nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Magnetically Retrievable Palladium/Maghemite Nanocomposite Catalysts Prepared by Sonochemical Reduction Method

Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521(Received June 6, 2008; CL-080571; E-mail: mizukosi@imr.tohoku.ac.jp)Nanocomposite catalysts, consisting of Pd and magneticmaghemite, prepared by sonochemical reduction methodshowed high catalytic activities for the reduction of nitroben-zene. The used catalysts could be readily retrieved by magnetsand be employed for further repetitive tests and veriﬁed thedurability of the catalytic performance.The demands of noble metals, which are indispensable forIT industries and environmental protections such as automobilecatalysts, have been extensively increasing. In uses of thesenoble metals, it is important to develop sustainable processeslightening the burdens on the environment.It is a general strategy to fabricate nanosized noble metalsto enhance the catalytic activities. The fatal drawback of thenanoparticles is the diﬃculty in retrieving them from the reac-tionsystem.Further,remainingnanoparticlesinthereactionsys-tem contaminate the reaction products. From the view point ofrecycle of noble metals, it is necessary to establish the eﬀectivemethodology forretrieving thenoble metal as reusable catalysts.In this study, we demonstrate the magnetically retrievablenovel nanocatalysts consisting of Pd and magnetic maghemite( -Fe

Field of study: Chemistry
Miniature Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (Miniperc) Experience of Two Centers in Pediatric Stone Disease

We have analyzed the efficacy and morbidity of miniperc operations in pediatric stone disease.  Thirty pediatric age patients (m: 16, f: 14) were treated with percutaneous nephrolithotomy using miniature instruments through a 14 F dilated tract in urology clinics of two centers. Mean patient age was 4.43 (0.58-12) years. Following retrograde placement of 4 F soft ureteral catheters, percutaneous access was established via fluoroscopic guidance in the prone position. A pediatric working cystoscope (9.5 F) was used for nephroscopy. Anterograde flexible scope (7.5 F, 67 cm) was used for possible remaining stones in the ureter or calyces. Holmium laser or pneumatic lithotriptors were used for in situ lithotripsy. The ureteral catheters were left indwelling in all without bleeding otherwise a 14 F nephrostomy catheter was used for diversion.  Twenty eight renal units were managed through a single access and four needed multiple accesses. Mean operation time was 78.16 minutes (30–180) and mean stone size was 312 mm 2 (75-1380). Two had open surgery previously. One of the two patients having bilateral stones was operated from both kidneys in the same day where as the other was operated on another date. Four needed blood transfusion. Mean postoperative hospitalization time was 4.03 (2–14) days. In 28 of the 32 renal units complete stone clearance has been achieved. Four of the patients with the residual fragments have undergone ESWL and three of them have become stone free. One patient was left with clinically insignificant fragments.  The smaller instrument sizes in percutaneous nephrolithotomy can give good results in pediatric age group.

Field of study: Medicine
Liberal Arts Colleges: A Call to Leadership

W T tHAT are the conditions for effective leadership by private colleges? Private colleges cannot give leadership in American higher education unless they encourage and exemplify able leadership within their own precincts. In both universities and freestanding colleges, the obstacles to effective leadership are vast. But if a college can create the conditions in which leadership flourishes, it will be able to recruit the leaders it needs. Indeed, potential leaders will seek it out. The leaders we wish for the colleges will not all be presidents, trustees, or administrative officers. We speak of "leaders" in a broad sense, including faculty, students, alumni, and members of a larger community who can play a substantial part in shaping the future of a college; for we see many colleges as requiring a diffuse, decentralized, multifaceted type of leadership. Even though some colleges may arise and thrive for a time under thoroughly autocratic or hierarchical leadership, these patterns will become more and more exceptional. Why do we suppose that leadership will change in the direction of decentralization? Research on management suggests that a bureaucratic or autocratic pattern of governance works best where the task is simple and unchanging and where the activities making it up require little

Field of study: Education
Improvements to the OMI near-UV aerosol algorithm using A-train CALIOP and AIRS observations

The height of desert dust and carbonaceous aerosols layers and, to a lesser extent, the difficulty in determining the predominant size mode of these absorbing aerosol types, are sources of uncertainty in the retrieval of aerosol properties from near-UV satellite observations. The availability of independent, near-simultaneous measurements of aerosol layer height, and aerosol-type related parameters derived from observations by other A-train sensors, makes possible the use of this information as input to the OMI (ozone monitoring instrument) near-UV aerosol retrieval algorithm (OMAERUV). A monthly climatology of aerosol layer height derived from observations by the CALIOP (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization) sensor, and real-time AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder) carbon monoxide (CO) observations are used in an upgraded version of the OMAERUV algorithm. AIRS CO measurements are used as an adequate tracer of carbonaceous aerosols, which allows the identification of smoke layers in regions and seasons when the dust-smoke differentiation is difficult in the near-UV. The use of CO measurements also enables the identification of high levels of boundary layer pollution undetectable by near-UV observations alone. In this paper we discuss the combined use of OMI, CALIOP and AIRS observations for the characterization of aerosol properties, and show an improvement in OMI aerosol retrieval capabilities.

Field of study: Environmental science
III. Lend-Lease and the Open Door: The Temptation of British Opulence, 1937-1942

Although Great Britain usually stands condemned as an imperialist rather than as a victim of imperialism, historians have recently begun to examine the question of whether the economic imperialism of the United States challenged Britain and her empire, particularly during the era of World War II. Some dismiss the idea as relatively unimportant; others claim that primanly economic motivations determined American policy toward Great Britain before, during, and after the war.' William Appleman Williams has written that "the issue is not how bad or evil Americans were, but rather the far more profound and human

Field of study: Political science
The catalytic module of Cel7D from Phanerochaete chrysosporium as a chiral selector: structural studies of its complex with the beta blocker (R)-propranolol.

Previous investigations have shown that the major cellobiohydrolase of Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Cel7D (CBH 58), can be used to separate the enantiomers of a number of drugs, including adrenergic beta blockers such as propranolol. The structural basis of this enantioselectivity is explored here. A 1.5 A X-ray structure of the catalytic domain of Cel7D in complex with (R)-propranolol showed the ligand bound at the active site in glucosyl-binding subsites -1/+1. The catalytic residue Glu207 makes a strong charge-charge interaction with the secondary amine of (R)-propranolol; this is supported by a second interaction of the amine with the nearby Asp209. The aromatic naphthyl group stacks onto the indole ring of Trp373 (normally the glucosyl-binding platform of subsite +1). Other factors also contribute to good complementarity between the ligand and the substrate-binding cleft of the enzyme. Comparison with the previous structure of a related cellulase, Cel7A from Trichoderma reesei, in complex with (S)-propranolol strongly suggests that these enzymes will bind the (S)-enantiomer in a very similar manner, distinct from their mode of binding to (R)-propranolol. Tighter binding of both enzymes to the (S)-enantiomer is largely explained by two additional hydrogen-bonding interactions with its hydroxyl group. The distinct preference for the (R)-enantiomer is probably a consequence of structural differences near the naphthyl group of the ligand.

Field of study: Chemistry
On Successive Minima with Constraints

Given semi-norms/, g on IR" and μ > 0 such that f+g is a norm and such that there exist n + 1 linearly independent (l.i.) vectors x 0 , . . ,,xneZ" with ί/(Χί)<μ for i = 0,. . . ,« .The successive minima of / subject to y</i are defined by /.t = inf {A>0: there exist k + 1 1. i. vectors x0,. . ,,xkeE with/(x.) < / . and g(Xj)<ß for / = 0,. . .,fc}. There always exist n + 1 l.i. vectors x 0 , . . .,x„eZ" + 1 with/(χ () = /., and 3(χ,·)<μ for ι = 0,. . Consider such a system of vectors x 0 , . . ,,x„, and let μ^ = ιMoreover, denote by V(M) the volume of a set Μ c= R " + T h e n the main result reads for /.k<X</.k+1,k = 0,. . ., η — 1 with a constant c depending on η only (assuming > 0). An important case of this inequality is the following. Given x , , . . . , . X „ E I R and let / (P) = maxIqx,· — g(P) = \q\ for P = AMS-classification: 10-E05, 10-F10

Field of study: Philosophy
Über anomale Dispersion in Alkalihalogenidphosphoren

Die Arbeit zeigt, das die von Pohl und Rupp beschriebenen Alkalihalogenidphosphore optisch so vollkommene Kristalle bilden, das man mit anomaler Dispersion in ihren scharfen Absorptionsstreifen die Zahl der beteiligten Elektronen ermitteln kann.

Field of study: Physics
Fibronectin and immune complexes in rheumatic diseases

: The review presents literature data on studies into fibronectin in rheumatic diseases of immunocomplex genesis, its contribution to the development of abnormalities in the immune system and to hemostatic processes in the diseases. The role of fibronectin in the clearance of immune complexes, disturbed metabolism products of connective tissue, fibrin, and its monomers, cell membrane receptor proteins is emphasized. Extracorporeal heparin precipitation by using fibronectin is ascertained to be promising in removing plasma proteins in rheumatic immunocomplex diseases. A possible involvement of fibronectin in the fixation of immune complexes and DNA on the basal membranes, followed by immunocomplex inflammation, in the fibrin-induced R protein retention in the body, suppression of local immunity reactions, and development of joint ankylosis in rheumatic arthritis.

Field of study: Medicine
Assessing the future of global energy-for-water

This study incorporates the energy demands of water abstraction, treatment, distribution, and post-use wastewater treatment into the Global Change Analysis Model, an integrated human-Earth systems model, and analyzes a range of scenarios that estimate the future evolution of this demand of energy. The study complements research on historical and future water-for-energy, and builds on bottom-up estimates of historical energy-for-water (EFW), by integrating EFW into nation-level energy statistics, where EFW is normally categorized with other energy use in the commercial and public services, industrial, agricultural, and/or electric power sectors. This development allows more resolved projections of future energy demands in general, and in this study, allows for assessment of the energy implications of improvements in water access and water quality that are consistent with the sustainable development goals (SDGs). In our baseline scenario, EFW increases by 2.6 times from 2015 to 2050, and in the SDG scenario with enhanced water access, standards for treatment of wastewater, and irrigation, the consequent EFW demands quadruple from 2015 to 2050. The study highlights the value of integrated, multi-sector analysis in quantifying the future impacts of the SDGs and other aspirational targets.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effect of mixed alkali metal ions in highly proton conductive K/Cs-hydrogen sulfate-phosphotungstic acid composites prepared by mechanical milling

Fast proton transport materials are of high interest for their application in diverse fields and devices like electrochemical sensors, fuel cells, capacitors, electrochromic devices and electrochemical reactors. This work shows inorganic solid proton conducting composites prepared with phosphotungstic (WPA) heteropolyacid base material and MHSO 4 (MHS (M K and Cs)) inorganic solid acids via mechanical planetary ball milling. Very fast proton conducting irreversible new phase composites were obtained, with 90 (50KHS-50CHS)-10WPA (mol %) mixed metal ions composite exhibiting the highest performance with conductivity from 4.9 × 10 −2 to 1.4 × 10 −3  S cm −1 at 160 to 40 °C, respectively; compared to those of the precursor materials (CHS and MHS) on the order of 10 −3 to 10 −8 under the same temperature regime. The XRD, FT-Raman, 1 H-MAS-NMR and HR-TEM results of the composites revealed the formation of an amorphous nano-interface proton-conducting pathway shell around an M-substituted WPA crystalline core, resulting in a nanoionics effect leading to the high conductivities observed; in addition to preferred sites of alkali metal ions substitution into the WPA with different stabilities and conductivities with respect to type of ion. These results will be of significant interest to the applicable fields and inspire further research.

Field of study: Materials science
A Contrast-based Analysis of Consonant Cluster Simplification in English

The purpose of this paper is to reconsider Consonant Cluster Simplification in English. We first provide a brief review of previous syllable-based analyses of the phenomenon, showing that they are empirically inadequate. Then considering CCS within a framework of the cue-based theory (Steriade, 2000), we claim that it can be given a natural and unified account in terms of the perceptual salience of the involved consonants. We claim that the quality and quantity of the internal and external cues determine CCS: Consonants with perceptually salient phonetic cues resist deletion, while consonants lacking salient cues are relatively prone to deletion.

Field of study: Linguistics
3D seismic reflection mapping of the Silverpit multi-ringed crater, North Sea

The first comprehensive mapping of the Silverpit multi-ringed crater is presented, based on five adjoining 3D seismic surveys that together provide 78% (216 km2) areal coverage of the structure with spatial and depth sampling of ∼10 m. The top Cretaceous surface shows an excavated crater 3 km in diameter surrounded by 10–15 concentric ring structures out to a radius of 9.4 km. Seismic sequence stratigraphy and drilled wells indicate the lower age bound is a disconformity spanning 74–54 Ma. The upper bound is Eocene termination of concentric ring fault growth (ca. 45 Ma). The inner rings are extensional faults defining rotated fault blocks that would be considered part of the crater in an impact structure interpretation, giving a final impact crater diameter of 8 km. The outer rings show a surprising variation in style, from graben in the west to compressional structures in the east. This may be explained by postcratering gravity spreading on easterly dipping intra-Cretaceous detachments. Within the crater, the top Cretaceous seismic reflector is disrupted and blocky, but defines a central uplift with a slight crestal depression. Below this uplift, the prominent base Cretaceous seismic reflector shows Jurassic strata rising into a cone 300 m high and 1 km wide, characterized by radial faults. This central uplift within the crater may structurally balance the inner ring fault blocks via a slumping model, but we also identify low seismic velocity in the uplifted Jurassic, so fracturing may have contributed to growth of the central peak. At a radius of 2.5 km, base Cretaceous shows a dish-shaped depression that we interpret as marking either the extent of slumping toward the crater at this structural level or the limit of shockwave-induced porosity collapse. Seismic reflectors above the top Cretaceous excavated crater show differential compaction during the Eocene, accommodated by drape structure plus two conical faults that define narrow ring graben and represent the final phase of crater-related tectonics.

Field of study: Geology
Modelling of drug receptor interaction with birth and death processes

Stochastic modelling of drug receptor interaction at the neuromuscular junction with birth and death processes is presented. Systems with only one drug and two drugs interacting are investigated separately. The total number of receptors is assumed finite and only single receptor binding is considered. It has been possible to obtain exact analytical solutions to forward Kolmogorov equations yielding the transition probability densities and the associated probability generating functions.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Security against passive attacks on network coding system - A survey

Network coding is a progressive information dissemination technology for network communications. Since its emergence at the turn of the millennium, network coding has reached more and more applications. In this survey article, we present a comprehensive review of the researches on secure network coding against passive attack. Studies in this area address problems such as: “If an eavesdropper can wiretap a few packets from a network coding system, how should the system be designed to protect useful information from being divulged?” According to protection strength, we establish a security hierarchy with four grades for network coding systems. For each grade, we collect and investigate existing schemes extensively. The essence of each scheme is expounded, such as key ideas, encryptions, or precoding matrix constructions, etc. Especially, the hardship of cryptanalysis is emphasized. Moreover, advantages and disadvantages are evaluated and compared between these schemes. In spite of single source networks, studies on theoretical possibilities and practical techniques for multisource networks are covered. Countermeasures against traffic analysis attacks are included. Finally, we suggest several open problems and promising methods for the future study.

Field of study: Computer science
Ecological Cover Systems for Waste Landfills

Conventional cover systems of waste landfills rely on barrier layers made of compacted clay,geosynthetics and geomembranes,either alone or in combination.Although barrier-type cover systems are sometimes described as impermeable,in practice it is intend to fail due to subsidence caused by waste decay,water and wind erosion,wet-dry cycles,freeze-thaw cycles,ultraviolet degradation and intrusion by burrowing animals.An ecological cover system consists of a uncompacted soil layer covered by native plants,which acts not as a barrier,but as a reservoir that stores moisture during precipitation events,and then releases it back to the atmosphere as evapotranspiration.Ecological cover systems are more inexpensive,easily constructed and maintained than conventional cover systems.To search reasonable design of ecological cover systems,percolation control experiments of different cover systems were implemented in Comprehensive Experimental Station of Water Environment of Wuhan University,unsaturated flow analyses and water balance calculations of different ecological cover systems were conducted,the results showed that the soils suitable for ecological covers are loam and clayey loam with soil bulk densities between 1.1 and 1.5 g/cm3,required soil thickness for Wuhan region should be 120～140 cm,the reasonable vegetation type is an mixture of deep-rooted grasses and shrubs.

Field of study: Environmental science
Introduction to the Evolution of Preferences

The strategy T strictly dominates B, and R is a strict best response to T. The game thus has a unique rationalizable outcome and hence a unique Nash equilibrium, given by (T, R). Normal-form games are commonly interpreted as describing situations in which strategy choices are effectively simultaneous, in the sense that each player must choose without knowing the other's choice. Suppose, however, that before the game is played Player 1 (the row player) could commit to playing B instead of T and could make this commitment known to Player 2. Player 2 would respond by choosing her best response, L, leading to (B, L), an outcome that Player 1 prefers to the Nash equilibrium (T, R). The observation that players can gain by making commitments is a familiar one, beginning with Stackelberg's ([20], translated in Peacock [15]) analysis of commitment by a duopolist and continuing with Schelling's [18] discussion of commitment in The Strategy of Conflict. Early theories of bargaining, including Binmore  and Crawford and Varian , explore the benefits of commitment more formally, as does Frank .  jeth.2000.2753, available online at http: www.idealibrary.com on

Field of study: Economics
Computing Almost Exact Probabilities of Differential Hash Collision Paths by Applying Appropriate Stochastic Methods

Generally speaking, the probability of a differential path determines an upper bound for the expected workload and thus for the true risk potential of a differential attack. In particular, if the expected workload seems to be in a borderline region between practical feasibility and non-feasibility it is desirable to know the path probability as exact as possible.
We present a generally applicable approach to determine at least almost exact probabilities of differential paths where we focus on (near-)collision paths for Merkle-Damgard-type hash functions.
Our results show both that the number of bit conditions provides only a rough estimate for the true path probability and that the IV may have significant impact on the path probability. For MD5 we verified the effectivity of our approach experimentally.
An abbreviated version \cite{GIS4}, which in particular omits proofs, technical details and several examples, will appear in the proceedings of the security conference 'Sicherheit 2008'.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Glaciations, preservation of their sedimentary record and sea level changes — A discussion based on the Late Precambrian and Lower Palaeozoic sequence in Norway

Terrestrial glacial sediments have a low preservation potential in the sedimentary record. Tillites and other glacial sediments of pre-Quaternary age are often found to represent marginal facies in subsiding marine basins or continental rift environments. Continental rifting provides an ideal tectonic setting for both accumulation of ice and preservation of glacial sediments in the rapidly subsiding rift basins. Uplifted horsts along the rifts may be sites for mountain glaciations at relatively low paleolatitude. The late Precambrian sparagmite basin of South Norway may be an example of this. Major pre-Quaternary glaciations should be expected to be accompanied by eustatic sea level changes. Records of sea level changes in tectonically stable areas may provide some constrains on the timing and magnitude of ancient continental glaciations. The Upper Ordovician sequence in the Oslo Region presents a continuous shallow marine carbonate environment which is sensitive to sea level changes. The records here suggest that the Ordovician glaciations in West Africa were either very minor glaciations compared to the Quaternary glaciation causing less than 20 m of eustatic sea level changes, or that the glaciations occurred in periods marked by tectonic unconformities.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography