nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Global Precipitation Climatology Project: First Algorithm Intercomparison Project

The Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) was established by the World Climate Research Programme to produce global analyses of area- and time-averaged precipitation for use in climate research. To achieve the required spatial coverage, the GPCP uses simple rainfall estimates derived from IR and microwave satellite observations. In this paper, the authors describe the GPCP and its first Algorithm Intercomparison Project (AIP/1), which compared a variety of rainfall estimates derived from Geostationary Meteorological Satellite visible and IR observations and Special Sensor Microwave/Imager microwave observations with rainfall derived from a combination of radar and raingage data over the Japanese islands and the adjacent ocean regions during the June and mid-July through mid-August periods of 1989. To investigate potential improvements in the use of satellite IR data for the estimation of large-scale rainfall for the GPCP, the relationship between rainfall and the fractional coverage of cold clouds in the AIP/1 dataset is examined. The results show distinct differences in the character of the relationship for different portions of the area. The proportional coefficients relating rainfall to fractional coverage at cold thresholds differ greatly between the two periods and both differ significantly from those found for the GARP (Global Atmospheric Research Program) Atlanticmore » Tropical Experiment. These results suggest that the simple IR-based estimation technique currently used in the GPCP can be used to estimate rainfall for global tropical and subtropical areas, provided that a method for adjusting the proportional coefficient for varying areas and seasons can be determined. 52 refs., 11 figs., 8 tabs.« less

Field of study: Environmental science
Biographia Copernicana: Die Copernicus-Biographien des 16. bis 18. Jahrhunderts: Texte und Übersetzungen (review)

Zambelli adopts a highly personal voice, projecting a vivid authorial persona through rhetorical as well as scholarly means. She is unafraid of the first-person singular and fond of the dramatic interjection, from the occasional half-humorous ahimè to theatrical asides; unfortunately, the latter are frequently ad personam. Some of her criticisms are merited; others may well be, but the relentless sarcasm often vitiates the scholarly point. This is especially notable in the final essay, “Qualche interpretazione. Magia e ermetismo da Tocco a Corsano, da Yates a Ciliberto.” Reviewing the major interpreters of this topic, Professor Zambelli provides illuminating assessments of illustrious predecessors, especially Walker, Yates, and Garin, along with some touching personal reminiscences. Recent scholars are generally assessed impersonally, but negative judgments of their scholarship — one case in particular — devolve into personal indictment. Whatever the scholarly merits — and Professor Zambelli’s judgments often compel assent — criticism too frequently yields to dismissiveness or disdain, giving the article a claustrophobic feel. Dispassionate discussion would have served better, even if it required summarizing debates now several years old and familiar to many. Nevertheless, the book deserves careful attention for its discussions of the Hermetic tradition’s ambiguous relations with necromancy and popular magic, a question that is far from exhausted. WALTER STEPHENS The Johns Hopkins University

Field of study: History
P106 Non-redundant in vivo functions of IFN-β protect against virus infection within the central nervous system

Previous studies showed that type I interferon receptor (IFNAR) triggering is critically required to control many different virus infections. In mice one IFN- β and 14 different IFN- α isotypes interact with IFNAR. Infection experiments with peripherally challenged IFN- β −/− mice did not reveal any overt phenotype suggesting that IFN- α and IFN- β played a redundant role under such conditions. Here we readdressed IFN- β function under conditions of intranasal (i.n.) virus infection.  IFN- β −/− and C57BL/6 mice were i.n. and i.v. infected with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and their survival monitored. Serum IFN titers were determined by an ELISA method. Additionally reporter mice for the scrutiny of IFN- β expression (IFN- β Δ βluc / WT ) and IFNAR signaling (ISRE-eGFP) were used for in vivo and ex vivo analysis.  Upon i.n. VSV infection IFN- β −/− mice showed a significantly enhanced vulnerability to lethal VSV infection. A previous study revealed that upon i.n. VSV instillation of C57BL/6 mice the virus readily infected olfactory sensory neurons and moved along axons into the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb, where it was arrested in an IFNAR-dependent manner. After i.v. as well as i.n. VSV infection IFN- α , but no IFN- β , was detected in the serum. Analysis of IFN- β reporter mice revealed that within the central nervous system (CNS) protective IFN- β was induced primarily in the olfactory bulb, presumably by neurons. Interestingly, locally produced IFN- β was active also in distal brain areas as evidenced by induction of GFP expression in the cerebrum of i.n. infected ISRE-eGFP reporter mice. Of note ISRE-eGFP mice intercrossed with IFN- β −/− mice did not show local IFNAR signaling within the CNS.  In conclusion our experiments are in accordance with the model that upon virus infection of the CNS IFN- β responses are selectively induced within the olfactory bulb that stimulate also distal brain areas, whereas IFN- α s are primarily induced in the periphery and there account for protection of peripheral tissues.

Field of study: Medicine
Analysis on the Evolution Strategy of the Medium Small Businesses in China in the New Economy Conditions

The new economy has been rapidly penetrating all fields of people like life, production, etc. This change is a big challenge to the medium small businesses in China. Where do the medium small enterprises go? This is a grave question for them to select. So, aiming at this question, the paper first introduces the situation of the new economy and its influence to the economic society, then analyzes the opportunity, threat to the medium small enterprises, expounds the advantages and disadvantages of the medium small enterprises, on which the paper puts forward some strategies for the medium small businesses to go forward.

Field of study: Engineering
Generating entangled quantum microwaves in a Josephson-photonics device

When connecting a voltage-biased Josephson junction in series to several microwave cavities, a Cooper-pair current across the junction gives rise to a continuous emission of strongly correlated photons into the cavity modes. Tuning the bias voltage to the resonance where a single Cooper pair provides the energy to create an additional photon in each of the cavities, we demonstrate the entangling nature of these creation processes by simple witnesses in terms of experimentally accessible observables. To characterize the entanglement properties of the such created quantum states of light to the fullest possible extent, we then proceed to more elaborate entanglement criteria based on the knowledge of the full density matrix and provide a detailed study of bi- and multipartite entanglement. In particular, we illustrate how simple changes of experimental parameters allow to access a wide variety of entangled states differing, e.g., in the number of entangled parties or the dimension of state space. Such devices, besides their promising potential to act as a highly versatile source of entangled quantum microwaves, may thus represent an excellent natural testbed for classification and quantification schemes developed in quantum information theory.

Field of study: Physics
The Optimum Design of Multi-user Digital Beamforming in the Smart Antenna System

The technology and theory of downlink multi-user digital beamforming is given in this paper,smart antenna technology give a solution for the increasing capacity and quality demands for mobile communication services without a corresponding increase in RF spectrum allocation.The theoretical analysis and the result of simulation show that,compared with other methods, this method has clear advantages of higher spatial resolution,controllable co-channel Interference,lower computational complexity,better robustness,so it is more practical.

Field of study: Engineering
Progress in research on bacterial HD-GYP domain proteins

Bis-(3′, 5′) cyclic di-guanylate (c-di-GMP) is an almost ubiquitous intracellular second messenger in bacteria. Now it is known to regulate complex physiological processes, including mobility, adhesion, virulence and biofilm formation. The level of c-di-GMP is regulated by diguanylate cyclases (DGCs) containing GGDEF domains and phosphodiesterases (PDEs) containing EAL or HD-GYP domains. Recent studies have demonstrated that HD-GYP domain protein is a novel phosphodiesterase, which is also involved in the regulation of c-di-GMP degradation. This review highlights recent advances in the structure and biochemical functions of HD-GYP domain proteins, which might help to further clarify the mechanism of c-di-GMP signal system. 
 
 
 
Cyclic diguanylate; Phosphodiesterase; HD-GYP domain

Field of study: Biology
A Littlewood–Richardson rule for the Macdonald inner product and bimodules over wreath products

We prove a Littlewood–Richardson type formula for ( s λ / μ , s ν / κ ) t k , t , the pairing of two skew Schur functions in the Macdonald inner product at q = t k for positive integers k . This pairing counts graded decomposition numbers in the representation theory of wreath products of the algebra C [ x ] / x k and symmetric groups.

Field of study: Mathematics
Accelerated Resolution Therapy (ART): a Review and Research to Date

Purpose of ReviewTo describe and summarize published research on accelerated resolution therapy (ART), a promising and relatively new psychotherapy with the potential to offer rapid and effective resolution of a wide range of psychiatric symptoms. Unlike most evidence-based psychotherapies, ART is a predominately imaginative therapy that relies upon the rescripting of distressing events and metaphors as one of its key therapeutic elements.Recent  number of studies conducted on ART is limited, primarily consisting of one randomized, controlled trial (RCT) with 57 subjects and two large cohort studies involving 80 and 117 subjects, respectively. However, a growing body of research in the neuroscience field involving the initial creation (consolidation), activation, and reconsolidation of memories may also be relevant and is summarized herein.SummaryART appears to be an effective, efficient, and versatile form of psychotherapy. Future studies, particularly high-quality RCTs, are needed to more fully understand the potential reach of this promising therapeutic modality.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Elastic, Optoelectronic and Thermoelectric Properties of the Lead-Free Halide Semiconductors Cs2AgBiX6 (X = Cl, Br): Ab Initio Investigation

We report a detailed investigation of the elastic moduli, electronic band structure, density of states, chemical bonding, electron and hole effective masses, optical response functions and thermoelectric properties of the lead-free halide double perovskites Cs2AgBiCl6 and Cs2AgBiBr6 using the full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method with the generalized gradient approximation (GGA-PBEsol) and the Tran–Blaha modified Becke–Johnson (TB-mBJ) potential. Because of the presence of heavy elements in the studied compounds, we include the spin–orbit coupling (SOC) effect. Our calculated structural parameters agree very well with the available experimental and theoretical findings. Single-crystal and polycrystalline elastic constants are predicted using the total-energy versus strain approach. Three-dimensional representations of the crystallographic direction dependence on the shear modulus, Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio demonstrate a noticeable elastic anisotropy. The TB-mBJ potential with SOC yields an indirect band gap of 2.44 (1.93) eV for Cs2AgBiCl6 (Cs2AgBiBr6), in good agreement with the existing experimental data. The chemical bonding features are probed via density of states and valence electron density distribution calculations. Optical response functions were predicted from the calculated band structure. Both of the investigated compounds have a significant absorption coefficient (∼ $$ 25 \times 10^{4} \;{\hbox{cm}}^{ - 1} $$25×104cm-1) in the visible range of sunlight. The thermoelectric properties of the title compounds were investigated using the FP-LAPW approach in combination with the semi-classical Boltzmann transport theory. The Cs2AgBiCl6 and Cs2AgBiBr6 compounds have a large thermopower S, which makes them potential candidates for thermoelectric applications.

Field of study: Materials science
Glass transition in thaumatin crystals revealed through temperature-dependent radiation-sensitivity measurements.

The temperature-dependence of radiation damage to thaumatin crystals between T = 300 and 100 K is reported. The amount of damage for a given dose decreases sharply as the temperature decreases from 300 to 220 K and then decreases more gradually on further cooling below the protein-solvent glass transition. Two regimes of temperature-activated behavior were observed. At temperatures above ∼200 K the activation energy of 18.0 kJ mol(-1) indicates that radiation damage is dominated by diffusive motions in the protein and solvent. At temperatures below ∼200 K the activation energy is only 1.00 kJ mol(-1), which is of the order of the thermal energy. Similar activation energies describe the temperature-dependence of radiation damage to a variety of solvent-free small-molecule organic crystals over the temperature range T = 300-80 K. It is suggested that radiation damage in this regime is vibrationally assisted and that the freezing-out of amino-acid scale vibrations contributes to the very weak temperature-dependence of radiation damage below ∼80 K. Analysis using the radiation-damage model of Blake and Phillips [Blake & Phillips (1962), Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation at the Molecular Level, ] indicates that large-scale conformational and molecular motions are frozen out below T = 200 K but become increasingly prevalent and make an increasing contribution to damage at higher temperatures. Possible alternative mechanisms for radiation damage involving the formation of hydrogen-gas bubbles are discussed and discounted. These results have implications for mechanistic studies of proteins and for studies of the protein glass transition. They also suggest that data collection at T ≃ 220 K may provide a viable alternative for structure determination when cooling-induced disorder at T = 100 is excessive.

Field of study: Chemistry
E2-DLNA: An Improved Energy-Efficiency Mechanism for DLNA

As the explosive growth of mobile networks, green mobile networks have been studied extensively. DLNA protocol, widely used in smart home, does not take any consideration for power saving. In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient mechanism for DLNA (E 2 -DLNA), which can achieve balance between QoS provision and energy efficiency. The core network condition estimation algorithm TES used in E 2 -DLNA can help Mobile Handheld Devices (MHD) adjust its packets-sending strategy according to estimated network condition. In this way, MHDs can dramatically reduce the unnecessary multicasting messages. Our experimental results show the effectiveness of E 2 -DLNA. Energy consumption can be reduced 10-30%

Field of study: Computer science
Nitric oxide: a newly discovered function on wound healing

AbstractWound healing impairment represents a particularly challenging clinical problem to which no efficacious treatment regimens currently exist. The factors ensuring appropriate intercellular communication during wound repair are not completely understood. Although protein-type mediators are well-established players in this process, emerging evidence from both animal and human studies indicates that nitric oxide (NO) plays a key role in wound repair. The beneficial effects of NO on wound repair may be attributed to its functional influences on angiogenesis, inflammation, cell proliferation, matrix deposition, and remodeling. Recent findings from in vitro and in vivo studies of NO on wound repair are summarized in this review. The unveiled novel mechanisms support the use of NO-containing agents and/or NO synthase gene therapy as new therapeutic regimens for impaired wound healing.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Über die magnetische Nachwirkung

ZusammenfassungI. Diskussion der bisherigen Erfahrungen über die Zeitabhängigkeit der Magnetisierung. Hypothese einer formalen Analogie zwischen der Jordanschen Verlustkomponente und dem dielektrischen Nachwirkungsverlust. — II. Grundlegende Versuche, die auf Grund der klassischen Theorie zur Prüfung dieser Hypothese möglich sind. — III. Messung der Frequenzabhängigkeit der Permeabilität. Größenordnungsmäßige Bestätigung der Theorie. — IV. Ausführung des Schaltversuchs an einem Band- und an einem Massekern einer FeNi-Legierung. Ungültigkeit des Superpositionsprinzips. — V. Deutung der Versuchsergebnisse.

Field of study: Physics
Dynamics of Aboveground Phytomass of the Circumpolar Arctic Tundra During the Past Three Decades

Numerous studies have evaluated the dynamics of Arctic tundra vegetation throughout the past few decades, using remotely sensed proxies of vegetation, such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). While extremely useful, these coarse-scale satellite-derived measurements give us minimal information with regard to how these changes are being expressed on the ground, in terms of tundra structure and function. In this analysis, we used a strong regression model between NDVI and aboveground tundra phytomass, developed from extensive field-harvested measurements of vegetation biomass, to estimate the biomass dynamics of the circumpolar Arctic tundra over the period of continuous satellite records (1982‐2010). We found that the southernmost tundra subzones (C‐E) dominate the increases in biomass, ranging from 20 to 26%, although there was a high degree of heterogeneity across regions, floristic provinces, and vegetation types. The estimated increase in carbon of the aboveground live vegetation of 0.40 Pg C over the past three decades is substantial, although quite small relative to anthropogenic C emissions. However, a 19.8% average increase in aboveground biomass has major implications for nearly all aspects of tundra ecosystems including hydrology, active layer depths, permafrost regimes, wildlife and human use of Arctic landscapes. While spatially extensive on-the-ground measurements of tundra biomass were conducted in the development of this analysis, validation is still impossible without more repeated, long-term monitoring of Arctic tundra biomass in the field.

Field of study: Environmental science
Mission Land Tenure on the Southeastern Bolivian Frontier, 1845-1949

The land tenure arrangements of missions in Latin America have received insufficient attention. Given the vast extent of land the missions controlled on the Latin American frontier and the effect that land tenure arrangements had on the functioning of the missions, this is a serious oversight. Rather than focus on land tenure, most studies of the missions have examined primarily issues such as evangelization, the labor regime, and demographic patterns. While these topics are also important, indeed vital, to an understanding of missions, an analysis of land tenure arrangements is a useful way for understanding the economic and even the political dimensions of mission systems. For example, the control that the missionaries imposed on their charges should have been reflected in a majority of the land controlled directly by the missionaries rather than holdings controlled by individual Indian families. In this sense, the land tenure system reflected the missionary regime in important ways and helps test hypotheses about economic resources as well as power within this controversial institution. In addition, the changes in ownership and use of land became a key ingredient in determining the survival of indigenous groups once the government secularized the missions.

Field of study: History
DEFORMATION OF YULE MARBLE. PART VII: DEVELOPMENT OF ORIENTED FABRICS AT 300°C–500°C

Yule marble has been deformed at 400° and 500° C and a confining pressure of 5000 atmospheres. Its strength, relative to that at room temperature, is 47 per cent at 400° C and 41 per cent at 500° C, measured in all cases at 3 per cent strain. Textures of the deformed rock are similar to those of marble comparably deformed at 300° C.

Sander's method of “axial-distribution analysis” has been used to test homogeneity of fabric in the original marble and in a specimen shortened 19 per cent at 300° C. In both cases aggregates of a few tens of grains show local very strong preferred orientation of the lattice. In this respect there is no effect that can be correlated with deformation.

Petrofabric analysis of specimens shortened 40 per cent or elongated 90–120 per cent demonstrates strong preferred orientation of the c axis at 10°–30° to the axis of compression or at 60°–80° to the axis of extension. The symmetry of the deformed fabrics corresponds with the symmetry of strain, which is determined by the orientation of the axis of extension or compression in relation to the preferred orientation pattern of the original fabric.

Behavior of grains is predicted on the basis of a hypothesis of approximately homogeneous deformation, involving twin gliding on ![Graphic][1] and translation gliding on ![Graphic][2] . Behavior of individual grains is also reconstructed from evidence of observed internal rotation of early e lamellae, interpreted in the light of previous observations on single crystals of calcite. The same data are used to compute shortening or elongation of individual grains parallel to the axis of applied force. The behavior and strain so deduced and the details of observed preferred-orientation patterns agree with prediction. It should prove possible to compute strain in geologically deformed rocks on the basis of petrographically measured effects of internal rotation. However, at present this can be attempted only for those few minerals, such as calcite and dolomite, whose glide systems have been ascertained experimentally. Possible analogy between a natural marble fabric and a fabric resulting from experimental compression is noted.

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Field of study: Geology
An artificial neural network identification method for thermal resistance of exterior walls of buildings based on numerical experiments

Current standards for the detection methods for the thermal resistance of exterior walls of buildings have shortcomings, such as strict conditions, high time consumption, and heavy workloads. To overcome the shortcomings of existing methods, in this study, an artificial neural network identification method was used to detect the thermal resistance of exterior walls. To enhance efficiency and reduce costs, the data required by the neural network modelling were obtained through a numerical experiment based on an unsteady heat transfer model. In this paper, the thermal resistance identification results of three neural networks-Back Propagation (BP), Radial Basis Function (RBF) and Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN)-were analysed and compared. The results demonstrated that the GRNN neural network had the best identification effect. Thus, the identification system for the thermal resistance of exterior walls was established using the GRNN neural network. The average test error in the training sample was 0.098%, and the average error in the anti-noise test was 4.82%. The network identification accuracy was verified by five groups of field measured data. In comparison with the conventional heat flux method, the average error was 5.82%, which proved the reliability of the proposed GRNN identification model.

Field of study: Engineering