nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Aspen Global Change Institute: 25 Years of Interdisciplinary Global Change Science

AbstractGlobal Global environmental changes, such as climate change, result from the interaction of human and natural systems. Understanding these changes and options for addressing them requires research in the physical, environmental, and social sciences, as well as engineering and other applied fields. In this essay, the authors provide their personal perspective on the role of the Aspen Global Change Institute (AGCI) in global change science over the past 25 years—in particular, how it has contributed to the integration of the natural and social sciences needed to research the drivers of change, the Earth system response, natural and human system impacts, and options for risk management. Drawing on inputs from other AGCI participants, we illustrate how, in our view, the history of AGCI is intertwined with the evolution of global change science as it has become an increasingly interdisciplinary endeavor.

Field of study: Environmental science
Constraint Based Multi-task Learning Approach and its Application

The partial order constraint between tasks is defined.Based upon these constraints,a group of originally independent tasks can be associated.The application of the partial order constraint is explored,a co-evolutionary multitask learning framework is presented,the learning process is a repeatedly process of independently evolution for each task and associated adjustment of tasks.The application of the framework in the construction of the loss curves of pig chilling process is analyzed.Take into consideration of the partial order relation between low humid loss curve and mid humid loss curve,through a process of co-evolution,two reasonable curves can be constructed when there are only a few samples.The test result on four bench test functions suggests this approach is effective in more general condition.

Field of study: Computer science
Monitoring the plant epiphyte Methylobacterium extorquens DSM 21961 by real-time PCR and its influence on the strawberry flavor.

Besides its influence on plant growth and health, plant-associated bacteria exert an impact on fruit quality. Methylotrophic bacteria can enhance the biosynthesis of strawberry flavor compounds, especially the two furanoid compounds 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-2H-furanone (DMHF) and 2,5-dimethyl-4-methoxy-2H-furanone in vitro. Here, we report the selection and characterization of Methylobacterium extorquens DSM 21961, a strain that was able to enhance the furanone content ad planta under greenhouse conditions. For monitoring the colonization of strawberry plants, a strain-specific quantification system for M. extorquens DSM 21961 was developed. Specificity, linear range and quantitative limit of the system were shown, and successful application was demonstrated in a monitoring experiment of M. extorquens DSM 21961 on strawberry leaves under greenhouse conditions. Furthermore, the quantification of DMHF in strawberry fruits via GC indicated an increased biosynthesis of this compound in strawberry plants. The colonization behavior analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy using GFP-tagged cells revealed high colonization of the upper and the lower leaf surfaces, with a specific accumulation of bacterial cells on trichomes. The results support a biotechnological application of this promising flavor-stimulating agent.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Study on the association between the clinical manifestation of SLE and the HLA haplotypes

To explore the association between the clinical manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and the HLA haplotypes.  The HLA DR and DQ alleles were typed by the PCR SSOPH among 113 cases of diagnosed patients with SLE and the their HLA haplotypes were analyzed.  The haplotype of DQA1*0501 DQB1*0301 was negatively associated with proteinuria ( P c0.05), and DQA1*0301 DQB1*0302 positively associated with increased serum creatinine ( P c0.05), DQA1*0201 DQB1*0201 was positively with leukocytopenia ( P c0.05). The haplotype of DRB1*1501 DQA1*0103 DQB1*0303 was positively associated with uria cast ( P c0.001), and so were DRB1*1501 DQA1*0301 DQB1*0601 with neuropsychiatric manifestation ( P c0.01) and DRB1*1501 DQA1*0102 DQB1*0303 with uria cast ( P c0.01). DRB3*0202 DQA1*0501 DQB1*0301 was negatively associated with proteinuria ( P c0.05).  The SLE patients possessed special haplotypes which might be more important factors than single genes to affect the expression of SLE subtypes.

Field of study: Biology
Population dynamics of Digitaria spp submitted to selection pressure by herbicides in sugarcane crop.

The objective of this research was to study population dynamics of the weed crabgrass, genus Digitaria, submitted to selection pressure by herbicides currently applied in sugarcane crops in Brazil. In the first experiment two crabgrass species (Digitaria nuda and Digitaria ciliaris) and eight herbicide treatments applied in preemergence were used, and control percentage was evaluated at 7, 14, and 21 days after herbicide application (DAA). In the second experiment the level of tolerance through dose-response curve was determined for the species D. nuda and D. ciliaris, to the herbicides imazapyr, tebuthiuron, ametryne, and metribuzin. All the herbicides studied were efficient in controlling D. ciliaris, however, for D. nuda the best results were obtained only with ametryne, metribuzin, and isoxaflutole. The relation (T/S) between the rate required to reduce plant dry biomass (GR50) at 21 DAA of D. nuda and D. ciliaris was 16 for imazapyr and 6.3 for tebuthiuron, showing differential susceptibility of species; however for ametryne the rate T/S of 1.1 showed that D. nuda was not tolerant to this herbicide. For metribuzin, at 1.92 kg a.i. ha(-1), reduction of dry biomass was 80 and 90% to D. nuda and D. ciliaris, respectively. Even being controlled by metribuzin, D. nuda presented a higher level of tolerance to this herbicide, what was confirmed by the relationship T/S 14.4. As general conclusion of the research, it can be stated that the species D. nuda is more tolerant to ALS inhibiting herbicides and substituted urea, when compared with D. ciliaris; probably, D. nuda was selected by repetitive use of these herbicides.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The current state of and development strategies for the Wushu recognition of college students.

The authors investigated the Wushu recognition of college students at 4 institutes of higher learning in Beijing,and revealed the following findings: college students at common institutes of higher learning like the sport of Wushu,but do not like Wushu classes;Wushu is not sufficiently promoted by institutes of higher learning,and widely popularized at institutes of higher learning;the Wushu recognition of college students still remains at the superficial level,while their understanding of the cultural connotations of Wushu is not profound.The authors considered that Wushu as an excellent traditional nation sport should be popularized and promoted among college students by means of reforming college Wushu teaching.

Field of study: Education
A scaled DCT architecture with the CORDIC algorithm

This paper presents an efficient approach for computing the N-point (N=2/sup n/) scaled discrete cosine transform (DCT) with the coordinate rotation digital computer (CORDIC) algorithm. The proposed algorithm is based on an indirect approach for computing the DCT so that the vector rotations are completely separated from the other operations and placed at the end of the DCT unit. As a result, unlike the other CORDIC-based DCT architectures, the proposed scaled DCT architecture does not require scale factor compensation. The number of CORDIC iterations is minimized through the optimal angle recoding method based on the three-value CORDIC algorithm. Although this three-value CORDIC algorithm results in different scale factors for different angles, this does not incur any extra hardware in the proposed scaled DCT architecture.

Field of study: Engineering
Fisheries in the East German Länder: some aspects of the integration process

The unification of Germany in 1990 can be considered as a clear example of all those topics strictly linked to the transition from a centrally planned economy to an open market, also considering that these kind of issues arose there for the first time. This process of deep change created a great number of problems involving all sectors not only of the economy but also of the society in the regions of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR), which today still appear as the weaker part of the country. After a formal legal and economic unity, the questions related to how to solve all the problems linked to the political, psychological and social unity still remain unanswered for the great differences between the two German societies. In this article the fishery sector has been used as an example to show the peculiarities of the East German transition towards the market: many governmental programmes have been launched in order to quickly achieve an economic system based on efficiency and environmental sustainability—something that East-Central Europe in general is aiming to achieve at present. The idea of adsorbing the economy of the GDR into the West German model easily and rapidly, forced all the consequences of the process of a quick integration onto a society used to living in a public property system, based on subsidies, and social costs were not sufficiently taken into account. In the fishery sector, as well as in other economic sectors, a concrete reduction in output became one of the first goals to achieve with scarce attention paid to the social effects of these policies. The result was that the reduction in East German producers' income and high unemployment represented a serious heritage for the united Germany and the European Union, making the GDR a sort of laboratory for a transformation towards the market without a transition.

Field of study: Environmental science
Health Canada and the pharmaceutical industry: a preliminary analysis of the historical relationship.

In the past two decades, Health Canada has been accused of favouring the pharmaceutical industry over the public in areas of pharmaceutical policy. This orientation has been tied to the introduction of user fees by the industry in 1994 that help finance key aspects of drug regulation. This paper provides a preliminary examination of the history of the relationship starting in 1939 until the mid-1980s in an attempt to discern whether 1994 really represented a key turning point. Clientele pluralism, a theory that explains the relationship between the state and interest groups, is used to explain the nature of the events described.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Web Cache Focusing Devices

Caching is vital in the World Wide Web for reducing network bandwidth and providing acceptable quality of service to users. This paper introduces the concept of Cache Focusing Devices for improving performance. This approach is novel in that it attempts to address this problem by influencing the behaviour of users, as opposed to concentrating on architectural aspects such as cache dimensioning and purging strategies. Fundamental to this concept is exposing the cache contents to users, contrary to the current industry trend of cache transparency. Tackling caching performance from this perspective is believed to be crucial since the browsing profile of users intrinsically limits performance improvements.

Field of study: Computer science
A Review of Richard Coleson's “The Glucksberg & Quill Amicus Curiae Briefs: Verbatim Arguments Opposing Assisted Suicide”

The issues surrounding Phys ician-Assisted Suicide (PAS) currently remain very complex and are a source of much confusion . The people of Oregon went to the polls to vote on whether or not PAS should be legal in the state of Oregon. They answered affirmatively. In 1997, two cases went before the United States Supreme Court in an effort to determine whether or not there was a "constitutional right" to PAS in this country. This paper will review the arguments and issues surrounding PAS in these two cases which the Supreme Court has ruled upon.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
The diffusivity of the Cd interstitial in CdTe

The enhancement by Cu doping of the Cd self-diffusivity in CdTe (Ahmed et al 1996 J. Crystal Growth 160 36) is accounted for by enhanced concentrations of both Cd·i and Cd· ·i. The possible contribution of the Cd·i requires confirmation through more precise experimental data. It is also concluded that in the Cu doping experiments a fraction of the ionized Cu acceptor is in a neutral state. A review of high temperature Hall measurements of n, the free electron concentration, as a function of Cd pressure and of the relaxation of n following a step change in Cd pressure shows that any contribution of V· ·Te to the electro-neutrality condition in Cd-rich undoped CdTe as proposed by Fochuk et al (2006  1354) is not supported by the evidence. The relaxation data provide values for the diffusivity of the Cd· ·i between 500 °C and 900 °C.

Field of study: Materials science
Development and identification of monoclonal antibodies against meso-Tetra (alpha,alpha,alpha,alpha,-O-phenylacetamide benzene) porphyrin.

The small molecule meso-Tetra (alpha,alpha,alpha,alpha-o-phenylacetamide benzene) porphyrin was synthesized through the condensation of o-nitrobenzaldehyde and pyrrole followed by reduction of the meso-tetra (o-nitrophenyl) porphyrin. The small molecule, without carrier, was used as complete antigen to immunize BALB/ C mice. Spleen cells producing high titer antibody were removed and fused with myeloma cells of SP2/0 origin. Using a conventional immunization protocol, stable murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) producing cell lines to meso-Tetra (alpha,alpha,alpha,alpha-o-phenylacetamide benzene) porphyrin 1F2 were obtained. Subclass determination showed that the clones produce IgG2a types of MAbs. The analytical results of HPLC and MALDI/TOFMS suggest that the purity of MAb 1F2 is 100%, and MAb 1F2 has a relative molecular weight of 156678.8 Da. Our results demonstrated that small molecule meso-Tetra (alpha,alpha,alpha,alpha-o-phenylacetamide benzene) porphyrin, as semiantigen without carrier, can elicit the formation of MAbs.

Field of study: Biology
SHARPpy: An Open-Source Sounding Analysis Toolkit for the Atmospheric Sciences

AbstractWith a variety of programming languages and data formats available, widespread adoption of computing standards by the atmospheric science community is often difficult to achieve. The Sounding and Hodograph Analysis and Research Program in Python (SHARPpy) is an open-source, cross-platform, upper-air sounding analysis and visualization package. SHARPpy is based on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Storm Prediction Center’s (NOAA/SPC) in-house analysis package, SHARP, and is the result of a collaborative effort between forecasters at the SPC and students at the University of Oklahoma’s School of Meteorology. The major aim of SHARPpy is to provide a consistent framework for sounding analysis that is available to all. Nearly all routines are written to be as consistent as possible with the methods researched, tested, and developed in the SPC, which sets this package apart from other sounding analysis tools.SHARPpy was initially demonstrated and released to the atmospheric community a...

Field of study: Environmental science
Scanning microSQUID Force Microscope

A novel scanning probe technique is presented: Scanning microSQUID Force microscopy (SSFM). The instrument features independent topographic and magnetic imaging. The SSFM operates in a dilution refrigerator in cryogenic vacuum. Sample and probe can be cooled to 0.45 K. The probe consists of a microSQUID placed at the edge of a silicon chip attached to a quartz tuning fork. A topographic vertical resolution of 0.02 micrometer is demonstrated and magnetic flux as weak as $10^{-3} \Phi_{0}$ is resolved with a 1 micrometer diameter microSQUID loop.

Field of study: Physics
Nonlinear fiber reflector for passive mode locking

A laser with a nonlinear resonator is proposed. Phase self-modulation in an optical fiber makes it possible to realize effective passive mode locking. Numerical calculations are used to show that the proposed system is feasible irrespective of the sign of the dispersion and steady-state solutions are found. Since the radiation parameters depend on the nonreciprocal phase introduced into the resonator, such a laser can not only emit short pulses, but can also be used to measure magnetic fields and the rotation velocity.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
"Ché ultima mano!": Tiberio Calcagni's Marginal Annotations to Condivi's Life of Michelangelo

This article discusses the authorship and content of a number of marginal annotations made to a copy of Ascanio Condivi's 1553 Life of Michelangelo. The annotations are shown here to be the work of the artist's last assistant, Tiberio Calcagni, and were probably written into the book c. 1563-64, some of them predating and some postdating the master's death. They record Michelangelo's reactions to mistakes in Condivi's account, as well as confirm the veracity of some of the "tall stories" found in the biography.

Field of study: History
A Statistical Analysis of the Food Requirements for the Population of the United States

The subject of food and food requirements is of perennial interest both because food is a primary necessity of life and because it is our chief agricultural product. But in times like these the matter has special urgency. Individual families, and the agencies assisting them, want information on food selection in order to safeguard health and efficiency. Economists and administrators need a sound basis for setting goals in agricultural production. In neither of these problems can we depend solely on present food consumption habits for guidance. We would not wish to ignore what may be learned from long established food customs representing the accumulated experience of the race, but we must make use of the knowledge of human food requirements which the scientific research of recent years has given us. The results of this research would scarcely justify placing too great reliance on empirical human experience in matters dietetic. In guiding consumer choice and in adjusting production and distribution to meet it, we should consider what constitutes a desirable regimen, according to our best knowledge of food and nutrition. For many years chemists and physiologists interested in nutrition have been studying the human requirements for food. According to our present knowledge, diets that yield the proteins of good quality, the essential minerals and vitamins, as well as the necessary energy-yielding food must contain between 35 and 40 distinct chemical entities, none of which are manufactured by the body, and none of which can be used interchangeably. Fortunately for those who plan diets, many of these nutrients are so widely distributed in common food materials that there is little danger of shortage in freely chosen diets. On the other hand, some are very unevenly distributed, and unless care be taken in food selection, will be meagerly supplied. The actual amount of each nutrient needed, together with the proportion of each in the diet, has been and still is the subject of many investigations. We have learned much about the demands which the body makes for different nutrients at different stages of development, and how size, sex, and the intensity of muscular activity affect food requirements. There are, of course, wide variations in the requirements of individuals and wide variations in the composition of food materials as eaten. The latter are due in part to variable conditions of culture, and in part to varying methods of handling and cooking. Hence it is very important that we do not hew too close to the mark in translating our knowledge

Field of study: Mathematics
UK Pharmacy Students’ Opinions on Mental Health Conditions

To determine future pharmacists’ opinions on mental health conditions and investigate the influence of gender.  Final-year Master of Pharmacy students at Queen’s University Belfast completed a paper-based questionnaire.  A of the questionnaire was adapted from a United Kingdom public opinion questionnaire on mental health. Section B gathered non-identifiable demographic data. Descriptive statistics were undertaken. Mann-Whitney U and Chi-square tests were used for gender comparisons.  An 89% (97/109) response rate was obtained. Most survey respondents considered that pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures were beneficial in the management of mental health conditions (89% and 96%, respectively) and that people with mental illness had the same rights to jobs as anyone else (82%). However, only 57% of the respondents felt confident discussing mental health issues with patients and 36% deemed university training to be satisfactory. Males were more likely than females to “agree strongly” or “agree slightly” that they would not want to live next door to someone who has been mentally ill.  While some positive opinions were evident, more work is needed to prepare future pharmacists for roles within mental health care teams.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Synthesis of Conformationally Locked Carbocyclic Nucleosides Built on a Thiabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane System as a Pseudosugar Surrogate

The synthesis of prototype models of purine and pyrimidine carbanucleosides built on a 6-thiabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane system as pseudosugar moiety has been investigated. These pyrimidine carbanucleosides proved to be very stable compounds, in contrast to the parent epoxy analogs, which experienced epoxide ring-opening due to intramolecular enol base attack. In addition, as the synthesis of a thiirane moiety fused to a five-membered ring is not a trivial synthetic task, validation and optimization of the existing methods for episulfide preparation were required to access the committed synthetic precursor of the title compounds: (±)-(1RS,2RS,5SR)-6-thiabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-ol, compound 28.

Field of study: Chemistry
Institutions and Norms in Institutional Economics and Sociology

The concept of institutions and the related theoretical issues of their normativity and enforcement are still a matter of controversy among social scientists, including economists. The present article establishes a conceptual distinction between institutions, social norms, and decision-theoretic norms, arguing that some institutions may not be norms of any kind. Using the concepts developed previously, it then examines whether and how institutions have been treated as norms in institutional economics and in sociology.

Field of study: Economics
Long-distance Network Education Teaching Model and it's Development Based on Internet

With the development of computer software and hardware and network technology,Long-distance Network Education becomes a sort of new teaching mode that has already come out huge life force after the development of human comes into twenty-one century.It will be the efficient route for fostering more high stuff person with ability in our country.In this paper,the writer analyzes the postulate teaching mode and application about Long-distance Network Education,for arising people appreciate the status and functionary attention and recognition about Long-distance Network Education.

Field of study: Computer science