nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Genotyping and quantization of human papillomavirus by using the multi-fluorescent quantitative PCR assay

Using the multi-fluorescent quantitative PCR assay to establish a fast-and-sensi- five screening method capable of quantization and genotyping of vires-load of human papillomaviruses(HPV)infec- tion for clinical diagnosis and therapy. Two fluorescent dyes were used in a single PCR with type-spe- cific probes for HPV-16,HPV-33/52/58/67,HPV-18/45 and HPV-31.Quantization over a range of 5×10~1 to 5×10~7 copies/ml initial HPV copies is possible by using real-time detection of the accumulation of fluorescence with cycle number.A similar assay forβ-globing was used in parallei for absolute quantization of geuomic DNA. The above method is used on 120 samples and HC-2 has been used to calculate its specificity and sensitivity.Re- sults HPV DNA was detected in 63(52.5%)of 120 women cervical swabs by using the fluorescent quantitative PCR assay.HPV genotyping showed that HPV-16,HPV-18/45,HPV-31 and HPV-33/52/58/67 were detected in 36.51%(23/63),11.11%(7/63),12.70%(8/63),58.73%(37/63) of 63 samples,respectively.The average virus-load of HPV infection was 1.08×10~7 copies/ml.The specificity and sensitivity of this assay are 100% and 81.82%.Conclusion Our results demonstrates that the multi-fluorescent quantitative PCR assay is a simple, quick,sensitive and specific method for genotyping and quantization of HPV infection,it provides strong and de- tailed data for clinical screening on cervical specimens,virus-load on level of infection and objective method on re- suh of HPV infection therapy.

Field of study: Biology
Sculpting microscopic magnetic flux landscapes in a BSCCO2212 vortex lens

We demonstrate experimentally that the micromagnetic profile of the out-of-plane component of magnetic induction, B_z, in the crossing lattices regime of layered superconductors can be manipulated by varying the in-plane magnetic field, H_{||}. Moving Josephson vortices drag/push pancake vortex stacks, and the magnetic profile, B_z(x), can be controllably sculpted across the entire single crystal sample. Depending on the H-history and temperature we can increase or decrease the flux density at the center and near the edges of the crystal by as much as 40%, realising both 'convex' and 'concave' magnetic flux lenses. Our experimental results are well described by molecular dynamics simulations.

Field of study: Physics
Albanian Phraseology in Its Narrow and Broad Sense

Besides phraseology in a narrow sense there is also another type of phraseology that we accept and which we propose for the Albanian language as well. It is phraseology in the broad sense which does not exclude phraseology in the narrow sense, but includes it as one of its main categories. By phraseology in the narrow sense we mean phraseology that studies phrasemes below the sentence level. By phraseology in the broad sense we mean phraseology that studies phrasemes up to the sentence level, such as proverbs and phraseological conversation formulae. The distinguishing condition of phraseology in the broad sense from phraseology in the narrow sense is sentence equivalence, a conception that most European phraseology researchers agree on today. The determining criteria we propose for phraseology in the broad sense as well as for phraseology in the narrow sense is non-literal referentiality, which means that the constituents of a phraseological sequence have lost their literal meanings and the phraseological sequence has a transferred meaning. It doesn’t matter how many words with a transferred meaning there are within a fixed phraseological multi-word sequence; even a single word with a transfeered meaning can change the meaning of a fixed multi-word combination, such as jete qeni (dog’s life), thyej rekordin (break a record), mjalte i embel (lit. honey sweet, for very sweet), pende i lehte (lit. feather light, for very light), celes anglez (lit. English key, for adjustable wrench), etc. DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2014.v4n4p338

Field of study: Education, Sociology
An Analysis of the Insiders Control Problem in Management Buy-outs

Management buy-outs is a most direct way to solve the problem of internal incentive in companies,cuts down the principal-agent cost between company owners and managers, avoids the insiders control problem. But the management buy-outs which have been implemented or being implemented in our country mostly are not the thoroughly action, which cause the insiders control problem. The paper classifies the insiders control phenomenon in the management buy-outs firstly, then analyses the causes of insiders control, at last the paper provides some measures to solve the insiders control problem in management buy-outs.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Layered and Multiple Description Coding Based Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation strategy

A Layered and Multiple Description Coding based Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation(LMDBA)strategy is proposed for the limited bandwidth resource feature of wireless streaming media service.The strategy utilized the characteristics of layered and multiple description coding to allocate bandwidth dynamically and adopted upgrade and degrade strategy for QoS.The strategy minimized the system congestion and improved the utility of bandwidth resource while meeting the QoS needs of users.This paper also addressed the fairness problem of QoS's upgrade and degrade strategy.Simulation results show that the proposed strategy can greatly improve the utility efficiency of bandwidth resource and the System congestion comparing with the traditional fixed-bandwidth allocation strategy while meeting the QoS needs of users.

Field of study: Computer science
Hikorocodium Endo is Not an Alga but an Inozoid Sponge

The genus Hikorocodium, with the type species Hikorocodium elegantae from the Permian of Japan, was described originally as a codiacean alga by Endo. It is not a codiacean alga but an inozoid sponge of the family Preperonidellidae. Several fossils described later by Endo and other authors as H. elegantae should be assigned to different inozoid sponge taxa. Specimens of H. fertiliz, described by Endo from the Jurassic of Japan, are also sponge fragments. The taxonomic positions of H. transversum Endo and H. kuramotoi Nakamura, as sponges or algae, remain uncertain.

Field of study: Environmental science
Linear/nonlinear behavior in unsteady transonic aerodynamics

The accurate calculation of the aerodynamic forces in unsteady transonic flow requires the solution of the nonlinear flow equations. The aeroelastician, on the other hand, seeks to treat his problems (flutter, for example) by means of linear equations whenever possible. He may do this, even when the underlying flow is nonlinear, if the perturbation forces are linear over some (perhaps small) range of unsteady amplitude of motion. This paper assesses the range of parameters over which linear behavior occurs. In particular calculations are made for an NACA 64A006 airfoil oscillating in pitch over a range of amplitudes, frequencies, and Mach numbers. The primary aerodynamic method used is the well known LTRAN2 code of Ballhaus and Goorjian that provides a finite-difference solution to the low frequency, small disturbance, two-dimensional potential flow equation. Comparisons are made with linear subsonic theory, local linearization, and, for steady flow, with the full potential equation code of Bauer, Garabedian, and Korn.

Field of study: Physics
Contemporary management of prolactinomas.

Prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas--prolactinomas--are the most common type of functional pituitary tumor. Treatment of hyperprolactinemia is indicated because of the consequences of infertility, gonadal dysfunction, and osteoporosis. Making the correct diagnosis is important because the first line of therapy is medical management with dopamine agonists. Medical therapy is effective in normalizing prolactin levels in more than 90% of patients, but longterm treatment may be required in some patients. Transsphenoidal surgery is usually indicated in those patients in whom medical therapy fails or cannot be tolerated, or in patients who harbor microprolactinomas. In experienced hands, a hormonal and oncological cure can be achieved in more than 90% of patients after transsphenoidal removal of microprolactinomas with minimal risks. Thus, surgery may be an option for microprolactinomas in a young patient who desires restoration of fertility and avoidance of long-term medical therapy. The authors review the diagnosis and management of prolactinomas, including medical therapy, surgical therapy, and stereotactic radiosurgery.

Field of study: Medicine
First 100 T non-destructive magnet outer coil set

The controlled power outer coil set of the first 100 T non-destructive (100 T ND) magnet is described. This magnet will be installed as part of the user facility research equipment at the National High Magnetic Field laboratory (NHMFL) Pulsed Field Facility at Los Alamos National Laboratory. The 100 T ND controlled power outer coil set consists of seven nested, mechanically independent externally reinforced coils. These coils, in combination, will produce a 47 T platform field in a 225-mm diameter bore. Using inertial energy storage a synchronous motor/generator provides AC power to a set of seven AC-DC converters rated at 64 MW/80 MVA each. These converters energize three independent coil circuits to create 170 MJ of field energy in the outer coil set at the platform field of 47 T. Each coil consists of a multi-layer winding of high strength conductor supported by an external high strength stainless steel shell. Coils with the highest magnetic loads will utilize a reinforcing shell fabricated from highly cold worked 301 stainless steel strip. The autofrettage conditioning method will be used to pre-stress the coils and thereby limit conductor and reinforcement strains to the elastic range. The purpose of pre-stressing the coils is to attain a design life of 10,000 full field pulses. The operation and conditioning of the coil set will be described along with special features of its design, magnetic and structural analyses and construction.

Field of study: Physics
Forest protection in Central India: do differences in monitoring by state and local institutions result in diverse social and ecological impacts?

Protection of forests and wildlife outside protected areas (PAs) is necessary for the conservation of wildlife. Extension of conservation efforts outside the existing PA may result in restrictions on local forest resource use. Such situations arise due to differences in understanding of forest as a resource for communities and as a conservation space for endangered species. A clearer focus is needed on the functionality and socio-ecological outcomes of different forest management institutions to address such issues. We conducted a study in a forest landscape connecting Pench and Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserves (TRs) in Central India. The two main forest management institutions were the Forest Department (FD) and local communities managing forest resources. We conducted vegetation surveys and focus group discussions in 15 villages selected based on presence or absence of active protection and monitoring of forest resources by either FD or local people. We found that forests with monitoring had significantly higher tree density and vegetation species richness compared to forests without monitoring. Tree density was observed to be higher in sites monitored by villagers rather than those monitored by FD. Self-regulation and resource sharing in locally monitored forests were more acceptable to local communities. In forests monitored by the FD, local communities indicated a feeling of alienation from the forest that weakened their motivation to protect the forest and wildlife. Recognition of local community rights is essential to achieve conservation goals and reduce social conflicts outside PAs, requiring collaboration between state and local institutions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Investigation of 2D Rainbow Metamaterials for Broadband Vibration Attenuation

Phononic crystals (PnCs) and metamaterials are widely investigated for vibration suppression owing to the bandgaps, within which, wave propagation is prohibited or the attenuation level is above requirements. The application of PnCs and metamaterials is, however, limited by the widths of bandgaps. The recently developed rainbow structures consisting of spatially varied profiles have been shown to generate wider bandgaps than periodic structures. Inspired by this design strategy, rainbow metamaterials composed of nonperiodic mass blocks in two-dimensional (2D) space were proposed in the present study. The blocks were connected by curved beams and tessellated with internal voids to adjust their masses. In order to demonstrate the effects of the rainbow design, two 2D metamaterials, with periodic and nonperiodic units, respectively, were investigated and manufactured using additive manufacturing technologies. Receptance functions, i.e., displacement frequency response functions, of the manufactured metamaterials were calculated with finite element models and measured with a testing system containing a mechanical shaker, an impedance head, and a laser Doppler vibrometer. The obtained numerical and experimental results showed that the metamaterial with rainbow blocks has extended bandgaps compared with the periodic metamaterial.

Field of study: Materials science
Inter-Disciplinary Education: A Pattern for History and Sociology

Inter-disciplinary studies in the field of social sciences such as history and sociology are unequivocally vital to gaining a more penetrating insight into human behavior. The article commences with a comparison of the concepts of “inter-disciplinary” and “disciplinary”, an explication of Mikhail Bakhtin’s Dialogism, along with an explanation of other learning theories. The article subsequently delineates the method of inter-disciplinary teaching for history and sociology by emphasizing the necessity of inter-disciplinary studies.  Inter-Disciplinary Studies, Inter-Disciplinary Education, Dialogism and Historical Sociology

Field of study: Education
Deep-sea faunal provinces and their inferred environments in the Indian Ocean based on distribution of Recent benthic foraminifera

Multivariate analysis was performed on percentages of 46 species of unstained deep-sea benthic foraminifera from 131 core-top to near-core-top samples (322–5013 m) from across the Indian Ocean. Faunal data are combined with GEOSECS geochemical data to investigate any relationship between benthic foraminifera (assemblages and species) and deep-sea properties. In general, benthic foraminifera show a good correlation to surface productivity, organic carbon flux to the sea floor, deep-sea oxygenation and, to a lesser extent, to bottom temperature, without correlation with the water depths. The foraminiferal census data combined with geochemical data has enabled the division of the Indian Ocean into two faunal provinces. Province A occupies the northwestern Indian Ocean (Arabian Sea region) where surface primary production has a major maximum during the summer monsoon season and a secondary maximum during winter monsoon season that leads to high organic flux to the seafloor, making the deep-sea one of the most oxygen-deficient regions in the world ocean, with a pronounced oxygen minimum zone (OMZ). This province is dominated by benthic foraminifera characteristic of low oxygen and high organic food flux including Uvigerina peregrina, Robulus nicobarensis, Bolivinita pseudopunctata, Bolivinita sp., Bulimina aculeata, Bulimina alazanensis, Ehrenbergina carinata and Cassidulina carinata. Province B covers southern, southeastern and eastern parts of the Indian Ocean and is dominated by Nuttallides umbonifera, Epistominella exigua, Globocassidulina subglobosa, Uvigerina proboscidea, Cibicides wuellerstorfi, Cassidulina laevigata, Pullenia bulloides, Pullenia osloensis, Pyrgo murrhina, Oridorsalis umbonatus, Gyroidinoides (= Gyroidina) soldanii and Gyroidinoides cf. gemma suggesting well-oxygenated, cold deep water with low (oligotrophic) and pulsed food supply.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Pathogenic variability of Rhizoctonia solani isolates causing banded leaf and sheath blight of maize in Andhra Pradesh

Roving survey was conducted in major maize growing areas covering Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states during Kharif 2010 to record occurrence of banded leaf and sheath blight disease and diversity among naturally occurring populations of Rhizoctonia solani, the incitant of banded leaf and sheath blight of maize. The disease severity in these areas ranged from 28.3 to 66.6 per cent. Pathogenic variability among the R. solani isolates revealed that isolate RS 11 from Khammam district with maximum Per cent disease incidence, shortest latent period and maximum relative lesion lengths is most virulent, while the isolate RS 6 from Nizamabad district with minimum PDI, longest latent period was least virulent.

Field of study: Biology
Noise Reduction in Pneumatic Ducts That Convey Peanut Hulls

NOISE measurements in peanut shelling plants revealed that pneumatic ducts that convey peanut hulls are a major source of noise. Noise was found to increase with air velocity and turbulence and to decrease with in-creased duct wall thickness. Numerous treatments were evaluated for their effectiveness in reducing noise. Covering the ducts with commonly available thermal insulation was the most effective treatment, considering cost and convenience. However, treat-ing the ducts with a mastic compound offered advantages and should be considered in some instances. Special acoustic materials were generally con-sidered to be too costly.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Nested Submarine-Fan Channels in the Capistrano Formation, San Clemente, California

At San Clemente State Beach, eight turbidite-filled channels are exposed in a 550-m-long, 30-m-high sea cliff. The channel margins show a progressive northwestward lateral shift in position and thus are nested one alongside another. Three adjacent channels trend between 270° and 300°, with west-northwest turbidity-current flow. Four other adjacent channels trend between 230° and 240°, with southwest flow. Seven of the eight channels received mud and silt deposits in the form of a drape over the channel walls before deposition of graded sand beds took place. In some channels, these graded beds belong to the “classical” turbidite facies, but in others, the sandstone deposits are pebbly, beds are thick, and interbeds of shale are thin to absent. In three of the channels, there is an overall upward fining and thinning of beds, implying progressive channel abandonment. By contrast, the beds filling one channel become coarser and thicker upward, implying a prograding turbidite lobe. The channels are assigned to the braided suprafan part of the submarine-fan model.

Field of study: Geology
SU-F-I-70: Investigation of Gafchromic EBT3 Film Energy Dependence Using Proton, Photon, and Electron Beams.

To investigate the energy dependence of Gafchromic EBT3 film over a range of clinically used proton, photon and electron energies.



Proton beam energies of 117 and 204 MeV, corresponding respectively to ranges in water of 10 cm and 27 cm from a Mevion S250 double scatter system unit were used. Electron energies of 6 and 20 MeV and photon energies of 6 and 18 MV from a Varian Clinac 21EX Linac were used. Two pieces of film (5×5 cm2 ) were irradiated sequentially for doses of 100, 500, and 1000 cGy for all energies and modalities. Films were placed on the central beam axis for a 10×10 cm2 field size in the middle of spread out Bragg peak (SOBP) for proton and in respective dmax for photon and electron energies. Films were scanned on a flatbed Epson Expression 10000 XL scanner on the central region of the scanning window using 48-bit, 300 dpi, and landscape orientation after 48 hours post-irradiation of film to account for optical density (OD) stabilization. Film analysis of the red channel was performed using ImageJ 1.48v (National Institutes of Health).



The energy dependency of EBT3 among all energies and modalities for all doses studied was small within measurement uncertainties (1σ = ± 4.1%). The mean net OD in red channel for films receiving the same dose in the same energy modality had standard deviations within 0.9% for photons, 4.9% for electrons and 1.8% for protons. It was observed that film pieces were activated during proton irradiation, e.g., 7 mR/hr at surface after 30 minutes of irradiation, lasting for 2 hours post irradiation.



EBT3 energy dependency was evaluated for clinically used proton, photon, and electron energies. The film self-activation may have contributed to fog and negligible dose.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Melanocortin-1 Receptor Positively Regulates Human Artery Endothelial Cell Migration.

Melanocortin receptors (MCRs) belong to a hormonal signalling pathway with multiple homeostatic and protective actions. Microvascular and umbilical vein endothelial cells (ECs) express components of the melanocortin system, including the type 1 receptor (MC1R), playing a role in modulating inflammation and vascular tone. Since ECs exhibit a remarkable heterogeneity, we investigated whether human artery ECs express any functional MCR and whether its activation affects cell migration.



We used reverse transcription real-time PCR to examine the expression of melanocortin system components in primary human artery ECs. We assessed MC1R protein expression and activity by western blot, immunohistochemistry, cAMP production, and intracellular Ca²⁺ mobilization assays. We performed gap closure and scratch tests to examine cell migration after stimulation with alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), the receptor highest-affinity natural ligand. We assessed differential time-dependent transcriptional changes in migrating cells by microarray analysis.



We showed that human aortic ECs (HAoECs) express a functionally active MC1R. Unlike microvascular ECs, arterial cells did not express the α-MSH precursor proopiomelanocortin, nor produced the hormone. MC1R engagement with a single pulse of α-MSH accelerated HAoEC migration both in the directional migration assay and in the scratch wound healing test. This was associated with an enhancement in Ca²⁺ signalling and inhibition of cAMP elevation. Time-course genome-wide expression analysis in HAoECs undergoing directional migration allowed identifying dynamic co-regulation of genes involved in extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, vesicle-mediated trafficking, and metal sensing - which have all well-established influences on EC motility -, without affecting the balance between pro- and anticoagulant genes.



Our work broadens the knowledge on peripherally expressed MC1R. These results indicate that the receptor is constitutively expressed by arterial ECs and provide evidence of a novel homeostatic function for MC1R, whose activation may participate in preventing/healing endothelial dysfunction or denudation in macrovascular arteries.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry