nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Survey on Attack Detection Techniques in Delay Tolerant Network

DTN is a network in which there is no end to end connectivity between source and destination. DTN is characterized by long propagation delay and intermittent connectivity. Due to the limited connectivity, DTN is vulnerable to various attacks, including blackhole and greyhole attacks. Malicious nodes drops all or a part of the received messages, even if they have enough buffer storage. This dropping behavior is known as blackhole and greyhole attacks respectively. This paper provides different types of scheme and their comparison with different parameters. Existing research scheme can detect individual attackers well but they cannot handle the case where attackers cooperate to avoid the detection. The limitation of previous work is that they cannot defend against collusion attacks. Therefore there is a need to develop new attack detection scheme that detects collusion attacks effectively.

Field of study: Engineering
β-Arrestin2 Inhibits Expression of Inflammatory Cytokines in BEAS-2B Lung Epithelial Cells Treated with Cigarette Smoke Condensate via Inhibition of Autophagy

β-arrestin2 has been shown to have a role in human inflammatory disease. However, the role of β-arrestin2 in cigarette smoke-induced inflammation in the lung remains unknown. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of β-arrestin2 on cigarette smoke condensate (CSC)-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines in the BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cell line in vitro, and the mechanisms involved.  The MTT assay determined cell viability of cultured BEAS-2B cells. Autophagy was assessed by western blot, adenoviral mRFP-GFP-LC3 transfection, and immunofluorescence. The effects of β-arrestin2 shRNA knockdown were studied by western blot and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Western blot evaluated the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. Levels of inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 were measured in cell culture supernatants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).  CSC suppressed expression of β-arrestin2 in BEAS-2B cells, activated the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway, increased cell autophagy and the expression of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1,pretreatment with the β-arrestin2 biased ligands, propranolol, and ICI118551 reversed these changes. Inhibition of autophagy reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokines following CSC.  In the human bronchial epithelial cell line, BEAS-2B, β-arrestin2 reduced the expression of CSC-induced inflammatory cytokines by inhibiting autophagy, most likely via the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
White Paper on Pharmacy Admissions: Developing a Diverse Work Force to Meet the Health-Care Needs of an Increasingly Diverse Society

In a 2012 AJPE statement, a group of pharmacy school deans asked the question, “Are we producing innovators and leaders, or change resisters and followers?” They called upon AACP to lead an Academy-wide assessment of current admissions, recruitment and interview practices to assess their

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Gene sequencing and analysis of the envelope protein of dengue 2 virus isolated in Hainan China

To determine the complete envelope protein gene sequence of dengue 2 virus strain isolated in Hainan China and characterize its phylogenetic specialty.  The sequence of the envelope gene of dengue 2 virus strain isolated in Hainan China was determined by RT-PCR and Sanger method. The C6/36 cells and the new-born mice were infected with this virus strain.  The whole nucleotide sequence of D2V-HN89 envelope gene was 1?464bp. Nucleotide and amino acid homology were 95% and 98% respectively between D2V-HN89 and D2V-NGC. Meanwhile, D2V-HN89 was most close to D2V-Jamaica and D2V-Brazil90. The cytopathogenic effect of D2V-HN89 and D2V-NGC were similar but the neural virulence of D2V-HN89 in suckling mice was much weaker than that of D2V-NGC.  D2V-HN89 lose 21bp in its envelope gene sequence as compared with D2V-NGC, D2V-HN89 may come from the epidemic area in Jamaica or Brazil.

Field of study: Biology
Joint Rate-adaptive and Backoff Waiting Call Admission Control for Differentiated Services in CDMA Cellular Networks

Resource allocation and call admission control (CAC) are key management functions in future cellular networks, in order to provide multimedia applications to mobiles users with quality of service (QoS) guarantees and efficient resource utilization. This paper proposes a novel call admission control for multi-services CDMA cellular network, which consider the capacity in the condition of non-ideal power control and work in conjunction with rate adaptation and backoff waiting schemes. The backoff algorithm, in which the rejected calls choose the backoff delay randomly and wait for another access opportunity, decreases the blocking probability effectively. Also, rate adaptation strategy, using dual classification for services and users, not only maintains the fairness of users, but also guarantees the smooth degradation of quality of service (QoS). Simulation results have demonstrated that the proposed adaptive CAC scheme guarantees the QoS of different traffic efficiently, and improve the resource utility significantly.

Field of study: Computer science
FASB Requires Earlier Reporting of Credit Losses: A New Financial Instruments Standard Is Designed to Align Accounting with the Economics of Lending

Financial statement preparers will be required to report credit losses on loans and other financial instruments in a more timely fashion under a new standard FASB issued in June. Financial institutions and other organizations will be required to measure all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date in accordance with Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments--Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The expected losses will be based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The move from an incurred-loss approach to an expected-loss approach is designed to provide investors with more forward-looking information. "The new guidance aligns the accounting with the economics of lending by requiring banks and other lending institutions to immediately record the full amount of credit losses that are expected in their loan portfolios, providing investors with better information about those losses on a more timely basis," FASB Chairman Russell Golden said in a news release. Credit losses became a focus of accounting standard setters after the financial crisis that began in 2007. Many banks and financial institutions experienced heavy losses related to subprime mortgages during the financial crisis, prompting calls for earlier reporting of expected credit losses. FASB member Hal Schroeder said during an interview that significant frustration with the current model had built up among preparers and investors in the years before the financial crisis because the accounting didn't match the economics. "This standard is designed to correct for what we see as a misalignment between the economics of lending and the accounting for the economics," he said. FASB AND IASB DIVERGE In 2008, FASB began its project to improve the reporting of credit losses on financial instruments, working at first with the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) in a converged financial instruments project. Although both boards agreed on the need for reporting of expected credit losses rather than incurred losses, they couldn't find common ground on a method for measuring credit losses. The IASB issued IFRS 9, Financial Instruments, in 2014 with a different measurement model from FASB's current expected credit loss model. FASB's standard will permit many of the loss estimation techniques applied today, but the inputs to those techniques will change to reflect what FASB deems to be the full amount of expected credit losses. Financial statement preparers will continue to use judgment to determine which loss estimation method is appropriate for their circumstances. Enhanced disclosures required by the ASU are designed to help financial statement users understand the significant estimates and judgments preparers used in estimating credit losses, as well as the credit quality and underwriting standards of an organization's portfolio. …

Field of study: Business
Stratigraphic, geochronologic, and geochemical record of the Cryogenian Perry Canyon Formation, northern Utah: Implications for Rodinia rifting and snowball Earth glaciation

The Cryogenian Perry Canyon Formation, formally named herein with a type section located in northern Utah, consists of a 0.3- to 1.5-km-thick succession of diamictite- and volcanic-bearing strata that record glacial events and early rifting along western Laurentia. The formation is divided into seven informal members, from bottom to top: (1) arkosic grit deposited as proximal turbidites during onset of rifting; (2) quartzite and grit deposited as medial turbidites; (3) pebbly slate with dropstones deposited during an older glacial episode; (4) slate with interbedded quartzite deposited mostly as distal turbidites; (5) mafic volcanic and intrusive rocks; (6) diamictite with basement and volcanic clasts deposited during younger glaciation; and (7) graywacke with rare carbonate layers. The formation has a basal nonconformity on Archean to Paleoproterozoic basement rocks of the Facer Formation and is overlain by arkosic quartzite of the Maple Canyon Formation and argillite of the Kelley Canyon Formation. Changes in member thicknesses reflect syndepositional faulting. Vertical and lateral changes in provenance and maximum depositional ages were evaluated from detrital zircon (DZ) U-Pb geochronology of five well-exposed stratigraphic sections across the sedimentary basin. DZ patterns for the arkosic grit record local sources during onset of rifting, patterns for the pebbly slate and slate members record distal Laurentian sources and possible sediment recycling, and patterns for diamictite and graywacke record basement sources along the rift margin and reworking of mafic to felsic volcanic rocks. Young zircon grains derived from volcanic rocks give maximum depositional ages of 703 ± 6 Ma and 667 ± 5 Ma for the lower part of the diamictite and graywacke members, respectively, suggesting a late Sturtian age for the younger glaciation. Associated cap carbonates, however, have Marinoan-style features, indicating that global correlations based only on lithology may not be valid. DZ data for the Kelley Canyon Formation record a change to distal Laurentian sources during final stages of early rifting. Mafic volcanic and intrusive rocks are subalkaline to alkaline and have trace-element ratios indicative of a rift setting. Volcanic clasts in diamictite include basalt, trachyte, and rhyolite. Volcanic zircon grains have e Hf = –1 to –21, which record crustal contamination during igneous activity. Rare mafic to ultramafic dikes in the upper part of the section were intruded during waning stages of igneous activity. Early rifting spanned ca. 720 Ma to 660 Ma but was incomplete and followed by deposition of mature quartzite of the overlying lower Brigham Group across a broad basin, indicating that Rodinia rift models showing pre–720 Ma separation of western Laurentia may need revision. Final rifting and transition to drift occurred ca. 550 Ma during deposition of the upper Brigham Group.

Field of study: Geology
The effects of acidic irrigation on soil microorganisms at Kevo, Northern Finland.

Effects of simulated acid rain (a mixture of H(2)SO(4) and HNO(3); pH(3)) on soil microbiology were studied in a field experiment in northern Finland. Irrigated control plots received the same amount of spring water (pH 6) as the acid treated plots. Fungal lengths and total bacterial numbers were studied after the treatments had continued for three growing seasons. The numbers of bacteria in five physiological groups (those utilizing starch, protein, pectin, xylan, or cellulose) were measured by MPN (most probable number) techniques. The lengths of total and FDA active fungal hyphae were not significantly different between the acid treated and the control plots. The counts of total bacteria were not significantly different between treatments, but the MPNs of all five physiological groups of bacteria were approximately 60% lower in the acid treated plots than in the controls.

Field of study: Environmental science
L2 learners treat regular and irregular inflection differently in compounding

Address for correspondence: Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA. Gordon (1985) and Clahsen et al. (1992; 1993) presented data which suggests that children are innately predisposed towards allowing irregular plurals inside compounds (mice-eater) but restricting regular plurals from appearing inside compounds (*rats-eater). Gordon, for example, found that children sometimes produced compounds of the form mice-eater but almost never rats-eater. Gordon (1985) and Clahsen et al. (1992) placed this in the context of a version of

Field of study: Linguistics
Personality and EEG β in Older Adults with Alcoholic Relatives

Research indicates that biological relatives of alcoholics are more likely to develop alcoholism than individuals without alcoholic relatives. Most research on these groups had focused on individuals who were relatively young (i.e., under 30 years old). In the present study, we evaluated middle-aged and elderly nonalcoholic men and women who did and did not have alcoholic biological relatives to assess factors that might be involved in a later, rather than an earlier, onset of alcoholism. Psychological characteristics were assessed using the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire. Biological characteristics were assessed using quantitative measures of the spontaneous electroencephalogram. The psychological measures did not distinguish the groups, but biological measures did. The results indicated that nonalcoholic individuals with alcoholic relatives showed elevated beta as compared with sex- and age-matched control subjects. Factors that might have mediated these findings are discussed, as are the implications of these outcomes.

Field of study: Medicine
Environmental impacts of high penetration renewable energy scenarios for Europe

The prospect of irreversible environmental alterations and an increasingly volatile climate pressurises societies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, thereby mitigating climate change impacts. As global electricity demand continues to grow, particularly if considering a future with increased electrification of heat and transport sectors, the imperative to decarbonise our electricity supply becomes more urgent. This letter implements outputs of a detailed power system optimisation model into a prospective life cycle analysis framework in order to present a life cycle analysis of 44 electricity scenarios for Europe in 2050, including analyses of systems based largely on low-carbon fossil energy options (natural gas, and coal with carbon capture and storage (CCS)) as well as systems with high shares of variable renewable energy (VRE) (wind and solar). VRE curtailments and impacts caused by extra energy storage and transmission capabilities necessary in systems based on VRE are taken into account. The results show that systems based largely on VRE perform much better regarding climate change and other impact categories than the investigated systems based on fossil fuels. The climate change impacts from Europe for the year 2050 in a scenario using primarily natural gas are 1400 Tg CO2-eq while in a scenario using mostly coal with CCS the impacts are 480 Tg CO2-eq. Systems based on renewables with an even mix of wind and solar capacity generate impacts of 120–140 Tg CO2-eq. Impacts arising as a result of wind and solar variability do not significantly compromise the climate benefits of utilising these energy resources. VRE systems require more infrastructure leading to much larger mineral resource depletion impacts than fossil fuel systems, and greater land occupation impacts than systems based on natural gas. Emissions and resource requirements from wind power are smaller than from solar power.

Field of study: Environmental science
MBE Growth of HgCdTe on Large-Area Si and CdZnTe Wafers for SWIR, MWIR and LWIR Detection

Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth of HgCdTe on large-size Si (211) and CdZnTe (211)B substrates is critical to meet the demands of extremely uniform and highly functional third-generation infrared (IR) focal-panel arrays (FPAs). We have described here the importance of wafer maps of HgCdTe thickness, composition, and the macrodefects across the wafer not only to qualify material properties against design specifications but also to diagnose and classify the MBE-growth-related issues on large-area wafers. The paper presents HgCdTe growth with exceptionally uniform composition and thickness and record low macrodefect density on large Si wafers up to 6-in in diameter for the detection of short-wave (SW), mid-wave (MW), and long-wave (LW) IR radiation. We have also proposed a cost-effective approach to use the growth of HgCdTe on low-cost Si substrates to isolate the growth- and substrate-related problems that one occasionally comes across with the CdZnTe substrates and tune the growth parameters such as growth rate, cutoff wavelength (λcutoff) and doping parameters before proceeding with the growth on costly large-area CdZnTe substrates. In this way, we demonstrated HgCdTe growth on large CdZnTe substrates of size 7 cm × 7 cm with excellent uniformity and low macrodefect density.

Field of study: Materials science
Genetic Diversity Analysis of Olive Germplasm (Olea europaea L.) With Genotyping-by-Sequencing Technology

Olive (Olea europaea L.) is a very important edible oil crop and has been cultivated for about 4,000 years in the Mediterranean area. Due to its nutritional and economic importance, researches on germplasm characterization received extensive attention. In this study, using the genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) technology, we carried out genetic diversity analysis on 57 olive cultivars with different geographical origins. In total, 73,482 high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with minor allele frequency (MAF) > 5%, call rate > 50%, and heterozygosity rate < 10% were obtained at the whole genome level. Genetic structure and phylogenetic analysis showed that the 57 olive cultivars could be classified into two groups (Group I and Group II). No clear geographical distributions of cultivars were observed generally between the two groups. The average nucleotide diversities (π) specific for Group I and Group II were 0.317 and 0.305. The fixation index (F ST) between Group I and Group II was 0.033. In Group II, cultivars could be further divided into two subgroups (Group IIa and Group IIb), which seem to be associated with their fruit sizes. The five Chinese-bred cultivars were all clustered in Group II, showing a closer genetic relationship with those from the central Mediterranean region and limited genetic background. It is therefore necessary for Chinese olive breeding programs to incorporate other genetic basis by utilizing germplasm from the other regions particularly from the east Mediterranean region as breeding parents. The results showed that GBS is an effective marker choice for cultivar characterization and genetic diversity analysis in olive and will help us better understand the genetic backgrounds of the crop.

Field of study: Biology
Toughness of Oriented Polymers

This review article supported by some original photographs and model diagrams summarizes the mechanisms of toughness in oriented semicrystalline polymeric materials. In particular, crack propagation mechanisms in rubber-modified and oriented polymeric systems are compared. The Cook-Gordon mechanism of crack blunting in anisotropic materials can explain the low-temperature impact resistance of oriented semicrystalline polymers, fracture behaviour of biological composite structures and also the effects of photo-oxidative degradation on mechanical behaviour of oriented films.

Field of study: Chemistry
Transcription factor binding at enhancers: shaping a genomic regulatory landscape in flux

The mammalian genome is packed tightly in the nucleus of the cell. This packing is primarily facilitated by histone proteins and results in an ordered organization of the genome in chromosome territories that can be roughly divided in heterochromatic and euchromatic domains. On top of this organization several distinct gene regulatory elements on the same chromosome or other chromosomes are thought to dynamically communicate via chromatin looping. Advances in genome-wide technologies have revealed the existence of a plethora of these regulatory elements in various eukaryotic genomes. These regulatory elements are defined by particular in vitro assays as promoters, enhancers, insulators, and boundary elements. However, recent studies indicate that the in vivo distinction between these elements is often less strict. Regulatory elements are bound by a mixture of common and lineage-specific transcription factors which mediate the long-range interactions between these elements. Inappropriate modulation of the binding of these transcription factors can alter the interactions between regulatory elements, which in turn leads to aberrant gene expression with disease as an ultimate consequence. Here we discuss the bi-modal behavior of regulatory elements that act in cis (with a focus on enhancers), how their activity is modulated by transcription factor binding and the effect this has on gene regulation.

Field of study: Biology
Unexpected Hydrolithiation of M=M'Double Bond (M, M'=Si, Ge) with ^tBuLi

The reduction of 2- and 1-disilagermirenes 1 and 2 with 'BuLi proceeded regio- and stereospecifically to produce germyllithium derivative the product of the formal addition of LiH across the M=M' bond (M, M' = Si, Ge) through single electron transfer steps. Reduction of 1,2-disila-3-germacyclopenta-2,4-diene derivative 3 with 'BuLi also proceeded specifically, but with an opposite regioselectivity to form silyllithium derivative 7.

Field of study: Chemistry
The effects of duty cycle and voltage swing of gate pulse on the AC-stress-induced degradation of nMOSFETs with N2O gate oxides

AC-stress-induced degradation in metal-oxide--semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) with N 2 O-grown and N 2 O-nitrided gate oxides was investigated, with emphasis on the duty cycle and voltage swing of the gate pulse. It is demonstrated that N 2 O-oxide devices show a weaker duty-cycle dependence than thermal-oxide devices, with N 2 O-nitrided oxide superior to N 2 O-grown oxide. More significantly, opposite frequency dependence of the V T shift is found between gate-pulse swings of 0–l/2  V D and 0– V D . The reasons are likely due to charge trapping and neutral-trap creation in the gate oxide.

Field of study: Engineering