nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Numerical and experimental study on rotary draw bending of aluminium alloy tubes

In this paper a 3D finite element model of the bending process for circular aluminium alloy tube has been built using the explicit code eta/Dynaform and validated by comparing the experiments. The experiments were carried out by using a hand bender with the same bending principle as a rotary draw numerical controlled (NC) bender. The relationship between quality parameters of bent tubes, in terms of cross-section distortion and wall thinning, and the angular position along the bent tube is discussed experimentally in combination with FE simulation. Then, the effects of bending radius (R) are investigated using simulation of the bending process based on the finite element model. The results show that with the increase of bending radius, the cross-section degradation factor (Ψ) and wall thinning degree (ξ) decreases rapidly.

Field of study: Engineering
Peripheral nerve dysfunction in scleroderma.

Peripheral neuropathy in patients with scleroderma is thought to be rare. We have undertaken a quantitative assessment of peripheral nerve function in 29 patients with either limited cutaneous scleroderma or progressive systemic sclerosis. Tactile thresholds were raised in the fingers in 28 per cent of patients and in the foot in 50 per cent. Two-point discrimination was abnormal in 10 patients, thermal thresholds were abnormal in five and vibration thresholds were abnormal in one. Nerve conduction studies showed abnormalities in six patients, five of whom had clinical signs of a mild peripheral neuropathy: the mean duration of disease in these six patients was 10 years longer than that in the remainder of the patients. There was electrophysiological evidence of a subclinical carpal tunnel syndrome in two patients. The sympathetic skin response was recorded in 16 patients who had not been subjected to sympathectomy for Raynaud's phenomenon, and was abnormal in four. These results indicate that peripheral nerve dysfunction in scleroderma, though mild, is not as uncommon as previously thought. The abnormal cutaneous sensory thresholds may be partly due to altered viscoelastic properties of the skin, but abnormal responses in the lower limbs to tests of tactile sensitivity, the clinical findings and the disturbances of nerve conduction argue in favour of an additional neuropathic process in some patients. Low grade distal nerve trunk ischaemia may be responsible.

Field of study: Medicine
Application of Casting Method in Maintenance of Cell Busbar

The paper introduces the casting method for maintenance of 200 kA riser busbar in prebaked cells.Compared to repair welding method and replacing method,the casting method has the advantages of low work intensity,no need for power off and good fusion performance of busbar after casting,it is a simple,practical and economical busbar maintenance method and is worth being popularized.

Field of study: Materials science
Practical Design of a 10 MW Superconducting Wind Power Generator Considering Weight Issue

Recently, gearless type generators, which have very low rotation speed and high torque, have been preferred over the geared type due to the problem of the gearbox reliability. In particular, a high-temperature superconducting generator is promising for wind power applications because of its advantages of weight, size, and efficiency. In this paper, a 10-MW class superconducting wind power generator is designed using Y-Ba-Cu-O and Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O wires, and the weight of the superconducting generator is estimated. The finite elements method is used to analyze the magnetic field distribution, and the 3-D CAD program is used to calculate the weight of the super-conducting synchronous generator. The designed 10-MW class superconducting generator is analyzed and discussed considering the proper weight. The designed 10-MW superconducting generator will be effectively utilized in the construction of the 10-MW class wind power generation system.

Field of study: Physics
Interaction Rules and Strategies in Psychotherapy.

To examine the presence of interaction rules and strategies used in therapy, the verbal responses of therapists and clients in 26 actual psychotherapy cases were coded using the Interpersonal Communication Rating Scale (ICRS; S. R. Strong, H. Hills, C. Kilmartin, et al., 1988). The conditional response probabilities of these ICRS codes were examined from a rules and strategies perspective according to procedures suggested by S. Duncan (1983). The results supported the presence for rules for both the client and the therapist, and these rules were found to involve complementary interactions. No support was found for the presence of strategies in the interactive behavior of either participant. Finally, there was no relation between the presence of rules and session evaluation. The results are discussed with respect to the definition of rules in counseling and the concept of complementarity.

Field of study: Psychology
Clinique de la chambre d’isolement. Du candomblé à l’hôpital psychiatrique

Resume L’utilisation des chambres d’isolement dans les hopitaux psychiatriques suscite de multiples questionnements. Elle renvoie les soignants a la limite de leur capacite d’accueil de la souffrance psychique. Elle est souvent situee a la frontiere du soin et du punitif. Cet article reinterroge les representations de ce dispositif et s’interesse particulierement aux vecus des patients. Comment la crise, durant l’isolement, permet une remodelisation du processus hallucinatoire du sujet ? Afin de ne pas reduire ces questions a son propre champ de reference, le dialogue avec les autres (modele autre de penser, de pratique, de culture, de lecture) est apparu indispensable. Ces autres sont notamment les fideles du candomble, la camarinha, l’anthropologie, Salvador de Bahia, le mythe yoruba. Les tentatives d’approche de ces questionnements ont pu se realiser qu’en faisant appel a des methodologies complementaristes.

Field of study: Philosophy
Does AMS data from micaceous quartzite provide information about shape of the strain ellipsoid?

Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) in micaceous quartzites with mean susceptibility (Km) >50 × 10−6 SI units is known to be on account of the orientation distribution of the para/ferromagnetic minerals (e.g. micas, magnetite), which comprise the minor phase in the rocks. However, the strain in such deformed micaceous quartzites is dominantly accommodated by the quartz grains, which are the major phase in them. The objective of this paper is to explore the extent to which AMS data from micaceous quartzites provide information about the shape of the strain ellipsoid. AMS analysis of 3 quartzite blocks is performed, and the shape of the AMS ellipsoid is recorded to be oblate. From AMS data, the three principal planes of the AMS ellipsoid are identified in each block and thin sections are prepared along them. Quartz grain shape (aspect ratio, Rq), intensity of quartz and mica shape preferred orientation (κq and κmi, respectively) and 2D strain (E) recorded by quartz are measured in each section. Rq, κq, κmi and E are all noted to be minimum in the section parallel to the magnetic foliation plane as compared to the other two sections. This indicates that the quartz grains have oblate shapes in 3D and accommodated flattening strain, which is similar to the shape of the AMS ellipsoid. The role of mica in causing Zener drag and pinning of quartz grain boundaries is discussed. It is concluded that during progressive deformation, migration of pinned grain boundaries is inhibited. This causes enhanced recrystallization at the grain boundaries adjacent to the pinned ones, thus guiding the shape modification of quartz grains. A strong correlation is demonstrated between κq and κmi as well as κmi and E. It is inferred that fabric evolution of quartz was controlled by mica. Hence, the shape of the AMS ellipsoid, which is on account of mica, provides information about shape of the strain ellipsoid.

Field of study: Environmental science
Sex Segregation in Academic Profession and the Gender Difference of Faculty Income

It is an empirical study with focusing on the status of sex segregation in academic profession and its relationship to the gender difference of faculty income.There are horizontal and vertical sex segregations in the academic labor market.No disciplinary sex segregation is more serious than that in engineering and nature sciences,and this phenomenon is the least in medical and life sciences.In terms of the sex segregation in academic rank, the polar ones are more distinct than that any other periods,and high ranked faculty are constantly occupied with males,leaving females mainly with low ranks.The study finds out that the sex segregation in academic rank system is much more serious than in the disciplinary ones,and the gender difference of faculty income mainly results from the vertical sex segregation in academic rank rather than the disciplinary one.

Field of study: Education
Electrochemical oxidation of herbicide bifenox acid in aqueous medium using diamond thin film electrode

The electrochemical oxidation of bifenox acid was studied at a boron-doped diamond thin film by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic electrolysis. The course of the electrolysis was monitored by measurement of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC / MS) analysis. It was found that exhaustive electrolysis leads to degradation and, ultimately, to mineralization of the starting herbicide. The degradation intermediates were identified showing that the oxidation process begins with the fragmentation of the molecule followed by reactions involving the hydroxyl radical, which is generated by the discharge of water. The study of the effect of current density and concentration showed that the degradation efficiency increases with decreasing current densities and increasing concentrations. The whole results were interpreted in a mechanistic scheme involving two oxidation pathways, the first is a direct oxidation at the electrode and the second uses hydroxyl radical as mediator of the oxidation. Finally, a kinetic study based on spectrophotometric measurements showed that the degradation process is pseudo first order.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Rate of conditioned reinforcement affects observing rate but not resistance to change.

The effects of rate of conditioned reinforcement on the resistance to change of operant behavior have not been examined. In addition, the effects of rate of conditioned reinforcement on the rate of observing have not been adequately examined. In two experiments, a multiple schedule of observing-response procedures was used to examine the effects of rate of conditioned reinforcement on observing rates and resistance to change. In a rich component, observing responses produced a higher frequency of stimuli correlated with alternating periods of random-interval schedule primary reinforcement or extinction. In a lean component, observing responses produced similar schedule-correlated stimuli but at a lower frequency. The rate of primary reinforcement in both components was the same. In Experiment 1, a 4:1 ratio of stimulus production was arranged by the rich and lean components. In Experiment 2, the ratio of stimulus production rates was increased to 6:1. In both experiments, observing rates were higher in the rich component than in the lean component. Disruptions in observing produced by presession feeding, extinction of observing responses, and response-independent food deliveries during intercomponent intervals usually were similar in the rich and lean components. When differences in resistance to change did occur, observing tended to be more resistant to change in the lean component. If resistance to change is accepted as a more appropriate measure of response strength than absolute response rates, then the present results provide no evidence that higher rates of stimuli generally considered to function as conditioned reinforcers engender greater response strength.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Development of the Sources of Spirituality Scale.

Most measures of spirituality privilege religious spirituality, but people may experience spirituality in a variety of ways, including a sense of closeness, oneness, or connection with a theistic being, the transcendent (i.e., something outside space and time), oneself, humanity, or nature. The overall purpose of the present 4 studies was to develop the Sources of Spirituality (SOS) Scale to measure these different elements of spirituality. In Study 1, we created items, had them reviewed by experts, and used data from a sample of undergraduates (N = 218) to evaluate factor structure and inform initial measurement revisions. The factor structure replicated well in another sample of undergraduates (N = 200; Study 2), and in a sample of community adults (N = 140; Study 3). In a sample of undergraduates (N = 200; Study 4), we then evaluated evidence of construct validity by examining associations between SOS Scale scores and religious commitment, positive attitudes toward the Sacred, and dispositional connection with nature. Moreover, based on latent profile analyses results, we found 5 distinct patterns of spirituality based on SOS subscales. We consider implications for therapy and relevance of the findings for models of spirituality and future research.

Field of study: Psychology
Connection caching to reduce signaling loads with applications to softswitch telephony

In order to support quality of service, many network operators continue to rely on connection oriented technologies, even as their networks migrate towards packet switching. Such technologies can allocate resources according to user requirements, with path stability providing low jitter for real-time services. CBR/VBR traffic classes in ATM networks fall within the connection oriented paradigm, as do Traffic Engineering initiatives such as CR-LDP and RSVP-TE protocols (from the IETF's MPLS working group). As the capacities of network links increase, network switches/ routers will need to support signaling loads that grow in proportion to these increases in bandwidth. However the capacity of such elements to process connection setup and teardown requests may not grow as quickly as transmission bandwidth. The resulting congestion in the connection control plane leads to delays in connection setup (and, in extreme cases, to setup failures). In response, next-generation switch vendors have implemented various connection-caching schemes. Despite this motivation, the problem of how to design an effective caching scheme appears to be little-studied in the literature. In this paper we propose a dynamic connection caching strategy which achieves a trade-off between bandwidth utilization and decreased signaling load. The proposed scheme is based on the optimal policy for a Markov decision process; this Markov decision process models the dynamics of caching policies on a single link. We extend the single-link approach to the network context. Simulations show that the proposed mechanism is robust and effective at reducing the signaling load without significantly decreasing throughput. The simulation scenarios feature network topologies that are appropriate for softswitch telephony, thereby demonstrating the applicability of our approach in this context.

Field of study: Computer science
The Application of Aerodynamics in the Design of Double-Decker Container Vehicles

In the double container car size overrun, the center of gravity high, angular shape characteristic, according to the aerodynamic load of vehicle dynamics, and the influence of intensity method and the mechanical model, studied the aerodynamic load of double container car mechanics index and application in vehicle design method, using the aerodynamics of wind environment and climate and the intersection under the condition of high speed passenger cars are double container car for the analysis of aerodynamic load, and the vehicle dynamics and simulation analysis of car body strength, to test the double container car running safety and stability, and in the original railway line running test organization, double container car aerodynamics performance has been further validation.

Field of study: Engineering
Road mortality in freshwater turtles: identifying causes of spatial patterns to optimize road planning and mitigation

Road mortality of freshwater turtles can be high enough to imperil populations near roads, thus there is a need to efficiently and accurately locate regions of excessive road-kill along road networks for mitigation. Weekly over 2 years, we drove a 160 km highway circuit in northeastern New York State, USA and recorded the location of all detected road-kill of three freshwater turtle species (Chelydra serpentina, Chrysemys picta, Emydoidea blandingii). We then analyzed the spatial dispersion of road-kill and the road and landscape features associated with road-kill locations. Road-kill was most prevalent at a limited number of short road segments, termed ‘hotspots’. The locations of hotspots, as indicated by kernel density analysis, and the peak spatial extent of hotspots (250 m), as indicated by Ripley’s K, corresponded to the locations and average lengths of causeways (road segments with wetlands within 100 m on both sides). Hotspots were located at causeways that were greater than 200 m length and characterized by high traffic volumes, close proximity to water, and high forest coverage. We conclude that freshwater turtle road mortality is spatially aggregated at short, severe hotspots, and hotspot locations can be predicted when the locations of wetlands, traffic volumes, and the land-uses bordering roads are known. Hotspot models using these predictors can locate sites along a road network that are the most promising for mitigation to reduce excessive road mortality and maintain connectivity.

Field of study: Environmental science
Poor Decisions, Compliant Management and Reactive Change: The Public Sector in 2003

Reviewing the public sector during 2003 highlighted how 'reform' as a strategy for public sector change no longer occupied the same centre stage as it did during the 1970s and 1980s. 'Reform' was then a major issue on the policy agenda and governments spent considerable time and effort outlining their visions for public sector change and devoting resources to its implementation. By contrast, during 2003 at both Commonwealth and state levels there was almost a total absence of the rhetoric of 'reform' in explaining or prompting administrative changes. It has almost disappeared as a major policy issue. Rather, public sector change has been subsumed under a host of other policy agendas like defence and national security, economic management, industrial relations, energy and transport issues, tax and competition issues.

Field of study: Political science
THE FORMULATION OF A COMPOSITE REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT INDEX

The measurement of a region’s progress with regards to achieving its developmental potential, plays a crucial role in improving the prosperity and quality of life of local communities. This process has however proven difficult as contemporary views on measurement of regional development are presented as multi-dimensional concepts. Attempts at measuring the development process have made use of composite indices, such as the Human Development Index (HDI) and other index variations. Nonetheless, those indexes mostly fail to truly reflect the various dimensions of the development process. The primary objective of this study was to construct a composite regional development index that successfully measures all the dimensions of development in a quantitative manner. The index was designed to be able to assess regions on a national, regional and local level. The hypothesised index consisted of four dimensions (demographic, social, labour and economic) that were constructed from 17 indicators. Furthermore, the index as developed could be utilised as a tool for future analysis in measuring regional efforts and progress as well as being used to compare different economic functional regions regarding the level of socio-economic development

Field of study: Business
Multitaper spectrum estimation for time series with gaps

Gaps in time series can produce spurious features in power spectrum estimates. These artifacts can be suppressed by averaging spectrum estimates obtained by first windowing the time series with a collection of orthogonal tapers. Such "multitaper" methods have been used for data without gaps since the early 1980s and for more general sampling schemes since the late 1980s. We introduce three families of tapers for time series with gaps. Two of the families solve optimization problems. They minimize bounds on different measures of bias. Computing them involves solving large eigenvalue problems with special structure that can be exploited to construct efficient algorithms. The third family solves no particular optimization problem but is inexpensive to compute and gives spectrum estimates that are quite similar to the other two for actual and simulated helioseismic data. All three families of gap-adapted multitaper estimates have lower variance and bias than the periodogram. In simulations of helioseismic data with gaps, standard methods for constructing confidence intervals for multitaper spectrum estimates, including parametric approximations and resampling in the temporal and spectral domains, all failed to attain their nominal confidence level. We present a novel resampling technique that, in the same simulations, gave confidence intervals that attained the correct confidence level.

Field of study: Engineering
Worldwide electricity used in data centers

The direct electricity used by data centers has become an important issue in recent years as demands for new Internet services (such as search, music downloads, video-on-demand, social networking, and telephony) have become more widespread. This study estimates historical electricity used by data centers worldwide and regionally on the basis of more detailed data than were available for previous assessments, including electricity used by servers, data center communications, and storage equipment. Aggregate electricity use for data centers doubled worldwide from 2000 to 2005. Three quarters of this growth was the result of growth in the number of the least expensive (volume) servers. Data center communications and storage equipment each contributed about 10% of the growth. Total electricity use grew at an average annual rate of 16.7% per year, with the Asia Pacific region (without Japan) being the only major world region with growth significantly exceeding that average. Direct electricity used by information technology equipment in data centers represented about 0.5% of total world electricity consumption in 2005. When electricity for cooling and power distribution is included, that figure is about 1%. Worldwide data center power demand in 2005 was equivalent (in capacity terms) to about seventeen 1000 MW power plants.

Field of study: Environmental science
Protein A-like activity and streptococcal cross-reactions.

Recognition of the protein A-like activity of some strains of group A streptococci has thrown doubt on much previous work suggesting antigenic cross-reactions between these streptococci and mammalian tissues. The strains used in our previous studies have now been examined by the mixed reverse passive antiglobulin reaction (MRPAH) for the 'non-specific' absorption of purified Fc portion of human IgG. They were found to have only traces of activity. The strain of Staphylococcus aureus used to control 'non-specific' absorption by bacterial cell walls was strongly positive. Protein A-like material as detected in this way was not therefore responsible for our earlier results.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine