nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Answering the Call to Accessible Quality Health Care for All Using a New Model of Local Community Not-for-Profit Charity Clinics: A Return to Christ-Centered Care of the Past

This article uses studies and organizational trends to understand available solutions to the lack of quality health care access, especially for the poor and needy of local U.S. communities. The U.S. healthcare system seems to be moving toward the World Health Organization's recommendation for universal health coverage for healthcare sustainability. Healthcare trends and offered solutions are varied. Christian healthcare traditionally implements works of mercy guided by a Christian ethos embracing the teachings of human dignity, solidarity, the common good, and subsidiarity. Culture of Life Ministries is one of many new sustainable U.S. healthcare models which implements Christ-centered health care to meet the need of quality and accessible health care for the local community. Culture of Life Ministries employs a model of charity care through volunteerism. Volunteer workers not only improve but also transform the local healthcare system into a personal healing ministry of the highest quality for every person.  The lack of access to quality health care is a common problem in the U.S. despite various solutions offered through legislative and socioeconomic works: universal healthcare models, insurance models, and other business models. U.S. health care would be best transformed by returning to the implementation of a traditional system founded on the Christian principles of human dignity, solidarity, subsidiarity, and the common good. Culture of Life Ministries is an example of such a local ministry in Texas, which has found success in practically applying these Christ-centered, healthcare principles into an emerging not-for-profit, economically sustainable, healthcare model.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
New Process for Preparing Benazepril Precursor

The present work relates to a new synthesis process for the preparation of 3-[(1-ethoxycarbonyl-3-phenylpropyl)-amino]-2, 3, 4, 5-tetrahydro-2-oxo-1H-1-benzazed pine 1-acetate tert butyl ester (EPTAB), the precursor of benazepril HCl. The reaction conditions were optimized. The diastereomeric products were separated by flash column chromatography. The structures of the products were characterized with IR and NMR.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
New opportunities of variation in the particle sizes and properties of chromium dioxide

It is experimentally found that clusters containing 24 W or Mo atoms act as initial nuclei in CrO2 crystallization. Joint application of W or Mo compounds with Sb(III) compounds makes it possible to change the size of CrO2 particles in a very wide range. Thin (10–13 nm) CrO2 particles have a coercivity of about 450 Oe and are not superparamagnetic.

Field of study: Physics
Die magnetische Ablenkung von Sauerstoffmolekülen

ZusammenfassungDie magnetische Ablenkung von Molekülen (O2) wurde zum ersten Male untersucht. Die Versuchsergebnisse stimmen mit der Annahme überein, daß das Sauerstoffmolekül ein magnetisches Moment von zwei Bohrschen Magnetonen hat und daß eine Kopplung zwischen dem Spinimpuls der Elektronen und dem Drehimpuls des Moleküls besteht.

Field of study: Physics
Persistence of fensulfothion in a sandy-loam soil and uptake by rutabagas, carrots and radishes using microplots.

Field microplots were treated with 141 and 282 ppm fensulfothion and 37.1 and 74.2 ppm fensulfothion sulfone. These concentrations are equivalent to field treatment rates of 8.48 and 16.96 kg AI/ha, fensulfothion, and 2.23 and 4.47 kg AI/ha, fensulfothion sulfone, respectively, for banded application (10 cm wide, rows 80 cm apart). The half-lives in a sandy loam soil were 30-39 and 14-23 days, respectively. Fensulfothion sulfone and sulfide were the main derivatives found in fensulfothion treated soil. The maximum levels of these derivatives were 21.22 and 22.95 ppm, respectively for the 8.48 kg/ha treatment and 33.90 and 42.45 ppm, respectively, for the higher treatment, which occurred between 30-60 days. Carrots appeared to take up more fensulfothion from soil than rutabagas or radishes. The residue levels at harvest decreased in the order carrot peel greater than pulp greater than rutabagas root greater than peel greater than pulp. Residue levels of fensulfothion and sulfone in radishes were similar to those found in rutabagas. The ratio sulfoxide/sulfone in rutabagas ranged from 0.4-1.5 and in carrots from 1.7-7.6. This phenomenon is thought to be due to oxidative enzyme systems present in rutabagas. Dimethyl phosphorothioic acid, but not dimethyl phosphoric acid was detected (max. 1.33 ppm) in some rutabagas samples but not in carrots.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Effect of zinc ion on ethanol tolerance and floc size of self-flocculating yeast

The effects of metal ions on ethanol tolerance of self-flocculating yeast was studied by using a defined medium in shake flask culture.The observed improvement of zinc ion supplementation on ethanol tolerance promoted the further examination of zinc ion effect on continuous ethanol fermentation.Zinc sulfate was supplemented into the fermentation medium at the concentrations of 0.01,0.05 and 0.1 g·L-1,respectively.The average floc size of the self-flocculating yeast decreased in zinc-addition cultures,but both its ethanol tolerance and thermal tolerance were significantly improved,which correlated well with the increased ergosterol and trehalose contents in the yeast flocs.Intracellular zinc content was found to be about six folds higher than that of control,and no significant difference was observed in the three addition levels.Correlation analysis indicated close correlation between zinc addition and ethanol/thermal tolerance.Ethanol production increased in all the zinc-supplemented cultures,with the most significant effect observed when 0.05 g·L-1 zinc sulfate was supplied.Thus,zinc ion supplementation was proved to be an efficient strategy for enhanced ethanol tolerance,thermal tolerance and ethanol production in continuous ethanol fermentation of the self-flocculating yeast.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Prenatal beta-endorphin can modulate some aspects of sexual differentiation in rats.

Sexually dimorphic traits were studied in offspring of rats injected with 33 micrograms rat beta-endorphin (beta-END) three times daily from Day 14 to Day 21 of pregnancy. beta-END males had shorter neonatal anogenital distances than did controls and were more likely to show the female lordosis pattern as adults, but they did not differ in male copulatory behavior. When given a choice between spending time with an estrous female or a male, beta-END males showed a lower preference for the female than did control males. The number and somal size of neurons in the bulbocavernosus and dorsolateral nucleus of the lumbar spinal cord were unaffected by drug exposure. Elevated beta-END during fetal ontogeny apparently alters the differentiation of some, but not all, sexually dimorphic traits. The data suggest that endogenous opioids may contribute to the etiology of the prenatal stress syndrome.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Osteogenic Effect of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS)-Loaded Mineralized Nanoparticles on Embryonic Stem Cells

This study investigated the effect of inducible nitric oxide synthase-loaded mineralized nanoparticles (iNOS-MNPs) on the osteogenic differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs).  We prepared iNOS-MNPs using an anionic block copolymer template-mediated calcium carbonate (CaCO3) mineralization process in the presence of iNOS. iNOS-MNPs were spherical and had a narrow size distribution. iNOS was stably loaded within MNPs without denaturation. In order to confirm the successful introduction of iNOS-MNPs into the cytosol of ESCs, intracellular levels of nitric oxide (NO) was determined with a fluorometric analysis. A NO effector molecule, cyclic guanosine 3’,5’ monophosphate (cGMP) was also quantified with a competitive enzyme immunoassay. Cell viability in response to iNOS-MNP treatment was determined using the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay, intracellular calcium quantification assay, and Alizarin red S staining for matrix mineralization were performed to investigate osteogenic differentiation of ESCs. The protein levels of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), osteocalcin (OCN), and osterix (OSX) as osteogenic-related factors were also assessed by immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analysis. The complex pathways associated with iNOS-MNP-derived osteogenic differentiation of ESCs were evaluated by network-based analysis.  Cells with iNOS-MNPs displayed a significant increase in NO and cGMP concentration compared with the control group. When cells were exposed to iNOS-MNPs, there were no adverse effects on cell viability. Importantly, iNOS-MNP uptake promoted the osteogenic differentiation of ESCs. Using transcriptome profiling, we obtained 1,836 differentially-induced genes and performed functional enrichment analysis with ClueGO and KEGG. These analyses identified significantly enriched and interconnected molecular pathways such as protein kinase activity, estrogen receptor activity, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor binding, ligand-gated ion channel activity, and phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate binding.  These findings suggest that iNOS-MNPs can induce osteogenic differentiation in ESCs by integrating complex signaling pathways.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Sulfur-Deficient Porous SnS2−x Microflowers as Superior Anode for Alkaline Ion Batteries

SnS2 as a high energy anode material has attracted extensive research interest recently. However, the fast capacity decay and low rate performance in alkaline-ion batteries associated with repeated volume variation and low electrical conductivity plague them from practical application. Herein, we propose a facile method to solve this problem by synthesizing porous SnS2 microflowers with in-situ formed sulfur vacancies. The flexible porous nanosheets in the three-dimensional flower-like nanostructure provide facile strain relaxation to avoid stress concentration during the volume changes. Rich sulfur vacancies and porous structure enable the fast and efficient electron transport. The porous SnS2−x microflowers exhibit outstanding performance for lithium ion battery in terms of high capacity (1375 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1) and outstanding rate capability (827 mA h g−1 at high rate of 2 A g−1). For sodium ion battery, a high capacity (~522 mAh g−1) can be achieved at 5 A g−1 after 200 cycles for SnS2−x microflowers. The rational design in nanostructures, as well as the chemical compositions, might create new opportunities in designing the new architecture for highly efficient energy storage devices.

Field of study: Materials science
Influence of Electron Beam Irradiation and Step-Crosslinking Process on Solvent Penetration and Thermal Properties of Natural Rubber Vulcanizates

The influence of both beam irradiation and step cross-linking on high abrasion furnace (HAF) carbon black loaded natural rubber (NR) vulcanizates are reported. With irradiation, a higher cross-link density, ν, thermal conductivity, λ, and glass transition temperature, Tg, have been observed for such materials, as compared with the un-irradiated ones. There is also a decreased specific heat capacity, Cp. Meanwhile, the step cross-linking process has a slight effect on the cross-link density, glass transition temperature and thermal properties of these composites. The results of such changes in thermal conductivity are explained with the help of a simple modified model.

Field of study: Materials science
Measure-Transformed Quasi-Maximum Likelihood Estimation

In this paper, the Gaussian quasi-maximum likelihood estimator (GQMLE) is generalized by applying a transform to the probability distribution of the data. The proposed estimator, called measure-transformed GQMLE (MT-GQMLE), minimizes the empirical Kullback-Leibler divergence between a transformed probability distribution of the data and a hypothesized Gaussian probability measure. By judicious choice of the transform we show that, unlike the GQMLE, the proposed estimator can gain sensitivity to higher order statistical moments and resilience to outliers leading to significant mitigation of the model mismatch effect on the estimates. Under some mild regularity conditions, we show that the MT-GQMLE is consistent, asymptotically normal and unbiased. Furthermore, we derive a necessary and sufficient condition for asymptotic efficiency. A data driven procedure for optimal selection of the measure transformation parameters is developed that minimizes the trace of an empirical estimate of the asymptotic mean-squared-error matrix. The MT-GQMLE is applied to linear regression and source localization and numerical comparisons illustrate its robustness and resilience to outliers.

Field of study: Engineering
The Problems of Evaluating Middle East University Students From the Point of View of the Faculty Members

The study aimed to identify the most important problems of evaluating the performance of students of the University of the Middle East and methods of treatment and the development of means of evaluating the performance of students from the point of view of faculty members. The study relied on the descriptive research method. The selected sample of the study consisted random manner of (78), member of the faculty. Results of the study to the problems of evaluating the performance of university students from the point of view of faculty members was a high degree, in addition to the results showed the presence of statistically significant differences in the problems of evaluating the performance of university students of the responses of faculty members due to differences in specialization and in favor of specialization of education, in While the results indicated a lack of statistically significant differences in the problems of evaluating the performance of university students to faculty responses attributed to the difference in a variable degree.

Field of study: Education
Design of metallic nanoparticle gratings for filtering properties in the visible spectrum.

Plasmonic resonances in metallic nanoparticles are exploited to create efficient optical filtering functions. A finite element method is used to model metallic nanoparticle gratings. The accuracy of this method is shown by comparing numerical results with measurements on a two-dimensional grating of gold nanocylinders with an elliptic cross section. A parametric analysis is then performed in order to design efficient filters with polarization dependent properties together with high transparency over the visible range. The behavior of nanoparticle gratings is also modeled using the Maxwell-Garnett homogenization theory and analyzed by comparison with the diffraction of a single nanoparticle. The proposed structures are intended to be included in optical systems that could find innovative applications.

Field of study: Physics
Injection of solar cosmic rays in the ground level event of April 15, 2001

The injection of solar cosmic rays with relativistic energies into interplanetary space is calculated within a new model of particle acceleration by shock waves in the solar atmosphere. A comparison of the calculation results and the particle injection in the Easter 2001 Solar Particle Event (April 15, 2001) shows that the levels of magnetic field turbulence generated by Alfven waves differ considerably in the solar atmosphere and interplanetary space. The boundary of a sharp transition between them is at six solar radii. The levels of turbulence behind and ahead of the shock front are the same.

Field of study: Physics
Cavitation erosion behavior of hydro turbine steels

As cast 13/4 steel (CA6NM) finds wide application in hydroturbine underwater parts, which got eroded due to silt erosion and cavitation erosion. The cavitation erosion is highly depending on microstructure and mechanical properties. Nitrogen strengthened austenitic stainless steel (21-4-N steel) in as cast condition has been investigated as an alternative to 13/4 steel to overcome the problems of cavitation erosion. The results of vibration cavitation erosion tests show that 21-4-N steel is more cavitation erosion resistant than 13/4 steel.

Field of study: Materials science
Relationship between urinalysis findings and responsible pathogens in children with urinary tract infections.

Pyuria, presence of bacteria, leukocyte esterase, and nitrite positivity in urinalysis should be considered together, and simultaneous urine culture test should be performed in the diagnostic evaluation of urinary tract infection (UTI). The absence of pyuria in urinalysis cannot exclude UTI in patients with suggestive clinical findings.



It was aimed to assess relationship between urinalysis tests and uropathogen and to evaluate antibiotic resistance in children.



The study included patients (aged 0-18 years) with significant uropathogen growth in urine culture tests. The patients' data regarding age, gender, results of urine microscopy, urine culture, and antibiogram were recorded retrospectively.



Overall, 705 patients (562 girls, 143 boys) with significant growth in urine culture test were included. Median age was 72 months among girls and 12 months among boys. Most common uropathogens were Escherichia coli (79.6%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (8.2%). E. coli was more commonly among girls (87%) and Klebsiella spp. among boys (53.3%). Pyuria was positive in urinalysis in 75% of patients. Pyuria presence was more common in patients with E.coli or Proteus spp. (80.6% and 71.4%, respectively) than those with Enterococcus spp. and Klebsiella spp. (52.0% and 53.3%, respectively). In culture antibiogram tests, ampicillin resistance was 100% in Klebsiella oxytoca and Enterobacter spp. and 72% in E. coli strains. No ceftriaxone resistance was observed in K. oxytoca, Citrobacter spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.



Most UTIs were seen in older girls. Pyuria might be lacking in UTIs associated to Klebsiella spp. and Enterococcus spp., and absence of pyuria may not exclude UTI in patients with compatible clinical findings. Ceftriaxone is still an option in empirical treatment; unnecessary use of third-generation cephalosporins should be avoided, particularly in infections other than UTI.



It was found that E. coli more commonly caused leukocyturia, leukocyte esterase positivity, and pyuria; that pyuria might be lacking in UTIs associated to Klebsiella spp. and Enterococcus spp. and that pyuria was more prevalent among girls. It is though that urine culture tests should be performed in children with suspected UTI even in the absence of pyuria because lack of pyuria may lead delay in diagnosis and treatment as well as renal scar formation.

Field of study: Medicine
1,4‐Dithiane‐2,5‐diol: An Attractive Platform for the Synthesis of Sulfur Containing Functionalized Heterocycles

This microreview highlights the utility of 1,4? dithiane?2,5?diol 1 as a source for the in situ generation of 2?mercaptoacetaldehyde 2, a versatile two?carbon synthon featuring both electrophilic and nucleophilic reaction centers widely utilized as an attractive platform for the preparation of sulfur?containing molecules. We discussed the involved chemistry, mainly focusing on its applications to the construction of sulfur?containing heterocyclic compounds including the thiophene and 1,3?thiazole families and other different sulfur?nitrogen and sulfur?oxygen heterocycles which continue to be a pillar of organic synthesis as a result of their broad application in organic and medicinal chemistry.

Field of study: Chemistry
Attitudes to outcomes measured in clinical trials of cardiovascular prevention.

Selecting outcome measures in cardiovascular prevention trials should be informed by their importance to selected populations. Major vascular event outcomes are usually prioritized in these trials with considerably less attention paid to cognitive and functional outcomes.



To examine views on importance of outcome measures used in clinical trials.



Cross-sectional survey.



Of 367 individuals approached, 280 (76%) participated: outpatients attending cardiovascular prevention clinics (n = 97), active retirement groups members (n = 75), medical students (n = 108). Participants were asked to rank, in order of importance, outcome measures, which may be included in cardiovascular prevention trials. Results were compared between two groups: <65s (n = 157) and ≥65s (n = 104).



When asked what outcomes were most important to measure in cardiovascular prevention trials, respondents reported: death (31.6%) stroke (28.5%), dementia (26.9%), myocardial infarction (MI) (7.9%) and requiring nursing home (NH) care (5.1%). When asked the most relevant outcomes regarding successful ageing respondents reported; maintaining independence (32.4%), avoiding major illness (24.3%), good family life (23.6%), living as long as possible (15.8%), avoiding NH care (3.1%) and contributing to society (0.8%) as most important. When asked what outcome concerned them most about the future, respondents reported: dementia (32.6%), dependence (30.4%), death (12.8%), stroke (12.5%), cancer (6.2%) requiring NH care (4.8%) and MI (0.7%). Maintaining independence was considered most important in younger and older cohorts.



Cognitive and functional outcomes are important patient-relevant outcomes, sometimes more important than major vascular events. Incorporating these outcomes into trials may encourage patient participation and adherence to preventative regimens.

Field of study: Medicine
On the set of extreme core allocations for minimal cost spanning tree problems

Minimal cost spanning tree problems connect agents efficiently to a source when agents are located at different points and the cost of using an edge is fixed. We propose a method, based on the concept of marginal games, to generate all extreme points of the corresponding core. We show that three of the most famous solutions to share the cost of mcst problems, the Bird, folk and cycle-complete solutions, are closely related to our method.

Field of study: Economics
On Reassembly Delay in Packet Switching Networks

The purpose of this paper is to develop an algorithm to compute the reassembly delay of a multi-packet message in a packet switching network. The network is assumed to employ virtual circuits subject to window flow control. A direct consequence of this algorithm is an expression for the mean message delay in such a network. The heart of the algorithm is the computation of the probability distribution for the location of the trailing packet of a packet pair. Two exact methods, based upon the convolution algorithm and the mean value analysis, are developed for product-form queueing networks. Heuristics were developed in order to render the algorithm computationally feasible, and to extend it to non product-form networks. Simulations are employed to validate the results in all cases.

Field of study: Computer science
Extension of the A1Σ+-X1Σ+ system of7LiH near the dissociation limit

The absorption spectra of7LiH have been photographed in the 3,500−2,900 Å region using the second order of a 3.4 M Ebert spectrograph. Observations comprise previously observedA1Σ+-X1Σ+ transitions and several new vibrational bands of this system near the ionisation limit. Rotational and vibrational analysis of these bands (16≦V′≦20) have been carried out and the rotational constants for the upper states have been determined.

Field of study: Physics