nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
WE‐G‐224‐01: History Symposium ‐ Historical Aspects of Brachytherapy

This presentation will review some of the historic developments in brachytherapy treatment. The early history of brachytherapy is primarily the history of radium and its daughter products, particularly 222Rn. Much of this history is interwoven with the histories of institutions in North America and Europe, such as the Memorial Hospital, Harvard Medical School, the Huntington Memorial Hospital, closed in 1941, with its activities transferred to the Massachusetts General Hospital, M.D. Anderson Hospital, the Mayo Clinic, the Radium Institute of Paris, the Radium Hemmet in Stockholm and the Holt Radium Institute in Manchester. Noted personalities such as William Duane, Gioacchino Failla, Robert Abbe, Henry Janeway, Victor Hess and Enrico Fermi all worked with “radium cows” which supplied radon gas in seeds and tubes for treatment. Edith Quimby and Herbert Parker made significant advances in dosimetry, developing systems for planar implants and more complex geometries. Noted physicians such as Gilbert Fletcher, Ulrich Henschke, Luis Delclos and Nisar Syed developed applicators and procedures for using radioactive sources for treatment. Modern brachytherapy techniques were developed in the 1960's with the search for radium‐substitute materials including 125I and 192Ir. This time period also saw the development of remote afterloading by Henschke and his associates and the adaptation of computertechnology which facilitated the development of more accurate, user friendly techniques of dosimetry. In the modern era, remote afterloading in conjunction with high dose rate radioactive sources (HDR) and the use of 125I and 103Pd seeds have become staples of modern treatment.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Multiple Causes: A Causal Graphical View

Unobserved confounding is a major hurdle for causal inference from observational data. Confounders---the variables that affect both the causes and the outcome---induce spurious non-causal correlations between the two. Wang & Blei (2018) lower this hurdle with "the blessings of multiple causes," where the correlation structure of multiple causes provides indirect evidence for unobserved confounding. They leverage these blessings with an algorithm, called the deconfounder, that uses probabilistic factor models to correct for the confounders. In this paper, we take a causal graphical view of the deconfounder. In a graph that encodes shared confounding, we show how the multiplicity of causes can help identify intervention distributions. We then justify the deconfounder, showing that it makes valid inferences of the intervention. Finally, we expand the class of graphs, and its theory, to those that include other confounders and selection variables. Our results expand the theory in Wang & Blei (2018), justify the deconfounder for causal graphs, and extend the settings where it can be used.

Field of study: Computer science
Spark-Discharge Plasma as a Method to Produce Low AC Loss Multifilamentary (RE)Ba2Cu3 O7 Coated Conductors

If coated conductors are to be used in large-scale ac applications such as motors and generators, energy losses must be minimised. Hysteretic ac losses can be reduced by dividing the coated conductor into filaments. In this study, a new method for producing filamentary coated conductors is presented. An electrical spark discharge was used to selectively degrade regions of superconducting tape. The robust, noncontact and scalable method was used to striate tapes into four filaments. The filamentary samples had lower ac losses than nonstriated tapes with less than a 7% reduction in current carrying capacity.

Field of study: Physics
Behavior in a novel situation as influenced by the immediately preceding environment.

Behavior in a novel situation, which basically represented an increase in complexity for some Ss and a decrease in complexity for others, was sampled by the use of an exhaustive list of response categories at 5-sec intervals for 24 min. Wide behavioral differences are described. In addition, the feasibility of the time-sampling technique for the study of animal behavior is further demonstrated, and its more general use is advocated.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
[The firstly confirmed pregnant woman case of avian influenza A (H5N1) by etiological research in China].

To investigate the cause of death of a pregnant woman with undefined pneumonia reported from the People's Hospital of Tongling City in Anhui Province on November 8, 2005, the patient's tracheal aspirates and serum samples were collected and tested by RT-PCR and Real-time PCR to detect viral nucleic acids of HA of A/H5N1, A/H7N7, A/H9N1 and A/M. Tracheal aspirates were inoculated into special pathogen free (SPF) embryonated eggs for cultivation and identification of virus. The HA gene of the virus was sequenced and analyzed. Serum samples were tested by HI assay to detect antibody of H5N1. The results showed that HA gene of A/H5N1 virus and A/M were positive in tracheal aspirates by both PCR tests. The serum sample collected on Nov. 9 was A/M gene positive by Real-time PCR. The analysis of HA gene of A/AnHui/1/2005 sequence showed that the receptor specificity and the connecting peptide between HA1 and HA2 were still avian influenza origin. The HI antibody of H5N1 was negative at 7th, 8th, 9th d of disease onset. This undefined pneumonia case was confirmed as the first pregnant woman case of avian influenza (H5N1) virus infection by etiology in the mainland of China.

Field of study: Biology
Littoral species diversity and biomass: concordance among organismal groups 
and the effects of environmental variables

Biomass and species diversity (richness and evenness) of littoral organisms were explored in 27 sites in three basins of the large Lake Saimaa system in eastern Finland. The basins differed in degree of nutrient loading and trophic status. Six organismal groups, i.e., phytoplankton, periphyton, macrophytes, crustacean zooplankton, benthic macroinvertebrates and fish were studied. Factors affecting the biomass and diversity of these groups were explored by multiple stepwise regression analysis. The biomass of different groups was explained by the same variables, mainly nutrients, while diversity was associated with different environmental factors among the studied groups. The biomass of periphyton, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and fish correlated significantly with each other. There was also an apparent association between the biomass of macrophytes and that of benthic invertebrates. However, no significant correlations were found among the diversity of the studied groups. In accordance with previous studies, our results did not support the existence of species-rich hotspots or the possibility of using any surrogate taxon to reveal overall biodiversity. Thus, for conservation planning, biological surveys should include extensive collection of taxonomic groups and organisms at all trophic levels.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Number of Options in a Multiple-Choice Test Item and the Psychometric Characteristics.

Traditionally, multiple-choice test items(MCIs) have been written with four or five response options, and measurement textbooks have recommended this. However, in the recent past, many studies have theoretically and empirically found that three options are just as effective, and may be the optimal number of options for MCIs. This study investigated and compared the effect of two  number of options (noOPT) formats, five options versus three options, on test and item psychometric characteristics. A Mathematics Achievement Test (MAT) was administered twice, first with five options, and then with three options per item.  The study used a sample of one hundred and fifty-nine ( Six pupils in state government-owned schools in Bayelsa State, South-South Nigeria. The study revealed that noOPT significantly affected mean test scores, mean test difficulty and test discrimination indices, but not internal consistency reliability coefficient. Generally the findings provided more evidence to support the use of three option.  number of options (noOPT), psychometric characteristics, item difficulty index, item discrimination index, test reliability

Field of study: Education
Malicious-Secure Private Set Intersection via Dual Execution

Private set intersection (PSI) allows two parties, who each hold a set of items, to compute the intersection of those sets without revealing anything about other items. Recent advances in PSI have significantly improved its performance for the case of semi-honest security, making semi-honest PSI a practical alternative to insecure methods for computing intersections. However, the semi-honest security model is not always a good fit for real-world problems. In this work we introduce a new PSI protocol that is secure in the presence of malicious adversaries. Our protocol is based entirely on fast symmetric-key primitives and inherits important techniques from state-of-the-art protocols in the semi-honest setting. Our novel technique to strengthen the protocol for malicious adversaries is inspired by the dual execution technique of Mohassel & Franklin (PKC 2006). Our protocol is optimized for the random-oracle model, but can also be realized (with a performance penalty) in the standard model. We demonstrate our protocol's practicality with a prototype implementation. To securely compute the intersection of two sets of size 220 requires only 13 seconds with our protocol, which is ~12x faster than the previous best malicious-secure protocol (Rindal & Rosulek, Eurocrypt 2017), and only 3x slower than the best semi-honest protocol (Kolesnikov et al., CCS 2016).

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Visualizing protected variations in evolving software designs

HighlightsWe propose a visual approach to explore the evolution of software design structures.We analyzed several projects and discuss our findings (e.g., changes in variability).A user study was conducted and participants reported their observations. Identifying and tracking evolving software structures at a design level is a challenging task. Although there are ways to visualize this information statically, there is a need for methods that help analyzing the evolution of software design elements. In this paper, we present a new visual approach to identify variability zones in software designs and explore how they evolve over time. To verify the usefulness of our approach, we did a user study in which participants had to browse software histories and find visual patterns. Most participants were able to find interesting observations and found our approach intuitive and useful. We present a number of design aspects that were observed by participants and the authors using our IHVis tool on four open-source projects.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Anaerobic purification and crystallization to improve the crystal quality: ferredoxin II from Desulfovibrio gigas.

Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), which are strict anaerobes, contain an electron-transfer chain from pyridine nucleotides to molecular oxygen. This unique enzymatic equipment allows the bacterium to produce ATP when exposed to air from the degradation of internal reserves of polyglucose. Ferredoxin II (Fd II) is a small electron-transfer protein isolated from the strict anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio gigas. The protein contains 58 amino acids and an iron-sulfur cluster. The cluster [3Fe-4S] spontaneously undergoes conversion to [4Fe-4S] when it is used as an electron mediator in the phosphoroclastic reaction. The iron-sulfur geometries and interconversion mechanism appear to have physiological significance between the oxidized and reduced states. Crystallization of Fd II in an anaerobic environment was achieved at a higher resolution of 1.37 A and the differences between the anaerobic and aerobic structures will reveal the unique iron-storage function and electron-transfer mechanism of ferredoxin II from D. gigas.

Field of study: Chemistry
Ages and Differentiation Series of the Batholiths Near the Minnesota-Ontario Boundary

During the last ten years the great batholiths of northeastern Minnesota have been visited many times and studied in considerable detail by parties of the Minnesota Geological Survey. The work has now reached a stage where a summary of the broader relations of these masses can be presented with some confidence. The succession of events disclosed by the study is somewhat more complex than that supposed by earlier workers. The essential facts can perhaps be best indicated by descriptions and sketches of two areas and by brief notes on the others. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the help received in this work from geologists of the Minnesota Geological Survey and from the Graduate School of the University of Minnesota, which provided funds that made the chemical studies possible. Basis of the Age Determination The ages of the batholiths along the boundary have been determined largely by their relations .

Field of study: Geology
Analysis of Voltage Sag in Power Distribution System Based on PSCAD/EMTDC and Research of Restrain Mensurement

Along with the wide application of sensitive equipment in industry, the requirement of power quality from consumers becomes higher and higher. Voltage sag, which is the important factor to threaten the power quality, has become one of the serious problem of dynamic power quality that influence the safety and natural operation of a great many power devices. How to improve the dynamic power quality of distribution system and reject the disturbances on sensitive power customers caused by voltage sag are great significance. This paper build up the electromagnetic transient model of voltage sag,analysis the voltage sag caused by circuit fault. Circuit fault at different place which result in voltage sag to consumer are compared. In addition, measures to control voltage sag for utility and consumers are put forward..

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Dynamics of iron and calcium carbonate redistribution and palaeohydrology in middle Eocene alluvial paleosols of the southeast Ebro Basin margin (Catalonia, northeast Spain)

Paleosols in the alluvial middle Eocene of the Ebro Basin exhibit both the redistribution of iron (groundwater and surface-water gley) and calcium carbonate. The hydrological dynamics are reconstructed through gley features and location of carbonate accumulation. Together, these allow a sophisticated analysis of the (seasonal) palaeohydrology of ancient sedimentary environments. This analysis is performed on paleosols developed in marginal and distal floodplain and delta plain deposits derived from the southeast Ebro Basin margin. The most proximal part of the floodplain sediments had moderate, mainly vadose calcite redistribution with surface-water gleying, and fairly deep groundwater. The more distal sediments have stronger calcite redistribution, both of vadose and surface-water gley environments. These were frequently overprinted by groundwater-related calcite, indicating shallow and fluctuating groundwater. In the most distal alluvial sediments, both calcite redistribution and further soil formation were weak, while groundwater was shallow.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Shape of the silicon absorption coefficient spectrum near 1.63 eV.

We report high precision, high spectral resolution measurements of the absorption coefficient of silicon in the spectral region from 1.61 to 1.65 eV. Our data show a smooth absorption spectrum with no discernable features in this spectral region where structure has been reported previously. Our data and analysis suggest that the second indirect transition in silicon has yet to be detected in absorption coefficient spectra.

Field of study: Physics
Surface roughness effects at lithium silicate glass/blocking metal interfaces

Under carefully controlled conditions, with a clean glass surface free from corrosion products, the interface between lithium disilicate glass and blocking metal electrodes has an impedance response that agrees qualitatively with the predictions of the de Levie model. As the glass surface is increasingly roughened, the electrode response in the complex impedance plane shows increasing departures from the ideal vertical spike at high frequencies but returns to a more ideally capacitive response at lower frequencies. Some guidelines are given for interpreting low frequency impedance data and for distinguishing between the effects of interfacial roughness, surface layers and electrochemical phenomena.

Field of study: Materials science
Category of Fuzzy Topological Polygroups

In this paper, the relation between two definitions of a fuzzy topological polygroup is discussed. The collection of all fuzzy continuous functions from a fuzzy topological space Y to a fuzzy topological polygroup Z, denoted by FC(Y,Z) induces a polygroup structure from that of Z. Moreover, we study (fuzzy) topological polygroup of the polygroup FC(Y,Z) when it is equipped with various known topologies and fuzzy topologies. Also, a few properties of fuzzy topological polygroups are established and a category CFTP is formed with objects as FTP and morphisms as the fuzzy topological homomorphisms. The category CTP is seen to be a full subcategory of CFTP.

Field of study: Mathematics
IL-13 induces the phosphorylation of STAT6 and up-regulates GP II b expression in Dami cell

目的 研究重组人白细胞介素13(rhIL-13)诱导巨核细胞白血病细胞株Dami细胞STAT6(signal transducers and activators of transcription6)磷酸化及对Dami细胞GPⅡb表达的影响.方法 RT-PCR检测Dami细胞IL-13Rαl mRNA、IL-4Rα mRNA和GPⅡb mRNA;Western blot检测Dami细胞磷酸化STAT6蛋白表达;流式细胞仪检测Dami细胞GPⅡb蛋白表达.结果 Dami细胞表达IL-13 Rαl mRNA;Dami细胞表达IL-4Rα mRNA;IL-13作用Dami细胞2 h,STAT6磷酸化;IL-13组Dami细胞GPⅡb表达高于空白对照组(P＜0.05).结论 IL-13诱导Dami细胞STAT6磷酸化并上调Dami细胞GPⅡb表达。

Field of study: Biology
Comparison of heat monitoring-based myocardial protection strategy with classic myocardial protection method in isolated coronary artery bypass surgery patients.

In this study, we aimed to compare patients who have a myocardial protection strategy based on myocardial temperature monitorization with those who had myocardial protection with conventional intermittent cardioplegia.



Twenty-six patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery were included into the study. Patients were prospectively grouped into two; myocardial protection based on temperature monitoring (group 1, n = 11) and those who had cardioplegia every 20 min (group 2, n = 15) during aortic cross-clamping. In all patients, cold blood cardioplegia was used. Coronary sinus blood sampling was performed immediately before aortic cross-clamping, after 2, 20, and 40 min of aortic clamping and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, malondialdehyde, creatinine kinase-myocardial band isoenzyme (MB), troponin I, lactate, and pH were studied. In addition, myocardial biopsy was taken before and immediately after cross-clamping to evaluate cardiomyocyte apoptosis with caspase-3 tunnel immunostaining.



There were no differences in clinical parameters like early mortality, extubation time, inotropic requirements, postoperative drainage, intensive care unit, and hospitalization time between two groups. In addition, blood and blood products were similar in two groups. In group 2, after cross-clamping, troponin I and creatinine kinase-MB values were significantly higher than the other group. In myocardial biopsies, the caspase immunostaining score, before removal of aortic cross-clamp was significantly higher in group 2 than the samples taken before aortic clamping.



Our results show that there is no difference between temperature-based myocardial protection strategy with conventional intermittent cardioplegia delivery. We think that the number of patients in our study is less and that the patient population is not a homogeneous structure is the most important limiting factor of our study. Increasing the number of patients, with particularly those who have myocardial dysfunction would help augment the possible different effects of two cardioplegic techniques on myocardial protection.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
On conversion of luminescence into absorption and the van Roosbroeck-Shockley relation

The problem of conversion of experimentally measured luminescence spectrum into the absorption cross section is revisited. The common practice of using the van Roosbroeck-Shockley (or Kubo-Martin-Schwinger or Kennard-Stepanov) relation in this context is incorrect because luminescence from semiconductors is essentially all due to the spontaneous emission component of the recombination of carriers distributed far-from-equilibrium. A simple, physically consistent, and practical prescription for converting the luminescence spectra into absorption is presented and its relation to the so-called nonequilibrium generalization of the van Roosbroeck-Shockley relationship is discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Tuning amino acid dehydrogenases with featured sequences for L-phosphinothricin synthesis by reductive amination.

Biosynthesizing unnatural chiral amino acids is challenging due to the limited reductive amination activity of amino acid dehydrogenase (AADH). Here, for the asymmetric synthesis of l-phosphinothricin from 2-oxo-4-[(hydroxy)(methyl)phosphinoyl]butyric acid (PPO), a glutamate dehydrogenase gene (named GluDH3) from Pseudomonas monteilii was selected, cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli). To boost its activity, a "two-step"-based computational approach was developed and applied to select the potential beneficial amino acid positions on GluDH3. l-phosphinothricin was synthesized by GluDH-catalyzed asymmetric amination using the d-glucose dehydrogenase from Exiguobacterium sibiricum (EsGDH) for NADPH regeneration. Using lyophilized E. coli cells that co-expressed GluDH3_V375S and EsGDH, up to 89.04 g L-1 PPO loading was completely converted to l-phosphinothricin within 30 min at 35 °C with a space-time yield of up to 4.752 kg·L-1·d-1. The beneficial substitution V375S with increased polar interactions between K90, T193, and substrate PPO exhibited 168.2-fold improved catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM) and 344.8-fold enhanced specific activity. After the introduction of serine residues into other GluDHs at specific positions, forty engineered GluDHs exhibited the catalytic functions of "glufosinate dehydrogenase" towards PPO.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Customary marine tenure and mariculture management in outlying communities of Pohnpie State, Federated States of Micronesia

The Marine Resources Division of Pohnpei State, Federated States of Micronesia is currently engaged in development activities that include the establishement of family scale mariculture projects for community members of several remote villages and outer islands. The goal of this undertaking is to supplement subsistence and income generation ventures for community members through wise use of the marine environment. These aims may be jeopardized unless a management plan is devised that incorporates the customary marine resource practices from each of these culturally diverse communities. The intent of this project is to devise a mariculture management plan that could help marine resource managers reduce or avoid marine resource user conflicts within each community that may result from the introduction of family mariculture projects. A ten week field investigation was conducted on three different study sites to obtain qualitative and quantitative data that would serve as a basis for the development of a mariculture management plan that integrates contemporary marine tenure practices with government management strategies. Research results disclose various user rights and practices that are consistent with implementation parameters for family mariculture projects and the reduction of user conflicts within each community.

Field of study: Environmental science