nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A complete radiation reliability software simulator

In this paper we describe a simulator which can be used to study the effects on circuit behavior of two radiation phenomena: single event upset (SEU) and total-dose radiation effects. Using this simulator the user can predict the error rate in large circuits due to single event upset. The error rate model described here uses a well established methodology, but for the first time a different choice is made on picking up the sensitive nodes, enabling a quick prediction even for very complex circuits. The simulator predicts circuit behavior after total-dose irradiation using as inputs: the dose rate and the total dose. Parameter sets that characterize the transistor response to radiation. And the circuit netlist. The total-dose simulator is based on physical models of the changes in the MOSFET caused by radiation. We quantify the degradation of each MOSFET in a circuit with two parameters and determine the change in the MOSFET characteristics-from preirradiation MOSFET data. Using the "irradiated" MOSFET parameters. We can simulate circuit behavior using an ordinary circuit simulator such as SPICE. With this simulator, one can study how resistant a circuit is to changes due to irradiation and design circuits to be functionally radiation "hard" The "double-kink" in the MOSFET subthreshold region due to the parasitic effect of the edge transistors can be simulated and the user is advised when leakage current is unacceptably large. The speed degradation of a ring oscillator was simulated and the results compared with actual measured data.

Field of study: Physics
Solution-based CdS thin film transistors with low temperature-processed Al2O3-GPTMS-PMMA as hybrid dielectric gate

Herein, we report the low-temperature fabrication process and the electrical response of n-type cadmium sulfide (CdS)-based thin-film transistors (TFTs) with an Al2O3-GPTMS-polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) hybrid dielectric gate. The TFTs with bottom-gate structure were assembled on ITO (indium-tin-oxide)-coated glass substrates employing solution processes for the deposition of both the dielectric gate and semiconductor layers. The hybrid dielectric layers were deposited by the sol-gel process and subsequently annealed at 150 °C. The FTIR and XPS analysis of the hybrid films demonstrated a proper link between Al2O3 and PMMA through the cross-linking agent 3-glycidoxy(propyltrimethoxysilane) silane (GPTMS). The surface characteristics were obtained by contact angle and atomic force microscope studies, the results show that the surface of hybrid films displays a hydrophobic behavior with a smooth surface. The CdS active layer was deposited on the hybrid dielectric gate at room temperature by a simple photochemical bath deposition using a 313 nm UV lamp. The CdS-TFTs showed outstanding electrical performance with a low threshold voltage of 1.3 V, I ON /I OFF of 104, subthreshold swing of 440 mV dec−1, and remarkable high mobility value of 64.4 cm2 V−1 s−1. Ultimately, the feature of these completely solution-based CdS TFTs is the maximum processing temperature of 150 °C, and the findings of this study are very promising for potential low-cost solution-processed TFTs.

Field of study: Materials science
Estimating the burden of road traffic injuries among children and adolescents in urban South Asia.

Over a million people died from road traffic injuries (RTI) globally in the year 2000 and as many as 50 million were injured. Yet there has been little work focused on the South Asia region, let alone the vulnerable segments of population such as children and adolescents. This study aims at measuring the burden of disease caused by urban road traffic injuries among children and adolescents in South Asia. This study selected 26 studies for review and data extraction out of 1505 published articles. Data from the studies were pooled to calculate the proportion and characteristics of child and adolescent RTI, regional RTI incidence and mortality rates, and an estimate of the burden of disease caused by these injuries through the use of the healthy life years lost (HeaLY) composite measure. Our findings showed that the majority of injuries occurred in males (67-80%) and the most frequent age group injured was between ages 0 and 9 representing 40% of cases. Children and adolescents represent an average of 22% of all those with RTI whom seek care. Children and adolescents represented an average of 13% of all RTI deaths. Regional RTI incidence rate was calculated at 880 per 100,000 urban persons aged 0-19. Mortality due to RTI was at 17 deaths per 100,000 urban persons aged 0-19 in South Asia. Burden of disease was calculated 16 HeaLYs per 1000 general population from road traffic mortality alone. With disability data added, then 27.7 HeaLYs per 1000 general population are lost from road traffic injuries in South Asia. The increasing burden of RTI in young persons in South Asia is a call for considering appropriate research and effective interventions. This relatively high loss of healthy life from RTI needs to be addressed by public health systems in South Asia.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Persistence and Residues of Flowable Formulation of Carbaryl in Water, Soil, and Cotton

Studies were carried out to determine the persistence of carbaryl applied as flowable formulation (Sevin 42 Flo) in water, soil, and cotton plants. The half-life values ranged from 2.87–3.32 days in water, 8.97–14.17 days in soil, and 3.69–4.98 days on cotton plants. Application of carbaryl 42 Flo @ 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 kg a.i/ha resulted in residue values from 0.14 to 0.61 ppm in seed, 0.06 to 0.6 ppm in lint, 0.22 to 0.84 ppm in oil, and no detectable residues in soil for three seasons. The residue levels were below the permissible limit of 5 ppm.

Field of study: Biology
Morphometric parameters of Purkinje dendritic networks after ethanol treatment during aging.

Spine densities on terminal branches of Purkinje cell dendrites of Fischer 344 rats were significantly altered by ethanol treatment and aging processes. An effect of the control liquid diet on the lengths of terminal branches and an interaction effect of this diet with age on the numbers of terminal branches/cell also occurred, but there were no detectable interaction effects of ethanol with age on dendritic parameters. Changes in spine density on terminal branches, which accounted for 63-67% of the total dendritic length/cell, represented a major quantitative modulation of synaptic input to these neurons during age and following ethanol treatment.

Field of study: Medicine
The Design of a Local Optimum Non-Gaussian Receiver

In ultra-low frequency communication,due to serious interference of non-Gaussian noise,the performance of receiver which is based on the Gaussian noise becomes worse.This paper presents the design of a locally optimal receiver which is used in the non-Gaussian noise environment.It derives the FFT fast algorithm of the local optimum detection of non-Gaussian noise model and this algorithm makes full use of the FFT algorithm in computing speed,greatly reducing the computational complexity.Class B noise model is widely used non-Gaussian statistical physics model.Simulation results show that the performance of locally optimal receiver is significantly better than the conventional matched filter detector,the operation is fast and easily implemented in hardware and it has a high practical value.

Field of study: Engineering
Nucleophilic C–H functionalization of arenes: a new logic of organic synthesis

Direct metal-free C–H functionalization of arenes with nucleophiles is a new chapter in the chemistry of aromatics. Comprehensive studies on nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen in arenes (the SNH reactions), including mechanisms, intermediates, mathematic and electrochemical modeling, kinetics, electron-transfer, etc. have shown that this is not the hydride ion, but C–H proton is departed, and this process is facilitated by the presence of an appropriate oxidant or an auxiliary group. The SNH reactions, as a part of the general C–H functionalization concept, change the logic of organic synthesis. They open new opportunities, avoiding incorporation of good leaving groups or other auxiliaries in an aromatic ring, as a prefunctionalization step, thus providing a better correspondence to the principles of green chemistry.

Field of study: Chemistry
TH‐F‐211‐04: A Fast Finite Size Pencil Beam Algorithm for Dose Calculation Using GPUs

To facilitate real‐time dose calculation for online adaptive radiation therapy, we have implemented the Monte Carlo‐based finite size pencil beam (FSPB) dose calculation algorithm on Graphics Processing Units (GPUs).  The FSPB dose calculation algorithm is based on the analytical kernel calculated from Monte Carlo simulations using the EGSnrc Monte Carlo code. This provides the benefit of Monte Carlo accuracy while the GPU implementation and the exponential kernel significantly reduces execution time. The GPU‐based FSPB implementation was executed on the NVidia GTX480 GPU card. Both CPU and GPU versions of the FSPB algorithm were implemented operationally identically and benchmarked for accuracy and execution time. The dose calculation was performed in heterogeneous phantoms consisting of water, lung and bone slabs, and in clinical cases. The GPU‐based FSPB implementation was compared with the CPU version and with a commercial treatment planning system for different situations including IMRT plans.  The FSPB algorithm with heterogeneity correction and anisotropic analytical algorithm (AAA) in heterogeneous phantom and clinical treatment planning cases agree within 2%. The GPU implementation was found to be up to 477 times faster than the single threaded CPU while achieving identical result in terms of dosimetric accuracy. The GPU‐based FSPB was close to six times faster than the AAA, with single beam calculations completed within 0.45 s for typical scenarios.  This work describes the implementation of a GPU‐based FSPB algorithm for dose calculation in radiation therapy. The results demonstrated that the GPU‐based FSPB algorithm can provide accurate 3D dose distributions in heterogeneous media in less than a second per beam for clinically relevant cases. This research is supported by CPRIT Individual Investigator Award RP110329.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Resonant tunnelling of electrons through parabolic quantum wells: an analytical calculation of the transmission coefficient

The transmission coefficient for tunnelling through a GaAs/GaAlAs parabolic quantum well has been calculated using a transfer matrix model. In this work the one-dimensional effective-mass equation has been first solved analytically by means of confluent hypergeometric functions and airy functions as envelope functions. It is found that barrier width affects significantly the quantum tunnelling current through a parabolic quantum well.

Field of study: Materials science
Global dynamics of a two-patch SIS model with infection during transport

A two-patch SIS model is formulated and studied. The standard incidence rate and mass-action incidence rate are used within each patch and during transport, respectively. The basic reproduction number is calculated and the global dynamics is investigated. The simulation results show the influence of travel rates, the different dynamics by using standard incidence rate and mass-action incidence rate. The importance of border screening is also explored by numerical simulation.

Field of study: Mathematics
Nonlinear model predictive control algorithm using velocity-based linearization

A new nonlinear model predictive control algorithm using velocity-based linearization was presented.The model used in the derivation of the control algorithm was obtained by using a velocity-based linearization method,and had a linear structure with variable parameters.The model parameters were then determined by the operation conditions of the system.It was shown that the linearized model approximated well the original nonlinear one.The model predictive control algorithm presented in this paper was based on the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm,which is efficient in computation and provides a general framework for model predictive control design.A simulation study on a nonlinear continuous stirred tank reactor(CSTR)showed that the proposed control algorithm was effective and applicable to many nonlinear industrial systems.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Unemployment equilibrium in an economy with linked prices

Wage inflexibility has been widely regarded in modern writing as a cause of unemployment. Almost any Keynesian or non-Walrasian equilibrium which involves equilibrium excess supplies also contain some form of wage or price inflexibility. Yet the micro mechanism of wage inflexibility, its causes and form remains somewhat a mystery. In this paper we study the allocation of resources in an economy in which prices of some goods or services are linked to other goods or services. This is not wage “rigidity” in the traditional sense but it is a form of rigidity which is widely observed. Following the recent literature on non-Walrasian equilibrium (see, for example, Dreze (1975), Barro and Grossman (197 l), Grandmont and Laroque (1976), Malinvaud (1977) and many others) one would expect the allocation to be attained via a set of quantity constraints on net trades. We show in this paper, however, that the allocation mechanism in the economy will not require a general set of limitations on excess supplies and excess demands but rather will tend to have the following two properties:

Field of study: Economics
The Effect of Using Google Translator Website on Understanding a Short Story

Translation has historically been performed by traditional ways like paper dictionary or by asking expert bilinguals who is equipped by strong knowledge. This way of translation was further driven by the digital revolution in the 90s where a huge need of interpreting text from source language and into target language. Twenty years on, translation means continue to flourish, even tending towards machine translation. Consequently, this technology became a part of everyone’s life. This paper is to highlight the advantage of using Google translation website on understanding a short text by secondary school students.  Google Translate, ESP students, machine translation, translation utilization.

Field of study: Education
PRACTICAL METHOD FOR RELIABILITY-BASED ROBUST DESIGN OF TYPICAL STRUCTURAL SYSTEM WITH MULTIPLE FAILURE MODES

Based on the probability perturbation technique,the second moment method and the PNET(Probability Network Evaluation Technique) method,the reliability,reliability sensitivity and reliability-based robust optimization problems of structural system with multiple failure modes are discussed.The correlation coefficients of failure modes are evaluated firstly.By means of the PNET method,the representative failure modes of structural system are defined,and the reliability and reliability sensitivity of the system are obtained.By integrating the reliability sensitivity into the reliability-based optimization design model,the reliability-based robust design of structural system is described as a multi-objective optimization problem.A numerical method for reliability-based robust design of structural system with correlated failure modes is proposed.The method proposed is validated to be practical and effective by the numerical example.

Field of study: Engineering
Health policy making under information constraints: an evaluation of the policy responses to the economic crisis in Greece.

Cost consolidation in the highly fragmented and inefficient Greek health care system was necessary. However, policies introduced were partly formed in a context of insufficient information. Expenditure data from a consumption point of view were lacking and the depth of the political and structural problems was of unknown magnitude to the supervisory authorities.



Drawing upon relevant literature and evidence from the newly implemented OECD System of Health Accounts, the paper evaluates the health policy responses to the economic crisis in Greece. The discussion and recommendations are also of interest to other countries where data sources are not reliable or decisions are based on preliminary data and projections.



Between 2009 and 2012, across-the-board cuts have resulted in a decline in public health expenditure for inpatient care by 8.6%, for pharmaceuticals by 42.3% and for outpatient care by 34.6%. Further cuts are expected from the ongoing reforms but more structural changes are needed.



Cost-containment was not well targeted and expenditure cuts were not always addressed to the real reasons of the pre-crisis cost explosion. Policy responses were restricted to quick and easy fiscal adjustment, ignoring the need for substantial structural reforms or individuals' right to access health care irrespective of their financial capacity. Developing appropriate information infrastructure, restructuring and consolidating the hospital sector and moving toward a tax-based national health insurance could offer valuable benefits to the system.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Differentiation of Mesozoic basalts of the Hartford basin, Connecticut

The Talcott, oldest of the three basalts in the Mesozoic Hartford basin of Connecticut, contains abundant euhedral olivine and plagioclase phenocrysts and less common rounded augite-plagioclase aggregates and orthopyroxene phenocrysts rimmed by augite and olivine. The orthopyroxene, which has a remarkably constant composition (En 84 ) and is Cr-rich, is believed to be a refractory residue from an upper-mantle source region. The Holyoke basalt, the middle unit, is essentially aphyric, with only minor plagioclase and olivine phenocrysts. The Hampden, youngest of the three basalts, contains abundant plagioclase and minor olivine and augite phenocrysts. Materials-balance calculations using phenocryst compositions from the Talcott basalt indicate that the Holyoke can be derived from a Talcott magma by addition of 7.8% orthopyroxene and removal of 7.9% olivine, 15% clinopyroxene, and 13.3% plagioclase. The Hampden basalt cannot be derived from a Holyoke magma by any reasonable fractionation scheme, but it can be derived from a Talcott magma by removal of 4.4% olivine, 12.0% clinopyroxene, and 14.3% plagioclase. One-atmosphere melting experiments under controlled oxygen fugacities indicate successively lower liquidus temperatures for Talcott, Holyoke, and Hampden basalts. Both the Talcott and the Holyoke have olivine and plagioclase on the liquidus simultaneously, with augite and pigeonite appearing ∼15 °C below the liquidus. The Hampden has plagioclase alone on the liquidus; olivine and augite appear only 5 °C below the liquidus. Orthopyroxene is not present in the low-pressure experiments but is thought to have been stable on the liquidus at depths corresponding to pressures exceeding 8 kbar. Assimilation of orthopyroxene and crystallization of other phases necessary to produce the Holyoke basalt from a Talcott magma must have taken place at depth; however, because the low-pressure phases obtained in the experiments are those required to produce the Hampden from the Talcott magma, this fractionation likely occurred in a near-surface magma chamber.

Field of study: Geology
Antigen- or mitogen-provoked spleen cells produce factors that stimulate the secretion of macrophages of a neutral proteinase degrading cartilage proteoglycans.

Soluble products released by rabbit spleen cells on stimulation with either mitogen or antigen markedly stimulate the secretion of a proteoglycan-degrading neutral proteinase by rabbit bone-marrow macrophages.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Optische Untersuchung des Akkommodationskoeffizienten der Molekularrotationen eines verdünnten Gases

ZusammenfassungDie Intensitäten der Bandenlinien im Molekülspektrum eines Gases stehen mit der Verteilung der Rotationsenergie über die Gasmoleküle im unangeregten Zustande in eindeutiger Beziehung. Deshalb ist es möglich, diese Verteilungsfunktion der Rotationsenergie aus den Intensitäten im Spektrum abzulesen. Es ist dies durchgeführt worden für ein verdünntes Gas, das sich zwischen zwei Wänden ungleicher Temperatur befand. Unter diesen Umständen sind die Gasmoleküle über zwei Ströme verteilt, welche bzw. auf eine der beiden Wände zu- und von dieser abfließen und in welchen die Rotationsenergie in verschiedener Weise über die Moleküle verteilt ist. Weil das Gas verdünnt ist, also keine Stöße der Moleküle untereinander auftreten, findet die Änderung der Rotation nur an den beiden Wänden statt, mit deren Akkommodationskoeffizienten sie somit enge zusammenhängt. Die Gase Stickstoff und Wasserstoff sind untersucht worden. Beim Wasserstoff hat sich ergeben, daß die Akkommodation der Rotation unvollständig stattfindet, gerade wie die der Translation, doch stehen hier der genaueren Diskussion noch einige Schwierigkeiten im Wege. Die Messungen am Stickstoff lassen erkennen, daß die sogenannte Kondensations- und Wiederverdampfungstheorie zur Erklärung des Akkommodationsvorganges nicht imstande ist. Man kann aber an dem von dieser Theorie eingeführten Bilde festhalten, wenn man den Molekülen mit größerer Rotation eine kleinere Kondensationswahrscheinlichkeit zuschreibt als den langsamer rotierenden. —In dem ersten Teil der Arbeit wird der Zusammenhang von Rotationsverteilung und Intensitätsverteilung im Bandenspektrum eingehend diskutiert, wozu für die Wasserstoffbanden 4177, und 4200 Å auch neue Messungen notwendig waren. Die Übergangswahrscheinlichkeiten in diesen Banden konnten auf experimentelle Weise angenähert bestimmt werden.

Field of study: Physics
Are Maintenance Practices for Railroad Tracks Effective?

The Association of American Railroads wished to determine the effect of a maintenance practice known as grinding on the occurrence of rail fatigue defects and on the subsequent total traffic usage before a track must be replaced. Because a designed experiment was not practical, an analysis of historical data from the Canadian Northern Railroad is presented. In the analysis, certain covariate data are available, specifically the amount of grinding and some physical characteristics of the rail; other important covariate data are not available, however. A model for the number of defects as a function of traffic usage is developed based on a modulated Poisson point process. The model incorporates the effect of the available covariates and a mixture of Dirichlet processes set-up for the scale parameters of the individual rail sections that allows an assessment of the overall effect of the unavailable covariates. The model is then used to determine an optimal replacement period for a whole rail track. The analysis demonstrates that grinding reduces the expected number of defects and increases the optimal replacement interval.

Field of study: Mathematics
Effect of drying temperature on color and desorption characteristics of oyster mushroom

At the present time, thanks to the fact that the importance of mushrooms for the human nutrition and health has come to be understood, there has been an increase in the interest in fungiculture (Politowicz et al., 2018). Pleurotus ostreatus (the oyster mushroom) is the second most cultivated mushroom after Agaricus bisporus; and it, besides its economic and ecological value, has medical aspects too (Usami et al., 2015). Some researchers have stated that with the hypoglycemic and antithrombotic activities it stops tumor cell growth and inflammation, lowers the concentration of blood lipids, prevents high blood pressure and embolism and that it has antimicrobial activities. Due to its low amount of fat, it is recommended as a dietary food (Chang & Miles, 2004). Jwanny et al. (1996) has asserted that as a solution to the problems stemming from the excessive consumption of animal products made up of high cholesterol and saturated fat, especially in developed countries, the diet must be immediately and radically changed, and it can be ensured through herbal products and mushrooms specifically.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences