nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Assessment in Higher Education : Issues of Access, Quality, Student Development and Public Policy

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Field of study: Education
Trial Planting of Fast-growing and High-yileding Rubber Clone Reken 523

After 10 years systematical observation on hevea clones of trials located in Hainan,Guangdong and Yunnan Province from 2000,it was found Reken 523 was a fast-growing and high-yielding clone.The annual stem increment reached 7.99 cm and could be cut one year earlier than normal clones.It had middle resistance to both powdery midew disease and rubber tree anthracnose.The resistance to wind injury was medium and TPD rate was lower than the control.At the same time,Reken 523 revealed high-yielding potential based on its latex physical diagnose.The main shortcoming was poor resistance to cold injury.But the cold injury was not remarkablly different from PR107 in 2008.This clone has great extention protential in Hainan and Yunnan where climatic type belongs to light wind and cold injury.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Crystallization and preliminary diffraction data of BaP1, a haemorrhagic metalloproteinase from Bothrops asper snake venom.

BaP1 is a metalloproteinase isolated from the venom of the Central American snake Bothrops asper (terciopelo). It is a 24 kDa protein consisting of a single chain which includes the metalloproteinase domain only, therefore being classified as a class P-I snake-venom metalloproteinase. BaP1 induces prominent local tissue damage, such as haemorrhage, myonecrosis, blistering, dermonecrosis and oedema. In order to elucidate its structure, BaP1 was crystallized by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion technique in 0.1 M bicine pH 9.0, 10% PEG 20 000 and 2%(v/v) dioxane. Diffraction data were observed to a resolution of 2.7 A. Crystals belong to space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 38.22, b = 60.17, c = 86.09 A.

Field of study: Chemistry
A genetic algorithm for the ab initio phasing of icosahedral viruses.

Genetic algorithms have been investigated as computational tools for the de novo phasing of low-resolution X-ray diffraction data from crystals of icosahedral viruses. Without advance knowledge of the shape of the virus and only approximate knowledge of its size, the virus can be modeled as the symmetry expansion of a short list of nearly tetrahedrally arranged lattice points which coarsely, but uniformly, sample the icosahedrally unique volume. The number of lattice points depends on an estimate of the non-redundant information content at the working resolution limit. This parameterization permits a simple matrix formulation of the model evaluation calculation, resulting in a highly efficient survey of the space of possible models. Initially, one bit per parameter is sufficient, since the assignment of ones and zeros to the lattice points yields a physically reasonable low-resolution image of the virus. The best candidate solutions identified by the survey are refined to relax the constraints imposed by the coarseness of the modeling, and then trials whose intensity-based statistics are comparatively good in all resolution ranges are chosen. This yields an acceptable starting point for symmetry-based direct phase extension about half the time. Improving efficiency by incorporating the selection criterion directly into the genetic algorithm's fitness function is discussed.

Field of study: Chemistry
An asymptotically optimal RFID protocol against relay attacks

Relay attacks are a major concern for RFID systems: during an authentication process an adversary transparently relays messages between a verifier and a remote legitimate prover. We present an authentication protocol suited for RFID systems. Our solution is the first that prevents relay attacks without degrading the authentication security level: it minimizes the probability that the verifier accepts a fake proof of identity, whether or not a relay attack occurs.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Warmup in free-operant avoidance as a function of the response-shock = shock-shock interval.

Warmup effects, the repeated within-session transitions from ineffective to effective avoidance, were examined with rats on free-operant shock-delay procedures. The shock-shock and response-shock intervals were kept equal as they were varied. As measured by both response rates and shock rates, the magnitude of within-session change in performance was inversely related to the size of the manipulated intervals. The duration of warmup tended to decrease as the intervals were increased. This finding, that increased shock frequencies do not shorten the warmup, appears to be inconsistent with all interpretations of the warmup that have been offered to date. Late-session performances replicated general features of prior experiments, but differed with respect to details of secondary conclusions in previous reports. These differences may stem from the selection of especially proficient avoiders for previous experiments.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Numerical Simulation of Particle Separation in PM10 Cyclone Separator

Electrical Low Pressure Impactor is a measurement device, which can real-time measure the distribution of particle size and concentration. The PM10 cyclone separator is used as the pretreatment device of the Electrical Low Pressure Impactor, so the separation performance of the cyclone separator is the key factor to measure the particle concentration accurately. ICEM was adopted to mesh, and gas-solid two-phase flow of the separator was studied based on Reynolds stress model and the stochastic model. The result shows that the internal flow field in the preseparator is the force vortex state, the outer swirl is the composite vortex structure of quasi free vortex, the composite vortex has a good effect on particle separation. The change of dust discharge diameter adjusts the critical diameter to the theoretical value, which making more particles whose size larger than 10μm were collected to the maximum extent, which provides a guarantee for the accurate measurement of particle concentration.

Field of study: Engineering
Does computer use in patient-physician encounters influence patient satisfaction?

To assess whether computer use by physicians during the patient-physician encounter influences patient satisfaction in a family medicine teaching centre.



Cross-sectional mailed survey.



Queen's University Family Medicine Centre in Kingston, Ont.



A random sample of 300 patients from the family medicine centre, all of whom were older than 18 years of age and had visited their family physicians in the past year.



Patient preference for or against computer use by the physician and effect of computer use on various aspects of patient-physician interaction.



The response rate was 58.3%. Most respondents (51.4%) had no preference about computer use in the office, and most (88.0%) were either "very satisfied" or "satisfied" with their visits. When assessing the influence of patient and visit characteristics on computer preference, only the "doctor's attitude toward computer use" had a positive correlation with patient preference (P=.0012). Respondents were most likely to indicate "positive" or "very positive" effects of computer use on all aspects of the patient-physician interaction, except "level of distraction of the doctor" and "time spent chatting about nonmedical matters," which were most commonly reported as being unaffected by computer use. Specifically, 57.1% of respondents thought that computer use had either a "positive" or "very positive" effect on their overall satisfaction with their visits, with another 30.3% believing there was no effect.



Most patients expressed no preference for whether or not computers were used in their physicians' offices, although computers did seem to have a positive effect on overall satisfaction with visits. Doctors' attitudes toward computer use influenced their patients' preferences.

Field of study: Medicine
Transport Channels in a Double Junction- coherent coupling changes the picture

Transport through a point contact is accurately modelled by assigning to the junction an ensemble of independent transport channels with possibly different transmissions. We here argue that for a series of two contacts, coherently coupled across an island, the transport channels are different from the ensembles that would describe each contact taken as stand-alone device. We further show that instead of two sets of channels with manifold cross-links over the island the double junction can be described by pairs of channels from both sides coherently coupled together, where each pair, however, has no coherent connection to the others. This finding will substantially simplify modelling transport by a Green's functions technique. Additional channels through only one junction may complete the picture. Finally we discuss how partial coherence across the island with an appropriate ansatz can be modelled in the same scheme.

Field of study: Physics
Determination of succinic acid, glutaric acid and adipic acid by high performance liquid chromatography

The analysis method for mixtures of binary carboxylic acids by reversed phase ion pair liquid chromatography is presented to separate succic acid, glutaric acid and adipic acid that possess high polar and approximate dissociation constant completely. The advantages of this method in comparison with that of gas chromatography are that the sample needn't be pretreated and analysis time are shorter. In addition, the standard working curves are constructed.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Evaluation of the Status of Guidance Services in Secondary Schools in Rivers State, Nigeria

The study investigated the status of guidance services in some Secondary schools in Rivers State. Out of the two hundred and fifty (250) public schools in Port Harcourt, only twenty (20) have at least a practicing counsellor. Fourteen schools with practicing counsellors were sampled in this study. The two Federal Government and University Demonstration Schools in Port Harcourt were also included in the study. Data was collected through the administration of a questionnaire on guidance services. Data analysis revealed Guidance and Counselling services in Rivers State are faced with many obstacles which jeopardize effective delivery of the services, thereby resulting in educational wastage instead of the expected quality outcome. Funds for provision of basic guidance services are lacking. Most of the vital counselling services needed for quality education are the least regularly performed in schools e.g. use of psychological tests and keeping of cumulative record folders. Only 18% of the schools sampled indicated that the objectives of the National Policy on education with respect to guidance and counselling services have been realized to some extent. If the stated objectives of Education in the National Policy on Education are to be achieved, the current status of guidance services needs to be reviewed and positive steps taken towards its improvement.  Evaluation, status, guidance services.

Field of study: Education
Die Gravitationsenergie des Photons

ZusammenfassungDie Anwendung der statistischen Metrik ergibt für die Gravitationsenergie des Photons einen endlichen Wert, der für v=1015 sec−1 ungefähr 1% von h v ausmacht. Dem Ergebnis kommt deshalb eine prinzipielle Bedeutung zu, weil die bisher als klassischer Elektronenradius gedeutete Konstante y hier in die Lösung eines Problems eingeht, das mit dem Elektron nichts zu tun hat.

Field of study: Physics
UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC MODEL TEST OF COMPOSITE LOW-NOISE BRACE

Through the combination of hollow blocking mass with polyurethane sandwich plate, the composite low-noise brace structure is designed. Its preliminary marine application is also presented. On this basis, the large scale double shells' underwater model test of vibration, sound radiation and input power flow is carried out. The test data show that the outer shell 20Hz-3000Hz vibration acceleration level is reduced by 3.1dB, the near field sound radiation pressure at 5m is reduced by 7.2dB. The 90°-270° clockwise circumferential distribution of sound pressure has the highest noise reduction. The input power flow is also obviously attenuated, which is single-peaked and moves to lower frequency.

Field of study: Engineering
Input processing of Chinese by ab initio learners

We report on a study of first-exposure learners with different first languages (L1s: English, Japanese) to examine their ability to process input for form and meaning. We used a rich set of tasks to tap respectively into processing, comprehension, imitation, and working memory. We show that there are advantages to having a first language (L1) that brings familiarity with the target language. We also show that when presented with natural auditory input, learners are able to process form only minimally. These findings are inconsistent with other studies that suggest that segmentation is easy and rapid. Additionally, we show that such learners comprehend meaning by relying on ‘top-down’ strategies. These findings challenge some of the claims on Input Processing theory.

Field of study: Linguistics
Characterization of Human Gingival Fibroblasts on Zirconia Surfaces Containing Niobium Oxide

It was indicated that tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (TZP) containing yttria (Y2O3) and niobium oxide (Nb2O5) ((Y,Nb)-TZP) could be an adequate dental material to be used at esthetically important sites. The (Y,Nb)-TZP was also proved to possess its osteogenic potential comparable with those conventional dental implant material, titanium (Ti). The objective of the current study was to characterize cellular response of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) to smooth and rough surfaces of the (Y,Nb)-TZP disc, which were obtained by polishing and sandblasting, respectively. Various microscopic, biochemical, and molecular techniques were used to investigate the disc surfaces and cellular responses for the experimental (Y,Nb)-TZP and the comparing Ti groups. Sandblasted rough (Y,Nb)-TZP (Zir-R) discs had the highest surface roughness. HGFs cultured on polished (Y,Nb)-TZP (Zir) showed a rounded cell morphology and light spreading at 6 h after seeding and its proliferation rate significantly increased during seven days of culture compared to other surfaces. The mRNA expressions of type I collagen, integrin α2 and β1 were significantly stimulated for the Zir group at 24 h after seeding. The current findings, combined with the previous results, indicate that (Y,Nb)-TZP provides appropriate surface condition for osseointegration at the fixture level and for peri-implant mucosal sealing at the abutment level producing a suitable candidate for dental implantation with an expected favorable clinical outcome.

Field of study: Materials science
Evaluation of guidewire path reproducibility.

The number of minimally invasive vascular interventions is increasing. In these interventions, a variety of devices are directed to and placed at the site of intervention. The device used in almost all of these interventions is the guidewire, acting as a monorail for all devices which are delivered to the intervention site. However, even with the guidewire in place, clinicians still experience difficulties during the interventions. As a first step toward understanding these difficulties and facilitating guidewire and device guidance, we have investigated the reproducibility of the final paths of the guidewire in vessel phantom models on different factors: user, materials and geometry. Three vessel phantoms (vessel diameters approximately 4 mm) were constructed having tortuousity similar to the internal carotid artery from silicon tubing and encased in Sylgard elastomer. Several trained users repeatedly passed two guidewires of different flexibility through the phantoms under pulsatile flow conditions. After the guidewire had been placed, rotational c-arm image sequences were acquired (9 in. II mode, 0.185 mm pixel size), and the phantom and guidewire were reconstructed (512(3), 0.288 mm voxel size). The reconstructed volumes were aligned. The centerlines of the guidewire and the phantom vessel were then determined using region-growing techniques. Guidewire paths appear similar across users but not across materials. The average root mean square difference of the repeated placement was 0.17 +/- 0.02 mm (plastic-coated guidewire), 0.73 +/- 0.55 mm (steel guidewire) and 1.15 +/- 0.65 mm (steel versus plastic-coated). For a given guidewire, these results indicate that the guidewire path is relatively reproducible in shape and position.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Study on accelerated aging of brandy

The aging effect of natural accelerant added into brandy was studied.Experiments were carried out by adding different kinds and quantities of natural accelerant into brandy with temperature changing storage.The value of OD was mensurated by using spectrophotometer and composition of aroma component was analyzed by gas chromatogram.Results showed that it was perfect when putting 2% Chinese oak CH marinated by 2% solution of NaHCO3 into brandy,then stored with changing temperature.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A Theory of Nonequilibrium States of Quadrupole Molecules in Polar Solvents: The Electron Transfer Symmetry Breaking

Nonequilibrium states of excited quadrupole molecules in polar solvents are described. The energy profile of a molecule and the polar medium interacting with it is determined along the collective coordinate characterizing the degree of medium polarization. It is shown that the transition from the initial state of a molecule with a symmetric charge distribution generated by a pulse of optical excitation to an asymmetric state does not require activation, so it must occur during solvent relaxation timescale.

Field of study: Physics
Molecular Mechanisms of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a complex disorder, where family, twin and adoption studies have been demonstrating a high heritability of the disease and that this disease is not simply defined by several major genes but rather evolves from addition or potentiation of a specific cluster of genes, which subsequently determines the genetic vulnerability of an individual. Linkage and association studies suggest that a genetic vulnerablility, is not forcefully leading to the disease since triggering factors and environmental influences, i.e. birth complications, drug abuse, urban background or time of birth have been identified. This has lead to the assumption that schizophrenia is not only a genetically defined static disorder but a dynamic process leading to dysregulation of multiple pathways. There are several different hypothesis based on several facets of the disease, some of them due to the relatively well-known mechanisms of therapeutic agents. The most widely considered neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia integrates environmental influences and causative genes. The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia is based on the fact that all common treatments involve antidopaminergic mechanisms and genes such as DRD2, DRD3, DARPP-32, BDNF or COMT are closely related to dopaminergic system functioning. The glutamatergic hypothesis of schizophrenia lead recently to a first successful mGlu2/3 receptor agonistic drug and is underpinned by significant findings in genes regulating the glutamatergic system (SLC1A6, SLC1A2 GRIN1, GRIN2A, GRIA1, NRG1, ErbB4, DTNBP1, DAAO, G72/30, GRM3). Correspondingly, GABA has been proposed to modulate the pathophysiology of the disease which is represented by the involvement of genes like GABRA1, GABRP, GABRA6 and Reelin. Moreover, several genes implicating immune, signaling and networking deficits have been reported to be involved in the disease, i.e. DISC1, RGS4, PRODH, DGCR6, ZDHHC8, DGCR2, Akt, CREB, IL-1B, IL-1RN, IL-10, IL-1B. However, molecular findings suggest that a complex interplay between receptors, kinases, proteins and hormones is involved in schizophrenia. In a unifying hypothesis, different cascades merge into another that ultimately lead to the development of symptoms adherent to schizophrenic disorders.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Dynamic Assortment Selection under the Nested Logit Models

We study a stylized dynamic assortment planning problem during a selling season of finite length $T$, by considering a nested multinomial logit model with $M$ nests and $N$ items per nest. Our policy simultaneously learns customers' choice behavior and makes dynamic decisions on assortments based on the current knowledge. It achieves the regret at the order of $\tilde{O}(\sqrt{MNT}+MN^2)$, where $M$ is the number of nests and $N$ is the number of products in each nest. We further provide a lower bound result of $\Omega(\sqrt{MT})$, which shows the optimality of the upper bound when $T>M$ and $N$ is small. However, the $N^2$ term in the upper bound is not ideal for applications where $N$ is large as compared to $T$. To address this issue, we further generalize our first policy by introducing a discretization technique, which leads to a regret of $\tilde{O}(\sqrt{M}T^{2/3}+MNT^{1/3})$ with a specific choice of discretization granularity. It improves the previous regret bound whenever $N>T^{1/3}$. We provide numerical results to demonstrate the empirical performance of both proposed policies.

Field of study: Computer science
KINETIC STUDIES ON β-ARYL MIGRATION ACROSS THE DOUBLE BOND IN VINYL CATIONS

The rates of β-aryl migration in vinyl cations were determined by laser flash photolysis of the corresponding vinyl bromides in acetonitrile. β-Anisyl migration occurred very rapidly (k≥108 s−1). β-Phenyl migration in Ph(An)C=\overset+C-Ph→An-\overset+C=CPh2 was relatively slow process (k=7.4 × 106 s−1 at 273 K).

Field of study: Chemistry
Spatial distribution and accumulation of brominated flame retardants, polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) from coastal waters of Korea.

Blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) from 20 locations along the coastal waters of Korea were analyzed to elucidate the characteristic distribution and contamination status of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report on the contamination status of HBCDs from Korea. PBDEs and HBCDs were found in mussels at levels ranging from 6.6 to 440 and from 6.0 to 500 ng/g lipid wt., respectively. Concentrations of PBDEs in mussels from Korea were higher or comparable to available data in mussels from other countries. Among the organochlorine compounds (OCs) analyzed, levels of PCBs and DDTs were the highest followed by CHLs, HCHs and hexachlorobenzene. For all the compounds, higher concentrations were found in mussels from southeastern coast of Korea. The present study shows the importance of mussels as bioindicators for monitoring contaminants in coastal waters.

Field of study: Environmental science