nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Geology and U-Pb geochronology of rocks of the Eokuk Uplift: a pre-2.8 Ga basement inlier in the northwestern Slave Province, Nunavut, Canada

Rocks of the Eokuk Uplift have been mapped in detail along the coast of Coronation Gulf and 10 key units have been dated by U-Pb analysis of zircon, monazite, and titanite. The combined data indicate that this inlier of the Slave Province has a >3.2 Ga crustal component, evidence of a granulite-grade orogenic event predating 2.8 Ga and a lack of evidence for any significant orogenic activity corresponding to the 2.7-2.6 Ga events common in the rest of the Slave Province. The oldest rocks in the study area are a succession of granitoid and supracrustal gneisses that have been metamorphosed to amphibolite to granulite facies. From field relationships, the oldest rock is a granodiorite to tonalite orthogneiss, with a zircon crystallization age of 3254+13-6 Ma. A granite gneiss, which may be a small felsic intrusion or an anatectic melt of the tonalite gneiss, yields a zircon age of 3216+14-13 Ma. A K-feldspar megacrystic monzogranite gneiss contains old, discordant, possibly inherited zircons with 207Pb/206P...

Field of study: Environmental science
A Meta-Analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies of Growth Differentiation Factor-15 Concentration in Blood

Blood levels of growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), also known as macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1), have been associated with various pathological processes and diseases, including cardiovascular disease and cancer. Prior studies suggest genetic factors play a role in regulating blood MIC-1/GDF-15 concentration. In the current study, we conducted the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) to date using a sample of ∼5,400 community-based Caucasian participants, to determine the genetic variants associated with MIC-1/GDF-15 blood concentration. Conditional and joint (COJO), gene-based association, and gene-set enrichment analyses were also carried out to identify novel loci, genes, and pathways. Consistent with prior results, a locus on chromosome 19, which includes nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (top SNP, rs888663, p = 1.690 × 10-35), was significantly associated with blood MIC-1/GDF-15 concentration, and explained 21.47% of its variance. COJO analysis showed evidence for two independent signals within this locus. Gene-based analysis confirmed the chromosome 19 locus association and in addition, a putative locus on chromosome 1. Gene-set enrichment analyses showed that the“COPI-mediated anterograde transport” gene-set was associated with MIC-1/GDF15 blood concentration with marginal significance after FDR correction (p = 0.067). In conclusion, a locus on chromosome 19 was associated with MIC-1/GDF-15 blood concentration with genome-wide significance, with evidence for a new locus (chromosome 1). Future studies using independent cohorts are needed to confirm the observed associations especially for the chromosomes 1 locus, and to further investigate and identify the causal SNPs that contribute to MIC-1/GDF-15 levels.

Field of study: Biology
Go pink to go green : production - research column

Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) is a tannin-containing legume. Therefore, it has potential from a nutritional point of view as some of its protein has bypass characteristics. From a health point of view the tannins will prevent bloat when sainfoin is grazed and reduce nematode larval attachment. These benefits, among others, should improve nitrogen utilisation and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
MEASUREMENT AND CORRELATION OF DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS FOR AMINO ACIDS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

The diffusion coefficients of some amino acids in the aqueous solutions at 30℃ were determined by the metallic diaphragm cell method which is characterized by accuracy, promptness and convenience. The cell constant was determined by measuring the diffusion coefficient of KCl aqueous solutions at 25℃. The reliability of the experimental method was verified by the system of sucrose-water at 25℃ with known diffusion coefficient. Based on the integral diffusion coefficients, the relationships among differential diffusion coefficients,densities, viscosities and concentration were correlated. A semi-empirical model which had been proposed and verified by some known system was extended to correlate the diffusion coefficients of amino acids in the aqueous solutions.The fitting accuracy of this model is satisfactory.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
TRIM: An architecture for transparent IMS-based mobility

In recent years, the development and deployment of new wired and wireless access network technologies have made the ubiquitous Internet a reality. Users can access anywhere and anytime to the broad set of value-added Internet services, which are delivered by means of the IP protocol. In this context, 3GPP is currently developing the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), as a key element that allows to evolve from the ubiquitous access to the Internet services towards a next generation network model, by providing a set of essential facilities such as session control, QoS, charging and service integration. Nevertheless, several open issues still need consideration before the future Internet becomes real, such as supporting user mobility in IP networks. Although mobility support in the Internet is receiving much attention, IMS networks present inherent particularities that require further analysis. The solutions proposed so far for IMS do not support mobility transparently to the end-user applications, or address the problem by introducing complex changes to the IMS infrastructure. This paper presents TRIM, an architecture for transparent IMS-based mobility. TRIM supports mobility in IMS networks transparently to the end-user applications, which are unaware of the handover management procedures executed between the mobile node and the network. We have performed several experiments with a TRIM prototype, using a real IMS testbed with 3G and WLAN access networks, validating the proposal for UDP and TCP based applications.

Field of study: Computer science
Character and the College Teacher

I RECENTLY asked a knowledgeable college president, "What do you consider the single most important factor in the success of a teacher?" Without hesitation he replied, "The man's character." I was astonished, since I was sure he would say, "The excellence of his scholarship." In a subsequent conversation, another president said that strengthening the character of his teachers concerned him increasingly. Dean Trabue, of the College of Education of Pennsylvania State University, summarized a study of this general subject by saying that "the answer given by hundreds of college executives consulted is that certain scholarly traits are important, but that there are many other personal and non-academic characteristics which are even more important." Ranking high in responses to his inquiry were such characterizations as "emotionally stable and mature," "behavior that reflects high ideals," "genial personality and sense of humor."'1 As I write this, I am mindful also of the confirming testimony of another responsible scholar: "The one change I have noticed on college campuses, with few exceptions, since World War II is the virtual abdication by many if not most faculty members of their nonacademic responsibility toward undergraduates."2 I am curious to know what testimony of this kind means in operational terms. Thus I propose (i) to make it clear that the idea of character is at its best a comprehensive one, since character and intellect are close to being synonymous; (2) to elaborate on the relation of scholarship to character; (3) to stress the fact that the student is more in need of character reinforcement today than ever before; (4) to suggest some of the ways in which character and good teaching are related; and (5) to inquire how we may select teachers who possess character. The word character as used here signifies integrity in one's adherence to some generally accepted and desirable body of standards of sound

Field of study: Education
MO‐B‐224A‐01: Shielding I: New NCRP Report: General Report Background and Formulation

This Report was prepared through a joint effort of the AAPM Task Group 57 and the NCRP Scientific Committee 46‐13. It addresses the structural shielding design and evaluation for medical use of megavoltage x rays and gamma rays for radiotherapy and supersedes related material in NCRP Report No. 49, which was issued in 1976. This first presentation will review the general formalisms used for primary and secondary barrier designs at energies below and above the 10MeV maximum energy that was considered by the old Report 49. While most of the formalisms and data can be found in the published literature, the goal of the report was to bring together in one work all the required methods for shielding modern radiotherapy accelerators. This overview will be followed on the second day by a review of the methods and equipment that are necessary to survey the final facility and then the equations and data presented will be used extensively in the third day's presentation to work a number of detailed example calculations.  1. Understand the history and rationale behind this report. 2. Understand the appropriate use of the equations and data for calculating shielding for medical accelerators. 3. Understand the limitations of the proposed methods.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
The Lindstrom-Madden Method for Series Systems with Repeated Components.

The Lindstrom-Madden method of approximating lower confidence limits for series systems with unlike components is extended to series systems with repeated components utilizing the methods of Buehler, Sudakov and of Harris and Sons. An exact solution is given for no failures and key test results, together with an approximation for the general case. Numerical examples are also provided.

Field of study: Mathematics
Ultra-Thin Dual-Band Polarization-Insensitive and Wide-Angle Perfect Metamaterial Absorber Based on a Single Circular Sector Resonator Structure

We present a simple design for an ultra-thin dual-band polarization-insensitive and wide-angle perfect metamaterial absorber (PMMA) based on a single circular sector resonator structure (CSRS). Both simulation and experimental results reveal that two resonance peaks with average absorption above 99% can be achieved. The dual-band PMMA is ultra-thin with total thickness of 0.5 mm, which is <l/38 with respect to the operation frequencies. The surface electric field and current distributions of the unit-cell structure reveal the physical picture of the dual-band absorption. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the PMMA could retain high absorption level at large angles of polarization and incidence for both transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes. Furthermore, the absorption properties of the PMMA can be adjusted by varying the geometric parameters of the unit-cell structure.

Field of study: Materials science
Reliability and availability analysis of a k-out-of-N:G redundant system with repair in the presence of chance of multiple critical errors

The paper presents a reliability and availability analysis of a k-out-of-N:G redundant system with repair facilities in the presence of chance of multiple critical errors. The system is in a failed state when N−k+1 units have failed or any one of the multiple critical errors has occurred. Failed units and failed system will be repaired with constant repair rate to state with N−k+1 failed units. Laplace transforms of the state probabilities, the reliability and the availability of the system are derived. The system steady-state availability is also given.

Field of study: Engineering
Interleukin 2 and 15 activate Stat3alpha in human T lymphocytes.

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) has recently been shown to exist in two alternatively spliced isoforms, a short form, Stat3beta, and a longer form, Stat3alpha, displaying differences in transcriptional activity. It is unknown which Stat3 isoform(s) is activated in response to interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-15. Here, cytokine-induced activation of Stat3 in previously activated CD4(+) human T cells was examined using Stat3 antibodies directed against different regions of Stat3. As determined by tyrosine phosphorylation, nuclear translocation and binding to an hSIE-oligonucleotide probe, IL-2 and IL-15 activated the slowly migrating isoform, Stat3alpha. In contrast, minimal or no activation of Stat3beta was observed, suggesting that IL-2 and IL-15 predominantly activate Stat3alpha in human CD4(+) T cells. In this way, diversity in the expression and activation of Stat3 proteins may provide additional means of regulating cytokine-induced T cell responses.

Field of study: Medicine
Design of Electronic Purchase Support System Based on Moden Technology

This paper uses the cooperation,wholeness,intelligence of the multi-agents technology and the real-time,dynamic character of the web services and combines the Web Services and multi-agents technology to solve the problems in electronic purchase,giving a solution to the whole system.This solution designs each function module of the purchase system as a sole agent,and makes the whole purchase system operate efficiently through the co-ordination among agents.The logistic purchase system designed according to this solution is applied to the real case,which achieves a good effect.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Water striders (family Gerridae): mercury sentinels in small freshwater ecosystems.

To circumvent some of the previous limitations associated with contaminant-monitoring programs, we tested the suitability of the water strider (Hemiptera: Gerridae) as a mercury sentinel by comparing total mercury concentrations in water striders and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) from a variety of stream sites in New Brunswick, Canada. There was a strong association between the two variables across sites (r(2)=0.81, P<0.001) in systems where both atmospheric deposition and a point source (an abandoned gold mine) were likely contributing to ambient mercury levels. In a small stream draining the gold mine tailings pile, water striders had mercury concentrations an order of magnitude higher than those from reference locations. Temporal variation at three southern New Brunswick stream sites was non-significant. These results suggest that water strider mercury levels accurately quantify food chain entry of the element. The use of sentinel species holds great potential for expanding contaminant-monitoring programs.

Field of study: Environmental science
Submerged cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum biomass and immunostimulatory effects of fungal polysaccharides.

Original Ganoderma lucidum strain MZKI G97 isolated from Slovenian forests was cultivated in a liquid substrate based on potato dextrose and olive oil. The influences of inoculum and oxygen partial pressure in batch and fed batch cultivation in a 10-l laboratory stirred tank reactor were studied. Fungal biomass was found to be oxygen and shear sensible. Using a 17% (wet weight) 6 days old vegetative inoculum, 9.6 g l(-1) of dry biomass in batch cultivation and 15.2 g l(-1) in fed batch process were obtained. Extracellular (9.6 g l(-1)) and intracellular (6.3 g l(-1)) polysaccharide fractions were isolated. Extracellular polysaccharide fraction and four intracellular polysaccharide fractions were obtained. Polysaccharides were further separated by ion-exchange, gel and affinity chromatography. The isolated polysaccharides were mainly beta-D-glucanes. Immunostimulatory effects of isolates were tested on induction of cytokine (tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma)) synthesis in primary cultures of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from a buffy coat. The TNF-alpha inducing activity is comparable with romurtide, which has been used as a supporting therapy in cancer patients treated with radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Does Entertainment Suffer From Interactivity? The Impact of Watching an Interactive TV Movie on Viewers' Experience of Entertainment

To investigate whether interactivity enhances entertainment in interdependence with individual factors, an experiment with a 3 × 2 between_subject design was conducted. 427 participants aged between 14 and 49 were randomly assigned to a 30_minute TV movie with three different interactivity levels and two different introductions that should diversify feelings of sympathy toward the protagonist. Dependent variables like empathy with the protagonist, suspense, and movie evaluation were measured after exposure, and some were measured during exposure. A number of personality scales were also presented at the beginning of each session. The results indicate that individuals with lesser cognitive capacity feel more entertained, that is, they feel more empathic toward the protagonist, feel more suspense, and evaluate the movie more positively when they watch it without any interactivity, in the traditional passive manner. For individuals with greater cognitive capacity, it is just the opposite: They can use interactivity to their advantage. An increase in their entertainment experience was observed as a direct consequence of their being able to influence the plot of the movie.

Field of study: Psychology
Timing of Cyclic Estradiol Treatment Differentially Affects Cognition in Aged Female Rhesus Monkeys

Some evidence suggests that there may be a limited “window of opportunity” for beneficial effects of hormone therapy after menopause in women. We tested whether the timing of cyclic estradiol (E2) treatment impacted its effect on cognitive function in aged, surgically menopausal (ovariectomized) rhesus monkeys. Monkeys were assigned to one of four treatment conditions after ovariectomy: either vehicle or E2 treatment for the duration of the protocol, vehicle for the first 2 years of the protocol followed by E2 for the remainder (delayed treatment), or E2 for the first 11 months of the protocol followed by vehicle for the remainder (withdrawn treatment). Delayed treatment addressed the hypothesis that E2 treatment initiated more than 2 years postovariectomy would have a reduced effect on cognitive function. Withdrawn treatment mirrored current clinical advice to women to use hormone therapy in the initial postmenopausal period then discontinue it. Two periods of cognitive testing assessed treatment effects on cognition over time. E2 treatment predominantly affected a prefrontal cortex-dependent test of spatiotemporal working memory (delayed response). Monkeys with delayed E2 treatment modestly improved in delayed response performance over time, whereas vehicle-treated monkeys declined. Monkeys with withdrawn E2 treatment maintained their performance across assessments, as did monkeys treated with E2 across the entire protocol. These findings suggest that a “window of opportunity” for hormone treatment after cessation of ovarian function, if present in nonhuman primates, lasts longer than 2 years. They also support the notion that beneficial effects of hormone therapy may persist after discontinuation of treatment.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Untersuchungen an Radiometern. II Eine neue Messung des Strahlungsdruckes

Vakuum von etwa 10−6 bis 10−7mm Hg wird ein konstanter Restausschlag des Radiometers gefunden, welcher als reiner Strahlungsdruck gedeutet wird.2.Dieser Ausschlag ist proportional der auffallenden Energie und unabhängig von der Wellenlänge der Strahlung.3.Der aus dem Restausschlag errechnete Strahlungsdruck stimmt mit dem theoretischen Wert überein.

Field of study: Physics
Sustainability of the workforce: government policies and the rural fit.

Critical workforce issues among health care workers have raised public concerns about the ability of health care systems to provide adequate service. Services, however, are influenced by geographical and social factors. One important source of variation is rurality. This study evaluated the perception of the applicability of health human resource policies for rural areas.



An exploratory design was used. Twenty-one nurse administrators and 44 staff nurses from a sampling of 19 rural health care settings were interviewed. Hospitals with less than 100 beds were targeted.



The government policies most frequently mentioned by study participants were the goal of 70% full-time employment, the new graduate policy and the late career initiative. Each presented challenges to managers attempting implementation. Urban bias is apparent in health care policy including health human resource policies. Little data is available about rural health care workers because health care statistics tend to be reported regionally.



Rural institutions have difficulty accessing government funding intended to build sustainable workforces. Policies meant to be broadly implemented across jurisdictions may not fit the needs of rural institutions and their clients. Health care databases should include a rural variable to enhance understanding about this population.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Real time PCR quantification of GFRα-2 alternatively spliced isoforms in murine brain and peripheral tissues

The neurotrophic factor neurturin (NTN) is structurally related to the glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and has been shown to prevent the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons both in vitro and in vivo. The preferred receptor for NTN is the GDNF family receptor alpha 2 (GFRα-2). To date, three protein-coding alternatively spliced GFRα-2 isoforms (GFRα-2a, GFRα-2b, GFRα-2c) have been identified in mammalian tissues. An accurate quantification of the expression levels is necessary when determining the contributions of these isoforms to NTN signaling in tissues. In this report, sequence independent real time RT-PCR is used to determine the expression levels of GFRα-2 isoforms at different developmental stages of the murine embryos, and in various adult tissues. In the adult murine brain, GFRα-2a was found to be the most abundant, GFRα-2c was slightly less and GFRα-2b was 10-fold lower. The testis did not appear to express significant levels of GFRα-2a, 2b or 2c, compared to the brain. A novel finding in this study is that in some tissues, including the adult brain, the expression levels of GFRα-2, as quantified by the amplification of the 3′ sequences encoding the putative glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol anchor signal sequence, were significantly higher than the combined levels of GFRα-2a, GFRα-2b and GFRα-2c. This indicates the existence of yet to be identified forms of GFRα-2 in some tissues that may be of physiological significance.

Field of study: Biology
INFLUÊNCIA DE DIFERENTES TIPOS DE MOVIMENTO OCULAR E DE INFORMAÇÃO VISUAL SOBRE O COMPORTAMENTO POSTURAL ORTOESTÁTICO E DINÂMICO EM INDIVÍDUOS DE 15 A 16 ANOS E COM PRÁTICAS MOTORAS DIFERENCIADAS

The purpose of thisworkis the study of oculomotricity effect and the visual information about the postural orthostatic dynamic behavior. The sample is formed by 64 (sixty four) individuals (32 handball players and 32 handball students) of both sexes, and between 15 and 16 years old. Posturegraphic variables frequency (axis x and y) and area were obtained through the measure platform of KISTLER STRANGHT in a rhythm of 32 points/sec by channel, during 20 seconds (640 points). The variables time of equilibrium (right, centre, left) and the number of dislocations (right, centre, left) were obtained by stability platform model 16125from Lafayette Instrument Company. In the control of ocular movement direction was used EYEMARK RECORDER - NAC SYSTEM. The results show that age, sex, practice level and kind of ocular movement have influence on postural behavior.

Field of study: Education