nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The influence of maternal drinking and drug use on the quality of the home environment of school-aged children.

Although many studies have examined the development of children of male alcoholics, few studies have considered substance use by the female caregiver. This study evaluated the relationship between substance use by female caregivers and factors that affect the child-rearing environment.



A total of 480 inner-city African-American women were recruited during pregnancy for a longitudinal study of the effects of prenatal alcohol use and substance use by caregivers on the development of their children. All women were screened for alcohol consumption at their first prenatal visit to a large urban maternity hospital. Those who averaged seven or more drinks per week (0.5 oz absolute alcohol per day) at the time of conception were invited to participate in the study, as was a 5% random sample of lighter drinkers and abstainers. At the 7.5-year follow-up assessment, the quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption and drug use, as well as several measures of the child-rearing environment, were assessed for 231 of the caregivers.



Current alcohol use was uncorrelated with standard demographic factors, such as socioeconomic status, but was related to poorer family functioning, lower quality of parental intellectual stimulation, and higher levels of domestic violence. There were independent effects of illicit drug use on family environment, domestic violence, and caregiver depression. History of drinking during pregnancy, however, was not related to the current child-rearing environment. Poorer parental functioning generally was found only among the caregivers who currently drank both heavily (six or more drinks/occasion) and frequently (three or more days/week). After controlling for lifetime alcohol problems, current drinking still predicted a less cohesive and organized family environment and higher levels of domestic violence.



Current heavy, frequent drinking in this relatively homogenous, economically disadvantaged sample was unrelated to demographics and seemed to have an important negative impact on the quality of the child-rearing environment, whereas drinking during pregnancy was unrelated to the current child-rearing environment.

Field of study: Medicine
Application of moderate hydrostatic pressure induces unit-cell changes in rhombohedral insulin.

2Co(2+)-insulin crystals were subjected to hydrostatic pressures of up to 30 bar in a nitrogen gas cell. Changes in the diffraction pattern occurred at pressures as low as 5 bar. Analysis with standard image-processing software showed unit-cell dimension changes resulting in reductions in volume of up to 2.6%.

Field of study: Chemistry
ULTRASONIC VULCANIZATION OF NATURAL RUBBER

Conventionally rubbers are vulcanized in the presence of sulphur or peroxide at high temperature and pressure. This process has several significant shortcomings. In the present paper, natural rubber is vulcanized with the application of ultrasonic energy. The products of ultrasonic process exhibit the same properties as those that are vulcanized by using conventional process. However,the ultrasonic vulcanization process demonstrates many advantages over the traditional vulcanization methods such as high production rate, energy saving, uniform cure, etc. Energy generated due to phase difference between strain and stress,and sonochemical reaction within the compound are considered responsible for the vulcanization of rubber. The dynamic properties of unvulcanized natural rubber under ultrasonic frequency are obtained by means of the method of reduced variables of Ferry and Fitzgerald.Temperature rise curves at the beginning stage of the vulcanization are calculated from such properties.The calculated curves agree with the experimental results.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
The American Council on Pharmaceutical Education

The American Council on Pharmaceutical Education is a committee sponsored by the American Pharmaceutical Association, the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy, and the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. It was organized in 1932 and is a direct outgrowth of a survey committee created by the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy five years earlier. In 1927, the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy appointed a committee to make a comprehensive survey of pharmacy for the purpose of obtaining information which might be used as the basis for establishing standards for colleges of pharmacy. This committee was designated the Pharmaceutical Survey Committee. In 1928, the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy was tendered and accepted an invitation to join the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy in the furtherance of this survey project. Owing, however, to the difficulties experienced in raising the funds necessary to carry on the contemplated work, the project was abandoned and, in 1932, there was organized a new committee consisting of three representatives from each, the American Pharmaceutical Association, the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy, the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy and one representative from the American Council on Education. The new committee was given the title of the American Council on Pharmaceutical Education, and a constitution and by-laws providing for its organization and the conduct of its business were drafted and approved by the constituent organizations. The Council held its first meeting in Toronto, Canada, on August 26, 1932. Since then, it has held one or more meetings each year. Its activities up to the present time have been confined largely to the work incident to the drafting of standards to be used in the accreditment of colleges of pharmacy. The American Council on Pharmaceutical Education, as the foregoing historical statement makes clear, was established for the purpose of setting up an accrediting agency in pharmaceutical education comparable to similar bodies now functioning in medicine, law, dentistry, and other professional fields. It is believed that the Council can, and will, exercise a constructive influence in raising the standards of pharmaceutical education as the desire to meet the requirements for accreditment will stimulate the colleges to improve their teaching facilities and to adhere more rigidly than heretofore to sound educational procedures. It is also believed that the work of the Council will be of great benefit to the examining boards as it will make available to them an authoritative list of the colleges of pharmacy of this country which conform to acceptable educational standard's. …

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Casper: Automatic tracking of null dereferences to inception with causality traces

Fixing a software error requires understanding its root cause. In this paper, we introduce causality traces, crafted execution traces augmented with the information needed to reconstruct the causal chain from the root cause of a bug to an execution error. We propose an approach and a tool, called Casper, based on code transformation, which dynamically constructs causality traces for null dereference errors. The core idea of Casper is to replace null values with special objects, called “ghosts”, that track the propagation of the nulls from inception to their error-triggering dereference. Causality traces are extracted from these ghosts. We evaluate our contribution by providing and assessing the causality traces of 14 real null dereference bugs collected over six large, popular open-source projects.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Ionisation innerer Elektronenschalen bei fast-adiabatischen Stößen schwerer Ionen

Characteristic X-rays produced in nearly adiabatic collisions when fission products of 5–80 MeV energy are stopped in various materials have been studied using proportional counter detection. The cross sections for the ionization of inner electronic shells of both the colliding particles were measured as a function of the velocity and the mass of the fragments and the atomic number of the target atoms. The measured cross sections range from 10−22 to 10−16 cm2. There is no agreement with the values predicted on the basis of a simple Born approximation description. Characteristic maxima were found in the dependence of the cross section on the atomic number of the projectile whenever the binding energy of the excited electron equals the electron binding energies of the various inner sheils of the projectile. The cross sections depend less strongly on the velocity of the projectiles than predicted by the simple theory. The measured X-ray quanta have energies from 1.2 to 11.4 keV. The observed energy values exceed the theoretical ones by about 0.10 keV for projectile atomic numbers >10. A qualitative explanation of the various effects is presented.

Field of study: Physics
Faces of power in Integrated Coastal Zone Management: Case studies of Eilat and Aqaba

What happens on the coast, does not stay on the coast. Stakeholder power to shape decisions, agendas, and interests have a wide array of global consequences. Coastal management literature, however, pays relatively little attention to discussions of how power is used among stakeholders, limiting the inquiry to elitist and pluralist perspectives — who has the power and makes decisions. Consequently, power on the coast remains understudied. In political science, power has generated a considerable amount of debate. By contrast, research in environmental politics has tended to drift away from political theories. In turn, we use two power theories to fill the gap — non-decisions and consent to domination. We employed semi-structured interviews (thirty-one in total), archival histories, and participant observations to collect rich, thick data and to compare two case studies — Eilat (Israel) and Aqaba (Jordan). Our findings suggest that questioning coastal agendas through non-decisions can be a meaningful coastal planning tool. Further, we find that building consent to domination with regards to coastal interests is very difficult, if not impossible in Eilat. Yet, in Aqaba, sustainable development rhetoric conceals contested stakeholder interests about the greater good, coral reef loss, and other development impacts. Finally, we show that stakeholders in both cities indicate mainly tangible challenges on the coast. That is, power was not seen as a threat to future coastal management efforts. In sum, we expand the explanatory limits of the chosen theories and indicate the need to research intangible challenges on the coast. In particular, how agendas and interests are shaped through non-decisions and consent to domination?

Field of study: Environmental science
'Ablation before pacemaker' in a patient with bradycardia: a case report.

Symptomatic sinus bradycardia is a common clinical condition encountered by clinicians. The current guidelines recommend treatment of symptomatic sinus bradycardia with a pacemaker implantation. However it is important to be cognizant of some potential confounding factors and recognizing these can sometimes be difficult. We report a case of symptomatic bradycardia that was treated with ablation due to the presence of underlying dual Atrio-Ventricular (AV) nodal pathways.

A 77-year-old male with a past medical history of hypertension and dyslipidemia presented to the emergency department with complaints of episodic dizziness. He was feeling well until the day of presentation when he experienced ‘severe dizziness’ which was worse with exertion and partly improved with rest. He denied chest pain or palpitations. On physical examination the patient was afebrile with a pulse of 39 beats per minute, an oxygen saturation of 98% on room air and …

Field of study: Medicine
Health-Policy Innovation and International Assistance in Central Africa

For over a decade, international health activities have emphasized primary health care (PHC) as a priority policy for health care delivery in the Third World These health workers and volunteers learn to perform simple curative procedures and to identify cases for referral to more skilled health professionals. The PHC model also encourages communities to participate actively in the selection of those to be trained, the establishment of local health priorities, and the provision of volunteer labor and donated local materials. In addition to this core of activities, broader social and economic changes are also deemed necessary to achieve health goals. Yet specific program activity for promoting these changes has not been as universally accepted by health experts as the model just described.

Field of study: Political science
Oxidative stress and age-related olfactory memory impairment in the honeybee Apis mellifera

is one of the most impor-tant insect species to study olfactorylearning and memory because it canbe conditioned to respond with feed-ing movements of the mouthparts (pro-boscis)to avariety ofﬂoral odors by usingProboscis Extension Reﬂex (PER) condi-tioning. Honeybee workers switch fromin-hive (nursing) to outside-hive (forag-ing) tasks depending on their age, colonydemand, and outside conditions. Workersuse their sophisticated cognitive abilitiesin both foraging, and task performancewithin the colony (Menzel and Giurfa,2001; Frasnelli et al., 2014). The honey-bee olfactory system possesses olfactorysensory neurons inside the cuticle-coveredsensillae along the antennae, which areequivalenttoolfactoryepitheliawithinthenasal cavity in vertebrates. From antennathe information is carried via axons ofolfactory sensory neurons directly to theantennal lobe (AL) that is equivalent tothe olfactory bulb (OB) in vertebrates.This information is processed in the ALthen relayed by projection neurons tothe mushroom bodies (MB), which con-tribute to memory consolidation asso-ciated with long-term potentiation andsynaptic organization (Hourcade et al.,2010).Theexhibitingsynapticplasticityinthe MB is similar to that of mammalianhippocampal synaptic plasticity (Bliss andCollingridge, 1993).The neuronal synaptic plasticity canbe regulated by important signalingmolecules called as “biogenic amines”that modulate synaptic morphology,number of synapses, and receptors,inﬂuencing animal behaviors includ-ing complex behaviors such as learningand memory formation in both ver-tebrates and invertebrates. Prominentexamples of biogenic amines includeepinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine,serotonin, octopamine, and tyramine.Norepinephrine and epinephrine arepreferentially synthesized by vertebrates;whereas octopamine and tyramine arepreferentially synthesized by invertebrates.Biogenic amines exert their activity byinteracting with speciﬁc G-protein cou-pled receptors, causing changes in thelevels of intracellular second messengers(Scheiner et al., 2006). In vertebrates,both the OB and cortex receive heavyinputs from cholinergic, noradrenergic,and serotonergic modulatory systems,exerting profound effects on both odorprocessing and odor memory by actingon both inhibitory local interneurons γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) and outputneurons in both regions (Fletcher andChen, 2010). The primary sensory affer-ents from the olfactory neuroepitheliumto OB can be modulated by a presynap-tic inhibition-mediated by GABA anddopamine released from bulbar interneu-rons. Increased levels of octopamine inthe AL mediate an important role in areinforcementpathwayinvolvingolfactorylearning and memory in

Field of study: Biology
Global search for temporal shifts in fire activity: potential human influence on southwest Russia and north Australia fire seasons

Decadal trends in fire activity can reveal important human and climate-driven influences across a multitude of landscapes from croplands to savannas. We use 16 years of daily satellite observations from 2003 to 2018 to search globally for stationary temporal shifts in fire activity during the primary burning season. We focus on southwest Russia and north Australia as case study regions; both regions experienced nearly 40 d shifts over a 16 year period but in opposite directions. In southwest Russia, a major wheat-growing region, we trace the delay in post-harvest fires to several potential drivers: modernization in the agricultural system and recent droughts, followed by government restrictions on wheat exports. In north Australia, prescribed burns in the early dry season are a key practice in Aboriginal fire management of savannas, and the increasing trend of such fires has limited the size and extent of fast-spreading late dry season fires, thereby shifting overall fire activity earlier. In both regions, human action, through controlling fire ignition and extent, is an important driver of the temporal shifts in fire activity with climate as both a harbinger and an amplifier of human-induced changes.

Field of study: Environmental science
Dating recent Hawaiian lava flows using paleomagnetic secular variation

Hawaiian paleomagnetic secular variation (SV) is defined from samples at 67 sites on lava flows of known age. Paleomagnetic directions range through 40° of inclination and 30° of declination; angular dispersion within sites is commonly Dating precision is limited by dispersion of 4.5° among sites of apparently similar age. The main dispersion sources are in 14 C dates (3.0°), intra-flow deformations (2.0°), and local magnetic anomalies (1.5°). Results from 68 sites on undated flows show that 95% of Kilauea9s surface is younger than 1,000 yr. A hiatus in volcano growth 1,000–1,500 yr ago coincides with the filling of a large caldera. Averaging of available data yields an SV reference curve which is fairly reliable to ∼1,500 yr ago, contains gaps and ambiguities 1,500–3,000 yr ago, and remains highly uncertain 3,000–6,000 yr ago. The SV dating method can be precise but is limited by the need for a calibrated SV history. It can be a powerful correlation tool even if a history is unavailable.

Field of study: Geology
Effect of Processing Parameters on the Size and Size Distribution of High Molecular Weight Atactic Poly(vinyl alcohol) Gel Particles Prepared by Water-in-Oil Emulsion Method Using High Pressure Homogenizer

To produce high molecular weight poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) particles with various sizes for biomedical applications such as embolic treatment and as matrices for drug delivery systems, vinyl acetate was bulk-polymerized using 2,2-azobis(2,4-dimethyl valeronitrile) and the corresponding atactic PVA (a-PVA) was obtained by the saponification of poly(vinyl acetate). Then a-PVA particles were prepared by a series of processes, forming fine water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions using a high pressure homogenizer, with precipitation in ethanol, freezing and thawing, and drying. The effects of the agitation speed of the homogenizer, homogenizing time, and the oil content on droplet size, droplet size distribution, and the morphologies of the solid particles were studied. The droplet sizes shifted to smaller values with increasing agitation speeds and with decreasing oil contents. In addition, novel ketoprofen-loaded a-PVA particles were obtained using the same method adopted for the preparation of the particles. The release behaviour of ketoprofen from a-PVA particles was examined by high performance liquid chromatography.

Field of study: Materials science
On the Protecion and Realization of Labours’s Economic Rights and Interests in Non-public Ownership Economy

The problems of the Labour relations in non-public owned economy has gradually be come a universal social e- conomic problems duo to the procedure of the property right relations in the market and the trend of marketization of the labour relations. The essence of the labour relations under the condition of soialism is the problem of labours' economic rights and in- terests. The formation of the present situation in labours' economic rights and interests has its inevitable reasons. Under the present condition that the strength of workers and the strength of employers are not equal, the government should accelerate to solve the problem of the labour realtions with the mens of the law and contract in order to build a harmonious society.

Field of study: Economics
World History and Teacher Education: Challenges and Possibilities

This article discusses the role that teacher educators can play in helping their students develop a fuller understanding of world history. Trends such as globalization have led to calls for increased teaching about the diverse cultures and peoples of the world. However, prospective teachers’ educational backgrounds have in most cases not adequately prepared them to teach world history effectively. The article begins with a discussion of the historical evolution of the course in world history; it then defines different approaches to this field, and concludes by providing suggestions for how teacher educators can help their students bring a true version of world history to their classrooms.

Field of study: Sociology
Research of RA Coding Algorithm Based on AWGN Channel

In order to study the performance of RA, and the impacts of iterations and code length to the compiled code characteristics, we respectively made simulation analysis on RA, LDPC and TURBO with different parameters. We did it by designing code length, rate and iterations to analyze signals to noise ratio changes. With three patterns comparing the simulation analysis, it turned out that volume reaches the limit of Shannon when RA is in the condition of maximum likelihood decoding. The bit error ratio reduces as the message length goes up, and the performance comes near channel capacity. As the iterations increase, and bit error ratio reduces, and the performance will be better. Research shows that RA has more advantages and wide application propects whether in complexity or in performance.

Field of study: Computer science
Electrochemical Immunosensor for Detection of E. coli in Urban Sludge Based on Dendrimer-encapsulated Au and Enhanced Gold Nanoparticle Labels

A novel electrochemical immunosensor was developed for E. coli assay in urban sludge based on dendrimer-encapsulated Au and enhanced gold nanoparticle labels. Initially, p-aminobenzoic acid (p-ABA) was electropolymerized on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface to provide abundant carboxyl groups. G4-polyamidoamine dendrimers (PAMAM) were covalently attached to electrode surface through the formation of amide bonds between amino groups of dendrimer and carboxyl groups of p-ABA. Subsequently, Au(III) ions were coordinated in the interior of dendrimer and then reduced to form gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The resulting electrode (GCE/p-ABA/PAMAM (AuNPs)) provided numerous amino groups to allow highly dense immobilization of E. coli, and facilitated the improvement of electrochemical responses. The rabbit anti-E. coli polyclonal antibody (Ab1) specifically bound the electrode surface-confined E. coli, followed by the attachment of the enhanced gold nanoparticle labels (Ab2-Au-Th) featuring thionine (Th) as signal-generating molecule. The analysis of E. coli was performed by electrochemical detection of Th in the bound labels on the electrode surface. Under optimal experimental conditions, the peak current of Th showed a linear relationship with the logarithmic value of E. coli concentration in the range from 1.0 × 102 to 1.0 × 106 cfu mL−1 with a detection limit of 70 cfu mL−1 (S/N = 3). The proposed strategy was also used to determine E. coli in samples obtained from wastewater treatment plant, and the recoveries of standard addition experiments were 89.4%–105.8%.

Field of study: Chemistry