nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Examination on total ozone column retrievals by Brewer spectrophotometry using different processing software

The availability of long-term records of the total ozone content (TOC)
represents a valuable source of information for studies on the assessment of
short- and long-term atmospheric changes and their impact on the terrestrial
ecosystem. In particular, ground-based observations represent a valuable tool
for validating satellite-derived products. To our knowledge, details about
software packages for processing Brewer spectrophotometer measurements and
for retrieving the TOC are seldom specified in studies using such datasets. The
sources of the differences among retrieved TOCs from the Brewer instruments
located at the Italian stations of Rome and Aosta, using three freely available
codes (Brewer Processing Software, BPS; O3Brewer software; and European Brewer Network (EUBREWNET) level
1.5 products) are investigated here. Ground-based TOCs are also compared with
Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) TOC retrievals used as an independent
dataset since no other instruments near the Brewer sites are available. The overall agreement of the BPS and O3Brewer TOC data with EUBREWNET data is
within the estimated total uncertainty in the retrieval of total ozone from a
Brewer spectrophotometer (1 %). However, differences can be found
depending on the software in use. Such differences become larger when the
instrumental sensitivity exhibits a fast and dramatic drift which can affect
the ozone retrievals significantly. Moreover, if daily mean values are
directly generated by the software, differences can be observed due to the
configuration set by the users to process single ozone measurement and the
rejection rules applied to data to calculate the daily value. This work aims to provide useful information both for scientists engaged in
ozone measurements with Brewer spectrophotometers and for stakeholders of
the Brewer data products available on Web-based platforms.

Field of study: Environmental science
Thoughts and Methods of Compiling Automobile Maintenance Information

Automobile maintenance information can provide detailed and accurate guidance for diverse, intelligent and complicated automobile maintenance. This paper summarizes the idea of compiling automobile maintenance information. At the same time, it summarizes the 7 basic elements, and introduces the expression methods and requirements according to the elements. Which provides guidance for the preparation of maintenance information that is easy to check, easy to read, complete and can guide the depth of maintenance operations. Finally, it is beneficial to improve the quality and efficiency of information compilation.

Field of study: Engineering
Fingerprint Core-point Detection Using Genetic Algorithms

Core-point is an essential feature in a fingerprint,and is also very important in fingerprint matching and fingerprint classification. This paper defines the fingerprint core-point and its orientation in a novel way,then a genetic algorithms(GAs)-based method is proposed to locate the position of the core-point and compute its orientation. First the orientation field information of fingerprint is used to determine the core-point candidate region,and the fitness function of core-point's position and orientation is devised according to the definition. Finally,GAs is used to search the position of the core-point along with its orientation in a fast way. The experimental results show that the proposed method can exactly locate the core-point and compute its orientation.

Field of study: Computer science
Perplexities in Living Dependent on the Land——Peaseants Encounter the Process of Modernization

This paper analyses the difference between town and country objectively.The peasants who come out of the rural areas and make their living in town don't regard town as their survival base.They still remain the idea in psychology and life that they are living dependent on the land.The formative reason of living dependont on the land should be analysed from two aspects:on the one hand what they stresse on is only their interests,not their behavior of lack of morality;on the other the peasants who come into town have nothing human to obtain from the commumties and from the citizens because of poor mental maturity of the citizens.It can be seen from this that the author gives the vital solution to the problem that the system of human care of modern society must be structured.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Is Congruence a Predictor of Satisfaction with the Choice of Degree Program among University Students in Kenya

A lot of studies carried out in Kenya have examined the factors that lead to a student’s choice of degree program with most reports suggesting that parents and peers have significant influence. The extent to which the personal attributes lead to the choice of degree program has not been examined. This study examined congruence as a predictor of satisfaction with the choice of degree program. The Self Directed Search 4 th Edition questionnaire by (Rosen, Holmberg, & Holland, 1994) and a satisfaction scale were used to gather information. The results indicated that majority of the students were satisfied with their choice of degree program. Congruence was found to be weak predictor of the choice of degree program (r=.04, n = 389, .433), and significantly negatively correlated with satisfaction with the degree program (r=-.099, n=389, p=.051). The study concluded that congruence is a predictor of choice of the degree program but not a strong predictor of satisfaction.  Congruence, Satisfaction, and Choice of degree program.

Field of study: Education
Elevated CO2 stimulates cells to divide in grass meristems: a differential effect in two natural populations of Dactylis glomerata

In this study, we tested the hypothesis that elevated [CO 2 ] shortens the cell cycle in meristems of Dactylis glomerata, more in a Portuguese population (38°53'N) than in a Swedish population (63°09'N). In the shoot meristem, the cell cycle shortened to about the same extent ( 26%) in both populations exposed to the elevated [CO 2 ] treatment. In the root meristem, the cell cycle shortened by 17% in the Portuguese and by 8% in the Swedish population. However, the proportion of rapidly cycling cells increased in the Portuguese much more than in the Swedish population in both meristems. In the root meristem, there was a 1.86-fold increase in the Portuguese compared with a 1.31-fold increase in the Swedish. In the shoot meristem, the increases were 1.5-3-fold for the Portuguese and 1.2-fold for the Swedish. The data are consistent in showing that a major response to the elevated [CO 2 ] treatment was an increase in the proportion of cells that were cycling and that this was more marked for the Portuguese population. A more general response to the elevated [CO 2 ] treatment was a shortening of the cell cycle regardless of population.

Field of study: Environmental science
Social-Psychological Origins of Feelings of Presence: Creating Social Presence With Machine-Generated Voices

We demonstrate, via 2 experiments (N = 72 and N = 80) done in e-commerce contexts, that social responses to technology influence feelings of social presence. Users feel stronger social presence when they hear a computer-synthesized voice that manifests a personality that (a) is similar to the user (especially to the extrovert user) as compared to dissimilar, (b) is consistent with the text's personality, and (c) is extroverted as compared to introverted. We discuss various applications of these findings to the design of human-computer interfaces, as well as to the study of presence.

Field of study: Psychology
Massively Parallel Solution of the BiGlobal Eigenvalue Problem Using Dense Linear Algebra

Linearinstabilityofcomplex! owsmaybeanalyzedbynumericalsolutionsofpartial-derivative-based eigenvalue problems;the concepts are,respectively, referredto asBiGlobal orTriGlobalinstability, dependingonwhether two or three spatial directions are resolved simultaneously. Numerical solutions of the BiGlobal eigenvalue problems in ! ows of engineering signi" cance, such as the laminar separation bubble in which global eigenmodes have been identi" ed,revealthatrecoveryof(two-dimensional) amplitudefunctionsofgloballystable butconvectivelyunstable ! ows (i.e., ! ows which sustain spatially amplifying disturbances in a local instability analysis context) requires resolutions well beyond the capabilities of serial, in-core solutions of the BiGlobal eigenvalue problems. The present contribution presents a methodology capable of overcoming this bottleneck via massive parallel solution of the problem at hand; the approach discussed is especially useful when a large window of the eigenspectrum is sought. Twoseparated! owapplications, onein theboundary-layer ona! atplate andoneinthe wakeof astalledairfoil, are brie! y discussed as demonstrators of the class of problems in which the present enabling technology permits the study of global instability in an accurate manner.

Field of study: Physics
Suppressor cells and loss of B-cell potential in mice infected with Trypanosoma brucei.

The functional changes in splenic lymphoid populations from mice infected with T. brucei strain S42 were studied throughout the 3 weeks of infection. Within a week of infection, proliferation of B and T cells profoundly increased as shown by 3H-labelled thymidine incorporation and fluorescent staining of surface Ig; the spleen cells secreted high levels of both IgM and IgG immediately cells were put into culture; but with progressing infection this Ig production declined. The early effect on T cells was reflected by lack of responsiveness to PHA. B-cell potential was studied in low-density cultures treated with lipopolysaccharide (E. coli). Normal spleen cells proliferate extensively in these cultures with subsequent secretion of IgG as well as IgM. The ability to proliferate and produce Ig in response to LPS was severely depressed by day 7 and almost totally absent by day 12 of infection. Removal of T cells from the spleen cells obtained early in infection partly restored the response to LPS but as the infection neared its fatal end, B-cell potential appeared to become exhausted. Macrophages obtained from infected mice even early in infection profoundly depressed the ability of normal spleen cells to proliferate and secrete immunoglobulin in LPS cultures. The general immunodepressing effect of trypanosomes can be attributed to clonal exhaustion of B-cell potential caused by an undefined blastogenic stimulus from the parasites which may operate at least in part by the generation of suppressive T cells and macrophages.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
The role of NF-κB on cytokines secretion in pathogenesis of psoriasis

To study the controlling mechanism of NF-κB in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.  Establish by mix-cultured T cells from psoriasis patients and keratinocytes, then cytokines were detected by semiquantitative RT-PCR and NF-κB activity was analyzed by EMSA.  Compared with control group, the expression of cytokines increased with an enhanced NF-κB activity. TPCK and tripterygium glycosides treatment could inhibited cytokines secretion and NF-κB activation.  NF-κB activation is important in the inflammatory reaction of psoriasis, suggesting that inhibition of NF-κB activation may improve clinical pictures of psoriasis.

Field of study: Biology
Electrical-efficiency analysis of GaN-based light-emitting diodes with interdigitated-mesa geometry

We propose a novel method to analyze the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of GaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with different p-type electrodemesa geometries. The electrical efficiency is analyzed by calculating the electric field under the quasi-coplanar electrodes of GaN-based LEDs. The experimental results for GaN-based LEDs of chip sizes of 350×350 µm2 and 1,000 × 1,000 µm2 with interdigitated fingers are compared. A good agreement is obtained between the experimental and theoretical electrical efficiency of the GaN LEDs with a chip size of 1,000×1,000 µm2. The current-crowding effect is analyzed by measuring the electroluminescence spectra of the devices. The result indicates that the current-crowding effect is largely reduced by increasing the number of interdigitated fingers. The electrical efficiency of a LED with a chip size of 1,000×1,000 µm2 can be also enhanced by increasing the number of interdigitated fingers, showing the advantages of GaN LED with interdigitated-mesa geometries.

Field of study: Materials science
Distribution and generation of traps in SiO2/Al2O3 gate stacks

In this work we combine charge-pumping measurements with positive constant voltage stress to investigate trap generation in SiO2/Al2O3 n-MOSFET. Trap density has been scanned either in energy or in position based on charge-pumping (CP) measurements performed under different operating conditions in terms of amplitude and frequency of the gate pulse. Our results have revealed that the traps are meanly localized shallow in energy level, deeper in spatial position and they are mostly generated near the Si/SiO2 interface.

Field of study: Engineering
National trends, complications, and outcomes following transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease from 1993 to 2002.

OBJECT
Information about complications, patient outcomes, and mortality rate after transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) for Cushing's disease has been derived largely from single-institution series. In this study the authors report on inpatient death, morbidity, and outcomes following TSS for Cushing's disease on a national level.



All patients in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database who had undergone transsphenoidal resection of a pituitary tumor for Cushing's disease between 1993 and 2002 were included in the study. The number of cases per year, length of stay (LOS), and rates of inpatient complications, death, and adverse outcomes (death or discharge to institution other than home) were abstracted. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the effects of patient and hospital characteristics on outcome measures.



According to the NIS, there were an estimated 3525 cases of TSS for Cushing's disease in the US between 1993 and 2002. During this period, there was a trend toward a small increase in the number of TSSs for Cushing's disease. The in-hospital mortality rate was 0.7%, and the complication rate was 42.1%. Diabetes insipidus (15%), fluid and electrolyte abnormalities (12.5%), and neurological deficits (5.6%) were the most common complications reported. Multivariate analysis showed that complications were more likely in patients with pre-operative comorbidities. Patients older than 64 years were much more likely to have an adverse outcome (odds ratio [OR] 20.8) and a prolonged hospital stay (OR 2.2). Women were less likely than men to have an adverse outcome (OR 0.3). A single postoperative complication increased the mean LOS by 3 days, more than tripled the odds of an adverse outcome, and increased the hospital charges by more than US $7000.



The authors provided a national perspective on trends, inpatient complications, and outcomes after TSS for Cushing's disease in the US. Postoperative complications had a significantly negative effect on LOS, adverse outcome, and resource utilization. Advanced age and multiple preoperative comorbidities were identified as important risk factors, and their effects on patient outcomes were quantified.

Field of study: Medicine
Virtualized Web server cluster self-configuration to optimize resource and power use

This work proposes a reusable architecture that enables the self-configuration of a supporting infrastructure for Web server clusters using virtual machines. The goal of the architecture is to ensure service quality, evaluating how broadly it complies with the application's operating restrictions and proportionally acting on the configuration of physical servers (hosts) or virtual machines. In addition, through the rational use of resources, the proposal aims at saving energy. A prototype of the architecture was developed and a performance evaluation carried out with two different resource management approaches. This evaluation shows how fully functional and advantageous the proposal is in terms of using resources, avoiding waste, yet maintaining the application's quality of service within acceptable levels. The architecture also shows to be flexible enough to accept, with a reasonable amount of effort, different resource self-configuration policies.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Synthesis and electrochemical properties of graphene/V2O5 xerogels nanocomposites as supercapacitor electrodes

The graphene/V 2 O 5 xerogels nanocomposites were synthesized by the hydrothermal method. The structure of the samples was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The electrochemical properties of the graphene/V 2 O 5 xerogels nanocomposites were studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and galvanostatic charge–discharge measurements as electrode materials for supercapacitor. In the graphene/V 2 O 5 xerogels nanocomposites, graphene sheets and the layers of V 2 O 5 xerogels (V 2 O 5  · 1.6H 2 O) were stacked together. The graphene/V 2 O 5 xerogels nanocomposites exhibited high specific capacity and high-rate capability, delivering a specific capacitance of 195.4 F/g and 184.6 F/g at the current density of 1A/g and 10 A/g between 0 and 0.65 V, respectively.

Field of study: Materials science
Ecological transitions — But for whom? A perspective from the Pleistocene

This paper deals with the so-called Middle Pleistocene revolution, that is, the transition between the Early and Middle Pleistocene between 1.2 and 0.5 million years ago. Our knowledge about biotic changes during this transition has been so far largely based on studies of large mammals. Here we address the issue whether all faunal groups were equally affected. Three datasets have been used: (a) European large mammals present in the Middle and Late Pleistocene, (b) European fossil bird species recorded from the Early, Middle and Late Pleistocene of Europe, and (c) present-day birds currently classified in subfamilies that contain at least one Palaearctic representative species. Each species was allocated to all those geographical areas, climates, habitats in which it is present today; migratory status was also recorded. These datasets serve to undertake a biochronological analysis of mammal and bird groups, thus establishing patterns and processes of extinction and survival at the genus and species levels. The end of the Middle Pleistocene appears to have been a significant boundary in respect of herbivorous mammals, which suffered considerable depletion. In contrast, most genera and species of European birds in the Middle Pleistocene survived into the Late Pleistocene, even to the present day. Furthermore, at least 58% of the Middle–Pleistocene bird species were already present in the Early Pleistocene record. The most successful survivors in the Palaearctic Pleistocene were species from genera that had been the most climatically-tolerant during the late Cenozoic, usually from speciose and widely-distributed genera. We conclude that major transitions in Earth history have leant largely on biochronology and the perceived turnovers of faunas. Boundaries have usually depended heavily on changes to specific taxa of organisms. In this paper we show that what may appear as epic boundaries are largely scale- and taxon-dependent. Their usefulness must therefore be open to question. Here we advocate an individualistic and taxon specific approach in understanding the major ecological changes that have marked the history organisms.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Modeling the performance of a photon counting x-ray detector for CT: energy response and pulse pileup effects.

Recently, photon counting x-ray detectors (PCXDs) with energy discrimination capabilities have been developed for potential use in clinical computed tomography (CT) scanners. These PCXDs have great potential to improve the quality of CT images due to the absence of electronic noise and weights applied to the counts and the additional spectral information. With high count rates encountered in clinical CT, however, coincident photons are recorded as one event with a higher or lower energy due to the finite speed of the PCXD. This phenomenon is called a "pulse pileup event" and results in both a loss of counts (called "deadtime losses") and distortion of the recorded energy spectrum. Even though the performance of PCXDs is being improved, it is essential to develop algorithmic methods based on accurate models of the properties of detectors to compensate for these effects. To date, only one PCXD (model DXMCT-1, DxRay, Inc., Northridge, CA) has been used for clinical CT studies. The aim of that study was to evaluate the agreement between data measured by DXMCT-1 and those predicted by analytical models for the energy response, the deadtime losses, and the distorted recorded spectrum caused by pulse pileup effects.



An energy calibration was performed using 99mTc (140 keV), 57Co (122 keV), and an x-ray beam obtained with four x-ray tube voltages (35, 50, 65, and 80 kVp). The DXMCT-1 was placed 150 mm from the x-ray focal spot; the count rates and the spectra were recorded at various tube current values from 10 to 500 microA for a tube voltage of 80 kVp. Using these measurements, for each pulse height comparator we estimated three parameters describing the photon energy-pulse height curve, the detector deadtime tau, a coefficient k that relates the x-ray tube current I to an incident count rate a by a = k x I, and the incident spectrum. The mean pulse shape of all comparators was acquired in a separate study and was used in the model to estimate the distorted recorded spectrum. The agreement between data measured by the DXMCT-1 and those predicted by the models was quantified by the coefficient of variation (COV), i.e., the root mean square difference divided by the mean of the measurement.



Photon energy versus pulse height curves calculated with an analytical model and those measured using the DXMCT-1 were in agreement within 0.2% in terms of the COV. The COV between the output count rates measured and those predicted by analytical models was 2.5% for deadtime losses of up to 60%. The COVs between spectra measured and those predicted by the detector model were within 3.7%-7.2% with deadtime losses of 19%-46%.



It has been demonstrated that the performance of the DXMCT-1 agreed exceptionally well with the analytical models regarding the energy response, the count rate, and the recorded spectrum with pulse pileup effects. These models will be useful in developing methods to compensate for these effects in PCXD-based clinical CT systems.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics