nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Family medicine rotations and medical students' intention to pursue family medicine: Descriptive study.

To identify specific factors occurring during family medicine (FM) rotations that were associated with a change in intention to pursue FM.



Transversal descriptive study. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed on SurveyMonkey between September 2015 and April 2016.



Family medicine rotation sites affiliated with the University of Montreal in Quebec.



Medical students who were conducting their rotations at participating sites and who had not yet chosen their residency specialty.



Specific factors occurring during a rotation that influenced medical students' intention to pursue FM in residency.



In the sample population, it was found that the FM rotation was generally highly appreciated by study participants, and that it improved the FM specialty's image while positively influencing the participants' intention to pursue FM. The degree of exposure to different areas of practice, overall atmosphere, the presence of role models, and the desire to return to the rotation site to practise were all moderately associated with a positive change in intention to pursue FM. There was a weak association between pursuing FM and participants' perception of physicians' interest in their work, rural rotation sites, positive interactions with physicians, perceptions of the rotation's level of difficulty, and degree of satisfaction with the final assessment. The results for other factors were not statistically significant. Concerning a negative change in the intention to pursue FM in residency, 2 factors were identified: the absence of a role model and lack of interest in returning to the rotation site. New positive factors were identified: overall atmosphere and the desire to return to the rotation site to practise.



Several factors related to the FM rotations appeared to act as prime motivators for change toward pursuing FM. This could support the development of an assessment tool and the improvement of FM rotations.

Field of study: Medicine
Self-Versus Other-Referent Processing at Encoding and Retrieval

The interactive roles of encoding and retrieval processes were examined in relation to self-versus other-referencing in an incidental recognition-memory experiment. At encoding, subjects made either a self-or other-referent judgment about each of a large number of traits. At test, retrieval cues were varied by having subjects make a self-referent judgment, an other-referent judgment, or no judgment about each original trait plus an equal number of new traits. The trait words were more accurately recognized when retrieval cueing reinstated the original encoding context (whether self-or other-referent) than when it instated the other context. In addition, although self-referent encoding yielded better memory than other-referent encoding in the self-referent and no-cue retrieval conditions, other-referent encoding yielded equally good memory in the other-referent retrieval condition. Although self-referent trait judgments were more consistent than other-referent judgments, consistency did not mediate the memory effects. It was suggested that the greater efficacy of self-referent encoding may stem in part from the interactive roles of encoding and retrieval operations in conjunction with a habitual tendency to process trait information with reference to the self

Field of study: Psychology
Gambogic acid induces death inducer-obliterator 1-mediated apoptosis in Jurkat T cells

To explore the anticancer effects and the molecular mechanisms of gambogic acid (GA) on Jurkat cells.Cell viability was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Annexin V-fluorescein-isothiocyanate/propidium iodide, DNA defragmentation, and comet assay were used to detect apoptosis. Western blotting was used to study the expression of death inducer-obliterator-1 (DIO-1), Bcl-2, NF-κB, and procaspase 3, as well as 2 activated subunits: p17 and p20. The subcellular localization of DIO-1 was examined by immunofluorescence and Hoechst33258 staining.GA inhibited the proliferation of Jurkat cells with 50% inhibitory concentration values of 1.51±0.09 (24 h), 0.98±0.13 (48 h), and 0.67±0.12 μmol/L (72 h). GA was able to induce apoptosis of Jurkat cells. Treated by GA, the expression of DIO-1 was upregulated, and that of Bcl-2 and NF-κB was downregulated, leading to the activation of pro-caspase 3. GA induced the translocation of DIO-1 to the nucleus.GA suppressed the proliferation of Jurkat cells by apoptosis induction. DIO-1 triggered early-stage cell death in GA-treated Jurkat cells.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Beugung von Li+-Ionen an CCl4 Abweichung von der Debye-Ehrenfestschen Streutheorie

ZusammenfassungBeugungsversuche mit schnellen Li7+-Ionen (30 keV) an CCl4-Gas führten zu sieben Interferenzmaxima, deren relative Lage und Intensität angenähert durch die Debye-Ehrenfestsche Theorie beschrieben werden. Dagegen weicht die aus den Beugungswinkeln bestimmte Wellenlänge (ie239-001 cm) um den Faktor 1/2,3 von der aus der de Broglie-Beziehung bestimmten Wellenlänge (ie239-002 cm) ab. Vermutlich kommt diese Abweichung dadurch zustande, daß die der Debye-Ehrenfestschen Theorie zugrunde liegenden Vorstellungen für die Streuung von Li+-Ionen nicht ausreichend zutreffen.

Field of study: Physics
Finding that a Child is at Risk from Sexual Abuse: Re H (Minors) (Sexual Abuse: Standard of Proof)

In Re H (Minors) (Sexual Abuse: Standard of Proof)' the House of Lords was faced with a case which raised fundamental questions about the standard of proof to be applied by the court to allegations of sexual abuse. Such allegations could form the basis for granting a care or supervision order on the grounds that the child is, in the words of the Children Act 1989, likely to suffer significant harm if the order is not made.2 In the criminal courts, any alleged abuse would, of course, require the criminal standard of proof. However, in civil care or supervision proceedings, should only the ordinary civil standard be required, or should civil courts adopt a standard which reflects the enormity of the allegation and therefore requires more convincing evidence? Furthermore, should the same standard of proof apply to allegations which raise the possibility that abuse would happen in the future as to allegations that abuse had happened in the past? What if, as happened in this case, the trial judge, whilst holding that there was a 'real possibility' that the allegations were true, nevertheless decided that the evidence was not sufficient to satisfy the required standard of proof for past sexual abuse? Could he nevertheless find, on the basis of his strong suspicions, that there was the requisite likelihood of future harm? These were not simply nice points of law but were central to decisions about the lives of children and their families. There is a

Field of study: Law
An Unique Design of Temperature Compensated SC-Cut Crystal Oscillators

To improve the temperature characteristics of SC-cut oscillators without degrading their phase noise and short term stabilities, an oscillator circuit has been designed. This circuit uses an AT-cut resonator as a temperature reference of the output frequency, that is, the oscillation frequency of the SC-cut circuit traces the temperature characteristics of the AT-cut resonator. Experimental results show that the frequency stability for the temperature is improved 30 times better than normal oscillators.

Field of study: Computer science
Extant microbial communities in the partially desiccated Rincon de Parangueo maar crater lake in Mexico.

Rincon de Parangueo is a maar where a perennial lake was present until the 1980s. A conspicuous feature of the lake's sediments is the presence of bioherms and organo-sedimentary deposits produced by microbial communities. The gradual lake desiccation during the last 40 years has produced dramatic environmental changes inside the maar basin, which resulted in the formation of a highly saline-alkaline system with extant microorganisms. In this paper we succinctly describe the geologic setting where the microbial communities have developed inside of the maar crater and the results obtained from high-throughput sequencing methods to characterize the microbial component (Bacteria, Eukarya and Archaea) in endolithic mats of calcareous sediments, and microbial mats and free-living microorganisms in the soda ponds. The studied sites displayed different microbial communities with a diverse number of phylotypes belonging to Bacteria and Eukarya, contrasting with a much less diverse component in Archaea. The sequences here detected were related to environmental sequences from sites with extreme life conditions such as high alkalinity (alkaliphiles), high salinity (halophiles) and high temperature (thermophiles). Moreover, our results indicate an important unexplored endemic microbial biodiversity in the vestiges of the former lake that need to be studied.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
The distribution of splice variants of the NMDAR1 subunit mRNA in adult rat brain.

Regional variation in the alternative splice forms of the NMDAR1 subunit mRNA was investigated by in situ hybridization in the adult rat brain, using radiolabelled splice-specific oligonucleotide probes. Each splice variant was detected in an individual distribution. The NMDAR1-a and NMDAR1-2 forms were widely and abundantly distributed throughout the brain, except for the inferior colliculus. The NMDAR1-b and NMDAR1-4 variants were located in similar patterns in fewer areas (e.g. parietal cortex, hippocampus CA3, thalamus, inferior colliculus, cerebellar granule cells). In contrast, the NMDAR1-1 forms were distributed in a pattern approximately complementary in the forebrain to that of NMDAR1-4 (weakly expressed in thalamus and inferior colliculus). The NMDAR1-3 variants were not abundant in any structure. Considerable overlap of the in situ hybridization images was noted, so all eight splice combinations are possible in heterogenous distributions. Correlation of the distribution of NMDAR1 mRNA splice forms with functional analyses of heteromeric recombinant receptors will be necessary to ascertain if alternative splicing of the NMDAR1 subunit can account for some of the known heterogeneity of endogenous NMDA receptors.

Field of study: Biology
Improving Students' Participation in Active Learning Methods: Group Discussions, Presentations and Demonstrations: A Case of Madda Walabu University Second Year Tourism Management Students of 2014.

Education is a means by which people develop and acquire knowledge, skills, values and attitudes. It paves the way for development and plays vital role (serve as a catalyst) in bringing socio-cultural, economical, technological, political and environmental advancements. The general objective of this study was  to  improve Second Year Tourism Management Students’ participation in active learning methods (especially in group discussions, presentations and demonstrations) and identify challenges that hamper students not to participate actively in class and off class learning sessions. Descriptive research design was devised and longitudinal research design was employed. Questionnaires were distributed for all 42 second year tourism management students, and of which 35, were returned (properly filled) and valid for analysis. Secondary and primary sources of data had been used to interpret the results. To analyze quantitative data, descriptive statistical analyses of mean and standard deviation were computed using SPSS version 20.0. The findings of the study revealed that 75% of the students assured that group discussion gives them more chance to participate freely in the class than demonstrations and presentations. The study  also indicateded that the major challenges that hinder learners not to participate actively in group discussions, presentations and demonstrations were shortage of time, poor academic background, shyness, poor communication skills, requirements for presentations and demonstrations (formal attires, materials) and lack of preparation. The researchers have provided solutions such as to improve the student’s attendance, contribution and responsibility for their learning, the first step is to motivate them by calling their name and teachers had better be friendly, sociable and approachable to learners. It is also helpful that asking students to present material to their peers (with their peers involved in the assessment) would alert all the students to be best presenter or demonstrator of the day which in return increase their subject-specific knowledge; and reinforce their immediate and the wider group’s identity.  Active learning methods, group discussions, presentations and demonstrations and challenge

Field of study: Education
Modulation Transfer Function Consequences of Planar Dense Array Geometries in Infrared Focal Plane Arrays

Finite-difference time-domain and finite element method simulations are used to evaluate two-dimensional spot-scan profiles of p-on-n double-layer planar heterostructure (DLPH) detector arrays with abrupt p-type diffusions. The modulation transfer function (MTF) is calculated from the spot-scan profiles. An asymmetric dark and photo current collection mechanism is identified and explained as a result of electric field bunching through the corners of polygonal diffusions in DLPH arrays. The MTF consequences of the asymmetric collection are studied for triangular, square, and hexagonal diffusions in square and hexagonal arrays. We show that the placement and shape of the diffusion relative to the pixel can modify the MTF by several percent. The magnitude of the effect is largest for diffusions with fewer degrees of rotational symmetry.

Field of study: Materials science
A stochastic locomotor control model for the nurse shark, ginglymostoma cirratum

SummaryThe locomotor behavior of the nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum) is characterized by 17 variables (frequency and ratios of left, right, and total turns; their radians; straight paths (steps); distance travelled; and velocity) Within each of these variables there is an internal time dependency the structure of which was elaborated together with an improved statistical model predicting their behavior within 90% confidence limits. The model allows for the sensitive detection of subtle locomotor response to sensory stimulation as values of variables may exceed the established confidence limits within minutes after onset of the stimulus.The locomotor activity is well described by an autoregression time series model and can be predicted by only seven variables. Six of these form two independently operating clusters. The first one consists of: the number of right turns, the distance travelled, and the mean velocity; the second one of: the mean size of right turns, of left turns, and of all turns. The same clustering is obtained independently by a cluster analysis of cross-sections of the seven time series. It is apparent that, among a total of 17 locomotor variables, seven behave as individually independent agents, presumably controlled by seven separate and independent centers. The output of each center can only be predicted by its own behavior. In spite of the individual behavior of the seven variables, their internal structure is similar in important aspects which may result from control by a common command center. The shark locomotor model differs in important aspects from that previously constructed for the goldfish. The interdependence of the locomotor variables in both species may be related to the control mechanisms postulated by von Holst for the coordination of rhythmic fin movements in fishes. A locomotor control model for the nurse shark is proposed.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
SU-C-12A-01: Primary Vs. Scatter Contribution to Body CTDI: Experiment Results.

To quantify experimentally scatter contribution to CTDI in center and peripheral holes of the body (32-cm) phantom.



All experiments were performed in Service Mode of 750CT-Discovery with both tube and table were in stationary position, and with large filter and 40- mm collimation. First, transmission through acrylic was measured using acrylic rods of various lengths (1-cm to 33-cm), at 80, 120, and 140 kVp. These data were utilized to obtain dose from primary beam at different depths of acrylic. Thus, scatter-to-primary ratio (SPR) was determined for center-hole by measuring exposure with a pencil chamber. For peripheral hole SPR, dose was measured at eight different tube angles from 0° to 180°. Change in primary dose with tube angle due to both shape of bowtie filter and distance from tube was measured in air; hence, dose from primary from each of the 8 phantom measurements was determined and SPR was calculated by integrating the fitted models for primary and scatter distributions as a function of distance from tube. Also, scatter contribution from different segments of phantom to center-hole dose was measured using a custom-built acrylic phantom, which had similar SPR at the center-hole to that of standard body phantom.



After correcting for stray radiation (off-focus, scatter from collimators, etc.) for primary measurements, preliminary results of SPRs in center-hole dose of the body phantom for 80, 120, and 140 kVp were 6.8, 6.2, and 6.0, respectively, and for peripheral hole were 1.45, 1.44, and 1.39. Forward-scatter and backscatter contributions to center dose, at any point during tube rotation, were respectively, 62% and 38% with 80 kVp, and 60% and 40% with 120 and 140 kVp.



SPR in both center and peripheral holes of body CTDI phantom was determined experimentally. Also, distribution of contributing scatter to center hole was estimated.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Synthesis and reactions of 1-(4-chloro-, 3-chloro-, 2-chloro-, 2,4-dichloro-, and 2,4-difluorophenyl)-6,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindazoles

Reaction of the potassium salt of 2-formyldimedone with hydrochlorides of 4-chloro-, 3-chloro-, 2-chloro-, 2,4-dichloro-, and 2,4-difluorophenylhydrazines gave the corresponding 2-arylhydrazinomethylene-dimedones which cyclized in acid media to 1-substituted 6,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindazoles. Oxidation of the latter with selenious acid gave the corresponding 4,5-dioxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindazoles which were further converted into 3-aryl-5,5-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[4,3-a]phenazines and 2,6-diaryl-4,4-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H(3H)-indazolo[4,5-g]imidazoles.

Field of study: Chemistry
Review of signal transduction channels for active oxygen to induce the production of interleukin-6 originating from muscles during exercising

The authors gave an overview of such issues as the mechanism for active oxygen to induce the production of interleukin-6(IL-6) originating from muscles during exercising.IL-6 is a type of cytokine that changes very significantly in the process of exercising;its changing magnitude is closely related to exercise time and exercise intensity.Via their study the authors revealed the following findings: IL-6 produced during exercising originates primarily from contracting skeletal muscle;free radicals produced by skeletal muscle in the process of exercising,especially active oxygen,are a major cause for inducing the production of IL-6 during exercising.

Field of study: Education
Experimental evaluation of some rapid single flux quantum cells

Some basic cells in the rapid single-flux quantum (RSFQ) family of superconductive logic circuits were studied. An input stage, a buffer, and an OR gate were simulated and laid out for a standard niobium-based fabrication process. The resulting circuits perform properly for clock speeds up to 1 GHz. For the simpler circuits tested, the measured margins are wide, consistent with simulations, and not very dependent on clock speed. However, margin decreases with increased circuit complexity. The input stage converts a rising edge into an SFQ pulse, which has a small amplitude and narrow width in time. On the present circuits, these pulses are about 200 mu V in amplitude and 10 ps in width. To facilitate measurement, the authors have chosen as the output an asymmetrical superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) consisting of two Josephson junctions. It converts SFQ pulses into 2.5 mV latching output levels on chip. By inductively coupling SFQ pulses into the SQUID loop, DC current isolation between the RSFQ circuit-under-test and the output stage is provided. The SQUID was optimized for 2 GHz operations.<<ETX>>

Field of study: Physics
SU-E-T-757: TMRs Calculated From PDDs Versus the Direct Measurements for Small Field SRS Cones

To investigate the variation of TMR for SRS cones obtained by TMR scanning, calculation from PDDs, and point measurements. The obtained TMRs were also compared to the representative data from the vendor.  TMRs for conical cones of 4, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, and 17.5 mm diameter (jaws set to 5×5 cm) were obtained for 6X FFF and 10X FFF energies on a Varian Edge linac. TMR scanning was performed with a Sun Nuclear 3D scanner and Edge detector at 100 cm SDD. TMR point measurements were measured with a Wellhofer tank and Edge detector, at multiple depths from 0.5 to 20 cm and 100 cm SDD. PDDs for converting to TMR were scanned with a Wellhofer system and SFD detector. The formalism of converting PDD to TMR, given in Khan’s book (4th Edition, p.161) was applied. Sp values at dmax were obtained by measuring Scp and Sc of the cones (jaws set to 5×5 cm) using the Edge detector, and normalized to the 10×10 cm field.  Along the central axis beyond dmax, the RMS and maximum percent difference of TMRs obtained with different methods were as follows: (a) 1.3% (max=3.5%) for the calculated TMRs from PDDs versus direct scanning; (b) 1.2% (max=3.3%) for direct scanning versus point measurement; (c) 1.8% (max=5.1%) for the calculated versus point measurements; (d) 1.0% (max=3.6%) for direct scanning versus vendor data; (e) 1.6% (max=7.2%) for the calculated versus vendor data.  The overall accuracy of TMRs calculated from PDDs was comparable with that of direct scanning. However, the uncertainty at depths greater than 20 cm, increased up to 5% when compared to point measurements. This issue must be considered when developing a beam model for small field SRS planning using cones.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Faster LEGO-based Secure Computation without Homomorphic Commitments

LEGO-style cut-and-choose is known for its asymptotic efficiency in realizing actively-secure computations. The dominant cost of LEGO protocols is due to wire-soldering — the key technique enabling to put independently generated garbled gates together in a bucket to realize a logical gate. Existing wire-soldering constructions rely on homomorphic commitments and their security requires the majority of the garbled gates in every bucket to be correct. In this paper, we propose an efficient construction of LEGO protocols that does not use homomorphic commitments but is able to guarantee security as long as at least one of the garbled gate in each bucket is correct. Additionally, the faulty gate detection rate in our protocol doubles that of the state-of-the-art LEGO constructions. We have implemented our protocol and our experiments on several benchmark applications show that the performance of our approach is highly competitive in comparison with existing implementations.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics