nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical studies with fluoride electrolytes

Although zirconia and thoria-based electrolytes have proved very valuable in the measurement of the thermodynamic properties of many oxide and alloy systems, there are systems for which the use of fluoride electrolytes are preferred. Refractory compounds involving the alkaline earth and rare earth elements can be studied with these electrolytes, but the use of fluoride solid solutions such as SrF2 LaF3 is more convenient experimentally than the pure fluorides. This is because a steady EMF is normally achieved much more rapidly with the solid solutions. Examples are given of the incorporation of oxide, hydride and carbide dispersed phase in the fluoride electrolyte to enable the measurement of the thermodynamic properties of oxides, carbides, hydrides not accessible by the use of oxide electrolytes.

Field of study: Chemistry
[Clinical and Biological Character in Mouse Models for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Generated by Transduction with Different Doses of DPP4 Molecule].

In this study, we evaluated the difference ot biological characteristics in the MERS-CoV infected mice model in prior to transduction with different dosage of human DPP4. Firstly, we transduced different dosage of DPP4 (high or low) into mice, and then challenged them with MERS-CoV in order to establish the model. After establishment of mice model, we observed the clinical signs of disease, virus replication, immunopathogenesis and antibody response. The results indicated that the infected mice showed typical pneumonia, virus replication, histological lesions, and neutralizing antibody production. Moreover, the high dosage group was superior to the low dosage group. Fourteen days after infection, the specific antibody to virus structural protein and neutralizing antibody were analyzed, the high dosage group induced higher level antibody. In summary, the MERS-CoV infected mice model were established prior transduction with DPP4, and the level of DPP4 influenced the clinical signs of disease, virus replication and antibody response in this model.

Field of study: Biology
FOXP3 gene expression in a tuberculosis case contact study

Regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs) that express FOXP3 are involved in the beneficial attenuation of immunopathology, but are also implicated in down‐regulation of protective responses to infection. Their role in tuberculosis (TB) is unknown. We classified 1272 healthy TB contacts according to their tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon (IFN)‐γ enzyme‐linked immunospot (ELISPOT) results and 128 TB cases, and studied the expression of FOXP3 and interleukin (IL)‐10 in blood samples. Compared to the uninfected contact group (TST–, ELISPOT–), we observed higher levels of FOXP3 mRNA in blood from TB patients (< 0·001), but IL‐10 expression was slightly lower (P = 0·04). In contrast, FOXP3 expression levels were significantly lower (P = 0·001) in the recently infected contacts (TST+, ELISPOT+) but there was no difference for IL‐10 (P = 0·74). We hypothesize that during early/subclinical TB, most of which will become latent, FOXP3+ Tregs may be sequestered in the lungs, but when TB becomes progressive, FOXP3 reappears at increased levels in the periphery. While these findings do not reveal the role, beneficial or harmful, of Tregs in TB, they emphasize the probable importance of these cells.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Algebraic Ground Truth Inference: Non-Parametric Estimation of Sample Errors by AI Algorithms

Binary classification is widely used in ML production systems. Monitoring classifiers in a constrained event space is well known. However, real world production systems often lack the ground truth these methods require. Privacy concerns may also require that the ground truth needed to evaluate the classifiers cannot be made available. In these autonomous settings, non-parametric estimators of performance are an attractive solution. They do not require theoretical models about how the classifiers made errors in any given sample. They just estimate how many errors there are in a sample of an industrial or robotic datastream. We construct one such non-parametric estimator of the sample errors for an ensemble of weak binary classifiers. Our approach uses algebraic geometry to reformulate the self-assessment problem for ensembles of binary classifiers as an exact polynomial system. The polynomial formulation can then be used to prove - as an algebraic geometry algorithm - that no general solution to the self-assessment problem is possible. However, specific solutions are possible in settings where the engineering context puts the classifiers close to independent errors. The practical utility of the method is illustrated on a real-world dataset from an online advertising campaign and a sample of common classification benchmarks. The accuracy estimators in the experiments where we have ground truth are better than one part in a hundred. The online advertising campaign data, where we do not have ground truth data, is verified by an internal consistency approach whose validity we conjecture as an algebraic geometry theorem. We call this approach - algebraic ground truth inference.

Field of study: Computer science
Superconducting toroidal magnet design for the G0 experiment at TJNAF

An eight coil superconducting toroidal magnetic spectrometer has been designed for the G0 experiment to be performed at Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF). The toroid is designed so that the particle trajectories pass through the magnet insulating vacuum. The magnet is made of aluminum structural components with a copper stabilized indirectly cooled conductor. The toroid is 2 meters long, 4 meters outside diameter and is oriented with its major axis horizontal. This orientation allows its use as an eight fold symmetric focusing spectrometer. The SC magnet has a stored energy of 6.5 Mjoules. The design and analysis of this device are presented. The plans and status of magnet system procurement are presented.

Field of study: Physics
How Will “I” Versus “We” Perform? An Investigation of Future Outlooks and Self-Construals

Previous theory and research suggests that people generate predictions to prepare for an uncertain future, often basing predictions on task-relevant information like prior performance. Four studies test the hypothesis that preparation via prediction occurs more readily when interdependent (vs. independent) self-construals are salient. This hypothesis was supported when examining chronic tendencies to generate negative predictions (Study 1) and spontaneous predictions in response to task-relevant information (Studies 2, 3, and 4), as well as when self-construals were measured (Studies 1, 2, and 4) and primed (Study 3). Moreover, performance prediction occurs in conjunction with increases in task persistence, but only for individuals with interdependent self-construals. Individuals with independent self-construals tend toward preparation via prediction only when preparation is urgent. Discussion centers on the applicability of within-cultural differences in self-construal on cross-cultural investigations, and implications for future research on predictive judgments.

Field of study: Psychology
Chemical weathering in two Adirondack watersheds: Past and present-day rates

Rates of chemical weathering in two forested Adirondack watersheds were determined from mineral and elemental depletion trends in soil profiles and from input/output budgets based on precipitation and surface-water chemistry. Long-term rates of weathering have averaged about 500 to 600 eq/ha·yr for both watersheds since the glaciers retreated from the region about 14,000 yr ago. Present-day denudation rates average 1679 eq/ha·yr in the Panther Lake watershed and only 198 eq/ha·yr in the Woods Lake watershed.

Mineral weathering reactions in both watersheds involve primarily the dissolution of plagioclase, potassium feldspar, and hornblende. Mass balance calculations, however, indicate that hornblende weathers in disproportionately large amounts in the Panther Lake watershed relative to its abundance in soils and till. Cation exchange in the glacial till mantling the Panther Lake watershed may also play an important role in controlling surface-water chemistry in the basin.

In the Panther Lake watershed, the current rate of weathering, which is about a factor of 3 greater than the long-term average, may reflect a recent adjustment for higher hydrogen ion fluxes brought about by acid deposition. The capacity of the thick till deposits in the Panther Lake watershed to neutralize acidity is ultimately reflected by the circum-neutrality of Panther Lake. In the Woods Lake watershed, the soils and thin till deposits cannot effectively neutralize current acid loadings and, therefore, Woods Lake is acidic with a pH below 5.

Field of study: Geology
Regulatory T cells in health and disease.

Regulatory T (Treg) cells have emerged as a central control point in the modulation of various immune responses, including autoimmune responses and immunity to transplants, allergens, tumors, and infectious microbes. The immune system has evolved complex processes to ensure tolerance to autoantigens while preserving the potential to mount and maintain life-long humoral and cellular immune responses against invading pathogens. In this review, we summarize research showing that naturally occurring (nTreg) and induced Treg (iTreg) cell subsets, and in particular CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells, are critical in the control of immune responses in rodents and humans. We also discuss the cellular and molecular factors that affect CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cell development, homeostasis, and function and consequential immunity to self and non-self antigens. Recent studies have shed light in our understanding of the development of novel methods of autoimmune disease prevention and treatment via enhancing and re-establishing Treg-mediated dominant control over self-reactive T cells in animal models and humans.

Field of study: Medicine
Operating in the Public Interest or in Pursuit of Private Profits? News in the Age of Media Consolidation

The "synergies" created by means of the major media mergers in the United States over the past decade-the combination of massive libraries of content with multiple distribution channels-have been heralded as important benefits for consumers. The mainstream argument is that these mergers over the past decade have greatly increased the volume of available information and greatly decreased the cost of delivering the news to the average citizen. Consumers now can surf the twenty-four-hour news channels and the ubiquitous Internet sites, or opt instead for personalized news, delivered to them daily via email. Have these synergies really brought about an improvement of consumer welfare? The media are charged with providing an important service to their citizen-consumers-thorough and unbiased information that will aid them in making conscious and conscientious decisions in the voting booth and in other aspects of their consumer and citizen lives. But in the age of media consolidation and cartelization, the quality and even the quantity of news has deteriorated. News divisions have become just another profit center for their conglomerate parents that must yield the same rates of profit as the more lucrative entertainment divisions of these media empires. Whereas broadcast stations still are licensed to operate in "the public interest," news in the age of media empires has become reduced to "info-tainment." This paper will examine the current state of news in our media conglomerate age and consider, from an institutionalist

Field of study: Economics
The British Regulatory State: High Modernism and Hyper‐Innovation

the british regulatory state high modernism and hyper innovation are a good way to achieve details about operating certainproducts. Many products that you buy can be obtained using instruction manuals. These user guides are clearlybuilt to give step-by-step information about how you ought to go ahead in operating certain equipments. Ahandbook is really a user's guide to operating the equipments. Should you loose your best guide or even the productwould not provide an instructions, you can easily obtain one on the net. You can search for the manual of yourchoice online. Here, it is possible to work with google to browse through the available user guide and find the mainone you'll need. On the net, you'll be able to discover the manual that you might want with great ease andsimplicity

Field of study: Law
Decomposition kinetics of fructose catalyzed by organic acids in high temperature liquid water

Decomposition kinetics of fructose catalyzed by organic acids in high temperature liquid water was studied at temperatures from 453.15K to 493.15K and pressure of 10 MPa.From the results,it could be seen that the reaction was sped up with organic acids added.Under the same concentration of organic acids, formic acid demonstrated stronger ability to accelerate fructose decomposition than acetic acid.The effects of temperature, organic acids and residence time on the yields of 5-hydromethylfurfural (5-HMF) and levulinic acid(LA) were investigated.Fructose decomposition consisted of two successive reactions, first from fructose to 5-HMF, then from 5-HMF to levulinic acid.From the products profile, it could be concluded that acetic acid sped up the fist step, but had little influence on the second step while both steps were sped up by formic acid.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Global plight of native temperate grasslands: going, going, gone?

The indelible imprint of humanity is credited for the major degradation of natural systems worldwide. Nowhere are the transforming qualities of mankind more apparent than in the native temperate grassland regions of the world. Formerly occupying some 9 million km2, or 8% of the planet’s terrestrial surface, native temperate grasslands have been reduced to vestiges of their former glory. Only 4.6% are conserved globally within protected areas—a testament to being the least protected and the most extensively transformed of the world’s terrestrial biomes. The aim of this paper is to continue promoting the conservation value of native temperate grasslands, and reiterate the need for further protection and sustainable management before further losses and inadequate protection undermine ecological integrity any further. A new strategic direction is presented for the next decade, underpinned by ten key focus areas. The most realistic opportunities to improve protection lie in central, eastern and western Asia where landscape-scale tracts of native temperate grassland remain in reasonable condition. Such a course necessitates a strong reliance on integrating sustainable use and conservation by promoting concepts such as Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas as legitimate and recognized forms of protected areas. Here the conservation value of working rangeland landscapes utilised by nomadic pastoralists comes to the fore. The naive and short-sighted approach to viewing native temperate grasslands merely as a palette for transformation and intensive utilisation should be weighed more objectively against an understanding of the myriad benefits they provide.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Impact of Captions On Hearing-Impaired Children's Affective Reactions To Television

An assessment was made of the impact of captions on hearing-impaired students' affective reactions to a version of a popular children's television program, Shazam. Forty-two hearing-impaired children ranging in age from 8 to 12 years old were randomly divided into 2 groups; 1 group viewed the program without captions and the other viewed it with captions at a very simple language level. During and following the presentation the children rated their perception of the characters' emotions and personality traits. They also indicated their liking of various program scenes, and gave their predictions concerning how characters would behave in new but similar situations. Results indicated that captions seemed to enhance hearing-impaired children's abilities to perceive the emotional complexity of presented information. The implications are discussed in the following review.

Field of study: Education
Diesel combustion of oil and refrigerant mixture during pump-down of air conditioners

Compressor-destruction accidents during the pump-down operation of air conditioners were experimentally investigated. Assuming air penetration into refrigerant tubes, the gaseous mixture of the air, refrigerant, and lubricating oil for a compressor was compressed by the compressor with different refrigerant concentrations, and the diesel combustion of the mixture was examined. The compressor was simulated by a small-scale engine. R1234yf, R32, R410A, R134a, R22, and R125 were tested as refrigerants. The mixture burned via adiabatic compression when the refrigerant concentration was low, which means that accidents during the pump-down were caused by the diesel combustion of the mixture. The refrigerant burned and caused intense pressure increase. The mixture without the oil did not burn under any refrigerant concentration, which suggests that oil is necessary for the combustion. These phenomena were observed in the results for R1234yf, R32, R410A, R134a, and R22. Thus, combustion was observed under certain conditions even for refrigerants categorized as non-flammable.

Field of study: Engineering
Dark matter deficient galaxies in the Illustris flat-$\Lambda$CDM model structure formation simulation

Surveying dark matter deficient galaxies (those with dark matter mass to stellar mass ratio $M_{\rm dm}/M_{\rm star}<1$) in the Illustris simulation of structure formation in the flat-$\Lambda$CDM cosmogony, we find $M_{\rm star} \approx 2 \times 10^8\, M_\sun$ galaxies that have properties similar to those ascribed by \citet{vanDokkumetal2018a} to the ultra-diffuse galaxy NGC1052-DF2. The Illustris simulation also contains more luminous dark matter deficient galaxies. Illustris galaxy subhalo 476171 is a particularly interesting outlier, a massive and very compact galaxy with $M_{\rm star} \approx 9 \times 10^{10}\, M_\sun$ and $M_{\rm dm}/M_{\rm star} \approx 0.1$ and a half-stellar-mass radius of $\approx 2$ kpc. If the Illustris simulation and the $\Lambda$CDM model are accurate, there are a significant number of dark matter deficient galaxies, including massive luminous compact ones. It will be interesting to observationally discover these galaxies, and to also more clearly understand how they formed, as they are likely to provide new insight into and constraints on models of structure formation and the nature of dark matter.

Field of study: Physics
Unusual Solvatochromism of a New Conjugated Polymer Containing Oxadiazole.

The spectroscopic properties of a new synthesized conjugated polymer constituted of 3,3′-didecyl-2,2′-bithiophene and 2,6-di-1,3,4-oxadiazole-toluene moieties in the mixed solvent system of chloroform (solvent for the polymer) and methanol (non-solvent for the polymer) were studied. An unusual solvatochromism either in absorption or in emission was observed for the first time on conjugated polymers containing oxadiazole.

Field of study: Chemistry
Content, computation, and individualism in vision theory

Since Marr's theory concerns visual states, it is individualistic, presumably, if it taxonomizes visual states without essential reference to the environment of the subject. I will not attempt to settle here whether or not Marr's theory is individualistic in this sense. I will argue, however, that Egan's reasons for thinking that Marr's theory is individualistic rest on a mistaken assessment of Marr's theory. Egan may be right that Morton's (1993) criticisms of her view miss their mark, but that provides her with no support for an individualistic interpretation of Marr's theory. Marr's theory is a computational theory, and computational theories, Egan claims, are concerned only with an articulation of the mechanisms of computation (see, e.g., Egan 1992: 445). These mechanisms operate independently of any semantic or intentional properties, so a theory of the computational mechanisms of the visual system will have no use for any appeals to contents. She argues that all descriptions of computations in the theory can be given formal characterizations; descriptions in terms of contents are therefore superfluous (see Egan 1992: 453-55).

Field of study: Philosophy
Corrosion Property of Alloy 690TT with Polish State Based on Computer Simulation

The corrosion property of the alloy 690TT with polish state in the dynamic water cycle corrosion system with high temperature and high pressure was investigated, and the curves of the average corrosion rate on immersion time were simulated by computer. The results show that the dense small particles and dispersed large particle oxidation films form on the alloy surface, and thus the average corrosion rate of the alloy decreases.

Field of study: Materials science
Mechanisms of the formation and development of spontaneous community mass sports organizations from the perspective of synergetics.

Spontaneous community mass sports organizations are the major carrier of mass sports and fitness activi-ties in China.By employing the synergetic theory,the author expatiated on the mechanisms of the formation,de-velopment and driving of spontaneous community mass sports organizations in such aspects as the formation condi-tions,internal system elements and sequential parameters of self organizations,thus providing theoretical support and criteria for probing into the development patterns and running characteristics of spontaneous community mass sports organizations.Via his study the author drew the following conclusions: their formation is a process of discrete sports population going from a disorderly self organization to an orderly self organization;their development needs to be synergized with such system elements as sports legislations and policies,playgrounds and facilities,as well as sports guidance;traditional community sports and community sports localization are the driving mechanism for spontaneous mass sports organization.

Field of study: Education
ID: 255: Autoimmunity due to constitutive activation of cytoplasmic viral RNA sensors

MDA5 is an essential intracellular sensor for several viruses, including picornaviruses, and elicits antiviral interferon (IFN) responses by recognizing viral dsRNAs. Once MDA5 senses replicating viruses, it triggers signal to activate antiviral genes including those of types I and III IFN. Activation of IFN system is critical as antiviral innate immunity and promotes activation of acquired immunity. These immune responses orchestrate eradication of infecting viruses. On the other hand, MDA5 has been implicated in autoimmunity. The mechanisms of how MDA5 contribute to autoimmunity remain unclear. Here we provide direct evidence that dysregulation of MDA5 caused autoimmune disorders. We established a mutant mouse line bearing MDA5 mutation by ENU mutagenesis, which spontaneously developed lupus-like autoimmune symptoms without viral infection. Inflammation was dependent on an adaptor molecule, IPS-1, indicating the importance of MDA5-signaling. In addition, intercrossing the mutant mice with type I IFN receptor-deficient mice ameliorated clinical manifestations. This MDA5 mutant could activate signaling in the absence of its ligand, but was paradoxically defective for ligand- and virus-induced signaling, suggesting that the mutation induces a conformational change in MDA5. In humans, mutations of MDA5 and RIG-I were found in patients of Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome and Singleton-Merton syndrome. These findings provide insight into the association between disorders of the innate immune system and autoimmunity.

Field of study: Medicine