nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Detrital thermochronology of Rhine, Elbe and Meuse river sediment (Central Europe): implications for provenance, erosion and mineral fertility

Here we present detrital apatite fission track (AFT), zircon fission track (ZFT) and a few apatite (U–Th)/He (AHe) data of Middle Pleistocene to modern Rhine, Meuse and Elbe river sediments in order to resolve processes that control detrital age distributions (provenance, erosion and mineral fertility). We used a modelling approach to compare observed with theoretically predicted age distributions from an interpolated in situ AFT and ZFT age map. In situ cooling ages do show large differences in the Rhine drainage basin, facilitating the differentiation between different source regions. Inconsistencies between observed and theoretical age distributions of the Meuse and Elbe samples can be explained by mixing and reworking of sediments with different provenances (Meuse Middle Pleistocene terrace sediment) and a yet unexplored source region with old AFT ages (Elbe samples). Overall, the results show that detrital thermochronology is capable of identifying the provenance of Middle Pleistocene to modern sediments. The AFT age distributions of Rhine sediments are dominated (~70%) by AFT ages representing the Alps. A possible explanation is higher erosion rates in the Alps as compared to areas outside the Alps. A Late Pleistocene sample from the Upper Rhine Graben contains apatite grains from the Molasse and Hegau volcanics, which we explain with a shift of the headwaters of the Rhine to the north as a result of intense Middle Pleistocene Riss glaciation. Contrary to the observed dominance of Alpine-derived AFT ages in Rhine sediments, the relative contribution of zircon ages with sources in the Alps is lower and significantly decreases downstream, suggesting a major source of zircons outside the Alps. This can be explained by increased zircon fertility of sediments derived from the Rhenish massif. Therefore, we conclude that erosion and mineral fertility are the main processes controlling detrital AFT and ZFT age distributions of the sampled river sediment. In case of the Rhine samples, AFT age distributions are mainly controlled by differences in erosion rates, whereas this impact is completely balanced by differences in mineral fertility for the ZFT data.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Influence of Leadership Style, Motivation, and Work Discipline against Employee Performance in the Regional Secretariat Ogan Komering Ulu (OKU) Regency South Sumatra

The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of Leadership Style, Motivation, and Work Discipline against Employee Performance in the Regional Secretariat of Ogan Komering Ulu Regency, South Sumatra.The research design is based on the study environment, the research is included in the field research design category. Researchers focus attention on phenomena in the field so that direct involvement of researchers is limited to observations as cross-information material obtained from the object. The research location was in the Regional Secretariat of Ogan Komering Ulu Regency, South Sumatra, with a total sample of 128 respondents. The analysis technique used: validity and reliability test, multiple linear regression analysis, hypothesis test (F test and t test). The results of the analysis state that there is a significant influence on Leadership Style, Motivation and Work Discipline together against employee performance. And partially significant influence of Leadership Style against Employee Performance. Meanwhile, Work Motivation and Discipline partially do not have significant effects against Employee Performance.

Field of study: Business
Accounting for entrepreneurship in late Victorian Britain

M easurement of total factor productivity (T.F.P.) growth has played a central part in revisions of pOst-I870 British economic performance and in the rehabilitation of the late-Victorian entrepreneur. However in a timely discussion in this journal, Nicholas has drawn attention to the unreliability of the T.F.P. index as a measure of aggregate economic performance.' The -model of the British economy implicit in the derivation of the T.F.P. index is one in which output is determined by the supply of inputs. With no demand side problems growth in the economy occurs because of the growth over time of mutually independent factor inputs and T.F.P. Output is related to inputs by means of an aggregate Cobb-Douglas production function constrained to exhibit constant returns to scale:

Field of study: Economics, History
Photocycloadditions of Chloranil to Homobenzvalene, Norbornadiene, and Quadricyclane

Solutions of chloranil (CA) in toluene or benzene have been irradiated in the presence of the C7H8 valence isomers homobenzvalene (HB), norbornadiene (N), and quadricyclane (Q). In the case of HB, the adducts 3–6 were obtained, all of them having a rearranged structure. By a separate irradiation it was shown that 4 is a consecutive product of 3. The structure of 4 was established by X-ray diffraction analysis. These reactions are most probably initiated by an electron transfer (ET) from HB to 3CA, continue by bond formation between the radical ions to give the zwitterion 14, which undergoes Wagner–Meerwein rearrangements, and are completed by ring-closure between the charged centres of the resulting zwitterions. The oxidation potential of N is not larger than that of HB and the products 8–10 may well be formed through an ET to 3CA. However, the pathway leading to product 3 most probably involves diradical intermediates. This should also be the case for the adducts 11 and 12, which were produced upon irradiation of methyl phenylglyoxylate (PG) in the presence of N. In the case of Q, an ET to 3CA is again highly likely, followed by a combination of the radical ions to generate the zwitterion 29, which eventually collapses to produce the oxetane 8 as the sole identifiable product. The photoreactions of CA with N and Q proceeded much less efficiently in acetonitrile solution.

Field of study: Chemistry
Reproducible preparation and effective separation of PEGylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor with novel "PEG-pellet" PEGylation mode and ion-exchange chromatography.

A novel preparation for polyethylene glycol (PEG) derivatives and chromatographic separation procedure of the PEGylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) were designed to evaluate the reproducibility and scalability at large laboratory-scale level. The new "PEG-pellet" PEGylation mode was successfully applied to control the pH fluctuation during the conjugation reaction, a general problem in traditional liquid-phase conjugation mode. Moreover, two consecutive ion-exchange chromatography steps were successfully used to separate and purify the PEGylated rhG-CSF. Cation-exchange chromatography was firstly applied to separate PEGylated rhG-CSF from intact rhG-CSF, followed by anion-exchange chromatography to obtain individual PEG-rhG-CSF species (mono-, di- and tri-PEGylated rhG-CSF) and remove the excess free PEG. Furthermore, the molecular weight of individual PEGylated rhG-CSF was identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry and SDS-PAGE, and cell proliferation activity in vitro was detected by MTT assay using NFS-60 cell.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
STRUCTURE OF ION-PAIRS IN SOLID POLYMER ELECTROLYTES

The known change in the optical spectrum of alkali picrates as a function of the interionic ion pair distance was used to compare the process of ion pairing in liquid and solids (polymers) of identical composition. The polymer components of the solid polymer electrolytes were chiefly comb polymers of poly(methacrylate) with pendant oligo-oxyethylene chains. Spectra of the picrate salts dissolved in the polymers and in the corresponding monomers were compared. The results show a consistent bathochromic shift for lithium and sodium picrate in the polymers relative to solutions in the monomer, suggesting increased formation of oligo-oxyethylene-complexed loose (separated) ion pairs in the solid polymers. At very high salt content only tight ion pairs are found due to insufficient chelating oxyethylene units. Addition of propylene carbonate causes a rapid rise in the fraction of free ions. The implications of our findings for the study of solid polymer electrolytes are briefly discussed.

Field of study: Materials science
Multiparameter retrieval of water optical properties from above-water remote-sensing reflectance using the simulated annealing algorithm.

Water-leaving radiance, measured just above the ocean surface, contains important information about near-surface or subsurface processes that occur on or below the deep ocean and coastal water. As such, retrieving seawater inherent optical properties (IOPs) is an important step to determining water type, subsurface light field, turbidity, pigment concentration, and sediment loading. However, the retrieval (or inversion) of seawater IOPs from just above water radiance measurements is a multiparameter nonlinear problem that is difficult to solve by conventional optimization methods. The applicability of the simulated annealing algorithm (SA) is explored as a nonlinear global optimizer to solve this multiparameter retrieval problem. The SA algorithm is combined with widely known semianalytical relations for seawater's IOPs to parameter invert these properties from simulated and measured water-leaving reflectance spectra. Furthermore, given the versatility of the SA algorithm, the scheme is extended to retrieve water depth from input reflectance data. Extensive tests and comparisons with in situ and simulated data sets compiled by the International Ocean-Color Coordinating Group are presented. Field data include reflectance spectra acquired with a handheld GER 1500 spectroradiometer and absorption measurements, performed with the AC-9 instrument on waters around Singapore's nearby islands.

Field of study: Physics
Lithotectonic elements and tectonic evolution of Torngat Orogen, Saglek Fiord, northern Labrador

A cross section of the eastern part of the Early Proterozoic Torngat Orogen is exposed along Saglek Fiord in northern Labrador. It shows the transition from a foreland, through a frontal zone to the internal zone of the orogen, the latter being composed of two lithologically distinct terranes that are part of Abloviak shear zone, a crustal-scale transcurrent shear zone with a sinistral sense of displacement. One of these terranes is parautochthonous with respect to the foreland, the other is allochthonous and interpreted as being separated from the parautochthon by a cryptic suture.Ramah Group, an Early Proterozoic supracrustal sequence that lies unconformably on Archean gneisses in the foreland, can be traced across the frontal zone, but does not occur in Abloviak shear zone in the Saglek area.Tectonic evolution of Torngat Orogen involved crustal thickening to approximately double normal thickness, with transcurrent shearing of the thickened crust taking place during peak metamorphic conditions. Synmetam...

Field of study: Environmental science
CLAH Lecture: Have We Loved the Book to Death?

Let me begin by thanking you for this honor. Like most of you I belong to many professional organizations and all of them have provided me with the opportunity to grow intellectually as well as forge the enduring professional associations that have so enriched my life. From the beginning of my career, however, CLAH has always served as my professional home. It is because I consider myself fortunate to be one of you that this award means so much to me. I am grateful indeed.

Field of study: History
No. 28656. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Madagascar

Exchange of notes constituting an agreement between the government of the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland and the government of the republic of madagascar concerning certain commercial debts (the united kingdom/madagascar debt agreement no. 6 (1988)). Antananarivo, 25 october 1990 [united nations, treaty series, vol. 1667, i-28656.]

Field of study: Political science
Risking Difference: Identification, Race, and Community in Contemporary Fiction and Feminism (review)

historicization. While the historicizing project finds and records cultural memory, racial memory is the guilty secret held in the body or in the body of the text. "To register—or more accurately, to fail to register—a violence done to the race as a collective act of patricide is a way of keeping it, so to speak, in the family" and of turning it inward against that family (81). For Durrant, this is the meaning of Beloved's return. She is the "infinite repetition of the original scene of molestation," the "presence of an unhistoricizable event" (83, 98). Following Hortense Spillers, who has read Beloved in a Lacanian theoretical frame, Durrant persuades us that "endeavoring to restore the dreams of Morrison's characters to their proper time and place, we will necessarily come against the elusive temporality of trauma and thus the limits of historicism" (89). I am fully persuaded that the process of collective mourning is necessarily endless while there are limits to historicism. But I retain my doubts about the extratextual formation of a community of difference, much as I admire the important work of utopian thought. Social forces are far less pliable than textual ones. This said, Durrant's insights about the process of mourning in postcolonial narratives are all the more important.

Field of study: Art
Ionic conductivity of electrolytes based on star-branched poly(ethylene oxide) with high concentration of lithium salts

Electrolytes based on star-branched poly(ethylene oxide) with lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfone)imide LiTFSI and lithium iodide salts were prepared by casting from solution. The electrical properties of electrolytes subjected to various heating and cooling runs were studied by impedance spectroscopy and impedance spectroscopy simultaneous with optical microscope observation. Differential scanning calorimetry was used for additional characterization. The results indicate that in electrolytes with high content of salt, values of ionic conductivity comparable to that of dilute electrolytes can be achieved. Moreover, electrolytes with high amount of salt seem to show weaker temperature dependence of conductivity. Promising results in terms of ionic conductivity were obtained for mixture of LiTFSI and lithium iodide. A few problems which may decrease the performance of studied system as a solid electrolyte were also identified, from which changes of physical properties of samples subjected to thermal cycles and aging seem to be the most important ones.

Field of study: Materials science
Transient induction of heme oxygenase after cortical stab wound injury.

Heme oxygenase (HO) exists as two isoenzymes designated heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and heme oxygenase-2 (HO-2). HO-1 has been identified as a heat shock or stress protein and is inducible whereas HO-2 is largely refractory to induction. HO-2 is the predominant isoenzyme in normal brain and appears to have a predominantly neuronal distribution in cerebral cortex. Cortical stab wound injury resulted in HO-1 induction as determined by Western blot analysis. Immunohistochemical analysis suggested that induced HO-1 was largely restricted to reactive astrocytes and macrophage-like cells. Enhanced HO-1 immunoreactivity was observed in hypertrophied, GFAP+ reactive astrocytes near the wound margin as early as 12 h after injury. Very rarely were HO-1+ neurons observed and then only up to 6 h after stabbing. Maximal numbers of HO-1+ astrocytes were found 3 days after stabbing. Their numbers declined thereafter. By 5 days after stab injury few HO-1+ reactive astrocytes were observed although GFAP+ reactive astrocytes were still prominent near the wound margin. HO-1+ macrophage-like cells were initially observed between 1 and 3 days after injury and they persisted in the margin of the wound for at least 14 days. The proximity of HO-1+ cells to the wound margin suggests that factors associated with injury contribute to the regulation of HO-1 in injured cortex.

Field of study: Biology
Über die Anwendung thermodynamischer Begriffe auf den Normalzustand des Atomkerns

ZusammenfassungDie Wellenfunktion des Normalzustandes eines wirklichen Atomkerns weicht von der Wellenfunktion Har tree scher Näherung in dem Sinne ab, daß unsere Kenntnis vom Zustand eines Kernbausteins geringer ist als im Hartreeschen Modell. Dieser Umstand ermöglicht es, die Wellenfunktion durch die Verteilungsfunktion und die Entropie eines Kernbausteins zu charakterisieren. Die Verbesserung des Thomas-Fermi-Modells eines schweren Kerns, die Euler mittels der Störungsrechnung durchgeführt hat, weicht tatsächlich vom Pormalismus des Hartree-Modells ab, indem sie sich einer Temperaturverteilung der Impulse nähert (TemperaturkT=6 8 TME., Bausteinentropie=logN + 073). 1. Einleitung. 2. Statistischer Operator, der unsere Kenntnis über einen Kembaustein ausdrückt. 3. Entropie eines einzelnen Bausteins, als Maß der Unbestimmtheit des Zustandes des Bausteins. 4. Anwendbarkeit des Temperaturbegriffs. 5. Verhältnis der kinetischen zur potentiellen Energie, Virialsatz. 6. Vergleich der Temperaturverteilung mit der Eulerschen Näherung. Anhang. Schluß.

Field of study: Physics
Theoretical study on separate sensible and latent cooling air-conditioning system

The advantage of separating sensible and latent cooling (SSLC) via the use of separate cycles is saving energy by raising the evaporating temperature of the sensible cooling process. In this study, the pertinent characteristics of the SSLC system using two parallel vapor compression cycles were investigated. The requirement for high air flow rate through the sensible evaporator was the most important hardware design issue, since it might lead to a high air-side pressure drop. To address this issue, a new air distribution method, which could significantly reduce the pressure drop, was proposed to replace the conventional one. The heat exchanger modeling results demonstrated that sensible evaporators of the SSLC system could provide the equivalent cooling capacity at reduced air-side pressure drop to that of the conventional system without increasing the total heat transfer area. Although initial investment of the SSLC system is projected to be higher than the conventional system, the estimated operating cost of the SSLC system is lower than the conventional one because of the low energy consumption.

Field of study: Engineering
The use of alloderm as an adjunct in the closure of the bladder - Cloacal exstrophy complex.

To decrease the incidence of vesicocutaneous fistulae (VCF), intra-pubic stitch erosion (IPE) and intrasymphyseal plate erosion (ISE) of bladder or cloacal exstrophy in patients undergoing reclosure, we sought additional bulking material to place between the posterior urethral/bladder neck and pubic closures.



In 43 patients (2005-2009) undergoing exstrophy/cloacal exstrophy closure or reclosure, we placed human acellular dermis (HAD) between the posterior urethral/bladder neck and pubic closures. The thickest piece of HAD available was placed above the urethra and bladder neck, and attached to the pelvic floor with sutures of 4-0 Vicryl prior to pubic bone apposition.



Twenty-three were primary and 20 were reclosures. Of the 23 primary closures, 17 were classic exstrophy and six were cloacal exstrophy. Of the 20 reclosures, 17 were classic exstrophy and three were cloacal exstrophy. Thirty-four had an osteotomy and nine did not, at the time of closure. No patient experienced failure of closure, a VCF, an IPE or an ISE into the urethra after pubic apposition, or other complication related to the use of HAD. One patient had a superficial wound infection, and one had premature suprapubic tube dislodgement requiring replacement in the operating room.



From the success of this novel technique in failed closures, we have begun using HAD as an adjunct in all exstrophy closures.

Field of study: Medicine
Effect of Client Centred Counselling On Commercial Sex Workers’ Knowledge of HIV/AIDS in Numan Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria

The study investigated the effect of Client –Centred Counselling on Commercial Sex Workers knowledge of HIV/AIDS in Numan Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. The objectives of the study were to determine the CSWs during the pre-test, and the effect of the client centred counselling on their knowledge of the infection. One research question was answered, and a hypothesis was tested in the study. A quasi-experimental design was adopted. Purposeful sampling was carried out with all four brothels in Numan Local Government Area. Twenty (20) CSWs volunteered for the study. There was no control group due to the number and willingness to participate in the study. The hypothesis was tested using t-test at 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that the CSWs had good knowledge of HIV/AIDS at post-test as opposed to the pre-test. It also showed a significant difference in the mean knowledge scores of CSWs from 4.40-5.35 (P=0.0001). This shows that client centred counselling has significant effect on the knowledge of CSWs of HIV/AIDS.  Effect, Client-Centered Counselling, Commercial Sex Workers (CSWs), Knowledge, HIV/AIDS.

Field of study: Education
Changes in fisheries management in Mexico: Effects of increasing scientific input and public participation

In this article, we analyze a change in the role of federal institutions in charge of managing Mexican fisheries during the mid-1990s. During 30 years, the fishery policy in Mexico began by promoting an accelerated fishing effort. This worked through 1981, when the country recorded its highest landings (1.6 million metric tons), but landings have not increased subsequently whereas the number of fishermen has continued to increase. In 1995, the federal administration acknowledged the problems: biological over-exploitation; over-capitalization; monopoly in commercialization; failures in loan payments; failures in controlling effort; obsolete vessels and equipment; and social conflicts for the resources. In an attempt to resolve some of these problems, the administration implemented structural changes in management, science and enforcement institutions. This arrangement established goals and introduced instruments in fisheries management: it determined the biological status of most of the fisheries; applied the precautionary approach for those fully exploited or over-exploited fisheries; gave scientific advice an important role in decision making; and involved the users in decision making. This article evaluates these changes in management policy by document review, participation and interviewing management and scientists who participated in this process. We analyze, in particular, the use of science-based categorization of fisheries status, and the introduction of public participation. The interview data demonstrate that sustainable Mexican fisheries require an evolution to a more public participatory policy, in order to strengthen local institutions and fishermen over federal institutions, which should lead to a re-definition of regulation of fisheries resources.

Field of study: Environmental science