nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Flow cytometry analysis of circulating and splenic follicular helper T (Tfh) cells in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis

To investigate changes in the percentages of circulating and splenic follicular helper T (Tfh) cells and the significance of Tfh cells in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis. 
 
 
 
BALB/c mice were sensitized by injection of OVA and aluminum hydroxide to establish the model of allergic rhinitis. Flow cytometry was performed to measure the percentages of circulating and splenic CD4+ CXCR5+ after staining Tfh cells with anti-mouse CD4-FITC and anti-mouse CXCR5-PE. Concentrations of OVE-specific IgE (OVA-sIgE) in serum samples were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Student′s t-test and Pearson′s correlation analysis were used for statistical analysis. 
 
 
 
Enhanced infiltration of eosinophils in submucosa was observed in the experimental group. After sensitizing the mice with OVA and aluminum hydroxide, the concentration of OVA-sIgE increased from 43.47 pg/ml [(43.47±2.58) pg/ml] to 50.44 pg/ml [(50.44±1.40) pg/ml] (P=0.029); the percentage of circulating CD4+ CXCR5+ was up-regulated from 6.25% [(6.25±1.19)%] to 13.94% [(13.94±2.77)%] (P=0.026); the percentage of splenic CD4+ CXCR5+ was down-regulated from 18.04% [(18.04±4.97)%] to 7.26% [(7.26±0.96)%] (P=0.019). The concentration of OVA-specific IgE was positively correlated with the percentage of circulating Tfh cells (r=0.954, P=0.002), but negatively correlated with the percentage of splenic Tfh cells (r=-0.801, P=0.028). Moreover, a negative correlation was found between circulating and splenic Tfh cells (r=-0.787, P=0.032). 
 
 
 
Tfh cells might be involved in the immune responses against allergic rhinitis in mice. 
 
 
 
Follicular helper T cell (Tfh); Allergic rhinitis; Flow cytometry; Immunoglobulin E (IgE); Mouse

Field of study: Biology
Identification of Gear Conditions Using Nonlinearity Measures by Delay Vector Variance

Vibrations in different running stages of a gear generally demonstrate different dynamical behavior. As a result, nonlinearity of vibration data can seemingly serve as a measure for describing running conditions of a gear. Nevertheless, measuring nonlinearity of vibration data seems to be a tough task because of complexities of data. To resolve this problem, this paper exploited delay vector variance (DVV), a time-delay method for quantifying nonlinearity and randomization of data, to investigate gear vibration data. Along this path, this paper proposed a novel method for identification of gear conditions using nonlinearity measures by DVV. Following this, the performance of the proposed method was benchmarked against Approximate Entropy and Sample Entropy using gear vibration data containing similar gear faults. The comparison indicated that the proposed method in this paper has the edge over Approximate Entropy and Sample Entropy in identifying gear fault conditions.

Field of study: Engineering
Evaluation of Combination Weedicides in Transplanted Rice

A field experiment was conducted during Rabi 2003–04 and Kharif 2004 with objectives of testing the combination weedicies in different dosages and time of application in transplanted rice for weed control efficiency and their impact on growth and grain yield of rice. The herbicidal treatments comprised triasulfuron alone @ 0.006–0.012 kg a.i/ha and in combination with pretilachlor @ 0.450 and 0.600 kg a.i./ha and, almix+butachlor @ 0.004+0.938 kg a.i/ha along with weed-free check, hand weeding twice and non-weeded control. Pretilachlor @0.600 kg a.i./ha (3–5 DAT) was found effective against grassy weeds. Triasulfuron @ 0.009 kg a.i./ha (12–15 DAT) exhibited significant efficacy against broad leaved weeds (BLW); however under low moisture conditions, the higher dose @ 0.012 kg a.i./ha was found to be toxic to rice crop. Broadspectrum weed control against grassy as well as BLW was observed due to application of combination herbicides triasulfuron+pretilachlor@ 0.009+0.045 kg a.i./h as well as almix+butachlor @ 0.004+0.938 kg a.i./ha (3–5 DAT)and were comparable to two hand weedings or weed- free check treatments.

Field of study: Biology
Supercooled liquid-like solvent in trypsin crystals: implications for crystal annealing and temperature-controlled X-ray radiation damage studies.

The study of temperature-dependent physical changes in flash-cooled macromolecular crystals is pertinent to cryocrystallography and related issues such as crystal annealing, X-ray radiation damage and kinetic crystallography. In this context, the unit-cell volume of flash-cooled trigonal and orthorhombic trypsin crystals has been monitored upon warming from 100 to 200 K and subsequent re-cooling to 100 K. Crystals of both forms were obtained under the same crystallization conditions, yet they differ in solvent content and channel size. An abrupt non-reversible unit-cell volume decrease is observed at 185 K in orthorhombic and at 195 K in trigonal crystals as the temperature is increased; this result is consistent with ultra-viscous solvent leaving the crystals. Concomitant appearance of ice rings in the diffraction patterns suggests that the transported solvent forms crystalline ice. These results demonstrate that solvent in flash-cooled protein crystals is liquid-like near its crystallization temperature, as has been proposed, yet controversially discussed, for the case of pure water. The use of mineral oil prevents the unit-cell volume decrease in trigonal but not in orthorhombic crystals. The observation of liquid-like solvent has implications in the development of annealing protocols and points a way to the rational design of temperature-controlled crystallographic studies that aim either at studying specific radiation damage or at trapping enzymatic intermediate states.

Field of study: Physics
Performance comparison of high quantum efficiency and normal quantum efficiency photomultiplier tubes and position sensitive photomultiplier tubes for high resolution PET and SPECT detectors.

Recently, photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) and position sensitive PMTs (PSPMTs) with higher quantum efficiencies (HQE) have been developed. However, it remains unclear whether they actually improve such performances as the energy and spatial resolution for PET and SPECT detectors.



The authors evaluated the quantum efficiencies (QEs) for PMTs and PSPMTs and measured the energy resolution of a 3-in. round HQE PMT combined with various scintillators and compared the results with a conventional normal quantum efficiency (NQE) PMT of the same type. The authors also measured the position and energy performance of a 2-in. square HQE PSPMT combined with scintillator blocks and compared them with a NQE PSPMT of the same size.



The energy resolution of the 3-in. round HQE PMT showed higher energy resolution than the NQE with all scintillators. The improvement of the energy resolution was smaller, for all measurements, than the expected value from the quantum efficiency of the PMT but was higher for the scintillators with smaller light outputs. The energy and position performance of the HQE PSPMT based block detectors showed higher position and energy performance than those with NQE.



From these results, the authors conclude that both HQE PMT and PSPMT contribute to improve the energy and position performance for PET and SPECT detectors. Significant performance improvements will be expected in PET and SPECT systems by the use of the HQE PMTs or PSPMTs.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Classics in Personality and Social Psychology

The references from all articles appearing in six personality and social psychology journals for the years 1975, 1976, and 1977 were culled for books and articles published before 1958. These publications dated back to the year 1620, but 80o of them were published after 1940 and 58% after 1950. Three publications (Festinger, 1957; Osgood et al., 1957; Festinger, 1954) were heavily cited and characterized as classics. Thirty-seven other books and articles were frequently cited and were considered influential.

Field of study: Psychology
Interfacial reactions in In-Sn/Ni couples and phase equilibria of the In-Sn-Ni system

The In-Sn-Ni alloys of various compositions were prepared and annealed at 160°C and 240°C. No ternary compounds were found; however, most of the binary compounds had extensive ternary solubility. There was a continuous solid solution between the Ni3Sn phase and Ni3In phase. The Sn-In/Ni couples, made of Sn-In alloys with various compositions, were reacted at 160°C and 240°C and formed only one compound for all the Sn-In alloys/Ni couples reacted up to 8 h. At 240°C, Ni28In72 phase formed in the couples made with pure indium, In-10at.%Sn and In-11at.%Sn alloys, while Ni3Sn4 phase formed in the couples made of alloys with compositions varied from pure Sn to In-12at.%Sn. At 160°C, except in the In/Ni couple, Ni3Sn4 formed by interfacial reaction.

Field of study: Materials science
MOTIVOS QUE LEVAM CRIANÇAS À PRÁTICA DE ATIVIDADES MOTORAS NA ESCOLA

This study aims at investigating the reason children (from 8 to 10 years old of private school in Santa Maria-RS) have for practicing motor acitivities in school. 88 children (45 girls and 43 boys) from primary school were studied and a questionnaire based on Roberts et al., 1986 was used. In order to collect the data the questionnaire was answered in group in the classroom. For the analysis of data the descriptive statistics and internal (task and ego) and external ( social approval and extrinsical reward) categories were employed. Results showed that concerning female children’s motivation for the practice of motor acitivities, internal reasons related to ego were mostly frequent and the entertainment and recreation seem to be the relevant ones for the group; as for male participants’ reasons the internal ones were also the most evident but related to task, pleasure on performing movement, the liking for sports and the learning in Physical Education classes were the most important reasons. Comparing internal and external reasons for the motor practices, the internal reasons were more frequent. Thus, there are evidences that children are interested in task and ego, demonstranting that school context, in its physical and human structure, seems to provide opportunities to perform such motor activities as well as to encourage and to teach.

Field of study: Education
A 2.14 kW tandem pumped fiber amplifier

A 476 W 1018 nm ytterbium fiber laser has been demonstrated employing large mode area fiber. A high power ytterbium doped fiber amplifier pumped by 6 high brightness 1018 nm fiber lasers is constructed. The maximum output power is 2140 W, with a slope efficiency as high as 86.9%. The beam quality M2 factor is measured to be 1.9. Further power scaling is very probable if more powerful pump sources are provided.

Field of study: Physics
Interactions between the jasmonic and salicylic acid pathway modulate the plant metabolome and affect herbivores of different feeding types.

The phytohormones jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) mediate induced plant defences and the corresponding pathways interact in a complex manner as has been shown on the transcript and proteine level. Downstream, metabolic changes are important for plant-herbivore interactions. This study investigated metabolic changes in leaf tissue and phloem exudates of Plantago lanceolata after single and combined JA and SA applications as well as consequences on chewing-biting (Heliothis virescens) and piercing-sucking (Myzus persicae) herbivores. Targeted metabolite profiling and untargeted metabolic fingerprinting uncovered different categories of plant metabolites, which were influenced in a specific manner, indicating points of divergence, convergence, positive crosstalk and pronounced mutual antagonism between the signaling pathways. Phytohormone-specific decreases of primary metabolite pool sizes in the phloem exudates may indicate shifts in sink-source relations, resource allocation, nutrient uptake or photosynthesis. Survival of both herbivore species was significantly reduced by JA and SA treatments. However, the combined application of JA and SA attenuated the negative effects at least against H. virescens suggesting that mutual antagonism between the JA and SA pathway may be responsible. Pathway interactions provide a great regulatory potential for the plant that allows triggering of appropriate defences when attacked by different antagonist species.

Field of study: Environmental science
The psychobiological basis of heuristic synthesis planning - man, machine and the chiron approach

General strategies for the total synthesis of optically pure target molecules are reviewed with particular emphasis on the Chiron Approach which capitalizes on the use of chiral, non-racemic compounds as starting materials. The approach has been implemented in an interactive computer program which analyzes functional and stereochemical features in molecules and carries out a search of suitable starting materials and precursors for synthesis from a data base. The psychobiological basis of heuristic synthesis planning using notions of the human brain's bilateral asymmetry is discussed in the general context of the total synthesis of natural products.

Field of study: Chemistry
Probabilistic Data Structures in Adversarial Environments

Probabilistic data structures use space-efficient representations of data in order to (approximately) respond to queries about the data. Traditionally, these structures are accompanied by probabilistic bounds on query-response errors. These bounds implicitly assume benign attack models, in which the data and the queries are inputs are chosen non-adaptively, and independent of the randomness used to construct the representation. Yet probabilistic data structures are increasingly used in settings where these assumptions may be violated. This work provides a provable security treatment of probabilistic data structures in adversarial environments. We give a syntax that captures a wide variety of in-use structures, and our security notions support development of error bounds in the presence of powerful attacks. Concretely, we primarily focus on examining the widely used Bloom filter, but also consider counting (Bloom) filters and count-min sketch data structures. For the traditional version of these, our security findings are largely negative; however, we show that simple embellishments (e.g., using salts, or secret keys) yields structures that provide provable security, and with little overhead.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
SNR 0104-72.3: A REMNANT OF A TYPE Ia SUPERNOVA IN A STAR-FORMING REGION?

We report our 110 ks Chandra observations of the supernova remnant (SNR) 0104-72.3 in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). The X-ray morphology shows two prominent lobes along the northwest-southeast direction and a soft faint arc in the east. Previous low-resolution X-ray images attributed the unresolved emission from the southeastern lobe to a Be/X-ray star. Our high-resolution Chandra data clearly show that this emission is diffuse, shock-heated plasma, with negligible X-ray emission from the Be star. The eastern arc is positionally coincident with a filament seen in optical and infrared observations. Its X-ray spectrum is well fit by plasma of normal SMC abundances, suggesting that it is from shocked ambient gas. The X-ray spectra of the lobes show overabundant Fe, which is interpreted as emission from the reverse-shocked Fe-rich ejecta. The overall spectral characteristics of the lobes and the arc are similar to those of Type Ia SNRs, and we propose that SNR 0104-72.3 is the first case for a robust candidate Type Ia SNR in the SMC. On the other hand, the remnant appears to be interacting with dense clouds toward the east and to be associated with a nearby star-forming region. These features are unusual for a standard Type Ia SNR. Our results suggest an intriguing possibility that the progenitor of SNR 0104-72.3 might have been a white dwarf of a relatively young population.

Field of study: Physics
The evaluation of DNA evidence in pedigrees requiring population inference

The evaluation of nuclear DNA evidence for identification purposes is performed here taking account of the uncertainty about population parameters. Graphical models are used to detail the hypotheses being debated in a trial with the aim of obtaining a directed acyclic graph. Graphs also clarify the set of evidence that contributes to population inferences and they also describe the conditional independence structure of DNA evidence. Numerical illustrations are provided by re-examining three case-studies taken from the literature. Our calculations of the weight of evidence differ from those given by the authors of case-studies in that they reveal more conservative values.

Field of study: Mathematics
Analysis of Route Optimization Mechanism for Distributed Mobility Management

the mobile data traffic has been extremely expanded for years and will remains the high growth rate in a long term. It is believed that distributed mobility management has been developed to be a new trend of designing mobility management scheme to solve the problem caused by the increasing traffic volume. Based on reviewing the characters of distributed mobility management schemes as a model of “access router distributed but location management centralized”, this paper introduces a distributed mobility management scheme called D-PMIPv6 and its route optimization mechanism. A performance analysis will be given, and numerical results show that the route optimization mechanism this paper proposed has a less signaling cost compared with route optimization mechanism for PMIPv6, but reduces the packets delivery cost as the same as route optimization mechanism for PMIPv6.

Field of study: Computer science
Synthesis of advanced ceramics and intermetallics from organometallic/polymeric precursors

Titanium-containing powders and fibers were synthesized via the modification of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) by titanium dialkylamides and titanium tetrachloride. Pyrolysis of the chemically modified PAN in reactive/inert atmospheres produced materials containing Ti(C, O). The mixed-metal organometallic cluster iron-tricobalt-hydrido-dodecarbonyl was also synthesized and on pyrolysis yielded Fe-Co intermetallics. These materials were characterized by SEM-EDAX, ESCA, Auger and atomic absorption spectroscopy.

Field of study: Materials science
SDHB gene positive metastatic paraganglioma associated with lesions which demonstrate both positive and negative uptake of 18FDG PET and 131MIBG.

The diagnosis and management of these tumours is often difficult, particularly as a diagnosis of metastases is often made retrospectively when disease recurrence occurs. In recent years, the role of genotyping has allowed us to better predict which tumours are more likely to be metastatic. Mutations in the SDHB gene have been associated with higher rates of metastatic disease.1

Unfortunately, mutations in this gene can also lower the sensitivity of radiolabeled metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG). MIBG scanning is considered the gold standard imaging modality for the diagnosis of recurrent disease but this case illustrates the potential diagnostic pitfalls associated with this imaging modality in cases of SDHB gene mutations. The case demonstrates the importance of genotyping as a diagnostic and predictive tool and the importance of clinical acumen in the face of negative test results.

This gentleman underwent a MRI of pelvis in February 2011 for investigation of possible sacroiliitis on a background of known inflammatory bowel disease. This MRI demonstrated a 2.3 × 2.3 cm nodule posterior to the pubic …

Field of study: Medicine
Every Cloud Has a Silver Lining: Interpersonal and Individual Differences Determinants of Anger-Related Behaviors

Two studies examined the effect of status and liking of the anger target on anger behavior and individual differences in angerrelated behavior. Participants recalled anger instances in which the anger target was of higher/equal/lower status and/or liked/ unfamiliar/disliked; subsequently, they indicated which behaviors they had displayed. In both studies, anger behaviors could be grouped into behaviors that imply approaching the target (anger-out, assertion, reconciliation) and behaviors that reflect avoidance/anger-in or social sharing. The results demonstrated that approach behaviors more likely occur toward lower status or liked targets; avoidance behaviors and social sharing more likely occur when the target is of higher status or disliked. On an individual differences level, an approach and an avoid/social sharing person class were identified. The findings suggest that anger may motivate prosocial behavior or social sharing, depending on the individual and type of relation with the target. Only few gender differences were found.

Field of study: Psychology
Basal Cortisol Levels and Correlates of Hypoadrenalism in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

To determine the frequency of occurrence of hypoadrenalism in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and document the clinical correlates of hypoadrenalism for this group of patients.  A descriptive study was carried out on 66 hospitalized HIV patients in a semi-urban setting of South Africa. Hypoadrenalism was diagnosed based on a basal cortisol level of less than 400 nmol/l with or without overt signs and symptoms. Clinical and biochemical parameters of hypoadrenalism were compared between subjects with suboptimal and normal cortisol levels. Statistical analysis included Student’s t test, χ2 and Pearson’s correlation coefficient tests.  The prevalence of hypoadrenalism was 27% with a high occurrence of contributory factors (cytomegalovirus infection in 100% and tuberculosis in 68.2% of the study subjects). Typical features of hypoadrenalism included: hyponatremia, 19.6%; hyperkalemia, 6.1%; mucosal hyperpigmentation, 12%, and loss of axillary hair, 15%. Comparison of clinical and biochemical parameters of hypoadrenalism did not show a correlation between CD4 count and cortisol levels (r = 0.1 and p = 0.3).  The prevalence of hypoadrenalism in our patients with HIV infection was high and the clinical features were comparable in subjects with normal and subnormal cortisol levels.

Field of study: Medicine