nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Exploring the Leadership Preference of Malaysian Generation Y Employees: A Conceptual Paper

Generation Y, individuals age 34 years and below are dominating the workforce in Malaysia today with nearly half of the labour force comprised of this generational cohort. They will be playing a vital role in the Malaysian labour market and will have unprecedented impact to the country’s future economic growth. However, a dilemma confronting leaders today is the limited understanding when leading the Gen Y. This paper is not empirically based but merely conceptual in nature. It is aimed at presenting the preliminary work for a study. The concepts of leadership and the many theories that have evolved are examined. Review of past literature concerning the Gen Y and their leaders are deliberated. From the literature review, many missing parameters were discovered. Firstly, studies in Gen Y mostly covers motivation, values, behaviours, job satisfaction and organisational commitment but not on leadership preferences per se. In addition to that many of the studies conducted are in the Western perspectives and to accept the results entirely will be an over-generalisation. Lastly, the field of leadership is continuously evolving inspired by the current wants and needs. Thus this brings light to the intention of this study which is to explore the leadership preferences of Gen Y employees specifically looking at the local context. The conceptual framework proposed as the foundation of this study consists of the different leadership theories from early days of trait theory to the more contemporary transformational leadership theory. This conceptual framework will guide in the data collection process whereby a basic qualitative method is proposed as the most suitable approach for this study. It will be based on the interpretive or constructivist perspective where multiple realities and lived experiences of Gen Y concerning their leadership preferences will be uncovered through in depth interviews with the participants involved.

Field of study: Business
Performance Evaluation of MANET Routing Protocols Under Different Mobility Models

In the last several years the MANET routing protocols and mobility model combinations have been studied widely. These studies have used different MANET parameters for performance evaluation due to which the uniformity for the sake of comparison among the research works has been missing. This work provides a comprehensive study using wide range of MANET parameters, and draws conclusions for the performance of routing protocols under different mobility models. The routing protocols used are DSDV, AODV and DSR. The mobility models used are Random Way Point (RWP), Gauss Markov (GM) and Reference Point Group Mobility (RPGM). The performance metrics used are Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), end to end delay and throughput. The NS-2 simulation tool has been used for the study.

Field of study: Engineering
Nonlinear relation between alcohol intake and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level: results from the Copenhagen City Heart Study.

It has been suggested that the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in the blood can be used as a marker of recent alcohol intake. However, before using HDL-C as a predictor of alcoholism, the relation between alcohol intake and HDL-C in the entire range of consumption must be explored. Most studies model the relation between alcohol intake and HDL-C linearly, although a threshold effect is expected. The objective of this study was to evaluate the shape of the relation between intake of alcohol and HDL-C and to determine whether there are differential effects of beer, wine, and spirits on HDL-C and whether they remain after adjusting for total alcohol.



The relation between alcohol intake and HDL-C was investigated by means of generalized additive models using data from the Copenhagen City Heart Study.



A nonlinear effect of alcohol improved the model fit significantly, and the nonlinearity of alcohol was highly significant in both men and women. The relation was concave: HDL-C was stable in men and women who drank more than approximately 35 and 20 drinks per week, respectively. We found a significant nonlinear term of wine on HDL-C in men after adjustment for total alcohol intake.



There was a concave relation between alcohol intake and HDL-C, indicating a threshold effect of alcohol on HDL-C. The association between wine and HDL-C in men after adjusting for total alcohol intake may be due to residual lifestyle confounding.

Field of study: Medicine
Facilitation and inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex in the rat after a momentary increase in background noise level.

Small increments in background noise were shown to increase the amplitude of a subsequently elicited acoustic startle reflex (ASR) in rats by as much as 100% under optimal conditions. Increment lead time (5-160 ms) and level (1.5-15 dB), initial noise level (30-70 dB), startle level (95-125 dB), number of test days (1-5), and drug condition (diazepam or saline ip) were varied in 6 experiments. Prepulse facilitation (PPF), measured by difference scores, was greatest for intermediate increments (3 dB) and lead times (20-40 ms) and was replaced by prepulse inhibition (PPI) for higher values, especially in the later test days. Diazepam reduced baseline ASR and diminished PPI, but it did not affect PPF. These data argue against hypotheses that attribute PPF of this sort to either temporal integration within the ASR pathways or to the elicitation of a nonspecific arousal reaction by the prepulse.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Geochemistry and microbial diversity of a trichloroethene-contaminated Superfund site undergoing intrinsic in situ reductive dechlorination.

This study explored the geochemistry and microbial diversity of a Superfund site containing trichloroethene (TCE) and an unusual co-pollutant, tetrakis(2-ethylbutoxy)silane. Geochemical analysis of contaminated groundwater indicated subsurface anaerobiosis, reductive dechlorination of TCE to predominantly cis-1,2-dichloroethene, and (transient) accumulation of 2-ethylbutanol and 2-ethylbutyrate as a result of tetrakis(2-ethylbutoxy)silane breakdown. Comparative analysis of 106 16S rDNA and 61 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region sequences - obtained from pristine and contaminated groundwater via DNA extraction, PCR amplification, cloning and sequencing - revealed that the contaminated groundwater featured (i) a distinct microbial community, (ii) reduced species diversity, (iii) various anaerobes, and (iv) bacteria closely related to the TCE-dechlorinating, dichloroethene-accumulating genus Dehalobacter, whereas (v) the TCE-dechlorinating, ethene-producing species Dehalococcoides ethenogenes was not detectable. Thus, geochemical and molecular biological results were in excellent agreement in this first ecological field study linking in situ reductive dechlorination of TCE to metabolism of tetraalkoxysilanes.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Simulation and Measurement of Quenching and Channeling Effects in CsI(Tl) for Dark Matter Search

In order to understand the scintillation characteristics of nuclear recoil events in CsI(Tl) crystals and for application to the analysis of Dark Matter (DM) searches, we study quenching and channeling effects with simulations of recoil ion motion in CsI(Tl) and experiments using neutrons impinging on the crystal. The electronic energy loss versus penetration depth of recoil ions in a CsI(Tl) target are simulated by the SRIM and MARLOWE programs and modified by the application of a measured scintillation efficiency function. They are used to produce quenching factors as a function of recoil energy. The application of the MARLOWE code to a monocrystalline target yields a light yield distribution including tails which are correlated with ions' enhanced ranges. The 2.4 MeV pulsed neutrons impinging on a monocrystalline CsI(Tl) target and an array of neutron detectors located at different scattering angles are used to measure the light yield distribution and the status of the measurement is reported.

Field of study: Physics
Mutual Voronoi tessellation in spoke pattern convection.

Planar cellular networks are made of polygonal cells usually having an average of six sides and trivalent vertices. We analyze the topological properties of spoke patterns observed in the convection of highly viscous fluids. The competition between ascending and descending columns of fluid generates dual networks where on average cells are four sided and vertices tetravalent. This observation identifies a new class of dual networks satisfying a mutual Voronoi relation. The metric of the pattern is dominated by the distance between nearest neighbors vertices of opposite species.

Field of study: Physics
Network assisted latency reduction for mobile web browsing

To load a webpage, a web browser first downloads the base HTML file of the page in order to discover the list of objects referenced in the page. This process takes roughly one round-trip time and constitutes a significant portion of the web browsing delay on mobile devices as wireless networks suffer from longer transmission and access delays compared to wired networks. In this work, we propose a solution for eliminating this initial delay, which is transparent to end systems, does not require modifying HTTP, and is well suited for web browsing on mobile devices. Our solution, called WebPro, relies on a network proxy that builds an up-to-date database of resource lists for the websites visited frequently by network users. The proxy resides in the wired part of the network, and hence can afford to pro-actively build and refresh the resource list database periodically. When a request for a webpage comes to the proxy, it simultaneously fetches the base HTML and all referenced objects required to render the webpage using the corresponding resource list stored in the local database. We also show that the benefits of WebPro become more significant by increasing the complexity of webpages as it is able to circumvent the inter-object dependencies in a webpage. We have built a working prototype of WebPro and have used real-world traffic traces along with live experiments over Wi-Fi and LTE networks to assess its performance. Our results show an average of 26% reduction in page load time for a mix of popular web sites chosen from categories such as news, sports and shopping. Moreover, in comparison to another best known proxy-based solution, WebPro provides delay reductions ranging from 5% to 51% for a variety of web sites.

Field of study: Computer science
On the Mean Value of L(1/2, χ ) FW Real Characters

Asymptotic formulae are derived for the sums ZL''(i,x), where k=l or 2 and x runs over all Dirichlet characters defined by Kronecker's symbol ^ with d being restricted to fundamental discriminants in the interval [—A'.O) or (0,jr]. Also, asymptotic formulae are proved for the sums where Zp('')=(") is defined by the Legendre symbol and p is restricted to primes p ^ X with/) = i; (mod 4), AMS-aassification: lO-H-08.

Field of study: Philosophy
Prescott's Most Indispensable Aide: Pascual de Gayangos

IN HIS pursuit of the endlessly interdependent activity that is historical scholarship, William Hickling Prescott was peculiarly dependent. His dependent nature sprang from three basic circumstances: the state of Spanish and Spanish American historical studies in the United States, wherein his trail-blazing contributions antedated the existence of public collections-hence the necessity that he build a significant personal library; the state of his physical being, which found him blind in one eye and able to employ the other one in an erratic and occasional fashion only; and the inner nature of the man who was so enamored of family, friends, Boston, personal comforts, and fashionable society that the very thought of foreign travel in search of' historical materials never received serious consideration in the course of his entire career. In addition to his overweening stay-at-home social side, Prescott was furthermore such a romantic that he quite possibly held illusions about Spain, Mexico, and Peru-the focal points of his histories, that jealously precluded his ever visiting them. To counter these intellectual, physical, and social-psychological obstacles, Prescott knew a financial well-being that permitted him to move ahead with his historical studies. In so doing he depended upon many for many things. In Spain, Mexico, England, France, the Italian and German states, Austria, Belgium, and the Netherlands, Prescott repeatedly depended so heavily upon American foreign service personnel that it would not have been amiss had he dedicated one of his works to the Department of State. Secretary of Legation Arthur Middleton, a classmate of the historian's at Harvard, was his aide in Madrid for almost eight years, finding materials and copyists, shipping transcripts, etc. From Spain, too, Ministers Alexander H. Everett and Washington Irving and Consul Alexander Burton extended peculiarly personal patterns of assistance. Both in England and on the con-

Field of study: History
The influence of higher education internationalization on the development of Chinese higher education

With rapid development of the economic globalization, information society and knowledge-based economy, internationalization of higher education becomes the leading characteristic and important trend of higher education development in many countries including China. Internationalization of higher education brings opportunity as well as serious challenge to Chinese higher education. We should think about and deal with the influence of internationalization of higher education on Chinese higher education to ensure its healthy development.

Field of study: Education
"It is more than the issue of taking tablets": the interplay between migration policies and TB control in Sweden.

Tuberculosis is re-emerging as a critical public health concern in Sweden among the immigrants. The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of the Somali community of TB care in the Stockholm area.



Focus group discussions were conducted with 34 adult women and men by a Somali speaking moderator. Each group consisted of 6-9 participants-men and women separately. The audio taped discussions were transcribed, translated and read many times and in the process patterns and codes were identified and migration emerged as important theme in the context of TB control.



Fear of being deported emerged as barrier to sharing of complete health information with the doctor. The routine contact tracing and follow-up of infected cases in TB control was expressed as a source of concern since it was feared the health care providers could share the information with the immigration authorities. Interpreter use was expressed as barrier particularly if of same female gender.



It is important to be aware of how a country's immigration policies impact on TB control activities among immigrants The existing TB control measures, such as contact tracing, assume new meanings for immigrants. Further research is therefore needed to understand this emerging complexity in order to make TB control more effective.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
New Interpretation of the Permo-Carboniferous Varves at Squantum

An examination of thick varves in slate in a quarry on Foster Street, Brighton, Massachusetts, in 1925, indicated an interpretation of the seasons which differs materially from that made by the writer in 1915. Inasmuch as the interpretation first given 1 2 was based on varves that stand 50 feet or more above the tillite at Squantum and that were compared directly with Pleistocene varves of the Connecticut Valley, it will be necessary first to describe the structure of Pleistocene varves in order that the different structure recently determined in the Squantum varves may be more thoroughly understood. Sequence of Deposition by Glaciers As a stream comes from a glacier in summer it deposits first coarse gravel, and next, farther away, sand and finer material. 3 The thickest deposit would be near the place where the stream emerged from the glacier, and the deposit of a year might be composed . . .

Field of study: Geology
Gustatory thalamus lesions eliminate successive negative contrast in rats.

Neurologically intact rats expecting to receive a high-value reward (1.0 M sucrose), licked less for an unexpected low-value reward (0.15% saccharin) than did control subjects that only received the saccharin solution. This reward comparison effect, termed successive negative contrast, was eliminated after bilateral electrolytic lesions of the gustatory thalamus. The results are discussed in terms of disrupted memory processes that may have rendered the lesioned rats incapable of computing the relative reward value of the available solution (0.15% saccharin) with respect to the memory of the preferred solution (1.0 M sucrose).

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
SU‐FF‐J‐121: Evaluation of Motion Variation of Liver and External Marker Block in Repeated 4D‐CT Studies

This study aims to evaluate the respiratory reproducibility in repeated sets of 4D‐CT scans for gated radiotherapy. Five livercancer patients underwent two sets of phase‐based 4D‐CT scans in a week interval. The external surrogating system composed of an infrared camera and an external marker block on the patient's chest was used to monitor patient's breathing. All the patients during imaging and treatment were breathed with an aid of audio coaching. The patient's liver and the marker block were contoured on 10 phase‐based images of 4D‐CT scans and their centers of mass (COM) were calculated. The same procedure was repeated for the second set of 4D‐CT. The superior‐inferior motion of liver and the anterior‐posterior motion of the marker were evaluated in the two consecutive scans.  On average, the mean amplitude differences of two scans in the liver and marker motions were 2.3 mm and 3.6 mm, respectively. The mean position variations calculated for the COM were 2.4 mm for liver and 1.9 mm for the marker. The liver motion has a bigger variation in inhalation phases, which was different from the pattern of the marker motion. Two of five patients had liver motion variations greater than 3 mm, while none of them had motion variations of the marker greater than 3 mm.  The result shows that monitoring of the external marker on the chest can surrogate the respiratory motion of liver. However, some patients might need multiple 4D‐CT scans to assure the respiratory reproducibility for gated radiotherapy.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Policies on support for, and involvement with developing and underdeveloped countries

The author makes the case that developing and underdeveloped countries should not be branded as “fragile” or “failing” states and viewed as the source of security threat or economic burden for the international community. Common security and common development are the appropriate policies to support and involve developing and underdeveloped countries. Greater efforts should be made to narrow the gap between north and south and the developed countries should take it as their responsibility to help the underdeveloped countries to become prosperous. The United Nations should play the leading role in safeguarding world peace and promoting common development. It is essential to have both international and regional cooperation in fighting against terrorism, countering proliferation of WMD, and supporting the developing and underdeveloped countries in eradicating poverty and striving for prosperity.

Field of study: Political science
Convective boiling pressure drop of refrigerant R-134a in horizontal smooth and microfin tubes

Present study deals with the pressure drop of refrigerant R-134a under convective boiling conditions in horizontal smooth and microfinned (‘grooved’) copper tubes. Experiments have been carried out in an experimental set up developed for change of phase studies with a test section made out of 7.0, 7.93, and 9.52 mm external diameter, 1.5 m long copper tubes, electrically heated by tape resistors wrapped on the external surface. Mass velocities and refrigerant qualities varied in the following ranges: 70–1100 kg s −1  m −2 and 5–95%. The annular flow pattern has been observed to occur over most of the operational conditions. For smooth tubes, the Jung and Radermacher correlation for the liquid two phase flow multiplier fits with reasonable precision the experimental data. As for grooved tubes, a correlation of the two phase flow multiplier in terms of the Martinelli's parameter has been developed which fits the data with an average absolute deviation of the order of 6.3%. The proposed correlation fits with good precision data obtained elsewhere for grooved tubes of different diameter and microfin geometry.

Field of study: Engineering
New Technique of Producing High Quality Low-Cr White Cast Iron

优质低铬白口铸铁生产新工艺其核心就是将变质处理、孕育处理、微合金化技术三位一体,互为作用.笔者以优质低铬白口铸铁生产新工艺内容的形式来体现冶金处理技术还应具备哪些相关的动力学条件才能充分发挥其本身工艺效果展开了讨论.

Field of study: Materials science
Efficient Laminate Theory for Predicting Transverse Shear Stresses in Piezoelectric Composite Plates

A new coupled efficient layerwise higher-order theory is presented for analysis of hybrid piezoelectric composite plates with the aim of predicting transverse shear stresses directly from the constitutive equations. The theory is developed by superposing layerwise quadratic and cubic terms on the third-order zigzag approximations of the existing zigzag theory. The electric potential is assumed to be quadratic across the layers. By satisfying the interface continuity conditions for each of the two local terms separately and enforcing the conditions on the transverse shear stresses at layer interfaces and top and bottom surfaces, the number of displacement unknowns is reduced to nine. Comparisons with the three-dimensional exact solutions reveal that the present theory is a significant improvement over the existing zigzag theory for elastic and hybrid composite plates. It yields superior results, not only for transverse shear stresses, but also for other response entities, including the layerwise higher-order variations of in-plane displacements and nonuniform distribution of deflection under electric potential load.

Field of study: Physics
Highly selective introduction of heteroatom groups to isocyanides and its application to electrocyclic reactions

Photoinduced cyclization of o-alkenylaryl isocyanides with (PhS)2 in the presence of (PhTe)2 affords the corresponding bisthiolated indene derivatives in good yields via radical cyclization process by thio radical. The procedure can be applied to the construction of tetracyclic systems by using bis(o-aminophenyl) disulfides in place of (PhS)2. In sharp contrast, when o-alkynylaryl isocyanides are employed as the substrates, novel electrocyclic reactions take place upon photoirradiation or heating at 40~80 °C to generate quinoline 2,4-biradical species, which are trapped with organic diselenides, ditellurides, and molecular iodine to give the corresponding 2,4-diseleno-, ditelluro-, and diiodo-quinoline derivatives, respectively, in good yields. The obtained quinoline derivatives are useful synthetic intermediates; for example, cross-coupling reactions using 2,4-diiodoquinolines lead to the preparation of functionalized quinoline derivatives.

Field of study: Chemistry