nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Cellular cooperation in lymphocyte activation. II. Cooperative response of human peripheral T and B lymphocytes to rabbit anti-human beta 2-microglobulin.

In the present study we attempted to clarify the effects of anti-beta 2-microglobulin (a-beta 2m) on lymphocyte activation. Neither a-beta 2m IgG fraction nor F(ab')2 had a mitogenic effect on either highly purified T or B lymphocytes alone, while their mitogenic effect was observed when T and B lymphocytes were appropriately reconstituted. When T lymphocytes were reconstituted with mitomycin C (MMC) treated B lymphocytes, a negligible decrease in the response to a-beta 2m was observed compared to the response of an untreated mixture to a-beta 2m. On the other hand, when B lymphocytes were reconstituted with MMC-treated T lymphocytes, the response was markedly diminished. It was found, moreover, that the response of T lymphocytes separated by a semipermeable membrane from MMC-treated B lymphocytes was not enhanced, while a mixture of T and MMC-treated B lymphocytes in the same chamber showed a marked response. These results lead to the conclusion that the cells responding to a-beta 2m are mainly T lymphocytes whose response is strongly enhanced by B lymphocytes, and that for the mitogenic effect of a-beta 2m direct cell-to-cell interaction between T and B lymphocytes is necessary.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
MIPAS temperature from the stratosphere to the lower thermosphere: Comparison of vM21 with ACE-FTS, MLS, OSIRIS, SABER, SOFIE and lidar measurements

We present vM21 MIPAS temperatures from the lower stratosphere to the lower thermosphere, which cover all optimized resolution measurements performed by MIPAS in the middle-atmosphere, upper-atmosphere and noctilucent-cloud modes during its lifetime, i.e., from January 2005 to April 2012. The main upgrades with respect to the previous version of MIPAS temperatures (vM11) are the update of the spectroscopic database, the use of a different climatology of atomic oxygen and carbon dioxide, and the improvement in important technical aspects of the retrieval setup (temperature gradient along the line of sight and offset regularizations, apodization accuracy). Additionally, an updated version of ESA-calibrated L1b spectra (5.02/5.06) is used. The vM21 temperatures correct the main systematic errors of the previous version because they provide on average a 1–2 K warmer stratopause and middle mesosphere, and a 6–10 K colder mesopause (except in high-latitude summers) and lower thermosphere. These lead to a remarkable improvement in MIPAS comparisons with ACE-FTS, MLS, OSIRIS, SABER, SOFIE and the two Rayleigh lidars at Mauna Loa and Table Mountain, which, with a few specific exceptions, typically exhibit differences smaller than 1 K below 50 km and than 2 K at 50–80 km in spring, autumn and winter at all latitudes, and summer at low to midlatitudes. Differences in the high-latitude summers are typically smaller than 1 K below 50 km, smaller than 2 K at 50–65 km and 5 K at 65–80 km. Differences between MIPAS and the other instruments in the mid-mesosphere are generally negative. MIPAS mesopause is within 4 K of the other instruments measurements, except in the high-latitude summers, when it is within 5–10 K, being warmer there than SABER, MLS and OSIRIS and colder than ACE-FTS and SOFIE. The agreement in the lower thermosphere is typically better than 5 K, except for high latitudes during spring and summer, when MIPAS usually exhibits larger vertical gradients.

Field of study: Environmental science
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and 30-day all-cause mortality in adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common and serious form of chronic liver disease. Risk factors of NAFLD include obesity and type 2 diabetes which are associated with infections.



We aimed to determine the association of NAFLD with 30-day all-cause mortality in adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).



A retrospective cohort study on hospitalized patients with CAP that was conducted during a period of 4 years. We included patients aged ≥18 years with CAP who underwent abdominal ultrasonography. We compared between patients with and without NAFLD in term of age, gender, body mass index (BMI), comorbidities, CURB-65, pneumonia severity index (PSI), liver enzymes, C-reactive protein (CRP) and 30-day all-cause mortality. We used fibrosis score to distinguish between patients with NAFLD who have advanced fibrosis (F3-F4) and do not have (F0-F2).



A total of 561 patients were included in this study. The overall prevalence of NAFLD was 200/561 (35.6%). Significant differences were found between the groups with and without NAFLD in term of BMI, CURB-65, ALT, GGT and CRP. The 30-day all-cause mortality rate was 9.8% (55/561). Among the NAFLD group 34/200 (17%) subjects died vs. 21/361 (5.82%) among patients without NAFLD, P < 0.001. Multi-variate logistic regression analysis after adjusting for other multiple covariates showed that NAFLD with fibrosis score 0-2 [odds ratio (OR) 1.38, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12-1.51, P = 0.04], NAFLD with fibrosis score> 2 (1.52; 1.25-1.70, P = 0.03) were associated with 30-day all-cause mortality among patients with CAP.



NAFLD was associated with 30-day all-cause mortality in patients with CAP. This association was more significant in patients with advanced hepatic fibrosis.

Field of study: Medicine
Density and electron density of aqueous cryoprotectant solutions at cryogenic temperatures for optimized cryoprotection and diffraction contrast

The densities of aqueous solutions of eight common cryoprotectants were measured at T = 77 K and were used to determine electron densities at T = 77 K and thermal contractions on cooling from room temperature. The results provide a quantitative basis for choosing cryoprotectants to optimize outcomes in cryocrystallography, cryo-SAXS, cryogenic temperature X-ray imaging and vitrification-based biological cryopreservation.

Field of study: Chemistry
Remarkable Electric Field Effect on the Absorption Intensity of a Molecular Aggregate of Photomerocyanine in a PMMA Polymer Film

Electroabsorption spectra of merocyanine (PMC) produced by an photochromic reaction of spiropyran (SP) in a PMMA polymer film have been measured. The intensity of the sharp absorption band assigned as an aggregate of PMC was found to be remarkably reduced by an external electric field. The photochromic reaction from the aggregate of PMC to SP is suggested to be markedly enhanced by an electric field.

Field of study: Chemistry
Lateralization of spatial learning in the avian hippocampal formation.

The authors investigated lateralization of spatial learning within the avian hippocampal formation (HF). In Experiment 1, homing pigeons (Columba livia) with unilateral lesions of the right or left HF were trained to locate a goal in a square room containing local landmarks and global room cues. All groups learned the task. During probe trials, when landmarks were rotated or removed, intact pigeons and left HF-lesioned pigeons relied exclusively on global room cues to locate the food goal. Pigeons with right HF lesions were the only group to demonstrably use the landmarks. The results suggest that the right HF is preferentially involved in the representation of global environmental space, whereas only the left HF may be sensitive to local landmarks for navigation.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Islands ecological integrity evaluation using multi sources data

The islands located adjacent to the mainland provide us a lot of natural resources supported by their specific ecosystem structure and function, but they are easy to suffer from anthropogenic pressures and environmental change impacts. The island ecological integrity evaluation is one of the useful tools for the island protection and management. In this study, we proposed the island ecological integrity concept and developed a multi spatial and temporal scale evaluation index system, including anthropogenic pressures, climate change impacts, ecosystem function, and ecosystem structure. We applied the method and used the multi sources data to evaluate the ecological integrity in Nanri island, Dongan island, and Chuanshi island in Fujian Province, China in 2006 respectively. The result showed that the I ACEE scores were 0.61, 0.55 and 0.60 in Dongan, Chuanshi and Nanri islands respectively. The I AP , I CC , I EF and I ES scores were 0.72, 0.71, 0.43 and 0.54 in Dongan island; 0.71, 0.70, 0.40 and 0.39 in Chuanshi island; 0.67, 0.58, 0.41 and 0.62 in Nanri island respectively. The results indicated that the indexes system could reveal the islands ecological integrity on different spatial scales and spatial locations.

Field of study: Environmental science
Affine sl_p controls the representation theory of the symmetric group and related Hecke algebras

In this paper we prove theorems that describe how the representation theory of the affine Hecke algebra of type A and of related algebras such as the group algebra of the symmetric group are controlled by integrable highest weight representations of the characteristic zero affine Lie algebra \hat{sl}_l. In particular we parameterise the representations of these algebras by the nodes of the crystal graph, and give various Hecke theoretic descriptions of the edges. 
As a consequence we find for each prime p a basis of the integrable representations of \hat{sl}_l which shares many of the remarkable properties, such as positivity, of the global crystal basis/canonical basis of Lusztig and Kashiwara. This {\it $p$-canonical basis} is the usual one when p = 0, and the crystal of the p-canonical basis is always the usual one. 
The paper is self-contained, and our techniques are elementary (no perverse sheaves or algebraic geometry is invoked).

Field of study: Mathematics
High-density effects on thermonuclear ignition for inertially confined fusion

Alpha particles (3.5 MeV) from the deuterium-tritium reaction have been calculated to reflect from a high-Z, Fermi-degenerate shell surrounding the fuel of inertial fusion targets. This leads to a reduction in the minimum fuel rhoR (density-radius product) needed to sustain a thermonuclear burn, and possibly to a reduction of the minimum input energy required to achieve thermonuclear ignition.

Field of study: Physics
Visual Displays To Increase Comprehension of High School Learning-Disabled Students

The purpose of this study was to examine the relative effectiveness of visual spatial displays to enhance comprehension of important information during instruction with adolescent learning-disabled students. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups. One group was taught by presenting key concepts with a visual spatial display of this information. The other group was taught the same information except that content was presented by texts. Both treatment groups studied in a group task structure. Six experimenter-made tests were developed for this study. Five tests directly measured student mastery of the content taught, whereas the other test was a transfer measure. Results favored the group taught with a visual spatial display on the short-term recall tests, but no differences were found on the transfer or maintenance tests. The discussion focuses on how teachers can improve comprehension instruction for the less skilled student.

Field of study: Education
Parsimonious higher order Markov models for rating transitions

We propose several parsimonious models for higher order Markov chains, applied to the study of municipal rating migrations in credit risk. In full parameterized Markov chain models, the number of parameters increases very rapidly as the order in the Markov chain grows and this can yield biased estimates when certain sequences of states are rare. For some processes, as in the case of credit ratings, this problem is accentuated because the transitions between distant states are unlikely (persistent transitions). We introduce the short and long persistence models and compare them with the full parameterized Markov chain, achieving a better fit with a lower number of parameters. Furthermore, downgrade momentum effects are found in the rating process, which are consistent with recent empirical findings.

Field of study: Mathematics
Effect of tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy on formant sound frequency

Vocal tract resonance characteristics are reflected by formant frequencies which determined by the size and shape of the vocal tract. Tonsillectomy may cause changes in the structure of the oral cavity as a resonator in the speech process. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of tonsillectomy on formant sound frequency. This study used a pre-test and post-test only design experimental. The study underwent in the Otorhinolaryngology Department between August up to November 2012.  chronic tonsillitis, 2) tonsil size was T3-T4, 3) age up to 5 years. The exclusion criteria were craniofacial abnormality and neurological disorders. All patients performed a sound analysis by recording vowel / a /, / e /, / i /, / o /, and / u / in 1 day before and 4 weeks after surgery. The sample consisted of 24 (60%) women and 16 (40%) men. The T3-T3 tonsil size were 25 (62.5%) samples and the lowest than T3-T4/T4-T3 were 6 (15%) samples. Based on paired T test there was a statistically significant increase of all F1 vowels (p 0,05) and decrease of F2 / e / and F3 / u / (p >0,05). Based on these results it can be concluded that tonsillectomy affects the F1 mean difference almost in all vowel except the vowels / i /, F2 & F3.

Field of study: Medicine
Light-front gauge propagator reexamined

Gauge fields are special in the sense that they are invariant under gauge transformations and “ipso facto” they lead to problems when we try quantizing them straightforwardly. To circumvent this problem we need to specify a gauge condition to fix the gauge so that the fields that are connected by gauge invariance are not overcounted in the process of quantization. The usual way we do this in the light-front is through the introduction of a Lagrange multiplier, ( n · A ) 2 , where n μ is the external light-like vector, i.e., n 2 =0, and A μ is the vector potential. This leads to the usual light-front propagator with all the ensuing characteristics such as the prominent ( k · n ) −1 pole which has been the subject of much research. However, it has been for long recognized that this procedure is incomplete in that there remains a residual gauge freedom still to be fixed by some “ad hoc” prescription, and this is normally worked out to remedy some unwieldy aspect that emerges along the way. In this work we propose a new Lagrange multiplier for the light-front gauge that leads to the correctly defined propagator with no residual gauge freedom left. This is accomplished via ( n · A )( ∂ · A ) term in the Lagrangian density. This leads to a well-defined and exact though Lorentz non-invariant propagator.

Field of study: Physics
Behavior Monitoring and Abnormality Diagnosis Method for the Automation Equipment

Aiming at shortages of behavior monitoring and diagnosis in the Automation Equipment,a behavior monitoring and abnormality diagnosis method for the automation equipment was proposed. Based on finite state automaton,equipment was divided into many modules,and equipment state and transition were recognized by the state set and state change of modules,and an equipment behavior state model was achieved,so that this model can accurately describe the operation of the equipment. By comparing the upcoming equipment actions,states and state transition path with the defined equipment behavior state model,and the abnormal behavior was detected during the operation process of the equipment. Finally,an equipment behavior monitoring prototype system based on the equipment behavior state model is implemented. The experimental results show that this model can effectively detect the abnormal behavior of equipment.

Field of study: Computer science
Identification of Signatures of Selection by Whole-Genome Resequencing of a Chinese Native Pig

Identification of genomic signatures of selection that help reveal genetic mechanisms underlying traits in domesticated pigs is of importance. Anqing six-end-white pig (ASP), a representative of the native breeds in China, has many distinguishing phenotypic characteristics. To identify the genomic signatures of selection of the ASP, whole-genome sequencing of 20 ASPs produced 469.01 Gb of sequence data and more than 26 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Combining these data with the available whole genomes of 13 Chinese wild boars, 157 selected regions harboring 48 protein-coding genes were identified by applying the polymorphism levels (θπ) and genetic differentiation (FST) based cross approaches. The genes found to be positively selected in ASP are involved in crucial biological processes such as coat color (MC1R), salivary secretion (STATH), reproduction (SPIRE2, OSBP2, LIMK2, FANCA, and CABS1), olfactory transduction (OR5K4), and growth (NPY1R, NPY5R, and SELENOM). Our research increased the knowledge of ASP phenotype-related genes and help to improve our understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms and provide valuable genetic resources that enable effective use of pigs in agricultural production.

Field of study: Biology
A Tunable Coupler with ScS Quantum Point Contact to Mediate Strong Interaction Between Flux Qubits

In this paper we propose a kind of quantum inductance couplers (QUINC) which represents a superconducting loop closed by ScS quantum point contact, operating in deep quantum low-temperature regime to provide tunable (Ising-type) ZZ interaction between flux qubits. This coupler is shown to be well tunable by an external control magnetic flux and to provide large inter-qubit interaction energies $|J/k_{\rm B}|\simeq1~\mathrm{K}$ thus being very promising as a qubit-coupling device in a quantum register as well as for studying fundamental low-temperature quantum phenomena. Some entanglement measures of a two-qubit system are analyzed as functions of inter-qubit interaction strength.

Field of study: Physics
Occurrence and removal of benzotriazoles and ultraviolet filters in a municipal wastewater treatment plant.

We investigated the occurrence and removal of four benzotriazoles (BTs) (benzotriazole: BT; 5-methyl-benzotriazole: 5-TTri; 5-chloro-benzotriazole: CBT; 5,6-dimethyl-benzotriazole: XTri) and six UV filters (benzophenone-3: BP-3; 3-(4-methylbenzylidene)camphor: 4-MBC; octyl 4-methoxycinnamate: OMC; 2-(3-t-butyl-2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-5-chloro benzotriazole: UV-326; 2-(2'-Hydroxy-5'-octylphenyl)-benzotriazole: UV-329; octocrylene: OC) in a full scale municipal wastewater treatment in South Australia. BT, 5-TTri and BP-3 were found as the dominant compounds detected in the wastewater samples with average concentrations up to 5706 ± 928 ng/L, 6758 ± 1438 ng/L and 2086 ± 1027 ng/L in influent, and up to 2439 ± 233 ng/L, 610 ± 237 ng/L and 153 ± 121 ng/L in effluent, respectively. In the biosolid, 4-MBC and OC were found with the highest concentrations of 962 ± 135 ng/g and 465 ± 65 ng/g, respectively. Sorption onto sludge played a dominant role in the removal for UV filters, especially for 4-MBC, UV-326 and OC, which accounted for 54%-92% of influent loads, while biological degradation played a significant role for the other compounds.

Field of study: Environmental science
Latin American Universities

In recent years one goal of higher education in Latin America has been to make a major contribution to national development. It has been assumed that this contribution should take two forms: better preparation of professional men in a greater variety of specialties and the accumulation of knowledge necessary for national development through research. It is my impression that, on the whole, there has been some success in reaching the first goal and almost total failure so far as the second is concerned. The traditional Latin-American university has comprised isolated professional schools which students enter directly from the secondary schools. The professors are part-time professional men who come to the university a few hours a week to teach a single course in law, medicine, pharmacy, or engineering. The students commute from their homes and frequently have fullor part-time jobs outside the university. There are many hours a week of classes and not much outside study. The method of instruction is that of the formal lecture, and final examinations are prepared for by frantic memorization of notes. Academic contacts between professors and students are limited. Little or no research is carried on in the university, and none should be expected under this traditional system. During the last five to ten years, however-particularly as a result of the Alliance for Progress-a vigorous though spotty movement for university reform has been growing. Especially as it has been related to U.S. efforts to assist in change, this movement has used, in the main, two general types of projects. One has been technical aid to various universities for the improvement of particular faculties or professional programs, such as agriculture, economics, engineering, medicine, or dentistry, normally of immediate practical importance for health or industrial development. I am not aware that there has been objective evaluation of the effects of these numerous short-range projects, but I have the impression that their total cost has been immense and that the percentage of real successes has been very low. The second type of project, which has had a broad impact upon the universities that have entered into it, has focused upon the creation of all-university pre-professional programs of study, programs of so-called estudios generales, in the basic academic disciplines required of all entering university students. The various objectives of this type of reform are valuable and widely recognized: economy and efficiency of operation through the centralization of instruction and facilities; improvement of instruction through improved curricular materials, laboratories, and teaching methods; moves toward the establishment of central university libraries; and a concern for counseling and other student services.

Field of study: Education
Micellar solutions and lipid vesicles

— Amphiphilic molecules containing a strongly polar head group attached to one or more hydrocarbon chains spontaneously form organized structures in an aqueous medium in which contact between hydrocarbon and water is minimized. Phospholipids are the most impor-. tant biological molecules of this kind. They have two hydrocarbon chains per head group and their thermodynamically preferred state is a vesicle, bounded by a single bi.Layer with a central hydrocarbon core, and enclosing an aqueous cavity. Molecules with single hydrocarbon chains form small disk—shaped micelles with a central hydrocarbon core. The hydrocarbon micro—phases in both systems are liquid, but molecular motion is restricted by geometrical constraints. Nevertheless both systems have solvent properties similar to those of bulk hydrocarbon and are thus capable of forming discrete pockets of nonaqueous solution segregated from the enveloping aqueous medium.

Field of study: Chemistry