nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Constructing Study Oriented Harmonious Society,Developing Continuing Education Energetically

Building a well-off society in an all-round way has an important aim of building a harmonious socialist society and establishing a study oriented society.In order to achieve this aim,it is a must to develop continuing education energetically and to establish a lifelong learning system.On the base of the analysis of the features of study oriented society,the paper discusses the requirement and influence which comes from the construction of study oriented society to the development of continuing education,analyzes the countermeasure and questions which restrict current development of continuing education.The relationship between the construction of a harmonious socialist society and the construction of a study oriented society is expounded in this paper.

Field of study: Education
Cationic Effect on the Electrochemical Characteristics 
of the Hydrothermally Grown Manganese Dioxide

Hydrothermal growth of manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanostructures was carried out on indium tin dioxide glass substrates at 95°C for 24 h to study the effect of cations such as K+, Li+, and Na+ on their properties. It was observed that presence of cations affected the MnO2 phase and morphology: amorphous MnO2 (no cations) showed columnar-like structure, ε-MnO2 (K+) presented nanowires, α-MnO2 (Na+) was composed of agglomerates of spherical nanoparticles, while β-MnO2 (Li+) consisted of spherical aggregates of nanoparticles. The different electrochemical performance depending on the structure is expected to be useful for application in Li-ion batteries. As-grown ε-MnO2 exhibited lower charge resistance and higher ionic diffusion rate, providing the electrode with enhanced specific discharge capacity of 910 mAh g−1 and capacity retention of 98% after 500 scans. Hence, K+ can support tunnel structures and stabilize the structure compared with the smaller cations Na+ and Li+.

Field of study: Materials science
Geologic Structure of a Part of the Barinas Mountain Front, Venezuelan Andes

The following lithologic units are exposed in the Barinitas-Santo Domingo region, southeastern Venezuelan Andes: (1) the Precambrian (?) Iglesias Group, forming the metamorphosed basement; (2) the Lower Paleozoic (?) Cerro Azul Formation, a phyllite sequence; (3) the Upper Paleozoic Palmarito Formation, mostly fossiliferous limestones and shales; (4) the Triassic-Jurassic La Quinta Formation, a continental sequence of red beds; (5) the rocks of the Cretaceous transgression and regression, consisting of the Rio Negro, Apon, Aguardiente, Maraca, La Luna, and Colon-Mito Juan Formations; and (6) the Upper Eocene Gobernador and Paguey Formations, disconformably overlying the Cretaceous sequence. Three granitic intrusions crop out, two of which, the La Soledad Quartz Monzonite and the hornblende granodiorite of Cerro Azul, intrude the Cerro Azul Formation. They were dated by the potassium-argon method as Middle Pennsylvanian and Early Devonian, respectively. The principal structural units present in the map area are enormous blocks of basement rocks (Iglesias Group) which are separated by steeply northwestward-dipping, or nearly vertical reverse faults (upthrusts), along which the blocks have been uplifted or depressed. Along the east flank of the mountain range toward the Barinas Basin the sedimentary cover has been folded into a monocline which is itself broken into blocks by steep faults. In the higher parts of the region, toward the central part of the mountain range, is a zone of extension which produced grabens. horsts, and stepped faults, represented by the Bocono fault zone. The present uplift of the Venezuelan Andes took place in post-Eocene time. Upper Eocene sediments of the Paguey Formation, poorly consolidated during the initial stages of the uplift, were deformed by slumping, into cascade folds (overturned to the southeast), and also slid down-slope as chaotically oriented blocks which cover the Upper Eocene sediments in situ. Vertical uplift, probably combined with arching or tilting of the region, produced the steep thrust faults along the margin of the range, and also the zone of extension represented by the Bocono fault zone. Strike-slip movement of great magnitude probably has not taken place along this fault.

Field of study: Geology
Consequences of protection from grazing on diversity and abundance of the coastal lowland vegetation in Eastern Saudi Arabia

Fourteen years of protection against grazing and human impacts of the coastal lowland vegetation in Eastern Saudi Arabia (an experimental site in the vicinity of Al-Hassa region) has led to an increase of 68% in the total cover, 33% in species richness and 32% in species relative evenness. Many of the species with significantly higher abundance in the protected area are important forage and/or fuel plants. Soil salinity and important soil nutrients (N, K, Mg and Na) are significantly higher in the free grazing area which may be attributable to the fact that the passage of herbage through the grazing animals often enhances nutrient availability.

Field of study: Environmental science
Numerical methods in multidimensional shocked flows

Numerical methods are described for the calculation of two-dimensional time-dependent in viscid flows that contain shocks. Methods are employed which do not consider the shock as in interior moving boundary. The conservation equations describing such flows are differenced by the Lax-Wendroff method. These procedures allow the computed shock-wave transition to be given over two to three mesh widths while accurately giving the proper jump conditions across the discontinuity. Several additional methods are tested and compared. Numerical results are given for oblique and Mach reflections in air. Comparison with the exact solution for ordinary reflection is good. The Mach reflection calculation agrees with experimental photographic data obtained from wind-tunnel tests.

Field of study: Physics
Non-Walrasian equilibria and the law of one price

We present a market game which features multiple posts for each commodity. We use this framework to illustrate the idea that in non-Walrasian markets, where individual activities influence market clearing prices, there are equilibria where commodities are exchanged simultaneously in two posts at different prices, thus defying the ‘law of one price’. Such equilibria are compatible with an apparent arbitrage possibility, which dissipates whenever individuals try to take advantage of it.

Field of study: Economics
Evaluating the accuracy of climate change pattern emulation for low warming targets

Global climate policy is increasingly debating the value of very low warming targets, yet not many experiments conducted with global climate models in their fully coupled versions are currently available to help inform studies of the corresponding impacts. This raises the question whether a map of warming or precipitation change in a world 1.5 °C warmer than preindustrial can be emulated from existing simulations that reach higher warming targets, or whether entirely new simulations are required. Here we show that also for this type of low warming in strong mitigation scenarios, climate change signals are quite linear as a function of global temperature. Therefore, emulation techniques amounting to linear rescaling on the basis of global temperature change ratios (like simple pattern scaling) provide a viable way forward. The errors introduced are small relative to the spread in the forced response to a given scenario that we can assess from a multi-model ensemble. They are also small relative to the noise introduced into the estimates of the forced response by internal variability within a single model, which we can assess from either control simulations or initial condition ensembles. Challenges arise when scaling inadvertently reduces the inter-model spread or suppresses the internal variability, both important sources of uncertainty for impact assessment, or when the scenarios have very different characteristics in the composition of the forcings. Taking advantage of an available suite of coupled model simulations under low-warming and intermediate scenarios, we evaluate the accuracy of these emulation techniques and show that they are unlikely to represent a substantial contribution to the total uncertainty.

Field of study: Environmental science
Can a barrier zone stop invasion of a population?

We consider an integro-difference model to study the effect of a stationary barrier zone on invasion of a population with a strong Allee effect. It is assumed that inside the barrier zone a certain proportion of the population is killed. A Laplace dispersal kernel is used in the model. We provide a formula for the critical width  see text] of barrier zone. We show that when a barrier zone is set at the front of a population, if the width of barrier zone is bigger than  see text] then the barrier zone can stop the population invasion, and if the width of barrier zone is less than  see text] then the population crosses the barrier zone and eventually occupies the entire space. The results are proven by establishing the existence and attractivity of three types of equilibrium solutions. The mathematical proofs involve phase plane analysis and comparison.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Large-scale, probabilistic salinity mapping using airborne electromagnetics for groundwater management in Zeeland, the Netherlands

Seawater intrusion has often resulted in scarce fresh groundwater resources in coastal lowlands. Careful management is essential to avoid the overexploitation of these vulnerable fresh groundwater resources, requiring detailed information on their spatial occurrence. Airborne electromagnetics (EM) has proved a valuable tool for efficient mapping of ground conductivity, as a proxy for fresh groundwater resources. Stakeholders are, however, interested in groundwater salinity, necessitating a translation of ground conductivity to groundwater salinity. This paper presents a methodology to construct a high-resolution (50 × 50 × 0.5m3) 3D voxel model of groundwater chloride concentration probability, based on a large-scale (1800 km2, 9640 flight line kilometres) airborne EM survey in the province of Zeeland, the Netherlands. Groundwater chloride concentration was obtained by combining pedotransfer functions with detailed lithological information. The methodology includes a Monte Carlo based forward uncertainty propagation approach to quantify the inherent uncertainty in the different steps. Validation showed good correspondence both with available groundwater chloride analyses, and with ground-based hydrogeophysical measurements. Our results show the limited occurrence of fresh groundwater in Zeeland, as 75% of the area lacks fresh groundwater within 15m below ground surface. Fresh groundwater is mainly limited to the dune area and sandy creek ridges. In addition, significant fresh groundwater resources were shown to exist below saline groundwater, where infiltration of seawater during marine transgressions was hindered by the presence of clayey aquitards. The considerable uncertainty in our results highlights the importance of applying uncertainty analysis in airborne EM surveys. Uncertainty in our results mainly originated from the inversion and the 3D interpolation, and was largest at transition zones between fresh and saline groundwater. Reporting groundwater salinity instead of ground conductivity facilitated the rapid uptake of our results by relevant stakeholders, thereby supporting the necessary management of fresh groundwater resources in the region.

Field of study: Environmental science
STM-SQUID Probe Microscope Based on an RF SQUID Magnetometer

A novel STM-SQUID probe hybrid microscope using a high- TC rf SQUID magnetometer was fabricated to improve the spatial resolution and system controllability. We successfully observed topographic and magnetic images of Ni thin film microline or microdot patterns at the same time. The spatial resolution of the magnetic images was found to be about 1 mum.

Field of study: Physics
Classroom Management, Teachers’ Attitudes, Self-confidence and Demography on In-Service Teachers’ Motivation: Its Implication to Quality of Education

The study was aimed to assess the Classroom Management, Teachers’ Attitudes, Self- confidence and Demography on In-service Teachers’  Its Implication to Quality of Education . Correlational research design was employed in carrying out the study. The population for this study consisted of a higher learning institution, Haramaya University’s three colleges-in-service teachers. 358 in-service teachers were sampled from 1078 through stratified random sampling. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the quantitative data that have been collected through close ended questionnaires whereas the qualitative data gathered through observation checklists were analyzed thematically. The first finding was that 67.04% of the in-service teachers were felt anxious in managing the classroom; 81.84% of them were not able to understand and communicate their students; 78.77% of them did not select teaching profession by their own interest; 79.05% of them were either poorly or very poorly motivated to the teaching profession; another finding was that there was statistically a significant negative relationship between sex and teachers’ level of motivation. Finally, 63.20% (R 2 *100% of the variation on the quality of education is accounted for by teachers’ level of motivation and teachers’ attitudes towards teaching profession whereas the rest unexplained variables (1-R 2 )*100% was contributing 36.80% to deteriorating quality of education. To sustain the quality of education in the country, all concerning bodies in the study areas should search different mechanisms to (i) minimize teachers being anxious in the classroom, (ii) empower roles and responsibilities of teachers and (iii) increase teachers’ motivation through providing them with professional training, incentives to optimize quality of education in the country in general and the study area in particular.  Department of Psychology, Haramaya University, and Quality-education

Field of study: Education
Inverse modulation of the energy sensor Snf1-related protein kinase 1 on hypoxia adaptation and salt stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Terrestrial plants are exposed to complex stresses of high salt-induced abscisic acid (ABA) and submergence-induced hypoxia when seawater floods fields. Many studies have investigated plant responses to individual stress conditions, but not so much for coupled or sequentially imposed stresses. We examined molecular regulatory mechanisms of gene expression underlying the cellular responses involved in crosstalk between salt and hypoxia stresses. Salt/ABA- and AtMYC2-dependent induction of a synthetic ABA-responsive element and the native RD22 promoters were utilized in our cell-based functional assays. Such promoter-based reporter induction was largely inhibited by hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible AKIN10 activity. Biochemical analyses showed that AKIN10 negatively modulates AtMYC2 protein accumulation via proteasome activity upon AKIN10 kinase activity-dependent protein modification. Further genetic analysis using transgenic plants expressing AKIN10 provided evidence that AKIN10 activity undermined AtMYC2-dependent salt tolerance. Our findings unravel a novel molecular interaction between the key signalling constituents leading crosstalk between salt and hypoxia stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana under the detrimental condition of submergence in saltwater.

Field of study: Environmental science
Synthesis of Isotopically Labelled L‐Phenylalanine and L‐Tyrosine

A synthetic route to stable-isotope-substituted L-phenylalanine is presented, which allows the introduction of 13C, 15N, and deuterium labels at any position or combination of positions. For labelling of the aromatic ring, a synthetic route to ethyl benzoate (or benzonitrile) has been developed, based on the electrocyclic ring-closure of a 1,6-disubstituted hexatriene system, with in situ aromatization by elimination of one (amino) substituent. Several important (highly isotopically enriched) synthons have been prepared, namely benzonitrile, benzaldehyde, ethyl benzoate, and ethyl diphenyloxyacetate. Labelled L-phenylalanines have been synthesized from both aromatic precursors by initial conversion into sodium phenylpyruvate and subsequent transformation of this intermediate into the L-α-amino acid by an enzymatic reductive amination reaction. In this manner, highly enriched phenylalanines are obtained on the 10-gram scale and with high enantiomeric purities (≥ 99% ee). The method has been validated by the synthesis of [1′-13C]-L-Phe and [2-D]-L-Phe. In addition, two methods are described for the introduction of isotopes into L-tyrosine starting from the isotopically enriched precursors benzonitrile and ethyl benzoate.

Field of study: Chemistry
Effect of Hygrothermal Aging and Surface Treatment on the Dynamic Mechanical Behavior of Flax Fiber Reinforced Composites

The recent developments of FRP (fiber reinforced polymer) are towards the growth and usage of natural FRP in the field of engineering due to both environmental and economic benefits. Flax fiber is one of the most commonly used natural fibers. One of the critical factors affecting the mechanical behavior of FFRP (flax fiber reinforced polymer) is hygrothermal aging. Some experimental works have been conducted to investigate the effect of hydrothermal aging on static behavior of FFRP. However, fewer efforts have been made to study its damping properties after hydrothermal aging. In this paper, the effect of surface treatment (including alkalization, silanization, acetylation and alkali-silanization) on dynamic mechanical behavior of FFRP under hygrothermal aging is studied. The results show that water resistance and damping properties of FFRP are improved after surface treatment. The acetylation treated FFRP exhibits excellent damping performance among all treated specimens.

Field of study: Materials science
Glucose, stem dry weight variation, principal component and cluster analysis for some agronomic traits among 16 regenerated Crotalaria juncea accessions for potential cellulosic ethanol

The objectives of this research were to identify candidate sunn hemp accessions having high concentrations of cellulose for use as parents in breeding for cellulose and to determine variability for glucose content and some important agronomic traits among sunn hemp accessions. Since sunn hemp is an under-utilized species, glucose content and agronomic trait variation is essential for the identification of superior sunn hemp accessions for use as potential ethanol for biofuel. Sixteen sunn hemp accessions including the following plant introductions (expressed as glucose concentration) and stem dry weights were studied. “Sixteen sunn hemp accessions including the following plant introductions (expressed as glucose concentration) and stem dry weights were studied.” In addition, to verify variability, these traits plus morphological, phenological, and seed reproductive traits were analyzed using multivariate and cluster analysis. The accessions, PI 250487, PI 337080, and PI 219717 produced the highest glucose concentrations (859, 809, and 770 mg g−1 stem dry weight, respectively), however PI 468956 produced the highest stem dry weight (258 g). Branching significantly correlated with foliage (r2 = 0.67**) and relative maturity (r2 = 0.60*), while maturity had a significantly negative correlation with seed number (r2 = −0.67**) and plant width (r2 = −0.53*) as well. Seed number significantly correlated with plant width (r2 = 0.57*). Average linkage cluster analysis grouped the 16 sunn hemp accessions into well-defined phenotypes with four distinct seed-producing groups and one outlier. Based on multivariate and cluster analysis, sufficient variation among these16 sunn hemp accessions exists to support the development of cellulosic ethanol producing cultivars with improved architecture, early maturity, seed yield, glucose concentrations, and stem dry weights.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Angular dependence of direct rf power absorption studies in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 single crystals

We have studied rf power dissipation in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 single crystals as a function of angle between the applied field and c-axis of the crystal by using a novel technique of measuring direct rf power absorption. We observed two peaks in power absorption as a function of temperature. The amplitude and position of the first peak (peak A) change with orientation and attributed to Josephson junctions decoupling. The second peak (peak B) appears just below Tc has been attributed to the vortex motion and its amplitude depends on the angle of orientation.

Field of study: Physics
Preparation and Application in Tumor Cells' Drug Delivery of Gold Nanocapsule

Nanocapsules is widely used in the biomedical field because of its unique features. A new nanocapsule was prepared by using gold cage as the core, anticancer drug doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) as the internal filler, and functionalized DNA nanomaterials as the shell. The mouth of the cage was blocked by the functionalized DNA nanomaterials. The nanocapsule can be used for the cell detection and drug delivery. The target cells (Ramos cells) can be detected by fluorescence microscope when the drug that can act on target cells and lead to cell death was released. The nanocapsule provides a new approach for the diagnosis and treatment of tumor cells.

Field of study: Chemistry
[A case of recurrent Devic's opticomyelitis].

A brief literature review on autoimmune inflammatory-demyelinating CNS disease - Devic's opticomyelitis, which is rare in Caucasians, is presented. We report a case of this disease. Epidemiological issues, differential diagnosis of opticomyelitis from multiple sclerosis and other non-demyelinating diseases are considered. Common strategies of patient management and perspectives of development of specific treatment of opticomyelitis are outlined.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Autooxidation of 2-isobutyl-5,6-benzo-1,3,2-dioxaborepane

Using PMR, IR, and mass spectrometric methods it was shown that the main autooxidation product upon prolonged storage of 2-isobutyl-5,6-benzo-1,3,2-dioxaborepane is 2,2′-oxybis(5,6-benzo-1,3,2-doxaborepane).

Field of study: Chemistry
An Adaptive Power Control Algorithm for TD-SCDMA System

In TD-SCDMA system,power control is one of the key technologies of radio resource management;it plays a significant role in guaranteeing the high quality communication of the system.In order to decrease the Bit Error Rate(BER) of transmission information,this paper studies an adaptive power control algorithm for uplink against the power control module of TD-SCDMA system.By the simulation in the software MATLAB,this algorithm and the step size fixed power control algorithm in the physical layer simulation platform of TD-SCDMA system are compared,and the performance characteristic of the two algorithms is analyzed.Simulation results demonstrate that the adaptive power control algorithm has better feasibility and effectiveness;it has practical effect on decreasing BER and increasing system performance.

Field of study: Engineering
Application of digital beam position processor Libera on tune measurement

Digital signal processing(DSP) is widely used in the field of beam diagnostics.Especially,DSP achieves very good performance in beam position signal analysis and betatron tune measurement.In Hefei light source,when beam was excited by narrow-band Gaussian white noise,Libera,a digital beam position processor,was used to process the signals from beam position monitor(BPM),which contained betatron oscillation.Fast Fourier transform(FFT) was applied to finding out betatron resonance frequency,from which the decimal part of betatron oscillation tune was calculated.By this means,the measure of horizontal tune was 3.535 2 and the measure of vertical tune is 2.629 9.

Field of study: Physics