nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Genome-Wide Association Analyses Highlight the Potential for Different Genetic Mechanisms for Litter Size Among Sheep Breeds

Reproduction is an important trait in sheep breeding as well as in other livestock. However, despite its importance the genetic mechanisms of litter size in domestic sheep (Ovis aries) are still poorly understood. To explore genetic mechanisms underlying the variation in litter size, we conducted multiple independent genome-wide association studies in five sheep breeds of high prolificacy (Wadi, Hu, Icelandic, Finnsheep, and Romanov) and one low prolificacy (Texel) using the Ovine Infinium HD BeadChip, respectively. We identified different sets of candidate genes associated with litter size in different breeds: BMPR1B, FBN1, and MMP2 in Wadi; GRIA2, SMAD1, and CTNNB1 in Hu; NCOA1 in Icelandic; INHBB, NF1, FLT1, PTGS2, and PLCB3 in Finnsheep; ESR2 in Romanov and ESR1, GHR, ETS1, MMP15, FLI1, and SPP1 in Texel. Further annotation of genes and bioinformatics analyses revealed that different biological pathways could be involved in the variation in litter size of females: hormone secretion (FSH and LH) in Wadi and Hu, placenta and embryonic lethality in Icelandic, folliculogenesis and LH signaling in Finnsheep, ovulation and preovulatory follicle maturation in Romanov, and estrogen and follicular growth in Texel. Taken together, our results provide new insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying the prolificacy trait in sheep and other mammals, suggesting targets for selection where the aim is to increase prolificacy in breeding projects.

Field of study: Biology
Selection of the electrofusion parameter of reconstructed embryo from Bore-Huanghuai white goat somatic cell nuclear transfer

In this study,cells nuclear transfer experiment was carried out using the ear fibroblasts of Bore goat as donor cells and the oocytes of Huanghuai-white goat as recipient cell.The result showed that when the electrofusion parameter was 250V·mm-1 for one DC pulse,the cleavage rate of oocytes with 40 μs electrofusion time,the electrofusion of reconstructed oocytes was significantly higher than that with 10 μs electrofusion time or 20μs electrofusion time(P0.05),but the survival rate of the reconstructed embryos after the electrofusion with 10μs electrofusion time was the highest(P0.05);when the electrofusion parameter was 250V·mm-1 for 10μs electrofusion time,the cleavage rate of reconstructed oocytes with two DC electrofusion pulses was significantly higher than that with one DC pulse,while the livability of post-electrofusion embryos and the rate of obtainable embryo in one DC pulse were both higher than those in two DC pulses(P0.05).It is the conclusion that the!optimal electrofusion parameters for reconstructed oocytes of goat may be 250V·mm-1,10μs and one DC pulse.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Light-particle emission from the fissioning nuclei 126 Ba, 188 Pt and 266,272,278 110: theoretical predictions and experimental results☆

We present a comparison of our model treating fission dynamics in conjunction with light-particle ( n,p,α ) evaporation with the available experimental data for the nuclei 126 Ba, 188 Pt and three isotopes of the element Z=110 . The dynamics of the symmetric fission process is described through the solution of a classical Langevin equation for a single collective variable characterizing the nuclear deformation along the fission path. A microscopic approach is used to evaluate the emission rates for prefission light particles. Entrance-channel effects are taken into account by generating an initial spin distribution of the compound nucleus formed by the fusion of two deformed nuclei with different relative orientations.

Field of study: Physics
Computational Studies of the Radiotoxicity of Irradiated WWER-1200 Fuel and Its Loss of Activity during the Long-Term Treatment of Spent Nuclear Fuel from the Belarusian NPP

Results are presented from calculating the activities of fission products and actinides for the mean fuel burnup of the Belarusian Nuclear Power Plant (Belarusian NPP) (55.6 MW d t–1 U). Rates of the loss of total activity are obtained for the spent nuclear fuel (referred to below as SNF) depending on the period of storage. Calculation studies of the radiotoxicity characteristics of spent WWER-1200 nuclear fuel allows the listing of radionuclides that are potential radiation hazard at different stages of SNF management at the Belarusian NPP. The results are important when making decisions on the environmentally acceptable option for spent nuclear fuel management presented in the Belarusian NPP’s Strategy of SNF Management.

Field of study: Physics
Vacuum Ultraviolet Radiation Effects in SiO2

Charging effects observed in MOS structures which have been exposed to sputtering plasmas or electron beam deposition suggest that Vacuum Ultraviolet (VUV) or soft X-radiation is important in producing these effects. Our experiments show that under positive gate bias VUV irradiation produces large positive charging effects for photon energies above 8.8 eV, the threshold for electron-hole pair creation in SiO2. This charging appears to be accompanied by an increase in interface state density. VUV radiation proves to be more useful than higher energy quanta or particles in studying radiation charging. This is true because one can control the depth of radiation absorption into the oxide. Etching experiments show that positive charge is induced near the Si-SiO2 interface even when radiation is absorbed near the gate electrode. This result is strong evidence in support of the hole transport and trapping model. We present evidence that under irradiation with positive bias, positive space charge is formed near both interfaces. We also show how a large positive space charge can be introduced into the oxide without a gate electrode.

Field of study: Physics
Comparison of Mechanical Properties and Energy Absorption of Sheet-Based and Strut-Based Gyroid Cellular Structures with Graded Densities

Bio-inspired functionally graded cellular materials (FGCM) have improved performance in energy absorption compared with a uniform cellular material (UCM). In this work, sheet-based and strut-based gyroid cellular structures with graded densities are designed and manufactured by stereo-lithography (SLA). For comparison, uniform structures are also designed and manufactured, and the graded structures are generated with different gradients. The mechanical behaviors of these structures under compressive loads are investigated. Furthermore, the anisotropy and effective elastic modulus of sheet-based and strut-based unit gyroid cellular structures are estimated by a numerical homogenization method. On the one hand, it is found from the numerical results that the sheet-based gyroid tends to be isotropic, and the elastic modulus of sheet-based gyroid is larger than the strut-based gyroid at the same volume fraction. On the other hand, the graded cellular structure has novel deformation and mechanical behavior. The uniform structure exhibits overall deformation and collapse behavior, whereas the graded cellular structure shows layer-by-layer deformation and collapse behavior. Furthermore, the uniform sheet-based gyroid is not only stiffer but also better in energy absorption capacity than the uniform strut-based gyroid structure. Moreover, the graded cellular structures have better energy absorption capacity than the uniform structures. These significant findings indicate that sheet-based gyroid cellular structure with graded densities have potential applications in various industrial applications, such as in crashworthiness.

Field of study: Materials science
Bayesian Modeling of Markers of Day-Specific Fertility

Cervical mucus hydration increases during the fertile interval before ovulation. Because sperm can only penetrate mucus having a high water content, cervical secretions provide a reliable marker of the fertile days of the menstrual cycle. This article develops a Bayesian approach for modeling of daily observations of cervical mucus and applies the approach to assess heterogeneity among women and cycles from a given woman with respect to the increase in mucus hydration during the fertile interval. The proposed model relates the mucus observations to an underlying normal mucus hydration score, which varies relative to a peak hydration day. Uncertainty in the timing of the peak is accounted for, and a novel weighted mixture model is used to characterize heterogeneity in distinct features of the underlying mean function. Prior information on the mucus hydration trajectory is incorporated, and a Markov chain Monte Carlo approach is developed. Based on data from a study of daily fecundability, there appears to be substantial heterogeneity among women in detected preovulatory increases in mucus hydration, but only minimal differences among cycles from a given woman.

Field of study: Mathematics
An analysis on the present situation, problems and resolutins of the quality bulding of teachers in colleges and universities

The survey shows that the teachers' quality building of colleges and universities in China have made great achievements, but some problems which can't be ignored still exist. The institute of higher education should establish scientific development viewpoint, deepen the understanding, structure the system of teacher continuing education by setting up the policy mechanism of the quality building of teachers, improve teacher's ideological and political work , enhance faithfully the quality bulding of teachers.

Field of study: Education
An Efficient Method to Derive Explicit KLT Kernel for First-Order Autoregressive Discrete Process

Signal dependent Karhunen-Loève transform (KLT), also called factor analysis or principal component analysis (PCA), has been of great interest in applied mathematics and various engineering disciplines due to optimal performance. However, implementation of KLT has always been the main concern. Therefore, fixed transforms like discrete Fourier (DFT) and discrete cosine (DCT) with efficient algorithms have been successfully used as good approximations to KLT for popular applications spanning from source coding to digital communications. In this paper, we propose a simple method to derive explicit KLT kernel, or to perform PCA, in closed-form for first-order autoregressive, AR (1), discrete process. It is a widely used approximation to many real world signals. The merit of the proposed technique is shown. The novel method introduced in this paper is expected to make real-time and data-intensive applications of KLT, and PCA, more feasible.

Field of study: Engineering
Family-Based Multi-SNP X Chromosome Analysis Using Parent Information

We propose a method for association analysis of haplotypes on the X chromosome that offers both improved power and robustness to population stratification in studies of affected offspring and their parents if all three have been genotyped. The method makes use of assumed parental haplotype exchangeability (PHE), a weaker assumption than Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). PHE requires that in the source population, of the three X chromosome haplotypes carried by the two parents, each is equally likely to be carried by the father. We propose a pseudo-sibling approach that exploits that exchangeability assumption. Our method extends the single-SNP PIX-LRT method to multiple SNPs in a high linkage block. We describe methods for testing the PHE assumption and also for determining how apparent violations can be distinguished from true fetal effects or maternally-mediated effects. We show results of simulations that demonstrate nominal type I error rate and good power. The methods are then applied to dbGaP data on the birth defect oral cleft, using both Asian and Caucasian families with cleft.

Field of study: Biology
Efficient Mitigation of SET Induced Harmonic Errors in Ring Oscillators

Ring oscillators are one of the essential blocks in many electronic systems. Their versatility makes them suitable for many different applications including implementations for radiation environments. But under this scenario, it has been shown that the ring oscillator produces harmonic frequencies as a result of single event transient (SET) effects. We propose a SET tolerant ring oscillator which can be designed without area overhead. To achieve this goal, we force the masking of the particle impacts by configuring the duty cycle of ring oscillators. This configuration is based on the asymmetric design of odd and even stages of the ring oscillator. The validation of our proposal has been carried out with different methods. First, we simulated the injection of SETs with double exponential current sources. Second, we manufactured and measured two different test circuits, one with a fixed asymmetry and the other with a dynamic asymmetry, using a SET emulated injection. Both methods confirmed that higher harmonics can be totally removed using our design technique.

Field of study: Physics
Si doping on MgB2 thin films by pulsed laser deposition

A series of MgB2 thin films were fabricated by pulsed laser deposition (PLD), doped with various amounts of Si up to a level of 18wt%. Si was introduced into the PLD MgB2 films by sequential ablation of a stoichiometric MgB2 target and a Si target. The doped films were deposited at 250 C and annealed in situ at 685 C for 1min. Up to a Si doping level of ~11wt%, the superconducting transition temperature (Tc) of the film does not change significantly, as compared to the control, undoped film. The magnetic critical current density (Jc) of the film at 5K was increased by 50% for a Si doping level of ~3.5wt%, as compared to the control film. Also, the irreversibility field of Si-doped MgB2 films (Hirr) at low temperature is higher than for the undoped film.

Field of study: Physics
Biomechanical study of prophylactic internal fixation of the radial osteocutaneous donor site using the sheep tibia model.

This study investigated the strengthening effect of different types of plate and position after osteotomy of the sheep tibia, which is a model for the radial osteocutaneous donor site. Fifty matched pairs of adult sheep tibias were tested in torsion and four-point bending. Firstly, the weakening effect of an osteotomy was compared with the intact bone. Then pairs of bones with an osteotomy were compared with and without reinforcement with different types of 3.5mm plate. The plate was placed in either the anterior (over the defect) or posterior (on the intact cortex) position. In torsion the mean strength of the intact bone was 45% greater than after osteotomy (P=0.02). The reinforced bone was on average 61% stronger than the unreinforced bone (P<0.001). In bending the mean strength of the intact bone was 188% greater than after osteotomy (P=0.02). The reinforced bone was on average 184% stronger then the unreinforced bone (P<0.001). The tibia was able to withstand much greater loads in bending. The dynamic compression plate was the strongest reinforcement in both torsion and bending. The position of the plate did not alter the strengthening effect in torsion but the posterior position resisted greater bending loads (P=0.01). This may not be relevant in clinical practice as the radius is likely to fracture first as a result of lower torsional forces.

Field of study: Medicine
Reverse cholesterol transport in the isolated perfused rat spleen.

1. A method has been developed which enables the rat spleen to be loaded in vivo with [3H]cholesterol to a high specific radioactivity using cholesterol-labelled erythrocytes. The erythrocytes were shown to be rapidly degraded by the spleen and not released intact during subsequent perfusion. 2. When labelled spleens were perfused with whole blood or serum, lipoproteins in the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) range were shown to be the principal lipoprotein vehicles for the removal of cholesterol, the specific radioactivity of cholesterol being much greater in the HDL fractions than in other lipoproteins, particularly in the d 1.175-1.210 fraction. 3. The formation of [3H]cholesteryl ester was restricted to the major HDL fractions. 4. Experiments utilizing individual HDL fractions added to a basal perfusate indicated that HDL1 (d 1.050-1.085) was of less importance in the removal of cholesterol from the spleen than HDL subfractions of higher density. Also, a decrease in density of the lipoproteins was observed during perfusion, concurrent with uptake of cholesterol, especially in the d 1.085-1.125 subfraction. 5. When [3H]cholesterol-labelled spleens were perfused with whole blood, about half of the radioactivity released was detected in erythrocytes, indicating a rapid exchange or transport of cholesterol. Thus erythrocytes could play an important role in the transfer of unesterified cholesterol when the chemical potential gradient is favourable.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
fu qiang jing zhi liao shu luan guan zhan lian 35 li liao xiao ping jia

目的 对35例因输卵管粘连阻塞致不孕者,经腹腔镜下对输卵管粘连进行分离﹑ 松解、造口等治疗,评价其术后妊娠率及妊娠时间的分布等临床应用价值.方法 对35例输卵管粘连性不孕患者在腹腔镜下进行粘连松解 分离及造口术(其中子宫内膜异位症病灶清除7例,输卵管系膜囊肿剔除2例,盆腔结核1例,15例单纯粘连致输卵管扭曲,10例粘连致输卵管积水.)结果 手术结束前通液检查输卵管均显示通畅.术后第一次月经干净后输...

Field of study: Medicine
Electron transport and magnetic penetration depth in niobium-silicon multilayers

Thin niobium-silicon multilayers have been sputtered with niobium thicknesses less than the coherence length and silicon thicknesses that allow tunneling between layers. The multilayer structure has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction, and the films have been electrically characterized with respect to T/sub c/ and J/sub c/. For constant Nb thickness, both T/sub c/ and J/sub c/ increase with decreasing Si thickness, indicating increased coupling between the Nb layers. When a multilayer forms the barrier in a tunnel structure, the resulting I(V) characteristic resembles that for a series of single-barrier junctions, and further evidence of Nb interlayer coupling is observed. These multilayers have also been incorporated as the base in several tunnel structures in order to measure the multilayer penetration depth via the magnetic field dependence of I/sub c/. Preliminary results indicate that the theoretically predicted enhancement of penetration depth in a multilayer does occur.<<ETX>>

Field of study: Physics
The Influence of Diaminotoluene Isomers on the Two-Step Electroreduction of Zn(II) Ions in Acetate Buffers at Different Acidities

The influence of diaminotoluene isomers on the two-step reduction of Zn(II) ions on the mercury electrode in acetate buffers at different acidities was examined. It was stated that 2,4- and 2,6-diaminotoluene inhibit the electroreduction process of Zn(II) ions, while 3,4-diaminotoluene, in dependence on pH of acetate buffer, can act as inhibitor or catalyst. The differences in activity of these isomers result mainly from their complex formation properties. The catalytic activity of 3,4-diaminotoluene is associated with removing of the coordinated water molecules from the hydration sphere of Zn(II) ions and with the formation of active complexes on the electrode surface. This reaction controls the total rate of the process. The active complexes participate in consecutive electron transfer. Both steps of electron transfer are catalysed by 3,4-diaminotoluene.

Field of study: Chemistry
Far-infrared nebular spectral features from growing massive black holes

Supermassive black holes (BHs) and their host galaxies are interlinked by virtue of feedbacks and are thought to be co-eval across the Hubble time. This relation is highlighted by an approximate proportionality between the BH mass $M_\bullet$ and the mass of a stellar bulge $M_\ast$ of the host galaxy. However, a large spread of the ratio $M_\bullet/M_\ast$ and a considerable excess of BH mass at redshifts $z\sim8$, indicate that the coevolution of central massive BHs and stellar populations in host galaxies may have experienced variations in its intensity. These issues require a robust determination of the relevant masses (BH, stars and gas), which is difficult in the case of distant high-redshift galaxies that are unresolved. In this paper, we seek to identify spectral diagnostics that may tell us about the relative masses of the BH, the gas mass and stellar mass. We consider general features of SEDs of galaxies that harbour growing massive BHs, forming stars and interstellar/circumgalactic gas. We focus on observational manifestations of possible predominances or intermittent variations in evolutionary episodes of growing massive BHs and forming stellar populations. We consider simplified scenarios for star formation and massive BHs growth, and simple models for chemical composition of gas, for dust free gas as well as for gas with dust mass fraction of $1/3$ of the metal content. We argue that wideband multi-frequency observations (X-ray to submillimeter) of the composite emission spectra of growing BH, stellar population and nebular emission of interstellar gas are sufficient to infer their masses.

Field of study: Physics
All unitary representations admit moment mappings

This is a review of [Michor, Peter W.: The moment mapping for a unitary representation, ), 299--313] including a careful description of calculus in infinite dimensions. For any unitary representation of an arbitrary Lie group I construct a moment mapping from the space of smooth vectors of the representation into the dual of the Lie algebra. This moment mapping is equivariant and smooth. For the space of analytic vectors the same construction is possible and leads to a real analytic moment mapping.

Field of study: Mathematics
Context, observing behavior, and conditioned reinforcement.

Pigeons made observing responses for stimuli signalling either a fixed-interval 30-sec schedule or a fixed-ratio x schedule, where x was either 20, 30, 100, 140, or 200 and the schedules alternated at random after reinforcement. If observing responses did not occur, food-producing responses occurred to a stimulus common to both reinforcement schedules. When the fixed-interval schedule was paired with a low-value fixed ratio, i.e., 20 or 30, the presentation of the stimulus reliably signalling the fixed-ratio schedule reinforced observing behavior, but the presentation of the stimulus reliably signalling the fixed-interval schedule did not. The converse was the case when the fixed-interval schedule was paired with a large-valued fixed ratio, i.e., 100, 140, or 200. The results demonstrated that the occasional presentation of the stimulus signalling the shorter interreinforcement interval was necessary for the maintenance of observing behavior. The reinforcement relationship was a function of the schedule context and was reversed by changing the context. Taken together, the results show that the establishment and measurement of conditioned reinforcement is dependent upon the context or environment in which stimuli reliably correlated with differential events occur.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Current situation of gymnastic curriculum teaching reform in colleges and universities in Henan province and countermeasures therein

The author investigated the current situation of gymnastics teaching reform in colleges and universities in Henan province,and revealed the following findings: Many contents for keeping fit,practical use and entertainment purpose have been added into the teaching contents of gymnastic curriculum in colleges and universities; early and unified time for course commencement and relatively centralized course hours are conductive to the formation of student's move skills,enhancing teaching efficiency, carrying out "separated teaching and examination",and making the examination more scientific. The author also provided countermeasures, such as adding course hours appropriately and paying more attention to theoretical courses,against deficiencies such as gymnastic theoretical knowledge is not valued and course hours are relative less.

Field of study: Education