nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Virtualization-based autonomic resource management for multi-tier Web applications in shared data center

As large data centers emerge, which host multiple Web applications, it is critical to isolate different application environments for security reasons and to provision shared resources effectively and efficiently to meet different service quality targets at minimum operational cost. To address this problem, we developed a novel architecture of resource management framework for multi-tier applications based on virtualization mechanisms. Key techniques presented in this paper include (1) establishment of the analytic performance model which employs probabilistic analysis and overload management to deal with non-equilibrium states; (2) a general formulation of the resource management problem which can be solved by incorporating both deterministic and stochastic optimizing algorithms; (3) deployment of virtual servers to partition resource at a much finer level; and (4) investigation of the impact of the failure rate to examine the effect of application isolation. Simulation experiments comparing three resource allocation schemes demonstrate the advantage of our dynamic approach in providing differentiated service qualities, preserving QoS levels in failure scenarios and also improving the overall performance while reducing the resource usage cost.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Emergent, untrained stimulus relations in many-to-one matching-to-sample discriminations in rats.

The present experiment investigated whether rats formed emergent, untrained stimulus relations in many-to-one matching-to-sample discriminations. In Phase 1, rats were trained to match two samples (triangle and horizontal stripes) to a common comparison (horizontal stripes) and two additional samples (circle or vertical stripes) to another comparison (vertical stripes). Then, in Phase 2, the rats were trained to match the one sample (triangle) to a new comparison (black) and the other sample (circle) to another comparison (white). In the Phase 3 test, half the rats (consistent group) were given two new tasks in which the sample-correct comparison relation was consistent with any emergent stimulus relations that previously may have been learned. The remaining 6 rats (inconsistent group) were given two new tasks in which the sample-correct comparison relation was not consistent with any previously learned emergent stimulus relations. Rats in the consistent group showed more accurate performance at the start of Phase 3, and faster learning to criterion in this phase, as compared with rats in the inconsistent group. This finding suggests that rats may form emergent, untrained stimulus relations between the discriminative stimuli in many-to-one matching-to-sample discriminations.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Myzus persicae (green peach aphid) salivary components induce defence responses in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Myzus persicae (green peach aphid) feeding on Arabidopsis thaliana induces a defence response, quantified as reduced aphid progeny production, in infested leaves but not in other parts of the plant. Similarly, infiltration of aphid saliva into Arabidopsis leaves causes only a local increase in aphid resistance. Further characterization of the defence-eliciting salivary components indicates that Arabidopsis recognizes a proteinaceous elicitor with a size between 3 and 10 kD. Genetic analysis using well-characterized Arabidopsis mutants shows that saliva-induced resistance against M. persicae is independent of the known defence signalling pathways involving salicylic acid, jasmonate and ethylene. Among 78 Arabidopsis genes that were induced by aphid saliva infiltration, 52 had been identified previously as aphid-induced, but few are responsive to the well-known plant defence signalling molecules salicylic acid and jasmonate. Quantitative PCR analyses confirm expression of saliva-induced genes. In particular, expression of a set of O-methyltransferases, which may be involved in the synthesis of aphid-repellent glucosinolates, was significantly up-regulated by both M. persicae feeding and treatment with aphid saliva. However, this did not correlate with increased production of 4-methoxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate, suggesting that aphid salivary components trigger an Arabidopsis defence response that is independent of this aphid-deterrent glucosinolate.

Field of study: Environmental science
Uremic malnutrition-inflammation syndrome in chronic renal disease: a pathobiologic entity.

HRONIC UREMIA is an inflammatory condition that is characterized by a persistent metabolic derangement, nutritional and hormonal dysfunctions, oxidative imbalance, and immune dysregulation. There is a close association between malnutrition and inflammation in chronic renal disease (CRD), both of which are strong predictors of poor outcome. Thus, although protein energy malnutrition may be evident in about 45% of renal patients at initiation of dialysis, protracted nutritional deficiency and inflammatory-oxidative stress closely correlate with

Field of study: Medicine
Clients' secret keeping in outpatient therapy.

This research investigated the relation between clients' self-reported secret keeping in therapy and symptomatology. Therapy outpatients at a community hospital (N 42) completed surveys that asked them to list relevant secrets that they were keeping from their therapists and their reasons for doing so. Over 40% of the clients reported keeping a relevant secret in therapy, and the most frequently listed reason was that they were afraid to express feelings. After adjusting for clients' initial symptomatology, tendency to keep secrets in general, and social desirability scores, the analyses showed that keeping secrets in therapy was a significant predictor of having fewer symptoms. The results support a self-presentational perspective on secret keeping in counseling and suggest that clients may benefit from hiding some undesirable aspects of themselves from their therapists.

Field of study: Psychology
Judgment of unbearable suffering and willingness to grant a euthanasia request by Dutch general practitioners.

'Unbearable suffering' is a pivotal criterion for lawful euthanasia in the Netherlands. The due-care criterion is not defined in the law and could refer to conditions varying from physical pain to psychological forms of suffering. It is unknown, however, what doctors consider 'unbearable suffering' and for what kind of suffering they are willing to grant a euthanasia request. We conducted a vignette-study among Dutch general practitioners (n=115, response 38%). We found high concordance between the classification of a patient's suffering as 'unbearable' and the willingness to grant a euthanasia request. Most doctors are only inclined to classify a patient's suffering as 'unbearable' when suffering is directly related to untreatable and actual pain or physical symptoms. Doctors' judgment of suffering varied strongly in cases in which physical symptoms are absent and a patient suffers from a combination of irreversible functional loss and 'existential' kinds of suffering. Although some doctors (17%) stick to the idea that physical symptoms are a necessary condition for 'unbearable suffering', a majority is willing to occasionally make an exception. When and for which case an individual doctor will make such an exception, is highly unpredictable. Various explanations for the findings are discussed.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Purpose, potential and realization of chip-attached micro-pin fin heat sinks

This work presents the design process of an actively cooled power semiconductor package that makes use of a structured chip contact that is preferably produced by Selective Laser Melting (SLM). The concept has a drastically reduced amount of material transitions within the cooling path and is designed for low thermo-mechanical stress. It is shown how to design and build the geometry of the integrated heat sink in such a way that plastic deformation of the applied materials is kept as low as possible. The comparison with state-of-the-art actively cooled power modules shows that a similar or even smaller thermal resistance can be achieved in a much smaller volume.

Field of study: Engineering
The Real of the Body in Lacanian Theory

In the last phase of his teaching Lacan's major preoccupation is with the field of jouissance. In developing a notion of the real dimension of the body, Lacan stresses the cut between the subject and its body. At first, Lacan shows us that, in the end, the subject does not have very much to do with jouissance. The agency that is concerned with jouissance, on the other hand, is the body. This situating of jouissance sheds new light on the dynamics and the treatment of neurosis and psychosis. Taking up Freud's indications on this matter, Lacan points out that the real of the body is the agency that lies at the base of the fixation of the drives, which is the precursor to repression. Thinking the real of the body through to its logical conclusion, Lacan arrives at the conclusion that it is this same agency that chooses the signifiers a neurosis is built with. Since jouissance is considered to be the cornerstone of psychopathological processes, ultimately the concept of the real of the body ties together aetiology and treatment.

Field of study: Philosophy
Molecular characterization of a human brain adenosine A2 receptor.

A cDNA encoding a G protein-coupled receptor of unknown ligand specificity was isolated from a human hippocampal cDNA library by virtue of the high degree of structural homology between members of this receptor family. The cloned receptor DNA was transfected into human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Stably transfected cell lines bound a variety of adenosine agonists and antagonists with affinities characteristic of a brain adenosine A2a receptor. The A2a specific agonist CGS21680 stimulated cAMP production but did not alter intracellular calcium concentrations in transfected 293 cells.

Field of study: Biology
Tetrandrine differentially inhibits aggregation and ATP-release of rat platelets.

To examine the effects of tetrandrine (Tet) on the aggregation and ATP-release of rat washed platelets induced by several platelet activators.



Gel-filtration (Sepharose 2B) was used to isolate washed platelets from adult rats and the platelet aggragation and ATP-release were measured simultaneously.



In the presence of Ca2+ 1 mmol.L-1, Tet 300 mumol.L-1 inhibited the aggregation induced by ADP (25 mumol.L-1), collagen (2.5 g.L-1), and thrombin (103 unit.L-1) by 62%, 60%, and 34%, respectively. It also inhibited arachidonic acid (1 mmol.L-1)-induced aggregation. Elevating intracellular Ca2+ concentration with the Ca2+ ionophore, calcimycin (30 mumol.L-1), or by blocking the intracellular calcium pump with cyclopiazonic acid (5 mumol.L-1) initiated platelet aggregation, which was also inhibited by Tet. In Ca(2+)-free medium, Tet still elicited an inhibitory effect on aggregation induced by ristocetin (2.5 g.L-1). Lower concentrations of Tet (30 nmol.L-1 to 3 mumol.L-1) failed to inhibit the aggregation (requiring Tet 10-300 mumol.L-1), but strongly suppressed ATP-release induced by ADP 10 mumol.L-1, both of which were measured simultaneously in a single sample.



Tet elicits a nonselective inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation not solely due to its Ca2+ antagonism and may act on a final common pathway leading to platelet aggregation. Furthermore, Tet is a much potent inhibitor of the release of ATP in platelets.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Microstructural development and critical currents in long-length (Tl, Bi)−(Sr, Ba)−Ca−Cu−O wires

Synthesis of long Tl−Ba−Ca−Cu−O wires has been achieved byin situ synthesis techniques. Substitutions of Bi for Tl and of Sr for Ba were found to greatly enhance formation of the superconducting phase. Detailed microstructural characterization was performed on wires processed under various conditions in order to elucidate the reaction mechanisms. In addition, microstructural studies were carried out to investigate the beneficial effects of uniaxial compression on critical current density. It was found that thein situ reaction follows a “natural” two-powder process with early formation of Tl-1212. This reaction pathway provides a mechanism for sintering and crack healing and protects existing Tl-1223 for regrowth. Intermediate heat treatment allows more complete advantage to be taken of the above processes, while subsequent pressing increases the density and promotes grain alignment with minimum damage. Further heat treatment sinters grains and allows completion of the transformation to Tl-1223. Elements of this process have been incorporated in a sandwich-type geometry using plate-like grains to promote additional grain alignment.

Field of study: Materials science
Fish as indicators of diving and fishing pressure on high-latitude coral reefs

Despite the proclamation of South Africa's coral reef marine protected areas (MPAs) more than 20 years ago, the effects of human activities on the fish communities have not been investigated. This study used a multi-species Fish-index to compare ecological indicators such as biomass, abundance, trophic structure and reproductive potential between multiple-use and no-take sanctuary zones. Seven study reefs were surveyed; six in South Africa and a non-MPA reef in southern Mozambique. Randomly stratified underwater visual censuses (UVC) using the point count technique were used to survey fish communities. Environmental variables and habitat characteristics were also recorded. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordinations were similar for abundance and biomass trends and revealed a high degree of overlap between all zones, except for the no-take Sanctuaries. The latter formed discrete clusters and were significantly different (Analysis of Similarity) to the other zones. Total abundance and biomass were highest in the Sanctuary zones and lowest in the Open zone. Differences in trophic composition between zones were largely due to predatory species. This was supported by similarity percentages analysis (SIMPER) which identified six discriminating species. Length-frequency analysis of these species revealed consistent trends with higher numbers of large individuals in the Sanctuary zones and reduced numbers of small individuals in zones open to human activity. These results along with those of the Generalised Linear Models (GLM) demonstrate that human activities are affecting the southern African coral reef fish communities. Marginal differences between the multiple-use MPA zones on the South African reefs and the non-MPA reef in southern Mozambique suggest that MPA management objectives require re-evaluation.

Field of study: Environmental science
APEX version 2.0: latest version of the cross-platform analysis program for EXAFS.

This report describes recent progress on APEX, a free, open source, cross platform set of EXAFS data analysis software. In a previous report we described APEX 1.0 (Dimakis, N. and Bunker, G., 1999), a free and open source code suite of basic X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS) data analysis programs for classical data reduction and single scattering analysis. The first version of APEX was the only cross platform (linux/irix/windows/MacOS) EXAFS analysis program to our knowledge, but it lacked important features like multiple scattering fitting, generic format conversion from ASCII to University of Washington (UW) binary-type files, and user friendly interactive graphics. In the enhanced version described here we have added cross-platform interactive graphics based on the BLT package, which is an extension to TCL/TK. Some of the utilities have been rewritten in native TCL/TK, allowing for faster and more integrated functionality with the main package. The package also has been ported to SunOS. APEX 2.0 in its current form is suitable for routine data analysis and training. Addition of more advanced methods of data analysis are planned.

Field of study: Physics
Design and Analysis for Reliability of Wireless Sensor Network

Reliability is an important performance indicator of wireless sensor network, to some application fields, which have high demands in terms of reliability, it is particularly important to ensure reliability of network. At present, the reliability research findings of wireless sensor network are much more at home and abroad, but they mainly improve network reliability from the networks topology, reliable protocol and application layer fault correction and so on, and reliability of network is comprehensive considered from hardware and software aspects is much less. This paper adopts bionic hardware to implement bionic reconfigurable of wireless sensor network nodes, so as to the nodes have able to change their structure and behavior autonomously and dynamically, in the cases of the part hardware are failure, and the nodes can realize bionic self-healing. Secondly, Markov state diagram and probability analysis method are adopted to realize solution of functional model for reliability, establish the relationship between reliability and characteristic parameters for sink nodes, analyze sink nodes reliability model, so as to determine the reasonable parameters of the model and ensure reliability of sink nodes.

Field of study: Computer science
UNDERSTANDING CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR: THEIR CONSUMPTION CHAIN

Understanding issues on consumer behaviour is analogous to the tedious finding of a needle in the ocean. It is a never ending task and search for enlightenment by researchers and marketing managers alike. Yet the search has to go on continuously as the knowledge of which is so significant and influential in the art of marketing, it is the epitome of companies’ effectiveness in the formulation of marketing strategies. This paper aims to uncover hidden opportunities or to discover points of differentiation in the consumer’s consumption chain. It calls for congruency with consumer needs with an “outside-in” approach versus the often used “inside-out” or from the company-focused perspective. In the discovery process, several sub-components have been drawn up to lay the foundation upon which the marketing strategies could be crafted. Interspersed in the discussion, the specific presumed role to “affect, cognitive and experience” (Vakratsas and Ambler, 1999) which are supposedly the three components of consumer behavior were elaborated as explanation. Additionally, some hindsight on the postulated concept to integrate and synthesise the newly gained knowledge on consumer consumption behaviour with purposive marketing activities were illustrated with proven real-life examples. The study integrates the reviews of a random selection of more than twenty published literature on issues on consumer behaviour, conceptual insights gathered from MacMillan and McGrath (1997) and related marketing textbooks. Relevant implications of the study were discussed. The notion of the concept adopted in this paper to implement an “outside-in” approach to ‘pull’ the consumers by integrating their buying and consumption behavioral needs with matching and purposive marketing strategies and activities.

Field of study: Business
über die optische Absorption von Schichten aus PbCl2 und des Systems TlCl-KCl

In the first part of this paper the optical absorption of amorphous films of PbCl2, formed by quenching condensation, is shown and compared to the spectrum of PbCl2 in its normal state. The sharp exciton band of crystalline PbCl2 in the long wavelength region is considerably broadened in the spectrum of amorphous films. The transition from the amorphous state to the normal crystalline state is indicated by an abrupt, irreversible change in the absorption curve at 260‡ K. This comparatively high temperature of crystallisation seems to be due to the complicated structure of PbCl2.In the second part of this paper the optical absorption curves of evaporated films of the system TlCl-KCl are measured. A shift of the absorption bands as a function of the composition is found. The 3,46-eV-maximum of pure TlCl is coordinated to the A-band of the KCl∶Tl-phosphor. On the other hand there is no connection between the 5,82-eV-maximum of TlCl and the known bands of KCl∶Tl.

Field of study: Physics
Formation of electrode–electrolyte interface by lithium insertion to SnS–P2S5 negative electrode materials in all-solid-state cells

All-solid-state cells with the SnX–P2X5 (X = S and O) glassy electrodes and the ce:inf>S/ce:inf>S–P2S5 glass-ceramic electrolytes were fabricated, and their electrochemical performance was examined. The 67SnS·33P2S5 (mol%) glassy electrode exhibited higher capacity of about 400 mAh g− 1 than the 67SnO·33P2O5 glass and the SnS crystal. In the case of using the 67SnS·33P2S5 glass as an active material, the cell using the composite electrode consisting of active material and conductive additive (acetylene-black) powders showed almost the same charge–discharge behaviors as the cell using the conventional composite electrode consisting of active material, conductive additive, and the solid electrolyte powders. The similarity of cell performance suggests that the highly Li+ ion conductive ce:inf>S/ce:inf>S–P2S5 solid electrolytes were formed by electrochemical Li insertion to the SnS–P2S5 electrode; the self-formed electrolyte supplied a Li+ ion conduction path in the composite electrode. A close electrode–electrolyte interface, which is important to develop all-solid-state batteries, would be established by utilizing the self-formation process of solid electrolyte.

Field of study: Materials science
Approximate solution methods for one-dimensional solidification from an incoming fluid

This paper concerns a one-dimensional model for solidification due to incoming supercooled liquid impacting on a substrate that is maintained at a fixed temperature. Using a boundary immobilisation method, and assuming that both the solid and liquid layers remain thin throughout the process, a second-order accurate perturbation expansion is determined. An alternative approximate solution, found using the heat balance integral method, is also described to analyse the problem, and the liquid height and temperatures in the solid and liquid are subsequently found for both approximate solutions. These are then compared with a numerical scheme which solves the full Stefan problem. The perturbation solution is shown to be more accurate, but the HBI method is simpler to implement and avoids complications that arise in the ordering of terms in the perturbation expansion as the difference between the substrate and melting temperature changes.

Field of study: Mathematics
Radiation effects on Si-JFET devices for front-end electronics

Low noise monolithic silicon junction field effect transistors (Si-JFETs) have been exposed to /sup 60/Co /spl gamma/-rays and to fast neutrons (1 MeV) to study radiation-induced effects on their dc characteristics and noise. The devices have been irradiated and measured at a stable cryogenic temperature (T/spl sim/90 K) up to an integrated 550 kGy (55 Mrad) dose of gamma radiation and to a total fluence of 4/spl times/10/sup 14/ n/cm/sup 2/. At cryogenic temperatures, a variation in some of the dc characteristics of the transistors has been observed as a result of the neutron-induced lattice damage. The pinch-off voltage and the maximum drain current I/sub DSS/ are the most affected de parameters. A noise increase induced by either the /spl gamma/-ray or neutron irradiation has also been observed. The activation energies of some of the radiation-induced defects have been extracted from noise measurements at different temperatures after irradiation. Annealing effects on both dc properties and noise have been observed while performing thermal cycles between cryogenic and room temperatures.

Field of study: Physics