nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Upper Cretaceous–Paleocene magnetic stratigraphy at Gubbio, Italy I. Lithostratigraphy and sedimentology

An essentially complete section of middle Cretaceous to Paleocene, calcareous, pelagic sediments is exposed at Gubbio, in the Umbrian Apennines of Italy. This, the first of five papers, presents the lithostratigraphic and sedimentological basis for subsequent discussions of biostratigraphy and magnetic stratigraphy. Biogenic coccolith-globigerinid oozes were deposited along with a constant but low background of fine terrigenous detritus at a mean sedimentation rate (compacted) of 6.6 m/m.y. from Albian to Eocene time; individual stages deviate from this by a factor of two. Short-term variations in carbonate input yielded a sequence of limestone beds punctuated by thin shale interbeds. These shale-limestone couplets accumulated in time spans between 20,000 and 100,000 yr, and the thin shales may represent up to one-half of the total time. Modification by diagenetic solution, tectonic shear, and weathering render shale interbeds unsuitable for magnetic work. The limestone beds, first bioturbated and then compacted and cemented during diagenesis, appear likely to have recorded magnetic history at intervals on the order of 50,000 yr, sufficient to provide a good record of polarity changes. Moderate to high states of oxidation prevailed except in Aptian-Albian and a portion of Turonian to Santonian times.

Field of study: Geology
Exploiting Determinism in Lattice-based Signatures: Practical Fault Attacks on pqm4 Implementations of NIST Candidates

In this paper, we analyze the implementation level fault vulnerabilities of deterministic lattice-based signature schemes. In particular, we extend the practicality of skip-addition fault attacks through exploitation of determinism in Dilithium and qTESLA signature schemes, which are two leading candidates for the NIST standardization of post-quantum cryptography. We show that single targeted faults injected in the signing procedure allow to recover an important portion of the secret key. Though faults injected in the signing procedure do not recover all the secret key elements, we propose a novel forgery algorithm that allows the attacker to sign any given message with only the extracted portion of the secret key. We perform experimental validation of our attack using Electromagnetic fault injection on reference implementations taken from the pqm4 library, a benchmarking and testing framework for post quantum cryptographic implementations for the ARM Cortex-M4 microcontroller. We also show that our attacks break two well known countermeasures known to protect against skip-addition fault attacks. We further propose an efficient mitigation strategy against our attack that exponentially increases the attacker's complexity at almost zero increase in computational complexity.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Computational and Experimental Investigation of Micro-Hardness and Wear Resistance of Ni-Based Alloy and TiC Composite Coating Obtained by Laser Cladding

The influence of processing parameters on the micro-hardness and wear resistance of a Ni-based alloy and titanium carbide (TiC) composite cladding layer was studied. Mathematical models were developed to predict the micro-hardness and wear resistance of the cladding layer by controlling the laser cladding processing parameters. Key processing parameters were the laser power, scanning speed, gas flow, and TiC powder ratio. The models were validated by analysis of variance and parameter optimization. Results show that the micro-hardness is positively correlated with laser power and TiC powder ratio, where the TiC powder ratio shows the most significant impact. The wear volume decreased with an increasing TiC powder ratio. The targets for the processing parameter optimization were set to 62 HRC for micro-hardness and a minimal volume wear. The difference between the model prediction value and experimental validation result for micro-hardness and wear volume were 1.87% and 6.33%, respectively. These models provide guidance to optimize the processing parameters to achieve a desired micro-hardness and maximize wear resistance in a composite cladding layer.

Field of study: Materials science
[Susceptibility of Influenza B Viruses to Neuraminidase Inhibitors Isolated during 2013-2014 Influenza Season in Mainland China].

Data based on the antiviral-resistant phenotyping characteristics of 884 influenza B viruses circulating in mainland China from October 2013 to March 2014 were analyzed to assess the susceptibility of influenza B viruses to neuraminidase inhibitors. All 884 viruses were sensitive to oseltamivir; two viruses (0.23%) had reduced sensitivity to zanamivir and all other viruses were sensitive to zanamivir. Among the 38 viruses with a B/Victoria lineage, B/Shandong-Kuiwen/1195/2014 exhibited a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for zanamivir that was elevated by 5. 12-fold (1.78 nM) compared with neuraminidase inhibitors sensitive to the reference virus (0.34 nM), suggesting that it exhibited reduced inhibition by zanamivir. D35G, N59D and S402T (39, 64 and 399 with N2 number) amino-acid substitutions in the NA gene were detected with no previously reported antiviral-resistant substitutions. Among viruses with the 846 B/Yamagata lineage, B/Hunan-Lingling/350/2013 exhibited a 7.99-fold elevated IC50 for zanamivir (2.72 nM) compared with neuraminidase inhibitors sensitive to the reference virus (0.34 nM), suggesting that it exhibited reduced inhibition by zanamivir. D197N (N2 number), a previously reported antiviral resistant-related amino-acid substitution in the NA gene, was detected in B/Hunan-Lingling/350/2013. These data suggest that recently circulating influenza B viruses in mainland China have retained susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors.

Field of study: Biology
Morphological, Chemical, and Biological Investigation of Ionic Substituted, Pulse Current Deposited Calcium Phosphate Coatings

Ionic substituted calcium phosphate coatings (iCP) have been prepared by the electrochemical pulse current deposition technique with an alternate pulse on and off time of 5 ms onto a titanium alloy substrate. The elemental distribution and morphology of the deposited layers have been extensively studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The crystallinity and phase structure of iCPs have been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The corrosion characteristics and biodegradability of coatings have been determined by electrochemical measurements, recording potentiodynamic curves in a physiological solution over a long-term immersion period. The cell viability tests confirmed that the iCP coating was biocompatible, while the corrosion tests proved its biodegradable characteristic. In our paper, we compare the morphological, chemical, and biological characteristics of silver and zinc substituted calcium phosphate layers deposited by the electrochemical method.

Field of study: Materials science
X-ray analysis of crystals of polygalacturonase A from Pseudomonas solanacearum.

Crystals of the pectolytic protein, polygalacturonase A, have been obtained from polyethylene glycol 8000 using vapor diffusion methods. The 52.4 kDa protein is secreted by the plant pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas solanacearum, and is important in the virulence of this plant pathogen. The protein crystallizes in space group P2(1) and has unit-cell parameters of a = 101.9, b = 124.6, c = 48.1 A, and beta= 105 degrees 50'. The crystal has two molecules in the asymmetric unit, and diffracts maximally to a resolution of 2.1 A.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Role of MCPIP1 in Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury-Induced HUVEC Migration and Apoptosis

Monocyte chemotactic protein-induced protein 1 (MCPIP1) plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including neurogenesis. However, the relationship between MCPIP1 and myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury remained illdefined. In this study, we explored whether the I/R-mediated up-regulation of MCPIP1 is critical in the modulation of both cell migration and apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).  Using Western blot analysis and quantitative real-time PCR, the protein expression and mRNA transcription, respectively, of MCPIP1 was detected in HUVECs. To investigate cell migration, an in vitro scratch assay and a nested matrix model were applied.  I/R increased the expression of MCPIP1 via the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and PI3K/Akt pathways. I/R increased migration and apoptosis of HUVECs, which were significantly inhibited by MCPIP1 siRNA.  These findings suggest that I/R-mediated up-regulation of MCPIP1 regulates migration and apoptosis in HUVECs. Understanding the regulation of MCPIP1 expression and function may aid in the development of an adjunct therapeutic strategy in the treatment of individuals with I/R injury.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Probing photon energy statistics of an emitter using photon correlations

We investigate the possibility of measuring the homogeneous and inhomogeneous contribution to the linewidth of a spectrally diffusing single photon emitter using a simple photon correlation spectroscopy method (PCS). The photon energy statistics of the homogeneous line (poissonian) and of the spectral diffusion (first order markovian) being of different natures, they act differently on the half-line autocorrelation function (HLAF). We model here their effects and show it is possible to extricate them, opening the opportunity to determine separately the homogeneous linewidth, and the spectral diffusion amplitude.

Field of study: Physics
Molecular and isotopic evidence of the distribution of nitrogen-cycling microbial communities in the oxygen minimum zone of the Tropical Mexican Pacific.

Microbial communities play a central role in the N cycle of oceanic oxygen minimum zones (OMZs), such as in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific (ETNP). We explored the spatial distribution of the genetic potential for ammonia oxidation (amoA gene for bacteria and archaea), denitrification (nirS and nirK), anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) (hzo) and dissimilarity nitrate reduction to ammonia (DNRA) (nrfA) and their relationships with the hydrological variables and isotopic composition of nitrate in the ETNP off Mexico. Oxygen concentration, the availability of N chemical forms and the upwelling shaped the distribution of N cycling genes along the water column. The high abundance of N genes and the isotopic composition of nitrate suggest the N cycling is very dynamic in the OMZ core. The accumulation of nitrite, the high abundance of archaeal amoA genes, and the deviation of the N and O isotopes of nitrate from the expected 1:1 ratio for nitrate reduction in the upper portion of this OMZ indicate that nitrification is a relevant process that fuels the denitrifier community. Conversely, the high abundances of nitrate, ammonium and nrfA genes in the deeper layer indicate that DNRA is a crucial process enhancing anammox there. These results show the need for more detailed studies of the N processes in OMZs.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Retinoids and Cancer: Antitumoral Effects of ATRA, 9-cis RA and the New Retinoid IIF on the HL-60 Leukemic Cell Line

To compare the antitumoral effects of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and 9-cis retinoic acid (9-cis RA) with those of 5-OH,11-O-hydrophenanthrene (IIF), a new derivative of retinoic acid.  The effect of retinoids was tested on cell line HL-60. Cell differentiation and apoptosis were evaluated by morphological and biochemical analysis as bcl-2 protein and by DNA fragmentation assay. The ability to activate retinoic acid receptors (RAR) and/or retinoid X receptors (RXR) and to modulate gene expression was determined by transactivation assay.  With cell line HL-60, the antiproliferative effect of IIF was stronger than that of ATRA and 9-cis RA. Following retinoid treatment, cells appeared to differentiate and apoptotic cells were observed. The appearance of DNA laddering and a decrease in the amount of bcl-2 protein confirmed apoptosis. IIF transcriptionally activated RXR-γ more than RAR-α.  The findings indicate that IIF transcriptionally activates RXR-γ preferentially, induces apoptosis and has a more antiproliferative activity than ATRA and 9-cis RA on cell line HL-60.

Field of study: Medicine
Supplementation with n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids: effects on lipoxygenase activity and clinical symptoms of pruritus in hemodialysis patients.

To investigate the effect of supplementation with different sources of oils rich in long chain fatty acids, ie, fish oil (FO) and safflower oil (SO), on the production of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) in hemodialysis patients and the consequent effects on the symptoms of pruritus.



Randomized, prospective, double-blind study for 2 treatment groups.



Three Medical Center-affiliated units.



Twenty-two patients on maintenance hemodialysis, of both sexes, age > or = 20 years with complaint of dry and/or itchy skin.



Two groups of patients receiving daily supplements of 6 g ethyl ester of FO or SO for 16 weeks.



Red blood cell (RBC) fatty acid profile, LTB 4 production by PMNLs, and pruritus symptoms at baseline and after supplementation.



After supplementation, the FO group had a higher RBC 22:6n3, total n-3 fatty acids, and ratio of total n-3 to total n-6 fatty acids (P < .05) than the SO group. The change in LTB4 production (pg/mL) from baseline to week 16 was 240.7 +/- 200.2 to 29.2 +/- 14.6 in the FO group and from 171.1 +/- 121.7 to 31.9 +/- 14.7 in the SO group. The overall pruritus score change was 16.7 +/- 11.4 to 8.9 +/- 9.2 in the FO group and from 17.5 +/- 8.8 to 13.1 +/- 5.6 in the SO group. FO supplementation did not result in a significant specific effect on LTB4 production by the PMNLs. There was a nonsignificant decrease in the pruritus scores that could be clinically significant and important to patients suffering with this condition.



Supplementation with FO results in significant incorporation of n-3 fatty acids in the RBCs. Intervention with both FO and SO resulted in a nonsignificant improvement of clinical symptoms of pruritus and a nonsignificant reduction in LTB 4 production by PMNLs in the hemodialysis patients. The percent decrease in total puritus score was greater for the FO group compared with the SO group.

Field of study: Medicine
Induced Disease-resistance in Mango Fruit by Pretharvest Benzothiadiazole (BTH) Spraying

The effects of pretharvest spraying with 1 mg/L,50 mg/L,100 mg/L benzothiadiazole(BTH) on the disease resistance induction of mango(Mangifera indica L.cv.Tainong No.1) fruits were investigated.The results indicated that,on the fruits treated with 100 mg/L BTH,the disease incidence of mango fruits at harvest,the disease index of non-inoculated mango fruits and the lesion diameter of mango fruits inoculated with C.gloeosporioides after harvest was 52.60%,54.30% and 7.06% lower than that on the controlled fruits,respectively.Meanwhile,the activities of defense enzymes,including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL),peroxidase(POD) and β-1,3 glucanase(GLU) in the fruits were all enhanced by the BTH treatment during storage.In addition,the catalase(CAT) activity in the fruit was inhibited,whereas the level of hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) was increased by the BTH treatment during 0 to 6 days after storage.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Simulation-enhanced prototyping of an experimental solar house

The subject of this paper is the design analysis process of an experimental solar house, driven by the overarching goal to obtain net-zero energy performance while being functionally optimal and architecturally ambitious. The house was commissioned to participate in an international solar home competition called the Solar Decathlon. The paper demonstrates the use of simulation to support design decisions at various stages of the design process. Through it, the paper highlights attributes of simulation tools that are needed for supporting the design process effectively. In addition, this paper shows a novel use of building simulation by extending it to also inform the final use and operation of the house during the competition period. Finally, the paper also contributes to the design of solar homes by showing how their performance assessment and evaluation criteria can be different from homes that are served by the grid.

Field of study: Engineering
CONVENTIONAL DESIGN MODEL OF COMPLEX COUNTERCURRENTMULTI-EFFECT EVAPORATION AND ITS ALGORITHM

The model of complex countercurrent multi-effect evaporation with condensed water flash and extra vapor withdrawal is established. The conventional model of countercurrent multi-effect evaporation is a simplified example of the new model.The new algorithm which combines matrix method with iteration method is presented.The new method is an effective method for solving the model of multi-effect evaporation system,and increases the convergence speed and stability compared with Boryden method.The practical example indicates that the method used in complex countercurrent multi-effect evaporation system is fast and accurate.The vapor consumption of three-effect evaporation with condensed water flash is decreased by about 10% for condensation of NaOH solution. Loss of heat energy increases for preheating of feed with fresh vapor or extra vapor withdrawal.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Test Results of 52/68 kA Trial HTS Current Leads for ITER

High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) current leads provide the transition of the current transfer system from room temperature to the 4.5 K. For the ITER superconducting magnet system, a total of 60 HTS current leads are required, with a total nominal current capacity of 2.64 MA. By the use of HTS leads significant power savings can be achieved during the operation of the ITER magnet system. Based on the functional specification by the ITER Organization (IO), ASIPP manufactured and tested a first pair of trial HTS current leads for the ITER coils. The cryogenic test of these 68 kA and 52 kA trial HTS leads was performed at ASIPP using the cryoplant and power supplies of the EAST Tokamak. The following paper presents the results of the tests and concludes with a discussion of the design features of the next generation prototype of the ITER HTS leads based on the results of the trial lead tests.

Field of study: Physics
Professional Associations in American College Student Affairs Administration:History,Structure and Functions

During the past one hundred years,professional associations in American college student affairs administration have gradually got a structure made up of annual conference,governing board and commissions.Meanwhile,the professional associations have always carried out the governance based on voluntary participation and democratic election.Furthermore,the professional associations also have such important functions as drawing up guiding principles and industry standards,promoting research and publications,enhancing professional development in membership.Actually,the professional associations participate and shape the process of professionalization in America and the world.All these can provide good experience and reference for the professionalization of student affairs administration in China's higher education system.

Field of study: Education
Post-Post-Black?

The article “Post-Post-Black?” unfolds two aspects with which contemporary black artists and academics are confronted: the prevailing racism and stereotypes about the work by black artists and scholars, and the advanced scholarship and artistic practices that try to dispose discourses of identity in order to embrace more universal subjects. Two currently used terms that are applied to describe black artists—post-black and Afropolitan—are discussed from a perspective that questions their universal applicability and raises attention to the heterotemporal aspects of being black. Heterotemporal refers to the synchronicity of being black in the contemporary, which includes ideology, space, time, and history. This history is inescapable because, however advanced the scholarship may become, it has to connect to the context in which it is performed as well as embrace the fact that this paradox of prevailing racism and ignorance is one of the most challenging tasks for future black artists and academics.

Field of study: Art
Geoarchaeology in a meandering river: A study of the BK site (1.35 Ma), Upper Bed II, Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania)

BK site hosts 8 archaeological levels, preserved inside the channel of a meandering river. This river is not found in a floodplain, but encased in a wide karstified carbonate surface with no edaphic development. The river at BK has been recurrently used by hominins for carcass processing in the river channel, coinciding with a high concentration of vegetation and water resources along the channel banks. The spatial distribution of the different archaeological levels is the result of a complex sedimentary record. Such complexity in meandering river deposits is due to processes such as erosion, transport and sedimentation occurring simultaneously and coarse and very fine sediments being deposited at the same time throughout the same isochronal surface. BK site offers a unique opportunity, thanks to its abundance in archaeological remains and the quality of the outcrop, to geoarchaeologically depict and describe an archaeological site in a meandering channel. The geology of this fluvial environment is considered regarding a) fluvial architecture, b) facies distribution and c) fluvial dynamics. Furthermore, the abundance of archaeological remains and megafauna found inside the channel at BK contrasts with the absence of any remains outside the channel. We hypothesize that this area was preferred by hominins since it offers a high concentration of water resources and vegetation, as well as a greater protection against predators than an open plain. A detailed reconstruction of the paleolandscape will try to uncover the reason behind the huge contrast existing between the abundance of remains found inside and outside the channel, leading to the interpretation that an ecological or landscape related factor is conditioning the location and formation of the archaeological assemblage.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Adrienne Pine. Working Hard, Drinking Hard: On Violence and Survival in Honduras

In this book anthropologist Adrienne Pine discusses violence, alcohol, and assembly plants as three windows into Honduran identity and subjectivity. Alcoholism offers an approach to subjectivity through consumption. Assembly-plant work provides a look at subjectivity through production. And violence, well, it just seems to be everywhere. Pine argues that Hondurans define themselves negatively, through what they are not: not civilized, not sober, not hard-working, and so on. This perverse self-image has deep colonial and neocolonial roots and it is produced and reproduced in our own time through poverty and the internalized symbolic violence through which the poor blame themselves for their misfortunes. Wherever Pine looked—and she looked in many places though never very hard or long in any one of them—the recommended solution for the nation's ills she encountered was "discipline," whether channeled through Alcoholics Anonymous or evangelical churches or simply imposed by the state. Selfcontrol and renunciation serve the powers that be well because they displace the source of the problem and put the solutions on the victims themselves. Though certain of her diagnosis, Pine is less sure of the cure or even whether there is one—though to be fair she does note isolated cases of protest and rebellion.

Field of study: History