nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Extraction of star anise seed and husk oils and possible utilization of their residues

Star anise seed and husk oils were extracted by Soxhlet method and determined for their eight fatty acids by gas chromatography.The composition of the fatty acids in star anise seed is the same as that of commercial available vegetable oils based on the results from the analysis.However,the amount of fatty acids in husk is very low,which is still good to be used as flavor ingredient.It was found that the star anise seed oil could be safely edible after refined with simple experimental technique according to the requirement of issuing a certificate permitting oil for human consumption.Besides,the indices of the residues of the star anise seed and husk were examined for their possibility of becoming feeds for livestock.Results showed that:the protein and crude fiber in the star anise seed residue were similar to those in soybean skin,suggesting a good candidate for feeds,therefore,a possible its application was proposed.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Reflecting on the Personality of Artificiality: Reading Asimov’s Film Bicentennial Man through Machine Ethics

The film Bicentennial Man (1999) pictured in a nutshell a robot who/that became human via his personality by plunging into the realities of freedom and death. The aim of this paper is to reflect on the notion of personality in the case of what this paper coins as a ‘robot-incarnate’ with the name Andrew, the first man who lived for two hundred years from his inception as an artificial machine. The method of exposition proceeds from (1) utilizing a philosophical reflection on the film concerning the determinacy of Andrew as a person and (2) then anchoring his case as a subject for the understanding of machine ethics. Regarding the first, the paper focuses on the questions of personality, death, and freedom. Regarding the second, the paper exposes the discussions of machine ethics and the issue of moral agency. Deducing from the already existing literature on the matter, the paper concludes that machine ethics must stand as the principle that serves as law and limitation to any scientific machine advancement showing promising potentials.

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Tow Phase Auto Identification and Query of Similar Video Clips Based on Fuzzy Histogram

Aiming at the problem of auto-differentiation of similar video clips, a coarse to fine two phase method is presented, which take into account both effect and efficiency. Firstly, Feature point set and corresponding trajectory are obtained based on fuzzy color histogram feature vector. Secondly, Position density histogram in the feature space of the video clip is computed and elementary quick filtration is implemented based on this statistical feature. Finally, More accurate differentiation is performed using simplified time sequence trajectory after the elementary quick filtration.

Field of study: Computer science
The Analysis of Service Trade of China’s Financial Industry Competitiveness Strategy under the Background “The Belt and Road”

To strengthen our country and "The Belt and Road" along the country between the financial services industry is to promote trade cooperation with countries along the economic and other aspects of cooperation, an important aspect of the development. At present, the development level of China's service trade in financial industry is low, there is a small scale, poor competitiveness structure unreasonable. Therefore, to enhance China's financial services trade of the overall level of development is imminent. By strengthening the financial product innovation, cultivate "service personnel The Belt and Road" development, increase the role of the Internet in the national strategy and to vigorously promote the RMB in four aspects of countries along the internationalization process to achieve.

Field of study: Engineering
Simulation and experiment of neutron radiography

MCNP simulation method of neutron radiography is introduced.The process that Maxwell thermal neutron penetrates the samples is simulated,and clear images are obtained.The contrast of simulation results and actual neutron radiography is also given.The simulation images are very similar to the experimental images.The analyse of the effect of scattered neutrons is included.As the distance between objects and scintillation screen increases,the scattered component decreases.For a distance of double object size,the influence of the scattered neutrons to the image can be ignored.The ability that thermal neutrons penetrates Al,Pb,Fe and Cu is discussed.The reason for the difference between simulation and experimental results is studied.The conclusion can be drawn that the MCNP simulation method of the neutron radiography is credible and can be used to supervise neutron radiography investigation.

Field of study: Physics
Setting up the Corresponding Guarantee Mechanism to Food Security in China

According to the economic development level in the present stage,China should take "ensuring to meet demand"as its objective of food security .The key of solving China's problem of food security is to set up a kind of food security guarantee mechanism suitable to the demand of market economy and conforming to international practices. China should start with making "the law of food security guarantee "perfecting the system of grain reserves,practising policies of supporting agriculture,developing effective agriculture and setting up the mechanism of adjustment by market to build its guarantee mechanism of food security.

Field of study: Economics
The 800pc long tidal tails of the Hyades star cluster: Possible discovery of candidate epicyclic overdensities from an open star cluster.

The tidal tails of stellar clusters provide an important tool for studying the birth conditions of the clusters and their evolution, coupling, and interaction with the Galactic potential. We present the N-body evolution of a Hyades-like stellar cluster with backward-integrated initial conditions on a realistic 3D orbit in the Milky Way computed within the AMUSE framework. For the first time, we explore the effect of the initial cluster rotation and the presence of lumps in the Galactic potential on the formation and evolution of tidal tails. We show that the tidal tails are not naturally clustered in any coordinate system. Models with initial rotation result in significant differences in the cluster mass loss and follow different angular momentum time evolution. The orientation of the tidal tails relative to the motion vector of the cluster and the current cluster angular momentum constrain the initial rotation of the cluster. We highlight the use of the convergent point (CP) method in searches for co-moving groups and introduce a new compact CP (CCP) method that accounts for internal kinematics based on an assumed model. Using the CCP method, we are able to recover candidate members of the Hyades tidal tails in the Gaia DR2 and eDR3 reaching a total extent of almost 1kpc. We confirm the previously noted asymmetry in the detected tidal tails. In the eDR3 data we recovered spatial overdensities in the leading and trailing tails that are kinematically consistent with being epicyclic overdensities and thus present candidates for the first such detection in an open star cluster. We show that the epicyclic overdensities are able to provide constraints not only on the cluster properties, but also on the Galactic potential. Finally, based on N-body simulations, a close encounter with a massive Galactic lump can explain the observed asymmetry in the tidal tails of the Hyades.(abriged)

Field of study: Physics
A multi-proxy study of Argentina loess: Marine oxygen isotope stage 4 and 5 environmental record from pedogenic hematite

A 12 m loess–paleosol section (La Angostura) from Tafi del Valle, Tucuman, Argentina was studied using rock magnetic measurements, geochemistry, Mossbauer effect, particle size and Nd isotopes in order to elucidate changes in paleoenvironment at the site. Combining the results of these experiments allowed us to separate the effects of the two major controls (parent material and pedogenesis) on the measured parameters. Two behavior regimes were identified in the sediment: 1) in the lower half of the section pedogenic processes, though weak, dominate the variation of the sediment's physical properties, and 2) for the upper half of the section subtle changes in parent material control the majority of the measured parameters, even those typically controlled by pedogenesis, e.g., clay fraction. Applying rock magnetic, Mossbauer, and bulk geochemistry measurements in concert we calculated an iron budget for the loess. ∼80% of the iron in the sediment is in paramagnetic minerals; ∼20% of the iron is in hematite (∼1.6% of the sediment's mass), and ≪ 1% of the total iron is present as magnetite/maghemite (∼0.1% of the sediment's total mass). Neither the pedogenic formation nor the depletion of ferrimagnetic material with increasing pedogenesis was consistently observed in this sediment. Throughout the entire section the concentration of hematite is argued to be sensitive to in situ alteration, and it is further surmised to be sensitive to the available moisture at the site. Finally we present a curiosity: within the error of our chronology, the concentration of hematite seems to correlate with the coeval climate record from Antarctica (Vostok). It is possible that the sedimentary–magnetic record from La Angostura is a proxy for the strength of the South American summer monsoon.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Participatory 3-D modelling: Bridging the Gap between Communities and GIS Technology

When brought at community level, Geographic Information System (GIS) applications are hardly manageable and replicable and strongly depend on outsiders? skills and facilities. As pointed out by Peter van Treffelen at the last GISDECO 2000 Conference held in Los Banos, Philippines, GIS facilities have been and still remain ?islands of privilege?. This paper focuses on Participatory Three-Dimensional Modeling (P3DM), which may effectively be considered as a bridge between the public and GIS. P3DM merges GISgenerated data and peoples? knowledge to produce stand-alone relief models. These provide stakeholders with an efficient, user-friendly and relatively accurate spatial research, analysis and decision making tool, the information from which can be extracted and further elaborated by the GIS. The 3D modeling process and its output (the scaled relief model) are the foundations upon which Public Participation GIS (PPGIS) can release its full potential increasing, among others, the capacity of local stakeholders to interact with national and international institutions. P3D Models provide local stakeholders and official policy makers with a powerful medium for negotiation, by easing communication and language barriers.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
No. 42430. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and Turkey

Loan Agreement (Second Privatization Social Support Project) between the Republic of Turkey and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (with schedules and General Conditions Applicable to Loan and Guarantee Agreements for Single Currency Loans dated 30 May 1995, as amended through 1 May 2004). Ankara, 24 October 2005

Field of study: Political science
Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Designated as a World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Primary Oral Health Care

The Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, was designated as a World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Primary Oral Health Care (POHC) in 2011. This article aimed to describe the following: (1) the background for this nomination, (2) the WHO Collaborating Centre for POHC, its terms of reference and 5 activities, (3) the primary health care concept as it was established in Alma-Ata, (4) the oral health situation in Kuwait and in the Middle-East region and, finally, (5) how POHC policy should be implemented in Kuwait and this region. It can be concluded that, because the caries experience is very high in Kuwait and in the other countries of the Eastern Mediterranean region, good POHC programmes should be designed and implemented in this region. The Faculty of Dentistry will strengthen its research tradition and as a WHO Collaborating Centre for POHC will try to collect information and experience from POHC in this region and exchange ideas between POHC experts in this region on how these programmes could be further developed. This will happen according to the terms of reference and activity plans of the WHO Collaborating Centre for POHC approved by the WHO Global Oral Health Programme.

Field of study: Medicine
Nitrogen-containing organosilicon compounds. 151. Synthesis, NMR spectra, and biological activity of hetarylaminoalkylsiloxanes and their hydrochlorides and methiodides

Hetarylaminoalkylsiloxanes and their hydrochlorides and methiodides were synthesized. Their neurotropic, antitumorigenic, and antimicrobial properties were studied. It was established that the character of the heteroring, the number of siloxy groups, and the length of the methylene chain between the nitrogen and silicon atoms in the molecule affect the biological activity. It is shown that the changes in the chemical shifts in the 13C, 15N, 17O, and 29Si NMR spectra of the synthesized compounds are determined chiefly by the presence of siloxy substituents, i.e., the effects in the Si-O-Si fragment prevail.

Field of study: Chemistry
On the acquisition of new declarative knowledge in amnesia.

In 2 experiments, the acquisition of new declarative knowledge was examined in amnesic patients and in 7 groups of controls, with a study-only procedure that delayed testing until the conclusion of training. The study-only procedure was compared with a standard procedure in which study and test trials alternated (study-test). The amnesic patients acquired new factual (declarative) knowledge at an abnormally slow rate, learning more with the study-only procedure than with the study-test procedure. Controls exhibited the opposite pattern. The advantage of the study-only procedure for amnesic patients was related to the presence of frontal lobe dysfunction. The 2 groups exhibited a similar ability to use their knowledge flexibly, suggesting that the information acquired by amnesic patients was based on their residual capacity for declarative memory. In addition, the capacity for factual learning in amnesia was proportional to the capacity to recollect specific events in the learning session.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Examining the Dimensionality of Colquitt's Organizational Justice Scale in a Public Health Sector Context

In 2001, Colquitt developed an Organizational Justice Scale that intended to measure procedural, distributive, interpersonal, and informational justice. The dimensionality of the scale has been tested in subsequent studies with diverging results. Given the fact that contextual differences may account for more variation across research sites than individual differences, the deviating research findings may be due to context. This study examined the dimensionality of Colquitt's Organizational Justice Scale in a new context: the public health sector. The procedural and informational justice dimensions were highly correlated, but confirmatory factor analysis showed that a four-factor solution provided a better fit than a three-factor solution. All fit indices for the four-factor model were consistent with a good model. There was, however, evidence of a potential omitted factor, procedural-voice justice, which has also been found in a previous examination of the measure in the public sector.

Field of study: Psychology
“Fiery toungues:” Language, Liturgy, and the Paradox of the English Reformation

This essay examines the conflicted double logic of vernacularization in the English Reformation — specifically in the Book of Common Prayer, and more specifically in its Pentecost service — and argues that the transition to the vernacular in public worship simultaneously served the state's political ends and worked against those very ends by devolving religious authority to individuals. Understanding this dynamic, the author suggests, not only clarifies the role of language and text in the early modern constitution of nation and subject, but may also indicate a synthetic way out of a 400-year-old historiographical stalemate.

Field of study: History
The influence of pre-heating temperature on the CIGS thin film growth and device performance prepared in cracked-Se atmosphere

The influence of pre-heating temperature on cracked–selenized Cu(In, Ga)Se2 (CIGS) films' structure, growth kinetics, and photovoltaic performance is investigated. The 'large island grains' on the upper surface are the precursors of Cu2−xSe and finally evolve into Cu2−xSe as the pre-heating temperature increases to 400 °C. The 'large island grains', as well as In2Se3, are considered to be two decisive factors in forming CIGS as they facilitate the diffusion of cracked-Se into the thin films, because they make the films more incompact and suppress the fast formation of complete single CuInSe2 (CIS) during the 2nd heating. Stoichiometric CIGS thin films without a bi-layer structure and phase separation can be achieved by adjusting the appropriate pre-heating temperature. The performance of the solar cells is mainly influenced by the current leakage caused by small grains and cavities near the CIGS/Mo back contact.

Field of study: Materials science
Defects in the mechanism of effective supply of professional sports in China

Defects in the effective professional sport supplying mechanism in China mainly include the followings: There is no supply guiding ideology that embodies the paramount consumer sovereignty; the property rights are not clear; the main body of supply is not normative; the supplying market system is not perfected; there is a lack of dedicated legislations required by the supply of professional sports as well as an industrial self-discipline mecha- nism required by the activities of production of professional sports. The supplying mechanism should be first per- fected in order to realize effective supply of professional sports in China.

Field of study: Education
Immune Particle Swarm Optimization with Diversity Monitoring

Particle swarm optimization is easy to trap into local optimum because the diversity of population becomes worse during the evolution. An immune particle swarm optimization with diversity monitoring (DIPSO) is proposed. The algorithm monitors diversity of population with diversity function. Clone selection operator and immune memory characteristic are introduced to update particles when diversity decline to some degree. The modified algorithm can avoid the local optimization and has better search performance for multi-peak functions. Testing over the benchmark problems,the experimental results show the modified algorithm has better convergence performance than original particle swarm optimization algorithm.

Field of study: Computer science
K-means clustering algorithm to improve website performance

Website navigation has become one of the most important design features across many domains, including finance, ecommerce, entertainment, education, government, and medical. A main reason is that the web developers understanding of how a website should be structured can be significantly different from that of the users. Various methods have been proposed to relink Web Pages to improve navigability using user navigation data. The proposed k-means clustering algorithm reorganizes accessing methodology that can avoid unpredictability in terms of reloading time. The proposed method takes less time when compared to the existing algorithms.

Field of study: Engineering
Climate and vegetation in northeastern Alaska 18,000 yr B.P.-Present

Changing abundances of taxa in the pollen record of northeastern Alaska contain a climate signal and may be compared with GCM simulations of paleoclimates. Cold, dry conditions indicated by full-glacial pollen spectra are in broad agreement with model simulations. Successive expansion of Betula and Salix, and later, Populus, during the deglacial period (14,000–11,000 yr B.P.) are likely correlated with the crossing of temperature thresholds determined largely by the size and position of the Laurentide ice. A degree of asynchroneity between sites probably reflects differential site responses to regional effects plus inaccuracies of radiocarbon dating. 
 
The early Holocene was probably the warmest period of the present interglacial, as summer climate was influenced by a strong positive insolation anomaly. Picea glauca expanded in majorr river valleys ca. 9000 yr ago and slightly later at upland sites in the Brooks and Alaska ranges. At some sites a Juniperus subzone, which suggests particularly warm and dry conditions, occurs between ca. 10,000 and 8000 yr B.P. Early mid-Holocene expansions of Alnus (8500–7000 yr B.P.) and Picea mariana (7500–5000 yr B.P.) suggest the subsequent development of moister conditions, which have continued to the present. 
 
Temporal patterns in Picea treeline position during the Holocene are different in northern Alaska, northwestern Canada and central Canada. In Alaska, the treeline is currently at its furthest Holocene extent. In northwestern Canada the treeline has retreated since the mid-Holocene, and in central Canada a mid-Holocene advance and retreat occurred. Such differences between regions suggest a complex response of this taxon to climatic controls and underscore the need to interpret vegetation changes in relation to regional-scale climate phenomena. 
 
If the pollen chronology is calibrated with reference to U-Th dates, the relationship of vegetational events to the insolation maximum at ca. 10,000 yr B.P. is significantly altered. The changed chronology also affects the interpretation of pollen records in relation to GCM simulations, which are partly keyed to calendar years.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Outcomes in patients treated with gamma knife radiosurgery for brain metastases from malignant melanoma.

In order to determine the effectiveness of gamma knife (GK) radiosurgery in patients with malignant melanoma metastases, the authors conducted a prospective multicenter study. Forty-five patients with a total of 96 lesions were treated and followed to measure survival time, tumor control rate, and Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) score. The mean survival time was 8.7 months (median 4.2 months), and tumor control was achieved in 86% of lesions. When obtained, the median preoperative KPS of 80 was maintained at a median of 80 post-GK treatment. The authors found GK treatment for metastases of malignant melanoma to be highly effective in controlling tumor growth. Survival rates obtained after GK treatment were found to be superior to historically obtained data concerning external beam radiotherapy follow up. Radiosurgery with the GK can therefore be considered a good primary treatment option for metastatic brain disease of malignant melanoma.

Field of study: Medicine
Current-induced light emission by narrow-gap semiconductors in a magnetic field

Morimoto and Chiba (1991  2446) have observed a threshold behaviour of current-induced interband light emission from n-InSb samples in a magnetic field, attributing this to the onset of stimulated emission. We show that their experimental results can be explained quite satisfactorily by the combined effect of sample heating by current and surface accumulation of minority carriers under the action of the Lorentz force. We also derive for intrinsic narrow-gap semiconductors the condition for achieving population inversion within a narrow accumulation layer by passing current in a transverse magnetic field.

Field of study: Materials science