nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Pediatric neurosurgery during the COVID-19 pandemic: update and recommendations from the Brazilian Society of Pediatric Neurosurgery.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a potentially severe respiratory illness that has threatened humanity globally. The pediatric neurosurgery practice differs from that of adults in that it treats children in various stages of physical and psychological development and contemplates diseases that do not exist in other areas. The aim of this study was to identify the level of knowledge and readiness of the healthcare providers, as well as to evaluate new preventive practices that have been introduced, psychological concerns, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pediatric neurosurgical units in Brazil.



Pediatric neurosurgeons were given an online questionnaire developed by the Brazilian Society of Pediatric Neurosurgery to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on their clinical practice.



Of a cohort of 110 active members of the Brazilian Society of Pediatric Neurosurgery, 76 completed the survey (69%). Ninety-six percent were aware of the correct use of and indication for the types of personal protective equipment in clinical and surgical practices, but only 73.7% of them had unrestricted access to this equipment. Ninety-eight percent of participants agreed or strongly agreed that the pandemic had affected their pediatric neurosurgical practice. The COVID-19 pandemic interfered with outpatient care in 88% of the centers, it affected neurosurgical activity in 90.7%, and it led to the cancellation of elective neurosurgical procedures in 57.3%. Concerning the impact of COVID-19 on surgical activity, 9.2% of the centers had less than 25% of the clinical practice affected, 46.1% had 26%-50% of their activity reduced, 35.5% had a 51%-75% reduction, and 9.2% had more than 75% of their surgical work cancelled or postponed. Sixty-three percent affirmed that patients had been tested for COVID-19 before surgery. Regarding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of those interviewed, 3.9% reported fear and anxiety with panic episodes, 7.9% had worsening of previous anxiety symptoms, 60.5% reported occasional fear, 10.5% had sadness and some depressive symptoms, and 2.6% reported depressive symptoms.



The COVID-19 pandemic has posed unprecedented challenges to healthcare services worldwide, including neurosurgical units. Medical workers, pediatric neurosurgeons included, should be aware of safety measures and follow the recommendations of local healthcare organizations, preventing and controlling the disease. Attention should be given to the psychological burden of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare workers, which carries a high risk of anxiety and depression.

Field of study: Medicine
Application of Fast Laser Deprocessing Techniques on large cross-sectional view area sample with FIB-SEM dual beam system

is one of the important areas for physical failure analysis. Focus Ion Beam (FIB) and mechanical polish sample preparation are commonly used and necessary techniques in the semiconductor industry and Failure Analysis (FA) Company (Wills and Perungulam, 2007). However, each technique has its own limitation. Mechanical polishing technique easily induces artifact by mechanical force, especially on advance technology node. FIB can eliminate mechanically damaged artifact, but have the limitation on cross-sectional view area. Another potential technique will be plasma FIB, it used very high milling current and fast milling speed (Hrnciř et al., 2013). However, it comes with a very high cost and having the contamination issue. The contamination issue greatly affects the low kV Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) imaging quality. In recent semiconductor industry FA, low kV SEM imaging is preferable, because high kV imaging will introduce delamination artifacts especially on organic material from packaged sample. In this paper, Fast Laser Deprocessing Techniques (FLDT) application is further enhanced on large area cross-sectional FA with fast cycle time and low-cost equipment. This is to prevent from mechanical damage. In short, the proposed FLDT is a cost-effective and quick way to deprocess a sample for defect identification in cross-sectional FA.

Field of study: Engineering
Determinants of Successful Everyday Communication of Sailors in International Crews

The process of globalization can be seen in all spheres of modern life including navigation. So, forming international crews becomes a common practice. It seems to be an urgent issue that seafarers should have skills of adequate international communication, know particulars of culture and everyday life, basics of mentality of seafarers of other nationalities. Question of forming foreign language competence of the future seafarers has been more investigated for the purpose of fulfillment of their professional duties but is being still widely discussed. The question of social everyday communication is not so widely discussed and deeply researched. 
 DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2013.v3n3p209

Field of study: Education, Sociology
Magnetic Design Optimization of a 150 mm Aperture $ \hbox{Nb}_{3}\hbox{Sn}$ Low-Beta Quadrupole for the HiLumi LHC

As part of the Large Hadron Collider Luminosity upgrade (HiLumi) program, the US LARP collaboration and CERN are working together to design and build a 150 mm aperture Nb3Sn quadrupole magnet that aims at providing a nominal gradient of 140 T/m. In this paper we describe the optimization process yielding the selected 2D coil cross-section and the 3D coil ends design. For the 2D optimization a sector-coil model that allows fast computation of field harmonics is used to identify, among a large number of cases, those cross-sections that provide an acceptable field quality. A more detailed analysis of these solutions is then performed and it led to the selection of an optimized cross-section from which a real coil is built by approximating sectors with blocks of cable. A 3D design of the coil ends is then realized with the Roxie software. Optimization constraints are set on the integrated multipoles, the peak field, and the coil head length.

Field of study: Physics
Synthesis of bromodeoxy sugars from hexoses, alditols, and aldonic acids

Reaction of hexoses, anhydroalditols, and aldonic acids with hydrogen bromide in acetic acid leads to the formation of acetylated bromodeoxy compounds. The reaction proceeds by partial acetylation and formation of acetoxonium ions followed by substitution with bromide. Hexoses react only in the furanose form to give 6-bromo compounds. Most l,and 1,5-anhydrides of hexitols give monoor dibromides. Aldonic acids, or their lactones, yield monoor dibromolactones with bromine at C-2 and at the primary carbon atom. Some aspects of the chemistry of the bromolactones are discussed. INTRODUCTI ON Halogenated carbohydrates are valuable synthetic intermediates which may be used for the preparation of, for example, deoxy sugars, amino sugars, or unsaturated sugars. Numerous methods for the preparation of halogenated carbohydrates have therefore been developed and several reviews have been published (Refs. 1-3). I now describe a new method for the preparation of bromodeoxy compounds which consists simply of treating an aldose, anhydro-alditol, or aldonic acid with a saturated solution of hydrogen bromide in glacial acetic acid at room temperature. This reagent (henceforward called HBA) is a well known reagent in carbohydrate chemistry, used since the turn of the century for the preparation of glycosyl bromides (Ref. ). In this procedure an acylated (usually acetylated) sugar is treated with HBA at room temperature and the glycosyl bromide is usually formed in high yield as the only product. However, it has been found in a fe cases that reaction of carbohydrate derivatives with hydrogen bromide ffiay lead to substitution of an 0-acyl group with bromine at positions other than the glycosidic centre. Thus Fischer (Ref. 5) and, later, Freudenberg et al.  found that penta-O-acetyl--glucopyranose gives tri-O-acetyl-6-bromo-6 -deoxy-a--glucopyranosyl bromide on treatment with anhydrous hydrogen bromide. PenEa-O-acetyl--galactopyranose behaves in a similar way (Ref. 7). Ohle et al. found that teatment of tri-O-acetyl-l,2-O-isopropylidene-a-D-glucofuranose with HBA gave bromodeoxy compounds which were not identifid (Ref. 8). Later work has shown that 6-bromo-6-deoxyand 2-bromo-2-deoxyfuranosyl bromides are formed in low yield in this reaction (Ref. 9). Recently Golding and coworkers showed that vicinal diols react rapidly at room temperature with HBA to give vicinal acetoxybromides (Ref. 10). Thus cis cyclohexane-l,2-diol (1) gave the trans bromoacetate () in almost quantitative yield. Based on earlier work by Boschan and Winstein (Ref. 11) they showed that the reaction takes place via the monoacetate (2) which forms an acetoxonium ion (3) that subsequently reacts with bromide ions to give . Cyclohexane-trans-l,2-diol did not give a bromocompound when treated with HBA. PAA( 50:11/12K 1386 C. PEDERSEN et al.

Field of study: Chemistry
Reversible control of interface-water induced carrier density in graphene-on-SiO$_2$ by thermal cycling under gate-voltage

A reversible handle on graphene carrier density, other than the gate electric field, is desirable for memory applications of graphene. Our experiments show that the commonly observed carrier density hysteresis in graphene on SiO$_2$ due to interface water/oxygen vanishes at temperatures below 250 K. The state of these species, which affects the graphene carrier density, at low temperatures can be reversibly controlled by thermal cycling to room temperature at different gate voltages. Further, devices prepared with relatively dry interface, and thus showing negligible hysteresis at room temperature, show a marked increase in hysteresis on heating above room temperature. Thus thermal-cycling, to high temperatures and under gate-voltage, provides a reversible handle on carrier density. These results are discussed in terms of temperature and interface-water density dependence of redox-reaction kinetics.

Field of study: Physics
Operant stimulus control applied to maze behavior: heat escape conditioning and discrimination reversal in Alligator mississippiensis.

Eight alligators were trained to escape heat by traversing an 8-ft runway containing right or left approaches to a water tank. All subjects were run until they had satisfied three criteria of stable response time, after which the predominant escape path was blocked, requiring discrimination reversal. Seven subjects again met the criteria; three also met them in a second reversal.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Do Topical Androgens and Their Timing Affect the Survival of Buccal Mucosa Grefts in Hypospadias Repair

Buccal mucosa is prefered to form a neourethra in some hypospadias cases when required. However survival of these grefts and thus the success of the repair are variable We hypothesized that topical Testosteron(T) or Dihydrotestosteron(DHT) application (prior or after grafting) on the urethral plate known to have androgen receptors might improve graft survival and angiogenesis. We also evaluated the angiogenetic and proliferative responses of isolated buccal mucosa and urethral plate explants to T and DHT seperately in vitro by tissue culture.  New Zeland rabbits were surgically made hypospadiac topical(T)&(DHT) were applied prior to grafting for Groups 1and2 respectively at a standard dose and duration.T &DHT were administrated after the grafting for Group 3 and 4 respectively. Group 5 was control. For tissue culture, 3 buccal mucosa and 3 urethral plate samples taken from each of10 rabbits were explanted and different titrations of T orDHT added or control media. Immunohistochemically survival of invivo and invitro tissue samples were investigated with proliferation marker(Ki-67), & angiogenesis marker(CD31).  In vivo experiments revealed highest Ki-67 and CD31scores for DHT prior to grefting group (p  Topical administration ofDHT prior to grafting increases buccal mucosa graft survival due to increased angiogenesis in the urethral plate.

Field of study: Medicine
STRUCTURE OF A PORTION OF THE SAN ANDREAS RIFT IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

An area approximately 20 miles long and 5 miles wide along the San Andreas rift in southern California between Palmdale and Elizabeth Lake was mapped. The area includes a portion of the Mohave Desert and two ridge zones separated by a trough along the rift. The ridge zones are principally old crystalline rocks; the trough is underlain by a long, narrow strip of sediments which outcrop in a low “center-trough” ridge. Most of these sediments are part of the Anaverde formation which, on the basis of paleo-botanical evidence, is believed to be transitional between lower and middle Pliocene. Evidence indicating the present relation of this long strip of sediments to the crystalline rocks on either side is conflicting. The older rocks of the ridge zones are in bands striking east or slightly north of east. This trend is cut by the rift which, in this area, has a strike of approximately N. 65° W. Offset of terrace deposits suggests horizontal displacement along the rift of 5–6 miles since the Pleistocene. Streams are offset as much as 1½ miles. The north side of the rift has moved relatively southeastward. The situation of blocks of Pelona schist on opposite sides of the rift suggests displacement of 9 miles in the opposite direction to that indicated by recent faulting. This displacement is believed to be only apparent and possibly the result of differential vertical uplift of two separate Pelona schist blocks. Many and frequent vertical displacements of various blocks are indicated by elevated terrace deposits and old erosion surfaces. There is no definite evidence that strike-slip displacement began earlier than the Pleistocene, although suggestions of greater age of the rift were found. Strike-slip displacements similar to the San Andreas rift are apparently widespread in southern California suggesting that stresses have been exerted throughout a large area, possibly by drag from subcrustal currents.

Field of study: Geology
Your cow has a new best friend ... : focus on mechanisation

I only heard about robot milking recently and immediately conjured up images of R2-D2 zipping around milk cows. The explanation that the robot milker - also known as a voluntary milking system - is actually a berth fitted with an automated, laserguided mechanic arm that milks the cow at her own pace, did not help much either, except that the process sounded futuristic and definitely too mechanised for any animal to respond well to.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Disentangling self-stigma: are mental illness and help-seeking self-stigmas different?

Two established but disparate lines of research exist: studies examining the self-stigma associated with mental illness and studies examining the self-stigma associated with seeking psychological help. Whereas some researchers have implicitly treated these 2 constructs as synonymous, others have made the argument that they are theoretically and empirically distinct. To help clarify this debate, we examined in the present investigation the overlap and uniqueness of the self-stigmas associated with mental illness and with seeking psychological help. Data were collected from a sample of college undergraduates experiencing clinical levels of psychological distress (N = 217) and a second sample of community members with a self-reported history of mental illness (N = 324). Confirmatory factor analyses provide strong evidence for the factorial independence of the 2 types of self-stigma. Additionally, results of regression analyses in both samples suggest that the 2 self-stigmas uniquely predict variations in stigma-related constructs (i.e., shame, self-blame, and social inadequacy) and attitudes and intentions to seek help. Implications for researchers and clinicians interested in understanding stigma and enhancing mental health service utilization are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Simultaneous Determination of Four Lignans in Magnoliae Flos Extract by High Performance Liquid ChromatographyElectrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

A high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry- charged aerosol detection( HPLC-MS-CAD) method was established for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of four Lignans in Magnoliae Flos extract. The components were separated on a YMC-Pack ODS-A column( 250 mm× 4.6 mm,5 μm) by gradient elution with methanol and water as the mobile phase at aflow rate of1.0 m L / min. Then the elution solution was routed into MS equipment at a flow rate of 0.3 m L / min and CAD detector at a flow rate of 0.7 m L / min by a split ratio of 3∶ 7 for the further detection. The column temperature was 25 ℃ and the detection wavelength was 278 nm. A method was developed for the quantitative analysis of muti-components by single maker( QAMS) to determine pinoresinol dimethylether,magnoli,1irioresinol B dimethylethe and epi- magnoli A. Magnoli was selected as internal standard and the relative correction factors( RCF) of the four Lignans were calculated. The contents of the four Lignans in Magnoliae Flos extract were determined by both external standard method and QAMS. The QAMS method was evaluated by comparison of its assay result and that of external standard method. Under the selected chromatographic condition,the limits of detection of pinoresinol dimethylether,magnoli,lirioresinol B dimethylethe and epi-magnoli A were 0.34,0.55,0.50 and 0.58 mg / L,respectively,while the linear range were within 6.8-270 mg / L,11-546 mg / L,2.0-101 mg / L and 2. 3- 116 mg / L. The recoveries( n = 9) were 98. 2%- 99. 5%,and the correlation coefficient were 0. 9995- 0. 9998. No significant differences were found between the quantitative results of external standard method and QAMS method. The developed method is accurate,feasible,and can be used for quality evaluation of Magnoliae Flos.

Field of study: Chemistry
Quantification of water uptake by soot particles

Quantification of atmospheric processes including the water uptake by soot particles of various origin, emitted from different sources, requires identification of hydrophobic and hydrophilic soot. Water uptake measurements are performed on well-characterized laboratory soots available for atmospheric studies. Comparative analysis of water adsorption isotherms on soots of various compositions allows us to suggest a concept of quantification. Systematic analysis demonstrates two mechanisms of water/soot interaction, namely, bulk dissolution into soot-water-soluble coverage (absorption mechanism) and water molecule adsorption on surface active sites (adsorption mechanism). The formation of water film extended over the surface is suggested as a quantification measure which separates hygroscopic from non-hygroscopic soot. Water uptake on hygroscopic soot takes place by the absorption mechanism: it significantly exceeds the formation of many surface layers. If soot particles are made mostly from elemental carbon and/or are covered by a water-insoluble organic layer, they are classified as non-hygroscopic. Low water adsorption on some active sites following cluster formation is a typical mechanism of water interaction with hydrophobic soot. If a water film extended over the surface is formed due to the cluster confluence it is suggested that soot is hydrophilic. A few classical models are applied for parameterization of water interactions on hydrophilic and hydrophobic soots.

Field of study: Environmental science
Indoor mould growth prediction using coupled computational fluid dynamics and mould growth model

This study investigates, using in-situ and numerical simulation experiments, airflow and hygrothermal distribution in a mechanically ventilated academic research facility with known cases of microbial proliferations. Microclimate parameters were obtained from in-situ experiments and used as boundary conditions and validation of the numerical experiments with a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis tool using the standard k–ε model. Good agreements were obtained with less than 10% deviations between the measured and simulated results. Subsequent upon successful validation, the model was used to investigate hygrothermal and airflow profile within the shelves holding stored components in the facility. The predicted in-shelf hygrothermal profile was superimposed on mould growth limiting curve earlier documented in the literature. Results revealed the growth of xerophilic species in most parts of the shelves. The mould growth prediction was found in correlation with the microbial investigation in the case-studied room reported by the authors elsewhere. Satisfactory prediction of mould growth in the room successfully proved that the CFD simulation can be used to investigate the conditions that lead to microbial growth in the indoor environment.

Field of study: Engineering
Small anisotropy of the lower critical field and the s±-wave two-gap feature in single-crystal LiFeAs

The in- and out-of-plane lower critical fields and magnetic penetration depths of LiFeAs were examined. The anisotropy ratio ΓHc1(0) was smaller than the expected theoretical value, and increased slightly with increasing temperature from 0.6Tc to Tc. The small degree of anisotropy was numerically confirmed by considering the electron correlation effect. The temperature dependence of the penetration depths followed a power law (~Tn) below 0.3Tc, with n>3.5 for both λab and λc. Based on theoretical studies of iron-based superconductors, these results suggest that the superconductivity of LiFeAs can be represented by an extended s±-wave due to the weak impurity scattering effect. And the magnitudes of the two gaps were also evaluated by fitting the superfluid density for both the in- and out-of-plane directions to the two-gap model. The estimated values for the two gaps are consistent with the results from angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and specific-heat experiments.

Field of study: Physics
Increased myocardial prevalence of C-reactive protein in human coronary heart disease: direct effects on microvessel density and endothelial cell survival.

Elevated plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) is a biomarker of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), but its potential roles as a participant of the disease process are not well defined. Although early endothelial cell injury and dysfunction are recognized events in CVD, the initiating events are not well established. Here we investigated the local myocardial CRP levels and cardiac microvessel densities in control and CVD tissue samples. Using in vitro methodologies, we investigated the direct effects of CRP on human endothelial cells.



Cardiac specimens were collected at autopsy within 4 h of death and were classified as normal controls or documented evidence of CVD. The regional prevalence of CRP and the cardiac microvessels (<40 μm) were investigated using immunohistochemistry. For in vitro experiments, human umbilical vein endothelial cells were incubated with CRP. Intracellular oxidant levels were assessed using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate fluorescence microscopy, and cell survival was concurrently determined. Effects of chemical antioxidants on endothelial cell survival were also tested.



Myocardial CRP levels were elevated in CVD specimens. This was associated with reduced cardiac microvessels, and this rarefaction was inversely correlated to adjacent myocardial CRP prevalence. CRP caused concentration-dependent increases in oxidant production and cell apoptosis.



These findings provide evidence supporting myocardial CRP as a locally produced inflammatory marker and as a potential participant in endothelial toxicity and microvascular rarefaction.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine