nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Deformed Poisson W-algebras of Type A

For the algebraic group $SL_{l+1}(\mathbb{C})$ we describe a system of positive roots associated to conjugacy classes in its Weyl group. Using this we explicitly describe the algebra of regular functions on certain transverse slices to conjugacy classes in $SL_{l+1}(\mathbb{C})$ as a polynomial algebra of invariants. These may be viewed as an algebraic group analogue of certain graded parabolic invariants that generate the (graded) W-algebra in type A.

Field of study: Mathematics
Die Änderung der lichtelektrischen Elektronenemission beim Übergang reiner Zink-, Cadmium- und Aluminiumschichten aus dem ungeordneten in den geordneten Zustand und der Einfluß der Temperatur auf die Empfindlichkeit dieser Metalle

ZusammenfassungIm Hochvakuum werden Schichten aus Zn, Cd und Al auf einer gekühlten (830 abs.) Glasunterlage im ungeordneten Zustand kondensiert und ihre spektralen lichtelektrischen Empfindlichkeitskurven ermittelt. Durch Erwärmen auf Zimmertemperatur werden sie in den geordneten Zustand übergeführt und danach die Empfindlichkeitskurven bei 293 und 830 abs. gemessen. Die mit der Fowlerschen Formel berechneten Austrittspotentiale des betreffenden Metalls im ungeordneten und geordneten Zustand stimmen innerhalb der Fehlergrenzen überein: Zn 4,307 ± 0,007 Volt, Cd 4,099 ± 0,009 Volt, Al 4,20 ± 0,02 Volt. Die Mengenkonstante und damit die Zahl der emittierenden Zentren ist jedoch im ungeordneten Zustand größer als im geordneten.

Field of study: Physics
Uphill-facing (antislope) scarps in the Coast Mountains, southwest British Columbia

Uphill-facing scarps are examined, at Affliction Creek, a glacierized area within the Meager Creek Volcanic Complex of southwest British Columbia. Scarps occur directly downslope of tension cracks and are considered to have developed from a combination of (1) antithetic movement between partly toppled slices of rock, defined by a master joint set dipping into the slope; and (2) erosion of the upslope face of each tension crack, leaving the downslope face prominent as an antislope scarp. A kinematic test for toppling failure is described. Glacial erosion and rapid glacial downwasting are probable causes of toppling. Lichenometric data indicate significant scarp development since Affliction Glacier attained its maximum Neoglacial dimensions about 140 yr ago. Dilatancy is cited as a possible mechanism for scarp stabilization.

Field of study: Geology
Association testing to detect gene–gene interactions on sex chromosomes in trio data

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) occurs more often among males than females in a 4:1 ratio. Among theories used to explain the causes of ASD, the X chromosome and the Y chromosome theories attribute ASD to the X-linked mutation and the male-limited gene expressions on the Y chromosome, respectively. Despite the rationale of the theory, studies have failed to attribute the sex-biased ratio to the significant linkage or association on the regions of interest on X chromosome. We further study the gender biased ratio by examining the possible interaction effects between two genes in the sex chromosomes. We propose a logistic regression model with mixed effects to detect gene–gene interactions on sex chromosomes. We investigated the power and type I error rates of the approach for a range of minor allele frequencies and varying linkage disequilibrium between markers and QTLs. We also evaluated the robustness of the model to population stratification. We applied the model to a trio-family data set with an ASD affected male child to study gene–gene interactions on sex chromosomes.

Field of study: Biology
A note on optimal experimentation under risk aversion

In a standard two-armed bandit setup, this paper shows – counterintuitively – that a more risk-averse decision maker might be more willing to take risky actions. The reason relates to the fact that pulling the risky arm in bandit models produces information on the environment – thereby reducing the risk that a decision maker will face in the future. This finding gives reason for caution when inferring risk preferences from observed actions: in a bandit setup, observing a greater appetite for risky actions can actually be indicative of more risk aversion, not less.

Field of study: Economics
Divergent effects of LPS on expression of IL-1 receptor family members in mononuclear phagocytes in vitro and in vivo.

Three molecules, interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor I (IL-1RI), IL-1 receptor II (IL-1RII or decoy) and IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1R AcP or IL-1RIII), are involved in IL-1 binding and signal transduction. In addition, three homologous genes (T1/ST2, MyD88 and rsc786) have been identified. Expression of the signal transducing type I R and of the decoy type II R in human monocytes is regulated by pro- and anti-inflammatory signals. The present study was designed to evaluate comprehensively how a prototypic pro-inflammatory signal, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), affects expression of IL-1R family members in mononuclear phagocytes in vitro and in vivo. Resting human monocytes expressed high levels of IL-1RII, IL-1R AcP, MyD88 and rsc786, whereas low levels of IL-1RI and T1/ST2 were present. In vitro exposure to LPS augmented expression of IL-1RI, T1/ST2 and MyD88, whereas it inhibited that of IL-1RII and rsc786. Expression of IL-1R AcP in monocytes was less substantially affected by LPS. The expression of IL-1R family members was also studied in organs of mice given LPS. As expected on the basis of in vitro results, organs (e.g. spleen, lungs and peritoneal exudate cells) from LPS-treated mice showed increased levels of IL-1RI, T1/ST2 and MyD88. Intriguingly, while expression of IL-1RII was inhibited in peritoneal macrophages after LPS, in accordance with in vitro results, increased IL-1RII mRNA was observed in organs such as liver, lungs and spleen. This unexpected effect of LPS was drastically reduced in mice rendered neutropenic by 5-fluorouracil. Therefore, we conclude that the apparent induction of IL-1RII in certain organs of LPS-treated mice is due to recruitment of myeloid cells which express high levels of decoy RII. Therefore, members of IL-1R family are independently and divergently regulated in mononuclear phagocytes exposed to the prototypic pro-inflammatory signal LPS in vitro and in vivo.

Field of study: Medicine
Accounting for siltation in the design of intertidal creation schemes

High siltation rates within intertidal habitat creation schemes can limit their ability to provide sustainable mudflat habitats. However, there are a number of options for reducing siltation rates within schemes including removing more extensive lengths of embankment and fronting habitats, lowering site elevations and creating more extensive channel networks. Regulated Tidal Exchange (RTE) schemes may also be capable of delivering mudflat habitats over longer periods. Further research is needed to assess the relative importance of different factors controlling siltation and the ecological functionality within more heavily managed schemes such as RTEs.

Field of study: Environmental science
Solution solution: using NMR models for molecular replacement.

NMR structures can serve as a good source of search models in crystal structure determination by molecular replacement. However, owing to the inherent problems of NMR models, this procedure is not always straightforward. Here, an updated overview is presented with particular emphasis on the preparation of NMR search models and the latest trends in methodology. An experimental protocol developed recently is described and results on its use in solving a new structure as well as its test against a difficult published case are presented.

Field of study: Chemistry
Source separation using a criterion based on second-order statistics

It is often assumed that blind separation of dynamically mixed sources cannot be done with second-order statistics. It is shown that separation of dynamically mixed sources indeed can be performed using second-order statistics only. A criterion based on second-order statistics for the purpose of separating crosswise mixtures is stated. The criterion is used in order to derive a gradient-based separation algorithm, as well as a Newton-type separation algorithm. The uniqueness of the solution representing the separation is also investigated. This reveals that (1) the channel system is parameter identifiable under weak conditions, and (2) if the sources have the same color, there exists at most two solutions. The local convergence behavior of the proposed algorithm is studied and reveals a sufficient condition for local convergence. Furthermore, the estimates of the channel system are shown to be consistent or to locally minimize the criterion.

Field of study: Engineering
Evolutionary forwarding games in delay tolerant networks: Equilibria, mechanism design and stochastic approximation

In this paper, we apply evolutionary games to non-cooperative forwarding control in Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs). The main focus is on mechanisms to rule the participation of the relays to the delivery of messages in DTNs. Thus, we express the success probability as a function of the competition that takes place within a large population of mobiles, and we characterize the effect of reward-based mechanisms on the performance of such systems. Devices acting as active relays, in fact, sacrifice part of their batteries in order to support message replication and thus increase the probability to reach the destination. In our scheme, a relay can choose the strategy by which they participate to the message relaying. A mobile that participates receives a unit of reward based on the reward mechanism selected by the network. A utility function is introduced as the difference between the expected reward and the energy cost, i.e., the cost spent by the relay to sustain forwarding operations. We show how the evolution dynamics and the equilibrium behavior (called Evolutionary Stable Strategy - ESS) are influenced by the characteristics of inter contact time, energy expenditure and pricing characteristics. We extend our analysis to mechanisms that the system can introduce in order to have the message delivered to the destination with high probability within a given deadline and under energy constraints which bound the number of released copies per message. Finally, we apply our findings in order to devise decentralized forwarding algorithms that are rooted in the theory of stochastic approximations. Thus, we demonstrate that the ESS can be attained without complete knowledge of the system state and letting the source monitor number of released copies per message only. We provide extensive numerical results to validate the proposed scheme.

Field of study: Computer science
Influence of a metallic substrate’s magnetic state on the huge magnetoresistance of a ferromagnet-polymer structure

The association between the threshold value of conductance switching in an external magnetic field and the initial magnetic state of a ferromagnetic plate substrate is shown for a ferromagnet/polymer/nonmagnetic metal system. The threshold magnetic field change is explained by appearance of residual magnetization after being held in an external magnetic field and, correspondingly, by the change in the initial state upon further remagnetization.

Field of study: Physics
Behavior analysis: thriving, but how about its future?

Behavior analysis has been thriving by continuing to make important theoretical and empirical contributions to a wide array of problems, as well as by contributing to interdisciplinary research. Applied research in behavior analysis is flourishing. Despite these positive signs there may be an erosion of support for basic research in animal learning and behavior, including behavior analysis. Increased attention by behavior analysts to fundamental problems in areas of cognition, including decision-making and language, may help behavior analysis to evolve more successfully. An experimental analysis of gambling may prove particularly fruitful.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Ethical Issues in the Use of Asystolic Donors

The modern era of allogenic organ transplantation began in the mid 1960s. Then, improvement in surgical techniques, understanding of immunologic tolerance, and the development of drugs to control rejection expanded the technical feasibility of transplantation procedures. To some this represented a "crisis of success" as there was a resultant increase in demand for organs without a parallel increase in supply. According to the United Network for Organ Sharing' database there are now 75,000 patients waiting for an organ. Among those waiting for a heart or liver transplant approximately 1/3 will die before an organ becomes available.2 The primary source of donor organs will be those who have had an irreversible cessation of total brain function and who are being maintained on ventilators in intensive care units. These are commonly called Heart Beating Cadaver Donors and will constitute a pool of 10,000-12,000 potential donors per year. Despite extensive public awareness campaigns, the ratio of actual to potential donors has not increased sufficiently. One response has been to attempt a greater reliance on living donors (kidneys) partial transplants (liver and lungs) and sources of dubious ethical propriety such as anencephalic infants and animals.4 Another potential source of transplantable organs is patients who have been declared dead by traditional cardiopulmonary, rather than brain-based criteria. These are referred to as Non-Heart Beating Cadaver Donors. The success of transplants using organs from these sources has been limited by problems with warm ischemia. Two recent strategies to

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Field study on waves produced by HSC for coastal management

The aim of the present study is to improve the coastal risk management in the Bay of Naples, due to wake wash produced by high speed craft (HSC), establishing new navigation tracks in order to increase the safety of beach recreational activities and minimize possible environmental interferences. Wake wash analysis was performed by field measurements along Napoli-Ischia and Napoli-Sorrento-Capri routes, recording two different data sets: the effective route, by GPS installed onboard of several in service ships, and the produced wake wash monitored by several wavemeters, positioned in three critical points along the examined navigation tracks. Measured wake wash data have been subsequently compared with limit values suggested by International Rules, to establish some operational strategies and mitigative measures. On the basis of the obtained results, it was found the minimum distance between shoreline and navigation tracks had to be increased up to 500 and 1000 m for Napoli–Ischia and Sorrento–Capri routes, respectively. These prescriptions, furnished to the Civil Protection Department of Naples Province, have been already adopted by some Coast Guard recommendations, in accordance with the main Ship Companies operating in the Gulf of Naples.

Field of study: Environmental science
Study on Microstructure Evolution of Micro-alloyed Steel During Hot Delivery and Hot Charging

Hot delivery and hot charging of a Ti micro-alloyed steel slab at different delivery temperature were simulated in laboratory.The microstructure morphologies of specimens at room temperature in different thermal histories were observed by optical microscope(OM).The law and specialty of the microstructure evolution of the specimen was also analyzed.The results show that,a demarcation line of hot charging at different temperature is about 700℃,the austenite decomposition of specimen occurs below 700 ℃,the high temperature microstructure of the specimen is austenite and the size of the austenite grain is similar above 700 ℃.The size of austenite grain above 700 ℃ is coarser than that below 700 ℃.The microstructure of thermal treatment at room temperature is very different at different hot charging temperature.The re-austenitization becomes easier as the hot charging temperature increases;the phase transformation becomes more complicated as the hot charging temperature decreases.Hot charging at 700℃ is reasonable,and hot charging at 750 ℃ can also be implemented.

Field of study: Materials science
Development and validation of a collectivist coping styles inventory

This research consisted of 3 studies, with a sample of over 3,000 Taiwanese college students, aimed at developing and validating a situation-specific Collectivist Coping Styles (CCS) inventory from an Asian perspective. The results from the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a stable 5-factor structure of the CCS: (a) Acceptance, Reframing, and Striving; (b) Family Support; (c) Religion-Spirituality; (d) Avoidance and Detachment; and (e) Private Emotional Outlets. These factors reflected Asians' use of a combination of primary and secondary control efforts and represented different constellations of items than typically found on coping-problem solving inventories in Western countries. Estimates of concurrent and construct validity suggest the CCS is related to a problem solving inventory, an overall problem resolution index, 2 psychological distress measures, and an index of how much the trauma interfered with the lives of participants in conceptually expected directions but is not strongly related to social desirability. Overall, the CCS was found to be a useful and psychometrically sound measure of collectivistic coping. Limitations and future directions are also discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Corrigendum: Were British railway companies well managed in the early twentieth century?

In November 2008 we published an article entitled ‘Were British railway companies 
well managed in the early twentieth century?’. In that article we assessed 
14 different railway companies against four criteria. Our investigation of the rate of 
return on capital employed, cost inefficiency levels, improvements in total factor 
productivity (TFP), and improvements in the speed of passenger trains revealed 
substantial and sustained levels of heterogeneity in company performance. On that 
basis, we argued that ‘Without the discipline of either strong competition or 
effective regulation, managerial failure was common. This sector is an important 
qualification to the conventional wisdom that late Victorian Britain did not fail’.

Field of study: Economics, History
Kinetic studies of phagocytosis. IV. Cellular defects and humoral inhibition as causes of impaired neutrophil phagocytosis in sarcoidosis.

Kinetic measurements of the serum-independent uptake of IgG-coated or complement-opsonized latex particles have been performed in 58 patients with sarcoidosis. The mean rate for phagocytic uptake of IgG particles was 0·56 min-1 which was not different from that of the controls (0·59 min-1). The phagocytosis of complement-opsonized particles was in the patient group 0·53 min-1 and significantly (P<0·001) reduced compared to the rate of the controls (mean rate 0·94 min-1), indicating neutrophil C3b-receptor dysfunction in sarcoidosis. PMNs from patients with sarcoidosis were not stimulated by the presence of autologous serum in contrast to PMNs from normals and in individual cases even a reduced uptake was found. More than one-third of the sarcoid sera also inhibited the phagocytosis of normal PMNs indicating the presence of a phagocytosis-inhibitory activity in sarcoid sera. Patients with more severe lung affection as estimated by measurements of total lung capacity, central airway obstruction, small airway function and pulmonary X-ray changes had a more reduced PMN phagocytosis in the presence of autologous serum than those with minor signs of lung affection (P<0·05). The phagocytosis-inhibitory activity of sarcoid serum was also more pronounced in those individuals who had high pulmonary score (P<0·05) or radiographic stage II-IV sarcoidosis (P<0·01). No correlation was found between serum levels of lactoferrin or lysozyme and any of the phagocytic variables while elevated β2-microglobulin levels were associated with more pronounced serum-mediated inhibition of PMN phagocytosis (P<0·05). The relevance of these findings to the pathogenesis of granuloma formation in sarcoidosis is discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
A Deeper Look at DES Dwarf Galaxy Candidates: Grus i and Indus ii

We present deep g- and r-band Magellan/Megacam photometry of two dwarf galaxy candidates discovered in the Dark Energy Survey (DES), Grus i and Indus ii (DES J2038–4609). For the case of Grus i, we resolved the main sequence turn-off (MSTO) and ∼2 mags below it. The MSTO can be seen at g 0 ∼ 24 with a photometric uncertainty of 0.03 mag. We show Grus i to be consistent with an old, metal-poor (∼13.3 Gyr, [Fe/H] ∼ −1.9) dwarf galaxy. We derive updated distance and structural parameters for Grus i using this deep, uniform, wide-field data set. We find an azimuthally-averaged halflight radius more than two times larger (∼151+21 −31 pc; ∼ 4.′16−0.74+0.54 ) and an absolute V-band magnitude ∼−4.1 that is ∼1 magnitude brighter than previous studies. We obtain updated distance, ellipticity, and centroid parameters that are in agreement with other studies within uncertainties. Although our photometry of Indus ii is ∼2–3 magnitudes deeper than the DES Y1 public release, we find no coherent stellar population at its reported location. The original detection was located in an incomplete region of sky in the DES Y2Q1 data set and was flagged due to potential blue horizontal branch member stars. The best-fit isochrone parameters are physically inconsistent with both dwarf galaxies and globular clusters. We conclude that Indus ii is likely a false positive, flagged due to a chance alignment of stars along the line of sight.

Field of study: Physics
Local awareness as an instrument for management and conservation of seagrass ecosystem: Case of Berau Regency, Indonesia

Regency in East Kalimantan has one of the intact seagrass ecosystems in Indonesia which is increasingly under pressure. Threats to this ecosystem mainly derives from anthropogenic activities such as land conversion and tourism activities, which can lead to ecosystem degradation and carbon emissions. This study explores the indirect and direct drivers by analyzing the locals' awareness of the benefits of seagrass ecosystem services through semi-structured interviews and a random sampling questionnaire in several areas in the Berau Regency, namely Derawan, Tanjung Batu, and Tanjung Redeb. Highlights of this research include evidence on occupation's correlation with resource utilization and awareness, with fishermen showing higher utilization of the seagrass ecosystem from the provisioning aspect and government employees having a high capacity for knowledge of various seagrass ecosystem services. Insight from this study provides further understanding on the influence of aspects such as resource utilization and the involvement of the local government, in regards to the local awareness of seagrass ecosystem. The role of fisherman and government can be critical to raise the awareness and to support the communities' efforts to manage the seagrass ecosystem.

Field of study: Environmental science
CMOS-XOR/XNORゲートに基づく微分形動作の単安定マルチバイブレータに関する一提案

In the differential type monostabel multivibirator using CMOS-XOR/XNOR gates, there is a circuit configuration that the operation of two elements becomes the same in stable sate and the metastable state. And, these circuits has the up mode and down mode operations. Furthermore, the metastable state is not influenced trigger repetition rate, and it is shown by a simple formula expression.

Field of study: Computer science