nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
First confirmation of new bunyavirus-infected patients in Zhejiang province and molecular identification of the isolated virus

To determine the potential natural foci of new bunyavirus,and isolate and identify the new bunyavirus strain in sera from suspected new bunyavirus-infected patients. Immunofluorescence assay was used to detect the antigens of new bunyavirus in different tissue specimens of wild rodent animals in Tiantai area of Zhejiang province.Fluorescence quantitative real-time RT-PCR was applied to detect the viral nucleic acid in sera of suspected new bunyavirus-infected patients and the amplification products were analyzed by sequencing.The new bunyavirus in the pateints'sera was isolated using Vero cells.Using nucleocapsid protein encoding gene of new bunyavirus as the target gene,the isolated suspected new bunyavirus strain was identified by RT-PCR and sequencing of the amplification product.Moreover,sequence identity of the amplification product of nucleocapsid protein encoding gene of new bunyavirus was analyzed and compared. Of the 70 wild rodent animals,5.71% were positive in the immunofluorescence assay.The fluorescence quantitative real-time RT-PCR confirmed that two of the four detected patients'serum specimens were positive.One suspected strain of new bunyavirus was isolated from one pf the two positive patients'serum specimens.The results of RT-PCR and sequencing confirmed that the viral strain exactly belongs to new bunyavirus with 92.2% sequence identity to that of the new bunyavirus isolates in Hubei province but distinct with the new bunyavirus isolates from other areas in China. The presence of natural foci of new bunyavirus and new bunyavirus-infected patients in Zhejiang province are firstly confirmed by this study.There is a geographical diversity of the distribution of new bunyavirus in different groups. 
 
 
New bunyavirus;  Virus isolation;  Molecular identification;  Phylogenetic analysis

Field of study: Biology
The phototherapy of parkinsonism patients

: 40 patients with idiopathic parkinsonism were treated by artificial white light (intensity--3300 lux) together with total or partial "drugs holidays". The patients with newly made diagnosis "parkinsonism" were treated too. Both before and after light therapy (LT) (10 light exposures) we performed estimation of the main clinical manifestations of the disease (in rating scales), psychological assessment (Back's depression rating scale), examination of motility (authors' own special computer program "Hand's Movement Test for Windows"). It was observed that LT resulted in a decrease of the severity of either rigidity or bradykinesia (but not the tremor) as well as it also decreased the depression gravity and improved the motor functions. LT facilitated the patients' capacity to tolerate "the drugs holidays". LT permitted to combine it with drug therapy as well as LT decreased the complications of DOPA-containing drugs (on-off-effects and dystonic hyperkinesias). LT may be used as monotherapy in patients with initial manifestations of the disease. LT didn't cause any complications and was quite simple in carrying out. The conclusion is made about the perspectivity of LT application in parkinsonism treatment as important non-drug therapy.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
TU‐EE‐A1‐01: Capabilities of a CT‐Suitable, Patient‐Adaptive HDR/PDR Intracavitary Brachytherapy Applicator for the Treatment of Cervical Cancer

To demonstrate the capability of a prototype, high‐dose‐rate/pulsed‐dose‐rate (HDR/PDR) intracavitary brachytherapy cervical applicator to be (a) imaged using computed tomography(CT) with minimal artifacts as compared to current, clinically‐utilized applicators and (b) deliver dose to a simulated disease plane that is at least equivalent to that delivered by the FW applicator while delivering less dose to multiple, simulated rectal planes for equivalent loadings. Capability (b) demonstrates the prototype applicator's ability to adapt to varying patient anatomies utilizing a remotely adjustable shield contained within the colpostat. CTimage sets were acquired of the Fletcher‐Suite‐Delclos (FSD), Fletcher‐Williamson (FW), and prototype applicators (utilizing a step‐and‐shoot technique) and artifacts generated by each were compared qualitatively. Images were acquired of the applicators positioned parallel to the table and in positions that simulated applicator placement during treatment. Using film validated MCNPXMonte Carlo(MC) models of the prototype and FW applicators, dose comparisons (min, max, average, and dose‐surface histograms) were made in simulated disease (1cm medial to colpostat) and multiple rectal (1cm distal and 0, 0.5, and 1cm medial to the colpostat) planes.  Preliminary results indicate that the prototype applicator is CT‐friendly; qualitatively minimizing anatomy‐obscuring artifacts compared to equivalent FW and FSD image sets. Additionally, the prototype applicator is able to deliver comparable dose levels (within +/− 5%) to a simulated disease plane while reducing dose (32% average) to varying simulated rectal planes when compared to equivalent FW treatments.  The prototype applicator is able to be CTimaged with minimal artifacts and substantially reduce dose delivered to the rectum while maintaining dose delivered to disease when compared to current ICBT technologies. Currently, the model is being extended to include two prototype applicators and a 15° tandem so that dose‐volume histograms can be generated using specific‐patient cases of varying anatomical geometries.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Neural activation patterns underlying basolateral amygdala influence on intra-accumbens opioid-driven consummatory versus appetitive high-fat feeding behaviors in the rat.

The present study explored the role of the amygdala in mediating a unique pattern of feeding behavior driven by intra-accumbens (intra-Acb) opioid activation in the rat. Temporary inactivation of the basolateral amygdala (BLA), via GABAA agonist muscimol administration prevents increased consumption following intra-Acb opioid administration of the selective μ-opioid agonist D-Ala2, NMe-Phe4, Glyol5-enkephalin (DAMGO), yet leaves food approach behaviors intact, particularly after consumption has ended. One interpretation is that inactivation of the BLA selectively blocks neural activity underlying DAMGO-driven consummatory (consumption) but not appetitive (approach) behaviors. The present experiments take advantage of this temporal dissociation of consumption and approach behaviors to investigate their associated neural activity. Following either intra-Acb saline or DAMGO administration, with or without BLA muscimol administration, rats were given 2-hr access to a limited amount of high-fat diet. Immediately following the feeding session, rats were sacrificed and brains assayed for neural activity patterns across critical brain regions known to regulate both appetitive and consummatory feeding behaviors. The results show that intra-Acb DAMGO administration increased c-Fos activation in orexin neurons within the perifornical area of the hypothalamus and that this increase in activation is blocked by BLA muscimol inactivation. Intra-Acb DAMGO administration significantly increased c-Fos activation within dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area, compared to saline controls, and BLA inactivation had no effect on this increase. Overall, these data provide underlying circuitry that may mediate the selective influence of the BLA on driving consummatory, but not appetitive, feeding behaviors in a model of hedonically driven feeding behavior.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Comparative study on ethanol elimination and blood acetaldehyde between alcoholics and control subjects.

Factors influencing ethanol elimination rate and blood acetaldehyde concentration with regard to age, blood ethanol concentration, and degrees of alcoholic liver disorder were studied in alcoholic patients vis-à-vis healthy subjects. Ninety-four male alcoholic patients were divided into five groups according to age and into three groups according to blood ethanol concentration which ranged between 4.21 and 0.29 mg/ml. It was noted that as age increased, blood ethanol concentration decreased. Groups A, B, and C consisted of subjects whose ethanol levels were more than 2.5, between 1.0 and 2.5, and less than 1.0 mg/ml, respectively. Average values of ethanol elimination rate in Groups A, B, and C were 0.26, 0.23, and 0.18 mg/ml/hr, respectively. The rate increased as blood ethanol concentration elevated. The rate in Group B was significantly higher than that in the healthy control subjects who had blood ethanol levels between 1.0 and 2.5 mg/ml. The rate of ethanol elimination was independent of liver disorder judged by liver function test values. Blood acetaldehyde concentrations in the patients were less than 1.48 micrograms/ml, with an average value of 0.58 microgram/ml, and were significantly correlated with blood ethanol levels in both alcoholics and healthy subjects.

Field of study: Medicine
Enhanced natural but diminished antibody‐mediated cytotoxicity in the lungs of MRLlpr/lpr mice

Human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, as well as MRLlpr/lpr mice which develop a SLE‐like disease, have decreased numbers and functional activity of systemic natural killer (NK) cells. In contrast, it has been found that among lymphocytes recovered from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of SLE patients, NK cells were increased in number, correlating with the severity of the lung engagement. The present study was undertaken to assay the capacity for natural killing in the lung compartment of MRLlpr/lpr mice compared with healthy congenic MRL +/+ and heterozygous MRL +/lpr mice. 51Cr‐labelled YAC‐1 cells were injected intravenously to settle in the lungs where they were targeted for lysis by NK cells. YAC‐1 cell killing inversely correlated with radioactivity remaining in the lungs after the assay, and was inhibited by antibody to the asialo‐GM1 antigen expressed on NK cells. To analyse the capacity in the lung for cytolysis of non‐NK cell‐sensitive target cells, a similar in vivo51Cr‐release assay was set up for antibody‐mediated allospecific cytotoxicity. We demonstrate that MRLlpr/lpr mice throughout their lifespan display significantly increased natural cytotoxic activity in the lungs compared with MRL +/+ and MRL +/lpr mice, as demonstrated by more efficient killing of YAC‐1 cells. In contrast, antibody‐mediated allospecific cytotoxicity in the lungs was significantly less effective in the MRLlpr/lpr strain.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
The Effect of Mental Imagery Exercises Using Aiding Apparatuses on Improving Attention in Young Boxers

The Effect of Mental Imagery Exercises Using Aiding Apparatuses on Improving Attention in Young Boxers The research aimed at designing an electronic apparatus for developing forms of attention in young boxers as well as designing exercises for this apparatus for developing types of attention. In addition to that it aims at identifying the effects of these standardized exercises using the designed apparatus on the development of attention in young boxers. The researchers used the experimental method on young boxers aged (13 – 16) years from the national center for gifted in boxing/ ministry of youth and sports. The apparatus was designed for developing attention and it was applied along with the proposed mental imagery exercises to develop attention. The program lasted for (12) weeks with (3) training sessions per week. The researchers concluded that attention was developed in young boxers and mental imagery exercises are very important for developing performance.

Field of study: Education
Le Dieu Néant: Théologies négatives à l'aube des temps modernes. Jan MiernowskiLa famine spirituelle (sermon inédit sur Esaïe 55). Jean Calvin

Any cross-confessional study that takes martyrdom as its underlying theme runs the risk of collapsing difference between faiths and traditions, especially when martyrs, whether Anabaptist or Catholic, went to their deaths in similar ways and according to the same biblical models. Gregory counters this with a fascinating analysis of anti-martyrologies, or polemical works which exposed the false martyrs of the "other side," and condemned followers who, in Miles Huggarde's famous phrase, saw "the holy ghost in the likeness of a dove" when they were actually witnessing the flutterings of fire-roused pigeons around the execution stake (329). In this sense, "the denunciation of false martyrs," Gregory writes, "should be seen in precisely the same light as the celebration of true martyrs," since both true and false are inextricably linked through a process of inclusion and exclusion from a particular creed's canon; moreover, since "the deaths of fellow believers reinforced divergent doctrines," martyrdom was thus a "point where traditions coalesced" at the same time that it caused those traditions to differ profoundly from one another (339-41). In creating a new perspective in the understanding of early modern martyrdom, Gregory sets out to slay a great deal of methodological dragons, though his weapon tends to be bludgeoning at times as it destroys other approaches which offer up insights into the social and gendered aspects of martyrdom. Nevertheless, Gregory has succeeded in his big, brilliant book to prove himself equally adept at theology and textual analysis as he is at forging new historical directions; above all, he succeeds in shining a light into the souls of his martyrs, as they followed the words of Jesus to "be faithful unto death and I will give you the crown of life." SARAH COVINGTON John Jay College of Criminal Justice, The City University of New York

Field of study: History
Combining stimuli signalling response-dependent food and shock.

Three rats were exposed to a multiple schedule in which separate presentations of light and tone alternated with periods during which light and tone were absent. In Phase 1, light and tone each signalled identical variable-interval schedules of food delivery. In Phase 2, light and tone signalled separate but concurrent variable-interval schedules of food and shock delivery. In both phases, the absence of light and tone was associated with the differential reinforcement of other behavior. Test presentations of light, tone, and a light-plus-tone combination indicated that in both phases, light-plus-tone controlled higher response rates than either light or tone alone. The combination continued to control enhanced responding even when the test stimuli signalled variable-interval schedules of food and fixed-ratio schedules of shock. In these latter sessions, enhanced control by the combination increased shock frequency with no corresponding change in food frequency. Apparently, the level of behavior controlled by the absence of two single stimuli may be more important than the consequences of responding in determining the effects of combined-stimulus presentations.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
A Delphi Survey to Identify the Components of a Community Pharmacy Clerkship.

The need for and components of a community pharmacy clerkship have been described in the literature. However, no authors have described what a broad base of contemporary community pharmacists believe should be the make-up of a community pharmacy clerkship rotation. A three-iteration Delphi survey consisting of three sequential questionnaires was used to develop a consensus among expert community pharmacists regarding a contemporary clerkship in their practice environment. Results of the survey were used to help develop the learning objectives. Activities to meet those objectives were also developed. Results of the Delphi survey, the learning objectives and suggested clerkship activities are presented. The three-iteration Delphi survey successfully identified the key issues to be addressed in community pharmacy practice as well as the major focus areas for student learning in a community pharmacy clerkship. Criteria for site selection and preceptor and student evaluation were also identified. This information has been incorporated into learning objectives for students and will be used to reevaluate our Academic Internship Program guidelines.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Future fertility for individuals with differences of sex development: Parent attitudes and perspectives about decision-making.

Children, adolescents, and young adults (children/youth) with differences/disorders of sex development (DSD) face challenges related to future fertility; this may be due to variations in gonadal development, and, for some, gonadectomy performed to reduce the risk of malignancy. Childhood may be the only time for preservation of biological fertility potential for children/youth who undergo gonadectomy or have early gonadal failure. Fertility-related decision-making for these patients is particularly complicated, due to the need for parental proxy decision-making, potential discordance between gender identity and gonadal type, and uncertain future assisted reproductive technologies.



This study aimed to assess: (1) attitudes regarding future fertility, and (2) healthcare needs for fertility-related decision-making among parents of children/youth with DSD.



Semi-structured qualitative interviews about future fertility were conducted with parents of children/youth with DSD. Parents who had never discussed fertility with a healthcare provider were excluded. Grounded theory methodology was used to identify emergent themes and patterns. Demographics and clinical characteristics were assessed via survey and medical chart review.



Nineteen parents were interviewed (participation rate: 60%, 14 mothers/5 fathers, median patient age at diagnosis 6 months (range 0-192), eight DSD diagnoses). The most common emergent themes are summarized in the Summary Table. Most parents identified fertility as a key concern, both at time of diagnosis and throughout development. Parents expressed difficulty with timing of disclosure about potential infertility to their children. Multiple preferences related to medical decision-making about future fertility and fertility preservation were expressed, including: a desire for step-by-step decision-making, and use of medically vetted information and research to guide decisions.



This qualitative study provided new information about the perspectives of parents of children/youth with DSD regarding future fertility. Previous studies have suggested that the possibility of biological parenthood is important to many individuals with DSD. This study provided an in-depth parental perspective. This is important because many decisions that affect future fertility are made in childhood, and require parents to make decisions on behalf of their children. The study sample was limited in its geographic diversity. Strengths of the study included diversity in age of the child/youth, ethnic backgrounds, and the DSD diagnoses that were represented.



Future fertility was a concern for many parents of children/youth with DSD. Parents expressed multiple priorities and preferences related to making difficult fertility-related medical decisions for their children. Many of the study findings could be incorporated into future best practices for discussions about fertility with families of children/youth with DSD.

Field of study: Medicine
A multiple wavelength algorithm in color image analysis and its applications in stain decomposition in microscopy images.

Stains have been used in optical microscopy to visualize the distribution and intensity of substances to which they are attached. Quantitative measures of optical density in the microscopic images can in principle be used to determine the amount of the stain. When multiple dyes are used to simultaneously visualize several substances to which they are specifically attached, quantification of each stain cannot be made using any single wavelength because attenuation from the several stain components contributes to the total optical density. Although various dyes used as optical stains are perceived as specific colors, they, in fact, have complex attenuation spectra. In this paper, we present a technique for multiple wavelength image acquisition and spectral decomposition based upon the Lambert-Beer absorption law. This algorithm is implemented based on the different spectral properties of the various stain components. By using images captured at N wavelengths, N components with different colors can be separated. This algorithm is applied to microscopy images of doubly and triply labeled prostate tissue sections. Possible applications are discussed.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Isolation, identification, pathotyping and antibiogram of Escherichia coli from rectal swab of pet dogs and cats.

Two hundred seventy two rectal swabs were examined from diarrhoeic and non- diarrhoeic pet dogs and cats. Out of 240 samples from dogs, 131 (54.58%) and out of 32 samples from cats, 15 (46.87%) were positive for E. coli by cultural characteristic, gram staining, motility, biochemical reactions and sugar fermentation tests. Out of 146 total positive isolates, only 12 isolates were pathogenic. Out of 12 pathogenic isolates of E. coli 6 isolates were O group non- typable and rest 6 E. coli strains were O25, O86a, O44 and O1 from dogs and O36 and O8 from cats. Out of 12 isolates 9 were sensitive to ceftriaxone, 8 were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin, 4 were sensitive to amikacin, neomycin and norfloxacin, 2 were to Co-trimoxazole and 1 was sensitive to lomefloxacin. None of the isolate was sensitive to amoxyclav & cephotaxime.

Field of study: Biology
Analysis of carbapenemase genotypes of carbapenem-resistant Proteus mirabilis strains clinically isolated from 2009 to 2012

To investigate the clinical distribution and the drug resistance of carbapenemresistant Proteus mirabilis strains isolated from 2009 to 2012 ; and to study carbapenemase genotypes of the isolates. A total of 15 non-repetitive carbapenem-resistant Proteus mirabilis strains were selected from 422 Proteus mirabilis strains isolated from Ningbo First Hospital during January 2009 to December 2012.The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 6 antibacterial agents,including imipenem (IPM),meropenem (MEM),ertapenem (ETP),ciprofloxacin (CIP),amikacin (AK) and minocycline (MIN),against 15 isolates were determined by E-test.The modified Hodge test (MHT) was used to detect the carbapenemase production in isolates.The PCR assay was performed to detect drug resistance genes of blaKPC,blaNDM-1,blaGES,blaSME,blaIMI-1/NmcA and blaSHV-38.Plasmids were extracted from the blaKPC-positive strains and then transformed into Escherichia coli J53 strains by electroporation.The transformed and untransformed Escherichia coli J53 strains were tested for MIC values and blaKPC gene by E-test and PCR respectively. The resistance rates of the 15 carbapenem-resistant Proteus mirabilis strains to IPM,MEM,ETP,CIP,AK and MIN were 100％,100％,100％,86.7％ (13/15),33.3％ (5/15) and 80％ (12/15),respectively.7 out of 15 strains were Hodge test positive,and 11 strains were blaKPC-2 positive.Results of PCR amplification showed that the transformed Escherichia coli J53 strains,whose MIC values to IPM,MEM,and ETP were increased by 2 to 64 times,were blaKPC-2 gene positive. The carbapenem-resistant Proteus mirabilis strains in this study were resistant to many commonly used antibiotics,however,the resistance rates to AK were relatively low.The dominant carbapenemase genotype was blaKPC-2 carried by the plasmid.Attention should be paid to its easily transmissible feature among the strains in clinic. 
 
 
Proteus mirabilis;  blaKPC ;  PCR;  Plasmid;  Electroporation

Field of study: Biology