nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of MgZnO-ZnO-AlGaN heterostructures for ultraviolet light emitting applications

We report on the fabrication and characterization of an ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diode (LED) based on a p-n junction MgZnO/ZnO/AlGaN/GaN semiconductor triple-heterostructure (THS). Radio-frequency (RF) plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) has been employed to grow individual epitaxial layers of ZnO, MgxZn1−xO, and the complete heterostructure on c-plane GaN/sapphire templates. Various growth strategies have been used to optimize the quality of the ZnO layers as well as to precisely control the composition of the MgxZn1−xO compound. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study shows the excellent crystalline quality of the pseudomorphically grown ZnO active region of the device. A strong electroluminescence (EL) emission associated with ZnO excitonic transition was observed up to 650 K. The results shown in this paper strongly suggest the viability of RF plasma-assisted MBE in the development of next-generation UV emitters using ZnO-based materials.

Field of study: Materials science
Development of Method for Serum Preparation and Lipidomics Analysis Based on Rapid Resolution Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

A rapid resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric(RRLC-MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of endogenous lipid metabolites in human serum.The samples were pretreated by lipid extraction with methylene chloride-methanol(2 ∶ 1,V/V) mixture solvent and introduced to RRLC-MS under intensive optimization of chromatography conditions and mass spectrometry parameters.The chromatographic separation was performed on an ACQUITY UPLC CSH C18 column(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm) with mobile phase containing 10 mmol/L ammonium formate(0.1% formic acid)(A) and acetonitrile-isopropyl alcohol(1 ∶ 1,V/V) mixture solution(B) in a linear gradient elution.The MS detection was carried out by the integrated ionization approach using electrospray ionization(ESI) in both positive and negative ion modes and atmosphere pressure chemical ionization(APCI) in positive ion mode.Typical lipid molecules such as free fatty acids(FFAs),phospholipids(PLs),sphingophosphalipids(SPs),glycerolipids(GLs),cholesterol(Chol.) and cholesterol esters(CEs) had been detected with high sensitivity,good precision and reliable stability.Furthermore,the principal component analysis(PCA) results of the quality control(QC) samples among the real sample queue indicated the data reliability of the method in lipidomics applications.

Field of study: Chemistry
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Meeting, held at Rochester, New York, December 31, 1901, and January 1 and 2, 1902, including Proceedings of Third Annual Meeting of the Cordilleran Section, held at San Francisco, December 30 and 31, 1901

Session of Tuesday, December 31 The Fourteenth Winter Meeting of the Society was called to order at 10.15 o’clock a. m. by First Vice-President N. H. Winchell, President Walcott having been detained on account of delay in arrival of railroad trains, in the geological lecture room, Sibley hall, University of Rochester, where all the sessions were held, except that of Tuesday evening. In anticipation of the arrival of the President, the customary formalities of welcome to the Society were deferred to a later hour (see page 517). Announcements were made regarding certain details of the meeting, and of the dinner; also of an invitation from Ward’s Natural Science establishment. The report of the Council, including reports of the officers, was submitted by the Secretary, in print, without reading, as follows : REPORT OF THE COUNCIL To the Geological Society of America, in Fourteenth Annual Meeting Assembled : The Council has . . .

Field of study: Geology
Doppler Radar Data Assimilation in KMA's Operational Forecasting

TO DOPPLER RADAR DATA ASSIMILATION. Assimilation of highresolution Doppler radar observations has long been recognized as an effi cient way to improve short-range quantitative precipitation forecasting (QPF). Since the Weather Surveillance Radar 88 Doppler (WSR-88D) network in the United States was established, methods to assimilate Doppler radar data have been extensively explored. Although a lot of questions remain, research (including real-time experiments) through the past decade has yielded progress. Doppler radar data assimilation is showing signifi cant promise now compared to its initial research stage in the early 1990s. For Doppler radar data assimilation, 4D-Var and an ensemble Kalman filter have been actively researched in recent years but remain computationally expensive and thus impractical. However, 3D-Var is a feasible and advanced technique for Doppler radar data assimilation in operational applications. During the present decade, 3D-Var has been one of the most widely used techniques for operational data assimilation. Use of 3D-Var is a quick approach to adding Doppler radar data to operational forecasts. In addition to computational efficiency, 3-D Var offers a way to directly assimilate observations (radial velocity and reflectivity) that are not model variables through the use of the observation operators. Direct assimilation of radial velocity and reflectivity is an advantage of the variational method over the Newtonian relaxation nudging and optimal interpolation approaches, in which retrievals are required to produce model variables for assimilation. D uring 2001–03, the Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorology Division (MMM) at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) partnered with the Korean Meteorological Administration (KMA) and Seoul National University (SNU) to use Doppler radar data in the MM5 with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) 3-dimensional variational (3D-Var) data-assimilation system. After case studies and one-month comparison experiments with and without radar data assimilation in 2004, the system proceeded to semioperational testing in 2005 and was implemented for full operational production in 2006. The case studies showed benefits of radar data assimilation, and further tests indicated that Doppler radar data assimilation in WRF 3D-Var performed robustly and improved rainfall forecasting. The procedure for KMA Doppler radar data assimilation is rather sophisticated: it includes data preprocessing (quality control, error statistics, and formatting), assimilation with WRF 3D-Var, and analysis update cycling. The algorithms for direct assimilations of radial velocity and reflectivity are advanced and innovative. The transfer of the developed system from research mode at NCAR to operational Doppler Radar Data Assimilation in KMA’s Operational Forecasting

Field of study: Environmental science
Data mining in a behavioral test detects early symptoms in a model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

"What's wrong with my genetically engineered animal?" is a common yet often difficult to answer question in behavioral phenotyping. We present here a method termed Pattern Array for mining movement patterns and isolating those that best capture an effect of a genetic manipulation. We demonstrate the method by searching for early motor symptoms in the open-field behavior of SOD1 mutant rats, an animal model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Pattern Array was able to identify a unique motor pattern that differentiated the SOD1 mutants from the wild-type controls 2 months before disease onset. This pattern included heavy braking while moving near the arena wall but turning away from it. SOD1 mutants performed this pattern significantly less than wild-type controls in 2 independent data sets. At such early age the SOD1 mutants could not be differentiated from the controls by standard behavioral measures or by subjective observation. The early discovered symptom may enable investigators to test therapies aimed for intervention rather than remediation. Our results demonstrate the feasibility and potential of detecting subtle behavioral effects using data mining strategies.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Dietary factors and risk of kidney stone: a case-control study in southern China.

Formation of kidney stones is a multifactorial disease, and diet and lifestyle are suggested to contribute remarkably to increased prevalence. The population of Guangzhou, China has a high prevalence rate of kidney stones; however, its risk factors are still unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the dietary risk factors for kidney stones in southern China.



A case-control study was carried out.



This study was carried out at the Department of Health Management Center, Guangzhou Nanfang Hospital, China.



This study involved 1,019 newly diagnosed kidney stone patients and 987 healthy control subjects.



A questionnaire regarding dietary patterns and supplements was used to investigate the risk factors for kidney stone formation.



Food intake frequency, beverage and alcohol consumption, food supplements, and anthropometry were assessed.



In the analysis, we found positive associations of kidney stones with consumption of grains (odds ratio [OR] = 2.08; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.08, 4.02) and bean products (OR = 3.50; 95% CI = 1.61, 7.59) in women. The variable "fluid drinking" showed a significant protective effect against kidney stones in men (OR = 0.57; 95% CI = 0.36, 0.88). Consuming leafy vegetables more than 3 times per day was positively associated with stones in both men and women (OR = 2.02; 95% CI = 1.04, 3.91 and OR = 3.86; 95% CI = 1.48, 10.04, respectively). Other dietary factors, dietary supplements, and specific food were not related to kidney stone formation in Guangzhou, China.



The results confirmed that specific diet can affect stone formation in the Chinese population, and varied risk factors were found for different genders.

Field of study: Medicine
A multi-start heuristic for multiplicative depth minimization of boolean circuits

In this work we propose a multi-start heuristic which aims at minimizing the multiplicative depth of boolean circuits. The multiplicative depth objective is encountered in the field of homomorphic encryption where ciphertext size depends on the number of consecutive multiplications. The heuristic is based on rewrite operators for multiplicative depth-2 paths. Even if the proposed rewrite operators are simple and easy to understand the experimental results show that they are rather powerful. The multiplicative depth of the benchmarked circuits was hugely improved. In average the obtained multiplicative depths were lower by more than 3 times than the initial ones. The proposed rewrite operators are not limited to boolean circuits and can also be used for arithmetic circuits.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Experimental study on two-stage ejector refrigeration system driven by two heat sources.

In this paper, an experimental study on a two-stage ejector refrigeration system driven by two heat sources is carried out involving system design, setup, operation and experimental evaluation. It is looked at by means of changing temperatures of evaporation, condensation, low and high temperature generation independently for the variation tendency of system performance (including total entrainment ratio and COP) and comparison to the conventional single-stage ejector refrigeration system at variable condensation temperatures that is achieved by the valve switching in this system. In terms of refrigerants, R236fa is selected for stability of the system operation. Total entrainment ratio and COP are increasing as the temperatures of evaporation, high and low temperature generation go up. Different from the conventional single-stage ejector refrigeration system, this two-stage system is finally found to be capable of supplying more refrigerating effect in situations where the condensation temperature is lower than 21.7 °C.

Field of study: Engineering
From the Desk of Editor

It gives us immense pleasure to release the current issue of AJMS Volume 5 Number 2, 2014. We apologize for the dormancy of the journal for quite some time. The delay in publication was very unfortunate and currently we are publishing issues ahead of time schedule. We thank all resource personals involved directly or indirectly with AJMS and with a team work we would take this journal to high standards. We thank all the potential reviewers who reviewed the manuscripts and without their timely review and constructive criticisms, the release of this issue would not have been possible. The board of reviewers for the current issue of AJMS are as follows- Dr. Anthony Au Dr. Amir Pakpour Dr. Kurubaran Ganasegeran Dr. Mohammad C Jamali Dr. Devajit Sarmah Dr. Temsutola Dr. Arun Kumar Dr. Manidip Pal Dr. Abhishek Gaur Dr. Jayita Poduval Dr. Sharan Badiger Mr. Bibek Poudel Mr. Longiam Langamba Dr. Vitor E Valenti Dr. Balkishan Sharma Dr. Arvind Jain We also thank to all authors who entrusted on us and published their original research works, case reports with AJMS and in future we wish to publish more good quality papers. Thank you all for publishing with us. Dr.  Arun Kumar Editor-in-Chief,

Field of study: Medicine
MPV—Parallel Readout Architecture for the VME Data Acquisition System

Mountable controller with parallelized VERSA Module Eurocard (VME) (MPV) is a VME-compatible system having a parallel readout architecture. This article presents the system architecture and its data acquisition performance. In this system, the readout sequence is implemented in a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) to achieve the ideal VME bus speed. Data from multiple VME slave modules are read out in parallel, merged, and sent to a server. Maximum data throughput of 400 Mbps was achieved. Thus, the MPV system can dramatically improve the performance of VME data acquisition systems.

Field of study: Physics
Tectonometamorphic evolution of the Bohemian Massif: evidence from high pressure metamorphic rocks

The Variscan orogenic belt, of which the Bohemian Massif is a part, is typically recognized for its characteristic low pressure, high temperature metamorphism and a large volume of granites. However, there are also bodies of high pressure rocks (eclogites, garnet peridotites and high pressure granulites) which are small in size but widely distributed throughtout the Massif. Initially the high pressure rocks were considered to be relicts of a much older orogenic event, but the increasing data derived from isotopic and geochronological investigations show that many of these rocks have Palaeozoic protoliths. Metamorphic ages from the high pressure rocks define no single event. Instead, a number of discrete clusters of ages are found between about 430 Ma and the time of the dominant low pressure event at around 320–330 Ma.Most of the eclogite and granulite facies rocks are assigned to allochthonous nappes that arrived close to the end of the low pressure event, but before final granite intrusion. The nappes contain a mixture of different units and the relationship between rocks with high pressure relicts and host gneisses with no apparent signs of deep burial is still problematic. Some of the high pressure rocks retain evidence of multiple stages of partial re-equilibration during uplift. Moreover, it can be shown in certain instances that host gneisses also endured a multistage metamorphic development but with a peak event convergent with one of the breakdown stages in the enclosed rocks with high pressure relicts. It thus appears that the nappe units are composite bodies probably formed during episodic intracrustal thrusting. Fluids derived from prograde dehydration reactions in the newly under thrusting slab are taken to be the catalysts that drove the partial re-equilibrations.On the scale of the whole Massif it can be seen within the units with high pressure relicts that the temperature at the peak recorded pressure and that during the breakdown are variable in different locations. It is interpreted that regional metamorphic gradients are preserved for given stages in the history and thus the present day dismembered nappe relicts are not too far removed from their original spatial distribution in an original coherent unit. From the temperature information alone it is highly probable that the ‘refrigerating’ underthrusting slab was situated in the north-west. However, this north-west to south-east underthrusting probably represents the major 380–370 Ma event and is no guide to the final thrusting that emplaced the much thinned nappe pile with high pressure relicts.Granite genesis is attributed to the late stage stacking, during the final Himalayan-type collision stage, of thinned crust covered by young, water-rich, sediments — erosion products of the earlier orogenic stages. Regional metamorphism at shallow depths above the voluminous granites was followed by final nappe emplacement which rejuvenated the granite ascent in places.

Field of study: Environmental science
*A Laboratory Investigation of Networked Markets

When contracts are not perfectly enforceable, can interpersonal networks improve market efficiency? We introduce certain exogenous networks into laboratory markets in which traders can cheat in ‘international’ but not in ‘domestic’ transactions. We examine four network configurations, one of which has the potential to achieve 100% efficiency. Theoretical upper bounds correctly predict the main qualitative trade patterns across our network configurations but overpredict observed efficiency. Our networks increase international trade volume, reduce domestic volume and divert high surplus transactions to international networks.

Field of study: Economics
Historical changes in bumble bee body size and range shift of declining species

Bumble bees are declining worldwide, their vital ecosystem services are diminishing and underlying mechanisms are species specific and multifaceted. This has sparked an increase in long-term assessments of historical collections that provide valuable information about population trends and shifts in distributions. However, museums specimens also contain important ecological information, including rarely measured morphological traits. Trait-based assessments of museums specimens provide additional information on underlying mechanisms of population trends, by tracking changes over time. Here, we used museum specimens of four Bombus species, spanning a timeframe of 125 years to: (i) compare body size of declining and increasing species, (ii) assess intra-specific trends over the last century, and (iii) investigate shifts in geographical distribution over time. We found that declining Bombus species were larger than increasing ones. All four species were smaller in current time than a century ago. Intra-specific size declines were more pronounced for larger-bodied species. With our sampling, declining and increasing species showed an upward shift in elevation, and declining species showed an additional geographic shift in recent times as compared to historic records. Intra-specific body size declines may represent species adaptation to unfavorable environmental conditions, and may be a useful metric to complement traditional species vulnerability assessments. We highlight the utility of incorporating trait-based assessments into future studies investigating species declines.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Probe into Several Issues on Civil Suit Collateral to Criminal Proceedings

This passage disusses the extent of compensation and law suit subject in our civil suit collateral to criminal proceedings. The authors think that the plaintiff and the accused in incidental civil action subject system do not solely mean the offender or the infregented, and to an extensive degree, it coincides with the essence and spirit of incidental civil action. The prosecutorial office is regarded as the status of supervision and the extent of compensation includes both material compensation and spiritual compensation

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Thermal transport enhancement due to confined water in hybrid nanocomposite

The thermal transport properties of porous silicon and nano-hybrid "porous silicon/water" systems are presented here. The thermal conductivity was evaluated with equilibrium molecular dynamics technique for porous systems made of spherical voids or water-filled cavities. We revealed large thermal conductivity enhancement in the nano-hybrid systems as compared to their dry porous counterparts, which cannot be captured by effective media theory. This rise of thermal conductivity is related to the increases of the specific surface of the liquid/solid interface. We demonstrated that significant difference for more than two folds of thermal conductivity of pristine porous silicon and "porous silicon liquid/composite" is due to the liquid density fluctuation close to "solid/liquid interface" (layering effect). This effect is getting more important for the high specific surface of the interfacial area. Specifically, the enhancement of the effective thermal conductivity is 50 % for specific surface area of 0.3 (1/nm), and it increases further upon the increase of the surface to volume ratio. Our study provides valuable insights into the thermal properties of hybrid liquid/solid nanocomposites and about the importance of confined liquids within nanoporous materials.

Field of study: Physics
The bisphosphonate acute phase response: rapid and copious production of proinflammatory cytokines by peripheral blood gd T cells in response to aminobisphosphonates is inhibited by statins

The bisphosphonates are a novel class of drug that have been registered for various clinical applications worldwide. Bisphosphonates, and in particular the aminobisphosphonates (nBPs), are known to have a number of side‐effects including a rise in body temperature and accompanying flu‐like symptoms that resemble a typical acute phase response. The mechanism for this response has been partially elucidated and appears to be associated with the release of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α and interleukin (IL)6, although the effector cells that release these cytokines and the mechanism of action remain enigmatic. Here, we show that the nBP‐induced acute phase response differs from the typical acute phase response in that CD14+ cells such as monocytes and macrophages are not the primary cytokine producing cells. We show that by inhibiting the mevalonate pathway, nBPs induce rapid and copious production of TNFα and IL6 by peripheral blood γδ T cells. Prior treatment with statins, which inhibit 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase, blocks nBP‐induced production of these proinflammatory cytokines by γδ T cells and may offer a means of avoiding the associated acute phase response. In addition, our findings provide a further mechanism for the anti‐inflammatory effects attributed to inhibitors of HMG CoA reductase.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Transport properties of diatomic ions in moderately dense gases in an electrostatic field

The motion of diatomic ions in moderately dense fluids under the action of an electrostatic field is studied through a nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulation method. The method simulates the motion of the ions and the fluid molecules that constitute their immediate environment. Thus, effectively, the dissipation of the excess energy of the ions is reproduced leading to steady drift motion. Results revealed the effect of the fluid density on mobility, ion-effective temperatures and diffusion coefficients parallel and perpendicular to the field at various field strengths for a model diatomic ion in Ar. Extension of the method to dense fluids and to polyatomic ions and neutral molecules is discussed.

Field of study: Chemistry