nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Pattern of Emotional Control and Psychological Reactions to Breast Cancer: A Preliminary Report

To investigate the relationship between suppression of negative feelings and psychological reaction to cancer, a series of breast cancer patients were studied preoperatively (n = 35), a week after mastectomy (n = 32) and six months later (n = 12). A general pattern of emotional control, as measured by the Courtauld Emotional Control Scale, showed less correlation with anxiety (Symptom Questionnaire Anxiety scale) before breast lump biopsy and more with depressive symptoms (SQ Depression scale) after mastectomy, especially 6 mo. later. Six months after surgery hostility (SQ Hostility scale), inability to express feelings to others, a tendency to perceive the somatic effects of the illness, and less preoccupation about the disease (Illness Behavior Questionnaire) were also associated with emotional repression. These preliminary results suggest further examination of the tendency to inhibit behavioral discharge of emotions which may be a factor in favoring psychological difficulties after diagnosis of cancer.

Field of study: Psychology
WE-G-17A-07: Investigation of the Influence of the Electron Return Effect (ERE) On the Dose Distribution in Rectal Cancer Patients On a 1.5T MR-Linac.

The purpose of this planning study is to investigate the influence of the ERE on the day-to-day dose distribution in rectal cancer patients, where changes in gas-pockets frequently occur.



Daily CT scans of 5 patients treated neo-adjuvant with 5×5Gy for rectal cancer were used. We optimized two plans on the planning CT (Monaco, 1 mm3 dosegrid), a conventional 7-field 6MV IMRT plan (Dconv) and a plan in the presence of a 1.5T field (Dmrl). We recalculated the plans on all repeat-CT scans and evaluated under/over-dosage of the daily CTVs. Changes of more than 1% were considered significant. In the bowel area, we investigated the relative dose changes due to the ERE, where the contribution of the ERE was separated from other effects such as attenuation.



Both plans were comparable and compliant with ICRU 62 for all patients. For 2 fractions in one patient under-dosage in the CTV was significant, due to a disappearing gas-pocket. Here the V95 was 96.82 and 97.36% in in Dmrl compared to 98.85 and 98.66% in Dconv, respectively. For 3 fractions in another patient appearing gas-pockets resulted in significant over-dosage of the CTV. In these fractions the V107 was 1.88-2.68% in Dmrl compared to 0.33-1.27% in Dconv. In the bowel area the dose changes attributable to the ERE were approximately ± 5% in 1cc, at low dose levels.



We were able to calculate acceptable treatment plans with and without a magnetic field. The ERE was present in the Dmrl, but the volumetric effect within the CTV was limited. Outside the CTV relative dose differences were similar, but on small volumes at lower, less relevant dose levels. This suggests that there is no clinical relevant ERE on dose distributions in rectal cancer patients on a 1.5T MR-Linac.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Catalytic dehydrogenation of 4-ethylpyridine

A study is made of the dehydrogenation of 4-ethylpyridine over a mixed oxide catalyst, at atmospheric pressure, using dilution with steam, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. Maximum yields of 4-vinylpyridine are obtained when the dehydrogenation is carried out at 620° C, feed rate 500 ml/l catalyst/hr, and CO2 dilution of the 4-ethylpyridine at a mass ratio of 1∶2–1∶3.

Field of study: Chemistry
Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Analysis of Hypothalamus During the Onset of Puberty in Gilts

Although selection of the early age at puberty in gilts will make for a favorable effect on the reproductivity of sow, a large proportion of phenotypic variation in age at puberty of gilts cannot be explained by genetics. Previous studies have implicated hypothalamic DNA methylation in the onset of puberty in mammals. However, the underlying molecular mechanism regarding the regulation of the onset of puberty has remained largely unexplored in gilts. Herein, the genome-scale DNA methylation of hypothalamus was acquired, using the reduced representation bisulfite sequencing, to compare and describe the changes of DNA methylation across Pre-, In- and Post-pubertal gilts. In this study, the average methylation levels of CpGs and CpHs (where H = C, T, or A) in CpG islands- and gene-related regions were gradually decreased in hypothalamic methylomes during the pubertal transition. Comparisons of Pre- vs. In-, In- vs. Post-, and Pre- vs. Post-pubertal stage revealed that there were 85726, 92914, and 100421 differentially methylated CpGs and 5940, 14804, and 16893 differentially methylated CpHs (where H = C, T, or A) in the hypothalamic methylomes. The methylation changes of CpHs were more dynamic than that of CpGs, and methylation changes of CpGs and CpHs were likely to be, respectively, involved in the developmental processes of reproduction and the molecular processes of cellular communications in the hypothalamus. Moreover, methylation changes of CpHs were observed to overrepresent in the quantitative trait loci of age at puberty, and the biological function of these CpH methylation changes was enriched in the pancreas development in gilts. Furthermore, the mRNA levels of several differentially CpG or CpH methylated genes related to the transcription of RNA II polymerase, GnRH signaling pathway, Estrogen signaling pathway, PI3K-AKt signaling pathway, and Insulin signaling pathway, including MAX, MMP2, FGF11, IGF1R, FGF21, and GSK3B, were significantly changed across these pubertal stages in the hypothalamus. These results will help our understanding of how DNA methylation contributes to phenotypic variation of age at puberty.

Field of study: Biology
The influence of change of legislation concerning sickness absence on physicians' performance as certifiers. A population-based study.

In Sweden, a change of the legislation for sickness absence became effective on 1st October, 1995. The purpose of the change was to reduce costs for sickness absence by exclusion of non-medical criteria for sick-listing, more part-time sick-listing and faster rehabilitation. This study was conducted in order to describe and analyse certification practice of various physician categories, before and after the change in legislation. Thirty-one thousand seven hundred and thirty certificates for sickness absence, collected by the local offices of the National Social Insurance Board in eight Swedish counties, fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The number of certificates decreased temporarily. The number of certified net days, i.e. crude days multiplied by degree, tended to increase and there was no shift from full to partial sick-listing during the period. There were small changes regarding case mix, i.e. patient characteristics, and sick-listing physician category. The results were almost unchanged when these small changes were taken into account. General practitioners issued significantly shorter periods of sick-leave than the other categories both years. The goals of the legislative change were thus not met. The result of the study indicates that other factors than the legislation may be more important for physicians' practice.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Focus character for double-negative dielectric volume with regular polygon structure under electric line source

Focus character for double-negative dielectric volume with regular triangular,square and hexagonal structure under electric line source is analyzed using finite difference time domain method.The computation results show that "focus"does not exist in the double-negative dielectric volume,when the excitation is located on the outside extension line of angular bisector of corner angle in double-negative volume with very small permitivity and permeability.The results are compared with Arslanagic's analytic results and their validity is proved.

Field of study: Physics
Rafael Altamira: An Appreciation

On June 7, 1951, Rafael Altamira y Crevea, educator, jurist, and historian, died at the age of eighty-five in Mexico City, an exile from his homeland of Spain. In the course of his long and varied life Altamira had written many books; some are in the field of jurisprudence, but most of his work deals with the Spanish people and their history. His four-volume work, Historia de Espana y de la civilization espaiola, published in the first decade of this century, established his eminence as an historian and still stands today as a monumental work in Spanish history. This essay is an attempt to highlight certain views which are reflected in his historical writing. As one of the "Generation of '98" Altamira looked upon the wave of pessimism which engulfed his country at the turn of the century as a symptom of Spain's internal decadence and therefore not as something to be treated as a cause of illness but to be watched as an indicator of the internal state of the nation.2 Spain had been on the decline in various ways for almost two centuries but little had been accomplished to counteract this decadence.3 For Altamira the hope for a reversal of this trend lay in the Spaniards themselves ;4 but the desire for improvement must first exist in the minds of citizens before progress could be hoped for.5 To Altamira the importance of mass support for a program of reform was paramount as he shows in his comparison of the Spanish Revolutions of 1820 and 1808.6 The failure of the Revolution of 1820 and the success of that of 1808 are both explained solely in terms of the degree of popular support each was able to secure. His faith in the masses is further indicated by his belief that the only way to explain the great events of history is through the study of the activity and labor, small and insignificant though it may seem at times, of the thousands of people of the  It follows, therefore, that Spain was not classed as one of the leaders of the modern world by Altamira because the masses of its people were not aware of the progress that they might make or of the latent powers of their nation.8

Field of study: History
Chronic ethanol exposure during adolescence increases basal dopamine in the nucleus accumbens septi during adulthood.

In humans, adolescent exposure to alcohol is associated with the onset of adult alcohol dependency and suggests that early use potentiates vulnerability to addiction. The aim of the present study was to address whether chronic ethanol exposure during adolescence would alter nucleus accumbens septi (NAcc) dopamine (DA) levels in the adult brain.



Rats were injected daily from postnatal day (PND) 30 to 50 with either 0.75 g/kg/i.p. ethanol or saline followed by an ethanol-abstinent period from PND 51 to 65. Changes in extracellular DA levels in the anterior NAcc shell were measured via the no net flux (NNF) paradigm.



Extracellular DA levels were greater in rats chronically treated with ethanol during adolescence (6.5 nM DA) in comparison with saline-exposed controls (3.6 nM DA). There were no differences in extraction fraction (E(d)), an indirect measure of DA reuptake, between ethanol-treated (87%) and nontreated (68%) rats.



Together these findings suggest that changes in extracellular DA may be an underlying physiological mechanism in adolescent vulnerability to the rewarding properties of ethanol.

Field of study: Medicine
Laboulbeniales on beetles: host utilization patterns and species richness of the parasites

Fungi of the order Laboulbeniales are obligate ectoparasites that are easy to detect on the integument of their arthropod hosts. This apparency, and other characteristics that suit them for the role of ‘model’ group in the exploration of parasite biodiversity patterns, are discussed. Salient features of the general biology of these organisms are summarized and past patterns of species description reviewed. In recent years, much as in the fungi as a whole, roughly equal proportions of new species have been described from tropical and temperate regions. Comparison of the known Laboulbeniales mycobiotas of Europe, Asia and ‘tropical Asia’ reveals that most of the more significant parasite genera are more or less equally well represented in each region. Patterns of host utilization are also largely similar, with more than 50% of host species recorded from each region belonging to the two beetle families Carabidae and Staphylinidae. However, there are indications that parasite species that are not confined to a single host species have significantly broader geographical ranges than any of their hosts. The pattern of host utilization in the relatively fully-inventoried assemblage of beetles of a tropical forest in North Sulawesi is described, in terms of the taxonomic group membership, habitat affiliation and feeding biology of recorded hosts. On the basis of the Sulawesi dataset and other available data on host exploitation patterns at various spatial scales, we suggest that between 2 and 5%, i.e. between ca 40000 and ca 100000 of an estimated 2 million extant beetle species, are hosts of one or more species of Laboulbeniales. Known and predicted levels of host specificity imply that a global figure for Laboulbeniales species exploiting Coleoptera is likely to be between 10000 and 50000 species. A smaller number of Laboulbeniales species, probably no more than half the number associated with beetles, are to be found on other arthropod hosts. Ways in which these estimates might be refined are discussed.

Field of study: Environmental science
Synthesis in the phenothiazine series

A new condensed system — imidazo[4,5,1-k,l]phenothiazine — was synthesized by the reaction of 1-aminophenothiazine with formic acid. The reaction of 1-aminophenothiazine with trifluoroacetic acid resulted in the formation of 1-trifluoromethylimidazo[4,5,1-k, l]phenothiazine. The cyclization of 1-acetamido- and 1-benzamidophenothiazines in the presence of hydrochloric acid gave 1-methyl- and 1-phenylimidazo[4,5,1-k, l]phenothiazines.

Field of study: Chemistry
Approach to urinary incontinence in women. Diagnosis and management by family physicians.

OBJECTIVE; To outline an approach to diagnosis and management of the types of urinary incontinence seen by family physicians.



Recommendations for diagnosis are based on consensus guidelines. Treatment recommendations are based on level I and II evidence. Guidelines for referral are based on the authors' opinions and experience.


MAIN MESSAGE
Diagnoses of stress, urge, or mixed urinary incontinence are easily established in family physicians' offices by history and gynecologic examination and sometimes a urinary stress test. There is little need for formal diagnostic testing. Management by family physicians (without need for specialist referral) includes lifestyle modification, pelvic floor muscle strengthening, bladder retraining, and pharmacotherapy with muscarinic receptor antagonists. Patients with pelvic organ prolapse might require specialist referral for consideration of pessaries or surgery, but family physicians can provide follow-up care. Women with more complex problems, such as severe prolapse or failed continence surgery, require referral.



Urinary incontinence is a common condition in women. In most cases, it can be diagnosed and managed effectively by family physicians.

Field of study: Medicine
Experiments on the Acceleration and Transport of Multi-Kiloampere Ion Beams

The Pulselac C accelerator is being constructed to study the properties of spacecharge-neutralized ion beams and to demonstrate the feasibility of controlling high ion fluxes. A gas-injection plasma gun has been developed which can supply over 50 A/cm2 of N+ or other intermediate mass ions. This source supplies ion flux for the magnetically insulated extraction gap. The source and extractor produce a 100 kV, 5 kA annular ion beam which propagates into a diagnostic region. Diagnostics, including a Thompson parabola mass spectrometer, a magnetic spectrometer, magnetically insulated detectors, and biased charge collectors, have proven the purity and uniformity of the beam and have given preliminary information on its propagation characteristics. Further experiments on the injector will include focusing using a toroidal lens and studies of beam aiming from the extractor gap. Two inductive post-acceleration stages, presently under construction, will increase the beam energy by 500 keV.

Field of study: Physics
Design and Construction of an Embedded Telemetry System for Potentiometric Sensors

A new embedded telemetry system for potentiometric sensors was developed. The system consisted of a transmitter unit,a receiver unit and a personal computer( PC). The transmitter unit included a current amplifier,a Σ-Δ analog-to-digital converter( ADC),a microcontroller unit( MCU) and a radio module. The receiver unit was composed of a radio module,a microcontroller unit and a serial-to-USB converter module.The receiver unit was connected to an upper computer via a universal serial bus( USB). The embedded software written in C language controlled the signal acquisition and transmission. The computer software written in Lab VIEW language was used for data storage and display. The range of the acquisition voltages was from"1. 17 V to +1. 17 V. In order to verify the accuracy and reliability of this system,a control experiment had been done with this system and a digital multimeter. Moreover,a response test of acidity changes had been done with the self-made H+selective electrode. The results showed that the accuracy of this system could be up to 0. 1 m V and it had strong anti-noise ability. The square of the linear correlation coefficient of the response of the changes in p H values was 0. 998. The curve of the results measured by this system was consistent with that measured by the commercial electrochemical analyzer. The system was built with standard hardware components and the size of the transmitter unit was only 29 mm ×14 mm ×11 mm. It can be easily used for remote and real-time detection for the potentiometric sensor.

Field of study: Chemistry
On Attributing Negative Motives to Others Who Disagree With Our Opinions

The research explores the tendency for people to attribute negative motives to others who hold an attitude position that is discrepant from their own. In Studies 1 and 2, American and Canadian respondents indicated their perceptions of U.S. President Bush’s motives for initiating war in Iraq. Consistent with the proposed bias, respondents who disagreed with the war attributed more selfish motivations than did those who supported the war. Study 3 revealed a similar bias when respondents rated the motives of the general citizenry concerning their attitudes about the war, and Study 4 provided evidence of the bias on different attitudinal issues (e.g., abortion and gay marriage). Study 4 also indicated that biased attributions of motive were primarily confined to respondents who were highly involved in the attitude issue. Discussion centers on naïve realism, social identity concerns, and attitude justification as relevant underlying theoretical factors.

Field of study: Psychology
Preparation and catalytic oxidation activity of Pr_(2-x)Sr_xCoO_(4±λ) with K_2NiF_4

The mixed oxides Pr_2-xSr_xCoO_4±λ (0.2≤x≤1.0) with K_2NiF_4 structure were synthesized by the po lyglycol gel method.The composition and structure of the catalysts were characte rized by means of XRD,TPD,TPR,XPS,and chemical analysis.The catalytic performanc e for CO and C_3H_8 oxidation was investigated.The results showed that the mix ed oxides displayed K_2NiF_4 structure.Other phases were found when x=0.2 and x=1.0 and the mixed oxide was single A_2BO_4 when 0.2x1.0.Wi th the increase of x, average crystalline size, unit cell volume and lattice parameters of Pr_2-xSr_xCoO_4±λ catalysts decreased g radually, however, the concentration of oxygen vacancy, the desorption amount of lattice oxygen, the amount of Co3+, and lattice distortion increased grad ually.There were only the desorption peak approaching BE (529 eV) in the O_1s curves of Pr_2-xSr_xCoO_4±λ catalysts when x=0 .2 and x=0.4.However, the O_1s curves of Pr_2-xSr_xCoO _4±λ catalysts, when x=0.6—1.0,included two peaks, and the pea k areas approaching BE (531 eV) increased with the increase of x.The catalyt ic activities for CO and C_3H_8 oxidation were closely correlated with oxygen vacancy, lattice oxygen and Co3+.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
MODIFIED MCDOWELL MODELAND RATCHETING PREDICTIONS OF 1070 STEEL

McDowell model is employed to predict ratcheting of 1070 steel under proportional and nonproportional loading paths. An evolutional function of uniaxial parameter Ai related to plastic strain accumulation is introduced into McDowell model. It is shown that the modified McDowell model can present accurate predictions of ratcheting effect under uniaxial cyclic loading with mean tensile and compressive stress. The model also works well for tension-torsional proportional cyclic loading with mean stress, cyclic shear loading with constant axial stress, non-proportional cyclic loading, and multiple step loading with varying axial mean stress. The improved model can also predict well the ratcheting for large number of cycles for these loading cases.

Field of study: Engineering
Antagonism of LPS and IFN-gamma induced iNOS expression in human atrial endothelia by morphine, anandamide, and estrogen.

To determine whether inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) stimulation of human atrial fragments can be diminished by the naturally occurring signal molecules, such as morphine, anandamide, and estrogen. The use of iNOS as an indicator is justified since it has been associated with initiation of various types of cellular damage either directly or indirectly.



Western blots were performed on control and drug-exposed atrial tissue before and after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) exposure.



Preincubation of the tissue with morphine, anandamide or estrogen prior to, but not after, the addition of LPS + IFN-gamma, blocked iNOS expression. The nitric oxide donor SNAP also blocked iNOS induction while preincubation of atrial fragments with an inhibitor of NOS, L-NAME, prior to morphine or anandamide exposure, restored LPS + IFN-gamma induction of iNOS.



These data suggest a direct regulatory link at the transcriptional level between constitutive (c) NOS and iNOS in human atrial tissue.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Über die Natur des explosiblen Antimons

ZusammenfassungZur Ergründung der Natur des explosiblen Antimons wurden Versuche angestellt, die zum Teil die Ergebnisse früherer Untersuchungen bestätigten, zum Teil neues Material zur Charakterisierung dieser eigenartigen Substanz lieferten. Insbesondere wurde durch Strukturanalyse vermittelst Röntgenstrahlen gezeigt, daß Antimon sich unter diesen Umständen in amorphem Zustand befindet, was bisher nur vermutet werden konnte.

Field of study: Physics