nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
How not to be a doctor.

‘How can I help you?’ I asked. It isn't the way I always open consultations but I was making a teaching video, so I thought I would be conventional for a change. As it turned out, it was a fortunate move. ‘I’m not sure if you really can help me’, the patient answered. ‘I’ve seen lots of specialists, and none of them have managed to help me so far. You see, I keep having these funny turns …’ Two weeks later, when showing the video to a group of senior house officers, I stopped the recording at this point and asked them to write down the woman's presenting complaint. All ten of them wrote down ‘funny turns.’ They were wrong, of course. The woman's presenting problem was that she wasn't sure if I could really help her. The funny turns were at this point a lesser problem.

There were more shocks in store for the group. I spent almost the entire consultation asking the woman about her experience of other doctors, and what they had got wrong. I listened as dispassionately as I could, without dismissing her catalogue of disappointment or offering any hint that I might …

Field of study: Medicine
Young activists in political squats. Mixing engagement and leisure

The aim of the article is to show that youth involvement in political groups is often driven by such multifaceted motivations that it is relegated to the border between engagement and leisure. Focussing on the European context, research about youth and politics often highlights that few young people are personally involved in political forms of action. In most studies, this involvement is interpreted as the actualisation of a set of values, through their translation into specific aims and means, on the basis of correspondent wider worldviews, that is, representations of society and human beings. Such an interpretative approach is challenged on the basis of the results of research conducted in Italy through qualitative interviews with young activists involved in political squats. Through an in-depth analysis of young activists’ narratives, it is suggested that youth involvement in political groups often represents partly, or even mainly, a form of leisure connected with variegated sensitivities and tastes at least partially external to perspectives of political engagement, and conversely connected with personal satisfaction and fulfilment.

Field of study: Sociology
Cancer risk among gingivitis and periodontitis patients: a nationwide cohort study.

Periodontal disease encompasses gingivitis and periodontitis, which exerts systemic effects. We conducted a population-based study to evaluate the association between periodontal disease and the risk of cancer.



We used insurance claims data from 1997 to 2010, accessing a database of 1 million randomly selected insurants in Taiwan. All patients were older than 20 and newly diagnosed with periodontitis between 1 January 1997 and 31 December 2010. The comparison cohort comprised patients older than 20, who were newly diagnosed with gingivitis in the same period. Both cohorts were followed until a cancer diagnosis, lost to follow-up, death, termination of insurance, or the end of 2010.



The incidence rate of cancer was 1.14 times higher in the study cohort than in the comparison cohort [confidence interval (CI) = 1.11-1.17]. The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) was 1.05 (95% CI = 1.00-1.11). A multivariable analysis showed that the periodontitis patients exhibited an elevated risk of developing oral cancer (adjusted HR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.42-2.25).



The findings indicated that patients in the periodontitis cohort exhibited a higher risk of developing oral cancer than those in the gingivitis cohort.

Field of study: Medicine
Occurrence of Changshania (Trilobita, Cambrian) in the Taebaeksan Basin, Korea and its stratigraphic and paleogeographic significance

In the Cambrian the Taebaeksan Basin was a shallow marine siliciclastic–carbonate system, in which two contrasting types of lithofacies and biofacies occur in juxtaposition. The shallow marine facies (Taebaek Group) comprises diverse trilobite taxa endemic to the Sino–Korean block, whereas the deep-water oceanic facies (Yeongwol Group) is characterized by predominance of cosmopolitan and pelagic trilobites. Changshania is a representative Furongian trilobite genus endemic to the Sino–Korean block and has been employed as a zonal taxon for middle Furongian in North China. This article reports the occurrence of Changshania from the deep-water facies (Machari Formation, Yeongwol Group) of the Taebaeksan Basin, for the first time in Korea. This observation enables to correlate the Eochuangia hana Zone of Korea with the Changshania–Irvingella Zone of North China with confidence. The dominance of laminated dark gray to black shale and pandemic trilobites in the Machari Formation has been interpreted to indicate deposition in a dysaerobic deep-water environment. The occurrence of Changshania along with some endemic polymerid trilobites, though uncommon, in the deeper-water oceanic facies suggests that the Machari Formation was formed in the offshore region fringing the Sino–Korean block during the Cambrian.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Patterns of Interaction in Family Triads with High-Achieving and Low-Achieving Children

The patterns of interaction between the parents and the child in family triads of high-achieving and low-achieving boys and girls and their parents were compared. Forty family triads were studied. The mean age of the children was 12 yr., 1 mo. Fathers of boys and girls did not differ in over-all dominance in the family process. Parents shared dominance but fathers of boys differed from fathers of girls in how this dominance was applied. Fathers' interactional pattern with their wives was flexible, influenced by the sex and achievement level of the children. These factors influenced fathers' interaction with their children and also mothers' interaction with their husbands. Mothers' behaviour toward their children was influenced by sex but much less so by achievement level. The sex of the child significantly influenced his behaviour toward his mother but the achievement level not to the same extent. In essence, the interaction of the parental pair with their children seemed to be the important factor in achievement.

Field of study: Psychology
Deep level effects in silicon and germanium after plasma hydrogenation

Deep level electron and hole trapping states are observed in n-and p-type silicon after plasma hydrogenation at 250 - 300°C. These defect states are not observed after exposure to a helium plasma. In contrast to these results, no hydrogen or helium plasma-induced levels are seen in n-or p-type germanium after similar heat treatment of up to 600°C. However, hydrogenation of p-type germanium at 600°C significantly enhances the solubility of the rapidly diffusing impurity copper, compared to untreated material. Reproducing the experiments using a helium plasma does not affect the copper solubility. A simple model which accounts for the experimental results is proposed.

Field of study: Materials science
Technical Notes: Trenchless Installation of Vertical Plastic Curtains

An elaborate drainage and water quality research project, consisting of 24 adjacent plots, each 75 m long ¥ 15 m wide was established in Quebec. A vertical plastic curtain was installed around the periphery of each plot, to a depth of 2 m below the soil surface, to minimize water and chemical flows between plots. A trenchless drain laying machine with a modified shoe behind the plow was used to install the plastic curtain. The system worked extremely well. It has several advantages compared to traditional methods of curtain installation by backhoe.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Magnetization Current Simulation of High Temperature Bulk Superconductors Using A-V-A Formulation and Iterative Algorithm Method: Critical State Model and Flux Creep Model.

In this work we will introduce the A-V-A formulation based iterative algorithm method (IAM) for simulating the magnetization current of high temperature superconductors. This new method embedded in ANSYS can simulate the critical state model by forcing the trapped current density to the critical current density Jc for all meshed superconducting elements after each iterative load step, as well as simulate the flux creep model by updating the E-J power law based resistivity values. The simulation results of a disk-shaped ReBCO bulk during zero field cooling (ZFC) or field cooling (FC) magnetization agree well with the simulation results from using the H-formulation in COMSOL. The computation time is shortened by using the A-V formulation in superconductor areas and the A-formulation in non-superconductor areas. This iterative method is further proved friendly for adding ferromagnetic materials into the FEA model or taking into account the magnetic field-dependent or mechanical strain-related critical current density of the superconductors. The influence factors for the magnetization simulation, including the specified iterative load steps, the initial resistivity, the ramping time and the updating coefficient, are discussed in detail. The A-V-A formulation based IAM, implemented in ANSYS, shows its unique advantages in adjustable computation time, multi-frame restart analysis and easy-convergence.

Field of study: Physics
Effects of the electrical stress on the conduction characteristics of metal gate/MgO/InP stacks

The degradation dynamics and post-breakdown current–voltage ( I – V ) characteristics of magnesium oxide (MgO) layers grown on n and p-type indium phosphide (InP) substrates subjected to electrical stress were investigated. We show that the current–time ( I – t ) characteristics during degradation can be described by a power-law model I ( t ) =  I 0 t − α , where I 0 and α are constants. It is reported that the leakage current associated with the soft breakdown (SBD) failure mode follows the typical voltage dependence I  =  aV b , where a and b are constants, for both injection polarities but in a wider voltage range compared with the SiO 2 /Si system. It is also shown that the hard breakdown (HBD) current is remarkably high, involving large ON–OFF fluctuations that resemble the phenomenon of resistive switching previously observed in a wide variety of metal oxides.

Field of study: Engineering
Evaluation of interstitial oxygen along striations in CZ silicon single crystals with a micro-FTIR mapping system

Growth striations in CZ and MCZ silicon wafers were studied by the striation-etching method, spreading resistance measurements and the micro-FTIR mapping method. Microvariations in oxygen concentration were successfully measured using the micro-FTIR mapping system and the results were in good agreement with other results obtained by etching and resistance measurements. Two kinds of striations were observed in CZ and MCZ wafers with high oxygen concentration: weak striations at regular intervals and strong striations at irregular intervals. It was concluded that the former were related to the microsegregation of dopant impurities caused by remelting of the crystal during growth, while the latter were related to the fluctuation of oxygen concentration in the silicon melt.

Field of study: Materials science
WWOX Suppresses Cell Growth and Induces Cell Apoptosis via Inhibition of P38 Nuclear Translocation in Cholangiocarcinoma

Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (EHCC) is the second most common primary hepatic malignancy, and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. We previously reported the decreased expression of WWOX in EHCC samples, but the underlying mechanism remained unclear.  Immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence were performed to examine the interaction of WWOX and P38 MAPK. Western blot was carried out to detect the expression of ATF2 and eIF-4E. MTT, colony formation, and Annexin V-FITC assays were performed to detect the cell proliferation and apoptosis. IHC was performed to detect the protein expression in clinical samples.  WWOX interacted with P38 and modulated its sub-cellular localization, leading to the cytoplasmic retention of P38. WWOX over-expression inhibited the phosphorylation of ATF2 and eIF-4E, while exogenous P38 reversed this reduction in phosphorylation. Ectopic expression of WWOX in EHCC cells led to inhibited proliferation and stimulated apoptosis in a P38 MAPK-dependent manner. In addition, we found a negative association of WWOX with nuclear localization of P38 and expression of phosphorylated ATF2 in EHCC samples.  Our data demonstrated the role of WWOX in EHCC progression, revealing the potential of WWOX/p-ATF2 as a novel diagnostic and prognostic marker, and therapeutic target for EHCC.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Fluctuations in sex and age ratios in the transatlantic slave trade

r 1he determinants of the age and sex composition of the transatlantic slave 1 trade have long been a source of historical discussion. Contemporaries, including participants in the trade, analysed and debated the causes of the patterns they observed, as well as the consequences for the demographic, economic, and social developments both of Africa and of the Americas. The persistence of such debates over the course of three centuries makes further study of interest to economic historians, and the attempts to understand any seasonal variations and temporal fluctuations in the age and sex compositions provide some basis for increasing our knowledge of important changes on three continents. In bald terms, the explanations of the causes of the age and sex compositions divide into those emphasizing the demand factors generated in the New World, and those concentrating on the supply forces within Africa-either by the initial captors or by the dealers in slaves elsewhere in Africa. The New World arguments rest in part on letters of instruction to slave traders, but are buttressed by arguments suggesting that females had limited capability to handle field labour on the sugar plantations, to which most were sent, and implying a markedly lower value for female slaves than for male slaves there. Yet recent research on plantations has determined both that a higher percentage of females than of males were involved in field labour, and that price differentials were relatively small. Thus, scholars have begun anew to discuss another earlier argument, that the age and sex composition was influenced by conditions within Africa, and that the African captors and traders participated in setting the terms under which the trade took place. Both sides apparently agree that the proportion of males in the trade was high, and that of children low.2 One way to assess the two views is to study the fluctuations in age and sex among regions and over time. For while the letters quoted are often used to suggest a unique pattern of demand with a constant set of preferences (presumably irrespective of prices) for all regions over time, the degree to which variations occur suggests that

Field of study: Economics, History
SU-FF-T-276: Is It Still Necessary to Use a Beam Spoiler for Breast Radiation?

The aim of this study is to find out whether it is still necessary to use a beam spoiler for breast treatment especially with IMRT technique.  Full Monte Carlo simulations were performed with and without a beam spoiler for 11 breast patients treated using 10MV photon beams and another 10 patients using 18MV photon beams with IMRT technique employed. CTV was defined as the breast volume which started from 5mm away of the skin and the build‐up‐region was defined from 2mm to 5mm depth from skin.Doses to CTV, build‐up‐region, skin and contralateral breast were compared with and without a beam spoiler.  Comparison of dose distributions show that the beam spoiler increases dose at the build‐up‐region where the patient surface is perpendicular to the beam and thus improves the dose homogeneity inside the breast. After the dose distributions were normalized to ensure 95% volume of CTV receives at least 95% of the prescription dose, the difference on the minimum and maximum dose of CTV is 100% by using a beam spoiler.  The Monte Carlo simulation results show that the beam spoiler can improve dose homogeneity in the breast. But it is not clinical significant especially when the IMRT technique is used to limit the dose heterogeneity. And thus it is suggested that a beam spoiler may not be necessary when breast patient is treated using two opposite tangential 10MV or 18MV beams if the build‐up‐region is not a big concern.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Characterizing the Personalized Microbiota Dynamics for Disease Classification by Individual-Specific Edge-Network Analysis

Environmental factors such as the gut microbiome are thought to play an important role in the development and treatment of many diseases. But our understanding of microbiota compositional dynamics is still unclear and incomplete because the intestinal microbial community is an easily-changed ecosystem. It is urgently required to understand the large variations among individuals. These variations, however, will be an asset rather than a limitation to personalized medicine. For a proof-of-concept study on individual-specific disease classification based on microbiota compositional dynamics, we implemented an adjusted individual-specific edge-network analysis (iENA) method to address a limited number of samples from one individual, and compared it to the temporal 16S rRNA (ribosomal RNA) gene sequencing data from individuals in a challenge study. Our identified individual-specific OTU markers or their combined markers are consistent with previously reported markers, and the predictive score based on them can perform a better AUROC than the previous 0.83 and achieve about 90% accuracy on predicting whether an individual developed diarrhea [i.e., were symptomatic (Sx)] or not. In addition, iENA also showed satisfactory efficiency on another dataset about bacterial vaginosis (BV). All these results suggest that the combination of high-throughput microbiome experiments and computational systems biology approaches can efficiently recommend potential candidate species in the defense against various pathogens for precision medicine.

Field of study: Biology
Predictor-corrector algorithms for solving generalized mixed implicit quasi-equilibrium problems

A new class of generalized mixed implicit quasi-equilibrium problems (GMIQEP) with four-functions is introduced and studied. The new class of equilibrium problems includes many known generalized equilibrium problems and generalized mixed implicit quasi-variational inequality problems as many special cases. By employing the auxiliary principle technique, some predictor-corrector iterative algorithms for solving the GMIQEP are suggested and analyzed. The convergence of the suggested algorithm only requires the continuity and the partially relaxed implicit strong monotonicity of the mappings.

Field of study: Mathematics
Bohr Hamiltonian for gamma=0 with Davidson Potential

A gamma-rigid solution of the Bohr Hamiltonian is derived for gamma=0 utilizing the Davidson potential in the beta variable. This solution is going to be called X(3)-D. The energy eigenvalues and wave functions are obtained by using an analytic method which has been developed by Nikiforov and Uvarov. BE(2) transition rates are calculated. A variational procedure is applied to energy ratios to determine whether or not the X(3) model is located at the critical point between spherical and deformed nuclei.

Field of study: Physics
Research Review and Prospect of Soil Heavy Metals Pollution——Bibliometric Analysis Based on Web of Science

Soil is one of the main resources for mankinds survival. Soil pollution, especially heavy metal pollution has become a global problem for urgent need to solve. To better understand the global trend in soil heavy metal pollution and to reflect major nations’ scientific advances and influences on the world’s scientific community in the field, a bibliometric study on soil heavy metal pollution literature indexed by the Web of Science based on Web of Knowledge during 1990～2008 was carried out using regular search methods. Results indicated that among all nations, China had the largest number of publications, accounting for 15% of all related publications worldwide. The average impact factor of the top 10 journals publishing related articles was 2.608. Three journals including Environmental Pollution, Science of the Total Environmental and Water Air and Soil Pollution were the most important and popular ones in this field. The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang University and Hong Kong Baptist University were the top 3 institutions that had the highest numbers of publications with the highest quality in China.

Field of study: Environmental science
Embryonic stem cell-derived astrocytes: a novel gene therapy vector for brain tumors.

For gene therapy strategies currently in clinical trials, viral vectors are used to deliver transgenes directly to normal and tumor cells within the central nervous system (CNS). The use of viral vectors is limited by several factors. The aim of this study was to assess whether embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived astrocytes expressing a doxycyclineinducible transgene can be used as a vector for gene therapy.



The authors generated a pure population of ESC-derived astrocytes carrying a transgene, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), inserted in the chromosome under the control of a highly regulated doxycycline-inducible expression system. Fully differentiated ESC-derived astrocytes were stereotactically transplanted in the mouse brain, and then cell migration and transgene expression were studied.



The ESC-derived astrocytes started to migrate from the transplant site 48 hours after the procedure. They were found to have migrated throughout the brain tissue by 6 weeks. Transplanted ESC-derived astrocytes expressed the TRAIL transgene after doxycycline induction throughout the duration of the experiment. Teratoma formation was not observed in long-term experiments (12 weeks).



These data show that ESC-derived astrocytes can be used as delivery vectors for CNS tumors. This technique might have a major impact on the treatment of patients with malignant gliomas and a wide spectrum of other neurological diseases.

Field of study: Medicine
The supersonic triplet - A new aerodynamic panel singularity with directional properties

\ new supersonic triplet singularity has been developed which eliminates internal waves generated by a panel having supersonic edges. The triplet is a linear combination of source and vortex distributions which provides the desired directional properties in the flowfield surrounding the panel. The theoretical development of the triplet is described, together with its application to the calculation of surface pressure on arbitrary body shapes. Examples are presented comparing the results of the new method with other supersonic panel methods and with experimental data.

Field of study: Physics
Long-term aquaria study suggests species-specific responses of two cold-water corals to macro-and microplastics exposure.

Plastic pollution has been identified as a major threat for coastal marine life and ecosystems. Here, we test if the feeding behaviour and growth rate of the two most common cold-water coral species, Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata, are affected by micro- or macroplastic exposures. Low-density polyethylene microplastics impair prey capture and growth rates of L. pertusa after five months of exposure. Macroplastic films, mimicking plastic bags trapped on deep-sea reefs, had however a limited impact on L. pertusa growth. This was due to an avoidance behaviour illustrated by the formation of skeletal 'caps' that changed the polyp orientation and allowed its access to food supply. On the contrary, M. oculata growth and feeding were not affected by plastic exposure. Such a species-specific response has the potential to induce a severe change in coral community composition and the associated biodiversity in deep-sea environments.

Field of study: Environmental science