nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhanced CO2 alters the relationship between photosynthesis and defence in cyanogenic Eucalyptus cladocalyx F. Muell.

The effect of elevated CO2 and different levels of nitrogen on the partitioning of nitrogen between photosynthesis and a constitutive nitrogen-based secondary metabolite (the cyanogenic glycoside prunasin) was examined in Eucalyptus cladocalyx. Our hypothesis was that the expected increase in photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency of plants grown at elevated CO2 concentrations would lead to an effective reallocation of available nitrogen from photosynthesis to prunasin. Seedlings were grown at two concentrations of CO2 and nitrogen, and the proportion of leaf nitrogen allocated to photosynthesis, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), protein and prunasin compared. Up to 20% of leaf nitrogen was allocated to the cyanogenic glycoside, although this proportion varied with leaf age, position and growth conditions. Leaf prunasin concentration was strongly affected by nitrogen supply, but did not increase, on a dry weight basis, in the leaves from the elevated CO 2 treatments. However, the proportion of nitrogen allocated to prunasin increased significantly, in spite of a decreasing pool of leaf nitrogen, in the plants grown at elevated concentrations of CO2. There was less protein in leaves of plants grown at elevated CO2 in both nitrogen treatments, while the concentration of active sites of Rubisco only decreased in plants from the low-nitrogen treatment. These changes in leaf chemistry may have significant implications in terms of the palatability of foliage and defence against herbivores.

Field of study: Environmental science
Mutational pattern of a sample from a critical branching population

We study a universal object for the genealogy of a sample in populations with mutations: the critical birth-death process with Poissonian mutations, conditioned on its population size at a fixed time horizon. We show how this process arises as the law of the genealogy of a sample in a large class of nearly critical branching populations with rare mutations at birth, namely populations converging, in a large population asymptotic, towards the continuum random tree. We extend this model to populations with random foundation times, with (potentially improper) prior distributions $$g_i:x\mapsto x^{-i}$$gi:x↦x-i, $$i\in \mathbb Z_+$$i∈Z+, including the so-called uniform ($$i=0$$i=0) and log-uniform ($$i=1$$i=1) priors. We first investigate the mutational patterns arising from these models, by studying the site frequency spectrum of a sample with fixed size, i.e. the number of mutations carried by k individuals in the sample. Explicit formulae for the expected frequency spectrum of a sample are provided, in the cases of a fixed foundation time, and of a uniform and log-uniform prior on the foundation time. Second, we establish the convergence in distribution, for large sample sizes, of the (suitably renormalized) tree spanned by the sample with prior $$g_i$$gi on the time of origin. We finally prove that the limiting genealogies with different priors can all be embedded in the same realization of a given Poisson point measure.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Channeling effect and radiation of charged particles in doping superlattice quantum well

The channeling effect and radiation of charged particles in the superlattice quantum well are predicted.The motion behaviors of a charged particle in the superlattice quantum well are described by using sine-squared potential.In the frame of the classical mechanics the motion equation of a particle is reduced to the pendulum equation by using the sine-squared potential.The solution of the equation and the period of the particle motion are expressed exactly by means of Jacobian elliptic function and elliptic integral.The radiation energy and radiation intensity of the charged particles are derived.The results show that the radiation energy entered the X-energy zone for a particle with an energy of 100 MeV.It is possible to take the radiation as an X-Laser or a γ-laser.

Field of study: Physics
Parameter estimation of Lindley step stress model with independent competing risk under type 1 censoring

In literature, Lindley distribution is considered as an alternative to exponential distribution to fit lifetime data. In the present work, a Lindley step-stress model with independent causes of failure is proposed. An algorithm to generate random samples from the proposed model under type 1 censoring scheme is developed. Point and interval estimation of the model parameters is carried out using maximum likelihood method and percentile bootstrap approach. To understand the effectiveness of the resulting estimates, numerical illustration is provided based on simulated and real-life data sets.

Field of study: Mathematics
Contribution of p62 to Phenotype Transition of Coronary Arterial Myocytes with Defective Autophagy

Autophagy disorder contributes to dedifferentiation of arterial smooth muscle cells, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we sought to investigate the role of scaffolding adaptor p62/SQSTM1 (p62) in phenotype switching of mouse coronary arterial myocytes (CAMs) induced by CD38 gene deficiency or lysosomal dysfunction which blocks autophagic flux in the cells.  Protein expression was measured by western blot analysis and immunofluorescent staining. Cell cycle and proliferation rate were analyzed by flow cytometry and MTS assay respectively. mRNA abundance was tested by qRT-PCR.  CD38 gene deficiency or bafilomycin A1 (baf), a selective lysosomal inhibitor treatment increased proliferation rate and vimentin expression in CAMs which was prevented by p62 gene silencing. Cell percentage in G2/M and G0/G1 phase was decreased and increased by CD38 deficiency or baf treatment, respectively which was accompanied by accrual of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) protein. Although free ubiquitin content was increased, the colocalization of it to CDK1 was markedly decreased in CD38-/- or baf treated CAMs. Furthermore, the changes in both cell cycle and CDK1 ubiquitinylation could be restored by p62 gene silencing.  The results suggest in CD38-/- or baf treated CAMs, p62 accumulation promotes phenotype transition and proliferation by accelerating cell cycle progress through G2/M which might relate to the compromised ubiquitinylation and degradation of CDK1.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Long-term evolution of massive black hole binaries - IV. Mergers of galaxies with collisionally relaxed nuclei

We simulate mergers between galaxies containing collisionally relaxed nuclei around massive black holes (MBHs). Our galaxies contain four mass groups, representative of old stellar populations; a primary goal is to understand the distribution of stellar-mass black holes (BHs) after the merger. Mergers are followed using direct-summation N-body simulations, assuming a mass ratio of 1:3 and two different orbits. Evolution of the binary MBH is followed until its separation has shrunk by a factor of 20 below the hard-binary separation. During the galaxy merger, large cores are carved out in the stellar distribution, with radii several times the influence radius of the massive binary. Much of the pre-existing mass segregation is erased during this phase. We follow the evolution of the merged galaxies for approximately three central relaxation times after coalescence of the massive binary; both standard and top-heavy mass functions are considered. The cores that were formed in the stellar distribution persist, and the distribution of the stellar-mass BHs evolves against this essentially fixed background. Even after one central relaxation time, these models look very different from the relaxed, multi-mass models that are often assumed to describe the distribution of stars and stellar remnants near a massive BH. While the stellar BHs do form a cusp on roughly a relaxation timescale, the BH density can be much smaller than in those models. We discuss the implications of our results for the extreme-mass-ratio inspiral problem and for the existence of Bahcall-Wolf cusps.

Field of study: Physics
Fc receptors on lymphocytes from the blood of rheumatoid arthritis patients and normal controls: a comparison of four Fc receptor assays.

Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and healthy controls (NC) were assayed for Fc receptors by four methods. Three of the four assays showed RA PBL to contain a greater proportion and number of Fc receptor-bearing cells than PBL from healthy controls. This confirmed our earlier report and indicated that the proportion of Fc receptor-bearing cells detected can be influenced by the test system. Neither the proportion of B, nor the non-B, non-T lymphocytes was consistently increased in RA PBL, suggesting that the increase found results from an increase in Fc gamma receptor-positive T cells.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
The inhibition of return capacity of basketball players under the conditions of simultaneous clueing

In order to understand the differences in the inhibition of return capacity between basketball players and ordinary people,the authors compared the inhibition of return capacities of 16 basketball players and 16 ordinary college students under the conditions of adjacent and spaced clueing positions by experiment and by means of simultaneous clueing,and revealed the following finding: under the conditions of simultaneous clueing,the inhibition of return capacities of the basketball players and ordinary college students were 5 and 3 respectively when the clueing positions were adjacent,or 3 and 1 respectively when the clueing positions were spaced.The finding indicates that under the conditions of simultaneous clueing,no matter that the clueing positions are adjacent or spaced,the inhibition or return capacity of the basketball players is greater than that of ordinary people,and the inhibition effect of basketball player is more obvious and intense.Basketball players can produce a more powerful inhibition of return effect at more clueing positions,quickly shift the resources of attention to new positions,and show a highly efficient space searching ability.

Field of study: Education
Adolescent pelvic pain: interstitial cystitis.

Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a syndrome characterized by urinary urgency and frequency, dysuria, nocturia, and suprapubic pain. Patients are often difficult to treat due to the phenotypic heterogeneity of the disease and the limited efficacy of the treatment options. Treatment regimens must be individualized and tailored through a process of trial and error. There is a paucity of information regarding the treatment of adolescent IC. Here we report a case of a 13-year-old girl with IC who required multiple management strategies prior to obtaining symptomatic relief. We outline our treatment protocols based on the American Urologic Association IC treatment algorithm.

Field of study: Medicine
Peach quality changes at different constant storage temperatures: empirical models.

Using data from fresh 'Redglobe' peaches stored at different constant temperatures, equations for peach ground color and firmness changes have been developed. Empirical relationships between these physical measurements of peach quality and their sensory equivalents have also been derived. Sensory color scores followed a linear relationship with peach hue angle which, in tum, varied linearly with the product of storage time and temperature. Sensory firmness scores followed a linear relationship with maximum puncture force values which also varied linearly with time at a rate proportional to storage temperature.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Production of High-Power Wind Turbine Carrier by cast

Drafting a series of casting process schemes for high-power wind turbine carrier,and their simulation and analysis were carried out with Huazhu CAE software.Finally,a non-riser casting process schemes was determined.Using the schemes,with the quality control in key aspects,QT700-2 high-power wind turbine carriers were successfullymade.

Field of study: Materials science
Selective conjugate reduction of α,β-unsaturated esters and amides via SmI2-promoted electron transfer process

α,β-Unsaturated esters and amides were rapidly and selectively reduced to the corresponding saturated ones under mild conditions without affecting coexisting isolated double or triple bonds by using the reduction system, SmI2-N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA)-proton source.

Field of study: Chemistry
Isolation, identification and fermentation kinetic of succinic acid producing strain

Succinic acid is a kind of intermediates of tricarboxylic acid cycle, which is widely used in fields of food, chemistry and pharmaceutical industry. A potential succinic acid producing strain named BS2012 is screened from distillers yeast. It was determined that this strain belongs to Bacillus Smithii by the physical and biochemical determination and 16S rDNA molecular analysis. Fermentation kinetics research, which is based on Logistic mathematical model and Luedeking-Piret mathematical model, results in mathematical model and model parameters of strain growth and succinic acid producing. The model calculated results match satisfactorily with the experimental data, which provides a reasonable description of strain growth and succinic acid fermentation process and its dynamic mechanism.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Quantifying long-term changes in carbon stocks and forest structure from Amazon forest degradation

Despite sustained declines in Amazon deforestation, forest degradation from logging and fire continues to threaten carbon stocks, habitat, and biodiversity in frontier forests along the Amazon arc of deforestation. Limited data on the magnitude of carbon losses and rates of carbon recovery following forest degradation have hindered carbon accounting efforts and contributed to incomplete national reporting to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+). We combined annual time series of Landsat imagery and high-density airborne lidar data to characterize the variability, magnitude, and persistence of Amazon forest degradation impacts on aboveground carbon density (ACD) and canopy structure. On average, degraded forests contained 45.1% of the carbon stocks in intact forests, and differences persisted even after 15 years of regrowth. In comparison to logging, understory fires resulted in the largest and longest-lasting differences in ACD. Heterogeneity in burned forest structure varied by fire severity and frequency. Forests with a history of one, two, and three or more fires retained only 54.4%, 25.2%, and 7.6% of intact ACD, respectively, when measured after a year of regrowth. Unlike the additive impact of successive fires, selective logging before burning did not explain additional variability in modeled ACD loss and recovery of burned forests. Airborne lidar also provides quantitative measures of habitat structure that can aid the estimation of co-benefits of avoided degradation. Notably, forest carbon stocks recovered faster than attributes of canopy structure that are critical for biodiversity in tropical forests, including the abundance of tall trees. We provide the first comprehensive look-up table of emissions factors for specific degradation pathways at standard reporting intervals in the Amazon. Estimated carbon loss and recovery trajectories provide an important foundation for assessing the long-term contributions from forest degradation to regional carbon cycling and advance our understanding of the current state of frontier forests.

Field of study: Environmental science
Students’ Motivations for Enrolling in Universities in Jordan In The Light of Some Variables

This study aims to identify students’ motivations for enrolling in universities in Jordan, in the light of  some variables whether they are career, financial, social or academic motivations. The current study also seeks to determine the impact of gender, major and academic year on these motivations. The study sample consisted of (188) male and female students. Results indicate that the most important career and financial motivations were to get a more prestigious job, while the most important social and personal motivation was ‘because I feel a sense of joy and satisfaction when learning new things’. Whereas the most important academic motivation was ‘the joy I get when I learn things I did not previously know’. Furthermore, the results indicate that there are no statistically significant differences at (? > 0.5) attributable to the variables of gender, major, and academic year on students’ motivations to enroll in universities in Jordan. The study recommends the need to provide career counseling to students and their parents during the last stages of school so that they would be able to determine the majors they want to study at the undergraduate level.  Motivations, Universities.

Field of study: Education
A framework for modelling tactical decision-making in autonomous systems

TDF tactics design methodology extends state of the art in AOSE.Offers better comprehension of tactics designs than UML.TDF is suited to autonomous tactical decision-making systems.TDF mixes reactivity and proactivity at the highest level of the design. There is an increasing need for autonomous systems that exhibit effective decision-making in unpredictable environments. However, the design of autonomous decision-making systems presents considerable challenges, particularly when they have to achieve their goals within a dynamic context. Tactics designed to handle unexpected environmental change, or attack by an adversary, must balance the need for reactivity with that of remaining focused on the systems overall goal. The lack of a design methodology and supporting tools for representing tactics makes them difficult to understand, maintain and reuse. This is a significant problem in the design of tactical decision-making systems. We describe a methodology and accompanying tool, TDF (Tactics Development Framework), based on the BDI (Beliefs, Desires, Intentions) paradigm. TDF supports structural modelling of missions, goals, scenarios, input/output, messaging and procedures, and generates skeleton code that reflects the overall design. TDF has been evaluated through comparison with UML, indicating that it provides significant benefits to those building autonomous, tactical decision-making systems.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
The vectorial release of nascent immunoglobulin peptides.

A microsomal preparation from a mouse plasmacytoma, MOPC 47A, that secretes immunoglobulin A was used to study the release of nascent immunoglobulin peptides in vitro. Nascent chains were released with puromycin and characterized with specific antiserum against the immunoglobulin product of the tumour. When the tissue had been prelabelled with [(3)H]leucine the experiments were complicated by the large background of completed radioactive polypeptides in the microsomal preparation. Up to one-third of the released radioactivity in the microsomal preparation could be recognized as immunoglobulin. With [(3)H]-puromycin as the radioactive label, however, the results are much easier to interpret, although the proportion of released radioactivity that can be identified as immunoglobulin is lower (up to one-tenth). Both types of experiment demonstrate that all of the recognizable nascent immunoglobulin chains remain in association with the microsomal vesicles after release from the ribosomes.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
The use of wind profilers in a mesoscale experiment.

During May and June of 1985, an experiment to study mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) was carried out in central Kansas and Oklahoma, using many of the latest measurement technologies in the atmospheric sciences. Among these were three 50-MHz radar wind profilers. Two cases of mesoscale squall-line systems are used to describe profiler performance in the highly convective environment of the United States High Plains in early summer. The 10–11 June squall-line system was intense and well organized, and passed over the profiler sites near Liberal and McPherson, Kansas; the 26–27 June system was less coherent and was studied when it passed over the Norman, Oklahoma profiler. For the stronger event, both profilers supplied good time-height coverage of the horizontal winds during the pre- and post-squall-line periods, but could not resolve them well while the strongly convective line was overhead. In contrast, the Norman profiler supplied good horizontal-wind information throughout the weaker system...

Field of study: Environmental science
Worry and Emotionality Components of Test Anxiety in Relation to Situational and Personality Determinants

The amount of Worry and Emotionality components among pupils in Grade 6 with different motivational and cognitive characteristics was examined. A number of interactions indicated that the influence of both cognitive factors, i.e., ability and Future Time Orientation, and motivational factors, i.e., the achievement motives, on amount of Worry and Emotionality increased significantly as the perceived instrumentality (importance) of the school activity increased. Since it is the worry component which normally reduces quality of performance, one way to reduce worries at school for the pupils of low ability, the failure-oriented (highly anxious) pupils, the low future time-oriented pupils, and the girls, is to reduce the importance of the activity.

Field of study: Psychology
Astragaloside IV attenuates free fatty acid-induced ER stress and lipid accumulation in hepatocytes via AMPK activation

Although the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is not completely understood, the increased influx of free fatty acids (FFAs) into the liver and the FFA-induced hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are two crucial pathogenic processes in the initiation and development of NAFLD. In this study we investigated the effects of astragaloside IV (AS-IV), a bioactive compound purified from Astragali Radix, on FFA-induced lipid accumulation in hepatocytes and elucidated the underlying mechanisms. Human HepG2 cells and primary murine hepatocytes were exposed to FFAs (1 mmol/L, oleate/palmitate, 2:1 ratio) with or without AS-IV for 24 h. Exposure to FFAs induced marked lipid accumulation in hepatocytes, whereas co-treatment with AS-IV (100 μg/mL) significantly attenuated this phenomenon. Notably, AS-IV (50–200 μg/mL) concentration-dependently enhanced the phosphorylation of AMPK, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and SREBP-1c, inhibited the accumulation and nuclear translocation of mature SREBP-1 and subsequently decreased the mRNA levels of lipogenic genes including acc1, fas and scd1. AS-IV treatment also concentration-dependently attenuated FFA-induced hepatic ER stress evidenced by the reduction of the key markers, GRP78, CHOP and p-PERK. Pretreated the cells with the AMPK inhibitor compound C (20 μmol/L) greatly diminished these beneficial effects of AS-IV. Our results demonstrate that AS-IV attenuates FFA-induced ER stress and lipid accumulation in an AMPK-dependent manner in hepatocytes, which supports its use as promising therapeutics for hepatic steatosis.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
A Continuous Flow Input Function Detector for H2 15O Blood Flow Studies in Positron Emission Tomography

A plastic scintillator detection system has been developed for the measurement of arterial blood H2 15O concentrations in positron emission tomographic (PET) local cerebral blood flow (lCBF) studies. The system uses a peristaltic pump to continually pull arterial blood from a radial artery through the plastic scintillator for the detection of the oxygen-15 positrons. To correct for the smearing of the arterial blood curve shape due to laminar flow in the pump tubing, a deconvolution technique has been developed.

Field of study: Physics