nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Persistent Mode MgB $_{2}$ Short Windings

Feasibility of industrial production of MgB2 cables and magnets has been established, thus leading to MRI systems realization. Apart from continuing the development in performances of both cable and magnet, a further important step consists in applying superconductive junctions to windings, to obtain a better field stability. In 2006 a technique to obtain some tens of Ampere in persistent mode operation in a joined MgB2 cable was found. Since then, short windings were repetitively built to test the progress of the performances of the junctions. Among them, a single junction, five meter long windings with a diameter of 260 millimeter were put in persistent mode (i. e. with total resistance less than 10-14 Ohm) with 300 Ampere circulating at 20 Kelvin, self-field; also windings with two junctions and about one meter long with the same diameter were put in persistent mode with 200 Ampere circulating at 20 Kelvin, self-field.

Field of study: Physics
Origin, age, and paleoenvironmental significance of carbonate precipitates from a granitic environment, Akshayuk Pass, southern Baffin Island, Canada

This study documents the discovery of calcite crusts on the upper surface of clasts within morainic complexes in Akshayuk Pass, southern Cumberland Peninsula (Baffin Island), a region underlain by granitic and gneissic rocks of the Precambrian Canadian Shield. Strontium isotope ratios ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) indicate that the major source of calcium is derived from the local dissolution of fracture-filling calcite and a minor source is derived from silicate weathering. The calcite crusts have δ 13 C values between 1.6‰ and 12.0‰ and δ 18 O values in the -13.0‰ and -7.9‰ range. These values are highly enriched over the predicted isotopic values based on the δ 13 CDIC and δ 18 O of the local water and temperature at which calcite precipitation occurred. The isotopic enrichments are attributed to a combination of both equilibrium and kinetic evaporation and were verified experimentally. The series of evaporative experiments indicate that kinetic evapo - ration produces a far-from-equilibrium isotope effect on both the δ 13 C and δ 18 O composition of the precipitating calcite ( 13 CKIE CaCO3-CO2 between 20.2‰ and 40.5‰ VPDB; 18 OKIE averaging 34.9% ± 3.7% VSMOW). Based on these re- sults, the formation of the calcite crusts is ascribed to the evaporation of stagnating ephemeral lakes and streams fol- lowing the retreat of valley glaciers. Given the >1500 m difference in heights between the highland and the valley, the katabatic winds originating from the Penny Ice Cap can act as a catalyst to increase the rate of evaporation. In ad- dition, radiocarbon dating of ten of these crusts yielded Holocene ages (7640 cal (calibrated) BP to modern). These re- sults suggest that the maximum expansion of Holocene valley glacier in Akshayuk Pass, previously thought to have occurred during the Little Ice Age, is probably much older.

Field of study: Environmental science
Rational bargaining in games with coalitional externalities

This paper provides a flexible strategic framework to analyze bargaining and values in environments with coalitional externalities. Within this framework we propose a new value that extends the Shapley value to partition function form games, the so-called Rational Belief Shapley (RBS) value. We investigate the strategic foundation of the RBS value by constructing an implementation mechanism. This mechanism extends existing models of multilateral bargaining by allowing players a higher degree of freedom to form coalitions. The same framework of bidding and renegotiation allows for natural variations of the RBS-mechanism. In this way, alternative “Shapley-like” values are obtained, and a unified platform to analyze and compare these solutions is provided.

Field of study: Economics
74 MHz nonthermal emission from molecular clouds: evidence for a cosmic ray dominated region at the galactic center.

We present 74 MHz radio continuum observations of the Galactic center region. These measurements show nonthermal radio emission arising from molecular clouds that is unaffected by free–free absorption along the line of sight. We focus on one cloud, G0.13-0.13, representative of the population of molecular clouds that are spatially correlated with steep spectrum (α(327MHz)(74MHz) = 1.3 ± 0.3) nonthermal emission from the Galactic center region. This cloud lies adjacent to the nonthermal radio filaments of the Arc near l 0.2° and is a strong source of 74 MHz continuum, SiO (2-1), and Fe I Kα 6.4 keV line emission. This three-way correlation provides the most compelling evidence yet that relativistic electrons, here traced by 74 MHz emission, are physically associated with the G0.13-0.13 molecular cloud and that low-energy cosmic ray electrons are responsible for the Fe I Kα line emission. The high cosmic ray ionization rate 10(–1)3 s(–1) H(–1) is responsible for heating the molecular gas to high temperatures and allows the disturbed gas to maintain a high-velocity dispersion. Large velocity gradient (LVG) modeling of multitransition SiO observations of this cloud implies H2 densities 10(4–5) cm(–3) and high temperatures. The lower limit to the temperature of G0.13-0.13 is 100 K, whereas the upper limit is as high as 1000 K. Lastly, we used a time-dependent chemical model in which cosmic rays drive the chemistry of the gas to investigate for molecular line diagnostics of cosmic ray heating. When the cloud reaches chemical equilibrium, the abundance ratios of HCN/HNC and N2H+/HCO+ are consistent with measured values. In addition, significant abundance of SiO is predicted in the cosmic ray dominated region of the Galactic center. We discuss different possibilities to account for the origin of widespread SiO emission detected from Galactic center molecular clouds.

Field of study: Physics
Characteristics of Laminating Transparent Conductive Films Aimed at Nursing Indium Ingredient

By irradiating ArF excimer laser (λ=193 nm) with energies density 0.8 ∼ 1.4 J/cm2 on the targets of ITO and AZO (Al-doped zinc oxide) by turns, the laminated transparent conducting films composed of ITO (50 nm)/AZO (250 nm) with a total films thickness of 300 nm were fabricated at substrate temperature of 220°C. At laser energy density of 1.2 J/cm2, a sheet resistance of 6.12 Ω/_??_ was obtained under conditions of oxygen pressure of 0.5 Pa for ITO. In addition, electrical characteristics of the laminated transparent conducting composed of ITO/AZO was equal to or more than that of ITO (300 nm). As a result, about 80 percent consumption of ITO was reduced at its maximum. After having examined environmental load, the sheet resistance of the laminated ITO/AZO transparent conductive oxide films did not change and therefore, the durability to the environmental conditions was maintained.

Field of study: Computer science
Marine transgressions and regressions recorded in Middle Devonian shore-zone deposits of the Catskill clastic wedge

The shore zone of the Middle Devonian Catskill clastic wedge in New York State consists of (1) a storm-wave-dominated muddy marine shelf with sandy shoals; (2) sandy, tide-influenced channels with wave-and tide-influenced mouth bars; (3) sandy and muddy tidal flats, including channels, mouth bars, and washovers; and (4) muddy brackish bays, lakes, and flood plains. The spatial organization of these subenvironments suggests a wave- and tide-influenced deltaic shoreline. Meter-scale sequences can be related to processes such as lateral migration and filling of tidal channels, progradation of channel-mouth bars and tidal flats, and filling of coastal bays; these may be related to channel switching. Asymmetrical regressive-transgressive sequences that range from tens of meters to >100 m thick can be correlated over many kilometers with fully marine and fluvial deposits. Such sequences record a combination of eustatic sea-level changes and tectonically induced changes in sediment supply and subsidence rate. However, at present it is very difficult to determine the relative importance of these controls.

Field of study: Geology
Production of human protein disulfide isomerase by Bacillus brevis.

Human protein disulfide isomerase (PDI; EC 5.3.4.1) was expressed and secreted into the culture medium using Bacillus brevis as host and pNU200 which codes the promoter and signal sequence of major cell wall protein of B. brevis as vector. The accumulation of recombinant human PDI (rhPDI) reached about 5 mg l-1 in the late exponential phase of the bacterial growth. The purified rhPDI was found to be exactly processed at the carboxyl terminus of the signal sequence. It was as active as natural PDI derived from human placenta as determined by its ability to reactivate scrambled ribonuclease that was a fully oxidized mixture containing randomly formed disulfide bonds. The activity was significantly accelerated in the presence of dithiothreitol or a mixture of reduced and oxidized glutathione. These indicate that the characteristics of rhPDI are similar to those reported for mammalian PDI and that it can be used for refolding inactive proteins having incorrect disulfide bonds.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Dielectric and Impedance Studies of (Ba,Ca)TiO3 Ceramics Obtained from Mechanically Synthesized Powders

Mechanochemical synthesis offers unique possibility of perovskite phase formation at ambient conditions that is very attractive (simplifies production, allows strict stoichiometry control and brings economic benefits). In this work the mechanochemical synthesis has been used for preparation ofBa1−xCaxTiO3 (0.2 ≤ x ≤ 0.3) powders from simple oxides. The 20 h milled powders have been uniaxially pressed and sintered in order to get the ceramic samples. The sample morphologies have been observed by scanning electron microscopy. Dielectric and impedance studies have been performed on ceramics. The obtained results indicate that the two mechanism of doping occurred. The first one is observed for the lower calcium concentration (below 0.3) and consists of the introduction of calcium ion into the A site of the perovskite structure. The second one is observed for the higher calcium concentration (equal 0.3). In this case the calcium ions partially occupies the B site in the perovskite structure. Both cases have different influence on the final properties of the ceramics because they induce different defects.

Field of study: Materials science
Synthesis and Properties of Regioregular Polythiophene Bearing Cyclic Siloxane Moiety at the Side Chain and the Formation of Polysiloxane Gel by Acid Treatment of the Thin Film

Preparation of 2-halo-3-substituted-thiophene bearing a cyclic oligosiloxane moiety in the side chain was carried out and subjected to nickel(II)-catalyzed deprotonative polymerization to give the ...

Field of study: Chemistry
Physicians and the prescription of hormone replacement therapy in Spain.

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) prescription and identify women's sociodemographic and climacteric factors, as well as variables related to healthcare, associated with the treatment's prescription in women aged 45-65 years in the reference population of a primary healthcare centre in the city of Granada (Spain).



A descriptive cross-sectional telephone survey was conducted in July 2002 with women aged 45-65 years from the reference population of a primary healthcare centre. The information was gathered using a semi-structured questionnaire specifically developed to gather information on the prescription of HRT.



22.3% of the sample had ever been prescribed with HRT. Regarding compliance with the treatment, 44.2% of the women prescribed with this therapy took it partially, and 8.1% did not begin with the treatment. The variables independently associated with HRT prescription were having the menopause (OR=2.81; IC 95%: 1.08-7.28), having psychological symptoms (OR=2.77; IC 95%: 1.19-6.46), going to see the gynaecologist (OR=4.41; IC 95%: 1.87-10.36), and the fact that the doctor worked in the private healthcare sector (OR=3.55; IC 95%: 0.92-13.65).



The frequency of HRT prescription in Spain is high, as well as the non-compliance rate. Reaching the menopause and going to the gynaecologist are determinant in HRT prescription. It would be desirable to use similar methodological approaches in studies of this controversial therapy, in order to obtain consensus on the real impact on the female population, particularly in view of the results of the latest clinical trials.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Die Gitterenergie der Alkalihalogenide und die Elektronenaffinität der Halogene

ZusammenfassungDie in der vorstehenden Arbeit angegebene Formel für die Gitterenergie von Ionenkristallen wird auf die Alkalihalogenide angewandt und an verschiedenen empirischen Daten geprüft. Die sich daraus ergebenden Werte der Elektronenaffinitäten der Halogene dürften auf etwa 2% richtig sein.

Field of study: Physics
Bayesian Dose-Finding in Two Treatment Cycles Based on the Joint Utility of Efficacy and Toxicity

This article proposes a phase I/II clinical trial design for adaptively and dynamically optimizing each patient’s dose in each of two cycles of therapy based on the joint binary efficacy and toxicity outcomes in each cycle. A dose-outcome model is assumed that includes a Bayesian hierarchical latent variable structure to induce association among the outcomes and also facilitate posterior computation. Doses are chosen in each cycle based on posteriors of a model-based objective function, similar to a reinforcement learning or Q-learning function, defined in terms of numerical utilities of the joint outcomes in each cycle. For each patient, the procedure outputs a sequence of two actions, one for each cycle, with each action being the decision to either treat the patient at a chosen dose or not to treat. The cycle 2 action depends on the individual patient’s cycle 1 dose and outcomes. In addition, decisions are based on posterior inference using other patients’ data, and therefore, the proposed method is adaptive both within and between patients. A simulation study of the method is presented, including comparison to two-cycle extensions of the conventional 3 + 3 algorithm, continual reassessment method, and a Bayesian model-based design, and evaluation of robustness.

Field of study: Mathematics
Business Start-ups and Their Prospects of Success in South African Townships

There is consensus within South African society that black entrepreneurship needs to become a more widespread phenomenon. To achieve this aim, it may be helpful to know more about existing black entrepreneurial ventures. Mainly based on a survey of 90 entrepreneurs in a South African township, this article investigates the questions: What characterises black township entrepreneurs? Into what businesses do they venture? And, most importantly, are their businesses successful? The profile of the entrepreneurs yields an over-representation of men, a dominance of middle-age groups, and an above-average level of schooling. The vast majority of the start-ups are informal, necessity-driven businesses in the trade, service and catering sectors. Generally, a successful township start-up can be described as being initiated by a middle-aged man with a relatively high level of schooling and industry-specific experience in the relevant branch; the venture is formally registered; a certain amount of money is invested during the start-up period; and the business operates in the handcrafts or construction sectors. Restricted financial and human capital resources are major barriers for the expansion of black entrepreneurship. The results also suggest that the main problem is not creating interest in entrepreneurship, but putting the black population in a position where they will be empowered to take the step into entrepreneurship with better prospects of success.

Field of study: Sociology
Fire and Mesolithic subsistence — managing oaks for acorns in northwest Europe?

The possible role of fire in manipulating, maintaining or improving European Mesolithic subsistence supplies has long been discussed, in relation to both animal and plant resources, though the latter have received far less attention. Here it is considered in relation to one potentially important food resource — the acorn. Little consideration has been given to a possible role for fire in manipulating oaks in the Mesolithic — perhaps because northern European oaks are not generally perceived as being fire-responsive or fire-tolerant. This paper will examine ethnographic and ecological data that allow us to suggest the possibility that fire could have been used to manipulate the acorn supply, and question how such a process might be detected in the palaeoenvironmental record. An attempt is made to extend and apply the model for Mesolithic burning suggested by Moore (in 1996) to two pollen and microcharcoal sequences from Mesolithic Britain. This leads to a general conclusion that previous attempts to detect Mesolithic environmental impacts may have been misled by an emphasis on clearances, and that an alternative approach may be required to detect subtler impacts of European hunter-gatherers on vegetation.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Performance Analysis of Deficient Length Quaternion Least Mean Square Adaptive Filters

Quaternion adaptive filters have been widely used for processing 3D and 4D phenomena. Deficient length quaternion adaptive filters are explicitly or implicitly used in many practical applications where the length of system impulse response is large or unknown. However, their statistical behaviors are yet to be fully understood. As theoretical results on the class of “full length” quaternion least mean square (QLMS) algorithms do not necessarily apply to their deficient length versions, this article fills this void and analyses the mean and mean square convergence of the deficient length QLMS algorithms, both for the strictly linear and widely linear cases. Transient and steady-state performance is characterised by exploiting the augmented statistics of noncircular quaternion random vectors. A novel decorrelation technique in the quaternion domain is shown to allow for the development of intuitive closed-form solutions for correlated quaternion Gaussian inputs, thus unveiling the relationship between the algorithm behaviour and the noncircularity of quaternion input data. The analysis also provides a general framework whereby the strictly linear and semi-widely linear QLMS algorithms can be seen as “deficient-length” versions of the widely linear QLMS. Numerical simulations validate the accuracy of the theoretical results and support the behaviour of the considered algorithms.

Field of study: Engineering
An Improved Tone Reservation Scheme Based Nearly Optimal Peak Reduction for Adaptive Amplitude Clipping

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) suffers from a high peak to average power ratio (PAPR). Tone reservation (TR) technology is considered as one of the most promising methods because of no additional distortion, no side information, and low implementation cost. However, in all PAPR reduction schemes, determining the optimal target clipping level is difficult. In this paper, we consider an adaptive amplitude least squares approximation (AALAS-TR) algorithm. Adjust adaptive optimal convergence factor for initial clipping threshold. That is results an approximately PAPR reduction performance with a low computational complexity. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve better PAPR reduction as that different clipping threshold

Field of study: Computer science
Plane waves in linear viscoelastic materials

In this paper we discuss the propagation of plane sinusoidal waves in linear viscoelastic materials, both anisotropic and isotropic. Unlike the usual discussions (see, for example, ), we do not here assume that the planes of constant amplitude and constant phase are parallel. We do, however, assume that the imaginary parts of the complex moduli are small compared with their real parts and that correspondingly the magnitude of the imaginary part of the slowness vector is small compared with that of the real part. This implies that the attenuation of the wave is small in distances of travel of the order of a wavelength.

Field of study: Mathematics
Geometric model for an independently tilted lens and sensor with application for omnifocus imaging.

Optical imaging systems in which the lens and sensor are free to rotate about independent pivots offer greater degrees of freedom for controlling and optimizing the process of image gathering. However, to benefit from the expanded possibilities, we need an imaging model that directly incorporates the essential parameters. In this work, we propose a model of imaging which can accurately predict the geometric properties of the image in such systems. Furthermore, we introduce a new method for synthesizing an omnifocus (all-in-focus) image from a sequence of images captured while rotating a lens. The crux of our approach lies in insights gained from the new model.

Field of study: Physics
Charge profile of surface doped C60

We study the charge profile of a C60-FET (field effect transistor) as used in the experiments of Schön, Kloc and Batlogg. Using a tight-binding model, we calculate the charge profile treating the Coulomb interaction in a mean-field approximation. At low doping, the charge profile behaves similarly to the case of a continuous space-charge layer and becomes confined to a single interface layer for doping higher than ∼0.3 electron (or hole) per C60 molecule. The morahedral disorder of the C60 molecules smoothens the structure in the density of states.

Field of study: Physics
Parental Involvement and Children’s Academic Achievement: In the Case of Some Selected Government Primary Schools Bahirdar City, Ethiopia

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between parental involvement and academic achievement of children in some selected government primary schools of Bahirdar city. To achieve this objective, 180   sample students were selected by using simple random sampling technique. The collected data was analyzed through, spearman correlation, analysis of variance and independent-test. The finding of the study revealed  that  the statistical analysis on independent t-test  showed  that there was a statistically significant difference between male and female students  with regard to their academic achievement (t =6.25, df = 178, p<0.05). The finding of spearman correlation indicates that there was significant relationship between parental involvement and academic achievement of students (r=.56, p <.05). The result on one way ANOVA displayed that there was statistical significant difference among respondents academic achievement with regard to their parental level of education (F 2, 176) = 17.084, P<0.05). In conclusion, parental involvement is positively correlated with academic achievement of students and males have better academic performance than their female counter parts.  Parental involvement, Academic achievement, Children DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-7-06 Publication date: March 31 st 2020

Field of study: Education