nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Music and Musicians in Renaissance Cities and Towns. Fiona Kisby

teenth-century England along the lines of Carolyn Merchant's description of the changing understanding of nature — occasioned by the scientific revolution — from nurturing womb to laboratory cadaver. David E. Cohen challenges the idea that Jean-Philippe Rameau's famous attempt to ground music in a natural principle, the corps sonore, is related to his "discovery" of the problem of music cognition, and demonstrates, through a subtle and nuanced discussion, that Rameau relied upon a concept of "musical instinct," a "gift of nature" which he took to be a faculty of the senses, not of the mind. Finally, in "Nietzsche, Riemann, Wagner: when music lies," Leslie David Blasius explores what it means for a theory of music to be true. Scott Burnham opens part 2, "Natural Forms — Forming Nature," with a gracefully written reappraisal of what is generally understood to be "the burden of our sense of sonata form: the idea of return as resolution and the closely related ideas of teleological process and unequivocal completion" (113). On the contrary, Burnham demonstrates, using musical examples from Haydn and Beethoven, sonata form can be much less than a psychodrama with a single desired outcome; it can demonstrate to us another basic rhythm of life, eternal renewal. In the remaining two contributions to this section Alexander Rehding examines August Halm's early twentieth-century German idealist approach to the formulation of an ontology of sonata and fugue; and Suzannah Clark discusses in detail Arthur von Oettingen's attempt to relate all aspects of harmony to one "natural" principle, the major-minor system. In a final section, "Constructions of Identity," Ian Biddle analyzes nineteenthcentury German critical writing on music as a transformation from a reading motivated by desire to an activity related to the invasion and exploration of a musical "body." Music Theory and Natural Order concludes with Peter A. Hoyt's identification of Antoine Reicha's appeal to the "music of savages" as an attempt to justify certain foundational presumptions of his 1814 Traitide melodie. The excellent essays which form this volume, although focused specifically on music and music theory, are case studies of the universal tendency to substantiate ideology by means of appeals to "nature" and "natural order" and, as such, are certainly of general interest. BLAIR SULLIVAN Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, University of California,

Field of study: History
Examining the Factor Structure of the Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale

The authors examined the factor structure of the long and short forms of the Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale (TSES; M. Tschannen-Moran & A. Woolfolk-Hoy, 2001) for practicing (n = 102) and preservice teachers (n = 270), comparing the responses to both forms of the TSES, and looked for differences in teachers’ efficacy with respect to experience and grade level taught. They found the 3-factor structure—efficacy for classroom management, instructional practices, and student engagement—to be appropriate for practicing teachers, but they found a single efficacy factor to be appropriate for preservice teachers. The long and short forms of the TSES produced similar means and reliability information, suggesting that either form is appropriate for use with preservice or practicing teachers. Last, they found that teachers with 10 or more years of teaching experience and those teaching at the elementary level reported significantly higher levels of efficacy than did preservice teachers or those teaching at the middle or high school levels, respectively.

Field of study: Education
The provenance of Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous clastic sediments offshore southwestern Nova Scotia

Jurassic and Cretaceous sandstones in the Shelburne subbasin and Fundy Basin offshore Nova Scotia, are poorly known but are of current interest for petroleum exploration. The goal of this study is to determine the provenance of sandstones and shales, which will contribute to a better understanding of regional tectonics and paleogeography in the study area. Mineral and lithic clast chemistry was determined from samples from conventional cores and cuttings from exploration wells, using scanning electron microscopy and an electron microprobe. Whole-rock geochemical composition of shales was used to test the hypotheses regarding provenance of Mesozoic clastic sedimentary rocks in the SW Scotian Basin. Lower Jurassic clastic sedimentary rocks in the Fundy Basin contain magnetite, biotite, and chlorite, suggesting local supply from the North Mountain Basalt and Meguma Terrane, whereas pyrope and anthophyllite suggest small supply from distant sources. In the SW Scotian Basin, detrital minerals, lithic clasts, and shale geochemistry from Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous indicate a predominant Meguma Terrane source and transport by local rivers. Rare spinel and garnet grains of meta-ultramafic rocks, only in the Middle Jurassic at the Mohawk B-93 well, suggest minor supply from the rising Labrador rift, via the same river that transported distant sediments to the Fundy Basin. Lower Cretaceous sandstones from the Mohican I-100 well contain minor garnet, spinel, and tourmaline from meta-ultramafic rocks, characteristic of sediment supplied to the central Scotian Basin at that time. The dominant Meguma Terrane provenance precludes thick deep-water sandstones in the eastern part of the Shelburne subbasin, but the evidence of Middle Jurassic distant river supply through the Fundy Basin is encouraging for deep-water reservoir quality in the western part.

Field of study: Environmental science
Puiser aux sources d’Avril, découvrir l’espoir, inventer l’avenir

1973-1974: Marcello Caetano s’enlise dans ses contradictions et dans ses hesitations; c’est l’impasse de «l’evolution dans la continuite». Le coup d’Etat du 25 avril 1974 ouvre aux Portugais un large eventail d’alternatives politiques. Le pays foisonne de projets, qui se proposent concretiser le programme du MFA: «democratiser, decoloniser, developper». Rappelant la vitalite politique de cette epoque, le poete Jose Carlos Vasconcelos parle «d’une patrie au coeur du printemps». Trente ans apres, l’espoir s’est evanoui et les desillusions semblent s’installer. Si nous revenons aux sources historiques, c’est la pensee d’Alexandre Herculano qui s’impose: l’histoire n’est pas la simple commemoration. L’histoire est surtout une reflexion sur le passe qui nous permet d’ouvrir avec courage et lucidite les chemins de l’avenir.

Field of study: Materials science
Effects of particle size on structural, physicochemical, and functional properties of potato residue from starch isolation and quality characteristics of residue-based starch noodles

The structural, physicochemical, and functional properties of potato residue with different mesh sizes (<180 µm, <150 µm, <106 µm, <75 µm, ultrafine) obtained from starch isolation were investigated, and its effects on the shear strength, tensile strength, cooking time, and in vitro digestibility of 5% potato residue-based starch noodles were further compared. The results showed that the protein, ash, dietary fiber, water holding capacity, and water solubility of fractionated potato residue were decreased with decreasing particle size, while the starch, fat, polyphenols, and α-amylase activity inhibition ratio were increased. Ultrafine particles exhibited the highest phenolic content (2.26 mg chlorogenic acid equivalent/g), glucose adsorption capacity (7.03 mmol/g), cholesterol adsorption capacity (16.54%), and better performance on starch noodles formulation. However, oil holding capacity and microstructure did not show any significant differences. Therefore, potato residues with desired particle sizes could be successfully used to develop fiber-enriched food products for reducing food waste.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Interleukin‐1 family cytokines and their regulatory proteins in normal pregnancy and pre‐eclampsia

Maternal systemic inflammation is a feature of pre‐eclampsia, a condition in pregnancy characterized by hypertension and proteinuria. Pre‐eclampsia is caused by the placenta; many placental factors contribute to the syndrome's progression, and proinflammatory cytokines have been identified previously as one such mediator. The interleukin (IL)‐1 family of cytokines are key regulators of the inflammatory network, and two naturally occurring regulatory molecules for IL‐1 family cytokines, IL‐1RA and sST2, have been found previously to be elevated in maternal blood from women with pre‐eclampsia. Here we investigate more recently identified IL‐1 family cytokines and regulatory molecules, IL‐1RAcP, IL‐37, IL‐18BP, IL‐36α/β/γ/Ra and IL‐38 in pre‐eclampsia. Pregnant women have more circulating IL‐18BP and IL‐36Ra than non‐pregnant women, and sIL‐1RAcP is elevated from women with pre‐eclampsia compared to normal pregnancies. The placenta expresses all the molecules, and IL‐37 and IL‐18BP are up‐regulated significantly in pre‐eclampsia placentas compared to those from normal pregnancies. Together, these changes contribute to the required inhibition of maternal systemic cytotoxic immunity in normal pregnancy; however, in pre‐eclampsia the same profile is not seen. Interestingly, the increased circulating levels of sIL‐1RAcP and increased placental IL‐18BP and IL‐37, the latter of which we show to be induced by hypoxic damage to the placenta, are all factors which are anti‐inflammatory. While the placenta is often held responsible for the damage and clinical symptoms of pre‐eclampsia by the research community, here we show that the pre‐eclampsia placenta is also trying to prevent inflammatory damage to the mother.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
The 200/220 kDa antigen recognized by monoclonal antibody (MAb) UJ127.11 on neural tissues and tumors is the human L1 adhesion molecule.

MAb UJ127.11, raised against 16 week human fetal brain, recognizes an antigen present primarily on normal and tumor tissues derived from the neuroectoderm. The antigen has previously been identified as a 220/240 kDa cell surface glycoprotein as determined by immunoprecipitation studies. We show here, that the 220/240 kDa antigen is the human L1 cell adhesion molecule and by Western blot analysis actually has a calculated molecular weight of between 200-220 kDa. Immunocytochemical studies with UJ127.11 and an antibody (5G3) recently utilized to isolate human L1 from brain indicate that both reagents have very similar binding profiles. The binding of radiolabelled UJ127.11 to its target antigen can be blocked by the addition of a rabbit anti-human L1 antiserum. Furthermore, sequential immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis shows that UJ127.11 and the rabbit anti-human L1 antiserum recognize identical proteins.

Field of study: Biology
Power and Illusion in the Marketplace: Institutions and Technology

Both in writing and in lectures, C. E. Ayres frequently quoted Thorstein Veblen's warning concerning "the triumph of imbecile institutions."1 Our times seem to be dominated by crisis-environmental crisis, energy crisis, and so on. In the United States, domestic economy and economic policy tools, once gloried for their efficacy and precision, are failing spectacularly. Government economists advise inaction on inflation and unemployment since, as they admit, they do not fully understand the causal forces. In many ways our response to crisis is following patterns that Ayres warned against. The system of ideas that led us to these crises, rather than being seen in need of revision or rethinking, is held to more firmly by some as the answer to all of our problems. Nowhere is faith manifested more than in the ability of markets and unhindered price signals to channel resources to problem areas, and nowhere is Ayres more cogent in his strictures than against the mysteries of the price system. In the Preface to the paperback edition of The Theory of Economic Progress, Ayres calls attention to his attack in the opening chapters against the "obsession with the market" of conventional economics.2 To Ayres, this obsession with market activity diverted attention from the technological processes and implied a causal relationship between buying and selling and economic well-being. Obviously, individuals

Field of study: Economics
Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea grow under contrasting soil nitrogen conditions.

Nitrification is a key process of the nitrogen (N) cycle in soil with major environmental implications. The recent discovery of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) questions the traditional assumption of the dominant role of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in nitrification. We investigated AOB and AOA growth and nitrification rate in two different layers of three grassland soils treated with animal urine substrate and a nitrification inhibitor [dicyandiamide (DCD)]. We show that AOB were more abundant in the topsoils than in the subsoils, whereas AOA were more abundant in one of the subsoils. AOB grew substantially when supplied with a high dose of urine substrate, whereas AOA only grew in the Controls without the urine-N substrate. AOB growth and the amoA gene transcription activity were significantly inhibited by DCD. Nitrification rates were much higher in the topsoils than in the subsoils and were significantly related to AOB abundance, but not to AOA abundance. These results suggest that AOB and AOA prefer different soil N conditions to grow: AOB under high ammonia (NH(3)) substrate and AOA under low NH(3) substrate conditions.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
The role of voiding cystourethrography in asymptomatic unilateral isolated ureteropelvic junction obstruction: A retrospective study.

The presence of concomitant vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) and ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is uncommon. Nevertheless, the reported VUR coexisting with asymptomatic unilateral isolated hydronephrosis (AUIH) requiring pyeloplasty for correction of UPJO was of low grade and mostly resolved during conservative follow-up. Therefore, VCUG may be not indicated in these children except if voiding symptoms, urinary tract infection (UTI), dilated ureters, or bladder and ureteric abnormalities are suspected.



The aim was to evaluate the need for VCUG in infants <1 year old with AUIH for whom a dismembered pyeloplasty was indicated for correction of UPJO.



Ninety-six children <1 year old with pyeloplasty carried out from January 2012 to March 2014 were retrospectively included. Children with voiding symptoms or dilated ureter, duplex system, fused kidneys, bilateral dilatation, or any bladder abnormality on ultrasound were excluded. Anderson-Hynes pyeloplasty was performed through a flank incision. Preoperative VCUG was analyzed in relation to outcome and any UTI during follow-up. The Student t test, Mann-Whitney U test, or Fisher exact test were used to compare variables.



Five children had concomitant VUR with UPJO. Most of the children were circumcised during the first postnatal week. The remaining few children were circumcised at the time of pyeloplasty. Side, grade of detected VUR, and complications (18.75%) (postoperative or during follow-up) are presented in the Table. Outcomes in children with and without VUR were not different. Dismembered pyeloplasty was successful in children with VUR and with no complications except for non-febrile UTI in one child only. Ureters were still not dilated at the last follow-up.



The required imaging in infants with AUIH is still a subject of debate. As we expected, there was a low incidence of associated VUR in the present study. They were of low grade without any complications during follow-up and without affecting the outcome. The present study has its limitations, including the retrospective nature and short follow-up. However, as at least 2 years of follow-up were documented without any harm or ureteric dilation, VUR will mostly resolve. The present study is strengthened by inclusion of infants only.



Our data suggest that VCUG is not indicated in infants with AUIH requiring pyeloplasty for correction of UPJO. VCUG will not affect the treatment decision, operative outcome, or postoperative complications. VCUG may be indicated in case of suspected voiding symptoms, UTI, dilated ureters, or bladder and ureteric abnormalities.

Field of study: Medicine
Differences between newly formed and recycled free small ribosome subunits in liver cytoplasm.

Heterogeneity among the free small ribosomal subunits of rat liver was studied. Newly made free small subunits differ from the bulk of the free subunits in the following ways. (1) The newly made free small subunits sediment slightly faster than most free small subunits and form a band at slightly lower densities. (2) Mature free small subunits, prepared under conditions which minimize the amount of loosely bound protein, readily dimerize in solutions of low ionic strength. Little dimerization is found with newly formed subunits. This permits the separation of fractions enriched in newly formed subunits. (3) The fraction enriched in newly formed subunits contains a distinctive additional protein as compared the most of the free small subunits.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Knowledge and Awareness of Cervical Cancer Screening among Iraqi Immigrant Women Living in Malaysia

3  Cervical cancer is one of the commonest cancers in women worldwide. It ranks as the 7 most th frequent cancer among Iraqi women and it is the 2 most common cancer in Malaysia. This study nd aimed to explore the knowledge and awareness about cervical cancer among Iraqi women living in Malaysia. A self- administrated Arabic version questionnaire distributed among 142 Iraqi women in Malaysia. One hundred and eight participants ranging in age from 18 to 61 years (Mean = 36.1) returned the completed questionnaire. A lack of knowledge on cervical cancer and the Pap smear test was found among the respondents. Many women did not have a clear understanding of the meaning of an abnormal cervical smear and the need for the early detection of cervical cancer. These findings emphasize the need to educate and promote awareness among immigrant Iraqi women in Malaysia to risk factors for cervical cancer and to the need and the purpose of Pap smear screening.

Field of study: Medicine
Effect of blanching and refrigerated storage temperature on the quality of frozen broad beans

Resume Les feves ont ete blanchies dans l'eau chaude a trois temperatures differentes (a 85,90 et a 95°C). Le blanchiment a entraine des pertes dans les teneurs en matiere seche, cendre, proteines, chlorophylle et en acide ascorbique des feves fraiches. A de basses temperatures de blanchiment les pertes ont ete plus grandes, car le temps de contact etait plus long. Les feves blanchies ont ete conservees pendant neuf mois a trois temperatures differentes (a - 10, -18 et a - 26°C). Au cours des essais, on a determine, tous les trois mois, les teneurs en acide ascorbique et en chlorophylle ainsi que la couleur et la saveur des echantillons congelees. Le taux des pertes et les variations observees dans les parametres mesures etaient plus importants dans les echantillons conserves a - 10°C que dans ceux conserves a - 18 et a - 26°C.

Field of study: Engineering
Exploring the Role of Item Scenario Features on Situational Judgment Test Response Selections

To explore pharmacists’ and pharmacy students’ perceptions regarding the significance of changing the features of test item scenario (eg, switching from a health care to a non-health care context) on their situational judgment test (SJT) responses.  Fifteen Doctor of Pharmacy students and 15 pharmacists completed a 12-item SJT intended to measure empathy. The test included six scenarios in a health care context and six scenarios in a non-health care context; participants had to rank potential response options in order of appropriateness and no two items could be of equal rank. Qualitative data were collected individually from participants using think-aloud and cognitive interview techniques. During the cognitive interview, participants were asked how they selected their final responses for each item and whether they would have changed their answer if features of the scenario were switched (eg, changed to a non-health care context if the original item was in a health care context). Interviews were transcribed and a thematic analysis was conducted to identify the features of the scenario for each item that were perceived to impact response selections.  Participants stated that they would have changed their responses on average 51.3% of the time (range 20%-100%) if the features of the scenario for an item were changed. Qualitative analysis identified four pertinent scenario features that may influence response selections, which included information about the examinee, the actors in the scenario, the relationship between examinee and actors, and details about the situation. There was no discernible pattern linking scenario features to the component of empathy being measured or participant type.  Results from this study suggest that the features of the scenario described in an SJT item could influence response selections. These features should be considered in the SJT design process and require further research to determine the extent of their impact on SJT performance.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
The Chalk River Superconducting Cyclotron

The Chalk River K=520, 4-sector, superconducting cyclotron1, is designed to accelerate all ions from Li (to 50 MeV/u) to U (to 10 MeV/u) using a 13 MV tandem as injector. Concurrent with the design of the integrated accelerator facility we have been testing major components - specifically the radiofrequency accelerating structure and the cyclotron magnet. The project has now been approved and site preparation is underway. This paper reports on the cyclotron assembly, initial cooldown of the cryostat and first magnetic field measurements.

Field of study: Physics
A Design Method of Optimal Precoder with Extrapolated MIMO Channel Fading Envelope

A linear precoding in time-varying multi-input multi-output(MIMO) channels is considered. We propose a channel extrapolation method for a linear precoding. A pecuriality of this method is to modify the pilot aided channel estimation for single-input single-output (SISO) systems and predict channel fading envelope using the polynomial extrapolation. The applicability of the proposed method is demonstrated by computer simulations.

Field of study: Computer science
Phase-locked integrated arrays of injection lasers

A review is given of the main results obtained in the last few years in the course of development and studies of integrated injection laser arrays. The main configurations of such arrays are considered: they differ in respect of the structure of the active elements and methods used to couple the elements optically. The main approaches to calculations of the mode compositions of the output radiation are described. The experimental energy, spectral, spatial, and dynamic parameters of laser arrays are reported to illustrate the attained levels of their technical characteristics. An analysis is made of phase locking of the radiation from laser arrays by injecting an external phase-locking optical signal, and also by using a shared external resonator, spectral–spatial selectors, and other external optical components.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Performance analysis of a heat pump system with integrated desiccant for electric vehicles.

Decreasing the heat demand in EV cabins can effectively reduce the electricity consumption of batteries and maintain the cruising range of electric vehicles (EVs) in winter. In this study, we proposed a heat pump system with integrated desiccant, in which desiccant dehumidifies the cabin interior, reducing the amount of incoming fresh air needed and the cabin heat demand. Calculation results show that compared to conventional EV heat pumps, the cabin heat load and compressor electric power of the proposed system are decreased by 42 and 38% at an ambient air temperature of −20 °C.

Field of study: Engineering