nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Radio-frequency performance of a sub-100 nm metal-oxide field-effect transistor with high-k gate dielectric

Radio-frequency (rf) performances of a sub-100 nm MOSFET with two different gate dielectrics have been characterized. A 59 nm gate-length field-effect transistor (FET) with a SiON gate dielectric exhibited a cut-off frequency (fT) and a maximum oscillation frequency (fmax) of 178 and 127 GHz, respectively. However, an FET with a HfSiON gate dielectric exhibited 148 and 122 GHz, respectively. The reduction in fT has been found to be attributed to the degradation in the mobility and not to the dielectric relaxation of the HfSiON film. It has been confirmed that the high dielectric constant of HfSiON films can be utilized for future rf CMOS circuits at least up to 40 GHz.

Field of study: Materials science
SoTL and the Institutional Review Board: Considerations before navigating the application process for classroom research in higher education

One of the more challenging areas of Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) research can be navigating the components of human subjects research protections implemented by the Institutional Review Board (IRB). The authors of this article, a faculty developer and a current and former research compliance coordinator, discuss the history of IRB in relation to SoTL research and explicate some of the foundational components of IRB protocols for SoTL projects. In particular, the authors explore what constitutes "research" for SoTL projects, explain the different IRB types of review, and offer some sample SoTL projects with respect to their IRB implications.

Field of study: Education
Rapid boundary element method for cooling analysis in injection molding

The boundary element method (BEM) in injection molding cooling analysis generate full-matrix equations. If the element number is too large, its calculating work will be beyond the computer’s ability. There is no valid numerical method to solve these equations today. The key problem is the computation speed.This not only means a long time of computation, but also means that the calculation does not convergent easily.This paper presents a new method to deal with the problem. Because the temperature variation on mold surface is successional, when two points are close to each other, their temperature is nearly equal. So the new method neglected the temperature difference and incorporated the adjacent elements in one group. After incorporation, the size of cooling model was reduced. The average temperatures of elements in one group were solved firstly. Using these temperature results, the temperature of every element in one group would be computed in the next step. In this way, one large size equations was decomposed into several small size equations. The computational work was reduced and the calculating time was less than one quarter of the conventional method.On the other hand, element incorporation reduced the size of data and helped to weaken the effect of truncation error which caused distorted results. This could enhance the treatable number of element one time more than that of original method.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Bernstein, Bourdieu and the New Literacy Studies

This essay discusses early and contemporary work by Basil Bernstein, comparing it with that of Pierre Bourdieu, the other major theorist of social and educational reproduction. I argue that their work jointly represents a legacy of neoclassical social theory with continuing relevance for educational research. It presents substantive analyses of institutional differentiation within contemporary societies, empirically robust arguments about class-specific symbolic resources, and insightful hypotheses about mechanisms of socialization and subjectivity. I develop the argument by examining two significant works in the new literacy studies—Social linguistics and literacies and Gender, literacy, curriculum—in light of their affinities with, and departures from, this “reproduction” legacy.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
Macrocyclic Effects in the Mesomorphic Properties of Liquid‐Crystalline Pillar[5]‐ and Pillar[6]arenes

This research was supported by the University of Strasbourg, the Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), the Spanish project CTQ2012-35692, the FEDER founds and the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant number 200020-140298). I. N. thanks the Agence National de la Recherche (ANR) and S. G. the Swiss National Science Foundation for postdoctoral fellowships.

Field of study: Chemistry
Symmetry energy in nuclear density functional theory

The nuclear symmetry energy represents a response to the neutron-proton asymmetry. In this paper we discuss various aspects of symmetry energy in the framework of nuclear density functional theory, considering both non-relativistic and relativistic self-consistent mean-field realizations side by side. Key observables pertaining to bulk nucleonic matter and finite nuclei are reviewed. Constraints on the symmetry energy and correlations between observables and symmetry energy parameters, using statistical covariance analysis, are investigated. Perspectives for future work are outlined in the context of ongoing experimental efforts.

Field of study: Physics
Granular model of packet pair separation in Poissonian traffic

We introduce a theoretical model of packet pair separation based on a transient solution of the Takacs integro-differential equation. We show that in addition to the parameters of the fluid approximation (physical bandwidth and the average cross traffic rate) a new parameter characterizing the granularity of the cross traffic is necessary. These three parameters determine the dynamics of the queue in the diffusive approximation and all important distributions and averages of the packet separation even in multi-hop scenarios (assuming independent cross traffic on different hops). The model describes correctly the data collected in simulations, laboratory and Internet experiments. The adjustable model parameters are the physical bandwidth, the available bandwidth and the weighted average of the packet size of the cross traffic. We show that an implementation of the theoretical results can be used to estimate such parameters in packet chirp type measurements and can be a good candidate for improved available bandwidth estimation.

Field of study: Computer science
Plasmalogens of microbial communities associated with barley straw and clover in the rumen

Microbial plasmalogen aldehydes (detected as dimethyl acetals, DMA) have been used to compare microbial populations associated with clover and barley straw incubated in nylon mesh bags in the rumen of a cow. The results suggest that the populations involved in the digestion of these substrates differ substantially and that population changes occur as digestion proceeds: these conclusions were supported by electron-microscopic observations. Analysis of DMA suggested that populations associated with the particles of straw and clover differed more markedly than the corresponding populations in the liquid phase. When straw was pre-incubated with the rumen cellulolytic bacterium Ruminococcus flavefaciens strain 17, the DMA characteristic of this bacterium were present at increased levels during subsequent incubation of the straw in the rumen, though the R. flavefaciens DMA tended to contribute a smaller proportion of the total DMA as the incubation time in the rumen was increased from 24 to 72h.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Semiparametric test for multiple change-points based on empirical likelihood

In the dynamic financial market, the change of financial asset prices is always described as a certain random events which result in abrupt changes. The random time when the event occurs is called a change point. As the event happens, in order to mitigate property damage the government should increase the macro-control ability. As a result, we need to find a valid statistical model for change point problem to solve it effectively. This paper proposes a semiparametric model for detecting the change points. According to the research of empirical studies and hypothesis testing we acquire the maximum likelihood estimators of change points. We use the loglikelihood ratio to test the multiple change points. We obtain some asymptotic results. The estimated change point is more efficient than the non parametric one through simulation experiments. Real data application illustrates the usage of the model.

Field of study: Mathematics
Implications of fundamental signalling alterations in diabetes mellitus-associated cardiovascular disease .

The chronic diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The incidence of cardiovascular disease might be a foremost cause of morbidity and mortality in patients afflicted with DM. In fact, DM is associated with multi-factorial cardiovascular signalling alterations via significant modulation of expression pattern, activation or release of PI3K, PKB, eNOS, EDRF, NADPH oxidase, EDHF, CGRP, adenosine, iNOS, ROCK, PKC-β2, CaMKII, microRNA (miR)-126 and miR-130a, which could result in inadequate maintenance of cardiovascular physiology and subsequent development of cardiovascular pathology. This review highlights the possible adverse implications of fundamental cardiovascular signalling alteration in DM-associated cardiovascular disease pathology.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Intracranial self-stimulation of the dorsal raphe sensitizes psychostimulant locomotion.

The authors hypothesized that repeated rewarding electrical stimulation of the dorsal raphe can produce behavioral sensitization to psychostimulants. Groups of male rats were implanted with a stimulation electrode and preexposed to brain stimulation at parameters set to equate rewarding effectiveness across rats. Control groups were implanted with an electrode but never stimulated, or not implanted at all. Twenty-four hours after the 12th self-stimulation session, all groups were challenged with amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg, ip), nicotine (0.2 mg/kg, sc), or saline, and locomotor activity was measured for 1 hr. Locomotor responses to amphetamine and to nicotine were significantly greater in rats preexposed to brain stimulation. These findings suggest at least partial overlap of underlying substrates. ((c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved).

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome: current diagnostic criteria and advances in MRI diagnostics.

Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (nTOS) is caused by compression of the brachial plexus as it traverses from the thoracic outlet to the axilla. Diagnosing nTOS can be difficult because of overlap with other complex pain and entrapment syndromes. An nTOS diagnosis is made based on patient history, physical exam, electrodiagnostic studies, and, more recently, interpretation of MR neurograms with tractography. Advances in high-resolution MRI and tractography can confirm an nTOS diagnosis and identify the location of nerve compression, allowing tailored surgical decompression. In this report, the authors review the current diagnostic criteria, present an update on advances in MRI, and provide case examples demonstrating how MR neurography (MRN) can aid in diagnosing nTOS. The authors conclude that improved high-resolution MRN and tractography are valuable tools for identifying the source of nerve compression in patients with nTOS and can augment current diagnostic modalities for this syndrome.

Field of study: Medicine
The Rhetoric of Confession: Shishōsetsu in Early Twentieth-Century Japanese Fiction, and: Pools of Water, Pillars of Fire: The Literature of Ibuse Masuji (review)

The two volumes under review, although markedly different in their respective critical approaches, together reflect the growing sophistication of research in the field of modern Japanese literature. Edward Fowler's groundbreaking study of the shishosetsu, a problematic and much-debated form of autobiographical fiction that dominated the TaishD (1912-1926) literary scene, signals the coming-of-age of a narratological approach to Japanese literary texts. Fowler's study consists of three sections, the first two serving as the theoretical and cultural-historical framework and the third exploring the work of representative authors. Fowler seeks to demonstrate that the shishosetsu, despite its relatively brief heyday and limited readership, occupies the very heartland of modern Japanese fiction. In his view, intrinsic features of Japanese language and culture (and here Buddhism and Confucianism figure prominendy) have combined to foster a literary tradition in which putatively authentic accounts of personal experience came to acquire a privileged status, while the art(ifice) of fiction, insofar as it was perceived as such, was denigrated on account of its inferior truth value. This tradition, of which shishosetsu is a recent manifestation, has elevated "sincerity" and "genuineness" at the expense of "mere" storytelling. As a consequence, an author's life became in effect a meta-text, the ultimate referent for any judgment of one's writing. Deriving in part from a collective literary self-examination by young writers at the turn of the twentieth century, the shishosetsu emerged as a conventionalized form of highly subjective, largely confessional narrative in which the boundary between author, narrator, and protagonist is attenuated in the extreme. In the course of exposing the curious opacity and emptiness of what purports to be the

Field of study: Art
The Different Behavioral Intentions of Collectivists and Individualists in Response to Social Exclusion

We investigated how participants with collectivistic and individualistic orientation cope with social exclusion on a behavioral level. In Studies 1 and 2, we found participants with more individualistic orientation to indicate more antisocial behavioral intentions in response to exclusion than in response to inclusion; however, participants with more collectivistic orientation did not differ in their behavioral intentions between exclusion and inclusion. In the third and fourth study, we replicated our findings across cultures: German and U.S. participants indicated more antisocial and avoiding behavioral intentions under exclusion than under inclusion, whereas Turkish and Indian participants did not differ in their behavioral intentions between exclusion and inclusion. In Studies 3 and 4, only German and U.S. participants were significantly affected by exclusion, showing more negative mood, which correlated with their behavioral intentions. In Study 4, the different behavioral intentions of collectivists and individualists were mediated by a different threat experience. The findings emphasize the role of self-construal and culture, as well as the self-threat inherent in exclusion.

Field of study: Psychology
The Saemangeum tidal flat: Long-term environmental and ecological changes in marine benthic flora and fauna in relation to the embankment

The present article presents a historical overview of the Saemangeum reclamation projects and key findings from the ecological studies of the Saemangeum tidal flat, highlighting the ecological impact against the grand reclamation project, as a model example, in Korea. First, the scientific efforts given to the area of interest, mainly the inner part of the dikes, during the construction periods of series of four dikes (1991–2006) were summarized in terms of the change of environmental condition followed by the ecological responses over the past 20 years. As part of review, we selected and reanalyzed our series of the Saemangeum data including the current works relating to the microphytobenthos and macrozoobenthos, where the spatio-temporal variations cross the benthos in association with dike effects were carefully discussed in detail. The species composition in the upper intertidal zone, situated relatively far from the dikes, have been lesser changed between the periods of before (1988) and during the dike construction (2003–05). However, the benthic assemblages appeared to be changed in the mid to the lower intertidal zones of several transects and such phenomenon strengthened for the locations near the completed dike, e.g., Sandong transect near the dike of sector IV. Meanwhile, changes of the representative zoning in benthic assemblages during the dike construction were much clearly observed for the faunal species rather than flora. Such long-term ecological impacts including the timely increase of the opportunistic species during the dike construction were further evidenced the compositional change of the dominant benthos spanning two decades or so. In general, a long-term change in benthic community structure clearly reflected the community level impact apparently due to the attenuation of tidal energy by the embankment, varying the degree of impacts depending on the geographical location. Interdisciplinary monitoring and modeling studies are highly recommended to track natural variations in water quality and ecosystem health. Overall a long-term ecological monitoring should be applied to direct sound policy toward conservation of tidal wetlands, by emphasizing the significant biodiversity decline and coastal landscape depreciation.

Field of study: Environmental science
The distorted past : a reinterpretation of Europe

1. The Barbarian Mirror. 2. The Christian Mirror. 3. The Feudal Mirror. 4. The Devil's Mirror. 5. The Rural Mirror. 6. The Courtly Mirror. 7. The Savage Mirror. 8. The Mirror of Progress. 9. The Mirror of the Mob. 10. Outside the Hall of Mirrors. Annotated Bibliography of Essential References. Index.

Field of study: History
An Approach to Engaging Students in a Large-Enrollment, Introductory STEM College Course.

While it clear that engagement between students and instructors positively affects learning outcomes, a number of factors make such engagement difficult to achieve in large-enrollment introductory courses. This has led to pessimism among some education professionals regarding the degree of engagement possible in these courses. In this paper we challenge this pessimistic outlook through a case study involving a large-enrollment introductory, general education, STEM college course. Several pedagogical approaches related to social constructivist theory offer possibilities for increasing student engagement in the learning process, but they may be difficult to implement, particularly in environments yielding little or no reward for classroom innovation. Here, we present an approach to developing an engaging learning environment by hybridizing aspects from a range of pedagogical approaches varying from the didactic (e.g. traditional lecture) to the more constructivist (e.g. peer instruction, project-based learning). We describe the course in question and our pedagogical approach, provide evidence for its effectiveness, and discuss contextual factors affecting the development of our approach and its adoption to other subjects and institutions. We also discuss important remaining challenges regarding the adoption of our approach and similar practices.

Field of study: Education
Tooth contact analysis of the effect of the addendum modification coefficient of helical gears having modified teeth

The helical gear pair is widely used in different mechanical constructions such as vehicle industry and working machine industry. The main property of them is the skew tooth direction with which better tooth connections could be available than in case of straight tooth direction. The analysis of the effect of the addendum modification coefficient for the normal stress and the normal deformation is the aim of the research which could be determined by finite element analysis. Five helical gear types are designed and modelled. The difference among them is only the different addendum modification coefficients. All of the other initial parameters are constant. After the result we determine the conclusions based on the diagram's results which are received by the mechanical parameters and the addendum modification coefficients.

Field of study: Engineering
Über die Umwandlungen des Sclareols durch Acetylierung

Das ditertiare Diterpenglykol (—)-Sclareol (Ia) geht bei seiner Acetylierung nur zu 5% in Di-O-acetyl-(—)-sclareol (Ib) uber. Als Reaktionsprodukte wurden 47% (+)-Sclaren (IV), 35% (+)-Allylalkohol IIIa, 6% (+)-Manool (IIa) und 6% (+)-Manoyloxyd (XV) gefunden. Diese Umwandlungsprodukte des (—)-Sclareols werden naher beschrieben und als Ausgangsmaterial fur Synthesen in der Diterpenreihe verwendet.

Field of study: Chemistry
Surgical selection and outcomes among elderly patients with brain arteriovenous malformations.

Studies of resection of brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in the elderly population are scarce. This study examined factors influencing patient selection and surgical outcome among elderly patients.



Patients 65 years of age and older who underwent resection of an unruptured or ruptured brain AVM treated by two surgeons at two centers were identified. Patient demographic characteristics, AVM characteristics, clinical presentation, and outcomes measured using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) were analyzed. For subgroup analyses, patients were dichotomized into two age groups (group 1, 65-69 years old; group 2, ≥ 70 years old).



Overall, 112 patients were included in this study (group 1, n = 61; group 2, n = 51). Most of the patients presented with hemorrhage (71%), a small nidus (< 3 cm, 79%), and a low Spetzler-Martin (SM) grade (grade I or II, 63%) and were favorable surgical candidates according to the supplemented SM grade (supplemented SM grade < 7, 79%). A smaller AVM nidus was statistically significantly more likely to be present in patients with infratentorial AVMs (p = 0.006) and with a compact AVM nidus structure (p = 0.02). A larger AVM nidus was more likely to be treated with preoperative embolization (p < 0.001). Overall outcome was favorable (mRS scores 0-3) in 71% of the patients and was statistically independent from age group or AVM grading. Patients with ruptured AVMs at presentation had significantly better preoperative mRS scores (p < 0.001) and more favorable mRS scores at the last follow-up (p = 0.04) than patients with unruptured AVMs.



Outcomes were favorable after AVM resection in both groups of patients. Elderly patients with brain AVMs treated microsurgically were notable for small nidus size, AVM rupture, and low SM grades. Microsurgical resection is an important treatment modality for elderly patients with AVMs, and supplemented SM grading is a useful tool for the selection of patients who are most likely to achieve good neurological outcomes after resection.



AVM = arteriovenous malformation; BNI = Barrow Neurological Institute; LY = Lawton-Young; mRS = modified Rankin Scale; SM = Spetzler-Martin; supp-SM = supplemented SM; UCSF = University of California, San Francisco.

Field of study: Medicine
ARTICLES: Optical absorption coefficient and trapping of scattered light

A study was made of the absorption of laser radiation scattered by optical inhomogeneities in a material. Analytic expressions were obtained and the energy of the scattered laser radiation transformed into heat was calculated for KCl, CsI and ZnSe. This made it possible to estimate the contribution of the scattering to the measured values of the optical absorption coefficients.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics