nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of elevated CO2 on leaf gas exchange in beech and oak at two levels of nutrient supply: Consequences for sensitivity to drought in beech

Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L,) were grown from seed for two whole seasons at two CO, concentrations (ambient and ambient + 250 mu mol mol(-1)) with two levels of soil nutrient supply, Measurements of net leaf photosynthetic rate (A) and stomatal conductance (g(s)) of well-watered plants were taken over both seasons; a drought treatment was applied in the middle of the second growing season to a separate sample of beech drawn from the same population, The net leaf photosynthetic rate of well-watered plants was stimulated in elevated CO2 by an average of 75% in beech and 33% in oak; the effect continued through both growing seasons at both nutrient levels, There were no interactive effects of CO2 concentration and nutrient level on A or g(s) in beech or oak, Stomatal conductance was reduced in elevated CO2 by an average of 34% in oak, but in beech there were no significant reductions in g(s) except under cloudy conditions (-22% in elevated CO2), During drought, there was no effect of CO2 concentration on g(s) in beech grown with high nutrients, but for beech grown with low nutrients, g(s) was significantly higher in elevated CO2, causing more rapid soil drying, With high nutrient supply, soil drying was more rapid at elevated CO2 due to increased leaf area, It appears that beech may substantially increase whole-plant water consumption in elevated CO2, especially under conditions of high temperature and irradiance when damage due to high evaporative demand is most likely to occur, thereby putting itself at risk during periods of drought.

Field of study: Environmental science
Neutron interactions with the nucleus

The International Conference on Neutron Interactions with the Nucleus was held at Columbia University, New York, from the 9th through the 13th of September, 1957, and attracted about 300 delegates from 13 countries including the Soviet Union. Professor I. I. Rabi, who presided, pointed out in his opening speech that 26 years ago the neutron was unknown, and 50 years ago even the nucleus was unknown, and yet today here were 300 scientists from all parts of the world gathered to discuss the interactions between these two entities. As if to stress the importance of neutron reactions in the modern world, the proceedings were then interrupted for a few minutes by the deafening noise of the New York air‐raid warning system which was being tested that morning.

Field of study: Physics
Health care technology in France.

The French health care system combines freedom of medical practice with nation-wide social security. The system is centrally regulated with specific attention to technology. Prices and budgets are also regulated. Despite these controls, concerns about quality of care began to appear in France in the 1970s. At the same time, increasing costs became an issue. Health care technology assessment has been under discussion as part of the solution to these problems since the early 1980s, but little was done until 1989, when a national agency was established to develop and coordinate health care technology assessment in France. In 1991, a new law on hospitalization strengthened the role of the government in health care and required extensive evaluation activities. The law has made legal requirements for the health care system and the government at all levels, as well as establishing specific institutions and public grants to support evaluation and related activities. While further evolution of the health care system is inevitable, it seems clear that technology assessment is becoming one of the key tools for addressing problems of quality of care and rising costs.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Preparation and properties of polycrystalline divalent-cation β″-alumina☆

Using ion exchange from an appropriate molten salt, the divalent cations Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, Cd, Sn and Pb have been substituted for Na in polycrystalline Li 2 O-stabilized Na-β″-alumina samples. The Ca-, Sr-, and Cd-β″ alumina specimens were dense, crack-free bodies. Preparation procedures for the substitutions, lattice parameters for the substituted structure, and Raman spectra are given for the various divalent-cation β″-aluminas. Raman data aided in determining whether or not exchange of one ion by another had occured.

Field of study: Materials science
Reverse engineering processes, design document production, and structure charts

This article describes a high-level organizational paradigm for setting up reverse engineering processes capable of automatically generating design-level information and documents straight from code. It also illustrates an instantiation of the paradigm for the reconstruction of the structure charts of a software system according to the Yourdon-Constantine methodology. Discussion focuses on the reconstruction of structure charts at different levels of detail by means of information abstraction processes. These processes use an algebraic model to represent a software module and generate the structure charts of a whole system by successive abstractions of the data represented in the algebraic model of each of its modules.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Simultaneous Determination of Nine Phenolic Acids in Dendranthema Morifolium (Ramat) Tzvel. cv. Chuju Samples by High Performance Liquid Chromatography: Simultaneous Determination of Nine Phenolic Acids in Dendranthema Morifolium (Ramat) Tzvel. cv. Chuju Samples by High Performance Liquid Chromatogr


Field of study: Chemistry
Robust Preimplantation Genetic Testing Strategy for Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 by Bidirectional Triplet-Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction Combined With Multi-microsatellite Haplotyping Following Whole-Genome Amplification

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is caused by expansion of the DMPK CTG trinucleotide repeat. Disease transmission to offspring can be avoided through prenatal diagnosis or preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders (PGT-M). We describe a robust strategy for DM1 PGT-M that can be applied to virtually any at-risk couple. This strategy utilizes whole-genome amplification, followed by triplet-primed PCR (TP-PCR) detection of expanded DMPK alleles, in parallel with single-tube haplotype analysis of 12 closely linked and highly polymorphic microsatellite markers. Bidirectional TP-PCR and dodecaplex marker PCR assays were optimized and validated on whole-genome amplified single lymphoblasts isolated from DM1 reference cell lines, and tested on a simulated PGT-M case comprising a parent-offspring trio and three simulated embryos. Bidirectional DMPK TP-PCR reliably detects repeat expansions even in the presence of non-CTG interruptions at either end of the expanded allele. Misdiagnoses, diagnostic ambiguity, and couple-specific assay customization are further minimized by the use of multi-marker haplotyping, preventing the loss of potentially unaffected embryos for transfer.

Field of study: Biology
Quantitative analysis of two-component samples using in-line hard X-ray images.

Methods for rapid quantitative phase-sensitive X-ray imaging of non-crystalline samples consisting of two distinct components are investigated. The transverse spatial distribution of the projected thickness of each component is reconstructed by computer processing of in-line images collected using synchrotron-generated hard X-rays and a position-sensitive detector with submicrometre spatial resolution. Different imaging techniques and associated image-processing algorithms are considered, with relative advantages and difficulties of each approach compared. A possible generalization of the method for the case of n-component samples is briefly discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Modified Reciprocal Teaching in a Regular Classroom

This study was designed to increase reading compre hension and academic achievement of students through the use of a modified reciprocal teaching program. Modified reciprocal teaching involved small groups of students working together to read and comprehend a portion of text. The students took turas "teaching" these groups by assisting the rest of the group in select ing key words and phrases, summarizing, questioning, clarifying, and predicting. Students were randomly as signed to one of three seventh-grade regular education social studies classes. One class used modified reciprocal teaching twice a week for 8 weeks. The other two classes received a traditional instructional program. All classes were taught by the same teacher. Significant differences included higher scores on comprehension tests and writ ing samples, improvement in second-quarter social studies grades, and better conduct records for students who par ticipated in modified reciprocal teaching. Several ex planations for the superior performance of the modified reciprocal teaching group are hypothesized.

Field of study: Education
Über den Einfluß des äußeren Feldes auf den lichtelektrischen Effekt an Cäsiumoxydkathoden

ZusammenfassungEs wird der Einfluß von Raumladungen und äußeren Feldern auf den licht-elektrischen Effekt an Photokathoden beschrieben. Es wird gezeigt, daß unter dem Einfluß eines beschleunigenden äußeren Feldes das langwellige licht-elektrische Maximum und die spektrale lichtelektrische Verteilung einer Cäsiumoxydkathode mit eingebauten Cäsium- und Frerndmetallatomen nach dem langwelligen Gebiet wandern.

Field of study: Physics
Comamonas (Pseudomonas) testosteroni endocarditis.

Comamonas testosteroni has rarely been implicated as a human pathogen. We report a case of infectious endocarditis due to this organism, occurring in a 49-year-old man. The posterior leaflet of the mitral valve contained a 1 x 1 cm vegetation and showed myxoid degeneration and acute inflammation. The patient had no evidence of reinfection after 32 months. The infection was almost certainly community acquired, as is usually true for this organism.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Administrative Strategies in Mitigating Middle Level Students’ Discipline in Public Secondary Schools in Rwanda

School discipline continues to be an issue of concern among school administrators. However, in maintaining discipline in schools for a long time, educators have to device and implement disciplinary strategies that are non-coercive, yet assertive. This study aimed at investigating administrative strategies and levels of students’ discipline in public secondary schools in Rwanda. The age group of students considered was between 12 and 13 years. Using stratified and purposive sampling four head teachers and 60 teachers from a target population of 183 individuals were selected from four schools. The findings are that corrective strategies were appropriate for handling level 2 and 3 infractions while preventive strategies were appropriate in handling level 1 type of infractions.. The recommendations are that preventive and corrective strategies be used simultaneously within the provision of the stipulated law and the involvement of parents should be strengthened. Some strategies such as guidance and counseling should be implemented in schools by having qualified teachers in the area something that is lacking at the moment. Police intervention should strictly be limited to level 3 infractions.  Administrators, strategies, discipline, infraction, behavior

Field of study: Education
Inventing the Renaissance Putto. Charles Dempsey

for translating from the Greek, and that when Zoppino published a second edition of Lucian's collected works (the first was anonymous), he credits Leoniceno as the translator. Although based on the VC manuscript, this edition mysteriously lacks the tale of the ass. Ultimately, Acocella must admit that the documents do not allow for a certain attribution. While Acocella's philological sleuthing is truly impressive, she unfortunately does not push beyond this endeavor to offer a plausible explanation for why Zoppino would be motivated to misattribute the translation to Boiardo or to seek to understand why the tale of the golden ass so fascinated the Este court. In the extensively illustrated second chapter, Acocella examines the interplay of visual and verbal representations of I'asino d'oro, focusing on the tale of Cupid and Psyche, an embedded narrative in Apuleius' Metamorphoses that enjoyed an autonomous success. The extensive catalogue of literary texts, paintings, frescos, and engravings depicting Cupid and Psyche will undoubtedly prove useful to other scholars. While the discussion of Raphaels, and his students Giulio Romano's and Perin del Vaga's, use of verbal descriptions as inspiration for their visual depictions of Psyche depends heavily on the scholarship of others, Acocella's detailed analysis of Vicenzo Tamagni's lesser known fresco cycle, Sala dell'asino d'oro in the Rocca de' Rossi in San Secondo near Palma, reveals that the artist based his work not on a literary text, but on the engravings in the 1519 Zoppino edition oiApulegio volgare. The appendix contains Acocella's critical edition of Lucio o I'asino, based on the VC manuscript, and Luciano: De asino aureo vulgari (1523). As neither the manuscript nor the rare book is readily available, this appendix renders the work all the more attractive. Acocella's book, with the its numerous illustrations, lengthy bibliography, and extensive documentation will become an indispensable resource for scholars interested in furthering our understanding of the role of the tale ofI'asino d'oro in Renaissance culture.

Field of study: History
Limitation of plant water use by rhizosphere and xylem conductance: results from a model

Hydraulic conductivity (K) in the soil and xylem declines as water potential (psi) declines. This results in a maximum rate of steady-state transpiration (E(crit)) and corresponding minimum leaf psi (psi(crit)) at which K has approached zero somewhere in the soil-leaf continuum. Exceeding these limits causes water transport to cease. A model determined whether the point of hydraulic failure (where K = 0) occurred in the rhizosphere or xylem components of the continuum. Below a threshold of root:leaf area (A(R):A(L)), the loss of rhizosphere K limited E(crit) and psi(crit). Above the threshold, loss of xylem K from cavitation was limiting. The A(R):A(L) threshold ranged from > 40 for coarse soils and/or cavitation-resistant xylem to < 0.20 in fine soils and/or cavitation-susceptible xylem. Comparison of model results with drought experiments in sunflower and water birch indicated that stomatal regulation of E reflected the species' hydraulic potential for extracting soil water, and that the more sensitive stomatal response of water birch to drought was necessary to avoid hydraulic failure. The results suggest that plants should be xylem-limited and near their A(R):A(L) threshold. Corollary predictions are (1) within a soil type the A(R):A(L) should increase with increasing cavitation resistance and drought tolerance, and (2) across soil types from fine to coarse the A(R):A(L) should increase and maximum cavitation resistance should decrease.

Field of study: Environmental science
Electronic toll collection system using RFID and GSM

1 Asst. Professor Dept.Electronics & Telecommunication, Dr.D.Y.Patil Institute of Information & technology, Pimpri,Pune,India.  Dept. Electronics & Telecommunication, Dr.D.Y.Patil Institute of Information & technology Pimpri, Pune, India Abstract—This paper focuses on an electronic toll collection (ETC) system using radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. The proposed RFID system uses tags that are mounted on the windshields of vehicles, through which information embedded on the tags are read by RFID readers, The proposed system eliminates the need for motorists and toll authorities to manually perform ticket payments and toll fee collections, respectively.. Key words—Toll booth, RFID, GSM.

Field of study: Engineering
Nanotechnology for Stimulating Osteoprogenitor Differentiation

Bone is the second most transplanted tissue and due to its complex structure, metabolic demands and various functions, current reconstructive options such as foreign body implants and autologous tissue transfer are limited in their ability to restore defects. Most tissue engineering approaches target osteoinduction of osteoprogenitor cells by modifying the extracellular environment, using scaffolds or targeting intracellular signaling mechanisms or commonly a combination of all of these. Whilst there is no consensus as to what is the optimal cell type or approach, nanotechnology has been proposed as a powerful tool to manipulate the biomolecular and physical environment to direct osteoprogenitor cells to induce bone formation.  Review of the published literature was undertaken to provide an overview of the use of nanotechnology to control osteoprogenitor differentiation and discuss the most recent developments, limitations and future directions.  Nanotechnology can be used to stimulate osteoprogenitor differentiation in a variety of way. We have principally classified research into nanotechnology for bone tissue engineering as generating biomimetic scaffolds, a vector to deliver genes or growth factors to cells or to alter the biophysical environment. A number of studies have shown promising results with regards to directing ostroprogenitor cell differentiation although limitations include a lack of in vivo data and incomplete characterization of engineered bone.  There is increasing evidence that nanotechnology can be used to direct the fate of osteoprogenitor and promote bone formation. Further analysis of the functional properties and long term survival in animal models is required to assess the maturity and clinical potential of this.

Field of study: Medicine
Cross-Layer Design of Wireless Multihop Random Access Networks

Joint design of flow control, multipath routing, and random access control is considered for wireless multihop networks. Based on a network utility maximization formulation, Aloha persistence probabilities are optimized together with multicommodity end-to-end rates and per-link flow rates. Although the joint optimization of Aloha and flow control was previously tackled using a convex reformulation, adding the routing component renders the problem inherently nonconvex. To cope with this challenge, a successive convex approximation approach is taken to obtain a locally optimal solution efficiently. A parallelized distributed algorithm is developed, which scales well in the network size and exhibits low computational complexity. An online implementation is also proposed and tested. Numerical examples verify the novel design and highlight the performance advantage over state-of-the-art alternatives.

Field of study: Engineering
2-[2-(1-benzoyl-4-methyldibenzo- thienyl-2)benzo[b]thienyl-3]phenyl- 1-ethanone – a new product of the reaction of 1-methyl-3-phenylbenzo- thieno[2,3-c]pyrilium perchlorate with nucleophilic reagents

On the interaction of 1-methyl-3-phenylbenzothieno[2,3-c]pyrilium perchlorate with primary and secondary amines and alkalis in aqueous media a product of cyclocondensation of 2-acetyl-3-phenacyl-benzo[b]thiophene – 2-[2-(1-benzoyl-4-methyldibenzothienyl-2)benzo[b]thienyl-3]phenyl-1-ethanone – was isolated in addition to the classical objects of recyclization.

Field of study: Chemistry
Partial N-terminal amino acid sequence of the anti-neoplastic urinary protein (ANUP) and the anti-tumour effect of the N-terminal nonapeptide of the unique cytokine present in human granulocytes.

The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the anti-neoplastic urinary protein (ANUP), a unique cytokine present in human granulocytes, was determined to be: Pyroglu-Leu-Lys-X-Tyr-Thr-X-Lys-Glu-Pro-Met-Thr-Ser(Thr)-Ala-Ala... This sequence showed no significant homology with any other protein when used in database searches. Furthermore, a synthetic nonapeptide corresponding to the first nine residues, with Cys in positions 4 and 7, was found to be a biologically active in vitro anti-tumour agent. An alternate method for the purification of ANUP to that previously reported is also presented. This method involves differential Amicon Diaflo membrane filtration.

Field of study: Medicine
New Hybrid Neuro-Evolutionary Algorithms for Renewable Energy and Facilities Management Problems

This Ph.D. thesis deals with the optimization of several renewable energy resources development as well as the improvement of facilities management in oceanic engineering and airports, using computational hybrid methods belonging to AI to this end. Energy is essential to our society in order to ensure a good quality of life. This means that predictions over the characteristics on which renewable energies depend are necessary, in order to know the amount of energy that will be obtained at any time. The second topic tackled in this thesis is related to the basic parameters that influence in different marine activities and airports, whose knowledge is necessary to develop a proper facilities management in these environments. Within this work, a study of the state-of-the-art Machine Learning have been performed to solve the problems associated with the topics above-mentioned, and several contributions have been proposed: One of the pillars of this work is focused on the estimation of the most important parameters in the exploitation of renewable resources. The second contribution of this thesis is related to feature selection problems. The proposed methodologies are applied to multiple problems: the prediction of $H_s$, relevant for marine energy applications and marine activities, the estimation of WPREs, undesirable variations in the electric power produced by a wind farm, the prediction of global solar radiation in areas from Spain and Australia, really important in terms of solar energy, and the prediction of low-visibility events at airports. All of these practical issues are developed with the consequent previous data analysis, normally, in terms of meteorological variables.

Field of study: Computer science
Nucleation and Growth of Stellated Gold Clusters: Experimental Synthesis and Molecular Dynamics Study

An experimental and theoretical study on the structure and energetics of stellated gold clusters at several sizes is presented. Systematic molecular dynamics simulations on Kepler-Poisont classified clusters are performed based on cubo-octahedral and icosahedral cores, following present and previous studies that suggest stellated clusters grew up from these seeds. For cluster sizes up to 10802 atoms full atomistic molecular dynamics simulations at room temperature have been carried out. Results show that stellated clusters in the bigger size regime maintain their star-like shape at room temperature, and by means of linear fitting of energy data to proper function models, it is predicted that the two type of stellated structures might coexist at room temperature for relatively large sizes, being these findings in good agreement with experimental results.

Field of study: Physics
Music and Patronage in the Sforza Court. Paul A. Merkley , Lora L. M. Merkley

Ambrosian Republic, and the rise of Francesco Sforza to power. Here Francesco Barbara proved a cautious statesman, his attitude perhaps tempered by the horrors of the siege of Brescia. Against further ambitions in Lombardy during the succession crisis in the duchy of Milan, Barbaro consistently counseled moderation, insisting on no aspirations to Venetian dominion west of the Adda River. More than any humanist letter-book, Barbara's is die record of the career and values of a major Venetian diplomat, soldier, statesman and cultural leader. Thus, Claudio Griggio's superb edition should become an essential tool not only for the study of early Italian humanism, but also for all students of the history of Venice in the first half of the Quattrocento. BENJAMIN G. KOHL Vassar College

Field of study: History