nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
COOPETITION AS AN ATTRIBUTE OF CLUSTERS FOSTERING INNOVATIVENESS OF ENTERPRISES - THE CASE OF ONE CREATIVE CLUSTER

In the literature one can come across numerous definitions of clusters. Despite slight differences there is the compliance among experts that coopetition is a crucial attribute of clusters. Cooperation and competition which constitute coopetition have been traditionally perceived as opposites. But nowadays this kind of business relationships is becoming more and more popular and recognized as a solution fostering innovativeness of companies. The purpose of this paper is a brief presentation of the concept of clusters, creativity and coopetition as a key characteristic of clusters and its exemplification by announcing the results of the research carried out by the author in relation to coopetition in Leszno Printing and Advertising Cluster. The experiences of this creative cluster show that it is possible to combine such different ways of behaviour of enterprises as co-operation and competition which is sometimes referred to as the symbiosis of water and fire and to exploit it in fostering innovativeness of companies.

Field of study: Business
Genetic polymorphism of Plantago major populations from the radioactive and chemical polluted areas.

The variability of nine microsatellite loci was studied for Plantago major L. populations from radioactive (East-Ural Radioactive Trace, EURT) and chemical (Karabash Copper Smelter, KCS) contaminated areas (Urals, Russia). The absorbed dose rates in the EURT area were 178-1455 times higher than background, and the indices of the total toxic load in the KCS area were 13-42 times higher than background values. In total, 65 alleles were identified in P. major populations, while the number of alleles per locus in the EURT and KCS samples was lower than in the background samples. The expected heterozygosity in all loci significantly exceeded the observed, indicating a high level of inbreeding. The largest number of rare alleles (11-21) was found in background samples, of which 3-7 alleles were private. In the technogenically disturbed zones, 8-11 rare alleles (1-2 private) were noted. The Bayesian analysis (K = 3) showed that no unique groups were found in any of the areas; descendants of all founders (pioneers) were represented in each population, but in different proportions. However, only 4.1% of the variability was distributed between local P. major populations (FST = 0.041) and 95.9% was concentrated within the samples. A pairwise comparison revealed genetic differentiation between all EURT samples. In the KCS area, there was no significant differentiation in pairs of samples that were at a distance of 3-4 km from each other. For samples from the KCS and background sites, the Mantel test showed a statistically significant relationship between geographical and genetic distances, therefore, the intensity of migration flows between these areas is high. For samples from the EURT and background areas, no such dependence was found. In both impact zones, P. major populations showed reduced genetic diversity. This article discusses the causes of this phenomenon.

Field of study: Environmental science
DSMCast: a scalable approach for DiffServ multicasting

One of the dominant questions facing the Internet today is, how can the network meet the needs of the users and their applications Quality of Service (QoS) while trying to keep such implementations scalable to the billions of users present on the Internet? Two of the emerging technologies for answering this question are Differentiated Services (DiffServ) and multicasting. Although both are complementary technologies, the integration of the two technologies is a non-trivial task due to architectural conflicts between multicasting and DiffServ. In this paper, we first investigate viable approaches for DiffServ multicasting and then propose an efficient approach, called DSMCast, for multicasting across an individual DiffServ domain that is scalable in terms of group size, network size, and number of groups. In addition, we propose a protocol for member join/leave and detail our protocol for both Source-Specific Multicast (SSM) and traditional IP multicasting. Finally, we present simulation studies of the DSMCast architecture comparing it with alternate approaches and offer conclusions regarding our work.

Field of study: Computer science
Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the Mufara Formation (Upper Triassic, Sicily): High resolution sedimentology, biostratigraphy and sea-level changes

article i nfo This study contributes to the reconstruction of the geological and palaeoenvironmental settings of the Mufara Formation (Upper Triassic, Sicily), which consists of monotonous marly deposits intercalated with relatively thin limestones levels. Field study included description of sixteen sections corresponding to thirteen outcrops, from which ~500 samples were taken. Outcrops are mainly located in north-western to central Sicily (i.e., Monti di Palermo, Monti Sicani, Monti Madonie and Caltanisetta Basin). The stratigraphic contact of the Mufara Fm. with the underlying Anisian-Lower Carnian Lercara Formation, and the overlying Upper Triassic to Lower Jurassic formations (Panormide shallow carbonate platform, Fanusi slope deposits, Scillato and Calcari con selce basinal series) has not been observed. Investigations involved detailed facies and sedimentological descriptions, high resolution biostratigraphy, and genetic stratigraphy. Sedimentolo- gical data provide evidence for a new interpretation of the depositional setting of the Mufara Fm. The depositional framework extended from a shallow to deeper water offshore zone along a distally steepened shelf or ramp, on which sponge patch reefs developed. This ramp, which developed during Ladinian to Carnian, probably evolved into a rimmed carbonate platform during Late Triassic, due to changes in basin morphology and tectonic evolution. Biostratigraphy, mainly based on foraminifers and supported by conodonts and palynomorphs, indicates a Late Ladinian/Early Carnian (Frankites regolenadus/Trachyceras aon zones) to Late Carnian (Tropites subbullatus/Anatropites spinousus zones) age for the Mufara Fm. An Anisian- Early Carnian age for the underlying Lercara Formation implies that the transition between the Lercara and the Mufara formations took place during the late Middle Triassic to early Late Triassic interval, and was probably strongly diachronous.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
The Compiling of the Explanations about the Posy on the LiGui

This article assembles the different study achievements about LiGui's posy in all these years. The main contents of this paper concentrate on the explanations of the most disputed part "Sui Ding Ke Wen Su You Shang" . According to the different ways of breaking the sentence and two kinds of explanations of "sui" which include "suiji" and "suixing", the author compiles various of views and concludes with author's own opinion.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Socio-economic inequalities in bodily pain over the life cycle: longitudinal evidence from Australia, Britain and Germany

type="main" xml:id="rssa12058-abs-0001"> We document the extent of socio-economic status (SES) inequalities in bodily pain in Australia, Britain and Germany, with a particular focus on whether such inequalities widen over the life course. Random-effects logistic and kernel regressions are used to estimate odds ratios of experiencing severe pain by income, educational qualification and occupational status, and to graph age–pain profiles, while accounting for individual heterogeneity. Cohort level regression analysis is used to control for cohort effects. Low SES is consistently related to higher levels of bodily pain in each country and inequalities widen with increasing age. The odds of experiencing severe bodily pain for individuals in the lowest, relative to the highest, household income quartile is up to two times higher, whereas the odds for those with minimum relative to university education are up to three times higher. For each country, the odds of experiencing severe pain by machine operators are around three times higher than for professionals. Maximum levels, and maximum SES differences in pain, are both reached at around age 60 years, with the differentials ranging between 0.2 and 0.7 of sample standard deviations. No convergence of pain profiles is observed by age 70 years. Controlling for cohort effects in the Australian data confirms the results from the age group analysis. Taken together these results suggest that low SES and manual work have cumulative health effects over the life cycle.

Field of study: Mathematics
Invariant algebraic curves linear in one variable for planar real quadratic systems

In this paper we study algebraic solutions of the form h(x,y)=p"1(x)y+p"2(x), where p"1(x) and p"2(x) are real coprime polynomials and p"1(x) 0, for a planar real algebraic quadratic system. We analyze the existence of this kind of solutions depending on the coefficients of the system.

Field of study: Mathematics
High-resolution neutron structure of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.

The structure of the free-acid form of the coenzyme NAD(+) was determined at 100 K from a single-crystal neutron experiment. NAD(+) is the oxidized form of the coenzyme redox pair NAD(+)/NADH and plays an important role in the catalysis of biological processes. The molecule crystallizes in space group P1 with one NAD(+) and four water molecules per unit cell. The structure is compared with the previous X-ray models of NAD(+) [Reddy et al. (1981), ; Parthasarathy & Fridey (1984b), Science, 226, 969-971; Guillot et al. (2000), ]. The crystal packing and the hydrogen-bond pattern are discussed as well as four short C-H.O contacts involving the pyridine and adenine rings. The structure displays stereochemical distortions owing to the hydrogen bonding and crystal-packing constraints, reflecting the adaptability of the NAD(+) molecule in various chemical environments.

Field of study: Chemistry
Physical Attractiveness and Blood Pressure

Four studies were conducted to investigate the relationship between physical attractiveness and resting blood pressure. In two samples of adolescents, there were significant sex by attractiveness interaction effects on blood pressure. Unattractive females had significantly higher mean pressures than attractive females, even when controlling for obesity. The attractiveness of males was not generally related to their blood pressures. A fourth study investigated the generalizability of the sex by attractiveness interaction effect to an older sample of adults, but no significant effects were found. Taken together, these results suggested sex and age differences in the motivational salience of physical attractiveness and help illuminate the internal arousal potential of external physical characteristics.

Field of study: Psychology
Comorbidity and boundaries of affective disorders with anxiety disorders and substance misuse: results of an international task force.

Associations between affective disorders, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders were examined in epidemiological studies conducted in Germany, Switzerland, Puerto Rico, and the mainland US. There was a remarkable degree of similarity across studies in the magnitude and type of specific disorders associated with the affective disorders. Comorbidity with affective disorders was greater for the anxiety disorders than for substance misuse. Panic disorder was the subtype of anxiety that was most highly comorbid with depression. Social phobia was the specific phobic type with the strongest association with the affective disorders. The magnitude of associations between substance misuse and affective disorders generally was quite low and less consistent across sites. No major differences were found in the patterns of comorbidity by gender or age group, affective subtype or prevalence period. The onset of anxiety disorders generally preceded that of depression, whereas alcohol misuse was equally likely to pre-or post-date the onset of affective disorders. Finally, comorbidity was associated with an elevation in treatment rates across all sites, confirming Berkson's paradox on an international level.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Profit in Not-for-Profit Corporations: The Example of Health Care

In the course of the recent nursing home investigations, the thesis has repeatedly been advanced that a major source of the abuses uncovered is the provision of care by proprietaries (i.e., for-profit corporations). While in most human services sectors proprietary institutions account for only a small percentage of those providing services (e.g., only 13 percent of hospitals' and an even smaller percentage of schools), about 77 percent of the nursing homes in the United States are proprietary.2 In response to the scandals, a solution more and more frequently proposed is to phase out the proprietaries and require all nursing homes to be run on a "voluntary" (not-for-profit) basis.3 Similarly, when abuses have come to light in other service areas-e.g., in proprietary correspondence schools, for-profit abortion-referral services, and the minority of

Field of study: Political science
From chiral vibration to static chirality in (135)Nd.

Electromagnetic transition probabilities have been measured for the intraband and interband transitions in the two sequences in the nucleus (135)Nd that were previously identified as a composite chiral pair of rotational bands. The chiral character of the bands is affirmed and it is shown that their behavior is associated with a transition from a vibrational into a static chiral regime.

Field of study: Physics
Constructing Rubrics and Assessing Progress Collaboratively with Social Studies Students

When social studies students have a role in the processes of designing assignments, constructing rubrics, and conducting assessments, they participate in authentic democratic principles relative to their own learning. When given voice, choice, and ownership in their education, social studies students gain opportunities to strengthen their depth of engagement, expand their breadth of responsibility, and increase their degree of satisfaction. Concomitantly, incorporating genuine collaboration helps social studies teachers enhance their teaching effectiveness and improve their overall classroom assessment systems. Ultimately, these techniques help social studies teachers empower their students to live the social studies they are learning in class and apply the concepts to the contexts of their lives. Thus, the learning process becomes more meaningful, productive, and rewarding.

Field of study: Sociology
Vortex lattice melting and the damping of the dHvA oscillations in the mixed state

Phase fluctuations in the superconducting order parameter, which are responsible for the melting of the Abrikosov vortex lattice below the mean field $H_{c2}$, are shown to dramatically enhance the scattering of quasi-particles by the fluctuating pair potential, thus leading to enhanced damping of the dHvA oscillations in the liquid mixed state. This effect is shown to quantitatively account for the detailed field dependence of the dHvA amplitude observed recently in the mixed state of a Quasi 2D organic SC.

Field of study: Physics
The National Goals of Education in Kenya: Interrogating the Achievement of National Unity

Education is critical in promoting political, social and economic development of any country.  It is expected to provide an all-round development of its recipients to enable them overcome prevailing challenges and therefore play effective roles in their immediate society.  The provision of a meaningful and adequate education is fundamental to Kenya’s overall development strategy (MOEST, 2004).  The functions the Kenyan education system seeks to attain are embedded in the three aims of education and further translated in the eight national goals of education. These goals explain the ideals this system seeks to attain in terms of the knowledge, skills, and values the country wishes its learners to acquire. The formulation of the eight goals of education is meant to specify more precisely, what qualities are thought most desirable to develop among the Kenyan citizens. Kenya as a country has made efforts to direct its educational endeavours towards its national goals; however, an examination of products of this system and a critical analysis of the state of the society points to the need for more effort.  For instance, since independence, the national goal of national unity has continued to feature prominently among Kenya’s national goals of education due to its significance in a state with divergent characteristics. The happenings witnessed in the country especially during the post-election violence of 2007-2008 and the elusive attainment of nationalism and patriotism seem to suggest that this goal is far from being achieved. This paper interrogates the national goals of education in Kenya with a focus on the goal of fostering national unity. It examines the achievements with regards to this goal and highlights critical issues that prevent its successful attainment. It also attempts to identify gaps which require attention, research and implementation to enable sustainable solutions to one of the society’s key needs.  education, goals of education, national unity

Field of study: Education
A component- and push-based architectural style for ajax applications

2008; doi:10.1016/j.jss.2008.04.005 A new breed of web application, dubbed ajax, is emerging in response to a limited degree of interactivity in large-grain stateless Web interactions. At the heart of this new approach lies a single page interaction model that facilitates rich interactivity. Also push-based solutions from the distributed systems are being adopted on the web for ajax applications. The field is, however, characterized by the lack of a coherent and precisely described set of architectural concepts. As a consequence, it is rather difficult to understand, assess, and compare the existing approaches. We have studied and experimented with several ajax frameworks trying to understand their architectural properties. In this paper, we summarize four of these frameworks and examine their properties and introduce the spiar architectural style which captures the essence of ajax applications. We describe the guiding software engineering principles and the constraints chosen to induce the desired properties. The style emphasizes user interface component development, intermediary delta-communication between client/server components, and push-based event notification of state changes through the components, to improve a number of properties such as user interactivity, user-perceived latency, data coherence, and ease of development. In addition, we use the concepts and principles to discuss various open issues in ajax frameworks and application development.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Oil Import Quota Auctions

If the U.S. limited oil imports and auctioned quota tickets, it could disrupt the oil cartel and reduce imported crude oil prices. Control would be in the form of carefully watched inventories, with frequent auctions to keep inventories stable and import levels set high enough to avoid prices rising because of scarcity. If prices were stabilized, investors would be guaranteed a market for domestic energy, which could supplant imported oil as domestic supplies develop. An auction system would cause members of the cartel to work against each other rather than in collusion, and would give the U.S. an opportunity to deal with the lesser producers rather than Saudi Arabia.

Field of study: Economics
An improved approach for measuring the impact of multiple CO2 conductances on the apparent photorespiratory CO2 compensation point through slope-intercept regression.

Biochemical models of leaf photosynthesis, which are essential for understanding the impact of photosynthesis to changing environments, depend on accurate parameterizations. One such parameter, the photorespiratory CO2 compensation point can be measured from the intersection of several CO2 response curves measured under sub-saturating illumination. However, determining the actual intersection while accounting for experimental noise can be challenging. Additionally, leaf photosynthesis model outcomes are sensitive to the diffusion paths of CO2 released from the mitochondria. This diffusion path of CO2 includes both chloroplastic as well as cell wall resistances to CO2 , which are not readily measurable. Both the difficulties of determining the photorespiratory CO2 compensation point and the impact of multiple intercellular resistances to CO2 can be addressed through application of slope-intercept regression. This technical report summarizes an improved framework for implementing slope-intercept regression to evaluate measurements of the photorespiratory CO2 compensation point. This approach extends past work to include the cases of both Rubisco and Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP)-limited photosynthesis. This report further presents two interactive graphical applications and a spreadsheet-based tool to allow users to apply slope-intercept theory to their data.

Field of study: Environmental science
Innate and adaptive immune gene expression profiles as biomarkers in human type 1 diabetes

The mRNA levels of a set of immune‐related genes were analysed with peripheral blood samples from at‐risk, new‐onset and long‐term type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients, in comparison to those from healthy controls. The selected set includes T lymphocyte genes [CD3G and cytotoxic T lymphocyte‐associated antigen 4 (CTLA4)], B lymphocyte genes (CD19 and CD20) and myeloid cell‐related genes [CD11b, Toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐9, arginase (ARG1)]. Also included is a subset of the S100 family members that has been documented recently as regulatory elements of innate immunity. Samples from patients with long‐term T1D had a reduced level of mRNA for most of selected innate and adaptive immune genes. No such reduction was detected in samples collected from at‐risk or new‐onset T1D patients. Analyses of regulatory gene expression ratios revealed a dynamic disproportion of CTLA4 versus CD3G expression in samples from at‐risk, new‐onset and long‐term T1D patients. These changes could serve as immunological biomarkers for the status of the immune system during T1D progression and therapeutic interventions.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
MBE-Grown Cubic ZnS Nanowires

Ultrathin ZnS nanowires (NWs) were grown on a sapphire (0001) substrate at 430°C by the molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) technique using self-assembled Au droplets as the catalyst. It was found that these NWs mainly consist of the cubic phase but a small portion was in the hexagonal phase. The analysis of the temperature-dependent band-edge (BE) emission of these NWs and that of a ZnS thin film revealed that the energy shift of the interband transition on temperature in ZnS is mainly attributed to the electron–phonon interactions. The observed blue shift of the BE emission of ZnS NWs could be quantitatively explained by the confinement of the excited excitons in the NW geometry.

Field of study: Materials science
[Quasispecies investigation on swine hepatitis E viruses].

The objective of current study was to investigate the quasispecies of hepatitis E virus in swine. The partial ORF2 region of HEV envelope gene from four swine HEV strains was amplified by RT-nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nPCR). After cloning and transformation of PCR products, 20 positive clones of each HEV isolate were subject to sequencing and DNA analysis. The homology among the different clones of each isolates was 96.8%-99.7%, 98.8%-99.7%, 98.8%-99.7% and 100%, respectively, while there was 96.8%-100% sequence identity at the nucleotide level compared with HEV strains isolated in Shanghai (SAAS-JDY5). This study confirmed that there existed quasispecies of HEV in swine.

Field of study: Biology