nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Zur Definition der Begriffe Grauwacke, Arkose, Ton und Tonschiefer

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Field of study: Environmental science
Flt3 ligand promotes T cells proliferation and expansion of T_H1 in patients with aplastic anemia

To investigate the influence of Flt3 l igand (FL) on T cell polarization and its relationship to hematopoiesis failure in patients with aplastic anemia(AA).  T helper su bsets were identified by flow cytometry according to different cytokines from T cells and enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay(ELISA) was employed to determine the l evel of IFN-γ and IL-10 in supernatant. The influences of PHA and cytokines o n T cell polarization were also investigated.  The proportion of T H1 in the peripheral blood(PBL) and bone marrow(BM) of AA pati ents increased, especially in those with serious AA(P0.01). The balance be tween the T H1 and T H2 was broken and the ratio of T H1/T H2 was higher in AA patients when compared with controls(2.1±0.8 and 1.4±0.7, P0.05). The proportion of T H1 didn′t change when isolated T cells were incubation with P HA and IL-2. But the number of T H1 significantly increased and the concentrat ion of IFN-γ also increased when normal BM cells were cultured in medium conta ining of FL. Besides T H1 cells, the proportion of dendritic cells and NK cells increased in comparison with controls.  High l evels of FL in AA patients promoted T cells to differentiated toward T H1 cell type and was one reason to explain the bone marrow failure in patients with AA.

Field of study: Biology
Pharmacotherapy for Stimulant-Related Disorders

Stimulant–related disorders (SRD) continue to be an important public health problem for which there are presently no approved pharmacotherapies. Although behavioral interventions provide some benefit response varies. The development of novel and effective pharmacotherapies continues to be a research priority. Understanding neural mechanisms critical to the action of stimulants has helped reveal several potential pharmacotherapies that have already shown promise in controlled clinical trials. Common to some of these medications is the ability to reverse neural deficits in individuals with SRD. Results from thoroughly conducted clinical trials continue to broaden our knowledge increasing the possibility of soon developing effective pharmacotherapies for SRD.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Improving security of q-SDH based digital signatures

In Eurocrypt 2009, Hohenberger and Waters pointed out that a complexity assumption, which restricts the adversary to a single correct response, seems inherently more reliable than their flexible counterparts. The q-SDH assumption is less reliable than standard assumptions because its solution allows exponential answers. On the other hand, the q-SDH assumption exhibits the nice feature of tight reduction in security proof. In this paper, we propose a variant of the q-SDH assumption, so that its correct answers are polynomial and no longer exponentially many. The new assumption is much more reliable and weaker than the original q-SDH assumption. We propose a new digital signature scheme that can tightly reduce the security to the proposed assumption in the standard model. We show that our signature scheme shares most properties with the q-SDH based signature schemes. We also propose a new approach to construct fully secure signatures from weakly secure signature against known-message attacks. Although our security transformation is conditional and not completely generic, it offers another efficient approach to construct fully secure signatures.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
WS2 Nanosheets at Noncytotoxic Concentrations Enhance the Cytotoxicity of Organic Pollutants by Disturbing the Plasma Membrane and Efflux Pumps.

Emerging transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) nanosheets, such as WS2 nanosheets, have shown tremendous potential for use in many fields such as intelligent manufacturing and environmental protection. However, considerable knowledge gaps still exist regarding the impact of TMDCs on environmental risk, especially risks involving organic pollutants. Here, a synergistic toxicity between WS2 nanosheets and organic pollutants (triclosan or tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate) was found using the median-effect and combination index equation. In particular, the effect of synergy had a higher magnitude at low cytotoxicity levels, and a noncytotoxic concentration of WS2 nanosheets clearly enhanced the cytotoxicity and intracellular accumulation of organic pollutants. On the one hand, WS2 nanosheets damaged the plasma membrane and cytoskeleton, resulting in increased membrane permeability and organic pollutant uptake. On the other hand, as shown by fluorescence substrate accumulation experiments and molecular dynamics simulations, WS2 nanosheets affected the secondary structure of the efflux pumps and competitively bound with efflux pumps, blocking xenobiotic removal. This work emphasized that TMDCs, especially at the noncytotoxic level, in combination with organic pollutants caused damage that cannot be ignored, providing insight into comprehensive safety assessment and the specific toxicological mechanisms of TMDCs that accompany organic pollutant exposure.

Field of study: Environmental science
The pharmaceutical exploration of cold water ascidians from the Netherlands: a possible source of ne

Six ascidian species from the Dutch North Sea coast were screened for cytotoxic activity, Freeze-dried biological material was extracted with solvents of different polarity followed by determination of the cytotoxicity. The most active extracts were further separated using different chromatographic techniques. The microculture tetrazolium (MTT) assay was used to determine the cytotoxicity against two human tumor cell lines: COLO320 (a colon adenocarcinoma) and GLC(4) (a small cell lung carcinoma). The two cell lines were selected for their different response towards known cytostatics. GLC(4) is sensitive and COLO320 is resistant to most of the known cytostatics. Three of the species tested yielded interesting fractions. From the in colonial Didemnum lahillei we have isolated a compound which is more active against the COLO320 cell line (IC50:33 mu g ml(-1)) than the GLC(4) (IC50:49 mu g ml(-1)). The structure is currently elucidated. Another colonial species, Aplidium glabrum, yielded a very cytotoxic fraction, with an IC,, of 5 mu g ml(-1) against the COLO320 cell line. From our results it can be concluded that the North Sea could be another interesting source of new compounds with pharmaceutical potential.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Simultaneous prediction intervals for all patrwise differences among several future sample means

Hahn (1977) suggested a procedure for constructing prediction intervals for the difference between the means of two future samples from normal populations having equal variance, based on past samples selected from both populations. In this paper, we extend Hahn's work by constructing simultaneous prediction intervals for all pairwise differences among the means of k ≥ 2 future samples from normal populations with equal variances, using past samples taken from each of the k populations. For K = 2, this generalization reduces to Hahn's special case. These prediction intervals may be used when one has sampled the performance of several products and wishes to simultaneously as- sess the differences in future sample mean performance of these products with a predetermined overall coverage probability. The use of the new procedure is demonstrated with a numerical example.

Field of study: Mathematics
HOMOGENEOUS TIME-RESOLVED IL-2–IL-2Rα ASSAY USING FLUORESCENCE RESONANCE ENERGY TRANSFER

A homogeneous receptor-ligand assay based on fluorescence energy transfer is described. In the assay, recombinant human interleukin 2 (IL-2) and a monoclonal antibody against the human IL-2 receptor α chain were labelled with a highly fluorescent europium chelate and Cy5, respectively. As a result of a successful receptor–ligand complex formation, these labels are brought into close proximity, which will thereby allow an energy transfer to occur from the donor (europium) to the acceptor (Cy5), upon excitation of the donor. Utilization of specific non-neutralizing antibodies made it possible to use crude hIL-2Rα membranes prepared from recombinant baculovirus-infected Sf9 insect cells. The specific energy transfer was measured at the emission wavelength of Cy5 using a time-resolved fluorometer. The data presented, demonstrate that this assay design can be utilized for saturation as well as competitive binding experiments in addition to regular titrations. As a rapid simple homogeneous assay it is particularly suitable for high throughput screening analyses.

Field of study: Medicine
Research on Gene Sequence Classification Based on Fuzzy Cluster Analysis Method

Fuzzy clustering analysis method has the advantages of simple classification and high accuracy of the classification results.In view of the problem of gene sequence classification,presents a DNA sequence's feature extraction method.The method takes gene sequence's(DNA sequence's) sort feature into consideration and gets fuzzy similar matrix and its transitive closure by using fuzzy clustering analysis method,which achieves classification of the DNA sequence.Simulation result shows that the method can mine more information about DNA sequence and improve the accuracy and objectivity with a good result

Field of study: Computer science
[Psychopharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders in patients with cardio-vascular diseases: the use of aphobazole].

: Afobazole was administered to 32 patients, aged 18-60 years, with cardio-vascular diseases and neurotic stress-related psychopathologies and somatoform disorders (ICD-10 F40-F45). The drug was assigned in dosages from 30 to 60 mg daily (mean 50 mg) during 6 weeks, along with basic somatotropic therapy. Twenty-nine patients completed the course. Therapeutic efficacy was assessed by the Hamilton anxiety scale (HAM-A) and a subscale of the Global Clinical Impression scale (CGI). The total number of responders was 21 (70%). The improvement began from the 1st week of the treatment and increased to the 42nd day. At the same time, intensity of mental disorders (phobic, somatisized, anxiety-depressive) gradually decreased up to complete reduction. Afobazole was well-tolerated by patients.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Plate tectonics and the distribution of the insect family philotarsidae (order psocoptera) in the southwest pacific

A study of SW Pacific Psocoptera in the last decade has revealed the existence of a subfamily (3 genera, 65 species) of the Philotarsidae which is confined to the eastern section of the Indo-Australian Plate. Of the 3 constituent genera, one (2 species) is confined to New Zealand, another (31 species) to the Inner Melanesian Arc, and the third (32 species) to Australia, the Inner Melanesian Arc, New Zealand and islands of the New Zealand Plateau. The other subfamily (4 genera, 86 species) includes a genus (5 species) which is basically Holarctic; one (19 species) which extends from southern Africa through the Oriental Region to Australia, the Pacific islands and South America; a southern genus (34 species) whose distribution excludes Africa and is weakly represented in the Australian area; and one newly discovered genus (28 species) confined to Australia, Melanesia, New Zealand and South America. The significance of plate tectonics and the possible roles of fragmentation and dispersal are discussed in relation to these distribution patterns.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
MODELING FAN AND PERFORATED VENTILATION DUCTS FOR AIRFLOW BALANCE POINT

A model was developed to select the most effective fan for a perforated ventilation duct, based on the optimum 
air distribution pattern in the room. The model was formulated in two parts: (1) to predict the airflow performance of 
perforated ventilation ducts and to evaluate the outlet air discharge; (2) to determine the balance point between the fan 
and the duct by assuming their effective outlet areas to be equal. The experiment validated the first part and tested the 
hypothesis involved in the second part. When compared with the experimental results obtained from three wooden 
perforated ventilation ducts with aperture ratios of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5, the model predicted the outlet airflow along the full 
length of a perforated duct operated under turbulent flow with a maximum error of 9%. The assumption of a common 
effective outlet area was valid and the model was extended to determine the balance point operation between the fan and 
the perforated duct.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Research on the Application of Inspection and Analysis Technology in Network Early-Warning System

To increase the efficiency of network early-warning system,applies improved Apriori algorithm and protocol analysis to the detection module,designs a new network intrusion detection model.Based on the model,integrates the currently data packet with historical data packet to process a protocol analysis,then the data packet that correlated with possiblely intrusion affair could be found out.Then uses the improved Apriori algorithm to association analysis to these data packs and gets the results of test.The experiment shows that this model has a lower missing rate compared to the traditional network intrusion detection system(NIDS).

Field of study: Computer science
On Building the Overpass of Higher Education in USSR

Effective convergence at all levels and types of higher education is the core to build an overpass of talent growth.In the process of diversified development of Russian society,higher education exposed many problems.To ensure the improvement of education quality and the coherence of education system,Russian federal government found solutions by introducing a variety of policies and measures in succession.From aspects of institution building and curriculum provision,it analyzed the effective convergence at all levels and types of higher education in USSR.The national education standards of Russian higher professional education,the basic required courses,higher education appraisal system and government’s active promotion are the key to building the overpass of higher education in USSR.

Field of study: Education
What conditions favor the influence of seasonally frozen ground on hydrological partitioning? A systematic review

The influence of seasonally frozen ground (SFG) on water, energy, and solute fluxes is important in cold climate regions. The hydrological role of permafrost is now being actively researched, but the influence of SFG has received less attention. Intuitively, SFG restricts (snowmelt) infiltration, thereby enhancing surface runoff and decreasing soil water replenishment and groundwater recharge. However, the reported hydrological effects of SFG remain contradictory and appear to be highly site- and event-specific. There is a clear knowledge gap concerning under what physiographical and climate conditions SFG is more likely to influence hydrological fluxes. We addressed this knowledge gap by systematically reviewing published work examining the role of SFG in hydrological partitioning. We collected data on environmental variables influencing the SFG regime across different climates, land covers, and measurement scales, along with the main conclusion about the SFG influence on the studied hydrological flux. The compiled dataset allowed us to draw conclusions that extended beyond individual site investigations. Our key findings were: (a) an obvious hydrological influence of SFG at small-scale, but a more variable hydrological response with increasing scale of measurement, and (b) indication that cold climate with deep snow and forest land cover may be related to reduced importance of SFG in hydrological partitioning. It is thus increasingly important to understand the hydrological repercussions of SFG in a warming climate, where permafrost is transitioning to seasonally frozen conditions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Magnetophonon shakeup in a Wigner crystal: Applications to tunneling spectroscopy in the quantum Hall regime.

We calculate the tunnel current between two parallel two-dimensional electron systems in a strong perpendicular magnetic field. We model the strongly correlated electron systems by Wigner crystals, and describe their low-energy dynamics in terms of magnetophonons. A tunneling electron shakes up magnetophonons, which results in a conductance peak that is displaced away from zero voltage and broadened compared with the case of no magnetic field. Our results are in very good quantitative agreement with recent experiments

Field of study: Physics
The Burger Court in Historical Perspective

Every court is the product of its time and reflects the predilections of fallible men in black robes. Whatever the orientation of conflicting values, judicial activism involves a paradox at the heart of constitutional orthodoxy: the Supreme Court considered as the mouthpiece of self-interpreting, self-enforcing law.1 While wearing the magical habiliments of the law, Supreme Court justices take sides on controversial issues. In a moment of judicial candor, Justice Robert H. Jackson remarked: "We are not final because we are infallible, but we are infallible only because we are final. Even those inclined to think of the Supreme Court as "brushed with divinity" do not accept constitutional theology at face value. Few Americans were shocked in 1968 when the GOP presidential candidate made the Court a major political issue, and bluntly announced his determination to restore "law and order"

Field of study: Political science
Enzyme-substrate complex structures of CYP154C5 shed light on its mode of highly selective steroid hydroxylation.

CYP154C5 from Nocardia farcinica is a bacterial cytochrome P450 monooxygenase active on steroid molecules. The enzyme has recently been shown to exhibit exclusive regioselectivity and stereoselectivity in the conversion of various pregnans and androstans, yielding 16α-hydroxylated steroid products. This makes the enzyme an attractive candidate for industrial application in steroid hormone synthesis. Here, crystal structures of CYP154C5 in complex with four different steroid molecules were solved at resolutions of up to 1.9 Å. These are the first reported P450 structures from the CYP154 family in complex with a substrate. The active site of CYP154C5 forms a flattened hydrophobic channel with two opposing polar regions, perfectly resembling the size and polarity distribution of the steroids and thus resulting in highly specific steroid binding with Kd values in the range 10-100 nM. Key enzyme-substrate interactions were identified that accounted for the exclusive regioselectivity and stereoselectivity of the enzyme. Additionally, comparison of the four CYP154C5-steroid structures revealed distinct structural differences, explaining the observed variations in kinetic data obtained for this P450 with the steroids pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, progesterone, androstenedione, testosterone and nandrolone. This will facilitate the generation of variants with improved activity or altered selectivity in the future by means of protein engineering.

Field of study: Chemistry
Delirium and cognitive dysfunction in the intensive care unit

Delirium is an under-recognized, highly prevalent form of organ dysfunction in the intensive care unit (ICU). It is imperative to be aware of risk factors for delirium in the ICU, some of which are modifiable. In the last 5 years, a new tool for detecting delirium among critically ill patients has been validated and found reliable for use at the bedside by psychiatrists and nonpsychiatrically trained personnel as well. The tool, the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit, has enabled determination of the serious sequelae of delirium, including increased mortality, higher cost, longer length of hospital stay, failure of extubation, and burdensome, long-term cognitive impairment. This article reviews prevention and treatment options, and current pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic approaches to delirium, acknowledging limited but improving quality of evidence to date.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Evaluation of effects of windows installed with near-infrared rays retro-reflective film on thermal environment in outdoor spaces using CFD analysis coupled with radiant computation

Recently, windows with low-e double-glazing or heat-shading films often have been installed to the exterior surfaces of buildings to reduce the cooling load of the buildings. These windows specularly reflect solar radiation into pedestrian spaces. It has been pointed out that the increase in the incident solar radiation reflected at the windows degrades the thermal comfort levels of pedestrians. The installation of near-infrared rays retro-reflective film to window surfaces may both reduce the cooling load of the building and reduce the impacts on the thermal environment in outdoor spaces. Hence, it is expected that the installation of this film will counteract this problem and have positive effects. To assess the feasibility of installing retro-reflective materials to the exterior surfaces of the building walls and ground forming part of a city block, for improving the thermal environment in outdoor spaces, computational methods could serve as a powerful tool for analyzing the radiant environment in urban and building spaces. In this paper, a computational method is outlined for considering the directional reflections from the exterior surfaces of building walls and windows. The method is used to estimate the effects on the outdoor thermal comfort of pedestrians in the summer season.

Field of study: Engineering