nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Future of Development: A Radical Manifesto, by Gustavo Esteva, Salvatore Babones and Philipp Babcicky

In one of his unforgettable quotes, George Bernard Shaw said: “The worst sin towards our fellow creatures is not to hate them but to be indifferent to them: that’s the essence of humanity” (Shaw 1906). In this book, The Future of Development: A Radical Manifesto, the authors display a fervent concern to the agonies of the marginalized people in the South, or the developing world, who have suffered—rather than benefited—from decades-long concerted efforts for development by the North. The Future of Development: A Radical Manifesto by Gustavo Esteva, Salvatore Babones and Philipp Babcicky is a burst of anger, a rebellion against the status quo regarding the current development approach, and a meticulous diagnosis of illnesses that developing—and in many cases the developed—countries suffer from as a result of the current conceptualization and route of development that started post WWII. The authors end their book with a dream of a better world that could potentially result from an alternative path for development. Written by an activist, an academic, and a PhD student, each chapter brings a different aspect of the problems associated with mainstream development. Chapter One starts with the rise of the “underdevelopment” conceptualization in 1949 by former United States president Harry Truman, which suddenly placed millions of people in the developing world in an inferior status compared to their counterparts in the developed world. While the objective was removing underdevelopment through economic growth, neither economic growth nor development were achieved. In Chapter Two, the authors criticize the contemporary development indicators created mainly by international institutions, either because they do not reflect the improvement in well-being and lead merely to the proliferation of consumerism (such as GDP growth), or because they miss the correct representation of the dimension required (such as the Corruption Perception Index, CPI). On the other hand, the truly needed dimensions of development do not have any indicators to quantify them. In Chapter Three, the authors provide what they believe is an alternative path to development which many people around the globe are pursuing since—according to the authors—“the cultural homogenization associated with the development enterprise finds increasing resistance everywhere” (p. 68). Chapter Four argues that the current development problems—especially the ecological ones—do not rise from the overpopulation of the South, but from the overconsumption by the North. The world can be a cleaner place, and there would be enough for everyone, if the North consumes less of everything. In Chapter Five, the authors explain how social movements are rising from the bottom up, not only against “neo-liberalism” but also against “state neo-liberalism” which aims at mobilizing state resources to protect private firms. Resisting Westernization, these movements, organized JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ISSUES Volume LIV No. 1 March 2020 DOI

Field of study: Economics
Oxygen isotopes from limpet shells: Implications for palaeothermometry and seasonal shellfish foraging studies in the Mediterranean

Limpet shells are common components of many archaeological sites in the Mediterranean. To test whether δ18O values from archaeological Patella caerulea shells can serve as a reliable palaeothermometer for the Mediterranean and a reliable archive of season of collection information, we collected live P. caerulea from eight Mediterranean locations in Croatia, Israel, Libya, Malta, Tunisia, and Turkey. Shell growth patterns were studied in section, and samples for oxygen isotope analysis were milled from the shells and used to calculate sea surface temperature (SST). As with other species of limpet, SST reconstructed from P. caerulea δ18O values were lower than expected from observational records. However, when a correction factor of − 0.72‰ was applied, the shells recorded SST within the range of instrumental SST. SST calculated from δ18Oshell values of the most recently formed shell portion of monthly-collected shells from one site in Libya were strongly and significantly correlated with instrumental SST in the region (R2 = 0.95). Oxygen isotope curves from individual shells sampled at high resolution from each of the study sites across the Mediterranean exhibited sinusoidal patterns. Annual growth lines correlated with the lowest δ18Oshell values and were thus formed in summer. However, shell growth rates varied markedly between the sites. Some sites with larger shells recorded less than a year of growth in broad, highly irregularly shaped increments. At other sites, medium sized shells recorded several years of growth with clear, regular growth increments. A sclerochronological approach can therefore be used to pre-screen limpet shell sections before geochemical sampling. The δ18Oshell values from shells sampled at high-resolution recorded the full seasonal range of instrumental SST at each collection site. This reinforces the potential of this species as one of the few sub-seasonal resolution palaeoenvironmental archives in the region. Additionally, the pattern of δ18Oshell variation from the last formed shell portion was studied to determine whether accurate season of collection information could be identified from P. caerulea shells. The correct season was interpreted > 80% of the time indicating that this species is a good candidate for seasonal shellfish foraging studies using archaeological shells.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
ACODF: a novel data clustering approach for data mining in large databases

In this paper, we present an efficient clustering approach for large databases. Our simulation results indicate that the proposed novel clustering method (called ant colony optimization with different favor algorithm) performs better than the fast self-organizing map (SOM) combines K-means approach (FSOM+K-means) and genetic K-means algorithm (GKA). In addition, in all the cases we studied, our method produces much smaller errors than both the FSOM+K-means approach and GKA.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Seeking Peace in El Salvador: The Struggle to Reconstruct a Nation at the End of the Cold War by Diana Villiers Negroponte (review)

American scholars since democratization. Chapter 1 highlights some of the unique and important institutional and historical circumstances that created an opportunity for innovative policy at the subnational level. Sugiyama then takes a more theoretical turn in chapter 2, examining the specific debates on policy diffusion. The author does not situate herself within what has been referred to as Weyland’s (2006) mid-level theorizing; instead, Sugiyama advocates a more normative framework where ideology (here defined as decisions driven by abstract maxims regardless of self or other; p. 36) and social networks (defined as professionalized ideologically neutral “weak” ties; p. 40) are an influential part of the story of why mayors chose to adopt social programs designed for other cities. Following a quantitatively rich chapter 3 that is not destined for all readers, chapters 4 and 5 make this book. These chapters offer richly nuanced detail through the process of tracing exactly where and when these two ideas originated, the actors involved, and how—and why—they so successfully spread across Brazil. The contrast between the relatively simple idea behind Bolsa Escola, where the ideology of the actors involved clearly mattered in its gradual spread, with the more complicated ideas behind Programa Saúde da Família, where social and professional networks had a clear role within its slow start and rapid diffusion, is wonderfully executed.

Field of study: History
Temperature measurement in stable combustion field with one-dimensional USED CARS

The one dimensional(1-D) USED CARS experimental system was constructed.The 1-D CARS spectra of N_2 Q-branch were obtained from the air as well as premixed CH_4/Air flame with the equivalence ratio phi being 1,the flux per minute of methane being 0.7 L,at the atmospheric pressure.The data were analyzed by CARS software,and temperature was calculated.The temperature distribution in small range at various height above the burner was given in four fragments.The temperature in the flame decreased with increasing height,not only in the scale of the width of laser sheet,but also in the whole flame,by the influence of the air around the burner.The uncertainty of the experimental result is less than 7%.This technology can be used to measure the temperature in stable combustion field.

Field of study: Physics
Calcified macroalgae and their bacterial community in relation to larval settlement and metamorphosis of reef-building coral Pocillopora damicornis.

Calcified macroalgae play an important role in the settlement and metamorphosis of invertebrate larvae in coral reef ecosystems. However, little is known about the algal-associated bacterial communities and their effects on larval settlement. In this study, the responses of larvae of the coral Pocillopora damicornis to calcified algae (Porolithon onkodes, Halimeda cylindracea, Halimeda opuntia, and Amphiroa fragilissima) were evaluated. The results revealed that P. onkodes and H. cylindracea significantly enhanced the rates of settlement and metamorphosis, whereas fewer larvae settled on A. fragilissima and H. opuntia. Amplicon pyrosequencing of the V3-V4 region of 16S rDNA was applied to investigate the relationship between algal bacterial community and larval settlement. Principal coordinates analysis demonstrated that the bacterial community composition of H. opuntia was more similar to that of A. fragilissima, but clearly distinct from those of H. cylindracea and P. onkodes. Furthermore, the relative abundances of bacteria were highly diverse among different algae. H. opuntia had higher percentages of Thalassobius, Pelagibius, and SM1A02; whereas the abundances of Mycoplasma and Suttonella were significantly higher in H. cylindracea than other algae. Our results showed that larval settlement/metamorphosis was strongly correlated with the bacterial community composition, and with the relative abundance of a few OTUs.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Review. Sulfur-containing Volatile Compounds in Seafood: Occurrence, Odorant Properties and Mechanisms of Formation

An inventory of the most part of sulfur-containing volatile compounds (SCVCs) present in seafood was carried out. These molecules constitute key compounds to understand and improve seafood quality. According to their nature, concentration and environmental parameters (temperature), they can move the overall seafood odor from desirable to rotten. Sulfury odors can also indicate problems in sanitary quality. Thus, it is essential to monitor the generation of these compounds to better control the organoleptic and sanitary quality of seafood. SCVC were divided in two categories: aliphatic compounds and cyclic compounds. Among cyclic SCVC, several families of compounds can be distinguished as thiophenes, thiazoles and their respective derivatives. The main pathways of formation of SCVC in seafood are investigated in order to better understand their presence in seafood aroma. Microbial mediated enzymatic reactions are mainly implied in the generation of aliphatic SCVC whereas Maillard reactions are involved in the generation of cyclic SCVC. A small part of SCVC could also derive from the environment by direct bioaccumulation of S-containing molecules or precursors. Then, the occurrence of SCVC in seafood is discussed according to the extraction methods, analysis methods — sometimes olfactometric methods and the species — the state and the average biochemical composition of the seafood matrix in which they were recovered. Finally, among the identified SCVC, the odorant properties of odor-active volatile compounds were investigated. Aromatic notes and odorant thresholds for odorant SCVC of seafood aroma are listed. Both pathways of formation and lists of SCVC linked to their odorant properties constitute important indicators to optimise seafood quality from an organoleptic and sanitary point of view.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
人胎盘的生殖内分泌学研究——III.妊娠早期人滋养层组织孕酮分泌的调节

在体外无血清培养条件下,低剂量的促黄体素释放激素(GnRH)(10 10 —10 -8 mol/L)可促进妊娠6—8周人胎盘绒毛的孕酮分泌,高剂量则抑制孕酮的分泌,抗hCG多克隆抗血清与单克隆IgG明显抑削孕酮的生成,而且抑制程度与抗体剂量及作用时间相关,然而不同浓度的TRH,PGE 2 ,PGF 2a ,睾酮、雌二醇等对胎盘绒毛的孕酮分泌则无显著影响,本研究结果表明,妊娠早期人胎盘绒毛的孕酮分泌是受GnRH与hCG调节的,这为证明胎盘中可能存在激素分泌的自我调节系统提供了重要的依据。

Field of study: Chemistry
Research and Design of the Credit Management System of Commercial Bank

The credit management system of commercial bank is set up on the basis of information technologies, the whole process of standardization of loan management, asset quality of credit to achieve the implementation of effective monitoring, reduces the risk of credit assets.Based on the analysis of user’s requirements, adopts object-oriented design methodology. According to Model-View-Controller design pattern, divides the whole system into data layer, business layer and expression layer. In system realizing, the system keeps relatively independent between every level. When one layer among them needs modification, others are not influenced. This kind of software independence makes the system improvement and upgrade extremely simple.

Field of study: Computer science
Road Verge and Rangeland Plant Communities in the Southern Karoo: Exploring What Influences Diversity, Dominance and Cover

Road verges in the Prince Albert district, South Africa were examined to determine whether they are important refugia for plant species in the Karoo biome. Vascular plants at 50 sites on road verges were compared with those plant communities in the adjacent grazed rangelands. Verges were found to support a greater mean number of species, total plant cover, and number of individual plants. Road verges were found to contain 11 unique species compared with 20 unique species in rangelands. Plant community composition varied with more forbs and succulents on the verge and more shrubs in the rangeland. Significantly greater cover of unpalatable plants was found on the ungrazed road verge, and no difference in palatable and highly palatable plant cover was recorded, indicating that herbivory is not a major driver in defining community differences in these environments. No significant differences in soil moisture or texture were found between verge and rangeland. We argue that road maintenance and construction activities have an over-riding controlling influence on road verge community composition. Although it is not possible to discount the possibility that road verges provide an important refuge for certain species, it appears that they are disturbed environments that do not contribute significantly to the plant conservation needs of this biome.

Field of study: Environmental science
Facile and Recyclable Method for the Prins Reaction Using Hafnium(IV) Bis(perfluorooctanesulfonyl)amides in Fluorous Biphase System

In fluorous biphase system, Hf[N(SO2C8F17)2]4 has been found to be an efficient catalyst for the Prins reaction of α-methyl styrene with aldehydes at low catalytic loading. The reaction proceeds sm...

Field of study: Chemistry
THE SOLAR hep PROCESS

▪ Abstract The hep process is a weak-interaction reaction, 3He + p → 4He + e+ + νe, which occurs in the sun. There is renewed interest in hep owing to current experimental efforts to extract from the observed solar neutrino spectrum information on nonstandard physics in the neutrino sector. hep produces highest-energy solar neutrinos, although their flux is quite modest. This implies that the hep neutrinos can at some level influence the solar neutrino spectrum near its upper end. Therefore, a precise interpretation of the observed solar neutrino spectrum requires an accurate estimate of the hep rate. This is an interesting but challenging task. We describe the difficulties involved and how the recent theoretical developments in nuclear physics have enabled us to largely overcome these difficulties. A historical survey of hep calculations is followed by an overview of the latest developments. We compare the results obtained in the conventional nuclear physics approach and those obtained in a newly develop...

Field of study: Physics
Corporate Governance Mechanisms and Auditor Choice: Evidence from China

This paper provides empirical evidence on the association between corporate governance mechanisms and thechoice of high-quality and low-quality auditors (hereafter “auditor choice”) based on firm’s data from Chineselisted firms between 2007 and 2012. Consistent with most literature, this paper adopts Big 4 auditors as theproxy for high-audit quality. Our findings indicate that certain corporate governance factors, ownership of thelargest shareholders, the aggregate of ownership of other large shareholders, percentage of independent directorsin the board, dual-list status and marketization, have significant positive influence on auditor choice. Morespecifically, ownership of the largest shareholders exhibits a U-shape relationship for the auditor choice: in thelower ownership, a Chinese listed firm would prefer a low-quality auditor, while up to the threshold level ofownership, a Chinese listed firm would prefer a high-quality auditor. This paper also explains several possiblereasons why Big 4 auditors are still uncommon in Chinese stock market.

Field of study: Business
Analysis of Condensed Tannins from Mangosteen Pericarps by Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

In the process of deionization and selection Cs + (CsCl,1.52 g/L) as cationization reagent,the reflectron modes MALDI-TOF spectrum of condensed tannins from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) pericarps showed an intact structure characteristics.The polymers of mangosteen condensed tannins extend from the trimer (m/z 999 ) to the undecamer (m/z 3303 ) ,with the highest intensity in pentamer (m/z 1575) .(epi) Catechin (C/EC) ,(epi) gallocatechin (GC/EGC) and (epi) afzelechin (AC/EAC) were all detected in polymers with an intensity of C/EC AC/EAC GC/EGC.Meanwhile,galloyl units occurred from tetramer (m/z 1440) to heptamer (m/z 2303) .The presence of A-type interflavan ether linkage ranged from tetramer (m/z 1285) to octamer (m/z 2436) .

Field of study: Chemistry
Diffusion or bounce back in relativistic heavy-ion collisions?

The time evolution of pseudorapidity distributions of produced charged hadrons in d + Au collisions at $ \sqrt{{s_{NN}}}$ = 200 GeV is investigated. Results of a nonequilibrium statistical relativistic diffusion model with three sources are compared with a macroscopic “bounce-back” model that does not allow for statistical equilibration at large times, but instead leads to motion reversal. When compared to the data, the results of the diffusion approach are more precise, thus emphasizing that the system is observed to be on its way to thermal equilibrium.

Field of study: Physics
Mediterranean pluvial periods and sapropel formation over the last 200 000 years

Three Mediterranean deep sea cores have been studied to reconstruct the hydrological conditions at the time of deposition of interglacial and glacial sapropels during the time interval 200–60 kyr BP. The isotopic and sea surface temperature records of planktonic foraminifera were used to estimate the oxygen isotopic composition of surface water ( δ w ) in the Tyrrhenian Sea and Levantine basin. Our results show a strong δ w /salinity decrease in both basins associated with each sapropel. These δ w decreases reflect a drastic change in the local freshwater budget and were comparable to that observed during the last sapropel (S 1 ) centred at ca. 8 kyr BP. A strong precipitation increase transformed the whole Mediterranean Sea into a non-concentration basin. The low surface salinity was responsible for the water column stratification, while nutrients brought in by the runoff enhanced productivity. It resulted in a significant reduction in the rate of deep water oxygenation and sapropel formation in the eastern basin. In addition, the Mediterranean Sea δ 18 O record is very similar to that of the Bay of Bengal. As the latter is very sensitive to the summer monsoon rain, this similarity suggests that both glacial and interglacial sapropels result from enhanced monsoon-like precipitation due to an increase in summer insolation driven by precession variations.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Банковский Сектор Рф В I Квартале 2015 Г

В I квартале наметился перелом в двух негативных тенденциях – возобновился приток вкладов населения в банки, и после нескольких месяцев убытков банковский сектор смог закончить март 2015 г. с прибылью. Качество активов продолжает ухудшаться. Все показатели качества кредитов как физи- ческим, так и юридическим лицам – снижаются.

Field of study: Economics
Many-electron treatment for chalcogen complexes in silicon

The authors present results of electronic structure calculations for complex defect centres-chalcogen impurity pairs-in silicon: O2, S2 and SO, in different geometrical configurations. Treatment of many-electron interactions is included through configuration-interaction, and is shown to be relevant to the correct prediction of ground-state properties. They also report their results for excited states and hyperfine terms.

Field of study: Materials science
Effect of pre-slaughter stunning on the death of the poultry and myofiber apoptosis.

The effectiveness of poultry stunning in producing swift slaughtering was analysed in response to the time needed for the chickens to become insensible upon neck cutting (Td) and the induction of myofiber apoptosis. In total, 49 chicken broilers (BW of 2.17 ± .24 kg) were sacrificed with pre-slaughter stunning, using a constant voltage stunner where the electric current varied between 7.2 to 124.3 mA, and without stunning. The electric current applied during stunning was found to have no effect on Td. Number of apoptotic myonuclei did not vary among stunned and unstunned meat. Apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) and caspase 3 expressions were also not detected in the meat samples of both stunned and unstunned groups at 1 d postmortem. Since 
the slaughtering process and stunning are associated with stress, the expression of 70 kDa-heat shock protein (Hsp70) was investigated. Moreover Hsp70 is also an inhibitor of apoptosis, by preventing the activation of AIF and apoptosome which stimulates caspase 3 activation. However, expression of Hsp70 was not induced in both stunned groups and unstunned groups. Together, this study found that poultry stunning does not affect Td and myofiber apoptosis.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Preparation and Study of Polysiloxane Hydrogen Getter Film

Hydrogen getter material was prepared by physically blending polysiloxane resin and powered DEB-Pd/C. Homemade devices were used to evaluate the H2 adsorption ability of different materials obtained. SEM measurements were carried out to characterize the scattered powder in the polymer matrix. The study shows that, compared with powered DEB-Pd/C, polysiloxane hydrogen getter prepared here reacts slower with H2, it could achieve 90% percent hydrogen. Density of the sample significantly affects its reaction rate with H2, sample with lower density reacts faster with H2.

Field of study: Engineering