nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Das Boyle-Gebiet in der neuen Theorie der Zustandsgleichung

ZusammenfassungEs werden 1. die zweiten Virialkoeffizienten der beiden klassischen Formen der Zustandsgleichung als bei p=0 gegen den Wert Null konvergierende Funktionen und demzufolge 2. statt einer bestimmten Boyle-Temperatur, wobei
$$\left[ {\left( {\frac{{\partial (\upsilon p)}}{{\partial p}}} \right)_t } \right]_{p = 0} = 0$$
 ist, die sämtlichen Grenzverdünnungszustände als zu dem „Boyle-Gebiet“ gehörend betrachtet. Auf der Jacynaschen „Basislinie“ Δν=f(t,p)=0, welche das Boyle-Gebiet umfaßt, ändert die Volumenabweichung ihr Vorzeichen. Die vorläufigen Berechnungen zeigen, daß auf Grund der obenerwähnten Ansichten das Versuchsmaterial von 500 bis −270,52° C und von 0 bis 15000 Atm. für Gase theoretisch zusammengefaßt werden kann.

Field of study: Physics
Mesenchymal stem cells, autoimmunity and rheumatoid arthritis

The vast majority of literature pertaining to mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) immunomodulation has focussed on bone marrow-derived MSC that are systemically infused to alleviate inflammatory conditions. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the commonest autoimmune joint disease that has witnessed significant therapeutic advances in the past decade, but remains stubbornly difficult to treat in a subset of cases. Pre-clinical research has demonstrated that bone marrow, adipose, synovial and umbilical cord-derived MSC all suppress the functions of different immune cells thus raising the possibility of new therapies for autoimmune diseases including RA. Indeed, preliminary evidence for MSC efficacy has been reported in some cases of RA and systemic lupus erythromatosis. The potential use of bone marrow-MSC (BM-MSC) for RA therapy is emerging but the use of synovial MSC (S-MSC) to suppress the exaggerated immune response within the inflamed joints remains rudimentary. Synovial fibroblasts that are likely derived from S-MSCs, also give rise to a cell-cultured progeny termed fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), which are key players in the perpetuation of joint inflammation and destruction. A better understanding of the link between these cells and their biology could be a key to developing novel MSC-based strategies for therapy. The review briefly focuses on BM-MSC and gives particular attention to joint niche synovial MSC and FLS with respect to immunoregulatory potential therapy roles.

Field of study: Medicine
Writing Science and Objectification: Selecting, Organizing, and Decontextualing Knowledge.

This analysis focuses on two writing activities required by a middle school science curriculum unit to demonstrate how particular forms of writing guide students to frame their knowledge in important ways. Following the completion of charts and ‘Think and Write’ questions related to a single scientific phenomenon, I trace how students identify the phenomenon first as a little red , then call it rust , and later adopt the scientific term iron oxide and formula, Fe 2 O 3 , in writing. While these written forms appear to be objective, this analysis takes a situated approach to interaction and shows how students are socialized to these more sophisticated written forms through practices such as selecting, organizing, renaming, and repackaging experiences from laboratory activities and discussion. This interactive perspective illustrates the very social nature of writing, as well as the importance of social interaction in helping students come to identify and appropriate valued forms of scientific language.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
Progress on Photomultipliers and Image Intensifiers at EMI Electronics Ltd.

This paper reviews recent work at E.M.I. on photomultiplier tubes. Dark current measurements by various techniques are presented, including data on tubes with high quantum efficiency and minimum thermionic emission suitable for low energy scintillation counting. Mention is made of a new fast tube, a small tube, and modified ion detectors. Two four-stage image intensifiers are described.

Field of study: Physics
A QUADRILATERAL FLAT THIN SHELL ELEMENT BASED ON THE MEMBRANE-PLATE SIMILARITY THEORY

A new effective approach has been proposed to formulate thin plate element by using the similarity theory between plane elasticity and plate bending. Because of avoiding the difficulty of 1c continuity, the construction of thin plate elements becomes easier. In this paper, a new four node, sixteen D.O.F (degree of freedom) flat thin shell element is presented on the basis of the similarity theory. This element is combined by the four node plane rational element (membrane part) and a four node plate element using the similarity theory (bending part). Numerical results of typical problems show that this new element exhibits very good convergence and high precision.

Field of study: Engineering
An Extension of the Rank Transformation Concept

It is known that the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test is equivalent to an ordinary Student t test performed on scores transformed to ranks in place of the scores themselves. Not as well known is the fact that another widely used nonpar a metric method, Mood's median test, is equivalent to a t test on scores taking only the values 0 and 1 in place of the initial values. In this study, t tests were performed on ranks obtained by combining two samples of 26 scores each, so that there were 52 possible values, as well as on transformed scores having 26, 13, 4, or 2 possible values. For the normal distribution, power decreased slightly as the number of val ues decreased, whereas for various nonnormal distributions, power increased as the number of values decreased. Advantages of extending the rank transformation con cept to include more general transformations are discussed.

Field of study: Education
Potassium-Rich Igneous Rocks from Puerto Rico

Both shoshonites and calc-alkaline andesites of Late Cretaceous age occur in south-central Puerto Rico. These rocks are chemically and mineralogically related in many respects, but the potassium-rich varieties display extreme enrichment in K 2 O (more than 6 percent), Rb (up to 150 ppm), and Cu (up to 300 ppm). All of these Late Cretaceous rocks contain relatively high U (from 0.6 to 1.9 ppm) and Th (from 1 to 5 ppm) compared to typical andesites. The potassic magmas may have been generated in dehydrated oceanic crustal materials along the Benioff zone at relatively high pressures.

Field of study: Geology
Bridge Health Monitoring System Based on Integration of Heterogeneous Structural Network for Wireless and Wired

For structural health monitoring of large-scale bridges,the well-developed and widely-used wired structural health monitoring technologies have replaced traditional manual operations gradually,except for the difficulties in arranging cables and updating systems in practical applications.In contrast,the new developing wireless sensor network technologies for bridge structural health monitoring are easier to deploy and update,overcoming these defects that exist in the wired systems.However,in certain circumstances,the communication quality of wireless networks can not be ensured,leading to an impact on the efficiency and reliability of system.Proposes a new heterogeneous structural health monitoring system,it has the advantages over both wired and wireless health monitoring technologies.

Field of study: Computer science
Internal Stress Monitoring of In-Service Structural Steel Members with Ultrasonic Method

Internal stress in structural steel members is an important parameter for steel structures in their design, construction, and service stages. However, it is hard to measure via traditional approaches. Among the existing non-destructive testing (NDT) methods, the ultrasonic method has received the most research attention. Longitudinal critically refracted (Lcr) waves, which propagate parallel to the surface of the material within an effective depth, have shown great potential as an effective stress measurement approach. This paper presents a systematic non-destructive evaluation method to determine the internal stress in in-service structural steel members using Lcr waves. Based on theory of acoustoelasticity, a stress evaluation formula is derived. Factor of stress to acoustic time difference is used to describe the relationship between stress and measurable acoustic results. A testing facility is developed and used to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method. Two steel members are measured by using the proposed method and the traditional strain gauge method for verification. Parametric studies are performed on three steel members and the aluminum plate to investigate the factors that influence the testing results. The results show that the proposed method is effective and accurate for determining stress in in-service structural steel members.

Field of study: Materials science
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Corrosive activity of sodium nitrite solutions used in lasers

An investigation was made of the corrosion of the materials used in systems for circulating a liquid solution of sodium nitrite, which is applied as a light filter in lasers. It was found that such a filter was unsuitable for prolonged use in laser systems because of its corrosive effect on the majority of construction materials, and because it could not be used at temperatures below 0?C.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Utilizing Initial Estimates in Estimating the Coefficients in a Linear Model

A procedure which utilizes an initial estimate to estimate the coefficients in a linear mode is introduced. A linear model containing replications with the same input matrix is considered and a class of two-stage estimators is defined. Optimal estimators in the class are determined, and it is shown that the proposed estimators are better than the corresponding single-sample least squares estimator if the initial estimate is accurate, and are as good (asymptotically) as the corresponding single-sample least squares estimator if the initial estimate is inaccurate.

Field of study: Mathematics
On Building up Faithful Government and Constructing Harmonious Society

It is the important part of constructing the socialist harmonious society to build up trust relationship between the local governments and the multitude.But some local governments often broke their words to people,handle affairs by breaking the law for a variety of reasons which undermine the interests of people and worsen the relation between cadre and multitude.Therefore some disharmonious factors came out and the image and prestige of government are damaged severely.To build up the trust relationship between the local governments and the multitude,one should do from the aspects of transferring power to a lower level,exercising administrative functions according to law,developing the spirit of democracy,upholding the people's rights,knowing public opinions,paying attention to the life of people,untying difficulties,cohering the people's will,depending on people,etc.Meanwhile,all of above should be unremitting.

Field of study: Education
Spiriferoids of the Lake Minnewanka Section, Alberta

Lake Minnewanka, or Devils Lake, is situated about 9 miles northeast of Banff, in the Rocky Mountains of western Alberta. The section was made along the northwest shore of the lake and continued westward across the Cascade River. The following formations are included: PERMIAN PENNSYLVANIAN MISSISSIPPIAN DEVONIAN The spiriferoids are distributed as follows. . .

Field of study: Geology
Dynamic Jahn-Teller Mechanism of Superconductivity in MgB$_2$

We propose a novel mechanism of superconductivity in MgB$_2$ based on the dynamic electronic structure of the $p\sigma$-orbitals coupled with $e_{2g}$ phonons. A nonconventional superconducting state is found to arise frome lectron-phonon interactions in the presence of additional pairing channels made available by the dynamic Jahn-Teller effects. A partially broken pseudo-spin symmetry in this Jahn-Teller system, together with two-phonon exchange pairing, naturally gives rise to two distinct gaps both of which are basically isotropic in the ($k_x$, $k_y$) space. Important experimental observations including high $T_c$ and the anomalous specific heat are explained using this theory.

Field of study: Physics
Seasonal temperatures have more influence than nitrogen fertilizer rates on cucumber yield and nitrogen uptake in a double cropping system.

Two-year greenhouse cucumber experiments were conducted to investigate seasonal effects on fruit yield, dry matter allocation, and N uptake in a double-cropping system with different fertilizer management. Seasonal effects were much greater than fertilizer effects, and winter-spring (WS) cucumber attained higher fruit yields and N uptake than autumn-winter (AW) cucumber due to lower cumulative air temperatures during fruit maturation in the AW season. Fertilizer N application and apparent N loss under recommended N management (Nmr) decreased by 40-78% and 33-48% without yield loss compared to conventional N management (Nmt) over four growing seasons. However, there were no seasonal differences in N recommendations, taking into consideration seasonal differences in crop N demand, critical nutrient supply in the root zone and N mineralization rate.

Field of study: Environmental science
Urology Mythbusters: should hydronephrosis grade be used to decide which newborns should undergo voiding cystourethrogram?

In this episode of Mythbusters the premise that among infants with prenatally identified urinary tract dilation (UTD), voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) should be performed in those with higher grade UTD but not in those with lower grade UTD is critically examined. It is concluded that severity of dilation is not strongly associated with risk of vesicoureteral reflux or other anomalies diagnosed by VCUG. Therefore, using hydronephrosis grade to decide which infants with UTD should undergo VCUG is not evidence based.

Field of study: Medicine
Dietary exposure of juvenile common sole (Solea solea L.) to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): Part 2. Formation, bioaccumulation and elimination of hydroxylated metabolites.

The uptake, elimination and transformation of six PBDE congeners (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -209) were studied in juvenile common sole (Solea solea L.) exposed to spiked contaminated food over a three-month period, and then depurated over a five-month period. Methoxylated (MeO-) and hydroxylated (OH-) PBDEs were determined in fish plasma exposed to PBDEs and compared to those obtained in control fish. While all MeO- and some OH- congeners identified in fish plasma were found to originate from non-metabolic sources, several OH- congeners, i.e., OH-tetraBDEs and OH-pentaBDEs, were found to originate from fish metabolism. Among these, 4'-OH-BDE-49 was identified as a BDE-47 metabolite. Congener 4'-OH-BDE-101, identified here for the first time, may be the result of BDE-99 metabolic transformation. Our results unequivocally showed that PBDEs are metabolised in juvenile sole via the formation of OH- metabolites. However, this was not a major biotransformation route compared to biotransformation through debromination.

Field of study: Environmental science
Coordination of a Water Molecule to a Square-pyramidal N2S3-type Co(III) Complex Directed to an Active Site of Nitrile Hydratase

A novel distorted square-pyramidal N2S3-type Co(III) complex with a vacant site was synthesized as an active center model of nitrile hydratases (NHases) and characterized by UV–vis and 1H NMR spect...

Field of study: Chemistry
On the asymptotic properties of ldu-based tests of the rank of a matrix

Gill and Lewbel recently introduced a test for the rank of a matrix based on the LDU decomposition. Unfortunately, the asymptotic distribution suggested by them is incorrect except in a very limited problem. In general, the asymptotic distribution is that of a highly complicated nonlinear function of a normally distributed random vector that appears to defy useful characterization. The LDU decomposition can be used to produce a valid test asymptotically equivalent to the minimum-X 2 test.

Field of study: Mathematics
The Peer's Dilemma: A general framework to examine cooperation in pure peer-to-peer systems

The exploration of social dilemmas is being considered a major foundation for encountering the enforced necessities of cooperation in self-organizing environments. Such environments are characterized by self-interested parties and the absence of trusted third parties. Recent approaches apply evolutionary socio-inspired games to formally prove the existence and further prolongation of cooperation patterns within communities. For instance, the Prisoner's Dilemma game has thus provided a rich opportunity to examine self-interested behaviors in pure peer-to-peer networks. However, assuming a total absence of coalitions, incentives and punishment mechanisms, several works argue against a durable maintenance of cooperation neither at single-shot nor repeated-scenarios. In this article, we formally and experimentally demonstrate a counterexample for the latter by applying evolutionary game theory and a particular instance of the Rock-Scissors-Paper game. Our framework proves that the cyclic dominance of certain type of nodes within a P2P system has an impact and introduces a strategic aspect to the evolution of the overall community.

Field of study: Computer science
Energy dependence of elliptic flow over a large pseudorapidity range in Au+Au collisions at the BNL relativistic heavy ion collider.

This Letter describes the measurement of the energy dependence of elliptic flow for charged particles in Au+Au collisions using the PHOBOS detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. Data taken at collision energies of square root of s(NN)=19.6, 62.4, 130, and 200 GeV are shown over a wide range in pseudorapidity. These results, when plotted as a function of eta(')=|eta|-y(beam), scale with approximate linearity throughout eta('), implying no sharp changes in the dynamics of particle production as a function of pseudorapidity or increasing beam energy.

Field of study: Physics
A finite element model with nonviscous damping

A constitutive law by which structural damping is modeled as a relationship between stress, strain, and strain rate in a material is used in conjunction with the finite element method to develop general integral expressions for viscous and nonviscous damping matrices. To solve the set of nonlinear equations resulting from the presence of nonviscous damping, a solution technique is developed by modifying the Newmark method to accommodate an iterative solution and treat the nonviscous damping as a pseudo-force. The technique is then checked for accuracy and convergence in single- and multi-degree-of-freedom problems, and is found to be accurate and efficient for initial-condition problems with small nonviscous damping.

Field of study: Physics
Transport of a high-intensity electron beam in neutral gases

An experimental investigation was made of the interaction between a pulsed high-current relativistic electron beam (having an energy of ~ 1 MeV, a current of ~ 10 kA, and a pulse duration of ~ 60 nsec) with neutral gases in the pressure range 1–750 Torr. It was found that in gas mixtures used in chemical lasers the proportion of the beam energy deposited in a gas at a pressure of 750 Torr in an interaction chamber 100-cm long may reach 40% (100 J). The experimental results were in good agreement with the single-particle theory of interaction between fast relativistic electrons and a gas.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
胡桃变应原蛋白基因jug r 1在pET32表达系统中的高效表达

胡桃(Walnut,Juglans regia),也叫核桃,与扁桃、榛子、腰果并称为世界四大干果,被广泛地应用于各类食品中,是引起食物过敏的主要食品之一. Allergy & Anaphylaxis Network,FAAN)统计的数据显示:在引起过敏反应的坚果类食品中,胡桃位居第一(占34%),其次是腰果和杏仁,分别占20%和15%[1]。

Field of study: Biology
Systematic parameter acquisition method for electrochemical model of 4.35 V LiCoO2 batteries

Electrochemical model plays an important role in studying the relationship between the corresponding parameters and battery performance. To improve the accuracy and persuasion of the electrochemical model, a systematic method for key parameters acquisition in 4.35 V LiCoO2 batteries with wound type cell design is presented in this paper. The design specification, lithium ion concentrations, kinetic parameters are measured using different experimental and computational method. In this work, the volume fractions, porosity, states of charge of individual electrodes, diffusion coefficient and membrane impedance Rsf of LiCoO2/graphite pouch cells were estimated. It is found that the diffusion coefficients during discharge processes are larger than the values in the charge processes by Galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT), while the diffusion coefficient calculated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed two orders of magnitude smaller as compared with GITT. Based on the experimental and computational results obtained herein this work, the pseudo-two-dimensional (P2D) electrochemical model can predict the electrochemical characteristics with high accuracy.

Field of study: Materials science
Population viability models for an endangered endemic subtropical butterfly: effects of density and fire on population dynamics and risk of extinction

AbstractPopulation
 viability analyses for butterflies typically use metapopulation models, but for endemic species with no redundancy among subpopulations, we need to understand local population dynamics. However, little is known about the sensitivity of butterfly population vital rates and viability to disturbances such as fire. We fit quadratic models to monthly butterfly count data (1999–2014) to estimate an annual population density index that represents density during peak abundance each year. Relative population growth rate was estimated using a time series of the population density index, and population dynamics parameters r0 and K were estimated by fitting relative growth rates (RGRs) to density independent and dependent models that include the effects of fire. Population models were simulated 20 and 100 years into the future to evaluate the sensitivity of extinction probability to density dependent dynamics and fire. Although the density independent model had the highest relative likelihood, density dependent models produced population trajectories with behavior more congruent with data from the Anaea troglodyta floridalis population. The absence of fire increased sensitivity of RGR to density, and the occurrence of fire buffered this sensitivity by increasing carrying capacity. Extinction risk was most sensitive to the inclusion of density dependent dynamics. Density dependent models provided a more optimistic outlook relative to density independent models (8 vs. 66 % probability of extinction in 20 years). Our simulations suggest that improving carrying capacity would provide the best buffer to extinction for this endangered endemic butterfly.

Field of study: Environmental science
Large Josephson current in Weyl nodal loop semimetals due to odd-frequency superconductivity

Weyl nodal loop semimetals (WNLs) host a closed nodal line loop Fermi surface in the bulk, protected zero-energy flat band, or drumhead, surface states, and strong spin-polarization. The large density of states of the drumhead states makes WNL semimetals exceedingly prone to electronic ordering. At the same time, the spin-polarization naively prevents conventional superconductivity due to its spin-singlet nature. Here we show the complete opposite: WNLs are extremely promising materials for superconducting Josephson junctions, entirely due to odd-frequency superconductivity. By sandwiching a WNL between two conventional superconductors we theoretically demonstrate the presence of very large Josephson currents, even up to orders of magnitude larger than for normal metals. The large currents are generated both by an efficient transformation of spin-singlet pairs into odd-frequency spin-triplet pairing by the Weyl dispersion and the drumhead states ensuring exceptionally proximity effect. As a result, WNL Josephson junctions offer unique possibilities for detecting and exploring odd-frequency superconductivity.

Field of study: Physics