nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Geography for Life and Standards-Based Education in the Commonwealth of Kentucky

schools was fundamentally changed in 1990 with the passage of the Kentucky Education Reform Act (KERA). This educational reform— mandated by the Kentucky Supreme Court ruling that funding for Kentucky public school districts was neither adequate nor equitably distributed—established a platform on which standardsbased educational assessment evolved. KERA mandated that all curricula and instruction be standards-based, that professional development for teachers follow standards-based models, and, most important, that high-stakes assessment of student performance be implemented to gauge how schools and teachers were performing (Kentucky General Assembly 1990). However, at that critical juncture in the state’s educational history and during the first few years of planning and implementation, the Kentucky Geographic Alliance (KGA) was at a low ebb and was not well positioned to respond to the new model of standardsbased curriculum and assessment. After a short period in which no formal geographic alliance existed in the Commonwealth, a proposal to the National Geographic Society to reconstitute the KGA was accepted and funded, and new leadership of the KGA was established. KGA was then in a position to serve as an advocate for geography education when subsequent critical curricular decisions and revisions were made. The revitalization of the Kentucky Geographic Alliance occurred simultaneously with educational efforts at the national level that included the establishment of the National Educational Goals and the publication of Geography for Life: National Geography Standards 1994 (GESP 1994). The convergence of those events provided an unprecedented opportunity for geographers and other educators to infuse geography into the curriculum at the state level. Without doubt, the availability of national geography standards in Geography for Life made a significant and positive difference in the development and revisions of the standards-based curriculum in Kentucky. A nationally agreed-upon set of standards in the discipline served as a powerful tool that was readily accepted by both the education leaders and those responsible for developing Kentucky’s curriculum. That said, geography per se is still not as explicitly referenced or as visible in the curriculum as we would like (in either the social studies or the science curricula). However, there is ample opportunity for geographers to demonstrate the linkages with related disciplines (e.g., economics, history, culture, and society) that contain essential and core geographic material.

Field of study: Sociology
IPA on a University’s Brand Equity and Competitors: Based on a Survey among University Freshmen

The purpose of this study is to understand freshmen’s perceptions and viewpoints on the brand equity of their university. IPA (importance-performance analysis) was used to explore the relation between perceived importance and performance of each attribute. By including competitors’ coping strategies, the relative position of each attribute of the target university’s brand equity was discussed. The data were collected from a questionnaire survey conducted among 1358 freshmen of a university at southern Taiwan, and 849 responses were returned and valid. A total of 13 attributes in the questionnaire were developed by the researchers, and these attributes covers three dimensions: brand awareness, brand association and brand loyalty. For each attribute, the level of perceived performance was lower than that of perceived importance, suggesting that brand equity should be improved. IPA results show that most of the attributes fell into “Quadrant B: Keep Up the Good Work”, and “Quadrant C: Low Priority.” When the two major competitors were included for comparison, the university should check the location of each attribute in the eight cells to identify its relative position and develop strategies accordingly.  University, Brand, Brand equity, Competitor, Importance-performance analysis

Field of study: Education
Change in grain-boundary ensemble upon the A1 → L12 phase transition in Ni3Mn alloy

The grain structure of Ni3Mn alloy is investigated in the states with short-range and long-range atomic orders that arise at the A1 → L12 phase transition. It is found that in ordering annealing, new boundaries of a general type form, the fraction of special-type boundaries (including twin boundaries) is reduced, the share of high-energy special boundaries with Σ > 11 increases, and the alloy’s texture is transformed into a “gray” texture.

Field of study: Physics
Determination of Atmospheric Krypton and Xenon by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in Direct Injection Mode

Volume concentration determination of atmospheric krypton and xenon is very important for krypton-85 and radioactive xenon isotopes monitoring. An injection set-up integrated adjustable quantity sample injection and quantitative dilution function was designed. The effects of electron impact (EI) source parameters on the sensitivity of MS detector were studied. Optimal values were as follows: ionization energy of 70 eV, emission current of 40 mA, cathode voltage of 27 mV, ion focus voltage of 85 mV and lens compensation voltage of 20 V. A GC-MS method for the determination of krypton and xenon in atmosphere without sample pretreatment was developed. Minimal detected concentrations for krypton and xenon were 3.3 × 10−8 (V/V) and 2.6 × 10−9 (V/V) respectively. Moreover, krypton and xenon concentrations in the ground level air were measured with the results of 1.1 × 10−6 (V/V) and 9.3 × 10−8 (V/V). The related combined standard uncertainties for krypton and xenon results were 2.38% and 3.15%, respectively.

Field of study: Chemistry
CTLA-4 gene polymorphisms result in inefficient transcription in myasthenia gravis

To study the expression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) and molecular immunology pathogenesis of MG caused by CTLA-4 gene promoter polymorphism.  ELISA assay was used to determine the expression level of serum sCTLA-4. Two independent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of CTLA-4 at position -1772 and position -1661 in the promoter were analyzed by RFLP. Transcription factor NF-1 and c/EBPβ binding site were confirmed by CHIP assay.  sCTLA-4 levels in patients serum are correlated with the haplotype and genotype. Patients with CT -1772 genotype or CT -1772 AA -1661 haplotypes have higher levels of sCTLA-4 than patients with TT -1772 or TT -1772 AA -1661. The frequency of the CT -1772 genotype is significantly higher in MG patients and especially, in MG with thymoma as comparing with controls. Meanwhile, the frequency of the G -1661 allele and GG -1661 genotype is lower in MG patients. These SNPs change the sequence of transcription factor binding sites: NF-1 and c/EBPβ. T→C -1772 mutation deletes NF-1 binding site while A→G -1661 mutation creates c/EBPβ binding site, which is confirmed by CHIP assay. DNA variants lose site-specific binding activity of transcription factor regulated by lectin.  Patients with MG have an aberrant expression of the CTLA-4 products and C/T -1772 and A/G -1661 polymorphisms which result in inefficient transcription of CTLA-4 gene. T→C -1772 mutation also affect gene splicing. The two SNPs may function as an etiological factor to disease susceptibility.

Field of study: Biology
Alcohol-induced bone disease: impact of ethanol on osteoblast proliferation.

The habitual consumption of even moderate quantities of alcohol (1 to 2 drinks/day) is clearly linked with reduced bone mass (osteopenia). Biochemical and histological evaluation of patients with alcoholic bone disease reveal a marked impairment in bone formation in the face of relatively normal bone resorption. Experiments using well-defined osteoblastic model systems indicate that the observed reductions in bone formation result from a direct, antiproliferative effect of ethanol on the osteoblast itself. As bone remodeling and mineralization are dependent on osteoblasts, it follows that the deleterious effect of alcohol on these cells would result in slowed bone formation, aberrant remodeling of skeletal tissue and, ultimately, osteopenia and fractures. The skeletal consequences of alcohol intake during adolescence, when the rapid skeletal growth ultimately responsible for achieving peak bone mass is occurring, may be especially harmful. The specific subcellular mechanisms whereby ethanol inhibits cell proliferation are, as yet, unknown. During the last few years, attention has shifted from nonspecific membrane perturbation effects to actions on certain signaling proteins. Specifically, there is increasing evidence that ethanol may exert significant effects on transmembrane signal transduction processes that constitute major branches of cellular control mechanisms. At present, abstinence is the only effective therapy for alcohol-induced bone disease. An improved understanding of the pathogenesis of alcohol-induced bone disease may eventually result in alternative therapeutic avenues for those who are unable to abstain.

Field of study: Medicine
Atmospheric correction of satellite ocean color imagery: the black pixel assumption.

The assumption that values of water-leaving radiance in the near-infrared (NIR) are negligible enable aerosol radiative properties to be easily determined in the correction of satellite ocean color imagery. This is referred to as the black pixel assumption. We examine the implications of the black pixel assumption using a simple bio-optical model for the NIR water-leaving reflectance [rho(w)(lambda(NIR))](N). In productive waters [chlorophyll (Chl) concentration >2 mg m(-3)], estimates of [rho(w)(lambda(NIR))](N) are several orders of magnitude larger than those expected for pure seawater. These large values of [rho(w)(lambda(NIR))](N) result in an overcorrection of atmospheric effects for retrievals of water-leaving reflectance that are most pronounced in the violet and blue spectral region. The overcorrection increases dramatically with Chl, reducing the true water-leaving radiance by roughly 75% when Chl is equal to 5 mg m(-3). Relaxing the black pixel assumption in the correction of Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS) satellite ocean color imagery provides significant improvements in Chl and water-leaving reflectance retrievals when Chl values are greater than 2 mg m(-3). Improvements in the present modeling of [rho(w)(lambda(NIR))](N) are considered, particularly for turbid coastal waters. However, this research shows that the effects of nonzero NIR reflectance must be included in the correction of satellite ocean color imagery.

Field of study: Physics
SYNTHESIS OF 2-AZIDO-1-METHYLAMINOBENZIMIDAZOLE

1-Methylamino-2-hydrazinobenzimidazole was synthesized by the sequential action of hydrogen peroxide and hydrazine hydrate on 1-(acetylmethylamino)benzimidazoline-2-thione. Nitrosation of the former with nitrous acid led to 2-azido-1-(nitrosomethylamino)benzimidazole, which exists as a mixture of s-cis and s-trans conformers with hindered rotation about the N–NO bond. 2-Azido-1-methylaminobenzimidazole was obtained by treatment of the nitrosation product with conc. hydrochloric acid.  O. V. Dyablo and A. F. Pozharskii.  Translation in Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds , 1999, 35 (10), pp 1222-1224 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02323382

Field of study: Chemistry
Psychology of Scientist: XXXIV. MMPI Characteristics of Physical and Social Science Students: Replication and Reanalysis

In the original study, using freshmen data, 291 male college graduates in physics, zoology, sociology, and history were used to test four hypotheses derived from other MMPI studies of science students. Only one of the four hypotheses was supported: physics and zoology students were higher on Social Introversion than sociology and history students. For this replication, a second sample of 326 male graduates was obtained in the same majors and the data were reanalyzed to compare the four majors and the two time periods on each dependent variable. This time two of the four hypotheses were supported: the physics and zoology majors are higher on Social Introversion (p < .001) and lower on Psychopathic deviate scale (p < .001) than the sociology and history majors. Also, the physics and zoology majors are considerably higher on aptitude and achievement data than the sociology and history majors. The findings with the MMPI have small but favorable implications for the Roe and the Holland theories of career development.

Field of study: Psychology
Networks and Telecommunications Course Content Lists: A Comparison between it Educators and Industry Personnel

Seeking input from information technology (IT) professionals provides IT educators with the opportunity to revise curricula to keep course content current. This research is an extension of a 1997 telecommunications course content Delphi study for a beginning networks and telecommunications course at the college or university level. Two Delphi studies were completed with the following groups: 1) industry group (Association of Information Technology Professionals – AITP) and 2) educator group (Organizational Systems Research Association – OSRA). Through the Delphi process the two groups developed individual lists of content to be included in a networks and telecommunications course. The purpose of this manuscript is to compare the networks and telecommunications course content lists developed by the educator and industry groups.

Field of study: Computer science
Implications of climate mitigation for future agricultural production

Climate change is projected to negatively impact biophysical agricultural productivity in much of the world. Actions taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate future climate changes, are thus of central importance for agricultural production. Climate impacts are, however, not unidirectional; some crops in some regions (primarily higher latitudes) are projected to benefit, particularly if increased atmospheric carbon dioxide is assumed to strongly increase crop productivity at large spatial and temporal scales. Climate mitigation measures that are implemented by reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations lead to reduction both in the strength of climate change and in the benefits of carbon dioxide fertilization. Consequently, analysis of the effects of climate mitigation on agricultural productivity must address not only regions for which mitigation is likely to reduce or even reverse climate damage. There are also regions that are likely to see increased crop yields due to climate change, which may lose these added potentials under mitigation action. Comparing data from the most comprehensive archive of crop yield projections publicly available, we find that climate mitigation leads to overall benefits from avoided damages at the global scale and especially in many regions that are already at risk of food insecurity today. Ignoring controversial carbon dioxide fertilization effects on crop productivity, we find that for the median projection aggressive mitigation could eliminate ~81% of the negative impacts of climate change on biophysical agricultural productivity globally by the end of the century. In this case, the benefits of mitigation typically extend well into temperate regions, but vary by crop and underlying climate mode projections. Should large benefits to crop yields from carbon dioxide fertilization be realized, the effects of mitigation become much more mixed, though still positive globally and beneficial in many food insecure countries.

Field of study: Environmental science
Determination of Seven Inedible Pigments in Food Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography

A method for the simultaneous determination of seven inedible pigments(Auramine O,Basic orange,Acid orangeⅡ,Acid golden yellow G,Rhodamine B,Para Red,SudanⅠ) in food was developed using high performance liquid chromatograph with ultraviolet-visible detector.Acetonitrile,methanol and basic methanol were used to extract the inedible pigments from bean and meat products.Acetonitrile and 70% acetonitrile-water were used to extract the inedible pigments from condiments.Using SunFireTM C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),methanol-50 mmol/L ammonium acetate(adjust pH to 4.5 with phosphoric acid) as the mobile phase with a gradient elution at the rate of 1 mL/min and detected at the wavelength of 450 and 520 nm.The linear ranges of seven inedible pigments were well with correlation coefficient above 0.998.The limit of detection(LOD) of seven inedible pigments was 0.01 mg/L to 0.1 mg/L and the limit of quantification(LOQ) was 0.18 mg/kg to 1.25 mg/kg.The average recoveries of seven inedible pigments were above 80%.The RSD(n=3) was from 2.0% to 5.7%.

Field of study: Chemistry
Imago Exegetica: Visual Images as Exegetical Instruments, 1400–1700. Walter S. Melion, James Clifton, and Michel Weemans, eds. Intersections: Interdisciplinary Studies in Early Modern Culture 33. Leiden: Brill, 2014. lv + 1,008 pp. + 24 color pls. $329.


Field of study: History
Research advances on quality changes of apricots and corresponding post-harvest technologies

China yields a huge amount of fresh apricots yearly,however,fresh apricots are perishable and easy to decay during post-harvest.This article describes quality changes of post-harvest apricots,and explores the storage and preservation technologies of post-harvest apricots including coating,cold storage,modified atmosphere,and calcium treatment.Nanostructural studies of fruit polysaccharides reveal that,textual changes of post-harvest apricots are associated with degradation of polysaccharide chains.Cold storage,modified or controlled atmosphere technologies can effectively maintain the antioxidant properties of apricots.Also the shelf life of post-harvest apricots can be significantly extended via inhibiting biochemical reactions and degradation of polysaccharide chains.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
On the use of developers' context for automatic refactoring of software anti-patterns

A novel automated refactoring approach that takes into account task context.A large scale case study showing the effectiveness of the proposed approach in two scenarios: root-canal and floss refactoring.Evaluation of the design quality of refactored solutions using a state-of-the-art quality model QMOOD. Anti-patterns are poor solutions to design problems that make software systems hard to understand and extend. Entities involved in anti-patterns are reported to be consistently related to high change and fault rates. Refactorings, which are behavior preserving changes are often performed to remove anti-patterns from software systems. Developers are advised to interleave refactoring activities with their regular coding tasks to remove anti-patterns, and consequently improve software design quality. However, because the number of anti-patterns in a software system can be very large, and their interactions can require a solution in a set of conflicting objectives, the process of manual refactoring can be overwhelming. To automate this process, previous works have modeled anti-patterns refactoring as a batch process where a program provides a solution for the total number of classes in a system, and the developer has to examine a long list of refactorings, which is not feasible in most situations. Moreover, these proposed solutions often require that developers modify classes on which they never worked before (i.e., classes on which they have little or no knowledge). To improve on these limitations, this paper proposes an automated refactoring approach, ReCon (Refactoring approach based on task Context), that leverages information about a developers task (i.e., the list of code entities relevant to the developers task) and metaheuristics techniques to compute the best sequence of refactorings that affects only entities in the developers context. We mine 1705 task contexts (collected using the Eclipse plug-in Mylyn) and 1013 code snapshots from three open-source software projects (Mylyn, PDE, Eclipse Platform) to assess the performance of our proposed approach. Results show that ReCon can remove more than 50% of anti-patterns in a software system, using fewer resources than the traditional approaches from the literature.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Reconciling Professional Ethics and Prosecutorial Power: The No-Contact Rule Debate

The questions whether and when federal prosecutors may ethically contact parties who have retained attorneys about the subject of the representation recently have been the focus of considerable controversy. In this note, Alafair S.R. Burke traces the history of attempts by the Department of Justice toformulate a uniform rule governing such direct communications and analyzes the regulations the Department finalized in August 1994. Ms. Burke argues that federal government attorneys should be subject to a single national standard rather than numerous state no-contact rules, and that certain limited exceptions to the rule are justified in the criminal context. She contends, however, that the new regulations are overbroad because they go beyond the legitimate needs of law enforcement by allowing most direct contacts prior to an arrest. She offers an alternative approach that would create narrow exceptions to the no-contact rule based on the special needs offederal prosecutors. Finally, Ms. Burke argues that prosecutors who violate the rule should be disciplined by state bars but that, contrary to the Second Circuit's holding in United States v. Hammad, courts need not suppress evidence gathered in violation of the rule.

Field of study: Law
Design of Knowledge Integrated System in the Semantic Web Environment

Semantic Web has exploded in recent years and provided theoretical basis and technological route for knowledge integrated in cyber environment. It can create relation for knowledge data and increase expansibility of system with Semantic Web. Constrctes knowledge ontology in resource description framework. Designs and develops a knowledge integrated system constrctes to fulfill knowledge content and relation search through construction of knowledge integrated frame. System design underlines functions and characters of Semantic Web, and it applies a variety of technology and tools of Semantic Web system to improve ability of data analysis and user's experience of knowledge integrated system.

Field of study: Computer science