nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Volcanic eruptions and the forgotten pearls

With this paper we demonstrate, using the example of the Segara Anakan lagoon in south Java, Indonesia, that exploring the environmental history of an area may provide important information for the understanding of present day problems and their possible solutions. The lagoon is seriously affected by sedimentation. Management measures aiming at its preservation were rather ineffective. Until now, most scholars have treated sedimentation of the lagoon as a short-term phenomenon. We found evidence that sedimentation is a long-term driver of ecosystem changes in Segara Anakan. Ecosystem changes are also obvious in the disappearance of species from the lagoon, like pearl oysters. We recommend that preconditions for the development of adequate management decisions regarding the lagoon's sedimentation problem are (1) a distinction between natural and anthropogenic causes of sedimentation and (2) an understanding of changes in species composition.

Field of study: Environmental science
Algebra of multipliers on the space of real analytic functions of one variable

We consider the topological algebra of (Taylor) multipliers on spaces of real analytic functions of one variable, i.e., maps for which monomials are eigenvectors. We describe multiplicative functionals and algebra homomorphisms on that algebra as well as idempotents in it. We show that it is never a Q-algebra and never locally m-convex. In particular, we show that Taylor multiplier sequences cease to be Taylor multiplier sequences after most of the permutations.

Field of study: Mathematics
Maximizing Tendencies in Marriage: Accentuating the Implications of Readily Observable Partner Characteristics for Intimates’ Satisfaction

People differ in their tendencies to labor over decisions and to make choices that maximize their outcomes—a difference known as maximization. Here, we used two independent, 3-year longitudinal studies of newlywed couples to demonstrate that this individual difference in decision making has important implications for romantic relationships. Consistent with the idea that maximizers are more likely to compare their current romantic partners to potential alternative partners’ readily observable qualities, such as their physical attractiveness and status, results demonstrated that intimates’ maximization moderated the implications of these sex-differentiated variables for marital satisfaction. Specifically, maximizing men who had attractive (vs. unattractive) wives were more satisfied at the start of their marriages. Likewise, maximizing women who had high (vs. low) status husbands experienced less steep declines in satisfaction over time. These findings demonstrate that maximization has important implications for long-term romantic relationships by accentuating the effects of readily observable partner qualities on relationship outcomes.

Field of study: Psychology
Influence of microencapsulated CHO cells translated mIFN-γ on T_H1/T_H2 in tumor burden mice

To study the influence of transplantation of microencapsulated CHO cells translated IFN-γ gene on T H1/T H2 type cytokines, and adjustment of foreign IFN-γ to T H1/T H2 cells balance. The feasibility of microencapsulated genetic cells as tumor-killer was studied.  The mIFN-γ gene was translated into CHO cells. After microencapsulated, the CHO cells translated IFN-γ gene were transplanted into tumor burden mice. After 14 days, the level of serum IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-12, IL-4, IL-10 was examined. The tumor size and survival time was studied also.  The level of serum IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-12 was significantly higher, but the change of IL-4, IL-10 were not significantly. The speed of tumor growth was significantly slowed down. The survival time was elongated.  The foreign IFN-γ promotes T H1 cells differentiation, T H1/T H2 move to T H1. The microencapsulated genetic enginnering cells may be a new candidate for cancer treatment as an alternative of genetic enginnering drugs.

Field of study: Biology
Lithiated Dimethylketene Diisopropyl Dithioacetal as a Synthon of Homoenolate Dianion of Isobutyric Ester. An Application to the Synthesis of α-Methylenelactones

Lithium anion of dimethylketene diisopropyl dithioacetal reacted with various kinds of electrophiles to afford γ-substituted products with high regioselectivity. The utility of the lithiated ketene dithioacetal, a novel homoenolate dianion equivalent of isobutyric ester, was demonstrated in the synthesis of α-methylenelactones.

Field of study: Chemistry
Mexico: Is it an Ex-Emerging Market?*

Since zoo0, financial agents, country-risk analysts and credit rating agencies have considered Mexico to be a solvent or low-risk country. This article seeks to answer the question of whether Mexico has ceased to be an emerging market economy. Therefore, the aim of the article is to provide an overview of the factors that lie behind this positive view of Mexico. We believe the answer to this question is affirmative. The positive change in the export structure, a healthier financing of the external sector deficit and the change in the production structure support the hypothesis that Mexico is no longer a risky economy. And, therefore, Mexico is not subjected to the severe macroeconomic crises proper to traditional emerging market economies. Other elements, however, also mean Mexico cannot yet be described as an economy exempt from macroeconomic risks.

Field of study: Political science
2-D lattice HFB calculations for neutron-rich zirconium isotopes

Using the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) mean-field theory in coordinate space, we investigate ground-state properties of the zirconium isotopes from the line of stability up to the two-neutron dripline ( 102-122Zr). In particular, we calculate two-neutron separation energies, quadrupole moments, and r.m.s. radii for protons and neutrons. We find large prolate ground-state deformations for the isotopes 102Zr through 112Zr, and the spherical shapes starting from 114Zr up to the dripline nucleus 122Zr.

Field of study: Physics
Superconductivity from site-selective Ru doping studies in Zr$_5$Ge$_3$ compound

Systematical doping studies have been carried out to search for the possible superconductivity in the transition metal doped Zr$_5$Ge$_3$ system. Superconductivity up to 5.7K is discovered in the Ru-doped Zr$_5$Ge$_{2.5}$Ru$_{0.5}$ sample. Interestingly, with the same Ru-doping, superconductivity is only induced with doping at the Ge site, but remains absent down to 1.8K with doping at the Zr site or interstitial site. Both magnetic and transport studies have revealed the bulk superconductivity nature for Ru-doped Zr$_5$Ge$_{2.5}$Ru$_{0.5}$ sample. The high upper critical field, enhanced electron correlation, and extremely small electron-phonon coupling, have indicated possible unconventional superconductivity in this system, which warrants further detailed theoretical and experimental studies.

Field of study: Physics
Crystal structure and cathode properties of delithiated Li1-xMn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O2 for Mg rechargeable batteries

The crystal structure and electrode properties of delithiated Li1-xMn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O2 as a Mg rechargeable battery cathode material were investigated. Electrochemically delithiated Li0.3Mn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O2 and Li0.4Mn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O2 in a Mg cell exhibited capacities of approximately 50 and 80 mAh g−1, respectively. On the other hand, chemically delithiated Li0.1Mn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O2 and Li0.4Mn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O2 exhibited capacities of approximately 40 and 130 mAh g−1, respectively. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction was performed to refine the crystal structure of these two chemically delithiated samples and their crystal structures were analyzed in detail. Although Li0.4Mn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O2 was identified as a monophase of a hexagonal crystal system (R 3 ¯ m), Li0.1Mn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O2 was identified as two phases of the hexagonal O3-type (R 3 ¯ m) and the trigonal O1-type (P 3 ¯ m1). Therefore, the Li deficient O3 structure is considered to be more suitable than O1 structure in the electrochemical intercalation and deintercalation of Mg ions.

Field of study: Materials science
Olivier Guerrier, ed.MoraliaetOeuvres moralesà la Renaissance: Actes de Colloque International de Toulouse (19–21 mai 2005). Colloques, congrès et conférences sur la Renaissance européenne 61. Paris: Honoré Champion Éditeur, 2008. 336 pp. index. €49. ISBN: 978–2–7453–1742–1.


Field of study: History
Validating the Recognizing Excellence in Learning and Teaching (RELATE) Tool for Special Education Classrooms

We created the Recognizing Excellence in Learning and Teaching (RELATE) Tool for Special Education Classroom Observation to fill the need for a well-researched, observational tool that provides a more accurate lens for observing instructional and social processes in the self-contained, special education setting. In this study, we examined the factor structure, descriptive, and psychometric properties of the RELATE Tool using 47 special education classrooms. The results of the descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, and generalizability and decision studies suggest that the tool's reliability and validity are promising. We suggest modifications to one component of the tool to improve its psychometric properties.

Field of study: Education
Conservation priorities in the Southern Central Andes: mismatch between endemism and diversity hotspots in the regional flora

North western Argentina, the southernmost portion of the tropical Andes, contains one of the main areas of endemism within the Southern Cone, as well as one of the main diversity hotspots of the country. Historically its reserve area systems have been located in the richest ecoregion of the area; the Southern Andean Yungas. We evaluated the effectiveness of the current protected areas in preserving the endemic flora of the region. The distributions of 505 endemic species were either modeled or included as observed data to determine endemism hotspots in each ecoregion. The endemic species were mainly found in arid ecoregions such as the High Monte and the Central Andean Puna, as well as in the transition zones between these regions and the Southern Andean Yungas. We found that more than 1/3 of the endemic species are unprotected in their entire ranges by the current system, while nearly half of the species are protected in only 5 % of their distribution ranges. New priority areas were chosen to increase the effectiveness based on the irreplaceability concept. We show that adding 251 new cells of 100 km2 each would improve the protection values and convert the system to effective. The present paper highlights that priorities set on the basis of species richness may not successfully conserve areas of high plant endemism. However, zoologist would have to realize similar assessments in the endemic fauna in order to find the optimal designed of protected areas system to conserve both the endemic flora and fauna in the Southern Central Andes.

Field of study: Environmental science
Quad-Band Plasmonic Perfect Absorber for Visible Light with a Patchwork of Silicon Nanorod Resonators

In this paper, a plasmonic perfect absorber (PPA) based on a silicon nanorod resonator (SNRR) for visible light is proposed and investigated numerically. The proposed PPA is only a two-layer nanostructure consisting of a SNRR periodic array and metal substrate. The perfect absorption mainly originates from excitation of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) mode in the SNRR structure. The absorption properties of this design can be adjusted by varying the radius (r) and height (h) of the SNRR structure. What is more, the stronger quad-band absorption can be achieved by combing four different radius of the SNRR in one period as a super unit-cell. Numerical simulation indicates that the designed quad-band PPA can achieve the absorbance of 99.99%, 99.8%, 99.8%, and 92.2% at 433.5 THz, 456 THz, 482 THz, and 504.5 THz, respectively. Further simulations show that the proposed PPA is polarization-insensitive for both transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes. The proposed PPA can be a desirable candidate for some potential applications in detecting, sensing, and visible spectroscopy.

Field of study: Materials science
Interferon alpha antagonizes STAT3 and SOCS3 signaling triggered by hepatitis C virus.

We aimed to investigate regulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) by interferon alpha (IFN-α) and to analyze the relationship between STAT3 and SOCS3 during hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Changes in STAT3 and SOCS3 were analyzed at both mRNA and protein levels in human hepatoma cells infected with HCV (J6/JFH1). At 72h of HCV infection, STAT3 expression was decreased with sustained phosphorylation, and IFN-α increased such decrease and phosphorylation. HCV increased SOCS3 expression, while IFN-α impaired such increase, indicating different regulation of STAT3 and SOCS3 by IFN-α. IFN-α-induced expression and phosphorylation of upstream kinases of the JAK/STAT pathway, Tyk2 and Jak1, were suppressed by HCV. Moreover, knockdown of STAT3 by RNA interference led to decreases in HCV RNA replication and viral protein expression, without affecting either the expression of Tyk2 and Jak1 or the SOCS3 induction in response to IFN-α. These results show that IFN-α antagonizes STAT3 and SOCS3 signaling triggered by HCV and that STAT3 regulation correlates inversely with SOCS3 induction by IFN-α, which may be important in better understanding the complex interplay between IFN-α and signal molecules during HCV infection.

Field of study: Medicine
Salt stocks as natural analogues of Archaean gneiss diapirs

ZusammenfassungDer Innenausbau der Salzstöcke im Gebiete von Hannover (Nordwestdeutschland) darf als ein natürliches Model für archaische Gneiss-Diapire in Ontario angesehen werden. Nicht der stratigraphische Top der Zechstein Sedimente, sondern eine wichtige Schichtgrenze innerhalb der salinaren Abfolge entspricht dem Übergangskontakt zwischen leucocratischen Gneiss und Nebengestein. Die scharfen Nasen der suprakrustalen Mulden (Greenstone Gürtel), ein Merkmal, das oft im Sinne einer Kreuzfaltung ausgedeutet wird, können ohne Schwierigkeit mit Hilfe von equivalenten Salzstrukturen erklärt werden.AbstractThe internal structures of salt stocks in the Hannover region, northwestern Germany, are natural analogues of structures in major Archaean gneiss diapirs of western Ontario. A major lithological interface within, rather than at the stratigraphic top of, the Zechstein evaporites corresponds to the transitional contact between leucocratic gneiss and mantling rocks. The cuspate geometry of the end region of supracrustal synclines (greenstone belts), a feature commonly cited in favour of cross folding, can be readily explained by analogy with comparable evaporite structures.RésuméLes masses de sel de la région de Hannovre (nord-ouest de l'Allemagne) ont des structures internes analogues à celles des grands diapirs gneissiques archéens d'Ontario. C'est une interface lithologique importante dans la serie des évaporites, et non pas le sommet stratigraphique du Zechstein, qui est l'analogue du contact transitionel entre les gneiss leucocrates et leur couverture. Dans la couverture des dômes gneissiques (les ceintures de roches vertes), la géométrie en festons de la région terminale des synformes, souvent attribuée à un plissement superposé, peut en fait s'expliquer à partir de structures comparables dans les évaporites.Краткое содержаниеВнутреннее строение солевых штоков в обла сти Ганновера (северо-зап адная Германия) рассматрив ают, как естественную модель для архейских гнейсо-диапир в Онтар ио. Переходному конта кту между леукократическим гнейсом и побочными п ородами соответству ет не стратиграфическая в ершина осадков цехштейна, а. г раница внутри селино вой свиты. Острый конец супракр устальной мульды (зеленокаменн ый пояс) — характерный признак, который часто интерпретирую т в смысле пересекающ ейся складчатости; появле ние его можно объяснить с пом ощью эквивалентных с олевых структур.

Field of study: Environmental science
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of IgG against penicillins in children.

To establish an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of IgG against penicillins and then investigate this antibody response in children.



Western blotting, ELISA, and hapten inhibition assay were used.



Penicillins reacted with bovine serum albumin (BSA) to generate conjugate which was used as coating antigen (100 mg.L-1) in ELISA. A good correlation was found between absorbance (A) and dilutions of sample with a linear coefficient of 0.9918. Thirteen subjects who were clinically suspicious of penicillin allergy were tested for specific IgG by ELISA, 4 positive for benzylpenicillin, 1 for benzylpenicillin and piperacillin, and 3 for benzylpenicillin, piperacillin and ampicillin.



An ELISA was successfully established and penicillin reactive IgG response in children was heterogeneous. IgG antibodies recognized benzylpenicillin molecule, degraded products and new antigenic determinant from conjugate. Cross reactions occurred among benzylpenicillin, ampicillin and piperacillin.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Alumina-anchored Cobalt(II) Schiff Base Catalyst for the Isomerization of Trimethyldicyanoquadricyclane to the Norbornadiene

N,N′-Disalicylidene-4-carboxy-1,2-phenylenediiminatocobalt(II) supported on polyaminesulfone modified alumina beads has been prepared. The immobilized complex revealed efficient catalysis for the conversion of trimethyldicyanoquadricyclane (TMDC-Q) to the corresponding norbornadiene (TMDC-NBD). Using a bench-scale fixed bed reactor, TMDC-Q in chlorobenzene (1 mol dm−3) isomerized to TMDC-NBD quantitatively during the flow through catalyst bed of only 20 cm with the temperature increase from 24.5 °C to 75 °C.

Field of study: Chemistry
Dynamic Partition Models

We present a new approach for learning compact and intuitive distributed representations with binary encoding. Rather than summing up expert votes as in products of experts, we employ for each variable the opinion of the most reliable expert. Data points are hence explained through a partitioning of the variables into expert supports. The partitions are dynamically adapted based on which experts are active. During the learning phase we adopt a smoothed version of this model that uses separate mixtures for each data dimension. In our experiments we achieve accurate reconstructions of high-dimensional data points with at most a dozen experts.

Field of study: Computer science
Effect of Sintering Temperature on Structural, Dielectric, and Magnetic Properties of Multiferroic YFeO3 Ceramics Fabricated by Spark Plasma Sintering

Based on precursor powders with a size of 200–300 nm prepared by the low-temperature solid reaction method, phase-pure YFeO3 ceramics are fabricated using spark plasma sintering (SPS) at different temperatures. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveal that the high-purity YFeO3 ceramics can be prepared using SPS, while the results from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) show that the concentration of oxygen vacancies resulting from transformation from Fe3+ to Fe2+ is low. The relative density of the 1000 °C-sintered sample is as high as 97.7%, which is much higher than those of the samples sintered at other temperatures. The present dielectric and magnetic properties are much better than those of the samples fabricated by conventional methods. These findings indicate that the YFeO3 ceramics prepared by the low temperature solid reaction and SPS methods possess excellent dielectric and magnetic properties, making them suitable for potential applications involving magnetic storage.

Field of study: Materials science
Effection of free amino acid of milk by ultra-high pressure treatment

Free amino acid in ultra-high pressure sterilization milk is measured by auto amino acid analyse apparatus adopting post-column derivation means and is contrast with original milk, pasteurism milk as well as ultra high temperature sterilized milk. The results indicate: appropriate heat treatment can increase the content of free amino acid, but a part of free amino acid will be destroyed or lossed with the heat temperature gradually increased. But after ultra-high pressure treatment, the all free amino acid can be measured except alanine and cystine and the content of asparagines is lower. The content of free amino acid is the highest in ultra-high pressure sterilize milk, the pasteurism milk is second, the ultra high temperature sterilized milk is lowest.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A comparison of very short lived halocarbon (VSLS) and DMS aircraft measurements in the tropical west Pacific from CAST, ATTREX and CONTRAST

We present a comparison of aircraft measurements of halogenated very short lived substances (VSLSs) and dimethyl sulphide (DMS, C2H6S) from a co-ordinated campaign in January–February 2014 in the tropical west Pacific. Measurements were made on the NASA Global Hawk, NCAR Gulfstream-V High-performance Instrumented Airborne Platform for Environmental Research (GV HIAPER) and UK Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) BAe-146 (see Sect. 2.2) using four separate gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) instruments: one operated by the University of Miami (UoM), one from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and two from the University of York (UoY). DMS was measured on the BAe-146 and GV. The instruments were inter-calibrated for halocarbons during the campaign period using two gas standards on separate scales: a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) SX-3581 standard representative of clean low-hydrocarbon air, and an Essex canister prepared by UoM, representative of coastal air, which was higher in VSLS and hydrocarbon content. UoY and NCAR use the NOAA scale/standard for VSLS calibration, and UoM uses a scale based on dilutions of primary standards calibrated by GC with FID (flame ionisation detector) and AED (atomic emission detector). Analysis of the NOAA SX-3581 standard resulted in good agreement for CH2Cl2, CHCl3, CHBr3, CH2Br2, CH2BrCl, CHBrCl2, CHBr2Cl, CH3I, CH2ICl and CH2I2 (average relative standard deviation (RSD)

Field of study: Environmental science
A NEW BEAM ELEMENT FOR SECOND-ORDER EFFECT ANALYSIS OF BEAM STRUCTURES

A new two-node beam element considering the second-order effect of beams is developed. Based on the interpolation theory, the displacement fields of the three-node Euler-Bernoulli beam element are constructed at first: the quintic Hermite interpolation polynomial is used for the lateral displacement field and the quadratic Lagrange interpolation polynomial for the axial displacement field. Then the linear and geometric stiffness matrices of the three-node beam element are derived according to the nonlinear finite element theory. Finally the degrees of freedom of the middle node of the element are eliminated using the static condensation method, and a new two-node beam element including axial-force effect is obtained. The results of several examples show that the second-order displacements and internal forces with high precision can be obtained with this new beam element.

Field of study: Engineering