nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies on the distribution, excretion, and metabolism of α‐ and γ‐isomers of [14C] chlordane in rabbits

α‐ and γ‐chlordane (about 1,700 mg of each) were orally administered to four male rabbits in four doses. Urine and feces were collected daily during the course of administration. Muscle, liver, kidney, brain, and fat were sampled from each treated rabbit. Distribution of the radioactive residues were determined in the excreta and the tissues. The rabbits excreted 77% of the a‐isomer and 82% of the γ‐isomer in the feces and in the urine. The levels of radioactive residues of the a‐isomer were in the order: fat > kidney > muscle > liver > brain; and that of the γ‐isomer were: kidney > fat > liver > muscle > brain. Oxychlordane concentration in the tissues was more than that of the parent compound and was at a maximum in the fat. Collected urine was hydrolyzed by acid and extracted with ether. The ether extract was chromatographed on a Florisil column and several fractions collected. Metabolites in the non‐polar fractions, eluted from the florisil column, were isolated by gas chromatography, and...

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A novel hybrid desiccant-based ejector cooling system for energy and carbon saving in hot and humid climates

Desiccant-based evaporative cooling systems are considered as an energy efficient alternative to conventional vapor compression systems in humid climates. A novel hybrid desiccant-based ejector cooling (hybrid DEC) system is here presented to utilize low grade heat. In order to evaluate the system performance under subtropical humid climates, a dynamic hourly simulation of the system is performed for a typical building in Sydney. The results indicate that the hybrid DEC system is able to provide comfort conditions in subtropical and humid climates. Hybrid DEC system has a significant higher coefficient of performance compared to the conventional vapor compression system resulting to 84% electricity savings and 10.2% natural gas savings during the summer season, which results to 41% reduction in CO2 emissions. Therefore, these results demonstrate that there is a good potential in combining ejector cooling cycle and desiccant-based evaporative cooling cycle for energy and carbon savings.

Field of study: Engineering
The Effects of miR-195-5p/MMP14 on Proliferation and Invasion of Cervical Carcinoma Cells Through TNF Signaling Pathway Based on Bioinformatics Analysis of Microarray Profiling

This study is aimed at identification of miR-195-5p/MMP14 expression in cervical cancer (CC) and their roles on cell proliferation and invasion profile of CC cells through TNF signaling pathway in CC.  Microarray analysis, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and DAVID were used to analyze differentially expressed miRNAs, mRNAs and signaling pathways. MiR-195-5p and MMP14 expression levels in CC cell were determined by qRT-PCR. Western blot was employed to measure MMP14 and TNF signaling pathway-relating protein level. Luciferase reporter system was used to confirm the targeting relationship between MMP14 and miR-195-5p. Cell proliferation and invasion was respectively deeded by CCK8, transwell. In vivo experiment was carried out to study the impact of MMP14 and miR-195-5p on CC development in mice.  The microarray analysis and the results of qRT-PCR determined that miR-195-5p was under-expressed and MMP14 was over-expressed in CC cells. GSEA and DAVID analysis showed that TNF signaling pathway was regulated by miR-195-5p/MMP14 and activated in cervical carcinoma cells. The miR-195-5p and MMP14 have a negative regulation relation. In vivo experiment found that down-regulated MMP14 and up-regulated miR-195-5p suppressed the tumor development.  Our results suggest that MMP14 is a direct target of miR-195-5p, and down-regulated MMP14 and up-regulated miR-195-5p suppressed proliferation and invasion of CC cells by inhibiting TNF signaling pathway.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Sample Size for Successful Genome-Wide Association Study of Major Depressive Disorder

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a complex, heritable psychiatric disorder. Advanced statistical genetics for genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have suggested that the heritability of MDD is largely explained by common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). However, until recently, there has been little success in identifying MDD-associated SNPs. Here, based on an empirical Bayes estimation of a semi-parametric hierarchical mixture model using summary statistics from GWASs, we show that MDD has a distinctive polygenic architecture consisting of a relatively small number of risk variants (~17%), e.g., compared to schizophrenia (~42%). In addition, these risk variants were estimated to have very small effects (genotypic odds ratio ≤ 1.04 under the additive model). Based on the estimated architecture, the required sample size for detecting significant SNPs in a future GWAS was predicted to be exceptionally large. It is noteworthy that the number of genome-wide significant MDD-associated SNPs would rapidly increase when collecting 50,000 or more MDD-cases (and the same number of controls); it can reach as much as 100 SNPs out of nearly independent (linkage disequilibrium pruned) 100,000 SNPs for ~120,000 MDD-cases.

Field of study: Biology
Liquid-core light guides for near-infrared applications.

The strong absorption of tissue water is responsible for the low ablation threshold for biological tissues at the Er:YAG and Er:YSGG laser wavelengths. These lasers are therefore considered to be promising tools for medical treatments. As the existing transmission systems are still unsatisfactory, three types of liquid-filled light guides are investigated here as alternatives to conventional near-IR fibers. In addition to mechanical advantages, the minimum attenuation is below 3 dB/m, and losses at bending radii down to 20 mm are negligible. The maximum output energy densities of 14.2 J/cm(2) (free-running Er:YAG) or power densities of 7 MW/cm(2) (Q-switched Er:YAG) are sufficient for soft-tissue ablation. When the liquid was circulated, much higher energy densities, exceeding the hard-tissue ablation threshold, were achieved. These properties make liquid-core light guides promising delivery systems for many near-IR applications, including medical ones.

Field of study: Physics
[Sleep disorders in chronic pain syndromes].

Sleep disorders and pain syndromes are widespread in the general population. This review presents data on comorbidity of these phenomena and possibility of their mutual influence on each other including data based on long-term prospective studies. Studies of pain syndromes and sleep disorders dynamics are analyzed in detail. Anatomical basis of sleep-pain interactions is described, and results of the emotional influence on sleep and pain associations are presented. Non-pharmacological and drug-based approaches to treatment with detailed description of the biochemical basis of their action are considered. The authors conclude that pain syndromes and sleep disorders have reciprocal relations; the improvement of sleep quality helps in various pain syndromes; sleep normalization could play a preventive role with regard to pain.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Jackknifing and Bootstrapping Goodness-of-Fit Statistics in Sparse Multinomials

Many goodness-of-fit problems can be put in the following form: n = (n 1, …, nk ) is a multinomial (N, π) vector, and it is desired to test the composite null hypothesis H 0: π = p(θ) against all possible alternatives. The usual tests used are Pearson's (1900) statistic or the likelihood ratio statistic (Neyman and Pearson 1928) . Cressie and Read (1984) pointed out that both of these statistics are in the power family of statistics , with λ = 1 and 0, respectively; they suggested an alternative statistic with . Although all of these statistics are asymptotically χ2 in the usual situation of K fixed and N → ∞, this is not the case if the multinomial is sparse; specifically, Morris (1975) showed that, under certain regularity conditions with K and N → ∞, both X 2 and G 2 are asymptotically normal (with different mean and variance) under a simple null hypothesis. Cressie and Read (1984) extended these results to the general 2NI λ family. Although these results have not been proven for composite nul...

Field of study: Mathematics
Enantioselective total synthesis of (−)-α-kainic acid

a-Kainic acid and (-)-a-kainic acid ( 1) were synthesized. (-)-a-Kainic acid was obtained in 12% overall yield starting from tert-butyl isocyanoacetate. In the first step a chiral non-racemic oxazoline 19 was prepared. Oxazoline 19 was converted in three steps into the thioformimide 22 derived from a highly functionalized a-amino carboxylic acid. It was subjected to n-Bu3SnHlAIBN mediated free radical cyclization to enantiomerically pure pyrrolidine 25 which contain all the structural elements of (-)-a- kainic acid, except for the C-2 acetic acid moiety. This appendage was introduced by a new method of temporary sulfur connection. Accordingly, the 4-isopropenyl group was used as an anchor to which CH2C02Me was temporarily linked (26+13+ 14+15). It was then intramolecularly connected through a carbon-carbon bond to the pyrrolidine ring (15+ la), and eventually disconnected from its anchor by a sequential reductive double

Field of study: Chemistry
The Design and Safe Strategy Research of Managing System for Network Commodity Circulation

Following the development of network techniques, the research and development of electronic business system based on Web are being the hotspot. This currency managing system for network commodity circulation based on ASP adoptes the system structure of popular B / S layers. The system has realized the product releasing, contract sign, storage managing, finance managing and data query and maintenance according to enterprise practicality. Since the internet can not afford the safe mechanism, the safe managment of system and data will been threatened. The managing system for network commodity circulation belongs to the business website. The requirement for network safety will be high. So, the system has researched the safe strategy for the system developing and running.

Field of study: Computer science
60 fs, 1030 nm FEL pump-probe laser based on a multi-pass post-compressed Yb:YAG source.

This paper reports on nonlinear spectral broadening of 1.1 ps pulses in a gas-filled multi-pass cell to generate sub-100 fs optical pulses at 1030 nm and 515 nm at pulse energies of 0.8 mJ and 225 µJ, respectively, for pump-probe experiments at the free-electron laser FLASH. Combining a 100 kHz Yb:YAG laser with 180 W in-burst average power and a post-compression platform enables reaching simultaneously high average powers and short pulse durations for high-repetition-rate FEL pump-probe experiments.

Field of study: Physics
Marketable surplus and dual development

This paper investigates partial planning in a dual economy with a planned “advanced” industrial sector and a “backward” peasant-owned agricultural sector. The major problems in such an economy are shown to arise owing to political and institutional difficulties of manipulating peasant behavior. Peasants dictate the supply curves of labor and food to the industrial sector. The planner must accept these constraints and devise indirect policy tools for development. Those considered here are pricing policy for food and investment in agriculture. The government is assumed to have a total monopoly position in buying food from peasants and selling it to industrial workers. The interdependence between the two sectors via the labor and food supplies has a crucial bearing on the optimal price policy, and the paper derives a formula which defines the policy in terms of supply and demand elasticities for food. These latter may make it optimal to tax or to subsidize the trade in food using the monopoly position, so that good estimates of the empirical relations are necessary before this important policy tool can be put to practical use. Investment in agriculture emerges as another vital tool, in contrast to the models which neglect the institutional aspects of the dual economy. Even a target of rapid industrial growth is shown to lead to balanced growth in the long run; and, if capital is very scarce at the beginning in agriculture, an initial phase of specialization of investment to agriculture is shown to be necessary.

Field of study: Economics
Aggregation Behavior of Inorganic 2D Nanomaterials Beyond Graphene: Insights from Molecular Modeling and Modified DLVO Theory.

We report the comparative aggregation behavior of three emerging inorganic 2D nanomaterials (NMs): MoS2, WS2, and h-BN in aquatic media. Their aqueous dispersions were subjected to aggregation under varying concentrations of monovalent (NaCl) and divalent (CaCl2) electrolytes. Moreover, Suwanee River Natural Organic Matter (SRNOM) has been used to analyze the effect of natural macromolecules on 2D NM aggregation. An increase in electrolyte concentration resulted in electrical double-layer compression of the negatively charged 2D NMs, thus displaying classical Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO)-type interaction. The critical coagulation concentrations (CCC) have been estimated as 37, 60, and 19 mM NaCl and 3, 7.2, and 1.3 mM CaCl2 for MoS2, WS2, and h-BN, respectively. Theoretical predictions of CCC by modified DLVO theory have been found comparable to the experimental values when dimensionality of the materials is taken into account and a molecular modeling approach was used for calculating molecular level interaction energies between individual 2D NM nanosheets. Electrostatic repulsion has been found to govern colloidal stability of MoS2 and WS2 while the van der Waals attraction has been found to govern that of h-BN. SRNOM stabilizes the 2D NMs significantly possibly by electrosteric repulsion. The presence of SRNOM completely stabilized MoS2 and WS2 at both low and high ionic strengths. While h-BN still showed appreciable aggregation in the presence of SRNOM, the aggregation rates were decreased by 2.6- and 3.7-fold at low and high ionic strengths, respectively. Overall, h-BN nanosheets will have higher aggregation potential and thus limited mobility in the natural aquatic environment when compared to MoS2 and WS2. These results can also be used to mechanistically explain fate, transport, transformation, organismal uptake, and toxicity of inorganic 2D NMs in the natural ecosystems.

Field of study: Environmental science
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE ANTI-PULLING BEHAVIOR OF THE SQUEEZED CAST-IN-PLACE PILE

The anti-pulling behavior of the squeezed cast-in-place pile is examined through an onsite test during a subway station construction in Beijing. The procedure and the results of the test are collected and analyzed. The problems and their solutions in developing the onsite test are summarized. The pile's behaviors in load transfer, lateral friction resistance and squeezed branches' capacity to resist the pulling load are analyzed. Results indicate that the pile's anti-pulling behavior is different with anti-compression behavior. Moreover, the characteristics of the soil on site and the associated squeezed branches resistance are quantified, which is helpful to the design and construction of similar piles in similar areas.

Field of study: Engineering
A Uzawa algorithm with multigrid solver for a bilateral obstacle problem

In this paper, we present a numerical study of a mixed formulation of the bilateral obstacle problem with a non-homogeneous condition on the boundary. We define the discrete problem starting from the discretization, by the finite element method, of the mixed formulation, then we establish the convergence of the approximate solutions to the exact one. Next, we propose an iterative method based on an Uzawa type algorithm and a multigrid solver to solve the discrete problem. Finally, some numerical examples are given.

Field of study: Mathematics
Effectiveness of FDG PET/CT in Metastatic Infections

Prosthesis infections that develop two years after the operation or later occur completely hematologically. In some patients, systemic inflammatory response syndrome or metastatic infection can occur. Diagnosing metastatic infections is time consuming and difficult. All the infection foci cannot be found even with the use of many imaging techniques. But F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging allows whole body scan anatomically and functionally. Here, we aimed to discuss the role of F-18 FDG PET/CT imaging in detecting and diagnosing multiple abscess foci secondary to Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in a case with late prosthesis infection and atypical complaints.

Field of study: Medicine
An Efficient Algorithm for Mining Dense Subgraph in Uncertain Graphs

This paper studies uncertain graph data mining and especially investigates the problem of mining dense subgraphs from uncertain graph data. Based on the uncertain graph data model with weighted edges,expected density of subgraphs and expected degree of vertexes are employed to measure the dense degree of subgraphs. The characteristics of EDP( expected density peak) is proposed during greedy iterations,which improves the algorithm execution with 2-approximation result and an efficient execution. The algorithm is proved to guarantee the correctness of the final mining result. When the subgraph has a size constraint,the problem of mining dense subgraph becomes NP-hard. Compared with other methods,the improved dense subgraph mining algorithm with size constraint is more efficient.

Field of study: Computer science
Three stages of arc migration in the Carboniferous-Triassic in northern Qiangtang, central Tibet, China: Ridge subduction and asynchronous slab rollback of the Jinsha Paleotethys

Carboniferous-Triassic magmatism in northern Qiangtang, central Tibet, China, played a key role in the evolution of the Tibetan Plateau yet remains a subject of intense debate. New geochronological and geochemical data from adakitic, Nb-enriched, and normal arc magmatic rocks, integrated with results from previous studies, enable us to determine the Carboniferous-Triassic (312−205 Ma), arc-related, plutonic-volcanic rocks in northern Qiangtang. Spatial-temporal relationships reveal three periods of younging including southward (312−252 Ma), rapid northward (249−237 Ma), and normal northward (234−205 Ma) migrations that correspond to distinct slab geodynamic processes including continentward slab shallowing, rapid trenchward slab rollback, and normal trenchward rollback of the Jinsha Paleotethys rather than the Longmuco-Shuanghu Paleotethys, respectively. Moreover, varying degrees of coexistence of adakites/High-Mg andesites (HMAs)/Nb-enriched basalt-andesites (NEBs) and intraplate basalts in the above-mentioned stages is consistent with the magmatic effects of slab window triggered by ridge subduction, which probably started since the Late Carboniferous and continued into the Late Triassic. The Carboniferous-Triassic multiple magmatic migrations and ridge-subduction scenarios provide new insight into the geodynamic processes of the Jinsha Paleotethys and the growth mechanism of the Tibetan Plateau.

Field of study: Geology
The Qualities of Teachers Who Instruct Peace Education: Views of Prospective Teachers' Who Attended the Peace Education Programme.

The concept of peace can be described as the values including respecting features such as race, gender, religion, physical appearance, and age; appreciating diversities, unity, cooperation, tolerance and being fair. Related to this, the concept of peace education can be defined as an educational process during which peaceful problem-solving methods, instead of problem-solving methods based on violence and conflict, are taught to individuals. The aim of this study was to determine the qualities of teachers who instruct peace education depending on the prospective teachers’ view. The study was a qualitative descriptive research. The sample of this study was chosen with the homogenous sampling method. The sample of this study was chosen among the participants of the Peace Education Programme. The data was gathered with focus group interviews. The content analysis technique was used for data analysis. The results of the study showed that the participants learned the peace education conceptually. Prospective teachers emphasized that teachers who instruct peace education should have the conceptual and theoretical knowledge about peace education, should have the personal characteristics that support the peace and peace-making skills. Because of this, this study is important since it emphasizes choosing, training and improving teachers who instruct peace education.  peace education, Peace Education Programme, prospective teachers

Field of study: Education
Intercomparison of aerosol extinction profiles retrieved from MAX-DOAS measurements

A first direct intercomparison of aerosol vertical profiles from Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) observations, performed during the Cabauw Intercomparison Campaign of Nitrogen Dioxide measuring Instruments (CINDI) in summer 2009, is presented. Five out of 14 participants of the CINDI campaign reported aerosol extinction profiles and aerosol optical thickness (AOT) as deduced from observations of differential slant column densities of the oxygen collision complex (O4) at different elevation angles. Aerosol extinction vertical profiles and AOT are compared to backscatter profiles from a ceilometer instrument and to sun photometer measurements, respectively. Furthermore, the near-surface aerosol extinction coefficient is compared to in situ measurements of a humidity-controlled nephelometer and dry aerosol absorption measurements. The participants of this intercomparison exercise use different approaches for the retrieval of aerosol information, including the retrieval of the full vertical profile using optimal estimation and a parametrised approach with a prescribed profile shape. Despite these large conceptual differences, and also differences in the wavelength of the observed O4 absorption band, good agreement in terms of the vertical structure of aerosols within the boundary layer is achieved between the aerosol extinction profiles retrieved by the different groups and the backscatter profiles observed by the ceilometer instrument. AOTs from MAX-DOAS and sun photometer show a good correlation (R>0.8), but all participants systematically underestimate the AOT. Substantial differences between the near-surface aerosol extinction from MAX-DOAS and from the humidified nephelometer remain largely unresolved.

Field of study: Environmental science
Hyperfine effects on associative ionization of ultracold sodium.

We observe a new resonance structure in the associative ionization spectrum of laser-cooled sodium due to the collision of two atoms in different ground hyperfine states. This associative ionization is due to doubly resonant excitation at moderate internuclear separation through intermediate molecular states. Substructure within this resonance is evidence for the role of molecular bound states in this process. We present calculations modeling the effect of ground-state hyperfine structure, the importance of which was unanticipated in earlier theoretical studies

Field of study: Physics