nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Removal of Soluble Phosphorus from Surface Water Using Iron (Fe-Fe) and Aluminum (Al-Al) Electrodes.

The removal of soluble phosphorus using iron and aluminum electrodes was studied in water samples from the Red River, a hyper-eutrophic stream in Winnipeg, Canada. Four trials were conducted: (I) mixed batch with 150-900 mA applied for 1 min to 1 L, (II) stagnant batch with 600-900 mA applied for 1 min to 1 L, and (III and IV) continuously stirred-tank reactor with 6.25-10 min hydraulic retention times and constant 900 mA. Maximum soluble phosphorus removals of 70-80% were observed in mixed batch, and there was no significant difference between aluminum and iron electrodes (P value of 0.0526-0.9487). Aluminum electrodes performed significantly worse than iron electrodes under higher hydraulic loads, with iron removing >70% soluble phosphorus and aluminum <40% (P values of 0.0035-0.0143). The estimated cost of consumables, reported per million liters of water treated, to remove 70% soluble phosphorus from eutrophic waters with 0.35 g m-3 soluble phosphorus would include 5-17.5 USD electricity costs and material costs of 5.3-12.2 USD for iron and 39.2 USD for aluminum.

Field of study: Environmental science
A characterization of the core of convex games through Gateaux derivatives

We establish a calculus characterization of the core of supermodular games, which reduces the description of the core to the computation of suitable Gateaux derivatives of the Choquet integrals associated with the game. Our result generalizes a classic result of Shapley (Internat.  (1971) 11) to infinite games. As an application, we show that this representation takes a stark form for supermodular measure games.

Field of study: Economics
Breaking and Fixing Secure Similarity Approximations: Dealing with Adversarially Perturbed Inputs

Computing similarity between data is a fundamental problem in information retrieval and data mining. To address the relevant performance and scalability challenges, approximation methods are employed for large-scale similarity computation. A common characteristic among all privacypreserving approximation protocols based on sketching is that the sketching is performed locally and is based on common

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Students' Perception of Causes and Effect of Teachers' Psychological Abuse in Senior Secondary Schools in Borno State, Nigeria.

This study was carried out on the students’ perception of the causes and effect of teachers’ psychological abuse in senior secondary schools in Borno State, Nigeria. Different forms of psychological abuse, perceptions, causes and effect of psychological abuse were discussed. The main objective of the study is to determine the perception of students on the cause and effect of psychological abuse. Two hypotheses were raised and analysed, and the first was concluded that, there was no significant difference between male and female students perception on the causes of psychological abuse, the second hypothesis also conclude that there was no significant difference between male and female students’ perception on the effect of psychological abuse. It was revealed that students of senior secondary school in Borno State perceived causes of psychological abuse to be late coming, poor performance and the use of vulgar language by the teachers. It was therefore recommended that awareness programme such as workshops, seminars and conferences should be conducted by the stakeholders, for teachers, parents and students to enlighten them on dimensions of psychological abuses within the school context and home, and the effect of psychological abuse on students. School administrators should also set up body to check the prevalence of psychological abuse and possible control measures. The school counsellor should always educate the teachers and the students on the indicators of psychological abuse in schools. Teachers should develop effective verbal communication and good listening skills in the classrooms.  students, teacher, causes, effect, psychological, abuse.

Field of study: Education
You Can Count on Us—With Confidence

Since the early 1990s significant developments have occurred in official statistics, including new responsibilities, structures, collections, outputs and policies, and these will be described briefly for each of these separate but related roles. Similarly, many challenges remain relating mainly to effectiveness and cohesion which will be canvassed, together with the plans which are in hand to move the UK official statistical system forwards. The paper also comments on the international dimension of official statistics work, emphasizing in particular current developments with the European statistical system. The future for UK statistics is full of promise and challenges, and the author expresses his confidence that the Government Statistical Service will respond positively.

Field of study: Mathematics
Second-order schedules and the problem of conditioned reinforcement.

Thirteen pigeons were exposed to a variety of second-order schedules in which responding under a component schedule was reinforced according to a schedule of reinforcement. Under different conditions, completion of each component resulted in either (1) the brief presentation of a stimulus also present during reinforcement (pairing operation), (2) the brief presentation of a stimulus not present during reinforcement (nonpairing operation), or (3) no brief stimulus presentation (tandem). Brief-stimulus presentations engendered a pattern of responding within components similar to that engendered by food. Patterning was observed when fixed-interval and fixed-ratio components were maintained under fixed- and variable-ratio and fixed- and variable-interval schedules. There were no apparent differences in performance under pairing and nonpairing conditions in any study. The properties of the stimuli presented in brief-stimulus operations produced different effects on response patterning. In one study, similar effects on performance were found whether brief-stimulus presentations were response-produced or delivered independently of responding. Response patterning did not occur when the component schedule under which a nonpaired stimulus was produced occurred independently of the food schedule. The results suggest a reevaluation of the role of conditioned reinforcement in second-order schedule performance. The similarity of behavior under pairing and nonpairing operations is consistent with two hypotheses: (1) the major effect is due to the discriminative properties of the brief stimulus; (2) the scheduling operation under which the paired or nonpaired stimulus is presented can establish it as a reinforcer.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Relationships Between Health Problems and School Adjustment of Young Children

One hundred and seventy-nine first to fourth graders who had experienced one or more of six health problems were judged by classroom teachers to have more serious school adjustment problems and fewer school competencies than a demographically matched peer group of 710 youngsters who had not experienced such problems. Within the health-problem sample, children with multiple problems were rated as more maladjusted and less competent than those who had experienced only one problem. There were several adjustment differences among subgroups of youngsters who experienced specific types of health problems.

Field of study: Education
The Combination of Traditional Chinese Medicine with Western Medicine

It’s well accepted that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), with its wide sources, less side effects, and perfect efficacy, has made great contributions to Chinese people and the global pharmaceutical industry for thousands of years. However, its complex components as well as the oral administration of aqueous decoction make a lot of troubles to researchers in the investigation of the mechanism of active components, which will hinder the promotion or development of TCM to some extent. On the other hand, the side effects and drug resistance of western medicine have been increasingly prominent, which makes researchers pay more attention to the combination of TCM with western medicine. Fortunately, it turns out that this works with many advantages and also succeed in the clinical practice.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Formullar: An FPGA-based network testing tool for flexible and precise measurement of ultra-low latency networking systems

As network systems become widespread in emerging time-sensitive domains, latency becomes an important performance factor. Thus, there is a new demand for ultra-low latency (ULL), which requires an extra-ordinarily low latency even in a deterministic manner. To support the ULL requirement, it is mandatory that each network device strictly guarantees this latency. As a result, there is an increasing demand for a precise latency measurement tool that achieves two conflicting goals: high time precision and flexible traffic control. To support these goals, this paper proposes a novel measurement tool, named Formullar , which has a hybrid architecture composed of hardware ( Formullar FPGA) and software ( Formullar controller) layers. Formullar generates packets in an accurate timing, according to the various traffic patterns. The packet generation is controlled in a fully programmable manner that makes the testing fully automated and flexible. Then, latency is measured based on packet generation and reception timing; the measurement is done by the hardware layer, providing highly precise measurement results. Using this carefully constructed system, a Formullar prototype was implemented on top of the commodity FPGA board NetFPGA-SUME. The evaluation indicates that Formullar provides highly precise measurements with nanoseconds precision at a bandwidth of 10 Gbps.

Field of study: Computer science
Progressivity and horizontal equity in health care finance and delivery: what about Africa?

This paper applies concentration curves and indices, that have been previously used to analyze progressivity in health care finance and horizontal equity in health care delivery in developed countries, to a 1998-1999 household survey about health care expenditures and utilization carried out in four francophone West African capitals (Abidjan, Bamako, Conakry and Dakar). The paper also uses statistical inference for testing stochastic dominance relationship between curves, a technique already applied in the literature about equity in taxation, as the criterion for making rigorous inequality comparisons. In all four capitals, the results strongly suggest a regressive pattern of payments for health care, with lower income groups bearing an higher burden of health expenditures as a proportion of their income than do the higher income segments of the population. As soon as dominance between concentrations curves is statistically tested, results appear less conclusive, notably for the groups of population affected by severe morbidity, on the issue of horizontal inequity in health care delivery, which requires that persons with similar medical need be treated equally. Some recommendations are made for the use of equity measurements in access to care for future evaluations of the impact of health care reforms in Africa.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Adaptive Data Fusion for Wireless Localization in Harsh Environments

The dynamic and unpredictable characteristics of wireless channels in harsh environments have resulted in a poor performance of localization systems. Conventional implementations rely on unrealistic assumptions driven by tractability requirements, such as linear models or Gaussian errors. In this paper, we present a framework for data fusion in localization systems based on determining likelihood functions that represent the relationship between measurements and distances. In this framework, such likelihoods are dynamically adapted to the propagation conditions. The subsequent usage of a particle filter (PF) leads to an adaptive likelihood particle (ALPA) filter that addresses the nonlinear and non-Gaussian behavior of measurements over time. The ALPA filter's performance is quantified by using received-signal-strength (RSS) and time-of-arrival (TOA) measurements collected with wireless local area network (WLAN) devices. We compare the accuracy obtained to the accuracy of conventional implementations and to the posterior Cramér-Rao lower bound (PCRLB). Both empirical and simulation results show that the proposed ALPA filter significantly improves the accuracy of conventional approaches, obtaining an error close to the PCRLB.

Field of study: Engineering
Effects of air temperature, photoperiod and leaf age on foliar senescence of western larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.) in environmentally controlled chambers

We induced foliar senescence in western larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.) needles (100 to 400 d old) in chambers set to combinations of photoperiod (8 or 16 h) and air temperature (8 or 15°C). We used regression analysis to estimate the effects of air temperature, photoperiod, provenance and leaf age on the date of decline in chlorophyll, photosynthesis, and chlorophyll a/b ratio. Increased air temperature delayed the decline in chlorophyll and photosynthesis without affecting chlorophyll a/b: seedlings with 200-d-old needles placed under 8h days and 8°C lost chlorophyll, photosynthesis and chlorophyll a/b in 22, 37 and 63d, respectively, while those senescing under 15°C lost them in 54, 61 and 63d. Extended photoperiod delayed the decline in chlorophyll but not photosynthesis or chlorophyll a/b ratio: the 200-d-old needles placed in 8°C and 16 h photoperiod lost chlorophyll, photosynthesis, and chlorophyll a/b in 34, 37 and 63 d, compared with 22, 37 and 63 d for seedlings in 8 h days. Our analysis shows that it is possible to quantify the extent to which the timing and process of senescence vary with environmental conditions.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Poverty of Imagination: George W. Bush's Policy in Latin America

Washington's challenge during George W. Bush's presidency was to define a new relationship with Latin America beyond free trade and neoliberal economics – a relationship responsive to the region's demand for social and economic justice. Preoccupied by the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, the Bush administration failed this challenge. The president left his Latin American policy in the hands of conservative cold warriors who reacted with hostility to the election of ‘new left’ socialists and populists. As a result, Washington's reputation and relations in Latin America deteriorated dramatically.

Field of study: Political science
When are my actions due to me

There are cases in which we feel that a person has performed an action without having taken an active part in it. We feel this, for instance, about those whom Harry Frankfurt describes as 'wanton' on the grounds that they do not care about their wills (, p. 11). Such people, we feel, are not 'in' their behaviour. And we feel the same about people who, though not wanton, are nevertheless incapable of acting on the desire which they want to be their will. Thus we feel that those in the extreme stages of addiction, who are compelled to act on a desire which they repudiate, do not contribute to their drug-taking behaviour. The challenge posed by these examples is to describe, if not the circumstances in which agents play a causal role in the production of their behaviour, at least the circumstances in which we consider them to play such a role. J. David Velleman, in his article 'What Happens When Someone Acts?' , argues that the agent's role is the interventionist one of determining which of the potential determinants of one's behaviour are actually to govern it. He argues that we qualify as agents to the extent that we reflect on the potential determinants of our behaviour, calculate which of them provides the stronger reason for acting, and make sure that the stronger reason prevails. He goes on to say that there is a particular desire which drives these activities, and therefore performs the functions which are definitive of agency. This desire is the desire to act in accordance with reasons. Thus I have contributed to the production of my behaviour when the desire to act in accordance with reasons has intervened between my motives and behaviour, adding its motivational force to a motive which appears to provide the strongest reason for acting (, pp. 476-80).

Field of study: Philosophy
Ground-based temperature and humidity profiling: combining active and passive remote sensors

Thermodynamic profiles in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) are important
observations for a range of atmospheric research and operational needs.
These profiles can be retrieved from passively sensed spectral infrared (IR)
or microwave (MW) radiance observations or can be more directly measured by
active remote sensors such as water vapor differential absorption lidars
(DIALs). This paper explores the synergy of combining ground-based IR, MW,
and DIAL observations using an optimal-estimation retrieval framework,
quantifying the reduction in the uncertainty in the retrieved profiles and
the increase in information content as additional observations are added to
IR-only and MW-only retrievals. This study uses ground-based observations collected during the Perdigao field campaign in central Portugal in 2017 and during the DIAL demonstration
campaign at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains site
in 2017. The results show that the information content in both temperature
and water vapor is higher for the IR instrument relative to the MW
instrument (thereby resulting in smaller uncertainties) and that the
combined IR  +  MW retrieval is very similar to the IR-only retrieval below
1.5 km. However, including the partial profile of water vapor observed by
the DIAL increases the information content in the combined IR  +  DIAL and
MW  +  DIAL water vapor retrievals substantially, with the exact impact
vertically depending on the characteristics of the DIAL instrument itself.
Furthermore, there is a slight increase in the information content in the
retrieved temperature profile using the IR  +  DIAL relative to the IR-only;
this was not observed in the MW  +  DIAL retrieval.

Field of study: Environmental science
Mechanical properties and intermetallic compound formation at the Sn/Ni and Sn-0.7wt.%Cu/Ni joints

The Ni/Sn/Ni and Ni/Sn-0.7wt.%Cu/Ni couples are reacted at 200°C for various lengths of time. The tensile strengths of these annealed specimens are determined at room temperature. In addition, the interfacial reactions and fracture surfaces of the specimens are examined as well. These properties are important for the evaluation of the usage of Sn-0.7wt.%Cu lead-free solders, which has been not available in the literature. Only the Ni3Sn4 phase is formed at the Sn/Ni interface, but both the Cu6Sn5 and Ni3Sn4 phases are formed at the Sn-0.7wt.%Cu/Ni interface. The thickness of the intermetallic compound layers grows, while the joint strength decreases with longer reaction time. With a 1-h reaction at 200°C, the fracture surface is in the solder matrix for both of the two kinds of couples. Shifting toward the compound layer with longer reaction time, the fracture surface is in the Ni3Sn4 layer in the Sn/Ni couple and is at the interface between the Cu6Sn5 and Ni3Sn4 in the Sn-0.7wt.%Cu/Ni after reacting at 200°C for 240 h.

Field of study: Materials science
Research of Fairness Model in Wireless Backhaul Networks

Built on three fairness objectives in wireless backhaul networks,a new max-min fairness model with weighted subflow was proposed. A fairness model with weighted subflow was generalized by using nonlinear programming to describe the max-min model,and a distributed algorithm of general model was given. Through simulation of an example,system throughput and fairness was discussed on several different fairness models.Result shows that on one hand the throughput and fairness of proposed model are well taken into account, on the other hand the model can be easily generalized and realized with distributed algorithm.

Field of study: Computer science
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Val66Met) genetic polymorphism is associated with substance abuse in males.

Data from animal studies and from genetic scans in humans suggest that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a member of the neurotrophic factor family, may be involved in the mechanisms underlying substance abuse. The present study tested the hypothesis that the BDNF-gene Val66Met polymorphism is associated with substance abuse. We studied this polymorphism in 103 methamphetamine- and 200 heroin-dependent cases and 122 normal controls. We also considered the association of this polymorphism with age of onset of substance abuse in the heroin-dependent cases. Significant differences in BDNF Val66Met genotype distribution were found between subjects dependent on methamphetamine (P = 0.046) or heroin (P = 0.045) and controls, suggesting that the lower 66Met carrier frequency is associated with substance abuse. Furthermore, in the heroin-dependent group, the Val/Val homozygotes had a later onset of substance abuse compared with the Met allele carriers. The results suggest that the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism or a nearby locus may be involved in the pathogenesis of substance abuse. Our findings support previous genetic scan results showing that BDNF may contribute to substance abuse vulnerability.

Field of study: Biology
Psychological Characteristics of Women Volleyball Players: Relationships with Injuries, Rehabilitation, and Team Success

Relatively few studies have used standardized psychological instruments to describe personality characteristics of women intercollegiate athletes. Using members of women's intercollegiate volleyball teams from two midwestern conferences as subjects, this study investigated relationships of the four psychological factors underlying the Millon Behavioral Health Inventory with success of team, conference affiliation, occurrence of athletic injury, and, for players who had injuries, adherence to rehabilitation plans. The factor describing an assertive, self-assured, independent attitude distinguished one conference from the other, had higher values for successful than for unsuccessful teams, and was associated with higher injury rates. For players suffering moderate or severe injuries, this factor was also associated with adherence to rehabilitation plans. The relationship of this factor with the several variables is explained as resulting from risk taking and positive deviance.

Field of study: Psychology
Two-dimensional electron gas in a modulation-doped SrTiO3/Sr(Ti, Zr)O3 heterostructure

A two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in SrTiO3 is created via modulation doping by interfacing undoped SrTiO3 with a wider-band-gap material, SrTi1−xZrxO3, which is doped n-type with La. All layers are grown using hybrid molecular beam epitaxy. Using magnetoresistance measurements, we show that electrons are transferred into the SrTiO3, and a 2DEG is formed. In particular, Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations are shown to depend only on the perpendicular magnetic field. Experimental Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations are compared with calculations that assume multiple occupied subbands.

Field of study: Physics