nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The application of mathematical modelling to aspects of adjuvant chemotherapy scheduling

In this paper simple models for tumour growth incorporating age-structured cell cycle dynamics are considered in the presence of two non-cross-resistant S-phase specific chemotherapeutic drugs. According to the seminal work of Goldie and Coldman, if one cannot deliver two cell cycle phase non-specific, non-cross-resistant drugs simultaneously, for example due to toxicity, and both drugs are identical apart from resistance, one should alternate their delivery as rapidly as possible. However consider S-phase specific drugs. One might speculate that, for example, alternating the two drugs at intervals of T, where T is the mean cell cycle time, is better than alternating the drugs at intervals of T/2, as the latter strategy allows the possibility of a cell cycle sanctuary. Such speculation implicitly requires a sufficiently low variance of the cell cycle time, and hence it is not clear if such reasoning prevents a generalisation of the results of Goldie and Coldman. This question is addressed in this paper via a detailed modelling investigation, as motivated by suggestions for future colorectal adjuvant chemotherapy trials and developments in hepatic arterial infusion technology. It is shown that the cell cycle distribution of the resistant cell populations is strongly influenced by the chemotherapy schedule. The consequences of this can be dramatic, and can lead to chemotherapy failure at resonant chemotherapy timings, especially for a small standard deviation of the cell cycle time. The novel aspects of this observation are highlighted compared to other models in the literature exhibiting resonant behaviour in the timing of a periodic chemotherapy protocol. The above investigation also results in the principal prediction of this paper that reducing the drug alternation time to approximately a few hours, if possible, can result in substantial improvements in predicted chemotherapy outcomes. Critically, such improvements are not predicted by the Goldie Coldman model or other chemotherapy scheduling models in the literature.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Koushal v Naz: Judges Vote to Recriminalise Homosexuality

In Koushal v Naz the Indian Supreme Court overturned a High Court judgment which had declared unconstitutional section 377 of the Indian Penal Code criminalising ‘carnal intercourse against the order of nature’. In doing so, it has rebranded gay and transgendered Indians as criminals. This case note explores some of the structural problems that led to this judgment. The first problem is the transformation of the Indian Supreme Court into a populist, quasi‐legislative, institution that sees itself as a tool of governance. This has put significant pressure on its counter‐majoritarian role. The second relates to the sheer size of the Court's docket (given its wide jurisdiction and lax standing rules), coupled with the Indian legal academy's inability and unwillingness to continuously demand judicial fidelity to the law. These factors have led to the normalisation of unreasoned or poorly‐reasoned judgments and a breakdown of stare decisis.

Field of study: Law
Biogeographical considerations of fish diversity in Bioko

The present study on the fish fauna of Bioko reports a total of 43 species of 21 families; 18 of which are new records for the island. Bioko's icthyofauna is made up of 17 freshwater and 26 saltwater and brackish water species. Freshwater fishes are primarily restricted to a narrow belt along the north and west of the island, similar to the adjacent volcanic region around Mount Cameroon. The rest of the island, however, is inhabited by salt tolerant fishes, as found in São Tomé, Príncipe and Annobón. Fish communities also vary according to elevation since rivers on Bioko are characterized by steep gradients from source to sea. Pressures on Bioko's river systems are not alarmingly high but may increase in the future because of the use of toxic products (lime and insecticides) for fishing. There is no doubt that this is having a significant effect on northern and western rivers which are precisely the most species-rich. Aphyosemion oeseri, which is endemic to Bioko, and which has a distribution restricted to the small northern rivers is in great danger of extinction. P. monkei is in a similarly precarious situation, given that it is extremely rare and will probably disappear altogether in a few years from the island's rivers. Before the situation becomes irreversible urgent measures must be taken to improve matters through educational campaigns as well as through cleaning up heavily-polluted rivers and re-stocking them with fish species from neighbouring river basins.

Field of study: Environmental science
Joint Power and Antenna Selection Optimization in Large Cloud Radio Access Networks

Large multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) networks promise high energy efficiency, i.e., much less power is required to achieve the same capacity compared to the conventional MIMO networks if perfect channel state information (CSI) is available at the transmitter. However, in such networks, huge overhead is required to obtain full CSI especially for Frequency-Division Duplex (FDD) systems. To reduce overhead, we propose a downlink antenna selection scheme, which selects S antennas from M > S transmit antennas based on the large scale fading to serve K ≤ S users in large distributed MIMO networks employing regularized zero-forcing (RZF) precoding. In particular, we study the joint optimization of antenna selection, regularization factor, and power allocation to maximize the average weighted sum-rate. This is a mixed combinatorial and non-convex problem whose objective and constraints have no closed-form expressions. We apply random matrix theory to derive asymptotically accurate expressions for the objective and constraints. As such, the joint optimization problem is decomposed into subproblems, each of which is solved by an efficient algorithm. In addition, we derive structural solutions for some special cases and show that the capacity of very large distributed MIMO networks scales as O(KlogM) when M→∞ with K, S fixed. Simulations show that the proposed scheme achieves significant performance gain over various baselines.

Field of study: Engineering
Understanding the denial of abuses of human rights connected to sports mega-events*

Academics debate the positive and negative consequences of hosting sports mega-events, and although there is a general recognition that doing so cannot be a panacea for solving other social issues, who wins and who loses tends to be the same. This article considers why mega-events are not more regularly resisted given the routinization of harm to local populations that they tend to invoke. It develops ideas derived from the late sociologist and criminologist Stanley Cohen concerning the relationships between, and the politics of, denial and acknowledgement, with specific attention to the role of academics, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the media. The article illustrates the difficulties in exposing, contesting and transforming these human rights abuses, but suggests that there are grounds for optimism as new strategies for communicating human rights abuses in connection with sports mega-events are developed.

Field of study: Sociology
SU‐E‐J‐220: Respiration Simulating Phantom for Verifying Four‐Dimensional Radiation Therapy

To develop the respiration simulating phantom moves real organ motion for verifying 4D radiotherapy such as gated radiotherapy, breathing control radiotherapy and dynamic tumor tracking radiotherapy.  Conventional 4D verifying phantoms move periodically and regularly, unlike the real patients' organs. The phantom developed in this study to simulate patients' organ motion. The controller of moving phantom monitors and records the patients' respiratory waves measured by various modalities, and moves the phantom according to the prerecorded respiratory signal. The organ and the phantom motion were compared with its respiratory curves to evaluate the simulating phantom.  Comparing with the respiration signals and the phantom motion, the correlation coefficient between the curves were acceptable relative to the organ motion. The discrepancy between the respiratory curve and the organ motion was 8.52% of motion rangeConclusion: The phantom simulated the organ motion according to the respiratory signal. The relationship between the signal of respiration and the phantom motion showed strong correlation. It is expected that the record and playable simulating phantom is useful to verify the 4D radiotherapy. This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2010‐0013701).

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Computational Framework for 3D Nonlinear Discrete Crack Analysis

Under contract from the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) to investigate the applicability of fracture mechanics to concrete dams, the authors are involved in the development of a suite of specialized codes for the fracture analysis of 3D structures, Those codes include: 1) Mesh generator for massive concrete structures; 2) finite element analysis; 3) Post-processor; and 4) Automatic remeshing to accomodate discrete crack propagation. The finite element module, MERLIN, includes numerous extensions for fracture mechanics based analysis and is based on the standard displacement formulation of the finite element method but also incorporates an iterative solution strategy based on the Hu-Washizu variational principle known as the Mixed-Iterative method.

Field of study: Engineering
Delay of Reward and Human Motor Learning

It is encouraging whenever a relationship discovered at the subhuman level is found to hold at the human level. Such a relationship perhaps holds between learning speed and delay of reward. Saltzman (6) recently investigated the effect of delaying reward on the rate of learning in human Ss. The learning material in the experiment was a list of 4-place numbers and the reward was informing the S that a correct response had been made. The results of that experiment are in agreement with the results of a number of similar studies with animals (1, 3, 4, 5 ) . In the animal studies, learning is slowed down when the reward is delayed; similarly, in the above-mentioned study with humans, learning was slowed down when the reward was delayed. Since delay of reward has been found to influence noticeably the rate of human verbal learning, as well as the rate of animal learning, it was felt that a similar effect of delay of reward on human motor learning could easily be demonstrated experimentally. It was the purpose of the present study to investigate this relationship. Specifically, this experiment was designed to study the effect of delaying reward on the speed with which human Ss learn a simple motor task. Reward in the situation was defined as informing the S that his response was correct. PROCEDURE AND APPARATUS The Ss were 90 Indiana University undergraduate men and women, randomly divided into 3 groups of 30. Each S was seated co~nfortably at a table and the following instructions were read to him: W e want to see how quickly you can learn to draw a 3-in. line when you are blindfolded. I am going to blindfold you and give you a pencil and place your hand with the pencil in it in position on this (blank) sheet of paper. When I say 'Go,' I want you to draw a 3-in. horizontal line. As soon as you have finished drawing what you believe to be a line 3 in. long, lift the pencil from the paper and then put it right down again. This will indicate to me that you have finished, and then, I shall tell you something about the line that you have just drawn. If the line is 3 in. long, I shall say 'Right;' if it is between 2 in. and 4 in. long, but not 3 in. long, I shall say 'Wrong;' if the line is less than 2 in. long, I shall say 'Too short;' and if it is over 4 in. long, I shall say 'Too long.' So there will be 4 different kinds of comments that I can make: 'Right,' if the line is 3 in. long, 'Wrong,' if the line is between 2 and 4 in. long, but not 3 in. long, 'Too short,' if the line is less than 2 in. long, and 'Too long,' if it is more than 4 in.

Field of study: Psychology
Scale-free phase field theory of dislocations.

According to recent experimental and numerical investigations, if a characteristic length (such as grain size) of a specimen is in the submicron size regime, several new interesting phenomena emerge during the deformation. Since in such systems boundaries play a crucial role, to model the plastic response it is crucial to determine the dislocation distribution near the boundaries. In this Letter, a phase-field-type continuum theory of the time evolution of an ensemble of parallel edge dislocations with identical Burgers vectors, corresponding to the dislocation geometry near internal boundaries, is presented. Since the dislocation-dislocation interaction is scale free (1/r), apart from the average dislocation spacing the theory cannot contain any length scale parameter. As shown, the continuum theory suggested is able to recover the dislocation distribution near boundaries obtained by discrete dislocation dynamics simulations.

Field of study: Physics
Microstructure, Microhardness and Corrosion Resistance of WE43 Alloy Based Composites after High-Pressure Torsion

The structure and properties of a composite consisting of Mg-Y-Nd-Zr alloy (WE43) and various oxides are studied. The particles of the WE43 powder were coated by the nanocrystalline oxide layer by means of a wet chemical deposition process. After that the powder is compressed into solid samples and deformed using high-pressure torsion at room temperature. A second phase is present, both, in pure WE43 alloy and in the one with deposited oxides. We observed that the modification of the alloy by the oxide layer deposition and deformation by high-pressure torsion changes the phase composition and properties of the samples. The samples modified by TiO2 showed the best microhardness and corrosion resistance.

Field of study: Materials science
Correction of infra‐red gas analyser readings for changes in reference tube CO2 concentration

The theoretical basis for correcting infra-red gas analyser readings for changes in reference tube CO2 concentration is developed, but in practice the corrections made are empirical. Analyser gain (GA) is related to reference tube concentration (A) in hyperbolic manner. The constants in the equation are determined by plotting 1/GA against A. Calibration and operating procedure for a particular type of analyser are described and a numerical example given.

Field of study: Environmental science
A bacterial gene recombination algorithm for solving constrained optimization problems

Creature evolution manifests itself in the improved ability of species to adapt to their surroundings. Swarm intelligence and gene optimization are found in the population of interacting agents that are able to self-organize and self-strengthen. In this study, a new gene-based algorithm for constrained optimization problems is proposed and called ''bacterial gene recombination algorithm'' (BGRA). BGRA is inspired by the intelligent behavior of gene recombination in bacterial swarming. By referring to each phase of the well-regulated gene evolutionary process of bacteria, BGRA enables the exploration of problems and solution exploitation. For illustration, a set of constrained optimization problems are taken from the literature for testing purposes. In addition, satisfactory feasible solutions for constrained optimization problems were obtained by combining the BGRA and a penalty function method. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can yield near-optimal and stable solutions compared to the relevant literature, and thus, it can be an efficient alternative in the solving of constrained optimization problems.

Field of study: Mathematics
Book reviews: Archibald, J. 1993: Language learnability and L2 phonology: the acquisition of metrical parameters. Dordrecht, Boston, London: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 199 pp

as seriously impeding intelligibility in L2 production, but not surprisingly on the other hand, given a history of theoretical change and uncertainty in the description of lexical stress, especially with regard to English. What the few previous studies have shown is that patterns of learners’ L2 word stress do not reflect those of the L1 in any simple way and that certain classes of words in the L2 are clearly subject to independent interlanguage/universal influences in this respect (for L1 German/L2 English, see e.g., Grosser and Wieden, 1989). The present study confirms these previous observations, but offers an explanation of the phenomena in terms of an overall theory of metrical structure and language learnability. As such, Archibald introduces a new and welcome theoretical dimen-

Field of study: Linguistics
SU-F-T-133: Uniform Scanning Proton Therapy for Lung Cancer: Toxicity and Its Correlation with Dosimetry.

To analyze the toxicity of uniform scanning proton therapy for lung cancer patients and its correlation with dose distribution.



In this study, we analyzed the toxicity of 128 lung cancer patients, including 18 small cell lung cancer and 110 non small cell lung cancer patients. Each patient was treated with uniform scanning proton beams at our center using typically 2-4 fields. The prescription was typically 74 Cobalt gray equivalent (CGE) at 2 CGE per fraction. 4D Computerized Tomography (CT) scans were used to evaluate the target motion and contour the internal target volume, and repeated 3 times during the course of treatment to evaluate the need for plan adaptation. Toxicity data for these patients were obtained from the proton collaborative group (PCG) database. For cases of grade 3 toxicities or toxicities of interest such as esophagitis and radiation dermatitis, dose distributions were reviewed and analyzed in attempt to correlate the toxicity with radiation dose.



At a median follow up time of about 21 months, none of the patients had experienced Grade 4 or 5 toxicity. The most common adverse effect was dermatitis (81%: 52%-Grade 1, 28%-Grade 2, and 1% Grade 3), followed by fatigue (48%), Cough (46%), and Esophagitis (45%), as shown in Figure 1. Severe toxicities, such as Grade 3 dermatitis or pain of skin, had a clear correlation with high radiation dose.



Uniform scanning proton therapy is well tolerated by lung cancer patients. Preliminary analysis indicates there is correlation between severe toxicity and high radiation dose. Understanding of radiation resulted toxicities and careful choice of beam arrangement are critical in minimizing toxicity of skin and other organs.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Effects of Annealing in a Partially Reducing Atmosphere on Sputtered Al-Doped ZnO Thin Films

Aluminum-doped ZnO (AZO) films have been deposited by room-temperature radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering onto fused-quartz substrates using a ZnO:Al2O3 (98:2 wt.%) target. A post-deposition anneal in an N2 flow has been shown to improve the electrical and optical properties of as-deposited AZO. All films were polycrystalline and exhibited a hexagonal wurtzite structure with the c-axis oriented perpendicular to the substrate. An increase in the estimated crystallite size was observed after annealing. Electrical resistivity was reduced from 3.7 × 10−3 Ω cm for as-deposited layers to 7.1 × 10−4 Ω cm for annealed films. An average optical transmittance >85% for annealed films was routinely measured. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements indicated that the surfaces of all layers investigated were oxygen deficient, and the density of oxygen vacancies was found to increase following the anneal.

Field of study: Materials science
Is Infrastructure: The Influence of Senior it Leadership and Strategic Information Systems Planning

The integration of information systems (IS) across the entire enterprise has become one of the most important technology management challenges in complex organizations. Many companies have placed the development and implementation of a highly integrated IS infrastructure among the top concerns of their overall IT management practice. This paper reports on an empirical investigation of the influence of senior IT leadership and strategic information systems planning (SISP) on the level of implementation of the IS infrastructure. The resulting model shows the importance that SISP plays in the relationship between senior IT leadership and the extent of an integrated IS infrastructure. The findings indicate a moderate relationship between the factors of senior IT leadership (the importance of the CIO and the presence of a varied IS advisory committee) and SISP, and a strong relationship between SISP and three aspects of IS infrastructure (technical integration, application functionality, and data integration).

Field of study: Computer science
Synthesis of Red-emitting (Gd, Ca, Eu)2W2O9 Phosphors

Red-emitting (Gd1−x−yCaxEuy)2W2O9−x phosphors (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.05, 0.05 ≤ y ≤ 1.00) were synthesized in a single phase form by conventional solid-state reaction. These phosphors exhibited excellent lumin...

Field of study: Chemistry
Targets for R&D on Nb3Sn Conductor for High Energy Physics

High Energy Physics has been consistently pushing the performance of technical superconductors, for the benefit of high field magnet technology. So far the workhorse for particle accelerators has been Nb-Ti, but the practical performance limit has been attained with the LHC. Calls for higher beam luminosity (e.g., HL-LHC), and higher beam energy (e.g., FCC), demand a transition from Nb-Ti to Nb3Sn, presently the only practical candidate material offering the required high field performance. This paper provides a summary of desirable properties and performance targets for Nb3Sn to satisfy the challenging magnet specifications for upgrades of existing and future HEP accelerators.

Field of study: Physics
Extraordinary flood events and the response to monsoonal climatic change during the last 3000 years along the middle Yangtze River valley, China

Well-dated long-term flood data series is very important in studying of hydrological response to past climatic change along the mainstream of the Yangtze River. Five palaeoflood events recorded by slackwater deposits were identified by the sedimentological criteria and analytical results. A detailed chronological framework of palaeoflood events during the late Holocene was established by optically stimulated luminescence dating in combination with anthropogenic remains, and with pedo-stratigraphic correlations with well dated Holocene loess-soil profiles within the middle Yangtze River basin. The five palaeoflood events were dated to 2.43 ± 0.18 ka, 1.82 ± 0.17 ka, 0.94 ± 0.07 ka, 0.72 ± 0.06 ka and 0.59 ± 0.05 ka, respectively. These results are consistent with geological records at other palaeoflood sites and historical flood records along the middle Yangtze River valley. A regional synthesis of the palaeoflood chronology over the last 3000 years was compiled along the middle Yangtze River. Extraordinary flood events generally seem to be correlated with late Holocene climatic variability (i.e. Neoglacial cooling, Roman Warm Period, Dark Ages Cold Period, Medieval Climate Anomaly, and Little Ice Age). The high-resolution climatic proxies from stalagmites of the Dongge cave and Heshang cave, ice-cores of the GRIP, the total solar irradiance variations and sunspot number, and ENSO activities suggest that these hydroclimatic events are possibly related to the weaker Asia summer monsoon and the cooling climatic events, as well as the stronger ENSO activities during the late Holocene in the Yangtze River valley. These results provide insights into the response of hydroclimatic system to global change in the large rivers of Asia.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography