nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
New design of hairpin-koch fractal filter for suppression of spurious band

The use of fractal geometries has significantly impacted many areas of science and engineering; one ofwhich ismicrowave filters.Microstrip filters have been widely used in a variety of microwave circuits and systems, it has received much attention because of the advantages such as compact and simple structures, small sizes, easy fabrication and low cost, etc., and all these features are the requirement of thewireless communication systems. The design of a hairpin-Koch filter has been proposed. This filter exhibits a periodic frequency response. The spurious bands are being suppressed significantly through the implementation ofKoch fractal on the micro strip coupled line.

Field of study: Materials science
Further study on the roles of the effector molecules of immunosuppressive macrophages induced by mycobacterial infection in expression of their suppressor function against mitogen‐stimulated T cell proliferation

Previously, we found that phospholipids and reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI) collaborated in expression of the T cell mitogenesis‐inhibitory activity of immunosuppressive macrophages induced by Mycobacterium avium‐intracellulare complex (MAIC) infection. In this study, we examined the roles of free fatty acids (FFA) and prostaglandins (PG) as effectors of MAIC‐induced macrophages, and moreover, their collaborating effects with RNI. First, treatment of MAIC‐induced macrophages with quinacrine (phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor), dexamethasone (inhibitor of PLA2 and PG synthesis) or indomethacin (PG synthesis inhibitor) attenuated their suppressor activity against concanavalin A (Con A)‐induced mitogenesis of splenocytes (SPC), indicating important roles of FFA liberated from membrane phospholipids and PG, as effectors. Second, oleic acid, PGE2, RNI generated from NOR 4 (a new nitric oxide (NO) donor), and phosphatidylserine (PS) exhibited suppressor activity against SPC mitogenesis without showing significant cytotoxicity, in an irreversible manner. Third, the suppressor activities of RNI and PGE2 were potentiated by combined use with oleic acid in a synergistic manner. Fourth, a dual‐chamber experiment in which target SPC were separated from MAIC‐induced macrophages by a Millipore filter revealed a requirement for cell‐to‐cell contact for expression of the suppressor function of MAIC‐induced macrophages. These findings indicate that RNI, FFA, PG, and phospholipids (presumably PS) and their collaboration play central roles in expression of the T cell mitogenesis‐inhibitory function of MAIC‐induced suppressor macrophages.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Dispositional Forgivingness: Development and Construct Validity of the Transgression Narrative Test of Forgivingness (TNTF)

Forgivingness is the disposition to forgive interpersonal transgressions over time and across situations. There is currently no acceptable measure of forgivingness for use in testing theoretical propositions. The authors describe a five-item scenario-based scale, the Transgression Narrative Test of Forgivingness (TNTF). In five studies examining 518 university students from three disparate universities, the authors assess the item and full-scale functioning of the TNTF and its concurrent and 8- week predictive validity relative to trait anger, rumination, neuroticism, agreeableness, and hostility. Test-retest reliability and stability of item locations were both good. Norms are presented by gender, ethnicity, and religious activity. The TNTF is a brief measure of forgivingness that is not theory dependent and is therefore useful in basic and intervention research from a variety of theoretical perspectives.

Field of study: Psychology
Green paradiplomacy and water resource management in North America: the case of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin

Sharing the world's largest freshwater lake system, Canada and United States have for over a hundred years sought to jointly manage this vital resource. However, in accordance with multi-level governance and paradiplomacy literature, it appears that this collaboration has considerably changed over the last thirty years. From an initial bilateral cooperation between federal authorities, provinces and US states became prominent actors in cross-border water governance, and, in this sense, a green transboundary paradiplomacy has emerged along the 49th parallel. In particular, a specific cross-border organization, the Council of Great Lakes Governors, developed an interesting water regime, and adopted recently a dual tool for water governance in 2005, called the “Great Lakes – St. Lawrence River Basin Water Resources Compact” and its non-binding twin the “Great Lakes – St. Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Resources Agreement”, which aim to prevent massive water transfer outside the basin. Adopting a green paradiplomacy and multi-level governance perspective, this article aims to analyze in depth this new environmental regime and the legislative implementation process of this dual agreement. Then, we will begin a broader reflection on cross-border and subnational environmental governance in North America.

Field of study: Political science
Required Relationship Between Objective Function and Pareto Frontier Orders: Practical Implications

It is well known that the weighted sum aggregate objective function fails to capture Pareto points that are located on a concave region of the Pareto frontier. Conditions are established for a general aggregate objective function to capture points on a concave Pareto frontier region. Specifically, these conditions are developed in terms of the relative orders of the Pareto frontier and aggregate objective function. These critical conditions can be used in practice to allow an aggregate objective function to capture any potentially desirable Pareto point. Conversely, failure to satisfy these critical conditions can represent a pivotal failure point of the general application of design optimization because we may fail to obtain the design we seek.

Field of study: Physics
Application of boundary calculation methodologies to group sequential testing in general parametric models

For clinical trials with interim analyses, there have been methodologies and software to calculate boundaries for comparing binomial, normal, and survival data from two treatment groups. Jermison & Turnbull (1991) extended Pocock (1977) and O' Brien- Fleming (1979) boundaries to t-tests, x2-tests and F-tests for comparing normal data from several treatment groups. This paper demonstrates that the above boundaries can be applied to a wide variety of test statistics based on general parametric settings. We show that asymptotically the x2 boundaries as well as the corresponding nominal significance levels calculated by Jennison & Turnbull can be applied to interim analyses based on the score test, the Wald test, and the likelihood ratio test for general parametric models. Based on the results of this paper, currently available software in group sequential testing can be used to calculate. the nominal significance levels (or boundaries) for group sequential testing based on logistic regression, A NOVA, and ot...

Field of study: Mathematics
The University Financial Rights Budget Management Based on Co-governance

There were some defects in the university financial rights budget management,such as decision-making system and financial coordinate system,which had seriously undermined the university development.To strengthen the university financial budget management,it should integrate the accounting system with the financial system,play the role of the professors' association and the teachers' representatives conference fully,establish the configuration and classification system with the consistency of financial rights,and optimize the expense ratio between the academy service and the administrative service.

Field of study: Education
Quantizer Design for Energy-Based Source Localization in Sensor Networks

We consider energy-based source localization applications, where distributed sensors quantize acoustic signal energy readings and transmit quantized data to a fusion node, which then produces an estimate of the source location. We propose an iterative quantizer design algorithm that allows us to take into account localization accuracy for quantizer design in the framework of the generalized Lloyd algorithm. Since source coding methodologies based on the Lloyd algorithm suffer from the presence of numerous poor local optima depending on initialization of quantizers, we introduce an efficient initialization, the equally distance-divided quantizer (EDQ), designed so that quantizer partitions correspond to a uniform partitioning in terms of distance. Our simulations demonstrate that improved performance over traditional quantizer designs can be achieved by using our proposed application specific strategy.

Field of study: Engineering
Expanding search in the space of empirical ML

As researchers and practitioners of applied machine learning, we are given a set of requirements on the problem to be solved, the plausibly obtainable data, and the computational resources available. We aim to find (within those bounds) reliably useful combinations of problem, data, and algorithm. An emphasis on algorithmic or technical novelty in ML conference publications leads to exploration of one dimension of this space. Data collection and ML deployment at scale in industry settings offers an environment for exploring the others. Our conferences and reviewing criteria can better support empirical ML by soliciting and incentivizing experimentation and synthesis independent of algorithmic innovation.

Field of study: Computer science
Landscape diversity patterns and endemism of Araceae in Ecuador

Araceae is one of the largest herb families in tropical America, but its patterns of diversity and endemism are poorly known. We used predictive distribution modelling in GIS to study Araceae richness on a landscape scale in Ecuador. Modelling was based on georeferenced herbarium collections with humidity and mean annual temperature as climatic variables. Variation partitioning using multiple regression showed that humidity and altitude were main factors in explaining Araceae diversity patterns. Endemism was less well explained by present climatic factors. Unlike common diversity patterns of herbs or epiphytes, Araceae richness was highest in the eastern (Amazon) lowland rain forest with a secondary centre on the Andean foothills of northwestern Ecuador. The peak in endemism was on the western slopes of the Andes, corresponding to areas that have been severely affected by human activities and deforestation. Eastern lowland (Amazonian) forests were poor in endemic Araceae.

Field of study: Environmental science
Ant colony optimization algorithm with Internet of Vehicles for intelligent traffic control system

Vehicles present on the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) can communicate with each other in order to determine the status of the road and vehicle in real time. These parameters are used to estimate the average speed and identify the optimal route to reach the destination. However, the government traffic departments are unable to use these valuable traffic data and thus more traffic jam, congestion and road accident occurs. In order to overcome this issue, this paper proposes an effective traffic control system with the help of IoV technology. The proposed method is demonstrated in the study are of Vellore district, Tamil Nadu, India. The street maps are segmented into number small number of distinct maps. Ant colony algorithm is applied to each map in order to find the optimal route. In addition, Fuzzy logic based traffic intensity calculation function is proposed in this paper to model the heavy traffic. The proposed IoV based route selection method is compared with the existing shortest path selection algorithms such as Dijikstra algorithm, Kruskal's algorithm and Prim's algorithm. The experimental results proved the good performance of the proposed IoV based route selection method.

Field of study: Computer science
Substitution of wheat flour with cauliflower flour in bakery products: effects on chemical, physical, antioxidant properties and sensory analyses.

Cauliflower is considered as a rich source of dietary fiber and it possesses both antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties. Disposal of the non-edible portion of cauliflower, remains a crucial problem, otherwise, if used properly, these wastes may serve as good sources of nutrients for produce different foods. The objective of the study was using cauliflower stalk flour (CSF) and cauliflower leaves flour (CLF) flours in making biscuits. Biscuits were formulated with 3 different concentrations of CSF. It was analyzed chemical composition, pH, titratable acidity and oxalate. The total phenolic content was measured by Folin-Ciocalteu method and antioxidant activity was conducted by DPPH assay with five different extractors. The leaf and stalk had a productivity flour of 8,45% (CSF) and 4,0% (CLF), respectively. Both flours contained a high amount of crude fiber (47,07% and 31,13%, respectively ). Better antioxidant activity was found in CLF than in CSF. The biscuits prepared would be classified, as products ready for consumption with high fiber content. All attributes acceptability index reached above 70%. The biscuits prepared can be considered products’ quality and acceptance, especially since these products do not yet exist in the market.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Fault-tolerance of (n, k)-star networks

This paper considers a refined measure ? s ( h ) for the fault-tolerance of a network and, for the generalized star network S n , k , determines ? s ( h ) ( S n , k ) = n + h ( k - 2 ) - 1 for 2 ≤ k ≤ n - 1 and 0 ≤ h ≤ n - k , which implies that at least n + h ( k - 2 ) - 1 vertices of S n , k have to be removed to get a disconnected graph without vertices of degree less than h. This work generalizes some known results. When the ( n , k ) -star graph is used to model the topological structure of a large-scale parallel processing system, this result can provide a more accurate measure for the fault tolerance of the system.

Field of study: Mathematics
Till stratigraphy and late glacial events in the Lake Michigan Lobe of eastern Wisconsin

Four late Wisconsinan reddish-brown tills are present along the Lake Michigan shoreline in eastern Wisconsin. These tills are distinguished by differences in grain-size distribution, clay mineral content, and stratigraphic position. The Ozaukee and Haven tills underlie the Two Creeks Forest Bed. The younger Valders Till, although not present at a forest bed locality, is also pre-Twocreekan age based on several arguments including correlation with tills of the adjoining Green Bay Lobe. One Greatlakean age till, the Two Rivers Till, has been recognized, and this clearly overlies the Two Creeks Forest Bed. As previously reported, we conclude that the Valders Till is most likely of pre-Twocreekan age and that “Valderan” is an inappropriate term as a substage name for post-Twocreekan time and that the use of the term “Greatlakean” is justified by stratigraphic studies.

Field of study: Geology
Quantization of 2D hole gas in conductive hydrogenated diamond surfaces observed by electron field emission.

Discrete jumps are observed in the emitted current density (J) versus extraction electric field (E) curves in electron field emission measurements from a conductive, hydrogen-terminated air-exposed diamond surface. These jumps are well reproduced by computations based on the assumption that a 2D nanoscale quantum system with discrete energy levels exists in the diamond near-surface layer. The present results confirm the formation of well-defined quantum states of holes in the 2D surface layer present on hydrogenated air-exposed diamond surfaces.

Field of study: Physics
Identification and Expression Analysis of Long Non-coding RNA in Large Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys crocea) in Response to Cryptocaryon irritans Infection

Large-scale transcription studies have revealed numerous lncRNAs (long non-coding RNAs). lncRNAs have been proposed to participate in the regulation of a diverse range of biological processes, including transcriptional regulation. Although lncRNAs have attracted increasing attention, the studies in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) are still rare, and they lack systematic analysis. In this study, 101 RNA-seq datasets varied in ages, sexes, and tissues were retrieved from the NCBI database to generate a comprehensive catalog of large yellow croaker transcriptome database. A set of 14,599 high-confidence lncRNAs from 13,673 loci were identified and characterized. Furthermore, RNA-seq datasets obtained from the infection of C. irritans were employed to investigate the differential expression pattern of lncRNAs and analyze potential biological functions. A total of 77 differentially expressed lncRNAs targeting to 567 protein-coding genes were identified by using expression analysis. Several immune genes, including TLR5, CD2AP, and MMP9, were highlighted. With GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis, the immune-related terms or pathways were enriched. This study created a comprehensive dataset of lncRNAs for large yellow croaker, which would be helpful for the researches of functional roles of lncRNAs in large yellow croaker.

Field of study: Biology
Development of a sub-nanosecond rep-rate pulse hard X-ray generator

A rep-rate fast pulse hard X-ray generator is developed.The specialties in principle and structure is described,and the experiment parameters of running voltage,current and X-ray radiation field are measured and analyzed.The stability of the source is investigated.The results show that the generator has flexible structure and running mode and can produce a medium intense rep-rate nanosecond or sub-nanosecond pulse hard X-ray radiation field,whose parameters of upper limit of energy,spectrum,intensity,pulse width,etc,are on-line controlled.

Field of study: Physics
How to Explain Individual Classification Decisions

After building a classifier with modern tools of machine learning we typically have a black box at hand that is able to predict well for unseen data. Thus, we get an answer to the question what is the most likely label of a given unseen data point. However, most methods will provide no answer why the model predicted a particular label for a single instance and what features were most influential for that particular instance. The only method that is currently able to provide such explanations are decision trees. This paper proposes a procedure which (based on a set of assumptions) allows to explain the decisions of any classification method.

Field of study: Computer science
On the margins: Undocumented students’ narrated experiences of (il)legality

Undocumented migration is a major demographic trend, yet both under researched and under-theorized. This is particularly the case for undocumented students in the U.S., as most studies that target this population have spotlighted extraordinary adolescents (e.g., Gonzales, 2008 ). Much less is known about the everyday unextraordinary experiences of undocumented youth in navigating the U.S. legal and social terrain. To address this gap, this study interviewed and observed undocumented Latino youth in the U.S. over 18 months, and examined what we term, the ‘narrative accounts of legality’ produced by 15 youths. Analysis of these 20 narrative accounts reveals that immigration status is experienced and understood largely in racial terms. Findings provide insight into how these experiences are linked to youths’ sense of self and self-development and the ways in which these high school students and young adults discursively make sense of the myriad contradictions surrounding them.

Field of study: Education, Linguistics
Diversity and endemism in Rotifera: a review, and Keratella Bory de St Vincent

We confront patterns in the chorology and diversity of freshwater and limnoterrestrial Rotifera with predictions following from the recently revived ubiquity theorem on the distribution of microscopic organisms. Notwithstanding a strong taxonomic impediment and lack of data, both bdelloid and monogonont rotifers appear to conform to the hypothesis’ predictions that local diversity is relatively high compared to global diversity and that cosmopolitism is important. To the contrary, however, a latitudinal diversity gradient is obvious, and endemicity is present, and exhibits diverse patterns. This is illustrated by the case of Keratella rotifers, in which we identify purported relict endemicity hotspots in the east Palaearctic (China) and in temperate and cold regions of the southern hemisphere, and a recent radiation in North America. The apparent paradox may result from an antagonism between rotifer’s high population sizes and presence of potentially highly efficient propagules, versus pre-emption of habitats and local adaptation by resident populations, specific dispersal ability, and ecological and geographical factors. We conclude that distribution patterns of microscopic organisms, as represented by rotifers, most likely span the whole range of alternatives, from full cosmopolitanism to local endemism, and suggest that studying this diversity is more productive to come to an understanding of their chorology and diversity.

Field of study: Environmental science
Astragaloside Alleviates Hepatic Fibrosis Function via PAR2 Signaling Pathway in Diabetic Rats

Astragaloside (AGS) extracted from radix astragalin (Huangqi) has been considered to be beneficial to liver diseases. In this study, we examined the role played by AGS in alleviating hepatic fibrosis function via protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) mechanisms. We hypothesized that AGS affects PAR2 signaling pathway thereby improving hepatic function in rats with hepatic fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). We further hypothesized that AGS attenuates impaired hepatic function evoked by CCl4 to a greater degree in diabetic animals.  ELISA and Western Blot analysis were used to examine PAR2 signaling pathway in diabetic CCl4-rats and non-diabetic CCl4-rats.  AGS inhibited the protein expression of PAR2 and its downstream pathway PKA and PKCɛ in CCl4-rats. Notably, the effects of AGS were greater in CCl4-rats with diabetes. AGS also significantly attenuated the CCl4-induced upregulations of pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α accompanied with decreases of collagenic parameters such as hexadecenoic acid, laminin and hydroxyproline. Additionally, AGS improved the CCl4-induced exaggerations of liver index and functions including alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase. Moreover, TGF-β1, a marker of hepatic fibrosis, was increased in CCl4-rats and AGS inhibited increases in TGF-β1 induced by CCl4.  AGS alleviates hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting PAR2 signaling expression and its effects are largely enhanced in diabetic animals. Targeting one or more of these signaling molecules may present new opportunities for treatment and management of hepatic fibrosis; and results of our study are likely to shed light on strategies for application of AGS because it has potentially greater therapeutic effectiveness for hepatic fibrosis in diabetes.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry