nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The effectiveness of rivanol tampon" compared with burowi tampon in acute diffuse otitis externa (ADOE)patients

Acute diffuse otitis externa (ADOE) is one of the common diseases in ENT Department, Dr. Sardjito Hospital, with the frequency of 9-1 2%. The most common microorganism found is Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infection usually occurrs after taking a bath, washing hair , and scratching the external ear canal . Treatment of acute diffuse otitis externa which consists of topical preparations, Le. antibiotics and antiinflammation tampon or ear drop, is relatively expensive. A rationale, high recovery rate, cheap, and easily found preparation is needed. Burowi solution is one of the recommended treatment, but it is less popular.  The goal of this study was to know the effectiveness of Rivanol" tampon compared with Burowi tampon in acute diffuse otitis externa.  A randomized single-blind controlled trial (RCT)was performed at the outpatient clinicof ENTDepartment of DrSardjito General Hospital , Yogyakarta. Sixty-five subjects who were'diagnosed as ADOEwho met inclusion criteria were randomly allocated into two groups, that is, Rivanol"group and Burowi group. The ear canal was cleaned, and then Rivanol"tampon or Burowi tampon was applied. Evaluation was performed on day 3 and 5. Primary outcome was the recovery rate, and secondary outcomes were adverse reaction and marginal costeffectiveness.  Of 65 subjects, 33 were alloc'8ted into Rivanol"group and 32 were. allocated into Burowi group. The recovery rate in Rivanol"group was 75.4%, while in Burowigroups was 49.3%. The difference in recovery rate between the two groups was statistically significant (p: 0.018; RR4.350; 95% CI1.225-15.442). Adverse reaction in Rivanol"group was dampness and soggy feeling in the ear canal (1.5%), while in the Burowigroup the adverse events were pain and burnt sensation inthe ear canal (3.1%), but they could be tolerated and disappeared on day 5. Analysis on marginal cost -effectiveness showed that the cost to cure one acute diffuse otitis externa patient with Rivanol"tamponwas Rp 1,000.  Rivanol"tampon was more clinicallyeffective and more cost-effective than Burowitampon for acute diffuse otitis externa treatment.  acute diffuse otitis externa, Rivanol(!),Burowi,.clinical and cost effectiveness

Field of study: Medicine
Anisotropic properties in textured lead barium niobate compositions around the morphotropic phase boundary

Partially textured Pb x Ba 1 −  x Nb 2 O 6 ceramics, with compositions around the morphotropic phase boundary, were obtained by the hot forging technique. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the grains were arranged with their lengthwise direction preferentially in the direction of the forging. From the differences of the X ray diffraction profiles between the samples analyzed in the direction of forging and those analyzed in the pressing direction it was possible to confirm the crystallographic growth habit of the PBN ceramics for the tetragonal and orthorhombic symmetry compositions. The identification of a mixture of tetragonal and orthorhombic symmetry phases in a whole range of studied compositions was also possible. The phase transformation around the morphotropic phase boundary (in this case, tetragonal (4mm) to orthorhombic (m2m)) could be analyzed through the direction change of the polarization vector in partially textured PBN ceramics.

Field of study: Materials science
Public goods with congestion

I consider the problem of the efficient provision of a congested (limited capacity) public good in a setting with asymmetric information. I show, in particular, that when the capacity of the good is limited, in a wide class of economies it is possible to construct an incentive compatible mechanism that always produces the good at the efficient level, balances the budget and satisfies voluntary participation constraints. This result is in contrast with the corresponding impossibility result for pure public goods due to Mailath and Postlewaite 1990) 351–359) and Rob ( (1989) 307–333).

Field of study: Economics
PHOTO- AND THERMOCHROMIC SPIRANS. 35. SYNTHESIS AND PHOTOCHROMIC PROPERTIES OF SPIRO[INDOLINE-2,3'-PYRANO[3,2- f ]QUINOLINES] AND THEIR CATIONIC DERIVATIVES

New photochromic spiropyranoquinolines and their cationic derivatives have been synthesized. Quaternization of the quinoline fragment leads to significant enhancement of the thermal stability of the merocyanine isomers of these cationic spiropyrans.  N. A. Voloshin, S. O. Bezuglyi, A. V. Metelitsa, E. V. Solov'eva, K. E. Shepelenko, and V. I. Minkin. English Translation in Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds , 2012, 48 (3), pp 525-531 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10593-012-1025-z

Field of study: Chemistry
Assessing when chromosomal rearrangements affect the dynamics of speciation: implications from computer simulations

Many hypotheses have been put forth to explain the origin and spread of inversions, and their significance for speciation. Several recent genic models have proposed that inversions promote speciation with gene flow due to the adaptive significance of the genes contained within them and because of the effects inversions have on suppressing recombination. However, the consequences of inversions for the dynamics of genome wide divergence across the speciation continuum remain unclear, an issue we examine here. We review a framework for the genomics of speciation involving the congealing of the genome into alternate adaptive states representing species (“genome wide congealing”). We then place inversions in this context as examples of how genetic hitchhiking can potentially hasten genome wide congealing. Specifically, we use simulation models to (i) examine the conditions under which inversions may speed genome congealing and (ii) quantify predicted magnitudes of these effects. Effects of inversions on promoting speciation were most common and pronounced when inversions were initially fixed between populations before secondary contact and adaptation involved many genes with small fitness effects. Further work is required on the role of underdominance and epistasis between a few loci of major effect within inversions. The results highlight five important aspects of the roles of inversions in speciation: (i) the geographic context of the origins and spread of inversions, (ii) the conditions under which inversions can facilitate divergence, (iii) the magnitude of that facilitation, (iv) the extent to which the buildup of divergence is likely to be biased within vs. outside of inversions, and (v) the dynamics of the appearance and disappearance of exceptional divergence within inversions. We conclude by discussing the empirical challenges in showing that inversions play a central role in facilitating speciation with gene flow.

Field of study: Biology
Mathematical modeling and thermodynamic investigation of the use of two-phase ejectors for work recovery and liquid recirculation in refrigeration cycles.

This paper presents the results of a numerical investigation on the performance of ejector cycles in which the work recovered is used to recirculate liquid through the evaporator. The ejector recirculation cycle, in which the ejector is only used to recirculate liquid and improve evaporator performance, and the standard ejector cycle, in which the ejector can be used to both recirculate liquid and directly unload the compressor, are investigated. The analysis uses a microchannel evaporator and refrigerants R134a, R410A, and CO2. It is seen that fluids that have large throttling loss but gain little benefit from liquid recirculation (CO2) should use the ejector to directly unload the compressor, while fluids that have lower throttling loss but gain significant benefit from liquid recirculation (R134a) should use the ejector to improve evaporator performance through liquid recirculation. It is also seen that the ejector recirculation cycle is better suited for ejector off-design operation.

Field of study: Engineering
Black Boy No More?: Violence and the Flight from Blackness in Richard Wright’s Native Son

From Native Son forward, the desire to escape the No-Man's Land of blackness and achieve an apparently unraced manhood is characteristic of Richard Wright's black male protagonists. In his efforts to claim manhood, Bigger Thomas violently rejects black domesticity and the various modes of black identity presented in the novel. Thus, despite his similarities to the colonized subject as described by Frantz Fanon, we should not read Bigger as a model of revolutionary black manhood. And in rejecting blackness, no other identity is available to Bigger besides “nigger,” for manhood in the United States has never been unraced.

Field of study: Art
Combined bezafibrate and simvastatin treatment for mixed hyperlipidaemia.

The safety and efficacy of combined bezafibrate-simvastatin therapy was evaluated in 49 patients with diet-resistant mixed hyperlipidaemia (type IIb). After a two-month placebo phase, patients were randomized to receive either Bezafibrate Slow Release (SR) 400 mg mane or simvastatin 20 mg nocte followed by three months combination therapy. Total cholesterol, triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were measured at monthly intervals. Apolipoproteins (apo) A1 and B, lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] and fibrinogen were measured before and after each treatment. Simvastatin was more effective than Bezafibrate SR in reducing total cholesterol (2.0 vs. 1.1 mmol/l, p = 0.003) and lowering LDL cholesterol (1.7 vs. 0.4 mmol/l, p = 0.0001) whereas Bezafibrate SR was more effective in reducing triglycerides (by 41% vs. 17%, p = 0.001) and fibrinogen (by 23% vs. 3%, p = 0.004). Compared with simvastatin monotherapy, combined drug therapy induced further reductions in triglycerides (by 26%, p = 0.0003) and apoB (by 11 mg/dl, p = 0.03) and an increase in apoA1 (by 21 mg/dl, p = 0.0008). Symptomatic and biochemical adverse events did not occur more frequently on combined drug therapy than on monotherapy. The combination of bezafibrate and simvastatin was more effective in controlling mixed hyperlipidaemia than either drug alone and did not provoke more adverse events.

Field of study: Medicine
Electrolyte-Assisted Technology of Skim Coagulated by Microwave Radiation

Microwave radiation was used to coagulate skim.The effects of different type and amount of electrolytes,different temperature and power on skim coagulated by microwave radiation were studied.The physical and chemical properties and the mechanical properties of microwave radiation coagulated skim rubber(MSR)and acid coagulated skim rubber(ASR)were investigated.The results showed that the skim had the best coagulation effect when the amount of ammonium acetate was more than 2%(wt),the temperature was 97 ℃,the power was 900W and the time of microwave radiation was about 4min.The physical and chemical properties and mechanical properties of MSR were higher than that of ASR.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The role of TREX in gene expression and disease

TRanscription and EXport (TREX) is a conserved multisubunit complex essential for embryogenesis, organogenesis and cellular differentiation throughout life. By linking transcription, mRNA processing and export together, it exerts a physiologically vital role in the gene expression pathway. In addition, this complex prevents DNA damage and regulates the cell cycle by ensuring optimal gene expression. As the extent of TREX activity in viral infections, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and cancer emerges, the need for a greater understanding of TREX function becomes evident. A complete elucidation of the composition, function and interactions of the complex will provide the framework for understanding the molecular basis for a variety of diseases. This review details the known composition of TREX, how it is regulated and its cellular functions with an emphasis on mammalian systems.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Assessment of trabecular bone microarchitecture by two different x-ray microcomputed tomographs: a comparative study of the rat distal tibia using Skyscan and Scanco devices.

Important aspects of modern skeletal research depend on the phenotypical characterization of trabecular bone microarchitecture as assessed by microcomputed tomography (micro-CT). Until now, however, there have been no studies which compare the two most commonly utilized micro-CT devices, namely, Skyscan and Scanco. The purpose of the current study was to examine the reproducibility and accuracy of these two micro-CT devices in comparison to traditional histomorphometry in ovariectomized rats treated with either propranolol, salbutamol, or vehicle. 6 month old female Wistar rats were ovariectomized (n = 48) or sham operated (n = 12). OVX rats were divided into four groups and then subcutaneously injected with propranolol 0.1 mg/kg/day, propranolol 20 mg/kg/day, salbutamol 3 mg/kg/day, or vehicle for 10 weeks. At sacrifice, the left tibial trabecular bone microarchitecture was analyzed using both the micro-CT Skyscan 1072 (ex vivo) and Scanco vivaCT40 (in vivo). Histomorphometric analysis was performed on the right proximal tibia. Comparisons between the different methods were performed using regression analysis, Bland-Altman, Passing-Bablock, and Mountain plots. Correlations were highly significant for all parameters measured between the two micro-CT instruments and were less significant between histomorphometry and micro-CT measurements taken from either the Skyscan or Scanco apparatus. Micro-CT overestimated bone volume compared to histomorphometry. In the ovariectomized rat model, the two micro-CT instruments revealed the same difference between groups whereas histomorphometry revealed only the difference which displayed the largest disparity between groups. In regards to the comparison between the two micro-CT devices, Mountain plot methods indicated that BV/TV, BS/BV, and TbSp were equivalent, whereas a systematic bias was observed for TbN and TbTh. The authors were also able to describe the routine method used to determine the threshold between the two micro-CT devices, which may help explain these differences. While some minor differences in the absolute values of the morphometry parameters exist between the micro-CT measurements from the Skyscan and Scanco instruments, both of these devices display a high degree of accuracy and reproducibility.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Dynamic oligopoly: models with incomplete information

Dynamic multiproduct oligopoly is discussed with discrete time scales under incomplete information on the inverse demand and/or cost functions. Mathematical models of these processes are formulated, and their global asymptotical stability is analysed. A general model is introduced first, and two particular models are derived from this general formulation. In the first model only the price functions are assumed to be unknown, and in the second the cost functions of the rivals are also assumed to be unknown to all participants. Our stability analysis is based on special adjustment processes.

Field of study: Mathematics
Computational Extractors and Pseudorandomness

Computational extractors are efficient procedures that map a source of sufficiently high min-entropy to an output that is computationally indistinguishable from uniform. By relaxing the statistical closeness property of traditional randomness extractors one hopes to improve the efficiency and entropy parameters of these extractors, while keeping their utility for cryptographic applications. In this work we investigate computational extractors and consider questions of existence and inherent complexity from the theoretical and practical angles, with particular focus on the relationship to pseudorandomness. 
 
An obvious way to build a computational extractor is via the "extract-then-prg" method: apply a statistical extractor and use its output to seed a PRG. This approach carries with it the entropy cost inherent to implementing statistical extractors, namely, the source entropy needs to be substantially higher than the PRG's seed length. It also requires a PRG and thus relies on one-way functions. 
 
We study the necessity of one-way functions in the construction of computational extractors and determine matching lower and upper bounds on the "black-box efficiency" of generic constructions of computational extractors that use a one-way permutation as an oracle. Under this efficiency measure we prove a direct correspondence between the complexity of computational extractors and that of pseudorandom generators, showing the optimality of the extract-then-prg approach for generic constructions of computational extractors and confirming the intuition that to build a computational extractor via a PRG one needs to make up for the entropy gap intrinsic to statistical extractors. 
 
On the other hand, we show that with stronger cryptographic primitives one can have more entropy- and computationally-efficient constructions. In particular, we show a construction of a very practical computational extractor from any weak PRF without resorting to statistical extractors.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Null objects in second language acquisition: grammatical vs. performance models

Null direct objects provide a favourable testing ground for grammatical and performance models of argument omission. This article examines both types of models in order to determine which gives a more plausible account of the second language data. The data were collected from second language (L2) learners of Spanish by means of four oral production tasks and a grammaticality judgement task. The results reveal that null objects in oral production are rare events limited to pragmatically appropriate contexts, that is, when the referent is easily recoverable from preceding discourse. The results of the grammaticality judgement task indicate that beginning level learners frequently accept sentences containing null objects with specific antecedents, while more proficient learners categorically reject such argument omissions. It is suggested that lower proficiency learners may rely primarily on semantic strategies in parsing and evaluating sentences, while advanced learners are more sensitive to syntactic violations. A performance account is ultimately adopted to explain the data given the lack of a clear null object stage in development, the presence of self-corrections, and the discourse-constrained nature of object omissions.

Field of study: Linguistics
Cyanobacterial biodiversity and associated ecosystem services: introduction to the special issue

Cyanobacteria, one of the oldest groups of known organisms, are photosynthetic prokaryotes. They have existed for about 3.5 billion years, from Pre-cambrian times, and played a significant role in oxygen accumulation in the Earth’s early atmosphere making it fit for the survival of aerobic life-forms. Their unique ability, the ability to fix nitrogen and carry out oxygen-evolving photosynthesis and oxygen-labile nitrogen fixation within the same organisms, has always fascinated researchers (Mitsui et al. 1986). During their long evolutionary history, cyanobacteria have been able to adapt to geochemical and climate changes as well as anthropogenic disturbances (Paerl and Otten 2013). They probably exhibit the widest range of diversity in growth habitats of all photosynthetic organisms, and have developed CO2 concentrating mechanisms which adapt them to various environmental limitations (Badger et al. 2006). With an estimated global biomass of 3 9 10 g C, or 10 g wet biomass (Garcia-Pichel et al. 2003), quantitatively they are also some of the world’s most important organisms (Whitton 2012). Many of the species, however, remain to be discovered (Nabout et al. 2013), and cyanobacteria remain a neglected component of biodiversity research (Rejmankova et al. 2004). Global warming will have a profound impact on cyanobacterial biodiversity, probably favouring them over other phytoplankton (Carey et al. 2012), increasing cyanobacterial blooms formation (Wagner and Adrian 2009), and also favour toxin producing species or elevated toxin concentration by extant species with severe consequences for associated ecosystem services (Kleinteich et al. 2012). Lake warming with reduced water turnover and a changed nutrient ratio too will also favour the growth of harmful filamentous cyanobacteria (Posch et al. 2012) and their dominance will affect ecosystem functioning and community turnover in nutrient-enriched lakes (Filstrup et al. 2014). As cyanobacteria have significant ecological roles, their biodiversity need to be fully explored and conserved

Field of study: Environmental science
Deviance Tests for Graph Estimation From Multi-Attribute Gaussian Data

We consider the problem of inferring the conditional independence graph (CIG) of Gaussian vectors from multi-attribute data. Most existing methods for graph estimation are based on single-attribute models where one associates a scalar random variable with each node. In multi-attribute graphical models, each node represents a random vector. For single-attribute graphical models, considerable body of work exists where one first tests for exclusion of each edge from the saturated model, and then infers the CIG. In this paper, we propose and analyze a deviance test based on generalized likelihood ratio, for edge exclusion in multi-attribute Gaussian graphical models. The null distribution of the test statistic is derived to allow analytical calculation of the test threshold. An alternative computationally fast version of the deviance test statistic is also derived. Numerical results based on synthetic as well as real data are presented.

Field of study: Engineering
Sustainable biodiversity conservation in the Niger Delta: a practical approach to conservation site selection

The rich biodiversity repository of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria is under severe threat from diverse sources such as deforestation, inadequate farming practices, invasive alien species, urbanization and oil and gas exploration and development activities. This biodiversity “hot spot” is the second most sensitive environment in Africa. The over 70 Protected Areas (PAs) here have lost substantial portions of their area which translates to loss of biodiversity. The need to select representative sites within each of the ecological zones of the region for effective and sustainable biodiversity conservation is, therefore, essential. Vital site criteria that have ecological, socio-economic and cultural dimensions were selected and assessed through a combination of relevant scientific information, indigenous traditional knowledge and participatory rural appraisal (PRA) to yield Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs).They are significantly different from the site selection criteria and principles used in the UK and to a large extent adopt the critical factors that underscore biodiversity conservation in a largely primary production based economy such as in much of the developing world. The three sites selected for biodiversity conservation through this process yielded not only community buy-in but also participatory action and ownership, which are critical for the sustainability of the biodiversity conservation efforts. Shell Nigeria and World Wide Fund (WWF) representatives are already concluding plans to commence effective conservation projects in the selected sites. This approach is hereby advocated for consideration and adoption for the preservation of the remaining stock of the unique biodiversity in developing countries.

Field of study: Environmental science