nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Transmission loss of prospective power transmission model system integrated under superconducting environment

The authors have developed a "prospective power transmission model system integrated under superconducting environment", abbreviated to PROMISE, with a transmission capability of 6 kV-1000 kVA. The PROMISE consists of a superconducting transformer (SE-Tr), a superconducting fault current limiter (SC-FCL) and a superconducting power cable (SC-power cable). These components are cooled down at liquid helium (LHe) temperature, 4.2 K, in a cryostat with a volume of 854 l. The paper indicates a computing procedure of a total heat leak 4.2 K into the cryostat and discusses transmission losses of the superconducting electric power system, which evaporate the LHe. P/sub leak/, core loss P/sub core/ of the SC-Tr and AC loss P/sub ac/ in the superconductor were measured in the PROMISE to be 43 W, 180 W and 50 W, respectively. The measured P/sub leak/ agreed with the theoretical one. In the superconducting power transmission system, the power to operate the refrigerator for liquefying the evaporated helium must be taken as the transmission loss. If the penalty factor was 500, the transmission loss was estimated to be 137 kW and took 13.7% of the transmission capability in the PROMISE.

Field of study: Physics
Cellular immune responses to Plasmodium falciparum antigens in Gambian children during and after an acute attack of falciparum malaria.

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 63 Gambian children with acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria were examined for lymphoproliferation and interferon-gamma (IFN) production in response to stimulation by mitogens, malaria antigens and other soluble antigens. Mitogen or Candida-induced proliferation was not depressed during acute infection but was enhanced 2 to 4 weeks after treatment. Responses to partially purified soluble P. falciparum antigens were minimal or absent in all children in the acute phase but approximately 50% of the children responded by proliferation or IFN-gamma production during the 2 to 8 week convalescent period. These proliferative responses were severely depressed in the presence of the patient's own serum. Nine children with significant convalescent phase proliferative responses were re-examined several months after acute infection. Of these, four remained responsive for at least 8 months in the probable absence of reinfection.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Effect of texture on the electrochemical properties of LiFePO4 thin films

Carbon-free in situ crystallized LiFePO4 thin films were grown using the Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) technique. Adjusting the deposition time enabled the growth of films with different thicknesses. Comparing the properties of these films ((120) preferentially oriented) highlighted a relationship between microstructure and electrochemical activity. However, whatever film thickness (from 12 nm to 600 nm), the capacities recorded were far from the ones expected, since only a small percentage of the film was found to really chemically or electrochemically react. Simple experiments (creation of surface defect, metal electrodeposition, AC/DC conductivity measurements, etc.) carried out on these films gave a new insight into the origin of the limitations. The results presented herein singularly lead to the conclusion that the ionic conductivity is the main limitation for such olivine-type thin films.

Field of study: Materials science
Precursors of Halobenzoquinones and Their Removal During Drinking Water Treatment Processes.

Halobenzoquinones (HBQs) widely occur in drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) effluents; however, HBQ precursors and their removal by treatments remain unclear. Thus, we have investigated HBQ precursors in plant influents and their removal by each treatment before chlorination in nine DWTPs. The levels of HBQ precursors were determined using formation potential (FP) tests for 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (DCBQ), 2,3,6-trichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (TCBQ), 2,6-dichloro-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (DCMBQ), and 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone (DBBQ). HBQ precursors were present in all plant influents. DCBQ precursors were the most abundant (DCBQ FP up to 205 ng/L). Coagulation removed dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (up to 56%) and HBQ precursors (up to 39% for DCBQ). The level of removal of DOC was significantly greater than the level of removal of HBQ FP, suggesting that organic matter removed by coagulation had a high proportion of non-HBQ-precursor material. Granular activated carbon (GAC) decreased the level of HBQ FPs by 10-20%, where DOC removal was only 0.2-4.7%, suggesting that the GAC was not in the adsorption mode and biodegradation of HBQ precursors may have been occurring. Ozonation destroyed/transformed HBQ FPs by 10-30%, whereas anthracite/sand filtration and UV irradiation appeared to have no impact. The results demonstrated that the combined treatments did not substantially reduce HBQ precursor levels in water.

Field of study: Environmental science
Sum formulas for reductive algebraic groups

Let V be a Weyl module either for a reductive algebraic group G or for the corresponding quantum group U q . If G is defined over a field of positive characteristic p, respectively if q is a primitive lth root of unity (in an arbitrary field) then V has a Jantzen filtration V = V 0 ⊃ V 1 ⊃ ⋯ ⊃ V r = 0 . The sum of the positive terms in this filtration satisfies a well-known sum formula. If T denotes a tilting module either for G or U q then we can similarly filter the space Hom G ( V , T ) , respectively Hom U q ( V , T ) and there is a sum formula for the positive terms here as well. We give an easy and unified proof of these two (equivalent) sum formulas. Our approach is based on an Euler type identity which we show holds without any restrictions on p or l. In particular, we get rid of previous such restrictions in the tilting module case.

Field of study: Mathematics
Adult and Non-formal Education in the Global Context.

Adult and non-formal education is an integral component of poverty reduction, it has the potential of enabling creative and democratic citizenship, giving voice to women and men living in poverty as well as providing tools for improving their lives. The paper examined the concepts of adults using chronological, biological, cultural and historical parameters and as well as adult and non-formal education by different scholars. The paper also explored adult and non-formal education in the global context like the Dakar framework of action, the focus on gender equality, women and problems of HIV/AIDS pandemic and United Nations Literacy Decade amongst others. The paper went ahead and examined some international agencies in adult and non-formal education like UNICEF, UNDP, UNESCO, IZZDVV, amongst others and it is a position paper that finally suggests that developing countries should increase budgetary allocations to adult and non-formal education, there should be effective monitoring and evaluation by agencies in order to ascertain whether the objectives are achieved or not and global advocacy on support in adult and non-formal education should be ensured towards the attainment of Education For All (EFA).  Adult and Non-formal education, global, poverty, international agencies.

Field of study: Education
Reviving the Transcriptome Studies: An Insight Into the Emergence of Single-Molecule Transcriptome Sequencing

Advances in transcriptomics have provided an exceptional opportunity to study functional implications of the genetic variability. Technologies such as RNA-Seq have emerged as state-of-the-art techniques for transcriptome analysis that take advantage of high-throughput next-generation sequencing. However, similar to their predecessors, these approaches continue to impose major challenges on full-length transcript structure identification, primarily due to inherent limitations of read length. With the development of single-molecule sequencing (SMS) from PacBio, a growing number of studies on the transcriptome of different organisms have been reported. SMS has emerged as advantageous for comprehensive genome annotation including identification of novel genes/isoforms, long non-coding RNAs and fusion transcripts. This approach can be used across a broad spectrum of species to better interpret the coding information of the genome, and facilitate the biological function study. We provide an overview of SMS platform and its diverse applications in various biological studies, and our perspective on the challenges associated with the transcriptome studies.

Field of study: Biology
Cities of Ladies: Beguine Communities in the Medieval Low Countries, 1200-1565. Walter Simons

armed combat. More work needs to be done in all these areas, but each of these studies is a small masterpiece in its own right. Ultimately, this volume is not for the novice. The offerings vary far too widely in subject matter and are far too tightly focused to make for easy reading, and the contextual demands all the authors make on the reader's background knowledge will put it simply out of reach for beginners. This is a book by specialists for specialists, but in its best moments, it makes significant contributions to the development of an extremely important topic. One hopes it is a harbinger of more to come. BERT HALL University of Toronto

Field of study: History
Parity violation and the nature of charges

The origin of parity violation in physics is still unknown. At present it is introduced in the theory by requiring that the SU(2) subgroup entering the description of interactions involves the left-handed components. In the present contribution, one elaborates on a suggestion made by Landau that particles and antiparticles could be like “stereo-isomeric” molecules, which would naturally provide parity violation. Particles and antiparticles could thus be combinations of the parity doublets associated with a chiral symmetry realized in the Wigner-Weyl mode. Consequences of such a description and the possible problems it could raise are examined.

Field of study: Physics
Olympians or lemmings? the postmodernist fun run

The phenomenon of mass fun running in Britain dates from the early 1980s and displays much of the ideology of the ‘Sport For All’ campaign. While running as an activity can be viewed as a natural pastime, the notion of mass jogging, as exemplified by the Great North Run and the London Marathon, is more difficult to comprehend and requires further analysis. This paper argues that the mass fun run is an example of the ‘Society of Spectacle’: a commercial creature which is heavily reliant on media coverage and sponsorship and which serves as an endorsement and symbol of postmodern society. The media stresses the ‘tradition’ of such events and uses them as images of human decency and national unity. Yet the relationship between audience, participant and spectacle remains fragile and dependent upon commercial considerations.

Field of study: Sociology
SIMULATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF THERMAL RESIDUAL STRESS IN COATING STRUCTURE WITH FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIAL LAYER

An elasto-plastic finite element method is developed to predict the thermal residual stress of thermal spraying coatings with functionally graded material (FGM) layer. The optimized distribution form and parameter p about the volume fractions of various constituents in the FGM are obtained by the first order optimization method in the AL2O3 -Ni model system. The effects of geometry and material behavior on the optimization results are investigated numerically, including the temperature sensitivity of FGM and substrate material. It is found that the optimization of the constituent contents in FGM reduces the magnitude of residual stresses to a large degree. And the maximum residual stresses shun the weakest part of the coating structure by the optimization designing. When the length of specimen, the thickness of FGM layer and the thermal expansion coefficient of the substrate increase, while the distribution parameter p decreases. The results presented in this paper are useful for the design of thermal spraying coatings.

Field of study: Engineering
A new hypothesis for organic preservation of Burgess Shale taxa in the middle Cambrian Wheeler Formation, House Range, Utah

Cambrian konservat-lagerstatten are the most significant fossil deposits for our understanding of the initiation of Phanerozoic life. Although many modes of preservation may occur, these deposits most frequently contain nonmineralized fossils preserved in the form of kerogenized carbon films, a rare yet important taphonomic pathway that has not previously been explained for any unit by a comprehensive model. The middle Cambrian Wheeler Formation of Utah, one of these lagerstatten, contains abundant kerogenized preservation of nonmineralized tissues, which occurs within a distinctive taphofacies that accumulated under the following conditions: (1) domination of the siliciclastic fraction by clay-sized particles, (2) close proximity to a carbonate platform, which resulted in mixed carbonate-clay sediments, (3) a well-developed oxygen minimum precluding benthic colonization and burrowing, and (4) relative proximity to oxic bottom-waters, facilitating transport of organisms from a habitable environment to one that favored their preservation. We propose that preservation of nonmineralized tissues in the Wheeler Formation may have resulted from a combination of influences that reduced permeability and, thus, lowered oxidant flux, which in turn may have restricted microbial decomposition of some nonmineralized tissues. Those influences include near bottom anoxia, preventing sediment irrigation by restriction of bioturbation; reducing conditions near the sediment–water interface that may have acted to deflocculate aggregations of clay minerals, resulting in low permeability face-to-face contacts; early diagenetic pore occluding carbonate cements; and an absence of coarse grains such as silt, skeletonized microfossils, fecal pellets, or bioclasts. This model may be applicable to kerogenized preservation of macrofossils in other fossil lagerstatten.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Magnetostratigraphy and paleomagnetic poles from Late Triassic-earliest Jurassic strata of the Newark basin

The Newark basin contains a 7-km-thick sedimentary section, which spans approximately 25 m.y. of the Late Triassic and earliest Jurassic (middle Carnian to Hettangian). Previously paleomagnetic study of the Newark red beds has demonstrated that complete progressive thermal demagnetization can effectively isolate a high-temperature characteristic magnetization. In the lower Newark strata (middle Carnian to early Norian in age), this magnetization yielded a pole position at 54°N, 102°E, and in the upper Newark strata (Hettangian in age) a pole position at 55°N, 95°E. Results from 23 new sites in the middle and upper Norian red beds of the Passaic Formation, including 15 sites from the Jacksonwald region that yield a positive fold test, fill the temporal gap between our two prior studies and yield a pole position at 56°N, 95°E (A 95 = 4.4°). These results from the middle Newark confirm that North American apparent polar wander was very slow (∼0.2°/m.y.) during the Late Triassic through earliest Jurassic. These new sites define reversed and normal polarity magnetozones that are stratigraphically consistent with and extend our previous results. The Newark reversed and normal polarity characteristic magnetizations form a correlatable pattern of 12 magnetozones that are stratigraphically coherent throughout the basin with respect to independent lithostratigraphic marker units that reflect synchronous, basinwide variations in water depth. Temporal calibration of the Newark magnetostratigraphy on the basis of biostratigraphy, radiometric age determinations, and Milankovich-driven cyclostratigraphy indicates that geomagnetic polarity was reversed 70% of the time and that the mean polarity duration was 2 m.y. or less during the Late Triassic and earliest Jurassic.

Field of study: Geology
Ultrasonic-assisted extraction-determination of ceramides from Konjac by HPLC

The optimum extraction condition, isolation and purification methods of ceramides from Konjac were studied. After ultrasonic-assisted extraction, petroleum ether extraction and slica column chromatography, we determined the ceramides by HPLC. The best extraction conditions for ceramides were obtained through orthogonal experiments as follows: 65% ethanol (A), liquid material ratio 1:4 (B), time 25 min (C) and temperature 70 ℃ (D). And the order of effection on the extraction rate was: CBAD. The content of ceramides from Konjac was 0.047% (g/g) with HPLC method.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Finite-dimensional irreducible modules for the three-point $\mathfrak{sl}_2$ loop algebra

Recently Brian Hartwig and the second author found a presentation for the three-point $sl_2$ loop algebra by generators and relations. To obtain this presentation they defined a Lie algebra $\boxtimes$ by generators and relations, and displayed an isomorphism from $\boxtimes$ to the three-point $sl_2$ loop algebra. In this paper we describe the finite-dimensional irreducible $\boxtimes$-modules from multiple points of view.

Field of study: Mathematics
TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION OF FRAME STRUCTURE BASED ON INTERSECTION-FILTER

Aiming at the current extensive use of large frame structure projects with discrete topology optimization and the disregarding of manufacture techniques,this paper proposes an accurate mathematical description of intersection,puts forward the concept of intersection-factor,and establishes a continuous function from the cross-sectional area design variables to intersection-factor by using the Heaviside function.Then we add intersection-filter constraints in the optimization model,and the Ground Structure Method is used to set up the topology optimization model.Finally the method is applied to the design of an antenna radial girder,the result shows that the proposed method can effectively eliminate the undesirable member's interferences.

Field of study: Engineering
The Use of a Flipped Classroom to Enhance Engagement and Promote Active Learning

This study was based on Reeve’s (2013) four-aspect conceptualization regarding student engagement to promote active learning using a flipped classroom. The flipped classroom is defined as using technology to provide lectures outside of the classroom, while assignments with concepts are provided inside the classroom through learning activities (Clark, 2013). Behavioral engagement is defined as teachers’ direction of students toward activities that require them to apply initiative (Fredricks, Blumenfeld, & Paris, 2004). Emotional engagement is promoted by intentionally selecting materials that stimulate students’ interaction with and feedback to the material (Taylor & Statler, 2013). Cognitive engagement is defined as the teacher’s skill in questioning and the students’ elaboration of an idea as an answer (Smart & Marshall, 2012). Agentic engagement is student self-learning, with a contribution from the lecturer to provide instructional support (Reeve & Tseng, 2011). A descriptive quantitative methodology was used in which 24 undergraduate TESOL students took the course QMT 212 Instructional Design.  More information can be found in the full paper.

Field of study: Education
Reponse-reinforcer independence and conventional extinction after fixed-interval and variable-interval schedules.

After training three albino rats to bar press during a multiple fixed-interval variable-interval schedule, the response-reinforcer dependency was simultaneously removed from both components, converting the schedule to multiple fixed-time variable-time. Response rates were reduced in both components under these conditions but the fixed-time schedule maintained relatively higher response rates with each rat. After reinstating the response-reinforcer dependency in both components, responding was conventionally extinguished by rendering the pellet dispenser inoperative. Responding rapidly decreased to near-zero levels. Differences in fixed and variable-time schedules in sustaining behavior are discussed in terms of differences in response rates at the time of reinforcer delivery. Similarities and differences between conventional extinction and schedules delivering response-independent reinforcers are also discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
On the Road to Tomsk

From 25 June to 4 July 1989, a group of 20 US scientists and engineers from industry, academia and Federal research facilities had a singular opportunity to visit several previously “closed” Soviet scientific installationswhere research in pulsed‐power technology is conducted. These installations, many of which had never been seen by a Westerner, included the Institute of High Current Electronics and the Nuclear Physics Institute, both in Tomsk; the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute; and the Kurchatov Institute for Atomic Energy's facility at Troitsk, near Moscow. Various members of the US group also visited the Yefremov Institute for Electro‐Physical Apparatus (Leningrad), the Lebedev Institute (Moscow), the USSR Research Center for Surface and Vacuum Investigation (Moscow), the Institute of High Temperatures (Moscow), the Institute of Nuclear Physics (Novosibirsk) and others. Throughout our journey, Soviet researchers conveyed the spirit of glasnost through their candor and their interest in a genuine exc...

Field of study: Physics
Gender, Race, and Grant Reviews: Translating and Responding to Research Feedback

Grant-writing and grant-getting are key to success in many academic disciplines, but research points to gender gaps in both, especially as careers progress. Using a sample of National Institutes of Health (NIH) K-Awardees—Principal Investigators of Mentored Career Development Awards—we examined gender and race effects in response to imagined negative grant reviews that emphasized either promise or inadequacy. Women translated both forms of feedback into worse NIH priority scores than did men and showed reduced motivation to reapply for funding following the review highlighting inadequacy. Translation of feedback mediated the effects of gender on motivation, changing one’s research focus, and advice-seeking. Race effects were less consistent, and race did not moderate effects of gender. We suggest that gender bias in grant reviews (i.e., greater likelihood of highlighting inadequacy in reviews of women’s grants), along with gender differences in responsiveness to feedback, may contribute to women’s underrepresentation in academic medicine.

Field of study: Psychology
Nitrogen hydrides and the H2 ortho-to-para ratio in dark clouds

Nitrogen-bearing species are common tracers of the physical conditions in a wide variety of objects, and most remarkably, in dark clouds. The reservoir of gaseous nitrogen is expected to be atomic or molecular, but none of the two species are observable in the dark gas. Their abundances therefore derive indirectly from those of N-bearing species through chemical modelling. The recent years have accumulated data that stress our incomplete understanding of the nitrogen chemistry in dark cloud conditions. To tackle this problem of the nitrogen chemistry in cold gas, we have revised the formation of nitrogen hydrides, which is initiated by the key reaction N + + H2 − − → NH + + H. We propose a new rate for this reaction that depends on the ortho-to-para ratio of H2 .T his new rate allows reproduction of the abundance ratios of the three nitrogen hydrides, NH, NH2 ,a nd NH 3, which are observed towards IRAS 16293-2422, provided that the channel leading to NH from the dissociative recombination of N2H + is not closed at low temperature. The ortho-to-para ratio of H2 is constrained to O/P = 10 −3 by the abundance ratio NH:NH2, which provides a new method of measuring O/P. This work stresses the need for reaction rates at the low temperatures of dark clouds, and for branching ratios of critical dissociative recombination reactions.

Field of study: Physics