nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of job expectations fulfillment of BS and entry-level PharmD graduates in hospital and community practice.

Job expectations are an important link between work and subsequent employee mental and physical well-being. Schools and colleges play an important role in the development of job expectations. This role gives them the responsibility of not only technically training students but also instilling in them realistic job previews and career expectations. Failure to do so places the graduate in a state of conflict between the reality of work in his/her chosen career and his/her preconceived expectations regarding the work. This state represents a potential source of job-related stress. BS and entry level PharmD training programs represent two approaches to pharmaceutical education in a practice environment which remains essentially the same for graduates of both programs. As such, there is the potential for a mismatch of job expectations resulting from one or both of the degree types. The present study investigated the following research questions: (i) to what extent are job expectations being fulfilled for pharmacists in hospital and community pharmacy; and (ii) in community and hospital practice, does the fulfillment of job expectations of BS and entry level PharmD graduates differ? Questionnaires were mailed to randomly selected 1980 to 1986 graduates of seven schools or colleges of pharmacy to elicit responses regarding fulfillment of job expectations in their present community or hospital pharmacy positions. The response rate was 48 percent. The subsequent data revealed that pharmacists generally felt that their job expectations were being fulfilled. No differences in overall fulfillment of job expectations were found between BS and entry level PharmD graduates in either community or hospital pharmacy practice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Field of study: Education, Medicine
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Generation of laser radiation of difference frequency in a rectangular millimeter waveguide

Results are reported for an experimental investigation of the generation of the difference frequency of partially mode-locked neodymium laser radiation in a nonlinear lithium niobate (LiNbO/sub 3/) crystal placed inside a rectangular waveguide. Difference-frequency radiation was detected at a wavelength of about 8 mm and also in the wavelength range from 2 to 4.5 mm the measurements indicate that the radiation was maximum in the 70-GHz range and that the spectral density of the radiation was independent of crystal length. Focusing with a cylindrical lens is found to increase the conversion efficiency of the laser radiation approximately twofold in comparison with the case of a homogeneous distribution of the laser beam across the waveguide. The experimental results are compared with theoretical calculations of difference-frequency generation in a rectangular waveguide.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Effects of Hole on Crack Growth Behavior of Welded Joints of Aluminum Alloy 2519A

The crack growth simulation model of welded joint of aluminum alloy 2519A was established, which was composed of two regions such as weld seam and base metal. The effects of hole shape, size and location on the crack tip of stress intensity factor were investigated. The results show that the shapes of the holes depend on the minimum angle that between the vertex of the sharp corners with holes center connection and direction of the force. The greater the angle is, the greater stress intensity factor value is. The stress intensity factor increases as the increase of hole size. When it is the minimum constant angle in which between the connection line of holes in the center with the crack tip and crack extension cord, the closer hole is from the crack tip, the stress intensity factor is greater.

Field of study: Materials science
Liquid Crystalline Phases through Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding Formed in a Mixture of Phenol Derivatives and 4,4′-Bipyridine

Smectic liquid crystalline phases are formed due to the intermolecular hydrogen bonding in a binary mixture of phenol derivatives and 4,4′-bipyridine as the length of the terminal alkyl or alkoxyl chains are increased.

Field of study: Chemistry
Invariant manifold reductions for Markovian ion channel dynamics

We show that many Markov models of ion channel kinetics have globally attracting stable invariant manifolds, even when the Markov process is time dependent. The primary implication of this is that, since the dimension of the invariant manifold is often substantially smaller than the full master equation system, simulations of ion channel kinetics can be substantially simplified, with no approximation. We show that this applies to certain models of potassium channels, sodium channels, ryanodine receptors and IP3 receptors. We also use this to show that the original Hodgkin–Huxley formulations of potassium channel conductance and sodium channel conductance are the exact solutions of full Markov models for these channels.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Neogene history of Sporolithon Heydrich (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) in the Mediterranean region

Most modern species of Sporolithon live in tropical and subtropical areas and only one species of the genus, S. ptychoides, occurs in the Mediterranean Sea. The scarce present-day populations of Sporolithon in the Mediterranean region are relics of a long history of the genus in this area since the Early Cretaceous. Analysis of data from the palaeontological literature, combined with the study of both fossil samples and Recent ones collected from Italy and Spain, shows that during the Miocene variations in the number of Sporolithon species in the Mediterranean region parallel changes in global temperature. After a maximum species richness in the Langhian (early Mid Miocene), coincident with the Miocene climatic optimum, the number of species decreased to just two before the Messinian Salinity Crisis. This marked decline follows the global cooling event that began at around 14 Ma. The closure of the connections of the Mediterranean region with the Indian Ocean during the Langhian left Mediterranean Sporolithon populations isolated from the main dispersal area of the genus. After the Messinian desiccation, a single species, S. ptychoides, re-invaded the Mediterranean Basin during the Early Pliocene and continues to inhabit this temperate sea today. The Atlantic Ocean is the most probable source of the re-invading Sporolithon plants.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Routing and resource optimization in service overlay networks

Service Overlay Networks (SONs) create a virtual topology on top of the Internet and provide end-to-end quality of service guarantees without requiring support by the underlying network. The optimization of the resources utilized by an SON is a fundamental issue for an overlay operator owing to the costs involved and the need to satisfy user requirements. Careful decisions are necessary to provide enough capacity to overlay links, to route traffic, to assign users to access nodes and to deploy overlay nodes. In this paper, we propose two mathematical programming models for the user assignment problem, the traffic routing optimization and the dimensioning of the capacity reserved on overlay links in SONs. The first model minimizes the SON installation cost while providing full access to all users. The second model maximizes the SON profit by selecting which users to serve, based on the expected gain, and taking into consideration budget constraints of the SON operator. Moreover, we extend these models to include the optimization of the number and position of overlay nodes. We provide the optimal solutions of the proposed SON design formulations on a set of realistic-size instances and discuss the effect of different parameters on the characteristics of the planned networks. Numerical results show that the proposed approach is able to solve the problem to the optimum even for large-scale networks.

Field of study: Computer science
Canadian physicians' knowledge and counseling practices related to antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance: Two-cycle national survey.

To establish a baseline for physicians' knowledge of and counseling practices on the use of antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and to determine potential changes in these measures after the implementation of a national AMR awareness campaign.



Cross-sectional design.



Canada.



A total of 1600 physicians.



Physicians' knowledge of and counseling practices on antibiotic use and AMR at baseline and after implementation of the AMR awareness campaign.



A total of 336 physicians responded to the first-cycle survey (before the campaign), and 351 physicians responded to the second-cycle survey (after the campaign). Overall, physicians' knowledge of appropriate antibiotic use and AMR was high and their counseling practices in relation to antibiotics were appropriate in both surveys. Counseling levels about topics related to infection prevention and control (eg, food handling, household hygiene) were slightly lower. Counseling levels were also lower for certain antibiotic-use practices (eg, proper disposal of antibiotics). In addition, physicians with less than 10 years of practice experience had significantly lower odds of counseling their patients on topics related to preventing antibiotic resistance and infection prevention than those with 15 or more years of practice experience (adjusted odds ratio = 0.27, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.74). Significantly more physicians from the second-cycle survey counseled patients on the appropriate disposal of antibiotics (P = .03), as well as on some of the infection prevention topics (eg, using antibacterial hand soap [P = .02] and cleaning supplies [P = .01]). Most respondents in both surveys reported feeling confident with respect to counseling their patients on the appropriate use of antibiotics and AMR.



Physicians' knowledge of and levels of counseling on the use of antibiotics and AMR were high and fairly stable in both survey results. This shows that Canadian physicians are demonstrating behaviour patterns of AMR stewardship. Existing gaps in counseling practices might be a result of physicians believing that pharmacists or nurses are addressing these issues with patients. Future national surveys conducted among pharmacists and nurses would contribute to the evidence base for AMR stewardship activities.

Field of study: Medicine
First observation of the ν9/2[404] orbital in the A ∼ 100 mass region

A new band, populated by the spontaneous fission of 248Cm and studied by means of prompt γ-ray spectroscopy using the EUROGAM2 array, was observed in 99Zr. The 1038.8 keV band head with a half-life T1/2 = 54(10) ns is interpreted as a K-isomer, corresponding to the 9/2[404] neutron-hole excitation. It is the first observation of this orbital in the mass A ∼ 100 region. The quadrupole moment, Q0 = 3.9(3) eb deduced for the new band indicates a large deformation of β = 0.41, which is produced by a specific shape-coexistence mechanism, known in other regions and now found in the A ∼ 100 nuclei.

Field of study: Physics
Ab initio and empirical computations of mechanism and stereoselectivity

A-t - Over the last few years, we have explored the use of theory to understand mechanisms of organic reactions and the various types of selectivities which they exhibit. Examples described in this lecture will include the Diels-Alder reaction, whose rates were studied quantitatively in 1964 by Sauer's group. Ab initiQ transition structures have been located for the reactions of butadiene with ethylene, acrylonimle, maleonitrile, vinylidene cyanide, acrolein, and acrolein coordinated to a Lewis acid, BH3. Further insights into conformation preferences of conformationally free dienophiles, the degree of asynchronicity induced by substituents, and the origin of & stereoselectivity are discussed. The mechanism of the ketene-ethylene reaction and that of several substituted cases is discussed.

Field of study: Chemistry
Untersuchungen über die anomale Dispersion angeregter Gase

ZusammenfassungDie Deutung der in der vorangehenden Arbeit beschriebenen Versuche durch den Anstieg derpk-Atome oberhalb 0,1 Amp./qcm und durch die dadurch bewirkte negative Dispersion wird auf zwei Weisen gestützt: Erstens durch Nachweis anomaler Dispersion an der Linie 7059 (p10-s″1) und Messung ihrer Absorption, die gerade im kritischen Stromgebiet merklich wird und rasch anwächst. Zweitens durch den Intensitätsanstieg ders-p-Linien. Die Untersuchung der Intensitätsverteilung im Innern dieser Linien in kurzer und in sehr langer Schicht mittels Perot-Fabry-Etalons zeigt, daß sie allein durch den Dopplereffekt bedingt ist; die Temperatur der emittierenden Atome bei 100 mA ist praktisch gleich der des Kühlwassers. Auf Grund der Kenntnis dieser Daten und der Werte ℜ läßt sich aus dem Intensitätsanstieg der Anstieg der Dichte derpk- Atome mit dem Strom annähernd berechnen und zeigt sich wenigstens qualitativ mit den Ergebnissen der vorangehenden Arbeit in Übereinstimmung. Außerdem werden Messungen der anomalen Dispersion der ℜ-Werte ders2-Linien zwischen 20 und 400 mA mitgeteilt. In einem Anhang wird die Formel für die Intensität einer Spektrallinie bei Berücksichtigung der Absorption in endlicher Schichtdicke kurz abgeleitet.

Field of study: Physics
Serum‐induced suppression of interferon (IFN) activity. Lack of evidence for the presence of specific autoantibodies to IFN‐α in normal human sera

IgG antibodies binding to different IFN species have been described in sera of healthy and diseased individuals. Human serum immunoglobulins have also been shown to interfere with IFN bioactivity. To characterize these antibodies, human recombinant IFN‐α2A (rIEN‐α) was radioiodinated, and ligand binding studies were performed in human sera as well as on the human cell line A‐549 in the presence of human serum. 125I‐rIFN‐α bound to serum factors of healthy individuals. However, less than 3% of the binding was to IgG and the binding was non‐saturable and therefore most likely non‐specific. 125I‐rIFN‐α bound to receptors on A‐549 cells, and the ligand‐receptor complexes appeared to internalize. However, both cell binding and internalization of 125I‐rIFN‐α were independent of the presence of human serum. We conclude that normal human sera do not contain detectable autoantibodies to rIFN‐α.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Enhanced handoff scheme based on efficient uplink quality estimation in LTE-Advanced system

Asymmetric traffics cause downlink-uplink asymmetric interference. It can lead to a critical unbalance between a downlink and an uplink channel qualities in cell edge areas. This paper proposes an enhanced handoff scheme including an efficient uplink channel estimation method. The proposed handoff scheme determines an appropriate handoff-timing and handoff-direction according to an estimated uplink channel quality and a measured downlink channel quality. In the proposed scheme, an uplink or downlink, whose quality dominantly affects a link failure, becomes the main handoff-criterion. An efficient uplink channel estimation method is also proposed to exploit an uplink channel quality in handoff. The proposed method estimates an uplink signal strength from the measured downlink signal strength and predicts an uplink interference based on the interference-level information from neighbor base stations. We propose two different uplink estimation modes such as the simple and the precise modes. The simple estimation mode calculates the uplink channel quality for the overall bandwidth for a general handoff process. The precise estimation mode finds the best uplink band for the handoff user who wants an elaborate handoff process. In the elaborate handoff, a target base station allocates the best uplink band to a handoff user to provide the better uplink channel quality. Simulation results show that the proposed uplink estimation method can accurately compute the uplink channel quality of neighbor cells where the estimation error rate is less than 0.7% The simulation results also show that the proposed handoff scheme reduces handoff-call-dropping probability by up to 69% compared to LTE-Advanced system. In addition, the end-to-end delay of the proposed scheme can be better than that of LTE-Advanced system by 26%.

Field of study: Computer science
Synthetic applications of organozirconocenes

Alkenyl- and alkylzirconocenes are readily available by hydrozirconation of alkynes and alkenes, respectively. Due to the relatively low nucleophilicity of the carbon-zirconium bond in these organometallics, transmetalation schemes have been developed for carboncarbon bond formations. Especially, in siru transmetalation to copper(1) and zinc(II) species can be used for selective alkylation reactions with organic electrophiles. Alternatively, conversion of organozirconocenes to the corresponding cationic complexes enhances their reactivity considerably. Synthetic applications include protocols for orthoester formations and Diels-Alder catalysis as well as natural products (Curacin A, Manumycin) synthesis. Since the preparation of the first organochlorobis(cyclopentadienyl)zirconium(W) complex by Wailes, Weigold and Bell 25 years ago (ref. l), the application of these organometallics for carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond formations has become an important aspect of synthetic strategy and tactics. Clearly, this is due to the relative ease of preparation of alkenyl- and alkylzirconocenes by hydrozirconation of alkynes and alkenes with Cp2Zr(H)C1 (Schwartz reagent) (ref. 2). In spite of a polarization of the carbon- zirconium bond similar to Grignard reagents, the bulky cyclopentadienyl groups sterically prevent the attack of many organic electrophiles. The resulting functional group tolerance of organozirconocenes is useful for the preparation of the organometallic species, but this low reactivity must be overcome for subsequent selective carbon-carbon bond formations. Much of the development of the chemistry of organozirconocenes has therefore focused on indirect reaction pathways involving transmetalation or activation by ligand abstraction.

Field of study: Chemistry
Comprehensive analytic solutions for the geometry of symmetric constant-wall-thickness scroll machines

In this work, a comprehensive framework and geometric solutions are presented for the most common type of scroll machine, the symmetric constant-wall-thickness scroll compressor based on the involute of a circle. This analytic treatment comprises solutions for the volume, derivative of volume, centroid, normalized force and moment parameters, and leakage areas for all chambers in the machine. The representations for the centroid and area are based on Green's Theorem analysis which allows for general solutions that can then also be applied to other machines. Analytic solutions are also presented for the discharge geometry corresponding to arc-line-arc, perfect-meshing-profile, one-arc, and two-arc discharge geometries. Each of the derived parameters is validated against numerical solutions based on polygons. Source code in the Python programming language is provided for the analytic derivations as well as the implementation of each of the analytic outputs.

Field of study: Engineering
RNA Pol II transcription model and interpretation of GRO-seq data

A mixture model and statistical method is proposed to interpret the distribution of reads from a nascent transcriptional assay, such as global run-on sequencing (GRO-seq) data. The model is annotation agnostic and leverages on current understanding of the behavior of RNA polymerase II. Briefly, it assumes that polymerase loads at key positions (transcription start sites) within the genome. Once loaded, polymerase either remains in the initiation form (with some probability) or transitions into an elongating form (with the remaining probability). The model can be fit genome-wide, allowing patterns of Pol II behavior to be assessed on each distinct transcript. Furthermore, it allows for the first time a principled approach to distinguishing the initiation signal from the elongation signal; in particular, it implies a data driven method for calculating the pausing index, a commonly used metric that informs on the behavior of RNA polymerase II. We demonstrate that this approach improves on existing analyses of GRO-seq data and uncovers a novel biological understanding of the impact of knocking down the Male Specific Lethal (MSL) complex in Drosophilia melanogaster.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Exploring Bayesian parameter estimation for chiral effective field theory using nucleon–nucleon phase shifts

We recently developed a Bayesian framework for parameter estimation in general effective field theories. Here we present selected results from using that framework to estimate parameters with a nucleon-nucleon (NN) potential derived using chiral effective field theory ($\chi$EFT): the semi-local NN potential of Epelbaum, Krebs, and Mei{\ss}ner (EKM). There are many NN scattering data, up to high energies, and with rather small errors, so imposing a penalty for unnatural low-energy constants (LECs) usually has a small effect on the fits. In contrast, we have found that including an estimate of higher orders in $\chi$EFT plays an important role in robust parameter estimation.We present two case studies where our Bayesian machinery illuminates physics issues. The first involves the EKM potential at fourth order in the $\chi$EFT expansion: the two-dimensional posterior probability density function (pdf) for the fourth-order $s$-wave LECs obtained from the Nijmegen PWA93 phase shifts indicates these parameters in the NN potential are degenerate. We trace this feature of the pdf to the presence of an operator in the fourth-order NN potential that vanishes on-shell. The second case study examines the stability of LEC extractions as more data at higher energies are included in the fit. We show that as long as $\chi$EFT truncation errors are properly accounted for in the parameter estimation, the LEC values extracted using our Bayesian approach are not sensitive to the maximum energy chosen for the fit.Uncorrelated and fully correlated models for the truncation errors are compared, pointing the way to the use of Gaussian processes to more generally model the correlation structure.

Field of study: Physics
Multicomponent synthesis of polysubstituted γ-butyrolactones under Barbier-like conditions

The one-pot, three-component synthesis of 2,3-di- and 2,2,3-trisubstituted-3-methoxycarbonyl-γ-butyrolactones starting from aryl bromides, dimethyl itaconate, and aldehydes or ketones is described. The cobalt-catalyzed domino process formally involves the in situ metallation of an aromatic bromide, a conjugate addition onto dimethyl itaconate, an aldolization reaction with a carbonyl compound, and a final cyclization into a five-membered ring lactone. This procedure is applied to the concise synthesis of a range of polyfunctionalized γ-butyrolactones displaying a paraconic acid methyl ester subunit.

Field of study: Chemistry
Introduction to Chaoyang Bridge Main Pier Pile Caps with Mass Concrete Temperature Control Process

Harmful cracks of mass concrete are mainly due to conflict between rapid hydration heat rising of binding material in concrete and slow rise of concrete strength itself. Take steps to control inner and outer temperature of mass concrete, and temperature difference between inside and outside can precontrol the generation of mass concrete cracks effectively. These are main points of concrete quality control.

Field of study: Materials science