nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Mace-Stoma By Caecal Flap Plasty

In patients with chronic constipation or fecal incontinence due to anorectal malformations, Hirschsprung's Disease, MMC and other causes, different techniques of ACE exist, depending on wheter there is an appendix or not. We describe our new technique of a stapeled caecal flap plasty in detail.  During a 2 year period (2006-2008) 10 out of 30 patients underwent MACE-construction by stapeled caecal flap plasty. The mean age was 15 years (6.5-19.0). In 7 patients no appendix was present after earlier surgery. In 2 patients earlier appendicocaecostomies showed stenosis and in 1 patient the appendix was obliterated. All patients underwent stapeled caecal flap plasty and intraabdominal antirefluxive fixation. In 7 patients the ACE was fixed in the right midabdomen and in 3 in the umbilicus.  During the follow-up period 5 patients showed no problems at all. 2 had initial problems in catheterization of the MACE, 1 showed stenosis of the MACE, requiring surgical dilatation. 2 patients still show problems in the self-organisation of catheterization with delayed defecation while the stoma works well.  Our new technique of stapeled caecal flap plasty is a good alternative procedure to construct a continent catheterizable ACE-stoma in patients without appendix.

Field of study: Medicine
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Generation of x-ray radiation in a plasma created by a train of pulses from a regenerative CO2 amplifier

For the first time an investigation was made of the generation of hard x-ray radiation (ω ≈ 3–5 keV) in a plasma of Dural and tungsten targets created by a regenerative CO2 amplifier with moderate laser radiation intensities of ~ 1010–1011 W/cm2. It was found that, even at such relatively low CO2 laser radiation intensities in the plasma, instabilities can develop which generate hot superthermal electrons responsible for hard x-ray emission. The experimental results are discussed.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Universal temperature scaling of flux line pinning in high-temperature superconducting thin films

Dissipation-free current transport in high-temperature superconductors is one of the most crucial properties of this class of materials which is directly related to the effective inhibition of flux line movement by defect structures. In this respect epitaxially grown thin films of YBa2Cu3O7-d (YBCO) are proving to be the strongest candidates for many widescale applications that are close to realization. We show that the relation between different defect structures and flux line pinning in these films exhibits universal features which are clearly displayed in a detailed analysis of the temperature-dependent behaviour of local critical currents. This allows us to identify different pinning mechanisms at different temperatures to be responsible for the found critical currents. Additionally, the presence of grain boundaries with very low misorientation angles affects the temperature stability of the critical currents which has important consequences for future applications.

Field of study: Physics
PERSISTENCE AND DEGRADATION OF COUMAPHOS IN MODEL CATTLE DIPPING VATS

The stability of coumaphos [O,O-diethyl O-(3-chloro-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-7 yl)phosphorothioate] was studied in model dipping vats under field conditions using 14C-labelled and unlabelled coumaphos, with or without additives. The stability of coumaphos in model vats increased significantly by maintaining a pH of 5 by addition of superphosphate. Copper sulphate amendment did not seem to have any additional effect on stability. Potasan was the major metabolite in addition to chlorferon and 4-methylumbelliferone. Coumaphos concentration was doubled in the sediment of vat treated with copper sulphate as compared to the control vat as a result of emulsion breakdown. Chlorferon was the only metabolite detected in the sediment of the former vat indicating inhibition of the anaerobic degradation.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Pre-treatment serum IL-10 predicts the risk of secondary central nervous system involvement in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

As diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a very heterogeneous group of lymphomas, much effort has gone in trying to identify patients with increased risk for early death or secondary central nervous system (CNS) involvement. To better predict their outcomes, we measured the levels of various cytokines in serum samples of patients with DLBCL and analyzed their clinical outcomes.



We measured the levels of seven serum cytokines at diagnosis in 313 DLBCL patients who were treated with R-CHOP. Their impact on clinical outcomes, including time to secondary CNS involvement and the 3-year overall survival (OS) rate, were analyzed.



The median age was 56 years (range, 16-86 years), and 177 patients (57%) were men. Secondary CNS involvement was found in 5.4% (16/294) cases, and time to secondary CNS involvement was significantly short in patients with elevated interleukin (IL)-10 (p = 0.012). With the 3-year OS rate of the whole cohort being 73.6%, serum levels of several cytokines, such as CCL3 > 4.0 pg/mL (54.3% vs. 76.1%, p = 0.001), CCL5 > 450 pg/mL (57.0% vs. 78.1%, p < 0.001), any expression of IL-6 (59.3% vs. 76.6%, p = 0.001), and any expression of IL-10 (68.2% vs. 84.5%, p = 0.001), showed prognostic impact. Higher expressions of these cytokines were associated with worse manifestations of clinical prognostic factors.



Our study revealed that some cytokines impact OS and secondary CNS involvement. Future studies are required to elucidate how these findings can be incorporated to the conventional prognostic factors for more tailored approaches.

Field of study: Medicine
Need Threat Can Motivate Performance After Ostracism

Ostracism threatens fundamental needs of belonging, self-esteem, control, and meaningful existence, which should motivate participants to respond to this threat. However, research has yet to examine the role of need threat in producing motivation after ostracism. In the current work, participants completed a “cognitive ability” (antisaccade) task following Cyberball-induced ostracism or inclusion. In two experiments, it was found that when ostracized, participants do not see antisaccade performance as a means of responding to the concerns produced by need threat; they respond only to the social threat, leading to worse performance than included participants (Experiments 1 and 2). However, when participants see an avenue of response (the Cyberball players can compare antisaccade performances), ostracized participants outperform included participants (Experiment 2). Moreover, this effect was mediated by the need for belonging, suggesting that ostracized participants were motivated to elevate their inclusionary status by demonstrating their worth on the cognitive ability task.

Field of study: Psychology
Sexuality among adolescents in rural and urban South Africa

The aim of this study was to better understand sexuality and social change of adolescents in the context of HIV/AIDS in South Africa. The sample included 400 male and 400 female 16 or 17 year-olds; 400 from rural and 400 from urban areas, and almost all of African descent. Participants were chosen by multi-stage cluster and quota sampling. Results indicate that urban adolescents significantly had more often engaged in petting, masturbation and anal or oral sex than rural adolescents. Over their lifetimes, urban adolescents had a significantly higher number of partners with whom they had sexual intercourse than rural adolescents. The age of first sexual intercourse was lower among urban than among rural adolescents. Urban females seem to take more initiative at first sexual intercourse than rural females. Whereas the most frequent sexual practice for rural adolescents was sexual intercourse and petting, for urban adolescents it was kissing and cuddling and petting. By better linking HIV prevention to research on human sexuality and social change, it should prove possible to advance the effectiveness of HIV/AIDS prevention efforts.

Field of study: Sociology
Deformational Mode Fields in Experimentally Deformed Rock

Results from an experimental study of the deformational behavior of an oolitic limestone and a marble indicate that the mode of deformation changes systematically as a function of both confining pressure and total strain. With increasing pressure, the mode changes from extension fracture to brittle faulting to ductile faulting to uniform flow; with increasing strain, the change is from uniform flow to faulting with or without loss of cohesion, depending upon the confining pressure. The results reported here are for 79 tests run on the limestone and for 32 tests on the marble at confining pressures from 1 to 2000 bars, room temperature, dry, and a strain rate of 3.9 × 10 −5 per second. The systematic variation of deformational mode in experimentally deformed rock as a function of rock and environmental factors allows fields to be defined for the individual modes. In this study, the deformational mode fields thus defined for the limestone are: uniform flow, at low strains and low confining pressure to strains up to 15 percent at 2000 bars pressure; extension fracture, below 50 bars confining pressure; brittle faulting, initiated at generally low strains between 50 and 650 bars confining pressure; and ductile faulting, initiated at pressures above 650 bars and at total strains from a few percent at the lower pressures to 15 percent at 2000 bars. In the marble, the fields of ductile faulting and uniform flow have generally similar relationships as those in the limestone, except that they have been shifted laterally with respect to the pressure axis of the field diagram. The boundary between brittle faulting and ductile faulting occurs at 50 bars, rather than at 650 bars as in the limestone. Because of its significantly higher ductility, the marble has no field of extension fracture, and the field of brittle faulting has almost been eliminated for the test conditions cited. The DMF diagram appears to be a potentially valuable tool in the interpretation of natural deformational environments by relating deformational modes to environmental conditions and rock factors.

Field of study: Geology
The operation of a superconducting wiggler at TERAS.

A superconducting wiggler has been successfully installed at the ETL 800 MeV electron storage ring facility (TERAS). The operation of the wiggler at magnetic field strengths of 5 T with electron beam energy of 750 MeV has been accomplished. The wiggler has been designed and constructed to produce synchrotron radiation with critical photon energy around 3 keV for scientific, industrial and medical applications. We report here experiments that demonstrate the possibility of stable operation of a superconducting wiggler in a small storage ring.

Field of study: Physics
Mariselle Melendez. Deviant and Useful Citizens: The Cultural Production of the Female Body in Eighteenth-Century Peru

This book is an addition to the growing literature on the perception of women in the Age of Enlightenment in colonial Hispanic America. Mariselle Melendez has written an interesting book that highlights the possibilities and difficulties of a literary-studies approach to historical phenomena. It takes as its subject die social construction of the female body as it appears in political, scientific, and religious discourses in late eighteenth-century Peru during the Bourbon reform period. The author's contention is that the female body, interpreted as a "type of cultural text," was read either "as an instrument of disorder, fear, deviance and danger," or of spirituality and usefulness (p. 8). Melendez organizes her book around four themes or discourses drawn from published primary and secondary sources, which illuminate how female bodies were used "as tools" for political purposes. The first chapter delves into episodes of the life of Micaela Bastidas and the great Andean rebellion of 1780, offering a largely uncritical narrative of the insurrection. As Melendez explains, Micaela, who was Tupac Amaru's wife and co-leader of the rebellion, became created fear for both the rebels under her command and royal authorities. Michaela's assertive personality caused trepidation among the rebels, so much so that the colonial authorities used her tortured and dismembered body to produce terror among the population. However, considering that Tupac Amaru and members of his family suffered the same fate at the hands of the colonial government, the uniqueness of Micaela's case requires a gender perspective.

Field of study: History
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Possibility of generation of short laser radiation pulses as a result of photolysis of a cooled H2-F2 mixture

It is shown theoretically that sufficiently strong optical initiation (pulse duration 1–4 μsec) of a chain reaction in a cooled (to 100–150 °K) hydrogen–fluorine mixture ensures that the HF laser radiation energy is emitted mainly as a short pulse lasting a few tens of nanoseconds. The predicted reaction regime is characterized by a high yield of coherent radiation and is of interest in potential applications of HF lasers in controlled thermonuclear fusion systems.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Learning Deep Kernels for Non-Parametric Two-Sample Tests

We propose a class of kernel-based two-sample tests, which aim to determine whether two sets of samples are drawn from the same distribution. Our tests are constructed from kernels parameterized by deep neural nets, trained to maximize test power. These tests adapt to variations in distribution smoothness and shape over space, and are especially suited to high dimensions and complex data. By contrast, the simpler kernels used in prior kernel testing work are spatially homogeneous, and adaptive only in lengthscale. We explain how this scheme includes popular classifier-based two-sample tests as a special case, but improves on them in general. We provide the first proof of consistency for the proposed adaptation method, which applies both to kernels on deep features and to simpler radial basis kernels or multiple kernel learning. In experiments, we establish the superior performance of our deep kernels in hypothesis testing on benchmark and real-world data. The code of our deep-kernel-based two sample tests is available at this https URL.

Field of study: Computer science
Sensitivity to ethanol in inbred mice: genotypic correlations among several behavioral responses.

The sensitivity of several inbred strains of mice was assessed for ethanol's effects on activity, body temperature, ataxia, balance, and the righting reflex. Genotypic correlations among the mean responses for the strains were estimated as indexes of pleiotropic influences of genes on drug responses. Three major groups of genetic influence were detected: (a) hypothermic sensitivity to ethanol, (b) activity change (increase after ethanol), and (c) high basal activity. In the first group of variables, strains that had large reductions in body temperature after being given ethanol had high baseline temperatures, pronounced ataxic response to ethanol, and a long-lasting loss of righting reflex. Home cage baseline activity was negatively correlated with body temperature variables. The second group of variables was composed largely of ethanol-induced increases and decreases in activity, which were negatively intercorrelated. Strains with larger increases in activity showed more rapid loss of balance after ethanol. The third group of variables indicated that high levels of basal activity in an open field and in the home cage were determined by the action of common genes. Strains with higher basal activity levels had reduced sensitivity to ambulatory ataxia following ethanol. Thus, there were substantial pleiotropic effects of common genes on several behavioral responses to ethanol in inbred mice. Conversely, the three major groups were not systematically correlated with one another to a major extent. This suggests the influence of three reasonably distinct sets of genes on these responses to ethanol.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Computational anatomy: an emerging discipline

This paper studies mathematical methods in the emerging new discipline of Computational Anatomy. Herein we formalize the Brown/Washington University model of anatomy following the global pattern theory introduced in [1, 2], in which anatomies are represented as deformable templates, collections of 0,1,2,3-dimensional manifolds. Typical structure is carried by the template with the variabilities accommodated via the application of random transformations to the background manifolds. The anatomical model is a quadruple (0,W, X,V), the background space f2 = \JaMa of 0,1,2,3-dimensional manifolds, the set of diffeomorphic transformations on the background space W : <-> O, the space of idealized medical imagery X, and V the family of probability measures on H. The group of diffeomorphic transformations H is chosen to be rich enough so that a large family of shapes may be generated with the topologies of the template maintained. For normal anatomy one deformable template is studied, with (f1,H,X) corresponding to a homogeneous space , in that it can be completely generated from one of its elements, X = Tiltemp-, hemp £ For disease, a family of templates Ua I"emp are introduced of perhaps varying dimensional transformation classes. The complete anatomy is a collection of homogeneous spaces Xtotai — UQ(^a> ~Ha )There are three principal components to computational anatomy studied herein. (1) Computation of large deformation maps: Given any two elements 1,1' £ X in the same homogeneous anatomy (fl,7i,X), compute diffeomorphisms h from one h anatomy to the other I1I'. This is the principal method by which anatomical Received May 5, 1998.

Field of study: Mathematics
π-Facial Selectivity in 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions of α-Methylidene-γ-lactone Substituted by 4-Methyl-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl Group in γ-Position

Diastereoselectivity of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of benzyl azide, diazomethane, a nitrile oxide and a nitrile imine to α-methylidene-γ-lactone dipolarophile was effectively controlled by a bulky γ-substituent, 4-methyl-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl in γ-position of the dipolarophile. The dipoles added from the less hindered face of the double bond with an excellent selectivity. Enantiomerically pure dipolarophile was prepared from the easily available ( S )-5-oxotetrahydrohydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid.

Field of study: Chemistry
Late Cenozoic tectonics and stratigraphy of northwestern Anatolia: the effects of the North Anatolian Fault to the region

In northwest Anatolia, there is a mosaic of different morpho-tectonic fragments within the western part of the right-lateral strike-slip North Anatolian Fault (NAF) Zone. These were developed from compressional and extensional tectonic regimes during the paleo- and neo-tectonic periods of Turkish orogenic history. A NE-SW-trending left-lateral strike-slip fault system (Adapazarı-Karasu Fault) extends through the northern part of the Sakarya River Valley and began to develop within a N–S compressional tectonic regime which involved all of northern Anatolia during Middle Eocene to early Middle Miocene times. Since the end of Middle Miocene times, this fault system forms a border between a compressional tectonic regime in the eastern area eastwards from the northern part of the Sakarya River Valley, and an extensional tectonic regime in the Marmara region to the west. The extension caused the development of basins and ridges, and the incursions of the Mediterranean Sea into the site of the future Sea of Marmara since Late Miocene times. Following the initiation in late Middle Miocene times and the eastward propagation of extension along the western part of the NAF, a block (North Anatolian Block) began to form in the northern Anatolia region since the end of Pliocene times. The Adapazarı-Karasu Fault constitutes the western boundary of this block which is bounded by the NAF in the south, the Northeast Anatolian Fault in the east, and the South Black Sea Thrust Fault in the north. The northeastward movement of the North Anatolian Block caused the formation of a marine connection between the Black Sea and the Aegean/Mediterranean Sea during the Pleistocene.

Field of study: Environmental science
HLA Haplotype Frequencies and Genetic Profiles of the Kuwaiti Population

The aim of this study was to assess the HLA haplotype frequencies and genetic profiles of the Kuwaiti population.  Whole venous blood was obtained from 595 healthy, unrelated Kuwaiti volunteers. The study population was genotyped for HLA class I (HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C) and class II (HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1) loci using sequence-specific oligonucleotide (SSO) probe-based hybridization and high-resolution HLA genotyping. Haplotype frequencies were estimated using an implementation of the expectation maximization algorithm that resolves both phase and allelic ambiguity. The Kuwaiti population was compared with other populations from the US National Marrow Donor Program (NMDP), by running a principal component analysis (PCA) on the relevant haplotype frequencies.  The most common HLA class I alleles in Kuwait were HLA-A*02:01g, HLA-C*06:02g, and HLA-B*50:01g with frequencies of 16, 14, and 12%, respectively. The most common HLA class II alleles in Kuwait were HLA-DQB1*02:01g and HLA-DRB1*07:01 with frequencies of 29.7 and 16.5%, respectively. The most common Kuwaiti haplotype observed was HLA-A*02:01g∼HLA-C*06:02g∼HLA-B*50:01g∼HLA-DRB1*07:01∼HLA-DQB1*02:01g at a frequency of 2.3%. The PCA demonstrated close genetic proximity of the Kuwaiti population with Middle Eastern, Southeast Asian, and North African populations in the NMDP.  Identifying the haplotype diversity in the Kuwaiti population will contribute to the selection of an HLA-match for HSCT, disease associations, pharmacogenomics, and knowledge of population HLA diversity.

Field of study: Medicine
Spectra and femtoscopic scales in a hydrokinetic model for baryon-rich fireballs

The hydrokinetic model and the scheme of dynamical freeze out proposed earlier for the RHIC energy are extended to lower colliding energy for non-vanishing baryon chemical potential. In this case a new two-phase equation of state is applied where baryon-rich hadronic matter is described within modified relativistic mean-field theory. As an example, the approach is employed for analyzing pion and kaon spectra and interferometry radii of Pb+Pb collisions at laboratory energies 40 and 158 AGeV. A good agreement is observed for the transverse mass dependence of the longitudinal radius for both energies studied. The transverse radii Rout,Rside reproduce experiment at Elab =158 AGeV but at Elab =40 AGeV there is a marked (20 %) difference from experimental points. This discrepancy is more noticeable in analysis of the ratio Rout/Rside. Nevertheless, considered examples of application of the hydrokinetic model with equation of state including the first order phase transition are quite successful and further development of the model is required.

Field of study: Physics