nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of ozone retrievals from the Pandora spectrometer system and Dobson spectrophotometer in Boulder, Colorado

A comparison of retrieved total column ozone (TCO) amounts between the Pandora #34 spectrometer system and the Dobson #061 spectrophotometer from direct-sun observations was performed on the roof of the Boulder, Colorado, NOAA building. This paper, part of an ongoing study, covers a 1-year period starting on 17 December 2013. Both the standard Dobson and Pandora TCO retrievals required a correction, TCOcorr = TCO (1 + C(T)), using a monthly varying effective ozone temperature, TE, derived from a temperature and ozone profile climatology. The correction is used to remove a seasonal difference caused by using a fixed temperature in each retrieval algorithm. The respective corrections C(TE) are CPandora = 0.00333(TE-225) and CDobson = -0.0013(TE-226.7) per degree K. After the applied corrections removed most of the seasonal retrieval dependence on ozone temperature, TCO agreement between the instruments was within 1 % for clear-sky conditions. For clear-sky observations, both co-located instruments tracked the day-to-day variation in total column ozone amounts with a correlation of r2 = 0.97 and an average offset of 1.1 ± 5.8 DU. In addition, the Pandora TCO data showed 0.3 % annual average agreement with satellite overpass data from AURA/OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) and 1 % annual average offset with Suomi-NPP/OMPS (Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership, the nadir viewing portion of the Ozone Mapper Profiler Suite).

Field of study: Environmental science
Oxalate Content and Antioxidant Activity of Different Ethnic Foods.

There is no enough information on the classification of oxalate content in several foods, particularly in ethnic foods, to recommend their consumption in subjects with urolithiasis (UL). The objective of the present study was to generate reliable information on the oxalate content and antioxidant activity in different foods and classify them by very low, low, medium, high and very high oxalate content and antioxidant activity.



The oxalate content of 109 foods including ethnic foods was assessed by an enzymatic assay, and the antioxidant activity was measured by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity to determine the oxalate/antioxidant activity ratio. Oxalate consumption was then evaluated in 400 subjects with overweight and obesity using 24-h dietary recalls.



The main foods with high oxalate content were raw spinach, huanzontle, purslane, chard, almond, and toasted and sweetened roasted amaranth. The highest antioxidant activity was found in strawberries, all types of chocolates, roselle, morita peppers, and pinolillo. Subjects with overweight or obesity exceed the dietary oxalate daily intake recommendation.



The classification of foods by their oxalate content and antioxidant activity will be very useful to generate nutritional recommendation in different diseases, mainly UL.

Field of study: Medicine
Multi-generational effects of propranolol on Daphnia magna at different environmental concentrations.

To evaluate the effects of propranolol on Daphnia magna (D. magna), we employed a multi-generational exposure period for eight generations and an environmentally relevant low concentration with 1.5 ng/L, 0.2 μg/L and 26 μg/L to reflect a realistic exposure scenario. Physiological endpoints were checked, including growth, number of neonates, heart rate, frequency of abdominal appendage movement and malformation rate of neonates. In the results, growth and abdominal appendage movement were affected by environmental concentration during several generations, and the responses showed consistent tendencies of response increase with concentration increase. Heart rate was the only endpoint affected throughout all exposure generations. Inhibitory and acceleratory effects on heart rate, growth and abdominal appendage movement suggest that it is necessary to cover sub-lethal endpoints of non-targeted organisms in eco-toxicity study because the physiological responses were detected at much lower concentrations than the results of traditional toxicity tests, including environmental concentration.

Field of study: Environmental science
High-spatial-resolution mapping of superhydrophobic cicada wing surface chemistry using infrared microspectroscopy and infrared imaging at two synchrotron beamlines.

The wings of some insects, such as cicadae, have been reported to possess a number of interesting and unusual qualities such as superhydrophobicity, anisotropic wetting and antibacterial properties. Here, the chemical composition of the wings of the Clanger cicada (Psaltoda claripennis) were characterized using infrared (IR) microspectroscopy. In addition, the data generated from two separate synchrotron IR facilities, the Australian Synchrotron Infrared Microspectroscopy beamline (AS-IRM) and the Synchrotron Radiation Center (SRC), University of Wisconsin-Madison, IRENI beamline, were analysed and compared. Characteristic peaks in the IR spectra of the wings were assigned primarily to aliphatic hydrocarbon and amide functionalities, which were considered to be an indication of the presence of waxy and proteinaceous components, respectively, in good agreement with the literature. Chemical distribution maps showed that, while the protein component was homogeneously distributed, a significant degree of heterogeneity was observed in the distribution of the waxy component, which may contribute to the self-cleaning and aerodynamic properties of the cicada wing. When comparing the data generated from the two beamlines, it was determined that the SRC IRENI beamline was capable of producing higher-spatial-resolution distribution images in a shorter time than was achievable at the AS-IRM beamline, but that spectral noise levels per pixel were considerably lower on the AS-IRM beamline, resulting in more favourable data where the detection of weak absorbances is required. The data generated by the two complementary synchrotron IR methods on the chemical composition of cicada wings will be immensely useful in understanding their unusual properties with a view to reproducing their characteristics in, for example, industry applications.

Field of study: Physics
New giant resonances found near giant dipole resonance

For years a familiar feature of the nuclear spectrum has been the giant dipole resonance (GDR) located at (70–80)/A1/3 MeV with a width of several MeV. Recently nuclear physicists have been excited to find other giant resonances at neighboring or higher energies. The interesting feature of the discovery of this new multipole excitation is not so much its actual occurrence, for that was expected theoretically, but that its strength is concentrated in a sufficiently narrow energy range for it to form a giant resonance that can be detected experimentally. The most prominent of these new resonances appears to be an isoscalar quadrupole resonance located just a few MeV below the giant dipole and having a comparable width.

Field of study: Physics
Influence of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on phytochemicals in pomegranate juice

Freshly prepared fruit juices have always been considered as excellent sources of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and other beneficial nutrients. Their daily consumption helps the body retain and balance hydration levels and exert a cleansing effect on the blood and digestive tract. Red fruit juices are rich in phytochemicals, which is associated with higher antioxidant activity (Vilela & Cosme, 2016). Acute intake of phenolic-rich juices also improves body antioxidant status and has a protective effect against many chronic diseases and some forms of cancer (García-Alonso et al., 2006; Boivin et al., 2007; Vilela & Cosme, 2016).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Latin as a Common Language: The Coherence of Lorenzo Valla’s Humanist Program

In his critique of the language and thought of the Scholastics, Lorenzo Valla contrasts classical Latin as a natural, common language to the so-called artificial, technical, and unnatural language of his opponents. He famously champions Quintilian’s view that one should follow common linguistic usage. Scholars, however, have disagreed about the precise interpretation of these qualifications of Latin. This article argues that, depending on the historical, rhetorical, and argumentative contexts, Valla uses notions such as common and natural in different ways to suit different purposes. Such a contextualized reading has repercussions for an evaluation of the coherence of Valla’s humanist program.

Field of study: History
Optimum antireflection coatings for heteroface AlGaAs/GaAs solar cells—Part II: The influence of uncertainties in the parameters of window and antireflection coatings

This paper details both theoretical and experimental results of an enhanced model to design MgF2/ZnS double-layer antireflection coatings for AlGaAs/GaAs heteroface solar cells. The main contribution of this work is that a method for taking technological tolerances or uncertainties into account in the optically relevant parameters for antireflection coating design is presented. This is done by the calculation of contours of quasi-optimum performance for a certain range of variation of the uncertain parameters. A number of experiments testing different aspects of the predictions made by the model are commented on, showing good agreement with the calculated performance. Unwanted window oxidation, described in Part I of this work, has proven to be the key factor influencing quasi-optimum contours.

Field of study: Materials science
New Complexity Estimation on the Rainbow-Band-Separation Attack

Multivariate public key cryptography is a candidate for postquantum cryptography, and it allows generating particularly short signatures and fast verification. The Rainbow signature scheme proposed by J. Ding and D. Schmidt is such a multivariate cryptosystem and is considered secure against all known attacks. The Rainbow-Band-Separation attack recovers a secret key of Rainbow by solving certain systems of quadratic equations, and its complexity is estimated by the well-known indicator called the degree of regularity. However, the degree of regularity generally is larger than the solving degree in experiments, and an accurate estimation cannot be obtained. In this paper, we propose a new indicator for the complexity of the Rainbow-Band-Separation attack using the F4 algorithm, which gives a more precise estimation compared to one using the degree of regularity. This indicator is deduced by the two-variable power series ∏m i=1(1− t di1 1 t di2 2 ) (1− t1)1(1− t2)2 , which coincides with the one-variable power series at t1 = t2 deriving the degree of regularity. Moreover, we show a relation between the RainbowBand-Separation attack using the hybrid approach and the HighRank attack. By considering this relation and our indicator, we obtain a new complexity estimation for the Rainbow-Band-Separation attack. Consequently, we are able to understand the precise security of Rainbow against the Rainbow-Band-Separation attack using the F4 algorithm.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Experimental study on stepless capacity regulation for reciprocating compressor based on novel rotary control valve

A capacity-regulation system based on a novel rotary control valve for reciprocating refrigeration compressor is proposed and designed for the first time. The regulation system is mainly composed of a rotary control valve and an adaptive regulation system. The structure and working principle of the rotary control valve is described in detail, and the control process of the adaptive regulation system for the valve is studied together with the program design. In addition, the parameters for the design and control of the rotary control valve are theoretically determined. To verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed system, a three-cylinder reciprocating compressor was adopted as a test device. Experimental results showed that the technology was able to realize continuous stepless capacity regulation for the compressor within the range of (0)10-100%, and power consumption decreased correspondingly with the load reduction.

Field of study: Engineering
Vascular plant species counts in the rain forests of the middle Caquetá area, Colombian Amazonia

More than 1200 vascular plant species, distributed over 369 genera and 112 families were encountered in ten plots of 0.1 ha in the humid evergreen rain forests of the middle Caquetá area in eastern Colombia. The total number of vascular plant species in the two most diverse plots ranged from 310 to 313 species 0.1 ha-1. These values indicate that high levels of vascular plant species densities may be encountered all over NW Amazonia, including the Colombian Amazon. The floodplain plots contained fewer vascular plant species and families than the well-drained upland plots. The high species density in the well-drained upland plots was mostly due to comparatively large numbers of species found among the very slender trees of diameter at breast (DBH)≤2.5 cm. Small and slender treelets (DBH < 10 cm) are by far the most species rich habit group. About 50% of the total number of vascular plant species in the plots was exclusively collected with a diameter of less than 2.5 cm. Shrubs, (hemi)epiphytes, and climbers were present with relatively few species. Many of the most species-rich families were tree families. The highest species richness was principally found among tree genera, as well. In this respect the floristic sample from the ten species count plots combined shows much affinity to the local florula around Manaus.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Microprocessor-Controlled Planter

A planter was designed, developed, and tested with lettuce seeds. This planter has a microprocessor as the basic controller unit to individually meter small ir-regularly shaped seeds such as those of lettuce. Labora-tory tests on a greased belt indicated that the microproc-essor-controlled planter metered raw lettuce seeds with fewer errors than a commonly used commercial vegetable planter metered either raw or coated lettuce seeds.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
But mom! I’m not a Spanish Boy: Raciolinguistic socialization in a Two-Way Immersion bilingual program

This article is about the ways in which race and class impact socialization in a Two Way Immersion classroom - a process I refer to as raciolinguistic socialization. In line with the concept of raciolinguistic ideologies ( Flores and Rosa, 2015 ), the term raciolinguistic socialization captures the ways in which race and class impact how language and literacy abilities are perceived and evaluated. I illustrate this process through the ethnographic stories of three Kindergarten students. Weaving together observations, recorded interactions, and parent interviews, I show the impact of raciolinguistic expectations on Latinx children; how class and race privilege influence how language development is evaluated positively, and how a disadvantaged socioeconomic position negatively impacts perceptions of linguistic ability.I conclude by discussing implications of this work for both TWI programs and for understanding how raciolinguistic ideologies impact children's socialization more broadly

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
T8 cell suppression of antigen- and mitogen-induced T4 cell dependent immunoglobulin production.

The suppressor effect of T8 cells on antigen-induced, as compared to pokeweed mitogen-induced, T4 cell dependent immunoglobulin (Ig) production by B cells of healthy subjects was studied. The antigens used were purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) and tetanus toxoid (TT). The suppressor effect of T8 cells on IgG, IgM and IgA responses in co-cultures of T4 cells and B cells was significantly stronger in the pokeweed mitogen driven system than in PPD- and TT-driven cultures under the same experimental conditions.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Aberrant activation profile of cytokines and mitogen‐activated protein kinases in type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy

Cytokine‐induced inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). We investigated plasma concentrations and ex vivo production of cytokines and chemokines, and intracellular signalling molecules, mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK) in T helper (Th) cells and monocytes in 94 type 2 diabetic patients with or without nephropathy and 20 healthy controls. Plasma concentrations of inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐18 and chemokine CCL2 in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) were significantly higher than control subjects, while IL‐10, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10 and adiponectin concentrations of DN were significantly higher than patients without diabetic nephropathy (NDN) and control subjects (all P < 0·05). Plasma concentrations of TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐18, CCL2, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10 and adiponectin exhibited significant positive correlation with urine albumin : creatinine ratio in DN patients. The percentage increases of ex vivo production of IL‐6, CXCL8, CXCL10, CCL2 and CCL5 upon TNF‐α activation were significantly higher in both NDN and DN patients than controls (all P < 0·05). The percentage increases in IL‐18‐induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) in Th cells of NDN and DN were significantly higher than controls (P < 0·05), while the percentage increase in TNF‐α‐induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in monocytes and IL‐18‐induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in Th cells and monocytes were significantly higher in NDN patients than controls. These results confirmed that the aberrant production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and differential activation of MAPK in different leucocytes are the underlying immunopathological mechanisms of type 2 DM patients with DN.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
PTR-QMS versus PTR-TOF comparison in a region with oil and natural gas extraction industry in the Uintah Basin in 2013

Here we compare volatile organic compound (VOC) measurements using a standard proton-transfer-reaction quadrupole mass spectrometer (PTR-QMS) with a new proton-transfer-reaction time of flight mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF) during the Uintah Basin Winter Ozone Study 2013 (UBWOS2013) field experiment in an oil and gas field in the Uintah Basin, Utah. The PTR-QMS uses a quadrupole, which is a mass filter that lets one mass to charge ratio pass at a time, whereas the PTR-TOF uses a time of flight mass spectrometer, which takes full mass spectra with typical 0.1 s–1 min integrated acquisition times. The sensitivity of the PTR-QMS in units of counts per ppbv (parts per billion by volume) is about a factor of 10–35 times larger than the PTR-TOF, when only one VOC is measured. The sensitivity of the PTR-TOF is mass dependent because of the mass discrimination caused by the sampling duty cycle in the orthogonal-acceleration region of the TOF. For example, the PTR-QMS on mass 33 (methanol) is 35 times more sensitive than the PTR-TOF and for masses above 120 amu less than 10 times more. If more than 10–35 compounds are measured with PTR-QMS, the sampling time per ion decreases and the PTR-TOF has higher signals per unit measuring time for most masses. For UBWOS2013 the PTR-QMS measured 34 masses in 37 s and on that timescale the PTR-TOF is more sensitive for all masses. The high mass resolution of the TOF allows for the measurements of compounds that cannot be separately detected with the PTR-QMS, such as oxidation products from alkanes and cycloalkanes emitted by oil and gas extraction. PTR-TOF masses do not have to be preselected, allowing for identification of unanticipated compounds. The measured mixing ratios of the two instruments agreed very well (R2 ≥ 0.92 and within 20%) for all compounds and masses monitored with the PTR-QMS.

Field of study: Environmental science
On asymptotic stability of nonlinear hereditary phenomena

Conditions for long-term stability of nonlinear hereditary phenomena are derived from two Tauberian theorems. When the hereditary phenomena are time invariable (i.e., of the closed cycle type), then the asymptotic limits of the phenomena are evaluated. An application is made to the investigation of the stability of a rigid column restrained by a nonlinear viscoelastic element.

Field of study: Mathematics
Vintage Human Capital, Demographic Trends, and Endogenous Growth

We study how economic growth is affected by demographics in an overlapping generations model with a realistic survival law. Individuals optimally chose the dates at which they leave school to enter the labor market and at which they retire. Endogenous growth arises thanks to the accumulation of generation-specific human capital. Favorable shifts in the survival probabilities always induce longer schooling and later retirement but have an ambiguous effect on growth. The relationship between the growth of population and per-capita growth is hump-shaped. Increases in longevity can be responsible for a switch from a no-growth regime to a sustained growth regime and for a positive relationship between fertility and growth to vanish.

Field of study: Economics
Cloud Genetic AntNet Algorithm Based Routing Optimization for Wireless Sensor Networks with Long-chain Tree Structure

To improve QoS of wireless sensor networks with long chain tree-like topology,this paper proposes a new cross-layer routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks-cloud model based genetic AntNet routing optimization algorithm.The forwards ants search for the feasible paths based on the load value in the new algorithm.These paths are considered as the initial population of the genetic algorithm.The codings of the paths are considered as chromosomes.The fitness function of the path is defined with delay,hop count and packet reception rate.The Y-conditional cloud generator is used as the cross operator,and the basic cloud generator is used as the mutation operator.The backwards ants update the pheromone of the optimal paths.The simulation results demonstrate that the routing algorithm can guarantee the real time,reliability and robustness of wireless sensor networks.It can also achieve the network load balancing and congestion control mechanism.

Field of study: Computer science
Electrical transport and persistent photoconductivity in monolayer MoS2 phototransistors.

We study electrical transport properties in exfoliated molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) back-gated field effect transistors at low drain bias and under different illumination intensities. It is found that photoconductive and photogating effect as well as space charge limited conduction can simultaneously occur. We point out that the photoconductivity increases logarithmically with the light intensity and can persist with a decay time longer than 104 s, due to photo-charge trapping at the MoS2/SiO2 interface and in MoS2 defects. The transfer characteristics present hysteresis that is enhanced by illumination. At low drain bias, the devices feature low contact resistance of  see text] ON current as high as  see text] 105 ON-OFF ratio, mobility of ∼1 cm2 V-1 s-1 and photoresponsivity

Field of study: Physics
Synchrotron‐radiation sources proliferate

The recent authorization in the UK financing construction of Daresbury Laboratory's Synchrotron Radiation Source ensures that a greater synchrotron radiation supply will be on tap for researchers within four years. Though it will not be the first facility built exclusively for use as a synchrotron radiation “light bulb,” SRS—scheduled to be commissioned in April 1979—is to be the first dedicated source comparable in essential design parameters with the largest existing electron‐positron storage rings. In the meantime, experimenters at other facilities around the world are pressing ahead with a variety of new and exciting studies, usually sharing present sources symbiotically with high‐energy physicists.

Field of study: Physics