nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The PEA Strategy: One Teacher's Approach to Integrating Writing in the Social Studies Classroom

With the adoption of the Common Core State Standards many social studies teachers are faced with the task of very intentionally integrating writing instruction into their content curriculum. While this task may be daunting, there are research-based instructional frameworks to help teachers implement strategies to support student writing. In this manuscript the Self-Regulated Strategy Development (SRSD), a research-based instructional framework for teaching writing strategies, is described as a helpful framework for designing writing curricula in the social studies classroom. The following manuscript includes a description of one teacher's experience using SRSD to design and implement a strategy (the PEA Strategy) to support argument-based writing in the context of a social studies classroom. The PEA strategy as well as the six stages of SRSD are defined and supported with examples from the teacher's integrated writing curriculum. Suggestions for implementation of SRSD are also provided.

Field of study: Sociology
Late Quaternary paleoclimates and biotic responses in eastern North America and the western North Atlantic Ocean

Broad-scale late Quaternary paleoclimatic changes are interpreted from palynological records across eastern North America and from assemblages of marine Foraminifera in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Quantitative reconstructions of past dominance for major tree taxa at eight fossil-pollen sites, located south of the maximum glacial extent in the southeastern United States, illustrate dramatic responses of tree populations to climatic change during the transition from Pleistocene to Holocene conditions. A series of maps depicting changes in inferred boundaries of predominant airmasses during the late Quaternary are based upon paleoclimatic interpretation of paleovegetation maps for eastern North America, and CLIMAP maps of winter sea-surface temperatures for the western North Atlantic Ocean. In the eastern United States, at 18, 000 B.P. strong zonal circulation resulted in a fixed position of the atmospheric Polar Frontal Zone along 33°N latitude. The Pacific Airmass extended from 33°N latitude north to the southern margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, with the Maritime Tropical Airmass dominating south of 33°N across the Gulf Coastal Plain, the Gulf of Mexico, and the equatorial Atlantic Ocean. The oceanic Polar Frontal Zone extended northeastward from Cape Hatteras to 37°N in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Late glacial climatic amelioration was first reflected in vegetational changes south of the Laurentide Ice Sheet beginning at 16,500 B.P. Late glacial weakening in zonal atmospheric flow resulted in the penetration of the Maritime Tropical Airmass farther to the north during the summer season. Increased summer warmth and rain produced substantial melting of the southern flank of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. The early Holocene interval, from 12,500 to 8,000 B.P., bracketed the time of maximum seasonality of solar radiation, ca. 11,000 B.P. During the early Holocene, enhanced meridional air flows resulted in increased seasonality of temperatures. By 10,000 B.P., the oceanic Polar Frontal Zone was displaced northward from the Gulf Stream. Anomalously cold, maritime climatic conditions persisted along the central Atlantic coast, reflecting the position of the cold-marine Labrador Current between the Atlantic Seaboard and the Gulf Stream. During the mid-Holocene, or Hypsithermal, interval, from 8,000 to 4,000 B.P., prevailing westerlies expanded the midcontinental region of warmth and aridity. For the last 4,000 years, the modern climatic regime has been characterized by increased meridional flow.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Role of momentum dependent interactions in nuclear stopping

In the present analysis, thousand of events were simulated for the neutron rich reaction of 54Xe131 + 54Xe131, at different impact parameters using hard (HMD) and soft (SMD) momentum dependent equation of state. one can clearly see more stopping in the presence of HMD. Production of LCP's and free particles follows the same trend as stopping parameter R. This simply implies that the fragment production can act as a global indicator for the nuclear stopping.

Field of study: Physics
Surface Characterization of Polymer Blends by XPS and ToF-SIMS

The surface properties of polymer blends are important for many industrial applications. The physical and chemical properties at the surface of polymer blends can be drastically different from those in the bulk due to the surface segregation of the low surface energy component. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) have been widely used to characterize surface and bulk properties. This review provides a brief introduction to the principles of XPS and ToF-SIMS and their application to the study of the surface physical and chemical properties of polymer blends.

Field of study: Materials science
Isotopic connections between basement rocks exposed in the St. Francois Mountains and the Arbuckle Mountains, southern mid-continent, North America

Two distinct crustal provinces have been identified in the southern mid-continent based on U–Pb crystallization ages. Both contain large volumes of undeformed granite and rhyolite, with minor amounts of metamorphic rock and mafic intrusions. The Eastern Granite-Rhyolite province is characterized by felsic rocks with crystallization ages of 1,470 ± 30 Ma and exposures are restricted to the St. Francois Mountains in southeastern Missouri. Similarly, the Southern Granite-Rhyolite (SGR) province is characterized by felsic units with ages of 1,370 ± 30 Ma with primary exposures in the eastern Arbuckle Mountains of southern Oklahoma. Within the SGR province three magmatic pulses can be identified starting at 1,400, 1,370, and 1,340 Ma. Although the crystallization ages are different, the Sm–Nd isotopic signatures are similar for the units exposed in these areas as well as the buried basement in between. Depleted mantle model ages for rocks within the Arbuckle Mountains range from 1,530 to 1,430 Ma with ɛNd(t) values of +3.2 to +4.1 while units of the St. Francois Mountains range from 1,550 to 1,430 Ma and +4.5 to +4.7. Comparison of Sm–Nd isotopic data also indicate similarities between the 147Sm/144Nd and 143Nd/144Nd ratios for the rock units in these areas suggesting a common source.

Field of study: Environmental science
Study on Strengthening of Graphene and Carbon Nanotube to Shield Machine Carbide Cutter

It has been found that thermal effects play a major role in the failure of cemented carbide tools. In order to improve the service life of carbide cutting tools, the high temperature strength and thermal conductivity of the cutting tools should be further improved. Graphene has the highest thermal conductivity and high temperature hardness, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have high strength and toughness. The graphene and CNTs strengthen Co phase with dispersion strengthening and fiber strengthening mechanism by dispersing uniformly to WC-Co cemented carbide with an appropriate ratio and clustering around WC particles, furthermore, it could reduce its operating temperature by drastically increasing the thermal conductivity.

Field of study: Engineering
The World Dairy Situation

The 2013 World Dairy Situation report was launched at the Word Dairy Summit in Yokohama, Japan. As always, it provides a general survey of the global dairy industry in the previous year. This year the team attempted to add some newer information to the report. The complete report is available from the International Dairy Federation. In this article, a general overview of the report is provided and updated where newer figures were available.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Determination of Trace Lead and Cadmium in Traditional Chinese Medicine by Flow Injection-on-Line Preconcentration-Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry

Using a micro-column packed with polyethylenimine aminated glycidyl methacrylate-grafted-polytetrafluoroethylene fiber made by ourselves as the adsorption material,the adsorption behaviors of Pb and Cd under different conditions were studied by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry.The conditions for the preconcentration of Pb and Cd such as pH,flow-rate,time and eluent acidity were optimized.The results show that the PTFE-g-GMA-PEI Fiber has excellent adsorption property and high adsorption capacity for Pb2+ and Cd2+.The Enrichment factors for Pb2+ and Cd2+ were 30 and 80,respectively and the detection limits were 3.5 μg/L and 0.15 μg/L,respectively,the relative standard derivations were 1.5% and 0.6%(n=9)respectively.When the single ion concentration was 50 μg/L,the sampling frequency was 9 and 18 times/h,respectively.The method was applied to the simultaneous determination of trace lead and cadmium of several Chinese traditional medicine samples,the standard recovery of samples was 90%-108%.

Field of study: Chemistry
Human neutrophils switch to an activated phenotype after homing to the lung irrespective of inflammatory disease

Systemic inflammation can be investigated by changes in expression profiles of neutrophil receptors. Application of this technology for analysis of neutrophil phenotypes in diseased tissues is hampered by the absence of information regarding the modulation of neutrophil phenotypes after extravasation to tissues under non‐inflammatory conditions. To fill this gap we measured the expression of neutrophil receptors in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and in the peripheral blood of healthy volunteers, which included both smokers and non‐smokers. Blood and BALF neutrophils were identified by CD16bright/CD45dim cells, and triple‐stained with antibodies directed against integrins, chemokine‐ and Fcγ‐receptors. BALF neutrophils of healthy volunteers showed an activated phenotype characterized by Mac‐1 (CD11b)bright, L‐selectin (CD62L)dim, intrecellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM‐1) (CD54)bright, FcγRII (CD32)bright, C5a receptor (CD88)bright and CD66bbright. A similar phenotype was observed for BALF neutrophils of patients affected by sarcoidosis. Furthermore, our results demonstrate a modulated expression of C5a receptor (CD88) and ICAM‐1 (CD54) in neutrophils of sarcoidosis patients. In conclusion, our data indicate that neutrophils found in the lung exhibit an activated phenotype under both homeostatic and inflammatory conditions.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Influence of Academic Staff Empowerment on Service Delivery in Nigerian Universities

This paper examined the influence of academic staff empowerment on service delivery in Nigerian universities. The paper adopted the descriptive survey research design and the population comprised all the academic staff of both the University of Ibadan and Lagos State University; Nigeria, while simple random sampling technique was adopted to select 150 academic staff from each of the sampled universities respectively, this made a total of 300 academic staff. The research instrument used for the study was a questionnaire titled “Academic Staff Empowerment and Service Delivery in Nigerian Universities, ASEASD” with a reliability value of 0.82. Four hypotheses were formulated and tested. Multiple regression and Independent T-test were used to test hypotheses one and two and three and four respectively. The results showed that, training, promotion, incentive, job recognition and job security jointly contributed to service delivery in Nigerian universities. However, Job recognition is a more potent predictor. The results further indicated that, there was a significant difference between academic staff empowerment in federal and state universities. The results equally revealed a significant difference between service delivery in federal and state universities. Based on the findings of the study, it was therefore recommended that university management should not only recognize the job of academic staff but should also identify those who deserve promotion as well as incentives and accord them appropriately, for better service delivery. Continuous efforts should also be put in place by universities management to ensure academic staff empowerment  for better service delivery.  Academic Staff, Empowerment, Service Delivery, Nigerian Universities DOI : 10.7176/JEP/10-3-12

Field of study: Education
Marine liquid cloud geometric thickness retrieved from OCO-2's oxygen A-band spectrometer

This paper introduces the OCO2CLD-LIDAR-AUX product, which uses the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared
Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) lidar and the Orbiting Carbon
Observatory-2 (OCO-2) hyperspectral A-band spectrometer. CALIPSO provides a
prior cloud top pressure ( Ptop ) for an OCO-2-based retrieval of
cloud optical depth, Ptop and cloud geometric thickness expressed
in hPa. Measurements are of single-layer liquid clouds over oceans from
September 2014 to December 2016 when collocated data are available. Retrieval
performance is best for solar zenith angles  ∘ and when
the cloud phase classification, which also uses OCO-2's weak CO2 
band, is more confident. The highest quality optical depth retrievals agree
with those from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)
with discrepancies smaller than the MODIS-reported uncertainty. Retrieved
thicknesses are consistent with a substantially subadiabatic structure over
marine stratocumulus regions, in which extinction is weighted towards the
cloud top. Cloud top pressure in these clouds shows a 4 hPa bias compared
with CALIPSO which we attribute mainly to the assumed vertical structure of
cloud extinction after showing little sensitivity to the presence of
CALIPSO-identified aerosol layers or assumed cloud droplet effective radius.
This is the first case of success in obtaining internal cloud structure from
hyperspectral A-band measurements and exploits otherwise unused OCO-2 data.
This retrieval approach should provide additional constraints on
satellite-based estimates of cloud droplet number concentration from visible
imagery, which rely on parameterization of the cloud thickness.

Field of study: Environmental science
URDP: General Framework for Direct CCA2 Security from any Lattice-Based PKE Scheme

Design efficient lattice-based cryptosystem secure against adaptive chosen ciphertext attack (IND-CCA2) is a challenge problem. To the date, full CCA2-security of all proposed lattice-based PKE schemes achieved by using a generic transformations such as either strongly unforgeable one-time signature schemes (SU-OT-SS), or a message authentication code (MAC) and weak form of commitment. The drawback of these schemes is that encryption requires "separate encryption". Therefore, the resulting encryption scheme is not sufficiently efficient to be used in practice and it is inappropriate for many applications such as small ubiquitous computing devices with limited resources such as smart cards, active RFID tags, wireless sensor networks and other embedded devices. 
In this work, for the first time, we introduce an efficient universal random data padding (URDP) scheme, and show how it can be used to construct a "direct" CCA2-secure encryption scheme from "any" worst-case hardness problems in (ideal) lattice in the standard model, resolving a problem that has remained open till date. This novel approach is a "black-box" construction and leads to the elimination of separate encryption, as it avoids using general transformation from CPA-secure scheme to a CCA2-secure one. IND-CCA2 security of this scheme can be tightly reduced in the standard model to the assumption that the underlying primitive is an one-way trapdoor function.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
The evolution of Ace Lake, Antarctica, determined from sedimentary diatom assemblages

The sediments in Ace Lake in the Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica, contain a continuous sequence of diatom frustules that record the lake's history since its formation during the retreat of continental ice more than 9200 years ago. Frustules from six indicator groups; Pinnularia microstauron, Nitzschia cylindrus, Nitzschia curta, Eucampia antarctica, a freshwater Stauroneis species and several centric species in a sediment core were used to determine the sequence of the lake's evolution. The history of the lake falls into five stages. Ace Lake began as a marine inlet influenced by dynamic mixing of ocean and meltwater inputs. As the ice sheet retreated, isostatic uplift isolated the lake allowing it to be flushed by meltwater input from the retreating ice sheet. Over the course of 800 years (∼9200-8400 14C yr B.P.) the lake became meromictic supporting a freshwater diatom assemblage. Approximately 6700 years ago, coinciding with Antarctic sea level maxima, diatom assemblages indicate that seawater flooded over the sill into Ace Lake disturbing the freshwater meromixis. The sediments in this period were laminated and contained elemental sulphur suggesting that the marine input was limited in extent and energy. Approximately 5500 years ago this marine input ceased and the lake again became a meromictic basin which stabilised over 1700 years to become the lake that it is today and has been with little change for about the past 4000 years.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Hydrodynamic model in isospin channels.

The Steinwedel-Jensen hydrodynamic model is generalized to study isovector collective modes excited in charge-exchange reactions. Results are given for the energy splittings between the different isospin components of the giant dipole and monopole resonances recently observed in (p,n) and (..pi../sup +- /,..pi../sup 0/) reactions. The quenching of the ..delta..T/sub z/ = +1 excitation strength in Nnot =Z nuclei with respect to the N = Z case is also discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Molecular analysis of avian circadian clock genes.

Unlike mammals, avian circadian rhythms are regulated by a multiple oscillatory system consisting of the retina, the pineal and the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus. To understand avian circadian system, we have cloned Clock and Period homologs (qClock, qPer2 and qPer3) and characterized these genes in Japanese quail. Overall, qCLOCK, qPER2 and qPER3 showed approximately 79%, approximately 46% and approximately 33% amino acid identity to mCLOCK, mPER2, mPER3, respectively. Clock was mapped to quail chromosome 4 and chicken chromosome 4q1.6-q2.1. Per2 and Per3 genes were both localized to microchromosomes. qClock mRNA was expressed throughout the day, while qPer2 and qPer3 showed robust circadian oscillation in the eye and the pineal gland. All three genes were expressed in various tissues. In addition, qPer2 mRNA was induced by light, but neither qClock nor qPer3 was induced. These results can explain the molecular basis for circadian entrainment in Japanese quail and also provide new avenues for molecular understanding of avian circadian clock and photoperiodism.

Field of study: Biology
Comparative evaluation of tiger reserves in India

Evidence is vital. Understanding what interventions are effective is critical for the conservation of wild tigers and conservation biology in general. We evaluated the effectiveness of tiger reserves within India, a country with more than half of the estimated wild tiger population, with comparative effectiveness research. Other complex environments, medicine and business use these techniques where cause and effects are often non-linear. These techniques also allowed us to evaluate data from the small sample size often seen in conservation interventions. The opinions of three tiger experts were used to generate a list of seven tiger reserves classified as successful and five reserves as failures. We also used expert opinion to identify any key individuals that garnered widespread support for tiger conservation at any of the identified reserves. Using data from the Indian Census, World Database on Protected Areas, and the Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center, we analyzed the human population around the tiger reserves. We found two surprising insights that have received scant attention in the peer-reviewed literature. First, one can achieve tiger conservation success even within a densely populated human landscape where a high percentage of the population is involved in agriculture. Second, the presence of “conservation champions” can dramatically affect the performance of individual reserves and have positive outcomes for tiger conservation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Implicit/Explicit Motive Discrepancies and Volitional Depletion among Managers

The compensatory model of motivation and volition is based on the assumption that discrepancies between implicit and explicit motives lead to psychological conflict, and that resolution of this conflict requires volitional regulation and consumes volitional strength. This suggests that implicit/explicit motive discrepancies (IED) are responsible for decreases in volitional strength. A longitudinal field study with 82 managers was conducted to test this proposition. Results show that IED longitudinally predicted decreases in volitional strength. Furthermore, structural equation modeling revealed that volitional strength mediated the relation between IED and impaired subjective well-being. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed, particularly with respect to volitional depletion.

Field of study: Psychology
Effects of recombinant modulation of the phbCAB operon copy number on PHB synthesis rates in Ralstonia eutropha

We have increased the gene dosage of the poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) biosynthesis operon in Ralstonia eutropha (formerly Alcaligenes eutrophus ) to test whether PHB synthesis rates may be increased by recombinant methods. The native R. eutropha phb CAB operon was inserted into the broad-host-range vector pKT230. This PHB operon-containing plasmid, and a control plasmid containing the identical broad-host-range replicon but not the PHB genes, were transferred to R. eutropha H16. Analysis of whole-cell lysates indicated that the strain harboring the operon-containing plasmid possessed β -ketothiolase and acetoacetyl-CoA reductase specific activities that were 6.0 and 6.2 times elevated, respectively, as compared to the control strain with a single operon. After growth on fructose, PHB synthesis rates were sharply dependent on the type of carbon source offered during the PHB accumulation phase under nitrogen limitation. In the case of the strain harboring the control plasmid, and in comparison to fructose as carbon source, PHB accumulation was 2.15, 2.83, and 2.60 times faster when resuspended in nitrogen-free medium with lactate, acetate, or 3-hydroxybutyrate, respectively. The strain harboring the PHB operon-containing plasmid synthesized PHB at a lower specific rate in each case. During exponential growth on fructose, the strain harboring the control plasmid was again more efficient at forming PHB. These results suggest that increasing the intracellular concentration of PHB precursors may be a superior alternative to raising the levels of PHB enzymes for enhancing PHB productivity in R. eutropha .

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Radiative capture reactions with the participation of weakly bound light nuclei

Reactions of radiative capture of weakly bound light nuclei are investigated in the scope of the potential model. The applicability of the approach is demonstrated with an analysis of the cross section for the 6Li(p, γ)7Be reaction. Good agreement with the available experimental data is shown. The radiative capture cross section for the 6He(p, γ)7Li reaction in the region of low sub-barrier energies is evaluated. It is concluded that reactions involving 6He could also play a noteworthy part in stellar nucleosynthesis processes.

Field of study: Physics