nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Research on Purification of TiB 2/Al composite Fabricated by LSM Method

The TiB 2/Al composite was fabricated by LSM method, the phase analysis of the composite was carried out by means of XRD, image analysis and Optic Microscope. The effect of purification method on TiB 2/Al composite was examined. The results show that flux refinement processes has no significant effect on the distribution of TiB 2 in TiB 2/Al composite, and the content of TiB 2 particulates remains the same after refined. however, inert gas refinement processing has a significant effect, TiB 2 particulates has been not examined.Inert gas refinement processes which are adapted for conventional aluminum alloys are not suitable for the composites.

Field of study: Materials science
Centrality dependence of the direct photonmultiplicity in heavy ion collisions

Measurements indicate that the centrality dependence of the direct photon multiplicity scales approximately with the number of binary nucleon collisions. Importantly, these same measurements suggest that this scaling does not depend on the cutoff used to define the photon multiplicity. In this work we provide a theoretical perspective on these observations. We emphasize the importance of stronger experimental constraints, in particular for the cutoff independence of the centrality scaling. We highlight the importance of revisiting theoretical studies of jet-medium photons and of medium-modified prompt photons to clarify their contribution to the direct photon multiplicity, as well as the magnitude and direction of their momentum anisotropy.

Field of study: Physics
[Mirapex (pramipexole) in the treatment of non-motor disturbances in Parkinson's disease].

The effect of the dopamine receptor antagonist mirapex on emotional disorders (anxiety, depression), cognitive disturbances and sleep disorders has been studied in 66 patients with Parkinson's disease. Mirapex has been administered in addition to levodopa and other antiparkinsonian drugs in dosage 3,5+/-1,1 mg daily to 36 patients with emotional and cognitive disorders and in dosage 2,9+/-0,96 mg daily to 30 patients with sleep disorders. Patient's state has been assessed using a number of psychometric scales and neuropsychological tests. The effectiveness of Mirapex in all disorders studied has been shown.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Geothermal measurements in northern British Columbia and southern Yukon Territory

Measurements at seven sites in the Intermontane region of northern British Columbia and southern Yukon show heat flow of 63–100 mW/m2 and heat generation, obtained from intrusive rocks at three of these sites, of 1.8–6.5 μW/m1. These few data cannot define a linear relation between heat flow and heat generation for this region, but the plotted points lie between the lines of the stable crust of the eastern United States and of the Basin and Range Province. Conductive thermal models of the crust, assuming a basalt composition for the lower crust, predict at 35 km depth a heat flow of 30 mW/m2 and temperatures between 645 and 775 °C at most sites.At two sites conductive models based on reasonable properties do not yield reasonable temperatures. The site on the axis of the Stikine Volcanic Belt shows a probable component of convectively enhanced heat flow or the presence of a young intrusion at depth. The site in the Bowser Basin shows the probable effect of water movement in the sediments.

Field of study: Environmental science
Testing the chemical homogeneity of chemically-tagged dissolved birth clusters

Chemically tagging stars back to common formation sites in the Milky Way and establishing a high level of chemical homogeneity in these chemically-tagged birth clusters is important for understanding the chemical and dynamical history of the Galactic disc. We constrain the intrinsic abundance scatter in 17 newly chemically-tagged dissolved birth clusters found in the APOGEE survey by modeling APOGEE spectra as a one-dimensional function of initial stellar mass, performing forward modeling of the observed stellar spectra, and comparing the data and simulations using Approximate Bayesian Computation. We test this method on the well-known open clusters M67, NGC 6819, NGC 7789, and NGC 6791. We study 15 elements in APOGEE and find that, in general, we are able to obtain very strong constraints on the intrinsic abundance scatter of most elements in the chemically-tagged birth clusters, with upper limits of <~ 0.02 dex for C, <~ 0.03 dex for O, Mn, and Fe, <~ 0.04 dex for Si and Ni, and <~ 0.05 dex for N, Mg, and Ca. While we find some evidence for a small amount of chemical inhomogeneity in the remaining elements (i.e. Na, Al, S, K, Ti, and V), we are still able to obtain stronger limits compared to those found for open clusters, consistent with previous findings. By strongly constraining the level of chemical homogeneity within reconstructed birth clusters, we can strengthen the statement that these groups of stars represent birth clusters, with promising implications for future chemical tagging studies.

Field of study: Physics
Neural Ganglioside GD2 Identifies a Subpopulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Umbilical Cord

In contrast to hematopoietic stem cells, there is still a lack of definitive cell markers for specific isolation and identification of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Thus a homogenous population of MSCs is only obtained after several passages, when multilineage potential or other distinctive features of very early progenitors may be already somewhat compromised. Recently a novel surface marker the neural ganglioside GD2 has been reported to distinguish MSCs from all other cells within marrow. Here, we found that MSCs derived from umbilical cord (UC-MSCs) also expressed this marker at early-passages. More importantly, UC-MSCs were the only cells within umbilical cord expressing this marker. Compared to unsorted cells, GD2+-sorted cells not only possessed much higher clonogenicity and proliferation capacity but also had significantly stronger multi-differentiation potentials. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that GD2+-sorted cells showed increased expression of SSEA-4, Oct-4, Sox-2 and Nanog, the typical markers expressed in embryonic stem cells, in comparison to unsorted or GD2-negative MSCs. Take together, our data demonstrate that the cells selected by GD2 are a subpopulation of MSCs with feature of primitive precursor cells and provide evidence that GD2 can be a cell surface marker suitable for the isolation and purification of UC-MSCs in early-passage culture.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Outliers in multilevel data

This paper offers the data analyst a range of practical procedures for dealing with outliers in multilevel data. It first develops several techniques for data exploration for outliers and outlier analysis and then applies these to the detailed analysis of outliers in two large scale multilevel data sets from educational contexts. The techniques include the use of deviance reduction, measures based on residuals, leverage values, hierarchical cluster analysis and a measure called DFITS. Outlier analysis is more complex in a multilevel data set than in, say, a univariate sample or a set of regression data, where the concept of an outlying value is straightforward. In the multilevel situation one has to consider, for example, at what level or levels a particular response is outlying, and in respect of which explanatory variables; furthermore, the treatment of a particular response at one level may affect its status or the status of other units at other levels in the model.

Field of study: Mathematics
Recent (1962–1964) Psychiatric-Patient Validation Norms for the Shipley-Institute of Living Scale

The Shipley-Institute of Living Scale was administered to 886 mental patients who were newly admitted to a state hospital. Frequency distributions, frequency percentages, means, and standard deviations for the four Shipley Scale scores (Vocabulary, Abstraction, Total, and Conceptual Quotient) were computed. No sex differences were observed. The mean Conceptual Quotient found was similar to the median values observed 25 yr. ago in the original validation of the Shipley Scale.

Field of study: Psychology
Understand Functionality and Dimensionality of Vector Embeddings: the Distributional Hypothesis, the Pairwise Inner Product Loss and Its Bias-Variance Trade-off

Vector embedding is a foundational building block of many deep learning models, especially in natural language processing. In this paper, we present a theoretical framework for understanding the effect of dimensionality on vector embeddings. We observe that the distributional hypothesis, a governing principle of statistical semantics, requires a natural unitary-invariance for vector embeddings. Motivated by the unitary-invariance observation, we propose the Pairwise Inner Product (PIP) loss, a unitary-invariant metric on the similarity between two embeddings. We demonstrate that the PIP loss captures the difference in functionality between embeddings, and that the PIP loss is tightly connect with two basic properties of vector embeddings, namely similarity and compositionality. By formulating the embedding training process as matrix factorization with noise, we reveal a fundamental bias-variance trade-off between the signal spectrum and noise power in the dimensionality selection process. This bias-variance trade-off sheds light on many empirical observations which have not been thoroughly explained, for example the existence of an optimal dimensionality. Moreover, we discover two new results about vector embeddings, namely their robustness against over-parametrization and their forward stability. The bias-variance trade-off of the PIP loss explicitly answers the fundamental open problem of dimensionality selection for vector embeddings.

Field of study: Computer science
Tuning of the wavelength of a helium–neon laser from 3.3912 to 3.3922 μ

An investigation was made of the competition between the λ0 = 3.3912 μ and λ1 = 3.3922 μ lines emitted by a helium–neon laser. The theoretical output power at the wavelength λ1 was found to be 50% of the output at λ0. The experimental value was 40%. The rate of decay of the lower level of the λ1 line was determined and it was found that the rates of decay of the lower levels of both lines were independent of the pressure.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Quasi-Static and Time-Selective Channel Estimation for Block-Sparse Millimeter Wave Hybrid MIMO Systems: Sparse Bayesian Learning (SBL) Based Approaches

This paper develops schemes for block-sparse channel estimation in millimeter wave (mmWave) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems that exploit the spatial sparsity inherent in such channels. Initially, a novel sparse Bayesian learning (SBL) based block-sparse channel estimation technique is developed for a mmWave hybrid MIMO system with multiple measurement vectors, which overcomes the shortcomings of the existing orthogonal matching pursuit-based framework. This is subsequently extended to a temporally correlated block-sparse mmWave MIMO channel. Further, an online recursive hierarchical Bayesian Kalman Filter is developed for the estimation of a time-selective mmWave MIMO channel. Bayesian Cramér–Rao bounds are also derived for the proposed static and time-selective mmWave MIMO channel estimation schemes followed by precoder/combiner design employing the SBL-based imperfect channel estimates. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the improved performance of the proposed SBL-based channel estimation techniques in comparison to the popular OMP-based scheme proposed recently.

Field of study: Engineering
Status of the Pulsed-Magnet-Development Program at the Dresden High Magnetic Field Laboratory

The Dresden High Magnetic Field Laboratory (HLD) is a pulsed-field user facility which offers to researches a variety of experimental techniques combined with non-destructive pulsed magnetic fields. Recently a new, 9.5 MJ dual-coil magnet has been commissioned. This magnet has achieved magnetic field of 91.4 T in a 16 mm bore and it is available for users now. In this paper, we report on some key upgrades in the magnet design which have led to breaking the 90 T limit at the HLD. Further possible design improvements are discussed. In addition, we share our operational experience obtained with the pulsed magnets.

Field of study: Physics
Contested Spaces: London and the 1984-5 Miners' Strike.

The 1984-5 British miners' strike can be understood as a defence of place as well as jobs. Such a conception encourages us to foreground the local in accounts of the strike. However, I argue in this article that the local should not be understood in an excessively bounded way. By paying attention to relationships developed between London and the coalfields during the dispute, we can see how direct personal networks of solidarity were constructed between these very different places. This article discusses the spaces in which solidarity activity for miners in London took place. I argue that political activists rooted themselves in localities by constructing permanent spaces such as centres and bookshops, which enabled the development of concrete relationships between different places. I highlight 'twinning' as a distinct spatial tactic used by supporters of the strike to bridge geographical distance and develop personal connections between London and the coalfields. I also show that elements of the state were used to both sustain this solidarity and to restrict the space available for the miners and their supporters. I argue centrally, therefore, that opposing political visions for moving beyond the post-war settlement manifested in a struggle over space in the 1980s.

Field of study: History
Recent Advances in the Early Intervention in Schizophrenia: Future Direction from Preclinical Findings

Purpose of ReviewIn the past decade, there has been increasing interest in the potential benefit of early intervention in schizophrenia. Patients with schizophrenia show cognitive impairment for several years preceding the onset of psychosis. The author discusses the recent topics on prevention of schizophrenia.Recent FindingsPreclinical findings suggest that maternal immune activation (MIA) produces cognitive deficits as a prodromal symptom in juvenile offspring in rodents. Treatment with anti-inflammatory compounds, such as D-serine, 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (a TrkB agonist), sulforaphane (or its precursor glucoraphanin), and TPPU (1-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-3-(1-propionylpiperidin-4-yl) urea: a soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor), during adolescence might prevent the onset of behavioral abnormalities and parvalbumin immunoreactivity in the medial prefrontal cortex of adult offspring after MIA.SummaryBased on the role of inflammation and cognitive impairment in the prodromal state, early intervention using anti-inflammatory compounds (i.e., D-serine, sodium benzoate, TrkB agonist, Nrf2 agonist, soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor) may reduce the risk of subsequent transition to schizophrenia.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Late Cenozoic Evolution of the Great Basin, Western United States, as an Ensialic Interarc Basin

The Great Basin of the western United States corresponds closely to a well-defined zone of high heat flow, thin crust, and anomalously high-attenuation low-velocity upper mantle. Seismicity, of predominantly normal faulting type, occurs in two marginal zones above the lateral transitions in the upper mantle, which can be correlated also with the most recent volcanism. Petrological studies have indicated that the region was the site of calc-alkaline andesitic volcanism during the middle to late Cenozoic which changed abruptly to fundamentally basaltic volcanism in the late Cenozoic, accompanied by the beginning of major Basin-Range crustal extension. This is interpreted as a change from the island-arc-type volcanism to active interarc spreading. The latter was triggered by the termination of the early to middle Cenozoic West Coast subduction zone. The release of the compressive stress field of the sub-duction zone is considered necessary for interarc spreading. We suggest that the spreading is caused by a mantle diapir mobilized by the descending lithospheric slab. The diapir is trapped beneath the sialic crust, and flattens and spreads out laterally as it rises. This mechanism can explain the extension and the outward migration of volcanism in the Great Basin and the marginal seismic zones. The anomalous upper mantle now present beneath the Great Basin is interpreted as the remnant of this diapir.

Field of study: Geology
Measurements of IgG and albumin in CSF and serum in various neurological diseases

Many neurological diseases may cause increase of protein in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), especially IgG. Breakdown of blood brain barrier (BBB) as well as increased de novo central nervous system (CNS) IgG synthesis may result in an elevation of IgG in the CSF. To assume that the increase of CSF IgG was due to local synthesis but not to BBB damage, Link and others suggested using a more refined quotient, i.e. the IgG index. However, for evaluating local IgG synthesis, the following equation was used (modified from Tourtellotte) de novo CNS IgG synthesis II = [(C. IgG-S.IgG/278.7)-(C.Alb-S.Alb/143.1) X (S. IgG/S. Alb) X 0.43] X 5. In this study we collected 62 cases of various neurological diseases and used the nephelometer to measure their IgG and albumin level in both sera and CSF. There were 4 cases of encephalitis, 17 cases of meningitis, 16 cases of multiple sclerosis, 11 cases of other neurological diseases and 14 cases of control group. The mean value of CSF IgG was 4.1 mg/dl in control group, 21.1 in encephalitis, 11.3 in meningitis, 4.7 in multiple sclerosis and 12.9 in other neurological diseases. The mean value of IgG index was 0.52 in control group, 1.43 in encephalitis, 1.07 in meningitis, 0.68 in multiple sclerosis and 1.11 in other neurological diseases. The mean value of modified de novo CNS IgG synthesis was -0.35 mg/day in control group, 48.79 in encephalitis, 25.48 in meningitis, 6.59 in multiple sclerosis and 15.01 in other neurological diseases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Field of study: Biology
Simultaneous Recovery of DNA and RNA from Soil Microbe

Isolation of DNA from high purity,large fragment and diversity of soil microbe is the basis for molecular ecology study on community structure.PBS washing procedure and SDS extraction method were chosen to extract DNA and RNA from two types of soils simultaneously.Enzyme digesting,PCR and RT-PCR for the extracted DNA or RNA,and results showed that purity of nucleic acid was suitable for follow-up procedures,which would provide basis for studying of microbial activities and function in soil environment.

Field of study: Environmental science
Toxicity of the pyrethroid pesticide fenvalerate to freshwater catfish clarias gariepinus: Lethality, biochemical effects and role of dietary ascorbic acid

Static bioassays were made in the laboratory to determine lethal concentration of the pyrethroid pesticide fenvalerate [(RS)-alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (RS)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyrate] for the freshwater catfish Clarias gariepinus and effects of sublethal concentrations of the pesticide on some biochemical parameters of the fish. For exposure periods of 24 to 96 h, LC50 values of fenvalerate ranged from 5.83–4.76 μ g/L and 4.24–2.94 μ g/L, respectively for water and acetone soluble fenvalerate. Two sublethal concentrations of fenvalerate were used in the bioassays for biochemical parameters: 2.1 μ g/L for 24 h and 1.4 μ g/L for 96 h exposure, both concentrations representing 50% of LC50 value of acetone soluble fenvalerate for the respective exposure period. Hepatosomatic index, liver glycogen, alkaline phosphatase of liver and ascorbic acid of blood, liver, and kidney decreased while haemoglobin (Hb) %, plasma glucose levels and acid phosphatase level of liver increased after 24 h exposure to 2.1 μ g/L fenvalerate. Longer exposure (96 h) to even a lower concentration (1.4 μ g/L) of fenvalerate resulted in reduction of all the parameters (except Hb %) tested as compared with control. Fish previously fed for 60 days with a diet supplemented by a high level of ascorbic acid (100 mg/100 g diet) could reverse most of the effects caused by 24 h exposure to 2.1 μ g/L fenvalerate. A lower level of ascorbic acid (50 mg/ 100 g diet) supplement could not influence these effects of fenvalerate. Even the higher dose of ascorbic acid supplementation (100 mg/100 g diet) could not relieve the stress parameters, except for Hb% and HSI, when the pesticide was applied at 1.4 μ g/L for a longer time period (96 h).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Vanishing bird species in the Atlantic Forest: relative importance of landscape configuration, forest structure and species characteristics

Patch size, isolation, and vegetation structure are expected to strongly affect species persistence in fragmented landscapes, particularly for those with <30% of native habitat remaining. Those influences should be modulated by species characteristics, resulting in complex relationships. In order to investigate how species, habitat structure and landscape factors are related and how they affected species persistence, we studied bird communities in a fragmented Atlantic Forest region. Patch size strongly affected species richness and population abundances. However, some functional groups were more affected than others, particularly endemic and understory insectivores, species that are near the limits of their geographical distribution, those using few forest types, and those with their center of abundance in high altitude tropical forests. The effect of vegetation structure was mainly at the species level, reflecting specific responses to habitat quality. The importance of landscape variables varies according to the species group. For the most affected ones, which usually have low dispersal capacity, patch size and quality were the most relevant factors, whereas patch isolation was associated with the richness of groups with more generalist species. This pattern is due to the limited structural connectivity in the study region, composed of low matrix permeability (e.g. pastures and sugar cane), which isolate the most affected species, making them more dependent on local factors. In such a fragmented landscape, the largest patches should be prioritized for conservation purposes, as they aggregate the most vulnerable species and present the highest alpha diversity. Landscape management, as such, should also reconnect large fragments through corridors or matrix improvements, promoting better conditions for long-term persistence of the most affected species.

Field of study: Environmental science
Carbohydrate content of bovine collagen preparations.

Collagen preparations from bovine tissues were analysed for their carbohydrate content. Crude preparations of tropocollagen and polymeric collagen were found to be contaminated with considerable amounts of mannose, fucose and hexosamine, sugars known to be present in the mucoprotein of the interfibrillar material with which collagen is associated in vivo. A pure preparation of tropocollagen obtained by ethanol precipitation procedures contained only galactose and glucose in the approximate ratio of 7:3 residues/3000 amino acid residues. Purification of crude polymeric collagen by EDTA extraction or by crude bacterial amylase extraction considerably decreased the mucoprotein contamination, particularly in the enzymic treatment, which yielded a preparation containing predominantly galactose and glucose in the ratio of 4:2 residues/3000 amino acid residues. The results confirm previous work that demonstrated the purity of these collagen preparations as inferred by amino acid analysis. The results also indicate the suitability of the pure tropocollagen and the amylase-extracted polymeric collagen for studies on the role of the carbohydrate residues in intramolecular and intermolecular cross-linking in collagen.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science