nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
ANOMALOUS MICROWAVE EMISSION in H II REGIONS: Is IT REALLY ANOMALOUS? the CASE of RCW 49

The detection of an excess of emission at microwave frequencies with respect to the predicted free–free emission has been reported for several Galactic H ii regions. Here, we investigate the case of RCW 49, for which the Cosmic Background Imager tentatively (~3σ) detected Anomalous Microwave Emission (AME) at 31 GHz on angular scales of 7'. Using the Australia Telescope Compact Array, we carried out a multi-frequency (5, 19, and 34 GHz) continuum study of the region, complemented by observations of the H109α radio recombination line. The analysis shows that: (1) the spatial correlation between the microwave and IR emission persists on angular scales from 3farcm4 to 0farcs4, although the degree of the correlation slightly decreases at higher frequencies and on smaller angular scales; (2) the spectral indices between 1.4 and 5 GHz are globally in agreement with optically thin free–free emission, however, ~30% of these are positive and much greater than −0.1, consistent with a stellar wind scenario; and (3) no major evidence for inverted free–free radiation is found, indicating that this is likely not the cause of the Anomalous Emission in RCW 49. Although our results cannot rule out the spinning dust hypothesis to explain the tentative detection of AME in RCW 49, they emphasize the complexity of astronomical sources that are very well known and studied, such as H ii regions, and suggest that, at least in these objects, the reported excess of emission might be ascribed to alternative mechanisms such as stellar winds and shocks.

Field of study: Physics
The Overthrust Faults of the Southern Appalachians

Through the work of the Rogers brothers in Pennsylvania and Virginia and of Safford in Tennessee, the characteristic forms of Appalachian structure have long been familiar to geologists. The unsymmetrical fold has been recognized as the normal structural form through Pennsylvania, Maryland, and a portion of Virginia. In east Tennessee, the reversed fault, transverse to the steeper limb of the anticlinal, becomes common. Recent study in the southern Appalachians has shown a modification of these well-recognized types, namely, broad overthrust faults which, as developed in northwestern Georgia, are comparable in magnitude with those of the Scottish highlands and the Rocky Mountains as described by Geikie[*][1] and McConnell.[†][2]

Stratigraphy of the Region. The strata of the region shown in the accompanying map (plate 2) embrace representatives of all the larger groups of the Paleozoic from the Cambrian to the Carboniferous, inclusive. The formations appearing in the stratigraphic column,

Field of study: Geology
PERFORMANCES OF SHEAR ZONES AND FAILURE MODES IN GEOSYNTHETIC REINFORCED SLOPES

Finite element analyses are employed to simulate soil-reinforcement interaction, and to investigate the performances of shear zones and failure modes in reinforced soil slopes, as well as the influences of reinforcement modulus and density. The results show that the slopes with and without reinforcements differ significantly on the failure modes, and the reinforcements with different density and modulus also result in various performances of shear zones. With very low reinforcement modulus, the shear zones and failure modes in reinforced slopes approach those in soil slopes, and the stabilizing effects of the reinforcement appear insignificant even with increasing reinforcement density; With reinforcement modulus increasing, the influences of reinforcement become more significant. The widths of the shear zones increase with the increasing density and modulus of the reinforcement and tend to move into the slopes and the foundations. The results also indicate that with the soil strength and density of the reinforcement kept constant in the reinforced slopes, there exist three failure modes as the reinforcement modulus increases.

Field of study: Engineering
Mica Granites of the Kern Mountains Pluton, Eastern White Pine County, Nevada: Remobilized Basement of the Cordilleran Miogeosyncline?

Among the many granitic plutons within the Basin and Range province of western North America, those in the Kern Mountains of eastern Nevada and western Utah are unusual structurally, mineralogically, and chemically. The two largest intrusions, which together are exposed over an area of 130 sq km (51 sq mi), have well-defined border facies of leucocratic and generally aplitic rocks, or of protoclastic rock developed from coarser core-facies material. Within the core facies are abundant aplitic, leucocratic dikes. The core facies of the larger intrusion (Tungstonia Granite) is a two-mica granite with conspicuous phenocrystic books of muscovite up to 5 cm across. The smaller intrusion (Skinner Canyon Granite) lacks muscovite, and Fe-Ti oxides and sphene are constant accessory phases in it. Rb-Sr and K-Ar isotopic analyses suggest a wide range of initial Sr 87 /Sr 86 ratios, which for the most part are unusually high—to nearly 0.7246 for the Tungstonia Granite—and a complex, protracted period of magmatism and isotopic adjustment that extended from possibly Mesozoic into mid-Cenozoic time. The simplest interpretation is that the final emplacement of the Tungstonia body occurred 60 m.y. ago and that the Skinner Canyon intrusion occurred between 30 and 45 m.y. ago. The data prompt the conclusion that the magmas represent remobilized sialic basement whose model dates (assuming an initial ratio typical for mantle-derived magmas) are in excess of 1.5 b.y. The occurrence of such anatectic intrusions within the relatively intensely metamorphosed parts of the infrastructure of the Sevier orogenic belt, rather than elsewhere in the Basin and Range province, is not unexpected, and it possibly represents a more advanced evolutionary stage than do the gneiss domes previously documented within this same belt.

Field of study: Geology
Quantitative trait loci and candidate genes underlying genotype by environment interaction in the response of Arabidopsis thaliana to drought.

Drought stress was imposed on two sets of Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes grown in sand under short-day conditions and analysed for several shoot and root growth traits. The response to drought was assessed for quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping in a genetically diverse set of Arabidopsis accessions using genome-wide association (GWA) mapping, and conventional linkage analysis of a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population. Results showed significant genotype by environment interaction (G×E) for all traits in response to different watering regimes. For the RIL population, the observed G×E was reflected in 17 QTL by environment interactions (Q×E), while 17 additional QTLs were mapped not showing Q×E. GWA mapping identified 58 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) associated with loci displaying Q×E and an additional 16 SNPs associated with loci not showing Q×E. Many candidate genes potentially underlying these loci were suggested. The genes for RPS3C and YLS7 were found to contain conserved amino acid differences when comparing Arabidopsis accessions with strongly contrasting drought response phenotypes, further supporting their candidacy. One of these candidate genes co-located with a QTL mapped in the RIL population.

Field of study: Environmental science
Health Care Rationing: A Theologian's Perspective

It is a pleasure and an honor for me to address this meeting of the New England Chapter of the Catholic Health Association (CHA) on a theologian's perspective on the topic of health care rationing. It is a very rare occurrence to find a priest, especially a theologian, to be at a loss of words; however, I confess that from the moment this hot potato was tossed to me, I have been stunned and numbed by the complexity of the problem, the avalanche of statistics, and the staggering figures. I am greatly indebted to several individuals and groups whose research has been invaluable to me. I must make special mention of Professor John O'Connor of Worcester Polytechnic Institute has provided me with invaluable, if often opaque, information on health care financing.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Underuse of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers among patients with diabetic nephropathy in Taiwan.

National guidelines recommend angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) therapy for diabetic patients with hypertension and/or proteinuria to hinder renal disease progression. However, little is known about the adequacy of adherence to these guidelines in diabetic patients and about the predictors of such appropriate ACEIs or ARBs use. We sought to define the rates of ACEIs and ARBs use in a large population of patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN).



Using linked medical claims from the National Health Insurance Research Database, we studied a cohort of patients with DN. We used multivariate logistic regression to measure the predictors of usage of the agents studied.



Of the 7159 DN patients studied, 5564 patients (77.7%) had hypertension. Of these, only 50.6% were administered ACEIs or ARBs during the quarter studied. In multivariate analyses, greater rates for usage of ACEIs or ARBs were found in patients with coronary artery disease or congestive heart failure.



Only 50% of the patients with DN received the recommended treatment with ACEIs or ARBs. This shortfall provides an opportunity for quality-improvement interventions that could provide beneficial clinical outcomes for these high-risk patients.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Calcium Balance in Chronic Renal Failure

In vivo neutron activation analysis was used to measure sequential changes in total body calcium in 14 unselected cases of chronic renal insufficiency. Creatinine clearance ranged from 6 to 43 ml/min but none of the patients required dialysis during the period of study.

Patients were classified according to the dominant change occurring in iliac crest bone biopsies.

Total body calcium fell in those patients with osteomalacia but this change could be reversed with pharmacological doses of vitamin D. In those with osteitis fibrosa total body calcium increased and the possible significance of this finding is discussed.

Field of study: Medicine
Jet impingement heat transfer in a frost-free refrigerator: The influence of confinement

Heat transfer characteristics of a slot air jet (width w) impinging on a circular cylinder (diameter d = w) located 5d from the jet exit in a confined space have been studied for Reynolds number (based on cylinder diameter and mean jet velocity) in the range of 1000–12,000. This situation is found in a frost-free refrigerator, amongst other rapid food refrigeration applications. The results reveal that the slot jet impinging on a circular cylinder in a confined space yields heat transfer rates that are between those for the corresponding uniform cross-flow (lower limit) and slot jet impingement on a non-confined cylinder (upper limit) cases. A dimensionless confinement spacing H/d = 10 was found at which the heat transfer rate was a minimum. CFD analysis revealed that this was due to periodic jet flapping and generation of large flow structures between the cylinder and the confining wall.

Field of study: Engineering
Electron emission spectra of radiatively carbonized PVDF films

The samples of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) filmwas exposed to long termAlKa radiation, electrons and ion bombardment with the aimof surface carbonization. An influence of secondary electrons on the electron emission spectra of PVDF film and its carbonized derivatives has been studied. Original routines of the CKVV and C1s spectra shape parameterization for PVDF and its dehydrofluorinated derivatives have been developed and carefully described. Analysis of C1s and C KVV lineshape has revealed obviously different electronic structure of carbonized layers derived fromPVDF via two kinds of radiative treatment. In case of Ar+ bombardment the sp2- bonds predominate. The Al Ka irradiation leads to some other form(s) of carbon, but additional ion bombardment transforms them into species with predominating sp2-bonding. The most puzzling result of this study is that both photons and ions produce the same depth gradient of fluorine in the layers of carbonized surface accessible for XPS analysis.

Field of study: Materials science
Differential binding of bispyridinium oxime drugs with acetylcholinesterase

To performe a time-dependent topographical delineation of protein-drug interactions to gain molecular insight into the supremacy of Ortho-7 over HI-6 in reactivating tabun-conjugated mouse acetylcholinesterase (mAChE).Methods:We conducted all-atom steered molecular dynamics simulations of the two protein-drug complexes. Through a host of protein-drug interaction parameters (rupture force profiles, hydrogen bonds, water bridges, hydrophobic interactions), geometrical, and orientation ordering of the drugs, we monitored the enzyme's response during the release of the drugs from its active-site.The results show the preferential binding of the drugs with the enzyme. The pyridinium ring of HI-6 shows excellent complementary binding with the peripheral anionic site, whereas one of two identical pyridinium rings of Ortho-7 has excellent binding compatibility in the enzyme active-site where it can orchestrate the reactivation process. We found that the active pyridinium ring of HI-6 undergoes a complete turn along the active site axis, directed away from the active-site region during the course of the simulation.Due to excellent cooperative binding of Ortho-7, as rendered by several cation-π interactions with the active-site gorge of the enzyme, Ortho-7 may be a more efficient reactivator than HI-6. Our work supports the growing body of evidence that the efficacy of the drugs is due to the differential bindings of the oximes with AChE and can aid to the rational design of oxime drugs.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Simulation Study on Jet Formability and Damage Characteristics of a Low-Density Material Liner

The shaped charge tandem warhead is an effective weapon against the ERA (explosive reactive armor). Whether the pre-warhead can reliably initiate the ERA directly determines the entire performance of the tandem warhead. The existing shaped charge pre-warhead mostly adopts a metal shaped jet, which effectively initiates the ERA, but interferes the main shaped jet. This article, on the other hand, explores the possibility of producing a pre-warhead using a low-density material as the liner. The nonlinear dynamic analysis software Autodyn-2D is used to simulate and compare three kinds of low-density shaped jets, including floatglass, Lucite, and Plexiglas, to the copper shaped jet in the effectiveness of impacting ERA. Based on the integrative criteria (including u-d initiation criterion, explosive reactive degree, explosive pressure, and particle velocity of the panels), it can be determined whether the low-density shaped jet can reliably initiate the sandwich charge. The results show that the three kinds of low-density shaped jets can not only initiate the reaction armor, but are also superior to the existing copper shaped jet in ductility, jet tip velocity, jet tip diameter, and the mass; namely, it is feasible to use the low-density material shaped jet to destroy the ERA.

Field of study: Materials science
Plasmid transfer between strains of Pseudomonas putida, and their survival, within a pilot scale percolating-filter sewage treatment system

The ability of non-indigenous bacteria to survive and conjugate within a fully functioning pilot-scale percolating filter bed, with a substantial biofilm and a diverse invertebrate community, was investigated. Pseudomonas putida UWC8, harbouring the conjugative plasmid pQKH6, isolated from river epilithon, and P. putida UWC9 were introduced and survived in a culturable state for up to 145 days. During this time plasmid transfer, with transfer frequencies of up to 6.54 × 10−5 cfu per recipient, could be detected. The macro-invertebrate community was also investigated. The invertebrate grazers had no detectable effect upon the densities of the introduced bacteria.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Numerical Study of Room Airflows Using Different Turbulence Models

Two-dimensional isothermal airflows in a 1/4-scale ventilated model room were numerically investigated using different turbulence models that range from the zero-equation model to the Reynolds stress model (RSM). Quantitative and qualitative comparisons were made between the numerical results and corresponding experimental data with the purpose of evaluating the performance of different turbulence models. Also investigated were the effects of the inlet boundary conditions, three-dimensional effects, and wall treatments on the numerical predictions. The results showed that all the turbulence models used in this study could capture the general flow behavior observed in the experiments, but certain differences existed in the flow patterns between the numerical predications and the experimental observations. The predicted mean velocities were closer to the measurements than the predicted turbulent kinetic energy. It was found that some turbulence models performed better in predicting mean velocities, while other models did better in predicting turbulent kinetic energy. This study shows that the selection of turbulence models should depend on the quantities being examined.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Improvement of Strain Tolerance in RE-123 Coated Conductors by Controlling the Yielding Behavior of Hastelloy C-276 Substrates

Mechanical properties of Hastelloy C-276 substrate with different pre-treatment were investigated. Discontinuous yielding was observed in the solution treated substrate after annealing at the maximum process temperature of IBAD and ISD. In the smooth rolled substrates, yield strength higher than 1 GPa can be attained and even after annealing continuous yielding can be maintained. Annealing enlarges elastic limit by pinning of the mobile dislocations. Microstructure observation using transmission electron microscopy shows that two kinds of candidates for the pinning site of the dislocations exist such as precipitates and short range ordering region in the discontinuous yielding substrate. Improvement of strain at quenching was confirmed by utilizing continuous yielding substrate with higher elastic limit.

Field of study: Physics
The Underlying Causes of Violent Conflict in the North Waziristan Tribal Areas of Pakistan

Following the US invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, Pakistan and the merged Tribal Districts, particularly the North Waziristan Tribal District (NWTD), experienced increasing violent conflict. This paper examines the causes of conflict in North Waziristan from the perspective of local communities. The study is based on qualitative primary data collected in NWTD. The study identifies deep-rooted internal factors such as poor socio-economic conditions, political exclusion, degradation of local institutions and culture, introduction and promotion of Jihadi culture and militancy as the main drivers of conflict in NWTD. External factors, like the USSR and US invasions in Afghanistan, a porous border and unseen international actors, have contributed to the start and even escalation of the more recent conflict, but mainly through exacerbating internal factors. The study recommends that policies aiming to reduce violent conflict in this region pay due attention to the significance of addressing the underlying internal drivers of conflict.

Field of study: History, Sociology
A Simpler Sieving Device: Combining ECM and TWIRL

A main obstacle in manufacturing the TWIRL device for realizing the sieving step of the Number Field Sieve is the sophisticated chip layout. Especially the logic for logging and recovering large prime factors found during sieving adds significantly to the layout complexity. We describe a device building on the Elliptic Curve Method (ECM) that for parameters of interest enables the replacement of the complete logging part in TWIRL by an off-wafer postprocessing. The postprocessing is done in real time, leaving the total sieving time basically unchanged. 
 
The proposed device is an optimized ECM implementation building on curves chosen to cope with factor sizes as expected in the output of TWIRL. According to our preliminary analysis, for the relation collection step expected for a 1024-bit factorization our design is realizable with current fab technology at very moderate cost. The proposed ECM engine also finds the vast majority of the needed cofactor factorizations. In summary, we think the proposed device to enable a significant decrease of TWIRL's layout complexity and therewith its cost.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Post-glacial Permian stratigraphy and geography of southern and central Africa: boundary conditions for climatic modelling

The post-glacial stratigraphy of southern and central Africa comprises mudrocks with subordinate sandstones and coal measures belonging to the Ecca Group overlain by fossiliferous mudstones and sandstones of the Beaufort Group (Madumabisa Mudstone of south-central Africa), preserved in the Karoo, Congo and extreme western margin of the Paranabasins, the Kalahari-Zambezi and East Africa-Malagasy basin complexes, and the Nyasa basin and range complex. The palaeogeography of the region was controlled by the stable, elevated Kalahari and Congo cratons, a NE-trending weak zone between the cratons (site of the Kalahari-Zambezi-Malagasy basin complexes), a NNW-trending weak zone between the cratons and the Mozambique mobile belt (site of the Nyasa basin and range complex) and an E W mobile belt along the southern margin of the continent (site of the foreland Karoo Basin). The post-glacial Artinskian landscape which was inherited from the Permo-Carboniferous glaciation, consisted of a rugged interior plateau and shallow seas and seaways in the south and west. The Early-Late Permian landscape was still dominated by an uneven coastline in the south and freshwater lakes in the Congo Basin and along the Kalahari-Zambezi-Malagasy drainage systems. A marine incursion occurred in the Malagasy Basin. Relief on the interior plateau was steadily denuded. By Kazanian times large lakes covered the Karoo and Paranabasins whereas along the coastal region all shallow seas were destroyed by an orogen. Freshwater lakes in the interior had reached their maximum extent. The Permo-Triassic landscape shows an increase in the interior relief due to renewed graben formation with lakes becoming smaller and more desiccated. The surface area of southwestern Gondwana covered by water reached a maximum of 34% during the Early-Late Permian and decreased to about 6% at the Permo-Triassic boundary. Climatic zones shifted southeastwards as southwestern Gondwana drifted into lower latitudes during the Permian. The ice margin started to retreat in central Africa during the Sakmarian, but the marine ice sheet in the Karoo Basin collapsed only in the Artinskian. Deglaciation was followed by a cool wet climate suitable for the formation of peatlands. In central and south-central Africa this climate was followed by temperate to warm, seasonal conditions which became progressively wetter with less seasonal fluctuation towards the east (Malagasy Basin) and drier towards the west. These conditions lasted until the end of the Kazanian. In the Karoo Basin the cool wet climate of the Artinskian became more temperate and also lasted until the end of the Kazanian when warm, semi-arid conditions expanded over the entire southern and central Africa. The geographic controlling factors for Permian climatic change were the interplay of latitudinal setting and continental evolution (formation of orographic barriers and loss of coastal seas).

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography