nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear dynamic system identification using Volterra series: Multi-objective optimization approach

In this paper, system identification of the non-linear dynamic system based on optimized Volterra model structure is considered. Model structure selection is an important step in system identification, which involves the selection of variables and terms of a model. The important issue is choosing a compact model representation where only significant terms are selected among all the possible ones beside good performance. An automated algorithm based on multi-objective optimization is proposed. The developed model should fulfil two criteria or objectives namely good predictive accuracy and optimum model structure. Genetic algorithm is applied to search the significant Volterra kernels among all possible candidate model combinations. The result shows that the proposed algorithm is able to correctly identify the simulated examples and adequately model the nonlinear discrete dynamic system.

Field of study: Computer science
Chiral Kaon dynamics in heavy ion collisions

The influence of the chiral mean field on the collective motion of kaons in relativistic heavy ion reactions at SIS energies is investigated. We consider three types of collective motion, i.e. the transverse flow, the out-of-plane flow (squeeze-out) and the radial flow, The kaon dynamics is thereby described with a relativistic mean field as it originates form chiral lagrangiens. For the K mesons inside the nuclear medium we adopt a covariant quasi-particle picture including scalar and vector fields and compare this to a treatment with a static potential like force. The comparison to the available data ( K + ) measured by FOPI and KaoS strongly favor the existence of an in-medium potential. However, using full covariant dynamics makes it more difficult to describe the data which might indicate that the mean field level is not sufficient for a reliable description of the kaon dynamics.

Field of study: Physics
The Modern American Vice Presidency: The Transformation of a Political Institution

Dealing with the vice presidency since 1953, this book recommends Walter Mondale's vice presidency as a model for future occupants of the office. The author considers the selection, campaign roles, and electoral impact of vice-presidential candidates.Originally published in 1982.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Field of study: Political science
Differential expression and function of apoptosis-associated tyrosine kinase (AATYK) in the developing mouse brain.

Apoptosis-associated tyrosine kinase (AATYK) is a non-receptor type tyrosine kinase that is predominantly expressed in adult mouse brain. Although it is also expressed in developing brains, its expression pattern and physiological functions are unclear. In the present study, we analyzed expression profiles of AATYK in developing mouse brains and its functional role and subcellular localization in cultured cerebellar granule cells. Expression of AATYK mRNA and protein increased during postnatal brain development. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that the protein was differentially expressed in postmitotic neurons within various brain areas including the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, colliculus, cerebellum, and brain stem. Developmental increases in its expression were also observed in cultured cerebellar granule cells. AATYK protein was largely fractionated into the microsomal fraction and was immunocytochemically distributed in an ER-like meshwork of the granule cell soma, suggesting a possible association with the ER membrane. AATYK protein was also present in neurites. In immature granule cells, overexpression of wild-type AATYK promoted neurite outgrowth, whereas that of tyrosine kinase-defective mutant significantly inhibited it. These results suggest that, in addition to its role in cell death in mature neurons, AATYK has a unique role in promoting neurite extension through its tyrosine kinase activity in developing neurons.

Field of study: Biology
The Mazhuang Gas Reservoir in the Junggar Basin FORMATION CONDITIONS

Gas source rocks of the Mazhuang gas reservoir consist of rich type-III organic matter. Formed in a reducing environment, they lie at the low evolutionary stage. The reservoir is characterized by rapid generation and migration of natural gas and rapid combination of source, reservoir and cap. Natural gas is formed during the subsidence of the depression. But, when the depression rises, diffusion becomes dominant. Its migration continues for a long time and can be divided into several stages. Owing to the diffusion of natural gas, the Mazhuang gas reservoir is a reservoir of multiple layers, and it is always in a dynamic equilibrium of becoming larger and smaller. Only when the amount of gas formed by source rocks and preserved by cap is larger than that of escaped gas can the gas reservoir be formed. Cap is a kind of obstructing layer. The thickness of regional cap is generally more than 50 m. There is a positive correlation between the height of gas reservoir and the thickness of regional cap. Uplift and subsidence are favorable to the formation of microbio-thermogenic gas field. Large delta and submerged fan are good places for the formation of gas reservoir of this kind.

Field of study: Chemistry
Electricity for groundwater use: constraints and opportunities for adaptive response to climate change

Globally, groundwater use is intensifying to meet demands for irrigation, urban supply, industrialization, and, in some instances, electrical power generation. In response to hydroclimatic variability, surface water is being substituted with groundwater, which must be viewed as a strategic resource for climate adaptation. In this sense, the supply of electricity for pumping is an adaptation policy tool. Additionally, planning for climate-change mitigation must consider CO2 emissions resulting from pumping. This paper examines the influence of electricity supply and pricing on groundwater irrigation and resulting emissions, with specific reference to Mexico—a climate–water–energy ‘perfect storm’. Night-time power supply at tariffs below the already-subsidized rates for agricultural groundwater use has caused Mexican farmers to increase pumping, reversing important water and electricity conservation gains achieved. Indiscriminate groundwater pumping, including for virtual water exports of agricultural produce, threatens the long-term sustainability of aquifers, non-agricultural water uses, and stream–aquifer interactions that sustain riparian ecosystems. Emissions resulting from agricultural groundwater pumping in Mexico are estimated to be 3.6% of total national emissions and are equivalent to emissions from transporting the same agricultural produce to market. The paper concludes with an assessment of energy, water, and climate trends coupled with policy futures to address these challenges.

Field of study: Environmental science
Performance of Public Mutual Funds (PMFs) in Emerging Economies: A Case of Bangladesh

Public Mutual fund (PMF) is an instrument for pooling the funds by issuing units to the investors and investing funds in the capital market to achieve their objectives. To invest in mutual funds is a complicated trade for investors as individual assets are belongs to verity of risks and they are dubious on return on investment. There are only 43 Mutual Funds are available to choose from where the investors can invest. To take the investment decision, the investors need to know which funds are performing better than others, gives more return, which fund is more risky etc. In this study the performance evaluation of public mutual funds carried out by considering fund age, fund size, fund return, fund dividend payout, fund price earnings ratio and fund net asset value (NAV). There are only eight PMFs are available in Bangladesh. For analysis purposes the study investigates 1999 to 2015 operations of PMF. Therefore, this study analyzes 128 a firm years, for measuring PMFs performance. The study reveals that fund size, fund return, fund dividend payout and P/E ratio has significant relation on fund performance. Whereas, fund age and fund NAV has insignificant relation on fund performance.

Field of study: Business
Five Years of Discussion

O N JULY I3, I946, the President set up a special commission to study and to make recommendations concerning the system of higher education throughout the United States. In the words of the letter of appointment of the members, the commission was charged with " an examination of the functions of higher education in our democracy and of the means by which they can best be performed."' Twenty-eight outstanding lay persons and professional educators were appointed to the commission by the President. George F. Zook, then president of the American Council on Education, served as chairman; Francis J. Brown served as executive secretary. On December I I, 1947, the commission, now formally called the President's Commission on Higher Education, filed its report.2 According to Mr. Brown, twenty thousand copies of the Report were distributed free of charge, and it became a best seller among the publications of the Government Printing Office.3 In the years which have passed since the appearance of the Report,

Field of study: Education
Onefold coordinated oxygen atom: an electron trap in the silicon oxide

It has been long suggested that the SiOH defect is an electron or “water” trap in silicon dioxide based on some indirect evidences. In this work, quantum calculation on the capturing properties of non-bridging oxygen hole center with unpaired electron SiO and hydrogen defect SiOH in silicon oxide are performed with the ab initio density-functional method. It was found that the SiO defect is an electron trap and this defect should be the responsible candidate for better hardness against radiation for the metal–oxide-semiconductor gate oxide produced by wet oxidation. We found that the SiOH defect could not be an electron trap according to the present calculation results.

Field of study: Engineering
1 H -1,2,4-TRIAZOLO-5-DIAZONIUM SALTS IN THE SYNTHESIS OF NOVEL [1,2,4]TRIAZOLO[1,5- c ][1,2,4]BENZOTRIAZIN-6-OLS

Condensation of 1H-1,2,4-triazolo-5-diazonium salts with 1,3-cyclohexanedione, accompanied by cascade processes of cyclization and oxidative aromatization, brought about the synthesis of novel derivatives of [1,2,4]triazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]benzotriazin-6-ols.

Field of study: Chemistry
Comparison of CO2 heat pump water heater performance with baseline cycle and two high COP cycles

A CO2 heat pump water heater breadboard facility was built and a performance evaluation was conducted to investigate the effect of ambient temperature and hot water temperature on the overall coefficient of performance (COP) during full tank heating tests in three scenarios typical of residential water heating. Results show that the overall COP was maximized at higher ambient temperatures and at lower hot water temperatures. The overall COP was 30% higher for heating a full tank of cold water than reheating a warm tank water after standby losses. Additionally, potential COP enhancements of two cycle options were investigated. Performance enhancement of the two-stage cycle with internal heat exchanger was found only for standby loss reheating at low ambient temperatures and was 7.5%, while that of the suction line heat exchanger cycle was up to 7.9% for initial tank water heating and around 3.4% for reheating a warm tank water.

Field of study: Engineering
Dilepton production from ρ-mesons in a quark-gluon plasma


Assuming that ρ-mesons exist in a quark-gluon plasma at temperatures close to the QCD phase transition, we calculate the dilepton production rate from q-¯q annihilation via a ρ-meson state using Vector Meson Dominance. The result is compared to the rates from direct q-¯q annihilation and from π+-π− annihilation. Furthermore we discuss the suppression of low mass dileptons if the quarks assume an effective mass in the quark-gluon plasma.

Field of study: Physics
Differentiation between antibodies to protamines and somatic nuclear antigens by means of a comparative fluorescence study on swollen nuclei of spermatozoa and somatic cells.

The indirect immunofluorescence test on swollen nuclei of rat thymocytes, chicken red blood cells and human and salmon spermatozoa was found to be an easy and satisfactory method for the discrimination between antibodies to sperm-specific nuclear antigens and somatic nuclear antigens. This study shows that nuclear antibodies present in the sera of vasectomized men and in rabbit antisera to human protamines are directed against the human sperm-specific nuclear antigens (protamines), and that they may cross-react with salmon protamine. These sera do not react with somatic nuclear antigens. This comparative fluorescence study and a complement fixation study, performed with sera from diabetic patients, proved that the administration of insulin retard (protamine-zinc-insulin) may lead to the formation of antibodies to the fish protamine. These antibodies may reveal a weak cross reaction with human protamines. The results obtained in this study also prove that the nuclei of chicken red blood cells and human sperm do not contain, or contain very small amounts of, histone fraction H1, and that salmon sperm nuclei do not contain any of the histone fractions, and suggest that the nuclei of mature human spermatozoa contain smaller amounts of histones in comparison to somatic cell nuclei.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
The molecular beam epitaxial growth of InAs on GaAs(111)B- and (100)-oriented substrates: a comparative growth study

Molecular beam epitaxy has been used to simultaneously grow epitaxial InAs onto (111)B- and (100)-oriented GaAs substrates, under a variety of growth conditions. Despite the large lattice mismatch InAs was observed to grow upon GaAs(111)B in a two-dimensional (layer-by-layer) manner, from onset of nucleation to micrometre thicknesses as indicated by clear, well streaked 2*2 reconstructed RHEED patterns throughout the deposition and smooth post-growth scanning tunnelling micrographs. The comparative study of InAs grown upon GaAs(100) followed the expected Stranski-Krastanow growth mode. Systematic variations of the epilayer thickness, substrate temperature and concentration of intentional n-type (Si) dopant, were carried out and the samples measured ex situ by the Hall effect and double-crystal X-ray diffraction. Despite the two-dimensional growth mode, the InAs/GaAs(111)B system was found to be electrically and structurally inferior to the InAs/GaAs(100) system for growth temperatures below 450 degrees C. However, above this temperature the systems became comparable in terms of both the measured electron mobilities and epilayer Bragg peak widths.

Field of study: Materials science
Classroom and Home Study Times and Grades While at College Using a Single-Subject Design

In a single-subject design one white male in his late twenties who was a nontraditional student and attending college for the first time recorded the amount of time he spent in each class and outside of class on preparation. The grades were taken from his transcript for approximately six years. 52 grades were collected (45 As, 7 Bs). Chi squared indicated that as the number of class hours increased, grades tended to drop to Bs. Pearson correlations indicated, when class hours increased, grades decreased. Also, when class hours increased or decreased, home hours increased and decreased. There was no significant correlation between home times and grades, but a significant negative correlation obtained between number of graduate hours and GPA, showing GPA decreased when graduate hours increased.

Field of study: Psychology
Lynn Stephen, Transborder Lives: Indigenous Oaxacans in Mexico, California and Oregon (Durham, NC, and London: Duke University Press, 2007), pp. xxii+375, £57.00, £13.99 pb.

People were always questioning whether this was the ‘ real ’ Marcos ; the one they had seen before had blue eyes, pale skin, was taller, bigger. What I came to realise was that he was a mask with a voice and with a pipe. Does it really matter who is behind that mask? This is a question Henck fails to ask. This work is exhaustive and full of detail. Henck provides some interesting insights into Rafael’s personal life and upbringing, collating interviews with former teachers and family members, which combine to provide a sense of early intellectual influences. Perhaps of most importance is his contribution to the link between Rafael and Che Guevara, one of the figures on which Marcos based himself. But this section ends in a fogged account of what happened to Rafael in the three years after leaving university and immersing himself in Chiapas. It is this unquestioning and uncritical reliance on facts and figures that troubled me. There are entire sections of the book attributed to a single set of authors (Oppenheimer, or De La Grange and Rico) which are digested and given to the reader as concrete facts. This simply stresses the lack of a critical standpoint. Crucially, this biography intends to reveal Marcos’ becoming ; his transition from Nicolas Guillén Vicente to Subcomandante Marcos. I am not sure how far this can be done without a critique of certain crucial events and discourses. This is not only because Marcos has intentionally controlled the media and what is written about him, but perhaps more importantly, because a biography should engage with, and deconstruct Marcos. Clearly, revolutions and their leaders make up a vast and rich area of analysis. This biography adds albeit indirectly – to discussions about the ways in which the Zapatista movement has achieved and devised a new way of doing politics. Moreover, it serves to accentuate the role that Subcommander Marcos has had (placing him) as its leader. Although in his own words, Marcos is not a revolutionary leader but simply a spokesperson, Nick Henck’s biography illustrates the importance of considering Marcos as a central figure in the transformation of the Zapatista movement. However, it fails to engage beyond a description of events ; it fails to critique, to contrast and to really understand the Zapatista movement and its most mythical figure : Subcomandante Marcos.

Field of study: Political science
Insulin-like growth factor 1 can decrease degradation and promote synthesis of proteoglycan in cartilage exposed to cytokines.

A model system of explanted cartilage has been used in vitro to determine whether insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF 1), which promotes matrix formation is effective in the presence of cytokines such as interleukin 1 (IL1) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF), which induce net matrix depletion. IGF 1 induced a dose-dependent 2.5-fold stimulation of proteoglycan synthesis, with a half-maximal dose of 25 ng/ml. A similar relative increase occurred in response to IGF 1 (10-100 ng/ml) in cartilage cultured also with IL1 or TNF (5-500 pM). There was no detectable qualitative change in the average molecular size or charge of the aggregating proteoglycan synthesized by explants exposed to IGF 1 alone or with IL1 or TNF. The increased production of prostaglandin E2, which is initiated when IL1 or TNF bind to the chondrocytes, was the same in the presence or absence of IGF 1. The time taken for 50% of pre-labelled proteoglycan to be released from the explants (t1/2) increased in the presence of IGF 1 (100 ng/ml) from 21 to 32 days in control cultures and from 8 to 26 days in cartilage cultured with IL1 (50 pM). It is concluded that IGF 1 enhances the synthesis of aggregating proteoglycan in cartilage exposed to cytokines and can directly decrease both the basal and the cytokine-stimulated degradation of proteoglycan in cartilage.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
An Evaluation of the Challenges Faced by the Tourism and Hospitality Industry in Zimbabwe: A Case Study of Regency Flamboyant Hotel from 2005-2009

This research seeks to evaluate the challenges that the Zimbabwean tourism and hospitality industry faced during the period (2005-2009). The main objectives of the research involves assessing how far the Zimbabwean political, economic, social, technological, legal and ecological situations affected the tourism and hospitality industry in Zimbabwe and evaluating the effectiveness of current marketing tools for more effective promotion of tourist products. The researcher also investigates on the effects of a change in the tourism industry performance on society and identified sustainable means of boosting tourism in Zimbabwe. The researcher used exploratory research design and descriptive research designs to enable the data collection. In conducting the research questionnaires were distributed to employees and management, while the management was also interviewed to gather relevant data on the topic under study. Other information was collected through desktop research in the form of monthly financial reports, information memorandums, text books and other relevant company documents. Findings from the research indicated that the tourism and hospitality industry in Zimbabwe has been affected by the activities hinging on political events that transpired during the period under review its effects cascaded to the economy which has the direct bearing on the tourism and hospitality industry.

Field of study: Business
A Novel Multi-Next Hop Routing Algorithm based on Node Potential

Single next hop routing algorithm which widely used centralize the transmission paths and leads to a waste of network resources and transmission congestion. For better performance, recently researches focus on multi next hop routing algorithm. In this paper, a multi-next hop routing algorithm based on node potential is proposed. With this method, each node forwards packets to multiple neighbor nodes and parallel data transmission can be implemented easily. Simulation results show that this algorithm makes better use of network resources, reduces transmission congestion, and improves network performance effectively.

Field of study: Computer science
Gender and democratic politics: a comparative analysis of consolidation in Argentina and Chile

This article highlights a number of themes useful in the gendered analysis of democratic consolidation in Latin America by means of a comparative analysis of Argentina and Chile. It starts from the assumption that much of the work on democratization in Latin America--both orthodox and the literature concentrating on women and transitions--produced up until now has been too voluntaristic in its approach. It argues that what is needed particularly in the study of democratic consolidation is an analysis not only of the impact of women and womens organizations on institutions and structures but also of how these institutions and structures can shape and change gender relations and different womens activities. Any gendered analysis of democratic consolidation must begin by examining the terms of transition which while they can be subject to some renegotiation later affect the nature of the subsequent system and the space available to different actors. It is argued that a number of characteristics of the post-transition system are significant: first the impact of more arbitrary populist or presidential systems second the importance of womens organizing both inside and outside the state and party systems and third the existence of an institutionalized party system.

Field of study: Political science