nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Reclaiming the Author: Figures and Fictions from Spanish America (review)

Even though Shaw is primarily concerned with Borges' mature stories, he does not overlook Borges' narrative before 1940. Conventional opening, unexpected anticlimax at the end, and an incipient technique of ambiguous narration are some of the technical features that, according to Shaw, characterize Borges' early stories and are discussed in the second chapter of his study. Six chapters follow, each focusing on a different narrative strategy. While Chapter Three explores foreshadowing devices, Chapter Four centers on framing devices. Foreshadowing devices are designed to announce the theme or themes of the story and are part of the story opening. Framing devices, by contrast, surround the kernel of the story and usually interact ironically with the central core. "Deutsches Requiem," "El Fin" and "Tigres Azules" are some of the stories analyzed in Chapter Three, while "El Zahir" and "El Aleph" are examined in Chapter Four. Since a major feature of Borges' short story technique is that of suggesting assumptions to the reader and then betraying them, pivotal episodes assume a particular role in Borges' stories. Not unrelated to the question of pivotal episodes is that of shifting themes. Both strategies are discussed in Chapter Five, within the framework of Individual stories. In Chapter Six, Shaw concentrates on one of the more elusive aspects of Borges' narrative technique, his use of interludes. Illuminating in regard to Borges' use of this strategy is Shaw's analysis of the story "La escritura del Dios." In the next chapter, Shaw centers on Borges' narratorial stances, and in Chapter Eight he addresses closing strategies. Particularly revealing is Shaw's treatment of the closing strategy of "El Aleph," in which a further disturbing element is added to what seemed to be the original conclusion. Donald Shaw, focusing on a formal aspect and not divorcing it from matters of meaning, has provided meticulous analysis of Borges' short stories. This book should be of interest to all readers of Jorge Luis Borges' work.

Field of study: Art
An iterative technique to achieve enhanced spectral resolution

An iterative technique, called iterative MUSIC (ITM), is introduced that achieves enhanced resolution performance equivalent to MUSIC's without performing the eigensystem decomposition of the array correlation matrix. The technique can be modified to accommodate a signal-space or a noise-space spectral resolution algorithm. Simulation results are included that compare the relative performance of the derived iterative technique and MUSIC. It is shown that the spectral estimation performance of ITM with three iterations is similar to that of MUSIC for signal-to-noise ratios in the range from 0 to 30 dB. >

Field of study: Engineering
Galaxy Cluster A1689 in Modified MOND, MOG and Emergent Gravity

We model the cluster A1689 in two modified MOND frameworks (EMOND and what we call generalised MOND or GMOND) with the aim of determining whether it is possible to explain the inferred acceleration profile, from gravitational lensing, without the aid of dark matter. We also compare our result to predictions from MOG/STVG and Emergent Gravity. By using a baryonic mass model, we determine the total gravitational acceleration predicted by the modified gravitational equations and compare the result to NFW profiles of dark matter studies on A1689 from the literature. Theory parameters are inferred empirically, with the aid of previous work. We are able to reproduce the desired acceleration profile of A1689 for GMOND, EMOND and MOG, but not Emergent Gravity. There is much more work which needs to be conducted with regards to understanding how the GMOND parameters behave in different environments. Furthermore, we show that the exact baryonic profile becomes very important when undertaking modified gravity modelling rather than {\Lambda}CDM.

Field of study: Physics
Biodistribution of 125I-MAb 425 in a human glioma xenograft model: effect of chloroquine.

Chloroquine has been shown to increase the cellular retention and nuclear incorporation of 125I-labeled monoclonal antibody (MAb) 425, a murine anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody, in human high-grade glioma cells in vitro. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of chloroquine on the biodistribution of 125I-MAb 425 in an intracerebral xenogeneic transplant of glioma cells. Nude rats were stereotaxically implanted in the right hemisphere with A1207 human high-grade glioma cells. After 14 days, animals were injected i.v. with chloroquine (40 mg/kg) followed 2 h later by an 125I-MAb 425 (9 MBq) infusion. Tissue distributions were performed up to 168 h post 125I-MAb 425 injection. From 24 to 168 h, tumor-to-contralateral left brain ratios increased from 9 to 15 for 125I-MAb 425 alone, and 7 to 13 for the 125I-MAb 425/chloroquine combination, respectively. A single administration of chloroquine did not result in any significant difference in radiolabeled MAb accumulation in either the tumor site or other tissues. We conclude that chloroquine did not increase the amount of 125I-MAb 425 into the tumor; however, it is safe to administer i.v. at the 40 mg/kg dose. Under these experimental conditions, the increased radioactive accumulation observed for in vitro data did not translate into similar in vivo results.

Field of study: Biology
Effect of oxide and interface traps on electrical characteristics of post-deposition annealed HfSiO4/n-Si structures

This study presents detailed results on the modifications in chemical composition, defective bonds, crystal properties based on x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profiles and x-ray diffraction of post-deposition annealed HfSiO4/Si structure. It also leads to a link to defect centers and their effect on the electrical characteristics of MOS capacitors. The HfSiO4 films were deposited on n-Si wafers by RF magnetron sputtering and annealed at room temperature (RT), 300 °C, 700 °C, 900 °C, 1100 °C under N2 ambient. That the atomic concentration values of each element in the oxide did not change significantly depending on the annealing temperature showed that the film was deposited with high homogeneity. It was determined that the shift direction of the binding energies of Hf 4f and O 1s XPS spectra were related to the bonding preference of oxygen rather than its concentration. The increase in Hf–M and Hf–Si oxygen defective bonds decreased the binding energy of the XPS spectra. It was determined from the XPS analyses of amorphous films that Hf–Si and Si–Si oxygen defective bonds may cause the positive charge trapping, resulting in the highest negative charge trapping/positive effective oxide charge density ( Qeff ) in the 300 °C-MOS capacitor. It was determined that Hf–Hf oxygen defective bonds may be the precursors of negative charge trapping. Interface states only contributed to the dielectric constant (k) in the RT-MOS capacitor. The ΦB (barrier height) values showed that the efficiency of acceptor-like and donor-like interface states changes depending on the frequency.

Field of study: Materials science
Classification and Consolidation: Some Lessons from the Greek Dictatorship

Recent scholarship on regime change has gone through three phases. In the late 1960s and the mid-1970s, the disintegration of democracies in South America, Asia, Africa, and Greece stimulated a wave of works on the breakdown of democratic regimes. ' In the next decade, the collapse of the resulting authoritarian regimes led to a new wave of theory on the breakdown of dictatorship.2 Today, in the 1990s, as the democracies that emerged from dictatorships evince a surprising durability, scholars are moving into a third area of research-that of regime consolidation.3

Field of study: Political science
Autoimmunity: A Symposium of the 5th Congress of the International Academy of Pathology

The second volume consists of truly excellent plates illustrating a wide range of pathological conditions; most are reproductions of coloured photographs of gross and microscopic tissue preparations. The advantage of providing a separate volume of illustrations in a work on pathology needs no emphasis. In keeping with the great value of this textbook, the publishers have done a remarkably attractive job. The volumes are well bound, the print is large and clear and the paper is of high quality. At the end of the first volume is a highly selective bibliography and general reference for each chapter.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Factors driving Arabian gazelles (Gazella arabica) in Israel to extinction: time series analysis of population size and juvenile survival in an unexploited population

Wild populations of Arabian gazelles (Gazella arabica) were once common on the Arabian Peninsula, but today disappeared from large parts of their former range. In Israel only a small population of currently 30 individuals survived, although it was—and still is—well protected from illegal hunting and habitat destruction. In our study we aimed to identify the factors influencing the population growth of G. arabica in Israel over the last two decades (1995–2017). We tested the impact of five environmental variables including annual mean maximum temperature, rainfall, the availability of two major food plants, competition with sympatric dorcas gazelle (G. dorcas) and predation (mainly by wolves) on two dependent variables relating to population viability (population size, percentage fawn survival) using a retrospective time series analysis. After testing for autocorrelations, two generalized least squares (GLS) models with autocorrelations at 3 and 6 years [GLS-AR(3, 6)] were identified as the best models to explain environmental effects on populations size. Wolf encounter rate had a significant negative effect on G. arabica population size, while G. dorcas population size had a significant positive effect, suggesting that wolf predation shapes the population size of both gazelle species. For percentage fawn survival, model residuals did not reveal any significant autocorrelation and the best fit GLS-AR(0) model retained only wolf encounter rate and mean annual maximal temperature as significant predictors. This result suggests a strong impact of wolf predation and increasing temperatures on the fawn survival of Arabian gazelles. Changed rainfall patterns, food availability and competition between gazelle species had no impact on fawn survival.

Field of study: Environmental science
The United States Senate as a Presidential Incubator: Many Are Called but Few Are Chosen

Walter Bagehot once defined a parliament as "nothing less than a big meeting of more or less idle people." In a similar mood one might be tempted to describe the contemporary United States Senate as little more than a halfway house for more or less ambitious presidential contenders. Fortunately, for most senators, for the Congress as an institution, and for the country, in general, the Senate remains much more than just an incubator for presidential aspirants. The overwhelming majority of the senators of both parties continue to pursue their traditional concerns: representing the people of their states; contributing to the resolution of policy issues through investigating and law making; taking care of the needs of their constituents; checking and balancing the other branches of government-in short, engaging in most of the routine activities which primarily define the job of a United States senator and, not too incidently, which enhance their chances for reelection every six years. While it might not be surprising to discover that most senators, at one time or another, entertain a "game plan" by which their political career culminates in the White House, fewer than one-tenth of the senators will ever act on these hidden ambitions to

Field of study: Political science
Neuromodulation Therapies for Geriatric Depression

Depression is frequent in old age and its prognosis is poorer than in younger populations. The use of pharmacological treatments in geriatric depression is limited by specific pharmacodynamic age-related factors that can diminish tolerability and increase the risk of drug interactions. The possibility of modulating cerebral activity using brain stimulation techniques could result in treating geriatric depression more effectively while reducing systemic side effects and medication interactions. This may subsequently improve treatment adherence and overall prognosis in the older patient. Among clinically available neuromodulatory techniques, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) remains the gold standard for the treatment of severe depression in the elderly. Studies have proven that ECT is more effective and has a faster onset of action than antidepressants in the treatment of severe, unipolar, geriatric depression and that older age is a predictor of rapid ECT response and remission. The application of novel and more tolerable forms of ECT for geriatric depression is currently being examined. Preliminary results suggest that right unilateral ultrabrief ECT (RUL-UB ECT) is a promising intervention, with similar efficacy to brief-pulse ECT and fewer adverse cognitive effects. Overall findings in repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) suggest that it is a safe intervention in geriatric depression. Higher rTMS stimulation intensity and more treatments may need to be given in the elderly to achieve optimal results. There is no specific data on vagus nerve stimulation in the elderly. Transcranial direct current stimulation, magnetic seizure therapy and deep brain stimulation are currently experimental, and more data from geriatric samples is needed.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
The relationship between metal toxicity and biotic ligand binding affinities in aquatic and soil organisms: a review.

The biotic ligand model (BLM) is a theoretical, potentially mechanistic approach to assess metal bioavailability in soil and aquatic systems. In a BLM, toxicity is linked to the fraction of biotic ligand occupied, which in turn, depends on the various components of the solution, including activity of the metal. Bioavailability is a key factor in determining toxicity and uptake of metals in organisms. In this study, the present status of BLM development for soil and aquatic organisms is summarized. For all species and all metals, toxicity was correlated with the conditional biotic ligand binding constants. For almost all organisms, values for Ag, Cu, and Cd were higher than those for Zn and Ni. The constants derived for aquatic systems seem to be equally valid for soil organisms, but in the case of soils, bioavailability from the soil solution is greatly influenced by the presence of the soil solid phase.

Field of study: Environmental science
The hospitalization of elderly mental patients in relation to the different forms of dispensary observation

130 patients from different groups of observation in out-patient psychiatric clinic were hospitalized to mental hospitals during one year. 76 patients (58.4%) were from the register group, 54 (41.6%)--from the consultative group. It was demonstrated that the largest group of the hospitalized patients consisted of schizophrenic patients (37.7%), patients with vascular dementia (25.4%), patients with affective disorders (11.5%). Among those who were on the psychiatric register were mostly patients with functional mental disorders (schizophrenia, manic-depressive psychoses, involutional paranoid states)--65 patients or 85.5%. In the group of patients hospitalized from the consultative contingent predominantly were patients with organic dementia--39 patients or 72.2%. These data allow to develop a realistic approach to requirements for institutional services for the elderly with mental disorders.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
The CCAPM with Varying Preferences

The Consumption Capital Asset Pricing Model (CCAPM) is by now a paradigm in financial economics. Applied to the risk-free rate, the CCAPM implies an Euler equation which depends on expected marginal utilities. The paper uses a widespread functional form to specify the utility. However the paper introduces varying preferences into the Euler equation. This enables us to find a relation between the current risk-free rate and the current level of real per capita consumption. Empirically this relation finds that risk aversion is lower for the short run and higher for the long run. The difference between the two is economically small but it is still statistically significant. The paper calculates the differential risk premium required to compensate for the higher long run risk aversion. This premium is also economically small. The paper concludes that the evidence supports that, in the long run, risk is either the same or higher than the short run risk.

Field of study: Business
Stable hypersurfaces with zero scalar curvature in Euclidean space

In this paper we prove some results concerning stability of hypersurfaces in the four dimensional Euclidean space with zero scalar curvature. First we prove there is no complete stable hypersurface with zero scalar curvature, polynomial growth of integral of the mean curvature, and with the Gauss-Kronecker curvature bounded away from zero. We conclude this paper giving a sufficient condition for a regular domain to be stable in terms of the mean and the Gauss-Kronecker curvatures of the hypersurface and the radius of the smallest extrinsic ball which contains the domain.

Field of study: Mathematics
A Spacecraft Multichannel Analyzer for a Multidetector Solid State Detector Array

A newly designed low power spacecraft multichannel analyzer (16 to 256 energy channels) has been developed with the capability of servicing a multidetector array of solid state particle detectors. Various system configurations are presented based on the requirements of a specific detector array concept. The multidetector-multichannel analyzer features controllable energy and time resolution, eleven bit data compression, compactness (13 × 20 cm PC card), and analog display outputs of formatted and accumulated data for CRT display and microprocessor interface. Also featured is the ability of the system to automatically accommodate detector noise level fluctuations (e. g. light, temperature, leakage, amplifier gain, etc.) among individual sensors. Additional parallel processing concepts permit accurate energy coincident logic, fault tolerant redundancy and multiple energetic particle mass analysis.

Field of study: Physics
REGIOSELECTIVE CARBON-CARBON BOND FORMATION AT THE α-POSITION OF A SULFUR STABILIZED ALLYL CARBANION VIA AN ALKYLTHIOALLYLBORON “ATE” COMPLEX

Reaction of lithium alkylthioallylboron “ate” complexes (3), prepared from alkylthioallyllithium (1) and triethylborane at −78°C in ether, with carbonyl compounds proceeds via the attack at the α-position to produce the corresponding α-alkylated derivatives (4) in good yields.

Field of study: Chemistry
Wi-Fi-based Positioning in a Complex Underground Environment

Underground mining tunnels constitute a very particular environment for radio wave propagation – with characteristics of both indoor and outdoor “regular” environments. This paper shows how a general-purpose Wi- Fi-based indoor positioning system, OwlPS (Owl Positioning System) was adapted to work in that particular environment. A series of experiments, conducted in a formerly exploited gold mine at 70 metres below the surface, across about 400 metres of drifts, is then introduced; it primarily aims at determining the positioning accuracy that can be reached in such a context with a Wi-Fi-based positioning system using the signal strength at 2.4 GHz. The results obtained are improved with a filter, and the mean Euclidean distance error is under 10 metres in most cases when the terminal is carried by an operator; this makes OwlPS usable as is for asset management and emergency positioning of workers underground.

Field of study: Computer science
[The level of autoantibodies to glutamate receptors in the blood serum of patients in the acute period of ischemic stroke].

The level of autoantibodies (aAB) to main structural component of glutamate NMDA-receptors--phencyclidin-binding protein--was measured in blood serum of 70 patients during first 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 hours, and 3, 5 days after ischemic stroke development. 200 healthy individuals formed the control group. The elevation of titers of aAB to glutamate receptors was observed in all patients with severe or moderate disease from the very first hours of stroke. It was especially pronounced by 9-12 hours after stroke. The highest increase of aAB titers was found in severe cases. The tendency to normalization of aAB titers was observed by the end of the first twenty four hours. The degree of aAB elevation had the prognostic importance. The most favourable course of stroke with good restoration of damaged functions was predicted when stable normalization of the aAB level was observed by the third day of the disease development. Patients in stupor-coma condition did not show the phenomenon of aAB level's elevation during the first days of stroke, that reflected, probably, the development of immuno-deficient state. The decrease of aAB level down to subnormal values was extremely unfavourable prognostic sign proceeding patient's death as a rule.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
The “Frozen in Time” Effect in Evaluations of the Dead

Two experiments tested the hypothesis that evaluations of the dead are more resistant to change than are evaluations of the living. In Experiment 1, perceivers formed an impression of a target person who performed either a moral or an immoral action and then either died or remained alive. Perceivers were later given new inconsistent information about the target's morality. The results revealed that perceivers’ original impressions of the target were significantly less likely to change in response to the inconsistent information when the target was believed to be dead than when she was believed to be alive. Experiment 2 replicated the effect in impressions of real-world targets. The implications of these findings for research on posthumous impression processes are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Validity and Reliability of Certain Measures of Psychological Stress

In this study the appropriateness of a previously reported stress-sensitive measure was determined for a field situation involving a stressor with high face-validity.  Subjects.-Two hundred Army recruits ( 120 Ss in the experimental group and 80 Ss in the control group) participated as Ss. Procedwe.-The suessor was a three-rope toggle bridge 200 ft. long and 50 fc. above a rocky ravine, over which Ss, wearing headsets wich earphone and microphone, were run individually. They were stopped midway for a recorded test (administered over the headsets) of immediate backward digit memory span. Another administration of an equivalent form was given either just before starting or just after crossing the bridge. Half of the experimental Ss were tested in each sequence. The control Ss were tested on, and before or after crossing a short mock bridge, approximately 1 fc. off the ground. Half of the control Ss were tested in each sequence also. Care was taken to space the rwo control testings so that the time-lapse between the first and second testing was similar to that occurring in the experimental condition. Little attempt was made to control for fatigue. Of the experimental Ss on the long, high bridge, 40 had had prior experience (earlier the same day) on a similar bridge not quite so long or high. The remaining Ss in this group were given no prior experience with bridge crossing. To facilitate the mechanical administration by tape recording, the digitspan test procedure was modified according to one described by Myers, Burday, Forbes, and Arbit ( 1958). Each adminiscration of the digit-span test consisted of two presentations each of seven different item-lengths (from 2 to 8 digits) in random order. Ss were required to recall each item bacbwurd immediately upon hearing a particular item-length. The digit-span test was chosen as a measure of the stress effect on the basis

Field of study: Psychology