nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Carbonyl levels in type I and II fiber-rich muscles and their response to chronic ethanol feeding in vivo and hydroxyl and superoxide radicals in vitro.

Chronic alcoholic myopathy is characterized by selective reductions in the size of Type II skeletal muscle fibers (i.e., glycolytic, anaerobic fast-twitch). Type I (i.e., oxidative, aerobic, slow twitch) fibers are relatively resistant. It is possible that reactive oxygen species may preferentially damage the Type II fibers because the concentrations of several antioxidant enzymes are lower in Type II compared with Type I fibers.



To test the hypothesis, we measured protein carbonyl levels in Type I (i.e., soleus) and Type II (i.e., plantaris) fiber-rich muscles of rats subjected to chronic alcohol dosage with the Lieber-DeCarli regimen. Muscles were also exposed to hydroxyl or superoxide radicals in vitro.



The Type I fiber-predominant soleus of control animals had less carbonyl than the Type II fiber-predominant plantaris. In rats that were fed ethanol for 6 weeks, the weights of the plantaris muscle were preferentially reduced but changes in soleus weight did not achieve significance. However, carbonyl levels were not significantly altered in any muscle in response to alcohol feeding. Calculation of the data in terms of total carbonyl per whole muscle showed decreases in both soleus and plantaris at the end of the 6-week alcohol feeding period. In response to hydroxyl radical (OH*) generation in vitro, protein carbonyl increased substantially in both soleus and plantaris muscles, but more so in the soleus. The increase in carbonyl in control soleus muscles in response to OH* was significantly lower than in soleus muscles from alcohol-fed animals. The increase in control plantaris muscle was not significantly different from the increase in carbonyl in corresponding muscles from ethanol-fed rats in response to OH*. In response to superoxide radicals, carbonyl in control soleus increased, an effect similar to that recorded in the soleus from ethanol-fed rats. In control plantaris, carbonyl increased in response to superoxide radicals, an effect not significantly different to the increase in plantaris from alcohol-fed rats.



Using increased carbonyl concentrations as an indicator of muscle damage by reactive oxygen species, we concluded (1) there is no evidence of enhanced reactive oxygen species-induced damage to mixed muscle proteins in either Type I or Type II muscles in response to alcohol feeding; (2) Type II muscles have a greater capacity than Type I muscles to protect against damage (as indicated by carbonyl formation) by both hydroxyl and superoxide radicals in vitro; (3) alcohol reduces the capacity of Type I muscle to resist hydroxyl radical-induced protein damage, a mechanism that may arise through impairment of other antioxidant systems or other process not yet elucidated.

Field of study: Medicine
Retention of a Successive Discrimination Problem by Hippocampectomized and Neodecorticate Rats

An experiment and its replication are reported in which the postoperative retention of a successive discrimination problem was studied following destruction of the hippocampus and overlying cortex or of the neocortical areas only. Animals with lesions of the posterolateral neocortex showed severe deficits in performance of the problem. Hippocampectomized Ss were also impaired but their deficit was marked by consistent responding to one arm of the maze, i.e., response fixation.

Field of study: Psychology
Photoluminescence study of Si delta-doped GaAs

A photoluminescence (PL) study is made of (001) oriented GaAs samples containing a single delta doping layer of silicon. Depending on the growth temperature several novel narrow spectral features are observed that are related to the delta doping procedure, but cannot be attributed to transitions involving conduction electron subbands. The nature of one specific PL feature at 1.4977 eV is explored in detail. It is present in delta-doped samples grown at low temperatures (480 degrees C) and shows all the characteristics of a bound exciton recombination. Its most conspicuous properties are a strong linear polarization along (110) and a (001) axially symmetric spin splitting in high magnetic fields. The whole of the spectroscopic data leads to a model in which an exciton is bound to a Si-As-Si complex, aligned along the (110) direction.

Field of study: Materials science
Über die Struktur des Pentaerythrits und eine graphische Auswertung von Schichtliniendiagrammen

Zusammenfassung1.Es wird eine Methode angegeben, mit Hilfe derer man Schichtliniendiagramme geometrisch konstruktiv auswerten kann.2.Pentaerythrit kristallisiert ditetragonal — pyramidal mit den Achsena=6,16 Å,c=8,76 Å in der Raumgruppe C4 v9; der Elementarkörper ist raumzentriert und enthält zwei Molekeln: C5H12O4. Die Eigensymmetrie der letzteren sowie des Zentralkohlenstoffatoms ist C4 v; die vier Substitutionsgruppen sind strukturell gleichwertig und liegen in den hemimorphen Spiegelebenen.

Field of study: Physics
DEMONSTRATION AND LECTURE IN INFORMATION TRANSMISSION: A FIELD EXPERIMENT

A field experiment with intact classes compared training through lecture alone versus presenting equivalent information in part by lecture and in part by modeling demonstrations. Beginning third-graders received ten ; lessons on college-level introductory psychology material. Although all conditions were initially comparable, only the demonstration group improved significantly from pre- to posttesting, unlike the lecture group which did not change, or the controls who declined significantly. The predicted superiority of observed demonstrations in teaching was further supported by attitude data showing more favorable reactions by the demonstration Ss to their learning experiences.

Field of study: Education
Tetrazoles. 31. Kinetics of the reaction of nitriles with alkylammonium azides. Formation of 5-substituted tetrazoles

Abstract5-Substituted tetrazoles are formed by the reaction of nitriles with mono-, di-, and trialkylammonium azides in aprotic dipolar solvents and alcohols. Tetraalkylammonium azides do not react with nitriles. The formation of 5-substituted tetrazoles occurs by a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition mechanism. Electron-accepting substituents increase the reactivity of nitriles significantly while the structure of the alkylammonium azide and the solvent polarity have no significant effect on the reaction rate.

Field of study: Chemistry
Manganese Stress on Seed Germination and Seeding Growth of Pokeweed(Phytolacca Americana L.)

Impact of different concentrations of Mn2+(0, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mg/L) treated on pokeweed(Phytolacca Americana L.) seeds by using the petri dish germination method was investigated. The germination rate(GR),germination energy(GE), germination index(GI), vigor index(VI), bud length(BL), root length(RL), fresh weight(FW) of pokeweed seedlings, superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity and malondialdehyde(MDA) content in seedling were studied.Results showed that Mn2+had negative effects on pokeweed seed germination. The treatments with Mn2+significantly reduced seed germination rate, germination index and vigor index, but it advanced the seeds focus germination time. The treatment with low concentrations of Mn2 +(≤200 mg/L) promoted pokeweed seedling growth, while with the concentration of Mn2 +further increasing, seedling growth was suppressed, and the suppression on bud was greater than on root. With the increase of Mn2 +treatment concentration, SOD activity increased at lower concentrations(≤200 mg/L), then decreased at higher concentrations(300, 400 and 500 mg/L). MDA contents in the seedlings gradually accumulated in a dose-response manner.When SOD activity increased, MDA contents increased slowly. However, when SOD activity decreased, MDA contents increased rapidly, which indicated that there was a relationship between SOD activity and MDA contents. In addition, the tolerance mechanism of manganese on pokeweed seedlings may be associated with SOD activity. The damage mechanism of manganese on pokeweed seedlings may be related to the lipid peroxidation of the biomembrane.

Field of study: Environmental science
Commentary to "Evaluation of the United States pediatric urology workforce and fellowships: a series of surveys performed in 2006-2010".

I read the Husmann et al ‘Paediatric Urology Workforce’ paper in this issue with great interest. In line with the US experience, the workload for UK paediatric urologists does appear to be increasing and so recruitment and workforce planning are key considerations. Surgical training for paediatric urology in the UK is pretty well organised. Most trainees approach paediatric urology through an initial training programme in paediatric surgery which lasts 6 years. In their last year, the trainees take an exit exam in paediatric surgery. At least one year, and usually more, of this six year programme will comprise specific paediatric urology training. Those trainees who are interested in a career in paediatric urology then have to apply for one of 6 national paediatric urology fellowship posts, which last between 1 and 2 years. These fellowship posts are also open to adult urology trainees who are looking to move into paediatric or adolescent urology, but more commonly applicants are still from paediatric surgery. At the end of the fellowship, most UK trainees will be ‘board certified’ in both paediatric urology and paediatric general surgery, although paediatric urology is not yet a recognised separate sub-specialty to paediatric surgery. In contrast to the US, the fellowship posts are clinical with no specific commitment to research. Those trainees who have a particular interest in research

Field of study: Medicine
The Institutional Foundations of Democratic Cooperation in Costa Rica

Costa Rica's long-term standing as one of the few countries in Latin America with a stable democracy has prompted many to view its polity as an inevitable outcome of a racially homogeneous and relatively egalitarian society. Without ignoring the importance of sociological factors, this article contends that institutional arrangements played an equally important — if not more central — role in the development of a stable democratic regime in this country. The structure of Costa Rican presidentialism encouraged incumbents to maintain control of the state while it, as a consequence, incited the opposition to rebel against central state authorities. Political competition became more peaceful as parties that failed to hold or to capture the presidency were nevertheless compensated by being allowed to occupy legislative seats.

Field of study: Political science
Accounting for the real properties of the heat transfer fluid in heat-regenerative adsorption cycles for refrigeration

Adsorption cycles for refrigeration or heat pumping can be environmentally friendly. Moreover, when they use the process of heat-regeneration, they can be energetically efficient provided the adsorbers are correctly designed, which requires correct modelling. In such a model, all the heat exchanges undergone by the heat transfer fluid are considered. The temperature changes of this fluid induce variations in its physical properties. The influence of these variations on the cycle performance are numerically investigated and thermodynamically analysed. The effects of the changes in density are negligible, but those of the changes in heat capacity cannot be neglected. The analysis shows that this result is due to the interdependence of all the heat quantities involved in the cycle via the first principle of thermodynamics.

Field of study: Engineering
A systems network approach for climate change vulnerability assessment

Vulnerability to climate change is a product of biophysical and social dynamics. Assessments of community or regional vulnerability, however, often focus on quantitative infrastructure and environmental assessments, or qualitative assessments of a community's social dynamics and livelihood activities. A dearth of integrated quantitative assessments is a major barrier for decision makers who require quantitative outputs and indicators, which can measure where vulnerability is most severe and can be linked to climate projections. Our framework and analysis helps address such gaps by identifying variables to build climate change vulnerability indices, which we pilot here focusing on Inuit communities in the Canadian Arctic. We start with a systematic literature review of community-based vulnerability studies and assess relationships among 58 social and biophysical variables. We then use multiplex network analysis to determine how social and environmental variables interact among and within the key component of vulnerability: exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. We identify several structurally important variables that interact within and across the three dimensions of vulnerability. This method is transferable as an integrative means of understanding not only the direct causes of vulnerability, but also relations that are less tangible. The approach of multiplex network analysis can be a building block to ongoing development of vulnerability indices within the human dimensions of climate change field.

Field of study: Environmental science
PTRwid: A new widget tool for processing PTR-TOF-MS data

PTRwid is a fast and user friendly tool that has been developed to process data from proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometers (PTR-TOF-MS) that use HTOF (high-resolution time-of-flight) mass spectrometers from Tofwerk AG (Switzerland). PTRwid is designed for a comprehensive evaluation of whole laboratory or field-based studies. All processing runs autonomously, and entire laboratory or field campaigns can, in principle, be processed with a few mouse clicks. Unique features of PTRwid include (i) an autonomous and accurate mass scale calibration, (ii) the computation of a "unified mass list" that – in addition to a uniform data structure – provides a robust method to determine the precision of attributed peak masses, and (iii) fast data analysis due to well considered choices in data processing.

Field of study: Environmental science
Retinal G-substrate, potential downstream component of NO/cGMP/PKG pathway, is located in subtype of retinal ganglion cells and amacrine cells with protein phosphatases.

The aim of this study was to determine the distribution and function of G-substrate, a specific substrate of the nitric oxide (NO)-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) signaling pathway, in normal rat retina and in G-substrate knockout mice. The retinas of adult wild-type rats and mice and G-substrate knockout mice were studied immunohistologically to characterize the upstream and downstream components of the NO-cGMP-PKG pathway. Immunoblot analysis showed that the molecular weight of retinal G-substrate was similar to that of cerebellar G-substrate. In adult rats and mice, retinal G-substrate was located in a subpopulation of amacrine cells and in C38-positive retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) but not in alpha RGCs. In addition, retinal G-substrate was co-expressed with other upstream and downstream signaling components of the NO-cGMP-PKG-G-substrate-phosphatase pathway in the adult retina. Electroretinographic (ERG) analysis demonstrated that there was no significant difference between the ERGs of wild-type and G-substrate knockout mice. These results suggest that retinal G-substrate plays a role as a downstream component of the NO-cGMP-PKG pathway. The co-localization of retinal G-substrate with protein Ser/Thr phosphatases suggests that it acts as an endogenous protein phosphatase inhibitor as in the cerebellum.

Field of study: Biology
Approximate phase conjugation with a retroreflecting array in microscopy.

Some experiments on image recovery in microscopy are described. The aperture stop of a microscope objective is partially obscured, and a retroreflecting array is used as an approximate phase conjugator to return the beam through the unobstructed part of the aperture. An application is made to the measurement of the absolute reflectance of small samples by use of a variant of Strong's method.

Field of study: Physics
Serum Angiopoietin‐like peptide 4 levels in patients with hepatic steatosis

Angiopoietin‐like peptide 4 (ANGPTL‐4) plays an important role in lipid metabolism by inhibiting the enzyme lipoprotein lipase. This effect of ANGPTL‐4 results in suppression of the release of plasma triglyceride‐derived fatty acids. Increase in fatty acid levels entering to the liver and abnormalities in their secretion is one of the main mechanisms in pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of ANGPTL‐4 in pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis by determining its levels in patients with fatty liver disease.  Totally 51 patients (age: 37.9 ± 9.9 years, M/F) diagnosed with grade 2–3 hepatic steatosis with ultrasound and 30 healthy volunteers (age: 34.8 ± 9.5 years, M/F) were included in the study. In both groups, routine biochemical tests including fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin levels, triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL‐ cholesterol, HDL‐cholesterol, AST, ALT, ALP, GGT levels were measured together with the ANGPTL‐4 levels. In determination of ANGPTL‐4 levels, ELISA was performed.  When compared with the control group, ANGPTL‐4 levels were determined to be decreased in patients with hepatic steatosis (369 ± 243 vs 303 ± 286 ng/mL, p = 0.014). There was a negative weak correlation observed between ANGPTL‐4 and triglyceride levels (r = −0.246, p = 0.027). Among all groups, when patients with and without insulin resistance were compared; ANGPTL‐4 levels were determined to be similar. While fasting blood glucose levels were similar between 2 groups; fasting insulin and triglyceride levels were determined to be increased in hepatic steatosis group (Insulin 17.7 ± 12 vs 7.4 ± 3.3 &mgr;IU/mL, p < 0.001, triglyceride 158 ± 46.4 vs 118 ± 59.8 mg/dL p < 0.001).  We have determined lower serum ANGPTL‐4 levels in patients with hepatic steatosis. ANGPTL‐4 that is regulating LPL activity plays an important role in fatty liver disease pathogenesis via free fatty acid metabolism and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐delta (PPAR‐&dgr;). We believe that the results of this study would elucidate the investigations about the mechanism of fatty liver disease development and treatments targeting ANGPTL‐4. HighlightsThis is the first study evaluating Angiopoietin‐like peptide 4 (ANGPTL‐4) in hepatic steatosis.Angiopoietin‐like peptide 4 (ANGPTL‐4) level decreases in hepatosteatosis.ANGPTL‐4 probably acts via free fatty acid metabolism and PPAR‐&dgr;.

Field of study: Medicine
A mixed-former effect on lithium-ion conductivities of the Li2S-GeS2-P2S5 amorphous materials prepared by a high-energy ball-milling process

Amorphous solid electrolytes containing large amount of Li 2 S were prepared in the system Li 2 S–GeS 2 –P 2 S 5 by a high-energy ball-milling process. The region of amorphous-sample formation by the ball-milling process is much wider than the glass-forming region by a conventional melt-quenching method. The addition of a second network-forming sulfide, GeS 2 , to the Li 2 S–P 2 S 5 system caused an enhancement of ion conductivities of the amorphous samples. The 95Li 3 PS 4 ·5Li 4 GeS 4 amorphous sample showed the highest lithium-ion conductivity 4.0×10 −4 S cm −1 at room temperature among the obtained amorphous samples in the system Li 2 S–GeS 2 –P 2 S 5 . DC polarization measurements suggested that lithium-ion transport number of the 95Li 3 PS 4 ·5Li 4 GeS 4 sample was almost unity.

Field of study: Materials science
A Measurement Model for Measuring Attitudes Toward Violence

Attitudes toward violence can be viewed as having an important mediating role in the translation of hostile feelings into aggressive behaviors. To alleviate the lack of adequate measures in this content area, two studies were performed. First, the item pool of Bardis's Violence Scale was analyzed resulting in a tentative model. Second, additional items were written to augment the item pool and administered to a second sample. A confirmatory (LISREL) analysis supported a model involving five first-order constructs (Penal Code Violence, Violence in War, Corporal Punishment of Children, Extreme Interpersonal Violence, Intimate Violence) and two hierarchical second-order constructs (Interpersonal Violence, Institutional Violence).

Field of study: Psychology
Spectral conditions for Jordan *-isomorphisms on operator algebras

In this paper we study non-linear transformations between the unitary groups of von Neumann algebras and the twisted subgroups of positive invertible elements in unital C∗-algebras with various preserver properties concerning the spectrum, spectral radius, and generalized distance measures. We present several results which show that those transformations are closely related to the Jordan *-isomorphisms between the underlying full algebras. In fact, our results can easily be used for characterizations of that sort of isomorphisms.

Field of study: Mathematics
Theoretical Approach Towards Elastic Anisotropy and Strain-Induced Void Formation in Cu-Sn Crystalline Phases

The Cu-Sn alloys have been used since ancient times. At present they attract much interest since the formation and growth of Cu-Sn intermetallic compounds, namely, Cu3Sn and Cu6Sn5, play an important role in the kinetics of the soldering reaction in microelectronics packaging. Their formation kinetics as well as mechanical properties has shown to be crucial for the integrity of solder joints. In this work, we report elastic properties of Cu3Sn and Cu6Sn5 crystalline phases using first-principles calculations based on the density functional theory. The elastic anisotropy of these phases, which is difficult to resolve from experiments, is fully discussed. Our results show that both crystalline phases have the greatest stiffness along the c direction. In particular, Cu3Sn exhibits in-plane anisotropy, which is associated with the lattice modulation within the superstructure. We also propose a void formation mechanism based on the computed bond anisotropy of Sn-Cu and Cu-Cu in Cu3Sn.

Field of study: Engineering