nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
mQTL-seq and classical mapping implicates the role of an AT-HOOK MOTIF CONTAINING NUCLEAR LOCALIZED (AHL) family gene in Ascochyta blight resistance of chickpea.

Ascochyta blight (AB) caused by the fungal pathogen Ascochyta rabiei is a serious foliar disease of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Despite many genetic studies on chickpea-Ascochyta interaction, genome-wide scan of chickpea for the identification of AB-associated quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and their gene(s) has not been accomplished. To elucidate narrow QTLs for AB resistance, here, we report the use of multiple QTL-sequencing approach on 2 sets of extreme AB phenotype bulks derived from Cicer intraspecific and interspecific crosses. Two major QTLs, qABR4.1 and qABR4.2, and a minor QTL, qABR4.3, were identified on assembled chickpea pseudomolecule 4. We narrowed qABR4.1 to a "robust region" at 4.568-4.618 Mb through mapping on a larger intraspecific cross-derived population and comparative analysis. Among 4 genes, the CaAHL18 gene showed higher expression under Ascochyta stress in AB resistant parent suggesting that it is the candidate gene under "robust qABR4.1." Dual-luciferase assay with CaAHL18 polymorphic cis-regulatory sequences showed that allelic variation is associated with higher expression. Thus, our findings on chickpea-Ascochyta interaction have narrowed down AB resistance associated QTLs on chickpea physical map. The narrowed QTLs and gene-associated markers will help in biotechnological and breeding programs for chickpea improvement.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Convenient Synthetic Route to Polyether‐Tagged Cyclam Ligands andTheir Nickel Derivatives

A specific strategy is described for the synthesis of stable polyethylene oxide tagged tetraazamacrocycles (PEO-cyclam) in five steps (overall yields for 12 and 13 48% and 22%, respectively). Various attempts via classical pathways demonstrated: (i) the low reactivity of PEO derivatives, and (ii) the necessity of a stabiliser arm between the cyclam and the PEO chain. Nickel complexes have been prepared and characterised by electrochemistry.

Field of study: Chemistry
Moderate alcohol consumption aggravates high-fat diet induced steatohepatitis in rats.

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) develops in the absence of chronic and excessive alcohol consumption. However, it remains unknown whether moderate alcohol consumption aggravates liver inflammation in pre-existing NASH condition.



Sprague-Dawley rats were first fed ad libitum with Lieber-DeCarli high-fat diet (71% energy from fat) for 6 weeks to induce NASH, as demonstrated previously. Afterwards, these rats were continuously fed with high-fat diet (HFD, 55% total energy from fat) or high fat plus alcohol diet (HFA, 55% energy from fat and 16% energy from alcohol) for an additional 4 weeks. Pathological lesions including fat accumulation and inflammatory foci in liver were examined and graded. Lipid peroxidation and apoptotic hepatocytes in the liver were assessed. The mRNA expressions of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) and TNF receptor 1 (TNF-R1), Fas death receptor (Fas) and Fas ligant (FasL), IL-1beta and IL-12 were determined by real-time PCR. Protein levels of total and cleaved caspase-3, CYP2E1, Bax, and Bcl-2 were measured by western blotting.



The number of hepatic inflammatory foci and apoptotic hepatocytes were significantly increased in rats fed with HFA as compared with those in HFD-fed rats. The aggravated inflammatory response and cellular apoptosis mediated by HFA were associated with elevated mRNA expression of Fas/FasL and cleaved caspase-3 protein. Although no significant differences were observed between HFD and HFA groups, the levels of lipid peroxidation, Bax and Bcl-2 protein concentration, and mRNA levels of other inflammatory cytokines were significantly higher in these 2 groups than those in the control group.



These data suggest that even moderate alcohol consumption can cause more hepatic inflammation and cellular apoptosis in a pre-existing NASH condition.

Field of study: Medicine
The Reasons for Emergence of Born Global Firms----Taking China as an Example

With economic globalization and marketing integration, the born global firms, emerging as a new kind of enterprise, have arouses a wide rage of academic interest recently. Based on the previous research, this paper, taking the example of Zhejiang province, China, probes firstly into the main forming reasons of the born global including entrepreneurship, niche market, international management experience, and network, then points out the current problems of lacking innovative entrepreneurship, shorting of manager, Unreasonable industry structure, and finally, the paper puts forward some countermeasures from theoretical and practical approach for the Zhejiang born global firms.

Field of study: Business
The effect of attitude toward reading and exposure to reading on English competence

Kim, Haeyoung. (2003~ The effect of attitude toward reading and exposure to reading on English competence. Language Research 39(2), 441-471. The study examines the effect of attitude toward reading toward English language competence. In the analysis the roles of mediational factors such as exposure to reading in English (12) and exposure to reading in Korean eLl) are also examined. Results show that attitude has an indirect positive effect on English language competence through reading in Korean and English. Such outcome indicates that in order to ensure that a positive attitude contribute to actual foreign language competence, reading not only in the language of interest but also reading in one's mother tongue must take place.

Field of study: Linguistics
Materials for Hip Prostheses: A Review of Wear and Loading Considerations

Replacement surgery of hip joint consists of the substitution of the joint with an implant able to recreate the articulation functionality. This article aims to review the current state of the art of the biomaterials used for hip implants. Hip implants can be realized with different combination of materials, such as metals, ceramics and polymers. In this review, we analyze, from international literature, the specific characteristics required for biomaterials used in hip joint arthroplasty, i.e., being biocompatible, resisting heavy stress, opposing low frictional forces to sliding and having a low wear rate. A commentary on the evolution and actual existing hip prostheses is proposed. We analyzed the scientific literature, collecting information on the material behavior and the human-body response to it. Particular attention has been given to the tribological behavior of the biomaterials, as friction and wear have been key aspects to improve as hip implants evolve. After more than 50 years of evolution, in term of designs and materials, the actual wear rate of the most common implants is low, allowing us to sensibly reduce the risk related to the widespread debris distribution in the human body.

Field of study: Materials science
Photoprocesses on the 6Li nucleus in the potential cluster model

The photodisintegration of the 6Li nucleus through the channels 3He3H, 4He2H and the corresponding radiative capture are considered in simple two-cluster models. Potentials with forbidden states which reproduce the phase shifts of elastic scattering up to energies of 20 MeV are was used to describe cluster interactions. It is shown that such the potential cluster model provides an accurate description of total cross sections for photonuclear processes over the entire energy region under consideration.

Field of study: Physics
Scattering of monochromatic radiation by a moving polydisperse water aerosol evaporating on exposure to radiation

A numerical analysis is made of the scattering of cw monochromatic radiation by a moving polydisperse water aerosol that evaporates on exposure to the radiation. It is established that if certain conditions are satisfied, the power of the radiation scattered in a specific direction is almost independent of the beam power, i.e., the nonlinear medium "stabilizes" the scattered radiation. This is because any change in the beam power is compensated by a corresponding change in the scattering properties of the aerosol medium.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
The identification of NP25: a novel protein that is differentially expressed by neuronal subpopulations.

A novel gene encoding a 25-kDa neuronal-specific protein, here named 'NP25', has been isolated as a cDNA clone from rat brain. The sequence of the NP25 cDNA reveals a single open reading frame that encodes a primary translation product of 206 amino acids. A search of the protein sequence databank indicates that NP25 is significantly homologous with three recently discovered muscle proteins: SM22 alpha, mp20 and calponin. The gene is specifically and ubiquitously expressed in the rat brain and has conserved sequences among chicken, rat, mouse and human. Rat brain NP25 was identified by Western blot using an antiserum elicited against trpE-NP25 fusion protein. On pH gradient electrophoresis, NP25 was separated into at least two isoforms with similar molecular weights. Immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization demonstrated that NP25 was differentially expressed by neuronal subpopulations of the rat central nervous system. The highest concentration of NP25 protein was localized in central amygdaloid nuclei and glomeruli in the granule layer of cerebellum. The wide and differential distribution of NP25 in the brain suggests that it may play a particular important role in the function of specific neuronal systems.

Field of study: Biology
Callus Culture From Bagged Seedlings Leaves of Hevea Brasiliensis Müll. Arg. Clone Reyan 7-33-97

In order to expand the rubber tree explant sources and to establish efficient and stable rubber tree leaves in vitro regeneration system, the annual bagged seedling leaves of Reyan 7-33-97 were used as the explants to study on the effects of leaves pretreatment, different disinfection time with 0.1% HgCl2, different parts of detached leaves, different combinations of three kinds of phytohormone(6-BA, NAA, 2,4-D) on callus induction frequency, and screen the best subculture medium. The results showed that leaves pretreated with liquid medium MS+3 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L 2,4-D+0.2 mg/L NAA could induce callus; leaves disinfected with 0.1% HgCl2for 15 min was the best disinfection method, its survival ratio could be 2.47%; leaves(with principal vein) and no callus part of leaves(with principal vein) already produced callus were the most suitable explants for rubber bagged seedlings leaves, callus induced by which showed tighten and yellow-green; the optimum callus induction medium was MS+3 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L 2,4-D+0.2 mg/L NAA+4% sucrose+3 g/L phytagel, leaves(with principal vein) and no callus part of leaves(with principal vein) have already produced callus were cultured in this medium, their callus inducing ratio can amount to 49.07% and 42.22%.  after pretreatment, choose leaves(with principal vein) of annual bagged seedling leaves of Reyan 7-33-97 as explants that can be used to induce ideal callus.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Why Counterattitudinal Messages Are as Memorable as Proattitudinal Messages: The Importance of Active Defense Against Attack

Three experiments were designed to clarify the mechanisms underlying Eagly, Chen, Chaiken, and Shaw-Barnes’s (1999) meta-analytic demonstration that attitudinally congenial information has typically not been more memorable than uncongenial information. Participants remembered congenial and uncongenial messages equally well, despite their disapproval of the uncongenial information. This null congeniality effect was obtained regardless of whether (a) messages pertained to abortion or gays in the military or presented information on both sides or only one side of the issue; (b) recognition or recall measures were administered soon after the message or 2 weeks later; and (c) participants were or were not activists on the issue, had stronger or weaker attitudes, had more prior knowledge of counterattitudinal (vs. proattitudinal) arguments, or did or did not have their attention constrained to the message. Process findings suggested that participants’ thoughtful counterarguing of the uncongenial messages enhanced their memory for them.

Field of study: Psychology
Rhodium-catalyzed Enantioselective [2 + 2 + 2] Cycloaddition of Tosylamide-linked 5-Allenal and 5-Allenone with Internal Alkynes

It has been established that a cationic rhodium(I)–BINAP complex catalyzes the enantioselective [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition of a tosylamide-linked 5-allenal and 5-allenone with internal alkynes, lead...

Field of study: Chemistry
Remagnetization of permanent magnets in closed and open magnetic circuits

The homogeneity of the strength of the magnetic field on the surface of a magnet placed in open and closed magnetic circuits is investigated using a program for modeling the remagnetization processes in highly anisotropic uniaxial ferromagnets. It is shown that the inhomogeneity of the magnetic field on the surface of a magnet is a consequence of magnetostatic interaction between the magnet’s microvolumes. A comparison of the calculation results and experimental data shows their close resemblance.

Field of study: Physics
A Response: In Defense of Truth in the Science of the Billings Ovulation Method

The author received his Doctor of Medicine degree in 1987 from the University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington. At that school, he has been Clinical Instructor, Department of Anesthesiology since 1992. He is president of the Catholic Physicians ' Guild of Washington. He and his wife Darcy together manage a non-profit affiliate of the international World Organization/Ovulation Method/Billings (WOOMB).

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
A Study on Critical Pulse Conditions for Single-Droplets Generation in Drop-on-Demand Technique

Generating single-droplets is significant for extensive applications of drop-on-demand (DoD) type of piezoelectric inkjet technique (PIT). Based on the mechanism of DoD technique, we theoretically analyze the effects of pulse parameters on the process of droplet generation, and the critical pulse conditions for generating single-droplets are obtained. With a single-droplet generator (SDG) fitted from an inkjet print-head based on DoD technique, we found that upper and lower limit of pulse amplitude for generating single-droplet both changes periodically with pulse width. As the critical pulse width increases, the lower limit has an exponential growth approximately, which is consistent with the theoretical consideration.

Field of study: Engineering
Verification Method of SoC Integrated with GODSON-1 IP Core Using uC/OS-II

The design of system on chip(SoC) becomes more and more sophisticated,and chip size is also increasing rapidly.Thus,it makes functional verification and testing of SoC the bottleneck in IC design.uC/OS-II is a simple,portable,scalable,preemptive,multitasking real time OS(RTOS).This paper introduces how to port uC/OS-II to the SoC platform integrated with GODSON-1 IP core and focuses on the verification and testing of the SoC using uC/OS-II in virtual simulation environment and FPGA platform,and it achieves good result in our SoC design.

Field of study: Computer science
STIMULUS ASPECTS OF AVERSIVE CONTROLS: THE EFFECTS OF RESPONSE CONTINGENT SHOCK.

A tone ending with electrical shock was periodically presented to pigeons while they pecked a key for food. Pairs of birds were run simultaneously under a yoked program which insured that both birds received the same number and temporal distribution of shocks. For one of the birds, shock was always initiated by a peck; for the other, shock was unavoidable. Both procedures led to reduced rates of pecking in the presence of the tone, and gradients of stimulus generalization were obtained. But the effects of response contingent shock extinguished more rapidly than the effects of unavoidable shock. In general, birds exposed to unavoidable shock tended to respond at intermediate rates throughout tone, whereas those exposed to response contingent shock ceased to peck for part or all of the tone period.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Critical current and AC loss measurements of superconductors developed for the Super-GM project under cyclic mechanically loaded condition

The design philosophy of the test facility constructed at the Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI) is described, and the test results of critical currents and AC losses of superconductors for a 200-MW-class generator rotor winding developed in the Super-GM project under a cyclic mechanically loaded condition are given. The facility can provide a sample current up to 15 kA, a DC magnetic field up to 7 T, 3 Hz of AC magnetic field up to +or-0.9 T, and a compressive mechanical force up to 100 kN to simulate the centrifugal force of the generator rotor winding. The authors evaluated the performance of three types of NbTi superconductors under 10000 applications of cyclic load.<<ETX>>

Field of study: Physics
Regioselective Synthesis of 1,3,5-Trisubstituted Pyrazoles Containing an Anthranilic Acid Motif

An effective method was developed for the synthesis of 1,3,5-trisubstituted pyrazoles by using acetylenic ketones, obtained from ethyl 5-ethynylanthranilate, in reactions with substituted hydrazines and hydrazides. It was shown that the cyclization of ethyl 5-(3-aryl-3-oxopropinyl)- anthranilates with arylhydrazines proceeded regioselectively and led to the formation of 1,3,5-trisubstituted pyrazoles containing an anthranilate moiety at the position С-3. Significant deterioration of regioselectivity was observed in the reactions of ethyl 5-(3-aryl-3-oxopropinyl)anthranilates with N-methyl- and N-tert-butylhydrazines. The initial products formed in reactions of ethyl 5-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-oxopropinyl]anthranilate with benzoyl and isonicotinoyl hydrazides were 5-hydroxypyrazolines, which underwent dehydration in the presence of pyridine and thionyl chloride in benzene, giving the respective 1,3,5-trisubstituted pyrazoles.

Field of study: Chemistry
North American Feldspathoidal Rocks in Space and Time

Feldspathoidal rocks are generally considered to be postorogenic and concentrated in the stable portions of continents. These erroneous ideas have biased petrogenetic hypotheses. Of the more than 120 feldspathoidal rock occurrences in North America, only one-third are in the shield and stable craton; the remainder are within Phanerozoic orogenic belts. Approximately 20 percent of all occurrences are pretectonic or syntectonic. In several regions (usually considered petrographic provinces) superficially identical feldspathoidal rocks were emplaced over spans of several hundred million years. Time correlation based upon petrologic similarity and geographic proximity is as risky for these igneous rocks as it is for sedimentary rocks. Hypotheses stating that feldspathoidal rocks are generated during “crustal tension” and rift faulting seem inapplicable to North America.

Field of study: Geology
Deposition of Insecticide Drops on Coniferous Foliage

INSECTICIDE drops were counted and sized on coniferous foliage following application of Bacillus thuringiensis, carbaryl, and trichlorphon insecticides to forested areas in Montana, for control of western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Free. Majority (86 to 94 percent) of drops observed on con-iferous foliage was < 61 pan in diameter. These an-alytical data are important in any fundamental eval-uation of the actual mechanism of transport and de-position of pesticide spray droplets in a forest environment.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Design optimization of a flexural hinge-based bender for X-ray optics.

This paper presents a parameter study and design optimization of a flexural hinge-based bender by use of finite-element modelling and analytical formulation. The relationship between the mirror shape and the driving forces, the so-called bender driving equation, is established. Various parameters are investigated: the material properties, the geometrical parameters, the stress and deformation of the mirror and flexural hinge, the residual slope error of the mirror, and the resolution required for the actuators. Analysis results have been compared with test results for a prototype bender and a silicon mirror (170 x 40 x 10 mm). Both analysis and test results confirm the microradian accuracy of the bent mirror. Finally, a bender design for short-bending-radius applications is also presented.

Field of study: Physics
A survey on environmental awareness and behaviors of college-student tourists in China.

To investigate college students' environmental awareness and behavior characteristics in terms of the attitude to eco-tourism,a survey questionnaire was adopted within the campus of Nanjing Forestry University.The questionnaire with quota random sampling presented that in comparison with the ordinary tourists in the eco-tourism areas the students showed better environmental awareness and tendency which embodied a 'green' character.In light of the survey questionnaire,the eco-environmental specialty courses and the related practices can enhance the students' environmental cognition and feeling;however,their environmental awareness mainly came from the theories so their behaviors often lagged behind the feeling and desire towards the eco-environment.Consequently,the authors noted the importance of combining the tourism environmental teaching with the college education of discipline and moral thus in a better way to foster the students' environmental awareness and behavior.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effect of composite drying methods on the quality of dried Agrocybe aegerita

Eeffects of different drying methods on the quality of Agrocybe Aegerita was studied. The fresh Agrocybe aegerita were dried sequentially using vacuum drying and freezing drying after being partly removed moisture by airflow drying. Effects on sensory quality, colour, rehydration ratio and Vc content of dried Agrocybe aegerita were analyzed and compared. The results showed that the sample of freeze drying was the best one on exterior quality, chromatic aberration and rehydration ratio, and the next one was the sample of airflow-freeze composite drying, those contraction was less than that of the airflow drying, vacuum drying and its composite drying, the browning and contraction of the vacuum-dryin samples was the most serions; On the contrary, the samples of vacuum drying and its composite dryin were better on fragrance than others, the flavor of freeze-drying sample was very light. The Vccontent o each sample of several drying methods was all so significantly difference between them, that of freezin drying was the highest, followed by the product of airflow-freezing composite drying, airflow dryin sample was the lowest.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Solution Annealing Process for ERNiCrMo-3 Welding Wire in Drawing Process

In order to relieve the work-hardening of ERNiCrMo-3 welding wire in drawing process by solution annealing,the samples were heated at different temperature (930℃,980 ℃,1038 ℃,1093 ℃ or 1143 ℃),for different time (15 min,30 min or 45 min),and cooling by air,wind or water.The microstructure was observed and the grain size and Vickers hardness were measured,the changes of microstructure,grain size,hardness and solid solution annealing process were discussed.The results show that:the strengthening phases precipitates fewer and the vickers hardness decreases with cooling speed increasing;with the temperature increasing,the Vickers hardness decreases and the grain size increases,the grain size is mainly affected by temperature;the optimum solution annealing process:heating at 1038 ℃ for 30 min,cooling by water.

Field of study: Materials science