nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The importance of few-nucleon physics at low energy

This manuscript originated from the discussion at the workshop on the "Future of Few-body Low Energy Experimental Physics" (FFLEEP), which was held at the University of Trento on December 4-7, 2002 and has been written in its present form on March 19, 2003. It illustrates a selection of theoretical advancements in the nuclear few-body problem, including two- and many-nucleon interactions, the three-nucleon bound and scattering system, the four-body problem, the A-body (A$>$4) problem, and fields of related interest, such as reactions of astrophysical interest and few-neutron systems. Particular attention is called to the contradictory situation one experiences in this field: while theory is currently advancing and has the potential to inspire new experiments, the experimental activity is nevertheless rapidly phasing out. If such a trend will continue, advancements in this area will become critically difficult.

Field of study: Physics
Semi-supervised Encrypted Traffic Classification Using Composite Features Set

Many network management tasks such as managing bandwidth budget and ensuring quality of service objectives rely on accurate classification of network traffic. But the statistical features of encrypted traffics are not stable and do not contain sufficient information for classification all the time. Some applications support multiple protocols, and the behaviors of these applications are complicated and can’t be classified utilized only statistical features accurately. Regarding this, we propose composite features-based semi-supervised encrypted traffic classification. This is the first step utilizing composite feature set for classifying encrypted traffic. And the proposed approach is semi-supervised, fast and accurate classifiers can be obtained by training with a small number of labeled flows mixed with large number of unlabeled flows. We conduct the experiments to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach, obtaining promising results

Field of study: Computer science
Assessment of Challenges and Opportunity of Basketball Developments in Some Selected Regions in Ethiopia

The intent of this study is to assess the challenges and Opportunity of Basketball development of in Some Selected Regions Ethiopia. The research made Addis Ababa, Oromia, Gambella and South Nation Nationality and People Regional States as the sites of this study. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches particularly a descriptive survey were employed as they were found to be appropriate for answering the basic research questions. Instrument of data collection included questionnaire, interview and document analysis. Pertaining to the sample population for the study, Basketball Players, Coaches, Referees, Sport Science Scholars and Sport Administrators (N=200) were involved. The result indicates that there are huge gap as regards to the development of basketball. According to the finding of the study, there are lack of trained human power, lack of sound policies and strategies of Basketball development. The result also revealed a shortage of budget, facilities, equipments and other necessary materials at the sample of Regional States. shortage of basketball competitions at various sex and age categories, Problems of communication and continuous material, logistic and moral support from Sport Commission and National Federation were identified be side. Furthermore the study revealed the talent identification and development were very weak and number of basketball clubs only limited to the capital of the country hence Addis Ababa City Administration is the only regions which have basketball clubs. Finally the finding of the study shows that these four Regions possess huge basketball talent and growth potentials. To this end National and Regional Sport commissions, Ethiopian Basketball Federation and other concerned sport authorities have to make all necessary provision urgently to develop and expand basketball sport, in order to produce talented and outstanding athletes both at regional and national level.

Field of study: Education
Effects of the prewhitening method, the time granularity, and the time segmentation on the Mann–Kendall trend detection and the associated Sen's slope

The most widely used non-parametric method for trend analysis is the Mann-Kendall test associated with the Sen's slope. The Mann-Kendall test requires serially uncorrelated time series, whereas most of the atmospheric processes exhibit positive autocorrelation. Several prewhitening methods have been designed to overcome the presence of lag-1 autocorrelation. These include a prewhitening, a detrending and/or a correction for the detrended slope and the original variance of the time series. The choice of which prewhitening method and temporal segmentation to apply has consequences for the statistical significance, the value of the slope and of the confidence limits. Here, the effects of various prewhitening methods are analyzed for seven time series comprising in-situ aerosol measurements (scattering coefficient, absorption coefficient, number concentration and aerosol optical depth), Raman Lidar water vapor mixing ratio and the tropopause and zero degree levels measured by radio-sounding. These time series are characterized by a broad variety of distributions, ranges and lag-1 autocorrelation values and vary in length between 10 and 60 years. A common way to work around the autocorrelation problem is to decrease it by averaging the data over longer time intervals than in the original time series. Thus, the second focus of this study is evaluation of the effect of time granularity on long-term trend analysis. Finally, a new algorithm involving three prewhitening methods is proposed in order to maximize the power of the test, to minimize the amount of erroneous detected trends in the absence of a real trend and to ensure the best slope estimate for the considered length of the time series.

Field of study: Environmental science
Anonymous Peer Assessment of Medication Management Reviews

To investigate whether pharmacy students' anonymous peer assessment of a medication management review (MMR) was constructive, consistent with the feedback provided by an expert tutor, and enhanced the students' learning experience.  Fourth-year undergraduate pharmacy students were randomly and anonymously assigned to a partner and participated in an online peer assessment of their partner's MMR. Assessment. An independent expert graded a randomly selected sample of the MMR's using a schedule developed for the study. A second expert evaluated the quality of the peer and expert feedback. Students also completed a questionnaire and participated in a focus group interview. Student peers gave significantly higher marks than an expert for the same MMR; however, no significant difference between the quality of written feedback between the students and expert was detected. The majority of students agreed that this activity was a useful learning experience.  Anonymous peer assessment is an effective means of providing additional constructive feedback on student performance on the medication review process. Exposure to other students' work and the giving and receiving of peer feedback were perceived as valuable by students.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Generating combinatorial test suite using combinatorial optimization

HighlightsWe propose a new CT test generation algorithm based on pseudo-Boolean optimization.We found that it is uneconomic to pursue maximum coverage for each test case.We propose a new stopping mechanism to properly stop the optimization process in the one-test-at-a-time strategy.Our algorithm outperforms existing approaches when the number of constraints is large. Combinatorial testing (CT) is an effective technique to test software with multiple configurable parameters. It is used to detect interaction faults caused by the combination effect of parameters. CT test generation aims at generating covering arrays that cover all t-way parameter combinations, where t is a given covering strength. In practical CT usage scenarios, there are usually constraints between parameters, and the performance of existing constraint-handling methods degrades fast when the number of constraints increases.The contributions of this paper are (1) we propose a new one-test-at-a-time algorithm for CT test generation, which uses pseudo-Boolean optimization to generate each new test case; (2) we have found that pursuing the maximum coverage for each test case is uneconomic, and a possible balance point is to keep the approximation ratio in 0.8,0.9; (3) we propose a new self-adaptive mechanism to stop the optimization process at a proper time when generating each test case; (4) extensive experimental results show that our algorithm works fine on existing benchmarks, and the constraint-handling ability is better than existing approaches when the number of constraints is large; and (5) we propose a method to translate shielding parameters (a common type of constraints) into normal constraints.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Close to a Tipping Point? The Amazon and the Challenge of Sustainable Development under Growing Climate Pressures

This commentary examines the challenge of sustainable development in the Amazon, arguing that global efforts to mitigate climate change and current Amazonian policies are clearly inadequate to prevent global warming and deforestation from tipping the forest into a savanna. It analyses the growing climate pressures jeopardising the Amazon's resilience; the erratic Brazilian, Bolivian, Colombian, Ecuadorian and Peruvian governance of the forest; and the failure of the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO) to establish long-term forest conservation policies in the region. The research demonstrates that the ‘savannisation hypothesis’ is potentially closer to reality than most debates in the social sciences assume and should be considered seriously. The commentary concludes by suggesting possible pathways for preventing the dieback of the Amazon. These are based on three strategic axes: the strengthening of the ACTO, the promotion of a technological revolution in the forest, and a progressive environmental diplomacy by the Amazonian countries.

Field of study: Political science
Multi-layered intrusion detection and prevention in the SDN/NFV enabled cloud of 5G networks using AI-based defense mechanisms

Software defined networking (SDN), network function virtualization (NFV), and cloud computing are receiving significant attention in 5G networks. However, this attention creates a new challenge for security provisioning in these integrated technologies. Research in the field of SDN, NFV, cloud computing, and 5G has recently focused on the intrusion detection and prevention system (IDPS). Existing IDPS solutions are inadequate, which could cause large resource wastage and several security threats. To alleviate security issues, timely detection of an attacker is important. Thus, in this paper, we propose a novel approach that is referred to as multilayered intrusion detection and prevention (ML-IDP) in an SDN/NFV-enabled cloud of 5G networks. The proposed approach defends against security attacks using artificial intelligence (AI). In this paper, we employed five layers: data acquisition layer, switches layer, domain controllers (DC) layer, smart controller (SC) layer, and virtualization layer (NFV infrastructure). User authentication is held in the first layer using the Four-Q-Curve algorithm. To address the flow table overloading attack in the switches layer, the game theory approach, which is executed in the IDP agent, is proposed. The involvement of the IDP agent is to completely avoid a flow table overloading attack by a deep reinforcement learning algorithm, and thus, it updates the current state of all switches. In the DC layer, packets are processed and classified into two classes (normal and suspicious) by a Shannon Entropy function. Normal packets are forwarded to the cloud via the SC. Suspicious packets are sent to the VNF using a growing multiple self-organization map (GM-SOM). The proposed ML-IDP system is evaluated using NS3.26 for different security attacks, including IP Spoofing, flow table overloading, DDoS, Control Plane Saturation, and host location hijacking. From the experiment results, we proved that the ML-IDP with AI-based defense mechanisms effectively detects and prevents attacks.

Field of study: Computer science
Andalusite, Kyanite, and Sillimanite from the Mount Moosilauke Region, New Hampshire

Andalusite, kyanite, and sillimanite occur in regionally metamorphosed rocks of the Mount Moosilauke region, New Hampshire. Andalusite and sillimanite are found together frequently in the same thin sections. Kyanite appears once in the same thin section with sillimanite but never with andalusite. Andalusite and sillimanite mica schists were subjected to multiple episodes of recrystallization that resulted in the reaction sequence andalusite → sillimanite → andalusite. Kyanite crystallized in an adjacent area during the same time period. Kyanite from quartzite containing hematite is enriched in Fe2O3 but andalusite. and sillimanite from rutile and ilmenite—or graphite-bearing mica schists—are relatively impoverished in Fe2O3. The Al2SiO5 minerals crystallized during post-Lower Devonian, pre-Triassic regional metamorphism under conditions approaching chemical equilibrium.

Field of study: Geology
On the decrease in the temperature of contact melting in metal systems with intermetallic compounds

A sufficient condition for the manifestation of the ΔT effect is proposed on the basis of an analysis of published data and the results obtained by the authors. An attempt is made to justify the non-mandatory delay of critical nuclei of intermetallic compounds for the purpose of explaining metastable contact melting. The low-temperature character of contact melting under such conditions is determined by the nanocontact melting of contacting micro-(nano) protrusions of pure component and intermetallic compound.

Field of study: Physics
Ubiquitin-specific protease 24 negatively regulates abscisic acid signalling in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Abscisic acid (ABA) is an important plant hormone integrating environmental stress and plant growth. Protein ubiquitination and deubiquitination are reversible processes catalysed by E3 ubiquitin ligase and deubiquitinating enzyme, respectively. Lots of E3 ubiquitin ligase and transcriptional factors modified by ubiquitination were reported to modulate ABA signalling. However, no deubiquitinating enzyme has been identified that functions in ABA signalling until now. Here, we isolated an ABA overly sensitive mutant, ubp24, in which the gene encoding ubiquitin-specific protease 24 (UBP24, At4g30890) was disrupted by a T-DNA insertion. The ubp24 mutant was hypersensitive to ABA and salt stress in both post-germinative growth and seedling growth. However, stomata closure in the ubp24 mutant was less sensitive to ABA, and the ubp24 mutant showed drought sensitivity. UBP24 possessed deubiquitinating enzyme activity, and the activity was essential for UBP24 function. Additionally, UBP24 formed homodimer in vivo. UBP24 was genetically upstream of ABI2, and the phosphatase activity of protein phosphatase 2C was decreased in the ubp24 mutant compared with the wild type in the presence of ABA. These results uncover an important regulatory role for the ubiquitin-specific protease in response to ABA and salt stress in plant.

Field of study: Environmental science
Die Resonanzfunktion beim Sto\ zweiter Art

ZusammenfassungDie Ausbeute beim Sto\ zweiter Art wird in AbhÄngigkeit von der ResonanzschÄrfe aus der Polarisation der Resonanzfluoreszenz des Na-Dampfes im Magnetfeld bestimmt und mit Berechnungen von H. Kallmann und F. London verglichen.

Field of study: Physics
Isolation and properties of the electrophoretic components of human growth hormone by Sephadex-gel filtration and preparative polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis.

1. Human growth hormone was prepared from acetone-dried residues after extraction of gonadotrophins from pituitary glands. 2. Crude growth hormone was purified by gel filtration on Sephadex, resulting in a product that is soluble in water or 0.5% sodium chloride. It is painless on injection and shows a twofold increase in biological potency. Aggregation of growth hormone on Sephadex columns can be avoided by the addition of urea (6m) and EDTA (1mm) to the buffer. 3. Growth hormone appeared as a single component from Sephadex and ion-exchange columns and sedimented as a single boundary in the ultracentrifuge. In the circular disk electrophoresis, however, the growth hormone showed one faster and two slower-moving anionic components. 4. These components were isolated by preparative electrophoresis on polyacrylamide columns. The purified growth hormone and its three components sedimented as single boundaries with coefficients 2.62, 2.66, 2.66 and 2.83s respectively. 5. Amino acid analyses of the purified growth hormone and its components were closely related. End-group analysis of purified growth hormone and its components showed only phenylalanine at both N- and C-terminals. 6. The purified growth hormone and its components were essentially free of other pituitary hormones, but contained significant prolactin activity. The biochemical similarities among the electrophoretic components of human growth hormone and the presence of the same three components in the growth hormone prepared from a single human pituitary gland suggest polymorphism of a biologically active protein molecule.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
The East India Company and the Export of Treasure in the Early Seventeenth Century

In the early seventeenth century, the English East India Company was one of the two trading bodies most commonly associated with the export of treasure from England.1 It was an age when any movements of precious metals across the national frontiers aroused acute anxiety in the contemporary minds, imbued as they were with the so-called 'bullionist' ideas, and the East India Company proved to be the obvious target for popular criticism on this score. The historian, however, is indebted to the activities of the Company's specially created 'Committee for Rials', as recorded in its voluminous Court Books, for throwing much valuable and interesting light on this little known subject. The reason why treasure dominated the East India Company's exports is not far to seek: from the very outset of their trade to the Indies the English merchants were unable to sell goods of European production in Asia. Consequently, their imports had to be paid for in cash. These well-known facts, reiterated so many times from the seventeenth century onward, have in many ways discouraged any attempt to look beyond the obvious. That there was a lack of demand for the heavy English woollen cloth and other goods in the Asian markets is universally  Yet, several important considerations are raised by a close look at the East India Company's export trade. In the first place, there is the fact that the export of treasure when associated with the external trade of two politically and geographically separated regions is generally the result at its simplest of the disparity in the price of precious metals in these respective areas.3 Leaving the question of consumer taste aside for the moment, I think it is reasonable to ask if we cannot find from this a purely economic explanation for a feature of the East India Company's trade which was to persist for nearly two centuries to come. Again, the first half of the seventeenth century was for England a period of intermittent trade depressions accompanied by an efflux of silver from the country.4 How and from what sources was the Company able to obtain its supplies of silver under such conditions? Of course, some of the contemporaries were convinced that it was the Company which was responsible for causing the silver shortage. But for several reasons, as we shall

Field of study: Economics, History
Immunity, Inflammation, and Bipolar Disorder: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications

Bipolar disorder is now known to be associated not only with highly prevalent co-occurring psychiatric and substance use disorders but also with medical comorbidities, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, obesity and thyroid dysfunction. Inflammatory disturbances repeatedly observed in bipolar disorder, can explain some of the comorbidity between bipolar disorder and medical disorder. This revised perspective of bipolar disorders should promote the development of therapeutic tools. Immuno-inflammatory dysfunction may well represent a significant component of the underlying pathophysiology of the disorder. We therefore propose to review the immuno-inflammatory hypothesis in bipolar disorder considering the co-occurence with autoimmune diseases, immunological and inflammatory markers, as well as immuno-genetic markers which could lead to personalized treatments.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Influence of Temperature on Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Quantitative Analysis Models of Compound Emulsifiable Concentrate

Influence of temperature on near-infrared spectroscopy quantitative analysis model of the compound emulsifiable concentrate of propargite and beta cypermethrin was studied.The near-infrared spectra of the compound emulsifiable concentrate were collected by FT-NIR spectrometer at temperatures of 20,25,30 and 35℃,respectively.The algorithm of partial least square regression was employed to develop the calibration models of the two active ingredients under the different temperature and the all-temperature respectively,while the validation method was full cross validation.The root mean square error of prediction(RMSEP) of the external validation sets were regarded as the criterion of prediction ability of the calibration models.The result indicated that the variation of temperatures will influence the prediction result of propargite and beta cypermethrin partly.The all-temperature calibration models of the two ingredients show the better suitability respectively.Therefore,it will meet the needs of the analysis demand of the samples under different temperatures for the emulsifiable concentrate of propargite and beta cypermethrin to develop the all-temperature calibration model which has the better suitability for temperature,which will decrease the prediction error furthest.

Field of study: Chemistry
Rooting for food security in Sub-Saharan Africa

There is a persistent narrative about the potential of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) to be a 'grain breadbasket' because of large gaps between current low yields and yield potential with good management, and vast land resources with adequate rainfall. However, rigorous evaluation of the extent to which soils can support high, stable yields has been limited by lack of data on rootable soil depth of sufficient quality and spatial resolution. Here we use location-specific climate data, a robust spatial upscaling approach, and crop simulation to assess sensitivity of rainfed maize yields to root-zone water holding capacity. We find that SSA could produce a modest maize surplus but only if rootable soil depths are comparable to that of other major breadbaskets, such as the US Corn Belt and South American Pampas, which is unlikely based on currently available information. Otherwise, producing surplus grain for export will depend on expansion of crop area with the challenge of directing this expansion to regions where soil depth and rainfall are supportive of high and consistent yields, and where negative impacts on biodiversity are minimal.

Field of study: Environmental science