nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Collection 6 MODIS aerosol products over land and ocean

The twin Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors have been flying on Terra since 2000 and Aqua since 2002, creating an extensive data set of global Earth observations. Here, we introduce the Collection 6 (C6) algorithm to retrieve aerosol optical depth (AOD) and aerosol size parameters from MODIS-observed spectral reflectance. While not a major overhaul from the previous Collection 5 (C5) version, there are enough changes that there are significant impacts to the products and their interpretation. The C6 aerosol data set will be created from three separate retrieval algorithms that operate over different surface types. These are the two "Dark Target" (DT) algorithms for retrieving (1) over ocean (dark in visible and longer wavelengths) and (2) over vegetated/dark-soiled land (dark in the visible), plus the "Deep Blue" (DB) algorithm developed originally for retrieving (3) over desert/arid land (bright in the visible). Here, we focus on DT-ocean and DT-land (#1 and #2). We have updated assumptions for central wavelengths, Rayleigh optical depths and gas (H2O, O3, CO2, etc.) absorption corrections, while relaxing the solar zenith angle limit (up to ≤ 84°) to increase poleward coverage. For DT-land, we have updated the cloud mask to allow heavy smoke retrievals, fine-tuned the assignments for aerosol type as function of season/location, corrected bugs in the Quality Assurance (QA) logic, and added diagnostic parameters such topographic altitude. For DT-ocean, improvements include a revised cloud mask for thin-cirrus detection, inclusion of wind speed dependence on the surface reflectance, updates to logic of QA Confidence flag (QAC) assignment, and additions of important diagnostic information. At the same time, we quantified how "upstream" changes to instrument calibration, land/sea masking and cloud masking will also impact the statistics of global AOD, and affect Terra and Aqua differently. For Aqua, all changes will result in reduced global AOD (by 0.02) over ocean and increased AOD (by 0.02) over land, along with changes in spatial coverage. We compared preliminary data to surface-based sun photometer data, and show that C6 should improve upon C5. C6 will include a merged DT/DB product over semi-arid land surfaces for reduced-gap coverage and better visualization, and new information about clouds in the aerosol field. Responding to the needs of the air quality community, in addition to the standard 10 km product, C6 will include a global (DT-land and DT-ocean) aerosol product at 3 km resolution.

Field of study: Environmental science
A new T cell subset expressing B220 and CD4 in lpr mice: defects in the response to mitogens and in the production of IL-2.

Autoimmune-prone mice homozygous for the lpr gene develop prominent lymphadenopathy composed mainly of Thy-1+ CD8- CD4- B220+ cells. Expression patterns of B220 vs CD4 on lymph node cells from lpr mice were analysed using two-colour flow microfluorometry. B220+CD4+ cells, which were hardly seen in lymph nodes of B6-+/+ mice, increased significantly in B6-lpr mice with ageing. Functional analysis of purified B220+ CD4+ cells from lpr mice revealed that these cells scarcely responded to T cell mitogens with or without rIL-2. Furthermore, B220+ CD4+ cells were defective in IL-2 production when cultured with Con A. On the other hand, B220-CD4+ cells from B6-lpr mice showed an ability to respond to T cell mitogens similar to that of B220- CD4+ cells from B6-+/+ mice. These results indicate that an unusual T cell subset expressing both B220 and CD4 in lpr mice is functionally defective, but the intrinsic ability of B220-CD4+ cells is almost intact as compared with the counterpart in normal mice.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Determination of Chromium Content in Ferrosilicon Inoculant with Flame Atomic Absorption Method

The samples were dissolved by nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid, driving the fluoride ions out of the solution with smoking perchloric acid, adding hydrochloric acid hydroxylamine to reduce the ferric ion to ferrous ion in the acetic acid sodium acetate buffer, and combining phenanthroline with divalent iron ions to generate the complex to eliminate the interference of iron ions to the determination of chromium with flame atomic absorption sepectrometry. This method has the advantages of high sensitivity, good stability, reliable results and other characteristics, and can meet the needs in daily production testing because of the simple and convenient operation, the low detection cost.

Field of study: Materials science
Determination of Trace Iodide in Saturated Brine Using Ion Chromatography

A new method was developed for the determination of iodide in saturated brine after in-line pretreatment by ion chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. IonPac Cryptand C1 column was used to concentrate iodide in saturated brine sample, which was subsequently rinsed with 10 mM NaOH to remove interfering chloride. Third, NaOH at 0.5 mM concentration was used to elute iodide from the concentrator column and refocus it on the head of the AG20 guard column. The separation of iodide was achieved on an IonPac AS20 column with 25 mM NaOH as eluent. The detection limit of iodide was 0.07 μg l−1 (50 μl injection, signal-to-noise ratio of 3) and the linear range of the calibration curve of peak height vs analyte concentration was from 5.0 to 1000 μg l−1. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of the peak height for 50 μg l−1 iodide was 1.0% (n = 9).

Field of study: Chemistry
Resolution-limit-free and local Non-negative Matrix Factorization quality functions for graph clustering

Many graph clustering quality functions suffer from a resolution limit, the inability to find small clusters in large graphs. So called resolution-limit-free quality functions do not have this limit. This property was previously introduced for hard clustering, that is, graph partitioning. 
We investigate the resolution-limit-free property in the context of Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) for hard and soft graph clustering. To use NMF in the hard clustering setting, a common approach is to assign each node to its highest membership cluster. We show that in this case symmetric NMF is not resolution-limit-free, but that it becomes so when hardness constraints are used as part of the optimization. The resulting function is strongly linked to the Constant Potts Model. In soft clustering, nodes can belong to more than one cluster, with varying degrees of membership. In this setting resolution-limit-free turns out to be too strong a property. Therefore we introduce locality, which roughly states that changing one part of the graph does not affect the clustering of other parts of the graph. We argue that this is a desirable property, provide conditions under which NMF quality functions are local, and propose a novel class of local probabilistic NMF quality functions for soft graph clustering.

Field of study: Computer science
Late Middle Ordovician olistostrome formation and magmatism along the Red Indian Line, the Laurentian arc – Gondwanan arc boundary, at Sops Head, Newfoundland

The Sops Head Complex of Badger Bay, central Newfoundland, includes olistostromal and tectonized melanges and marks the Red Indian Line, the boundary between the peri-Gondwanan Exploits and peri-Laurentian Notre Dame subzones of the oceanic Dunnage Zone. Basalts in the olistostromal melange preserve peperitic contacts with mudstone and limestone within slumped sedimentary units, demonstrating that magmatism was coeval with olistostrome formation. Conodonts from the limestones date these events as late Darriwilian ("Llandeilian," Middle Ordovician) in age. The conodont fauna consists entirely of North Atlantic Faunal Realm elements, suggesting a peri-Gondwanan or mid-Iapetan provenance for limestone of the Sops Head Complex. Basalt geochemistry suggests magmatism in a mature volcanic-arc to back-arc setting. The Sops Head Complex shows similarities in age, provenance, and stratigraphic setting to the Dunnage Melange, suggesting that the two units are correlative.

Field of study: Environmental science
Experimental Study on Frictional Characteristics of Scapharca Broughtonii under Dry Sliding Wear Conditions

In this paper, the friction and wear properties of Scapharca broughtonii were investigated under low-speed (5-45 mm/s) and low-load (1.5N-6N) conditions by using a micro-tribological tester. The stereoscopic microscope and computer imaging analysis system was employed to test the abrasion slide size and calculate the wear volume of Scapharca broughtonii. The worn surface morphology of Scapharca broughtonii was observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the wear mechanism of Scapharca broughtonii was obtained. Experimental results show that the friction coefficient decreased rapidly with an increase in sliding speed under low-load and low-speed dry sliding conditions. When the load was below 6N, the influence of microstructure on the friction coefficient was very small. The wear rate of Scapharca broughtonii increased with an increase in sliding speed when the load was greater than 6N. When the speed increased, the influence of load on the friction coefficient occupied a dominant position. At the same time, the wear rate was increased with an increase in load. The main wear mechanisms of Scapharca broughtonii were stress fatigue wear and three-body abrasive wear, and mild adhesive wear and abrasion.

Field of study: Engineering
A simple proof of a result in finite plasticity

Dans le cadre d'une theorie purement mecanique des materiaux elasto-plastiques a deformation infinie, on donne une preuve simple d'une condition de normalite que Naghdi et Trapp (1975) ont montre decouler d'une hypothese de travail physiquement plausible. De plus on utilise une variation de la preuve pour demontrer la convexite des surfaces de limite elastique pour une classe particuliere de materiaux

Field of study: Mathematics
Promoting National Development in China Through TVET: Lessons for Nigeria

Prior to the commencement of the economic reforms in China in the late 70s, China’s economy was beleaguered by policies that kept it poor, stagnant, unitarily rigid and isolated from the rest of the world. However, the country has, in recent years, emerged a global economic power, the second largest economy in the world and the global leader in manufacturing, merchandising and impressive foreign exchange reserves. The country’s rise to global economic limelight within a period of three decades, which has been generally described by global economic analysts as one of the greatest economic success stories in modern age, has continued to be a subject of puzzle to the developed world and a source of inspiration to the developing countries of the world. Although more attention has been paid to economic factors, such as large-scale capital investment and rapid productivity growth as factors responsible for the rapid economic growth of China, but behind these economic factors is the national strategic skills training system adopted and maintained by the Chinese government to complement the economic measures. The strategies adopted in the design and administration of TVET delivery as part of the country’s development programme complemented the various measures taken towards the realization of the economic reform embarked upon by the Chinese government. This paper explores the context of Chinese TVET delivery system and identifies the key reforms and strategies employed by authorities in China to promote national development through TVET and the relevant inspiration from the experience for the development of skills training system in Nigeria, the largest economy in Africa, which has been entangled in continuous struggle with under-development, low productivity, unemployment, under-employment, as well as the vulnerability of youths to sponsors of violent extremism due to unemployment-triggered poverty.  TVET, China, Nigeria, Unemployment,

Field of study: Education
Detection for HCV with FD thermostable reverse transcriptase mediated RT nested PCR

Detection for HCV with FDthermostable reverse transcriptase mediated RTnested PCR$$$$ ZHENG Zuohua, ZHANG Liping, ZHAO Wei, et al. Institute of Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433 【  In order to detect HCV in human blood, a FDthermostable reverse transcriptase mediated RTnested PCR technique was developed.  For comparison, we used this method and conventional ELISA to detect the infection of HCV in 108 patients.  The results showed higher positive rate in FDTRT mediated RTnested PCR.  The results suggest that it is a more sensitive, effective and specific way for detecting HCV infection.

Field of study: Biology
Effects of Postprocess Hot Isostatic Pressing Treatments on the Mechanical Performance of EBM Fabricated TI-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo

An essentially fully acicular alpha-prime martensite within an equiaxed grain structure was produced in an Electron Beam Melting (EBM)-fabricated Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo (Ti6242) alloy using two different Arcam EBM machines: An A2X system employing tungsten filament thermionic electron emission, and a Q20 system employing LaB6 thermionic electron emission. Post-process Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) treatment for 2 h at 850, 950, and 1050 °C resulted in grain refinement and equiaxed grain growth along with alpha-prime martensite decomposition to form an intragranular mixture of acicular martensite and alpha at 850 °C, and acicular alpha phase at 950 and 150 °C, often exhibiting a Widmanstätten (basketweave) structure. The corresponding tensile yield stress and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) associated with the grain growth and acicular alpha evolution decreased from ~1 and ~1.1 GPa, respectively, for the as-fabricated Ti6242 alloy to ~0.8 and 0.9 GPa, respectively, for HIP at 1050 °C. The optimum elongation of ~15–16% occurred for HIP at 850 °C; for both EBM systems. Because of the interactive role played by equiaxed grain growth and the intragrain, acicular alpha microstructures, the hardness varied only by ~7% between 41 and 38 HRC.

Field of study: Materials science
Enzyme inhibitors, synthesis and approach to mechanism

Synthetic approach toward channel protein inhibitors (tetrodotoxin, ciguatoxin) and protein phosphatase inhibitors (tautomycin) is discussed with special reference to the stereochemical control. Stereochemical control in organic synthesis is the major interest in the industrial production as well as in the basic studies directed to understand the nature of organic molecules. A-strain has been discussed since Johnson's substituted exo-olefin of the cyclohexane system was reported in 1965. This concept was expanded to an acyclic case as illustrated in Fig. 1, in which the most stable conformer is the one with the least bulky substituent (€3) in the plane of the olefin. One face of this plane contains an oxygen atom, that acts as an anchor for metal chelation, while the other is activated by the inherent polarization of the C-0 bond. In this paper, both the cyclic and acyclic cases are discussed.

Field of study: Chemistry
Primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the spine: a comprehensive review with illustrative clinical cases.

Primary spinal primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) are uncommon malignancies that are increasingly reported in the literature. Spinal PNETs, like their cranial counterparts, are aggressive tumors and patients with these tumors typically have short survival times despite maximal surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Because no standard management guidelines exist for treating these tumors, a multitude of therapeutic strategies have been employed with varying success. In this study the authors perform a comprehensive review of the literature on primary spinal PNETs and provide 2 new cases that highlight the salient features of their clinical management.

Field of study: Medicine
No. 41629. Germany and Viet Nam

Agreement between the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Government of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam concerning Financial Cooperation in 2000 (Projects: Sector-related Programme Health and Family Planning III - Loan, Water and Waste Disposal Bac Ninh, Afforestation VI, Sector-related Programme Health and Family Planning III - Financial Contribution, Rehabilitation of Infrastructure in Inundation Areas, Waste Water Disposal Can Tho, Attendant Measure to Overhauling of Main-line Locomotives). Berlin, 11 October 2001

Field of study: Political science
The Indiana University Cyclotron Facility (IUCF) 1980

This largest isochronous cyclotron operating for nuclear research in the United States recently marked the fifth anniversary of first beam. The properties of the three-stage accelerator complex at IUCF are outlined and some of the operational characteristics are described. Work in progress on understanding and extending the accelerator performance is summarized and some options which are under discussion for future development are introduced.

Field of study: Physics
One‐Pot Synthesis of Naphtho[1′,2′:4,5]imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridin‐5‐yl(aryl)methanones through Sequential Sonogashira Coupling/Alkyne–Carbonyl Metathesis

An efficient one-pot route for the construction of naphtho[1′,2′:4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-5-yl(aryl)methanones and 5-phenylnaphtho[1′,2′:4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines by sequential Sonogashira coupling reaction followed by trifluoroacetic acid promoted alkyne-carbonyl metathesis (ACM) has been developed. 2-(2-Bromophenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-carbaldehyde preferentially underwent ACM with phenyl acetylenes, whereas intramolecular hydroarylation reaction was the common pathway in the absence of a carbonyl moiety at the C-3 position under similar conditions. This protocol is compatible with a wide variety of functional groups and delivered corresponding naphtho[1′,2′:4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines in good to excellent yields.

Field of study: Chemistry
Secure Neighbor Discovery through Overhearing in Static Multihop Wireless Networks

In wireless ad-hoc and sensor networks, neighbor discovery is one of the first steps performed by a node upon deployment and disrupting it adversely affects a number of routing, MAC, topology discovery and intrusion detection protocols. It is especially harmful when an adversary can convince nodes that it is a legitimate neighbor, which it can do easily and without the use of cryptographic primitives. In this paper, we develop a secure neighbor discovery protocol, SEDINE, for static multihop wireless networks. We prove that, in the absence of packet losses, without using any centralized trusted node or specialized hardware, SEDINE prevents any node, legitimate or malicious, from being incorrectly added to the neighbor list of another legitimate node that is not within its transmission range. We provide simulation results to demonstrate the efficacy of SEDINE, in the presence of packet losses.

Field of study: Computer science
Conformally covariant differential operators for the diagonal action of O(p, q) on real quadrics

Let $X=G/P$ be a real projective quadric, where $G=O(p,q)$ and $P$ is a parabolic subgroup of $G$. Let $\left(\pi_{\lambda,\epsilon}, \mathcal{H}_{\lambda,\epsilon}\right)_{ (\lambda,\epsilon)\in \mathbb {C}\times \{\pm\}}$ be the family of (smooth) representations of $G$ induced from the characters of $P$. For $(\lambda, \epsilon), (\mu, \eta)\in \mathbb{C} \times \{\pm\}$, a differential operator $\mathbf{D}_{(\lambda,\epsilon), (\mu,\eta)}^{reg}$ on $X\times X$, acting $G$-covariantly from $\mathcal{H}_{\lambda,\epsilon} \otimes \mathcal{H}_{\mu, \eta}$ into $\mathcal{H}_{\lambda+1,-\epsilon} \otimes \mathcal{H}_{\mu+1, -\eta}$ is constructed.

Field of study: Mathematics
Water-rock interactions in a modern coastal mixing zone

The chemical evolution of ground water and the diagenetic history of the rocks in a modern saline–fresh-water mixing zone were investigated to test the hypothesis that this zone is a chemically active environment in which carbonate mineral diagenesis occurs. The field site was in the unconfined section of the upper Floridan aquifer system in west-central Florida, a regionally extensive hydrostratigraphic unit composed of Eocene–Oligocene limestone and dolomite. The mixing zone, marked by a steep concentration gradient, is >90 m thick at the study site in New Port Richey, Pasco County, Florida. Interpretation of aqueous geochemical data indicates that the coastal zone is most likely a location where three waters of distinct composition mix. A fresh Ca-HCO3 water that derives its composition from calcite dissolution and CO2 influx in the up-gradient recharge area, a Na-Cl water that results from salt-water intrusion, and a Ca-SO4–rich water that upwells subsequent to contact with underlying gypsiferous beds of the Avon Park Formation are likely all converging in this coastal setting. Poor core recovery and an enlarged core hole provide evidence of dissolution. The ground water, however, is oversaturated with respect to calcite; thus, the large-scale dissolution features observed are unrelated to modern-day mixing. The mixing of Ca-SO4–rich ground water in the coastal region led to oversaturation with respect to calcite. At the petrographic scale, there is little evidence of diagenesis related to the modern mixing zone. Calcite crystals from the lower section of the cored interval have isotopic signatures that are different than those from the upper section, suggesting that the latter has undergone more water-rock interactions. Calcium-rich dolomite, which occurred relatively late in the paragenetic sequence, has thin cathodoluminescent zonations but shows no evidence of subsequent alteration. The paragenetic sequence includes marine micritization and cementation; meteoric mineralogic stabilization; dissolution enhancement of porosity; phreatic, equant calcite cements; and echinoderm overgrowths, all typical of the region and not unique to the mixing zone.

Field of study: Geology
Multi-step rapid thermal annealing of boron and indium implanted Hg1−xCdxTe

In this work, we are reporting the use of a two-step rapid thermal annealing (RTA) process (250°C, 100s+340°C, 30s) for the annealing of Hg1−xCdxTe (MCT) implanted layers over p-type (x=0.22) substrates. We report a high value of electrical activation (70%) of the indium implants after this short RTA treatment in inert Ar atmosphere. The need of two RTA steps in the annealing recipe is shown, and so the role played by each of them: the first step annihilates the implantation damage, while the second one produces the impurity electrical activation. However, for the boron case, no electrical activity was found after several annealing processes, behaving as an inert species for the case of this bulk MCT material. We also point out the change on the substrate electrical characteristics induced by the thermal treatments, and report the convenience of a subsequent low temperature furnace annealing (200°C, 72 h) to reduce back the bulk carrier concentration to values low enough to achieve an n+-p IR detector structure.

Field of study: Materials science