nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The role of low-mass star clusters in massive star formation in Orion

To distinguish between the different theories proposed to explain massive star formation, it is crucial to establish the distribution, the extinction, and the density of low-mass stars in massive star-forming regions. We analyzed deep X-ray observations of the Orion massive star-forming region using the Chandra Orion Ultradeep Project (COUP) catalog. We found that pre-main sequence (PMS) low-mass stars cluster toward the three massive star-forming regions: the Trapezium Cluster (TC), the Orion Hot Core (OHC), and OMC1-S. We derived low-mass stellar densities of 10^{5} stars pc^{-3} in the TC and OMC1-S, and of 10^{6} stars pc^{-3} in the OHC. The close association between the low-mass star clusters with massive star cradles supports the role of these clusters in the formation of massive stars. The X-ray observations show for the first time in the TC that low-mass stars with intermediate extinction are clustered toward the position of the most massive star, which is surrounded by a ring of non-extincted low-mass stars. Our analysis suggests that at least two basic ingredients are needed in massive star formation: the presence of dense gas and a cluster of low-mass stars. The scenario that better explains our findings assumes high fragmentation in the parental core, accretion at subcore scales that forms a low-mass stellar cluster, and subsequent competitive accretion.

Field of study: Physics
The effect of accessory on the spray powder of cantaloupe juice

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of maltodextrin, β-cyclodextrin and arabic gum on the spray drying of cantaloupe juice powder, and find the best formulation of these materials throughorthogonal array design methods. For the sake of improving the powder productivity and decreasing the moisture contents, the optimal amounts of maltodextrin, β-cyclodextrin and arabic gum added to cantaloupe juice were maltodextrin 50%, β-cyclodextrin 5% and arabic gum 1.5%, respectively. In this condition, the powder yield is 44.51%, moisture content is 2.19%.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The Methodological Basis of Institutional Economics: Pattern Model, Storytelling, and Holism

What can be said about the truth value of explanations found in institutional economics? Consideration of the question requires a review of a number of other issues. To discuss the truth value of propositions requires a consideration of models of explanation. Since institutionalism's mode of explanation has developed, at least in part, in reaction to standard economics, the models of explanation underlying both standard and institutional economics must be analyzed and compared. This essay seeks to discover the model of explanation implicit in insti-

Field of study: Economics
A marriage bar of convenience? The BBC and married women's work 1923-39.

In October 1932 the British Broadcasting Corporation introduced a marriage bar, stemming what had been an enlightened attitude towards married women employees. The policy was in line with the convention of the day; marriage bars were widespread in the inter-war years operating in occupations such as teaching and the civil service and in large companies such as Sainsbury's and ICI. However, once implemented, the BBC displayed an ambivalent attitude towards its marriage bar which had been constructed to allow those married women considered useful to the Corporation to remain on the staff. This article considers why, for its first ten years, the BBC bucked convention and openly employed married women and why, in 1932, it took the decision to introduce a marriage bar, albeit not a full bar, which was not abolished until 1944. It contends that the BBC marriage bar represented a quest for conformity rather than active hostility towards the employment of married women and demonstrates how easily arguments against the acceptability of married women's work could be transgressed, if seen as beneficial to the employer. Overall, the article contemplates how far the BBC's marriage bar reflected inter-war ideology towards the employment of married women.

Field of study: History
The production of equol by mixed culture fermentation of Streptococcus faecium and Enterobacter

Equol that has many bioactivities is the decomposition product of isoflavones by microbiota in colon.An anaerobic Streptococcus BY-1 that produces equol from isoflavones was obtained.The experiment was conducted to study the influence on growth and metabolism of Streptococcus faecium BY-1 by Enterobacter BY-2 and the relationship between BY-1 and BY-2.It is certified that BY-2 can stimulate BY-1 to produce acid and equol when they were inoculated by 1:1.The various enzymes,organic acid,hydrogen produced by BY-2 play an important role on growth of BY-1.The relationship between BY-1 and BY-2 is called metabiosis.We can utilize this relationship to develop new-typed and hygienical sanitarian milk.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Giant adiabatic spin torque in magnetic tunnel junctions with a hybrid free layer structure

The discovery of spin torque transfer (STT) has lead to a significant advance in the development of spintronic devices. Novel structures and materials have been studied in order to improve the performance of the magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) performances and understand the fundamental physics in spin torque transfer. The adiabatic spin torque effect, which is due to the spatial non-uniformity of magnetic properties, has been predicted in theory and demonstrated experimentally in magnetic nanowires. However, this important spin torque has been rarely concerned in the magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJ) because of its extremely weak effect in conventional MTJs. This paper reports for the first time a giant adiabatic spin torque in MTJ devices with a hybrid free layer structure. The generation of the giant adiabatic spin torque was realized through the introduction of a spatial magnetic non-uniformity in a hybrid free layer along the current direction. It is observed that the giant adiabatic spin torque can substantially promote the current-induced switching process in the MTJ devices: the adiabatic spin torque can be larger than the in-plane spin torque, which allows for the switching with a single-polar current under different bias fields. Moreover, the adiabatic spin torque, which is proportional to the level of spatial non-uniformity, increases during the switching process. The observed effects are confirmed by numerical simulations. These results have far-reaching implications for the future of high-density STT-MRAM devices.

Field of study: Physics
Polytetrafluoroethylene-covered stents in the venous and arterial system: angiographic and pathologic findings in a swine model.

Although polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is now used as a covering in a wide variety of vascular stents, little is known about the resultant pathologic and angiographic changes in the arterial and venous system after stent deployment.



Atrium PTFE-covered stents were deployed in the abdominal aorta and the inferior vena cava (IVC) of two Yorkshire pigs. Angiograms were performed after deployment and at recatheterization. A complete histopathological exam was performed after sacrifice, and angiographic and histology findings were then compared between the two types of blood vessels.



The arterial stents demonstrated no stenosis on angiography and minimal in-stent intimal proliferation by histopathology. A uniform layer of neointima coated the inside of the stent by 1 month with no obvious thrombus formation. In contrast, the venous stents demonstrated angiographic evidence of significant in-stent stenosis of variable degrees and the histology showed increased intimal hyperplasia with fibrin deposition. PTFE from both the arterial and venous stents had variable amounts of tissue ingrowth with cells observed to be growing into and through the PTFE fibers.



Atrium PTFE-covered stents have excellent short-term angiography and histopathology in the arterial system, while stents in the venous system developed rapid in-stent intimal hyperplasia. PTFE fibers from both types of vasculature permitted cells to grow through and within them.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Anglo-American relations in the twentieth century : of friendship, conflict and the rise and decline of superpowers

The lion and the eagle - of twisted tails and plucked feathers, a brief digression on method, identifying the contours of the relationship assertion and response 1900-1919, resolving differences and changing defence policies, economic rivalry, the impact of war, associated but not allied stability and change 1919-1939, debts, navies and economic policies 1920-1925, security and economic depression 1925-1934, the dictates of sentiment and the needs of self interest 1934-1939 in war and Cold War 1939-1951, intelligence, atomic and military co-operation 1941-1945, personal relations, postwar security plans, economic policy, an incomplete restoration of special relations 1946-1951 conservatively special 1951-1961, Churchill and Truman - Churchill and Eisenhower 1951-1955, the Far and Middle East Suez and its consequences 1956-1961, into the 1960s years of transition 1961-1979, economic policies, nuclear defence, sterling, defence and Bretton Woods 1964-1970, on loosing ones way 1970-1974, picking up the pieces 1974-1979 of interests and sentiment 1980-1995 and beyond, Reagan and Thatcher 1981-1989, changing and re-adjustments 1990-1995, concluding observations.

Field of study: Political science
ber zwei neue Verfahren zur Einfhrung der Propinyliden-Gruppe

Triphenyl-propargyl-phosphoniumbromid liefert in flussigem Ammoniak mit Aldehyden Verbindungen, die den Propinyliden-Rest HCC–CH enthalten. Diese Verbindungen werden besser aus Aldehyden bzw. Ketonen und der aluminiumorganischen Verbindung des Propargylbromids erhalten, indem man die zunachst entstehenden Hydroxyverbindungen halogeniert und mit 1.5-Diaza-bicyclo[4.3.0]nonen-(5) dehydrohalogeniert.

Field of study: Chemistry
Mexico and the Spanish-American War

So wrote the foremost literary figure of Peru, Ricardo Palma, to Pedro Santacilia, Cuban patriot and son-in-law of Benito Juarez, just prior to the outbreak of the Spanish-American War. The sentiment was echoed by the dean of the Latin American diplomats in Washington, Matias Romero, Mexican Minister to the United States, who expected the United States to annex Cuba.2 Fear of the Yankee menace was also reflected in the works of the Latin American poet Ruben Dario and increased by the ever-quickening Pan-Hispanism movement.3 As the war approached, Spain let loose a barrage of propaganda aimed at making herself "the polar star of a Latin American confederation. "4 Pan-Hispanism, which was strongly cultural in its emphasis, has been defined as "a Spanishled movement that aims at achieving solidarity among the Hispanic nations" and as a "conscious expression of the persistence of the idea of empire. "5 It was quite clear that the achievement of solidarity was in part "to be forged upon the anvil of Yankeephobia."6 Few Latin American countries felt the Yankee menace as keenly as did Mexico. No Latin American country was as close to the United States as Mexico. The outbreak of the Spanish-American War revealed in

Field of study: History
Food production in solidarity economy: an issue that goes beyond laws

Food production within the context of solidarity economy is an alternative way to offer employment and income for a significant part of the Brazilian population. The purpose of this study was to carry out a business diagnosis in order to evaluate the facilities, the production process and hygiene practices of seven solidarity economy enterprises located in the city of Novo Hamburgo, Southern Brazil, that work with food production and sales. Visits took place at the enterprises and a check-list was used to record data. Although food production happens in places with space and setting restrictions, it guarantees distinctive foods with aggregate value, where handlers follow the whole process, from raw materials selection to sales. Basic hygiene principles are followed, as they guarantee the production of food with quality, which contributes towards income generation for participating families. Specific laws that apply to the characteristics and needs of small-scale food production must be written in order to regulate solidarity economy enterprises.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Lymphangitis carcinomatosa of the lungs.

1. Twenty-four cases of lymphangitis oarcinomatosa of the lungs are reported, and their clinical, radiological, and autopsy features are briefly described.

2. The condition may be suspected on clinical grounds, but of several possible radiological appearances only one is diagnostic.

3. The site and nature of the primary tumour in these cases, together with 154 cases reported elsewhere, are summarized, and the frequency of lymphangitis carcinomatosa with various primary tumours is noted.

4. The possible routes of spread of neoplastic cells to the lungs and the cause of the characteristic breathlessness are discussed.

Field of study: Medicine
Rigorous coupled wave analysis applied to transmission efficiency of diffractive beam array relays for free-space optical interconnects.

Parallel high-density free-space optical interconnects typically relay multiple channels in an array configuration; thus, they require good uniformity across their aperture for optimum performance. Rigorous coupled wave analysis is used to determine the throughput off-axis diffraction efficiency for Fresnel lenses within a diffractive imaging relay. The rigorous results are compared with scalar theory and show a significant nonuniformity not predicted by scalar theory. However, the polarization sensitivity is found to be negligible for the f-numbers considered (f/2.9 to f/10.2). These results are supported by experiment.

Field of study: Physics
Photon-assisted tunneling through a quantum dot.

We report photon-assisted tunnelling (PAT) through a quantum dot with zero-dimensional (0D) states. PAT allows electrons to reach previously inaccessible energy states by absorbing or emitting photons from a microwave signal. We discuss a model based on a master equation for a quantum dot with 0D states and include PAT processes. Simulations are compared with measurements.

Field of study: Materials science
Invasive Robinia pseudoacacia in China is nodulated by Mesorhizobium and Sinorhizobium species that share similar nodulation genes with native American symbionts.

The aim of this work is to describe the diversity of potentially symbiotic bacteria associated with the invasive introduced legume Robinia pseudoacacia in China. Thirty-three isolates from 33 separate trees and nodules were characterized using restriction length fragment polymorphism and sequencing of 16S rRNA, nodA, nodC and nifH genes. Their 16S rRNA gene patterns and sequences placed them in three clades: 85% of isolates were related to the Mesorhizobium mediterraneum/temperatum group, whereas the remaining were similar either to Mesorhizobium amorphae or to Sinorhizobium meliloti. However, despite their diverse taxonomic positions, the nodA, nodC and nifH genes' phylogenies indicated that these R. pseudoacacia symbionts share similar symbiosis genes, implying gene transfers and a degree of host specificity. Comparison of R. pseudoacacia symbiotic diversity in native and other invaded areas suggests that most Chinese symbionts may not have arrived with the seed but were local bacteria that acquired specific symbiotic genes from native American rhizobia.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
An Adaptive Regularization Method for Image Denoising

This pepper proposes a new regularization method to solve the problem of low rank optimization. Approximation compared with the nuclear norm, which is a rank regularization of successive approximation. The advantage of this model is that it can directly solve the rank of the regularized problem, and it only needs to calculate a singular value decomposition to improve the efficiency. Based on Morozov discrepancy principle, this paper analyses the choosing standard of parameters and proposes an adaptive algorithm. Finally, a series of experiments were done to illustrate this algorithm. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is compared with other algorithms, and the algorithm not only improves the denoising effect, but also shortens the time of operation.

Field of study: Engineering
Application of the Sonin-Pólya oscillation theorem

The necessary conditions for the Sonin-Polya theorem, which predicts the variation of the successive relative maxima of the oscillating solutions of a secondorder ordinary differential equation, are evaluated for the confluent hypergeometric functions to prove that the criteria for their decreasing sequence, as given in ,  and , are incorrect. The Sonin-Polya theorem is then applied to the differential equation for the linearized shallow-water edge wave that is produced by a beach of constant slope. The final application is to Allen's differential equation for the angle of attack oscillations of a re-entry ballistic missile, and new stability criteria are obtained for both ascending and descending missiles that are coasting through the atmosphere.

Field of study: Mathematics
The microbial metabolism of C1 compounds. The electron-transport chain of Pseudomonas am1.

Pseudomonas AM1, Hyphomicrobium X and Pseudomonas MS all contain cytochrome a/a(3) and a b-type cytochrome able to react with CO. Pseudomonas AM1 and Hyphomicrobium X also have a CO-binding cytochrome c. The purified cytochrome c (redox potential 0.26V) of Pseudomonas AM1 was not susceptible to oxidation by molecular oxygen. CO reacted slowly with the reduced form giving a CO difference spectrum with a peak at 412nm and troughs at 420nm and 550nm. Similar results were obtained with the cytochrome c of Hyphomicrobium (aerobically grown or anaerobically grown with nitrate) and with that of Pseudomonas extorquens. The results given in the present paper are incompatible with an oxygenase or oxidase function for the soluble cytochrome c of methylotrophs. Studies with whole cells of Pseudomonas AM1 and a cytochrome c-deficient mutant have demonstrated that cytochrome b (redox potential 0.009V) is the first cytochrome in the electron-transport chain for oxidation of all substrates except methanol (and ethanol) whose oxidation does not involve this cytochrome. All substrates are usually oxidized by way of cytochrome c and cytochrome oxidase (cytochrome a/a(3)), but there is an alternative route for the reduction of cytochrome a/a(3) in the mutant lacking cytochrome c. Results of experiments on cyanide inhibition of respiration and cytochrome oxidation support the suggestion that the susceptibility of cytochrome b to oxidation by molecular oxygen (reflected in its ability to react with CO) is probably irrelevant to the normal physiology of Pseudomonas AM1.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Dynamic response of direct methanol fuel cell under variable load

Dynamic characteristics are very important for transportable power sources with direct methanol fuel cells. The dynamic voltage responses to variable current of a single direct methanol fuel cell were studied.With the aid of computer-controlled electronic load, cell potential dynamic responses to current loading cycle,magnitude of loading current, constant loading/rest time and slope of increasing current were investigated. Experimental results indicated that the fuel cell responded rapidly to dynamic change of current cycle. Open circuit voltage of the fuel cell under dynamic operating condition was higher than that under steady state operating condition.The slope of increasing current significantly affected the cell dynamic response.The interaction between electrochemical reactions and transient heat/mass transfer inside the fuel cell made key contribution to dynamic response of the fuel cell.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Contribution à l'évaluation toxicologique des substances chimiques industrielles

La toxicologie industrielle naquit comme discipline a la suite des necessites pratiques de defense contre l'action nocive sur l'organisme des differentes substances chimiques. Quoique s'occupant largement a l'heure actuelle d'une serie de problemes theoriques de grande importance, une des charges fondamentales qui subsiste encore est constituee par Ie sujet de ce symposium, c'est-a-dire l'estimation des limites tolerables pour les substances toxiques utilisees en industrie. Nous considerons, comme etant particulierement utile dans l'etape actuelle des recherches, d'accorder une attention speciale a la succession des methodes utilisees et a I'etablissement des criteriums obligatoires pour atteindre ce but. Nous essayerons de synthetiser notre experience accumulee au cours de plusieurs annees et de tirer les conclusions les plus generales en ce qui concerne la possibilite d'estimer les Iimites tolerables. Nous nous refererons surtout aux substances nouvellement introduites dans l'industrie ou a celles moins connues et moins etudiees au point de vue toxicologique en Roumanie. Les tests de mortalite permettent d'estimer tout d'abord I'etendue de la zone de toxicite de la substance etudiee. Dans ce but nous employons dans notre laboratoire des concentrations ou des doses progressives pour etablir la DLlOO' la DLso et la dose mortelle minime. C'est ainsi que les substances volatiles, telles que Ie buthylate de vinyle", la chlorure de chloracetyle", les diverses essences roumaines", etc., on a utilise la methode l'intoxication statique sur la souris blanche de Krawkow; Ie temps d'exposition a ete maintenu en general a 2 h, en faisant varier seulement les concentrations. Pour les substances non volatiles, tel que le superphosphate", pour lesquelles presente d'importance seulement la dose administree, on a utilise pour l'intoxication la voie intragastrique au moyen d'une sonde, tandis que pour Ie nitrobenzene on a eu recours a la voie parenterale". La DLso est estimee en integrant les resultats obtenus a l'aide d'une progression de doses d'apres la formule proposee par Behrens. En ce qui concerne les substances volatiles, nous avons constate qu'iI est necessaire de calculer, a part la CLso (concentration lethale, 50 pour cent) pour les 2 h d'exposition a la substance toxique, une eLso pour toute la duree de l'observation. L'experience acquise par la recherche de la toxicite du chlorure de chloracetyle a montre que, pour ce temps d'exposition, la CLso=ll,l mg/L, tandis que pour tout Ie temps d'observation (24 h) la CLso est seulement de

Field of study: Chemistry
Structure, synthesis, and stereochemistry of (+)-orthosporin, a phytotoxic metabolite of Rhynchosporium orthosporum.

Structure of (+)-orthosporin, a phytotoxic metabolite isolated from Rhynchosporium orthosporum has been elucidated from spectroscopic data and chemical reaction, and the stereochemistry of (+)-orthosporin and (+)-diaporthin has been confirmed by the synthesis.

Field of study: Chemistry
Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against chicken secretory IgA.

Two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against chicken secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) were generated and their binding specificities were characterized by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), SDS-PAGE, and Western blotting. Analysis revealed that the subtypes of two MAbs were both IgG2b, with the light chain belonging to the kappa configuration. The affinity constant (K(aff)) of the two MAbs was 5.0 x 10(10) M(-1) and 9.7 x 10(9) M(-1), respectively. The MAbs are directed against the heavy chain domains of chicken SigA, and no cross-reactivities to IgG were observed. These results indicate that the MAbs are specific for SIgA and may be a useful tool for investigating issues regarding mucosal immunity and in the development of a good diagnostic kit for detection of specific IgA in chicken.

Field of study: Biology