nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Disordered breathing during sleep and exercise in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and the role of biomarkers.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients report fatigue, possibly reflecting sleep disturbance, but little is known about sleep-related changes. We compared ventilation and gas exchange during sleep and exercise in a cohort of IPF patients, and evaluated associations with selected biological markers.



Twenty stable IPF patients (aged 67.9 ± 12.3 [SD]) underwent overnight polysomnography following an acclimatization night. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing was performed and inflammatory markers measured including TNF-α, IL-6, CXCL8, C-C motif ligand 18 (CCL-18) and C-reactive protein (CRP)  Nine patients had sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) with an apnea-hypopnea frequency (AHI) ≥ 5/h, but only two had Epworth sleepiness score ≥ 10, thus having an obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep quality was poor. Transcutaneous carbon dioxide tension (PtcCO2) rose by 2.56 ± 1.59 kPa overnight (P = 0.001), suggesting hypoventilation. Oxygen saturation (SaO2) was lower during sleep than exercise (P < 0.01), and exercise variables correlated with resting pulmonary function. CCL-18 and CRP levels were elevated and correlated with PtcCO2 rise during sleep (P < 0.05). CCL-18 negatively correlated with diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO), arterial oxygen (PaO2) and mean arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) (P < 0.05) and CRP negatively correlated with DLCO, PaO2, sleep SaO2 and oxygen uptake (VO2) during exercise (P < 0.05).



IPF patients desaturate more during sleep than exercise; thus, nocturnal pulse oxymetry could be included in clinical assessment. CCL-18 and CRP levels correlate with physiological markers of fibrosis.

Field of study: Medicine
Equation for predicting shelf life of an apple

the entrance into S phase (PS). These values are nutritionally modulated: higher growth rates and larger PS are observed in rich media. The aim of this line of work is first to generate a coarse-grain scaffold model of growth and cycle (GCM) and then to utilize new experimental findings and the previously described network analysis to achieve a finer-grain modeling of specific modules of GCM. Iteratively improved hybrid models for yeast growth and cycle would thus be achievable.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Subglacial hydrology and sediment transport at Bondhusbreen, southwest Norway

Tunnels driven, in rock under the glacier Bondhusbreen in Norway, and thence upward to the ice-rock interface, provide a rare opportunity to study a subglacial drainage system. Early in the melt season, suspended sediment discharges in the subglacial water channels are large, and channels apparently change position. These effects are inferred to be a consequence of increased separation of ice from the bed due to increased water pressure. Water pressures are believed to be high at this time of year because water channels, having closed by plastic deformation during the winter when discharges are low, are too small to handle the increasing spring discharges. Water thus backs up in the channel system. Calculations suggest that further changes in channel position occur as discharges increase, because the potential energy released by the water is able to melt ice in the walls of channels faster than it is replaced by inward flow of ice. Channels can thus trend diagonally across the direction of glacier flow. Although such changes may occur at any time during the melt season in response to variations in discharge, there appears to be a seasonal evolution of the drainage pattern under Bondhusbreen that is repeated each year. These shifting channel patterns make the engineering task of locating and diverting water beneath glaciers more difficult than anticipated.

Field of study: Geology
Automatic Generation of Wide Dynamic Range Image without Pseudo-Edge Using Integration of Multi-Steps Exposure Images

Recently, digital cameras are offering technical advantages rapidly. However, the shot image is different from the sight image generated when that scenery is seen with the naked eye. There are blown-out highlights and crushed blacks in the image that photographed the scenery of wide dynamic range. The problems are hardly generated in the sight image. These are contributory cause of difference between the shot image and the sight image. Blown-out highlights and crushed blacks are caused by the difference of dynamic range between the image sensor installed in a digital camera such as CCD and CMOS and the human visual system. Dynamic range of the shot image is narrower than dynamic range of the sight image. In order to solve the problem, we propose an automatic method to decide an effective exposure range in superposition of edges. We integrate multi-step exposure images using the method. In addition, we try to erase pseudo-edges using the process to blend exposure values. Afterwards, we get a pseudo wide dynamic range image automatically.

Field of study: Computer science
The Reality of Practicing the Decision-Making Process in Public Schools for Boys in the Directorate of Education Amman Brigade

This study aimed to identify the reality of decision-making practice in public schools for boys in the Directorate of Education Amman Brigade. To achieve the goal of the study the researchers used the descriptive survey method, and the questionnaire was applied to a study sample consisted of (62) principals of public schools for boys for the academic year 2018/2019. The study results showed that, the degree of school principals practicing decision-making in public schools came with a moderate degree. The most frequently practiced phrases were: I care about decisions that make the school a better environment for the educational process, the decisions I make are subject to the school external environment conditions, and I specify the goals of the decision before issuing it. Where the highest obstacles facing principals in decision-making in public schools are the large burdens placed on the principal, the lack of participation in decision-making, the scarcity of training courses for school decision-making processes, and the lack of powers granted to the principal in decision-making. The study recommended that teachers must participate with the principal in the school decision-making process. When selecting school principal, it is preferable to be a holder of a master's or a doctorate in the field of educational administration, to hold special programs for preparing school principals according to the requirements of school accreditation

Field of study: Education, Sociology
The use of age—frequency distributions of micromammals in the determination of attritional and catastrophic mortality of fossil assemblages

Many authors have used age—frequency profiles of fossil populations of large mammals to determine whether an assemblage is the result of catastrophic or attritional mortality. The smallest mammals previously used had calculated life spans of seven years or more. The use of small mammals (rabbit-sized or smaller) with much shorter life spans has never previously been done. Based on data from known fossil catastrophic assemblages and modern attritional assemblages of micromammals, it is evident that age—frequency profiles from these mammals are nearly identical to those of larger mammals and can be used in the same manner. Several fossil examples of both catastrophic and attritional mortality are cited. One example of a micromammal fauna can best be interpreted as a combination of catastrophic and attritional mortality. It is suggested that such a profile would not be recognizable in larger animals from the same horizon.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Explaining Self and Vicarious Reactance

Research shows that people experience a motivational state of agitation known as reactance when they perceive restrictions to their freedoms. However, research has yet to show whether people experience reactance if they merely observe the restriction of another person’s freedom. In Study 1, we activated realistic vicarious reactance in the laboratory. In Study 2, we compared people’s responses with their own and others’ restrictions and found the same levels of experienced reactance and behavioral intentions as well as aggressive tendencies. We did, however, find differences in physiological arousal: Physiological arousal increased quickly after participants imagined their own freedom being restricted, but arousal in response to imagining a friend’s freedom being threatened was weaker and delayed. In line with the physiological data, Study 3’s results showed that self-restrictions aroused more emotional thoughts than vicarious restrictions, which induced more cognitive responses. Furthermore, in Study 4a, a cognitive task affected only the cognitive process behind vicarious reactance. In contrast, in Study 4b, an emotional task affected self-reactance but not vicarious reactance. We propose a process model explaining the emotional and cognitive processes of self- and vicarious reactance.

Field of study: Psychology
Biogeochemistry of methane and methanogenic archaea in permafrost.

This study summarizes the findings of our research on the genesis of methane, its content and distribution in permafrost horizons of different age and origin. Supported by reliable data from a broad geographical sweep, these findings confirm the presence of methane in permanently frozen fine-grained sediments. In contrast to the omnipresence of carbon dioxide in permafrost, methane-containing horizons (up to 40.0 mL kg(-1)) alternate with strata free of methane. Discrete methane-containing horizons representing over tens of thousands of years are indicative of the absence of methane diffusion through the frozen layers. Along with the isotopic composition of CH(4) carbon (delta(13)C -64 per thousand to -99 per thousand), this confirms its biological origin and points to in situ formation of this biogenic gas. Using (14)C-labeled substrates, the possibility of methane formation within permafrost was experimentally shown, as confirmed by delta(13)C values. Extremely low values (near -99 per thousand) indicate that the process of CH(4) formation is accompanied by the substantial fractionation of carbon isotopes. For the first time, cultures of methane-forming archaea, Methanosarcina mazei strain JL01 VKM B-2370, Methanobacterium sp. strain M2 VKM B-2371 and Methanobacterium sp. strain MK4 VKM B-2440 from permafrost, were isolated and described.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Fovea and foveation in Parkinson's disease.

Nondemented Parkinson's disease (PD) patients report problems on nonmotor tasks that depend on visual or visuospatial abilities. In PD, foveal vision is impaired. Experimental studies in humans and monkeys established that foveal processing and visuospatial attention may be linked through saccadic eye movements. Saccadic eye movements "bring" eccentric targets to the direct sight line for closer scrutiny by foveal processing. This is called foveation. This review musters the arguments for impaired foveal vision and impaired cortical control of voluntary saccades in PD. Retinal impairment of spatial contrast vision is selective in PD. Thus, the reviewed literature includes a brief survey of the physiology of foveal pathways. This is necessary to understand the specificity of the retinopathy of PD, documented by clinical evidence, relying on psychophysical, electrophysiological, and imaging techniques. These have recently been supplanted by the results of retinal imaging using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). Studies of cortical mechanisms in PD reviewed here relied on neuropsychological, electrophysiological (EEG), and imaging techniques. Impaired functional anatomy and electrophysiology in PD are reviewed. The exact relationship of retinal foveal deficits and visuospatial attention and postural control impairment in PD remain challenging research questions. This review will hopefully will provide useful material for future studies.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Modelling the UV to radio SEDs of nearby star-forming galaxies: new Parsec SSP for Grasil

By means of the updated PARSEC database of evolutionary tracks of massive stars, we compute the integrated stellar light, the ionizing photon budget and the supernova rates of young simple stellar populations (SSPs), for different metallicities and IMF upper mass limits. Using CLOUDY we compute and include in the SSP spectra the neb- ular emission contribution. We also revisit the thermal and non-thermal radio emission contribution from young stars. Using GRASIL we can thus predict the panchromatic spectrum and the main recombination lines of any type of star-forming galaxy, including the effects of dust absorption and re-emission. We check the new models against the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of selected well-observed nearby galaxies. From the best-fit models we obtain a consistent set of star formation rate (SFR) calibrations at wavelengths ranging from ultraviolet (UV) to radio. We also provide analytical calibrations that take into account the dependence on metallcity and IMF upper mass limit of the SSPs. We show that the latter limit can be well constrained by combining information from the observed far infrared, 24 {\mu}m, 33 GHz and H{\alpha} luminosities. Another interesting property derived from the fits is that, while in a normal galaxy the attenuation in the lines is significantly higher than that in the nearby continuum, in individual star bursting regions they are similar, supporting the notion that this effect is due to an age selective extinction. Since in these conditions the Balmer decrement method may not be accurate, we provide relations to estimate the attenuation from the observed 24 {\mu}m or 33 GHz fluxes. These relations can be useful for the analysis of young high redshift galaxies.

Field of study: Physics
Influence of the linear inhomogeneity of a medium on the second-harmonic generation under nonlinear conditions

An analysis is made of the influence of the linear inhomogeneity of the refractive index on the second-harmonic generation under nonlinear frequency conversion conditions. The results of numerical calculations of the phase-matching curves are given for different lengths of a longitudinally inhdmogeneous nonlinear medium and plane-wave fundamental-frequency radiation. An investigation is made of the distribution of the density of the second harmonic at the exit from a linearly inhomogeneous crystal. A description is given of the apparatus used in an investigation of the influence of a longitudinal linear inhomogeneity on the second-harmonic generation. The results of this investigation are reported.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the human vascular adhesion protein-1.

Human vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) is a membrane-bound multifunctional glycoprotein with both adhesive and enzymatic properties. The protein belongs to the copper-containing amine oxidase (CAO) family, which use 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine quinone as a cofactor. Here, the crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of a mammalian CAO, human VAP-1, is reported. The protein was expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells as a full-length form with an N-terminal transmembrane region and multiple glycosylation sites. Hexagonal crystals with unit-cell parameters a = b = 225.9, c = 218.7 A, alpha = beta = 90, gamma = 120 degrees were obtained using the vapour-diffusion method. Data from three different crystals were collected at 100 K using synchrotron radiation and were processed to 3.2 A resolution with 95.9% completeness and an R(merge) of 19.6%.

Field of study: Chemistry
[Daytime napping and its effects on memory consolidation].

An important problem of modern fabrication is the lowered labor productivity and occupational safety due to fatigue. In many cases, it is the result of sleep deprivation, circadian rhythm disruption or the type of the procedures. The effective way to restore fatigue-induced functionality is a short-term daytime sleep. The term «power nap» has been introduced to emphasize its positive effect on some cognitive functions. This review considers the effects of short-term daytime sleep of various duration on memory consolidation. Short-term daytime sleep for up to 30 minutes between 1 p.m and 3 p.m can be recommended to improve the effectiveness of the intellectual work. These measures are intended to improve declarative memory without subsequent sleep inertia.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Association Rules Mining of Glacier Inventory Data Based on Rough Set and Apriori Algorithm

Aiming at the mining about the glacier inventory data, the support and confidence thresholds of artificial given will result to excavate mass of meaningless of association rules. Presents a method of combining the significance of attributes of rough set and the probability of attribute values. Computes the significance of attributes respectively by rough set method; computes the probability of attribute values respectively; combines the significance of attributes and the probability of attribute values to obtain the weight of frequent itemsets. Dynamic changes the minimum support and minimum confidence of the Apriori algorithm by computing weighted average of the weight of itemsets, that not only enhances the efficiency of model, but also applies the mining to the glacier inventory data, and excavates the association between the features and elevation of glacier.

Field of study: Computer science
TH-AB-BRB-08: Optimizing Global Liver Function in Liver SBRT Treatment Planning

Liver SBRT patients have variable pre-treatment liver function, which strongly influences liver toxicity risk. Previous studies include a “perfusion-weighted” mean dose model as a surrogate for liver function in plan optimization. This work investigates the benefit of using a more sophisticated dose-response model that incorporates two important dose thresholds: (i) based on pre-treatment function, a significant low-dose may need to be exceeded before noticeable damage is done, and (ii) a high-dose saturation point, beyond which no additional damage is done.  Voxel-based liver perfusion from DCE-MRI was obtained. Two optimization models subject to the same linear dose constraints (e.g., minimum target EUD, maximum critical structure dose) were compared: the original linear model, which use pre-treatment perfusion-weighted mean liver dose only, and a new model designed to directly optimize the predicted post-treatment global liver function. The latter, a highly non-linear non-convex problem, was approximately solved by optimizing a piece-wise linear approximation of the objective function with a customized mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) based algorithm. 2D synthetic and 3D clinical cases were studied to assess the potential benefit of the new model.  Compared to those of the original model, dose distributions for the functional dose response model take advantage of voxels with saturated damage to deliver the required dose to the target instead of inflicting additional damage on other well-functioning voxels. This leads to an improvement in predicted post-treatment global liver function. The customized solution method also improves optimization efficiency compared to solving the MILP conventionally.  Functional imaging such as DCE-MRI can be used during treatment planning to maximize potential post-treatment function. However, simple approximations such as minimization of perfusion-weighted mean dose may not be sufficient. Alternatively, a dose-response model that reflects response threshold and saturation effects was shown to improve the prediction of post-treatment function in liver SBRT. Supported by P01 CA 059827

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
The Permian–Triassic boundary at Nhi Tao, Vietnam: Evidence for recurrent influx of sulfidic watermasses to a shallow-marine carbonate platform

The Permian–Triassic boundary at Nhi Tao, Cao Bang Province, Vietnam was sampled in a 7.5-m-thick outcrop section at high resolution (∼ 5 cm intervals) for chemostratigraphic and magnetic susceptibility analysis. The section consists entirely of slightly argillaceous limestone representing shallow-marine facies of the Jinxi Platform, one of several large carbonate platforms within the Nanpanjiang Basin, located on the southern margin of the South China Craton. Upper Permian strata (Beds 1–7) are mainly dark-gray, cherty fossiliferous wackestones and packstones containing a diverse open-marine fauna, whereas uppermost Permian and Lower Triassic strata (Beds 9 and higher) are medium-gray calcimicrobial framestones containing rare macrofossils. These facies are separated by a 12-cm-thick oolitic–pisolitic grainstone (Bed 8) that coincides with the disappearance of most Late Permian faunal elements as well as with the first appearance of various geochemical anomalies that continue into the Lower Triassic part of the section. This “Late Permian event horizon” is characterized by (1) an abrupt decline in total organic carbon to near-zero values, (2) the onset of a sustained decline in carbonate δ13C, and (3) the first of eight concentration peaks in pyrite sulfur. Significantly, each sulfide peak is associated with lower pyrite δ34S values as well as with the onset of a negative carbonate δ13C excursion (or the acceleration of an excursion already in progress). These chemostratigraphic relationships are consistent with multiple episodes of upwelling of sulfidic, 34S- and 13C-depleted deep-ocean waters onto the Jinxi Platform. The first upwelling event was the most intense and caused a drastic reduction in primary productivity and the demise of the Late Permian fauna; subsequent episodes were less intense but may have contributed to a delay in recovery of Early Triassic marine ecosystems. A ten-fold increase in magnetic susceptibility in Bed 9 may record the influx of fine detrital particles following destruction of terrestrial ecosystems and massive soil erosion. The terrestrial signal of the end-Permian catastrophe thus follows the marine signal with a 12-cm lag, which may reflect the time-of-transit of soil-derived particles across the Nanpanjiang Basin, suggesting that the marine and terrestrial crises in the Nhi Tao region occurred more-or-less synchronously. These observations suggest a model in which renewal of global-ocean overturn followed a prolonged interval of deep-ocean stagnation during the Late Permian, with upwelling intensity modulated by short-term (∼ 20 kyr) climate cyclicity.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Discuss the Character about the Mergence and Development of the Traditional Culture under the Social Turn

Chinese traditional culture is being from the past to now and the history of its alteration is a unify of the stage and the succession. So, in the period of the double value of the past and the modern, we have a look over the traditional culture and we reform them, blend them and develop them in order to find the excellent thoughts , which will change us into more modern and more developed men. Even the brilliant thoughts will promote the development of our society. Now, this article will argue about the mergence and the development of the traditional culture through the angle of the character .

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The origins and early impact of the minimum wage in agriculture

This paper examines the effects on wages and employment of the minimum wage in agriculture in the United Kingdom during the interwar period. We find that the impact of regulation was to raise the wage for agricultural labourers by 13% when it was (re)introduced in 1924, by 15% in the late 1920s, and by more than 20% in the 1930s. The effect on farm employment was to reduce it by about 54,000 (6.5%) in 1929 up to a peak of 97,000 (13.3%) in 1937. The minimum wage lifted many families of farm labourers who remained employed out of poverty, but it significantly lowered the incomes of farmers, particularly during the 1930s.

Field of study: Economics, History