nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Dual-beam antiphase method to improve the WMS measurement limit in long-distance methane detection.

Wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) with second harmonic detection is an extremely effective technique to detect gases in site applications. However, the significant levels of nonlinear effects in a system give rise to high background signals that either limit detection sensitivity or distort the harmonic signals. This paper outlines the theory of WMS-involved background signals and focuses on the elimination of undesirable effects in the background. A real-time, long-distance methane sensor using a tunable diode laser near 1653.7 nm is developed to continuously monitor methane by using a variable optical attenuator to suppress the background. Trace methane detection experiments verify that the minimum detection limit of the system can be increased by 47.5 times compared to the traditional WMS method.

Field of study: Physics
Carbon acceptors passivated with hydrogen and the search for carbon donors in highly doped GaAs:C

Highly carbon doped p-type GaAs grown by MOVPE shows infrared absorption lines from localized vibrational modes of CAs acceptors and passivated H-CAs pairs. A comparison with samples grown by MOMBE shows that an unassigned line at 563 cm-1 is due to a mode of H-CAs pairs, although an isotopic analogue from D-CAs pairs in plasma-treated samples has not been detected. The important new result is the demonstration that the line cannot be due to CGa donors, and so there is still no evidence for the amphoteric behaviour of carbon impurities in GaAs.

Field of study: Materials science
A Superconducting 352 MHz Prototype Cavity for LEP

It is proposed to upgrade the large electron-positron storage ring LEP to energies above the initial 55 GeV by superconducting accelerating cavities operated at 352 MHz. A new cavity geometry has been developed which will allow to locate the main and higher order mode couplers at the beam tubes of the cavities. Experimental results obtained with monocell cavities fabricated from niobium material of different thermal conductivity and with a 4-cell prototype cavity are discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Investigation of the Effect of HATCH Score and Coronary Artery Disease Complexity on Atrial Fibrillation after On-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery

Postoperative atrial fibrillation (PoAF) is the most frequently encountered rhythm problem after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. This situation decreases the capacity of the patients with respect to functional exercise and creates a risk for stroke. In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of coronary artery disease extensiveness and HATCH score on PoAF in patients undergoing CABG surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.  Patients who underwent CABG between December 2014 and December 2018 were included retrospectively. Preoperative demographic characteristics, laboratory parameters, and operative parameters of the patients were recorded retrospectively.  Of the 352 patients, 274 had HATCH scores ≤2 (71.1% male, mean age: 61.7 ± 12.4 years), and 78 had HATCH scores >2 (69.2% male, mean age: 65.9 ± 11.7 years). Significant differences were found between the 2 groups in terms of the age (p = 0.014), presence of hypertension (p = 0.012), PoAF (p < 0.001), and SYNTAX (synergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with taxus and cardiac surgery) score I (p = 0.001). A HATCH score >2 and SYNTAX score I were identified as independent predictors of PoAF (OR: 1.022, 95% CI: 1.004–1.128, p = 0.032, and OR 1.098, 95% CI 1.035–1.164, p = 0.002, respectively). For predicting PoAF, the cutoff level in the ROC curve analysis was 19.7 for SYNTAX score (AUC 0.647, 95% CI 0.581–0.714, p < 0.001, 72.2% sensitivity and 66.4% specificity), and the cutoff level for HATCH score was 2 (AUC 0.656, 95% CI 0.595–0.722, p < 0.001, 69.4% sensitivity and 56.8% specificity)  HATCH and SYNTAX scores are predictors of PoAF.

Field of study: Medicine
FIBER AND INTEGRATED OPTICS: Analysis of the characteristics of a radio signal at the output of a multimode interference-type fiber channel

An analysis is made of a theoretical model of an interference fiber channel for transmission of microwave signals. It is assumed that the channel consists of a multimode fiber waveguide with a step or graded refractive-index profile. A typical statistic of a longitudinal distribution of inhomogeneities is also assumed. Calculations are reported of the interference losses, the spectral profile of the output radio signal, the signal/noise ratio in the channel, and of the dependences of these parameters on: the type, diameter, and the length of the multimode fiber waveguide; the spectral width of the radiation source; the frequency offset between the interfering optical signals.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
The rapid molecular identification of 16 common coagulase negative Staphylococcus

To establish the rapid molecular diagnosis of 16 common coagulase negative Staphylococcus(CNS).Methods DNA sequencing of 16 CNS would be obtained with gap gene.After the alignment gap gene sequences which were available in the GenBank,the bacteria were identified with homological alignment and phylogenetic tree,and compared with the 16S rRNA gene. The sequence similarity of the gap sequences ranged from 39% to 98% in 16 CNS.There were the highest similarity (98%) between S.hominis and S.hominis subsp,and the lowest(39% ) between S.saprophyticus and S.xylosus.The sequence similarity of the 16S rRNA sequences ranged from 96 to 98%,at least two species of bacteria similar rate of 99% and the most four species similar rate of 99%.Phylogenetic homology analysis showed that it was a high confidence(99% ) in the detection ofS.xylosus and S.lentus,S.chromogenes and S.intermedius,S.hominis and S.hominis subsp,but for 10 other species of bacteria,gap homology analysis has less unreliable confidence(49%,56% ) and 16S rRNA has more unreliable confidence(43%,43%,50%,56%,63%,65%,76% ).Conclusion Analysis of gap sequence could identify 16 CNS timely and accurately,with higher confidence than 16S rRNA. 
 
 
Coagulase negative Staphylococcus;  Homology analysis;  16S rRNA ; gap gene

Field of study: Biology
Influence of Performance Contracting on Conflict Resolution in Public Universities, Kenya

The Government of Kenya introduced Performance Contracting (PC) in the public service as one of the tools to improve service delivery. The public service is confronted with many challenges that constrain customer satisfaction as an indicator of service delivery. The study was guided by the following objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of performance contracting on customer satisfaction in the public universities in Kenya, The study was based on the assumption that all the respondents were aware of the government policies on performance contracting in public universities. The study used descriptive survey research design and the target population for the study was 132,021 subjects comprising of 84,290 students, 15,937 academic staff, 31,789 non-teaching staff and 05 directors of performance contracting in the five public universities. For a population of 132,016 subjects, a normal sample size of 384 respondents was appropriate for the study but 507 respondents were used to take care of attrition. Purposive sampling was used to select the directors of performance contracting and simple random sampling and stratified sampling to select academic staff, nonacademic staff and students. Questionnaires for the staff and students and interview schedule for director performance were used for data collection. Piloting of the instruments was done in three public universities which had similar characteristics with the sampled universities. Reliability of the instruments results was tested using split half technique and Cronbach formula was used to compute reliability. Reliability coefficient of the academic staff, non-academic staffs, directors of performance contracting and students were found to be, 0.81, 0.78, 0.73 and 0.79 respectively. Data was analyzed with the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 18. Descriptive statistics used for data analyses were mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics used was Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation and regression analysis. The study achieved a response rate of 93%. The study established a positive correlation between the effectiveness of performance contracting and customer satisfaction with r= 0.403 from the staff respondents and r= 0.204 from students respondents. Therefore, the study concludes that there is a strong positive association between performance contracting and customer satisfaction in the public universities in Kenya. The study recommended that the public universities should reward staff that performs well as part of customer satisfaction. The findings of the study could be significant to policy makers in performance contracting to come up with improved models of improving customer satisfaction in public sector and public universities. The study could also provide university management with data that can help strengthen customer satisfaction in universities.  Performance Contracting, Conflict Resolution

Field of study: Education
Photochemistry and structure in nucleic acids

Research into the photochcmistry of biopolymcrs has increased in scope and scale to such an extent in recent years that it has become necessary to limit this review to a consideration of photochemical approaches to the structure of polynucleotides. Treatment proceeds from the constituent monomers to the polymer to emphasize the changes in photophysical and photochemical properties of the monomers when incorporated into the polymer. Studies of the mechanisms and structural requirements for the photoreactions in polynucleotides are complicated by low yields of reactions and the essential lack of luminescence from nucleotides in aqueous solution near room temperature. Contrariwise, the use of photochemical yields in an empirical way to indicate occurrence of conformational changes has been successful. The most successful use of photochemical reactions in polynucleotides has been for making specific structural modifications for structure --function studies.

Field of study: Chemistry
Variation of the linguistic profiles of advanced English-speaking learners of Korean

This paper, which is a partial replication of Kanno et al. , examined the linguistic profiles of 27 advanced English-speaking learners of Korean (23 heritage, four non-heritage). Data consisted of performance by all 27 subjects on an adapted Korean version of Kanno et al.'s written test of linguistic intuitions, and six subjects' rendition of the same guided spoken narrative was also analyzed for accuracy and complexity. Results showed that advanced learners of Korean found idiomatic expressions and passive constructions to be the most difficult; heritage learners outperformed non-heritage learners on all areas of the first written test; heritage learners found connectives easy, while non-heritage learners found them difficult; and among heritage learners, the higher their proficiency, the easier they found honorifics.

Field of study: Linguistics
"Leaving before she leaves": considering future family when making career plans.

An instrument was developed to measure the extent to which people consider future children and romantic partners when planning for a career (i.e., the PLAN scale). Two independent factor-analytic studies of a total of 726 college women were conducted to assess the factor structure and psychometric properties of this measure. Results suggested that the PLAN represents a general Considering Future Family When Making Career Plans factor and 2 domain-specific factors: Considering Children and Prioritizing and Compromising for Partner. Suggestions for future research and practice using the PLAN scale are provided.

Field of study: Psychology
Reversible Aggregation and Deaggregation of Helicene-grafted Chiral Silica Nanoparticles Induced by Aromatic Solvents

Silica nanoparticles with sizes of 210 and 440 nm were grafted with (P)- or (M)-1,12-dimethylbenzo[c]phenanthrenes by silane coupling with helicenamidated (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane. The chira...

Field of study: Chemistry
Flowering-mediated root-fungus symbiosis loss is related to jasmonate-dependent root soluble sugar deprivation.

The role of flowering in root-fungal symbiosis is not well understood. Because flowering and fungal symbionts are supported by carbohydrates, we hypothesized that flowering modulates root-beneficial fungal associations through alterations in carbohydrate metabolism and transport. We monitored fungal colonization and soluble sugars in the roots of Arabidopsis thaliana following inoculation with a mutualistic fungus Phomopsis liquidambari across different plant developmental stages. Jasmonate signaling of wild-type plants, sugar transport and root invertase of wild-type and jasmonate-insensitive plants were exploited to assess whether and how jasmonate-dependent sugar dynamics are involved in flowering-mediated fungal colonization alterations. We found that flowering restricts root fungal colonization and activates root jasmonate signaling upon fungal inoculation. Jasmonates reduce the constitutive and fungus-induced accumulation of root glucose and fructose at the flowering stage. Further experiments with sugar transport and metabolism mutant lines revealed that root glucose and fructose positively influence fungal colonization. Diurnal, jasmonate-dependent inhibitions of sugar transport and soluble invertase activity were identified as likely mechanisms for flowering-mediated root sugar depletion upon fungal inoculation. Collectively, our results reveal that flowering drives root-fungus cooperation loss, which is related to jasmonate-dependent root soluble sugar depletion. Limiting the spread of root fungal colonization may direct more resources to flower development.

Field of study: Environmental science
Becoming a Maya Woman: Beauty Pageants at the Intersection of Indigeneity, Gender and Class in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala

Indigenous beauty pageants can be seen as a way of re-appropriating indigenous identity. This article approaches beauty pageants as being situated in multiple systems of power at four levels of contestation: (1) reproducing gender relations and creating new professional and political opportunities; (2) constituting a site for cultural and political agency and delimiting the ways to ‘be a Maya woman’; (3) reproducing class relations in terms of access to the event and contributing to social awareness of beauty queens; (4) as a social event consolidating (gender) relations within the family. The findings are based on longitudinal (2002–14) ethnographic fieldwork in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala.

Field of study: Political science
Isolation of specific humanized anti-D-dimer scFv fragments from scFv phage libraries

To isolate specific humanized anti-D-dimer scFv(single chain Fv) antibody from scFv phage libraries.  Isolate anti-D-dimer positive clones from Tomlinson I + J phage libraries by three rounds of panuing, then sequence monoclonal genes by bideoxy-mediated chain termination and express soluble scFv antibody; Pick out anti-D-dimer antibodies with high specificity and affinity by ELISA.Results After three rounds of selection from human scFv phage libraries Tomlinson I and J, 38 monclonal specific anti-D-dimer scFv fragments were selected. By polyclonal and monoclonal phage ELISA and gene sequencing, 20 different full-length monoclonal scFv phages were identified, the result of soluble scFv ELISA showed that 20 full-length monoclonal scFv were expressed smoothly. According to the result of soluble scFv ELISA, in 5 scFv antibodies with high value of A450 selected, 3 scFv antibody fragments showed high specific and affinity.  Antibody phage display was an effective, rapid method to isolate anti-D-dimer antibodies with high specificity and affinity. 
 
 
Screening;  Anti-D-dimer antibody;  Phage display

Field of study: Biology
Studies on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of goat's milk dadih incorporated with tropical-fruit purees.

This study was carried out to improve the nutritional value of goat’s milk dadih by the addition of tropicalfruit purees, namely, jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus, Lam.), pineapple (Ananas comosus) and papaya (Carica papaya). Dadih with added fruits were compared with the control (without fruit puree) for physical, chemical and sensory attributes. The texture properties of the tropicalfruit dadih were significantly different (p< 0.05) from the control. Control dadih showed highest values for lightness and hue (p< 0.05) as compared to tropicalfruit dadih. The addition of tropicalfruit purees significantly increased (p< 0.05) the moisture, protein, ash and vitamin C contents of the fruit added dadih. There were no significant differences (p> 0.05) in the fat, carbohydrate, energy and total soluble solid contents. Sensory evaluations using a hedonic test showed that all dadih were acceptable. Overall, syneresis of the dadih increased with decreasing pH throughout storage at 4 °C.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Provable Secure and Efficient Proxy Signature Scheme without Bilinear Pairings

There are two major problems in the existing proxy signature schemes.Firstly,the existing proxy signature schemes are not proved for their security in the intact provable security model for proxy signature.Secondly,some proxy signature schemes which have security reduction to CDHP or other problems are based on bilinear pairing operation,but bilinear pairing operation needs much time,so the schemes have low computational efficiency.In this paper,we show a new proxy signature scheme based on the EDL signature scheme—Proxy-EDL signature scheme.The new scheme is an extension of the EDL signature scheme,which is not based on bilinear pairing operation,so the new scheme has high computational efficiency.And the new scheme is proved to have the existential proxy signature unforgerability under an adaptive chosen message attack in the provable security model for proxy signature,which has a security reduction to CDHP.Comparing with other existing proxy signature schemes,the new scheme is more efficient and secure.

Field of study: Computer science
PICA: Backside failure analysis of CMOS circuits using Picosecond Imaging Circuit Analysis

Normal operation of complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices entails the emission of picosecond pulses of light, which can be used to diagnose circuit problems. The pulses that are observed from submicron sized field effect transistors (FETs) are synchronous with logic state switching. Picosecond Imaging Circuit Analysis (PICA), a new optical imaging technique combining imaging with timing, spatially resolves individual devices at the 0.5 micron level and switching events on a 10 picosecond timescale. PICA is used here for the diagnostics of failures on two VLSI microprocessors.

Field of study: Engineering
S10. The emerging role of biomarker profiling and functional imaging for guidance of head and neck cancer management

The current focus is to identify methods and patients to tailor or de-escalate treatment intensity to reduce toxicity with minimal, no loss or improvement in control rates. Biomarkers and functional imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) are emerging as potential tools to achieve this goal. A number of biomarkers associated with outcomes in head and neck cancer (HNC) have been identified, but their role in modifying treatment are yet to be fully defined. Currently, the presence of HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma is the strongest biomarker, predicting for favourable outcomes. Treatment de-escalation is attractive in this group. Trials to address this question are being considered with epidermal growth factor receptor antibodies, as possible candidates for less intense treatments. Functional imaging with fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET has emerged as a valuable oncologic tool. Re-staging with FDG PET has a high negative predictive value for the detection of residual nodal disease in HNC following RT and can now be used to guide the subsequent management of the neck. In addition to anatomic delineation, PET has the ability to qualitatively describe tumors. Radio-isotopes such as FAZA, F-Miso and FLT in combination with PET, has the potential to biologically characterise tumors, pre-, during and post-therapy and tailor treatment accordingly. Biomarkers and functional imaging to characterise tumors at a molecular level are being explored to modify treatment and improve the therapeutic ratio.

Field of study: Medicine
Dynamic Stall Control on a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Using Plasma Actuators

Dynamic stall was controlled on the blades of a small high-solidity vertical axis wind turbine, by means of dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuators installed on the blade leading-edges. A parametric study was conducted with the objective of increasing the net power output resulting from control in an open-loop manner. For the majority of experiments, the actuators were configured to control separation on the upwind half of the turbine azimuth while limited experiments were conducted on the downwind half. Turbine power was measured using a specially-designed dynamometer that allowed full characterization of its performance. Actuator duty cycle dependence observed previously on static airfoils was also observed on the turbine. However, optimum reduced frequencies showed substantially different dependence and this was traced to the importance of the plasma pulsation frequency relative to the turbine rotational frequency. Overall turbine power performance improvements of 38% and 20% were measured for upwind and downwind dynamic stall control, respectively. Based on the data acquired, up-scaling the turbine by a factor of 5 and 10, the percentage of plasma power required to produce comparable improvements was conservatively estimated at 3.3% and 1.7% respectively. A new switching-direction actuator was developed, together with high-speed plasma triggering, in order to produce combined upwind and downwind actuation that is phase-locked to turbine rotational frequencies. Flowfield measurements using particle image velocimetry are presently being performed.

Field of study: Physics
Modelling of the responses to nitrogen availability of two Plantago species grown at a range of exponential nutrient addition rates

Plantago major ssp. major and P. lanceolata were grown in solution culture with exponential nutrient addition rates. Compared with P. lanceolata, P. major major showed a higher shoot weight ratio (SWR, fraction of plant dry weight in the shoot) and a higher net assimilation rate (NAR, expressed on a leaf dry weight basis) at equal plant (PNC) and shoot (SNC) nitrogen concentration, respectively. No difference was observed in shoot nitrogen ratio (SNR, fraction of plant nitrogen in the shoot) against PNC between the two species. The effect of these differences in matter partitioning and NAR on plant growth was examined by using a growth model. The model assumed (1) that the SWR and SNR are a linear function of PNC and (2) that the NAR is a rectangular hyperbolic function of SNC. Curvilinear relationships were observed between relative growth rate (RGR) and PNC. P. major major had a higher RGR at equal PNC and, thus, a higher nitrogen productivity (NP) than P. lanceolata. Steady-stale exponential growth was simulated for different nitrogen availability in the environment. P. major major had a higher RGR over the whole range of nitrogen availability but the difference attenuated with decreasing availability of nitrogen. The simulation also showed P. lanccolata having higher plasticity in the shoot/root ratio, which resulted from its higher variability in PNC.

Field of study: Environmental science