nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Cue-Induced Food Seeking After Punishment Is Associated With Increased Fos Expression in the Lateral Hypothalamus and Basolateral and Medial Amygdala

In humans, relapse to unhealthy eating habits following dieting is a significant impediment to obesity treatment. Food-associated cues are one of the main triggers of relapse to unhealthy eating during self-imposed abstinence. Here we report a behavioral method examining cue-induced relapse to food seeking following punishment-induced suppression of food taking. We trained male rats to lever press for food pellets that were delivered after a 10-s conditional stimulus (CS) (appetitive). Following training, 25% of reinforced lever presses resulted in the presentation of a compound stimulus consisting of a novel CS (aversive) and the appetitive CS followed by a pellet and footshock. After punishment-imposed abstinence, we tested the rats in an extinction test where lever pressing resulted in the presentation of either the appetitive or aversive CS. We then compared activity of lateral hypothalamus (LH) and associated extrahypothalamic regions following this test. We also assessed Fos expression in LH orexin and GABA neurons. We found that cue-induced relapse of food seeking on test was higher in rats tested with the appetitive CS compared to the aversive CS. Relapse induced by the appetitive CS was associated with increased Fos expression in LH, caudal basolateral amygdala (BLA), and medial amygdala (MeA). This relapse was also associated with increased Fos expression in LH orexin and VGAT-expressing neurons. These data show that relapse to food seeking can be induced by food-associated cues after punishment-imposed abstinence, and this relapse is associated with increased activity in LH, caudal BLA, and MeA.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Research and development with publicly observable outcomes

This paper studies the simultaneous evolution of costs and research incentives in a model in which two firms research each period by purchasing a draw from a stationary distribution of possible production costs. Research decisions each period are based on the results of previous research which are common knowledge. When research stops a Bertrand pricing game occurs. We give conditions under which the perfect equilibrium of this game involves a race by both firms to reach some endogenously determined critical cost level. The first firm to reach this critical level wins the race, capturing the entire market, and continues to research until a second critical cost level is reached.

Field of study: Economics
Biohydrogen production through fermentation using liquid swine manure as substrate

In this paper, continuous production of hydrogen through fermentation with liquid swine manure as substrate was researched using a semi-continuously fed fermenter (8 L in total volume and 4 L in working volume). The pH and temperature for the fermenter were controlled at 5.3 ± 0.1 and 35 ± 1°C, respectively, throughout the experiment. Three hydraulic retention times (16, 20, and 24 h) were investigated for their impact on the efficiency and performance of the fermenter in terms of hydrogen yields. The results indicate that hydraulic retention time (HRT) has a strong influence on the fermenter performance. An increasing HRT would increase the variation in hydrogen concentration in the offgas. To produce hydrogen with a fairly consistent concentration, the HRT of the fermenter should not exceed 16 h, which, however, did not appear to be short enough to control methanogenesis because the offgas still contained about 5% methane. When methane content in the offgas exceeded 2%, an inverse linear relationship between hydrogen and methane was observed with a correlation coefficient of 0.9699. To increase hydrogen content in the offgas, methane production has to be limited to below 2%. Also, keeping oxygen content in the fermenter below 1.5% would increase the hydrogen concentration to over 15%. The product to substrate ratio was found to be around 50% for the fermenter system studied, evidenced by the observation that for every 6 liters of manure fermented, 3 liters of pure hydrogen were produced, which was significant and encouraging.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Synthesis of 2-Azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes: Lessons from Synthetic Studies of Macrocyclic Diamine Alkaloids

This highlight review describes the syntheses of 2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes, focusing on synthetic studies of the macrocyclic diamine alkaloids, sarain A and madangamines. These alkaloids have a 2-...

Field of study: Chemistry
[Factors of antiviral resistance in the pathogenesis of influenza in mice].

Findings of original research on the factors of nonspecific resistance (interferon formation, antibacterial activity of peritoneal exudate cells, and natural cytotoxicity of splenocytes) and immunity (changes in sub-populational composition of spleen lymphocytes) in different types of influenza in mice are analysed. There was no infection-mediated suppression of the studied reactions, that could have been considered as a cause of death or a basis for immunodeficiency status. The correlation of the level of cerebral lipid peroxidation in mice with severe infection formed the basis for testing the synthetic antioxidant ionol as an anti-influenza agent. A prophylactic effect of ionol toward the development of influenza infection has been obtained. Its possible actions and the feasibility of search for prophylactic and therapeutic preparations among the agents with pathogenetic action is discussed.

Field of study: Medicine
Work Adaptations Insufficient to Address Growing Heat Risk for U.S. Agricultural Workers.

The over one million agricultural workers in the United States (U.S.) are amongst the populations most vulnerable to the health impacts of extreme heat. Climate change will further increase this vulnerability. Here we estimate the magnitude and spatial patterns of the growing heat exposure and health risk faced by U.S. crop workers and assess the effect of workplace adaptations on mitigating that risk. We find that the average number of days spent working in unsafe conditions will double by mid-century, and, without mitigation, triple by the end of it. Increases in rest time and the availability of climate-controlled recovery areas can eliminate this risk but could affect farm productivity, farm worker earnings, and/or labor costs much more than alternative measures. Safeguarding the health and well-being of U.S. crop workers will therefore require systemic change beyond the worker and workplace level.

Field of study: Environmental science
Value Creation and Competitive Advantage: Empirical Evidence from Dividend Champions of the S&P 500

The aim of the paper is to verify, through the measurement of value creation, the existence of a competitive advantage in those companies recognized as “Dividend Champions” in the S&P 500. The paper uses a quantitative and explorative method of research and is divided into two sections: in the first, it identifies, within the S&P 500, those companies that have systematically, for more than 40 years, distributed dividends that have grown each year (60 firms), and in the second, it gives a comparative analysis of the Return on Invested Capital and Weighted Average Cost of Capital of the analysed firms, in order to investigate the existence of a competitive advantage. The results of our research show that the “Dividend Champions” have, in comparison to their main competitors of reference in the US market, a lasting competitive advantage, in virtue of a higher profitability with respect to the cost of capital. Specifically, we can observe that the “Dividend Champions”, classified by sector, are also “Value Champions”, able to beat competitors and having a lasting competitive advantage

Field of study: Business
Progenitor-mass-dependent yields amplify intrinsic scatter in dwarf-galaxy elemental abundance ratios

In hydrodynamic simulations, prevailing subgrid chemical-evolution models
often use a single, "IMF-averaged" supernova yield, ignoring variations in
elemental abundance ratios (particularly [$\alpha$/Fe]) in the ejecta of
higher- and lower-mass supernova progenitors within a stellar population. To
understand the impact of this simplification and understand the impact of more
explicit models, we run FIRE simulations of a dwarf galaxy $(M_\star($z = 0$)
\sim 10^6 M_\odot)$ using nucleosynthetic yields from the NuGrid database that
depend on the stellar progenitor mass and metallicity. While NuGrid exhibits
lower aggregate $\alpha$-element production than default-FIRE yields, we find
that its explicit mass dependence substantially widens the intrinsic scatter in
the simulated [Fe/H]-[$\alpha$/Fe] -- a phenomenon potentially visible in
recent observations of dwarf galaxies.

Field of study: Physics
Design and Implementation of an Open Signature Database for Network Attack

For the globalization of network attack, intrusion detection systems (IDS) should protect not only a local sub-net, but the whole network environment. Therefore, an urgent requirement of open resources for intrusion detection is coming to being. An open signature database for IDS has been implemented in the effort of this paper, which includes more than 1200 effective signatures. In this paper, the Intrusion Signature Exchange Protocol (ISEP) is presented, which has been used by IDSes to update signatures from the database in real time. Digital certificate and role-based access control technique involved in the system is described. Finally, in the case study of Nachi worm, the method of signature extraction is illustrated.

Field of study: Computer science
[The history of the discovery of Gasserian ganglion].

The article presents in detail the history of the discovery of the trigeminal ganglion in the context to name it Gasserian ganglion. The historical, formal and logical methods of research, along with system analysis were used in the work. An in-depth research of little-known literature sources, which included scientific, publicistic and fiction components, was conducted. The authors for the first time translated into Russian the IV Chapter of Antonius Hirsch's dissertation 'Paris quinti nervorum encephali disquisition anatomica'. This researcher presented the anatomical views of the leading scientists of the time, and their own data on the mechanical properties, features of the topography and preparation of the trigeminal ganglion. The analysis of the literature allowed clearly following the chronology of the discovery of Gasserian ganglion, highlighting the most significant facts of the biography of scientists and recreating the history of anatomy in this area.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Synthesis of a New Pyridine Pharmaceutical Intermediate in Potential Anti-cancer of HDACI

In order to obtain better anti-cancer activity of HDACI, new HDCIs analog and a pyridine pharmaceutical intermediate were designed by comparing the molecule of FK228 and Largazole and introducing the pyridine intermediate to the cyclic tetrapeptide pharmacophore. The synthetic route of HDCIs analog and the pyridine intermediate were designed. The HDCIs analog and the pyridine intermediate were all synthesized, and the optimum conditions of synthesizing the pyridine intermediate were got by using parallel test. The pyridine intermediate can be used to manufacture new potential HDACIs by forming new structure of the polypeptide. Due to the special structure of the pyridine intermediate, it can also be widely used in other medical field. Through our work we have designed synthetic routes of the pyridine intermediate and discussed the optimum conditions. And we provide a new synthesis method of cyclopeptide HDCIs.

Field of study: Engineering
Counselling for Security, Creativity and Learning in Early Childhood Education

The paper examines counselling for security, creativity and learning in early childhood education. Primary data was collected through validated instrument of questionnaire administration. Stratified random sampling was used for sample selection to elicit information from 285 respondents who were counsellors from six Local Governments Areas in Akwa Ibom State. Logistic regression was used for data analysis. The result revealed that counselling for security had a significant effect on learning in early childhood education. Also, creativity has a significant effect on learning in early childhood education. The paper suggests that counsellors should integrate developmental and preventive strategies that are comprehensive in counselling children to act in a proactive and goal oriented manner.  Early Childhood Education, Counselling DOI : 10.7176/JEP/10-11-13 Publication date : April 30 th 2019

Field of study: Education
Electronic and magnetic properties of graphene quantum dots with two charged vacancies

Electronic and magnetic properties of a system of two charged vacancies in hexagonal shaped graphene quantum dots are investigated using a mean-field Hubbard model as a function of the Coulomb potential strength β of the charge impurities and the distance R between them. For β = 0 , the magnetic properties of the vacancies are dictated by Lieb’s rules where the opposite (same) sublattice vacancies are coupled antiferromagnetically (ferromagnetically) and exhibit Fermi oscillations. Here, we demonstrate the emergence of a non-magnetic regime within the subcritical region: as the Coulomb potential strength is increased to β ∼ 0 . 1 , before reaching the frustrated atomic collapse regime, the magnetization is strongly suppressed and the ground state total spin projection is given by S z = 0 both for opposite and same sublattice vacancy configurations. When long-range electron–electron interactions are included within extended mean-field Hubbard model, the critical value for the frustrated collapse increases from β c f ∼ 0 . 28 to β c f ∼ 0 . 36 for R 27 A .

Field of study: Physics
On the Alloying and Properties of Tetragonal Nb5Si3 in Nb-Silicide Based Alloys

The alloying of Nb5Si3 modifies its properties. Actual compositions of (Nb,TM)5X3 silicides in developmental alloys, where X = Al + B + Ge + Si + Sn and TM is a transition and/or refractory metal, were used to calculate the composition weighted differences in electronegativity (Δχ) and an average valence electron concentration (VEC) and the solubility range of X to study the alloying and properties of the silicide. The calculations gave 4.11 < VEC < 4.45, 0.103 < Δχ < 0.415 and 33.6 < X < 41.6 at.%. In the silicide in Nb-24Ti-18Si-5Al-5Cr alloys with single addition of 5 at.% B, Ge, Hf, Mo, Sn and Ta, the solubility range of X decreased compared with the unalloyed Nb5Si3 or exceeded 40.5 at.% when B was with Hf or Mo or Sn and the Δχ decreased with increasing X. The Ge concentration increased with increasing Ti and the Hf concentration increased and decreased with increasing Ti or Nb respectively. The B and Sn concentrations respectively decreased and increased with increasing Ti and also depended on other additions in the silicide. The concentration of Sn was related to VEC and the concentrations of B and Ge were related to Δχ. The alloying of Nb5Si3 was demonstrated in Δχ versus VEC maps. Effects of alloying on the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) anisotropy, Young’s modulus, hardness and creep data were discussed. Compared with the hardness of binary Nb5Si3 (1360 HV), the hardness increased in silicides with Ge and dropped below 1360 HV when Al, B and Sn were present without Ge. The Al effect on hardness depended on other elements substituting Si. Sn reduced the hardness. Ti or Hf reduced the hardness more than Cr in Nb5Si3 without Ge. The (Nb,Hf)5(Si,Al)3 had the lowest hardness. VEC differentiated the effects of additions on the hardness of Nb5Si3 alloyed with Ge. Deterioration of the creep of alloyed Nb5Si3 was accompanied by decrease of VEC and increase or decrease of Δχ depending on alloying addition(s).

Field of study: Materials science
CXC chemokines modulate IgE secretion and pulmonary inflammation in a model of allergic asthma.

The pathophysiology of asthma is influenced by exposure to allergens and endotoxin. Although the role of allergen-induced eosinophilia has been widely studied, neutrophil-mediated responses remain elusive. A role for neutrophils in the asthmatic responses is likely since human neutrophils have been shown to express IgE receptors, as well as receptors for many cytokines and chemokines implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma. In this study we investigated neutrophil involvement in a novel, house dust extract (HDE) induced model of asthma-like pulmonary inflammation. Mice were immunized and challenged with HDE containing high levels of cockroach allergens, 377 U/ml Bla g1 and 6249 ng/ml Bla g2. The biological activity of the murine chemokines KC and MIP-2 was inhibited with specific rabbit antisera. Differential counting of cells recovered from the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid showed that neutralization of KC and MIP-2 significantly decreased pulmonary recruitment of neutrophils (reduced 86%) and lymphocytes (reduced 76%). Neutralization of these chemokines also exerted a systemic effect with a significant decrease in plasma IgE levels, 547 ng/ml+/-65 compared to 1314 ng/ml+/-247 for control sera treated animals. This study shows that CXC chemokines play an important role in allergy and asthma both at the level of pulmonary cell recruitment and systemic immune responses.

Field of study: Medicine
Response-Reinforcer Relationships in Variable Delay and Non-Contingent Schedules of Reinforcement

Following 30 sessions of training on a 60-sec. random-interval schedule of reinforcement, 2 pigeons were exposed to a multiple schedule containing non-contingent and variable delay components that provided equal frequencies of reinforcement. The introduction of the multiple schedule resulted in decreased response rare in both components, with a higher rate maintained under the variable delay. Post-reinforcement pauses were systematically increased during the non-contingent schedule, but no systematic increases in pause duration were noted for the variable delay component.

Field of study: Psychology
Isotopic signals in two morphotypes of Globigerinoides ruber (white) from the South China Sea: implications for monsoon climate change during the last glacial cycle

Based on the study of surface and downcore sediment samples from the South China Sea (SCS), two morphotypes of Globigerinoides ruber (white) have been differentiated by taxonomic criteria at species and/or subspecies level, and also by their stable isotopic compositions of oxygen and carbon. The two morphotypes, G. ruber sensu stricto (s.s.) and G. ruber sensu lato (s.l.), represent two groups with different depth habitats, with G. ruber s.s. living in the upper 30 m of the water column and G. ruber s.l. living at depths below 30 m. The different depth habitats are indicated by the comparison between the present oceanographic data and isotopic signals of the two morphotypes in the surface sediment from the SCS. Application of this information to a hemipelagic sediment core in the northern SCS shows that drastic changes existed in the morphotypes isotopic records during the last glacial cycle. The isotope difference between the two morphotypes diminished during δ 18 O stage 2, especially during the last glacial maximum. It is inferred that this is the result of intensified monsoon winds, which caused mixing of the upper layer of the water column. During stage 2 the proportion of G. ruber s.l. increased, which is interpreted as a result of the increased productivity due to mixing of the subsurface nutrient-rich water into the surface layer.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Meiosis of Pollen Mother Cells and Pollen Abortion in Sugarcane officinarum × Erianthus rockii F_1 Hybrids

The cytological smear techniques was used for studing the meiosis and chromosome behavior of pollen mother cells in Sugarcane officinarum × Erianthus rockii F1 hybrids. The results from microscope observation revealed some abnormal behaviors in meiosis as follows: 1 The univalents, bivalents and quadrivalents were observed in diakinesis; 2A few lagging chromosomes appeared in metaphase Ⅰ, anaphase Ⅰ, metaphase Ⅱ and anaphase Ⅱ; 3The back arch shaped spindle in metaphase Ⅱ and the Daughter cell chromosomes in dyad were out of sync separation in anaphase Ⅱ; 4 There were some abnormal cells in tetrad stage, such as traid,micronucleus, different sized tetrad and polyhedron etc; 5 Different cell division phase co-existed in the three anthers in one flower. Another results from DAPI staining method indicated that most microspores came into shrinkage deformation in the uninucleate stage. Ultimately, it can be concluded that the chromosome abnormal behavior and the cell abnormal division in meiosis should be the main reason for the pollen abortion completely of F1 hybrids, and the pollens abortion couble be occurred in the stage of microspore mother cell, tetrads and uninucleate microspore.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Independence of reinforcement delay and magnitude in concurrent chains.

A three-component concurrent-chains procedure was used to investigate preference between terminal-link schedules that differed in delay and magnitude of reinforcement. Response and time allocation data were well described by a generalized matching model. Sensitivity to delay appeared to be lower when reinforcement magnitudes were unequal than when they were equal, but when obtained rather than programmed time spent responding in the initial links was used in the model, the difference vanished. The results support independence of delay and magnitude as separate dimensions of reinforcement value, as required by the matching law, and the assumption of the contextual choice model (Grace, 1994) that sensitivities to delay and magnitude are affected similarly by temporal context. Although there was statistical evidence for interaction between successive components, the effects were small and transient. The multiple-component concurrent-chains procedure should prove useful in future research on multidimensional preference, although it may be necessary to control obtained initial-link time more precisely.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
On the Action of the Symmetric Group on the Cohomology of Groups Related to (Virtual) Braids

In this paper we consider the cohomology of four groups related to the virtual braids of [Kauffman] and [Goussarov-Polyak-Viro], namely the pure and non-pure virtual braid groups (PvB_n and vB_n, respectively), and the pure and non-pure flat braid groups (PfB_n and fB_n, respectively). The cohomologies of PvB_n and PfB_n admit an action of the symmetric group S_n. We give a description of the cohomology modules H^i(PvB_n,Q) and H^i(PfB_n,Q) as sums of S_n-modules induced from certain one-dimensional representations of specific subgroups of S_n. This in particular allows us to conclude that H^i(PvB_n,Q) and H^i(PfB_n,Q) are uniformly representation stable, in the sense of [Church-Farb]. We also give plethystic formulas for the Frobenius characteristics of these S_n-modules. We then derive a number of constraints on which S_n irreducibles may appear in H^i(PvB_n,Q) and H^i(PfB_n,Q). In particular, we show that the multiplicity of the alternating representation in H^i(PvB_n,Q) and H^i(PfB_n,Q) is identical, and moreover is nil for sufficiently large $n$. We use this to recover the (previously known) fact that the multiplicity of the alternating representation in H^i(PB_n,Q) is nil (here PB_n is the ordinary pure braid group). We also give an explicit formula for H^i(vB_n,Q) and show that H^i(fB_n,Q)=0. Finally, we give Hilbert series for the character of the action of S_n on H^i(PvB_n,Q) and H^i(PfB_n,Q). An extension of the standard `Koszul formula' for the graded dimension of Koszul algebras to graded characters of Koszul algebras then gives Hilbert series for the graded characters of the respective quadratic dual algebras.

Field of study: Mathematics