nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Investigation of student’s knowledge of osteoporposis

The investigation of 231 students' knowledge of oteoporosis was made with self-made questionnaire.The results showed:1)most of students knew what was osteoporosis,but it was not so satisfactory in the range and quality of the knowledge of osteoporosis;2)though the student's attitude to osteoporosis was active,it should be changed into actions of prevention.We sugget that the knowledge of osteoporosis should be fully spread propaganda and education among students and the general survey of their BMD and record of bone health should be carried to increase all-side student's knowledge of osteoporosis.

Field of study: Education
Awaking to Mutual, Reciprocal Need in Plague and Epidemic Disease: The Origins of Early Christian Health Care

While the early Christian Church demonstrates a deep desire to relieve physical suffering, the Greco-Roman world in which it developed lacked the same impetus to respond to human need, especially in the context of epidemic or communicable disease. Christianity’s dedication to health care, and its belief that assisting the sick constituted an absolute obligation, distinguished early Christianity from its contemporary cultural milieu which regularly ignored and excluded the sick. The novelty of the Christian approach to healing can be traced to the early church’s unique recognition of human need. This vision of human need, which ultimately replaced the secular Greco-Roman emphasis on reciprocal philanthropy and providing assistance only to the worthy, is clearly exemplified in the life of Christ, in responses to plague and in the writings of John Chrysostom and the Cappadocian Fathers Basil the Great, Gregory of Nyssa, and Gregory of Nazianzus. An analysis of these sources demonstrates that the early Christian Church viewed the sick not only as persons to be assisted insofar as they shared a common human nature but also individuals necessary for the salvation of the broader community as a whole. The early church’s emphasis on reciprocal interdependence between healthy and sick eliminated the boundaries traditionally established between these two groups and transformed long-standing notions of contagious disease. Ultimately, the development of these attitudes toward the sick originates in a deeper truth which underlies the Christian healthcare tradition both in the ancient world and in the modern era: humanity’s profound and mutual need of God, before whom all are spiritually ill.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Electromigration in Line-Type Cu/Sn-Bi/Cu Solder Joints

In this study, the different electromigration (EM) behaviors of eutectic Sn-Bi solder in the solid and molten states were clarified using line-type Cu/Sn-Bi/Cu solder joints. When the eutectic Sn-Bi solder was in the solid state during the EM test, a Bi-rich layer formed at the anode side while a Sn-rich band formed at the cathode side, and the intermetallic compound (IMC) at the cathode side was thicker than that at the anode side. The growth of the Bi-rich layer exhibited a linear dependence on the time of stressing. While the actual temperature of the solder joint increased to 140°C and the solder was in a molten state or partially molten state, two separate Bi-rich layers formed at the anode side and a great many Cu6Sn5 IMC precipitates formed between the two Bi-rich layers. Also, the IMC layer at the cathode side was thinner than that at the anode side. With a current-crowding-reduced structure, the products of diffusivity and effective charge number of Bi in the eutectic Cu/Sn-Bi/Cu solder joints stressed with current density of 5 × 103 A/cm2 at 35°C, 55°C, and 75°C were calculated.

Field of study: Materials science
Triumph des Dichters: Gekrönte Intellektuelle im 16. Jahrhundert (review)

appeared during the last five years of Erasmus’s life, the last in 1536, the year of his death. It was during the period of all these commentaries that Erasmus was busy publishing editions of the Church Fathers: Jerome (1516, rev. ed. 1529), Cyprian (1520), Arnobius and Athanasius (1522), Hilary (1523), Irenaeus (1526, editio princeps), Ambrose (1527), Augustine (1528–29), Chrysostom (1530, Latin translation), Basil (1532, editio princeps of Greek edition), and Origen (1536, published posthumously). Their presence is palpable throughout, though Erasmus develops his own positions in relation to all of them. Erasmus published Hyperaspistes in 1527, his conclusive rejection of Luther’s doctrine of the bound will. But his commentaries on Psalms 22 and 33 avoid confrontation and use language that anticipates the double-justification doctrine that became the basis for an attempted theological reconciliation at the Colloquy of Regensberg in 1541. In his commentary on Psalm 22, Erasmus writes: “Righteousness is of two kinds, the first being the innocence to which we are restored through faith and baptism and the second the righteousness of faith working through love” (152; see n. 194 on the same page). During these years also Europe was threatened with invasion by the Turks. In 1526 Suleiman I (1520–66) defeated King Louis of Hungary in the battle of Mohács and in 1529 advanced on Vienna, though he abandoned the siege on 16 October. Erasmus’s commentary on Psalm 28 is an exposition of the Turkish war, which, however, focuses more on deficiencies in Christian attitudes and practices than it does on the Turks (in keeping with the views he expressed in the two adages discussed above). Classical scholar, preacher, and theologian: it was a rare accomplishment even during the Renaissance, and almost nonexistent now. Erasmus reminds us of one of the worlds we have lost. But he also connects us to traditions that — however fragmented — are still alive among us, and reading him enables us to rediscover our roots, at the same time renegotiating them. ALBERT RABIL, JR. State University of New York, College at Old Westbury, Emeritus

Field of study: History
Non-Uniform Burst-Sparsity Learning for Massive MIMO Channel Estimation

We address the downlink channel estimation problem for massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems in this paper, where the inherit burst-sparsity structure is exploited to improve the channel estimation performance. In the literature, the commonly used burst-sparsity model assumes a uniform burst-sparse structure in which all bursts have similar sizes. However, such assumption is oversimplified to hold in practice. Outliers deviated from such uniform burst structures can significantly degrade the accuracy of the existing burst-sparsity models, which may result in a reduced recovery performance. To capture a more general burst-sparsity structure in practice, we propose a novel non-uniform burst-sparsity model and introduce an improved pattern-coupled prior to account for more realistic non-uniform burst structures. A generic sparse Bayesian learning based framework to exploit the non-uniform burst-sparsity and to enhance massive MIMO channel estimation performance is then developed. We further prove that our solution converges to a stationary point of the associated optimization problem, and our framework includes the state-of-the-art pattern-coupled method as a special case. Simulation results verify the robust performance of the devised method.

Field of study: Engineering
Phenotypically Selective Genotyping Realizes More Genetic Gains in a Rainbow Trout Breeding Program in the Presence of Genotype-by-Environment Interactions

Selective genotyping of phenotypically superior animals may lead to bias and less accurate genomic breeding values (GEBV). Performing selective genotyping based on phenotypes measured in the breeding environment (B) is not necessarily a good strategy when the aim of a breeding program is to improve animals’ performance in the commercial environment (C). Our simulation study compared different genotyping strategies for selection candidates and for fish in C in a breeding program for rainbow trout in the presence of genotype-by-environment interactions when the program had limited genotyping resources and unregistered pedigrees of individuals. For the reference population, selective genotyping of top and bottom individuals in C based on phenotypes measured in C led to the highest genetic gains, followed by random genotyping and then selective genotyping of top individuals in C. For selection candidates, selective genotyping of top individuals in B based on phenotypes measured in B led to the highest genetic gains, followed by selective genotyping of top and bottom individuals and then random genotyping. Selective genotyping led to bias in predicting GEBV. However, in scenarios that used selective genotyping of top fish in B and random genotyping of fish in C, predictions of GEBV were unbiased, with genetic correlations of 0.2 and 0.5 between traits measured in B and C. Estimates of variance components were sensitive to genotyping strategy, with an overestimation of the variance with selective genotyping of top and bottom fish and an underestimation of the variance with selective genotyping of top fish. Unbiased estimates of variance components were obtained when fish in B and C were genotyped at random. In conclusion, we recommend phenotypic genotyping of top and bottom fish in C and top fish in B for the purpose of selecting breeding animals and random genotyping of individuals in B and C for the purpose of estimating variance components when a genomic breeding program for rainbow trout aims to improve animals’ performance in C.

Field of study: Biology
Bemark, bestuur, beheer : hoofartikel

Die moeilike ekonomiese klimaat waarin produsente hulle tans bevind, kon tot 'n groot mate as onnatuurlik beskou word. Dit gebeur selde dat prysstygings, beide aan die inset- en die verbruikerskant, so radikaal styg. Op grond hiervan is dit nie onredelik om te verwag dat die situasie nie vir baie lank so kan bly nie. 
Om 'n paar wenke te kry van hoe melkprodusente die huidige situasie tot hulle eie voordeel kan bestuur, het ons vier swaargewigte in die landbouwereld bymekaargetrek en 'n paar vrae gevra. Hulle is Ernst Janovsky van Absa, Freddie van Zyl, melkboer van Cradock en voorsitter van die MPO in die Oos-Kaap, prof Johan Willemse van die Universiteit van die Vrystaat, en dr Koos Coetzee van die MPO.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Self-Protection and the Culture of Honor: Explaining Southern Violence

The southern United States has long been known to be more violent than the northern United States. The authors argue that this may be due in part to an ideology justifying violence for self-protection and for maintaining "honor " or a reputation for toughness. Analysis of data from three surveys shows that southern White males do not endorse violence unconditionally but do endorse violence when it is used for self-protection, to defend one's honor, or to socialize children. These data fit well with behavioral data concerning gun ownership and the types of homicide committed in the South. Although the conditions that gave rise to southern violence are largely gone, it may be sustained through collective representations emphasizing the importance of honor and through violent self-fulfilling prophecies centering on hypersensitivity to affronts.

Field of study: Psychology
Numerical simulation of electroosmotic flow in microchannels with rough surface

Electroosmotic flow(EOF) is widely used to transport and mix fluids in microfluidic chips.Aiming at the parallel-plate microchannel with surface roughness,governing equations describing the EOF were established and the influence of surface roughness and electrical double layer(EDL) on EOF was investigated by using finite element method(FEM).The simulation results indicated that,when the EDL thickness was comparable to 0.3 times of the height of surface roughness,the presence of surface roughness could alter EDL near the surface,and reduce the EOF significantly.When the EDL thickness was much smaller or much greater than the height of surface roughness,EOF was less affected by surface roughness.The relationship between the EOF speed in bulk flow region and the relative EDL thickness was "V-shaped".

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Molecular assembly on two-dimensional materials.

Molecular self-assembly is a well-known technique to create highly functional nanostructures on surfaces. Self-assembly on two-dimensional (2D) materials is a developing field driven by the interest in functionalization of 2D materials in order to tune their electronic properties. This has resulted in the discovery of several rich and interesting phenomena. Here, we review this progress with an emphasis on the electronic properties of the adsorbates and the substrate in well-defined systems, as unveiled by scanning tunneling microscopy. The review covers three aspects of the self-assembly. The first one focuses on non-covalent self-assembly dealing with site-selectivity due to inherent moiré pattern present on 2D materials grown on substrates. We also see that modification of intermolecular interactions and molecule-substrate interactions influences the assembly drastically and that 2D materials can also be used as a platform to carry out covalent and metal-coordinated assembly. The second part deals with the electronic properties of molecules adsorbed on 2D materials. By virtue of being inert and possessing low density of states near the Fermi level, 2D materials decouple molecules electronically from the underlying metal substrate and allow high-resolution spectroscopy and imaging of molecular orbitals. The moiré pattern on the 2D materials causes site-selective gating and charging of molecules in some cases. The last section covers the effects of self-assembled, acceptor and donor type, organic molecules on the electronic properties of graphene as revealed by spectroscopy and electrical transport measurements. Non-covalent functionalization of 2D materials has already been applied for their application as catalysts and sensors. With the current surge of activity on building van der Waals heterostructures from atomically thin crystals, molecular self-assembly has the potential to add an extra level of flexibility and functionality for applications ranging from flexible electronics and OLEDs to novel electronic devices and spintronics.

Field of study: Physics
Association Between In Vitro Antiradical Activity and Ferric Reducing Power in Aged Red Wines: A Mechanistic Approach

Polyphenolic phytochemicals present in certain plant tissues exhibit multifunctional properties, in terms of expressing in vitroantioxidant activity. In the case of wines, which can be considered as very complex mixtures of polyphenols, a trend has been revealed by previous studies regarding the correlation of values from antioxidant tests based on different chemical backgrounds. In this respect, 25 aged red wines, along with some characteristic polyphenolic antioxidants, were employed to carry out specific antioxidant tests, including the widely used DPPH• stable radical and a ferric reducing assay. The results showed that the values arising from these two tests correlated very well (r2 0.8761) at a 99.9% significance level (p<0.001). On such a basis, and using the information derived from the examination of the pure components, the findings were discussed from a mechanistic point of view to examine whether particular red wine constituents are responsible for the antioxidant behaviour observed.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Properties Research on WC Coating on BT-20 by Detonation Gun Spraying

Though analysis on principle of DS and a lot of experiments, we point out that the structure of gun and distance of spraying and gas quantity have great effect on the quality of coating. On the base of lots of experiments, and confirm excellent processing parameters for coating.A contrast study was made on properties between detonation gun spraying (DS) and plasma spraying (PS)of coatings. It was found that hardness of coating by DS is bigger, biding intensity is higher,microstructure is symmetrical、compact and lower hole density,it has't macroscopic and microcosmic defect on the surface of coating/substrate,its oxidation resistance is evidently better,than coating by PS.

Field of study: Materials science
REGIONAL HEAT FLOW PATTERN IN WESTERN CANADA

Over a period of several years, thousands of temperature measurements, which were made while oil wells were being logged for other purposes, have accumulated. These measurements have now been critically examined. Although only a minute percentage were sufficiently reliable for terrestrial heat flow purposes, there were enough to permit sea level isogeotherms and isogradients to be drawn on a regional basis.Anomalies in the isogeotherms appear to correlate with granitic basement intrusions. The isogradients suggest a regional trend of increasing heat flow between Edmonton and Norman Wells.

Field of study: Environmental science
Physical performance characteristics of spiral CT scanning.

CT scanning in spiral geometry is achieved by continuously transporting the patient through the gantry in synchrony with continuous data acquisition over a multitude of 360-deg scans. Data for reconstruction of images in planar geometry are estimated from the spiral data by interpolation. The influence of spiral scanning on image quality is investigated. Most of the standard physical performance parameters, e.g., spatial resolution, image uniformity, and contrast, are not affected; results differ for pixel noise and slice sensitivity profiles. For linear interpolation, pixel noise is expected to be reduced by a factor of 0.82; reduction factors of 0.81 to 0.83 were measured. Slice sensitivity profiles are changed as a function of table feed d, measured in millimeters per 360-deg scan; they are smoothed as the original profile is convolved with the object motion function. The motion function is derived for linear interpolation that constitutes a triangle with a base line width of 2d and a maximal height equal to 1/d. Calculations of both the full width at half-maximum and the shape of the profiles were in good agreement with experimental results. The effect of the widened profiles, in particular of their extended tail ends, on image quality is demonstrated in phantom measurements.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Secondary School Students’ Perceptions of the Influence of Guidance and Counselling Services on Their Overall School Adjustment in Relation to School Type

Secondary school adjustment is the process of students coping in school environment in order to attain the individual and school’s set goals and aspirations.  All public secondary schools (day and boarding) are required to implement guidance and counselling services to assist students in school adjustment (emotional, social and academic). This study looks at the perceptions of students on the influence of guidance and counselling on overall school adjustment based on school type. This study used causal comparative research design. The target population involved students in single- sex boarding schools, mixed sex boarding schools and mixed day schools in Keiyo North Sub County, Kenya. Students in form one to four participated in the study. Stratified and simple random sampling methods were used to select students from 7 (3 single sex, 1 mixed boarding and 3 mixed day secondary schools). Data was collected through the use of questionnaire and interview. This is because the study adopted a mixed approach research methodology. Research findings showed that there existed significant difference on students’ perceptions of the influence of guidance and counselling services on school adjustment in relation to the type of schools they came from. Students from girls’ schools had higher perception scores compared to those from mixed schools and those from boys’ schools. The study recommends that there is need for teacher counsellors in mixed and day secondary schools to devise guidance and counselling activities to meet the needs of students who need emotional, social and academic adjustments.  overall, school, adjustment, school type

Field of study: Education
German Military Penetration into Mexico During the Late Díaz Period

B Y 1900, AS THE cautious overseas policy of Chancellor Bismarck faded into the background, the government of Emperor William II was tempted to exploit the prestige of an efficient army to gain advantage for Germany by influencing Mexico to adopt German military methods and materials. German diplomats reported the activities of rival nations, notably the French, in Mexican military affairs, and the boldest among them, Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim, urged a daring program to infiltrate the Mexican Army. The Emperor found this advice congenial, and while the German Army took little initiative in the matter, it was ready to cooperate. On the other hand, Chancellor Prince Bernhard von Biilow and the German Ambassador to Washington Freiherr Hermann Speck von Sternburg, apparently aware that undue German military influence in Mexico would endanger relations with the United States, engaged in efforts to restrain the Emperor and his representative in Mexico. Meanwhile, Mexican partisans of Germany and France intrigued busily and the Diaz government, anxious to build a powerful Mexican Army and to restrain United States influence, was obviously only too glad to play one nation off against another and to gain what advantage it could in the process. The German drive to exert military influence in Mexico appears to have begun in 1900. At this time, Minister Edmund Freiherr von Heyking arrived at his post in the Mexican capital bearing special instructions from the German Emperor to strengthen President Porfirio Diaz, possibly with the help of German military instructors.

Field of study: History
Effects of Calcium Codoping on Charge Traps in LSO:Ce Crystals

Experimental studies of Lu2SiO5:Ce (LSO:Ce) crystals codoped with various concentrations of Ca (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 at% in the melt) are presented. The scintillation and optical properties including photoluminescence decay, emission, excitation, absorption, afterglow and thermoluminescence properties are investigated as a function of Ca concentration. Experimental data show Ca codoping significantly reduces the trapped charge population in the crystal matrix. Hence, the scintillation decay time of LSO:Ce is shortened and the afterglow is suppressed. Thermoluminescence studies show a strong correlation between the integrated thermoluminescence intensity and the Ca concentration.

Field of study: Physics
Production engineering research of sugarless RuanerPear tablet

After research the production engineering about sugarless RuanerPear tablet which has high nutritious and health effect.The result proved,the proportion of RuanerPear concentrate ointment is 6%,sweetener is 75%(The scale of sorbitol,xylitol and crystal barley-Sugar is 3 to 0.5 to 0.5) ,oligomerization isomaltose is 18.5%,citric acid is 0.5%,use alcohol solution(50%) as wetting agent,magnesium stearate(0.5%) as lubricant,after mix,prill,dry and tableting,we got sugarless RuanerPear tablet which is low sugar,low calorie and has health effect.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Neo-Liberalism, the Changing German Labor Market, and Income Distribution: An Institutionalist and Post Keynesian Analysis

This inquiry relies on an Institutionalist and Post Keynesian analysis to explore Germany's neo-liberal project, noting cumulative effects emerging as measurable economic and societal outcomes. Investments in technologies generate rising output-to-capital ratios. Increasing exports offset the Domar problem, but give rise to capital surpluses. National income redistributes in favor of capital. Novel labor market institutions emerge. Following Minsky, good times lead to bad: as seeming successes of neo-liberal policies are accompanied by financial instability, growing disparities in household incomes, and sharp declines in German exports on world markets, resulting in one of the deepest, recent contractions in the industrialized world.

Field of study: Economics