nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Characterisation of Polyaniline/Montmorillonite Nanocomposites

A series of polyaniline / montmorillonite clay (PANI-MMT) composites has been synthesised by solution polymerisation in the presence of hydrochloric acid and a substoichiometric amount of ammonium persulfate (APS). For a preferred molar ratio of monomer to oxidant of 2:1, the aniline was polymerised and largely incorporated into the MMT. The PANI-MMT composites were characterised and compared by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, wide-angle powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of loading with the conducting polymer on the nanocomposites’ DC electrical conductivity was studied, and the maximum conductivity (pressed powder compact) was found to be 4.73 × 10 1 S.cm-1, comparable with that of pure polyaniline in the same form. The conductivity followed quite well the temperature-dependence relationship □(T) = □0.exp[-To/T)1/2], characteristic of one-dimensional variable-range hopping (1-D VRH).

Field of study: Materials science
Knowledge, attitude, and practices of insulin use among type 1 diabetes patients in North India – A cross-sectional study

Prevalence of Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is increasing world-wide. A thorough understanding of the insulin administration including correct injection techniques, proper storage, insulin dose adjustment, meal timing, site rotation, and compliance are necessary for optimal treatment.  The objective of the study was to assess knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of insulin use and its effects in T1DM patients.  This cross-sectional observational questionnaire-based survey was carried out among 105 T1DM patients at a tertiary care hospital during August to September 2020. A questionnaire consisting of 32 questions was formulated to assess the knowledge of diabetes, awareness of insulin use along with attitude and practices of insulin use. The responses were scored, converted into percentages, and summarized with descriptive statistics.  The mean scores in Knowledge, Attitude and Practices domains of KAP were 25.5±7.8, 2.6±3.9, and 8.9±1.7, respectively. We found deficiency of knowledge regarding type of insulins (31.4%), side effects of insulin (78%), and insulin injection sites (37%). Around 43% subjects had a negative attitude toward insulin and 35% were prone to use clumped insulin, 65% of subjects were aware of correct insulin injection techniques, and 77% were aware of correct insulin timing while 68.5% were aware of insulin handling during travel.  There is an unmet need to enhance KAP domains of T1DM care and insulin administration, as the deficiencies in each domain are quite prevalent despite long term insulin use. Regular interactions with patients in the form of group meetings, patient to patient interaction and live demonstrations may alleviate fear of injection, poor compliance and incorrect techniques.

Field of study: Medicine
Robust and fair Multicast Congestion Control (M2C)

Since 1995 and the Receiver-driven Layered Multicast (RLM) protocol, numerous multicast congestion control protocols have been proposed, such as RLC, FLID-SL, FLID-DL and finally the WEBRC protocol. However these protocols suffer from some limitations and have not been extensively experimented on a wide range of network conditions. This article presents the Multicast Congestion Control (M2C) protocol, which is based on a dynamic layer mechanism and a congestion window mechanism for each receiver. M2C is designed to be TCP-friendly and to fairly share the bandwidth when competing with unicast and multicast streams. To reduce simulation approximations and to carry out extensive evaluations over the Internet we implemented M2C and several other multicast congestion control protocols. The experiments reveal interesting network behaviors, such as the join time latency problem, that simulations and local testbeds had not revealed before. We evaluated the impact of this latency on the state of the art protocols. Focusing on WEBRC and M2C, we have then defined and run a validation benchmark to qualify their behavior in terms of fairness and convergence time. These experiments show M2C robustness and good behavior for the mentioned metrics and its improvements compared to WEBRC. Furthermore, we have analyzed the signaling overhead of these protocols. Thus, M2C is an efficient multicast congestion control with an open source implementation which is easily usable by multicast applications, such as file transfer or video streaming.

Field of study: Computer science
The catalytic mechanism for NO production by the mitochondrial enzyme, sulfite oxidase.

Recently, Guenter Schwarz and colleagues published an elegant study in the Biochemical Journal (2019) 476, 1805-1815 which combines kinetic and spectroscopic studies with protein engineering to provide a mechanism for sulfite oxidase (SO)-catalyzed nitrite reduction that yields nitric oxide (NO). This work is noteworthy as it demonstrates that (i) for NO generation, both sulfite and nitrite must bind to the same molybdenum (Mo) center; (ii) upon sulfite reduction, Mo is reduced from +6 (MoVI) to +4 (MoIV) and MoIV reduces nitrite to NO yielding MoV; (iii) the heme moiety, linked to the Mo-center by an 11 amino acid residue tether, gets reduced by intramolecular electron transfer (IET) resulting in MoV being oxidized to MoVI; (iv) the reduced heme transfers its electron to a second nitrite molecule converting it to NO; (v) the authors demonstrate steady-state NO production in the presence of the natural electron acceptor cytochrome c; (vi) Finally, the authors use protein engineering to shorten the heme tether to reduce the heme-Mo-center distance with the aim of increasing NO production. Consequently, the rate of IET to cytochrome c is decreased but the enzymatic turnover rate for NO production is increased by ∼10-fold. This paper is unique as it provides strong evidence for a novel mechanism for steady-state NO production for human mitochondrial SO and serves as a potential template for studying NO production mechanisms in other enzymes by integrating the information gained from enzyme kinetics with EPR and UV/vis spectroscopy and protein engineering.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Phylogenetic and metabolic diversity of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)-transforming bacteria in strictly anaerobic mixed cultures enriched on RDX as nitrogen source.

Five obligate anaerobes that were most closely related to Clostridium bifermentans, Clostridium celerecrescens, Clostridium saccharolyticum, Clostridium butyricum and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans by their 16S rRNA genes sequences were isolated from enrichment cultures using hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) as a nitrogen source. The above isolates transformed RDX at rates of 24.0, 5.4, 6.2, 2.5, 5.5 mumol h(-1) g (dry weight) of cells(-1), respectively, to nitrite, formaldehyde, methanol, and nitrous oxide. The present results indicate that clostridia are major strains responsible for RDX removal, and all isolates seemed to mainly transform RDX via its initial reduction to MNX and subsequent denitration. Since clostridia are commonly present in soil, we suggest that they may contribute to the removal of RDX in the subsurface (anoxic) soil.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Multiscale Convective Organization and the YOTC Virtual Global Field Campaign

The Year of Tropical Convection (YOTC) project recognizes that major improvements are needed in how the tropics are represented in climate models. Tropical convection is organized into multiscale precipitation systems with an underlying chaotic order. These organized systems act as building blocks for meteorological events at the intersection of weather and climate (time scales up to seasonal). These events affect a large percentage of the world's population. Much of the uncertainty associated with weather and climate derives from incomplete understanding of how meteorological systems on the mesoscale (~1–100 km), synoptic scale (~1,000 km), and planetary scale (~10,000 km) interact with each other. This uncertainty complicates attempts to predict high-impact phenomena associated with the tropical atmosphere, such as tropical cyclones, the Madden–Julian oscillation, convectively coupled tropical waves, and the monsoons. These and other phenomena influence the extratropics by migrating out of the tropics a...

Field of study: Environmental science
A Study on Classroom Environment and Learning of the Students at Secondary Level

The purpose of the study to find out the motivational factors in the classroom that affects the learning. The objectives of the present study were To find out motivational factors for student learning in the classroom, the teacher’s role in the classroom environment, the strategies to maintain healthy learning environment in the classroom, role of discipline in maintaining healthy learning environment in the classroom, variation in responses of male and female students for different factors of classroom learning environment questionnaire. The target population is male and female students of different government secondary school of Lahore. Total 5 schools were taken and the sample of the study was 150 students. Furthermore, 30 students were taken from each school. The sample was selected through simple random and cluster sampling. A questionnaire was used as a tool. The data was analyzed on the basis of descriptive statistics under the frequency option, percentages, Mean, Standard deviation and T-test. The study indicated that there is no significance differences exist about perception of discipline in classroom for students and regarding teaching strategies used by teachers on the basis of gender. But students motivational level different in male and females.  learning, Classroom, Environment , Students.

Field of study: Education
Anisotropic scaling in depinning of a flux line.

We study the depinning of a flux line by analytical and numerical methods applied to a phenomenological equation of motion. Transverse fluctuations do not influence the critical behavior of the longitudinal component, justifying ``planar approximations". In an isotropic medium, longitudinal fluctuations have a roughness exponent $\zeta_\parallel=1$, and relax with a dynamic exponent $z_\parallel\approx4/3$; transverse fluctuations are suppressed ($\zeta_\perp=1/2<\zeta_\parallel$), and relax more slowly, with $z_\perp=z_\parallel+1$. Anisotropy in the depinning threshold, or orientational dependence of force-force correlations, lead to new universality classes.

Field of study: Physics
A Latent Markov Model Approach to the Estimation of Response Errors in Multiwave Panel Data

When direct measures of response error are not available in multiwave panel data, latent Markov chain models can provide a useful framework for analysis of response errors. These models permit the estimation of real change and response error even when the observations are widely spaced. This methodology is illustrated with Social Security Administration panel data from the years 1971, 1972, and 1974 (see Frohlich 1975 and Social Security Administration 1979a,b) on self-reported disability status. The model shows much less real change than that indicated from inspection of raw turnover tables. Direct estimates of measurement error from a later survey (1978) give a proximate confirmation of the model results.

Field of study: Mathematics
Predicting Success among First-Year Engineering Students at the Rand Afrikaans University

160 first-year students in the Engineering Faculty at the Rand Afrikaans University completed the Study Orientation Questionnaire in Mathematics and the Senior Aptitude Test Advanced. 100 students who passed and 40 who failed the first year scored significantly differently on three subtests, Calculations, Study attitude in mathematics, and Problem-solving behaviour in mathematics. Step-wise linear regression showed a combination of three fields, namely, Calculations, Study attitude in mathematics, and Mathematics anxiety, contributed significantly (R2 = 25.8%) towards predicting the first-year aggregate score of first-year engineering students.

Field of study: Psychology
Examining the significance of high-level programming features in source code author classification

The use of Source Code Author Profiles (SCAP) represents a new, highly accurate approach to source code authorship identification that is, unlike previous methods, language independent. While accuracy is clearly a crucial requirement of any author identification method, in cases of litigation regarding authorship, plagiarism, and so on, there is also a need to know why it is claimed that a piece of code is written by a particular author. What is it about that piece of code that suggests a particular author? What features in the code make one author more likely than another? In this study, we describe a means of identifying the high-level features that contribute to source code authorship identification using as a tool the SCAP method. A variety of features are considered for Java and Common Lisp and the importance of each feature in determining authorship is measured through a sequence of experiments in which we remove one feature at a time. The results show that, for these programs, comments, layout features and package-related naming influence classification accuracy whereas user-defined naming, an obvious programmer related feature, does not appear to influence accuracy. A comparison is also made between the relative feature contributions in programs written in the two languages.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Paleoproductivity and organic matter sources in Late Quaternary Lake Ontario

We have examined δ 13 C of ostracode valves and clam shells, carbon and nitrogen mass accumulation rates (C- and N-MAR), atomic C/N and δ 13 C OM from Lake Ontario since ~ 16,000 cal BP to evaluate the impacts of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) and regional paleohydrology on primary lacustrine productivity and sources of OM. Samples were obtained from piston cores from each of the Niagara, Mississauga and Rochester basins, which geographically span Lake Ontario from west to east. During the glacial period, variations in inputs directly from the LIS versus up-stream glacial Lake Algonquin and (or) ancient Lake Erie controlled the DIC pool in ancestral Lake Ontario. Cold and dry conditions limited primary productivity in the Ontario basin (low C/N ~ 7.5). Increased contributions of glacial meltwater from glacial Lake Algonquin during the latter stages of deglaciation provided a uniform supply of DIC to ancestral Lake Ontario and other lakes then occupying the Huron and Erie basins, stabilizing the δ 13 C DIC pool at ~− 4‰ (VPDB). Upon hydrologic closure of early Lake Ontario at the onset of post-glacial conditions (12,300 cal BP), a growing divergence between the δ 13 C of ostracode valves (decreases to − 6‰) and clam shells (increases to + 1‰) indicates differences in summer versus spring DIC pools. The end of glacial meltwater input to early Lake Ontario also made it possible to detect changes in primary lacustrine productivity using the isotopic and C/N proxies. Increasing δ 13 C OM (from ~− 29 to − 27.5‰) and low C/N (

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Synthetic evaluation of urban traffic eco-environment based on fuzzy theory

Some important factors affecting the environment qualities of urban traffic are equrated through analysis of urban traffic environment system,and its subjection functions are brought forward.The synthtic evaluation model of urban traffic eco-environment is established based on fuzzy operator approach.Empirical study on the environmental quality of four traffic lines in Hefei city proves that this model is practicable.In addition,the model can be used in other cities to evaluate urban traffic environment quality.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Slavery and the Economy of Sao Paulo, 1750-1850 (review)

Slavery and the Economy of Sao Paulo is a welcome addition to the regional and economic history of Brazil. The large questions forming the backdrop of the book are: "How did Sao Paulo emerge from its condition as an impoverished backwater during the colonial and early independence eras to become one of the economic powerhouses of the third world?" and "How did the conflated racial and economic stratifications evolve from the legal statuses conferred by slavery?" This book also demonstrates that the questions are intricately inter-related. Luna and Klein have compiled data from previously unpublished manuscript censuses of population and production for Sao Paulo covering the period from the 1760s through the 1850s. This database allows them to trace the early economic and demographic development of the province to the decades prior to the Sao Paulo's well-studied coffee boom. The organization of the book cuts across both production and demography. The first four chapters consider agricultural production for both export markets (sugar and coffee) and domestic subsistence in a roughly chronological sequence. The final four chapters consider the population, organized by legal/occupational statuses: slave-owners, slaves, the free population of color (the largest group, with the shallowest historiographic tradition) and the non-agricultural population. In each chapter, judicious selections of counties for detailed consideration provides for a much richer understanding of regional conditions, and differences among microregions, than previously possible.

Field of study: History
Coagulation and electrocoagulation of wastes polluted with dyes.

Dyes are common pollutants in a large variety of industrial wastewaters, and the treatment of these wastes by coagulation has been extensively studied in the literature. This work is focused on the comparison of the efficiencies of the chemical and the electrochemical coagulation processes with hydrolyzing aluminum salts, and it tries to determine the similarities or differences that exist between the two coagulation processes. To do this, Eriochrome Black T solutions were used as a model of dye-polluted wastewater, and experiments of both coagulation technologies were planned to meet the same operation conditions. The pH, the aluminum concentration, the type of electrolyte, and the mode of dosing of aluminum were found to influence the process. Moreover, the speciation of aluminum was found to be the key parameter to explain the results, in terms of the mechanisms previously proposed in the literature for dissolved organic matter coagulation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effect of degree of crosslinking on swelling and mechanical behaviour of conventionally vulcanised styrene-butadiene rubber membranes

Molecular transport of aromatic hydrocarbons through conventionally crosslinked SBR samples was conducted in the temperature interval of 25-65°C. The effect of crosslink density on the transport behaviour was thoroughly examined. The samples with high crosslink density exhibited the minimum solvent uptake. The mechanical properties of unswollen, swollen and deswollen SBR membranes were measured according to standard test methods. The effects of temperature and penetrant size on the transport process have also been studied. Values of the diffusivity and activation energy for diffusion were estimated from the diffusion data. Finally a comparison between theoretical and experimental diffusion results was carried out.

Field of study: Materials science
Chronic lithium chloride infusions: conditioned suppression of food intake and preference.

A modified learned food aversion paradigm simulated the prolonged food and illness exposure likely to characterize nutrient deficiencies or tumor growth. In this paradigm, a continuously available food was associated with a slow, continuous infusion of LiCl provided by osmotic minipump. Significant aversions were acquired when the available diet was novel but not when it was familiar. Effects of drug infusions on daily food intake were found to parallel those on aversion formation. Marked, persistent suppression of food intake was seen in drug-treated animals consuming a novel diet, but only transient declines were seen in those with a familiar diet. By separating the direct from the conditioned effects on food intake of chronic drug infusions, these studies provided strong evidence that learned food aversions can lead to anorexia.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Cohomology of classical algebraic groups from the functorial viewpoint

We prove that extension groups in strict polynomial functor categories compute the rational cohomology of classical algebraic groups. This result was previously known only for general linear groups. We give several applications to the study of classical algebraic groups, such as a cohomological stabilization property, the injectivity of external cup products, and the existence of Hopf algebra structures on the (stable) cohomology of a classical algebraic group with coefficients in a Hopf algebra. Our result also opens the way to new explicit cohomology computations. We give an example inspired by recent computations of Djament and Vespa.

Field of study: Mathematics
The creation of new research system for the investigation of surface quality by stones

The research on automated stone machining processes was very significant in the last two decades. Sawing, cutting and grinding of different stones like granite, marble, limestone became cheaper and more productive because of the results of researches. When searching through international specialised literature in the topic of stone machining with machine centres, theoretical summaries or researches can hardly be found. The aim of the researchers writing this article is — as a pioneer in Hungary, but also among the first internationally — to examine the optimization and technological problems in the area of stone milling processes. The researchers have developed a complex research system with the collaboration of two departments of University of Technology and Economics and an industrial stone machining firm, Woldem Ltd. to solve the problems. This paper summarizes the parts of this system. General steps and results of research processes are demonstrated by reference experiments. Face milling oper...

Field of study: Engineering
Measurements of the fluctuation-induced in-plane magnetoconductivity at high reduced temperatures and magnetic fields in the iron arsenide BaFe2?xNixAs2

The superconducting fluctuations well inside the normal state of Fe-based superconductors were studied through measurements of the in-plane paraconductivity and magnetoconductivity in high quality BaFe2-xNixAs2 crystals with doping levels from the optimal level (x = 0.10) up to highly overdoped (x = 0.20). These measurements, performed in magnetic fields up to 9 T perpendicular to the ab (Fe) layers, allowed a reliable check of the applicability to iron-based superconductors of Ginzburg-Landau approaches for 3D anisotropic compounds, even at high reduced temperatures and magnetic fields. Our results also allowed us to gain valuable insight into the dependence on the doping level of some central superconducting parameters (coherence lengths and anisotropy factor).

Field of study: Physics