nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Well Woman's Group Medical Appointment: For screening and preventive care.

ADDRESSED
Maintaining a screening program, such as regular Papanicolaou testing, can be a challenge for primary care practices on account of long wait times and patient factors.



To effectively and efficiently improve access to appointments and to provide screening and patient education in a socially supported setting.



A group medical appointment called the Well Woman's Group Medical Appointment has been developed that focuses on Pap smear preventive screening tests. Women are invited by their family physicians, and group appointments are booked for 2 hours on a day when the whole office can be used. Each woman is given a "Pap bag" (containing a labeled slide in its protective case, a spatula, a cytobrush, and patient labels) and sent to a waiting room stocked with healthy snacks, tea, coffee, and pens. While each woman is getting tested, the others have a chance to ask questions. Each woman's height, weight, blood pressure, date of last period, and body mass index are recorded. At the end of the session, the women fill out an evaluation form. Afterward there is a short debriefing session, all information is transferred to each patient's electronic medical record, and the slides are sent to the laboratory for testing.



This program is a viable way to improve office processes and an efficient way to complete women's screening tests, meet goals to improve women's health care, and shorten waiting lists. The increased role of the medical office assistant improves outcomes, and group appointments can be applied to a number of health care measures.

Field of study: Medicine
Vibrational spectroscopic studies of interactions between LiClO4 and the plasticizer dimethylformamide

The Raman and infrared (IR) spectra of dimethylformamide (DMF) containing different amounts of lithium perchlorate have been recorded and analyzed, respectively. It has been found that the Li + ions interact with both the nitrogen atom in the quaternary ammonium structure and the oxygen atom in the CO group of DMF. The activation of the IR-forbidden v 1 mode and the splitting of the v 4 mode of ClO 4 − anions indicate that ion aggregates are formed at low LiClO 4 concentration. The results of the IR spectroscopic measurements also suggest that the ionic aggregation in the LiClO 4 -DMF system may have its own characteristics.

Field of study: Materials science
Proper Quaternion Gaussian Graphical Models

In this paper, we extend Gaussian graphical models to proper quaternion Gaussian distributions. The properness assumption reduces the number of unknowns by a factor of four while graphical models reduce the number of degrees of freedom via sparsity. Each of the methods allows accurate estimation using a small number of samples. To enjoy both gains, we show that the proper quaternion Gaussian inverse covariance estimation problem is convex and has a closed form solution. We proceed to demonstrate that the additional sparsity constraints on the inverse covariance matrix also lead to a convex problem, and the optimizations can be efficiently solved by standard numerical methods. In the special but practical case of a chordal graph, we provide a closed form solution. We demonstrate the improved performance of our suggested estimators on both synthetic and real data.

Field of study: Engineering
The landscape of community health insurance in India: an overview based on 10 case studies.

The Indian health system is mainly funded by out-of-pocket payments. More than 80% of health care expenditure is borne by individual households. Only about 3% of the population, mostly those in the formal sector, benefit from some form of health insurance. Several Indian Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) have initiated Community Health Insurance (CHI) schemes within their existing development programmes. This article describes the principal features of the design and functioning of a selection of 10 CHI schemes and presents a brief overview of the current landscape of CHI in India. The schemes explicitly target the poorest and most vulnerable households in Indian society-scheduled tribes, scheduled castes and poor women. Three CHI management models can be distinguished. The first model consists of local NGOs acting as both insurer and provider. In the second model, the NGO is the insurer but does not itself provide care, which is then purchased from a private provider. In the third model, the NGO neither does provide health care nor acts as an insurer: the NGO, on behalf of a community, links with an insurer and purchases health care from a provider. The benefit packages generally include both primary and secondary care and most of the providers are in the private sector. Most of the schemes require external resources for financial sustainability. There is currently little information on the impact of CHI schemes on the performance of local health systems and more research is warranted in that respect.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
An Empirical Analysis on Determinants of Intra-industry Trade Between China and East Asian Countries

In this paper we use the gravity model to analyze the affecting factors of the intra-industry trade between China and other East Asian countries. Those factors include GDP 、DIST 、GDPP 、DGDP 、FDI. The intra-industry trade between China and other East Asian countries is affected positively by GDP 、GDPP and FDI, while it is affected negatively by DIST 、DGDP.

Field of study: Economics
Light clusters in warm stellar matter: calibrating the equation of state

The abundances of light clusters within a formalism that considers in-medium effects are calculated using several relativistic mean-field models, with both density- and non-density-dependent couplings. Clusters are introduced as new quasiparticles, with modified coupling to the scalar meson field. A comparison with experimental data from heavy ion collisions allows settling the model dependence of the results and the determination of the couplings of the light clusters to the meson fields. We find that extra experimental constraints at higher density are needed to convincingly pin down the density associated to the melting of clusters in the dense nuclear medium. The role of neutron rich clusters, such as 6 He, in asymmetric matter is discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

Shoulder arthroplasty has been the subject of marked advances over the last few years. Modern implants provide a wide range of options, including resurfacing of the humeral head, anatomic hemiarthroplasty, total shoulder arthroplasty, reverse shoulder arthroplasty and trauma-specific implants for fractures and nonunions. Most humeral components achieve successful long-term fixation without bone cement. Cemented all-polyethylene glenoid components remain the standard for anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty. The results of shoulder arthroplasty vary depending on the underlying diagnosis, the condition of the soft-tissues, and the type of reconstruction. Total shoulder arthroplasty seems to provide the best outcome for patients with osteoarthritis and inflammatory arthropathy. The outcome of hemiarthroplasty for proximal humerus fractures is somewhat unpredictable, though it seems to have improved with the use of fracture-specific designs, more attention to tuberosity repair, and the selective use of reverse arthroplasty, as well as a shift in indications towards internal fixation. Reverse shoulder arthroplasty has become extremely popular for patients with cuff-tear arthropathy, and its indications have been expanded to the field of revision surgery. Overall, shoulder arthroplasty is a very successful procedure with predictable pain relief and substantial improvements in motion and function.

Field of study: Medicine
Application of FY-3 Meteorological Satellite in Monitoring Remote Sensing of Rubber Plantation in Hainan Island

NDVI of ten days were calculated by the Savitzky-Golay filtering method and vegetation index change curve of rubber annual growth in different years were established based on the FY-3 remote sensing data in2009-2012.The loss grade standard of meteorological disasters of rubber plant was established by comparing with the changing the NDVI values and the standard variance of rubber NDVI values based on vegetation index time series.The research results would provide a technical support for the remote sensing dynamic monitoring of rubber growth changes in Hainan rubber plantation area by FY-3 meteorological satellite data.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Some Distributional Differences Between Adjectives and Verbs in Korean

In this paper, I discuss distributional differences between "adjectives" and "verbs" in Korean to show that Korean employs the category Adjective in addition to the category Verb. I first examine three distributional differences between "adjectives" and "verbs," which have been discussed as controversial in Yeo (2004). I then discuss that "adjectives" and "verbs" are in fact distributionally different, and that a suggestion that Korean does not employ the category Adjective may not be viable. During the discussion, I discuss two further distributional differences between adjectives and verbs and the nature of the distributional differences discussed here. Finally, I also discuss some controversial cases from the present perspective.

Field of study: Linguistics
Experimental study of bump void formation according to process conditions

Experimental studies of void formation were performed using a solder paste with a small particle size and a thin substrate with a small solder resist opening (SRO) size. Two kinds of Sn–Ag–Cu solder paste, screen printing mask opening (MO) size and pad finishes, and three kinds of SRO sizes were used as process variables. In this study, paste type and MO size had little influence on the formation of voids. In general, fewer voids were formed using the electroless nickel electroless palladium immersion gold (ENEPIG) pad finish than the organic solderability preservative (OSP) pad finish. However, the suitability of the pad finish was different depending on the type of paste. Void formation reduced with decreasing SRO. Both focused ion beam cross-sectioning and a thermal video system were used to ascertain the mechanism of void formation when using the paste with a small particle size, and the entrapment of flux was identified as the main cause for the formation of voids.

Field of study: Engineering
Effects of red-headed in sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei, nuclear polyhedrosis virus on rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, and Daphnia pulex.

The effects of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) of the red-headed pine sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei, on rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, were investigated. The fish were exposed to this virus by intubation and topical application and no ill-effects were observed. Similarly, no ill-effects were detected in Daphnia pulex when the same NPV was added to their culture medium. The materials were lyophilized, NPV-infected sawfly larvae (normally used for insect control), lyophilized, uninfected larvae and purified, polyhedral inclusion bodies. On the basis of these laboratory tests, this virus, when disseminated as a biocontrol agent, should present no hazard to rainbow trout or to the aquatic invertebrate Daphnia pulex, two species frequently used in toxicity tests of chemical pesticides.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Cultures of astrocytes and microglia express interleukin 18.

Interleukin 18 (IL-18 or interferon-gamma inducing factor) is a recently discovered pro-inflammatory cytokine and powerful stimulator of the cell-mediated immune response. IL-18 is produced by several sources including monocytes/macrophages, keratinocytes and the zona reticularis and zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. IL-18 occurs in brain but its cellular source in the CNS has never been investigated. The presence of IL-18 and its response to stimulation in the brain was tested with primary cultures of microglia, astrocytes and hippocampal neurons. IL-18 mRNA was present in astrocytes and microglia, but not in neurons. The endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) did not affect IL-18 in astrocytes, but LPS robustly increased IL-18 mRNA in microglia. IL-18 protein was constitutively expressed in astrocytes and induced in microglia by LPS. The levels of interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE), an activating enzyme, and caspase 3 (CPP32), an inactivating enzyme, were assessed to investigate the presence of the appropriate processing enzymes in the cultured cells. ICE was present at constitutive levels in microglia and astrocytes suggesting that these cell types may produce and secrete matured IL-18. Active forms of CPP32 were not detectable in either cell type indicating the absence of a degradative pathway of IL-18. The present results demonstrate that microglia and astrocytes are sources of brain IL-18 and add a new member to the family of cytokines produced in the brain.

Field of study: Biology
The effect of systematic error on the accuracy of Michaelis constants and maximum velocities estimated by using the integrated Michaelis-Menten equation.

Systematic errors in initial substrate concentration (s(0)), product concentration and reaction time give much larger errors in the Michaelis-Menten parameters unless s(0) is treated as an unknown parameter. These errors are difficult to detect because the fitted curve deviates little from the data. The effect of non-enzymic reaction is also examined.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Management of Type 2 Diabetes: Current Strategies, Unfocussed Aspects, Challenges, and Alternatives

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) accounts for >90% of the cases of diabetes in adults. Resistance to insulin action is the major cause that leads to chronic hyperglycemia in diabetic patients. T2DM is the consequence of activation of multiple pathways and factors involved in insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. Also, the etiology of T2DM involves the complex interplay between genetics and environmental factors. This interplay can be governed efficiently by lifestyle modifications to achieve better management of diabetes. The present review aims at discussing the major factors involved in the development of T2DM that remain unfocussed during the anti-diabetic therapy. The review also focuses on lifestyle modifications that are warranted for the successful management of T2DM. In addition, it attempts to explain flaws in current strategies to combat diabetes. The employability of phytoconstituents as multitargeting molecules and their potential use as effective therapeutic adjuvants to first line hypoglycemic agents to prevent side effects caused by the synthetic drugs are also discussed.

Field of study: Medicine
Climate change, biofuels, and global food security.

There is a new urgency to improve the accuracy of predicting climate change impact on crop yields because the balance between food supply and demand is shifting abruptly from surplus to deficit. This reversal is being driven by a rapid rise in petroleum prices and, in response, a massive global expansion of biofuel production from maize, oilseed, and sugar crops. Soon the price of these commodities will be determined by their value as feedstock for biofuel rather than their importance as human food or livestock feed . The expectation that petroleum prices will remain high and supportive government policies in several major crop producing countries are providing strong momentum for continued expansion of biofuel production capacity and the associated pressures on global food supply.

Field of study: Environmental science
Relativistic modeling of charged super-dense star with Einstein-Maxwell equations in general relativity

We have obtained a variety of well behaved classes of Charge Analogues of Heintzmann’s  solution by using a particular electric intensity, which depends upon two parameter K and n . These solutions describe charged fluid balls with positively finite central pressure, positively finite central density; their ratio is less than one and causality condition is obeyed at the centre. The outmarch of pressure, density, pressure–density ratio and the adiabatic speed of sound is monotonically decreasing, however, the electric intensity is monotonically increasing in nature. These solutions give us wide range of parameter K for every positive value of n for which the solution is well behaved hence, suitable for modeling of super dense stars like neutron stars and pulsars. Keeping in view of well behaved nature of these solutions, one new class of solutions is being studied extensively. Moreover, this class of solutions gives us wide range of constant K (1.3 ⩽  K  ⩽ 17.95). Also this class of solutions, the mass of a star is maximized with all degree of suitability, compatible with neutron stars and pulsars. By assuming the surface density ρ b  = 2 × 10 14  g/cm 3 , the whole family of charged solution with well behaved conditions, the maximum mass and corresponding radius is 4.5132 M Θ and 16.9057 km respectively.

Field of study: Mathematics
β2‐adrenergic receptor gene polymorphisms in myasthenia gravis (MG)

The β2‐adrenergic receptor (β2‐AR) belongs to the group of G‐protein coupled receptors and is present mainly on skeletal and cardiac muscle cells and lymphocytes. The gene encoding β2‐AR (ADRB2) displays a moderate degree of heterogeneity in the human population. The distribution of polymorphisms at amino acid positions 16, 27 and 164 is changed in asthma, hypertension and obesity. We have earlier reported a decreased density of the β2‐AR on peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the presence of β2‐AR antibodies in patients with MG. Since certain polymorphisms affect the function of the β2‐AR, it was of interest to analyse these in MG. Using allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction amplification, we revealed an over‐representation of homozygosity for Arg16 and a lower prevalence of homozygosity for Gly16 in MG patients compared with healthy individuals. The increased frequency of homozygosity for Arg16 was due to a contribution from patients with generalized MG but not from patients with only ocular disease. Homozygosity for Glu27 was negatively associated with both the presence of β2‐AR antibodies and severity of disease. Moreover, acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies were more often present in patients being homozygous for Gln27. Our results imply that homozygosity for Arg16 confers susceptibility to generalized MG, and that certain polymorphisms at amino acid position 27 are associated with subgroups of patients.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
UVB and UVA radiation-mediated damage to isolated and cellular DNA

The effects of solar light on cellular DNA are mostly explained by both direct excitation of nucleobases and photosensitized reactions that are mediated by UVB and UVA radiation, respectively. A large body of information is now available on the main photodynamic reactions to DNA, which involve guanine as the preferential target of both one-electron oxidation and singlet oxygen oxidation, as the result of type I and type II mechanisms. Most of the final products of the photosensitized reactions of guanine base in isolated DNA have been characterized, and comprehensive mechanisms for their formation have been proposed. Further insights into the mechanisms of solar radiation-induced modifications within cellular DNA have been gained from accurate measurement of the main photoproducts using recently designed sensitive chromatographic and biochemical methods. Thus, the distribution pattern of the 12 possible bipyrimidine photoproducts has been shown to be similar in the DNA of UVB-irradiated rodent and human cells. Cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimers are also generated at di-thymine and thymine-cytosine sites within nuclear DNA upon exposure to UVA radiation as the likely result of triplet energy transfer. In addition, oxidative reactions that involved mostly singlet oxygen, and to a lesser extent, .OH radicals are also implicated, although less efficiently.

Field of study: Chemistry
Synchrotron radiation. Structure research techniques of materials, by G.V. Fetisov, edited by L.A. Aslanov

The book by Gennady Fetisov titled ‘Synchrotron radiation. Structure research techniques of materials’ familiarizes its readers with great potentialities for synchrotron radiation (SR) as applied to structural studies of crystalline materials. Written as a textbook, it meets the special demands for the standard of data presentation, particularly taking into account that there is almost no literature in Russian on such a subject and the book should provide readers with a modern view of the topic. The author has coped brilliantly with his task, assisting readers in getting answers for a series of very important questions. What does SR mean? How does it arise and which unique properties does it possess? Which new knowledge does SR allow us to extract as compared with X-radiation from laboratory sources? Which SR generators are available at the moment and which ones will appear in the near future? What is the difference between X-ray and SR experiments? Which special equipment of SR experiments has already been available? Which types of diffraction and spectroscopic measurements did come true recently owing to SR? The narration is developed in several directions. Fundamental scientific problems and experimental techniques, as well as the machines required, both existing and projected ones, are all discussed. The author is right in his remark that no book of reasonable thickness is enough for describing all the SR applications. This book covers the radiation sources and the X-ray technical equipment, but it is limited to only one aspect of the SR use, namely, to the research of atomic structure in the solid state, although there are some examples of the research on liquids in Chapter 5. This book of 672 pages consists of six chapters, including four basic and two supplementary ones. Chapter 1 gives the concept of electromagnetic radiation, X-ray diffraction and X-ray techniques of structure analysis, which makes the book accessible even to those readers who are confronted with X-ray techniques for structure research for the first time. Evidently, the information given in this chapter is by no means a complete elucidation of these matters. It should be emphasized, however, that the author manages to achieve the right balance between depth and simplicity of the explanation both in this and in the following chapters. Not only beginners but also more experienced researchers will be able to derive benefit from reading all the chapters of this book, including the first one. Chapter 2 answers the question of what SR is like, describing the four generations of radiation sources. Natural SR exists in the Universe but its artificial variant formed by relativistic electrons or positrons in cyclic accelerators (synchrotrons) has been available

Field of study: Materials science