nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental Studies on the Formation of Lunar Surface Features by Fluidization: Reply

Experiments were performed to determine the type of landforms that develop, when varying thicknesses of granular material are fluidized by emission of gas from vents of differing size and pattern. Two types of craters formed above single vents, explosion craters with steep sides and little or no floor, and fluidization craters with low rims and flat floors. Crater chains form above multiple vents. Coalescence of craters above a series of vents or emission of gas along a linear or sinuous vent produces a fluidization trough. Within the trough fluidized granular material migrates from areas of thick to thin material, as well as downslope. The result is a channel with a well-defined head that decreases in depth away from the head. A comparison of the experimental results with selected lunar topographic features permits the tentative conclusion that some lunar craters, crater chains, crater clusters, and rilles are of endogenic origin. These features probably formed by fluidization of the lunar regolith during emission of gas along fractures.

Field of study: Geology
Evolution of bentonite and gelatin effects on clarification of variety of date fruit Kaluteh juice with response surface methodology.

Date is one of important products that play important role in economy and nutritional health in some tropical regions of the world. Liquid sugar of date is produced by date syrup after extraction of phases, purification, and elimination of pectin compounds, protein, fiber, and color. This liquid has some characterizes such as 73% sugar with Brix 68-74% and it consists of mainly by glucose and fructose with similar ratio to honey hive and corn syrup with high fructose (HFCS) and It’s color varies from brown to bright yellow. In this study, bleaching and clarification of keloteh variety date syrup to produce liquid sugar were investigated by response surface methodology (RSM) and face central composite design (FCCD). Three main factors including temperature (30-70°C), pH (4-6), and time (40-120 minute) to determine the optimal condition of maximum activity of these two components (bentonite and gelatin) by constant adding were investigated. Also there are some factors such as color, ash, and absorption was determined. The optimal value of added bentonite and gelatin is determined 1-3 g/L and 0.02-0.08 g/L, respectively, which the desired amount is 3 and 0.05g/L, respectively. In low temperature and pH, the increased action of bentonite and gelatin is observed during passing the time and also high amount of impurities were removed. The lowest amount of these responses for color at 420 nm is (4302 ICUMSA), ash (0.421%) and absorption at 660 nm is 0.059. It is revealed that this technique can diminish the values of syrup color (68.25%), ash (8.7%), and absorption up to 89.46%, by comparing the values in the optimal point of clarified syrup by bentonite and gelatin with traditional method.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Exact power and sample size for vaccine efficacy studies

In vaccine efficacy studies the goal is to show that the vaccine reduces the incidence of the disease compared to placebo. In this report we describe two procedures for calculating sample size and powei based on exact distributions In small studies where the disease incidence and the anticipated vaccine efficacy are both high, an unconditional exact procedure is desirable because it guarantees the level of the test and loses little sensitivity. In large studies where the disease incidence is rare, a Poisson approximation to the number of events is reasonable and an exact test is simple to construct conditional on the total number of events. We compare the power and type I error rate of these two exact methods to the method based on the normal approximation for varying disease incidence and sample size.

Field of study: Mathematics
Monitoring of V2+ and V3+ in vanadium-doped CdTe: a combined magnetic circular dichroism and electron paramagnetic resonance approach

Magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) is demonstrated to allow the simultaneous characterization of the V2+ and V3+ ions in vanadium-doped Bridgman grown CdTe bulk samples. The identification of the MCD bands relies on the analysis of n- and p-type co-doped samples as well as on spectroscopic arguments. A direct correlation of the strength of certain MCD bands with the V3+ concentrations determined by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy allowed the calibration of our spectra for V3+. Based on photo-MCD experiments, we also provide a calibration of MCD bands related to V2+. Finally, the [V2+]/[V3+] ratio can be derived simply from the shape of the MCD spectrum in the low-energy region (E<1.1 eV).

Field of study: Materials science
Antigenic relationship between human IgE and canine IgE.

Absorption of canine reaginic serum with anti-human IgE resulted in a substantial reduction in PK titre to ragweed. Anti-human IgE was also effective in eliciting reversed cutaneous anaphylaxis in the dog. This is conclusive evidence of antigenic similarity of canine and human IgE. The immunoelectrophoretic identification of canine IgE is described.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Experimental study on the response of HgCdTe(PC) detector irradiated by laser

A series of the output of the HgCdTe ( PC ) detector is observed when irradiated by CW 1 319 nm laser and 10 600nm laser respectively. The saturation threshold of the HgCdTe(PC) detector irradiated by CW 1 319nm laser is given; some phenomena were observed when the HgCdTe(PC) detector was irradiated by offband CW CO2 laser which are much different from that irradiated by inband light; the results of measurements have been analyzed. Finally, the response character of the PCtype HgCdTe detector to the irradiation of inband and offband is summarized respectively.

Field of study: Physics
Chemical diffusion in nonstoichiometric chromium sulfide, Cr2+yS3

Using the re-equilibration kinetic method the chemical diffusion coefficient in nonstoichiometric chromium sesquisulfide, Cr 2+ y S 3 , has been determined as a function of temperature (1073–1373 K) and sulphur vapour pressure (10−10 4 Pa). It has been found that this coefficient is independent of sulphur pressure and can be described by the following empirical equation: D Cr 2+y S 3 =50.86 exp(-39070 cal/mole/ RT) (cm 2 s −1) . It has been shown that the mobility of the point defects inCr 2+ y S 3 is independent of their concentration and that the self-diffusion coefficient of chromium in this sulfide has the following function of temperature and sulphur pressure: D Cr =2.706×10 2 P −1 4.85 S 2 exp(-56070 cal/mole/ RT) . (cm 2 s −1 ).

Field of study: Materials science
An Approach for Moving Object Detection Using Maximum a Posteriori

An approach based on maximum a posteriori is presented for moving object detection in complex video scenes.Firstly,a maximum a posteriori framework is created according to conditional random field model and Markov random field model.Then temporal dependencies of consecutive label fields and spatial dependencies within each label field are merged into this framework.The object detection method integrates both color and edge features by object probability model.Experimental results show that the presented approach can accurately detect moving objects.

Field of study: Computer science
On the eigenvalue effective size of structured populations

A general theory is developed for the eigenvalue effective size ($$N_{eE}$$NeE) of structured populations in which a gene with two alleles segregates in discrete time. Generalizing results of Ewens ( 1982), we characterize $$N_{eE}$$NeE in terms of the largest non-unit eigenvalue of the transition matrix of a Markov chain of allele frequencies. We use Perron–Frobenius Theorem to prove that the same eigenvalue appears in a linear recursion of predicted gene diversities between all pairs of subpopulations. Coalescence theory is employed in order to characterize this recursion, so that explicit novel expressions for $$N_{eE}$$NeE can be derived. We then study $$N_{eE}$$NeE asymptotically, when either the inverse size and/or the overall migration rate between subpopulations tend to zero. It is demonstrated that several previously known results can be deduced as special cases. In particular when the coalescence effective size $$N_{eC}$$NeC exists, it is an asymptotic version of $$N_{eE}$$NeE in the limit of large populations.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Effects of sleep inertia after daytime naps vary with executive load and time of day.

The effects of executive load on working memory performance during sleep inertia after morning or afternoon naps were assessed using a mixed design with nap/wake as a between-subjects factor and morning/afternoon condition as a within-subject factor. Thirty-two healthy adults (mean 22.5 ± 3.0 years) attended two laboratory sessions after a night of restricted sleep (6 hrs), and at first visit, were randomly assigned to the Nap or Wake group. Working memory (n-back) and subjective workload were assessed approximately 5 and 25 minutes after 90-minute morning and afternoon nap opportunities and at the corresponding times in the Wake condition. Actigraphically assessed nocturnal sleep duration, subjective sleepiness, and psychomotor vigilance performance before daytime assessments did not vary across conditions. Afternoon naps showed shorter EEG assessed sleep latencies, longer sleep duration, and more Slow Wave Sleep than morning naps. Working memory performance deteriorated, and subjective mental workload increased at higher executive loadings. After afternoon naps, participants performed less well on more executive-function intensive working memory tasks (i.e., 3-back), but waking and napping participants performed equally well on simpler tasks. After some 30 minutes of cognitive activity, there were no longer performance differences between the waking and napping groups. Subjective Task Difficulty and Mental Effort requirements were less affected by sleep inertia and dissociated from objective measures when participants had napped in the afternoon. We conclude that executive functions take longer to return to asymptotic performance after sleep than does performance of simpler tasks which are less reliant on executive functions.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
über die Entropieverminderung in einem thermodynamischen System bei Eingriffen intelligenter Wesen

ZusammenfassungEs wird untersucht, durch welche Umstände es bedingt ist, daß man scheinbar ein Perpetuum mobile zweiter Art konstruieren kann, wenn man ein Intellekt besitzendes Wesen Eingriffe an einem thermodynamischen System vornehmen läßt. Indem solche Wesen Messungen vornehmen, erzeugen sie ein Verhalten des Systems, welches es deutlich von einem sich selbst überlassenen mechanischen System unterscheidet. Wir zeigen, daß bereits eine Art Erinnerungsvermögen, welches ein System, in dem sich Messungen ereignen, auszeichnet, Anlaß zu einer dauernden Entropieverminderung bieten kann und so zu einem Verstoß gegen den zweiten Hauptsatz führen würde, wenn nicht die Messungen selbst ihrerseits notwendig unter Entropieerzeugung vor sich gehen würden. Zunächst wird ganz universell diese Entropieerzeugung aus der Forderung errechnet, daß sie im Sinne des zweiten Hauptsatzes eine volle Kompensation darstellt [Gleichung (1)]. Es wird dann auch an Hand einer unbelebten Vorrichtung, die aber (unter dauernder Entropieerzeugung) in der Lage ist, Messungen vorzunehmen, die entstehende Entropiemenge berechnet und gefunden, daß sie gerade so groß ist, wie es für die volle Kompensation notwendig ist: die wirkliche Entropieerzeugung bei der Messung braucht also nicht größer zu sein, als es Gleichung (1) verlangt.

Field of study: Physics
Study on ICT Industrial Integration in New Industrial Revolution: A Survey of Chinese Mainland and Taiwan

In today’s world, two changes are going on: reconstruction of global manufacturing value chain and remodeling of trade and investment patterns. In the background, developing cross-strait economic cooperation in depth by promoting industrial integration will be a win-win choice. It is better for improvement of welfare to the people on both sides of Taiwan straits. Furthermore, the electronic information industry is a field which is most essential and necessary to be integrated for Mainland and Taiwan. With the integration of electronic information industry, both sides will face not only more opportunities with the new round of global industrial revolution coming, Asia-Pacific regional economic integration and new strategies for the mainland China in further opening to the outside world, but also more challenges such as uncertainties in core technical breakthroughs, multi-track operation in Asia-Pacific regional economic integration, and the changes of Taiwan political situation. This paper describes the foundation for cross-strait ICT industry integration and the challenges in its new newly-developing industries by the qualitative analysis from technology, economy, politics and mainland China. Finally it is intended to bring about the paths needed for the integration. The results suggest both mainland and Taiwan should establish common industrial standards based on capital integration and further specialization and cooperation in the industrial chain. Besides that, both sides should jointly develop and break through major core technologies gradually to realize the integrated development in an all-around way.

Field of study: Business
An alkaline rock province linking Europe and North America

Lower Paleozoic carbonatites associated with the St. Lawrence graben system are correlated with carbonatites of similar age (565 m.y.) in Greenland and Scandinavia. The correlation is well established in Canada where the intrusions all occur along a continuous rift system. The reconstruction of the whole province is made possible by restoring the continents to the positions they occupied prior to their separation.The combination of unique petrologic character, age, and structural setting shows that these rocks belong to a single alkaline rock province, defined by a rift system extending at least from central Canada to eastern Sweden that was active throughout its length about 565 m.y. ago.Periodic intrusion of alkaline rocks has occurred later, on both continents, associated with the components of the fracture system. In eastern Canada, alkaline rocks occur locally with ages of 520, 450, 300, and 110 m.y. in addition to the widespread 565 m.y. event.

Field of study: Environmental science
Fertility Awareness–Based Methods for Family Planning and as an Alternative to Hormonal Contraceptives for Therapeutic Reasons

In current medical practice, many women are prescribed hormonal contraceptives as a method of family planning. Over the years, medical professionals have prescribed hormonal contraceptives to manage numerous health conditions in addition to family planning purposes. A particular question arises in regard to women taking hormonal contraceptives for therapeutic reasons if the drug has a contraceptive effect and abortifacient properties. An important consideration is a definite lack of knowledge among medical professionals and patients about alternatives to hormonal contraceptives. To most lay people and medical professionals, fertility awareness-based methods equate to the outdated calendar rhythm method and therefore tend to be regarded as mostly a matter of chance so that they would have no benefit in helping manage gynecological conditions. In this paper, one will be able to see that modern fertility awareness-based methods are effective as a method of family planning and that there are medical applications that offer an excellent alternative in the treatment of various gynecological conditions, including infertility.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Quaternary Ammonium Salts as Useful Cationic Initiators. Specially Enhanced Activity by Cyano Group Situated at o-Position of Pyridine Ring of N-Benzylpyridinium Salts

1-Phenethyl and p-methoxybenzyl o-cyanopyridinium hexafluoroantimonates were synthesized, which showed much higher initiation activity than the corresponding p-cyano derivatives in the cationic polymerization of glycidyl phenyl ether.

Field of study: Chemistry
Influence of Redispersible Powder on Properties of Self-Leveling Mortar of Ternary Cementitious System

The self-leveling mortar (SLM) of a ternary cementitious system with different dosages of redispersible powder (RP) with ordinary Portland cement (OPC), sulfoaluminate cement (SAC), and calcium sulfate (CS) as cementitious materials was investigated with regard to fluidity, bond strength, shrinkage rate, abrasion resistance, flexural strength, and compressive strength. The performance parameters obtained from the experimental test for SLM were weighted values calculated with an analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The comprehensive index of performance was evaluated on the basis of a weighted-sum method, and the optimal dosage of RP was determined according to the comprehensive index. The experimental results demonstrated that the fluidity of SLM decreased with the increase in RP dosage at the beginning but then increased thereafter and decreased rapidly as the dosage went beyond 3.0%. The addition of RP resulted in a significant improvement in bond strength (of SLM), reduction in the shrinkage rate, abrasion loss, early flexural strength and compressive strength, and resistance to cracking. The properties of SLM with 3.0% RP can meet the requirements of the industrial standard for cementitious self-leveling floor mortar. Compared with the SLM without RP, the bond strength of SLM with 3.0% RP was increased by 46.7%, while the shrinkage rate and abrasion loss were reduced by 50% and 71.9% respectively. The weighted values of fluidity, compressive strength, flexural strength, stability, cohesiveness, and abrasion resistance were 0.422, 0.196, 0.196, 0.089, 0.058, and 0.039, respectively. A higher value of the comprehensive index generally denotes a better performance. The comprehensive index of SLM with 3.0% RP was the highest.

Field of study: Materials science
WE-D-204-06: An Open Source ImageJ CatPhan Analysis Tool

The CatPhan is a popular QA device for assessing CT image quality. There are a number of software options which perform analysis of the CatPhan. However, there is often little ability for the user to adjust the analysis if it isn't running properly, and these are all expensive options. An open source tool is an effective solution. 
 
 
To use the software, the user imports the CT as an image sequence in ImageJ. The user then scrolls to the slice with the lateral dots. The user then runs the plugin. If tolerance constraints are not already created, the user is prompted to enter them or to use generic tolerances. Upon completion of the analysis, the plugin calls pdfLaTex to compile the pdf report. There is a csv version of the report as well. A log of the results from all CatPhan scans is kept as a csv file. The user can use this to baseline the machine. 
 
 
The tool is capable of detecting the orientation of the phantom. If the CatPhan was scanned backwards, one can simply flip the stack of images horizontally and proceed with the analysis. The analysis includes Sensitometry (estimating the effective beam energy), HU values and linearity, Low Contrast Visibility (using LDPE & Polystyrene), Contrast Scale, Geometric Accuracy, Slice Thickness Accuracy, Spatial resolution (giving the MTF using the line pairs as well as the point spread function), CNR, Low Contrast Detectability (including the raw data), Uniformity (including the Cupping Effect). 
 
 
This is a robust tool that analyzes more components of the CatPhan than other software options (with the exception of ImageOwl). It produces an elegant pdf and keeps a log of analyses for long-term tracking of the system. Because it is open source, users are able to customize any component of it.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Path selection enabling user mobility and efficient distribution of data for computation at the edge of mobile network

Convergence of mobile networks and cloud computing enables to offload heavy computation from a user equipment (UE) to the cloud. The offloading can reduce energy consumption of the UEs. Nevertheless, delivery of data to a centralized cloud leads to high latency and to overloading backhaul network. To overcome these constrains, computing capabilities can be brought closer to the user and integrated into small cell base stations deployed in mobile networks. This concept of cloud-enabled small cells is known as small cell cloud (SCC). In the SCC, the UEs benefit from proximity to the computing stations resulting in both lower latency and alleviating load of backhaul. In this paper, we propose a path selection algorithm finding the most suitable way for data delivery between the mobile UE and the cells performing computation for this particular UE. The path selection algorithm estimates transmission delay and energy consumed by the transmission of offloaded data and selects the most suitable base station for radio communication accordingly. The path selection problem is formulated as Markov Decision Process (MDP). The algorithm is suitable for parallel computation in dynamic scenarios with mobile users and handles mobility for users exploiting computing services in the SCC. Comparing to conventional approach for delivery of data to computing cells, the proposed algorithm reduces the delay up to 54.3% and UE's energy consumption is decreased by up to 7.5%. Moreover, users' satisfaction with data transmission delay is increased by up to 28% and load of small cell's backhaul is lowered by up to 29%.

Field of study: Computer science
Differences in therapy and survival between lung cancer patients treated in hospitals with high and low patient case volume.

In light of political discussions about minimum case volumes and certified lung cancer centers, this observational study investigates differences in therapy and survival between high vs. low patient volume hospitals (HPVH vs. LPVH).



We identified 12,374 lung cancer patients treated in HPVH (>67 patients) and LPVH in 2013 from German health insurance claims. Stratified by metastasis status (no metastases, nodal metastases, systemic metastases), we compared HPVHs and LPVHs regarding likelihood of resection and systemic therapy, type of systemic therapy, and surgical outcomes, using multivariate logistic models. Three-year survival was modeled using Cox regression. We adjusted all regression models for age, gender, comorbidity, and residence area, and included a cluster variable for the hospital.



Around 24 % of patients were treated in HPVHs. Irrespective of stratum and subgroup, three-year survival was significantly better in HPVHs. In patients with systemic metastases (OR = 1.84, CI=[1.22,2.76]) and without metastases (OR = 3.28, CI=[2.13, 5.04]), resection was more likely in HPVHs. Among patients with systemic therapy, the odds of receiving pemetrexed was higher in HPVHs, in patients with nodal metastases (OR = 1.57, CI=[1.01,2.45]). In resected patients without metastases the odds ratio of receiving a thoracoscopic lobectomy was 2.28 (CI=[1.04,4.99]) in HPVHs.



Our data suggests that case volume is clinically relevant in resected and non-resected lung cancer patients, but optimal minimum case volumes may differ for subgroups.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science