nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
SU‐GG‐J‐146: Piecewise Rigid‐Body Image Registration for Adaptive Radiation Therapy

To accelerate image deformation and registration for Adaptive Radiation Therapy(ART), we propose a piecewise rigid‐body image registration (PRIR). This algorithm is faster than full deformable registration by up to a factor of ten without sacrificing accuracy.  Deformable Image Registration (DIR) may not reflect the biomechanicalcharacteristics of the anatomy. In short, DIR may try to deform the body in ways that are not physically possible. Fluid dynamic models were adopted to address this problem. However, DIR consumes too much time to be utilized for routine clinical ART. PRIR considers the biomechanicalcharacteristics of the anatomy while retaining the speed of rigid‐body transformations. First, we import contours from a Radiation Therapy Plan (RTP) through DICOM‐RT. We assume that the contour delineates an organ (or tumor), which is modeled as an independent rigid‐body. Two image sets (planning CT and Conebeam CT) were aligned with our rigid‐body registration using Spatial Weighted Mutual Information (SWMI). Then, rigid‐body registration was performed with each organ independently from the rest of image using Mutual Information or SWMI. Users can select a specific type of registration: full translation and rotation, 3‐D scaling, or 2‐D scaling by considering biomechanicalcharacteristics. One prostate case (9 image sets) and one head‐and‐neck case (7 image sets) were tested.  Our image registration for 6 contoured organs took 95seconds on average. We succeeded in transforming deformable contours from RTPimages to daily cone beam CTimages. Our method can be utilized to re‐optimize plans for Adaptive Radiation Therapy. The speed can be further improved with parallel processing. Accelerating deformable registrations is critical for implementing real‐time ART. (This work is partly supported by Susan G. Komen Breast Foundation Grant: BTCR126506)

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Fibroblast growth factor-2 promotes in vitro heart valve interstitial cell repair through the Akt1 pathway.

Fibroblast growth factor-2 promotes in vitro heart valve interstitial cell repair. Fibroblast growth factor-2 acts through betaglycan which is known to bind both transforming growth factor-β and fibroblast growth factor-2 at different locations on the molecule. When fibroblast growth factor-2 binds to betaglycan, transforming growth factor-β binding to betaglycan is reduced, allowing for more transforming growth factor-β to be available to activate pSmad2/3 which then promotes repair. This study investigates another pathway through which fibroblast growth factor-2 regulates valve interstitial cell repair.



We used an in vitro model of cell culture disruption. Confluent valve interstitial cell monolayers were disrupted, creating an experimental wound in the confluent monolayer, and incubated in treatments of exogenous fibroblast growth factor-2, anti-fibroblast growth factor receptor antibody, active Akt1, and Akt inhibitor. Valve interstitial cell monolayers were immunohistochemically stained and quantified for nuclear pSmad2/3 at the wound edge. The extent of closure was measured up to 96 h after disruption.



Anti-fibroblast growth factor receptor antibody significantly increased both nuclear pSmad2/3 staining at the wound edge and wound closure compared to nontreated control. This increase was less than that seen when valve interstitial cells were treated with fibroblast growth factor-2 and combined treatments of fibroblast growth factor-2 and anti-fibroblast growth factor receptor antibody did not further increase nuclear pSmad2/3 staining compared to fibroblast growth factor-2 alone. This suggested that the regulation of wound closure by fibroblast growth factor-2 also involved pathways other than transforming growth factor-β/Smad signaling. Treatment with Akt1 significantly increased wound closure, while Akt inhibitor reduced closure as compared to nontreated valve interstitial cells. Fibroblast growth factor-2 and fibroblast growth factor-2 neutralizing antibody up-regulated and down-regulated phosphorylated Akt1 expression in valve interstitial cells, respectively.



Fibroblast growth factor-2 promotes valve interstitial cell repair in two ways: the fibroblast growth factor-2/fibroblast growth factor-2 receptor interaction through the activation of Akt1 independent of the transforming growth factor-β/Smad2/3 signaling pathway and the previously described transforming growth factor-β/Smad signaling.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
On a $p$-Laplacian type of evolution system and applications to the Bean model in the type-II superconductivity theory

We study the Cauchy problem for an $p$-Laplacian type of evolution system ${\mathbf H}_{t}+\g [ | \g {\mathbf H}|^{p-2} \g {\mathbf H}|]={\mathbf F}$. This system governs the evolution of a magnetic field ${\bf H}$, where the current displacement is neglected and the electrical resistivity is assumed to be some power of the current density. The existence, uniqueness and regularity of solutions to the system are established. Furthermore, it is shown that the limit solution as the power $p\rightarrow \infty$ solves the problem of Bean's model in the type-II superconductivity theory. The result provides us information about how the superconductor material under the external force to become the normal conductor and vice visa. It also provides an effective method to find numerical solutions to Bean's model.

Field of study: Mathematics
Implications of Incessant Strike Actions on the Implementation of Technical Education Programme in Nigeria.

This paper was designed to x-ray the implications of incessant strike actions on the implementation of Technical education programme in Nigeria. The paper took an exploratory view on the concept of strike actions in Nigeria with particular references on notable strike actions that have occurred in Nigeria. The types of strike were explained and some of them examined include: recognition strike, economic strike, jurisdictional strike, sympathy strike and wildcat strike. The causes of strike actions were also examined and they include: unfair treatment to the employees/victimization, violation of legislation and poor application of the provision of collective bargaining. The implications of strike actions on Technical education programme were examined also. A major contribution made in this paper was in the area of repositioning the mindset of stakeholders on the implications of these incessant strike actions on the implementation of Technical education programme in Nigeria. One of the recommendations advanced was that Government should ensure adequate provision of infrastructures and facilities in various institutions.  incessant,  strike, implementation, technical education

Field of study: Education
Social Determinants of Mental Health: Where We Are and Where We Need to Go

present review synthesizes recent literature on social determinants and mental health outcomes and provides recommendations for how to advance the field. We summarize current studies related to changes in the conceptualization of social determinants, how social determinants impact mental health, what we have learned from social determinant interventions, and new methods to collect, use, and analyze social determinant data.Recent FindingsRecent research has increasingly focused on interactions between multiple social determinants, interventions to address upstream causes of mental health challenges, and use of simulation models to represent complex systems. However, methodological challenges and inconsistent findings prevent a definitive understanding of which social determinants should be addressed to improve mental health, and within what populations these interventions may be most effective.SummaryRecent advances in strategies to collect, evaluate, and analyze social determinants suggest the potential to better appraise their impact and to implement relevant interventions.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
An Application of SIMS to Fusion Energy Research: Determination of Ion Impact Desorption Cross Sections

Measurements of plasma effects on materials are required in the design and evaluation of fusion reactor components. One of the more prevalent effects is ion impact desorption (IID) of surface impurities, which may influence plasma temperatures and fuel recycling rates. This paper describes the application of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to measure IID processes. SIMS is well suited for laboratory measurements of plasma effects since the ion beam used for analysis also simulates the energetic particle flux emanating from a plasma. This attribute can be utilized to obtain IID cross sections. A low-energy ion accelerator, which produces mass-analyzed, neutral-free beams of H1+, H2+, and H3+ is used as a primary ion source. The release of impurities from a wall sample due to IID is monitored by observing the appropriate secondary ion emission rate. Cross sections for various ion, impurity, substrate combinations are determined as functions of incident ion energy and impact angle. This information is then used to calculate impurity release rates expected during reactor operation.

Field of study: Physics
Bioefficacy of novaluron 10EC in combination with urea against Helicoverpa armigera in chickpea

Experimental trials were conducted on the compatibility of urea 2% with insecticides of different groups viz., monocrotophos 36SL @ 500 ml/ha, cypermethrin 25EC @ 125 ml/ha, quinalphos 25EC @ 1000 ml/ha and novaluron 10EC @ 375 ml/ha against larval population of Helicoverpa armigera in the field conditions on chickpea cultivar “HC-1” during Rabi season 2011–12 and 2012–13 at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (Haryana). These insecticides were found compatible with urea. Minimum larval population of H. armigera was recorded in novaluron 10EC @ 375 ml/ha at 3, 7 and 10 days after spraying. Monocrotophos 36SL @ 500 ml/ha, quinalphos 25EC @ 1000 ml/ha and cypermethrin 25EC @ 125 ml/ha could not provide consistent results against H. armigera. The larval population, pod damage and incidence were statistically at par with insecticides and their combination. No phytotoxicity effect was observed on the leaves with urea application in combination with insecticides. Minimum per cent pod damage (7.3%), maximum grain yield (14.6 q/ha) and monetary returns ( 6265/ha) was realized from novaluron 10EC @ 375 ml/ha plus 2% urea as compared to other treatments.

Field of study: Biology
The Effectiveness of Using Intranet on EFL Female Students' Language Achievement and English language Skills in Mafraq Governorate in Jordan

This Study examined The Effectiveness of Using  Intranet on EFL Female Students' Language Achievement and English language Skills in Mafraq Governorate in Jordan. The current study followed a quasi-experimental design, The number of the participants was (40) Of the tenth grade Female Students' from Umm Alnaam School Secondary in Mafraq Governorate in Jordan. who were allocated randomly into two groups (A, B)  In the first group Experimental (A) Female Students' tenth grade learned English  Skills by the means of Using  Intranet In contrast, the other group Control (B) were taught according to Traditional Method by taught according to the guidelines suggested by the Teacher's Book tenth grade, The results showed that there were differences related to statistical significance at the level of significance (α = 0.05) due to the teaching method and the were in favor of the teaching method Using  Intranet, The results showed an improvement in the experimental group's English language skills compared to the control group. In the light of the results of the study researcher to include the intranet in the teaching of English skills.  Intranet, EFL Students', English  Skills, Achievement, Jordan.

Field of study: Education
Epidemiological Tendency and Risk Factors for Hypertension in Shenzhen

To study the epidemiological tendency and risk factors for hypertension in Shenzhen. 2044 cases were randomly selected, interviewed and had medical examinations.Results 183 cases were diagnosed as hypertension, the general prevalence was 8.95% and the age group from 41 to 50 had the highest prevalence;with logistic stepwise regression, age, inhabitancy years, remarriage, work, driver, mother had cardiovascular disease and grandfather had cardiovascular disease were independent factors for hypertension(P0.05).Conclusion As early as impossible filter out and diagnose those patients who had hypertension and health education to high-risk people is very important.

Field of study: Medicine
Umladungsmessungen an Lithium-Ionen im Energiebereich von 3 bis 10 keV

An ion source is described where a beam of lithium ions is directly emitted from a platinum filament coated with the lithium mineralΒ-eucryptite. Charge exchange cross sections were measured in the energy range from 3 to 10 keV for the gases A, N2, N2O, H2, O2, CH4, CCl2F2 and air. The results in this energy range agree with the adiabatic hypothesis of Massey.The uncharged particles were detected by means of a secondary electron emission detector. The secondary electron emission yield for a Cu-Be and a Ag-Mg surface by bombardment with lithium ions was measured.

Field of study: Physics
Impact of altered CIIpeptide on T cell response in collagen-induced arthritis

To explore the mechanism of the inhibitory effect of CⅡ268-270 altered peptide on collagen-induced arthritis. To study its effect on TH1/TH2 balance, anti-CⅡIgG antibody isotypes and regulatory T cells.  The altered peptide was given intravenously with a dose of 90μg once a week. Peptide control and blank control were treated with similar approach. The serum TH1/TH2 cytokines were measured by ELISA. The anti-CⅡantibody and its isotypes were measured with ELISA. The induction of regulatory T cells were assayed by real-time RT-PCR analysis of its marker Foxp3.  The serum IFN-γin rats treated with altered peptide, control peptide and blank control were 41.42±7.32, 54.63±11.15 and 57.86±5.64 pg/ml respectively(P0.01). The serum IL-10 in rats treated with altered peptide, control peptide and blank control were 40.18±5.13, 31.09±5.04 and 30.19±5.02 pg/ml respectively (P0.01). The Foxp3 mRNA abundance in spleen mononuclear cells of rats treated with altered peptide, control peptide and blank control were 33.62±12.12, 10.05±6.08 and 9.73±6.03 respectively(P0.01).  CⅡ268-270 altered peptide could regulate the balance of TH1/TH2 cytokines. It could decrease anti-CⅡIgG2a antibody. It could also up-reg-ulate Foxp3 + T cells in vivo.

Field of study: Biology
Redundancy, Feedback, and Robustness in the Arabidopsis thaliana BZR/BEH Gene Family

Organismal development is remarkably robust, tolerating stochastic errors to produce consistent, so-called canalized adult phenotypes. The mechanistic underpinnings of developmental robustness are poorly understood, but recent studies implicate certain features of genetic networks such as functional redundancy, connectivity, and feedback. Here, we examine the BZR/BEH gene family, whose function contributes to embryonic stem development in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, to test current assumptions on functional redundancy and trait robustness. Our analyses of BZR/BEH gene mutants and mutant combinations revealed that functional redundancy among these gene family members is not necessary for trait robustness. Connectivity is another commonly cited determinant of robustness; however, we found no correlation between connectivity among gene family members or their connectivity with other transcription factors and effects on developmental robustness. Instead, our data suggest that BEH4, the earliest diverged family member, modulates developmental robustness. We present evidence indicating that regulatory cross-talk among gene family members is integrated by BEH4 to promote wild-type levels of developmental robustness. Further, the chaperone HSP90, a known determinant of developmental robustness, appears to act via BEH4 in maintaining robustness of embryonic stem length. In summary, we demonstrate that even among closely related transcription factors, trait robustness can arise through the activity of a single gene family member, challenging common assumptions about the molecular underpinnings of robustness.

Field of study: Biology
Conditional discrimination in mentally retarded subjects: programming acquisition and learning set.

In Experiment 1, 3 subjects with retardation were exposed to two visual-visual arbitrary matching-to-sample problems each day. One conditional discrimination was presented under trial-and-error conditions, and the other was presented under a component training procedure. The latter began by establishing the comparison discrimination and its rapid reversal. The successive discrimination between the sample stimuli was established through differential naming. Then, sample naming was maintained in conditional discrimination sessions in which the same sample was presented in blocks of consecutive trials. Block size was decreased across sessions until sample presentation was randomized as in trial-and-error training (but with naming maintained). Two subjects initially learned only with component training. The performance of the 3rd subject was inconsistent across conditional discriminations. One of the successful subjects ultimately learned rapidly and consistently with trial-and-error procedures. Experiment 2 sought to demonstrate learning set in the other 2 subjects. Elements of the component training procedure were withdrawn over successive conditional discriminations. Ultimately, 1 subject nearly always learned under trial-and-error conditions, and the other learned under trial-and-error conditions combined with differential sample naming.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
On the Complexity of Mechanisms and Consequences of Chromothripsis: An Update

In the present review, we focus on the phenomenon of chromothripsis, a new type of complex chromosomal rearrangements. We discuss the challenges of chromothripsis detection and its distinction from other chromoanagenesis events. Along with already known causes and mechanisms, we introduce aberrant epigenetic regulation as a possible pathway to chromothripsis. We address the issue of chromothripsis characteristics in cancers and benign tumours, as well as chromothripsis inheritance in cases of its occurrence in germ cells, zygotes and early embryos. Summarising the presented data on different phenotypic effect of chromothripsis, we assume that its consequences are most likely determined not by the chromosome shattering and reassembly themselves, but by the genome regions involved in the rearrangement.

Field of study: Biology
[Characteristics of mathematical interpretation of experimental data during analysis of affinity distribution of serum IgG specific for influenza virus].

The paper depicts the methods of statistic processing of the data and mathematical simulation for the analysis of interactions in the system of antigen-antibody. The conditions of various models application are defined. The results of experimental binding curves procession enable obtaining the evidence of affinity-related distribution of serum antibodies which is believed to be an important characteristic feature of their functional activity and to make a quantitative description of maturation of specific immune response.

Field of study: Medicine
On linear birth-and-death processes in a random environment

We study the probability of extinction for single-type and multi-type continuous-time linear birth-and-death processes in a finite Markovian environment. The probability of extinction is equal to 1 almost surely if and only if the basic reproduction number $$R_0$$R0 is $$\le 1$$≤1, the key point being to identify a suitable definition of $$R_0$$R0 for such a result to hold.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Durch Anodenrückstrahlung stabil geheizte Großflächenkathode

ZusammenfassungEs wird eine Methode zur Erzeugung glühender Metallflächen im Vakuum behandelt, und zwar unter besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Anwendbarkeit zur Herstellung von Großflächenglühkathoden und von schwarzen Körpern. Die Erhitzung wird durch Elektronenaufprall erzielt, wie in einer vorhergehenden Arbeit 1) mitgeteilt ist. In den theoretischen Ausführungen wird der Zusammenhang zwischen Strom, Spannung und Temperatur hergeleitet, desgleichen wird die Frage der Stabilisierung der Rückheizung durch Vorschaltwiderstand oder durch Raumladung behandelt. — Im experimentellen Teil werden die theoretischen Forderungen weitgehend bestätigt. Die CharakteristikU=f (J) besteht aus zwei Teilkurven, einer fallenden für das Sättigungsstromgebiet und einer steigenden für das Raumladungsgebiet. Die Vorgänge des Anheizens werden experimentell an einem Sonderfall dargestellt. Die Einführung der „Vorheizkennlinien“ dient zur Klärung der Anheizvorgänge und zur Bestimmung der minimalen Vorheizung. Mit der quantitativen Bestätigung der die Anordnung bestimmenden Grundgleichungen wird die Berechnungsgrundlage für die Konstruktion dieser großflächigen Glühkathode geschaffen. — Die inverse Anordnung bildet die Grundlage für die Herstellung eines schwarzen Körpers besonders hoher Temperatur, dessen Berechnung durchgeführt wird.

Field of study: Physics
The necessity and ways to realize national fitness fairness in China.

The authors defined national fitness fairness,analyzed the necessity to release national fitness fairness in China at this stage,and put forward ways to realize national fitness fairness in China.This research indicates that national fitness fairness refers to a process of national fitness public service equalization conducted by the government under the guidance of the fair value conception.The necessity to realize national fitness fairness in China is shown in the followings: the contradiction between the growth of the demand for sports fitness service and the insufficiency of the supply of national fitness service;the contradiction between sports administrative department function reform and low national fitness service efficiency;the contradiction between citizens’ right to enjoy equal sport and the unbalanced supply of national fitness service.In the current period,ways to realize national fitness fairness in China include the followings: build and perfect a national fitness public service system;construct a "service type government" and reinforce the government’s public service functions;establish and complete a national fitness public service legal system;form a national fitness public service mechanism.

Field of study: Education
Thermodynamics of Gaussian fluctuations and paraconductivity in layered superconductors

A detailed theoretical analysis of the Gaussian fluctuations of the order parameter in layered superconductors is performed within the Ginzburg–Landau (GL) theory. The available results for the Gaussian fluctuations are systematized and a number of novel formulae for the fluctuation magnetization, nonlinear magnetic susceptibility, heat capacity and high-frequency conductivity in layered superconductors are derived. We propose several new prescriptions: how to determine the life-time constant of fluctuation Cooper pairs τ0, the in-plane coherence length ξab(0), the energy cutoff parameter and the Ginzburg number ∊Gi. It is demonstrated, for example, how the spectroscopy of the life-time can be used to verify the existence of depairing mechanisms in layered cuprates. The ultraviolet regularization of the GL free energy is carried out by means of the well-known from the field theory ζ-function method. We further show that the archetype of the latter method has its origin in the century of enlightenment and the novel result is that the fluctuation part of the thermodynamic variables of the layered superconductors can be expressed in terms of the Euler Γ-function and its derivatives. Universal scaling curves for the magnetic field dependence of the paraconductivity σab(Tc,B), fluctuation magnetization M(Tc,B) and the heat capacity C(Tc,B) are found for the quasi-2D superconductors at Tc and further related to the form-factor of the Cooper pairs.

Field of study: Physics