nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
COMPARAÇÃO E CONCORDÂNCIA DE INSTRUMENTOS DE AVALIAÇÃO DA AMPLITUDE DE MOVIMENTO DA COLUNA CERVICAL DE HOMENS

The purpose of the present study was to compare and analyze the concordance of three instruments (Inclinometer Lafayette, flexi-meter Sanny, and fleximeter Code) in flexion and extension of cervical spine. The sample was composed by forty-one college men (20.8 ± 2.2 years, 1.78 ± 0.07 m, 57.1 ±11.3 kg). For statistical analyses ANOVA one-way, Bland and Atlman procedures, multiple regression analysis, and Spearman correlation coefficient were employed, with P< 0.05. According to the results, there were no significant differences among scores produced by the three instruments for flexion (median=63 degrees; P=0.95) and extension of cervical spine (median=73degrees; P=0.90), and concordance scores, between the analyzes, near zero (-0.34< < 0.26). The results of this study indicate that the fleximeter Code, fleximeter Sanny, and inclinometer Lafayette measurement values are consistent, which allows comparisons between themselves and using similar cutoffs, specifically for healthy male college students, in flexion and extension of cervical spine, specifically for college men.

Field of study: Education
Albedo-Ice regression method for determining ice water content of Polar Mesospheric Clouds using ultraviolet observations from space

High spatial resolution images of polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs)
from a camera array on board the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) satellite
have been obtained since 2007. The Cloud Imaging and Particle Size
Experiment (CIPS) detects scattered ultraviolet (UV) radiance at a variety
of scattering angles, allowing the scattering phase function to be measured
for every image pixel. With well-established scattering theory, the mean
particle size and ice water content (IWC) are derived. In the nominal mode
of operation, approximately seven scattering angles are measured per cloud
pixel. However, because of a change in the orbital geometry in 2016, a new
mode of operation was implemented such that one scattering
angle, or at most two, per pixel are now available. Thus particle size and IWC can no longer
be derived from the standard CIPS algorithm. The Albedo-Ice Regression (AIR)
method was devised to overcome this obstacle. Using data from both a
microphysical model and from CIPS in its normal mode, we show that the AIR
method provides sufficiently accurate average IWC so that PMC IWC can be
retrieved from CIPS data into the future, even when albedo is not measured
at multiple scattering angles. We also show from the model that 265  nm UV
scattering is sensitive only to ice particle sizes greater than about 20–25  nm 
in (effective) radius and that the operational CIPS algorithm has an
average error in retrieving IWC of - 13 ± 17  %.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effect of γ-ray irradiation on Schottky and ohmic contacts on AlGaN/GaN hetero-structures

The effect of γ-ray irradiation on the electrical transport characteristics of ohmic contacts and Schottky contacts having different dimensions on AlGaN/GaN hetero-structures has been reported. The contacts have been irradiated with three incremental doses of gamma irradiation up to the order of 104 Gray (Gy). The contacts are electrically characterized using current-voltage (I-V) analysis and the transfer length method (TLM). After each γ-ray dose, both the forward and reverse I-V characteristics show a gradual change associated with the variation in the dimensions of the Schottky contacts. A shift in the turn-on voltage (VF) with a tendency of improvement in the ideality factor (η) and decrease in series resistance(R) of the diode was observed whereas no change in Schottky barrier height (фB) was calculated. The reverse leakage current (IR) was reduced from 27 μA to 10 μA and the contact resistance (RC) value was reduced to 0.35 Ω-mm from 0.7 Ω-mm following the γ-ray irradiation. The Schottky contacts with larger dimensions and lower perimeter-to-area ratios (P/A) showed greater changes in the device parameters (VF, η, IR) due to high induced local heating. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis also shows reduction in dislocation density due to partial annealing effect. Finally, capacitance voltage (CV) characterization and Hall measurement shows no change in carrier concentration whereas improvement in the mobility has been observed due to traps/defects redistribution.

Field of study: Engineering
The importance of the biodiversity of soil biota in arid ecosystems

The importance of soil biota in maintaining ecosytem integrity is examined by a review of studies of soil processes and soil biota in arid ecosystems. In decomposition and mineralization processes, there is a temporal succession of microarthropod and nematode species. Tydeid mites are keystone species in the early stages of decomposition. Soil pore neck size variation affects the spatial distribution of soil biota and requires that species differ in size to provide efficient processing of organic matter. In arid ecosystems, the sub-set of soil biota that is active at any point in time is determined by the soil water potential and soil temperature. The structure of soil microarthropod assemblages is similar in several arid regions of the world and abundance and diversity are directly related to quantity of litter accumulations and soil organic matter. The unique life histories and behavioural characteristics of desert soil macrofauna (termites and ants) determine the effects of these organisms on soil properties and soil formation. The soil biota, by affecting the spatial and temporal distribution of essential sesources (water and nutrients), are essential to the maintenance of the ecosystem integrity of arid ecosystems.

Field of study: Environmental science
Smoothing out spatially closed cosmologies

We discuss a smoothing-out procedure that deforms a family of locally inhomogeneous anisotropic spatially closed cosmological models into closed Friedmann-Robertson-Walker universes. This gives a precise content to the averaging hypothesis tacitly assumed in cosmology by providing explicitly the correction terms to the physical sources induced on smoothing out the space time geometry. The consequences of such terms on the dynamics of the Universe are discussed.

Field of study: Physics
A D.C. Programming Approach to the Sparse Generalized Eigenvalue Problem

In this paper, we consider the sparse eigenvalue problem wherein the goal is to obtain a sparse solution to the generalized eigenvalue problem. We achieve this by constraining the cardinality of the solution to the generalized eigenvalue problem and obtain sparse principal component analysis (PCA), sparse canonical correlation analysis (CCA) and sparse Fisher discriminant analysis (FDA) as special cases. Unlike the $\ell_1$-norm approximation to the cardinality constraint, which previous methods have used in the context of sparse PCA, we propose a tighter approximation that is related to the negative log-likelihood of a Student's t-distribution. The problem is then framed as a d.c. (difference of convex functions) program and is solved as a sequence of convex programs by invoking the majorization-minimization method. The resulting algorithm is proved to exhibit \emph{global convergence} behavior, i.e., for any random initialization, the sequence (subsequence) of iterates generated by the algorithm converges to a stationary point of the d.c. program. The performance of the algorithm is empirically demonstrated on both sparse PCA (finding few relevant genes that explain as much variance as possible in a high-dimensional gene dataset) and sparse CCA (cross-language document retrieval and vocabulary selection for music retrieval) applications.

Field of study: Computer science
Chronic ethanol treatment impairs Rac and Cdc42 activation in rat hepatocytes.

The effects of chronic ethanol feeding on rat hepatocytes have been shown to include impaired cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion events, such as decreased attachment and spreading as well as increased integrin-actin cytoskeleton association. These results, observed previously by this laboratory, are highly suggestive of impaired actin cytoskeleton reorganization, an event mediated by differential activation of the Rho family GTPases Rac, Cdc42, and RhoA. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of chronic ethanol administration on these GTPases.



Male Wistar rats were pair-fed 4 to 5 weeks with a liquid diet containing either ethanol (as 36% of total calories) or isocaloric carbohydrate. Hepatocytes were isolated and plated on collagen IV up to 24 hours. At specific times, the hepatocytes were lysed and these lysates were analyzed for RhoA, Cdc42, and Rac activation.



In freshly isolated hepatocytes from ethanol-fed rats, the GTP-bound (active) forms of Rac and Cdc42 were significantly decreased compared with pair-fed control rats, while the GTP-bound form of RhoA was not significantly altered. These ethanol-induced impairments in Rac and Cdc42 activation persisted even after plating the hepatocytes on collagen IV. Additionally, chronic ethanol treatment did not directly affect GTP binding of Cdc42 and Rac, as incorporation of GTPgammaS was not affected.



Chronic ethanol administration selectively impairs Rac and Cdc42 activation in rat hepatocytes. As activation of these 2 GTPases is crucial for efficient cell attachment and spreading on ECM substrates, the results from this study suggest that the ethanol-induced impairments in Rac and Cdc42 activation are responsible for the impaired hepatocyte-ECM adhesion events observed previously by our laboratory. Furthermore, these results raise the intriguing possibility that these GTPases are involved in other ethanol-induced functional impairments, such as protein trafficking and receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Field of study: Medicine
Failure of Epstein‐Barr virus‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes to lyse B cells transformed with the B95‐8 strain is mapped to an epitope that associates with the HLA‐B8 antigen

There are two types, A and B, of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) and B95‐8 represents the common type A laboratory strain. Herein, we show in a family study that paternal EBV‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) generated in short‐term cultures following stimulation with the autologous B95‐8‐transformed lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) or B cells freshly infected with the B95‐8 isolate did not lyse haploidentical B95‐8 LCL expressing the HLA‐A1‐B8,‐DR3 paternal haplotype. In contrast, the haploidentical B95‐8 LCL expressing the HLA‐A11,‐B51,‐DR7 paternal haplotype was strongly lysed. Moreover, paternal CTL generated in response to stimulation with the B95‐8 LCL expressing the haploidentical HLA‐A1,‐B8, ‐DR3 paternal haplotype included an allogeneic response against the maternal haplotype but no EBV‐specific response as shown by the poor lysis of the autologous LCL target cells. However, stimulation with the haploidentical HLA‐A11,‐B51, ‐DR7 paternal haplotype resulted in the generation of both an allogeneic and an EBV‐specific response. CTL clones were generated from two HLA‐B8+ donors in response to stimulation with the autologous type A LCL transformed with wildtype EBV. The clones were cross‐reactive for an immunodominant B95‐8‐associalcd peptide epitope that interacted with the HLA‐B8 allele but failed to lyse B95‐8‐transformed LCL largets unless the targets were pre‐coated with the exogenous peptide. A CTL clone that was initially stimulated with the autologous BL74 LCL lysed the spontaneous autologous LCL and spontaneous LCL from an HLA‐B8+ donor, but failed to lyse the B95‐8 LCL from that donor. The observed haplotype preference can be explained in terms of sequence variation between the B95‐8 and the corresponding wildtype epitope. Our findings may help to clarify the role of EBV in the pathogenesis of primary Sjögren's syndrome which is closely associated with HLA‐B8.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Species Diversity and the Relationship with Habitat Community Characteristics of Impatiens hainanensis,Endemic to Hainan Island

The study was to research the distribution pattern of community vegetation, Impatiens hainanensis, an endemic species to Hainan Island with reasonable environmental interpretation. At the same time, the ecological relationship between population size and species diversity under different associations were also investigated. The results showed that:(1)Consistent with the results of DCA sorting, the 16 samples were divided into four types of association by TWINSPAN classification;(2)DCA sorting reflected the relationship between each association type and environmental factor, the first ordination axes mainly indicated the change of altitude gradient, the second ordination axes mainly implied the change of canopy density gradient;( 3)Both species diversity index and richness index differed not only from associations but also in layers. This endemic species, I. hainanensis, cluster in different community was closely related to the formation of the association and environmental factors. In addition, the altitude is the environmental factor that affect the distribution pattern and species diversity;( 4)Population sizes varied with seedling regeneration ability under different community structure, which indicated that appropriate measures should be taken to protect different populations of I. hainanensis. in Hainan island.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Multidimensional coherent optical spectroscopy of semiconductor nanostructures: a review

Multidimensional coherent optical spectroscopy (MDCS) is an elegant and versatile tool to measure the ultrafast nonlinear optical response of materials. Of particular interest for semiconductor nanostructures, MDCS enables the separation of homogeneous and inhomogeneous linewidths, reveals the nature of coupling between resonances, and is able to identify the signatures of many-body interactions. As an extension of transient four-wave mixing (FWM) experiments, MDCS can be implemented in various geometries, in which different strategies can be used to isolate the FWM signal and measure its phase. I review and compare different practical implementations of MDCS experiments adapted to the study of semiconductor materials. The power of MDCS is illustrated by discussing experimental results obtained on semiconductor nanostructures such as quantum dots, quantum wells, microcavities, and layered semiconductors.

Field of study: Materials science
Attitude of Parents toward Female-Child Secondary Education in Sokoto State, Nigeria: Implications for Counselling

The study was set out to investigate the attitude of parents toward female-child secondary education in Sokoto State, Nigeria. One research question and one hypothesis were formulated to guide the study. The study is a descriptive survey and made use of ex-post facto design. The researcher made use of purposive sampling technique to select 270 parents from the urban and 270 parents from the rural areas of Sokoto State. The researcher made use of an instrument adapted from that of Terhemba and Umaru 2015. The instrument is known as “Attitude of Parents Toward Female Child Secondary Education Questionnaire” (APTFCSEQ). The APTFCSEQ had a reliability coefficient of 0.81. The instrument had facial and content validity. It also had language appropriateness. The researcher used four (4) research Assistants to administer 540 copies of the questionnaire on the respondents. All the 540 copies of the questionnaire were retrieved showing 100 percent return rate. The data generated from the field were collated and the mean score analysis for the 15 items was carried out in order to provide answer to the research question raised in the study. 2.5 was chosen as the benchmark for either disagreeing or agreeing with each of the 15 items. The t-test statistics was used to test the hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. The investigation found out that parents in Sokoto State have shown unfavourable attitude toward female-child secondary education. It found out that there is no significant difference between parents in the urban and rural areas in their attitude toward female-child secondary education. This finding has shown that whether the parent is in urban or rural area, all of them have expressed their opinion in the same direction. One of the recommendations of the study is that parents in Sokoto State should show favourable attitude toward female-child secondary education.

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Last 1000 years of environmental history in Southern Bucovina, Romania; a high resolution multi-proxy lacustrine archive

Geo-ecological and landscape change studies at a local scale are scarce in Central-Eastern Europe and particularly 
in Romania. However, this focus is directly relevant to ecosystems and humans as both are dependent on local 
environmental changes. We perform a high-resolution, multi-proxy analysis of physical and geochemical sediment 
properties, coupled to plant macrofossil, pollen and charcoal analysis at Iezerul Sadovei Lake and present 
the first palaeoenvironmental reconstruction from Bucovina Mountains, the north-eastern Romania. The sedimentary 
record, spanning the last 950 years, is laminated throughout and reveals high intensity catchment responses 
to changes in hydrological conditions and human impact. Results show major landscape disturbances 
950 years ago and during the last 200 years. The enhanced catchment instability from the onset of sedimentation 
to 1400 CE was characterised by landsliding and subsequent erosion and related mainly to natural factors. However, 
the most recent (since c.1800 CE) environmental changes, i.e. deforestation, enhanced channel and slope 
erosion and lake in-filling are a consequence of direct human interventions. Changes in the composition and extent 
of forest cover were also driven by the combination of natural disturbances, climate variability and anthropogenic 
activities. From 1400 CE, and more clearly over the last 200 years, early successional and disturbed 
habitat taxa appeared to respond primarily to anthropogenic drivers, including forest management. The higher 
proportion of Abies alba (30%) and Fagus sylvatica (20%) in the local forest, and their dramatic decline, was recorded 
earlier (i.e., 1150 CE and 1400 CE respectively) than reported in other parts of the Romanian Carpathians. 
Using this palaeoenvironmental evidence as an analogue, projected climate changes, i.e., increased seasonal 
heavy precipitation and more frequent extreme events, superimposed on increasing human pressure are likely 
to lead to the destabilisation of the catchment through erosion and possible reactivation of landslides.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Theory of the electron phonon relaxation time in cuprates: Reproducing the observed temperature behaviour

We have studied the temperature dependence of the rate of energy transfer from electronic sub-system to phononic sub-system in the case of cuprates, when the system is photo-excited by a femtosecond laser pulse. In the pseudogap state, taking the electronic dispersion {\it as linear} near the nodal points of the Brillouin zone, we show that the rate of energy transfer from electronic sub-system to phononic sub-system is proportional to $T^{5}$ at lower temperatures ($T >T_0$), here $T_0$ is the Debye temperature for cuprates. The linear electronic dispersion in the pseudogap state introduces new terms in the expression of energy transfer as given by M. I. KAGANOV et.al. \cite{kaganov}. {\it But the leading terms are the same which are found in the case of metals in the above reference.} The electron-phonon relaxation time follows $T^{-3}$ law for cuprates which agrees well with the experimental results \cite{demsar,Jdemsar}.

Field of study: Physics
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of alpha-isopropylmalate synthase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

alpha-Isopropylmalate synthase catalyses the aldol condensation of alpha-ketoisovalerate and acetyl coenzyme A to produce alpha-isopropylmalate. This reaction is the first committed step of leucine biosynthesis, which is interrelated with the pathways for production of the other branched-chain amino acids, valine and isoleucine. The absence of these pathways in mammals suggests that these enzymes could be useful targets for drug design against microbial pathogens. The gene for alpha-IPMS in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Rv3710) has been cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli, both in native and selenomethionine-substituted forms, and crystallized. The SeMet crystals are suitable for high-resolution X-ray structural analysis. These crystals are monoclinic, with unit-cell parameters a = 54.25, b = 154.73, c = 68.82 angstoms, space group P2(1) and two molecules in the asymmetric unit. X-ray diffraction data to 2.0 angstroms resolution have been collected.

Field of study: Chemistry
Hydration of High Belite Cement

A new type of cement, namely the high-belite cement (HBC) has been made in industrial scale in a trial production in China. The kiln feed raw mix proportions are adjusted so as to produce a clinker with the belite phase proportion as high as 60-70%, and alite phase around 15-20%. HBC produced during the trial production was collected and stored. This paper studied the hydration mechanism and hydration product of the new HBC cement. For comparison purpose, both HBC and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) samples were hydrated for various ages and the cement pastes were analyzedfor theirhydration and hardening mechanism using isothermal calorimetry, TG/DTA and XRD.

Field of study: Engineering
Perinatal mortality in breech deliveries at Dr. Said%ito General Hospital, Yogyakarta

Breech delivery is still of importance to discuss, because perinatal morbidity and mortility are higher than those vertex deliveries. A retrospective study was carried out on 141 cases of breech deliveries in Dr. Sardjito General Hospital during 1989 - 1990. The highest perinatal mortality was due to low birth weight: 17 cases (12%) compared to all cases (4.2%). No perinatal mortality of multiparity cases was found compared with cases of nulliparity i.e. 13 cases (17.0%). The type of breech presentation were frank breech: 85 cases (60.3%); incomplete: 21 cases (14.9%) and complete: 35 cases (24.8%). The highest perinatal mortality was frank breech presentation: 15 cases (17.6%). According to the termination of delivery, breech extraction has the highest perinatal mortality (23.%).  breech presentation - parity - perinatal - morbidity - mortality

Field of study: Medicine
Security Risk Assessment: Towards a Justification for the Security Risk Factor Table Model

One of the widely used methods to gauge risk is the Security Risk Factor Table (SRFT) model. While this model has been empirically successful, its use is limited by the fact that its formulas do not have a theoretical explanation – and thus, there is no guarantee that these formulas will work in other situations as well. In this paper, we provide a theoretical explanation for the SFRT formulas. 1 Formulation of the Problem Security Risk Factor Table (SRFT) model: a brief description. Many systems face security risks. To properly protect these systems, it is important to gauge relative security risk of different systems, so that more resources will be used to protect systems with higher risk. One of the widely used techniques for gauging risk is the Security Risk Factor Table (SRFT) model; see, e.g., [1, 2, 3, 4]. In this model, important factors affecting risk are listed, such as location, visibility, inventory, etc. For each factor, experts estimate the risk corresponding to this factor by selecting a number from 0 to 5, 0 meaning lowest risk and 5 meaning highest risk. Numbers corresponding to different factors are then added into a single risk score. Based on the value of the risk score, the system’s risk is then classified into low, moderate, high, and extreme. For example, for 15 factors: • scores below 15 indicate low risk; • scores from 16 to 30 indicate moderate risk; • scores from 31 to 45 indicate high risk, and

Field of study: Computer science