nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
An Extraction Method of Time-Series Numerical Data from Press Releases Using Co-Occurrence Conditions of Numbers and Time Stamps Related to Target Business Keyword

Recently business is considered to be under unpredictable environment. In the process of designing a business strategy under such environment, it is essential to collect and analyze time-series numerical data which are pairs of time stamp and numerical data about business keywords. We propose an extraction method of time-series numerical data from enterprise press releases as shown in Fig. 1. A specific keyword about a certain matter is used in press releases published by each company. Therefore necessary data can be found with a few specific keywords from press releases. However, if there are several such keywords and numerical data in a sentence, this situation makes it difficult to judge which pair of a keyword and a numerical data should be extracted. And, expression of time stamps are various (ex.“this year”, “in 2006” etc.). Becuase of such differences, it is impossible to make a chart from simply extracted data. To solve these problems, this research discusses the following issues; • Extract correct pairs of time and numerical data • Unify expression of time stamps Press releases consist of plain sentences, itemization, tables and figures. Tables are well-formatted, and figures includes few target data. Therefore, as extraction points of views, plain sentences and itemizations are considered to be target portions for extraction. In plain sentences, numerical data and time stamps required by an analyst often appear near input keywords. Then, numerical data near keywords and time stamps near numerical data are extracted. A pair whose word-distance is shortest is extracted as shown in Fig. 2. In itemization, time stamps don’t often appear near numerical data. Therefore, we extract using not only the word-

Field of study: Computer science
Continuous-wave singly resonant optical parametric oscillator placed inside a ring laser.

A cw singly resonant optical parametric oscillator (SRO) was built and placed inside the cavity of a ring laser. The system consists of a diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4 ring laser with intracavity periodically poled lithium niobate as the nonlinear gain medium of the SRO. When the laser was operated in a unidirectional mode, we obtained more than 520 mW of signal power in one beam. When the laser was operated in a bidirectional mode, we obtained 600 mW of signal power (300 mW in two separate beams). The power and the spectral features of the laser in the unidirectional and bidirectional modes were measured while the laser was coupled with the SRO. The results show that it is preferable to couple a SRO with a unidirectional ring laser.

Field of study: Physics
Variations in temperature and salinity of the surface water above the middle Okinawa Trough during the past 37 kyr

East China Sea (ECS) is an important climate modulator of East Asia. In the last glacial period, the global sea level, the path and strength of the Kuroshio Current experienced great changes; combined with the variable volume of fresh run-off input, they made the hydrographic situation in the ECS quite different from nowadays. Based on high-resolution alkenone-sea surface temperature (SST) and oxygen isotope composition of planktonic foraminifera Globigerinoides sacculifer we reconstructed paleo-sea surface salinity (SSS) of a long piston core DGKS9604 retrieved from the middle Okinawa Trough of the eastern ECS. The δ18O and SST records display significant variations with global ice volume. Synchrony of the millennial-scale climate events like YD and Heinrich events of core DGKS9604 to the ice core from the northern high latitudes, and the synchroneity of deglacial warming with the Bolling–Allerod warming suggests a strong coupling of the SST variations in the marginal Pacific Ocean to the climate of the North Atlantic, most likely through the Asian monsoon atmospheric circulation. The ECS documents lowest SST (22 °C) at ~ 26 cal kyr BP and ~ 3 °C SST difference between the full glaciation (26 to 19 cal kyr BP) and mid-to-late Holocene (6 cal kyr BP–present). The overall long-term hydrographic variations in the middle Okinawa Trough are controlled by temporal and spatial variations in: (i) the intensity and position of the Kuroshio Current, (ii) intensity of the Asian summer monsoon and (iii) sea-level fluctuations coupled with ECS topography. Saline surface water dominated over the middle Okinawa Trough during early pre-glaciation (37 to 31 cal kyr BP), last deglaciation (19 to 11.6 cal kyr BP), and mid-to-late Holocene (6 cal kyr BP–present), whilst freshened surface water prevailed during the late pre-glaciation (31 to 26 cal kyr BP), full glaciation (26 to 19 cal kyr BP) and early Holocene (11.6 to 6 cal kyr BP).

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Enhanced detection of cardiac myocyte damage by polarized light microscopy. Use in a model of coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis.

Although accurate detection of cardiac muscle damage is critical in the diagnosis of acute myocarditis or acute cellular rejection in both clinical and experimental settings, the histologic evaluation is frequently uncertain without specialized stains. In a study of adult male A/J mice infected with 2x10(5) plaque-forming units of myocarditic coxsackievirus B3, cardiac muscle injury causing myofibrillar disruption was detected as a loss of muscle birefringence by polarized light microscopy. The technique was corroborated by comparison with Masson's trichrome stain and was helpful for histologic examination especially at the early preinflammatory stages of lesion development or in fringe territories of focal lesions. Polarized light microscopy is thus an available means to enhance the histologic determination of cardiac myocyte damage and has specific advantage in an absence of specialized stains.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
A Note on Calculating Tau and Average Tau and on the Sampling Distribution of Average Tau with a Criterion Ranking

Calculational short cuts for Kendall's tau and average tau and for Hays' average tau with a criterion ranking (τC ) are shown. The short cuts are based mainly on counting “inversions” in the ordering of n objects by a given judge, and summing over m judges, rather than counting agreements for a given object-pair and summing over object-pairs. The sum of the number of inversions thus counted for τC has a limiting normal distribution under the null hypothesis. From this is derived a statistic which approximates the sampling distribution of τ C . The approximation is shown to be close even for small m and n.

Field of study: Mathematics
No Profitable Decompositions in Quasi-Linear Allocation Problems

We study the problem of allocating a bundle of perfectly divisible private goods from an axiomatic point of view, in situations where compensations can be made through monetary transfers. The key property we impose on the allocation rule requires that no agent should be able to gain by decomposing the problem into sequences of subproblems. Combined with additional standard properties, it leads to a characterization of the rule that shares the total surplus equally. Hence a traditional welfarist rule emerges as the unique consequence of our axioms phrased in a natural economic environment.

Field of study: Economics
State sovereign standing: often overlooked, but not forgotten.

Critics of Virginia's challenge to the constitutionality of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act have asserted that Virginia lacked standing to even raise the issue. Such criticism is inconsistent with foundational understandings of the role of states in providing a check on federal power and with the modern standing jurisprudence of the Supreme Court, especially as reflected in the Court's decisions regarding a state's sovereign interest in defending its code of laws. This Article demonstrates that, as a matter of constitutional design and history, as well as under relevant precedents, Virginia clearly had and has standing to bring its challenge.

Field of study: Law
Examining masculinity norms, problem drinking, and athletic involvement as predictors of sexual aggression in college men

Male sexual aggression toward women is a serious social problem, particularly on college campuses. In this study, college men's sexually aggressive behavior and rape myth acceptance were examined using conformity to 11 masculine norms and 2 variables previously linked to sexual aggression: problem drinking and athletic involvement. Results indicated that men who use alcohol problematically and conform to specific masculine norms (i.e., having power over women, being a playboy, disdaining gay men, being dominant, being violent, and taking risks) tended to endorse rape myths and report sexually aggressive behavior. Additionally, men who reported higher levels of problematic alcohol use and risk taking were more likely to report sexually aggressive behavior without endorsing rape myths. Implications and recommendations are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Radiation-Induced Variable Retention Time in Dynamic Random Access Memories

The effect of gamma-ray and neutron radiations on the variable retention time (VRT) phenomenon occurring in dynamic random access memory (DRAM) is studied. It is shown that both ionizing radiation and nonionizing radiation induce VRT behaviors in DRAM cells. It demonstrates that both Si/SiO2 interface states and silicon bulk defects can be a source of VRT. It is also highlighted that radiation-induced VRT in DRAMs is very similar to the radiation-induced dark current random telegraph signal in image sensors. Both phenomena probably share the same origin, but high-magnitude electric fields seem to play an important role in VRT only. Defect structural fluctuations (without change of charge state) seem to be the root cause of the observed VRT whereas processes involving trapping and emission of charge carriers are unlikely to be a source of VRT. VRT also appears to be the most probable cause of intermittent stuck bits in irradiated DRAMs.

Field of study: Physics
African Migrant Traders’ Experiences in Johannesburg Inner City: Towards the Migrant Calculated Risk and Adaptation Framework

Globally, migrants face numerous socio-economic and institutional impediments that hinder their participation in the labour market of host cities and/or countries. This motivates them to join the informal economic sector to make a living. Applying the concept of tactical cosmopolitanism to understand the social and economic agency of African migrants, this article reports on an explorative analysis of the experiences of informal African migrant street traders (African migrant traders) operating in Johannesburg inner city, Gauteng, South Africa. The study revealed that African migrant traders left their countries of origin to secure better opportunities and to escape hostile conditions in their home countries. Despite the host city turning out to be more hostile and xenophobic, making life and finding formal employment opportunities more challenging, the thought of the more difficult life conditions in their home countries has led them to trading on the streets. Given the risks and challenges, including hostile and xenophobic situations that African migrant traders face in Johannesburg inner city, they have adopted dynamic and agentive strategies to survive and continue operating their businesses. Such findings pointed towards and assisted in the development of the Migrant Calculated Risk and Adaptation Framework.

Field of study: Sociology
MOLECULAR THERMODYNAMIC MODEL FOR COPOLYMER MIXTURES

A molecular thermodynamic model for copolymers and their mixtures was established by adopting the hard-sphere-chain fluid as a reference and a square-well term as a perturbation.This model could be used to correlate vapor-liquid equilibria for copolymer solutions with three adjustable interaction parameters.Good agreements with experimental data were obtained.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Rapid screening of biologically modified vegetable oils for fuel performance

A process for the rapid screening of alternative diesel fuel performance was applied to analogues of 
genetically modified vegetable oils and a mixture with no. 2 diesel fuel. The oils examined contained 60 to 80% of low 
molecular weight, short-chain, saturated triglycerides compared to the 1 to 2% found in traditional vegetable oils. These 
oils have relatively low viscosity that is predicted to enhance their performance as alternative diesel fuels. The screening 
process utilizes an engine “torque test” sequence that accelerates the tendency of diesel fuels to coke fuel injectors, a key 
indicator of fuel performance. The results of the tests were evaluated using a computer vision system for the rapid 
quantification of injector coking. The results of the screen were compared to those using no. 2 diesel fuel as a baseline. 
Coke deposition from the modified vegetable oil analogues was not found to be significantly different than deposition from 
diesel fuel. Suggestions are made to guide further modification of vegetable oil biosynthesis for the production of 
alternative diesel fuel.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Yield Comparisons Between Continuous No-Till and Tillage Rotations

CONTINUOUS use of no-till planting systems may result in reduced yields, especially on finer textured soils that tend to be poorly drained. Soil compaction and poor soil aeration have been identified as possible factors contributing to the lower yields. Research conducted to evaluate tillage rotations on these soils shows that periodic use of the moldboard plow can result in statistically higher yields as compared to continuous no-till. However, use of chisel plow and disk tillage systems following three years of continuous no-till did not result in yield increases. A relationship between cone penetrometer index and yield indicates a trend toward lower yield with higher index values with continuous no-till having the highest index.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Winding Configuration and Performance Investigations of a Tubular Superconducting Flux-Switching Linear Generator

Primary permanent-magnet linear generators have an advantage of a simple secondary structure, which is suitable for the application of wave energy conversion. Based on vernier hybrid machines (VHMs), which are widely used for direct-drive wave energy converters, this paper proposes a tubular superconducting flux-switching linear generator (TSFSLG), which can effectively improve the performance of this kind of generators. Magnesium-diboride (MgB2)-type direct current superconducting windings are used in the generator to increase the magnetic energy and overcome the disadvantages of easily irreversible demagnetization of the VHMs and high-voltage regulation of a permanent-magnet flux-switching linear generator (PMFSLG). The alternating current superconducting windings are implemented to improve the efficiency. Based on the MgB2 superconducting wire produced and measured in the laboratory, the superconducting windings structure used for the generator is designed. The coil-EMF vector is optimized, and the losses of superconducting windings are analyzed. In addition, by using the finite-element method, the no-load performances of the generator are analyzed and compared with the ones of a VHM and a PMFSLG. Finally, the on-load performance of the TSFSLG is obtained by finite-element analysis and compared with the VHM and the PMFSLG. The results validate that the proposed generator is more suitable for wave energy conversion than its counterparts.

Field of study: Physics
Triathlon of lightweight block ciphers for the Internet of things

In this paper, we introduce a framework for the benchmarking of lightweight block ciphers on a multitude of embedded platforms. Our framework is able to evaluate the execution time, RAM footprint, as well as binary code size, and allows one to define a custom “figure of merit” according to which all evaluated candidates can be ranked. We used the framework to benchmark implementations of 19 lightweight ciphers, namely AES, Chaskey, Fantomas, HIGHT, LBlock, LEA, LED, Piccolo, PRESENT, PRIDE, PRINCE, RC5, RECTANGLE, RoadRunneR, Robin, Simon, SPARX, Speck, and TWINE, on three microcontroller platforms: 8-bit AVR, 16-bit MSP430, and 32-bit ARM. Our results bring some new insights into the question of how well these lightweight ciphers are suited to secure the Internet of things. The benchmarking framework provides cipher designers with an easy-to-use tool to compare new algorithms with the state of the art and allows standardization organizations to conduct a fair and consistent evaluation of a large number of candidates.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Establishment of Cloning and Sequencing Method for High-Resolution Human Leukocyte Antigen-B Genotype Assay

A high-resolution method for human leukocyte antigen-B( HLA-B) genotyping was established based on the optimized polymerase chain reaction,cloning and sequencing technology. The exon2 and exon3 of HLA-B gene were amplified with primers based on the HLA-B gene sequence. These produced heterozygous alleles were effectively cloned into plasmid DNA based on the principle of plasmid incompatibility,and were followed by bacterial culture. Then Sanger sequencing was carried out and after analyzing the result by software ClustalX2 and IMTG /HLA database comparison,the HLA-B genotype of the samples was achieved. Seven clinical samples were detected,and the results were consistent with those of PCR-SBT genotyping method. The method was cost-effective,high-resolution and it did not require technical software. The use of universal primers simplified the cumbersome design and optimization process of specific primers.

Field of study: Chemistry
Network Traffic Prediction Model Based on Auto-regressive Moving Average

With the development of Internet and computer science, computer network is changing people’s lives. Meanwhile, Network traffic prediction model itself becomes more and more complex. It is an important research direction to quickly and accurately detect the intrusions or attacks. The performance efficiency of a network intrusion detection system is dominated by pattern matching algorithm. However, In view of the complex non-linear and chaotic network traffic, and combined with its time-series properties, this paper propose a network traffic prediction model based on the auto-regressive moving average (ARMA). This model adopts the third party inspection systems which aim to save the network resources and predict the network traffic in high efficiency. By taking the data flow measurements in 16 channel analyzer to initialize the model, the simulation results show that the proposed model can effectively detect network intrusions and attacks, which improves the performance of the entire network and prolongs the network lifetime

Field of study: Computer science
Infection, cure and egg reduction rates of soil-transmitted helminth infections after anthelminthic drugs treatment among school children in Kokap, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

The prevalence of helminthiasis on primary school children in Indonesia is high, around 40- 60%. This study aims to assess the impact of treatment and predictors of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections at 3 months after treatment. Population of this study was students of a primary school in Kokap (Sekolah Dasar Negeri/SDN Gunung Agung), Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta, determined based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria (n = 65). Stool samples examined using Kato Katz method. Students infected with STH were given appropriate treatment and stool samples were collected again to determine cure rate (CR) and egg reduction rate (ERR) at 2 week post-treatment and at 3 months post-treatment to determine incidence of re-infection, new infection or failed treatment. Information on personal hygiene and sanitation were collected by interview with students of SDN Gunung Agung. Treatment with pyrantel pamoat was effective against hookworm and Ascaris lumbricoides with CR of 100% and ERR of 100% while treatment with albendazol was ineffective against Trichuris trichiura (CR = 12.8%, ERR = 62.4%) though the Wilcoxon test for T. trichiura showed a significant reduction egg count (epg) before and 2 week after treatment (p 0.05). The existence of double infection before treatment showed p value 0.05. Presence of re-infection, new infection and untreated cases confirms that an integrated approach is necessary to control STH infection in Kokap, Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta.

Field of study: Medicine
Examination on High-Q NMR Transmit/Receiver Pickup Coils Made by YBa2Cu3O7-δ Thin Films

An important method to improve the sensitivity of a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) system is to increase the quality factor (<italic>Q</italic>) of the pickup coils. In this paper, we focus on the following three items: 1) effect of the surface resistance (<italic>R</italic><sub>s</sub>) of the YBa<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7-δ</sub> (YBCO) films on the <italic>Q</italic> of the NMR pickup coil; 2) relationship between coil line width and current flowing through coil; and 3) effect of Si-ion irradiation to YBCO films on the Q of the NMR pickup coils. In the study of 1), we examined the <italic>Q</italic> of the NMR pickup coils made by YBCO films with different <italic>R</italic><sub>s</sub> and found that reduction of <italic>R</italic><sub>s</sub> is useful in increasing the <italic>Q</italic> of the NMR pickup coils. In the study of 2), we simulated the current flowing in the NMR coils by an electromagnetic simulator, and found that wider microstrip lines of the NMR pickup coil increase the current. In the study of 3), we examined Si-ion irradiation effect to reduce <italic>R</italic><sub>s</sub> of YBCO films, and found low irradiation energy and low irradiation density of Si-ion is useful to decrease <italic>R</italic><sub>s</sub> and useful to obtain the high <italic>Q</italic> NMR pickup coils.

Field of study: Physics
Impact of the Surge of Traffic Vehicles on the Traffic Safety of Yangtze River Tunnel

According to the uncertain and fuzzy characteristics of the tunnel traffic accident, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method based on the fuzzy mathematics is applied to evaluate the traffic safety of the tunnel. Finally, the impact of the surge of traffic vehicles on the safety of tunnel operation can be concluded by comparing the traffic safety evaluation results under the condition of smooth flow and congestion. The results show that the safety level of the tunnel is reduced to a moderate level from a good level. As a result, the risk of traffic accidents increases after the surge of the traffic vehicles in the Nanjing Yangtze River Tunnel. Effective measures should be taken to prevent the occurrence of traffic accidents. The measures of traffic diversion and vehicle classification management can be taken by Tunnel management department to prevent the occurrence of traffic accidents.

Field of study: Engineering