nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Flame retardation of fast-growing poplar wood modified with low molecular weight boracic acid compounding phenol-formaldehyde resin.

The thermal properties of low molecular weight boracic acid compounding phenol-formaldehyde resin(B-PF)were characterized with TGA and DSC, respectively. The B-PF’s effect on the fire retardancy of fast-growing poplar wood was studied. The results showed that the synthesized B-PF at the mole ratio of 1:1.9:0.3:0.3 (phenol: formaldehyde: boric acid: caustic soda) showed the characteristics of pH 7.90, solid content of 49.3%, curing temperature of 129.5°C, storage period >90 days, and light color, which can make the appearance of the B-PF treated fast-growing poplar wood being similar to the untreated. The residue weight percentage of B-PF was 73.0% at 700 , which was 25.86% higher than that of PF. When the solid content of B °C -PF was above 20%, the flame retardancy reached to nonflammable compared with the inflammable level of the untreated. The oxygen index of the B-BF treated fast-growing wood was 43.4% that is 1.28 times higher than that of the untreated.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
New delay-dependent condition for absolute stability of Lurie control systems with multiple time-delays and nonlinearities

The absolute stability of Lurie system with multiple time-delays and nonlinearities is considered in this paper. Based on the Lyapunov stability theory and the approaches of decomposing the matrices and adding modulatory matrices, a novel delay-dependent sufficient condition for the absolute stability is derived and expressed in the form of the linear matrix inequality (LMI). A numerical example shows that the result obtained in this paper improved the estimate of the stability limit over some existing results.

Field of study: Mathematics
Unifying first-principles theoretical predictions and experimental measurements of size effects in thermal transport in SiGe alloys

In this work, we demonstrate the correspondence between first principle calculations and experimental measurements of size effects on thermal transport in SiGe alloys. Transient thermal grating (TTG) is used to measure the effective thermal conductivity. The virtual crystal approximation under the density functional theory (DFT) framework combined with impurity scattering is used to determine the phonon properties for the exact alloy composition of the measured samples. With these properties, classical size effects are calculated for the experimental geometry of reflection mode TTG using the recently-developed variational solution to the phonon Boltzmann transport equation (BTE), which is verified against established Monte Carlo simulations. We find agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental measurements in the reduction of thermal conductivity (as much as $\sim$ 25\% of the bulk value) across grating periods spanning one order of magnitude. This work provides a framework for the tabletop study of size effects on thermal transport.

Field of study: Physics
The Age of the Acadian Deformation in Southwestern New Brunswick

Deformed strata of early Devonian age in southwestern New Brunswick and adjacent Maine are intruded by die post-orogenic St. George pluton and similar intrusions in Maine. A Rb-Sr whole-rock isochron age of 394 ± 20 m.y. obtained from the St. George pluton defines an Early Devonian age for the pluton. The age of this post-orogenic intrusive event is supported by other radiometric dates. Therefore, the Acadian deformation in this area occurred in Early Devonian time.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effect of polyamines on the stability of brain-cortex ribosomes.

1. Ribosomes isolated from the cortex tissue of goat brain contain very small amounts of spermidine and spermine. Ribosomes isolated from spermidine-treated slices have a higher spermidine content. 2. The polyamines partially prevent the temperature-dependent breakdown of ribosomes into acid-soluble nucleotides. 3. The ;melting' temperature of ribosomes rises slightly when the ribosomes are heated slowly in the presence of polyamines. 4. The pH-dependent breakdown of ribosomes into protein, RNA and acid-soluble nucleotide is markedly decreased by polyamines present in media in which ribosomes are suspended. 5. The breakdown of ribosomes in the presence of high concentrations of salts and EDTA is partially checked by the concurrent presence of polyamines. 6. Spermidine and spermine make ribosomes less susceptible to enzymic digestion by crystalline trypsin and ribonuclease.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Some results on generalized regression quantiles

In this paper, we obtain an asymptotic representation of generalized regression quantiles under various conditions. In particular, we consider a special family of loss functions. It is shown that by using these kind of loss functions, substantial improvement in efficiency can be achieved when the error distribution has one light and one heavy tail. We also discuss the scale equivariant properties of the estimators. It is found that a data-based method of choosing loss functions will automatically make the estimators scale equivariant. Our results are obtained under mild conditions and cover many results in the literature.

Field of study: Mathematics
POROSITY AND ORE DEPOSITION AT EDWARDS AND BALMAT, NEW YORK

Many ore deposits are associated with channelways such as fault fissures, breccia zones, or porous formations, which afforded conduits obviously more favorable than the surrounding rocks. However, the zinc deposits of the Edwards-Balmat district, New York, replaced selectively certain bands or zones in an impure crystalline limestone unassisted by visible channels. Since the ore shoots extend more than 3000 feet without any great change in character, it is clear that the ore carrier operated for long distances in restricted channels with surprising uniformity, guided by features which, in many details, elude the human eye. The illumination of these controls by microscopic and other laboratory methods, in the hope that the results might shed some light on the nature of the ore fluid, has been the object of this investigation. With respect to the nature of the controls, the author believes it is established that: (1) Porosity was an important factor in determining the channels of deposition. (2) The necessary degree and continuity of porosity were conditioned by microbrecciation which shortly preceded ore emplacement. (3) This microbrecciation was concentrated, for physical reasons, in zones of impure limestone, roughly half carbonate and half silicate. The openings utilized by the ore fluids were of microscopic dimensions, and probably nearer the lower than the upper limits usually regarded as capillary. The process of ore emplacement did not enlarge these openings but probably reduced them. Paradoxically, porosity of the purer limestone types often found adjacent to ore bodies is consistently higher than that of the ore zones themselves and openings between grains are larger than those utilized by the ore fluids. The suggestion is advanced that under the temperature-pressure conditions of ore deposition this situation was reversed. Much more research would be necessary to establish any definite conclusion as to the nature of the ore fluid. To the author, the suggestion of a gaseous medium seems attractive, but an inquiry into its possibilities is felt to be beyond the scope of this investigation.

Field of study: Geology
Fluctuation in Psychological State during Two Encounter-Group Weekends

Two independent studies are combined and reported here. The Cattell-Curran Psychological State Battery (seven factors) was administered on three occasions to two separate samples. One met for an encounter-group weekend in March and the other in August, 1969. On both occasions the same questions were being asked (1) do anxiety levels fluctuate in a predicted manner during encounter group experiences and (2) is it possible to detect systematic fluctuations in several, measured psychological states during these experiences? Both questions required a statement of the probability of data over occasions, so the appropriate statistical technique was judged to be analysis of variance for repeated measures. The data did not support the hypothesis that anxiery, as measured, fluctuates systematically during weekend encounter-group experiences. But, there were significant fluctuations in some of the other psychological factors.

Field of study: Psychology
Characterization of the expanded T cell population in infectious mononucleosis: apoptosis, expression of apoptosis‐related genes, and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) status

Infectious mononucleosis (IM), a manifestation of primary infection with EBV, is characterized by a massive expansion of the T cell population. In this study we examined this expanded T cell population regarding its EBV status, its proliferative and apoptotic activity, and its expression of apoptosis‐related genes. Whereas previous studies were performed on ex vivo cultures or on peripheral blood, our investigations included in vivo analysis of IM tonsillectomy specimens (14 cases) by in situ hybridization for viral RNA (EBERs) combined with immunohistochemistry (IHC; CD3, CD45RO, CD20, CD79a, Ki‐67, Bcl‐2, Bax, Fas, FasL) and the TUNEL method. Of the EBER+ cells 50–70% showed expression of the B cell markers CD20/CD79a. The remainder of the EBER+ cells expressed neither B nor T cell antigens. No co‐expression of EBERs and T cell antigens was detected in any of the specimens. In accordance with a high rate of apoptosis (up to 2·37%) within the expanded T cell population, Bcl‐2 expression was drastically reduced and FasL expression remarkably increased. The levels of Bax and Fas expression showed no or moderate up‐regulation. In conclusion, the massive expansion of IM T cells is not caused by EBV infection of these cells but merely represents an intense immune reaction. Through altered expression of Bcl‐2/Bax and Fas/FasL, the activated T cells are subject to enhanced apoptosis while residing within the lymphoid tissue, which eventually allows the efficient silencing of this potentially damaging T cell response.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
A study of electron correlation interactions in semiconductor quantum dot nanostructures

The influence of electron correlation interactions in semiconductor quantum dot systems is investigated by means of the many-particle Schrodinger equation. The approach is three-dimensional and includes correlation according to the formalism of Hylleraas. By comparing Hylleraas and Hartree-Fock results, insight is obtained into how the charge redistribution, attributable to correlation interactions, affects ground and excited state energies and electron confinement in isolated quantum dots and in coupled two-dot systems. It is found that correlation interactions lead to reduced quantum dot energies in some situations, and that Kohn-Sham effective potentials constructed from Hylleraas charge densities show an interesting structure, particularly in asymmetric dot configurations. These and other results are discussed in the light of experimental data.

Field of study: Materials science
[Predictors of cerebral complications during carotid endarterectomy].

To evaluate the prognostic value of parameters of cerebral oxygenation in estimation of the risk of ischemic stroke (IS) in perioperative and early postoperative phase of carotid endarterectomy (CEE).



Four hundred and sixty-six patients with hemodynamically significant atherosclerotic lesion of arteries of the brachiocephalic system, who underwent CEE with bilateral monitoring of cerebral oxygenation (rSO2), were enrolled. The end-point of the study was cerebral complications in perioperative and early postoperative phase.



The perioperative level of rSO2 <50% (AUC 0.85 (0.73-0.96), p<0.05) and the reduction in rSO2 in the operated side during the temporary occlusion of the inner carotid artery (ICA) by ≥20% (AUC 0.74 (0.51-0.97) p<0.05) were the best predictors of the risk of IS. The risk group with the reduction in rSO2 by ≥20% at the main stage of CEE included patients with collateral stenosis and ICA occlusion, occlusion of the circle of Willis and the history of myocardial infarction.



The reduction in rSO2 in the stage of ICA occlusion by ≥20% increased the risk of IS by >10 times, the perioperative level of rSO2 <50% increased the risk of IS in perioperative and early postoperative phase of CEE by 6 times.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Phase diagram of binary system PE-AMP

Polyalcohols exhibit crystalline transformation which reversibly absorb and release a large amount of heat and can be used for thermal energy storage.The experimental phase diagram of binary system, pentaerythritol-2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (PE-AMP), was established by three kinds of techniques: differential thermal analysis(DTA) method, X-ray diffraction and IR spectra at various temperatures.The phase diagram was characterized by three invariant equilibria: a peritectoid at 86℃, and, a eutectoid at 143℃, and a peritectic at 176℃.X-ray diffraction was used to determine the phase structure of the binary system at different temperature.The temperature of solid-solid phase transition for polyalcohols measured by the DTA method was consistent with the results of IR,in which the —OH stretching absorptions in infrared spectra of two polyalcohols and their binary system shifted to a higher wavenumber. The miscibility of the system was discussed on the basis of intermolecular interactions between ordered low-temperature phase and orientationally disordered high-temperature phase.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Study on Compressive Performance of SiC_P/Cu Gradient Composite

SiCP/Cu gradient composite was fabricated by powder metallurgy.The compressive performance of the composite was studied.The results show that the specific density of the composite can be increased and the gradient boundary layers can be eliminated by second compressing power metallurgy technique.When the pressure reaches 630 MPa,the composite generates macroscopical shear crack,which is 45° in vertical direction.After compression test,the average density of the composite increases from 95.8% to 97%.

Field of study: Materials science
Troglitazone Induced Cytosolic Acidification via Extracellular Signal-Response Kinase Activation and Mitochondrial Depolarization: Complex I Proton Pumping Regulates Ammoniagenesis in Proximal Tubule-like LLC-PK1 Cells

To determined the mechanism(s) through which troglitazone induces cytosolic acidification and glutamine-dependent ammoniagenesis in pig kidney derived LLC-PK1 cells.  Acute experiments measured acid extrusion, acid production and simultaneous Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase activation. TRO-enhanced acid production was correlated with mitochondrial membrane potential and rotenone and 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride, were employed to test specifically the role of Complex I proton pumping. Chronic experiments correlated inhibitors of Complex I with prevention of TRO-increased ammoniagenesis and affects on glutamine metabolism.  Exposure to TRO acutely activated Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase in a dose dependent manner associated with a fall in spontaneous cytosolic pH. Cytosolic acidosis was associated with both an increase in acid production and inhibition of sodium/hydrogen ion exchanger -mediated acid extrusion. Preventing TRO-induced Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase activation with Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Kinase inhibitors blocked the increase in acid production, restored sodium/hydrogen ion exchanger-activity and prevented cytosolic acidification. Mechanistically, increased acid production was associated with a rapid mitochondrial depolarization and Complex I proton pumping. Blocking Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase activation prevented both the fall in Ψm and the increased acid production suggesting that the former underlies the accelerated mitochondrial “acid production”. Mitochondrial Complex I inhibitors EIPA and rotenone prevented increased acid production despite Extracellular Response Kinase activation and reduced sodium/hydrogen ion activity. Inhibition of Complex I prevented TRO’s effects on glutamine metabolism. TRO induces cellular acidosis through Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase activation-associated acid production and impaired acid extrusion. Acutely, increased acid production reflects mitochondrial Complex I proton pumping into the cytosol while chronically Complex I activity appears coupled to mitochondrial glutamate uptake and oxidation to ammonium at the expense of cytosolic transamination and alanine formation in these proximal tubule-like cells.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Erzeugung und Ausheilung von Gitterstörungen und ihr Einfluß auf die Supraleitung von Indium und Thallium

The Variation of the transition temperature with residual resistance of coldworked In and Tl shows a similar behaviour as in dilute alloy experiments. Subsequent annealing removes lattice defects in distinct steps and restores the properties of pure samples at temperatures below 250 °K. Some of the results can be interpreted in accordance with the model developed byMarkowitz andKadanoff on alloy experiments. Values for the anisotropy parameter 〈a2〉In=0.02 and 〈a2〉Tl=0.04 were obtained. The interpretation of the “valence” effect and the influence of stress is discussed.

Field of study: Physics
Generating Subtitles Automatically For Sound in Videos

Now-a-days, video plays an important role to understand the information to people more clearly and to gain deep knowledge and some of its examples are the song, movies or the video lectures. Certain Individuals cannot understand the meaning of such videos because there is not any text transcription available. Hence, it is important to make videos available for people having auditory problem and people who don’t have the deep knowledge of English language and also to remove the gaps of their native language, which can be done by using Subtitles of the videos. Earlier, people need to download subtitles of any video from internet which is very problematic. Hence, generating subtitles automatically without any use of internet is very interesting subject to research. This paper include the same concept with three important steps namely Audio Extraction, Speech Recognition and finally, Subtitle Generation.  video; subtitles; Audio Extraction; Speech Recognition; Subtitle Generation.

Field of study: Engineering
Written Exam Cheating and Prevention and Detection Strategies: The Case Of DMU

The study aimed at investigating exam cheating focusing on prevalence, methods and reasons for written exam cheating and prevention and detection strategies. To that end, quantitative (on the prevalence, factors and methods of exam cheating) and qualitative (the possible prevention and detection strategies) data were collected adopting a mixed methods sequential explanatory design.  A total of 320 students (60% males, 40% females) responded to the questionnaire while 14 students participated in FGDs. The registrar director was also interviewed. Results indicated that more than 53.75%, of students admitted to cheating in exams. Results also indicated that as student achievement increases from the lower category to the medium, incidences of cheating increases but decreases in the higher achievement category. The three most frequent cheating methods used by students were copying from another student by looking at his/her test paper, using electronic devices like phones as cheat aid and passing notes on which answers to questions are written . The least frequently used cheating methods are distracting invigilators to help others cheat, writing notes on body parts and writing notes on desks. Time pressure to prepare for an exam, hard courses, students own laziness, hard exams and poor invigilators vigilance are reported as the most compelling factors forcing students cheat during written exams. On the other end, cheating to cope with stress of studying, cheating because everybody does it and because of lack of study skills are reported as weak predictors.To prevent exam cheating, an integrated and continuous effort involving cheating prevention (before the exam), cheating detection (during the exam) and cheating data retention-archiving (after the exam) should be instigated by the university. Archiving exam cheating data would help in taking measures and preventing it in the first place. These would create an atmosphere where success by cheating is unlikely and futile.  Exam cheating , exam cheating methods, exam cheating prevention& detection strategies DOI : 10.7176/JEP/10-7-07 Publication date :March 31 st 2019

Field of study: Education
Vulnerability of Cerrado threatened mammals: an integrative landscape and climate modeling approach

Species vulnerability is defined based on their exposition, sensitivity and adaptive capacity to a given impact. Considering limitations to estimate the sensitivity component, we developed a framework integrating the knowledge on ecological niche models and extinction thresholds, generating species sensitivity scenarios at the landscape scale. Our aim was to assess species and landscape vulnerability for threatened mammal species from the Brazilian Cerrado by considering seven types of human-impacts and climatic suitability. We assumed that climatic-suitable landscapes with less than 50% of remaining natural vegetation are not suitable for species, while in landscapes with 50–60% of remaining natural vegetation, populations are highly vulnerable. We found a spatial match between climatic-suitable areas and highly-impacted landscape (< 50% of remaining vegetation), specifically in southern Cerrado. We attribute this result to two main reasons: (1) similar characteristics affecting both suitability for species and human activities; and (2) highly impacted landscapes are likely to shelter threatened species. Vulnerable cells, with 50–60% of remaining vegetation, were distributed throughout Cerrado, meaning that there is no spatial bias within their distribution. Range-restricted species exhibited higher variability in vulnerability compared to widely-distributed species, what could be explained by human occupation being spatially clumped. Agriculture is the major impact affecting highly-impacted landscapes (< 50% of remaining vegetation), transport infra-structure has higher impact on vulnerable landscapes. We believe that our approach can be easily applied for assessing species and landscape vulnerability in many ecological domains by adapting extinction thresholds according to the focus taxon.

Field of study: Environmental science
University Emergency Events and the Countermeasures

University emergency events include fires,campus trample accidents,food poisoning and some natural disasters,which may be caused by the factors as follows.Firstly,the school management system is not perfect,with accountability not being carried out;secondly,university students are lack of crisis prevention awareness;thirdly,the concept of humanism is missing in college education;and finally,there lack sufficient effective supervision and control measures and publicities about the danger of emergency events in colleges.Accordingly,the paper presents the following suggestions to alleviate the situation,including setting up and perfecting campus safety standard system,attaching importance to safety education and improving college students' safety awareness,stressing on college students' psychological health education,regularizing emergency exercises and facility maintenance,setting up an independent inspection departments and introducing supervision of public opinion through the media,and borrowing ideas from crisis disposal measures of foreign universities.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences