nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Time-frequency distribution kernels using FIR filter design techniques

Time-frequency (t-f) distribution kernels are obtained using finite impulse response filter design methods. Two methods are considered: the window method and the frequency sampling method. The ideal kernel is first specified in the ambiguity domain. At each time-lag, an FIR filter approximating the desired response is designed using one of the above methods. The individual responses along the different lags are then assembled to construct a finite extent t-f kernel with desirable characteristics. Two different classes of kernels are therefore introduced. While the window based t-f kernels are simple, noniteratively generated, and can be used for all practical considerations, the frequency sampling class of kernels is computationally efficient and leads to recursive computations. Kernels from the two different classes are presented along with simulation examples which illustrate their performance.

Field of study: Engineering
[Subtype and sequence analysis of gag gene of HIV-1 among men who have sex with men in Zhengzhou, Henan Province].

To investigate the subtype distribution of human immunodeficiency virus-1(HIV-1) infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, forty blood samples were collected from HIV-1 carriers, who acknowledged to have sex with men. The complete gag gene was amplified by RT-PCR and nested-PCR and sequenced. All sequences were edited by BioEdit and subtyped by genotyping software. Phylogenetic analysis of gag gene were then performed using the MEGA 3.1 software, the gene distances were calculated by Distance program. There were three different HIV-1 subtypes including B, CRF01-AE and CRF07-BC present among twenty four MSMs in Zhengzhou. Genotyping results showed that 33.33% (8/24) were B, 41.67% (10/24) were CRF01-AE and 25% (6/24) were CRF07-BC, and subtype CRF01-AE had become the most prevalent HIV-1 subtype in Zhengzhou, Henan province. In conclusion, recombinant HIV-1 strains are circulating in Henan province and the epidemiology is complicated.

Field of study: Biology
Mathematical models of the photosynthetic response of tree stands to rising CO2 concentrations and temperatures

Two published models of canopy photosynthesis, MAESTRO and BIOMASS, are simulated to examine the response of tree stands to increasing ambient concentrations of carbon dioxide (Ca) and temperatures. The models employ the same equations to described leaf gas exchange, but differ considerably in the level of detail employed to represent canopy structure and radiation environment. Daily rates of canopy photosynthesis simulated by the two models agree to within 10% across a range of CO2 concentrations and temperatures. A doubling of Ca leads to modest increases of simulated daily canopy photosynthesis at low temperatures (10% increase at 10°C), but larger increases at higher temperatures (60% increase at 30°C). The temperature and CO2 dependencies of canopy photosynthesis are interpreted in terms of simulated contributions by quantum-saturated and non-saturated foliage. Simulations are presented for periods ranging from a diurnal cycle to several years. Annual canopy photosynthesis simulated by BIOMASS for trees experiencing no water stress is linearly related to simulated annual absorbed photosynthetically active radiation, with light utilization coefficients for carbon of ɛ= 1.66 and 2.07g MJ−1 derived for Ca of 350 and 700 μmol mol−1, respectively.

Field of study: Environmental science
Multiple Coulomb excitation of a 70Ge beam and the interpretation of the 02+ state as a deformed intruder

Electromagnetic properties of the low-lying states in a 70Ge nucleus were studied through the multiple Coulomb excitation of a 70Ge beam with a natPb target. Relative γ-ray intensities were measured as a function of emission angle relative to the scattered projectile. Sixteen E2 matrix elements, including diagonal ones, for 6 low-lying states have been determined using the least-squares search code GOSIA. The expectation values 〈Q2〉 of 01+ and 02+ states in 70Ge are compared with those in 72, 74, 76Ge. Simple mixing calculations indicate that the 02+ states in 70Ge and 72Se can be treated as deformed intruder states. It is shown that the deformed intruder becomes the ground state in 74Kr. These interpretations of the 02+ states in this region are compared with the potential-energy surface calculations by the Nilsson-Strutinsky model, which allow to interpret the experimental results in a qualitative way from the theoretical point of view.

Field of study: Physics
THE ROLE OF LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE, PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES AND BACTERIAL SUPERANTIGENS IN THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF LYMPHOTOXIN α AND β IN MOUSE SPLENOCYTES

Lymphotoxin α (LT-α) and lymphotoxin β (LT-β) are members of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family. Because of the importance of TNF in the pathogenesis of septic shock, the expression of LT-α and LT-β mRNA in murine splenocytes stimulated with different pro-inflammatory cytokines, sepsis-associated mediators such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and bacterial superantigens was investigated. The authors show that the bacterial superantigens, toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) and staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) upregulate LT-α mRNA expression in vitro in murine cells. Basal expression of LT-β mRNA was found in unstimulated murine splenocytes, and could be increased by the addition of the mitogen concanavalin A (Con A). Despite this suggested inducibility of the murine LT-β transcript, sepsis-associated mediators did not affect its regulation. Neither the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 2 (IL-2), TNF-α nor LPS alone or in combination with interferon γ (IFN-γ) had any effect on LT-β mRNA expression. The bacterial superantigens TSST-1, SEB and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A (SPEA) were also unable to upregulate LT-β mRNA transcript, in contrast to the observation with LT-α.

Field of study: Medicine
Identification of Novel Alleles and Structural Haplotypes of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I and DRB Genes in Domestic Cat (Felis catus) by a Newly Developed NGS-Based Genotyping Method

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a highly polymorphic and duplicated genomic region that encodes transplantation and immune regulatory molecules. Although it is well-known that particular MHC allelic polymorphisms and haplotypes are genetically relate to immune-mediated diseases detailed information of the cat MHC (Feline Leukocyte Antigen; FLA) genetic and haplotypic structure and diversity is limited in comparison to humans and many other species. In this study, to better understand the degree and types of allele and allelic haplotype diversity of FLA-class I (FLA-I) and FLA-DRB loci in domestic cats, we identified six expressible FLA-I loci in peripheral white blood cells by in silico estimation of the coding exons and NGS-based amplicon sequencing using five unrelated cats. We then used a newly developed NGS-based genotyping method to genotype and annotate 32 FLA-I and 16 FLA-DRB sequences in two families of 20 domestic cats. A total of 14 FLA-I and seven FLA-DRB were identified as novel polymorphic sequences. Phylogenetic analyses grouped the sequences into six FLA-I (FLA-E/H/K, FLA-A, FLA-J, FLA-L, FLA-O and a tentatively named FLA-E/H/K_Rec) and four FLA-DRB (FLA-DRB1, FLA-DRB3, FLA-DRB4, and FLA-DRB5) lineages. Pedigree analysis of two cat families revealed eight distinct FLA structural haplotypes (Class I – DRB) with five to eight FLA-I and two to three FLA-DRB transcribed loci per haplotype. It is evident that the eight FLA haplotypes were generated by gene duplications and deletions, and rearrangements by genetic recombination with the accumulation and/or inheritance of novel polymorphisms. These findings are useful for further genetic diversity analysis and disease association studies among cat breeds and in veterinary medicine.

Field of study: Biology
Design of the Fitness Function of Course Timetabling Based on Genetic Algorithm

Course timetabling is an important and complex work among the managements of school teaching.Course timetabling is a constrained and multiobjective combination optimization question,and is already a NP complete question by the proof.Genetic algorithms references biosphere and the natural genetic mechanism of natural selection,it is good at processing com-plex and misalignment problem which tradition searching algorithm can not be done.Designs the fitness function,the key of genetic algorithm solving the course timetabling.The result shows that it achieves the goal of course timetabling better,and provides theoretical basis for designing scientific and excellent course timetabling system.

Field of study: Computer science
Regional inequality in health and its determinants: evidence from China.

Health inequality is a problem with great political importance all over the world. Urban-rural inequality in health has attracted great attentions in recent years in China, but very few researches have been undertaken into regional discrepancies in health. This research aims at measuring the degree of regional health inequality in China and identifying its determinants. Indicators for health, socioeconomic status, health resources and health services delivery were selected through Delphi consultations from 18 experts. With cross-sectional data from 31 provinces, composite health indexes were generated. The regional inequality in health was described by Lorenz curve and measured by Gini coefficient. The determinants of health inequality were identified through canonical correlation analysis. The results showed that there existed distinct regional disparities in health in China, which were mainly reflected in "Maternal & Child Health" and "Infectious Diseases", not in the most commonly used health indicator average life expectancy. The regional health inequality in China was increasing with the rapid economic growth. The regional health inequality was associated with not only the distribution of wealth, but also the distribution of health resources and primary health care services. Policy makers need to be aware of three major challenges when they try to achieve and maintain equality in distribution of health: First, the most commonly used health indicators are not necessarily sensitive enough to detect health inequalities. Second, increase in health inequality is often accompanied with rapid economic growth and increase in life expectancy. Countries in transition are facing the greatest challenge in developing a fair and equitable health care system. Finally, investment in health resources does bring about differences in distribution of health. However, primary health care plays a more important role than hospital services in reducing regional disparities in health.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Kies die ras wat jóú pas

Om kant te kies tussen melkbeesrasse, is om jou kop in 'n byenes te steek. Johannes Vermaak, 'n boer van Humansdorp, het eenkeer gese dat jy lief moet wees vir die ras waarmee jy boer, anders gaan jy nooit tevrede wees of lekker boer nie, ten spyte van al die goeie eienskappe van daardie ras.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Thermogenesis, myoclonic twitching, and ultrasonic vocalization in neonatal rats during moderate and extreme cold exposure.

Physiological and behavioral responses of 2- and 7-8-day-old rats were monitored during moderate and extreme cold exposure. During moderate cold exposure (30 degrees C < or = air temperature < or = 32.5 degrees C), pups at both ages increased heat production, maintained an elevated interscapular temperature, and maintained baseline levels of myoclonic twitching, a behavior commonly associated with active sleep. During extreme cold exposure (21 degrees C < or = air temperature < or = 25 degrees C), pups at both ages continued producing metabolic heat, but now exhibited pronounced decreases in interscapular temperature and decreased rates of myoclonic twitching. Furthermore, the 7-8-day-old pups exhibited significant increases in ultrasound production, and males vocalized more than females. These results suggest the presence of a narrow subthermoneutral zone in neonates in which nonshivering thermogenesis is regulated and sleep-related behaviors are protected.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Channeling von α-Teilchen in Anthrazen-, p-Terphenyl- und Lithiumfluoridkristallen

Channeling of 8.79 MeV α particles in monocrystals of anthracene, p-terphenyl, and lithium fluoride was studied in transmission experiments atT=130 K. For LiF the measurements were performed at room temperature as well to show the temperature dependence of the transmitted particle spectra. Critical angles were measured for the [001] axis of anthracene, the [¯102] axis of p-terphenyl, and the three main axes of lithium fluoride.

Field of study: Physics
Cenozoic continental deposits of New Mexico: An overview

Cenozoic rocks of New Mexico are wholly continental in origin and contrast markedly with most pre-Cenozoic deposits. Extensive stratigraphic and paleontologic work facilitates correlations and paleoenvironmental reconstructions; less extensive sedimentologic and petrologic studies allow detailed reconstructions of dispersal patterns and provenance locally. The accompanying papers summarizing recent research on the Cenozoic of New Mexico provide many new insights concerning paleontology, sedimentology, stratigraphy, and tectonics. The Cenozoic history of New Mexico can be divided into three phases on the basis of plate-tectonic events affecting the southwestern United States and styles of deformation, magmatism, and sedimentation in local areas. The Paleocene and Eocene were characterized by amagmatic basement deformation (Laramide orogeny), resulting in complex uplifts and basins, followed by widespread beveling. Massive outpourings of intermediate to silicic volcanics characterized much of the state during the Oligocene. The Neogene (Miocene to Holocene) has been characterized by extensional tectonics and bimodal volcanism, best expressed by the Rio Grande rift. Local sedimentary and paleontologic histories of the numerous Cenozoic basins of New Mexico reflect these regional tectonic processes.

Field of study: Geology
Review on A Reconfigurable Smart Sensor Interface using IEEE 1451family for WSN

This paper presents a design of the smart module based on the IEEE 1451. A set of common transducer interfaces has been defined in the family of IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 1451 Standards for connecting sensors and actuators to microcontrollers, control and field networks, and instrumentation systems. The standards also defined the Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (TEDS), which allows the self-identification of sensors. The interfaces provide standardized methods to facilitate the “plug and play” of sensors to networks and instrumentation systems. IEEE1451, smart transducer, microcontroller, smart sensors, network capable application processor (NCAP), transducer electronic data sheet (TEDS), wireless sensor.

Field of study: Engineering
Geographic coherence of millennial-scale climate cycles during the Holocene

Varve thickness measurements and variation in sediment texture have been compiled for an intermittently varved sequence of Holocene sediments at ODP Site 893 in the Santa Barbara Basin (SBB), off California. A varve-based age model is generated from the varve counts, using interpolation across homogeneous intervals. With this age model, the varve thickness and sediment texture time series are compared to published GISP2 stable oxygen isotope and aerosol data as well as to the atmospheric Δ14C record. Variation in sediment texture at Site 893 shows the presence of a ∼ 1000 year cycle, which is attributed to fluctuations in the degree of ventilation of the basin. Cross spectral analysis shows that this cycle is coherent with the GISP2 δ18O record and with atmospheric Δ14C throughout the Holocene. The correlation with the Δ14C record indicates that this ∼ 1000 year cycle is related to solar cycles, which appear to have a noticeable impact especially on circum-North Atlantic climate. The presence of the 1000 year cycle in the SBB is attributed to a tele-connection with the Northern high latitudes, most likely via intermediate water formation in the North Pacific. In contrast, the GISP2 aerosol record and variation in varve thickness at ODP Site 893 show a coherent ∼ 2750 year cycle, which does not correlate with the ∼ 1000 year cycle. Varve thickness in SBB has been shown to correlate with annual rainfall, which occurs mainly during winter when prevailing winds slacken. Both the GISP2 aerosol and SBB varve thickness records are therefore interpreted as a measure for a combination of wind stress and aridity. The correlation is negative, in that thick varves/wet climate in SBB occur during times that the aerosol load is high at GISP2 (dry). The presence of two distinct patterns of millennial scale variation points to regional trends in climate change during the Holocene. However, the fact that both patterns occur at two distant localities suggest that they represent differential behaviour of supra-regional climate systems of which the effects can be traced over large parts of the globe.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Orthogonality in normed linear spaces

Let B be a real normed l inear space. We will say t ha t B is Eucl idean if the re is a symmet r i c bi l inear funct ional (u, v) (called the inner p roduc t of u and v) defined for u, v e B , such t h a t ( u , u ) = l l u l l 2 for every u e B . In a Euc l idean space we have the cus tomary def ini t ion of or thogonal i ty , viz. an c lement u is o r thogona l to an e lement v (in n o t a t i o n u • if and only if (u, v)=O. I t is an immed ia t e consequence of this defini t ion t ha t o r thogona l i ty has the following propert ies : (a) I f u • then v_l_u (Symmetry) ; (b) If u• then ~u,• for all real A (Homogenei ty) ; (c) If u • and v_l_w, then ( u + v ) • (Addi t iv i ty) ; (d) Fo r every pa i r u, v E B there is a number a such tha t u,i , (au+v). I f a~, by, c~, v = 1, 2, . . . , m, are real numbers sat isfying

Field of study: Mathematics
Developing a passive house with a double-skin envelope based on energy and airflow performance

This research originated from an interest in developing products with a holistic and interdisciplinary systems engineering approach, toward fostering sustainability. A comprehensive method which helps designers make better decisions in the earliest design stage was applied for conceptual model development and comparison. The study developed a new-design passive house with a double-skin envelope that delivers better energy consumption performance for heating and cooling relative to a conventional reference house, while achieving comfort-level indoor temperatures. A single-façade reference house was designed with the identical geometry, material and conditions of the new house living quarters, in order to demonstrate the new house performance using a valid comparison. The new house and reference house were simulated cases and were not calibrated by actual models. The energy simulations demonstrated that the heating and cooling demands of the new house were 19.1% and 18.8% lower than those of the reference house, respectively. Furthermore, fluid dynamics behavior of the air inside the double-skin envelope was analyzed to demonstrate the airflow’s contribution to the energy performance. Computational fluid dynamics simulations revealed that turbulent airflow in the underground space on summer day increased heat transfer, and laminar airflow in the double-skin roof on winter night decreased such transfer.

Field of study: Engineering
Deposition of diamond from alcohol precursors in an electron cyclotron resonance plasma system

Microstructural control is a critical issue in the use of diamond films in a variety of engineering applications. Using a novel, electrostatic-based particle seeding process, we have investigated the deposition of diamond films with varying areal nucleation densities. Depositions were performed at low pressures (1.000 and 1.500 Torr) in a modified electron cyclotron resonance plasma system. Methyl alcohol was the primary diamond precursor species. Scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy were used to evaluate microstructure and composition characteristics. Comparisons in deposition characteristics were made based on relative nucleation density and gas-phase composition.

Field of study: Materials science
Ice formation of aqueous solution and its removal phenomena around vertical cooled cylinder

Experimental and analytical studies for freezing phenomena of ethylene glycol solution around a vertical cooled polyvinyl-chloride cylinder have been performed. It is found that the crystal ice formed around the vertical cylinder is removed from the cylinder surface due to a buoyancy force acting on the crystal ice. The crystal ice slides along the cylinder surface due to buoyancy force and grows in the shape of a tube by joining with the neighboring ice. It is shown that the onset of ice removal condition is related to the heat flux ratio, ‘from the cylinder surface into the cylinder’ to ‘from the cylinder surface into the solution’. The ice removal occurs more easily for short cylinders than for long ones.

Field of study: Engineering
Interface Energy of Crystal Faces of IIА-Type Metals at Boundaries with Nonpolar Organic Liquids, Allowing for Dispersion and Polarization Corrections

The effect an organic liquid has on the orientation dependence of the polarization and dispersion corrections to the interface energy of IIА-type metals is considered. The interface energy of metal crystal faces is determined within these corrections using the electron statistic approach. The interface energy is calculated as a function of the atomic number of the element and of concentration of particles at the face.

Field of study: Physics
Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Relating to Fire Prevention among Students in the Elementary Schools of Muang Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand

In 2010, the department of disaster prevention and mitigation, Thailand reported that during 2006 – 2010 the statistics of fire in temples, schools and offices was increasing every year. Only in 2010, there was 80 cases. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of the students in thirty two elementary schools toward fire prevention. Verbal consent was taken from the students who were willing to participate in the study. Six hundred and thirty students were 359 female, 266 male and 5 not identified. The mean of age of the studied subjects was 11.09±1.07 and ranged from 6 to 13 years. These students completed questionnaire which was designed by the researchers and evaluated by the institute members of occupational health and safety department. The content validity of item-objective congruence index (IOC) is 0.83 which means the consistent questions with the objectives. The collection data were analyzed by 2-independent samples test and Pearson Chi-square (p DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2013.v3n7p288

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Die Streuung von Röntgenstrahlen an Neon und Argon

ZusammenfassungDie Intensitätsverteilung der Streustrahlung an Neon wird nach der Wallerschen Methode auf Grund des Hartreemodells gerechnet. Messungen von Wollan an Neon stimmen mit dieser Verteilung überein, ebenso die Argonmessungen mit der entsprechenden theoretischen Kurve. Der Gültigkeitsbereich der angenäherten Comptonschen Rechnung wird gezeigt.

Field of study: Physics