nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Research of the correlation with pathology and kinetics of T_H1/T_H2 cells and expression of iNOS in animals of tuberculosis

To investigate the correlation of pathology to immunology in animals with tuberculosis by molecular pathology.  tuberculosis model (A) and control mice (N). Immunohistochemistry technology was used to investigate the correlation between the expression of IFN γ, IL 4 and iNOS and the type as well as magnitude of tissue injury.  Two phases were observed during the 2nd week characterized by inflammatory infiltration in the alveolar capillary interstitium and the tissues surrounding blood vessels. A predominance of T H1 cells was shown by a higher percentage of IFN γ positive cells and a lower percentage of IL 4 positive cells in the inflammatory infiltrate identified by immunohistology. From the 4 th week after infection to the end of experiment, we observed a chronic advanced phase characterized by pneumonia and local necrosis with a T H0 balance due to an equivalent proportion of IFN γ and IL 4 positive cells in the lung lesions. The iNOS expression was increased in acute phase and decreased in chronic phase.  There is a closely correlation on the kinetics of T H1/T H2 cells and iNOS expression with the type and magnitude of tissue injury during the infection of tuberculosis.

Field of study: Biology
POWER REQUIREMENT OF A ROTARY TILLER IN SATURATED SOIL

A mathematical model for predicting the power requirement of a rotary tiller in saturated soil has been developed. The model assumes that power required by a rotary tiller is used for cutting the soil, throwing the cut soil slices by centrifugal action of the tines, overcoming soil-metal friction, soil-soil sliding friction, and overcoming parasitic forces.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Characterization of heavy metal concentrations in the sediments of three freshwater rivers in Huludao City, Northeast China.

Wuli River, Cishan River, and Lianshan River are three freshwater rivers flowing through Huludao City, in a region of northeast China strongly affected by industrialization. Contamination assessment has never been conducted in a comprehensive way. For the first time, the contamination of three rivers impacted by different sources in the same city was compared. This work investigated the distribution and sources of Hg, Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu in the surface sediments of Wuli River, Cishan River, and Lianshan River, and assessed heavy metal toxicity risk with the application of two different sets of Sediment Quality Guideline (SQG) indices (effect range low/effect range median values, ERL/ERM; and threshold effect level/probable effect level, TEL/PEL). Furthermore, this study used a toxic unit approach to compare and gauge the individual and combined metal contamination for Hg, Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu. Results showed that Hg contamination in the sediments of Wuli River originated from previous sediment contamination of the chlor-alkali producing industry, and Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu contamination was mainly derived from atmospheric deposition and unknown small pollution sources. Heavy metal contamination to Cishan River sediments was mainly derived from Huludao Zinc Plant, while atmospheric deposition, sewage wastewater and unknown small pollution were the primary sources for Lianshan River. The potential acute toxicity in sediment of Wuli River may be primarily due to Hg contamination. Hg is the major toxicity contributor, accounting for 53.3-93.2%, 7.9-54.9% to total toxicity in Wuli River and Lianshan River, respectively, followed by Cd. In Cishan River, Cd is the major sediment toxicity contributor, however, accounting for 63.2-66.9% of total toxicity.

Field of study: Environmental science
Elektron-Bremsstrahlungswirkungsquerschnitte von 180- und 380 keV-EIektronen

AbstractThe bremsstrahlung cross sections, differential in photon energy and angle have been determined by measuring the x-rays emitted from thin targets (Al2O3: 56,5 and 113 μg/ cm2; Au: 9,7 and 24,4 μg/cm2) for incident electron energies of 180 and 380 keV with a 5×5 inch NaI scintillation spectrometer at angles from 0 to 150 degrees. A response matrix is used to convert the measured pulse height distribution into the spectrum of photons incident on the spectrometer. The results show that in this energy region the Bethe-Heitler-Sauter (Born approximation) theory underestimates the cross sectionsd2σ/dk · dΩ anddσ/dk. The application of the Elwert factor gives a considerable improvement. For Al2O3 the Elwert corrected Born approximation gives values which are generally within the limits of error of the measurements. The experimental values of theHeitler parameter
$$\Phi _{rad} /\bar \Phi $$
 are 5,0 (Al2O3) and 6,7 (Au) for 180 keV and 5,6 (A12O3) and 7,3 (Au) for 380 keV. The angular distribution of the radiation has been compared with some characteristic angles predicted by the theory ofSommerfeldKulenkampff. Special consideration has been given to the high frequency limit. The cross sections at this energy have been derived from the correctedSauter-Fano theory and are in good agreement with the measurements.

Field of study: Physics
Stacked p-FET Dosimeter for the STRV-2 MWIR Detector: A Joint US-UK Project

A stacked p-FET dosimeter consisting of a RADMON mother chip with three p-FETs and multiplexer and an attached RADFET has been developed for the STRV-2/MWIR detector. Calibration of the dosimeter, using an Am-241 source, indicates that the RADFET is about 20 times more sensitive to radiation than the RADMON. This dosimeter is expected to measure radiation dose from rads to Megarads.

Field of study: Physics
The United States Tariff and Industrial Protection in the Late Nineteenth Century

M1 , - OST treatments of the U.S. tariff in the late nineteenth century have -a distinctly antiquated appearance. Very little discussion goes beyond a summary of legislative actions with some reference to Taussig's scepticism regarding significant economic effects, such as could have been written forty years ago. This conventional treatment can be summarized very briefly. Tariffs were increased during the Civil War, and although some of the increases were defended as offsets to internal taxes imposed to finance the war, they were allowed to remain even when those internal taxes were removed. There was no comprehensive revision of the tariff after the war, but in i872 a IO per cent reduction was made "across the board" in all tariffs. This reduction was reversed in I875, both changes being influenced most by the state of the federal budget. In i883 a comprehensive tariff Act was passed, it being generally agreed that Congress partially adopted the recommendations of a tariff commission, choosing its adoptions so as to make slight reductions in levels of protection. The i883 Act is also thought by some historians to mark the beginning of the tariff as a major issue dividing the two main political parties. After i883, tariff Acts became more frequent with the McKinley Act of I 890, the Wilson-Gorman Act of i894, and the Dingley Act of i897. The first and third of these Acts are usually thought to have overwhelmed the second to produce a general increase in the height of the U.S. system of protection. This interpretation can be traced to Taussig, and those economic historians who have gone beyond contemporary comment have usually relied on the ratio of import duties to either total or dutiable imports, although many have expressed the caution needed with such a measure of the height of  It would not be surprising if there were now increasing dissatisfaction with this literature, but such dissatisfaction as exists seems to be leading only towards a gradual discarding of the tariff question from economic

Field of study: Economics, History
Reading, Writing, and Revolution: Facilitating Social Activism in First Grade

This article examines how teachers can develop a sense of social activism in students through critical multiculturalism. Drawing upon data from a nine-month participant observation study of a first-grade public charter school classroom in central California, this article highlights how teachers can integrate critical multiculturalism within an elementary classroom by connecting artists' lives to social issues to raise awareness of social injustices, promote critical reflection and consciousness, and develop a sense of social activism. Particular attention is paid to how teachers can incorporate this curriculum into their own classrooms.

Field of study: Sociology
Thermal stability of CaCO3/polyethylene (PE) nanocomposites

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nanoparticles in polymer matrix cause to improvement in polymer performance, including thermal stability and mechanical properties. The main goal of this article is to investigate the effect of different weight percentage of nanoparticles of CaCO3 on thermal stability and mechanical properties of polyethylene (PE) nanocomposites. The morphological structure of CaCO3 nanoparticles and nanocomposites was investigated by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The thermal stability of PE and its nanocomposites was also determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and thermomechanical analysis. Nonisothermal crystallization experiments by DSC test showed that the incorporation of nanoparticles increased the crystallinity, glass transition temperature, and the effective energy barrier for crystallization process. Besides, degradation behavior was evaluated by TGA. The onset mass loss temperature shifted to higher value in the presence of nanoparticles.

Field of study: Materials science
On the convergence of the Metropolis algorithm with fixed-order updates for multivariate binary probability distributions

The Metropolis algorithm is arguably the most fundamental Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. But the algorithm is not guaranteed to converge to the desired distribution in the case of multivariate binary distributions (e.g., Ising models or stochastic neural networks such as Boltzmann machines) if the variables (sites or neurons) are updated in a fixed order, a setting commonly used in practice. The reason is that the corresponding Markov chain may not be irreducible. We propose a modified Metropolis transition operator that behaves almost always identically to the standard Metropolis operator and prove that it ensures irreducibility and convergence to the limiting distribution in the multivariate binary case with fixed-order updates. The result provides an explanation for the behaviour of Metropolis MCMC in that setting and closes a long-standing theoretical gap. We experimentally studied the standard and modified Metropolis operator for models were they actually behave differently. If the standard algorithm also converges, the modified operator exhibits similar (if not better) performance in terms of convergence speed.

Field of study: Computer science
Heterotrophic denitrification potential as an adaptive response in groundwater bacteria

The denitrification rate of bacteria indigenous to aquifers with different nitrate concentrations was investigated. The objective was to test how high nitrate loads affect community composition and select for enhanced nitrate reduction rates among denitrifying strains. Groundwater bacteria were isolated from two aquifers with high in situ concentrations of nitrate (24.1 and 35.2 mg NO3−-N 1−1) and one aquifer with a lower in situ concentration (6.3 mg NO3−-N 1−1). The isolates were characterized with respect to 15 colony and cell morphological and 8 physiological features. The frequency of heterotrophic denitrifiers of all isolated strains was 45–50% in the nitrate contaminated aquifers compared to slightly more than 20% in the uncontaminated aquifer. Kinetics of nitrate reduction were measured by using progress curves ot nitrous oxide production. Bacterial respiration was measured to determine whether proposed differences in denitrification rates were due to differences in carbon utilization. Strains from the aquifers with enhanced nitrate concentrations showed shorter lag periods and higher growth rates than strains from the aquifer with low nitrate concentration. Denitrification rates for unamended incubations varied between 0.10 and 0.42 ml cells−1 day−1 and between 0.42 and 2.10 ml cells−1 day−1 for the glucose amended incubations. The average denitrification rate for the strains from the contaminated sites was 2-fold higher than for the strains from the uncontaminated site, and glucose amendment increased the difference to 2.5-fold. The differences in rates were not explained by differences in carbon utilization. The strains from the contaminated sites reduced more nitrate per unit of carbon dioxide produced than the strains from the uncontaminated aquifer. This suggests that strains in soils which have been heavily N-fertilized may have developed denitrification reductases with optimum activities at high in situ concentrations of nitrate.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Bisphenol A mineralization by integrated ultrasound-UV-iron (II) treatment.

Bisphenol A (BPA), an organic compound largely used in the plastic industry as a monomer for production of epoxy resins and polycarbonate, is an emerging contaminant that is released in the environmentfrom bottles and packaging. BPA degradation (118 micromol L(-1)) under sonochemical conditions was investigated in this study, using a 300 kHz frequency, with a 80 W electrical power. Under these conditions, BPA was eliminated by the ultrasound process (-90 min). However, even after long ultrasound irradiation periods (10 h), more than 50% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 80% of total organic carbon (TOC) remained in the solution, indicating that most BPA intermediates are recalcitrant toward ultrasonic action. Accumulation of hydrogen peroxide from *OH and *OOH radical recombination was also observed. To increase the efficiency of BPA treatment, experiments combined ultrasound with Fe2+ (100 micromol L(-1)) and/or UV radiation (254 nm): Ultrasound/UV; Ultrasound/Fe2+; Ultrasound/UV/ Fe2+. Both UV and Fe2+ induced hydrogen peroxide dissociation, leading to additional *OH radicals and complete COD and TOC removal. Thus difficulties in obtaining mineralization of micropollutants like BPA through ultrasonic action alone, can be overcome by the Ultrasound/UV/ Fe2+ combination. Moreover, this technique was found to be the most cost-effective one. So, the integrated ultrasound-UV-iron(ll) process was shown to be of interest for the treatment of wastewaters contaminated with BPA.

Field of study: Environmental science
Possible absence of Helicobacter pylori in the early stages of duodenal ulceration.

Helicobacter pylori is thought to be a cause of duodenal ulceration, but there is some evidence that it is found less often in early than in later disease.



To assess the presence of H. pylori in patients undergoing endoscopy for dyspepsia, with respect to their duration of symptoms.



Retrospective case note review.



Patients were categorized as having a history greater or less than 6 months, and as H. pylori-positive or -negative, using biopsy rapid urease, culture and PCR tests.



Thirty-two duodenal ulcer patients with a history >6 months were all H. pylori-positive according to the PCR test; the five with a shorter history were H. pylori-negative. No patient H. pylori-negative by PCR was positive by the other tests.



H. pylori was (at least) less commonly present before 6 months. It is possible that H. pylori, although nearly always present after 6 months, is not present at the onset of the disease. Confirmation of this finding would imply that infection with the organism is not the cause of duodenal ulceration, but a factor producing recurrence and chronicity.

Field of study: Medicine
Note. Comparison of Two Rapid Methods of Lipoxygenase Assay in Blanched Green Peas, Green Beans and Potatoes

Two rapid methods, methylene blue bleaching (MBB) and potassium iodide-starch (KI-S), for lipoxygenase assay in blanched green peas, cut green beans and diced potatoes were evaluated and compared, using as a reference a quantitative spectrophotometric procedure for lipoxygenase (LPO) activity determination. Green peas (diameter - 10-II mm), cut green beans (diameter = 10 mm; length = 20 mm) and diced potatoes (cubes of 10 mm) were water blanched at 100 'C; heating times ranged between 10 and 40 seconds. For visual comparison of the methods, two times were registered: starting time, when the color began to change, and final time, when the color change fully developed. Both rapid visual methods (MBB and KI-S) showed good performance in detecting LPO in blanched vegetable samples. KI-S method was more sensitive than MBB procedure, with its detection limit between 0.70 and 1.80 LPO units/g, depending on the product. Additionally, FT was 180 seconds for KI-S method as compared to 600 seconds for MBB procedure, therefore, KI-S method is recommended as the best option for a rapid assay of LPO in the vegetables studied.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Simple Law for Third-Body Friction.

A key difficulty to understanding friction is that many physical mechanisms contribute simultaneously. Here we investigate third-body frictional dynamics in a model experimental system that eliminates first-body interaction, wear, and fracture, and concentrates on the elastic interaction between sliding blocks and third bodies. We simultaneously visualize the particle motion and measure the global shear force. By systematically increasing the number of foreign particles, we find that the frictional dissipation depends only on the size ratio between surface asperities and the loose particles, irrespective of the particle's size or the surface's roughness. When the particles are comparable in size to the surface features, friction increases linearly with the number of particles. For particles smaller than the surface features, friction grows sublinearly with the number of particles. Our findings suggest that matching the size of surface features to the size of potential contaminants may be a good strategy for reliable lubrication.

Field of study: Physics
Rule Generation Method for Deriving Characteristics of Customers in Customer Support Center

In the financial field, the use of customer information analysis systems is important to the customer support section to improve customer service. A customer information analysis system is composed of an analysis system and a storage system. It pays attention to data mining technology that analyses the customer confluence. But when the above technique was applied to actual data, it was found that in some cases, rules that included parity expressions were in the majority. In other cases, most rules were formed from the character of specific demographic clusters. A rule generation support method was proposed for deriving useful rules from rules generated by the rule induction method. A prototype of the customer information analysis system was developed using the proposed method. This prototype was applied to actual data from the customer support section of the financial field, and confirmed its usefulness.

Field of study: Computer science
[Detection of neutralizing antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)].

Competitive ELISA was used for the detection of neutralizing antibody to JE. Based on the principle that human serum JE antibody competed with JE monoclonal antibody (MAb) for JE antigen, it was found that 3 JE MAbs (E3-3, NPF-5 and NNN-5) were suitable for competitive ELISA for the detection of JE neutralizing antibody. The sensitivity of cometitive ELISA for 29 JE confirmed serum specimens with titer of plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) was checked to be 82.1% (23/28). The specificity of E3-3 MAb to JE used in competitive ELISA was 100%. Correlation coefficient of JE confirmed cases of 57 hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers in 1995 and 37 PRNT titers in 1994 compared with competitive ELISA were 0.744 and 0.732, respectively. Compared the competitive ELISA titers of 154 sera of healthy people with PRNT titers, the results showed that 70% of the sera could be detected by competitive ELISA which saved a lot of time and manpower.

Field of study: Biology
Carbon isotope excursions in Boreal Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary sections and their correlation potential

The Jurassic–Cretaceous (J–K) boundary is one of the most problematic points on the geological timescale. The boundary is not defined by a Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) because of the absence of well-defined (by significant faunal turnover), widely correlatable biostratigraphic levels to fix the base of the Berriasian. A distinct earliest Berriasian positive carbon isotope excursion is identified in the Boreal marine carbonate (belemnites) carbon records from the Maurynya River (Northern Urals) and the Nordvik Peninsula (northern East Siberia). The excursion is found within the top part of the upper Volgian Craspedites taimyrensis ammonite Zone, slightly above the J–K boundary, which was established by palaeomagnetic data. Because a significant positive δ 13 C shift was also observed immediately above the J–K boundary in the Tethyan Guppen-Heuberge pelagic-carbonate section (Switzerland), this positive carbon isotope event can be regarded as a useful marker for a Panboreal and Boreal–Tethyan correlation of J–K boundary beds. This δ 13 C excursion is interpreted as a record of increased rates of organic carbon burial. The δ 13 C data obtained previously for the upper Volgian and Ryazanian in different Boreal regions are also analysed in this paper. Other well-documented carbon isotope excursions with less global significance allow the creation of a composite carbon-isotope curve for Boreal regions that characterises the upper Volgian and Ryazanian in detail.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
The Laws of Thought?: An Hypothesis

Historically, the three laws of thought have always been taken to be the laws of contradiction, identity, and excluded middle. However, in contradistinction to this, the present discussion is offered as an hypothesis for supposing that three different laws of logic, namely, Modus Ponens (MP), Modus Tollens (MT) , and Syllogism (Syll) may be the only "laws of thought" in practice, and that the laws of contradiction, identity, and excluded middle actually stand as governing principles to logical thinking instead of "laws of thought" per se. The fundamental unit of any reasoning process is the implication sign with its two arguments. Thus, in thinking activity concerned with logical reasoning, as distinct from other types of thinking, namely, judgment and conception, always there is present some implicative proposition. Always there appears to .be one unit-thought implying some other unit-thought. Thus, P 3 Q, where P and Q are general or particular, unique, or complex. Moreover, there appear to be only certain things which can happen to this sequence of unit-thoughts from the standpoint of valid inferential activity, uiz., ( a ) its antecedent can be affirmed (Modus Ponens), ( b ) its consequence can be denied (Modus Tollens), or ( c ) its consequence implies some third unit-thought (Syll). Thus, these would, in actual practice, constitute the fundamental forms of valid inference. And where complex arguments are entertained by the mind, any or all of these forms may be employed to arrive at a given conclusion. This hypothesis was brought out when I tried to produce quantitative evidence for other laws of logic in the research connected with my doctoral dissertation. Because the argument would hold for any law selected, the point will be illustrated by using the transposition law. This law is expressed in logical symbolism as

Field of study: Psychology