nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Keto acid therapy in predialysis chronic kidney disease patients: final consensus.

*Department of Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Universitea Bordeaux II, Bordeaux, France.†Nephrology Dialysis and Renal Transplantation Unit, University Hospital ‘‘S. Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona’’, Salerno, Italy.‡Department of Nephrology, Hopital Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France.§Aurad-Aquitaine, Gradignan, France.{Nephrology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.**Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Capa, Istanbul, Turkey.††Departement de Nephrologie, H^opital E. Herriot, Lyon Cedex, France.‡‡‘‘Dr. Carol Davila’’ Teaching Hospital of Nephrology, Bucharest, Romania.§§Chinese Society of Nephrology, International Society of Nephrology, and Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University,Shanghai, People’s Republic of China.{{Division of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.***Department of Nephrology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Institute for Postgradual Education, Prague, CzechRepublic.‡‡‡Dialysis Center No. 9, Health Care Service PLC, Euro Care Hungary, Szekesfehervar, Hungary.§§§The First Afﬁliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China.TheauthorsbelongtotheFreseniusKabiKetoanalogueAdvisoryBoardandparticipatedinthe5thInternationalAdvisoryBoardMeeting,Vevey,Switzerland,May29,2010.ConsultancyfeesandtravelgrantswerereceivedfromFreseniusKabi.Thearticleswerepub-lished as part of a supplement sponsored by an unrestricted educational grant from Fresenius Kabi.AddressreprintrequeststoPhilippeChauveau,ServicedeNephrologie,HopitalPellegrin,CHUdeBordeaux,PlaceAmelieRabaLeon,33000,Bordeaux, France.

Field of study: Medicine
X-ray channeling technique using anomalous transmission and its application to si micro-defects induced by heat treatment

X-ray channeling (XRC) technique using anomalous transmission is newly developed as a method of evaluating micro-defects in bulk single crystals. It is ascertained that there is a definite correlation between the decrease of the (hkl) anomalously transmitted intensity and the characteristic of the lattice defect. The present XRC technique has been tentatively applied to micro-defects (M.D.’s) induced in Si during heat treatment. As a result, it is conjectured that dislocation loops and stacking faults are preferentially induced during N2 atmosphere annealing at 1040‡C and wet O2 atmosphere annealing at 1100‡C, respectively, though precipitates are also generated during both annealings.

Field of study: Materials science
CALCULATION MODEL OF INITIAL ROTATIONAL STIFFNESS OF STEEL BEAM-TO-COLUMN BOLTED END-PLATE CONNECTIONS

By employing component method, an analytical model to predict the initial rotational stiffness of steel beam-to-column end-plate connections is set up. It is considered that the connection rotation is mainly induced by the deformation of the end-plate in bending, flange in bending, bolts in tension, column web in shear, column web in compression and column web in tension. The deformations of the end-plate and column flange in bending are estimated in plate-shell theory. Explicit formulae of stiffness are obtained for the end-plate and column flange with different stiffer configuration. The effective width used for the stiffness calculation is unified with that for the strength calculation suggested by EC3. When the stiffness of bolts in tension is calculated, the effects of connected plates under pre-compression on the deformation of bolts are taken into account. The comparison between the model and test results, other models, shows that the model is rational and more accurate. Moreover, the calculation process of the model is simple. Thusly it can be used in practical design.

Field of study: Engineering
Längsschwingungen rechteckiger Quarzplatten

ZusammenfassungIn Fortsetzung der Untersuchungen über Längsschwingungen von Quarzplatten verschiedener Orientierung werden die Eigenschwingungen bei einem Übergang von der quadratischen Form zum schmalen Stab auf Grund der früher gegebenen Lösung numerisch und experimentell verfolgt. Unter Berücksichtigung einer bereits früher empirisch eingeführten Korrektur für die Eigenfrequenz der Scherungsschwingung erhält man für die beiden longitudinalen Freiheitsgrade eine sehr befriedigende Übereinstimmung zwischen Rechnung und Messung. Der Verlauf der Eigenfrequenzen der Scherungsschwingung in Abhängigkeit von der Plattenform wird durch den Einfluß einer Biegungsschwingung gegenüber dem berechneten völlig verändert, eine Erscheinung, die auch bei einer senkrecht zur optischen Achse geschnittenen Platte, die sich wie eine isotrope Platte verhält, auftritt. Weiter wird auf einige spezielle bei Quarzkristallen auftretende Erscheinungen hingewiesen. Bei Quarz kann der Querkontraktionskoeffizient positive und negative Werte einschließlich des Wertes Null annehmen, wobei in diesem Fall eine Kopplung der beiden longitudinalen Freiheitsgrade fortfällt. Für eine spezielle Richtung wird die Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit elastischer Wellen nahezu unabhängig von den Dimensionen des Körpers, so daß der Unterschied zwischen der Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit einer ebenen Welle im unendlich ausgedehnten Medium und derjenigen im unendlich dünnen Stab nahezu verschwindet.

Field of study: Physics
On “transcritical” and “hypercritical” flows in magnetogasdynamics

The existence of smooth flows in transonic, transAlfvenic, and hypercritical regimes is determined. The flow behavior in the hypercritical regime is, in general, regular for the case gamma =2. Phenomena associated with the flow of a highly conducting gas in the presence of a strong aligned magnetic field are exemplified in two simple solutions.

Field of study: Mathematics
Key pecking of pigeons under variable-interval schedules of briefly signaled delayed reinforcement: effects of variable-interval value.

Key pecking of 4 pigeons was maintained under a multiple variable-interval 20-s variable-interval 120-s schedule of food reinforcement. When rates of key pecking were stable, a 5-s unsignaled, nonresetting delay to reinforcement separated the first peck after an interval elapsed from reinforcement in both components. Rates of pecking decreased substantially in both components. When rates were stable, the situation was changed such that the peck that began the 5-s delay also changed the color of the keylight for 0.5 s (i.e., the delay was briefly signaled). Rates increased to near-immediate reinforcement levels. In subsequent conditions, delays of 10 and 20 s, still briefly signaled, were tested. Although rates of key pecking during the component with the variable-interval 120-s schedule did not change appreciably across conditions, rates during the variable-interval 20-s component decreased greatly in 1 pigeon at the 10-s delay and decreased in all pigeons at the 20-s delay. In a control condition, the variable-interval 20-s schedule with 20-s delays was changed to a variable-interval 35-s schedule with 5-s delays, thus equating nominal rates of reinforcement. Rates of pecking increased to baseline levels. Rates of pecking, then, depended on the value of the briefly signaled delay relative to the programmed interfood times, rather than on the absolute delay value. These results are discussed in terms of similar findings in the literature on conditioned reinforcement, delayed matching to sample, and classical conditioning.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Flexible optical disk system with a sample servo format.

A high-capacity 90-mm flexible optical disk system with a phase-change rewritable disk is studied, aiming at low-cost recording media and small drives. The flexible disk rotates stably and is supported by two thrust air bearings fabricated in a plastic cartridge with a disk tilt of less than 5 mrad. A radial tracking-control precision of 0.2 microm is attained with a sample servo system by using photographically replicated square servo marks on the disk. The feasibility of this system is confirmed by write-erase operations in a 2-microm track pitch.

Field of study: Physics
Early depositional history of a rift basin: Miocene in Western Sinai

The Cenozoic stratigraphic record in the Gulf of Suez provides a model of six events for the early sedimentologic history of a rifted basin. Classic exposures on the east coast of the Suez in the Western Sinai yield a composite section of the Miocene succession. 1. (1) Oligocene?—Early Miocene (Nukul Formation) terrigenous clastics in fluvial, fandelta and littoral environments filled local valleys. 2. (2) During Early Miocene transgression (Lower Rudies Member), nearshore and shelf sediments accumulated at a rate no less than 4 cm/1000 yrs. Rates of accumulation increased dramatically at the beginning of the Middle Miocene. 3. (3) During the early part of the Middle Miocene basinal muds and evaporites (Upper Rudeis Member, Kareem Formation and part of Belayim Formation) accumulated at a rate of 106–146 cm/1000 yrs. 4. (4) Rates slowed during short-term shoaling periods when shelf carbonates (Hammam Faraun Member) were deposited. 5. (5) A fifth event is represented by more than 2 km of Late Miocene evaporites (Zeit— South Gharib Formations), which accumulated at a minimum rate of 32 cm/1000 yrs. 6. (6) The post-evaporite event of alluvial and shallow—deep marine sedimentation began in the Pliocene and is continuing today. Local carbonate buildups developed upon fault blocks during the second and fourth stages. Evaporite deposition can be a very rapid process in the filling of rifted basins.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Effect of a subchronic exposure to Simazine on energetic metabolism of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

The energetic parameters, such as glycogen, glucose, proteins, lactate and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content and lactate deshydrogenase (LDH) activity in tissues and blood of carps from simazine (2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine) contaminated waters were investigated. In order to confirm the field results, a laboratory experiment was designed in which carps were exposed to simazine at the concentration level of 45 μ g. L− 1 (10-fold of the amount found in natural waters) for 90 days. Fish from a contaminated reservoir showed low glycogen concentrations in hepatopancreas and muscle, while fish in another contaminated reservoir showed high LDH activity together with an increase in lactate content in muscle. Laboratory findings did not confirm field results, and fish exposed to simazine did not show alterations in the parameters studied. The results suggest that carps were not stressed by the presence of the simazine at the concentration levels found in both studies and the mechanisms of defense covered the energetic demand.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Development of SSR Markers and Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Medicinal Chrysanthemum morifolium Cultivars

Chrysanthemum morifolium, is a well-known flowering plant worldwide, and has a high commercial, floricultural, and medicinal value. In this study, simple-sequence repeat (SSR) markers were generated from EST datasets and were applied to assess the genetic diversity among 32 cultivars. A total of 218 in silico SSR loci were identified from 7300 C. morifolium ESTs retrieved from GenBank. Of all SSR loci, 61.47% of them (134) were hexa-nucleotide repeats, followed by tri-nucleotide repeats (17.89%), di-nucleotide repeats (12.39%), tetra-nucleotide repeats (4.13%), and penta-nucleotide repeats (4.13%). In this study, 17 novel EST-SSR markers were verified. Along with 38 SSR markers reported previously, 55 C. morifolium SSR markers were selected for further genetic diversity analysis. PCR amplification of these EST-SSRs produced 1319 fragments, 1306 of which showed polymorphism. The average polymorphism information content of the SSR primer pairs was 0.972 (0.938–0.993), which showed high genetic diversity among C. morifolium cultivars. Based on SSR markers, 32 C. morifolium cultivars were separated into two main groups by partitioning of the clusters using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean dendrogram, which was further supported by a principal coordinate analysis plot. Phylogenetic relationship among C. morifolium cultivars as revealed by SSR markers was highly consistent with the classification of medicinal C. morifolium populations according to their origin and ecological distribution. Our results demonstrated that SSR markers were highly reproducible and informative, and could be used to evaluate genetic diversity and relationships among medicinal C. morifolium cultivars.

Field of study: Biology
ASSESSMENT OF IMIDACLOPRID IN BRASSICA ENVIRONMENT

Imidacloprid was applied as seed treatment (Gaucho 70 WS, 5 and 10 g ai kg−1 seed) and foliar spray (Confidor 200 SL, 20 and 40 g ai ha−1) at 50% pod formation stage on mustard (Brassica campestris Linn.) to control mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi Kalt. It was detectable upto 82 and 96 days in plants after sowing from lower and higher doses of seed treatment. However, it dissipated faster and became nondetectable after 7 and 15 days of foliar treatments from lower and higher rates of application, respectively. The dissipation models yielded the rate constants of 0.0209 and 0.0230 and 0.0736 and 0.0779 day−1 from seed and foliar treatment. The corresponding half-lives of 14.40 and 13.07 and 4.09 and 3.86 days were recorded. This suggested that the dissipation was independent of initial doses and followed a first order rate kinetics. The projected TMRC of imidacloprid from seed (0.136 and 0.225 mg person−1 day−1) and foliar (0.069 and 0.1497 mg person−1 day−1) treatments were found lower than the MPI (3.135 mg person−1 day−1). At harvest mustard grains did not contain imidacloprid residues. The absence of imidacloprid in 0–10 and 10–20 cm soil layers indicated no leaching of insecticide. Therefore, imidacloprid treatments could be taken as safe for crop protection, consumption of leaves and environmental contamination point of view.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Predicting blood-brain barrier penetration of drugs by polar molecular surface area and molecular volume.

To predict the blood-brain barrier penetration by polar molecular surface area and molecular volume.



Polar molecular surface area and molecular volume are calculated by Monte Carlo method from the lowest energy conformation obtained using the semiempirical self-consistent field molecular orbital calculation AM1 method. The stepwise multiple regression analysis is used to derive the correlation equations between the ratios of the steady-state concentrations of the training compounds in the brain to in the blood (logBB)and their structural parameters.



For a training set of 56 compounds, logBB values are well correlated with the sums of surface areas of oxygen and nitrogen atoms (SO,N, A2, excluding the nitrogen atoms in nitrogen molecule or in nitro) and molecular volumes (V, A3). The regression equation is logBB = -1.331 x 10(-5)V2 + 9.228 x 10(-3)V -0.02439 SO,N -0.4318 (n = 56, r = 0.9043). The calculated logBB values of a test set of 10 compounds from the model agree well with their experimental logBB values.



The model is simple and effective. It can be used to predict the logBB values of candidate molecule in drug design.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
An experimental evaluation of cross-layer routing in a wireless mesh backbone

Over the latest few years, cross-layer design in wireless networks has drawn great attention from the research community. One of the main arguments in favor of such techniques is that the hop-count metric alone is not enough to capture the specificities of wireless links (e.g., interferences, collisions, fading). In this paper, we address a simple yet fundamental question: What are the real improvements that cross-layering can bring to routing performance when compared to the simple hop-count metric? In our experiments, we consider the backbone of a real wireless mesh network composed of 12 routers deployed in an office building. We focus on the stability of routes and their persistence. In spite of the nature of cross-layer metrics that take into account information from different layers, lets them be very reactive to changes, we observe that using these metrics, pairs of nodes tend to mainly use the same set of two or three routes between them.

Field of study: Computer science
The moral hazard problem with high stakes

We study the moral-hazard problem when the agent's reservation utility is large, but so is the agent's value to the principal. We show that the principal's cost of implementing effort has a very simple limiting form. For large enough outside option, the principal's cost is convex in the action, so the optimally-implemented action is unique, and optimal effort rises with the agent's ability, and falls with the agent's wealth and outside option. In a competitive market setting where heterogenous principals and agents match, positive sorting ensues and effort increases in match quality, despite conflicting forces.

Field of study: Economics
Thermoelectric Investigation of the Pseudo Binary System PbTe–CoSe2

Composites of nominal composition (Pb0.98Na0.02Te)1−y(CoSe2)y and (Pb0.95Na0.05Te)1−y(CoSe2)y with y = 0.05–0.15 have been synthesized to study their thermoelectric properties. In these composites CoTe2 is the secondary phase. The room temperature carrier concentration covers a wide range, 0.5–3.3 × 1020/cm3 depending on the composition. The high-temperature thermoelectric properties are similar to those of Na-doped Pb(Te,Se) alloys. The Seebeck coefficient can be as high as ~250 μV/K when the electrical resistivity is approximately 3.5 mΩ cm. The thermal conductivity of all the composites are very low. The CoTe2 seems to have little effect on the transport properties. The highest ZT achieved is ~1.2.

Field of study: Materials science
NÍVEL SOCIOECONÔMICO, ESTADO NUTRICIONAL E COORDENAÇÃO MOTORA GROSSA DE ESCOLARES COM 6 A 10 ANOS NA AMAZÔNIA SOCIOECONOMIC LEVEL, NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND GROSS MOTOR COORDINATION OF SCHOOLCHILDREN WITH 6-10 YEARS IN AMAZONIAN

O objetivo deste estudo foi  comparar o nivel socioeconomico,estado nutricional e a coordenacao motora grossa entre escolares de 6-10 anos de diferentes bairros na cidade de Tucurui-PA.  102 escolares de6-10 anos de ambos os sexos participaram do estudo e foram separados da seguinte forma: feminino: Grupo Vila, n= 14 (7,3±0,8 anos de idade); Grupo Cidade, n= 32 (8,3± anos de idade) e masculino: Grupo Vila, n= 24 (8,3±1,06 anos de idade); Grupo Cidade, n= 32 (8,1±1,1 anos de idade). O protocolo Korperkoodinationtest fur Kinder (KTK) para coordenacao motora grossa, o criterio de classificacao economica Brasil e a classificacao de Waterlow foram usados. O teste T de Student e U Mann-Whitney foram usados na analiseestatistica. O nivel socioeconomico apresentou diferencas (p<0,05) onde “Grupo Vila”, foi classificado na classe B1 e o “Grupo Cidade” classe D. Houve diferencas (p<0,05) entreos grupos  somente  para os testes de forca entre meninos: Unipodal eagilidade; e meninas: agilidade, favoraveis aos “Grupos Vila”. No estado nutricional, os “Grupos Vila” tambem apresentaram os melhores resultados (p<0,05) para meninos: massa/idade, estatura/idade, massa/estatura; e meninas: massa/idade e estatura/idade. Os “Grupos Vila” com melhores condicoes socioeconomicas apresentaram os melhores resultados tanto para o estado nutricional, como para a forca em ambos os generos.

Field of study: Education
STUDY ON REACTION OF N-METHYL-2-PYRROLIDINONE WITH CARBON DISULFIDE USING DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY

Thermal reaction of N -methyl-2-pyrrolidinone(NMP) and carbon disulfide(CS 2) under elevated pressure leads to the formation of N -methylprrolidine-2-thione. Using density functional theory,two parallel paths of the reaction and related configurations of 4 transition states and 2 intermediates were determined. The two-step reaction mechanism was suggested and the first step was confirmed to be rate determining step. Based on the mechanism,the kinetic parameters were calculated. At 298 K,the activation energy values of path 1 and path 2 were 604.740 and 598.101 kJ·mol -1 respectively; at 500 K,they were 607.665 and 601.055 kJ·mol -1 . The corresponding rate constants were 1.90×10 -105 ,3.81×10 -104 ,4.33×10 -66 and 4.70×10 -60 m 3·mol -1 ·s -1 ,respectively. According to the calculation data, it was concluded that the α -H atom near carbonyl group of NMP played an important role in the reaction via intramolecular interaction with carbonyl O atom and the reaction region was two tetratomic rings that connected with each other,and consisted of carbonyl C and O, α -C and H of NMP,in addition to C and S in CS 2.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
O028 The signaling properties of Interleukin-30 underline plasticity and cross-talk among the Interleukin-6 family of cytokines

The anti-inflammatory Interleukin (IL)-6/IL-12 cytokine family member IL-27 consists of the cytokine Interleukin-30 (IL-30, also referred to as IL-27p28) and the non-signaling α -receptor subunit Epstein-Barr virus induced gene 3 (EBI3). Antigen-presenting cells are the major cellular source of both proteins, and IL-27 has been shown to engage signaling via a heterodimer of the two transmembrane receptors WSX-1 and gp130. Besides this well-established function, several studies suggest that IL-30 has signaling properties on its own. Recently, IL-30 was shown to form a novel cytokine complex with the non-signaling membrane-bound IL-6 receptor α (IL-6R).  Since free, endogenous IL-30 is not efficiently secreted, we developed a strategy for bacterial expression, purification and renaturation of murine IL-30 (mIL-30) for in vitro and in vivo analysis. Furthermore, we designed a Hyper-cytokine, consisting of the extracellular/soluble part of the IL-6R fused via a peptide linker to IL-30, and expressed the IL-30-sIL-6R fusion protein in mammalian cells.  We show that mIL-30 can induce STAT-dependent proliferation of Ba/F3-gp130 cells expressing murine or human IL-6R, indicating that in contrast to murine IL-6, murine IL-30 possesses no species specificity. Furthermore, we identified the two transmembrane proteins that function as the signal transducing receptors of the IL-30/IL-6R complex. IL-30 was also able to induce IL-30-trans-signaling using the soluble IL-6R (sIL-6R), a characteristic property that was initially described for IL-6 signaling via the sIL-6R. We further show how STAT phosphorylation and proliferation of Ba/F3-gp130 cells induced by IL-30-sIL-6R can be efficiently inhibited. Finally, mIL-30 but not IL-6, was able to induce STAT-dependent proliferation of Ba/F3-gp130 cells without the need of the p28- α receptors IL-6R and EBI3, albeit at higher concentrations of mIL-30 in comparison to IL-30-sIL-6R.  Our study enlarges the spectrum of IL-30-dependent receptor activation pathways and might have major implications for the biological role of Interleukin-30 in vivo .

Field of study: Medicine