nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Plasma membrane proteomics in the maize primary root growth zone: novel insights into root growth adaptation to water stress.

Previous work on maize (Zea mays L.) primary root growth under water stress showed that cell elongation is maintained in the apical region of the growth zone but progressively inhibited further from the apex. These responses involve spatially differential and coordinated regulation of osmotic adjustment, modification of cell wall extensibility, and other cellular growth processes that are required for root growth under water-stressed conditions. As the interface between the cytoplasm and the apoplast (including the cell wall), the plasma membrane likely plays critical roles in these responses. Using a simplified method for enrichment of plasma membrane proteins, the developmental distribution of plasma membrane proteins was analysed in the growth zone of well-watered and water-stressed maize primary roots. The results identified 432 proteins with differential abundances in well-watered and water-stressed roots. The majority of changes involved region-specific patterns of response, and the identities of the water stress-responsive proteins suggest involvement in diverse biological processes including modification of sugar and nutrient transport, ion homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and cell wall composition. Integration of the distinct, region-specific plasma membrane protein abundance patterns with results from previous physiological, transcriptomic and cell wall proteomic studies reveals novel insights into root growth adaptation to water stress.

Field of study: Environmental science
Bioconversion of deoxypodophyllotoxin into epipodophyllotoxin in E. coli using human cytochrome P450 3A4.

Biotransformation of deoxypodophyllotoxin to epipodophyllotoxin by three major human hepatic enzymes, CYP1A2, CYP2C9 and CYP3A4, heterologously expressed in E. coli DH5alpha, was investigated. It was shown that CYP3A4 catalysed the hydroxylation of deoxypodophyllotoxin into epipodophyllotoxin in yields up to 90%. The structure of the metabolite was determined using HPLC-MS and HPLC-SPE-NMR techniques. There was no detectable production of epipodophyllotoxin or podophyllotoxin by CYP1A2 and CYP2C9 enzymes. The CYP3A4 enzyme shows a distinctly different reactivity to deoxypodophyllotoxin compared to the semi-synthetic derivatives etoposide and teniposide, which are degraded by 3-O-demethylation. These findings demonstrate a novel system for the production of 2,7'-cyclolignans, starting from the easily accessible deoxypodophyllotoxin.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Point estimation techniques in psychological research : studies on the role of meaning in self-determined action

Meehl (1978, 1990a, 1990b) and others have called for point estimation techniques to be used in psychological research. This article demonstrates how, by adopting an active agent model of humans and several associated research methodologies, one can easily conduct research using point estimation with great success. Two studies are presented that establish a link between the meaningfulness of an action and a subject's ability to self-determine actions in that domain

Field of study: Psychology
Operating pinch point analysis and bypass optimal control of heat exchanger networks

Pinch design method of heat exchanger networks(HEN)can be done for a specific operational condition,however the operational condition always fluctuates in a certain range.During practical process operation,it is often difficult to implement optimal control,since operating pinch point and the minimum temperature difference deviate from the design values.Therefore the study of pinch technology and the bypass optimal control of HEN have caught more attention,but integration of pinch technology with HEN optimal control is still not well established.The operating pinch point was studied for a given HEN,and the change of operating pinch point was qualitatively analyzed.Bypass optimal control was proposed and the bypasses were placed around the operating pinch point.Through the bypass optimal control of HEN,to which pinch point technology was applied,the total utility cost was minimized,and at the same time the commands on control performance could be reached,which was shown by the simulation of a heat exchanger network.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Tectonic and regional metamorphic implications of the discovery of Middle Ordovician conodonts in cover rocks east of the Green Mountain massif, Vermont

Middle Ordovician (late Arenigian - early Caradocian) conodonts were recovered from a dolostone lens in carbonaceous schist 30 m below the base of the Pinney Hollow Formation in the Eastern Cover sequence near West Bridgewater, Vermont. These are the first reported fossils from the metamorphic cover sequence rocks east of the Green Mountain, Berkshire, and Housatonic massifs of western New England. The conodonts are recrystallized, coated with graphitic matter, thermally altered to a color alteration index (CAI) of at least 5, and tectonically deformed. The faunule is nearly monospecific, consisting of abundant Periodon aculeatus Hadding? and rare Protopanderodus. The preponderance of Periodon and the absence of warm, shallow-water species characteristic of the North American Midcontinent Conodont Province suggest a slope or basin depositional setting. The conodont-bearing carbonaceous schist is traceable 3 km southeast to the Plymouth area, where it had been designated the uppermost member of the Plymout...

Field of study: Environmental science
Expanded endonasal approach: the rostrocaudal axis. Part II. Posterior clinoids to the foramen magnum.

OBJECT
Transsphenoidal approaches have been used for a century for the resection of pituitary and other sellar tumors. Recently, however, the standard endonasal approach has been expanded to provide access to other parasellar lesions. With the addition of the endoscope, this expansion has significant potential for the resection of skull base lesions.



The anatomical landmarks and surgical techniques used in expanded (extended) endoscopic approaches to the clivus and cervicomedullary junction are reviewed and presented, accompanied by case illustrations of each segment (or module) of approach. The caudal portion of the midline anterior skull base and the cervicomedullary junction is divided into modules of approach: the middle third of the clivus, its lower third, and the cervicomedullary junction. Case illustrations of successful resections of lesions via each module of the approach are presented and discussed.



Endoscopic expanded endonasal approaches to caudally located midline anterior skull base and cervicomedullary lesions are feasible and hold great potential for decreased morbidity. The effectiveness and appropriate use of these techniques must be evaluated by close examination of outcomes as case series expand.

Field of study: Medicine
Investigation into the Relations between Bedload Transport and Channel Shape

For a small upland catchment in the Pennines, measurements of discharge, channel shape, and bedload movement have been combined in an attempt to relate hydraulic geometry characteristics with that fraction of the coarse bedload which, under prevailing hydrological conditions, is capable of movement. Different combinations of the exponents “b,” “f,” and “m,” relating respectively to the rates of increase of width, depth, and velocity with discharge, are related to varying rates of increasing and decreasing competence.

Field of study: Geology
The Positive Response of Management Innovation and Cultural Education at Colleges and Universities:A Case Study of “Virtual Class” Construction in Anhui Agricultural University

University campus culture is an important means of implementing talent cultivation and cultural education.The class,the important carrier of ideological and political education,is the basic unit of constructing campus culture.At present,the main pattern of setting up classes is by the professional background,but it is single and obsolete.With the changing situation of students' group,the"virtual class",which is established on the basis of the same cultural identity with the similar hobbies and same career development goals,produces positive response on the students' world view and their outlook on life and value,achieving cultural education through transmitting positive psychological hint and growth guidance.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Integrated monitoring of particle associated transport of PAHs in contrasting catchments.

Water quality of rivers depends often on the degree of urbanization and the population density in the catchment. This study shows results of a monitoring campaign of total concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and suspended particles in water samples in adjacent catchments in Southern Germany with similar geology and climate but different degrees of urbanization. Defined linear relationships between total concentrations of PAHs in water and the amount of suspended solids were obtained indicating predominance of particle-facilitated transport. The slopes of these regressions correspond to the average contamination of suspended particles (C(sus)) and thus comprise a very robust measure of sediment pollution in a river. For the first time, we can show that C(sus) is distinct in the different catchments and correlates to the degree of urbanization represented by the number of inhabitants per total flux of suspended particles.

Field of study: Environmental science
Electrochemical and Stress Corrosion Mechanism of Submarine Pipeline in Simulated Seawater in Presence of Different Alternating Current Densities

In this study, electrochemical measurements, immersion tests, and slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) tests were applied to investigate the electrochemical and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of X70 steel in simulated seawater with the interference of different alternating current (AC) densities. The results indicate that AC significantly strengthens the cathodic reaction, especially the oxygen reduction reaction. Simultaneously, hydrogen evolution reaction occurs when the limiting diffusion current density of oxygen reaches, and thus, icorr sharply increases with the increase in AC density. Additionally, when AC is imposed, the X70 steel exhibits higher SCC susceptibility in the simulated seawater, and the susceptibility increases with the increasing AC density. The SCC mechanism is controlled by both anodic dissolution (AD) and hydrogen embrittlement (HE) with the interference of AC.

Field of study: Materials science
Solid electrolyte transition and conductivity in 0.1NaI–0.9AgI

The solid electrolyte transition in 0.1NaI–0.9AgI was studied by electrical conductivity measurements. Although NaI does not dissolve in AgI, the addition of NaI led to stable β-to-α phase boundary of AgI at 420 K, decreased total ionic conductivity of α-AgI and decreased difference between values of conductivity in β- and α-AgI. However, the magnitude of the step change in conductivity (Δ σ ) at 420 K showed variation with high temperature anneals of the sample. The conductivity data were analyzed by considering that the ionic carrier density is the main source of the sudden increase in the ionic conductivity through this solid electrolyte transition. Thus, by using a previously proposed trial free-energy density for the equilibrium defects concentration, we were able to reproduce the conductivity change observed in 0.1NaI–0.9AgI at 420 K.

Field of study: Materials science
Elderly patients with suppressed serum TSH but normal free thyroid hormone levels usually have mild thyroid overactivity and are at increased risk of developing overt hyperthyroidism.

The clinical and biochemical characteristics of 15 elderly patients with low levels of thyrotrophin (TSH) (< 0.1 mU/L) but normal free tri-iodothyronine (T3) and free thyroxine (T4) (group S) were compared with 10 euthyroid subjects (group E) and 10 hyperthyroid patients (group T). Free T3 and free T4 were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in group S (6.3 +/- 0.5 and 18.6 +/- 1.0 pmol/l, respectively) than in group E (4.6 +/- 0.3, 12.6 +/- 0.6). In common with elderly hyperthyroid patients (group T), patients in group S had few signs or symptoms of thyrotoxicosis, but the Wayne score (clinical index of hyperthyroidism) was higher in group S than in euthyroid subjects (p < 0.05). Thyroid microsomal, thyroglobulin or thyrotrophin receptor antibodies were common in group T (n = 9) but not in groups S (n = 2) or E (n = 1). This suggests a low prevalence of Graves' disease in group S compared to group T. Combined thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH; 200 micrograms i.v.) and gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH; 100 micrograms i.v.) tests were performed; no cases of low TSH due to hypopituitarism were identified in group S. During a mean of 7.9 (4-12) months of observation TSH reverted to the normal range (> 0.2 mU/L) in 7 of 15 patients in group S; thyroid hormone concentrations rose above the normal range in four, however, only two patients required treatment for hyperthyroidism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Field of study: Medicine
Measures of Association for Cross Classifications III: Approximate Sampling Theory

The population measures of association for cross classifications, discussed in the authors' prior publications, have sample analogues that are approximately normally distributed for large samples. (Some qualifications and restrictions are necessary.) These large sample normal distributions with their associated standard errors, are derived for various measures of association and various methods of sampling. It is explained how the large sample normality may be used to test hypotheses about the measures and about differences between them, and to construct corresponding confidence intervals. Numerical results are given about the adequacy of the large sample normal approximations. In order to facilitate extension of the large sample results to other measures of association, and to other modes of sampling, than those treated here, the basic manipulative tools of large sample theory are explained and illustrated.

Field of study: Mathematics
Proteostasis collapse, inter-tissue communication, and the regulation of aging at the organismal level

What is the nature of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that drive the aging process is a puzzling unsolved enigma that has been under debate for decades. Several prominent theories have been proposed to explain the mechanistic basis of aging. Late in the nineteenth century, the German biologist August Weismann noticed that the lifespans of different species, which live in similar environments, differ greatly. Based on this observation he predicted that the duration of an animal's life is set by internal organismal components rather than external factors (Weismann, 1889). In modern terms this theory suggests that the pace of aging is governed by the activity of biological mechanisms such as signaling cascades that control the expression of gene networks, post-translational modifications or epigenetic factors. The rationale underlying this theory suggests that aging is a regulated, programmed process which is amenable to the activity of specialized mechanisms.

Field of study: Biology
Commutative reduced biquaternions and their Fourier transform for signal and image processing applications

Digital signal and image processing using reduced biquaternions (RBs) are introduced in this paper. RBs are an extension of the complex numbers, following the doubling procedure. Two useful representations of RBs (e/sub 1/-e/sub 2/ form and matrix representation) are discussed in this paper. Besides, we propose a new representation of RBs (the polar form) to calculate the multiplication and conjugation of RBs easily. Furthermore, we define a unique and suitable RB norm and its conjugate. These definitions are similar and compatible with the complex numbers. The efficient algorithms of the discrete reduced biquaternion Fourier transform (DRBFT), convolution (DRBCV), correlation (DRBCR), and phase-only correlation are discussed in this paper. In addition, linear-time-invariant and symmetric multichannel complex systems can be easily analyzed by RBs. For color image processing, we define a simplified RB polar form to represent the color image. This representation is useful to process color images in the brightness-hue-saturation color space. Many different types of color template matching and color-sensitive edge detection (brightness, hue, saturation, and chromaticity matched edges) can be performed simultaneously by RBs.

Field of study: Engineering
Balancing trade-offs between ecosystem services in Germany’s forests under climate change

Germany’s forests provide a variety of ecosystem services. Sustainable forest management aims to optimize the provision of these services at regional level. However, climate change will impact forest ecosystems and subsequently ecosystem services. The objective of this study is to quantify the effects of two alternative management scenarios and climate impacts on forest variables indicative of ecosystem services related to timber, habitat, water, and carbon. The ecosystem services are represented through nine model output variables (timber harvest, above and belowground biomass, net ecosystem production, soil carbon, percolation, nitrogen leaching, deadwood, tree dimension, broadleaf tree proportion) from the process-based forest model 4C. We simulated forest growth, carbon and water cycling until 2045 with 4C set-up for the whole German forest area based on National Forest Inventory data and driven by three management strategies (nature protection, biomass production and a baseline management) and an ensemble of regional climate scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 8.5). We provide results as relative changes compared to the baseline management and observed climate. Forest management measures have the strongest effects on ecosystem services inducing positive or negative changes of up to 40% depending on the ecosystem service in question, whereas climate change only slightly alters ecosystem services averaged over the whole forest area. The ecosystem services ‘carbon’ and ‘timber’ benefit from climate change, while ‘water’ and ‘habitat’ lose. We detect clear trade-offs between ‘timber’ and all other ecosystem services, as well as synergies between ‘habitat’ and ‘carbon’. When evaluating all ecosystem services simultaneously, our results reveal certain interrelations between climate and management scenarios. North-eastern and western forest regions are more suitable to provide timber (while minimizing the negative impacts on remaining ecosystem services) whereas southern and central forest regions are more suitable to fulfil ‘habitat’ and ‘carbon’ services. The results provide the base for future forest management optimizations at the regional scale in order to maximize ecosystem services and forest ecosystem sustainability at the national scale.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effects of metolachlor on activities of enzymes in a malaysian soil

Effects of metolachlor on the activities of cellulase, phosphatase, urease and protease in a loamy sand soil, were evaluated for up to 28 days. Metolachlor at 10 ppm and above caused a reduction in phosphatase and urease activities for the entire period of study. The cellulase activity decreased during the very first day of incubation compared to that of the control but a recovery trend was obvious at all concentrations from day 14 onwards. Protease activity was also reduced in the metolachlor treated soil and the lower activity was observed during the entire study.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Squeezing, Squirting, Spilling Milk: The Lactation of Saint Bernard and the Flemish Madonna Lactans (ca. 1430–1530)

The focus on three drops of milk issuing from the Virgin’s breast in “The Virgin in Front of a Fire Screen” was inspired by contemporary representations of the Lactation of Saint Bernard. This latter iconography provides the visual context for the vivid address of eroticized depictions of the Madonna’s “one bare breast” in Flemish art and shows the intricate connections between visuality and materiality in fifteenth-century Flemish religious art. Some depictions of Saint Bernard’s lactation transform the Madonna’s jets of milk into rays of light aiming for his eyes, stressing the interchangeability of materiality and visuality as modes that were expected to facilitate and/or authenticate miraculous appearances of the Madonna.

Field of study: History
Electronic and optical properties of carbon nanodisks and nanocones

A theoretical study of the electronic properties of nanodisks and nanocones is presented within the framework of a tight-binding scheme. The electronic densities of states and absorption coefficients are calculated for such structures with different sizes and topologies. A discrete position approximation is used to describe the electronic states taking into account the effect of the overlap integral to first order. For small finite systems, both total and local densities of states depend sensitively on the number of atoms and characteristic geometry of the structures. Results for the local densities of charge reveal a finite charge distribution around some atoms at the apices and borders of the cone structures. For structures with more than 5000 atoms, the contribution to the total density of states near the Fermi level essentially comes from states localized at the edges. For other energies the average density of states exhibits similar features to the case of a graphene lattice. Results for the absorption spectra of nanocones show a peculiar dependence on the photon polarization in the infrared range for all investigated structures.

Field of study: Physics
Land use and carbon dynamics in the southeastern United States from 1992 to 2050

Land use and land cover change (LUCC) plays an important role in determining the spatial distribution, magnitude, and temporal change of terrestrial carbon sources and sinks. However, the impacts of LUCC are not well understood and quantified over large areas. The goal of this study was to quantify the spatial and temporal patterns of carbon dynamics in various terrestrial ecosystems in the southeastern United States from 1992 to 2050 using a process-based modeling system and then to investigate the impacts of LUCC. Spatial LUCC information was reconstructed and projected using the FOREcasting SCEnarios of future land cover (FORE-SCE) model according to information derived from Landsat observations and other sources. Results indicated that urban expansion (from 3.7% in 1992 to 9.2% in 2050) was expected to be the primary driver for other land cover changes in the region, leading to various declines in forest, cropland, and hay/pasture. The region was projected to be a carbon sink of 60.4 gC m 2 yr 1 on average during the study period, primarily due to the legacy impacts of large-scale conversion of cropland to forest that happened since the 1950s. Nevertheless, the regional carbon sequestration rate was expected to decline because of the slowing down of carbon accumulation in aging forests and the decline of forest area.

Field of study: Environmental science