nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Restraint of Over-applied Potassium on the Growth of Peanut

A sand pot culture experiment was carried out to study the effect of different potassium treatments on seed germination and seedling growth ,and analysed the poisonous reason of potash fertilizer in peanut. The results showed that the effect of K 2SO 4 treatment was better than that of KCl treatment with lower potassium level, but the effect of KCl was better than that of K 2SO 4 with higher potassium level.The poisonous degree increased with the increase of potash fertilizer.The poison of KCl treatment was more severe and its poisonous time occured early.The treatments of KCl and K 2SO 4 with K_2O 1 0 g/kg were best,indicating that it is safe to use lower K_2SO_4 fertilizer in practice.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Combined four-wall interference assessment in two-dimensional airfoil tests

Two different procedures are examined for combining the correction method developed by Barnwell and Sewall for the effects of the sidewall boundary layer in two-dimensional wind-tunnel tests with the assessment and correction method due to Kemp for the effects of the upper and lower tunnel walls. One procedure utilizes the similarity transformation defined by Sewall to eliminate velocity perturbations induced by the sidewall boundary layer from consideration in the assessment and correction method as sources of error. The other procedure combines perturbations from all four walls before assessment and correction. In general, the two procedures yield different corrections to Mach number and angle of attack, either of which can be considered valid. Pressure distributions corrected for higher order interference effects are provided by either procedure.

Field of study: Physics
Development of a fast dipstick dye immunoassay (DDIA) for detection IgG antibody to toxoplasmosis

To establish a rapid, immunodiagnostic assay for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis immunoglobulin G (IgG).  Goat anti-human IgG was conjugated with a blue colloidal dye (D-1) produced in China and used to detect IgG of Toxoplasma gondii in toxoplasmosis patients. The labeled second antibody-antibody complex was captured by soluble antigen of Toxoplasma onto a nitrocellulose membrane dipstick by means of immunochromagraphy. The optimal detecting condition of DDIA was determined by orthogonal experiment. A total of 88 human sera samples obtained in epidemiological investigation of toxoplasmosis were tested with DDIA, its results were compared with that tested by SERION ELISA classic Toxoplasma gondii IgG kit produced from Germany.  The optimal detection condition of DDIA was that the concentration of soluble antigen of Toxoplasma was 1mg/ml, the concentration of human IgG was 2mg/ml, the detective volume of human serum was 10μl; the total correspondence rate, the positive correspondence rate and negative correspondence rate of DDIA was 97.7%(86/88), 100%(52/52) and 94.4%(34/36) respectively compared with imported IgG-ELISA kit of Toxoplasmosis.  DDIA has good correspondence rate with imported IgG-ELISA kit of Toxoplasmosis. So DDIA has potential value for immunodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis.

Field of study: Biology
Inertial Environment Small Alloy Welding Equipment

Welding is the most common process to join two types of metal. Capacitive welding is used in small alloys, jewelry and temperature sensors. A good quality welding is composed by a homogeneous distribution and uniformity of the material at welding point and a mass conservation, keeping the metal crystalline proprieties. Capacitive welding consists in submitting a metal to an electric arc, storing energy in capacitors, when released will melt alloy and creates a union. In an inertial chamber the atmosphere is controlled, and Argon is injected by a solenoid valve, responsible to control Argon from a cylinder. Argon is a shielding gas responsible for the non-inclusion of external elements in the weld. This study develops equipment able to make capacitive welding using the principles mass and energy conservation in alloys and gauges pre-established, of different types of metals in an inertial environment, with the objective of create a good quality and efficient weld with low cost equipment with easy manipulation.

Field of study: Engineering
JISP16 realistic NN interaction within the resonating group approach to the α + n scattering

An approach is developed which allows the JISP16 realistic NN interaction to be included in calculations within the algebraic version of the resonating group approach. A particular α + n system is examined. The approach is based on the use of the generating function method. The results obtained can be generalized to the case of more complicated systems and included in calculations of potentials with separable coordinate dependence.

Field of study: Physics
Late-onset facial nerve degeneration after vestibular schwannoma surgery: incidence, putative mechanisms, and prevention.

Delayed facial nerve dysfunction after vestibular schwannoma surgery is a poorly understood phenomenon that has been reported to occur in 15 to 29% of patients undergoing microsurgery. It is a condition characterized by spontaneous deterioration of facial nerve function in a patient who has otherwise normal or near-normal facial function in the immediate postoperative period. This delayed paralysis is generally reported to occur in the first few days postsurgery, with the majority of patients eventually recovering their immediate postoperative facial function. However, infrequently, it can also occur more than 1 week after surgery (so-called late-onset facial nerve palsy). The authors reviewed facial nerve outcome in 611 patients who underwent microsurgery between 1973 and 1994. The facial nerve was anatomically preserved in 596 patients (97.5%), and 90% of patients had House-Brackmann[6] Grade 1 or 2 function 1 year after surgery. Late-onset facial dysfunction was seen in 13 patients (2.1%). All of these had significant deterioration in facial nerve function between 1 and 4 weeks postoperatively, and all showed improvement by 1 year. In this study, the focus on these patients who developed late-onset facial palsy. The incidence, treatment strategies, and outcomes will be discussed with emphasis on possible pathophysiological mechanisms that contribute to this relatively rare condition.

Field of study: Medicine
Ångström exponent errors prevent accurate visibility measurement

Visibility is an indicator of atmospheric transparency, and it is widely used in many research fields, including air pollution, climate change, ground transportation, and aviation. Although efforts have been made to improve the performance of visibility meters, a significant error exists in measured visibility data. This study conducts a well-designed simulation calibration of visibility meters, which proves that current methods of visibility measurement include a false assumption, leading to the long-term neglect of an important source of visibility error caused by erroneous values of Angstrom exponents. This error has two characteristics, namely (1) independence, which means that the magnitude of the error is independent of the performance of the visibility meter. It is impossible to reduce this error by improving the performance of visibility meters. The second characteristic is (2) uncertainty, which means the magnitude of the error does not show a clear change pattern but can be substantially larger than the measurement error of visibility meters. It is impossible to accurately estimate the magnitude of this error or its influence on visibility measurements. Our simulations indicate that, as errors in visibility caused by erroneous values of Angstrom exponents are inevitable using current methods of visibility measurement, reliable visibility data cannot be obtained without major adjustments to current measurement methods.

Field of study: Environmental science
A component composition model providing dynamic, flexible, and hierarchical composition of components for supporting software evolution

Component composition is one of the practical and effective approaches for supporting software evolution. However, existing component composition techniques need to be complemented by advanced features which address various sophisticated composition issues. In this paper, we introduce a set of features that supports and manages dynamic as well as flexible composition of components in a controlled way. We also propose a component composition model that supports these features. The proposed model enables dynamic, flexible, and hierarchical composition of components by providing and manipulating dedicated composition information, which in turn increases reusability of components and capabilities for supporting software evolution. To show the benefits of our model concretely, we provide a Hotel Reservation System case study. The experimental results show that our model supports software evolution effectively and provides efficient and modular structures, refactoring, and collaboration-level extensions as well.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
[Meteorological risk factors of stroke].

Based on correlation analysis of stroke, recorded in Khanty-Mansiysk during 5 years, and standard meteorological factors, we found the significant relationship between the frequency of stroke and daily temperature amplitude. The positive correlation between the frequency of stroke and between-day changes in air temperature in the combination with changes in atmospheric pressure during 3 h was identified. A maximal number of strokes was recorded in December, April, May and July and a minimal number was in January, June, August and September. The frequency of stroke and fatal outcomes did not depend on the season.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Production and test results of SC 3.9-GHz accelerating cavity at Fermilab

The 3rd harmonic 3.9GHz accelerating cavity was proposed to improve beam performances for TTF-FEL facility. In the frame of collaboration Fermilab will provide DESY with a cryomodule containing a string of four cavities. In addition, a second cryomodule with one cavity will be fabricated for installation in the Fermilab photo-injector, which will be upgraded for the ILC accelerator test facility. In this paper we discuss the status of the cavity and coupler production and the first result of cavity tests. It is hoped that this project will be completed during the first half of 2007 and the cryomodule delivered to DESY in this time span.

Field of study: Physics
Angiosarcoma of the heart predominantly involving the pericardium: A clinicopathologic study with electron-microscopic and immunohistochemical correlation.

A case of angiosarcoma of the heart with predominant involvement of the pericardium and diffuse bilateral lymphangitic spread to both lungs is presented. The patient was a 32-year-old man admitted for cough, dyspnea, and intermittent hemoptysis. Chest x-ray and computed tomography scans revealed bilateral pulmonary infiltrates and pericardial effusion. An echocardiogram showed a large oval mass overlying and compressing the right atrium and ventricle. At autopsy, multiple hemorrhagic tumor nodules were present in the pericardial sac, and an 8-cm hemorrhagic tumor mass was found overlying and compressing the right atrial appendage and infiltrating the heart muscle. Histological, immunohistochemical, and electron-microscopic examination revealed the features of angiosarcoma. The predominant pericardial location observed in this case was a source of difficulty both in the clinical and pathological differential diagnosis and raised the question of possible primary pericardial angiosarcoma with secondary involvement of the heart. A review of the literature on this topic is presented.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Prediction-based Dynamic Resource Scheduling for Virtualized Cloud Systems

Virtualization and cloud computing technologies now make it possible to consolidate multiple online services, which are packed in virtual machines (VMs), into a smaller number of physical servers. However, it is still a challenging scheduling problem for cloud provider to dynamically manage the resource for VMs in order to handle variable workloads without service level agreement (SLA) violation. In this paper, we introduce a Prediction-based Dynamic Resource Scheduling (PDRS) solution to automate elastic resource scaling for virtualized cloud systems. Unlike traditional static consolidation or threshold-driven reactive scheduling, we both consider the dynamic workload fluctuations of each VM and the resource conflict handling problem. PDRS first employs an online resource prediction, which is a VM resource demand state predictor based on the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model, to achieve adaptive resource allocation for cloud applications on each VM. Then we propose our prediction-based dynamic resource scheduling algorithms to dynamically consolidate the VMs with adaptive resource allocation to reduce the number of physical machines. Extensive experimental results show that our scheduling is able to realize automatic elastic resource allocation with acceptable effect on SLAs.

Field of study: Computer science
In situ SAXS studies of the formation of sodium jarosite.

This paper reports the results of time-resolved synchrotron small-angle scattering and powder diffraction experiments where natrojarosites were synthesized in situ in order to observe the species produced at the earliest stages of nucleation. The sample temperatures were 333, 353 and 368 K. These compounds were synthesized by co-precipitation from solution on the Small and Wide Angle Scattering and Powder Diffraction beamlines at the Australian Synchrotron. Scattering data were collected continuously throughout the syntheses. The results presented here show that the first particles to form in solution appear to be amorphous and nucleate on the walls of the reaction vessel. Crucially, there is a single nucleation event which forms particles with an elliptical disc morphology which then grow uniformly before natrojarosite crystallization is observed in complementary powder diffraction data. This nucleation event may represent the key to controlling the growth of jarosites in industrial and environmental settings.

Field of study: Physics
Effect of mineral oil and its combinations against leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula biguttula in okra

Laboratory and field studies were conducted on the bioefficacy of mineral oil and its combinations against leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida) in okra. In addition, their safety to natural enemies, pollinators and their phytotoxic effects on okra were also studied under green house and laboratory conditions on okra revealed that 2 per cent concentration of mineral oil + neem oil and mineral oil + karanj oil were superior and effective over other treatments both with 93.3 per cent mortality of hoppers at 48 HAT. In pot culture experiments, the efficacy of mineral oil + neem oil and mineral oil + Karanj oil, at 2 per cent concentration were superior and effective against leaf hopper, with a mean population reduction of 79.9 and 79.3 per cent. In field experiments, mineral oil + neem oil, mineral oil+ Karanj oil and mineral oil at 2 per cent concentration significantly checked the leaf hopper population with a mean population reduction of 84.1, 80.6, and 78.3 per cent leaf hoppers, respectively. The foliar application of mineral oil on okra revealed that upto 5 per cent concentration showed no phytotoxic effects like wilting, vein clearing, necrosis, epinasty and hyponasty on both 30 and 45 days old plants. However, mineral oil treatments of 7, 10, 15 and 20 per cent concentration showed leaf injury to tip and leaf surface with a rating of 2.0, 2.0, 3.3 and 6.3 on 30 days old plants and 2.0, 2.0, 3.0, 5.0 on 45 days old plants, respectively. All the mineral oil based treatments were found safer to egg parasitioid Trichogramma chilonis (Ishii) with the adult emergence and egg parasitization of 92.4-93.8 and 92.4-96.0 per cent, respectively. The laboratory experiments conducted on the safety of mineral oil and its combinations to Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) eggs and grubs, revealed that all the mineral oil based treatments were safe with negligible negative effect on the hatching of eggs showing 89-93.5 per cent hatching and minimum grub mortality of 3.3-16.6 per cent. The mineral oil based treatments at 2 per cent concentration were found safe to Apis cerana indica with minimum mortality of 3.3-10 per cent of worker honey bees.

Field of study: Biology
On Classifying Schizophrenics: A Modest Proposal

sions which have been shown to possess meaningful behavioral correlates. At present three such dimensions have been extensively surveyed: paranoid-nonparanoid, a classification which can be made reliably on the basis of psychiatric interview; good-poor premorbid personality, expressed in terms of the Phillips Scale (1953) or the Kantor, Wallner, and Winder alternatives (1953); and chronicity, stated as the length of time since the initial diagnosis of schizophrenia. The Future will undoubtedly introduce other objectively defined parameters which are orrhogonal to the others. Second, establish what functions are important in therapy and rehabilitation of schizophrenics. Using multiple-correlation methods relate the classificatory dimensions to the functions being studied. The end result will be a series of regression equations relating multiply-classified subgroups to functions known to be essential to treatment. Ultimately similarly classified patients will be assigned to an appropriate type of therapy, and the researcher who is concerned with etiological factors can work with genuinely homogeneous groupings. The number of papers referring to schizophrenia as "an enigma" should decrease markedly. Third, discontinue the use of the current subcategories of schizophrenics. The difficulties of chis program are obvious. However, in view of the fact that in this area the failure to replicate findings is so often the result of population variables, a new classification system is needed.

Field of study: Psychology
Three-dimensional quantitative structure activity relationships of quorum-sensing and biofilm inhibitors in gram-negative bacteria

Thirty N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) analogs with variable antibacterial activity and displaying inhibition of biofilm formation were selected to develop models for establishing three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships (3D-QSAR). Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) were carried out to determine the optimum structural requirements for selectivity and potency of quorum-sensing and bacterial biofilm inhibition. The best CoMFA model predicted a q2 value of 0.519 and an r2 value of 0.984 and revealed that electrostatic and steric properties play a significant role in potency and selectivity. The CoMSIA model predicted a q2 value of 0.411 and an r2 value of 0.938 based on a combination of steric, electrostatic, and hydrophobic effects. The analysis of the contour maps from each model provide insight into the structural requirements for increasing the activity of a compound. Consequently, manipulating the chemical and physical properties of substituted acyl groups on the homoserine lactone moiety can provide important information toward enhancing the antibacterial properties of the target chemical compound.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Low temperature acclimation of guard cell chloroplasts by the arctic plant Saxifraga cernua L.

The potential for thermal acclimation of photosynthetic electron transport by guard cell chloropiasts (GC ch) was assessed in epidermal peels taken from the abaxial side of Saxifraga cernua leaves grown at 20°C and 10°C. Chlorophyll a fluorescence induction kinetics measured in pairs of guard cells in individual stomata from tissue grown at 10 °C demonstrated a rise in the fluorescence to a maximum and a larger amplitude in variable fluorescence when measured at temperatures below 18°C than was seen in GC ch from tissue grown at 20°C. The rates of fluorescence quenching in 10°C-grown tissue were also faster than in 20°C-grown tissue when measured at temperatures below 18°C. State 1-State 2 transitions by GC ch were measured at selected temperatures between 5 and 25 °C as changes in the magnitude of the fluorescence emission maxima at 685, 695 and 730nm (F685, F695 and F730) measured at 77K. At measuring temperatures of 5 and 10°C, GC ch in tissue grown at 10 °C showed a greater transition to State 2 (a larger F730/F695 ratio) than did GC ch in tissue grown at 20 °C. At measuring temperatures of 20 and 25 °C, there was no difference in either the kinetics or the magnitude of the State 1 to State 2 transition in the two tissues. The ultrastructure of GC ch from tissues grown at 10 and 20 °C was also examined using transmission electron microscopy. Less than half (48%) of the grana from the higher temperature grown tissue had more than nine thylakoids/grana. Grana in GC ch which had developed at 10 °C showed a dramatic reduction in stacking, such that 85% of the grana contained no more than two thylakoids. The reduction in grana stacking was also accompanied by a decrease in the degree of appression of thylakoid membranes. The results demonstrate a capacity for thermal acclimation of GC ch function to low temperatures. This acclimation is associated with alterations in the chloroplast ultrastructure.

Field of study: Environmental science
Biosynthesis of vitamin K and other natural naphthoquinones

Compounds with vitamin K activity, menaquinone and phylloquinone, are biosynthesized from shikimic acid (or a close relative) and either 2-ketoglutaric acid or glutamic acid. The mechanism of the condensation and the nature of possible intermediates are discussed. Flaviolin (produced by Aspergillus niger) and 2,7-dimethoxynaphthazarin (produced by Streptomycete 12396) are shown to be typical acetate polymalonate compounds. Other routes to naturally occurring naphthoquinones are briefly reviewed.

Field of study: Chemistry
Research on Error and Exception Process Method for Java Web Application

In a traditional Java Web environment,the application is usually used often hard-coded or try …catch phrases to avoid the error and exception,this will not only increase the difficulty of the coding,and projects also face security risks.Builds framework model for error and exception handling in Java Web application,encapsulates errors and exceptions into exceptions,and throws exceptions to a given location to process.Developers can concentrate on business logic,rather than wasting time dealing with errors and exceptions.The model makes the readability,maintainability,modifiability,robustness of the program improved greatly.Gives basic knowledge and guiding principles of errors and exceptions handling in Java Web application.

Field of study: Computer science
Optimization of a Binary Concrete Crack Self-Healing System Containing Bacteria and Oxygen

An optimized strategy for the enhancement of microbially induced calcium precipitation including spore viability ensurance, nutrient selection and O2 supply was developed. Firstly, an optimal yeast extract concentration of 5 g/L in sporulation medium was determined based on viable spore yield and spore viability. Furthermore, the effects of certain influential factors on microbial calcium precipitation process of H4 in the presence of oxygen releasing tablet (ORT) were evaluated. The results showed that CaO2 is preferable to other peroxides in improving the calcium precipitation by H4. H4 strain is able to precipitate a highly insoluble calcium at the CaO2 dosage range of 7.5–12.5 g/L, and the most suitable spore concentration is 6 × 108 spores/ml when the spore viability (viable spore ratio) is approximately 50%. Lactate is the best carbon source and nitrate is the best nitrogen source for aerobic incubation. This work has laid a foundation of ternary self-healing system containing bacteria, ORT, and nutrients, which will be promising for the self-healing of cracks deep inside the concrete structure.

Field of study: Materials science