nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A comprehensive study of thiol reduction gene expression under stress conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Thiol reduction proteins are key regulators of the redox state of the cell, managing development and stress response programs. In plants, thiol reduction proteins, namely thioredoxin (TRX), glutaredoxin (GRX), and their respective reducers glutathione reductase (GR) and thioredoxin reductase (TR), are organized in complex multigene families. In order to decipher the function of the different proteins, it is necessary to have a clear picture of their respective expression profiles. By collecting information from gene expression databases, we have performed a comprehensive in silico study of the expression of all members of different classes of thiol reduction genes (TRX, GRX) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Tissue expression profiles and response to many biotic and abiotic stress conditions have been studied systematically. Altogether, the significance of our data is discussed with respect to published biochemical and genetic studies.

Field of study: Environmental science
SIMULATION METHOD OF POROUS WIND SCREEN SCALE MODEL ON BRIDGE BY WIND TUNNEL TESTS

In order to investigate the simulation method of a scale model for a porous wind screen,the aerodynamic coefficients of vehicles under the action of a wind screen installed on the railway bridges are measured by wind tunnel tests.The wind screen is 2.05m high,with the porosity of 30%,and with different hole shapes.The effects of hole size and hole shape are analyzed,and the similarity between the wind screen with circular holes and the wind screen with longitudinal bars are discussed.The result shows that the circular hole size of a wind screen at the scale of 1∶20 should be in the range of 8mm to 12mm;the hole shape of a wind screen with the same porosity has some certain effect on the aerodynamic coefficients of the windward vehicle;the longitudinal bar wind screen with more than 10 gaps is equivalent to a wind screen with the circular hole size of 8mm.The results could provide some references for the wind tunnel test and numerical simulation of a wind screen.

Field of study: Engineering
The effects of HSP70/CD80 DNA vaccine on airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness of asthmatic mice

To investigate the effect of HSP70/CD80 DNA vaccine on the airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness of asthmatic mice.  Forty female healthy BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 4 groups; saline group, asthma group, pcDNA3. 1 plasmid control group, and prevention group with HSP70/CD80 DNA vaccine, with 10 mice in each group. The mice were immunized by intramuscular( i. m. ) injection with HSP70/CD80 DNA vaccine before sensitization and challenge with ovalbumin. Then, the murine model of allergic asthma was made with injection of ovalbumin intraperitoneal ( i. p. ) , and inhalation of ovalbumin. Before mice were sanctified, their airway hyperresponsiveness( AHR) was measured. After mice were sanctified, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid( BALF) was obtained and cytokine IL-13 and IFN-γ were measured. And the lung histology and histochemistry were examined.  Compared with mice in asthma and pcDNA3. 1 group, mice in vaccine group showed significantly reduced airway inflammation (P＜0. 05) and AHR (. IFN-γ content in BALF were increased in mice from vaccine group compared with the asthma group and the pcDNA3. 1 group ( P ＜0. 05) , and IL-13 content in BALF were decreased. /CD80 DNA vaccine can reduce airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in asthmatic mouse and this chimerical plasmid could be a candidate vaccine to prevent asthma. 
 
 
HSP70;  CD80;  Asthma;  Airway inflammation;  Airway hyperresponsiveness

Field of study: Biology
Bases of the quantum cluster algebra of the Kronecker quiver

AbstractWe construct bar-invariant $\mathbb{Z}[q^{ \pm \tfrac{1}
} ]
$-bases of the quantum cluster algebra of Kronecker quiver which are quantum analogues of the canonical basis, semicanonical basis and dual semicanonical basis of the corresponding cluster algebra. As a byproduct, we prove positivity of the elements in these bases.

Field of study: Mathematics
Conservation challenges in a threatened hotspot: agriculture and plant biodiversity losses in Baja California, Mexico

Modern agricultural practices pose serious threats to biodiversity worldwide. Species losses from habitat conversion are well documented, but indirect impacts such as reduced water availability to adjacent ecosystems are less known. San Quintín is an important agricultural valley in the mediterranean climate region of Baja California, Mexico. The region is also a hotspot of plant species richness and endemism. Plant species in the region are here analyzed by comparison of the contemporary flora to historical botanical collections to identify extirpations. Historical collections indicate that habitat loss to agriculture has been a direct cause of species losses. As importantly, the unsustainable extraction of groundwater has apparently led to salt water intrusion, resulting in the loss of 22 native plant taxa, including 13 rare plants. Seventy-eight percent of all the vernal pool taxa have been lost from the flora (including 85 % of the rare taxa) and 11 % of plants of riparian and pond habitat (including 25 % of the rare taxa) are no longer found in the region. Unsustainable agricultural practices continue to threaten fragile coastal ecosystems and are a serious challenge to current and future conservation efforts. Ironically, these same practices frequently result in abandonment of cultivated areas. Owing to indirect impacts, conservation of biodiversity and large-scale agricultural operations are even less compatible on a regional scale than indicated by direct impacts. It is vital that sustainable agricultural practices be adopted locally and globally to avoid further losses of biodiversity.

Field of study: Environmental science
Envisioning Africa: Racism and Imperialism in Heart of Darkness (review)

Gottfried's study skillfully both demonstrates and resists the pressure exerted by the genre and the protagonist to see the novel as a record of Stephen's development toward "the end he had been born to serve." It also illuminates various etymologies and instances of wordplay that enrich our reading of the text, and which may well have contributed to Joyce's enjoyment in it. The writing is perhaps overemphatic; Gottfried restates his general claims so often that one may find oneself impatient for their illustration. But his study reveals, on the "fringes" of Stephen's consciousness, elements of humor and humanity central to Joyce's oeuvre.

Field of study: Art
Space for Convenience Planning and Academic Performance of Secondary School Students in Oyo State, Nigeria

Every secondary school leaver is expected to be able to seek and gain admission into institutions of higher learning, both locally and internationally. However, this has become unattainable as a result of the poor academic performance seen in senior secondary school examinations; the quintessential example being the West African Senior School Certificate Examination (W.A.S.S.C.E.).  Therefore, in line with this worrisome predicament, the study investigated the influence of space for convenience planning on the academic performance of students in Oyo State, Nigeria. The study adopted the descriptive survey research design of the ex-post facto type and made use of a sample of 1,440 selected through a multi-stage sampling procedure. The two validated instruments used for data collection were space for convenience planning scale (r=0.81) and student academic performance scale (r=0.70). Three hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. Data collected were analysed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) and Multiple Regression analysis. Two, out of the three independent variables, had significant relationship with the academic performance of students. These were toilet facility (r = 0.336; P < 0.05) and water facility (r = 0.262; P < 0.05). Also, the independent variables (i.e. the three spaces for convenience planning elements) accounted for 13.9% of the variance in the dependent variable and the joint effect of space for convenience planning is significant on the academic performance of students (F=78.597; df= (1,439); P<0.05). The study concluded that toilet and water facilities have been adjudged to have contributed immensely to the academic performance of students. Thus, based on the findings, some of the recommendations made include provision of adequate toilet and water facilities.  Influence, Space for convenience, Toilet facility, Water facility, Academic performance of Students.

Field of study: Education
Multiresolution Normal Mesh Approximation of Implicit Surfaces

Normal mesh is a now new fundamental surface description, which is multiresolution mesh where each level can be written as a normal offset from a coarser version.In this paper,we presented an algorithm to create normal mesh approximations for implicit surfaces.This algorithm begins from a coarse base mesh created from implicit surface by a space-division based polygonization method,firstly. The base mesh is then optimized by a smoothing procedure, and the aspect ratios of long and narrow triangles in the mesh are improved remarkably. Subsequently, the facets of the base mesh are subdivided normally and iteratively, and the vertices newly created are located on the implicit surface along certain normal by employing interval arithmetic technique. Finally, a piecewise-linear approximation mesh is obtained, and it is a normal mesh with subdivision connectivity and provides implicit surface a multiresolution description, naturally.The mesh also has much fewer data with respect to the traditional non-regular polygonization in sense of same approximation error.The algorithm can be used in the context of multilevel drawing, progressive transmission or other relative geometric processing of implicit surfaces.

Field of study: Computer science
Discovery and development of NA-1 for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke

Stroke creates a complex interplay of multiple signaing pathways including excitotoxicity, ionic imbalance, inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis. There are very few treatments that have been shown to be beneficial in acute stroke. Recent findings have provided insights into the pathophysiology and mechanisms of ischemic stroke, complementing the traditional glutamate hypothesis: the molecular interaction between PSD95 and GluN2B has been identified as a culprit in stroke-mediated excitotoxicity, leading to the discovery of NA-1, a peptide that disrupts that interaction, as a potent neuroprotective agent for the treatment of acute stroke. In this review we describe its signaling cascade, the target of its therapeutic intervention and its translation from bench to clinical trial.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
A 22,000-year record of vegetation change in the north-central Sonoran Desert

Plant macrofossils from eleven packrat (Neotoma sp.) middens provide a history of vegetation change over the last 22,140 years at Eagle Eye Mountain, near the northern border of the Sonoran Desert in Arizona. This site is located in the Arizona Upland subdivision. Departures and arrivals of various perennial plant species during the Holocene were similar to other records from more southerly sites and support earlier generalizations of Van Devender [Van Devender, T.R., 1990. Late Quaternary vegetation and climate of the Sonoran Desert, United States and Mexico.  The Last 40,000 Years of Biotic Change. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, ] regarding the tempo and mode of late Quaternary changes in the Arizona Upland. Evergreen woodland containing Pinus monophylla (singleleaf pinyon), Juniperus osteosperma (Utah juniper), and Quercus turbinella (shrub live oak) occupied the site during full glacial times. The latter two species, but not P. monophylla, persisted into the early Holocene and were joined by a limited number of desertscrub species, including Acacia greggii (catclaw), Carnegiea gigantea (saguaro), and several other succulents. With the arrival of many other species during the middle Holocene, a desertscrub community that differed considerably from the modern vegetation developed. Acacia greggii and Cercidium floridum (blue paloverde) were the principal large woody species on exposed hillslopes. Assemblages similar in composition to the modern desertscrub did not appear until approximately 4000 years ago, when the more xerophytic Cercidium microphyllum (foothills paloverde) arrived and C. floridum disappeared from hillslopes. The delayed arrival of C. microphyllum in comparison to other Sonoran Desertscrub species with similar climatic tolerances is attributed to the limited dispersal distance of its seeds by seed-eating heteromyid rodents. At 4540 and 6425 yr B.P., the cold-intolerant shrub Encelia farinosa was present on northeasterly aspect exposures where it is absent today, suggesting slightly warmer winter conditions during the middle Holocene. The presence of the tree Cercidium floridum and the perennial, C-4 grass Setaria leucopila on exposed slopes during the middle Holocene indicates substantially moister conditions during that time than in the late Holocene or today. At sites on the xeric limits of the modern distributions of both species, average annual precipitation is from 50% to 100% greater than that presently received at Eagle Eye Mountain. In particular, the responses of S. leucopila and cacti during the middle Holocene indicate substantial increases in warm-season precipitation.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Potential use of a bacteriocin-like substance in meat and vegetable food biopreservation

Bacillus spp. produces a large number of antimicrobial peptides and includes a variety of species of industrial importance. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the shelf-life extension of fresh beef and lettuce by applying crude extract of a bacteriocin-like substance (CBLS) produced by a native strain of Bacillus cereus P9. Food samples were sprayed with the CBLS and stored at 4oC. Microbiological analyses (count of mesophilic and psychrotrophic aerobic bacteria, total coliforms and molds and yeasts) and pH determination were performed on samples after 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 days. In addition, the effect of the CBLS on the growth of a pathogenic bacteria added to the food was evaluated. A significant reduction of mesophilic and psychrotrophic aerobic bacteria counts were found in meat treated with crude bacteriocin extract. In adition, lettuce samples inoculated with B. cereus and treated with the CBLS, presented a reduction of this microorganism compared to control after 4 h of storage.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Ambient-PRISMA: Ambients in mobile aspect-oriented software architecture

This work presents an approach called Ambient-PRISMA for modelling and developing distributed and mobile applications. Ambient-PRISMA enriches an aspect-oriented software architectural approach called PRISMA with the ambient concept from Ambient Calculus. Ambients are introduced in PRISMA as specialized kinds of connectors that offer mobility services to architectural elements (components and connectors) and are able to coordinate a boundary, which models the notion of location. Mobility of architectural elements is supported by reconfiguring the software architecture. This paper presents a metamodel that introduces ambients to design aspect-oriented software architectural models for mobile systems. The design of models is performed using an Aspect-Oriented Architecture Description Language. A middleware called Ambient-PRISMANET which maps the metamodel to .NET technology and supports the distributed runtime environment needed for executing mobile applications is also presented. In addition, a CASE Tool which allows users to specify the aspect-oriented architectural models in a graphical way and generate .NET code is provided. In this way, we explain how Ambient-PRISMA follows Model Driven Engineering. An example of an auction system is used throughout the article to illustrate the work.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Isostatic compensation considered as a cause of thrusting

The Limits of Length of overthrust Blocks If a rupture plane of low dip exist in the earth’s crust emergent at the surface, and if a stress exist in the overlying prism which tends to move it toward the emergent side, the movement is restrained by the friction of the surfaces in contact on the rupture plane. If, further, the stress be due to a pressure applied from without to the cross-section of the prism, then, in order that the prism may move, and so be thrust over the underlying rock-mass, the pressure must exceed the friction on the rupture plane. If the stress be tangential in direction and uniformly distributed in the cross-section of the prism, then the limiting length of the prism which may be moved is determinable; since, when the stress necessary to overcome the frictional resistance becomes greater than the strength of the material of the . . .

Field of study: Geology
Diversity of the nitrogen starvation responses in subarctic Desmodesmus sp. (Chlorophyceae) strains isolated from symbioses with invertebrates.

We report on common and strain-specific responses to nitrogen (N) starvation recorded in four closely related symbiotic Desmodesmus strains from taxonomically very distant animals (hydroids, a sponge and a polychaete) dwelling in the White Sea. A number of common for the studied strains and free-living microalgae as well as some specific patterns of acclimation to the N starvation were documented. The common responses included a slowdown of cell division, a reduction of photosynthetic apparatus and a vast expansion of storage subcompartments of the cell. Although these responses were qualitatively similar to those known in free-living chlorophytes, in the studied strains they occurred in a strain-specific manner. The specific N-starvation responses comprised formation of chloroplast envelope membrane twirls, thinning of the appressed thylakoid membranes and a loss of the luminal depositions and channeling of the fixed carbon to cell wall polysaccharide layer. Desmodesmus sp. from a hydroid featured a unique, among the studied strains, capability of 'emergency' degradation of Rubisco, apparently to salvage the N contained in this protein. The obtained results are discussed in view of the remarkable physiological plasticity of the symbiotic Desmodesmus spp. and their survival under the harsh conditions of the subarctic sea habitat.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Rice phytoglobins regulate responses under low mineral nutrients and abiotic stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Just like animals, plants also contain haemoglobins (known as phytoglobins in plants). Plant phytoglobins (Pgbs) have been categorized into 6 different classes, namely, Phytogb0 (Pgb0), Phytogb1 (Pgb1), Phytogb2 (Pgb2), SymPhytogb (sPgb), Leghaemoglobin (Lb), and Phytogb3 (Pgb3). Among the 6 Phytogbs, sPgb and Lb have been functionally characterized, whereas understanding of the roles of other Pgbs is still evolving. In our present study, we have explored the function of 2 rice Pgbs (OsPgb1.1 and OsPgb1.2). OsPgb1.1, OsPgb1.2, OsPgb1.3, and OsPgb1.4 displayed increased level of transcript upon salt, drought, cold, and ABA treatment. The overexpression (OX) lines of OsPgb1.2 in Arabidopsis showed a tolerant phenotype in terms of better root growth in low potassium (K+ ) conditions. The expression of the known K+ gene markers such as LOX2, HAK5, and CAX3 was much higher in the OsPgb1.2 OX as compared to wild type. Furthermore, the OsPgb1.2 OX lines showed a decrease in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and conversely an increase in the K+ content, both in root and shoot, as compared to wild type in K+ limiting condition. Our results indicated the potential involvement of OsPgb1.2 in signalling networks triggered by the nutrient deficiency stresses.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Properties and Application of Low Alloy Bainitic Cast Steel

In the paper, the composition, structures and properties of low alloy bainitic cast steel is introduced, its bainitic cast steel has high strength, toughness and wear-resistance and low alloy bainitic cast steel contains suitable Si, Mn and Cr and trace amount of V, Ti, B and rare earth(RE)has high hardness and toughness in air quenching. jaw plate in jaw crusher and ball mill liner made from low alloy bainitic cast steel have long service life, its service life is 1.5～3.0 times longer than high manganese steel's. The wear amount of low alloy bainitic cast steel ball is 70%～90% lower than that of common forging steel ball and low Chromium cast iron boll, nearing that of high Chromium cast iron ball. While using in the pipe transporting mine powder, the service of low alloy bainitic cast steel is 3～4 times longer than that of 16Mn. Low alloy bainitic cast steel has simple production process, small valuable alloy adding mount and low production cost, using in the metal mine, the equipment production rate is evidently increased, the processing cost of mine powder is decreased.

Field of study: Materials science
The Red Prussianism of the German Democratic Republic

The German Democratic Republic is variously described as the last "Stalinist" state in Eastern Europe, the most repressive regime east of the Elbe, and Moscow's most docile satellite. To many, it remains the Soviet zone of occupation. Its continued existence, we are told, depends exclusively upon the twenty Soviet divisions stationed within its borders. When it is referred to by spokesmen of the West, the words "so-called" inevitably precede its national designation. In contrast to the Federal Republic of Germany, it appears backward, sullen, and resentful, a Marxist aberration on hallowed German soil. Its population has revolted twice: once actively in 1953, once silently with their feet until the Berlin border closure in 1961. The implication is that popular hostility is endemic. Industry is alleged to lag and agriculture to stagnate. Its leadership is regarded as the most pedantic and pedestrian in the lackluster constellation of Eastern Europe. And almost everyone believes that East Germany is a transitory entity on the world scene, a relic of Soviet expansion from which the Russians will ultimately pull back; and that German unification based on free elections eventually will return a liberal, popular, Christian, and non-Communist government.

Field of study: Political science
A Study on University Wits and William Shakespeare

According to Ben Johnson “William Shakespeare,  was not of an age, but for all time”, The greatness of Shakespeare, is always in the history of literary world. His writings not for a particular period but to the future and forever. Today, we see a lot of  debate on English Literature and popularity of the writers of the Renaissance of Elizabethan period.  The University Wits were a group of late 16 th century  English playwrights who were educated at the universities  of ( Oxford or  Cambridge ) and who became playwrights and popular  writers. Prominent members of this group were  Christopher Marlowe ,  Robert Greene , and  Thomas Nashe from  Cambridge , and  John Lyly ,  Thomas Lodge ,  George Peele from  Oxford . The diverse and talented loose association of London writers and dramatists set the stage for the theatrical Renaissance of Elizabethan England. They were looked upon as the literary elite of the day and often ridiculed other playwright such as  Shakespeare who did not have a university education or a degree either from Oxford or Cambridge Universities. Greene calls Shakespeare an "upstart crow" in his pamphlet, Groats Worth of wit.

Field of study: Education