nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The KMOS Deep Survey (KDS) II: The evolution of the stellar-mass Tully-Fisher relation since z ~ 4

We use KMOS Deep Survey (KDS) galaxies, combined with results from a range of spectroscopic studies in the literature, to investigate the evolution of the stellar-mass Tully-Fisher relation since z ~ 4. We determine the slope and normalisation of the local rotation-velocity -- stellar-mass (Vc - $M_{\star}$) relationship using a reference sample of local spiral galaxies; thereafter we fix the slope, and focus on the evolution of velocity normalisation with redshift. The rotation-dominated KDS galaxies at z ~ 3.5 have rotation velocities ~ -0.1 dex lower than local reference galaxies at fixed stellar mass. By fitting 16 distant comparison samples spanning 0 1. We investigate the addition of pressure support, traced by intrinsic velocity dispersion ($\sigma_{int}$) to the KDS dynamical mass budget by adopting a 'total' effective velocity of form $V_{tot} = (Vc^{2} + 4.0\sigma_{int}^{2})^{0.5}$. The rotation-dominated and dispersion-dominated KDS galaxies fall on the same locus in the total-velocity versus stellar-mass plane, removing the need for debate over the precise selection threshold for rotation-dominated galaxies. The comparison sample offsets are in the range +0.08 to +0.15 dex in total-velocity zero-point (-0.30 to -0.55 dex in stellar-mass zero-point) from the local Tully-Fisher relation at z > 1, consistent with steady evolution of the ratio of dynamical to stellar mass with cosmic time.

Field of study: Physics
Influence of dormancy on microbial competition under intermittent substrate supply: insights from model simulations.

Most natural environments are characterized by frequent changes of their abiotic conditions. Microorganisms can respond to such changes by switching their physiological state between activity and dormancy allowing them to endure periods of unfavorable abiotic conditions. As a consequence, the competitiveness of microbial species is not simply determined by their growth performance under favorable conditions but also by their ability and readiness to respond to periods of unfavorable environmental conditions. The present study investigates the relevance of factors controlling the abundance and activity of individual bacterial species competing for an intermittently supplied substrate. For this purpose, numerical experiments were performed addressing the response of microbial systems to regularly applied feeding pulses. Simulation results show that community dynamics may exhibit a non-trivial link to the frequency of the external constraints and that for a certain combination of these environmental conditions coexistence of species is possible. The ecological implication of our results is that even non-dominant, neglected species can have a strong influence on realized species composition of dominant key species, due to their invisible presence enable the coexistence between important key species and by this affecting provided function of the system.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Introduction to the special section on new ideas about cerebellar function.

Richard Thompson's seminal contributions to neuroscience include the discovery of the cerebellar interpositus nucleus as the site of essential plasticity in the formation of the conditioned eyeblink response. In this section, context for this body of research is provided, as well as new findings on cerebellar function using a range of procedures. Current work on the role of the cerebellum in learning and memory include studies of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of plasticity in cortex and deep nuclei, as well as functional magnetic resonance imaging studies in humans. Together, these papers provide a glimpse into new directions in the study of cerebellum and cognition.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Benzindoles. 21. Structures of the products of the wittig reaction in the angular benzindole series

Abstractα-Phenyl-β-(1H-benzo[g] indol-3-yl)ethylene and α-phenyl-β-(3H-benzo[e] indol-l-yl)-ethylene were obtained in the form of two geometrical isomers by reaction of 3-formyl-1H-benzo[g]- and 1-formyl-3H-benzo[e] indoles with benzylidenetriphenylphosphorane in tert-butyl alcohol containing potassium tert-butoxide. The configurations of the compounds obtained were established on the basis of data from the PMR spectra.

Field of study: Chemistry
Speciation Analysis of Organotin Compounds in Shellfish by Hyphenated Technique of High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

The hyphenated technique of high performance liquid chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) was applied to the simultaneous determination of five organotin compounds in the sediment samples. Agilent TC-C18 column was selected, mobile phase of the HPLC was CH(3)CN : H(2)O : CH(3)COOH = 65 : 23 : 12 (V/V), 0. 05% triethylamine (TEA), pH=3. 0 at flow rate Of 0. 6 mL/min. 30% O(2)/Ar mixed gas was added to the make-up gas, which not only reduced the carbon build-up on the cones, but also protected the cones. To reduce solvent loading on the plasma, the double-pass spray-chamber was peltier cooled to-5 degrees C. The high RF power (1500 W) helped the samples to decompose completely. A mix standard solution of five mixed organotin compounds from 100 mu g/L to 1 mu g/L was used for the method assessment. The experimental results indicate that the correlaticin coefficient of calibration curves (R(2)) for each organotin compound was over 0. 998. The international standard reference PACS-2 samples were treated by supersonic extraction with mobile phase added 0. 2% tropolone. Two organotin compounds including dibutyltin chloride (DBT) and tributyltin chloride (TBT) were detected with method mentioned above. The values of dibutyltin chloride (DBT) and tributyltin chloride (TBT) were 0. 99 and 0. 83 mg/kg, respectively. The results showed good accordance with the certified values. The recoveries from the standard addition for five organtins were over 80%.

Field of study: Chemistry
Differential immunosuppressive action of carbimazole and propylthiouracil.

Carbimazole and Propylthiouracil (PTU) are widely used in the treatment of Graves' disease, although controversy still exists as to whether or not they have any direct effect on the immune system. While many previous studies have investigated the possible effects of one or other of these drugs on the immune system only a few have directly compared the effects of equivalent doses of each drug. This study aimed to examine the effects of both drugs, during the initial 8 weeks of treatment, on various biochemical and immunological parameters. The results obtained showed that while thyroid hormone levels fell at similar rates in both treatment groups, TRAb levels and T cell subset abnormalities returned towards normal more rapidly in patients receiving Carbimazole compared to PTU. These results indicate that the effects of Carbimazole on TRAb levels and T cell subset abnormalities are not due solely to its action in controlling the biochemical features of Graves' disease and provide indirect evidence of an action on the immune system in vivo.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Review of Grit and Resilience Literature within Health Professions Education

To review literature pertaining to grit and resilience in health professions education.  There is significant interest in grit and resilience throughout the health professions, but little has been published with regard to pharmacy. Although there are methodological issues with defining and measuring grit and resilience, several studies have shown relationships between the constructs and personal and academic well-being. Educational interventions aimed at increasing grit and resilience have produced mixed results. Developing protective factors appears to be the most common approach in helping students become more resilient.  Literature pertaining to grit and resilience reveals that the terms are nuanced, complex, and difficult to measure and understand. Regardless, the general characteristics associated with grit and resilience are of interest to educators and warrant further study.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Implication of Radicalisation for Nigerian Education: A Philosophical Analysis

The crises rocking the foundations of this world and threatening its existence have assumed a horrifying dimension.  This situation is compounded by the increasing drift by young people into radicalized violent extremist militant groups.  This paper attempts a conceptual analysis of the term radicalisation, the processes involved in it, its components, as well as the rationale behind the influx of young ones into radicalized violent extremist groups.  It also highlights the implications of radicalisation for education in Nigeria, and finally suggests ways to assist in deradicalising the youths.  radicalisation, extremism, ideologues, Jihadisation, terrorism, indoctrination

Field of study: Education
Functional metagenomic and enrichment metatranscriptomic analysis of marine microbial activities within a marine oil spill area.

Microorganisms can degrade petroleum hydrocarbons, providing the advantages of low cost and few side effects towards ecosystems. Here, we evaluated the mechanisms of microbial degradation of marine petroleum hydrocarbon using metagenomics and metatranscriptomics approaches in order to provide new insight into microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon. Seawater samples were collected at a depth of ∼8 m from an area near a drilling platform in the Bohai Bay and metagenomic sequencing was used to evaluate the functional potential of these marine microbial communities. Metatranscriptomic sequencing, fluorescence in-situ hybridization experiments, and flow cytometry were also performed on the microbial communities of samples subjected to 12 different culture conditions. The data were also subjected to Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) and co-transcription data visualization to evaluate co-transcription of gene functions. Metagenomic sequencing indicated the presence of numerous genes that were related to petroleum hydrocarbon metabolism. Further, the high co-transcription of genes in multiple pathways, indicated that groups of genes were synergistically transcribed to metabolize petroleum hydrocarbons. Metatranscriptomics also showed that microbial metabolism was highly active in the enrichments and that the transcription of a large number of prokaryotic replication and repair genes were significantly up-regulated including those encoding for the type VI secretion system (T6SS) protein, DNA polymerase I, thymidine phosphorylase, mevalonate kinase, and two-component systems. Concomitantly, the transcription of ribosomal genes involved in translation and photosynthetic genes involved in energy metabolism were down-regulated. Overall, oil and oxygen presence can increase the oil-degradation rates and related genes' transcription. Lot different metabolisms are co-regulated to exploit nutrients derived from the metabolism of petroleum hydrocarbons. Our analysis of metagenomic, metatranscriptomic and degradation data in this study show that a widespread gene spectrum involved in oil-degradation and the cooperation among genes is of great importance.

Field of study: Environmental science
Comment on "Spectroscopy with Random and Displaced Random Ensembles"

We point out that the time reversal invariance, which was further interpreted by Velazquez et al. using the behaviors of $E_{cI}$ and $\sigma_I^2$, can not be the origin of the 0 g.s. dominance, as was pointed out previously by Bijker et al, and that the discussion by Velazquez et al. using a displaced TBRE is not true in general.

Field of study: Physics
Evaluation of Stability of NbTi Multi-Strand Conductor by Induced-Current Methods

NbTi cable-in-conduit-conductors (CICC's) are employed to fabricate plasma fusion experimental apparatuses. NbTi is a preferable material in terms of low cost and good manufacturability. In contrast, it shows lower stability compared to materials for high magnetic field applications, e. g. Nb3Sn, due to its small critical temperature. A characteristic feature in NbTi multi-strand cable is so called avalanche-like quench, which is specific instability in a parallel electric circuit consisting of superconducting lines. To evaluate stability of a NbTi cable, we employed induced-current methods. Current is increased and decreased by constant voltage source, i. e. magnetic flux change produced by the bias magnet. We evaluated the quenches and equilibrium condition between heat generation due to flux flow voltage and heat transfer to surroundings at critical current. A parameter of experiment was a ramp rate of the bias field that corresponds to electric field in the cable. Of course, the cable was stable with smaller electric field and/or critical current. To survey the influence of heat dissipation during this equilibrium, we changed the surrounding mediums; those are liquid helium, frozen ethanol and ice. Ice is the material with large thermal conductivity, therefore this results in good stability of the cable.

Field of study: Physics
Analysis of the Trojan Y-Chromosome eradication strategy for an invasive species

The Trojan Y-Chromosome (TYC) strategy, an autocidal genetic biocontrol method, has been proposed to eliminate invasive alien species. In this work, we analyze the dynamical system model of the TYC strategy, with the aim of studying the viability of the TYC eradication and control strategy of an invasive species. In particular, because the constant introduction of sex-reversed trojan females for all time is not possible in practice, there arises the question: What happens if this injection is stopped after some time? Can the invasive species recover? To answer that question, we perform a rigorous bifurcation analysis and study the basin of attraction of the recovery state and the extinction state in both the full model and a certain reduced model. In particular, we find a theoretical condition for the eradication strategy to work. Additionally, the consideration of an Allee effect and the possibility of a Turing instability are also studied in this work. Our results show that: (1) with the inclusion of an Allee effect, the number of the invasive females is not required to be very low when the introduction of the sex-reversed trojan females is stopped, and the remaining Trojan Y-Chromosome population is sufficient to induce extinction of the invasive females; (2) incorporating diffusive spatial spread does not produce a Turing instability, which would have suggested that the TYC eradication strategy might be only partially effective, leaving a patchy distribution of the invasive species.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Integrated Knowledge Translation with Public Health Policy Makers: A Scoping Review

Integrated knowledge translation (iKT) refers to the engagement of knowledge users (e.g., policy makers, clinicians, patients) as active participants in the research process. Theoretically, this involvement enhances research relevancy and usefulness, thereby supporting health system change. However, evidence to support best practices for iKT is lacking, particularly in a public health context and with non-clinical decision-makers. The objectives of this research were to report how decision-maker involvement in public health iKT research has been described and operationalized and whether the process was evaluated. We conducted a scoping review of published literature from January 2005 to December 2017 and extracted information related to iKT involvement, barriers and facilitators and outcomes. Studies typically did not distinguish between different kinds of knowledge users, making it impossible to comment specifically on decision-makers' involvement. Authors believed knowledge user involvement was beneficial to the quality and potential impact of research activities, although corroborating evaluation data were unavailable. Broad research–knowledge user partnerships spanning multiple projects, as well as flexible involvement of knowledge users, enhanced engagement and supported the iKT process.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Universal filtered quantizations of nilpotent Slodowy slices

Every conic symplectic singularity admits a universal Poisson deformation and a universal filtered quantization, thanks to the work of Losev and Namikawa. We begin this paper by showing that every such variety admits a universal equivariant Poisson deformation and universal equivariant quantization with respect to any group acting on it by $\mathbb{C}^\times$-equivariant Poisson automorphisms. 
We go on to study these definitions in the context of nilpotent Slodowy slices. First we give a complete description of the cases in which the finite $W$-algebra is the universal filtered quantization of the slice, building on the work of Lehn--Namikawa--Sorger. This leads to a near-complete classification of the filtered quantizations of nilpotent Slodowy slices. 
The subregular slices in non-simply-laced Lie algebras are especially interesting: with some minor restrictions on Dynkin type we prove that the finite $W$-algebra is the universal equivariant quantization with respect to the Dynkin automorphisms coming from the unfolding of the Dynkin diagram. This can be seen as a non-commutative analogue of Slodowy's theorem. Finally we apply this result to give a presentation of the subregular finite $W$-algebra in type B as a quotient of a shifted Yangian.

Field of study: Mathematics
Spectrum of outgoing nucleons in quasielastic neutrino-nucleus interactions

We have analyzed the consequences of introducing the local density approximation combined with an effective nuclear momentum-dependent potential into the CC quasi-elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering. We note that the distribution of the recoil nucleons momenta becomes smooth for low momentum values and the sharp threshold is removed. Our results may be relevant for Sci-Fi detector analysis of K2K experiments. The total amount of observed recoil protons is reduced because some of them remain bound inside the nucleus. We compare theoretical predictions for a probability of such events with the results given by NUX+FLUKA MC simulations.

Field of study: Physics
Electroless nickel-phosphor plating process on surface of quartz optical fiber

Quartz optical fibers are of great significance in many fields. For example,they can be used to fabricate strain sensors and temperature sensors.If the surface of optical fibers is metal-coated by the electroless plating method, the measuring precision and stability of the optical fiber sensors can be improved remarkably, additionally the life-span of sensors can be prolonged.In this work, an electroless nickel-phosphor plating process for optical fibers was presented.The influences of the content of NaH 2PO 2·H 2O, bath pH value and temperature and the plating deposition rate on the quality of the plating coatings were studied with orthogonal testing.The results indicated that the content of NaH 2PO 2·H 2O was the key factor, which influenced the adhesion force of the plating coatings.The nickel-phosphor plating bath presented in this work possessed excellent stability and the plating deposition rate could be accelerated.Using the process described in this work, nickel-phosphor coatings with great brightness and high adhesion force can be prepared successfully.Optimum conditions were: NiSO 4 30 g·L -1, NaH 2PO 2·H 2O 20 g·L -1, C 3H 6O 3 4 ml·L -1, Na 2CO 3 3 g·L -1, NH 4Cl 4 g·L -1, saccharin 1 mg·L -1, temperature 84 ℃, pH 4.6.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Results of Arthroscopic Ankle Arthrodesis with Fixation Using Two Parallel Headless Compression Screws in a Heterogenic Group of Patients

As orthopedic surgeons become skilled in ankle arthroscopy technique and evidence -based data is supporting its use, arthroscopic ankle arthrodesis (AAA) will likely continue to increase, but stabilization methods have not been described clearly. We present a technique for two parallel 7.3-mm headless compression screws fixation (HCSs) for AAA in cases of ankle arthritis with different etiology, both traumatic and non-traumatic, including neuromuscular and inflammatory patients.  We retrospectively verified 24 consecutive patients (25 ankles) who underwent AAA between 2011 and 2015. The average follow-up was 26 months (range 18 to 52 months). Arthrodesis was performed in 16 patients due to posttraumatic arthritis (in 5 as a sequela of pilon, 6 ankles, 3 tibia fractures, and 2 had arthritis due to chronic instability after lateral ligament injury), in 4 patients due to neuromuscular ankle joint deformities, and in 4 patients due to rheumatoid arthritis.  Fusion occurred in 23 joints (92%) over an average of 12 weeks (range 6 to 18 weeks). Ankle arthrodesis was not achieved in 2 joints (8%), both in post-pilon fracture patients. The correct foot alignment was not achieved in 4 feet (16%). None of the treated patients required hardware removal.  The presented technique was effective in achieving a high fusion rate in a variety of diseases, decreasing intra- and post-operative hardware complications while maintaining adequate bone stability.

Field of study: Medicine
Predictions for p + Pb at 5.02A TeV to test initial state nuclear shadowing at the Large Hadron Collider.

Collinear factorized perturbative QCD model predictions are compared for p + Pb at 4.4A TeV to test nuclear shadowing of parton distribution at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The nuclear modification factor (NMF), RpPb(y = 0,pT < 20 GeV/c) = dnpPb/(Ncoll(b)dnpp), is computed with electron-nucleus (e + A) global fit with different nuclear shadow distributions and compared to fixed Q 2 shadow ansatz used in Monte Carlo Heavy Ion Jet Interacting Generator (HIJING) type models. Due to rapid DGLAP reduction of shadowing with increasing Q 2 used in e+A global fit, our results confirm that no significant initial state suppression is expected (RpPb(pT) = 1±0.1) in the pT range 5 to 20 GeV/c. In contrast, the fixed Q 2 shadowing models assumed in HIJING type models predict in the above pT range a sizable suppression, RpPb(pT) = 0.6 − 0.7 at midpseudorapidity that is similar to the color glass condensate (CGC) model predictions. For central (Ncoll = 12) p + Pb collisions and at forward pseudorapidity (� = 6) the HIJING type models predict smaller values of nuclear modification factors (RpPb(pT)) than in minimum bias events at mid-pseudorapidity (� = 0). Observation of RpPb(pT = 5 − 20 GeV/c) < ∼ 0.6 for minimum bias p+A collisions would pose a serious difficulty for separating initial from final state interactions in Pb+Pb collisions at LHC energies.

Field of study: Physics
On the Schaper Number of Partitions

One of the most useful tools for calculating the decomposition numbers of the symmetric group is Schaper's sum formula. The utility of this formula for a given Specht module can be improved by knowing the Schaper Number of the corresponding partition. Fayers gives a characterisation of those partitions whose Schaper number is at least two. In this paper we shall demonstrate how this knowledge can be used to calculate some decomposition numbers before extending this result with the hope of allowing more decomposition numbers to be calculated in the future. For $p=2$ we shall give a complete characterisation of partitions whose Schaper number is at least three, and those whose Schaper number at least four. We also present a list of necessary conditions for a partition to have Schaper number at least three for odd primes and a conjecture on the sufficiency of these conditions.

Field of study: Mathematics