nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Amino ketone formation and aminopropanol-dehydrogenase activity in rat-liver preparations.

1. Rat tissue homogenates convert dl-1-aminopropan-2-ol into aminoacetone. Liver homogenates have relatively high aminopropanol-dehydrogenase activity compared with kidney, heart, spleen and muscle preparations. 2. Maximum activity of liver homogenates is exhibited at pH9.8. The K(m) for aminopropanol is approx. 15mm, calculated for a single enantiomorph, and the maximum activity is approx. 9mmumoles of aminoacetone formed/mg. wet wt. of liver/hr.at 37 degrees . Aminoacetone is also formed from l-threonine, but less rapidly. An unidentified amino ketone is formed from dl-4-amino-3-hydroxybutyrate, the K(m) for which is approx. 200mm at pH9.8. 3. Aminopropanol-dehydrogenase activity in homogenates is inhibited non-competitively by dl-3-hydroxybutyrate, the K(i) being approx. 200mm. EDTA and other chelating agents are weakly inhibitory, and whereas potassium chloride activates slightly at low concentrations, inhibition occurs at 50-100mm. 4. It is concluded that aminopropanol-dehydrogenase is located in mitochondria, and in contrast with l-threonine dehydrogenase can be readily solubilized from mitochondrial preparations by ultrasonic treatment. 5. Soluble extracts of disintegrated mitochondria exhibit maximum aminopropanol-dehydrogenase activity at pH9.1 At this pH, K(m) values for the amino alcohol and NAD(+) are approx. 200 and 1.3mm respectively. Under optimum conditions the maximum velocity is approx. 70mmumoles of aminoacetone formed/mg. of protein/hr. at 37 degrees . Chelating agents and thiol reagents appear to have little effect on enzyme activity, but potassium chloride inhibits at all concentrations tested up to 80mm. dl-3-Hydroxybutyrate is only slightly inhibitory. 6. Dehydrogenase activities for l-threonine and dl-4-amino-3-hydroxybutyrate appear to be distinct from that for aminopropanol. 7. Intraperitoneal injection of aminopropanol into rats leads to excretion of aminoacetone in the urine. Aminoacetone excretion proportional to the amount of the amino alcohol administered, is complete within 24hr., but represents less than 0.1% of the dose given. 8. The possible metabolic role of amino alcohol dehydrogenases is discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
On instrumental errors and related correction strategies of ozonesondes: possible effect on calculated ozone trends for the nearby sites Uccle and De Bilt

The ozonesonde stations at Uccle (Belgium) and De Bilt (the Netherlands) are separated by only 175 km but use different ozonesonde types (or different manufacturers for the same electrochemical concentration cell (ECC) type), operating procedures, and correction strategies. As such, these stations form a unique test bed for the Ozonesonde Data Quality Assessment (O3S-DQA) activity, which aims at providing a revised, homogeneous, consistent dataset with an altitude-dependent estimated uncertainty for each revised profile. For the ECC ozonesondes at Uccle mean relative uncertainties in the 4–6 % range are obtained. To study the impact of the corrections on the ozone profiles and trends, we compared the Uccle and De Bilt average ozone profiles and vertical ozone trends, calculated from the operational corrections at both stations and the O3S-DQA corrected profiles. In the common ECC 1997–2014 period, the O3S-DQA corrections effectively reduce the differences between the Uccle and De Bilt ozone partial pressure values with respect to the operational corrections only for the stratospheric layers below the ozone maximum. The upper-stratospheric ozone measurements at both sites are substantially different, regardless of the correction methodology used. The origin of this difference is not clear. The discrepancies in the tropospheric ozone concentrations between both sites can be ascribed to the problematic background measurement and correction at De Bilt, especially in the period before November 1998. The Uccle operational correction method, applicable to both ozonesonde types used, diminishes the relative stratospheric ozone differences of the Brewer–Mast sondes in the 1993–1996 period with De Bilt to less than 5 % and to less than 6 % in the free troposphere for the De Bilt operational corrections. Despite their large impact on the average ozone profiles, the different (sensible) correction strategies do not change the ozone trends significantly, usually only within their statistical uncertainty due to atmospheric noise. The O3S-DQA corrections bring the Uccle and De Bilt ozone trend estimates for 1997–2014 closer to each other in the lower stratosphere and lower troposphere. Throughout the whole vertical profile, these trend estimates are, however, not significantly different from each other, and only in the troposphere significantly positive. For the entire Uccle observation period (1969–2014), the operational corrections lead to height-independent and consistent ozone trends for both the troposphere and the stratosphere, with rates of +2 to +3 % decade−1 and −1 to −2 % decade−1, respectively.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Multiple Objective Search Process for Management Using a Transfer Pricing Example

Accounting managers of the multinational enterprise are responsible for budgeting and planning for a wide arrayof often conflicting objectives and constraints. Effective decision tools that support management inunderstanding tradeoffs between objectives of the budget process are invaluable. We explain the background ofand then illustrate an interactive search process for solving complex multiple objective problems. Themethodology we employ is a variant of multiple objective linear programming (MOLP) called the CombinedTchebycheff/Aspiration method. This method enables management to direct their search for a satisfactory oroptimal solution set as they discover what is feasible and tradeoffs among conflicting objectives. This is incontrast to goal programming where weights on objectives are determined beforehand. We illustrate the solutionmethod on the transfer pricing problem. The result is a search process that uses a mathematically rigorousprocedure to structure a complex problem, while including management feedback throughout the solutionprocess.

Field of study: Business
Buckling and Ultimate Failure of Thin-Walled Pultruded Composite Columns

This paper presents the results of an investigation on the buckling behavior of concentrically loaded thin–walled pultruded fiber reinforced polymer (PFRP) composite columns. Both open- and closed-web columns were evaluated. Finite element (FE) analysis and theoretical predictions are presented and correlated with experimental data. Good agreement between theoretical, analytical and experimental results was achieved. The paper also presents design guidelines to determine the bending stiffness and the critical buckling load for pultruded composite columns. In addition, a discussion on the axial strength of unidirectional PFRP columns and identification of different modes of failure are presented.

Field of study: Materials science
Subtypes of early age onset alcoholism.

Forty-three adolescents qualifying for a DSM-III-R diagnosis of alcohol abuse/dependence were classified according to the internalizing-externalizing behavior dimension. Two clusters were identified. The majority of subjects clustered into a group characterized by behavioral dyscontrol and hypophoria (history of suicide attempts) (cluster 2), whereas the other group was primarily featured by negative affect (cluster 1). Cluster 2 subjects demonstrated more severe alcohol and drug use-related problems, behavioral disturbances, and general psychopathology; lower prevalence of depressive disorders; and less severe anxiety disorders. These results, implicating two variants of adolescent alcohol abuse/dependence, suggest the need to tailor differential treatments to adolescents with alcohol abuse/dependence based on personality characteristics and clinical presentation.

Field of study: Medicine
The "Relative Universality" of Human Rights: An Assessment

This essay makes an assessment of Jack Donnelly's model of overlapping consensus on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It raises key questions, such as: How to adjudicate competing rights; what is to become of "unreasonable" views; whence come reasonable views; and, beyond the obvious cases of slavery and genocide, how is the overlapping consensus obtained? While an alternative theory is not developed, a critical perspective is provided that might facilitate further inquiries.

Field of study: Political science
Working Women, Entrepreneurs, and the Mexican Revolution: The Coffee Culture of Córdoba, Veracruz

Comenzaré por decir que ha sido un placer leer este libro de Heather Fowler-Salamini, igual que hace muchos años lo fue la lectura de su primer libro —Movilización campesina en Veracruz (1920-1938), editado por Siglo XXI en 1979— sobre las acciones políticas de actores que fueron centrales en la formación del Estado mexicano posrevolucionario. Acorde con la tendencia que en esos años cobraba auge en los estudios históricos, la autora analizó el agrarismo en Veracruz desde un enfoque regional que le permitió mostrar cómo se entrelazaban acontecimientos nacionales, estatales y locales. Por esa época, y desde mi propia disciplina —la antropología social—, yo descubría los estudios regionales y las bondades de este abordaje metodológico. Varios años después leí otros textos de FowlerSalamini en los que, también desde un enfoque regional, buscaba respuestas a nuevas temáticas. Tal fue el caso de un artículo en el que reflexionaba sobre la relación entre regionalidad y rebeliones rurales en Veracruz en los años próximos a la Revolución mexicana1. Más tarde, en otro artículo, hizo una revisión exhaustiva de los estudios realizados en diferentes regiones del estado de Veracruz para examinar cómo éstos habían abordado la relación entre cambios en la tenencia de la tierra, la cuestión indígena, el descontento agrario y la agencia de los actores rurales que en muchos casos condujo a la rebelión popular.2 En los numerosos textos que Fowler-Salamini ha publicado a lo largo de tres décadas se advierten tres constantes: su lealtad al enfoque regional, la integración a sus trabajos de los debates teóricos vigentes en los distintos periodos en los que iba escribiendo su obra y, derivado de ello, la incorporación de nuevas propuestas analíticas a los temas abordados. Tal es el caso del libro que aquí se comenta, en el que la autora se propone “escribir una historia regional desde abajo”, en la que busca dar cuenta de las complejas “interrelaciones entre empresarios, trabajadoras, movimientos obreros, relaciones de género y cultura” (p. 279), a la vez que muestra cómo estas rela-

Field of study: History
Diffraction properties of liquid crystal cell with beat structure formed by photoalignment substrates.

The diffraction properties of liquid crystal (LC) cells fabricated by photoalignment substrates with different periodic optical anisotropic distributions are demonstrated. The twist angle distribution structure inside the LC cells formed by the grating period difference between photoalignment substrates is called "beat structure." In addition to diffraction corresponding to the grating periods of photoalignment substrates, beat structure itself also functions as a diffraction grating. The diffraction properties can be controlled by varying the retardation. The fabrication method and diffraction properties of the LC cells with beat structure are explained by both experiment and theoretical analysis.

Field of study: Physics
Obtaining analytic functions and conjugate harmonic functions

d\J/ + ' ~~8x ̂ ~ '•y°' •Vo) dz (1) in the "variable" z. These formulas are readily obtained from the Cauchy-Riemann equations once it is observed that f(z) = <fi(z iy0, y0) + i\p(z />„, y0) (2) holds for all z in some neighborhood of z0. Actually, Laitone derived (2) only for y0 = 0, using the conjugate complex function /(z). An alternative (and perhaps more direct and illuminating) derivation can be given using Taylor series. For if 0(W + x0, y0) = ^anu\ \J/(u + x0, y0) = J^bnun (3) are the Taylor series expansions (in the first variable) of 0 and \p about x0, then 1 8n4> , x , 1 8ni , (*<" ̂ K = ^.~e^(*°' hold for all n. But dnj/dzn = 8n4>/8xn + id"\p/8xn, so that the Taylor series expansion of/ about z0 = x0 + iy0 gives

Field of study: Mathematics
Air separation and liquefaction: recent developments and prospects for the beginning of the new millennium

Earlier advances in air separation and liquefaction include improvements in: overall product recovery, feed air purification, more efficient heat exchange, optimum plant control, gradual improvement in efficiency of compressors and expanders. More recent improvements include use of structured packing in distillation columns, molecular sieve adsorbents for air purification, computer simulation and control of plants, and increased machinery efficiency. Advances in fabrication and construction techniques are aimed at reducing capital costs. This paper reviews modern developments in air separation and liquefaction and attempts in this context to suggest features that might be expected to arise in the early part of the third millennium.

Field of study: Engineering
Chronic ethanol consumption increases the levels of chemerin in the serum and adipose tissue of humans and rats

Chemerin is a new adipokine involved in adipogenesis and insulin resistance. Since ethanol affects the insulin sensitivity that is closely associated with adipokines. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ethanol on chemerin in humans and rats.In the human study, 148 men who consumed alcohol for more than 3 years and 55 men who abstained from alcohol were included. Based on ethanol consumption per day, the drinkers were classified into 3 groups: low-dose (<15 g/d), middle-dose (15–47.9 g/d) and high-dose (≥48 g/d). Anthropometric measurements and serum parameters were collected. In the rat study, 27 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups administered water or ethanol (0.5, 2.5, or 5 g·kg-1·d-1) for 22 weeks. The chemerin levels in the sera, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and liver were measured using ELISA.Results:In the high-dose group of humans and middle- and high-dose groups of rats, chronic ethanol consumption significantly increased the serum chemerin level. Both the middle- and high-dose ethanol significantly increased the chemerin level in the VAT of rats. In humans, triglyceride, fasting glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR were independently associated with chemerin. In rats, the serum chemerin level was positively correlated with chemerin in the VAT after adjustments for the liver chemerin (r=+0.768). High-dose ethanol significantly increased the body fat in humans and the VAT in rats.Chronic ethanol consumption dose-dependently increases the chemerin levels in the serum and VAT. The serum chemerin level is associated with metabolic parameters in humans. The increased serum chemerin level is mainly attributed to an elevation of chemerin in the VAT after the ethanol treatment.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Impact of Cement Dust Pollution on the Surface of Sound-Absorbing Panels on Their Acoustic Properties

The publication presents a comparison of the sound absorption test results of a perforated wall cassette filled with mineral wool for various degree of cement dust pollution. Cement dust should be understood here as dust created during the production of cement and during the milling and dispatch of finished products. If the partitions in production plants are made of sound-absorbing cassettes or additional sound-absorbing elements made of perforated cassettes are applied, we must know how dust can change sound-absorbing properties of the cassettes. Thus, one has to consider whether the use of sound-absorbing perforated cassettes is appropriate if sound-absorbing parameters change over time due to dust. To determine the impact of dust-covered perforation on sound-absorbing parameters, tests were performed for four variants having different level of pollution. The tests involved ‘clean’ and then dust-covered cassettes, each time increasing the amount of cement dust on the perforations. Sound absorption parameters of the cassettes were tested in the reverberation chamber for individual variants. Test results indicate the loss of sound absorption of the cassettes only when they are heavily polluted. Then the reduction of the single-number sound absorption index αw is 50%. Using computer simulation, we analyzed how the change of sound-absorbing parameters of the cassettes would influence the change of noise reduction in the production hall. The results of the analysis demonstrate a very effective reduction of noise level of 14 dB by the application of clean cassettes. The reduction value for the dirtiest cassettes was 6 dB.

Field of study: Materials science
What Price Auctions Without Reserve

The decision of the Court of Appeal in Barry v Davis (t/a Heathcote Ball (Commercial Auctions) & Co) and Others' brings clarity to an important area, which has been left uncertain for nearly one hundred and fifty years. It is trite law in auction sales that the advertising of a sale by auction constitutes only an invitation to treat, that a bid constitutes the contractual offer, and that a contract for sale of a lot is effected on the fall of the hammer or other customary means which constitutes acceptance of the offer. It is also the case that any bid that is exceeded by a higher bid which is taken by the auctioneer thereupon lapses and that, in accordance with general contractual principles, a bidder may withdraw a bid at any time before acceptance. All of this may give way to specific provision in the auction conditions.

Field of study: Law
Estrogen and the cholinergic system modulate visuospatial attention in monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).

This study determined the effects of estrogen on attention and motor speed in young monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Performance on visuospatial attention and reaction time motor tasks was measured before ovariectomy, for 2 months after ovariectomy, and at 14 months after treatment with placebo or estrogen replacement therapy (ERT). Release time on invalid trials in the attention task was increased after ovariectomy and was reduced in monkeys treated with ERT. but not placebo. Simple reaction time was not altered after ovariectomy or treatment. The effects of scopolamine on attention, but not memory, in a delayed response task were dependent on estrogen. These observations indicate that loss of estrogen modulates visuospatial attention in primates and that 1 mechanism of this modulation is through the cholinergic system.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Optimize the Extraction Process of Bergenin in Callus Culture of Ardisia crenata

The effects of different temperature,time and the ratio of solid to solution on the extraction yield of bergenin in Ardisia crenata were investigated based on composite design of quadratic regression.The extraction technique parameters were optimized with response surface methodology,and the results showed that the optimum extraction parameters were the temperature of 80.08 ℃,the time of 49.74 minutes and the ratio of solid to solution of 1 ∶ 10.00.Under those conditions,the concentration of bergenin reached the maximum with 81.34 μg/mL.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Mechanism of bile-pigment synthesis in algae. 18O incorporation into phycocyanobilin in the unicellular rhodophyte, Cyanidium caldarium.

The origin of the lactam oxygen atoms of phycocyanobilin from Cyanidium caldarium was studied using 18O labelling. By inhibiting photosynthesis, a high 18O enrichment was maintained in the gas phase and the resulting incorporation of label showed that the lactam oxygen atoms were derived from two oxygen molecules. Slow exchange of these oxygen atoms with water was demonstrated directly by using H218O.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Challenges Faced by Teacher Trainees of Kibi Presbyterian College of Education on “Out- Segment” Programme

The study examined the out-segment component of the 3-Year Diploma in Basic Education Programme offered in Colleges of Education with the intent of identifying its challenges. The descriptive survey method involving the use of questionnaire was used to collect data on views on the “out-segment” as perceived by some stakeholders namely; teacher trainees, head teachers, teachers, tutors. A sample of (50) stakeholders comprising (10)  tutors,(10) teachers,  (10) head teachers, (20)teacher trainees  were selected through purposive and random sampling techniques. The study found that in spite of challenges facing the “out-segment” programme (namely: financial problems, inadequate material for preparing teaching/learning materials, inadequate mentor supervision, lack of motivation for link tutors, lead mentors and mentors, poor method of vetting lesson note, mentees, mentors and link tutors dual role performances) majority of stakeholders perceived it as a more effective approach to the training of teachers in the colleges of education. The study concluded that the “out-segment” programme is in order and hoped it will help to build the standard of education in the country. It is recommended that, the planners of this programme must ensure that there are enough material for preparing teaching/learning materials at the Basic Schools to enhance teaching and learning. There is also the need for regular workshops for lead mentors and mentors to update their skills  Challenges, out segment programme, teaching and learning, Teacher trainee

Field of study: Education
Drop-out analysis of community-based health insurance membership at Nouna, Burkina Faso.

This study aims to identify the reasons why enrolled people decide not to renew their membership in following years.



Household survey is used to collect information on the factors influencing dropping out from community-based health insurance (CBI). Information from CBI agency databank is used to describe the general situation of enrolment and drop-out.



Since the launch of CBI the enrolment rate has been low ranging from 5.2% to 6.3%. The drop-out rate, however, has been high ranging from 30.9% to 45.7%. It is found, by the multivariate analysis, that female household head, higher age or lower education of a household head, lower number of illness episodes in the past three months, fewer children or elderly in a household, poor perceived health care quality, less seeking care in the past month positively effected on drop-out, increasing the rate. However, the household six-month expenditure and the distance to the contracted health facility did not have the hypothesised sign. In contrast, a higher household expenditure and a shorter distance to the contracted health facility increased the drop-out.



High drop-out rates endanger the sustainability of CBI not only because they reduce the size of the insurance pool, but also because they bear a negative impact on further enrolment and drop-out. The drop-out rate in the scheme of the Nouna Health District, Burkina Faso, is very high. The reasons for drop-out may be related to affordability, health-needs and health demand, quality of care, household head and household characteristics. This study represents a valuable attempt towards further increasing the sustainability of CBI schemes, by understanding not what motivates people to first enrol in CBI, but what motivates them to renew membership year after year.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Core–Satellite Heterostruture of Fe3O4–Pd Nanocomposite: Selective and Magnetically Recyclable Catalyst for Decarboxylative Coupling Reaction in Aqueous Media

Fe3O4–Pd nanocomposite having core–satellite heterostructure, prepared through the reaction of Pluronic polymer (P123, PEO19–PPO69–PEO19)-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticle and Na2PdCl4, showed high catalyt...

Field of study: Chemistry