nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Protein secretion and possible roles for multiple signal peptidases for precursor processing in bacilli.

Bacillus subtilis is one of the best known Gram-positive bacteria at both the genetic and physiological level. The entire sequence of its chromosome is known and efficient tools for the genetic modification of this bacterium are available. Moreover, B. subtilis and related Bacillus species are widely used in biotechnology, in particular for the production of secreted enzymes. Although bacilli can secrete large amounts of several native enzymes, the use of these bacteria for the production of heterologous enzymes has frequently resulted in low yields. Here we describe the identification of several components of the Bacillus protein secretion machinery. These components can now be engineered for optimal protein secretion. Special emphasis is given on type I signal peptidases, which remove signal peptides from secretory precursor proteins. Five genes specifying such enzymes (sip, for signal peptidase) are present on the B. subtilis chromosome. Although none of the sip genes is essential by itself, a specific combination of mutations in these genes is lethal. The expression pattern of some of the sip genes coincides with that of many secretory proteins, which seems to reflect an adaptation to high demands on the secretion machinery. Although the various B. subtilis type I signal peptidases have at least partially overlapping substrate specificities, clear differences in substrate preferences are also evident. These observations have implications for the engineering of the processing apparatus for improved secretion of native and heterologous proteins by Bacillus.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
An Individual Difference Measure of Motivation to Control Prejudiced Reactions

The present research examines the assertion that individuals differ in the extent to which they seek to control the expression of prejudice. The authors developed the Motivation to Control Prejudiced Reactions Scale to assess this individual difference. Psychometric properties of the scale are reported, including its stable two-factor structure across samples. In addition, evidence regarding predictive validity is presented. The expression of racial prejudice on self-report measures was moderated by the extent to which respondents reported being motivated to inhibit prejudiced reactions. Specifically, the authors observed interactions between unobtrusive estimates of racial attitudes based on automatic attitude activation and scores on the Motivation to Control Prejudiced Reactions Scale when predicting self-reported evaluations. Motivated individuals expressed less prejudiced responses even if their unobtrusive estimates revealed automatically activated negativity in response to Blacks. In contrast, the less motivated provided self-reports consistent with their automatically activated attitudes.

Field of study: Psychology
Tilting Modules for Lie Superalgebras

We develop a general theory of tilting modules for graded Lie superalgebras, extending work of Soergel for graded Lie algebras. The main result of the article gives a twisted version of BGG reciprocity relating multiplicities in Δ-flags of indecomposable tilting modules to composition multiplicities of costandard modules. We then discuss the examples 𝔤l(m|n) and 𝔮(n) in detail.

Field of study: Mathematics
Recovery of photosynthesis in winter‐stressed Scots pine

During winter, high light and freezing temperatures interact to cause damage to photosynthesis of pine (1). The photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PS II), the quantum yield and the rate of light saturated photosynthesis are severely inhibited during natural winter conditions. Strand and Oquist (2, 3) have shown that winter stress of Scots pine involve both photoinhibition of photosystem II and frost inhibition of the enzymes in the Calvin cycle or the photophosphorylation. In the field it may take several months before full photosynthetic efficiency is restored after the winter (4, 5).

Field of study: Environmental science
Operando QEXAFS studies of Ni₂P during thiophene hydrodesulfurization: direct observation of Ni-S bond formation under reaction conditions.

Structural changes in Ni(2)P/MCM-41 were followed by quick extended X-ray absorption fine structure (QEXAFS) and were directly related to changes in X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) which had been used earlier for the study of the active catalyst phase. An equation is proposed to correct the transient QEXAFS spectra up to second-order in time to remove spectral distortions induced by structural changes occurring during measurements. A good correlation between the corrected QEXAFS and the XANES spectral changes was found, giving support to the conclusions derived from the XANES in the previous work, namely that the formation of a Ni-S bond in a surface NiPS phase is involved in the active site for the hydrodesulfurization reaction.

Field of study: Physics
Crossing Borders with the Santo Niño de Atocha (review)

as E-Verify, the REAL ID Act of 2005, the Georgia Security and Immigration Compliance Act, and cross-deputization of law enforcement under Section 287(g) of the Immigration and Nationality Act—to make life much more difficult for southern Latinos. This shift provides a good context for understanding why so many Latinos are now describing life in the region in more ambivalent and contradictory terms than they used to, since they have come under increasing attack from natives (especially politicians and workingclass whites and blacks, as the various chapters illustrate) for their allegedly harmful cultural and criminal attributes.

Field of study: History
Eta-meson light nucleus scattering and Charge Symmetry Breaking

The \eta-meson collision with light nuclei, ^2H, ^3H, ^3He, and ^4He, is considered on the basis of a microscopic approach which utilises Faddeev type and Lippmann-Schwinger equations. The nuclear hamiltonian is approximated by the finite rank approximation which amounts to the coherent approximation. The \eta-nucleus scattering length and the resonance and bound--state poles of the amplitude describing elastic scattering of \eta-meson by these nuclei are obtained. For each of the nuclei considered, the minimal factor enhancing the \eta N--attraction that moves the poles to the quasi--bound state area of the complex k--plane, is determined. It is shown that within the existing uncertainties in the elementary \eta N iteraction all these nuclei can support a quasi--bound state which can result in a formation of an eta-mesic nucleus. Various aspects of the eta-nucleus physics are discussed with specific emphasis given to the \eta--nucleus effective interaction in configuration space (constructed via the Marchenko inverse scattering method), to the Okubo--Zweig--Iizuka (OZI) rule, and to the charge symmetry breaking problem.

Field of study: Physics
Savage for dummies and experts

Savage's foundation of expected utility is considered to be the most convincing justification of Bayesian expected utility and the crowning glory of decision theory. It combines exceptionally appealing axioms with deep mathematics. Despite the wide influence and deep respect that Savage received in economics and statistics, virtually no one touched his mathematical tools. We provide an updated analysis that is more general and more accessible. Our derivations are self-contained. This helps to better appreciate the depth and beauty of Savage's work and the foundations of Bayesianism, to teach it more easily, and to develop non-Bayesian generalizations incorporating ambiguity more efficiently.

Field of study: Economics
Probing the high-density behavior of symmetry energy with gravitational waves

Gravitational wave (GW) astronomy opens up an entirely new window on the Universe to probe the equations of state (EOS) of neutron-rich matter. With the advent of next-generation GW detectors, measuring the gravitational radiation from coalescing binary neutron star systems, mountains on rotating neutron stars, and stellar oscillation modes may become possible in the near future. Using a set of model EOSs satisfying the latest constraints from terrestrial nuclear experiments, state-of-the-art nuclear many-body calculations of the pure neutron matter EOS, and astrophysical observations consistently, we study various GW signatures of the high-density behavior of the nuclear symmetry energy, which is considered among the most uncertain properties of dense neutron-rich nucleonic matter. In particular, we find the tidal polarizability of neutron stars, potentially measurable in binary systems just prior to merger, is more sensitive to the high-density component of the nuclear symmetry energy than the symmetry energy at nuclear saturation density. We also find that the upper limit on the GW strain amplitude from elliptically deformed stars is very sensitive to the density dependence of the symmetry energy. This suggests that future developments in modeling of the neutron star crust, and direct gravitational wave signals from accreting binaries will provide a wealth of information on the EOS of neutron-rich matter. We also review the sensitivity of the r -mode instability window to the density dependence of the symmetry energy. Whereas models with larger values of the density slope of the symmetry energy at saturation seem to be disfavored by the current observational data, within a simple r -mode model, we point out that a subsequent softer behavior of the symmetry energy at high densities (hinted at by recent observational interpretations) could rule them in.

Field of study: Physics
Inland, Coastal, and Offshore Magnetotelluric Measurements in Eastern Canada

For six weeks during the summer of 1966 simultaneous magnetic and electric field recordings were made on the east coast of Canada at Fredericton, N.B., Halifax, N.S., and Sable Island. The data from these stations have been analyzed using power spectral techniques. Comparison of the simultaneous recordings from Halifax and Sable Island with those from Fredericton and Agincourt indicate some enhancement in the intensity of the vertical component of the magnetic field for periods less than 40 min at Halifax and attenuation in its intensity for periods less than 3 h at Sable Island. The enhancement at Halifax has been interpreted in terms of the "coast effect" while the effect of the island and of differences in the subsurface conductivity under the continent and under the ocean have been shown to be possible causes of the relative attenuation in the Z variations at Sable Island.

Field of study: Environmental science
Analysis on correlation problem of exercise-induced achilles tendon rupture

Through the analysis of exerciseinduced achilles tendon rupture,provided treatment to 24 patients,among whom were 19 operation treatment cases and 5 conservative treatment cases.Achilles tendon rupture,in especial,athlete achilles tendon rupture is mainly related to achilles inflammation,insufficient warmup activities ,ages and putup weight are also important factors.operation treatment is more reasonable although treatment should vary from person to person.

Field of study: Education
High rates of ammonium recycling in northwestern Lake Taihu and adjacent rivers: An important pathway of nutrient supply in a water column.

The ammonium (NH4+) pool in the water column of eutrophic lakes is dynamic and undergoes tightly coupled production and consumption processes because of the metabolism of bacterial and algal communities, particularly in summer. However, NH4+ recycling rates along nutrient gradients at river-lake transitional zones and the extent to which NH4+ regeneration can compensate for consumption have been poorly studied. In August (flood period) and November (normal period), 2016, NH4+ regeneration rates (REGs) and potential uptake rates (Upots) were measured in northwestern Lake Taihu and adjacent rivers. Results showed that the REGs ranged from 0.09 to 3.30 μmol N L-1 h-1 and the Upots ranged from 0.20 to 4.88 μmol N L-1 h-1, with higher recycling rates occurring at the river sites. Yet, the lake sites showed significantly higher water column NH4+ demand (WCAD) than that of the adjacent river sites during both seasons (p < 0.05), probably as a result of the low REGs and the lack of exogenous nitrogen (N) inputs. The flood period showed significantly higher REG and Upot values than those of the normal period (p < 0.05), probably controlled by higher water temperature and algal biomass. This study confirms that regenerated NH4+ was more important than the ambient NH4+ for sustaining cyanobacterial blooms in northwestern Lake Taihu and indicates that the river-lake transitional zones are key areas for N control in this hypereutrophic system.

Field of study: Environmental science
Pathophysiological aspects of the use of botulinum toxin dysport in the upper motor neuron lesion

The most frequent causes of disability of patients with neurological diseases are motor disorders in the upper motor neuron lesion caused by the damage of the brain and/or the spinal cord that resulted in the formation of spastic paresis and paralysis. The correct understanding of the pathophysiological basis of clinical presentations of the upper motor neuron lesion will allow to chose the most adequate and prognostically successful methods of treatment. Currently, treatment with botulotoxin can be considered as such a method. This method in the combination with non-pharmacological rehabilitation decreases the activity of phasic and tonic stretching reflexes, associated contractions, synkinesia, spastic dystonia and spasticity that leads to the increase in muscle elasticity, mobility of extremities, reduction of pain, joint stiffness and soft tissue deformation that, in its turn, can increase the independence of the patient from any help.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Diagnostic usefulness of cerebrospinal fluid IgG in multiple sclerosis and other neurological disorders

MS is one of the most common neurologic disorders encountered in the United States. An increase in the CSF IgG index or IgG synthesis rate within CNS, and the presence of CSF oligoclonal bands, now serve as important tools for the diagnosis of MS. Although IEF shows better identification of a number of distinct oligoclonal bands compared to AGE, the latter appears to be a more convenient system for the average hospital's clinical laboratory. These findings are not specific to MS, and similar CSF abnormalities occur in other, more rarely neurologic diseases. It is generally easy to distinguish MS from these other diseases when a thorough clinical and laboratory evaluation is carried out. However, the detection of these CSF IgG abnormalities in non-MS patients may offer an important clue to the presence of a previously unsuspected chronic infection or inflammatory process involving the CNS.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Developing a user-friendly decision support system for the wetlands corridor of the Gulf of California

In this paper we describe the development of the software TreeDSS, a user-friendly decision support system, developed as a central component of the project “The wetlands corridor of the Gulf of California (WCGC)”. It aims to provide a support tool to partners of the project for structuring and solving frequent multicriteria evaluation problems, such as suitability and vulnerability assessment, resource allocation and zoning. TreeDSS basically allows users to build decision trees by coding expert knowledge using a friendly graphical interface and couples automatically with the geographic information software ArcMap 9.3 to present results both, as tables and maps, making it possible for evaluators reviewing criteria, ranges and decisions reached in real time. To illustrate how the software can be used in a real management situation, we present, as case study the development of a suitability assessment model to identify potential feeding grounds for migratory birds along the WCGC.

Field of study: Environmental science
The western edge of the Mediterranean Pelagian Platform: A Messinian mixed siliciclastic-carbonate ramp in northern Tunisia

The marine Messinian deposits of Tunisia cover a narrow littoral strip some 300 km long between the northern Bizerte and Cap Bon areas and the central-eastern Sahel region. Litho- and biofacies analysis of six stratigraphic sections reveals the distinctive features of these deposits.;The lower Messinian deposits are characterized by ubiquitous siliciclastics and abundant oolitic/bioclastic limestones organized in an eastward facing ramp. Westward (landward), this ramp changes into coastal lagoons, sometimes containing evaporites. Eastward, the ramp passes to the reefal Pelagian Platform extending as far as Lampedusa.;Two main sedimentary cycles are distinguished: 1) an early Messinian siliciclastic retrogradational then oolitic/bioclastic progradational cycle (Beni Khiar Formation and lower Oued bel Khedim Formation): 2) a late Messinian brackish to continental cycle that probably accumulated in rapidly subsiding lagoons (Cued el Bir Formation and upper Oued bel Khedim Formation). The Tunisian early Messinian cycle is partly eustatically controlled, but the late Messinian cycle cannot be confidently correlated to other well-known Messinian series because of tectonic movements.;The lower Messinian deposits of Tunisia are also characterized by abundant suspension-feeding organisms (molluscs and bryozoans) and rare corals, calcareous algae, echinoids, and larger benthic foraminifers. The proposed palaeoenvironmental model shows that the lower Messinian ramp of Tunisia was located on a current-protected margin and subjected to continent-derived sediment and nutrient supply. Eastward, nutrient influx diminished and a shallow-water isolated carbonate platform with coralgal facies developed between the western and the eastern Mediterranean basins. The main hydrological connection between these two basins occurred through a narrow seaway situated to the northeast of the Pelagian Platform, south of Sicily and Malta.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Internet Piracy among Business Students: An Application of Triandis Model

This paper reports the findings from a survey of 116 Business Students intention towards Internet piracy. This study was based on the Triandis (1980) model which proposed six factors that influence intention to perform a behavior but only four factors are discussed in this paper. Results from the study shows that habit has a positive relationship with affect towards internet piracy. Perceived consequences and social factors were positively related to intention towards internet piracy. Besides that, affect was found not to be a significant predictor of intention towards internet piracy. The awareness from the individual is the most important thing in order to prevent the widespread problem of internet piracy. Implications of the study are discussed and recommendations for future research are provided.

Field of study: Business
Remediation plans in family medicine residency

To assess use of the remediation instrument that has been implemented in training sites at the University of Montreal in Quebec to support faculty in diagnosing and remediating resident academic difficulties, to examine whether and how this particular remediation instrument improves the remediation process, and to determine its effects on the residents’ subsequent rotation assessments.  A multimethods approach in which data were collected from different sources: remediation plans developed by faculty, program statistics for the corresponding academic years, and students’ academic records and rotation assessment results.  Family medicine residency program at the University of Montreal.  Family medicine residents in academic difficulty.  Assessment of the content, process, and quality of remediation plans, and students’ academic and rotation assessment results (successful, below expectations, or failure) both before and after the remediation period.  The framework that was developed for assessing remediation plans was used to analyze 23 plans produced by 10 teaching sites for 21 residents. All plans documented cognitive problems and implemented numerous remediation measures. Although only 48% of the plans were of good quality, implementation of a remediation plan was positively associated with the resident’s success in rotations following the remediation period.  The use of remediation plans is well embedded in training sites at the University of Montreal. The residents’ difficulties were mainly cognitive in nature, but this generally related to deficits in clinical reasoning rather than knowledge gaps. The reflection and analysis required to produce a remediation plan helps to correct many academic difficulties and normalize the academic career of most residents in difficulty. Further effort is still needed to improve the quality of plans and to support teachers.

Field of study: Medicine
Carnivore conservation under land use change: the status of Zimbabwe’s cheetah population after land reform

Large terrestrial carnivores especially have experienced substantial declines in range and numbers. Changes in land use are a main driver of such declines, yet various developing countries have accelerated land use change through state-led land reform programmes. One of the most renowned land reform programmes is Zimbabwe’s fast track land reform programme (FTLRP), which resulted in fast and compulsory subdivision of large commercial farms into indigenized small scale commercial and subsistence farms. Several case studies have shown an impact of the FTLRP on wildlife, however, its effect on wildlife populations at a nationwide scale remains largely unknown. Due to its wide-ranging nature, the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) is particularly vulnerable to changes in land use. In this study I used questionnaire survey and citizen science data to determine the population status and distribution of the cheetah 15 years after introduction of the FTLRP. I also assessed the level of human-cheetah conflict, and attitudes of commercial and subsistence farmers towards cheetah. I found dramatic range contractions and population declines, particularly in the landscape outside protected areas. Despite minimal conflict, subsistence farmers were less tolerant to cheetah than commercial farmers. Consequently, land reform is likely to have increased the hostility of the cheetah landscape outside protected areas. This study is one of the most comprehensive species assessments to date. It provides valuable empirical data on the implications of land use change and emphasizes how a lack of knowledge impedes our ability to recognize a species vulnerability to (local) extinction risk.

Field of study: Environmental science