nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Paleomagnetic and Geochronologic Data Bearing on the Structural Evolution of the Northeastern Margin of the Front Range, Colorado

Radiometrically dated hypabyssal tabular intrusive masses in the northern part of the Front Range, Colorado, were emplaced about 63 m.y. ago. Comparison of the remanent magnetic directions of these igneous bodies with their unrelated magnetic reference directions indicates that the intrusive rocks and the enclosing Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks have undergone variable amounts of rotation, depending on their geographic location. The host beds of the Ralston intrusive near Golden were rotated to their present attitude after the emplacement of the intrusive, whereas the enclosing sedimentary rocks at three sites near Boulder were rotated in part prior to and in part after intrusion. The host beds of the sill near Left Hand Canyon were probably rotated prior to intrusion. It is likely that rotations are due to the vertical and (or) eastward translation of the Precambrian crystalline rocks adjacent to the monocline.

Field of study: Geology
Commentary to "Barriers to participation in surgical randomized controlled trials in pediatric urology: A qualitative study of key stakeholder perspectives".

As pediatric urologists and active clinical investigators, it is with great interest that we read the recently published paper “Barriers to participation in surgical randomized controlled trials in pediatric urology: a qualitative study of key stakeholder perspectives” by Vemoulakonda and Jones  in the Journal. This is a unique, single-center study providing qualitative perspectives in the typically quantitatively dominated field of pediatric urology research. The authors provide an important basis to understand potential parental and healthcare provider barriers to enroll children in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). With these perceived obstacles in mind, investigators may be able to modify recruitment strategies in such a way that it may facilitate enrollment and increase participation. While this is undoubtedly a significant contribution to the literature, the authors base their study  on the assumption that pediatric urology surgical trials suffer from similarly low recruitment rates as those seen in adult surgical oncology trials . Although reasonable, this simply may not always be the case. A clear example of high recruitment within pediatric urology surgical trials can be seen in the currently ongoing “Expertise-Based Randomized Controlled Trial of Scrotal Versus Inguinal Orchidopexy on Post-operative Pain” (NCT02158780), where, to date, 41 of 50 (82%) eligible patients have been recruited to participate [3]. Another example of reasonably high recruitment rate is seen in the challenging setting of a placebo control versus antibiotic prophylaxis for infants with highgrade prenatal hydronephrosis . A 57% recruitment rate has been achieved thus far, providing further proof that RCTs are a feasible (and needed) study design in pediatric

Field of study: Medicine
Style, identity and English language literacy

This paper investigates English language literacy practices among teenagers, focusing initially on three young Singaporean students who are struggling to do well in English. By employing a conceptual framework that builds on a recent treatment of style as identity construction and drawing on interview data that recount the students’ practices of English literacy, we show how adolescent literacy seen as style is deeply influenced by, among other factors, the anticipated reactions of peers, and how these practices impact on language education. The latter part of our paper compares the experiences of our three students with those of a fourth, one who is much more confident and comfortable with his level of English language proficiency (adolescents, identity, language education, literacy, style, teenagers).

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
Pollinator behavioural responses to grazing intensity

It has been suggested that intensive grazing management, aimed at maintaining plant diversity, might not be the optimal choice to preserve diversity of insects in semi-natural pastures. In the present study the behaviour of flower visiting insects was studied in two semi-natural pastures in central Sweden. Two grazing treatments were established with one grazed from mid-May, “continuous”, and one grazed from mid-July, “late”. Flower visitors were followed for 9 weeks in summer 2003 in 7 pairs of 5  ×  5 m plots on two sides of a fence dividing the two grazing treatments. Visitor behaviour was studied on three decision levels between: (1) habitats, (2) flowers and (3) activities on flowers. The pattern varied between decision levels: More species and individual visitors chose to forage in the late grazing treatment. Visitation rate and flower constancy did not differ between treatments and was related, to a large extent, to plant species richness. In relation to flowers, insects utilized a broader diversity of activities in the late grazing treatment. All patterns were consistent across sites and during the whole study period. The differences in pollinator abundance and activities on flowers were best explained by the higher abundance of flowers. It is suggested that studies of insect behaviour may be a useful tool when deciding on management recommendations. Late grazing is recommended as a useful management regime and might potentially function as a substitute for mowing in the future.

Field of study: Environmental science
Crime Corrupting Credibility: The Problem of Shifting from Paramilitaries to Parliamentarians

If crime corrupts the credibility of paramilitary to political organizations, at what stage in the process of transition from paramilitary to parliamentary organization do violence and corruption become increasingly objectionable? What mechanisms institute credible organizational change? Moreover, what mechanisms are most likely to impede organizational transformation and determine the degree to which criminal-military elements are successfully pacified by the political process? This paper addresses the protagonists’ problem of curtailing criminality, clientelism, corruption and long standing predation in protracted peace processes. The findings suggest that the nature of corruption can determine the duration of the transition. The prevalence of criminality clientelism, patronage, or predation is determined by the organizational structure of the group. The more ‘monolithic’, cohesive and integrated the rebel-to-political group, the more seamless the evolution from paramilitary-to-parliamentary.

Field of study: History, Sociology
Multifrequency filter search for high redshift sources and lensing systems in Herschel-ATLAS

We present a new catalog of high-redshift candidate \textit{Herschel} sources. Our sample is obtained after applying a multifrequency filtering method ("matched multifilter"), which is designed to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of faint extragalactic point sources. The method is tested against already-detected sources from the \textit{Herschel} Astrophysical Terahertz Large Area Survey (H-ATLAS) and used to search for new high-redshift candidates. The multifilter technique also produces an estimation of the photometric redshift of the sources. When compared with a sample of sources with known spectroscopic redshift, the photometric redshift returned from the multifilter is unbiased in the redshift range 0.8 < z < 4.3. Using simulated data we reproduced the same unbiased result in roughly the same redshift range and determined the error (and bias above $z\approx4$) in the photometric redshifts. Based on the multifilter technique, and a selection based on color, flux, and agreement of fit between the observed photometry and assumed SED, we find 370 robust candidates to be relatively bright high-redshift sources. A second sample with 237 objects focuses on the faint end at high-redshift. These 237 sources were previously near the H-ATLAS detection limit but are now confirmed with our technique as high significance detections. Finally, we look for possible lensed Herschel sources by cross-correlating the first sample of 370 objects with two different catalogs of known low-redshift objects, the redMaPPer Galaxy Cluster Catalog and a catalog of galaxies with spectroscopic redshift from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 14. Our search renders a number of candidates to be lensed systems from the SDSS cross-correlation but none from the redMaPPeR confirming the more likely galactic nature of the lenses.

Field of study: Physics
Linear transitions to highly excited stretching vibrations of molecular groups

The Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin approximation is used to calculate the intensity of transitions to highly excited stretching vibrations of molecular groups. The problem was solved using the three-dimensional single-particle potential approximation. The limits of validity of the local mode model are identified. Calculations are made of the wavelengths and intensities of transitions accompanied by excitation of overtones of stretching vibrations of hydrogen in the benzene ring. The results of the calculations are compared with an experiment to measure the transmission of a polystyrene fiber-optic line.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Text and the mediation of text

The purpose of this study was to explore the nature and process of text construction in a reading lesson. More specifically, the focus was to analyze the structure and content of a basal text narrative, the nature of teacher-student interaction with the text during reading, and the discussion of the text following reading. Twenty sixth-grade students and their teacher participated in a 2-day lesson which focused on the story. The story itself was analyzed in terms of the global text structures which revealed an introduction and four episodes and the narrator's voice which suggested a distancing between the narrator and the reader in the text. A second level of analysis on the teacher's mediation of the text during and following the reading of the story reflected (a) teacher monitoring of student word identification, (b) teacher links to life experiences, (c) teacher and student interpretations of text, and (d) intertextual references. The questions suggested by the basal authors were also analyzed to determined the text features that were signalled. The study raises several issues regarding the text construction process in instructional settings.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
Die Schmelzzeit von Schmelzsicherungen. II

ZusammenfassungAusdehnung früherer Messungen an Monelmetall bei Strömen bis zum 20 fachen des Grenzstromes, wobei die Formel von G. J. Meyer wieder bestätigt wurde. Bestimmung der Strom-Zeit-Diagramme verschiedener Haussicherungen. Auch hier gilt die FormelI2t=konstant, während der Wert der Konstante im voraus berechnet werden kann.

Field of study: Physics
No. 1110. Common Fund for Commodities, International Jute Organization and Cranfield University

Project Agreement—˜Technical Specification and Market Study of Potentially Important Jute Geotextile Products (with schedules, and Regulations and Rules for Second Account Operations, adopted on 26 July 1991 and General Conditions Applicable to Loan and Guarantee Agreements dated 6 September 1993). Signed at Amsterdam on 11 May 1994, at Dhaka on 17 May 1994 and at Bedford, United Kingdom, on 27 June 1994

Field of study: Political science
The impact of Pan3CSK4 on the platelet activation and the expression of TLR2 on it

To investgate role of TLR2 in the activation, the innate immune and inflammation of human platelets.  Human washed platelets were separated from healthy people(n=5) and were stimulated with different concentrations(1μg/ml, 5μg/ml, 10μg/ml) of TLR2 agonistPam3CSK4(a synthetic bacterial lipoproteins). Then the platelet aggregation rate, the expression of CD62p and TLR2 on the platelet surface were measured.  The platelet aggregation rate were (28.32±5.67)%, (52.56±8.54)% and (76.24±11.23)%, respectively, at concentration of 1μg/ml, 5μg/mland 10μg/ml of Pam3CSK4, more than (12.83±2.43)% at 0μg/ml of it. In addition, the expression of CD62p were (18.45±2.66)%, (22.45±2.04)%, (29.53±4.08)%, respectively at above concentration of Pam3 CSK4, more than (11.20±1.67)% of CD62p at control group(P<0.01). The expression of TLR2 was not significantly increased at a lower concentration of Pam3CSK4(1μg/ml) with (16.85±6.10)% compared with(10.81±3.99)% at the control group. However, it were (21.15±9.90)% and (22.52±9.26)%, respectively, at a higher concentration(5μg/ml, 10μg/ml)more than(10.81±3.99)% at the control group(P<0.05).  Pam3CSK4 induce aggregation, activation and the up-regulation of TLR2 of platelet by stimulating TLR2 receptor of it. Thereafter, TLR2 play an important role in the innate immune of platelet. 
 
 
Platelet;  Toll-like receptor 2;  Platelet aggregation;  Platelet activation;  CD62p

Field of study: Biology
The Impact of American Progressive Movement on Chieftain Politics

Progressive Movement is a massive bourgeois reform early in the 20th century in the United States.The reform deeply touched the American two-party system and cracked down the chieftain politics pervasive in municipal and state political reforms.It housecleaned the breeding-ground of political corruption and promoted the reform of American two-party system as well as the democratisation of American politics.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The Presumption of Proportionality

This article challenges the assumption that the burden of demonstrating that a limitation of a fundamental right is proportionate rests on the public authority seeking to justify the limitation. After considering the operation of burdens and presumptions in European human rights case‐law it notes the difficulties British domestic courts have had in rigorously applying proportionality tests. It suggests that the concerns which lead judges to weaken the requirement of proportionality would be better met by recognising that certain circumstances give rise to a presumption of proportionality, where the burden of demonstrating disproportionality rests on the right‐holder. Five categories of case in which this applies are proposed, and one which has recently been judicially accepted is rejected. Clarifying the types of case in which a presumption of proportionality applies is a preferable strategy to blurring the standards of justification to be met by those seeking to limit the enjoyment of rights.

Field of study: Law
When Chronic Isn't Chronic: The Moderating Role of Active Self-Aspects

The current work considered how self-concept organization moderates the consequences of chronic attributes, which are widely assumed to be always accessible and influential. In Study 1, the accessibility of participants' chronic attributes was assessed before and after activating a self-aspect that was either relevant or irrelevant to participants' chronic attributes. Results showed that chronic attributes were more accessible when they were relevant to a participant's active self-aspect than when they were irrelevant to it. In Study 2, participants read ambiguous behaviors performed by others, some of which could be interpreted in line with their own chronic attribute or an alternative attribute. Participants were more likely to interpret behaviors as consistent with their own chronic attributes, but only when a relevant self-aspect had been previously activated. These studies suggest that chronicity can be moderated by self-aspect activation, consistent with the perspective that the self consists of multiple, context-dependent self-aspects.

Field of study: Psychology
Magnetic field-enhanced spin filtering in rare-earth mononitride tunnel junctions

Spin filter tunnel junctions are based on selective tunneling of up and down spin electrons controlled through exchange splitting of the band structure of a ferromagnetic insulator. Therefore, spin filter efficiency can be tuned by adjusting exchange strength of the tunnel barrier. We have observed that magnetic field and bias voltage (current) can be used to regulate exchange strength and consequently spin-filter efficiency in tunnel junctions with ferromagnetic DyN and GdN tunnel barrier. In tunnel junctions with DyN barrier we obtained $\sim$37$\%$ spin polarization of tunneling electrons at 11 K due to a small exchange splitting ($ E_{ex}$) $\approx$5.6 meV of the barrier height ($\Phi _0$) $\approx$60 meV. Huge spin-filter efficiency $\sim$97$\%$ was found for tunnel junctions with GdN barrier due to larger $E_{ex}$ $\approx$47 meV. In the presence of an applied magnetic field, barrier height can further split due to magnetic field dependent exchange splitting $ E_{ex}(H)$. The spin filter efficiency in DyN tunnel junctions can be increased up to $\sim$87$\%$ with magnetic field. Electric and magnetic field tuned spin-filter efficiency of these tunnel junctions gives opportunity for practical application of these devices with additional functionality.

Field of study: Physics
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of human grancalcin, a novel cytosolic Ca2+-binding protein present in leukocytes.

Recombinant human grancalcin, a calcium-binding protein from leukocytes, has been crystallized in the presence or absence of Ca(2+) by the vapor-diffusion method. Two crystal forms of apo grancalcin were obtained: space group P2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 48.4, b = 81.1, c = 46.6 A, beta = 111.3 degrees, diffracting to 1.9 A, and space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a = 97.0, b = 51.9, c = 75.9 A, beta = 108.5 degrees, diffracting to 2.4 A. Crystals were also grown in the presence of 5 mM Ca(2+). They also belong to space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a = 97.4, b = 50.3, c = 77.6 A, beta = 108.2 degrees, which are very similar to the second apo grancalcin form. These crystals diffract to 2.5 A.

Field of study: Chemistry
Coastal Meteorological Networks to Determine Effects of Nuclear Plant Cooling Systems

Twenty-five meteorological stations are in operation inland from two nuclear power plants located on the Lake Michigan shoreline in southwestern lower Michigan. Their purpose is to provide data to enable meteorological effects of mechanical-draft cooling towers at the Palisades Nuclear Plant and a once-through cooling system at the Donald C. Cook Nuclear Plant to be evaluated. Temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation are measured at all stations, total solar radiation and wind velocity at four, and visibility at three. The stations, equipment, and calibration methods are described, and examples of types of meteorological analyses are presented.

Field of study: Environmental science
Temporary breakdown of immunological tolerance to dsDNA and nucleohistone antigens in rabbits infected with rinderpest virus

The rabbit‐passaged L strain of rinderpest virus (RV) causes the transient induction of anti‐nuclear antibodies (ANA) in rabbits. It has been shown by an indirect immunofluorcscence test that the target antigens of these ANA arc DNA and/or DNA‐histone complexes (nucleohistone). Here detailed examinations of the target antigens were carried out by ELISA, and it was revealed that rabbit sera contained three types of antibodies: antibodies reading equally with both dsDNA and ssDNA; those reacting with ssDNA alone: and those reacting with nucleohistone. Epitopes recognized by the third type consisted of complexes of dsDNA and H2A + H2B or of dsDNA and H2B. All types of antibodies were antigen specific. Since the diversity of ANA among experimental rabbits was large, it was suggested that genetic background is important in the induction of anti‐dsDNA antibodies in this system. Moreover, early induction of antibodies to nucleohistone and the rapid disappearance of ANA suggest that B cell proliferation maturation for continuous production of AN A requires factors other than RV infection. This system may help elucidate the mechanisms of ANA induction and the development of autoimmune diseases.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Amitriptyline Reduces Inflammation and Mortality in a Murine Model of Sepsis.

During sepsis, an unchecked pro-inflammatory response can be detrimental to the host. We investigated the potential protective effect of amitriptyline (AT).



We used two murine models of sepsis: Cecal ligation and puncture and endotoxemia following LPS challenge. Aural temperatures were taken and cytokines quantified by cytometric bead assay. Lung injury was determined histologically and by protein determination in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Cell accumulation in the peritoneum was analyzed by flow cytometry, as well as cytokine production and p38-phosphorylation. Neutrophil chemotaxis was evaluated using an in vitro transwell assay.



Our findings demonstrate that AT-treated septic mice have improved survival and are protected from pulmonary edema. Treatment with AT significantly decreased serum levels of KC and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, as well as the accumulation of neutrophils and monocytes in the peritoneum of septic mice. Peritoneal IL-10 levels in septic mice were increased upon AT treatment. Direct treatment of septic mice with IL-10 recapitulated the effects of AT. Endotoxemic mice also exhibited enhanced IL-10 production upon AT-administration and peritoneal macrophages were identified as the ATinfluenced producers of IL-10. Treatment of these cells with AT in vitro resulted in increased p38-phosphorylation and IL-10 generation, whereas ceramide and p38 inhibition had the opposite effect.



Altogether, AT treatment improved survival, increased IL-10 levels, and mitigated a pro-inflammatory response during sepsis. We conclude that AT is a promising therapeutic to temper inflammation during septic shock.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Stable isotope proxy records in tropical terrestrial environments

The ‘tropics’ refers to an area that is loosely equatorial, characterized by relatively high temperatures (at low altitude), comparatively low seasonal contrast in temperatures and generally high, or highly seasonal, rainfall. The stable isotopes of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen are increasingly important tools of relevance to understanding trajectories and mechanisms of past environmental change in the tropics. In the case of carbon this is because, at the broadest level, the carbon isotope composition of organic and carbon-containing inorganic proxy materials formed in the tropics can be read as being derived from the balance between C3 (tree) and C4 (grass) photosynthesis, hence providing a relative measure of vegetation type and, indirectly, climate. Likewise, changes in the oxygen and hydrogen isotope composition of many proxy materials, again at the broadest level, can be read as indicative of changes in hydrological conditions and/or altitude in the past. This review provides an entry point into the literature relating to the use of stable isotopes as terrestrial environmental proxies for past environmental change, with a focus on the measurement and interpretation of stable isotope data from the wide range of proxy materials preserved in tropical environments.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography