nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
On a hybrid approach to solve binary-LWE

In this paper, we investigate the security of binary secret Learning With Error (LWE). To do so, we improve the classical dual lattice attack. More precisely, we use the dual attack on a projected sublattice, which allows to generate instances of the LWE problem with a slightly bigger noise that correspond to a fraction of the secret key. Then, we search for the fraction of the secret key by computing the corresponding noise for each candidate using the constructed LWE samples. As secrets are binary vectors, we can perform the search step very efficiently by exploiting the recursive structure of the search space. This approach offers a trade-off between the cost of lattice reduction and the complexity of the search part which allows to speed up the attack. As an application we revisit the security estimates of the Fast Fully Homomorphic Encryption scheme over the Torus (TFHE) which is one of the fastest homomorphic encryption schemes based on the LWE problem. We provide an estimate of the complexity of our method for various parameters under three different cost models for lattice reduction and show that security level of the TFHE scheme should be re-evaluated according to the proposed improvement. Our estimates show that the current security level of the TFHE scheme should be reduced by 10 bits for the parameters proposed in the latest version of the scheme and by 7 bits for the recent update of the parameters that are used in the implementation, available online.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
A comparative geochemical study of Mars and Earth basalt petrogenesis

Geochemical data, from the Mars Meteorite Compendium web site, for 13 basaltic meteorites, possibly from only four localities on Mars, are used to study Martian petrogenetic processes. To achieve this goal, an exploratory data analysis technique, multidimensional scaling (MDS), is used to quantitatively assess the relative behavior (measured with correlation coefficients) of 160 incompatible element ratios involving 25 “trace” elements. The ratios behave as in Earth basalts, suggesting that relative element incompatibility is similar in both planets. Because mineralogy controls incompatibility, the mineralogy of Earth and Mars mantles appears similar. In addition, results suggest that ratios involving elements with highly different incompatibility (e.g., La/Yb) are dominantly controlled by % melting. Plots of SiO2 (pressure proxy; decreases with increasing pressure) versus La/Yb and Nb/Y (decrease as melting increases) imply that Mars basalts, like Earth tholeiites, reflect high percentages of melting, bu...

Field of study: Environmental science
Disease transmission models with density-dependent demographics

The models considered for the spread of an infectious disease in a population are of SIRS or SIS type with a standard incidence expression. The varying population size is described by a modification of the logistic differential equation which includes a term for disease-related deaths. The models have density-dependent restricted growth due to a decreasing birth rate and an increasing death rate as the population size increases towards its carrying capacity. Thresholds, equilibria and stability are determined for the systems of ordinary differential equations for each model. The persistence of the infectious disease and disease-related deaths can lead to a new equilibrium population size below the carrying capacity and can even cause the population to become extinct.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Study on microencapsulation of anthocyanins

The composition of wall materials and the technology of spray-drying for the microencapsulated anthocyanins were studied. The optimum microencapsulation technologies of anthocyanins were that the ratio of anthocyanins and wall materials was 20%, the ratio of maltodextrin and β-cyclodextrin was 3∶1, the concent of gum acacia was 10%, inlet air temperature was 120℃ and outlet air temperature was 80℃.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Tectal gliomas: assessment of malignant progression, clinical management, and quality of life in a supposedly benign neoplasm.

Tectal gliomas constitute a rare and inhomogeneous group of lesions with an uncertain clinical course. Because these supposedly benign tumors are frequently followed up by observation over many years, the authors undertook this analysis of their own case series in an effort to demonstrate that the clinical course is highly variable and that there is a potential for a progressive biology.  Clinical data analysis of 23 cases of tectal glioma (involving 9 children and 14 adults) was performed retrospectively. Radiographic data were analyzed longitudinally and MR images were evaluated for tumor volume, contrast enhancement, and growth progression. Quality of life was assessed using the EORTC BN20 and C30 questionnaires during follow-up in a subgroup of patients.  The patients' mean age at diagnosis was 29.2 years. The main presenting symptom at diagnosis was hydrocephalus (80%). Six patients were treated by primary tumor resection (26.1%), 3 patients underwent biopsy followed by resection (13.1%), and 3 patients underwent biopsy only (13.1%). For additional treatment of hydrocephalus, 14 patients (60.9%) received shunts and/or endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Radiographic tumor progression was observed in 47.9% of the 23 cases. The mean time between diagnosis and growth progression was 51.5 months, and the mean time to contrast enhancement was 69.7 months. Histopathological analysis was obtained in 12 cases (52.2%), resulting in 5 cases of high-grade glioma (3 cases of glioblastoma multiforme [GBM], grade IV, and 2 of anaplastic astrocytoma, grade III), 5 cases of pilocytic astrocytoma, 1 diffuse astrocytoma, and 1 ganglioglioma. Malignant progression was observed in 2 cases, with 1 case progressing from a diffuse astrocytoma (grade II) to a GBM (grade IV) within a period of 13 years. Quality-of-life measurements demonstrated distinct functional deficits compared to a healthy sample as well as glioma control cohorts.  Analysis of this case series shows that a major subpopulation of tectal gliomas show progression and malignant transformation in children as well as in adolescents. These tumors therefore cannot be considered inert lesions and require histological confirmation and close follow-up. Quality-of-life questionnaires show that tectal glioma patients might benefit from special psychological support in emotional, social, and cognitive functionality.

Field of study: Medicine
Glossary of terms used in photocatalysis and radiation catalysis (IUPAC Recommendations 2011)

This glossary of terms covers phenomena considered under the very wide terms photocatalysis and radiation catalysis. A clear distinction is made between phenomena related to either photochemistry and photocatalysis or radiation chemistry and radiation catalysis. The term “radiation” is used here as embracing electromagnetic radiation of all wavelengths, but in general excluding fast-moving particles. Consistent definitions are given of terms in the areas mentioned above, as well as definitions of the most important parameters used for the quantitative description of the phenomena. Terms related to the up-scaling of photocatalytic processes for industrial applications have been included. This Glossary should be used together with the Glossary of terms used in photochemistry, 3rd edition, IUPAC Recommendations 2006: (doi:10.1351/pac200779030293) as well as with the IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the “Gold Book”, 2006– doi:10.1351/goldbook) because many terms used in photocatalysis are defined in these documents.

Field of study: Chemistry
Enantioselective Diels-Alder reaction of ( E )-1-trimethylsilyloxy-1,3-butadiene with chiral glyoxylates

Enantioselective Diels-Alder reaction of (E)-1-trimethylsilyloxy-1,3-butadiene (I) with chiral (−)-menthyl (II) and (−)-8-phenylmenthyl (III) glyoxylates in various solvents without or with catalysts was studied. The reaction gave a mixture of trans- and cis-isomers of (−)-menthyl (IV) and (−)-8-phenylmenthyl (V) 2-trimethylsilyloxy-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-6-carboxylates. The regioselectivity of the reaction was explained by quantum-chemical calculations, the enantioselectivity was determined using 13 C NMR spectroscopy and the absolute configuration of the addition products was assigned on the basis of chemical correlation with (S)-(−)-dimethyl

Field of study: Chemistry
The Homelessness Act 2002 and Housing Allocations: All Change or Business as Usual?

The Homelessness Act 20021 represents the first piece of housing legislation from the Labour Government since taking office in May 1997, and therefore the first opportunity to assess the Government's stance on public sector housing allocations and homelessness.2 The Act seeks to regulate the way in which local authority landlords decide who should become tenants of their housing stock,3 and as such also presents an opportunity to evaluate the Government's approach to central-local government relations in this area.4 The philosophy of the 2002 Act is, in some respects, in keeping with that of its legislative antecedents. Indeed, certain of its provisions can be traced back to the first legislation to control local authorities' activities in this sphere. However, the Act can also be seen as a radical attempt to shift the culture of public sector housing allocations, and particularly to alter the way in which authorities select their tenants. This note focuses on the provisions of the Homelessness Act 2002 relating to housing allocations (as distinct from the separate homelessness provisions) and locates them in the context of the broader debate on central-local government relations. It will be argued that in order to assess the significance of the 2002 Act, it is necessary to consider both how it affects the substantive law on housing allocations and how it impinges upon, and can be understood as a reflection of, central government's relationship with local government. The first part of the note sets the scene by comparing the approach adopted by successive Parliaments towards the allocation of public sector housing before 1996 with the changes implemented by the 2002 Act's immediate predecessor, the Housing Act 1996, and the implications of those changes for the central-local

Field of study: Law
Variable-interval escape from stimuli accompanied by shocks.

Individual performances of three rats were examined under a procedure in which steady rates of bar pressing were maintained by conditioned aversive stimulation. Originally neutral visual and auditory stimuli were accompanied by widely and irregularly spaced pulses of shock; they were terminated on a variable-interval schedule by pressing a bar. The contingencies between behavior and shock were also duplicated in a control procedure in which no visual or auditory stimuli were provided. Pressing observed under the control procedure was attributed to differences in the aversiveness of pressing and nonpressing behavior engendered by differences in the incidence of shock following the two classes of behavior. Increased rates with visual and auditory stimuli were attributed to termination of conditioned aversive stimulation. Control rates declined more rapidly than did experimental rates as the mean interval between successive shocks was lengthened; both rates tended to decline when less than 60 sec was allowed as time out from shocks following the successful response. In the control procedure, discrimination between the continuation and discontinuation of the shock series, as measured by relative rates, depended on the relative length of the interval between shocks and the time-out period. Regular warm-up accelerations in rate were noted following an initial delay in responding at the beginning of each session. The length of time required for the warm-up depended on the length of the mean interval between shocks, indicating that exposure to a certain amount of shock was required to establish a supporting state for the observed performance.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Investigation on Surface Hardening of Cast Iron by Tungsten Inert Gas Arc Remelting

To improve the resistance to abrasion for surface of cast iron,the wear resistibility of grey cast iron HT200 is increased by employing inert gas tungsten arc remelt and fast solidified.The effect of current and arc moving rate on the chilling layer microstructure and some properties are studied.The results are compared with those of spray coating by nickel alloys and cast iron chilled treating and it proved that rapid chilling of A type cast iron by tungsten inert shielded gas arc melting as an energy source is much better and cheaper technique than others.And also promises to provide a new method for controlling microstructure and properties.

Field of study: Materials science
Women, Men, and Academic Performance in Science and Engineering: The Gender Difference in Undergraduate Grade Point Averages

Using longitudinal and multi-institutional data, this article takes an innovative approach in its analyses of gender differences in grade point averages (GPA) among undergraduate students in biology, the physical sciences, and engineering over a 16-year period. Assessed are hypotheses about (a) the gender ecology of science/engineering and (b) the structural advantage of the presence of programs for women.

Field of study: Education
Along-strike variation in catchment morphology and cosmogenic denudation rates reveal the pattern and history of footwall uplift, Main Gulf Escarpment, Baja California

Topography is expected to record tectonic, climatic, and rock strength controls on long-term denudation rates in active margins. We test this hypothesis in the Sierra San Pedro Martir, Mexico—the footwall of the normal-faulted, western margin of the Gulf of California rift system—by relating topographic metrics with 10 Be-derived catchment-averaged denudation rates. Denudation rates and topographic metrics record along-strike gradients in rock uplift relative to base level that increase asymmetrically from fault tips to maxima within the northern half of the range. Surface uplift of an Eocene erosional surface and slope-break knickpoints found at increasingly higher elevations in the northern segments of the Sierra San Pedro Martir fault system suggest that range asymmetry is due to a recent northward acceleration in the rate of rock uplift relative to base level. By characterizing the relationship between channel steepness and cosmogenic denudation rates, we extrapolate millennial-scale denudation rates to million-year time scales and estimate ages for the transient increase in rock uplift rates and the initial onset of normal faulting. We infer that the Sierra San Pedro Martir fault system initiated during the middle Miocene (ca. 16–14 Ma) in the center of the range and ca. 12–8 Ma near the fault tips. Recent increases in rock uplift rates during the late Pliocene (ca. 3–2 Ma) coincide with lithospheric rupture in the Delfin basins to the east and represent a westward migration of strain from hanging-wall detachments to the Sierra San Pedro Martir fault system. Age estimates are consistent with independent geologic constraints and show that pairing of carefully selected cosmogenic denudation rates with topographic analysis can be used to extract tectonic signals from topography over million-year time scales.

Field of study: Geology
Physical modeling of overtopping erosion and breach formation of cohesive embankments

The formation process and timing of a dam embankment breach caused by flood overtopping can dramatically impact the rate at which water is released from a reservoir and directly impacts the hazard to life and property downstream of a breached dam. Therefore, dam embankment erosion processes and the rate of breaching from overtopping events are important to both engineers and planners alike, who must predict impacts on local communities and surrounding areas affected by flooding. There is a distinct difference between the erosion processes of non-cohesive and cohesive embankments during overtopping. The USDA-ARS has conducted seven large-scale overtopping failure tests on cohesive embankments ranging in height from 1.5 to 2.3 m. The purpose of this study is to: (1) establish a better understanding of the erosion process of overtopped cohesive embankments, and (2) provide detailed data for future numerical model development, validation, calibration, and testing. Three soils were tested, two non-plastic SM silty sand materials and a CL lean clay. A four-stage breach erosion process was observed for cohesive embankments. The primary erosion processes observed and reported in this article for cohesive embankments during stages 2 and 3 were headcut migration and erosion widening. The rate of these two processes was observed to vary by several orders of magnitude and was observed to be strongly dependent on the soil material properties.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Effects of Teacher’s Absenteeism on Students Learning at Public Secondary Level in District Kotli Azad Kashmir

Education is a procedure of civilization and advancement. Reducing teacher absenteeism has therefore become an important issue in promoting education outcomes in the country, particularly in public secondary schools. This study finds out the causes and effects of teachers absenteeism on student learning at public secondary level of district Kotli Azad Kashmir. It was descriptive study in nature.  The effects of teacher’s absenteeism were also seen on student’s performance.  The main objective of the study was to determine different factors which cause teachers absenteeism and also find out its effects on students learning. All teachers of public secondary schools of District Kotli Azad Kashmir constituted population of the study. Simple random sampling technique was used in this study to draw the sample from population and 20% schools (28 schools) were selected randomly as the sample of the study.  From all selected 28 secondary schools of district Kotli 196 teachers were randomly selected for data collection process. However for the pilot testing process, ten secondary schools (five male and five female) of district Kotli were selected and these schools were also included in final study. The data obtained was tabulated and analyzed by using SPSS software. The conclusion is that that job security of teachers in public sector, teachers low pay, lack of accountability, political influence in education, teachers’ further education, lack of public interest in education matters, lack of facilities for teachers and long distance from school are some major causes of teachers’ absenteeism.  The student performance in the classroom remains low when a regular classroom teacher absent from the class. It is concluded that teacher’s absenteeism is one of the primary causes of student’s academic failure. The main recommendations of the study was responsibilities should be taken seriously, honestly and dedicatedly, proper accountability system should be formulated, bio metric attendance system should be adopted to reduce teacher absenteeism, Surprise schools visits should be made by higher education authorities for checking, teachers recruitment should be done through proper analysis, enough salary packages, transport accommodation and other required facilities should be provided to the teachers to reduce absenteeism problem from public schools.  Absenteeism, Effects, Teachers, Students, Teaching, Learning, Quality, Education.

Field of study: Education
ClC-3-independent, PKC-dependent Activity of Volume-sensitive Cl- Channel in Mouse Ventricular Cardiomyocytes

Volume-sensitive outwardly rectifying (VSOR) Cl- channels are activated during osmotic swelling and involved in the subsequent volume regulation in most animal cells. To test the hypothesis that the ClC-3 protein is the molecular entity corresponding to the VSOR Cl- channel in cardiomyocytes, the properties of VSOR Cl- currents in single ventricular myocytes isolated from ClC-3-deficient (Clcn3-/-) mice were compared with those of the same currents in ClC-3-expressing wild-type (Clcn3+/+) and heterozygous (Clcn3+/-) mice. Basal whole-cell currents recorded under isotonic conditions in ClC-3-deficient and -expressing cells were indistinguishable. The biophysical and pharmacological properties of whole-cell VSOR Cl- currents in ClC-3-deficient cells were identical in ClC-3-expressing cells. The VSOR Cl- current density, which is an indicator of the plasmalemmal expression of functional channels, was essentially the same in cells isolated from these 3 types of mice and C57BL/6 mice. Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) by a phorbol ester was found to upregulate VSOR Cl- currents in ClC-3-deficient and -expressing cardiomyocytes. This effect is opposite to the reported downregulatory effect of PKC activators on ClC-3-associated Cl- currents. We thus conclude that functional expression of VSOR Cl- channels in the plasma membrane of mouse cardiomyocytes is independent of the molecular expression of ClC-3.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Quantum phase transitions in superconductor–quantum-dot–superconductor Josephson structures with attractive intradot interaction

We consider a quantum dot with intradot attractive interaction sandwiched between two superconducting leads. We show that the system possesses quantum phase transitions of fermion parity as long as an external magnetic field is present. Due to the superconducting proximity effects, the possible electronic states for the embedded quantum dot are spin-polarized states with odd occupation and BCS-like states with even occupation. In this work, we adopt a self-consistent theoretical method to extend our considerations beyond the superconducting atomic limit to numerically investigate implications of an attractive interaction in electronic structures. We discuss the difference between results obtained in and away from the atomic limit. We find a reentrant behavior in the energy phase diagram when $\Delta$ is an order of magnitude larger than the hybridization strength. We also consider the Josephson current phase relations and find a number of examples showing the $0-\pi$ phase transitions that may offer important switching effects.

Field of study: Physics
Biomineralization in seeds: developmental trends in isotopic signatures of hackberry

Experiments on hackberry (Celtis) fruits collected over the course of a growing season at two localities were undertaken to assess the isotopic composition of the intricate mineral (CaCO3 and SiO2 · nH2O) and organic structure of hackberry endocarps. Hackberry fruits contain biomineralized aragonite-rich endocarps and have been documented as fossils in a variety of sites in North America and Eastern Europe ranging in age from historical to millions of years old, giving them potential as paleoclimate indicators. In the modern hackberries studied, three distinct stages of development were observed: stage 1 (0–55 days) shows a rapid increase in the whole mass of the hackberry drupe as basic components differentiate; stage 2 (day 55–85) involves a short (30-day) period of slow growth overall, but is concurrent with a sharp rise in the mass of calcium carbonate mineral; stage 3 (day 85 to full maturity) involves a sharp increase in total mass due to mesocarp development. Fruit tissues were found to have lower δ13C values than stem tissues at both sites of collection; there was very little difference between the δ18O values in the endocarp carbonate at the two sites. The most variable δ13C and δ18O values of endocarp were observed in stage 1 development. After stage 2 begins, the δ18O values in endocarp carbonate stabilized. The δ13C value of opal-occluded organic carbon appeared to be constant throughout the growing season.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography