nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Conditioned suppression and conditioned enhancement with the same positive UCS: an effect of CS duration.

Previous experiments have shown that positively reinforced operant responding is suppressed during a conditioned stimulus terminated with an electric shock (conditioned suppression). In the present experiment, the conditioned stimulus was terminated with a positive unconditioned stimulus, and it was found that the duration of the conditioned stimulus was a key factor in determining whether response suppression or response enhancement was observed during the stimulus. The lever-pressing responses of rats were maintained by a variable-interval schedule of food reinforcement. While the rats were pressing the lever, a light was occasionally turned on, its offset coincident with a brief period of access to a sucrose solution. In consecutive blocks of sessions, the light duration was 40 sec, 12 sec, or 120 sec. Results showed that the rate of lever pressing was substantially suppressed during the 12-sec stimulus, slightly suppressed during the 40-sec stimulus, and enhanced during the 120-sec stimulus.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Why we need clinical practice guidelines in chronic kidney disease.

Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) have become an essential, useful, and integral part of the practice of medicine in general and for the care of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in particular. The reasons why CPGs have proven useful are related to the need of physicians, patients, and providers. Physician needs stem from the overwhelming amount of new information generated that requires systematic analysis, synthesis, and translation into specific clinically applicable recommendations. Patient needs arise from the desire of an increasingly well-informed public seeking evidence-based information in making joint decisions with their physicians. Provider needs derive from the necessity of appropriate criteria in assessing improved outcomes and in closing existing quality chasms in health care delivery. It is in the one patient one physician clinical encounter setting that guidelines are likely at their best in helping make appropriate decisions in each specific situation. All other uses of CPGs, no matter how meritorious, are secondary derivatives.

Field of study: Medicine
Improvement of Heat Treatment Process for Automobile Engine Crankshaft

The quenching and tempering process for 42CrMo steel was improved.Adding a intermediate frequency induction quenching process,the defect in original surface treatment process was overcome,and the hardening layer of work corner was effectively increased,a certain hardness gradient in crankshaft was obtained,so as to ensure the excellent comprehensive mechanical properties of crankshaft after tempering.

Field of study: Materials science
Locating resources in a programmable networking environment

Programmable networking is a technology that has been demonstrated to enable the rapid deployment of novel network services. This is achieved through the use of open interfaces that can be used to extend the functionality of a device by third-party service components. Some forms of programmable network allow such components to be deployed out-of-band on a suitable configuration of elements, but do not define mechanisms to determine the configuration.We present a mechanism to resolve arbitrary service-specific deployment constraints into a suitable node configuration. To focus constraint resolution, we arrange programmable elements into an overlay, and use this to interpolate/extrapolate more favourable locations. Programmable service components are used to evaluate the suitability of individual nodes.

Field of study: Computer science
Jan de Beer: Gothic Renewal in Renaissance Antwerp. Dan Ewing. Turnhout: Brepols, 2015. 386 pp. €150.

painters, generally on low-paying day rates, and would order from them copies after famous originals that they would then resell fraudulently on the European market. The biographer Bernardo De Dominici identifies both Aniello Falcone and Bernardo Cavallino as commencing their careers in this way, painting first in the workshops of Piazza Carità, in a neighborhood where the major part of the local Neapolitan painters lived as well as worked. So, too, the early paintings of Salvator Rosa would be sold for a pittance under difficult social and economic circumstances. Marshall justly underlines that, particularly at the beginning of the Seciento, when the activity of art dealing had not yet been consolidated, painters of the caliber of Carlo Sellitto, Giacomo Recco, and Paolo Finoglio also carried out a trade in paintings without the least scruple of conscience. The profession of art dealing nevertheless grew over time to gain for itself a certain level of prominence and respectability, particularly in the second half of the century when Neapolitan painting was also gaining a concomitant sense of higher cultural value and prestige in both a local and international context. In these years, the painter/restorer Giacomo de Castro, for example, was able to operate as an art merchant at the very highest social and cultural levels. In the third and final section of the book, the author analyzes with insight the impact of the principal public and private commissions on the local artistic and social scene. One of the last sections is dedicated to the early Neapolitan public exhibitions, the most celebrated of which was that mounted under the auspices of the Marchese del Carpio, on the occasion of the festa del Corpus Domini of 1684. Much is still unclear about this fundamental chapter in the development of Neapolitan Baroque culture, and only new documentary research will shed new light on the event. The volume concludes with an appendix containing six useful tables. These document the key moments in the public reception of Neapolitan Baroque painting (table 1), as well as listing in a comparative manner the prices paid by patrons to Neapolitan painters in different phases of their careers (tables 2–6). This monograph, published to a high typographical and editorial standard, is to be recognized as an important new benchmark for any future study of the topic: it has revealed, for the first time, the market for art in seventeenth-century Naples in all its scope and complexity.

Field of study: History
Estimation and congener-specific characterization of polychlorinated naphthalene emissions from secondary nonferrous metallurgical facilities in China.

Secondary nonferrous production is addressed as one of the potential sources of the unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutants (UP-POPs) due to the impurity of raw material. Although there are inventories of dioxin emissions from secondary nonferrous metallurgical facilities, release inventories of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are scarce. This study selected typical secondary copper, aluminum, zinc, and lead plants to investigate the emissions of PCNs in secondary nonferrous production in China. The toxic equivalency (TEQ) emission factor for PCNs released to the environment is highest for secondary copper production, at 428.4 ng TEQ t(-1), followed by secondary aluminum, zinc, and lead production, at 142.8, 125.7, and 20.1 ng TEQ t(-1), respectively. PCNs released in secondary copper, aluminum, lead, and zinc production in China are estimated to be 0.86, 0.39, 0.009, and 0.01 g TEQ a(-1), respectively. Analysis of stack gas emission from secondary nonferrous production revealed that less-chlorinated PCNs are the dominant homologues, with mono- to tri-CNs making the most important contributions to the concentration. However, for fly ash, the more highly chlorinated PCNs such as octa-CN are the dominant homologues.

Field of study: Environmental science
Common origin for neutrino anarchy and charged hierarchies.

The generation of exponential flavor hierarchies from extra-dimensional wave function overlaps is reexamined. We find, surprisingly, that the coexistence of anarchic fermion mass matrices with such hierarchies is intrinsic and natural to this setting. The salient features of charged fermion and neutrino masses and mixings can thereby be captured within a single framework. Both Dirac and Majorana neutrinos can be realized. Implications for a variety of weak-scale scenarios, including warped compactification and supersymmetry, are discussed. When the new weak-scale physics is sensitive to the origin of flavor structure, Dirac neutrinos are preferred.

Field of study: Physics
cis/trans Coordination in Olefin Metathesis by Static and Molecular Dynamic DFT Calculations
 
 


In regard to [(N-heterocyclic carbene)Ru]-based catalysts, it is still a matter of debate if the substrate binding is preferentially cis or trans to the N-heterocyclic carbene ligand. By means of static and molecular dynamic DFT calculations, a simple olefin, like ethylene, is shown to be prone to the trans binding. Bearing in mind the higher reactivity of trans isomers in olefin metathesis, this insight helps to construct small alkene substrates with increased reactivity.

Field of study: Chemistry
The aging-disease false dichotomy: understanding senescence as pathology

From a biological perspective aging (senescence) appears to be a form of complex disease syndrome, though this is not the traditional view. This essay aims to foster a realistic understanding of aging by scrutinizing ideas old and new. The conceptual division between aging-related diseases and an underlying, non-pathological aging process underpins various erroneous traditional ideas about aging. Among biogerontologists, another likely error involves the aspiration to treat the entire aging process, which recent advances suggest is somewhat utopian. It also risks neglecting a more modest but realizable goal: to develop preventative treatments that partially protect against aging.

Field of study: Biology
Treatment of Phenol Wastewater of Coking Plant by Microemulsion Liquid Membrane with P_(204) as Carrier

The formula and stability for microemulsion liquid membrane of Span80/kerosene/NaOH with P204 as carrier was studied.Various impacting factors on phenol removal including mass ratio of P204 to Span80,volume ratio of microemulsion to wastewater,extraction time and oil recycle times were investigated through extraction test to phenol from wastewater.Results showed that the microemulsion liquid membrane that is stable and fast to mass-transfer was used to treat medium or high concentration phenolic wastewater,with efficiency over 99% under the optimal conditions.

Field of study: Environmental science
Measuring Stress and Immune Response in Healthcare Professionals following Interaction with a Therapy Dog: A Pilot Study

This study investigated the optimal time for measuring stress and immune function in 20 healthcare professionals (19 women and 1 man) following interaction with a therapy dog. A nonclinical sample of healthcare professionals was assigned to 20 min. of quiet rest, and 5 and 20 min. with a therapy dog. Serum cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine were collected at baseline, 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min. postcondition. Salivary cortisol, salivary IgA, and blood for lymphocytes were collected at baseline, 30, 45, and 60 min. postcondition. Analysis indicated significant reductions in serum and salivary cortisol. The optimal time for measuring serum or salivary cortisol following interaction with a therapy dog was 45 min., with changes in salivary cortisol reflecting serum cortisol changes. Findings also suggest stress reduction in healthcare professionals may occur after as little as 5 min. of interaction with a therapy dog and warrants further investigation.

Field of study: Psychology
The impact of psychosocial need and needs resolution on quality of life in patients with brain tumors.

The diagnosis of cancer of the central nervous system (CNS) is often the diagnosis of an incurable, progressive disease with devastating effects on the physical, psychosocial, and cognitive functioning of patients. Because many of the treatment options are noncurative in nature, issues related to quality and quantity of life become paramount. The purpose of the authors' research was to explore the prevalence of psychosocial needs in this cancer population and to determine whether these needs and their resolution impact on quality of life (QOL). Telephone interviews were conducted with 75 patients in whom primary CNS cancer was diagnosed and who were able to pass the Mini-Mental Health Status Examination. Analysis of results indicated that the majority of patients (97.3%) had at least one concern; concerns over treatment side effects, controlling uncertainty, having a meaningful existence, self and body image, and family concerns were among the five most frequently cited need domains. Most patients (91.8%) received help. However, 75.3% reported needing additional help. The number of needs reported and the severity of fatigue most significantly impacted QOL. The study identified the needs and experiences of the patient with CNS cancer. Quality of life and needs assessment information can be used to screen patients for distress and to measure the outcome of medical and psychosocial care and ultimately to ease the burden of illness.

Field of study: Medicine
Physical, environmental and human factors influencing productivity in Bonelli's eagle Hieraaetus fasciatus in Granada (SE Spain)

We analysed the productivity of the Bonelli's eagle Hieraaetus fasciatus in relation to 26 variables that account for physiography, level of human presence, land-use, climate, laying date, and nest orientation, in the province of Granada (SE Spain), where a stable population exhibits the maximum productivity value for the species in Europe. Productivity positively correlated with cliff availability within territories and closeness of nest site to SE orientation. Cliff availability permitted some pairs to choose the best nest site orientation, thereby favouring high productivity. Nests in the preferred orientation (SE) had 35% higher productivity than those towards non-preferred orientations. Higher productivity in the best orientation nests might be related to warmer conditions. High productivity in the study area could offset the main problem for Bonelli's eagle conservation in Europe, that is, the high preadult and adult mortality. Actions required to ensure the recovery of neighbouring populations must focus on the preservation of high cliff availability and the diminution of preadult mortality in southeastern Spain. This would favour restocking of the decreased northern populations by the juvenile dispersion.

Field of study: Environmental science
Using chemical synthesis to optimise antimicrobial peptides in the fight against antimicrobial resistance

The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria has necessitated the urgent need for novel antibacterial agents. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), the host-defence molecules of most living organisms, have shown great promise as potential antibiotic candidates due to their multiple mechanisms of action which result in very low or negligible induction of resistance. However, the development of AMPs for clinical use has been limited by their potential toxicity to animal cells, low metabolic stability and high manufacturing cost. Extensive efforts have therefore been directed towards the development of enhanced variants of natural AMPs to overcome these aforementioned limitations. In this review, we present our efforts focused on development of efficient strategies to prepare several recently discovered AMPs including antitubercular peptides. The design and synthesis of more potent and stable AMP analogues with synthetic modifications made to the natural peptides containing glycosylated residues or disulfide bridges are described.

Field of study: Chemistry
Nitrogen -addition accelerates phosphorus cycling and changes phosphorus use strategy in a subtropical Moso bamboo forest

Ecosystem-level effects of increasing atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition on the phosphorus (P) cycle and P use strategy are poorly understood. Here, we conducted a seven year N-addition experiment to comprehensively evaluate the effects of N deposition on P limitation, cycling, and use strategy in a subtropical Moso bamboo forest. N addition significantly increased foliar litterfall by 4.7%–21.7% and subsequent P return to the soil by 49.0%–70.1%. It also increased soil acidity, acid phosphatase activity, and soil microbial biomass P, which substantially contributed to a significantly increased soil P availability and largely alleviated the P limitation. This resulted in a significant decrease in the foliar P-resorption efficiency and the abundance and colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Our results indicate that N deposition can reduce plant internal cycling while enhancing ecosystem-scale cycling of P in Moso bamboo forests. This suggests a shift in P use from a ‘conservative consumption’ strategy to a ‘resource spending’ strategy. Our findings shed new light on N deposition effects on P cycle processes and P use strategy at the ecosystem scale under increasing atmospheric N deposition.

Field of study: Environmental science
The College Comes of Age

D ESPITE the fact that the college was borrowed from an alien culture it early began to break its ancestral ties and to adapt itself to the new world. The effects of diverse nationalities in the population of the new world, the new requirements of the frontier, the development of science, the inaccessability of the continent of Europe, and the weaning of second and third generations from the traditions of the mother country were bound to have an effect upon the educational institutions of the new world. It is significant that in I790 French was allowed in substitution for Hebrew at Harvard. Chemistry and physics first passed from the outer courts to the inner sanctuary of canonized disciplines at Pennsylvania and Harvard in i820. German made its debut at Harvard in i830. William and Mary took history into the family in I822. With the growth of democracy and the diffusion of the population to the West other changes in collegiate education developed. The Morrill Act gave birth to forty-five new institutions designed to meet the needs of the agricultural and mechanical frontier. The rapid urbanization and industrialization of the United States led to the widespread development of technical training. Business ascendancy introduced commercial courses into the secondary school and prostituted many collegiate departments of political economy to the get-rich-quick utility courses of the market place. This trend which too often substituted new license for old virtue led many liberal colleges into the far country. They saw the glitter of the immediate return to be had in catering to the new and novel. The name "liberal" was betrayed. Instead of developing a new life on the basis of the family tradition, the disciplines of home were cast aside.

Field of study: Education
On the functional equation defined by Lie's product formula

Let E be a real normed space and A a complex Banach algebra with unit. We characterize the continuous solutions f : E → A of the functional equation f(x + y) = limn→∞(f(x/n)f(y/n)) n. Let A be a complex Banach algebra with unit 1. In this setting the famous Lie product formula reads (1) exp(a + b) = lim n→∞ (exp(a/n) exp(b/n)) (a, b ∈ A); see [4, Theorem VIII.29] for matrices and a proof which also holds for Banach algebras, and Trotter’s version for semigroups . Let p ∈ A be a projection (that is, p2 = p), and consider the complex Banach algebra pAp which has unit p. The exponential function in pAp will be denoted by expp. Now, let E be a real normed space, let A : E → pAp be a continuous and linear mapping (here pAp is considered as a real vector space), and set (2) f(x) := expp(A(x)) = p exp(A(x))p (x ∈ E). As an immediate consequence of (1) the function f is a continuous solution of the functional equation (3) f(x + y) = lim n→∞ (f(x/n)f(y/n)) (x, y ∈ E). In this paper we prove conversely that all continuous solutions of (3) are of type (2). More precisely we have Theorem 1.  E → A be a continuous function which satisfies (3). Then p = f(0) is a projection, and there exists a unique continuous linear mapping A : E → pAp such that f(x) = expp(A(x)) (x ∈ E).

Field of study: Mathematics
Camarasaurus, Amphicoelias, and other sauropods of Cope

In 1902 the Cope Collection of Fossil Reptiles was presented to the American Museum of Natural History by President Morris K. Jesup. It included all of Cope’s types and other dinosaur material of Morrison age from the vicinity of Canyon City, Colorado. Several of these types antedated in definition Marsh’s types from beds of similar age. Cope’s references were full, but accompanied by few figures; Marsh’s came later and were adequately illustrated. Marsh also issued, in the publications of the United States Geological Survey, two more or less complete summaries of the characters of these animals, which were fully illustrated and widely distributed; consequently they became well established in the literature, while Cope’s are still unrecognized and imperfectly known. Our object has been to describe and determine as fully as possible Cope’s types, especially of the Opisthoccelia, the most important of which is that of Camarasaurus. This generic name antedates . . .

Field of study: Geology
The potential of in situ-scanning electron microscopy — Morphology changes of electrically polarized thin film Pt(O2)/YSZ model electrodes

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a powerful standard tool for investigating surface topographies with high resolution. By equipping a SEM with a heating stage and a sample holder with electrical contacts for the study of electrochemical cells, morphology changes of solid state electrochemical cells can be monitored at high temperature and under electrical polarization in situ. In this study we demonstrate the potential of in situ-SEM using the example of the ex situ well-characterized electrode model system Pt(O 2 )/YSZ. Gas tight, nearly single crystalline, and (111)-orientated thin Pt films on YSZ(111) show bubble formation, cracking, and delamination during anodic polarization caused by the pressure build-up of oxygen pumped to the Pt/YSZ interface. These plastic deformations occur irreversibly; cathodic polarization cannot reverse the blistering. Close to the electrode edges, the electron beam of the SEM influences the electrode process and promotes bubble formation; therefore possible side effects of in situ-SEM as examination method on experimental results are discussed.

Field of study: Materials science
Incommensurate spin density wave in Co-doped BaFe2As2

57Fe M?ssbauer spectroscopy measurements are presented in the underdoped Ba(Fe1- xCox)2As2 series for x=0.014 (Tc<1.4?K) and x=0.03 and 0.045 (Tc 2 and 12?K, respectively). The spectral shapes in the so-called spin density wave (SDW) phase are interpreted in terms of incommensurate modulation of the magnetic structure, and allow the shape of the modulation to be determined. In undoped BaFe2As2, the magnetic structure is commensurate, and we find that incommensurability is present at the lowest doping level (x=0.014). As Co doping increases, the low-temperature modulation progressively loses its squaredness and tends to a sine-wave. The same trend occurs for a given doping level, as temperature increases. We find that a magnetic hyperfine component persists far above the SDW transition, its intensity being progressively tranferred to a paramagnetic component on heating.

Field of study: Physics