nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Ephemeral or durable? Donald Trump’s impact on Canada–US issues in the Great Lakes heartland and northeast borderlands

This article assesses whether Donald Trump’s impact on Canada–US issues such as trade, energy and the environment, and border security could be ephemeral or durable. We answer this question by examining the extent to which Trump’s agenda on Canada–US relations has gained ground in the “Great Lakes heartland” bordering Ontario and the “northeastern borderlands” bordering Québec. To do this, we study the 2018 US midterm electoral debates on Canada–US relations in nine states: Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, Ohio, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine. We conclude that: (a) Trump has succeeded in placing Canada and key Canada–US issues at the forefront of political and electoral discussions in these states; and (b) Trump’s agenda and attitude towards Canada have been adopted by a myriad of local actors who had a more positive view of Canada before the 2016 presidential election.

Field of study: Political science
Investigation of Magnetic Properties of Porous Foam Metals and Its Effect on Magnetic Field

The magnetic properties of porous foam metals were investigated in this paper experimentally.A set of testing device including the coils,the magnetic core were developed.The effects of porous foam metals with different materials and thickness on the magnetic field were investigated.The results showed that,aiming to the same thickness of porous foam metals,if the materials with the relative larger magnetic permeability was adopted,the density of magnetic flux in the gap will be larger;to the porous foam metals with the magnetic permeability,the change of the material thickness will have obvious effect on the magnetic field,this would be intensified if the magnetic permeability of materials was increased.The test results will provide the experimental data for the research on magnetic characteristics of porous foam metals.

Field of study: Materials science
Effects of amylose and resistant starch on starch digestibility of rice flours and starches

Amylose and resistant starch (RS) content in rice flours and starches were manipulated by adding high amylose and high RS maize starch. The maize starches were added to rice flours and rice starches at the levels of 10-50% w/w, resulting in the increase of amylose from approximately 30-56 and RS from 8 – 33 g/100 g dry sample. Physicochemical properties and starch digestibility of the mixtures, both flour and starch mixtures, were investigated. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results showed that the addition of high amylose high RS maize starch at the levels in this study did not significantly (p > 0.05) alter gelatinization temperatures. Texture analysis as exhibited by hardness and adhesiveness of the mixture gels found inconsistent results. The key benefit of adding high amylose and high RS maize starch was that it can alter starch digestion rates and consequently lower estimated glycaemic indices (GIs) in both rice flour and starch mixtures.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
No association between Alzheimer plaques and decreased levels of cytochrome oxidase subunit mRNA, a marker of neuronal energy metabolism.

It has been proposed that neuritic plaques or toxic substances diffusing from them contribute to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer disease. We examined this hypothesis by looking for evidence of decreased neuronal energy metabolism in the proximity of neuritic plaques. Levels of mitochondrial DNA-encoded mRNA for subunit III of cytochrome oxidase, a marker of neuronal energy metabolism, were determined in post mortem brain samples. Consistent with earlier results, overall cytochrome oxidase subunit III mRNA levels were decreased in Alzheimer midtemporal cortex compared with controls. However, this reduction did not correlate with plaque density. In Alzheimer brains, cytochrome oxidase subunit III mRNA levels in neurons bearing neurofibrillary tangles were lower than in tangle-free neurons. However, neuronal cell bodies in close proximity of neuritic plaques showed no decrease in cytochrome oxidase subunit III mRNA or total polyadenylated mRNA compared with more distant neurons. Cytochrome oxidase enzyme activity in neuronal processes also showed no local reduction around neuritic plaques. These results suggest that neuritic plaques do not contribute to reduced neuronal energy metabolism in Alzheimer disease.

Field of study: Biology
The Psychiatric Diagnosis of Alcohol Abuse and the Medical Diagnosis of Alcoholic Related Liver Disease: Effects on Liver Transplant Survival

The present study investigated whether differing diagnostic criteria for alcoholism used by mental health professionals versus hepatologists lead to different outcomes in predicting liver transplant survival as determined by the medical record and without a priori judgments. This was in contrast to past studies, particularly in the liver transplant literature, demonstrating comparable survival rates between alcoholics and non-alcoholics that have typically employed a diagnosis of Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD), which does not capture the salient maladaptive behavioral and interpersonal features associated with DSM-IV-TR diagnoses of Alcohol Abuse (AA) and Alcohol Dependence (AD). A series of survival analyses were conducted using data culled from the psychological and medical records of 358 first-time liver transplant recipients at Barnes-Jewish Hospital in St. Louis, Missouri. The primary outcome investigated was liver graft survival following transplant surgery. Follow-up times varied from 0 days to 13 years, depending on the time of transplant and length of graft survival, with a median follow-up time of 6.2 years. Diagnoses of AA and AD predicted significantly poorer survival rates, while diagnoses of ALD did not. DSM-IV-TR alcoholism criteria appear to have greater utility for predicting survival differences beyond pathophysiologically defined alcoholic liver failure.

Field of study: Psychology
Rapid Determination of Bitertanol Content in Banana Using Three-dimensional Fluorescence Coupled with Second-order Calibration

A novel approach was developed for the direct quantitative analysis of bitertanol in banana by the incorporation of three-dimensional fluorescence with second-order calibration methodologies based on alternating trilinear decomposition (ATLD), alternating fitting residue (AFR), and self-weighted alternating trilinear decomposition (SWATLD) algorithms, respectively. The average recoveries of bitertanol in banana extract by using ATLD, AFR and SWATLD with an estimated component number of two were 98.2% ± 2.6%, 97.6% ± 2.1%, and 91.5% ± 3.5%, respectively. Moreover, the accuracy of these three algorithms was also evaluated through elliptical joint confidence region tests (EJCR) as well as figures of merit, such as sensitivity (SEN), selectivity (SEL), and limit of detection (LOD). The results demonstrate that these algorithms have been successfully applied to determine the content of bitertanol in banana extract.

Field of study: Chemistry
Reconversion of neurosurgical practice in times of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: a narrative review of the literature and guideline implementation in a Mexican neurosurgical referral center.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has forced the modification of surgical practice worldwide. Medical centers have been adapted to provide an efficient arrangement of their economic and human resources. Although neurosurgeons are not in the first line of management and treatment of COVID-19 patients, they take care of patients with neurological pathology and potential severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Here, the authors describe their institutional actions against the pandemic and compare these actions with those in peer-reviewed publications.



The authors conducted a search using the MEDLINE, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases from the beginning of the pandemic until July 11, 2020, using the following terms: "Neurosurgery," "COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2," "reconversion/modification," "practice," "academy," and "teaching." Then, they created operational guidelines tailored for their institution to maximize resource efficiency and minimize risk for the healthcare personnel.



According to the reviewed literature, the authors defined the following three changes that have had the greatest impact in neurosurgical practice during the COVID-19 pandemic: 1) changes in clinical practices; 2) changes in the medical care setting, including modifications of perioperative care; and 3) changes in the academic teaching methodology.



The Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez" is one of the major referral centers for treating highly complex neurosurgical pathologies in Mexico. Its clinical and neurosurgical practices have been modified with the implementation of specific interventions against the spread of COVID-19. These practical and simple actions are remarkably relevant in the context of the pandemic and can be adopted and suited by other healthcare centers according to their available resources to better prepare for the next event.

Field of study: Medicine
Effects of Exchangeable Soil Sodium on Implement Draft

Relationships were developed between a sodic soil's physical and chemical parameters to examine the feasibility of reclamation. Data were collected during July 1986 and 1987 on a sodium-affected silt loam that had been amended with gypsum, fly ash and sulfur. Several significant relationships were determined. The analysis indicated that draft (D) decreased as exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) decreased. Applying the gypsum amendment resulted in a 40% (1986), 20% (1987) and 30% (1986 and 1987 combined) decrease in the draft requirement for the tillage operation of this experiment.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Influence of the photoelasticity on self-diffraction of light in electrooptic crystals

Theoretical and experimental investigations were made of the orientational dependence of energy exchange in the case of a two-wave interaction in a cubic photorefractive crystal of Bi12SiO20. It was found that in the case of noncentrosymmetric crystals the theory agrees well with the experimental results if an allowance is made for the contributions of the piezoelectric and photoelastic effects to self-diffraction.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Transformations of nanomaterials in the environment.

Increasing use of engineered nanomaterials with novel properties relative to their bulk counterparts has generated a need to define their behaviors and impacts in the environment. The high surface area to volume ratio of nanoparticles results in highly reactive and physiochemically dynamic materials in environmental media. Many transformations, e.g. reactions with biomacromolecules, redox reactions, aggregation, and dissolution, may occur in both environmental and biological systems. These transformations and others will alter the fate, transport, and toxicity of nanomaterials. The nature and extent of these transformations must be understood before significant progress can be made toward understanding the environmental risks posed by these materials.

Field of study: Environmental science
Vanadium(III) binding strengths of small biomolecules

The hydrolysis of vanadium(III) and the complex formation reactions between V(III) and weakly coordinating [glycine (GLY), DL-aspartic acid (ASP), D-penicillamine (PEN), DL-histidine (HIS)] or strongly coordinating [N,O] donor [picolinic (PIC) or 6-methylpicolinic acid (MePIC)] and [O,O] donor [maltol (MALT), 1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-4-(1H)-pyridinone (DHP), tiron (TIR)] ligands were studied at 25.0 °C and an ionic strength of 0.20 M (KCl) in aqueous solution using combined pH-potentiometric and UV-vis spectroscopic techniques. Although some interaction between the amino acids and V(III) was found, we could not obtain reliable models for these systems owing to the intensive hydrolysis of the metal ion and the formation of polynuclear hydroxo complexes. With pyridine carboxylates or [O,O] donor ligands 1:1, 1:2 (in the latter case, also 1:3 species) were found to be present as major complexes in solution. The similarities and differences in binding V(III) by these ligands are discussed.

Field of study: Chemistry
Administrative Promotion: The Power of Gender.

Dramatic increases in the number of administrative and professional staff members employed in higher education during the past twenty years have resulted in increased attention to the composition of this burgeoning group. 1 At large public research universities, the number of administrative staff members has increased substantially [14, 19], and in at least one major land-grant university, the numbers nearly doubled in a seven-year period [53]. In a survey of 1 15 institutions in 1968, Blau reported a ratio of one administrator to four faculty members . In a survey of college and university personnel in 1980-82, 42 percent of the public institutions and 88 percent of the private institutions reported a ratio of three administrators to two faculty members . During this period of growth, equal opportunity and affirmative action legislation prompted efforts to examine and improve the numbers

Field of study: Education
Interleukin 18 gene variation and risk of acute myocardial infarction.

Interleukin 18 is an important mediator of inflammation and has been associated with the development and aggravation of cardiovascular diseases. We report that common variation in the interleukin 18 gene is related to acute myocardial infarction, a frequent clinical manifestation of atherosclerosis and thrombosis in coronary arteries. In a population of European, mainly (90%) German, ancestry (2136 cases with acute myocardial infarction and 1211 controls), the association was based on specific alleles and haplotypes derived from a set of six tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms. The rs1946519-G (located in the 5' upstream region), rs360717-C (exon 1), rs5744241-G (intron 1), rs1834481-C (intron 3), and rs3882891-A (intron 5) alleles (P≤0.039) and a haplotype (GCGCAG haplotype; P=0.0028) containing the GCGCA motif derived from these alleles were associated with an increased risk of AMI. Corresponding with this result, the complementary alleles (rs1946519-T, rs360717-T, rs5744241-A, rs1834481-G, and rs3882891-C) and a haplotype (TTAGCG haplotype; P=0.018) with the TTAGC motif showed protective effects. Haplotypes not including the GCGCA or TTAGC motif were not related to AMI (P≥0.22). These observations suggest that the interleukin 18 gene is a susceptibility locus for acute myocardial infarction, a finding of potential interest in the clinical practice.

Field of study: Medicine
Über magnetische Nachwirkung

ZusammenfassungBei unlegiertem weichen Eisen wird bei kleinen Feldern von 1 bis 4 m Ørsted und kleinen Frequenzen von 0,12 bis 2 Hertz ein starker Nachwirkungseffekt beobachtet, über den berichtet wird. Der Effekt bewirkt, daß eine vermutete wahre Gleichstromanfangspermeabilität von 2800 Gauß/Ørsted ballistisch zu 2000 Gauß/Ørsted ermittelt wird, und bei 30 Hertz nur noch 1100 Gauß/Ørsted beträgt. Der durch die Nachwirkung bedingte Verlustwinkel beträgt noch bei der kleinsten gemessenen Frequenz und der kleinsten Feldstärke etwaΔR/gwL=0,3. Die Abgrenzung des Effektes gegenüber Wirbelstrom- und Hystereseeinflüssen gelingt auf mehrfache Weise.

Field of study: Physics
Modification treatment of printing and dyeing wastewater from woolen mill with biological aerated filter process

The modification treatment of printing and dying wastewater from woolen mill with biological aerated filter(BAF) process is described.The design treatment capacity is 3000m3 per day.The results show that the wastewater can reach the Discharge Standard of Main Water Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Key Industries of Taihu Area(DB32/T1072-2007)after the treatment.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Characteristics of thermally nitrided silicon dioxide film and plasma enhancement

After reviewing characteristics of thermally nitrided silicon dioxide films, plasma enhanced nitridation is described. The plasma technique makes possible reduction of the nitridation temperature by activating reaction species. Silicon dioxide films of about 10 nm thickness were nitrided in ammonia gas plasma, for example, at 1000‡C and at a pressure of 40 Pa. From the results of the AES depth profiles and the Nss distribution, good dielectric and interfacial properties have been obtained via plasma nitridation. The plasma nitroxide films are useful for gate insulators of small MOSFETs in future VLSI.

Field of study: Materials science
Homogeneity and non-coincidence of Hausdorff and box dimensions for subsets of Rn

This thesis concerns dimensions and projections of sets that could be described as fractals. The background is applied problems regarding analysis of human tissue. One way to characterize such complicated structures is to estimate the dimension. The existence of different types of dimensions makes it important to know about their properties and relations to each other. Furthermore, since medical images often are constructed by x-ray, it is natural to study projections.This thesis consists of an introduction and a summary, followed by three papers. An Overview and Relevant Examples, 2006. Manuscript.The first paper is an overview of dimensions and projections, together with illustrative examples constructed by the author. Some of the most frequently used types of dimensions are defined, i.e. Hausdorff dimension, lower and upper box dimension, and packing dimension. Some of their properties are shown, and how they are related to each other. Furthermore, theoretical results concerning projections are presented, as well as a computer experiment involving projections and estimations of box dimension.The second paper concerns sets for which different types of dimensions give different values. Given three arbitrary and different numbers in (0,n), a compact set in ℝn is constructed with these numbers as its Hausdorff dimension, lower box dimension and upper box dimension. Most important in this construction, is that the resulted set is homogeneous in the sense that these dimension properties also hold for every non-empty and relatively open subset.The third paper is about sets in space and their projections onto planes. Connections between the dimensions of the orthogonal projections and the dimension of the original set are discussed, as well as the connection between orthogonal projection and the type of projection corresponding to realistic x-ray. It is shown that the estimated box dimension of the orthogonal projected set and the realistic projected set can, for all practical purposes, be considered equal.

Field of study: Mathematics
Protocol animation based on event-driven visualization scenarios in real-time LOTOS

In this paper, we propose a method for animating behavior of communication protocols/systems based on event-driven visualization scenarios (VSs) described in a subclass of E-LOTOS called real-time LOTOS. In the proposed method, first we pick up some interesting events in the original specification of the protocol, and then describe a VS for those events so that the corresponding animations are executed just after their execution. We execute the original specification and its VS in parallel under a multi-way synchronization mechanism so that the corresponding animation is activated when each event in the original specification is executed. To describe animations in real-time LOTOS, we have defined some primitive animation operations as ADT functions. The pair of the original specification and its VS is converted into a multi-threaded Java program using our real-time LOTOS compiler where animation primitives described as ADT functions are replaced in the corresponding methods, implemented as Java class libraries. In our visualization method, we can specify the VS without modifying the original specification, and we can derive a Java program which animates the original specification in real-time. We have carried out an experiment to visualize a real-time LOTOS specification of a prioritized queuing mechanism of the differentiated service where two types of VSs for algorithm animation and performance evaluation are used for visualization.

Field of study: Computer science
Solder interconnect reliability under drop impact loading conditions using High-speed Cold Bump Pull

The use of microelectronic components in mobile appliances is constantly increasing. Appliances like mobile phones, PDA’s and navigation systems contain more and more functionality and smaller microelectronic components. Dropping an appliance during its lifespan is very common and the product is required to survive this. The drop however, generates significant forces and vibrations on the internal assembly of the product. The performance of a microelectronic component under drop conditions has thus become an important reliability parameter. Assessing the solder interconnect quality by means of drop impact testing, as standardized by e.g. JEDEC, during normal production requires considerable amounts of time and effort. Besides this, the repeatability of the drop impact test is low and introduces elaborate and time-consuming analysis of the results after testing. Already many researchers have investigated new test techniques capable of replacing the drop impact test. In the CBP test the solder bump is pulled in vertical direction from the die using a small pair of jaws. In this test, by varying the pull speed several different strain rates can be applied to the solder bump. In our research a correlation between the drop impact test and Cold Bump Pull test is investigated. This can be divided into three parts. First by investigating the Cold Bump Pull test apparatus for uncontrolled parameters that might introduce a bias or spread in the results. Secondly by means of modeling the Cold Bump Pull test to investigate solder bump deformation and solder bump loading during pull off. Finally in a comparison the differences and similarities between the two tests are briefly discussed and some observations concerning the solder joint performance are presented.

Field of study: Engineering
Global rigidity theorems of hypersurfaces

which is the natural generalization of one of the following two conditions, (1) tr r (2) (tr r ]r =constant_>0. We also note that the condition (0.1) comes out naturally when we study the operatot []. Let M be an n-dimensional hypersurface in an (n+ 1)-dimensional real space form Rn+l(c). Observing that the second fundamental form tensor hij is a natural Codazzi tensor on M, in Section 2, we apply the study of Section 1 to these hypersurfaces and obtain general rigidity results (see Theorem 2.1 and Theorem 2.2) which unify some existing results. Condition (0.1) becomes in this case

Field of study: Mathematics
KINETICS OF CHELATING EXTRACTION OF HEAVY METALS BY SUPERCRITICAL CO_2

The kinetics of supercritical chelating extraction of heavy metal from a Chinese traditional medicine material was investigated.The extraction efficiencies of the heavy metals increased rapidly within the first 15min extraction at 40?℃ and 20.0?MPa by CO 2 modified with 5% ethanol solution containing 1% diethylammonium diethyldithiocarbamate as chelating reagent.Then, the extraction efficiencies increased slowly with time while that of Pb leveled off.The results indicated that the contents of trace heavy metals in the sample had major effects on the extraction rates when the chelating reagent was excessive.The chelating reaction is the rate-controlling step.The extraction of trace heavy metals from the Chinese traditional medicine material is controlled by a pseudo-first-order chelating reaction.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science