nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Compressed Sensing Method for Three-dimensional Imaging of FASAR in Low SNR Environment

The performance of sparse reconstruction of compressed sensing becomes worse in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) environment, and thus the quality of sparse three-dimensional imaging of FASAR is greatly reduced. In this paper, an improved compressed sensing algorithm based on Hough transform is presented by using the continuity of sparse coefficient vector in the original range and slant-range two-dimensional space and the line detection method of Hough transform, which improve the sparse reconstruction performance of compressed sensing effectively. The simulation results show that the proposed method can effectively realize the sparse three-dimensional imaging of FASAR in low SNR environment.

Field of study: Engineering
Trees for Correlated Survival Data by Goodness of Split, With Applications to Tooth Prognosis

In this article the regression tree method is extended to correlated survival data and applied to the problem of developing objective prognostic classification rules in periodontal research. The robust logrank statistic is used as the splitting statistic to measure the between-node difference in survival, while adjusting for correlation among failure times from the same patient. The partition-based survival function estimator is shown to converge to the true conditional survival function. Tooth loss data from 100 periodontal patients (2,509 teeth) was analyzed using the proposed method. The goal is to assign each tooth to one of the five prognosis categories (good, fair, poor, questionable, or hopeless). After the best-sized tree was identified, an amalgamation procedure was used to form five prognostic groups. The prognostic rules established here may be used by periodontists, general dentists, and insurance companies in devising appropriate treatment plans for periodontal patients.

Field of study: Mathematics
An Extended Catalog of Galaxy–Galaxy Strong Gravitational Lenses Discovered in DES Using Convolutional Neural Networks

We search Dark Energy Survey (DES) Year 3 imaging for galaxy–galaxy strong gravitational lenses using convolutional neural networks, extending previous work with new training sets and covering a wider range of redshifts and colors. We train two neural networks using images of simulated lenses, then use them to score postage-stamp images of 7.9 million sources from DES chosen to have plausible lens colors based on simulations. We examine 1175 of the highest-scored candidates and identify 152 probable or definite lenses. Examining an additional 20,000 images with lower scores, we identify a further 247 probable or definite candidates. After including 86 candidates discovered in earlier searches using neural networks and 26 candidates discovered through visual inspection of blue-near-red objects in the DES catalog, we present a catalog of 511 lens candidates.

Field of study: Physics
Clinical significance of hepatitis GB virus C infection in alcoholic liver disease.

Recently, hepatitis GB virus C (HGBV-C) has been recovered from patients with non-A-E hepatitis. However, it has been unclear whether HGBV-C may be related to the development of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) or not. In this study, we determined HGBV-C RNA in sera from alcoholic patients without markers for hepatitis C and B viruses to evaluate the role of HGBV-C in ALD. Serum samples were obtained from 68 patients with ALD and 40 nonalcoholic patients with chronic type C liver disease. HGBV-C RNA was detected in only 3 of 68 (4.4%) patients with ALD, in 2 of 27 patients with hepatic fibrosis, and in 1 of 5 patients with chronic hepatitis. There was no HGBV-C RNA in sera from patients with fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, or cirrhosis. Serum levels of AST, ALT, and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in alcoholic patients with, as well as without, HGBV-C RNA decreased to normal levels after abstinence. In addition, an inflammatory change was not observed in liver biopsy specimens obtained from two HGBV-C-positive patients with alcoholic hepatic fibrosis. Our results clearly suggest that the prevalence of HGBV-C infection in patients with ALD is rare and that HGBV-C may not play an important role in the development of liver disease in alcoholics.

Field of study: Medicine
Analysis on Large-scale Forging Internal Cracks Based on Fracture Mechanics

The large forgings which had over standard and non-over standard cracks by non destructive test were scrapped in subsequent machining technology,so the tolerable limit damage analysis based on stress intensity factor was adopted in the large-scale forging production process.The fracture evaluation to the large forging with cracks can reduce undue economic loss and ensure the safe and the reliability of products in the follow-up production.

Field of study: Materials science
The impact of posterior urethral valves on adult quality of life.

To investigate the quality of life of men who had been treated for posterior urethral valves (PUV) in childhood.



Questionnaires were mailed to 108 patients with PUV treated at the Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, and 67 (62%) of them responded. Three different questionnaires (15D, LSS, and RAND) were used to evaluate the quality of life.



The total quality of life in PUV patients was reported as good compared to the general population in the RAND and LSS surveys. However, in the 15D analysis the PUV patients reported lower scores in sleeping, eating, and sexual activity. Those PUV patients who had been treated for renal insufficiency reported lower scores in several dimensions in all three surveys. Patients with urinary incontinence reported more sleeping problems and regarded themselves physically more disabled.



The PUV patients with renal insufficiency or urinary incontinence had impaired quality of life in several dimensions.

Field of study: Medicine
How did the urban land in floodplains distribute and expand in China from 1992-2015?

Urban land in floodplains (ULF) is a vital component of flood exposure and its variations can cause changes in flood risk. In the context of rapid urbanization, ULF is expanding rapidly in China and imperiling societal sustainability. However, a national-scale analysis of ULF patterns and dynamics has yet to be conducted. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the spatiotemporal changes in China's ULF at different spatial scales (the country, region, basin, and sub-basin scales) from 1992–2015. We found that ULF accounted for 44.41% of the total urban land in China in 2015, which was 3.68 times greater than the proportion of floodplains relative to the total land area in China (12.06%). From 1992–2015, the ULF area increased by 26.43 × 103 km2, or 542.21%. Moreover, the ULF area is expected to grow by 16.89 × 103 km2 (53.38%) between 2015 and 2050. ULF growth was strongly associated with the flood occurrence in China, and continued growth will pose a considerable challenge to urban sustainability, particularly in basins with poor flood defenses. Greater attention should thus be paid to ULF dynamics in China.

Field of study: Environmental science
Toward a clinical practice guide in pharmacogenomics testing for functional polymorphisms of drug-metabolizing enzymes. Gene/drug pairs and barriers perceived in Spain

The development of clinical practice recommendations or guidelines for the clinical use of biomarkers is an issue of great importance with regard to adverse drug reactions. The potential of pharmacogenomic biomarkers has been extensively investigated in recent years. However, several barriers to implementing the use of pharmacogenomics testing exist. We conducted a survey among members of the Spanish Societies of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology to obtain information about the perception of such barriers and to compare the perceptions of participants about the relative importance of major gene/drug pairs. Of 11 potential barriers, the highest importance was attributed to lack of institutional support for pharmacogenomics testing, and to the issues related to the lack of guidelines. Of the proposed gene/drug pairs the highest importance was assigned to HLA-B/abacavir, UGT1A1/irinotecan, and CYP2D6/tamoxifen. In this perspective article, we compare the relative importance of 29 gene/drug pairs in the Spanish study with that of the same pairs in the American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics study, and we provide suggestions and areas of focus to develop a guide for clinical practice in pharmacogenomics testing.

Field of study: Biology
CONFORMATIONAL INVERSION OF 2,2′-BIPYRIDYL N,N′-DIOXIDE (bpdo) CHELATE RINGS IN THE [Cr(acetylacetonato)(bpdo)2]2+ ION

The [Cr(acetylacetonato)(bpdo)2](ClO4)2·H2O complex (bpdo= 2,2′-bipyridyl N,N′-dioxide) crystallizes in the lel2 (Δ(λλ), Λ(δδ)) isomer. This isomer isomerizes to the lel·ob (Δ(λδ), Λ(δλ)) isomer in aqueous solution with the rate constant of 3.31×10−3 s−1 at 295.2 K, the rate constant for racemization (Δ\ightleftarrowsΛ) being 1.08×10−4 s−1 at 295.2 K.

Field of study: Chemistry
Dimension functions, scaling sequences, and wavelet sets

The paper is a continuation of our study of dimension functions of orthonormal wavelets on the real line with dyadic dilations. The main result provides an explicit reconstruction of the underlying generalized multiresolution analysis for any MSF wavelet. We also reobtain a result of Bownik, Rzeszotnik and Speegle which states that for each dimension function D there exists an MSF wavelet whose dimension function coincides with D. Our method provides an explicit construction of an admissible generalized multiresolution analysis (and, a posteriori, of a wavelet) from an arbitrary dimension function. Several examples are included.

Field of study: Mathematics
The MUSE Hubble Ultra Deep Field Survey. XI. Constraining the low-mass end of the stellar mass - star formation rate relation at z < 1

Star-forming galaxies have been found to follow a relatively tight relation between stellar mass ($M_{*}$) and star formation rate (SFR), dubbed the `star formation sequence'. A turnover in the sequence has been observed, where galaxies with $M_{*} < 10^{10} {\rm M}_{\odot}$ follow a steeper relation than their higher mass counterparts, suggesting that the low-mass slope is (nearly) linear. In this paper, we characterise the properties of the low-mass end of the star formation sequence between $7 \leq \log M_{*}[{\rm M}_{\odot}] \leq 10.5$ at redshift $0.11 < z < 0.91$. We use the deepest MUSE observations of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field and the Hubble Deep Field South to construct a sample of 179 star-forming galaxies with high signal-to-noise emission lines. Dust-corrected SFRs are determined from H$\beta$ $\lambda 4861$ and H$\alpha$ $\lambda 6563$. We model the star formation sequence with a Gaussian distribution around a hyperplane between $\log M_{*}$, $\log {\rm SFR}$, and $\log (1+z)$, to simultaneously constrain the slope, redshift evolution, and intrinsic scatter. We find a sub-linear slope for the low-mass regime where $\log {\rm SFR}[{\rm M}_{\odot}/{\rm yr}] = 0.83^{+0.07}_{-0.06} \log M_{*}[{\rm M}_{\odot}] + 1.74^{+0.66}_{-0.68} \log (1+z)$, increasing with redshift. We recover an intrinsic scatter in the relation of $\sigma_{\rm intr} = 0.44^{+0.05}_{-0.04}$ dex, larger than typically found at higher masses. As both hydrodynamical simulations and (semi-)analytical models typically favour a steeper slope in the low-mass regime, our results provide new constraints on the feedback processes which operate preferentially in low-mass halos.

Field of study: Physics
The Impact of Adopting Ethnic or Civic Conceptions of National Belonging for Others’ Treatment

National belonging is often defined in terms of “ethnic” ancestry and “civic” commitment (with the latter typically implying a more inclusive conception of belonging). The authors report three Scottish studies manipulating the prominence of these criteria. In Study 1 (N = 80), a Chinese-heritage target was judged more Scottish (and his criticisms of Scotland better received) when Scotland was defined in civic terms. In Study 2 (N = 40), a similar manipulation in a naturalistic setting showed a civic conception of belonging resulted in more help being given to a Chinese-heritage confederate. Study 3 (N = 71) replicated Study 2 and showed the effect was mediated by judgments of the confederate’s Scottishness. These studies emphasize the importance of exploring how ingroup identity is defined.

Field of study: Psychology
Sediments of the Continental Margin off the Eastern United States

The character and distribution of surficial sediments on the continental shelf and slope between northern Maine and southern Florida have been denned on the basis of more than 6,000 bottom samples. Most shelf sediments were deposited in shallow water (probably littoral depths) during the last lower stand of sea level. Modern sediments are accumulating only in estuaries, in certain nearshore areas and on the continental slope. A large portion of the shelf sediment north of lat 41° N. was deposited by Pleistocene glaciers that covered the area. Sediments on the middle Atlantic shelf consist of predominantly arkosic to subarkosic fluvial sands. The inner shelf off the southeastern United States is covered by suborthoquartzitic fluvial sands, derived mostly from Piedmont rivers; carbonate-rich sands occur over much of the outer shelf and upper slope. Residual detritus, reworked from underlying mid-Tertiary formations, is an important sedimentary component on Georges Bank and Nantucket Shoals, Onslow Bay, the Florida-Hatteras slope, and the Blake Plateau. Although most sediments are not in compositional equilibrium with the present-day shelf environment, there is considerable evidence to suggest that many may be in at least partial textural equilibrium. Holocene reworking has removed most fine-grained sediment, leaving only coarse to medium sand. Some fine-grained fluvial sediment escapes the estuaries and near-shore during floods and storms, but this influx is not sufficient to offset the effect of winnowing by currents and waves. A significant portion of the modern near-shore sediment, in fact, may be derived from landward transport of fine-grained sediment from the central and outer shelf. Despite the evidence of active sediment movement on the shelf, however, the net lateral transport of sand and gravel appears to be limited. Because of the lack of present-day terrigenous sedimentation, a primary source of modern shelf sediment is calcareous skeletal material. If the present-day surface were preserved in the geologic record, much of it probably would be a carbonate-rich layer, containing altered and reworked skeletal material representing a variety of depositional environments.

Field of study: Geology
Fracture Behaviour of ODS 410L Stainless Steel using Small Punch Test

The fracture behavior of oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) 410L stainless steels was investigated by means of small punch testing and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that there are noticeable strengthening effects by the addition of 0.9 μm yttria into 410L steel. Small punch testing was also conducted on a specimen of ODS 410L steel with 50 nm yttria irradiated by helium ion beam with a dose of 2 × 10 16 ion.cm–2. The small punch test is an effective method to reveal the irradiation effects in the materials.

Field of study: Engineering
Price distortions under coarse reasoning with frequent trade

We study the effect of frequent trading opportunities and categorization on pricing of a risky asset. Frequent opportunities to trade can lead to large distortions in prices if some agents forecast future prices using a simplified model of the world that fails to distinguish between some states. In the limit as the period length vanishes, these distortions take a particular form: the price must be the same in any two states that a positive mass of agents categorize together. Price distortions therefore tend to be large when different agents categorize states in different ways, even if each individual's categorization is not very coarse.

Field of study: Economics
Ethnobotanical Appraisal and In-silico Investigation of Plants Used for the Management of COVID-19 in Southwestern Nigeria

The continued spread of 2019 novel coronavirus disease is a serious threat to global health. Currently, no approved vaccines or antiviral agents for treatment exist, but, there are many anecdotal accounts of the use of herbal concoctions for the management of this disease in many low-income settings, including Nigeria abound. Using a combination of a web-based survey, and face-to-face interviews with local herbal sellers, this study documents the herbal flora used in the management of COVID-19 in Southwestern Nigeria, and also probes their potential as inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 proteins. The preliminary in - silico studies identified taraxerol, vernonioside D2, nimbolide and mangiferoleanone as potential hit candidates for COVID-19. The current findings highlight that nature can be a source for the discovery of medicinal agents active against COVID-19. These preliminary results necessitate further in-vitr o and in-vivo experimental evidence.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Postvoidal residual urine is the most significant non-invasive diagnostic test to predict the treatment outcome in children with non-neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction.

Uroflowmetry (UF) alone is often inadequate or unreliable to diagnose lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD). Therefore, other non-invasive tests, such as ultrasound (US), post-voiding residual volume (PVR) assessment and symptom scales, are used as well for objective definition of the problem.



The aim of this study was to investigate the possible predictive function of the non-invasive diagnostic tests for the response to treatment.



The prospective registry data of 240 patients with LUTD, from November 2006 to September 2013, were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were aged 5-14 years old. Patients with a previous diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), neurogenic bladder, monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (NE) were excluded from the study. Uroflowmetry, US, PVR and the Dysfunctional Voiding and Incontinence Symptom Scale (DVISS) were performed on every patient at their first visit and follow-ups. A DVISS <9 was considered as the DVISS response; parental opinion was based on International Continence Society criteria of clinical response. Time passed until clinical response was the last outcome parameter.



Mean age was 8.2 years. Median follow-up was 60.5 months. A total of 62% of patients had complete response, 28.1% had partial response, and 9.7% had no response. Demographic variables were not associated with clinical outcome. Co-existing enuresis nocturna, multiple pharmacotherapy, and increased DVISS were associated with longer time until clinical response. Post-voiding residual volume assessment was the only test to have a prognostic value.



Resolution rates of LUTD ranged from 40 to 90%. High resolution rate could be attributed to the long follow-up period, and the chance of spontaneous resolution. Treatment modalities and co-existing NE were associated with longer time until clinical response. Only PVR was associated with prognosis. This was the first study in literature to report such findings. It was seen that the normalization of pathologic patterns was a good sign for treatment success. The DVISS results showed significantly higher rates of incontinence compared to initial symptoms defined by the patients and/or their parents. This showed the importance of using scoring systems to better define the severity of symptoms. It was hard to establish a standardized cut-off value for bladder wall thickness on US. However, US was a good test for diagnosing additional pathologies.



Increased PVR was the single tool that was associated with prognosis and, therefore, should always be performed after UF. In addition, DVISS can help parents be counseled about their treatment expectations.

Field of study: Medicine
Performance measures of M/G/1 retrial queues with recurrent customers, breakdowns, and general delays

In this paper, an M/G/1 retrial system with two classes of customers: transit and recurrent customers is studied. After service completion, recurrent customers always return to the orbit and transit customers leave the system forever. The server is subject to breakdowns and delayed repairs. The customer whose service is interrupted stays in the service, waiting for delay and repair of the server. After repair this customer completes his service. The study of the system concerns the joint generating function of the server state and the queue length in steady state. Some performance measures of the system are then derived and some numerical results are presented to illustrate the effect of the system parameters on the developed performance measures.

Field of study: Mathematics
Optimal Parameters for XMSS MT

We introduce Multi Tree XMSS (XMSS MT ), a hash-based signature scheme that can be used to sign a virtually unlimited number of messages. It is provably forward and hence EU-CMA secure in the standard model and improves key and signature generation times compared to previous schemes. XMSS MT has — like all practical hash-based signature schemes — a lot of parameters that control different trade-offs between security, runtimes and sizes. Using linear optimization, we show how to select provably optimal parameter sets for different use cases.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
A study on how sports goods enterprises should respond to the impact of appreciation of Chinese currency

The authors studied the trend of variation of RMB exchange rate as well as the effect of rate variation on sports goods enterprises, analyzed the current situation of sports goods enterprises in China, and discussed how sports goods enterprises should, under the pressure of variation of RMB exchange rate,go after profits and avoid losses, utilize foreign production essentials rationally,reduce product costs, payback and adjust foreign exchange debts in a timely fashion,draw lesions from foreign experiences, and promote direct outgoing investment vigorously.

Field of study: Education
The Dynamic Construal of Meaning and Metaphor Translation

Translation is essentially the understanding and reconstruction of meaning.Relative theories concerning meaning can guide translation studies.Utilizing basic ideas of the dynamic construal of meaning theory,with English translation of Fortress Besieged as a case study,this paper attempts to explore metaphor translation.The research results show that metaphor translation is influenced by context,culture convention and translators' psychology.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Ionic transport and electronic structure in poly(3,4ethylenedioxythiophene)

A member of the polythiophene family, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), shows interesting electronic, optical and electrochemical properties, making the polymer suitable as electrode material in different electrochromic applications. It has been characterized using standard electrochemical techniques, optical absorption spectroscopy and bending beam methods.

Field of study: Materials science