nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Arctic Eurekan orogen: A most unusual fold-and-thrust belt

The Tertiary Eurekan orogen of northernmost North America differs from a standard fold-and-thrust belt in several respects. It lacks a metamorphic-plutonic hinterland and wedge-shaped profile; instead, 2-km-high mountains of southeast Ellesmere Island face the frontal thrust, whereas halotectonic polygons, gentle warps, and subdued topography extend from Axel Heiberg Island in the center of the system back to the Sverdrup Rim at its rear. Clastic deposits are not located in a single flexural foredeep but are distributed in topographic lows amid several thrust sheets. The age of the stratigraphy, amount of displacement, and intensity of strain all increase cratonward, and the system9s width-to-length ratio is anomalously high. The orogen is attributed to Greenland9s pivotal movement relative to North America, which formed a braided Cenozoic plate boundary in Ellesmere and Axel Heiberg Islands, not a single transform in Nares Strait as previously proposed. The three major strands of this braided system are the Parrish Glacier, Vesle Fiord, and Stolz thrusts. They die out toward a structural pole of rotation in the south, whereas to the north, movement is accommodated by a dextral transpression zone extending from Lake Hazen to northern Greenland. Field studies on Ellesmere Island combined with a regional synthesis of previous work show that Eurekan deformation style is indicative of pivotal tectonism, that the contraction necessary to accommodate Greenland9s displacement is similar in magnitude to that documented by Eurekan structures, and that the ages of continental structures are compatible with the paleomagnetic record of seafloor spreading in Labrador Sea and Baffin Bay. Previously proposed sinistral strike-slip displacement is not confirmed; rather, eastvergent thrusts and dextral wrench faults typify the system. We propose that the Eurekan orogeny marked a change from tip propagation to pivotal tectonism as the North Atlantic rift system penetrated the entire width of the Laurasian continent.

Field of study: Geology
Differential Modulation of Intracellular Ca2+ Responses Associated with Calcium-Sensing Receptor Activation in Renal Collecting Duct Cells

In this work, we studied G protein-coupled Extracellular Calcium Sensing Receptor (CaR) signaling in mouse cortical collecting duct cells (MCD4) expressing endogenous CaR. Intracellular [Ca<sup>2+</sup>] measurements performed with real time video imaging revealed that CaR stimulation with 5mM Ca<sup>2+</sup>, 300µM Gd<sup>3+</sup> and with 10µM of specific allosteric modulator NPS-R 568, all resulted in an increase in [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>i</sub> although displaying different features. Specifically, Ca<sup>2+</sup> as well as stimulation with NPS-R 568 induced a rapid peak of [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>i</sub> while stimulation with Gd<sup>3+</sup> induced transient intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> oscillations. PLC inhibition completely abolished any [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>i</sub> increase after stimulation with CaR agonists. Inhibition of Rho or Rho kinase (ROK) abolished [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>i</sub> oscillations induced by Gd<sup>3+</sup>, while the peak induced by high Ca<sup>2+</sup> was similar to control. Conversely, emptying the intracellular calcium stores abolished the response to Gd<sup>3+</sup>. On the other hand, the inhibition of calcium influx did not alter calcium changes. We conclude that in our cell model, CaR stimulation with distinct agonists activates two distinct transduction pathways, both PLC-dependent. The transient cytosolic Ca<sup>2+</sup> oscillations produced by Gd<sup>3+</sup> are modulated by Rho-Rho kinase signaling, whereas the rapid peak of intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> in response to 5mM [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>o</sub> is mainly due to PLC/IP3 pathway activation.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Transitional basalts in the Keweenawan Rift

Transitional basalt suites have been recognised in Keweenawan lava sequences at Mamainse Point and Shesheeb Bay, Ontario. These are similar to their accompanying tholeiites in major element chemistry, but have higher, more alkalic contents of incompatible elements. They are believed to be derived from primary mantle melting and illustrate the complexity of magmatic processes within an immature proto-oceanic rift.

Field of study: Environmental science
PQDH: A Quantum-Safe Replacement for Diffie-Hellman based on SIDH

We present a post-quantum key agreement scheme that does not require distinguishing between the initiator and the responder. This scheme is based on elliptic curve isogenies and can be viewed as a variant of the well-known SIDH protocol. Then, we present an efficient countermeasure against a side-channel attack that applies to both static and ephemeral versions of SIDH and our scheme. Finally, we show how to obtain an isogeny-based password-authenticated key exchange protocol based on our scheme by applying a construction shown in . Security and computational complexities summaries are also presented.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
The duration of antiepileptic treatment

: 110 patients at the age of 18 years and older with different forms of epilepsy and epileptic syndromes were observed during 2-15 years after the first fits. These patients did not follow medical advice. All of them were either treated for short time, irregularly or were not treated at all after their first hospitalisation after beginning of epileptic attacks. In spite of violation of the treatment regimen, 80 patients experienced improvement, 60 patients achieved long-term remissions. It is suggested that even short-term antiepileptic therapy may activate the patient's own antiepileptic system. Negative prognostic criteria were involvement of the temporal structures, multifocal disease.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
13C NMR spectra of 9-methylcarbazoles and electron conductivity of the carbazole ring

The effect of substituents in the ring of 9-methylcarbazoles on the 13C NMR chemical shifts was determined. Correlation relationships between the inductive and resonance constants of the substituents and the chemical shifts were found. The transmission properties of the carbazole ring with respect to the electronic effects of substituents in the 3 position were evaluated on the basis of the results obtained. Nonadditivity of the effects of the substituents on the NMR chemical shifts within the limits of one phenyl ring of carbazole relative to monosubstituted benzenes was observed.

Field of study: Chemistry
Investigation of the current state of the constitution and lifestyle of urban and rural residents in China

Based on the original data of monitoring of the constitution of citizens in some cities and provinces in China(totally 16 160 citizens are surveyed,including 7 816 males and 8 344 females;including the questionnaire section and monitoring section),the authors divided their research subjects into 3 groups,namely,the peasants group,the urban manual laborers group,and the urban non manual laborers group,according to citizen constitution monitoring principles,compared and analyzed the differences in the constitution and lifestyle between male and female residents in different groups,and revealed the following findings: there is a significant difference in both con-stitution and lifestyle between urban and rural residents;female peasants and urban male residents have the lowest score for figure;male and female peasants have the lowest score for vital capacity(weight);the scores for the constitution of male and female residents are sorted in the following order: urban non manual laborers urban manual laborers peasants,which indicates that currently the urban and rural differences in China are relatively big;it is appealed that related departments should make more investments to effectively shrink the differences between cities and countries and to improve the quality of life of rural residents,so as to achieve the goal of promoting urban and rural residents to nurture a scientific lifestyle and to become physically and mentally healthy.

Field of study: Education
Superconductivity in HEA-Type Compounds

Since the discovery of superconductivity in a high-entropy alloy (HEA) Ti-Zr-Nb-Hf-Ta in 2014, the community of superconductor science has explored new HEA superconductors to find the merit of the HEA states on superconducting properties. Since 2018, we have developed HEA-type compounds as superconductors or thermoelectric materials. As well known, compounds like intermetallic compounds or layered compounds are composed of multi crystallographic sites. In a HEA-type compounds, one or more sites are alloyed and total mixing entropy satisfies with the criterion of HEA. Herein, we summarize the synthesis methods, the crystal structural variation and superconducting properties of the HEA-type compounds, which include NaCl-type metal tellurides, CuAl2-type transition metal zirconides, high-Tc cuprates, and BiS2-based layered superconductors. The effects of the introduction of a HEA site in various kinds of complicated compounds are discussed from the structural-dimensionality viewpoint.

Field of study: Physics
Evaluation of Some Biopesticides Against Mango Hoppers (ldioscopus clypealis and Amritodus atkinsoni) and Flower Visitors of Mango

Two entomopathogenic fungal based formulations viz., Daman (Beauveria bassiana) and Vertiguard (Verticillium lecanii) alone 5g/L and in combination (3.5g/L) with endosulfan (0.025%) and two neem based formulations viz., Nimbecidine (1.0%) and Spray Aza (0.3%) were evaluated for their efficacy against mango hoppers (Amritodus atkinsoni and Idioscopus clypealis) and safety to beneficial insects on mango under hot and humid agro-climate conditions of Dhaulakuan, Sirmour (H.P) during 2002–04. Minimum number of the hoppers were recorded in trees given sole application of Vertiguard and mixed application of Daman and Vertiguard with endosulfan (0.8 to 1.7/panicle) and was similar to the conventionally recommended endosulfan treatment (0.9/panicle). The hopper population recorded in other treatments ranged between 5.2 to 14.8/panicle. The per cent increase in the population of flower visitors in the above most effective fungal treatments ranged 198.7 to 388.2 over trees given application of monocrotophos. Use of mixed and sole application of these fungal treatments has been suggested for effective management of the hopper menace.

Field of study: Biology
A heuristic approach to identifying the specific household member for a given rating

Recently context-aware recommender systems have become one of the hottest topics in the domain of recommender systems. Household can be seen as an important context to user ratings, and therefore may play an important role in improving recommendation accuracy. In the paper, we propose a heuristic approach to identify which member of a household performs a specific rating by considering rating-related timestamp and household information. Firstly, we employ rating-related timestamp to select the appropriate user ratings in order to avoid introducing the outdated ratings, and then employ household information into the process of user rating prediction. Next, we design a heuristic approach to calculate the probabilities that a given item is rated by different members in a household based on the above prediction ratings. Finally, in order to enhance probability estimation accuracy, we analyze difference influences of different household members and introduce them into the final process of household member identification. We perform experimental comparisons of the above approach with some baselines on the Moviepilot dataset released for the Challenge on Context-Aware Movie Recommendation (CAMRa2011), and also analyze the results.

Field of study: Economics
The Relationship between Children's Reported Exposure to Interparental Conflict and Memory Biases in the Recogniton of Aggressive and Constructive Conflict Words

A total of 70 Latino children between the ages of 7 and 12 years completed measures of exposure to interparental conflict and listened to audio taped simulations of interparental conflict. Children's memory for aggressive and constructive conflict words used during the session was then assessed with a word recognition task. Results indicate that older children who report witnessing high levels of marital conflict made significantly more false positive and fewer false negative memory errors for aggressive words than did all other children. This study provides preliminary support for the theory that children develop marital conflict representations that reflect their socialization experiences with interparental conflict and that guide information processing in the context of novel marital conflict.

Field of study: Psychology
Analysis on Research of the Surface Nanocrystallization of Metallic Materials

The surface nanocrystallization of metalmaterials is one of popular research method about surface strengthing in recent years.This kind of technique combine together the excellent function of nanocrystal materials with the traditional engineering metal materials,and have very widely applied foreground in the industry.The present research condition of surface nanocrystallization is summarized,including the basic principle of surface nanocrystallization,preparation method,the structure characteristic and the function characteristics,and the way to bringing the technique about industrialization is putted foreword such as The factors affecting nanocrystallization and formation dynamics of nanocrystallization.

Field of study: Materials science
Studies on protein components in uterine fluid and their origins in early pregnant rats.

妊娠3日目から7日目までのラット子宮液の蛋白質成分とその由来について検討した。1.子宮液の蛋白質量は,妊娠の経過に伴い漸増しており,6日目以降では急激に増加した。2.妊娠初期における子宮液の蛋白質の増加は,実験的処理による観察の結果,エストロジェンの分泌および卵子の着床刺激による脱落膜の形成の結果であることが示唆された。3.子宮液の蛋白質成分は,ディスク電気泳動および免疫化学的分析の結果から,量的な差異が見られたが,血清のそれに類似していることが示された。4.FITC標識の血清蛋白質により,血中から子宮腔への血清蛋白質の移行を検討した。その結果,血清蛋白質が妊娠初期の子宮液の蛋白質の経時的な増加に大きく関与しており,これらの変化は卵巣ホルモンに支配されていることが明らかにされた。

Field of study: Biology
Treatment of vitiligo with a chimeric monoclonal antibody to CD20: a pilot study

Five patients with active disseminated vitiligo were given 1 g of a chimeric (murine/human) monoclonal antibody to CD20 in a single intravenous infusion and followed‐up for 6 months. Three of the patients showed an overt clinical and histological improvement of the disease, one presented slight improvement and the remaining patient showed no changes. Improvement was neither associated with changes in laboratory parameters nor to a specific human leucocyte antigen D‐related (HLA‐DR) phenotype. We believe that these preliminary results are encouraging, and further clinical trials should be undertaken. An important aim should be the finding of a marker with a good response to this therapeutic approach.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Single heavy flavour baryons using Coulomb plus a power law interquark potential

Properties of single heavy flavor baryons in a non-relativistic potential model with colour Coulomb plus a power law confinement potential have been studied using a simple variational method. The ground-state masses of single heavy baryons and the mass difference between the JP = $ {\frac{{3}}{{2}}}$+ and JP = $ {\frac{{1}}{{2}}}$+ states are computed using a spin-dependent two-body potential. Using the spin-flavour structure of the constituting quarks and by defining an effective confined mass of the constituent quarks within the baryons, the magnetic moments are computed. The masses and magnetic moments of the single heavy baryons are found to be in accordance with the existing experimental values and with other theoretical predictions. It is found that an additional attractive interaction of the order of -200 MeV is required for the antisymmetric states of $ \Lambda_{{Q}}^{}$ (Q$ \in$c, b) . It is also found that the spin-hyperfine interaction parameters play a decisive role in hadron spectroscopy.

Field of study: Physics
An improved Genetic Algorithm of Bi-level Coding for Flexible Job Shop Scheduling Problems

The current study presents an improved genetic algorithm(GA) for the flexible job shop scheduling problem (FJSP). The coding is divided into working sequence level and machine level and two effective crossover operators and mutation operators are designed for the generation and reduce the disruptive effects of genetic operators. The algorithm is tested on instances of 10 working sequences and 10 machines. Computational results show that the proposed GA was successfully and efficiently applied to the FJSP. The results were compared with other approaches, such as traditional GA and GA with neural network. Compared to traditional genetic algorithm, the proposed approach yields significant improvement in solution quality.

Field of study: Computer science
Donkin-Koppinen filtration for general linear supergroup

We consider a generalization of Donkin-Koppinen filtrations for coordinate superalgebras of general linear supergroups. More precisely, if $G=GL(m|n)$ is a general linear supergroup of (super)degree $(m|n)$, then its coordinate superalgebra $K[G]$ is a natural $G\times G$-supermodule. For every finitely generated ideal $\Gamma\subseteq \Lambda\times\Lambda$, the largest subsupermodule $O_{\Gamma}(K[G])$ of $K[G]$, which has all composition factors of the form $L(\lambda)\otimes L(\mu)$ where $(\lambda, \mu)\in\Gamma$, has a decreasing filtration $O_{\Gamma}(K[G])=V_0\supseteq V_1\supseteq...$ such that $\bigcap_{t\geq 0}V_t=0$ and $V_t/V_{t+1}\simeq V_-(\lambda_t)^*\otimes H_-^0(\lambda_t)$ for each $t\geq 0$. Here $H_-^0(\lambda)$ is a costandard $G$-supermodule, and $V_-(\lambda)$ is a standard $G$-supermodule, both of highest weight $\lambda\in\Lambda$ (see \cite{z}). We deduce the existence of such a filtration from more general facts about standard and costandard filtrations in certain highest weight categories which will be proved in Section 4. Until now, analogous results were known only for highest weight categories with finite sets of weights. We believe that the reader will find the results of Section 4 interesting on its own. Finally, we apply our main result to describe invariants of (co)adjoint action of $G$.

Field of study: Mathematics
Geomorphological conditions of gabbro weathering at Mount Megantic, Quebec

Chemical and mineralogical analyses of a deeply weathered gabbroic rock showed that smectite (nontronite) is the main secondary mineral in association with iron-rich chlorite. The granular disintegration of the rock is mainly induced by the alteration of ferromagnesian minerals. The occurrence of silica-rich minerals is explained by the confining conditions imposed by the depressed topography of the site; along steeper slopes gibbsite is found in thinner saprolites. Weathering, though still proceeding, must have started before the last glaciation in order to explain the thickness of the profile; this is also supported by geomorphological considerations. The succession of erosion and weathering stages during Pleistocene times contributed to the shaping of the gabbroic depression.

Field of study: Environmental science
Priority volatile organic compounds in surface waters of the southern North Sea.

The occurrence of 25 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was studied from April 1998 to October 2000 in the southern North Sea. Target VOCs were selected from lists of priority pollutants for the marine environment and included, e.g., chlorinated short-chain hydrocarbons (CHCs), monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs), and chlorinated monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (CMAHs). Water samples were taken from the Channel, the Belgian Continental Shelf, the mouth of the Scheldt estuary and the Southern Bight, and were analysed by purge-and-trap and high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. All data were produced by analyses deemed 'in control' by a rigorous quality assurance/quality control program provided by QUASIMEME (Quality Assurance of Information for Marine Environmental Monitoring in Europe). Chloroform and trichloroethene were commonly detected at concentrations up to 1900 and 270 ng l(-1), respectively. The other CHCs were generally found below 5 ng l(-1), and rarely exceeded 10 ng l(-1). Concentrations of MAHs were at least one order of magnitude higher than those of the CHCs. The higher levels were attributed to anthropogenic emissions from oil-related activities in coastal areas. CMAHs, except chlorobenzene and 1,4-dichlorobenzene, were hardly detected in North Sea waters. The levels of several CHCs and MAHs were shown to decrease compared to previous investigations in 1994-1995, probably as a result of on-going emission reduction efforts. The occurrence of 1,1,1-trichloroethane, for instance, was substantially reduced since the Montreal Protocol was implemented in 1995.

Field of study: Environmental science
Superconducting NbRuB derived through the fragment formalism

We employ the chemical fragment formalism to perform a targeted superconductor search in the Nb-Ru-B system, yielding the orthorhombic metal-rich boride NbRuB, which displays BCS-like superconductivity with a Tc = 3.1 K. NbRuB is derived from the chemical fragments Nb3B2 + Ru3B, in which the Nb3B2 fragment contains B-B dimers and the Ru3B fragment contains isolated B atoms. A charge transfer occurs between the fragments. The results indicate that the fragment formalism is a useful chemical tool for the design of new intermetallic superconductors much the same way as the charge reservoir concept has been a useful chemical tool for the design of new copper oxide superconductors.

Field of study: Physics
Neurologic diseases in helicobacter pylori infected patients

Helicobacter pylori is a negative gram bacterium that it infection is associated with outbreak the numerous of digestive and non-digestive disease. One of way the effect of H.pilory in prevalence of Neurologic disease is absorption reduction vitamins such as A, B12, C, D and E. In addition, this bacterium by stimulate serotonin secretion and hyperphosphorilation of tau protein has a key role in prevalence of migraine and Alzheimer disease respectively. Here, we reviewed the relationship between infection-induced by Helicobacter pylori and neurologic disease.

Field of study: Medicine
Building a Competing Endogenous RNA Network to Find Potential Long Non-Coding RNA Biomarkers for Pheochromocytoma

Accumulating evidence has shown that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks play crucial roles in tumor survival and patient prognosis; however, studies investigating ceRNA networks in pheochromocytoma (PCC) are lacking. In this study, we investigated the pathogenesis of PCC and whether lncRNAs acting through ceRNAs networks were associated with prognosis.  A total of 183 PCC samples and 3 control samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas database were analyzed. The Empirical Analysis of Digital Gene Expression Data package in R (edgeR) was used to analyze differentially expressed RNAs. Biological processes and pathways functional enrichment analysis were performed based on the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) database. LncRNA/mRNA/miRNA ceRNA network was constructed by Cytoscape v3.0 software based on the differentially expressed RNAs Survival package in R was used to perform survival analysis.  In total, 554 differentially expressed lncRNAs, 1775 mRNAs and 40 miRNAs were selected for further analysis. Subsequently, 23 lncRNAs, 22 mRNAs, and 6 miRNAs were included in the constructed ceRNA network. Meanwhile, two of the 23 lncRNAs (C9orf147 and BSN-AS2) were identified as independent predictors of overall survival in PCC patients (P< 0.05).  This study improves the understanding of lncRNA-related ceRNA networks in PCC and suggests that the lncRNAs C9orf147 and BSN-AS2 could be independent prognostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for PCC.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry