nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional holographic display

A system of superimposed volume holographic gratings was used to construct a three-dimensional display operating in real time. The number of such gratings was equal to the number of cross sections of the imaged information. The principle of operation of the display was analyzed. The main characteristics of the image and their dependences on the parameters of the display components were determined. The results of an experimental study of the holographic components of the display confirmed its principle of operation.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Suppression of ring artefacts when tomographing anisotropically attenuating samples.

There are many objects for which the attenuation varies significantly as they are rotated during computerized X-ray tomography, for example plate samples. This can lead to significant ring artefacts in the subsequent tomographic reconstructions. In this paper a new method is presented that can successfully suppress such ring artefacts and is applicable to both parallel and cone-beam geometries. Rapid correction is achieved via an analytical formula which involves only a matrix-vector multiplication, for which the matrix is known and depends on a regularization parameter. The efficacy of the method is demonstrated for a paleontological sample (calcified shark cartilage) and a carbon-carbon composite/Ti-SiC metal matrix composite test sample.

Field of study: Physics
Paleomagnetism and integrated stratigraphy of the Upper Berriasian hemipelagic succession in the Barlya section Western Balkan, Bulgaria: Implications for lithogenic input and paleoredox variations

A continuous Late Berriasian sedimentary and stratigraphic record is here presented from a hemipelagic succession from the Western Balkan (Barlya section, Bulgaria). The section, 39-m-thick, was stratigraphically calibrated using a variety of methods: biostratigraphy (calpionellids, calcareous nannofossils and calcareous dinocysts), magnetostratigraphy and carbon isotope stratigraphy. Additionally, chemostratigraphy and rock magnetic stratigraphy were applied in order to identify major paleoenvironmental changes: lithogenic input and paleoredox variations. Polarity zones from M17r to M14r were identified from the uppermost Lower Berriasian up to the Berriasian/Valanginian boundary ( Elliptica to Darderi calpionellid subzones and NK-1 to NK-3 nannofossil zones). Late Berriasian calcareous dinocyst zones of Stomiosphaerina proxima , Stomiosphaera wanneri and Colomisphaera conferta were correlated with magnetostratigraphy for the first time. A carbon isotope profile correlates very well with the δ 13 C records from SE France and the Western Atlantic, documenting some well-resolved minima and maxima in a generally decreasing trend. Magnetic susceptibility (MS) reveals a very good positive correlation with lithogenic elements (e.g., Al, Ti, Zr, Th and others) and is regarded as a reliable proxy of detrital input. Influx of fine grained terrigenous material increases in the Upper Berriasian up to the Berriasian/Valanginian boundary. A prominent MS increase takes place in the lowermost part of polarity zone M16n (close to the Simplex / Oblonga subzonal boundary). The MS event can be traced in the Central Carpathian, Apennine and SE France sections, exactly in the same stratigraphic position. It is coeval with an important climatic turnover in Western Tethys; however, it might have been strengthened by a general regression and regional tectonic events in the Carpatho–Balkan area. Two oxygen deficient intervals were documented: the first in the Lower Berriasian (M17r to M16r); the second one in the uppermost Upper Berriasian up to the boundary with Valanginian (M15r to M14r). Both intervals correlate with an elevated sea-level in the Western Tethys.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Surgical outcome of patients with vesicoureteral reflux from a single institution in reference to the ESPU guidelines: a retrospective analysis.

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is an anatomic or functional disorder, and it is a condition associated with renal scarring, hypertension, and end-stage renal disease. Renal damage can be prevented by appropriate medical and surgical intervention for selected patients.



The objective of this study was to retrospectively analyze the surgically treated patient group of this study in reference to the risk analysis criteria used in European Association of Urology (EAU), European Society for Paediatric Urology (ESPU) guidelines to see the outcome of the study management protocol within the last 15 years in respect to this risk analysis.



A total of 686 patients who were operated upon in a single institution for VUR between 1997 and 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the criteria in EAU/ESPU guidelines, the patients were classified into three groups: low, medium, and high risk. Risk factors were compared between the groups.



The patient numbers for low, medium, and high risk were 92 (13.4%), 485 (70.7%), and 109 (15.9%), respectively. In the high-risk group, surgeons tended to do more ureteroneocystostomy (UNC) (82.6%), whereas in the low-risk group, surgeons tended to do more subureteric injection (STING) (76.1%). The success rates for STING and UNC were found to be 75% and 93%, respectively. Although there was a difference in success rates among patients treated with STING or UNC, this difference was not statistically significant in success rates regarding risk groups for patients treated with STING or UNC.



The most recent guideline was that which was published by the EAU/ESPU organization in 2012. This guideline is established based on the risk analysis. The analysis revealed that patients in the low-risk group tended to undergo endoscopic surgery treatment method, whereas patients in the high-risk group tended to undergo open surgery. Therefore, the study management over the last 10 years has been mainly in line with the current recommendations.



The analysis shows that when the patients are classified according to the EAU/ESPU risk classification, surgeons tended to perform more endoscopic and more open surgery for the low- and high-risk groups, respectively. Although each surgical modality had similar success rates in each group, open surgical results were overall much higher than those of endoscopic surgery in each group. This was a specifically important finding in high-risk group where the endoscopically treated group of patients was small in number, and the need for a definitive correction is essential in this group because of increased risk of renal injury.

Field of study: Medicine
Mixing and combustion in supersonic combustor with flame holders

Numerical investigation was conducted to understand the dynamic mechanism and effect of shear layer on the mixing and combustion of supersonic flow in a supersonic combustor with cavities.The complex wave structure including shock wave,expansion wave and the interaction of shock wave with shear layer could effectively and significantly increase mixing; and the mass and momentum exchanges between backflow zones in the cavities and main flow would enhance the ignition and stabilization of combustion.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Turbulence Models and Heat Transfer in Nozzle Flows

S IGNIFICANT resources have been spent on creating accurate and robust turbulence models for flows with adverse pressure gradients. Capturing correct boundary-layer profiles under adverse pressure gradients is of particular importance to the accurate modeling of separated flows. In favorable pressure-gradient flows, smallscale features of boundary layers generally do not couple to largerscale flow features such as flow separations. As a result, problems that can occur in regions of favorable pressure gradients are more difficult to spot in standard benchmarks. However, accurate modeling of such flows will be required for reliable predictions of surface heat fluxes or shear stresses. Here we investigate the performance of Menter’s two equation shear-stress-transport (SST) turbulence model1 for heat-transfer computation under strongly favorable pressure gradients found in choked nozzle flows (such as required in rocket nozzle analysis and design). We have observed anomalous behavior of the SST turbulence model for strongly favorable pressure-gradient flows. We shall demonstrate the anomaly using an experimental choked nozzle problem published in the open literature.2 The anomaly in the computed heat transfer appears to be caused by the shear-stress-transport correction term of Menter’s model. By design, this term should be active in near-wall regions under adverse pressure gradients. However, it also appears to incorrectly become active under strongly favorable pressure-gradient conditions.

Field of study: Physics
Microscopic Gas-Liquid-Like Phase Transition around the Positron in Helium Gases

The clustering of atoms around slow positrons in helium gases is experimentally studied and the results are interpreted in terms of liquid drop formation. The critical temperature and pressure of the droplet phase are found to be 6.6 K, 5.4 atm in $^{2}\mathrm{He}$ and 8.4 K, 7.6 atm in $^{4}\mathrm{He}$. The critical densities coincide with those of the helium liquids.

Field of study: Physics
Effectiveness of dioscorine removal system via determination of water quality parameters

This paper introduced the development and effectiveness of discorine removal machine for Dioscorea hispida tubers. Dioscorea hispida is also known as ÂÂubi gadongÂÂ is a large tuber, underground tubers that have fibrous root, the tuber are produced near the soil surface and are extremely poisonous, alkaloid that is dioscorine. The tubers are sliced into small pieces before wash by flowing water using the machine, the circulation of water play important role in the operation. The tuber maybe easily rub each other duringwater circulation and make the dioscorine more faster to move out fromtuber.As a result for this study, the measurements on water quality of washed tubers are showing the effectiveness this machine application.

Field of study: Materials science
e-ONE: Enhanced ONE for Simulating Challenged Network Scenarios

Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) empowers sparse mobile ad-hoc networks and other challenged network environments, such as interplanetary communication network or deep sea communication network, where traditional networking protocols either fail to work completely or do not work well. The Opportunistic Networking Environment (ONE) Simulator has gained considerable popularity as an efficient tool for validating and analysing DTN routing and application protocols. It provides options for creating different mobility models and routing strategies as per the users’ requirements. Nowadays, challenged networks such as rural internet connection, social networks, post-disaster communication systems, etc. use DTN along with some hybrid infrastructure networks. Incorporating such real life network systems in ONE needs extensive modification of the same. In this paper, we present the enhanced ONE (e-ONE) simulator as an extension of ONE to facilitate simulation of challenged networks and describe the enhancements we have added to the ONE. As a case study, we consider a challenged network, which we call a latency aware 4-tier planned hybrid architecture designed for post-disaster management. We describe, in detail, how this enhanced version of the ONE simulator is useful in analysis and evaluation of the scenario considered.

Field of study: Computer science
Large-Eddy Simulations and Measurements of a Small-Scale High-Speed Coflowing Jet

Measurements and predictions are made of a short-cowl coflowing jet with a bypass ratio of 8:1. The Reynolds number is 300,000, and the inlet Mach numbers are representative of aeroengine conditions. The low Reynolds number of the measurements makes the case well suited to the assessment of large-eddy-simulation-related strategies. The nozzle concentricity is carefully controlled to deal with the emerging metastability issues of jets with coflow. Measurements of mean quantities and turbulence statistics are made using both laser Doppler anemometry and particle image velocimetry. The simulations are completed on 6 x 10(6), 12 x 10(6), and 50 x 10(6) cell meshes. To overcome near-wall modeling problems, a hybrid large-eddy-simulation–Reynolds-averaged-Navier–Stokesrelated method is used. The near-wall Reynolds-averaged-Navier–Stokes layer is helpful in preventing nonphysical separation from the nozzle wall.

Field of study: Physics
Stages in the Response of White Colleges and Universities to Black Students

In the broadest terms, the study on which this article is based addresses the question of the responsiveness of colleges and universities to a particular clientele group-black students. The study traces the implications of the impact of black students for other new clientele groups-other minorities, women, adult students-and for other external pressures on colleges and universities. This is a crucial question for understanding, in a fundamental way, the relations between institutions of higher learning and the larger society. For the most part, black students who attended predominantly white colleges and universities before 1967 entered gradually enough so that they could be accommodated without strain. This situation changed dramatically after 1967, when black enrollments increased sharply. In a companion research project, Arce has assembled the best available data on black enrollments in white colleges and universities from 1946 to 1974 . Arce's study documents the fact that by 1968, the baseline year for our study, black students were attending white institutions in increasing numbers. Many studies have been made of the economic and educational backgrounds of black students, of their aspirations, and of their responses

Field of study: Education
Reducing Stereotype Threat by Blurring Intergroup Boundaries

The authors aimed to establish whether interventions designed to reduce intergroup bias could be applied to the stereotype threat domain. In three experiments, the hypothesis was tested that blurring intergroup boundaries would reduce stereotype threat. In the first study, it was found that female participants who thought about characteristics shared between the genders tended to show less preference for stereotypical female careers than did participants in the baseline condition. In Experiment 2, participants who thought about overlapping characteristics answered more math questions correctly compared to a baseline group and participants who thought about differences between the genders. In Experiment 3, a specific threat manipulation was included. Participants who completed the overlapping characteristics task before receiving the threat completed significantly more math questions correctly than did participants in the baseline and threat conditions. The findings support the idea that interventions designed to reduce intergroup bias can be applied successfully in the reduction of stereotype threat.

Field of study: Psychology
Gene expression in activated brain microglia: identification of a proteinase inhibitor that increases microglial cell number.

Microglia, the intrinsic immune cells of the central nervous system, are activated in a variety of inflammatory brain diseases in which they play a pathogenetic role. However, mechanisms underlying activation are largely unknown. To begin elucidating molecular mechanisms associated with activation, we characterized the pattern of gene expression in virtually pure dissociated microglial cultures, using RT-PCR differential display. Microglia were activated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a traditional stimulant, and the profile of gene expression was compared to that in basal, control cultures. Activation resulted in altered expression of six genes. The cDNAs were isolated, sequenced and characterized. Homology searches identified three novel genes, and two that exhibited very high sequence similarity to the gene encoding squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA). SCCA (1 and 2) are tandemly arranged genes that encode two serine proteinase inhibitors (serpins). SCCA has been detected exclusively in cancer cells, and is a plasma marker for squamous cell carcinoma. Immunoblot analysis indicated that gene expression was accompanied by a 5-fold increase in the synthesis of SCCA protein in LPS-activated microglia. To assess potential biological actions of the SCCA serpins, SCCA1 protein was added to cultures. SCCA1 altered microglial morphology, and elicited a dramatic, 5-fold increase in cell number within 72 h. The effects appeared to be cell-specific, since the protein had no effect on other cell types: cortical astrocytes and neurons from cortex or basal forebrain were unaffected. We tentatively conclude that SCCA1 may play a cell-specific role in increasing cell number, a critical early step in microglial activation and brain inflammation. More generally, differential display of genes in the microglial model system may help define patterns of expression associated with CNS disease, thereby identifying pathogenetic mechanisms and new therapeutic targets.

Field of study: Biology
Molecular dynamics study of the effect of doping and disorder on diffusion in gadolinium zirconate

We present the results of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of gadolinium zirconate (Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 ), an oxide fast ion conductor with the pyrochlore structure. Calculations of mean temperature dependent diffusion coefficients are used to obtain activation energies for diffusion which are compared with values obtained from static lattice calculations and from conductivity measurements. Simulations of yttrium and gadolinium doped zirconia were performed as a test of the potential parameters and the results compare well with experiment. The gadolinium zirconate simulations show no diffusion for the ordered material which is consistent with static lattice calculations. But appreciable diffusion is predicted for the simulations which incorporate cation disorder or doping with calcium where the present results agree well with those from static lattice simulations and from experimental observations. We find that diffusion occurs only by the 48 f sites, in line with previous computational and experimental studies. An increase in the activation energy for diffusion with doping level suggests that dopant/vacancy and defect–defect interactions become significant at the higher level of doping.

Field of study: Materials science
Kalkowsky's stromatolites revisited (Lower Triassic Buntsandstein, Harz Mountains, Germany)

The term ‘stromatolite’ was proposed by Kalkowsky (1908. Z. dt. geol. Ges. 60, 68–125) for structures he discovered in the carbonates of the Lower Triassic Buntsandstein of the Harz Mountains in central Germany. We have re-examined these localities to clarify Kalkowsky's descriptions and to deduce the environmental conditions of stromatolitic growth. The Lower Buntsandstein was deposited in a closed lacustrine basin, the Central European Permo-Triassic Basin. The depositional environment was a playa lake with variable salinity. In the centre of the basin oolite beds are intercalated in the mainly siliciclastic succession which is composed of >20 fining upward cycles thought to have been produced by climatic variations. Stromatolites occur almost exclusively on the surface of oolite beds. Stromatolitic structures consist of millimetre-thick laminated crusts and centimetre-high branching columnar forms. Smaller and bigger (>2 m high) domes are composed of secondary order columns and intercalated crusts. Occasionally, upper surfaces of the domes are pitted due to syndepositional dissolution. Despite of the overall intense sparitization, two groups of stromatolitic microstructures can be distinguished, spongy-fenestrate and fan-like fabrics. The spongy-fenestrate fabric is similar to that one caused by the recent cyanobacteria Phormidium , Calothrix and Dichothrix , and the fan-like fabric to Rivularia . Laminated crusts called stromatoid by Kalkowsky are interpreted as being of cement origin and formed by quick precipitation. The change from columnar to domical forms may reflect changes of hydrodynamic conditions. Clear photoautotrophism suggests that cyanobacteria or eukaryotes were the dominant organisms involved in the formation of Kalkowsky's stromatolites. Influx of ooids or siliciclastic mud interrupted or terminated the stromatolitic growth. The morphology, growth pattern and fabrics of stromatolites were most likely controlled by ecological factors which all seem to be related to the general hydro-climatic evolution of the Lower Buntsandstein.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Post-irradiation effects in CMOS integrated circuits (SRAMs)

The postirradiation response of CMOS integrated circuits from three vendors was measured as a function of temperature and irradiation bias. It was found that a worst-case anneal temperature for rebound testing is highly process-dependent. At an anneal temperature of 80 degrees C, the timing parameters of a 16 K SRAM from vendor A quickly saturate at maximum values and display no further changes at this temperature. At higher temperatures, evidence for the anneal of the interface-state charge is observed. Dynamic bias during irradiation results in the same saturation value for the timing parameters, but the anneal time required to reach this value is no longer. CMOS/SOS integrated circuits (vendor B) showed similar behavior, except that the saturation value for the timing parameters was stable up to 105 degrees C. After irradiation to 10 Mrad(Si), a 16 K SRAM (vendor C) was annealed at 80 degrees C, and the access time decreased toward prerad values during the anneal.

Field of study: Physics
Genetic variants of immunoglobulin γ and κ chains influence humoral immunity to the cancer‐testis antigen XAGE‐1b (GAGED2a) in patients with non‐small cell lung cancer

GM (γ marker) allotypes, genetic variants of immunoglobulin γ chains, have been reported to be associated strongly with susceptibility to lung cancer, but the mechanism(s) underlying this association is not known. One mechanism could involve their contribution to humoral immunity to lung tumour‐associated antigens. In this study, we aimed to determine whether particular GM and KM (κ marker) allotypes were associated with antibody responsiveness to XAGE‐1b, a highly immunogenic lung tumour‐associated cancer‐testis antigen. Sera from 89 patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were allotyped for eight GM and two KM determinants and characterized for antibodies to a synthetic XAGE‐1b protein. The distribution of various GM phenotypes was significantly different between XAGE‐1b antibody‐positive and ‐negative patients (P = 0·023), as well as in the subgroup of XAGE‐1b antigen‐positive advanced NSCLC (P = 0·007). None of the patients with the GM 1,17 21 phenotype was positive for the XAGE‐1b antibody. In patients with antigen‐positive advanced disease, the prevalence of GM 1,2,17 21 was significantly higher in the antibody‐positive group than in those who lacked the XAGE‐1b antibody (P = 0·026). This phenotype also interacted with a particular KM phenotype: subjects with GM 1,2,17 21 and KM 3,3 phenotypes were almost four times (odds ratio = 3·8) as likely to be positive for the XAGE‐1b antibody as the subjects who lacked these phenotypes. This is the first report presenting evidence for the involvement of immunoglobulin allotypes in immunity to a cancer‐testis antigen, which has important implications for XAGE‐1b‐based immunotherapeutic interventions in lung adenocarcinoma.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine