nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Removal of pesticides from rinsate by adsorption using agricultural residuals as medium

The feasibility of using agricultural residual with highly organic matter content ‐ spent mushroom compost (SMC) as adsorption medium for removal of pesticides including carbaryl, carbofuran, and aldicarb with a concentration range of 0–30 mg/L from rinsate was investigated. Bottle‐point method was used to determine adsorption isotherms for single‐pesticide and multi‐pesticides. It was found that SMC might potentially be used for on‐farm treatment of pesticide rinsate. The adsorption capacity of SMC was increased compared to most soils, possibly related to the increased organic matter content. The rapid equilibrium of pesticide solution and SMC was consistent with a physical type of adsorption mechanism. The adsorption of carbamate pesticides on SMC was found to exhibit nonlinear “favorable”; adsorption behavior that could be characterized well by the Freundlich isotherm model. In addition, the multi‐pesticide adsorption tests displayed the characteristics of competitive behavior. The competitive...

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Using self-organizing maps to analyze object-oriented software measures

In this study, we present self-organizing maps and discuss their role in the analysis and visualization of software modules in the space of software measures. We reveal how self-organizing maps create a user-friendly and interactive visualization tool that helps user/software designer inspect various alternatives and get a thorough insight into the structure of the clusters of the software modules and the related metrics (software measures). We show how using self-organizing maps we can grow clusters in a dynamic fashion and thus explicitly capture relationships between the software measures and quantify these dependencies for larger and less homogeneous clusters of software modules. The experimental environment exploited in this study relies on software measures coming from 10 large public domain systems, 5 Java and 5 C++ systems.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Assessment of Health Behaviors of a Group of Myocardial Infarction Patients Admitted To Teaching Hospitals In Erbil City

Coronary arteries diseases and the ensuing myocardial infarction are among the most common causes of death in human beings in many countries around the world including Iraq. Changing health behaviors such as balancing the diet, having regular exercises, quit smoking, and stopping alcohol intake are among the solutions for preventing, caring, curing and returning the patient to the physical, mental and social status he/she had before being afflicted by the disease . The aim of this study is to assess health behaviors of MI patients after recurrent MI attack.  it is a hospital based cross-sectional study, conducted in Erbil city involved three hundred patients that had recurrent MI attack. Data are collected from 1 st of July 2011 to 30 th of January 2012, by using questionnaire through direct interview.  Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 18 was used for data entry and analysis.  The non smoker rate increased from 72.3% before MI to 89.7% after MI. There was little change in those that take alcohol before and after MI events (before MI 6.7%; after MI 5.3%). There was no significant change in number of those that did exercise (before MI 7.3%; after MI 9%).There was a significant change in food control behavior after MI event (11% before MI increased to 67.7% of patients that adopted a controlled food behavior after MI). And majority of patients have unhealthy body mass index.  Results provide important new information on health behavior changes among those with chronic disease (MI) and suggest that intensive efforts are required to help initiate and maintain lifestyle improvements among this population Key words : MI, behavior, exercise, alcohol, food, BMI

Field of study: Education
TASK-1 Channels May Modulate Action Potential Duration of Human Atrial Cardiomyocytes

Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia in the elderly, and potassium channels with atrium-specific expression have been discussed as targets to treat atrial fibrillation. Our aim was to characterize TASK-1 channels in human heart and to functionally describe the role of the atrial whole cell current ITASK-1.  Using quantitative PCR, we show that TASK-1 is predominantly expressed in the atria, auricles and atrio-ventricular node of the human heart. Single channel recordings show the functional expression of TASK-1 in right human auricles. In addition, we describe for the first time the whole cell current carried by TASK-1 channels (ITASK-1) in human atrial tissue. We show that ITASK-1 contributes to the sustained outward current IKsus and that ITASK-1 is a major component of the background conductance in human atrial cardiomyocytes. Using patch clamp recordings and mathematical modeling of action potentials, we demonstrate that modulation of ITASK-1 can alter human atrial action potential duration.  Due to the lack of ventricular expression and the ability to alter human atrial action potential duration, TASK-1 might be a drug target for the treatment of atrial fibrillation.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Feasibility study of propagation-based phase-contrast X-ray lung imaging on the Imaging and Medical beamline at the Australian Synchrotron.

Propagation-based phase-contrast X-ray imaging (PB-PCXI) using synchrotron radiation has achieved high-resolution imaging of the lungs of small animals both in real time and in vivo. Current studies are applying such imaging techniques to lung disease models to aid in diagnosis and treatment development. At the Australian Synchrotron, the Imaging and Medical beamline (IMBL) is well equipped for PB-PCXI, combining high flux and coherence with a beam size sufficient to image large animals, such as sheep, due to a wiggler source and source-to-sample distances of over 137 m. This study aimed to measure the capabilities of PB-PCXI on IMBL for imaging small animal lungs to study lung disease. The feasibility of combining this technique with computed tomography for three-dimensional imaging and X-ray velocimetry for studies of airflow and non-invasive lung function testing was also investigated. Detailed analysis of the role of the effective source size and sample-to-detector distance on lung image contrast was undertaken as well as phase retrieval for sample volume analysis. Results showed that PB-PCXI of lung phantoms and mouse lungs produced high-contrast images, with successful computed tomography and velocimetry also being carried out, suggesting that live animal lung imaging will also be feasible at the IMBL.

Field of study: Physics
MIMETIC: Mobile encrypted traffic classification using multimodal deep learning

(TC) has become nowadays the enabler for valuable profiling information, other than being the workhorse for service differentiation or blocking. Nonetheless, a main hindrance in the design of accurate classifiers is the adoption of encrypted protocols, compromising the effectiveness of deep packet inspection. Also, the evolving nature of mobile network traffic makes solutions with Machine Learning (ML), based on manually- and expert-originated features, unable to keep its pace. These limitations clear the way to Deep Learning (DL) as a viable strategy to design traffic classifiers based on automatically-extracted features, reflecting the complex patterns distilled from the multifaceted traffic nature, implicitly carrying information in “multimodal” fashion. Multi-modality in TC allows to inspect the traffic from complementary views, thus providing an effective solution to the mobile scenario. Accordingly, a novel multimodal DL framework for encrypted TC is proposed, named MIMETIC, able to capitalize traffic data heterogeneity (by learning both intra- and inter-modality dependences), overcome performance limitations of existing (myopic) single-modality DL-based TC proposals, and support the challenging mobile scenario. Using three (human-generated) datasets of mobile encrypted traffic, we demonstrate performance improvement of MIMETIC over (a) single-modality DL-based counterparts, (b) state-of-the-art ML-based (mobile) traffic classifiers, and (c) classifier fusion techniques.

Field of study: Computer science
Long-term (>5 years) donor site outcome after mandibular labial mucosa graft harvesting for urethral reconstruction in children.

To report long-term donor site outcome after mandibular labial mucosa graft (LMG) harvesting in children.



Donor site outcome was evaluated after a follow-up of at least 5 years in 30 patients < or =14 years of age at surgery undergoing mandibular LMG harvesting for urethral reconstruction. Outcome domains considered included intra-oral donor site scarring, alteration in salivary flow, peri-oral numbness and tightness of the mouth.



After a median follow-up of 8 years (range 6-11.8 years), at a median age at evaluation of 13.4 years (range 9-22.2 years), 16 (53%) of the patients reported to feel a thickening at the harvesting site, none reported alterations in the salivary flow, and one patient each reported tightness of the mouth and peri-oral numbness. None of the patients reported symptoms to be bothersome enough to seek treatment.



LMG harvest is safe in children and associated with minimal long-term intra-oral symptoms.

Field of study: Medicine
Modelling collective cell migration: neural crest as a model paradigm

A huge variety of mathematical models have been used to investigate collective cell migration. The aim of this brief review is twofold: to present a number of modelling approaches that incorporate the key factors affecting cell migration, including cell–cell and cell–tissue interactions, as well as domain growth, and to showcase their application to model the migration of neural crest cells. We discuss the complementary strengths of microscale and macroscale models, and identify why it can be important to understand how these modelling approaches are related. We consider neural crest cell migration as a model paradigm to illustrate how the application of different mathematical modelling techniques, combined with experimental results, can provide new biological insights. We conclude by highlighting a number of future challenges for the mathematical modelling of neural crest cell migration.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
How Your Power Affects My Impression of You

In the present article, we investigate how a person’s power affects the way we infer traits from their behavior. In Experiment 1, our results suggest that, when faced with behavioral descriptions about others, participants infer both positive and negative traits about powerless actors, whereas for powerful and control (power irrelevant) actors, only positive but no negative traits are inferred, an effect we call the benevolence bias. In the second experiment, (a) we replicate this effect, (b) we show that it does not depend on the specific traits used in Experiment 1, and (c) we show that it is also detected when an implicit measure of inferences is used. Experiment 3 further shows that this effect generalizes to a more generic power manipulation. Theoretical explanations for these findings are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Studies on dissipation and degradation of 14C-DDT and 14C-DDE in Pakistani soils under field conditions

Dissipation and degradation of 14C‐p,p'‐DDT (Faisalabad and Peshawar locations) and 14C‐p,p'‐DDE (Faisalabad location) were studied for one year in soils under field conditions. Both DDT and DDE dissipated more rapidly under the Pakistani subtropical climate than reported for temperate regions. More binding to soil of 14C‐DDT was observed at Peshawar than that at Faisalabad. Overall halflives were 144 and 313 days in Faisalabad and Peshawar respectively. The main degradation products of p,p'‐DDT extracted from soils at the two locations were p,p'‐DDE and p,p'‐DDD. 14C‐DDE showed an overall halflife of 191 days under Faisalabad field conditions. Since the degradation of both DDT and DDE was not substantial, it is maintained that dissipation of both chemicals was largely due to volatilization/codistillation. About 68–92% of bound 14C‐residues from soils previously treated with 14C‐DDT were released by sulphuric acid treatment. Fresh soil inoculum also released up to 77% after three months. The resi...

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Rapid assessment of community needs and fisheries status in tsunami-affected communities in Aceh Province, Indonesia

This paper describes the application of the methodology called Rapid Appraisal of Fisheries Management System (RAFMS) to assess quickly the situation in tsunami-affected coastal fisheries in Aceh Province, Indonesia. As a diagnostic tool, the RAFMS is introduced in terms of its conceptual framework and procedures. The RAFMS was used to appraise the status of the fisheries sector in selected 15 villages. Information generated concerning level of fishing effort, marketing patterns and community perspectives on livelihood options are used as three illustrative examples. The paper also provides some insights in applying the RAFMS methodology in the context of disasters and in the broader context of tropical fisheries management.

Field of study: Environmental science
Spectroscopy of the lithium isotopes 7-9Li

Experimental search for highly excited states of the lithium isotopes 7-9Li was carried out in the stopped $\pi^{-}$-meson absorption reactions. Several states were found for the first time. Evidence of the existence of the 8Li level with $ E_{x}=11.2\pm 0.2$ MeV, $ 13.5\pm 0.1$ MeV and $ 17.5\pm 0.3$ MeV was found in the 12C($ \pi^{-}, dd$)X reaction. In the 11B($ \pi^{-}, d$)X reaction the level of 9Li with $ E_{x}=9.1\pm 0.1$ MeV, which lies above the threshold 9Li*$ \rightarrow$6He $ +t $, was observed. An indication for the formation of the 9Li state with $ E_{x}\approx 10.5$ MeV was obtained in the 12C($ \pi^{-},p d$)X reaction.

Field of study: Physics
Rare or Overlooked? Structural Disruption of Regulatory Domains in Human Neurocristopathies

In the last few years, the role of non-coding regulatory elements and their involvement in human disease have received great attention. Among the non-coding regulatory sequences, enhancers are particularly important for the proper establishment of cell type–specific gene-expression programs. Furthermore, the disruption of enhancers can lead to human disease through two main mechanisms: (i) Mutations or copy number variants can directly alter the enhancer sequences and thereby affect expression of their target genes; (ii) structural variants can provoke changes in 3-D chromatin organization that alter neither the enhancers nor their target genes, but rather the physical communication between them. In this review, these pathomechanisms are mostly discussed in the context of neurocristopathies, congenital disorders caused by defects that occur during neural crest development. We highlight why, due to its contribution to multiple tissues and organs, the neural crest represents an important, yet understudied, cell type involved in multiple congenital disorders. Moreover, we discuss currently available resources and experimental models for the study of human neurocristopathies. Last, we provide some practical guidelines that can be followed when investigating human neurocristopathies caused by structural variants. Importantly, these guidelines can be useful not only to uncover the etiology of human neurocristopathies, but also of other human congenital disorders in which enhancer disruption is involved.

Field of study: Biology
Faculty Rank System, Research Motivation, and Faculty Research Productivity: Measure Refinement and Theory Testing

A system of faculty ranks serves as a hierarchical structure for faculty members to pass through during their careers. Each step represents a promotion that typically results in an upgrade of status and salary. In general, faculty performances on institutional criteria determine a faculty member's rank. Educational attainment, seniority, teaching, and service are some of the criteria. However, studies show that faculty research productivity is the major criterion for promotion in universities granting Ph.D. degrees [24, 27, 33, 36].1 Some believe that the possibility of promotion has a motivating effect on faculty research behavior. For instance, because of his worry about the aging effect on reducing the overall research productivity of American faculty, Tuckman [36] has suggested changing the academic reward structure by increasing the numbers of ranks that faculty can attain. In Ruscio's [32] interview study a faculty respondent commented about research publications: "Half to three quarters of what I read, if I asked myself why was this written, the answer normally is 'promotion'." Recently, in order to help faculty apply for more research grants and gain recognition from countries in Asia, the Pacific, and Europe, the University of Hawaii community colleges changed their only rank title of instructor to a system of faculty ranks like those of four-year institutions . Even outside the United States, the Executive Yuan in Taiwan submitted a plan to the legislature to change their present rank

Field of study: Education
Doing well and doing good: scholars and diplomats in the making of Canadian foreign policy

One of the enduring challenges in analyzing Canadian foreign policy is untangling the interplay of national interests and values. Most decisions reflect a blend of the two, as Canadian policymakers seek their bliss point: doing well by doing good. Many of the papers in this journal argue that Canadian governments have over-promised and under-delivered on core issues of security and development. Scholars have found a fertile field of enquiry in exploring how domestic interests, including economic issues, migration, national unity and diaspora politics, have infused foreign policymaking. Building on this foundation, it would be useful for historians to deconstruct some of the prevailing myths associated with Canada the helpful fixer, making a difference in the world. Equally helpful would be exploring how these myths have been deployed by successive governments to craft and project contemporary Canadian identity.

Field of study: Political science
Impact of roof height non-uniformity on pollutant transport between a street canyon and intersections.

This paper presents an extension of our previous wind-tunnel study (Nosek et al., 2016) in which we highlighted the need for investigation of the removal mechanisms of traffic pollution from all openings of a 3D street canyon. The extension represents the pollution flux (turbulent and advective) measurements at the lateral openings of three different 3D street canyons for the winds perpendicular and oblique to the along-canyon axis. The pollution was simulated by emitting a passive gas (ethane) from a homogeneous ground-level line source positioned along the centreline of the investigated street canyons. The street canyons were formed by courtyard-type buildings of two different regular urban-array models. The first model has a uniform building roof height, while the second model has a non-uniform roof height along each building's wall. The mean flow and concentration fields at the canyons' lateral openings confirm the findings of other studies that the buildings' roof-height variability at the intersections plays an important role in the dispersion of the traffic pollutants within the canyons. For the perpendicular wind, the non-uniform roof-height canyon appreciably removes or entrains the pollutant through its lateral openings, contrary to the uniform canyon, where the pollutant was removed primarily through the top. The analysis of the turbulent mass transport revealed that the coherent flow structures of the lateral momentum transport correlate with the ventilation processes at the lateral openings of all studied canyons. These flow structures coincide at the same areas and hence simultaneously transport the pollutant in opposite directions.

Field of study: Environmental science
TH-A-137-09: Gated Lung SRS/SBRT with Conical Collimators.

To investigate the use of conical collimator equipped linacs to treat small lung tumors (< 3 cm in diameter) with gated stereotactic radio-surgery (SRS) or stereotactic body radio-therapy (SBRT) and to compare the performance of this modality with other treatment options currently being used.



A phantom simulating chest and lung motion was used to test the effectiveness of gating a linac equipped with conical collimators. Dose to a simulated lung lesion was planned, delivered using cones, and measured with an ionization chamber and film. Plans designed using traditional modalities for treatment of a single, small lung lesion were then compared with plans using conical collimators to determine if any advantages exist when using conical collimators.



Conical collimator equipped linacs may be used with respiratory gating during SRS/SBRT. For Varian Trilogy linacs, using beam arcs with cones rather than static beams would require software modifications that prevent minor-interlocks from reinitiating the beam after gantry motion is stopped due to gating. A significant advantage was found when using static beams with cylindrical collimators to treat small lung lesions where the healthy tissue at risk is limited by mean dose to the tissue. It is possible to deliver 30% higher doses to the target lesion under these circumstances. When the healthy tissue at risk is limited by maximum dose to surrounding critical structures, such as the spinal cord, using the cone collimators does not provide a significant advantage over other modalities.



The results show that, depending on the type of sensitivity exhibited by the tissue at risk, use of conical collimators with gated static beam SRS/SBRT on small lung tumors would allow delivery of higher target doses than conventional modalities, while still sparing surrounding normal tissue from damaging dose levels.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Organometallic catalysis in asymmetric synthesis

Asymmetric reactions involving organometallic catalysis are briefly reviewed. Recent developments in the field include the discovery of a few new asymmetric catalytic reactions and the improvement of the enantiomeric excess of already known reactions. The factors determining type and extent of asym— metric induction are considered and the difficulties encountered in the attempts to identify the origin of asymmetric induction in organontallic asymntric catalysis are discussed.

Field of study: Chemistry
Refrigeration and the UK catering industry

Resume On presente le developpement de la restauration collective au Royaume-Uni en examinant plus particulierement l'utilisation du froid. On se refere a l'introduction et a l'utilisation des methodes de cuisson-congelation et de cuisson-refrigeration pour ameliorer la valeur nutritionnelle des aliments tout en augmentant la productivite du personnel de service. On examine les avantages de divers systemes de preparation, d'entreposage, de transport et de remise en temperature des aliments selon le nombre de consommateurs. On conclut qu'il faut plutot plus que moins de technologie si l'on veut que le plupart des gens soient bien nourris de facon economique.

Field of study: Engineering