nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Detection of polystyrene sphere translocations using resizable elastomeric nanopores

Resizable elastomeric nanopores have been used to measure pulses of ionic current caused by carboxylated polystyrene spheres of diameter 200 nm and 800 nm. The nanopores represent a novel technology which enables nanoscale resizing of a pore by macroscopic actuation of an elastomeric membrane. Three different pores were employed with variable applied strain, transmembrane potential, particle concentration and sphere radius. Theory describing current pulse magnitude has been extended to conical pore geometry. A consistent method for interpretation of data close to the noise threshold has been introduced, and experimental data has been used to compare several methods for efficient, non-destructive calculation of pore dimensions. The most effective models emphasize the absolute pulse size, which is predominantly determined by the opening radius at the narrowest part of the roughly conical pores, rather than the profile along the entire pore length. Experiments were carried out in a regime for which both electro-osmotic and electrophoretic transport are significant.

Field of study: Physics
Opposing effects of chronic alcohol consumption on hepatic gluconeogenesis for female versus male rats.

The impact of chronic alcohol consumption on hepatic gluconeogenesis (HGN) between males and females is unknown. To determine the effects of chronic alcohol consumption (8 weeks) on HGN, the isolated liver perfusion technique was used on 24-hr-fasted male and female Wistar rats.



After surgical isolation, livers were perfused (single pass) for 30 min with Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer and fresh bovine erythrocytes with no added substrate (washout period). After the washout period, livers were perfused with lactate (10 mM) and [U-14C]lactate (15,000 dpm/ml) using the recirculation method.



There was no significant difference in HGN between males and females fed the control diet. In contrast, the females chronically fed the ethanol diet (FE) had significantly lower HGN rates (2.73 +/- 0.37 micromol/min x g liver protein(-1)), whereas males fed the ethanol diet (ME) had significantly higher HGN rates (4.99 +/- 0.45 micromol/min x g liver protein(-1)) than controls (3.83 +/- 0.34 micromol/min x g liver protein(-1)). Concomitant decreases were also observed for both 14C-lactate incorporation into 14C-glucose and rates of lactate uptake for FE, while corresponding increases were observed for 14C-lactate incorporation into 14C-glucose for ME. The livers from ME were able to convert a greater percentage of the lactate into glucose, resulting in the elevation in gluconeogenic capacity.



Chronic alcohol consumption lowers the hepatic gluconeogenic capacity from lactate in females and elevates HGN in males.

Field of study: Medicine
Geriatric Case Reports: Issues of Justice and Proportionality

The practice of medicine has become increasingly focused on the care of the elderly due to demographic changes and an increase in human longevity. A number of diseases, most particularly dementia and vasculopathy, are much more common in geriatric patients. Ethical dilemmas related to justice (right patient/right care) and proportionality (benefit/burden analysis) are typical in this population. Two cases from clinical practice are utilized to demonstrate these ethical problems in real-world narratives and provide reasonable moral guidance rooted in the Catholic tradition. The author recognizes that there may be different clinical assessments based on practitioner experience and the medical literature, but asserts that the ethical principles derived are solidly defensible and universal.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
The Allelopathy of Plant Aqueous Extract of Oxalis corniculata to Radish and Lettuce

In order to explore the allelopathic effects of invasive plants Oxalis corniculata and its possible physiological mechanism,germination and seedling growth of radish and lettuce seeds and plant protection of enzyme activity were measured after treated with different concentrations plants aqueous extracts of Oxalis corniculata.Obvious allelopathic inhibition of plant aqueous extract of Oxalis corniculata to radish and lettuce was observed.Radish and lettuce seed germination and seedling growth were inhibited and the degree of inhibition was enhanced with increase in plant aqueous extract concentration.This inhibition in radicle performance was stronger than hypocotyl.Different variation was observed in the activities of various protective enzymes of radish and lettuce seedling after treated with different concentrations plants aqueous extracts of Oxalis corniculata.POD and CAT activity continued to increase with increasing concentration;the low concentration of extract processing can be significantly enhanced CAT activity;POD activity continued to rise with increase in concentration;the activity of SOD did not show obvious regularity.MDA content continued to rise with increasing concentration.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Fresh chicken manure fumigation reduces the inhibition time of chloropicrin on soil bacteria and fungi and increases beneficial microorganisms.

Chloropicrin (CP) controls soil-borne plant diseases caused by pathogenic microbes, increases crop yield, but has a long-term inhibitory effect on beneficial soil microorganisms. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of biofumigation material fresh chicken manure (FCM) on soil microorganisms, and the duration of those effects in this experiment. Our results showed that in the laboratory, FCM significantly increased substrate-induced respiration (SIR) of soil microorganisms by 2.2-3.2 times at 80 d compared to the control, however, CP significantly inhibited the SIR of soil microorganisms. FCM and CP increased NH4+-N concentration within 40 days which then returned to the control level. FCM increased NO3--N by 2.82-5.78 times by 80 days, compared with the control, while the concentration of NO3--N in the CP treatment was not significantly different from the control at the 80 day. Although in the laboratory FCM inhibited the relative abundance of 16 S rRNA and the nitrogen cycle functional genes AOA amoA, AOB amoA, nirK and nosZ over a 40-day period, the taxonomic diversity of soil bacteria and fungi in the FCM treatment were restored to unfumigated level within 90 days in the field. However, CP treatment has a strong inhibitory effect on soil microorganisms after 90 days. Importantly, the relative abundance of some beneficial microorganisms that control soil-borne pathogenic microbes or degrade pollutants increased significantly in FCM, including Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Streptomyces bacterial genera and Chaetomium and Mycothermus fungal genera. Noteworthy, like CP, FCM still had a strong inhibitory effect on Fusarium at 90 d. Our results indicated that FCM not only increased the content of inorganic nitrogen and improved the respiration rate of soil microorganisms, but it also shortened the recovery time of beneficial soil microorganisms and increased taxonomic diversity. Our previous reports showed that FCM and CP treatments had the same effect in disease control and crop growth. Combined with the results of this experiment, we believe that FCM has the potential to replace CP, which would eliminate CP's detrimental environmental impact, improve farmer safety and promote sustainable crop production.

Field of study: Environmental science
Earthquake Effects on Fill of Scripps Submarine Canyon

Observations by scuba diving in the heads of Scripps and La Jolla Submarine Canyons have shown that three strong earthquakes (5, 5.8, and 6.3 on the Richter scale) did not trigger failure in marginally stable marine sediments. In situ density measurements compared with laboratory tests of canyon sediments show that fill accumulating under nearshore environmental conditions is near its critical density and will neither expand nor contract when stressed. Sands with these properties cannot be considered to be metastable or expected to fail by spontaneous liquefaction. Movements of sandy sediment from the canyon head into deep water have not been by earthquake-triggered turbidity currents but by other observable mass-movement processes.

Field of study: Geology
Research on Improving Methods in DSR Routing Protocol for Wireless Mesh Network

In order to fit the structure characteristics of WMN,many recent researches have improved DSR routing protocol.In this paper,based on different optimization principles,such as routing criterion,QoS guarantee,load banlance,cross-layer design,and so on,the improvement ideas of DSR under every optimization principle are studied,and existing improved algorithms of DSR are overviewed.

Field of study: Engineering
A Brief Intervention to Aid Struggling Students: A Case of Too Much Motivation?

This study examines two interventions for altering achievement goals in an effort to enhance academic success in struggling Introductory Psychology students. The procedures involved an in-class lecture and an interactive computerized tutorial. Both procedures were successful in altering motivation. This led to changes in study activities and increased examination and course grades. In fact, the rate of failure was cut in half in the students who completed the interventions. However, the procedures were not as successful at attracting students who were at risk for academic failure. Only 12% of the target students completed the first intervention while 55% of the target students completed the computerized tutorial. Participation in the computerized intervention was enough to markedly reduce the number of failing grades earned by the class as a whole. Additions and alterations to the interventions are proposed to extend their efficacy.  achievement goals, goal orientation, academic success, mastery, performance I.  Many teachers firmly believe that motivation is important to the learning process. Most teachers believe that a minimal amount of motivation is necessary and that higher amounts of motivation are better. Teachers often attribute problems in the learning process to a lack of motivation. In this paper, we explore some of the links between motivation and academic success. Our work is informed by a theory, alternatively known as Achievement Motivation Theory or Goal Orientation Theory, which posits that multiple varieties of motivation exist and that moderate levels of some varieties are preferable to high levels of other varieties. In fact, some of the problems in the learning process may result from high levels of particular kinds of motivation. Goal orientation theory suggests that when students engage in a class, they strive to reach one or more goals (Ames & Archer, 1988; Dweck & Leggett, 1988; Harackiewicz, Barron, & Elliot, 1998; Hidi & Harackiewicz, 2000). Two goals are of primary importance: mastery goals and performance goals. Students who adopt mastery goals are interested in learning the material in the class and strive to master that material (Ames, 1992; Blumenfeld, 1992; Dweck & Leggett,

Field of study: Education
Analysis of an industrial production suspension of Bacillus lentus subtilisin crystals by powder diffraction: a powerful quality-control tool.

A microcrystalline suspension of Bacillus lentus subtilisin (Savinase) produced during industrial large-scale production was analysed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and X-ray single-crystal diffraction (MX). XRPD established that the bulk microcrystal sample representative of the entire production suspension corresponded to space group P212121, with unit-cell parameters a = 47.65, b = 62.43, c = 75.74 Å, equivalent to those for a known orthorhombic crystal form (PDB entry 1ndq). MX using synchrotron beamlines at the Diamond Light Source with beam dimensions of 20 × 20 µm was subsequently used to study the largest crystals present in the suspension, with diffraction data being collected from two single crystals (∼20 × 20 × 60 µm) to resolutions of 1.40 and 1.57 Å, respectively. Both structures also belonged to space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), but were quite distinct from the dominant form identified by XRPD, with unit-cell parameters a = 53.04, b = 57.55, c = 71.37 Å and a = 52.72, b = 57.13, c = 65.86 Å, respectively, and refined to R = 10.8% and Rfree = 15.5% and to R = 14.1% and Rfree = 18.0%, respectively. They are also different from any of the forms previously reported in the PDB. A controlled crystallization experiment with a highly purified Savinase sample allowed the growth of single crystals of the form identified by XRPD; their structure was solved and refined to a resolution of 1.17 Å with an R of 9.2% and an Rfree of 11.8%. Thus, there are at least three polymorphs present in the production suspension, albeit with the 1ndq-like microcrystals predominating. It is shown how the two techniques can provide invaluable and complementary information for such a production suspension and it is proposed that XRPD provides an excellent quality-control tool for such suspensions.

Field of study: Chemistry
On the need for a new ESD verification methodology to improve the reliability of ICs in advanced 28nm UTBB FD-SOI technology

The need for a novel multi-scale ESD (ElectroStatic Discharge) network recognition and verification methodology is described in this paper. The proposed solution is used to limit the risk of ESD design errors and to enhance IC reliability, independently of the implemented ESD protection strategy and the type of package assembly technique. This method relies on a topology-aware & graph-based verification paradigm which is generic enough to be usable at every step of the design flow. Its efficiency is illustrated with examples involving custom I/O ring portions in 28nm UTBB FD-SOI High-K metal gate technology.

Field of study: Engineering
Intraventricular insulin enhances the meal-suppressive efficacy of intraventricular cholecystokinin octapeptide in the baboon.

Chronic intraventricular (IVT) insulin infusion suppresses food intake and body weight in the baboon. It has been hypothesized that one mechanism of this action may be enhancement of the effectiveness of satiety factors that regulate meal size. This hypothesis was supported by prior demonstration of a shift in the meal-suppressive effectiveness of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) which was given intravenously. The authors tested the effectiveness of a near threshold dose of CCK-8 (25 ng/kg) given via the lateral ventricles (IVT) prior to a 30-min meal, while baboons were chronically infused with cerebrospinal fluid or insulin (100 microU/day) via the lateral ventricles. IVT CCK-8 infusion resulted in meal size changes of -44 +/- 7% and -75 +/- 9% in the absence and presence of insulin, respectively; this was observed in each of the three animals studied. These results provide further support for the hypothesis that IVT insulin can interact with other, meal-regulatory, peptides.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Production of a monoclonal antibody to an antigen present on both trophoblasts and leukocytes.

In the present study, we report the establishment of a monoclonal antibody (Mab) designated F10 that recognized an antigen commonly shared by human trophoblasts and leucocytes. F10 MAb was obtained using cell membrane components from a trophoblast cell line HT as immunogen. Based on immunochemical studies, the F10 reactive antigen (F10-Ag) could be located on both villous and nonvillous trophoblasts from early and term placental tissues and on all trophoblastic cell lines. In addition, flow cytometry revealed that most ( > 95%) peripheral blood lymphocytes, monocytes, as well as polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) were positively stained with F10 MAb. Immunoblotting with F10 MAb identified two protein bands with apparent molecular mass of 62 and 56 kDa. Furthermore, the antigens were glycoproteins and were glycosylated via the O-linkage. Scatchard plot analyses of the binding data between 125I-labeled MAb F10 IgG and HT cells revealed a single class of F10 binding sites with an apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of 10.54 +/- 2.03 pM and maximum binding-site (Bmax) value of 2.1 +/- 0.11 x 10(6) sites per cell. We suggest that F10 may be useful for the identification of a novel epitope that is commonly shared by all trophoblasts and leukocytes and such an epitope may be potentially active in maternal-fetal interactions.

Field of study: Biology
Relations among invariants of complex filiform Lie algebras

Apart from the own dimension n of a complex filiform Lie algebra, the first invariant known for these algebras was the lower central sequence of the algebra, obtained by Ancochea and Goze in 1989. Later, Echarte, Gomez and Nunez, in 1996, and ourselves, in the same year, obtained the invariants i and j, respectively. In this paper, we prove new properties of the invariant j and we use them to set some relations among these invariants and the dimension n. These results allow us to classify complex filiform Lie algebras according to some values of those invariants.

Field of study: Mathematics
Hg1-xMnxSe:Fe in high magnetic fields

The authors analyse the high-field magneto-transport data on the semimagnetic semiconductor Hg1-xMnxSe:Fe using DC, non-destructive pulsed and destructive pulsed magnetic fields up to 100 T. The concept of the 'localised zero-scattering potential' is introduced as an alternative model to the 'space charge superlattice'.

Field of study: Materials science
[Phenotypic and neuroimaging differentiation of polymicrogiry in children].

To study the results of the examination of children and to assess the degree of correlation of cortical disorders with phenotypic and neuroimaging characteristics of polymicrogyria (PMG).



An analysis of disease history, neurological data, semiotics of epileptic seizures, neuroimaging and electrophysiological results was performed in 27 patients with PMG.



Correlations between the prevalence of cortical malformation and the increased frequency of abnormalities in internal organs, stigma of dysembryogenesis, cognitive and motor disorders are shown.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Use of batch culture and a two-stage continuous culture system to study the effect of supplemental alpha-lactalbumin and glycomacropeptide on mixed populations of human gut bacteria.

Certain milk factors can promote the growth of a host-friendly gastrointestinal microflora. This may explain why breast-fed infants experience fewer intestinal infections than their formula-fed counterparts. The effect of formula supplementation with two such factors was investigated in this study. Infant faecal specimens were used to ferment formulas supplemented with glycomacropeptide and alpha-lactalbumin in a two-stage compound continuous culture model. Bacteriology was determined by fluorescence in situ hybridisation. Vessels that contained breast milk as well as alpha-lactalbumin and glycomacropeptide had stable counts of bifidobacteria while lactobacilli increased significantly only in vessels with breast milk. Bacteroides, clostridia and Escherichia coli decreased significantly in all runs. Acetate was the principal acid found along with high amounts of propionate and lactate. Supplementation of infant formulas with appropriate milk proteins may be useful in simulating the beneficial bacteriological effects of breast milk.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Ionized gas velocity dispersion and multiple supernova explosions

Using 3D numerical simulations we study the evolution of the H$\alpha$ intensity and velocity dispersion for single and multiple supenova (SN) explosions. We find that the $I_{\rm H\alpha}-\sigma$ diagram obtained for simulated gas flows is similar in shape to that observed in dwarf galaxies. We conclude that colliding SN shells with significant difference in age are resposible for high velocity dispersion that reaches values high as $\simgt 100$kms$^{-1}$. Such a high velocity dispersion could be hardly got for a single SN remnant. Peaks of velocity dispersion on the $I_{\rm H\alpha}-\sigma$ diagram may correspond to several stand-alone or merged SN remnants with moderately different ages. The procedure of the spatial resolution degrading in the H$\alpha$ intensity and velocity dispersion maps makes the simulated $I_{\rm H\alpha}-\sigma$ diagrams close to those observed in dwarf galaxies not only in shape, but also quantitatively.

Field of study: Physics
Cystic and hemorrhagic giant left atrial myxoma in a patient presenting with exertional angina and dyspnea.

Myxomas are the most common type of primary cardiac tumors and are usually localized in the atrium. The clinical features of the disease depend on the size, location, mobility, and fragility of the mass. In our case report, we present a 38-year-old female patient admitted to our hospital with typical exertional angina and dyspnea. Diagnosis of giant cystic/hemorrhagic atrial myxoma was established after imaging modalities including echocardiography, angiography, and radiology and the pathological evaluation of the mass. On the coronary angiography, a significant feeding artery of the tumor originating from the right coronary artery and the cystic/hemorrhagic appearance all raised the suspicion for the presence of other cardiac masses. However, the pathological evaluation of the mass was reported as consistent with myxoma, with many prominent cystic and hemorrhagic fields and no evidence of malignancy. Since large intratumoral hemorrhagic fields and the presence of a significant feeding artery secondary to tumor neovascularization were observed, we hypothesized that the remarkable amount of blood flow from the coronary artery to the giant myxoma may result in a kind of coronary steal phenomenon and typical anginal symptoms of the patient.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Two-band effect on the vortex dynamics and critical current density in an anisotropic MgB$_2$ thin film

We report the influence of intrinsic superconducting parameters on the vortex dynamics and the critical current densities of a MgB$_2$ thin film. The small magnetic penetration depth of \lambda = 50 nm at T=4 K is related to a clean \pi-band, and transport and magnetization data show an upper critical field similar to those reported in clean single crystals. We find a high self-field critical current density Jc, which is strongly reduced with applied magnetic field, and attribute this to suppression of the superconductivity in the \pi-band. The temperature dependence of the creep rate S(T) at low magnetic field can be explained by a simple Anderson-Kim mechanism. The system shows high pinning energies at low field that are strongly suppressed by high field, which is consistent with a two-band contribution.

Field of study: Physics
Accuracy of Discriminating between Similar Drug Names by Nurses: Effect of Finger-pointing on Error Prevention

Discriminating between similar drug names accurately is important in order to prevent medication error. To facilitate accurate discrimination, performing finger-pointing toward drug names to recognize them is recommended in Japan for healthcare workers. We investigate whether nurses would accurately recognize the difference between target and similar drug names and whether finger-pointing would lead to error prevention for drug names by using a choice reaction time task. Participants observed six drug names with or without pointing with the index finger and determined as quickly and accurately as possible whether the target drug name was present. Targets were real drug names, although distractors were pseudo names so as to strictly manipulate the degree of similarity. The results showed that error rates were significantly higher for nurses than for students. Due to their familiarity with the drug names, the nurses could misrecognize the pseudo words as target drug names when a quick response was requested. We also found that nurses did not receive a benefit from finger-pointing. Moreover, finger-pointing may have been inadequate to lead to accurate recognition of complex stimuli, such as drug names.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering