nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
An optimized strategy for update path selection in unstructured P2P networks

With the growth of P2P file sharing systems, people are no longer satisfied with the sharing of the read-only and static files, and thus the systems with mutually writable and dynamic files have emerged, resulting in the replica inconsistency problem. To maintain the replica consistency, too many update messages need to be redundantly propagated due to the lack of the sharing of globally updated path information in the existing strategies. To address this problem, we propose an optimized strategy for update path selection, which makes the nodes share the update path information by using clone, variation and crossover operations for the update paths. We also present a repeated update strategy to cope with the churn problem so as to maintain replica consistency as far as possible even if some nodes temporarily leave the network. The simulation results show that our strategy can significantly reduce the number of the redundant update messages without lowering the message coverage, thus improving the availability of the unstructured P2P networks.

Field of study: Computer science
Determination of residual strains of the EMC in PBGA during manufacturing and IR solder reflow processes

Even though recently published results indicated that residual strains of the epoxy molding compound (EMC) play a key role on the warpage values and shapes of the plastic ball grid array (PBGA) packages, it is still unknown about how these residual strains build up and change during the manufacturing and infrared (IR) solder reflow processes. The purpose of this study is to quantify the residual strains of the EMC in the PBGA packages during the aforementioned processes using a combination of experimental, theoretical and numerical approaches. In the experiments, a full-field shadow moire is used for measuring their real-time out-of-plane deformation (warpage), during heating and cooling conditions, of two types of the PBGA specimens (without a silicon chip inside) with the same EMC but different substrates (with glass transition temperature T g  = 172 and 202 °C). Furthermore, Timoshenko’s bi-material theory associated with the measured and temperature-dependent elastic moduli and coefficients of thermal expansion for the EMC and substrates is applied for extracting residual strains of the EMC from shadow moire results. In the analysis, the finite element method cooperating with those determined residual strains is employed to numerically simulate the thermal-induced deformations of the PBGA specimens, in order to verify mechanics. The full-field warpage of the specimens from shadow moire is documented before and after post-mold curing, solder reflow and during the temperature cycling (from room temperature to 260 °C). The residual strains of the EMC for the specimens with low- T g and high- T g substrates after post-mold curing are found to be 0.059% and 0.134%, respectively, which double those before post-mold curing, and further down to 0.035% and 0.08% after the first thermal cycling. After the first cycling, the residual strains remain almost constant during heating and cooling processes. This phenomenon is also observed at lead-free solder reflow processes. Therefore, the residual strains of the EMC induced by the chemical shrinkage of the EMC curing and possibly mold flow pressure are different between the specimens with low- T g and high- T g substrates, and these residual strains could change during post-mold curing and the first solder reflow processes.

Field of study: Engineering
Diversity among three novel groups of hyperthermophilic deep-sea Thermococcus species from three sites in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.

Eight new strains of deep-sea hyperthermophilic sulfur reducers were isolated from hydrothermal vent fields at 9 degrees 50'N East Pacific Rise (EPR) and at the Cleft and CoAxial segments along the Juan de Fuca Ridge (JdFR). 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that each strain belongs to the genus Thermococcus. Restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns of the 16S/23S rRNA intergenic spacer region revealed that these isolates fell into three groups: those from the EPR, those from fluid and rock sources on the JdFR, and those isolated from Paralvinella spp. polychaete vent worms from the JdFR. The optimum-temperature specific growth rates and the temperature ranges for growth were significantly higher and broader for those strains isolated from worms relative to those isolated from low-temperature diffuse hydrothermal fluids. Furthermore, the worm-derived isolates generally produced a larger array of proteases and amylases based on zymogram analyses. The zymogram patterns also changed with growth temperature suggesting that these organisms alter their lytic protein suites in response to changes in temperature. This study suggests that there is significant phenotypic diversity in Thermococcus that is not apparent from their highly conserved 16S rRNA nucleotide sequences.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Preparation and characterization of specific and high-affinity monoclonal antibodies against morphine.

A C6-hemisuccinate derivative of morphine was prepared and conjugated to bovine serum albumin. High titer antibody producing spleen cells were removed and fused with myeloma cells of Sp2/0 origin. A C3-hemisuccinate derivative of morphine was prepared and conjugated to enzyme penicillinase used as a tracer molecule. A novel enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay was developed using this conjugate to screen and characterize the monoclonal antibody produced in these experiments. After two successive limiting dilutions, antibodies produced by 5 clones with good affinities ranging from 10(8) to 10(12) M(-1) and less cross-reaction (least for codeine and other structurally related molecules) were selected. These clones were found to be of IgG class with kappa light chain. Subclass determination showed that two of the clones produced IgG2b and three of them produced IgG1 type of antibody. Affinity purifications were performed for the selected clone (MOR-I). Purified antibody was coated onto the wells of microtiter plate. The standard curve was constructed with a sensitivity of 100 pg/mL covering up to 10 ng/mL in buffer and urine. The slope of the standard curve for selected clone in buffer and urine was calculated to be -0.7 and -0.64, respectively.

Field of study: Biology
Microwave Assisted Extraction of Cyanotis beddomei

Cyanotis beddomei is being extracted via Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) method. The chosen variables for the extraction were methanol proportion, extraction time, extraction temperature and ratio of liquid to solid. The optimum extraction conditions were methanol of 70% (v/v), extraction time of 30 min, extraction temperature of 70°C and liquid to solid ratio of 20 mL/g. Under these conditions, 13.31 mg/g total plant extracts were obtained by Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE). The results showed that all the chosen variables for the MAE were significant on the yield of crude extract while the most important variable was the extraction time and solid to liquid ratio.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The Great Divide: Catholic Social Teaching and American Health Care

All of us have heard the story many times. It still remains one of the best told stories in the New Testament and perhaps in the whole bible. It is the story of the Rich Man and Lazarus. Since the text is so familiar, allow me to read to you a contemporary paraphrase by the Episcopalian priest and spiritual writer, Robert Farrar Capon, in Parables of Grace, pp. 155-157). N ow there are two details of the story that we need to note, details which point to one another. I mean the gate and the chasm. Lazarus lies at the rich man's gate. In the Old Testament, "the gate" was where the elders of the city rendered justice. So, Luke implies by including this bit of architectural information that Lazarus was waiting for justice from the rich man. Justice which never came. There is good reason to think that the duty to do justice to the poor is what Luke had in mind because one theme running through this chapter, as through the rest of Luke's gospel, is the rejection ofthe Law and the Prophets which made justicefor the poor a primary way of showing one's devotion to God. Besides this allusion, the evangelist makes a quite deliberate contrast between "the gate" in the first part of the story and "the unbridgeable chasm fixed between [the two men"] in eternity. It is as if he said , here was an opportunity irrevocably lost. The rich man might have passed through the gate and given alms to Lazarus; he might even have invited him in to share his table. But he never even saw him, not until he sought relief for himself and his family . In hell, the evangelist says, he looked up and saw Abraham far away and Lazarus at his side. With hindsight, then, Jesus' listeners can appreciate the tragedy of Dives, the Rich Man, as a case of missed opportunity. Under the covenant what mattered was whether a Jew gave justice to the poor, to widows, orphans and strangers in the land. But distracted by his conspicuous consumption, Dives never grasped the need of his neighbor.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Interfacial Optimization of Acetate Taffeta Fabric/PLA Composites

For the interfacial optimization of Acetate Taffeta Fabric (ATF) with Poly Lactic Acid (PLA), steady-state uniform atmospheric glow discharge (AGD) and Silane treatments were studied, respectively. In AGD, the plasma polymerization time for ATF was varied up to 3 minutes. In silane treatments, three types of silane coupling agents, aminoethylaminopropyl-trimethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropyl-trimethoxysilane and 3-methacryloxypropyltrime-thoxysilane, were used respectively with concentrations ranging from 0 to 5%. Silane coupling agent was chosen since -OH in silane always reacts with -OH in PLA. Also, all three silanes have similar chemical structures with that of Lactic Acid. The sizing on the fabric was with a solution containing PVA, acryl and water at the ratio of 3:1:96. Peel tests were carried out for the surface modified fabrics before and after removing the sizing. Highest peel test results was obtained with 3% silane concentration. Tensile tests were carried out before analyzing the fracture surface of the composites by scanning electron microscope. Compared to raw fabric, plasma and silane treatments have improved the tensile strength at maximum of 30.4 and 27.4%, respectively.

Field of study: Materials science
What Makes a Good Secondary Assessment? On Achieving the Aims of Assessment

Drawing on the wealth of testing literature, and considering recent assessment paradigm shifts, this paper outlines four main purposes of assessment: as a measure of achievement and attainment; as a gate-keeping selection tool; to promote a meritocracy, providing equality of opportunity, and; to keep schools and teachers accountable. Through a critical discussion of traditional and alternative assessments, tensions between equality, accountability, assessment and the curriculum are highlighted in an attempt to find what would make a ‘good’ assessment – a test that achieves all four aims. Ultimately, it is suggested that the only way to achieve this is to reconceptualise assessment and curriculum as two halves of the same whole. Formative and summative assessment shows students’ competency. A curriculum that supports deep-learning, monitored to be gender-neutral, supports gate-keeping and equality. Finally, making schools accountable through qualitative inspections of their teaching and curriculum removes the negative-effects of teaching-to-the-test.  assessment, authentic assessment, accountability, curriculum, equality

Field of study: Education
REARRANGEMENT OF CEPHALOSPORINS TO A PENICILLIN NUCLEUS BY THE REACTION WITH BENZYLSULFONYL CHLORIDE THROUGH A NEW EXTRUSION REACTION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE

Cephalosporins rearranged to penicillin derivatives on treatment with α-toluenesulfonyl chloride in the presence of a silylating reagent via 2,3-sigmatropic type reaction after extrusion of sulfur dioxide. This reaction also proceeded in the case of alkyl allylsulfide.

Field of study: Chemistry
COCOA: COnversation-based service COmposition in pervAsive computing environments with QoS support

Pervasive computing environments are populated with networked services, i.e., autonomous software entities, providing a number of functionalities. One of the most challenging objectives to be achieved within these environments is to assist users in realizing tasks that integrate on the fly functionalities of the networked services opportunely according to the current pervasive environment. Towards this purpose, we present COCOA, a solution for COnversation-based service COmposition in pervAsive computing environments with QoS support. COCOA provides COCOA-L, an OWL-S based language for the semantic, QoS-aware specification of services and tasks, which further allows the specification of services and tasks conversations. Moreover, COCOA provides two mechanisms: COCOA-SD for the QoS-aware semantic service discovery and COCOA-CI for the QoS-aware integration of service conversations towards the realization of the user task's conversation. The distinctive feature of COCOA is the ability of integrating on the fly the conversations of networked services to realize the conversation of the user task, by further meeting the QoS requirements of user tasks. Thereby, COCOA allows the dynamic realization of user tasks according to the specifics of the pervasive computing environment in terms of available services and by enforcing valid service consumption.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Beyond Text Panels and Labels: Education and Public Programming in American Historical Societies

I N 1982 PHILADELPHIA CELEBRATED the tercentenary of its founding by William Penn with an array of public programs including exhibitions, performances, history mobiles, lectures, and street fairs. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania contributed a six-month exhibition, entitled "Philadelphia Portrait 1682-1982," which surveyed but did not interpret the city's history. The funding for this exhibition included budget lines to establish two new departments—museum and education—charged with the responsibility for creating exhibitions and programs to serve a broad general public of all ages. This new dimension of institutional life signaled an important shift in the Society's interest and direction. After 158 years of functioning as a research library serving scholars and genealogists with only the occasional exhibition and lecture for members, the Society joined a national movement to make historical societies an integral part of the communities in which they existed. History, at the Historical Society, would be more than collection and conservation; thereafter, it also would mean exhibition and interpretation. The Society's interest in a "public history" responded to a growing interest in popular social history in America. The social and political climate which broadened audiences for historical societies began most obviously in the 1960s, with African-Americans, white "ethnics," and women pushing for full participation in American life. These pressure groups recognized that legal changes were a necessary but not a sufficient condition for instituting societal changes in attitudes and perceptions about their members. The "action agenda" which these

Field of study: History
Analysis on overeducation and employment of graduates

Many a factor leads to the contradiction between the high expectation of the development of Chinese higher education and unsmoothness of employment of college graduates. Though we can use the experience of other countries' research on overeducation for reference, the fact cannot be ignored that the personnel training mode of Chinese higher education does not fit in with the current developmental situation of industries in China. This inappropriateness is revealed in the problem of "relative overeducation". In the long run, "excessive enrollment to a proper degree" is still the development strategy we should adhere to in our higher education.

Field of study: Education
The dense-gas mass versus star formation rate relation: a misleading linearity?

We model the star formation relation of molecular clumps in dependence of their dense-gas mass when their volume density profile is that of an isothermal sphere (i.e., ). Dense gas is defined as gas whose volume density is higher than a threshold (i.e., HCN(1-0)-mapped gas). We divide the clump into two regions: a dense inner region (where ), and low-density outskirts (where ). We find that the total star formation rate of clumps scales linearly with the mass of their dense inner region, even when more than half of the clump star formation activity takes place in the low-density outskirts. We therefore emphasize that a linear star formation relation does not necessarily imply that star formation takes place exclusively in the gas whose mass is given by the star formation relation. The linearity of the star formation relation is strengthened when we account for the mass of dense fragments (e.g., cores, fibers) seeding star formation in the low-density outskirts, and which our adopted clump density profile does not resolve. We also find that the star formation relation is significantly tighter when considering the dense gas than when considering all the clump gas, as observed for molecular clouds of the Galactic plane. When the clumps have no low-density outskirts (i.e., they consist of dense gas only), the star formation relation becomes superlinear and progressively wider.

Field of study: Physics
Case study on complex sporadic E layers observed by GPS radio occultations

The occurrence of sporadic E (Es) layers has been a hot scientific topic for a long time. The GNSS (global navigation satellite system)-based radio occultation (RO) has proven to be a powerful technique for detecting the global E s layers. In this paper, we focus on some cases of complex Es layers based on the RO data from multiple missions processed in UCAR/CDAAC (University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) Data Analysis and Archive Center (CDAAC)). We first show some examples of multiple Es layers occurred in one RO event. Based on the evaluations between colocated simultaneous RO events and between RO and lidar observations, it could be concluded that some of these do manifest the multiple Es layer structures. We then show a case of the occurrence of Es in a broad region during a certain time interval. The result is then validated by independent ionosondes observations. It is possible to explain these complex Es structures using the popular wind shear theory. We could map the global Es occurrence routinely in the near future, given that more RO data will be available. Further statistical studies will enhance our understanding of the Es mechanism. The understanding of Es should benefit both Es-based long-distance communication and accurate neutral RO retrievals.

Field of study: Environmental science
[The influence of fluoxetine on interleukin-6 and interleukin-1β production by dendritic cells in multiple sclerosis in vitro].

THE AIM OF THE STUDY
Was to evaluate the effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine on the production of cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) by dendritic cells in multiple sclerosis (MS).



5 patients with relapsing-remitting MS and five healthy subjects were examined. Levels of IL-6 and IL-1β were measured by ELISA in culture supernatants obtained from lipopolysaccharide stimulated dendritic cells. To assess the effect of fluoxetine on cytokine production, dendritic cells were stimulated in the presence of fluoxetine and antagonists of 5-HT1A-, 5-HT2A-, 5-HT2B-receptors or agonist of 5-HT2B-receptors.



Cytokine production by dendritic cells was comparable in both groups. Fluoxetine suppressed IL-6 and IL-1β production in both groups. Blockade of 5-HT2B-receptors with specific antagonist RS 127445 reduced the inhibitory effect of fluoxetine on IL-1β production in both groups and IL-6 production in healthy subjects. In contrast, activation of 5-HT2B-receptors by specific agonist BW 723C86 increased the inhibitory effect of fluoxetine on IL-6 production by dendritic cells in both groups, but did not affect on IL-1β production.



These data suggest an anti-inflammatory effect of fluoxetine in MS by modulating pro-inflammatory cytokines production by dendritic cells. This effect could be mediate by activation of 5-HT2B-receptors.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Transfer of a Discrimination and a Discrimination Reversal between Two Manipulandum-Defined Responses

An experiment was performed to determine the extent to which the effects of continuous reinforcement, variable interval reinforcement, discrimination training, and discrimination reversal training would transfer between a vertical and a horizontal bar-pressing response in the free operant situation. No transfer of continuous or variable interval reinforcement was found. However, both discrimination training and discrimination reversal training showed very appreciable amounts of inter-response transfer. These results are discussed in terms of a mediational process involving classically conditioned mediators which exert discriminative control over overt responding.

Field of study: Psychology
Evolutionary branching of a magic trait

We study the adaptive dynamics of a so-called magic trait, which is under natural selection and which also serves as a cue for assortative mating. We derive general results on the monomorphic evolutionary singularities. Next, we study the long-term evolution of single-locus genetic polymorphisms under various strengths of assortativity in a version of Levene’s soft-selection model, where natural selection favours different values of a continuous trait within two habitats. If adaptive dynamics leads to a polymorphism with sufficiently different alleles, then the corresponding homozygotes cease to interbreed so that sympatric speciation occurs.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Roles of plasma interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha and FFA and TG in the development of insulin resistance induced by high-fat diet.

The role of adipokines in development of insulin resistance still remains controversial. The purpose of the present study was to examine the dynamic changes of fasting plasma levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), free fatty acids (FFA) and insulin in a Sprague-Dawley rat insulin resistant model induced by high-fat diet. Heterotopic deposition of triglycerides (TG) in liver, skeletal muscles and pancreatic islet was also investigated. The fasting plasma level of insulin in rats in the high-fat diet group was significantly higher than that in the normal diet group on day 21 (P<0.01), suggesting that an increased insulin resistance developed in the high-fat diet group. However, no significant difference in the plasma IL-6 level was observed between the two groups (P>0.05), although in both groups, the plasma IL-6 level was significantly higher on day 21 than that of the day 0 (P<0.05). The plasma FFA level in the high-fat diet group began to increase significantly on day 21 (P<0.05), and elevated markedly on day 28, was positively correlated to the fasting plasma insulin level. Histological study revealed a more abundant TG deposition in liver and skeletal muscles (from quadriceps femoris) in the high-fat diet group than in the normal diet group on day 21, and the liver deposition was even higher on day 28. However, no deposition was observed in pancreatic islets. The plasma TNF-alpha level remained unchanged throughout the duration of the experiment. These results indicate that the progression of insulin resistance in high-fat diet rats is closely related to the plasma FFA elevation and the heterotopic deposition of TG in liver and skeletal muscles, but is unrelated to the plasma TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels.

Field of study: Medicine