nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The relationship between the Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised (WMS-R) Attention index and putative measures of Attention

Although the Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised (WMS-R; Wechsler, 1987) is one of the more frequently used measures of memory and attention, its Attention/Concentration Index (ACI) has been minimally researched. If the ACI is to be used as a measure of “attention,” the need exists to determine if it is related to other measures theoretically argued to be sensitive to attention deficits. The present study evaluated the relationship between the WMS-R ACI and other putative measures of attention by comparing individuals labeled as Attention Impaired [ACI at least 15 points < General Memory Index (GMI)] versus those labeled as Memory Impaired (GMI at least 15 points < ACI). Contrary to expectations, the Attention Impaired group scored equal to the Memory Impaired group on all measures theorized to be sensitive to attention deficits (Trails A and B time, Trails B errors, Rey AVLT interference list), except for statistically weaker performance on Trails A errors. In contrast but as expected, the Memory Impaired group scored statistically worse on all memory tests (Rey AVLT, all TPT variables). The groups also did not differ on tests argued not to be differentially affected by either attention or memory (WAIS-R FIQ, Category Test). It is concluded that the WMS-R Attention Index is not related to deficits on other measures sensitive to attention, further emphasizing the need to identify more clearly specific attention constructs.

Field of study: Psychology
Evaluation Criteria and Analysis of Overall Success of Students in Secondary Schools of Anamorava

Overall success of the students at the end of the school year is an important aspect of reflection of student achievement based on their skills and learning skills, and successful or failed work of the overall student throughout the school year. In this paper student assessment system is included and the analysis of their overall success in schools of Anamorava Region for four academic years 2009/10, 2010/11, 2011/12 and 2012/13. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent and differences overall success of students in vocational schools and gymnasiums in three municipalities. The methods of this study include a critical review and analyses of student achieve success. Findings from the data analysis show that there are differences between high school student success and Professional, also between municipalities. We distinguish the municipality of Gjilan, where excellent success showed a higher percentage of students of Gymnasium in comparison with two other municipalities. This study is based on statistical data derived from the Municipal Director of Education of the three municipalities.  10.5901/jesr.2014.v4n2p67

Field of study: Education, Sociology
A Visualization of the Global Dynamic Tropopause

A 20–yr loop of the global tropopause, defined in terms of potential vorticity (PV), is constructed using the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis dataset. This method of visualizing observed upper–tropospheric dynamics is useful for studying a wide range of phenomena. Examples are given of the structure of jet streams and planetary–scale tropopause folds, the propagation of a high–amplitude Rossby wave packet partway around a hemisphere, several subtropical wave breaking events, the similarities between exceptional cases of rapid cyclogenesis, favorable regions for cross–equatorial propagation of Rossby waves, the annual cycle of the tropical tropopause, the structure of the Tibetan anticyclone and equatorial easterly jet associated with the Asian monsoon, the meridional structure of the upper branch of the Hadley cell, the interaction of a hurricane and midlatitude trough to form the "perfect storm," and the upper–tropospheric PV changes associated with El Nino and La Nina. Plumes of anticyclonic potential vor...

Field of study: Environmental science
Sulfur in the globular clusters 47 Tucanae and NGC 6752

The light elements Li, O, Na, Al, and Mg are known to show star-to-star variations in the globular clusters 47 Tuc and NGC 6752. Such variations are interpreted as coming from processing in a previous generation of stars.  In this paper we investigate the abundances of the α-element sulfur, for which no previous measurements exist. In fact this element has not been investigated in any Galactic globular cluster so far. The only globular cluster for which such measurements are available is Terzan 7, which belongs to the Sgr dSph.  We use high-resolution spectra of the S i Mult. 1, acquired with the UVES spectrograph at the 8.2 m VLT-Kueyen telescope, for turn-off and giant stars in the two globular clusters. The spectra were analysed making use of ATLAS static plane parallel model atmospheres and SYNTHE spectrum synthesis. We also compute 3D corrections from CO 5 BOLD hydrodynamic models and apply corrections due to NLTE effects taken from the literature.  In the cluster NGC 6752 sulfur has been measured only in four subgiant stars. We find no significant star-to-star scatter and a mean � [S/Fe]� =+ 0.49 ± 0.15, consistent with what is observed in field stars of the same metallicity. In the cluster 47 Tuc we measured S in 4 turn-off and 5 subgiant stars with a mean � [S/Fe]� =+ 0.18 ± 0.14. While this result is compatible with no star-to-star scatter we notice a statistically significant correlation of the sulfur abundance with the sodium abundance and a tentative correlation with the silicon abundance.  The sulfur-sodium correlation is not easily explained in terms of nucleosynthesis. An origin due to atomic diffusion can be easily dismissed. The correlation cannot be easily dismissed either, in view of its statistical significance, until better data for more stars is available.

Field of study: Physics
Moisture Gain and Resilient Forces of Cotton Bales During Equilibration

STORAGE of bales of lint cotton in environ-ments with higher relative humidity than that asso-ciated with their moisture content causes the bales to gain moisture until they equilibrate with the environ-ment. The rate of moisture gain is significantly influ-enced by the density of the cotton bale. Modified flat bales have a lower density than compress universal densi-ty bales and they gain moisture more rapidly. For modified flat bales, the rate of moisture gain was in-fluenced only slightly by the type of bale covering with the exception of polyethylene. For compress universal density bales, the rate of moisture gain was influenced significantly by the type of bale covering. The rates of moisture gain for polypropylene and burlap were higher than that for polypropylene laminated with polyethylene film on the two rounded sides of the bales. As the bales equilibrated to higher moisture contents, the resilient forces exerted by the modified flat bales decreased whereas those of the compress universal density bales in-creased.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Research on Large-sized Bars of Ti-1023 Alloy

The tonnage of titanium alloy ingot was smelted by utilizing autonomic technology,the chemical composition of the ingot meets the technical requirements,and the microstructure of the ingot is homogeneous and equiaxed grain.The ingot was forged by adopting "high-low-high-low" process route in multiple heating,and finally,forged into 准360 mm bar.The results shows that the microstructure,the macrostructure and the mechanical properties at room temperature all meet the technical requirements.

Field of study: Materials science
The utility of high-resolution intraoperative MRI in endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary macroadenomas: early experience in the Advanced Multimodality Image Guided Operating suite.

Endoscopic skull base surgery has become increasingly popular among the skull base surgery community, with improved illumination and angled visualization potentially improving tumor resection rates. Intraoperative MRI (iMRI) is used to detect residual disease during the course of the resection. This study is an investigation of the utility of 3-T iMRI in combination with transnasal endoscopy with regard to gross-total resection (GTR) of pituitary macroadenomas.



The authors retrospectively reviewed all endoscopic transsphenoidal operations performed in the Advanced Multimodality Image Guided Operating (AMIGO) suite from November 2011 to December 2014. Inclusion criteria were patients harboring presumed pituitary macroadenomas with optic nerve or chiasmal compression and visual loss, operated on by a single surgeon.



Of the 27 patients who underwent transsphenoidal resection in the AMIGO suite, 20 patients met the inclusion criteria. The endoscope alone, without the use of iMRI, would have correctly predicted extent of resection in 13 (65%) of 20 cases. Gross-total resection was achieved in 12 patients (60%) prior to MRI. Intraoperative MRI helped convert 1 STR and 4 NTRs to GTRs, increasing the number of GTRs from 12 (60%) to 16 (80%).



Despite advances in visualization provided by the endoscope, the incidence of residual disease can potentially place the patient at risk for additional surgery. The authors found that iMRI can be useful in detecting unexpected residual tumor. The cost-effectiveness of this tool is yet to be determined.

Field of study: Medicine
In vitro and in situ survivals of bacterial populations added to fresh water environments.

The fate of Aeromonas hydrophila, Alcaligenes denitrificans, Vibrio cholerae non-01, Pseudomonas putida and four different isolates of Escherichia coli in fresh river water were assessed by using different microcosms (i.e., membrane diffusion chamber and Erlenmeyer flask). When water samples were incubated at 16 +/- 1 degrees C, the differences in extent of survival among test bacteria were in general not significant. If the incubation temperature was raised to 29 +/- 1 degrees C, in the in situ studies, none of the added bacterial population could be detected by Day 3. In the in vitro studies, two of the four E. coli tested remained detectable by Day 3. Similarly, populations of the introduced A. hydrophila, P. putida and A. denitrificans were still detectable by Day 5. In general, all test bacteria survived better under low incubation temperature, regardless of whether the experiments were carried out under in vitro or in situ conditions. The results clearly indicated that when studying the fate of the introduced bacteria in the aquatic environment, in situ study was definitely required, especially in the summer time.

Field of study: Biology
Comparison of three commercial sparse-matrix crystallization screens.

Sparse-matrix sampling using commercially available crystallization screen kits has become the most popular way of determining the preliminary crystallization conditions for macromolecules. In this study, the efficiency of three commercial screening kits, Crystal Screen and Crystal Screen 2 (Hampton Research), Wizard Screens I and II (Emerald BioStructures) and Personal Structure Screens 1 and 2 (Molecular Dimensions), has been compared using a set of 19 diverse proteins. 18 proteins yielded crystals using at least one crystallization screen. Surprisingly, Crystal Screens and Personal Structure Screens showed dramatically different results, although most of the crystallization formulations are identical as listed by the manufacturers. Higher molecular weight polyethylene glycols and mixed precipitants were found to be the most effective precipitants in this study.

Field of study: Chemistry
Resident and expert opinions on marine related issues: Implications for the ecosystem approach

Marine management is never an exclusively science-based endeavour. Putting the concept of ecosystem-based management (EBM) into practice requires building up a collective vision for Europe's regional seas where the values and views of different groups of stakeholders are identified and integrated. To date, such integration is lacking and Europe's marine policy is mostly driven by scientific and technical advice with little input from citizens and stakeholders. Here we report an overview of people's perceptions and views regarding marine environmental issues, where the opinions of the general population and a group of marine experts were analysed and compared. Results based on 735 face-to-face interviews conducted in the Azores archipelago (north-eastern mid-Atlantic) showed significant differences among experts and public opinion regarding drivers of change, marine pressures and management priorities. The survey also showed that the public was poorly informed about marine protected areas (MPAs) and eco-labelling schemes (ELSs). Taken together these results build upon the widely held perception that there is a gap between what is known among the scientific community and what the public know and understand about the marine environment, and emphasise the importance of involving the public, scientists and other stakeholders in all stages of the marine management process. If EBM is to move forward as a successful public policy more participatory and adaptive approaches are required to enhance citizen and stakeholder engagement, building up social capital and collaborative partnerships towards a more effective and equitable management of Europe's regional seas.

Field of study: Environmental science
Study the antioxidant effect of the hydrolysates from mussel meat protein

In order to identify the antioxidant activity (AO) of halobios, which are highly appreciated in food products in the world, the antioxidant activity(AO)of the mussel was investigated. The Purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activity(AO)of the mussel, which were produced using three different hydrolytic enzymes from Mussel protein, on antioxidant activity. According to the antioxidant activity(AA)of mussel protein hydrolysates produced by papain and typsin, whose hydrolysates had higher antioxidant activity, had been chosen to be the good hydrolytic enzymes from the three applied enzymes such as trypsin, papain and pepsin. Furthermore, the optimal hydrolysis parameters of papain and trypsin hydrolysis reaction, including the temperature, time, pH,enzyme content,were determined by the orthogonal designL9(34), respectively. The results show that the optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions that can produce the protein hydrolysates with the highest antioxidant activity for using papain are temperature 60℃, time duration 45min, pH7.0, enzyme content 1.00%(w/w); And the optimal enzymatic hydrolysis is conditions that can produce protein hydrolysates with the highest antioxidant activity for using trypsin are enzyme content 0.75%(w/w), time duration 60min, pH8.5, temperature50℃.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A Study of Producing an LCL Probe for Residential Power-lines

Although power-line communications are expected as a promising method to realize an in-home network, one of their difficulties is an unnecessary radiation due to the electrical unbalance of power-line channels. To solve the problem, the statistical data of electrical unbalance based on the measurement at the practical fields, i.e., many and various Japanese residential power-lines, must be collected as the first step. In this paper, a method to produce a longitudinal-conversion-loss˜(LCL) probe that can be used for the practical measurement is studied. The LCL is a measure of the electrical unbalance, and is often used to determine the impairment of EMC performance of a system by the cabling. To improve the dynamic range of the probe, an adjustment method of transformers’ parameters is proposed. According to our scenario, the obtained dynamic range was better than that of the conventional probe with the frequency band higher than 2MHz. The achieved improvement was 6dB at 6MHz, and 14dB at 30MHz, for example.

Field of study: Computer science
Application of high-resolution electron microscopy for visualization and quantitative analysis of strain fields in heterostructures

The general principles, possibilities, and limitations of the classical geometric phase method have been considered. A new generalizing approach, implying analysis of all available spatial frequencies of a high-resolution electron microscopy image, is developed to expand the possibilities of the geometric phase method. Test models of strained Si-GeSi-Si heterostructures are developed and the effect of scattering by phonons and the surface amorphous layer on visualization of lattice distortions is studied within these models. A simple method is proposed for measuring elastic strains in multicomponent heterostructures with pseudomorphic layers.

Field of study: Physics
Oscillations in a model of repression with external control

A mathematical model for control by repression by an extracellular substance is developed, including diffusion and time delays. The model examines how active transport of a nutrient can produce either oscillatory or stable responses depending on a variety of parameters, such as diffusivity, cell size, or nutrient concentration. The system of equations for the mathematical model is reduced to a system of delay differential equations and linear Volterra equations. After linearizing these equations and forming the limiting Volterra equations, the resulting linear system no longer has any spatial dependence. Local stability analysis of the radially symmetric model shows that the system of equations can undergo Hopf bifurcations for certain parameter values, while other ranges of the parameters guarantee asymptotic stability. One numerical study shows that the model can exhibit intracellular biochemical oscillations with increasing extracellular concentrations of the nutrient, which suggests a possible trigger mechanism for morphogenesis.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Urban domestic gardens (XI): variation in urban wildlife gardening in the United Kingdom

Two consequences of the continued urbanisation of the human population are that a growing proportion of the landscape is less hospitable to, and that a growing proportion of people are disconnected from, native biodiversity. One response of the UK government has been to establish a goal, and an associated baseline indicator, of increasing the extent and range of public participation in gardening for wildlife. The formulation of policy to attain this end requires, however, insight into the factors that are associated with the level of participation. Here we examine the relationships, across 15 areas in five UK cities, between the proportion of households providing various garden features for wildlife or participating in various wildlife gardening activities, and housing densities and characteristics of the garden resource. We show that significant numbers of households participate in some form of wildlife gardening, but that the predominant form this participation takes is feeding wild birds. Key variables associated with spatial variation in wildlife gardening activities are the proportion of households with access to a garden and, more importantly, average garden size and the proportion of land cover by gardens. There was no evidence for strong effects of household density or the socio-economic status of householders on the prevalence of wildlife friendly features in gardens or on the participation by householders in activities to encourage wildlife. Our results suggest important considerations in attempts to increase awareness and participation in wildlife gardening.

Field of study: Environmental science
Sex-Role Orientation and Impressions

The 60 traditionally sex-typed and 60 androgynous subjects-half male and half female within each category-rated the likableness of stimulus persons described by gender and sex-role orientation (traditional, androgynous, or reversed). No preference was found for masculine role descriptions. Reverse sex-role descriptions were rated less positively than traditional or androgynous sex-role descriptions, but this was mediated by the subjects' sex and sex-role orientation.

Field of study: Psychology
Decreased 4‐1BB expression on CD4+CD25high regulatory T cells in peripheral blood of patients with multiple sclerosis

As a tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily member, 4‐1BB (CD137) is preferentially expressed in CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and has been suggested to play an important role in regulating the generation or function of Tregs. Recent studies of human Tregs have shown that blood CD4+CD25high T cells were much closer to Tregs in terms of their functionality. Furthermore, CD4+CD25high Tregs have been found to have a decreased effector function in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study, we examined the expression of 4‐1BB and soluble 4‐1BB (s4‐1BB) protein levels in the peripheral blood of MS patients. Compared with healthy controls, MS patients had decreased 4‐1BB expression in their CD4+C25high Tregs and increased plasma s4‐1BB protein levels. Moreover, the plasma s4‐1BB levels of MS patients were shown to be inversely correlated with the 4‐1BB surface expression of CD4+CD25high Tregs. The down‐regulated 4‐1BB expression on CD4+CD25high Tregs of MS patients may be involved in the impaired immunoactivity of these Tregs. The elevated s4‐1BB levels may, at least in part, function as a self‐regulatory attempt to inhibit antigen‐driven proliferation of Tregs or their immunosuppressive activity.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
The role of cadherins and catenins in gliomagenesis.

Cell-cell adhesion is a crucial process occurring during normal tissue development. Cadherins are calcium-dependent cell-surface adhesion molecules involved in cell-cell adhesion. They reorganize the actin cytoskeleton via interaction with the catenins. Modulation of the cadherin/catenin system plays a role in cell motility. Dysregulation of the cadherin/catenin assembly has been implicated in various cancers. In this review, the authors summarize all studies focusing on the role of cadherins and catenins in glioma formation. With the emergence of recent data regarding gliomas' putative cell of origin, elucidation of the role of cadherins/catenins in gliomagenesis will become important in devising new therapeutic approaches against such deadly cancers.

Field of study: Medicine
High-performance lithium storage properties based on molybdenum trioxide nanobelts

Orthorhombic molybdenum trioxide (α-MoO3) nanobelts were successfully synthesized via a facile hydrothermal approach, and the lithium storage properties of α-MoO3 nanobelts were investigated. The α-MoO3 nanobelts anode delivered a high first specific discharge (lithiation) capacity of 1351 mA h g−1 at 0.2 A g−1, good capacity retention (over 900 mA h g−1 after 60 cycles at 0.2 A g−1) and impressive rate performance. The excellent electrochemical properties of the α-MoO3 electrode enable its application in the fields of energy storage and conversion.

Field of study: Materials science