nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Variability in B cell maturation and differentiation in X-linked agammaglobulinemia.

Among seven males with X-linked agammaglobulinemia in an extended pedigree, serum immunoglobulins and antibodies were extremely low in all but one who had a normal IgA (78 mg/dl) and tetanus antibodies (1:19,683). Following bacteriophage phi X 174 immunizations, the oldest failed to clear phage and had no primary or secondary antibody responses. The youngest had normal phage clearance, low primary and secondary antibody responses, and no amplification or switching to IgG. The other four affected had normal or slightly delayed phage clearance, low primary and secondary responses, but some amplification and switching from IgM to IgG which increased with age. Normal percentages of surface immunoglobulin positive cells were present in the two youngest patients, but all seven affected had very low percentages of cells reacting with monoclonal antibodies to B cell surface antigens. Immunoglobulin production by cultured blood B cells was very low and not increased by pokeweed mitogen. However, a majority of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed lymphoblastoid cells derived from the blood of four of the patients bore IgD and IgM and reacted with all of the monoclonal antibodies to B cell antigens. Culture supernatants from those lines contained significant quantities of IgM and lesser amounts of IgG and IgA. The studies presented here provide further support for the hypothesis that the primary abnormality in X-linked agammaglobulinemia affects B cells at more than one stage of development rather than just at the level of the pre-B cell.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Artisanal mining impacts small mammals while chainsaw milling is a more sustainable practice in Ghana

Logging and mining are widespread in most West African countries and considering their socio-economic importance, little is known about their ecological impacts. In this study, we investigated the effects of chainsaw milling (logging) and artisanal mining on terrestrial small mammal communities in a tropical forest in Ghana. For this, we compared abundance, diversity measures and community composition of small mammals active at the forest floor in logged, mined and undisturbed forest sites. We found that abundance was higher in logged and undisturbed forest sites than in mined sites. Small mammal species richness, Shannon diversity and Pielou’s evenness did not differ significantly among the three forest disturbance categories. Community composition of small mammals varied between mined and undisturbed sites as well as between mined and logged sites, suggesting differential species responses to altered environments. This may be due to the presence of pits in mined forest sites, hence a reduction in exploitable ground habitat structures for shelter, nesting or food. Overall, our results suggest that artisanal mining has strong impacts on community composition of forest floor small mammals in tropical forests while the effect of logging by chainsaw milling activities is minimal, especially when practiced at low intensity. This effect was moderated by elevation and distance to streams that equally shaped small mammal communities. More research on the effects of specific forms of logging and mining activities on small mammals are urgently needed to better protect species in forests impacted by logging and mining.

Field of study: Environmental science
Cost-effectiveness of an active implementation strategy for the Dutch physiotherapy guideline for low back pain.

The treatment for patients with low back pain varies considerably. The Dutch Physiotherapy Association issued an evidence-based physiotherapy guideline for non-specific low back pain. To establish changes in daily practice an active implementation strategy was developed. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of this implementation strategy.



113 physiotherapists included 500 patients with low back pain.



In the intervention group the guideline was implemented actively, in the control group the standard method of dissemination was used. The patients filled in questionnaires at baseline and 6, 12, 26 and 52 weeks later. Direct medical costs, productivity costs (due to absenteeism) and quality of life (EQ-5D) were calculated.



During the 1-year follow up, no differences were found in the quality of life, direct medical costs and productivity costs.



The active implementation strategy appears not to be cost effective as compared to the standard strategy.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Carbazole Degradation by Pseudomonas sp. LD2: Metabolic Characteristics and the Identification of Some Metabolites

A carbazole-degrading bacterium was isolated by enrichment from a creosote-contaminated soil. This organism, designated Pseudomonas sp. LD2, utilized carbazole as a sole source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy. When isolate LD2 was grown in nitrogen-free mineral medium with 14C-labeled carbazole, 43% was recovered as 14CO2 after 3 days of incubation. Numerous aromatic and heterocyclic compounds were tested as growth substrates for isolate LD2, but few supported the growth of this bacterium. Anthranilic acid and catechol served as growth substrates and were positively identified as intermediates of carbazole degradation by isolate LD2. In addition, 10 nitrogen-containing metabolites were observed in acidified extracts of LD2 culture supernatants, four of which were unequivocally identified. These included indole-3-acetic acid, 5-(2-aminophenyl)-5-oxopentanoic acid, and the cyclized products of 5-(2-aminophenyl)-5-oxopent-3-enoic acid and 6-(2-aminophenyl)-2-hydroxy-6-oxohexa-2,4-dienoic acid.

Field of study: Environmental science
Anti-synapsin monoclonal antibodies: epitope mapping and inhibitory effects on phosphorylation and Grb2 binding.

The synapsins are a family of major neuron-specific synaptic vesicle-associated phosphoproteins which play important roles in synaptic function. In an effort to identify molecular tools which can be used to perturb the activity of the synapsins in in vitro as well as in vivo experiments, we have localized the epitopes of a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) raised against synapsins I and II and have characterized their ability to interfere with the interactions of the synapsins with protein kinases, actin and Src homology-3 (SH3) domains. The epitopes of the six mAbs were found to be concentrated in the N-terminal region within domains A and B for the synapsin II-reactive mAbs 19.4, 19.11, 19.51 and 19.21, and in two C-terminal clusters in the proline-rich domains D for synapsin I (mAbs 10.22, 19.51, 19.11 and 19.8) and G for synapsin II (mAb 19.8). The synapsin II-specific mAbs 19.4 and 19.21, whose overlapping epitopes are adjacent to phosphorylation site 1, specifically inhibited synapsin II phosphorylation by endogenous or exogenous cAMP-dependent protein kinase. While all the anti-synapsin I mAbs were unable to affect the interactions of synapsin I both with Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and with actin monomers and filaments, mAbs 19.8 and 19.51 were found to inhibit the binding of Grb2 SH3 domains to the proline-rich C-terminal region of synapsin I.

Field of study: Biology
Bernardo Philippi, Initiator of German Colonization in Chile

HE GERMAN-SPEAKING POPULATION of the south central provinces of Chile has aroused both national pride on account of its economic vigor, and concern because of its persistence as a foreign enclave. Its origin dates back to the middle decades of the nineteenth century (1849-74) when the Chilean government actively recruited some 4,ooo Germans,1 mostly village artisans and agriculturalists, to immigrate and colonize the then nearly unoccupied backwater provinces of Valdivia and Chiloe.2 That the government was attracted to the idea of German immigration, then unprecedented in Chile,3 was due mainly to the vision and perseverance of a young German merchant-marine officer, a foreigner utterly without political influence or social connections when first he came to Chile. This same man was responsible for the actual recruiting of many of the immigrants in Germany. Though he ranks with Hermann Blumenau as one of the prime movers of German colonization in South America,4 to date his work is little known outside Chile's German community. Bernhard Eunom Philippi was born on September 19, i81i, in Charlottenburg bei Berlin, the second of two sons. His father, a civil * The author is Assistant Professor of History at Saint Mary's University, Halifax, N.S., Canada. 1. See George F. W. Young, "German Immigration and Colonization in Chile, 1849-1914" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of History, University of Chicago, 1969). 2. These two provinces were created by a law of August 30, 1826; the territory of the then still unsubdued Araucanian Indians (La Araucania) separated them from the rest of Chile. In 1861 the northern mainland portion of the old province of Chiloe became the province of Llanquihue; likewise, the present-day province of Osorno was previously the southern-most department of the old province of Valdivia. 3. Prior to the 1840S the Chilean government had attempted unsuccessfully to attract Irish, English, and Swiss immigrants; see Diego Barros Arana, Historia general de Chile (Santiago, 1884-1902), XI, 257-258; XIII, 590-591; XIV, 528530. 4. Hermann Blumenau was the great German colonizer of Santa Catarina (Brazil); see Fritz Sudhaus, Deutschland und die Auswanderung nach Brasilien im 19. Jahrhundert (Hamburg, 1940), pp. 70 ff.

Field of study: History
Seed-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of aligned single-crystalline anatase nanorods on FTO: synthesis and application

Anatase TiO2 nanorod arrays (NRAs) are difficult to grow on transparent conductive fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates via hydrothermal synthesis. Published hydrothermal products are either rutile NRAs or anatase nanorods dispersions. In this study, single-crystalline anatase NRAs have been grown on FTO by hydrothermal synthesis in tetramethylammonium solution (TMAOH). The introduction of anatase seed layer on FTO before growth plays a key role. Experimental parameters such as growth time, reaction temperature and reactant concentration were investigated to control the morphology of the nanorods. X-ray diffraction reveals that the prepared nanorods are well crystallized anatase. The enhanced (0 0 4) peak in XRD patterns and SEM images indicates the nanorods grow vertically aligned on FTO. HRTEM and SAED patterns confirm that a single nanorod is approximately 50 nm in diameter and is single-crystalline. A growth mechanism controlled by a seed decomposition-growth process has been proposed. Furthermore, photocatalytic properties and dye-sensitized solar cells performances of the synthesized NRAs were measured. Variations in cell-performances resulting from varying the thickness of anatase NRAs were studied. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of prepared anatase NRAs photoanode is higher than that of the P25 photoanode with the similar thickness. A PCE of 2.1% was obtained with only 2.25 µm thick NRAs.

Field of study: Materials science
Ion channels and the transduction of light signals.

Studies of biological light-sensing mechanisms are revealing important roles for ion channels. Photosensory transduction in plants is no exception. In this article, the evidence that ion channels perform such signal-transducing functions in the complex array of mechanisms that bring about plant photomorphogenesis will be reviewed and discussed. The examples selected for discussion range from light-gradient detection in unicellular algae to the photocontrol of stem growth in Arabidopsis. Also included is some discussion of the technical aspects of studies that combine electrophysiology and photobiology.

Field of study: Environmental science
Multivariate Meta-Analysis of Heterogeneous Studies Using Only Summary Statistics: Efficiency and Robustness

Meta-analysis has been widely used to synthesize evidence from multiple studies for common hypotheses or parameters of interest. However, it has not yet been fully developed for incorporating heterogeneous studies, which arise often in applications due to different study designs, populations, or outcomes. For heterogeneous studies, the parameter of interest may not be estimable for certain studies, and in such a case, these studies are typically excluded from conventional meta-analysis. The exclusion of part of the studies can lead to a nonnegligible loss of information. This article introduces a meta-analysis for heterogeneous studies by combining the confidence density functions derived from the summary statistics of individual studies, hence referred to as the CD approach. It includes all the studies in the analysis and makes use of all information, direct as well as indirect. Under a general likelihood inference framework, this new approach is shown to have several desirable properties, including: (i) it is asymptotically as efficient as the maximum likelihood approach using individual participant data (IPD) from all studies; (ii) unlike the IPD analysis, it suffices to use summary statistics to carry out the CD approach. Individual-level data are not required; and (iii) it is robust against misspecification of the working covariance structure of parameter estimates. Besides its own theoretical significance, the last property also substantially broadens the applicability of the CD approach. All the properties of the CD approach are further confirmed by data simulated from a randomized clinical trials setting as well as by real data on aircraft landing performance. Overall, one obtains a unifying approach for combining summary statistics, subsuming many of the existing meta-analysis methods as special cases.

Field of study: Mathematics
The utilization of pre‐anthesis reserves in grain filling of wheat. Assessment by steady‐state 13CO2/12CO2 labelling

Significant mobilization of protein and carbohydrates in vegetative plant parts of wheat regularly occurs during grain filling. While this suggests a contribution of reserves to grain filling, the actual efficiency of mobilized assimilate conversion into grain mass (ME) is unknown. In the present study the contribution of pre-anthesis C (C fixed prior to anthesis) to grain filling in main stem ears of two spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars was determined by 13 C/ 12 C steady-state labelling. Mobilization of pre-anthesis C in vegetative plant parts between anthesis and maturity, and the contributions of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and protein to pre-anthesis C mobilization were also assessed. Experiments were performed with two levels of N fertilizer supply in each of 2 years. Pre-anthesis reserves contributed 11‐29% to the total mass of C in grains at maturity. Pre-anthesis C accumulation in grains was dependent on both the mass of pre-anthesis C mobilized in aboveground vegetative plant parts (r 2 = 0·87) and ME (defined as g pre-anthesis C deposited in grains per g pre-anthesis C mobilized in above-ground vegetative plant parts; r 2 = 0·40). ME varied between 0·48 and 0·75. The effects of years, N fertilizer treatments and cultivars on ME were all related to differences in the fractional contribution of WSC to preanthesis C mobilization. Multiple regression analysis indicated that C from mobilized pre-anthesis WSC may be used more efficiently in grain filling than C present in proteins at anthesis and mobilized during grain filling. Possible causes for variability of ME are discussed.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effects of Motivation on Test Performance of First Year Covenant University Students

This study examined the effect of motivation on test performance of first year Covenant University students, Ota, Ogun State. The study adopted pre-test, post-test experimental design. Data for the study were obtained from sixty (60) students with age range between 15 and 18 years (average age = 16.5 years). Participants were randomly assigned to three conditions using independent group design. The independent and dependent variables were motivation and test performance respectively. The two hypotheses were analysed using Mann-Whitney U test. The result shows a significant difference between the result of the unrewarded students in the control group and students rewarded with verbal praise in the experimental group (U = 61.000, N1 = 20, N2 = 20, p< 0.05, one-tailed). There was also a significant difference between the result of the students rewarded with primary reinforcers and the unrewarded students in the control group (U = 45.000, N1 = 20, N2 = 20, p< 0.05, one-tailed). This study justifies the importance of motivation on test performance. To improve students’ academic performance, teachers are encouraged to motivate their students.  Teachers, motivation, test performance,

Field of study: Education
Land-cover Classification of Remote Sensing Data using the Extended Kalman Filter

Already proposed was a method using the Kalman filter which aimed to estimate the land-cover condition of a small area of the order of 200m×200m from remotely sensed data based on category decomposition principle. This method utilized only average values of band data for both categorical reflectance spectra and observation quantity over the small area. In the present paper we put forward a new land-cover estimation method using the extended Kalman filter which can take account of covariance features of categorical reflectance values as well as pixels brightness variation within the small area. The method is tested over the 4km×8km area drawn out from Odawara city for its validity verification. The results show that the new method outperforms the Kalman filtering method by 9.6% in terms of root mean square error in five land-cover category estimation and by 17.2% in thirteen category estimation.

Field of study: Computer science
Long Non-Coding RNA Linc-USP16 Functions As a Tumour Suppressor in Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Regulating PTEN Expression

Recent evidence has indicated the crucial regulatory roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in tumour biology. In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), aberrant expression of lncRNAs plays an essential role in HCC tumourigenesis. However, the potential roles and regulatory mechanisms of the novel human lncRNA, Linc-USP16, in HCC are unclear.  To investigate the function of Linc-USP16 in HCC, we first analysed the expression levels of Linc-USP16 in HCC patient tissues and cell lines via q-RT-PCR and established overexpressed or knockdown HCC cell lines.  Here, we found that Linc-USP16 expression was significantly down-regulated in HCC patient tissues and cell lines. Further functional experiments suggested that Linc-USP16 could directly increase PTEN expression by acting as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) for miR-21 and miR-590-5p. These interactions led to repression of AKT pathway and inhibition of HCC cell proliferation and migration.  Thus, our data showed that Linc-USP16, as a tumour suppressor, plays an important role in HCC pathogenesis and provides a new therapeutic strategy for HCC treatment.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Effect of Photochemical and Photophysical Processes with the Participation of Oxygen on the Luminescent Properties of a Film of a Terbium(III) β-Diketonate Complex

An 18-fold increase in the mean luminescence intensity of Tb3+ ions in a vitrified film of a terbium( III) β-diketonate complex under UV laser radiation in atmospheric oxygen at 300 K was observed. Luminescence and Raman spectroscopy data reveal that the observed effect was caused by photophysical and photochemical processes changing the geometry and structure of the complex.

Field of study: Physics
Reliable Resource Search in Scale Free Peer-to-Peer Network

The resource distribution and peer links in P2P network have an obvious scale free character follows power law distribution . Using this inherent character of P2P network to design resource search strategy is great significant for improving the search efficiency and reducing the costs. We analyze the scale free character in P2P network, and propose the reliable random walk search algorithm which can achieve high and reliable resource search through transferring query messages based on P2P power law distribution. We design simulation experiments to evaluate the performance of our reliable random walk. The simulation experimental results show that the reliable random walk based on power law distribution is a scalable resource search algorithm with high and reliable search efficiency and low search costs.

Field of study: Computer science
Analysis of Reactive Power Definitions under Non－Sinusoidal Waveforms

This article gives introduction about different definitions of reactive power under non-sinusoidal waveformssome correlative formulas have been proved．After analysis with examplesexplains why the reactive power definition for time domain is the best．The reactive power for frequency domain could not calculate all parts of reactive power for unlikeness waveforms between voltage ＆ current．The physics conception of distortion reactive power is not clearand may be mixed up．

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
The Ages of Erasmus and the Year of His Birth

on the year of his birth and the chronology of his youth. We do not know with certainty, for example, how old Erasmus was when he entered Steyn monastery. If he were born in 1466, as he indicates at times, and became a postulant in the middle of 1487, as other information suggests, he would then have been twenty years of age. Yet in an appeal to Pope Leo X for a release from some of his monastic obligations in August I I6 Erasmus asserts that he was just sixteen when he was prevailed upon to enter the monastery. On the strength of this and other evidence R. L. DeMolen has argued with equal logic that Erasmus must have been born in 1469 and entered Steyn in 1485-86. Which of his conflicting utterances, then, are we *I wish to express my warmest thanks to Nicolaas van der Blom and Clarence H. Miller, who kindly read over a draft of this article and suggested numerous improvements. My title is adapted from a chapter heading in Koch, 39: "Erasmus' Year of Birth and Erasmus' Ages." In rendering Erasmus into English, I have greatly profited by the translations in CWE.

Field of study: History