nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Alcohol Use and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection: Current Knowledge, Implications, and Future Directions.

Alcohol use is common among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In this narrative review, we describe literature regarding alcohol's impact on transmission, care, coinfections, and comorbidities that are common among people living with HIV (PLWH), as well as literature regarding interventions to address alcohol use and its influences among PLWH. This narrative review identifies alcohol use as a risk factor for HIV transmission, as well as a factor impacting the clinical manifestations and management of HIV. Alcohol use appears to have additive and potentially synergistic effects on common HIV-related comorbidities. We find that interventions to modify drinking and improve HIV-related risks and outcomes have had limited success to date, and we recommend research in several areas. Consistent with Office of AIDS Research/National Institutes of Health priorities, we suggest research to better understand how and at what levels alcohol influences comorbid conditions among PLWH, to elucidate the mechanisms by which alcohol use is impacting comorbidities, and to understand whether decreases in alcohol use improve HIV-relevant outcomes. This should include studies regarding whether state-of-the-art medications used to treat common coinfections are safe for PLWH who drink alcohol. We recommend that future research among PLWH include validated self-report measures of alcohol use and/or biological measurements, ideally both. Additionally, subgroup variation in associations should be identified to ensure that the risks of particularly vulnerable populations are understood. This body of research should serve as a foundation for a next generation of intervention studies to address alcohol use from transmission to treatment of HIV. Intervention studies should inform implementation efforts to improve provision of alcohol-related interventions and treatments for PLWH in healthcare settings. By making further progress on understanding how alcohol use affects PLWH in the era of HIV as a chronic condition, this research should inform how we can mitigate transmission, achieve viral suppression, and avoid exacerbating common comorbidities of HIV and alcohol use and make progress toward the 90-90-90 goals for engagement in the HIV treatment cascade.

Field of study: Medicine
Studies on Effects of Impurity Doping and NMR Measurements of La 1111 and/or Nd 1111 Fe-Pnictide Superconductors

Measurements of the electrical resistivity ρ, Hall coefficient R H , thermoelectric power S , and the electronic specific heat coefficient γ have been carried out for samples of LnFe 1- y M y AsO 1- x F x (Ln=La, Nd; M=Co, Mn; x =0.11) obtained by doping M atoms into the superconducting LnFeAsO 1- x F x (Ln 1111) system. The NMR longitudinal relaxation rate 1/ T 1 has also been measured for samples of LaFe 1- y Co y AsO 1- x F x with various x values. Co atoms doped into the superconducting LnFeAsO 1- x F x are nonmagnetic, and the rate of T c -suppression |d T c /d x | by Co atoms has been found to be too small to be explained by the pair-breaking effect expected for the S ± superconducting symmetry proposed as the most probable symmetry for the system. This result throws a serious doubt on whether the symmetry is realized in the system. Instead of the pair breaking, two mechanisms of T c suppression by the doped impurities have been found: One is the electron localization, which appears when the sheet r...

Field of study: Physics
EX SITU MORPHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF WILD LAVANDULA POPULATIONS IN PORTUGAL

The genus Lavandula L. (Lamiaceae family) belongs to the subfamily Nepetoideae. The tribe Lavanduleae (Endl.) Boiss contain just the single genus Lavandula . The Lavandula species occur in Portugal, either spontaneously or grown for their ornamental and aromatic value. These species are also used in traditional medicine in the form of infusions, for internal and external uses. The wild populations of this genus are represented by five species and several subspecies in the Portuguese flora. This genus has revealed a complex taxonomy with some taxa known under different scientific names, although under the same common name. In Portugal has been significant research on these species, with significant results, in ethnobotany, essential oils, biological activities and in vitro research. The present assessment aimed to present the Banco Portugues de Germoplasma Vegetal contribution to the ex situ conservation of Lavandula species genetic resources: ex situ evaluation of Lavandula stoechas and L. pedunculata wild genetic resources, the need to plan new collecting missions and, the prospects for the use of genetic variability preserved in this collection. The main results of the morphological assessment showed that L. stoechas presents greater morphological diversity.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Watermarking PRFs from Lattices: Stronger Security via Extractable PRFs

A software watermarking scheme enables one to embed a “mark” (i.e., a message) within a program while preserving the program’s functionality. Moreover, there is an extraction algorithm that recovers an embedded message from a program. The main security goal is that it should be difficult to remove the watermark without destroying the functionality of the program. Existing constructions of watermarking focus on watermarking cryptographic functions like pseudorandom functions (PRFs); even in this setting, realizing watermarking from standard assumptions remains difficult. The first lattice-based construction of secret-key watermarking due to Kim and Wu (CRYPTO 2017) only ensures mark-unremovability against an adversary who does not have access to the mark-extraction oracle. The construction of Quach et al. (TCC 2018) achieves the stronger notion of mark-unremovability even if the adversary can make extraction queries, but has the drawback that the watermarking authority (who holds the watermarking secret key) can break pseudorandomness of all PRF keys in the family (including unmarked keys).

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Structure of shikimate kinase, an in vivo essential metabolic enzyme in the nosocomial pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii, in complex with shikimate.

Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic Gram-negative pathogen that is an important cause of healthcare-associated infections exhibiting high mortality rates. Clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extremely drug-resistant (XDR) A. baumannii strains are increasingly being observed. Compounding this concern is the dearth of new antibacterial agents in late-stage development that are effective against MDR and XDR A. baumannii. As part of an effort to address these concerns, two genes (aroA and aroC) of the shikimate pathway have previously been determined to be essential for the growth and survival of A. baumannii during host infection (i.e. to be essential in vivo). This study expands upon these results by demonstrating that the A. baumannii aroK gene, encoding shikimate kinase (SK), is also essential in vivo in a rat soft-tissue infection model. The crystal structure of A. baumannii SK in complex with the substrate shikimate and a sulfate ion that mimics the binding interactions expected for the β-phosphate of ATP was then determined to 1.91 Å resolution and the enzyme kinetics were characterized. The flexible shikimate-binding domain and LID region are compared with the analogous regions in other SK crystal structures. The impact of structural differences and sequence divergence between SKs from pathogenic bacteria that may influence antibiotic-development efforts is discussed.

Field of study: Chemistry
Quantum Entanglement Swapping between Two Multipartite Entangled States.

Quantum entanglement swapping is one of the most promising ways to realize the quantum connection among local quantum nodes. In this Letter, we present an experimental demonstration of the entanglement swapping between two independent multipartite entangled states, each of which involves a tripartite Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) entangled state of an optical field. The entanglement swapping is implemented deterministically by means of a joint measurement on two optical modes coming from the two multipartite entangled states respectively and the classical feedforward of the measurement results. After entanglement swapping the two independent multipartite entangled states are merged into a large entangled state in which all unmeasured quantum modes are entangled. The entanglement swapping between a tripartite GHZ state and an Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen entangled state is also demonstrated and the dependence of the resultant entanglement on transmission loss is investigated. The presented experiment provides a feasible technical reference for constructing more complicated quantum networks.

Field of study: Physics
Influence of a bagasse glucan (B0) on leukocyte aggregation and accumulation.

Glucan B0, isolated from bagasse, activated the classical pathway of complement.B0-treated-human-serum (B0TS,0.1 NmB0, 30 min, 30 degree) aggregated human leukocytes dose-dependently. 1 mL B0TS yielded an aggregative activity of 4.4±1.6 microg hog C5a-desArg equivalents. The leukocyte accumulation in guinea pigs was apparently induced bu intrapleural injection of large aggregates of B0. In cobra venom decomplemented mice, B0 still caused splenomegaly. Thus the complement activating effect and RES stimulating effect are apparently independent.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Urban Policies and Social Relations in Morocco

This study analyzes urban policies and the nature of social relations in the neighborhoods of large Moroccan cities in the context of the ongoing intensive urbanization in Morocco. Urbanization has imposed a new society, culture, values, and modes of behavior of which the fundamental feature is individualism. Such features accompanied the new capitalist system that was imposed by the colonial administration and was also a product of the ecology of large human conglomerations confined within the space of a big city, the metropolis, or a giant city, the megacity.

Field of study: Sociology
A linear regression with unobserved dependent variables

Let (⊖,X) be a random vector such that E(X|⊖) = ⊖ and Var(x|⊖) a + b⊖ + c⊖2 for some known constants a, b and c. Assume X1,…,Xn are independent observations which have the same distribution as X. Let t(X) be the linear regression of ⊖ on X. The linear empirical Bayes estimator is used to approximate the linear regression function. It is shown that under appropriate conditions, the linear empirical Bayes estimator approximates the linear regression well in the sense of mean squared error.

Field of study: Mathematics
Hybrid finite-difference time-domain Fresnel modeling of microscopy imaging.

Full-wave electromagnetic analysis by the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is combined with the scalar diffraction method to obtain a numerical tool for optical lens imaging. The FDTD method is applied to the modeling of scattering phenomenon in the vicinity of a target. Afterward, obtained results are coupled with the Fresnel diffraction method to project an image through the lens onto the image plane. The FDTD algorithm is able to provide the solution of the electromagnetic analysis of the target with all its geometrical complexity. It is also relatively effective, since it allows the arbitrarily shaped geometry of the target to be analyzed in a specified spectrum range with only one simulation run. Such coupled FDTD-Fresnel modeling exploits the advantages of both methods, maintaining the required accuracy and speeding up the overall computation of the image.

Field of study: Physics
Social preferences for prioritizing the treatment of severely ill patients: The relevance of severity, expected benefit, past health and lifetime health.

The study examined the preferences of a sample of the Australian public and health professionals regarding the relative importance of four different criteria for prioritizing between patients: the severity of the condition, the size of the benefit from the intervention, past health losses and expected lifetime health. A discussion-group methodology was adopted to elicit social preferences. This allowed participants time to consider all of the alternatives fully, to seek clarification of the task, and to engage in open debate about the issues raised. Participants traded-off cost-effectiveness for priority to the more severely ill. They placed less importance on past health and the lifetime allocation of health in deciding priority for treatment, and more importance on improving the condition of those who will be left more severely ill or disabled in the absence of treatment. The results pose a challenge to studies reporting support for the "fair innings argument". They also support the Norwegian government's decision not to pursue a life-time health loss criterion as recommended by the Norheim Commission. The study question is important given current debate both in the health economics literature and at the policy level in several jurisdictions.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
STRUCTURE PLAN OF THE SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA, CALIFORNIA

In the southern Sierra Nevada schist remnants, flow layers, joints, faults, and volcanoes combine into a regional pattern that seems to have persisted throughout recorded geological history. From this pattern it is deduced that, toward the southern end of the Sierra, north-northeast and northeast structures gained control over the prevailing northwest structure and swung the trend from southeast to southwest. This swing, expressed in the present topography, had been accomplished by the time the pluton was emplaced, and probably long before.

Field of study: Geology
Leadership: The Nexus Between Challenge and Opportunity: Reports of the 2002–03 Academic Affairs, Professional Affairs, and Research and Graduate Affairs Committees

Anne Y. Lin,  Altiere, Wayne T. Harris, Pamela J. Sims, Julie M. Ganther, Susan M. Meyer, Wayne A. Kradjan, Marialice Bennett, Brian L. Crabtree, Jeanne V. Goode, Raymond C. Love, Raylene M. Rospond, Todd D. Sorenson, Arlene A. Flynn, Patrick S. Callery, Jamie C. Barner, William T. Beck,  School of Pharmacy, Samford University College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Drake University College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Pharmacy and Allied Health Sciences, The University of Montana College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia Albany College of Pharmacy, Union University College of Pharmacy, University of Florida Academic Affairs Committee Professional Affairs Committee Research and Graduate Affairs Committee Chair

Field of study: Education, Medicine
The structures of furazans and furoxans

The IR spectra of furazans and furoxans are characterized by lowered values of frequencies and of integrated absorption band intensities for the C=N bands. The peculiarities of the UV absorption spectra of these compounds are similar to those of pyridine and its benzene analogs in comparison with the corresponding N-oxides. Comparison of the results with those given in the literature regarding chemical properties, delocalization energies, X -ray spectra, and quantum chemistry calculations leads to a conclusion that the 2, 1, 3-oxadiazole ring possesses a definite aromaticity.

Field of study: Chemistry
X-ray tomography of morphological changes after freeze/thaw in gas diffusion layers.

Liquid water produced in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell experiences a freeze/thaw cycle when the cell is switched off and on while operating at ambient temperatures below freezing. This freeze/thaw cycle permanently deforms the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell capillary structures and reduces both the cell life and its ability to generate electric power. The X-ray tomography facility at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory was used to observe the freeze/thaw effects on the gas diffusion layer (GDL), which is the thickest capillary layer in the cell. Morphological changes in the GDL under a water freeze/thaw cycle were observed. A scenario in which freeze/thaw cycles affect fuel cell performance is suggested based on images from X-ray tomography.

Field of study: Physics
Progressive Linear Precoder Optimization for ARQ Packet Retransmissions in Nonregenerative MIMO Relay Systems

This paper investigates the linear precoder optimization for packet retransmissions in nonregenerative multi-input multi-output (MIMO) relay systems. To fully utilize the time diversity provided by automatic repeat request (ARQ), progressive linear precoders are designed with the objective of maximizing the mutual information delivered by multiple transmissions of the same packet. Firstly, the relay-only precoder is considered when the channel state information (CSI) is only available at the relay and the destination. We derive the form of the optimal ARQ precoder by restating the optimization problem as a matrix diagonalization problem, then the power allocation is formulated as a convex optimization problem where the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions are used to obtain the optimal solution. Furthermore, we analyze the asymptotic performance when the two hops' signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) goes to infinity or zero respectively. Secondly, the joint source and relay precoder is studied assuming the CSI known at all nodes. The ARQ precoder is derived by matrix diagonalization and channel pairing between previous subchannels and current subchannels. Then the power allocation at the source and relay is formulated as a nonconvex multi-variable optimization problem where we employ an iterative algorithm to obtain the suboptimal solution. Moreover, the asymptotic performance is also analyzed with the two hops' SNR being extremely large or small, based on which the simplified method of searching channel pairing matrix is proposed. Numerical results show that the proposed precoders can improve the system performance significantly, especially in the joint source and relay precoder scenario.

Field of study: Engineering
Substance‐P alleviates dextran sulfate sodium‐induced intestinal damage by suppressing inflammation through enrichment of M2 macrophages and regulatory T cells

HighlightsSP can enrich proliferating cell pool in DSS‐induced intestinal damages.SP exerted anti‐inflammatory effect on DSS‐induced IBD by controlling cytokine profile.SP protected intestine from DSS‐induced tissue destruction.  Intestinal inflammation alters immune responses in the mucosa and destroys colon architecture, leading to serious diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Thus, regulation of inflammation is regarded as the ultimate therapy for intestinal disease. Substance‐P (SP) is known to mediate proliferation, migration, and cellular senescence in a variety of cells. SP was found to mobilize stem cells from bone marrow to the site of injury and to suppress inflammatory responses by inducing regulatory T cells (Tregs) and M2 macrophages. In this study, we explored the effects of SP in a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)‐induced intestine damage model. The effects of SP were evaluated by analyzing crypt structures, proliferating cells within the colon, cytokine secretion profiles, and immune cells population in the spleen/mesenteric lymph nodes in vivo. DSS treatment provoked an inflammatory response with loss of crypts in the intestines of experimental mice. This response was associated with high levels of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF‐&agr; and IL‐17, and low levels of Tregs and M2 macrophages, leading to severely damaged tissue structure. However, SP treatment inhibited inflammatory responses by modulating cytokine production as well as the balance of Tregs/Th 17 cells and the M1/M2 transition in lymphoid organs, leading to accelerated tissue repair. Collectively, our data indicate that SP can promote the regeneration of tissue following damage by DSS treatment, possibly by modulating immune response. Our results propose SP as a candidate therapeutic for intestine‐related inflammatory diseases.

Field of study: Medicine
Two-phase anaerobic digestion process for treating high concentration sulfate-organic wastewater with jet-loop anaerobic fluidized bed reactor

Jet-loop anaerobic fluidized bed(JLAFB) was designed as a new anaerobic reactor.Two-phase anaerobic digestion process with JLAFB and AGSFB(anaerobic granular sludge fluidized bed) as acidogenic phase(or sulfate-reducing phase) and methane-producing phase,respectively,was used to treat high concentration sulfate-organic wastewater.With the successful culture of acid-tolerant sulfate reducing anaerobic granular sludge,the process successfully separated sulfate reducing bacteria(SRB) and methane producing bacteria(MPB) in different phases,and avoided substrate competition inhibition on MPB by SRB.When influent SO~~(2-)__4 loading rate was up to 12.0 kg SO~~(2-)__4·m~(-3)·d~(-1),the sulfide concentrations of JLAFB and AGSFB reactors were 78.3 mg·L~(-1) and 92.4 mg·L~(-1),respectively,that were far less than 200 mg·L~(-1) of inhibition value,which avoided the accumulation of sulfide and toxicity inhibition on microorganisms in reactors.When the influent COD and SO~~(2-)__4 loading rates during smooth operation were 26.0 and 8.5 kg SO~~(2-)__4·m~(-3)·d~(-1) respectively,the total removal efficiency values of COD and SO~~(2-)__4 were 86.9% and 97.6% respectively.The optimal process conditions of the treating system were:influent COD/SO~~(2-)__4 ratio3.0,influent alkalinity was 400—500 mg·L~(-1),aeration gas flow rate and hydraulic recycle ratio of JLAFB were 0.04 L·min~(-1)and 5∶1 respectively.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
The preparation and application of artificial antigen presenting cells

目的 制备人工抗原提呈细胞(artificial antigen presenting cell,aAPC)并用它从HLA-A2阳性健康个体外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中诱导和扩增特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL).方法 将HLA-A2-EBV四聚体分子和抗CD28抗体分子吸附固定在细胞大小的聚苯乙烯乳胶微球(5μm)表面制成aAPC;采用流式细胞仪表型分析;aAPC和HLA-A2阳性个体人外周血单核细胞进行混合淋巴细胞反应;用HLA-A*0201-EBV四聚体染色法检测特异性CTL的频率;应用细胞内细胞因子染色法检测特异性CTL功能性细胞因子IFN-γ的分泌;采用LDH释放法检测特异性CTL的特异杀伤活性.结果 流式细胞仪分析显示微球表面吸附有HLA-A2-EBV四聚体分子和抗CD28抗体分子;四聚体检测及细胞内细胞因子染色法检测与经典细胞毒试验结果一致,结果表明aAPC在体外可诱导抗原特异性CTL的生成.结论 aAPC制备成功,并在体外有效地诱导抗原特异性CTL的生成。

Field of study: Biology
Immigration and Refugees: Punctuations in the Commonwealth Policy Agenda

In April 2013, Australia's population reached 23 million. Up to 60 percent of population growth in Australia comes from immigration and 40 percent of population growth comes from natural increase. It is therefore not too surprising that the issue of immigration receives a considerable amount of attention in the overall Commonwealth policy agenda. However, immigration policy is a complex policy area that is vulnerable to sudden increases in policy attention. Such increases in policy attention may be related to external shocks, wars or changing global economic conditions. This article charts some of the contextual factors, which result in high-salience punctuations and intense policy activity in the area of immigration.

Field of study: Political science