nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Heavy quark fragmentation function in the noncommutative Standard Model

The dominant mechanism to produce hadronic bound states with large transverse momentum is fragmentation. The hadronization processes are described by the fragmentation functions (FFs) which are universal and process-independent functions. In this paper, we study for the first time the noncommutative effects to the FF of a heavy quark to fragment into heavy mesons to leading order in the QCD coupling constant. As an example, we focus on the FF of a charm quark to split into the S-wave D-meson and compare our analytical results with both the experimental data and a well-known phenomenological model. Here, we compute the corrections of FFs induced by noncommutativity and find a bound on the energy scale where the noncommutative effects of the space-time will be relevant.

Field of study: Physics
The Delaware Interregnum

WHEN William Penn landed at Philadelphia, the Delaware Indians lived in a loose confederation of villages scattered over New Jersey and Eastern Pennsylvania. The impact of European settlement sundered them geographically, reduced them numerically, and demoralized them culturally. Their role in historical events has usually been described as more or less passive, until it altered with dramatic suddenness in the French and Indian War. There is reason to believe, however, that the Delawares were not so much passive as suppressed, and that their eruption in 1755 was not a sudden thing, though its dramatic qualities made it seem so; rather, the Delaware warfare against Pennsylvania was something that had been in the making, gradually acquiring force and implacability, for decades. To visualize this development requires close attention to certain seemingly innocent and sometimes tedious details. One community of the Delawares had a special relationship with the government of Pennsylvania. This was the community living on the upper Schuylkill River, to whom the name "Unami" was later applied. William Penn had treated with one of their chiefs, the

Field of study: History
Comparative Robustness of Six Tests in Multivariate Analysis of Variance

Monte Carlo methods were used to study the performance of the largest-root test, two trace-type tests and three determinantal tests in the fixed-effects MANOVA model when certain assumptions are violated. Results indicated that for protection against nonnormality and heterogeneity of covariance matrices, the largest-root test should be avoided, while the Pillai-Bartlett trace test may be recommended as the most robust of the MANOVA tests, with adequate power to detect true differences in a variety of situations.

Field of study: Mathematics
Preparation of 3A,6A-Anhydro-β-cyclodextrin and Its Taka Amylolysis

3A,6A-Anhydro-β-cyclodextrin was prepared by the reaction of 6-O-(p-tosyl)-β-cyclodextrin with aqueous alkali. This anhydrocyclodextrin was enzymatically hydrolyzed by Taka amylase to give 3″,6″-anhydromaltotetraose exclusively.

Field of study: Chemistry
Another view of computer science ethics: Patterns of responses among computer scientists

Within the computer science community, issues of ethics have emerged as significant and critical concerns. However, as computer scientists, we have little empirical information about how we feel about computer science ethics. We review the literature related to our work: studies of the attitudes of computer scientists towards issues of ethics, studies of the effects of technical expertise on attitudes toward ethical issues, and studies of the effects of gender on attitudes toward ethical issues. We describe two studies of attitudes toward issues of ethics in computing. In Study I, we attempted to identify patterns of responses toward ethical issues in computer science, as well as the relationships between different levels of technical expertise and gender to patterns of responses. In Study II, we focused on changes in responses to ethical issues as computer science students gain technical expertise. We also investigated effects of gender on responses in Study II. We found that four patterns of responses occurred. We also demonstrated some differences in responses among subjects of different genders and levels of technical expertise.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Synthesizing medical evidence: systematic reviews and metaanalyses.

Systematic reviews and metaanalyses have become increasingly popular ways of summarizing, and sometimes extending, existing medical knowledge. In this review the authors summarize current methods of performing metaanalyses, including the following: formulating a research question; performing a structured literature search and a search for trials not published in the formal medical literature; summarizing and, where appropriate, combining results from several trials; and reporting and presenting results. Topics such as cumulative and Bayesian metaanalysis and metaregression are also addressed. References to textbooks, articles, and Internet resources are also provided. The goal is to assist readers who wish to perform their own metaanalysis or to interpret critically a published example.

Field of study: Medicine
Research on Real-Time Mobile 3D Topography System

Real-Time Mobile 3D Topography System is a GIS (Geographic Information System) based on Client Server. In our daily life, this system could be useful in the traveling, mining, and etc,. In this paper, we developed a Real-Time Mobile 3D Topography System for embedded system. This system is consisted by a Server and a client. The client based on Intel Sitsang, can orientate the position through the GPS module and use a lot of wireless network through the Libra. The system can be applied to the domain of mountaineering, exploration, ciceroni, navigation and so on.

Field of study: Computer science
An Efficient Neural Algorithm for Two-layer Planarization Problem in Graph Drawing

A neural algorithm for the two-layer planarization problem using a gradient ascent learning of the Hopfield network is presented. This algorithm which is designed to embed a two-layer graph on a plane, uses the Hopfield network to get a near-maximal two-layer planar subgraph, and increases the energy by modifying the weights and the thresholds in gradient ascent direction to help the network escape from the state of near-maximal two-layer planar subgraph to the state of the maximal two-layer planar subgraph. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm generates much better solutions than traditional Hopfield network and simulated annealing.

Field of study: Computer science
Study on Welding Materials and Weldability of High-performance Fire and Weather Resistant WGJ510C2 Steel

WGJ510C2 steel is a self-developed high-performance fire and weather resistant construction steel in China,WGJ510C2 steel was used for gas shielded welding test research,including wire deposition performance,mechanical properties,high temperature strength,hardness and microstructure.The results show that room temperature and high temperature tensile properties can meet the welding requirements of WGJ510C2 steel.The Charpy impact energy at low temperature in weld metal,fusion line and heat affected zone have a considerable margin.Therefore,with gas shielded welding method and NHG-1 matching WGJ510C2 steel,the comprehensive properties of the welded joint can completely satisfy the welding requirements of the high building steel.

Field of study: Materials science
Role of project manager in improving the productibvity of construction

The number of construction project manager concentrates on increasing the productivity of construction. Project manager initializing the use of the last planner system of production control. Effective working of any projects depends upon the working condition along with proper planning. Many methods have been adopted for proper working condition and increasing the productivity. The better management of employee gained the relevant importance. Increasing the productivity in different formats in equipment, material and labour. This productivity affects the construction productivity in form of cost and quality and their interrelationship affects the overall project. However, manager who directly implement without planning may face with external resistance from clients and subcontractor, and feel that their organization does not offer the necessary incentive. The case studies and testimonials were available in the literature referenced in the paper, but the survey and the methods for analysis are new and have not been published elsewhere, either wholly or in part. Common effective management practices are found among successful organization.

Field of study: Engineering
AMPLITUDE OF AHARONOV-BOHM OSCILLATIONS IN MESOSCOPIC METALLIC RINGS AS A FUNCTION OF THE DC BIAS VOLTAGE

We report measurements of the amplitude of the Aharonov-Bohmoscillations in a mesoscopic diusive gold ring as a function of the DC bias voltageVDC.Theamplitudeoftheh=eoscillationsincreases withVDConce the Thouless energyEcand thermal energy are exceeded, and decreases at higher values ofVDC. The increase of the amplitude is interpreted in terms of a superposition of the statistically independent contributions ofeVDC=Ecenergy intervals,whereas its decrease at high VDCcould be attributed to enhanced inelastic scattering processes.

Field of study: Physics
Context Effects on the Application of Stereotype Content to Multiple Categorizable Targets

Two studies examined how the content of the stereotype of a multiple categorizable group differs depending on the comparative context in which this group is judged. In the first experiment, participants could categorize the target (either an individual or group) in terms of study major or in terms of university affiliation. The comparative context was manipulated to enhance the salience of one of the two categories. The results revealed that the stereotype content depends on the relative salience of the categories as determined by the comparative context. These results were replicated in a second study employing a checklist procedure showing that people actually assigned different stereotypic traits to the same group depending on the salient comparative context.

Field of study: Psychology
Bound-state calculations of the three-dimensional Yakubovsky equations with the inclusion of three-body forces

The four-body Yakubovsky equations in a three-dimensional approach with the inclusion of the three-body forces are proposed. The four-body bound state with two- and three-body interactions is formulated in the three-dimensional approach for identical particles as a function of vector Jacobi momenta, specifically, the magnitudes of the momenta and the angles between them. The modified three-dimensional Yakubovsky integral equations are successfully solved with the scalar two-meson exchange three-body force, where the Malfliet-Tjon-type two-body force is implemented. The three-body force effects on the energy eigenvalue and the four-body wave function, as well as accuracy of our numerical calculations are presented.

Field of study: Physics
Fabrication and structure-directing mechanism of oriented TS-1 films

The b-oriented TS-1 films on α-Al2O3 substrates were synthesized by using in situ crystallization by the inducing effect of the chitosan thin film.The synthesized TS-1 films were characterized with XRD and SEM.The functional groups on the chitosan film surface and the interactions between the chitosan film and synthesis solution were described by using diffuse-reflectance FT-IR and contact angle measurements.It was shown that the b-oriented TS-1 film could be synthesized with the help of the chitosan thin film,whereas the randomly oriented TS-1 film was obtained on the α-Al2O3 substrate without chitosan induction.The XRD patterns of the synthesized films revealed that the crystals possessed TS-1 zeolite structure.The diffuse-reflectance FT-IR spectrum and contact angle measurements exhibited that the functional groups were abundant on the surface of the chitosan thin film,which could attract organic and inorganic compounds.Therefore,a transitional layer could be formed on the chitosan film,with nucleation and crystal growth to sheet-shaped TS-1 crystal grains,eventually leading to the formation of the multilayer b-oriented TS-1 film.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Anxiety/Depression And Academic Achievement In Adolescents In Prishtina

Numerous empirical studies suggest that psychological difficulties of children and adolescents are negatively correlated with academic achievement.The main purpose of the study is the recognition level of emotional problems-anxiety and depression to an adoleshent school sample in Prishtina and their relation with academic achievement. A sample of the school population (219 children aged from 10 years to 18),38.8% boys and 61.2% girls have completed instruments:Revised Children Manifest Anxiety Scale(RCMAS) and Depression Self-Rating Scale for children. 15% of cases have resulted in anxiety and 22.1% with depression. Results showed that anxiety and depression have no significant correlation with success at school while having significant positive correlation between them (r=.56,p DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2014.v4n2p375

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Core-Shell Nanostructured Mixed Ligand Directed ZnO Nanoparticles with Excellent Structural, Optical and Electronic Properties for Application in Light Emitting Devices

In the present study, three salicylaldehyde based surface directing agents (L1, L2, L3) were synthesized from the same amine, but different aldehydes using condensation reaction for their employment as capping layer. Surface decorated zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (N1, N2 and N3) were then synthesized by wet chemical precipitation. The optical studies of mixed ligand directed ZnO nanoparticles were carried out using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectroscopy and photoluminescence techniques. The capping with ligand resulted in the successful amendment of surface of ZnO nanoparticles as it reduced the surface defects and controlled the defect-related emissions. The photoluminescence studies of surface modified ZnO nanoparticles N1, N2 and N3 were further carried out to check their binding ability. N2 and N3 exhibited selective behavior towards Al(III) and Cu(II) respectively with change in the fluorescence emission profile; however, no such change was noticed for other metal ions. An increased fluorescence intensity together with narrow spectrum is observed in N2 with the addition of Al(III) ion. The surface modified ZnO nanoparticles demonstrated semiconducting behavior when incorporated in Light emitting diode (LED) structure with steady-state current densities of up to 1.9 A/cm2.

Field of study: Materials science
Some results on the admissible representations of non-connected reductive $p$-adic groups

We examine induced representations for non-connected reductive p-adic groups with G/G0 abelian. We describe the structure of the representations IndGp0 (σ), P0 a parabolic subgroup of G0 and σ a discrete series representation of the Levi component of P0. We develop a theory of R-groups, extending the theory in the connected case. We then prove some general representation theoretic results for non-connected p-adic groups with abelian component group. The notion of cuspidal parabolic for G is defined, giving a context for this discussion. Intertwining operators for the non-connected case are examined and the notions of supercuspidal and discrete series are defined. Finally, we examine parabolic induction from cuspidal parabolic subgroups of G. We develop a theory of R-groups, and show these groups parameterize the induced representations in a manner consistent with the connected case and with the first set of results as well.

Field of study: Mathematics
Recovery of associative function following early amygdala lesions in rats.

Adult rats with amygdala lesions made at either Postnatal Day (PND) 10 or PND40 were tested on a series of reversal tasks that tap the ability to form stimulus-reward associations. PND40 rats were significantly impaired relative to both controls and PND10 rats on learning rate of the original discrimination and subsequent reversals. Analyses of discrete learning phases revealed that the impairment was specific to the postchance phase. The PND10 group was not impaired relative to controls on any measure. These results confirm prior findings that amygdala lesions sustained in adulthood impair the formation of stimulus-reward associations. They also demonstrate that substantial sparing or recovery of function is possible when the lesion is made during early development. Furthermore, the findings support the view that behavioral recovery may be more likely if the lesion is sustained near the time of peak synaptogenesis.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Don't throw your nonces out with the bathwater

We suggest a small change to the Dilithium signature scheme [DKL], that allows reusing computation between aborted attempts for a speed-up in signing time. To create a signature in Dilithium, one picks a vector y = (y1, . . . , y`) over the ring R = Fq/(x + 1). Not every y will do: the vector is subjected to four checks to ensure correctness of the algorithm and prevent leakage of the private key. If y fails any of the tests, the attempt is aborted and a fresh y is sampled to try again. Depending on the instance of Dilithium, one expects having to resample y between 3.3 and 5.6 times. Out of the four checks, the following two cause more than 99% of the aborts. ‖y + cs1‖∞ ≤ γ1 − β (1) ‖w0 − cs2‖∞ ≤ γ2 − β (2) Here β, γ1 and γ2 are scheme parameters; s1 ∈ R and s2 ∈ R are part of the private key; w0 ∈ R is part of the decomposition w0 + 2w1γ2 = Ay with w0 and w1 suitably small and A an k× ` matrix over R which is part of the public key and c ∈ R is a challenge generated via hashing from w1. As the norm is the sup norm, the first check involves the following ` subchecks, one for each component of y: ‖yi + c(s1)i‖∞ ≤ γ1 − β. If the first subcheck fails (without having performed the other checks or subchecks), then instead of aborting completely and resampling all elements of y, we propose to resample y1 but keep y2, . . . , y`. This allows one to reuse the computations of Aijyj for j 6= 1, which were required to compute c via Ay. Note that the challenge c will be different after this partial abort. If the first check fails at y2 (after y1 passed) then we cannot reuse y1, because it will have to pass the check for at least one other challenge c. This will ∗daan@dsprenkels.com †bas@westerbaan.name

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Influence of amine buffers on carbon tetrachloride reductive dechlorination by the iron oxide magnetite.

The influence of amine buffers on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) reductive dechlorination by the iron oxide magnetite (FeIIFeIII2O4) was examined in batch reactors. A baseline was provided by monitoring the reaction in a magnetite suspension containing NaCl as a background electrolyte at pH 8.9. The baseline reaction rate constant was measured at 7.1 x 10(-5)+/-6.3 x 10(-6) L m(-2) h(-1). Carbon monoxide (CO) was the dominant reaction product at 82% followed by chloroform (CHCl3) at 5.2%. In the presence of 0.01 M tris-(deuteroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRISd), the reaction rate constant nearly tripled to 2.1 x 10(-4)+/-6.5 x 10(-6) L m(-2) h(-1) but only increased the CHCl3 yield to 11% and did not cause any statistically significant changes to the CO yield. Reactions in the presence of triethylammonium (TEAd) (0.01 M) increased the rate constant by 17% to 8.6 x 10(-5)+/-8.1 x 10(-6) L m(-2) h(-1) but only increased the CHCl3 yield to 8.8% while leaving the CO yield unchanged. The same concentration of N,N,N',N'-tetraethylethylenediamine (TEEN) increased the reaction rate constant by 18% to 8.7 x 10(-5)+/-4.8 x 10(-6) L m(-2) h(-1) but enhanced the CHCl3 yield to 34% at the expense of the CO yield that dropped to 35%. Previous work has shown that CHCl3 can be generated either through hydrogen abstraction by a trichloromethyl radical (radical CCl3), or through proton abstraction by the trichlorocarbanion (-:CCl3). These two possible hydrogenolysis pathways were examined in the presence of deuterated buffers. Deuterium tracking experiments revealed that proton abstraction by the trichlorocarbanion was the dominant hydrogenolysis mechanism in the magnetite-buffered TRISd and TEAd systems. The only buffer that had minimal influence on both the reaction rate and product distribution was TEAd. These results indicate that buffers should be prescreened and demonstrated to have minimal impact on reaction rates and product distributions prior to use. Alternatively, it may be preferable, to utilize the buffer capacity of the solids to avoid organic buffer interactions entirely.

Field of study: Environmental science
Green's function approach to the quantum many-body theory of the solid state

TheGreen's function approach is used to develop a quantum many-body theory of the solid state which should work at low temperatures as well as in the neighbourhood of phase transition points. The theory is applicable also in those cases where the traditional expansion of the potential in powers of the atomic displacements is entirely inadequate (crystalline helium).The starting point of our approach is the concept of broken symmetry since the invariance of the equilibrium ensemble under the continuous group of infinitesimal translations is reduced in a crystalline solid to the invariance under finite translations through a lattice vector. A homogeneous integral equation is derived which has nontrivial solutions in the crystalline state. By this equation it is shown that the umklapp phonons are the symmetry restoring collective modes expected due to a general theorem ofGoldstone. The single particle excitations and the structure of the Dyson mass operator in the crystalline state are discussed. It is further shown that the homogeneous Bethe-Salpeter equation for the linear response to an external disturbance possesses symmetry breaking solutions which are connected to the lattice dynamics of the solid state. These collective excitations (phonons) are exhibited in RPA and tight-binding approximation for monoatomic cubic crystals with a Bravais lattice in order to demonstrate how the present theory reproduces well-known results.

Field of study: Physics
Integrating Trait and Social-Cognitive Views of Personality: Neuroticism, Implicit Stress Priming, and Neuroticism-Outcome Relationships

The trait perspective of personality emphasizes the broad role of traits in outcome prediction, whereas the social-cognitive perspective emphasizes the importance of if—then intrapsychic associations. Three studies (N = 188) were conducted to reconcile these alternative views of personality in the context of stress-related behaviors. Implicit priming tasks were used to quantify the extent to which stress primes activated thoughts of aggression (Studies 1 and 2) or eating (Study 3), and trait levels of neuroticism were also assessed. Neuroticism did not consistently predict stress-related implicit associations, consistent with the independence of these predictors. Of more importance, such implicit associations predicted problematic outcomes (e.g., physical aggression), but only to the extent that relevant individuals were also high in neuroticism. The results highlight an interface of trait and social-cognitive views of personality and do so in the context of understanding stress-reactivity processes, a topic of importance to multiple literatures.

Field of study: Psychology