nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Religious Education in Nigerian Catholic Schools

Religious Education (R.E) has been one of the most important subjects being taught in the Secondary Schools in Nigeria. This is because the subject helps to streamline the thought, character, moral and aspiration of the students. It also offers hope for a future integrated, disciplined, harmonious and progressive society. Religious Education is a vast subject and it is taught at all levels of education in the country. In this study, the discussion was limited to Christian Religious Education that is, Christian Religious Studies, as it is taught in the secondary schools in the Nigeria. The study tried to analyze the kind of influence religious education has or does not have on the social and personal life of the students. This is necessary because of the youth’s involvement in some negative social practices, like drug abuse, permissiveness, armed robbery, racial violence, prostitution, indiscipline and other moral vices. Before the evaluation, the opinions of some authors on the subject will be discussed.  Religion * Religious Education* Education *Evaluation* Nigeria* Catholic* Schools* Curriculum* Teaching* Learning.

Field of study: Education
Phase transition to the state with nonzero average helicity in dense neutron matter

The possibility of the appearance of the states with a nonzero average helicity in neutron matter is studied in the model with the Skyrme effective interaction. By providing the analysis of the self-consistent equations at zero temperature, it is shown that neutron matter with the Skyrme BSk18 effective force undergoes at high densities a phase transition to the state in which the degeneracy with respect to helicity of neutrons is spontaneously removed.

Field of study: Physics
Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomydae) larvae and prepupae: biomass production, fatty acid profile and expression of key genes involved in lipid metabolism.

The Black Soldier Fly (BSF) Hermetia illucens provides a promising strategy in the waste valorisation process and a sustainable alternative source of valuable nutrients, including lipids for food and feed. In the present study, the differences in growth performances and nutritional values of BSF V instar larvae and prepupae reared on vegetable waste were analyzed and compared focusing on fat content. V instar larvae showed higher capacity to bioconvert the substrate into biomass than prepupae. The nutritional composition and the fatty acid profiles were dependent on the developmental stage. The expression levels of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (acc), fatty acid synthase (fas), lipase (lip) and acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (acd) genes involved in the lipid metabolism pathway and herein characterized for the first time, were evaluated in order to understand the molecular basis underlying the observed differences in fatty acid profiles. Our results suggest that the different fatty acid profiles of BSF V instar larvae and prepupae may be related to the modulation of the lipid metabolism-related genes expression during larval development. Our study highlights substantial differences between H. illucens V instar larvae and prepupae giving important features regarding the opportunity to modulate the preferable fatty acid profile to meet the industrial requirements.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Study of the excited 0+ states through conversion electron spectroscopy of neutron rich Zr and Mo fission products

A windowless Si(Li) electron detector has been used in conjunction with the gas filled fission product separator JOSEF to study totally converted transitions in Zr and Mo isotopes. The existence of twoβ-decay modes in96Y,98Y and100Nb is confirmed. The half-lives of theβ-decaying levels feeding O2+ states in96Zr and98Zr are 6.0 ± 0.4 sec and 0.60±0.05 sec respectively. A search for other first excited O2+ states shows that no such states are apparent in100Zr and104Mo.

Field of study: Physics
Solving traveling salesman problem in the Adleman-Lipton model

The traveling salesman problem is to find a minimum cost (weight) path for a given set of cities (vertices) and roads (edges). The path must start at a specified city and end there after going through all the other given cites only once. It is a classical NP-complete problem in graph theory. In this paper, we consider a DNA procedure for solving the traveling salesman problem in the Adleman–Lipton model. The procedure works in O ( n ) steps for the traveling salesman of an edge-weighted graph with n vertices.

Field of study: Mathematics
Long-term urea fertilization alters the composition and increases the abundance of soil ureolytic bacterial communities in an upland soil

Urea is a widely used nitrogen (N) fertilizer in agriculture, but considerable amounts of urea are lost through ammonia volatilization. Soil microbes are major urease producers; however, the impact of urea application on the soil ureolytic microbial community is poorly understood. In this study, the urease activity and the abundance and composition of the ureolytic bacterial community in soil (30-cm deep) under long-term urea application (four treatments: 0, 200, 400 and 600 kg N ha-1yr-1) were investigated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and high-throughput sequencing of the ureC gene. Urease activity and ureC abundance decreased with the soil depth and increased with urea fertilization. The ureC/16S rRNA gene ratio slightly varied in the different treatments, and the ureC gene abundance was significantly and positively correlated with urease activity only in surface soil (0-10 cm), despite the greater impact of urea application on the ureolytic bacterial community structure observed in deeper soil layers (10-20 and 20-30 cm). The diversity of the ureolytic bacterial community was higher in upper soil layers than deeper ones and decreased with the urea application rate. These results suggest that long-term intensive urea fertilization may increase the risk of N loss through ammonia volatilization and increase the risk of soil degradation due to the collapse of soil microbial diversity.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Hydrogenation reaction pathways in chemistry of white phosphorus

Approaches for preparation of P–H bond containing derivatives directly from white phosphorus are summarized in this microreview. Transfer hydrogenation of P4 involving the activation and reaction of white phosphorus in the coordination sphere of transition metal complexes is a convenient and powerful route to the hydrogenated compounds. Electrochemical methods have also become popular in modern synthetic chemistry; these provide easy access to highly reactive intermediates, which can be selectively generated in situ and used for subsequent synthetic processes. These electrochemical routes provide efficient and environmentally safe methods for preparation of phosphorus derivatives bearing P–H bond. The mechanisms of the proposed processes and the nature of the intermediates formed in the overall electrochemical process are disclosed. The methods elaborated operate under the principals of “green chemistry” and can be considered as efficient alternatives to some classical pathways.

Field of study: Chemistry
Novel immunohistochemical monoclonal antibody against human glucose-regulated protein 78.

Glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), an ER chaperone that belongs to the heat-shock protein (HSP) family, exist in all cells and plays important roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis. GRP78 participates in protein folding, transportation, and degradation. Lack of high affinity antibodies especially monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) suitable for Western blot and immunohistochemical staining has lagged. To gain further insight into its possible functions, we generated a novel MAb specific for hGRP78 in Western blot and immunohistochemistry and localized hGRP78 in some human cancer cell lines and cancer tissues. Immunoreactivity of GRP78 was prominent in Hela, Colo205, and A549 detected by 3F9 in Western blot analysis. 3F9 antibody recognized endogenous GRP78 in human cervical cancer, colonic cancer, esophageal cancer, and lung cancer. Thus, successful production of GRP78 monoclonal antibodies provides a new powerful tool for investigation of GRP78 function.

Field of study: Biology
Future heat waves due to climate change threaten the survival of Posidonia oceanica seedlings.

Extreme weather events are major drivers of ecological change, and their occurrence is likely to increase due to climate change. The transient increases in atmospheric temperatures are leading to a greater occurrence of heat waves, extreme events that can produce a substantial warming of water, especially in enclosed basins such as the Mediterranean Sea. Here, we tested the effects of current and predicted heat waves on the early stages of development of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica. Temperatures above 27 °C limited the growth of the plant by inhibiting its photosynthetic system. It suffered a reduction in leaf growth and faster leaf senescence, and in some cases mortality. This study demonstrates that the greater frequency of heat waves, along with anticipated temperature rises in coming decades, are expected to negatively affect the germination of P. oceanica seedlings.

Field of study: Environmental science
Study of the parameters used in the encapsulation of commercial pectinase in calcium alginate and its effect on its catalytic activity

The pectinolytic enzymes have many applications in different industries such as fruits and vegetable juices, wine, textile, and paper and pulp industries (Rehman et al., 2014; Gummadi & Panda, 2003; Kashyap et al., 2001). Pectinase is a generic term used for the complex group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of pectin by breaking a-1-4-glycosidic linkage of galacturonic acid to decrease the viscosity which is responsible for causing turbidity and undesirable cloudiness in fruits juices (Rehman et al., 2013; Kashyap et al., 2001).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ САМОРЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ НА ФИНАНСОВЫХ РЫНКАХ: УСИЛЕНИЕ ВЛИЯНИЯ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО РЕГУЛЯТОРА

Сравнительный анализ действующей модели регулирования финансовых рынков и модели, предлагаемой Банком России в рамках проекта федерального закона «О саморегулируемых организациях в сфере финансовых рынков» показывает, что Банк России выстраивает новую систему регулирования деятельности саморегулируемых организаций на финансовых рынках с активным участием регулятора. При этом степень такого участия определяется самим регулятором, что может негативно отразиться на интересах саморегулируемых организаций и их членов, поскольку проект не предусматривает никаких гарантий, что Банк России в полной мере допустит саморегулируемые организации к разработке и установлению стандартов и правил или надзору.

Field of study: Economics
Transport of strontium and cesium in simulated hanford tank waste leachate through quartz sand under saturated and unsaturated flow.

We investigated the effects of water saturation and secondary precipitate formation on Sr and Cs transport through quartz sand columns under saturated and unsaturated flow. Column experiments were conducted at effective water saturation ranging from 0.2 to 1.0 under steady-state flow using either 0.1 M NaNO(3) or simulated tank waste leachate (STWL; 1 M NaNO(3) and 1 M NaOH) mimicking Hanford (Washington, USA) tank waste. In 0.1 M NaNO(3) columns, Sr transported like a conservative tracer, whereas Cs was retarded relative to Sr. The transport of Sr and Cs in the 0.1 M NaNO(3) columns under all water saturations could be described with the equilibrium convection-dispersion equation (CDE). In STWL columns, Sr mobility was significantly reduced compared to the 0.1 M NaNO(3) column, because Sr was incorporated into or sorbed to neo-formed secondary precipitates. Strontium sequestration by precipitates was confirmed by additional batch and electron micrograph analyses. In contrast(,) the transport of Cs was less affected by the STWL; retardation of Cs in STWL columns was similar to that found in 0.1 M NaNO(3) columns. Analysis of STWL column data revealed that both Sr and Cs breakthrough curves showed nonideal behavior that suggest nonequilibrium conditions, although nonlinear geochemical behavior cannot be ruled out.

Field of study: Environmental science
Interactive Dynamic Neighborhood Differential Evolutionary Group Search Optimizer

Group Search Optimizer(GSO) has the advantage of the design from a biological view,while animal scanning mechanisms are employed metaphorically to design optimum searching strategies for solving continuous optimization problems.Compared with some existing group intelligence algorithms,it has a better effect in the high dimensional problems.But from the individual foraging strategies it choose and the entire animal groups information sharing network topology,global optimal possibly missed and information exchange model is simple.Inspiration from the Newman and Watts model,Interactive Dynamic Neighborhood GSO(IDGSO) is proposed based on dynamic sampling.Adopting uniform designand the linear regression method on the parameter selection,4 benchmark functions demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.

Field of study: Computer science
[Addictophobia in modern psychiatry (benzodiazepines and other psychopharmacological drugs)].

The paper analyzes clinical, epidemiological and pharmacological aspects of abuse of psychopharmacological medications (anxiolytics, antidepressants, anticonvulsants) and probability of drug dependence. Emphasis is placed on assessment of addictophobia phenomenon, an unreasonable fear of medication dependence, widespread not only among patients and their relatives but also in medical community. The problem of addictive potential of benzodiazepines, in particular, phenazepam, is specially studied. Based on clinical and pharmacological data and taking into account an elimination half-life, the conclusion about safety of phenazepam and low probability of dependence is made. The author notes that addictophobia reduces the compliance (adherence) to treatment. Ignorance of well-known criteria of the diagnosis of dependence is considered as a cause of addictophobia.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Probiotic Lactobacillus‐induced improvement in murine chronic inflammatory bowel disease is associated with the down‐regulation of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in lamina propria mononuclear cells

IL‐6/STAT‐3 signals play key roles in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It is known that Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (LcS) improves inflammatory disorders. This study aimed to elucidate the effect of LcS on murine chronic IBD and to clarify the mechanism. We focused the inhibitory effect of LcS on the production of IL‐6 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated large intestinal lamina propria mononuclear cells (LI‐LPMC) isolated from mice with chronic colitis and in RAW264·7 cells in vitro. We also determined in vivo the effect of LcS on murine chronic IBD models induced with dextran sodium sulphate and SAMP1/Yit mice. Finally, we examined the cellular determinants of LcS for the down‐regulation of IL‐6 secretion by LI‐LPMC, RAW264·7 cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) derived from patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). LcS, but not other strains of Lactobacillus, inhibited the production of IL‐6 in LPS‐stimulated LI‐LPMC and RAW264·7 cells, down‐regulating the nuclear translocation of NF‐κB. The LcS‐diet‐improved murine chronic colitis is associated with the reduction of IL‐6 synthesis by LI‐LPMC. LcS also improved chronic ileitis in SAMP1/Yit mice. The release of IL‐6 in vitro in LPS‐stimulated LI‐LPMC, RAW 264·7 cells and UC‐PBMC was inhibited by a polysaccharide‐peptidoglycan complex (PSPG) derived from LcS. This probiotic‐induced improvement in murine chronic inflammatory bowel disease is associated with the down‐regulation of pro‐inflammatory cytokines such as IL‐6 and IFN‐γ production in LPMC. Therefore, LcS may be a useful probiotic for the treatment of human inflammatory bowel disease.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
An Attributional Investigation of Performance Outcomes for Learning-Disabled and Normal-Achieving Pupils

Learning-disabled (LD) and normal-achieving (NA) pupils' attributions, expectancies, affect, and persistence were assessed. Ability attributions for failure differed for LD and NA pupils. In addition, effort was judged as more important in determining success than failure for both LD and NA pupils. Furthermore, it was found that LD pupils were less persistent and were perceived by teachers to be more learned helpless than NA pupils. Findings are discussed in light of attributional and learned-helplessness literature.

Field of study: Education
Role for the microtubule cytoskeleton in GLUT4 vesicle trafficking and in the regulation of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake.

Insulin stimulates glucose uptake into adipocytes by promoting the translocation of the glucose transporter isoform 4 (GLUT4) from intracellular vesicles to the plasma membrane. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes GLUT4 resides both in an endosomal pool, together with transferrin receptors, and in a unique pool termed 'GLUT4 storage vesicles' (GSVs), which excludes endosomal proteins. The trafficking of GLUT4 vesicles was studied in living 3T3-L1 adipocytes by time-lapse confocal microscopy of GLUT4 tagged with green fluorescent protein. GLUT4 vesicles exhibited two types of motion: rapid vibrations around a point and short (generally less than 10 microm) linear movements. The linear movements were completely blocked by incubation of the cells in the presence of microtubule-depolymerizing agents. This suggests that a subpopulation of GLUT4 vesicles can exhibit motor-driven movements along microtubules. Upon further examination, microtubule depolymerization inhibited insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane by approx. 40%, but had no effect on insulin-induced translocation of the transferrin receptor to the plasma membrane from endosomes. We propose that an intact microtubule cytoskeleton may be required for optimal trafficking of GLUT4 present in the GSV pool, but not that resident in the endosomal pool.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Objective pain assessment after ureteral reimplantation: comparison of open versus robotic approach.

While open ureteral reimplantation is the gold standard of surgical intervention for vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), minimally invasive approaches offer the potential benefits of decreased postoperative pain, improved cosmesis, and shorter hospital stay and convalescence. Studies comparing open and minimally invasive surgery with respect to postoperative pain in children have been inconclusive.



We sought to compare postoperative pain in children undergoing open versus robotic ureteral reimplantation by using age-appropriate, validated pain assessment scales.



A prospective cohort of all patients enrolled in an Institutional Review Board-approved VUR surgery registry between July 2010 and February 2013 was analyzed. Patients who underwent endoscopic treatment or who received caudal or epidural anesthesia were excluded. Age-appropriate, validated pain scales ranging from 0 to 10 were utilized for pain assessment. Pain scores and narcotic doses administered on the first postoperative day were analyzed.



Of the 34 subjects included, 11 underwent open intravesical reimplantation, while 23 patients underwent robotic extravesical reimplantation. Table 1 displays patient characteristics and results of pain assessment. Robotic surgery was associated with lower narcotic requirement compared to open surgery (P < 0.05). The difference in pain scores between the two cohorts approached, but did not reach, statistical significance (P = 0.12). However, the percentage of patients with mild or no pain (57% robotic, 27% open) versus severe pain (9% robotic, 45% open) was notably different between the two cohorts.



Previous studies addressing the effect of surgical modality on pediatric postoperative pain are limited by their reliance on narcotic administration as an indirect surrogate for measuring pain. In the present study, postoperative pain was assessed with narcotic requirements and consistently collected validated pain scores, which more accurately reflect a patient's perceived pain. Although there was no significant difference in subjective pain scores between patients undergoing open versus robotic reimplantation, the percentage of patients with mild or no pain (57% robotic, 27% open) versus severe pain (9% robotic, 45% open) was notably different between the two cohorts. This study was limited by a lack of randomization as well as small sample size, which did not allow for age sub-group analysis or small differences to be statistically significant.



In the present study, robotic ureteral reimplantation was associated with lower narcotic requirement compared to open surgery, and lower intensity of postoperative pain according to a direct pain assessment tool. Larger sample sizes are necessary to strengthen statistical comparisons.

Field of study: Medicine
The Finite Increment Faculty Merit Pay Allocation Model.

Department heads, deans and faculty have for years struggled to achieve a fair and equitable allocation of merit pay. This problem has also received national attention [22]. Recently, United States political leaders have expressed their concern about the need to encourage and reward excellence in the field of education. In addition, the trend at institutions of higher learning is in the direction of greater use of merit pay for salary adjustments [21]. As one would surmise, therefore, much literature has been devoted to the process of evaluating faculty performance for the purposes of tenure, retention and promotion, and merit. There are essentially two types of studies that have been devoted to the foregoing: (a) those that focus primarily on performance measurement [2, 6, 8, 10, 23, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31], and (b) those that utilize single equation regression analysis or other analytical techniques to determine factors that may explain salary differentials [16, 17, 20, 34, 38, chap. 2; 39]. Performance measurement is obviously necessary in conjunction with renewal and tenure decisions, promotion decisions, and distribution of merit increases. Articles regarding performance evaluation examine the relevance of particular criteria, the weighting of such crite-

Field of study: Education
Target Localization Based on Improved DV-Hop Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks

The node localization technology of wireless sensor networks is essential and prerequisite to many applications, which it is one of the important support technologies for wireless sensor networks. The node localization is to get the position information of blind node by using location information of few known nodes and some special mechanisms. This paper primarily investigates a kind of target localization technology based on the improved DV-Hop algorithm in wireless sensor networks. We firstly compute the distances measured by RSSI and the mean value of one-hop distance. Then we can use the differences between the mean and the actual distance to get the error correction between the total distance and average one-hop distance. Replace trilateration with hybrid localization of MIN-MAX and weighted least square method. Finally, simulation experiment results show the improved algorithm can effectively carry out the network localization, thus has a certain of practical value

Field of study: Computer science