nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Complications in a contemporary series of patients who underwent transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease.

OBJECT
Transsphenoidal surgery is the usual treatment of choice for adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas associated with Cushing's disease. In this paper the authors investigate the complications of transsphenoidal surgery in the treatment of a contemporary series of patients with Cushing's disease.



Between January 1992 and December 1997, 105 patients with Cushing's disease underwent transsphenoidal surgery at the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center. A retrospective analysis of the complications was conducted, and the mortality rate was found to be 0.9% and permanent morbidity was 1.8%. The overall number of complications was 14 (13.3%), which included seven complications directly related to surgery; one instance of permanent diabetes insipidus; one syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone; and five medical complications (four patients developed deep vein thrombosis and one developed pneumonia).



Transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease has a higher complication rate than that for pituitary adenomas in general. This is primarily related to a greater number of medical complications, most notably deep vein thrombosis, resulting from the generally debilitated state of most patients with Cushing's disease. In view of the high incidence of deep vein thrombosis in these patients, prophylaxis for thromboembolism during the perioperative period is recommended.

Field of study: Medicine
A Review of Contemporary Diversity Literature in Pharmacy Education

To review and categorize published educational research concerning diversity within colleges and schools of pharmacy.  The Three Models of Organizational Diversity Capabilities in Higher Education framework was used to guide the review efforts. Of the 593 documents retrieved, 11 met the inclusion criteria for review. Each included article was individually reviewed and coded according to the framework.  The reviewed articles were primarily influenced by contemporary drivers of change (eg, shifting demographics in the United States), focused on enhancing the compositional diversity of colleges and schools of pharmacy, examined the experiences of underrepresented groups, and suggested process improvement recommendations.  There is limited published educational research concerning diversity within schools and colleges of pharmacy. Contemporary drivers of change are influencing this research, but more attention must be given to the focus of the research, individuals targeted, and recommendations suggested.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Properties of resonant interatomic Coulombic decay in Ne dimers.

Properties of the interatomic Coulombic decay (ICD) process in Ne dimers have been obtained by tracking the formation of energetic Ne+ ions. The double photoionization cross section, deduced from the Ne+/Ne+ coincidence signal, is dominated by the ICD process and presents a threshold 280 meV below the atomic Ne+2s(-1) threshold. Rydberg excitation of a 2s electron in the dimer creates molecular Rydberg states whose Sigma and Pi symmetries have been resolved. These excited states decay by a resonant ICD process releasing an energetic Ne+ ion and a neutral excited Ne* fragment. Subsequent autoionization of the Ne* fragment explains a double photoionization threshold below the dimer 2s ionization threshold.

Field of study: Physics
Removal technology for pesticide contaminants in potable water

Granular activated carbon adsorption is one of the reliable and effective means of removing organochlorine pesticides from water. Continuous stirred tank and fix bed reactor systems were used for the screening of indigenous granular activated carbons in the removal of organochlorine pesticides from water at low microgram levels in simulated samples. The carbon dose reguired to treat raw water at initial concentrations of 5–10 ug/1 of Y‐HCH, p,p'‐DDT and p,p'‐DDE to <2 ug/1 potable level was computed. Data leads to the development of a tap attachable water treatment unit for pesticides removal for applications on domestic scale.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Effects of Temperature in Continuous Annealing Furnace on Critical Load of Strip Wrinkling

The distinct performance parameters of strip material MS1470 at different temperature were obtained.The wrinkling critical load of steel at different temperatures was calculated using nonlinear static algorithm.The results show that when the material temperature is 850 ℃,700 ℃ and 600 ℃,and the critical loads are the ranges of 12～14 MPa,22～25 MPa and 52～54 MPa,the higher the heating temperature reaches,the smaller the wrinkling critical load gets,which is in line with the reality.

Field of study: Materials science
The Ufa indenter: stratigraphic and geophysic evidences for an actual indentation of the Southern Urals by the East European craton

Study of the altitudes of the lowest part of the Upper Cretaceous–Eocene and Aktschagylian–Quaternary stratigraphic ensembles known on the western slope of the Southern Urals evidences the existence of an East–West elongated dome which follows the N53° latitude. This ridge is superimposed at depth with the remnants of the Sernovodsk–Abdulino Aulacogen and with the Belaya tear fault, which support the existence of a recent rejuvenation of these old structures. North of these disruptions the Southern Urals display a clear bent towards the East. Detailed microstructural studies show that this curvature is associated with a typical stress pattern which suggests the existence of an indentation of the fold belt by the East European craton. The hypothesis of an Ufa indenter is not supported by an equivalent East–West deep fault north of the bend. However, a long N100° magnetic anomaly, interpreted as a shear zone, suggests that the indenter is a reality. Quaternary uplift and crustal thickening at its front as well as seismological data support our interpretation. It is not stressed that the curvature of the Urals observed at 56° latitude results solely from this recent indentation. It is only assumed that the actual indentation is rejuvenating a former unevenness which existed before in the East European craton. Study of the inner part of the indenter shows that this type of structure is not necessarily rigid and undeformed. Some of the structures described on the URSEIS deep seismic line could be much younger than previously expected.

Field of study: Environmental science
On the Difficulty of Securing Web Applications Using CryptDB

Crypt DB has been proposed as a practical and secure middleware to protect databases deployed on semi-honest cloud servers. While CD provides sufficient protection under Threat-1, here we demonstrate that when CD is deployed to secure the cloud hosted database of a realistic Web application, an attacker to database or a Malicious Database Administrator (mDBA) can easily steal information, and even escalate his privilege to become the administrator of the Web application. Our attacks, fall under a restricted form of Threat-2 where we only assume that the attackers or the mDBA tampers with the CD protected database and is opens an ordinary user account through the Web application. Our attacks, are carried out assuming perfectly secure proxy and application servers. Therefore, the attacks work without recovering the master key residing on the proxy server. At the root of the attack lies the lack of any integrity checks for the data in the CD database. We propose a number of practical countermeasures to mitigate attacks targeting the integrity of the CD database. We also demonstrate that the data integrity is not sufficient to protect the databases, when query integrity and frequency attacks are considered.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
The Resistance to Change-Beliefs Scale: Validation of a New Measure of Conservative Ideology

The motivated social cognition (MSC) model of conservative ideology posits there are two core facets of conservative political ideology—endorsement of hierarchies and resistance to change. The present research tested the validity and reliability of a scale developed to measure resistance to change. Five studies support the validity, reliability, and factor structure of the Resistance to Change-Beliefs (RC-B) scale. Scores on the RC-B scale correlated with social and cognitive motivations as well as self-identified conservatism. RC-B also predicted more conservative stances on political issues and factor analyses supported the predicted internal structure of the RC-B scale. This provides the field with a validated instrument that avoids problems inherent in previous measures, can be used to test predictions from the MSC model, and has potential applications beyond political psychology.

Field of study: Psychology
An Evaluation on Two Approaches of Floating Population Children's School Education

Small as it is, the floating children is a special social group among the floating population, and bear a profound social significance. The study on floating population children's school education aims at promoting the new social policies so as to eliminate the social exclusion and advance the social union. This article, starting from four factors, namely, floating population's children, town residents' children, parents of floating population and school teachers, analyzes the advantage of floating population children's school education in the inflow place, then further explores both the contents and form of two school education approaches, which are public school--the main approach, and the voluntary school-- the secondary approach.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Impact of property rights on labor contracts in commercial fisheries

Property rights are increasingly utilized for environmental and resource management: in fisheries these market-based approaches take the form of individual transferable quotas. This paper studies labor contracts in fisheries governed by individual transferable quotas (ITQs). Previous literature on labor contracts in fisheries models the dominance of a share system of remuneration between boat owner and crew in fisheries. We extend the standard model of the labor contract to the case of ITQ fisheries to explain the share contract between crew and boat owner and the share contract between boat owner and quota owner when boat owner, quota owner, and crew are risk averse in a stochastic environment. We test this model through analysis of the Mid-Atlantic surf clam fishery and present empirical evidence of changes in contracting practices, harvest rates and shares of crew remuneration.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Multiplicity Dependence of Pion Interferometry in Hydrodynamics

Understanding the origins of collective, fluid-like behavior in ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions constitutes one of the biggest open challenges in the field. In this Letter, it is argued that certain features in the multiplicity dependence of the source sizes extracted using pion interferometry may be understood quite naturally if small systems evolve hydrodynamically at sufficiently large multiplicities. Interferometry may therefore provide a baseline for probing and constraining the nature of collective behavior in nuclear collisions.

Field of study: Physics
Effect of La on Structure and Properties of ZL101A Alloy

The micro/macro-structure and properties of the ZL101A alloy added different La amount after heat treatment were studied.The results show that a significant modifying effect on ZL101Acan be achieved in metal mould casting by adding 0.6% La the eutectic Si in the modified alloy becomes finer spot-shaped morphology.The grain is refined remarkably after adding La and the average grain size is decreased from 3 mm to 1 mm.The modification of eutectic silicon and the refinement of grain are mainly attribute to the enrichment of La at the front edge of eutectic,which counteracts the eutectic Si growing up.With the increase of La amount,the tensile strength and elongation increase markedly.But excessive La has bad effect on tensile strength and elongation.

Field of study: Materials science
Growth, productivity and protein glycosylation in a CHO EpoFc producer cell line adapted to glutamine-free growth.

A primary objective of cell line development and process optimisation in animal cell culture is the improvement of culture performance as indicated by desirable properties such as high cell concentration, viability, productivity and product quality. The inefficient energy metabolism of mammalian cells in culture is still a major limiting factor for improvements in process performance. It results in high uptake rates of glucose and glutamine and the concomitant accumulation of waste products which in turn limits final cell concentrations and growth. To avoid these negative side effects, a CHO host cell line was established recently which is able to grow in completely glutamine free medium (Hernandez Bort et al., 2010). To determine the influence of this adaptation on productivity and product quality, the same procedure was repeated with a recombinant CHO cell line producing an erythropoietin-Fc fusion protein (CHO-EpoFc) for this publication. After adaptation to higher cell densities and glutamine free medium, culture performance was monitored in batch bioprocesses and revealed comparable growth properties and EpoFc product formation in both cell lines. The level of reactive oxygen species was elevated in the adapted cells, reflecting a higher level of oxidative stress, however, at the same time the level of the oxido-protective glutathione was also higher, so that cells seem adequately protected against cellular damage. Analysis of nucleotides and nucleotide sugars revealed elevated UDP-sugars in cells grown in the absence of glutamine. Furthermore, the antennarity of N-glycans was moderately higher on the Epo part of the protein produced by the adapted cell line compared to the parental cell line. Except for this, the glycosylation, with respect to site occupancy, degree of sialylation and glycoform structure, was highly comparable, both for the Epo and the Fc part of the protein.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Transforming Theory into Preventive Genetics in rural Communities

Family physicians are at the frontier in health promotion. They have opportunity to identify many familial genetic risks prior to health crises. Early diagnosis allows time to discuss choices: schedules for screening, change of diet, preventive drug treatment, and/or reproductive alternatives. Investigation of risk is less time consuming when families already have a general awareness of how genetic disease is inherited. In geographic areas underserved by genetics clinic staff, we are using CEIC job-development monies to train laypeople to organize community workshops on health and “family trees”. Family physicians, together with informed laypeople, succeed in transforming genetic theory into practice.

Field of study: Medicine
Magnetite and Spinel Series Minerals from the Magnesian Skarn-type Iron Deposit at the Shinyemi Mine, Korea

Spinel, magnesioferrite and magnetite are found in the Shinyemi magnesian skarn-type iron deposit. There are close relationships between the mode of occurrence and the chemical composition of these minerals . Spinel formed during the metamorphic stage has a chemical composition close to MgAl2O4. Metasomatic spinel, nearly simultaneously formed with "magnetite I" during the progressive skarn formation, can be expressed in the spinel-hercynite binary system with ranging from 24.1 to 34.5 mole% FeAl2O4 component. "Magnetite I", commonly associated with olivine, ranges in composition from 62.4 to 98.3 mole% FeFe2O4, from 0.0 to 30.3 mole% MgFe2 O4, from 0.0 to 7.3 mole% FeAl2O4, and from 0.6 to 3.1 mole% MnFe2O4 components. It generally contains exsolution bodies of spinel with the composition of 68.7-83.1 mole% MgAl2O4, 6.2-21.3 mole% FeAl2O4 and 5.5-9.7 mole% MgFe2O4 components. "Magnetite I" is frequently replaced by the late formed magnetite ("magnetite II") associated with Mg-rich chlorite, serpentine and carbonate minerals during the retrogressive process. Compositions of "magnetite II" are represented in the MgFe2O4-FeFe2O4-MnFe2O4 ternary system. It extends to about 28.2 mole% MnFe2O4. During the almost same stage to that of "magnetite I", "magnesioferrite I" was crystallized in dolostone near the magnetite ore bodies, it contains 59.1-70.7 mole% MgFe2O4, 5.7-11.7 mole% MgAl2O4, 2.627.3 mole% FeFe2O4 and small amounts of FeAl2O4 and MnFe2O4 components. The late formed magnesioferrite ("magnesioferrite II") has considerable amounts of FeFe2O4 and MnFe2O4 components.  Spinels are common accessory phases in igneous and metamorphic rocks and have been used as an indicator of physical and chemical conditions such as temperature and oxygen fugacity. On the other hand, Mg-rich spinel group minerals frequently occur in magnesian skarn-type deposits (SOKOLOV and GRIGOR'EV, 1977; ZHARIKOV, 1970). There are, however, few detailed mineralogical studies on the spinel group minerals from these deposits. In the course of the mineralogical investigation on the magnetite ores from the Shinyemi deposit, the authors found the close relationship between the occurrence and the chemical compositions of spinel and magnetite series minerals of the group. The present paper describes the mode of occurrence, optical properties, X-ray diffraction data and chemical compositions of these minerals, and discusses the phase relation for some spinel group minerals at lower temperatures of 400-650•Ž.

Field of study: Geology
On the design of an global intrusion tolerance network architecture against the internet catastrophes

Today's security communities face a daunting challenges - how to protect the Internet from new, unknown zero day worms. Due to their innovation, these worms are hard to be stopped by traditional security mechanisms. Therefore, instead of trying to prevent the intrusion of every such a thread, this paper proposes a new system architecture, named Virtual Machine based Intrusion Tolerance Network (VMITN), which will tolerate the new worm attack until administrators remove the vulnerability leveraged by the worm. The VMITN adopts a rough-set based recognition mechanism to detect zero day worms and a virtual machine based overlay network to mitigate attacks. We have implemented a concept proof prototype system and use NS-2 simulations to study the performance of the VMITN in a large scale network. The behavior of the famous Witty worm is simulated within the NS-2 module and the simulations result showed that our VMITN architecture can provide the reliability and survivability under severe worm attacks.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Framing the environment - Disputes and developments in the management of Norwegian salmon fjords

Fish farming is an important industry in Norway. However, it is perceived to have negative environmental impacts on the wild salmon through infections and genetically impacting wild salmon populations. These environmental threats led to the establishment of national salmon fjords as a form of area protection, initiated under the Act on Farming Fish, Shellfish etc. (Act of 14 June 1985). The authors study the discourses around the establishment of national salmon fjords, through process documents such as White Papers, management reports, statements in hearing processes, and press releases by involved actors. Document analysis revealed two partly competing frames , which the authors label the conservation frame and the technology frame . The two frames are interrelated. They seem to be developed as part of the policy formation process, and partly as tools in the struggle between different actors. Analysis of the similarities and differences between the frames in terms of, for example, rationality, strategy, and understanding of the environmental threats leads to an enhanced understanding of the nature of environmental controversies around fish farming and the protection of Norwegian salmon fjords.

Field of study: Environmental science
Evaluation of the tumor registration error in biopsy procedures performed under real‐time PET/CT guidance

The purpose of this study is to quantify tumor displacement during real‐time PET/CT guided biopsy and to investigate correlations between tumor displacement and false‐negative results.  19 patients who underwent real‐time 18F‐FDG PET‐guided biopsy and were found positive for malignancy were included in this study under IRB approval. PET/CT images were acquired for all patients within minutes prior to biopsy to visualize the FDG‐avid region and plan the needle insertion. The biopsy needle was inserted and a post‐insertion CT scan was acquired. The two CT scans acquired before and after needle insertion were registered using a deformable image registration (DIR) algorithm. The DIR deformation vector field (DVF) was used to calculate the mean displacement between the pre‐insertion and post‐insertion CT scans for a region around the tip of the biopsy needle. For 12 patients one biopsy core from each was tracked during histopathological testing to investigate correlations of the mean displacement between the two CT scans and false‐negative or true‐positive biopsy results. For 11 patients, two PET scans were acquired; one at the beginning of the procedure, pre‐needle insertion, and an additional one with the needle in place. The pre‐insertion PET scan was corrected for intraprocedural motion by applying the DVF. The corrected PET was compared with the post‐needle insertion PET to validate the correction method.  The mean displacement of tissue around the needle between the pre‐biopsy CT and the postneedle insertion CT was 5.1 mm (min = 1.1 mm, max = 10.9 mm and SD = 3.0 mm). For mean displacements larger than 7.2 mm, the biopsy cores gave false‐negative results. Correcting pre‐biopsy PET using the DVF improved the PET/CT registration in 8 of 11 cases.  The DVF obtained from DIR of the CT scans can be used for evaluation and correction of the error in needle placement with respect to the FDG‐avid area. Misregistration between the pre‐biopsy PET and the CT acquired with the needle in place was shown to correlate with false negative biopsy results.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Study on technics of effective ingredients of Allium Mongolicum Regel by solvent extraction methods

To study technics flow of extracting effective ingredients of Allium Mongolicum Regel by solvent extraction methods by orthogonal experiments design. It was confirmed according to rate that optimized technics condition was temperature 75℃, time 2h, ethanol concentration 50%,which was fit to carry out batch extraction ,to make feed additive, to meet requirement of improving mutton flavor during house-raised sheep.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
[Effects of oleanolic acid on immune system and type I allergic reaction].

Oleanolic acid (OLA)50, 100 mg/kg sc antagonised the inhibitory effect of cortisone on the weights of spleen and thymus, decreased the clearance rate of charcoal particles in mice. The production of serum specific antibody hemolysin was not clearly affected by OLA. The administration of OLA 100 mg/kg enhanced the development of serum antibody immunoglobulin G in mice and showed marked inhibition on the hemolytic activity of the total complement by classical pathway in guinea pigs. In addition, the homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in mice or rats and the degranulation of mast cells of calvarial periosteum in rats were significantly prevented by OLA 50, 100 mg/kg. The increased capillary permeability in the rat skin caused by intradermic injection of histamine was also reduced by OLA 100 mg/kg. These results indicate that OLA inhibited the type I allergic reaction.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine