nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A generalized variant of simplified HSS preconditioner for generalized saddle point problems

Based on the simplified Hermitian and skew-Hermitian splitting (SHSS) preconditioner developed by Cao, Ren and Shi ( 2016), a generalized variant of the SHSS (GSHSS) preconditioner is presented for solving generalized saddle point problems. The convergence of the GSHSS iteration method and the spectral properties of the preconditioned matrix are studied in details. Eigenvalue bounds and the degree of minimal polynomials of the preconditioned matrix are obtained. In particular, a practical and feasible choice strategy of iteration parameter is given, which also provides a feasible way to select the accelerated parameters for some other preconditioners. Numerical experiments are presented, which show the effectiveness of the proposed preconditioner and the feasibility of the practical choice strategy of accelerated parameter.

Field of study: Mathematics
Experimental research on Z-pinch at Qiangguang-I facility

Experimental research on plasma radiation characteristics and plasma implosion of Kr gas-puff,W wire array,Ne gas-puff and Al wire array Z pinches performed on Qiangguang-Ⅰ pulsed power generator of 1.4~ 2.1 MA current with 80~100 ns rise time is reported.In the experiments,the voltage divider and two Rogowskii coils were used to measure the voltage and the current of diode respectively,a filter-XRD and a scintillator-photodiode detector with even energy respond in the energy region from 100 eV to 1 400 eV were used to measure X-ray waveforms,the Ni-film bolometer was developed for measuring the total soft X-ray energy,the time-resolved X-ray image diagnostic system was developed for recording the imploding process of Z pinches,and an elliptically-curved crystal spectrometer with temporal and spatial resolution was developed for diagnosing K-shell radiation of Z-pinch plasma.A total soft X-ray energy of 62 kJ and 32 kJ,a peak X-ray power of 1.7 TW and 1.3 TW,and a total energy transfer coefficient of 23% and 12.5% were achieved respectively for Kr gas-puff liner and for W wire-array liner.A K-shell radiation energy of 5.6 kJ and 2.3 kJ,a peak radiation power of 256 GW and 94 GW,and an energy transfer coefficient of 2% and 0.8% were achieved respectively for Ne gas-puff liner and for Al wire-array liner.The "zipper-phenomenon" was found in the imploding process of gas puff Z pinches,and the precursor phenomenon was found in the imploding process of wire array Z pinches.

Field of study: Physics
Molecular evidence for zooplankton-associated nitrogen-fixing anaerobes based on amplification of the nifH gene

A fragment of the nifH gene was amplified from anaerobic microbial enrichments initiated with marine planktonic invertebrates, including copepods and euphausids. A number of the nifH sequences from these enrichments were phylogenetically related to Cluster III nifH sequences of Clostridium pasteurianum and Desulfovibrio gigas. nifH fragments were cloned and sequenced from strains of Desulfobacter curvatus, Desulfonema limicola, and Chromatium purpuratum in order to provide the basis for identifying nifH sequences amplified from uncultivated microorganisms in the enrichments. Nitrogenase genes from Desulfonema limicola and Desulfobacter curvatus clustered with the sequence from Desulfovibrio gigas. Some of the nifH gene sequences from the zooplankton-derived microbial enrichments clustered with these sequences as well as a number of previously reported sequences from marine microbial mats, termite guts and intact invertebrate zooplankton. Some of the nitrogen-fixing phylotypes in the enrichments appeared to be active, since nitrogenase activity was detected by the acetylene reduction technique in the enrichments. Multiple copies of nifH were amplified from the Desulfobacter curvatus culture, with one of the sequences clustering with non-vanadium second alternative anfH sequences, but no anfH sequences were recovered from the enrichments. The results demonstrate that there are nitrogen-fixing anaerobes associated with planktonic crustacea, and the identified nifH phylotypes could be important in oceanic nitrogen fixation.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
LogitBoost classifier for discriminating thermophilic and mesophilic proteins.

A novel classifier, the so-called LogitBoost classifier, was introduced to discriminate the thermophilic and mesophilic proteins according to their primary structures. When the 20-amino acid composition was chosen as the feature vector, the overall accuracy of the self-consistency check and a five-fold cross-validation procedure was 97.0% and 86.6%, respectively. To test if the method was also applicable to a wide range of biological targets, an independent testing dataset was also used. The method based on LogitBoost algorithm has achieved an overall classification accuracy of 88.9%. According to the three different validation check approaches, it was demonstrated that LogitBoost outperformed AdaBoost and performed comparably with RBF neural network and support vector machine. The influence of protein size on discrimination was addressed.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
The Virtual Human Resource Management Based on Information Technique

Nowadays,for the sake of the complicated competition environment,organizations establish the colleague relation with others through the network system to form virtual organizations.Virtual organizations transfer the core business to other organizations while paying attention to growing the core competition ability,it opens the door to the virtual human resource management.The application of information technique urges people to consider how to use the network to implement the service function of human resources and make the virtual human resource management possible.

Field of study: Economics
Over-expression of bacterial gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GSH1) in plastids affects photosynthesis, growth and sulphur metabolism in poplar (Populus tremula x Populus alba) dependent on the resulting gamma-glutamylcysteine and glutathione levels.

We compared three transgenic poplar lines over-expressing the bacterial gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GSH1) targeted to plastids. Lines Lggs6 and Lggs12 have two copies, while line Lggs20 has three copies of the transgene. The three lines differ in their expression levels of the transgene and in the accumulation of gamma-glutamylcysteine (gamma-EC) and glutathione (GSH) in leaves, roots and phloem exudates. The lowest transgene expression level was observed in line Lggs6 which showed an increased growth, an enhanced rate of photosynthesis and a decreased excitation pressure (1-qP). The latter typically represents a lower reduction state of the plastoquinone pool, and thereby facilitates electron flow along the electron transport chain. Line Lggs12 showed the highest transgene expression level, highest gamma-EC accumulation in leaves and highest GSH enrichment in phloem exudates and roots. This line also exhibited a reduced growth, and after a prolonged growth of 4.5 months, symptoms of leaf injury. Decreased maximum quantum yield (F(v)/F(m)) indicated down-regulation of photosystem II reaction centre (PSII RC), which correlates with decreased PSII RC protein D1 (PsbA) and diminished light-harvesting complex (Lhcb1). Potential effects of changes in chloroplastic and cytosolic GSH contents on photosynthesis, growth and the whole-plant sulphur nutrition are discussed for each line.

Field of study: Environmental science
Investigation on the Employability of Graduates from the Perspective of Employers: A Case Study of Shanghai

In 2012,the investigation on the employers who recruited graduates from higher educational institutions in Shanghai shows,that when recruiting graduates,the employers usually hold the philosophy of pragmatism,but there were differences according to the localities,types and scales of employers.The employers,state-owned enterprises and institutions,and large-scale enterprises outside of Shanghai valued the graduates' academic background,while the other units thought highly of the graduates' personality and interpersonal competence.Although the employers were basically satisfied with the quality of the graduates,their level of satisfaction was much lower than what has been found in other countries and regions.Meanwhile,their evaluation of employment services provided by higher educational institutions was not encouraging.

Field of study: Education
Bee-e-een! Nation, Transformation and the Hyphen of Ethnicity in Kingston's Tripmaster Monkey

Near the end of Maxine Hong Kingston's Tripmaster Monkey: his fake book, a linked pair of acrobatic twins somersault across a stage. Played by two Americans, one of Japanese ancestry, one of European, both wearing one green velveteen suit, Chang and Eng the Double Boys are both separate and conjoined, neither fully unified nor fully distinct, and expressible only by the grammatical impossibility of the plural singular pronoun (t)he(y). As an individual(s), (t)he(y) find loneliness and identity equally impossible, and their/his (un)solitary (un)doubleness extends to the culture (t)he(y) inhabit. Adopting green velvet and the surname of a battle of the American Revolution, (t)he(y) are included in the practice of cultural signification: (t)he(y) marry, get drafted, attend parties and get drunk. Simultaneously, (t)he(y) are debarred from it, relegated to a marginal world of Black women, yellow men, and freak show exotica. Assaulted by the audience and jailed for the ensuing riot, (t)he(y) berate the crowd through the bars:

Field of study: Art
Methods to develop and maintain a valid physician registry in evolving information environments.

WHAT DID WE DO?: As the amount of alternative funding for physician services grows in Canada, the usefulness of fee-for-services (FFS) payment data as a source of population-based information declines. This paper describes methods used to develop and validate an anonymous registry of the physician workforce to support policy-relevant analyses in environments where doctors are increasingly funded through diverse arrangements. WHAT DID WE LEARN?: Among the 8,558 physicians in clinical practice in British Columbia in 2004, 97% could be identified via FFS payment data. In 1996, 2000 and 2004, a similar number of physicians in clinical practice (N=340, 326, 290) did not submit FFS claims, and a stable proportion of these doctors (65%, 67%, 69%) could be identified using hospital discharge abstract data. Province-wide, local health areas varied in the proportion of total physicians' expenditures in 2004 attributable to FFS payments (0 to 100%).  FFS and hospital files could be used in tandem to identify physicians in clinical practice in order to create complete registries intended to support population-based workforce analyses. FFS and alternative funding payment files could be used together to calculate each physician's income and clinical activity, and to identify physicians for whom there is high likelihood of measurement error because they reside in local health areas where a large proportion of clinical activity is not captured.


RECOMMENDATIONS
Systems designed to track alternative funding should be uniformly structured within and across jurisdictions to maintain or increase the availability of population-based clinical data useful for secondary analyses. Only then can these data be used to support Canadian policy, management and clinical decision-making.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Bioelectric brain activity in patients with neurotic disorders

: Seventy-three patients with neurotic disorders, aged 14-35 years, and 33 healthy controls have been examined using electroencephalographic method with spectral analysis of EEG, which has been conducted on the Brain Surfing system by the algorithm of direct Fourier transformation. The patients had changes of brain electric activity manifesting as insufficiency of thalamo-cortical synchronizing systems that caused an excessive activating effect of reticular formation on the cortex realized through extrathalamic reticular cortical and septo-hippocampal activation paths. Determinative in electrophysiological brain organization was the theta-rhythm, a marker of excessive emotional and autonomic activation, which directly correlated with an extent of personality accentuation and severity of neurotic state.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
The expression of the Cenomanian–Turonian oceanic anoxic event in Tibet

The Gongzha section of Tibet, China is located at the northern margin of the Indian Plate (SE Tethys) and is characterized by hemipelagic grey marls and marly limestones, light grey limestones and silty limestones, but no organic-rich sediments. High-resolution biostratigraphy reveals an expanded Cenomanian–Turonian (CT) boundary interval and the δ13C record includes the main features of the classical positive carbon-isotope excursion that characterizes the CT oceanic anoxic event. The biotic response inferred from the foraminifera suggests that oxic to dysoxic conditions prevailed, except for a short interval marked by peak abundance of Heterohelix that indicates a significantly dysoxic environment during the δ13C “b” peak excursion. The overall decreasing trend in redox-sensitive trace elements (RSTE) during the maximum δ13C excursion confirms the absence of significant longer-lasting anoxia in the Gongzha section. Enrichments in RSTE are linked to phases of increased detrital input. Chemical weathering indices suggest that the upper Cenomanian sediments accumulated under an increasingly hot and humid climate that culminated near the CT boundary. In the early Turonian lower weathering indices suggest a warm, drier climatic regime with reduced continental runoff. Phosphorus mass-accumulation rates show a significant peak at the onset of the positive δ13C excursion, followed by a decrease up to the basal Turonian. This pattern is positively correlated with the long-term decrease in detrital index as also observed in numerous other CT boundary sections (e.g., Eastbourne, Pueblo, and Whadi El Ghaib, Sinai). Long-term phosphorus accumulation in the Gongzha section is therefore associated with changes in detrital input. The overall decreased detrital input can be explained by the increasingly remote continental sources due to the major transgression at the end of Cenomanian, coupled with changes in continental weathering intensity linked to increasingly more arid climate conditions.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Short-term fairness in slotted WDM rings

Single-hop WDM ring networks are promising architectures for future broadband access and metro networks. However, ring networks exhibit significant fairness issues, which must be handled by a fairness enforcing protocol. Fairness is usually ensured over a time window of several network propagation delays. Thus, data flows might experience large access delays which might be not compatible to support time-sensitive applications. We solve this issue proposing the Multi-Fasnet protocol, which is able to enforce fairness in a relative short time scale, in the order of few propagation delays, without trading off the aggregated throughput network performance. We discuss Multi-Fasnet limitations and propose several novel strategies that achieve high and fair network throughput as well as low, bounded and fair access delays.

Field of study: Computer science
Extended noise analysis — a novel tool for reliability screening

Noise specifies the fluctuations of device characteristics under operation. Low frequency noise can be used to obtain information on the internal device quality under operating conditions. Commonly, only the noise power spectrum is measured in frequency domain. This is equivalent to the second order moments of the fluctuating quantity. Restriction on reliability prediction via power spectrum analysis means restriction on the second order moments of the fluctuating quantity. Our intention is more general. We are searching for tolerance limits of noise characteristics in time and frequency domain capable of separating reliable devices from non-reliable. Extended noise analysis is a new method of noise characterization in time domain. It considers the 2-dimensional distributions of noise signals at the beginning and the end of a time interval. This yields additional information. Quantities like moments of higher order and the parameters of conditional distributions indicate atypical dynamics. The approach was used to characterize the low frequency current noise of InGaAs/AlGaAs laser diodes at currents well below threshold. Failed and surviving items show different distributions of several noise characteristics.

Field of study: Engineering
De Winter Syndrome & Dynamic ECG Evolvement.

De Winter pattern is a rare manifestation in electrocardiogram (ECG), characterized by upsloping ST segment depression, tall and symmetric T waves in the precordial leads, indicating the total or subtotal occlusion of proximal left anterior descending artery (pLAD). Previous case reports believed that this pattern in ECG was a stable condition without dynamic evolvement. However, our case report reveals the existence of dynamic evolvement in de Winter pattern.

Field of study: Medicine
Examining racial identity statuses as predictors of psychological defenses in African American college students.

The authors examined the relationship between racial identity statuses and the use of psychological defenses in 80 African American college students who completed the Black Racial Identity Attitude Scale (J. E. Helms & T. A. Parham, 1996), Defense Mechanism Inventory (G. C. Gleser & D. Ihilevich, 1969), and the Defense Style Questionnaire-40 (G. Andrews, M. Singh, & M. Bond, 1993). The canonical analysis indicated that pre-encounter and encounter ego statuses were positively related to neurotic psychological defenses as well as defenses of principalization and reversal. The immersion ego status was positively related to immature psychological defenses as well as turning against object and projection. The emersion ego status was positively related to mature psychological defenses as well as turning against object and projection. The authors believe these results provide additional support for J. E. Helms's (1995) racial identity model, because racial identity ego statuses predicted how African Americans managed painful affect. The discussion also focuses on implications of these results for counseling and future research.

Field of study: Psychology
Asymmetric differentiation in a bathylith of Adirondack syenite

Of late years much evidence has accumulated to the effect that, under deep-seated conditions of igneous intrusion, not only is contact action widespread and on a large scale, but also that rock injection and rock assimilation are equally, or even more, pronounced. During the field work of the special committee on the correlation of the pre-Cambrian rocks of the Adirondack mountains, the original Laurentian area and of eastern Ontario, it was noteworthy that in both areas visited such phenomena were prominently to the fore. This paper deals with one of the specific instances examined by the committee, an asymmetric bathylith of syenite occurring in the mid-Adirondack region, whose asymmetry is thought to be owing to incorporation and assimilation of material from the bordering rocks. General Description The syenite rock in question is a common one in the Precambric area of northern New York, occurring in both large and small . . .

Field of study: Geology
Acid Thunder: Acid Rain and Ancient Mesoamerica

THE SOCIAL STUDIES uch of Mesoamerica’s rich cultural heritage is slowly eroding because of acid rain. Just as water dissolves an Alka-Seltzer tablet, acid rain erodes the limestone surfaces of Mexican archaeological sites at a rate of about one-half millimeter per century (Bravo et al. 2003). A half-millimeter may not seem like much, but at this pace, a few centuries of acid rain is sufficient to destroy paintings, frescoes, and other fine detail in ancient art and architecture . The University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee is collaborating with the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) to study acid rain at Mexico’s archaeological sites. One product of this research is an interdisciplinary educational supplement designed for middleand high-school classrooms, called Acid Thunder: Saving El Tajín from Acid Rain. The supplement is in the form of a Webquest, an inquiry-oriented exercise focusing on analysis, synthesis, and evaluation, for which the Internet is the primary information source (Dodge 1995). The Webquest requires no specialized computer hardware or software, only an Internet connection and a Web browser.

Field of study: Sociology
On vocational ability obtaining and cultivating of vocational college students

In order to keep the long-term development of Vocational Education,the vocational ability obtaining and cultivation of vocational college students should be highly emphasized.Vocational ability which is related to the completing of a career activity is the sum of physical and cognitive action system,practical knowledge and experience.According to the level property of vocational ability,it includes the basic ability level,professional ability level and specific ability level for vocational college students.The vocational ability obtaining of vocational college students includes sense stage,imitation stage,practice stage and internalization stage and shows a "hidden-hidden-dominant-dominant-hidden" spiral rising knowledge pattern.The cultivation of vocational ability should go through four approaches:named situationalization of sense stage,standardization of imitation stage,specialization of practice stage and personalization of internalization stage.

Field of study: Education