nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Knowledge of vesicoureteral reflux obtained by screening voiding cystourethrogram in children with multicystic dysplastic kidney does not change patient management or prevent febrile urinary tract infection.

While children with multicystic dysplastic kidneys (MCDK) are predisposed to contralateral kidney (CK) vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), it is unknown if this results in an increased risk of urinary tract infection (UTI). The authors hypothesized that knowledge of VUR via voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) would enable altered practices to prevent UTI and thus reduce the number of febrile urinary tract infections (fUTIs).



The authors performed a retrospective chart review of all patients at their institution of multiple providers caring for patients with a diagnosis of MCDK from 1/1/07 to 7/14/17. Patients were evaluated for age, sex, circumcision status, race, imaging results on renal ultrasound (RUS) and/or VCUG, occurrence of fUTI, and prophylactic antibiotic (ppx) use.



One hundred sixty-five patients were identified; 70% of patients were diagnosed with MCDK on prenatal imaging. Seventy-seven (47%) patients had a screening VCUG after diagnosis of MCDK. Eighteen patients with VCUG had VUR with 13 (17%) having VUR in the CK. Only children undergoing VCUG were placed on ppx with no difference in the use of ppx in patients with and without dilating VUR (45% vs 43%; p = 0.91). Overall, 11 patients experienced a fUTI. There was no significant difference in fUTI between those children who underwent VCUG compared with those who did not (10% vs 3%; p = 0.07). Use of ppx and presence of CK renal anomaly on RUS had no impact on incidence of subsequent fUTI.



Knowledge of VUR based on VCUG results did not reduce the rate of fUTI or predict ppx use in the practice of multiple providers. The authors feel this confirms the low utility of VCUG in the practical management of otherwise healthy children with MCDK.

Field of study: Medicine
TRANSVERSE IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT OF INDUCTION ACCELERATING CAVITY

Transverse impedances can be derived from transmission coefficients measured along one of the two coaxial wires driven by a 180 hybrid. Our results show that the newly designed cavities behave better than the old prototype cavity with larger transverse impedance,and between the newly designed cavities,dielectric cavity with a coxial like accelerating gap geometry should be the first choice because the transverse impedance of the lower mode is oppressed efficiently.

Field of study: Physics
A Case Study on Reengineering the Trade Flow for the Cross-strait Tax Plans of Taiwanese Companies

New regionalism is sweeping the world making regional trade integration an irreversible global trend that countries like Taiwan must meet head on. A significant problem for Taiwan is that its competitors, such as Japan, South Korea, and ASEAN countries, enjoy a host of tariff preferences. All the above poses a very real threat of trade diversion and thus unfavorable economic outcomes for Taiwan. By using a case study, this article investigates how Taiwanese firms can develop new tax strategies through Chinese suppliers’ VAT (Value Added Tax) refunds by introducing business process reengineering (BPR), which will reintegrate current cross-strait trade routes and efficiently integrate Taiwanese corporations with the commercial flow and logistics of mainland-based trade. The main research objectives are 1. Explore the current situation for trade routes and logistics distribution of an individual company that does procurement on the mainland. 2. Under the influence of ECFA (Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement), analyze how Taiwanese companies can effectively integrate commercial flow and logistics. The result of this study shows that reengineering the trade flow with a trade procurement platform allow case company significantly lower procurement-related costs, compared to direct trading, a 13.9% costs reduction for import prices makes the advantage quite clear. The main contribution of this study is helping trade managers to reintegrate a company’s internal trade process(es) and build a trade procurement platform that complies with current trade policy restrictions to reduce business operations-related costs, and raise the competitiveness of a product’s price.

Field of study: Business
Petrographic constraints on modelling the crystallization of basalt magma, Cow Lakes, southeast Oregon

Thermodynamic calculations and models of olivine zoning profiles are used to estimate the crystallization history of a basaltic magma from Cow Lakes, southeast Oregon. The lava is an alkali olivine basalt containing olivine and plagioclase phenocrysts and microphenocrysts. The geometry and range of chemical zoning in the olivine phenocrysts have been delineated by laser interference microscopy and electron microprobe analysis. The olivine phenocrysts are characterized by homogeneous cores and rims that exhibit strong, continuous, normal zoning (ΔFo = 7–19 mol%).Thermodynamic modelling has been used to estimate the magmatic crystallization path of the Cow Lakes basalt on the basis of the phenocryst assemblage and mineral compositions. The calculated crystallization path begins at 1290 °C and 0.5 GPa () with equilibrium crystallization of the olivine to 1265 °C. Plagioclase appears at 1225 °C, followed by clinopyroxene at 1205 °C. Intratelluric crystallization was terminated prior to crystallization of the ...

Field of study: Environmental science
"Reasonable Value" Versus "Instrumental Value:" Competing Paradigms in Institutional Economics

It has long been evident that there are many within the self-identified community of inquiry espousing a commitment to "institutional economics" who yearn for the wider recognition that "institutionalism" constitutes a substitute for "orthodox" economics. ' It thus is a common practice for institutionalists to make reference to the institutional approach or to the institutional school. Indeed, there are those who go so far as to equate "institutionalism" with a scientific paradigm. For example, Marc Tool has averred that "[Its] development has proceeded to the point where paradigm status may be accorded and its substitutability as an alternative perspective for mainstream orthodoxy may be proposed and asserted" . I wish to argue in this article that the desire to associate "institutional economics," as that term is conventionally understood and employed,2 with an approach to the analysis of economic issues or as a scientific paradigm is misplaced. In actuality, "institutional economics" has

Field of study: Economics
Galactic chemical evolution: The role of the first stars

The massive First Stars (the first ones to contribute to the chemical enrichment of the Universe due to their short lifetimes) are long dead, and even though efforts to directly observe them in high redshift galaxies are underway, a step forward in this field will have to wait for JWST and ELT. The only way to currently validate the picture arising from the most modern hydro-dynamical simulations of the formation of First Stars is to search for their imprints left on the oldest stars in our Galaxy. Which imprints are we looking for? In the last years our group has found that many chemical anomalies observed in very metal-poor halo stars, as well in the oldest bulge globular cluster, suggest the first stellar generations to have been fast rotators. After giving a brief overview of the aforementioned results, we highlight the impact of fast rotating metal-poor massive stars on the chemical enrichment of heavy-elements such as Sr and Ba. Indeed, in fast rotating massive stars the s-process production is boosted. We will show, by means of an inhomogeneous chemical evolution model, based on stochastic approach to the star formation, that this fact offers a new twist in the interpretation of the abundance patterns and scatter observed in very metal-poor halo stars.

Field of study: Physics
Photogalvanic effects due to quantum interference in optical transitions demonstrated by terahertz radiation absorption in Si-MOSFETs

We report on the observation of the circular (helicity-dependent) and linear photogalvanic effects in Si-MOSFETs with inversion channels. The developed microscopic theory demonstrates that the circular photogalvanic effect in Si structures it is of pure orbital nature originating from the quantum interference of different pathways contributing to the light absorption.

Field of study: Physics
A size dependent predator-prey interaction: who pursues whom?

We investigate the properties of an (age, size) -structured model for a population of Daphnia that feeds on a dynamical algal food source. The stability of the internal equilibrium is studied in detail and combined with numerical studies on the dynamics of the model to obtain insight in the relation between individual behaviour and population dynamical phenomena. Particularly the change in the (age, size)-relation with a change in the food availability seems to be an important behavioural mechanism that strongly influences the dynamics. This influence is partly stabilizing and partly destabilizing and leads to the coexistence of a stable equilibrium and a stable limit cycle or even coexistence of two stable limit cycles for the same parameter values. The oscillations in this case are characterized by drastic changes in the size-structure of the population during a cycle. In addition the model exhibits the usual predator-prey oscillations that characterize Lotka-Volterra models.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Auxotrophic interactions: a stabilizing attribute of aquatic microbial communities?

Auxotrophy, or an organism's requirement for an exogenous source of an organic molecule, is widespread throughout species and ecosystems. Auxotrophy can result in obligate interactions between organisms, influencing ecosystem structure and community composition. We explore how auxotrophy-induced interactions between aquatic microorganisms affect microbial community structure and stability. While some studies have documented auxotrophy in aquatic microorganisms, these studies are not widespread, and we therefore do not know the full extent of auxotrophic interactions in aquatic environments. Current theoretical and experimental work suggests that auxotrophy links microbial community members through a complex web of metabolic dependencies. We discuss the proposed ways in which auxotrophy may enhance or undermine the stability of aquatic microbial communities, highlighting areas where our limited understanding of these interactions prevents us from being able to predict the ecological implications of auxotrophy. Finally, we examine an example of auxotrophy in harmful algal blooms to place this often theoretical discussion in a field context where auxotrophy may have implications for the development and robustness of algal bloom communities. We seek to draw attention to the relationship between auxotrophy and community stability in an effort to encourage further field and theoretical work that explores the underlying principles of microbial interactions.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Structural and electrochemical properties of Fe- and Al-doped Li3V2(PO4)3 for all-solid-state symmetric lithium ion batteries prepared by spray-drying-assisted carbothermal method

Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 and Li 3 V 1.9 M 0.1 (PO 4 ) 3 (M = Fe, Al) samples were synthesized via spray-drying-assisted carbothermal solid-state reaction, and their structural and electrochemical properties were investigated by XRD, SEM, and galvanostatic charge/discharge. Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , Li 3 V 1.9 Fe 0.1 (PO 4 ) 3 , and Li 3 V 1.9 Al 0.1 (PO 4 ) 3 showed initial discharge capacities of 103.3 mAh g − 1 , 107.6 mAh g − 1 , and 105.6 mAh g − 1 , respectively, in the all-solid-state symmetric batteries with Li 1.5 Al 0.5 Ge 1.5 (PO 4 ) 3 solid-state electrolytes at a rate of 7.5 mA g − 1 . The enhanced discharge capacities of Fe and Al-doped Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 could be attributed to the increased electrical conductivity induced by the introduction of Fe 3 + or Al 3 + trivalent ions into the V 3 + sites and to the structural stabilization of the monoclinic Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 by the spray-drying process.

Field of study: Materials science
Prenatal ethanol exposure delays the onset of spermatogenesis in the rat.

During late prenatal and early postnatal life, the reproductive system in males undergoes an extensive series of physiological and morphological changes. Prenatal ethanol (EtOH) exposure has marked effects on the development of the reproductive system, with long-term effects on function in adulthood. The present study tested the hypothesis that prenatal EtOH exposure will delay the onset of spermatogenesis.



Development of the seminiferous tubules and the onset of spermatogenesis were examined utilizing a rat model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Male offspring from ad libitum-fed control (C), pair-fed (PF), and EtOH-fed (prenatal alcohol exposure [PAE]) dams were terminated on postnatal (PN) days 5, 15, 18, 20, 25, 35, 45, and 55, to investigate morphological changes through morphometric analysis of the testes from early neonatal life through young adulthood.



PAE males had lower relative (adjusted for body weight) testis weights compared with PF and/or C males from PN15 through puberty (PN45). In addition, fewer gonocytes (primordial germ cells) were located on the basal lamina on PN5, while more of those touching the basal lamina were dividing in PAE compared with PF and C males, suggesting delayed cell division and migration processes. As well, the percentage of tubules with open lumena was lower in PAE compared with PF and C males on PN18 and 20, and PAE males had fewer primary spermatocytes per tubule on PN18 and round spermatids per tubule on PN25 compared with C males. Finally, the percentage of tubules at stages VII and VIII, when mature spermatids move to the apex of the epithelium and are released, was lower in PAE compared with PF and/or C males in young adulthood (PN55).



Maternal EtOH consumption appears to delay both reproductive development and the onset of spermatogenesis in male offspring, with effects persisting at least until young adulthood.

Field of study: Medicine
Preparation and Evaluation of C_(18) Modified Capillary Open-tubular Column Based on Thiol-ene Click Chemistry for Capillary Electrochromatography

A novel C18 open-tubular column(C18 capillary) for capillary electrochromatography was prepared based on thiol-ene click chemistry between n-octadecanethiol and vinyl-functionalized capillary(Vinyl capillary).The inner wall of capillary was chemically modified with vinyltrimethoxysilane to provide ene-functionality.Then n-octadecanethiol was chemically bonded on surface of Vinyl capillary via thiol-ene click chemistry.The surface features of the prepared C18 capillary were determined using scanning electron microscopy.The effects of buffer pH on the electroosmotic flow(EOF) of C18 capillary,Vinyl capillary and bare capillary were investigated.The experiment results indicated that the lowest EOF profile was obtained on the C18 capillary under the same experimental conditions compared to Vinyl capillary and bare capillary.To evaluate the column performance,test mixture of three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) was electrochromatographic separation on the C18 capillary,Vinyl capillary and bare capillary.The electrochromatographic retention behavior of the selected model PAHs on C18 capillary was also investigated.The experiment results showed that C18 capillary exhibited typical reversed phase electrochromatographic behavior toward PAHs.Compared with Vinyl capillary,the relatively good peak shape and no peak tailing were observed for the separation of basic model analytes on C18 capillary,which may be attributed to embedded polar sulphur groups on the surface of the C18 capillary that effectively shielded the adsorption of basic analytes onto the residual silanol groups.

Field of study: Chemistry
Microwave absorption in oligomers of ethylene glycol.

The dielectric properties of biologically and pharmaceutically important low-molecular weight ethylene glycols H(-OCH2CH2-)n -OH (n = 1,2,4,6) were investigated to clarify the effect of chain length on the dielectric properties. The measurement of dielectric constant and dielectric loss was carried out over the frequency range 200 MHz to 20 GHz at temperatures of 25 degrees C to 55 degrees C. It is found that in these molecules microwave dielectric losses are significant. The dispersion behaviour of these molecules can be represented by Cole-Cole equation. The dielectric properties of these homologous ethylene glycols are discussed in terms of the effects of chain length and intermolecular hydrogen bonds regarding the molecular conformations. These wide frequency range dielectric data have also been discussed in view of the suitable selection of the oligomer of ethylene glycol for cosmetic preparations and other pharmaceutical applications with the intention of protection of the skin from weak microwave radiations present in the surrounding environment. These systematic microwave dielectric data with frequency and temperature variation are not available and are provided in this paper.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction in Medical Settings

Meditation, as a psychological intervention, has become of increasing interest to psychologists who conduct clinical research with or provide clinical services to medical populations. Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is a manualized program which teaches a variety of meditation techniques and has frequently been used in medical settings with mixed medical populations. The following is a review of the literature, which provides preliminary support for the effectiveness of MBSR in specific medical populations, including persons with chronic pain, cancer and heart disease. Despite these encouraging findings, experts agree that continued research is needed, especially controlled studies with more rigorous methodology.

Field of study: Psychology
Estimated Effects of Four Factors on Academic Performance Before and After Transfer.

This study proposes an analytical design for assessing the contribution of four factors to academic performance of students transferring from one college to another. Average grades “before” transfer and for various periods “after” transfer were computed for the transferring students and for a matched sample of native students. Using these averages, the contribution of four factors–differential grading standards, preparation for advanced work, academic potential, and coping ability–to the difference between the average “before” transfer and the average for the first quarter “after” transfer for the transferring students were estimated. In the illustrative data, the largest contributor to an observed decrement of 1. 21 letter grades was differential grading standards. The factor seemingly contributing least to the decrement was preparation for advanced work.

Field of study: Education
Research on Improved Marginal Loss Coefficient Approach

The marginal loss coefficient method has been widely applied to loss allocation in the external power market,and proved to be a typical method with good prospect.Based on the scaling method which regulates the total loss,considering the loss caused by excessive recovery and the cognation between allocations and selected balance nodes,this article uses different balance nodes to calculate the loss allocation and takes the average as final allocation,which keeps the total loss allocation consistent with the actual loss and makes loss allocation irrelevant to balance node.Then,take IEEE-14,IEEE-30 bus as examples,compared loss allocation before and after using scaling method as well as selecting different balance nodes,the result shows the accuracy and validity of the improved method.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Palaeoclimatic cyclicity in central Mediterranean Pliocene sediments: the mineralogical signal

A high resolution X-ray mineralogical study of four Pliocene sediment sections from the central Mediterranean (Punta Piccola, Sicily; Monte Singa and Vrica, Calabria; ODP Hole 964 A, Ionian Sea) shows cyclic opposite abundance variations of two groups of clay minerals. The first is dominated by palygorskite and kaolinite, whose abundance maxima can be interpreted as resulting from periods of aridity on the African continent, allowing their transport as wind-blown dust. The second is dominated by smectite, whose abundance maxima can be interpreted as indicative of periods of abundant rainfall on the Mediterranean borderlands. These variations in abundance show a 22 ky cyclicity, implying a control by the precession of the Earth's orbit. Sapropels and sapropelic layers always occur in the smectite-rich beds, and therefore appear to have been deposited during the wet periods.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Atmospheric Data Analysis

1.  Function fitting 3. The method of successive corrections 4. Statistical interpolation - univariate 5. Statistical interpolation - multivariate 6. The initialisation problem 7. Quasi-geostrophic constraints 8. Variational procedures 9. Normal mode initialisation - theory 10. Normal mode initialisation - applications 11. Dynamic initialisation 12. Continuous data assimilation 13. Future directions Appendixes.

Field of study: Mathematics
Influence of Na2O Content and Ms (SiO2/Na2O) of Alkaline Activator on Workability and Setting of Alkali-Activated Slag Paste

The performance of alkali-activated slag (AAS) paste using activators of strong alkali components is affected by the type, composition, and dosage of the alkaline activators. Promoting the reaction of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) by alkaline activators can produce high-strength AAS concrete, but the workability might be drastically reduced. This study is aimed to experimentally investigate the heat release, workability, and setting time of AAS pastes and the compressive strength of AAS mortars considering the Na2O content and the ratio of Na2O to SiO2 (Ms) of binary alkaline activators blended with sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate. The test results indicated that the AAS mortars exhibited a high strength of 25 MPa at 24 h, even at ambient temperature, even though the pastes with an Na2O content of ≥6% and an Ms of ≥1.0 exhibited an abrupt decrease in flowability and rapid setting.

Field of study: Materials science
False Data Injection-Resilient Security Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

False data injection attack and PDoS (path-based Denial of Service) attack are serious threats in wireless sensor networks. Existing schemes can effectively resist false data injection and PDoS attacks, but most of them can not find out the compromised node when the base station or sink node detect the report is invalid. In this paper, we propose a false data injection-resilient security routing protocol (FDISRP) based on bilinear pairings and different operation. The proposed protocol can resist false data injection and PDoS attacks, and if the report R is invalid, the proposed protocol can carry out the relative algorithm to find out the compromised node. The performance analysis shows that our scheme is lower in storage requirement than the others scheme, and with the number of fabricated report packet and the number of hops for report packet forwarding increasing, the energy savings significantly increasing also.

Field of study: Computer science
The mouth—an accessible region for gluten challenge

The advent of jejunal biopsy techniques in the early 1960s revolutionized the diagnosis, treatment and understanding of gluten-sensitive enteropathy (coeliac disease). Prior to this, the diagnosis was confirmed by the measurement of faecal fats as an indicator of malabsorption. This is a non-specific test which did not distinguish other forms of fat malabsorption, which might also include anything which interferes with pancreatic function, e.g. cystic fibrosis .

Field of study: Biology, Medicine