nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A warm-temperate forest of mixed coniferous type from the upper Pliocene Sanying Formation (southeastern edge of Tibetan Plateau) and its implications for palaeoecology and palaeoaltimetry

Coniferous forests represent one of the most important vegetation types in the southern Hengduan Mountains on southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, but their evolutionary history remains poorly understood. Here, we report an upper Pliocene charcoal assemblage from the Sanying Formation at Fudong in the Lanping Basin, which represents remains of a mixed coniferous forest. Taxonomic studies indicate that the charcoal assemblage is dominated by Pinus armandii with a subordinate component of Cupressoideae, a few other conifers (Abies, Picea, Tsuga) and some angiosperms (Quercus, Rhododendron, Rubus, Sambucus, Zanthoxylum, Aralia, Amaranthaceae, Polygonum, Carex). Based on the present-day climate association of P. armandii, we consider that the reconstructed mixed coniferous forest to be of warm-temperate affinity. Some altitudinal variation of plant communities likely existed, with cool-temperate elements (Abies, Picea) occurring in higher altitudes on the mountain slope, warm-temperate elements (P. armandii, Tsuga, Quercus, Rubus, Rhododendron, Sambucus) in mid-altitudes, and warm elements (Zanthoxylum, Aralia) in lower altitudes. Due to the occurrences of Abies and Picea, we infer the presence of mountains >3000 m altitude near Fudong, which further constrains the timing of significant uplift prior to the late Pliocene. Together with fossil pollen data, our findings indicate that the southern Hengduan Mountains was increasingly dominated by conifers during the late Pliocene, particularly in its subalpine to alpine ecoregions, probably due to the progressive onset of cool and dry climates caused by regional uplift. Synthesising vegetation types, we conclude that the region showed large-scale vegetation zonation during this epoch, which generally ranged from evergreen broadleaved forests of warm affinity in the south to mixed coniferous forests of more temperate affinity in the north. The vegetation zonation can be interpreted as being shaped by large south-to-north altitudinal gradients due to uneven rates of uplift.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Rethinking Folk Culture in Twentieth-Century Britain.

Research on folk culture in twentieth-century Britain has focused on elite and transgressive political episodes, but these were not its mainstream manifestations. This article re-evaluates the place of folk culture in twentieth-century Britain in the context of museums. It argues that in the modern heritage landscape folk culture was in an active dialogue with the modern democracy. This story begins with the vexed, and ultimately failed, campaign for a national English folk museum and is traced through the concurrent successes of local, regional, and Celtic 'first wave' folk museums across Britain from the 1920s to the 1960s. The educational activities of these museums are explored as emblematic of a 'conservative modernity', which gave opportunities to women but also restricted their capacity to do intellectual work. By the 1970s, a 'second wave' folk museology is identified, revealing how forms of folk culture successfully accommodated the rapid social change of the later twentieth century, particularly in deindustrializing regions. From this new, museums' perspective, folk culture appears far less marginal to twentieth-century British society. In museums folk culture interacted with mainstream concerns about education, regionalism, and commercialization.

Field of study: History
TH-EF-BRA-03: Size-Specific, Scanner-Independent Fetal Dose Estimates in Abdominal and Pelvic CT Examinations of Pregnant Patients

The purpose of this work is to develop patient size-specific, scanner-independent CTDIvol-to-fetal-dose conversion coefficients for abdominal and pelvic CT examinations of pregnant patients of various gestational ages.  For 18 pregnant patients of gestational age ranging from 12 to 36 weeks who underwent clinically-indicated CT examinations, models of maternal and fetal (or embryo) anatomy were created from the image data, and dose to the fetus was estimated using Monte Carlo simulations of fixed tube current helical scans of the abdomen and pelvis for 64-slice MDCT scanners from four major manufacturers. Fetal doses were normalized by scanner-specific 32 cm CTDIvol values and averaged across all scanners to obtain a scanner-independent CTDIvol-to-fetal-dose conversion coefficient for each patient. Patient size was described using water equivalent diameter (WED) measured at the image containing the three-dimensional geometric centroid of the fetus. The coefficient of variation (CoV) across scanners for the simulated fetal dose was calculated before and after CTDIvol normalization to demonstrate the utility of scanner-independent CTDIvol-to-fetal-dose conversion coefficients for each patient. The relationship between the WED patient size metric and CTDIvol-to-fetal-dose conversion coefficients was also examined to determine if a correlation exists.  The CoV across scanners for fetal dose in all patients before and after CTDIvol normalization ranged from 25.10%–30.16% and 5.60%–9.48%, respectively. An exponential relationship between CTDIvol-to-fetal-dose conversion coefficients and patient size was observed with a coefficient of determination of 0.84.  Strong correlation exists between CTDIvol normalized fetal dose and WED. These results indicate that fetal dose from abdominal and pelvic CT examinations of pregnant patients of various gestational ages may be accurately estimated with: (a) fetal dose normalized by CTDIvol to account for scanner variation and (b) a WED patient size metric to account for patient size variation. Disclosures — Michael McNitt-Gray: Institutional Research Agreement, Siemens AG; Research Support, Siemens AG; Consultant, Flaherty Sensabaugh Bonasso PLLC; Consultant, Fulbright and Jaworski; Disclosures — Erin Angel: Employee of Toshiba America Medical Systems, Inc.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Resistive switching effect in thin-film heterojunctions based on electron-doped Nd2 − xCexCuO4 − y superconductor

Thin-film heterojunctions Nd2 − xCexCuO4 − y/Ag were obtained. The bipolar effect of resistive switching in these heterostructures was detected and investigated. X-ray diffraction data indicate the presence of a second phase in thin films; along with the basic phase Nd2 − xCexCuO4 − y, it affects the behavior of the interface of investigated heterojunctions and leads to an alteration of the type of conductivity. The threshold frequency of alternating voltage at which the resistive switching effect is observed in heterojunctions was detected.

Field of study: Physics
Parameter Optimization of a Digital Photon Counter Coupled to a Four-Layered DOI Crystal Block With Light Sharing

We have developed four-layered depth-of-interaction (DOI) detectors based on light sharing. Reflectors, which are inserted in every two lines of crystal segments and shifted differently depending on each layer, project 3-D crystal positions to a 2-D position histogram without any overlapping after applying the Anger-type calculation. The DOI measurement itself has the potential to improve time resolution because the depth-dependent timing delay can be corrected. However, light sharing tends to increase variance of light paths inside the crystal block, thus resulting in worsened time resolution. Although we have reported advantages of our DOI detectors in terms of position and energy resolutions, we had not evaluated their potential for time resolution. In this paper, therefore, we measured timing performance with the help of a digital photon counter (DPC), which offers precise control of event triggering. There are several studies that have reported one-to-one coupling of the scintillator to the DPC pixel, but DPCs have not been studied well for light-sharing detectors. Therefore, in this work, we optimized measurement parameters of the DPCs for our four-layered DOI detector. The DOI detector consists of 256 LGSO crystals which are arranged in four layers of 8 ×8 arrays, coupled to the DPC array. Each crystal element is 2.9×2.9 ×5 mm3. Each die of the DPC array provides an individual timestamp. Crystal identification performance largely depended on the dark count rate of the DPC array, which can be reduced by means of cell inhibition. We measured several conditions of the inhibition rate of microcells and temperature. For increased inhibition rate, we observed degraded time resolution, although positioning performance and energy resolution were improved. Regarding the temperature dependency within 10 to - 7 ° C, we found that time resolution was insensitive. At 10 ° C and 20% inhibition rate, average time resolution over all crystals was 267 ±32 ps (full width half maximum). Better positioning performance and energy resolution were obtained for colder temperatures.

Field of study: Physics
Interaction of pigeon-liver nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide kinase with cibacron blue F3GA.

The interaction of pigeon liver NAD kinase with Cibacron Blue F3GA was investigated. By using steady-state rate measurements, spectrophotometric titration and chromatography of the enzyme on immobilized dye, it was shown that binding occurs at two nucleotide sites with different affinities, and also at a site distinct from the substrate-binding region.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
ALMA OBSERVATIONS OF ORION SOURCE I AT 350 AND 660 GHz

Source I (`SrcI') is the protostar at the center of the Kleinmann-Low Nebula. ALMA observations of SrcI with 0.2" angular resolution were made at 350 and 660 GHz to search for the H26alpha and H21alpha hydrogen recombination lines and to measure the continuum flux densities. The recombination lines were not detected, ruling out the possibility that SrcI is a hypercompact HII region. The deconvolved size of the continuum source is approximately 0.23 x 0.07" (100 x 30 AU); it is interpreted as a disk viewed almost edge-on. Optically thick thermal emission from ~500 K dust is the most plausible source of the continuum, even at frequencies as low as 43 GHz; the disk mass is most likely in the range 0.02 to 0.2 Mo. A rich spectrum of molecular lines is detected, mostly from sulfur- and silicon-rich molecules like SO, SO2, and SiS, but also including vibrationally excited CO and several unidentified transitions. Lines with upper energy levels E_U > 500 K appear in emission and are symmetric about the source's LSR velocity of 5 km/sec, while lines with E_U < 500 K appear as blueshifted absorption features against the continuum, indicating that they originate in outflowing gas. The emission lines exhibit a velocity gradient along the major axis of the disk that is consistent with rotation around a 5-7 Mo central object. The relatively low mass of SrcI and the existence of a 100 AU disk around it are difficult to reconcile with the model in which SrcI and the nearby Becklin-Neugebauer Object were ejected from a multiple system 500 years ago.

Field of study: Physics
Effects of maternal exposure to lipopolysaccharide during late pregnancy on the level of synaptotagmin IV in dorsal hippocampus of middle-aged offspring CD-1 mice

In the present study,by means of immunohistochemical method,the contents of synaptotagmin Ⅳ in the CA1,CA3 and dentate gyrus subfields of dorsal hippocampus were measured in the middle-aged CD-1 mice,whose mothers were intraperitoneally injected with lipopolysaccharide or normal saline during late preg-nancy.The results indicated that the synaptotagmin Ⅳ was expressed in each stratun of all subfields in the dorsal hippocampus.Compared to the saline-treated group,the lipopolysaccharide-treated group had an obvious increase in the expression level of synaptotagmin Ⅳ(Ps 0.05) in each stratun of CA1 and CA3 subfields,and the stratum molecula of dentate gyrus.Our result suggested that maternal exposure to lipopolysaccharide in late gestation could increase the synaptotagmin Ⅳ level of dorsal hippocampus in middle-aged offspring mice.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Phenanthrene contamination and ploidy level affect the rhizosphere bacterial communities of Spartina spp.

Spartina spp. are widely distributed salt marsh plants that have a recent history of hybridization and polyploidization. These events have resulted in a heightened tolerance to hydrocarbon contaminants, but the effects of this phenomenon on the rhizosphere microbial communities is unknown. Here, we grew two parental Spartina species, their hybrid and the resulting allopolyploid in salt marsh sediments that were contaminated or not with phenanthrene. The DNA from the rhizosphere soil was extracted and the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced, whereas the abundances of the genes encoding for the PAH ring-hydroxylating dioxygenase (RHD) of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria were quantified by real-time PCR. Both the contamination and the plant genotype significantly affected the bacterial communities. In particular, the allopolyploid S. anglica, harbored a more diverse bacterial community in its rhizosphere. The interspecific hybrid and the allopolyploid also harbored significantly more copies of the PAH-RHD gene of gram-negative bacteria in their rhizosphere than the parental species, irrespective of the contamination treatments. Overall, our results are showing that the recent polyploidization events in the Spartina affected its rhizosphere bacterial communities, both under normal and contaminated conditions, possibly increasing its phytoremediation potential.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Optical Doppler method for investigating turbulent flow by spectral analysis of a signal

A method for determining the parameters of turbulent flow of a gas or liquid from the energy spectrum of a signal obtained in an optical Doppler velocity meter is described. An analysis is made of the limits of validity of a method suggested for measuring the distribution of the local velocity density. Apparatus is described and the results are given of measurements of the average velocity and intensity of turbulence in an axisymmetic submerged water stream of initially small diameter.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Reconciling recalled dates of developmental milestones, events and transitions : a mixed generalized linear model with random mean and variance functions

Reconciliation of conflicting reports on the dating of events has typically been approached as 'data cleaning'. We present an altemative approach of modelling discrepancies by a statistical measurement model. The model combines two explanations of 'telescoping', systematic compression of the timescale and heteroscedastic random measurement error. The model can be viewed as a mixed generalized linear model with random effects within both mean and variance functions, or alternatively as involving multiplicative random effects. We illustrate the model in the context of multiple mothers' reports of the onset of puberty in their daughters. Estimated by penalized or predictive quasi-likelihood, the model correctly distinguished the different mechanisms for telescoping and provided much improved estimates of the true age-of-onset distribution.

Field of study: Mathematics
The Effect of Problem-Based Learning Strategy on Student Learning Outcomes of SMK with Different Achievement Motivations

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the implementation of problem-based learning strategies on the learning outcomes of Vocational High School (SMK) students who have different achievement motivation, so that the advantages of applying this strategy can be known in the learning process. This study was a Pre-Experimental Designs study with the design of the One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design (Sugiyono, 2015), which was conducted in class X TKR 1 (37 students) at State SMK 2 Kupang, academic year 2017/2018. Test requirements analysis was carried out by testing for normality and homogeneity. Data analysis techniques using t test analysis. To carry out the analysis in this study, it was processed with the help of a computer program SPSS for Windows version 16.0. The results of the study show that: (1) the application of problem-based learning strategies has a significant effect on groups of students with high achievement motivation; (2) the application of problem-based learning strategies has a significant influence on groups of students with low achievement motivation; (3) the application of problem-based learning strategies to groups of students with high achievement motivation and low achievement motivation had no significant differences; therefore, the application of problem-based learning strategies is able to improve superior learning outcomes in students with different achievement motivation; (4) the application of problem-based learning strategies can improve students' abilities in problem solving, teamwork and high self-esteem, as well as high learning spirit. This can be observed during the learning process.  problem-based learning strategy, learning outcomes, different achievement motivation.

Field of study: Education
Why is illegal fishing occurring in the Persian Gulf? A case study from the Hormozgan province of Iran

IUU fishing is recognized as one of the largest threats to sustainable fisheries worldwide. This paper focuses on IUU fishing by artisanal fishermen in the northern Persian Gulf (Hormozgan province of Iran). A qualitative study was conducted by using Grounded Theory (GT) method to find out which factors are influencing the occurrence of illegal fishing. Data for this study was drawn from fifty-one in-depth and semi-structured interviews, using the snowball sampling technique. Using this data, a model was developed with categories such as culture, management issues, economic conditions, personal skills and area features. Subsequently, the semantic network was illustrated to represent relationships between categories. As illegal fishing is a serious concern in the Persian Gulf, the findings of the present paper could help to promote more sustainable fisheries in the region and beyond.

Field of study: Environmental science
Anomalous Raman features of silicon nanowires under high pressure

The potential of silicon nanowires (SiNWs), (diameter = 5 GPa establishes a highly anisotropic and mode-dependent pressure response of these SiNWs. Properties of the novel structures are superior compared to other nano-structured silicon and bulk-Si in terms of increased linear modulus, more localized phonon confinement and less anharmonicity.

Field of study: Physics
We Are Global Business Advisers

If Columbus had an advisory committee he would probably still be at the dock --Justice Arthur Goldberg, 1908-1990 Engage in this thought experiment: The following individuals to some omnipotent body, such as a governmental industrial planning board, with an idea for introducing a new product or service into the marketplace: * A failed haberdasher * A Harvard sophomore dropout * A junior-college dropout * A General Motors executive Which one is the planning committee most likely to invest in? Any organization will naturally gravitate towards the status quo, as it is proven, safer and the least likely to disrupt current fortunes and positions of power. The existing structure doesn't have much incentive to invest in new ideas and radical concepts, and so it will cast aspersions on the first three people listed above. But who are those individuals? The failed haberdasher is Sam Walton, founder of Wal-Mart. The Harvard dropout is Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft. The junior college dropout is Rush Limbaugh, founder of the Excellence In Broadcasting (EIB) Network. All of these entrepreneurs were scoffed at by the existing establishment. This is the history of all revolutions, which are created not by prophets but by heretics. New ideas, inventions and experiments from the tinkerer in the garage change the world, while rendering obsolete the existing modes of production, infrastructure and status quo. The automobile was not invented by buggy whip manufacturers and the slide rule manufacturers never even fathomed a calculator. We don't need you. You haven't got through college yet." Imagine the loss if Akio Morita, chairman of Sony, had listened to his market research and not created the portable tape recorder, ultimately leading to the Sony Walkman. New products and services introduced to the market are an experiment, some succeed, most fail. The free market offers a precise and flawless mechanism for weeding out the ones that don't add value to people's lives, thus wasting a society's scarce resources. That mechanism is the loss of the two-sided free market coin, profit or loss. All profits come from risk. …

Field of study: Business
Developmental Sources of Implicit Attitudes

Explanations for implicit and explicit attitude dissociation have largely focused on causes of explicit attitudes. By contrast, this article examines developmental experiences as potential sources of implicit (more than explicit) attitudes, using attitudes toward smoking and body weight, which have shown dissociation with self-reports. In Study 1, smokers' implicit and explicit attitudes toward smoking were uniquely predicted by their early and recent experiences with smoking, respectively. In Study 2, participants' childhood and current weight uniquely predicted implicit and explicit body weight attitudes, respectively. Furthermore, being raised primarily by a beloved, heavyweight mother predicted proheavy implicit (but not explicit) attitudes. In Study 3, people's reports of pleasant dreams in childhood (but not currently) predicted their implicit attitudes toward dreams. In concert, results provide support for theorizing that implicit and explicit attitudes may stem from different sources of information and are, therefore, conceptually distinct.

Field of study: Psychology
WE‐C‐AUD C‐10: Practical Approach for Electron Monitor Unit Calculation

To propose a practical method of electron monitor unit calculation that can handle most of the clinical cases with a minimal set of measured electron beam data: (a) insert correction factors up to the insert size of 40% of applicator size; (b) virtual source to surface distances of each open applicator.  A PTW Markus ion chamber with Plastic Water™ phantom was used to measure the applicator factors, insert correction factors and virtual source to surface distances of eleven different energies (5MeV to 21MeV) for Siemens MD2 and Primus linear accelerators. From these measurements, we found two dosimetric properties of electron beams. First, the output ratio of two inserts is independent of applicator used and second, virtual source to surface distance is a function of field size but is independent of the applicator size and jaw opening. Therefore, insert correction factors and virtual source to surface distances were calculated for most of the clinical cases by extrapolating the minimal set of measured beam data. To calculate the output of elongated electron beam shape, we introduced the elongation correction factor and determined the values by using sector integration method.  The measured electron output factors of 160 clinical cases were compared to calculated ones and the differences between the measured and calculated values were less than 3%.  Measuring the electron outputs to cover all the possible clinical cases is not practical in a busy clinic because it involves precious time and labor. By using the proposed method, we can calculate the electron monitor units for most of the clinical cases, including highly elongated fields with accuracy.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics