nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The arthritogenic adjuvant squalene does not accumulate in joints, but gives rise to pathogenic cells in both draining and non‐draining lymph nodes

A single intradermal injection of the adjuvant‐oil squalene induces T cell‐mediated arthritis in DA rats. The chain of events leading from non‐specific provocation of the immune system to arthritis, with clinical similarities to rheumatoid arthritis, is largely undetermined. Here, we combined in vivo tracking of tritium‐labelled squalene with lymph node (LN) cell transfer experiments to determine where critical activation events may take place. The majority of squalene remained at the injection site (79%). The amounts recovered in peripheral joints (<1%) were equal to that recovered in other organs that can be targets in autoimmune diseases. This argues that arthritis does not develop as a consequence of adjuvant accumulation in joints. In contrast, substantial amounts of squalene were recovered in hyperplastic LN draining the injection site (1–13%). The adjuvant was deposited to a larger extent in cells than in extracellular matrix. The draining LN cells could transfer arthritis to naïve irradiated DA rats following in vitro stimulation with conA. Interestingly, non‐draining LN were also hyperplastic and harboured arthritogenic cells, although they contained low amounts of squalene (<1%). Consequently, the amount of arthritogenic adjuvant in a particular LN is not closely linked to the development of pathogenic cells. The distribution pattern of squalene was similar in MHC‐identical but arthritis‐resistant PVG.1AV1 and LEW.1AV1 rats, and it was unaffected by T cell depletion with a monoclonal antibody (R73). Thus, T cells and non‐MHC genes do not regulate dissemination of squalene, but rather determine arthritis development at the level of adjuvant response.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Why they must be counted: Significant contributions of Fijian women fishers to food security and livelihoods

Worldwide, small-scale fisheries (SSF) are an important source of food and livelihoods for rural communities and contribute substantially to national economies. Women play crucial roles in these fisheries, yet their contributions are largely invisible, often ignored and unrecognized. We conducted household and focus group surveys to examine the role of indigenous Fijian (iTaukei) women in SSF, documenting fishing practices and contributions to household food security and income. Our results reinforced several traditional views, such as iTaukei women preferentially fishing closer to their villages; but also challenged other assumptions with women fishing a wider range of habitats (from inland rivers to the open ocean) and species than previously described, and many using a boat and fishing with men. In addition to gleaning for invertebrates and seaweed, women also caught over 100 species of fish. Women fished primarily for subsistence, emphasizing their significant contribution to household food security. Although almost half of the women sold part of their catch to supplement household incomes, they also engaged in other income earning livelihoods, and therefore were not solely dependent on fisheries. Of concern was the high targeting of nursery areas for fish and invertebrate species by women fishers, and species with low spawning potential ratios. Given the level of engagement in, and contributions to fisheries, the inclusion of iTaukei women fishers in fisheries planning and management is critical for ensuring the sustainability of SSF in Fiji. Furthermore, empowering women for full participation in fisheries and lifting them out of poverty requires a re-consideration of traditional gender norms in rural communities, which are already shifting and evolving.

Field of study: Environmental science
Do College Students Participate More in Discussion in Traditional Delivery Courses or in Interactive Telecourses?

An arena of social interaction that has escaped the attention of many faculty members is one in which they participate frequently. In the college classroom, patterns of interaction develop as students and instructors negotiate a definition of the situation (Goffman, 1959, 1961; McHugh, 1968) with regard to classroom norms. Karp and Yoels (1976) first identified the consolidation of responsibility as a major norm in the college classroom. The consolidation of responsibility means that, regardless of class size, a handful of students (five to seven) account for the vast majority of interactions in any given class session. Fritschner (2000), Howard and Baird (2000), Howard and Henney (1998), Howard, Short, and Clark (1996), and Jung, Moore, and Parker (1999) also found the consolidation of responsibility to be an operative norm in traditional delivery college classrooms. Faculty members ought to be concerned with the percentage of students participating in their courses, because there is substantial evidence to suggest that students learn more when they are actively engaged with the material, their instructor, and their classmates (see for example, Astin, 1985; Johnson, Johnson, & Smith, 1991; Kember & Gow, 1994; McKeachie, 1990; Meyers & Jones, 1993). A second reason for concern is that research suggests that critical thinking is fostered by students’ active participation in learning (Garside, 1996; Smith, 1977). Instructors can also use classroom discussion to lead students through different Do College Students Participate More in Discussion in Traditional Delivery Courses or in Interactive Telecourses?

Field of study: Education
Prevention of immune precipitation by purified components of the alternative pathway.

The role of the alternative pathway in complement-mediated prevention of immune precipitation has been investigated by the use of BSA-anti-BSA immune complex (IC) purified components. For immune precipitation to be prevented all six alternative pathway components (C3, factors B D, P, H and I) were required. In the absence of one or both of the control proteins H and I, excessive fluid phase turnover of C3 occurred with precipitation of IC. Kinetic studies showed that in the presence of the control proteins, an initial phase of precipitation occurred, and was followed by a phase of resolubilization of IC. When the efficiency of classical and alternative pathways in the prevention of immune precipitation was compared it was found that the classical pathway proteins were more effective than the alternative pathway components. A reaction mixture containing the components of both pathways was no better than the classical pathway protein alone. 125I-C3 was bound to IC which had been rendered soluble in the presence of classical or alternative pathway components. A molar ratio of two molecules C3b:five molecules IgG was calculated. Other complement components which were bound to IC which had been formed in the presence of serum were C1q, C4, C2, C3, C5, P and H. Factors B and I were not detected. Our findings suggest that the alternative pathway is of secondary importance to the classical pathway in the prevention of immune precipitation.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Du berthollimètre de Descroizilles à la sonde de Castaing

The author describes French discoveries from the end of the eighteenth century to the present time. He summarizes the great discoveries of: Descroizilles, GayLussac, Proust, Rouelle, Cadet, Gaulthier de Claubry, Debassyns, Courtois, Balard, Barreswil, Lambert, Lavoisier, Willm and Henriot, Lassaigne, JeanBaptiste Dumas, Margueritte, Laurent, Soleil, Dubosc, Florence, Berthelot, Pasteur, Janssen, Lamy, Charpentier, Sainte-Claire Deville, Villiers, Lecoq de Boisbaudran, Baubigny, Moissan, Lebeau, Pelouze, Fremy, Leidie and Quennessen, Le Chatelier, Saladin, Gabriel Bertrand, Delepine, Moureu and LePape, Fleuret, Guichard, Chevenard, and Castaing.

Field of study: Chemistry
Milton’s Italy: Anglo-Italian Literature, Travel, and Religion in Seventeenth-Century England. Catherine Gimelli Martin. Routledge Series in Renaissance Literature and Culture. London: Routledge, 2017. xvi + 318 pp. $140.

Samson Agonistes, though not a flaw per se, is a bit surprising, as is the limited presence of the early poetry. The notion that the mature Milton was fully committed to heretical monism, though certainly debatable, speaks to the importance of investigating the materialism of the youngMilton. Like the divorce tracts, the antiprelatical tracts—a treasure trove for materialist inquiry—are an instructive bridge between the young and mature poet-theologian. Regardless, Milton, Materialism, and Embodiment provides strong, diverse examples of approaches to future scholarship on Milton’s materialism, which will encourage readers to generate their own paradigms.

Field of study: History
Fate of Fluorescent Whitening Agents in the River Glatt

With the use of computer simulation (AQUASIM), the dynamic behavior of the two fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) that are currently used in laundry detergents in Switzerland (DSBP, a distyrylbiphenyl, and DAS 1, a diaminostilbene) has been evaluated quantitatively for the River Glatt, a small highly polluted stream in Switzerland. The one-dimensional simulation was based on independently determined photolysis and sorption rate constants, and measured FWA concentrations at the beginning of the studied river section and in two major tributaries (effluents of sewage treatment plants). Concentrations of FWAs were 0.4−1.2 μg/L in river water and 2.9−5.7 μg/L in sewage, respectively, with very little diurnal variation. Direct photolysis and partitioning between aqueous phase and sediment and macrophytes were identified as the most important processes affecting the fate of DSBP and DAS 1 in the river. Simulation of FWA concentrations with photolysis as the only process yielded concentration traces with minima ...

Field of study: Environmental science
A comparison of microtubule assembly in brain extracts from young and old rats.

Microtubule assembly was examined in the high-speed supernatant from homogenates of young (2-4 months old) and old (more than 24 months old) rat brains and significant age-related differences in microtubule assembly were found in the absence of exogenous GTP. In extracts from young brains, the increase in absorbance at 350 nm, which reflects the assembly reaction, was characterized by three phases (lag, elongation, and steady state) superimposed on a slow continuous increase due to non-specific aggregation. However, assembly in extracts from old brains, was very sluggish, in some cases barely more rapid than the non-specific aggregation reaction. Two to three times as much protein was assembled into cold-labile microtubules in extracts from young brains than from old brains. When 1 mM GTP was included in the assembly solutions the patterns of assembly in extracts from young and old brains became similar, with about the same amount of protein assembled into cold-labile microtubules. The assembly of tubulin purified from rat brains showed no differences between young and old. Results showed that extracts from old brains contained a higher GTPase activity than extracts from young brains. The sluggish assembly in extracts from old brains could be due to a deficiency in GTP or an inefficient regeneration of GTP.

Field of study: Biology
Intercalation: Building a Natural Superlattice for Better Thermoelectric Performance in Layered Chalcogenides

A natural superlattice with composition (SnS)1.2(TiS2)2, built by intercalating a SnS layer into the van der Waals gap of layered TiS2, has been directly observed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The thermoelectric performance is improved in the direction parallel to the layers because the electron mobility is maintained while simultaneously suppressing phonon transport, which is attributed to softening of the transverse sound velocities due to weakened interlayer bonding. In the direction perpendicular to the layers, the lattice thermal conductivity of (SnS)1.2(TiS2)2 is even lower than the predicted minimum thermal conductivity, which may be caused by phonon localization due to the translational disorder of the SnS layers parallel to the layers. Moreover, we propose a large family of misfit-layer compounds (MX)1+x(TX2)n (M = Pb, Bi, Sn, Sb, rare-earth elements; T = Ti, V, Cr, Nb, Ta; X = S, Se; n = 1, 2, 3) with a natural superlattice structure as possible candidate high-performance thermoelectric materials.

Field of study: Materials science
A testing framework for Web application security assessment

The rapid development phases and extremely short turnaround time of Web applications make it difficult to eliminate their vulnerabilities. Here we study how software testing techniques such as fault injection and runtime monitoring can be applied to Web applications. We implemented our proposed mechanisms in the Web Application Vulnerability and Error Scanner (WAVES)--a black-box testing framework for automated Web application security assessment. Real-world situations are used to test WAVES and to compare it with other tools. Our results show that WAVES is a feasible platform for assessing Web application security.

Field of study: Computer science
H II REGION METALLICITY DISTRIBUTION IN THE MILKY WAY DISK

The distribution of metals in the Galaxy provides important information about galaxy formation and evolution. H II regions are the most luminous objects in the Milky Way at mid-infrared to radio wavelengths and can be seen across the entire Galactic disk. We used the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) Green Bank Telescope to measure radio recombination line and continuum emission in 81 Galactic H II regions. We calculated LTE electron temperatures using these data. In thermal equilibrium metal abundances are expected to set the nebular electron temperature with high abundances producing low temperatures. Our H II region distribution covers a large range of Galactocentric radius (5-22 kpc) and samples the Galactic azimuth range 330°-60°. Using our highest quality data (72 objects) we derived an O/H Galactocentric radial gradient of –0.0383 ± 0.0074 dex kpc–1. Combining these data with a similar survey made with the NRAO 140 Foot telescope we get a radial gradient of –0.0446 ± 0.0049 dex kpc–1 for this larger sample of 133 nebulae. The data are well fit by a linear model and no discontinuities are detected. Dividing our sample into three Galactic azimuth regions produced significantly different radial gradients that range from –0.03 to –0.07 dex kpc–1. These inhomogeneities suggest that metals are not well mixed at a given radius. We stress the importance of homogeneous samples to reduce the confusion of comparing data sets with different systematics. Galactic chemical evolution models typically derive chemical evolution along only the radial dimension with time. Future models should consider azimuthal evolution as well.

Field of study: Physics
Medical Child Abuse Hidden in Pediatric Settings: Detection and Intervention

Medical child abuse, sometimes referred to as Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy or childhood factitious disorder, poses significant diagnostic, intervention, and ethical issues for medical and mental health practitioners alike. Psychologists working in pediatric hospitals and medical clinics should remain mindful of the health and ethical risks posed by these conditions, which are challenging to detect and treat. The surreptitious nature of the conditions and hazards they pose require an integrated medical, psychological, and child protective response. This article provides historical and clinical background on the condition along with tabular guides and recommendations to assist in detection and intervention.

Field of study: Psychology
Dynamic Characteristics Analysis and Structural Noise Prediction of Bridge Crane

Taking the gear time-varying mesh stiffness, damping, transmission error and so on into consideration, and calculate stiffness excitation, error excitation, meshing impact excitation of every gear pair, to determine the internal dynamic excitation of gear system. Establish a dynamic finite element model of a coupled gear-rotor-bearing-housing gear system, and obtain the vibration displacement, velocity and acceleration of the gear system by modal superposition technique method, so as to predict structure noise accurately. The results show that the frequency response and the peak value of the structure noise all appear at gear meshing frequency and their multiples. In fact, this method can not only understand the comprehensive vibration characteristics of the bridge crane, but also provides a necessary foundation for the vibration and noise reduction design of gear system.

Field of study: Engineering
Scaling law in carbon nanotube electromechanical devices.

We report a method for probing electromechanical properties of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs). This method is based on atomic force microscopy measurements on a doubly clamped suspended CNT electrostatically deflected by a gate electrode. We measure the maximum deflection as a function of the applied gate voltage. Data from different CNTs scale into an universal curve within the experimental accuracy, in agreement with a continuum model prediction. This method and the general validity of the scaling law constitute a very useful tool for designing actuators and in general conducting nanowire-based nanoelectromechanical systems.

Field of study: Physics
Tenure and Merit Pay as Rewards for Research, Teaching, and Service at a Research University.

This study grew out of a specific question about whether teaching and service affect tenure and merit pay decisions at a research university and from a more general concern with rewards and sanctions in educational institutions. In a perfectly rational system, it might be supposed, an organization such as a university would provide incentives and rewards for behavior that it seeks to encourage and sanctions for what it seeks to discourage [10, pp. 53-54]. To do otherwise would appear dysfunctional. However, Weick [26, 27] has examined the functionality of ambiguous and seemingly disorderly relationships and has suggested that subgroups or components of an organization can be loosely or tightly coupled depending on the degree to which a change in one variable results in changes in other variables in the system. Tight coupling, Weick suggested, is not the only functional way in which variables may be related. Previous research on faculty rewards in colleges and universities has established relatively tight coupling between faculty work in research and institutionally dispensed rewards such as salary and promotion. Fulton and Trow [6], Katz [II], Rossman [19], Siegfried and White , and Tuckman and others [22, 23, 24, 25] found statistically significant relationships between publications and salary. In other studies, researchers found that publications were related to salary increments , supplemental income [16], assignment to higher-level classes , and promotability [20].

Field of study: Education
Factorization of Laplace Operators on Higher Spin Representations

This paper deals with the problem of factorizing integer powers of the Laplace operator acting on functions taking values in higher spin representations. This is a far-reaching generalization of the well-known fact that the square of the Dirac operator is equal to the Laplace operator. Using algebraic properties of projections of Stein–Weiss gradients, i.e. generalized Rarita–Schwinger and twistor operators, we give a sharp upper bound on the order of polyharmonicity for functions with values in a given representation with half-integral highest weight.

Field of study: Mathematics
The 1996 Conference of the Canadian Bioethics Society: Reflections

In their introduction to Catholic Perspectives on Medical Morals, the editors, Pellegrino, Langan and Harvey, point out that until recently Catholic medical morals had the field to itself. In the last twenty-five years or so, however, biomedical ethics has become the domain of secular philosophers. The current methodology is characterized as strongly utilitarian, pragmatic and eclectic, and as more attractive than theological ethics to a secular, pluralistic  The writers are speaking about the situation in the United States, but they could be speaking equally well about Canada. The focus of this article is the absence at the conference of any public reference to the transcendent in human experience and the consequences of this for public debate. It is a personal reaction and must, therefore, be subjective and reflect only a part of what was there to be sampled. It is not concerned with the caliber of what, in some cases, passed for philosophy or ethics. Indeed, the vast majority of the

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
BOOTSTRAPPING DIELECTRONIC RECOMBINATION FROM SECOND-ROW ELEMENTS AND THE ORION NEBULA

Dielectronic recombination (DR) is the dominant recombination process for most heavy elements in photoionized clouds. Accurate DR rates for a species can be predicted when the positions of autoionizing states are known. Unfortunately such data are not available for most third- and higher-row elements. This introduces an uncertainty that is especially acute for photoionized clouds, where the low temperatures mean that DR occurs energetically through very low-lying autoionizing states. This paper discusses S2+ $\to $ S+ DR, the process that is largely responsible for establishing the [S iii]/[S ii] ratio in nebulae. We derive an empirical rate coefficient using a novel method for second-row ions, which do have accurate data. Photoionization models are used to reproduce the [O iii]/[O ii]/[O i]/[Ne iii] intensity ratios in central regions of the Orion Nebula. O and Ne have accurate atomic data and can be used to derive an empirical S2+ $\to $ S+ DR rate coefficient at ~104 K. We present new calculations of the DR rate coefficient for S2+ $\to $ S+ and quantify how uncertainties in the autoionizing level positions affect it. The empirical and theoretical results are combined and we derive a simple fit to the resulting rate coefficient at all temperatures for incorporation into spectral synthesis codes. This method can be used to derive empirical DR rates for other ions, provided that good observations of several stages of ionization of O and Ne are available.

Field of study: Physics
Purification and properties of tryptophan synthase from baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).

Tryptophan synthase was purified from baker's yeast. The purified enzyme exhibited one band on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, had no detectable N-terminal amino acid and C-terminal alanine. The amino acid composition was close to that predicted by recent studies on the DNA sequence of the structural gene for the enzyme. Kinetic parameters for the following three activities were measured: indole-serine condensation, indolylglycerol phosphate lyase and the overall reaction of serine with 1-(indol-3-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate. The Km for indole was much lower than suggested by previous investigations, and the value of 11 microM was measured by a fluorimetric assay.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
First Aid and Voluntarism in England, 1945-85.

First aid was the focus of growing voluntary activity in the post-war decades. Despite the advent of the National Health Service in 1948, increased numbers of people volunteered to learn, teach, and administer first aid as concern about health and safety infiltrated new activities and arenas. In this article we use the example of the Voluntary Aid Societies (VAS, focusing in particular on St John Ambulance) to highlight continuities and change in the relationship between state and voluntary sector in health and welfare provision during the four decades after 1945. Though the state assumed vastly expanded health and welfare responsibilities after the war, the continuing vitality of the VAS suggests cultural continuities that the post-war welfare state did not eradicate. The article therefore builds on the insights of historians who argue that volunteering remained a vital component of British society across the later twentieth century, and that the state and voluntary sector were not mutually exclusive.

Field of study: History