nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Extractive technique and trait of re d pigment in amaranth

The ground amaranth was extracted wi th 65℃water (1∶7.5)for 10min ,then the extracting liqui d was passed through the column of CaCO 3 ,collecting the liquid contained th e red pigment ,added auxiliary mater ial after con-centration ,and dried at 40℃vacuum conditions.The red pigment o f amaranth revealed the maximum peak of absorp-tion at 460nm ,with good effect again st the sun light ,nature light of room;having the steady color at 4~121℃;and with the good steady color at pH 1~7,varying for color at pH 7~14;without v arying of pigment color at 0.17~0.85mol /L Na + concentration ,and Fe 2+ ,Cu 2+ and Ca 2+ resulted from varying of the pigment color at concentration of 65.79~328.9mmol /L ,62.7~314.9mmo l /L and 0.13~0.66mol /L,respective ly;H 2 O 2 (1%~10%),Na 2 SO 3 (1%~10%)and vitamin C (1%~10%)have no effect on colr of pigment.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Pelagic processes and vertical flux of particles: an overview of a long-term comparative study in the Norwegian Sea and Greenland Sea

Pelagic processes and their relation to vertical flux have been studied in the Norwegian and Greenland Seas since 1986. Results of long-term sediment trap deployments and adjoining process studies are presented, and the underlying methodological and conceptional background is discussed. Recent extension of these investigations at the Barents Sea continental slope are also presented. With similar conditions of input irradiation and nutrient conditions, the Norwegian and Greenland Seas exhibit comparable mean annual rates of new and total production. Major differences can be found between these regions, however, in the hydrographic conditions constraining primary production and in the composition and seasonal development of the plankton. This is reflected in differences in the temporal patterns of vertical particle flux in relation to new production in the euphotic zone, the composition of particles exported and in different processes leading to their modification in the mid-water layers.In the Norwegian Sea heavy grazing pressure during early spring retards the accumulation of phytoplankton stocks and thus a mass sedimentation of diatoms that is often associated with spring blooms. This, in conjunction with the further seasonal development of zooplankton populations, serves to delay the annual peak in sedimentation to summer or autumn. Carbonate sedimentation in the Norwegian Sea, however, is significantly higher than in the Greenland Sea, where physical factors exert a greater control on phytoplankton development and the sedimentation of opal is of greater importance. In addition to these comparative long-term studies a case study has been carried out at the continental slope of the Barents Sea, where an emphasis was laid on the influence of resuspension and across-slope lateral transport with an analysis of suspended and sedimented material.

Field of study: Environmental science
Comparison of sequence homology of major capsid protein gene of ranavirus frog virus 3 and rana grylio virus isolates from China

Since 1995, three viral isolates named RGV9506, RGV9807 and RGV9808 associated with frog mortality were isolated from farm-raised frogs (Rana grylio virus, RGV) in China. Both ultrastructural morphology and serological characterisitics had shown that the RGV isolates belong to genus Ranavirus. The DNA sequence analysis of the 5^ end of th emajor capsid protein (MCP) gene of RGV isolates by PCR amplification produced a 531bp fragment. DNA templates were prepared from cells infected with different RGV isolates and the specific primers designed were based on highly conserved region at the 5^ of the gene encoding Frog virus 3(FV3) MCP, which is t he typical species of the genus Ranavirus. The PCR products indicate that the nucleotide sequence of MCP gene of the RGV9506, RGV9807 and RGV9808 showed 99.6%, 99.8% and 98.4% homology respectively with the corresponding region of the MCP gene of FV3.

Field of study: Biology
Scintillation Photon Detection and Event Selection in High Resolution Positron Emission Tomography

The scintillation photon detection and event selection subsystem for the high spatial resolution Donner 600-channel positron emission tomograph is described. The tomograph spatial resolution of better than 3.0 mm, FWHM, is obtained by using 600 closely-packed bismuth germanate 3 mm thick scintillation detectors. Each detector has its own 13.5 mm diameter photomultiplier and event selection channel, consisting of two fast pulse amplifiers, a charge integrator, a differential pulse height discriminator and precision time delay for event strobing. The event selection channel is capable of starting a timing cycle from the first photoelectron emitted from the photocathode. It is also capable of discriminating between true events and noise and of eliminating events occurring simultaneously in two adjacent channels. Adjustments of the event strobing time and two discriminator levels are performed by a computer.

Field of study: Physics
Imaging of metals and metal-containing species in biological tissues and on gels by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS): A new analytical strategy for applications in life sciences

Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) has become established as a very efficient and sensitive trace, ultratrace, and surface analytical technique in the life sciences. We have developed a new analytical imaging technique using LA-ICP-MS to study element distribution in biological tissues. Nowadays, LA imaging ICP-MS using double-focusing sector field (LA-ICP-SFMS) or quadrupole-based mass spectrometers (LA-ICP-QMS) can be applied as an exciting tool providing new information on the pathophysiology, pharmacology, and toxicology of elements of interest in biological systems. The quantitative determination of elements (e.g., Cu, Fe, Zn, Se, and others) in biological tissues is of growing interest especially in brain research (e.g., for studying neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease). LA-ICP-SFMS was employed to produce images of detailed regionally specific element distributions in thin tissue sections of different sizes (such as control human or rat brain tissues or tumor regions). In addition, imaging MS using LA-ICP-QMS was applied to study the uptake and transport of nutrient and toxic elements in plant tissues. Besides the quantitative imaging of essential and toxic elements in tissues, powerful analytical techniques are also required for the determination and characterization of phosphoproteins and metal-containing proteins within a large pool of proteins, after electrophoretic separation (e.g., blue native, BN and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, SDS-PAGE) into 1D and 2D gels. LA-ICP-MS was used to detect metalloproteins in protein bands of 1D gels or protein spots separated after 2D gel electrophoresis (2D-GE). In addition to elemental determination by LA-ICP-MS, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-MS was employed to identify metal-containing proteins. Recent progress will be discussed in applying LA-ICP-MS in the life sciences, including the imaging of thin slices of tissue and applications in proteome analysis in combination with MALDI-MS to investigate phosphoproteins and metal-containing proteins.

Field of study: Chemistry
Two-level Trajectory-Based Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks in Freeway and Manhattan Environments

This paper focuses on the routing protocol issue in two important environments for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET): Manhattan and the Freeway. A novel protocol called Two-level Trajectory Based Routing (TTBR) protocol is proposed. Deterministic vehicles movement permits advantage to be taken of the map info to build a specific local trajectory to reach the destination node. However, in order to offer network scalability also a high level cell-based trajectory is applied to have a coarse knowledge of the cell where the destination node is moving. Our proposal needs Peer Servers and Grid subdivision of the space. Simulation results were assessed to show the improvements and scalability offered by TTBR in comparison with other Ad Hoc networks protocols such as AODV and GPSR. Performance Evaluation was evaluated in terms of Normalized Control Overhead and Data Packet Delivery Ratio. TTBR is more performing than AODV for a high speed and high density scenario for both the Manhattan and Freeway scenarios.

Field of study: Computer science
Proposal for evaluating the quality of reports of surgical interventions in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: the Surgical Trigeminal Neuralgia Score.

OBJECT
The aim of this study was to design a checklist with a scoring system for reporting on studies of surgical interventions for trigeminal neuralgia (TN) and to validate it by a review of the recent literature.



A checklist with a scoring system, the Surgical Trigeminal Neuralgia Score (STNS), was devised partially based on the validated STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) criteria and customized for TN after a literature review and then applied to a series of articles. These articles were identified using a prespecified MEDLINE and Embase search covering the period from 2008 to 2010. Of the 584 articles found, 59 were studies of interventional procedures for TN that fulfilled the inclusion criteria and 56 could be obtained in full. The STNS was then applied independently by 3 of the authors.



The maximum STNS came to 30, and was reliable and reproducible when used by the 3 authors who performed the scoring. The range of scores was 6-23.5, with a mean of 14 for all the journals. The impact factor scores of the journals in which the papers were published ranged from 0 to 4.8. Twenty-four of the studies were published in the Journal of Neurosurgery or in Neurosurgery. Studies published in neurosurgical journals ranked higher on the STNS scale than those published in nonneurosurgical journals. There was no statistically significant correlation between STNS and impact factors. Stereotactic radiosurgery (n = 25) and microvascular decompression (n = 15) were the most commonly reported procedures. The diagnostic criteria were stated in 35% of the studies, and 4 studies reported subtypes of TN. An increasing number of studies (46%) used the recommended Kaplan-Meier methodology for pain survival outcomes. The follow-up period was unclear in 8 studies, and 26 reported follow-ups of more than 5 years. Complications were reported fairly consistently but the temporal course was not always indicated. Direct interview, telephone conversation, and questionnaires were used to measure outcomes. Independent assessment of outcome was only clearly stated in 7 studies. Only 2 studies used the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey to measure quality of life and 4 studies reported on the severity of preoperative pain. The Barrow Neurological Institute pain questionnaire was the most commonly used outcome measure (n = 13), followed by the visual analog scale.



Similar to the STROBE criteria that provide a checklist of items that should be included in reports of observational studies in general, the authors' suggested checklist for the STNS could help editors and reviewers ensure that quality reports are published, and could prove useful for colleagues when reporting their results specifically on the surgical management of TN. It would help the patient and clinicians make a decision about selecting the appropriate neurosurgical procedure.

Field of study: Medicine
Spatial and temporal distributions of hexabromocyclododecanes in the vicinity of an expanded polystyrene material manufacturing plant in Tianjin, China.

To investigate the environmental fate of 3 main hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers (α-, β-, and γ-HBCDs), samples from various environmental media, including outdoor settled dust, soil, sediment, plant tissues (holly, cypress and pine) and marine species (shrimp, crab and fish) were obtained around an expanded polystyrene material manufacturing plant in Tianjin, China. The 3 main HBCD diastereoisomers were detected with the total concentrations ranging from 328 to 31,752 ng/g dry weight (dw), 2.91-1730 ng/g dw, 23.5-716 ng/g dw, 3.45-2494 ng/g dw, and 0.878-44.8 ng/g dw in the dust, soil, sediment, plant tissues, and marine species, respectively. This indicated that a point source of HBCDs could bring wide impact on its vicinal environment. A significant increasing trend of HBCDs concentrations was noted, as indicated by 12.9-41.6% of increasing rates in total concentrations of HBCDs at four sediment sites in the past five years. The diastereoisomer profiles were sorted into 3 groups: dust, soil and sediment, which had no statistical difference from commercial EPS-products (p > 0.05); plant tissues, which showed a moderate increase of α-isomer (22.9 ± 3.3%); and marine species, which were dominated by α-isomer (62.6 ± 2.8%). For α- and β-isomers, the results of enantiomeric analysis showed a preferential accumulation of the (+)-enantiomer in part of plant tissues and all marine organisms (p < 0.05). However, there was no enantioselectivity of the 3 isomers in dust, soil, and sediment samples (p > 0.05). Besides, marine food web magnification is observed for HBCDs, with trophic magnification factors close to 2. The daily intakes of HBCDs were estimated to be 0.058-5.84 ng/kg-bw/day for local residents through dust and soil ingestion and 0.048-8.43 ng/kg-bw/day for Tianjin citizens through seafood consumption.

Field of study: Environmental science
Study on the process of C3 fraction catalytic hydrogenation with distillation and its catalyst

The selective hydrogenation catalyst and process conditions for the C3 fraction are studied. The results show that 3.17%( mole) of MA PD in feed could be removed to 10μg/g, the yield of propylene is higher than 102%. The catalyst activity and selectivity is perfect for 262 h.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Ionic conductivity in (AS)1−x(AgSbS2)x, (A=Ge,Sn,Pb)

The temperature dependences of electrical conductivity and dielectric permittivity of (AS) 1− x (AgSbS 2 ) x , (A=Ge, Sn, Pb) were investigated by means of impedance measurements in the frequency range between 10 −2 and 10 5 Hz and at temperatures between 78 and 500 K. In all, investigated chalcogenides ionic conductivity (Ag + ) was found. The onset of ionic transport was found at 120–350 K, depending on the composition. The complex impedance and admittance plots, the electrical properties and the X-ray structure data are given.

Field of study: Materials science
[Current issues in the rehabilitation of stroke patients against the background of a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19). Resolution of the Council of Experts].

The pandemic of the new coronavirus infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 has forced to reconsider the methods of rehabilitation of patients with emergency conditions, including neurology. The Council of Experts of Neurologists and Rehabilitation Therapists gathered to develop unified approaches to manage stroke patients based on a discussion of practical experience and, taking into account the scientific information on COVID-19 that was available by the time of the meeting. Stroke is a serious disabling condition that requires maximum rehabilitation efforts at all stages of medical care. In the context of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus epidemic, the process of medical rehabilitation and the routing of patients with stroke is undergoing major changes. Combining COVID-19 and stroke requires new approaches to rehabilitation and patient management. During the meeting, a resolution was developed in which the experts formulated the tactics of medical rehabilitation of patients with stroke and COVID-19 at the first and second stages. The arguments of the importance and practicability of carrying out measures of medical rehabilitation at the third stage is given and the need to continue consultations on the indicated topic is revealed.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Is Project Management: Size, Practices and the Project Management Office12

This research is an investigation into IS project management practices related to projects of varying size across diverse industries. Survey data on a broad range of project management issues was collected from 129 IS project managers. The relationships between project size with 13 project management practices and 3 project performance measures were analyzed. The influence of a project management office (PMO) on the use of standardized project management practices and project performance was empirically tested. Our findings suggest that IS project size influences budget and project quality and the PMO is empirically linked to project budget.

Field of study: Computer science
Zur Deutung einiger Erscheinungen in den Molekelspektren

ZusammenfassungDie bei der Deutung von Atomspektren bewährten Modellvorstellungen werden auf Molekeln angewandt. Es ergibt sich unter anderem ein Verständnis für die gelegentlich erwähnte Ähnlichkeit der Feinstrukturen in Molekeln und in Atomen mit gleicher Zahl äußerer Elektronen. Einige andere Züge dieser Feinstrukturen werden gedeutet. Verschiedene empirisch bekannte Erscheinungen bleiben jedoch unerklärt.

Field of study: Physics
The Instrumentalisms of Dewey and Friedman

Ironic perplexities seem to pervade economic science-both in theory and in methodology. In the theoretical domain, the allegedly micro-oriented Chicago School increasingly pursues the highly aggregative rational expectations hypothesis. Furthermore, it is the supposedly macro-oriented post-Keynesians who investigate the microfoundations and who originate policy proposals with significant institutional detail.1 In the methodological domain, there is ostensibly a similar reversal of intellectual sensitivities. Milton Friedman's essay on positive economicswritten as a repudiation of institutional economics-has recently been reinterpreted as an instrumentalist philosophy of economic  The institutional school has philosophical roots in the instrumental philosophy of John Dewey. The purpose of this article is to compare the instrumentalist views of Friedman and Dewey. The argument suggests that while Friedman has not reversed his methodological position, his views can be interpreted, in a philosophical sense, as a special case of Dewey's.

Field of study: Economics
Effects of Alloying Element Cu and Rare Earth La on Properties of Aluminum Alloys

1 CT The effects of alloying element Cu and rare earth La on the performance of aluminum alloy die castings were mainly studied. Through comparative analysis of the experimental hardness, tensile strength, elongation data and fracture morphology of each group, it was found that aluminum alloys with 1.98% Cu and 0.32% La elements added at the same time had the best mechanical properties compared to the original base materials. Hardness, tensile strength and elongation increased by 61.2%, 51.5% and 63.9%, respectively, and the quality of aluminum alloys increased significantly.

Field of study: Engineering
Plus de données probantes: L’utilité des recherches sur les groupes d’intérêts en médecine familiale

Plus de 4 millions de Canadiens n’ont pas de medecin de famille[1][1]. Pour combler cette penurie et permettre au systeme de sante canadien de bien fonctionner, on estime qu’il faudrait que de 50% a 55 % des etudiants en medecine choisissent une carriere en medecine familiale[2][2].

Field of study: Medicine
The Application of Machine Learning Algorithms in Data Mining

Based on the two problems regarding data mining, this research puts forward a solution using machine learning algorithm. To begin with, large amount of data for the field test results of mobile terminals are used to receive the level signals so as to realize the positioning of the GSM mobile terminals in outdoor scenario. To solve these problems, this work proposes a three-stage positioning algorithm on the basis of support vector machine (SVM) and a k-nearest neighbor method, which largely improves the accuracy and speed of the positioning.

Field of study: Engineering
Safety criteria for the acquisition of meat in Brazilian University restaurants

The present study's objective was to analyze the procedures aimed at guaranteeing sanitary conditions when acquiring meat. The study was conducted with university restaurants of the Federal Institutions of Higher Education (IFES) located in the five regions of Brazil. Data were collected using a questionnaire and an evaluation list, which was available online to restaurant professionals. The results showed that restaurants chose one or two types of meat, the most frequent of which were beef and chicken. In restaurants managed by the IFES, the acquisition of raw material occurred by bidding. For vendor selection, the restaurants required product registration with the Inspection Service and requested regulation of the supplier by the Health Surveillance. Monitoring was carried out through a technical visit to the supplier and a review of the past records of the supplier. A higher percentage of restaurants in the Southeast region met appropriate sanitary and hygienic criteria for the receipt of meat, followed by the South, Midwest, Northeast and North. We conclude that restaurants meet most of the safety criteria set in the legislation. However, some weaknesses are evident in the physical and functional structure, the system of transportation of raw material and the records of control measures at the place of reception.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Health Services Research: Scope and Significance

This chapter has provided a definition and history of the field of health services research and discussed how this field is examining quality-of-care issues and seeking to improve quality of care. Comparisons of current practice to evidence-based standards with feedback to clinicians and the integration of patient-reported outcomes are two examples of how HSR tools can be used to provide quality-improvement information for health care organizations. These examples utilize multiple data sources, including medical records, patient surveys, and administrative data. The opportunities for nurse researchers to provide invaluable contributions to the growing field of health services research are innumerable.

Field of study: Education, Medicine