nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Lichtmikroskopie mit mechanischer Vorvergrößerung

By mechanically stretching a rubber replica prior to examination, the limits of resolution of the light microscope (according to Abbe) may be surpassed without the expenditure of any surplus energy. Replica and stretching can be described by a relief transfer function similar to that used in the optical transfer theory. This function was attained from the transfer of a step of mica. It is possible to describe the process as a linear transfer channel within the limits given.

Field of study: Physics
Integral Inequalities of Hermite-Hadamard Type for Harmonic (h,s)-Convex Functions

In this paper, we introduce a new concept of harmonic (h,s)-convex functions in the second sense which generalizes the harmonic convex functions. Some Hermite-Hadamard-Fejer type integral inequalities are derived. Some special cases also discussed. Results derived in this paper represent significant refinement and improvement of the known results.

Field of study: Mathematics
Quantitative distribution of protein kinase C α, β, γ, and ϵ mRNAS in the hippocampus of control and nictitating membrane conditioned rabbits

We used oligonucleotide in situ hybridization and film autoradiography to quantitate the distributions of protein kinase C (PKC) α, β, γ, and ϵ mRNAs in subregions of rabbit hippocampus. Levels of each of the hippocampal PKC isozyme mRNAs and patterns of their regional distributions were remarkably invariant between individuals. Within stratum pyramidale, the highest levels of PKC α mRNA were in the CA2 region, while PKC β mRNA was maximally expressed in CA1, and PKC ϵ mRNA in CA3; PKC γ mRNA was abundantly expressed throughout Ammon's horn. Previous experiments employing quantitative autoradiography for [ 3 H]PDBU (Olds et al., Science , 245 (1989) 866–869) revealed an increase in membrane-bound PKC in the CA1 region of rabbit hippocampus up to 3 days following classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response. We report here that there were no differences in levels of PKC α, β, γ, or ϵ mRNA between conditioned and control rabbits in any hippocampal region one day after training. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that PKC is post-translationally activated and translocated to the membrane during memory storage.

Field of study: Biology
In Situ Synthesis of Silicon–Carbon Composites and Application as Lithium-Ion Battery Anode Materials

Silicon can be used in a variety of applications. Particularly, silicon particles are attracting increased attention as energy storage materials for lithium-ion batteries. However, silicon has a limited cycling performance owing to its peeling from the current collector and the volume expansion that occurs during alloying with lithium in the charging process. Significant contributors to this problem are the even distribution of silicon nanoparticles within the carbon matrix and their deep placement in the internal structure. In this study, we synthesized silicon nanoparticles and carbon materials via a bottom-up approach using a new method called plasma in solution. Silicon nanoparticles and the carbon matrix were synthesized in a structure similar to carbon black. It was confirmed that the silicon particles were evenly distributed in the carbon matrix. In addition, the evaluation of the electrochemical performance of the silicon–carbon matrix (Si–C) composite material showed that it exhibited stable cycling performance with high reversible capacity.

Field of study: Materials science
BCS–BEC Crossover in Two-Dimensional Attractive Hubbard Model under Magnetic Field

The Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS)–Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) crossover in the two-dimensional attractive Hubbard model under the magnetic field is discussed at the half-filling at T = 0 K on the basis of the formalism of Eagles and Leggett. It is shown that the so-called Fulde–Ferrel–Larkin–Ovchinikov (FFLO)-like state with a non-zero center-of-mass wave vector q ≠ 0 is not stabilized in the weak-coupling (BCS) region, while such a state with q ≠ 0 is stabilized against that with q = 0 even in a wide strong-coupling (BEC) region where di-fermion molecules are formed. The physical implication of this surprising result is discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Antibiotic resistance of non-fermentative gram-negative bacilli (Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter) in patients admitted to the Basat and Towhed Hospitals in Sanandaj City in 2007-2008

Antibiotic resistance in different groups of bacteria is a major problem in the treatment of various infections. Survey prevalence of antibiotic-resistant and monitoring this bacteria will improve the conditions of patients with bacterial infections.  In this study we examine the record results resistance patterns and antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates from Besat and Tohid hospitals in Sanandaj within a year. The prevalence of resistance in the two families of Pseudomonas bacteria and Acinetobacter were evaluated.  Of 10,000 clinical specimens were referred to Sanandaj’s Hospitals, 60 strains of non-fermentative gram-negative bacteriawhich P. aeruginosa with 66/41%, other Pseudomonas species with 40% and Acinetobacter 33/18%were isolated.  for effective treatment of severe infections caused by these bacteria, it is necessary to combination therapy with an aminoglycoside antibiotic and synthetic penicillins such Ticarcillin or Piperacillin.

Field of study: Medicine
Density profile equation with p-Laplacian: Analysis and numerical simulation

Analytical properties of a nonlinear singular second order boundary value problem in ordinary differential equations posed on an unbounded domain for the density profile of the formation of microscopic bubbles in a nonhomogeneous fluid are discussed. Especially, sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of solutions are derived. Two approximation methods are presented for the numerical solution of the problem, one of them utilizes the open domain Matlab code bvpsuite. The results of numerical simulations are presented and discussed.

Field of study: Mathematics
Osteoclast Precursors Display Dynamic Metabolic Shifts toward Accelerated Glucose Metabolism at an Early Stage of RANKL-Stimulated Osteoclast Differentiation

Mature osteoclasts have an increased citric acid cycle and mitochondrial respiration to generate high ATP production and ultimately lead to bone resorption. However, changes in metabolic pathways during osteoclast differentiation have not been fully illustrated. We report that glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation characterized by glucose and oxygen consumption as well as lactate production were increased during receptor activator of nuclear factor-ĸB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis from RAW264.7 and bone marrow-derived macrophage cells. Cell proliferation and differentiation varied according to glucose concentrations (0 to 100 mM). Maximal cell growth occurred at 20 mM glucose concentration and differentiation occurred at 5 mM concentration. Despite the similar growth rates exhibited when cultured cells were exposed to either 5 mM or 40 mM glucose, their differentiation was markedly decreased in high glucose concentrations. This finding suggests the possibility that osteoclastogenesis could be regulated by changes in metabolic substrate concentrations. To further address the effect of metabolic shift on osteoclastogenesis, we exposed cultured cells to pyruvate, which is capable of promoting mitochondrial respiration. Treatment of pyruvate synergistically increased osteoclastogenesis through the activation of RANKL-stimulated signals (ERK and JNK). We also found that osteoclastogenesis was retarded by blocking ATP production with either the inhibitors of mitochondrial complexes, such as rotenone and antimycin A, or the inhibitor of ATP synthase, oligomycin. Taken together, these results indicate that glucose metabolism during osteoclast differentiation is accelerated and that a metabolic shift towards mitochondrial respiration allows high ATP production and induces enhanced osteoclast differentiation.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Effects of in situ habitat quality and landscape characteristics in the oil palm agricultural matrix on tropical understory birds, fruit bats and butterflies

The expansion of commercial oil palm crop has modified much of the natural landscape, subsequently leading to biodiversity loss in Southeast Asia. Aside from large-scale oil palm monoculture plantations, self-managed oil palm smallholdings are also becoming common in palm oil producing countries, but less is known about how management of the smallholdings affects faunal biodiversity. We argue that it is critically important to understand the role of habitat complexity at the local and landscape scales for maintaining faunal biodiversity in oil palm smallholdings. We used passive sampling methods to survey understory birds, fruit bats, and butterflies in oil palm smallholdings on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. We quantified the diversity in each taxon and measured in situ habitat quality and landscape metrics. We found that oil palm smallholdings located near rice fields supported fewer bird species. Proximity to roads can give rise to bird and fruit bat richness. Bird and fruit bat richness declined at sites with high crop density. Fruit bat richness declined, but butterfly richness increased, with the height of oil palm stands. Butterfly richness declined with distance from riparian habitats. Decreased coverage and height of ground vegetation also negatively affected butterfly species richness. We also found that the number of farm houses is positively related to bird, fruit bat, and butterfly species richness. Of the three taxa, only butterfly richness was positively influenced by crop diversity. We found that habitat complexity enables smallholdings to support a diverse community of birds and butterflies, but not fruit bats. These findings imply that oil palm smallholdings can be managed in a conservation agricultural matrix, as the smallholdings were able to maintain farmland biodiversity.

Field of study: Environmental science
Cloning and sequence analysis of coat protein gene of Cucumber mosaic virus under low temperature stress

Aiming at studying CMV coat protein gene sequence variation and further analysis the evolutionary mechanism of plant RNA viruses upon low temperature stress,tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum var.Samsun NN) in-fected with cucumber mosaic virus isolate(CMV-BG) was planted under room temperature and low temperature for 30 d,and then the CMV cp gene was cloned and its sequence and polymorphism were analyzed.The results showed that cp gene polymorphism(Pi=0.001 76) in low-temperature group was higher than that in normal temperature group(Pi=0.001 14),and the 48th amino acid site was a positive selection site in low-temperature group,detected by IFEL.It showed that low temperature stress can improve the CMV-BG cp gene polymorphism,and it is an important force for gene sequence evolution of RNA viruses during the interaction between the host and the virus.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Assessment of physical activity in chronic kidney disease.

Physical inactivity plays an important role in the development of kidney disease and its complications; however, the validity of standard tools for measuring physical activity (PA) is not well understood.



We investigated the performance of several readily available and widely used PA and physical function questionnaires, individually and in combination, against accelerometry among a cohort of chronic kidney disease (CKD) participants.



Forty-six participants from the Seattle Kidney Study, an observational cohort study of persons with CKD, completed the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly, Human Activity Profile (HAP), Medical Outcomes Study SF-36 questionnaire, and the Four-week Physical Activity History questionnaires. We simultaneously measured PA using an Actigraph GT3X accelerometer during a 14-day period. We estimated the validity of each instrument by testing its associations with log-transformed accelerometry counts. We used the Akaike information criterion to investigate the performance of combinations of questionnaires.



All questionnaire scores were significantly associated with log-transformed accelerometry counts. The HAP correlated best with accelerometry counts (r(2) = 0.32) followed by SF-36 (r(2) = 0.23). Forty-three percent of the variability in accelerometry counts data was explained by a model that combined the HAP, SF-36, and Four-week Physical Activity History questionnaires.



A combination of measurement tools can account for a modest component of PA in patients with CKD; however, a substantial proportion of PA is not captured by standard assessments.

Field of study: Medicine
On Probabilities in Bridge

In the game of bridge, the probability of a successful finesse, or a favorable “break” in a suit, depends not only upon the original deal, but also upon all the bids and plays which have been made by one's opponents. The widely quoted a priori probabilities, based solely upon the deal, are not generally correct, and are often misleading, after play has begun. This paper shows that the evaluation of probabilities during the course of play of bridge requires the use of the Bayes formula. Two examples are given to illustrate the proper application of that formula to the measurement of probabilities in typical situations arising in bridge.

Field of study: Mathematics
Developing the Scholarship of Pedagogy– Pathfinding in Adverse Settings

The paper looks at the feasibility and value of the scholarship of pedagogy (SoP) in an institutional context where it is not a common practice. I will draw on my experience with other colleagues at our university concerning the constraints, shortcomings and achievements of SoP, and use this as a springboard for reflection on its transitional nature as a "pathfinding route" in adverse settings (Shulman, 2004). I will also discuss implications on how we might assess its value, arguing that this assessment should take into account not only its quality as a research-oriented activity, but also its situational relevance. Ultimately, there may be no universal answer to the question "what is valuable SoP?"

Field of study: Education
Research on Reversing Solidification Copper/Steel Electrical Train Wire

using reversing solidification crystallizing equipment to manufacture it, then the macrostructure of the samples and the distributions of alloy elements is studied, as well as the microstructure of copper and copper alloy and the distributing of hardness across the copper sample is analyzed. As the result, the copper can be packaged onto the steel core and the alloy elements can be distributed to the surface by using reversing solidification technology so that the strength and hardness of the electrical train wire is enhanced also.

Field of study: Materials science
Toward a room temperature Schafroth superconductor based on charged excitonic complexes

In 1954, Schafroth proposed a mechanism for superconductivity that is physically possible, but ended up not being the explanation of the well known BCS superconductors. The proposal argued correctly that a Bose condensate of charged bosons should also be a superconductor. In 1996, V.I. Yudson proposed a way to produce a charged boson by attaching two free charges to an exciton in a semiconductor, to make a "quaternion". While that state was never seen in III-V semiconductors, our calculations show that it is predicted to be stable in structures made with monolayers of transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) materials. We present experimental spectroscopic measurements that agree with this theory, which indicate that we have observed this charged-boson state in this type of structure. This opens up a new path for pursuing room temperature superconductivity.

Field of study: Physics
H for heat stability

Heat instability, popularly referred to as milk flocculation, may result from a variety of reasons that are not well understood. However, it does appear that cow dietary composition may be involved and cleaning milk lines may be implicated, as protease activity is sometimes found. Furthermore, metabolic and enzymatic alterations occur when milk is heated, especially with long-life products. In this article, I examine the evidence available in cow dietary composition.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
No. 42738. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and Peru

Loan Agreement (Regional Transport Decentralization Project) between the Republic of Peru and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (with schedules and General Conditions Applicable to Loan and Guarantee Agreements for Fixed-Spread Loans dated 1 September 1999, as amended through 1 May 2004). Lima, 15 March 2006

Field of study: Political science
An Attempt to Address the Question, “Are Weather patterns Changing?” for a Nonspecialist Audience

This paper is derived from an address at an Illinois agricultural conference an the specified topic, “Are weather patterns changing?” It examines three contrasting perspectives on the weather and climate of the recent past and immediate future evident in the contemporary literature. One standpoint has interpreted recent weather extremes and climatic fluctuations as evidence that the earth is undergoing a larger-scale climatic change towards a cooler and more variable regime, while an alternative view considers these extremes and fluctuations to be part of normal climate. The third perspective results from the recent pronounced increase in atmospheric CO2, which may induce a warm climate change. The request to provide this address offered the additional opportunity of drawing agriculturalists’ attention to the research their scientists, economists, and sociologists must perform before the adverse socioeconomic effects of weather and climate variability can he minimized. It was also stressed, howev...

Field of study: Environmental science
Measures of technical efficiency

Fare and Lovell ( (1978), 150–162) suggest four properties that a measure of technical efficiency should satisfy; the commonly employed Debreu-Farrell measure fails three of them. Necessary and sufficient conditions for a measure to satisfy the four conditions are provided and recently proposed measures are analyzed in the light of this result. Also, it is argued that the Debreu-Farrell measure has several desirable properties when one takes account of (1) (perhaps unknown) market prices and the relationship between technical and economic efficiency and (2) its characterization as a measure of economic efficiency using the shadow prices implicit in the production technology.

Field of study: Economics
Common Errors Made in Learning English Prepositions While Writing Essays by Iraqi Students

This study examines the most important commonly errors made in learning English prepositions while writing essays by Iraqi students of English as a foreign language. It  suggests some solutions to help them recover and overcome their errors. All the students come from non-English speaking background and hardly communicate in English outside  school. The study was carried out at preparatory schools in Diwaniya governorate in Iraq. Seventy essays were collected from two secondary schools and analyzed in relation to the theories of  Contrastive Analysis and Error Analysis. A detailed classification of the most common errors, their analysis, and the comparison of the total number of inter-lingual and intra-lingual errors are given place in this study. The study  aims to find out answers to the following research questions: 1.What are the types of prepositional errors committed while writing English Essays by Iraqi final year EFL senior secondary school students? 2.What are the causes/sources of prepositional errors committed while writing English Essays by Iraqi final year EFL senior secondary school students? 3.What is the effect of Arabic language interference on learning English language prepositions as used by Iraqi final year EFL senior secondary school students in Iraq? 4.What should be the appropriate method in teaching English prepositions to Iraqi EFL senior secondary school students? This study intends to use a qualitative content analysis of the students’ written essays in accordance with the Error Analysis approach. For this, the researcher intends to explore and analyze the written productions of the final year students’ essays. Thus, the results of the study identify the kinds of prepositional errors Iraqi students commit in writing as well as their sources and causes in Dewaniyah governorate in Iraq. This study has shed light on the manner in which students internalize the rules of the target language. Such an insight into language learning problems is useful to teachers as it provides information on common troubles confronted in language learning which can be used in the preparation of effective teaching materials.  error analysis , contrastive analysis DOI : 10.7176/JEP/10-32-04 Publication date: November 30 th 2019

Field of study: Education
The distribution and chemical nature of radioactive folates in rat liver cells and rat liver mitochondria.

Subcellular fractionation of rat liver cells revealed that a mixture of 14C- and 3H-labelled folic acid was distributed approximately equally between the mitochondria and cytosol 2, 24, 48 and 72 h after oral administration. Subfractionation of liver mitochondria 48 h after oral administration showed that the radioactivity was mainly associated with the inner membrane (27.7%) and matrix (51.5%). Hot-ascorbate extraction of the cell cytosol, mitochondrial inner membrane and matrix showed the majority of folates were present as polyglutamates. Acid treatment of isolated folates from cytosol, inner membrane and matrix produced breakdown products consistent with scission of tetrahydrofolates. The folates isolated in the mitochondrial matrix were bound to protein that had an estimated mol. wt. of 90,000.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Study on Fatigue Behavior of Single-lap Self-piercing Riveted Joints of Aluminum and Copper Alloy Dissimilar Sheet Materials

This paper analyzed the features of self-piercing riveted(SPR) joints of aluminum and copper(aluminum-copper) alloy dissimilar sheet materials.The maximum load-displacement curves and maximum load-fatigue life(S-N) curves which characterize the behaviors of SPR joints were obtained respectively by the static test and fatigue test.The failure modes and fatigue limits with every stress ratio of the SPR joints were discussed.The process of crack initiation and crack propagation path were analyzed and explained in this paper.The type of fatigue crack propagation was defined and the relation between crack growth rates and amplitude of stress intensity factors(△K) were discussed from the fracture mechanics point.The fatigue crack propagation life of SPR joints of Aluminum-Copper alloy dissimilar sheet materials was calculated on the basic of the relation.To some extent,the research could provide some references for fatigue failure mechanism analysis of SPR joints.

Field of study: Materials science