nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the Trojan Y chromosome model for eradication of invasive species in a dendritic riverine system

The use of Trojan Y chromosomes has been proposed as a genetic strategy for the eradication of invasive species. The strategy is particularly relevant to invasive fish species that have XY sex determination system and are amenable to sex-reversal. In this paper we study the dynamics of an invasive fish population occupying a dendritic domain in which Trojan individuals bearing multiple Y chromosomes have been released as a means of eradication. We demonstrate the existence of a bounded absorbing set that represents extinction of the invasive species irrespective of the dendritic configuration. The method of analysis used to obtain global estimates could be applied to other population problems and other geometries.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Another Look at Byzantine Fault Tolerance

We review several solutions for the Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) problem and discuss some aspects that are frequently overlooked by existing literatures. For example, PBFT and HotStuff BFT protocols (HotStuff has been adopted by Facebook Libra) require a reliable broadcast primitive. We show that if the broadcast primitive is not reliable then the PBFT and HotStuff BFT protocols could not achieve the liveness property (that is, the system will never reach an agreement on a proposal). Though these BFT protocols have been developed for partial synchronous networks, we show that they cannot achieve consensus in partial synchronous networks since the participants do not know what is the Global Stabilization Time (GST) and broadcast channels before GST are defined to be unreliable (e.g., DoS attacks on certain participants). Thus it is important for developers to be aware of these issues when developing applications (such as blockchains) using these BFT protocols.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
ANALYSIS ON INCLINED CABLE VIBRATION SUPPRESSION USING LEVER MASS DAMPER

A new damper system called Lever Mass Damper(LMD)for vibration control of inclined cables on cable-stayed bridges is developed,and the structure,damping principle of LMD for vibration suppression are discussed as well.The damping performance of an LMD attached to a stay cable is investigated by solving complex eigenvalue problem with Nonlinear FEM.Compared with an oil damper for cable vibration control,except the 1st mode,LMD can provide higher modal damping ratios and has better performance for mitigation of cable vibration.

Field of study: Engineering
Setting priorities for the conservation of terrestrial vertebrates in Hungary

The first step towards the preservation of endangered species is to establish an appropriate ranking system, which assigns different nature conservation priority scores to different taxa. The system developed by Millsap et al. (Wildlife Monograph 1990, 111: 1–57) has been modified and applied to the mammal, bird, reptile, and amphibian species of Hungary. Three variable groups have been compiled, including eight (measuring biological characteristics), three (features of the Hungarian population) and five (evaluation of research and conservation actions) variables, respectively. In cooperation with several experts, we gave scores to all 379 taxa considered. The most endangered taxon proved to be the Hungarian Meadow Viper (Vipera ursinii rakosiensis), which occurs only in Hungary with just a few hundred individuals. The species rank depends on the availability and quality of data, so it is urgent to devote more effort to survey and monitoring projects. We present a possible application of the species list, where the taxa are grouped according to their legal status in Hungary (strictly protected, protected, partly protected and not protected), and the validity of this categorisation was tested by applying multivariate discriminant analysis. Only 58.36% of the species were correctly classified. The reasons for stronger than expected protection include popularity, attractiveness, and local rarity, while reasons for lower protection include preference for hunting and control of predators and pests.

Field of study: Environmental science
Objectives and Achievements in Introductory Sociology

M t /[EMBERS of the Department of Sociology at Ohio State University have at least three fundamental objectives for the introductory course. They are to enable the students to acquire basic information and concepts, to develop logical and critical methods of thinking, and to use objective attitudes toward social life. In addition, the various instructors are free to emphasize the following objectives as they deem necessary: to cultivate a sympathetic understanding of social problems; to develop a sense of social responsibility; to show that as a product of group life man is conditioned by the social environment in his habits, attitudes, beliefs, and philosophy; and to interest students in further study of sociology. During departmental discussions of purposes and objectives there were various estimates of the effect of the course, but there were no objective measures of course achievements. Motivated by the desire to obtain some objective evidence regarding the aftereffects of sociological courses a comprehensive study involving the students enrolled in the course Principles of Sociology was undertaken. This course is required of all who take advanced work in sociology at Ohio State and is not open to Freshmen. It was elected by 454 students in the autumn quarter of 1938. The eleven sections were taught in varying hours during the day; and although T05 students were enrolled in one section, most of the enrollment ranged from 25 to 46. The methods used were primarily lectures and class discussions centered around the textbook-Principles of Sociology by Frederick E. Lumley. Because of the large number taking the course and the inadequate library facilities little attention was given to additional reading. As a means of gathering objective information, we constructed tests to evaluate changes in information, attitudes, and ability to interpret social data.' Three hundred and ninety-five students took both the pre-tests and end-tests. The students were told of the nature of the testing program, were asked for their co-operation, and

Field of study: Education
NMDA receptors mediating Fos expression in rat spinal cord induced by subcutaneous injection of formalin.

To examine the effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptors on noxious stimulation-induced Fos expression in the rat spinal cord.



Formalin (2%) was injected s.c. into one hindpaw of the rat. Fos expression was exhibited by immunocytochemical technique.



Two hours after s.c. formalin, Fos-like immunoreactive (FLI) neurons were distributed mainly in medial part of the lamina I and the outer lamina II of the ipsilateral dorsal horn. dl-2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV) administered intrathecally (10 microL, 0.01, 0.1, or 1 g.L-1) before injection of formalin into a hindpaw reduced the number of FLI neurons dose-dependently in the dorsal horn (P < 0.01), while 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2, 3(1H,4H)-dione (DNQX) (1 g.L-1) was ineffective.



NMDA receptor mediated noxious stimulation-induced Fos expression in the rat spinal cord.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
The presence and possible functions of the matrix metalloproteinase collagenase activator protein in developing enamel matrix.

The developing enamel matrix contains mostly amelogenins, which are hydrophobic proline-rich proteins. During amelogenesis, the amelogenins are presumably hydrolysed and removed from the enamel. Recently a number of metalloproteinases that may be important in amelogenesis have been identified in zymograms of the developing enamel matrix. In the present study an antibody specific for the matrix metalloproteinase collagenase activator protein (CAP) was characterized and used to identify this metalloproteinase in enamel. Immunoblotting showed that the CAP proteinase was present in the enamel matrix. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that the proteinase is localized in the enamel matrix, most specifically along the dentino-enamel junction. Purified CAP was found to hydrolyse amelogenin protein. Possible functions of the proteinase in the enamel matrix are discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Mosaic spread characterization of microgravity-grown tetragonal lysozyme single crystals.

Mosaic spread values for crystals grown in microgravity were measured using synchrotron radiation. Full width at half maximum (FWHM) values for diffraction line profiles in the range 10-20" (arc seconds, 1" = 1 degrees /3600) were observed. These values are similar to those measured for crystals grown on earth using the gel-acupuncture method. The crystals analysed are composed of from two to five domains producing peaks having widths from 5 to 15". The distribution of these domains is neither homogeneous (with domains of lower quality concentrated in the centre of the crystal) nor isotropic (producing peaks whose width changes depending on the observation direction). Methodological aspects are also discussed, with special consideration of the effects of mosaic spread on the data-collection procedures for high-resolution (low-intensity) reflections.

Field of study: Chemistry
Beneficial impact of high-field intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging on the efficacy of pediatric low-grade glioma surgery.

Intraoperative MRI (iMRI) is assumed to safely improve the extent of resection (EOR) in patients with gliomas. This study focuses on advantages of this imaging technology in elective low-grade glioma (LGG) surgery in pediatric patients.



The surgical results of conventional and 1.5-T iMRI-guided elective LGG surgery in pediatric patients were retrospectively compared. Tumor volumes, general clinical data, EOR according to reference radiology assessment, and progression-free survival (PFS) were analyzed.



Sixty-five patients were included in the study, of whom 34 had undergone conventional surgery before the iMRI unit opened (pre-iMRI period) and 31 had undergone surgery with iMRI guidance (iMRI period). Perioperative data were comparable between the 2 cohorts, apart from larger preoperative tumor volumes in the pre-iMRI period, a difference without statistical significance, and (as expected) significantly longer surgeries in the iMRI group. According to 3-month postoperative MRI studies, an intended complete resection (CR) was achieved in 41% (12 of 29) of the patients in the pre-iMRI period and in 71% (17 of 24) of those in the iMRI period (p = 0.05). Of those cases in which the surgeon was postoperatively convinced that he had successfully achieved CR, this proved to be true in only 50% of cases in the pre-iMRI period but in 81% of cases in the iMRI period (p = 0.055). Residual tumor volumes on 3-month postoperative MRI were significantly smaller in the iMRI cohort (p < 0.03). By continuing the resection of residual tumor after the intraoperative scan (when the surgeon assumed that he had achieved CR), the rate of CR was increased from 30% at the time of the scan to 85% at the 3-month postoperative MRI. The mean follow-up for the entire study cohort was 36.9 months (3-79 months). Progression-free survival after surgery was noticeably better for the entire iMRI cohort and in iMRI patients with postoperatively assumed CR, but did not quite reach statistical significance. Moreover, PFS was highly significantly better in patients with CRs than in those with incomplete resections (p < 0.001).



Significantly better surgical results (CR) and PFS were achieved after using iMRI in patients in whom total resections were intended. Therefore, the use of high-field iMRI is strongly recommended for electively planned LGG resections in pediatric patients.

Field of study: Medicine
Ungulate carrying capacity in Pleistocene Mediterranean ecosystems: Evidence from the Atapuerca sites

Large herbivore carrying capacity, that is, the maximum biomass of large herbivorous mammals that an ecosystem is able to sustain for the long term, is a key factor in ecosystems trophic dynamics. The carrying capacity of Pleistocene ecosystems conditioned the survival opportunities and colonization capabilities of hominin populations in Europe. In this study, we use the amphibian and squamate record of two Early and Middle Pleistocene sites from Sierra de Atapuerca (Spain) to obtain estimates of past temperature and rainfall values. A function derived from the analysis of a wide set of recent mammalian communities is used to infer the large herbivore carrying capacity of the Atapuerca ecosystems during the Pleistocene from those climatic variables. This function provides reliable estimates of large herbivore carrying capacity in open environments but not in forest communities. The results presented in this study indicate that carrying capacity was higher at Atapuerca during most of the sequence than in the present. Our data also suggest that in most Mediterranean ecosystems, large herbivore biomass is currently below the carrying capacity of the environment due to the relatively low diversity of the large herbivore guild in most recent communities. Although the carrying capacity was high at Atapuerca in the periods the area was occupied by humans, it was also high in other periods for which no evidence of human presence has been recorded. Thus, the relationship between human occupation of the territory and carrying capacity does not appear to be simple.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
57Fe-Moessbauer Spectroscopic Studies on the Products of [1.1]Ferrocenophane-1,12-dione with I2, Br2, and DDQ

[1.1]Ferrocenophane-1,12-dione reacts with I2 and DDQ giving a diamagnetic [1.1]ferrocenophane-I2 and DDQ adduct and reacts with Br2 giving a paramagnetic [1.1]ferrocenophanium-1,12-dione+ Br3− salt. The results of 57Fe-Moessbauer spectroscopy and other physicochemical measurements of the reaction products indicate that the formers are an I2 and a DDQ molecular complex, while the latter is a trapped-valence type mixed-valence salt.

Field of study: Chemistry
Fission Fragment Decay Simulations with the CGMF Code

The CGMF code implements the Hauser-Feshbach statistical nuclear reaction model to follow the de-excitation of fission fragments by successive emissions of prompt neutrons and $\gamma$ rays. The Monte Carlo technique is used to facilitate the analysis of complex distributions and correlations among the prompt fission observables. Starting from initial configurations for the fission fragments in mass, charge, kinetic energy, excitation energy, spin, and parity, $Y(A,Z,KE,U,J,\pi)$, CGMF samples neutron and $\gamma$-ray probability distributions at each stage of the decay process, conserving energy, spin and parity. Nuclear structure and reaction input data from the RIPL library are used to describe fission fragment properties and decay probabilities. Characteristics of prompt fission neutrons, prompt fission gamma rays, and independent fission yields can be studied consistently. Correlations in energy, angle and multiplicity among the emitted neutrons and $\gamma$ rays can be easily analyzed as a function of the emitting fragments.

Field of study: Physics
Effects of the Degree of Cure on the Electrical and Mechanical Behavior of Anisotropic Conductive Films

In this work, the effects of the degree of cure on the electrical and mechanical behavior of an anisotropic conductive film (ACF) were investigated. The degree of cure of the ACF as a function of bonding time was quantified by dynamic differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study and attenuated total reflectance/Fourier-transform infrared (ATR/FT-IR) analysis. According to the results, the thickness expansion rate of the ACF as a function of temperature decreased and the storage modulus increased as the degree of cure increased. In addition, the contraction stress of a partially cured ACF with a degree of cure below 40% was much smaller than that of an ACF with a degree of cure above 90%. The ACF contact resistance decreased and the ACF peel adhesion strength increased as the degree of cure of the ACF increased. In particular, poor electrical contact was observed when the degree of cure was below 40%. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) increased as the degree of cure increased and was closely related to the peel adhesion strength. Furthermore, ACF joints with a degree of cure below 40% had higher contact resistance than those with a degree of cure above 90% during 85°C/85% relative humidity testing.

Field of study: Materials science
FDTD-MTL method for EMP response of shielded MTL

A novel method in time domain for the response of high power EMP with braided-shield multi-conductor cable is proposed.The current on the shield can be used as the stimulus of the MTL equations based on the definition of the transfer impedance.The current on the shield,the core current and the core-to-shield voltage are obtained by the FDTD method combining the MTL equations with the field equations.A comparative study is carried out against the transfer impedance models proposed by Vance and Tyni.As an example of the application of the FDTD-MTL method,the response of high power EMP with three-conductor braided-shield cable is obtained.

Field of study: Physics
TH-C-12A-03: Development of Expanded Field Irradiation Technique with Gimbaled X-Ray Head.

The Vero4DRT has a maximum field size of 150×150 mm2 . The purposes of this study were to develop an expanded field irradiation technique using a unique gimbaled x-ray head of Vero4DRT and to evaluate its dosimetric characteristic.



The expanded field irradiation consisted of four separate fields with 2.39 degree gimbal rotation around orthogonal two axes. The central beam axis for each field shifted 40 mm from the isocenter for longitudinal and lateral directions, and thus, the field size was expanded up to 230×230 mm2 . Adjacent region were created at the isocenter (center-adjacent expanded-field) and 20 mm from isocenter (offadjacent expanded-field). To create flat dose distribution in the combined piecewise-fields, the overlapping and gaps regions on the isocenter plane were adjusted with the gimbal rotating and the MLC. To evaluate dosimetric characteristic of the expanded-field, films inserted in water-equivalent phantoms at 50, 100 and 150 mm depth were irradiated and the field size, penumbra, flatness and symmetry were analyzed.In addition, the expandedfield irradiation technique was applied to IMRT. A head and neck IMRT field, which was planned for the conventional linac (Varian Clinac iX), was reproduced with the expanded-field of the Vero4DRT. The simulated dose distribution for the expanded IMRT field was compared to the measured dose distribution.



The field size, penumbra, flatness and symmetry of center- and off- adjacent expanded-fields were 230.2-232.1 mm, 7.8-10.7 mm, 2.3-6.5% and -0.5-0.4% at 100 mm depth. The 82.1% area of the expanded IMRT dose distribution was within 5% difference between measurement and simulation, which was analyzed upper 50% dose area, and the 3%/3 mm gamma pass rate was 98.4%.



The expandedfield technique was developed using the gimbaled x-ray head. To extend applied targets, such as whole breast irradiations or head and neck IMRT, the expanded-field technique would be effective.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Stratified Logrank Test of No Randomized Treatment Effect with Missing Stratum Information

A major objective in many clinical trials is to compare several competing treatments in a randomized experiment. In such studies, it is often necessary to adjust for some other important factor that affects the event rates in the treatment groups. When this factor is discrete, one usual approach uses a stratified version of the logrank test. In this article, we consider the problem that arises when the factor giving rise to the strata is missing at random for some of the study subjects. This article proposes a modified version of the stratified logrank test, in which the unobserved stratum indicators are replaced by an estimate of their conditional expectation given available auxiliary covariate measurements. The null asymptotic distribution of the proposed test statistic is investigated. Simulation experiments are also conducted to examine the finite-sample behavior of this test under both null and alternative hypotheses. Simulations indicate that the proposed test performs well, even under some moderate deviations to the at-random missingness assumption.

Field of study: Mathematics
Large-scale, short-lived metamorphism, deformation, and magmatism in the Chugach metamorphic complex, southern Alaska: A SHRIMP U-Pb study of zircons

We present sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U-Pb geochronology and trace-element chemistry of zircons from the Chugach metamorphic complex, southern Alaska, which allow us to precisely constrain the age and duration of peak metamorphism. Zircons separated from migmatitic metasedimentary gneisses show thin (5–30 μm) overgrowths with trace-element compositions indicating growth at or close to the metamorphic peak. Five U-Pb ages of such overgrowths and two U-Pb ages from magmatic zircons from plutons intruding the metasediments from the western and central parts of the complex range between 54.0 ± 0.9 Ma and 52.6 ± 1.0 Ma and are within error of each other. One sample from the southeastern part of the complex yields a zircon overgrowth age of 51.3 ± 0.7 Ma, which is within error of two of the seven samples from the western and central parts. Combined with previous U-Pb zircon ages of magmatic rocks of the Sanak-Baranof belt, our data constrain the age and duration of metamorphism and magmatism to a time span of maximum ∼3 m.y. between ca. 55 and 52 Ma on an ∼200-km-long section in the western and central part of the complex. A time span of ∼2 m.y. between ca. 52 and 50 Ma is constrained from the southeastern part of the complex to Baranof Island. Maximum depositional ages of the sediments in which the complex developed (ca. 60 Ma) limit the time available for prograde metamorphism to a narrow time window of ∼5 m.y. This short time span for prograde metamorphism, followed by near-synchronous peak metamorphism and magmatism for ∼800 km along the margin could be the result of ridge subduction, and tectonic models for the evolution of this region are discussed.

Field of study: Geology
Electromechanical controlled phased array dumbbell EBG beam steerer

A steerable phased array antenna driven mechanically is realized by utilizing the variation of dumbbell electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures. The variation takes place under the feed line of a 4-element array that gives the change in relative phase shift. The phase shift achieved from different shaping combinations of EBGs shifting under the feed lines. The feed lines are connected with four microstrip patches to yield a 4-element phased array antenna. The mechanical controlled pattern shapes of phase array antenna are simulated in electromagnetic (EM) software Zeland IE3D. Finally the design is fabricated with the help of optical lithography. It can be seen that the beam steering angle can be controlled mechanically without phase shifter and PIN switches.

Field of study: Engineering