nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Buried Vertisols in lacustrine facies of the Pliocene Fort Hancock Formation, Hueco Bolson, West Texas and Chihuahua, Mexico

Buried Vertisols, which are commonly preserved in smectite-rich clay and sandy clay facies of the upper Tertiary Fort Hancock Formation, are products of the late Tertiary depositional and paleoclimatic environment in the Hueco Bolson, West Texas, United States, and Chihuahua, Mexico. Fort Hancock clayey facies are in part laminated and contain abundant desiccation cracks and locally gypsum beds, suggesting deposition in an ephemeral or playa lake. Buried Vertisols apparently resulted from repeated shrink/swell cycles due to drying and wetting of expansive clays in the ephemeral lake basin. Lacustrine facies are interbedded with gravel, sand, and sandy mud facies that were likely deposited as alluvial fans and fan deltas at the lake margin. Calcic soil horizons, which form mostly in arid to subhumid modern climates and consist of CaCO 3 nodules and filaments, are present in most buried Vertisols of the Fort Hancock Formation. Collectively, buried Vertisols with calcic soil horizons and ephemeral-lake and alluvial-fan deposits suggest that the Fort Hancock Formation accumulated in an arid to semiarid climate.

Field of study: Geology
The Public Records and Recent British Economic Historiography

T PEN years ago modern historians, and some economic historians, believed themselves enormously inconvenienced by the so-called "fifty-year rule" which was applied not only to State papers held at the Public Record Office but also to some private collections held by the British Museum and other repositories.' In i966, the Wilson Government, angered and embarrassed by the Eden memoirs,2 which were in part based on access to recent records, yielded to pressure from historians, archivists, and others, and accepted recommendations put forward by the Advisory Council on Public Records.3 The result was the "thirty-year rule" which was given legal effect under the Public Records Act of I967.4 As a result, State papers covering the First World War and the immediate postwar period were made available en bloc in I966, and by January I968 most records extending back to I937 were opened to public  An enormous quantity of potential research material covering the First World War and nearly the whole of the interwar period suddenly became available, and was augmented annually. Most contemporary historians saw the First World War as a historical watershed from which time onwards the activity and potential role of governments in

Field of study: Economics, History
The Relationship between Winter Irrigation and Spring Flowering of Guiwei Litchi Trees

The relationship between winter irrigation and branch flowering rates of Guiwei litchi trees was studied for two consecutive winters(2009~2010 and 2010~2011).Trees were sheltered to simulate natural drought processes and treated with different winter irrigation.The rates of flowering branches on the trees under different winter irrigation treatments were investigated in the following spring.The results in the experiment from December,2009 to early January,2010 showed that earlier irrigation and more irrigation times induced more flowers and the flower induction effect was lost if irrigation was applied later than mid-January.Experiments were repeated from December of 2010 to March of 2011 and a similar trend was observed.The loss of irrigation-promoted flower induction after soil water deficiency was observed to occur in mid-February.Our results are contrary to the common notion that drought in winter induces flower on litchi and we propose that adequate and timely irrigation in winter are necessary to help flower induction in litchi trees.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Asymptotic structure factor and power-law tails for phase ordering in systems with continuous symmetry.

We compute the asymptotic structure factor S k (t) [=L(t) d g(kL(t)), where L(t) is a time-dependent characteristic length scale and d is the dimensionality] for a system with a nonconserved n-component vector order parameter quenched into the ordered phase. The well-known Ohta-Jasnow-Kawasaki-Yalabik-Gunton result is recovered for n=1. The scaling function g(x) has the large-x behavior g(x)~x -(d+n) , which includes Porod's law (for n=1) as a special case.

Field of study: Physics
Perovskites-Based Solar Cells: A Review of Recent Progress, Materials and Processing Methods

With the rapid increase of efficiency up to 22.1% during the past few years, hybrid organic-inorganic metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have become a research “hot spot” for many solar cell researchers. The perovskite materials show various advantages such as long carrier diffusion lengths, widely-tunable band gap with great light absorption potential. The low-cost fabrication techniques together with the high efficiency makes PSCs comparable with Si-based solar cells. But the drawbacks such as device instability, J-V hysteresis and lead toxicity reduce the further improvement and the future commercialization of PSCs. This review begins with the discussion of crystal and electronic structures of perovskite based on recent research findings. An evolution of PSCs is also analyzed with a greater detail of each component, device structures, major device fabrication methods and the performance of PSCs acquired by each method. The following part of this review is the discussion of major barriers on the pathway for the commercialization of PSCs. The effects of crystal structure, fabrication temperature, moisture, oxygen and UV towards the stability of PSCs are discussed. The stability of other components in the PSCs are also discussed. The lead toxicity and updated research progress on lead replacement are reviewed to understand the sustainability issues of PSCs. The origin of J-V hysteresis is also briefly discussed. Finally, this review provides a roadmap on the current needs and future research directions to address the main issues of PSCs.

Field of study: Materials science
Start-up of an A/O-Process Wastewater Treatment System with Industrial Effluents in Majority

In order to resolve the problems often encountered in start-up of a municipal wastewater plant with refractory industrial effluents discharged,a bench-scale experiment was conducted for a typical A/O process activated sludge system.With the ratio of the industrial wastewater influent progressively increasing,the acclimatization of sludge was studied by measuring the change of parameters such as COD and ammonia in the effluent.

Field of study: Environmental science
The effect of glucose, insulin and noradrenaline on lipolysis, and on the concentrations of adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate and adenosine 5'-triphosphate in adipose tissue.

Glycerol release and tissue concentrations of ATP and cyclic AMP were followed during the incubation of adipose tissue with or without glucose, insulin and noradrenaline. Glucose plus insulin or, to a lesser extent, glucose alone increased the accumulation of glycerol during incubations both with and without noradrenaline by slowing the decline in the rate of glycerol release with time. Insulin alone decreased the accumulation by accelerating the fall in glycerol release. In the absence of noradrenaline, ATP and cyclic AMP concentrations were not significantly affected by insulin or glucose. With noradrenaline or noradrenaline plus insulin the ATP concentration gradually fell. With noradrenaline plus glucose the ATP concentration fell rapidly and then stabilized, or, if insulin was also present, returned to the control value. In the presence of noradrenaline, the concentration of cyclic AMP rose during the first 20min and then fell. Insulin lowered the peak concentration of cyclic AMP, but glucose had no effect either on the peak value or the fall in the concentration of the nucleotide. The increase and fall in the concentration of cyclic AMP with noradrenaline or noradrenaline plus insulin bore similarities to the increase and decline in the lipolytic rate in incubations without glucose. It is proposed that glucose stimulates ATP production by furnishing glycerol 1-phosphate and thus removing free fatty acids, but that it can influence lipolysis by a mechanism which is distinct from any which is mediated by free fatty acids, possibly by inhibiting the inactivation of the lipase.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Impact parameter dependence of isospin effects on the mass dependence of balance energy

We study the effect of isospin degree of freedom on the balance energy as well as its mass dependence throughout the mass range 48-270 for two sets of isobaric systems with N/Z = 1 and 1.4 using isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamics (IQMD) model. Our fndings reveal the dominance of Coulomb repulsion in isospin effects on balance energy as well as its mass dependence throughout the range of the colliding geometry.

Field of study: Physics
Increasing importance of temperature as a contributor to the spatial extent of streamflow drought

Widespread streamflow droughts can pose substantially greater societal challenges than spatially less extensive events because of the complex realities of trans-regional water management. In a warming climate, drought spatial extent may change along with changes in underlying hydro-meteorological contributors. Here, we assess changes in streamflow drought spatial extent over the period 1981–2018 across the conterminous United States, and how the importance of potential hydro-meteorological contributors has changed over time. We first derive a monthly time series of drought spatial extent and look at trends in streamflow drought spatial extent. We then determine the spatial percentage ‘overlap’ of precipitation droughts, temperature anomalies, snow-water-equivalent deficits, and soil moisture deficits with the area under streamflow drought to look at the changing influence of these contributors on spatial extent. Our results show that (1) the spatial extent of droughts has increased, mainly because of increases in the extent of small droughts; (2) streamflow drought extents overall substantially overlap with soil moisture deficits and the relationship of drought to precipitation and temperature anomalies varies seasonally; and (3) the importance of temperature as a contributor to drought extent has increased over time. We therefore conclude that continued global warming may further increase drought extents, requiring adaptation of regional drought management strategies.

Field of study: Environmental science
Time-dependent quantum transport with superconducting leads: Kohn-Sham formulation and propagation scheme

In this work we put forward an exact one-particle framework to study nano-scale Josephson junctions out of equilibrium and propose a propagation scheme to calculate the time-dependent current in response to an external applied bias. Using a discrete basis set and Peierls phases for the electromagnetic field we prove that the current and pairing densities in a superconducting system of interacting electrons can be reproduced in a non-interacting Kohn-Sham (KS) system under the influence of different Peierls phases {\em and} of a pairing field. An extended Keldysh formalism for the non-equilibrium Nambu-Green's function (NEGF) is then introduced to calculate the short- and long-time response of the KS system. The equivalence between the NEGF approach and a combination of the static and time-dependent Bogoliubov-deGennes (BdG) equations is shown. For systems consisting of a finite region coupled to ${\cal N}$ superconducting semi-infinite leads we numerically solve the static BdG equations with a generalized wave-guide approach and their time-dependent version with an embedded Crank-Nicholson scheme. To demonstrate the feasibility of the propagation scheme we study two paradigmatic models, the single-level quantum dot and a tight-binding chain, under dc, ac and pulse biases. We provide a time-dependent picture of single and multiple Andreev reflections, show that Andreev bound states can be exploited to generate a zero-bias ac current of tunable frequency, and find a long-living resonant effect induced by microwave irradiation of appropriate frequency.

Field of study: Physics
Identifying habitat conservation priorities and gaps for migratory shorebirds and waterfowl in California

Conservation of migratory shorebirds and waterfowl presents unique challenges due to extensive historic loss of wetland habitats, and current reliance on managed landscapes for wintering and migratory passage. We developed a spatially-explicit approach to estimate potential shorebird and waterfowl densities in California by integrating mapped habitat layers and statewide bird survey data with expert-based habitat rankings. Using these density estimates as inputs, we used the Marxan site-selection program to identify priority shorebird and waterfowl areas at the ecoregional level. We identified 3.7 million ha of habitat for shorebirds and waterfowl, of which 1.4 million ha would be required to conserve 50% of wintering populations. To achieve a conservation goal of 75%, more than twice as much habitat (3.1 million ha) would be necessary. Agricultural habitats comprised a substantial portion of priority areas, especially at the 75% level, suggesting that under current management conditions, large areas of agricultural land, much of it formerly wetland, are needed to provide the habitat availability and landscape connectivity required by shorebird and waterfowl populations. These habitats were found to be largely lacking recognized conservation status in California (96% un-conserved), with only slightly higher levels of conservation for priority shorebird and waterfowl areas. Freshwater habitats, including wetlands and ponds, were also found to have low levels of conservation (67% un-conserved), although priority shorebird and waterfowl areas had somewhat higher levels of conservation than the state as a whole. Conserving migratory waterfowl and shorebirds will require a diversity of conservation strategies executed at a variety of scales. Our modeled results are complementary with other approaches and can help prioritize areas for protection, restoration and other actions. Traditional habitat protection strategies such as conservation easements and fee acquisitions may be of limited utility for protecting and managing significant areas of agricultural lands. Instead, conservation strategies focused on incentive-based programs to support wildlife friendly management practices in agricultural settings may have greater utility and conservation effectiveness.

Field of study: Environmental science
On the Influence of Ultimate Number of Cycles on Lifetime Prediction for Compression Springs Manufactured from VDSiCr Class Spring Wire

For the generation of fatigue curves by means of fatigue tests, an ultimate number of cycles must be chosen. This ultimate number of cycles also limits the permissible range of the fatigue curve for the design of components. This introduces extremely high costs for testing components that are to be used in the Very High Cycle Fatigue regime. In this paper, we examine the influence of the ultimate number of cycles of fatigue tests on lifetime prediction for compression springs manufactured from VDSiCr class spring wire. For this purpose, we propose a new kind of experiment, the Artificial Censoring Experiment (ACE). We show that ACEs may be used to permissibly extrapolate the results of fatigue tests on compression springs by ensuring that a batch-specific minimum ultimate number of cycles has been exceeded in testing. If the minimum ultimate number of cycles has not been exceeded, extrapolation is inadmissible. Extrapolated results may be highly non-conservative, especially for models assuming a pronounced fatigue limit.

Field of study: Materials science
Report of the 2019-2020 AACP Student Affairs Standing Committee

The 2019-2020 Student Affairs Standing Committee addressed charges related to professional identity formation (PIF) in order to set direction and propose action steps consistent with Priority #3.4 of the AACP Strategic Plan, which states “Academic-practice partnerships and pharmacist-involved practice models that lead to the progress of Interprofessional Practice (IPP) are evident and promoted at all colleges and schools of pharmacy.” To this end, the committee was charged to 1) outline key elements of PIF, 2) explore the relationship between formal curricular learning activities and co- or extra-curricular activities in supporting PIF, 3) determine the degree to which there is evidence that strong PIF is embedded in student pharmacists’ educational experience, and 4) define strategies and draft an action plan for AACP’s role in advancing efforts of schools to establish strong PIF in pharmacy graduates. This report describes work of the committee in exploring PIF and provides resources and background information relative to the charges. The committee offers several suggestions and recommendations for both immediate and long-term action by AACP and members to achieve goals related to integrating PIF into pharmacy education. The committee proposes a policy statement relative to the committee charges. Furthermore, the report calls upon the profession to develop a unified identity and incorporate support for PIF into pharmacy education, training, and practice.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Theoretical Analysis of L-proline Trichloroacetate Optical Materials

 The optimized molecular structure, natural bond orbitals (NBO) analysis, HOMO-LUMO analysis and nonlinear optical properties of the L-proline trichloroacetate molecule have been calculated by the density functional theory (DFT) method using the B3LYP function with the 6-31G(d) basis set.  Recently, crystal growth and detailed characterization on the properties of L-proline trichloroacetate (LPTC) crystal, a salt of the amino acid L-proline, have been reported [1, 2]. Proline, one of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids, has a peculiar structure, since it is the only cyclic amino acid among them; the amino group is part of a pyrrolidine ring, making it less flexible, restricting the local conformation freedom, and lowering the number of possible conformers. The ability of proline to form different intramolecular hydrogen bonds is due to its conformational versatility, caused by the capacity of reorientation of both −COOH and imine groups . In the present work, quantum chemical computations based on the density functional theory (DFT) have been performed. The optimized molecular geometry, HOMO-LUMO and natural bond orbital analysis, the first hyperpolarizability (β0) and related properties (μ, α0) were calculated. COMPUTATIONAL METHODS DFT computations were performed by using the closed-shell Becke-Lee-Yang-Parr hybrid exchange-correlation three-parameter functional (B3LYP) in combination with 6-31G(d) basis set to derive the complete geometry optimizations and normal-mode analysis on isolated entities [4, 5]. The first task of the computational work was to determine the optimized geometry (Fig.1), which represents an isolated molecule with stationary points in the potential surface; no imaginary frequencies were obtained which confirms the convergence. Xiaojing Liu a* , Xin Sun School of Physics and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong Province, PR China a lxj@mail.sdu.edu.cn

Field of study: Engineering
Periodic waveform relaxation solutions of nonlinear dynamic equations

We present a simple theorem to safeguard the convergence of waveform relaxation (WR) solutions of a dynamic system described by nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with a periodic constraint. Namely, if a basic expression of certain constants issued from the system is less than one, the proposed WR algorithm is convergent to the exact solution. It is the first time that WR is used to treat periodic solutions of nonlinear dynamic systems. A numerical example is provided to confirm the theoretic work of the paper.

Field of study: Mathematics
Performance improvement in wireless networks using cross-layer ARQ

This paper presents a novel cross-layer approach (LLE-TCP) designed for performance enhancement of TCP over a large variety of wireless networks. LLE-TCP avoids TCP ACK packet transmission over the wireless channel. As a result, the saved time can be utilized by the nodes for data packet delivery. The proposed scheme enhances the protocol stacks of the wireless sender (or a base station) and the receiver with cross-layer ARQ agents which support ACK suppression. ARQ agent suppresses the outgoing ACKs at the receiver side and generates them locally at the sender or base station. 
 
The performance evaluation of the proposed approach is performed via simulations as well as IEEE 802.11 testbed experiments for single-hop and infrastructure network scenarios. LLE-TCP demonstrates the performance improvement in the range of 20-100% depending on the transmitted TCP/IP datagram size. 
 
Among the factors contributing to performance enhancement are: medium busy time reduction, reduced sensibility to link errors, reduced round trip time (RTT), and improved congestion control. 
 
A good level of throughput fairness as well as a fair coexistence with state-of-the-art TCP modifications ensures proper functionality of the proposed approach, while performance advantages extended even on non-LLE-TCP users favor an incremental deployment of the technique in existing networks.

Field of study: Computer science
Dispersion, deposition and impacts of atmospheric ammonia: quantifying local budgets and spatial variability

Ammonia is a reactive pollutant emitted primarily by agricultural sources near ground level in the rural environment. The consequence of these factors is that, in addition to the effects of long-range pollutant transport, ammonia has major effects at a local scale, with emission and receptor areas often closely located in the rural landscape. There is a substantial local spatial variability that needs to be considered in effects assessments, while variations in local deposition may affect the amount of ammonia available for impacts further afield. The wide-ranging UK programme ADEPT (Ammonia Distribution and Effects ) has addressed these issues through a combination of measurement and modelling activities concerning the distribution of emissions, atmospheric transport, deposition and effects assessment. The results are illustrated here by summarizing the findings of a joint experiment at Burrington Moor, Devon, and wider modelling contrasting the variability at a field scale with 5 km resolution estimates for the UK. The fraction of emitted NH3 deposited locally is shown to depend critically on the downwind land-cover, with fluxes being dependent on interactions with the ammonia compensation point. This will restrict deposition back to agricultural land, but may mean that non-conservation woodlands could be of benefit to recapture a significant fraction of emissions. The generalized models demonstrate the high spatial variability of ammonia impacts, with a case study being used to show the consequences at a field scale. In source regions substantial variability occurs at sub-1 km levels and this will have major consequences for the emission reduction targets needed to protect ecosystems.

Field of study: Environmental science
lao nian gao xue ya bing huan zhe de jian kang jiao yu

随着人们生活水平的提高,高血压病患者也在逐渐增多.高血压病是老年人最常见的心血管疾病,又是导致脑卒中、冠心病、糖尿病等多种疾病的主要危险因素[1].严重影响老年人的身心健康和生存质量,对老年高血压病患者进行健康教育,可使血压得到控制,降低心血管疾病的死亡率.对预防和康复方面也会起到积极的作用,具体体会如下.

Field of study: Medicine