nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Denison Plan

N A five-year program of educational research, in which practically all the engineering and technical schools of the country actively co-operated, the amazing fact was brought out that engineering graduates and engineering teachers considered cultural subjects of major importance in any engineering course. In this investigation financed by the Carnegie Corporation together with other contributors at a cost of over $200,Qoo and carried out by the Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education, 86 per cent of the engineers and 78 per cent of the engineering teachers who replied to the questionnaires believed that purely cultural subjects should be included in all engineering curriculums. Over 25 per cent of the engineers expressed the opinion that cultural subjects were "indispensable to their intellectual development." English literature, composition, and public speaking were rated as second only to mathematics and physics as foundation courses. This demand for a broadening and liberalizing of the engineering curriculum is increasingly the outstanding development in engineering education. Coupled with this demand, however, there is the definite recommendation of the Society that a pre-engineering liberal-arts course devoid of engineering is less satisfactory than a course in which, from the beginning, engineering and liberalarts courses are thoroughly integrated. This appraisal by engineering educators suggests a fine opportunity of service for the small but efficient, well-equipped liberal-arts college. A study of the results of such an integrated program conducted at Denison University during the past five years gives rather striking evidence of its possibilities. In order to obtain definite information as to the value of an artsengineering program, a questionnaire designed to elicit frank estimates of the value of such a program was sent out to the engineering alumni of Denison; and, to obtain further unbiased judgments, opinions on the most desirable type of education for the engineer were requested from prominent engineers and engineering educators not connected with Denison. A brief outline of the Denison plan and an analysis of both groups of replies received should prove of interest to others as well as to engineers. A limited number of engineering courses under the head of

Field of study: Education
Correlation of graphite nozzle throat erosion in solid-rocket motors.

7 Olstad, W., "Stagnation-Point Solutions for an Inviscid Radiating Shock Layer," 1965 Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer, , p. 138. 8 Howe, J. and Viegas, J., "Solution of the Ionized and Radiating Shock Layer, Including Reabsorption and Foreign Species Effects, and Stagnation Region Heat Transfer," TR R-159, 1963, NASA. 9 Jischke, M., "Application of the Method of Parametric Differentiation to Radiation Gasdynamics," Ph.D. thesis, 1968, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.

Field of study: Physics
α-Helical domain is essential for antimicrobial activity of high mobility group nucleosomal binding domain 2 (HMGN2)

To examine the antimicrobial spectrum and functional structure of high mobility group nucleosomal binding domain 2 (HMGN2).Methods:OMIGA protein structure software was used to analyze the two-dimensional structure of HMGN2. Synthetic short peptides were generated for studying the relationship between function and structure. Prokaryotic expression vectors were constructed for the holo-HMGN2 and its helical domain. Their E coli-based products were also prepared for antimicrobial testing. The antimicrobial assay included minimal effective concentration, minimal inhibitory concentration, and minimal bactericidal concentration.OMIGA protein structure software analysis revealed a transmembrane α-helical structure (the putative antimicrobial domain) located from position 18 to 48 of the HMGN2 protein sequence. The antimicrobial assay showed that the MIC of the recombinant holo-HMGN2 against E coli ML-35p (an ampicillin-resistance strain), Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 were 12.5, 25, and 100 mg/L, respectively. Against the same microorganisms, the MIC of the synthetic HMGN2 α-helical domain were 12.5, 25, and 100 mg/L, respectively, that is, the same as with the recombinant form of HMGN2. In contrast, recombinant holo-HMGN2 was inactive against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. The synthetic N-terminal and C-terminal fragments of HMGN2 had no antimicrobial activity against E coli ML-35p, P aeruginosa ATCC 27853 or C albicans ATCC 10231.Conclusion:HMGN2 showed potent antimicrobial activity against E coli ML-35p, P aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and, to some extent, against C albicans ATCC 10231, but was inactive against S aureus ATCC 25923 in these assay systems. Its α-helical structure may be essential for the antimicrobial activity of HMGN2.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Electrodynamics of the Superconducting State in Ultra-Thin Films at THz Frequencies

In this paper, we report on terahertz frequency-domain spectroscopy (THz-FDS) experiments in which we measure charge carrier dynamics and excitations of thin-film superconducting systems at low temperatures in the THz spectral range. The characteristics of the set-up and the experimental procedures are described comprehensively. We discuss the single-particle density of states and a theory of electrodynamic absorption and optical conductivity of conventional superconductors. We present the experimental performance of the setup at low temperatures for a broad spectral range from 3 to 38 <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">${\hbox{cm}}^{-1}$</tex></formula> (0.1–1.1 THz) by the example of ultra-thin films of weakly disordered superconductors niobium nitride (NbN) and tantalum nitride (TaN) with different values of critical temperatures <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$T_{c}$</tex> </formula>. Furthermore, we analyze and interpret our experimental data within the framework of conventional Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory of superconductivity. By and large, we find the properties of our NbN and TaN thin films to be well described by the theory. Our results on NbN resemble tendencies towards anomalous behavior of the ratio <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$2\Delta(0)/k_{B}T_{c}$</tex> </formula> as a function of <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$T_{c}$</tex> </formula>.

Field of study: Physics
A meta-analysis of 16S rRNA gene clone libraries from the polymicrobial black band disease of corals.

Black band disease (BBD) is a polymicrobial disease affecting corals on reefs worldwide. Since 2002, researchers have constructed clone libraries from the BBD consortium using 16S rRNA gene primers targeting a variety of phyla. In the present study, a meta-analysis was conducted of published libraries from 2002 through the present that contain bacterial sequence data associated with individual clones and BBD samples. The libraries analyzed were from 87 BBD samples, collected from 16 species of scleractinian corals in 10 different geographic locations, and included 327 unique operational taxonomic units (OTUs). One OTU (cyanobacterial) was present in 62 (71%) samples, and three (one Cytophaga-Flavobacter-Bacteriodetes and two alphaproteobacterial) were present in 11 (13%) of the samples. The remaining 323 unique OTUs were present in <10% of the samples. The Alphaproteobacteria was the most diversely represented group. Analysis of clone libraries using nonmetric multidimensional scaling indicated strong regional specificity of BBD microbial populations, but limited host coral specificity. The results of this analysis support the hypotheses that: (1) a specific cyanobacterium may be the primary pathogen of BBD; (2) additional functional groups, required for BBD pathobiology, are represented by variable opportunistic species; and (3) opportunistic BBD microorganisms are primarily derived from the environment.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Electrostatic Induction Parameters to Attain Maximum Spray Charge to Clear Fog.

Laboratory experiments using sprays of charged drops were conducted to support a fog clearing program. Sprays from 1-g/s hollow-cone industrial spray nozzles were induction-charged to one-quarter of the Rayleigh charged drop stability limit. As the nozzle size was increased, a smaller fraction of the Rayleigh stability limit was achieved. Increasing the airflow past the nozzle increased the charge on the spray. Increasing induction surface, fluid conductivity, and voltage increased the spray charge to a limit beyond which further increases decreased the spray charge. Increasing the fluid pressure increased the total spray current but not the charge-to-mass ratio. The laboratory data agree with a qualitative derivation relating drop charge to the nozzle spray geometry. The derivation shows that the greatest charge-to-mass ratio will be achieved with narrow-cone-angle nozzles.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Conformable Late Jurassic (Oxfordian) to Early Cretaceous strata, northern Bowser Basin, British Columbia: a sedimentological and paleontological model: Reply

The upper Jackson unit in the northern Bowser Basin includes marine strata of Late Jurassic (middle Oxfordian to Tithonian) age on the basis of the presence of Vaugonia doroschini (Eichwald), Buchi...

Field of study: Environmental science
Thermo-ventilation study by OpenFOAM of the airflow in a cavity with heated floor

An OpenFOAM (Open Field Operation and Manipulation) code is used to carry out a thermo-ventilation study of the airflow in a heated rectangular cavity. Three RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes) turbulence models (k-ɛ, RNG k-ɛ and k-ω SST) combined with four solvers treating the heat transfer phenomena are employed to test and validate the OpenFOAM code. The obtained results are in good agreement with the available measurements in the literature. They show that the choice of the turbulence model and the solver do not significantly affect the results. Based on the accuracy of results and execution time, the most satisfactory pair is obtained by the association of RNG k-ɛ model and BuoyantBoussinesqSimpleFoam (BBSF) solver. This pair is then used to perform a parametric study, in order to improve our understanding for ventilation control. To determine the best air ventilation configuration, an evaluation of the indoor air quality and the thermal comfort in the cavity is carried out. To this end, a new equation is implemented in an open-source C++ code OpenFOAM. It uses the concept of “air age” to quantify the air quality and two indexes, the “Effective Draft Temperature” and “People Dissatisfied”, to quantify the thermal comfort. The results obtained show an evident contrast in the evolution in air quality and thermal comfort, therefore a compromise for the choice of air ventilation configuration is necessary, to have a both acceptable indoor air quality and thermal comfort.

Field of study: Engineering
Reduction of vertebrate coprolite diversity associated with the end-Permian extinction event in Vyazniki region, European Russia

This study investigates the paleoecological significance of vertebrate coprolites collected from seven sections and three lithofacies of the uppermost Permian and lowermost Triassic succession from the Vyazniki site in the European part of Russia. The analyzed specimens (coprolites and possibly some cololites) were grouped into nine morphotypes (A–I). The coprolite morphotypes were characterized geochemically and compared to the record of other Permian and Triassic coprolites worldwide. Based on the stratigraphic position, shape, structure and composition, all morphotypes were linked to supposed producers. The phosphatic composition of most of the morphotypes and inclusions of arthropod remains, fish scales and bone fragments, suggest that they were produced by carnivores, but non-phosphatic, carbonate-rich, large and oval-shaped coprolites with impressions after plant remains have also been found. The extinction of terrestrial vertebrates around the Permian–Triassic boundary in Russia is interpreted to have occurred within a few thousands of years. Here, we show a pattern of coprolite morphotypes disappearing across this boundary that is consistent with a relatively sudden change in the vertebrate faunal composition across this interval.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Investigation of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic free radicals

Abstract2-(β-Naphthyl)-3,4-diphenyl-5-(p-R-phenyl)pyrroles were synthesized in order to study the effect of polycyclic substituents on the stability of free radicals of the tetraphenylpyrryl series. Benzene solutions of these radicals were oxidized with lead dioxide to obtain the corresponding radicals. The rates of decolorization of the latter in air are described by a second-order equation with respect to the radical. The introduction of a β-naphthyl substituent into the α position of the pyrrole ring in place of a phenyl group increases the stability of the radicals.

Field of study: Chemistry
Helicopter Ben, Monetarism, The New Keynesian Credit View and Loanable Funds

The purpose of this article is to examine the intellectual roots of monetary dominance over fiscal policy. A first step was Milton Friedman’s reinterpretation of the Great Depression based on the money-multiplier story associated with the fractional-reserve system. In the 1990s New Keynesian authors and Ben Bernanke in particular never got away from Friedman’s interpretation and remained faithful to the loanable funds theory despite their new focus on bank credit and their apparent abandonment of monetarism. New Consensus Macroeconomics kept arguing that expansionary fiscal policy could only lead to higher inflation rates and real interest rates that lowered potential output. The New Keynesian literature on the zero lower bound of the early 2000s thus mostly overlooked the benefits of expansionary fiscal policy; instead, the optimism on unconventional monetary policies failed to prepare policymakers for the Global Financial Crisis. The crisis demands far-reaching changes to monetary and macro theory not least of which is a recognition that the theory of loanable funds is incapable of providing any insight into how the financial system works in practice.

Field of study: Economics
The NAPLEX: evolution, purpose, scope, and educational implications.

Since 2004, passing the North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination (NAPLEX) has been a requirement for earning initial pharmacy licensure in all 50 United States. The creation and evolution from 1952-2005 of the particular pharmacy competency testing areas and quantities of questions are described for the former paper-and-pencil National Association of Boards of Pharmacy Licensure Examination (NABPLEX) and the current candidate-specific computer adaptive NAPLEX pharmacy licensure examinations. A 40% increase in the weighting of NAPLEX Blueprint Area 2 in May 2005, compared to that in the preceding 1997-2005 Blueprint, has implications for candidates' NAPLEX performance and associated curricular content and instruction. New pharmacy graduates' scores on the NAPLEX are neither intended nor validated to serve as a criterion for assessing or judging the quality or effectiveness of pharmacy curricula and instruction. The newest cycle of NAPLEX Blueprint revision, a continual process to ensure representation of nationwide contemporary practice, began in early 2008. It may take up to 2 years, including surveying several thousand national pharmacists, to complete.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
A Philosophical Appraisal of Rousseau’s Child-Centered Education and Its Imports to Nigeria’s Leadership Question

It is a truism that the business of educating the individual minds necessarily involves that of equipping them with the demands of life for proper development of the society. However, the major problem facing philosophers of education has been that of the right method.  Rousseau in his attack on curriculum-centered theory holds the child-centered philosophy as the most appropriate in the task of progressive education because it makes room for learning by discovery and care-taking as well as educating.  Thus, this paper attempts to give a philosophical appraisal of Rousseau’s prescription for child-centeredness with a view to causing modern day educators to re-examine their positions with reference to Nigeria’s leadership question.  Education, Child-centeredness, Curriculum-centered theory, Care-taking and nature.

Field of study: Education
Spatial control of a large pressurized heavy water reactor

The paper presents tile design of a near optimal linear regulator for controlling xenon-induced spatial oscillations in a large, pressurized heavy water reactor. The nonlinear mathematical model of the reactor including xenon iodine dynamics is characterized by 56 state variables land 14 inputs. This nonlinear model is linearized over rated power of the reactor and then the singularly perturbed structure of the linear model is exploited to decompose it into a fast subsystem of 14th order and a slow subsystem of 42nd order. The slow subsystem regulator problem is formulated as a cheap control problem that entails the solving of regulator problems of a 28th-order submodel and a 14th-order submodel. The fast subsystem regulator problem is also solved, Separately designed regulators are finally combined to obtain the near-optimal composite control for the original 56th-order model.

Field of study: Physics
Solution conformation of alpha-conotoxin GIC, a novel potent antagonist of alpha3beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.

Alpha-conotoxin GIC is a 16-residue peptide isolated from the venom of the cone snail Conus geographus. Alpha-conotoxin GIC potently blocks the alpha3beta2 subtype of human nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, showing a high selectivity for neuronal versus muscle subtype [McIntosh, Dowell, Watkins, Garrett, Yoshikami, and Olivera (2002) ]. We have now determined the three-dimensional solution structure of alpha-conotoxin GIC by NMR spectroscopy. The structure of alpha-conotoxin GIC is well defined with backbone and heavy atom root mean square deviations (residues 2-16) of 0.53 A and 0.96 A respectively. Structure and surface comparison of alpha-conotoxin GIC with the other alpha4/7 subfamily conotoxins reveals unique structural aspects of alpha-conotoxin GIC. In particular, the structural comparison between alpha-conotoxins GIC and MII indicates molecular features that may confer their similar receptor specificity profile, as well as those that provide the unique binding characteristics of alpha-conotoxin GIC.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Aluminum speciation analysis of stewed meat

Sequential extraction procedure were used to analyze aluminum speciation in stewed meat. And the extraction conditions were studied. The result showed that in stewed meat, the largest proportion is organic aluminum, non-labile organic aluminum was about 15.2% in total, labile organic aluminum that extracted by (NH4)3C6H5O7 was about 23.3%, and extracted by NaOH was 32.6%. Al(OH)3 was the dominant proportion of inorganic aluminum, about 27.8%. The amount of inorganic monomeric aluminum was very little, only 0.9% in total.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Towards an operational definition of Essential Biodiversity Variables

The concept of essential biodiversity variables (EBVs) was proposed in 2013 to improve harmonization of biodiversity data into meaningful metrics. EBVs were conceived as a small set of variables which collectively capture biodiversity change at multiple spatial scales and within time intervals that are of scientific and management interest. Despite the apparent simplicity of the concept, a plethora of variables that describes not only biodiversity but also any environmental features have been proposed as potential EBV (i.e. candidate EBV). The proliferation of candidates reflects a lack of clarity on what may constitute a variable that is essential to track biodiversity change, which hampers the operationalization of EBVs and therefore needs to be urgently addressed. Here, we propose that an EBV should be defined as a biological state variable in three key dimensions (time, space, and biological organization) that is critical to accurately document biodiversity change.

Field of study: Environmental science
Molecular Dynamics of Chemical Reactions

Molecular beam and spectroscopic techniques allow detailed study of many dynamical properties of single reactive collisions. The chemical scope of these methods is now very wide and includes certain unimolecular and termolecular reactions as well as bimolecular reactions and energy transfer processes. Results for more than 50 families of A + BC → AB + C atom transfer reactions reveal simple impulsive and persistent complex regimes that correlate with electronic structure. Recent work has found examples of AB + CD → AD + BC and AB + CD + EF → AF + BC + DE reactions that require exchange of two or three pairs of bonds in a single collision event yet proceed with practically no activation energy. Processes akin to liquid phase reactions are also becoming accessible to dynamical studies using beams of van der Waals polymers or solvation clusters.

Field of study: Chemistry
Interpolation theorem for the p-harmonic transform

We establish an interpolation theorem for a class of nonlinear operators in the Lebesgue spaces L (R) arising naturally in the study of elliptic PDEs. The prototype of those PDEs is the second order p-harmonic equation div |∇u|p−2∇u = div f. In this example the p-harmonic transform is essentially inverse to div(|∇|p−2∇). To every vector field f ∈ L (R,R) our operator Hp assigns the gradient of the solution, Hpf = ∇u ∈ L (R,R). The core of the matter is that we go beyond the natural domain of definition of this operator. Because of nonlinearity our arguments require substantial innovations as compared with the classical interpolation theory of Riesz, Thorin and Marcinkiewicz. The subject is largely motivated by recent developments in geometric function theory.

Field of study: Mathematics
A furnace and environmental cell for the in situ investigation of molten salt electrolysis using high-energy X-ray diffraction.

This paper describes the design, construction and implementation of a relatively large controlled-atmosphere cell and furnace arrangement. The purpose of this equipment is to facilitate the in situ characterization of materials used in molten salt electrowinning cells, using high-energy X-ray scattering techniques such as synchrotron-based energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction. The applicability of this equipment is demonstrated by quantitative measurements of the phase composition of a model inert anode material, which were taken during an in situ study of an operational Fray-Farthing-Chen Cambridge electrowinning cell, featuring molten CaCl(2) as the electrolyte. The feasibility of adapting the cell design to investigate materials in other high-temperature environments is also discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Measurement of fluid-flow-velocity profile in turbid media by the use of optical Doppler tomography.

Optical Doppler tomography is demonstrated to be a simple, accurate, and noncontact method for measuring the fluid velocity of laminar flow in small-diameter (~0.5-mm) ducts. Studies are described that utilize circular (square) plastic (glass) ducts infused with a moving suspension of polymer microspheres in air and buried in an optically turbid medium. The measurement of Doppler-shifted frequencies of backscattered light from moving microspheres is used to construct a high-resolution spatial profile of fluid-flow velocity in the ducts.

Field of study: Physics