nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Self-stimulation in 7- and 10-day-old rats.

Recently, it has been shown that the infant rat exhibits learned behaviors characteristic of the adult. With a modified self-stimulation paradigm, this study explored whether 7- and 10-day-old rat pups could learn a discriminated operant to obtain direct electrical stimulation in neural sites that support self-stimulation in adults. By nudging one of two response manipulanda, at two ages (7 and 10 days) and temperatures (22 and 35 degrees C), pups self-stimulated with electrodes implanted in a variety of forebrain sites, including the prefrontal cortex, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial nucleus of the amygdala, and the medial forebrain bundle. The only temperature-sensitive site might be the nucleus accumbens which was positive only at the higher temperature in 10-day-olds. These results indicate that several forebrain sites demonstrate rewarding properties of stimulation in the preweanling rat pup.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Automatic method change suggestion to complement multi-entity edits

When maintaining software, developers sometimes change multiple program entities (i.e., classes, methods, and fields) to fulfill one maintenance task. We call such complex changes multi-entity edits. Consistently and completely applying multi-entity edits can be challenging, because (1) the changes scatter in different entities and (2) the incorrectly edited code may not trigger any compilation or runtime error. This paper introduces CMSuggester, an approach to suggest complementary changes for multi-entity edits. Given a multi-entity edit that (i) adds a new field or method and (ii) modifies one or more methods to access the field or invoke the method, CMSuggester suggests other methods to co-change for the new field access or method invocation. The design of CMSuggester is motivated by our preliminary study, which reveals that co-changed methods usually access existing fields or invoke existing methods in common. Our evaluation shows that based on common field accesses, CMSuggester recommended method changes in 463 of 685 tasks with 70% suggestion accuracy; based on common method invocations, CMSuggester handled 557 of 692 tasks with 70% accuracy. Compared with prior work ROSE, TARMAQ, and Transitive Association Rules (TAR), CMSuggester recommended more method changes with higher accuracy. Our research can help developers correctly apply multi-entity edits.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Solving the disjuncture between research and practice: telehealth trends in the 21st century.

Despite the great promise that telehealth holds for improving cost, quality and access, there is currently a disjunction between what we know about telehealth and system growth and performance. To better understand the relationship between these two facets of telehealth development, this paper examines trends in telehealth, both as an intellectual endeavor and as a practical means of providing health services. Although there are promising avenues for government intervention in the way of coordination, funding, and regulatory practice, lack of knowledge regarding what works and what does not work has served as a major impediment to further progress in this area. In the absence of solid empirical evidence, key decision makers entertain doubts about telehealth's effectiveness, which, in turn, limits public leadership, private investment, and the long-term integration of telehealth into the health and technological mainstream. Solving the disjuncture between research and practice will require additional clinical trials and evaluation studies that examine the efficacy of various technologies, both relative to each other and to conventional in person medical encounters. At the same time, it will require more even distribution of research across applications, service locations, regions, and nations. But the generation of additional high-quality empirical data on process, benefits, costs, and effects is only the beginning. That data must in turn be used to effectuate change. This will require researchers to take a more proactive stance in promoting use of their findings, both instrumentally, to adjust, modify or improve particular programs or policies, and conceptually, to influence how key stakeholders think about telehealth more generally.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Rotor power and losses of an axial-flow combine

The power required by the rotor of an axial-flow combine and the grain losses were determined for barley in a laboratory for different rotor speeds, concave clearances, helix angles of the transport vanes, feed rates, and moisture contents. Though the power was largely a function of the last three, it was prodigious for a combination of the minimum vane angle at high feed rates of high moisture barley with the minimum concave clearance. The losses were affected by the rotor speed, vane angle and feed rate, and to a lesser extent by the moisture content and the concave clearance.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Phase and Microstructure Evaluation and Microwave Dielectric Properties of Mg1−xNixSiO3 Ceramics

The ceramics were prepared using the solid-state reaction method and their phase, microstructure and microwave dielectric properties were investigated. A single-phase clinoenstatite system with monoclinic structure (space group P21/c) was confirmed through x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis for the compositions with x ≤ 0.1. The compositions with x ≥ 0.15 contain SiO2 and (Mg1−xNix)2SiO4 phases only as confirmed from the XRD data of their sintered samples. The unit cell volume was decreased while the theoretical density was increased with increase in x from 0 to 0.1. A decrease in dielectric constant (εr) while an increase in unloaded quality factor multiplying the resonant frequency (Qufo) and temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf) was observed with increase in Ni content from 0 to x = 0.1. In the present study, εr ∼ 6.10, Qufo ∼ 118,702 GHz and τf ∼ −10 ppm/°C was achieved for the composition with x = 0.1 sintered at 1425°C for 9 h. The material is a good candidate for millimeter wave applications.

Field of study: Materials science
Mapping of ecosystem services flow in Mida Creek, Kenya

The concept of ecosystem services (ES) and its application in natural resources management decision making is a new conservation paradigm. A better understanding of ES in resource-rich developing countries can contribute to poverty alleviation and sustainable development, while at the same time conserving natural resources. This study assessed the flow of ES in Mida Creek, a marine reserve in Kenya, with the aim of characterizing land use/land cover (LULC) classes, spatially mapping distribution of ES, identifying important ES, and establishing the opinions of experts on ES flow. A qualitative and quantitative assessment was carried out coupling expert scores and LULC maps in a matrix structure. A participatory approach was used to engage and raise awareness with the community groups who actively participate in conservation activities in the creek, together with researchers/academics/managers who also are involved with the management of the reserve. The study was carried out between July and October 2015 and a total of 65 participants were involved. Datasets were collected using questionnaires in which ecosystem service flow was scored based on expert estimates per LULC class against the selected ES. Data were assessed using statistical and spatial analysis techniques. Results for the flow of provisioning services showed that, while palm trees were the main source of firewood (68%), other vegetation types were also an important source for wood products, including charcoal (46%), construction poles (54%) and fishing gear (68%). There was also a high flow of provisioning services (sea food and bait organisms) from water bodies (82%) and mangroves (80%). Flow for regulating services was mainly from mangroves, and for cultural services from beaches, mangroves and water bodies. Saline bare areas and sand flats scored least for all the ES. There were statistically significant differences in the scoring of the LULC against the different categories of provisioning, regulating and cultural services between the local communities and the other stakeholders. The method shows both the location of the resources utilized by the communities and, also, facilitates communication between these communities and the decision makers, thereby providing an example of a management strategy at the local scale for other coastal regions of Kenya and elsewhere.

Field of study: Environmental science
Study on College Students' Ideological and Political Education in the "Post-modern Reading" Environment

The development of new media technology makes reading into the "postmodern reading" era,which has brought about quick access to information and more reading materials to college students;and it will impact students' thinking way.Then the college ideological education is facing many new problems.For ideological and political education faculty,it needs to pay more attention to the relationship research between "post-modern reading" and the ideological education,integrate and make good use of all kinds of media,seize the popular tendency,make use of the influence of "opinion leader" and solve problems such as "shallow reading" and "internet addiction".

Field of study: Education
Evidence that MAP (mitogen-activated protein) kinase activation may be a necessary but not sufficient signal for a restricted subset of responses in IL-1-treated epidermoid cells.

We have investigated the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP-kinase) in KB human epidermoid carcinoma cells treated with interleukin 1 (IL-1). MAP-kinase activity was transient; the time required for activity to reach a maximal level was dependent upon the dose of IL-1, ranging from 15 minutes to 45 minutes. The level of kinase induction correlated well with dose-response curves for two characteristic IL-1-induced responses, PGE2 and IL-6 production. MAP-kinase activity returned to basal levels within 2 hours regardless of the amount of IL-1 added to the system. Exposure of KB cells to free IL-1 was accordingly restricted to periods of 2 hours or less, by replacing IL-1 with an excess of IL-1 receptor antagonist. Even after 2 hours exposure, the ability of IL-1 to induce IL-6 or PGE2 was still IL-1ra-inhibitable by more than 80%, suggesting that events downstream of, or parallel to MAP-kinase activation, requiring the continual formation of new IL-1 receptor complexes, are needed to fully elicit these responses. Two general serine/threonine kinase inhibitors, K252a and quercetin, were found to strongly inhibit MAP kinase in vivo with ED50s of c. 100 nM and 30 microM, respectively. At these concentrations, both compounds effectively inhibited IL-1-driven PGE2 and IL-6 induction without affecting general protein synthesis or secretion. Other non-selective kinase inhibitors had less effect on MAP-kinase activation or IL-1-induced biological responses. The transient activation of MAP-kinase induction correlated strikingly with activation of the transcription factor NF-kappa B. IL-1-induced NF-kappa B activation was, however, relatively insensitive to inhibition by K252a or quercetin. We suggest that MAP-kinase is likely to be a necessary, but not sufficient, intermediate in some (IL-6, PGE2 induction) but not all (NF-kappa B activation) IL-1 responses in these cells.

Field of study: Medicine
Imagining London: Postcolonial Fiction and the Transnational Metropolis (review)

Kincaid's work as it explores the desire for a self-definition that is separate from the larger community, an aspect of Kincaid's work that receives less critical attention than, for example, Kincaid's critique of colonialism and her treatment of mother-daughter relationships. Despite the relatively fresh insight into Kincaid's work that she offers, John's reading of Lucy seems more concerned with understating Kincaid's contribution to the body of Caribbean women's writing, particularly her critique of colonialism. For example John points out that Kincaid's work on "migration and coming of age in the Caribbean is not new" (79). While this is true, it seems an unwarranted remark that does very little to advance John's argument. Similarly, the negative comparison of Lucy to Hodge's Crick Crack Monkey betrays John's unwillingness to analyze Lucy more extensively. For example, John's reading of Kincaid's description of her childhood attitude toward Britain misses the critique of West Indians' (including Kincaid's) submission to colonialism implicit in Kincaid's description. John's treatment of Kincaid's use of language in Lucy and her view that the oral tradition is not a feature of this novel also offer an incomplete representation of both this novel and Kincaid's oeuvre. The author's analyses of the works of Simone Schwarz-Bart, Audre Lorde, and Leon Damas are commendable, and the range of writers she includes goes a far way in continuing conversations that affirm the presence of African culture in the Caribbean and throughout the African diaspora. John's text is elegantly written and accessible and certainly has a place among other postcolonial writings.

Field of study: Art
Effects of geometrical size on flow characteristics of jet in sonic oscillator

The flow characteristics of the jet in a sonic oscillator are mainly determined by its geometrical size. The effects of geometrical size were studied by experiments and numerical simulation.The conclusions were as follows:(1)The switch cycle of the jet was proportional to the controlling tube length and approximately equal to the time that sonic wave passed through the controlling tube;(2)When the controlling tube was too long, too wide or too narrow,the jet would not oscillate.The range of the controlling tube length which caused jet oscillation became smaller with narrowing controlling tube;(3)If the wall-offset or wedge-distance was too small,the jet could not attach the wall.In addition, their effects were correlative.When the wedge became nearer to the nozzle, the smallest wall-offset that could induce jet oscillation increased.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Chemosensory and hormonal mediation of social memory in male rats.

The persistence with which adult male rats investigated a juvenile conspecific was significantly reduced following preexposure to either the juvenile or chemosensory stimuli (soiled bedding or urine) from that juvenile. The reduced persistence did not occur when the chemosensory stimulus came from a juvenile different from the one with which the subject was subsequently tested, which suggests the presence of a chemosensorily mediated social memory. It is suggested that any such memory may have adaptive value in that it permits a male rat to more readily identify a novel conspecific. Also, the lack of reduced persistence of social investigatory behavior in castrated subjects demonstrates the importance of male gonadal hormones in the formation, storage, and/or retrieval of the proposed chemosensorily mediated social memory.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Modeling random early detection in a differentiated services network

An analytical framework for modeling a network of random early detection (RED) queues with mixed traffic types (e.g. TCP and UDP) is developed. Expressions for the steady-state goodput for each flow and the average queuing delay at each queue are derived. The framework is extended to include a class of RED queues that provides differentiated services for flows with multiple classes. Finally, the analysis is validated against ns simulations for a variety of RED network configurations where it is shown that the analytical results match with those of the simulations within a mean error of 5%. Several new analytical results are obtained; TCP throughput formula for a RED queue; TCP timeout formula for a RED queue and the fairness index for RED and tail drop.

Field of study: Computer science
Recent progress in anisotropic hydrodynamics

The quark-gluon plasma created in a relativistic heavy-ion collisions possesses a sizable pressure anisotropy in the local rest frame at very early times after the initial nuclear impact and this anisotropy only slowly relaxes as the system evolves. In a kinetic theory picture, this translates into the existence of sizable momentum-space anisotropies in the underlying partonic distribution functions, 〈 p L 2 〉 ≪ 〈 p T 2 〉. In such cases, it is better to reorganize the hydrodynamical expansion by taking into account momentum-space anisotropies at leading-order in the expansion instead of as a perturbative correction to an isotropic distribution. The resulting anisotropic hydrodynamics framework has been shown to more accurately describe the dynamics of rapidly expanding systems such as the quark-gluon plasma. In this proceedings contribution, I review the basic ideas of anisotropic hydrodynamics, recent progress, and present a few preliminary phenomenological predictions for identified particle spectra and elliptic flow.

Field of study: Physics
TECHNOLOGY OF SMOKE PREVENTION AND DUST CONTROL FOR HORIZONTAL GRATE-FIRED BOILERS

In China, a number of horizontal grate fired boilers have been used in industry and black soot and fly ash are emitted out of the furnace A smoke prevention and dust control device suited for horizontal grate fired boilers is invented so as to solve these two problems The technical feature of the device is presented and aerodynamic field in the furnace is simulated It shows many advantages,such as simple structure, easy arrangement, effective inhibition of soot formation and realizing dust removal in furnace

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Recursive utility and the Ramsey problem

This paper examines existence, continuity, and characterization of optimal paths under “recursive” preferences. Current utility is a fixed (aggregator) function of current consumption and future utility. For suitable aggregators, a useful refinement of the Contraction Mapping Theorem generates the utility function, as in Lucas and Stokey (  (1984), 139–171). A broader class of aggregators is handled via a limiting argument analogous to partial summation. The Weierstrass theorem yields the existence of optimal paths. Under somewhat more stringent conditions on the aggregator and technology, optimal paths are continuous in initial capital stocks, and are characterized by generalized Euler equations and a transversality condition.

Field of study: Economics
Block characters of the symmetric groups

A block character of a finite symmetric group is a positive definite function which depends only on the number of cycles in a permutation. We describe the cone of block characters by identifying its extreme rays, and find relations of the characters to descent representations and the coinvariant algebra of ${\mathfrak{S}}_{n}$. The decomposition of extreme block characters into the sum of characters of irreducible representations gives rise to certain limit shape theorems for random Young diagrams. We also study counterparts of the block characters for the infinite symmetric group ${\mathfrak{S}}_{\infty}$, along with their connection to the Thoma characters of the infinite linear group GL∞(q) over a Galois field.

Field of study: Mathematics
Absorption spectrum of water as a reflection of charge diffusion

The absorption spectrum of liquid water in the range of 103–1013 Hz (from dc conductivity of up to 5 THz IR resonance) is completely and uniformly described by a simple physical model. The model assumes the existence in water of a high concentration of H3O+ and OH− ions (up to 4.5% of the total number of molecules) that exchange protons with H2O molecules on the scale of picoseconds.

Field of study: Physics
Effect of vitamin K supplementation on anthropometric parameters and adipokine levels – a systematic review: Vitamin K and anthropometric parameters

The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effect of vitamin K supplementation on anthropometric parameters and adipokine levels in adults. Four databases (PubMed, Web of Sciences, Scopus and the Cochrane Library) were searched to select studies in which the effect of vitamin K supplementation on body weight, body mass index (BMI), fat mass, leptin and adiponectin levels were assessed. We identified nine studies that included a total of 542 subjects. Vitamin K supplementation did not influence body weight, BMI and percentage of fat mass. In addition, the effect of vitamin K supplementation on adipokines levels was equivocal.  Vitamin K supplementation did not affect anthropometric parameters and adipokines levels. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to clarify the effect of vitamin K supplementation on these parameters in adults.

Field of study: Medicine
Electrospun Nafion®/Polyphenylsulfone Composite Membranes for Regenerative Hydrogen Bromine Fuel Cells

The regenerative H2/Br2-HBr fuel cell, utilizing an oxidant solution of Br2 in aqueous HBr, shows a number of benefits for grid-scale electricity storage. The membrane-electrode assembly, a key component of a fuel cell, contains a proton-conducting membrane, typically based on the perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomer. Unfortunately, the high cost of PFSA membranes and their relatively high bromine crossover are serious drawbacks. Nanofiber composite membranes can overcome these limitations. In this work, composite membranes were prepared from electrospun dual-fiber mats containing Nafion® PFSA ionomer for facile proton transport and an uncharged polymer, polyphenylsulfone (PPSU), for mechanical reinforcement, and swelling control. After electrospinning, Nafion/PPSU mats were converted into composite membranes by softening the PPSU fibers, through exposure to chloroform vapor, thus filling the voids between ionomer nanofibers. It was demonstrated that the relative membrane selectivity, referenced to Nafion® 115, increased with increasing PPSU content, e.g., a selectivity of 11 at 25 vol% of Nafion fibers. H2-Br2 fuel cell power output with a 65 μm thick membrane containing 55 vol% Nafion fibers was somewhat better than that of a 150 μm Nafion® 115 reference, but its cost advantage due to a four-fold decrease in PFSA content and a lower bromine species crossover make it an attractive candidate for use in H2/Br2-HBr systems.

Field of study: Materials science