nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Neuroleptics and mortality: a 50-year cycle

The paper by Joukamaa et al (2006, this issue) would have interested Heinz Lehmann, a German émigré psychiatrist working at Verdun hospital in Montreal, who was one of the first clinicians to investigate the effects of chlorpromazine in North America and was the first to publish an article outlining its clinical impact (Lehmann & Hanrahan, 1954). Lehmann was no simple enthusiast for physical treatments, having demonstrated that mute and deteriorated people with schizophrenia in Verdun's back wards responded to placebo injections of ‘new experimental hormones' when the injection site was painted with a disinfectant that left a prominent red stain (Lehmann, 1993). However, chlorpromazine was different. Although previous treatments had provided some benefits, nothing produced quite such dramatic effects in the experience of senior researchers such as Lehmann. Chlorpromazine ignited a wave of enthusiasm in psychiatry sufficient to sweep aside post-War differences between the Germans and the French, for instance, so that they and others convened to share their experiences on the benefits of the new drugs at international meetings rapidly organised by university departments rather than pharmaceutical companies.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
A neutron beam spectrometer based on a scintillation detector with n-γ pulse shape discrimination

A scintillation spectrometer with pulse shape separation of signals from neutrons and gamma quanta, installed on the RADEX neutron beam channel at the Institute for Nuclear Research is described. The need for n-γ separation is due to the presence of a substantial gamma background at the location of the spectrometer. To optimize n-γ separation, new parameters of the pulse shape separation and methods for calculating them are proposed. Significant improvement in the n-γ separation is obtained. Applying new parameters allows us to use information about only part of the scintillation pulse, enabling the operation of the spectrometer at high count rates and pulse pileup. Such a spectrometer can be used to monitor the RADEX neutron beam channel and determine the energy distribution of neutrons in the beam.

Field of study: Physics
The Catholic Church's Teaching about Same-Sex Marriage

AbstractAlthough the Church teaches respect for homosexual persons in their essential humanity and their basic human rights, this does not and cannot mean the approval of homosexual behavior or the legal recognition of homosexual unions. Legal recognition of homosexual unions or placing them on the same level as marriage would mean not only the approval of deviant behavior, with the consequence of making it a model in present-day society, but would also obscure basic values which belong to the common inheritance of humanity. The Church cannot fail to defend these values, for the good of men and women and for the good of society itself.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Evidence for a quantum spin Hall phase in graphene decorated with Bi2Te3 nanoparticles

Topological insulating graphene is created using decoration of an extremely small quantity of heavy nanoparticles. Realization of the quantum spin Hall effect in graphene devices has remained an outstanding challenge dating back to the inception of the field of topological insulators. Graphene’s exceptionally weak spin-orbit coupling—stemming from carbon’s low mass—poses the primary obstacle. We experimentally and theoretically study artificially enhanced spin-orbit coupling in graphene via random decoration with dilute Bi2Te3 nanoparticles. Multiterminal resistance measurements suggest the presence of helical edge states characteristic of a quantum spin Hall phase; the magnetic field and temperature dependence of the resistance peaks, x-ray photoelectron spectra, scanning tunneling spectroscopy, and first-principles calculations further support this scenario. These observations highlight a pathway to spintronics and quantum information applications in graphene-based quantum spin Hall platforms.

Field of study: Physics
Research on Microstructure and Property of Aluminium Piston Alloy by Laser Remelting

The aluminium alloy piston surface was remelted by laser.The grain of piston alloy was refined.The comprehensive property of aluminium piston alloy increases.The effects of laser process parameters on the grain refinement were researched and the best laser process parameters were found.The microstructure and properties of aluminium piston alloy after laser remelting were researched.

Field of study: Materials science
Protein-restricted diets plus keto/amino acids--a valid therapeutic approach for chronic kidney disease patients.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasingly common, and there is an increasing awareness that every strategy should be used to avoid complications of CKD. Restriction of dietary protein intake has been a relevant part of the management of CKD for more than 100 years, but even today, the principal goal of protein-restricted regimens is to decrease the accumulation of nitrogen waste products, hydrogen ions, phosphates, and inorganic ions while maintaining an adequate nutritional status to avoid secondary problems such as metabolic acidosis, bone disease, and insulin resistance, as well as proteinuria and deterioration of renal function. This supplement focuses on recent experimental and clinical findings related to an optimized dietary management of predialysis, dialysis, and transplanted patients as an important aspect of patient care. Nutritional treatment strategies are linked toward ameliorating metabolic and endocrine disturbances, improving/maintaining nutritional status, as well as delaying the renal replacement initiation and improving outcomes in CKD patients. A final consensus states that dietary manipulations should be considered as one of the main approaches in the management program of CKD patients and that a reasonable number of patients with moderate or severe CKD benefit from dietary protein/phosphorus restriction.

Field of study: Medicine
Eccentricity and elliptic flow at fixed centrality in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN)=200GeV in AMPT

To reduce the effect of the fluctuations of initial geometrical shape, elliptic flow are studied at fixed centrality in Au+Au collision at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$=200GeV. It is observed with the participant increasing, elliptic flow has an increase and a decrease at different fixed impact parameter, but not a trivial fluctuation. It is analyzed that the initial space anisotropy dominates the participant dependence of elliptic flow in near-central collisions(b=5fm) and mid-central collisions(b=8fm), while the interaction between particles can mainly answer for the behavior of elliptic flow in peripheral collisions(b=12fm). To distinguish the pure geometrical effect, elliptic flow scaled by initial eccentricity is studied. It is found that the ratio $v_{2}/\epsilon$ increases with participant and reaches a saturation when the participant is large enough, indicating that the collision system reach the local equilibrium.

Field of study: Physics
Identification of a Novel Mutation in SASH1 Gene in a Chinese Family With Dyschromatosis Universalis Hereditaria and Genotype-Phenotype Correlation Analysis

Dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria (DUH) is a rare genodermatosis characterized by mottled hyperpigmented and hypopigmented macules. SASH1 and ABCB6 have been identified as the causative genes for this disorder. We performed whole exome sequencing on a Chinese family with DUH and genotype-phenotype correlation analysis in DUH and lentiginous phenotype patients. A novel heterozygous missense mutation p.Q518P in SASH1 gene was detected in this family. A majority of patients with SASH1 mutations presented as a distinct clinical phenotype clearly different from that in patients with ABCB6 mutations. Our findings further enrich the reservoir of SASH1 mutations in DUH. The clinical phenotypic difference between SASH1 and ABCB6 variants is suggestive of a close phenotype-genotype link in DUH.

Field of study: Biology
Carbon and oxygen isotope stratigraphy of the Lower Mississippian (Kinderhookian-lower Osagean), western United States: Implications for seawater chemistry and glaciation

A positive carbon isotope (δ 1 3 C) excursion has been recognized in upper Kinderhookian and early Osagean carbonates in three sections in southeast Idaho and Nevada. The oldest δ 1 3 C peak (+7‰) is dated to the isostichaconodont zone, and a younger peak occurs in the typicus Zone. The shifts are recorded in a range of carbonate lithofacies representing various water depths along the shelf. Lithofacies sampled for δ 1 3 C and δ 1 8 O at the Samaria Mountain section in southeast Idaho record the shallowest-water conditions, indicated by cross-bedded skeletal and peloidal grainstones. The deepest water conditions are present in the Pahranagat Range section in eastern Nevada, which consists mainly of bioturbated lime mudstone and skeletal wackestone. The δ 1 3 C values from these widely separated sedimentary basins show a consistent trend that correlates with Early Mississippian curves generated from brachiopod calcite in western Europe and the Midcontinent of North America, as well as dolomites in Utah and Wyoming. δ 1 8 O values become more positive up section, generally paralleling the positive trend in δ 1 3 C during the late Kinderhookian. No subaerial exposure surfaces are recognized in the sections examined in southeast Idaho and Nevada, and at least the δ 1 3 C trends are interpreted as primary seawater fluctuations. Sea-level changes occurred near the beginning of the late Kinderhookian δ 1 3 C shift (early to middle parts of the isosticha Zone) and within the peak of the δ 1 3 C excursion (Kinderhookian-Osagean boundary), although tectonic changes associated with the Antler orogeny have likely modified the eustatic signature.

Field of study: Geology
Who, How, and Where

Special education is a product of the nature of human learning and the group orientation of regular education. It will survive or reemerge after the current assault and will continue to confront the chronic issues raised by Deno and Dunn. Professional divisions persist among special educators, and between us and regular educators. Debate continues over the population whom special education “ought” to serve. Individualization remains far more advocated than implemented. The right to an individualized placement decision based on the full continuum of alternative placements is at risk. To save the essential core of the discipline, special education must turn to data, child advocacy, and outcome-based instruction and turn away from slogans, program advocacy, and process-centered approaches.

Field of study: Education
Vertical Leaching Character of N and K Element in Latosol Developed from Sandshale

The objective of this study was to investigate the vertical movement characteristics of N,K in Latosol developed from sandshale.The samples with fertilization treatment of soil solution at vertical depths(20、 60、100、 200 cm)underground and the control with no fertilization soil were collected with a huge field infiltration equipment.The changes on the concentration of nitrate nitrogen,ammonia nitrogen and K+ were studied continuously for more than 7 months.The results showed that fertilization could intensify vertical leaching of ammonia nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen and K element in the soil,but no significant influence on vertical leaching depth of nitrate nitrogen,while the depth nitrate nitrogen moving to underground was 200 cm in 105 days,and that for ammonia nitrogen and K element was 60 cm in 49～76 days,20 cm in 12～17 days,respectively.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Fructooligosaccharides production by Schedonorus arundinaceus sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase constitutively expressed to high levels in Pichia pastoris.

The non-saccharolytic yeast Pichia pastoris was engineered to express constitutively the mature region of sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase (1-SST, EC 2.4.1.99) from Tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus). The increase of the transgene dosage from one to nine copies enhanced 7.9-fold the recombinant enzyme (Sa1-SSTrec) yield without causing cell toxicity. Secretion driven by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae α-factor signal peptide resulted in periplasmic retention (38%) and extracellular release (62%) of Sa1-SSTrec to an overall activity of 102.1 U/ml when biomass reached (106 g/l, dry weight) in fed-batch fermentation using cane sugar for cell growth. The volumetric productivity of the nine-copy clone PGFT6x-308 at the end of fermentation (72 h) was 1422.2 U/l/h. Sa1-SSTrec purified from the culture supernatant was a monomeric glycoprotein optimally active at pH 5.0-6.0 and 45-50 °C. The removal of N-linked oligosaccharides by Endo Hf treatment decreased the enzyme stability but had no effect on the substrate and product specificities. Sa1-SSTrec converted sucrose (600 g/l) into 1-kestose (GF2) and nystose (GF3) in a ratio 9:1 with their sum representing 55-60% (w/w) of the total carbohydrates in the reaction mixture. Variations in the sucrose (100-800 g/l) or enzyme (1.5-15 units per gram of substrate) concentrations kept unaltered the product profile. Sa1-SSTrec is an attractive candidate enzyme for the industrial production of short-chain fructooligosaccharides, most particularly 1-kestose.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Performance of a Sand Medium Dryer for Shelled Corn

A new type of recirculating solid medium grain dryer with internal helical flighting using sand as a heat transfer medium was tested for its potential in agriculture. An average moisture removal of 3.4% on the dry basis was achieved from corn grain when the sand temperature of the dryer was 150 °C with residence time ranging between 18 and 29 s and grain mass flow rate between 5 and 12 kg/min. Calculated drying efficiency ranged from 25% to 39% and fuel efficiency ranged from 60% to 95% when drying corn from an initial moisture content of 36% d.b. Correlations between the moisture removal, fuel efficiency and dryer operating conditions were established. Information gathered from this study was used to improve the design of the drying unit.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A minichannel aluminium tube heat exchanger – Part II: Evaporator performance with propane

Enormous quantities of heat are available in air, soil, water, exhaust air from buildings, and in waste water of any kind. However these heat sources are use-less for heating purposes since their temperatures are lower than the tempera-ture required for heating. Heat pumps can be used to extract heat from these sources with a small expenditure of additional energy and up-grade and deliver the energy as useful heat for room heating. The heat pump cycle employs the well-known vapour compression cycle. The amount of heat delivered by a heat pump is equal to the amount of energy extracted from the heat source plus the heat equivalent to the compression work of the heat pump. Heat pumps, of course, are being generally accepted as outstanding energy saving units due their coefficient of performance (COP). Heat pumps for house heating have been used extensively in many countries and are especially common in Sweden. The annual growth rate of heat pump usage in Sweden is the same as in rest of Europe. According to the Swedish heat pump association, between 1986 to August 2003, the number of installed heat pump units in Sweden was 332,309. The demand for heat pumps started to increase from the year 1995 and in the year 2002, approximately 40,000 heat pump units were installed. Among the many types available, single-family heat pumps providing heating capacity of about 5 kW are widely popular. The main drawbacks of heat pumps are the complexity of the systems, high cost, need of technical knowledge, safety hazards and environmental effects of certain refrigerants, etc. An efficient heat pump with small refrigerant charge would have less of some of these drawbacks and could be a competitive alterna-tive to other heating processes. In this study, methods of refrigerant charge minimisation without reducing the performance of a small capacity (5 kW) heat pump have been investigated. Work has been focused on finding refrigerant charge distribution in different components of the heat pump, on finding out the solubility of refrigerant (pro-pane) with different compressor lubrications oils, on testing different types of compact heat exchangers, on constructing new minichannel heat exchangers and on finding correlations for calculating the heat transfer of minichannel heat exchangers. The results included in this thesis have been presented in four con-ference papers and five journal papers of which two were published and three were submitted for publication.

Field of study: Engineering
Changes in Mn3+/Mn4+ ratio, resistance values in electrochemical impedance spectra, and rate capability with increased lithium content in spinel LixMn2O4

Spinel-structured Li x Mn 2 O 4 (x = 1.0, 1.02, 1.04, and 1.06) cathode materials have been synthesized by a solid-state method using Mn 3 O 4 and Li 2 CO 3 as raw materials. The Mn 4+ content gradually decreases from 84.80% to 82.62% and then increases from 82.62% to 88.98%, when the Li content increases from 1.00 to 1.06. The rate capability of the LiMn 2 O 4 samples evidently increases as the lithium content increases from 1.00 to 1.06. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results indicate that the R ct values gradually increase from 58.33 Ω to 133.1 Ω and then decrease from 133.1 Ω to 68.79 Ω when the Li concentration increases from 1.00 to 1.06. The R sf values also increase from 25.67 Ω to 37.84 Ω and then decrease from 37.84 Ω to 16.69 Ω, when the Li concentration increases from 1.00 to 1.06. These changes in Mn 4+ content, R sf , and R ct with the increase in Li content are related to changes in the second phase in LiMn 2 O 4 .

Field of study: Materials science
Effect of ZrO2 on the Stability of Cu-ZnO-ZrO2/HZSM-5 Catalyst for Syngas Conversion to Dimethyl Ether

The stability of Cu-ZnO/HZSM-5 and Cu-ZnO-ZrO2/HZSM-5 catalysts for syngas conversion to dimethyl ether has been evaluated using a fixed-bed flow microreactor at 290 °C, 40 atm, 1500 h−1. ZrO2 addition showed a marked improvement in the stability of catalyst.

Field of study: Chemistry
Method of double-ring feedback phase-shift controlling chaos for dual-ring erbium-doped fiber laser

Two physical models of single-ring feedback phase-shift controlling chaos are discussed based on the method of chaos controlled by couplingfeedback phase-shift and its physical model. The coupler feeds the output back and the phase-shift controller controls the phase of feedback. Suitable feedback coefficient and apt feedback phase-shift can control the laser output into chaos state, stable state or periodic state effectively. Moreover, the paper analyzes the method of double-ring feedback phase-shift controlling chaos in detail, and the impact of feedback coefficient and feedback phase-shift on the model of double-ring is

Field of study: Physics
Laparoscopic robotic-assisted "keel" bladder neck construction.

Robotic technology has gained popularity allowing performance of several complex and difficult reconstructive procedures. This video demonstrates the advantages of the robotic approach for a "keel" bladder neck construction in an obese patient.



A 13 year-old-girl (BMI = 28) already treated elsewhere for a uro-genital sinus (Total Urogenital Mobilization) has been evaluated for disturbing persistent total urinary incontinence. Cisto-colposcopy revealed an extremely short and tortuous urethra. Bladder neck was wide open and incompetent. Video-Urodynamic evaluation showed a bladder with a capacity of 280 mL with low voiding pressures (14-16 cmH20) and continuous urinary leakage. MAG3 scan confirmed normal renal function. Thus, the girl underwent a laparoscopic robotic-assisted "keel" bladder neck construction.



The patient was discharged on 5th post-operative day without complications. After 4 years she is voiding spontaneously (300 cc) without post-void residuals. She has presented a persistent mild stress incontinence successfully treated with subsequent endoscopic bulking agent injection.



Robotic access to the bladder neck region is an excellent option with ideal anatomical exposure compared to conventional open surgery, especially in obese patients. The "keel" procedure allows to reconfigure and tubularize a wide and incompetent bladder neck creating a continent funnel without the absolute need of concomitant ureteric reimplantation.

Field of study: Medicine
New Model of Learning Web Application Firewall

This paper presents a new model of learning WAF( Web Application Firewall) to solve the problem of various attacks and the complexity of black list. By collecting,summarizing and inducting the characteristics of w eb parameters,and then matching the user input w ith it,the model could ensure the security of Web applications. This model classifies the Web page parameters as fixedtype parameter,enumeration parameter and user-input parameter,and has tw o modules,initial learning module and continuous learning module. The first one creates initial rule base according to the reasonable user input sample,then the latter one could continuously learn the characteristics of Web page based on the recently user input data,in order to adapt to application updates and the change of user needs. The model also introduces a comprehensive method of exceptional data flow statistic and the analysis of data similarity to learn selectively to resist the attacks w hich target the learning process. Experimental results has indicated that the new learning WAF has a great ability of protecting the security and learning.

Field of study: Computer science
Faculty and Departmental Response to Increased Black Student Enrollment.

The presence of black students in significant numbers in institutions of higher education is a recent phenomenon. As late as 1965, blacks accounted for no more than 5 percent of the total college enrollment in the United States, including blacks enrolled in the traditionally black colleges in the South. The overwhelming majority of white institutions were more likely to have only a handful of black students in 1965, often accounting for less than 1 or 2 percent of their enrollment [2,11]. Federal legislation, foundation support, and the activism of black students themselves accelerated black enrollment in white institutions. Many institutions with small numbers of blacks in 1968 doubled and tripled their percentages by 1972 . In 1976, the U.S. Census set black enrollment at 1,062,000 or 10.7 percent of total enrollment [17]. Researchers were quick to respond to this new development. Their interest, appropriately, centered on black students themselves-their academic abilities and performance, their motivations and aspirations, their family background and persistence in college were intensely examined. The other perspective received far less attention, however. What was the impact of increased black enrollment on the institutions? How were faculty affected by these changes? Contemporary accounts and studies of the period of confrontation be-

Field of study: Education