nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A New Economic History of Argentina (review)

This is an important book, rich in ideas and data. It will be welcomed by scholars engaged in the study of the economics and political economy of long-run development, and by specialists struggling to explain the Argentinian conundrum — how a society that was one of the wealthiest in the world “lost its way.” A New Economic History is “new” because it updates and extends the pioneering, if idiosyncratic, collection by Carlos F. Díaz Alejandro (Essays on the Economic History of the Argentine Republic [1970]), and because it applies a novel approach to the analysis of Argentine history. The editors are to be commended for encouraging contributors to combine the traditional techniques of the historian—descriptive narrative based on archival work, shaped by analytical insights—with the use of theoretical models and quantitative methods. While this combination works better in some areas than others, the overall result is to demonstrate how profoundly macroeconomic performance inter-connects with political structure and cultural mores.

Field of study: History
Alcohol-related disorders in Beijing, China: prevalence, socio-demographic correlates, and unmet need for treatment.

The study aimed to determine the prevalence of alcohol use, episodic heavy drinking, and alcohol dependence and their socio-demographic correlates in Beijing, China.  A total of 5,926 subjects were randomly selected in Beijing and interviewed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 1.0). Data on basic socio-demographic and current major medical conditions were also collected.



The 12-month prevalence of alcohol use and episodic heavy drinking were 32.5 and 13.8%, respectively. The 12-month and lifetime prevalence of alcohol dependence were 1.7 and 4.3%, respectively. Age above 24 years, male sex, being married and employed, low education level (junior high school, primary school or illiterate), rural residence, and having comorbid psychiatric disorders were all significantly associated with a higher likelihood of alcohol-related disorders. Only 2.4% of the subjects with alcohol dependence were receiving treatment, and a mere 1.4% had sought treatment from mental health professionals.



Nationwide surveys are urgently needed to further explore the prevalence of alcohol-related disorders in China.

Field of study: Medicine
A statistic for local intensity differences: robustness to anisotropy and pseudo-centering and utility for detecting twinning.

A new approach to analyzing macromolecular single-crystal X-ray diffraction intensity statistics is presented. Instead of considering reflections in resolution shells, differences between local pairs of reflection intensities are taken and normalized separately. When the two reflections to be compared (having intensities I(1) and I(2), respectively) are chosen appropriately, the behavior of the parameter L = (I(1) - I(2))/(I(1) + I(2)) is insensitive to phenomena that tend to confound traditional intensity statistics, such as anisotropic diffraction and pseudo-centering. The distributions and expected values for L take simple forms when the intensity data are from ordinary crystals or from perfectly twinned specimens. The robustness of the approach is demonstrated with examples using real proteins whose diffraction data appear aberrant by other methods of intensity analysis. The new statistic is better suited than other available methods for diagnosing perfect hemihedral twinning.

Field of study: Chemistry
Mining Magnaporthe oryzae sRNAs With Potential Transboundary Regulation of Rice Genes Associated With Growth and Defense Through Expression Profile Analysis of the Pathogen-Infected Rice

In recent years, studies have shown that phytopathogenic fungi possess the ability of cross-kingdom regulation of host plants through small RNAs (sRNAs). Magnaporthe oryzae, a causative agent of rice blast, introduces disease by penetrating the rice tissues through appressoria. However, little is known about the transboundary regulation of M. oryzae sRNAs during the interaction of the pathogen with its host rice. Therefore, investigation of the regulation of M. oryzae through sRNAs in the infected rice plants has important theoretical and practical significance for disease control and production improvement. Based on the high-throughput data of M. oryzae sRNAs and the mixed sRNAs during infection, the differential expressions of sRNAs in M. oryzae before and during infection were compared, it was found that expression levels of 366 M. oryzae sRNAs were upregulated significantly during infection. We trained a SVM model which can be used to predict differentially expressed sRNAs, which has reference significance for the prediction of differentially expressed sRNAs of M. oryzae homologous species, and can facilitate the research of M. oryzae in the future. Furthermore, fifty core targets were selected from the predicted target genes on rice for functional enrichment analysis, the analysis reveals that there are nine biological processes and one KEGG pathway associated with rice growth and disease defense. These functions correspond to thirteen rice genes. A total of fourteen M. oryzae sRNAs targeting the rice genes were identified by data analysis, and their authenticity was verified in the database of M. oryzae sRNAs. The 14 M. oryzae sRNAs may participate in the transboundary regulation process and act as sRNA effectors to manipulate the rice blast process.

Field of study: Biology
Behavior of maximal functios inRn for largen

What is noteworthy here is that any of the usual covering arguments lead only to a weak-type (1,1) bound which grows exponentially in n, and thus by interpolation one obtains by this method (1.1) with Ap replaced by a bound which increases exponentially in n. Thus the foUowing further questions now present themselves: (1) Does M (") have a weak-type (1, 1) bound independent of n? (2) What can be said when the usual balls are replaced by dilates of more general sets?, We give here some partial answers to these questions:

Field of study: Mathematics
[ApoE genotype and efficacy of neurotrophic and cholinergic therapy in Alzheimer's disease].

Correlation association between an ApoE4 genotype in patients with mild-moderate Alzheimer's disease and efficacy of neurotrophic (cerebrolysin) and cholinergic (exelon) therapy was studied in the groups of patients formed using case-control method. A 4-month treatment has shown that both types of therapy had a significant clinical effect, however clinical effect proved to be more higher and stable in patients treated with cerebrolysin. A number of responders in the cerebrolysin group was 1.7-fold higher comparing to that in the exelon group. Patients with the ApoE4(+) genotype did not differ in response to either drug but in those with genotype ApoE4(-) the number of responders was 3-fold higher in the group treated with cerebrolysin compared to the group given exelon. A follow-up estimation of cognitive impairment in ApoE4(-) patients revealed that long-term clinical effect of cerebrolysin treatment was 6.5 times higher than that of exelon.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Protonic conductivity of hydrotalcite-type compound thick films: Application to a humidity sensor

A new type of realization of the hydrotalcite-type lamellar protonic superconductor Zn 2 Al(OH) 6 Cl· n H 2 O (henceforth called [Zn-Al-Cl] is described, using an original ink composed of a concentrated aqueous suspension of [Zn-Al-Cl] which, when applied by the screen-printing technique, permits to elaborate very satisfactory deposits. X-ray patterns show a high orientation of the (001) reticular planes in a direction parallel to the substrate; this must produce a strong anisotropy of the material conductivity. The electrical properties related to the hydration of the [Zn-Al-Cl] compound are such as to permit the fabrication of a humidity sensor; two types of sensor are realized, one working with direct current (dc sensor), the other with alternating current (ac sensor). The performance of each device is studied by means of specific experiment. Results are interpreted and compared.

Field of study: Materials science
Radial modulation enhances critical fields in 2d superconductors

The 1964 reports of Fulde, Ferrell, Larkin, and Ovchinnikov (FFLO or LOFF) on paramagnetic enhancement of superconductivity suggested that superconductivity can persist at applied magnetic fields above both its orbital and paramagnetic limits. By forming spatially alternating superconducting and paramagnetic regions, the increase in local magnetic field in the paramagnetic region allows a reduction in field inside the superconductor. We present an FFLO phase diagram model for layered organic superconductors and confirm it with high magnetic field data from four materials. Our work suggests that paramagnetic and superconducting regions form as radially alternating rings about each vortex rather than plane waves, as FFLO is usually described.

Field of study: Physics
The tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein directly inhibits GABAA receptors.

The protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitor genistein has been widely used to examine potential effects of tyrosine phosphorylation on neurotransmitter function. We report here that genistein inhibits GABAA receptors through a direct effect. Extracellular application of genistein and GABA reversibly inhibited GABA-activated currents recorded from HEK293 cells expressing rat alpha1beta2gamma2S or alpha1beta2 receptors, even when genistein was preequilibrated in the intracellular solution. Daidzein, an analog of genistein that does not block PTK, also inhibited GABA-activated current. Coapplication of lavendustin A, a specific inhibitor of PTK, had no effect on the GABA response. Our results demonstrate that genistein has a direct inhibitory effect on GABAA receptors that is not mediated via inhibition of tyrosine kinase.

Field of study: Biology
STUDY ON NONLINEAR RESPONSE OF TWO-SPAN ROTOR-BEARING SYSTEM WITH COUPLING FAULTS OF CRACK AND RUB-IMPACT

The complex non-linear responses analyzed are of a two-span elastic rotor-bearing system with coupling faults of crack and rub-impact supported on three plain journal bearings.A dynamic model of the rotor-bearing system is established considering the oil film force and the nonlinear friction force.The nonlinear dynamics behaviors that induced by crack,rub-impact and coupling faults are numerically studied.Chaos motion appears within the super-critical speed range in the cracked rotor-bearing system,quasi-periodic motion within the sub-critical speed range in the rub-impact rotor-bearing system.Period-4 motion appears within the super-critical speed range in coupling faults of crack and rub-impact system.The influence on the nonlinear characteristics of the system is not clear when the crack is small.The results may bring up theoretical references for fault diagnoses,dynamic design,and security running to rotor-bearing system.

Field of study: Engineering
Metrics to monitor the status of fishing communities: An Alaska state of the state retrospective 1980–2010

We outline a suite of 11 quantitative metrics which provide information on the economic and demographic status of fishing communities, presenting data from 324 Alaskan communities over 1980–2010. These metrics provide an initial data set for descriptive analyses of fishing community status and for exploratory analyses to identify hypotheses for subsequent in-depth study of the socioecological dynamics of Alaskan fishing communities. Metrics were derived by collating information from publicly available databases and include information on fishing portfolios, fishing revenues, fishermen demographics, and fleet characteristics. As demonstration of the community metrics, we examine metric trends in detail for three communities (Kodiak, Sitka, and Togiak), and provide state-wide temporal and spatial assessments to characterize historical dynamics of Alaska's fishing communities. Statewide assessments show synchrony in the dynamics of some metrics, such as increasing population, declining permit ownership, and improving per-fishermen gross revenues, but show considerable variation amongst communities for other metrics, such as the diversification of communities' fishing portfolios and investments into fleets. Spatial distributions of metrics suggest the western and northern parts of Alaska have experienced greater declines in metrics associated with commercial fisheries importance and performance relative to the southern and eastern regions.

Field of study: Environmental science
[Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of dihydroetorphine hydrochloride administered sublingually in mice and rats].

The analgesia. respiratory depression and immobilization in mice and rats after dihydroetorphine hydrochloride (DHE) administered sublingually (sl) were similar to those after DHE administered subcutaneously (sc), but the effective doses of sl DHE were larger than those of sc DHE. After sl [15. 16-3H] DHE 2.36 vg/kg (1/2 analgesia ED50) for mice. K^=0.273 min-l, tl(a) = 2.54 min, tmax = 10.9 min. Cmax = 202 pg/ml, K = 0.0166 min-l. t= =41.7 min, AUCO-189min = 18.2 ng.min/ml. The elimination of [15,16-3H]DHE from the blood was conformed to the single compartment model. The relative apparent bioavailability of sl [15, 16-3H]DHE for mice was l.9.2% of sc [15, 16-3H]DHE. The effects of sl DHE were easily antagonized by nalorphine. It had been recommended to test the sublingual tablet of DHE in the terminal cancer patients with pain.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
The Moulding of the Artistic Conception of the Chinese Buddhism Temples Space

Through studying the existing Chinese Buddhism temple space,this article devides the Buddhism temple religious space into three categories. From the construction of temples, the Buddhist hall arrangements and plant configuration, this article penetrates into the moulding of the artistic conception of the Chinese Buddhism temple space and analyzes the current situation of the modern garden construction-lack of the artistic conception.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Ambient but not incremental oxidant generation effects intercellular adhesion molecule 1 induction by tumour necrosis factor alpha in endothelium.

Proinflammatory cytokines upregulate endothelial adhesion molecule expression, thereby initiating the microvascular inflammatory response. We re-evaluated the reported role of reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs) in signalling upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) on endothelial cells by tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in vitro. TNF-alpha upregulation of endothelial-cell ICAM-1 expression was inhibited by the cell-permeable antioxidants, or by the adenovirus-mediated intracellular overexpression of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase, but not by the exogenous (extracellular) administration of the cell-impermeable antioxidants, superoxide dismutase and/or catalase. This ICAM-1 upregulation was also inhibited by inhibitors of NADH dehydrogenase, cytochrome bc1 complex and NADPH oxidase. However, a measurable increase in net cellular ROM generation in response to TNF-alpha was not seen using four disparate sensitive ROM assays. Moreover, the stimulation of exogenous or endogenous ROM generation did not upregulate ICAM-1, nor enhance ICAM-1 upregulation by TNF-alpha. These findings suggest that an ambient background flux of ROMs, generated intracellularly, but not their net incremental generation, is necessary for TNF-alpha to induce ICAM-1 expression in endothelium in vitro.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Public Choice Perspectives on the Poll Tax

The Community Charge which was introduced to England and Wales on I April I990 is part of a reform of local government finance with the avowed intention of enhancing local accountability by creating a direct link between local expenditure, local taxation and local voting. This paper applies public choice theories to evaluate both the economics of its introduction and the responses of the public to the Charge in its initial months. Section II reviews the main public choice rationale for the Community Charge and relates accountability to efficient resource allocation. Section III examines evidence on voter awareness and fiscal illusion in order to consider whether the replacement of domestic rates by this tax will increase local accountability. The stance taken in Sections II and III is one in which the Conservative government is privy to the messages of public choice theory and acts as if to further the 'public interest' by eliciting the 'correct' responses to slay the local government Leviathan.' However, any government may have interests other than, and divergent with, those of the public and this will introduce distortions even in the implementation of public choice prescriptions. This point is developed in Section IV to offer one explanation of the recent history of the Community Charge.

Field of study: Economics
Drug shortages as a result of parallel export in Poland - Pharmacists' opinions.

Drug shortages are recognized as a global problem. However, studies concerning drug shortages in Europe are scarce. Therefore, the main aim of the study was to conduct an analysis concerning drug shortages in Polish pharmacies and to collect pharmacists' opinions about parallel trade and 'reverse traffic' of medicines.



The study was conducted between October 2015 and July 2016 using a specially designed anonymous questionnaire consisting of 10 questions. The tool was delivered to pharmacists. From over 1800 distributed sheets, 435 were included.



According to Polish pharmacists' opinions, shortages are most frequently associated with anticoagulants and antidiabetics and are an increasing problem in Poland. In respondents' opinion, fines for 'reverse traffic' should be high and restrictive and manufacturers should be obliged to build stocks for a certain period.



Drug shortages concern several groups of medicines, often without generics. Solutions incorporated in Poland and aimed to reduce shortages seem to be ineffective. Reduction of drug shortages should be a priority of all stakeholders, because it is not only a Polish problem, but it is a common European issue.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Role of uremic toxins and oxidative stress in the development of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder.

The kidney plays an important role in the regulation of mineral metabolism. As kidney function declines, there is a progressive deterioration in mineral homeostasis, along with various abnormalities, including bone disease and vascular calcification, which has recently been named as "Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD)." Although the precise mechanisms of this systemic disorder remain to be elucidated, accumulating evidence suggest that uremic toxins contribute substantially to the development of CKD-MBD, partly through evoking oxidative stress in the bone and cardiovascular systems. This brief review summarizes recent work on the role of uremic toxins and oxidative stress in the development of CKD-MBD.

Field of study: Medicine
The running of and inspirations from the final offer arbitration system in the United States

The final offer arbitration(FOA) system is a unique way to settle salary disputes in Major League Base-ball(MLB),formed with the formation of the free player system.The FOA system restricts the free arbitration of the arbitrator,having particular arbitration rules in terms of conditions for arbitration application,hearing and arbitration standards.This system has,after 30 years of development,produced positive effects on the relation between the labor and salary of MLB players,relieved the employee-employer relation,and increased the salary level of the players.Essentially,it boosts negotiations rather than settles disputes.There is a possibility for FOA to be introduced into professional tournaments in China,since it is conducive to solving irrational salary structure related problems existing in the professional sports area today.

Field of study: Education
Image Segmentation with PCNN Model and Adaptive Immune Algorithm

In the field of image processing,pulse coupled neural network(PCNN) has to adjust the parameters repeatedly to obtain the good performace.For this reason,we present a novel algorithm to automatically determine PCNN parameters by combining with immune algorithm.Aimming at determining PCNN parameter automatically,the proposed method transforms PCNN parameter setting problem into the parameter optimization problem of immune algorithm and takes image entropy as the evaluation basis of the fitness.Meanwhile,in the immune algorithm,the adaptive operator and gradient operation are adopted to affect the evolution of some antibodies,so that it can keep the activity of the group and prevent falling into local optimum.Experiments show that the proposed method achieves the adaptive parameter adjustment of PCNN and yields the better segmentation performance than other methods.

Field of study: Computer science
“Heat pumps — status and trends” in Asia and the Pacific

In Asian and Pacific regions, economic growth in the last decade has propelled the use of air-conditioners for space cooling along with the use of reversible heat pumps for year round space conditioning. This has led to the rapid increase of electricity demand for air conditioning in summer. To cope with the increasing power demand and the requirement for efficient energy use for space conditioning, governments and energy supply utilities have encouraged effective use and leveling of power load using a heat pump with thermal storage systems and gas cooling systems, by enacting financial and promotional supports. Status and trends of heat pumps in Asian and Pacific regions, related to the use of heat pumps for space heating and cooling were surveyed from the view points of climate, energy consumption, technologies, markets and promotion measures.

Field of study: Engineering
Frequency-resolved optical gating of isolated attosecond pulses in the extreme ultraviolet.

The pulse shape and phase of isolated attosecond extreme ultraviolet (XUV) pulses with a duration of 860 asec have been determined simultaneously by using frequency-resolved optical gating based on two-photon above-threshold ionization with 28-eV photons in He. From the detailed characterization, we succeeded in shaping isolated XUV pulses on an attosecond time scale by precise dispersion control with Ar gas density or by changing the driving pulse width. These results offer a novel way to excite and observe an electron motion in atoms and molecules.

Field of study: Physics