nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Some Specific Effects of Four Affect-Induction Procedures

This study examines some specific effects of the Positive and Negative Velten Mood Induction Procedures and of two motion pictures selected for their affect inducing qualities. Results revealed that, despite apparently strong effects on affective state when measured immediately after affect induction, the Velten Statements and one of the films had no discernible effect when measured after a brief, neutral, intervening task. The other film, in contrast, appeared to influence affective state not only when tested immediately, but even after the intervening task. These results were interpreted as shedding additional light on the affect inductions studied, suggesting limitations of some of the techniques, and indicating that induced affect may be measured relatively specifically.

Field of study: Psychology
Zebrafish Models for Ectopic Mineralization Disorders: Practical Issues from Morpholino Design to Post-Injection Observations

Zebrafish (ZF, Danio rerio) has emerged as an important and popular model species to study different human diseases. Key regulators of skeletal development and calcium metabolism are highly conserved between mammals and ZF. The corresponding orthologs share significant sequence similarities and an overlap in expression patterns when compared to mammals, making ZF a potential model for the study of mineralization-related disorders and soft tissue mineralization. To characterize the function of early mineralization-related genes in ZF, these genes can be knocked down by injecting morpholinos into early stage embryos. Validation of the morpholino needs to be performed and the concern of aspecific effects can be addressed by applying one or more independent techniques to knock down the gene of interest. Post-injection assessment of early mineralization defects can be done using general light microscopy, calcein staining, Alizarin red staining, Alizarin red-Alcian blue double staining, and by the use of transgenic lines. Examination of general molecular defects can be done by performing protein and gene expression analysis, and more specific processes can be explored by investigating ectopic mineralization-related mechanisms such as apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this paper, we will discuss all details about the aforementioned techniques; shared knowledge will be very useful for the future investigation of ZF models for ectopic mineralization disorders and to understand the underlying pathways involved in soft tissue calcification.

Field of study: Biology
Synthesis and Reactions of a-Bromo-N-alkoxyimidates

The reaction of alkyl hydroxamates 2 with (C2H5)3O · BF4 in CH2Cl2 affords N-alkoxyimidates 3. The direct alkylation of hydroxamic acids 1 with 1,2-dibromoethane gives the 5,6-dihydro-1,4,2-dioxazine derivatives 4. The reactions of the acyclic imidates 3 as well as the cyclic N-alkoxyimidates 4 with N-bromosuccinimide in CCl4 produces the α-bromoimidates 5a–d and 6a–d. The α-bromine atom in the bromides 5b, d and 6a, b, d can be displaced by fluorine and azido substituents to yield the α-fluoro-N-alkoxyimidates 7b, d and 10a, b, d and the α-azido compounds 8b, d and 11a, b, d, respectively. The reduction of the azides 8b, d and 11a, b, d affords the α-aminoimidates 9b, d and 12ab, d, respectively. The reaction of the bromides 6a–d with benzene derivatives 14a–d in the presence of AgBF4 affords the aromatic substitution products 15a–d. Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of 15a, c gives the arylsubstituted carboxylic acids 16 and 17.

Field of study: Chemistry
Second-order statistical analysis of totally weighted subspace fitting methods

We analyze the effects of a limited number of snapshots on a general class of multidimensional signal subspace estimation methods, termed totally weighted subspace fitting (TWSF) methods. This class is an extension of the weighted subspace fitting technique that includes row weighting and column weighting of the signal subspace matrix. We quantify the asymptotic statistical properties of the TWSF method by means of a second-order statistical analysis. The main contribution of this article is that it provides, for the first time, the estimator bias. Some simulation results are included to validate our analytical results.

Field of study: Engineering
PERFORMANCE OF SUPERVISED CLASSIFICATION ALGORITHMS OF HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGERY FOR IDENTIFYING FECAL AND INGESTA CONTAMINANTS

In order to select the optimum classifier, the performance of six different supervised classification algorithms including parallelepiped, minimum distance, Mahalanobis distance, maximum likelihood, spectral angle mapper, and binary coding were investigated and compared for identifying fecal and ingesta contaminants in hyperspectral poultry imagery. A pushbroom line-scan hyperspectral imager was used for hyperspectral image acquisition, with 512 narrow bands between 400 and 900 nm wavelengths. Three different feces from digestive tracts (duodenum, ceca, colon) and ingesta were considered as contaminants. These contaminants were collected from broiler carcasses that had been fed a mixture of corn, milo, or wheat with soybean. The classification accuracies varied from 62.9% to 92.3% depending on the classification method. The highest classification accuracy for identifying contaminants from corn-fed carcasses was 92.3% with a spectral angle mapper classifier. The accuracy was 82.1% with the maximum likelihood method for milo-fed carcasses, and 91.2% accuracy was obtained for wheat-fed carcasses when the same classification method was employed. The mean classification accuracy for classifying fecal and ingesta contaminants obtained in this study was 90.3%.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Petrology of a supra-subduction zone ophiolite (Elaz1g, Turkey)

The Elazig region in eastern Taurus, Turkey, exposes Paleozoic-Tertiary metamorphic, magmatic, and sedi- mentary units. Contacts between the different units are mostly tectonic, but there are also primary sedimentary, and in - trusive contacts. The metamorphic rocks of the Elazig region are the Bitlis-Puturge and Keban-Malatya massifs, which are a single tectonostratigraphic unit that has been tectonically disrupted and fragmented during the Upper Cretaceous. Magmatic rocks in the region are represented by ophiolitic units, magmatic arc products, and young volcanic rocks. The sedimentary units are represented by Upper Cretaceous - Tertiary marine and lacustrine sedimentary rocks. In the study area, the metamorphic units are represented by the Paleozoic Puturge metamorphic rocks composed of phyllite, slate, mica schist, quartz-muscovite schist, calc-schist, and low-grade metamorphite. The ophiolite that is described in this paper is composed of wehrlite-pyroxenite, gabbro, diabase dykes, and dykes cutting gabbro. These units are cut by the granitic rocks of the Upper Cretaceous Elazig magmatic suite. The lithological and geochemical data on the rocks of Komurhan ophiolite indicate that these rocks were derived from crystallization of an enriched mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB)-type magma. The Komurhan ophiolite formed in a supra-subduction spreading zone during the Cretaceous; re- lated to this event is the north-dipping subduction of the southern branch of Neo-Tethys ocean, which began spreading in the Late Triassic. The crust was thickened by the development of an island arc and by the thrusting of the Puturge metamorphic rocks onto this island arc in response to north-south compression during the Late Cretaceous. The magma formed by partial melting of the subducted slab giving rise to granitic rocks that cut the upper parts of the ophiolite. The ophiolite and the Elazig magmatic suite attained their present position after the Middle Eocene.

Field of study: Environmental science
Über Fehlerquellen bei Flüssigkeitsthermometern, die durch das Verhalten der in ihnen verwandten Indikatoren bedingt sind

ZusammenfassungIn der nachstehenden Arbeit werden die durch Kompressibilität, Gasabsorption, Überdestillieren und Kontraktion der Indikatoren bedingten Fehlerquellen bei Flüssigkeitsthermometern gekennzeichnet und experimentell nachgewiesen.

Field of study: Physics
Insurance Law Reform by Degrees: Late Payment and Insurable Interest

Over the last 11 years, the Law Commission and the Scottish Law Commission have worked on a joint project to modernise the law of insurance contracts. Due to the size of the project, the Law Commissions proceeded in phases and separated out specific issues for legislative reform. Their proposals have already resulted in the Consumer Insurance (Disclosure and Representations) Act 2012 and the Insurance Act 2015 which brought about significant changes for consumer and non-consumer insureds and insurers alike. This paper examines two further areas of reform: the introduction of an implied term about payment of insurance claims by insurers within a reasonable time and a statutory restatement of the doctrine of insurable interest. It considers the old and new substantive law and provides an insight into the reform process.

Field of study: Law
Global dynamics of hematopoietic stem cells and differentiated cells in a chronic myeloid leukemia model

We consider a mathematical model describing evolution of normal and leukemic hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and differentiated cells in bone marrow. We focus on chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), a cancer of blood cells resulting from a malignant transformation of hematopoietic stem cells. The dynamics are given by a system of ordinary differential equations for normal and leukemic cells. Homeostasis regulates the proliferation of normal HSC and leads the dynamics to an equilibrium. This mechanism is partially efficient for leukemic cells. We define homeostasis by a functional of either hematopoietic stem cells, differentiated cells or both cell lines. We determine the number of hematopoietic stem cells and differentiated cells at equilibrium. Conditions for regeneration of hematopoiesis and persistence of CML are obtained from the global asymptotic stability of equilibrium states. We prove that normal and leukemic cells can not coexist for a long time. Numerical simulations illustrate our analytical results. The study may be helpful in understanding the dynamics of normal and leukemic hematopoietic cells.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Sorafenib inhibits proliferation and invasion of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells via up-regulation of p53 and suppressing FoxM1

Forkhead box M1 (FoxM1) is a transcription factor that plays important roles in the pathogenesis and progression of human cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of this study was to examine the involvement of FoxM1 in the anti-cancer action of sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor, in human HCC cells.HCC cell lines HepG2 and HuH-7 were tested. Cell viability was examined using MTT assay and cell invasion was determined with Transwell migration assay. The relevant mRNA expression was determined with RT-PCR, and the proteins were detected using Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays. RNA interference was used to modify the expression of p53 and FoxM1. HuH-7 cell line xenograft mice were used for in vivo study, which were treated with sorafenib (40 mg/kg, po) daily for 3 weeks.Sorafenib (2–20 μmol/L) inhibited the proliferation of the cells in dose- and time-dependent manners with an IC50 value of nearly 6 μmol/L at 48 h. Sorafenib (6 μmol/L) markedly suppressed the cell invasion. Furthermore, sorafenib (2−6 μmol/L) dose-dependently decreased the expression of FoxM1, MMP-2, and Ki-67, and up-regulated that of p53 in the cells. Silencing p53 abolished the decrease of FoxM1 and increase of p53 in sorafenib-treated cells. Silencing FoxM1 significantly reduced the expression of MMP-2 and Ki-67, and enhanced the anti-proliferation action of sorafenib in the cells, whereas overexpression of FoxM1 increased the expression of MMP-2 and Ki-67, and abrogated the anti-proliferation action of sorafenib. In the xenograft mice, sorafenib administration decreased the tumor growth by 40%, and markedly increased the expression of p53, and decreased the expression of FoxM1, MMP-2, and Ki-67 in tumor tissues.Sorafenib inhibits HCC proliferation and invasion by inhibiting MMP-2 and Ki-67 expression due to up-regulation of P53 and suppressing FoxM1.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Indifferentiability security of the fast wide pipe hash: Breaking the birthday barrier

A hash function secure in the indifferentiability framework (TCC 2004) is able to resist all meaningful generic attacks. Such hash functions also play a crucial role in establishing the security of protocols that use them as random functions. To eliminate multi-collision type attacks on the Merkle–Damgård mode (Crypto 1989), Lucks proposed widening the size of the internal state of hash functions (Asiacrypt 2005). The fast wide pipe (FWP) hash mode was introduced by Nandi and Paul at Indocrypt 2010, as a faster variant of Lucks' wide pipe mode. Despite the higher speed, the proven indifferentiability bound of the FWP mode has so far been only up to the birthday barrier of n/2${n/2}$ bits. The main result of this paper is the improvement of the FWP bound to 2n/3${2n/3}$ bits (up to an additive constant). We also provide evidence that the bound may be extended beyond 2n/3${2n/3}$ bits.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Genome reconstruction reveals distinct assemblages of Gallionellaceae in surface and subsurface redox transition zones.

Fe-oxidizing bacteria of the family Gallionellaceae are major players in the Fe biogeochemical cycle in freshwater. These bacteria thrive in redox transition zones where they benefit from both high Fe concentrations and microaerobic conditions. We analysed the Gallionellaceae genomic diversity in an artesian hard-rock aquifer where redox transition zones develop (i) in the subsurface, where ancient, reduced groundwater mixes with recent oxygenated groundwater, and (ii) at the surface, where groundwater reaches the open air. Fifteen new draft genomes of Gallionellaceae representing to 11 candidate genera were recovered from the two redox transition zones. Sulfur oxidation genes were encoded in most genomes while denitrification genes were much less represented. One genus dominated microbial communities belowground and we propose to name it 'Candidatus Houarnoksidobacter'. The two transition zones were populated by completely different assemblages of Gallionellaceae despite the almost constant upward circulation of groundwater between the two zones. The processes leading to redox transition zones, oxygen diffusion at the surface or groundwater mixing in subsurface, appear to be a major driver of the Gallionellaceae diversity.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Science on the Move: Recent Trends in the History of Early Modern Science*

O ne of the most important developments of the period ca. 1400-1750, which I will call early modern, was the rise of a new philosophy, the new experimental science.' This used to be understood as a history of European achievement from the Renaissance forward, a universe-changing paradigm shift that defmed the modern world. There is no doubt that the growth of modern science forms one of the most significant phenomena of the modern age, affirmed today in the massive public and private funding for research into natural science and medicine. But the question for the historian is. What does this modern phenomenon have to do with the early modern period? The last generation has been an exciting time to come of age in the history of science: the field has definitively emerged from its beginnings in the history of philosophy, intellectual history, and the discrete histories of sciences written by and for their practitioners, to offer answers to

Field of study: History
Deliberating Controversial Public Issues As Part of Civic Education 1

The authors argue that deliberation should be an integral part of secondary civics classrooms and teacher education programs. Drawing on a wide range of research, they contend that teaching and learning deliberative skills has the potential to build individual and group civic capacity. They share some of the results of an evaluation of one ten-nation project, Deliberating in a Democracy, which suggest that teachers can learn to conduct deliberations in secondary classrooms. Furthermore, across countries, students reported increases in their understanding of issues, their ability to state their opinions, and their confidence in talking about controversial issues with peers. Most important, students demonstrated greater perspective-taking abilities than students not involved in the project. The potential limitations and weaknesses of the deliberative model are discussed, as are the implications for civic pedagogy and learning.

Field of study: Sociology
Low-energy scattering by singular potentials in the linearized approximation to Calogero's equation

The linearized Calogero equation for tanδl(r) has never been applied to singular potentials with a repulsive core. It is shown that the solution can be written in the form of integrals. Even in the low-energy limit rough estimates can at least be obtained. This can be seen from a comparison of scattering-lengths calculated, both exactly and approximately, for negative-power potentials.

Field of study: Physics
π-Electronic structure of conjugated polymers

The novel electronic properties of conjugated polymers are associated with π-electrons whose early modeling by Huckel has been extended by Pariser, Parr and Pople (PPP) to include electron-electron (e-e) interactions and by Su, Schrieffer and Heeger (SSH) to include linear electron-phonon (e-p) coupling. Charged polymeric excited states are localized by e-p coupling, lead to excitations below the optical gap, and are coupled to backbone vibrations. Neutral polymeric excited states resemble those in conjugated molecules and clearly demonstrate e-e interactions. We introduce here inductive, or site energy, contributions to the optical gap of polythiophene (PT) and polydiacetylenes (PDAs) whose conjugated network differs from polyacetylene (PA) in having chemically inequivalent carbons. In addition, site energies model PA-dopant interactions and enhanced localization of charged PT and PDA excitations due to polarizable side groups. Such extensions of π-electron theory are attractive for modeling wider ranging phenomena of increasingly diverse conjugated polymers. Nonlinear susceptibilities are another interesting feature of π-electrons in conjugated polymers. Diagrammatic valence-bond (DVB) methods are used to bypass sums over excited π-electron states and give the exact dynamic nonlinear susceptibilities of interacting π-electrons in finite PPP or Hubbard fragments.

Field of study: Materials science
Oscillatory and asymptotic behavior of positive periodic solutions of nonlinear discrete model exhibiting the allee effect

In this paper we shall consider the discrete nonlinear delay population model with Allee effectx(n+1)=x(n)exp(a(n)+b(n)x^p([email protected])-c(n)x^q([email protected])),where a(n), b(n) and c(n) are positive sequences of period @w and p and q are positive integers. We will establish some sufficient conditions for the oscillation of all positive solutions about its positive periodic solution x"n^* and prove that every nonoscillatory solution converges to {x"n^*} monotonically as n->~.

Field of study: Mathematics
Price difference as a predictor of the selection between brand name and generic statins in Japan.

This study aimed to explore the predictors of the selection between brand name drug (BR) and generic drug (GE) and to clarify the quantitative relationship about selection.



We identified "incident users" who dispensed statins between April 2008 and June 2011 in commercially databases consisted of dispensing claims databases (DCD) of out-of-hospital pharmacies and hospital claims databases (HCD) of in-house pharmacies in Japan. Predictors of the selection between BR and GE, including price difference (PD), the price of BR, their interaction and percent change of the price of GE relative to BR were explored by logistic regression using DCD and HCD separately.



We extracted records of 670 patients who have opportunity for selection both BR and GE. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that PD, the price of BR, interaction between them, and prescriber affiliation were factors significantly associated with the selection in the DCD; logit (p)=9.735-0.251×PD-0.071×the price of BR+0.002×PD×the price of BR-1.816×affiliation+0.220×gender-0.008×age+0.038×monthly medical fee. PD was inversely proportional to BR choice in DCD and lead to the opposite result in HCD. Numerical simulation of selection revealed that the quantitative relationships heavily depend on situations.



PD and the price of BR are predictors of the selection between BR and GE interactively in out-of-hospital pharmacies, but not in in-house pharmacies of medical facilities. Results may support policies which increase the power of out-of-hospital pharmacies for selection.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Field Resistance Evaluation of 23 Eggplant Varieties against High Temperature and Preliminary Research on Resistance Mechanism

An identification on heat resistance of 23 eggplant varieties was conducted in summer-autumn field conditionin.Yields showed a greater difference for all the tested varieties at high temperature.Almost all varieties showed a more serious suberization of fruit skin.Eggplant Hainanzhengtou,Zihonghchang,Zisushan and Yinongchangsheng had gained higher output and fairly good quality than others under high temperature.In different varieties,production level and the ratio of different flower style was not relevant.For the same variety,flower pollen viability of different flower style was also quite different.It was found that,compared to the middle-style and short-style flowers,the long-style flowers had higher pollen viability in more than 80% of the varieties in the experiment.Water metabolism and photosynthesis in the preliminary study showed that strong heat-resistant varieties had a higher proportion of bound water and strong photosynthetic capacity.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
La césarienne sur demande, devrions-nous en faire un droit?: NON

Depuis deja quelques annees, on s’interroge passablement sur l’augmentation sans cesse du taux de cesarienne dans les pays industrialises. Le Canada ne fait pas exception a cette tendance, avec un taux ayant passe de 17,6 % en 1993 a 26,3 % en 2008. C’est maintenant plus d’un enfant

Field of study: Medicine
A stepwise approach for the purely periodic interaction spline model

The basic idea of an interaction spline model was presented in Barry (1983). The general interaction spline models were proposed by Wahba (1986). The purely periodic spline model, a special case of the general interaction spline models, is considered in this paper. A stepwise approach using generalized cross validation (GCV) for fitting the model is proposed. Based on the nice orthogonality properties of the purely periodic functions, the stepwise approach is a promising method for the interaction spline model. The approach can also be generalized to the non-purely-periodic spline models. But this is no done here.

Field of study: Mathematics
Azofarbstoffe durch oxydative Kupplung VI. Kupplung von 1‐substituierten Pyridon‐(4)‐hydrazonen mit Phenolen

1-substituierte Pyridon-(4)-hydrazone kuppeln oxydativ auch mit uberschussigem Phenol nur masig. Die Reaktion wird in Abhangigkeit vom pH-Wert und den Hydrazon-Substituenten quantitativ verflogt. Die Ergebnisse werden diskutiert. Mit Naphthol-(1) und einigen Derivaten tritt glatte oxydative Farbstoffbildung ein. Der Einflus von Substituenten auf die Spektren dieser Farbstoffe wird erortert.

Field of study: Chemistry