nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Discriminating graphs through spectral projections

This paper proposes a novel non-parametric technique for clustering networks based on their structure. Many topological measures have been introduced in the literature to characterize topological properties of networks. These measures provide meaningful information about the structural properties of a network, but many networks share similar values of a given measure . Furthermore, strong correlation between these measures occur on real-world graphs , so that using them to distinguish arbitrary graphs is difficult in practice . Although a very complicated way to represent the information and the structural properties of a graph, the graph spectrum  is believed to be a signature of a graph . A weighted form of the distribution of the graph spectrum, called the weighted spectral distribution (WSD), is proposed here as a feature vector. This feature vector may be related to actual structure in a graph and in addition may be used to form a metric between graphs; thus ideal for clustering purposes. To distinguish graphs, we propose to rely on two ways to project a weighted form of the eigenvalues of a graph into a low-dimensional space. The lower dimensional projection, turns out to nicely distinguish different classes of graphs, e.g. graphs from network topology generators [6-8], Internet application graphs , and dK-random graphs . This technique can be used advantageously to separate graphs that would otherwise require complex sets of topological measures to be distinguished .

Field of study: Computer science
Hyperfeinstruktur und Absorption der Quecksilberlinie 2537

ZusammenfassungEs wird gezeigt, daß die von Schüler und Keyston angegebene Hyperfeinstruktur der Hg-Resonanzlinie 2537 im Einklang steht mit Absorptionsmessungen von Kopfermann und Tietze.

Field of study: Physics
‘It Does Not Even Seem Like We Are in Brazil’: Country Clubs and Gated Communities in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, 1951–1964

This study focuses on the first gated communities in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, which were developed between 1951 and 1964. In an era of democracy and economic growth, the Brazilian government promoted infrastructural improvements and attracted foreign capital. However, there was a concomitant increase in inequality and poverty, and deep-rooted political conflicts. Notwithstanding the varying motivations of those who chose to live in gated communities, this article argues that the attempt by elites to establish a lifestyle of leisure and European-style sophistication in these enclaves had political, ethnic, class and gender implications. Their self-segregation strengthened the patrimonialism and authoritarianism in politics that would prevail during the ensuing military dictatorship.  Este estudio se centra en las primeras comunidades amuralladas en Belo Horizonte, Brasil, que se desarrollaron entre 1951 y 1964. En una era de democracia y de crecimiento económico, el gobierno brasileño promovió mejoras de infraestructura y atrajo capital extranjero. Sin embargo, hubo por igual un incremento en la desigualdad y la pobreza, así como profundos conflictos políticos. Independientemente de las diferentes motivaciones de quienes escogieron vivir en comunidades amuralladas, este artículo señala que el intento de las élites para establecer un estilo de vida de ocio y de sofisticación europea en estos enclaves tuvo implicaciones políticas, étnicas, de clase y de género. Su autosegregación fortaleció el patrimonialismo y autoritarismo en la política, lo que prevalecería durante la dictadura militar que le siguió. Portuguese abstract Este estudo focaliza os primeiros condomínios privados em Belo Horizonte, Brasil, entre 1951 e 1964. Numa era de democracia e crescimento econômico, o governo brasileiro promoveu melhorias de infraestrutura e atraiu o capital estrangeiro. Entretanto, simultaneamente cresceram a desigualdade, a pobreza e profundos conflitos políticos. Sem menosprezar as diferenças de motivações entre os proprietários dos condomínios, este artigo argumenta como o esforço das elites para estabelecer ali um estilo sofisticado de vida e lazer possuía implicações políticas, raciais, classistas e de gênero. A autosegregação fortaleceu o patrimonialismo e o autoritarismo que prevaleceriam na ditadura militar.

Field of study: Political science
A field study of photosynthetic temperature acclimation in Carex eleocharis Bailey

Seasonal patterns in photosynthetic temperature acclimation and growth were investigated in the sedge, Carex eleocharis Bailey, a species which has demonstrated a marked capacity for shifts in the photosynthetic temperature optimum in previous growth chamber studies. The seasonal production of new leaves was 90% complete by the earliest study date, June 3. Shifts in the photosynthetic temperature optimum of 10°C (from 15 to 25°C) were observed during the months of June and July. These results indicate that in situ acclimatory adjustments in C. eleocharis occur in existing leaf tissue, rather than new leaves which are produced as the season progresses. Despite the 10°C increase in the temperature optimum, mean mid-day leaf temperatures were higher than the optimum throughout the summer. A broad temperature response appeared to be more important than the acclimation adjustments in maintaining near-maximum photosynthesis rates during the mid-day period. Seasonal shifts in the photosynthetic temperature optimum were not as great as those previously observed in growth chamber studies. This discrepancy arises because of the capacity for growth chamber grown plants to produce new leaves with temperature response characteristics closely tuned to the growth temperature regime. In field-grown plants the production of 90% of the leaves during the cool portion of the season places limitations on the potential for acclimation to the warmer midsummer temperatures.

Field of study: Environmental science
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of piratoxin II, a phospholipase A2 isolated from the venom of Bothrops pirajai.

The phospholipases A2 (PLA2, E.C. 3.1.1.4, phosphatide sn2 acylhydrolases) are the major components of the venom of several snakes. They are responsible for several important pharmacological effects observed in ophidian incidents. PLA2 piratoxin II from Bothrops pirajai has been crystallized by the vapour-diffusion technique. X-ray diffraction data have been collected to 2.04 A resolution (90.2% complete, Rmerge = 0.070). The space group is P21 and the cell parameters are a = 46.19, b = 60.36, c = 58.74 A and beta = 96.05 degrees. The structure has been solved by molecular replacement using the crystallographic structure of PLA2 from Bothrops asper (PDB code 1CLP) as a search model.

Field of study: Chemistry
A Columnar Transposition cipher in a contemporary setting

A simple cryptographic method, a type of columnar transposition cipher, is described which may be used in series with other methods to provide practical hybrid encryption. The method involves the use of a deterministic Cryptographic Pseudo Random Number Generator (CPRNG) to specify an unbiased random transposition of blocks of plain-text or intermediate text. The decryption process involves applying a reverse transposition at the appropriate stage. The method may be applied at a single stage or several stages. The unit of transposition may be a bit or a byte or larger block. The method, when added in series with existing encryption methods, can deter attacks which exploit known weaknesses. The method could be applied at several scales in order to obscure structures within the plaintext, e.g. at the bit level, to obscure the almost fixed transmission headers; at the computer word-level, to disguise application record structures. Two (incompatible) outline implementations are presented. One for use with a block cipher and one for use with a stream cipher The specification of necessary configuration parameters required to amend or construct a software or hardware implementation is avoided in this preliminary article.  Columnar Transposition Ciphers have been known for some time but I was unable to find any article on the combination of two simple methods in which a CPRNG is used to both provide a pseudo random stream for a one time pad stream-cipher and to specify a reversible random permutation of the cipher-text to form the code-word of a columnar transposition. There are several methods of constructing random permutations. The method due to Fisher and Yates with improvements due to Durstenfeld [Durstenfeld_1964][Wikipedia] has a very small code footprint and is believed to be free of bias. It requires the generation of numbers 1 Email: weprct@gmail.com The author grants IACR a non-exclusive and irrevocable license to distribute the article under the CC BY-NC (creative commons attribution-noncommercial) license

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Coordinated Assembly of Brightest Cluster Galaxies

Brightest Cluster Galaxies (BCGs) in massive dark matter halos are shaped by complex merging processes. We present a detailed stellar population analysis in the central region of Abell 3827 at $z\sim0.1$, including five-nucleus galaxies involved in a BCG assembly. Based on deep spectroscopy from Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE), we fit the optical spectra of 13 early-type galaxies (ETGs) in the central 70 kpc of the cluster. The stellar populations in the central $R=1$ kpc of these ETGs are old (6-10 Gyr). Their [Fe/H] increases with $\sigma_{\star}$ and stellar mass. More importantly, [$\alpha$/Fe] of galaxies close to the cluster center do not seem to depend on $\sigma_{\star}$ or stellar mass, indicating that the cluster center shapes the [$\alpha$/Fe]-$\sigma_{\star}$ and [$\alpha$/Fe]-$M_{\star}$ relations differently than other environments where [$\alpha$/Fe] is observed to increase with increasing $\sigma_{\star}$ or $M_{\star}$. Our results reveal the coordinated assembly of BCGs: their building blocks are different from the general low mass populations by their high [$\alpha$/Fe]. Massive galaxies thus grow by accreting preferentially high [$\alpha$/Fe] systems. The radial profiles also bear the imprint of the coordinated assembly. Their declining [Fe/H] and flat [$\alpha$/Fe] radial profiles confirm that the accreted systems have low metallicity and high [$\alpha$/Fe] stellar contents.

Field of study: Physics
Sci‐Fri PM Imaging‐07: The feasibility of using FBP to reconstruct electron densities from attenuation corrected scatter sinograms

Breast CT is an emerging modality which aims to generate high quality 3D images. At these energies a large number of the incident x‐ray photons are scattered, resulting in a reduced contrast to noise ratio. As the reduction of dose and the detection of blurred calcifications and other poorly visible lesions are diagnostically important, we have developed an approach which uses both the primary and scatteredphotons to obtain low‐dose conventional CT and electron density (ρe) images. In the absence of attenuation and for a spherical detector, electron densities can be reconstructed using a mono‐energetic pencil beam and conventional Filtered Back Projection (FBP). In place of a spherical detector we have simulated a more practical detector ring with an angular width of 5 degrees and capable of measuring both scattered and primary photons. In practice, attenuation cannot be neglected and Attenuation Correction Factors (ACF) were calculated for each detector using an initial estimate of the electron density based on reconstructed linear attenuation coefficients. The corrected measurements were summed at each rotation and translation of the x‐ray beam to yield a scattersinogram. This sinogram was processed using FBP to yield an image which provides, in an iterative manner, a new estimate of the electron density. This approach has shown that we are capable of reconstructing electron densities in simple geometries with errors ranging from 2 to 4%. Polyenergetic beam hardening and multiple scattering corrections are being investigated, for future incorporation into the algorithm.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Simulated changes to tropical cyclones across the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) boundary

Tropical cyclones are an important meteorological and climatological process in Earth's climate system. These intense, localized storms mainly form over warm equatorial oceans, and propagate poleward. During their lifetime, tropical cyclones can strengthen leading to intense winds and rainfall events. These storms also carry moist energy that contribute to the poleward transport of atmospheric energy. Presently, concern exists about how the characteristics of tropical cyclones will change in a future warming world. The Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) was a time in Earth's deep past in which the planet warmed by 5° - 8 °C due to an increase in atmospheric CO2. It is thus of interest to understand how past warming affected tropical cyclone behavior. Here, a high resolution (25 km) atmospheric model is used to study changes in tropical cyclones across the PETM boundary. Orbital variation is also investigated as an additional forcing mechanism at the time of the PETM. The climate simulations indicate that greenhouse forcing leads to a poleward shift in TCs, much like projected future scenarios and in simulations of other warm periods in Earth history. It is also found that the orbital forcing response is very different than the greenhouse cases due to the difference in thermal response, which, in turn, induces a different dynamical response in wind shear. Although the spatial pattern between changes across the PETM and the future differ, there are still many similarities in TC response for these two very different periods in time, indicating the robustness of the TC response to greenhouse warming.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Bulk-boundary-defect correspondence at disclinations in rotation-symmetric topological insulators and superconductors

We study a link between the ground-state topology and the topology of the lattice via the presence of anomalous states at disclinations -- topological lattice defects that violate a rotation symmetry only locally. We first show the existence of anomalous disclination states, such as Majorana zero-modes or helical electronic states, in second-order topological phases by means of Volterra processes. Using the framework of topological crystals to construct $d$-dimensional crystalline topological phases with rotation and translation symmetry, we then identify all contributions to $(d-2)$-dimensional anomalous disclination states from weak and first-order topological phases. We perform this procedure for all Cartan symmetry classes of topological insulators and superconductors in two and three dimensions and determine whether the correspondence between bulk topology, boundary signatures, and disclination anomaly is unique.

Field of study: Physics
Vegetative compatibility between an artificial released strain and indigenous strains of Beauveria bassiana in Xuancheng

In this study,Bb13,an artificially released strain of Beauveria bassiana in a Masson′s pine plantation,and 111 indigenous strains isolated from insects,soil and air flow,were paired to study their respective vegetative compatibility to other strains.The result showed that the 112 strains belonged to 9 vegetative compatible groups(VCG′s):VCG1 consisted of 36 strains,VCG2 23 strains,VCG3 25 strains,VCG4 16 strains,VCG5 8 strains,VCG5,VCG7,VCG8 and VCG9 only one strain,respectively.Of 111 indigenous strains,35 were compatible to Bb13,accounting for 31.53% of the total strains,while 76 strains,accounting for 68.47%,were non-compatible to Bb13,the released strain.The result suggested that the population of Beauveria bassiana in the pine ecosystem is very heterogenic,with abundant genetic diversity.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Airborne formaldehyde measurements using PTR-MS: calibration, humidity dependence, inter-comparison and initial results

We present quantitative, fast time response measurements of formaldehyde (HCHO) onboard an aircraft using a Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass-Spectrometry (PTR-MS) instrument. The HCHO measurement by PTR-MS is strongly humidity dependent and therefore airborne measurements are difficult and have not been reported. The PTR-MS instrument was run in the standard PTR-MS operating mode (de Gouw and Warneke, 2007), where about 15 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are measured together with HCHO onboard the NOAA WP-3 aircraft during the CalNex 2010 campaign in California. We compare the humidity dependence determined in the laboratory with in-flight calibrations of HCHO and calculate the HCHO mixing ratio during all flights using the results from both. The detection limit (S/N = 1) for HCHO was between 100 pptv in the dry free troposphere and 300 pptv in the humid marine boundary layer for a one second acquisition time every 17 s. The PTR-MS measurements are compared with HCHO measurements using a DOAS instrument and a Hantzsch monitor at a ground site in Pasadena. The PTR-MS agreed with the DOAS within the stated uncertainties and was just outside the uncertainties with the Hantzsch. We also compare HCHO enhancement ratios in the Los Angeles basin and in the free troposphere with literature values and find good agreement. The usefulness of the PTR-MS HCHO measurements in atmospheric observations is demonstrated by following an isolated anthropogenic plume. The photochemical production of HCHO can be observed simultaneously with production of acetaldehyde and the photochemical degradation of aromatic compounds using the PTR-MS. The results show that PTR-MS seems a useful instrument to measure HCHO, but more inter-comparisons are needed.

Field of study: Environmental science
Foliar and soil δ15N values reveal increased nitrogen partitioning among species in diverse grassland communities.

Plant and soil nitrogen isotope ratios (δ¹⁵N) were studied in experimental grassland plots of varying species richness. We hypothesized that partitioning of different sources of soil nitrogen among four plant functional groups (legumes, grasses, small herbs, tall herbs) should increase with diversity. Four years after sowing, all soils were depleted in ¹⁵N in the top 5 cm whereas in non-legume plots soils were enriched in ¹⁵N at 5-25 cm depth. Decreasing foliar δ¹⁵N and Δδ¹⁵N (= foliar δ¹⁵N-soil δ¹⁵N) values in legumes indicated increasing symbiotic N₂ fixation with increasing diversity. In grasses, foliar Δδ¹⁵N also decreased with increasing diversity suggesting enhanced uptake of N depleted in ¹⁵N. Foliar Δδ¹⁵N values of small and tall herbs were unaffected by diversity. Foliar Δδ¹⁵N values of grasses were also reduced in plots containing legumes, indicating direct use of legume-derived N depleted in ¹⁵N. Increased foliar N concentrations of tall and small herbs in plots containing legumes without reduced foliar δ¹⁵N indicated that these species obtained additional mineral soil N that was not consumed by legumes. These functional group and species specific shifts in the uptake of different N sources with increasing diversity indicate complementary resource use in diverse communities.

Field of study: Environmental science
Production and characterization of recombinant dengue virus type 4 envelope domain III protein.

Dengue fever, a mosquito-borne viral disease has become a major worldwide public health problem with a dramatic expansion in recent years. Cultivation process for production of recombinant dengue virus type 4 envelope domain III (rDen 4 EDIII) protein in Escherichia coli was developed for its diagnostic use as well as for further studies in immunoprophylaxis. The dissolved oxygen level was maintained at 20-30% of air saturation. The culture was induced with 1mM of isopropyl beta-d-thiogalactoside when dry cell weight was 13.78 g l(-1) and cells were further grown for 4h to reach 17.31 g l(-1) of culture. The protein was overexpressed in the form of insoluble inclusion bodies. The rDen 4 EDIII protein was purified by affinity chromatography and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The final yield of purified rDen 4 EDIII protein in this method was approximately 196 mg l(-1) of culture. The purified protein was recognized in Western blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with dengue infected human serum samples. These results show that the product has the potential to be used for the diagnosis of dengue infection or for further studies in vaccine development. This production system may also be suitable for the high yield of other recombinant dengue proteins.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Effects of astragaloside IV on myocardial calcium transport and cardiac function in ischemic rats.

To explore the effects of astragaloside IV (XGA) on myocardial calcium transport and cardiac function in ischemic rats.



Eighty-four Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control group (n=12); ischemic group (n=12) was given isoprenaline injection sc at a dose of 30 mg/kg; and XGA group (n=60) was given XGA after isoprenaline administration. The changes of the parameters of hemodynamics, cardiac function, and intra- and extracellular calcium concentration of the myocardial cells were determined. The dose- and time-effect relationship of XGA on myocardial calcium transport and cardiac function were observed.



After XGA administration, there was significant improvement in cardiac function and hemodynamics in ischemic rats. The cardiac output, heart rate, stroke volume, mean aortic pressure, systolic aortic pressure, the stroke work of left ventricule, the right and left ventricle systolic pressure, and +dp/dt of the right ventricle of ischemic rats gradually recovered to the level of the control group with increasing the dose of XGA and prolongation of the action of XGA. The ionized calcium of the myocardium and the total amount of calcium of the myocardial tissue decreased markedly compared to those in ischemic group, and the activity of calcium pump of erythrocyte membrane increased significantly in comparison to that of ischemic group, but their changes had no trend of increase with increasing dose of the XGA. However, there was a gradual decrease of the ionized calcium of the myocardium with the prolongation of acting time of XGA.



XGA improves the cardiac function in ischemic rats, and the reduction of excessive accumulation of intracellular calcium within myocardial cells plays an important role.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
“Amorosa fenice”: La vita, le rime e la fortuna in musica di Girolamo Casone da Oderzo (c. 1528–1592). Elio Durante and Anna Martellotti. Biblioteca dell’“Archivum Romanicum,” Serie 1: Storia, Letteratura, Paleografia 433. Florence: Olschki, 2015. 480 pp. €52.


Field of study: History
Epidemiologi Pemakaian Obat Peranannya Want Peningkatan Kualitas Pelayanan Kesehatan

Drug utilization has been defined as "the marketing, distribution, prescription and use of drugs in a society, with special emphasis on the resulting medical, social and economic consequences". The aim of drug utilization study is to achieve optimal use of drugs in a society, i. e. safe, efficacious, rational and cost-effective. Various benefits can be obtained from drug utilization study which by all means may increase the quality of patient care. Drug utilization study may be classified into two types based on its specific aim. First routine monitoring of drug use in a society which is aimed at examining the general pattern of drug use and predicting the forthcoming trends, and second special drug utilization study which is aimed at investigating specific study questions and hypothesis. Review of the pattern of drug utilization is likely becoming and effective feedback to the prescribers and drug policy makers towards more rational use of drugs.  drug utilization - patient care - drug policy - pharmacoepidemiology - drug abuse

Field of study: Medicine