nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Directional Neutron Detector for Rocket and Satellite Experiments

A directional neutron detector for the energy range 1.5 to 15 MeV was constructed. Its design is rugged enough to operate while under high mechanical stress, and at extremes of temperature. The detector is a liquid scintillator using glass capillary tubes to collimate proton recoils from elastic scattering of neutrons in the liquid. Gamma-rays are rejected by pulse shape discrimination, using a special circuit developed for space applications and described by R. A. Tietsch and E. M. Kellogg elsewhere at this symposium.

Field of study: Physics
Diversity, specificity, co-occurrence and hub taxa of the bacterial-fungal pollen microbiome.

Flower pollen represents a unique microbial habitat, however the factors driving microbial assemblages and microbe-microbe interactions remain largely unexplored. Here we compared the structure and diversity of the bacterial-fungal microbiome between eight different pollen species (four wind-pollinated and four insect-pollinated) from close geographical locations, using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S the rRNA gene fragment (bacteria) and the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2, fungi). Proteobacteria and Ascomycota were the most abundant bacterial and fungal phyla, respectively. Pseudomonas (bacterial) and Cladosporium (fungal) were the most abundant genera. Both bacterial and fungal microbiota were significantly influenced by plant species and pollination type, but showed a core microbiome consisting of 12 bacterial and 33 fungal genera. Co-occurrence analysis highlighted significant inter- and intra-kingdom interactions, and the interaction network was shaped by four bacterial hub taxa: Methylobacterium (two OTUs), Friedmanniella and Rosenbergiella. Rosenbergiella prevailed in insect-pollinated pollen and was negatively correlated with the other hubs, indicating habitat complementarity. Inter-kingdom co-occurrence showed a predominant effect of fungal on bacterial taxa. This study enhances our basic knowledge of pollen microbiota, and poses the basis for further inter- and intra-kingdom interaction studies in the plant reproductive organs.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Effects of simvastatin on left ventricular hypertrophy and function in rats with aortic stenosis.

To investigate the effects of simvastatin (Sim) on left ventricular hypertrophy in rats with pressure-overload cardiac hypertrophy.



The left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) of rats was induced by partly occluding abdominal aorta below right renal artery. The rats were given i.g. Sim (1.8 and 3.6 mg.kg-1.d-1) for 8 wk. Three days after operation, left ventricular function was measured. Then the left ventricle (LV) + septum and the right ventricle (RV) were weighed. Hydroxyproline content of LV was measured.



Eight weeks later, in the LVH group, LV weight (LVW), LVW/body weight (BW), LVW/RV weight (RVW), LV ending diastolic pressure (LVEDP), and hydroxyproline content increased by 36%, 51%, 28%, 92%, and 23%, respectively (all P < 0.01) compared with the sham group. LV + dp/dtmax and -dp/dtmax decreased by 39.2% and 39.4% (all P < 0.01). After the rats were given i.g. Sim 3.6 mg.kg-1.d-1, LVW, LVW/BW, LVW/RVW, left ventricle ending diastolic pressure (LVEDP), and hydroxyproline content decreased by 22%, 21%, 23%, 24%, and 11% compared with LVH group (all P < 0.01), LV + dp/dtmax and -dp/dtmax increased by 60% and 32% (all P < 0.01).



Sim inhibited development of LV hypertrophy and improved LV function in rats with aortic stenosis.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Apprendi and the Dynamics of Guilty Pleas

Professors Nancy King and Susan Klein devote most of their Commentary to a single subsection of my recent  My entire article argued that Apprendi v. New Jersey2 exemplified criminal procedure's misguided focus on jury trials at the expense of the real world of guilty pleas. Professors King and Klein focus on my narrower point that Apprendi undercuts due process by making it harder for many defendants to secure judicial hearings after they plead guilty. In summary, I argued that defendants used to be able to get the massive benefits of pleading guilty while still enjoying enhancement hearings at sentencing. Now that enhancements are issues for jury trials, defendants cannot gain both benefits. They must either allocute to and concede these enhancement issues to gain guilty-plea benefits or go to trial on enhancement issues and forfeit these plea benefits. Professors King and Klein claim that defendants face no additional pressure to give up hearings under this scheme. But they fail to see how prosecutorial and judicial behavior reinforce the pressures to plead guilty, making hearings harder to secure for many defendants.

Field of study: Law
The Application of a New Type of Neutral Grounding Mode in Medium Voltage System

The paper put forward a new type of grounding mode that is to be applied in the medium voltage system of large copper smelters,i.e.the arc-extinguishing overvoltage protection grounding system combined with the special selecting line technology.It has high accuracy of line selection and can effectively restrict the arc grounding overvoltage and improve the reliability and continuity of enterprise's power supply systems.The paper also introduced the structure,operating philosophy and application of the system as well as precautions in application of the system.

Field of study: Materials science
Transceiver Design for Multi-User Cellular Two-Way Relay Networks

In this paper, we consider a general cellular two-way relay network, where a common multi-antenna relay station (RS) helps multiple base stations (BSs) to exchange messages with their served users simultaneously. This network model includes the thoroughly studied two-way relay (TWR) networks, multi-pair TWR networks and multi-user TWR cellular networks as special cases. We first develop a transceiver design for such a network under interference free constraints. The power allocation at the RS, BSs and users is then investigated to maximize the system sum rate. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated through numerical examples. The results show that the proposed design outperforms the existing ones for those special TWR networks, and the sum rate is improved significantly through the proposed power allocation method compared to equal power allocation.

Field of study: Engineering
The wind directions of the pleistocene dunes near Essaouira, Morocco

The dominant easterly and the westerly wind directions observed in the dune section exposed south of Essaouiria, Morocco, are interpreted as reflecting formation during a time characterized by a greater north-south seasonal displacement of the Azores High. It is further suggested that this is more characteristic of a cold rather than a warm period in the Early Pleistocene.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
One-Wayness Equivalent to General Factoring

This paper shows the first practical semantically secure public-key encryption scheme such that its one-wayness is equivalent to general factoring in the standard model [in the sense of indistinguishability against chosen-plaintext attack (IND-CPA)]. Next our proof technique is applied to the Rabin-Paillier encryption scheme and a variant of the RSA-Paillier encryption scheme to prove their one-wayness under the factoring assumption via tight security reductions.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Transverse mode structure in unstable optical cavities.

The characteristics of unstable optical cavities have been investigated experimentally using a pulsed argon laser. We have studied the amplitude and phase distribution in the transverse modes of unstable cavities, as well as the characteristics of the output beam. Our experimental results are in qualitative agreement with existing theory. We have also demonstrated that an unstable cavity can be used to provide variable output coupling for a laser.

Field of study: Physics
The Intersection of Aging, Longevity Pathways, and Learning and Memory in C. elegans

Our understanding of the molecular and genetic regulation of aging and longevity has been greatly augmented through studies using the small model system, C. elegans. It is important to test whether mutations that result in a longer life span also extend the health span of the organism, rather than simply prolonging an aged state. C. elegans can learn and remember both associated and non-associated stimuli, and many of these learning and memory paradigms are subject to regulation by longevity pathways. One of the more distressing results of aging is cognitive decline, and while no gross physical defects in C. elegans sensory neurons have been identified, the organism does lose the ability to perform both simple and complex learned behaviors with age. Here we review what is known about the effects of longevity pathways and the decline of these complex learned behaviors with age, and we highlight outstanding questions in the field.

Field of study: Biology
Quantum localization correction to chiral edge mode transport

We answer the question- Can chiral quantum Hall edge modes suffer localization? in the affirmative. Hitherto, only seen in quantum diffusive transport, a quantum localization correction arises in the calculation of the Hall and 2-terminal resistance. To elaborate, for an N terminal quantum Hall sample a quantum localization correction term arises when all the contacts of the sample are disordered. Increasing the number of contacts in the sample reduces the quantum localization correction. Moreover, the presence of inelastic scattering can completely kill this localization correction term.

Field of study: Physics
[Evaluation of nephrocerebral risk with the use of cystatin C in patients with chronic kidney disease].

To study a role of cystatin C in the nephrocerebral risk in chronic kidney disease at the initial stage of the disease.



One hundred and twenty-eight patients (63 men and 65 women) with chronic kidney disease (CKD) were examined at the pre-dialysis stage of the disease. All patients underwent a complex clinical and laboratory examination with determination of the lipid spectrum, uric acid, fibrinogen, calcium and cystatin C, and subsequent calculation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). To assess structural changes in carotid arteries, ultrasound dopplerography was performed. Depending on the thickness of the intima-media (TIM), the entire sample is divided into CKD groups with no signs of carotid atherosclerosis (SC), n=70 and on CKD with SC, n=58.



Patients of the second group (CKD with SC), had higher body mass index (p<0.05), systolic (p<0.05) and central (p<0.05) arterial pressure (BP) and blood cystatin C (p<0.05). In the same group, there was a significant decrease in the concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p<0.05) compared with those of the first group (CKD). The age of patients and the content of cystatin C (p<0.05) influenced the increase in TIM. Significant positive correlations between cystatin C content and TIM, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p<0.05), and a negative correlation cystatin C content and GFR were noted in patients of the second group.



The increase in the level of cystatin C in blood plasma in CKD indicates the development of structural changes in the carotid arteries, the increase in the levels of systolic and central arterial pressure, the decrease in the concentration of HDL cholesterol, which is associated with significant inhibition of GFR.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Preparation and characterization of UV-curable cationic composite adhesive1

UV-curable cationic composite adhesives containing TiO2 nanostructures were prepared by using 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl 3, 4-epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate(CE) as monomer, triphenylsulfonium hexafluorophosphate salt (PI-432) as photoinitiator and titanium isopropoxide (TIP) as inorganic precursor. The morphology of the composite adhesives was characterized by atom force microscopy (AFM). The effect of TIP content on refractive index and transmittance of adhesives were studied. The results show that TiO2 nanostructures, the average diameter of which is 20 nm or so, can be uniformly dispersed in polymers of composite adhesives. The refractive index of adhesives can be adjusted from 1.501 9 to 1.544 9 with the change of TIP content. The transmittance of adhesives has a slight reduce with the in

Field of study: Physics
Cytokine-inducible enhancer with promoter activity in both the rat and human manganese-superoxide dismutase genes.

Diverse pro-inflammatory mediators regulate transcription of the gene (MnSOD) encoding the mitochondrial anti-oxidant protein manganese-superoxide dismutase. Understanding the regulation of this gene is crucial to comprehending its role in cytoprotection. In transfected lung epithelial cells, a human-growth-hormone reporter gene system was utilized to identify a potential enhancer in the MnSOD genomic fragment previously shown to contain multiple DNase-I-hypersensitive sites. Northern analysis demonstrated a 10-20-fold increase in response to pro-inflammatory mediators. Inclusion of the MnSOD genomic fragment in reporter constructs was necessary to mimic these stimulus-dependent endogenous levels. The inducible enhancer element was localized to a 260 bp fragment in intron 2, coinciding with a previously defined DNase-I-hypersensitive site. This element functions in an orientation- and position-independent manner as well as with the heterologous thymidine kinase promoter. In addition, we have demonstrated that a homologous sequence within the human MnSOD gene exhibits identical enhancer activity. A novel characteristic of the rat and human enhancer elements involves the ability to promote cytokine-inducible transcription in the absence of a classical promoter.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Measuring Psychiatric Symptoms Remotely: a Systematic Review of Remote Measurement-Based Care

systematically reviews studies examining remote measurement-based care (RMBC), defined as using technology to measure patients’ psychiatric symptoms outside the context of a clinical encounter.Recent FindingsThirty-six studies were identified that measured patients’ psychiatric symptoms remotely and provided feedback to treatment providers. The majority were single group designs. There was evidence supporting the short-term feasibility and acceptability of RMBC, although long-term sustainability was less clear. Thirteen randomized controlled trials were identified. RMBC was typically implemented as part of a multicomponent intervention (e.g., internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy with feedback to provider). Three studies experimentally isolated the clinical effects of RMBC, with two reporting no statistically significant differences between the RMBC and control conditions and one reporting greater symptom improvement associated with RMBC.SummaryRMBC appears feasible and acceptable and may be a promising intervention for improving mental health care, but additional experimental studies are needed.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
A note on socially desirable responding.

Socially desirable responding is a construct that has been included in many studies in counseling psychology, however many of these applications are dated and out of agreement with more current research. This article includes a brief review of the extensive research in socially desirable responding. The questions addressed are (a) what is socially desirable responding and (b) how is it manifest in social desirability scales with respect to bias and substantive variance? Prominent examples of how social desirability is used in counseling research are included along with comments regarding how these applications can be improved. Finally there are recommendations made regarding the incorporation of socially desirable responding in counseling psychology research.

Field of study: Psychology
Low Temperature Superconducting Magnet Connected to a Cryocooler by Conductive Link

A low-temperature superconducting (LTS) magnet cooled by a cryocooler has been designed, fabricated, and tested for lab-scale material control device. The superconducting magnet incorporates a solenoidal configuration with a copper former which has a 52-mm room-temperature bore. The superconducting coil is installed in a cryostat maintaining high vacuum and is cooled by a two-stage cryocooler. In order to maintain the operating temperature of magnet at the designed level, the cold head temperature of a cryocooler must be lower so that heat can be removed from the superconducting coil. Also, a temperature difference occurs between the magnet and cryocooler and its magnitude is dependent upon the contact resistance at the interface between the metals in the conductive link. The performance of the LTS magnet is investigated with respect to the conductive link between the magnet former and the cold head of a cryocooler. In addition, the effects of the contact pressure and interfacial materials on the temperature distribution along the conductive link are discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Cognitive impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

To determine cognitive and emotional status in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).  One hundred sixteen patients were examined.  Frontotemporal cognitive changes (CC) were found in 35.3% of patients (medium log rank on the Frontotemporal dementia rating scale was 1.47 [1.92; 1.26], and 4.2% patients had frank dementia (medium log rank -0.4 [1.07; -3.09]). The average degree by the Montreal cognitive scale in patients with CC was 21.7±4.4. 48,9% patients had mixed (executive and speech) symptoms, 34% had frontal (executive) symptoms, 4.2% had temporal (visual and spatial) deficits, and 4.2% had isolated behavioral symptoms. There was no patients with isolated speech deficits. ALS patients with CC were significantly older than patients without CC (64.5±7.7 and 52.5±12.1 years, р=0,0001). ALS progressed more rapidly in patients with CC (13.5±9.3 and 10.4±9.1 ALSFRS-R scores per month, p=0.033). Patients with lumbar onset of ALS prevailed in the group without CC (17% and 36%, χ2=3.94; р=0.047), and patients with bulbar onset of ALS prevailed in the group with CC at the trend level. A comparison of estimates by different scores of emotional state and quality of life (the Hamilton depression scale, CNSLS, ALSAQ40) allows to conclude that CC had no influence on the emotional state of ALS patients and their total quality of life.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Alternative low-cost process for large-scale production of Bacillus thuringiensis in a simple and novel culture system

An industrial-scale, profitable method for production of the most widely used bioinsecticide, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), is challenging because of its widespread application. The aim of this study is to present a strategy to develop a low-cost, large-scale bioprocess to produce Bt H14. This study was first focused on the design of a culture medium composed of economical and available components, such as glycerol and lysed Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The production goal of 1200 ITU was achieved using a medium composed of 20:20 g L−1of glycerol:lysed yeast in batch cultures. Efforts were subsequently focused on the design of an appropriate culture system, and an original two-stage culture system was proposed. First, yeast (the primary component of the culture medium) are cultivated using a minimal mineral medium and lysed, and in the second stage, Bt is cultivated in the same bioreactor using the lysed yeasts as culture medium (supplemented with a feeding pulse of 10 g L−1 glycerol). This system was called fed batch one pot (FOP). A new inoculation strategy is also presented in this study, since these Bt cultures were inoculated directly with heat pre-treated spores instead of vegetative bacteria to facilitate the bioprocess. This study was developed from the laboratory to production-scale bioreactors (measuring from 500 mL to 2500 L), and the efficiency of the proposed strategy was evident in LD50 tests results, achieving 1796 ITU in large-scale processes. Both the use of non-conventional sources and the process development for biomass production are important for cost-effective production of Bt-based insecticides in mosquito control projects.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Korean public opinion on alcohol control policy: a cross-sectional International Alcohol Control study.

To examine Korean public opinions toward alcohol control measures on availability, advertisement, drink-driving and pricing policy, and how the views on alcohol control policy vary by demographics, drinking patterns and attitude to drinking environments.



The study used national-based, cross-sectional data collected in 2012 as part of the International Alcohol Control study. 2510 people (M: 1163, F: 1261) aged 15-65 and living in geographically diverse regions of Korea completed the questionnaire asking the support of 12 alcohol control measures.



Generally, targeted measures (purchase age of 20 and drink-driving) were more popular than universal (availability, advertisement and price) among Koreans. Gender, age, marital status, drinking patterns and attitude to drinking environments related to alcohol use of young and heavy drinkers were strong predictors of the opinions on most of the alcohol control measures. It was daily/weekly drinkers who opposed most restrictions on alcohol availability and price and the support from individuals who are more aware of problems with drinking in public place was outstanding in every control measure.



These findings should be taken into account by Korean policy-makers as they formulate an alcohol policy for the country.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Alfred Bentz – Erdölgeologe in schwieriger Zeit, 1938–1947

Alfred Bentz was the leading oil geologist in Germany during the Third Reich, the World War II and thereafter. His relevant activities are treated here mainly on the base of documents in the Geologenarchiv Freiburg. In spite of his prominent position during the Nazi Regime he can obviously not be blamed for personal guilt. As a loyal civil servant he was embedded in the tragic German fate in these years.

Field of study: Environmental science
Optimization of image quality for decoded images using three-dimensional smoothing method

Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) baseline algorithm is widely used because of its high compression capability. The algorithm has a characteristic that the degradation of image quality tends to be perceived as the compression ratio becomes high. The eyesore degradations are false contour and mosquito. A method of improving the image quality is proposed. The first step: a domain of false contours is extracted from the image and the second step: the domain is smoothed by a fitting process. It is confirmed that this method is effective in improving the image quality degraded by the JPEG high compression.

Field of study: Mathematics