nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization and mitigation of water vapor effects in the measurement of ozone by chemiluminescence with nitric oxide

Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of water vapor on the reaction of nitric oxide with ozone in a gas-phase chemiluminescence instrument used for fast response and high sensitivity detection of atmospheric ozone. Water vapor was introduced into a constant level ozone standard and both ozone and water vapor signals were recorded at 10 Hz. The presence of water vapor was found to reduce, i.e. quench, the ozone signal. A dimensionless correction factor was determined to be 4.15 ± 0.14 × 10−3, which corresponds to a 4.15% increase in the corrected ozone signal per 10 mmol mol−1 of co-sampled water vapor. An ozone-inert water vapor permeable membrane (a Nafion dryer with a counterflow of dry air from a compressed gas cylinder) was installed in the sampling line and was shown to remove the bulk of the water vapor in the sample air. At water vapor mole fractions above 25 mmol mol−1, the Nafion dryer removed over 75% of the water vapor in the sample. This reduced the required ozone signal correction from over 11% to less than 2.5%. The Nafion dryer was highly effective at reducing the fast fluctuations of the water vapor signal (more than 97%) while leaving the ozone signal unaffected, which is a crucial improvement for minimizing the quenching interference of water vapor fluxes and required density correction in the determination of ozone fluxes by the eddy covariance technique.

Field of study: Environmental science
Accumulation of inositol phosphates in sympathetic ganglia. Effects of depolarization and of amine and peptide neurotransmitters.

Depolarization of isolated [3H]inositol-labelled rat superior cervical sympathetic ganglia in a high-K+ medium stimulates an accumulation of labelled inositol phosphates. This accumulation occurs only when ganglia are incubated in a Ca2+-containing medium, suggesting that it represents a receptor-stimulated hydrolysis of inositol lipid(s) activated by an endogenously released neurotransmitter. A minor fraction of this accumulation appears to be activated by intraganglionically released acetylcholine, since it is slightly reduced by atropine. The accumulation of inositol phosphates is unaffected by blockade of appropriate catecholamine, histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors and also by aspirin and indomethacin. This response to depolarization is potentiated by incubation with proteinase inhibitors, suggesting that it might be caused by an endogenously released peptide neutrotransmitter. However, it is not prevented by a V1-vasopressin receptor antagonist, and none of the peptides tested so far fully reproduces the response: these include a stable substance P analogue, physalaemin, neurokinin alpha, bradykinin, angiotensin, pancreozymin, bombesin and luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone. Stimulated inositol lipid breakdown in depolarized sympathetic ganglia seems likely to be activated by an as-yet-unidentified peptide neurotransmitter: this might serve as an intraganglionic mediator of postsynaptic excitation by employing the same signalling mechanism as muscarinic cholinergic and V1-vasopressin receptors.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Communities of Practice in Higher Education: A Challenge from the Discipline of Architecture.

Uncritically applying a community of practice model has become rather prevalent in higher education settings ( Lea, 2005 ). This paper attempts to return to the spirit of Lave and Wenger's earlier (1991) work and to use a community of practice perspective as a heuristic to analyse participation patterns in a final year design studio in the discipline of architecture. The data consisted of videotapes, transcriptions, and interviews with participants, and showed that students’ opportunities to rehearse expert roles relevant to the profession were somewhat limited. Instead of an extended community of participants engaged collaboratively in joint activities, patterns of interaction between the instructor and the students were typically hierarchical. Despite this, the students felt that their participation in this class was a legitimate part of their trajectories towards membership in the professional community of practice, underlining the complexity of higher education contexts. The paper suggests that the usefulness of the concept of community of practice to higher education lies primarily in treating classes as one of many overlapping more or less formal communities students may be involved in.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
Effect of Nozzle Exit Shape on Aerodynamic Characteristic of Free Jet

Results of a numerical study of the effect of nozzle exit shape on round turbulent free jet are presented Three nozzle types with the same exit area were used:two sharp_edged nozzles and a smoothly contoured nozzle Two flow configurations:a subsonic jet case and a supersonic jet case are computed using different turbulent model (RNG k_e model and S_A model) The result indicates that the nozzle interior shape has important effect on aerodynamic characteristic of free jet Using second_order_accurate finite_volume schemes,sufficiently fine unstructured grid and non_reflecting boundary condition ensures numerical credibility of the solutions The results demonstrate favorable agreement with experimental data

Field of study: Engineering
Elevated neutrophil membrane expression of proteinase 3 is dependent upon CD177 expression

Proteinase 3 (PR3) is a major autoantigen in anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)‐associated systemic vasculitis (AASV), and the proportion of neutrophils expressing PR3 on their membrane (mPR3+) is increased in AASV. We have shown recently that mPR3 and CD177 are expressed on the same cells in healthy individuals. In this study we try to elucidate mechanisms behind the increased mPR3 expression in AASV and its relationship to CD177. All neutrophils in all individuals were either double‐positive or double‐negative for mPR3 and CD177. The proportion of double‐positive neutrophils was increased significantly in AASV and systemic lupus erythematosus patients. The proportion of mPR3+/CD177+ cells was not correlated to general inflammation, renal function, age, sex, drug treatment and levels of circulating PR3. AASV patients had normal levels of granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor and granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor. Pro‐PR3 was found to constitute 10% of circulating PR3 but none of the mPR3. We found increased mRNA levels of both PR3 and CD177 in AASV, but they did not correlate with the proportion of double‐positive cells. In cells sorted based on membrane expression, CD177–mRNA was several‐fold higher in mPR3+ cells. When exogenous PR3 was added to CD177‐transfected U937 cells, only CD177+ cells bound PR3 to their membrane. In conclusion, the increased membrane expression of PR3 found in AASV is not linked directly to circulating PR3 or PR3 gene transcription, but is dependent upon CD177 expression and correlated with the transcription of the CD177 gene.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Optimization of Thermoelectric Performance of Anisotropic AgxSn1−xSe Compounds

SnSe is a promising thermoelectric material due to its ultralow thermal conductivity. However, stoichiometric SnSe compounds exhibit very low intrinsic defect concentration (3 × 1017 cm−3) and poor electrical transport properties, limiting the thermoelectric performance. In the present work, we investigated the effect of Ag dopant on the thermoelectric properties of SnSe. The results demonstrate that all the AgxSn1−xSe compounds exhibited anisotropic thermoelectric properties. The carrier concentration in the AgxSn1−xSe compounds greatly increased with increase of the Ag content, saturating at 1.9 × 1019 cm−3 for Ag0.01Sn0.99Se at room temperature. We found that a maximum zT value of 0.74 was obtained for Ag0.01Sn0.99Se perpendicular to the pressing direction at 823 K, being 23% higher than that of undoped SnSe (zT = 0.6).

Field of study: Materials science
V79 Chinese-hamster cells rendered resistant to high cadmium concentration also become resistant to oxidative stress.

Chinese hamster cells (V79) resistant to high concentrations of Cd2+ in the medium were obtained by using the procedure of Beach & Palmiter [(1981) -2114], which in mouse led to amplification of metallothionein (MT) genes and to an enrichment in cellular MT. The Cd-resistant V79 clones isolated were significantly more resistant than parental cells to oxidative stress by extracellular H2O2 or a mixture of H2O2 and superoxide anion (O2-) generated by xanthine oxidase plus acetaldehyde. On a per-cell basis, there was no difference between the two cells in their total H2O2-decomposing or O2-(-)dismutating activity. The most likely explanation is that an enrichment in MT content in the Cd-resistant cells was responsible for this effect, because of the antioxidant properties already described for this protein.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Possible High-Tc Superconductivity in LiMgN: A MgB2-like Material

The search for superconductivity in materials iso-structural and iso-valent with magnesium diboride, MgB2, has not yielded any results close enough to the 39K Tc of MgB2. Lithium magnesium nitride, LiMgN, resembles MgB2 in that they both have the same averages of electronegativity, valence electron count and atomic number. Their formula weights are very close too. Using our recently published chemical symmetry rules for estimating superconductivity and Tcs of materials, we predict that LiMgN, a semiconductor at room temperature, with the same material specific characterization dataset (MSCD) as MgB2, should be a superconductor, in the ordered {\alpha}-phase or the orthorhombic phase, when cooled to 39K.

Field of study: Physics
No. 48930. United Nations and Lao People's Democratic Republic

Exchange of letters constituting an agreement between the United Nations and the Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic concerning arrangements for the Regional Workshop for South-East Asian Countries on the Methodological Review of Benchmarking, Rebasing and Chain-linking of Economic Indicators to be held in Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic from 24 to 26 August 2011. New York, 6 July 2011 and 29 July 2011

Field of study: Political science
Impact of microbial tolerance in persistent secondary Klebsiella pneumoniae peritonitis.

Microbial tolerance represents a diminished pro-inflammatory response following repeated stimulation by a host of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of varying origins. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been centrally implicated in the development of tolerance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of tolerance in a previously described murine model. C57BL/6 mice were pretreated intraperitoneally with phosphate buffered saline (PBS), heat-killed Klebsiella 2×10(8) CFU (hkKlebsiella), LPS 10mg/kg (LPS 10), or BLP 10mg/kg (BLP 10). Following pretreatment, peritonitis was induced 24h later using 10(3) intraperitoneal Klebsiella CFU. Peritoneal concentrations of TNF-α, IL-10 and nitric oxide (NO), as well as characteristic cell patterns, were determined. Long-term consequences of microbial tolerance were assessed by measuring survival and weight-loss.



Following in vitro stimulation with Klebsiella 10(5) and 10(3) CFU, TNF-α and IL-10 secretion were diminished in macrophages harvested from mice pretreated with hkKlebsiella, LPS 10 and BLP 10. Pretreated animals had significantly lower bacterial counts. Conversely, local NO levels were elevated. Survival was not different between the groups.



Pretreatment with TLR ligands induced microbial tolerance, with reduced peritoneal cytokine concentrations and enhanced early bacterial clearance. However, this did not translate into improved survival.

Field of study: Medicine
The effect of dietary omega-3, -6, and -9 fatty acid supplements on serum fatty acid concentrations in renal dialysis patients: Implications for immune response

To alter the serum fatty acid and immunoglobulin concentrations of renal dialysis patients by supplementation of omega-3, -6, or -9 fatty acids during a 6-week period.  Randomized before-and-after-supplementation trial.  Three dialysis centers in the Dallas, TX, methopolitan area.  Thirty-five maintenance hemodialysis patients were chosen. Subjects were identified for inclusion in the study by the following criteria: concentrations of triglycerides ( 1.70 mmol/L [150 mg/dL]) and cholesterol ( 4.66 mmol/L [180 mg/dL]), absence of insulin-dependent diabetes, and absence of liver disease.  Patients were supplemented daily with either 3g of omega-3 MaxEPA (Seven Seas Health Care, Hull, England), 3g of omega-6 fatty acid cottonseed oil, or omega-9 fatty acid (10% of caloric intake) pecan oil. The control group received no treatment. •Main outcome measures: Fasting serum samples were obtained on days 0, 21, and 42 to determine serum concentrations of eicosapentanoic acid (EPA), docosahexanoic/myristic acids (DHA/MYR), arachidonic acid (AA), linolenic acid (LNA), linoleic acid (LA), oleic acid (OA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin A (IgA), and immunoglobulin M (IgM).  Twenty-eight subjects completed the study. Within the MaxEPA-supplemented (N = 5) and pecan oil-supplemented (N = 8) groups, serum EPA concentrations were significantly higher at days 21 and 42 than at day 0. Within the cottonseed oil-supplemented group (N = 8), serum EPA concentration was significantly higher at day 21 than at days 0 and 42. The serum concentrations of AA were significantly lower in the MaxEPA-supplemented and pecan oil-supplemented groups at day 21 and 42 than at day 0. No significant change was shown in serum DHA/MYR, LNA, LA, or OA concentrations from day 0 to day 42. There existed no significant difference in serum IgG, IgA, or IgM concentrations for the duration of the study.  Omega-3, -6, and -9 fatty acid supplements exert different effects on serum fatty acid concentrations in renal dialysis patients. These results support findings in the literature indicating that fatty acid metabolite profiles may be manipulated by diet. In turn, immune response may be altered through manipulation of eicosanoid production. Because of a compromised immune status, renal dialysis patients may be the best population for this type of research, and a comparison of such subjects with healthy volunteers is warranted.

Field of study: Medicine
An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design

The fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) will produce a state-of-the- art multimodel dataset designed to advance our knowledge of climate variability and climate change. Researchers worldwide are analyzing the model output and will produce results likely to underlie the forthcoming Fifth Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Unprecedented in scale and attracting interest from all major climate modeling groups, CMIP5 includes “long term” simulations of twentieth-century climate and projections for the twenty-first century and beyond. Conventional atmosphere–ocean global climate models and Earth system models of intermediate complexity are for the first time being joined by more recently developed Earth system models under an experiment design that allows both types of models to be compared to observations on an equal footing. Besides the longterm experiments, CMIP5 calls for an entirely new suite of “near term” simulations focusing on recent decades...

Field of study: Environmental science
STEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF CIS-α,β-EPOXYKETONES VIA DIVALENT TIN ENOLATE

A convenient method for the stereoselective synthesis of cis-β-substituted-α,β-epoxyketone is established employing Sn(OTf)2 mediated cross aldol reaction between α-bromoketone and aldehyde followed by successive treatment of the adduct with KF-dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6.

Field of study: Chemistry
Pattern formation in Pt-SiC diffusion couples

The morphology of reaction zones between platinum metal and silicon carbide ceramic at 973 and 1023 K is considered in detail. A periodic pattern of carbon bands embedded in Pt7Si3 is observed at both temperatures. The growth of platinum silicides at 973 and 1023 K is compared. Cross-sections of the Pt-Si-C phase diagram at those temperatures are presented. The periodic layered morphology is explained via a ‘repeated splitting’ mechanism.

Field of study: Materials science
On half-space solutions of a modified heat equation

where e is the internal energy (per unit volume), q the heat flux vector, r the heat supply (per unit volume), v the entropy (per unit volume), <p the conductive temperature, and 6 the thermodynamic temperature. They [8] also proved that in general the two temperatures <p and 6 are equal. Subsequently, Chen and Gurtin  formulated a theory of materials in which the two temperatures were unequal. They showed that for an isotropic material the linearized version of the energy equation takes the form c<p = kA<p -fctA<p r (1)

Field of study: Mathematics
Towards efficient and scalable implementation for coding-based on-demand data broadcast

Network coding has been demonstrated as a promising solution to further enhancing the bandwidth efficiency for on-demand broadcast. In this work, first, we show the performance improvement of a straightforward implementation of coding based on-demand data broadcast algorithms over the traditional on-demand broadcast approaches. Second, as the straightforward implementation of the optimal approach has overwhelming computational overhead, we propose an efficient generalized implementation scheme, which can be applied to all the existing on-demand scheduling algorithms. The proposed scheme reduces the computational overhead while achieves the same performance as the straightforward implementation. Third, to further enhance system scalability, we propose an approximate implementation method with even lower computational overhead while maintaining near optimal performance. Finally, we conduct an extensive simulation study and the results demonstrate that the proposed efficient implementation schemes can improve the system performance over 40% compared with the traditional broadcast approach, and the computational overhead can be reduced by 75% compared with the straightforward implementation. In addition, we show that the proposed approximate implementation can further reduce the computational overhead significantly and it is able to strike a balance between the service performance and system scalability.

Field of study: Computer science
Un diatrème phréatomagmatique montérégien dans les Appalaches du Québec

Une anomalie magnktique positive subcirculaire et des brkhes affectant une basanite et les roches mCtasCdimentaires encaissantes indiquent la prCsence d'un diatrkme d'environ 420 m de diamktre, i Eastman dans les Appalaches du Qukbec. L'fige post Dtvonien moyen, la position dans l'alignement des plutons montkrtgiens et la composition de la basanite, comparable i celle des lamprophyres alcalins crCtacCs des MontCrkgiennes, suggkrent que le diatrkme est relit5 au magmatisme montCrCgien. Le diatrkme est situC i l'intersection de deux corridors tectoniques orthogonaux : la ligne Baie Verte - Brompton, orientke nord-nord-est, et un rtseau de failles est-ouest prolongeant le graben Ottawa-Bonnechkre. Ces structures sont des zones de faiblesse qui ont probablement semi de conduit au magma ascendant et i l'eau de surface pour dkclencher des Cruptions phrkatomagmatiques.

Field of study: Environmental science
From Argentina to Israel: Escape, Evacuation and Exile

During the last military dictatorship in Argentina, between 350 and 400 citizens who feared for their life managed to find shelter in Israel. This article traces the evolving procedures, institutional mechanisms and routes of escape operated by the Israeli diplomats and representatives stationed in Argentina and the neighbouring countries, against the contradictory background of lack of clear-cut official policies in Israel, the latter's cordial relationships with the military government, and an ethos of helping persecuted Jews evinced by some of those Israelis stationed in Argentina. In parallel, the article presents the social and political background of those who chose to appeal for Israeli help and finds – on the basis of a specially designed database covering between fifty-seven and sixty-five per cent of the fleeing individuals – that many were not associated with Israel or Zionism and a minority were not Jews, as defined by religious criteria or even by broader criteria. The broader significance of these contradictory trends is discussed.

Field of study: Political science
Does mitigating ML's impact disparity require treatment disparity?

Following precedent in employment discrimination law, two notions of disparity are widely-discussed in papers on fairness and ML. Algorithms exhibit treatment disparity if they formally treat members of protected subgroups differently; algorithms exhibit impact disparity when outcomes differ across subgroups (even unintentionally). Naturally, we can achieve impact parity through purposeful treatment disparity. One line of papers aims to reconcile the two parities proposing disparate learning processes (DLPs). Here, the sensitive feature is used during training but a group-blind classifier is produced. In this paper, we show that: (i) when sensitive and (nominally) nonsensitive features are correlated, DLPs will indirectly implement treatment disparity, undermining the policy desiderata they are designed to address; (ii) when group membership is partly revealed by other features, DLPs induce within-class discrimination; and (iii) in general, DLPs provide suboptimal trade-offs between accuracy and impact parity. Experimental results on several real-world datasets highlight the practical consequences of applying DLPs.

Field of study: Computer science
Multiple mini punch grafts for extensive ulcer: a case report

Multiple mini punch grafts is the placing of mini size of full thickness skins on to ulcer bed. They consist of epidermal and dermal component composed with hair follicles and other skin appendices where epidermal stem cells are located. The epidermal stem cells are the best source of epidermal cells in reconstruction of skin equivalent that is usually used for replacing classic split thickness skin graft in recovering extensive ulcer. In this article, the application of multiple mini punch grafts onto extensive ulcer is reported. A case of extensive ulcer was suffered by a 6-year-old boy whose left foot is injured in a traffic accident. His toes had already been amputated by surgeon but a classic skin graft failed to recover the ulcer. Multiple mini punch grafts had been harvested from his inguinal and buttock skin and they were placed onto his ulcer. Pre and post mini punch grafting photographs were reviewed. After eight weeks, placed multiple mini punch tissues onto large ulcer reveals lateral extensions and more than 90% of epithelialization. Multiple mini punch grafts can be used as a method to cover large ulcer.  mini punch grafts-large ulcer-epithelialization-epidermal-stem cells

Field of study: Medicine