nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of buffer-impurity and field-plate effects on breakdown characteristics in small-sized AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors

The two-dimensional analysis of breakdown characteristics in field-plate AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors with a relatively short gate length and short gate-to-drain distances is performed by considering a deep donor and a deep acceptor in a buffer layer. It is shown that when the acceptor density in the buffer layer is high, the breakdown voltage is determined by the impact ionization of carriers, and it can decrease with increasing the field-plate length. This is because the distance between the field-plate edge and the drain becomes very short and the electric field there becomes very high. On the other hand, when the acceptor density in the buffer layer is relatively low, the buffer leakage current becomes very large and this can determine the breakdown voltage, which becomes very low. In this case, the breakdown voltage increases with increasing the field-plate length.

Field of study: Materials science
Magnetostratigraphy and tephrochronology of an upper Pliocene to Holocene record in lake sediments at Tulelake, northern California

Combined paleomagnetic and tephra chronologies of one of the most complete middle Pliocene through Holocene stratigraphic records yet recovered in western North America provide a reference section for much of northwestern North America and adjacent Pacific Ocean. Five long drill cores of lacustrine sediments at Tulelake, northern California, recovered a nearly continuous 331-m-thick record spanning the past 3 m.y. The Brunhes Normal-Polarity, Matuyama Reversed-Polarity, and Gauss Normal-Polarity Chronozones are recognized; within these, the Jaramillo, Olduvai, Reunion(?), and Kaena(?) Subchronozones are present. Six short stratigraphic intervals exhibit anomalous remanent inclinations that may record excursions and brief subchrons within the Brunhes and Matuyama Chronozones. Age estimates suggest correlation of five of the anomalous intervals with (1) one of the Biwa excursions at about 18,000 yr B.P., (2) the Mono Lake excursion at about 27,000 yr B.P., (3) the Blake Reversed-Polarity Subchron at about 114,000 yr B.P., (4) the Kamikatsura Normal-Polarity Subchron at about 850,000 yr B.P., and (5) the Cobb Mountain Normal-Polarity Subchron at about 1.10 Ma. Age of the sixth interval of anomalous inclination is broadly constrained between 117,000 and 180,000 yr B.P. Sixty-three individual tephra layers were characterized by electron-microprobe and X-ray fluorescence analyses of volcanic glass shards. Identified tephra of relatively well known age include (1) the basal airfall pumice at Llao Rock, 7015 yr B.P.; (2) the Trego Hot Springs Bed, 23,400 yr B.P.; (3) the Olema ash bed, between 55,000 and 75,000 yr B.P.; (4) the airfall pumice at Cloudcap Road ("Pumice Castle-like tephra 2"), about 120,000 yr B.P.; (5) the Rockland ash bed, about 410,000 yr B.P.; (6) the Lava Creek-B ash bed, 620,000 yr B.P.; (7) the Rio Dell ash bed, about 1.45 Ma; and (8) the Bear Gulch ash bed, about 1.9 Ma. A sedimentation-rate curve based on independently dated tephra and polarity reversals is used to infer age estimates of undated or previously unidentified ash beds. Some of these ash beds are found over large areas of the western United States and eastern Pacific Ocean basin and provide widespread horizons for correlation. Most of the tephra at Tulelake records eruptions from the nearby southern and central Cascade Range of Oregon and northern California, and the Medicine Lake Highland of northern California. Deposition took place during most of the past 3 m.y. within the Tulelake basin; notable periods of slow or sporadic accumulation, or erosion, occurred between about 620,000 and 200,000 yr B.P. and between about 2.5 and 2.1 Ma. Rapid deposition occurred during marine oxygen-isotope stage 6, between about 170 and 125 ka. Regional volcanism during the past 3 m.y. was markedly episodic, with notable volcanic activity from about 2.1 to 1.9 Ma and from 0.4 Ma to the present.

Field of study: Geology
Geometric-phase interference in a Mn12 single-molecule magnet with fourfold rotational symmetry.

We study the magnetic relaxation rate Γ of the single-molecule magnet Mn(12)-tBuAc as a function of the magnetic field component H(T) transverse to the molecule's easy axis. When the spin is near a magnetic quantum tunneling resonance, we find that Γ increases abruptly at certain values of H(T). These increases are observed just beyond values of H(T) at which a geometric-phase interference effect suppresses tunneling between two excited energy levels. The effect is washed out by rotating H(T) away from the spin's hard axis, thereby suppressing the interference effect. Detailed numerical calculations of Γ using the known spin Hamiltonian accurately reproduce the observed behavior. These results are the first experimental evidence for geometric-phase interference in a single-molecule magnet with true fourfold symmetry.

Field of study: Physics
Flexible stop and double-cascaded stop to improve shock reliability of MEMS accelerometer

Flexible stop could provide shock protection for MEMS accelerometer. By modeling and simulation, the paper studied the response of a closed-loop MEMS accelerometer with stop under shock of different amplitudes and pulse width. Contact force plays an important role and the shock response shows strong nonlinearity due to the contact mechanism. A kind of double-cascaded stop is proposed to mitigate high-frequency shock failure. MEMS accelerometers with flexible stop and with double-cascaded stop are both designed and fabricated based on SOG (silicon on glass) technology. Compared with shock tests of accelerometers with hard cylinder stop, flexible stop could withstand more than 1e4 g shock with about 100 μs pulse width. Double-cascaded stop is more robust to high frequency shock.

Field of study: Engineering
Carmelo Mesa-Lago, Reassembling Social Security: A Survey of Pensions and Health Care Reforms in Latin America (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2008), pp. xxvi+453, £75.00, hb.

They’re On Our Side : The United States and Right-wing Dictatorships, 1921–1965. Finally, the secondary sources are extraordinarily dated. For a book published in 2007, the latest work cited in the bibliography is from 1995, one of perhaps half a dozen sources from the 1990s. Thus, fascinating studies such as Frederick Pike’s 1995 work, FDR’s Good Neighbor Policy : Sixty Years of Generally Gentle Chaos are nowhere to be found. Of more concern is the narrowness of the primary research. Despite the fact that Franklin Roosevelt figures prominently in the book’s title, no work was undertaken at the Roosevelt Presidential Library. The papers of Cordell Hull in the Library of Congress are also untouched. And although the decimal files for Nicaragua are scoured with some enthusiasm, other collections such as the Records of the Office of American Republic Affairs, 1918–47, Records of the Deputy Assistant Secretaries of State for Inter-American Affairs, and other rich sources in Record Group 59 are ignored. The complete lack of sources from the Nicaraguan side is also troubling, since much of Crawley’s thesis rests on the notion that Nicaraguan politicians and parties were highly influenced by the United States’ action (or inaction). Andrew Crawley has produced a fairly well written book with some interesting ideas. The serious gaps in both the primary and secondary research undertaken by the author, however, seriously compromise the main thesis and reduce the monograph’s overall contributions to the field.

Field of study: Political science
Yet Another Empirical Test of the Relationship between Self-Actualization and Moral Judgment

The focus of this study was the discrepancy noted in previous investigations of both positive and negative correlations between self-actualization and principled moral judgment when measured on the main scale of the Personal Orientation Inventory and the Defining Issues Tests. The same tests were administered to 90 undergraduate and continuing education students with special attention to the contingent variable, response style. Low correlations resulted.

Field of study: Psychology
Superlattice/superladder computational organization for linear prediction and optimal FIR filtering

A family of computational organizations for the solution of the Toeplitz systems appearing in the digital signal processing (DSP) techniques of linear prediction and optimal FIR filtering is presented. All these organizations are based on a structure called superlattice which governs the Toeplitz solving procedure and provides many possible implementations. Algorithmic schemes for the implementation of these organizations, suitable for single-processor and multiprocessor environments, are developed. Among them there are order recursive algorithms, parallel-algorithms of O(p) complexity which use O(p) processing elements, and partitioned-parallel algorithms. The last can make full use of any number of available, parallel-working processors, independently of the system order. Superlattice-type algorithms are described for many Toeplitz-based problems.

Field of study: Engineering
Social Ideologies in Grade Eight Students' Conversation and Narrative Writing.

This study uses systemic functional linguistics and the related critical discourse analysis to examine intertextual links between four eighth-grade students’ talk in informal conversations as they generated ideas for the characters of their narrative writing. Data sources included classroom observations, students’ drafts and polished writing, student and teacher interviews, and the informal conversations among the two girls and two boys as they generated character descriptions. Our analysis of the interpersonal relationships showed that all the students participated in advancing topics for discussion and supported each other relatively evenly. In terms of the ideological content of the talk, we found that students negotiated gender ideologies along with ideologies of race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and age. Our use of critical discourse analysis opened up space for identifying gender fairness and equity in classrooms through complicating gender relationships within students’ interactions around writing.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
Magnesium Sulfate for Control of Eclampsia: Do Indian Women Need Lower Doses?

Pritchard regime is considered the benchmark for control of convulsions in patients with eclampsia. Indian patients with smaller body mass may require smaller doses of Magnesium sulfate.  To compare the efficacy of low dose magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) regimen in eclampsia with standard Pritchard’s regimen.  A total of 60 patients presenting with eclampsia were recruited and randomly divided into two groups: Group A: 30 patients who received standard Pritchard’s regime and Group B: 30 patients who were given low dose MgSO4. The outcome was measured in terms of effectiveness in control of convulsions and magnesium related toxicity.  Overall success rate was 100% with a low dose regimen as compared to 93.3% with Pritchard’s regimen. Failure to control convulsions was noted in two patients on Pritchard’s regimen group as compared to none on a low dose regimen (p <0.01). No difference was observed among study groups with respect to the type of delivery (p <0.59). Maternal complications were higher in cases receiving Pritchard’s regimen: loss of knee jerk (30% vs. 16.7%), oliguria (16.7% vs. 10%) and postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) (23.3% vs. 16.7%). However, the difference was not statistically significant.  A lower dose of magnesium sulfate is equally efficient with fewer complications as compared to the standard dose regimen in the management of eclampsia.

Field of study: Medicine
Fibroblast involvement in soft connective tissue calcification

Soft connective tissue calcification is not a passive process, but the consequence of metabolic changes of local mesenchymal cells that, depending on both genetic and environmental factors, alter the balance between pro- and anti-calcifying pathways. While the role of smooth muscle cells and pericytes in ectopic calcifications has been widely investigated, the involvement of fibroblasts is still elusive. Fibroblasts isolated from the dermis of pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) patients and of patients exhibiting PXE-like clinical and histopathological findings offer an attractive model to investigate the mechanisms leading to the precipitation of mineral deposits within elastic fibers and to explore the influence of the genetic background and of the extracellular environment on fibroblast-associated calcifications, thus improving the knowledge on the role of mesenchymal cells on pathologic mineralization.

Field of study: Biology
IDENTIFICATION OF PHYSICAL PARAMETERS BY MULTI-SCALE PARAMETER KALMAN FILTER

An efficient multi-scale parameter Kalman filter method is proposed for identification of the physical parameters. The ratio of signal to noise is increased in low scale by orthogonal wavelet transform. The measurement data is decomposed by orthogonal wavelet function and the state and measurement equations can be resolved into different scales. The physical parameters of a dynamic system are estimated by parameter Kalman filter method in different scales. The theoretical analysis and numerical simulations indicate that the identification of system parameters in multi-scale is more efficient than in single scale.

Field of study: Engineering
A simple assay method for determination of the specific radioactivity of the gamma-phosphate group of 32P-labelled ATP.

A simple and rapid assay method is described for determining the specific radioactivity of the gamma-phosphate group of 32P-labelled ATP. Labelled ATP is incubated with cyclic AMP, cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and histone H2A under conditions leading to maximum phosphorylation of the histone. The specific radioactivity of the gamma-phosphate group of the 32P-labelled ATP is calculated from the total amount of [32P]Pi incorporated into a standard amount of histone. This assay method uses inexpensive commercially available materials, and it yields an accurate specific radioactivity with as little as 0.25 nmol of 32P-labelled ATP.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Distributed Combat System of Systems Network Modeling

How to generate the topology model of Distributed combat System of Systems network is an important issue in combat analysis. A combat network construction algorithm was proposed to solve the problem. The improved hierarchy network evolving method was used to construct the command and control network, and the combat network generation algorithm was developed by the growth and local priority connections of new node joining into the command network. And then the analytical expression of the degree distribution of the network model was deduced via the mean-field theory method . Finally, the network model was analyzed according to the topology statistical parameters. The analyzing results show that under the same command span, though the command network topology doesn’t change when command level was increased, but the topology performance of the combat network is improved. This is in line with actual combat network ; the comparison of degree distribution of analytical results and simulation results indicated that the degree distribution of network model we proposed follows a power law distribution, with exponential value depending on the initial number of command and control network and the number of nodes connected to the rest of the network , verifying the validity of the algorithm model .

Field of study: Computer science
Transport and deposition of organochlorine pesticides from farmland to estuary under tropical regime and their potential risk to aquatic biota

In this study, residues of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in water, suspended particulate matter (SPM), sediment and oysters from the Chanthaburi estuary were monitored closely in the wet and dry seasons for determining potential environmental risks. In water samples, out of twenty OCPs measured, endosulfan and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) were the two predominant compounds ranging and concentrations between 0.6–13 ng/L and 1–12 ng/L, respectively. Both compounds were found in higher concentrations during the wet season. The two insecticides were significantly correlated with total organic carbon (TOC) in the water with r values of 0.571 (P < 0.05) and 0.440 (P < 0.1), for endosulfan and HCHs respectively suggesting that these chemicals are strongly bound and concentrated by water-soluble organic carbon. As expected, high concentrations of endosulfan and HCHs were associated with SPM and in the surface sediment (0–5 cm) with a concentration ranging from 25–1,219 μ g/kg dry wt and 19–110 μ g/kg dry wt for SPM, 4–70 μ g/kg dry wt and 0.5–50 μ g/kg dry wt for surface sediment, respectively. Sediment quality of the Chanthaburi estuary was also assessed in terms of risk to aquatic biota using concentration found in the sediment compared to published allowable threshold levels (U.S. EPA and New York guidelines). Results suggested that most of endosulfan and HCHs levels in sediment samples exceeded the threshold values. Thus potential and environmental risks may be anticipated from levels found in sediment. Oyster from selected farms cultured at the study area appeared to take up both endosulfan and HCHs in proportion to level presented in the water and SPM. The range of endosulfan and HCHs observed in oyster tissue were from 4–46 μ g/kg wet wt, and from non-detectable to 8 μ g/kg wet wt. respectively. Human risk from oyster consumption was considered by comparing the value measured with allowable threshold level of concerned chemical. The levels of endofulfan and HCHs measured in oyster showed that oysters from this estuary area were safe for consumption.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Pharmacy Education in Vietnam

Pharmacy education programs in Vietnam are complex and offer various career pathways. All include theory and laboratory modules in general, foundation, and pharmaceutical knowledge; placements in health facilities; and a final examination. The various pharmacy degree programs allow specialization in 1 or more of 5 main fields: (1) drug management and supply, (2) drug development and production, (3) pharmacology and clinical pharmacy, (4) traditional medicine and pharmacognosy, and (5) drug quality control, which are offered as main specialization options during the reformed undergraduate and postgraduate programs. However, pharmacy education in Vietnam in general remains product oriented and clinical pharmacy training has not received adequate attention. Only students who have obtained the bachelor of pharmacy degree, which requires a minimum of 5 years of study, are considered as fully qualified pharmacists. In contrast, an elementary diploma in pharmacy awarded after 1 year of pharmacy study permits entry into more junior pharmacy positions. Since the 2000s, there has been a surge in the number and types of schools offering pharmacy qualifications at various levels.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Geology, geochronology, and fluid inclusion studies of the Xiaorequanzi volcanogenic massive sulphide Cu–Zn deposit in the East Tianshan Terrane, China

The Xiaorequanzi Cu–Zn deposit is in the westernmost part of East Tianshan, NW China. Aiming to better understand the genesis of the mineral deposits in East Tianshan and their relationship with th...

Field of study: Environmental science
An argument against the necessity of unrestricted composition

Many metaphysicians accept the view that, necessarily, any collection of things composes some further thing. Necessarily, my arms, legs, head, and torso compose my body; necessarily, my arms, my heart, and the table compose something y; necessarily, my heart and the sun compose something z; and so on. Though there have been a few recent attempts to argue against the necessity of this principle of unrestricted composition the consensus is that if it is true, it is necessarily true. In what follows I will join the few dissenters and argue that this principle of unrestricted composition is not necessarily true. If I am right, it follows that either some principle of restricted composition is necessarily true or the existence of composite objects is a contingent matter. I will end by indicating why the latter option seems the most plausible. I proceed by reductio.

Field of study: Philosophy
Detection of alcohol use in the second trimester among low-income pregnant women in the prenatal care settings in Jefferson County, Alabama.

Prenatal alcohol use, a leading preventable cause of birth defects and developmental disabilities, remains a prevalent public health concern in the United States. This study aims to detect the proportion and correlates of prenatal alcohol use in the prenatal care settings in Alabama. Prenatal care settings were chosen because of their potential as stable locations to screen for and to reduce prenatal alcohol use within a community.



We conducted a cross-sectional study of 3,046 women in the 22 and 23 weeks of gestation who sought prenatal care in 8 community-based public clinics and participated in the Perinatal Emphasis Research Center project in Jefferson County, Alabama, from 1997 to 2001. Frequency and quantity of alcohol use in the past 3 months were assessed by research nurses during face-to-face interviews. We conducted logistic regression analyses to calculate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of correlates of prenatal alcohol use.



Participants were predominantly young, African American, and unmarried, 86.5% on Medicaid. The proportion of alcohol use in the second trimester of pregnancy was 5.1%; 0.3% of women reported 4 or more drinks on a drinking day to research nurses. Older maternal age (OR = 1.11; 95% CI = 1.08 to 1.15), use of welfare (OR = 1.43; 95% CI = 1.02 to 2.02), and male partner-perpetrated violence (OR = 2.96; 95% CI = 1.92 to 4.56) were positively associated with elevated risk of prenatal alcohol use. Protective factors included higher levels of self-esteem (OR = 0.94; 95% CI = 0.89 to 0.98) and more years of education (OR = 0.88; 95% CI = 0.78 to 0.98).



Prenatal alcohol use remains a public health issue among low-income pregnant women in Jefferson County, Alabama. Research nurses detected it in the second trimester. Future studies need to encourage screening for prenatal alcohol use in the prenatal care settings by obstetrician-gynecologists, family physicians, nurses, and midwives. Combined interventions to educate and empower women and strengthen families are needed.

Field of study: Medicine