nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A monoclonal antibody specific for Δ12-prostaglandin J2 and its utilization in the immunological assay in cell culture system of adipocytes.

Prostaglandin (PG) D(2) can be produced in adipocytes and dehydrated to PGs of J(2) series, including Δ(12)-PGJ(2) and 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14)-PGJ(2) (15d-PGJ(2)), which serve as pro-adipogenic prostanoids through the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. To accomplish the quantification of Δ(12)-PGJ(2) in the cell culture system of adipocytes, the present study aimed to develop a sensitive and specific immunological assay for Δ(12)-PGJ(2). Here, we established a cloned hybridoma cell line secreting a monoclonal antibody specifically recognizing Δ(12)-PGJ(2) and utilized for the development of its solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The immobilized antigen using a conjugate of Δ(12)-PGJ(2) and γ-globulin was competitively allowed to react with the monoclonal antibody in the presence of free Δ(12)-PGJ(2). The assay provided a sensitive calibration curve for Δ(12)-PGJ(2), allowing us to determine a range from 0.16 pg to 0.99 ng with a value of 13 pg at 50% displacement in one assay. The monoclonal antibody showed almost no cross-reactivity with other related prostanoids since PGJ(2) and 15d-PGJ(2) were only recognized with much lower values of 0.5% and 0.2%, respectively. The accuracy for determining Δ(12)-PGJ(2) in the culture medium of adipocytes was confirmed by measurement after the culture medium was fortified with known amounts of authentic Δ(12)-PGJ(2) in a range from 10 to 200 pg/mL. The application of our ELISA revealed that the formation of Δ(12)-PGJ(2) became more pronounced after several hours of incubation of PGD(2) at 37°C in fresh maturation medium of cultured adipocytes. Furthermore, we provide evidence for the increased ability of cultured adipocytes to synthesize endogenous Δ(12)-PGJ(2) during the progression of adipogenesis. These results indicate the reliability and usefulness of our solid-phase ELISA for stable Δ(12)-PGJ(2), reflecting the biosynthesis of unstable PGD(2) in the culture system of adipocytes.

Field of study: Biology
Effects of Different Deoxidization Technologies on the Microstructure and Properties of Micro Alloyed Steel

The effect of different deoxidization technologies on the microstructure and properties of low carbon micro alloyed Ti containing steel was studied by means of TEM,SEM and properties test.The results showed that under the technology of deoxidization by first with Al before C,Si,Mn and Nb addition and finally deoxidization by Ti,lots of complex inclusions contained Ti within the size about 0.3～1 μm are formed in steel.These inclusions could induce the nucleation of acicular ferrites which refine the microstructure and improved the properties of steel.

Field of study: Materials science
The Panchromatic Circumgalactic Medium.

Galaxies are surrounded by extended atmospheres, which are often called the circumgalactic medium (CGM) and are the least understood part of galactic ecosystems. The CGM serves as a reservoir of both diffuse, metal-poor gas accreted from the intergalactic medium, and metal-rich gas that is either ejected from galaxies by energetic feedback or stripped from infalling satellites. As such, the CGM is empirically multi-phased and complex in dynamics. Significant progress has been made in the past decade or so in observing the cosmic-ray/B-field, as well as various phases of the CGM. But basic questions remain to be answered. First, what are the energy, mass, and metal contents of the CGM? More specifically, how are they spatially distributed and partitioned in the different components? Moreover, how are they linked to properties of host galaxies and their global clustering and intergalactic medium environments? Lastly, what are the origin, state, and life-cycle of the CGM? This question explores the dynamics of the CGM. Here we illustrate how these questions may be addressed with multi-wavelength observations of the CGM.

Field of study: Physics
Reflection on the legislation of "School Act"

Drawing up "School Act" is of great necessity for perfection of Chinese education law system,construction and perfection of modern school system,perfection of schools' internal governance structure,implementation of autonomous running of school according to law,standardization of assess and finance management in schools and resolving increasing disputes in schools.We should base on the education reality of our country,special national condition and foreign legislative experience to make clear the legislation goal and guiding ideology of "School Act",its system and content.

Field of study: Education
Biodiversity of marine nematodes in Australian sandy beaches from tropical and temperate regions

The universal occurrence and abundance of nematodes provides opportunities to investigate ecological factors that may influence biodiversity. Clarke and Warwick (2001) have proposed diversity indices average taxonomic distance(AvTD), variation in taxonomic distinctness (VarTD) for computing marine nematode biodiversity based on classification trees. Faith [Biological Conservation 61 (1992) 1] had previously proposed a diversity index based on phylogenetic trees, though not applied to nematodes. Clarke and Warwick (2001) also considered an index AvPD analogous to AvTD. These indices have been applied to five very large collections of free-living nematodes from three exposed sandy beaches in Australia. Two were from a beach close to Darwin in northern Australia, two from the temperate southeast coast of Australia and one from the south of the Australian mainland. The collections extend over a considerable range of latitude, from 12°26′S to 38°33′S and the controversial hypothesis that latitudinal gradients per se influence the biodiversity of marine nematode assemblages is examined. AvTD did not vary among collections and its value for any collection was indistinguishable from that of random samples of the same size drawn from the total species pool. VarTD showed no variation for three of the collections, but was slightly higher than expected for the mid-latitude beach, attributed to unevenness in the classification trees. AvTD and VarTD were not greatly affected by differences in sampling intensity. PD varied directly with the number of species found but observed PD did not differ from the PD of random samples of the same number of species taken from the total species pool. Thus, the observed variation in PD is wholly accounted for by variations in species richness. The number of species found increased with decreasing latitude. It appears that species richness by itself is an adequate index of biodiversity for the free-living nematodes of these sandy beaches, and more complex indices such as AvTD, VarTD and PD are unnecessary.

Field of study: Environmental science
The value of sacral skin lesions in predicting occult spinal dysraphism in children with voiding dysfunction and normal neurological examination.

The role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in detecting occult spinal dysraphism (OSD) in children with voiding dysfunction and a normal neurological examination is still under debate. The aim of this study was to assess the correlation of sacral skin lesions with OSD detected on MRI, in a population of children with resistant lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).



A total of 114 children over 5 years of age with urinary tract infection (UTI) and/or LUTS and normal neurological examination were enrolled. All children underwent sacral neurological examination, urine analysis and cultures, renal/bladder ultrasound, voiding cystourethrogram and urodynamic examination. After a treatment period of 6 months, the patients were re-evaluated and spinal MRI was performed in 61 with ongoing LUTS or UTI.



Nineteen of 61 children (31%) had cutaneous stigmas. MRI detected spinal abnormality in 2/42 children with a normal sacral examination in comparison to 7/19 children with an abnormal sacral finding (Chi-squared test, P < 0.005). The sensitivity and specificity of an abnormal sacral finding in predicting MRI abnormality were 0.76 and 0.77, respectively. Urodynamic parameters did not predict an abnormal spinal MRI.



Abnormal sacral findings, but not urodynamic studies, are strong predictors of OSD. A normal sacral examination does not rule out OSD.

Field of study: Medicine
Electromagnetic production of hypernuclei

{yields}General formalism for electromagnetic production of hypernuclei. > Most recent form of the electromagnetic current operator for elementary process. > Fully relativistic description of bound state wave functions. > Unpolarized cross section determined by three structure functions.  A formalism for the electromagnetic production of hypernuclei is developed where the cross section is written as a contraction between a leptonic tensor and a hadronic tensor. The hadronic tensor is written in a model-independent way by expanding it in terms of a set of five nuclear structure functions. These structure functions are calculated by assuming that the virtual photon interacts with only one bound nucleon. We use the most recent model for the elementary current operator which gives a good description of the experimental data for the corresponding elementary process. The bound state wave functions for the bound nucleon and hyperon are calculated within a relativistic mean-field model. We calculate the unpolarized triple differential cross section for the hypernuclear production process e+{sup 12}C{yields}e+K{sup +}+{sup 12}{sub {Lambda}B} as a function of the kaon scattering angle. The nuclear structure functions are calculated within a particle-hole model. The cross section displays a characteristic form of being large for small values of themore » kaon scattering angle with a smooth fall-off to zero with increasing angle. The shape of the cross section is essentially determined by the nuclear structure functions. In addition, it is found that for the unpolarized triple differential cross section one structure function is negligible over the entire range of the kaon scattering angle.« less

Field of study: Physics
Transitioning young adults with neurogenic bladder-Are providers asking too much?

Significant numbers of young adults with chronic health conditions fail to transition.



The aim of the study was to evaluate how ready transitioned urologic patients were for that process. Owing to the cognitive impairments frequently seen with spina bifida (SB), it is hypothesized that these individuals will be less prepared to transition their medical care to adult providers compared with their healthy counterparts.



Participants included consecutive patients in the transitional SB clinic at the study institution and controls (college students without obvious physical disability or interest in healthcare-related fields aged 18-25 years). Both groups were administered the Transition Readiness Assessment Questionnaire (TRAQ) over a nine-month period. Five TRAQ domains assess 20 skills necessary to transition. Likert scale responses range from 1 "no, I do not know how" to 5 "yes, I always do this when I need to" (which the authors considered appropriate for transitioned patients). Demographics and the number of daily medications taken were collected. Patients and healthy controls were compared using (1) total and domain TRAQ scores, (2) the proportion of non-transitioned skills ("1"), and (3) fully transitioned skills ("5"). Non-parametric statistics were used.



Forty-three unique SB patients (30.8% shunted, 46.5% female) and 100 controls were enrolled. Patients with SB were older than controls (21 vs 20 years, p < 0.001). There was no gender difference between groups (p = 0.33). Transitioned patients and college students were fully transitioned only in the "Talking with Providers" domain (Figure). College students performed significantly better than patients in the domains of "Appointment Keeping" (p = 0.04) and "Tracking Health Issues" (p = 0.02). Transitioned patients were less likely to be interested in learning how to perform skills in the domains of "Appointment Keeping" and "Tracking Health Issues" (p < 0.001 for both domains).



The transition readiness of young adults with SB compared to healthy controls and other youths with chronic health conditions is described. The limitations include the small sample size, potentially limiting generalizability, and cross-sectional nature.



"Transitioned" patients with SB had lower TRAQ scores in some domains compared to healthy college students, who themselves had scores indicating that they were not fully ready for transition. Increased attention to transition readiness in people with SB is necessary, as even healthy young adults struggle with these tasks and are poorly prepared for transition.

Field of study: Medicine
Magmagenesis in the Ordovician backarc basins of the Northern Qilian Mountains, China

This paper reports the results of a petrologic and geochemical study of lavas from early Paleozoic backarc basins in the Northern Qilian Mountains in the People9s Republic of China. Petrographic and geochemical characteristics of lavas reflect the changing styles of extension: typical basic lavas due to backarc seafloor spreading are found in the north, but to the south, the lava compositions become increasingly similar to arc lavas. Glassy (devitrified now), sparsely phyric basic lavas characterize the regions of seafloor spreading. Felsic lavas and porphyritic basic lavas occur in the southern, island-arc rifting part of the study area. Geochemical compositions distinguish between mature arc rocks (Y 2 0.60) in the north and rocks formed during backarc spreading (Y > 20 ppm, TiO 2 > 1.0 wt%, Th/Yb

Field of study: Geology
Tin‐Mediated Free‐Radical Cyclization of β‐Allenylbenzoyloximes

A set of allene-tethered benzoyloximes (5) has been treated with nBu3SnH. Depending on their substitution pattern, a wide range of compounds has been obtained. If the stannyl radical adds on the allene, the C-centred radical thus formed undergoes either a 5-exo ring closure to give the cyclopentene derivatives 7 or a 6-endo ring closure onto the N atom to give the dihydropyridines 8. If the stannyl radical adds on the benzoyl moiety, an iminyl radical is formed which leads to the 3H-pyrroles 9 and the alkylidene-pyrrolines 10. Steric effects as well as polar effects are the factors governing the reaction course.

Field of study: Chemistry
PREPARATION AND CATALYTIC PERFORMANCE OF SUPPORTED Cs_(2.5)H_(0.5)PW_(12)O_(40) ETHERIFICATION CATALYST

Some supported cesium salts of 12 tungstophoric acid (Cs 2 5 H 0 5 PW 12 O 40 ) were prepared The effects of support category,support properties, preparation methods and preparation conditions on the performance of supported Cs 2 5 H 0 5 PW 12 O 40 catalysts were investigated The catalysts prepared were characterized by XRD and Hammett indicator method The results showed that silica gel is the preferred support, among Al 2O 3, silica gel, active carbon, MCM 41 and Si MCM 41 With decreasing sodium content of silica gel support,the activity of prepared catalyst increased The catalysts prepared by both one step method and two step method showed strong acidity, high activity and excellent stability XRD revealed that CsCO 3 completely reacted with H 3PW 12 O 40 and formed Cs 2 5 H 0 5 PW 12 O 40 on the surface of silica gel support Hammett constant( H 0)of the catalyst was lower than -13 61 The Cs 2 5 H 0 5 PW 12 O 40 /SiO 2 catalyst (loading of Cs 2 5 H 0 5 PW 12 O 40 40%) showed the highest catalytic activity for the etherification of FCC light gasoline, and the etherification conversion of tertiary carbonic olefins was up to 56 54%, which could replace liquid acids and ion exchange resin and become a environmentally friendly solid acid catalyst

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Initial-boundary value problem to systems of conservation laws with relaxation

In this paper we consider the initial-boundary value problem (IBVP) for the one-dimensional Jin-Xin relaxation model. The main interest is to study the boundary layer behaviors in the solutions to the IBVP of the relaxation system and their asymptotic convergence to solutions of the corresponding hyperbolic conservation laws in the limit of small relaxation rate. First we develop a general expansion theory for the relaxation IBVP using a matched asymptotic analysis. This formal procedure determines a unique equilibrium limit, and also reveals rich initial and boundary layer structures in the solutions of the relaxation system. Arbitrarily accurate solutions to the IBVP of the relaxation system are then constructed by combining the various orders of the equilibrium solutions, the initial and boundary layer solutions. The validity of the initial and boundary layers and the asymptotic convergence results are rigorously justified through a stability analysis for a broad class of boundary conditions in the case when the relaxation system is 2 x 2.

Field of study: Mathematics
Clare of Assisi and the Thirteenth-Century Church: Religious Women, Rules, and Resistance. Catherine M. Mooney. The Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016. xiv + 292 pp. $65.

gical unity. Carefully transcribed for our scrutiny are the contents of the five missals’ liturgical calendars, all of which provide us with insight into the ritual rhythm of certain Umbrian friaries. The tables containing this information are lucid and invaluable for the task of chapter 5. There Welch investigates whether these calendars reveal early Franciscan regulated uniformity or diversity. After considering themes like the rubrication of specific feasts, the inclusion/exclusion of other religious orders’ feasts (e.g., for the Cistercian Saint Bernard of Clairvaux), and the addition and absence of particular feasts (e.g., the Stigmata of Saint Francis), she shows that they in fact reflect plurality of Franciscan identities—even within a single region of Italy. Welch concludes persuasively that a uniform liturgy was not the principal means by which medieval Franciscans forged a common identity; rather, the friars’ textual and visual images of Saint Francis were. This illuminating case study is a welcome analysis of a subject that has for years merited far more academic attention, and serves as a long overdue corrective to previous scholarship. Welch’s thorough knowledge of the extensive manuscript evidence and her masterful interaction with the secondary literature are truly impressive. This monograph belongs on the shelves of all scholars interested in Franciscan history, liturgical history, medieval art history, and Umbrian religious and social history.

Field of study: History
Topological aspects of molecular interactions in liquid mixtures of non-electrolytes

It has been shown that activity coefficients of the components of an Ci+j) mixture have a simple topological base and that t he same (as well as G'(T,XL) and HE(T,xi data) can be welb predicted, on the strength of graph-theoretica l arguments when only H (T,xL=0.4 and 0.5) data f or the binary m ixture, of almost e qual sized components, are available. For Ci+j) mixtures that a re characterized by the presence of 1:l or 1:l and 1:2 molecular complexes or have components that differ appreciably in molar volumes the approach has been modified to well reproduce the activity c oefficients d ata when datum alone is available for the mixture. The versatility of graph-theoretica l arguments have further been made evident by rationalizing volumetric and ethalpic e ffects in (i or ifS) fi.e. i saturated with a salt (S)) fi+j) mixtures to yield worthwhile insight into i) the molecular state of i and or j for of the salt S in i and the influence of j on it) and ii) the energetics of molecular interactions that characterize these mixtures. Solution non-ideality has been attributed (ref.1) to either physical intermolecular forces or to chemical reactions between the components of Ci+j) mixtures. S ince laws of limited validity (ref. 2) have been employed to describe intermolecular potential functions that characterize interactions between the components of these mixtures, almost all the present theories (ref. 3-91 of solutions of non- electrolytes have limited applicability. Again the process of binary mixture formation may trigger inter or intramolecular changes in either one or both the components and this must begreflected in the molar excess volume VE and molar excess e nthalpy H data. In this regard a lthough, a few recent approaches (ref. 10-13) address themselves specifically to this aspect of molecular interactions, yet t hey require that the molecular states of the pure components be known and that a proper itinery be maintained of the various entities that exist in these mixtures; this may not be possible always. This calls for an alternative. approach. Topological aspects of the activity coefficients of the components of a (i + j) mixture: conceptual aspects of approach and results The structural formula of chemists is actual1 a molecular graph (ref.14)characterized by vertices (atoms) and edges (bonxs) G(e,v). If the pure i and j are represented by Gt (e~ ,y4 1 (or G; 1 and G. (e. v. 1 (or G. 1 respectively, then the fi+j) mixture formation dwodlh 'be charadterized by interactions between i and j in the GLx Gi molecular graph (ref. 15). As activity c oefficient of, say, the i th component

Field of study: Chemistry
Quantitative temperature records of mid Cretaceous hothouse: Evidence from halite fluid inclusions

Quantitative temperature reconstructions for the mid Cretaceous are still rare although its typical greenhouse climate is regarded as one of the best analogues for future global warming. For the first time, mid Cretaceous temperatures were quantitatively reconstructed based on homogenization temperatures (Th) of halite fluid inclusions from the Lower Member of the Nong Bok Formation in the Thakhek mining area, Laos. Petrological features and primary textures of halite indicate a shallow water setting during halite formation that allows the use of homogenization temperatures as air temperature proxy. Obtained homogenization temperatures mainly range from 30 to 50 °C, probably representing local air temperature conditions of Laos during the mid Cretaceous. The determined temperatures are relatively similar to temperatures in many modern and ancient evaporative settings. The maximum homogenization temperature (Th Max ) for the Nong Bok Formation of 62.1 °C is significantly higher than existing mid Cretaceous paleotemperature records from both continental and marine sediments and comparable with the temperature records from the contemporaneous Mengyejing Formation of Yunnan, Southern China. The correspondence of the temperature records from Laos and Yunnan implies that very high temperature conditions prevailed in the region. Our results and other reconstructed very high temperatures from potash deposits (e.g., 59 °C for the Silurian Michigan Basin and 58 °C for the Quaternary Lop Nur region) suggest that extremely high temperatures probably had an important impact on the formation of the large potash deposits of the world. However, more studies are needed to improve our understanding of the detailed and quantitative relationships between temperature conditions and potash formation.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography