nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A bag-to-class divergence approach to multiple-instance learning

In multi-instance (MI) learning, each object (bag) consists of multiple feature vectors (instances), and is most commonly regarded as a set of points in a multidimensional space. A different viewpoint is that the instances are realisations of random vectors with corresponding probability distribution, and that a bag is the distribution, not the realisations. In MI classification, each bag in the training set has a class label, but the instances are unlabelled. By introducing the probability distribution space to bag-level classification problems, dissimilarities between probability distributions (divergences) can be applied. The bag-to-bag Kullback-Leibler information is asymptotically the best classifier, but the typical sparseness of MI training sets is an obstacle. We introduce bag-to-class divergence to MI learning, emphasising the hierarchical nature of the random vectors that makes bags from the same class different. We propose two properties for bag-to-class divergences, and an additional property for sparse training sets.

Field of study: Computer science
Le plus grand bien

L’autre jour, j’ai rencontre un petit garcon appele Jeudi. Jeudi a trois ans et il souffre d’une malformation cardiaque congenitale; c’est un tout petit garcon avec un tres grand cœur. Il a besoin d’une chirurgie, et ce, tres bientot.

Malheureusement, Jeudi habite en Haiti, l’

Field of study: Medicine
Isolation and Preliminary Identification of a Cellulose-producing Bacteria Strain

The bacteria AXI that can produce cellulose membrane was isolated from pectin. The isolate was identified by ways of its morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics. In addition, molecular identification of the 16SrRNA gene of the isolate was conducted. The 16SrRNA gene was sequenced, and molecular phylogenetic tree was constructed. Results indicated that the bacteria AXI isolated was most similar to Acetobacter. The 16SrRNA sequence of the AXI was 99 % homogenous to that of the Acetobacter. The comprehensive analysis showed that the AXI was grouped to Acetobacter.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Towards a ‘New Professionalism’ for the South African Police Service

South Africa faces significant challenges of violent crime. The country's national police agency, the South African Police Service (SAPS), is often rhetorically presented as the government's response to this challenge. In recent years calls have been made for the SAPS to become more ‘professional’. These calls have come from the government, civil society and the SAPS itself. Yet beyond a common sense interpretation, it remains unclear what ‘professional’ and ‘professionalism’ mean in relation to police in South Africa. This article explores current articulations of police professionalism in South Africa against a backdrop of the historical development of policing here. It suggests that ‘professionalising’ the use of force, supporting initiatives aimed at fostering civic cultures that demand fair, polite and efficient service from police, and better defining the police role, will have a positive ‘professionalising’ effect on the SAPS. Furthermore, it suggests that there needs to be a continued shift of focus away from the police as the primary provider of safety in the country, towards a networked approach to safety generation that incorporates other government and community structures.

Field of study: Sociology
Correlation between EOS customer return failure cases and Over Voltage Stress (OVS) test method

For the last 30 years, the electronic industry made many efforts to reduce ESD failure rates. Consequently EOS failure rate can be the dominant one. Concerned by zero defect program and EOS failure rate from customer complaints, NXP Semiconductors defined a new test method called Over Voltage Stress (OVS) that is able to reproduce EOS failure, to define product Absolute Maximum Ratings (AMR) and also to improve IC robustness against EOS events.

Field of study: Engineering
The impact of decentralised drug-budgets in Sweden - a survey of physicians' attitudes towards costs and cost-effectiveness.

In Sweden decentralised drug-budgets at health-care facility levels were introduced in 1997 in an attempt to contain increasing pharmaceutical expenditures. This paper reports the findings of a postal survey which investigates whether decentralised drug-budgets according to a so-called primary-care based model in Swedish health care have led to increased cost awareness and changed attitudes towards cost-minimisation and cost-effectiveness as decision-making criteria among physicians. In particular, it was investigated whether there were differences in this respect between general practitioners (GPs) and specialists. The postal survey was sent to 1,520 Swedish physicians from a stratified sample of Swedish county councils. A total of 738 physicians responded (response rate 49%). Statistical analysis was performed of logistic regression analysis and independent or paired samples t-tests. The results suggest that GPs have a higher degree of cost awareness than specialists. Physicians with experience of decentralised drug-budgets have a higher degree of cost awareness than other physicians. However, the rating of the top four decision-making criteria; therapeutic effects, side effects, compliance and cost-effectiveness, were not significantly different when comparing GPs against specialists, and physicians practising in county councils with decentralised drug-budgets against other physicians. The main barriers to considering costs to a greater extent were perceived difficulties in switching drugs and a fear among physicians of losing credibility among patients. In conclusion, decentralisation of drug-budgets according to the Swedish primary-care based model increases cost awareness, especially among GPs. Such responsibility, however, does not create strong incentives for physicians to reconsider the importance of cost-effectiveness in relation to other decision-making criteria when prescribing. Parallel interventions are needed to meet the objective of cost-effective prescribing.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Modulation of human T cell functions by surface sulphydryl groups: differential effects on IL‐2 production and responsiveness

An impermeable thiol blocker has been used to investigate the role of sulphydryl (SH) groups in the production of and responsiveness to IL‐2 by normal human T lymphocytes. Surface SH blockade of mononuclear cells prior to incubation with mitogen (phytohaemagglutinin, concanavalin A, CD3 MoAb) had no effect on production of IL‐2 but markedly impaired cellular responsiveness to exogenous IL‐2. Studies using MoAbs indicated that this effect was accompanied by decreased expression of both the CD25 and p75 subunits of the IL‐2 receptor. Blocking surface SH groups did not affect binding of IL‐2 to p75 on unstimulated mononuclcar cells, but inhibited binding to high‐affinity receptors on a T lymphoma cell line. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that sulphydryl groups on the IL‐2 receptor are required for its function and may be involved in the interaction of the CD25 and p75 subunits leading to generation of the high‐affinity binding site. The surface thiol identified on the IL‐2 receptor may be a candidate for oxidation on cells from patients with chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and thus contribute to the aberrant function of T cells in these patients.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Heterocyclization Reactions of 3-methylisoxazol-5-amine with Pyruvic Acid Derivatives Using Classical and Non-classical Methods of Activation

Two- and multicomponent interactions between 3-methylisoxazol-5-amine and pyruvic acid derivatives were studied both by using classical methods of activation, as well as under microwave irradiation and ultrasonication. It was shown that the reactions with esters of arylidene pyruvic acids could lead to the formation of three different types of heterocyclic systems, while in the case of arylidene pyruvic acid a very insignificant conversion of the starting compounds to isoxazolo[5,4-b]pyridine carboxylic acids was observed, due to the low stability of 3-methylisoxazol-5-amine.

Field of study: Chemistry
Evaluation of systemic insecticides against Anaphothnps sudanensis Trybom infesting maize

The comparative efficacy of seven systemic insecticides, viz., aldicarb 10 G, phorate 10 G, disulfoton 5 G, mephosfolan 5 G and carbofuran 3 G applied as seed farrow and phorate and carbofuran applied as seed dreessing, was evaluated against Anaphothrips sudanensis Trybom infesting spring-sown maize at Udaipur. All the insecticidal treatments were significantly superior to control at 14, 17, 20, 24, and 31 days after sowing. In general the granular treatments gave comparatively more protection to the plants from thrips than the seed dressing treatments. Mephosfolan 5 G applied in the seed furrow @ 3 g m row proved to be the most effective insecticide against this pest.

Field of study: Biology
The study of anti HPV16E_6 ribozyme′s expression and cleavage activity in vitro

To acquire a ribozyme against the E 6 gene of human papillomaviruses type 16 as a potential gene therapy tool on HPV related tumors.  According to Symon′s hammerhead structure, anti HPV16E 6 ribozyme (anti 16HRz) was designed by using computer programs. The DNA sequence encoding the ribozyme was synthesized, and incorporated into a pRG523 expressing vector to construct plasmid . Ribozyme and HPV16E 6 mRNA were acquired by transcription in vitro , and ribozyme′s activity was identified by cleavage experiment in vitro.  In vitro transcription of the pRG16HRz which had a cis ribozyme gene on both sides of the anti 16HRz gene showed that anti 16HRz could be trimmed to definite length by the 3′ cis Rz and 5′ cis Rz. The HPV16E 6 gene (+94-+296) was got by PCR amplification, then incorporated into pTZ19 to construct pTZ16E 6, which could generate HPV16E 6 mRNA fragment by transcription in vitro. In vitro cleavage reaction demonstrated that anti 16HRz could site specifically cleave the target HPV16E 6 mRNA fragment of 214nt to yield two products (82nt and 132nt). The temperature and time of reaction affected cleavage activity, which was maximum when reacting at 40℃ for 100 minutes.  Anti 16HRz may become a gene therapy tool on HPV16 related tumors as it can site specifically cleave the target HPV16E 6 mRNA.

Field of study: Biology
Quantification of Temperature Dependence of Hydrogen Embrittlement in Pipeline Steel

The effects of temperature on bulk hydrogen concentration and diffusion have been tested with the Devanathan–-Stachurski method. Thus, a model based on hydrogen potential, diffusivity, loading frequency, and hydrostatic stress distribution around crack tips was applied in order to quantify the temperature’s effect. The theoretical model was verified experimentally and confirmed a temperature threshold of 320 K to maximize the crack growth. The model suggests a nanoscale embrittlement mechanism, which is generated by hydrogen atom delivery to the crack tip under fatigue loading, and rationalized the ΔK dependence of traditional models. Hence, this work could be applied to optimize operations that will prolong the life of the pipeline.

Field of study: Materials science
Histochemical studies of 20α- and 20β-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenases in hamster eggs

発生初期のハムスター卵子について,20α-OH-SDH(基質として20α-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-oneを使用)および20β-OH-SDH(基質として20β-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-oneを使用)を組織化学的に検出したところ,およそ次のような成績が得られた。未受精卵子と受精未分割卵子はともに高い20α-および20β-OH-SDH活性を示した。これらの酵素活性によって生じたジホルマザン顆粒は卵子の細胞質に一様に分布していた。20α-OH-SDH活性は2細胞期にいたって低下し中等度となったが,この活性は胞胚期まで維持された。いっぽう,20β-OH-SDH活性は8細胞期まで1細胞期と同程度の高い活性が持続されたが,胞胚期にいたり若干低下した。分割卵子においては,ジホルマザン顆粒は分割球の核の周辺と細胞質の表層部にとくに多く分布していた。胞胚においては,ジホルマザン顆粒は内細胞とトロホブラストに同じ強さで現れ,細胞質全般にみられた。発生過程をつうじて,ジホルマザン顆粒の分布状態には,酵素の種類による相違は認められなかった。以上のことから,ハムスター卵子にはprogesteroneと20α(β)-OH-Pとの間に相互転換のあることが推察された。

Field of study: Biology
Prescribing smoked cannabis for chronic noncancer pain: preliminary recommendations.

To offer preliminary guidance on prescribing smoked cannabis for chronic pain before the release of formal guidelines.



We reviewed the literature on the analgesic effectiveness of smoked cannabis and the harms of medical and recreational cannabis use. We developed recommendations on indications, contraindications, precautions, and dosing of smoked cannabis, and categorized the recommendations based on levels of evidence. Evidence is mostly level II (well conducted observational studies) and III (expert opinion).


MAIN MESSAGE
Smoked cannabis might be indicated for patients with severe neuropathic pain conditions who have not responded to adequate trials of pharmaceutical cannabinoids and standard analgesics (level II evidence). Smoked cannabis is contraindicated in patients who are 25 years of age or younger (level II evidence); who have a current, past, or strong family history of psychosis (level II evidence); who have a current or past cannabis use disorder (level III evidence); who have a current substance use disorder (level III evidence); who have cardiovascular or respiratory disease (level III evidence); or who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant (level II evidence). It should be used with caution in patients who smoke tobacco (level II evidence), who are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (level III evidence), who have anxiety or mood disorders (level II evidence), or who are taking higher doses of opioids or benzodiazepines (level III evidence). Cannabis users should be advised not to drive for at least 3 to 4 hours after smoking, for at least 6 hours after oral ingestion, and for at least 8 hours if they experience a subjective "high" (level II evidence). The maximum recommended dose is 1 inhalation 4 times per day (approximately 400 mg per day) of dried cannabis containing 9% delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (level III evidence). Physicians should avoid referring patients to "cannabinoid" clinics (level III evidence).



Future guidelines should be based on systematic review of the literature on the safety and effectiveness of smoked cannabis. Further research is needed on the effectiveness and long-term safety of smoked cannabis compared with pharmaceutical cannabinoids, opioids, and other standard analgesics.

Field of study: Medicine
The Market Structure of Shipping German Immigrants to Colonial America

B Y THE END OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY the power of royally chartered trading companies to monopolize trans-Atlantic routes had waned. Within the confines of the Navigation Acts, eighteenth-century British shipping was openly competitive. However, the transportation of German immigrants from Rotterdam to America in the middle of the eighteenth century might have been the exception. Several authors have suggested that a few shippers monopolized this trade prior to the Seven Years War. Monopolization of the German passenger trade would have dire consequences for the emigrants. A monopolist's goal of higher profits

Field of study: History
The use of incidence-based species richness estimators, species accumulation curves and similarity measures to appraise ethnobotanical inventories from South Africa

The incorporation of suitable quantitative methods into ethnobotanical studies enhances the value of the research and the interpretation of the results. Prediction of sample species richness and the use of species accumulation functions have been addressed little in applied ethnobotany. In this paper, incidence-based species richness estimators, species accumulation curves and similarity measures are used to compare and predict species richness, evaluate sampling effort and compare the similarity of species inventories for ethnobotanical data sets derived from the trade in traditional medicine in Johannesburg and Mpumalanga, South Africa.  was used to compute estimators of species richness (e.g. Jackknife), rarefaction curves, species accumulation curves and complimentarity. Results showed that while the Michaelis–Menten Means estimator appeared to be the best estimator because the curve approached a horizontal asymptote, it was not able to accurately predict species richness for one of the data sets when two of its subsamples were individually tested. Instead, the first-order Jackknife estimator best approximated the known richness.

Field of study: Environmental science
Economic Inequality in India

If the income of the poor falls or rises by the same percentage as it does for the rich, economists generally say that income inequality has not changed. But not all analysts believe this is true assessment of social and economic equity, especially in poorer countries. A 10 percent increase for the poor in a developing country is usually trivial compared to a 10 percent increase even for middle-income people, no less the rich. The authors propose a better way to measure income inequality, and it shows that in India, for example, inequality is on the rise.

Field of study: Economics
Site-dependent angiogenic cytokine production in human tumor xenografts.

Tumor microenvironment plays a critical role in tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Differences in site of tumor implantation result in differences in tumor growth, metastasis, as well as response to chemotherapy. We hypothesized that tumor-induced angiogenic growth factor production into the plasma will also be influenced by site of tumor implantation. We evaluated the site-dependent production of angiogenic growth factors in the plasma of tumor bearing animals at two different sites of implantation. Plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were evaluated in nude mice bearing A2780, SKOV-3, or OVCAR-3 human ovarian tumors, as well as Panc-1, AsPC-1, or BxPC-3 human pancreatic tumors grown as subcutaneous (SC) xenografts or in the intraperitoneal (IP) cavity. Plasma VEGF and bFGF levels produced by two ovarian tumor lines and two pancreatic tumor lines were substantially higher when the tumors were implanted in the IP cavity than in the SC space. These studies indicated that the site of tumor implantation was an important determinant in the production of plasma VEGF and bFGF levels. As more and more anti-angiogenic agents are developed, the need for appropriate animal models becomes apparent. These results suggest the demand for an appropriate model for the in vivo evaluation of anti-angiogenesis.

Field of study: Medicine
Remarks on potential theory

Although some of the results of the present note hold for potential theories constructed with a variety of kernels, we are interested only in the applications to Bessel potentials , Riesz potentials and the logarithmic potential. Accordingly we state everything in the terminology of Bessel potentials on the space R ~, since the results are then easily extended to other classes. The kernel G~,(x,y) is defined on R" for all real a by G~(x,y) = G~,(xy), where G~(x) = [2 (=+~-z'j~ ~t n12 F(a/2)]l ]xl (~-n)~2 g(=_~)/2 ( Ix]) , the function K,(z) being the modified Bessel function of the third kind. We remark tha t the kernel vanishes identically when a is a non-positive even integer. I n a neighborhood of the origin G~(x) is equivalent to Ix ]~= if a 0 form the space P~ of all functions which coincide except for a set of 2a-capaci ty zero with convolutions of the form u = G~,-)e/, where / is in L*; the integral exists, except, perhaps, for a set of the corresponding capaci ty zero. The norm of u in P~ equals the L 2 norm of the corresponding / and P" is a Hilbert space which also appears as the perfect functional completion of the space of all (Bessel) potentials of order 2:r of measures of finite 2a energy. In contradistinct ion to Riesz potentials, the Bessel potentials are always L 2 functions, and we have the following convenient formula for the norm in terms of the Fourier transform:

Field of study: Mathematics
Fall Detection and Monitoring System For Elderly Person

Falls in the elderly have every so often been serious medical and social problems. Fall detection is a foremost task in the public healthcare area, particularly for the elderly and consistent system is a need to alleviate the sound effects of falls. An effective fall detection system is essential to bring critical support and to considerably reduce the medical care costs related with falls. The persons above 70 years of age were dead produced by fall incident. Hence we need consistent user based fall detection system. This fall detection system is proposed for elderly person monitoring which is based on smart sensors worn on the body and working through home networks. The key part of this system is ARM 7 Microcontroller. To detect the unintentional falls, a small low power tri-axial accelerometer is used and to detect heart rate cardio tachometer sensor is used. This specified 3-axis accelerometer sensor is used to measured acceleration of the body in all the three axes. By using information composed from an accelerometer and cardio tachometer the effects of falls can be noted. The system will also send the location of the person using GPS. Location information, which gives the information of longitude and latitude. The fall detection can be described as the rapid change from the front, right, left, back fall position information. The family members know how to, with permission, access this information and consider the safety of the elderly person. The system will contact the emergency center instantly through text message using GSM modem. component, Fall detection system; ARM controller, tri-axial accelerometer; cardio tachometer; Elderly monitoring.

Field of study: Engineering
Transition Prediction for Three-Dimensional Boundary Layers in Computational Fluid Dynamics Applications

A method is presented for estimating the laminar/turbulent transition location in three-dimensional boundary layers for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) applications requiring numerous transition estimates with no user intervention. Given the Reynolds number and the Cp distribution, the location of transition is estimated based on the attachment-line state, the potential for relaminarization, the occurrence of laminar separation, and the growth of instabilities. Transition caused by instability is estimated based on N factors calculated for Tollmien-Schlichting waves and for stationary crossflow instabilities. A neural network is used (in place of solving the Orr-Sommerfeld stability equation) for determining the instability growth rates. The current version of the method assumes incompressible flow. The boundary-layer flow and instabilities are calculated based on an infinite-sweep (strip boundary layer) approximation; the instability calculations also employ the parallel-flow approximation

Field of study: Physics
Discussion about Market Power of Generation in Interconnect Power System

Existence of market power hinders the emergence of complete competitive market in power industry.Market power activity of gener ation profile is addressed and forming cause of generation market power is expl ored specially.Advantages and shortcomings of indices traditionally describing to market power are analyzed.A simula tion model of market power employed in the Midwest Interconnect in America shows that,in the meantime,using simula-t ion to investigate market power is feasible and effective.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics