nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Stochastic Recursive Momentum for Policy Gradient Methods

In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm named STOchastic Recursive Momentum for Policy Gradient (STORM-PG), which operates a SARAH-type stochastic recursive variance-reduced policy gradient in an exponential moving average fashion. STORM-PG enjoys a provably sharp $O(1/\epsilon^3)$ sample complexity bound for STORM-PG, matching the best-known convergence rate for policy gradient algorithm. In the mean time, STORM-PG avoids the alternations between large batches and small batches which persists in comparable variance-reduced policy gradient methods, allowing considerably simpler parameter tuning. Numerical experiments depicts the superiority of our algorithm over comparative policy gradient algorithms.

Field of study: Computer science
MRA of processes synthesized by fractional integration

In this correspondence, we show that the multiresolution analysis (MRA) of the reproducing kernel Hilbert space, associated with processes synthesized by fractional integration of white processes, leads to an orthogonal, multiresolution decomposition of the process. We show that the decomposition converges almost surely and uniformly on finite intervals. We also show that the random coefficients in the decomposition can be evaluated almost surely.

Field of study: Engineering
A Study of the Strategy for the Development of the Petrochemical Industry in Nanjing Centered City Circle

The petrochemical industry is the important pillar industry that the city of Nanjing enclosed, but as to petrochemical industry, the development of every city which the city of Nanjing encloses is extremely uneven. Have analysed the trade advantage of the petrochemical industry of all city and inferior position at first in trade classification of the foundation petrochemical industry of this text, think Nanjing has the advantage of being absolute from basic chemical industry and fine chemistry industry, Yangzhou has advantages on the chemical industry of the middle product, Zhenjiang have advantages on the medical chemical industry, such three cities as Chuzhou, Wuhu and Maan Mountain of Anhui Province, etc. only have comparative advantages on some less important trades, article enclose to Nanjing city chemical development of industry put forward the policy recommendations finally.

Field of study: Economics
Comment on the compositional dependence of bandgap in AlGaAs and band-edge discontinuities in AlGaAs-GaAs heterostructures

A range of values exists in the literature for compositional dependence of bandgap in AlxGa1-xAs below the direct-indirect alloy composition and the way this is apportioned between the conduction and valence band edges. The authors compare results obtained from studies of compositionally graded quantum-well structures with consensus values and find that a self-consistent picture emerges only if a larger bandgap dependence than is still widely quoted in the literature is used. The preferred relation for bandgap dependence is Delta Eg(x)=1.427x+0.041x2 (eV) with a conduction-to-valence band split ratio of about 60:40, yielding Delta Ec=0.88x and Delta Ev=0.55x.

Field of study: Materials science
Polarization Sounding of Pulsar Magnetosphere (Part I)

In a cycle of papers, starting with the present one, a fundamental possibility of the polarization sounding of a pulsar magnetosphere using pulsar self-radiation as a test signal will be considered. The main idea of such a sounding is based on the fact that in some models of pulsar magnetosphere the emission frequency depends on the height of its origin above the pulsar surface. For this purpose it is needed to study the dependence of such a parameter as the rotation measure on frequency and pulse phase. We expect that it is possible to register the rotation measure dependence on the central observing frequency and/or the pulse phase during the observations at widely spaced frequencies in the same conditions. The reliable registration of this dependence will result in resolving of the pulsar magnetosphere in depth. It is preferably to carry out the polarization researches in the observational mode of the individual pulses. In this part of the work the model of polarized pulsed radio emission and the model of weakly anisotropic propagation medium are considered. In future articles we will show how to determine the polarization parameters of pulsar radiation with the highest precision in presence of different types of recorders on the receiving side. The specifics of polarization observations at decameter wavelengths will be considered. The algorithms for solving the inverse problem for different types of receivers and the variable conductivity of the underlying surface will be developed.

Field of study: Physics
European Jewry in the Age of Mercantilism, 1550-1750

Preface to the third edition Preface to the first edition Abbreviations Introduction 1 Exodus from the West 2 Turning-Point (1570-1600) 3 Consolidation (1600-1620) 4 Jewish Culture (1550-1650) 5 The Thirty Years War 6 The High Point (I): The 'Court Jews' (1650-1713) 7 The High Point (II): Jewish Society (1650-1713) 8 The High Point (III): 'A Republic Apart' 9 The High Point (IV): Spiritual Crisis (1650-1713) 10 Decline and Renewal (1713-1750) 11  Bibliography Primary printed sources Secondary works Index

Field of study: Economics, History
Toward formal models of software engineering processes

In this paper, a Petri net-based formal specification method for distributed systems is applied to the domain of software process modeling. We introduce domain-specific concepts stressing the distributed and dynamic nature of software processes. Development states are viewed as distributed entities. Development activities are characterized by their effects on software objects, pertinent information exchange with human or technical participants involved, and local changes to development states. These dynamic aspects of software processes are represented as labeled Petri nets. Structuring mechanisms are sketched which support hierarchical decomposition and systematic combinations of separate views of a software engineering process.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Floristic composition and diversity changes over 60 years in eastern mulga communities of south central Queensland, Australia

Botanical surveys from prior to 1949 documented the plant species composition of the mulga (Acacia aneura) communities in the eastern Mulga Lands Bioregion of Queensland, Australia. These surveys recorded 282 vascular plant species including 268 natives and 14 exotics. Since 1949, mulga communities have experienced considerable modification through continuous grazing by domestic sheep and cattle even during drought periods and extensive vegetation clearance. To increase our knowledge on floristic composition and diversity change over this time, floristic data were recollected from mulga communities in the same region between 2007 and 2010 using a more systematic procedure. These surveys recorded 292 vascular plant species including 269 natives and 23 exotics. Species richness and composition within five life forms: tree, shrub, vine, forb and graminoid were compared between the recent survey data and the historical survey data. The majority of native plant species were either in the forb (45.4% of total native species) or graminoid (25.7% of total native species) life forms over the 60-year period. There was no significant difference in species richness between the historical and recent surveys within tree or shrub life forms, but there were differences in species richness in vine, forb and graminoid life forms over time. Similarities in native species between the historical and recent surveys were high. Sorensen Similarity Indices (ISS) were: 0.77 at species level, 0.84 at genus level and 0.87 at family level. In contrast, the similarity indices for exotic species was low (0.59) for species and genera (0.61), but high for families (0.86). More exotic species were recorded recently than historically. Among these, buffel grass (Pennisetum ciliare) and colocynth (Citrullus colocynthis) were more commonly encountered than other exotic species in the eastern mulga communities of south central Queensland,

Field of study: Environmental science
A Discussion Teaching in the Course of Western Economics

Western Economics is a course that has the glamour very much, and its knowledge glamour need to be shown by way of the individual's glamour of teacher. As a teacher of economics, he will become a qualified economics teacher through thinking deeply and learning, and be able to take the important task that the society endows with. Facing the eager hope of nu- merous students, we should keep firmly in mind the great trust and the duty that the society endowed with us. The paper in- quires into the logic and the concept of Western Economics from teaching and learning, and contributes for raising the teaching standard of Western Economics.

Field of study: Economics
Partial purification and some properties of -amylase from Bacillus subtilis KIBGE-HAS

: An extracellular alpha-amylase from Bacillus subtilis KIBGE-HAS was partially purified by ultrafiltration and ammonium sulphate precipitation with 19.2-fold purification and specific activity of 4195 U/mg. The enzyme showed relatively high thermostability and retained 62% of its activity when kept at 70 degrees C for 15 min. alpha-Amylase was highly stable at -18 degrees C and loss of activity was very low during stability study. Metal ions like Mn2+ Ca2+, Co2+, K+, Mg2+, and Fe3+ activated the enzyme, while Hg2+ Ba2+, Cu2+, Na+ and Al3+ strongly inhibited the activity. The a-amylase was highly stable in various surfactants and detergents. In the presence of surfactants such as SDS and Triton X-100 the enzyme activity was found 2.9 and 1.8-fold higher respectively than control. The non-ionic detergents (Tween 20 and Tween 80) exhibited slightly inhibitory effect on the enzyme activity.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Modelling, synthesis and characterisation of occlusion in videos

Occlusion is one of the most challenging problems in many video processing applications such as surveillance, gait recognition, activity recognition and so on. Attempts have been made to develop algorithms for handling occlusion and evaluate their performance on various datasets. However, these studies are subjective in nature and the datasets are hardly characterised in terms of the level of occlusion, thereby precluding any form of quantitative comparison of performance. This shows a compelling need to design an explicit, unambiguous and quantitative model, which should be able to objectively represent occlusion in a video. This study proposes an occlusion model based on the position and pose uncertainties of the moving subjects in a video. The proposed occlusion model is able to characterise the level of occlusion present in a video. It is also employed to synthetically generate occlusion for walking sequences, thus providing a direction for controlled dataset generation against which human identification algorithms can be tested. Given an input video with a subject moving without any occlusion, a particle swarm optimisation-based parameter estimation methodology is presented that generates the desired level of occlusion. The proposed approaches have been tested on the TUM-IITKGP and PETS2010 datasets. Finally, as an application, the occlusion model has been used to generate an occluded gait datasets and the performances of different gait recognition algorithms have been compared under varying levels of occlusion.

Field of study: Computer science
Development of an integrated coastal management plan for the Gulf of San Miguel and Darien Province, Panama: Lessons from the experience

Panama's first experience in integrated coastal management took the form of a pilot project in Darien Province in eastern Panama. The project, funded by the Inter-American Development Bank, was part of package of numerous development activities comprising the Program for the Sustainable Development of Darien. The project team conducted an extensive evaluation of the province's coastal resources, community organization and uses of the marine and coastal resources, and problems affecting the long-term sustainability of resources in the region. Together with broad community input, the project team developed a Coastal Management Plan for Darien that is composed of five actions plans (Sustainable Fisheries, Habitat and Resource Conservation, Coastal Environmental/Water Quality, Eco-Tourism, and Institutional Coordination). This manuscript examines the successes, challenges, and outcomes of the program.

Field of study: Environmental science
Periodization in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rehabilitation: A Novel Framework

More than 250,000 anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries occur each year in the USA, and approximately 65% of these injuries undergo reconstructive surgery. Appropriate rehabilitation after ACL reconstruction can yield predictably good outcomes, with return to previous levels of activity and high knee function. At present, periodization is used at all levels of sports training. Whether conceptualized and directed by coaches, or by athletes themselves, competitors structure their training in a cyclic fashion, enabling athletes to best realize their performance goals. In practical application, sport physical therapists use periodization: postoperative “protocols” serve as rudimentary forms of periodization, albeit implemented over shorter time frames than that typically employed in preparation for competition. An ACL injury should not be considered a “simple” musculoskeletal pathology with only local mechanical or motor dysfunctions. Together with the psychological trauma and reduction in physical capacity, there is a cascade of events, including neurological insult to the central nervous system and reduction in afferences to the sensorimotor system. Rehabilitation should consider all these issues, and periodization would allow to better define and to plan aims and objectives to return athletes to their sport. Technological resources including advanced neuroimaging methods, virtual reality for injury risk screening and return to sport assessment, and interactive artificial reality-based neuromuscular training methods offer new approaches and tools to address this important biomedical problem. The cost and availability of many of these technologies will continue to decrease, providing greater availability, scientific rigor, and ultimately, utility for cost-effective and data-driven assessments.

Field of study: Medicine
Radial flow in non-extensive thermodynamics and study of particle spectra at LHC in the limit of small (q - 1)

We expand the Tsallis distribution in a Taylor series of powers of (q - 1), where q is the Tsallis parameter, assuming q is very close to 1. This helps in studying the degree of deviation of transverse momentum spectra and other thermodynamic quantities from a thermalized Boltzmann distribution. After checking thermodynamic consistency, we provide analytical results for the Tsallis distribution in the presence of collective flow up to the first order of (q - 1). The formulae are compared with the experimental data.

Field of study: Physics
2016 Pinnochio awards: Public Health Responsibility Deal among the nominees!

Durand et al.’s four proposals to government “to ensure hat voluntary agreements like the Responsibility Deal (RD) roduce gains to public health that would not otherwise ave occurred” deserve comment . First, the concept is grossly flawed: the alcohol indusry’s first concern is the protection of its commercial nterests. In 2011, at its implementation, the Royal Colege of Physicians, the BMA and many other organisations arned against the RD. Moreover, could a past private secetary at the Department of Trade and Industry be the best an to design the protection of citizen’s health from the ndustry vested interest? Second, who can fly in the face of the evidence? The nstitute of Alcohol Studies reported the UK government’s D on alcohol was failure that had actually worsened the ation’s health, as previously for the tobacco and sugar ssues [2–5]. The Deal was born in France. Lansley only copied/pasted French initiative from the conservative government. ussereau, the minister for agriculture created (decree o. 2006-159) a committee for “Moderation and Prevenion” associating the alcohol industry. The organisations hat have interests in reducing the damage from alcohol efused to participate. The committee was cancelled in 014 (decree no. 2014-132) by Marisol Touraine, the health inister of the new government. The worst is that the European Commission (EC) creted in 2007 the “Alcohol and Health Forum”, a platform ith the alcohol industry (e.g. SpiritsEUROPE, formerly uropean Spirits Association and European Forum for esponsible Drinking, which includes Bacardi Martini, rown-Forman, Diageo, Moët Hennessy, Pernod–Ricard

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Perturbative Pions and the Effective Range Expansion

In this talk the $Q$ counting scheme to implement effective field theory is discussed. It is pointed out that there are two small mass scales in the problem $m_\pi$ and $1/a$ with $1/a \ll m_\pi$. It is argued that while the expansion based on $1/a$ being small compared to the underlying short distance scales works well, the chiral expansion may not. The coefficients of the effective range expansion are sensitive to the chiral physics and are very poorly described in $Q$ counting at lowest nontrivial order. A ``shape function'' is introduced which again is sensitive to pionic physics and insensitive to fitting procedures. It is also poorly described in $Q$ counting.

Field of study: Physics
A bibliometric review of water security concept in Central Asia

Engineering, economic, social sciences, geophysical, and integrated modeling studies have approached the assessment of water security in Central Asia (CA) in distinct ways. Different indicators and indexes have been introduced to assess the most vulnerable aspects of water use in this region. Until now, though, the suggested approaches are often represented in a fragmented manner, while the relevant indicators cannot fully attribute the vulnerability status of a country or on a regional level. This can result in diverging perceptions of the water security situation in policy dialogues, also affecting bilateral and multilateral relations among the countries in CA. In this study, we conduct a bibliometric review on the approaches and methods that directly or indirectly touch upon the water security perceptions in CA. We employ data mining techniques to explore trends in the conceptualization of water security in the region since the breakup of the Soviet Union by also identifying the water interests and priorities set by each country. The findings reveal that within the last decade, the water security-related studies have given much importance to technical and infrastructural means to protect human livelihoods against global environmental changes but also to foster economic growth. The water governance and management aspects are largely overlooked in favour of more techno-centric approaches. These findings are expected to clarify further the perception of the water security concept within CA by indicating the geophysical, institutional, and historical challenges that need to be met for a mutual understanding among the countries in the region.

Field of study: Environmental science
Developmental Intervention for Infants with Handicaps: Purposes and Programs

Developmental intervention for infants with handicaps and their parents has taken many forms, each with its own unique purpose. In this paper, three broad types of infant intervention are identified as prevention, infant focused, and family level, and the purposes for each are examined. For each intervention type, exemplary programs are described. Finally, issues related to efficacy and the theoretical base for infant intervention are examined.

Field of study: Education
Facultative heterochromatin formation at the IL-1 beta promoter in LPS tolerance and sepsis.

The clinical phenotype in sepsis that is observed as LPS tolerance is determined by silencing of pro-inflammatory genes like IL-1 beta (IL-1β). This study shows that facultative heterochromatin (fHC) silences IL-1β expression during sepsis, where we find dephosphorylated histone H3 serine 10 and increased binding of heterochromatin protein-1 (HP-1) to the promoter. In both human sepsis blood leukocytes and an LPS tolerant human THP-1 cell model, we show that IκBα and v-rel reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog B (RelB) function as dominant labile mediators of fHC formation at the IL-1β promoter. Protein synthesis inhibition decreases levels of IκBα and RelB, converts silent fHC to euchromatin, and restores IL-1β transcription. We further show TLR dependent NFκB p65 and histone H3 serine 10 phosphorylation binding at the promoter. We conclude that the resolution phase of sepsis, which correlates with survival in humans, may depend on the plasticity of chromatin structure as found in fHC.

Field of study: Medicine
Impact of Strategic Planning on Financial Performance of Companies in Turkey

Strategic planning is important for strategic management of companies. The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of strategic planning on financial performance of major industrial enterprises of Turkey. Our findings show that many domestic and foreign firms in our sample have a strategic process in place. It is an annual process and considered a very important organizational activity. This paper is one of the few studies to examine the strategic planning process in a sample of firms from a transitional economy. It can be considered a longitudinal study because it examines a set of institutions to identify changes in their performance over time, as they incorporate the use of strategic tools in a dynamic competitive environment. The findings of this study provide a contribution to our understanding of the nature and practice of strategic planning in Turkish companies and possibilities of correlations between their efforts and performance.

Field of study: Business
An efficient FHE based on the hardness of solving systems of non-linear multivariate equations

We propose a general framework to develop fully homomorphic encryption schemes (FHE) without using the Gentry’s technique. Initially, a private-key cryptosystem is built over Zn (n being an RSA modulus). An encryption of x ∈ Zn is a randomly chosen vector e such that Φ(e) = x where Φ is a secret multivariate polynomial. This private-key cryptosystem is not homomorphic in the sense that the vector sum is not a homomorphic operator. Non-linear homomorphic operators are then developed. The security relies on the difficulty of solving systems of non-linear equations (which is a NP-complete problem). While the security of our scheme has not been reduced to a provably hard instance of this problem, security is globally investigated.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics