nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Strong enhancement of two-proton transfer in the 40Ca(37Cl,39K)38Ar - reaction

Measurements of one- and two-proton transfer in the system 37Cl + 40Ca at energies close to the Coulomb barrier have been performed. The two-proton transfer to ground states attains cross sections which are comparable to the one-proton transfer. The strong enhancement of the proton-pair transfer is interpretedinterms of a combined actionofstatic and dynamic proton-proton correlations, for example in the 2+ state of 38Ar andin the 0+ ground state of40Ca which are introducedbymixing of shell model configurations across two major shells with h̅ω = 2 and 3 of different parities (s1/2, d3/2 and f7/2, p3/2). This effect, which is called hybridization, induces a strong spatial polarization of the nucleons in the two-proton wave-function and enhances the two-proton transfer cross section. Coupled reaction channel calculations reproduce consistently the one and two proton transfer using spectroscopic information from light ion reactions.

Field of study: Physics
Atrial fibrillation is associated with cardiac hypoxia.

Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common human arrhythmia, is responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality and may be promoted by selective atrial ischemia and atrial fibrosis. Consequently, we investigated markers for hypoxia and angiogenesis in AF.



Right atrial appendages (n=158) were grouped according to heart rhythm [sinus rhythm (SR) or AF]. The degree of fibrosis and microvessel density of all patients were determined morphometrically using Sirius-Red- and CD34/CD105-stained sections, respectively. Next, sections (n=77) underwent immunostaining to detect hypoxia- and angiogenesis-related proteins [hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)1 alpha, HIF2 alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor 2 (KDR), phosphorylated KDR (pKDR), carboanhydrase IX, platelet-derived growth factor] and the apoptosis-related B-cell lymphoma 2 protein.



Fibrosis progressed significantly from 14.7+/-0.8% (SR) to 22.3+/-1.4% (AF). While the positive cytoplasmic staining of HIF1 alpha, HIF2 alpha, VEGF, KDR, and pKDR rose significantly from SR to AF, their nuclear fractions fell (only pKDR significantly). The median CD34/CD105-positive microvessel size increased significantly from SR to AF.



AF is closely associated with an atrial up-regulation of hypoxic and angiogenic markers. Whether this is cause, effect, or co-phenomenon of fibrosis remains to be investigated. It is conceivable that fibrosis might lead to an increased O(2) diffusion distance and thus induce ischemic signaling, which, in turn, leads to angiogenesis.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Investigation of DNA sequencing droplet trajectory observation and analysis

In this study, DNA sequencing droplet trajectories are observed and analyzed using an application-specific integrated circuit system and a micro-electromechanical system structure jetting chip. We investigate a droplet jetting technique and apply it to biomedical test chips. This use of a sprayed chip structure can reduce sequencing time by two-thirds compared with traditional methods. The structure is a three-dimensional, multi-channel drive system that can control droplets more precisely. The circuit's input control signal was generated and placed on a chip based on the quantitative design of liquid droplets. Delay time and frequency were used to set the LED light sources. In this study, we would use frequencies of 4 kHz, 8 kHz, and 12 kHz combined with two groups of different orifices and frequencies for ink droplet outlet velocity.

Field of study: Engineering
Developing Written English through Multimedia for Slow Learners - an Experiment at Engineering College Level

In this study the investigators tried to improve the written ability of the students, particularly the slow learners, who find it difficult when it comes to writing any text. Single group, pretest, posttest design was adopted after identifying the slow learners. A multimedia package was designed by the investigators and the sample was trained using the self learning multimedia package. The posttest scores of the samples were improved remarkably than the pretest and the progressive test scores, establishing the effect of the multimedia package. 45 students were taken for the study pertaining to four disciplines. The tool used for this study was Test of General Intelligence Tool (TGI Tool) for identifying the slow learners, a diagnostic test, achievement tests and attitude scale. For analysis of data, mean, SD, percentage of errors, t-test, Karl Pearson product moment correlation and Annova were used. The achievement scores of the posttest was greater than the pretest scores as well as the post attitude score was also considerably greater than the scores in the pre attitude, confirming the effectiveness of multimedia self learning package. The gap closure in the achievement was 41.69 percentage and in the attitude was 17.7 percentage, proving that the teaching via multimedia self learning package was more effective in developing written English.  Slow Learners, Writing Skill, Multimedia Self Learning Package

Field of study: Education
Rat kappa chain allotypes. IV. Monoclonal antibodies to distinct RI-1b specificities.

Four hybridomas are described which produce antibodies to the RI-1b rat kappa chain allotype. Three are rat alloantibodies of KG2b isotype, one is a mouse heteroantibody of KG2a isotype. These antibodies were labeled by incorporation of 75Se-selenomethionine and their specificity determined by a plate-binding assay. Inhibition studies using partially cross-reactive sera from Asian and Australian Rattus show that these four hybridomas detect four distinct RI-1b specificities. Differences in the slopes of the inhibition curves indicate that each of the specificities may exist in more than one form. In addition, in the form of 125I-labeled antibodies, two of these hybridomas show a high degree of specificity in binding to Ig-bearing lymphocytes from spleen and lymph nodes. These hybridomas will therefore be useful not only in studies on the phylogenetic distribution of RI-1 specificities but also in replacing conventional antisera for immunochemical and cellular immunological studies.

Field of study: Biology
Spatiotemporal Variations in Dissolved Elemental Mercury in the River-Dominated and Monsoon-Influenced East China Sea: Drivers, Budgets, Implications.

Distinct spatiotemporal distributions of sea surface dissolved elemental mercury (DEM) and its air-sea exchange flux were observed in the river-dominated and monsoon-influenced East China Sea (ECS). Spatially, DEM concentrations were higher in nearshore Changjiang Diluted Water (90±20 - 260±40 fM) than in offshore Kuroshio Water (60±10 - 160±40 fM) and correlated with salinity and total Hg concentrations, suggesting total Hg discharged from Changjiang River is a controlling factor. In summer, monsoon-driven, coastal upwelling formed a transient nearshore water mass with very elevated DEM concentrations (290±20 - 320±70 fM). Seasonally, DEM concentrations in all water masses were highest in summer (120±30 - 320±70 fM). Estimated rate coefficients for DEM production varied seasonally and strongly correlated with sea surface temperature (SST). Hg0 evasion fluxes also peaked in summer (670±380 pmol m-2 d-1), while in winter DEM was close to equilibrium with gaseous elemental mercury in the atmosphere. Based on the air-sea Hg fluxes for all four seasons from this study, and regional atmospheric deposition fluxes from others, we conclude that the ECS is a net sink of Hg annually, but a source of Hg to the atmosphere in summer. Moreover, the contribution of the ECS to Hg evasion may increase as a result of flood-associated high Changjiang discharge and rising SST.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effects on spelling of training children to read.

Experiment 1 investigated whether training subjects to read words aloud would induce correct written spelling of the words even though spelling had no experimental consequences. Training in reading was followed by a weak increment in correct spelling. Experiment 2 investigated whether overtraining in reading would improve spelling more. Spelling improved as overtraining continued until the subjects spelled all the words correctly. Experiments 3 and 4 investigated the components of overtraining responsible for this improvement in spelling. Initial training in reading followed by repeated opportunities to look at (but not say aloud) the printed words resulted in the same gradual improvement in spelling as seen in Experiment 2. The results were related to Skinner's theory of verbal behavior and to studies of the relationship between speaking and instruction-following in children.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Educational Approach to Menopausal Distress: Pilot study of patient workshops.

A brief menopause education workshop conducted by a psychiatrist and a gynecologist presented information on the physical, psychological, and sociocultural aspects of menopause. Before the course, 73% of participants were anxious about the menopause, and 54% felt a woman's body ceased functioning well at menopause. After the course, all the women felt less anxious, depressed, and irritable and more hopeful about themselves.

Field of study: Medicine
Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Trimethoprim at Multi-wall Carbon Nanotubes-Nafion Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode and Its Electrochemical Determination

Electrochemical behaviors,electrochemical kinetics and electrochemical determination of trimethoprim(TMP) at multi-wall carbon nanotubes-Nafion modified glassy carbon electrode(MWCNTs-Nafion/GCE) were investigated by cyclic voltammetry(CV),chronocoulometry(CC),chronoamperometry(CA),linear scan voltammetry(LSV) and amperometric i-t curve. The experimental results showed that the direct electrochemical oxidation of TMP is sluggish on GCE,but the oxidation peak current of TMP increases significantly at MWCNTs-Nafion/GCE in comparison with that at bare GCE,which indicates that MWCNTs-Nafion/GCE can catalyze the electrochemical oxidation of TMP very well. It has also been done that the research on the influence of the experimental conditions on TMP electrochemical behaviors. The results showed that the electrode reaction process is a diffusion-limited. At MWCNTs-Nafion/GCE,the oxidation peak current is proportional to the concentration of TMP over the range from 5.0×10-6 to 1.0×10-3 mol/L. The detection limit is 6.6×10-7 mol/L. The relative standard deviation is between 0.8% and 1.7% and the recovery is 98.1%-101.1%. This MWCNTs-Nafion/GCE method has been applied in the determination of TMP in tablet samples with the satisfied results.

Field of study: Chemistry
Cucker-Smale flocking with alternating leaders

We study the emergent flocking behavior in a group of Cucker-Smale flocking agents under rooted leadership with alternating leaders. It is well known that the network topology regulates the emergent behaviors of flocks. All existing results on the Cucker-Smale model with leader-follower topologies assume a fixed leader during temporal evolution process. The rooted leadership is the most general topology taking a leadership. Motivated by collective behaviors observed in the flocks of birds, swarming fishes and potential engineering applications, we consider the rooted leadership with alternating leaders; that is, at each time slice there is a leader but it can be switched among the agents from time to time. We will provide several sufficient conditions leading to the asymptotic flocking among the Cucker-Smale agents under rooted leadership with alternating leaders.

Field of study: Mathematics
Candidate Source of Flux Noise in SQUIDs: Adsorbed Oxygen Molecules.

A major obstacle to using superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) as qubits is flux noise. We propose that the heretofore mysterious spins producing flux noise could be O_{2} molecules adsorbed on the surface. Using density functional theory calculations, we find that an O_{2} molecule adsorbed on an α-alumina surface has a magnetic moment of ~1.8 μ_{B}. The spin is oriented perpendicular to the axis of the O-O bond, the barrier to spin rotations is about 10 mK. Monte Carlo simulations of ferromagnetically coupled, anisotropic XY spins on a square lattice find 1/f magnetization noise, consistent with flux noise in Al SQUIDs.

Field of study: Physics
A self-paced course in pharmaceutical mathematics using web-based databases.

To transform a pharmaceutical mathematics course to a self-paced instructional format using Web-accessed databases for student practice and examination preparation.



The existing pharmaceutical mathematics course was modified from a lecture style with midsemester and final examinations to a self-paced format in which students had multiple opportunities to complete online, nongraded self-assessments as well as in-class module examinations.


ASSESSMENT
Grades and course evaluations were compared between students taking the class in lecture format with midsemester and final examinations and students taking the class in the self-paced instructional format. The number of times it took students to pass examinations was also analyzed.



Based on instructor assessment and student feedback, the course succeeded in giving students who were proficient in pharmaceutical mathematics a chance to progress quickly and students who were less skillful the opportunity to receive instruction at their own pace and develop mathematical competence.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Conformations, Energy and Spectral Characteristics of 2,3-Trimethylene- and 2,3-Pentamethylene-3,4-dihydro-4-quinazolinones

Quantum-chemical calculations and IR spectroscopy were used to study the conformations as well as the energy and spectral characteristics of 2,3-trimethylene- and 2,3-pentamethylene-3,4-dihydro-4-quinazolinones. The shift of π-electron density from the heterocyclic system to the carbonyl group and, thus, the proton affinity of the oxygen atom of this group increase with expansion of the bond angle at the nitrogen atom in going from a five-membered to seven-membered ring.

Field of study: Chemistry
Monte Carlo studies of ionic conductors containing an insulating second phase

The ionic conductivity in solid ionic conductors containing a dispersed insulating phase (like LiI/Al 2 O 3 ) is studied within percolation theory. We develop a realistic three dimensional model which takes into account both the blocking of the mobile ions by the insulator and the enhanced conductivity along the internal interfaces. We calculate the overall conductivity by Monte Carlo simulations and find that the distinct conduction properties of the composites are explained satisfactorily by our model. In addition, we predict that dispersed ionic conductors should show critical behaviour of both random-superconducting and random-resistor networks near two different concentrations of the insulator, features which might be experimentally observable.

Field of study: Materials science
Antioxidant and metabolism responses to polyphenol stress in cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa

Three common polyphenol compounds Gallic Acid (GA), Pyrogallic Acid (PA) and Catechol (CA) are known to have allelochemical-exhibiting inhibitory effects on the growth of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa). Metabolism and antioxidant responses in M. aeruginosa were investigated to elucidate the mechanism by which the three polyphenols inhibit algal growth. The inhibition effects of polyphenols were in the order of CA > PA > GA. The GA and CA exposures increased protein contents, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase (CAT) activity and soluble sugar, especially for exposure to GA of 25 mg L−1. Soluble sugar content increased significantly especially when exposed to CA for 72 h. When exposed to PA, protein content, and SOD and CAT activities initially increased but over longer treatment time the activities decreased, in contrast to sugar content. Our results suggest that PA exposure for longer periods of time may inhibit catabolism action, while CA exposure could induce more oxide stress than GA or PA. The overall study showed that polyphenol-induced oxidative damage might be responsible for polyphenol inhibition on M. aeruginosa growth. The increases in cellular antioxidant enzymes and soluble sugar may have been to counteract the oxidative stress.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Convergence analysis and numerical simulation for a hyperbolic system

In this paper, we develop and analyze a finite volume element method for the approximation of the hyperbolic type equations arising in mathematical physics in one space dimension. In recent years there has been increasing attention in the literatures to the development, analysis and implementation of the solution of hyperbolic equations. In this work, we construct the discrete finite volume element schemes, and give the optimal error estimates between the finite volume element solution and the exact solution. Moreover, numerical experiments are also provided to demonstrate the behavior of the methods and confirm the efficiency and robustness of the presented approach and method. Finally, some conclusions are obtained and our further research work is proposed.

Field of study: Mathematics
Statistical learning theory for location fingerprinting in wireless LANs

In this paper, techniques and algorithms developed in the framework of Statistical Learning Theory are applied to the problem of determining the location of a wireless device by measuring the signal strength values from a set of access points (location fingerprinting). Statistical Learning Theory provides a rich theoretical basis for the development of models starting from a set of examples. Signal strength measurement is part of the normal operating mode of wireless equipment, in particular Wi-Fi, so that no special-purpose hardware is required.The proposed techniques, based on the Support Vector Machine paradigm, have been implemented and compared, on the same data set, with other approaches considered in scientific literature. Tests performed in a real-world environment show that results are comparable, with the advantage of a low algorithmic complexity in the normal operating phase. Moreover, the algorithm is particularly suitable for classification, where it outperforms the other techniques.

Field of study: Computer science
How persistent are POPs in remote areas? A case study of DDT degradation in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China.

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can undergo long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) and deposit in remote areas. How persistent are POPs in remote areas? To answer this question, we measured two parent-DDTs and eight metabolites in soil and air along a transect in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China, to quantitatively evaluate the degree of degradation of DDTs. DDTs were ubiquitous in soil and air with the total DDT concentrations (Σ10DDTs) ranging 37.7-70,100 pg g-1 dw and 3.4-175 pg m-3, respectively. The air-soil equilibrium status indicated that the forest/basin soil was a source for most DDTs, while the plateau soil was a sink receiving DDTs from the LRAT and photodegradation in the air (for metabolites). The metabolites accounted for avg. 64.1% of Σ10DDTs in soil, with avg. 93.2% from local degradation, implying the overall high degradation of DDTs. With the significant degradation, the continuous input via LRAT was deemed to be the main reason for the stable level (persistence) of POPs in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Therefore, we emphasize the importance of source control for the risk management of POPs. POPs in the environment might decline rapidly due to a reduction in source input and significant degradation as indicated by our study.

Field of study: Environmental science
Retaining nurses: the impact of Ontario's "70% full-time commitment".

To evaluate the effectiveness of a nurse retention strategy, the "70% Full-Time Commitment", in retaining part-time and casual nurses in Ontario's nurse profession.



Using the College of Nurses of Ontario database, a longitudinal dataset for all nurses registered with the college from 1993 to 2006 was created (N=216,353). One-year transition probabilities of nurse employment status (full-time, part-time and casual) were conducted (1993-2009) to generate trends of nurses' likelihood to stay in, switch or leave their full-time, part-time or casual position in Ontario's nurse profession.



After the 70% Full-Time Commitment (2004-2009) was initiated, most full-time (89.7%), part-time (76.6%) and casual (62.5%) nurses stayed in their employment position. A slightly larger proportion of part-time nurses (13.6%) switched to full-time compared to casual nurses (8.6%). However, a similar proportion of young part-time (24.5%) and casual (23.3%) nurses switched to full-time. A smaller proportion of part-time (3.2%) and casual (7.1%) nurses left the profession.



Part-time and casual nurses have different employment switching patterns. The "70% Full-Time Commitment" was not an effective mechanism in retaining part-time and casual nurses. It might be more effective as a recruitment initiative for young nurses.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Production and characterization of monoclonal antibody to a melanoma specific glycoprotein.

An immunogen consisting of a 4M urea extract derived from human melanoma cells (M14), that was devoid of HLA-A,B,C, HLA-DR antigens and fibronectin was adsorbed to lens culinaris lectin-Sepharose 4B and used to immunize mice for production of monoclonal antibody to a melanoma-specific glycoprotein. Screening for hybridomas secreting antibodies to melanoma associated antigens was facilitated by use of a solid phase target antigen of chemically defined medium of melanoma cells (CDM). Use of these procedures allowed us to select 40 hybridomas secreting antibody which recognized determinants on melanoma cells not found on lymphoid cells. Further characterization of one of these hybridomas, 9.2.27, indicated that the antibody it secreted recognized a 240K dalton glycoprotein found on all melanoma cell lines tested but not on carcinoma, lymphoid, or fibroblastoid cultures. These results demonstrate the utility of soluble antigen preparations devoid of strongly immunogenic non tumor-specific molecules in the elicitation of tumor specific antibody. Preliminary results suggest that immunogens of this kind are superior to intact melanoma cells for production of tumor specific hybridomas.

Field of study: Biology
Pure Exchange Equilibrium of Dynamic Economic Models.

This paper studies competitive equilibrium over time of a one good model in which the agents are members of a population which grows at a constant rate. Each agent lives for n periods and in the i-th period of his life receives an endowment of ei units of goods. Goods can neither be produced nor stored. The model is thus the n-period generalization of the two- and three-period models studied by Samuelson in . We seek to ascertain the structure of the time paths of consumption in these models. Our results can be summarized roughly as follows: In general, there will exist two kinds of steady state paths, (i) golden rule paths in which the rate of interest equals the growth rate of population and (ii) “balanced” paths in which the aggregate assets or indebtedness of the society as a whole is zero (a fundamental fact about dynamic models is that it is possible for aggregate debt not to equal aggregate credit as it must in the static case). A model is termed classical if in the golden rule state aggregate assets are negative (or debt positive) and Samuelson (following ) in the opposite case. It is conjectured that the golden rule program is globally stable in the classical case and the balanced program is stable in the Samuelson case. This is established for the special case n = 2.

Field of study: Economics