nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Design analysis of a novel hot-electron microbolometer

The authors propose a novel antenna coupled microbolometer which makes use of the weak coupling between electrons and phonons in a metal at low temperatures. The radiation is collected by a planar lithographed antenna and thermalized in a thin metal strip. The resulting temperature rise of the electrons is detected by a tunnel junction, where part of the metal strip forms the normal electrode. The active area of the bolometer is thermally coupled by its small volume, by the thermal resistance between the electrons and phonons in the strip, and by the reflection of quasi-particles at the interface between the strip and the superconducting antenna. Design calculations based on a metal volume of 2 mu m*6 mu m*0.05 mu m at an operating temperature of 100 mK give an NEP of about 3*10/sup -19/ WHz/sup -1/2/, a time constant of about 10 mu s, and a responsivity of about 10/sup 9/ V/W. The calculated sensitivity is almost two orders of magnitude higher than that of the best available direct detectors of millimeter and submillimeter radiation operated at the same temperature.<<ETX>>

Field of study: Physics
Essential Oil Composition of Five Endemic Hypericum Species from Turkey

More than 465 Hypericum species exist on the Earth, widely spreading in Europe, Asia and North Africa. 42 of 80 species growing in Turkey are endemic. The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained from the aerial parts of the H. uniglandulosum Hausskn. ex Bornm., H. scabroides Robson & Poulter, H. kotschyanum Boiss., H. salsugineum Robson & Hub.-Mor. and H. thymopsis Boiss, five of the endemic species of Turkey by using the hydrodistillation method was identified by GC and GC/MS. The major components were identified as follows: 2,6-Dimethyl-3,5-heptadien-2-one (40.7%), nonacosane (3.2%), hexadecanoic acid (2.7%) and α-pinene (2.7%) in H. uniglandulosum; hexadecanoic acid (17.7%), spathulenol (5.3%), nonacosane (4.4%), dodecanoic acid (4.1%), baeckeol (4.1%) and γ-muurolene (3.9%) in H. scabroides; α-pinene (14.4%), nonacosane (11.1%), hexadecanoic acid (9.2%), β-pinene (8.7%), spathulenol (6.3%) and limonene (5.1%) in H. kotschyanum; nonacosane (42.7%), hexadecanoic acid (23.2%) and baeckeol (6.1%) in H. salsugineum; α-pinene (44.0%), baeckeol (32.9%), spathulenol (8.0%), limonene (7.6%) and camphene (5.2%) in H. thymopsis. Finally, the results are compared with each other. The differences between the results of the H. thymopsis and H. scabroides obtained in this study and the previous studies show that the chemical composition of the essential oils is different for the same species obtained at different locations. The essential oil composition of these species, except for the H. thymopsis and H. scabroides is identified for the first time

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The use of free Response Data in Writing Choice-Type Items

MOST TEXTBOOKS on educational measure ment present rules or suggestions for construct ing objective test items of various types. One suggestion often made is that the distracters (wrong responses) for choice-type items should be plausible. The application of this rule re quires that an item writer have some notion con cerning what alternatives are likely to serve as efficient distracters. For an experienced item writer this selection of plausible distracters may be relatively easy. A relatively inexper ienced item writer, however, may experience difficulty in devising plausible wrong choices. Some writers on educational test construction have suggested using students' responses to items set up in free response form as a source of possible distracters. In general, these writ ers suggest that using student responses to free response items as a source of distracters for a choice-type item often results in a better item than if such data is not used. Although the use of free response data has been recommended by many authors of textbooks in educational measurement, r e s e arch studies designed to evaluate the procedure have been rel atively few. Kelley (1) in 1937 used free re sponse data in constructing a vocabulary test and concluded that the procedure was questionable in view of the work involved and the results obtained. Frederiksen and Satter (2) in 1953 reported on the use of free response data in construe ting arithmetic problems and found the method was of some help. They did not, however, make any di rect comparison between items constructed with and without knowledge of such data. The results of these two research studies sug gest that the value of free response data is ques tionable. In addition, the procedure has appar ently been applied only to such factual school sub jects as vocabulary and arithmetic, where it is relatively easy to define incorrect answers. As far as it could be determined, no experimental evidence has been obtained in "content" areas such as the social studies. Furthermore, pre vious studies appeared to have only one person doing the item writing. As the method of using free response data is offered as a general sugges tion for all item writers, it is possible that the re sults of previous studies have been largely deter mined by the ability of a particular writer to use the free response data, rather than to the general value of the method itself. In view of the above considerations and the rather limited amount of

Field of study: Education
Oxygen isotope composition of CAM and C3 Clusia species: non-steady-state dynamics control leaf water 18O enrichment in succulent leaves.

Leaf gas exchange and leaf water (18)O enrichment (Delta(18)O(L)) were measured in three Clusia species under field conditions during dry and wet seasons and in Miconia argentea during the dry season in the Republic of Panama. During the dry season, all three Clusia species used crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM); during the wet season Clusia pratensis operated in the C(3) mode, while Clusia uvitana and Clusia rosea used CAM. Large departures from isotopic steady state were observed in daytime Delta(18)O(L) of the Clusia species, especially during the dry season. In contrast, daytime Delta(18)O(L) was near isotopic steady state in the C(3) tree M. argentea. Across the full data set, non-steady-state predictions explained 49% of variation in observed Delta(18)O(L), whereas steady-state predictions explained only 14%. During the wet season, when Delta(18)O(L) could be compared with Clusia individuals operating in both C(3) and CAM modes, steady-state and non-steady-state models gave contrasting predictions with respect to interspecific variation in daytime Delta(18)O(L). The observed Delta(18)O(L) pattern matched that predicted for the non-steady state. The results provided a clear example of how non-steady-state control of leaf water (18)O dynamics can shift the slope of the relationship between transpiration rate and daytime Delta(18)O(L) from negative to positive.

Field of study: Environmental science
Factors Associated with Student Pharmacists’ Academic Progression and Performance on the National Licensure Examination

To examine predictors of Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) students’ on-time graduation, dismissal from pharmacy school, and scores on their first attempt at taking the North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination (NAPLEX).  A retrospective review of student records for the graduating classes of 2015-2018 at a college of pharmacy was performed. Data on the following were collected: student demographics/characteristics (age, gender, race/ethnicity, financial need), having an undergraduate degree, undergraduate science grade point average (GPA), Pharmacy College Admission Test composite score percentile, pharmacy school GPAs for the didactic portion of the curriculum, Pre-NAPLEX score, on-time graduation from pharmacy school, dismissal from pharmacy school, and outcome (pass/fail) of first-attempt at taking the NAPLEX. Binary logistic regression analysis was conducted.  Of the 657 students whose records were included in the study, the majority were female (60%) and non-Hispanic white (70%). Higher first-year GPA was associated with increased likelihood of on-time graduation, while increased age and having an undergraduate degree were associated with a decreased likelihood of on-time graduation. A higher first-year GPA was associated with decreased likelihood of being dismissed from pharmacy school. Appearing before the Academic Standing and Promotion Review Committee for unsatisfactory academic performance was associated with decreased likelihood of passing the NAPLEX.  First-year pharmacy school GPA is a critical predictor for student pharmacists in terms of on-time graduation and dismissal, and may have consequences for later NAPLEX outcome. Pharmacy schools should closely monitor students’ performance during the first year and provide support to students experiencing academic difficulties.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Spatial and temporal analysis of α, β and γ diversities of bats in a fragmented landscape

We test a strategy for analyzing species richness in a landscape. This strategy is based on the joint analysis of α (local), β (turnover) and γ (landscape) diversities. We assessed the spatial and temporal relations among α, β and γ diversity of bats (Phyllostomidae and Mormoopidae) in a tropical landscape. In a spatial dimension, γ diversity depends on the α diversity of the most species-rich community. The value of spatial β diversity between habitats was very low. A high α diversity was found in a cornfield, which may be attributed to the reduced extent of the field (compared with a more extensive field) that allows the arrival of individuals from nearby rich communities. In a temporal dimension, within habitat cumulative richness over sampling period may be considerably different from the average richness. These differences are attributed to temporal turnover during short time intervals. Therefore, cumulative richness may be viewed as the temporal equivalent of within-habitat γ diversity, which results of both average α and temporal turnover. We discuss, which value must be taken as an estimate of habitat species richness, the average or the cumulative α, and the implications that this decision can have in the evaluation of biodiversity.

Field of study: Environmental science
Character formulae and a realization of tilting modules for $\mathfrak{sl}_2[t]$

In this paper we study the category of graded modules for the current algebra associated to $\mathfrak{sl}_2$. The category enjoys many nice properties, including a tilting theory which was established in previous work of the authors. We show that the indecomposable tilting modules for $\mathfrak{sl}_2[t]$ are the exterior powers of the fundamental global Weyl module and give the filtration multiplicities in the standard and costandard filtration. An interesting consequence of our result (which is far from obvious from the abstract definition) is that an indecomposable tilting module admits a free right action of the ring of symmetric polynomials in finitely many variables. Moreover, if we go modulo the augmentation ideal in this ring, the resulting $\mathfrak{sl}_2[t]$-module is isomorphic to the dual of a local Weyl module.

Field of study: Mathematics
Terror Management in Childhood: Does Death Conceptualization Moderate the Effects of Mortality Salience on Acceptance of Similar and Different Others?

This study inquires whether terror management mechanisms depend on the development of the concept of death. Children aged 7 and 11 years (N = 104) were exposed to death salient or non-salient conditions and asked to rate their acceptance of in-group and out-group children. Death salience was manipulated by asking children to answer the Death Concept Scale before or after rating target stimuli. Children also answered a self-esteem scale, and their mothers completed a dogmatism scale. Death salience led to more acceptance of an in-group child and more rejection of an out-group child only among 11-year-old children. Among 7-year-old children, this manipulation led to a rejection of both in-group and out-group children. At both ages, these effects were mainly found among low self-esteem children and among children whose mothers scored high on the dogmatism scale. Results were discussed in the framework of terror management theory.

Field of study: Psychology
Bisolute sorption and thermodynamic behavior of organic pollutants to biomass-derived biochars at two pyrolytic temperatures.

The bisolute sorption and thermodynamic behavior of organic pollutants on low temperature biochars (LTB) at 300 °C and high temperature biochars (HTB) at 700 °C were determined to elucidate sorptive properties of biochar changed with pyrolytic temperatures. The structural characteristics and isotherms shape of the biochar were more dependent on the pyrolytic temperature than on the biomass feedstocks, which included orange peel, pine needle, and sugar cane bagasse. For LTB, the thermally altered organic matter colocalized with the carbonized matter, and the visible fine pores of the fixed carbons were plugged by the remaining volatile carbon. For HTB, most of the volatile matter was gone and the fixed matter was composed of fully carbonized adsorptive sites. Monolayer adsorption of 1-naphthol to HTB was dominant but was suppressed by phenol. In comparison, LTB displayed exceptional sorption behavior where partition and adsorption were concurrently promoted by a cosolute and elevated temperature. In addition to monolayer surface coverage, pore-filling mechanisms may contribute to the increase of adsorption fraction. Moreover, the entropy gain was a dominant force driving the partition and adsorption processes in LTB. Thus, the colocalizing partition phase and adsorptive sites in LTB are proposed to be in interencased states rather than in physical separation.

Field of study: Environmental science
5-HT receptors mediating external carotid vasoconstriction in vagosympathectomized dogs.

One specific example reflecting the complexity of cardiovascular responses induced by serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) and the progress achieved in the pharmacological characterization of the receptors involved can be illustrated by the effects of 5-HT on the canine external carotid artery bed. Within this framework, it has been shown that the external carotid vasoconstrictor response to 5-HT in the dog is mediated by '5-HT1-like' receptors, which being blocked by the 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonist GR127935, resemble 5-HT1B/1D (previously called 5-HT1D beta/1D alpha) receptors. It was proposed that these receptors could belong to the 5-HT1B, rather than the 5-HT1D, subtype on the basis of their resistance to blockade by a high dose of ritanserin (a potential 5-HT1D receptor antagonist) and the presence of mRNA for 5-HT1B(5-HT1D beta) receptors, but not for 5-HT1D(5-HT1D alpha) receptors, in vascular smooth muscle. With the advent of subtype-selective antagonists it was subsequently shown that external carotid vasoconstriction to 5-HT and sumatriptan is dose-dependently antagonized by the selective 5-HT1B receptor antagonist SB224289 (2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1'-methyl-5-[2'-methyl-4' (5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl) biphenyl-4-carbonyl] furo [2,3-f] indole-3-spiro-4'-piperidine hydrochloride), whereas the selective 5-HT1D receptor antagonist BRL15572 (1-(3-chlorophenyl)-4-[3,3-diphenyl (2-(S,R) hydroxypropanyl) piperazine] hydrochloride) was ineffective. These findings represent the first in vivo evidence showing that vascular constriction induced by 5-HT and sumatriptan is mediated primarily via 5-HT1B, but not 5-HT1D receptors. The pharmacological profile of these receptors could be similar (isolated human temporal artery and porcine carotid arteriovenous anastomoses) to other putative 5-HT1B receptors mediating vasoconstrictor responses. In view of the putative pathophysiologic role of external carotid (and extracerebral) vasodilation in migraine, the constriction of these blood vessels by sumatriptan via 5-HT1B receptors may be, at least partly, responsible for its therapeutic efficacy in migraine.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Light-Fidelity: Successor of Wi-Fi

Li-Fi stands for Light-Fidelity. LI-FI is a new epoch of high intensity light source of solid state design which bring clean lighting solutions to general and specialty lighting. LI-FI is now part of the VLC as is implemented using white LED light bulbs. Data transmission takes place from this LED bulb by varying the current at extremely high speeds which undetectable by the human eye. Though WiFi gives us speed up to 150mbps as per IEEE 802.11n, it is still insufficient to accommodate no of desired users. To remedy this limitation of Wi-Fi, we are introducing concept of Li-Fi.As per germen phycist Harald Haas ―data through illumination‖ –taking the fibber out of fiber optic by sending data through an LED light bulb that varies in intensity faster than the human eye can follow. It’s the same idea band behind infrared remote controls but far more powerful. Haas says his invention, which he calls D-LIGHT, can produce data rates faster than 10 megabits per second, which is speedier than your average broadband connection. KeywordsWireless-Fidelity (Wi-Fi), Light-Fidelity (Li-Fi), Light Emitting Diode (LED), Wireless Communication, Visible Light Communication (VLC)

Field of study: Engineering
Checking nucleic acid crystal structures.

The program SFCHECK [Vaguine et al. (1999), Acta Cryst. D55, 191-205] is used to survey the quality of the structure-factor data and the agreement of those data with the atomic coordinates in 105 nucleic acid crystal structures for which structure-factor amplitudes have been deposited in the Nucleic Acid Database [NDB; Berman et al. (1992), . Nucleic acid structures present a particular challenge for structure-quality evaluations. The majority of these structures, and DNA molecules in particular, have been solved by molecular replacement of the double-helical motif, whose high degree of symmetry can lead to problems in positioning the molecule in the unit cell. In this paper, the overall quality of each structure was evaluated using parameters such as the R factor, the correlation coefficient and various atomic error estimates. In addition, each structure is characterized by the average values of several local quality indicators, which include the atomic displacement, the density correlation, the B factor and the density index. The latter parameter measures the relative electron-density level at the atomic position. In order to assess the quality of the model in specific regions, the same local quality indicators are also surveyed for individual groups of atoms in each structure. Several of the global quality indicators are found to vary linearly with resolution and less than a dozen structures are found to exhibit values significantly different from the mean for these indicators, showing that the quality of the nucleic acid structures tends to be rather uniform. Analysis of the mutual dependence of the values of different local quality indicators, computed for individual residues and atom groups, reveals that these indicators essentially complement each other and are not redundant with the B factor. Using several of these indicators, it was found that the atomic coordinates of the nucleic acid bases tend to be better defined than those of the backbone. One of the local indicators, the density index, is particularly useful in spotting regions of the model that fit poorly in the electron density. Using this parameter, the quality of crystallographic water positions in the analyzed structures was surveyed and it was found that a sizable fraction of these positions have poorly defined electron density and may therefore not be reliable. The possibility that cases of poorly positioned water molecules are symptomatic of more widespread problems with the structure as a whole is also raised.

Field of study: Chemistry
The effect of dead space on gain and excess noise in In0.48Ga0.52P p+in+ diodes

Electron-initiated avalanche gain and excess noise were measured in In0.48Ga0.52P p+in+ diodes, with avalanche region widths varying from 1 µm down to 0.1 µm, and also in a p+n+ diode. Hole-initiated gain is also measured in some diodes. We find that hole-initiated gain is only marginally higher than electron-initiated gain, indicating that the hole ionization coefficient is only slightly higher than the electron ionization coefficient. Electron-initiated excess noise is seen to fall as avalanche width is reduced. A simple Monte Carlo model (SMC) was used to interpret the results and to extract the ionization coefficients and effective threshold energies. A comparison between In0.48Ga0.52P and GaAs using the SMC suggests that, for a given avalanche width, the dead space effect is less significant in In0.48Ga0.52P at any value of gain. It was also found that the ionization path length probability distribution function is broader in In0.48Ga0.52P, leading to higher excess noise.

Field of study: Materials science
美洲大蠊低致敏变应原的制备及抗原性分析

从酶学的角度出发,研究多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)与美洲大蠊变应原粗提液的相互作用及其对变应原粗提液变应原活性的影响,以探索制备美洲大蠊低致敏变应原的方法。

Field of study: Biology
Impact of Working Memory on Academic Achievement of University Science Students in Punjab, Pakistan

Work­ing mem­ory is the abil­ity to keep infor­ma­tion cur­rent in mind for a short period, while using this infor­ma­tion for the task at hand. It is the ‘workbench’ the ‘screen’ of computer where current thinking takes place. Students with working memory difficulties take a much longer time to process information. They are unable to cope with timed activities and fast presentation of information. As a result, they often end up abandoning the activities all together out of frustration. Research studies conducted previously point to that in general working memory was linked with academic achievement. In Pakistan, perhaps little research has yet been done in this field. The study was therefore; designed as working memory and academic achievement of science university students. The main objectives of the study were, to find out difference in working memory of male and female university science students and difference among working memory and academic achievement. The population of the study comprised of 300 male and female students studying in universities of Punjab, Pakistan. The sample consisted of 150 male and 150 female students of universities selected through multistage sampling procedure. In order to measure working memory of students, questionnaire was used. Academic achievement of students was measured through their university results. The results of the study revealed no gender difference. Both male and female were found to be equal in working memory and academic achievement.  working memory, academic achievement, science

Field of study: Education
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of the helicase domain of hepatitis C virus NS3 protein.

The NS3 protein of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is thought to be essential for viral replication. The N-terminal domain of the protein contains protease activity and the C-terminal domain contains nucleotide triphosphatase and RNA helicase activity. The RNA helicase domain of HCV NS3 protein was purified by using affinity-column chromatographic methods, and crystallized by using the microbatch crystallization method under oil at 277 K. The crystals belong to primitive trigonal space group P3121 or P3221 with cell dimensions of a = b = 93.3, c = 104.6 A. The asymmetric unit contains one molecule of the helicase domain, with the crystal volume per protein mass (Vm) of 2.50 A3 Da-1 and solvent content of about 50.8% by volume. A native data set to 2.3 A resolution was obtained from a frozen crystal indicating that the crystals are quite suitable for structure determination by multiple isomorphous replacement.

Field of study: Chemistry