nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of estrogen on gastrocnemius muscle strain injury and regeneration in female rats.

To study the effects of estrogen on muscle damage and regeneration after acute passive gastrocnemius muscle strain injury in female Sprague-Dawley rats.



Rats were divided into 5 groups: ovariectomized, strained and treated with low-dosage estradiol (20 microg/d) (E(low)), treated with high-dosage estradiol (200 microg/d) (E(high)), treated with oil placebo (Oil), strained with no ovariectomy (Strain), and sham operated with no strain and no ovariectomy (Con). Muscle damage index [plasma creatine kinase (CK)], antioxidant indexes [glutathione (GSH), Vitamin E (Vit E), total antioxidant capability (TAC)], and muscle regeneration index (desmin) were investigated at 7 d.



The plasma CK activity increased but GSH, Vit E, and TAC levels decreased after muscle strain injury (Strain vs Con P<0.05). Plasma CK activity was the greatest while GSH, Vit E, and TAC were the lowest in the Oil group among the five groups (P<0.01). Plasma CK in the E(high) and Strain groups was lower than that in the E(low) group. Plasma GSH, Vit E, and TAC were higher in the E(high) and Strain groups compared with the E(low) group (P<0.05). The expression of desmin in the E(high) and Strain groups was higher than that in the E(low) group (P<0.01) while that in the Oil group was the lowest in all the five groups (P<0.01).



Endogenous estrogen in normal female rats or exogenous estrogen in ovariectomized rats could improve antioxidant capability in vivo, so that reduced muscle damage and accelerated muscle regeneration post gastronemius muscle strain injury.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Satellite Doppler Observations for the Motions of the Oceans

not required.  This workshop brought together oceanographers and radar experts to discuss how new radar technology can be used in existing and future satellite missions to directly measure the motions at the ocean surface, namely currents and waves, and their relation to ocean vector winds, for a wide range of applications from sub-kilometer scales to the global ocean. Satellite remote sensing has revolutionized oceanogra-phy, starting from sea surface temperature, ocean color, sea level, winds, waves, and the recent addition of sea surface salinity, providing a global view of upper ocean processes. The possible addition of a direct measurement of surface velocities related to currents, winds and waves opens great opportunities for research and applications. Velocity can be measured using Doppler radar, using along-track interferometry with two synthetic aperture radars (InSAR) or the Doppler centroid (DC) from a single radar. Both techniques measure the same surface motions (Romeiser et al. 2014), with different resolving and revisit capabilities, summarized in Figure 1. InSAR is uniquely able to resolve kilometer-scale patterns in ocean dynam

Field of study: Environmental science
Implementation of Permission Management of Query System Based on ExtJS Framework

Takes Kunming Iron Steel centralized measurement and query system of permission management present situation as the background,embarks from the practical work,in the analysis of the current problems existing in the management of query system based on ExtJS and Struts2,combined with the concept,structure and system development of the basic principles,designs and realizes a privilege management system.The system is based on ExtJS framework to achieve the permissions system,using the powerful functions of ExtJS and Struts2 core technology,to realize the permission management,including menu permission and reporting permission.

Field of study: Computer science
New Mexico as a historical laboratory of the Good Neighbor Policy: With special reference to the Hispano-American cultural contribution.

Much has been written about New Mexico, but few of those who have described its unique heritage and character have fully understood its true spirit and appreciated what it represents as a part of the present-day United States. New Mexico has a personality all of its own. Three cultural groups have been most important in forming the American way of life to be found there: the Pueblo Indians, who were the first permanent settlers of the region; the Spanish, who made it a part of Western civilization; and the Anglo-Americans, who have brought it into the current of modern American life. Today, New Mexico is neither Indian, nor Spanish, nor Anglo, but a harmonious combination of all three; and in the persistance and, generally speaking, local appreciation of the permanent values of each of the dominant cultural heritages, it has been for the past one hundred years a significant laboratory of the Good-Neighbor Policy. I speak as one whose ancestors were among the pioneers of both the Anglo and Hispano-American frontiers of settlement who, advancing from northeast and southwest, met and joined hands in what is now the state of New Mexico during the first half of the nineteenth century.

Field of study: History
Biomechanical In Vitro - Stability Testing on Human Specimens of a Locking Plate System Against Conventional Screw Fixation of a Proximal First Metatarsal Lateral Displacement Osteotomy

The aim of this study was to examine resistance to angulation and displacement of the internal fixation of a proximal first metatarsal lateral displacement osteotomy, using a locking plate system compared with a conventional crossed screw fixation.  Seven anatomical human specimens were tested. Each specimen was tested with a locking screw plate as well as a crossed cancellous srew fixation. The statistical analysis was performed by the Friedman test. The level of significance was p = 0.05.  We found larger stability about all three axes of movement analyzed for the PLATE than the crossed screws osteosynthesis (CSO). The Friedman test showed statistical significance at a level of p = 0.05 for all groups and both translational and rotational movements.  The results of our study confirm that the fixation of the lateral proximal first metatarsal displacement osteotomy with a locking plate fixation is a technically simple procedure of superior stability.

Field of study: Medicine
Wilcoxon and t Test for Matched Pairs of Typed Subjects

In paired comparisons of a treatment and control, it frequently happens that the two members of each pair can be classified into distinguishable types. The completely randomized design, which assigns the members of each pair at random to treatment and control, then may by chance assign the treatment primarily to subjects of one type and thereby confound treatment and type. This difficulty can be avoided by restricting the randomization. We find that such restriction is desirable by analyzing several of the standard tests (Wilcoxon, t, and tests for dichotomous response) for efficiency and deficiency.

Field of study: Mathematics
Origin of pegmatitic segregation veins within flood basalts

Subhorizontal veins and lenses of coarse-grained rock composed of plagioclase, augite, and Fe-Ti oxides in a glassy and vesicular mesostasis occur within several thick subaerial basalt flows in the Columbia River Basalt province of Washington and in the eastern North American Mesozoic basalt province. The veins and lenses, referred to as pegmatitic segregation veins, are typically 1-10 cm thick and are enriched in Fe, Ti, K, P, Cu, Zr, Ba, and REE by a factor of about 1.1 to 3 over the host basalt; Al, Ca, Sr, Mg, Ni, and Cr are lower, and Si and Na are typically unchanged. We interpret the pegmatitic segregation veins as the product of residual melt carried in vapor bubbles from the lower crystallization front of partially crystallized flows to the crystal mush within the upper crystallization front. Movement through the elevated temperatures of flow interiors fused any crystal nuclei in the segregation melt. Diminished nucleation density during crystallization may partially account for coarse grain sizes. In addition, diffusion of ions to large, rapidly growing skeletal crystals was probably enhanced by the viscosity-reduction effect of water enrichment. The water content of accumulated segregation melt may have increased whenever the escape of volatiles from partiallymore » crystallized flows was temporarily sealed off under a rigid barrier of solidified basalt. Rupture of the barrier by downward propagation of columnar joints would allow the resumption of effervescence and any remaining partially crystallized segregation melt-phase would be degassed and quenched into a glassy and vesicular mesostasis. 59 refs., 8 figs., 2 tabs.« less

Field of study: Geology
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Stability of small vibrations of a transparent drop in a high-power optical field

The influence of ponderomotive forces on the stability of small vibrations of a transparent drop subjected to a high-power optical field is considered theoretically. The condition for the instability of the vibrations is derived for a low-viscosity liquid. The expression for the threshold incident radiation intensity, above which small vibrations of a drop become unstable, is obtained on the assumption of a Rayleigh distribution of the electromagnetic field inside the drop. Numerical estimates of the instability threshold are obtained for water drops.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Vortex dynamics at the initial stage of resistive transition in superconductors with fractal cluster structure

The effect of fractal normal-phase clusters on vortex dynamics in a percolative superconductor is considered. The superconductor contains percolative superconducting cluster carrying a transport current and clusters of a normal phase, acting as pinning centers. A prototype of such a structure is YBCO film, containing clusters of columnar defects, as well as the BSCCO/Ag sheathed tape, which is of practical interest for wire fabrication. Transition of the superconductor into a resistive state corresponds to the percolation transition from a pinned vortex state to a resistive state when the vortices are free to move. The dependencies of the free vortex density on the fractal dimension of the cluster boundary as well as the resistance on the transport current are obtained. It is revealed that a mixed state of the vortex glass type is realized in the superconducting system involved. The current-voltage characteristics of superconductors containing fractal clusters are obtained and their features are studied.

Field of study: Physics
Indolalkaloide, II. – Synthese von 4-Amino-tetrahydrocarbazol-1-on-Derivaten

Indole Alkaloids, II. – Synthesis of 4-Amino-tetrahydrocarbazol-1-one Derivatives 
 
 
 
Treatment of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazol-1-one with 1,2-ethanedithiol gave the tetrahydrocarbazole 2 which was oxidized with DDQ to compound 3. It was converted into the imine 6 by treatment with n-butylamine and ZnCl2. The imine was directly reduced with NaBH4 to give the amine 7, which was acetylated with benzoyl chloride to yield amide 8. Treatment of 8 with mercury(II) oxide and Et2O·BF3 gave 9.

Field of study: Chemistry
The evolution of two great Mediterranean Deltas: Remote sensing to visualize the evolution of habitats and land use in the Gediz and Rhone Deltas

Land cover and land cover change, both in time and space, were analyzed in the Gediz Delta (Turkey) and the Rhone Delta (Camargue, France) to determine the evolution of two great deltas in the Mediterranean basin. Geographical Information Systems and remote sensing were used to estimate the impact of land use changes on habitats over a 35 year period from 1975 to 2010. The first images used MSS captures from 1975 with a spatial resolution of 80 m; precision was gained from 1980 with the use of LandSat satellite images (spatial resolution of 30 m in multi-band modes) and then with satellite images from Spot 4, Spot 5 and Google Earth Pro. The images were classified using GEO Image and then analyzed and laid out with the aid of ArcGis and Quantum GIS 1.7.0 software programs. The data was verified using a confusion matrix, which provided between 85 and 95% global precision rates. This qualitative data on the evolution reveals that despite important conservation measures (including Ramsar site, National Park, and Natural Park status) both deltas have been subject to substantial changes over this time period. Important declines in natural habitats such as sansouires, beaches, dunes and reed beds have been replaced by increased areas of urbanization and annual agricultural crops. This analysis demonstrates the important pressures that continue to impact the delicate natural Mediterranean habitats and puts in evidence the need to enforce current legislation in order to conserve the deltas in the future.

Field of study: Environmental science
Influences of Potential Evapotranspiration Estimation Methods on SWAT's Hydrologic Simulation in a Northwestern Minnesota Watershed

The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), a widely used watershed hydrology and water quality model, provides three different methods (Hargreaves, Priestley-Taylor, and Penman-Monteith) for estimating potential evapotranspiration (PET) and the corresponding actual evapotranspiration (AET). Although these methods have been extensively tested, the effects of using them within SWAT's framework are largely unknown. The objective of this study was to test the three PET methods within SWAT's framework using data collected in the Wild Rice River watershed, located in northwestern Minnesota. The performance of the SWAT models was measured using three statistics: the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (Ej2), coefficient of determination (R2), and performance virtue (PVk). The three models were independently calibrated and validated using the observed daily stream flows at two USGS gauging stations. The simulated stream discharges were compared with the corresponding observed values and the estimated evapotranspiration examined in accordance with the wet-environment areal evapotranspiration (ETW) derived from the evaporation data for Williams Lake, located about 100 km southeast of the study watershed. The use of the three PET methods resulted in different values for two calibration parameters, namely the soil evaporation compensation factor and SCS curve number. At the lower station, which is near the watershed outlet, the observed annual mean discharge (8.33 m3/s) during the model validation period was predicted to be 10.25, 10.87, and 9.69 m3/s by SWAT-Penman, SWAT-Priestley, and SWAT-Hargreaves, respectively. The annual mean discharge (10.83 m3/s) was more accurately predicted during the model calibration period, with an absolute error of less than 0.5 m3/s. The prediction errors for the upper station were comparable with those for the lower station. In addition, all three models exhibited good performance when simulating the monthly, seasonal, and annual mean discharges (Ej2 >0.75 and PVk >0.80) and satisfactory performance when predicting the daily stream flows (Ej2 >0.36 and PVk >0.70). In estimating evapotranspiration for the study watershed, SWAT-Hargreaves seemed to be slightly superior to the other two models, while SWAT-Priestley might be more appropriate for an ETW value greater than 8.0 mm/d. Nevertheless, the AET values estimated by the three models shared a concurrent spatial pattern and temporal trend, and were insignificantly different from each other at a 5% significance level (p-values > 0.05). The results indicated that after calibration, using the three ET methods within SWAT produced very similar hydrologic (AET and discharge) predictions for the study watershed.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Tuning the Magnetism in Boron-Doped Strontium Titanate

The magnetic and electronic properties of boron-doped SrTiO3 have been studied by first-principles calculations. We found that the magnetic ground states of B-doped SrTiO3 strongly depended on the dopant-dopant separation distance. As the dopant–dopant distance varied, the magnetic ground states of B-doped SrTiO3 can have nonmagnetic, ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic alignment. The structure with the smallest dopant-dopant separation exhibited the lowest total energy among all configurations considered and was characterized by dimer pairs due to strong attraction. Ferromagnetic coupling was observed to be stronger when the two adjacent B atoms aligned linearly along the B-Ti-B axis, which could be associated with their local bonding structures. Therefore, the symmetry of the local structure made an important contribution to the generation of a magnetic moment. Our study also demonstrated that the O-Ti-O unit was easier than the Ti-B-Ti unit to deform. The electronic properties of boron-doped SrTiO3 tended to show semiconducting or insulating features when the dopant–dopant distance was less than 5 Å, which changed to metallic properties when the dopant–dopant distance was beyond 5 Å. Our calculated results indicated that it is possible to manipulate the magnetism and band gap via different dopant–dopant separations.

Field of study: Materials science
Positional Offsets between SiO Masers in Evolved Stars and their Cross-matched Counterparts

Observations of dust-enshrouded evolved stars selected from infrared catalogs requiring high positional accuracy, like infrared spectroscopy or long baseline radio interferometric observations, often require preparational observational steps determining a position with an accuracy much better than 1". Using phase-referencing observations with the Very Large Array at its highest resolution, we have compared the positions of SiO 43 GHz masers in evolved stars, assumed to originate in their infrared detected circumstellar shells, with the positions listed in the MSX, WISE, 2MASS, and Gaia catalogs. Starting from an MSX position it is, in general, simple to match 2MASS and WISE counterparts. However, in order to obtain a Gaia match to the MSX source it is required to use a two-step approach due to the large number of nearby candidates and low initial positional accuracy of the MSX data. We show that the closest comparable position to the SiO maser in our limited sample never is the MSX position. When a plausible source with a characteristic signature of an evolved star with a circumstellar shell can be found in the area, the best indicator of the maser position is provided by the Gaia position, with the 2MASS position being second-best. Typical positional offsets from all catalogs to the SiO masers are reported.

Field of study: Physics
Use of animal models to develop antiaddiction medications

Although addiction is a uniquely human phenomenon, some of its pathognomonic features can be modeled at the animal level. Such features include the euphoric “high” produced by acute administration of addictive drugs; the dysphoric “crash” produced by acute withdrawal; drug-seeking and drug-taking behaviors; and relapse to drug-seeking behavior after achieving successful abstinence. Animal models exist for each of these features. In this review, I focus on various animal models of addiction and how they can be used to search for clinically effective antiaddiction medications. I conclude by noting some of the new and novel medications that have been developed preclinically using such models and the hope for further developments along such lines.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Symmetry and transitivity of conditional relations in monkeys (Cebus apella) and pigeons (Columba livia).

In Experiment 1 six monkeys were tested with discriminative relations that were backward relative to their training in a 0-second conditional ("symbolic") matching procedure. Although there was some indication of backward associations, the evidence was generally weak, and statistical evaluations did not reach conventional significance levels. Unlike children, who show backward associations to the point of symmetry, monkeys and pigeons display at best only weak and transient backward associations. In Experiment 2 associative transitivity was assessed across two sets of conditional matching tasks. All four monkeys tested demonstrated strong transitivity. In contrast, in Experiment 3 there was no evidence of transitivity in three pigeons tested under conditions closely comparable to those of Experiment 2. These results may identify some key features of interspecies differences and contribute to analyses of serial learning in animals.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
In the Shadow of the State: The Politics of Denunciation and Panegyric during the Trujillo Regime in the Dominican Republic, 1940-1958

the history departments of the University of California at Los Angeles, Yale University, and the University of Chicago, and benefited from the queries and comments of these audiences, especially those of Eric Roorda, Dain Borges, Friedrich Katz, and Gil Joseph. I am also very grateful for the extraordinarily rigorous and challenging commentary provided by the anonymous reviewers for HAHR, as well as Kathryn Litherland’s penetrating and adroit editorial hand. Julio César Santana and Andrew Apter inspired key aspects of the analysis; as my research assistant in Santo Domingo, Julio also helped collect much of the material on

Field of study: History
Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of a dog thyroid cDNA encoding a novel inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase.

In brain and many other tissues, type I inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) 5-phosphatase is the major isoenzyme hydrolysing the calcium-mobilizing second messenger InsP3. This protein has been purified to apparent homogeneity from a crude soluble fraction of bovine brain, yielding a single major protein band with a molecular mass of 43 kDa after SDS/PAGE. This material was used to determine internal microsequences. A partial DNA sequence has been amplified by PCR by using degenerate primers deduced from two protein sequences (FKAKKYKKV and DENYKSQE). A cDNA clone (BVCT) was isolated by screening a dog thyroid cDNA library. The encoded protein of 412 amino acids has a calculated molecular mass of 47,681 Da. Peptide sequences generated from the bovine brain enzyme were found to be 96% conserved compared with the dog thyroid protein. When clone BVCT was expressed in Escherichia coli, the recombinant protein was shown to hydrolyse both InsP3 and inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate, with apparent Km values of 28 and 3 microM respectively. Enzyme activity was inhibited by EDTA and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, both inhibitors of native InsP3 5-phosphatase, but not by EGTA and LiCl, as previously shown for the bovine brain enzyme. Our data show the cloning of type I InsP3 5-phosphatase which, interestingly, does not share any significant sequence identity with the previously cloned type III isoenzyme.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
A stochastic SIS epidemic model incorporating media coverage in a two patch setting

In this paper, we investigate the stochastic disease dynamics of an SIS epidemic model on two patches incorporating media coverage. We give the global existence and positivity of the solutions, and the sufficient conditions for almost surely exponentially stability of the disease-free equilibrium, which means that the disease will be stochastic extinction. Furthermore, we perform some numerical simulations to validate the analytical finding.

Field of study: Mathematics
An axiomatic characterization of the Theil measure of income inequality

This paper provides a characterization of a frequently used measure of income inequality. It has been known for some time that the Theil measure of income inequality (1) is consistent with the Lorenz criterion, when it applies, and (2) exhibits a simple and empricically useful decomposition by population subgroup into within-group and between-group terms. The major theorem establishes the converse: the decomposability property defines the Theil measure uniquely (up to a positive multiple) among all Lorenz-consistent measures.

Field of study: Economics