nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
An Optimality Theoretic Approach to Accent Insertion

This paper explores the accentuation in the words consisting of inherently unaccented morphemes in the languages which distinguish between inherently accented and unaccented morphemes. In this paper, a variety of accent insertion in non-Indo-European languages (Turkish, Tokyo Japanese, Cupeno, and Thompson River Salish) is presented and compared with the word-initial accent insertion in Vedic Sanskrit, which is an Indo-European language. Then, from the viewpoint of Optimality Theory (OT) (Prince and Smolensky 1993 and McCarthy and Prince 1993a, b), it is argued that the parametric difference in the ranking relation of ALlGN-R(ACC, PrWd) and ALIGN-L(ACC, PrWd) between Vedic Sanskrit and Turkish causes the difference in accent insertion between these languages. Further, the examination of accentual systems of Cupeno and Thompson River Salish shows that Root Faith >> Affix Faith as a meta-constraint is too fixed to explain a cross-linguistic variety of places for an inserted accent. This examination also shows that the difference in accent insertion among languages should be explained by the different rankings among domain-specific DEP-IO-faithfulness constraints.

Field of study: Linguistics
Security Analysis and Improvement of Some Proxy Multi-signature Schemes

Proxy multi-signature scheme is an important digital signature of modern electronic business.But many of them are insecure and have some different limitations.Security analysis of some proxy multi-signature schemes proposed re7cently is presented.This paper points out that these schemes are insecure and have different security weaknesses.In order to overcome these weaknesses,a novel proxy multi-signature scheme without a secure channel is proposed,and security and efficiency analysis of the improved scheme is presented.

Field of study: Computer science
Silicified trilobites of the genus Sphaerocoryphe from the Middle Ordovician of Virginia

Two similar species of Sphaerocoryphe, Sphaerocoryphe gemina sp.nov. and Sphaerocoryphe longispina sp.nov., from the Edinburg Formation (Blackriveran) of northwest Virginia are described. The most conspicuous differences lie in the pygidia. The protaspis closely resembles that of Ceraurinella; transitory pygidia are allocated to degrees one to eight, and the first appearance of the great spines provides a useful marker. Two ontogenetic series can be recognized, culminating in the two adult morphologies, and ruling out the possibility of a single dimorphic species. There are two profixigenal spines in meraspid cranidia up to 2.5 mm in sagittal length, one pair in larger cranidia of both species. The smallest hypostome possesses two lateral spines, later reduced to one. Hemisphaerocoryphe Reed is considered a junior subjective synonym of Sphaerocoryphe Angelin. The 29 named species are compared.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Study on Self-Heating and Mutual Thermal Coupling in SiGe Multi-Finger HBTs

In this paper, the self-heating and mutual thermal coupling in a state-of-the-art SiGe:C multi-finger heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) was investigated in static dc operation conditions. Multi-finger HBT structure was created using Sentaurus structure editor with dimensions similar to the layout of SiGe:C multi-finger HBTs in ST-Microelectronics BiCMOS55 (B55) technology (fT > 300 GHz, fmax > 400 GHz) as per ST’s BiCMOS55 process design kit guidelines. Three-dimensional thermal technology computer aided design (TCAD) simulations were carried out to obtain the temperature distribution in static dc operation. The lattice temperature (TLattice) and heat flux (FHeat) distribution inside the device were studied. The impact of back-end-of-line (BEOL) layers on static thermal behavior of the state-of-the-art SiGe:C multi finger HBTs was also investigated. The temperature dependent thermal resistance of different fingers of the trench isolated SiGe multi-finger HBT was extracted without and with back-end-of-line (BEOL) effect. An electro-thermal dc compact model of self-heating and mutual thermal coupling in multi-finger HBTs was proposed and applied to compare the modeling results with the TCAD simulation results. Very good agreement was achieved between results obtained from TCAD simulation and those obtained from compact model-based simulation.

Field of study: Materials science
Lepton Charges in Current Descriptions of Weak Processes

A family of leptons based on charged $${{l}_{{{\text{ch}}}}}$$ and neutral (neutrino) $${}$$ quantum numbers is described while retaining their sum $${{L}_{{{\text{ch}}}}}$$ and total aroma $${{L}_{\nu }}.$$ Representations of a four-component neutrino theory are expanded by including a tauon family and a new (fourth) lepton family. (Non)diagonal lepton processes are studied with respect to the interaction between neutral (NC) and charged (CC) weak currents. It is shown that information on current constants can be obtained by measuring the recoil electron spectra and total cross sections of elastic $$\nu e$$ and $$\tilde {\nu }e$$ types of scattering.

Field of study: Physics
RF Power Systems for the National Synchrotron Light Source

The booster synchrotron and the two storage rings at the NSLS are provided with rf power systems of 3 kW, 50 kW, and 500 kW nominal output power, all at 53 MHz. This power is supplied by grounded grid tetrode amplifiers designed for television broadcast service. These amplifiers and associated power supplies, control and interlock systems, rf controls, and computer interface are described.

Field of study: Physics
The Sisters of Mercy in the Crimean War: Lessons for Catholic Health Care

In 1856, an appeal went out to nurses in both England and Ireland, and especially to religious nurses, to care for the troops fighting in the Crimean War. The Sisters of Mercy, founded in 1831 by Venerable Catherine McAuley, answered that call. This article describes the enormous challenges the Sisters faced in that mission, which was a test of their nursing skills, flexibility, organizational ability, and their spirit of mercy. The challenges they faced professionally and as religious Sisters, the manner in which they faced those challenges, and their spiritual lives as religious women shaped their ability to give comprehensive care. Some applications are made to the challenges which religious communities and organizations working in health care face in our country at this time.  This article describes the challenges faced by a group of Sisters of Mercy from England and Ireland who volunteered to serve as nurses in the Crimean War from 1856 to 1858. Applications are made to challenges which are faced by religious communities and organizations in the current secular healthcare environment.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Flow pattern map, heat transfer and pressure drops during evaporation of R-1234ze(E) and R134a in a horizontal, circular smooth tube: Experiments and assessment of predictive methods

This paper presents experimental results for local heat transfer coefficients, adiabatic frictional pressure gradients and two-phase flow regimes with the low-GWP refrigerant R-1234ze(E), compared to Hydro-Fluoro-Carbon refrigerant R-134a in the same conditions. In particular the results refer to an experimental investigation carried out in a circular smooth tube of 6.00 mm of inner diameter, for saturation temperatures between −2.9 °C and 12.1 °C, mass fluxes between 146 and 520 kg m−2 s−1 and heat fluxes between 5.0 and 20.4 kW m−2. These experimental results are compared to those for R-134a at the same operating conditions. Moreover, an assessment of predictive methods is provided for local heat transfer coefficients and frictional pressure gradients; also a direct comparison of flow regimes visualizations for R-1234ze(E) with a flow pattern map available in literature is presented.

Field of study: Engineering
Free and bound excitons in thin wurtzite GaN layers on sapphire

Free and bound excitons have been studied by photoluminescence in thin () wurtzite-undoped GaN, n-type GaN:Si as well as p-type GaN:Mg and GaN:Zn layers grown by metal-organic chemical vapour phase deposition (MOCVD). An accurate value for the free A exciton binding energy and an estimate for the isotropically averaged hole mass of the uppermost valence band are deduced from the data on undoped samples. The acceptor-doped samples reveal recombination lines which are attributed to excitons bound to and respectively. These lines are spectrally clearly separated and the exciton localization energies are in line with Haynes' rule. Whenever a comparison is possible, it is found that the exciton lines in these thin MOCVD layers are ultraviolet-shifted by 20 to 25 meV as compared to quasi-bulk () samples. This effect is interpreted in terms of the compressive hydrostatic stress component which thin GaN layers experience when grown on sapphire with an AlN buffer layer.

Field of study: Materials science
Monte Carlo Latching Studies of Prompt-Gamma Detection During Hadrontherapy

Proton and carbon therapies of a human brain were simulated using FLUKA, with particular emphasis on treatment monitoring using the prompt gamma method where activities of the source proton/carbon in the patient's body are to be extracted from the positional profile of exit photons. Tissue heterogeneity ranging from hydrogen to zinc was represented in a VIP-Man anthropomorphic voxel phantom. Each photon exiting the head was scored with ancestry attributes such as the particle type of its parent, the originating collision type and site. These data, not accessible via physical detectors, were analysed to characterise the escaping photons, delineating signal from noise according to the gamma origin and scatter history. Combinations of energy, geometry, time and angle filters, aided by raytracing, were studied for the optimal compromise between a sufficiently featured exit profile and a statistically adequate count. These will be put in context with ongoing research in the field; our perspective for the prompt gamma method will be discussed in detail.

Field of study: Physics
Photosensitization of cultured cells and viruses by pyrene lipids.

Administration of pyrene-linked fatty acids and lipids to cultured cells or an enveloped (vesicular stomatitis) virus induced photosensitization which, following irradiation with a long ultra-violet light (LUV), resulted in killing of the cells and loss of the infectivity of the virus with the following specific effects. (i) LUV illumination of the pyrene-sphingomyelin administered cultured skin fibroblasts derived from normal individuals and patients with Niemann-Pick disease permitted selective killing of the latter. (ii) Similarly LUV illumination of pyrenedodecanoic acid (P12) incubates of leukemic cell lines mixed with human bone marrow cells permitted selective killing of the former. (iii) LUV illumination of P12 incubates of vesicular stomatitis virus decreased the infectivity of the virus by up to 12 logs.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Reliability issues in GaN-based light-emitting diodes: Effect of dc and PWM stress

This paper describes an extensive analysis of the degradation of high-power white LEDs, submitted to dc and pulsed stress. By means of combined electrical and optical characterization we provide experimental evidence for the following: (i) dc stress can induce a significant decrease in the luminous flux of the devices; (ii) degradation rate has a linear dependence on the stress current level, thus indicating that current is a major driving force for degradation; (iii) optical degradation is significantly correlated to the increase in the defect-related current components, and to the red-shift of the emission wavelength of the main blue peak. On the basis of these results, degradation is ascribed to the increase in the defectiveness of the active region, with subsequent generation of defective or shunt paths; (iv) PWM stress determines a stronger degradation with respect to dc stress, for devices aged under similar conditions. The different mechanisms that may contribute to increasing the degradation rate during PWM stress with respect to dc case are discussed in the paper.

Field of study: Engineering
Observation of degenerate one-dimensional sub-bands in cylindrical InAs nanowires.

One-dimensional (1D) sub-bands in cylindrical InAs nanowires (NWs) are electrically mapped as a function of NW diameter in the range of 15-35 nm. At low temperatures, stepwise current increases with the gate voltage are clearly observed and attributed to the electron transport through individual 1D sub-bands. The 2-fold degeneracy in certain sub-band energies predicted by simulation due to structural symmetry is experimentally observed for the first time. The experimentally obtained sub-band energies match the simulated results, shedding light on both the energies of the sub-bands as well as the number of sub-bands populated per given gate voltage and diameter. This work serves to provide better insight into the electrical transport behavior of 1D semiconductors.

Field of study: Physics
A comparative study with Murrah buffalo and indigenous Gir spermatozoa to Hypo-Osmotic Swelling Test.

Hypo-Osmotic Swelling Test (HOST) is a simple but authentic test to measure the integrityof sperm membrane. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the HOST value in Murrah buffaloand indigenous Gir bull in 150 mosm/l tri-sodium citrate and D-fructose HOST solution. Murrahbuffalo was having more HOST (49±0.39 %) reacted spermatozoa than indigenous Gir (42±0.57 %)bulls suggesting lesser membrane damage during cryo-preservation and higher fertility rate in Murrahbuffalo than Gir cattle.  State AnimalHusbandry Farm, Salbini, Paschim Medinipur-721147, West Bengal, India. 1 Chief Executive Officer, Paschim Banga Go-Sampad Bikash Sanstha, Kolkata -98, West Bengal, India.*Corresponding author.  Artificial Insemination has played asignificant role in dairy industry throughproduction and preservation of semen from elitebulls. However, the prediction of potentialfertility bull is always obtained by evaluation ofdifferent parameters of semen. The structuralintegrity of spermatozoa is an importantparameter for semen evaluation (Neild et al.1999). Post-thaw viability and fertility ofcryopreserved sperm are often reduced due toaccumulated cellular damage during the cryo-preservation phases (Muino et al. 2008).Decrease in temperature, cold shock, andintracellular ice formation can affect spermplasma membrane, acrosomal and mitochondrialmembrane integrity (Thomas et al. 1998, Defoinet al. 2008) and cause the loss of intracellularcomponents (Graham and Moce 2005), whichcan initiate cell death. Sperm membrane integritycan be evaluated by several methods like, lightor fluorescent microscopy combined with vitalstains (Brito et al. 2003), and flow cytometry(Januskauskas et al. 2003). Jeyendran et al.(1984) developed a hypo osmotic swelling test(HOST) to evaluate sperm membrane functionof human spermatozoa. HOST is used to evaluatethe sperm membrane integrity in bovines (Rotaet al. 2000), equine (Neild et al. 2000), canine(Rodriguez-Gil et al. 1994) and porcine (Perez-Llano et al. 2001). The present study wasenvisaged to compare between percent HOSTpositive sperm of Murrah buffalo and Gir bullsemen after cryo-preservation and to find out thebreed average values of HOST, a directly fertilityrelated test to evaluate cryo-preserved semen.

Field of study: Biology
Dynamic efficiency in overlapping generations models with stochastic production

We consider an overlapping generations economy, as in Diamond ( (1965), 1126–1150), with stochastic production. We define two types of efficiency for feasible production-consumption allocations, using first and second degree stochastic dominance. We obtain a complete characterization of inefficiency (of type I) in this model. For each given sequence of strictly concave utility functions (for all generations) the existence of a competitive equilibrium is proved. It is shown that each competitive allocation is short-run efficient (of type II).

Field of study: Economics
Relationship Between Parental Socio-Economic Variables And Adolescents Vocational Aspiration

This study is aimed at determining the influence of parental socio-economic variables on adolescents’ vocational aspiration. A stratified random sampling was used to select four schools from Port Harcourt metropolis, Nigeria and a sample of two hundred students (100 male, 100 female). Vocational Interest Inventory (VII) was used for data collection. Analysis of data was done using simple percentages for the research questions and chi-square for the hypotheses. The findings revealed that Parental socioeconomic status has strong influence on adolescents’ vocational aspiration, Adolescents’ vocational aspiration is not necessarily influenced by their parental level of education. Adolescents’ are well disposed to their parents’ vocation. Recommendations given includes admonishing parents not to project their aspirations/ambitions  on their children, the role of guidance counsellors in assisting a child realise his/her potential should not be underestimated, children should be allowed free rein in pursuing careers of their choice. It was recommended among others that parents should encourage the development of a secure and enduring attachment relationship with their children.  Adolescents, parental influence, counsellors, vocational interest.

Field of study: Education
123I radiolabeling of monoclonal antibodies for in vivo procedures.

When labeled to monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) or their fragments, 123I can be used for imaging or for predicting the treatment potential and radiation dosimetry of 131I labeled to the same molecular species. Because 123I (p,5n) from the Crocker Nuclear Laboratory is in dilute solution, when compared with commercial 125I of labeling grade, we have evaluated labeling parameters using Chloramine-T as the oxidant and derived an optimum set of labeling conditions that provide a 60-80% radiochemical yield of highly immunoreactive antibody. When Lym-1, an IgG-2a murine antibody against human lymphoma, was used, yields of labeled immunoglobulin were decreased by protein or Chloramine-T concentrations less than 0.4 microgram/microliter and 0.8 microgram/microliter, respectively; denaturation of the immunoglobulin occurred when the Chloramine-T concentration was greater than 1.0 microgram/microliter. Optimum labeling occurred at pH 7-8 with deleterious effects when the pH was below 5 or above 10. An optimum method for labeling antibodies with multimillicurie amounts of 123I (less than one iodine atom per 100 antibody molecules) is described. Some of the observations derived from this study are also applicable to the preparation of treatment doses of 131I-labeled antibodies, wherein the amount of antibody can be a restrictive factor.

Field of study: Biology
Current-Controlled Skyrmionic Diode

In order to address many of the challenges and bottlenecks currently experienced by traditional charge based technologies, various alternatives are being actively explored to provide potential solutions of device miniaturization and scaling in the more-than-MOORE era. Amongst these alternatives, spintronics physics and devices have recently attracted a rapidly increasing interest by exploiting the additional degree of electron's spins. For example, magnetic domain-wall racetrack-memory and logic devices have been realized via manipulating domain-wall motion. As compared to domain-wall based devices, magnetic skyrmions have the advantages of ultra-small size (typically 5-100 nm in diameter), facile current-driven motion, topological stability and peculiar emergent electrodynamics, promising for next-generation electronics applications in the more-than-Moore regime. In this work, a magnetic meron diode, which behaves like a PN-junction diode, is demonstrated for the first time, by tailoring the current-controlled unidirectional motion of edge-merons (i.e., fractional skyrmions) in a nanotrack with interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. The working principles of the meron diode, theoretically expected from the Thiele equation for topological magnetic objects, are further verified by micromagnetic simulations. The present study reveals topology-independent transport property of magnetic objects, and is expected to open the vista toward integrated composite circuitry, with unified data storage and processing, based on a single magnetic chip, as the meron diode can be used either, as a building block, to develop complex logic components or, as a signal controller, to interconnect skyrmion, domain-wall, and even spin-wave devices.

Field of study: Physics
MASS TRANSFER KINETICS THROUGH COMPOSITE SILICONE RUBBER MEMBRANE BY PERVAPORATION (II) DIFFUSIVE TRANSPORT THROUGH MEMBRANE

The pervaporation of organics from dilute aqueous solution through a novel plate composite silicone rubber membrane was investigated. The measured and derived data indicated that the composite membrane possessed very high permeation flux and stable selectivity for dilute organic aqueous solution. Based upon the well- known resistance-in- series model, diffusive mass transfer behavior in membrane was investigated by calculation from the measured data with different skin layer thickness of membranes. The experimental results showed that the diffusive mass transfer coefficient conformed to Arrhenius correlation with temperature and was independent of the flow status. The diffusivities of the given alcohols in membrane had an order of magnitude 10 m-10·s-1 at a wider range of temperature, which is similar to those reported in literatures.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Novel forms of hydrogen in solids: the `ionic' proton and the `quasi-free' proton

Recent incoherent inelastic neutron scattering studies (IINS) of proton conductors are reviewed. These studies illustrate the utility of IINS for studying the structure and the conductivity mechanism of protonic species and for obtaining a coherent description of the dynamics of H-containing materials. Special attention is given to the understanding of the quasi-continuum observed in many protonic materials. Emphasis is given to un-solvated, or poorly solvated, proton systems which remain stable in the medium to high temperature range (100–500°C) ( β -alumina, 12-tungstophosphoric acids (WPA), MnO 2 , polyanilines).

Field of study: Materials science
On Clutter Rank Observed by Arbitrary Arrays

This paper analyzes the rank and eigenspectrum of the clutter covariance matrix observed by space-time radar systems with arbitrarily configured arrays and varying look geometry. Motivated by recent applications that suggest use of nonuniform antenna arrays, a generalized theory of clutter rank is derived and demonstrated. First, a one-dimensional effective random process is defined by projecting the measurements obtained by an arbitrary space-time radar system into an equivalent one-dimensional sampling structure. Then, this projection and the Karhunen-Loeve representation of random processes are used to predict clutter rank based on effective aperture-bandwidth product. Simulated results are used to confirm the theory over a wide range of scenarios, and along the way, the well-known Brennan's rule for clutter rank is shown to be a special case of the proposed aperture-bandwidth product

Field of study: Engineering