nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Using contexts similarity to predict relationships between tasks

We can predict tasks relationships by comparing the contexts of the tasks.The more related the tasks, the better context similarity predicts the relationship.Comparing contexts is roughly as accurate as mining text descriptions of tasks.Depending on data availability context similarity complements content similarity. Developers tasks are often interrelated. A task might succeed, precede, block, or depend on another task. Or, two tasks might simply have a similar aim or require similar expertise. When working on tasks, developers interact with artifacts and tools, which constitute the contexts of the tasks. This work investigates the extent to which the similarity of the contexts predicts whether and how the respective tasks are related. The underlying assumption is simple: if during two tasks the same artifacts are touched or similar interactions are observed, the tasks might be interrelated.We define a task context as the set of all developers interactions with the artifacts during the task. We then apply Jaccard index, a popular similarity measure to compare two contexts. Instead of only counting the artifacts in the intersection and union of the contexts as Jaccard does, we scale the artifacts with their relevance to the task. For this, we suggest a simple heuristic based on the Frequency, Duration, and Age of the interactions with the artifacts (FDA). Alternatively, artifact relevance can be estimated by the Degree-of-Interest (DOI) used in task-focused programming.To compare the accuracy of the context similarity models for predicting task relationships, we conducted a field study with professionals, analyzed data from the open source task repository Bugzilla, and ran an experiment with students. We studied two types of relationships useful for work coordination (dependsOn and blocks) and two types useful for personal work management (isNextTo and isSimilarTo). We found that context similarity models clearly outperform a random prediction for all studied task relationships. We also found evidence that, the more interrelated the tasks are, the more accurate the context similarity predictions are.Our results show that context similarity is roughly as accurate to predict task relationships as comparing the textual content of the task descriptions. Context and content similarity models might thus be complementary in practice, depending on the availability of text descriptions or context data. We discuss several use cases for this research, e.g. to assist developers choose the next task or to recommend other tasks they should be aware of.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Study on the thermodynamic characteristic matching property and limit design principle of general flat plate solar air collectors (FPSACs)

Based on a typical single pass flat plate solar air collector (FPSAC) model, the collector thermodynamic characteristic matching property between the air-side heat transfer and total heat losses is analyzed in terms of unified air-side heat transfer coefficient Ub-f and total heat loss coefficient UL. Then the limit design principle of FPSACs is discussed in order to obtain high collector efficiency intercepts. The results show that, both lower and upper limit values of UL exist for obtaining an expected efficiency intercept (η0) which is lower than the maximum realizable intercept ((η0)max) with specific collector components. The case of maximum realizable intercept (η0)max can be obtained by the minimum realizable total heat loss coefficient (UL)min and a high convective heat transfer coefficient Ub-f (Ub-f = 200 W/(m2·K) is argued to be good collector air-side thermal performance and is considered in the present study), resulting in a minimum thermodynamic characteristic coefficient ζmin. And the maximum realizable intercepts for different component combination cases of FPSACs are obtained by numerical calculation. Besides, for FPSACs with specific airflow channels, the cases of minimum realizable (UL)min represent the limit design.

Field of study: Engineering
An "Unworkable Compound": Ireland and Empire in "Eveline"

James Joyce's "Eveline" poses the question of Ireland's identity within the British Empire in indirect but powerful terms. In its depiction of Eveline's paralyzing suspension between home and world, Joyce's story echoes the contemporary cultural nationalist diagnosis of modern Ireland as an "unworkable compound" of imperial and national affinities. Joyce, however, presents this unworkable compound as a constitutive condition of modern Irish life, not an inauthentic imposition. "Eveline" thus highlights what is distinctive about Joyce's representation of Ireland and empire, as Joyce dramatizes how ordinary Irish people experienced that relationship in all its varied aspects of participation and subordination.

Field of study: Art
The quality of live of patients’ allegic rhinitis after posterior nasal neurectomy at Dr Sardjito General Hospital Yogyakarta, Indonesia 2016

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is disease by incidence and prevalence of high and is expected to rise to load against the economy and lowering the quality of life of patients.with AR involved many factors and an impact of highly significant on the quality of life and affect the economy. The quality of life patients done to assess the effects and result of surgery.Sino nasal outcome test-20 ( snot-20 ) was one of the instruments specific measurement the quality of life of patients AR. 10 patients who surgery action , obtained improving the quality of life based on snot- 20 observed 28 days after done the act of surgery. Rate the SNOT-20 before surgically obtained 37,3 with DS ± 7,87 and 28 days after done surgically obtained rata-rata snot-20 is 6 with DS ± 2,49. The SNOT-20 pre and post action there are different of significant (p = 0,024 ) .

Field of study: Medicine
On the distance between polytopes

This paper is written to fill an apparent gap in the literature in connection with some elementary problems of distance in finite dimensional normed linear spaces. In particular the problem of determining the distance between two polytopes in a normed n-dimensional real vector space is considered. Special consideration is given to the case in which the norm is a twice differentiable function of its arguments and for this case a convex programming algorithm is presented. In addition several other cases are considered including the well known discrete Tchebycheff approximation. The results should find application in approximation theory. 0. Notation. Rn —The vector space of all real n-tuples {ax , ■ ■ ■ , an)T 11 •11 —A norm on R" |, —The norms defined by imi. = (i:w),/ for 1 < t < oo ||f/||oo = max \ui\ U t Ii" i R"t ■—The normed linear space \Rn, ||-||i} e -—The vector (1,1, • • • , 1 )T t R" A+ —The Moore-Penrose inverse of a matrix A, or generalized inverse of A, see [7].

Field of study: Mathematics
Uncertainty of Plutonium Isotopic Measurements with Microcalorimeter and High-Purity Germanium Detectors

The nondestructive assay (NDA) of plutonium-bearing materials using gamma-ray spectroscopy supports global nuclear nonproliferation and safeguards efforts. High-purity germanium (HPGe) detectors have been used for this application for decades, but the uncertainty limit remains around 1% relative error for measured isotope ratios, an order of magnitude larger than destructive assay. To lower NDA uncertainty limits, we are pursuing new measurement technology using superconducting microcalorimeter detectors, and assessing the sources of current uncertainty limits. We compare results from analysis of plutonium isotopic standards using HPGe and microcalorimeter detectors, and find lower random error for the microcalorimeter data. Uncertainties in the reference values of constants of nature contribute to the total measurement error. For one particular set of constants, the gamma-ray energies, we find that microcalorimeter analysis is much less sensitive (more than a factor of ten) to the uncertainty in nuclear data than HPGe.

Field of study: Physics
A mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana partially resistant to fusicoccin has reduced plasma membrane H+‐ATPase

5-2 is a mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana which is partially resistant to fusicoccin in vivo. We have analysed fusicoccin binding and the activity and amount of H+-ATPase in plasma membrane isolated from mature leaves of the wild type and of mutant 5-2. Fusicoccin binding was similar in plasma membrane from the two genotypes, while H+-ATPase activity was markedly (c. 50%) lower in plasma membrane from mutant 5-2 than in that from the wild type. The H+-ATPase of mutant 5-2 was activated by fusicoccin as much as that of the wild type. In plasma membrane from mutant 5-2, the amount of immunodetectable H+-ATPase, quantified by densitometry of Western blots, was about half that in the wild type. These results indicate that the major defect of mutant 5-2 detectable at the plasma membrane level is a reduction in the amount of H+-ATPase.

Field of study: Environmental science
Planning for Computer Literacy

The term "computer literacy" has become de rigeur among avant garde educators and public officials. Despite its frequent use, however, computer literacy remains an amorphous concept. The purpose of this article is to postulate a planning framework which a college can use to decide what its students need to know about computers. Let me define computer literacy as that compendium of knowledge and skill which ordinary, educated people need to have about computers in order to function effectively at work and in their private lives in American society for the remainder of this century. Creating an operational definition by specifying what competencies a person needs to acquire is far more complicated. Individuals and institutions will come to different conclusions about competency, and these judgments may lead to some useful experimentation. Judgements will have to be made at individual institutions in terms of the relationship between institutional mission and projections of anticipated social and technological change. What is needed is not just a required programming course but a careful rethinking of the general concept of literacy that includes the use of computers. In recent months, we have seen members of Congress and state officials develop a growing awareness that educational institutions must play a leading role in economic improvement. Some have come to realize that many of the changes occurring in our economy are actually structural changes and that economic growth is heavily dependent on

Field of study: Education
Establishment and preliminary application of an assay for the detection of Torque teno sus virus strains

To establish an assay for the detection of Torque teno sus virus (TTSuV) strains and to analyze its preliminary application to biologics. 
 
 
 
Primers and probe were designed according to the conserved sequences. A fluorescent PCR assay for the detection of TTSuV strains was established. Several parameters including the specificity, linearity, accuracy, sensitivity and anti-interference of the established assay were verified. The fluorescent PCR assay was performed to detect the samples of porcine blood, cell substrate and rotavirus vaccine. The porcine blood samples positive for TTSuV strains were further genotyped. 
 
 
 
The established fluorescent PCR assay was confirmed to have high specificity as no cross-reactions with parvovirus virus of various species, SV40 and porcine circovirus strains were detected. The linear range of the assay was 1×109-1×103 copies/μl for TTSuV1 genotype and 1×109-1×102 copies/μl for TTSuV2 genotype with a R2 value more than 0.993. The sensitivity of the fluorescent PCR assay was 1×103 copies/μl for TTSuV1 genotype and 1×102 copies/μl for TTSuV2 genotype. The intra- and inter-CVs were both less than 7% in Ct values and less than 25% and 45% respectively in copies. No interference was found in the detection of TTSuV nucleic acids from cell samples. 8 out of 20 porcine blood samples were positive for TTSuV strains, among which one sample was positive for TTSuV1 genotype, four samples were positive for TTSuV2 genotype and the rest were positive for both TTSuV1 and TTSuV2 genotypes. Compared with the reference strain, strains genotyped as TTSuV1 and TTSuV2 were respectively shared 98%-99% and 98% homologies in sequences. All of the cell substrate and rotavirus vaccine samples detected by the fluorescent PCR assay were negative for TTSuV strains. 
 
 
 
The fluorescent PCR assay for the detection of TTSuV was established successfully, the application of which would further improve the safety of biologics. 
 
 
 
Torque teno sus virus (TTSuV); Fluorescent PCR; Cells; Genotyping

Field of study: Biology
Comparison of road surveys and circuit theory to predict hotspot locations for implementing road-effect mitigation

The mitigation of road-effects on wildlife, especially road mortality and habitat fragmentation, has become increasingly common in the last 20 years. However, exclusion fencing and habitat connectivity structures can be very costly and several questions remain regarding how to best determine locations that will optimize mitigation success. Based on data collected across several years and across multiple landscapes and taxa, we present a comparative analysis of two methods: road surveys and circuit theory, and review their benefits and challenges to better inform decision making. Road surveys were completed in two locations over three years for large mammals and herpetofauna to identify road crossing hotspots. Circuit theory was also applied to these systems to identify crossing hotspots using habitat resistance models. The location, number and width of hotspots were compared between methods. Hotspot distributions were similar between methods for some herpetofauna, but different for Mammals, and road surveys produced a significantly greater number of smaller hotspots compared to circuit theory, implying that road surveys provide better hotspot resolution. As circuit model complexity increased, the number and width of hotspots decreased, diffusing across the landscape. Road surveys were better at predicting optimal crossing structure location at a local scale; however, circuit theory is less costly, and can be useful at large scales. As both methods can offer valuable information, we argue that the combination of these two approaches provides a strong basis for managers and biologists to make informed decisions about costly mitigation measures, optimizing both conservation benefits and limited funding.

Field of study: Environmental science
PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF AN α,β-UNSATURATED γ,δ-EPOXY NITRILE

On 1π, π*-excitation (λ=254 nm, pentane), α,β-unsaturated γ,δ-epoxy nitrile showed selective product formation via carbonyl ylide and carbene intermediates; (E/Z)-isomerization and C(γ),O-cleavage of the oxirane, which are triplet processes, did not occur.

Field of study: Chemistry
Serpentinized Peridotite from the North Wall of the Puerto Rico Trench

Three dredge hauls from the north wall of the Puerto Rico Trench near 66° 30′ W. contained serpentinized peridotite and talc rock, sedimentary rocks of Cretaceous and Tertiary age, and minor basalt. A possible stratigraphy of the main scarp is given by serpentinized peridotite with altered basalt overlain by Upper Cretaceous sedimentary rocks, which are in turn overlain by Lower Tertiary sedimentary rocks with minor vitric basalt. The ultramafic rocks occur as two distinct types. One contains antigorite and talc and has a rare texture consisting of very fine-grained olivine(?) replaced by talc or serpentine. The other does not contain antigorite or talc and has a texture similar to serpentinites from many localities in the world. The density, seismic velocity, magnetic susceptibility, and chemical data of the ultramafic rocks are presented. Structural complexities of the area are revealed by two closely spaced seismic-reflection profiles of the main scarp of the north wall, one showing horizontal crustal layers and the other an interrupting mass. The 5.1 km/sec seismic layer determined by previous seismic-refraction studies may here be composed primarily of serpentinized peridotite with some altered basalt. Navigational uncertainties and lack of knowledge of the exact position of dredging prevent definite statements. However, the 5.1 km/sec seismic layer was definitely sampled about 65 km to the east (20°16′N., 65°43′W.), and basalts, chert, and Cenomanian siliceous sedimentary rock were obtained. These rocks may overlie serpentinized peridotite that was not sampled, or possibly serpentinite does not occur on the north wall near 65°45′W.

Field of study: Geology
Dynamic Directed Random Matching

We develop a general and unified model in which a continuum of agents conduct directed random searches for counterparties. Our results provide the first probabilistic foundation for static and dynamic models of directed search (including the matching-function approach) that are common in search-based models of financial markets, monetary theory, and labor economics. The agents' types are shown to be independent discrete-time Markov processes that incorporate the effects of random mutation, random matching with match-induced type changes, and with the potential for enduring partnerships that may have randomly timed break-ups. The multi-period cross-sectional distribution of types is shown to be deterministic and is calculated using the exact law of large numbers.

Field of study: Economics
MOSPD2 is a therapeutic target for the treatment of CNS inflammation

In multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), myeloid cells comprise a major part of the inflammatory infiltrate in the central nervous system (CNS). We previously described that motile sperm domain‐containing protein 2 (MOSPD2) is expressed on human myeloid cells and regulates monocyte migration in vitro. The role of MOSPD2 in EAE pathogenesis was studied by generating MOSPD2 knock‐out (KO) mice and monoclonal antibodies directed against MOSPD2. We found that EAE development in MOSPD2 KO mice was significantly suppressed. While frequency representation of leukocyte subsets in lymphoid tissues was comparable, the ratio of inflammatory monocytes in the blood was markedly reduced in MOSPD2 KO mice. In addition, T cells from MOSPD2 KO mice displayed reduced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and increased production of interleukin (IL)‐4. Prophylactic and post‐onset treatment using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) generated against MOSPD2 abrogated development and reduced EAE severity. These results suggest that MOSPD2 is key in regulating migration of inflammatory monocytes, and that anti‐MOSPD2 mAbs constitute a potential therapy for the treatment of CNS inflammatory diseases.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Fabrication of a Nanoscale Electrical Contact on a Bismuth Nanowire Encapsulated in a Quartz Template by Using 
FIB-SEM

A method to fabricate an electrode on a 110-nm-diameter Bi nanowire, encapsulated in a quartz template, was established using a dual beam instrument equipped with a focused ion beam and a scanning electron microscope. A fabrication method has already been successfully developed to obtain suitable Ohmic contact on both ends of Bi nanowires (several hundred nanometers in diameter) by first polishing the ends of the nanowires, and then depositing titanium/copper thin-films via an ion-plating method. However, with this method, it was difficult to obtain suitable electrodes on Bi nanowires with diameters less than 300 nm. Therefore, in order to understand why it was not possible to establish an electrical contact in small-diameter Bi nanowires, the vertical section of the fabricated electrode and the end of a 110-nm-diameter Bi nanowire were observed using a focused ion beam scanning electron microscope. A vacant area was observed between the end of the nanowire and the titanium thin-film, indicating a possible cause for the electrical contact failure. This implies that the quartz-encapsulated Bi nanowire is selectively removed when it undergoes polishing due to the great difference in hardness between Bi and quartz. A local electrode, which would connect the exposed area of the Bi nanowire and the metal thin-films on the surface of the quartz template, was fabricated by tungsten deposition using an electron beam. After fabrication of the opposite-end electrode by the same method, an electrical connection was successfully confirmed by measuring the voltage between both ends of the metal thin-films with a circuit tester. Ohmic contact was confirmed by measuring the current–voltage characteristics between the fabricated electrodes. As a result, the electrical resistivity and Seebeck coefficient were successfully measured at 300 K.

Field of study: Materials science
On Exploring of Human Resources and Management of Library

The development of library demands the talent of high quality. And the cultivation and management of such talent calls for the reform in broadening the range of this profession as well as the sound legislation.Hence,establishing a well－ developed system of education after graduation is of indispensability, which can settle the contradiction between the supply and the demand of library majors,thus ultimately search for a road to suit the development of library.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Point Estimation and Risk Preferences

The decision-theoretic approach to point estimation involves the choice of an estimate to minimize the expected loss associated with the estimate. The purpose of this paper is to indicate the influence of risk aversion on point estimates for classes of payoff functions including the piecewise linear and quadratic payoff functions. Increased risk aversion results in a point estimate closer to zero for a quadratic payoff function and a lower estimate with a piecewise linear payoff function, for example.

Field of study: Mathematics
Hash Attacks Prevention for Instruction Security in Embedded Monitoring System

Embedded security monitoring module is a dedicated hardware that runs parallel with the embedded processor, which is used to monitor the integrity of the data and code to enhance program execution security of embedded system. It uses hardware-supported methods computing a hash value of instructions with the hash algorithm as an official reference value to prevent malicious attacks on the program code. This paper analyzed possible hash algorithm attacks on instructions, and did the prevention research for the most effective attack, the Rainbow table. In this paper we designed a protection mechanism by adding the interference information to each of instructions, making the attacker’s burden greatly increase, so as to enhance the security of monitoring model, and to achieve protection of instruction information.

Field of study: Engineering
Defining the schizophrenia phenotype

Schizophrenia is a complex disease with multifactorial etiology. The schizophrenia phenotype has been traditionally defined by chronic psychosis and functional deterioration. However, the boundary of the phenotype is likely to be more extensive than the one defined by chronic psychosis. This is highlighted by the findings of subtle, schizophrenialike deficits in the nonschizophrenic, first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients. Subtle clinical signs and symptoms, cognitive impairment particularly in attention and memory, and neurophysiologic deficits such as in sensory gating and smooth-pursuit eye movements all define aspects of the schizophrenia phenotype.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Research on the protection of our sports invisible assets

Protection and affirming of sports invisible assets are results from sports marketing,industrializing and system reforming.Sports invisible assets includes conducting and managing rights of match,using and managing rights,etc.And,it has some features as invisible,monopolizing,high affection,undetermined,etc.At present,authorities take some measures as rules,police and system to protect it.But,there is no special rules to stipulate it.

Field of study: Education