nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The unpredictable fate of the single population of a threatened narrow endemic Mediterranean plant

Narrow endemic plants are highly vulnerable to extinction due to natural factors and human disturbance because of their restricted distribution and few populations. To conserve narrow endemic and threatened plants, is important to know the factors that drive population dynamics. We investigated the factors affecting the population demography of the narrow endemic and threatened Dianthus morisianus, a psammophilous plant with only one small population in Sardinia. Demographic data was analysed by integral projection models (IPMs), and the analysis of population growth rates, elasticities and life table response experiment (LTRE) was performed. Vital rates models show that ramet volume correlates with growth, survival, flowering probability and fruit output. Our results indicate that Dianthus morisianus can be considered a typical long-lived plant with a population dynamic dominated by large ramets. The population growth rate values were always strongly positive; this indicates that the population could increase in the long term and suggests that this plant could be able to recolonise the dune system. However, this scenario seems to contrast with the high risk of extinction reported for this plant; actually the persistence of the unique population of D. morisianus is negatively affected by several factors related to the ecological conditions of coastal dunes and other external factors such as animal grazing and trampling. Conservation actions for this threatened and narrow endemic plant should be focused to strictly protect and to enhance the number of large ramets; this strategy is the key element to increase the population size and to ensure the population persistence.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Temperature Echo of the Superconducting Phase Transition

An analysis of experimental heat capacity at $T>T_{c}$ is presented for series of samples $(R)Ba_2Cu_3O_{6+x}$ (with $x$ close to optimal). For all samples the anomaly was discovered which occurred steadily in the interval 250-290 K (anomaly $T_{h}$). The anomaly $T_{h}$ looks like a phase transition anomaly. It was shown that the anomaly $T_{h}$ correlates with superconducting anomaly $T_c$, temperatures $T_{h}$ and $T_{c}$ being connected by the ratio $T_{h}\approx 3T_c$. The anomaly $T_{h}$ is interpreted as the origination of pairing the charge carriers. Anomalies at $T\approx 3T_c$ were also detected in heat capacity of low temperature superconductors $Hg$ and $Nb_3Ge$.

Field of study: Physics
THE ROLE OF MULTIMEDIA-BASED-PEDAGOGY IN AFRICAN RENAISSANCE AND SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT: KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS AND COMPETENCES

With the advent of internet and social media such as Facebook, WhatsApp, tweeter, and a number of discussion forums, Africans can be easily reached and educated on the values of African renaissance in relation to the development of the African Continent. Multimedia based pedagogy has to do with the use of visuals, audio and audio-visuals in the transmission and development of knowledge, skills and competences. A people cannot be aware if they do not have knowledge (information), they cannot develop without skills and cannot consolidate their development without key competences.  Therefore, multimedia-base-pedagogy is a key instrument in the creation of awareness on African renaissance, building of developmental skills, and the reinforcement of competences to consolidate attained development. 
 In the exploration of the objectives and question of this work, document analysis is the main method employed. The question focuses on the roles played by multimedia-based-pedagogy in developing an African renaissance mind-set that can lead to subsequent development of the continent. This is based on the concepts of knowledge development, skills for African development and competences to consolidate African development. The collections of documents for analysis are within the following categories:  Official documents related to knowledge, skills and competences; and Research Studies, and publications. 
 Multimedia-based-pedagogy has an inevitable role to play in African Renaissance which will lead to subsequent development of the continent. However, the African educators, masses, politicians, scientist, businessmen, and industrialist need knowledge on African renaissance, they need skills that will develop African in all dimensions and they need competences to consolidate the development. At this juncture, they need education but not the traditional classroom type of education. 
Recommendations: A good number of Africans can be enlighten, trained and equipped with knowledge skills and competences at a cheaper rate without geographical or physical obstacles. And this is where multimedia-based-pedagogy sets in to facilitate and hasten African Renaissance and subsequent development, through the development of knowledge, equipping Africans with skills and competences of African Renaissance and development.

Field of study: Education
Experimental investigation of a Thermally Driven Heat Pump based on a double Organic Rankine Cycle and an oil-free Compressor-Turbine Unit

This paper presents the experimental investigation of a concept of Thermally Driven Heat Pump (TDHP), based on the coupling of a vapor compression heat pump cycle and an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). The studied concept uses a single stage centrifugal compressor directly coupled to a single stage radial inflow turbine. The shaft is rotating on gas bearings, which allows the system to be oil-free. Like most of the other TDHP's, this system has the advantage to work with a variety of fuels or heat sources like wood pellets, natural gas, solar heat, geothermal heat or waste heat. A prototype using R134a as working fluid and with a heating capacity of about 40 kW has been developed. The results of the first tests are presented.

Field of study: Engineering
A Cross-National Study of Teachers' Attributional Patterns

This cross-national study examined patterns in teachers' attributional responses to outcomes of students with and without learning disabilities. Teachers from elementary schools in California (n = 97) and Guatemala City (n = 59) participated in the study. Using written vignettes, eight hypothetical male students were described, four identified as learning disabled (LD), and four as non-learning disabled (non-LD). Teachers were to assume each child had just taken a typical classroom test and failed. Vignettes provided three types of information: a statement of student ability (high or low), typical effort (high or low), and disability status (LD or non-LD). Three types of teacher responses were examined: evaluative feedback (reward or punishment), emotional reactions (anger and pity), and expectations of future failure. Cross-national patterns of significant difference in teacher responses on the basis of student ability and effort and responses to the students with and without learning disabilities were found. Attributional characteristics of U.S. and Guatemalan teachers' responses are discussed.

Field of study: Education
Chemistry of small organic molecules on snow grains: the applicability of artificial snow for environmental studies.

The utilization of artificial snow for environmentally relevant (photo)chemical studies was systematically investigated. Contaminated snow samples were prepared by various methods: by shock freezing of the aqueous solutions sprayed into liquid nitrogen or inside a large walk-in cold chamber at -35 °C, or by adsorption of gaseous contaminants on the surface of artificially prepared pure or natural urban snow. The specific surface area of artificial snow grains produced in liquid nitrogen was determined using valerophenone photochemistry (400-440 cm(2) g(-1)) to estimate the surface coverage by small hydrophobic organic contaminants. The dynamics of recombination/dissociation (cage effect) of benzyl radical pairs, photochemically produced from 4-methyldibenzyl ketone on the snow surface, was investigated. The initial ketone loading, c = 10(-6)-10(-8) mol kg(-1), only about 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than the contaminant concentrations commonly found in nature, was already well below monolayer coverage. We found that the efficiency of out-of-cage reactions decreased at much higher temperatures than those previously determined for frozen solutions; however, the cage effect was essentially the same no matter what technique of snow production or ketone deposition/uptake was used, including the experiments with collected natural snow. The experimental observation that the contaminant molecules are initially self-associated even at the lowest concentrations was supported by DFT calculations. We conclude that, contrary to frozen aqueous solutions, in which the impurities reside in a 3D cage (micropocket), contaminant molecules located on the artificial snow grain surface at low concentrations can be visualized in terms of a 2D cage. Artificial snow thus represents a readily available study matrix that can be used to emulate the natural chemical processes of trace contaminants occurring in natural snow.

Field of study: Environmental science
Pd-catalyzed Dithiolene–Aryl Cross-coupling Reaction of Aromatic Cyclopentadienylcobalt Dithiolene Complex

complex with a boronate group, which is formulated as [CpCo{S 2 C 2 (Ph)(Bpm)}] (1, Bpin = 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaboronate), was prepared from the one-pot reaction of [CpCo(CO) 2 ], elemental sulfur, and boronated alkyne. 1 underwent Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions with 3-bromopyridine or 9-bromoanthracene.

Field of study: Chemistry
Molecular and electrophysiological characterization of a allelic variant of the rat alpha 6 GABAA receptor subunit.

A 1.45 kb DNA sequence encoding the rat alpha 6 GABAA receptor subunit (nucleotides 33-1483) was cloned from a Sprague-Dawley rat brain cDNA library by PCR amplification. Dideoxy sequencing of two individual clones revealed that the nucleotide sequence differed at only one basepair (T480-->G) from that published previously. This difference altered the deduced amino acid sequence, producing a conservative amino acid substitution (His121-->Gln). A Gln residue is present at the same location in the bovine alpha 6 subunit. Restriction endonuclease analysis of the total PCR product demonstrated that this variant of the rat alpha 6 subunit was the only allele found in this particular rat brain library, the original allele was not present. These results were further verified by RNAse protection assays performed with RNA isolated from individual rat cerebella. alpha 6, beta 1, and gamma 2S subunits were transiently expressed in L929 cells for electrophysiological analysis. Whole-cell recordings obtained from the cells demonstrated that GABAA receptor channels with the expected GABA and benzodiazepine pharmacology were produced. Excised outside out single channel recordings from the same cells revealed that GABA elicited brief duration openings to a 33 pS main conductance level and to at least one smaller (approximately 21 pS) subconductance level. Thus this allelic variant of rat alpha 6 subunit could assemble with other subunits to form a functional GABAA receptor channel with similar properties to the original allelic form.

Field of study: Biology
Absence of Trypanosoma cruzi myocardial infection reactivation in Chagas' heart transplant.

The risk of Trypanosoma cruzi myocardial infection reactivation after immunosuppressive therapy has led to precluding heart transplantation as a therapeutic procedure for patients with end-stage Chagas' heart disease. We report a case of an orthotopic heart transplantation in a 43-year-old critically ill chagasic patient with an uneventful postoperative period. He was treated with azathioprine and cyclosporine to control graft rejection and showed no reactivation of the chagasic infection. One year following surgery, the patient is doing well. Nonsteroidal therapy appears not to reactivate T. cruzi infection in transplant chagasic patients.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Study on the Current Capital Management of China Modern Enterprises

The current capital management of the enterprise mainly includes cash management, accounts receivable management and inventory management. The following methods should be selected to strengthen the current capital management of modern enterprises, which includes reasonably allocating capitals, really enhancing the cash using efficiency, strengthening the accounts receivable management, revitalizing the capital turnover, emphasizing the inventory management and striving for the unification of the inventory cost and the inventory benefit.

Field of study: Business
Experimental study on a continuous adsorption water chiller with novel design

A newly developed adsorption water chiller is introduced and tested. In the new adsorption refrigeration system, there are no refrigerant valves, the problem of mass transfer resistance resulting in pressure drop along refrigerant passage in conventional systems when methanol or water is used as refrigerant can be absolutely solved. Silica-gel–water is used as working pair and mass recovery-like process is adopted in order to use low temperature heat source ranging from 70 to 85 °C effectively. The experiment results demonstrate that the chiller (26.4 kg silica-gel in each adsorber) has a cooling capacity of 2–7.3 kW and COP ranging 0.2–0.42 according to different evaporating temperatures. Based on the experimental tests of the first prototype, the second prototype is designed and tested; the experimental data demonstrate that the chiller performance has been greatly improved, with a heat source temperature of 80 °C, a COP over 0.5 and cooling capacity of 9 kW has been achieved at evaporating temperature of 13 °C.

Field of study: Engineering
Avoidance of a generalist entomopathogenic fungus by the ladybird, Coccinella septempunctata.

Fungal entomopathogens are ubiquitous within the environment and susceptible insects are predicted to be under strong selection pressure to detect and avoid virulent isolates. Beauveria bassiana is an entomopathogenic fungus with a wide host range including coccinellids. Seven-spot ladybirds, Coccinella septempunctata, overwinter predominantly in leaf litter and B. bassiana is one of their major mortality factors during winter in temperate regions. Behavioural assays were conducted to assess the ability of adult C. septempunctata to avoid lethal densities of B. bassiana conidia in soil or on leaves. Further assays considered avoidance by C. septempunctata of mycosed (B. bassiana) C. septempunctata cadavers compared with uninfected C. septempunctata cadavers or in vitro B. bassiana. Treatments in any bioassays entirely avoided by C. septempunctata were regarded as censored data, to overcome the difficulties associated with zeros in log-ratio analyses. Male and female C. septempunctata avoided contact with leaf surfaces and soil inoculated with B. bassiana and mycosed cadavers. The ability of C. septempunctata to detect and avoid B. bassiana conidia is an adaptation that undoubtedly increases survival and ultimately fitness. We predict that such behavioural responses are widespread and driven by the high cost of fungal infection to a host.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Development and application of LY-9302 type reformer prehydrogenation catalyst

The LY-9302 type reformer prehydrogenation catalyst is developed and applied in reformer prehydrogenation unit to replace the imported S-12 type catalyst. The result shows that under the conditions of reaction temperature of 295～308℃, pressure of 2.8～2.9MPa, the content of S≤346×10 -6 and N≤3.1×10 -6 in feedstock, volume space velocity of 4.4～7.0h -1 , and the hydrogen/oil volume ratio of 88.7～117, the contents of S and N in the prehydrogenation refining oil is lower than 0.5×10 -6 , the liquid yield of refining oil is higher than 97%, and can satisfy the production demand. Comparing with S-12 type catalyst, the activity of hydrogen desulfurization and denitrogenation of LY-9302 type catalyst is higher, the selectivity and life are corresponded. The LY-9302 type catalyst can replace the S-12 type catalyst.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Er/sub 2/O/sub 3/-ZrO/sub 2/ insulation coatings on Ag/AgMg sheathed Bi-2212 superconducting tapes by sol-gel process

We have fabricated high temperature insulation coatings on long-length superconducting tapes and wires using a reel-to-reel sol-gel dip coating system for HTS/LTS coils at NHMFL. In this work, 8 mol% Er/sub 2/O/sub 3/-ZrO/sub 2/ coatings were deposited on Ag or AgMg sheathed Bi/sub 2/Sr/sub 2/Ca/sub 1/Cu/sub 2/O/sub x/ (Bi-2212) superconducting tapes. The insulation solution was prepared with Zr and Er based organometallic compounds. The gel layers were transformed to amorphous layers at about 300/spl deg/C for 30 sec. in air. The ceramic oxide coatings were subsequently formed at 600/spl deg/C for 60 sec. in air. The coatings on Ag/AgMg sheathed Bi-2212 tapes were finally densified by annealing at 862/spl deg/C for 12 h under oxygen gas flow. These coatings were characterized by means of ESEM, DTA, and XRD. Dielectric constant, breakdown voltage and resistance values of the coatings were measured using a standard multimeter and power supply. ESEM revealed that surface morphology of the coatings is mosaic structure. XRD and DTA studies show that cubic phases formed at between 450/spl deg/C and 600/spl deg/C. Dielectric constant, high voltage breakdown and resistance values of the insulations were found to be 20, 1096 V at 1.5 mA and 14 M-Ohms, respectively.

Field of study: Physics
Queneau's Fiction: An Introductory Study, and: Representation in Contemporary French Fiction, and: Claude Simon, and: Politics, Writing, Mutilation: The Cases of Bataille, Blanchot, Roussel, Leiris, and Ponge (review)

literature than is Julien Green, but his reputation is, I suspect, still based primarily on the book that became the "bible" of the decadent movement, A Rebours. Huysmans is usually classified in the manuals as a naturalist writer and disciple of Zola who later became disillusioned with naturalism and broke with his mentor. It is this simplified view of Huysmans that Ruth Antosh proposes to correct. After an opening chapter in which she recapitulates the doctrine of "naturalisme spiritualiste," Huysmans' attempt in LÃ -Bas to define a naturalism which is not confined to the material world and of which the foremost exemplar in Huysmans' view was the painter Mathis GrÃ1⁄4newald, the author searches for evidence of this spiritualism in the early works, that is, in works antedating the break with Zola. She identifies a characteristic and ever-present theme, namely Huysmans' descriptions of the rooms that his characters inhabit. These rooms represent the psyche of the character, his flight from the real world, and provide the locus for his reveries and debilitating self-contemplation. This concern with the inner life, in particular the dreams, hallucinations, reveries, and spiritual yearning of his characters, a concern evident in the earliest novels, is the sign for the author that Huysmans was never a true naturalist. But from this standpoint, can even ZoIa be considered a true naturalist? Emile Zola's reputation as a novelist has risen steadily over the past few years. Research carried out since the 1950s has focused primarily on the epic and mythic aspects of Zola's work, research to which Philip Walker has made important contributions.

Field of study: Art
Effects of long-term hyperthermic preconditioning on the body’s oxidation and injury resistance capacities

In order to observe the effects of one load increment to exhausted exercising on the free radical metabolism and CK and LDH activities in the body’s blood serum as well as changes made in recovery period after exercising,the author provided the testees with 1-month hyperthermic preconditioning,i.e.to produce a thermal shock reaction,then made one load increment,tested the free radical metabolism and CK and LDH activities in the body’s blood serum,thus probed into the effects of long-term hyperthermic preconditioning in load increased exercising on the body’s oxidation and injury resistance capacities,and revealed the following findings: as compared with the same before conditioning,after 1-month hyperthermic preconditioning,the MDA content in a calm condition decreased and the difference was significant(P0.05),the SOD activity showed an increasing trend,but the difference was not significant(P0.05),the LDH activity decreased and the difference was very significant(P0.01);immediately after exhausted exercising,the MDA content in blood serum decreased and the difference was very significant(P0.01),the SOD activity increased and the difference was very significant(P0.01),the CK activity decreased and the difference was very significant(P0.05);in 1 hour after exhausted exercising,the MDA content decreased and the difference was very significant(P0.01),the SOD activity increased and the difference was very significant.The said findings indicated that long-term hyperthermic conditioning can enhance the body’s oxidation resistance capacity and reduce injury caused by free radicals,having a certain protection function on acute body injury caused by exercising.

Field of study: Education
Evaluating nutrient impacts in urban watersheds: challenges and research opportunities.

This literature review focuses on the prevalence of nitrogen and phosphorus in urban environments and the complex relationships between land use and water quality. Extensive research in urban watersheds has broadened our knowledge about point and non-point pollutant sources, but the fate of nutrients is not completely understood. For example, it is not known how long-term nutrient cycling processes in turfgrass landscapes influence nitrogen retention rates or the relative atmospheric contribution to urban nitrogen exports. The effect of prolonged reclaimed water irrigation is also unknown. Stable isotopes have been used to trace pollutants, but distinguishing sources (e.g., fertilizers, wastewater, etc.) can be difficult. Identifying pollutant sources may aid our understanding of harmful algal blooms because the extent of the relationship between urban nutrient sources and algal blooms is unclear. Further research on the delivery and fate of nutrients within urban watersheds is needed to address manageable water quality impacts.

Field of study: Environmental science
Heterocyclic nitro compounds

The UV spectra of a number of 3(5)-nitro-1,2,4-triazoles at 220–350 nm were studied. A dependence of the position of the K band in the spectra of 3-nitro-5-R-triazoles on the nature of the substituent (R) is shown, and transfer of the effect of direct polar conjugation through the triazole ring was detected. Correlation dependences between the frequency and σn+(σn+-σ0) constants were found in the series of 1-methyl-3-nitro-5-R-triazoles.

Field of study: Chemistry