nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Juries and Viewpoint Representation

To generate high-quality deliberations, juries should be diverse in terms of not only demographics but also viewpoints. Using data from the Survey of Texas Adults (n = 1380), we examine whether existing processes select for individuals who represent the population on a variety of viewpoint characteristics, particularly whether the process of forming juries selects for people who are more independent-minded versus authority-minded. We find, on average, that those who believe in the importance of speaking English, are less compassionate, support Biblical literalism, and express more concern about the community effects of wrongdoing are more likely to have been former jurors than to not have served. Death penalty support is also modestly predictive of jury membership. Non-jurors rate their neighborhoods as cleaner than do former jurors. Results point to composition effects in the summonsing process and to the possibility that some types of people exempt themselves from this civic obligation.

Field of study: Psychology, Sociology
Public Employees’ Perceived Promotion Channels in Local China: Merit-based or Guanxi-orientated?

Do performance or personal ties (guanxi) matter more in the promotion of local public employees in China? In this paper, we examine public employees’ perceptions of the roles played by merit and guanxi in promotion. We adopt a configurational approach to classify public employees’ perceptions of the reasons for their promotion into four groups: merit-based, guanxi-orientated, ambidextrous (both), and fatalistic (neither). A recent survey of 886 public employees shows that around 40% see promotion as merit-based and 20% as guanxi-orientated, with 10% perceiving promotion to be ambidextrous and 30% fatalistic. Younger employees with higher rank are more likely to perceive promotion to be merit-based, whilst highly educated and highly ranked employees with strong public service motivation are more prone to see promotion as ambidextrous. Those who perceive promotion to be ambidextrous are more satisfied with promotion fairness, suggesting that a subtle balance needs to be maintained between merit-based and guanxi-orientated promotion channels, rather than rejection of any guanxi element.

Field of study: Business
Sharing in Diaspora

The variety of experiences lived by diasporas far from their home countries serves as an important source of wealth - be it financial, cultural or educational - that diasporas will potentially put at the disposal of their mother country. These sharing in experiences, between nations and their diasporas, can act as a compensation for brain drain, often seen as a problem particularly acute in poor and developing countries. Despite the global effort to design public incentives for diasporas to engage with sending countries, there is still room for marketing researchers to empower those public initiatives, by deepening the understanding of migrants’ motivations for home engagement. This article puts forward a theoretical perspective to approach this opportunity: the autobiographical perspective. Some of migrants’ motivations can indeed be rooted in the need to maintain connections with past selves.

Field of study: Political science
The human resources approach to manpower, education and income distribution planning

This paper first presents the hypothesis relating the education of the labor force to production, along with some observations about its statistical verification. The conceptual basis for the manpower approach to educational planning appears next, followed by a discussion of its use with and without the assumption of constant labor productivity. Finally, the human resources approach to manpower and educational planning is extended to include income distribution planning. The method developed is applied to Mexico.

Field of study: Business
From French Revolution to English Reform: Hannah More, Harriet Martineau, and the "Little Book"

During the 1820s Harriet Martineau undertook the writing of tracts and "little books"
for the Shropshire publisher Houlston and Son, a firm specializing in religious and didactic
literature. This apprenticeship allowed Martineau to master the generic features
and literary style of the didactic tract and turn those techniques to new uses in her industrial
tales, The Rioters (1827) and The Turn-Out (1829). Later, Martineau transformed
the politics of the "little book" in her Illustrations of Political Economy (1832-
1834), a series exemplifying the economic theories of Adam Smith, James Mill, David
Ricardo, and Thomas Malthus but intending to further the political goals of the Unitarian
radicals. This essay argues that Martineau9s "little books" were meant as the radical
counterpart to Hannah More9s Cheap Repository Tracts (1795-1798), a series of
moral tales and didactic poems written during the 1790s in order to stifle the revolutionary
impulses of the working classes and divert them into religious channels. By using
the format and rhetorical features of the "little book," Martineau signals her desire
to attract a popular audience and her intention, in the era of the First Reform Bill, to
redirect knowledge from a conservative social and religious framework to a progressive,
theory-based economics, politics, and literature.

Field of study: History
Hitler and Wagner: The leader, the master and the Jews

The almost messianic fervour with which Hitler planned the extermination of European Jewry was inspired by Richard Wagner's antisemitism. Ignored by many critics but often cited by Hitler, Wagner's ‘Prose Works’ specifically develop the idea that Judeo‐Christian morality and Jewish commerce must be eliminated so that humanity can regain oneness with Nature and true pagan love. Wagner cast himself as the saviour of the German people through art. Hitler translated Wagner's crusade into politics.

Field of study: History
Relationship between Stock Prices and Exchange Rates: Evidence from Bangladesh

In this paper we have investigated the interactions between stock prices and exchange rates in the emerging economy of Bangladesh. We have considered monthly nominal exchange rates of US dollar, euro, Japanese yen, pound sterling and monthly values of Dhaka Stock Exchange General Index for period of June 2003 to March 2008 to conduct the study. Empirical result shows that exchange rates and stock prices data series are non stationary and integrated of order one. Then we have applied Johansen procedure to test for the possibility of a cointegrating relationship.  Result shows that there is no cointegrating relationship between stock prices and exchange rates. Finally Granger causality test shows that stock prices Granger cause exchange rates of US dollar and Japanese yen but there is no way causal relationship between stock prices and exchange rates of euro and pound sterling.

Field of study: Economics
CHINA'S GRAIN DEMAND AND SUPPLY: TRADE IMPLICATIONS

This study reviews research on China's grain demand and supply. The purpose is to comment on the outlook for China's trade in grain and grain-based food, but also to identify the sensitivities of the projections of China's grain demand to key parameters. The paper will therefore 1) review a set of projections of grain demand and trade, 2) examine studies of major factors considered to affect grain demand in China, 3) comment on some trade and production policy issues based on a new projection that takes into account the effect of changes in population structure. A simple supply side assumption is used in this study. Findlay (1996) contains more discussion of supply side issues. Work reported here on the demand side is largely based on the study by Wu and Wu (1994) using official urban household survey data as well as recent results obtained using CERC-MoA rural household survey data (Wu, 1997). Our particular interest in this paper is the sensitivity of the outlooks for consumption and therefore trade to changes in

Field of study: Business, Economics
Life Cycle Assessment of a municipal wastewater treatment plant: a case study in Suzhou, China.

Life Cycle Assessment was used to evaluate the environmental impacts associated with the treatment of wastewater in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Kunshan, China. CMLBaseline 2000 method was used for life cycle impact assessment using SimaPro 7.0 software. The goal of this Life Cycle Assessment study was to assess the environmental benefits and drawbacks of this WWTP in comparison with other WWTPs using different advanced treatment processes. Construction phase, operation and maintenance phase, sludge landfilling, and the transportation of chemicals to the WWTP were all taken into consideration. The LCA results of Kunshan WWTP taking renewable energy (wind power) as the energy source proposed that enhancing the effluent quality will decrease the environmental. Environmental impacts in terms of green taxes were also represented. The study revealed very different impacts for the three plants, drawing attention to the importance of the choice of the treatment process.

Field of study: Environmental science
Roosevelt, Truman, and the Atomic Bomb, 1941-1945: A Reinterpretation

Ever since the publication in 1965 of Gar Alperovitz's Atomic Diplomacy, scholars and laymen have developed a new interest in the relationship of the atomic bomb to wartime and postwar diplomacy and to the origins of the Cold War. This bold book revived and sometimes recast old themes and thereby sparked renewed interest in questions that once seemed settled: Why was the atomic bomb dropped on Japan? Why weren't other alternatives vigorously pursued? How did the bomb influence American policy before and after Hiroshima? Did the dropping of the bomb and postwar American atomic policies contribute to the cold war?' Unfortunately many studies of these questions have focused exclusively on the Truman period and thereby neglected the Roosevelt administration, which bequeathed to Truman a legacy of assumptions, options, and fears. Acting on the assumption that the bomb was a legitimate weapon, Roosevelt initially defined the relationship of American diplomacy and

Field of study: History
Strange and Disturbing News: Rumor and Diplomacy in the Colonial Hudson Valley

Frightening rumors of conspiracies and plots were a prominent feature of relations between Native Americans and Europeans in the colonial Hudson Valley in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. While these alarming reports usually had no foundation in reality, they nevertheless shed light on several aspects of Indian political and diplomatic relationships in this area. This article holds that the spread of rumors and tales from one people to the next represents only the most visible of a great variety of interactions among the Indian groups of the valley, and therefore stands as indirect evidence of a vast native social and political world largely hidden from modern eyes. By plotting the career and distribution of particular rumors, one may get a sense of channels of communication and networks of exchange among the native peoples in the Hudson Valley as well as of the ties these Indians had to native groups in both adjacent regions and more distant locales. In particular, rumors of an Indian conspiracy against the Europeans in 1712 provide evidence of how the outbreak of the Tuscarora War in North Carolina reverberated in the Hudson Valley, which indicates that even small groups of Indians living close to centers of European settlement might be participants in extensive Indian exchange networks and thus be part of a larger Native American world.

Field of study: Political science
Phoney war and Blitzkrieg: the territorial army in 1939–1940

At the ‘outbreak of war in 1939, the Regular army was augmented by Territorials and militia to make up the British Expeditionary Force. By May 1940, they had suffered serious defeats which, given that the Territorials had theoretically been training for years, raised worrying questions. Here Peter Caddick‐Adams explores why the TA was in fact so unprepared for war, tracing back from its initial deployment the roots the problems encountered in. out of date equipment, training, recruitment and leadership, highlighting the dichotomy’ between peacetime and wartime ‘needs. These shortcomings were exacerbated by a lack of understanding of German strength and tactics, which contributed to the defeats encountered in Belgium. After considering the credible performance of the TA against the odds, Captain Caddick‐Adams discusses the poor financing and lack of commitment on the part of the authorities during, the 1930s. Despite these difficulties, TA units performed credibly, and with increasing importance and abilit...

Field of study: History
The impact of public R&D subsidy on small firm productivity: evidence from Korean SMEs

This paper explores the effects of R&D promotion policy on SME performance. We use a large panel data set on public R&D subsidies to Korean manufacturing firms. We control for counterfactual outcomes employing the DID (difference in differences) estimation procedure as well as for the endogeneity of the R&D investment and the R&D subsidy using the 2-stage Tobit/Logit DPD (dynamic panel data) procedure. We find significant evidence for positive effects of the public R&D subsidy on both the R&D expenditure and the value added productivity of Korean manufacturing SMEs. The policy thus appears to have been successful in fostering technological advancement and in promoting economic growth.

Field of study: Business, Economics
Learning from Trades

I study stationary cut-off-strategy equilibria of a dynamic market model where buyers sample sellers sequentially from an unknown distribution. Buyers learn about the distribution from the sampled sellers and a ‘trade signal’. The trade signal reveals whether a randomly chosen seller traded yesterday. Observing a trade (as opposed to no trade) is good news about the distribution. Buyers who observe a trade use a higher cut-off than buyers who observe no trade, despite buyers’ learning from sampled sellers that puts a countervailing pressure on the cut-offs. The trade signal may reduce market efficiency, while an appropriate exogenous signal increases efficiency.

Field of study: Business
What could promote farmers to replace chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers

To lessen the negative environmental impact of chemical fertilizers, replacing chemical fertilizers with more organic fertilizers for famers is a good choice. However, most of the farmers would like to use chemical fertilizers instead of organic fertilizers in developing countries, mainly because they fear that they may lose income if they use organic fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers. From this point, policy makers need to find strategies to incentivize farmers to use organic fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers. Therefore, a randomly selected household survey on the use of chemical and organic fertilizers by apple growers in China was conducted from July 2016 to October 2016. Its aim is to find out what could promote farmers to replace chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers partially or completely. We have analyzed farmers' choices involving prospect utility, risk, and environment based on Kahneman's prospect theory and Lewin's field theory. Twelve psychological and socio-economic variables were included in a tobit regression model to explain farmers' choice between organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers. We find that membership in agriculture cooperatives, subsidies on organic fertilizers, and farm size play positive roles in influencing farmers' choice of organic fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers. The results will be helpful to update extension policy of organic fertilizers.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences, Environmental science
Where should China's thermal power industry prioritize its B&R investment? A study based on an environmental site selection analysis

The Belt and Road initiative (B&R) provided high-level opportunities for China's outward foreign direct investment. This study uses China's thermal power industry as an example for selecting optimum investment locations based on the host countries' environmental regulations. The study proposes an environmental site selection model based on a principal component and panel regression analysis. Considering the results of the principal component analysis, the main influencing factors affecting China's thermal power industry outward foreign direct investment (CTP-OFDI) and the comprehensive score of B&R countries were screened. In addition, the regression analysis provided a ranking of attractiveness scores for each country. Combining the analysis and results, the study draws the following conclusions. (1) The factors influencing investment are diverse and comprehensive, and the main influencing factors include three aspects, industrial development, the social and political situation, and the ecological environment. (2) Environment regulations are a significant factor and have a negative relationship with CTP-OFDI. (3) The B&R countries could be divided into the preferred, alternative, inferior, and avoidable investment locations. To conclude, the countermeasures and suggestions for improving investments are proposed based on the results of the environmental site selection model.

Field of study: Business, Economics
Bulgaria in the South-East European Higher Education and Research Area (България в образователното и изследователското пространство на Югоизточна Европа) - in Bulgarian

The book presents the results of a study of the regional higher education and research area in twelve South-East European countries, aimed to determine the place of Bulgaria therein. The study was carried out in the period 2014-2016 within the framework of the research programme of the Economic Research Institute at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. The investigation is based on quantitative and qualitative assessments of the innovation potential, of the status and development of the spheres of higher education and science, and of the regional cooperation in the two spheres in the Balkan region countries using information for selected indicators presented in global reports for the development of the innovation processes, competitiveness, human capital, ICT, quality of higher education and research activities, and others. As a result of the study assessments are made of: European and regional policies for development of higher education, science and cooperation in the investigated spheres in the region; development of regional cooperation in higher education and research for building a higher education and research area in the studied region; status and alterations in higher education and science in the region’s countries as a whole and by separate areas – finance, staff, results from the activities of the systems; place of Bulgaria in the regional higher education and research area. Strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats for the development of higher education and science in Bulgaria are derived and systematised. On this basis more important directions for overcoming the existing weaknesses in higher education and research in Bulgaria are identified with a view to occupying a better position in the region. Recommendations for further development of higher education and science in Bulgaria, for building the regional education and research area with the purpose of their integration into the European one, as well as for extending regional cooperation in South-East Europe and improving Bulgaria’s role in them are made. The book is intended for competent bodies laying down Bulgarian policy in the region and policies in the spheres of higher education and science – Education and Science Committee at the National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria, Ministry of Education and Science, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and other ministries and agencies, regional cooperation institutions, governing bodies of higher education and research institutions, non-governmental organisations, as well as for scientists, lecturers and other actors that may be concerned.

Field of study: Education
Henry James and the Problem of Robert Browning, and: Heroic Commitment in Richardson, Eliot, and James, and: Henry James and the Darkest Abyss of Romance, and: Henry James: A Life (review)

tion her long study of James's passionate involvement in the visual arts. Using the conceit of James's fiction as a princely gallery, a museum of references and allusions to painting, sculpture, architecture, and interior decor, Tintner conducts us through the novels and stories, showing us the objets d'art that fascinated him, remarking on how these artworks function in the stories, and illustrating their grandeur by presenting exactly one hundred black-and-white illustrationsÂ—ranging from Etruscan and classical artifacts through Renaissance painting and statuary to the landscapes and portraits of contemporaries like Sargent, La Farge, Rossetti, and Hendrik Andersen. The emphasis here is on the exhibition and description of the artistic objects themselves, the intrinsic pleasure they gave to James, as a preliminary to any consideration of their aesthetic function in the texts in which they appear. Tintner's critical observations are neither obtrusive nor compelling, and the organization of the book may seem problematic to those who wish a chronological account of James's discovery and rediscovery of the art he incorporates into his work or to those who wish a chronological treatment of the novels and stories. But this is asking too much. We must be content to let Tintner be our guide, to move us back and forth among the stories, if we wish to understand the impact of DorÃ©'s book illustrations or the influence of Delacroix on the perception of the writer. It is sufficient to say that Timer's task is admirably fulfilled: she makes us see what James saw. This is therefore a book that any serious student of James's work will want to own.

Field of study: Art
Bernardin de Saint-Pierre: A Life of Culture (review)

understanding of the problems of the modern world and of giving them a renewed faith in the potential of social and political reform” (180). Markley’s Conversion and Reform in the British Novel in the 1790s is an intelligent, comprehensive, accessible study of reformist fiction in the late eighteenth century, and it will be of much use to scholars and students of eighteenthand early nineteenth-century literature.

Field of study: Art
How to transform peasants into seamen: The manning of the Swedish navy and a double-faced maritime culture

During the seventeenth century Sweden rapidly changed from a small insignificant country in Europe’s northern periphery to a great military power. The navy was a crucial part of the expansion, but to maintain a standing navy was a demanding task for a comparatively poor and sparsely populated country. One of many difficulties was to recruit skilled and competent seamen. Sweden had no large merchant fleet that could serve the navy with experienced men, and to hire professional crews would have been too expensive. The solution was to recruit poor men from the lower strata of society in coastal villages and towns through what is known as the allotment system (in Swedish: indelningsverket). Those men normally had very little experience of handling large sailing vessels but were soon trained for the task. Once conscripted in the navy they lived two lives. In the summer during the sailing season they were naval seamen. During winter they became farmhands, workers and craftsmen ashore. Thus they constructed a maritime culture of their own, with ideals and values that sometimes were closely linked to a broader maritime culture in Europe and sometimes had more in common with a Swedish rural community culture. This article investigates how this maritime/rural culture was shaped; to what extent the seamen adjusted themselves to a military order and finally what happened when the seamen’s values and ideas collided with the hierarchy and power relations within the navy.

Field of study: History