nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Forgetting Machines: Knowledge Management Evolution in Early Modern Europe. Alberto Cevolini. ed. Library of the Written Word 53; The Handpress World 40. Leiden: Brill, 2016. xii + 390 pp. $185.

expertise in ancient and contemporary materia medica is demonstrated through a comparative framework that highlights his textual and experiential mastery. Orta’s influence was far-reaching. Egmond explores the Dutch connection, arguing that Carolus Clusius, in effect, appropriated the text and reconstituted it as a work of European botanical science through years of editions, corrections, and additions to the original work. Through careful textual analysis Egmond reveals much about the emergence of botanical science in Europe and the uneven exchange of knowledge within empire. José Pardo Tomás explores Orta’s work and influence in Spain. He places the Colloquies within the growing interest of both Crown and intellectuals in stimulating trade and the exchange of knowledge from America. Spanish experts like Monardes and Fragoso sought plausible substitutions for Eastern materia medica and fueled commercial exploitation of the Americas. Timothy Walker concludes that the business of empire had long-term implications throughout the Portuguese sphere in the field of medicine. Orta helped create a culturally blended, hybridized medical culture that thrived for centuries. Orta’s experiential cross-cultural inquiries fully informed the Colloquies, and he embraced the values of experimentation and cultural adoption. Those practices, techniques, and values can be seen throughout the Lusophone world for more than two centuries. The volume is rich in content, yet contributesmost significantly to methodological and historiographic trends in the field. The contributions are of the highest caliber and it is a must read for anyone interested in the culture of empire.

Field of study: History
KERNEL SECTIONS OF MULTI-VALUED PROCESSES WITH APPLICATION TO THE NONLINEAR REACTION-DIFFUSION EQUATIONS IN UNBOUNDED DOMAINS

First, we introduce the concept of pullback omega-limit compactness for multivalued processes, as an extension of the similar concept in the autonomous and nonautonomous framework. Next, we present the necessary and sufficient, conditions (pullback dissipativeness and pullback omega-limit compactness) for the existence of a nonempty local bounded kernel (kernel sections are all compact, invariant and pullback attracting) of an infinite dimensional multi-valued process. In addition, we prove a result ensuring the existence of a uniform attractor and the uniform forward attraction of the inflated kernel sections of a family of multi-valued processes under the general assumptions of point dissipativeness and uniform omega-limit compactness. Finally, we illustrate the abstract theory with a nonlinear reaction-diffusion model in an unbounded domain.

Field of study: Mathematics
[Endogenous intoxication and compensatory reactions in the restoration period of ischemic stroke].

An aim of the study was to assess the severity of the syndrome of nonspecific metabolic endogenous intoxication (EI) and characteristics of compensatory reaction of serum albumin (SA) in patients in the early restoration period (4-5 months) of ischemic stroke (II). We measured levels of middle-sized molecules (MSM) and malonic dialdehyde (MDA) and determined parameters of functional activity of SA in 30 patients (mean age 69 +/- 8 years) after the first II and in 17 age- and sex-matched healthy people. Neurological deficit and functional restoration of patients were assessed with the NIHSS and Barthel index. The increase of MSM and MDA concentrations was found in 98% and 88% patients, respectively, as compared to healthy people (p<0,01). These metabolic disturbances were associated with the formation of EI and caused functional-structural changes of SA molecules. The correlation between changes of effective concentrations of SA and MDA was characteristic of the group of patients with II. The increase of total SA concentration was found in 87% of cases compared to controls (p<0,01) that indicated the manifestation of compensatory reaction of SA in response to EI. The decrease of all SA parameters, including the total concentration, was noted in 13% of patients and was associated with the decompensatory reaction to SA. The rehabilitation of CNS dysfunctions was associated with the undamaged SA compensatory reaction. The functional-structural changes of SA molecules in patients in the restoration period of II may lead to the changes in drug disposition, i.e. pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, thus reducing possibilities of rehabilitation therapy.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Feasibility Study of  ${\rm Nb}_{3}{\rm Al}$ Rutherford Cable for High Field Accelerator Magnet Application

Feasibility study of Cu stabilized Nb3Al strand and Rutherford cable for the application to high field accelerator magnets are being done at Fermilab in collaboration with NIMS. The Nb3Al strand, which was developed and manufactured at NIMS in Japan, has a non-copper Jc of about 844 A/mm2 at 15 Tesla at 4.2 K, a copper content of 50%, and filament size of about 50 microns. Rutherford cables with 27 Nb3Al strands of 1.03 mm diameter were fabricated and tested. Quench tests on a short cable were done to study its stability with only its self field, utilizing a high current transformer. A pair of 2 meter long Nb3Al cables was tested extensively at CERN at 4.3 and 1.9 K up to 11 Tesla including its self field with a high transport current of 20.2 kA. In the low field test we observed instability near splices and in the central region. This is related to the flux-jump like behavior, because of excessive amount of Nb in the Nb3Al strand. There is possibility that the Nb in Nb3Al can cause instability below 2 Tesla field regions. We need further investigation on this problem. Above 8 Tesla, we observed quenches near the critical surface at fast ramp rate from 1000 to 3000 A/sec, with quench velocity over 100 m/sec. A small racetrack magnet was made using a 14 m of Rutherford cable and successfully tested up to 21.8 kA, corresponding to 8.7 T.

Field of study: Physics
sym-triazine derivatives. 9. Reaction of sym-triazines containing trichloromethyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups with phenylhydrazine

Using the example of the reaction of 1,3,5-triazines simultaneously containing trichloromethyl and ethoxycarbonyl substituents with phenylhydrazine, it was shown that the presence of even one ester group leads to ring transformation. Depending on the number of the ester groups in the initial 1,3,5-triazine, the reaction products are either 1,2,4-triazole or 1,2,4-triazine derivatives.

Field of study: Chemistry
Are We Being Served? Emotional Labour in Local Government in Victoria, Australia

This paper explores how front-line street-level bureaucrats (SLBs) cope with the expectations of citizens, clients, or ‘customers’ in daily work and how SLBs may be impacted by emotional labour. The study analyses data from 41 interviews with SLBs in local councils in Victoria, Australia. Although exploratory, it builds awareness and understanding of the emotional labour associated with public service. The situations that SLBs engage with on a daily basis are many and varied and take the form of increased expectations and intense encounters. Respondents experienced abuse, threats, violence, but also ‘sparkle moments’. Resources that helped SLBs cope are diverse and located both within and outside organisations. Implications are discussed and issues that merit additional investigation are raised concerning how SLBs can be supported to better meet the demands of the public. The research is of value to public managers and SLBs operating in a changing society with increased ‘customer’ expectations.

Field of study: Political science
Predicting the Paths of Peripherals: The Interaction of Identification and Future Possibilities

Two studies investigated how both degree of identification and the individual’s position within the group influence aspects of group loyalty. The authors considered ingroup position in terms of both the individual’s current position within a group and expectations concerning the likelihood that one’s position might change in the future. Peripheral group members learned that their acceptance by other group members would improve in the future or that they could expect rejection by other group members. Various indices of group loyalty (ingroup homogeneity, motivation to work for the group, and evaluation of a motivated group member) showed that when group members anticipated future rejection, the lower the identification the less loyal they were. In contrast, those who expected future acceptance were more loyal (more motivated to work for the group) the lower their identification. Current group behavior depends on both intragroup future expectations and level of identification.

Field of study: Psychology
Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Meeting of the Paleontological Society, held at Princeton, New Jersey, December 31, 1913, and January 1, 1914

Session of Wednesday, December 31, 1913 The Section of Vertebrate Paleontology was called to order at 10.40 a. m. in advance of the Society’s first general session. This became necessary in order to allow time for the completion of the program, which had been increased at the last moment by numerous papers on vertebrate paleontology. R. S. Lull was elected chairman and W. D. Matthew secretary of the section. The minutes are printed on pages 139 to 145. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS At 2.30 p. m. a joint general session of the Geological Society of America and the Paleontological Society was held in Guyot Hall to hear the retiring address by the President of the Paleontological Society, Charles D. Walcott, who chose as his subject CAMBRIAN OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA Following this address, which was illustrated by lantern slides, President Walcott called the Paleontological Society to order, and announced that on account . . .

Field of study: Geology
On Dollars and the Behavioral Sciences

T HE planners for university development can learn something from the response of a comely woman student when interviewed for a study of occupational choice. "What do you expect to be doing ten years from now? " asked the researcher. "I'll be married and have a couple of children," was her confident reply. "How can you predict the future ?" the interviewer inquired. " Do you have a steady boy friend?" "Not yet, but I know what I want, and from then on the future is only a matter of probability." No faculty, no president, and no board of trustees can predict the future of their university with certainty, but they can plan purposefully. They can greatly increase the probability that future development will take place within the range of what is desired. Such long-range planning is particularly urgent in the behavioral sciences. This fact was recognized by the Ford Foundation, which in I953 granted funds to five universities, Chicago, Harvard, Michigan, North Carolina, and Stanford, to review the development of this field of knowledge in their institutions. The " behavioral sciences " is a relatively new label. The Ford Foundation adopted it to describe the activities of their recently created division for the scientific study of human behavior. Psychology, sociology and anthropology, economics, and political science are near the center of this field of inquiry, but as we move to the periphery, no sharp boundaries can be drawn. There are common frontiers with biology and medicine, with the physical sciences and mathematics, and with the humanities. The concept of behavioral sciences is not a faddish substitute of a new term for others that are familiar and with which we feel comfortable. Its emergence is symptomatic of the recognition that the study of man cannot be done well within the limits of any of the traditionally defined social-science fields. A multidisciplinary approach and terminology are the result. In many universities the scientific study of man is not much above a minimum subsistence level. Even at the University of Chicago, which has given special attention to this field of knowledge, a faculty self-study committee reported:

Field of study: Education
Output characteristics of a neodymium laser with a positive electrooptic feedback

An investigation was made of the output parameters of a neodymium laser with a positive electrooptic feedback (PEF). Comparison was made of the kinetics of the laser radiation field in three cases: conventional Q switching, PEF regime, Q switching by a crystal of LiF(F2−). It was found that the kinetics of the laser radiation field in the PEF regime was close to the kinetics obtained using the LiF(F2−) switch. In contrast to a laser with a passive filter characterized by a random change of lasing filaments, the structure of the radiation field in the PEF regime remained practically constant during the generation of a giant pulse. The dependence of the operation of the PEF laser on the control voltages could be utilized in computer control of the laser.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Discussion: Inference and Interpretability Considerations in Frequentist Model Averaging and Selection

Hjort and Claeskens are to be congratulated for addressing several important yet controversial issues on model averaging and selection. In these two stimulating articles, the authors advocated frequentist model averaging and provided the necessary asymptotic analyses to demonstrate its consistency as well as developed the focused information criterion (FIC) for guiding the model selection process. In our opinion model averaging and model selection as well as their associated inferential aspects are important in both statistical theory and practice. Although well studied, there are important yet subtle differences in the application of these approaches to model development and these deserve more attention. In this discussion we shall focus on the following aspects: (1) model interpretability, (2) model performance as measured by loss and risk, and (3) aspects of model-based inference. We shall provide a simple example for illustration of these points.

Field of study: Mathematics
Development of shelf stable tomato rasam paste using hurdle technology.

The objectives of this work were to develop ready-to-use tomato rasam paste using hurdle technology involving water activity (a w ), temperature, pH and preservative as hurdles and evaluation of shelf stability of the developed product. Physico-chemical characteristics such as pH, titratable acidity (TA), colour changes, and microbiological profiles were evaluated during storage of 4 months at ambient temperature (AT, 28 ± 4oC) and 37oC. Hunter color analysis showed significant (P<0.05) decrease in the lightness (L * ) and redness (a * ) while yellowness (b * ) of paste increased during storage at both the storage temperatures. The L * value decreased from 27.23 to 20.78 and 18.23 in samples stored at AT and 37oC, respectively while a * values decreased from 34.29 to 30.02 and 31.21 in samples stored at AT and 37oC, respectively. The paste was found to be acceptable on sensory scale after 4 months of storage at ambient temperature. The quality of paste in terms of sensory colour attribute was found to be deteriorated in sample stored at higher (37oC) temperature.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A Comparative Study of Emotional Stability of Visually Impaired Students Studying at Secondary Level in Inclusive Setup and Special Schools

Visual impairment as an umbrella term includes all levels of vision loss. Researches in the field of visual disability are far from satisfactory in India. Some attempts have been made to study different aspects of the lives of visually disabled children. Such attempts help revealing the facts of their life, characteristics, activities, performances, abilities and disabilities etc. The present investigation purports to find out the efficacy of emotional stability of visually disabled students studying in special schools and inclusive setup.The objective of the study is to compare the emotional stability of visual impaired students at secondary level of inclusive setup and special schools.Descriptive survey method has been adopted for the study. Population of the study consisted visually impaired children studying in special schools and inclusive setup. A sample of 100 students was drawn from various schools, through stratified random sampling technique. Emotional Maturity Scale developed by Singh, Y. and Bhargava, M. was used to collect information about students studying in inclusive setup and special schools. Mean, Standard Deviation and t-Scores were used for data analysis. Results reveal that though there was a significant difference in the emotional stability of children studying in inclusive setup and special schools, however, girls studying in different setups of school did not differ significantly in their emotional stability. The study throws light on the fact that children with visual impairment studying in inclusive setup are more emotionally stable than the children with visual impairment studying in special schools.  Emotional Stability, Visual Impairment, Special Education & Inclusive Education.

Field of study: Education
PopPlanner: visually constructing demographic models for simulation

Currently there are a number of coalescent simulation programs that support a wide range of features, such as arbitrary demographic models, migration, and sub structure. Defining the model is done typically with either text files or command line switches. Although this has proven to be a powerful method of defining models of high complexity, it is often error prone and difficult to read without familiarity both with command lines and the program in question. A intuitive GUI based population structure program that can both read and write applicable command lines would dramatically simplify the construction, modification, and error checking of such models by a wider user base.  PopPlanner is a tool to both construct and inspect complicated demographic models visually with a GUI where the user's primary interaction is through mouse gestures. Because of their popularity, we focus on ms and by extension msms, command line coalescent simulation programs. Our program can be used to find errors with existing command lines, or to build original command lines. Furthermore, the graphical output supports a number of editing and output features including export of publication quality figures.

Field of study: Biology
Easy way to find the sagitta depth.

To locate a lens properly in a mechanical mount, one has to know the axial separation between the vertex and the ring of contact between the curved surface of the lens and a lo­ cating shoulder. The location of the vertex of one of the surfaces of the lens is determined as sagitta or sag. Figure 1 explains the variables involved in the calculation of sagitta depth. The depth of sagitta may be calculated according to the following formula: S = R √R (d/2) . Although this formula is not complicated, its solution is nevertheless timeconsuming even with a pocket calculator. Therefore a no­ mograph has been designed  that allows one to solve the depth of sagitta when the other data (R and d) are known within 1 sec. The use of this nomograph is extremely simple: one connects with a ruler the known values of R and d on both side scales and reads the results, S, at the intersection point of the ruler with the S scale (central). The nomograph may be used with any units.

Field of study: Physics
High resolution photoelectron spectrometry of negative ions: Fine-structure transitions in O− and S− photodetachment

The energy spectra of electrons detached from O− and S− ions by 488.0 nm and 514.5 nm photons have been measured with high electron energy resolution (5 meV) in order to determine the branching ratios for the various2P3/2, 1/2 →3P2, 1, 0 fine-structure transitions together with their respective angular distributions. Detailed information on the relative importance of thes- andd-wave continuum is obtained.

Field of study: Physics
Incorporation of TiB2 additive into MnO2 cathode and its influence on rechargeability in an aqueous battery system

Electrochemical and surface characterization have been conducted to establish the role of small amounts (1, 3 and 5 wt.%) of titanium diboride (TiB2) additive into manganese dioxide (MnO2) cathode with Zn as an anode in an aqueous saturated lithium hydroxide electrolyte battery. The incorporation of small amounts of TiB2 additive into MnO2 was found to improve the discharge capacity from 150 to a maximum of 220 mAh/g. The electrode reaction of MnO2 with TiB2 in this aqueous electrolyte is shown to be lithium insertion while suppressing the proton insertion mechanism. This mechanism is confirmed using various techniques i.e. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) analysis on the discharged cathode material. The influence of the TiB2 additive on the performance of MnO2 as a cathode and its cycling ability has been determined.

Field of study: Materials science
Marsilio Ficino's De stella magorum and Renaissance Views of the Magi

REFERENCES TO THE MAGI WHOSE veneration of the infant Christ is recorded in the second chapter of the gospel of Matthew are frequent in the writings ofMarsilio Ficino, especially his letters. The clearest expressions of his interest and faith in the Magi can be found in the Apologia,I accounting for the more magical elements in the De vita, and in a praedicatio on the topic of the star that guided the Wise Men. That sermon, De stella magorum,2 helped to shape the perception and treatment of the Magi not only in the Neoplatonic tradition but in broader Christian and literary traditions as well. In Ficino's presentation, the Magi are active participants within the prisca theologia, a body of knowledge and practice amounting to a parallel revelation vouchsafed the gentiles before the coming of Christ. The Magi are, therefore, worthy inheritors, as well as direct recipients, of some awareness of the truly divine, as were many of the pagan philosophers and seers who preceded them. Hermes Trismegistus and Zoroaster were sometimes regarded as gentile Moses figures--or, alternatively, as students of Moses himself--and their supposed philosophic progeny, from Orpheus to Pythagoras to Plato, were accordingly compared with the Old Testament prophets. Ficino continues the parallel successions into the Christian age, with the Magi comparing quite favorably with Simeon and Anna, two ofJudaea's earliest witnesses of the Messiah's arrival. Through these comparisons and parallels, a case can be made that the wisdom of the prisca theologia is as valuable-and as deserving of study-as are the truths revealed in the Hebrew scriptures. Arguments or even implications along these lines were, certainly, re*An early version of this paper was delivered at the I986 Southwest Regional Meeting hosted by the Renaissance Conference of Southern California. All translations and paraphrases from the De stella which follow have profited greatly from the kind, constant, and learned assistance of MichaelJ. B. Allen. I am also grateful to an anonymous reader for Renaissance Quarterly for several insightful comments and useful suggestions. IMarsilio Ficino, Opera (Basel, 1576); rpt. ed. M. Sancipriano and P. 0.

Field of study: History