nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Q43L mutant of neuregulin 2β is a pan-ErbB receptor antagonist.

The ErbB4 receptor tyrosine kinase possesses both tumour suppressor and oncogenic activities. Thus pharmacological agents are needed to help elucidate ErbB4 functions. However, limitations of existing ErbB4 agonists and antagonists have led us to seek novel ErbB4 antagonists. The Q43L mutant of the ErbB4 agonist NRG2β (neuregulin 2β) stimulates ErbB4 tyrosine phosphorylation, yet fails to stimulate ErbB4 coupling to cell proliferation. Thus in the present paper we hypothesize that NRG2β/Q43L may be an ErbB4 antagonist. NRG2β/Q43L competitively antagonizes agonist stimulation of ErbB4 coupling to cell proliferation. NRG2β/Q43L stimulates less ErbB4 tyrosine phosphorylation than does NRG2β. In addition, NRG2β stimulation of cell proliferation requires PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) activity and NRG2β stimulates greater Akt phosphorylation than does NRG2β/Q43L. Moreover, EGFR [EGF (epidermal growth factor) receptor] kinase activity (but not that of ErbB4) is critical for coupling ErbB4 to proliferation. Experiments utilizing ErbB4 splicing isoforms and mutants suggest that NRG2β and NRG2β/Q43L may differentially stimulate ErbB4 coupling to the transcriptional co-regulator YAP (Yes-associated protein). Finally, NRG2β/Q43L competitively antagonizes agonist stimulation of EGFR and ErbB2/ErbB3, indicating that NRG2β/Q43L is a pan-ErbB antagonist. Thus we postulate that NRG2β/Q43L and other antagonistic ligands stimulate ErbB tyrosine phosphorylation on a set of residues distinct from that stimulated by agonists, thus suggesting a novel mechanism of ErbB receptor regulation. Moreover, NRG2β/Q43L and related ligand-based antagonists establish a paradigm for the discovery of anti-ErbB therapeutics.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
The Possibility of the Triggered De-Excitation of the 110mAg Isomer in Laser Plasma

The 110mAg isomer is examined as a new object for studying the triggered de-excitation of nuclear isomers in pulsed laser plasma. The main advantages of 110mAg are the low energy (1128 eV) of its transition to the trigger level (leading to the de-excitation of 110mAg), which is comparable to the electron temperature of plasma, and the long lifetime of the trigger level (36 ns), which allows one to separate plasma interferences in detecting of 110mAg de-excitation.

Field of study: Physics
Late quaternary climatic changes in Australia and North Africa: A preliminary interpretation

Geological and biological data for the period 0–40,000 B.P. suggest that variations in precipitation and evaporation along the temperate and tropical margins of Australia and North Africa are closely related to variations in the position and strength of the subtropical anticyclones. Such changes in the subtropical anticyclones seem related to changes in the position and wave amplitude of the subtropical westerly jet stream. A dynamic interpretation of the inferred palaeoclimates suggests that important additional factors were the distribution of surface temperature anomalies over Siberia and the Sahara at 30,000 B.P.; the location of North Pacific and North American surface temperature anomalies at 24,000 B.P.; compression of the westerlies over Tasmania during 20,000–15,000 B.P.; breakdown of the summer monsoon during 17,000–12,000 B.P.; and a possible change in the slope and nature of the Intertropical Convergence during 11,000–7,000 B.P. Major environmental changes associated with the above influences were heavy rainfall, high lake levels, and increased fluvial activity in southern Australia and along both margins of the Sahara between 40,000 and 20,000 B.P.; low lake levels in the Afar at 30,000 B.P.; intertropical aridity and dune-building along the tropical margins of the Sahara and Australia, and desiccation in semi-arid New South Wales during the interval 17,000–12,000 B.P.; and very high lake levels and increased precipitation in the Sahel and in northern and southern Australia from 11,000 B.P. to 5,000 B.P. The past and present role of the desert anticyclones in controlling the start and the close of the arid phases is demonstrated, as is the correlation between Southern Hemisphere pressure systems and Saharan rainfall, and between Northern Hemisphere circulation changes and Australian rainfall. The subtropical anticyclones may act as buffers when the thermal balance between the two hemispheres is upset by an excess of surface ice in any one hemisphere, and this influences the climate well beyond the deserts.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Functions of sirtuins and their applications in sports science

) are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NAD+) dependent deacetylases.Besides realizing epigenetic modification on genes via the deacetylation of lysine residues in chromatin histones,SIRT1 can regulate the activity of several critical transcription regulating factors and cofactors.Physiological processes mediated by SIRTs include oxidative stress response control,energy homeostasis control and exercise metabolism adaptation.Physical exercises preventing metabolic diseases or delaying aging may be closely related to SIRTs activity.Various ways of sports training and supplementing SIRTs activating small molecule active substances can enhance the SIRTs activity of such organs as skeletal muscle,fat,cardiac muscle and brain,and boost the fatigue resistance and energy metabolism adaptation capacities of the body.SIRTs may be potential biomarkers that characterize functional homeostasis.

Field of study: Education
Synthesis of Monocyclic and Bicyclic Imino Sugars

A diastereoselective aldol reaction between the chelated alanine ester enolate 5 and the protected threose derivative 6, followed by cyclization under Mitsunobu conditions, gave the pipecolinic acid derivative 9. This compound could easily be converted into the versatile protected derivative 11, which could be transformed in excellent yields either into the corresponding piperidine imino sugar 14 or into the unnatural amino acid 17. The imino alcohol 13, an intermediate in the synthesis of imino sugar 14, was also used in a straightforward approach to indolizidinone 19, involving an intramolecular Horner−Emmons reaction for ring-closure.

Field of study: Chemistry
Pi class glutathione S-transferase genes are regulated by Nrf 2 through an evolutionarily conserved regulatory element in zebrafish.

Pi class GSTs (glutathione S-transferases) are a member of the vertebrate GST family of proteins that catalyse the conjugation of GSH to electrophilic compounds. The expression of Pi class GST genes can be induced by exposure to electrophiles. We demonstrated previously that the transcription factor Nrf 2 (NF-E2 p45-related factor 2) mediates this induction, not only in mammals, but also in fish. In the present study, we have isolated the genomic region of zebrafish containing the genes gstp1 and gstp2. The regulatory regions of zebrafish gstp1 and gstp2 have been examined by GFP (green fluorescent protein)-reporter gene analyses using microinjection into zebrafish embryos. Deletion and point-mutation analyses of the gstp1 promoter showed that an ARE (antioxidant-responsive element)-like sequence is located 50 bp upstream of the transcription initiation site which is essential for Nrf 2 transactivation. Using EMSA (electrophoretic mobility-shift assay) analysis we showed that zebrafish Nrf 2-MafK heterodimer specifically bound to this sequence. All the vertebrate Pi class GST genes harbour a similar ARE-like sequence in their promoter regions. We propose that this sequence is a conserved target site for Nrf 2 in the Pi class GST genes.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of (2S)‐ and (2R)‐2‐(1,3‐Dithian‐2‐ylmethyl)oxirane

Lipase-catalyzed transesterifications and biological reductions were used to obtain the (S)-enantiomers of 3-chloro-1-(1,3-dithian-2-yl)-2-propanol and 1-(1,3-dithian-2-yl)-3-fluoro-2-propanol and their (R)-acetates. (S)-3-Chloro-1-(1,3-dithian-2-yl)-2-propanol and (R)-3-chloro-1-(1,3-dithian-2-yl)-2-propyl acetate were converted into the respective enantiomers of 2-(1,3-dithian-2-ylmethyl)oxirane. During this work we also isolated a new gem-disubstituted epoxide, 2-(chloromethyl)-2-(1,3-dithian-2-yl)oxirane.

Field of study: Chemistry
Investigation of the spectral dependences of the excitation of high vibrational levels of the UF6 molecule

An experimental investigation was made of the excitation of high vibrational states of the UF6 molecule by infrared laser radiation. The spectral and energy dependences were determined of the absorption of 16 μ radiation by UF6 gas undergoing single-frequency interaction with CF4 laser radiation, and of the visible luminescence of the UF6 molecules in the case of two-frequency interaction with CF4 and CO2 laser radiation in a static gas cell at 300 °K. It was found that the visible luminescence can serve as a quantitative measure of the number of UF6 molecules excited above the first dissociation limit. A possible isotopic dissociation selectivity was estimated and the deexcitation times of electronic and vibrational excitation of the UF6 molecule were measured.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Communications in distributed fault-tolerant computing systems

The evolution of computing theory from the original single-process model to the current multiple-concurrent-processes model that is at the basis of distributed systems, radically changed, in just a few years, the relative importance and the role of communications in computers. As a direct consequence of this evolution, large single-processor systems were progressively replaced by multiprocessors with networked architecture or by networks of smaller computers, while, at the logical level, the concepts of control flow and information flow were definitely separated and emphasis was gradually put on cooperation through communications rather than through common control. Eventually, the reliability and the integrity of distributed computing systems became more and more dependent on the reliability and the integrity of their communication channels, and their fault-tolerant properties more and more dependent on their ability to deal with all sorts of communication problems. The purpose of this paper is to review some of these problems together with the techniques more commonly used to deal with them, to indicate the limits and the application tradeoffs of these techniques, and, where applicable, to indicate their impact on system performance and functionality.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Te doping in the GaAs tunnel junction for GaInP/GaAs tandem solar cells

Heavily tellurium (Te)-doped GaAs layers with diethyltellurium (DETe) grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) were investigated. The existence of Te-rich microprecipitates might degrade both the electrical and optical properties. Compared to Si doping, the tunnel junction diode doped with Te doping revealed lower tunneling resistance. A comparative study using both Si and Te doping in the GaAs tunnel junction of GaInP/GaAs tandem solar cells showed a higher efficiency for Te doping. Therefore, the GaAs tunnel junction with Te doping can be considered to improve the device performance of GaAs-based multi-junction solar cells.

Field of study: Materials science
Air Travelers' Environmental Consciousness: A Preliminary Investigation in Taiwan

Today’s enviornmetnal problems cannot be solved solely with technical and economic measures, a better understanding of human attitudes and behaviors is also required. This study examines air travelers’ environmetnal knowledge, environmental attitudes, environmental behaviors, and pro-environmental air travel behavior in Taiwan. The relationships between environmental consciousness components with the socio-demographic variables are also tested. A field survey was administered to collect data from airline customers. The results show that Taiwanese passengers have moderate to high levels of environmetnal knowledge and overall possess a favorable environmetnal attitude. While they engage in general environmentally friendly behavior quite often, their pro-enivornmental air travel behavior is low. In addition, some differences concerning environmetnal knowledge, attitudes and behaviors exist across gender, age, and education factors. The contribution of this research is to broaden the udnerstanding of airline customers by examining their environmental consciousness and provide insights for airlines’ selective marketing to enviornmentally concerned customers.

Field of study: Business
Context-aware broadcasting approaches in mobile ad hoc networks

The aim of this paper is to compare different context-aware broadcasting approaches in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and to evaluate their respective performances. Message broadcasting is one of the core challenges brought up by distributed systems and has therefore largely been studied in the context of traditional network structures, such as the Internet. With the emergence of MANETs, new broadcasting algorithms especially geared at these networks have been introduced. The goal of these broadcasting algorithms is to ensure that a maximum number of nodes deliver the broadcasted message (reliability), while ensuring that the minimum number of nodes retransmit the broadcasted message (efficiency), in order to save their resources, such as bandwidth or battery. In recent years, as more and more mobile devices have become context-aware, several broadcasting algorithms have been introduced that take advantage of contextual information in order to improve their performance. We distinguish four approaches with respect to context: (1) context-oblivious approaches, (2) network traffic-aware approaches, (3) power-aware approaches, and (4) location-aware approaches. This paper precisely aims at presenting these four different broadcasting approaches and at measuring the performance of algorithms built upon them.

Field of study: Computer science
Xenoxylon junggarensis sp. nov., a new gymnospermous fossil wood from the Norian (Triassic) Huangshanjie Formation in northwestern China, and its palaeoclimatic implications

A permineralized gymnospermous wood, Xenoxylon junggarensis sp. nov., is described from the Norian (upper Triassic) Huangshanjie Formation in Dalongkou Section, Jimsar County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, northwestern China. The pycnoxylic wood consists of thick-walled tracheids and thin-walled rays. It is characterized by commonly rounded to very compressed, contiguous or sometimes separated uniseriate, occasionally rounded and alternate biseriate radial pits and one or two simple, large pits in each cross-field.. The fossil wood genus Xenoxylon Gothan is known to be an indicator of cooler and/or wetter climates in the boreal hemisphere during the Mesozoic. Its occurrence in the Huangshanjie Formation from Junggar Basin, together with the palaeobotanical and palynological data, indicates that a wet and temperate climate prevailed in the northern Xinjiang during the Norian interval. The mean sensitivity of analysis of 22 growth rings is 0.36, suggesting a seasonal response to climate. Growth rings in the fossil woods are large (2.3 mm average with a maximum of 5.44 mm), representing either a longer growing season or more favorable conditions for growth, including readily available water and higher temperature. Based on a considerable amount of earlywood and a small percentage of latewood and some indirect evidence, it is hypothesized that growth of X. junggarensis in the high-latitude Junggar Basin in the late Triassic was limited by light levels.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Climate-driven phenological changes in the Russian Arctic derived from MODIS LAI time series 2000–2019

Arctic surface temperature has increased at approximately twice the global rate over the past few decades and is also projected to warm most in the 21st century. However, the mechanism of Arctic vegetation response to this warming remains largely uncertain. Here, we analyse variations in the seasonal profiles of MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Leaf Area Index (LAI) and ERA-interim cumulative near-Surface Air Temperature (SATΣ) over the northern Russia, north of 60° N for 2000–2019. We find that commonly used broad temporal interval (seasonal) trends cannot fully represent complex interannual variations of the LAI profile over the growing season. A sequence of narrow temporal interval (weekly) LAI trends form an inverted S-shape over the course of the growing season with enhanced green-up and senescence, but balanced during the growing season’s peak. Spatial patterns of weekly LAI trends match with those of weekly SATΣ trends during the green-up, while the drivers of the browning trends during senescence remain unclear. Geographically the area with the statistically significant temperature-driven enhanced green-up is restricted by a large patch carrying significant positive SATΣ trends, which includes North Siberian Lowland, Taimyr, Yamal and adjacent territories. The strength, duration and timing of the changes depend on vegetation type: enhanced green-up is most pronounced in tundra, while enhanced senescence is pronounced in forests. Continued release of the climatic constraints will likely increase the capacity both of the environment (i.e. permafrost thawing) and vegetation (i.e. appearance of more productive woody species), and transform LAI seasonal shifts to change of LAI seasonal amplitude.

Field of study: Environmental science
Odontoid synchondrosis fractures in children.

Odontoid synchondrosis fractures, although rare in the overall incidence of spinal trauma, are one of the more common fractures in young children. The goal of this study was to evaluate the demographic data, incidence of neurological deficits, treatment strategies, and outcomes in a combined series of odontoid synchondrosis fractures treated at the authors' institution and reported in other series.



In a retrospective chart review, the authors identified four odontoid synchondrosis fractures treated at their hospital since January 2000; these were combined with cases reported in six other series in the literature, yielding a total of 55 patients. Data regarding the patients' age, sex, delayed diagnosis, odontoid displacement, neurological deficits, treatment, and fusion status were collected. The patients' ages ranged from 9 months to 7 years (mean 2.8 years), with neither sex predominating. Diagnosis was delayed in eight cases. The orientation of the odontoid fracture was reported for 36 patients, with 94% experiencing anterior displacement. Spinal cord injury (SCI) was noted in 15 patients, including 11 with complete injuries and eight with SCI at the cervicothoracic junction. Forty-two (93%) of 45 patients with fractures initially treated with external immobilization attained fusion. Eight patients were treated with surgery; four initially, with no attempt at conservative therapy, three after failed halo immobilization, and one after nonunion because of delayed diagnosis.



Odontoid synchondrosis fractures can be difficult to diagnose. In children younger than 7 years of age who present with neck pain or neurological deficits attributable to SCI, this fracture should be suspected. Given the high rate of fusion attained with conservative therapy, it is recommended for most synchondrosis fractures, although surgery may be warranted for individual cases.

Field of study: Medicine
A note on the method of multiple scales

A modification of the method of multiple scales makes use of the expansion of parameters of the system in order to remove undesirable characteristics of the solution obtained by the usual multiple-scale method. When applied to the damped harmonic oscillator, the modification leads to the exact solution. For the Duffing equation it leads to an approximation which can be reduced to the solution reported by Nayfeh [1], However, the solution derived here appears to be more accurate and the frequency takes on a form without nonuniformities. The method of multiple scales produces a uniformly valid expansion for systems in which a troublesome term is multiplied by a small parameter and for which an ordinary perturbation expansion leads to a nonuniformly valid series solution. For example, the weakly damped harmonic oscillator 5c + 2ex -Ia>2x = 0, e <| 1, (1) has the general solution x = [a0ei^T~^i' + (2) where a* is the complex conjugate of a0. An ordinary perturbation in e yields results which correspond to expanding e~a and exp[ + i(co2 — e2)1/2f in power series which are nonuniformly valid since t can always be large enough to offset the smallness of e or s2. The derivative expansion method of multiple scales [1, pp. 236-240] makes use of the time expansion tn = e"', x = x(r0, tu t2 •• ), dx/dt = D0x + sDtx + e2D2x + ■■■, (3) where Dn = d/dtn. The time t0 is the unstretched time coordinate and the remaining tn correspond to longer time scales. To 0(s2) the solution

Field of study: Mathematics
Shining the Spotlight on Those outside Florida’s Reform Limelight: The Impact of Developmental Education Reform for Nonexempt Students

Since the 2000s, states have experimented with reforms to improve success among underprepared students traditionally assigned to developmental education (DE). Florida’s reform under Senate Bill 1720 has been among the most comprehensive and wide-reaching. Recent public high school graduates and military personnel became exempt from DE, but nearly one-third of students, including those without a Florida standard high school diploma, were still required to take a placement test and enroll in DE if they scored below college-ready. The legislation also required colleges to offer accelerated instructional strategies for students remaining in DE, and provide enhanced advising and support services. Focusing specifically on nonexempt students, we use statewide data to conduct a difference-in-regression discontinuity analysis to examine differences in first-year math coursetaking outcomes for students on the margins of college readiness before and after the reform. While students narrowly assigned to DE tend to have a lower likelihood of taking and passing college-level courses relative to their college-ready peers, these students experienced larger gains after the reform when DE courses were offered in accelerated formats accompanied by support services. The reform also improved outcomes for students scoring above college-ready, which suggests that nonexempt students benefited from enhanced advising and support services too.

Field of study: Education
X-ray diffractometry for the structure determination of a submicrometre single powder grain

A high-precision diffractometer with a synchrotron radiation microfocusing technique has been developed to investigate the crystal structure of a submicrometre-scale single grain of powder sample. The structure of a BaTiO3 single powder grain, of dimensions ∼600 × 600 × 300 nm, was determined.

Field of study: Physics
Study on Application of ZA35/TiC in Spindle Assembly

The elastic modulus and poisson ratio of ZA35/TiC and ZA35 were tested by electrometric method.Taking NC miller XK7132 as an example,the finite element model of spindle assembly with sleeve gasket prepared by using ZA35 or ZA35/TiC was built.The dynamic performances of the two kinds of spindle assemblies were analyzed by finite element method.The results show that the dynamic performances of spindle assembly can be improved by using sleeve gasket made ZA35/TiC.It can provide the basis for the application of ZA35/TiC in spindle assembly.

Field of study: Materials science