nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of anthracycline antibiotics on in vitro transcription of chromatin in a Sarcoma-180 whole cell extract.

A soluble extract capable of transcribing Sarcoma-180 chromatin and DNA in a cell-free transcription system was prepared from Sarcoma-180 mouse ascites tumour cells. Incorporation of [3H]UTP into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable fraction is (i) reduced by 50% on removing DNase I hypersensitive sites of chromatin and (ii) inhibited by DNA binding antitumour anthracyclines, suggesting that this cell-free assay represents true transcription of active genes of Sarcoma-180 chromatin. Preparation of this soluble extract from mouse ascites tumour cells thus presents a very convenient way of studying cell-free transcription of active genes of chromatin and effect of antitumour agents on chromatin transcription.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Evaluations of Biarritz American University

A MERICAN educational institutions will soon have both the opportunity of and the responsibility for appreciably advancing international understanding. Plans of the United Nations for world reconstruction include proposals for the exchange of large numbers of students and instructors among the schools, colleges, and universities of friendly nations. Educational institutions of international scope which will admit students from all countries are being forecast by men of vision and sound perspective. Two principles which are being more truly understood and accepted are that exchange of knowledge among peoples is an imperative condition for peace and mutual understanding, and, second, that understanding among different peoples depends upon direct personal associations, in addition to the exchange of information through such mediums as the printed page, the moving picture, and the broadcast. Educational institutions in the United States are having their responsibilities greatly extended beyond their traditional spheres of operation and previously defined obligations. The State Department reports that forty-five thousand foreign students applied for opportunities of study within the United States last year (1946). Not only do educators and students from the nations of Europe and Asia wish to visit the schools, colleges, and universities in the United States but they are anxious to learn about American educational materials, procedures, standards, and personnel. An unusual opportunity of getting evaluations of American educational practices by foreign students and of acquainting a small number of European students with American universities was afforded by the army universities organized at Biarritz and Shrivenham. The administrators of Biarritz American University realized their unusually favorable situation not only for a small experiment in international education but also for a gesture of inter-Allied good will. Therefore, during the third term of the University's short but historic career, they invited guest-students, most of whom were in the military services of Allied countries, to study with American soldier-students and instructors at Biarritz. Invitations were sent to twelve European nations, asking small groups of students to attend the third and final session of the University, which covered the period from January I4

Field of study: Education
FACILITY LAYOUT METHODS USING DISTRIBUTED EVOLUTION STRATEGIES

Evolution Strategies (ES) have more excellent property than the other existing meta-heuristics in a sense of easiness of coding and its manageability of self-adaptive strategy. Hirabayashi et al. proposed a facility layout method using ES and they recommended to solve a layout problem multiple times by changing the values of the recombination parameters for obtaining a good layout. In ES, it is know that the recombination parameters affect the performance of the ES quite directly. This paper proposes a facility layout method using Distributed ES. In the method, ESs with different recombination parameter values are performed in parallel. Some numerical experiments made it clear that the proposed method provide solutions with the same accuracy as the previous method even though the computation time of the proposed method is about one-fourteenth of the previous method.

Field of study: Engineering
Free methionine supplementation limits alcohol-induced liver damage in rats.

Alcohol feeding to rats that were submitted to a jejunoileal bypass operation has been shown to result in liver damage being comparable with alcohol-induced liver disease in man. In the present study, a striking effect of free methionine consumption on histological liver injury, triglyceride accumulation, and energy-rich nucleoside content in the liver of rats with a jejunoileal bypass is demonstrated. The animals obtained 0, 30, and 120 mg of methionine in the control group and 0, 30, 120, and 240 mg in the alcohol-fed group per day and per kilogram of body weight for 12 weeks. Methionine was found to strongly improve the alcohol-induced histological changes in the liver. Triglyceride content of the liver was found to decrease in a dose-dependent manner with increasing methionine ingestion (from 255 +/- 20.7 to 49.7 +/- 6.1 micromol/g of protein in the control group and from 233 +/- 17.3 to 42.1 +/- 7.2 micromol/g of protein in the alcohol group). Hepatic adenosine triphosphate content increased significantly with higher methionine consumption (13.5 +/- 0.8 vs. 26.9 +/- 2.8 micromol/g of protein in the control group and 11.9 +/- 1.4 vs. 20.5 +/- 2.5 micromol/g of protein in the alcohol group), whereas no differences were found in the protein and DNA content of the liver. These results underscore the impairment of the transmethylation/transsulfuration pathway in the development of alcohol-induced liver diseases.

Field of study: Medicine
Differential Outcomes for Seminar and Laboratory Formats in Higher Education

Perceived educational outcomes of 1490 college students enrolled in seminar/discussion and laboratory courses were measured on 16 items. Initially, three oblique factors were identified: Personal/Interpersonal Development, Cultural Humanism, and Cognitive Outcomes. A 2-factor solution was identified as Affective and Cognitive Outcomes. Seminar/discussion students rated affective outcomes higher than laboratory students; laboratory students rated cognitive outcomes higher than seminar/discussion. Implications for planning and accountability in higher education were discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Collaborative development of management options for an artisanal fishery for seahorses in the central Philippines

Overexploitation and habitat degradation threaten small-scale, artisanal fisheries around the world. Management of these fisheries is often inadequate or absent, partly because they are data poor. We here present the development of management options for such a fishery, using collaborative input from a variety of interested groups. Qualitative and semi-quantitative assessments of seahorse populations in central Philippines suggest that they are overfished. Management objectives focus on rebuilding seahorse stocks, maintaining income for fishers and ensuring long-term persistence of seahorse populations. We developed a list of 11 management options at a workshop of fisheries experts from a variety of backgrounds. We then undertook an iterative process of consultation involving fishers, traders, consumers, conservationists, aquarists, national and international policy groups. The creation of no-take Marine Protected Areas and minimum size limits for seahorses were strongly supported by all groups, emerging as the preferred options. Tenure over marine estate was strongly supported but may prove difficult to implement in the Philippines. Sex-selective fishing (leaving pregnant males) had moderate support across all groups but may be relatively easy to introduce because of fisher acceptance. In collaboration with international efforts to ensure sustainable trade in seahorses we recommend that a minimum size limit of 10 cm height and more no-take Marine Protected Areas be implemented as soon as possible to help restore this seahorse fishery in the Philippines.

Field of study: Environmental science
Tobacco: public perceptions and the role of the industry

The paper briefly examines the substantial risks of smoking, and how people's perception of them may be influenced by tobacco control policy and by the activities of the tobacco industry. The comparative lack of effectiveness of the self-regulation system of implementing tobacco control policy is noted, illustrated by the example of cigarette pack health warnings, from the first examples under the voluntary system to the significantly more robust and effective pictorial warnings system pioneered by Canada and implemented by legislation, similar to measures recently approved by the European Union. Other aspects of tobacco control policy are discussed, including health education, restricting the promotion of tobacco and changing the social acceptability of smoking. Three areas of success in the UK-taxation, the leadership of doctors and sustained media advocacy-are described; and the paper concludes by looking at prospects for the future, with the forthcoming ban on most forms of tobacco promotion and the challenge of responding to growing demands to protect non-smokers from exposure to other people's tobacco smoke in the workplace and in public places.

Field of study: Mathematics
Can two psychotherapy process measures be dependably rated simultaneously? A generalizability study.

Observer ratings in psychotherapy are a common way of collecting information in psychotherapy research. However, human observers are imperfect instruments, and their ratings may be subject to variability from several sources. One source of variability can be raters' assessing more than 1 instrument at a time. The purpose of this research is to investigate whether it is possible to have raters assess 2 different psychotherapy process measures simultaneously and still produce dependable scores. Two studies were designed. The first compared scores assessed by raters who rated either 1 instrument or 2 instruments simultaneously. The second compared scores of raters who assessed 2 instruments simultaneously and scores of expert raters who assessed 1 instrument. The results show that variability in scores is largely due to differences across the object of measurement (e.g., patients). Small variability was reported for raters, raters' interaction with patients, and whether the rater assessed 1 instrument or 2 instruments simultaneously. The results are promising for the quality of observer ratings of psychotherapy process and for the feasibility of future psychotherapy process research.

Field of study: Psychology
Daphnia revisited: local stability and bifurcation theory for physiologically structured population models explained by way of an example

We consider the interaction between a general size-structured consumer population and an unstructured resource. We show that stability properties and bifurcation phenomena can be understood in terms of solutions of a system of two delay equations (a renewal equation for the consumer population birth rate coupled to a delay differential equation for the resource concentration). As many results for such systems are available (Diekmann et al.  2007), we can draw rigorous conclusions concerning dynamical behaviour from an analysis of a characteristic equation. We derive the characteristic equation for a fairly general class of population models, including those based on the Kooijman–Metz Daphnia model (Kooijman and Metz in Ecotox Env Saf 8:254–274, 1984; de Roos et al. in  1990) and a model introduced by Gurney–Nisbet ( 1985) and Jones et al. ( 1988), and next obtain various ecological insights by analytical or numerical studies of special cases.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Zr(HPO4)(2) based organic/inorganic nanohybrids as new proton conductors

In this study, sulfanilic acid was intercalated into an alpha-Zr(HPO4)(2) with the aim to enhance the proton conductivity via the acidic -SO3H groups. TGA results suggest that intercalation really takes place and a four-day reaction leads to the intercalation of 0.72 guest molecules (sulfanilic acids) per alpha-Zr(HPO4)(2). We find that the hybrid material undergoes three-step decomposition pathways: dehydration (40-150 degrees C), decomposition of benzene ring (150-470 degrees C), and finally de-SOx (470-1000 degrees C). The sulfanilic acid/alpha-Zr(HPO4)(2) hybrid shows a proton conductivity of 2.80 x 10(-3) S/cm, one order higher than the original alpha-Zr(HPO4)(2) (2.04 x 10(-4) S cm(-1)) measured at a relative humidity of 100% and 22 degrees C. The conductivity is strongly dependent on the relative humidity, and sharply increases at over 80% relative humidity. The activation energy for the proton transport in the hybrid is 0.33 and 0.15 eV at 60% and 100% relative humidity, respectively, in the temperature range of 22-100 degrees C, further reflecting the influence of humidity on the proton conduction.

Field of study: Materials science
Successful treatment of an infant with severe combined immunodeficiency by transplantation of bone marrow cells from an uncle.

A 4½-month-old boy suffering from congenital severe combined immunodeficiency was successfully treated by transplantation of bone marrow-derived cells. His parents were cousins in the first degree. The donor was a 32-year-old maternal uncle, who was HL-A genotypically identical with the patient as was shown by serological typing and MLC. A stem cell rich fraction of the donor's bone marrow was prepared by albumin gradient centrifugation. The infant showed a full immunological reconstitution without any sign of GVH disease. Remarkably the only allotypic marker of his IgG which was different from the donor allotype remained in the serum after transplantation, and even showed an increase of its level. 
 
The infant was nursed in strict reverse isolation and his unfavourable endogenous microflora of high potential pathogenicity was eliminated by antibiotic decontamination.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Monoclonal antibody selectively recognizing murine but not human CD44.

Here we report on the generation of a monoclonal antibody (MAb) specific for murine, but not human CD44 obtained by immunization with cancer-associated fibroblasts. The monoclonal antibody MS44 recognizes CD44, as evidenced by immunoblotting of cell lysates. Additionally, MAb MS44 reacts with mouse but not human CD44 in flow cytometry. Thus, this antibody provides an effective tool to analyze CD44 from host (mouse) cells in human cancer cell xenograft models in mice.

Field of study: Biology
The Birth of Neutron Stars and Black Holes

Neutron stars are nothing if not exotic. Most are the residues of massive stars that, after exhausting their thermonuclear fuel, die spectacularly as supernovae. Fifty percent more massive than our Sun, but only 20 kilometers in diameter, they are the densest objects in the universe. At the surface of a neutron star, the acceleration due to gravity is in excess of 1011 times that at the surface of Earth, so that the binding energy of a parcel of matter in a neutron star is about 10% of its rest mass. Hence mass accretion onto a neutron star, which releases over 100 MeV/nucleon, is a far more efficient energy conversion process than thermonuclear fusion, which releases approximately 8 MeV/nucleon. Theory suggests that neutron stars are about 95% neutrons in “chemical” equilibrium with a small admixture of protons and electrons: n⇄p++e−. Some investigators have likened a neutron star to a giant nucleus with atomic mass about 1057. The pressure of strongly interacting degenerate neutrons at supranuclear dens...

Field of study: Physics
Die Feinstruktur der Reststrahlen

ZusammenfassungEs wird die eindimensionale und dreidimensionale Theorie der Dämpfung der Reststrahlabsorption der Alkalihalogenide behandelt. Dabei ergeben sich Nebenmaxima der Absorption, deren Lage gut mit den experimentell gefundenen übereinstimmt. Weiter folgt aus der Theorie, daß ein plötzlicher Abfall der Absorption auf der kurzwelligen Seite des einen Nebenmaximums erfolgt, in Übereinstimmung mit dem Experiment.

Field of study: Physics
Latest Cretaceous and early Tertiary orogenesis in south-central Arizona: Thrust faulting, regional metamorphism, and granitic plutonism

Rocks in a number of mountain ranges in southernmost central Arizona are juxtaposed by thrust faults, regionally metamorphosed, and intruded by garnet–two-mica granites. Field relations and K-Ar and U-Pb isotopic geochronology indicate that thrust faulting, metamorphism, and granitic plutonism were closely related aspects of a latest Cretaceous and early Tertiary orogenic episode. The regionally metamorphosed rocks, chiefly greenschist-facies quartzofeldspathic schists, were derived from Jurassic and Cretaceous sedimentary, volcanic, and plutonic rocks. In five ranges, these metamorphic rocks are overlain, along synmetamorphic thrust faults, by Precambrian gneiss or Late Jurassic or Late Cretaceous plutonic rocks. In three additional ranges, upward increase of textural grade within the metamorphic rocks and analogy with the areas of exposed thrust faults indicate the likelihood of a concealed thrust fault flanking the range. Seven of these eight thrust faults have single lower plates, but one thrust is underlain by a duplex consisting of several imbricate structural sheets separated by mylonitic tectonic slides. Areal structural relations and the regional arrangement of distinctive Jurassic igneous rock units strongly suggest that one large range, the Baboquivari Mountains, and several smaller ranges are fensters in a thrust-fault system of regional extent, and that several adjacent ranges are allochthonous. The regionally metamorphosed rocks are intruded by synmetamorphic to postmetamorphic early Tertiary leucocratic granites characterized by various combinations of accessory biotite, muscovite, and garnet. At least two of these granites contain inherited Precambrian zircon indicative of generation by crustal anatexis. K-Ar and(or) U-Pb isotopic ages of premetamorphic granites, metamorphic rocks, thrust-zone mylonites, synmetamorphic granites, and metamorphogenic fissure veins indicate that the orogenic episode commenced in Late Cretaceous time and culminated in early Tertiary time, 58 to 60 m.y. ago. The observed and inferred close spatial and temporal relations between thrust faulting, regional metamorphism, and granitic plutonism lead to the following hypothesis for orogenesis in south-central Arizona: crustal compression caused overthrusting of crystalline rocks, resulting in crustal thickening; and crustal thickening and conductive and magmatic heat flux from the mantle together set up a thermal regime within which regional metamorphism and the generation and emplacement of the anatectic granites took place.

Field of study: Geology
Stratigraphic and structural evolution of the Selenga Delta Accommodation Zone, Lake Baikal Rift, Siberia

Seismic reflection profiles from the Lake Baikal Rift reveal extensive details about the sediment thickness, structural geometry and history of extensional deformation and syn-rift sedimentation in this classic continental rift. The Selenga River is the largest single source of terrigenous input into Lake Baikal, and its large delta sits astride the major accommodation zone between the Central and South basins of the lake. Incorporating one of the world's largest lacustrine deltas, this depositional system is a classic example of the influence of rift basin structural segmentation on a major continental drainage. More than 3700 km of deep basin-scale multi-channel seismic reflection (MCS) data were acquired during the 1989 Russian and the 1992 Russian–American field programs. The seismic data image most of the sedimentary section, including pre-rift basement in several localities. The MCS data reveal that the broad bathymetric saddle between these two major half-graben basins is underlain by a complex of severely deformed basement blocks, and is not simply a consequence of long-term deltaic deposition. Maximum sediment thickness is estimated to be more than 9 km in some areas around the Selenga Delta. Detailed stratigraphic analyses of the Selenga area MCS data suggest that modes of deposition have shifted markedly during the history of the delta. The present mode of gravity- and mass-flow sedimentation that dominates the northern and southern parts of the modern delta, as well as the pronounced bathymetric relief in the area, are relatively recent developments in the history of the Lake Baikal Rift. Several episodes of major delta progradation, each extending far across the modern rift, can be documented in the MCS data. The stratigraphic framework defined by these prograding deltaic sequences can be used to constrain the structural as well as depositional evolution of this part of the Baikal Rift. An age model has been established for this stratigraphy, by tying the delta sequences to the site of the Baikal Drilling Project 1993 Drill Hole. Although the drill hole is only 100 m deep, and the base of the cores is only ∼670 ka in age, ages were extrapolated to deeper stratigraphic intervals using the Reflection-Seismic-Radiocarbon method of Cohen et al. (1993). The deep prograding delta sequences now observed in the MCS data probably formed in response to major fluctuations in sediment supply, rather than in response to shifts in lake level. This stratigraphic framework and age model suggest that the deep delta packages developed at intervals of approximately 400 ka and may have formed as a consequence of climate changes affiliated with the northern hemisphere glaciations. The stratigraphic analysis also suggests that the Selenga Basin and Syncline developed as a distinct depocentre only during the past ∼2–3 Ma.

Field of study: Environmental science
A departure-function approach to calculate thermodynamic properties of refrigerant-oil mixtures

A method based on the theory of departure functions coupled with the Peng and Robinson (1976) equation of state was used to calculate the thermodynamic properties (internal energy, enthalpy, entropy and specific volume) of refrigerant-oil mixtures. The method is exemplified with isobutane (R-600a)/alkyl benzene ISO 5 and isobutane/polyol ester ISO 7 mixtures. Pressure-enthalpy, pressure–volume and temperature–entropy diagrams are presented for overall oil concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 1%. The influence of the oil type on the working fluid properties is discussed. For a given overall oil concentration, the higher solubility of alkyl benzene ISO 5 (in comparison with polyol ester ISO 7) gives rise to larger deviations from the pure refrigerant behavior.

Field of study: Engineering
A Mott transition? It all depends on what you mean

One of the most talked‐about talks at the International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors (held in Boston in August) was that given by Maurice Rice of Bell Labs. The discussion period lasted longer than the talk itself. It was part of a year‐long controversy over whether or not the metal–insulator transition in V2O3 should be regarded as a Mott transition.

Field of study: Physics
An analysis of current situation of introduction and management of foreign players in CBA games

By probing into the introduction and management of foreign players implemented by our country in all previous CBA games,the author pointed out the followings:In respect to the introduction of foreign players in CBA games currently implemented,neither the manner is perfect enough nor the management mode is matured enough;the irrational use of foreign players has also affected the cultivation of backup basketball talents in our country. Accordingly,the author brought forward the ideas to perfect foreign player introduction mode and to establish rational foreign player management and utilization systems,hoping to provide a reference for introducing and managing foreign players in CBA games henceforward for our country. The author also pointed out that the cultivation of backup basketball talents in our country should be strengthened.

Field of study: Education