nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Environmental Countermeasures to Construct Beautiful Country in Anhui Province

Rural environment management and protection is the premise of rural areas livability,and also the carrier of "Prosperity"and "Civilization"for farmers.The present biggest difficulty in rural environmental protection in Anhui is the institutional deficiency,with the four points often overemphasized and the other four neglected.Therefore,to construct beautiful country the starting point is to safeguard the fundamental interests of farmers,and is followed by setting out to solve the problems that trouble farmers most,for instance,garbage disposal,transportation and rural greening.At the same time,a corresponding institution should be established by promoting top-level design,strengthening the construction of rural environmental protection teams,improving rural living garbage disposal system,controlling agricultural non-point source pollution and promoting farmers' awareness of environmental autonomy.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Variation of DNA methylation patterns associated with gene expression in rice (Oryza sativa) exposed to cadmium.

We report genome-wide single-base resolution maps of methylated cytosines and transcriptome change in Cd-exposed rice. Widespread differences were identified in CG and non-CG methylation marks between Cd-exposed and Cd-free rice genomes. There are 2320 non-redundant differentially methylated regions detected in the genome. RNA sequencing revealed 2092 DNA methylation-modified genes differentially expressed under Cd exposure. More genes were found hypermethylated than those hypomethylated in CG, CHH and CHG (where H is A, C or T) contexts in upstream, gene body and downstream regions. Many of the genes were involved in stress response, metal transport and transcription factors. Most of the DNA methylation-modified genes were transcriptionally altered under Cd stress. A subset of loss of function mutants defective in DNA methylation and histone modification activities was used to identify transcript abundance of selected genes. Compared with wide type, mutation of MET1 and DRM2 resulted in general lower transcript levels of the genes under Cd stress. Transcripts of OsIRO2, OsPR1b and Os09g02214 in drm2 were significantly reduced. A commonly used DNA methylation inhibitor 5-azacytidine was employed to investigate whether DNA demethylation affected physiological consequences. 5-azacytidine provision decreased general DNA methylation levels of selected genes, but promoted growth of rice seedlings and Cd accumulation in rice plant.

Field of study: Environmental science
Haemostasis in Open Carpal Tunnel Release: Tourniquet vs Local Anaesthetic and Adrenaline

Open carpal tunnel release is one of the commonest performed procedures in hand surgery. We performed a prospective randomised control trial to compare the efficacy and patient satisfaction of the traditional arm tourniquet versus infiltration of adrenaline and local anaesthetic solution to achieve haemostasis during the procedure. Using a combination of objective and subjective measures we concluded that infiltration of local anaesthetic and adrenaline not only provided adequate haemostasis but also provided a significantly more tolerable experience for the patient during the procedure.

Field of study: Medicine
Recombinant expression and biological activities of fusion protein EspA-Stx2B from enterohemorrhagic E. coil O157:H7

To clone the gene encoding protein of EspA and Stx2B from EHEC OI57:H7 by DNA recombinant technology, construct prokaryotic expression vector pET-28a ( + )-espAstx2B, express fusion protein of EspA-Stx2B and to analyze the biological and immunological characteristics of the fusion protein. Methods the sequence encoding the protein of EspA and Stx2B was amplified by PCR from the enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli strain. The amplified products were connected with linker by recombinant technology and cloned into pET-28a( + ) vector. The vector was then transferred to the host cells E. Coli BL21 strain (DE3). Following, the protein expression was induced by IPTG. The expression quantities and style of fusion protein was then determined by SDS-PAGE. Its immunoreactivity was analyzed by Western blot. Finally, BALB/c mice were injected with the preliminarily purified recombination protein EspA-Stx2B, then oral challenged these mice with EHEC O157-SMR2 and counteracted toxic substances with O157 ultrasonic supernatant.  The determination of the sequence encoding of the espA-stx2B fusion gene has 100% of consistency with the sequence from GenBank Sakai strain and contrivable linker. This fusion protein EspA-Stx2B was expressed as inclusion body formation and the percentage is approximately 40%. Western blot suggested the fusion protein has excellent immunoreactivity. Titer of antiserum of the mice to EspA-Stx2B increased evidently. EspA-Stx2B could not decrease bacterial number attached to the intestinal tract of mice based on fecal shedding of Oi57 in mice. In the test of death of BAI,B/c causing by conteracting toxic substances with O157 ultrasonic supernatant, immunoprotection of EspA-Stx2B rate was 66.7%.  A recombinant plasmid that has high performance on expression of EspA-Stx2B prorein was successfully constructed in present study, and the fusion protein has excellent immunoreactivity and immunogenicity. EspA-Stx2B could not decrease bacteria] number attached to the intestinal tract of mice based on fecal shedding of O157 in mice, but evidently decrease the mortality rate of the mice. The antiEspA and anti-Stx2B had immunoprotection effect by different means. These results may provide the foundation for the further development on EHEC O157:H7 double subunit vaccine. 
 
 
EHEC O157:H7 ;  EspA;  Stx2B;  Fusion protein;  Gene expression

Field of study: Biology
Effect of cluster-shell competition of $^{12}$C on $E0$ transitions in $^{16}$O

In $^{16}$O, we investigate the relation between the $E0$ monopole transition matrix elements and cluster-shell competition using antisymmetrized quasi cluster model (AQCM), where the dissolution of $alpha$ clusters into quasi clusters due to the effect of the spin-orbit force is introduced. We focus on the structure change when the strength of the spin-orbit force is varied. The ground state dominantly has a compact four $alpha$ structure (doubly magic structure of the $p$ shell), which is rather independent of the strength. However the first excited state ($0_2^+$) has $^{12}$C$+alpha$ cluster structure and this state is largely affected by the increase of the strength; the subclosure configuration of the $p_{3/2}$ shell for the $^{12}$C cluster part becomes more important than three $alpha$ configuration. The $E0$ transition from the ground state with compact four $alpha$ configuration to the $0^+_2$ state with $^{12}$C$+alpha$ cluster configuration is suppressed when increasing the spin-orbit strength. Although the $E0$ operator itself does not have the spin dependence, the matrix element is sensitive to the difference of intrinsic spin structures of the two states. The $E0$ transition characterizes the persistence of four $alpha$ structure in the $0^+_2$ state.

Field of study: Physics
Recent life events, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone and the onset of major depression in high-risk adolescents.

It is not clear whether cortisol or dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) hypersecretion increases the risk for major depression in the presence of undesirable life events.



To determine whether there is a specific pattern of psychoendocrine factors that predicts the onset of major depressive disorder.



180 adolescents (73 boys, 107 girls) at high risk for psychopathology were assessed for cortisol, DHEA, depressive symptoms, life events and psychiatric disorder at entry and 12 months later.



Major depression was predicted for both genders by the additive effects of: higher depressive symptoms; personal disappointments and losses only in the month before onset; one or more daily levels of cortisol at 08.00 h or DHEA at 20.00 h greater than the 80th percentile of the daily mean.



A subgroup of adolescents may carry a physiological risk for major depression which may be either of genetic and/or earlier psychosocial origin.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Research on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of SiCp/ZL104 Composites Fabricated by Compound Casting

The ZL104 composites reinforced by 20% SiCp(volume fraction)was fabricated by compound casting process,and the average diameterofSiC particleswasabout 15.8μm.The microstructure and mechanical properties ofthe samples prepared by SiCp/ZL104 Composites were researched.The test results show that there is a reasonable uniform dispersion ofparticlesin the matrix alloy,and the interface between reinforced particles and the matrix is thin with gradual changes of solute atom.The porosity,brinell hardness,tensile strength and elongation of the samples are 4.2%,76.2 HB,135MPa and 0.5% respectively.The tensile fractograph analysis show that the casting defects of apertures destroy the connection ofcomponentsin composites,the tensile fracture bringon the fracture ofthe matrix alloy.

Field of study: Materials science
Electrical parameters degradation law of MOSFET during ageing

A new method to extract the different electrical parameters lifetime of MOS transistors submitted to hot carriers degradation is proposed. This method leads to error on the lifetime below 15%, even if the parameter variation measurement reaches only 8%. The robustness of this method has been tested for various biases of stress and different technologies representative of different ageing mechanisms. Finally this method is a good indicator of the degradation modes occurring during the stress.

Field of study: Engineering
Spatial Variability and Regionalized Management of Soil Nitrogen in the Rubber Plantation in Danzhou,Hainan

The spatial variability and regionalized management technology of soil nitrogen nutrient in rubber plantation with an area of about 720 km2was studied using geo-statistics. The results showed the rubber plantations in Danzhou were widely deficient in N. The maximum correlative distance of total N,available N in content in different soil layers were between 36.97 km and 69.24 km. It revealed that the variation in content was developed in large block scale,which is useful to the regionalized management of soil nitrogen nutrients. By overlaying method of the space,the whole investigated region could be regionalized into 10 management units of nitrogen nutrient.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Learning Mixed Graphical Models

We consider the problem of learning the structure of a pairwise graphical model over continuous and discrete variables. We present a new pairwise model for graphical models with both continuous and discrete variables that is amenable to structure learning. In previous work, authors have considered structure learning of Gaussian graphical models and structure learning of discrete models. Our approach is a natural generalization of these two lines of work to the mixed case. The penalization scheme involves a novel symmetric use of the group-lasso norm and follows naturally from a particular parametrization of the model.

Field of study: Computer science
Ressources pour les personnes atteintes de démence

> M. W. est un ancien combattant a la retraite de 84 ans que son epouse et sa fille amenent a votre cabinet. Elles signalent que depuis 2 ans, sa memoire se deteriore et qu’il eprouve de plus en plus de difficulte a trouver ses mots. Il ne pratique plus ses passe-temps favoris comme la

Field of study: Medicine
Zur Stoßionisation in Silicium und Germanium

ZusammenfassungDie Ionisierungszahl α eines elektronischen Halbleiters wird als Funktion der elektrischen Feldstärke explizit unter einfachen Voraussetzungen berechnet und mit den Ergebnissen von K. G.McKay, K. B.McAfee und P. A.Wolff verglichen. Der Vergleich legt die Vermutung nahe, daß die Stoßionisation sowohl durch die Wechselwirkung der Leitungselektronen mit akustischen als auch mit optischen Schallquanten bestimmt wird.

Field of study: Physics
Fracture properties of 2(1/4)Cr-1Mo steel in hydrogen environment

The fracture properties of 2(1/4)Cr-1Mo steel for hydrogenation reactor wall-material were investigated,in the environment of high temperature and pressurized hydrogen.Fracture toughness values were measured for original steel,electrochemically hydrogen charging,step cooled down and step cooled down plus thermally hydrogen charging.Stress intensity factors of crack tip were calculated for burial crack and surface crack by using fracture mechanics.The results showed that step cooled down increased fracture toughness and the presence of hydrogen reduced fracture toughness of 2(1/4)Cr-1Mo steel.Without surface crack in reactor's inside wall the operation of reactor is safe.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Winged helix hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 and POU-domain protein brn-2/N-oct-3 bind overlapping sites on the neuronal promoter of human aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase gene.

The neuronal promoter of human aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase gene has been analysed to elucidate the mechanisms of neuron type-specific expression. The (-560/+92) promoter segment was sufficient to direct luciferase expression at a higher level in SK-N-BE neuroblastoma cells, than in CHP126 neuroepithelia, HepG2 hepatoma or SK-Hep1 epithelioma cells. Deletions experiments showed that this segment contained a neuronal-specific (element T1) and a SK-N-BE-specific (element N1) cis-activating sequences. Element T1 (-72/-36) bound Sp1 and NF-Y proteins, and unidentified neuronal-specific factors. Element N1 (-102/-72) bound cell-specific factors, identified as HNF-3, N-Oct-3/Brn-2 and N-Oct-2. HNF-3 proteins recognized the sequence TCAGTAAATA that matches the consensus motif. Oct-1, N-Oct-2 and N-Oct-3 bound the AAATAATGC sequence that overlaps the HNF-3 binding site. In addition, we show that the HNF-3 binding sites from aldolase C and HNF-3beta gene promoters also bind N-Oct-2 and N-Oct-3 proteins. These data suggest a functional interplay of winged helix/forkhead and POU-domain transcription factors on a variety of neuronal gene promoters.

Field of study: Biology
A practical chiller fault diagnosis method based on discrete Bayesian network.

On site application of the fault diagnosis (FD) techniques is beneficial to reduce energy use and to extend life of the equipment. Considering the following aspects, a practical chiller FD method is proposed by introducing discretization to Bayesian network (BN) in this study. Firstly, most real-world domains involve continuous variables which are not easy to handle, and the gaussian hypothesis is not always realistic. Secondly, BN is easier to be dealt with discrete variables, but the traditional discrete FD method based on chiller experts is time-consuming and inefficient. The proposed method makes no assumptions concerning the distribution of the input features, and can quickly determine the parameters of BN without experts, thus it is more efficient and has strong robustness in practical applications of FD. Using the experimental data from ASHRAE RP-1043 to evaluate the proposed method, the results show that the proposed method is very effective for chiller FD.

Field of study: Engineering
ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF CYCAS CIRCINALIS.L AND IONIDIUM SUFFRUTICOSUM. GING

Herbs with antioxidants and antimicrobial activity play a vital role in prevention and cure of certain complex diseases. Cycas circinalis and Ionidium Suffruticosum are the herbs taken to study its antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. The ethanolic extract of the above 2 herbs were taken and the antimicrobial activity was studied by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and the antioxidant activity was analyzed by percentage inhibition of DPPH activity. Around 8 species of microorganisms were taken for antimicrobial assay. The Cycas circinalis showed 0.7mm of zone of inhibition for Staphylococcus aureus in culture whereas Ionidium Suffruticosum showed 1mm and 0.4 mm of zone of inhibition for Escherichia colli and Salmonella typhi respectively. The rest of all species were non-reactive for both the herbal extracts. The IC 50 values of I.suffruticosum at various concentrations were 95.6, 96.0 and 97.6 respectively whereas for C.circinalis, it was 78.7, 85.9 and 87.5 respectively. The IC 50 value of I.suffruticosum shows that the herb has more antioxidant property when compared to that of C.circinalis and standard (ascorbic acid). The study shows that I.suffruticosum and C.circinalis both have mild antimicrobial activity acting only on 2 species of bacteria and the rest were dormant. I.suffruticosum and C.circinalis both were found to have antioxidant activity. This is a preliminary study done on the above 2 herbs which is a part of vast ongoing research work.

Field of study: Medicine
Der Einfluß der Anordnung von Fehlstellen auf die Gitterwärmeleitfähigkeit von Isolatoren

ZusammenfassungEs wird ein Verfahren entwickelt, mit dem man die Erhöhung des thermischen Widerstandes bestimmen kann, die dadurch bedingt ist, daß in einem realen Kristall die einzelnen Gitterfehler nicht einen unendlich großen Abstand voneinander haben.  Arten von Ansammlungen von Gitterfehlern werden betrachtet. Bei parallelen Versetzungen ergibt sich eine Erhöhung des thermischen Widerstandes, die umgekehrt proportional dem Abstand der einzelnen Versetzungen voneinander ist. Zahlenmäßige Rechnungen, die für den Fall von Kupfer ausgeführt wurden, zeigen, daß im Gebiet des flüssigen Heliums bei Schraubenversetzungen der Anordnungseffekt vernachlässigt werden darf, daß aber bei Stufenversetzungen in diesem Temperaturgebiet und bei den üblichen Versetzungsabständen ein deutlicher Effekt vorhanden ist.

Field of study: Physics
The Structure of the Academic Profession: Toward a Definition of Ethical Issues.

Several years ago my colleague Larry Churchill and I initiated a colloquy in the Chapel Hill area the intent of which was to identify the value conflicts and ethical issues germane to the academic profession. Our orientation was consistent with that employed in law, business, and medicine, where the focus has been on the ethical dilemmas intrinsic to a professional role, or what Bill May has usefully termed "quandary ethics." That is, what are the bases of choice to be employed by academic professionals faced with conflicting values?

Field of study: Education
Bonuses and Accumulated Earnings Prove Troublesome

Under IRC section 162(a)(1), businesses can deduct bonuses they pay employees as reasonable compensation for services actually rendered in the current or prior years. The courts have generally applied either a single-factor independent-investor or multiple-factor test to determine the deductibility of bonuses. The courts closely scrutinize bonuses when the employee/ owner is the recipient because of the possibility of disguised dividends. IRC section 531 imposes a penalty tax on corporations that accumulate earnings for the purpose of helping an employee avoid personal income taxes by not distributing them. An excess accumulation is one that goes beyond the company's reasonable needs. According to tax regulations, a corporation can justify reasonable needs through a specific, definite and feasible plan for its eventual use of the accumulation. Haffner's Service Stations is a closely held corporation that sells oil and gas in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. The three principal officers are Haft, his father Emile and his mother Louise. Haff is the president and CEO. The bonuses in question were ones the company had paid to Emile and Louise, who were in their 80s in the years under dispute--1990 to 1992. During this period the company paid Emile and Louise total salaries of $108,575 and bonuses of $2.3 million. Haffner's allocated a small portion of the bonuses to other family businesses but had deducted the remainder on its tax return. The company has never paid dividends. In addition its retained earnings increased 61% from 1990 to 1992. In 1996 the IRS notified Haffner's of an impending deficiency under IRC section 534(0) for excess earnings accumulation. The company responded that it had been accumulating the earnings for a potential stock repurchase based on an adverse ruling in a family lawsuit. The IRS assessed deficiencies for the three years, disallowing the bonuses and imposing the accumulated earnings tax. The Tax Court ruled in favor of the IRS. Haffner's appealed to the First Circuit Court of Appeals.  For the IRS. The First Circuit agreed with the Tax Court that the bonuses were unreasonable based on a multiple-factor test: * Employee's qualifications--Emile and Louise had only marginal skills.  Nature, extent and scope of employee's work--Emile and Louise's work was not fundamental, substantial or all-encompassing.  Size and complexity of employer's business--the taxpayer's business was neither complex nor relatively large.  Comparison of compensation paid with company's gross and taxable income--the percentages were high, on average 7.69% of gross income and 21.73% of taxable income. …

Field of study: Business
Influence of Partial Denitrification and Mixotrophic Growth of NOB on Microbial Distribution in Aerobic Granular Sludge.

In aerobic granular sludge (AGS), the growth of nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) can be uncoupled from the nitrite supply of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB). Besides, unlike for conventional activated sludge, Nitrobacter was found to be the dominant NOB and not Nitrospira. To explain these experimental observations, two possible pathways have been put forward in literature. The first one involves the availability of additional nitrite from partial denitrification (nitrite-loop) and the second one consists of mixotrophic growth of Nitrobacter in the presence of acetate (ping-pong). In this contribution, mathematical models were set up to assess the possibility of these pathways to explain the reported observations. Simulation results revealed that both pathways influenced the nitrifier distribution in the granules. The nitrite-loop pathway led to an elevated NOB/AOB ratio, while mixotrophic growth of Nitrobacter guaranteed their predominance among the NOB population. Besides, mixotrophic growth of Nitrobacter could lead to NO emission from AGS. An increasing temperature and/or a decreasing oxygen concentration led to an elevated NOB/AOB ratio and increased NO emissions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Alteration of imaging properties of an optical pickup's objective lens by a nonrotationally symmetric coating.

One can control the aberrations of an optical readout system by varying the width of a strip of antireflection coatings deposited upon plastic objective lenses. It is found that one can control the magnitude of the third-order astigmatism of the system by changing the coating width. This process has the advantage that it does not significantly cause other kinds of aberration such as coma and spherical aberrations to deteriorate. When these nonrotational symmetrically (NRS) coated lenses are used for off-axis operations such as tracking movements in optical drives, the change in the magnitude of the astigmatism (DAS) that is generated can be made smaller than those of symmetrically coated or noncoated lenses. As much as a 73% decrease in DAS was observed experimentally with a NRS-coated lens. Including the birefringence of the plastic material in the analysis yields a low and constant level of astigmatism generated by shifting of the objective lens.

Field of study: Physics