nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the contribution of diversified shrimp-rice agroecosystems in Bangladesh and West Bengal, India to social-ecological resilience

Shrimp-rice farming practices in the coastal areas of Bangladesh and West Bengal, India are reviewed. It is apparent that this integrated aquaculture-agriculture system is suited to environmental and hydrological conditions found in specific areas. Production strategies devised by farmers demonstrate that the diversified culture of shrimp with rice is technically feasible. Shrimp-rice agroecosystems exhibit several synergistic effects between systems components that result in efficient resource use and enhanced production, whilst avoiding negative environmental impacts. Integrated cropping enhances agrobiodiversity and reduces dependence on external inputs (agrochemicals, feed and fertiliser). Diversified shrimp-rice culture produces a valuable export crop, stimulating economic development and staple cereal, fish and vegetable crops that enhance human nutrition and food security. The contribution that diversified shrimp-rice agroecosystems make to social-ecological resilience is evaluated using the DPSIR (Driving forces, Pressures, State, Impacts, Responses) framework. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) associated with prevailing practices are reviewed using the SWOT framework. We conclude, that with appropriate safeguards, diversified shrimp-rice agroecosystems could contribute to climate change adaptation and enhance production from land affected by salinization. Policy-support and practical action is needed to support and promote diversified shrimp-farming agroecosystems as they can contribute to social-ecological resilience in vulnerable coastal communities.

Field of study: Environmental science
The impact of vibrational Raman scattering of air on DOAS measurements of atmospheric trace gases

In remote sensing applications, such as differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS), atmospheric scattering processes need to be considered. After inelastic scattering on N2 and O2 molecules, the scattered photons occur as additional intensity at a different wavelength, effectively leading to "filling-in" of both solar Fraunhofer lines and absorptions of atmospheric constituents, if the inelastic scattering happens after the absorption. Measured spectra in passive DOAS applications are typically corrected for rotational Raman scattering (RRS), also called Ring effect, which represents the main contribution to inelastic scattering. Inelastic scattering can also occur in liquid water, and its influence on DOAS measurements has been observed over clear ocean water. In contrast to that, vibrational Raman scattering (VRS) of N2 and O2 has often been thought to be negligible, but it also contributes. Consequences of VRS are red-shifted Fraunhofer structures in scattered light spectra and filling-in of Fraunhofer lines, additional to RRS. At 393 nm, the spectral shift is 25 and 40 nm for VRS of O2 and N2, respectively. We describe how to calculate VRS correction spectra according to the Ring spectrum. We use the VRS correction spectra in the spectral range of 420–440 nm to determine the relative magnitude of the cross-sections of VRS of O2 and N2 and RRS of air. The effect of VRS is shown for the first time in spectral evaluations of Multi-Axis DOAS data from the SOPRAN M91 campaign and the MAD-CAT MAX-DOAS intercomparison campaign. The measurements yield in agreement with calculated scattering cross-sections that the observed VRS(N2) cross-section at 393 nm amounts to 2.3 ± 0.4 % of the cross-section of RRS at 433 nm under tropospheric conditions. The contribution of VRS(O2) is also found to be in agreement with calculated scattering cross-sections. It is concluded, that this phenomenon has to be included in the spectral evaluation of weak absorbers as it reduces the measurement error significantly and can cause apparent differential optical depth of up to 3 ×10−4. Its influence on the spectral retrieval of IO, glyoxal, water vapour and NO2 in the blue wavelength range is evaluated for M91. For measurements with a large Ring signal a significant and systematic bias of NO2 dSCDs (differential slant column densities) up to (−3.8 ± 0.4) × 1014 molec cm−2 is observed if this effect is not considered. The effect is typically negligible for DOAS fits with an RMS (root mean square) larger than 4 × 10−4.

Field of study: Environmental science
An Atkinson-type theorem for B-Fredholm operators

Let X be a Banach space and let T be a bounded linear operator acting on X. Atkinson's well known theorem says that T is a Fredholm operator if and only if its projection in the algebra L(X)=F0(X) is invertible, where F0(X) is the ideal of nite rank operators in the algebra L(X) of bounded linear operators acting on X. In the main result of this paper we establish an Atkinson-type theorem for B-Fredholm operators. More precisely we prove that T is a B-Fredholm operator if and only if its projection in the algebra L(X)=F0(X) is Drazin invertible. We also show that the set of Drazin invertible elements in an algebra A with a unit is a regularity in the sense dened by Kordula and M (8).

Field of study: Mathematics
Physics in combustion research

Virtually all the energy we derive from fossil fuels is obtained through some form of combustion. Any technical advance that can result in more efficient combustion systems without sacrificing environmental quality would therefore be a major contribution to energy conservation. For example, every one‐percent increase in auto engine combustion efficiency saves about 14.5 million barrels of oil per year, gaining the US over 150 million dollars per year in balance of payments. Although research in specific technological areas is usually difficult to justify from economic arguments, this is not the case for combustion research, as these figures show. The return on the investment pays for combustion research many times over. In addition, improved control of combustion processes should result in lower pollutant emissions and thereby reduce such hidden costs of burning fossil fuels as exhaust‐gas cleanup and damages to health and environment. However, combustion devices, like most other engineering systems, face...

Field of study: Physics
Thoracoscopic correction and placement of anterior instrumentation for scoliotic deformity Case report

Correction of rigid scoliotic deformities involving the thoracic spine has required that a thoracotomy be performed to obtain anterior release to mobilize the deformity, as well as placement of corrective spinal instrumentation either via a separate posterior or anterior thoracic approach. To the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first published report of a case in which anterior correction of a deformity was achieved endoscopically. A 27-year-old man presented with a rigid 85 degrees thoracic kyphoscoliotic deformity that had developed over several years. He had previously undergone a C7-T12 laminectomy to decompress the spinal cord from a lipoma. Using thoracoscopic techniques, the author performed an anterior release and interbody fusion. Endoscopically, an anterior screw/rod system applied from T-5 to T-9 corrected the deformity to 55 degrees . There were no surgery-related complications. At follow-up examiniation 1.5 years after surgery, the patient had developed a solid fusion and the correction was maintained at an angle of 58 degrees . It is feasible to use thoracoscopic techniques to perform an anterior release and to apply anterior corrective spinal instrumentation to treat thoracic scoliotic deformities, thereby avoiding the need for an open posterior approach in which instrumentation is placed.

Field of study: Medicine
Correlation between the rate of proteolysis of mitochondrial translation products and fluidity of the mitochondrial inner membrane in Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast. Alteration of the rate of proteolysis under glucose repression.

Our previous results [Kalnov, Novikova, Zubatov & Luzikov (1979) FEBS Lett. 101, 355-358;  suggested that in yeast the mitochondrial translation products localized in the mitochondrial inner membrane are rapidly broken down by a proteolytic system inherent in the membrane. In the present work, it is demonstrated that, on glucose repression in undividing cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, there is no proteolysis of the mitochondrial translation products. This effect is not likely to be associated with lower activity of the proteolytic system of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Nor is the cessation of proteolysis due to qualitative changes in the composition of mitochondrial translation products. What repression does cause is a considerable alteration in the physical state (i.e. structure of the lipid bilayer) of the mitochondrial inner membrane; this was established by experiments involving lipid-soluble spin probes. The conclusion is reached that the rate of proteolysis of mitochondrial translation products in the mitochondrial inner membrane depends on the physical state of the membrane, which in its turn is controlled by the relative content of unsaturated fatty acid chains in the mitochondrial phospholipids.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
A survey of drug resistance bla genes originating from synthetic plasmid vectors in six Chinese rivers.

Antibiotic resistance poses a significant challenge to human health and its rate continues to rise globally. While antibiotic-selectable synthetic plasmid vectors have proved invaluable tools of genetic engineering, this class of artificial recombinant DNA sequences with high expression of antibiotic resistance genes presents an unknown risk beyond the laboratory setting. Contamination of environmental microbes with synthetic plasmid vector-sourced antibiotic resistance genes may represent a yet unrecognized source of antibiotic resistance. In this study, PCR and real-time quantitative PCR were used to investigate the synthetic plasmid vector-originated ampicillin resistance gene, β-lactam antibiotic (blá), in microbes from six Chinese rivers with significant human interactions. Various levels of blá were detected in all six rivers, with the highest levels in the Pearl and Haihe rivers. To validate the blá pollution, environmental plasmids in the river samples were captured by the E. coli transformants from the community plasmid metagenome. The resultant plasmid library of 205 ampicillin-resistant E. coli (transformants) showed a blá-positive rate of 27.3% by PCR. Sequencing results confirmed the synthetic plasmid vector sources. In addition, results of the Kirby-Bauer disc-diffusion test reinforced the ampicillin-resistant functions of the environmental plasmids. The resistance spectrum of transformants from the Pearl and Haihe rivers, in particular, had expanded to the third- and fourth-generation of cephalosporin drugs, while that of other transformants mainly involved first- and second-generation cephalosporins. This study not only reveals environmental contamination of synthetic plasmid vector-sourced blá drug resistance genes in Chinese rivers, but also suggests that synthetic plasmid vectors may represent a source of antibiotic resistance in humans.

Field of study: Environmental science
Accurate Detection of Peer-to-Peer Botnet using Multi-Stream Fused Scheme

Nowadays decentralized botnets pose a great threat to Internet. They evolve new features such as P2P Command and Control(C&C), which makes traditional detection methods no longer effective for indicating the existence of the bots. In this paper, based on several of the new P2P botnet characteristic properties, we propose a novel real-time detecting model – MSFM (Multi-Stream Fused Model). MSFM considers multiple types of packets’ unique characteristics and handle them with corresponding strategies . Extensive experiment results show that our model can accurately detect peer-to-peer botnet with relatively low false-positive and false-negative rates.

Field of study: Computer science
GEOLOGY OF THE WALLIS ISLANDS

The Wallis Islands comprise Uvea, the main island, and 22 islets enclosed by or lying upon a nearly circular barrier reef about 200 miles west of the Samoan group in the Southern Pacific Ocean. The highest point in the group, about 470 feet above sea level, and several crater lakes exist on Uvea Island. The high islands are composed of olivine basaltic lavas and pyroclastics, except for one cinder cone and its associated flows of oligoclase andesite on Uvea Island. The low islands either are composed of calcareous sand or are erosional remnants of tuff cones and lava domes. Uvea Island was built by the coalescence of lava flows from 19 volcanic vents. The vents comprise 15 flat shield-shaped lava cones, 3 consolidated ash cones, and 1 cinder cone. Except for two Recent lava cones barely covered with soil, the bulk of the island is composed of deeply weathered middle Pleistocene(?) volcanics. Lavas of intermediate age do not exist. Limestone ejecta in the tuff cones indicate that the whole group is built on a submerged reef, probably about 180 feet below sea level. This reef presumably rests on a Tertiary basaltic volcano. Definite evidence of emerged shore lines at 25 and 5 feet above mean sea level exists, as well as evidence suggestive of higher stands.

Field of study: Geology
Growth and in situ ellipsometric analysis of Si1-xGex alloys deposited by chemical beam epitaxy

Growth of strained Si1-xGex alloys on Si (100) by chemical beam epitaxy using silane and germane as gas precursors is reported. Selectivity on SiO2 patterned substrates, superlattices with sharp interfaces are easily achieved for x values varying between 0 and 25%. The incorporation rate of germanium and the growth kinetics are analyzed as a function of the germane gas flow and substrate temperature. The growth process is controlledin situ using a multi-wavelength ellipsometer. An accurate monitoring of the germanium content and thickness of multi-quantum well along with bulk structures can be obtained by this method. We show that a three-dimensional growth analysis is also worth consideration for structural characterization of the layer.

Field of study: Materials science
The Taiwan Tea Boom—A Financial Glut

In the last half of the nineteenth century, northern Taiwan experienced a boom in tea exports. This led to a large trade surplus accompanied by large inflows of silver money. The increase in the money supply did not have much effect on rice prices or consumption, but did lower interest rates. The lower interest rates and higher real money balances caused a large increase in real estate prices. This local financial glut lasted more than 20 years. Along the China coast, the banking system allowed businesses to move funds easily in and out of areas, such as northern Taiwan, but once silver reached Taiwanese farmers in the village economy, it did not flow so easily. Studies of early finance that focus on commercial networks generally overlook such problems.

Field of study: Economics, History
High-performance X-ray detectors for the new powder diffraction beamline I11 at Diamond.

The design and performance characterization of a new light-weight and compact X-ray scintillation detector is presented. The detectors are intended for use on the new I11 powder diffraction beamline at the third-generation Diamond synchrotron facility where X-ray beams of high photon brightness are generated by insertion devices. The performance characteristics of these detection units were measured first using a radioactive source (efficiency of detection and background count rate) and then synchrotron X-rays (peak stability, light yield linearity and response consistency). Here, the results obtained from these tests are reported, and the suitability of the design for the Diamond powder beamline is demonstrated by presenting diffraction data obtained from a silicon powder standard using a prototype multicrystal analyser stage.

Field of study: Physics
Structure determination of human semaphorin 4D as an example of the use of MAD in non-optimal cases.

Semaphorins are an important class of signalling molecules involved in axon guidance, immune function and angiogenesis. They are characterized by having an extracellular sema domain of about 500 residues. The steps involved in the determination of the structure of human semaphorin 4D are described here as a case study of selenium MAD phasing in a difficult case with low symmetry, moderate diffraction and low selenium content. A particular feature of this study was the large number of diffraction images required to give data of sufficient quality for structure determination and these data are re-analyzed here to investigate the effects of radiation damage on eventual data quality and to suggest strategies for successful MAD phasing in similar difficult cases.

Field of study: Chemistry
Periodic cyclic homology of affine Hecke algebras

This is the author's PhD-thesis, which was written in 2006. The version posted here is identical to the printed one. Instead of an abstract, the short list of contents: 
Preface 5 
1 Introduction 9 
2 K-theory and cyclic type homology theories 13 
3 Affine Hecke algebras 61 
4 Reductive p-adic groups 103 
5 Parameter deformations in affine Hecke algebras 129 
6 Examples and calculations 169 
A Crossed products 223 
Bibliography 227 
Index 237 
Samenvatting 245 
Curriculum vitae 253

Field of study: Mathematics
Subdural empyema--continuing diagnostic problems in the CT scan era.

Fourteen cases of subdural empyema seen in Oxford since the introduction of the CT scanner are reviewed; 11 were male and 12 survived. The clinical presentation was stereotyped and characterised by severe headache, fever and meningism followed after a few days by rapidly progressive drowsiness, focal signs, papilloedema and seizures. All had radiological evidence of paranasal sinus disease (particularly frontal) although this was not apparent clinically in the majority. Plain skull and sinus radiographs remain important early investigations. Over-reliance can be placed on the CT scan which initially may be normal or show only non-specific hemisphere swelling. Parafalcine collections are easily missed. The diagnosis of subdural empyema remains difficult and a high index of clinical suspicion is required. Outcome depends on prompt treatment with parenteral antibiotics and surgical drainage.

Field of study: Medicine
Unemployment and ‘free time’ — the role of protestant work ethic and work involvement

The paper examines the relationships between the degree of belief in the Protestant work ethic (PWE) and work involvement (WINV) with the non-work activities of unemployed individuals and with their psychological state, in view of the alleged negative role played by PWE and WINV in the process of coping with unemployment. Data were collected from 435 individuals with academic qualifications, all of whom had been unemployed and some were still unemployed at the time of data collection. Contrary to expectation it was found that individuals with high PWE or WINV turn to non-work activities more frequently while unemployed and derive more psychological benefit from such activities than individuals low on PWE and WINV. Discussed against the background of current beliefs regarding the psychological impact of unemployment, the results suggest that PWE and WINV, far from hindering individual coping with unemployment through non-work activities, may even contribute to this coping process.

Field of study: Sociology
Investigating Early Modern Ottoman Consumer Culture in the Light of Bursa Probate Inventories

This study investigates the development of early modern Ottoman consumer culture. In particular, the democratization of consumption, which is a significant indicator of the development of western consumer cultures, is examined in relation to Ottoman society. Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century probate inventories of the town of Bursa combined with literary and official sources are used in order to identify democratization of consumption and the macro conditions shaping this development. Findings demonstrate that commercialization, international trade, urbanization which created a fluid social structure, and the ability of the state to negotiate with guilds were possible contextual specificities which encouraged the democratization of consumption in the Bursa context.

Field of study: Economics, History
SECONDARY TILLAGE TOOL EFFECT ON SOIL AGGREGATION

A field experiment was conducted to study effect of tillage tool type on soil aggregation and soil aggregate properties when tillage was done over a range of soil moisture contents. Tillage with a tandem disk harrow and C-shank field cultivator was done at moisture contents from 12.8 to 21% dry-weight basis. Aggregate size was determined by computing mean-weight-diameter by use of a rotary sieve. Aggregate-mechanical-stability, defined as the difference between mean-weight-diameters after and before a drop shatter treatment and normalized by dividing by initial mean-weight-diameter, was used to evaluate stability of aggregates formed by tillage. Aggregate strength was determined by maximum force and energy needed to crush individual aggregates. Though data were variable, tillage with a tandem disk harrow tended to produce larger and stronger soil aggregates than did tillage with a C-shank field cultivator. Aggregates formed by tillage at a moisture content greater than the lower plastic limit were larger and required greater force to crush than did aggregates formed at lower moisture contents.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Study on Microstructure of Ti(C,N) Based Cermets/40Cr Steel Brazing Joint

In vacuum furnace, using brazing filler of Ag-Cu-Ti, a series of the brazing tests were carried on Ti(C,N) based cermets and 40Cr steel. The microstructure of the joints brazed was evaluated at brazing holding for 10 min, 15min and 30min by SEM, EDS, X-ray spectroscopy. The welding crack of the joints brazed was showed by liquid penetrant test. The results show that elements diffusion is more active and the reaction layer is thicker along with the lengthen of brazing holding time between the filler and based metal. The interfacial products of the joints brazed are mainly that: Cu based solid solution,(Cu,Ni), Ag base solid solution and a little AlCu2Ti IMC on the side of cermets, Ag based solid solution and Cu based solid solution in the brazing filler and(Fe,Ni) with a little TiC granular layer on the side of 40Cr steel.

Field of study: Materials science
Sci‐YIS Fri ‐ 02: Calculated Pwall values in clinical photon beams

Dosimetry of high‐energy photon beams is based upon absorbed dose to water standards and requires the use of ionization chambers with several correction factors. This study investigates the wall correction factor, Pwall, in high‐energy photon beams for both cylindrical and parallel‐plate chambers using Monte Carlo calculations. For cylindrical chambers, dosimetry protocols use an empirical formula to determine Pwall despite high quality experimental evidence that there are problems with this formula. Wall corrections are not provided for parallel‐plate chambers in photon beams due to a lack of information available regarding the correction factors for these chambers. Monte Carlo calculations are carried out using the EGSnrc user‐code CSnrc to calculate the wall correction factor for a series of ion chambers using a correlated sampling variance reduction technique. Calculations of the wall correction are performed for a variety of chambers at the reference depth in photon beams, using realistic beam spectra from clinical accelerators, ranging in nominal energy from 60 Co to 24 MV. For cylindrical chambers, Pwall values differ by as much as 0.8% from the predicted values. This discrepancy is used to resolve previous experimental results that pointed to problems with the Pwall formalism. Pwall values are also shown for parallel‐plate chambers in high‐energy photon beams and have corrections up to 2%. These data should allow parallel‐plate chambers to be used in photon as well as in electron beams.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics