nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
ARTICLES: Threshold characteristics of collective optical breakdown in an aerosol medium

A threshold model is developed for a collective optical discharge induced in an aerosol medium as a result of interaction of plasma-vapor microjets formed at individual particles. It is shown that this discharge may be formed in several essentially different regimes, including collective heating, individual-collective heating, and burning. It is found that collective heating using fairly long pulses has the lowest intensity threshold for breakdown in the visible and near infrared. The proposed model is used to obtain an estimate of the breakdown threshold under collective heating conditions that agrees with known experimental data and those obtained by the present authors. The conditions for the establishment of individual-collective heating typical of Q-switched laser pulses in the far infrared are indicated. An analysis is made of the dependence of the collective breakdown threshold on the physicochemical properties of the aerosol material.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Personality Judgments Based on Physical Appearance

Despite the crucial role of physical appearance in forming first impressions, little research has examined the accuracy of personality impressions based on appearance alone. This study examined the accuracy of observers’ impressions on 10 personality traits based on full-body photographs using criterion measures based on self and peer reports. When targets’ posture and expression were constrained (standardized condition), observers’ judgments were accurate for extraversion, self-esteem, and religiosity. When targets were photographed with a spontaneous pose and facial expression (spontaneous condition), observers’ judgments were accurate for almost all of the traits examined. Lens model analyses demonstrated that both static cues (e.g., clothing style) and dynamic cues (e.g., facial expression, posture) offered valuable personality-relevant information. These results suggest that personality is manifested through both static and expressive channels of appearance, and observers use this information to form accurate judgments for a variety of traits.

Field of study: Psychology
Structure of the bifunctional inhibitor of trypsin and alpha-amylase from ragi seeds at 2.2 A resolution.

The crystal structure of a bifunctional inhibitor of alpha-amylase and trypsin (RATI) from ragi seeds (Indian finger millet, Eleusine coracana Gaertneri) has been determined by X-ray diffraction at 2.2 A resolution. The inhibitor consists of 122 amino acids, with five disulfide bridges, and belongs to the plant alpha-amylase/trypsin inhibitor family. The crystals were grown by the microdialysis method using ammonium sulfate as a precipitating agent. The structure was determined by the molecular-replacement method using as models the structures of Corn Hageman factor inhibitor (CHFI) and of RATI at 2.9 A resolution determined previously. It has been refined to an R factor of 21.9%. The structure shows an r.m.s. deviation for C(alpha) atoms of 2.0 A compared with its own NMR structure, whereas the corresponding value compared with CHFI is found to be 1.4 A. The r.m.s. difference for C(alpha) atoms when compared with the same protein in the structure of the complex with alpha-amylase is 0.7 A. The conformations of trypsin-binding loop and the alpha-amylase-binding N-terminal region were also found to be similar in the crystal structures of native RATI and its complex with alpha-amylase. These regions differed considerably in the NMR structure.

Field of study: Chemistry
Performance simulation of a two-evaporator refrigerator—freezer charged with pure and mixed refrigerants

A computer simulation of two-evaporator refrigerators charged with pure and mixed refrigerants operating on a Lorentz and Meutzner's cycle has been performed to determine possible substitutes for R12 with an improved energy efficiency. The results for pure fluids indicate that the coefficients of performance (COPs) and volumetric capacities obtained with two-evaporator units are enhanced up to 6 and 15.5%, respectively, compared to those with single evaporator units. This is due to some of the evaporation occurring at higher temperatures in the two-evaporator units. For mixtures, a significant increase in COP of up to 18% is observed by matching the large overall drop in temperature of the air streams, 23°C, with that of refrigerant mixtures in the evaporator. The evaporator area ratio is a very important parameter and depends largely on the load distribution between the two compartments. The effect of the low temperature heat exchanger has been studied by varying its size. As the size increases, the COP also increases with a decreased pressure ratio across the compressor. An optimized two-evaporator refrigerator-freezer unit charged with alternative, ozone-safe refrigerant mixtures may increase the energy efficiency considerably, helping to alleviate the environmental impact of refrigeration.

Field of study: Engineering
A monoidal analogue of the 2-category anti-equivalence between ABEX and DEF.

We prove that the 2-category of skeletally small abelian categories with exact monoidal structures is anti-equivalent to the 2-category of fp-hom-closed definable additive categories satisfying an exactness criterion. For a fixed finitely accessible category $\mathcal{C}$ with products and a monoidal structure satisfying the appropriate assumptions, we provide bijections between the fp-hom-closed definable subcategories of $\mathcal{C}$, the Serre tensor-ideals of $\mathcal{C}^{\mathrm{fp}}\hbox{-}\mathrm{mod}$ and the closed subsets of a Ziegler-type topology. For a skeletally small preadditive category $\mathcal{A}$ with an additive, symmetric, rigid monoidal structure we show that elementary duality induces a bijection between the fp-hom-closed definable subcategories of $\mathrm{Mod}\hbox{-}\mathcal{A}$ and the definable tensor-ideals of $\mathcal{A}\hbox{-}\mathrm{Mod}$.

Field of study: Mathematics
Institutionalism and New Trade Theory: Rethinking Comparative Advantage and Trade Policy

Gomory and Baumol (2000), and Samuelson (2004) have raised concerns about international trade’s future impact on U.S. national income. The focus is how globalization may affect the size and distribution across countries of gains from trade. Though their analysis is developed using a pure trade theoretical framework, it has strands in common with institutionalist thinking. Their findings spotlight the need for a new U.S. trade policy agenda aimed at maximizing the U.S. share of gains from trade, and complementing conventional Keynesian open economy macroeconomic analysis.

Field of study: Economics
The biosynthesis in vitro of chondroitin sulphate in neonatal rat epiphysial cartilage.

1. A system is described, which was used to incubate neonatal rat epiphysial cartilage in vitro with [U-(14)C]glucose and [(35)S]sulphate. 2. The acid glycosaminoglycans of neonatal rat epiphyses were extracted and fractionated on cetylpyridinium chloride-cellulose columns. The major components were chondroitin 4-sulphate (65%), chondroitin 6-sulphate (15%), hyaluronic acid (4%) and keratan sulphate (2%). 3. The acid-soluble nucleotides and intermediates of glycosaminoglycan synthesis were separated on a Dowex 1 (formate) system. The tissue contents and cellular concentrations of these metabolites were determined. 4. The rates of synthesis of UDP-glucuronic acid and UDP-N-acetyl-hexosamine from [U-(14)C]glucose were found to be 0.79+/-0.16 and 3.2+/-0.08nmol/min per g wet wt. respectively. 5. The incorporation of [U-(14)C]glucose into the uronic acid and hexosamine moieties of the polymers was also measured and the turnover rates of the glycosaminoglycans were calculated. It was found that chondroitin sulphate was turning over in about 70h and hyaluronic acid in about 120h. 6. The relative rates of synthesis of the sulphated glycosaminoglycans were calculated from [(35)S]sulphate incorporation and were found to be in good agreement with those obtained from [U-(14)C]glucose labelling.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
A unique Lower Paleocene shelf-sea chalk in the eastern U.S. Gulf coastal plain (Clayton Formation, western Alabama): Implications for depositional environment, sea-level dynamics and paleogeography

The deposition of carbonate oozes in shelf-sea settings so prevalent during the Cretaceous generally ceased by the onset of the Paleogene in response to sea-level fall. However, the Lower Paleocene (Danian) Clayton Formation exposed at Moscow Landing in western Alabama, U.S.A., contains a thin chalk bed—the Clayton chalk—that records a later, final phase of shelf-sea carbonate ooze deposition in the U.S. eastern Gulf coastal plain. Sedimentologic character, ichnology, and foraminiferal assemblages indicate deposition in an outer shelf setting, comparable to that for Cretaceous chalks exposed in the Gulf region (i.e., Campanian Demopolis Chalk), at depths of 90 m or more, during a brief transgressive pulse peaking circa 63.8–63.2 Ma. This transgression occurred ~1 Myr after the maximum expansion of the Danian Cannonball Sea in the North American western interior, presumably reflecting different controls on sea-level dynamics (eustasy vs. Laramide tectonism and isostasy). Although regional paleogeography for the Early Paleocene is poorly constrained, deposition of the Clayton chalk suggests that the eastern Gulf seaway at times extended much further north than implied by the presently mapped updip limit of preserved Paleocene marine strata. The apparent geographic restriction of this unique Paleocene shelf-sea chalk indicates that relative sediment starvation and associated carbonate ooze deposition may have been influenced by local structural controls operating along the eastern margin of the Mississippi embayment.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Azaindole derivatives. 59. Synthesis and chemical properties of 1-benzyl-4-dimethylamino-6-chloro-7-cyano-5-azaindoline

The condensation of 1-benzyl-2-cyanocarbamoylmethylene-pyrrolidine with tetramethylurea diethylacetal and subsequent cyclization gave 1-benzyl-4-dimethyl-amino-6-chloro-7-cyano-5-azaindoline, for which nucleophilic substitution and dehydrogenation reactions are described. The reactivity of this product is compared with that of 1-benzyl-6-chloro-7-cyano-5-azaindoline.

Field of study: Chemistry
On the Mass Assembly History of the Local Group

In this work an ensemble of simulated Local Group analogues is used to constrain the properties of the mass assembly history of the Milky Way (MW) and Andromeda (M31) galaxies. These objects have been obtained using the constrained simulation technique, which ensures that simulated LGs live within a large scale environment akin to the observed one. Our results are compared against a standard $\Lambda$ Cold Dark Matter ($\Lambda$CDM) series of simulations which use the same cosmological parameters. This allows us to single out the effects of the constraints on the results. We find that (a) the median constrained merging histories for M31 and MW live above the standard ones at the 1-$\sigma$ level, (b) the median formation time takes place $\approx$ 0.5 Gyr earlier than unconstrained values, while the latest major merger happens on average 1.5 Gyr earlier and (c) the probability for both LG haloes to have experienced their last major merger in the first half of the history of the Universe is $\approx$ 50% higher for the constrained pairs. These results have been estimated to be significant at the 99% confidence level by means of a Kolmogorov-Simirnov test. These results suggest that the particular environment in which the Milky Way and Andromeda form plays a role in shaping their properties, and favours earlier formation and last major merger time values in agreement with other observational and theoretical considerations.

Field of study: Physics
The expression of MEF2 genes is implicated in CNS neuronal differentiation.

The myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF2) proteins are transcription factors required for muscle differentiation. In the present study we examined MEF2 expression in developing cerebellar granule neurons. In the developing postnatal cerebellum, RNA blot analysis revealed that MEF2A and MEF2D RNA levels increase after birth. The majority of this increase occurs around postnatal day 9 reaching a peak at postnatal day 15-18 which is maintained in adults. This time course of expression coincides with the expression of GABA(A) receptor alpha6 subunit RNA, a marker for the differentiation of the mature cerebellar granule neurons. We further observed, using the polyclonal antibody generated against an MEF2A peptide, that MEF2 protein expression occurs primarily in the internal granule cell layer of the developing cerebellum. Thus, MEF2 expression increases as granule neurons differentiate and mature. Experiments also indicated that MEF2 expression not only occurs in the cerebellum but also in other regions of the CNS. In adult mice, expression of RNA for the MEF2 isoforms A, C and D occurs throughout the CNS. MEF2A and D expression occurs at highest levels in the olfactory bulb, hippocampus and cerebellum. The expression of MEF2C differs with low levels of expression in the cerebellum and hindbrain. Using the MEF2A polyclonal antibody, we observed a similar adult pattern of expression for the MEF2 protein with high level of expression in the olfactory bulb, cortex, hippocampus, thalamus and cerebellum. These observations suggest that MEF2 molecules may be an important factor involved in CNS neuron differentiation similar to their role in muscle differentiation.

Field of study: Biology
Mechanical and thermal properties of copper-powder-filled high density polyethylene composites

HDPE/copper powder composites have been characterised from the point of view of mechanical and thermal properties. Results are presented for copper contents varying between 0 and 24 vol%. Generally, the composites present poorer mechanical properties than the unfilled polymer but a better thermal stability. The experimental data were interpreted using appropriate theoretical models and morphological information based on optical microscopy.

Field of study: Materials science
Two effective methods to mitigate soft error effects in SRAM-based FPGAs

This paper proposes an effective architecture that can mitigate Single Event Upset (SEU) effects in SRAM-based FPGAs. The architecture employs two different methods in both logic and interconnection resources. The logic resources utilize a new function generator that can tolerate 100% of single faults in its configuration memory while it can generate all the k -input Boolean functions. In the interconnection resources, a kind of formation redundancy that can detect 94% of single faults in its configuration memory is applied. Both methods are based on an interesting relation in Boolean functions, identified as mapping. By this concept, a Boolean function is generated by modifying the inputs of other Boolean functions. The effectiveness of the proposed architecture is procured by a standard fault injection tool; moreover, different parameters such as required area, power, and delay are achieved by using synopsis® synthesis tool. The results show that the area, power, and delay overheads are respectively 179%, 94%, and 60% in comparison with the simple architecture.

Field of study: Engineering
The Construction Thought of Faculty Development Institutions in the Newly-Established Colleges——From the Perspective of Comparative

The faculty development and its organization construction in the newly-established colleges are their urgent need.In accordance to the characteristics of the newly-established colleges,referring to the theory and practice of faculty development and its organization construction in domestic and foreign universities,it suggests breaking through traditional ideas on teacher cultivation,planning the overall faculty development goals,developing the full faculty development program and building plural institutional guarantee mechanism.

Field of study: Education
Information processing in complex networks: Graph entropy and information functionals

This paper introduces a general framework for defining the entropy of a graph. Our definition is based on a local information graph and on information functionals derived from the topological structure of a given graph. More precisely, an information functional quantifies structural information of a graph based on a derived probability distribution. Such a probability distribution leads directly to an entropy of a graph. Then, the structural information content of a graph will be is interpreted and defined as the derived graph entropy. Another major contribution of this paper is the investigation of relationships between graph entropies. In addition to this, we provide numerical results demonstrating not only the feasibility of our method, which has polynomial time complexity, but also its usefulness with regard to practical applications aiming to an understanding of information processing in complex networks.

Field of study: Mathematics
Investigation of lactams.

Abstractα-Substituted lactams, including the syn (IIa, b) and anti (IIIa, b) isomers ofα-oxo- and N-methyl-α-oxocaprolactam phenylhydrazones, were synthesized by reaction of enamines ofα-oxolactams (I) with hydrazine, phenyl- and 4-pyrimidylhydrazines, thiosemicarbazide, and hydroxylamine. A new synthesis ofα-aminocaprolactam was accomplished by hydrogenation of enamine Ia over Raney nickel in an alcohol solution of ammonia.

Field of study: Chemistry
Refuting Misconceptions about Classroom Discussion

discussion as an influential instructional method to encourage students to apply knowledge and develop higherorder thinking and understanding. The classroom reality, however, is that teachers only use the discussion method sparingly. Instead, teachers predominantly use a quasi-discussion form called recitation to involve students in demonstrating their knowledge of subject matter. The problem is compounded by the fact that teachers generally refer to all major interaction sessions with students in the classroom as “discussions” when, in reality, they are recitations. Although both forms of interaction are effective in achieving their intended purposes, discussion is vastly more appropriate and effective in developing in students the widely endorsed citizenship competencies associated with rational and humane decision making and problem solving necessary for the common good (Parker and Hess 2001; NCSS 1994; Wilen and White 1991). Social studies teachers do not use discussion in their classrooms for many reasons. Based on his study, Onosko (1996) listed several reasons, which include a lecture-recitation instructional tradition; a long tradition of disciplinebased curriculum design; emphasis on speedy and superficial coverage of content; fact-based textbooks; and the limited availability of issue-based materials. It is hypothesized that one reason teachers avoid discussion is that they are relying on common misconceptions about the discussion method to make judgments about its use. Those misconceptions diminish the role that discussion can play in the classroom to help achieve the purpose of social studies. Logically, we can further assume that reflective and conscientious teachers might consider using discussion more often if their misconceptions were refuted with accurate and practical information. Possessing reliable and up-to-date information is the first step teachers need to consider when evaluating discussion as a viable instructional method. In this article, I reveal common misconceptions about the use of discussion in the classroom and propose endorsed principles of practice for teachers that are based on findings from the research and theoretical literature. My goal is to challenge discussion misconceptions convincingly and lead teachers to reflection and examination of their current classroom discussion practices. The end result may be instructional improvement.

Field of study: Sociology
Repetition and Binding: Freud's 'Project' and the Death Drive

Sigmund Freud's 'Project for a Scientific Psychology', which discusses the notions of repetition and binding as mechanisms of the pleasure principle, is interpreted in relation to his concept of the death drive. The aim is to explore the premise that the subject experiences a basic ambivalence towards the object of desire. Repetition in relation to the trauma of castration is also examined together with Freud's and Jacques Lacan's descriptions of the death drive.

Field of study: Philosophy
Effects of ethanol on leptin secretion and the leptin-induced luteinizing hormone (LH) release from late juvenile female rats.

Chronic ethanol (EtOH) exposure lowers serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels and also delays female puberty, similar to the deficits in the reproductive system that occur during leptin deficiency. Leptin administration restores fertility and gonadotropin secretion in the ob/ob mouse and can induce recovery of reproductive function in food-restricted animals. This study assessed the effects of EtOH on serum leptin levels, and whether exogenous leptin administration could restore IGF-1 and LH levels in the EtOH-treated animals.



In the first study, 29-day-old female rats were divided into control and EtOH-treated groups, each of which received their respective diet regimen for 5 consecutive days. The EtOH-treated animals were subdivided and received an intraperitoneal injection of either leptin (100 microg/0.1 ml) or saline twice daily. Control animals also received intraperitoneal saline injections twice daily. On day 34, animals were killed, and serum leptin, LH, and IGF-1 were measured by RIA. In a second study we assessed the acute effects of a single 3 g/kg dose of EtOH on the ability of leptin to act centrally to induce LH release. For this, leptin (1 microg) was administered via a third ventricular (3V) cannula and blood sampling via jugular cannula. In a third experiment, animals were again subjected to a chronic feeding regimen. When 34 days old, they were killed and the anterior pituitaries removed and incubated in a static incubation system for 60 min to establish basal LH release, then for an additional 60 min in medium containing leptin (10(-7) M).



Chronic EtOH exposure lowered serum leptin (p < 0.01), IGF-1 (p < 0.01), and LH (p < 0.05) levels. Leptin administration to EtOH-treated animals did not restore serum IGF-1 levels. This peptide did, however, effectively restore LH levels to normal, but did not advance the timing of puberty. Acute EtOH administration was found to block leptin-induced LH release following central administration of the peptide. Conversely, anterior pituitaries from control and 5-day EtOH-treated animals that were incubated in vitro released (p < 0.01) equal amounts of LH in response to leptin (10(-7) M).



These data demonstrate that EtOH administration not only can suppress peripheral levels of leptin, but also blocks its central action to facilitate LH secretion. Although replacement of leptin can reverse the EtOH-induced suppression of LH by a direct action at the level of the pituitary, it cannot elevate serum IGF-1; a peripheral signal that acts centrally to stimulate LH releasing-hormone (LHRH)/LH release during the juvenile-peripubertal transition period, and thus accelerates the initiation of female puberty. These results demonstrate further the complex actions and interactions of multiple hormones involved in the pubertal process and the vulnerability of their actions to the toxic effects of EtOH.

Field of study: Medicine