nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
PET-CT scan is a valuable modality in the diagnosis of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma: a case report and a summary of recent literature.

We report a case of liver cancer with features consistent with fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (FLHCC) detected by PET-CT scan. A 20-year-old female with a large liver tumor was diagnosed with 'malignant hepatic tumor' 2 years earlier and received five courses of transhepatic arterial chemoembolization (TACE) before she presented to our hospital with abdominal distension and mild pain at the right upper quadrant. Ultrasound and CT scan showed a large tumor in the right lobe of the liver. Contrast CT scan and (18)F-FDG PET-CT showed metastatic lesions in multiple organs. The imaging diagnosis was confirmed by an ultrasound-guided fine needle biopsy of the hepatic lesion which showed features of FLHCC. Immunohistochemical staining showed a marked increase in the expressions of Hepar, CD99, MIB1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Fibronectin, E-cadherin and CK7. The recent knowledge on the FLHCC and the possible applications of PET-CT were discussed.

Field of study: Medicine
Beta-Aminobutyric acid-mediated enhancement of resistance in tobacco against TMV and consideration of its capability in wounded tobacco plants.

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is an important component of disease-resistance arsenal of plants, and is associated with enhanced potency of activating local and systemic defense-related responses upon pathogen attack. In this report, we demonstrated that pre-treatment with beta-aminobutyric acid (BABA), a new elicitor of SAR in the plants, enhanced resistance against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in a temperately-sensitive tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cultivar Yunyan 85. The resistance is based on the elicitation of defense-related responses induced by BABA that brings the TMV-susceptible tobacco plants to a defense-ready state, even before exposure to the pathogen. The induced resistance was strongly associated with potentiated activation of defense-related enzymes [phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO)] activities, proportional to the concentration of the BABA sprayed. Interestingly, simultaneous clipping, an important agricultural practice in tobacco production, attenuated BABA-mediated enhancement of TMV resistance in tobacco. The changes in the defense-related enzymes activities indicated that the interaction between BABA and wounding was reciprocally antagonistic. Moreover, such a negative interaction regulated the expression of defense-related enzymes. depending on the time of induction.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Evaluation of serum rosette inhibitory factors in chronic liver disease.

Serum rosette inhibitory factors (IF) were detected in 61% of 18 sera from HBsAg negative and in 78% of 14 sera from HBsAg positive chronic active liver disease (CALD) patients, who were not under immunosuppressive treatment. In CALD patients, who were under treatment for at least 6 months, IF were detected in 66% of the HBsAg positive patients and only in 18% of the HBsAg negative ones. After precipitation of the serum gamma-globulins by ammonium sulphate, IF were found in the supernatant only in HBsAg positive sera, while completely disappeared in HBsAg negative ones. A significant correlation between serum IF and factors reacting in immunofluorescence (IFL) with a T enriched preparation of lymphocytes was documented only in HBsAg negative cases. No correlation was found between serum IF and circulating immune complexes (IC) or lymphocytotoxins in any of the sera tested. From all these data it is concluded that serum IF detectable in HBsAg negative CALD cases are probably immunoglobulins. Our data would favour the hypothesis that they are anti-T lymphocytes antibodies, since no correlation was found between serum IF and circulating IC. Similar factors, detectable in HBsAg positive sera, are, at least in part, different. The role of such factors in the modulation of the immune response in CALD patients is discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
TLR7 and TLR8 agonist resiquimod (R848) differently regulates MIF expression in cells and organs

&NA; Since its first description in 1966, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) was found to play a critical role in inflammatory and immune responses as well as in disease pathogenesis especially in tumor pathogenesis and cancer progression. MIF is expressed in different cell types and is associated with many disease severity and tumor pathogenesis. Here, we investigated the influence of TLR7 and TLR8 agonist resiquimod (R848), an immune response inducer used as a prophylactic agent for several infectious diseases as well as anticancer agents and vaccine adjuvant on MIF expression in cells and organs. Humans, mice and rats cell lines from different tissues (blood, retinal, nasopharynx, brain and liver) and C57BL/6J mice organs (brain, liver and spleen) were used for this investigation. In vitro, R848 induced MIF gene overexpression except in brain and liver cells. Furthermore, it enhanced cells ability to release soluble MIF and differently regulated mRNA expression of MIF‐related receptors (CD74, CXCR4, CXCR2 and CD44). Its influence on MIF gene expression and MIF proteins release was more consistent in cancer cells. In vivo, a strong positive expression of MIF was observed in different regions in brain and spleen in response to R848 treatment; however in liver, increased MIF expression was observed in hepatocytes only. On the other hand, R848 treatment had induced a slight enhancement of MIF concentration in the plasma of C57BL/6J mice. Taken together, these data suggest that R848 differently regulates MIF mRNA expression depending on organ types and could influence MIF concentration in cellular microenvironment. HighlightsR848 differently regulates MIF mRNA and proteins expression in cells and organs.R848 significantly increases MIF release.Activation of TLR7 and TLR8 could induce MIF downstream cascades activation.

Field of study: Medicine
Luminescence in Sulfides: A Rich History and a Bright Future

Sulfide-based luminescent materials have attracted a lot of attention for a wide range of photo-, cathodo- and electroluminescent applications. Upon doping with Ce3+ and Eu2+, the luminescence can be varied over the entire visible region by appropriately choosing the composition of the sulfide host. Main application areas are flat panel displays based on thin film electroluminescence, field emission displays and ZnS-based powder electroluminescence for backlights. For these applications, special attention is given to BaAl2S4:Eu, ZnS:Mn and ZnS:Cu. Recently, sulfide materials have regained interest due to their ability (in contrast to oxide materials) to provide a broad band, Eu2+-based red emission for use as a color conversion material in white-light emitting diodes (LEDs). The potential application of rare-earth doped binary alkaline-earth sulfides, like CaS and SrS, thiogallates, thioaluminates and thiosilicates as conversion phosphors is discussed. Finally, this review concludes with the size-dependent luminescence in intrinsic colloidal quantum dots like PbS and CdS, and with the luminescence in doped nanoparticles.

Field of study: Materials science
Women enter the elite group:limited progress

Based on the exploration of the fresh student admission data ranging from 1978 to 2005 in Peking University,referring to the related literature,this study reveals that woman's enrollment in Peking University is a process from gender exclusion to gender balance.This study argues the progress is limited.One limitation is that behind the gender balance in recent years there exists the obvious class exclusion and the gap between urban and rural.Therefore,we claim that the equality which only has the gender dimension is a lame equity.Another limitation is that there exists obvious gender exclusion in terms of female's choice of major.Considering the nearly equal access to higher education,we should be more cautious of the equity during the process of higher education.As far as an individual woman is concerned,the experience of professional selection and professional training is a process of constantly accepting male-dominated knowledge.

Field of study: Education
A pilot study on semivolatile organic compounds in senior care facilities: Implications for older adult exposures.

The occurrence of five groups of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) (total of ∼120 distinct chemicals) was investigated in senior care facilities in the United States and in Portugal. Indoor settled dust samples were collected from fourteen facilities, and the concentrations of organophosphate esters (OPEs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in these samples. Overall, OPEs, PAHs, and BFRs were the most abundant, and OCPs and PCBs were the least abundant SVOC groups in dust collected from both U.S. and Portuguese facilities. ∑OPE, ∑PAH, and ∑BFR concentrations were significantly higher in U.S. facilities than those in Portuguese facilities (P < 0.001), while ∑OCP and ∑PCB concentrations were not different between the two countries (P < 0.05). The samples were collected from three different microenvironments, including bedrooms, living rooms, and corridors. ∑OPE, ∑PAH, and ∑BFR concentrations were up to five times higher in corridors compared to bedrooms and living rooms. ∑OCP and ∑PCB concentrations were overall higher in bedrooms and in living rooms and lower in corridors.

Field of study: Environmental science
Experimental investigation on water drainage characteristics of open-cell metal foams with different wettabilities.

For optimizing the metal foam heat exchangers used in dehumidification apparatus, the influence of surface wettability on drainage characteristics should be explicit. In the present study, the water drainage characteristics of metal foams with different wettabilities were experimentally investigated. The experimental results show that the stabilization time of the water drainage process for the hydrophobic sample is the shortest among the tested metal foam samples, and the water retention mass in the hydrophobic metal foam is much smaller than that in the other samples; the wettability impact factors for water retention are within 0.78–1.1 and 0.40–0.77 for the hydrophilic and hydrophobic samples, respectively. The water retention mass in the copper foam is 9.5%–52.6% smaller than that in the aluminum foam. For the hydrophobic copper foam, the water retention mass per unit volume in metal foams with PPI of 5–20 is 45%–66% smaller than that in fin–tube heat exchangers.

Field of study: Engineering
ARIS-Campaign: intercomparison of three ground based 22 GHz radiometers for middle atmospheric water vapor at the Zugspitze in winter 2009

This paper presents the Alpine Radiometer Intercomparison at the Schneefernerhaus (ARIS), which took place in winter 2009 at the high altitude station at the Zugspitze, Germany (47.42° N, 10.98° E, 2650 m). This campaign was the first direct intercomparison between three new ground based 22 GHz water vapor radiometers for middle atmospheric profiling with the following instruments participating: MIRA 5 (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), cWASPAM3 (Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Katlenburg-Lindau) and MIAWARA-C (Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern). Even though the three radiometers all measure middle atmospheric water vapor using the same rotational transition line and similar fundamental set-ups, there are major differences between the front ends, the back ends, the calibration concepts and the profile retrieval. The spectrum comparison shows that all three radiometers measure spectra without severe baseline artifacts and that the measurements are in good general agreement. The measurement noise shows good agreement to the values theoretically expected from the radiometer noise formula. At the same time the comparison of the noise levels shows that there is room for instrumental and calibration improvement, emphasizing the importance of low elevation angles for the observation, a low receiver noise temperature and an efficient calibration scheme. The comparisons of the retrieved profiles show that the agreement between the profiles of MIAWARA-C and cWASPAM3 with the ones of MLS is better than 0.3 ppmv (6%) at all altitudes. MIRA 5 has a dry bias of approximately 0.5 ppm (8%) below 0.1 hPa with respect to all other instruments. The profiles of cWASPAM3 and MIAWARA-C could not be directly compared because the vertical region of overlap was too small. The comparison of the time series at different altitude levels show a similar evolution of the H2O volume mixing ratio (VMR) for the ground based instruments as well as the space borne sensor MLS.

Field of study: Environmental science
Self-Reported Type A Behavior and Marital Status

The Jenkins Activity Survey Form C. was administered to a stratified sample of workers (1000 men and 465 women) to study the distribution of the Type A Behavior Pattern among Italians. General Type A scores were higher in married vs unmarried men and Job Involvement scores were higher for single persons than for married ones. Results suggest a stronger link between job involvement and marital status than between job involvement and Type A behavior.

Field of study: Psychology
The effect of rearing environments on the contrafreeloading phenomenon in rats.

Eight naive rats were reared in enriched or impoverished environments for 39 days after weaning and then lived in operant chambers, in which they could obtain food pellets freely or by lever pressing, for 25 or 30 days. The animals raised in an impoverished environment acquired the bar-press response quickly when placed in the operant chambers and maintained a preference for obtaining food via bar pressing. Animals raised in an enriched environment did not learn to lever press, as demonstrated by low levels of responding and the lack of bar pressing when free food was subsequently removed. It was concluded that restricting animals' postweaning environments facilitated learning in a choice situation, probably because of increased activity levels. The results are interpreted in relation to previous studies on rearing environments and on contrafreeloading.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Das Bandenspektrum des Goldhydrids

ZusammenfassungDas Bandenspektrum des Goldhydrids ist in Emission im Lichtbogen aufgenomnaen. In dem früher bekannten1⌆* —1 ⌆-System sind neue Kernschwingungsniveaus, v′=3 und 4 und v″=4 und 5, festgelegt worden. Die Dissoziationswerte und der Isotopieeffekt sind berechnet.

Field of study: Physics
A deep learning- and partial least square regression-based model observer for a low-contrast lesion detection task in CT.

This work aims to develop a new framework of image quality assessment using deep learning-based model observer (DL-MO) and to validate it in a low-contrast lesion detection task that involves CT images with patient anatomical background.



The DL-MO was developed using the transfer learning strategy to incorporate a pretrained deep convolutional neural network (CNN), a partial least square regression discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model and an internal noise component. The CNN was previously trained to achieve the state-of-the-art classification accuracy over a natural image database. The earlier layers of the CNN were used as a deep feature extractor, with the assumption that similarity exists between the CNN and the human visual system. The PLSR model was used to further engineer the deep feature for the lesion detection task in CT images. The internal noise component was incorporated to model the inefficiency and variability of human observer (HO) performance, and to generate the ultimate DL-MO test statistics. Seven abdominal CT exams were retrospectively collected from the same type of CT scanners. To compare DL-MO with HO, 12 experimental conditions with varying lesion size, lesion contrast, radiation dose, and reconstruction types were generated, each condition with 154 trials. CT images of a real liver metastatic lesion were numerically modified to generate lesion models with four lesion sizes (5, 7, 9, and 11 mm) and three contrast levels (15, 20, and 25 HU). The lesions were inserted into patient liver images using a projection-based method. A validated noise insertion tool was used to synthesize CT exams with 50% and 25% of routine radiation dose level. CT images were reconstructed using the weighted filtered back projection algorithm and an iterative reconstruction algorithm. Four medical physicists performed a two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) detection task (with multislice scrolling viewing mode) on patient images across the 12 experimental conditions. DL-MO was operated on the same datasets. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the correlation and agreement between DL-MO and HO.



A statistically significant positive correlation was observed between DL-MO and HO for the 2AFC low-contrast detection task that involves patient liver background. The corresponding Pearson product moment correlation coefficient was 0.986 [95% confidence interval (0.950, 0.996)]. Bland-Altman agreement analysis did not indicate statistically significant differences.



The proposed DL-MO is highly correlated with HO in a low-contrast detection task that involves realistic patient liver background. This study demonstrated the potential of the proposed DL-MO to assess image quality directly based on patient images in realistic, clinically relevant CT tasks.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Countermeasures for the Lack of Family Education for Left-behind Children in Rural Areas of China ——Taking Changqiao Town as an Example

Through random sampling method, a survey of primary schools is made in Changqiao Town, Qia County, Henan Province. The result of the survey shows that there are five models about the missing family education for left-behind children, and many problems in the personality development of the left-behind children are caused by them. The paper intends to find a new way to solve these problems.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Exploration of the construction of the curriculum system in the newly-upgraded universities

Curriculum,as a carrier of the teaching content,is the core of school education and also a basic solution to the cultivating talents in colleges and universities.Curriculum system determines teaching content,and is directly related to the comprehensive development of students in knowledge,capacity and quality.It also plays a very important role in improving the quality of talent cultivating,upgrading educational standard,and creating special school characteristics.There are problems existing in curriculum value,goal,content and structure.Characteristics of curriculum system of discipline group,such as scientific,opening,flexible and unitary,require dealing well with relationship between curriculum system and major,academic and vocational,comprehensive and professional,united and multiple.Shaoyang University made good exploration in construction curriculum system of discipline group.

Field of study: Education
Experimental investigation on two-phase flow pattern of ammonia inside 4 mm and 8 mm horizontal smooth tubes

The two-phase flow patterns of ammonia in different scale channels are experimentally investigated in this study. The inner diameters of the tested tubes are 4 mm and 8 mm. The observed flow patterns in the two tubes include slug flow, stratified-wavy flow, annular flow, and annular flow with partial dryout. For both 4 mm and 8 mm tubes, the annular flow gradually expands to a wider vapor quality range with a rise in mass flux and a descent in saturation temperature at the cost of other flow patterns. The comparison of the flow patterns in the two tubes shows that the 8 mm tube has a wider range of annular flow. This is attributed to that the higher dominance of the surface tension force in the 4 mm tube is conductive to the liquid slug to holdup on the channel wall and consequently delay the transition to annular flow. The flow patterns in the two tubes have been compared to the flow pattern maps of Baker, Mandhane et al., and Wojtan et al.. The Wojtan et al. flow pattern map could give a superior prediction for the flow patterns in the 4 mm tube, whereas none of the three existing models accurately predict the flow patterns in the 8 mm tube.

Field of study: Engineering
THEORETICAL DESIGN AND NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF RADIAL KLYSTRON OSCILLATOR

On a certain approximation, the generation and the oscillation of microwave in the cavity based on transit time effect for one shot microwave source are analyzed.For reasons given, we have made theoretical design and numerical simulation of radial klystron oscillator for GW level output. A peak value (average over a period) of 1.6×2GW ( f =6.0GHz) is obtained. The width of the microwave putse is 40ns under the condition of the potential pulse width of 116ns. An electron efficiency is about 12.8%.

Field of study: Physics
Effect of annealing in the Sb and In distribution of type II GaAsSb-capped InAs quantum dots

Type II emission optoelectronic devices using GaAsSb strain reduction layers (SRL) over InAs quantum dots (QDs) have aroused great interest. Recent studies have demonstrated an extraordinary increase in photoluminescence (PL) intensity maintaining type II emission after a rapid thermal anneal (RTA), but with an undesirable blueshift. In this work, we have characterized the effect of RTA on InAs/GaAs QDs embedded in a SRL of GaAsSb by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and finite element simulations. We find that annealing alters both the distribution of Sb in the SRL as well as the exchange of cations (In and Ga) between the QDs and the SRL. First, annealing causes modifications in the capping layer, reducing its thickness but maintaining the maximum Sb content and improving its homogeneity. In addition, the formation of Sb-rich clusters with loop dislocations is noticed, which seems not to be an impediment for an increased PL intensity. Second, RTA produces flatter QDs with larger base diameter and induces a more homogeneous QD height distribution. The Sb is accumulated over the QDs and the RTA enlarges the Sb-rich region, but the Sb contents are very similar. This fact leaves the type II alignment without major changes. Atomic-scale strain analysis of the nanostructures reveal a strong intermixing of In/Ga between the QDs and the capping layer, which is the main responsible mechanism of the PL blueshift. The improvement of the crystalline quality of the capping layer together with higher homogeneity QD sizes could be the origin of the enhancement of the PL emission.

Field of study: Materials science
Smoking and cardiovascular disease.

What is Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)? The heart needs a steady supply of blood to function effectively. Coronary heart disease is a general term that describes conditions caused by an interrupted or diminished blood flow through the coronary arteries to the heart muscle. Coronary heart disease usually occurs when fatty materials and a substance called plaque build up in the arteries, which makes them get narrow and allows less blood flow to the heart. This can cause chest pain (known as angina). When the blood supply is totally cut off, a myocardial infarction (heart attack) occurs.

Field of study: Medicine
Reactions of cyclammonium cations

The π-electron charges, bond orders, energies of the singlet and triplet electronic transitions, and the PMR spectrum of 4,9-diazapyrene were calculated by the self-consistent-field (SCF) method with allowance for the coulombic repulsion, and the results are compared with the experimentally found positions of the long-wave bands in the UV spectrum and the experimental PMR spectrum. Diazapyrene hetarylates activated aromatic and heteroaromatic rings.

Field of study: Chemistry