nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Unprecedented Seasonal Water Level Dynamics on One of the Earth's Largest Lakes

T he North American Great Lakes  contain roughly 20% of the Earth’s unfrozen fresh surface water and cover a massive area (Lake Superior alone is the largest unfrozen freshwater surface on the planet). Water levels on the Great Lakes have been recorded continuously for more than 150 years, representing one of the longest sets of direct hydroclimate measurements. This dataset, synthesized by Quinn (1981) and Lenters (2001), among many others, indicates that water levels on each of the Great Lakes follow a strong seasonal pattern closely linked with the timing and magnitude of the major components of the regional water budget, with relatively low water levels in the winter months, rising water levels in the spring, and decreasing water levels in the late summer and early fall. Water-level measurements on Lake Erie during the 2011 and 2012 water years (October 2010 through September 2011, and October 2011 through September 2012, respectively), however, reflect dramatic and unexpected changes in the seasonal waterlevel cycle and in the Great Lakes regional water budget. In the 2011 water year, monthly average water levels on Lake Erie rose more than 0.8 m from February to June, an unprecedented amplification of the historical seasonal pattern . Never before had water levels on Lake Erie risen as much during a fourmonth period. More specifically, the water level rose 0.28 m between February and March of that period. Only twice have water levels risen more between February and March (0.31 m in both 1976 and 1985). Furthermore, the water level between April and May 2011 rose 0.26 m. Only twice have water levels risen more between April and May (0.27 m in 1943 and 0.30 m in 1947). In the 2012 water year, however, the seasonal water level cycle on Lake Erie experienced a remarkable shift (as opposed to the 2011 water-year amplification) in the historical average seasonal pattern. From November to December 2011, for example, the monthly average water level on Lake Erie rose 0.19 m , the second-highest increase for that time period in recorded history (the highest was 0.20 m in 1927). Water levels then decreased continu-

Field of study: Environmental science
AN IMPROVED SUBSPACE METHOD AND ITS APPLICATION TO PARAMETER IDENTIFICATION OF TIME-VARYING STRUCTURES

This paper develops a subspace tracking algorithm for parameter identification of time-varying structures. In subspace method, eigen-analysis is conducted and signal subspace is obtained through matrix decomposition. Firstly, the matrix to be tracked is transformed into a form suitable for on-line tracking. The new data information is put into a matrix with fixed dimension. The signal subspace is updated by singular value decomposition (SVD) of the matrix. Consequently, the SVD of an increasing Hankel matrix is avoided in the algorithm and therefore the computational effort is reduced. The algorithm is applied to a manipulator. The natural frequencies of the manipulator is controlled by a time-varying force. The tracking ability is reconciled with accuracy by introducing a forgetting factor. On-line identification simulation results demonstrate the ability of the algorithm to track time-varying parameters.

Field of study: Engineering
The Carolina and the Culture of the Common Man: Revisiting the Imperial Penal Code of 1532*

The Carolina penal code of 1532, issued as a manual of court procedures for the Holy Roman Empire, offers an opportunity to examine connections between the legal text and broader cultural discourses. The code uses persuasive techniques that promote a vision of the rational layman as the exemplar of common sense and public order. The representations of the legal text parallel contemporary tendencies in fiction and pamphlet literature. Both authoritative and literary texts used print to promote identification with a universalized ideal, limited by class and gender but discursively constructed as common to all reasonable people.

Field of study: History
Sex-related adaptive responses of Populus cathayana to photoperiod transitions.

Populus cathayana Rehd., a dioecious tree species, occupies a wide range of habitats in southwest China. Both males and females were grown under two regimes of photoperiod, from mid-length to short-day photoperiod (SD shift), or to long-day photoperiod (LD shift). SD shift triggered leaf senescence in both males and females by decreasing net photosynthesis rate (A), transpiration (E), and chlorophyll pigment (Chl), non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) and indoleacetic acid (IAA) contents, while increasing abscisic acid (ABA), malonaldehyde (MDA) and free proline (Pro) contents. The antioxidant enzyme (e.g. POD, CAT and SOD) activities and capability to maintain ultrastructural integrity also decreased under SD shift. Males exhibited faster leaf senescence than did females, as shown by greater decreases in A, E, Chl and IAA. However, males maintained a less senescent stage than did females, as indicated by higher values of A, Chl, NSC, IAA and antioxidant enzyme activities. Conversely, A, E, NSC and IAA contents and antioxidant enzyme activities were enhanced by lower O(2)(*-) in females, whereas reduced by higher O(2)(*-) in males under LD shift. Such sex-dependent responses of P. cathayana to photoperiod transitions showed that males and females possess different adaptabilities, which may relate to sex-specific leaf senescence speed under changing environments.

Field of study: Environmental science
Solid Phase Extraction-Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatographic Determination of Tetracycline Antibiotics in Wastewater

A novel method for the determination of tetracycline antibiotics(TCs),i.e.oxytetracycline(OTC),tetracycline(TC),chlortetracycline(CTC) and doxycycline(DC) in wastewater sample by hydrophilic interaction chromatography(HILIC) using amino-silica column with highly polar organic-aqueous buffer as mobile phase has been developed.TCs were collected and purified from wastewater using Oasis HLB cartridges.Separation parameters such as the buffer pH,buffer ionic strength,organic modifier concentration and flow rate have been optimized.The optimal mobile phase was 85%(V/V) acetonitrile in 6.7 mmol/L ammonium citrate buffer(pH 4.0).The developed method had good linearity(r0.999) and reproducibility(RSD1.0% for the peak area).The limits of detection for the TCs tested were between 12-30 μg/L(S/N=3).Recoveries of TCs at the concentration of 0.5-10 μg/L ranged from 90.6% to 106.5% with RSD 2.5%-6.2%.The proposed method is simple,accurate and the mobile phase is compatible for mass spectrometry due to its low ionic strength.It has been applied to the determination of TCs in abattoir wastewater samples with satisfactory results.

Field of study: Chemistry
Evaluating the improvement effect of low-energy strategies on the summer indoor thermal environment and cooling energy consumption in a library building: A case study in a hot-humid and less-windy city of China

Public buildings such as libraries consume a vast amount of cooling energy for maintaining a comfortable and stable indoor environment in summer, especially in the hot-humid climate. This study used a case study approach to discuss the effect of low-energy strategies that can be applied to improve indoor thermal environment and cooling energy consumption of library buildings in hot and humid cities like Nanning City (a southern city, China). The use of cooling window shutters (a shutter with the effects of shading and evaporative cooling) and ceiling fans for generating airflow was considered as applicable energy-saving measures in this study, and a university library was selected as the study building in which the two energy-saving measures were employed. The SET* and annual cooling load before and after the adoption of the proposed measures were quantitatively investigated with a building energy consumption simulation software (DesignBuilder). Simulation results showed that the daytime SET* values can be reduced by 3.0 °C and 4.5 °C respectively on a typical summer day after the use of the cooling shutters and ceiling fans. Moreover, the cooling loads can also be decreased by 8.4% and 16.6% respectively. Particularly, the combination of these two measures enabled the daytime SET* value and annual cooling load lower by 7.0 °C and 60.8% respectively.

Field of study: Engineering
Shareholder Guarantee to S Corporation Creditors Doesn't Increase Basis

According to IRC section 1366(d) the aggregate amount of losses and deductions an S corporation shareholder may take into account for any taxable year may not exceed the sum of the adjusted basis of the shareholder's stock in the S corporation and the shareholder's adjusted basis in any amount the corporation owes the shareholder. Taxpayers generally may not increase the basis in their S corporation stock by the amount of a loan guaranty to S corporation creditors until they make an actual "economic outlay." In a recent case the court considered whether an S corporation shareholder could include the amount of the guaranteed debt in his stock basis. Gary Luiz and two other shareholders formed Green Valley Sawmills Inc., an S corporation, in 1995. Luiz contributed approximately $27,000 in capital and was the corporation's president and one-third owner. By 1997 Luiz owned 43.03% of Green Valley. Green Valley in 1996 owed approximately $416,093 for logs it had purchased and $17,000 for transportation services provided to it in 1995 and 1996. Luiz orally guaranteed Green Valley's creditors he would pay the debts if the company did not. Luiz did not make any payments to Green Valley creditors during 1996 or 1997, but in 1998 he issued a promissory note to pay the corporation's transportation debt. He paid about $19,000 under the terms of the note. Luiz filed federal income tax returns for 1996 and 1997 deducting losses from Green Valley of $234,945 and $193,920, respectively. The IRS determined that Luiz's basis in his Green Valley stock was $23,965 in 1996 and $7,499 in 1997 and that his deduction of the S corporation's losses should have been limited to the amount of that basis. Luiz's position was that he had made an economic outlay relating to Green Valley's debts before or during 1996 to 1997. He advanced the following arguments in support of this contention: * His basis in Green Valley stock included the amount of Green Valley's debts he had guaranteed. Relying on Selfe v. United States, (86-1 USTC 9115), Luiz argued he could increase his basis in Green Valley by the amount of his guarantees to the 8 corporation's creditors. In Selfe the court held that shareholder guarantees of S corporation indebtedness increased the shareholder's tax basis in his or her stock where, in substance, the shareholder personally borrowed funds and advanced them to the corporation.  Relying on Bloom v. Bender, 48 Cal. 2d 793 (1957), Luiz contended a guarantor's obligation is presumed to be unconditional and he or she is liable on the default of the primary obligor without notice or demand.

Field of study: Business
Quantum Hall effect of the surface states in topological insulator

We study the quantum Hall effect in the surface states of topological insulator in the presence of a perpendicular magnetic field in the framework of edge states. Motion of Dirac fermions will form descrete Landau levels, among which a fully saturated zero mode will have different behaviors near the boundary according to the sign of the effective mass for Dirac fermions. The Hall conductance is quantized to be n (n is an integer) in the unit of e^2/h for a positive mass, n+1 for a negative mass, and n+1/2 for massless fermions. In topological insulator the massive term to the Dirac fermions can be the Zeeman coupling in a magnetic field or be induced by the finite-size effect in an ultrathin film. For example the g-factor of Bi_2Se_3 is positive and give rise to a positive mass term for Dirac fermions. We address experimental realization of the quantum Hall effect in topological insulators.

Field of study: Physics
TU‐C‐AUD C‐03: Teletherapy MicroRT Using a Commercial 192Ir Source

The prototype small‐animal irradiator (microRT) developed at Washington University utilizes the commercial 192Ir high‐dose rate (HDR) remote afterloader source in a teletherapy geometry. The system consists of a set of four Tungstencollimators (5.5 mm diameter hole) mounted to an Aluminum support tube. An HDR catheter is used to transport the source to the collimator and pre‐determined dwell positions center the source at the collimator hole. The mouse is placed on a couch that contains a series of drilled holes that act as fiducial localization marks visible on computed tomography(CT)imaging. For most experiments, the mouse is first anesthetized and placed on a couch. The couch is imaged using a commercial CT scanner (spatial resolution approximately 0.6 mm). The couch geometry is automatically registered in the treatment planningsoftware, which was written in the Computational Environment for Radiotherapy Research (CERR) platform. The treatment planner determines the dose and adjusts the source‐to‐target distance to achieve the required field size and the target dose, coupled with the source strength, determines the irradiation time. The couch is mounted to a computer‐controlled three‐dimensional stage that positions the mouse to submillimeter accuracy. Advantages of the system include its relatively high precision, low fabrication cost, and straightforward and robust operation. Disadvantages include the need for having a commercial HDR source and the associated complexities of scheduling experiments, the relatively poor penumbra, and the steep depth‐dose behavior. The system works very well for parallel‐opposed fields to either the whole brain or hemi‐brain, and tumors grown on the mouse flank.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Virtual network function placement and resource optimization in NFV and edge computing enabled networks

Network function virtualization (NFV) and edge computing (EC) are two promising and innovative technologies to accelerate 5G networks. However, placing the service function chains (SFC), each of which consists of a series of ordered virtual network functions (VNFs), into the EC enabled networks is an intractable issue and some new challenges shall arise. Firstly, EC is a hierarchical and geo-distributed structure, which will influence the form of SFCs and make the VNF placement location-related. Secondly, the data processing in EC is hierarchical too, which incurs different latency requirements. In this paper, we study the VNF placement problem considering users’ SFC requests (SFCr) in NFV and EC enabled networks. Apart from the above new challenges, the implementation method and chaining of VNFs are also considered, which will raise the need of tradeoff between node resource consumption and bandwidth consumption when placing VNFs. Then the above problem is formulated as an integer linear programming (ILP) model mathematically aiming to minimize the total resource consumption, which is proven to be NP-hard. We get the optimal results when the number of SFCrs is small taking advantage of optimization solver and propose a polynomial time heuristic when the problem scale is large. Simulation results show that the resource consumption derived by our heuristic solution is near to the optimal solution and its performance is very much superior to the contrastive schemes.

Field of study: Computer science
Genealogical Notes Regarding the Family of Glen or Glenn.

{No excuse, perhaps, is necessary for preserving here these notes in connection with a surname borne by over forty of those who arrived in the colonies from the earliest times to about the commencement of the Revolution. With the exception of two, these adventurers were kinsmen, and at least fifteen of them settled in Pennsylvania. In Scotland and Ulster, at the present day, however, the surname is somewhat uncommon, and those bearing it, for the most part, stand high in the communities to which they belong. This family was represented in the Darien expedition, with the first Dutch on the Delaware, and in the French and Indian Wars. General Forbes claimed near kinship with the Linlithgow branch. Some fifty of the name served, mostly as privates, and not with especial distinction, during the Revolution. The civil roll includes one Royal Governor, and two Governors of States. The information following is necessarily condensed; but it may prove of interest to descendants, and corrects some errors.

Field of study: History
Study of the effect of newly calculated phase space factor on beta-decay half-lives.

We present results for \b{eta}-decay half-lives based on a new recipe for calculation of phase space factors recently introduced. Our study includes fp-shell and heavier nuclei of experimental and astrophysical interests. The investigation of the kinematics of some \b{eta}-decay half-lives is presented, and new phase space factor values are compared with those obtained with previous theoretical approximations. Accurate calculation of nuclear matrix elements is a pre-requisite for reliable computation of \b{eta}-decay half-lives and is not the subject of this paper. This paper explores the improvement in calculated \b{eta}-decay half-lives, using a given set of nuclear matrix elements, employing the recently introduced prescription for calculation of phase space factors. Although the largest uncertainty in half-lives computations come from the nuclear matrix elements, introduction of the new values of the phase space factors improves the comparison with experiment. The new half-lives are systematically larger than previous calculations and may have interesting consequences for calculation of stellar rates.

Field of study: Physics
An Analysis of the “Blizzard of '88”

A collection of detailed surface weather observations is used to construct an analysis of the legendary “Blizzard of '88,” an intense cyclone that was accompanied by unusually heavy snowfall, high winds and cold temperatures across the northeastern United States from 11 to 14 March 1888. The analysis follows the cyclone from genesis along a slow-moving frontal system, through rapid development and occlusion along the Middle Atlantic and southern New England coasts. Unusual aspects of the cyclone are highlighted. These include the limited areal extent of heavy snow accumulations, the establishment of very cold air across western New England and the Middle Atlantic states, a persistent stationary frontal zone across central New England that separated frigid continental air from maritime air, and the slow movement and rapid warming associated with the decay of the storm.

Field of study: Environmental science
An electron paramagnetic resonance and magneto-optical study of vanadium in

The vanadium-related defects in high-resistivity Bridgman-grown (x = 0.04, 0.10) crystals have been studied by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and magnetic circular dichroism absorption spectroscopy (MCDA). Only one vanadium-related spectrum is observed by EPR, which is attributed to a defect in orthorhombic point symmetry. Its spin Hamiltonian parameters are electron spin S = 3/2, Lande g-tensor , , , crystal field splitting parameters and , nuclear spin I = 7/2, hyperfine tensor , , with the principal axes x, y, z oriented along the [110] , [001], [-110] directions respectively. The MCDA measurements performed on the same crystals show in addition to the absorption bands of the ion those of the ion, a defect not observed by EPR; the non-observation of the EPR spectrum is ascribed to a strong zero-field splitting of the groundstate. The low point symmetry of the defect is attributed to the formation of second nearest neighbour complexes in the Zn-alloyed CdTe samples.

Field of study: Materials science
Reaction of 1,3-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic and 1,4-tetrahydro-thiazine-3-carboxylic acid esters with isocyanates and isothiocyanates and structures of the reaction products

Abstract7-Thia-1,3-diazabicyclo[3.3.0]octane-2,4-diones and 7-thia-1,3-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]-nonane-2, 4-diones, as well as their thio analogs, were obtained by the reaction of (S)-1,3-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic and 1,4-tetrahydrothiazine-3-carboxylic acid esters with isocyanates and isothiocyanates. Intermediate reaction products, viz., heterocyclic derivatives of urea, were isolated. The three-dimensional structures of the 3-methyl-4-oxo-7-thia-1,3-diazabicyclo[3.3.0]octane-2-thione and 3-methyl-4-oxo-7-thia-1, 3-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]nonane-2-thione molecules were determined by x-ray diffraction analysis.

Field of study: Chemistry
Using auto-regressive logit models to forecast the exceedance probability for financial risk management

We present new autoregressive logit models for forecasting the probability of a time series of financial asset returns exceeding a threshold. The models can be estimated by maximizing a Bernoulli likelihood. Alternatively, to account for the extent to which an observation does or does not exceed the threshold, we propose that the likelihood is based on the asymmetric Laplace distribution, which has been found to be useful for quantile estimation. We incorporate the exceedance probability forecasts within a new time-varying extreme value approach to value at risk and expected shortfall estimation. We provide empirical illustration using daily stock index data.

Field of study: Mathematics
Effects of dietary NaCl deprivation during early development on behavioral and neurophysiological taste responses.

In order to determine whether the gustatory system can be modified by restricting dietary NaCl during early development, neurophysiological taste responses were recorded in rats at various times after deprivation, and behavioral taste preferences were measured in adults. Rats deprived of dietary NaCl from the third day of gestation to 12 days postnatally and then placed on a NaCl-replete diet had chorda tympani nerve responses similar to those of nondeprived rats when recordings were made at 28 days of age and older; however, preferences for NaCl solutions over water were significantly less than those of controls when tested at adulthood. NaCl deprivation in pups from the third day of gestation to approximately 35 days postnatally resulted in altered chorda tympani nerve responses to NaCl but not to other stimuli such as NH4Cl and KCl. Therefore, restriction of dietary NaCl at a period in the rat's development when peripheral and central taste responses are changing results in short-term alterations in peripheral neural responses and in long-term changes in preference behaviors.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Evolution of the Boothia Uplift, arctic Canada

The Boothia Uplift extends 1000 km northward from the northern Canadian Shield into the Arctic Archipelago. Consisting of a core of Archean(?) to Aphebian gneissic units and a cover of Proterozoic to Devonian strata of the Arctic Platform and Franklinian Miogeocline, it formed during several minor pulses of uplift in the late Proterozoic and early Paleozoic and a major episode of tectonism during the Siluro-Devonian. Although it has long been regarded as a "horst" or vertical block uplift, compilation of new and previous data suggests that the uplift can be interpreted as a major, west-directed, imbricate mass of crystalline basement mantled by faulted and drape-folded cover. Details of the vertical component of movement have been provided by sedimentological and stratrigraphic studies. Uplift increases northward from the craton to a maximum of 5 km. Estimates of horizontal movement, predicated on assumed fault dips, could be as much as 30 km.Major tectonism of the Boothia Uplift was approximately coeval ...

Field of study: Environmental science