nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Mercury‐induced autoimmunity in the absence of IL‐4

In susceptible H‐2s mice, mercuric chloride (HgCl2) induces an autoimmune syndrome characterized by production of anti‐nucleolar antibodies (ANoA) and increased serum levels of IgG1 and IgE antibodies. The increase in serum IgG1 and IgE, which are under IL‐4 control, suggests a role for the Th2 subset in the induction of this syndrome. We have previously shown that administration of IL‐12, a potent Th1‐promoting cytokine, resulted in a dramatic reduction of the HgCl2‐induced anti‐nucleolar antibody titres and inhibited serum IgG1 increase. These results suggest that Th1 T cells can down‐regulate ANoA, and support a role for the Th2 subset in ANoA production, possibly via IL‐4. To examine the role of IL‐4 in this syndrome, C57Bl/6 mice (H‐2b) with a targeted deletion of the IL‐4 gene were mated with A.SW mice (H‐2s) to yield H‐2s mice lacking IL‐4. We then analysed ANoA and serum immunoglobulin levels in these mice after HgCl2 treatment. While mercury‐treated IL‐4−/− H‐2s mice had virtually no detectable serum IgG1 or IgE, and very low levels of IgG1 ANoA, these mice had levels of IgG2a and IgG2b class ANoA comparable to mercury‐treated IL‐4+ H‐2s mice, indicating that IL‐4 is not required for the ANoA response in mercury‐induced autoimmunity.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Technical and Cost Evaluation on SMES for Electric Power Compensation

RASMES (Research Association of Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage) in Japan developed a road map of SMES for fluctuating electric power compensation of renewable energy systems. Based on the progress of large superconducting coils, the technical status is already established to develop the several MWh class SMES for frequency control, load fluctuation compensation, and generation fluctuation compensation. With integrated operations of several dispersed SMES systems, it is expected that the 100 MWh class SMES for load fluctuation leveling (peak cut) can be introduced in the period of 2020-30, and the first 1 GWh class SMES for daily load leveling can be installed in the period of 2030-40. From the results of Japanese national projects, experimental device developments and SMES design studies, if the output power of SMES is 100 MW, the target cost of SMES can be evaluated with 2000 USD/kW of the unit cost per output power (the unit cost per kW).

Field of study: Physics
Effects of organic solvents on stable isotopic composition of otolith and abiogenic aragonite

Otoliths are important proxies for climate change and ecological studies and are typically stored in glycerin or ethanol for preservation. This study is the first attempt to assess the isotopic effects of these preservatives on carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of otolith aragonite. Experimental tests from the 4th annulus of dried Pacific halibut otoliths were compared to samples from the same otoliths collected after 30 day storage in either glycerin or ethanol. In addition, isotopic measurements of abiogenic pure aragonite samples soaked in glycerin, ethanol, acetone, dichlorom (DCM), and methanol were compared to the initial values following the same protocol. No δ18O effect was observed for otoliths stored in glycerin or ethanol; and no isotopic effects (both δ18O and δ13C) were observed for abiogenic pure aragonite stored in the five organic solvents commonly used in geochemical laboratories. Although there was a significant but very small difference in carbon isotope ratios of halibut otoliths, the shift was of a barely measureable magnitude and the statistically significant difference only in δ13C values may result from the inhomogeneous composition and structure of otoliths. Thus we concluded that there was no isotopic exchange during organic solvent storage or preservative interference in the isotope ratio measurements.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Purification of yellow pigment from the flos Sophorae

There are lots of polysaccharides in extracts of flos Sophorae. We need to except polysaccharides from the extracts for pure yellow pigment of flos Sophorae. This article optimized the conditions of excepting polysaccharides from the extracts of flos Sophorae with ethyl alcohol. The optimal condition is as following: the rate of 1∶3 for the extracts and ethyl alcohol, soaking time of 8h. Then it get pure yellow pigment of flos Sophorae after spray drying.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Reflections on the Environment Update of Huaiyin Village, Zhenjiang, China under the Legendary Background

The most urgent problem that rural area people want to settle in the new rural area construction is the equalization of urban and rural public facilities and the improvement of their living conditions. This paper is an exploratory research taking the environment update of Huaiyin Village, Zhenjiang as a specific case. Huaiyin Village, which is located at Guyang Town, Zhenjiang city. Here the paper analyzes resources of Huaiyin from the development and protection perspective and put forward the protective village updates strategies based on the problems emerging in the environment update of Huaiyin with the significance of protecting villages with legend culture. The ultimate target is to construct an all-around new rural village which can realize the perfect coordinated development of rural economy, society and ecology.

Field of study: Engineering
Differences and Similarities of TQM and AC-QD-Model

Particularly through the financial- and economic crisis, a frequent discussion about the public task of an auditor and their audit quality arises. A productive discussion of audit quality requires a common understanding of audit quality, which can be obtained only with difficulty, given the complexity. To date, neither a no consensus on a definition nor a general approach could be developed which can depict this complex structure comprehensively. Therefor the author examines the Total Quality Management system, short TQM, according to its effectiveness in small- and medium sized auditing companies. But as the profession of auditors is a very specific one and in order to fulfill all the expectations of the different receivers of audit services, all legal and professional requirements as well as oneâ€™s own expectations, a model for audit quality has to be developed, that is very broad. For this reason, the author developed a â€œnew model of quality development of auditing companiesâ€ , named the AuditCompaniesâ€“QualityDevelopment-Model (AC-QD-Model). In order to examine the differences between TQM and the authorâ€™s model and to show the distinction between it, both quality models will be compared in this paper. At the end, a detail recommendation for the usage of the quality models can be given and outlined.

Field of study: Business
The Changing Academic Profession in the UK from the New Public Management Perspective

The British higher education reform has showed a stronger tendency of new managerialism than other countries.During the process of the implementation of New Public Management reform in the British higher education,the British government,the stakeholders,the professional management staff and the market mechanism have all reshaped the academic profession in terms of academics identity,governance model,evaluation system and the drive force mechanism.Specifically,the academic profession identity has transformed from the professional elite into the knowledge workers,the academic profession internal governance has developed from the collegial management into the entrepreneurial management,the evaluation system has changed from the peer assessment to the external evaluation and the drive force has evolved from the academic logic to the efficiency logic.In the meantime,the academic profession group has undergone such difficult situations as the rising academic capitalism,the declining traditional academic ideal and the academic identity crisis.

Field of study: Education
A simulation-based multi-objective design optimization of electronic packages under thermal cycling and bending

In this study, a simulation-based multi-objective design optimization methodology was developed for improving electronic packaging reliability. It was demonstrated using a generic model of an electronic package on a printed wiring board. The objective for the optimization was to improve the reliability of solder joints under both thermal cycling and bending by optimizing a group of design parameters. A parametric finite element model was developed using ANSYS for both load conditions. To improve the numerical efficiency of the optimization, a multi-quadric response surface method was implemented to approximate the response of finite element simulations for each loading condition. Subsequently, the multi-objective optimization of solder joint reliability was implemented using a Minmax principle on all response surfaces and a differential evolution algorithm as optimal search engine, which is capable of finding global minimum when local minima exist. Our study demonstrated that the reliability of the solder joints is significantly improved for this given generic model of electronic package. The proposed methodology can be effectively used in improving the reliability of electronic packages.

Field of study: Engineering
Quasiparticle-vibration coupling effects on nuclear transitions of astrophysical interest

The relativistic quasiparticle time-blocking approximation (RQTBA) is applied to the description of nuclear excitation modes of astrophysical interest. This method is based on the meson-nucleon Lagrangian and goes beyond the standard relativistic quasiparticle random-phase approximation (RQRPA) by treating the coupling between single quasiparticles and collective vibrations of the nucleus. We calculate electric dipole transitions and Gamow-Teller modes in the (p,n) direction in a few Sn isotopes and obtain the rates of (n,$\gamma$) reaction and $\beta^-$-decay processes, which govern the r-process nucleosynthesis, in a unified RQTBA framework. Gamow-Teller transitions in the (n,p) branch, which in principle can serve for the modeling of stellar evolution, are also investigated, and $^{90}$Zr is taken as a study case.

Field of study: Physics
Retrospective Reports of Dream Characteristics and Preferences for Organic vs Junk Foods

The authors investigated correlations between retrospective dream characteristics, food preferences, and eating attitudes. Graduate students (7 men, 42 women) at Santa Clara University were administered the MEGA food scale and the KJP Dream Inventory. High intake of organic food was positively correlated with reports of multiple dream factors. Conversely, high scores on preferences for fast food, potato chips, and carbohydrates were negatively correlated with several factors. Findings are discussed in terms of the hypothesis that certain foods may influence dreaming.

Field of study: Psychology
Research on the removal of protein in the crude polysaccharides from Litchi fruits

To remove protein from Litchi-polysaccharides,three methods including Sevag,CCl3COOH-Sevag and Enzyme-Sevag were used in the present study.With comparing the polysaccharides losing percentage and removed protein percentage,the method of Enzyme-Sevag was found to be most effective for crude Litchi-polysaccharide with 24.78% and 90.97%,respectively.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Epstein-Barr virus and lymphoproliferative disorders: Basic concepts and diagnostic approach

With an increasing number of immunosuppressed and HIV-infected patients, it is expected that EBV-related lymphoproliferative disorders will be more common than in the past. Experimental and clinical studies are providing important information about the role of EBV in these disorders and in the process of oncogenesis. The availability of new sensitive diagnostic tools, such as PCR, can improve our ability to establish a viral diagnosis and to delineate the full spectrum of EBV disease in this patient population. However, these new tests will require extensive clinical evaluation to establish their exact role in diagnosis and disease monitoring.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Murine basophils express highly in liver and regulate priming of na(i)ve CD4+ T cells to develop into Th2 cells

To compare the levels of murine basophils distribution in different organs and analyze the characteristics of CD4+T cells activation/differentiation regulated by basophils. Firstly,the mononuclear leukocytes were isolated separately from periphery blood,liver,spleen,lung and lymph nodes and the percentages of FceR I+CD49b+ basophils in different organs were investigated.Secondly,liver basophils were purified by immuno-microbead strategy and co-clutured with different cytokines for 24 h.Apoptosis status of basophils was detected by Annexin V straining method.Thirdly,Mice were subcutaneously implanted with a miniosmotic pump containing 5 μg IL-3.At day 7 after implantation,liver mononuclear cells were harvested and the percentages of basophils were analyzed.Finally,Th1/Th2 polarization influenced by basophils orientated cytokines was investigated when naive OT-Ⅱ CD4 T cells were stimulated with spleen dentritic cells and OVA peptides. The percentage of murine basophils in mononuclear leukocytes of liver was significantly higher than that of periphery blood,spleen,lung and lymph nodes under physiological condition.Both of in vitro and ex vivo experiments showed that IL-3 played an inhibitory role on apoptosis of basophils.Cytokines secreted by basophils was investigated to induce Th2 polarization and inhibit Th1 response when naive OT-Ⅱ CD4 T cells were co-cultured with spleen dentritic cells and OVA peptides. Th2 response was enhanced and Th1 response was down-regulated by murine basophils,which implied that basophils might participate in the construction of liver specific physiological immuno-tolerant microenvironment. 
 
 
Basophils;  Liver;  Th2 immune response;  Apoptosis

Field of study: Biology
Biorthogonal wavelets, MRA's and shift-invariant spaces

We give a characterization of biorthogonal wavelets arising from MRA’s of multiplicity D entirely in terms of the dimension function. This improves the previous characterization in  removing an unnecessary angle condition. Besides we characterize Riesz wavelets arising from MRA’s, and present new proofs based on shift-invariant space theory, generalizing the 1-dimensional results appearing in .

Field of study: Mathematics
Nondysraphic intramedullary spinal cord lipomas: a review.

OBJECT
Lipomas of the spinal cord are often a component of spinal dysraphic states. Nondysraphic intramedullary spinal cord lipomas are rare, and their presentation, in the form of gradually worsening myelopathy, is nonspecific. The authors report on the methods used for diagnosis and treatment in patients presenting with these lesions at their institution, and they review the relevant literature.



The authors treated 14 patients who presented with intramedullary lipomas over a period of 12 years. None of these patients had segmentation anomaly or dysraphism of the spine, or any hindbrain anomaly. Admission magnetic resonance images were diagnostic in all patients. All tumors were located dorsally in the spinal cord, the majority of them in the cervicodorsal cord. The lipomas were partially excised with the help of a carbon dioxide laser in all patients in an attempt to preserve neurological function. All patients attained improvement in their sensory and motor symptoms.



Because these lesions do not have a clear-cut margin, it is vital to preserve neurological function at the time of surgery, even if it entails incomplete resection.

Field of study: Medicine
Highly Flexible and Conductive Glycerol-Doped PEDOT:PSS Films Prepared Under an Electric Field

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) films doped with several sugar alcohols, viz. xylitol (XL), glycerol (GL), and polyglycerol (PG), at various levels have been synthesized and their thermoelectric properties studied. Among these specimens, 2.5 vol.% GL-doped films showed the best performance with electrical conductivity σ, Seebeck coefficient S, and power factor S2σ at room temperature reaching 1040 S/cm, 19 μV/K, and 37 μW/m-K2, respectively. Next, we synthesized films under an electric field Epr for the purpose of crystal growth. GL-doped films showed σ enhancement with increase of Epr. The highest σ value of 1300 S/cm was attained at Epr = 4 kV/cm. S and thermal conductivity κ values were almost independent of Epr. The ZT value was calculated to be between 0.017 and 0.101 at room temperature. We also examined film flexibility. High flexibility was achieved on GL doping, and it was not deteriorated when synthesized under an electric field.

Field of study: Materials science
Revisiting the hunting-versus-scavenging debate at FLK Zinj: A GIS spatial analysis of bone surface modifications produced by hominins and carnivores in the FLK 22 assemblage, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania

This study presents a taphonomic examination of the ca. 1.84 million year old (Ma) bovid fauna from FLK Level 22 (FLK Zinj), Bed I, Olduvai Gorge using a new GIS spatial analysis approach. The FLK Zinj site contains some of the best preserved evidence for meat eating by hominins and has been used extensively in reconstructions of early hominin behavior. However, despite numerous interpretations of site function, there is currently no consensus regarding how hominins acquired carcasses at FLK Zinj. Some interpretations argue that Early Stone Age hominins had early access to fleshed carcasses through hunting or active scavenging, while others argue hominins had late access to largely defleshed carcasses through passive scavenging. In this study, GIS was used to record bone preservation in the FLK Zinj assemblage as well as in several modern, experimentally-modified bone assemblages, which are used for comparison. The placement of hominin- and carnivore-produced modifications was documented on bones from these assemblages, and the GIS Spatial Analyst was used to identify patterning in tooth mark clusters as well as patterning in cut mark locations. This analysis suggests hominins had early access to fleshed carcasses at FLK Zinj, particularly of smaller prey, which they may have acquired through hunting. Damage patterns on larger carcasses are more difficult to interpret, but are consistent with early access through hunting or aggressive scavenging. A reanalysis of carnivore tooth mark frequencies on the FLK Zinj bovid fauna also supports an early access scenario.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Neutralization Dialysis. Problems and Outlook

Neutralization dialysis (ND) of model systems containing 0.1-0.5 M NaCl and various high-molecular-weight synthetic or natural substances have been investigated. Desalination experiments were carried out in a three-compartment spiral module equipped with heterogeneous Ralex or homogeneous Neosepta membranes. Practically complete desalination proceeds due to the neutralization reaction in the desalination compartment. The time of desalination depends only on the membrane permeability and on the initial salt concentration in solution. An important feature hindering larger application of this method is sharp pH changes occurring in the desalination solution. This phenomenon predicted theoretically is mainly caused by the difference in diffusivities of H + /Na + and OH - /Cl - ion pairs. Independently of the type of membrane and desalinated solution, pH value jumps into acidic region at the beginning of the ND. In the course of the process the pH value increases and the ND proceeds mostly at pH < 7. On the basis of theoretical prediction, an experimental method consisting in adjustment of acid concentration is proposed, which makes it possible to maintain constant pH in the desalination compartment. The convenience of this method was demonstrated by the ND of protein solutions.

Field of study: Chemistry
Die Abhängigkeit des Brechungsexponenten der Gase vom Druck zwischen 1 und 10 Atm.

ZusammenfassungDie Funktion (n−1)=f(p) wird für Luft und Kohlensäure unter Benutzung eines Perot-Fabryschen Interferometers in einem Druckintervall zwischen 1 und 10 Atm. untersucht, und es werden die Konstanten der Mascartschen Gleichung:n}-1=Kp(1+βp) ermittelt. Die Konstanteβ nimmt den Wert Null an, wenn der Druckp des Gases durch die Dichteϱ ersetzt wird, d. h. es gilt:n}-1/d=const. Die Messung höherer Drucke erfolgt unter Anwendung einer neuen Methode zur Druckbestimmung.

Field of study: Physics
Assessment of bioavailability of selenium in different plant-soil systems by diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT).

Uptake of selenium (Se) by plants largely depend on the availability of Se in soil. Soils and plants were sampled four times within 8 weeks of plant growth in pot experiments using four plant species. Sequential extraction and diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) method were employed to measure Se concentrations in potted soils in selenite- or selenate-amended soils. Results showed that DGT-measured Se concentrations (CDGT-Se) were generally several folds higher for selenate than selenite amended soils, which were obviously affected by the plant species and the duration of their growth. For example, the folds in soil planted with mustard were 1.49-3.47 and those in soils planted with purple cabbage and broccoli, which grew for 3 and 4 weeks after sowing, were 1.06-2.14 and only 0.15-0.62 after 6 weeks of growth. The selenate-amended soil planted with wheat showed an extremely high CDGT-Se compared with selenite-amended soil, except the last harvest. Furthermore, minimal changes in CDGT-Se and soluble Se(IV) were found in selenite-amended soils during plant growth, whereas significant changes were observed in selenate-amended soils (p < 0.05). Additionally, Se distribution in various fractions of soil remarkably changed; the soils planted with purple cabbage and broccoli showed the most obvious change followed by wheat and mustard. Soluble Se(VI) and exchangeable Se(VI) were likely the major sources of CDGT-Se in selenate-amended soils, and soluble Se(IV) was the possible source of CDGT-Se in selenite-amended soils. In selenate-amended soils, soluble Se(VI) and exchangeable Se(VI) were significantly correlated with Se concentrations in purple cabbage, broccoli, and mustard; in wheat, Se concentration was significantly correlated only with soluble Se(VI) but not with exchangeable Se. CDGT-Se eventually became positively correlated with Se concentrations accumulated by different plants, indicating that DGT is a feasible method in predicting plant uptake of selenate but not of selenite.

Field of study: Environmental science
Access without Appropriateness: Chicken Little in Charge?

Health policy makers in Canada have swung between the twin poles of ensuring access and controlling costs. Recently, access has dominated. Reconciling these opposing ideals, rather than alternating between them, requires adding the concept of appropriateness, and recognizing that rapid access to unneeded care may do more harm than good. Several examples are given of resources wasted (and side effects endured) through inappropriate use, and a few modest suggestions for improvement are made.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science