nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The comparison of antimicroorganism and antioxidant activity of leaf extract between fragrant loquat and common loquat

In this paper,the antimicroorganism and antioxidant activity of different fractional extract of fragrant loquat and common loquat was studied by oxford plate antibacterial experiment,determination of minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) and DPPH radical scavenging activity. The main results were as follows:On the seven?test organisms,the strongest inhibitory effect was 7#(n-BuOH extract of supernatant) ,and weakest was 3#(EtOAc extract of deposit) . Compared with the potassium sorbate(positive control) ,The minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) of different fractional extract of fragrant loquat and common loquat were lower,the inhibitory effect were better. The polarity of 5#(Residue of deposit extraction) ,6#(EtOAc extract of supernatant) and 7#(n-BuOH extract of supernatant) was stronger and the antioxidant activity was better. On the whole,the active ingredients of fragrant loquat were similar to common loquat,but it had stronger antimicroorganism and antioxidant activities. The fragrant loquat may have potential medicinal value and had a good prospect.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Intestinal trefoil factor binds to intestinal epithelial cells and induces nitric oxide production: priming and enhancing effects of mucin.

Intestinal trefoil factor (ITF or TFF3), NO and epithelium-associated mucin have important roles in sustaining mucosal integrity in the gastrointestinal tract. In the present study we examined ITF-binding molecules on IEC-18 cells (an intestinal epithelial cell line) with the use of flow cytometry and localized these molecules on the cell surface by confocal microscopy. Furthermore, we studied the interaction of mucin and ITF and their co-operative effect on NO production by the epithelium. Stimulation of cells with mucin (5 mg/ml) for 90 min resulted in a 5-fold increase in ITF binding. Treatment of IEC-18 cells with actinomycin D or cycloheximide attenuated mucin-enhanced ITF binding. Ligand blot analysis confirmed the induction of ITF-binding protein in IEC-18 cells by mucin. These results indicate that transcriptional and translational mechanisms are involved in the effect of mucin. Treatment with ITF overnight resulted in a low level of nitrite production by the cells, a 5-fold increase over control, in a concentration-dependent manner. ITF-induced NO production was attenuated by 1400W, a selective type II nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) inhibitor. By immunoblotting we found that NOS2 was up-regulated by ITF treatment. Priming IEC-18 cells with mucin for 90 min enhanced the effect of ITF on NO production, suggesting that the up-regulation of ITF-binding molecules by mucin might be physiologically relevant. Taken together, these observations indicate (1) that ITF-binding molecules that are up-regulated by mucin exist on the intestinal epithelial surface, and (2) that ITF modulates epithelial NO production via the NOS2 pathway, which is enhanced by mucin.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Neoproterozoic and Cambrian U–Pb (zircon) ages from Grand Manan Island, New Brunswick: implications for stratigraphy and northern Appalachian terrane correlations

Pre-Mesozoic rocks are exposed on the southeastern third of Grand Manan Island and adjacent offshore islands in the Bay of Fundy. U–Pb (zircon) ages reported here demonstrate that most of these rocks are late Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian. The oldest dated unit is the Ingalls Head Formation, from which two felsic tuff samples yielded ages of 617.6 ± 3.2 and 618.3 ± 2.8 Ma. The Three Islands granite, exposed only on offshore islands, is younger than the Ingalls Head Formation at 611.1 ± 2.4 Ma. It provides a minimum age for marble of the Kent Island Formation, which occurs as large xenoliths in the granite. The High Duck Island granite yielded an age of 547.3 ± 1.1 Ma, providing a minimum late Neoproterozoic age for the host Long Island Bay Formation. An age of 539.0 ± 3.3 Ma from a dacitic lithic-crystal tuff demonstrates that the Priest Cove Formation is earliest Cambrian; this supersedes a Silurian age previously suggested on the basis of poorly documented fossil evidence. The Long Pond Bay Formation...

Field of study: Environmental science
Structure of Franciscan Terrane of the Occidental-Guerneville Area, California

for the author who was a student in the Department of Geology, University of California, Davis, at the time of his death in September 1969. Franciscan rocks exposed in the Occidental-Guerneville area comprise three northwest-trending, northeast-dipping, fault-bounded units. The western unit contains semicontinuous, boudinaged, and sheared layers of graywacke sandstone, shale, chert, metachert, volcanic rock, metavolcanic rock, and glaucophane and related schists. Disrupted bedding generally dips northeastward. The middle unit forms a 400- to 4,000-m-thick zone of pervasively sheared shale containing masses of graywacke and metagraywacke sandstone, ultramafic rock, basic volcanic and metavolcanic rock, minor quartz diorite, tuffaceous siltstone and sandstone, chert, glaucophane and related schists, and Jurassic Knoxville-like shale. The eastern unit contains complexly deformed, unmetamorphosed, massive to thin-bedded graywacke sandstone, siltstone, shale, and rare chert. Sandstone from these three units differs in average, range and cumulative frequency of K-feldspar, as well as in mean quartz, plagioclase, matrix, and chert-lithic fragment content.

Field of study: Geology
On Broadcast in Generalized Network and Adversarial Models

Broadcast is a primitive which allows a specific party to distribute a message consistently among n parties, even if up to t parties exhibit malicious behaviour. In the classical model with a complete network of bilateral authenticated channels, the seminal result of Pease et al.  shows that broadcast is achievable if and only if t < n/3. There are two generalizations suggested for the broadcast problem – with respect to the adversarial model and the communication model. Fitzi and Maurer  consider a (non-threshold) general adversary that is characterized by the subsets of parties that could be corrupted, and show that broadcast can be realized from bilateral channels if and only if the union of no three possible corrupted sets equals the entire set of n parties. On the other hand, Considine et al.  extend the standard model of bilateral channels with the existence of b-minicast channels that allow to locally broadcast among any subset of b parties; the authors show that in this enhanced model of communication, secure broadcast tolerating up to t corrupted parties is possible if and only if t < b−1 b+1 n. These generalizations are unified in the work by Raykov , where a tight condition on the possible corrupted sets is presented such that broadcast is achievable from a complete set of b-minicasts. This paper investigates the achievability of broadcast in general networks, i.e., networks where only some subsets of minicast channels may be available, thereby addressing open problems posed in [8, 9]. To that end, we propose a hierarchy over all possible general adversaries, and identify for each class of general adversaries 1) a set of minicast channels that are necessary to achieve broadcast and 2) a set of minicast channels that are sufficient to achieve broadcast. In particular, this allows us to derive bounds on the amount of b-minicasts that are necessary and that suffice towards constructing broadcast in general b-minicast networks.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Design and Implementation of Fluency-Based Online Examination System

The core problem of online exam system is not fluency,a direct result of the consequences of not fluency is the failure of online exam.From the fluency oriented concept,the test static page is more rapidly and effectively than dynamic Web pages.Designs paper into HTML static page,and answer sheet into XML document.Using JavaScript+XML+AJAX asynchronous continuous point in time to save the examination process to ensure that do not interfering with each other for doing the process and saving the test records.

Field of study: Computer science
VLWIR HgCdTe detector current-voltage analysis

This article details current-voltage characteristics for a very long wavelength infrared (VLWIR) Hg1−xCdxTe detector from Raytheon Vision Systems with a cutoff wavelength of 20.0 µm at 28 K. In this article, the VLWIR detector diode currents are modeled as a function of bias and temperature. This in-depth current model includes diffusion, band-to-band tunneling, trap-assisted tunneling (TAT), and shunt currents. The trap density has been extracted from the modeled TAT component of the current and was revealed to be relatively temperature-independent. An attempted incorporation of VLWIR detector susceptibility to stress has also been included through variation of the model parameter associated with the p-n junction electric field strength. This field variation accounts for stress induced piezoelectric fields. The current in this VLWIR detector was found to be diffusion-limited under much of the temperature and bias ranges analyzed. This modeling allows the scrutiny of both the dominant current-limiting mechanism and the magnitudes of the various current components as a function of both bias and temperature, allowing the straightforward determination of the ideal operating conditions for a given detector.

Field of study: Materials science
Separable States can be used to distribute entanglement.

We show that no entanglement is necessary to distribute entanglement; that is, two distant particles can be entangled by sending a third particle that is never entangled with the other two. Similarly, two particles can become entangled by continuous interaction with a highly mixed mediating particle that never itself becomes entangled. We also consider analogous properties of completely positive maps, in which the composition of two separable maps can create entanglement.

Field of study: Physics
Forcing of the wintertime atmospheric circulation by the multidecadal fluctuations of the North Atlantic ocean. - eScholarship

The North Atlantic sea surface temperature exhibits fluctuations on the multidecadal time scale, a phenomenon known as the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). This letter demonstrates that the multidecadal fluctuations of the wintertime North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) are tied to the AMO, with an opposite-signed relationship between the polarities of the AMO and the NAO. Our statistical analyses suggest that the AMO signal precedes the NAO by 10–15 years with an interesting predictability window for decadal forecasting. The AMO footprint is also detected in the multidecadal variability of the intraseasonal weather regimes of the North Atlantic sector. This observational evidence is robust over the entire 20th century and it is supported by numerical experiments with an atmospheric global climate model. The simulations suggest that the AMO-related SST anomalies induce the atmospheric anomalies by shifting the atmospheric baroclinic zone over the North Atlantic basin. As in observations, the positive phase of the AMO results in more frequent negative NAO—and blocking episodes in winter that promote the occurrence of cold extreme temperatures over the eastern United States and Europe. Thus, it is plausible that the AMO plays a role in the recent resurgence of severe winter weather in these regions and that wintertime cold extremes will be promoted as long as the AMO remains positive.

Field of study: Environmental science
Intramolecular Reactions of Tethered Furan‐Based Bis(p‐quinodimethanes)

Tethered bis-2,5-dimethylene-2,5-dihydrofurans were generated in the gas phase by flash vacuum pyrolysis (FVP) of diester precursors. These furan-based bis(p-quinodimethanes) are shown to undergo reactions leading to macrocycles. The observed products strongly support a mechanism involving cyclic diradical intermediates. Formation of the furan-based p-quinodimethane and the corresponding cyclization chemistry was studied by high-level ab initio calculations. The theoretical studies reveal the importance of the entropy-driven elimination steps in the high-temperature FVP chemistry.

Field of study: Chemistry
Normal operators with\cr highly incompatible off-diagonal corners

Let $\mathcal{H}$ be a complex, separable Hilbert space, and $\mathcal{B}(\mathcal{H})$ denote the set of all bounded linear operators on $\mathcal{H}$. Given an orthogonal projection $P \in \mathcal{B}(\mathcal{H})$ and an operator $D \in \mathcal{B}(\mathcal{H})$, we may write $D=\begin{bmatrix} D_1& D_2 D_3 & D_4 \end{bmatrix}$ relative to the decomposition $\mathcal{H} = \mathrm{ran}\, P \oplus \mathrm{ran}\, (I-P)$. In this paper we study the question: for which non-negative integers $j, k$ can we find a normal operator $D$ and an orthogonal projection $P$ such that $\mathrm{rank}\, D_2 = j$ and $\mathrm{rank}\, D_3 = k$? Complete results are obtained in the case where $\mathrm{dim}\, \mathcal{H} < \infty$, and partial results are obtained in the infinite-dimensional setting.

Field of study: Mathematics
A fast, GPU based, dictionary attack to OpenPGP secret keyrings

We describe the implementation, based on the Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) for Graphics Processing Units (GPU), of a novel and very effective approach to quickly test passphrases used to protect private keyrings of OpenPGP cryptosystems. Our combination of algorithm and implementation, reduces the time required to test a set of possible passphrases by three-orders of magnitude with respect to an attack based on the procedure described in the OpenPGP standard and implemented by software packages like GnuPG, and a tenfold speed up if compared to our highly tuned CPU implementation. Our solution can be considered a replacement and an extension of pgpcrack, a utility used in the past for attacking PGP. The optimizations described can be applied to other cryptosystems and confirm that the GPU architecture is also very effective for running applications that make extensive (if not exclusive) use of integer operations.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Energetic ions generation in the interaction between ultrashort ultraintense laser pulse and solid target

Energetic ions generated from a solid target irradiated normally by an ultrashort ultraintense laser pulse is examined by 2D3V particle-in-cell simulations. The energetic ions are observed from both the front and the rear of the target. The ions energy spectra are obtained. The simulation results show that the energetic ions from the front of the target have a rather larger angular distribution, and deposit energy in the target, while the energetic ions from the rear target surface are highly directed and are accelerated to higher energy. The ion energy from the simulation is consistent with that observed in experiments.

Field of study: Physics
The Positive Impact of Creative Activity: Effects of Creative Task Engagement and Motivational Focus on College Students' Learning

This study assessed the effectiveness of engaging students in a creative activity on a topic as a means of encouraging an active cognitive set toward learning that topic area. This technique was examined in three motivational contexts. Before reading a short instructional passage, subjects completed either, a creative or a noncreative pretask and heard one of three sets of directions: task focused (emphasizing intrinsic involvement), test focused (emphasizing external evaluation), or task/test focused (previous two combined). After reading the passage, subjects answered questions assessing immediate retention, wrote a creative essay, and responded to a questionnaire assessing intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Long-term retention was assessed 5 days later with a phone quiz. Creative task engagement was found to be an effective means of enhancing creativity (in the absence of evaluation expectation), intrinsic motivation, and long-term retention.

Field of study: Psychology
New anti-Cu-TETA and anti-Y-DOTA monoclonal antibodies for potential use in the pre-targeted delivery of radiopharmaceuticals to tumor.

Monoclonal antibodies were raised against yttrium(III)-1, 4, 7, 10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N''N'''--tetraacetic acid (Y-DOTA) and copper(II)-1, 4, 8, 11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid (Cu-TETA). Four hybridomas with high Y-DOTA binding activity and one hybridoma with Cu-TETA activity were selected. MAbs were purified from mouse ascites by Protein A affinity chromatography and characterized. Affinity constants were determined by equilibrium dialysis and the highest affinity Y-DOTA MAb (K(aff) = 1.9 x 10(8) M(-1)) was further characterized by competitive ELISA. Gd-DOTA competed as well as Y-DOTA, whereas In-DOTA required 740x higher concentrations for 50% inhibition of this Y-DOTA MAb binding to human serum albumin-Y-DOTA-coated microtiter plates. These anti-metal chelate MAbs have potential use as vehicles for the pretargeted delivery of radiometal chelates to tumors.

Field of study: Biology
Student Teachers Perceptions and Experiences on School Practice and Competence Development at Makerere University-Uganda

The study was carried out to explore the student teachers’ perceptions and experiences on school practice in terms of competence development.  Phenomenology as a design was adopted using unstructured interviews and documents review to collect data from twelve purposively selected third year student teachers as participants. Data was analyzed using the framework analysis.  School practice was clearly understood by participants as a learning experience that involves putting theory into practice with the help from supervisors and senior teachers. However, it was conducted along the curriculum requirements as an assessment/examination by the university supervisors. Consequently, some challenges were faced. These included, difficulties in applying all the various methods taught by different lecturers, lack of professionalism, little feedback/conferencing with supervisors, hurried reports, limited mentorship and supervisory aspects in school practice host schools and limited materials to use among others. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The teacher preparation institutions in Uganda Makerere inclusive need to improve the general methods course to all students to cater for issues in lesson preparation, presentation, classroom management, assessment and evaluation. An interdependent relationship between the University and the SP host schools is required to promote a working relationship between the supervisors and host teachers for mentoring and supervisory aspects to student teachers. Makerere University and other teacher preparation institutions need constant professional development courses to promote professionalism among supervisors to address issues like lack of feedback/conferencing and poor supervisor-student relationships among others.

Field of study: Education
The Forgotten City:Shanghai in the Context of Socialism Revolution

After the founding of People's Republic of China,Shanghai entered the transitional stage of socialism transformation.After achieving the leading position in the city,the working class rebuilt the socialism-based urban landscape through the struggle with bourgeoisie.The declining urban space of capitalism became a metaphor for the collapse of capital strength.But the architectural and geographical symbols left by the colonial society still made the city visualized as a source of sin.Meanwhile,the growing proletariat implanted themselves in the reconstruction of the city.The industrial workers as the main residents and the new estate for workers gave Shanghai a new space view.The competition of urban space between bourgeoisie and proletariat revealed another possibility of socialistic imagination besides the contemporary popular bourgeoisie urban culture.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the lung with pericardial extension: a case report.

A 16-year-old student presented with a 4-week history of progressive shortness of breath, loss of appetite, and occasional blood-tinged sputum. The chest X-ray revealed massive right-sided pleural effusion with cardiomegaly. An echocardiogram revealed a large pericardial mass with massive pericardial effusion. Subsequent computed tomography of the thorax revealed a large heterogeneous mass in the right lung with extension into the pericardium. Lung biopsy revealed primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) with small round blue cells, Homer-Wright rosettes, and CD99 positivity. We discuss pericardial metastases of PNET and its implication in this patient.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
NEXAFS multiple scattering calculations of KO2.

Since many years the oxidation of alkali metals has being attracted much interest due to the catalytic properties of metal promoters and the simple electronic structure of alkali atoms. The alkali-oxides phase diagram indicates that the interaction of oxygen with alkali metals can lead to the formation of different atomic O2- ions and molecular O2(-) and O(2)2- ions. Potassium superoxide has been prepared in situ and high resolution O k-edge absorption NEXAFS spectra have been measured at the VUV beam-line at ELETTRA facility. The experimental data have been analyzed by multiple scattering approach deriving many geometrical and electronic details. In particular, we have found that the growth material structure is of the KO2 type with an O-O distance of about 1.35A and that the transition involving single pi molecular empty state of the superoxide O2(-) anion has a fine structure. Multiple Scattering self consistent calculation indicates that the bond between oxygen anion and K atom is totally ionic and that the fine structure is essentially due to solid state effects.

Field of study: Physics
Poor antibody response after tetanus and pneumococcal vaccination in immunocompromised, HIV‐infected patients

Ten patients with symptomatic HIV infection (six with ARC, four with AIDS) received tetanus and 23‐valent pneutnoeoccal vaccination. Anti‐tetanus IgG and IgM, and anti‐pneumococcal IgG against all 23 capsular types of the vaccine were measured on days 0, 11, 17, 30, and 90. Anti‐pneumococcal IgG were simultaneously determined in two plasma pools of 100 healthy unimmunized blood donors and of 112 healthy adults who had previously received a 14‐valent pneumococcal vaccination. Peak IgG responses to both vaccines were observed on day 17; thereafer, the antibody levels gradually fell again. Anti‐tetanus IgG rose from 0.6 U/ml (geometic mean) to 2.0 U/ml on day 17. Anti‐tetanus IgM remained unchanged, Anti‐paeumococcal IgG increased only by 1.14‐fold compared with pre‐vaccination levels (geometric mean of IgG rises against all 23 polysaccharides in 10 patients), and exceeded the upper 95% limit of unvaccinated blood donors in only 30 out of 230 specimens. Pre‐vaceination levels for pneumococcal type‐specific IgG were significantly higher in HIV‐infected patients compared with the pool of unimmunized healthy controls, possibly indicating a higher rate of previous pneumococcal infections in HIV‐seropositive subjects. However, post‐pneumococcai vaccination levels were significantly tower in HIV‐infected patients than in the pool of healthy controls. The increase in anti‐tetanus IgG significantly correlated with the level of CD4 lymphocytes and with in vitro lymphocyte proliferation by pokeweed mitogen (5 μg/ml) and phytohaemagglutinin (2.5 μg/ml), confirming a particularly low vaccination response in patients who were severely immunocompromied.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine