nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Modeling framework to predict two-phase flow distribution in heat exchanger headers

Mini- and microchannel heat exchangers have the potential to drastically decrease the size and cost of thermal systems, but they often underperform because of flow maldistribution. Maldistribution can be particularly acute when a two-phase mixture enters a heat exchanger header, which is difficult to address because the flow phenomena in these situations are poorly understood. Experimental studies in recent years have attempted to gain a better understanding of the flow regimes and distribution in manifolds, but methods to predict distribution in multi-channel heat exchangers have been lagging. A new modeling approach, which predicts the liquid and vapor flow rates in each channel of a microchannel heat exchanger based on header flow patterns and component pressure drop, is presented here. The proposed model shows good agreement with previously reported experimental results, predicting most of the data within the experimental error.

Field of study: Engineering
Skolithos serratus in paleosols: Paleobiological, paleoecological, and paleobiogeographical insights

The ichnogenus Skolithos is are recorded from continental to deep marine deposits and the simplicity of the burrows and the variety of potential burrowers make it challenging to identify a probable tracemaker and limit paleoenvironmental interpretations. The paleosols of the Triassic Caturrita Formation from southern Brazil present non-marine Skolithos piperocks dominated by Skolithos serratus with scratch marks arranged perpendicular to the axis of the tube on the inner wall of the burrow, giving the burrow the shape of a screw. The fossil finding provides crucial paleoenvironmental information about the texture and moisture conditions of the substrate and the producing organism. The micromorphological analysis and characterization of the dominant burrows and paleosols of Skolithos piperock allowed assignation to the ichnospecies Skolithos serratus and attribution of this ichnotaxon to the activity of tiger beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Cicindelidae) which have morphological characters necessary to excavate a burrow with striated walls similar to a screw in response of the activity of the larva in the burrow throughout their life. The burrows represent a multifunctional structure that serves simultaneously as a domicile and a hiding place from predation and feeding for the larvae (pupa protection). The predominance of S. serratus in the Skolithos piperock suggests a preference of the producers for exposed, firm and predominantly sandy textured soils in little vegetated flood plains in a semiarid climate, similar to modern inceptisols developed in desiccated-overbank deposits of the Scoyenia ichnofacies. The presence of S. serratus in the studied paleosols suggests that the southwest of Gondwana has been a key center of diversification and dispersion of the subgenera Cylindera and Plectographa since the Late Triassic. Such center would include the geographic region bounded by the southern states of Brazil, northern Argentina, Uruguay and eastern Paraguay.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
The Effectiveness of Using Multisensory Approach in Enhancing Achievement and Retention of English Vocabulary Amongst Intermediate Female Students with EFL Learning Disabilities

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of using multisensory approach in enhancing the achievement and retention of English language vocabulary amongst intermediate stage female students with EFL learning disabilities. A quasi-experimental model was adopted as an experimental methodology where a standardized intelligence test (R.Cattel IQ scale) and a researcher –prepared vocabulary achievement test were used as research tools. The subjects (N = 116) were selected from two intermediate schools in Taif. A criterion was applied to select students with learning disabilities. The sample was divided randomly into two groups: control and experimental. Both groups were pre-tested to assure that they were equivalent. The control group (N=10) were taught through traditional method, while the experimental group(N=12) were taught through multisensory approach during the first term of the school year(1435-1436H). The experiment lasted for six weeks, then the vocabulary achievement was applied.  One month later, the VAT delayed test was applied. In order to process the results of the study groups statistically, the researcher used the computerized program: Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Mann-Whitney U Test, normal distribution Z, Wilcoxon signed ranks test and effect size of Wilcoxon were used in this study. Results revealed that multisensory approach had a positive effect on vocabulary achievement and retention of the students with learning disability.  Multisensory Approach, EFL, Learning Disabilities, English Vocabulary, KSA.  10.7176/JEP/11-9-17 Publication date: March 31 st 2020

Field of study: Education
Acetals of lactams and acid amides

The rate constants for cyclization of N,N-dimethyl-N′-(α-cyano-β-dimethylamino)-crotonylformamidine and its five-, six-, and seven-membered analogs and N-methyl-2-[N-(α-cyano-β-dimethylamino) acryloylimino]piperidine to derivatives of 2-pyridone, pyrrolo-, and pyrido-, and azepino[3,2-c]pyridine and 1,8-naphthyridine were measured in dimethylformamide (DMF) at 120–150 deg C. It is assumed that a new C-C bond with a change in the hybridization of the C(3) atom from sp2 to sp3 develops in the rate-determining step.

Field of study: Chemistry
Applied medical image processing: A basic course, W. Birkfellner (with contributions by M. Figl and Johann Hummel).

This article reviews Applied medical image processing: A basic course, W. Birkfellner (with contributions by M. Figl and Johann Hummel) by W. Birkfellner , Boca Raton, FL, 2010. 403 pp. (hardcover), Price: $69.95. 978–1–4398–2444–3.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
The Ruling Israeli Elite and the Unilateral Withdrawal Plan from Gaza

AbstractThis study analyzes, using the elite approach, the relationship between the Israeli ministerial elite and their adoption of a unilateral withdrawal plan from the Palestinian territories because the socio-economic constituents of this elite are so strong and influential that it affects the political conduct of its members.The study shows, through an analysis of the relationship between party affiliation and members’ adoption of the withdrawal plan, that all members of the Shinui Party and 85.7% of Kadima members supported the plan and that all the ministers from the National Religious Party, Yisrael Baaliah and Yisrael Beiteinu opposed it.The study also finds that the socio-economic status of the ministerial elite affects the members’ stand on the unilateral withdrawal plan: those who were seventy, sixty or fifty years old supported the plan while those who were forty opposed it. The study also shows that 56.3% of the ministers who were born in Israel supported the withdrawal plan and 80% of the members of the Israeli elite who lived in major cities ( Jerusalem, Tel Aviv and Haifa) approved the plan, while all members of the elite who lived in settlements rejected the plan completely.Furthermore the study shows that all those who practiced or worked in journalism and 75% of lawyers and managers had supported the Israeli unilateral withdrawal plan. With regard to the level of education, the study also shows that the highest percentage of supporters of the unilateral withdrawal plan among the members of the ministerial elite amounted to 75% among master’s degree holders, 66.7% among doctorate degree holders and 56.3% with a bachelor’s degree. On the other hand, the highest percentage of opponents amounted to 33% among doctoral degree holders, followed by bachelor’s degree 31.2% and then master’s degree by 25%. The percentage of the members of the educated ministerial elite who studied in Israel and voted for the plan was 56% while all members who studied in the United States backed the unilateral disengagement plan, while 66.7% of those who studied in foreign universities outside Israel agreed on that plan. This indicates that American universities promote the principles of coexistence in the region.With respect to the recruitment in the army or the political administrative system, about 95% of the ministerial elite had done military service and that about 68.4% of them supported the unilateral withdrawal plan.

Field of study: Political science
Structure of the phosphotransferase domain of the bifunctional aminoglycoside-resistance enzyme AAC(6')-Ie-APH(2'')-Ia.

The bifunctional acetyltransferase(6')-Ie-phosphotransferase(2'')-Ia [AAC(6')-Ie-APH(2'')-Ia] is the most important aminoglycoside-resistance enzyme in Gram-positive bacteria, conferring resistance to almost all known aminoglycoside antibiotics in clinical use. Owing to its importance, this enzyme has been the focus of intensive research since its isolation in the mid-1980s but, despite much effort, structural details of AAC(6')-Ie-APH(2'')-Ia have remained elusive. The structure of the Mg2GDP complex of the APH(2'')-Ia domain of the bifunctional enzyme has now been determined at 2.3 Å resolution. The structure of APH(2'')-Ia is reminiscent of the structures of other aminoglycoside phosphotransferases, having a two-domain architecture with the nucleotide-binding site located at the junction of the two domains. Unlike the previously characterized APH(2'')-IIa and APH(2'')-IVa enzymes, which are capable of utilizing both ATP and GTP as the phosphate donors, APH(2'')-Ia uses GTP exclusively in the phosphorylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotics, and in this regard closely resembles the GTP-dependent APH(2'')-IIIa enzyme. In APH(2'')-Ia this GTP selectivity is governed by the presence of a `gatekeeper' residue, Tyr100, the side chain of which projects into the active site and effectively blocks access to the adenine-binding template. Mutation of this tyrosine residue to a less bulky phenylalanine provides better access for ATP to the NTP-binding template and converts APH(2'')-Ia into a dual-specificity enzyme.

Field of study: Chemistry
Design of a Thermoelectric Material Using the CALPHAD Technique: Thermodynamic Reassessment of the Al-Sb-Zn System

The β-Sb3Zn4 intermetallic compound, one of the most promising thermoelectric materials in the mid-1990s, has attracted much interest due to its high thermoelectric performance in the intermediate temperature range. To improve the thermoelectric properties of the compound β-Sb3Zn4, Al doping is an effective method. Therefore, accurate theoretical analysis of the Al-Sb-Zn system is essential for the design of such thermoelectric materials. In this work, the Al-Sb-Zn system was reassessed by means of the calculation of phase diagram (CALPHAD) technique. A set of self-consistent thermodynamic parameters was obtained and can be used to extrapolate to related high-order systems. Some phase equilibria and thermochemical properties can be predicted using the present thermodynamic description.

Field of study: Materials science
[Effects of nicotine on action potentials of guinea pig and rabbit papillary muscles].

The electrophysiological action of nicotine was studied by microelectrode technique on isolated guinea pig and rabbit papillary muscles. Nicotine had no significant effect on RP, APA and Vmax; but its biphasic effect on APD35, APD90 and ERP were observed in different concentrations, ie: high concentration (604 mumols/L) prolonged APD35, APD90 and ERP by 27.3, 26.0 and 26.1% respectively, whereas low concentration (0.6 mumol/L) shortened them by 49.6, 40.0 and 27.6%, respectively. It is suggested that high concentration of nicotine may enhance the calcium influx, but low concentration decrease it.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
An empirical study of COBOL programs via a style analyzer: The benefits of good programming style

Despite its prominence as the most widely used programming language in industry, there are only a small number of publications on software metrics applied to COBOL . COBSTYLE, a one-pass, line-by-line style analyzer, written in PL/I, is used to analyze 638 COBOL programs. COBSTYLE differs from other style analyzers [2–4] in that it assesses penalty points for abuses in style, and considers to a larger degree, overall program structure. Mean style scores for 23 style characteristics are obtained. The data produced by COBSTYLE, together with programmer efficiency data, are statistically analyzed, yielding results which empirically demonstrate the benefits of good programming style. COBSTYLE scores are shown to have statistically significant correlations with the following: 1. (a) overall performance (as measured by students' final course grade)—at the 0.005 significance level; 2. (b) program correctness—at the 0.01 significance level; 3. (c) total debugging time—at the 0.05 significance level. An important aspect of this study is the “after-the-fact” nature of the methodology; i.e., none of the participants in this experiment were aware that the programs were to be submitted to a style analyzer for analysis.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Coregulation in Romantic Partners’ Attachment Styles

The goal of the present research was to examine the coregulation of partner-specific attachment security in romantic relationships. We studied a sample of 172 couples 5 times over 1 year. At each assessment wave, partners independently completed a self-report measure of their security in the relationship. We operationalized attachment coregulation both as direct impacts (i.e., prospective effects of one partner on the other) and coordination (i.e., correlated changes across time). Results indicated that, after taking into account people’s prototypical levels of security, changes in security were coordinated within couples.

Field of study: Psychology
Novel environmental class 1 integrons and cassette arrays recovered from an on‐farm bio‐purification plant

Rapid dissemination and emergence of novel antibiotic resistance genes among bacteria are rising problems worldwide. Since their discovery in clinical isolates in the late 1980s, class 1 integrons have been found in a wide range of bacterial genera and have been extensively studied as contributors to dissemination of antibiotic resistance. The present study aimed to investigate the presence and structure of class 1 integrons in plasmid‐carrying bacterial isolates obtained from a biopurification system used for decontamination of pesticide‐contaminated water as well as their possible role as reservoir of antimicrobial resistance gene cassettes. A total of 35 representative isolates were screened for the presence of class 1 integron integrase encoded by intI1. PCR and DNA sequencing revealed the presence of six class 1 integrons with four variable regions: 5′CS‐aadA1b‐3′CS, 5′CS‐aadA2‐3′CS, 5′CS‐aadA11c&Dgr;‐3′CS and 5′CS‐dfrB3‐aadA1di‐catB2‐aadA6k‐3′CS, the last two being unseen arrays of antimicrobial resistance gene cassettes associated with novel environmental alleles of intI1. These four class 1 integrons were identified as being present in four different genera, including Ochrobactrum, and Variovorax, where class 1 integrons have not been previously reported. The results provide evidence of the biopurification systems as a tank of class 1 integron carrying strains and novel environmental class 1 integron integrases associated with antimicrobial resistance gene cassette arrays.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Efficiency and stability under substitutable priorities with ties

Many assignment mechanisms appeal to a priority structure to determine how over-subscribed indivisible goods are assigned to unit-demand individuals. We study substitutable priorities with ties which not only nest important classes of priorities and preferences studied in the literature, but also allow us to formalize plausible priority structures not captured in previous literature. Efficiency is typically in conflict with respecting priorities (i.e., stability), and therefore the natural welfare objective is constrained efficiency. A generalization of the deferred acceptance process yields a stable assignment, but this outcome is not necessarily constrained efficient. We identify an easily verifiable sufficient condition for a stable assignment to be constrained efficient, which then leads to an algorithm to compute a constrained efficient assignment. Finally we illustrate practical applications of our framework and algorithm, including a widely studied matching problem with distributional constraints.

Field of study: Economics
Patterns and drivers of phytodiversity in steppe grasslands of Central Podolia (Ukraine)

We asked: (i) Which environmental factors determine the level of α-diversity at several scales and β-diversity in steppic grasslands? (ii) How do the effects of environmental factors on α- and β-diversity vary between the different taxonomic groups (vascular plants, bryophytes, lichens)? We sampled nested-plot series ranging from 0.0001 to 100 m2 and additional 10-m2 plots, covering different vegetation types and management regimes in steppes and semi-natural dry grasslands of Central Podolia (Ukraine). We recorded all terricolous taxa and used topographic, soil, land-use and climatic variables as predictors. Richness-environment relationships at different scales and across taxonomic groups were assessed with multimodel inference. We also fitted power-law species-area relationships, using the exponent (z value) as a measure of β-diversity. In general, the richness values in the study region were intermediate compared to those known from similar grasslands throughout the Palaearctic, but for 1 cm2 we found seven species of vascular plants, a new world record. Heat index was the most important factor for vascular plants and bryophytes (negative relation), while lichen diversity depended mainly on stone and rock cover (positive). The explanatory power of climate-related variables increased with increasing grain size, while anthropogenic burning was the most important factor for richness patterns at the finest grain sizes (positive effect). The z values showed more variation at the finest grain sizes, but no significant differences in their mean between scales. The results highlight the importance of integrating scale into ecological analyses and nature conservation assessments in order to understand and manage biological diversity in steppe ecosystems.

Field of study: Environmental science
Double dissociation of fornix and caudate nucleus lesions on acquisition of two water maze tasks: further evidence for multiple memory systems.

The present study examined the effect of lesions of the caudate nucleus or fimbria-fornix on the acquisition of two water maze tasks. In both tasks, two rubber balls with different visual patterns were used as platforms (i.e., cues). The "correct" cue was attached to a submerged rectangular platform and could be mounted by an animal to escape the water. The "incorrect" cue was attached to a thin round pedestal and could not be mounted. In a spatial version of the task, the correct cue was located in the same quadrant of the maze on all trials, whereas the visual pattern on the cue was varied from trial to trial. Lesions of the fornix, but not the caudate nucleus, impaired acquisition of this spatial task in relation to control animals. In a simultaneous visual discrimination version of the task, the correct cue on all trials was one with a specific visual pattern, and the spatial location of the correct cue was varied from trial to trial. Lesions of the caudate nucleus, but not the fornix, impaired acquisition of this visual discrimination task in relation to control animals. The double dissociation observed supports the hypothesis that the hippocampus and caudate nucleus are parts of systems that differ in the type of memory they mediate.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
High-Sensitivity Detection of Slight Deformation Using Multiple SEM Images

A method is investigated for high-sensitivity detection of slight deformations, such as defects on semiconductor wafers, using multiple scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. The relationship between the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) for shape deformation and the solid angle of electron detection is investigated using an SEM simulator to overcome the problem of low S/N in SEM images of slight shape deformations obtained using conventional SEMs. Based on the investigation, we proposed a new defect detection algorithm. Three SEM images are simultaneously acquired from a die; from these, two images are synthesized—one for enhancing deformation and one for enhancing material contrast—by a linear combination. Three more images are then acquired from the neighboring die and two images are synthesized in the same way. The images from the two dies are compared in a two-dimensional vector space spanned by the intensities of the two synthesized images to discriminate defects. Experimental results obtained using an actual SEM demonstrate that the proposed method is effective in detecting slight deformations.

Field of study: Computer science
Intraoperative cortical mapping of visuospatial functions in parietal low-grade tumors: changing perspectives of neurophysiological mapping.

OBJECT
The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of intraoperative visuospatial mapping with the same criteria currently used to define essential language areas.



The authors compared surgical procedures in 2 patients with similar tumors (Grade II oligodendroglioma in the right parietal lobe) undergoing awake, image-assisted surgery for lesion removal with intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring. The line bisection task was used in both patients but with different criteria.



In the first case, the authors respected any area, even within the tumor, where significant interference was found (a stimulation-induced error in 2 of 3 applications defined an essential area). In the second case, they removed 1 essential area located in the tumor and recorded an uneventful clinical response soon thereafter. They continued to monitor the patient without stimulation and stopped the resection when the patient was close to the criteria valid for defining spatial neglect. The signs of spatial neglect were present for 3 days postoperatively and then cleared spontaneously. Subtotal tumor removal was achieved in both cases.



Evidence in the present study reveals that areas for visuospatial functions cannot be assessed with the same criteria used for language functions, since essential areas located in the tumor can be safely removed.

Field of study: Medicine
Late Pleistocene surficial stratigraphy and landscape development in the Salamanca Re-entrant, southwestern New York

The late Pleistocene upland history of the Salamanca Re-entrant is characterized by repeated colluvial-erosional episodes. Thermo-luminescence age estimates and stratigraphic relations indicate that the last widespread colluviation was of late Wisconsin age and correlated with the Nissouri Stade (ca. 20,500-16,500 14 C yr B.P.). This brown (10-7.5YR) medium-textured colluvium covers hillslopes and onlaps some Illinoian terrace remnants to a depth of 1 to 3 m. A thick paleosol developed in the high-terrace gravel has been truncated and is overlain by late Wisconsin brown colluvium or loess. Associated with the brown colluvium in the uplands are large debris flows. The colluvium and flow debris are considered periglacial in origin. In the Bay State Brook transect, two older colluvial units were found: (a) the red stringer colluvium (early Wisconsin?) and (b) the paleosol colluvium, which marks the removal of a Sangamon(?) paleosol from the upland. A 30- to 100-cm thickness of loess blankets the unglaciated landscape. This late Wisconsin to early Holocene loess (ca. 18.6 to 8.8 ka) is presumably derived from glaciofluvial sediment of the Allegheny River and other local trunk streams. The loess is given the informal name "Salamanca Loess."

Field of study: Geology