nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Family history of alcoholism and response to sweets.

The relationship between a hedonic response to sweet tastes and a propensity to excessive alcohol drinking is supported by both animal and human studies. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the genetic risk for alcoholism as measured by a paternal history of alcoholism in young social drinkers is associated with sweet-liking, defined as rating the strongest offered sucrose solution (i.e., 0.83 M) as the most palatable during the standard sweet test.



Participants were 163 subjects (39% male) without a lifetime history of alcohol or drug abuse or dependence. Eighty-one subjects had a paternal history of alcoholism (FH+), and 82 did not (FH-). Each subject rated a series of sucrose solutions for intensity of sweetness and palatability. Subjects were categorized as sweet-likers if they rated the highest sucrose concentration as the most pleasurable.



The estimated odds of being a sweet-liker were 2.5 times higher for FH+ than for FH- subjects. FH+ subjects disliked the tastes of the two weakest offered sucrose concentrations (0.05 and 0.10 M), whereas FH- subjects reported these tastes to be neutral.



The results of this study support the hypothesis that sweet-liking is associated with a genetic vulnerability to alcoholism.

Field of study: Medicine
RDM-stars and galactic rotation curves

The recently formulated model of black holes coupled to the radial flows of dark matter (RDM-stars) is considered and the shape of the galactic rotation curves predicted by the model is evaluated. Under the assumption that the density of black holes is proportional to the density of luminous matter, the model perfectly fits the experimental data, both for the universal rotation curve, describing the spiral galaxies of a general form, and for the grand rotation curve, describing the orbital velocities of Milky Way galaxy in a wide range of distances. The modeling of the galactic gravitational field at large distances from the center and out of the galactic plane is also discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Extraction of Inhibitive Substances Produced by Bacillus subtilis CS16 Strain

Liquid culture of Bacillus subtilis CS16 strain was precipitated by HCl,and extracted with mechanol.The crude extract was stable in the treatment of high temperature and ultraviolent,and was also stable in organic solvents and wide pH range of methanol.The crude extract was then purified by medium-pressure liquid chromatography.The thin-layer chromatography analysis indicated that the inhibition substance was polyhenols.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
In-Doped ZnO Hexagonal Stepped Nanorods and Nanodisks as Potential Scaffold for Highly-Sensitive Phenyl Hydrazine Chemical Sensors

Herein, we report the growth of In-doped ZnO (IZO) nanomaterials, i.e., stepped hexagonal nanorods and nanodisks by the thermal evaporation process using metallic zinc and indium powders in the presence of oxygen. The as-grown IZO nanomaterials were investigated by several techniques in order to examine their morphological, structural, compositional and optical properties. The detailed investigations confirmed that the grown nanomaterials, i.e., nanorods and nanodisks possess well-crystallinity with wurtzite hexagonal phase and grown in high density. The room-temperature PL spectra exhibited a suppressed UV emissions with strong green emissions for both In-doped ZnO nanomaterials, i.e., nanorods and nanodisks. From an application point of view, the grown IZO nanomaterials were used as a potential scaffold to fabricate sensitive phenyl hydrazine chemical sensors based on the I–V technique. The observed sensitivities of the fabricated sensors based on IZO nanorods and nanodisks were 70.43 μA·mM−1·cm−2 and 130.18 μA·mM−1·cm−2, respectively. For both the fabricated sensors, the experimental detection limit was 0.5 μM, while the linear range was 0.5 μM–5.0 mM. The observed results revealed that the simply grown IZO nanomaterials could efficiently be used to fabricate highly sensitive chemical sensors.

Field of study: Materials science
A Middle Triassic paleomagnetic pole for North America

Two stratigraphic sequences were sampled through the early Anisian Anton Chico Member of the Moenkopi Formation in north-eastern New Mexico. Two polarities of magnetization are present: a normal-polarity interval succeeded by a reversed-polarity interval and followed by a short normal- and reversed-polarity couplet. Detailed thermal demagnetization (10 to 17 steps) was employed to separate magnetic vectors. The secondary magnetization is largely a direction similar to the present-day and/or axial-field directions. Demagnetization above 520°C reveals a near-horizontal characteristic magnetization. The lithology of the stratigraphic sequence is such that the reversed polarity is contained almost exclusively within coarse sandstone lithologies, and hence, the reversed-polarity characteristic magnetization direction is rarely completely separated from the secondary magnetization. Because of this, the paleopole was calculated from only the lower normal-polarity portion of the section. The pole, calculated from the samples of two localities, is located at 121.4°E, 43.2°N, (α 95 = 5.3). This Middle Triassic paleopole is in good agreement with published Triassic paleomagnetic poles for cratonic North America and statistically overlaps the Early Triassic paleopoles. The large-scale relative motion during the Triassic between the magnetic pole and the North American plate is constrained by this study to have begun after early Middle Triassic time; it suggests that as much as 10° of apparent-polar wander occurred between the late Anisian-Ladinian (late Middle Triassic) and the middle to late Carnian (early Late Triassic), a time interval of between 11 and 14 m.y.

Field of study: Geology
A folk theorem for competing mechanisms

We provide a partial characterization of the set of outcome functions that can be supported as perfect Bayesian equilibrium in the recommendation game described in [T. Yamashita, Mechanism games with multiple principals and three or more agents, Econometrica 78 (2) (2010) 791–801]. We show that the set of outcome functions that can be supported is at least as large as the set supportable by a mechanism designer in the sense of Myerson (Myerson, 1979 ). We show how to support random and correlated outcomes as equilibrium outcomes in the recommendation game.

Field of study: Economics
Sublytic C5b-9 Induces Glomerular Mesangial Cell Apoptosis Through miR-3546/SOX4/Survivin Axis in Rat Thy-1 Nephritis

The activation of complement system and the formation of C5b-9 complex have been confirmed in the glomeruli of patients with mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis (MsPGN). However, the role and mechanism of C5b-9-induced injury in glomerular mesangial cell (GMC) are poorly understood. Rat Thy-1N is an animal model for studying MsPGN. It has been revealed that the attack of C5b-9 to the GMC in rat Thy-1N is sublytic, and sublytic C5b-9 can cause GMC apoptosis, but the underlying mechanism is not fully elucidated. To explore the role and regulatory mechanism of C5b-9 in MsPGN lesion, we used rat Thy-1N model and first detected the change of microRNA (miRNA) profiles both in Thy-1N rat renal tissues (in vivo) and in the cultured GMCs with sublytic C5b-9 stimulation (in vitro). Then we determined the effect of miR-3546, which increased both in vivo and in vitro, on GMC apoptosis upon sublytic C5b-9 as well as the involved mechanism.  Rat Thy-1N model was established and GMCs were treated with sublytic C5b-9. The rat renal cortex and the stimulated GMCs were obtained for miRNA microarray detection. Subsequently, the increased miRNAs were verified by real-time PCR. Meanwhile, to ascertain the ability of some miRNAs to upregulate cleaved caspase 3 and induce GMC apoptosis, the corresponding miRNA mimics were transfected into GMCs, followed by western blotting (WB) and flow cytometry mesurement. Thereafter, the miR-3546-targeted gene (SOX4) was predicted using bioinformatics approaches, and SOX4 expression in Thy-1N tissues and in the GMCs upon sublytic C5b-9 stimulation or miR-3546 mimic/inhibitor transfection were detected using real-time PCR and WB. To prove that miR-3546 can affect SOX4 gene transcription and SOX4 can regulate survivin expression, dual luciferase reporter assay, real-time PCR, WB and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were performed. Furthermore, the role of miR-3546/SOX4/survivin axis in the GMC apoptosis induced by sublytic C5b-9 was examined using WB and flow cytometry.  Compared with normal renal tissues and untreated GMCs, there were 43 and 62 upregulated miRNAs (> 2-fold) in Thy-1N tissues and sublytic C5b-9-stimulated GMCs respectively. A total of 17 miRNAs were increased both in vivo and in vitro, 11 of which were validated by real-time PCR. Among them, miR-3546 could markedly promote GMC apoptosis and inhibit SOX4 or survivin expression in response to sublytic C5b-9, and either SOX4 or survivin overexpression markedly rescued the GMC apoptosis mediated by miR-3546 mimic. Additionally, SOX4 overexpression could reverse the survivin suppression by miR-3546 mimic, and SOX4 could bind to survivin promoter (-1,278 to -853 nt) and activate survivin gene transcription.  MiR-3546/ SOX4/survivin axis has a promoting role in the GMC apoptosis triggered by sublytic C5b-9, and our findings may provide a new insight into the pathogenesis of rat Thy-1N and human MsPGN.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Precocious puberty in a 7-year-old boy: a novel case.

A 7-year-old boy was referred for evaluation of precocious puberty, evidenced by penile enlargement and pubic hair formation. His testicular size was prepubertal bilaterally. A comprehensive hormonal evaluation showed an elevated serum testosterone value (4.0 nmol/L) and a prepubertal gonadotropin value. A 0.9-cm heterogenous left testicular mass was detected on scrotal ultrasonography. Inguinal exploration was performed with ultrasound-guided open testicular biopsy and orchiectomy. Pathologic evaluation of the orchiectomy specimen showed the unclassified type of a mixed germ cell sex cord stromal tumor (MGCSCST), composed of neoplastic Sertoli cells and seminoma-like germ cells. Isolated previous reports of unclassified MGCSCSTs of the testis are now thought to be reports of sex cord stromal tumors with entrapped non-neoplastic germ cells. In our patient, the germ cells appeared to be neoplastic with aberrant expression of c-kit and placental alkaline phosphatase, a high proliferative rate, and DNA aneuploidy. Postoperatively, the patient's serum testosterone concentrations returned to prepubertal values (<0.2 nmol/L) and puberty was halted. This case represents a novel cause of precocious puberty.

Field of study: Medicine
Component Spatial Pattern Analysis of Chemicals Using Terahertz Spectroscopic Imaging

We demonstrated the separation of the component spatial patterns of chemical samples in transillumination terahertz ~THz! images using known spectral curves. The images and spectral data were measured between 1.3 and 1.8 THz, using a widely tunable coherent THz-wave parametric oscillator source. This method could be effective for analyzing spatial patterns and the concentrations of components with various chemical compositions.

Field of study: Computer science
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF OXYPERTINE AND TRIFLUOPERAZINE IN CHRONIC SCHIZOPHRENIA--A NEW APPLICATION OF THE WING RATING SCALE.

Thirty-five chronic schizophrenic women patients completed a sixteen-week double-blind within-patient comparison of a new non-phenothiazine compound, oxypertine (WIN. 18,501), with trifluoperazine (Stelazine). Changes in four typical symptoms and in 12 behaviour characteristics were assessed by a new application of the Wing rating scale.

A significant difference was found in the number of patients responding favourably to one of the treatments as opposed to the other in one symptom (Poverty of Speech) and in five behaviour characteristics (Slowness of Movement, Leisure Interests, Laughing and Talking to Self, Posturing and Mannerisms). In all these cases the differences were in favour of oxypertine. Three of the five behaviour characteristics had been shown to have a high correlation in a previous, independent study. Eight out of twelve patients who continued anti-Parkinsonian medication during the trial had significantly less severe ratings while under trifluoperazine in one symptom (Incoherence of Speech), although no such difference was found for the patients as a whole.

The Wing classification technique was shown to be stable throughout the trial, and the improvements in patients' ratings after oxypertine treatment were not significantly different in the Wing diagnostic subgroups. Patients classified into the three more seriously ill subgroups had significantly longer mean periods in hospital before the trial.

Three cases of vomiting, two of giddiness, one increase in Parkinsonism and a tendency to cogwheel rigidity in one patient were noted during oxypertine treatment.

Biochemical tests showed that 13 patients had abnormally high transaminase values at least once during the trial. Ten of these also had raised alkaline phosphatase results.

It is concluded that oxypertine may be superior to trifluoperazine when considered as an adjunct to rehabilitative therapy and that the drug merits further appraisal in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Influence of Student's Interest on Career Choice among First Year University Students in Public and Private Universities in Kisii County, Kenya

Career choice has lately become a very complicated science, considering that the decision is influenced by numerous factors. Yet, choosing the right career is important in ensuring that individuals lead rewarding lives, are motivated at their jobs and can achieve remarkable productivity, thus setting the stage for organizational success and sustainability. Given the importance of making the right career choice, it is imperative that individuals are aware of the factors that influence such weighty decisions and do so from a point of knowledge. The present study sought to examine the influence of interest on career choice decisions among first year university students. To address this objective, the study utilised two hundred and ninety six (296) first year students selected from six universities. The Respondents were selected using purposive as well as systematic sampling approaches within the descriptive survey design. They responded to a specially designed questionnaire and the data collected were analyzed descriptively using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences as the main tool of analysis. The study concludes that student interest is significant in determining career choice decisions for an individual’s career.

Field of study: Education
The uptake of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen in Chara hispida L.: the contribution of the rhizoid

The uptake of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen by cultured plants of the green freshwater alga Chara hispida L. has been compared quantitatively with the contribution of its rhizoidal tissue. In the short-term, the rhizoid takes up 7–20% of the ammonium nitrogen, and about 15% of the nitrate that is taken up by whole plants under similar conditions. The uptake was studied over a range of both temperatures and external concentrations. The apparent activation energy for the uptake of NH4+ and NO3− by the whole plant was found to be 50 kJ mol−1 and 30 kJ mol−1, respectively. For the rhizoid, the values were similar for both nitrogenous ions, 106 kJ mol−1 and 70–100 kJ mol−1. The rhizoidal uptake mechanism for ammonium nitrogen operates more efficiently compared to that in the whole plant. Nitrate is taken up by the rhizoid by a mechanism with a substrate affinity higher than in the plant taken as a whole. The possible ecological significance of the results is discussed.

Field of study: Environmental science
De crisis van het internationaal recht en de zelflegitimatie van de wereldhegemoon

Tijdens het afgelopen decennium is de kloof tussen de VS en Europa steeds groter geworden. De weigering van de VS om het Kyoto-protocol te ondertekenen, het verzet tegen de oprichting van het internationaal strafhof, de uitvaardiging van de ‘American servicemen’s protection act’ (door tegenstanders de ‘Hague invasion act’ genoemd), de voorkeur voor militaire oplossingen van internationale conflicten boven diplomatie, het zendingsbewustzijn van de VS, het buitenspel zetten van de VN en de selectieve en op eigenbelang gestoelde omgang met de volkenrechtelijke regels betreffende het gebruik van geweld, het onttrekken van zogenoemde ‘enemy combatants’ aan het normale justitiele systeem en aan de beschermingsregels van het internationaal humanitair recht; het toepassen van foltering op Guantanamo Bay1 en het onderwerpen van Irakese gevangenen aan seksuele vernedering in Abu Graip, zijn even zovele illustraties van een agressief Amerikaans unilateralisme op het internationale forum. Daardoor is de vervreemding tussen de VS en het ‘oude’ Europa de afgelopen jaren ten top gedreven.2 Wat opvalt wanneer men de Amerikaanse houding, en in het bijzonder die van de Bush-regering, tegenover het internationale recht van naderbij bekijkt, is niet zozeer dat de VS het multilaterale systeem zoals dat R&R 2007 / 3

Field of study: Philosophy
Examining the Relationship between Multiple Internalized Oppressions and African American Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Questioning Persons' Self-Esteem and Psychological Distress.

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and questioning (LGBQ) persons come from diverse cultural groups with diverse racial and ethnic identities. However, most research on LGBQ persons has used primarily White samples, and most research on African Americans has used largely heterosexual samples. Thus, research has largely failed to attend to and investigate the complexity of African American LGBQ persons' experiences. This study examined the relations between multiple internalized oppressions and African American sexual minority persons' self-esteem and psychological distress. Results indicated that when examined together, internalized racism and internalized heterosexism (also known as internalized homophobia) were both significant negative predictors of self-esteem, but only internalized heterosexism was a unique positive predictor of psychological distress. The interaction of internalized racism and internalized heterosexism was not a significant predictor of self-esteem or psychological distress. Finally, the authors' findings indicate that self-esteem partially mediates the relationship between internalized heterosexism and psychological distress.

Field of study: Psychology
Behavior analysis and ecological psychology: past, present, and future. a review of Harry Heft's Ecological Psychology in context.

Relations between behavior analysis and ecological psychology have been strained for years, notwithstanding the occasional comment on their affinities. Harry Heft's (2001)Ecological Psychology in Context provides an occasion for reviewing anew those relations and affinities. It describes the genesis of ecological psychology in James's radical empiricism; addresses Holt's neorealism and Gestalt psychology; and synthesizes Gibson's ecological psychology and Barker's ecobehavioral science as a means for understanding everyday human behavior. Although behavior analysis is excluded from this account, Heft's book warrants a review nonetheless: It describes ecological psychology in ways that are congruent and complementary with behavior analysis (e.g., nonmediational theorizing; the provinces of natural history and natural science). After introducing modern ecological psychology, I comment on (a) Heft's admirable, albeit selective, historiography; (b) his ecological psychology-past and present-as it relates to Skinner's science and system (e.g., affordances, molar behavior); (c) his misunderstandings of Skinner's behaviorism (e.g., reductionistic, mechanistic, molecular); and (d) the theoretical status of Heft's cognitive terms and talk (i.e., in ontology, epistemology, syntax). I conclude by considering the alliance and integration of ecological psychology and behavior analysis, and their implications for unifying and transforming psychology as a life science, albeit more for the future than at present.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Effects of the progressive abandonment of grazing on dung beetle biodiversity: body size matters

Dung beetles are an ecologically important group of insect species inhabiting semi-natural grasslands in Europe. Despite their ecological importance, several dung beetle species are currently facing local threats mainly stemming from changes in land use practices, including the abandonment of pasturelands. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of the progressive abandonment of grazing lands on dung beetle alpha diversity, abundance, biomass and body size classes. Areas representing a range of trophic resource availability were compared: (i) abandoned, (ii) low and (iii) moderate grazing intensity. A total of 136,884 specimens belonging to 56 species (3 Geotrupinae; 16 Scarabaeinae; 37 Aphodiinae) of dung beetle were collected. Pastureland abandonment was shown to lead to a decrease in alpha diversity and biomass density, a reduction of 22 and 78% respectively in abandoned areas. From a biomass standpoint, the effects of pastureland abandonment varied according to the body size classes of the dung beetles, with larger species proving more susceptible to local extinction. Such body-size dependent variations led us to propose the use of both biomass and abundance data in making assessments since they are differentially sensitive to trophic resource availability. Hence, from a conservationist standpoint, the obtained results suggest that traditional pastureland management with low-moderate grazing intensity should be maintained.

Field of study: Environmental science
Mechanism of the salutary effects of 17beta-estradiol following trauma-hemorrhage: direct downregulation of Kupffer cell proinflammatory cytokine production.

Kupffer cells have been reported as a major source of proinflammatory cytokines (i.e. IL-6, TNF-alpha), which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of trauma-hemorrhage. Previous studies have shown a protective effect of 17beta-estradiol on immune function and physiological responses following trauma-hemorrhage. In this study, we investigated whether 17beta-estradiol has a direct effect on Kupffer cell cytokine production following trauma-hemorrhage. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to trauma (midline laparotomy) and hemorrhage (35-40 mmHg for 90 min followed by fluid resuscitation) or sham operation. Two hours later, Kupffer cells were isolated and cultured with 17beta-estradiol in the presence and absence of lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Kupffer cell IL-6 and TNF-alpha production increased following trauma-hemorrhage. Incubation with 17beta-estradiol attenuated the production of IL-6 by cells from both sham and trauma-hemorrhage animals in a dose-dependent manner. The suppression of IL-6 production by 17beta-estradiol was paralleled by a decrease in mRNA levels. In contrast to IL-6, the effects of 17beta-estradiol on TNF-alpha production were minimal. In conclusion, these results indicate the direct downregulation of Kupffer cell IL-6 production by 17beta-estradiol at a molecular level, which might explain in part the previously observed salutary effects of estradiol treatment following trauma-hemorrhage.

Field of study: Medicine