nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
On the use of particle-wall interaction models to predict particle-laden flow in 90-deg bends

The objective of this work is to evaluate the capability of different combinations of a turbulence model and a Lagrangian particle tracking (LPT) model integrating a particle-wall interaction (PWI) model to predict particle-laden flow in 90-deg bends, as well as the impact of the PWI model on the prediction of the referred flow. The experimental data from Kliafas and Holt (1987) (LDV measurements of a turbulent air-solid two-phase flow in a 90° bend. Experiments in Fluids , 5: 73-85) concerning a vertical to horizontal square-sectioned duct with a hydraulic diameter of 0.1 m that are connected by a 90-deg bend with a curvature ratio of 3.52, served as the benchmark for the aimed analysis. Air with glass spheres of 50 μm diameter flows in the experimental duct system with a Reynolds number of 3.47×10 5 . The airflow was modelled by four different turbulence models: a low Reynolds number k - ε model, the SST k - ω model, the v 2 - f model, and the RSM SSG model. The particle-phase was modelled by a LPT formulation, and the particle-wall interaction was calculated using four different models: Brauer, Grant & Tabakoff, Matsumoto & Saito and Brach & Dunn PWI models. The 3D simulation results of mean streamwise velocities from the sixteen RANS-LPT/PWI combinations were compared qualitatively and quantitatively to experimental and numerical data available in the literature. The four turbulence models produced errors for the gas-phase in the order of 8%. Concerning the particle-phase, the errors produced by all RANS-LPT/PWI combinations were below 4% for bend angles up to 15° and up to 18% for bend angles higher than 30°. The best results for the particle-phase were obtained with the SST k - ω and v 2 - f model combined with the LPT/Brauer or LPT/Brach & Dunn PWI models, which produced errors inferior to 14%.

Field of study: Engineering
Sulodexide Slows Down the Senescence of Aortic Endothelial Cells Exposed to Serum from Patients with Peripheral Artery Diseases

Aging of the arterial endothelial cells results in the appearance of their inflammatory phenotype, which may predispose patients to the acceleration of arteriosclerosis. We studied the effect of serum from patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) on the senescence of human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) and how that process is modulated by sulodexide.  HAEC replicative aging in vitro was studied in the presence of 10% PAD-serum (PAD Group) or10%PAD serum and Sulodexide 0.5 LRU/mL (PAD-SUL group). In control group cells were cultured in medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. All studied parameters were evaluated at the beginning and at the end of the study, in all experimental groups. Population doubling time (PDT) was studied from the cells growth rate after repeated passages, and senescence-associated beta- galactosidase activity (SA-β gal activity) was measured with the fluorescence flow cytometry. Expression of IL6, vWF, p21 and p53 genes was measured with the real-time polymerase chain reaction (Real-Time PCR). Concentrations of IL6 and vWF were measured with the standard ELISA kits.  PAD serum accelerated the senescence of HAEC as reflected by increased, compared to control, expression of the IL6 gene (+43%, p<0.05) vWF gene (+443%, p<0.01), p21 gene (+ 124%, p<0.01) and p53 gene (+ 85%, p<0.01). Secretion of IL6 and vWF was higher in that group: + 101%, p<0.01 and + 78%, p<0.01, respectively, as compared to control. Also, SA-β gal activity was higher in the PAD group (+33%, p<0.05) than in the control group. In the PAD group PDT was longer (+108%, p<0.01) as compared to control. Simultaneous use of Sulodexide with PAD serum significantly reduced all the above described senescent changes in HAEC.  PAD serum accelerates the aging of HAEC which may result in the faster progression of arteriosclerosis. Sulodexide reduces PAD induced senescence of HAEC, which results in lower inflammatory and thrombogenic activity of these cells.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Extensional salt tectonics in the partially inverted Cotiella post-rift basin (south-central Pyrenees): structure and evolution

The Cotiella Massif in the south-central Pyrenees hosts upper Cretaceous gravity-driven extensional faults which were developed in the Bay of Biscay–Pyrenean paleorift margin of the Atlantic Ocean. They accommodate up to 6 km of post-rift carbonates above relict upper Triassic salt. Subsequent Pyrenean contractional deformation preserved the main extensional features, but most of the upper Triassic salt was expulsed and then dissolved, leaving little indications of the original salt volume. Nonetheless, several distinctive salt-related features are still recognizable both at outcrop and at basin scale, providing an exposed analogue for salt-floored extensional basins developed on passive margins. Based on field research, we re-interpret the tectonic evolution of the area and suggest that passive diapirs were coeval with gravity-driven extension during the development of the Cotiella basin. The given interpretations are supported with detailed geological maps, original structural data, cross sections and outcrop photographs. The discovery of previously unknown post-rift salt structures in the Cotiella Massif is an extra element to consider in the paleogeographic reconstructions of the upper Cretaceous passive margin of the Bay of Biscay–Pyrenean realm and consequently helps in our understanding of the evolution of current Atlantic-type margins.

Field of study: Environmental science
Research on Focused Spider

With the rapid development of the Internet technology, the amount of pages in the WWW has grown dramatically and search engines are irreplaceable for web users and become the entries of the web for people. Web spider, as the data source for search engine, is the most important component of search engine. Introduces the key technologies of web spider. In addition, the growing individual needs of web users as well as the dramatic increase in the number of pages leading general search engines can not meet the specific needs of users. The topic-based search engines have been rapid development. The focused spider has also been great breakthroughs and progress in the meanwhile. Unlike general spiders, general spiders focused crawling general integrity, and the focused spiders emphasize the relevance of a particular topic. Introduces the researches on focused spiders.

Field of study: Computer science
Intermode scattering by light-induced gratings in CdS-single-crystal microlasers

A possible mechanism is proposed for efficient intermode scattering in semiconductor CdS single-crystal lasers. It is shown that coupling between the total-internal-reflection modes and the outgoing modes may be achieved as a result of self-diffraction scattering, i.e., diffraction by refractive index gratings induced by the waves themselves.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Misconceptions in American Strategic Assessment

Recent changes in American strategic doctrine not only have prompted shifts in the measures of strategic sufficiency but have also led to a heightened perception of these measures. Conceptions of the strategic balance currently in vogue are all based on estimates of relative residual military capability following a nuclear exchange. Informed views differ about how such estimates should be made. However, those of the two key institutions most concerned in generating such assessments -the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the Department of Defense (DOD) employ approaches that divorce military conflict from the political context in which such conflict would occur. These approaches are, as a result, inaccurate, misleading, and even detrimental to the maintenance of peace. Strategic forces mean nothing in the abstract. They must be assessed in terms of the mission they are expected to perform. For the United States this mission has always been deterrence, although deterrence of what has never been altogether clear. From time to time, officials from various administrations have spoken of extended deterrence, supposing that American strategic forces could

Field of study: Political science
Identification of the potential inhibitors of malolactic fermentation in wines

Malolactic fermentation plays an important role in reducing acidity and improving both the microbiological stability and the aroma profile of wines. The conditions required for the induction and appropriate course of MLF include initial temperatures of 20 °C to 25 °C, a free-SD2 content below 10 mg L -1, a total SD2 concentration below 30 mg L-1, a pH level between the range of 3.2 and 3.4, and nutrients, which are obtained from the sediment of yeast cells (Lasik, 2013). Spontaneous MLF, however, cannot be guaranteed due to the harsh environmental conditions present in wine. Malolactic fermentation may fail or occur many months after alcoholic fermentation is complete, which impairs the production processes and may cause wine-depreciation associated with the occurrence of spoilage or the production of toxic compounds (Oorizzo et al., 2016).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Increases in body mass index during infliximab therapy in patients with Crohn's disease: an open label prospective study.

In the past, the impact of infliximab therapy on nutritional status in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) has not been assessed. This prospective study was to investigate the effect of infliximab on nutritional status in CD patients. Fifty consecutive patients with active CD received infliximab (5 mg/kg) at weeks 0, 2 and 6 as remission induction therapy, and then at 8 weeks intervals as maintenance therapy. Patients were followed for 60 weeks. CD activity index (CDAI) and body mass index (BMI) were monitored. A fall in CDAI by ≥70 was defined as response to therapy, while CDAI<150 meant clinical remission. At week 10, 39 patients (78%) responded to infliximab induction therapy. BMI significantly increased during these 10 weeks (P<0.0001). The mean increase in BMI was significantly higher in patients who responded to infliximab vs patients who did not (P=0.03). Further, at weeks 30 and 60, 35 patients (70%) and 33 (66%) were in remission, respectively. The mean increase in BMI was significantly higher in patients who maintained remission vs patients not in remission (week 30, P=0.02; week 60, P=0.01). Patients with a low baseline BMI (<18.5) and those with small bowel involvement achieved a higher increase in BMI as compared to patients with BMI≥18.5 or patients without small bowel involvement. In this study, infliximab therapy was associated with improvement of patients' nutritional status, notably patients who responded to this biologic. Additionally, in patients with malnutrition and small bowel involvement, the nutritional impact of infliximab was higher.

Field of study: Medicine
Dental wear at macro- and microscopic scale in rabbits fed diets of different abrasiveness: A pilot investigation

To differentiate the effects of internal and external abrasives on tooth wear, we performed a controlled feeding experiment in rabbits fed diets of varying phytolith content as an internal abrasive and with addition of sand as an external abrasive. 13 rabbits were each fed one of the following four pelleted diets with different abrasive characteristics (no phytoliths: lucerne L; phytoliths: grass G; more phytoliths: grass and rice hulls GR; phytoliths plus external abrasives: grass, rice hulls and sand GRS) for two weeks. At the end the feeding period, three tooth wear proxies were applied to quantify wear on the cheek teeth at macroscopic and microscopic wear scales: CT scans were obtained to quantify tooth height. Mesowear was scored adapted to this species, and 3D dental microwear texture analysis (DMTA) was performed on four antagonistic teeth. Both external and internal abrasives resulted in increased wear in all proxies compared to the phytolith and sand-free diet (L). The wear effect was more prominent on the maxillary than on the mandibular teeth. On the GRS diet, the upper third premolar had the largest decline in relative tooth height compared to others in the same tooth row. The impact of diet abrasiveness on the mesowear signal was only clearly visible for the most abrasive diet, most likely due to the limited sample size. DMTA was especially sensitive to phytolith changes in the diet, and surface roughness generally increased with increasing amounts of abrasive agents (L

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Understanding and Using the Implicit Association Test: II. Method Variables and Construct Validity

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) assesses relative strengths of four associations involving two pairs of contrasted concepts (e.g., male-female and family-career). In four studies, analyses of data from 11 Web IATs, averaging 12,000 respondents per data set, supported the following conclusions: (a) sorting IAT trials into subsets does not yield conceptually distinct measures; (b) valid IAT measures can be produced using as few as two items to represent each concept; (c) there are conditions for which the administration order of IAT and self-report measures does not alter psychometric properties of either measure; and (d) a known extraneous effect of IAT task block order was sharply reduced by using extra practice trials. Together, these analyses provide additional construct validation for the IAT and suggest practical guidelines to users of the IAT.

Field of study: Psychology
Correlation of the Jurassic formations of western Cuba

This paper constitutes a general summary of the field and laboratory work on the Jurassic of Cuba thus far completed by the authors. It is based on personal studies made by Mr. Brown in Cuba during five journeys, covering eleven months of field work and exploration, in those provinces west of Camaguey, and on the results obtained by Miss O’Connell in working up the collections of fossils, the identification of which has made possible the determination of the succession of the paleontological zones and the correlation of the strata with synchronous ones in Mexico and Europe. The Jurassic fauna, consisting mainly of ammonites, has been described in a separate memoir, to be published at a later date, but the broad stratigraphic results may here be set forth in advance of the paleontological details. History of Investigations Since the beginning of the nineteenth century, when Alexander von Humboldt 2 visited Cuba . . .

Field of study: Geology
Duration of afterimage disability after viewing simulated sun reflections.

A scene was simulated of an automobile driver's view through his windshield. It contained a roadway, an identification target consisting of a Landolt C in various orientations on the road 96 m ahead, and a glare reflection of the sun arising from the direction of the driver's windshield wiper arm. The product of luminance times area of each of the four glare sources employed was about 0.1 of the maximum implied in the Federal Safety Standards. The target required a visual acuity of 20/40 on the Snellen scale, equal to that imposed by driver license requirements. After being exposed for realistic intervals while looking directly at the glare source, the duration of the interval required by thirty-five observers for identification of the target orientation was measured. Averages showed that the increase of identification time over that required after no glare exposure varied from 0.8 sec to 2.7 sec. Reduction of apparent area of the glare source reduced afterimage disability more than did reduction of intensity.

Field of study: Physics
Extending the relationship between global warming and cumulative carbon emissions to multi-millennial timescales

The transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) is a highly policy-relevant quantity in climate science. The TCRE suggests that peak warming is linearly proportional to cumulative carbon emissions and nearly independent of the emissions scenario. Here, we use simulations of the Earth System Model (ESM) from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) to show that global mean surface temperature may increase by 0.5 °C after carbon emissions are stopped at 2 °C global warming, implying an increase in the coefficient relating global warming to cumulative carbon emissions on multi-centennial timescales. The simulations also suggest a 20% lower quota on cumulative carbon emissions allowed to achieve a policy-driven limit on global warming. ESM estimates from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5–ESMs) qualitatively agree on this result, whereas Earth System Models of Intermediate Complexity (EMICs) simulations, used in the IPCC 5th assessment report to assess the robustness of TCRE on multi-centennial timescales, suggest a post-emissions decrease in temperature. The reason for this discrepancy lies in the smaller simulated realized warming fraction in CMIP5–ESMs, including GFDL ESM2M, than in EMICs when carbon emissions increase. The temperature response to cumulative carbon emissions can be characterized by three different phases and the linear TCRE framework is only valid during the first phase when carbon emissions increase. For longer timescales, when emissions tape off, two new metrics are introduced that better characterize the time-dependent temperature response to cumulative carbon emissions: the equilibrium climate response to cumulative carbon emissions and the multi-millennial climate response to cumulative carbon emissions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Shaping frequency-dependent time resolution when estimating spectral properties with parametric methods

The problem of tracking time-varying properties of a signal is studied. The somewhat contradictory notion of "time-varying spectrum" and how to estimate the "current" spectrum in an on-line fashion is discussed. The traditional concepts and relations between time and frequency resolution are crucial for this problem. We introduce two definitions for the time resolution of filters, essentially measuring the effective number of past data that are used to form the estimate. In, for example, wavelet transform techniques, frequency-dependent time resolutions are used so that fewer data are used at higher frequencies, thus enabling faster tracking of high-frequency components (at the price of worse frequency resolution). The main contribution of the paper is to show how this same feature can be introduced when estimating spectra via a time-varying, autoregressive model of the signal. This is achieved by a special choice of nominal covariance matrix for the underlying parameter changes.

Field of study: Engineering
Correlation between the mineral and microelement compositions of bottom sediments from the Sea of Okhotsk

X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence analysis with synchrotron radiation, and vibrational spectroscopy are used to analyze the microelemental composition and minerals that make up the bottom Fe-Mn crusts and sediments from a deep sea borehole in the Deryugin basin, and from the region of the Amur River’s flower water into the Sea of Okhotsk. A correlation between the mineral and microelemental composition, structural characteristics, properties, and sedimentation conditions is established.

Field of study: Physics
Success or Failure? The Prosecution of the Early Factory Acts

the Lancashire and West Riding magistracy from the accusations of contemporaries and historians that they played an obstructive role in the enforcement of the early Factory Acts.1 He argues that, far from nullifying the intentions of the legislation by refusing to convict, magistrates were remarkably co-operative in their dealings with inspectors, a fact which is underscored by the high proportion of cases resulting in conviction and by the imposition of relatively high fines. Such a conclusion allegedly turns "received historical opinion" upon its head. Whether these findings do overturn conventional views is debatable. Arguably, the popular idea of the Factory Acts is that the Act of i833 was the first "successful" one. Although it is often conceded that there were early difficulties of implementation, only comparatively recently have questions been raised about the long-term problems of securing compliance.2 However, ideas about what constitutes "received opinion" no doubt vary; in this Comment I wish to concentrate upon Peacock's use of the factory prosecution statistics, to question his criticism of the value of inspectors' reports as historical evidence, and to touch upon the broader issue of the enforcement of regulatory law in general.

Field of study: Economics, History
Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Photosynthetic Glycolipids Mixture

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of photosynthetic glycolipids mixture was studied by means of the ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) using electron spraying ionization. The results showed that the ionization mode was depending on the structural types,namely,monoglycosyldiglycerides(MGDG) and diglycosyldiglycerides(DGDG) in positive ion mode,whereas sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol(SQDG) in negative ion mode. Each glycolipid component in the mixture can be separated effectively using gradient elution on BEH C18 column. The characteristic fragment ions were shown in the mass spectra indicating the polar group and acyl chains,the relative intensity of the two acyl chains were clearly correlated with their regiostereochemsitry. The quantitation of glycolipid has been carried out by accounting their composition in isocratic elution.

Field of study: Chemistry
Dopamine and reward: comment on Hernandez et al. (2006).

Many lines of evidence suggest that the dopaminergic projection from the midbrain tegmentum to the forebrain must play a critical role in mediating the behavioral effects of natural and artificial rewards, with brain stimulation reward and addictive drugs included in the latter category. However, a closer look reveals many incongruities. The work of G. Hernandez et al. (2006) resolves several puzzles. It implies that the dopaminergic projection does not carry the signal that encodes the magnitude of a brain stimulation reward. It suggests that the elevation in the tonic levels of dopamine consequent on brain stimulation reward modulates the registration of the magnitude of the reward. This reconciles the psychophysical evidence with the pharmacological, electrophysiological, and anatomical evidence. However, some serious puzzles do remain.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Detecting Selection Bias in Meta-Analyses with Multiple Outcomes: A Simulation Study

This study explores the performance of classical methods for detecting publication bias—namely, Egger’s regression test, Funnel Plot test, Begg’s Rank Correlation and Trim and Fill method—in meta-analysis of studies that report multiple effects. Publication bias, outcome reporting bias, and a combination of these were generated. Egger’s regression test and the Funnel Plot test were extended to three-level models, and possible cutoffs for the estimator of the Trim and Fill method were explored. Furthermore, we checked whether the combination of results of several methods yielded a better control of Type I error rates. Results show that no method works well across all conditions and that performance depends mainly on the population effect size value and the total variance.

Field of study: Education