nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF CRACK FACE CONTACT AND FRICTION ON DYNAMIC STRESS INTENSITY FACTORS FOR A DOUBLE-EDGE CRACKED PLATE

The finite element method is used to solve the problem of dynamic frictional contact between the crack surfaces for a double-edge cracked plate subjected to compressive impact loading.The square-root stress singularity around the crack tip is simulated by quarter point singular elements.The dynamic stress intensity factors are evaluated by the displacement correlation technique.The effect of the crack face contact and friction on the dynamic stress intensity factors is investigated.The numerical results indicate that if the contact interaction between the crack surfaces is ignored, the negative dynamic stress intensity factors for mode I may be obtained and a physically impossible interpenetration or overlap of the crack surfaces will occur.It is also observed that with increasing friction the tangential relative displacements at the crack edges and dynamic stress intensity factors for mode II decrease.

Field of study: Engineering
Uptake and transformation of arsenic during the vegetative life stage of terrestrial fungi.

Many species of terrestrial fungi produce fruiting bodies that contain high proportions of arsenobetaine (AB), an arsenic compound of no known toxicity. It is unknown whether fungi produce or accumulate AB from the surrounding environment. The present study targets the vegetative life stage (mycelium) of fungi, to examine the role of this stage in arsenic transformations and potential formation of AB. The mycelia of three different fungi species were cultured axenically and exposed to AB, arsenate (As(V)) and dimethylarsinoyl acetic acid for 60 days. Agaricus bisporus was additionally exposed to hypothesized precursors for AB and the exposure time to As(V) and dimethlyarsinic acid was also extended to 120 days. The mycelia of all fungi species accumulated all arsenic compounds with two species accumulating significantly more AB than other compounds. Few biotransformations were observed in these experiments indicating that it is unlikely that the mycelium of the fungus is responsible for biosynthesizing AB.

Field of study: Environmental science
Traveling Far in Grandfather’s Car: The Life Cycle of Central Colombian Coffee Estates. The Case of Viotá, Cundinamarca (1900-30)

When I hear it said that the cultivation of coffee should bring great prosperity to our country, I am happy and wish that it could be so. But then I recall our distance from the sea, the oppressiveness of government, the scarcity of labor, the laziness of our workers, the dearness of money and tools, the insecurity in which we live (waiting for revolution, if not in the middle of one), our backwardness in mechanical skills, time, and capital which are in addition to hard work integral to the success of any coffee enterprise. Thus, I shelter grave fears that all this prosperity will only be wishful thinking. Pedro Alejo Forerol September 1879 Viota', Cundinamarca

Field of study: History
Uighur Information Retrieval System Based on Meta-Search Engine

Because different Uighur Website using different character encoding systems or different ch-aracter system,it makes a single search engine hard to balance the different Uighur infor-mation on the Website.According to the characteristic of Uighur Web pages content re-trieval,proposes to use meta search engine to complete the collection of Web page informa-tion,through information filtering technology,extracting information from the dynamic flow of information to meet the demand of personalized information catalogue,and then writes them in the database after removing the duplicate content,and compares with the sensitive information database.

Field of study: Computer science
Development of progressive oral presentations in a therapeutics course series.

To develop and implement a series of progressive evidence-based, oral presentation activities within the therapeutics series to strengthen interprofessional oral communication and literature evaluation skills.



A step-wise progression of oral presentations was created to establish interprofessional communication skills and reinforce such skills in successive modules. Students progressed from a basic oral presentation to a brief clinical trial presentation, followed by a full journal club, culminating with a therapeutic debate. Guidelines and assessment tools were developed for each presentation focusing on style, content and organization, and analytic approach. Feedback was obtained from students and faculty members through the administration of survey instruments at the midpoint of advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPE).


ASSESSMENT
The majority of students successfully completed each oral presentation. Most felt prepared for APPE presentations due to increased Microsoft PowerPoint skills, literature exposure/evaluation, and comfort/confidence in presenting before an audience. Faculty members stated that the innovation organized students' thoughts and increased presentation clarity, resulting in less need to offer student assistance during APPEs.



Our progressive approach to oral presentations has been successful and well received by students and faculty members. Our innovation has fostered oral interprofessional communication skills in our pharmacy students, and we will continue to utilize this approach.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
When Peace Leads to Divorce: The Splintering of Rebel Groups in Powersharing Agreements

While research has already focused on power-sharing agreements by assessing specific effects of political, economic, territorial and military provisions, some provisions might be more important than others. This paper argues that the content of an agreement is crucial for the cohesion of a signatory rebel group since these are strongly affected by resource-distribution and the way in which the underlying conflict is managed. Investigating on the Free Aceh Movement and the Moro National Liberation Front, this study concludes that the implementation of power-sharing is decisive. When inner-core provisions and single factions are addressed, groups tend to stay united.

Field of study: History, Sociology
Universal Taylor series on unbounded open sets

Universal Taylor series where the universal approximation is valid on the boundary of the open unit disc can not be smooth or bounded. If the universal approximation is not requested to be valid on the boundary, then it is well known that the universal function can be bounded and smooth. We extend this result to unbounded open sets Ω, such that {∞} ∪ (C – Ω¯) is connected.

Field of study: Philosophy
Study of clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae producing extended spectrum β-lactamases

To investigate the prevalence, phenotypical and genotypical characteristics of extended spectrum β lactamases producing Enterobacteriaceae strains from Peking Union Medical College Hospital in China.  162 strains of nosocomial Enterobacteriaceae from February to April, 1999 were investigated for the production for extended spectrum β lactamases (ESBLs) by phenotypic screening and confirmatory test provided by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Isoelectric focusing, inhibition assay, conjugation were used to determine the phenotype of the enzyme; Plasmid DNA preparation, pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), TEM or SHV or CTX M3 specific PCR and DNA sequencing were used to determine the genotype of the enzymes. Results 11.4% (5/44) of E.coli , 39.5% (17/43) of K.pneumoniae , 6.0% (3/50) of E.cloacae and 8.0% (2/25) of C.freundii produced ESBLs. Cefotaxime MICs was much higher than ceftazidime in the ESBL producing strains, and all of the strains were susceptible to imipenem except 1 strain of E.cloacae . Most isolates produced two to six enzymes. 19 of 27 ESBL producing strains (70.3%) expressed CTX M 3 β lactamase (pI 8.6), which can be inhibited by clavulanate. This ESBL properties can be transferred into E.coli C600 and conferred higher resistance to cefotaxime than ceftazidime. A subset of clinical isolates tested by PFGE of chromosomal DNA revealed multiple clones.  ESBL producing strains were very common in this hospital and CTX M 3 β lactamase was the most prevalent.

Field of study: Biology
OVERTHRUST ORDOVICIAN AND THE NANNIE'S PEAK INTRUSIVE, LONE MOUNTAIN, ELKO COUNTY, NEVADA

The Lower Paleozoic rocks of the Great Basin consist of an eastern facies, composed of carbonate rocks, in eastern Nevada and western Utah, and a western facies, composed of clastic rocks, cherts, and volcanic rocks, in central and western Nevada. Major thrust faults have moved the rocks of the western facies eastward over the rocks of the eastern facies.

The trace of one such thrust fault is exposed on the flanks of Lone Mountain in Elko County, Nevada. The rocks of the eastern facies lie beneath the thrust fault and are subdivided into the autochthonous McClellan Creek sequence and the allochthonous Coal Creek sequence. The McClellan Creek sequence is composed of Devonian? limestones; it is successively overthrust by the Devonian fractured limestone of the lower plate of the Coal Creek sequence and by the Upper Devonian limestones, shales, and calcareous siltstones of the upper plate of the Coal Creek sequence.

The rocks of the western facies lie above the thrust fault in a series of thrust slices. The name Basco formation is proposed for mappable lithic units in one of the thrust slices. The Basco formation is Ordovician and contains four members: (1) basal calcareous siltstone with a sandstone bed and lenses of altered peridotite, (2) lower chert, (3) shale, and (4) upper chert. About 1750 feet of the Basco formation is exposed within the thrust slice. The calcareous siltstone member of the Basco formation contains Early Ordovician graptolites, and the shale member contains Middle Ordovician graptolites. The Basco formation is overlain by Silurian siltstone.

The thrust fault at Lone Mountain is domed up by intrusive rocks of probable Miocene age. The most striking of these is the Nannie's Peak intrusive, which forms the crest of Lone Mountain; the intrusive is arcuate in map view, and it is interpreted to be a dike. Related stocks and dikes crop out on the east flank of the mountain.

North, west, and south of Lone Mountain, the Paleozoic rocks are overlain by Cenozoic conglomerate that grades upward into welded tuffs. Normal faulting may bound Lone Mountain along its eastern margin, and the desert valley to the east is floored with vitric tuffs and with younger alluvium. The vitric tuffs are probably of late Miocene age, and they seem to grade laterally into the welded tuffs that lie north, west, and south of Lone Mountain.

Field of study: Geology
Development and Testing of a Simple Carbon Dioxide Enrichment Controller for Growth Chambers

Proportional and proportional plus integral (PI) computer algorithms were implemented with a low cost pulse width modulated injection system to control CO2 in a 7.8 m3 growth chamber. Experimental studies with plants in the growth chamber showed that average CO2 concentrations over 12 h were within 3 and 1 mmol mol–1 of set point for the proportional and PI controllers, respectively. The positive offset in CO2 concentration found for the proportional control was attributed to sampled measurements and pulse width modulated CO2 injection, and discussion was presented on how true errors differ from measured error estimates for pulse width modulated injection with long sampling periods relative to injection periods.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Identifying Circular RNA and Predicting Its Regulatory Interactions by Machine Learning

Circular RNA (circRNA) is a closed long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) formed by covalently closed loops through back-splicing. Emerging evidence indicates that circRNA can influence cellular physiology through various molecular mechanisms. Thus, accurate circRNA identification and prediction of its regulatory information are critical for understanding its biogenesis. Although several computational tools based on machine learning have been proposed for circRNA identification, the prediction accuracy remains to be improved. Here, first we present circLGB, a machine learning-based framework to discriminate circRNA from other lncRNAs. circLGB integrates commonly used sequence-derived features and three new features containing adenosine to inosine (A-to-I) deamination, A-to-I density and the internal ribosome entry site. circLGB categorizes circRNAs by utilizing a LightGBM classifier with feature selection. Second, we introduce circMRT, an ensemble machine learning framework to systematically predict the regulatory information for circRNA, including their interactions with microRNA, the RNA binding protein, and transcriptional regulation. Feature sets including sequence-based features, graph features, genome context, and regulatory information features were modeled in circMRT. Experiments on public and our constructed datasets show that the proposed algorithms outperform the available state-of-the-art methods. circLGB is available at http://www.circlgb.com. Source codes are available at https://github.com/Peppags/circLGB-circMRT.

Field of study: Biology
Apolipoprotein E, CI and B Gene Polymorphisms in a Sample of Patients with Coronary Heart Disease in the Kuwaiti Population

The objective of this study was to investigate the possible association of clinical variables and apolipoprotein (APOE, APOCI and APOB) polymorphisms with the development of myocardial infraction (MI) and coronary heart disease (CHD) in Kuwaitis.  MI and in 122 controls matched for gender and age. Statistical and genetic analyses of the genotype, allele and haplotype frequencies, as well as regression analyses of genetic and clinical variables were done.  There was a statistically significant association between CHD and medical history of diabetes mellitus (p < 0.001), hypertension (p < 0.01), high cholesterol (p < 0.05) and family history of CHD (p < 0.001). A highly significant association (p < 0.001) was found, with an adjusted odds ratio of 9.32, for family history and the development of MI. No significant differences were found for allele or genotype frequencies between CHD patients and controls.  The strong effect of family history suggests a major genetic component for the development of CHD in Kuwaitis, but this association does not appear to be related to the APO genes studied here. The results in this study encourages future research into these and other polymorphisms and their potential association with MI and CHD in the Kuwaiti population.

Field of study: Medicine
Design, synthesis, and structure of alkyl 1H-pyrazolecarboxylates from a raspberry ketone methyl ether

This paper reports a one-pot synthesis of 5-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylates via cyclocondensation of 1,1,1-trichloro-4-methoxy-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)hex-3-en-2-one with hydrazine hydrochloride in ROH (R = Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, i-Bu, i-Am, hexadecyl) under conventional and microwave heating. Yields are comparable in both methods, but under MW heating the reaction proceeds faster. The antioxidant activity of the compounds was measured using DPPH radical scavenging assay. It was observed, that the increase of the alcohol chain length decreases the antioxidant potential of the raspberry ketone derived molecular system.

Field of study: Chemistry
Access to industrial process periphery via Java for process control (JFPC)

Using Java for real world I/O requires its availability in real-time (RT) systems. It is widely accepted that in a plain Java environment, RT characteristics get lost and the required programming interfaces are missing. So there are several ongoing standardization efforts for RT Java. An essential aspect (also important for non-RT systems) is the access to external I/Os. The Siemens product Java for process control (JFPC), which is based on the ideas of OLE for process control (OPC) addresses this aspect. It is available under the proprietary RT kernel RMOS and under Windows NT. Forschungszentrum Julich developed different JFPC providers in order to access industrial components via PROFIBUS DP using an experimental version of JFPC under Linux. The paper presents the status of the different standardization efforts for RT Java and the key features of JFPC. It describes the implementation of a JFPC provider for PROFIBUS DP and shows how it can be used to access industrial sensors and actuators. Experiences and performance results are discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Exploring intersections of physicality and female‐only canoeing experiences1

The benefits of single‐gender experiences for females have been discussed in a variety of contexts, including education, sport and outdoor recreation. In both the discourses of female‐run outdoor adventure travel programs providing such experiences, and the leisure studies and outdoor education literatures, claims are made about the distinct social environment created on such trips and the positive outcomes for females undertaking them. Absent from these discourses is reference to empirical research exploring women's perceptions of such experiences, thereby allowing one to evaluate the merit of such claims. In what would initially appear to be an observation in a completely different vein, there is also a relative dearth of scholarly examinations within leisure and recreational studies of women's lived‐body experiences of their physicalities through active outdoor recreation, and the potentially empowering effects of them. This paper seeks to draw out the connections between these seemingly disparate observations through a qualitative examination of women's experiences of female‐only wilderness canoeing. While the reasons articulated by the women for undertaking such an experience did not explicitly identify issues related to their physicalities, clearly these issues resonated with and held implications for their experiences of them. This, in turn, provides substantiation for claims regarding the importance of the provision of all‐female outdoor experiences.

Field of study: Sociology
Description of a High Rate Luminosity Monitor Installed at CESR

In response to a need for a fast, direct measure of luminosity for the purpose of machine optimization, a high rate luminosity monitor has been constructed for CESR. The interaction regions at CESR employ a standard minibeta lattice in which the inner quadrupoles are vertically focussing. Bhabha scattered particles are horizontally defocussed upon traversing these quadrupoles. A beam pipe constricted in the horizontal plane was constructed to detect these high event rate particles. This paper is a description of the luminosity, background, and accidental rates observed with various detector schemes. These results are compared with calculations. Stability and beam steering sensitivies are also explored.

Field of study: Physics
Design for the peptide analog of calcium binding loops by considering the steric restriction effect of incorporated nonprotein amino acids

A dodecapeptide was designed for a structural analog of calcium binding loops in EF-hand based on their averaged dihedral angles. The synthesized peptide contains three nonprotein amino acids, namely a D-alanine and two α-aminoisobutyric acids, which help this small segment to conserve the intrinsic conformation in calcium binding proteins by their steric restriction effect.

Field of study: Chemistry
Stimulatory effect of trans-cinnamaldehyde on norepinephrine secretion in cultured pheochromocytoma (PC-12) cells.

The effect of trans-cinnamaldehyde (CNMA) on the release of norepinephrine (NE) from nerve terminal was investigated using rat pheochromocytoma 12 (PC-12) cells.



The amount of NA released from PC-12 cells incubated with CNMA or related substances was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-electrochemical detection. The lipophilic anion bisoxonol was used to monitor the effect of CNMA on the membrane potential.



CNMA stimulated the secretion of NE in a concentration-dependent manner from 5 mumol/L to 50 mumol/L, while the value of lactate dehydrogenase in the incubated medium was not influenced by CNMA. However, acetaldehyde, cinnamic acid, cinnamoyl chloride and cinnamamide failed to produce similar effect. The action of CNMA can thus be considered specific. The depolarizing effect of CNMA on the membrane potential was also illustrated by a concentration-dependent increase in the fluorescence of bisoxonol, a potential-sensitive dye. Saxitoxin attenuated the depolarizing action of CNMA at concentrations sufficient to block sodium channels. Besides, the effect of CNMA to depolarize the membrane potential in PC-12 cells is greater than that of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP). The action of CNMA on NE releasing depends on extracellular Ca2+ and is attenuated by 8-bromo-cAMP at concentrations sufficient to inhibit the action of cyclic AMP.



These findings suggest that CNMA can depolarize the membrane to result in a Ca(2+)-dependent and cyclic AMP-related release of NE from PC-12 cells.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
NWS's Flash Flood Warning and Disaster Preparedness Programs

Flash floods have become the nation's number one stormy weather killer in the 1970s. Deaths from flash floods are now approaching 200 each year compared to an average of less than 70 per year during the preceding 30-year period. Losses from flash floods are now nearly 10 times what they were in the 1940s. To combat these escalating losses the National Weather Service (NWS) is expanding its efforts to improve forecasting and warning of flash floods and to improve the public's response to flash flood threats. This paper summarizes the present and planned NWS operational flash flood warning and disaster preparedness programs.

Field of study: Environmental science
OS PRIMÓRDIOS DA PRÀTICA DO WU-SHU /KUNG FU EM PORTO ALEGRE, RIO GRANDE DO SUL (DÉCADAS DE 1970-1990)

The practice of Wu-shu, popularly known as Kung Fu, was introduced to Porto Alegre’s people by Master Lee Cheung Deh in 1975. After Master Lee’s arrival in Porto Alegre Wushu started to spread, specially the Northern Shaolin style, in places designed to martial arts practice. The objective of this study is to describe how Northern Shaolin Wu-shu practice was established in Porto Alegre city, from 1975 to 1992. Wu-shu practice in Porto Alegre was institutionalized after Master Lee’s exhibition. Due to the growing number of Northern Shaolin Wushu practitioners the local Kung Fu/Wushu federation (Federacao Gaucha de Kung Fu/Wushu) was created in 1992, and it is now named as Federacao Gaucha de Wushu, waving a new phase to this sportive practice.

Field of study: Education
Z Connection Station Transformer Ought to Reinforce Longitudinal Insulation Detecting

Based on analyzing the occurrence of several electrical equipment accidents and structural characters of Z connection wiring transformers and cast resin transformers,pointed out that the dry-type transformers due to poor manufacturing processes may result in running partial discharge,further due to poor heat dissipation and other reasons,causing insulation cracking,leading to inter turn short circuit.A routine test,basically to test transformer insulation strength by imposing AC withstand voltage can not detect longitudinal insulation damage.By induced over voltage withstand test,partial discharge test,dry-type transformer insulation hidden damage can be detected.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics