nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
On-demand confinement of semiconductor excitons by all-optical control

In condensed-matter physics, remarkable advances have been made with atomic systems by establishing a thorough control over cooling and trapping techniques. In semiconductors, this method may also provide a deterministic approach to reach the long standing goal of harnessing collective quantum phenomena with exciton gases. While long-lived excitons are simply cooled to very low temperatures using cryogenic apparatus, engineering confining potentials has been a challenging task. This degree of control was only achieved recently with devices realized by highly demanding nano-fabrication processes. Here, we demonstrate an alternative to this technology and show how a proper optical excitation allows to manipulate in-situ the exciton transport. Our approach is based on the optically controlled injection and spatial patterning of charges trapped in a field-effect device. Thus, electric field gradients are created and implement microscopic traps or anti-traps for the excitons dipole. Accordingly, any confinement geometry can be realized by shaping the spatial profile of a laser excitation. Hence, we succeed in trapping exciton gases in a density range where quantum correlations are predicted at our very low bath temperature.

Field of study: Physics
A Tensor Space Representation of the Symplectic Blob Algebra

The symplectic blob algebras are a family of finite dimensional noncommutative algebras over $\mathbb{Z}[X_1,X_2,X_3,X_4,X_5,X_6]$ that can be defined in terms of planar diagrams in a way that extends the Temperley-Lieb and (ordinary) blob algebras. 
In this paper we construct a new "tensor space" representation of the symplectic blob algebra $\mathcal{A} \otimes \sba$ for each $n \in \mathbb{N}$, for $\mathcal{A}$ a particular commutative ring with indeterminates. The form of this representation is motivated by the XXZ representation of the Temperley-Lieb algebra $\TL_n$ \cite{jimbo86} and the related Martin-Woodcock representation of the blob algebra $b_n$ \cite{martinwoodcock2003}. For $k$ an algebraically closed field, and for any $(\delta,\delta_L,\delta_R,\kappa_L,\kappa_R,\kappa) \in k^{6}$, the algebra $\sba$ specialises to a $k$-algebra $\sba(\delta,\delta_L,\delta_R,\kappa_L,\kappa_R,\kappa)$. For any such specialisation, our representation passes to a $\sba(\delta,\delta_L,\delta_R,\kappa_L,\kappa_R,\kappa)$-module $\mathcal{V}(n)$.

Field of study: Mathematics
Draft genome sequence of Rhodococcus erythropolis B7g, a biosurfactant producing actinobacterium.

Biosurfactants are amphipathic molecules with relevance in biotechnology due to their structural diversity, low toxicity and biodegradability. The genus Rhodococcus has extensively been studied because of its capacity to produce trehalose-containing surfactants as well as trehalose lipids as potential pathogenic factor. Here we present the draft genome sequence of Rhodococcus erythropolis B7g isolated with toluene from fuel-contaminated soil. The genome comprises 7,175,690 bp in 121 contigs, a G + C content of 62,4% and 7,153 coding DNA sequences (CDSs), and it contains genes for trehalose biosynthesis and surfactant production. Additionally, genes for the production of trehalose-tetraester biosurfactant were identified, whose function was experimentally verified making the strain B7g a potential candidate for use in bioremediation applications or in biosurfactant exploration.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
The impact of post‐cold war politics on the trading system: Implications for Canadian foreign and trade policies

The end of bipolar competition between the US and the USSR has implications for the international trade regime and for Canada's place within it. Strategic considerations of world politics after the cold war, Martin Roy notes, carry new threats to the international trading system tat few analysts have assessed. These threats, he adds, do not stem from the decline of American ‘hegemony” but rather from the emergence of multiple centres of power in the international system. Unsuccessful integration of these rising countries in the future may foster insecurity and uncertainty in international politics and lead to greater protectionism. Roy details why the insecure future of the international trade liberalization process dictates a reassessment on the part of Canadian analysts and policy makers of how to strengthen the open international trade system.

Field of study: Political science
Near infra-red interactance for longitudinal assessment of nutrition in dialysis patients.

Serial nutritional assessment of dialysis patients is important because of the high incidence and prevalence of malnutrition in these patients. Near-infrared interactance (NIR) technology may provide a practical and reliable method to evaluate body fat and its changes over time in dialysis patients.



Longitudinal study consisting of 2 cross-sectional measurements, 2 months apart.



Outpatient dialysis unit affiliated to a tertiary care community medical center.



Seventy-one dialysis patients (35 men, 36 women), 57 +/- 15 years old, who have been on dialysis between 5 months and 11 years (43 +/- 30 months). Twelve additional patients with similar features were studied during the second round.



None.



NIR was used to estimate the body fat percentage. Other simultaneous measurements included subjective global assessment, anthropometric indices including midarm circumference, triceps and biceps skinfold thickness, and body mass index, and some laboratory values including albumin, transferrin, and cholesterol. NIR measurement was performed by placing a Futrex sensor on the nonaccess upper arm for several seconds, after logging the required individual data (sex, weight, height, and body frame), along with uniform physical activity levels for all patients, into a mini-computer.



Seventy-one dialysis patients underwent nutritional and laboratory measurements. A second measurement round was performed 8 to 9 weeks after the first one and included 12 additional patients. Within each cross-sectional round, Pearson correlation coefficients (r) between the NIR score and nutritionally relevant variables were significant for anthropometric values (0.56 to 0.82) as well as low cholesterol and creatinine (0.22 to 0.30). The two serial NIR measurements on the same patients were highly consistent over the 2-month study interval (r = 0.96), whereas anthropometric values showed greater variability. The within-person coefficient of variation for NIR was low, indicating high consistency between 2 measurements. Moreover, the timing of the NIR measurement (predialysis v postdialysis) did not have any impact on consistency of the NIR results. The longitudinal changes of NIR had significant correlations with anthropometric and laboratory changes over time.



The NIR, which can be performed within seconds, may serve as a reliable and practical tool for objective measurements of nutritional status in hemodialysis patients. The NIR not only seems to have a high degree of reproducibility but may also be an optimal tool to detect longitudinal changes in body fat over time. The NIR measurement is independent of the fluid status in dialysis patients. More comparative and longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the validity of NIR measurements in longitudinal evaluation of dialysis patients.

Field of study: Medicine
Timing the second response in two-response avoidance.

Rats were trained on a free-operant avoidance task requiring two lever presses within R seconds, with the opportunity for each response distinguished by differing stimuli. Response latencies at a variety of response-shock intervals were found to be proportional to the time available for the response. These results are shown to be consonant with a scalar expectancy model of timing behavior.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
RESEARCH ON THE FATIGUE STRAIN AND FATIGUE MODULUS AND DAMAGE OF STEEL FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE UNDER CONSTANT AMPLITUDE BENDING FATIGUE LOADING

The fatigue strain evolution equation was obtained by fitting the experimental data of the maximum fatigue strain and the fatigue residual strain,and the correlation coefficients were all above 0.97.It was observed that the fatigue modulus was inversely related to the fatigue strain under constant amplitude fatigue loading.Thusly the fatigue modulus evolution equation was obtained according to the fatigue strain evolution equation by use of symmetry.It was found that the fitting curves expressed by the fatigue modulus evolution equation coincided with the experimental curves very well,and the correlation coefficients were all above 0.99.Finally,the damage variable evolution curve was obtained by use of the fatigue strain and fatigue modulus defining the damage variable.It was also found that the damage variable evolution curves defined by the maximum fatigue strain and fatigue residual strain were basically consistent and the deviations were quite small,but the damage variable evolution curve defined by the fatigue modulus was significantly larger than that defined by the fatigue strain.

Field of study: Engineering
Lessons learned from 'decentralized' ICM: an analysis of Canada's Atlantic Coastal Action Program and China's Xiamen ICM Program

Integrated coastal management (ICM) is a management process used by stakeholders in decision making to determine how coastal areas will be used and what activities can take place in them. While many ICM Programs are national government initiatives, some ICM Programs are ‘decentralized’, managed by community groups or local governments. This paper describes the Atlantic Coastal Action Program (ACAP), an ICM Program in Atlantic Canada, and the Xiamen ICM Program, in Xiamen, China, and discusses their major differences. The most important difference between the two ICM Programs is that ACAP is a community-based program that uses a multi-stakeholder approach and consensus decision making, while the Xiamen ICM Program is managed by a coordinating office within a local government. After comparing the two programs, some general lessons learned about decentralized ICM from these case studies are noted. It is concluded that the appropriate use of either model for ICM depends on the cultural, economic and political environment of the program. However, stakeholder involvement, scientific consultation and the use of a detailed management plan are important components of any decentralized ICM program.

Field of study: Environmental science
Physikalische Vorgänge bei elektrischen Drahtexplosionen

ZusammenfassungEin typisches Beispiel einer mittelstarken Drahtexplosion wird zwecks Klarstellung der verschiedenen, dabei nacheinander ablaufenden physikalischen Vorgänge durchgerechnet. — Der Strom von einigen kA heizt in reichlich 10−7 sec das Material des Drahtes auf fast 10000° auf. Trägheitskräfte, anfangs unterstützt durch magnetische Kräfte, halten es dabei nahezu an Ort und Stelle. Der Druck steigt in der Achse auf etliche tausend Atm. Sie führen zur explosiven Expansion. In deren Beginn wird das Material als komprimiertes Gas nichtleitend und unterbricht den Strom. Der expandierende Metalldampf schiebt eine Luftstoßwelle (Knallwelle) vor sich her. In einigen μs verdünnt er sich soweit, daß in ihm eine normale Gasentladung zündet.

Field of study: Physics
Temperature profiles with bi-static Doppler-RASS and their correction

The technique of atmospheric temperature profiling by Doppler-RASS is discussed. The set up with bi-static (separated transmit and receiving) antennas implies a range dependent scattering angle. The retrieval scheme developed by Kon for such antenna geometry is reviewed and its limits of validity are discussed. Empirical tuning of the effective antenna aperture is proposed to fit the retrieved temperature profiles to reality. The method is based on the assumption that potential temperature profiles under presumedly neutral conditions are constant with height. Examples of application of the measuring technique for atmospheric boundary layer characterization are presented.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effect of starting powder on screen-printed YSZ films used as electrolyte in SOFCs

Screen-printing technology was developed to fabricate dense YSZ electrolyte films onto NiO–YSZ porous anode substrates. A single fuel cell of Ni-YSZ/YSZ (31 μm)/LSM-YSZ was successfully prepared by screen-printing technology. Using humidified hydrogen as fuel and ambient air as oxidant, the fuel cell provided the maximum power densities of 0.18, 0.33, 0.58, 0.97 and 1.3 W/cm 2 at 650, 700, 750, 800 and 850 °C, respectively. The properties of the starting YSZ powder exerted a significant effect on the characteristics of the screen-printed YSZ electrolyte films. The aggregates of the powder could be partially broken by ball milling. The YSZ powder with a small particle size and a narrow particle size distribution helped to obtain dense YSZ films. The films prepared from the YSZ powder with high aggregates were very porous, which resulted in a low open circuit voltage, a high ohmic resistance, a high polarization resistance and thus a poor cell performance.

Field of study: Materials science
Effect of Culture Filtrates of Fusarium udum Isolates on Germination, Root Length and Wilt Incidence of Pigeonpea Seedlings

The effect of culture filtrates was tested against germination, root length and wilting of pigeonpea seedlings against susceptible cultivar LRG-30 at different concentrations viz., 25ppm, 50ppm, 75ppm, 100ppm and undiluted concentrations of all the 26 isolates of Fusarium udum. Results depicted that germination and root length were reduced and seedling wilt was increased as the concentration of culture filtrates increased and vice-versa. Lowest seed germination and highest disease incidence were recorded with culture filtrate of Fu 24 and that of least was recorded with culture filtrate of isolate Fu 1. Though considerable variation was found among the isolates, most of them were found at par with each other within the same concentration. Across the isolates root length varied from 9.1 cm (Fu 8) in undiluted concentrations to 25.6 cm (Fu 7) in 25ppm. Wilt incidence due to different culture filtrate concentrations on susceptible pigeonpea seedlings was found variable and ranged from 13.3 per cent (25ppm) against isolate Fu 4 to 100 per cent (undiluted culture filtrate) by isolates Fu 15 and Fu 24. This variability in seedling wilt, seed germination and root length may be due to combined effect of variable concentration of Fusaric acid and other enzymes.

Field of study: Biology
A Comparison of Three Port and Four Port laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

With new advances in the field of surgery, there have been made many amendments in the methods of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Since the advent of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the four port technique has been a standard option for surgeons but for the past few years the role of the fourth trocar has been debated and three port techniques is sought to take its place.  This study is an experimental prospective study which has been carried out to compare and contrast four port and three port techniques in terms of patient outcomes such as pain, nausea, satisfaction, hospital stay and complications rate.  Data was collected from seventy seven patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Convenient sampling was used and sample was stratified into two age groups. Postoperative pain, nausea, analgesic requirements and the number of days of hospital stay was assessed amongst the patient using the visual analogue scale. Post-OP complications were also assessed.  “Young adults” (20-44 years) were 40 in number while 30 patients fell under the “Older adults” group (45 years and above). In “younger adults” the pain score was 4.29 (SD: ± 1.62) for three port and 5.78 (SD: ± 1.21) for four port, mean nausea score was less for four port i.e. 1.33 (SD: ± 2.17) than for three port 2.32 (SD: ± 2.24), Mean postoperative stay for four port 2.00 days (SD: ± 0 .71) was slightly more than three port 1.58 days (SD: ± 0.76). In the older age groups the mean pain scores were : 3.33 (SD: ± 1.92) and 5.13 (SD: ± 1.46) for three and four port techniques respectively, mean nausea score amongst the old patients was not much different for three port and four port i.e. 1.40 (SD: ±1.88) and 1.27 (SD: ±2.09), patient satisfaction for three port 9.33 (SD: ± 0.97) was a little higher than four port 8.00 (SD: ± 1.22), mean postoperative stay for 3 port patients was 1.2 days (SD: ± 0.41) and for the 4 port patients was 1.8 days (SD: ± 0.56).  Three-port had a significantly better outcome than four-port technique in terms of post surgical pain, hospital stay and patient satisfaction. There was no significant difference in the complications rate and nausea.  Laproscopy, cholecyctectomy, cholecystitis, biliary colic, cholelithiasis

Field of study: Medicine
ART1 Silencing Enhances Apoptosis of Mouse CT26 Cells via the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB Pathway

Colorectal carcinoma is one of the most common cancers world-wide, with high morbidity and mortality rates. Arginine ADP-ribosyltransferase 1(ART1) is an important ecto-ADP-ribose transferase and has been proven to be intimately involved in a number of biological processes. However, the influence of ART1 on survival and apoptosis of colorectal carcinoma cells and the potential mechanism of action of ART1 remain uncharacterized.  ART1 was silenced via lentiviral vector-mediated short hairpin RNA (shRNA) in CT26 colon carcinoma cells, and cisplatin (CDDP) was applied to induce apoptosis. Survival and apoptosis rate of CT26 cells was assessed by CCK8 assay, flow cytometry and Hoechst 33342 staining. Expression and activity of signaling proteins were detected by Western blot.  ART1 knockdown enhanced the inhibition of cell survival and increased the apoptosis induced by CDDP. Furthermore, the reduced survival rate correlated with reduced levels of phos-AktThr308 and phos-IκBa and reduced NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation. A decline in Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl expression and an increase in Bax expression may explain the enhanced apoptosis.  This study provides a molecular mechanism for the function of ART1 in colorectal carcinoma and defines a potential therapeutic target for the enhanced treatment of this prominent world-wide disease.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Depolarization of the exit beam of a neodymium-glass amplifier in the case of small-scale self-focusing

An experimental investigation was made of a nonlinear increase in the degree of depolarization of an initially linearly polarized high-power laser beam propagating through a four-stage rod amplifier made of neodymium-doped phosphate glass. This increase was found to be due to small-scale self-focusing of the beam. The effect could be used to monitor self-focusing in high-power amplifiers.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Forecasting of cohort fertility under a hierarchical Bayesian approach

The main reason for modelling fertility rates is to generate population estimates and forecasts. Previously deterministic in nature, the current fertility literature is favouring stochastic approaches, making models within a Bayesian framework very appealing. In keeping with the recent literature, our aim is to develop a hierarchical Bayesian model for modelling and forecasting cohort fertility rates. Building on the work of Schmertmann et al. ( 2014, pages 500-513), we propose a hierarchical Bayesian approach, using state-of-the-art Hamiltonian Monte Carlo methods and a dataset taken largely from the Human Fertility Database. Obtaining fertility forecasts for 41 countries using the data available in 2010 and 33 countries using the data available in 2000, we use scoring rules to quantitatively assess the predictive accuracy of the latter. The forecasts generated from our model are plausible with appropriate levels of uncertainty, particularly for countries with stable fertility histories in recent years. We illustrate the benefits of taking a hierarchical Bayesian approach to modelling cohort fertility. The flexibility of the approach allows us to incorporate the natural structure of fertility data indexed by age and cohort, and the underlying assumptions in both dimensions, intuitively and transparently. In addition, it demonstrates how advanced computational methods can be used to fit hierarchical Bayesian models with an atypical setup. This not only cements the position of hierarchical Bayesian methods at the forefront of population forecasting methods, but also makes a valuable contribution to the fertility modelling and forecasting literature.

Field of study: Mathematics
Erbium-doped Si1-xGex/Si structures for light emitting diodes

LEDs have been fabricated from erbium-doped Si and Si1-x Gex quantum wells, and exhibit radiation at 1.54 µm when operated in forward bias. The strained Si1-x Gex /Si quantum wells were doped with erbium, either by implantation or during MBE growth, for two germanium fractions, 13% and 25% respectively, and their quality was monitored by transmission electron microscopy. PL measurements as a function of temperature exhibit a dependence of the high temperature signal quenching on the germanium fraction. The forward-bias EL and PL from the Er:Si1-x Gex , exhibit different emission energies irrespective of whether the samples are ion implanted or doped during MBE growth. The energy changes are attributed to confinement of injected holes in the electroluminescence measurement by the quantum wells, and subsequent excitation of a different set of Er atoms which may be in the Si1-x Gex host. Electric field effects have been eliminated by performing the EL and PL under identical conditions. This is very encouraging for the potential use of SiGe waveguides in future injection-type silicon-based LEDs.

Field of study: Materials science
EXTRACTION AND SEPARATION OF ITACONIC ACID BY SOLVENT EXTRACTION

A method of solvent extraction for extracting and separating itaconic acid was developed. At first, the suitable extractants were chosen. Then, the effects of several technological parameters, the concentration of itaconic acid and pH value in aqueous phase, concentration of extractant in organic phase and temperature on extraction of itaconic acid were determined. Based on the experimental results a mathematic model was developed.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
No. 42696. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and India

Loan Agreement (Integrated Watershed Development (Hills II) Project) between India and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (with schedule and General Conditions Applicable to Loan and Guarantee Agreements for Single Currency Loans dated 30 May 1995, as amended on 2 December 1997). New Delhi, 14 July 1999

Field of study: Political science
Subtle Features in Transport Properties: Evidence for a Possible Coexistence of Holes and Electrons in Cuprate Superconductors

Transport properties of high transition temperature (high Tc) cuprate superconductors are investigated within a two-band model. The doping dependent Hall coefficients of La_{2-x}Sr_xCuO_4 (LSCO) and Nd_{2-x}Ce_xCuO_4 (NCCO) are explained by assuming the coexistence of two carriers with opposite charges, loosely speaking electrons (e) and holes (h). Such a possible electron-hole coexistence (EHC) in other p-type cuprates is also inferred from subtle features in the Hall coefficient R_H and thermopower S. The EHC possibly relates to the pseudogap and sign reversals of transport coefficients near Tc. It also corroborates the electronlike Fermi surface revealed in recent photoemission results. An experimental verification is proposed.

Field of study: Physics