nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Annealing Temperature on Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12 
Powders for Humidity Sensing Properties

Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12 (BLT) powders have been synthesized via the metal–organic decomposition method with annealing of the BLT precursor solution at 350°C, 450°C, 550°C, 650°C or 750°C. The crystalline structure and morphology of the BLT powders were characterized by x-ray diffraction analysis, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and specific surface and pore size analyses. The humidity sensing properties of the BLT powders annealed at the five temperatures were investigated to determine the effect of annealing temperature. The annealing temperature strongly influenced the grain size, pore size distribution, and specific surface area of the BLT powders, being largely correlated to their humidity sensing properties. The specific surface area of the BLT powder annealed at 550°C was 68.2 m2/g, much larger than for the other annealing temperatures, and the majority of the pores in the BLT powder annealed at 550°C were mesoporous, significantly increasing the adsorption efficiency of water vapor onto the surface of the material. The impedance of the BLT powder annealed at 550°C varied by more than five orders of magnitude over the whole humidity range at working frequency of 100 Hz, being approximately five times greater than for BLT powders annealed at other temperatures. The response time was about 8 s, with maximum hysteresis of around 3% relative humidity. The BLT powder annealed at 550°C exhibited the best humidity sensing properties compared with the other annealing temperatures. We expect that these results will offer useful guidelines for preparation of humidity sensing materials.

Field of study: Materials science
EFFECT OF DEM RESOLUTIONS IN THE RUNOFF AND SOIL LOSS PREDICTIONS OF THE WEPP WATERSHED MODEL

Erosion prediction utilizing digital elevation models (DEMs) is a logical advancement for automating the simula- tion process for models such as the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP). The effects of using different DEM resolutions on watershed simulations and the ability to accurately predict sediment yield and runoff from different rainfall event sizes were studied using three application methods and data from six research watersheds. Simulating watersheds with a range of resolutions can help address the problem of deciding what topographic DEM resolution is ideal for model simulations of the watershed outlet, the end of each hillslope, and along the slope profiles. The three application methods studied here were: (1) HillslopeChanleng, (2) HillslopeCalcleng, and (3) Flowpath. The two Hillslope methods use a representative slope profile to represent each hillslope in the watershed, and the Flowpath method uses all of the individual flowpaths as model input for WEPP simulations. Results show that the Hillslope methods were not significantly influenced by DEM resolutions; however, there was an observable interaction between resolutions and the Flowpath method. Large rainfall events were pre- dicted better than small events, but fine DEM resolutions did not improve predictions of either large or small rainfall events. Using coarse DEM resolutions for the topographic input will not decrease the accuracy of erosion prediction using the WEPP model and the Hillslope methods, unless the coarseness of the DEM compromises the delineation of the watershed or hill- slopes.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
V3+ centres in GaAs and GaP: an ENDOR investigation

V3+ impurity centres in GaAs and GaP were investigated with electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy. The hyperfine interactions with the 51V impurity nucleus and several shells of As, P and Ga neighbours as well as quadrupole interactions could be determined accurately. An undistorted tetrahedral symmetry was found for V3+ in both crystals. The electron spin is S=1. From the interpretation of the hyperfine and quadrupole data it is concluded that V3+ is on a substitutional Ga site. A reinterpretation of published EPR/ENDOR data on Fe3+ centres in GaAs and GaP shows that also Fe3+ is on a substitutional Ga site and not interstitial as claimed previously. The distribution and localisation of unpaired spin density is discussed and compared with theoretical expectations.

Field of study: Materials science
Thorium fission by 4.8 and 14 MeV neutrons

AbstractThe fission of natural Thorium byEn=4.8 and 14.0 MeV neutrons has been investigated by measuring the kinetic energies of both fragments in surface barrier detectors. The fragments were detected forEn=14.0 MeV neutron energy at 90 ° to the neutron beam, forEn=4.8 MeV at 0 ° and 90 °. The results given are the distributions of mass and of energy correlative to the fragment mass, and the correlation between anisotropy and fragment mass atEn=4.8 MeV. The average total kinetic energy before prompt neutron emission atEn=4.8 and 14.0 MeV neutron energy has been found to be

$$\overline {E_K^* } $$

=170.47±0.03 and 168.1 ± 0.05 MeV respectively. Within the limits of statistical error the anisotropy atEn=4.8 MeV is independent of the fragment mass. The results are analysed in the framework of the Two-Mode-Fission-Hypothesis. It appears, that the behaviour of the kinetic energy is too complicated as to be well described by the Two-Mode-Fission-Hypothesis. Both the Cluster Model of fission and the Fragment Shell Theory are suited to reproduce qualitatively the observed energetics of fission.

Field of study: Physics
Social Psychology in Crisis: A Study of the References in the Handbook of Social Psychology (2nd Edition)1

References in the Handbook of Social Psychology (2nd Edition) were used to examine the field of social psychology during the period of 1953 to 1967. Measures were developed to indicate the "hotness" and "hardness" of material in the five volumes and in each chapter. The extent to which chapters referenced articles published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology was ascertained. There was no relationship between the "hotness" and "hardness" of an area indicating that social psychology had not become more basic research experimentally oriented. During the period studied, more emphasis was being placed on theory and methodology and less on groups. Data also indicated a variety of changes in more specialized areas. The content of JPSP as reflected in the Handbook emphasized the "harder" areas of social psychology and neglected the applied areas. The views of commentators on the field were discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Sensitization of the Er3+ luminescence in (YEr)3Al5O12Cr3+ crystals and lasing at the 2.7 μm wavelength

An investigation was made of the spectroscopic properties of YAG:Cr3+ and YAG:Cr3+ :Er3+ crystals. The decay kinetics of the Cr3+ ions was also studied. Efficient nonradiative transfer of energy from the Cr3+ to the Er3+ ions was observed at room temperature. In YAG:Cr3+ :Er3+ crystals (4I11/2→4I13/2 transition) free-running stimulated emission was obtained at the 2.698 μm wavelength at room temperature. The mechanism for filling of the active levels of the Er3+ ions in these crystals is discussed.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Modeling sorption of trace metals on natural sediments by surface complexation model

The potential possibility of the surface complexation models to describe the sorption of trace metals on natural sediments has been suggested since the late 1980s, which should be of natural importance to predict the bioavailability of trace metals in aquatic sediments. This possibility was tested based on 11 geographically and hydrologically diverse natural aquatic sediment samples. The sorption of Cu(II), Zn(II), Pb(II), and Cd(II) on these sediments was studied by both sorption isotherm and pH−edge sorption experiments. The experimental sorption data were fit well by the surface complexation model (the double-layer model). The linear free energy relationship (LFER) between the surface complexation constants (Ks) of trace metals on the sediments and the corresponding first-hydrolysis constants (*K1) was observed, which could be expressed as log Ks = a log *K1 + b. The slope of the linear regression, a, was dependent on the sediment composition:  a = 0.19TOC − 0.09Oxides + 1.31 (n = 11), where TOC (%) is...

Field of study: Environmental science
Should Rule-Based Reasoning Be Enhanced by Case-Based Reasoning for Conceptual Database Design? A Theory and an Experiment

Traditional knowledge-based systems, such as expert systems, are rule-based. Inference rules are used for representing procedural knowledge. Some recent studies have suggested, and some have even provided evidence, that when knowledge-based systems are endowed with combined powers of multiple reasoning paradigms, the resulting systems will be more effective than when a single paradigm is deployed for the same domain of problems. We set out to test this claim within the conceptual database design domain by comparing rule-based paradigm to one that combines rule- and case-based reasoning. Case-based reasoning is an inference paradigm in which a problem is solved via the retrieval of a closely related past case and the adaptation of this past solution to become the solution for the present problem. A depository of past cases represents a rich body of knowledge. We theorized that the combination of both will be more effective than relying on rules alone. To test this theory, we created two systems. The first was based on pure rule-based reasoning (RBR). The second was created by adding case-based reasoning (CBR) to the first. We compared the effectiveness of the two systems. The results were mixed. The two did not differ from each other in their degree of effectiveness. However, subjects' single-choice preference was for the CBR system.

Field of study: Computer science
Harman and norharman in alcoholism: correlations with psychopathology and long-term changes.

In the search for mechanisms specific for alcoholism, it has become evident that beta-carbolines (BCs; e.g., harman and norharman) are compounds that may act on brain reward systems, thereby mediating an increase in voluntary ethanol (ETOH) drinking in animals. This study was undertaken to analyze relationships between these compounds and clinical variables (e.g., family history, personality data, and affect) in alcoholics and to trace the time course of blood concentrations in subjects abstaining from alcohol for at least 6 months. Nonalcoholics were investigated during sober and ETOH-loading conditions (1 g ETOH/kg body weight). Levels of harman were elevated in the chronically intoxicated alcoholics and correlated with the scores on the self-rating depression (SDS) and the self-rating anxiety (SAS) scales. The group of alcoholics with at least one alcoholic parent had higher levels than the group without such a history. Levels remained elevated for 6 months. Norharman levels were only slightly elevated on the day of admission. They were correlated to high harm avoidance and SDS scores. A family history of alcoholism and the severity of alcoholism as assessed by the number of ICD-10 criteria fulfilled were correlated with norharman levels. Long-term observation revealed elevated levels of norharman after 3 months of abstinence, but not after 6 months. The association of harman levels with anxiety and depression demonstrated in the present study suggests that alcoholics with high harman levels use alcoholic beverages as self-medication in an attempt to overcome possible anxiogenic/depressiogenic actions of harman. Norharman levels are less strongly associated with these mood states, but significantly correlated to harm avoidance tendencies. It has been suggested that the activity of the indolergic neurons is relatively high in individuals with a high harm avoidance score. Biosynthesis of norharman might be stimulated under these conditions (tryptamine serves as precursor).

Field of study: Medicine
Within-Season Producer Response to Warmer Temperatures: Defensive Investments by Kenyan Farmers

We present evidence that farmers adjust agricultural inputs in response to within-season temperature variation, undertaking defensive investments to reduce the adverse agroecological impacts of warmer temperatures. Using panel data from Kenyan maize growing households, we find that higher temperatures early in the growing season increase the use of pesticides, while reducing fertilizer use. Warmer temperatures throughout the season increase household weeding effort. These adjustments arise because greater heat increases the incidence of pests, crop diseases and weeds, compelling farmers to divert investment from productivity-enhancing technologies like fertilizer to adaptive, loss-reducing, defensive inputs like pesticides and weeding labor.

Field of study: Economics
Influence of type of muscle on volatile compounds throughout the manufacture of Celta dry-cured ham

The effect of muscle type on volatile compounds throughout the manufacture of Celta dry-cured ham was studied. Thirty Celta ham were taken from the fresh pieces, after the end of the salting stage, after 120 days of post-salting, after the end of drying-ripening stage, and after 165 and 330 days of “bodega” step. The volatile compounds from semimembranosus (SM) and biceps femoris (BF) muscles were extracted by using headspace-solid phase microextraction (SPME) and analysed by gas chromatographic/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Fifty-five volatile compounds were identified and quantified. The number of volatile compounds increased during the different steps of the process, reaching at 550 days of process 39 and 40 volatile compounds in SM and BF muscles, respectively. Results indicated that the most abundant chemical family in flavour at the end of the manufacturing process were esters in the two muscles studied, followed by aliphatic hydrocarbons and aldehydes. During the manufacturing process, an increase in the total amount of volatile compounds was observed, being this increase more marked in samples from BF muscle (from 550.7 to 1118.9 × 106 area units) than in samples from SM muscle (from 459.3 to 760.4 × 106 area units). Finally, muscle type displayed significant (P < 0.05) differences for four esters, two alcohols, one aldehyde, one ketone and four aliphatic hydrocarbons.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A double-antibody enzyme immunoassay for determination of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in bovine plasma.

合成GnRHとperoxidaseをbis-diazotizedbenzidineを用いて結合させたPOD標識GnRHと,第1抗体としてカルボジイミド法により結合した[Glu1]-GnRH-RSAを馬に免疫して作製した抗GnRH血清を,第2抗体として抗馬Υ-グロブリンウサギ血清を用いてGnRHの二抗体法EIAの検討を行った。酵素反応基質としてはo-phenylenediamine/H202を用い,反応後,492nmの吸光度を分光光度計で測定した。その結果,25Pg/tube~250ng/tubeの範囲で用量反応曲線が得られ,測定限界は約50pg/tubeであった。本EIAにおける類縁物質との交叉反応の検討結果から,本抗血清はGnRHのC末端を認識するものと思われた。また,牛血漿に既知量のGnRHを添加して抽出試験を行った結果,血漿中GnRHの測定の際の標準曲線としては,一定量の血漿にGnRHを添加し,これを抽出して作製する必要があることが認められた。去勢雄牛2頭に200μgのGnRHを投与し,投与後の末梢血中GnRH濃度を本EIA系で測定した結果,投与直後に急上昇し,その後漸減する消長曲線を得ることができた。

Field of study: Biology
Proprits thermodynamiques et physiques des mlanges de fluides frigorignes et d'huiles

Resume L'etude de l'influence des lubrifiants circulant dans les installations frigorifiques, sur les mecanismes d'ebullition ou condensation convective, ainsi que le manque de donnees fournies par les fabricants imposent l'utilisation de modeles predictifs pour la determination des proprietes thermodynamiques et de transport, d'une part, des huiles de lubrification, d'autre part des melanges de frigorigenes et d'huiles. Cette etude propose un recueil de correlations pour le calcul des proprietes des huiles. Ensuite, une comparaison de quelques methodes disponibles dans la litterature pour determiner les proprietes de tels melanges est presentee.

Field of study: Engineering
A Critical Review of Three Theoretical Approaches on Knowledge Transfer in Cooperative Alliances

Knowledge transfer has been acknowledged as the conveyance of knowledge between actors in an exchange relationship. Inter-firm knowledge transfer considerations are particularly applicable to the viability of cooperative alliances. This paper attempts to identify and demonstrate the limitations and gaps in the existing theoretical approaches when it comes to understanding the phenomena of inter-organizational knowledge transfer relying on alliances in the competitive and changing environment.

Field of study: Business
Superconducting microstrip resonator investigated by FDTD electromagnetic field simulator

We developed an electromagnetic field simulator based on Finite Difference Time Domain method (FDTD) to investigate a superconducting microstrip resonator. We simulated the temperature dependence of the resonant frequency in order to confirm the availability of the FDTD simulator against superconducting filters. Moreover, we simulated the high power behavior of the superconducting microstrip resonator.

Field of study: Physics
Clinical Comparison of 12 mg Ropivacaine and 8 mg Bupivacaine, Both with 20 µg Fentanyl, in Spinal Anaesthesia for Major Orthopaedic Surgery in Geriatric Patients

The aim of this study was to compare the haemodynamic and anaesthetic effects of 12 mg ropivacaine and 8 mg bupivacaine, both with 20 µg fentanyl, in spinal anaesthesia for major orthopaedic surgery in geriatric patients.  Sixty American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) II–III patients scheduled for hip arthroplasty were randomly assigned to receive an intrathecal injection of either 12 mg ropivacaine with 20 µg fentanyl (group R, aged 70 ± 7 years, range 67–89) or 8 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine with 20 µg fentanyl (group B, aged 69 ± 6 years, range 66–92). Motor and sensory block, haemodynamics and side effects were recorded.  Mean levels of sensory block were similar, but the onset time of sensory block in group B (2.52 ± 0.69 min) was shorter than that in group R (3.17–0.72 min); the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.01), and the number of patients who had motor Bromage scale 3 in group B (24) was greater than in group R (16). The difference was also statistically significant (p < 0.05). Systolic and diastolic arterial pressures (SAP, DAP) and heart rate (HR) decreased after the block in both groups. SAP (after the 60th and 120th min of block), DAP (all measurement times), and HR (after the 20th, 25th and 30th min of block) were lower in group B than in group R.  The data showed that 12 mg of ropivacaine and 8 mg of bupivacaine with 20 µg fentanyl in spinal anaesthesia can provide sufficient motor and sensory block for major orthopaedic surgery in geriatric patients. However, ropivacaine caused less motor block and haemodynamic side effects than bupivacaine during the procedure.

Field of study: Medicine
Stratigraphy and Depositional History of the Gaptank Formation (Pennsylvanian), West Texas

The base of the Gaptank Formation is redefined as the base of the conglomerate member, and the underlying Chaetetes -bearing limestone member is transferred to the Haymond Formation. This change gives the Gaptank Formation a more distinctive lithologic base having greater areal continuity. The Gaptank Formation is subdivided into a conglomerate member (bottom) and a limestone member (top) that intertongue, in part, with a sandstone and shale member (middle). Gaptank strata display cyclical repetition and illustrate differences in deposition arising from differences in subaqueous topography. Three submarine land forms persisted as distinctive depositional sites: a shallow shelf (undaform), a sloping surface (clinoform), and a basin (fondoform). Progressive basinward extension of the shallow-shelf areas resulted in more widespread shallow-water environments during deposition of the Gaptank Formation. In outcrop, many individual Gaptank limestone beds can be traced laterally from a shallow-shelf facies into a shelf-edge facies, then into an upper-slope facies. Other modifications in the sedimentary pattern resulted from gentle warping in different areas and at different times during deposition. Comparison of lithologic and depositional features in the Gaptank Formation with those of the late Pennsylvanian strata along the eastern shelf of the Midland basin in central and north-central Texas shows striking similarities.

Field of study: Geology
Die Absorptionsspektren von Thallium- und Indiumdampf

Zusammenfassung1.Die bekannten Seriensysteme der Bogenspektren der Erdmetalle werden graphisch dargestellt. Sie lassen erwarten, daß im unangeregten Dampf eines Erdmetalles nicht die Hauptserien, sondern die Nebenserien in Absorption auftreten.2.Die Differenz der Temperaturen, bei denen die von 2p2 und 2p1 ausgehenden Linien gleicher Endbahn in Absorption beobachtbar werden, maß um so größer sein, je größer die Termdifferenz 2p2−2p1 ist, muß also wachsen in der Reihe der Erden beim Übergang von AI zu Tl.3.In Tl- und In-Dampf werden die zu erwartenden Nebenserien teilweise bis zu hohen Gliedern in Absorption beobachtet.4.Die unter 2. genannte Temperaturdifferenz ist bei Tl etwa 400°, bei In 100 bis 150°, was der unter 2. geäußerten Erwartung entspricht.5.Im In-Dampf erscheint bei hohen Temperaturen eine Absorptionslinie beiλ=2836,90, die auch in Emission beobachtet, aber nicht in das Serienschema eingeordnet ist.6.Vom Standpunkte der Bohrschen Atomtheorie ist durch die Absorptionsversuche sichergestellt, daß das bei den Erdmetallen neu hinzukommende Elektron in einer azimutal zweiquantigen Bahn gebunden ist.

Field of study: Physics
The Life Cycle of a Radiosonde

The development of scientific instruments was, only a few years ago, confined to universities and electronics companies having highly specialized human and/or technical resources. With the advent of open hardware initiatives, engineers, scientists, hobbyists, and even people with limited electronic skills have been able to tinker with complex electronic systems. Taking advantage of these inexpensive and widely available tools and in the context of an engineering project class for undergraduates, the authors set about building a working radiosonde prototype from the ground up, based on an open hardware platform and easily accessible components. As a result, a fully functional radiosonde has been built that measures, records, and transmits pressure, temperature, humidity, and wind, plus a small camera that stores images on a flash card. A release system was also developed so that the radiosonde can be detached from a balloon upon reaching a certain height, pressure level, or flight time. Once it is released...

Field of study: Environmental science
Single-event upset in highly scaled commercial silicon-on-insulator PowerPC microprocessors

Single-event upset effects from heavy ions are measured for Motorola and IBM silicon-on-insulator (SOI) microprocessors with different feature sizes and core voltages. The results are compared with results for similar devices with bulk substrates. The cross sections of the SOI processors are lower than their bulk counterparts, but the threshold is about the same, even though the charge collections depth is more than an order of magnitude smaller in the SOI devices. The scaling of the cross section with reduction of feature size and core voltage dependence for SOI microprocessors is discussed.

Field of study: Physics