nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Online Auction Strategy: A Theoretical Model and Empirical Exploration

This paper attempts to develop a theoretical model and associated method for researching the interrelationship among the elements embraced in the context of online auction strategy, and their influences on the online bidder satisfaction. This study utilizes the concept of standard normal distribution function to develop a theoretical model that conforms to the prospect theory. The empirical method for examining the interrelationship is large-scale filed study. The empirical study collected primary data from customers that have experience with bidding on the online auction sites. Our findings of theoretical model support that the online bidder is inclined to adopt higher-price-oriented bidding strategy at the beginning of auction. In addition, we found the optimal guideline of online auction strategy to determine the allocation of resources. The results of the empirical exploration support the intermediary roles of price and hedonic value in the relationship between quality strategy and online bidder satisfaction.

Field of study: Computer science
Multispecies food webs with diffusion

Using Liapunov's direct method, in this paper, it has been shown that the general Lotka-Volterra food web is stable without and with diffusion under each case of homogeneous reservoir and flux boundary conditions. However, for a three species food web with Holling's functional response the above general result regarding stability is not necessarily true. In such a case, conditions and regions for non-linear stability, without and with diffusion, have been derived. It is shown that such an otherwise unstable system may become stable with diffusion at least in a subregion of the positive octant of the state space.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Newly developed sol-gel derived P2O5-ZrO2-TiO2-SiO2 proton conducting glass electrolyte for fuel cell applications

Proton conducting sol-gel P2O5-ZrO2-TiO2-SiO2 glass is synthesized and characterized with specific focus on the structural characterization of material which enable proton conductivity and on testing the stability of the glass under fuel cell conditions. The chemical structure of the synthesized glass was characterized by using FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra-red) spectroscopy and X-Ray diffraction studies and the stability of the P2O5-ZrO2- TiO2-SiO2 glass was probed through the TGA and hydrogen permeation techniques. The amorphous phase of our glass was confirmed by the XRD analysis. The presence of hydro phosphate groups in the material responsible for the high conductivity and the Si, Zr and Ti bonded with the main backbone of Si and P-O were identified by the FTIR spectral data. The decomposition of surface adsorbed water and organic matters occur in the temperature range of 30-400°C. Pore distribution analysis shows that the average pore size of the synthesized glass is 2.65nm and pore volume and surface area are around 0.27cm3/g and 410m3/g respectively. The conductivity of the synthesized proton conductor was examined through electrochemical impedance analysis, conductivity is increased with increase in temperature and it was 10-4S/cm at room temperature and 10-3S/cm at elevated temperatures.

Field of study: Materials science
Er~(3+)-Yb~(3+) codoped fiber ring cavity passive harmonically mode-locked laser

The paper demonstrated that by using the nonlinear polarization rotation as the mode-locking mechanism,the laser could operate stably in either CW fundamental wave mode-locked or high-order harmonically mode-locked regimes by changing the pump power and adjusting the polarization controller.Under the pump power of 10 mW,fundamental wave mode-locked pulses with repetition rate of 15.89 MHz,output spectrum width of 9.9 nm,central wavelength of 1.557 nm was obtained.Under a different pump power of 75 mW,we obtained second harmonically mode-locked pulses with repetition rate of 31.79 MHz and third harmonically mode-locked pulses with repetition rate of 46.68 MHz.The paper also presented some preliminary theoretical analyses.

Field of study: Physics
Ethanol attenuates the HFS-induced, ERK-mediated LTP in a dose-dependent manner in rat striatum.

The striatum has been implicated to play a role in the control of voluntary behavior, and striatal synaptic plasticity is involved in instrumental learning. Ethanol is known to alter synaptic plasticity, in turn altering the behavior of human and animals. However, it remains unclear whether the striatum plays a role in the effects of ethanol on the central nervous system. The objective of this investigation was to study the effects of acute perfusion of ethanol on long-term potentiation (LTP) to elucidate the mechanisms of addictive drugs in the striatum. In addition, we investigated the contribution of intracellular extracellular signal regulated protein kinase (ERK) signaling pathway to corticostriatal LTP induction.



The stimulation evoked population spikes (PS) were recorded from the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) slices of rat using the extracellular recording technique. The LTP in DMS slices was induced by high-frequency stimulation (HFS). The ERK level of the DMS was assessed with the Western blot technique.



U0126, the inhibitor of ERK, eliminated or significantly attenuated the LTP induced by HFS of the PS in the DMS. MK801 and APV, N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) antagonists, inhibited the induction of striatal LTP, and HFS-induced ERK activation decreased in the slices treated with MK801 in the DMS. Clinically relevant concentrations of ethanol (22 to 88 mM) dose-dependently attenuated the HFS-induced striatal LTP and ERK activation in this brain region.



The LTP of the PS in the DMS is, at least partly, mediated by the ERK pathway coupling to NMDARs. Ethanol attenuated the HFS-induced, ERK-mediated LTP in a dose-dependent manner in this brain region. These results indicate that ethanol may change the synaptic plasticity of corticostriatal circuits underlying the learning of goal-directed instrumental actions, which is mediated by an intracellular ERK signaling pathway associated with NMDARs.

Field of study: Medicine
Comparison of Self-Reports and Clinicians' Ratings of Unipolar Major Depression

Recent literature has unfavorably compared self-report measures of depression to clinician-administered measures such as the Hamilton Rating Scale. In the present study, the Beck Depression Inventory and the MMPI D scale were compared to the Hamilton Rating Scale to assess the effectiveness of each measure in discriminating unipolar depressed psychiatric inpatients (n = 26) from inpatients without a major affective disorder (n = 11). Scores on the Beck scale and the MMPI Depression scale but not the Hamilton Rating Scale were significantly related to the diagnosis of unipolar major depression.

Field of study: Psychology
Validation of CALIPSO space-borne-derived attenuated backscatter coefficient profiles using a ground-based lidar in Athens, Greece

We present initial aerosol validation results of the space-borne lidar CALIOP -onboard the CALIPSO satellite- Level 1 attenuated backscatter coefficient profiles, using coincident observations performed with a ground-based lidar in Athens, Greece (37.9° N, 23.6° E). A multi-wavelength ground-based backscatter/Raman lidar system is operating since 2000 at the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) in the framework of the European Aerosol Research LIdar NETwork (EARLINET), the first lidar network for tropospheric aerosol studies on a continental scale. Since July 2006, a total of 40 coincidental aerosol ground-based lidar measurements were performed over Athens during CALIPSO overpasses. The ground-based measurements were performed each time CALIPSO overpasses the station location within a maximum distance of 100 km. The duration of the ground–based lidar measurements was approximately two hours, centred on the satellite overpass time. From the analysis of the ground-based/satellite correlative lidar measurements, a mean bias of the order of 22% for daytime measurements and of 8% for nighttime measurements with respect to the CALIPSO profiles was found for altitudes between 3 and 10 km. The mean bias becomes much larger for altitudes lower that 3 km (of the order of 60%) which is attributed to the increase of aerosol horizontal inhomogeneity within the Planetary Boundary Layer, resulting to the observation of possibly different air masses by the two instruments. In cases of aerosol layers underlying Cirrus clouds, comparison results for aerosol tropospheric profiles become worse. This is attributed to the significant multiple scattering effects in Cirrus clouds experienced by CALIPSO which result in an attenuation which is less than that measured by the ground-based lidar.

Field of study: Environmental science
Engineered variants provide new insight into the structural properties important for activity of the highly dynamic, trimeric protein disulfide isomerase ScsC from Proteus mirabilis

The structure and function of a bacterial trimeric protein disulfide isomerase was investigated by characterising two variants in which key structural regions were deleted. In one case the effect on structure and function was predictable, while in the other we found unintended consequences for both structure and function.

Field of study: Chemistry
Approximating the largest connected topology in cognitive radio networks

Connection between two secondary users (SUs) in cognitive radio networks (CRNs) is not only determined by their transmission power and distance, it also depends on the availability of a common channel for both SUs to open it for communication. In CRN, each SU is equipped with a number of antennas, denoted as β, which is the maximum number of channels that an SU can open simultaneously, known as antenna budget constraint. As each SU has a limit on the maximum number of channels it can open simultaneously, so network may not be connectable. But, it is desirable to connect the largest subset of SUs while minimizing the interference introduced due the nearby transmissions among SUs on the same channel, this problem is called the largest-connected minimum-interference topology control (LMTC) problem in CRNs. In this paper, we model the network of SUs as a potential graph P G = ( V ( P G ) , E ( P G ) ) , where V(PG) is set of SUs and E(PG) is set of potential edges. First, we show that the LMTC problem is NP-hard then we propose an approximation algorithm to address LMTC problem with min (m/log n, n.β/2log n) ratio, where n and m are the number of nodes and edges in potential graph respectively. We also propose a distributed algorithm called distributed-LMTC with message complexity O(n2), to address the LMTC problem. To address this NP-hard problem, we combine both topology control and channel assignment phase. In topology control phase, a network subgraph is derived with satisfying antenna budget constraints. In channel assignment phase, we assign channel to link to minimize interference. Simulation results show that the constructed topology can achieve higher connectivity and throughput than other competitive topology control algorithms.

Field of study: Computer science
History in My Hand—Making Artifact Kits in the Intermediate Grades

ost social studies textbooks M devote at least a few pages of text and pictures to the art, architecture, and other forms of material culture that characterize a civilization. No picture, however, can substitute for the experience of handling an object or viewing it in three dimensions. Tangible artifacts and primary source documents, or copies of same, can help students understand the political, social, and cultural nature of a time period and the ideas, assumptions, and attitudes of the people who fabricated them. Whether one examines song lyrics, house construction or furnishings, changing types of agricultural and household implements, styles of clothing, personal grooming aids, recipes, keepsakes, personal letters, or mementos, artifacts reflect cognition. As James Deetz has persuasively argued, “Material culture systems represent the minds of the people who put them together” (Metcalf and Downey

Field of study: Sociology
Monitoring Method of Indirect TPMS Under Steering Situation

Conventional indirect tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS) is mainly designed according to the wheel speed signal of anti-lock brake system (ABS). Four wheels’ velocity change because yaw rate exists when vehicles are under steering conditions. The original tire pressure monitoring method failed which is based on the wheel speed comparison method. As the electronic stability program (ESP) is applied in vehicle, inertial measurement unit that can obtain vehicle’s yaw rate are widely used. In this passage, four-wheel trajectory model is established. Every wheel’s side-slip angle and steering radius can be deduced by using this model when the steering wheel in sinusoidal input and step input. Four wheels’ velocity can be quantified through turning radius, steering angle and yaw rate. On the basis of the original wheel speed comparison method, the indirect TPMS under steering situation can be achieved.

Field of study: Engineering
The interaction between glucose and cytokinin signal transduction pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Cytokinins (CKs) and glucose (GLC) control a number of common responses in plants. We hypothesize that there may be an extensive overlap between CK- and GLC-signalling pathways. Microarray along with physiological analysis has been performed to find out the interdependence/overlap between CK and GLC signal transduction pathways in Arabidopsis seedlings. GLC could transcriptionally affect 76% of CK-regulated genes at whole genome level, 89% of which are agonistically regulated. GLC may also affect CK-regulated gene expression via non-transcriptional pathways. GLC can regulate several genes involved in CK metabolism and signalling. A number of gene families involved in development and stress are commonly regulated by CK and GLC. Physiologically, both GLC and CK could regulate hypocotyl length in dark. GLC and CK signalling may integrate at the level of type A Arabidopsis response regulators (ARRs) in controlling hypocotyl length. Both GLC and CK signalling cannot alter hypocotyl length in dark in auxin-signalling mutants auxin response2/indole-3-acetic acid7 (AXR2/IAA7) and AXR3/IAA17 suggesting that they may involve auxin-signalling component as a nodal point. Here, we demonstrate that there is an extensive overlap between CK- and GLC-regulated gene expression and physiological responses.

Field of study: Environmental science
SQUID Developments for the Gravitational Wave Antenna MiniGRAIL

We designed two different sensor SQUIDs for the readout of the resonant mass gravitational wave detector MiniGRAIL. Both designs have integrated input inductors in the order of 1.5 muH and are planned for operation in the mK temperature range. Cooling fins were added to the shunt resistors. The fabricated SQUIDs show a behavior that differs from standard DC-SQUIDs. We were able to operate a design with a parallel configuration of washers at reasonable sensitivities. The flux noise saturated to a value of 0.84 muPhi0/radicHz below a temperature of 200 mK. The equivalent noise referred to the current through the input coil is 155 fA/radicHz and the energy resolution yields 62 h.

Field of study: Physics
[Improvement of cardiac systolic function in myocardial ischemic rabbit by hemodilution with fluorocarbon emulsion].

The occlusion of the left ventricular branch of coronary artery caused a marked decrease in left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), dp/dtmax and velocity of the contractile elements shortening (VCE) and a significant increase in left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) at 15 min after coronary occlusion, LVSP decreased from the control value of 14.9 + 2.0 to 13.8+1.6 kPa, LVEDP increased from 1.2+0.4 to 1.58+0.28 kPa, dP/dtmax, and VCE decreased 30+4 and 24+3%, respectively. Following the hemodijution with FCE-III (Chinese fluorocarbon, mean diameter O.1 vm, 20% perfluorotripropylamine) 15 min post-occlusion, at 30 min after coronary occlusion(15 min post-hemodilution), LVSP increased t0 14.2+2.0 kPa. LVEDP decreased to 1.3+0.3 kPa and both dp/dtmax and VCE increased distinctly. Hemodilution with FCE-III 5 min before coronary occjusion preserved systolic function in myocardial ischemia.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
INVESTIGATION OF THE CHLORINATION OF 4-(PERFLUOROALKYL)-5-( p -TOLUENESULFONYL)URACILS. SYNTHESIS OF 5-CHLORO-6-(PERFLUOROALKYL)-5-( p -TOLUENESULFONYL)PYRIMIDINE-2,4(3 H ,5 H )-DIONES

Chlorination of 4-(perfluoroalkyl)-5-( p -toluenesulfonyl)-2,6-bis(trimethylsilyloxy)pyrimidines led to the formation of 5-chloro-6-(perfluoroalkyl)-5-( p -toluenesulfonyl)pyrimidine-2,4(3 H ,5 H )-diones, the structure of which was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray structural analysis. The reactions of chlorinated pyrimidine-2,4(3 H ,5 H )-diones with nucleophiles were investigated.  A. P. Gudz, A. S. Kanishchev, Yu. G. Vlasenko, A. N. Chernega, and Yu. G. Shermolovich English Translation in Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds , 2013, 49 (4), pp 591-597 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10593-013-1286-1

Field of study: Chemistry
Morphology of ovary, uterine mortilit of sex hormones of blood in the low-fertile cattle

卵巣の濾胞および黄体の機能については,これまでの研究により明らかにされつつあるが,機能の異常性に関する研究報告は比較的少ない。婦人においては黄体機能不全の区分4)があり,牛においてはHANSEL他5)のオキシトシン注射による黄体形成の不全,および結締織化の報告があり,その他,性周期が正常であつて黄体嚢腫が発生し,不妊の原因となるというMC ENTTEE6)の報告が見られる程度で,濾胞および黄体の機能の異常性についでは,なお不明な点が多い現状である。一方低受胎牛では,性周期が明瞭でありながら不受胎なものであるから,卵巣または子宮に軽微な異常が存在するが,その異常性の診断が比較的困難であるものが含まれることが考慮される。従つて正常牛における診断技術を確立し,それと比較しながら,低受胎牛の診断を行う必要性が考えられる。この目的で,卵巣の濾胞および黄体の形状と同時に,子宮の収縮力,弾力について調査した結果,発情期における濾胞の形成不全ならびに,黄体期における黄体の機能不全が低受胎牛の発生と関係することが推定された。さらに黄体嚢腫の発生が意外に多く,これらの治療成績。については,既に報告したが,診断にさいしては,黄体突出部の直下を指先で加圧して,内部よりの液体の排出の有無により決定し,また粘液性子宮については,妊娠診断の要領で子宮を撮み,内部に存在する濃厚粘液の存在により決定した。従つてこれらの疾患は低受胎牛とは区別して考える必要があるものと考えられ,さらにその他の疾患のものが含まれているのであろうが,胎児の早期流産ならびに診断が困難な疾患を含めて,これを低受胎牛と区分することが適当であろうと考察される。なお以上の成績は,これまでの診断書を整理,集計したものであり,また直腸検査による触感を基にしたものであって,個人的な相違は免れ得ない。従つて現在実験的証明につき研究中である。

Field of study: Biology
Understanding the gap between need and utilization in outpatient care--the effect of supply-side determinants on regional inequities.

The present study analyzes the effect of supply-side determinants on regional inequities in outpatient care. Inequities are measured by the degree of disparity between need for and actual utilization of outpatient health services in the 412 German districts. Outpatient care needs of each district are determined by applying the regression model of the German risk structure compensation scheme. We find that supply-side factors account for half of the model's coverage of regional inequities. The remaining regional variance explained by the model may be attributed to socioeconomic and (socio-)geographic determinants as well as price effects. Our findings call for strengthening the role of GPs as coordinators in the health care system, countering the geographic maldistribution of physicians and introducing adequate programs to improve the level of care in socially deprived districts. The study also highlights the importance of differentiating between need, demand and utilization of health services in order to understand the root causes of inequities.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Research on Improvement Method of Brinell Hardness Measurement

According to calculates formula of the brinell hardness,the new method of directly measuring the indentation depth using home-made dial indicator with the probe of modification measures brinell hardness of test samples.Through comparison tests of 45 steel furnace cool and the air cool,T12 furnace cool and the air cool,take the LINTAB5 microscope-based measurements as criterion,the measure error of hardness are 1.64%,2.95 %,1.87 % and 1.54 %.Error of the indentation diameter reading microscope measurement are 2.98%,3.27%,2.69 % and 3.17%.

Field of study: Materials science
Transition Temperature of Superconductivity in Sodium Tungsten Bronze — Theoretical Study Based on First-principles Calculations —

Using first-principles calculations, we examine the transition temperature $T_{\rm c}$ of superconductivity in sodium tungsten bronze ( Na$_x$WO$_3$, where $x$ is equal to or less than unity ). Although $T_{\rm c}$ is relatively low $T_{\rm c}( <\sim 3 {\rm K})$, it is interesting that its characteristic exponential dependence on $x$ has been experimentally observed at $\sim 0.2 < x < \sim 0.4$. On the basis of the McMillan equation for $T_{\rm c}$ including the effect of plasmons, we succeed in reproducing the absolute values of $T_{\rm c}$ and its $x$ dependence. We also find that the plasmon effect is crucial for the estimation of $T_{\rm c}$ as well as phonons. Since the calculated $T_{\rm c}$ may not exceed $\sim 20$ K even for $x <\sim 0.1$, the superconductivity at a low $T_{\rm c}$ can be interpreted by the usual phonon mechanism, including the plasmon effect. On the other hand, a high $T_{\rm c}$ up to about 90 K, which is found on the surface of a Na$_x$WO$_3$ system at $x\sim 0.05$ by recent experiments, cannot be explained by our results. This discrepancy suggests that another mechanism is required to clarify the nature of the high-$T_{\rm c}$ superconductivity of Na$_x$WO$_3$.

Field of study: Physics
INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN AND ASSESSMENT Experience with a Non-traditional Doctor of Pharmacy Program Based on an Integrated, Andragogical Model

With the movement of academic pharmacy toward a single entry-level degree program, many working pharmacists who hold bachelor’s degrees have sought advanced educational opportunities. The nontraditional PharmD program at the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences (MCPHS) was designed using a collaborative learning approach and an integrated model of didactic and experiential education to meet the needs of adult learners.  The pathway was developed and implemented in 1996 at MCPHS. The program consisted of 34 credit hours of integrated didactic and experiential education. In 1999, an exit survey was designed to assess the student’s experience and level of satisfaction with the NTPD.  Survey results from graduates revealed general satisfaction with the delivery of the program and high levels of confidence in providing pharmaceutical care. As of May 2002, 134 pharmacists have graduated and 92 students remain in the pathway.  The program’s emphasis on collaborative learning and immediate application of learned material have been well received by students. The program’s adaptability and flexibility have permitted faculty to make modifications that have enhanced the curriculum while still meeting the unique needs of this group of students.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Some Criteria Used in Recognizing Active Faults

A fault, once formed, long remains a plane of weakness, and stresses developing in the adjacent region are more likely to be relieved by adjustments along it than by the formation of new faults. This is especially true of faults that persist for long distances. The identification of active faults is of importance, since they are the loci of earthquakes, each new displacement of a growing fault resulting in an earthquake. Criteria used in recognizing active Faults The criteria that have been used in recognizing active faults are: (1) the recurrence of earthquakes along faults, and (2) physiographic and geologic evidence of recent displacement; but each of these may be misleading unless the general stability of the entire circumjacent region be taken into consideration. The Charleston earthquake of 1886 was one of the greatest recorded in North America, and aftershocks have continued in its epicentral area down to the . . .

Field of study: Geology