nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Perspective Law of the Ego: Public Intellectuals and the Economy of Diffuse Returns

The average academic's hopes of immortality rest on nothing more substantial than a few footnotes in the work of former students. The more successful scholar may linger longer in the texts of followers or pedagogues, but the public influence and longevity of their work is generally muted and short-lived. Judged by the conventional criteria of authorship and its impact upon the republic of letters or public intellectual sphere, scholarship is neither a route to metaphysical survival nor a mode of any significant or direct effect upon the politics of the present. For some time now the academy has been blamed, often eloquently and wittily, sometimes in more portentous and acerbic tones, for the demise of an intellectual public sphere. It is blamed for the pedantry and obscurity of specialized disciplines that make no discernible contribution to the perpetuation of the classical tradition or to the debates over policy and law that define the media's coverage of contemporary politics. A recent and intriguingly paradoxical contribution to the litany of lament comes in the form of Richard Posner's economic analysis of the decline in quality and value of public intellectual work and its increasing insignificance in the public domain.1 His argument, in nuce, is that the market places no relevant constraints upon the credence goods that tenured public intellectuals heedlessly throw out from the myriad sites of popular media enunciation. Not only are there no costs incurred by getting it wrong, there is a premium upon outrageous and hence inaccurate claims, wild predictions as to the outcome of real-time events, and a virtue is made of travelling far outside the boundaries of disciplinary knowledge or native common sense. Posner himself is a curious mixture of academic, judge, and pundit and his work has been shredded by public intellectual reviewers who, defensively or otherwise, ridiculed his methodology and dismissed his conclusions. Judge or not, Posner had infracted two laws. The first is Nietzsche's perspective law of the ego: what is close to the ego seems inordinately large, and to the detriment of perspective there can be no doubt that Posner's highly polemical and frequently ad hominem text engages issues that are close to him. The second and related law is that of hierarchical preferment which Bourdieu, author of an earlier and arguably more rigorous survey of similar themes, formulated as 'the law which tends to make any classificatory utterance liable to betray the position of its author in the series

Field of study: Law
Effects of surface modification and ultrasonic agitation on the properties of PHBV/ZnO nanocomposites

Zinc oxide (ZnO) particles were synthesized from aqueous solution by chemical precipitation method. Self-aggregated rod-shaped particles were obtained. Silane modification and ultrasonic dispersion were compared in terms of effectiveness on particle deagglomeration. Complete deagglomeration was achieved with ultrasonic dispersion for untreated particles. Surface-treated and/or ultrasound-applied ZnO particles were incorporated into PHBV matrix by melt-extrusion. Good particle dispersion was achieved in the composites regardless of the agglomeration observed in particles prior to polymer matrix inclusion. Number of regular, rod-shaped particles observed was higher in the composites produced with ultrasound-dispersed particles. ZnO crystals did not affect the melting and crystallization temperatures of PHBV composites, but the degree of crystallinity was decreased. Thermal degradation temperature of PHBV was slightly decreased with ZnO addition. Tensile strength, elongation at break, and toughness of PHBV were affected positively when ultrasound-dispersed (treated or untreated) particles were incorporated into PHBV matrix; whereas application of both ultrasound and silane treatment produced better results.

Field of study: Chemistry
Investigation of the energy poverty risk with building mechatronics

Nowadays, the problem of energy poverty occurs more and more frequently and its solution is a serious and urgent task. Energy poverty is closely related to the poor energy performance of residential stocks. Energy poverty is simultaneously an energetic and social question, due to involving households having bad energetic parameters. Because of bad efficiency, the energy costs are highly related to earnings. It is not able to enhance the energy efficiency of buildings. Financial supports for endangered layers should contain measures to increase energy efficiency and decrease energy consumption. However, the concept of energy poverty is applied to social groups, like families or communities. In this paper, we extended the concept of energy poverty to SME (small- and medium-sized enterprises). The paper introduces the concept and the risk of energy poverty and the technology of measuring those risks.

Field of study: Engineering
Identification, Tissue Distribution, and Bioaccumulation Potential of Cyclic Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acids Isomers in an Airport Impacted Ecosystem.

The use of cyclic perfluoroalkyl acids as anticorrosive agents in hydraulic fluids remains a poorly characterized source of organofluorine compounds to the environment. Here, we investigated the presence of perfluoroethylenecyclohexanesulfonate (PFECHS) isomers in environmental samples for the first time using a combination of high resolution and tandem mass spectrometry. Five distinct peaks attributed to different isomers of PFECHS and perfluoropropylcyclopentanesulfonate (PFPCPeS) were identified in environmental samples. The sum of PFECHS and PFPCPeS isomers displayed logarithmically decreasing spatial trends in water (1.04-324 ng/L) and sediment samples (<MLQ - 2.23 ng/g dw) with increasing distance from Beijing international airport. PFECHS and PFPCPeS displayed the highest accumulation in liver, kidney, blood and bladder and average whole body bioaccumulation factors (log BAFwhole-body) were estimated to be 2.7 and 1.9 respectively. Isomer-specific differences in the tissue/blood distribution ratios and BAFwhole-body indicate that ring structure and position of the sulfonic acid group affect the bioaccumulation potential of cyclic perfluoroalkyl acids. Based on the high mobility and moderate bioaccumulation potential of cyclic perfluorinated acids it is suggested that contamination of aquifers used for drinking water around airports may be a hitherto overlooked problem for this novel class of contaminants.

Field of study: Environmental science
The dedication of Brookhaven's alternating gradient synchrotron

The above view inside the tunnel of the alternating‐gradient synchrotron at the Brookhaven National Laboratory shows some of the equipment required to inject a beam of protons from a linear accelerator into the orbit of the synchrotron magnet ring where they can be accelerated to a peak energy of 33 billion electron volts. The AGS, which was first successfully operated on July 29, 1960, was formally dedicated on September 13, 1961. The dedication ceremonies were preceded by a talk by Maurice Goldhaber, Brookhaven's new director, whose comments on that occasion appear in the next two pages. Atomic Energy Commissioner Leland J. Haworth, the Laboratory's former director, delivered the main dedication address, which also appears in this issue, beginning on page 23. Because the ceremonies took place immediately following the week‐long International Conference on High‐Energy Accelerators, which held its first sessions in New York City and its last at Brookhaven, the ceremony was marked by an unusually large gat...

Field of study: Physics
The influence of acid and alkaline solutions on tissue of defatted silkworm chrysalis

Defatted silkworm chrysalis was soaked in water, hydrochloric acid solution(1%wt) and sodium hydroxide solution (1%wt) respectively at 100 centigrade for 20 minutes. After the treatment, the structure of defatted silkworm chrysalis was observed by electron optical microscope analysis and the soaking solution was determined qualitatively. The results showed that: (1)soaked in water, hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solution, the protein and chitin expanded; sodium hydroxide solution made the interlayer of protein and chitin cleaved. (2)in hydrochloric acid solution, the decomposed production of protein was amino acid, while in sodium hydroxide solution, protein dissolved markedly and certain amount of protein was decomposed to amino acid that could be broken down into ammonia further.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Sport for development and Indigenous Australians: a critical research agenda for policy and practice

This research note seeks to critically examine Sport for Development (SFD) policies and programming targeting Indigenous Australians. Through a narrative literature review, this article seeks to broaden the discussion surrounding the use of sport as a development tool throughout Australia’s Indigenous communities, by considering perspectives within SFD literature that have received limited attention in existing policy and research approaches. The findings of this literature review expose a dominant trend towards positivistic research that reinforces existing approaches, and a lack of criticality surrounding the use of sport as a development tool. This article, therefore, seeks to pose a new research agenda by drawing on international perspectives with the potential to broaden this discussion surrounding the use of sport as a development tool for Indigenous Australians. Issues of conceptual clarity, the use of sport as a mechanism for social control, neoliberalism and neo-colonialism are largely absent from existing literature exploring SFD for Indigenous Australians. Calls to de-colonise SFD are also largely absent from the literature reviewed, and therefore calls for the decolonisation of SFD globally are also considered. Finally, this research note calls for researchers working in this space to engage critically with the use of sport in Indigenous communities, to shift the focus away from the production of ‘evidence’ to a broader discussion around the use of sport, including how research must contribute to decolonising both policy and practice through privileging Indigenous perspectives and voices.

Field of study: Sociology
Palaeofloristics of Middle Pennsylvanian lyginopteridaleans in Variscan Euramerica

During Bolsovian times, the Lyginopteridales (Spermatophyta) had a very similar biogeographical distribution across Variscan Euramerica to that revealed by the Medullosales (Spermatophyta). However, this biogeographical pattern progressively breaks-down during Asturian and Cantabrian times, as the species diversity of the order declines dramatically. This decline was probably the result of being out-competed for resources by the reproductively more-sophisticated Callistophytales. There remains little direct evidence for marked climate changing occurring until middle or late Cantabrian times.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Structural time series modeling: a Bayesian approach

Alternative progressive strategies for specification of linear dynamic models are presented. The main theme is that specification is basically concerned with endowing the pure incidental case-i.e., the case of different moment for each observations-with progressively more structure. Linearity and exogeneity are successively introduced in that spirit, first at a global level, then at a sequential level. This latter case is also shown to provide fuller possibilities for specification by means of the concepts of innovation and noncausality. This analysis along with the prior specification is conducted within the limits imposed by the possibility of concluding the analysis with computable posterior distributions on the parameters of interest.

Field of study: Mathematics
Environmental Historian: An Interview with Alfred W. Crosby

Alfred W. Crosby is the author of such influential works as The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 (New York: Greenwood Press, 1973). He lives in retirement on Nantucket Island with his wife Frances Karttunen, noted in her own right for important works in linguistics and history. In September, 2013, I had the opportunity to carry on a long conversation with Crosby about his work, American Studies, and the future for environmental history. Crosby suffers from Parkinson's disease. His mind is sharp and his insights are keen. The Columbian exchange is the phenomenon of the contact period in which European crops and animals were imported into the New World, while New World crops and animals were introduced into Europe.

Field of study: History
QCD susceptibilities and nuclear-matter saturation in a relativistic chiral theory

We investigate the evolutions with density of the QCD scalar susceptibility and of the sigma mass in a chiral relativistic theory of nuclear matter, in the mean-field approximation. In order to reach saturation we need to introduce the scalar response of the nucleons. The consequences are a quite mild density dependence of the sigma mass and the progressive decoupling of the quark density fluctuations from the nucleonic ones at large densities.

Field of study: Physics
Kathleen Jones' Asylums and After. A Revised History of the Mental Health Services: From the Early 18th Century to the 1990s (1993)

Kathleen Jones, daughter of a lorry driver, was brought up on a council estate and won scholarships to North London Collegiate School and Westfield College, where she studied history. During WWII Westfield was relocated to Oxford, where Jones edited the Oxford Socialist . She married a priest and

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Opening the Knowledge Dam: Speech Recognition for Video Search

may increase access to spoken information captured in videos. ASR is needed, especially for online academic video lectures that gradually replace class lectures and traditional textbooks. This conceptual article examines how technological barriers to ASR in under-resourced languages impair accessibility to video content and demonstrates it with the empirical findings of Hebrew ASR evaluations. We compare ASR with Optical Character Recognition (OCR) as facilitating access to textual and speech content and show their current performance in under-resourced languages. We target ASR of under-resourced languages as the main barrier to searching academic video lectures. We further show that information retrieval technologies, such as smart video players that combine both ASR and OCR capacities, must come to the fore once ASR technologies have matured. Therefore, suggesting that the current state of information retrieval from video lectures in under-resourced languages is equivalent to a knowledge dam.

Field of study: Computer science
The effect of long term and regular physical exercise on the balance of type I and type II T cytokines in the elderly

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that regular exercise training in elderly people affects the type 1/type 2 balance. Nine elderly women who train by walking(63±1)a,VO_(2max)(32.2±1.0)mL.kg~(-1)·min~(-1)),12age-matched untrained women(63±1)a,VO_(2max)(27.8±0.9)mL·kg~(-1)·min~(-1),and nine young untrained women(26±1)a,VO_(2max)(37.8±1.3)mL·kg~(-1)·min~(-1)participated in the study.We measured interferon γ(IFN-γ),IL-2,and IL-4 in CD4+ and CD8+T cells,to compare type 1 and type 2 T cells.Results the number of CD4+ cells expressing intracellular IFN-γ(CD4+//IFN-γcell) significantly higher in the elderly trained than in the young(P0.01).The number of CD8+/IL-2 cells was significantly higher in the elderly trained than in the elderly untrained(P0.05).The number of cells was significantly higher in the young than in the elderly untrained(P0.01).No significant differences were apparent in the IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio within CD4+ and CD8+ cells from the three groups. These results might indicate that the effect of age on the balance of type 1/type 2 T cells was stronger than the effect of physical training.

Field of study: Education
Depositional systems and paleogeography of Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene deep-sea flysch deposits of the Magura Basin (Western Carpathians)

The Outer Western Carpathians are part of the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt, and they are formed mostly by the Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene deep-sea “flysch” sequences. Orava region (northern Slovakia), situated in the central part of the Magura Nappe, has an important position for the solution of the geological structure and development of the Magura Nappe. At the beginning of the research, determination of the sedimentary sequences of the Magura Nappe and the fundamental lithotypes and lithofacies was required. A total of 1164 paleocurrent measurements were measured and assigned to lithotypes and lithostratigraphic units obtained during the detailed sedimentological study. The main purpose of the research was the interpretation of the filling history and tectonic activity of the Magura Basin. The results of the detailed sedimentological study were integrated with published data from surrounding regions. Presented palinspastic maps propose a reconstruction of the filling history and tectonic activity in chronological order during the Upper Cretaceous to Oligocene. Maps focus in detail on the western part of the Magura Basin, but they display its surroundings as well. The sedimentary record reflects the activity and gradual shifting of the Western Carpathian accretionary wedge to the north, the uplift of source areas, and the changes in the sea level of the Magura Basin. The paleocurrent analyses joined with the sedimentological and petrographic research allowed to reconstruct the paleogeographic properties of the northern sources of detritic material (Hostýn, Fore-Magura and Silesian Ridges), of the southern source of the material (Western Carpathians accretionary wedge) and of intrabasinal sources as well (Szczawina and Southern-Magura Ridges). We propose a discussion about the character of filling history, defining and position of the source areas and about Hostýn Ridge defined here.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Bioinspired genetic engineering of supramolecular assembled formate dehydrogenase with enhanced biocatalysis activities.

A bioinspired strategy for the synthesis of supramolecular and biocatalytical materials was developed base on protein-protein supramolecular interaction and genetic engineering. Formate dehydrogenase (FDH) and its functional fragments were separately fused to form a multi-function domain. The fusion proteins and functional fragments self-assembled into the expanded and controllable supramolecular interaction networks. Morphology characterization by scanning-electron microscopy showed that the assembled functional fragments and fusion proteins formed multi-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) layer-like structures. Moreover, the oligomeric biocatalysts exhibited higher structural stability and NAD(H) recycling efficiency than the unassembled structures when they were applied to a co-enzyme regeneration system. These results suggest that the bioinspired strategy provides a promising approach for the fabrication of supramolecular FDH materials via genetic engineering and self-assembly. The significant improvement on the biocatalytical activity reveals the essential role of supramolecular interface design in their biocatalysis applications.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Kinematics of solar neighborhood stars and its dependence on age and metallicity

We have constructed a catalog containing the best available astrometric, photometric, radial velocity and astrophysical data for mainly F-type and G-type stars (called the Astrometric Catalog associated with Astrophysical Data, ACAD). This contains 27 553 records and is used for the purpose of analyzing stellar kinematics in the solar neighborhood. Using the Lindblad-Oort model and compiled ACAD, we calculated the solar motion and Oort constants in different age–metallicity bins. The evolution of kinematical parameters with stellar age and metallicity was investigated directly. The results show that the component of the solar motion in the direction of Galactic rotation (denoted S 2 ) linearly increases with age, which may be a consequence of the scattering processes, and its value for a dynamical cold disk was found to be 8.0 ± 1.2 km s −1 . S 2 also linearly increases with metallicity, which indicates that radial migration is correlated to the metallicity gradient. On the other hand, the rotational velocity of the Sun around the Galactic center has no clear correlation with ages or metallicities of stars used in the estimation.

Field of study: Physics
Synthetic Studies of Kinamycin Antibiotics: Stereoselective Synthesis of the Highly Oxygenated D‐Ring and Construction of the ABD‐Ring System of Kinamycins

A concise and stereoselective synthesis of the highly oxygenated D-ring of the kinamycin family of antitumor antibiotics was achieved from commercially available 3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one. The key steps included a regioselective isomerization of a cis-epoxy alcohol, a regioselective reductive ring opening of a benzylidene ketal, and a stereoselective α-hydroxy-directed ketone reduction. The Ullmann coupling between a bromonaphthaldehyde AB-ring fragment and an α-iodocyclohexenone, which is a versatile D-ring precursor, effected the construction of the functionalized ABD-ring system that may provide access to kinamycin F and its structural analogues.

Field of study: Chemistry
Residues of lindane, HCH isomers and HCB in the soil after lindane application.

The dynamics of the disappearance of lindane, HCH isomers and HCB in soil after lindane application were studied, as well as the phenomenon of lindane bioisomerization to HCH isomers. The disappearance of the compounds studied depended on their volatilization into the atmosphere, plant absorption and degradation. During the experiment, lindane was bioisomerized in very small amounts to alpha-, beta-, delta-HCH and HCB, but not to epsilon-HCH. The limited magnitude of this phenomenon indicates that bioisomerization does not contribute to the contamination of food and the environment with HCH isomers that has been observed.

Field of study: Environmental science
Quality control and contracting out of legal aid

This article reports on an evaluation of a pilot project in the tendering out of legal aid defence services for criminal matters in the Queensland District Court. Comparisons were made on quality and cost between the assignment of matters through competitive contracting and conventional assignment to private practitioners through a panel and scale fee system. Results show no significant differences in case outcomes and client perceptions of quality. In the interests of further cost reductions, any extension of tendering would need to focus on relatively simple, high-volume areas of prescribed crime, where there is less risk that competitive pricing will reduce the quality of service delivery. In addition, the evaluation indicated that greater savings might in future be obtained by enhanced utilisation of in-house (salaried) legal aid practitioners.

Field of study: Political science