nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
II. Motor and Perceptual Skill in “Reading” Material Whose Meaning is Unimportant

PART I of this report described a group of college students who all had similar general reading ability. Within this group were some who could increase speed easily when reading simple prose ("flexible" readers) and others who could not ("inflexible" readers). The flex ible readers differed significantly from the in flexible in their characteristic eye-movement patterns, particularly in fixation spanandrate. Since the prose was very easy to understand, it should have been simple for all these stude nts to read it quickly. Therefore the wide differ ences which appeared wer o probably not re lated to factors which make for easy understand ing: familiarity, vocabulary, general back ground. Further, all the students had recently been tested by refractionists who found their apparatus satisfactory. Finally, there was no indication that confusion, tension, or unfamil iarity affected the reading measures. In order to find out what was responsible for the wide variation in rate increase, the same students were put in quasi-reading situations which elim inated or minimized concern for meaning, con secutive thought, or judgment. They would then use their eyes as they usually do in reading, and perceptual-motor habits would persist with out any complicating demand for understanding meaning. Would the two groups of readers still show significantly different behavior ?

Field of study: Education
On the impossibility of coexistence of infinitely many strategies

We investigate the possibility of coexistence of pure, inherited strategies belonging to a large set of potential strategies. We prove that under biologically relevant conditions every model allowing for coexistence of infinitely many strategies is structurally unstable. In particular, this is the case when the “interaction operator” which determines how the growth rate of a strategy depends on the strategy distribution of the population is compact. The interaction operator is not assumed to be linear. We investigate a Lotka-Volterra competition model with a linear interaction operator of convolution type separately because the convolution operator is not compact. For this model, we exclude the possibility of robust coexistence supported on the whole real line, or even on a set containing a limit point. Moreover, we exclude coexistence of an infinite set of equidistant strategies when the total population size is finite. On the other hand, for infinite populations it is possible to have robust coexistence in this case. These results are in line with the ecological concept of “limiting similarity” of coexisting species. We conclude that the mathematical structure of the ecological coexistence problem itself dictates the discreteness of the species.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Biodiversity of soil macrofauna in the New Forest: a benchmark study across a national park landscape

The New Forest National Park is a hotspot for biodiversity in the UK. A long history of grazing by ponies in the New Forest landscape has created a diverse mosaic of habitats that are of international significance. We investigated patterns of species diversity and composition across the New Forest landscape by sampling soil, leaf litter and ground macrofauna from woodland, grassland and heathland plots across the entire landscape. We used a spatially replicated design of hand sorted soil pits, Winkler extraction of leaf litter, and pitfall traps. We concentrated on diversity patterns of the following target groups: Coleoptera, Formicidae, Isopoda, Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Opiliones and Lumbricidae. The most striking difference in species assemblages is between wooded and open areas. Woodlands are the most diverse habitats and have a distinct assemblage, largely due to those leaf litter invertebrate species which are only present under a closed canopy. Open areas are less diverse, with diversity particularly low in the wet grasslands. However, the open areas do have a distinct fauna, especially in the wet and dry heaths which are home to a number of rare species, particularly of Formicidae. We discuss the potential conservation problems facing the New Forest and how these might affect soil macrofauna biodiversity in the future and conclude that climate change; over-grazing; and land use changes represent the largest threats. Although a relatively stable landscape which benefits from protection under UK law, changes in grazing intensity or management practices in the New Forest, particularly for some of the habitats of European importance (e.g. wet heathlands), could negatively affect soil macrofauna biodiversity. Climate change may also exacerbate biodiversity decline as a result of increased grazing intensity or changes in management.

Field of study: Environmental science
A singular perturbation solution to a problem of extreme temperatures imposed at the surface of a variable-conductivity halfspace: small surface conductivity

The transient temperature field resulting from a constant and uniform temperature T, (or time-dependent heat flux H = ht~1/2) imposed at the surface of a halfspace initially at uniform temperature T0 is considered. A temperature-dependent thermal conductivity variation, k(T) = k0 exp [X(T — T0)/To], and a constant product of density and specific heat, pC, are assumed to be accurate models for the halfspace for some useful temperature range. The problem is initially formulated in terms of the dimensionless conductivity 4> = k(T)/k0 . Attention is then focused on the singular problem resulting from the limits <£s = 4>(T,) J, 0 and <p, —* °°. This work considers the use of matched asymptotic expansions to solve the problem under the first of these limits. In particular, Fraenkel's interpretation  of Van Dyke's method of inner and outer expansions [6] is carefully applied to the problem under consideration. Besides obtaining a uniformly valid solution to the problem, a particularly interesting explicit result is deduced, namely lim h = -(1.182754 • • ■)(T0A)[pCfc0/2]1/2 + 0(4>, In *.). ■MO

Field of study: Mathematics
Tendense : muti teen die invoervloek : MPO aktueel

Gedurende 2007 is die grootste volume suiwelprodukte ooit deur die Suid-Afrikaanse verwerkers en andere ingevoer. Invoere impakteer op die wins gewendheid van beide produsent en verwerker. Gelukkig is daar tekens dat invoere gedurende 2008 nie soveel as in 2007 sal wees nie en dat uitvoere ook toeneem.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Effect of Customer Loyalty Programs on Performance of Nakumatt Supermarket in Western Region in Kenya

Kenya’s worth of retail industry has reached 1.8 trillion with increase in 13% of consumer spending in the industry. However, in spite of being Kenya’s biggest retail chain, Nakumatt supermarket is currently facing a rise in the debt level from 4.7 billion in 2012 to 18 billion at the start of 2017. Financial problems have manifestations in the dwindling customer base. Yet customer related problems can be cured by good relationship marketing practices such as adoption of customer loyalty programs which can increase customer traffic and enhance revenue and customer retention. Even though past empirical studies have linked loyalty programs and organization performance, none has focused on the collective effects of three dimensions of loyalty programs namely: point system, upfront fees for VIPs and non-monetary program, on organizational performance. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of customer loyalty program on organizational performance. The study population constitute 83 management staffs and include branch managers, assistant managers and supervisors of the five Nakumatt branches in Western region. A total sample of 73 respondents was selected using saturated sampling techniques while the remaining 10 respondents shall be used for pilot study. The findings revealed that customer loyalty programme explained 48.9% (R2 =0.489) variation in organizational performance. The study concludes that point system and non-monetary programme are both critical antecedents of performance in Nakumatt Supermarket in Western Kenya. Therefore, it recommends that the two dimensions should be enhanced to significantly increase the level of supermarket’s sales performance. The study may be useful for the retail industry as it aid in re-design of customer loyalty arrangements in order to get more revenue and enhance profitability.

Field of study: Business
Galaxy Merger Candidates in High-redshift Cluster Environments

We compile a sample of spectroscopically and photometrically selected cluster galaxies from four high-redshift galaxy clusters (1.59 < z < 1.71) from the Spitzer Adaptation of the Red-Sequence Cluster Survey (SpARCS), and a comparison field sample selected from the UKIDSS Deep Survey. Using near-infrared imaging from the Hubble Space Telescope, we classify potential mergers involving massive (M* ⩾ 3 x 10^(10) M⊙) cluster members by eye, based on morphological properties such as tidal distortions, double nuclei, and projected near neighbors within 20 kpc. With a catalog of 23 spectroscopic and 32 photometric massive cluster members across the four clusters and 65 spectroscopic and 26 photometric comparable field galaxies, we find that after taking into account contamination from interlopers, 11.0^(+7.0)_(-5.6)% of the cluster members are involved in potential mergers, compared to 24.7^(+5.3)_(-4.6)% of the field galaxies. We see no evidence of merger enhancement in the central cluster environment with respect to the field, suggesting that galaxy–galaxy merging is not a stronger source of galaxy evolution in cluster environments compared to the field at these redshifts.

Field of study: Physics
Palaeoecological analyses of Riversleigh's Oligo-Miocene sites: Implications for Oligo-Miocene climate change in Australia

During the Cenozoic, Australian environments changed from being dominated by warm and humid rainforests to mainly arid/semiarid habitats comparable to those found today. Northern Australia's Oligo-Miocene palaeoenvironment were analysed using mammalian assemblages from the Riversleigh World Heritage Area, northwestern Queensland. Limitations of fossil assemblages were minimised using Minimum Sample Richness and taxonomic distinctness analyses because these identify under-sampled, unrepresentative and taxonomically-biased fossil assemblages which can then be removed from the overall analysis. Cenogram and body mass distribution methodologies were used to help determine the palaeohabitats of seventeen sites from Riversleigh that span the late Oligocene to early Miocene, middle Miocene and early late Miocene. The results suggest a change of environment through time, with the late Oligocene of Riversleigh represented by an open forest, the early and middle Miocene by rainforest, and the early late Miocene represented by open forest.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Amplification of single pulses in a gadolinium scandium gallium garnet crystal activated with Cr3+ and Nd3+

The gain Nσ = 0.7 cm−1 was determined for an active element in the form of a gadolinium scandium gallium garnet (GSGG) crystal activated with Cr3+ and Nd3+ . The total gain exceeded 103 in a two-pass compact GSGG:Cr3+:Nd3+ laser amplifier.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Molecular Characterization and Expression Profile Analysis of Heat Shock Transcription Factors in Mungbean

Heat shock transcription factors (Hsfs) are essential elements in plant signal transduction pathways that mediate gene expression in response to various abiotic stresses. Mungbean (Vigna radiata) is an important crop worldwide. The emergence of a genome database now allows for functional analysis of mungbean genes. In this study, we dissect the mungbean Hsfs using genome-wide identification and expression profiles. We characterized a total of 24 VrHsf genes and classified them into three groups (A, B, and C) based on their phylogeny and conserved domain structures. All VrHsf genes exhibit highly conserved exon-intron organization, with two exons and one intron. In addition, all VrHsf proteins contain 16 distinct motifs. Chromosome location analysis revealed that VrHsf genes are located on 8 of the 11 mungbean chromosomes, and that seven duplicated gene pairs had formed among them. Moreover, transcription patterns of VrHsf genes varied in different tissues, indicating their different roles in plant growth and development. We identified multiple stress related cis-elements in VrHsf promoter regions 2 kb upstream of the translation initiation codons, and the expression of most VrHsf genes was altered under different stress conditions, suggesting their potential functions in stress resistance pathways. These molecular characterization and expression profile analyses of VrHsf genes provide essential information for further function investigation.

Field of study: Biology
Extracellular detection of delayed afterdepolarization of cardiac fibers using signal averaging technique.

To detect delayed after depolarizations (DAD) in extracellular electrograms using signal averaging technique.



DAD were induced by acetylstrophanthidin (0.25 mumol.L-1, n = 9) and resibufogenin (0.52 mumol.L-1, n = 5) in sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers. Intracellular voltage was recorded with a conventional microelectrode, and simultaneous extracellular electrograms were recorded differentially from widely spaced electrodes placed in the tissue bath. Noise of electrograms was reduced using signal averaging technique.



Acetylstrophanthidin and resibufogenin both induced DAD in the intracellular recording and extracellular DAD (DAD-E) in the extracellular electrogram in sheep heart Purkinje fibers. Acetylstrophanthidin and resibufogenin induced typical changes in the action potential including decrease in action potential amplitude, resting potential, maximum diastolic potential, and action potential duration. Similar shortening occurred in the "Q-T interval" recorded by the extracellular electrogram. With either acetylstrophanthidin or resibufogenin, shortening of stimulation cycle length from 990 ms to 690 ms reduced the coupling interval between action potential upstroke and peak voltage of the DAD (P < 0.01), and the coupling interval between the "QRS" and DAD-E recorded extracellularly (P < 0.01).



DAD can be detected using the extracellular electrograms combined with the high resolution, signal averaging technique.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Higher education reform and development in Taiwan in the view of financial crisis

The social and economic system,especially the higher education has been affected more severely and directly by the global financial crisis of 2008 in Taiwan compared with the past.It further exposes the potential conflicts and problems of the Taiwan's higher education.With consideration of this,the Taiwan administration,education authorities,colleges and universities have launched a comprehensive emergent mechanism as well as a long-term mechanism for a new round of higher education reform and development,in order to convert the crisis into opportunity,and ensure that the higher education in Taiwan develops in a healthy and steady way.

Field of study: Education
Espana frente al Mexico amenazado, 1845-1848 (review)

cal clerics and some ironic freethinkers. It was more than that. Finally, Collier holds forth concerning the formation of the national sentiment, the importance of the press and pamphlets, civic ceremony, the use of the plaza, and the mobilization of artesans together with the birth of historiography and the intellectual debates over the meaning of the nation. For all these reasons, this book is not just a study about the history of Chile, but rather about the problem of the construction of modern nations, the role of the elite, and the formation of liberal political systems.

Field of study: History
Plasmaresonanzstrahlung von Silber

The plasma resonance radiation of thin silver foils irradiated by light has been measured. The peak intensity is observed atλ=3275 Å corresponding toħω=3.78 eV. The emitted light is fully polarised in the plane given by the normal of the foil and the direction of observation. A dependence of the intensity on the foil thickness, and on the angle of observation was found. The temperature influences the intensity and the peak position.

Field of study: Physics
A Fast Design Method for Perfect-Reconstruction Uniform Cosine-Modulated Filter Banks

In this correspondence, we present a new and fast design algorithm for perfect-reconstruction (PR), maximally decimated, uniform, cosine-modulated filter banks. Perfect reconstruction is obtained within arithmetic machine precision. The new design does not need numerical optimization routines and is significantly faster than a competing method based on second-order cone programming (SOCP). The proposed design algorithm finds the optimum solution by iteratively solving a quadratic programming problem with linear equality constraints. By a special modification of the basic algorithm, we obtain PR filter banks with high stopband attenuations. In addition, fast convergence is verified by designing PR filter banks with up to 128 channels.

Field of study: Engineering
Effect of duration of the period after castration on the response of the rat ventral prostate to androgens.

If 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one) is administered to castrated rats before prostatic atrophy has commenced, secretory activity of the prostate is stimulated, but not proliferation. Once the number of cells has fallen below normal, hormone induces proliferation until the normal cellular complement has been restored; then proliferation ceases, but secretory activity is stimulated.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Plio-Pleistocene climate change and timing of Peninsular Ranges uplift in southern California: Evidence from paleosols and stable isotopes in the Fish Creek-Vallecito basin

article i nfo Abundant Plio-Pleistocene paleosols in the Fish Creek-Vallecito basin record the effects of late Neogene global climate change on inland southern California. Analysis of 82 paleosol horizons ranging in age from 3.9 to 0.7 Ma reveals two primary populations: vertic paleosols with abundant mud cracks and calcic paleosols with pronounced calcite accumulation zones. Vertic paleosols are dominant in older deposits but disappear from the stratigraphic record by 2.8 Ma, after which point calcic paleosols are nearly the only paleosol type present. Pedogenic carbonate nodules from 47 horizons were analyzed for oxygen and carbon isotopic compositions. In late Pliocene time carbonate δ 13 C values become depleted, from an average of �5.1‰ between 3.9 and 3.5 Ma to �7.3‰ (VPDB) between 2.75 and 2.25 Ma, recording an increase in C3 plants at the expense of C4 grasses. This finding suggests that summer precipitation decreased in the study area from 3.8 to 2.5 Ma, possibly due to a weakening of the summer monsoon. The absence of vertic paleosols in post-2.8 Ma deposits supports this hypothesis. The increase in abundance of calcic paleosols through time suggests a long-term increase in aridity. A gradual enrichment of about 2‰ in δ 18 O values from 3.9 to 0.7 Ma also likely resulted from increased aridification and evaporative enrichment of soil water. Our findings suggest that global cooling in late Pliocene time resulted in increased aridity in southern California due to decreased monsoonal activity and the end of persistent El Nino conditions in the Pacific Ocean. The observed enrichment in δ

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Steady-state 2π pulses under conditions of passive locking of laser modes

A theoretical study is made of laser mode locking in the regime of self-induced transparency of a passive filter. It is shown that there is a solution in the form of ultrashort steady-state 2π pulses. The range of stability of this regime and its characteristics are determined. By way of example, estimates are obtained of parameters of a steady-state pulse emitted by an alexandrite laser with a potassium absorption cell.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Preparation of Dimethyl Carbonate from Methanol and Carbon Dioxide in the Presence of Organotin Compounds

Dibutyltin dialkoxides react with methanol and carbon dioxide to give dimethyl carbonate in 60 to 220 mole % yields with respect to the organotin compound. The higher yields of the carbonate (150 up to 330 mole %) have been achieved with the use of chemical scavengers of the reaction water.

Field of study: Chemistry
Senegal's fisheries policies: Evolution and performance

In 2016, Senegal's fisheries contributed 14.63% of total value of export earnings, representing 3.2% of Gross Domestic Product and employed an estimated 600,000 people, of which 30% were women. It is very important for Senegal to establish an effective policy system and protect its valuable fisheries resources. To realize this goal, scientists, government officials, and related parties should critically reflect upon fisheries policies and their performance. Given the high institutional instability in the country, this paper discusses the various policies adopted during different Senegalese political regimes, their evolution, and their implementation. This study also assesses how these policies impacted the availability of fishery resources in the country, and changed fishermen's behavior and income. We find that although some policies are effective, the overall policy system is still in dire need to be improved, as fisheries are still experiencing a downward trend due to illegal fishing and overfishing. We also find that the motorization of pirogues contributed to increasing the catch volumes and the extension of fishing areas. However, the signs of declining volumes of landings noted in the 1981s prompted the authorities to take advantage of specific management measures and regulations for the protection and restoration of habitats and overexploited marine resources. We propose a model of policy formulation based on stakeholder theory that deals realistically with issues of over-exploitation and illegal fishing, where all the interested parties should strongly participate in the decision-making process.

Field of study: Environmental science
Rs739837 Polymorphism in MiR-885-3p Binding Site Within 3’-Untranslated Region of Vitamin D Receptor is Associated with a Decreased Risk of Pressure Ulcers

Accumulative evidence has shown that miR-885-3p plays a crucial role in human carcinogenesis. From miRNA database, we also found that rs739837 polymorphism in miR-885-3p binding site within 3’-untranslated region of Vitamin D receptor (VDR), compromising the suppressive effect of miR-885-3p on VDR. Moreover, Vitamin D is involved in controlling the cell immune response and may play a role in pressure ulcers development. However, whether this polymorphism is actually linked with pressure ulcers remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential association between the rs739837 polymorphism and pressure ulcers, and to explore molecular mechanism of VDR in pressure ulcers.  Luciferase assays were performed to validate the relationship between miR-885 and VDR, which was confirmed by western-blotting analysis. The relationship between rs739837 and the risk of pressure ulcers was explored using logistic regression analysis.  We first conducted statistical analysis to explore the association between the rs739837 genotype and risk of pressure ulcers, and found that the polymorphism genotype was significantly associated with the risk of pressure ulcers (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.43-0.95, P value = 0.02). We then searched the miRNA database online and identified VDR as a direct target. We established the negative regulatory relationship between miR-885-3p and VDR using luciferase assays. Meanwhile, we transfected cells with scramble control, miR-885-3p mimics, VDR siRNA and miR-885-3p inhibitors. The results further confirmed the negative regulatory relationship between miR-885-3p and VDR.  VDR is a virtual target of miR-885-3p, and rs739837 might be a predictive biomarker for the risk of pressure ulcers.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry