nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Distributed multicasting algorithm with congestion control and message routing

This article proposes a new multicasting algorithm that allows for message transfer from the source to the multicasting destination by using routing in the source. The algorithm uses trunks and switches occupancy and considers congestion control and bandwidth management techniques. The routing algorithm uses a tree of trunks and switches from the source to the multicasting destination. The bounds on the trunks and switches occupancy are used to balance the occupancy of the trunks and switches. The bounds on the number of trunks and switches in the tree limit the number of paths considered by the algorithm. The message transfer time is calculated, and the path with the shortest transfer time is chosen. The multicasting algorithm performance is analyzed by using the elapsed time of message transfer in the network and the waiting time to begin transfer in the switches. A number of different networks (LAN, FDDI, B-ISDN) are considered to evaluate performance of the multicasting algorithm.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Review of the 60-year reform of the physical education curriculum in basic education in China.

The authors reviewed the course of the 60-year reform of the physical education curriculum in basic edu-cation in China,specified tremendous achievements made in such aspects as curriculum conception,curriculum content,teaching method and curriculum evaluation,the transformation of teaching ideology into "people orien-tated,health first",and the increased emphasis on the "view of 3D health",and pointed out that in the new reform of the physical education curriculum in basic education there are problems such as physical education curriculum objectives being generalized and equilibrated,unspecific principles for the setup and development of physical education curriculum contents,in physical education teaching the status of traditional acceptance type teaching methods having been weakened.The authors proposed to further unify thoughts,to earnestly interpret new physical education curriculum standard,to speed up the connection of college teacher cultivation to physical education teaching in elementary and middle schools,and to carry out necessary revision and supplementation on problems existing in the implementation of the new physical education curriculum standard.

Field of study: Education
Focal brain injury induces multiple immediate early genes encoding zinc finger transcription factors.

Focal brain injury is known to markedly induce the fos and jun families of immediate early genes (IEGs). This study employed in situ hybridization to examine the effects of focal brain injury, produced by the intracerebral injection of saline or ibotenic acid on the expression of IEGs encoding zinc finger transcription factors. Thirty minutes after the injections, NGFI-A, NGFI-B, NGFI-C, and egr-3 mRNAs were induced in dentate gyrus, hippocampal pyramidal cells, cerebral cortex, caudate-putamen and piriform cortex of the injured hemisphere. Nurr1 was induced in hippocampal pyramidal cells and dentate granule cells. After three hours the induction of NGFI-A, NGFI-B, NGFI-C and Nurr1 persisted in all brain regions except for the dentate granule cells. By six hours after injection mRNAs for most of the zinc finger genes had returned to control levels. However, the expression of egr-3 3 and 6 h after the injection was identical to that observed at 30 min after the injection and it was the only gene the expression of which persisted 6 h following the injections. Twenty-four hours after the injection, the expression of all five IEGs returned to control levels. In general, no gross differences in the IEG induction were observed between the animals injected with saline and ibotenic acid. Since these zinc finger genes were expressed in the same regions where fos and jun family members are induced by similar types of brain injury, it is suggested that these transcription factors may act in concert with Fos/Jun family members.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Field of study: Biology
Potential impact of viticulture expansion on habitat types in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa

The wine industry in the Western Cape, South Africa has expanded over the past decade, particularly since the lifting of trade sanctions in 1992. Wine grapes are cultivated on fertile soils upon which threatened biodiversity habitat units of the Cape Floristic Region occur naturally. There is a concern as to whether further expansion of the wine industry, which would benefit the economy through increased foreign exchange, would encroach on the little remaining vegetation in vineyard-producing areas. Predictive land use modeling using logistic regression techniques was applied to determine suitable areas for vineyard cultivation according to climatic, topographic, and soil/geology variables. Of the most threatened habitats, 14 849 hectares are particularly suitable for vineyards. Breede fynbos/renosterveld mosaic was the habitat most likely to be converted, and was considered 89.3% irreplaceable to current conservation goals. Also vulnerable are Ashton inland renosterveld and Boland coast renosterveld, the latter being 100% irreplaceable. Although the high rate in vine replanting suggests that the need for untransformed land will not be great immediately, an economic analysis showed that protection of these areas against future ploughing will be vital if targets of adequately representing each habitat in the Cape Floristic Region are to be met. Land use change modeling, especially if done in a spatially explicit and integrated manner with expert input, was shown to be an important technique for the extrapolation of historical patterns to understand the forces that shape landscapes, allowing for the assessment of management alternatives, and testing our understanding of key processes in land use changes that effect conservation planning.

Field of study: Environmental science
Deformation des Thomas-Fermischen Atommodells durch nicht-kugelsymmetrische Potentialfelder

The conditions will be deduced for the exact solution of the Thomas-Fermi-equation for an atom or ion, which is deformed by non-spherical fields. A numerical method for the solution of the associated integral equation will be shown. Explicite calculations have been performed for the polarizability of some ions and for the energy required to bring an electron by steps from inside the model to infinity.

Field of study: Physics
Species-specific responses to metals in organically enriched river water, with emphasis on effects of humic acids.

Invertebrate communities in polluted rivers are often exposed to a wide variety of compounds. Due to complex interactions, 'pollution tolerant' species are not necessarily the most tolerant species to toxicants tested under standard laboratory conditions. It was hypothesized that the distribution of species in polluted rivers is not only dependent on the tolerance of species to toxicants, but also on species-specific capacities to modify or compensate for negative effects of toxicants. To test this hypothesis, species-specific responses to metals in organically enriched river water were studied under controlled conditions. The zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha and the midge Chironomus riparius were exposed to metal-polluted water from the River Dommel. Additionally, the (interactive) effects of metals and humic acids (HA) on both species were evaluated. In spite of a lower tolerance of Chironomus riparius to metals in laboratory studies, the midge was the most tolerant of the two test species to metal-polluted site water. The results indicated that the sensitivities of the two test species determined in laboratory tests were inversely related to their sensitivities to polluted river water. In accordance with these results, midge larvae were protected from copper (Cu) toxicity by HA, while metal toxicity was not reduced (Cu) or even amplified (cadmium) by HA for the zebra mussel. Thus, the presence of (naturally occurring) HA in site water may partly account for discrepancies between responses of species to bioassays and toxicity tests. It is suggested that these differences in responses to metals in site water are strongly influenced by species-specific preferences for organic compounds (like HA). It is concluded that the response to organic compounds present in site water largely determines whether a species is classified as 'pollution tolerant' or 'pollution sensitive'.

Field of study: Environmental science
Oncolytic adenoviral therapy for glioblastoma multiforme.

Adenoviruses historically have been one of the main vectors used in human gene therapy. To date, the majority of brain tumor trials of these vectors have used replication-defective viruses. The relative lack of success obtained with replication-defective vectors has prompted a search for new and improved therapies. In this context, oncolytic (conditionally replicative) adenoviruses, which selectively bind and replicate only in tumor cells, have gained increasing importance. These adenoviruses, once they are rendered conditionally replicative by transductional and transcriptional modifications, offer significant promise for patients with malignant glioma. In this review, the authors discuss the genetic approaches to adenoviral modification and their applications in the field of neurooncology.

Field of study: Medicine
XAFS measurements on zinc chloride aqueous solutions from ambient to supercritical conditions using the diamond anvil cell.

The structure and bonding properties of metal complexes in subcritical and supercritical fluids are still largely unknown. Conventional high pressure and temperature cell designs impose considerable limitations on the pressure, temperature, and concentration of metal salts required for measurements on solutions under supercritical conditions. In this study, we demonstrate the first application of the diamond anvil cell, specially designed for x-ray absorption studies of fn'st-row transition metal ions in supercritical fluids. Zn K-edge XAFS spectra were measured from aqueous solutions of 1-2m ZnC12 and up to 6m NaC1, at temperatures ranging from 25-660 °C and pressures up to 800 MPa. Our results indicate that the ZnC142complex is predominant in the lm ZnC12/6m NaC1 solution, while ZnC12(H20)2 is similarly predominant in the 2m ZnC12 solution, at all temperatures and pressures. The Zn-C1 bond length of both types of chlorozinc(II) complexes was found to decrease at a rate of about 0.01 A/100 °C.

Field of study: Physics
Effect of Al/Zn Ratio on the Microstructure Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance of Mg Alloy

Using metallographic microscope,stereoscan,XRD,energy spectrometer, electronic universal materials testing machine and Solatron 1287+1260 electrochemical measurement system to analysis the effect of Al/Zn ratio on the microstructure,mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of Mg alloy.When the Al/Zn ratio stands in the range of 1 to 15,the main constituent phases are α phase and β phase.As the Al/Zn ratio is equal to 10,the tensile strength and yield strength get the maximum.The value is 171.2 MPa and 107.5 MPa,and the alloy get the best corrosion resistance through polarization curve and AC impedance curve.Moreover the corrosion rate falls down to the minimum 0.3 mg/((cm~2·d)) by weight loss measurement after immersing in salt water for three days.While the elongation gets the maximum 2.02% as the Al/Zn ratio is equal to 1.when the Al/Zn ratio is less than 1,the main constituent phases are α phase and τ phase(Mg_(32)(Al、Zn)_(49)).

Field of study: Materials science
Acute vascular (humoral) rejection in non-OKT3-treated cardiac transplants.

To determine the incidence and morphologic features of acute vascular rejection (AVR) in cardiac transplant patients who have not received OKT3 induction therapy, we performed immunofluorescence (IF) staining for Clq and C3c on 341 endomyocardial biopsies from 135 patients. Each AVR biopsy, defined by positive IF, was further evaluated for C4c, C5, IgG, IgM, and IgA. Light and electron microscopy were also performed. The clinical features of each case were reviewed. A total of 29 biopsies from 6 recently transplanted patients (1993) and 10 biopsies from 4 long-term transplants (pre-1993) had IF evidence of AVR. All patients with AVR had linear vascular deposits of various complement components and immunoglobulins. Of the 6 recently transplanted patients, 4 were multiparous females. The male had a single episode of AVR. IF patterns were variable between and within patients. Clq and C3c were the most consistently detected complement components. IgM was the most frequently detected antibody. Of the 10 cases of AVR, 6 occurred within the first month post-transplant. Myocyte necrosis was present in all cases with cardiac dysfunction. Patients with early onset AVR had more recurrences and one fatality. There was one fatality in the long-term transplant group. Concomitant grades 0 to 4+ cellular rejection did not correlate with results of IF or clinical severity. The incidence of AVR in non-OKT3-treated patients is 7%. Of the early onset patients, 66% are multiparous females, indicating the possible importance of prior sensitization. IF patterns are not predictive of outcome. AVR may be asymptomatic, but early onset predicts a difficult clinical course and is detected only by IF screening.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Some derivatives of 4-(4-aminophenylamino)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine

Abstract4-(4-Aminophenylamino)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine was synthesized by alkylation of 4-aminotriacetoneamine with 4-chloronitrobenzene, followed by hydrogenation of the nitro derivative. Its reactions with acrylic, methacrylic, and itaconic acids were carried out. Transformations of the N-substituted amino acids to derivatives of 2-pyrrolidinone and dihydropyrimidinedione were studied.

Field of study: Chemistry
Brick Lane Blockades: The Bioculturalism of Migrant Domesticity

This essay examines Monica Ali’s Brick Lane’s tactics of cultural preservation, both dominant and minor, that routinely frame biologically inflected claims about migrant belonging in Britain. Working within and against theories of biopolitics, I trace how the novel is implicated in public discourses about the cultural demands of citizenship for migrants to Britain who are often mired in an irreducibly corporeal shadow language. Rather than social constructs, the uproar surrounding the publication of Brick Lane divulges the extent to which cultural claims about race, language, assimilation, and authenticity remain anchored in naturalized identity claims about what it means for former colonial migrants to belong in Britain today.

Field of study: Art
The discounting model selector: Statistical software for delay discounting applications.

Original, open-source computer software was developed and validated against established delay discounting methods in the literature. The software executed approximate Bayesian model selection methods from user-supplied temporal discounting data and computed the effective delay 50 (ED50) from the best performing model. Software was custom-designed to enable behavior analysts to conveniently apply recent statistical methods to temporal discounting data with the aid of a graphical user interface (GUI). The results of independent validation of the approximate Bayesian model selection methods indicated that the program provided results identical to that of the original source paper and its methods. Monte Carlo simulation (n = 50,000) confirmed that true model was selected most often in each setting. Simulation code and data for this study were posted to an online repository for use by other researchers. The model selection approach was applied to three existing delay discounting data sets from the literature in addition to the data from the source paper. Comparisons of model selected ED50 were consistent with traditional indices of discounting. Conceptual issues related to the development and use of computer software by behavior analysts and the opportunities afforded by free and open-sourced software are discussed and a review of possible expansions of this software are provided.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Water mass and depth determine the distribution and diversity of Rhodobacterales in an Arctic marine system.

Marine Rhodobacterales are recognized as a widespread, abundant, and metabolically versatile bacterial group in the world's oceans. They also show a nearly universal conservation of the genes for production of gene transfer agents (GTAs), virus-like particles that mediate genetic exchange between cells. It is not yet clear what factors determine the distribution of the various taxonomic subgroups of this order. To address this question, we analyzed the Rhodobacterales communities in 10 seawater samples from northern Baffin Bay collected during September 2008. A conserved gene from the GTA gene cluster was used to characterize the Rhodobacterales community structure. A total of 320 clones from 10 clone libraries were sequenced, and 22 operational taxonomic units representing putative species and 13 clusters representing putative genera were identified. A cluster related to Octadecabacter comprised 59% of total clones from the northern Baffin Bay. Phylogenetic analysis of the clones showed that the Rhodobacterales communities had distinct compositions in the different water masses that were sampled. A change in community structure related to depth was also observed. Therefore, in northern Baffin Bay where two ocean currents meet and mix, the Rhodobacterales community structures were primarily determined by water mass and depth.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE AND ORGANISATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS

: This paper reports a study which addressed the relationship between organisational effectiveness and two dimensions of organisational culture, both of which have been stressed in the prescriptions for and descriptions of successful private sector organisations. The study examined a number of public sector organisations to assess the extent to which the perceived degree of bureaucracy and the priority given to HRM in each organisation were associated with favourable perceptions of organisational effectiveness. The data for the study were obtained by two recent surveys of APS organisations. The first was a population survey of the SES of the APS, conducted by mailed questionnaire in mid-1989 (response rate of 52%). The second survey was of all staff in the 16 branches of a large Commonwealth agency (“Department X”), conducted in early 1989 (response rate of 87%). The data support the hypothesis that organisations which give high priority to the HRM function are likely to be more effective than those whose cultures give a low level of support to HRM. There is equivocal support to the hypothesis that organisations which are hierarchical in their working arrangements are less likely to be effective than those. which are relatively non-hierarchical. Most agencies surveyed apparently do not give high priority to the HRM function, particularly if the issue is asked of those at the lower levels of the organisation. This is explicable in terns of the relatively low value placed on “people” skills by senior executives. These results support those writers who argue that private sector models are relevant to the public sector.

Field of study: Political science
Ultrafast photoresponse of a structured YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7- delta / thin film to ultrashort FIR laser pulses

The authors have investigated the photoinduced voltage response of a current-carrying structured YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7- delta / thin film to ultrashort far-infrared (FIR) laser pulses in the frequency range from 0.7 THz to 7 THz. The detector has shown an almost constant sensitivity of 1 mV/W and a noise equivalent power of less than 5*10/sup -7/ W/ square root Hz. The temperature dependence of the decay time of the detector signal was studied for temperatures around the transition temperature of the film ( approximately 80 K). For a detector temperature where dR/dT had its maximum, the authors observed bolometric signals with decay times of about 2 ns, and for lower temperatures they observed nonbolometric signals with decay times of approximately 120 ps; the duration of the nonbolometric signals was limited by the time resolution of the electronic registration equipment.<<ETX>>

Field of study: Physics
City Trenches: Urban Politics and the Patterning of Class in the United States

In "City Trenches," Ira Katznelson looks at an important phenomenon of the sixties the resurgence of community activism and explains its sources, challenges, and failure. Katznelson argues that the American working class perceives workplace politics and community politics as separate and distinct spheres, a perception that defeats attempts to address grievances or raise demands that break the rules of local politics or of bread-and-butter unionism. He supports his thesis with an absorbing case study of Washington Heights-Inwood, a multiethnic working-class community in Manhattan."

Field of study: Political science
A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN TIME-DOMAIN METHOD AND FREQUENCY-DOMAIN METHOD FOR IDENTIFICATION OF BRIDGE FLUTTER DERIVATIVES

Two data processing methods for identifying bridge flutter derivatives, time-domain method and frequency-domain method, are presented based on forced vibaration testing of sectional models in wind tunnel. An experimental setup to generate two dimentional forced vibration was developed and fixed in wind tunnel. Three sectional models were tested with this setup. A comparative study between the two methods is made based on the same experimental data. The identification reliability of flutter derivatives can be improved by introducing two or more data processing methods. Frequency-domain method has a strong ability against noises, resulting in smooth curves of flutter derivatives because a filtration procedure is included in this method; the formulation of time-domain method is relatively sensitive to signal phase difference and is apt to be disturbed by noises such that the results may be shifting or fluctuating.

Field of study: Engineering
[Effect of 3,4-dihydroxyacetophenone on rabbit platelet function].

Platelet aggregation and serotonin release reaction were measured by recording light transmission and determining[14C] serotonin released from the labeled platelets respectively. 3,4-Dihydroxyacetophenone (DHAP) inhibited rabbit platelet aggregation both in vitro and in vivo. The ID50 of DHAP in inhibiting platelet aggregation in vitro were 6.3, 52 and 460 μg/ml, induced by arachidonic acid (AA), collagen and ADP respectively. DHAP also inhibited platelet [14C] serotonin release and heparin neutralizing activity induced by collagen and AA in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, DHAP showed an additive effect with PGE1 in inhibiting platelet aggregation and increasing platelet cAMP. Increasing platelet cAMP is likely the mechanism of inhibition of platelet function by DHAP.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine