nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen sulfide inhibits homocysteine-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and neuronal apoptosis in rat hippocampus via upregulation of the BDNF-TrkB pathway

Homocysteine (Hcy) can elicit neuronal cell death, and hyperhomocysteinemia is a strong independent risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on Hcy-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and neuronal apoptosis in rat hippocampus.Adult male SD rats were intracerebroventricularly (icv) injected with Hcy (0.6 μmol/d) for 7 d. Before Hcy injection, the rats were treated with NaHS (30 or 100 μmol·kg−1·d−1, ip) and/or k252a (1 μg/d, icv) for 2 d. The apoptotic neurons were detected in hippocampal coronal slices with TUNEL staining. The expression of glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), cleaved caspase-12, and BDNF in the hippocampus were examined using Western blotting assays. The generation of H2S in the hippocampus was measured with the NNDPD method.Hcy markedly inhibited the production of endogenous H2S and increased apoptotic neurons in the hippocampus. Furthermore, Hcy induced ER stress responses in the hippocampus, as indicated by the upregulation of GRP78, CHOP, and cleaved caspase-12. Treatment with the H2S donor NaHS increased the endogenous H2S production and BDNF expression in a dose-dependent manner, and significantly reduced Hcy-induced neuronal apoptosis and ER stress responses in the hippocampus. Treatment with k252a, a specific inhibitor of TrkB (the receptor of BDNF), abolished the protective effects of NaHS against Hcy-induced ER stress in the hippocampus.H2S attenuates ER stress and neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus of Hcy-treated rats via upregulating the BDNF-TrkB pathway.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Hugo Grotius’ Use of Jewish Sources in On the Law of War and Peace

OME recent interest in the writings of Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) has focused on his use of classical and medieval  Another sphere of interest has been the extent to which Grotius knew Hebrew and was able to find and use Jewish source material himself, as distinct from being dependent on Latin translations that were becoming increasingly available at the time that he wrote. This article has a two-fold purpose: the first is to identify exactly the Jewish sources that Grotius cited in On the Law of War and Peace, an identification which has not yet been made with thoroughness and precision. The most fully annotated English edition of DeJure Belli ac Pacis Libri Tres, that of Francis W. Kelsey and James Brown Scott,2 contains many errors which this article seeks to correct. The second aim of the article is to examine how

Field of study: History
Post-Variscan evolution of the Anti-Atlas belt of Morocco constrained from low-temperature geochronology

The Anti-Atlas belt of Morocco extends ENE–WSW, over more than 600 km, from the Atlantic margin in the west to the interior of the African plate in the east. It exhibits Precambrian rocks outcropping as basement inliers and surrounded by marine Ediacaran–Cambrian sequences around the axis of the mountain range. The belt, which has for a long time been interpreted as of Variscan age, is now revealed to have experienced major vertical movements through Mesozoic and Cenozoic times. Thereby, the Anti-Atlas domain appears to be affected by two episodes of exhumation separated by an episode of subsidence. The initial episode occurred in the Late Triassic and led to the exhumation of 7.5–10.5 km of crustal rocks by the end of the Middle Jurassic (ca. 160–150 Ma). The following phase resulted in 1–3 km of basement subsidence and occurred during the Late Jurassic and most of the Early Cretaceous. The basement rocks were then slowly brought to the surface after experiencing 2–3.5 km of exhumation throughout the Late Cretaceous and the Cenozoic. The timing of these episodes of exhumation and subsidence coincides with major tectonic and thermal events in relation with the evolution of the Atlantic and Tethys Oceans, indicating that the effects of their rifting and drifting extended beyond their presumed margins.

Field of study: Environmental science
Confidentiality of medical information: a study of Albertan family physicians.

The author of this paper examines physicians' regard for the confidentiality of medical information in the light of their perception of their own role. Five case studies of increasing complexity of medical management and ethical issues, derived from practice and accompanied by questions relating to confidentiality and medical management, were submitted to randomly selected family physicians in Alberta. Analysis of the replies to determine attitudes to confidentiality and how the respondents perceived patients' best interests, and statements of how they would act in certain situations, disclosed that a substantial minority of the physicians were still prepared to breach confidentiality and exercise Hippocratic professional judgement in certain situations. The bases of confidentiality of medical information are reviewed, together with changing modes of medical ethics and the increasing trend to rights derived from patients, autonomy, and the ways in which these factors may affect the physician-patient relationship.

Field of study: Medicine
Analysis of sports marketing by Chinese enterprises during World Cup Soccer 2006

The authors expatiated on the significance of World Cup sports marketing, problems existed in World Cup sports marketing by Chinese enterprises, and suggestions for World Cup sports marketing by Chinese enter- prises, so that the investment of Chinese enterprises would gain returns. Sports marketing can not only boost the fame and reputation of a brand, but also combine with sale organically. Sports marketing is conducive to the sale of enterprise products, so that enterprises can gain both “reputations” and “profit” over a relatively long period of time. Sports marketing is helpful for Chinese enterprises to recognize the pattern of operation of sports event for brand management, and to accumulate practical experience.

Field of study: Education
Philosophy and the College Curriculum

IT HAS been remarked by President Hutchins that a student can go through college in the United States and receive a degree, without having read a single great book. While this, if not an exaggeration, is a statement of lamentable significance, it is one which ought not to surprise anyone familiar with the recent course of educational change. To philosophers, so well aware of the meager place held by the works of eminent thinkers, and accustomed to the inversion of intellectual goods in the educational program, such an indictment gives no disturbance. Others also have taken it with no reaction, perhaps because they are convinced it is quite true and nothing can be done about it, or perhaps because-such is the state to which some have fallen-they see nothing in this to remark about anyhow. Evidently there is no general expectation that a Bachelor of Arts or a Bachelor of Science should have read a great book, or that colleges should see that great books are read by those whom they decorate with the insignia of the educated. If a youth has fair capacity and has been taught in childhood to see clearly the objects which school puts before him, there is a good chance that he will have developed both interest and the power of critical discrimination by the time he reaches college. Normally he will then proceed into a number of the great fields of knowledge under his own intellectual incentive, provided college life does not lead him astray by surrounding him with tempting distractions. Suppose he learned mathematics and history while in the schools, by which I mean that he grasped certain concepts, such as numbers, classes, or forms, and their relations, and in history the concept of sequence in events. Today one must admit (though in other days he would not have had to) that if the youth did that much in school, it was unusual. Let the schools explain that. Assuming, however, that we have such a pupil, I wish to note a few things about his intellectual career in college. He will probably take courses in English, foreign language, the sciences, and history. In English he already has proficiency, so far as grammar and reading are concerned, and he will now be studying English literature. He finds himself constantly called upon to examine and appraise,

Field of study: Education
Lifetime measurements of the high spin yrast states in 128Ce

Lifetime measurements of the high spin states in the yrast band of 128Ce were performed using the Doppler shift attenuation method in connection with the reaction 100Ru(32S, 2p2n) 128Ce at incident energy of 141 MeV. In the vicinity of the band crossing, the previously reported anomalously high B(E2) value was not observed. The gross behavior of the normalized transition strength is approximate to symmetric rotor. It is confirmed that the trend of increase in collectivity with decreasing neutron number, which was indicated in the previous studies on 130, 132, 134Ce, continues in 128Ce. The value of quadrupole deformation parameter β2 deduced from the measured lifetimes is in good agreement with the theoretical calculation using a cranking model based on a non-axially deformed Woods-Saxon potential.

Field of study: Physics
Nitrogen cycle perturbations linked to metazoan diversification during the early Cambrian

The rapid diversification of metazoans during the late Ediacaran-early Cambrian is one of the most remarkable evolutionary events in Earth history. However, the triggering mechanism remains highly contentious, particularly concerning the relationship of this biological event to contemporaneous changes in ocean redox and nutrient cycling. In this study, we report new bulk nitrogen isotope (δ15N) and organic carbon isotope (δ13Corg) data from the lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation in two deep-water sections in South China to provide a better understanding of the relationship of the nitrogen cycle, ocean redox, and biological evolution during this key period. The δ15N data from two study sections are characterized by consistently low values (−1‰ to +2‰) throughout the Niutitang Formation despite large variations in δ13Corg. We interpret these low δ15N values to have resulted from assimilation of recycled ammonium (NH4+) and N2 fixation. Compilation of available δ15N data reveals large temporal and spatial δ15N variations from −1‰ to +7‰ in time-equivalent strata in South China. Such δ15N variations imply the co-existence of aerobic and anaerobic N cycles and highly heterogeneous ocean redox conditions during the early Cambrian in South China, which is consistent with inferences from other geochemical proxies. Temporal fluctuations and spatial heterogeneity in ocean redox conditions may have controlled the distribution and evolution of metazoans during the early Cambrian.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Use of Spacings in the Estimation of Common Scale Parameter of Several Distributions

In this article, we consider the problem of best linear unbiased estimation and best linear invariant estimation of the common scale parameter of several distributions using spacing of the pooled sample of all observations of individual samples. We derived conditions for the non negativity of the scale estimator obtained by the above methods. Further, we obtained necessary and sufficient conditions for the derived estimators to be constant multiples of the pooled sample range.

Field of study: Mathematics
Introduction to the XXI Annual ESPU Congress, Antalya, Turkey

Reviewers A. Nordenskjold, A. Woolf, B. Burgu, D. Wilcox, C. Djurhuus, R. Subramaniam, W. Feitz (Basic research papers), A. Golebiewski, C. Miguelez, R. de Castro, M.D. Leclair, R. Stein, M. Sther, T. Soygur, P. Godbole (Clinical papers) f Pediatric Urology Company.

Field of study: Medicine
The Weighting of Tests Measuring the same Function in Terms of their Length

ers in the field assign weights to tests which, although numerically arbitrary, are claimed to be based on a variety of reasons which range from the very trivial to quite impor tant ones. It is the purpose of this article, as the title indicates, to provide a simple method of weighting tests to be combined into a sum, in terms of their length, which, although de signed for tests measuring the same function, may be expected to yield approximately cor rect results when dealing with tests measur ing similar functions such as those given in a school course of rather uniform subject matter. Kelley1 has given the formula

Field of study: Education
Confronting Power in Economics: A Pragmatic Evaluation

All social sciences have in common their preoccupation with human interaction. Maiiistream economics has traditionally preferred to assume that such interaction is essentially harmonious, if not because of the intrinsic nature of human beings, at least by virtue of their subservience to the Invisible Hand. Generally, institutionalists, following Charles Darwin, have always assumed that human interaction is essentially based on conflict; therefore, the pursuit of power by participants in the economy-the ability to prevail over others-must always be assumed.' Coping with this pursuit must, therefore, be a major concern of any social science. Mainstream economics confronts the implications of concentrated power from two perspectives, one theoretical and the other applied. Formal theory was amended many years ago to incorporate oligopoly as a market structure intermediate between competition and monopoly. This effort to inject "realism" into economic theory remains to this day, we shall see, one of the least satisfactory aspects of conventional theory. In applied economics, the field known as industrial organization has attempted to measure concentration and to explore its implications for resource allocation via markets. It has led to a variety of possible evaluative

Field of study: Economics
Effects of colored noise and external periodic force on the time derivative of information entropy for a damped harmonic oscillator

We studied a damped harmonic oscillator with colored noise and external periodic force.One-dimensional non-Markovian process is stochastically equivalent to two-dimensional Markovian process.The upper bound for the rate of information entropy change is obtained.The effects of system parameter, noise and external periodic force on the upper bound are discussed.The present calculation can help us to further understand this system's dynamical characteristics. In this paper we investigated the effects of Gaussian colored noise and external periodic force on the upper bound of the time derivative of information entropy for a damped harmonic oscillator. The one-dimensional non-Markovian process with Gaussian colored noise and external periodic force is stochastically equivalent to two-dimensional Markovian process. The dimension of Fokker-Planck equation is reduced by way of linear transformation. The upper bound of the time derivative of information entropy of this process is exactly obtained on the basis of the Schwartz inequality principle and the definition of Shannon's information entropy. The present calculation can help us to further understand the interplay of Gaussian colored noise, damping constant, the frequency of the oscillator and external periodic force on the upper bound of the time derivative of information entropy.

Field of study: Mathematics
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MULTI-LEAD RUBBER BEARING AND ITS EXPLICIT FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

The mechanical property tests on multi-lead rubber bearings were conducted,the results were compared with theoretical calculation consequence.It is found that performance of multi-lead rubber bearings are steady,also with excellent working performance,convenience installation.They are ideal bridge isolated devices. Based on the study,the analysis of the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of multi-lead rubber bearings by using explicit finite element software ANSYS/LS-DYNA is presented.After create FEA model of representative samples,the lead-rubber bearing in a horizontal cyclic shear under a compressive axial load is simulated.The analytical results are compared with experimental results,and small difference is found.Thus,the proposed method can be applied to acquire the mechanical parameters of bearings,which are useful in design new bearings.

Field of study: Engineering
PDGF Promotes the Warburg Effect in Pulmonary Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells via Activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/HIF-1α Signaling Pathway

The enhanced proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) is a central pathological component in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Both the Warburg effect and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) are involved in the proliferation of PASMCs. However, the mechanism underlying the crosstalk between the Warburg effect and PDGF during PASMC proliferation is still unknown. We hypothesized that PDGF promotes the Warburg effect via activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF-1α) in proliferative PASMCs.  PASMCs were derived from pulmonary arteries of SD rats; cell viability, the presence of metabolites, and metabolic enzyme activities assay were determined by MTT assays, kit assays and western blot analysis, respectively.  PDGF promoted PASMC proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner, accompanied by an enhanced Warburg effect. Treatment with PDGFR antagonists, Warburg effect inhibitor and PDK1 inhibitor significantly inhibited PI3K signaling activation, HIF-1α expression and PASMC proliferation induced by PDGF, respectively. Furthermore, treatment with PI3K signaling pathway inhibitors remarkably suppressed PDGF-induced PASMC proliferation and the Warburg effect.  microplate reader (Biotek, Winooski The Warburg effect plays a critical role in PDGF-induced PASMC proliferation and is mediated by activation of the PI3K signaling pathway and HIF-1α.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
The Role and Mechanism of CRT0066101 as an Effective Drug for Treatment of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.

Breast cancer is clinically classified into three main subtypes: estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER2+) breast cancer, and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Without specific targeted therapies, patients with TNBC have poorer prognosis compared with those with ER+ and HER2+ breast cancer. Protein kinase D (PRKD) family members play crucial roles in cancer progression. CRT0066101, a PRKD inhibitor, has been reported to have anticancer activity in many cancer types. Nevertheless, the role and mechanism of CRT0066101 in TNBC have not been well investigated.



The expression level of PRKDs was analyzed in breast cancer samples and breast cancer cell lines. The effects of inhibiting PRKD activity with CRT0066101 on TNBC cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and tumor growth were studied by Cell Counting Kit8 assay, cell cycle assay, propidium iodide/annexin-V assay, and a xenograft mouse model, respectively. To uncover the molecular mechanism of CRT0066101 in TNBC, comparative phosphoproteomic analysis using iTRAQ was employed.



We found that PRKD2 and PRKD3 were preferentially expressed in breast cancers. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the overexpression of PRKD2 and PRKD3 in TNBC. CRT0066101, which inhibited the activity of PRKDs, dramatically inhibited proliferation, increased apoptosis and the G1-phase population of TNBC cells in vitro, and reduced breast tumor volume in vivo. Comparative phosphoproteomic analysis between breast cancer cells with and without CRT0066101 treatment revealed that the anti-breast cancer effects involved regulation of a complex network containing multiple enriched pathways and several hub-nodes contributing to multiple cancer-related processes, thus explaining the described effects of CRT0066101 on TNBC in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we validated several targets of PRKD inhibition by treatment with CRT0066101 and small interfering RNAs against PRKD2 and PRKD3 (siPRKD2 and siPRKD3), including p-MYC(T58/ S62), p-MAPK1/3(T202/Y204), p-AKT(S473), p-YAP(S127), and p-CDC2(T14).



PRKD inhibitor CRT0066101 exhibits anti-TNBC effects via modulating a phosphor-signaling network and inhibiting the phosphorylation of many cancer-driving factors, including MYC, MAPK1/3, AKT, YAP, and CDC2, providing insight into the important roles as well as the molecular mechanism of CRT0066101 as an effective drug for TNBC.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Contribution of Business Entities in the Fight against COVID-19 in South Africa

Unequivocally, South Africa, amid an environment of paucity of resources and ever-increasing cases of coronavirus, faces an arduous challenge of fighting the scourge of coronavirus This has necessitated the need to assess the role of business entities as complementary stakeholders This article applied qualitative paradigm and case-study design that allowed an investigation of 13 postgraduate participants to explore the contribution of business entities against coronavirus in South Africa The article established gaps embedded in the contribution made by business entities against COVID-19;weaker support by Eastern Cape business entities against COVID-19;and business entities donating personal protective equipment to communities and food to the disadvantaged communities This article recommends that business entities increase their complementary role to the government by increasing their contribution to needy communities

Field of study: Political science
Phase diagram and ionic conductivity of the lithium chloride-iron(II) chloride system

The phase diagram of the LiCl-FeCl 2 system has been determined by differential thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction analysis. This system contains one intermediate compound with the spinel structure,Li 2−2x Fe 1+x Cl 4 (0.05 −5 Scm −1 at room temperature and 1.0×10 −1 Scm −1 at 400°C was obtained at the composition ofx = 0.20.

Field of study: Materials science
Traded under the radar: poor documentation of trade in nationally-protected non-CITES species can cause fraudulent trade to go undetected

Documentation of international trade in non-CITES species is generally poor. As a result, illegal trade in nationally-protected non-CITES species is often hard to detect. To show that such illicit trade nevertheless occurs, this study has analysed import and export records of the Giant Blue-tongued Skink Tiliqua gigas for the European Union (EU) and the United States (US) between 1999 and 2015. EU trade data for T. gigas was obtained from the UNEP-WCMCM CITES Trade Database. Trade data for the US was extracted from the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Law Enforcement Management Information System (LEMIS). We observed a sudden shift in source codes (from wild-caught to captive-bred) coinciding with legislative changes, which has been indicative of laundering practices in the past. In the US, no less than 45% of all imported T. gigas was declared as wild-caught, constituting a direct violation of Indonesia’s national laws and the US Lacey Act. The keeping of trade records is subjected to the willingness of individual countries, yet unwillingness to collect such data can severely threaten species when over-exploitation or laundering practices remain undetected. A CITES Appendix III-listing, obligating participating countries to maintain trade records, would facilitate improved detection and monitoring of illegal trade in nationally-protected species.

Field of study: Environmental science