐cell vaccine. However, the effects of exogenously added IL‐12 on immune responses in non‐vaccinated B. pertussis‐challenged mice remain unclear, with two studies giving contradictory findings. In this study we have treated mice with escalating doses of mIL‐12 (0·1–10 µg/mouse) prior to challenge with B. pertussis (using an aerosol challenge model of infection). The ability of mice to clear infection was assessed in IL‐12 treated and in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) control animals at days 6 and 13 post‐challenge. Lymphoid cells were isolated from spleen and cell‐mediated immune responses assessed at days 1, 6 and 13 post‐challenge. In addition, the direct effects of high‐dose IL‐12 on challenged mice was assessed by checking natural killer (NK) activity from isolated lung and spleen lymphoid cells as well as interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ ) generation from isolated cells and serum at day 1 post‐challenge. The results from this study show that bacterial colonization of the lungs is actually enhanced following treatment with high‐dose IL‐12. This is associated with impaired cellular immune responses. The mechanisms associated with the immunosuppressive effects of IL‐12 are discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
An Alternating Analogue of $U(\mathfrak{gl}_n)$ and its Representations

In 2010, V. Futorny and S. Ovsienko gave a realization of $U(\mathfrak{gl}_n)$ as a subalgebra of the ring of invariants of a certain noncommutative ring with respect to the action of $S_1\times S_2\times\cdots\times S_n$ where $S_j$ is the symmetric group on $j$ variables. An interesting question is what a similar algebra would be in the invariant ring with respect to a product of alternating groups. In this paper we define such an algebra, denoted $\mathscr{A}(\mathfrak{gl}_n)$, and show that it is a Galois ring. For $n=2,3$ we find generator and relations with some similarities to Kac-Moody algebras. We also discuss some techniques to construct Galois orders from Galois rings. Lastly, we study categories of finite-dimensional modules and generic Gelfand-Tsetlin modules over $\mathscr{A}(\mathfrak{gl}_n)$.

Field of study: Mathematics
Distraction Effects on the Perceived Extremity of a Communication and on Cognitive Responses

Participants listened to either a proattitudinal or counterattitudinal communication under varying levels of distraction. A distraction x message position interaction indicated that distraction decreased the perceived extremity of the counterattitudinal communication while increasing the perceived extremity of the proattitudinal message. Distraction decreased the number of counterarguments generated by counterattitudinal speech recipients, but unexpectedly did not significantly affect proargumentation. Proargumentation notwithstanding, the results were consistent with the dominant thought disruption hypothesis.

Field of study: Psychology
Elektronenspin-Resonanz und Photochemie des U2-Zentrums in Alkalihalogenid-Kristallen

The photochemical reactions involved in the production and in the bleaching of U2 centers (interstitial hydrogen atoms) in KCl, KBr and NaCl crystals are investigated by measuring the optical absorption spectra of the crystals at low temperatures. The U2 centers are prepared by UV irradiation of hydroxide- and hydride-doped crystals. The electron spin resonance of KCl, KBr and NaCl crystals with U2 centers at low temperatures reveals a well-resolved hyperfine splitting due to interactions of the hydrogen atom with four neighbouring halogen ions. The U2 center can be described as a tetrahedal [HX4]4−-molecule ion, in which one hole, bound mainly at the hydrogen atom and partially at the surrounding halogen ions, gives rise to the spin resonance.

Field of study: Physics
Evidence for mutualism between a plant growing in a phosphate-limited desert environment and a mineral phosphate solubilizing (MPS) rhizobacterium.

Alkaline desert soils are high in insoluble calcium phosphates but deficient in soluble orthophosphate (Pi) essential for plant growth. In this extreme environment, one adaptive strategy could involve specific associations between plant roots and mineral phosphate solubilizing (MPS) bacteria. The most efficient MPS phenotype in Gram-negative bacteria results from extracellular oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid via the quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase. A unique bacterial population isolated from the roots of Helianthus annus jaegeri growing at the edge of an alkaline dry lake in the Mojave Desert showed no MPS activity and no gluconic acid production. Addition of a concentrated solution containing material washed from the roots to these bacteria in culture resulted in production of high levels of gluconic acid. This effect was mimicked by addition of the essential glucose dehydrogenase redox cofactor 2,7,9-tricarboxyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3]-quinoline-4,5-dione (PQQ) but the bioactive component was not PQQ. DNA hybridization data confirmed that this soil bacterium carried a gene with homology to the Escherichia coli quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase. These data suggest that expression of the direct oxidation pathway in this bacterium may be regulated by signaling between the bacteria and the plant root. The resultant acidification of the rhizosphere may play a role in nutrient availability and/or other ecophysiological parameters essential for the survival of this desert plant.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
The nucleon resonances in the $J/\psi \to p\bar{p}\eta'$ decay

We are aiming to study the $J/\psi \to p\bar{p}\eta'$ decay in an isobar model and the effective Lagrangian approach. After a careful exploration of the contributions of the $S_{11}(1535)$, $P_{11}(1710)$, $P_{13}(1900)$, $S_{11}(2090)$ and $P_{11}(2100)$ resonances, we conclude that either a subthreshold resonance or a broad $P$-wave state in the near threshold range seems to be indispensable to describe present data of the $\pi N \to \eta'N$. Furthermore, at least one broad resonance above $\eta'N$ threshold is preferred. With this detailed analysis, we could give the invariant mass spectrum and Dalitz plot of the $J/\psi \to p\bar{p}\eta'$ decay for the purpose of assisting the future detailed partial wave analysis. It is found that the $J/\psi \to p\bar{p}\eta'$ data are useful for disentangling the above or below threshold resonant contribution, though it still further needs the differential cross section data of $\pi N \to \eta'N$ to realize some of the resonant and the non-resonant contribution. Our results are enlightening for the $\eta'N$ production mechanism and the properties of the nucleon resonances with the mass around 2.0~GeV.

Field of study: Physics
Dual-Diagonal LMMSE Channel Estimation for OFDM Systems

We propose a low-complexity dual-diagonal (DD-) linear-minimum-mean-square-error (LMMSE) channel estimation algorithm for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems involving iterative channel estimation and signal detection. Computational complexity and mean-square-error (MSE) analysis are presented to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm. A closed-form expression is derived for the asymptotic MSE of the DD-LMMSE channel estimator. Both analysis and numerical results show that DD-LMMSE performs close to the well-known LMMSE estimator with much lower complexity.

Field of study: Engineering
Fuel property effects on injection timing, ignition timing, and oxides of nitrogen emissions from biodiesel-fueled engines

Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly alternative diesel fuel consisting of the alkyl monoesters of fatty acids. It is obtained from triglycerides through the transesterification process. Biodiesel has been observed to reduce most engine exhaust pollutant emissions with the exception of oxides of nitrogen (NOx), which generally increase by 5% to 15%. The objective of this research was to determine the relationship between changes in combustion timing caused by differences in the fuel properties between diesel fuel and biodiesel and the NOx increase. The properties investigated in this research included the lower heating value, density, speed of sound, bulk modulus, and cetane number of biodiesel. It was found that half of the start of combustion advance associated with biodiesel originated from a start of injection advance that was split approximately evenly between the automatic timing advance of the pump as it injects more fuel to compensate for the lower heating value of biodiesel and the effect of the bulk modulus, viscosity, and density of the fuel. At the same temperature, the fuel delivery of biodiesel was higher than for petroleum-based diesel fuel because of the higher viscosity of biodiesel. At the same viscosity level, it was found that the fuel delivery of petroleum-based diesel fuel was higher than for biodiesel. This was attributed to the metering orifices in the fuel injection pumps restricting the amount of fuel flow for denser fuels. The other half of the start of combustion timing advance was due to the higher cetane number of the biodiesel.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Monoclonal antibodies with selective specificity towards different glycosylation isoforms of FGFR1.

Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) is a member of the FGFR family of receptor tyrosine kinases, whose function has been implicated in diverse biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and tumorigenesis. This diversity is possibly mediated by the existence of multiple FGFR1 isoforms, generated by alternative splicing and post-translational modifications, mainly through glycosylation. In this study we report the generation and characterization of a panel of monoclonal antibodies directed towards FGFR1. To achieve this, we used as an antigen a fragment of FGFR1, corresponding to loop II-III of the extracellular domain, which shares low homology to other members of the FGFR family and possesses numerous antigentic determinants. Two rounds of ELISA screening and Western blot analysis allowed us to isolate a panel of monoclonal antibodies, which recognize specifically recombinant FGFR1 loop II-III. The ability of generated antibodies to recognize endogenous FGFR1 was examined in 3T3 L1 cells, which are known to express FGFR1, but not other members of FGFR family. Immunoblot analysis of 3T3 L1 cell lysates with hybridoma media of selected clones revealed a different, but overlapping pattern of immunoreactive bands, which might represent splicing and post-translationally modified forms of FGFR1. Furthermore, we also tested the cross-reactivity of generated antibodies towards recombinant full-length FGFR3 and their ability to recognize FGFR1 in 3T3 L1 cells by cyto- and immunocytochemistry. In summary, generated antibodies should be useful as tools for examining the expression pattern and biological functions of FGFR1 in normal and pathological tissues.

Field of study: Biology