nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Dachengqi Decoction Attenuates Inflammatory Response via Inhibiting HMGB1 Mediated NF-κB and P38 MAPK Signaling Pathways in Severe Acute Pancreatitis

Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is a sudden inflammation of the pancreas. The traditional Chinese medicine formula Dachengqi decoction (DCQD) is proven to be beneficial in the comprehensive treatment for pancreatitis patients in clinical practice. However, the molecular mechanism of DCQD on SAP remains unclear. High mobility group box 1(HMGB1) that functions as a damage-associated molecular pattern molecule (DAMP) has attracted much interest.  In this study, we used lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cerulein to induce severe acute pancreatitis in C57BL/6 mice with subsequent administration with low, medium and high dose (2.3 g/kg, 7 g/kg and 21 g/kg, respectively) of DCQD.  DCQD treatment improved the pathological score and decreased serum amylase and lipase in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, it suppressed the immune cell-induced secretion of HMGB1 and its translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, thus repressing the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α. Further, pretreatment with DCQD decreased responses of TLRs, and suppressed the activation of NF-kB and p38 MAPK pathway.  Decreasing the secretion of HMGB1 could reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines, which may help cutting down the risks of development from localized pathological changes to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome and even lead to multiple organ failure.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Nucleophile‐Selective Cross‐Coupling Reactions with Vinyl and Alkynyl Bromides on a Dinucleophilic Aromatic Substrate

A nucleophile-selective cross-coupling reaction on an aromatic compound bearing two metal groups, Bpin and SnMe3, has been developed. Previously, only aryl bromides and iodides could be used as electrophilic components, but in this work, the scope could be extended to vinyl and alkynyl bromides as electrophiles. This means that the roles typical in Sonogashira couplings or Heck reactions of the aromatic ring as the dielectrophile coupling to vinyl and alkynyl metal species are reversed, which presents a new tool for organic synthesis. The first nucleophilic site to react is the stannyl group, and subsequently, a Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction can take place on the same molecule.

Field of study: Chemistry
Substructure similarity search for engineering service-based systems

With the broad application of service-oriented architecture in service-oriented software engineering, service-based systems (SBSs) are becoming ever more widely used. As a result, the selection of appropriate component services destined to fulfill the functional requirements becomes a critical challenge for successfully building SBSs, especially when the pre-specified SBS plan involves a complicated structure. Because building an exact SBS is often too restrictive, a similarity search for complex functional requirements becomes an essential operation that must be efficiently supported. We thus investigate in this work the substructure similarity search problem of building a SBS. To solve this new research problem, we propose a feature-based method, called the substructure similarity search for service-based systems (5S), to help users find similar SBS solutions by progressively relaxing a SBS plan. The 5S approach models each SBS as a set of features and transforms the task of relaxation of a SBS into the maximum allowed missing features, which can filter many SBSs directly without costly structure comparisons. 5S thus opens a new paradigm for efficient SBS engineering that shortens the build cycle. Finally, we discuss a series of experiments using real-world Web service datasets that demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
U-Pb monazite ages of the Kabanga mafic-ultramafic intrusions and contact aureoles, central Africa: Geochronological and tectonic implications

Mafic-ultramafic rocks of the Kabanga-Musongati alignment in the East African nickel belt occur as Bushveld-type layered intrusions emplaced in metasedimentary sequences. The age of the mafic-ultramafic intrusions remains poorly constrained, though they are regarded to be part of ca. 1375 Ma bimodal magmatism dominated by voluminous S-type granites. In this study, we investigated igneous monazite and zircon from a differentiated layered intrusion and metamorphic monazite from the contact aureole. The monazite shows contrasting crystal morphology, chemical composition, and U-Pb ages. Monazite that formed by contact metamorphism in response to emplacement of mafic-ultramafic melts is characterized by extremely high Th and U and yielded a weighted mean 207Pb/206Pb age of 1402 ± 9 Ma, which is in agreement with dates from the igneous monazite and zircon. The ages indicate that the intrusion of ultramafic melts was substantially earlier (by ∼25 m.y., 95% confidence) than the prevailing S-type granites, calling for a reappraisal of the previously suggested model of coeval, bimodal magmatism. Monazite in the metapelitic rocks also records two younger growth events at ca. 1375 Ma and ca. 990 Ma, coeval with metamorphism during emplacement of S-type granites and tin-bearing granites, respectively. In conjunction with available geologic evidence, we propose that the Kabanga-Musongati mafic-ultramafic intrusions likely heralded a structurally controlled thermal anomaly related to Nuna breakup, which culminated during the ca. 1375 Ma Kibaran event, manifested as extensive intracrustal melting in the adjoining Karagwe-Ankole belt, producing voluminous S-type granites. The Grenvillian-aged (ca. 990 Ma) tin-bearing granite and related Sn mineralization appear to be the far-field record of tectonothermal events associated with collision along the Irumide belt during Rodinia assembly. Since monazite is a ubiquitous trace phase in pelitic sedimentary rocks, in contact aureoles of mafic-ultramafic intrusions, and in regional metamorphic belts, our study highlights the potential of using metamorphic monazite to determine ages of mafic-ultramafic intrusions, and to reconstruct postemplacement metamorphic history of the host terranes.
GeoRef Subject
absolute age Africa East Africa gabbros igneous rocks intrusions Mesoproterozoic metamorphic rocks metamorphism metasedimentary rocks monazite Neoproterozoic nesosilicates norite orthosilicates phosphates plutonic rocks Precambrian Proterozoic silicates Tanzania U/Pb ultramafics upper Precambrian zircon zircon group

Field of study: Geology
Teacher-Reported Goal Structures: Assessing Factor Structure and Invariance

The purpose of this study was to extend the research on achievement goal theory by examining the measurement and understanding of goal structures using teacher-reported data. A large number of elementary, middle, and high school teachers completed an online survey that included items assessing their use of instructional practices associated with mastery and performance goal structures in the fall (n = 1,079) and spring (n = 867) of one school year. Findings supported the general 2-factor model that distinguishes mastery and performance goal structures. In addition, findings indicated differences in goal structures on the basis of academic level and the subject area for which teachers were responsible but not for experience as a teacher. Results also show that goal structures were fairly stable across the school year.

Field of study: Education
Temperature induced shift in the pinch-off voltage of mesoscopic devices

Detailed experimental studies of the conductance of mesoscopic GaAs devices in the few-mode regime reveal a novel thermal effect: for temperatures up to at least 10 K the measured gate characteristics, i.e. conductance $G$ versus gate voltage $V_g$, exhibit a systematic downward shift in gate voltage with increasing temperature. The effect is 'universal', in the sense that it is observed in different modulation doped GaAs/GaAlAs heterostructures, in different device geometries, and using different measurement setups. Our observations indicate that the effect originates in the surrounding 2D electron gas and not in the mesoscopic devices themselves.

Field of study: Physics
Quantum Electronics Conference meets in Atlanta

The unofficial capital of the sunny “New South,” Atlanta, Georgia, will be the site for the Tenth International Quantum Electronics Conference with 24 sessions devoted to one of the “hottest” fields in physics. Scheduled to begin on Monday, 29 May and wind up on Thursday, 1 June, the Conference will meet at the Atlanta Hilton Hotel. The American Institute of Physics and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers are sponsoring the conference through their joint council on quantum electronics. Other co‐sponsors of the conference are the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics and the European Physical Society through a joint council that includes the quantum electronics division of the EPS. Additionally, a concurrent conference on chemical and molecular lasers will be held as one of the scheduled sessions.

Field of study: Physics
Roberts Bartholow: the progenitor of human cortical stimulation and his contentious experiment.

Roberts Bartholow, a physician, born and raised in Maryland, was a surgeon and Professor in Medicine who had previously served the Union during the Civil War. His interest in scientific research drove him to perform the first experiment that tested the excitability of the human brain cortex. His historical experiment on one of his patients, Mary Rafferty, with a cancerous ulcer on the skull, was one of his great accomplishments. His inference from this experiment and proposed scientific theory of cortical excitation and localization in humans was one of the most critically acclaimed topics in the medical community, which attracted the highest commendation for the unique discovery as well as criticism for possible ethical violations. Despite that criticism, his theory and methods of cortical localization are the cornerstone of modern brain mapping and have, in turn, led to countless medical innovations.

Field of study: Medicine
Isolation and Identification of Plantain(Musa paradisiaca Linn.) Fusarium Wilt Disease Pathogen and Pathogenicity Test

Plantain(Musa paradisiaca Linn.)is an edible banana,and the causal agent of plantain wilt disease hasn't been reported until now.In this study,ten isolates(DJ1-10)from the corms of the plantains that showed wilt symptoms were isolated.These isolates were preliminarily identified as Fusarium oxysporm based on their morphological characteristics.Then phylogenetic analysis based on the sequences of rDNA-ITS and intergenic spacer(IGS)regions added proof that the isolate DJ1 was F.oxysporum.The pathogenicity assays showed that DJ1 was able to infect 5 varieties of the genus Musa including Fenjiao(Musa sp.ABB),Hangdijiao(Musa sp.AA),Taijiao(Musa sp.AAA),Tewei(Musa sp.AAA)and Brazilian(Musa sp.AAA),but it was most pathogenic to Fenjiao,then Tewei,Taijiao and Bazilian,and it was less pathogenic to Huangdijiao.These results imply that DJ1 might be an isolate from race 4 of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense(Foc).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Pediatric Parenting Stress and Its Relation to Depressive Symptoms and Fear of Hypoglycemia in Parents of Young Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Parents of young children with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) maintain full responsibility for their child’s daily diabetes self-care and thus may be vulnerable to experiencing parenting stress. This study examined several psychological correlates of pediatric parenting stress in parents of young children with T1DM. Parents of 39 young children with T1DM (ages 2–7 years) completed measures of pediatric parenting stress, mealtime behavior problems, depressive symptoms, and fear of hypoglycemia. For parents of young children, higher stress frequency and difficulty were associated with higher parental depressive symptoms and fear. Regression analyses identified that 58% of the variance in stress frequency was associated with parental depressive symptoms. For stress difficulty, 68% of the variance was associated with parental depressive symptoms and fear. Pediatric parenting stress is common in parents of young children with T1DM. Stress and the psychological correlates measured in this study are amenable to intervention and should be regularly assessed in parents of young children with T1DM.

Field of study: Psychology
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 in the postnatal and adult rat brain

Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) catalyses the interconversion of active corticosterone and inert 11-dehydrocorticosterone. The recently discovered type 2 isozyme (11β-HSD-2) is a high affinity, NAD-dependent, exclusive 11β-dehydrogenase, which rapidly inactivates glucocorticoids. Thus the enzyme generates aldosterone-selectivity for intrinsically non-selective mineralocorticoid receptors in vivo as well as excluding glucocorticoids from glucocorticoid receptors, the latter being particularly important during development. Aldosterone exerts selective central effects upon salt appetite and blood pressure whilst glucocorticoids have potent effects upon postnatal neurogenesis and brain remodelling. We examined 11β-HSD-2 expression during postnatal ontogeny and in adult rat brain. High 11β-HSD-2 mRNA expression was found specifically in the postnatal thalamus and the external granule cell layer of the cerebellum. Expression peaked at the end of the first postnatal week and declined rapidly thereafter. Postnatal brain showed considerable activity of high affinity 11β-HSD-2 which paralleled expression of 11β-HSD-2 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA). Adult brain showed high 11β-HSD-2 mRNA expression limited to the subcommissural organ, with lower expression in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, amygdala, locus coeruleus and nucleus tractus solitarius. These discrete areas are compatible with proposed selective central actions of aldosterone on blood pressure (subcommissural organ, nucleus tractus solitarius) and salt appetite (ventromedial nucleus, amygdala). In contrast, early postnatal 11β-HSD-2 coincides with glucocorticoid receptor rather than mineralocorticoid receptor expression, and areas of expression are among the regions where glucocorticoids have been demonstrated to have profound effects upon neuronal division, growth and maturation.

Field of study: Biology
Coherent Integration Algorithm for a Maneuvering Target With High-Order Range Migration

This paper considers the coherent integration problem for a maneuvering target with complex motions, where the velocity, acceleration, and jerk result in respectively the first-order range migration (FRM), second-order range migration (SRM), and third-order range migration (TRM) within the coherent pulse interval. A new coherent integration algorithm based on generalized keystone transform (KT) and second-order dechirp process is proposed, which employs the third-order KT, six-order KT, second-order KT, and fold factor searching to correct the TRM, SRM, and FRM, respectively. The range migration change during each step and computational complexity are also theoretically analyzed. Compared with the generalized Radon Fourier transform (GRFT) algorithm, the presented method can avoid the blind speed sidelobe (BSSL) and acquire close integration performance but with much lower computational cost. Simulations are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness. Finally, a generalized method, named generalized KT and generalized dechirp process (GKTGDP), is also introduced for the maneuvering target with arbitrary high-order range migration.

Field of study: Engineering
The symptom mitigation path of mobile community residents: community pharmacy's role.

Most medical conditions that community residents experience are managed in that setting. Often this involves prescription and/or non-prescription medicines and a visit to a community pharmacy. This study explores actions taken by mobile community residents to seek relief from their symptoms and pharmacy's role in symptom mitigation.



Five focus group discussions (n=30) of Finnish citizens living at least part of the year in Southern Spain were conducted. Both inductive and deductive methods were employed.



Participants identified community pharmacies as a critical element of their symptom mitigation path--both because of easy access and free, fast service. According to participants' reports, both pharmacists and sales clerks (1) assumed responsibility for their symptoms and medications, (2) participated in diagnosing conditions and in prescription renewals, (3) both prescription and non-prescription medicines were dispensed and (4) some pharmacies dispensed prescription medications without a valid prescription. Many pharmacies offered medication counselling, but language barriers sometimes forced medicine users to rely on other Finns and written patient information leaflets.



Among mobile community residents, the pharmacy has a trusted role in managing symptoms and medications. However, several medication safety risks are present in the current pharmacy practice: unlicensed sales clerks participate in medication dispensing, prescription medicines may be sold without a prescription, and medication counselling is variable.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Ginzburg-Landau Formalism for 2n-Body Condensation

The Ginzburg-Landau formalism is constructed for Fermi superfluidity based on the 2n-body condensation in parallel with the usual Ginzburg-Landau formalism for the Cooper pair condensation. By this formalism, the transition temperature of the 2n-body condensation is given compactly by the zero of coefficient of the quadratic term in the 2n-body condensed order parameter without counting complicated Feynman diagrams for the 2n-body condensation susceptibility. It is shown that the 2n-body condensed state is stabilized in the intermediate- or strong-coupling regime against the BCS state based on the Cooper pair condensation. This theory is applied to the case of the possible superfluid state of cold atomic gases such as $^9$Be and $^{173}$Yb; the quartet state is possible in the former case, while the sextet state is expected in the latter case. It is predicted that the $^{173}$Yb atomic gas so far attained satisfies the condition for the sextet condensed state to be realized.

Field of study: Physics
Short-Term Climate Variations: Recent Accomplishments and Issues for Future Progress

A short nontechnical review of the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon and the associated teleconnections to higher latitudes is given. ENSO has been shown to be predictable to some degree for over a year ahead, which therefore provides a basis for skillful prediction of interannual variations in climate. The processes involved are emphasized in order to highlight the areas where future research may most profitably be directed to improve climate forecasts. This progress has been realized through the successful completion of the Tropical Oceans Global Atmosphere (TOGA) Program of the World Climate Research Program (WCRP), which has established and maintained the TOGA Observing System, developed coupled atmosphere–ocean models of the tropical Pacific Ocean, demonstrated the predictive capabilities noted above, and conducted field programs to further the understanding of physical processes. Future research will take place in the context of a developing infrastructure associated with operational cl...

Field of study: Environmental science
The Relative Effectiveness of Three Evaluation Techniques on Academic Performance of Secondary School Integrated Science Students in Ondo State, Nigeria

This study examined relative effectiveness of three evaluation techniques on academic performance of secondary school students in integrated science (I.SC) in Ondo State, Nigeria.  It is a quasi-experimental research of the counterbalanced design type.  The 300 students that formed the sample were selected from two purposively selected local government areas from two Senatorial Districts of Ondo State on the basis of rural/urban location.  Three schools with three intact classes were selected from each of the rural and urban centers using stratified random sampling technique.  Fifty students whose Cumulative Continuous Assessment (CCA) records showed an average score ranging between 30-45 were selected from each intact class using simple random sampling technique.  Scores from locally standardized I.SC. Multiple choice achievement test and CCA of the participants between 2009-2011 served as database for the study.  Data collected for the study were analysed sing ANOVA.  The results showed that; there is significant difference in the performance of students exposed to closed book, open book and open time techniques of evaluation learning outcome in I.SC.  It also revealed that students’ performance in I.SC was better in closed book than open book and open time techniques while open book was better than open time technique.  It also showed that interaction of location and evaluating techniques did produce significant effect on secondary school students’ learning outcome.  Based on the findings, it was recommended that teachers and examining bodies should compliment closed book technique of evaluating learning outcome with open book technique to  reduce students’ cheating behaviours, anxiety and  examination phobia.  Relative effectiveness, Closed book, Open book, Open time, Evaluation techniques, Location, interaction, Integrated Science.

Field of study: Education
Dissipation of pendimethalin in the soil of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) and detection of terminal residues in plants

Dissipation of pendimethalin in the soil of field peas (Pisum sativum L.) at 0 to 110 days, and terminal residues in green and mature pea were studied under field conditions. Pendimethalin was applied as pre-emergence herbicide at 750, to 185 g a.i. ha−1 in winter, in field peas. Dissipation of pendimethalin in the soil at 0 to 110 days followed first-order kinetics showing a half-life of 19.83 days averaged over all doses. Low pendimethalin residues were found in mature pea grain (0.004, 0.003, <0.001 μg g−1), and straw (0.007, 0.002, <0.001 μg g−1) at 750, 350 and 185 g a.i. ha−1 treatments, respectively. The study indicated that residues of pendimethalin in green and mature pea were within the prescribed MRL limits.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Research on Continuous k Nearest Neighbor Queries in Road Networks

Presented a novel directional graph model for efficient processing of continuous k nearest neighbor (k-NN) queries in road networks.We use in-memory hash table and linear list structures to store the moving objects and describe the directional model graph respectively.By introducing unidirectional network distance and bidirectional network distance metrics,we propose the unidirectional network expansion algorithm and bidirectional network expansion algorithm to support different semantic continuous k-NN queries,and use influence tree and network expansion strategy to reduce the network searching cost of continuous k-NN queries updating.Experimental results show that the above two algorithms outperforms existing algorithms including IMA and MKNN algorithms.

Field of study: Computer science