nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Hopes and realities of public health accountability policies.

Holding local boards of health accountable presents challenges related to governance and funding arrangements. These challenges result in (a) multiple accountability pressures, (b) population health outcomes whose change is measureable only over long time periods and (c) board of health activity that is often not the key immediate direct contributor to achieving desired outcomes. We examined how well these challenges are addressed in Ontario, Canada at early stages of implementation of a new accountability policy. Findings reveal that senior and middle management are open to being held accountable to the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care (MOHLTC), but are more oriented to local boards of health and local/regional councils. These managers perceive the MOHLTC system as compliance oriented, and find internal accountability systems most helpful for performance improvement. Like health-care system accountability metrics, performance indicators are largely focused on structures and processes owing to the challenges of attributing population health outcomes to public health unit (PHU) activities. MOHLTC is in the process of responding to these challenges.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Estimate exponential memory decay in Hidden Markov Model and its applications

Inference in hidden Markov model has been challenging in terms of scalability due to dependencies in the observation data. In this paper, we utilize the inherent memory decay in hidden Markov models, such that the forward and backward probabilities can be carried out with subsequences, enabling efficient inference over long sequences of observations. We formulate this forward filtering process in the setting of the random dynamical system and there exist Lyapunov exponents in the i.i.d random matrices production. And the rate of the memory decay is known as $\lambda_2-\lambda_1$, the gap of the top two Lyapunov exponents almost surely. An efficient and accurate algorithm is proposed to numerically estimate the gap after the soft-max parametrization. The length of subsequences $B$ given the controlled error $\epsilon$ is $B=\log(\epsilon)/(\lambda_2-\lambda_1)$. We theoretically prove the validity of the algorithm and demonstrate the effectiveness with numerical examples. The method developed here can be applied to widely used algorithms, such as mini-batch stochastic gradient method. Moreover, the continuity of Lyapunov spectrum ensures the estimated $B$ could be reused for the nearby parameter during the inference.

Field of study: Computer science
Radiation losses of a theta pinch plasma in the wave-length range 10–200 Å

In order to measure the radiation losses of a theta pinch plasma (electron densityne=1−5×1016 cm−3, electron temperatureTe=150−350 eV), a grazing incidence spectrograph is absolutely calibrated in the range 10–200 Å. This is done in two steps: First the measured intensity ratios of lines emitted by hydrogen-like ions are compared with their calculated values thus yielding the relative sensitivity of the instrument. The result is confirmed by incorporating well known intensity ratios of lithium-like ions. Secondly absolute calibration is possible by hanging the spectrograph on an absolutely calibrated monochromator via the branching-ratios of lithium-like ions.Radiation losses from the plasma turn out to be negligible as compared with heat conduction losses and the total energy radiated is found to be small compared with the energy content of the electrons, if the impurity concentration does not exceed 0.5 percent. The radiation is found to be predominantly emitted by the resonance lines of the oxygen and carbon ions O VI, O VII, O VIII, CV, CVI whereas continuum radiation and the contribution from other ions are negligible small.However, in discharge where the oxygen concentration reaches 5 percent, radiation losses can exceed the losses by heat conduction during the early phase of the discharge. But still the final electron temperature is not significantly influenced by the impurities.

Field of study: Physics
Numerical Simulation of Quenchant Flow Field in Quenching Tank

The quenchant flow field in the quenching tank without or with loading was simulated using the Fluent6.2—a good commercial software.The simulation results show that the quenchant flow velocity in the middle of the matrix is very slow,without loading,the "effective quenching zone" is formed in the middle and top of the tank due to agitation and flow-equalizing system,and the flow field distribution of low flow velocity in centre and high flow velocity in edge is formed at the bottom of the tank.The distribution of quenchant flow field after loading has great changes,according to the shape of parts and form of clamp.Therefore,the flow-equalizing equipment of the tank was designed based on different parts and clamp,but not only considering the uniformity of flow field in the tank without loading.

Field of study: Materials science
Persistence of BPMS (2-sec-butyl phenyl N-methly carbamate) and its Formulations in Soil and Water

The persistence of BPMC (2-sec-butylphenyl N-methyl carbamate) and its formulations i.e. 50 EC, 4 G and 2 D, was studied in water and three soils i.e. alluvial, black and tarai, used for paddy cultivation under laboratory conditions. Soils and water were fortified with BPMC Tech, 50 EC, 4G and 2 D at 5 ppm level and incubated at 30 ± 1°C. Soil moisture level was maintained atfield capacity. Periodic samples were drawn and anaylsed colorimetrically for BPM BPMC dissipated gradually and the order of persistence in soil was alluvial< tarai< black soil. The half-life in soils varied from 14 to 23 days as compared to 7 to 9 days in water. Among the BPMC formulations, the persistence of 4G in soil was slightly higher in all soils as compared to BPMC Technical, 50EC and 2D. There was no significant difference in persisten of different BPMC formulations in water.

Field of study: Biology
Frequency characteristics of sub-100 nm double-gate MOSFET for suppressing short channel effects

We have investigated threshold voltage for each gate length in order to find the optimum value for side gate length and side gate voltage. We find clear on?off stages according to the bias conditions of both gates when side gate voltage is above 2 V and side gate length is above 70 nm. We have obtained the minimum short channel effect for a double-gate metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (DG MOSFET). We know that the optimum side gate voltage for each side gate length is about 2 V in the case that the main gate length is 70 nm. The cut-off frequency value is 41.4 GHz at LSG = 70 nm. As a result, the DG MOSFET has excellent electrical characteristics and very high cut-off frequency.

Field of study: Materials science
Taphonomy and paleoenvironmental conditions of deposition of fossil whales in the diatomaceous sediments of the Miocene/Pliocene Pisco Formation, southern Peru—A new fossil-lagerstätte

The Pisco Formation in Peru contains abundant fossil cetaceans in middle Miocene to lower Pliocene sandstone, siltstone, and tuffaceous and diatomaceous mudstone. Fossil whales are especially abundant in the uppermost diatomaceous units. Most specimens are well articulated or partially disarticulated but associated. Degree of preservation is exceptionally high and uniform among articulated and disarticulated specimens and on the lower and upper surfaces of the bones. Some specimens have baleen preserved in anatomical position. Bones show no evidence of bioerosion by macro- or micro-invertebrates, except for a very limited amount of microbial borings. Diatomaceous layers seem to lack bioturbation. However, bioturbation did occur in a few tuffaceous silty and sandy layers of the lower part of the formation. Shark teeth are found associated with many of the specimens; however, despite abundance of whale skeletons, shark tooth marks are extremely rare. Several lines of evidence indicate that sediments and whales were deposited in a shallow-to-deep shelf environment (an embayment), and not in a beach environment. The thick diatomaceous successions record conditions of strong ocean upwelling indicated by the abundant occurrence of the diatom species Thalassionema nitzschioides. The exceptional preservation of diatom frustules suggests that they reached the seafloor very rapidly and were not successively reworked. The hundreds of whale specimens found, their excellent preservation, and their high degree of articulation make the Pisco Formation fossil whales the best representative assemblage of fossil Mysticeti known so far. The abundance of whale skeletons and other vertebrates in the diatomaceous beds, their excellent preservation, including evidence that soft tissue (baleen) was still present at burial, and the degree of articulation, point to frequent mortalities followed by rapid sedimentation that prevented decay of the skeletons and colonization by invertebrates. Sedimentation rates appear much higher than rates inferred from some other modern and ancient settings where whale skeletons have been found.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Pseudonoise coded ultrasonic holographic imaging.

In this paper, a pseudonoise (PN) coded ultrasonic holographic imaging system design is studied with computer simulation. A system utilizing PN coded phase-modulated ultrasonic signals is capable of yielding both high lateral and high range resolution. It is found that the time for data acquisition and image reconstruction is much less than that required for some comparable methods. The PN coded imaging system also has excellent noise immunity, and this is of great practical importance. Some results for a simulated three-dimensional imaging geometry are shown to demonstrate the characteristics of PN coded ultrasound systems.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
An adaptive Cu trace fatigue model based on average cross-section strain

This study focuses on quasi-static mechanical cycling durability of copper traces on printed wiring assemblies (PWAs). PWA specimens populated with Land Grid Array (LGA) components on copper-defined pads were cycled to failure under zero-to-max, three-point bending. Failure is defined in terms of electrical opens due to fatigue damage propagation through the entire cross-section of the trace. Failure statistics were collected and failure analysis was conducted to identify fatigue failures in the copper traces, near the connection to the solder pad. Cyclic bending of this assembly was modeled with 3D, elastic–plastic, finite deformation (geometrically nonlinear) finite element analysis. Due to the complexity of the geometry, a two-step global–local approach was used to identify the cyclic strain history and the mean-stress at the copper trace failure site. A generalized strain-based fatigue model is proposed, to characterize the fatigue durability in terms of the amplitude of cyclic strain and the cyclic mean of the hydrostatic stress. To be consistent with the failure criterion defined above, the strain and stress values are averaged over the entire cross-section. Average cross-sectional model constants are iteratively estimated by ensuring that they are simultaneously compatible with both the durability test data and the copper stress–strain curves used in the finite element analysis (FEA). To minimize the computational burden, a Response Surface (RS) was created for the actual iteration. The key RS variables and their functional inter-relationships were determined from a fractional factorial FEA parametric study. This study is important because it provides insight into copper trace failure in PWAs under mechanical cycling, a quantitative model to predict its occurrence, and validated guidelines to prevent it by design.

Field of study: Engineering
Doubts or variability?

Reinterpreting most of the market price of risk as a price of model uncertainty eradicates a link between asset prices and measures of the welfare costs of aggregate fluctuations that was proposed by Hansen, Sargent, and Tallarini , Tallarini [30], Alvarez and Jermann . Prices of model uncertainty contain information about the benefits of removing model uncertainty, not the consumption fluctuations that Lucas [22] and [23] studied. A max-min expected utility theory lets us reinterpret Tallarini's risk-aversion parameter as measuring a representative consumer's doubts about the model specification. We use model detection instead of risk-aversion experiments to calibrate that parameter. Plausible values of detection error probabilities give prices of model uncertainty that approach the Hansen and Jagannathan [11] bounds. Fixed detection error probabilities give rise to virtually identical asset prices as well as virtually identical costs of model uncertainty for Tallarini's two models of consumption growth.

Field of study: Economics
Studies on heat pipe type adsorption ice maker for fishing boats

Three types of heat pipe type adsorption systems, which were designed for conserving fish on fishing boats, were studied aimed to settle the corrosion between seawater and steel adsorber for ammonia refrigeration system, as well as to improve the refrigeration performance. Three test units, which were one thermosyphon type adsorber test unit and two split heat pipe type adsorption refrigeration systems, were set up, and the second generation split heat pipe type system that has the function of heat pipe liquid pumping showed the better refrigeration performance, and it also could solve the corrosion problems of adsorber more effectively. At the evaporating temperature of −15 °C, its average specific cooling power per kilogram CaCl 2 of each adsorber SCP = 731 W kg −1 . On the basis of the research work on heat pipe type systems, a split heat pipe type adsorption ice maker, whose COP and SCP were 0.3 and 458.5 W kg −1 , respectively, has been developed.

Field of study: Engineering
Field Dependence, Cognitive Functions, Personality Traits, and Social Values in Heavy Cannabis Users and Nonuser Controls

The current study replicated a previous one concerned with relations of chronic marijuana use, cognitive functioning, personality traits, and social values. A larger sample of subjects was used and several additional measures designed to assess field dependence were also administered. 24 heavy cannabis users were more field independent and had better control of attention processes than 24 nonusers. They also performed slightly better on tasks designed to measure originality, cognitive flexibility, and general cognitive functioning. There was no evidence of brain damage or impaired cognitive functioning. Most previously noted differences having to do with personality and social values were replicated, although some failed to reach significance in the current study. Implications of both studies are discussed, with special reference to self-selection.

Field of study: Psychology
Hemopoietic, Hemostatic and Mutagenic Effects of Lead and Possible Prevention by Zinc and Vitamin C

Lead is used extensively in industrial and community settings and hence exposure to it is inevitable. The exposure occurs through respiratory or gastro-intestinal route or through skin due to contaminated air, food and water. Acute toxicity of lead is well known for its haematological, neurological and renal effects but of serious concern is chronic exposure to low-level lead exposure associated with cognitive dysfunction, neurobehavioral disorders, hypertension, cardiovascular abnormalities, chromosomal aberrations, somatic and germ cell mutations and genotoxicity. Chelation is the conventional recommendation in the case of blood lead levels associated with acute toxicity. Chronic toxicity can be prevented and even treated with alternate non-pharmacological methods such as dietary or herbal agents. In this article hemopoietic, hematotoxic, hemostatic and genotoxic effects of lead will be highlighted. In addition, possible preventive role of dietary components such as zinc and vitamin C will be discussed Lead, the 5 th most abundant metal in the earth's crust, is known to man since the beginning of the civilization. Due to its versatile properties like ductility, high resistance to erosion and corrosion, lead has been used by man since centuries for making tools, pots, statues, water pipes and other hardware. In the modern civilization lead has found a variety of industrial applications by humankind. As a consequence, today it has become one of the most widely distributed pollutant in environment. Lead is not biodegradable and therefore persists in the soil, in the air, in drinking water, and in homes. It continues to accumulate where it is deposited and get biomagnified to toxic levels in animals and human beings. The main sources of human exposure to lead include leaded gasoline, industrial processes such as lead smelting and coal combustion, lead-based paints, lead-containing pipes or lead-based solder in water supply systems, battery recycling, making grids and bearings etc., Vehicular traffic was the single largest source of environmental lead pollution in the world including India until its use in gasoline was stopped. Introduction of unleaded petrol in the year 2000 has resulted in substantial lowering of mean blood lead levels in Indian population. Exposure to lead occurs mainly through the respiratory and gastrointestinal routes. Approximately 30-40 percent of inhaled lead is absorbed into the bloodstream (1). Gastrointestinal absorption varies depending on nutritional status and age. Infants can absorb up to 50 percent of lead ingested from food, water, contaminated dust, or soil, while adults absorb only 10-15 percent (2). Inorganic lead (food, water, paint, toys, vinyl products) is minimally absorbed through the skin, but tetraethyl or alkyl-lead (leaded gasoline), which is still legally allowed in aircraft, watercraft, and farm machinery is absorbed through the skin (3). Once absorbed, 99 percent of circulating lead is bound to erythrocytes for approximately 30-35 days

Field of study: Medicine
Review of even element super-heavy nuclei and search for element 120

The reaction 
 54Cr$ + $248Cm was investigated at the velocity filter SHIP at GSI, Darmstadt, with the intention to study production and decay properties of isotopes of element 120. Three correlated signals were measured, which occurred within a period of 279ms. The heights of the signals correspond with the expectations for a decay sequence starting with an isotope of element 120. However, a complete decay chain cannot be established, since a signal from the implantation of the evaporation residue cannot be identified unambiguously. Measured properties of the event chain are discussed in detail. The result is compared with theoretical predictions. Previously measured decay properties of even element super-heavy nuclei were compiled in order to find arguments for an assignment from the systematics of experimental data. In the course of this review, a few tentatively assigned data could be corrected. New interpretations are given for results which could not be assigned definitely in previous studies. The discussion revealed that the cross-section for production of element 120 could be high enough so that a successful experiment seems possible with presently available techniques. However, a continuation of the experiment at SHIP for a necessary confirmation of the results obtained in a relatively short irradiation of five weeks is not possible at GSI presently. Therefore, we decided to publish the results of the measurement and of the review as they exist now. In the summary and outlook section we also present concepts for the continuation of research in the field of super-heavy nuclei.

Field of study: Physics
Middle power or muddling power? Canada's relations with emerging markets

The introduction to this special issue on Canada and emerging markets introduces some of the key concepts and theoretical perspectives developed in the issue. The rise of emerging markets, especially the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) poses serious challenges to the conduct of Canadian foreign and economic policy. In this special issue, we review Canada's record of relations with these countries (including the 2013 Global Markets Action Plan), and identify some of the main obstacles to improved relations. All of the authors argue that the response to this challenge to date has been inadequate, and that Canada is falling behind in the reshuffling global order. This introductory article describes changes in Canada's global economic position and identifies literature on institutions and cognitive commitments, global bricolage and the relationship between “old” and “new” middle powers which provide some guidance for evaluating the challenges and limitations of Canada's relations with emerging markets.

Field of study: Political science
Herkou aan 'n paar TGR-somme

Marge bo voerkoste is die enkel belangrikste faktor wat die sukses van 'n melkery gebaseer op 'n totaal gemengde rantsoen (TGR) bepaal, want op die ou end gaan dit maar oor die hoeveelheid wins wat die boer in sy melkery maak. Aan die woord is Kenneth Botha, tegniese direkteur vir herkouers by Afgri Veevoere.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Chemical abundances of 451 stars from the HARPS GTO planet search program - Thin disc, thick disc, and planets

We present a uniform study of the chemical abundances of 12 elements (Si, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Na, Mg, and Al) derived from the spectra of 451 stars observed as part of one of the HARPS GTO planet search programs. Sixty eight of these are planetbearing stars. The main goals of our work are: i) the investigation of possible differences between the abundances of stars with and without planets; ii) the study of the possible differences in the abundances of stars in the thin and the thick disc. We confirm that there is a systematically higher metallicity in planet host stars, when compared to non planet-hosts, common to all studied species. We also found that there is no difference in the galactic chemical evolution trends of the stars with and without planets. Stars that harbour planetary companions simply appear to be in the high metallicity tail of the distribution. We also confirm that Neptunian and super-Earth class planets may be easier to find at lower metallicities. A statistically significative abundance difference between stars of the thin and the thick disc was found for [Fe/H] < 0. However, the populations from the thick and the thin disc cannot be clearly separated.

Field of study: Physics
Optimal application allocation on multiple public clouds

Cloud computing customers currently host all of their application components at a single cloud provider. Single-provider hosting eases maintenance tasks, but reduces resilience to failures. Recent research (Li et al., 2010) also shows that providers’ offers differ greatly in performance and price, and no single provider is the best in all service categories. In this paper we investigate the benefits of allocating components of a distributed application on multiple public clouds (multi-cloud). We propose a resource allocation algorithm that minimizes the overall cloud operation cost, while satisfying required service-level agreements (SLAs). In spite of the additional delays for inter-cloud communication and the additional costs for inter-cloud data transfer, our simulation study, using real cloud performance and cost data, demonstrates that multi-cloud allocation outperforms single-cloud allocations in a variety of realistic scenarios.

Field of study: Computer science