nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemical crystallography–science, technology or a black art

X-ray single crystal structure analysis has become a gold standard for the determination of molecular geometry. The reliability of the technique is a triumph for science and technology working together. The uniqueness of well-crystalline material intrigued early natural philosophers, and their examinations, followed by the discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals, led to the powerful technology that we now enjoy. For about three quarters of a century molecular structure determination has been a driving force for crystallographic research, but now that the science has matured into a technology, interest is returning in trying to understand the nature of crystals themselves. Subject Index Abrahams, S.C 207, 208 Acorn 223 Acta Crystallographica 207, 209, 217 Anisotropy 200 Anthracene 208 Area detectors 214, 216 Aspirin 219 Banerjee, K 208 Beevers-Lipson strips 208, 209 Bond, A.D 219 Booth, A.D 207 Braconnot, H 222–224 Bragg, W.H 200, 201 Brock, C 219, 220 Cambridge Structural Database 217–219 Carruthers, J.R 213 Caspari, W.A 203, 204, 222 CCDC 217, 218, 221, 222 Chapuis, G 210 Charge flipping 210 Cochran, W 207, 208 Comrie, L.J 208 Contact goniometer 200 Crystal 198–203, 205, 207–225 Crystal structures 205, 207, 212, 217, 221 Crystal GEM 224 Crystallization 217, 222–224 CRYSTALS 212 Debye, P 202 Descartes, René 198 Direct methods 207, 208, 210, 212, 220 Duane, W 202 Flack, H 217, 221 Friedrich, W 200, 203 Gavezzotti, A 217, 221 Gillis, J 208 Gittus, E 208 Goniometer 200, 213, 214 Hamilton, W.R 200 Harker, D 205, 207, 208 Hauptman, H 208 Haüy, René-Just 199 Havinghurst, R.J 202 Heavy atom 207, 211 Hexachlorobenzene 203, 205 Hollerith tabulator 209 Hooke, R 199 Hydrogen bonding 217  Ionization spectrometer 212 Kappa geometry 200, 216 Karle, J 208 Kasper, J.S 208 Kekulé, A 200 Kennard, O 217 Kepler, J 198 Knipping, P 200, 203 Labradorite 198 Laue, M von 200, 203 Lonsdale, K 203–206 Maddox,  219–221, 224 Molécule intégrante 224 Morphology 200, 203, 222, 224 MULTAN 212 Naphtalene 208 Niggli, A 212 Nitroaniline 207 Optical goniometer 200, 213, 214 Orway 210 Oszlanyi, G 210 Oxalic acid 208 Palatinus, L 210 Pasteur, I 200, 202 Patterson, A.L 203, 205, 207, 208, 212 Pepinsky, R 199 Phase problem 205, 209–212 PLATON 217 Potassium chloride 201 Potassium penicillin 220 Powell, H.M 203 Precession camera 213 Prout, K 208, 209 Quinol 203, 204 Robertson,  Sayre, D.M 208, 211 Schoeni, N 210 Serial diffractometer 214, 216 Shake-n-Bake 212 Snowflake 198 Sodium ammonium tartrate 200, 202 Sodium chloride 201 Space filling 200 Space group 200, 203, 205, 208, 210, 212, 219, 220 Sparks, Bob 212 Steno, N 199 Sugar 223 Suto, A 210 Symbolic addition 212 Symmetry 200, 207 Synchrotron 216  208 Temperature factor 202 Twinning 198, 200, 203, 204, 214, 216 Unit cell 199, 202, 203, 205, 208, 213 Vand, V 212 Viola, C 200 Vishweshwar, P 219 VONVUP 220, 221 Wallwork, S.C 203 Weissenberg camera 213–215 White, J.G 208 X-ray diffraction 200, 207, 224

Field of study: Materials science
The Act of Union, British-Irish trade, and pre-Famine deindustrialization

odern judgements on the effects of the Act of Union on the Manufacturing sector of Irish industry are influenced by two widely held propositions. The first is that the pre-Famine economy experienced deindustrialization. The second is that Irish manufacturing industries were unable to withstand competition from British producers. MacDonagh states that the creation of a free trade area within the British Isles 'perhaps ultimately determined the ruin of the Irish economy'.2 O'Malley argues that the introduction of free trade with Britain and the inability to impose tariffs was significant for Ireland's industrial decline.3 0 Grada is more sceptical about the impact of the Union, characterizing it as a lubricant rather than a prime mover of deindustrialization: 'industrial decline and rising food exports had a common origin: the dramatic industrial expansion taking place in Britain. The abolition of separate British and Irish customs duties and the assimilation of the two currencies could only accentuate trends that were evident earlier.'4 Similarly, Mokyr emphasizes the impact of a prosperous and industrializing Britain, rather than the freeing of trade, on Irish manufacturing industry: 'the industrial revolution in Britain and-to a much lesser extent-in Ulster, had a devastating effect on the incomes of the hundreds of thousands of rural and semi-urban spinners, weavers, and other workers who made their living in part from domestic nonagricultural activities.'5 Both are doubtful that protective tariffs could have rescued the situation.6 An alternative view is presented by Johnson and Kennedy. They accept that Ireland experienced a decline in industrial occupations in the pre-Famine period but argue that it may have been due to labour-saving technical change.7 Cullen heavily qualifies the view that deindustrialization

Field of study: Economics, History
Fiscal Equalisation in Australia

Australia has a vertical imbalance between the revenue and spending powers of the Australian Government and the State governments and horizontal imbalances in the fiscal capacities of the States and Territories. The total revenue from the goods and services tax is provided to the States to reduce the vertical imbalance and it is distributed among them in a way that equalises their fiscal capacities. Fiscal equalisation in Australia is comprehensive, offsetting interstate differences in the capacity to raise revenue, the costs of providing services and the costs of acquiring the necessary infrastructure. The paper outlines the important features of the processes used to distribute the GST, the main factors causing differences in State and Territory fiscal capacities and some of the current issues surrounding inter-governmental financial relations in Australia.

Field of study: Political science
A pseudocapacitive asymmetric supercapacitor assembled by hollow NiCo2O4 hierarchical micro-spheres and nickel-loaded hollow VN hierarchical micro-flowers

Designing novel complementary electrode combination is an effective way to improve the electrochemical performance of a supercapacitor (SC). In this work, a NiCo2O4 pseudocapacitive cathode material with a hollow hierarchical micro-sphere structure (HMS) was prepared. The obtained NiCo2O4 HMS sample possesses a high capacitance (1148 F g−1) and excellent rate capability. A metallic Ni-loaded VN hybrid (Ni/VN) pseudocapacitive anode material with a hollow hierarchical flower-like architecture (HHMF) was also synthesized. The Ni/VN hybrid anode exhibits a high capacitance and excellent rate capability. Due to the desirable electrochemical performance and complementary potential windows of the two electrodes, a high-voltage pseudocapacitive (−)Ni/VN//NiCo2O4(+) asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) was fabricated. The obtained ASC with a pseudocapacitive electrode combination can be cycled reversibly in a wide potential window of 0–1.5 V, and exhibits a high specific capacitance of 52 F g−1, a maximum energy density of 16.25 Wh kg−1. These results show that the pseudocapacitive (−)Ni/VN//NiCo2O4(+) ASC have great potential for application in high-performance energy storage systems.

Field of study: Materials science
An assessment of some methodological criticisms of studies of RNA efflux from isolated nuclei.

RNA efflux from isolated nuclei can be studied either as a means of elucidating the general mechanism of nucleo-cytoplasmic RNA transport, or as part of an investigation of the processing and utilization of particular gene transcripts. The present paper describes an assessment of three methodological criticisms of RNA-efflux measurements that are made for the former reason: for such measurements, it is sufficient to show that the post-incubation supernatant RNA is similar overall to homologous cytoplasmic mRNA, rather than to nuclear RNA, that is nevertheless of intranuclear origin, and that alterations to the medium during experiments do not markedly perturb this general nuclear restriction. The results seem to justify the following conclusions. (1) Although degradation of the nuclear RNA occurs during incubation in vitro, this process does not account for the appearance of RNA in the postnuclear supernatant. The degradation can be largely prevented by the addition of serine-proteinase inhibitors without altering the RNA efflux rate. (2) Some adsorption of labelled cytoplasmic RNA to the nuclear surface occurs during both isolation and incubation of the nuclei, and some desorption occurs during incubation. However, these effects introduce errors of less than 10% into the measurements of efflux rates. (3) Exogenous acidic polymers, including polyribonucleotides, disrupt nuclei and increase the apparent RNA efflux rate by causing leakage of nuclear contents. However, this effect can largely be overcome by including the nuclear stabilizers spermidine, Ca2+ and Mn2+ in the medium. In terms of this assessment, it appears that RNA efflux from isolated nuclei in media containing nuclear stabilizers serves as a reasonable model for transport in vivo.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
The induction of metallothionein in tissues of the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus following exposure to cadmium, copper and zinc: the relationships between metallothionein and the metals.

Nephrops norvegicus were exposed simultaneously to cadmium, copper and zinc over an 18-day period. Exposure concentrations were control, 1, 5 and 25 microg litre(-1) for cadmium and copper and 8, 40 and 200 microg litre(-1) for zinc. Concentrations of cadmium, copper, zinc and metallothionein were measured in homogenates of both the gill and the hepatopancreas. Quantification of metallothionein was carried out by differential pulse polarography. Cadmium concentrations increased significantly in the gill and hepatopancreas of both male and female animals in response to increases in exposure concentration. In contrast, the concentration of copper and zinc increased significantly in the gills of males, but not in females. In the hepatopancreas, neither copper nor zinc resulted in significant changes in concentrations of these metals. Metallothionein concentrations in the gill and hepatopancreas were increased significantly in relation to metal exposure in both males and females. Concentrations of cadmium and metallothionein in both the gill and hepatopancreas of males and females were positively correlated. Copper in the hepatopancreas also showed positive relationships with MT concentrations in males, but not in females. This study suggested that cadmium MTs in the gill and hepatopancreas of Nephrops norvegicus could be used as a sensitive tool to detect cadmium contamination in the lobsters, although this was not true for copper and zinc.

Field of study: Environmental science
Relationship between Gender and Language

There is a close connection between the structures, vocabularies and the ways of using language and the social roles of men and women who speak the language. Why there are different varieties for men and women. Do men and women use language in the same way? Why do these differences arise? Is it because of the structures of that language? Or because of the norms of the society, which prescribe the ways men and women should use language. First question gives rise to another question: ‘Is it possible to describe a particular language ‘sexist’? The second question also produces another question: ‘Is it possible to label the users of that language and the norms regulating the use of language as ‘sexist’’. These questions are actually the issues of discussion on gender and language. Besides, how can we avoid sexism in language is also a concern of the discussion.  We examine gender differences in language use in light of the biological and social construction theories of gender.  Gender, Politeness and Stereotypes, Pronunciation, Interruptions, Competitive, cooperative, Construction of gender, social construction, biological, language differences, Dominance, Status and Power.

Field of study: Education
Interplay between innate immunity and iron metabolism after acute pancreatitis

HighlightsLBP is associated with hepcidin in patients with high haemoglobin glycation index.LBP is associated with ferritin in patients with high haemoglobin glycation index.IL‐6 is associated with hepcidin in patients with low haemoglobin glycation index.LBP, IL‐6 and hepcidin play a role in new‐onset diabetes after acute pancreatitis.  Emerging evidence shows that chronic low‐grade inflammation and changes in markers of innate immunity are implicated in a range of metabolic abnormalities following an episode of acute pancreatitis. Also, deranged iron metabolism has been linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes, and new‐onset diabetes after pancreatitis – the conditions characterized by high haemoglobin glycation index (HGI). This study aimed to investigate the associations between markers of innate immunity and iron metabolism in individuals after acute pancreatitis. Fasting blood samples were collected to analyse lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), interleukin (IL)‐6, tumor necrosis factor‐&agr;, hepcidin, ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor, HbA1c, and glucose. Participants were categorized into two groups: low HGI and high HGI. Linear regression analyses were conducted, and potential confounders (age, sex, ethnicity, body mass index, diabetes mellitus status, smoking status, aetiology of pancreatitis, duration, recurrence, and severity of pancreatitis) were adjusted for in 5 statistical models. A total of 93 patients following an episode of acute pancreatitis were included, of who 40 (43%) had high HGI. In the overall cohort, LBP was significantly associated with hepcidin and ferritin, and IL‐6 was significantly associated with hepcidin, consistently in all the models. Further, LBP contributed to 7.7% and 9.5% of variance in hepcidin and ferritin levels, respectively, whereas IL‐6 contributed to 5.3% of hepcidin variance. Upon subgroup analysis, the observed LBP associations were maintained in the high HGI subgroup only and the IL‐6 association in the low HGI subgroup only. No consistently significant associations were found between any of the other markers. The interplay between LBP, IL‐6, hepcidin, and ferritin characterizes metabolic derangements after acute pancreatitis and may play a role in the pathogenesis of new‐onset diabetes after pancreatitis.

Field of study: Medicine
Reconstruction of Coal-fired Power Plants for Ultra-low Emission of Smoke and Its Technical and Economic Analysis

With the improvement of the industry standard and the rise of ultra-low emission of reconstruction in key areas,the wet electrostatic precipitator(WESP)as a terminal purification device, can not only reduce dust and droplet emission concentration, but also solve the problem of slurry restrained of the Flue Gas Desulfurization(FGD). And it has become one of the major solvents to control dust discharge for coal-fired power plant. This paper introduced the WESP and its application,taking a 600 MW coal-fired power unit with dust transformation as an example for technical and economic analysis. The results showed that: the smoke and dust removal efficiency of WESP can be achieved more than 75% and smoke concentration can be controlled below 10 mg/m3 under perfect working condition. Compared with other dust removal retrofit scheme, WESP has the lowest operating cost and can show the optimal economical efficiency in a long term.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Woman in Red: Examining the Effect of Ovulatory Cycle on Women’s Perceptions of and Behaviors Toward Other Women

Previous research has shown that during her monthly peak fertile window, a woman competes with other women for a suitable mate. Drawing upon research on ovulation and socially constructed meanings of the color red, we examine how a woman’s fertility status and red clothing worn by a target woman change perceptions of the target, as well as behaviors toward the target. Following previous research on the ovulatory status and color red effects, we rely on both hormonal and self-reported fertility data. Across six studies, our research fails to provide support for the prediction that an ovulating woman is less likely to trust another woman wearing red compared with a nonovulating woman.

Field of study: Psychology
Study of grown-in deep-level defects vs growth parameters in GaAs grown by VPE technique

Studies of the grown-in deep level defects vs substrate orientation and gas phase stoichiometry in the VPE GaAs grown by a novel Ga/AsCl3/H2 reactor has been made, using DLTS and C-V methods. Density of electron traps vs Ga/As ratio (i.e., 2/1, 3/1, 4/1, 5/1, and 6/1) was determined for epilayers grown on (100), (211A), and (211B) oriented semi-insulating Cr-doped GaAs substrates. Two electron traps with energies of Ec-0.71 eV (i.e., EB-4) and Ec-0.83 eV (i.e., EL-2) were observed in the samples studied. Results showed that density of both electron traps depends strongly on the Ga/As ratio for the (211A) oriented samples, and less strongly for the (100) oriented samples. In both cases, however, the defect density was found to decrease with increasing Ga/As ratio. This result was consistent with the published data in GaAs grown by the VPE, MOCVD, and LEC techniques. Combined thermal and recombination enhanced annealing study on these VPE GaAs specimens showed a significant reduction in the density of the EB4 level and a little reduction in the density of the EL2 level.

Field of study: Materials science
Studies on the Transference of Formal Beauty in Shijing——From the Perspective of Translational Aesthetics

As one of the Confucius classics, Shijing has occupied a special place in the development of classical Chinese poetry with its unique aesthetic and cultural values. There are various English versions of Shijing with different characteristics. Based on the translational aesthetics, this thesis analyses the formal aesthetic features of Shijing and compares the losses and gains of some English versions of Shijing, aiming at seeking new insights and common principles for the translation of Chinese classics. This study shows that the appropriate transference of the aesthetic factors in original texts is a key to the success of translated texts.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Correspondence between non-Hermitian topology and directional amplification in the presence of disorder

In order for non-Hermitian (NH) topological effects to be relevant for practical applications, it is necessary to study disordered systems. In the absence of disorder, certain driven-dissipative cavity arrays with engineered non-local dissipation display directional amplification when associated with a non-trivial winding number of the NH dynamic matrix. In this work, we show analytically that the correspondence between NH topology and directional amplification holds even in the presence of disorder. When a system with non-trivial topology is tuned close to the exceptional point, perfect non-reciprocity (quantified by a vanishing reverse gain) is preserved for arbitrarily strong on-site disorder. For bounded disorder, we derive simple bounds for the probability distribution of the scattering matrix elements. These bounds show that the essential features associated with non-trivial NH topology, namely that the end-to-end forward (reverse) gain grows (is suppressed) exponentially with system size, are preserved in disordered systems. NH topology in cavity arrays is robust and can thus be exploited for practical applications.

Field of study: Physics
Optical effects of small polarons at high frequencies with an application to reduced strontiumtitanate

AbstractTheoretical expressions for the complex electrical conductivity of small polarons are given for frequencies where
$$\bar \omega $$
 is an average frequency of the optical phonons. In this frequency range the complex conductivity is independent of the temperature. As an application an analysis is carried out of optical and d.c. data for reduced SrTiO3. It is shown that a consistent interpretation of these data as well with respect to their absolute magnitude as well with respect to their frequency dependence is possible in terms of the small polaron picture.

Field of study: Physics
Reliability/performance evaluation for a multisystem with preventive maintenance

In general, a computing system with high reliability can be achieved by redundancy and/or maintenance. The sophisticated maintenance techniques are more and more important since a computing system can be operated by applying remote maintenance. In this paper we discuss a multisystem with preventive maintenance, which is one of the fault-tolerant computing systems. Making the suitable assumptions, we construct a stochastic model of such a computing system for evaluating reliability/performance. Applying Markov renewal and queueing theories, we analytically obtain several reliability/performance measures. Calculating such measures numerically, we show the impacts of preventive maintenance on such a computing system.

Field of study: Engineering
Quantum fluctuations and the closing of the Coulomb gap in a correlated insulator.

The "switchable mirror" yttrium hydride is one of the few strongly correlated systems with a continuous Mott-Hubbard metal-insulator transition. We systematically map out the low temperature electrical transport from deep in the insulator to the quantum critical point using persistent photoconductivity as a drive parameter. Both activated hopping over a Coulomb gap and power-law quantum fluctuations must be included to describe the data. Collapse of the data onto a universal curve within a dynamical scaling framework (with corrections) requires znu=6.0+/-0.5, where nu and z are the static and dynamical critical exponents, respectively.

Field of study: Physics
Failure Analysis on Header Connecting Piping 12Cr1MoV of Power Plant Boiler

Failure reason of 12Cr1MoV header connecting piping in coal power was analyzed by optical microscope and scanning electronic microscope.The results show that the chemical composition and mechanical properties meet standards,but pearlite spheroidizes and carbide precipitates on the grain boundary.Creep holes appearing in certain areas near the fracture induce a great number of cracks,even leads to burst on the elbow of pipe.The parameters should be controlled in order to avoid the excessive atmospheric pressure.

Field of study: Materials science
Changes in properties of palm sugar syrup produced by an open pan and a vacuum evaporator during storage.

The aim of this study was to monitor the changes in the properties of palm sugar syrup produced by an open pan and a vacuum evaporator at 70oC and 80oC during storage under 4oC and room temperature (30oC) for 12 months at monthly intervals. During storage, Maillard reaction took place in samples stored under 4oC lower than those stored under 30oC. This was shown by lower a* values, intermediate browning products (IBP), browning intensity (BI) and HMF content, and higher L* values, fructose, glucose and free amino group contents during storage for 12 months. HMF, a possible mutagen formed by nonenzymatic browning during the heating and storage of sugar based products, seems of particular interest and concern. Only the sample produced by an open pan and stored under 30oC contained HMF content (50.58 mg/kg) higher than the permitted maximum limit (40 mg/kg as recommended by the Codex Alimentarious). However, other samples still contained HMF in agreement with this standard. In addition, the microbiological quality and total soluble solids of all samples complied with Thai legislation standards for palm sugar syrup during 12 months of storage.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences