nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Inventing the Opera House: Theater Architecture in Renaissance and Baroque Italy. Eugene J. Johnson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. xviii + 330 pp. $54.99.

iron gate leading to the chapel succeeds in obscuring the relevant images on the frescoed wall. The reader is left to wonder whether the findings in these essays apply to other Italian contexts as well. The book could have been improved as amore coherent whole with increased editorial intervention. But this does not detract from the excellence of individual essays that represent important and inspiring contributions, creating challenges for further scholarship.

Field of study: History
Location of active sites of NiFe hydrogenase determined by the combination of multiple isomorphous replacement and multiwavelength anomalous-diffraction methods.

The active centers of NiFe hydrogenase from Desulfovibrio vulgaris Miyazaki F have been located in the electron-density map calculated at 4 A resolution. The electron-density map based on five heavy-atom derivatives showed four strong peaks which were clearly distinguished from the protein region. These strong densities have been successfully assigned to three iron-sulfur clusters and one Ni atom by a difference Fourier technique with coefficients of the best phases from the multiple isomorphous replacement (MIR) method and structure factors obtained at five wavelengths (1.040, 1.487, 1.730, 1.743 and 1.750 A) with the use of a synchrotron radiation source. Four active centers are approximately lined up at a distance of ca 13 A, which seems reasonable if they are connected with the electron-transfer chain.

Field of study: Chemistry
Synthesis of poly(methacrylic acid)-cellulose composites using different cellulosic materials in the presence of potassium permanganate and activator

Polymerisation of methacrylic acid (MAA) in the presence of cellulose pulps prepared from bagasse, rice, straw and cotton stalk was carried out under a variety of conditions. Potassium permanganate (KmnO 4 ) was used as initiator, along with either citric acid or sodium thiosulphate (Na 2 S 2 O 3 ) as activator. The polymerisation products, including grafted cellulose, homopolymer, ungrafted cellulose and oxidised cellulose in a polyblended form, is called composite. Major factors affecting the polymerisation reaction were studied. These encompass initiator, activator and monomer concentrations, duration and temperature of polymerisation as well as the nature of the cellulose substrate. Results for the percent polymer yield of the composite and those of the total conversion of monomer to polymer suggest appropriate conditions for the synthesis of poly (MAA)-cellulose composite as: [KMnO 4 ], 0.08%; [Na 2 S 2 O 3 ], 2.5 m.mole L; [MAA], 100% based on weight of sample; material to liquor ratio, 1:30; temperature, 70°C and time, 60 minutes. The effect of the nature of the cellulose on the properties and characteristics of the composite could be realised from the following orders: (1) for the polymer yield, graft yield and swellability: bagasse > rice straw > cotton stalk; (2) for carboxyl content: bagasse > cotton stalk > rice straw; (3) for solubility: rice straw > cotton stalk > bagasse.

Field of study: Materials science
Expression of the gene encoding the extracellular matrix glycoprotein SPARC in the developing and adult mouse brain.

The pattern of expression of the SPARC gene was examined during postnatal development of the mouse brain using in situ hybridization. At postnatal day 3 (P3), a strong signal representing SPARC mRNA was apparent in boundary layers such as the pia mater and the lining of the ventricles. By P12, increased levels of SPARC mRNA were noted in the cerebellum, midbrain and brain stem with a lower signal in more frontal areas, a pattern which was retained in the adult. This pronounced caudal versus frontal difference in SPARC mRNA levels was confirmed by Northern blot analysis. At P3, SPARC mRNA was detected in developing blood vessels in the cerebral cortex, suggesting a role for SPARC in angiogenesis. During development of the cerebellum, expression of SPARC mRNA became highly restricted to the Purkinje cellular layer and in the adult was localized to Bergmann glial cells rather than Purkinje neurons.

Field of study: Biology
Evaluating the eutrophication risk of an artificial tidal lagoon

With increased nutrient inputs to estuaries in recent decades exacerbating their susceptibility to eutrophication, assessment of the response of individual estuaries to nutrient enrichment is attracting considerable attention. Nonetheless, the impact of tidal energy extraction on estuarine nutrient dynamics and the risk of eutrophication has been largely overlooked despite the detrimental consequences of eutrophication on ecosystem functioning. It is understood that tidal energy schemes such as the tidal lagoon previously proposed in Swansea Bay would alter tidal flow characteristics, potentially having knock-on impacts on physical estuarine characteristics and ecological processes in the impounded area. This study examined the existing physical estuarine characteristics in Swansea Bay and evaluated the risk of eutrophication following tidal power plant operation under ebb-only and two-way strategies using a simple risk assessment model. Two surveys were conducted to measure in-situ temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll-a, dissolved inorganic nitrogen and turbidity in the water column at 12 sampling stations selected to cover the location in the tidal energy scheme proposal. The water column was found to be nutrient enriched and essentially vertically homogenous with no strong evidence of stratification. High dissolved oxygen, low turbidity and high phytoplankton biomass indicated by the chlorophyll-a concentrations were observed. The bay did not show any signs of eutrophication as the phytoplankton biomass did not reach the level typical of harmful algal blooms and oxygen depletion was not observed indicating that eutrophication is not currently present in the bay. Based on numerical model predictions, the bay was found to exhibit a moderate response to nutrient enrichment with no risk of eutrophication and no net change in its status following the operation of the lagoon under both ebb-only and two-way operational modes. These findings suggest that the management strategies for protecting water quality in heavily modified estuaries such as Swansea Bay may not need to be altered following the operation of a tidal lagoon. But given the conditions for phytoplankton growth are likely to be more favourable under ebb-only operational mode compared to two-way operational mode, measures that control nutrient inputs to the impounded water column within the lagoon should be considered under the ebb-only operational mode as a prudent precautionary step.

Field of study: Environmental science
Evaluation the spoilage and biogenic amines formation potential of marine Gram-positive bacteria

The ability of Gram-positive bacteria to form biogenic amines from different sources has been well documented; however, this ability and the spoilage potential of Gram-positive bacteria from marine sources have not been investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the spoilage potential and the potential to form biogenic amines of 228 Gram-positive bacteria isolated from sub-tropical marine fish through their abilities to utilize organic and inorganic sulphur-containing sources, reduce trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) to trimethylamine (TMAO) and decarboxy late histidine, lysine and ornithine. Strains of Brevibacillus borstelensis (two), Streptococcus uberis (one), Vagococcus fluvialis (two) utilized sodium thiosulphate, cysteine and methionine. However, strains varied in sulphur source utilization. Exiguobacterium acetylicum (one), Exiguobacterium spp. (one), Carnobacterium spp. (one), Brev. borstelensis (two), Streptococcus uberis (two) and Vagococcus fluvialis (two) reduced TMAO. Histidine was not decaiboxylated by any Gram-positive bacteria. Lysine and omithine were decarboxylated mainly by strains of Staphylococcus warneri (eight), Staphylococcus epidermidis (seven) and .Micrococcus luteus (two). This study found that Gram-positive bacteria of marine source were weak spoilers, however they had good potential to produce some biogenic amines and their potential was strain-dependent.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Ultraviolet radiation induces both degradation and synthesis of phycobilisomes in Nostoc sp.: a spectroscopic and biochemical approach

A cyanobacterium, Nostoc sp., isolated from an Andean lake located 3980 m above sea level (Cusco, Peru) was used for this study. Phycobilisomes, the light-harvesting complexes of photosystem II in cyanobacteria, were isolated and their components, allophycocyanin, phycocyanin and phycoerythrin, characterized using absorption spectroscopy, chromatography, SDS-PAGE, and 2D-PAGE. When immobilized cells in agarose were exposed to ultraviolet radiation, the photobleaching of phycobilisomes took place with a faster kinetics than that of chlorophyll a and carotenoids. Isolated thylakoid membranes exposed to ultraviolet radiation confirmed the rapid degradation of phycobilisomes. Nostoc cells were irradiated with UV and the phycobilisomes isolated and analyzed. During the first 15 min of ultraviolet radiation, phycobilisomes were degraded followed by an increase in phycobiliproteins after 30 min (P<0.05), which was maintained until 45 min of exposure; then the concentration decreased again. Changes in the composition of the phycobilisome rods were observed; absorption spectroscopy indicates a partial depletion of phycocyanin; 2D gels showed that the isoelectric point of phycocyanin was affected indicating effects of ultraviolet radiation at the amino acid level. The clonogenic capacity of the cells was not significantly affected even after 30 min of exposure (P<0.01).

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Regulatory control of Chinese Proprietary Medicines in Singapore.

In Singapore, there has been a growing public interest in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which plays an important role in the healthcare system. With effect from 1 September 1999, the control on Chinese Proprietary Medicines (CPM) was implemented in three phases over a span of 3 years. Under the CPM regulatory framework, CPM importers, wholesalers, manufacturers and re-packers must be licensed and CPM products assessed and listed by the health authority before they are allowed for sale. Product assessment is based on the criteria of safety and quality which include limits of toxic heavy metals and microbial contents. During the 3-year CPM listing exercise, irregularities were detected, including intrinsic toxicity, adulteration, substitution, contamination, misidentification, non-traditional and/or inappropriate usage, incorrect preparation, inappropriate labelling, exaggerated claims and/or advertising. The full implementation of CPM control by September 2001 saw the listing of 7943 CPM products and brought about an improvement in the quality and safety of CPM in Singapore as well as the removal of sub-standard, fake/imitation and adulterated products. The standards of practices by local CPM dealers have also been raised. These improvements have, in turn, increased the level of public confidence in CPM products in Singapore.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
On an improved elastic dissipation model for a cantilevered beam

In this paper we will study an improved elastic dissipation model for a cantilevered beam, where the damping is assumed to be proportional to the bending rate of the beam. For an earlier formulated dissipation model for the cantilevered beam it has been recently shown that damping will not always be generated. However, for the improved dissipation model it will be shown in this paper that damping will always be generated.

Field of study: Mathematics
Structure and reactivity of Pr2Ba2Cu2Ti2O11

Pr2Ba2Cu2Ti2O11, a possible new superconducting parent phase, was prepared by a standard ceramic method. Intermediate products were identified by X-ray powder diffraction. Rietveld analysis revealed the layered perovskite crystal structure of Pr2Ba2Cu2Ti2O11 and the relationship to known superconductors. The physical properties were investigated by impedance spectroscopy and magnetic measurements. The redox chemistry of Pr2Ba2Cu2Ti2O11 was examined using thermogravimetry. The reduction of CuII via CuI to Cu0 was observed and a reversible re-oxidation of CuI to CuII was found.

Field of study: Materials science
The $\sigma$ exchange effect in the Lamb shift of muonic hydrogen by two photons and two pions exchange

Based on the simple phenomenological $\sigma \pi \pi$, $\sigma N N$ and $\pi \pi \gamma$ interactions, we estimate the $\sigma$ exchange effect in the Lamb shift of muonic hydrogen. We at first calculate the effective couplings of $\sigma\mu\mu$ by two photons and two pions exchange, then calculate the corresponding corrections to the energy shift of the 2S/2P states of muonic hydrogen. We find the correction to the energy shift of 2S state is about -14$\mu$eV by the current used parameters, which is about $44\%$ of the usual two photons exchange contribution, and is larger than the current experimental precision, and should be considered in the experimental analysis.

Field of study: Physics
A new Volterra predistorter based on the indirect learning architecture

Nonlinear compensation techniques are becoming increasingly important. We present a new Volterra-based predistorter, which utilizes the indirect learning architecture to circumvent a classical problem associated with predistorters, namely that the desired output is not known in advance. We utilize the indirect learning architecture and the recursive least square (RLS) algorithm. Specifically, we propose an indirect Volterra series model predistorter which is independent of a specific nonlinear model for the system to be compensated. Both 16-phase shift keying (PSK) and 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) are used to demonstrate the efficacy of the new approach.

Field of study: Engineering
Behavioral perspectives on the neuroscience of drug addiction.

Neuroscientific approaches to drug addiction traditionally have been based on the premise that addiction is a process that results from brain changes that in turn result from chronic administration of drugs of abuse. An alternative approach views drug addiction as a behavioral disorder in which drugs function as preeminent reinforcers. Although there is a fundamental discrepancy between these two approaches, the emerging neuroscience of reinforcement and choice behavior eventually may shed light on the brain mechanisms involved in excessive drug use. Behavioral scientists could assist in this understanding by devoting more attention to the assessment of differences in the reinforcing strength of drugs and by attempting to develop and validate behavioral models of addiction.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Real-time measurement of laser induced photoconductivity in sol-gel derived Al doped ZnO thin films

In this paper Al doped ZnO (AZO) thin films with 0, 3, 6 and 12 at. % Al concentration were prepared by sol-gel method on glass substrates. The deposited films were annealed at different temperatures of 300, 350, 400, 450 and 500 {\deg}C for 1 h in air. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed wurtzite crystalline structure for the films annealed above 400 {\deg}C. The films were subsequently irradiated by beams of excimer (KrF, {\lambda}=248 nm) laser. The evolution of crystal structure, surface morphology and optical properties were studied using XRD, filed emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and UV-Vis spectrophotometer, respectively. Real-time measurement of electrical conductivity during laser irradiation showed a transient or persistent photoconductivity effect. The effect of laser energy on this photoconductivity was also investigated. Based on the observed photoluminescence (PL) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the observed photoconductivity effect was described.

Field of study: Physics
Ultra-Low Energy and High Speed LIF Neuron using Silicon Bipolar Impact Ionization MOSFET for Spiking Neural Networks

Silicon bipolar impact ionization MOSFET offers the potential for realization of leaky integrated fire (LIF) neuron due to the presence of parasitic BJT in the floating body. In this work, we have proposed an L shaped gate bipolar impact ionization MOS (L-BIMOS), with reduced breakdown voltage ($V_{B}$ = 1.68 V) and demonstrated the functioning of LIF neuron based on positive feedback mechanism of parasitic BJT. Using 2-D TCAD simulations, we manifest that the proposed L-BIMOS exhibits a low threshold voltage (0.2 V) for firing a spike, and the minimum energy required to fire a single spike for L-BIMOS is calculated to be 0.18 pJ, which makes proposed device $194\times$ more energy efficient than PD-SOI MOSFET silicon neuron (MOSFET silicon neuron) and $5\times10^{3}$ times more energy efficient than analog/digital circuit based conventional neuron. Furthermore, the proposed L-BIMOS silicon neuron exhibits spiking frequency in the GHz range, when the drain is biased at $V_{DG}$ = 2.0 V.

Field of study: Physics
Imidacloprid disturbed the gut barrier function and interfered with bile acids metabolism in mice.

The toxicity of neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid (IMI) to mammals has recently received increasing attention. However, the effects of IMI on the gut barrier and liver function of male C57BL/6J mice are still unknown. The study showed that exposure to IMI could reduce relative liver weights, change hepatic tissue morphology and induce hepatic oxidative stress. The gut barrier function was greatly impaired by IMI exposure, which might increase the body's susceptibility to harmful substances in the gut. Meanwhile, the synthesis and metabolism of hepatic bile acids (BAs) was also affected by IMI exposure. The levels of serum and hepatic total bile acids (TBAs) decreased; in contrast, the fecal TBA levels increased after exposure to 30 mg/L IMI for 10 weeks. Sequencing of colonic contents revealed that the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and α-diversity index increased and that the gram-negative bacteria overgrew, indicating that the balance of the gut microbiota was disrupted. The present study indicated that subchronic exposure to IMI interfered with the gut barrier function, interfering with BAs metabolism and causing gut microbiota imbalance in male C57BL/6J mice. Taken together, IMI residues appear to be potentially toxic to mammals and even humans.

Field of study: Environmental science
Developmental Potential of the Murine Embryonic Stem Cells Transplanted into the Healthy Rat Brain - Novel Insights into Tumorigenesis

Although engraftment of undifferentiated pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) into the injured central nervous system (CNS) may lead to targeted cell replacement of lost/damaged cells, sustained proliferative activity combined with uncontrolled differentiation of implanted cells presents a risk of tumor formation. As tumorigenic potential is thought to be associated with pluripotency of embryonic stem cells, pre-differentiation may circumvent this problem. Recently, it has been demonstrated that tumorigenesis occurs despite pre-differentiation if the neural precursor cells are implanted into the brain of a homologous animal (e.g., mouse to mouse). However, xenotransplantation (e.g., mouse to rat) without pre-differentiation, lead to the development of healthy neuronal cells, in absence of tumor formation, suggesting that tumor-suppressive effects of host tissue on engrafted ESCs may play a role in transplant tumorigenesis. We critically investigated tumorigenesis and possible mechanisms of anticipated tumor-suppressive effect under conditions analogous to previously published studies. Xenotransplantation of D-3 murine ESCs into uninjured adult rat brains lacking any preliminary inflammatory potential was found to lead to tumor formation in 5 out of 8 of animals within 2 weeks postimplantation. Tumor-suppressive effects, reflected by Erdo et. al could possibly be ascribed to immunomodulatory activity of macrophages scavenging the tumorigenic fraction of the implanted cells. The importance of number of engrafted cells, implantation site and immunosuppressive effects are discussed as possible variables determining tumorigenic outcome after ESC transplantation.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
The Role of Pharmacists and Pharmacy Education in Point-of-Care Testing

Point-of-care testing (POCT) is defined as laboratory testing conducted close to the site of patient care. Although performed originally primarily by clinical staff for acute conditions, recent advances in technology have made such testing possible for disease screening and prevention across a wide range of conditions in virtually any setting, and often by individuals with little or no training. With the ongoing evolution in POCT, numerous concerns have arisen about the quality and accuracy of the tests, comparability between multiple tests for the same endpoint, interpretation of test results, and whether and how results should be used for therapeutic decisions and included in a patient’s medical record. The pharmacist is well-positioned to manage and interpret POCT performed outside of the usual clinical settings. However, educational and regulatory changes are needed to enable pharmacists to take on this emerging activity effectively.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Coastal wetlands: A geographical analysis and some projects for management

At the interface of sea and land, coastal wetlands represent specific environments of great ecological value. They may be defined as open bioenergetic systems of high quality due to the intense exchanges which take place there, i.e. sedimentary, gaseous, hydrological and biological exchanges. Human communities have more or less managed coastal wetlands, according to strategies and projects varying in time and space, aimed mostly at controlling the water flows. Managements are made obvious through spatial structures: the marshland geosystem, which may be classified according to the degree of anthropization in a given area. For some years now, coastal wetlands have been giving rise to new opportunities and schemes, but which lead to serious management problems. Several examples, mainly in France, illustrate different management scenarios, in which there is the necessity, and the possibility, to reconcile economic and ecological interests.

Field of study: Environmental science
ACTIVE MEDIA: Cross-relaxation deactivation of the ground state of ions of rare-earth elements in crystals

An unconventional system for the excitation of crystals activated with Tm3+ and Er3+ ions was proposed and implemented experimentally. This eliminated the need for any direct interaction between the external electromagnetic field and ions in the ground energy state. It was shown that efficient filling of unstable states of these ions may be achieved as a result of the absorption of photons due to a transition from an excited state and subsequent cross relaxation of the excitation.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics