nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Melloration and maximization of reinforcement minus costs of behavior.

Eight pigeons were exposed to independent concurrent schedules. Concurrent variable-interval 60-second variable-interval 60-second schedules were presented to one group of four subjects. Following baseline training, a limited hold was added to one of the schedules and the duration of the hold was decreased in successive conditions. Concurrent variable-interval 120-second variable-interval 40-second schedules were presented to another group of four subjects. These subjects were first exposed to decreasing durations of a limited hold in the variable-interval 40-second component. After replication of the baseline, a limited hold in the variable-interval 120-second component was decreased in duration. The initial durations of the holds were determined from the subjects' responding in the baseline conditions. A duration was chosen such that approximately 25% of the scheduled reinforcers would be canceled if responding remained unchanged.Approximate matching of time proportions and reinforcement proportions was observed when the limited hold was added to the variable-interval 60-second schedule and when the limited hold was added to the variable-interval 40-second schedule. Time proportions were less extreme than reinforcement proportions when the limited hold operated in a variable-interval 120-second schedule. Overall reinforcement rates tended to decrease with continued training in concurrent schedules with a limited hold. Absolute deviations from time matching also decreased. The results provide evidence against the principle of reinforcement maximization, and support Herrnstein and Vaughan's (1980) melioration hypothesis.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Alcohol exposure and mechanisms of tissue injury and repair.

Tissue injury owing to acute and chronic alcohol consumption has extensive medical consequences, with the level and duration of alcohol exposure affecting both the magnitude of injury and the time frame to recovery. While the understanding of many of the molecular processes disrupted by alcohol has advanced, mechanisms of alcohol-induced tissue injury remain a subject of intensive research. Alcohol has multiple targets, as it affects diverse cellular and molecular processes. Some mechanisms of tissue damage as a result of alcohol may be common to many tissue types, while others are likely to be tissue specific. Here, we present a discussion of the alcohol-induced molecular and cellular disruptions associated with injury or recovery from injury in bone, muscle, skin, and gastric mucosa. In every case, the goal of characterizing the sites of alcohol action is to devise potential measures for protection, prevention, or therapeutic intervention.

Field of study: Medicine
Research progress in broad neutralizing antibodies and universal vaccines against influenza A virus

Influenza vaccination is the most effective means to prevent and control influenza epidemics, and the universal influenza vaccine which can induce broad and long-term protective effect is still in its infancy. Up to date, several broad neutralizing antibodies that can antagonize a variety of influenza A viruses have been identified, and the crystal structure of the antibody and HA complex reveals at least three highly conserved epitopes. Deep insights into the molecular mechanism of the interactions between neutralizing antibodies and virus antigen can elicit a new strategy not only for rational design of universal influenza vaccines, but also for the development of antibody-based therapeutics against influenza virus. In this paper, advances in research of universal neutralizing antibodies and vaccines for Influenza A virus are reviewed. 
 
 
 
Influenza A virus; Heamagglutinin; Epitope; Broad neutralizing antibody; Vaccine

Field of study: Biology
Interaction of cartilage proteoglycans with hyaluronic acid. The role of the hyaluronic acid carboxyl groups.

Hyaluronic acid-derived oligomers of five to fifteen repeat dissaccharides effectively bind to bovine nasal-cartilage proteoglycan and inhibit the interaction between proteoglycans and high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid. If, however, the hyaluronic acid oligosaccharides are modified by reaction with diazomethane to form the carboxyl methyl esters of the glucuronic acid residues, their inhibitory activity is abolished. The binding capacity can be fully restored by saponification. The amide derivative, which is formed by condensation of the oligosaccharide carboxyl groups with glycine methyl ester, is also ineffective in blocking the proteoglycan-hyaluronic acid interaction. In this case, binding activity is not restored when the amidated oligomers are subjected to saponification to yield the free carboxylate groups on the glycine residues. Thus the displacement of the carboxylate groups on the polysaccharide chain by the interposition of a glycine residue blocks the interaction between the proteoglycans and the hyaluronic acid oligomers. When the oligosaccharide methyl ester is reduced with NaBH4, the resultant glucose-containing oligomers exhibit decreased binding to proteoglycans. Thus it appears that the hyaluronic acid carboxylate anion in a specific spatial orientation is required for hyaluronic acid-proteoglycan interaction.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
A study of the efficacy and safety of valdoxan in the treatment of a depressive episode

An open non-randomized controlled prospective study was conducted to investigate the efficacy and safety of valdoxan in the treatment of depression as monotherapy and in the combination with other drugs. Based on the clinical and psychometric measures, author confirmed the high efficacy of valdoxan. The drug can be combined with other antidepressants, no adverse effects are observed in these cases. Positive changes in sleep patterns during the treatment with valdoxan were found. The high tolerability and minimal risk of serious adverse effects were observed. Preliminary data revealed that the age of the patient and scores on some HAMD items were predictors of treatment efficacy. The authors developed a computer program for express-assessment of probability of remission and response to treatment.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Demonstration of a linear optical true-time delay device by use of a microelectromechanical mirror array.

We present the design and proof-of-concept demonstration of an optical device capable of producing true-time delay(s) (TTD)(s) for phased array antennas. This TTD device uses a free-space approach consisting of a single microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) mirror array in a multiple reflection spherical mirror configuration based on the White cell. Divergence is avoided by periodic refocusing by the mirrors. By using the MEMS mirror to switch between paths of different lengths, time delays are generated. Six different delays in 1-ns increments were demonstrated by using the Texas Instruments Digital Micromirror Device as the switching element. Losses of 1.6 to 5.2 dB per bounce and crosstalk of -27 dB were also measured, both resulting primarily from diffraction from holes in each pixel and the inter-pixel gaps of the MEMS.

Field of study: Physics
Patient or consumer? Implications for family physicians.

Canada has the opportunity to plan its health care delivery systems. The role of the family doctor is at the least uncertain. But, more important, are present modes of operation and education relevant for the current task? If not, increasing pressures will be brought to bear by governments, locally elected officials and most of all by patients turned consumers of service. This article discusses the role, nationally and internationally, of the family doctor and also that of the patient as consumer. The author makes suggestions for areas of research.

Field of study: Medicine
2019년 홍콩 시위에 대한 중국의 대응을 어떻게 바라볼 것인가?: 인권 정치학의 제이론을 통해 본 중국의 행동

본 논문은 홍콩에서 2019년 3월부터 범죄인 인도법 저지를 위해 시작되어 2019년 12월 현재까지 지속되고 있는 시위에 대한 중국의 대응을 인권 정치학의 이론들을 통해 분석한다. 2019년 홍콩 시위에 대한 수많은 언론 보도가 있었지만, 사태의 진행과 현재의 상황을 어떻게 해석하고 전망할지에 대해 먼저 이론적인 시각들을 검토할 필요가 있다. 첫째, 인권의 국내 정치 이론으로 정부의 합리적·전략적 선택으로서의 인권 탄압 결정에 대해 살펴보고, 둘째, 지도자, 관료, 국민 사이의 주인-대리인 관계에 대한 검토를 통해 인권 침해의 제도적·구조적 측면이 홍콩 문제 분석에 어떤 도움을 주는지 제시하며, 셋째, 인권의 국제 정치 이론들, 즉 국제 인권 규범의 역할 그리고 인권 외교의 역할에 대한 논의를 통해 홍콩 문제에 대한 중국의 태도를 결정하는 요인들을 살펴본다.
이러한 인권 정치학의 이론적 시각을 바탕으로 2019년 홍콩 시위를 살펴보면, 시위대와 중국 정부 간 갈등 고조의 과정은 시위 규모 축소와 질서 회복을 바라며 개입 수위를 조절해 온정부의 행동과 이러한 상황에서 요구 조건의 확대와 시위의 조직화로 이어온 시위대의 상호작용으로 설명할 수 있다. 또한 홍콩 시민과 홍콩 당국, 중국 정부와 홍콩 당국이라는 이중의 주인-대리인 관계에서 행정장관을 비롯한 홍콩 당국의 태도가 시위대의 판단에 혼란을 야기했을 가능성이 있으며, 중국 정부가 시위 개입 수위를 조절한 데는 선진국들의 압력이 영향을 끼쳤겠지만 중국 정부에 미치는 영향은 상당히 제한적이라는 결론을 얻을 수 있다.

Field of study: Political science
Lumière des martyrs: Essai sur le martyre au siècle des Réformes (review)

(“L’impossible régence”). These foreign queen mother-regents are seen operating in the land of Salic law, holding the hence tenuous reins of power in their hence potentially very evil hands. This series is interpreted as a sign that during and after the Wars of Religion, the former ideal princess of majesty and humility was detached from her subjects, hoisted out of reach into the clouds. Though somewhat true, a broader array of representations of female regents might have shown that what mattered most was whether the power of the princess stemmed openly from her “illegitimate” role of substitute prince, or whether it grew out of the safer “subordinate” space tradition prescribed. Martin-Ulrich demonstrates that here, seemingly on the margins, the princess’s role as mediator ensured her position as an active political and artistic agent. Begging further reflection, too, is the status of the men behind the portraits — men of letters vs. men of law. Remarkable self-portraits constitute the third category at play, portraits extracted from texts produced by two of the princesses themselves: the Enseignements of Anne of France (whose educational advice book is arguably more modern in content than the author contends), and Marguerite of Navarre’s Heptameron. An initial (rather lengthy) methodological section prepares the ground for the subsequent selection of Renaissance texts, laying bare their roots in ancient rhetoric (Aristotle and Quintilian), topped off with an Augustinian moral stance. MartinUlrich finally draws the pieces together to show how the mastery of the art of rhetoric by these flesh-and-blood princesses dovetailed with that of the writers protected by women at court, instituting a two-way exchange. The next-to-last chapter (“Marguerite dans l’Heptaméron”) defines the contours of an evangelical princess wielding the culture of her caste to project, like Anne of France before her, an image of her (new) exemplary moral self. A fine analysis of tales 1, 4, 22, 61, and 72 demonstrates how Marguerite stages herself lending an ear to capture the (most often female) voices of the abused. The perfect princess has evolved into a role model for the perfect prince (Charles de Sainte-Marthe), illustrating how to make one’s inordinate power potable to the humble, how the effective communication of information up and down the social ladder can help implement a new, more secularized, more credible and just state. KATHLEEN WILSON-CHEVALIER The American University of Paris

Field of study: History
Automatic identification and classification of characteristic kinetic curves of breast lesions on DCE-MRI.

Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) of the breast is being used increasingly in the detection and diagnosis of breast cancer as a complementary modality to mammography and sonography. Although the potential diagnostic value of kinetic curves in DCE-MRI is established, the method for generating kinetic curves is not standardized. The inherent reason that curve identification is needed is that the uptake of contrast agent in a breast lesion is often heterogeneous, especially in malignant lesions. It is accepted that manual region of interest selection in 4D breast magnetic resonance (MR) images to generate the kinetic curve is a time-consuming process and suffers from significant inter- and intraobserver variability. We investigated and developed a fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering-based technique for automatically identifying characteristic kinetic curves from breast lesions in DCE-MRI of the breast. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR images were obtained using a T1-weighted 3D spoiled gradient echo sequence with Gd-DTPA dose of 0.2 mmol/kg and temporal resolution of 69 s. FCM clustering was applied to automatically partition the signal-time curves in a segmented 3D breast lesion into a number of classes (i.e., prototypic curves). The prototypic curve with the highest initial enhancement was selected as the representative characteristic kinetic curve (CKC) of the lesion. Four features were then extracted from each characteristic kinetic curve to depict the maximum contrast enhancement, time to peak, uptake rate, and washout rate of the lesion kinetics. The performance of the kinetic features in the task of distinguishing between benign and malignant lesions was assessed by receiver operating characteristic analysis. With a database of 121 breast lesions (77 malignant and 44 benign cases), the classification performance of the FCM-identified CKCs was found to be better than that from the curves obtained by averaging over the entire lesion and similar to kinetic curves generated from regions drawn within the lesion by a radiologist experienced in breast MRI.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Response decrements produced by extinction and by response-independent reinforcement.

The effects of extinction and of response-independent (free) reinforcement in decreasing rates of key pecking by pigeons were compared in single schedule (Phase 1) and multiple (Phase 2) conditions. In both phases, response rates decreased more rapidly with extinction than with free reinforcement conditions. Behavioral contrast was obtained from subjects trained in a multiple schedule involving extinction in Phase 2, whereas subjects trained in a multiple schedule involving free reinforcement showed a slight negative induction effect. Whether subjects experienced extinction or free reinforcement under single stimulus conditions did not affect subsequent performance in the discrimination situation of the second phase. Disinhibition testing was carried out at the end of both phases, but there was no evidence for disinhibitory effects under any condition.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Undergraduate medical education in Indonesia and its relevance for the needs of primary health care services

As a cumulative result of efforts made over the last 15 years, Indonesian medical school teachers have developed and are implementing a common ‘core curriculum’ of undergraduate medical education in 14 government medical schools. This curric-ulum is based on explicit learning objectives. The Indonesian Government requires that all new doctors must work for between 3 and 5 years in a Primary Health Care (PHC) centre immediately after graduation. Indonesian medical school teachers and administrators have deliberately tried to shape the core curriculum to the needs of PHC in their country. This study provides a detailed ‘content analysis’ of the core curriculum in an effort to estimate the ‘relevance” of the core curriculum to the func-tions and tasks doctors are expected to undertake at the PHC level of the Indone-sian health system. It is shown that the core curriculum is largely relevant both in terms of its ‘framework’ and in its ‘details’. Some omissions from the curriculum are noted. It is contended that the development of the core curriculum is but the cul-mination of the many efforts at educational innovation and change which have been attempted in Indonesia over the last 15 years; it is contended that Indonesia's ex-perience shows that it is possible, even in a well-established system of medical schools, for teachers to plan and implement programmes of Community-Oriented Medical Education (COME); and, finally, it is contended that medical teachers in other developing countries who may wish to reorient their programmes of medical edu-cation towards the needs of Primary Health Care would benefit from a careful ex-amination of the approaches to this task which have been adopted by their col-leagues in Indonesia.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
COMPETING NOTIONS OF SOCIAL JUSTICE AND CONTRADICTIONS IN SPECIAL EDUCATION REFORM

In the past three decades, special education has been subjected to extensive critique and reform of practices. These critiques have been based on notions of social justice and equity. However, the field has suffered from inadequate attention to assumptions about social justice. Social justice is essentially a contested concept. Rather than representing a unitary and universally shared concept, social justice has variable meanings. Differing views of social justice can be seen to underlie apparent contradictions in continuing practice in response to pressures for reform. Reforms predicated on individual rights have been undermined by deep commitments to meritocratic practices in U.S. schools. Reforms based on more communitarian principles, however, ignore the need for structure and the tendency for communal values to marginalize people with disabilities. Special education reform today requires a different basis in a relational definition of the self, structures to support the qualities of relationships, and a belief in the mutability of social justice.

Field of study: Education
Fast X-ray reflectivity measurements using an X-ray pixel area detector at the DiffAbs beamline, Synchrotron SOLEIL.

This paper describes a method for rapid measurements of the specular X-ray reflectivity signal using an area detector and a monochromatic, well collimated X-ray beam (divergence below 0.01°), combined with a continuous data acquisition mode during the angular movements of the sample and detector. In addition to the total integrated (and background-corrected) reflectivity signal, this approach yields a three-dimensional mapping of the reciprocal space in the vicinity of its origin. Grazing-incidence small-angle scattering signals are recorded simultaneously. Measurements up to high momentum transfer values (close to 0.1 nm-1, also depending on the X-ray beam energy) can be performed in total time ranges as short as 10 s. The measurement time can be reduced by up to 100 times as compared with the classical method using monochromatic X-ray beams, a point detector and rocking scans (integrated reflectivity signal).

Field of study: Physics
Comparative studies of irreversibility lines and critical current in heavy ion irradiated Bi/sub 2/Sr/sub 2/CaCu/sub 2/O/sub 8+/spl delta// bicrystals with [001] twist grain boundaries

Columnar defects, through 2.2 GeV Au-ions irradiation, were introduced into Bi/sub 2/Sr/sub 2/CaCu/sub 2/O/sub 8+/spl delta// (Bi-2212) bicrystals with [001] twist grain boundaries. Studies of the effect of heavy ion irradiation on the transport properties of the bicrystals were performed by measuring the irreversibility line and critical current within the constituent single crystals and across the [001] twist grain boundaries before and after irradiation. We found that the columnar defects greatly increased the irreversible temperature determined both within the single crystals and across the grain boundaries. However, the enhancement on critical current by the columnar defects measured across the grain boundaries is not significant, while more than an order of magnitude increase in the single crystal critical current was observed.

Field of study: Physics
A Negative Pion Beam Transport Channel for Radiobiology and Radiation Therapy at TRIUMF

A five quadrupole, two bending magnet negative pion beam transport channel has been designed to deliver a physical dose of 0.2 rad/sec into a volume of 10 cm × 10 cm × 8 cm thick located at a mean depth of 24 cm. The dose as a function of depth will be varied by a momentum-defining slit which will travel during the irradiation; a second slit in the system will be used to give a sharp lateral cut-off in the dose. Beam size will be varied by appropriately choosing the distances from the second bend to the last quadrupole and from the last quadrupole to the irradiation location. The changes in beam properties due to second-order terms and their correction by sextupole magnets and pole edge curvatures will be described.

Field of study: Physics
Intrauterine insemination with frozen semen in the ewe using a laparoscope.

めん羊の繁殖季節に,凍結融解精液を用いて腹腔内視鏡による子宮内授精を含む4種類の方法で人工授精を行ない,腹腔内視鏡による子宮内授精の可能性を検討した。子宮頸管外口部授精,子宮頸管深部授精,非外科的子宮内授精,および腹腔内視鏡による子宮内授精の各方法における分娩率は,それぞれ33.3%(2/6),0%(0/3),66.7%(2/3),および80.0%(4/5)であった。頭数が少ないため,授精方法間に有意な差は認められなかった(χ2=5.78,d.f=3)が,腹腔内視鏡による子宮内授精は,すべての雌羊に子宮内への授精が可能であり,凍結融解精液でも高い分娩率を期待できることが示唆された。

Field of study: Biology
Quark Condensates and Momentum-Dependent Quark Masses in a Nonlocal Nambu--Jona-Lasinio Model

The Nambu--Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model has been extensively studied by many researchers. In previous work we have generalized the NJL model to include a covariant model of confinement. In the present work we consider further modification of the model so as to reproduce the type of Euclidean-space momentum- dependent quark mass values obtained in lattice simulations of QCD. This may be done by introducing a nonlocal interaction, while preserving the chiral symmetry of the Lagrangian. In other work on nonlocal models, by other researchers, the momentum dependence of the quark self-energy is directly related to the regularization scheme. In contrast, in our work, the regularization is independent of the nonlocality we introduce. It is of interest to note that the value of the condensate ratio, $ / $, is about 1.7 when evaluated using chiral perturbation theory and is only about 1.1 in standard applications of the NJL model. We find that our nonlocal model can reproduce the larger value of the condensate ratio when reasonable values are used for the strength of the 't Hooft interaction. (In an earlier study of the $\eta$(547) and $\eta$'(958) mesons, we found that use of the larger value of the condensate ratio led to a very good fit to the mixing angles and decay constants of these mesons.) We also study the density dependence of both the quark condensate and the momentum-dependent quark mass values. Without the addition of new parameters, we reproduce the density dependence of the condensate given by a well-known model- independent expression valid for small baryon density.

Field of study: Physics