nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Research on Action Reasoning in Event Ontology

Events are the specific facts which change over time.And they are comprised of actions,time and some other factors.But action is the main factor in the definition of event.Reasoning about action is always an important research topic in the event-based knowledge system.Current action formalisms aim at describing and reasoning about the status changing of real world,and neglect that the time of actions will change the reasoning process of action.In this paper,an Action-TBox and an Action-ABox are proposed based on description logic,and a 3-tuple formal definition of action with temporal constructors is also introduced to the procedure of status changing for composite actions.Based on this formalism,several inference services of actions involved in event ontology are discussed,in which both the action and time are regarded as important factors that affect reasoning results.

Field of study: Computer science
An Adaptive Resampling Test for Detecting the Presence of Significant Predictors

This article investigates marginal screening for detecting the presence of significant predictors in high-dimensional regression. Screening large numbers of predictors is a challenging problem due to the nonstandard limiting behavior of post-model-selected estimators. There is a common misconception that the oracle property for such estimators is a panacea, but the oracle property only holds away from the null hypothesis of interest in marginal screening. To address this difficulty, we propose an adaptive resampling test (ART). Our approach provides an alternative to the popular (yet conservative) Bonferroni method of controlling family-wise error rates. ART is adaptive in the sense that thresholding is used to decide whether the centered percentile bootstrap applies, and otherwise adapts to the nonstandard asymptotics in the tightest way possible. The performance of the approach is evaluated using a simulation study and applied to gene expression data and HIV drug resistance data.

Field of study: Mathematics
Synthesis, conformational and biological properties of lipophilic derivatives of gastrin and cholecystokinin peptides

The fully active [Nle15]-little-gastrin-(2-17) and [Thr2s,Nle31]-CCK-(2533) were lipo-derivatized by N-terminal incorporation of di-fattyacyl-glycerol moieties. Although the induced tight interdigitation of the lipo-tail with the lipid compartments of cell membrane bilayers prevent an escape of the lipophilic hormones into the extracellular water phase, they retain high receptor binding affinities. This confirms that a membrane-bound pathway for hormone receptor recognition is possible, even if it implies lateral penetration of the complex channel type suprastructure by the ligand at the lipidlwater interface.

Field of study: Chemistry
Description of a formaldehyde retrieval algorithm for the Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS)

We describe a formaldehyde (HCHO) retrieval algorithm for
the Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS) that will be
launched by the Korean Ministry of Environment in 2019. The algorithm
comprises three steps: preprocesses, radiance fitting, and postprocesses.
The preprocesses include a wavelength calibration, as well as interpolation and
convolution of absorption cross sections; radiance fitting is conducted
using a nonlinear fitting method referred to as basic optical absorption
spectroscopy (BOAS); and postprocesses include air mass factor calculations
and bias corrections. In this study, several sensitivity tests are conducted
to examine the retrieval uncertainties using the GEMS HCHO algorithm. We
evaluate the algorithm with the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) Level 1B irradiance/radiance data by
comparing our retrieved HCHO column densities with OMI HCHO products of the
Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (OMHCHO) and of the Quality Assurance
for Essential Climate Variables project (OMI QA4ECV). Results show that OMI
HCHO slant columns retrieved using the GEMS algorithm are in good agreement
with OMHCHO, with correlation coefficients of 0.77–0.91 and regression
slopes of 0.94–1.04 for March, June, September, and December 2005. 
distributions of HCHO slant columns from the GEMS algorithm are consistent
with the OMI QA4ECV products, but relatively poorer correlation coefficients
of 0.52–0.76 are found compared to those against the OMHCHO products.
Also, we compare the satellite results with ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS)
observations. OMI GEMS HCHO vertical columns are 9 %–25 % lower than
those of MAX-DOAS at Haute-Provence Observatory (OHP) in France, Bremen in
Germany, and Xianghe in China. We find that the OMI GEMS retrievals have
less bias than the OMHCHO and OMI QA4ECV products at OHP and Bremen in
comparison with MAX-DOAS.

Field of study: Environmental science
Using Aerial Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Imagery to Estimate Corn Plant Stand Density

Since corn plant stand density is important for optimizing crop yield, several researchers have recently developed ground-based systems for automatic measurement of this crop growth parameter. Our objective was to use data from such a system to assess the potential for estimation of corn plant stand density using remote sensing images. Aerial hyperspectral remote sensing imagery was collected on three dates over three plots of corn in central Iowa during the 2004 growing season. The imagery had a spatial resolution of 1 m and a spectral resolution of 3 nm between 498 nm and 855 nm. A machine vision system for early-season measurement of corn plant stand density was also used to map every row of corn within the three plots, and a complete inventory of corn plants was generated as a rich ground reference dataset. A principal component regression analysis was used to assess relationships between plant stand density measurements and principal components of hyperspectral reflectance for each plot, on each image collection date, and at three different spatial resolutions (2, 6, and 10 m). The maximum R 2 for regressions was 0.79. Estimates of corn plant stand density were best when using imagery collected at the later vegetative and early reproductive corn growth stages. Quantization effects due to row width complicated corn plant stand density estimates at 2 m spatial resolution, and better estimations were typically seen at resolutions of 6 m and 10 m. Among the different cases of plot, image date, and spatial resolution, the principal components of reflectance most highly correlated with plant stand density were able to be classified into four distinct types, denoted as types A, B, C, and D. Type A principal components contrasted all available visible red wavelengths with all available near-infrared wavelengths. Type B principal components contrasted green wavelengths (531 to 552 nm) plus shorter wave near-infrared (759 nm) with red wavelengths (675 to 693 nm) plus longer wave near-infrared (852 nm). Type C principal components summed green wavelengths (528 to 546 nm) and near-infrared wavelengths (717 to 855 nm). Type D principal components contrasted blue/green wavelengths (498 to 507 nm) with the red edge (717 nm). Remote sensing can be best used to estimate corn plant stand density at mid-season as long as plant stand variability exists and variability due to other factors is minimal.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Self-consistent solutions of Ginzburg-Landau equations and superconducting edge-suppressed states in magnetic field

Self-consistent solutions of the Ginzburg-Landau system of equations, which describe the order parameter and the magnetic field distribution in a long superconducting cylinder of finite radius R, in external magnetic field H, when vortex line, carrying m flux quanta, is situated on the cylinder axis (a giant m-vortex state), are studied numerically. If the field H exceeds some critical value H_s, the giant m-vortex solution becomes unstable and passes to a new stable edge-suppressed form. The quantum number m in this state does not change, but the order parameter diminishes by a jump (almost to zero) near the cylinder surface; however, superconductivity remains in the deep, at some distance from a cylinder axis. This edge-suppressed state exist in the fields H_s 1/sqrt{2}). The paramagnetic effect in mesoscopic samples and also the possible connection of the theory and experiment are shortly discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Equilibrium in Evolutionary Games: Some Experimental Results

Evolutionary game theory informs the design and analysis of twenty-six experimental sessions using normal form games with six to twenty-four players. The state typically converges to the subset of Nash equilibria called evolutionary equilibria, especially under conditions of mean matching and history. Mixed strategy equilibria are explained better by 'purification' strategies than by homogenous independent individual randomization. The risk dominance criterion fares poorly in some coordination game environments. With small player populations and large gains to cooperative behavior, some players apparently attempt to influence other players' actions, contrary to a key theoretical assumption.

Field of study: Economics
Hiperaldosteronismo primario, una nueva perspectiva

Hace cincuenta anos se describio por primera vez el hiperaldosteronismo primario que hasta hace poco se consideraba un sindrome infrecuente y una causa excepcional de hipertension arterial. De cada 10 pacientes hipertensos habra en promedio uno de ellos con este padecimiento, convirtiendo a tal grupo de enfermedades en la causa mas frecuente de hipertension potencialmente curable. Este incremento en la prevalencia se debe quizas al aumento en la sensibilidad de las pruebas de tamizaje utilizadas. Si bien es cierto, los nuevos hallazgos no implican necesariamente el tamizaje generalizado de la poblacion de hipertensos; es importante que el medico que la controla este familiarizado con el tema para que lo considere y lo sospeche en el manejo y seguimiento de sus pacientes.

Field of study: Mathematics
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Reproduction of wavefronts in scattering of light by acoustic waves and its relationship to dynamic holography

A theoretical analysis is made of the validity of the analogy between the reproduction of wavefronts in stimulated scattering and dynamic holography. It is shown that such reproduction is a basically new nonlinear optical effect and has no analogs in holography. The possibility of reproduction of wavefronts in scattering of light by acoustic waves excited by an external source is demonstrated.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Foreign sports insurance system modes and their inspiration to China

The level of overall development of insurance systems(especially the sports insurance system) of China is lower than that of developed countries.The author studied foreign sports insurance system modes and their inspi-ration to China,and revealed the following findings: different countries have different sports insurance system modes: 1) sports insurance system mode governed and participated by the government;2) civil sports insurance system mode supported by the government;3) commercial sports insurance system mode sponsored by the govern-ment;4) sports insurance system mode selectively supported by the government;5) sports insurance system mode monopolistically run by the government.The inspiration of foreign sports insurance system modes to China is that China should gradually establish and perfect the sports insurance system by referring to international experience coupled with Chinese circumstances,so as to boost the development of the sports insurance undertaking.

Field of study: Education
Study on technology of fish-cake with kinds of flavor

Fish-cake is made of freshwater fish.Orthogonal design is adopted to research the suitable technology parameters,and the result shows that the products can get good sensory evaluation when the ratio of fish,egg white,starch and water is 35%,20%,10% and 35%,and should be steamed slowly for 20 minutes at 80℃.Different kinds of co-materials are added to these kinds of fish-cake,and have desirable flavor,color and luster,and taste delicious.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
On a functional equation arising in the stability theory of difference-differential equations

The functional differential equation Q'(t) = AQ(t) + B((Q(tau - t)) to the T-th power), - infinity t infinity, where A,B are n x n constant matrices, tau or = 0, Q(t) is a differentiable n x n matrix and (Q(t)) to the T-th power is its transpose, is studied. Existence, uniqueness and an algebraic representation of its solutions is given. This equation, of considerable interest in its own right, naturally arises in the construction of Liapunov functionals of difference differential equations of the type dx(t)/dt = Cx(t) + Dx(t-tau), where C,D are constant n x n matrices. The role played by the matrix Q(t) is analogous to the one played by a positive definite matrix in the construction of Liapunov functions for ordinary differential equations. In this paper, we show that, in spite of the functional nature of this equation, the linear vector space of its solutions is n squared; moreover, ,we give a complete algebraic characterization of its solutions and indicate computationally simple methods for obtaining these solutions, which we illustrate through an example. Finally, we briefly indicate how to obtain solutions for the nonhomogeneous problem, through the usual variation of constants method.

Field of study: Mathematics
Long-term ecological study (palaeoecology) to chronicle habitat degradation and inform conservation ecology: an exemplar from the Brecon Beacons, South Wales

For ecosystems perceived as degraded, but for which the causal factors or timescales for the degradation are disputed or not known, long-term (palaeo-)ecological records may aid understanding and lead to more meaningful conservation approaches. To help ‘bridge the gap’ between (very) long-term ecology and contemporary ecology for practical application, there have been calls for working relationships to be established between palaeoecologists and conservation ecologists. One environment in which this has been attempted is blanket mire. Many blanket mires in Europe are degraded and contain few sphagna. In South Wales, almost all exhibit symptoms of degradation, with dominance by purple moor grass (Molinia caerulea) widespread. We used palaeoecological techniques on three peat profiles in the Brecon Beacons to investigate vegetation history of high-altitude blanket mire to help assess the relative contribution of various factors in mire degradation and to inform strategies for mire conservation and restoration management. We found that declines in sphagna preceded the rise to dominance of monocotyledons. Macrofossil records showed that although Molinia was already present on the Beacons before the start of the industrial revolution, its major rise to dominance in one profile was within the 20th Century, coincident with evidence for local fire. In another profile, it was out-competed by Eriophorum vaginatum after the start of the industrial revolution; there is circumstantial evidence to suggest that a reduction in burning contributed to the rise in E. vaginatum. Conservation management to reduce the current local dominance of both Eriophorum and Molinia is supported by the palaeoecological data, but severe erosion and hagging of peat will constrain practical methods for achieving this on the Beacons until the peat is stabilised. We suggest that palaeoecological techniques have wider applicability in conservation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Child and youth mental health service referrals: physicians' knowledge of mental health services and perceptions of a centralized intake model.

We conducted a survey to assess physicians' attitudes and knowledge of mental health services and centralized intake services for mental health.



A survey consisting of 51 questions was sent to 735 physicians in active practice within the catchment area of a regional centralized intake for child and youth mental health services. The survey was conducted during the summer of 2006.



Of 735 eligible physicians, 388 completed and returned the survey (52.8% response rate). The majority of physicians were aware of mental health services offered by their hospital. Physicians reported lower confidence levels for delivering counselling and psychopharmacological treatments for mental health. Furthermore, over 72% indicated that they did not feel they had time in practice to provide mental health counselling. Over 65% of physicians reported that mental health referrals should have appropriate/defined criteria. The majority (92%) of physicians had referred to specialized mental health services provided by their hospital. With respect to centralized intake services, 57.2% of physicians indicated they were aware of the service and 73.9% said it should be continued. However, only 34% reported satisfaction with the centralized intake referral service. Predictors of satisfaction with the service were satisfaction with mental health feedback and satisfaction with response time of the centralized intake service.



Physician confidence levels in providing mental health services vary greatly. While doctors favour a centralized intake for mental health services, their satisfaction with such a service somewhat depends on variables beyond the control of the centralized intake, such as wait times and feedback from mental health providers.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
ENVIRONMENTS OF QSOs AT REDSHIFT 0.9-1.3

We analyze new deep g- and i-band imaging of 16 QSOs in the redshift range 0.9-1.3 with the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope. The principal points of interest are the symmetry and signs of tidal effects in the QSO hosts and nearby (companion) galaxies. The sample measures are compared with similar measures on randomly selected field galaxy samples. Asymmetry measures are made for all objects to g ~ 22, and magnitudes of all galaxies 2 mag fainter. The QSOs are found in denser environments than the field, and are somewhat offset from the centroid of their surrounding galaxies. The QSO hosts appear more disturbed than other galaxies. While the QSO companions and field galaxies have the same average asymmetry, the distribution of asymmetry values is different. QSO companions within 15'' are fainter than average field galaxies. We discuss scenarios that are consistent with these and other measured quantities.

Field of study: Physics
Software for protection system of VR-1 training reactor

The article deals with the software for a new protection system of the VR-1 training reactor which consists of the independent power protection and the operational power measuring systems. Both systems are computer-based, and they are diverse in sensors, hardware and software. They are responsible for nuclear safety of the reactor, so the quality requirements for their software are strict. The software was developed in accordance with nuclear standards. During the development, both software products were carefully tested, and after the integration of hardware/software, they were validated with the simulation of input signals and the checking of their responses.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Compensatory mechanisms in multiple sclerosis(review)

Neuroprotective mechanisms of delay of neurodegeneration and recovery of function in multiple sclerosis are reviewed. Different adaptive reactions(neuroprotective autoimmunity, neuroplasticity, sodium channels expression and function changes, remyelination) are described. The possibility of neurogenesis, axonal regeneration and synaptic changes is discussed. Understanding the compensatory mechanisms in multiple sclerosis is fundamental basis for the development of new therapeutic approaches.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Quartz Extinction in Siltstone

The distribution of extinction types in silt-stone from the Red Peak Formation (Early Triassic) of Wyoming and the Spearfish Formation (Permian-Triassic) of South Dakota are summarized in this paper. Results indicate that the amount of nonundulatory extinction, monocrystallinity, and inclusion-free grains in quartz of these rocks is extremely variable. Variability of these characteristics decreases, and the minimum observed values increase, however, with decreasing grain size.

Field of study: Geology
Collision of Li+ and Na+ with C60: Insertion, fragmentation, and thermionic emission.

Interactions of ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ with ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ molecules have been studied over the collision energy range from 0 to 150 eV. We observe insertion of the alkali-metal ions to form the endohedral [${\mathrm{LiC}}_{60}$${]}^{+}$ and [${\mathrm{NaC}}_{60}$${]}^{+}$ species, with energy thresholds of 6 and 20 eV, respectively. At higher collision energies, the excited [${\mathrm{NaC}}_{60}$${]}^{+}$ appears to relax mainly by loss of ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}$ units from the fullerene cage, yielding [${\mathrm{NaC}}_{60\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2\mathit{n}}$${]}^{+}$. For [${\mathrm{LiC}}_{60}$${]}^{+}$, escape of the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ competes effectively with ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}$ loss. For both ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$, the signal for pure carbon fragment ions ${\mathrm{C}}_{60\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2\mathit{n}}^{+}$ increases sharply at \ensuremath{\sim}30 eV, which is attributed to thermionic emission.

Field of study: Physics
Self-Sensing Carbon Nanotube Composites Exposed to Glass Transition Temperature

This paper reported the effect of high temperature on the electro-mechanical behavior of carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforced epoxy composites. CNT/epoxy composites were fabricated by dispersing CNTs in the epoxy matrix using a solution casting method. Electrical conductivity measurements obtained for the CNT/epoxy composites indicated a steadily increasing directly proportional relationship with CNT concentration with a percolation threshold at 0.25 wt %, reaching a maximum of up to 0.01 S/m at 2.00 wt % CNTs. The electro-mechanical behavior of CNT/epoxy composites were investigated at a room temperature under the static and cyclic compressive loadings, resulting that the change in resistance of CNT/epoxy composites was reduced as increasing CNT concentration with good repeatability. This is due to well-networked CNTs conducting pathways created within the solid epoxy matrix observed by scanning electron microscopy. Temperature significantly affects the electro-mechanical behavior of CNT/epoxy composites. In particular, the electro-mechanical behavior of CNT/epoxy composites below the glass transition temperature showed the similar trend with those at room temperature, whereas the electro-mechanical behavior of CNT/epoxy composites above the glass transition temperature showed an opposite change in resistance with poor repeatability due to unstable CNT network in epoxy matrix.

Field of study: Materials science
Nucleophilic substitution reactions of 2,4,6-tris(trinitromethyl)-1,3,5-triazine. 1. Interaction of 2,4,6-tris(trinitromethyl)-1,3,5-triazine with alcohols, diols, ammonia, and secondary amines

A study has been made of nucleophilic substitution reactions of 2,4,6-tris(trinitromethyl)-1,3,5-triazine with certain nucleophiles. The possibility of replacing one, two, or three trinitromethyl groups in this compound has been demonstrated.

Field of study: Chemistry