nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Correlation between the release of IL-2 and granule-associated DNase activity in human lymphomononuclear cells stimulated with immunomodulating peptides and proteins. Role of different antigen-presenting cells.

The authors have already described that a series of short peptides, modelled after sequences related to human extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and sharing some common structural features, activate Th1 clones through a process involving peptide presentation in HLA-DR proteins. Those peptides induce also LAK- and NK-dependent cytotoxicity as well as activation of monocytes/macrophages present in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) populations. The release of interleukin 2 (IL-2) and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) by Th cells present in PBMC depleted of macrophages, or B cells is reported, after incubation in the presence of those peptides, fibronectin or Staphylococcus aureus protein A. The authors found that all the molecules tested needed at least the presence of a type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) to exert their stimulatory effect. Some peptides seem to be preferentially presented to Th cells by B cells, while others seem to depend on monocyte/macrophages for this presentation. The dependence on one or another APC seems to be due to differences in the sequences of these peptides. The immunomodulatory agents studied also gave rise to a clear increase in a DNase activity associated with secretion granules of PBMC. That there is a correlation between the release of IL-2 and this DNase activity when using a complete PBMC population, B cell-depleted PBMC or macrophage-depleted PBMC stimulated with the peptides tested has been found.

Field of study: Medicine
Source Memory in Korsakoff Syndrome: Disentangling the Mechanisms of Temporal Confusion

Korsakoff syndrome (KS), most frequently resulting from alcohol dependence (ALC), is characterized by severe anterograde amnesia. It has been suggested that these deficits may extend to other memory components, and notably source memory deficits involved in the disorientation and temporal confusion frequently observed in KS. However, the extent of this source memory impairment in KS and its usefulness for the differential diagnosis between ALC and KS remain unexplored.



Nineteen patients with KS were compared with 19 alcohol-dependent individuals and 19 controls in a source memory test exploring temporal context confusions ("continuous recognition task"). Episodic memory and psychopathological comorbidities were controlled for.



While no source memory deficit was observed in ALC, KS was associated with a significant presence of temporal context confusion, even when the influence of comorbidities was taken into account. This source memory impairment did not appear to be related to performances on episodic memory or executive functions.



Patients with KS displayed source memory deficits, as indexed by temporal context confusions. The absence of a relationship with episodic memory performances seems to indicate that source memory impairment is not a mere by-product of amnesia. As ALC was associated with preserved source memory, the presence of temporal context confusion may serve as a complementary tool for the differential diagnosis between ALC and KS.

Field of study: Medicine
A hybrid local and distributed sketching design for accurate and scalable heavy key detection in network data streams

Real-time characterization of network traffic anomalies, such as heavy hitters and heavy changers, is critical for the robustness of operational networks, but its accuracy and scalability are challenged by the ever-increasing volume and diversity of network traffic. We address this problem by leveraging parallelization. We propose LD-Sketch, a data structure designed for accurate and scalable traffic anomaly detection using distributed architectures. LD-Sketch combines the classical counter-based and sketch-based techniques, and performs detection in two phases: local detection, which guarantees zero false negatives, and distributed detection, which reduces false positives by aggregating multiple detection results. We derive the error bounds and the space and time complexity for LD-Sketch. We further analyze the impact of ordering of data items on the memory usage and accuracy of LD-Sketch. We compare LD-Sketch with state-of-the-art sketch-based techniques by conducting experiments on traffic traces from a real-life 3G cellular data network. Our results demonstrate the accuracy and scalability of LD-Sketch over prior approaches.

Field of study: Computer science
Does Parathyroid Hormone Affect Erythropoietin Therapy in Dialysis Patients?

The objective of this study was to assess the response to recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) during treatment of anemia in dialysis patients with hyperparathyroidism.  A total of 118 patients with stage 5 renal failure on dialysis therapy were selected for this study. Anemia was treated with rHuEPO. Laboratory data for each patient included intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, calcium, phosphate, and alkaline phosphatase. Patients with iPTH >32 pmol/l were considered hyperparathyroid. Erythropoietin resistance index (ERI) was expressed as the ratio of weekly rHuEPO dose/Hct level.  Of the 118 patients, 83 (70.3%) were on hemodialysis (HD) and 35 (29.7%) were on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Sixty-three patients (64.3%) with iPTH >32 pmol/l had Hb <11 g/dl, while 34 (54.8%) with iPTH <32 had Hb >11 g/dl (p = 04). Thirty-three (56%) patients with iPTH >32 pmol/l had hemocrit <33%, while 38 (61.3%) with iPTH <32 had hemocrit <33% (p = 0.4). The median value of weekly rHuEPO dose in HD patients (12,000 units) was significantly higher in comparison with CAPD patients (6,000 units; p < 0.0001). ERI was significantly higher in HD than CAPD patients with iPTH <16 pmol/l (p = 0002) as well as with patients with 16–32 pmol/l (p = 0.012).  CAPD patients showed a reduced requirement for rHuEPO and better control of anemia compared with HD patients. ERI was also lower in CAPD than in HD patients. Hyperparathyroidism is a parameter predictive of rHuEPO hyporesponsiveness in dialysis patients.

Field of study: Medicine
Focus anisoplanatism for 1.2 m telescope laser guide stars in adaptive optics system

A precise simulation the focus anisoplanatism error of Yunnan observatory 1.2 m 61-element laser guide star adaptive optics system,which caused by laser beacon at a finite range travels a different path than does the light from natural star at a infinite range.This error can be eliminated by use of laser guide stars.However,there are two sources of error limit multiple beacon adaptive optical system,beacon position measurement error and conic tilt error.Analysis the two errors when project two to five laser guide stars.The result showed that with the increase of high and number of laser beam,especially the focus anisoplanatism of Na laser guide stars could reduced to 1 rad2.

Field of study: Physics
Knowledge in borderline cases

at all (e.g. if we simply eschew them altogether), or if thoughts are split into different ramified orders so that no thought can involve quantification over a range of thoughts in which it is included. Russell accepted the 'harsh and highly artificial' (Russell 1903: 528) solution given by ramification only after years of searching for others; there's no indication Frege would have been happy with it at all.

Field of study: Philosophy
Piezoreflectance characterization of resonant tunneling and modulation-doped heterostructures

We used piezoreflectance, a stress modulation technique, to optically characterize both double-barrier resonant tunneling structures and modulation-doped heterostructures. This technique easily probed the single quantum wells buried below the ∼0.5-μm-thick n+ GaAs surface layers required for ohmic contacts. In fact, the positions of salient piezoreflectance spectral features denoted subtle variations of well width and barrier height and width; lineshapes indicated interface roughness. Since piezoreflectance spectra of our modulation-doped samples had sharp features associated with quantum confinement, and the corresponding photoreflectence spectra had Franz-Keldysh oscillations that depended on the built-in electric field, we could calculate energy levels that reflected not only growth parameters but experimentally determined potential profiles as well. Moreover, the sensitivity of piezoreflectance to carbon and silicon acceptor states permitted us to assess the material quality.

Field of study: Materials science
Enhanced Eryptosis Following Exposure to Dolutegravir

The viral integrase enzyme inhibitor dolutegravir is utilized for the treatment of immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Knowledge on cytotoxicity of dolutegravir is limited. The present study thus explored, whether dolutegravir is able to trigger suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis, which is characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface. Cellular mechanisms involved in the triggering of eryptosis include increase of cytosolic Ca2+ activity ([Ca2+]i), oxidative stress, ceramide, and activation of protein kinase C, p38 kinase, casein kinase, and caspases. The present study explored, whether Dolutegravir induces eryptosis and, if so, to gain insight into cellular mechanisms involved.  Utilizing flow cytometry, phosphatidylserine exposure at the cell surface was estimated from annexin-V-binding, cell volume from forward scatter, [Ca2+]i from Fluo3-fluorescence, ROS formation from DCFDA dependent fluorescence, and ceramide abundance utilizing specific antibodies. Hemolysis was quantified from haemoglobin concentration in the supernatant.  A 48 hours exposure of human erythrocytes to dolutegravir significantly increased the percentage of annexin-V-binding cells (≥ 4.8 µM), significantly increased hemolysis (19.1 µM), but did not significantly modify forward scatter. Dolutegravir significantly increased Fluo3-fluorescence (≥ 4.8 µM), DCFDA fluorescence (19.1 µM) and ceramide abundance (19.1 µM). The effect of dolutegravir on annexin-V-binding was significantly blunted by removal of extracellular Ca2+, but was not significantly modified by protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporine (1 µM), p38 kinase inhibitor SB203580 (2 µM), casein kinase inhibitor D4476 (10 µM) or pancaspase inhibitor zVAD (10 µM).  Dolutegravir triggers cell shrinkage and phospholipid scrambling of the erythrocyte cell membrane, an effect at least in part due to Ca2+ entry, ceramide formation and oxidative stress.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Some factors involved in the stimulus control of operant behavior.

The stimuli which are present when an operant is reinforced modify the subsequent frequency of emission of the response. For example, if a hungry pigeon is reinforced with food when it pecks a translucent key upon which a monochromatic light is projected, it will subsequently peck most rapidly when the light is of the same wavelength. Guttman (3) has reported that a difference of 2 millimicrons can produce a lower rate. As the difference increases the rate falls in a "generalization gradient." If responses are reinforced at one wavelength and extinguished at all others, the gradient is sharpened. These facts are now well known, but the significance of the relevant conditions has not been fully analyzed.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Catalunya i l’Europa septentrional a l’entorn de 1400: Circulació de mestres, obres i models artistics. M. Rosa Terés, ed. IRCVM-Medieval Cultures 5. Rome: Viella, 2016. 374 pp. €45.

Sweerts crossed boundaries—between Italy and the North, between Catholic Flanders and the United Provinces—she builds bridges between areas of scholarship usually kept apart. Brussels emerges as a protagonist that no longer blushes to be put in the company of Antwerp and Rome. The lively text and superb plates capture the fascination of this intelligent cosmopolite and make us regret that such a fine painter would throw in the sponge to head for the Orient.

Field of study: History
Minimizing Radiation Exposure from Patients Treated with Iodine-131 for Hyperthyroidism Using a Lead Collar: A Simple and Effective Approach

To construct a lead collar useful for shielding the electromagnetic radiation from the thyroid of patients treated with radioiodine 131I for hyperthyroidism, thereby reducing the radiation emitted from these patients.  A specially designed cervical lead collar was used to shield radiation exposure from ‘hot thyroids’ of 20 patients treated with iodine-131 for hyperthyroidism. The collar was made of lead strips stacked together around a plastic neck support fastened around the patient’s neck. Measurements of the radiation exposure rate were obtained at increasing distances from the patients (50, 100, 200 cm), with and without the lead collar, at various times after 131I treatment.  Radiation exposure measurements over 3 weeks showed relatively high exposure rates in the first week after treatment. The radiation exposure from the patients wearing the lead collar was half that found in the same patients not wearing the collar.  The use of the lead collar significantly reduced the radiation exposure of patients’ surroundings. It was particularly useful in patients who could not abide strictly to the standard restrictive protocols after treatment with 131I.

Field of study: Medicine
Have hospital readmissions increased in the face of reductions in length of stay? Evidence from England.

We assess the relationship between changes in hospital length of stay (LoS) and hospital quality, as measured by 28-day emergency readmission. We estimate regression models to analyse LoS and other factors associated with readmission for all those admitted for hip replacement (n=496,334), hernia repair (n=413,712) or following a stroke (n=480,113) in England between 2002/3 and 2007/8. There were reductions in LoS over time while changes in crude readmission rates varied by condition. Given the high mortality rate for stroke, it is critical to account for the probability of surviving the initial admission when evaluating readmissions. Conditional upon survival, the probability of readmission was greater for stroke patients who originally had a shorter LoS and for hernia patients who had an overnight stay but there is no relationship between LoS and readmission for patients who had hip replacement. The evidence does not generally suggest that reductions in LoS were associated with an increased probability of emergency readmission.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Considerations on Inequality, Corporate Governance, and Financialization

Disjunctures between corporate governance, increasingly dominated by financial considerations, and social inequality have been among the motor forces of current world-wide “populist” voter revolts. This article looks for clues for the relation between economic inequality, corporate governance, and financialization by re-examining the work of Karl Marx and of Adolphe Berle and Gardiner Means. Marx is widely considered, in Japan, to have pointed out that the division of profit into the wages of management and the profit of enterprise is considered as a path to the association. However, this general interpretation in Japan may not be sufficient for capturing capitalism’s contemporary reality. This presentation develops an alternative interpretation of this chapter by combining Marx’s explanation with the theory of the separation of ownership and management proposed by Berle and Means. We then explore causal relations among income inequality, corporate governance, and financialization.

Field of study: Economics
Anxiety Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease

Anxiety and its associated disorders are common in patients with cardiovascular disease and may significantly influence cardiac health. Anxiety disorders are associated with the onset and progression of cardiac disease, and in many instances have been linked to adverse cardiovascular outcomes, including mortality. Both physiologic (autonomic dysfunction, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, changes in platelet aggregation) and health behavior mechanisms may help to explain the relationships between anxiety disorders and cardiovascular disease. Given the associations between anxiety disorders and poor cardiac health, the timely and accurate identification and treatment of these conditions is of the utmost importance. Fortunately, pharmacologic and psychotherapeutic interventions for the management of anxiety disorders are generally safe and effective. Further study is needed to determine whether interventions to treat anxiety disorders ultimately impact both psychiatric and cardiovascular health.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Models, techniques, and algorithms for finding, selecting, and displaying patterns in strings and other discrete objects

The objectives of this paper are to (1) demonstrate that pattern discovery in discrete objects is an important intellectual task performed by humans that would benefit from automation. We do this by presenting “everyday” examples from software engineering and other areas such as document preparation, molecular biology, computer vision, and computer graphics; (2) propose a general methodology for a system that automates pattern discovery. This methodology has three components: (a) discovery: find all common patterns in objects; (b) selection: determine which of these patterns is important by taking into account criteria that are important to a particular application or user; (c) display: displaying the selected patterns. The methodology was developed by taking into account a number of practical considerations in the areas of computer-human interaction and visualization. (3) Outline efficient algorithms for some of the problems that must be solved in order to implement the proposed methodology.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Identification of a peptide sequence that improves transport of macromolecules across the intestinal mucosal barrier targeting goblet cells.

In this study, we demonstrated that the CSKSSDYQC-peptide ligand which was identified from a random phage-peptide library through an in vivo phage display technique with rats could prominently improve the transport efficiency of macromolecules, such as large filamentous phage particles (M13 bacteriophage), across the intestinal mucosal barrier. Synthetic CSKSSDYQC-peptide ligands significantly inhibited the binding of phage P1 encoding CSKSSDYQC-peptide ligands to the intestinal mucosal tissue and immunohistochemical analysis showed that the CSKSSDYQC-peptide ligands could be transported across the intestinal mucosal barrier via goblet cells as their specific gateway. Thus, we inferred that CSKSSDYQC-peptide ligand might have a specific receptor on the goblet cells and transported from intestinal lumen to systemic circulation by transcytosis mechanism. These results suggest that CSKSSDYQC-ligand could be a promising tool for development of an efficient oral delivery system for macromolecular therapeutics in the carrier-drug conjugate strategy.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
"Tiny galaxies" from "little bang".

We show, by solving the linearized Vlasov equations, that in the presence of an attractive density-dependent vector, or tensor, mean field potential, under a portion of the spinodal unstable phase region where the attractions among the quarks are more dominant, the transverse modes, i.e., the fluctuations of the current densities perpendicular to the wave vector, are activated due to relativity. In particular, the current densities in both the transverse directions oscillate with the same frequency, indicating the existence of the spontaneous rotations of the dense clusters. These rotating clusters would certainly create a local vortical flow field which, according to chiral (or spin) vortical effect, leads to the macroscopic separation of the axial charges or spins due to the spin-orbital interactions. Hence, for the first time, the connection between the axial charge or spin in-homogeneity and the first-order phase transition is proposed.

Field of study: Physics
Tracing and Property Rights: The Categorical Truth

Once regarded as something of a legal terra incognita, the law of tracing has in recent years become far more accessible. The sustained theoretical analysis which has been brought to bear as a consequence of the emergence of the law of restitution has done much to reveal the doctrinal geography and function of tracing.' It is thus now clear that despite earlier characterisations tracing properly so-called is neither a right nor a remedy.2 Tracing is an evidential process by which one asset is permitted to stand in the place of another asset for the purposes of whatever rights or claims the plaintiff may have had in respect of the first asset.3 Where the asset in which the plaintiff holds rights is used to acquire or is exchanged for another asset ('the traceable product'), the rights in the original asset are transmitted4 to the traceable product. Even though the plaintiff would otherwise have no right or claim to the traceable product, it is nevertheless treated as the subject of his rights in place of the original asset. The function, then, of the specific rules of tracing is to identify those acquisitions or exchanges which are legally relevant and, thereby, which asset may properly be said to be the traceable product of the original asset. While the broad outline and function of tracing is now understood, many serious questions nevertheless remain to be answered. The issue we seek to address in this short paper concerns the origin of the plaintiff's rights in the traceable product. In particular, where the plaintiff asserts a proprietary right in a traceable product, what is the event or cause of action to which that right can properly be the response? The identification of the source of the right in the traceable product is not, moreover, a matter of idle academic interest. As Lord Millett has recently noted,5 taxonomy and classification have important practical implications. The classification of the origin of the plaintiff's right in the traceable product has consequences for the range of potential defences to the plaintiff's claim to the traceable product6 and the nature or type of the right which may appropriately be recognised in the traceable product.7 The dominant academic view of the origin of the plaintiff's right in the traceable product is that the right always and necessarily arises as a response to the principle

Field of study: Law
Filtration,identification and physicochemical properties of fungus which produce red pigment

In this article,we choose 20 strains with filtration of basic culture medium,initial filtration and refiltration of those strains in order to find one high-yield strain which produces red pigment.We get GG-6j whose inside cell OD is 0.53,outside cell OD is 0.29,the highest cell OD of all the strains with the highest growth activity.It belongs to Fusarium by identification.Its properties indicate that the red pigment from GG-6j strain dissolves very easily in organic solvent,it can also endure high temperature.The maximum absorption wavelength in the range of visible light is 520 nm.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences