nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
SU-E-T-145: Effects of Temporary Tachytherapy Inhibition Magnet On MOSFET Dose Measurements of Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices (CIED) in Radiation Therapy Patients.

To determine the effects of temporary tachytherapy inhibition magnet on MOSFET dose measurements of cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIED) in radiation therapy patients.



Infield and peripheral MOSFET dose measurements with 6MV photon beams were performed to evaluate dose to a CIED in the presence of a doughnut shaped temporary tachytherapy inhibition magnet. Infield measurements were done to quantify the effects of the magnetic field alone and shielding by the magnet. MOSFETs were placed inside a 20×20cm2 field at a depth of 3cm in the isocentre plane in the presence and absence of the magnet. Peripheral dose measurements were done to determine the impact of the magnet on dose to the CIED in a clinical setting. These measurements were performed at the centre, under the rim and half way between a 10×10cm2 field edge and the magnet with MOSFETS placed at the surface, 0.5cm and 1cm depths in the presence and absence of the magnet.



Infield measurements showed that effects of magnetic field on the MOSFET readings were within the 2% MOSFET dose measurement uncertainty; a 20% attenuation of dose under the magnet rim was observed. Peripheral dose measurements at the centre of the magnet show an 8% increase in surface dose and a 6% decrease in dose at 1cm depth. Dose under the magnet rim was reduced by approximately 68%, 45% and 25% for MOSFET placed at 0.0, 0.5 and 1.0cm bolus depths, respectively.



The magnetic field has an insignificant effect on MOSFET dose measurements. Dose to the central region of CIED represented by centre of the magnet doughnut increases at the surface, and decreases at depths due to low energy scattering contributions from the magnet. Dose under the magnet rim, representing CIED edges, decreased significantly due to shielding.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Total Synthesis of (+)‐Seimatopolide A

The first enantioselective total synthesis of a polyhydroxylated macrolide, (+)-seimatopolide A, was achieved. The key reactions, Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation, Yamaguchi esterification, and ring-closing metathesis, provided easy access to the target molecule from L-aspartic acid. Further, the absolute stereochemistry of the natural product has also been revised.

Field of study: Chemistry
Poisson-commutative subalgebras of $S(\mathfrak g)$ associated with involutions.

The symmetric algebra $S(\mathfrak g)$ of a reductive Lie algebra $\mathfrak g$ is equipped with the standard Poisson structure, i.e., the Lie-Poisson bracket. Poisson-commutative subalgebras of $S(\mathfrak g)$ attract a great deal of attention, because of their relationship to integrable systems and, more recently, to geometric representation theory. The transcendence degree of a Poisson-commutative subalgebra ${\mathcal C}\subset S(\mathfrak g)$ is bounded by the "magic number" $\boldsymbol{b}(\mathfrak g)$ of $\mathfrak g$. The "argument shift method" of Mishchenko-Fomenko was basically the only known source of $\mathcal C$ with ${\rm trdeg\,}{\mathcal C}=\boldsymbol{b}(\mathfrak g)$. We introduce an essentially different construction related to symmetric decompositions $\mathfrak g=\mathfrak g_0\oplus\mathfrak g_1$. Poisson-commutative subalgebras $\mathcal Z,\tilde{\mathcal Z}\subset S(\mathfrak g)^{\mathfrak g_0}$ of the maximal possible transcendence degree are presented. If the $\mathbb Z_2$-contraction $\mathfrak g_0\ltimes\mathfrak g_1^{\sf ab}$ has a polynomial ring of symmetric invariants, then $\tilde{\mathcal Z}$ is a polynomial maximal Poisson-commutative subalgebra of $S(\mathfrak g)^{\mathfrak g_0}$, and its free generators are explicitly described.

Field of study: Mathematics
The HallScrew compressor for refrigeration and heat pump duties

Resume On decrit la construction du compresseur HallScrew qui s'appuie sur la decouverte du compresseur monovis par Zimmern et l'on inḑique ses principaux avantages. On utilise un programme d' ordinateur de geometrie de base pour rechercher les avantages de modifications des proportions de la machine, y compris le nombre de rainures et de dents des rotors. On rend compte de la performance pour une serie de machines normales fonctionnant au R 122 et au R 717, y compris l'influence du refoulement, de l'injection de ļiquide et du fonctionnement de l' economiseur. On donnȩ quȩlques indications sur le fonctionnment de la pompe de chaleur utilisant le R 114.

Field of study: Engineering
Study of the current state of family sports games for 3 to 6 years old children in Beijing

By using research methods such as questionnaire survey,the authors probed into the current state of family sports games for children at kindergartens rated category 1,class 1 in Beijing,and revealed the following findings: the activity places are mainly sports playgrounds in communities,living rooms in houses,nearby parks,master bedrooms,etc;the activity times are 2-3 times a week,averagely 36.27 min per time;the activity contents are kind of undiversified;the major problems existing are that children’s parents are lacking in scientific guidance,busy working or doing housework,thus having no time for the games.

Field of study: Education
The Gold Coast in Transition.

Canada's Secretary of State for External Affairs, former president of the UN General Assembly, here writes from years of experience as a key spokesman for the West to explore the problems which the democracies must overcome to win the peace in today's uncertain world. He points the way to solutions in considering the new scale of force in atomic warfare, international coalitions, the mediating role of the UN, and open diplomacy versus secret diplomacy. 136 pages.

Field of study: Political science
Paleoecology of middle siwalik sediments and faunas, northern Pakistan

The Siwalik deposits of northern Pakistan are distinctive for their excellent sedimentary record and Neogene mammal faunas that include a family of homonoids, the Ramapithecidae. A 160-m interval was chosen from 3500 m of local section for study of lateral lithofacies variation, microstratigraphy and taphonomy of selected fossil localites. Field data consists of: (1) stratigraphic sections that span 30 km of lateral exposure, (2) microstratigraphic sections of fossul localities in presentative deposional environments, and (3) taphonomic sampling of a subset of these localities. These data form the basis for landscape, habitat, and community reconstruction. The physiography of the paleoenvironment was determined by braided and meandering river channels. Lateral distribution of channel and floodplain deposits suggests that a mosaic of vegetation types covered the entire drainage basin, including constantly renewed plant succession along channel margins and more stable associations on floodplains. Vertebrate fossils occur in three major depositional settings: channel-lags, channel-margin swales, and floodplain land surfaces. Most collected fossils come from channel-lag conglomerates. The predominant taphonomic influence on the overall fossil assemblage from this interval has been fluvial transport and sorting resulting in a sampling bias toward medium-sized taxa. However, rank abundances from the fossil samples may be valid for these taxa. Fluvial processes probably harvested bones from all habitats present, but no habitat associations of major taxa are detectable. A relatively high species richness of small to medium ungulate herbivores suggests the presence of diverse vegetation types that probably included forest, woodland, and grassland. The ramapithecids were uncommon, medium-sized members of this community.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Dixmier Algebras for Classical Complex Nilpotent Orbits via Kraft-Procesi Models I

We attach a Dixmier algebra \(\mathcal{B}\) to the closure of \(\bar{\mathcal{O}}\) any nilpotent orbit of G where G is GL(nℂ), O(nℂ) or Sp(2n ℂ). This algebra \(\mathcal{B}\) is a noncommutative analog of the coordinate ring \(\mathcal{R} of \bar{\mathcal{O}}\) in the sense that \(\mathcal{B}\) has a G-invariant algebra filtration and \(gr\mathcal{B} = \mathcal{R}\).

Field of study: Mathematics
The Role of Irbid Directorate of Education in Supporting Of Citizenship and Loyalty Values among Students: Look From Inside

This study aimed to investigate the role of Irbid Directorate of Education in supporting of citizenship and loyalty values among students according to employers of the Directorate of Education in the Irbid governorate. The sample of the study consisted of the (134) employers who works in the Directorate of Education in Irbid governorate of Jordan. In order to investigate the purposes of the study, the researcher were developed a questionnaire that was distributed to the study sample. The results showed that there was a statistically significant role of the Directorate of Education in Irbid governorate in supporting of citizenship among students in opinion of its employees, there was a statistically significant role of the Directorate of Education in Irbid governorate in supporting of loyalty values among students in opinion of its employees, and there were no statistically significant differences in the role of the Directorate of Education in Irbid governorate in supporting of citizenship loyalty values among students in opinion of its employees due to (Gender, Age, Education, Work experience).

Field of study: Education
Synthetic utility of endocyclic cleavage reaction

Existence of endocyclic cleavage reaction is now clearly shown from experimental evidence of endocyclic cleavage reaction as well as computational chemistry. Not only stereoelectronic factor, several factors could be main factors for endocyclic cleavage reaction. Endocyclic cleavage reaction is useful for 1,2-cis aminoglycoside formation, which is difficult by conventional glycosylation. By using endocyclic cleavage reaction, several glycosides with 1,2-cis aminoglycoside were prepared.

Field of study: Chemistry
When natural history collections reveal secrets on data deficient threatened species: Atlantic seahorses as a case study

Natural history collections from museums and private institutions can play an important role supporting decisions in biodiversity conservation. Seahorse populations have suffered a worldwide decline, while many areas remain data deficient including areas subjected to heavy commercial trading, such as the coasts of West Africa. In this work, seahorse collections from museums and public institutions in Macaronesia (Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands) were initially reviewed (1) to identify specimens not previously determined, and (2) to correct species determinations from Macaronesia and adjacent West African coasts. The morphological data (3) were tested for phenotypic variation of seahorses within and between Macaronesia and adjacent West African coasts. The presence of Hippocampus hippocampus (short-snouted seahorse) and Hippocampus algiricus (West African seahorse) was confirmed for the area, including new sightings along previous geographical distribution ranges. Morphological analyses partitioned seahorse species and several morphotypes within and between Macaronesia and adjacent West African coasts. This phenotypic plasticity was associated with cranial morphology. Such differences are a useful tool for tracking seahorse populations of varying species and origins. New information presented here, is valuable for improving the management and conservation of seahorses, particularly in areas threatened by illegal trading or other anthropogenic activities.

Field of study: Environmental science
Longitudinal study of the frequency of cytotoxic T cell precursors in kidney allograft recipients

Clonal deletion or inactivation of donor‐specific alloreactive cells are important mechanisms that are believed to account for acquired immune tolerance in allograft recipients. Serial assessment of precursor cytotoxic T lymphocyte frequencies (CTLpf) by limiting dilution analysis (LDA) provides information at the clonal level on changes in the alloimmune response of graft recipients. We performed a longitudinal study of 15 cadaveric kidney recipients before and every 3 months throughout the first year after transplantation (Tx). Pre‐Tx values of donor CTLpf showed high interindividual variability without a predictive value for the clinical outcome. All patients with well functioning kidneys had decreased CTLpf at 3 months post‐Tx in comparison with pre‐Tx values. This decrease was donor‐specific in four patients and was permanent in two cases throughout the study. Most patients presented decreased anti‐donor CTLpf values from 6 to 9 months, whereas a partial recovery of donor CTLpf was observed in three patients. Reversible acute rejection was diagnosed in three patients, and it was associated with a marked increase in anti‐donor CTLpf, returning to pre‐Tx values by 9 months post‐Tx. In addition, one patient with chronic rejection displayed a transient increase in CTLpf 6 months after Tx. The results of this sequential study indicate the establishment of a state of either hyporesponsiveness or functional clonal inactivation, transient or permanent, which could facilitate allograft acceptance.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Research on the Training Mode of Senior Technical Talents Based on the Connection of Secondary and Higher Vocational Education

The establishment of in vocational education "overpass" makes the post-graduate vocational students have more opportunities and devel-opment space.As the education modes are fragmented and relatively independent in the vocational curriculum system,the connection of their curriculum systems get attention a lot.Starts from the practical experiences,analyzes the connection problems of secondary and higher vocational education.Takes computer major as an example to study the senior technical talents training mode based on the con-nection of secondary and higher vocational education.

Field of study: Computer science
The expression, affinity purification and characterization of recombinant Pseudomonas exotoxin 40 (PE40) secreted from Escherichia coli.

Procedures have been devised for producing high yields of purified recombinant PE40, a protein important for the development of the anti-AIDS therapeutic, sCD4-PE40. PE40 is a truncated form of the bacterial toxin, Pseudomonas exotoxin A; it lacks the cell-binding domain, but retains domains II and III that are involved in membrane translocation and inhibition of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. Expression vectors in Escherichia coli encoding PE40 synthesized the product as a soluble protein under control of the T7 promoter. The expression capabilities of transformants of E. coli BL21(DE3) were highly unstable. Expression levels (secreted and total) were evaluated in shake flasks and at the 10-1 scale at 27 degrees C and 37 degrees C, and following induction by IPTG or lactose. The cell-free media from the batch process was applied directly to a Cibacron blue F3GA-chromatographic medium and PE40 was eluted by nicotinamide in high yield and purity. This purification strategy was based on the structural similarity of the blue dye to NAD, a natural substrate for domain III of PE40. Green and red dye-ligand chromatography steps removed nicotinamide as well as minor residual E. coli proteins from PE40. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography peptide maps of purified PE40 were characterized by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to determine the sequence and verify disulfide bonding.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Solution Conformation and Dynamics of the O‐Antigen of the Major Lipopolysaccharide from Sinorhizobium fredii SMH12

The conformational and dynamic behavior of the O-antigen of the lipopolysaccharide of Sinorhizobium fredii SMH12, a wide-range host bacterium isolated from nodulated soybean plants growing in Vietnam, was studied. The O-antigenhas a repeating unit consisting of the trisaccharide 4)-α-D-GalpA-(13)-2-O-Ac-α-L-Rhap-(13)-2-O-Ac-α-D-Manp-(1, where the O-6 position of the mannose residue in the repeating unit is unsubstituted, acetylated, or methylated in an approximate ratio 1:1:2. For the analysis of the conformational and dynamic behavior, the deacetylated polysaccharide was employed. A combination of NMR spectroscopic methods assisted by molecular mechanics and dynamic simulations was employed to deduce its major conformational and dynamic features.

Field of study: Chemistry
Violent Quenching: Molecular Gas Blown to 1000 km s−1 during a Major Merger

Author(s): Geach, JE; Tremonti, C; Diamond-Stanic, AM; Sell, PH; Kepley, AA; Coil, AL; Rudnick, G; Hickox, RC; Moustakas, J; Yang, Yujin

Field of study: Physics
Late Pliocene Caribbean surface water dynamics and climatic changes based on calcareous nannofossil records

Quantitative analyses of nannofossil assemblages from two ODP sites were performed to determine changes in the surface water structure in the Caribbean Sea and implications for climatic changes during the late Pliocene. Analysis was made by calculation of accumulation rates and division of nannofossils into ecological groups based on their depth distributions and trophic regime (oligotrophic vs eutrophic). Between 3.5 and 2.7 Ma, separate surface water masses existed in the northern and southern Caribbean. The northern surface water was strongly oligotrophic, with a deep thermocline/nutricline. Prior to 3.1 Ma, the southern Caribbean was characterized by a shallower thermocline/nutricline with minor upwelling induced by the presence of the past ITCZ (Intertropical Convergence Zone). After 3.1 Ma, the thermocline/nutricline deepened in the southern Caribbean and the upper water became oligotrophic as a result of the completion of the closure of the Isthmus. After an episodic invasion of cooler surface waters associated with high-latitude cooling at approximately 2.7 Ma, coccolith productivity in the Caribbean was at its lowest. A deep thermocline existed between 2.7 and 2.4 Ma and nutrient-depleted waters spread on the SUW (Subtropical Under Water) in the Caribbean. After 2.4 Ma, the increase of terrigenous materials from the South American continent caused an abundance of eutrophic taxa. This suggests that recent climate systems were established due to the intensification of the northern hemisphere glaciation.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Recent Advances in the Synthesis of α-Alkylidene-Substituted δ-Lactones, γ-Lactams and δ-Lactams

α-Alkylidene-substituted δ-lactones and corresponding γ- and δ-lactams constitute important classes of natural compounds that display diverse biological activities. This review gives a brief description of the occurrence and biological activities of the title compounds and then summarizes the methods available for their preparation. Attention is given mainly to the synthetic approaches developed during the last decade, including those from our own research group. The latest developments in the synthesis of nonracemic α-alkylidene-substituted δ-lactones, γ-lactams and δ-lactams are also discussed.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Production of Quality Dietary Data: A Collaborative Effort of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study

The production of research-quality dietary data for multicentered, long-duration, dietary intervention trials is complex and difficult. In the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study, quality control of dietary data has been accomplished through the cooperative efforts of MDRD clinical center dietitians, the MDRD Data Coordinating Center, and the MDRD Nutrition Coordinating Center. The rationale for and steps in the design of quality control protocols and the distribution of responsibilities among the MDRD collaborators are discussed. This model of shared responsibility may be a useful approach for future trials.

Field of study: Medicine
Functional Properties of Protein from Frozen Mantle and Fin of Jumbo Squid Dosidicus gigas in Function of pH and Ionic Strength

Functional properties of protein from mantle and fin of the jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas were explained based on microscopic muscle fiber and protein fractions profiles as observed in SDS-PAGE. Fin has higher content of connective tissue and complex fiber arrangement, and we observed higher hardness of fin gels as expected. Myosin heavy chain (MHC) was found in sarcoplasmic, myofibril and soluble-in-alkali fractions of mantle and only in sarcoplasmic and soluble-in-alkali fractions of fin. An additive effect of salt concentration and pH affected the solubility and foaming properties. Fin and mantle proteins yielded similar results in solubility tests, but significant differences occurred for specific pH and concentrations of salt. Foaming capacity was proportional to solubility; foam stability was also affected by pH and salt concentration. Hardness and fracture strength of fin gels were significantly higher than mantle gels; gels from proteins of both tissues reached the highest level in the folding test. Structural and molecular properties, such as MHC and paramyosin solubility, arrangement of muscle fibers and the content of connective tissue were useful to explain the differences observed in these protein properties. High-strength gels can be formed from squid mantle or fin muscle. Fin displayed similar or better properties than mantle in all tests.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Stimulation of glycogenolysis by adenine nucleotides in the perfused rat liver.

Infusion of adenine nucleotides and adenosine into perfused rat livers resulted in stimulation of hepatic glycogenolysis, transient increases in the effluent perfusate [3-hydroxybutyrate]/[acetoacetate] ratio, and increased portal vein pressure. In livers perfused with buffer containing 50 microM-Ca2+, transient efflux of Ca2+ was seen on stimulation of the liver with adenine nucleotides or adenosine. ADP was the most potent of the nucleotides, stimulating glucose output at concentrations as low as 0.15 microM, with half-maximal stimulation at approx. 1 microM, and ATP was slightly less potent, half-maximal stimulation requiring 4 microM-ATP. AMP and adenosine were much less effective, doses giving half-maximal stimulation being 40 and 20 microM respectively. Non-hydrolysed ATP analogues were much less effective than ATP in promoting changes in hepatic metabolism. ITP, GTP and GDP caused similar changes in hepatic metabolism to ATP, but were 10-20 times less potent than ATP. In livers perfused at low (7 microM) Ca2+, infusion of phenylephrine before ATP desensitized hepatic responses to ATP. Repeated infusions of ATP in such low-Ca2+-perfused livers caused homologous desensitization of ATP responses, and also desensitized subsequent Ca2+-dependent responses to phenylephrine. A short infusion of Ca2+ (1.25 mM) after phenylephrine infusion restored subsequent responses to ATP, indicating that, during perfusion with buffer containing 7 microM-Ca2+, ATP and phenylephrine deplete the same pool of intracellular Ca2+, which can be rapidly replenished in the presence of extracellular Ca2+. Measurement of cyclic AMP in freeze-clamped liver tissue demonstrated that adenosine (150 microM) significantly increased hepatic cyclic AMP, whereas ATP (15 microM) was without effect. It is concluded that ATP and ADP stimulate hepatic glycogenolysis via P2-purinergic receptors, through a Ca2+-dependent mechanism similar to that in alpha-adrenergic stimulation of hepatic tissue. However, adenosine stimulates glycogenolysis via P1-purinoreceptors and/or uptake into the cell, at least partially through a mechanism involving increase in cyclic AMP. Further, the hepatic response to adenine nucleotides may be significant in regulating hepatic glucose output in physiological and pathophysiological states.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science