nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Pregnancy-Induced Acute Intestinal Infarction in a Woman with Chronic Idiopathic Mesenteric Vein Thrombosis under Regular Anticoagulation Treatment

We present a case of acute intestinal infarction in a pregnant woman with chronic idiopathic mesenteric vein thrombosis (MVT) under regular anticoagulation treatment.  The condition of the 26-year-old woman who was diagnosed with chronic idiopathic MVT after detailed investigation was stable after receiving regular anticoagulation with warfarin. One year later, she presented with a 7-day episode of intermittent epigastric pain. Acute intestinal infarction and concomitant 7-week pregnancy were diagnosed. To preserve her life, a dilation and curettage procedure and emergency laparotomy with bowel resection were performed. Ten days later, she was discharged, having made a good recovery.  Although pregnancy was not the primary cause of chronic MVT, it did play a role in inducing the acute intestinal infarction. This case indicates that pregnant patients with known chronic idiopathic MVT should be counseled about the high risk of acute mesenteric thrombosis. This case also serves to remind physicians that there should always be a high level of suspicion of intestinal infarction in patients with an acute abdomen who are in a hypercoagulable state.

Field of study: Medicine
Employment Inequality Revisited

Young women with disabilities are more likely to experience poorer postschool employment outcomes than young men with disabilities. This study explores factors associated with better employment outcomes for both young women and young men with disabilities, and factors associated uniquely with better outcomes for young women. Findings indicate that two factors predict better outcomes for both young women and young men with disabilities: having two or more job experiences while in high school, and having used the self-family-friend network to find their postschool job. Females who came from a family with a low household annual income, who had low self-esteem at the time of exit from high school, and who fit both of these characteristics were much less likely to be competitively employed out of school than females who did not fit these characteristics. These variables did not affect the employment status of males in the study. Implications for both practice and research are discussed.

Field of study: Education
Simulation-based coefficients for adjusting climate impact on energy consumption of commercial buildings

This paper presents a new technique for and the results of normalizing building energy consumption to enable a fair comparison among various types of buildings located near different weather stations across the United States. The method was developed for the U.S. Building Energy Asset Score, a whole-building energy efficiency rating system focusing on building envelope, mechanical systems, and lighting systems. The Asset Score is based on simulated energy use under standard operating conditions. Existing weather normalization methods such as those based on heating and cooling degrees days are not robust enough to adjust all climatic factors such as humidity and solar radiation. In this work, over 1000 sets of climate coefficients were developed to separately adjust building heating, cooling, and fan energy use at each weather station in the United States. This paper also presents a robust, standardized weather station mapping based on climate similarity rather than choosing the closest weather station. This proposed simulated-based climate adjustment was validated through testing on several hundreds of thousands of modeled buildings. Results indicated the developed climate coefficients can adjust the climate variations to enable a fair comparison of building energy efficiency.

Field of study: Engineering
Geology and Paleontology of a Portion of Los Angeles, California

This paper is the result of a study of the geology and paleontology of an area in the business district of the city of Los Angeles, California. During the last two decades the rapid growth of the city has resulted in obscuring a large number of former surface exposures of the Tertiary formations, so that it seems advisable to put on record as soon as possible information obtainable now, but which might be unavailable later on. Fortunately for the geologist, building operations have now and then resulted in excavations revealing the underlying geologic structure and the fossil faunas more clearly than do the natural outcrops. In the area covered by this report many building excavations and street embankments were utilized in working out the geology, and at a few points rich molluscan faunas were made available to us by several collectors. Location and General Description The area considered in . . .

Field of study: Geology
Assessment of the Utility of Gene Positioning Biomarkers in the Stratification of Prostate Cancers

There is a pressing need for additional clinical biomarkers to predict the aggressiveness of individual cancers. Here, we examine the potential usefulness of spatial genome organization as a prognostic tool for prostate cancer. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization on formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded human prostate tissue specimens, we compared the nuclear positions of four genes between clinically relevant subgroups of prostate tissues. We find that directional repositioning of SP100 and TGFB3 gene loci stratifies prostate cancers of differing Gleason scores. A more peripheral position of SP100 and TGFB3 in the nucleus, compared to benign tissues, is associated with low Gleason score cancers, whereas more internal positioning correlates with higher Gleason scores. Conversely, LMNA is more internally positioned in many non-metastatic prostate cancers, while its position is indistinguishable from benign tissue in metastatic cancer. The false positive rates were relatively low, whereas, the false negative rates of single or combinations of genes were high, limiting the clinical utility of this assay in its current form. Nevertheless, our findings of subtype-specific gene positioning patterns in prostate cancer provides proof-of-concept for the potential usefulness of spatial gene positioning for prognostic applications, and encourage further exploration of spatial gene positioning patterns to identify novel clinically relevant molecular biomarkers, which may aid treatment decisions for cancer patients.

Field of study: Biology
Formal Method for Verifying SpaceWire Encoding Circuit by Applying Theorem Proving

SpaceWire bus is applied in Space Solar Telescope(SST) project.Testing and simulation are the main methods for verification of SpaceWire bus,but these verifications are incomplete.This study focused on verifying whether the DS encoder circuit developed for SST had faithfully implemented the specification in SpaceWire standard.With the aid of HOL4 tool,this equivalence checking was carried out in a formal verification method,theorem proving.It overcame the limitation of testing and simulation.

Field of study: Computer science
Formulation of delayed release oral dosage forms for omeprazole and itÃÂs in vitro evaluation

Omeprazole is a prototype member of a new class of substituted benzimidazoles which reduces gastric acid output both during basal conditions and stimulated acid secretion, irrespective of stimulus[I].The objective of the present study is to develop a pharmaceutically equivalent, stable cost improved and quality improved formulation of omeprazole enteric coated pellets and to present in the form of tablets and capsules which were compared with the innovators for its release efficiency. The enteric-coated drug pellets delivers the drug almost at a predetermined rate locally for a specified period of time at a specific site by reducing adverse effect.Main aimof thiswork is to formulate omeprazole enteric coated dosage forms, such as omeprazole enteric coated pellets and pellets in capsules,Omeprazole enteric coated pellets compressed as tablets and coated with film coating material and omeprazole pellets compressed as tablets with enteric coated material were formulated and evaluated with respect to the various quality parameters such as dissolution, assay and impurity. The formula was finalized by comparing the in vitro dissolution profile with that of the innovator in gastric and intestinal pH media.

Field of study: Materials science
Expansion and growth in Chinese cities, 1978?2010

It has long been recognized that compact versus more sprawling urban forms can have very different environmental impacts. As the Chinese population continues to rapidly urbanize, the size, shape, and configuration of cities in China will undoubtedly change to accommodate expansion of housing, industry, and commerce, causing direct and indirect environmental impacts at multiple scales. It is therefore imperative to understand how urban areas are evolving as socio-economic reforms in China are implemented across different regions. This paper compares trends in 142 Chinese cities (including 17 agglomerations) to understand urban expansion and population growth following reforms, 1978?2010. The results show that cities tripled in size, while doubling in population over the same period. In coastal areas targeted by early policies, urban land increased 4?5 times since 1978, for all city sizes. Large agglomerations are the primary consumers of land in coastal and western regions, each adding an average of 450?km2 during the study period, while small-medium cities consumed an average 20?km2. Although populations in these agglomerations increased an average 1.3 million, 2000?2010, cities within 100?km of each agglomeration grew >1.8 million collectively. Proximity to large agglomerations contributed to the growth of small-medium cities, especially in western regions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Perfect equilibrium in non-randomized strategies in a class of symmetric dynamic games

This paper considers a class of infinite-horizon dynamic games that has immediate application to problems stemming from the oligopolistic exploitation of (renewable or non-renewable) common property resources. Under a symmetry assumption on the payoff structure, it is shown that the game admits a subgameperfect equilibrium in non-randomized Markovian strategies. These equilibrium strategies possess certain strong regularity properties which facilitate characterization of equilibrium play. Stationary equilibria are not Pareto-optimal in a convex environment. Additionally, such equilibria necessarily result in monotonic trajectories.

Field of study: Economics
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of the catalytic subunit of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase from potato tuber.

ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase is the key regulatory enzyme in the biosynthesis of starch in plants and glycogen in bacteria. The enzyme from potato tuber is comprised of a regulatory subunit and a catalytic subunit and is present as a heterotetramer (alpha(2)beta(2)). The catalytic subunit from potato tuber (50 kDa) was crystallized in four different forms, two of which are suitable for structural studies. A tetragonal crystal form obtained in the presence of the substrate analog Cr-ATP diffracted to 2.2 A and belongs to space group P4(1) (or its enantiomorph), with unit-cell parameters a = b = 110.57, c = 190.14 A. A second crystal form obtained diffracted to 2.8 A and belongs to space group P2, with unit-cell parameters a = 80.06, b = 138.84, c = 92.20 A, beta = 112. 40 degrees. As this protein displays no significant homology to any currently known protein structure, a search for heavy-atom derivatives has been initiated.

Field of study: Chemistry
GLRT-Optimal Noncoherent Lattice Decoding

This paper presents new low-complexity lattice-decoding algorithms for noncoherent block detection of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) signals over complex-valued fading channels. The algorithms are optimal in terms of the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT). The computational complexity is polynomial in the block length; making GLRT-optimal noncoherent detection feasible for implementation. We also provide even lower complexity suboptimal algorithms. Simulations show that the suboptimal algorithms have performance indistinguishable from the optimal algorithms. Finally, we consider block-based transmission, and propose to use noncoherent detection as an alternative to pilot-assisted transmission (PAT). The new technique is shown to outperform PAT.

Field of study: Engineering
Bilateral internal carotid absence: a case report of a rare congenital anomaly.

Bilateral internal carotid artery agenesis (ICAA) is a rare developmental anomaly of unknown etiology that is often associated with disruption of adequate perfusion to the central nervous system. Nevertheless, some patients remain asymptomatic due to collateral circulation involving the communicating arteries of the Circle of Willis. Secondary to the hemodynamical stress through the collateral circulation, affected patients are at an increased risk of developing subarachnoid hemorrhage and intracranial aneurysms.



We report an unusual case of a 62-year-old man with bilateral ICAA who expired following two asystolic events during minor surgery.



This case emphasizes the plasticity of the cerebral collateral circulation during development, to the point of normal cerebral perfusion throughout life with no ischemic complications.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Numerical modeling of a radio frequency plasma in argon

An axisymmetric, two-dimensional mathematical model of a radio frequency gas heater is described and compared with experimental data. The model includes mass, axial momentum, radial momentum, and energy conservation equations along with Maxwell's equation for the circumferential component of the electric vector potential. Buoyancy along the heater axis and radial Lorentz forces are included in the momentum equations. Ohmic heating and radiation losses are included in the energy equation. The radiation loss terms are divided into an optically thin component that leaves the gas directly and an optically thick component that is modeled as a conduction term. Results from the model agree reasonably well with data obtained from a laboratory-sca le gas heater using a bluff body to stabilize the plasma. Calculated results at increased mass flow and pressure are shown to indicate the model's capability in designing larger scale heaters.

Field of study: Physics
Labor Market Institutions and Skill Premiums: An Empirical Analysis on the UK, 1972-2002

This paper analyzes the links between labor market institutions and skill premiums in the UK. We focus on the effect of deunionization on rising skill premiums during the 1980s and 1990s. We find that the deunionization of unskilled workers can explain about 25 percent of the dramatic increase of the degree premium in the private sector. While the degree premium in the public sector increases less than that in the private sector, the deunionization of unskilled workers is also the main drive behind it. However, the deunionization of skilled workers has no significant effect on skill premiums. Neither do taxation and unemployment benefits. We also find evidence that casts doubts on the conventional argument of skill-biased technology change (SBTC) and industrial restructuring on earnings inequality. Our results reveal the specific importance of unskilled workers' unionization in the problem of increasing wage inequality.

Field of study: Economics
Research of association between type 1 diabetes and HLA-DR, DQ molecules in northern area in China

To study the association between insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and HLA DR, DQ molecules.  Fifty three IDDM cases and 185 controls in northern China were HLA class Ⅱ DNA typed for DRB1, DQA1 and DQB1 analysis. 04 heterozygous was in the highest risk with the RR value of 51.13. By making the DQ analysis of Arg in the position 52 of DQ α chain as a susceptible factor (named as S, the opposite is P) and the non Asp in position 57 of DQ β chain as an another susceptible factor (S and P). The highest risk was found when an individual has the factor combination S≥3 (RR=29 89), and the protective factors were appeared when P≥2. However, the factors from DR molecule still could not be ignored since the RR value of DR3/DR4 heterozygous was 51.13.  The DR3/4 heterozygous can be the first marker for forecasting the IDDM susceptibility, and the 3S factor can be the second way for IDDM forecasting and prevention. In addition to DQ molecules, the susceptible factors from DR alleles could be further clarified by DR4 subtyping.

Field of study: Biology
A technique for identification of cellular proteins by western immunoblotting and immunoautoradiography of 2-D PAGE.

A major effort of our work has been devoted to the identification, using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE), of lymphoid polypeptides that are involved in lymphoid proliferation or differentiation. We have encountered problems during this effort pertaining to the exact localization of a polypeptide(s) in the silver stained gels that is recognized by western immunoblotting or proteins detected by autoradiography. In this paper, we present a method, using India ink stained/immuno-staining replica of 2-D gel nitrocellulose membrane (NCM) or India ink stained coupled with autoradiography in the case of phosphoproteins, which allows us to exactly localize the polypeptide spots detected by these methods in the silver stained 2-D PAGE. This method is expected to popularize and widen the use of 2-D PAGE technology in the investigation of cellular polypeptides.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Long-term outcome of male genital reconstruction in childhood.

Hypospadias, epispadias with or without exstrophy, and disorders of sex development are among the most common anomalies of genitalia that occur during childhood. Considering the tremendous effect of genitourinary reconstruction on adult life, the evaluation of the long-term results of different techniques of genitoplasty in pediatrics is of the utmost importance. After reviewing the literature, the authors summarize the available long-term outcomes of genitoplasty in childhood, specifically focusing on the cosmetic, psychosocial, psychosexual and functional results, and emphasize that, contrary to the widely available data on early outcomes of genital reconstruction in the pediatric population, very few well described controlled studies have evaluated the long-term effect of genitoplasty in puberty and adulthood, in the sense that the surgeon should describe the peroperative findings in more detail and also be more structured in evaluating the postoperative result at follow-up visits. Finally, the authors conclude that more attention should be paid to the impact of these techniques on cosmetic aspects and psychosexual development in these patients after puberty, as they play a crucial role in their adult quality of life.

Field of study: Medicine
A comparison of burial, maturity and temperature histories of selected wells from sedimentary basins in The Netherlands

Sedimentary basins in The Netherlands contain significant amounts of hydrocarbon resources, which developed in response to temperature and pressure history during Mesozoic and Cenozoic times. Quantification and modelling of burial, maturity and temperature histories are the major goals of this study, allowing for a better understanding of the general geological evolution of the different basins as well as petroleum generation. All major basins in The Netherlands encountered at least one time of inversion and therefore moderate to high amounts of erosion. In order to determine the amount of inversion the basins have experienced, a 1D study was performed on 20 wells within three basins (West Netherlands, Central Netherlands and Lower Saxony Basins). New vitrinite reflectance values were obtained and existing data re-evaluated to gain a good data base. The burial histories of six wells, two for each studied basin, are presented here, to demonstrate the differences in basin evolution that led to their present shape and petroleum potential. The Permo-Triassic subsidence phase can be recognized in all three basins, but with varying intensity. In the Jurassic, the basins experienced different relative movements that culminated in the Cretaceous when the influence of the inversion caused erosion of up to 2,500 m. Most wells show deepest burial at present-day, whereas the timing of maximum temperature differs significantly.

Field of study: Environmental science
Isospin dependence of proton and neutron radii within relativistic mean field theory

The proton and neutron radii of even-even β-stable nuclei with A ⩾ 40 and a few chains of isotopes with Z = 50, 56, 82, 94 protons and isotones with N = 50, 82, 126 neutrons are analyzed. The average isospin dependence of the radii evaluated within the relativistic mean field theory is studied. A simple, phenomenological formula for neutron radii is proposed.

Field of study: Physics
Structure of a new crystal form of tetraubiquitin.

Polyubiquitin chains, in which the C-terminus and a lysine side chain of successive ubiquitin molecules are linked by an isopeptide bond, function to target substrate proteins for degradation by the 26S proteasome. Chains of at least four ubiquitin moieties appear to be required for efficient recognition by the 26S proteasome, although the conformations of the polyubiquitin chains recognized by the proteasome or by other enzymes involved in ubiquitin metabolism are currently unknown. A new crystal form of tetraubiquitin, which has two possible chain connectivities that are indistinguishable in the crystal, is reported. In one possible connectivity, the tetraubiquitin chain is extended and packs closely against the antiparallel neighbor chain in the crystal to conceal a hydrophobic surface implicated in 26S proteasome recognition. In the second possibility, the tetraubiqutitin forms a closed compact structure, in which that same hydrophobic surface is buried. Both of these conformations are quite unlike the structure of tetraubiquitin that was previously determined in a different crystal form [Cook et al. (1994), . The new structure suggests that polyubiquitin chains may possess a substantially greater degree of conformational flexibility than has previously been appreciated.

Field of study: Chemistry
Sociologist unbound: A celebration of the work of Jacklyn Cock

We are gathered here today to celebrate the work of Jacklyn Cock. It is a time to rejoice publicly at a working life of exceptional creativity. This is a happy event. I have used the verb unbound in the title of this introduction to the working life of Jackie as hers is a career that has not been tied down by conventional notions of what role a middle class white women sociologist ought to play. Instead she has crossed the boundaries of race, of gender and, above all, the boundary that separates academic theory and research from the transformation of the lives of ordinary people. This direct link between scholarly research and social activism and advocacy is what makes her working life exceptional.

Field of study: Sociology