nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Designer cyclopeptides for self-assembled tubular structures

A simple design strategy for a facile and direct entry into hydrogen-bonded peptide nanotubes is delineated with polymethylene-bridged cystine-based macrocycles. The key feature of the design is the placement of a pair of self-complementary hydrogen-bonding (NH–CO or NH–CO–NH) groups at almost opposite poles of the ring. A large variety of cyclobisamides and bisureas prepared in a single step by direct condensation of commercially available 1,ω-alkane dicarbonyl dichloride or diisocyanate with either cystine diOMe or its extended bispeptide were examined by X-ray crystallography and shown to possess an inherent property of self-assembling into hydrogen-bonded, open-ended, hollow tubular structures. The totally hydrophobic interior of the cyclobisamide tubes creates a micro environment capable of solubilizing highly lipophilic substances in water. The cyclic bisurea tubes are demonstrated to act as excellent receptors for selective binding to 1,ω-alkane dicarboxylates. The scope of the design is extended to the creation of tubular structures by stacking of rings through aromatic π-π interactions.

Field of study: Chemistry
Multiple Intelligences and Reading Achievement: An Examination of the Teele Inventory of Multiple Intelligences

With increased interest in the theory of multiple intelligences (MI), there is a need to identify and evaluate instruments designed to assess them. This study was designed to evaluate the reliability of the Teele Inventory of Multiple Intelligences (TIMI) and the relationship between intellectual preferences and reading achievement. The TIMI was administered to 288 urban 4th-grade students. Results suggest that the TIMI subscales, which examine preferences for linguistic, logical-mathematical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, musical, spatial, and bodily-kinesthetic intelligences, were found to have poor to moderate reliability. Students with higher scores on logical-mathematical intelligence were more likely to demonstrate at or above grade-level reading comprehension scores compared with students who scored lower on logical-mathematical intelligence, but none of the other MI scales was predictive of student achievement. Implications for test development and assessment of MI are discussed.

Field of study: Education
Nitrogen in cell walls of sclerophyllous leaves accounts for little of the variation in photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency.

Photosynthetic rate per unit nitrogen generally declines as leaf mass per unit area (LMA) increases. To determine how much of this decline was associated with allocating a greater proportion of leaf nitrogen into cell wall material, we compared two groups of plants. The first group consisted of two species from each of eight genera, all of which were perennial evergreens growing in the Australian National Botanic Gardens (ANBG). The second group consisted of seven Eucalyptus species growing in a greenhouse. The percentage of leaf biomass in cell walls was independent of variation in LMA within any genus, but varied from 25 to 65% between genera. The nitrogen concentration of cell wall material was 0.4 times leaf nitrogen concentration for all species apart from Eucalyptus, which was 0.6 times leaf nitrogen concentration. Between 10 and 30% of leaf nitrogen was recovered in the cell wall fraction, but this was independent of LMA. No trade-off was observed between nitrogen associated with cell walls and the nitrogen allocated to ribulose 1.5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco). Variation in photosynthetic rate per unit nitrogen could not be explained by variation in cell wall nitrogen.

Field of study: Environmental science
An extended geometric process repair model with delayed repair and slight failure type

This article proposes an extended geometric process repair model to generalize the geometric process repair model and studies a repair-replacement problem for a simple repairable system with delayed repair, based on the failure number N of the system under the new model. An optimal replacement policy N* is determined by maximizing the average reward rate of the system. The explicit expression of the average reward rate is derived, and the uniqueness of the optimal replacement policy N* is also proved. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate some theoretical results and the model applicability.

Field of study: Mathematics
Hydroxyl radical production and autoxidative glycosylation. Glucose autoxidation as the cause of protein damage in the experimental glycation model of diabetes mellitus and ageing.

Protein exposed to glucose is cleaved, undergoes conformational change and develops fluorescent adducts ('glycofluorophores'). These changes are presumed to result from the covalent attachment of glucose to amino groups. We have demonstrated, however, that the fragmentation and conformational changes observed are dependent upon hydroxyl radicals produced by glucose autoxidation, or some closely related process, and that antioxidants dissociate structural damage caused by the exposure of glucose to protein from the incorporation of monosaccharide into protein. We have also provided further evidence that glycofluorophore formation is dependent upon metal-catalysed oxidative processes associated with ketoaldehyde formation. If experimental glycation is an adequate model of tissue damage occurring in diabetes mellitus, then these studies indicate a therapeutic role for antioxidants.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
An exact maximum likelihood registration algorithm for data fusion

Data fusion is a process dealing with the association, correlation, and combination of data and information from multiple sources to achieve refined position and identity estimates. We consider the registration problem, which is a prerequisite process of a data fusion system to accurately estimate and correct systematic errors. An exact maximum likelihood (EML) algorithm for registration is presented. The algorithm is implemented using a recursive two-step optimization that involves a modified Gauss-Newton procedure to ensure fast convergence. Statistical performance of the algorithm is also investigated, including its consistency and efficiency discussions. In particular, the explicit formulas for both the asymptotic covariance and the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) are derived. Finally, simulated and real-life multiple radar data are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm.

Field of study: Engineering
Bi-racial U.S.A. vs. Multi-racial Brazil: Is the Contrast Still Valid? *

corollary of a larger conventional wisdom in the study of comparative race relations. The thesis is that systems of race relations in the Western Hemisphere are primarily of two types: bi-racial and multi-racial. The distinction is normally spelled out as follows. The U.S.A. is a prime example of a bi-racial system. In the prevailing logic of the US legal and social structure, individuals have historically been either black or white. In Brazil, on the other hand, there has been a spectrum of racial distinctions. At a minimum, Brazilian social practice has recognised white, black and mulatto. At a maximum, the phenotypical distinctions have become so refined as to defy analysis, or effective application for those who would

Field of study: Political science
A comprehensive model for AP-based composite propellant ignition

A comprehensive model and numerical solutions for ignition of AP-based composite solid propellants are presented. The analysis simulates the ignition process of a propellant sample, located in a stagnation region, under rapid pressure loading conditions. Specific features considered in the model include: 1) detailed chemical kinetics information for the ignition of AP-based composite propellants, 2) two-dimensional (axisymmetric) geometry for the composite propellant, and 3) rapid pressurization of the gas phase. An implicit finite difference scheme is used to solve the set of transient, second-order, coupled, inhomogeneous, nonlinear, governing partial differential equations. Numerical solutions reveal a number of important events occurring during the ignition sequence, including: igniter gas penetration to the region near the sample surface, combustion of unburned species upon arrival of compression waves, heat transfer to the propellant, pyrolysis of the oxidizer and fuel, and gas-phase reactions leading to ignition. The model correctly predicts the experimental observation that the ignition delay time decreases as the pressurization rate is increased. The various ignition criteria considered show the same trend as that measured experimentally.

Field of study: Physics
Rapid Alloy Development of Extremely High-Alloyed Metals Using Powder Blends in Laser Powder Bed Fusion

The design of new alloys by and for metal additive manufacturing (AM) is an emerging field of research. Currently, pre-alloyed powders are used in metal AM, which are expensive and inflexible in terms of varying chemical composition. The present study describes the adaption of rapid alloy development in laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) by using elemental powder blends. This enables an agile and resource-efficient approach to designing and screening new alloys through fast generation of alloys with varying chemical compositions. This method was evaluated on the new and chemically complex materials group of multi-principal element alloys (MPEAs), also known as high-entropy alloys (HEAs). MPEAs constitute ideal candidates for the introduced methodology due to the large space for possible alloys. First, process parameters for LPBF with powder blends containing at least five different elemental powders were developed. Secondly, the influence of processing parameters and the resulting energy density input on the homogeneity of the manufactured parts were investigated. Microstructural characterization was carried out by optical microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), while mechanical properties were evaluated using tensile testing. Finally, the applicability of powder blends in LPBF was demonstrated through the manufacture of geometrically complex lattice structures with energy absorption functionality.

Field of study: Materials science
Metaphysics as the Science of Essence

If metaphysics is centrally concerned with charting the domain of the possible, the only coherent account of the ground of metaphysical possibility and of our capacity for modal knowledge is to be found in a version of essentialism: a version that I call serious essentialism, to distinguish it from certain other views which may superficially appear very similar to it but which, in fact, differ from it fundamentally in certain crucial respects. This version of essentialism eschews any appeal whatever to the notion of possible worlds in its account of the nature and ground of metaphysical possibility, for reasons that which I shall endeavour to explain and justify in this paper.

Field of study: Philosophy
Groups Would Do Better without Humans

A recent article entitled "Humans Would Do Better With- out Groups" (Buys, 1978) presented a misleading review of the small group literature. Positive effects of group membership were not reviewed nor did the author indicate how badly individuals behave when alone. The point is that small group theory can specify the structure of a near perfect group except for the "error" which occurs when inefficient, insecure, and illogical humans are added. Hence, it could be concluded that groups would do better without humans.

Field of study: Psychology
Extensive Imprinting Adaptability of Polyacrylamide-based Amphoteric Cryogels Against Protein Molecules

Lysozyme, pepsin, ovalbumin, hemoglobin, and γ-globulin were chosen as templates to investigate the imprinting capability of amphoteric polyacrylamide cryogels. Prepolymerizing solutions contained acrylic acid and allyl amine, as well as acrylamide and N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide as functional monomers. As a result there were both acidic and basic functional groups in the polymers, facilitating effective interactions with likewise amphoteric proteins. The proteins differed greatly and cover wide scopes of molecular weights and isoelectric points. Regardless of the values of the molecular weights and isoelectric points, all the templates gave higher retentions on the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) tubes than on the non-imprinted polymer (NIP) tube. The MIP of lysozyme indicated the highest imprinting factor of 7.0, and that of γ -globulin showed the lowest, 2.0. The values of other proteins were intervenient. Conclusively, the amphoteric polyacrylamide cryogels were suitable imprinting materials for various proteins, and could potentially be useful for protein recognition, purification and depletion.

Field of study: Chemistry
Preliminary Age Study and Initial Sr87/Sr86 of Nova Scotia Granitic Rocks by the Rb-Sr Whole-Rock Method

Age study of 12 Nova Scotia granites by the Rb-Sr whole-rock method shows a number of possible isochrons of which three, at 373 million years, 318 m.y., and 268 m.y., are preferred. The ages agree in a general way with the time scale for Acadian and Appalachian orogenies.

The isochron envelope converges at zero Rb87/Sr86 to a Sr87/Sr86 zone between 0.705 and 0.711. As this range of values is consistently higher and more variable than that of oceanic and non-orogenic continental basalt, contamination by crustal material of a granitic magma generated in the deep crust or upper mantle is postulated.

Mica ages from whole rocks of the 373-m.y. group are in general accord with the whole-rock age. The majority of mica ages from rocks of the other two isochrons are anomalously 10–25 per cent higher. This problem requires more detailed study.

Field of study: Geology
Endomyocardial biopsy findings in patients with ventricular arrhythmias of unknown origin.

To evaluate possible occult myocardial disease in patients with ventricular arrhythmias of unknown origin, over 11 years right ventricular endomyocardial biopsies (EMB) were performed on 80 consecutive such patients (29 Females, 51 Males; median age 42 years). Seventy-one (89%) had ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation, 7 (9%) had complex ventricular arrhythmias, and 2 (3%) had premature ventricular beats. None showed clinical evidence of congestive heart failure or significant coronary artery or valvular disease. Endomyocardial biopsies revealed pathologic changes in 70 out of 80 patients (88%). Of the 70 affected, 39 (56%) had nonspecific changes consistent with cardiomyopathy (e.g., myofiber hypertrophy, interstitial and perivascular fibrosis, and vascular sclerosis); 6 (9%) had active myocarditis (Myo); 7 (10%) had borderline Myo; 7 (10%) had small vessel disease; 6 (9%) had changes consistent with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy; 2 (3%) had amyloidosis; 2 (3%) had microfibrillar cardiomyopathy, and one (1.0%) showed intravascular organizing thrombus. Thus, EMB reveals a variety of abnormalities in the majority of patients presenting with ventricular arrhythmias without clinical evidence of structural heart disease.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Electron beam lithography based on overlapped increment scanning

A novel electron-beam lithography based on overlapped increment scanning is presented.The impact of the depth and exposure dose on the absorbed energy density,and the relationship between the solution rate and the absorbed energy density are analyzed theoretically.The result shows the more the exposure dose increases,the greater the solution rate becomes.Based on this,seven overlapped increment scanning exposure experiments are conducted on 570 nm PMMA in the SDS-3 electron beam lithography system at 20 keV and distinct three-dimensional structures of the conic of trapezoid and the conic are obtained.It means the overlapped increment scanning can be used to three-dimensional fabrication.

Field of study: Physics
2,1,3‐Benzothiadiazole‐Modified DNA

The use of 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BTD) as a structural element with advanced electronic properties for DNA hybrids is described. Bis(alkynyl)- and bis(carboxamide)-derived BTD units are shown to support duplex stability through interstrand stacking interactions. Placement of the BTD units opposite to a natural base, however, leads to considerable destabilization. The bis(alkynyl)-derived BTD W is strongly fluorescent, and quantum yields of up to 0.20 are observed. Its fluorescence behavior is strongly dependent on the neighboring nucleobases. The quenching effect of the natural bases decreases in the order G >> A ≥ T ≥ C and correlates very well with the free energies for charge separation (ΔGCS) through photoinduced electron transfer, as calculated by the Rehm–Weller equation. Fluorescence of W is completely quenched when it is placed against the bis(carboxamide)-derived BTD V. The described BTD-based compounds W and V represent valuable building blocks for the construction of highly ordered, DNA-based materials with special optical and electronic properties.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Importance of Avoiding Entrustment Decisions on Entrustable Professional Activities in the Classroom Setting

Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) are workplace responsibilities that directly impact patient care. The use of EPAs allows learners to be provided with feedback and assessment in the clinical setting. Because they focus assessment on the execution of professional activities with all integrated competencies needed, EPAs help provide a more holistic picture of student performance. Using the EPAs to backwards design classroom learning on those competencies is highly encouraged, but one cannot or should not assess performance and make entrustment decisions using EPAs in the classroom setting for several reasons: classroom performance usually does not predict clinical performance very well, EPAs require direct observations, EPA assessment requires multiple observations of varying patients with varying level of acuity and most importantly, EPA-focused assessment must result in entrustment decisions to perform with limited supervision. By ensuring all entrustment decisions are made in a clinical or experimental setting, students will receive an accurate assessment and benchmark of their performance to lead them one step closer to independent practitioners.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Burn-in for Eliminating Weak Items in Heterogeneous Populations

Burn-in is a method of eliminating early failures in populations of manufactured items. To burn-in a component or a system means to subject it to a ‘‘simulated operation’’ for some time (prior to its actual field use). Various optimal burn-in problems have been intensively studied in the literature under the assumption of decreasing or bathtub-shaped failure rates. However, most of these studies have been conducted for homogeneous populations. In this paper, we discuss burn-in for heterogeneous populations and develop approaches that minimize the risks of selecting items with large levels of individual failure rates. Using simple examples, we consider the optimal burn-in time, which minimizes these risks.

Field of study: Mathematics
SU‐GG‐T‐33: Accurate Localization of the Needle Position During the Real Time Seed Implant Procedure in OR

Accurately localize the needle tip position to improve the dosimetry accuracy of real time prostate seed implant in the OR.  Variseed seed implant software version 7.2 was utilized to study the needle identification process. To accurately determine the needle position under the artifact reflection of ultrasoundimages in the real time planning mode is challenging. We have developed a simplified method to study the true location of the implemented needles during the real time based seed implant procedure. A zero mark pseudo contour was introduced to identify the needle end dwell position with the axial view of the prostate base. It was identified to correlate the true needle position before dropping the seeds. Bladder wall interface on the sagittal view also justified for the needle identification in finding actual seed location. Rotating the ultrasound probe along with the zero mark slice correlation helps to clarify the trajectory of the needles.  With the implant views needle correlation; we have performed the variation study from the optimized plan versus the plan after finishing the seeds dropping. Less than 1% variation of PTV coverage (criteria V100 > 90%, D90 < 115% prescription for prostate, V125 < 0 cc for both urethra and rectum) is achieved with great accuracy. Optimization criteria have not been disturbed by our method, and the post implant CTdosimetry shows great coverage for prostate day 1 and day 30 studies.  Real time prostate implant procedure provides invaluable dosimetry benefit compared to the pre‐planned implant method. However, needle tip position correlation during the implant process presents challenging uncertainty for both pre‐plan and real time plan process. We developed a simple method to improve the confidence level of the real time implant dosimetry, with implant needle accurately projected during the seed loading process.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
[Comorbid autoimmune pathology in patients treated with disease modifying drugs].

Because of intensive growth of the prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) and other autoimmune diseases (AID) during the last years, the comorbidity of MS and AID is not a rarity. In this literature review, the development of comorbid AID in patients with MS is considered to be the probable complication of disease modifying therapy with drugs of different groups. The authors present the own data on the prevalence of comorbid autoimmune pathology in patients with MS treated with disease modifying drugs.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology