nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of genotype by environment interaction on genetic gain and population genetic parameters in Red tilapia (Oreochromis spp)

The extent to which genetic gain achieved from selection programs under strictly controlled environments in the nucleus that can be expressed in commercial production systems is not well documented in aquaculture species. The main aim of this paper was to assess the effects of genotype by environment interaction on genetic response and genetic parameters for four body traits (harvest weight, standard length, body depth, body width) and survival in Red tilapia (Oreochromis spp). The growth and survival data were recorded on 19,916 individual fish from a pedigreed population undergoing three generations of selection for increased harvest weight in earthen ponds from 2010 to 2012 at the Aquaculture Extension Center, Department of Fisheries, Jitra in Kedah, Malaysia. The pedigree comprised a total of 339 sires and 395 dams, tracing back to the base population in 2009. A multivariate animal model was used to measure genetic response and estimate variance and covariance components. When the homologous body traits in freshwater pond and cage were treated as genetically distinct traits, the genetic correlations between the two environments were high (0.85 - 0.90) for harvest weight and square root of harvest weight but the estimates were of lower magnitudes for length, width and depth (0.63 – 0.79). The heritabilities estimated for the five traits studied differed between pond (0.02 to 0.22) and cage (0.07 to 0.68). The common full-sib effects were large, ranging from 0.23 to 0.59 in pond and 0.11 to 0.31 in cage across all traits. The direct and correlated responses for four body traits were generally greater in pond than in cage environments (0.011 – 1.561 vs. -0.033 – 0.567 genetic standard deviation units, respectively). Selection for increased harvest body weight resulted in positive genetic changes in survival rate in both pond and cage culture. In conclusion, the reduced selection response and the magnitude of the genetic parameter estimates in the production environment (i.e. cage) relative to those achieved in the nucleus (pond) were a result of the genotype by environment interaction and this effect should be taken into consideration in the future breeding program for Red tilapia.; ;

Field of study: Biology
The Production of the Isotopes with Z = 98–106 in the Multinucleon Transfer Reaction 238U + 251Cf

The multinucleon transfer process in the reaction 238 U + 251 Cf is investigated by the dinuclear system model with GEMINI++ code. The time evolution of the fragment probability is studied. For the fragments with larger proton number, the time needed to reach the maximum probability is larger. The isotopic distributions become wider at larger evolution time, and more neutron-rich and proton-rich nuclei can be produced. On the neutron-rich side, the Δ U values becomes higher at larger incident angular momentum, resulting in lower cross sections of neutron-rich nuclei. New neutron-rich isotopes with Z = 98–104 are produced with cross sections larger than 1 nb. Three unknown Db isotopes and two unknown Sg isotopes are generated with cross sections larger than 1 pb.

Field of study: Physics
Controls on Bacterial Cell Envelope Sulfhydryl Site Concentrations: The Effect of Glucose Concentration During Growth.

Bacterial sulfhydryl sites can form strong complexes with chalcophilic metals such as Hg and Cd, thereby affecting the fate, transport, and bioavailability of these metals in both natural and engineered systems. In this study, five bacterial species were cultured in M9 minimal media containing a range of glucose concentrations as carbon source and in a high-nutrient TSB medium enriched with 50 g/L of glucose, and the sulfhydryl site concentrations of the obtained biomass samples were determined through selective sulfhydryl site-blocking, potentiometric titrations, and surface complexation modeling. The experimental results show that the glucose concentration in the M9 minimal media strongly affects the concentration of sulfhydryl sites that are present on the bacteria, with higher glucose concentrations yielding higher bacterial sulfhydryl site concentrations for each species studied. In contrast, although adding 50 g/L of glucose to the TSB medium significantly increases the sulfhydryl site concentrations for the three Bacillus species studied, the elevated glucose concentration does not significantly affect sulfhydryl site concentrations for S. oneidensis and P. putida samples when grown in the TSB medium. Our results suggest that bacterial sulfhydryl site concentrations in natural systems are likely affected by the composition of the bacterial community and by the available nutrients, and that these factors must be considered in order to determine and model the effects of bacterial cells on metal cycling and metal bioavailability in the environment.

Field of study: Environmental science
CircDENND2A Promotes Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Progression via Regulating MiR-34a/CCNE1 Signaling

The mechanism regulating non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) is unclear. In this study, we aimed to determine the roles of DENN domain containing 2A (circDENND2A) in the progression of NSCLC. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are composited by “head to tail” splicing of coding or non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), whose crucial roles in human cancers had been revealed. CircDENND2A, a new circRNA, was revealed to induce cell proliferation and migration. Our data indicated that circDENND2A was a probable oncogene in human cancers. However, the roles of circDENND2A in NSCLC remained unknown. Here, we demonstrated that circDENND2A was down-regulated in NSCLC samples. Loss-of-function assays showed circDENND2A knockdown suppressed cell growth via inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis and inhibited cell migration and invasion. Bioinformatics analysis and competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network analysis revealed that circDENND2A was involved in regulating cell cycle and tumor protein p53 (TP53) signaling via miR-34a/CCNE1 (cyclin E1). Further validation showed that circDENND2A could directly bind to miR-34a, promoting CCNE1 expression in NSCLC. In addition, rescue assays demonstrated that restoration of CCNE1 significantly impaired the suppressive effects of circDENND2A silencing in terms of NSCLC growth, migration, and invasion. We thought this study indicated that circDENND2A/miR-34a/CCNE1 may be a potential therapeutic target for NSCLC.

Field of study: Biology
A note on certain Kronecker coefficients

We prove an explicit formula for the tensor product with itself of an irreducible complex representation of the symmetric group defined by a rectangle of height two. We also describe part of the decomposition for the tensor product of representations defined by rectangles of heights two and four. Our results are deduced, through Schur-Weyl duality, from the observation that certain actions on triple tensor products of vector spaces, are multiplicity free.

Field of study: Mathematics
Contribution of Wildland-Fire Smoke to US PM2.5 and Its Influence on Recent Trends.

Seasonal-mean concentrations of particulate matter with diameters smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) have been decreasing across the United States (US) for several decades, with large reductions in spring and summer in the eastern US. In contrast, summertime-mean PM2.5 in the western US has not significantly decreased. Wildfires, a large source of summertime PM2.5 in the western US, have been increasing in frequency and burned area in recent decades. Increases in extreme PM2.5 events attributable to wildland fires have been observed in wildfire-prone regions, but it is unclear how these increases impact trends in seasonal-mean PM2.5. Using two distinct methods, (1) interpolated surface observations combined with satellite-based smoke plume estimates and (2) the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model (CTM), we identify recent trends (2006-2016) in summer smoke, nonsmoke, and total PM2.5 across the US. We observe significant decreases in nonsmoke influenced PM2.5 in the western US and find increases in summer-mean smoke PM2.5 in fire-prone regions, although these are not statistically significant due to large interannual variability in the abundance of smoke. These results indicate that without the influence of wildland fires, we would expect to have observed improvements in summer fine particle pollution in the western US but likely weaker improvements than those observed in the eastern US.

Field of study: Environmental science
BIODEGRADABILITY OF BIODIESEL IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT

The biodegradability of various biodiesel fuels was examined by the CO2 evolution method (EPA 560/6-82-003), 
BOD5 (EPA 405.1), COD (EPA 410), and gas chromatography (GC) analyses in an aquatic system. The fuels examined 
included the methyl- and ethyl-esters of rapeseed oil and soybean oil, neat rapeseed oil, neat soybean oil and Phillips 2-D 
low sulfur, reference petroleum diesel. Blends of biodiesel/petroleum diesel at different volumetric ratios, including 80/20, 
50/50, and 20/80, were also examined. The results demonstrate that all the biodiesel fuels are “readily biodegradable”. 
Moreover, in the presence of REE, the degradation rate of petroleum diesel increased to twice that of petroleum diesel alone. 
The pattern of biodegradation in the blends and reasons why biodiesel is more readily degradable than petroleum diesel are 
discussed. The biodegradation monitoring results from both CO2 evolution and GC methods are compared.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Why the Balanced Scorecard Fails in SMEs: A Case Study

Though studies abound for large organizations where use of the Balance Scorecard is quite common, literature focused on the uses and limitations of the Balanced Scorecard in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is difficult to find. To help fill the gap, this study was conducted using one SME that failed in its attempt to implement the Balanced Scorecard with the goal of ascertaining the cause of the failure of the Balanced Scorecard. Data was collected for this study via interviews and researcher observations. Two in-depth interviews were conducted, one with the manager-owner and one with the employee who is directly responsible for the design and implementation of the Balanced Scorecard. The researcher also observed and facilitated the design and implementation of the Balanced Scorecard in the company over the same period. The results reveal that frequent change in strategy was a major factor leading to the failure of the Balanced Scorecard in SMEs.

Field of study: Business
Phase Behaviour and Thermal Stability of Imide-Containing Siloxane-Urethane Copolymers

Imide-containing siloxane-urethane copolymers (I-PU copolymers) were synthesized from 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), OH-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA). The hard segment consisted of urethane and imide segments and the soft segment was PDMS. The DSC of I-PU copolymers suggests that they had a high degree of phase separation in their low hard segment contents and phase mixing in high hard segment contents. DMA indicates similar phase behaviour and shows that incorporating imide segments into the copolymers can maintain the high modulus at high temperature. The progress of degradation of I-PU copolymers was determined by TGA and standard kinetics methods and there were three stages at around 250~425 °C, 425~560 °C and 560~700 °C, respectively. The first stage was dominated by the hard-segment structure and content. Incorporating imide segments into PU raises the characteristic temperatures of degradation in the first stage. The second stage resulted from the degradation of the PDMS soft segment to form oligomers by the interchange reaction. The degradation of the imide segment leads to the third stages because the maximum rate of degradation in DTG curves increases with the imide content.

Field of study: Materials science
Computational Intelligence in Circuit Synthesis

This paper is devoted to the synthesis of combinational logic circuits through computational intelligence or, more precisely, using evolutionary computation techniques. Are studied two evolution- ary algorithms, the Genetic and the Memetic Algo- rithm (GAs, MAs) and one swarm intelligence algo- rithm, the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). GAs are optimization and search techniques based on the principles of genetics and natural selection. MAs are evolutionary algorithms that include a stage of indi- vidual optimization as part of its search strategy, be- ing the individual optimization in the form of a local search. The PSO is a population-based search algo- rithm that starts with a population of random solu- tions called particles. This paper presents the results for digital circuits design using the three above algo- rithms. The results show the statistical characteristics of this algorithms with respect to the number of gen- erations required to achieve the solutions. The article analyzes also a new fitness function that includes an er- ror discontinuity measure, which demonstrated to im- prove significantly the performance of the algorithm.

Field of study: Computer science
Elevated circulating inflammatory markers in female patients with cardiac syndrome X.

The pathophysiological mechanism in cardiac syndrome X has been suggested as impairment in normal endothelial function of the coronary microvasculature, resulting in inadequate flow reserve. However, despite the extensive studies, the precise mechanisms in cardiac syndrome X remain unclear.



The present study was, therefore, to investigate whether inflammatory cells and markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) might be involved in the pathogenesis of cardiac syndrome X.



Thirty-six female patients with cardiac syndrome X and 30 sex-matched normal controls were prospectively enrolled in this study. Blood samples were drawn for measuring white blood and monocyte cells, inflammatory markers such as CRP and IL-6, and data were compared between patients with cardiac syndrome X and normal controls.



The data showed that increased numbers of white blood and monocyte cells were found in patients with cardiac syndrome X compared with normal controls (white blood cells: 7072+/-1146/mm(3) vs. 6138+/-1079/mm(3); monocyte cells: 612+/-186/mm(3) vs. 539+/-190/mm(3)p<0.05, respectively). Moreover, patients with cardiac syndrome X were detected to have significantly higher plasma CRP and IL-6 levels in comparison with patients with normal controls (CRP: 0.48+/-0.26 mg/L vs. 0.22+/-0.15 mg/L; IL-6: 13.4+/-1.2 pg/dl vs. 6.2+/-0.6 pg/dl, p<0.01, respectively). The multivariate analysis showed that CRP was the independent variable most strongly associated with cardiac syndrome X.



Our data suggested that low-grade, chronic inflammation might contribute to the development of cardiac syndrome X manifested by increased plasma levels of inflammatory cells and inflammatory markers.

Field of study: Medicine
“The barracks receives spoiled children and returns men”: Debating Military Service, Masculinity and Nation-Building in Argentina, 1901–1930

In 1918 an anonymous conscript writing to La Protesta, an anarchist paper known for its anti-militarism, complained about life in the Argentine navy. The military was a “school of vice” where everyone was reduced to a number and was subject to the most cruel and random subordination. The conscript fumed, “You even lose control of your hair.”

Field of study: History
A Method for Improving the Matched Termination of Microstrip Line in FDTD Calculation

When characteristics of microstrip line components are calculated by the FDTD method, a non-reflecting termination of the microstrip line is desired. In this paper, a novel method for making a termination producing a small reflection is proposed. The matched termination is composed of lumped-circuit elements. The frequency range of the analysis is up to 10 GHz. The reflection level of a resistance termination previously proposed increases in the high frequency region. The impedance calculated from the reflection coefficient in the termination shows that the cause of the increase is floating capacitance at the end of the microstrip line. And the other cause is the frequency dispersive characteristic impedance of microstrip line. In order to reduce the effect of the capacitive reactance and the difference between the terminal impedance and the characteristic impedance, a termination using resistance and inductance determined by FDTD and simple circuit calculations is introduced. The reflection coefficient at the proposed termination is 13.5 dB lower than that of the previous resistance termination at 10 GHz.

Field of study: Computer science
The Envelope-Disk-Outflow System in Massive Protostellar Source G339.88-1.26

We report molecular line observations of the massive protostellar source G339.88-1.26 with the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array. The observations reveal a highly collimated SiO jet extending from the 1.3 mm continuum source, which connects to a slightly wider but still highly collimated CO outflow. Rotational features perpendicular to the outflow axis are detected in various molecular emissions, including SiO, SO$_2$, H$_2$S, CH$_3$OH, and H$_2$CO emissions. Based on their spatial distributions and kinematics, we find that they trace different parts of the envelope-disk system. The SiO traces the disk and inner envelope in addition to the jet, the CH$_3$OH and H$_2$CO trace the infalling-rotating envelope outside of the disk, and the SO$_2$ and H$_2$S appear enhanced around the transition region between envelope and disk, i.e., the centrifugal barrier, as well as the outer part of the disk. Envelope kinematics are consistent with rotating-infalling motion, while those of the disk are consistent with Keplerian rotation. The radius and velocity of the centrifugal barrier are estimated to be about 530 au and 6 km s$^{-1}$, leading to a central mass of about $11~M_\odot$, consistent with estimates based on spectral energy distribution fitting. These results indicate that an ordered transition from an infalling-rotating envelope to a Keplerian disk through a centrifugal barrier, accompanied by change of chemical composition, is a valid description of this massive protostellar source. This implies that at least some massive stars form in a similar way as low-mass stars via Core Accretion.

Field of study: Physics
Liquid phase in-situ hydrogenation of phenol for synthesis of cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol

Based on the combination of the methanol aqueous-phase reforming(APR)and catalytic hydrogenation of phenol,a novel reaction system of liquid phase in-situ catalytic hydrogenation of phenol for the synthesis of cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol,in which hydrogen is produced from methanol aqueous-phase reforming in the same reactor over the Raney Ni catalyst,is proposed.The production,preservation and transportation of H2 in the traditional hydrogenation process could be eliminated,which leads to the decrease of cost and enhancement of safety significantly.In this coupling process,methanol is the raw material of the aqueous-phase reforming reaction.It is the solvent of the liquid-phase hydrogenation of phenol,on the other hand.While hydrogen is the product of the aqueous-phase reforming of methanol,it is at the same time the raw material of phenol hydrogenation reaction.The active hydrogen generated from the aqueous-phase reforming of methanol could be quickly removed from the active sites of the catalyst,through the in-situ hydrogenation of phenol,which could improve the selectivity of hydrogen for the APR process of methanol.Furthermore,highly selective hydrogenation of phenol to the aimed products cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol could be realized over the Raney Ni catalyst(100% of the total selectivity to cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol),which is superior to the traditional catalytic hydrogenation method by using H2.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
A Deterministic Headcut Advance Model

Gully erosion is a dominant form of damage to earth spillways. Prediction of the rate of gully headcut movement is desired to assess the risk of a spillway breach. This article presents a headcut advance model composed of a boundary stress prediction model and a mass failure model. Several simplifying assumptions were necessary to predict headcut advance. Model performance was compared with two cases of field damage. The model overpredicted the movement at one site by 44% and underpredicted the movement at another site by 46%. Several topics were identified as needing additional research, and the model provides a framework that can incorporate future research advances.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
California's Master Plan for Higher Education, 1960-1975: A Factual Presentation of an Important Development

B ETWEEN 1940 and I959 the number of births in the United States rose from 2,360,399 to 4,298,000, an increase of 82 per cent. During this same period the births in California increased from 114,483 to 355,288, or 2TO per cent. The significance of these increases as they relate to higher education in the nation was first highlighted by a study made in I953 for the American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers.' When the number of native-born in the state and the number immigrated are translated into projected full-time enrollments in California institutions of higher education, the results are these: fulltime enrollment, which was 225,6I5 in the fall of I958 in the state's public and private institutions of higher education, is expected to increase by I975 to 66I,350, or nearly three times the number in I958. In terms of percentages, the estimated increases by segments are as follows: junior colleges, I76; state colleges, 357; University of California, 227; private colleges and universities, I90; all institutions, I90. In comparison, it is interesting to note that in the eleven-year period 1948-I958, the fulltime enrollment increases in all institutions in the state amounted to 35 per cent. In addition to the full-time students, defined as those taking twelve or more units of work, part-time students in 1975 are expected to number about 375,000. A further fact of significance in support of the estimates given is the anticipated increase in high-school graduates in the state in the period 1958-I975, when the number of public-high-school graduates is expected to increase by I78 per cent. In the light of these figures it is not surprising that the Legislature, the governing boards and their staffs, and interested citizens were concerned about how the state should proceed if it is to provide adequate educational opportunity to these large numbers of young people. In I9I9, I93I, I947, and again in I953, the Legislature authorized general studies in the field of higher education. The two most recent of these have had a significant influence on the development of higher education

Field of study: Education