nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Cloudburst on San Gabriel Peak, Los Angeles County, California

The sporadic but intense rains, known in the Southwest as cloudbursts, have in that arid and semiarid land extraordinary erosive power. Though cloudbursts occur frequently and their results are well known in a general way, accurate records of rainfall and detailed accounts of the work done by their ensuing floods are rare. Because of the present interest in floods in Los Angeles County, California, accurate records of the rainfall in a cloudburst on Rocky Gulch, in the San Gabriel Mountains, on April 4, 1926, are available and a description of the geologic results will be of interest to geologists. A number of papers on floods in the vicinity of Los Angeles and their control have already appeared. San Gabriel Mountains The San Gabriel Mountains are a high, bold range, about 20 miles wide, that crosses Los Angeles County with a nearly east-west trend about 30 miles inland from the . . .

Field of study: Geology
Monitoring the Seasonal Occurrence and Distribution of Pink Bollworm (Pectinophora Gossypiella Saunders) With Gossyplure Traps for Control Strategy

Studies on seasonal trapping of pink bollworm moth during 1978–1980 revealed that the emergence from the diapausing brood started during first fortnight of March. The peak of moth emergence coincided with the onset of regular monsoon during June-July. Periodic moth emergence before this period was governed by pre-monsoon showers. Moth emergence from the short-cycle brood started in the first week of August and reached its maximum in first week of October. The moths became active soon after sunset and number of moths caught in pheromone traps increased gradually. Maximum activity occurred between midnight and 0300 hrs, when 49.7 per cent of total moth catch was obtained during August and 56.3 per cent during September. During October maximum activity was between 2200 hrs and 0100 hr. Moths tended to con-gregate in cotton field when fruiting bodies were present and dispersed from the field in early and late season.

Field of study: Biology
Choosing pandemic parameters for pandemic preparedness planning: a comparison of pandemic scenarios prior to and following the influenza A(H1N1) 2009 pandemic.

Mathematical models are used to explore various possible scenarios with regard to an influenza pandemic. We studied the ranges of parameter values in modelling studies on preparedness prior to 2009 in relation to the estimated parameter values of the influenza A(H1N1) 2009 pandemic.



We conducted two systematic literature searches, one aimed at epidemic parameter values that were used in pre-2009 pandemic influenza models, and the other aimed at estimates of epidemic variables from data collected during the influenza A(H1N1) 2009 pandemic. The range of parameter values used to inform models was broad and covered the range of estimates of these parameters inferred from the influenza A(H1N1) 2009 pandemic.



The current practice of selecting a range of plausible parameter values for influenza works well for modelling scenarios where effects of different interventions are explored to guide public health decision makers. To narrow down this range of plausible parameter values to the actual value during a pandemic, using incoming data, real-time estimation might provide an additional benefit.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Participation in free-time activities: a comparison of London and New York

A quota sample of 336 London residents was interviewed using a questionnaire designed to provide information about the respondents' leisure participation patterns and their personal and social characteristics. A comparison study was carried out with a sample of 414 residents from Brooklyn, New York. In both samples there were clearly identifiable groups of leisure activities and it was possible to describe the profile of participants in each group. The results for both London and New York indicate that leisure participation is related to individuals' gender and working status, their socioeconomic class and their family commitments. Comparisons of the activity groupings and their participant profiles across the two samples indicated that there were five sets of leisure participation choices which were common to both London and New York. The implications of these findings for the generalizability of leisure constructs are assessed.

Field of study: Sociology
The role of inferior petrosal sinus sampling in the diagnostic localization of Cushing's disease.

Cushing's syndrome can present a complex problem of differential diagnosis. Of cases in which hypercortisolemia results from an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-dependent process, approximately 80% are due to a pituitary adenoma (Cushing's disease [CD]), 10% are due to adrenal lesions, and the remaining 10% are secondary to ectopic ACTH secretion. For patients with CD, surgical removal of the pituitary adenoma is the treatment of choice. Thus, localization of the source of ACTH secretion is critical in guiding timely treatment decisions. Inferior petrosal sinus sampling (IPSS) is considered to be the gold standard for confirming the origin of ACTH secretion in patients with Cushing's syndrome. The authors present an overview of IPSS--both the technique and its interpretation--as well as a summary of recent studies. A number of other techniques are discussed including sampling from the cavernous sinus, the jugular vein, and multiple sites to aid the diagnosis and lateralization of ACTH-producing pituitary adenomas. Management is best undertaken by a comprehensive multidisciplinary team taking into account the results of all the biochemical and imaging studies available, to provide the best advice in patient treatment decisions.

Field of study: Medicine
Fertilizer Recommendation of Rubber Latex/Timber Clone Reken 525 Based on “3414” Field Experiments in Longjiang Farm

Fertilizer recommended rates were simulated by the models of three-factor,one-factor,liner and platform based on two year’s"3414" field experimental data of Reken 525 in Longjiang Farm.The results showed that the optimum fertilizer rate of three-factor model were N 0.135 7 kg/tree,P2O5 0.064 8 kg/tree and K2O 0.082 1 kg/tree.According to the characteristics of production trends,the optimum fertilizer rate of one-factor model were N 0.105 1 kg/tree,P2O5 0.106 0 kg/tree and K2O 0.103 9 kg/tree by comparing one-factor and liner and platform model.Some optimum fertilizer rate indicators of three-factor model were higher than one-factor model.Comprehensive consideration,the optimum fertilizer rate of Reken 525 initially identified as N 0.105 1~0.135 7 kg/tree,P2O50.064 8~0.106 0 kg/tree and K2O 0.082 1~0.103 9 kg/tree.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
An Experimental Comparison of a Conventional and a Project Centered Method of Teaching a College General Botany Course

NUMEROUS essays have appeared in r e cent years which suggest various ways in which s c i ence instruction may be improved. Especially prominent in many of these essays is the empha sis on a need for the modification of science in struction in such a way as to enhance student gain in ability to solve problems in science and to promote a "scientific attitude". If one pre fers to modify his instruction on the basis of sound experimental evidence rather than upon opinion, relatively little published material i s available. It was the writer's hope that the pres ent study would supply some sound evidence a s to which of two specific methods better provides for student gain in problem solving and scientif ic attitude.

Field of study: Education
Screening of Tomato Genotypes Against Tomato leaf curl virus

Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV), a gemini virus of tomato is transmitted by whitefly. Bemisia tabaci. Twenty-nine tomato genotypes including 15 hybrids, 13 varieties and one exotic wild accession were screened against ToLCV disease under greenhouse conditions at National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources Regional Station, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh during 2007–2009. Among the screened genotypes, one wild accession, EC251672 showed immune reaction without any symptoms. This is the first report of the immune reaction of the wild accession against ToLCV in Andhra Pradesh. Ten genotypes comprising of 9 hybrids viz., Akash-918, NS-539, NS-515, Siri-9005, STH-803, STH-807, To-1827, US-1196, US-2175 and one cv. Vybhav showed resistant reaction to ToLCV under artificial screening in the greenouse. Hence these resistant sources can be used in the development of future molecular breeding programmes against ToLCV in tomato.

Field of study: Biology
Prokaryotic assemblages in suspended and subglacial sediments within a glacierized catchment on Qeqertarsuaq (Disko Island), west Greenland

Microbes transported by glacial meltwater streams are thought to be a product of passive dispersal from both supra‐ and subglacial sources, though studies investigating the origins of these assemblages are scarce. Here, we conducted a survey within a large catchment containing multiple glaciers on Qeqertarsuaq (Disko Island), west Greenland, to investigate whether meltwater‐exported microbial assemblages in suspended sediments differ between glacial meltwater streams, and if they reflect corresponding bulk subglacial and extraglacial sediment communities. Using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, we found proglacial stream assemblages substantially differ from one another, despite their close spatial proximity. Furthermore, proglacial stream assemblages were composed of greater proportions of Cyanobacteria compared to bulk subglacial sediment communities, dominated by Betaproteobacteria, demonstrating large contributions of meltwater and microbial cells from supraglacial habitats. Corresponding physico‐chemical characteristics of meltwater suggest that streams draining smaller glaciers had more equal contributions of both supra‐ and subglacial inputs compared with the main catchment outlet, aligning with observed changes in assemblage structure, such as the decreased proportion of Cyanobacteria. These results suggest that glacier size and hydrological drainage systems may influence the structure of exported microbial assemblages, and collectively provide insights into their formation and fate in thiscurrent age of deglaciation.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Rethinking the Low Extra Delay Background Transport (LEDBAT) Protocol

BitTorrent has recently introduced LEDBAT, a novel application-layer congestion control protocol for data exchange. The protocol design assumes that network bottlenecks are at the access of the network, and that thus user traffic competes creating self-induced congestion. To relieve this phenomenon, LEDBAT is designed to quickly infer when self-induced congestion is approaching (by detecting relative changes of the one-way delay in the transmission path), and to react promptly by reducing the sending rate prior to the congestion occurrence. Previous work has however shown LEDBAT to be affected by a latecomer advantage, where newly arriving connections can starve already existing flows. In this work, we propose modifications to the congestion window update mechanism of LEDBAT that solve this issue, thus guaranteeing intra-protocol fairness and efficiency. Closed-form expressions for the stationary throughput and queue occupancy are provided via a fluid model, whose accuracy is confirmed by means of ns2 packet level simulations. Our results show that the proposed change can effectively solve the latecomer issue, furthermore without affecting the other original LEDBAT goals.

Field of study: Computer science
Influence of Abiotic Factors on Panicle Population of Mango Hoppers in Selected Mango Varieties

Field studies were conducted to study the seasonal incidence and influence of abiotic factors on the population of mango hoppers in panicles of seven varieties of mango during 2005–2010 and weather based pest forewarning models were developed using regression models. The seasonal incidence of mango hoppers, Ideoscopus spp. was observed in the panicles during 49th std.week with the peak incidence during 8th and 9th std.weeks and the pest disappeared by 13th std.week. Among the seven varieties, AU-Rumani was more preferred by the pest while Peddarasam was least preferred. Correlation –coefficient studies revealed the significant negative influence of relative humidity and positive influence of maximum temperature, evaporation and wind speed on the population of mango hoppers. Weather based Pest forewarning models developed in seven varieties of mango for mango hoppers explained the variation in mango hoppers population by 25 to 49% with linear models as compared to 28 to 71% obtained with non linear models.

Field of study: Biology
Diagenesis of archaeological bone and tooth

An understanding of the structural complexity of mineralised tissues is fundamental for exploration into the field of diagenesis. Here we review aspects of current and past research on bone and tooth diagenesis using the most comprehensive collection of literature on diagenesis to date. Environmental factors such as soil pH, soil hydrology and ambient temperature, which influence the preservation of skeletal tissues are assessed, while the different diagenetic pathways such as microbial degradation, loss of organics, mineral changes, and DNA degradation are surveyed. Fluctuating water levels in and around the bone is the most harmful for preservation and lead to rapid skeletal destruction. Diagenetic mechanisms are found to work in conjunction with each other, altering the biogenic composition of skeletal material. This illustrates that researchers must examine multiple diagenetic pathways to fully understand the post-mortem interactions of archaeological skeletal material and the burial environment.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Experimental study on flow characteristics of ice slurry through a T-junction Part I: Laminar flow

An ice slurry is a mixture of fine ice particles and an aqueous solution. Because of the latent heat of fusion of the ice particles and the wide heat exchange areas, ice slurries have many advantages as a thermal energy storage medium. The flow and heat transfer characteristics of ice slurries have been intensively studied. In the present study, the flow characteristics of an ice slurry were assessed experimentally, focusing on the distribution of the ice packing factor (IPF) and the energy losses on passing through a T-junction under laminar flow conditions. The ice slurry was produced from on a 5 mass% ethanol solution, and the inlet IPF, the Reynolds number for the inlet flow, and the flow rate ratio were all varied while monitoring the pressure drop and IPF before and after the junction. The results show that the distribution of IPF values is affected by the inlet IPF, and that the pressure drop before and after the T-junction increases along with the inlet IPF and the Reynolds number. This study also determined the branch loss coefficients for both the branch and main tubes as a means of evaluating the energy losses associated with branching.

Field of study: Engineering
On the collective analysis of species: how can Red Lists and lists of regional priorities be combined to assist in decision-making? A reply to Lõhmus (2015)

Biodiversity conservation approaches based on collective analysis of endangered species have commonly been used to guide decision-making. However, Lõhmus (2015) raised some crucial points that call into question such an approach. Among the author’s arguments over collective analysis are: (1) the temporal bias accompanying the lists of species; (2) circular thinking when broader issues could be addressed; (3) the sample bias due to the scale; and (4) marginalising assemblages with a small pool of species. In part, we agree with Lõhmus (2015), but we believe the collective analysis of species can be used in cases where researchers endeavour to address gaps in such lists. In response to Lõhmus (2015), we demonstrate how these gaps can be circumvented. To justify our opinion, we take as an example our observations on endangered tree species in the transition between the two largest areas of South America, the Cerrado and Amazonia, and discuss how these species can be combined with regional priority species in this region to assist in decision-making. We believe that an analysis of the habitat of the species, individually, is possible, as Lõhmus (2015) proposed; however, when working with biodiverse regions, such detailing is unsuitable and, thus, collective analyses become an interesting strategy.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Origins of Mexican Catholicism: Nahua Rituals and Christian Sacraments in Sixteenth-Century Mexico (review)

In Chapter 6 he looks closely at the celebrations to Tezcatlipoca in the Nahua month of Toxcatl, dedicated to Tezcatlipoca and filled with ceremonies to revere him. Music, and especially the flute, was an important component in his celebration as was the slow ascent of the pyramid, and Olivier focuses on the ixiptla or ritual impersonator of Tezcatlipoca in order to gain greater insights into the deity’s character. Depictions of Tezcatlipoca frequently show him with a torn or amputated left foot and in Chapter 7 Olivier demonstrates that this feature is by no means universal. The lost extremity seems to be related to the production of fire. On the other hand, the smoking mirror was one of the nearly universal features of Tezcatlipoca. The mirror was a tool of sorcerers and diviners and through it Tezcatlipoca could reveal people’s transgressions. In the end Olivier concludes that Tezcatlipoca, as a result of these two key features, represented sexuality. In his conclusions, Olivier compares and contrasts what he has elucidated about Tezcatlipoca with what is known about Quetzalcoatl, and sees in these two deities the poles of Mesoamerican religion, or as he calls them “the alpha and omega of ancient Mexican mythology” (p. 277).

Field of study: History
Investigations on the 100 MeV Au7+ ion irradiation of GaN

Metal organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) grown n-type GaN on sapphire substrates was irradiated with 100 MeV Au7+ ions, varying the fluence as 1 ? 1012, 1 ? 1013 and 5 ? 1013 ions cm?2 at room temperature. The irradiated samples were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman scattering, photoluminescence and UV?visible optical absorption spectrum. XRD analysis reveals a huge lattice disorder for fluence beyond 1 ? 1013 ions cm?2. This is observed from the increase in the FWHM and decrease in the intensity of the GaN (0?0?0?2) peak. The sapphire peak totally vanishes for higher fluence. Raman modes E2 (high) and A1 (LO) are observed at 568 cm?1 and 749 cm?1 respectively. For the fluence of 1 ? 1012 ions cm?2 the E2 (high) shifts to lower frequency and a further increase in fluence results in a broader less intense E2 mode. Additional modes around 100 cm?1 and 220 cm?1 were observed and the origin of those modes is discussed. We also observed the Boson peak, the intensity of which increases as the fluence increases. AFM images show the roughness of GaN increases with increasing ion fluences. At a fluence of 5 ? 1013 ions cm?2, a new type of ditch and dike structure was observed. These structures were distributed over the irradiated GaN surface. UV?visible absorption spectrum shows that the band gap energy decreases with increasing ion fluences and also that the band edge is broadened. The results are discussed by the complementary use of these studies.

Field of study: Materials science
Phenotypic and molecular characterization of 5 novel CTX-M enzymes carried by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli

The aim of the present study was to study the phenotypic and molecular characterization of 5 novel CTX-M-β-1actamases carried by 5 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates and 3 Escherichia coli isolates collected from 4 hospitals in Hefei, China.The purified PCR products were ligated with pGEM-Teasy vectors, expressed, and sequenced. The complete genes of the CTX-M-β-lactamases were ligated with the pHSG398 vector to express prokaryotic recombinant proteins. Plasmids were extracted by rapid alkaline lysis protocol, and the PCR method was performed to determine whether the prokaryotic expression was successful or not. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested and the phenotypes of transformants were determined according to criteria recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. The kinetic parameters of enzymes were confirmed. The isoelectric points (pI) were determined by isoelectric focusing assay. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and plasmid profiling were performed.The PCR products had 1101 nucleotides and were determined as CTX-M-46, CTX-M-47, CTX-M-48, CTX-M-49, and CTX-M-50. All strains were resistant to cefotaxime, but most of them were susceptible or intermediate to ceftazidime. The phenotypes of novel enzymes were determined as extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL). Penicillin G, cephalothin, cefuroxime, and cefotaxime were determined to good substrates, whereas ceftazidime hydrolysis was not detected. The pI of the 5 novel CTX-M-β-lactamases were 8.0. CTX-M-derivatives could be the multiplex genesis in our area.This is the first report of these 5 novel plasmid-mediated CTX-M ESBL produced from China in the world. Molecular typing reveals notably different origin in genes encoding different CTX-M variants of 8 strains.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Synthesis of NAD+ in erythrocytes incubated with nicotinic acid and the effect of di-(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (DEHP).

Synthesis of NAD+ from nicotinic acid by erythrocytes incubated in SAGM phosphate solution and effect of di-[2-ethyl hexyl] phthalate, a plasticizer commonly used in PVC blood/component storage bags, on this synthesis was studied. Erythrocytes are able to synthesise NAD+ in SAGM (sodium chloride, adenine, glucose, mannitol) phosphate solution and this synthesis was more in the presence of added nicotinic acid (optimum concentration 1 mM). The level of NAD+ decreased when the incubation period was increased from 24 to 48 hr. Glutamine had a deleterious effect on this synthesis, possibly due to the decrease in pH. Di-[2-ethyl hexyl] phthalate had an inhibitory effect on NAD+ synthesis when the cells were incubated in SAGM phosphate solution, either alone or in the presence of added nicotinic acid. There was significant decrease in the release of potassium and haemoglobin from the cells in the presence of nicotinic acid, indicating increased red cell stability.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Coexistence of Surface Ferromagnetism and a Gapless Topological State in MnBi_{2}Te_{4}.

Surface magnetism and its correlation with the electronic structure are critical to understanding the topological surface state in the intrinsic magnetic topological insulator MnBi_{2}Te_{4}. Here, using static and time resolved angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), we find a significant ARPES intensity change together with a gap opening on a Rashba-like conduction band. Comparison with a model simulation strongly indicates that the surface magnetism on cleaved MnBi_{2}Te_{4} is the same as its bulk state. The inability of surface ferromagnetism to open a gap in the topological surface state uncovers the novel complexity of MnBi_{2}Te_{4} that may be responsible for the low quantum anomalous Hall temperature of exfoliated MnBi_{2}Te_{4}.

Field of study: Physics