nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
In vivo effects of disulfiram and cyanamide on canine liver aldehyde dehydrogenase isoenzymes as detected by high-performance (pressure) liquid chromatography.

Methods for analysis of aldehyde dehydrogenase isoenzymes using high-performance (pressure) liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to determine in vivo effects of disulfiram and cyanamide on canine liver aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) isoenzymes. Liver ALDH isoenzymes from control and disulfiram- or cyanamide-treated dogs were separated by ion-exchange HPLC, and enzyme activity was detected using a postcolumn reactor. Two major peaks of ALDH activity (peaks I and II) were detected. Varying the composition of the reaction column reagents resulted in alterations in the elution profiles consistent with the kinetic properties of individual isoenzymes (i.e., ALDH IB in peak I and ALDH IIB in peak II), including estimates of the Km for acetaldehyde and the effects of magnesium ions on ALDH activity. Disulfiram treatment decreased both peaks depending on disulfiram dose and length of treatment, with peak I being more sensitive to inactivation than peak II. Reagents containing MgCl2 (1 mM) decreased peak I and increased peak II compared with EDTA (1 mM) for samples from both control and disulfiram-treated animals. These data are consistent with the assignment of the disulfiram-sensitive isoenzyme (ALDH IB) to peak I and the isoenzyme stimulated by magnesium ions (ALDH IIB) to peak II. In vivo cyanamide treatment produced similar decreases in both peaks to a maximum decrease of approximately 30% of control depending on cyanamide dose. Peak I, however, was more sensitive than peak II to in vitro inactivation by cyanamide, which suggests that cytosolic ALDH in the dog (in contrast to other mammals) is more sensitive to inactivation than mitochondrial ALDH.

Field of study: Medicine
Improved silica-zirconia sol synthesis for fabrication of a single-mode embedded dielectric channel waveguide with low transmission losses.

A novel inorganic-organic hybrid silica-zirconia solgel material, which can generate 10 microm thick film in a single spin-coating process, has been developed and employed in the fabrication of an embedded dielectric channel waveguide on a silica buffer layer of a silicon substrate. The fabricated channel waveguide core had steep ridge walls, good smoothness, and high robustness, and the novel sol synthesis enabled a precise control of the geometrical and optical parameters of the embedded dielectric channel waveguide. In the 1.55 microm telecommunication window, the fundamental modes TE(00) and TM(00) in the embedded channel waveguide had low transmission losses of 0.40 +/- 0.03 dB/cm and 0.59 +/- 0.03 dB/cm, respectively.

Field of study: Physics
Suppression of magnetotransport in strongly disordered graphene.

A tight-binding model with randomly fluctuating atomic positions is studied to discuss the effect of strong disorder in graphene. We employ a strong-disorder expansion for the transport quantities and find a diffusive behavior, where the conductivity is decreasing with increasing disorder. For sufficiently strong disorder the magnetic field drops out of the diffusion coefficient and the conductivity. This signals a strong suppression of magnetotransport effects, a result which is consistent with recent experimental observations by Morozov et al.

Field of study: Physics
The difference in perception on the importance of sex education for adolescence between elderly and adolescence

Sexual life is important in the life of a person, i:e. the interaction between male and female. An adequate knowledge of sex helps one to avoid a variety of problems in living, helps prevent sexual dysfunctions among other disorders, adds enjoyment of sex itself, and probably enhances life in numerous other ways. However, modern societies restrict and control the sexual behavior and expression of the young, so that the sex instinct does not prepare young person for a successful sex life.  To identify the difference in perception of the importance of sex education among adolescence between elderly and adolescence.  The study was carried out in Yogyakarta among elderly (retired person) and adolescence (students in the first year of their undergraduate study).  The study was undertaken using structured questionnaires distributed to subjects selected using simple random sampling.   Chi-square technique.  The results showed that there was a significant difference between the group of elderly subjects and adolescence according to the perception of the importance of the sex education among adolescence (p<0.05).  there is a relationship between age and the perception on the importance of sex education for  adolescence.  sexual education - elderly - adolescence

Field of study: Medicine
In the Wake of Good Governance: Impact Assessments and the Politicisation of Statutory Interpretation

For some time 'regulatory reform' has been a government watchword, and the streamlining and improved quality of regulation its professed ambition. Impact assessments (formerly known as regulatory impact assessments) are a significant ingredient in these governmental initiatives, now promoted by the newly created Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform. Just as they have come to refer rather freely to the Explanatory Notes that now accompany all public Acts of Parliament, judges have also begun to invoke impact assessments when construing legislation. This paper investigates the extent of this practice and the manner in which judges employ impact assessments. It warns of the potential consequences if the judiciary avails itself too readily of these highly politicised, and sometimes deceptive, documents. 'The aim of good prose words is to mean what they say.' G. K. Chesterton, DailyNews 22 April 1905

Field of study: Law
Risk factors for hypovitaminosis D in nondialyzed chronic kidney disease patients.

Hypovitaminosis D is highly prevalent among patients with chronic kidney disease and has been associated with worse outcome even in the earlier stages of the disease.



This study aimed to investigate the risk factors for hypovitaminosis D in nondialyzed patients with chronic kidney disease.



This cross-sectional study included 120 patients with chronic kidney disease at stages 2 to 5 (62% male, age: 55.4 ± 11.3 year, estimated glomerular filtration rate: 35.1 ± 15 mL/minute, body mass index [BMI]: 27.1 ± 5.2 kg/m(2), 31% diabetics). Serum 25-hydroxivitamin D [25(OH)D] was measured by chemiluminescence. Subjective global assessment, total body fat (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat (computed tomography), and several laboratory parameters were assessed.



Insufficiency of 25(OH)D (15 to 30 ng/mL) was observed in 55% and deficiency (<15 ng/mL) in 20% of the patients. Patients with diabetes, BMI ≥30 kg/m(2), and who had the blood collection during the winter or spring had lower levels of 25(OH)D. Serum 25(OH)D correlated inversely with parathyroid hormone, proteinuria, insulin resistance, leptin, and subcutaneous abdominal fat. The risk factors for hypovitaminosis D were diabetes (odds ratio: 3.8; 95% CI: 1.2 to 11.7; P = .022) and BMI ≥30 kg/m(2) (odds ratio: 4.3; 95% CI: 1.2 to 15.3; P = .018). In the logistic regression analysis adjusting for gender, skin color, and season of the year, diabetes and BMI ≥30 kg/m(2) were independently associated with hypovitaminosis D.



Diabetes and obesity were the risk factors for hypovitaminosis D in nondialyzed patients with chronic kidney disease. Effective interventional protocols of vitamin D supplementation taking into account these risk factors are warranted for this population.

Field of study: Medicine
Aspects of the chemistry of glycosides

Observations dea1in with the synthesis and properties of glycosides are reported. A description is given of the use of 1—O—sul— fonyl derivatives, prepared from aldoses with sulfonic anhydrides, as intermediates for the synthesis of glycosides and glycosyl halides; the synthesis of disaccharides containing D—mannopyranosyl residues receives particular attention. Glycosyl esters are formed by reactions of carboxylic acids with 1,2—alkyl orthoacetates. Measurements of 13C—-H coupling are discussed in relation to studies on the orientation of glycosidic bonds in di— and oligosaccharides, and to anomalous spectral characteristics exhibited by glycosides of 5—thio—D—galactopyranose.

Field of study: Chemistry
Juan Diaz Covarrubias: Mexico´s martyr-novelist.

ON APRIL 11, 1859, during the Mexican War of the Reform, the liberal forces of Santos Degollado were defeated at Tacubaya by the conservative forces under the command of General Marquez. Among the prisoners taken by the conservatives were several young physicians who were ordered shot by the conservative command. One of the physicians was Juan Diaz Covarrubias. The specific source of the command is obscure, but its infamy is clear; it has lived as a shameful chapter in Mexican history, and it has granted Diaz Covarrubias the glory of the man who might have been.

Field of study: History
Electron beam initiated grafting and crosslinking of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer. Part II : Mechanical and electrical properties

Mechanical, dynamic mechanical and electrical properties of electron beam modified ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer in presence of trimethylolpropane trimethylacrylate (TMPTMA) and triallyl cyanurate (TAC) as sensitizer have been described. The tensile strength of the TMPTMA modified EVA increases with increase in radiation dose up to a certain level due to the development of network structure, while it does not change significantly for the TAC based system due to poor stress transfer. The tensile strength deteriorates sharply at higher radiation doses because of the predominating effect of breakdown of the network structure. However, the tensile strength changes marginally with TMPTMA level and decreases with an increase in TAC level. DMTA studies indicate mainly two transitions (namely γ and α) in the order of increasing temperature for both TMPTMA and TAC based samples. The γ-transition temperature shifts to higher values and the α-transition shifts to lower values with an increase in radiation dose due to modification of the main chain and to a decrease in crystallinity. Dielectric analysis shows a sharp transition at around -20°C for all uncured and cured samples due to movement ofthe highly polar acetate groups present in EVA. The loss factor decreases sharply at high temperature with increase in radiation dose due to crosslinking.

Field of study: Materials science
Conditions for protoplast preparation of Ophiocordyceps sinensis

The mycelia of Hirsutella sinensis,the anamorph of O.sinensis,were cultured in liquid flasks and the different parameters for protoplast preparation of H.sinensis were investigated including the enzyme type and its concentration,stabilizer of osmotic pressure and its concentration,pH value of the enzyme and the enzymolysis time.The results showed that protoplasts were obtained with the highest yield of protoplast under the conditions as follows: digested by Yatalase enzyme of 4 mg/ml and Glucanex enzyme of 3 mg·mL-1,1.0 mol·mL-1 KCl as osmotic stabilizer,pH value of enzyme of 6.0 and enzymatic hydrolysis for 3 h.s

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A Note on Torquemada’s Native Sources and Historiographical Methods

Historians generally see their tasks broken into three main stages: as comprehensive as possible collection of relevant documentation, followed by critical and evaluative appraisal of it, and finally, a synthesis based on verified data. Contrary to a considerable body of hostile secondary discussion, critical examination of Juan de Torquemada’s Monarquia Indiana indicates a surprisingly high level of workmanship in at least the first two phases. Although what he strove for in synthesis—an accurate record that would place native Mexican cultures on a par with ancient, classical, and for him modern societies—is an early and interesting example of a comparative approach, the classical and Biblical citations he employed for such comparisons are now largely of curiosity value, except as clues to his own ambience and personal outlook.

Field of study: History
"When ablation goes wrong"- urethral strictures after ablation of posterior urethral valves-characteristics, management and outcomes".

Post-ablation urethral strictures are a rare but devastating complication following transurethral ablation of posterior urethral valve which can be more difficult to treat than the valve itself. Though with the miniaturization of scopes the incidence of these strictures has decreased, sadly they still continue to occur. Hence, literature on these strictures is also limited due to the rarity of occurrence.



To analyze the management strategies and outcomes of post-valve-ablation urethral strictures managed in a tertiary care center.



A retrospective review of all boys with the diagnosis of urethral strictures who had undergone management in our center from January 2000 to July 2017, with a minimum follow-up data for 12 months following interventions was done and among them the subset who developed strictures following valve ablation were identified. We also included those patients who had been referred for management of strictures following ablation elsewhere and had all their preoperative and operative details recorded. Out of a total of 199 boys who had undergone management of stricture during this time period, 13 boys with stricture of urethra following valve ablation were identified and studied. The history, presentation, timeline of events leading to stricture formation, possible predisposing factors, characteristics of strictures, mode of management and outcomes were recorded.



Among the 13 boys, 5 had developed strictures following in-house fulguration while 8 developed strictures following ablation elsewhere. The median age at diagnosis in these patients was 8 years (range, 3-18). The length of stricture varied from very short in the proximal bulbar to long penobulbar stricture. Median length of strictures was 10 mm (range: 3-35). Of the 9 patients who underwent primary endoscopic intervention, 8 had successful outcomes (88.7%) while one patient ultimately required open urethroplasty. Of the 4 patients who had open intervention, except the patient who underwent meatoplasty, the rest needed multiple surgical and endoscopic interventions. Median follow up period was 20 months (range: 12-68).



Urethral Stricture disease continues to be a rare but significant complication of valve ablation. Post ablation stricture can happen in any part of the urethra. Our data suggests that if a DVIU or dilatation is to be implemented for the treatment of a stricture after ablation, it may be most suitable for short, proximal strictures. Proper technique of valve ablation by a dedicated pediatric urologist using a proper sized resectoscope with proper isolation of electrode from the rest of urethral wall is crucial to prevent these strictures.

Field of study: Medicine
Casting Process Design and Optimization of Large Plate Base

According to the structural characteristics of a large plate base iron casting, its casting process was designed and numerically simulated by using View-Cast software. The results show that there are a small amount of shrinkage holes and shrinkage defects at bottom of riser due to the effect of risers and cooling iron. Feeding is basically reasonable, but the process yield is low. With the riser changing into the insulated riser and decreasing its higher and number, this can decrease the defects of the casting and improve the process yield.

Field of study: Materials science
Development of a delivery system for the continuous endogenous release of an anti-idiotypic antibody against ovarian carcinoma.

The treatment of several cancers with anti-idiotype antibodies has shown promising results in animals and clinical trials. A common drawback of many anti-idiotypic antibodies is their low immunogenicity. The aim of this work was to construct a new delivery form for the anti-idiotypic antibody ACA125hFc, with the goal of improving its immunogenicity as vaccine against ovarian carcinoma. Designed on bioencapsulation technologies, we generated an in vitro depot that acts as a continuous delivery system for the anti-idiotypic antibody ACA125hFc. C2C12 myoblasts were transfected with the anti-idiotypic chimeric antibody ACA125hFc, which mimics the CA125 tumor antigen and which consists of variable regions of the monoclonal murine antibody ACA125 (currently in clinical trial) and the human IgG Fc domain. Recombinant myoblasts were encapsulated in 1-cm semipermeable, polyethersulfone (PES), or polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) hollow fibers, which differ in their molecular weight cutoff (MWCO). Encapsulated cells were evaluated in vitro for viability and antibody secretion over a period of 3 months. PES hollow fibers with a higher MWCO showed a twofold higher secretion rate of chACA125hFc compared to PES devices with a lower MWCO. No remarkable level of ACA125hFc could be detected for PVDF devices. The expression levels of the anti-idiotypic antibody ACA125hFc from capsules with a lower MWCO could be improved substantially, in both PES as well as PVDF, by inserting an internal polyethyleneterephtalate (PET) yarn. We conclude that murine recombinant C2C12 myoblasts encapsulated in PES as well as PVDF hollow fibers containing an internal PET matrix can act as a long-term secretion system for anti-idiotypic antibodies.

Field of study: Biology
The sediment occupied by recent lingulid brachiopods and some paleoecological implications

Samples of the sediment occupied by Glottidia albida and G. pyramidata and Lingula unguis, L. murphiana and L. reevii have been analyzed for three particle size categories: larger than sand, sand, and smaller than sand. These data have been supplemented by literature information on one other species (L. parva) and by records from subtidal habitats. The results suggest that: (1) when living in the intertidal, all Recent lingulid species inhabit sediments predominately composed of sand-sized particles; (2) Lingula may inhabit slightly finer sediments than Glottidia in the intertidal; (3) for both genera the sediment becomes finer with increasing depth; and (4) lingulids do not appear to inhabit gravel bottoms at any depths. Inferences drawn about the sediments occupied by Paleozoic Lingula spp., based on in situ preservation, indicate that fossil species lived in muddy environments with a greater frequency than would have been predicted from examination of Recent material. This difference in the occupied habitat is discussed in light of recent research on lingulid physiology.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
MTDH Mediates Estrogen-Independent Growth and Tamoxifen Resistance by Down-Regulating PTEN in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells

About 70% of human breast cancers express estrogen receptor α (ERα) and in this kind of breast cancer estrogen plays an important role. Estrogen independent growth has been reported to promote resistance to one of the selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) tamoxifen which is clinically the first line treatment for patients with ERα-positive breast cancer. The resistance of tamoxifen is a major problem in the clinical management of breast cancer.  We used MCF-7 cells with ectopic expression of MDTH in this study. MTT, clone formation and tumor formation in nude mice methods were utilized to confirm the role of MTDH in estrogen-independent growth and tamoxifen resistance. Flow cytometry, western blot and siRNA were used to study the detailed mechanisms.  We found that MTDH could mediate estrogen-independent growth and induce resistance to tamoxifen in ERα-positive breast cancer cells. MTDH could reduce the expression of PTEN, up-regulate AKT and BCL2 and inhibit the apoptosis induced by tamoxifen.  Our study indicated that MTDH was a candidate marker to predict the clinical efficacy of tamoxifen and targeting MTDH would overcome the resistance to tamoxifen in breast cancer cells.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Restoration in all-optical GMPLS networks with limited wavelength conversion

A new generation of optical components and the advance of the Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) control plane supporting dynamic provisioning and restoration of optical connections (i.e., lightpaths), brings the vision of the dynamic all-optical network closer to reality. An emerging technology is the conversion between wavelengths, which removes the wavelength continuity constraint, thus allowing an easier and more flexible connection allocation. A limitation in the number of wavelength converters impairs their benefits especially during the restoration phase, when many simultaneous recovery attempts must share residual resources. This paper investigates the restoration performance of GMPLS-controlled all-optical networks with limited wavelength converter deployment. We investigate how different restoration methods, namely span restoration, segment restoration, and end-to-end restoration are affected by the availability of a limited number of wavelength converters at each node. For this purpose an enhanced wavelength assignment scheme compliant with GMPLS signaling is exploited, aiming at saving converters by assigning a higher preference to wavelengths not requiring conversion. An extensive simulation study has been conducted comparing the performance of this scheme to the most advanced scheme based on standard GMPLS signaling for the three restoration methods. Simulation results show that the enhanced wavelength assignment scheme significantly reduces the number of wavelength converters (WCs) necessary to achieve good recovery performance. The enhanced scheme especially improves span restoration performance, where the matching between the stubs' and recovery segment wavelength may require a WC. End-to-end restoration is the least affected, due to a higher degree of freedom in the route choice, while segment restoration performance lies in between.

Field of study: Computer science