nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
"Onward Christian Soldiers": Philadelphia's Revival of 1905

UNTIL recently, even while calling attention to the religious dimension of Progressivism, scholars too often limited their curios ity about it to Social Gospel ministers. In the last two decades, however, it has become necessary to place Progressive-era religion in a new light. First, an increased volume of studies at the state and local levels have directed more attention to what motivated grassroots activists and voters. These studies are uncovering the extent to which religious and even revivalistic rhetoric mobilized reform sentiment among groups as diverse as southern women, big-city workers, town-dwelling Nebras kans and Kentuckians, and rural Oklahoma  Second, several historians have reacted to the increasingly apparent diversity of the Progressives by searching out new grounds for synthesis. William McLoughlin, for example, asserted that Progressivism was fu eled by a "great awakening," by which he meant a general cultural and intellectual revitalization. David Danbom, John Burnham, Ferenc Szasz, and others have explored the Progressive "mood" or "ethos" and found it strongly related to religion, while Robert Crunden studied the evangelical backgrounds of secular Progressives such as Jane Addams and John Dewey.2

Field of study: History
Mahtab: Phase-wise acceleration of regression testing for C

Software regression testing consists of offline, online, and execution phases which are executed sequentially. The offline phase involves code instrumentation and test-coverage collection. Subsequently, the online phase performs program differencing, test-suite selection and prioritization. Finally, the selected test-cases are executed against the new version of software for its re-validation. Regression testing is a time-consuming process and is often on the critical path of the project. To improve the turn-around time of software development cycle, our goal is to reduce regression testing time across all phases using multi-core parallelization. This poses several challenges that stem from I/O, dependence on third-party libraries, and inherently sequential components in the overall testing process. We propose parallelization test-windows to effectively partition test-cases across threads. To measure the benefit of prioritization coupled with multi-threaded execution, we propose a new metric, EPSilon, for rewarding failure observation frequency in the timeline of test-execution. To measure the rate of code-change coverage due to regression test prioritization, we introduce ECC, a variant of the widely used APFD metric. We illustrate the effectiveness of our approach using the popular Software-artifact Infrastructure Repository (SIR) and five real-world projects from GitHub.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Inmunización en personal de salud

la inmunoprofilaxis del personal sanitario conlleva multiples propositos que engloban tanto la proteccion de los pacientes como de los funcionarios mismos, y redunda en un claro beneficio para el empleador. En particular, la proteccion de pacientes inmunocomprometidos y con bajo potencial de desarrollar respuestas vacunales efectivas es de suma importancia. Programas de inmunizacion sistematica del personal de salud pueden reducir el riesgo de enfermedad, minimizar el impacto de accidentes laborales con materiales infecciosos y mantener la fuerza de trabajo indemne en los centros medicos durante los brotes estacionales de algunas infecciones.  concatenar los esquemas de vacunacion recomendados actualmente para los funcionarios que laboran en centros de salud y ofrecer una guia adaptada a la realidad epidemiologica nacional. Metodos: se efectuo una revision no sistematica de bibliografia medica publicada en Internet entre 1990 y 2018, concerniente a vacunacion de empleados sanitarios. De igual manera, se compararon los respectivos esquemas de inmunizacion vigentes en America y Europa. Conclusiones: la trasmision de enfermedades infecciosas en los centros sanitarios es un problema de salud publica frecuentemente no reconocido, pero sustancial, que pone en riesgo tanto a los usuarios como al personal de estas instituciones. La inmunizacion de los trabajadores sanitarios es una estrategia fundamental para prevenir y contener la diseminacion de agentes infecciosos a nivel hospitalario. Esta medida puede crear “inmunidad de rebano” para proteger a pacientes y funcionarios que no se hayan vacunado o no puedan generar inmunidad suficiente contra determinados patogenos. Ademas, la vacunacion de los empleados de salud constituye un punto de referencia para motivar las inmunizaciones en los demas segmentos de la poblacion.

Field of study: Mathematics
Temperature Dependence of Domain Kinetics in Two Dimensions

Monte Carlo simulations have been carried out to study the effect of temperature on the growth kinetics of a circular grain. As predicted by $d=3$ theories of domain kinetics, the circular domain shrinks linearly with time as $A(t)={A}_{0}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}t$, where ${A}_{0}$ and $A(t)$ are the initial and instantaneous areas, respectively. However, in contrast to $d=3$, the slope $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is strongly temperature dependent for $Tg~0.6{T}_{c}$. An analytical theory which considers the thermal fluctuations agrees with the $T$ dependence of the Monte Carlo data in this regime.

Field of study: Physics
Reliability performance of 25 Gbit s−1 850 nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

Multimode 850 nm vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) suitable for high bit rate operation are studied. VCSELs with oxide aperture diameters of 5–7 µm show a high −3 dB modulation bandwidth (~20 GHz) and D-factor (~ 8 GHz mA−1/2). To allow low capacitance a multiple layer oxide-confined aperture design was applied. Eye diagrams are clearly open up to 35 Gbit s−1 at the temperature of 25 °C. Using 35 µm diameter PIN photodiodes and 6 µm oxide aperture diameter VCSELs error-free 25 Gbit s−1 (defined as a bit error ration of ≤1 × 10−12) optical fiber communication links were tested over 100 m of standard OM3 multimode optical fibers at 25 °C and 85 °C. The received optical power for error-free operation was below −4 dBm at both temperatures. A VCSEL reliability study at 95 °C was performed at the high current densities (~18 kA cm−2) needed for error-free 25 Gbit s−1 operation at elevated temperatures. After 6000 h a slight increase (less than 5%) of the output optical power at a constant current was observed and most likely due to an ohmic contact burn in effect within the first 2000 h of the study. The results clearly indicate that 25 Gbit s−1 850 nm oxide-confined VCSELs with a complex AlGaO multilayer aperture design and with step-graded Al-compositions have the potential for reliable operation.

Field of study: Materials science
Generalized Facies Models for Resedimented Conglomerates of Turbidite Association

Three models of resedimented (deep-water turbidite association) conglomerates are proposed, based on published data and on new observations in California. The descriptive features that contribute to the models are the presence or absence of a preferred clast fabric, stratification, and inverse and (or) normal graded bedding. The first model is inverse-to-normally graded, characterized by the presence of both inverse and normal grading and the absence of stratification. A preferred fabric is present in about half of the examples studied. As the clast size becomes smaller, this model passes into the graded-stratified model , characterized by the absence of inverse grading and the presence of normal grading and stratification. Most examples exhibit a preferred clast fabric. A third model, disorganized-bed model , is characterized by the absence of normal and inverse grading and by stratification. Few examples contain a preferred fabric. Where present, the preferred fabric has been shown to consist normally of long (a) axes parallel to flow and dipping upstream. This indicates direct deposition from dispersion without rolling on the bed. In examples showing a prominent stratification, however, it is postulated that the fabric changes to long (a) axes transverse to flow, intermediate (b) axes dipping upstream. This would indicate bed-load rolling and would allow use of standard bed-load formulae for calculation of rates of emplacement. Layers 20 m long parallel to flow, 10 cm thick, and of unit width would take between approximately one minute and one hour to emplace, depending on clast size (range 0.5 to 10 cm) and flow velocity (range 2.5 to 9 m/sec). In basin analysis, the disorganized-bed model is probably characteristic of the feeder channels or canyons. The inverse-to-normally graded model reflects flow on a relatively steep slope, but nevertheless downstream from the disorganized-bed model. As the slopes flatten out in midfan areas, the inverse-to-normally graded model passes into the graded-stratified model.

Field of study: Geology
G-WiN - the Gbit/s infrastructure for the German scientific community

Within the German scientific community, there were growing quantitative and qualitative demands on the network infrastructure caused by increasing traffic and by new innovative applications. Forecasts for a new network were made based on traffic measurements. The new G-WiN backbone platform is based on SDH/DWDM technology. G-WiN will offer the following services: • IP (PoS); • Point-to-Point connections; • ATM services. 
This paper describes the reasons for a new Gbit/s network. The G-WiN architecture will be discussed including the IP topology on top of SDH/DWDM, which is switchable in a flexible way according to changing traffic flows. The characteristics of G-WiN will also be considered. G-WiN commenced operation in June 2000 and its status will be presented.

Field of study: Computer science
Design optimization of the characters measurement system of 4×2×3 multi-slab-amplifier

The soft aperture slots and multi spatial filters had been used to transmit the same phase of laser beams, the characters measurement system of 4×2×3 multi slab amplifier design has been optimized by a program of Fresnel, where the sizes of pinholes of spatial filters which influence laser propagation have been analized here, the design optimization result also discussed, and the methods and results obtained in this paper are applicable to the design of high power solid laser amplifier system.

Field of study: Physics
Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein (1-40) Enhances Calcium Uptake in Rat Enterocytes Through PTHR1 Receptor and Protein Kinase Cα/β Signaling

Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is implicated in regulating calcium homeostasis in vertebrates, including sea bream, chick, and mammals. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the function of PTHrP in regulating calcium transport is still not fully investigated. This study aimed to investigate the effect of PTHrP on the calcium uptake and its underlying molecular mechanism in rat enterocytes.  The rat intestinal epithelial cell line (IEC-6) was used. Calcium uptake was determined by using the fluo-4 acetoxymethyl ester fluorescence method. The expression levels of RNAs and proteins was assessed by RT-PCR and Western-blot, respectively.  PTHrP (1-40) induced rapid calcium uptake in enterocytes in a dose-dependent manner. PTHrP (1-40) up-regulated parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTHR1) protein but not 1,25D3-MARRS receptor. Pre-treatment of anti- PTHR1 antibody abolished the PTHrP (1-40)-induced calcium uptake. PTHrP (1-40) significantly up-regulated four transcellular calcium transporter proteins, potential vanilloid member 6 (TRPV6), calbindin-D9k (CaBP-D9k), sodium-calcium exchanger 1 (NCX1) and plasma membrane calcium ATPase 1 (PMCA1), in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Pre-treatment with TRPV6 or CaBP-D9k antibodies or knockout of rat TRPV6 or CaBP-D9k markedly inhibited PTHrP (1-40)-induced calcium uptake, whereas inhibition of NCX or PMCA1 by antibodies or inhibitors had no effect on PTHrP(1-40)-induced calcium uptake. Furthermore, PTHrP (1-40) treatment up-regulated protein levels of protein kinase C (PKC α/β) and protein kinase A (PKA). Pretreatment of PKC α/β inhibitor (but not PKA inhibitor) inhibited PTHrP (1-40)-induced calcium uptake.  PTHrP (1-40) stimulates calcium uptake via PTHR1 receptor and PKC α/β signaling pathway in rat enterocytes, and calcium transporters TRPV6 and CaBP-D9k are necessary for this stimulatory effect.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Genetic Versus Pharmacological Assessment of the Role of Cannabinoid Type 2 Receptors in Alcohol Reward-Related Behaviors.

Emerging evidence suggests that the endocannabinoid system (ECS) is involved in modulating the rewarding effects of abused drugs. Recently, the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R) was shown to be expressed in brain reward circuitry and is implicated in modulating the rewarding effects of alcohol.



CB2 ligands and CB2R knockout (KO) mice were used to assess CB2R involvement in alcohol reward-related behavior in 2 well-established behavioral models: limited-access 2-bottle choice drinking and conditioned place preference (CPP). For the pharmacological studies, mice received pretreatments of either vehicle, the CB2R agonist JWH-133 (10 and 20 mg/kg) or the CB2R antagonist AM630 (10 and 20 mg/kg) 30 minutes before behavioral testing. For the genetic studies, CB2R KO mice were compared to wild-type (WT) littermate controls.



CB2R KO mice displayed increased magnitude of alcohol-induced CPP compared to WT mice. Neither agonism nor antagonism of CB2R affected alcohol intake or the expression of CPP, and antagonism of CB2R during CPP acquisition trials also did not affect CPP.



The CB2R KO CPP data provide partial support for the hypothesis that CB2Rs are involved in the modulation of alcohol reward-related behaviors. However, pharmacological manipulation of CB2Rs did not alter alcohol's rewarding effects in the alcohol-seeking models used here. These results highlight the importance of pharmacological validation of effects seen with lifetime KO models. Given the ongoing efforts toward medications development, future studies should continue to explore the role of the CB2R as a potential neurobiological target for the treatment of alcohol use disorders.

Field of study: Medicine
Motivating and Retaining Generation Z Faculty Members in Private Universities

Private universities in Indonesia are self-sustaining as they depend mainly on enrollments for revenues.  Human capital is the main asset that they must sagaciously manage and constantly rejuvenate.  With millennials constituting 40% of the country's population, this study aims to identify the performance factors of Generation Z faculty members in private universities to attain long-term sustainability. These second-wave millennials enter the workforce early compared to other generations, possess high work ambitions, but they are fraught with stress when striving to achieve higher performance and establishing long-term commitment.  The phenomenology research strategy was undertaken in five private universities. Triangulation methodology through interviews, observations, and archives, in addition to source triangulation that involves 20 informants made up of faculty members and their direct supervisors were conducted.  The findings denoted the significance of individual motivation, self-determination, job satisfaction, and organization commitment to achieve performance.  Furthermore, this study offers insights for leadership to embrace their generation Z faculty members for the longevity of the institutions. 
  
 30 October 2020  11 December 2020 / Published: 17 January 2021

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Developing primary care: the contribution of primary care research networks.

The performance of Canada's primary care sector remains lacklustre relative to other wealthy industrialized countries, and it has been suggested that a lack of investment in research and evaluation may be a cause. One approach to improving and sustaining primary care research is through research networks. Over the past few years, significant investments have begun to be made in developing primary care networks in Canada. While Canadian experience in this area is relatively new, in the United Kingdom primary care research networks were first established in the 1980s. Initially developed at a local level, these have more recently been incorporated into large-scale national networks. This paper reviews the UK experience and highlights potential lessons for the development of networks in Canada.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
How Does Collectivism Affect Social Interactions? A Test of Two Competing Accounts

How does the cultural construct of collectivism impact social interactions? Two accounts of collectivism offer diverging predictions. The collectivism-as-values account proposes that people in collectivistic cultures prioritize their ingroup relationships; accordingly, this account predicts that collectivistic cultures will have more harmonious ingroup interactions than individualistic cultures. The socioecological account holds that individualistic cultures have high relational mobility, which requires people to invest in their ingroup relationships, whereas collectivistic cultures feature more fixed relationships that do not require positive engagement. To test these competing hypotheses about ingroup relationships across cultures, we sampled the daily interactions of college students in China and the United States. Results revealed that the individualistic culture (United States) had more positive ingroup interactions, more gratitude, and more emotional support than the collectivistic culture (China). The current findings are consistent with the socioecological account of collectivism and the effects of relational mobility on social relationships.

Field of study: Psychology
A natural driven membrane process for brackish and wastewater treatment: photovoltaic powered ED and FO hybrid system.

In isolated locations, remote areas, or islands, potable water is precious because of the lack of drinking water treatment facilities and energy supply. Thus, a robust and reliable water treatment system based on natural energy is needed to reuse wastewater or to desalinate groundwater/seawater for provision of drinking water. In this work, a hybrid membrane system combining electrodialysis (ED) and forward osmosis (FO), driven by renewable energy (solar energy), denoted as EDFORD (ED-FO Renewable energy Desalination), is proposed to produce high-quality water (potable) from secondary wastewater effluent or brackish water. In this hybrid membrane system, feedwater (secondary wastewater effluent or synthetic brackish water) was drawn to the FO draw solution while the organic and inorganic substances (ions, compounds, colloids and particles) were rejected. The diluted draw solution was then pumped to the solar energy driven ED. In the ED unit, the diluted draw solution was desalted and high-quality water was produced; the concentrate was recycled to the FO unit and reused as the draw solution. Results show that the water produced from this system contains a low concentration of total organic carbon (TOC), carbonate, and cations derived from the feedwater; had a low conductivity; and meets potable water standards. The water production cost considering the investment for membranes and solar panel is 3.32 to 4.92 EUR m(-3) (for 300 days of production per year) for a small size potable water production system.

Field of study: Environmental science
Sulfur Isotopes in Kieslager-Type Deposits in Eastern Chugoku and Western Kinki

Sulfide minerals from some of the Carboniferous to Permian Kieslager-type deposits in eastern Chugoku and western Kinki district have been studied isotopically. Notwithstanding the differences in the age and acidity of host volcanic rocks, the studied deposits show a remarkble uniformity in sulfur isotopes, all ƒÂ34S values falling in a narrow range from +0.6 to +2.9•ñ. This implies all the deposits studied have a common source of sulfur for sulfide minerals plausibly dominated by sulfur derived from a deep-seated origin. Barite samples from the Yanahara deposits are found to have ƒÂ34S values of +12.1 to +15.1•ñ, which suggests the coeval sea water sulfate was the principal source for the barite.

Field of study: Geology
Exploring the calcium isotope signature of Arctica islandica as an environmental proxy using laboratory- and field-cultured specimens

The calcium-isotope composition (δ44/40Ca) of the aragonitic bivalve Arctica islandica grown in laboratory and field cultures was investigated in terms of environmental and biological controls to explore its potential as a palaeoceanographic proxy. While we found no significant effect of salinity on Ca-isotope fractionation, the relationship between 44Ca/40Ca ratios of A. islandica and temperature was best explained by a generalised additive model, which describes the temperature versus Ca-isotope relationship as a nonlinear, second-degree polynomial with an optimum temperature of 15 °C. Since 44Ca/40Ca ratios clearly increase with increasing temperature up to 15 °C, the temperature versus Ca-isotope relation can be approximated through a linear fit up to 15 °C. The slope of this linear temperature dependent Ca-isotope fractionation resembles previous calibrations of inorganic and biogenic aragonites, providing insights into fractionation processes during bivalve biomineralization. Our findings suggest that the observed biologically-induced Ca-isotope fractionation occurs when Ca is transported from seawater to the site of mineralization, most likely during the passage through the epithelial mantle. The observed evidence for strong vital effects indicates limited use of Ca isotopes in A. islandica as a temperature proxy.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Effectiveness and Efficiency: The Need for Tailorable User Interfaces on the Web

This paper discusses the need for tailorable user interfaces, in particular for Web-based systems. We argue that user interfaces need to be configurable by the end users to match their skills and work requirements. We then describe what configurability has been induced by user feedback and how tailorability for various degrees of user skills was integrated and implemented in the BSCW shared Workspace System, a Web-based groupware tool.

Field of study: Computer science
Starburst Molecules for Amorphous Molecular Materials. 4,4′,4″-Tris(N,N-diphenylamino)triphenylamine and 4,4′,4″-Tris[N-(3-methylphenyl)-N-phenylamino]triphenylamine

A novel class of starburst molecules for making amorphous glassy organic materials, 4,4′,4″-tris(N,N-diphenylamino)triphenylamine (TDATA) and 4,4′,4″-tris[N-(3-methylphenyl)-N-phenylamino]triphenylamine (MTDATA), are synthesized and characterized. Their electrochemical and electronic properties as well as unique solid-state morphology are described.

Field of study: Chemistry
Incidental vertebral lesions.

Incidental vertebral lesions on imaging of the spine are commonly encountered in clinical practice. Contributing factors include the aging population, the increasing prevalence of back pain, and increased usage of MR imaging. Additionally, refinements in CT and MR imaging have increased the number of demonstrable lesions. The management of incidental findings varies among practitioners and commonly depends more on practice style than on data or guidelines. In this article we review incidental findings within the vertebral column and review management of these lesions, based on available Class III data.

Field of study: Medicine