nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Recent Technological Trends and Security Challenges in Trust-Building in E-Commerce

In this research article, the researcher covers the recent trends of E-commerce and security challenges in the
trusting-building process. The researcher observed that lack of trust is a consistent barrier to the adoption and
implementation of E‐commerce for customers in Business Industries. Prior research into the adoption of Ecommerce
and Internet banking has revealed many other challenges and barriers that hinder the acceptance and
engagement in E‐commerce transactions. In this research article, the researcher attempts to address some of the
challenges, by first gaining insights into each challenge, and providing possible solutions for the difficulties
faced as well as ideas for improvements, which ultimately leads to the increased adoption of E‐commerce.

Field of study: Business
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of haemorrhagin I from the snake venom of Agkistrodon acutus.

Haemorrhagin I from the snake venom of Agkistrodon acutus (AaHI) has been crystallized using the hanging-drop vapour diffusion method. The crystals belong to space group P4(1)2(1)2 or P4(3)2(1)2 with unit-cell dimensions a = b = 63.61 and c = 95.69 A. There is one molecule in the asymmetric unit. Data to 2.35 A resolution have been collected using a single-crystal.

Field of study: Chemistry
Dung beetles and their ecological functions in three agroforestry systems in the Lacandona rainforest of Mexico

There is growing interest in evaluating the impact that management intensity of agroecosystems has on animal communities and their ecological functions. Dung beetles are a highly used focal taxon for assessing the effects of anthropogenic disturbances and management practices on biodiversity. In the Lacandona rainforest region in southern Mexico, we quantified several metrics of the dung beetle community (number of species, number of individuals, total biomass, mean beetle size) and four of their ecological functions (dung removal, soil excavation, seed dispersal, seed exhumation) in conserved rainforest and three agroforestry systems with different management intensities: rustic cocoa, polyculture cocoa, and rubber monoculture. We also assessed the correlation between dung removal and the other functions, as well as the relationships between functions and community metrics. Land-use type affected the dung beetle communities as well as their functions, with negative effects on response variables in the most intensely managed agroecosystems (polyculture cocoa and rubber). Rustic cocoa had values similar to those of the conserved forest for all functions and community metrics, except the mean number of species per trap. Dung removal was correlated with the other ecological functions. The mean number of species per trap was significantly associated with all four functions. In our study region rustic cocoa plantations favor the maintenance of a high proportion of dung beetle species and maintain their ecological functions. Our findings corroborate that agroecosystems with less intense management may contribute to buffering the effects of landscape homogenization caused by more intensely managed agroecosystems, such as rubber plantations.

Field of study: Environmental science
Pseudo-diffusive to ballistic magnetotransport crossover in graphene

Transport properties through wide and short ballistic graphene junctions are studied in the presence of magnetic fields of arbitrary magnitude and for any doping. Remarkably, no dependence of the magnetic field is observed at the Dirac point for any current cumulant, just as in a classical (many channel) diffusive system, both in normal-graphene-normal and normal-graphene-superconductor junctions. This pseudo-diffusive regime however is extremely fragile respect to doping at finite fields. We identify the crossovers to a field-suppressed transport regime and to the normal ballistic transport regime in the magnetic field - doping parameter space, and provide a physical interpretation of the phase diagram and transport resonances.

Field of study: Physics
Fatal septicemia due to Chromobacterium violaceum

A 2-year old boy was suffered from an infection caused by Chromobacterium violaceum. This is the first case of C. violaceum infection reported in Taiwan. The boy was treated with chloramphenicol and gentamicin but died after one month of illness due to the incooperation of patient's family. The causative agent was isolated from patient's blood and scar. Complete bacteriologic characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of this isolate are reported.

Field of study: Biology
On Establishing Civil Litigation Act Preservation System in China

In China,although act preservation legislation exists,it does not apply to the entire civil litigation.It is necessary to establish act preservation system to perfect prior relief in the civil procedure law.At present,the main domestic theories in some respects about the concepts of act preservation are inappropriate.In essence,act preservation is a procedure,which should not be classified into lawsuit or non-lawsuit procedures.Act preservation system in force has a narrow application range and sketchy provisions.We should establish act preservation system in the civil procedure law from detailed aspects,such as startup,terms for application and guarantee.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The long-term responses of the photosynthetic proton circuit to drought.

Proton motive force (pmf) across thylakoid membranes is not only for harnessing solar energy for photosynthetic CO(2) fixation, but also for triggering feedback regulation of photosystem II antenna. The mechanisms for balancing these two roles of the proton circuit under the long-term environmental stress, such as prolonged drought, have been poorly understood. In this study, we report on the response of wild watermelon thylakoid 'proton circuit' to drought stress using both in vivo spectroscopy and molecular analyses of the representative photosynthetic components. Although drought stress led to enhanced proton flux via a approximately 34% increase in cyclic electron flow around photosystem I (PS I), an observed approximately fivefold decrease in proton conductivity, g(H)(+), across thylakoid membranes suggested that decreased ATP synthase activity was the major factor for sustaining elevated q(E). Western blotting analyses revealed that ATP synthase content decreased significantly, suggesting that quantitative control of the complex plays a pivotal role in down-regulation of g(H)(+). The expression level of cytochrome b(6)f complex - another key control point in photosynthesis - also declined, probably to prevent excess-reduction of PS I electron acceptors. We conclude that plant acclimation to long-term environmental stress involves global changes in the photosynthetic proton circuit, in which ATP synthase represents the key control point for regulating the relationship between electron transfer and pmf.

Field of study: Environmental science
The effects of chronic alcohol self-administration in nonhuman primate brain networks.

Long-term alcohol abuse is associated with change in behavior, brain structure, and brain function. However, the nature of these changes is not well understood. In this study, we used network science to analyze a nonhuman primate model of ethanol self-administration to evaluate functional differences between animals with chronic alcohol use and animals with no exposure to alcohol. Of particular interest was how chronic alcohol exposure may affect the resting state network.



Baseline resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging was acquired in a cohort of vervet monkeys. Animals underwent an induction period where they were exposed to an isocaloric maltose dextrin solution (control) or ethanol in escalating doses over three 30-day epochs. Following induction, animals were given ad libitum access to water and a maltose dextrin solution (control) or water and ethanol for 22 h/d over 12 months. Cross-sectional analyses examined region of interests in hubs and community structure across animals to determine differences between drinking and nondrinking animals after the 12-month free access period.



Animals were classified as lighter (<2.0 g/kg/d) or heavier drinkers (≥2.0 g/kg/d) based on a median split of their intake pattern during the 12-month ethanol free access period. Statistical analysis of hub connectivity showed significant differences in heavier drinkers for hubs in the precuneus, posterior parietal cortices, superior temporal gyrus, subgenual cingulate, and sensorimotor cortex. Heavier drinkers were also shown to have less consistent communities across the brain compared to lighter drinkers. The different level of consumption between the lighter and heavier drinking monkeys suggests that differences in connectivity may be intake dependent.



Animals that consume alcohol show topological differences in brain network organization, particularly in animals that drink heavily. Differences in the resting state network were linked to areas that are associated with spatial association, working memory, and visuomotor processing.

Field of study: Medicine
DFT Study of the Nucleophilic Addition of Water to Ketenes

The geometries of the different stationary points of reactants, products, and transition states of the nucleophilic addition of water to cyanoketene and methylcarboxyketene have been identified by optimizing every degree of freedom by density functional theory at the B3LYP/6-31++G** level of theory. The computational results for methylcarboxyketene in both the gas and solvated phase agree with the explanation based on experimental data, according to which the nucleophilic addition of water or alcohols to ketenes obtained from malonates (in our case represented by methylcarboxyketene) occurs by a concerted pseudopericyclic mechanism. The results of the calculations also agree with the experimental data for addition to cyanoketene. This reaction occurs through a zwitterionic intermediate, but in contrast to the previous reaction the solvent is essential for the process to occur.

Field of study: Chemistry
X-ray diffraction study of the glass transition in Cs5H3(SO4)4.xH2O (x≤1)

Temperature dependent X-ray powder and single crystal diffraction investigations of Cs 5 H 3 (SO 4 ) 4 · x H 2 O have been performed with the aim of studying phenomena arising in Cs 5 H 3 (SO 4 ) 4 · x H 2 O at T g ≅240 K. The results show somewhat different temperature dependent types of behaviour for the powder and single crystal samples.

Field of study: Materials science
The relationship between morphology, microstructure, and microbiota in three vertically intergrading stromatolites from the Gunflint Iron Formation

The microstructure in three silicified morphologically distinct and vertically intergrading stromatolites from the Aphebian (~2 Ga old) Gunflint Iron Formation of Ontario, Canada was found to be different for each stromatolite morphology studied; each in turn has a characteristic microbial composition. Non-columnar stromatolites that comprise the middle zone of the intergrading sequence contain a microstructure characterized by relatively thin laminae composed of a cyanophytic community dominated by the coccoid Huroniospora Barghoorn while the columnar stromatolites of the lower (small, frequently divergent branching columns) and upper zone (large, infrequently α- to β-parallel branching columns) have thicker laminae differing in shape and continuity, which were built by a filamentous cyanophyte-dominated community. 'Microstromatolites' referable to Frutexites Maslov are found in the middle non-columnar and occasionally in the lower parts of the upper columnar zone.In the stromatolites thus far examined f...

Field of study: Environmental science
Development of Magnetic Force-Assisted New Gene Transfer System Using Biopolymer-Coated Ferromagnetic Nanoparticles

Development of a simple method for converting the lipid envelope of an inactivated virus to a gene transfer vector was achieved a couple years ago in the medical school of Osaka University. Hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ; Sendai virus) envelope (HVJ-E) vector was constructed by incorporating plasmid DNA into inactivated HVJ particles. This HVJ envelope vector introduced plasmid DNA efficiently and rapidly into various cell lines, including cancer cells and several types of primary cell culture. In the present study, efficiency of gene transfer was found to be greatly enhanced by application of a magnetic field. Therefore, we developed a new type of magnet for magnetically enhancing and targeting gene transfection system by using vectors associated with ferromagnetic particles coated with positively/negatively charged biopolymers, which can help to enhance and target gene delivery with higher efficiency. For the transfection experiment in vitro, the HVJ-E vector was mixed with ferromagnetic particles coated with biopolymer and this mixture was added to cultured cells which were set up under the permanent magnet. The effect of the dose of the ferromagnetic particles on the transfection efficiency was discussed. In order to clarify the effect of magnetic field gradient on the accumulation possibility of the magnetic particles and the accuracy of the targeted site in the blood vessels, calculation of the applied magnetic force for the ferromagnetic particles inside the blood vessel was also performed

Field of study: Physics
On parameters transformations for emulating sparse priors using variational-Laplace inference

So-called sparse estimators arise in the context of model fitting, when one a priori assumes that only a few (unknown) model parameters deviate from zero. Sparsity constraints can be useful when the estimation problem is under-determined, i.e. when number of model parameters is much higher than the number of data points. Typically, such constraints are enforced by minimizing the L1 norm, which yields the so-called LASSO estimator. In this work, we propose a simple parameter transform that emulates sparse priors without sacrificing the simplicity and robustness of L2-norm regularization schemes. We show how L1 regularization can be obtained with a "sparsify" remapping of parameters under normal Bayesian priors, and we demonstrate the ensuing variational Laplace approach using Monte-Carlo simulations.

Field of study: Computer science
Pertussis: the disease and the vaccine.

PERTUSSIS STILL CAUSES SIGNIFICANT MORBIDITY: average duration of the illness is six to eight weeks. Almost one third of infants have complications including weight loss, apneic spells, otitis media, pneumonia, and seizures. Encephalopathy occurs in approximately one in 2000 infants: one third die and one third sustain permanent brain damage. The mortality rate is one in 1000 infants. Pertussis vaccine consists of heat and formalin-killed whole bacteria. Minor reactions of fever, irritability, crying, and local reactions occur after 40-60% of injections. Major reactions include prolonged screaming, seizures, collapse, fever over 40.5°C, and encephalopathy. Permanent brain damage occurs in association with one in 310,000 injections, so the benefits clearly outweigh the risks. All young children should be immunized.

Field of study: Medicine
Generation of forms of fragment E with differing thrombin-binding properties during digestion of fibrinogen by plasmin.

Two principal forms of fragment E are generated upon digestion of fibrinogen by plasmin, according to the concentration of enzyme used. At a high concentration of plasmin (above 10 micrograms/ml), a form lacking fibrinopeptide A (FpA) at the N-terminus of the A alpha-chain was generated. This form of fragment E caused a dose-dependent increase in thrombin clotting times but had no measurable inhibitory activity towards thrombin cleavage of D-phenylalanyl-L-pipecolyl-L-arginine p-nitroanilide. At a low concentration of plasmin (less than 1 microgram/ml), fragment E containing 35-40% of the original amount of FpA was present in the terminal digest. The FpA-containing form of fragment E inhibited thrombin cleavage of fibrinogen, inhibited amidolytic activity and bound to the enzyme with an affinity 3-fold tighter than fibrinogen itself (Kd 4.1 +/- 0.3 microM as opposed to 12.7 +/- 1.8 microM). During digestion of fibrinogen at low plasmin concentration, up to 65% of the FpA was cleaved just subsequent to the progressive release of B beta-(1-42)-peptide, and the Arg-16-Gly-17 bond of the A alpha-chain became relatively stable towards plasmin action when present in fragment E (and possibly fragment Y). It is proposed that both forms of fragment E can inhibit clotting by binding to the fibrin(ogen)-recognition site (anion-binding exosite) of thrombin. The FpA-containing form of fragment E can also inhibit binding that occurs distal to the P1 site and thereby interfere with amidolysis of the peptide substrate. Our finding of a lability of the Arg-16-Gly-17 bond in the early phase of digestion may provide an alternative explanation of the increased FpA concentrations observed during thrombolytic therapy.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Variable photosynthetic acclimation in consecutive cohorts of Scots pine needles during 3 years of growth at elevated CO2 and elevated temperature

In this experiment, the photosynthetic acclimation of successive needle cohorts of Scots pine were studied during 3 years of growth at elevated CO 2 and temperature. Naturally regenerated Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L. ) trees were subjected to elevated CO 2 concentration ( + + + CO 2 , 700 p.p.m), elevated temperature ( + T, ambient + 2 to + + + 6 ∞ C) and to a combination of elevated CO 2 and temperature ( + CO 2 + T) in closed-top chambers, starting in August 1996. Trees growing in chambers with ambient CO 2 and ambient temperature served as controls (AmbC). Elevated CO 2 influenced the dark reactions more than the light reactions of photosynthesis, as in the 1996 and 1997 cohorts the carboxylation capacity of Rubisco was reduced in the first and second year of exposure, but there was no consistent change in chlorophyll fluorescence. Net photosynthesis measured at growth concentration of CO 2 was higher at + + + CO 2 than at AmbC on only one measuring occasion, was generally lower at + T and was not changed at + CO 2 + T. However, trees grown at + T tended to invest more nitrogen (N) in Rubisco, as Rubisco/chlorophyll and the proportion of the total needle N bound to Rubisco occasionally increased. The interaction of + + + CO 2 and + + + T on Rubisco was mostly negative; consequently, in the second and third year of the experiment the carboxylation capacity decreased at + + + CO 2 + T. In the 1996, 1997 and 1998 cohorts, the structural N concentration of needles was lower at + + + CO 2 than at AmbC. Elevated CO 2 and elevated temperature generally had a positive interaction on N concentration; consequently, N concentration in needles decreased less at + + + CO 2 + + + T than at + CO 2 . At + CO 2 + + + T, the acclimation response of needles varied between years and was more pronounced in the 1-year-old needles of the 1997 cohort than in those of the 1998 cohort. Thus, acclimation was not always greater in 1-year-old needles than in current-year needles. In the + + + CO 2 + T treatment, elevated temperature had a greater effect on acclimation of needles than elevated CO 2 .

Field of study: Environmental science
“Exclusive Domination” or “Short Term Imperialism”: The Peruvian Response to U.S.-Argentine Rivalry, 1946-1950*

“Peru lives in a psychological moment of singular confusion,” Argentine Ambassador Hugo Oderigo wrote in 1947, suggesting that “the United States and Argentina are its two great realities. It is attracted to our country by the community of historical origin, lives our reality, and recognizes the greatness” of General Juan Domingo Perón. On the other hand, the hegemonic United States, with its vast wealth and modern industrial order, offered promise for the future. In the years following the Second World War, both Perón and the Harry S. Truman administration forced two Peruvian presidents to choose between what one Lima journalist called “short-term Argentine imperialism” and the “exclusive domination which the Great Democracy of the North today exercises.” Perón's road promised rapid industrialization and liberation from foreign exploitation through statist corporatism and membership in a “southern bloc” of economically-integrated South American states, while Washington stood as the guardian of a new global order based on liberal capitalism and multilateral commerce. This conflict represents an important international aspect of what has heretofore been considered a domestic struggle within Peru from 1945-1949.

Field of study: History
Voltage-based Covert Channels in Multi-Tenant FPGAs

FPGAs are increasingly used in cloud applications and being integrated into Systems-on-Chip (SoCs). For these systems, various side-channel attacks on cryptographic implementations have been reported, motivating to apply proper countermeasures. Beyond cryptographic implementations, maliciously introduced covert channel receivers and transmitters can allow to exfiltrate any kind of secret information from the FPGA. In this paper, we present a fast covert channel on FPGAs, which exploits the on-chip power distribution network. This can be achieved without any logical connection between the transmitter and receiver blocks. Compared to FPGA thermal covert channels that reach about 1 bit/s, we can show a transmission rate of 8 MBit/s which is almost error free. We reach a small raw bit error ratio (BER) below 10 × 10−6 BER, even in the presence of noise generated from another functional module in the FPGA, and without using error correction codes. When we place and operate other co-tenant modules that require 85% total FPGA area, the BER increases to ≈100–1000× 10−6, depending on the platform. This error rate is still reasonably low for a covert channel. Overall, the transmitter and receiver work with less than 3% FPGA resources together.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Connecting, Making Meaning, and Learning in the Electronic Classroom: Reflections on Facilitating Learning at a Distance

The increasing use of technology to meet the vast educational needs of our expanding world has led to heightened concerns about learning experiences within educational environments that are removed from the immediate purview of instructors (Duffy & Kirkley, 2004). Recent calls for use of more collaborative environments in which students interact with their instructors as well as with fellow students, have become more pronounced because of the purported learning benefits for students (Bonk, 2002). Constructivism, a theory of learning that is based on collaboration and interactions, provides such an environment (Jonassen, 1991). We report on the experiences of one professor who maintained a constructivist approach while teaching a foundation course in education (classroom learning theory) in a distance education setting. Emphasized are the challenges associated with creating the appropriate conditions for learning when moving from the face-to-face interactions of the regular classroom to the setting of compressed video. The implications of the medium for her role as facilitator, the establishment of a learning community, techniques of questioning and inquiry, and group collaboration are addressed. The impact of the medium and the greater cultural diversity of the distance education classes on how the tenets of constructivism are manifested and experienced by the students is also discussed.

Field of study: Education