nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Low-frequency high-resolution radio observations of the TeV-emitting blazar SHBL J001355.9−185406

In the framework of the unification scheme of radio-loud active galactic nuclei, BL Lac objects and quasars are the beamed end-on counterparts of low-power (FR I) and high-power (FR II) radio galaxies, respectively.  Some BL Lacs have been found to possess the FR II-type, large-scale radio morphology, suggesting that the parent population of BL Lacs is a mixture of low- and high-power radio galaxies. This seems to apply only to “low frequency-peaked” BL Lacs, since all the “high frequency-peaked” BL Lacs studied so far were shown to host the FR I-type radio jets, exclusively. While analyzing the NRAO VLA Sky Survey (NVSS) maps of the TeV detected BL Lacs, we have discovered, however, that the high frequency-peaked object SHBL J001355.9 185406 is associated uniquely with the one-sided, arcmin-scale, and edge-brightened jet/lobe-like feature extending to the south-west from the blazar core.  In order to investigate the large-scale morphology of SHBL J001355.9 185406 in detail, we have performed low-frequency and high-resolution observations of the source at 156, 259, and 629 MHz using the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT).  Our analysis indicates that no di use arcmin-scale emission is present around the unresolved blazar core, and that the arcmin-scale structure seen on the NVSS map breaks into three distinct features unrelated to the blazar, but instead associated with background AGN.  The upper limits for the extended radio halo around the TeV-emitting BL Lac object SHBL J001355.9 185406 read as <10% 1% at 156 629 MHz. The fact that the integrated radio spectrum of the unresolved blazar core is flat down to 156 MHz indicates that a self-similar character of the jet in the source holds up to relatively large distances from the jet base.

Field of study: Physics
Individuals, instinct and moralities: exploring multi-species leisure using the serious leisure perspective

While there has been increasing interest in the human-animal leisure intersection in recent times, leisure still largely remains human-centric or focussed. Much remains to be explored in seeking to understand animal leisure, and the intersection of animal leisure with human leisure. Spring boarding from Franklin’s argument that understanding cross species involvement calls for intense, reflective analyses that can begin in our own human lives and experiences we use an ethnographic approach to explore the intersection of human and animal leisure’s. Use is made of Stebbins’ Serious Leisure Perspective (SLP) categorisation to present observations, analyses and learnings as to the leisure lives of the 5 dogs that share our (the authors) very different multi-species leisure lives. Our explorations demonstrate that multi-species leisure cannot be presumed; and that experiences of leisure per se intersect with individual animal preferences and personalities. We also identify the potential to see some animal leisure as Serious-Amateur and even Devotee Work when incorporating ‘instinct’ (the outcome of generational human control of some species fertility) into considerations, and briefly explore the extension of human parenting and leisure moralising to the rising profile of fur-parenting.

Field of study: Sociology
Alveolar Macrophage Chromatin Is Modified to Orchestrate Host Response to Mycobacterium bovis Infection

Bovine tuberculosis is caused by infection with Mycobacterium bovis, which can also cause disease in a range of other mammals, including humans. Alveolar macrophages are the key immune effector cells that first encounter M. bovis and how the macrophage epigenome responds to mycobacterial pathogens is currently not well understood. Here, we have used chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq), RNA-seq and miRNA-seq to examine the effect of M. bovis infection on the bovine alveolar macrophage (bAM) epigenome. We show that H3K4me3 is more prevalent, at a genome-wide level, in chromatin from M. bovis-infected bAM compared to control non-infected bAM; this was particularly evident at the transcriptional start sites of genes that determine programmed macrophage responses to mycobacterial infection (e.g. M1/M2 macrophage polarisation). This pattern was also supported by the distribution of RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) ChIP-seq results, which highlighted significantly increased transcriptional activity at genes demarcated by permissive chromatin. Identification of these genes enabled integration of high-density genome-wide association study (GWAS) data, which revealed genomic regions associated with resilience to infection with M. bovis in cattle. Through integration of these data, we show that bAM transcriptional reprogramming occurs through differential distribution of H3K4me3 and Pol II at key immune genes. Furthermore, this subset of genes can be used to prioritise genomic variants from a relevant GWAS data set.

Field of study: Biology
SYNTHESIS OF PYRIMIDO[2,1- b ][1,3,5]THIADIAZINES CONTAINING POLYFLUOROALKYL- AND AMINO ACID FRAGMENTS

Многокомпонентной циклизацией 6-полифторалкил-2-тиоурацилов с формальдегидом и аминами синтезированы 8-полифторалкилпиримидо[2,1- b ][1,3,5]тиадиазин-6-оны, содержащие в своей структуре фрагмент аминокислоты или её эфира. Использование диаминокислот позволило получить бис(пиримидо[2,1- b ][1,3,5]тиадиазин-6-оны), содержащие в качестве линкера алифатический фрагмент с карбоксильной группой. Для двух синтезированных соединений в экспериментах in vitro показана слабая туберкулостатическая активность. Как ссылаться Khudina, O. G.; Ivanova, A. E.; Burgart, Ya. V.; Saloutin, V. I. Chem. Heterocycl. Compd. 2014 , 50 , 901.

Field of study: Chemistry
Iron Matrix Composite Reinforced by VC Particulates Produced by Solid Reaction

Using the powder metallurgical technology,the carbonized reaction and sintering compaction of Fe-V alloy and graphite was carried out on the solid state condition. It is found that the stability of σ-(FeV) is down, the α-Fe and metal V are separated at 800℃,and the ferrous matrix composite consisting of a large number of superfine V_8C_7 spherical particles synthesized at 950℃ and the martensitic matrix possesses great wear-resistance under the condition of dry slipping with a heavy load.

Field of study: Materials science
The Correlation among Teachers' Expectations and Students' Motivation, Academic Self Concept and Academic Achievement

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships that exist among teachers’ expectations and other student related variables and it also intended to inspect whether there are significant differences between male and female students in the way they perceive their teachers’ expectations, and in their motivation, academic self-concept and academic achievement. Perceptions of teachers’ expectations scale with reliability of 0.792, motivation scale with reliability of 0.879, and academic self concept scale with reliability of 0.833 were administered and Pearson product moment correlation coefficient and independent sample t-test were employed to analyze the data. The correlation results showed statistically significant relationships among the variables at the 0.05 alpha levels, with the exception of the relationship of sex with academic self concept and motivation; and the relationships of motivation and perceptions of teachers’ expectations with academic achievement of students. The results of independent sample t-test also showed that there were significant mean differences in academic achievement and perceptions of teachers’ expectations between male and female students. Boys achieved higher mean achievement scores while girls claimed higher level of teachers’ expectations (i.e. favorable expectation) than boys. But, no significance mean differences in motivation and academic self concept were observed between male and female students. Lastly, based on the results of the study implications were discussed and recommendations to solve the problem were forwarded.  Students’ perceptions, Teachers’ expectations,  Academic Self- concept, Academic achievement.

Field of study: Education
Characteristics of a laser plasma x-ray source (review)

The radiative characteristics of complex multiply charged ions are reviewed and studied. The rates of various mechanisms of radiation losses in a homogeneous plasma are determined over wide ranges of electron temperatures 10–105 eV, electron densities up to ~1024 cm−3, and atomic numbers zN ~10–80. The efficiency of conversion of laser radiation into x rays is considered in the photon energy range higher than ~0.1 keV. It is found that for elements with zN ~30 the radiation losses may represent a substantial (~1/4) fraction of the absorbed energy.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Applying deep learning to NASA MODIS data to create a community record of marine low-cloud mesoscale morphology

Marine low clouds display rich mesoscale morphological types, distinct spatial patterns of cloud fields. Being able to differentiate low cloud morphology offers a tool for the research community to go one step beyond bulk cloud statistics such as cloud fraction and advance the understanding of low clouds. Here we report the progress of a NASA funded project that aims to create an observational record of low cloud mesoscale morphology at a near-global (60S–60N) scale. First, a training set is created by our team members manually labeling thousands of mesoscale (128 x 128) MODIS scenes into six different categories: stratus, closed cellular convection, disorganized convection, open cellular convection, clustered cumulus convection, and suppressed cumulus convection. Then we train a deep convolutional neural network model using this training set to classify individual MODIS scenes at 128 x 128 resolution, and test it on a test set. The trained model achieves a cross-type average precision of about 93 %. We apply the trained model to 16 years of data over the Southeast Pacific. The resulting climatological distribution of low cloud morphology types show both expected and unexpected features and suggest promising potential for low cloud studies as a data product.

Field of study: Environmental science
Nuclear spintronics: quantum Hall and nano-systems

The electron spin transport in condensed matter, Spintronics ,i s a subject of rapidly growing interest both scientifically and from the point of view of applications to modern and future electronics. In many cases the electron spin transport cannot be described adequately without accounting for the hyperfine interaction between electron and nuclear spins. Under extreme conditions of high magnetic fileds, ultralow temperatures, ultra high isotopical cleanness etc., the nuclear spins in these sytems are very promising candidates for the qubits: the basic elements of emerging quantum memory, logics and hopefully quantum computers. Here we review the progress in the Nuclear Spintronics i.e. in physics and applications of hyperfine interactions in such exotic systems, as superconducting, quantum Hall, mesoscopic and nano-systems.

Field of study: Physics
Tale of the Presidential Tapes: A Review Essay

Two recently-published volumes of transcripts of presidential tapes would appear to be a bonanza for historians.' In an age when the records of any kind of White House proceeding, even notes taken by aides, are subject to subpoena, we can be almost certain that future scholars will never have access to similar presidential recordings. And while there is rich evidence in these tapes on both the Kennedy and Johnson presidencies, they also prove somewhat disappointing, failing to give as much insight as might be expected. One problem with both sets of tapes is their surreptitious nature. John F. Kennedy had his tape system installed secretly in the White House Cabinet Room and Oval Office; none of his aides and advisers, except his brother, Robert F. Kennedy, realized that the president was taping the crucial deliberations over the Soviet missiles in Cuba. Only Kennedy knew when the device was operating; he alone decided what to record and what to omit. Lyndon B. Johnson was equally secretive about his telephone taping system and equally in control. He would signal his secretary when he wanted a conversation taped, and the person he was speaking with never was aware that his words were being recorded. The editors of these volumes are unable to tell us why the presidents made these recordings or how they planned to use them. Knowledge is power, however, and both JFK and LBJ clearly wanted to have exclusive control of information that they knew gave them a political advantage. Only when their successor, Richard M. Nixon, proved that such secret recordings could be used to destroy a presidency did the practice finally end. Scholars may bemoan the

Field of study: Political science
Structural and Thermal Adaptations in Polyaniline Emeraldine Salt Composites with Ferrous Oxalate

We report on the modifications induced in the structural, optical and electrical properties of polyaniline onto the ferrous oxalate composites of the polymer. Fourier transform infrared spectra, x-ray diffraction patterns and digital thermal analysis studies have been employed to associate the modifications induced in the polymer due to the enhanced dopant concentration. The studies revealed that the cation dopant may bond with the lone pair of N- of the polymer, making the polymer stretched and crystalline. The polymer has been greatly influenced at the maximum dopant concentration. It seems that the dopant has modified the initial conformation of the polymer, whereas the main chain has remained unchanged. The thermal studies also indicate that the polymer has been stabilized to a greater extent on doping.

Field of study: Materials science
Internet: un moyen alternatif au présentiel pour la formation pédagogique de médecins isolés?

PROBLEME TRAITE Quelques superviseurs en medecine familiale exercant en region rurale et eloignee ont plus de difficultes a suivre les formations en presentiel. On a besoin d'une formation a distance specifique destinee aux medecins ruraux et de regions eloignees. OBJECTIF DU PROGRAMME Etudier les avantages et les inconvenients et la faisabilite d'un programme de formation par Internet destine a ces superviseurs.  DU PROGRAMME Projet-pilote d=une formation internationale en ligne utilisant a la fois une plate-forme de cours et un outil collaboratif de type visioconference, de 2 heures par semaine sur 5 semaines. La formation portait sur l'acquisition d'habiletes pedagogiques et l'utilisation des technologies de l'information et de la communication et comportait des echanges sur des themes relies a la pratique et l'enseignement en milieu rural.  Un tel programme est faisable, et a faible cout. Les difficultes se situent dans le recrutement, le maintien des participants, et l'importance du temps de developpement et d'encadrement. La satisfaction des participants perseverants est grande. Les contenus de ce type de formation, les obstacles a la participation et la place de l'enseignement a distance dans les programmes de formation des superviseurs ruraux restent a preciser

Field of study: Medicine
Free Air Temperature Increase (FATI): a new tool to study global warming effects on plants in the field

A new technique, called Free Air Temperature Increase (FATI), was developed to artificially induce increased canopy temperature in field conditions without the use of enclosures. This acronym was chosen in analogy with FACE (Free Air CO 2 Enrichment), a technique which produces elevated CO 2 concentrations [CO 2 ] in open field conditions. The FATI system simulates global warming in small ecosystems of limited height, using infrared heaters from which all radiation below 800nm is removed by selective cut-off filters to avoid undesirable photomorpho-genetic effects. An electronic control circuit tracks the ambient canopy temperature in an unheated reference plot with thermocouples, and modulates the radiant energy from the lamps to produce a 2.5°C increment in the canopy temperature of an associated heated plot (continuously day and night). This pre-set target differential is relatively constant over time due to the fast response of the lamps and the use of a proportional action controller (the standard deviation of this increment was <1°C in a 3 week field study with 1007 measurements). Furthermore, the increase in leaf temperature does not depend on the vertical position within the canopy or on the height of the stand. Possible applications and alternative designs are discussed.

Field of study: Environmental science
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Kinetics of the emission spectrum of an LiF:F^-_2 laser

It is shown that the kinetics of the establishment of the spectral distribution of the radiation in an LiF: crystal laser agrees with the lasing kinetics of homogeneously broadened media. The laser was used to record the A 2A (0, 0, 1)← 2A'' (0, 0, 0) rotational lines of the electronic transition in the HO2 radical with a sensitivity of 10 −7 cm−1.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Renal infarction due to ergotamine.

Learning points for clinicians 

A 54-year-old Caucasian male non-smoker presented to the Emergency Department with severe left loin pain of sudden onset for the last 3 h. He reported frequent migraines for the last 20 years, for which he had been taking occasional ergotamine 1 mg/caffeine tablets, obtained over-the-counter overseas. The migraines had worsened recently, attributed to stress at work and therefore he had been taking the ergotamine almost daily. On the day prior to admission, he had taken three tablets over 24 h, and reported increasingly severe episodes of loin pain occurring about 1 h after administration of the second …

Field of study: Medicine
The Effect of the Interplay of Gender and Ethnicity on Teachers Judgements: Does the School Subject Matter?

Two experimental studies investigated the disadvantages faced by female ethnic minority students when they are judged by pre- and inservice teachers. The results suggest that (preservice) teachers’ judgments were affected by the judgment dimension. Study 1 revealed that teachers apply gender stereotypes in their judgments on mathematical ability: Teachers perceived female students’ mathematical ability as lower than male students’ mathematical ability. Furthermore, in Study 1 (inservice teachers) and Study 2 (preservice teachers) students’ ethnicity influenced judgments on language proficiency. Beyond that, in Study 2 even judgments on mathematical ability were influenced by the information on students’ ethnicity. However, the interplay of the student characteristics is crucial for preservice teachers while it is not for inservice teachers.

Field of study: Education
Effect of reserpine treatment on enkephalin mRNA level in the rat striatum: an in situ hybridization study.

We investigated the molecular mechanisms responsible for the preproenkephalin A mRNA increase following catecholamine depletion by reserpine using quantitative in situ hybridization at the cellular level. Macroscopic analysis showed that short term reserpine treatment increases the preproenkephalin A mRNA level in the rat striatum to +40.2 +/- 9%. Microautoradiography analysis demonstrated different increases in the preproenkephalin A mRNA level in different parts of the striatum: +124 +/- 22% in the dorso-median striatum, +131 +/- 19% in the dorso-lateral striatum, +119 +/- 8% in the ventro-lateral striatum and +75 +/- 6% in the ventro-median striatum. We found no difference in the number of cells expressing PPA mRNA in reserpine treated rats suggesting that these increases are only due to an increase in the number of mRNA expressed by cell.

Field of study: Biology
Improvement in cognitive functioning of alcoholics following orthotopic liver transplantation.

Cognitive functioning in alcoholic cirrhotics before and 1 year following orthotopic liver transplantation was compared with age- and sex-matched normal subjects. The alcoholic group improved significantly following transplantation on tests measuring psychomotor, visuopractic and abstracting abilities whereas the performance of normal controls remained virtually unchanged. In contrast, memory capacity in alcoholics with cirrhosis did not statistically improve following successful transplantation. Further investigation, using more sophisticated measures of memory function, are required to determine whether memory deficits are either associated with alcohol neurotoxicity or an irreversible component of hepatic encephalopathy. These findings suggest that a reversible hepatic encephalopathy underlies many of the neuropsychologic deficits observed in cirrhotic alcoholics and can be ameliorated following successful liver transplantation.

Field of study: Medicine
Construction of the largest sensitivity region for general linear programs

This paper develops an alternative approach to post optimality analysis for general linear program models which provides the largest sensitivity region of any single or simultaneous change of right hand side of constraints and the coefficients of decision variables in the objective function. The goal is a theoretical unification of various types of sensitivity analyses, as well as advancement in the practical implementation of post optimality analysis. We extend our proposed approach in the construction of sensitivity region to maintain the degenerate vertex for models with degenerate optimal solution as well as maintaining the multiple solutions for the models with non-unique optimal solutions. As a by product, the paper resolves the paradoxical situation known as the more-for-less/less-for-more situations. The proposed method is based on the given optimal solution(s), therefore it is easy to understand, easy to implement, and provides useful information to the decision makers. The methodology and their computational algorithms are presented and discussed in the context of some illustrative numerical examples.

Field of study: Mathematics
Quaternary sediment dynamics in the Belgica mound province, Porcupine Seabight: ice-rafting events and contour current processes

The Belgica cold-water coral banks on the eastern slope of the Porcupine Seabight are closely associated with bottom currents. In order to better understand the local temporal and spatial characteristics, as well as the palaeoclimatologic influences, a 26 m long core, taken on a small contourite drift, was studied. This sediment record of approximately 100 ka BP reveals new insights into the regional glacial and sedimentary processes, which are intrinsically linked to several geological, climatological, biological and hydrodynamic variables. The glacial sequences in the core contain six ice-rafting events (IRE). They are comparable with the North Atlantic Heinrich Events, although their characteristics show dominant influences from the proximal British–Irish Ice Sheet (BIIS). These IRE have a low magnetic susceptibility and are deposited during two or three ice-rafting pulses. The record of ice-rafting suggests a millennial-scaled BIIS destabilisation and confirms the start of a final retreat about 25 ka ago. Additionally, the glacial sequence corresponds to a muddy contourite, influenced by bottom-current strength variations during interstadials, possibly triggered by sporadic reintroductions of Mediterranean Outflow Water in a glacial North Atlantic Ocean. The interglacial sequence features an 11-m thick deep-water massive sand unit, probably deposited under a high-energy bottom-current regime.

Field of study: Environmental science