nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Racial Gap in Wait Times: Why Minority Precincts Are Underserved by Local Election Officials

INTHENOVEMBER 2012 GENERALELECTION, 1 in 10 voters waited in line for more than 30 minutes to cast a ballot. About 3.5 million voters waited in excess of an hour, with some standing in line for longer than five hours. Long lines at the polls became such a hot topic in the media that President Barack Obama acknowledged in his victory speech that the issue was one that needed to be fixed. Despite the growingmedia attention given to the problem of lengthy lines at precincts, little political science work has investigated the determinants of long waiting times. In this article, I demonstrate that a voter in a predominantly minority precinct experiences a line that is twice as long, on average, than a voter in a predominantly white precinct. Additionally, minorities are three times as likely to wait longer than 30 minutes and six times as likely to wait more than 60 minutes. While the existence of this “racial gap” has been noted

Field of study: Political science
Über molekulare Assoziation in Ameisen- und Benzoesäure

ZusammenfassungIn Fortsetzung der Arbeit des Verfassers über die Essigsäure wurde auch das Raman-Spektrum der Ameisensäure bei verschiedenen Verdünnungen mit Wasser und bei zwei verschiedenen Temperaturen untersucht, ferner das der Benzoesäure bei 200° C in geschmolzenem Zustand, als gesättigte wässerige Lösung und bei Lösung in Benzol. Bei der Ameisensäure wurde bei steigender Verdünnung und bei steigender Temperatur eine Verschiebung des Maximums der C=O-Bande nach höheren Frequenzen beobachtet. Bei der Benzoesäure ist die C=O-Frequenz in wässeriger Lösung höher als im geschmolzenen Zustand oder bei Lösung in Benzol. In Analogie mit der Essigsäure und mit gewöhnlichem und schwerem Wasser ist zu schließen, daß die Moleküle bei der reinen Flüssigkeit assoziiert sind und bei Auflösung in einem polaren Lösungsmittel, wie Wasser, und bei Erwärmung in niedrigere Polymere zerfallen. Schließlich wird gezeigt, daß die bei der Ameisensäure beobachteten Änderungen nicht der Bildung eines Hydrates zugeschrieben werden können, wie es von einigen Forschern behauptet wird.

Field of study: Physics
Preparation of Porous Liquid Based on Silicalite-1

Solid porous materials, like zeolites, have been widely used in a variety of fields such as size-and-shape-selective absorption/separation and catalysis because of their porosity. However, there are few liquid materials that exhibit permanent porosity. Porous liquids are a novel material that combine the properties of fluidity and permanent porosity. They have potential applications in many fields such as gas separation, storage and transport. Herein, we report a novel Type 1 porous liquid prepared based on silicalite-1. The pore size of this porous liquid was determined by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS), and the CO2 capacities were determined by the intelligent gravimetric analyzer (IGA). The unique properties of this porous liquid can promote its application in many fields such as gas storage and transport.

Field of study: Materials science
The occurence of complication in post punctured vasectomy vs standard method

Punctured Technique of Vasectomy is a simple and refined method of vasectomy. This method was introduced to make fewer complications and to remove the fear of surgical knife.  This study was aimed to assess the ease of procedure, safety, and effectiveness of Punctured Technique of Vasectomy.  A prospective study of 80 acceptors has been done at Dr. Sardjito Hospital Yogyakarta from January 1991 up to Jury 1991. These subjects were randomly distributed into two groups, Punctured Method (39) and Standard Method (41). Duration of operation and complication done during operation was recorded. The follow up for complication was recorded in the second week post-operative, and sperm analyses was done in the tenth week post-operative.  Duration of Punctured Method (9,7179 Â± 2,9731 minutes) was significantly different (p-value =0,0006) compared to that of Standard Method (12,1951 Â± 3,2421 minutes). There were two complications during Punctured Method operation compared to six complications during Standard Method operation (RR =1,54; 95%Cl: 0,97 - 2,46). In the second post-operative week, there was no complication in the Punctured Method group, while there was one wound infection in the Standard Method group. Sperm analysis both groups showed no active spermatozoon.  Punctured Method is easier than Standard Method, and there was no difference of effectiveness in both methods.  punctured vasectomy - complications - sperm - analysis

Field of study: Medicine
Determination of PAHs from PM_(2.5) Using HPLC

A HPLC method,connected by diode array detector and fluorescence detector,was established to separate and detect the mixture of standard samples,with double excitation wavelength to effectively improve the chromatographic separation conditions under the standard sample that had not been separated completely.The best launch wave length of fluorescence examination was 390nm.Based on the set chromatographic conditions,the limits of detection of 16PAHs varied from 0.11μg/L to 39.83μg/L,average recovery range between 76.7%～98.3%,and relative standard deviation between 3.6%～ 14.4%.Five atmospheric sampling points were built in Nanchang,Jiangxi Province and PM2.5 samples were collected.Results indicated that total quantity of PAHs of 29.497ng/m3,maximal concentrations of B(а)P 3.122ng/m3 and equivalent carcinogenic concentration of B(а)P 5.254ng/m3 in Bayi Square were the highest.

Field of study: Environmental science
Writing the Republican Platform

The Preamble of the 1976 Republican platform begins: "You are about to read the 1976 Republican platform. We hope you will also find time to read the Democratic platform. Compare. You will see basic differences in how the two parties propose to represent you." Comparison of the two platforms yields interesting evidence of the differences between the two major political parties. Though party platforms seldom deal explicitly or in great detail with some of the more salient issues facing the American electorate, they do often point up basic philosophical and ideological differences between the parties. In addition, studying the process by which the parties arrive at their platforms often provides keys to understanding the parties themselves-their composition, their rules and norms, and their leadership and leadership strategies. The differences between the Democratic and Republican platform-writing processes were pronounced in 1976. Some of those differences reflected events peculiar to that particular election year. For example, by the time the Democrats held their convention, Jimmy Carter had the Democratic presidential nomination locked up. In contrast, the Republican nomination was still closely contested when the Republicans held their convention in August. As a result, it was a clear possibility that the platform might become a battleground between President Ford and Governor Reagan, two candidates of somewhat different ideological bent. At the same time, since it was not clear which candidate would be the nominee, neither candidate's organization wanted to go far out on a limb to battle for specific issues in the platform at the risk of alienating the party or the electorate.

Field of study: Political science
The Interdisciplinarity of Military Studies: A Sociological Perspective and South African Application

The study of the military by social scientists became increasingly interdisciplinary after WWII. The interrelationship between the military and society and the uniqueness thereof, derived from its roles, functions and structures, were debated from different perspectives. Institutional changes occurred over time and one of the first attempts at theorising these changes has been by sociologist Charles Moskos (2000: 15) who categorised changing trends into three historical periods, the modern, the late-modern and the postmodern. This sociological typology or model is an ideal-typical development construct of transformation and civil–military relations. A list of force variables in each period depicts armed force characteristics as changing to adapt to trends in civil–military relations, which can be applied to explain relevant military issues and changes in the South African National Defence Force since the 1990s. The relationship between the postmodern SANDF and society is explained by referring to democratic civil control of the military, human security and humanitarian peacekeeping.

Field of study: Sociology
Preparation of Novel Heterocycles by Dimeric Alkylation of 2-Thiouracils and Formation of Complexes with Copper and Silver Ions

Dimeric Alkylation of 2-thiouracils with dihalomethanes and α,α′-dibromoxylenes gave novel heterocycles which were treated with copper(II) and silver(I) compounds to result in formation of complexes.

Field of study: Chemistry
Using an iPad Application to Promote Early Literacy Development in Young Children With Disabilities

This investigation evaluated the effects of using an iPad application to teach young children with developmental delays to receptively identify initial phonemes through 0- to 5-s constant time delay procedures in the context of a multiple-probe design across three sets of behaviors and replicated across three students. The dependent variable was the percentage of unprompted correct receptive identification responses for target phonemes during instruction and probes. All students mastered their target phonemes, generalized the skills across materials, and maintained the skills at or above 50% of accuracy 4 and 7 weeks after the intervention was completed. This study expands the knowledge on using touch screen iPad application for early literacy instruction of young children with disabilities.

Field of study: Education
Heterologous production of Escherichia coli penicillin G acylase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Penicillin G acylase (PGA) is a widely studied bacterial enzyme of great industrial importance. Since its overproduction in the original organisms is mostly limited to the intracellular bacterial spaces which may lead to aggregation and cell toxicity, we have set out to explore the host organism Pseudomonas aeruginosa that possesses the Xcp machinery for secretion of folded proteins to the extracellular medium. We have made fusion proteins, consisting of Pseudomonas Sec- or Tat-specific signal peptides, the elastase propeptide and the mature penicillin G acylase. With all constructs we obtained production of PGA in P. aeruginosa, but we observed that processing of the PGA was temperature dependent and that the active enzyme could only be found after growth at 25 degrees C or lower temperatures. Remarkably, the mature protein, expressed from a TatProPGA hybrid, was not only found in the extracellular medium and the periplasm, but also in the cytoplasm as assessed by comparison to the reporter beta-lactamase protein. The unusual cytoplasmic localization of the mature protein strongly suggests that processing of PGA can also occur in the cytoplasm of P. aeruginosa. The extracellular localization of the TatProPGA hybrid was found not to be dependent on the tatABC-genes. The elastase signal sequence/propeptide combination appeared to be an inadequate carrier for transporting penicillin G acylase across the outer membrane of P. aeruginosa.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Late Triassic acidic volcanic clasts in different Neotethyan sedimentary mélanges: paleogeographic and geodynamic implications

U/Pb zircon dating and trace element geochemical analysis were performed on rhyolite clasts of different Middle Jurassic sedimentary mélanges from the Western Carpathian and Dinaric orogen. These igneous clast-bearing sedimentary successions were deposited on the westernmost passive margin of the Neotethys Ocean. During the latest Jurassic and Cretaceous, they became parts of different nappe stacks forming now the Inner Western Carpathians and some inselbergs within the Pannonian Basin. The Meliata nappe was stacked on the northern passive margin, while the Telekesoldal and Mónosbél nappes were part of the imbricated western–southwestern margin. U/Pb dating of the 100 m-sized rhyolite blocks and redeposited smaller clasts within the mélange, and fine-grained sediments formed two age groups: 222.6 ± 6.7 and 209.0 ± 9 Ma. Trace element geochemistry suggested within-plate continental volcanism as magma source. However, the measured ages are definitely younger than the classic, rift-related Anisian–Ladinian (238–242 Ma) magmatism, which was wide-spread along the western and southwestern margin of the Neotethys Ocean (e.g., Dolomites and different Dinaridic units). On the other hand, similarly, Late Triassic ages are reported from tuff intercalations from the Outer Dinarides and Western Carpathians, along with even more sparse effusive rocks of the Slovenian Trough. Trace element (incl. rare-earth element) analysis showed positive correlation between the mélange clasts and the in situ Late Triassic rhyolites of the Slovenian Trough. This newly established link between the mélange nappes in NE Hungary and the in situ Late Triassic rhyolites in the Slovenian Trough make a good opportunity to reconsider both Middle Jurassic paleogeography, and later tectonic deformations, which led to the separation of the source area and the redeposited clasts.

Field of study: Environmental science
UPREGULATION OF ENDOTHELIN 1 AND ITS PRECURSOR BY IL-1β, TNF-α, and TGF-β IN THE PC3 HUMAN PROSTATE CANCER CELL LINE

Increasing evidence indicates that endothelin 1 (ET-1) is implicated in prostate tumour progression. However, data on ET-1 regulation in human prostate and prostate cancer cell lines are lacking. In this study, regulation of ET-1 and its precursor big ET-1, using PC3 cells, a human bone metastatic prostatic carcinoma cell line, was addressed. ET-1 and big ET-1 assays demonstrated greater secretion of both peptides in the presence of 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) as compared with 0.5% FCS. Incubation of PC3 cells in the absence and presence of various cytokines and growth factors known to be implicated in prostate stroma-epithelium interactions, revealed that IL-6, FGF7/KGF and FGF2/bFGF had no effect on ET-1 and big ET-1 secretion, whereas interleukin 1β (IL-1β), tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) stimulated their secretion in a concentration-dependent manner. Binding experiments indicated the presence of specific ET-1 receptors in PC3 cells: K d app =1.1×0.2×10 −10 M, B max =2660±390 sites/cell. Data analysis demonstrated the presence of only the ETA receptor subtype in PC3 cells. In conclusion, our results indicate that the implication of ET-1 in prostate cancer is likely to be mediated via paracrine/autocrine control of cell factors.

Field of study: Medicine
Improved Iris Location Algorithm

Iris location is a crucial step in iris recognition.Taking into consideration the fact that in the inner of pupil,there would have some light spots because of reflection,this paper improved the commonly used coarse location method.It utilized the gray histogram of iris graphics,firstly according to the nature of gray level distribution of pupil to compute the binarization threshold,adopting the method of average of the center of chords to coarsely estimate the center and radius of pupil,so as to decrease the searching range and computation time in fine location.After that,the inner boundary(pupil) was fine located using the algorithm of circular detection in the binary graphic.Compared to the previous algorithms,this method could reduce the error of locating within the pupil.Experiments have shown the applicability and effectivity of this algorithm.

Field of study: Computer science
High-resolution study of Ne K$alpha$ x-ray transitions as a function of oxygen-projectile charge state

K alpha transitions of neon are resolved, with a curved-crystal spectrometer, into eight components corresponding to varying amounts of multiple L-shell ionization. The degree of multiple L-shell ionization of neon increases with an increase of the projectile charge state of 30-MeV oxygen ions. The change in the neon satellite structure for the O/sup +7/ case as compared to the O/sup +8/ case (bare nuclear charge) is substantial. An effective fluorescence yield is extracted from the data and agrees with a recent value obtained from poor-resolution Auger-electron and x-ray measurements. (auth)

Field of study: Physics
Locally most powerful rank tests

It is the purpose of this present paper to introduce a new concept of locally most powerful rank tests. In the sequel we obtain finite sample results undervery mild regularity conditions. The approach is more v general than the related treatment of Hajek and Sidak (1967). In contrast to those authors, we need no assumptions concerning the derivatives of the underlying denstities. For instance, in the case of a regression problem in location, the density of the location family must be only square integrable. Thus the results also apply to discontinuous densities. We treat hypotheses H. of the following kind against parametric alternatives; H0, H1(secttest of symmetry) and H(test of independence).

Field of study: Mathematics
Emission of λ≈2 μ stimulated radiation by holmium in aluminum holmium garnet crystals

Stimulated emission was obtained from Ho3+ ions (5I7→5I8 transition) in a new single-component self-activated system with aluminum holmium garnet crystals grown by the Czochralski method. The thresholds of the λ= 2.129 and 2.122 laser emission at 90 °K were 9 and 14 J/cm, respectively. The absorption and luminescence spectra were used in the derivation of the Stark splitting scheme of the 5I7 and 5I8 terms. The lifetime of the 5I7 term was determined (τ≈10 msec).

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Stephen and Bloom at Life's Feast: Alimentary Symbolism and the Creative Process in James Joyce's "Ulysses", and: Joyce's Catholic Comedy of Language, and: Children's Lore in "Finnegans Wake" (review)

Joyceans will have to get back to the text again regardless of their many previous readings, because the three studies here reviewed provide new speculations about Joyce's range of reference. "The sacred is at the heart of Joyce's writing experience," asserts Beryl Schlossman in the opening sentence of Joyce's Catholic Comedy of Language. "All of James Joyce's fiction has the creative process as one of its central concerns," Lindsey Tucker begins her study, Stephen and Bloom at Life's Feast. Writing of Children's Lore in "Finnegans Wake," Grace Eckley claims that this lore "holds especial importance and significance," along with "folklore, mythology, or Judeo-Christian backgrounds." Each scholar thus explores a specialized field of Joyceana and shares an interest in wider areas of inquiry, extending their studies from literary and psychological sources to insights provided by cultural anthropology and comparative religion. These approaches provide information, the relevance of which is sometimes questionable. There is the risk of extrapolating casual references into major concerns, of failing to evaluate the conflicting elements of his "jocoserious" manner, or forgetting that the pun was for him a "fatal Cleopatra," as Dr. Johnson said of the Shakespearean "quibble." In a letter to Harriet Weaver Joyce explained one of the key motifs of the Wake, as cited by Schlossman:

Field of study: Art
Tooth crown form as an indicator of niche partitioning among Late Miocene/Early Pliocene hyenas from ‘E’ Quarry, Langebaanweg, South Africa

The late Miocene/early Pliocene ‘E’ Quarry deposits at Langebaanweg, South Africa, have yielded fossil material of at least four hyena species ( Ikelohyaena abronia , Hyaenictitherium namaquensis , Chasmaporthetes australis , Hyaenictis hendeyi ). The co-occurrence of four closely-related hyaenids at Langebaanweg raises interesting questions about niche partitioning that have not been sufficiently addressed. In the only previous systematic attempt to tackle this issue, an analysis of m1 lengths, m1 trigonid lengths and p3 widths found evidence for community-wide character displacement in the first two variables. Here, a geometric morphometric approach is used to compare p2, p3, p4 and m1 (carnassial) crown form to better understand feeding niche partitioning among these four hyena species. While results indicate that all four species are very similar in crown shape, I. abronia and H. namaquensis tend to have slightly shorter, broader cheek teeth than C. australis and H. hendeyi . This suggests that I. abronia and H. namaquensis may have been less carnivorous than C. australis and H. hendeyi . The biggest difference between the species however relates to crown size. The four species exhibit community-wide character displacement with respect to p3 and p2 crown size, but not p4 crown size. While box plots based on crown log centroid size suggest that these hyenas also exhibit community-wide character displacement with respect to m1 crown size, this could not be statistically tested due to small sample size. These results support a previous suggestion that community-wide character displacement was in operation among the ‘E’ Quarry hyenas and probably played a major role in niche partitioning and in reducing inter-specific competition.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
A Novel Variant of the FZD4 Gene in a Chinese Family Causes Autosomal Dominant Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy

Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) is a complex hereditary eye disorder characterized by incomplete development of the retinal vasculature, thereby affecting retinal angiogenesis.  In this study, a Chinese autosomal dominant FEVR pedigree was recruited. Ophthalmic examinations were performed, targeted next-generation sequencing was used to identify the causative gene, and Sanger sequencing was conducted to verify the candidate mutation. Co-segregation analysis was performed to evaluate pathogenicity. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription-PCR was applied to investigate the spatial and temporal expression patterns of the frizzled class receptor 4 (FZD4) gene in the mouse.  A novel heterozygous, deleterious variant of the FZD4 gene, c.A749G (p.Y250C), was identified in this FEVR pedigree, which co-segregated with the clinical phenotype. The amino acid tyrosine (Y) is highly conserved both orthologously and paralogously. The FZD4 gene was highly expressed in the retina, sclera of the eye, ovary, kidney, and liver; ubiquitously expressed in other tissues; and highly expressed in 6 different developmental stages/times of retinal tissue.  Our study is the first to identify that the novel heterozygous variant c.A749G (p.Y250C) in the FZD4 gene may be the disease-causing mutation in this FEVR family, extending its mutation spectrum. These findings further our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of FEVR and will facilitate the development of methods for the diagnosis, prevention, and genetic counseling of this disease.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry