nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Late Permian non-marine–marine transitional profiles in the central Southern Permian Basin, northern Germany

The transition from Rotliegend to Zechstein within the Southern Permian Basin is one from continental desert to a marine environment. During the Upper Rotliegend II a huge playa lake existed there. This lake was temporarily influenced by precursors of the Zechstein transgression. Therefore the mega-playa evolved into a sabkha system. One of these early marine ingressions is known from an outcrop in Schleswig-Holstein. Laminated silt- and claystones, deposited within a standing water body, are intercalated in siltstones of a salt-flat environment. The lake sediments are characterised by high frequency cyclicity, shown by the sedimentary record and also by palaeontological data. The section contains fresh water as well as brackish-marine and marine fauna. Climatically forced cycles interact with marine incursions. After the Zechstein transgression had flooded the basin completely, sedimentation was controlled by sea-level fluctuations. Two sections, in the southern North Sea and in Schleswig-Holstein, are presented in this paper. Cyclicities with different frequencies controlled the sedimentation of the Kupferschiefer (T1) and the Werra Carbonate (Ca1). Sediments of the North Sea sequence were deposited within a shallow bay at the margin of an elevation. Therefore, the high frequency cyclicity became obvious within the sedimentary patterns and in the faunal content.

Field of study: Environmental science
Video Watermarking Robust Against Spatio-Temporal Attacks

Space-time interest points (STIP) represent the significant variations in video, which do not alter greatly under spatial and temporal attacks and can enhance the robustness of video watermarking. In this paper, a novel video watermarking scheme exploiting STIP in DCT-SVD (Discrete Cosine Transform – Singular Value Decomposition) domain is proposed. Unlike the usual algorithm, STIP are selected by global and local steps. All global STIP are ordered in ascending order according to their response values, and STIP corresponding to the first several global response values are selected to maintain the stability. Afterwards, the STIP with largest local response value in one frame is selected as the center to generate square embedding region. The region is transformed into DCT-SVD domain, and the mid-frequency coefficients are segmented to embed the watermark by modifying the norm of the largest singular value using quantization. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme guarantees high peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), and is very robust against frame swapping, frame insert, frame dropping, noising, filtering etc.

Field of study: Computer science
Canada‐Cuba relations: An ambivalent media and policy

What a difference a decade makes. While in the midto late-1990s the Helms-Burton Act, passed by the US Congress, created a outcry of media protest and support for Cuba in the press, by 2009 media coverage had become increasingly sparse and much more critical of Cuba, raising questions of whether a broad and general change in public sympathies related to Cuba had developed, or whether this was a media phenomenon resulting from greater access to Cuba and a broadening of reportage. Was another mutually reinforcing shift and convergence underway between critical media accounts, parliamentary discussions, and public opinion surrounding Cuba, much as there was in the late-1990s, when both press and Parliamentarians criticized Chrétien’s failed human rights agenda in Cuba? If, today, media coverage of Cuba is becoming more critical, and there are indications that this is the case, to what is Canadian media coverage responding? Canadians have always constructed popular perceptions about Cuba, which, in turn, support broader foreign policy platforms. Wright (2007) documents Canadian media support and the critical role this played in shaping Canadian support for Cuba during the early years of the Cuban Revolution and the Castro administration. Canadian journalists eagerly participated in news casting from the island, while the media romanticized the Revolution. Indeed, the publicity generated in the Canadian press at that time was extremely favourable. There was a strong “Robin Hood” analogy which subsequently played out in the Canadian newspapers and which shaped Canadian support of the Castro regime. Moreover, as Wright (2007: 46-47) indicates, equally caught up in the pro-Castro enthusiasm, and clearly affected by public sentiment, the federal government quickly recognized the new government. While one event did not create the other, they were mutually constitutive. The interaction between public perception and political policies is quite complex. Generally speaking, there may be consonance between popular values (the press) and foreign policy goals, and if these popular or public perceptions and foreign policy elements become convergent, the result can be a popularized geopolitics, which, in turn, reinforces or is incorporated into the status quo in formal policy-making (Dijkink, 1998). Most scholars would suggest, however, that this relationship is not one of direct influence between media coverage and foreign policy, but rather, that it can be mutually reinforcing (or divisive) in terms of the way in which the media responds by framing the events or news, leading to its “spreading activation” . While partisan politics is involved, this framing of news goes beyond such politics, and yet, is not independent of it. This means that for Canadians, understanding Canada’s foreign policy position towards Cuba through media accounts has agency, as well as reflects agency, in ways which mere partisanship cannot explain.

Field of study: Political science
Charge balance and acidity regulation during growth of sugar‐cane cell suspensions

An analysis of nutrient uptake by batch cultures of sugar-cane cells was performed to gain information about the ionic balance during uptake of charged metabolites. Whereas younger cultures (up to 1 week old) have to compensate excess cation influx with proton efflux, older cultures show balanced cation–anion uptake.

Younger cells produce a small amount of carboxylic acids to furnish protons for charge compensation at the cytoplasmic membrane. Older cells synthesize organic acids more abundantly to generate protons necessary for the proton demand of nitrate and sulphate assimilation. Despite these assimilation reactions only a small percentage of carbon, which is taken up mainly as hexose, needs to be oxidized to carboxylic acids for that purpose. In contrast, younger cultures preferentially use the amino acids of the medium instead of assimilating nitrate. The use of amino acids as a nitrogen source does not require a significant part of metabolism for biochemical pH-stability, whereas an efficient proton circulation on the cytoplasmic membrane seems to be of major importance.

A balance study of the main metabolized elements, carbon, nitrogen and sulphur was performed to get a quantitative impression of the fate of these nutrients during growth of cell cultures.

Field of study: Environmental science
Analysis on Some Key Points in Construction of Univeristy Students' Employability System

In this paper,the topic will start from discussion on how to better adapt to the social development and the requirement of competition among talents,as well as how to effectively improve the employability of university students.The paper also concerns the research on the core value of employability of university graduates,how to create a market-oriented personnel training system which is fully responsive to the needs of social development and how to more effectively enhance the employability of university students.

Field of study: Economics
Upgrades of the ALICE TPC Front-End Electronics for Long Shutdown 1 and 2

This paper presents the front-end electronics upgrades of the ALICE Time Projection Chamber detector for the coming years, with a focus on the upgrades for Long Shutdown 2. The Large Hadron Collider is currently in Long Shutdown 1 following a successful first run, and upgrades of the detectors are underway to support the higher particle interaction rates planned for the next run. For the Time Projection Chamber, the increase in data due to the higher interaction rate and higher energy will cause a bottleneck in the Readout Control Unit and a new board is in development which increases the data-link speed to the back-end. Another more general upgrade of the ALICE experiment is planned for Long Shutdown 2, foreseen to start in 2018. In this case the goal is to cope with an even higher interaction rate of 50 kHz for Pb-Pb collisions. The present Multi Wire Proportional Chambers of the Time Projection Chamber will then be replaced by Gas Electron Multiplier technology. At the same time, the front-end electronics and readout system will also be replaced.

Field of study: Physics
How does the charged-lepton's mass affect the quasielastic neutrino cross sections?

Martini et al.  have recently observed that when the produced-lepton's mass plays an important role, the charged-current quasielastic cross section for muon neutrinos can be higher than that for electron neutrinos. Here we argue that this effect appears solely in the theoretical descriptions of nuclear effects in which nucleon knockout requires the energy and momentum transfers to lie in a narrow range of the kinematically allowed values.

Field of study: Physics
MTrack: Improved Center Fix of Tropical Cyclones from SMAP Wind Observations

MTrack is an automated algorithm that determines the center location (latitude and longitude) of a tropical cyclone from a scalar wind field derived from satellite observations. Accurate storm centers are useful for operational forecasting of tropical cyclones and for their reanalysis (e.g., research on storm surge modeling). Currently, storm center fixes have significantly larger errors for weak, disorganized storms. The MTrack algorithm presented here improves storm centers in some of those cases. It is also automated and, therefore, less subjective than manual fixes made by forecasters. The MTrack algorithm, which was originally designed to work with CYGNSS wind speed measurements, is applied to SMAP winds for the first time. The average difference between MTrack and Best Track storm center locations is 21, 36, and 46 km for major hurricanes, category 1–2 hurricanes, and tropical storms, respectively. MTrack is shown to operate successfully when a storm is only partially sampled by the observing satellite and when the eye of the storm is not resolved.

Field of study: Environmental science
Coscus, Queen Elizabeth, and Law in John Donne’s“Satyre II”*

This essay argues that John Donne’s “Satyre II” (ca. 1595) has a greater topical relevance to the emergence of the Anglo-American common-law tradition than literary and legal scholars have previously recognized. It makes the case that the villain of Donne’s poem, the poet-turned-lawyer Coscus, may be Sir Edward Coke (1552–1634) and that two female figures in the poem may be Queen Elizabeth (r. 1558–1603). Donne attacks Coke and Elizabeth for their complicity in deploying an antiquated and backward-looking feudal ideal in order to lend prestige to the common law, to enrich the crown and its officers, and to frustrate the dynastic prospects of landholding gentry.

Field of study: History
Analysis of anatomical sites at which galanin impairs delayed nonmatching to sample in rats.

Galanin, a neuropeptide that coexists with acetylcholine in the septohippocampal pathway of the rat, impairs operant delayed nonmatching to sample (DNMTS) when administered intracerebroventricularly. Microinjection experiments were conducted to determine the anatomical site or sites at which galanin acts to disrupt DNMTS. Galanin (0.1, 0.4, or 1.6 nmol) was microinjected into the ventral hippocampus, amygdala, nucleus basalis magnocellularis, prefrontal cortex, or entorhinal cortex. Galanin disrupted DNMTS in a dose-dependent manner when microinjected into the ventral hippocampus but not at the other sites tested. These findings are consistent with the ability of galanin to inhibit physiological and biochemical actions of acetylcholine in the ventral hippocampus.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
High-frequency self-modulation of the radiation emitted by a linear laser with constant losses

A theoretical analysis is made of the appearance of high-frequency pulsations in a linear laser with constant losses. Nonlinear differential equations with a variable parameter are used for the radiation density and gain of the active medium. It is shown that the high-frequency self-modulation is to the delay of the action on the active medium of the radiation arriving from different points in the laser. The dependence of the period and depth of modulation on the laser parameters is obtained. The results of analytic investigations are compared with computer calculations.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Multilocus Genotypes of Relevance for Drug Metabolizing Enzymes and Therapy with Thiopurines in Patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Multilocus genotypes have been shown to be of relevance for using pharmacogenomic principles to individualize drug therapy. As it relates to thiopurine therapy, genetic polymorphisms of TPMT are strongly associated with the pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of thiopurines (mercaptopurine and azathioprine), influencing their toxicity and efficacy. We have recently demonstrated that TPMT and ITPA genotypes constitute a multilocus genotype of pharmacogenetic relevance for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) receiving thiopurine therapy. The use of high-throughput genomic analysis allows identification of additional candidate genetic factors associated with pharmacogenetic phenotypes, such as TPMT enzymatic activity: PACSIN2 polymorphisms have been identified by a genome-wide analysis, combining evaluation of polymorphisms and gene expression, as a significant determinant of TPMT activity in the HapMap CEU cell lines and the effects of PACSIN2 on TPMT activity and mercaptopurine induced adverse effects were confirmed in children with ALL. Combination of genetic factors of relevance for thiopurine metabolizing enzyme activity, based on the growing understanding of their association with drug metabolism and efficacy, is particularly promising for patients with pediatric ALL. The knowledge basis and clinical applications for multilocus genotypes of importance for therapy with mercaptopurine in pediatric ALL is discussed in the present review.

Field of study: Biology
Secularization, Integration and Rationalization: Some Perspectives from Latin American Thought

For the past couple of decades the Latin Americans, like their brethren in Africa and Asia, have been hell-bent in search of' development' or ' modernization'. While the Latin Americans were on the firing line, scholars and policy-makers in both the rich nations and the poor nations were involved in setting out an intellectual framework for analyzing the developmental process. New concepts to explain the meaning of development were devised; innovative measurements to gauge the level of development were proposed; a new vocabulary to capture the nuances of development was put forth. The sense of much of the literature seems to imply that the contemporary formulation of the science (or art) of development is a singular, unique departure in the affairs of man. The longer perspective, not to mention a little humility, provides a different perceptual vista. The Latin Americans have always been sensitive to their relative underdevelopment. Although not in exactly the same terminology or context of today's literature, they have spilled much ink in defining their developmental problems, pinpointing the causes, and proposing solutions. Like all peoples, they have yearned for ' modernization' or 'progress' or 'civilization' or whatever other terms have defined the advancement of man from poverty, ignorance, and weakness to wealth, sophistication and strength. In contemporary parlance, they have sought such developmental goals as cultural secularization, national integration and more rational use of scarce resources.

Field of study: Political science
Evaluation of Damage Severity of Tea Plants Using Electronic Nose

In this study, an electronic nose (E-nose) was used to evaluate the damage severity of tea plants, and a new evaluation index (mass loss) was introduced to reflect damage severity. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was employed for proving the potential of the E-nose to detect tea plants with different damage severities. The number of pests attacking tea plants and the time under attack are two traditional evaluation indexes that are widely applied. The prediction performance of mass loss was compared with the number of pests and time under attack based on partial least squares regression (PLSR) according to the correlation coefficient (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE), and the results showed that the prediction performance of mass loss was better than that of the other two indexes. Three regression algorithms, namely PLSR, extreme learning machine for regression (ELMR), and support vector regression (SVR), were applied to predict mass loss, and their performances were compared. The results indicated that these three algorithms all had good performances, and SVR was the best. It could be concluded that E-nose is a feasible technique for evaluating the damage severity of tea plants, and mass loss is an appropriate evaluation index for damage severity.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Constitutive Models for Dynamic Strain Aging in Metals: Strain Rate and Temperature Dependences on the Flow Stress †

A new constitutive model for Q235B structural steel is proposed, incorporating the effect of dynamic strain aging. Dynamic strain aging hugely affects the microstructural behavior of metallic compounds, in turn leading to significant alterations in their macroscopic mechanical response. Therefore, a constitutive model must incorporate the effect of dynamic strain aging to accurately predict thermo-mechanical deformation processes. The proposed model assumes the overall response of the material as a combination of three contributions: athermal, thermally activated, and dynamic strain aging stress components. The dynamic strain aging is approached by two alternative mathematical expressions: (i) model I: rate-independent model; (ii) model II: rate-dependent model. The proposed model is finally used to study the mechanical response of Q235B steel for a wide range of loading conditions, from quasi-static loading (ε˙=0.001 s−1 and ε˙=0.02 s−1) to dynamic loading (ε˙=800 s−1 and ε˙=7000 s−1), and across a broad range of temperatures (93 K−1173 K). The results from this work highlight the importance of considering strain-rate dependences (model II) to provide reliable predictions under dynamic loading scenarios. In this regard, rate-independent approaches (model I) are rather limited to quasi-static loading.

Field of study: Materials science
Factors affecting the carriage of meat in containers

Zusammenfassung Les elements de la conception d'un conteneur ayant une influence sur le transport de la viande sont le transfert de chaleur, le volume, la repartition de l'air et la regulation de la temperature de l'air et l'humidite relative. L'utilisation de basses pressions et d'atmospheres modifiees fait l'object de plus d'attention mais elle n'a pas encore prouve sa valeur a l'echelle commerciale. On examine aussi l'influence de l'emballage sur la repartition des temperatures, les pertes de masse et la manipulation, en particulier l'emballage sous vide Les transformations des modes de commercialisation traditionnels peuvent appeler une certaine reevaluation des criteres de la conception admis actuellement et quelques unes de ces transformations ont deja ete evaluees pour la viande et d'autres cargaisons congelees. On fait aussi des propositions pour ameliorer la regulation de la temperature et la repartition de l'air dans les conteneurs autonomes et l'on examine l'influence de l'isolation des cales et de la regulation de la temperature sur l'humidite relative et la repartition des temperatures dans les conteneurs. On donne des exemples provenant de resultats experimentaux tant en service reel que dans des conditions d'essai dirigees.

Field of study: Engineering
Multiple-Bit Upset in 130 nm CMOS Technology

The probability of proton-induced multiple-bit upset (MBU) has increased in highly-scaled technologies because device dimensions are small relative to particle event track size. Both proton-induced single event upset (SEU) and MBU responses have been shown to vary with angle and energy for certain technologies. This work analyzes SEU and MBU in a 130 nm CMOS SRAM in which the single-event response shows a strong dependence on the angle of proton incidence. Current proton testing methods do not account for device orientation relative to the proton beam and, subsequently, error rate prediction assumes no angular dependencies. Proton-induced MBU is expected to increase as integrated circuits continue to scale into the deep sub-micron regime. Consequently, the application of current testing methods will lead to an incorrect prediction of error rates

Field of study: Physics
Machiavelli in the Tropics: Assessing Participatory Democracy in Northeast Brazil

본 논문에서는 북부 브라질에 도입된 참여 민주주의의 발전상에 마키아벨리의 공화주의 사상을 적용하였다. 이 논문의 목적은 국가-사회의 관계, 공공기관(제도)의 정당성, 그리고 시민 참여의 지속성 등을 고려하여 마키아벨리가 발전시킨 몇 가지 예측들을 통하여 마키아벨리의 대중정부의 개념이 시민 참여와 참여에 의한 의사결정과정의 확대라는 최근의 민주주의적 방법과 관련하여 타당성을 가지고 있음을 보여주는데 있다. 이 논문에서는 지방자치 참여민주주의 모범적 사례로서 브라질 북부의 한 도시인 Camaragibe에서 참여민주주의의 시행 경험 사례를 평가하고 있다. 마키아벨리의 공화주의 사상에 비추어봤을 때, Camaragibe의 지엽적 수준의 참여민주주의 경험은 성공과 실패가 혼합된 양상을 보이고 있다.

Field of study: Political science