nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of Exogenous Sodium Nitroprusside on AsA-GSH Circulation Metabolism in Mitochondria of Young Loquat Fruits under Low Temperature Stress

The effects of exogenous nitric oxide donor SNP(sodium nitroprusside)on antioxidant systems in young loquat(Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.cv.Zaozhong No.6)fruit mitochondria under low temperature stress were investigated in this study.The antioxidant content and antioxidant enzyme activity of mitochondrion of young loquat fruits were determined after pretreated with different concentrations of SNP and cold stress under-3 ℃.The results indicated that the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)and malondialdehyde(MDA)of young loquat fruits treated with 0.2 or 0.5 mmol/L SNP were lower than those in the CK while the content of reduced glutathione(GSH)and ascorbate(AsA),the activities of ascorbate peroxidase(APX,EC 1.11.1.11),glutathione reductase(GR,EC 1.6.4.2),dehydroascorbate reductase(DHAR,EC 1.8.5.1)and monodehydroascorbate reductase(MDHAR,EC 1.6.5.4)were higher than those in the CK.However,the effect of higher concentrations of SNP(1.0 mmol/L)treatment on antioxidant capacity of young fruits was not obvious.Appropriate exogenous NO treatment enhanced the cold-resistant capacity of mitochondrion of young loquat fruits by raising the concentrations of GSH and AsA,the activities of APX,GR,DHAR and MDHAR,reducing the concentrations of H2O2 and MDA.And it reduced the damages that cells suffered from low temperature press,enhanced the cold-resistance capability of the young loquat fruits under low temperature stress.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Competing hospitals: assessing the impact of self-governing status in the United Kingdom.

The proposals contained in the White Paper 'Working for Patients' have been described as an attempt to introduce competition into a non-competitive situation. Together with the introduction of practice budgets for family practitioners, the granting of self-governing status to NHS hospitals is the principal mechanism by which this aim will be achieved. Very little is known about the effects of competition on the delivery of health care. Evidence from the United Kingdom is non-existent and from the United States of America is inadequate and contradictory. Yet, despite the inconclusive nature of this evidence, the U.K. Government is implementing the most radical reforms of the NHS since its inception without any systematic attempt to monitor the extent to which the reforms achieve the desired ends. In the absence of any systematic evaluation the responsibility for monitoring the effects of self-governing status will fall to the managers and public health specialists in the purchasing authorities. A variety of methods are described which would enable the reforms to be evaluated without holding back their implementation. No radical reform of the NHS can be expected to have an unambiguously beneficial impact on the delivery of health care. If the U.K. Government is genuine in its desire to improve health services, it should be prepared to subject its proposals to the sort of evaluation described in this paper.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Most dwarf spheroidal galaxies surrounding the Milky Way cannot be dark-matter dominated satellites

Milky Way dwarf spheroidal galaxies are the tiniest observed galaxies and are currently associated with the largest fractions of dark matter, which is revealed by their too large velocity dispersions. However, most of them are found near their orbital pericenters. This leads to a very low probability, P = 2 $10^{-7}$, that they could be long-lived satellites such as sub-halos predicted by cosmological simulations. Their proximity to their pericenters suggests instead that they are affected by tidal shocks, which provide sufficient kinematic energy to explain their high velocity dispersions. Dependency of the dark matter properties to their distance to the Milky Way appears to favor tidally shocked and out of equilibrium dSphs instead of self-equilibrium systems dominated by dark matter.

Field of study: Physics
Shearing interferometer using the grating as the beam splitter. Part 2.

In the previous paper, a Ronchi-type shearing interferometer was proposed, and the theoretical interpretation of the interferom­ eter and several experimental results were given. In this method, the distance between the grating and the observing plane (z = zp) is chosen so that a fourier image of the grating is formed in the observing plane and the distortion of the fourier image given by a phase object is detected by the moiré method. ' The optical ar­ rangement for this method is shown in Fig. 1. The purpose of

Field of study: Physics
Stringency in the emprical bayes problem

The empirical Bayes approach to statistical decision problems is preasentad where the unknown prior distribution is estimated up to an equivalence −k. This approximation of the prior is than used in the decision process where an asymptotically stringent solution with respact to − k is sought. The equivalence relations − k are such that k becomes larger − k approachas equality and our decision rule becomes asymptotically stringent with respect to the unknown prior distribution.

Field of study: Mathematics
Assessment of Cognitive Skills in the USSR: Historical Trends and Current Developments

Soviet psychology and its view of cognition and assessment have been influenced by political and ideological currents. Assessment practices in the Soviet Union reveal three trends. The so-called pedology movement was replaced in the 1930s by an anti-testing policy, followed more recently by a reassessment of psychodiagnostic practices. Late 1970s and the beginning of 1980s reveal strong interests in psychodiagnosis, as indicated by symposia organized in 1975 and 1980.

Field of study: Education
Definitions of terms relating to crystalline polymers (Recommendations 1988)

Titular Members: G. Allegra (Italy); R. E. Bareiss (FRG, from 1983); N. M. Bikales (USA, Secretary); A. D. Jenkins (WK, Chairman to 1985; Associate Member from 1985); P. Kratochvil (Czechoslovakia, Chairman from 1985); I. Mita (Japan); C. Noel (France, from 1985); I. M. Papisov (USSR); W. Ring (FRG, to 1981); P. Sigwalt (France, to 1983; Associate Member from 1983); W . W. Suter (Switzerland, from 1981).

Field of study: Chemistry
Stability of copper sulfide in a contaminated soil.

Because of their low solubility under reduced soil conditions, metal sulfides may decrease the toxicity of heavy-metal contaminants. Periodic variations in soil moisture may expose reduced soils to oxidizing conditions that are conducive to oxidative dissolution of metal sulfides. Using EXAFS spectroscopy, we determined the proportion of copper sulfide in soil samples before and after exposure to more oxidizing conditions for 35 days at pH 6.6 or 7.6. The samples were collected from the reduced zone (47 to 73 and 73 to 101 cm depth) of a contaminated soil and contained about 1,700 mg Cu/kg. In both the original and the treated soil samples, we detected only Cu-S bonding in the first shell, indicating that the soil samples were not oxidized to Cu-O bonding during the treatment.

Field of study: Physics
[Efficacy of rasagiline in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease with motor fluctuation (azimut study)].

An open observational 3-month study of efficacy and safety of selective MAO B inhibitor rasagiline (АZIlect) in advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with mоtor fluctuations on the long-term levodopa therapy (the "АZIMUT" study) has been conducted. Forty five non-demented patients with PD (mean age 64,7±8,4 years, mean duration of disease 9,5±4,0 years, mean Hoehn-Yahr stage 3,0±0,4, mean levodopa dose 673,9 mg/d) have been included in the study. All patients received rasagiline at a dose of 1 mg once daily as an adjunct to a stable anti-parkinsonian therapy. Patient's clinical state has been assessed at baseline and after 1 and 3 months of therapy. Forty two (93%) patients have completed the study. At the end of the third month of therapy, the daily off-time was decreased by 1,7 h. The ADL score (off-state) decreased by 22%, and the UPDRS-III score (on-state) decreased by 10%. The Global Clinical Improvement Scale revealed the marked improvement in 12% patients and moderate improvement in 43% patients. The severity of freezing of gait declined by 15%. Moreover, the initial severity of freezing seems to be a predictor of rasagiline clinical efficacy. The clinical effect of rasagiline steadily increased over 3 months. The fair tolerability of the drug and low rate of dyskinesias and other complications were demonstrated. In conclusion, the study has shown that rasagiline effectively reduces the off-time duration as well as the disability in off- and on-time and optimizes levodopa efficacy at the routine clinical practice setting.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Regularized inversion method for retrieval of aerosol particle size distribution function in W(1,2) space.

A determination of the aerosol particle size distribution function by using the particle spectrum extinction equation is an ill-posed integral equation of the first kind. To overcome this, we must incorporate regularization techniques. Most of the literature focuses on the Phillips-Twomey regularization or its variations. However, there are drawbacks for some applications in which the real aerosol distributions have large oscillations in a Junge-type distribution. The reason for this is that the scale matrix based on the norm of the second differences in the Phillips-Twomey regularization is too ill- conditioned to filter the large perturbations induced by the small algebraic spectrum of the kernel matrix and the additive noise. Therefore we reexamine the aerosol particle size distribution function retrieval problem and solve it in W1,2 space. This setting is based on Sobolev's embedding theorem in which the approximate solution best simulates the true particle size distribution functions. For choosing the regularization parameters, we also develop an a posteriori parameter choice method, which is based on the discrepancy principle. Our numerical results are based on the remote sensing data measured by the CE318 sunphotometer in Jia Xiang County, Shan Dong Province, China, and are performed to show the feasibility of the proposed algorithms.

Field of study: Physics
Control, prediction, order, and the joys of research.

JEAB's first decade featured control of individual behavior by operant contingencies, where the experimenter could interact with a subject in real time and obtain fairly immediate evidence of control, with the possibility of direct extension to applied settings. In subsequent decades, emphasis shifted toward long-term parametric studies with quantitative analyses of individual and group data. As a result, the reinforcers for the experimenter shifted from controlling behavior to uncovering and describing order, often using mathematical expressions. The same sorts of reinforcers are available for quantitative descriptions of aggregate behavioral data that may inform public policy.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
The myokine GDF-15 is a potential biomarker for myositis and associates with the protein aggregates of sporadic inclusion body myositis.

The cytokine growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) has been associated with inflammatory and mitochondrial disease, warranting exploration of its expression in myositis patients.



GDF-15 protein levels are evaluated in 35 idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) serum samples using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, comparing with levels in samples from healthy individuals and from patients with genetically confirmed hereditary muscular dystrophies and mitochondrial disorders. Muscle tissue expression of GDF-15 protein is evaluated using immunofluorescent staining and Western blotting.



GDF-15 protein levels are significantly higher in IIM sera (625 ± 358 pg/ml) than in that of healthy controls (326 ± 204 pg/ml, p = 0.01). Western blotting confirms increased GDF-15 protein levels in IIM muscle. In skeletal muscle tissue of IIM patients, GDF-15 localizes mostly to small regenerating or denervated muscle fibres. In patients diagnosed with sporadic inclusion body myositis, GDF-15 co-localizes with the characteristic protein aggregates within affected muscle fibres.



We describe for the first time that GDF-15 is a myokine upregulated in myositis and present the cytokine as a potential diagnostic serum biomarker.

Field of study: Medicine
Varied Shock and Simple Escape

5 groups of rats were trained on an operant escape task under high, intermediate, or low shock conditions. Each of 3 groups received one of these intensities on all days and trials. The fourth group alternated between high and low shock intensities on consecutive days and the fifth group between high and low shock intensities randomly on consecutive trials within a day. High-intensity shock elicited faster escape responding than did low-intensity shock. Responding at a given shock level was similar regardless of the schedule of shock presentation (i.e., constant, alternated, or random). It was concluded that drive level on a given trial was the major determinant of performance.

Field of study: Psychology
Simulation Analysis of Steel Ingot Stress Field in ESC

To solve the problem that it is difficult to measurement the hot stress caused by great difference in temperature of ingot in ESC,the field of temperature and stress of steel ingot in ESC was simulated by the large-scale finite element analysis software ANSYS.The result of the simulation is in accordance with the practice.And the distributed trend of temperature field and stress field of ingot were studied according to the result.It offered the scientific basis for the produced of ESC.

Field of study: Materials science
Contractualism and the new and improved redundancy objection

T. M. Scanlon's contractualism holds that for an action to be wrong in the most central sense of 'wrong' is for it to be forbidden by any set of principles nobody could reasonably reject for informed, unforced general agreement (Scanlon 1998: 153). Perhaps the most frequently raised objection to Scanlon's contractualism is that the appeal to reasonable rejectability is simply redundant. The objection goes roughly as follows. Whenever principles allowing an action are reasonably rejectable because that action has some feature (or set of features) F, the action is wrong simply in virtue of being F and not because its being F makes principles allowing it reasonably  The appeal to reasonable rejectability seems otiose when we could apparently understand wrongness more directly in terms of the grounds for reasonable rejection. Call this the 'redundancy objection'. It has been pressed by Simon Blackburn (1999), Colin McGinn (1999) and

Field of study: Philosophy
Die Polarisation der Comptonstreuung nach der Diracschen Theorie des Elektrons

ZusammenfassungIn Fortsetzung der voranstehenden Arbeit von Klein und dem Verfasser * ist der Polarisationszustand des Lichtes, das von einem freien ruhenden Elektron gestreut wird, nach der Diracschen Theorie des Elektrons näher untersucht worden. Es zeigt sich, daß für eine gegebene Anfangsrichtung des magnetischen Moments des Elektrons die gestreuten Strahlen bei Jinear polarisiertem einfallenden Lichte im allgemeinen durch zwei inkohärente elliptisch polarisierte Strahlungen dargestellt werden können, was mit den Übergängen zu den beiden nach der Theorie des Magnetelektrons möglichen Endzuständen zusammenhängt. Es wird ein Ausdruck für die Intensität des zweimal rechtwinklig gestreuten Lichtes gegeben, der einen direkten Vergleich mit den experimentellen Untersuchungen des Polarisationszustandes der Comptonstreuung gestattet.

Field of study: Physics
Reduced incidence and severity of experimental autoimmune arthritis in mice expressing catalytically inactive A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 8 (ADAM8)

A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 8 (ADAM8), a catalytically active member of the ADAMs family of enzymes, is expressed primarily on immune cells and thus probably involved in inflammatory responses. ADAM8 is also produced by chondrocytes, and recombinant ADAM8 can induce cartilage catabolism. We therefore decided to test the role of ADAM8 in autoimmune inflammatory arthritis using transgenic mice expressing catalytically inactive ADAM8. Transgenic DBA/1J mice expressing an inactivating point mutation in the ADAM8 gene to change Glu330 to Gln330 (ADAM8EQ) were generated to evaluate the proteolytic function of ADAM8 in an lipopolysaccharide‐synchronized collagen‐induced arthritis (LPS‐CIA) model of autoimmune arthritis. The systemic inflammatory reaction to LPS was also evaluated in these mice. Expression profiling of paw joints from wild‐type mice revealed that ADAM8 mRNA levels increased at the onset of clinical arthritis and correlated well with cellular macrophage markers. When subjected to LPS‐CIA, ADAM8EQ mice demonstrated decreased incidence and severity of clinical arthritis compared to wild‐type mice. Histological examination of paw joints from ADAM8EQ mice confirmed marked attenuation of synovial inflammation, cartilage degradation and bone resorption when compared to wild‐type mice. However, transgenic mice and wild‐type mice responded similarly to LPS‐induced systemic inflammation with regard to mortality, organ weights, neutrophil sequestration and serum cytokine/chemokine production. We conclude that ADAM8 proteolytic activity plays a key role in the development of experimental arthritis and may thus be an attractive target for the treatment of arthritic disorders while minimizing risk of immunocompromise.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Improving the genome annotation of the acarbose producer Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110 by sequencing enriched 5'-ends of primary transcripts.

Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110 is the producer of the alpha-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose, which is an economically relevant and potent drug in the treatment of type-2 diabetes mellitus. In this study, we present the detection of transcription start sites on this genome by sequencing enriched 5'-ends of primary transcripts. Altogether, 1427 putative transcription start sites were initially identified. With help of the annotated genome sequence, 661 transcription start sites were found to belong to the leader region of protein-coding genes with the surprising result that roughly 20% of these genes rank among the class of leaderless transcripts. Next, conserved promoter motifs were identified for protein-coding genes with and without leader sequences. The mapped transcription start sites were finally used to improve the annotation of the Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110 genome sequence. Concerning protein-coding genes, 41 translation start sites were corrected and 9 novel protein-coding genes could be identified. In addition to this, 122 previously undetermined non-coding RNA (ncRNA) genes of Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110 were defined. Focusing on antisense transcription start sites located within coding genes or their leader sequences, it was discovered that 96 of those ncRNA genes belong to the class of antisense RNA (asRNA) genes. The remaining 26 ncRNA genes were found outside of known protein-coding genes. Four chosen examples of prominent ncRNA genes, namely the transfer messenger RNA gene ssrA, the ribonuclease P class A RNA gene rnpB, the cobalamin riboswitch RNA gene cobRS, and the selenocysteine-specific tRNA gene selC, are presented in more detail. This study demonstrates that sequencing of enriched 5'-ends of primary transcripts and the identification of transcription start sites are valuable tools for advanced genome annotation of Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110 and most probably also for other bacteria.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
SYNTHESIS OF 4-POLYFLUOROALKYL-1,3-DITHIOLANES via [3+2] CYCLOADDITION OF THIOCARBONYL YLIDE TO POLYFLUOROALKANETHIOAMIDES

Новые 4-полифторалкил-1,3-дитиоланы были синтезированы реакцией амидов полифторалкантиокарбоновых кислот с тиокарбонилилидом, генерированными in situ путем десилилирования (триметилсилилметил)(хлорметил)сульфида при действии фторида тетраметиламмония.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Effects of Personality on Protean and Boundaryless Career Attitudes

A B S T R A C T Career literature is discussing the decline of the traditional career. Protean and boundaryless career attitudes are considered as two important approaches in the contemporary career era. While recent research has begun to recognize the links between career attitudes and other dispositional or behavioral factors, more empirical studies need to be done to enrich theory. In this regard, the present study examines the relation of personality aspects to protean and boundaryless career attitudes. The results of the Pearson correlation test based on a survey conducted among a sample of 380 employees working in one of the subsidiaries of National Iranian Oil Company, demonstrated that in general, personality had direct effects on career attitudes. In fact some of personality traits could be antecedents of protean and boundaryless career attitudes. Specifically, high agreeable individuals incline less to protean career orientation and in contrast, extroverted and open to experience people tend to follow protean and boundaryless careers more.

Field of study: Business
Uncertainty, Indicative Planning, and Industrial Policy

One of the major strands in institutional economic thought over the past eight decades has been an interest in democratic or indicative national economic planning as a program for coping with the major economic problems of the private enterprise system. This interest stretches from Thorstein Veblen's discussion in the 1 920s of a society of technicians operating in a serviceable socialist economy to John Kenneth Galbraith's assertion a half-century later that national economic planning is the next step in econoinic policy formulation. More recent examples of this interest in indicative national planning are found in , Marc Tool's The Discretionary Economy, and Wendell Gordon's Institutional Economics.' While the course of events in Western Europe since 1939 has lent empirical support to the institutionalist interest in economic planning, the institutionalists have done little to provide a theoretical rationale or economic justification for indicative national planning. The elements of such a rationale have been available to the institutionalists for many decades, but up to now they have not brought these elements together in a satisfactory treatment of the theoretical basis of national planning.

Field of study: Economics
Crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction analysis of hydroxynitrile lyase from cassava (Manihot esculenta).

Hydroxynitrile lyase from M. esculenta (cassava) was crystallized in two different crystal forms by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. Crystals of form I were obtained from a mixture of polyethylene glycol 8000 and 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol, and belong to the tetragonal space group P41212 or its enantiomorph P43212, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 105.9, c = 188.9 A and with two molecules in the asymmetric unit. These crystals diffract to 2.9 A with conventional X-ray sources and beyond 2.1 A resolution with synchrotron radiation. The crystals are relatively sensitive to radiation damage and conditions for flash-cooling the crystals have been established. A complete native data set has been collected up to 2.2 A resolution. Crystal form II has been obtained at pH 5.6 using lithium sulfate as a precipitant. The crystals apparently belong to the orthorhombic space group P21212, with unit-cell parameters a = 117.52, b = 127.09 and c = 78.08 A, have two molecules in the asymmetric unit and diffract to beyond 2.0 A resolution. A complete native data set has been collected to 2.2 A resolution.

Field of study: Chemistry