nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Predicting the Student's Success

JN EVALUATING the results of a course of instruction an interesting question is often raised: How are the student's various previous experiences related to his success in the course? Answers to this question are important because they will show what prerequisites are necessary and what predictions of individual success can be made. In order to furnish a partial answer to this question for an elementary psychology course, the formal training, interests, and tested abilities of two groups, totaling 458 students, were recorded and compared with the final marks. For a record of past formal training, the students were asked to fill in printed forms showing the courses they had passed in high school and college. This yielded an indication of the amount of formal training rather than the quality of students' work in as much as no records were secured of marks in various courses. A record of general excellence in scholarship in college was secured in the form of the usual credit-hour ratio, but under the circumstances it was thought that such records were not obtainable in comparable form from high schools. In order to check the accuracy of a student's report, one hundred of the papers were checked with the records in the registrar's office. This check showed that these students reported their actual course work with great accuracy. The only marked difficulties came in the cases of a few students who had taken courses which were not easily classified under the usual academic groupings shown in Table I. Scores for each student were calculated by allowing half-credit in courses taken during the last four years of high school and full credit for courses taken in college. Records of a student's abilities were secured from examinations given during Freshman Week by the University authorities and from examinations given during the first week of the course itself. These examinations included the American Council on Education College Entrance Examination, the Michigan Vocabulary Profile Test, and a special test of psychological terms,. An indication of a student's interest was obtained from a mimeographed sheet on which he listed his field of concentration and the fields of psychological research in which he was most interested. The preliminary formal training of the 458 students enrolled in Psychology 3I is summarized in Table I.

Field of study: Education
Pseudogap-driven Hall effect sign reversal

We present a calculation of the Hall coefficient in 2H-TaSe2 and 2H-Cu0.2NbS2 relied on the photoemission data and compare the results to transport observations. The approach, based on the solution of the semiclassical Boltzmann equation in the isotropic tau-approximation yields high-temperature Hall coefficient consistent with the one measured directly. Taking into account the opening of the pseudogap and redistribution of the spectral weight, recently observed in angle resolved photoemission spectra of 2H-TaSe2, allows us to reproduce the temperature dependence of the Hall coefficient including prominent sign change with no adjustable parameters.

Field of study: Physics
The Many Meanings of Poverty: Colonialism, Social Compacts, and Assistance in Eighteenth-Century Ecuador (review)

Cynthia Milton examines the nuances of poverty in colonial Ecuador. She skillfully analyzes what it meant to be poor in a society where the term was applied to many people of apparently different economic circumstances. Building on the work of scholars such as Silvia Arrom, who has studied similar issues in Mexico, Milton also discusses how attitudes towards the poor changed in the eighteenth century after the Bourbons replaced the Habsburg dynasty.

Field of study: History
Evaluation of pesticides residues distribution in fresh and smoked body parts of Clarias gariepinus and assessment of possible health risks in Nigeria

Pesticides residues in fresh and smoked body parts of Clarias gariepinus were investigated to evaluate their contamination status and risks to human health. The results gave an overview of the contamination levels of these (head, body trunk and liver) fish parts. The pesticides [organochlorine (OC), organophosphorus (OP), pyrethroids (PY) and others like: guazatine, methoprene, metalaxyl and imidachloprid] concentration in the fresh and smoked body parts ranged from 0.002 to 0.221 µg/kg and 0.002 to 0.175 µg/kg, with mean concentration of 0.002–0.218 µg/kg and 0.002–0.126 µg/kg, respectively. Smoking was observed to reduce the overall pesticide concentration as follows: head (0.23 µg/kg or 17.3%), liver (0.34 µg/kg or 29.8%) and muscles (0.41 µg/kg or 27.2%). The pesticides contents were significantly lower than standard daily intake and the risk associated with consumption of the fish also showed that the fish posed no potential threat to consumers.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Changing domains and a solidification problem with void

We consider Laplace's equation posed in a region with a hole. The exact location and shape of this hole is not specified a priori. Dirichlet data are specified on the exterior boundary of the region and a Robin boundary condition holds on the edge of the hole. The problem represents a mathematical model of an equilibrium thermal state following a phase change process in which a denser solid has frozen out of its less dense liquid with the formation of a void. Since the solid is more dense that the liquid, the combined volume of frozen solid and remaining liquid is less than that of the initial liquid (which is assumed to have filled a finite container) and a vapor bubble or void results. Energy balance considerations impose two auxiliary conditions to be satisfied. We establish the existence of admissible holes, i.e., voids, for which a solution to the problem exists and, in addition, the existence of an admissible void with minimal circumference.

Field of study: Mathematics
Research of the λ/4 periodically loaded transmission line cavity

In this paper, the transmission character of the periodically capacitor loaded coaxial transmission line is analyzed. We applied this kind of transmission line into the 1/4 wavelength transmission line cavity design. With both the transmission line theory and numerical simulation methods, we obtained the resonating frequency and Q factor as functions of the disk radius and the disk numbers. The possibility of this kind of method in decreasing the cavity's volume is discussed and its application in the design of the RF cavity of a proton cyclotron is presented as well in the paper.

Field of study: Physics
In-line laser holography and video analysis of eroded floc from engineered and estuarine sediments.

Microphytobenthic polymers mediate intertidal sediment erosion processes, through biostabilization and modifying the nature of eroded floc material. The latter is of key importance with respect to sediment transport dynamics, including floc aggregation and particle deposition. In this study, eroded floc material was analyzed by video imaging, alongside novel application of in-line laser holography (ILH). The erosion of engineered sediment was compared to that of natural estuarine sediments. Both video and holography showed an increase in floc size eroded from engineered cohesive clay sediment as a function of sediment dewatering and sediment polymer content. Estuarine sediment showed a curvilinear increase in floc size as a function of both microphytobenthic biomass and sediment colloidal polymer content when measured by video analysis. Holography did not show these functions for floc size due to temporal limitations of the current ILH methodology. An interaction of sediment polymer binding and sediment desiccation was observed for engineered sediments and, most notably, for estuarine cohesive sediments. In conclusion, engineered sediments were not accurate analogues for natural intertidal sediments, failing to reproduce eroded floc material similar to that from estuarine cohesive sediment. The size of eroded floc from estuarine sediments is a function of the complex interaction between biological and physicochemical processes, primarily algal colloidal polymer and desiccation. Holography demonstrated an excellent potential for the high-resolution imaging of eroded material but is limited by temporal constraints; the solution to this would be the development of real-time holographic video.

Field of study: Environmental science
Differences in alcohol expectancy between aggressive and nonaggressive social drinkers.

Previous reports have shown that drinkers with aggressive personalities not only hold the strongest beliefs that alcohol facilitates aggressive behavior, but they also display the greatest increases in laboratory aggression after receiving alcohol. Given that several studies have demonstrated that a portion of the behavioral and subjective effects of alcohol are due to psychological expectancy, this study explored whether aggressive drinkers have elevated intoxication expectancies from laboratory beverages with unknown alcohol content. The rates of aggressive responses emitted in a money subtraction aggression model under baseline conditions were used to select an aggressive group and a nonaggressive group, each with five male and five female participants. Subjects then ingested and rated each of three placebo (1 ml alcohol) beverages administered hourly during a subsequent laboratory visit, and rated a series of three 0.35 g/kg of alcohol beverages the following day. Whereas nonaggressive subjects clearly discriminated the relative alcohol content of alcohol and placebo drinks, aggressive subjects gave progressively elevated shot equivalent ratings to placebo drinks, similar to their ratings of alcohol doses. However, despite similar self-reported drinking histories, aggressive subjects reported anticipating only half the intoxication from the alcohol doses (and in fact achieved a lower peak breath alcohol concentration) than was expected by nonaggressive subjects.

Field of study: Medicine
IDENTIFICACION DE TRES ESPECIES DEL GENERO SQUATINA (CHONDRICHTHYES, SQUATINIDAE) EN LA ZONA COMUN DE PESCA ARGENTINO-URUGUAYA (ZCPAU)

Hasta el presente no existia una correcta identificacion de las especies de Squatina (Dumeril, 1806) en aguas Uruguayas de la Zona Comun de Pesca Argentino-Uruguaya (ZCPAU). En dos cruceros de investigacion realizados a bordo del B/I "Aldebaran" en octubre de 1995 y abril de 1996, a traves de 143 lances efectuados entre 8 y 125 m de profundidad, se registro la presencia de S. guggenheim y de S. argentina, y se identifico por primera vez a S. occulta dentro de la ZCPAU. La separacion de las especies se realizo segun los criterios establecidos por Vooren & Da Silva (1991) a traves de la utilizacion de los siguientes caracteres morfologicos externos: presencia o ausencia de una fila medio-dorsal de espinas; forma y tamano de la aleta pectoral, y patron de coloracion dorsal

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Longitudinal changes in serum proinflammatory markers across pregnancy and postpartum: effects of maternal body mass index.

The maternal immune system undergoes substantial changes to support healthy pregnancy. Although obesity is a primary driver of inflammation and predictive of perinatal complications, additive effects of pregnancy and obesity on changes in inflammatory processes are not well delineated.



This study examined serum proinflammatory markers interleukin(IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1β, and C-reactive protein (CRP) during each trimester of pregnancy and 4-6 weeks postpartum among 57 women.



Overall, IL-6 showed an increasing trend across pregnancy and significant increase at postpartum. Similarly, TNF-α increased significantly across gestation, with a further increase at postpartum. Both IL-8 and IL-1β showed a U-shaped curve, decreasing from early to later pregnancy, and increasing at postpartum. Finally, serum CRP decreased significantly across pregnancy, with further decreases at postpartum. Maternal obesity predicted higher IL-6 at each study visit. Obese women showed a trend toward elevated serum CRP during pregnancy, and significantly higher levels at postpartum.



The course of pregnancy and postpartum is characterized by significant changes in serum proinflammatory mediators. Obese women show elevations in serum proinflammatory markers relative to normal weight women during pregnancy and postpartum. Further research is needed to determine the extent to which obesity-induced inflammation affects maternal and fetal health.

Field of study: Medicine
Information Dropout: Learning Optimal Representations Through Noisy Computation

The cross-entropy loss commonly used in deep learning is closely related to the defining properties of optimal representations, but does not enforce some of the key properties. We show that this can be solved by adding a regularization term, which is in turn related to injecting multiplicative noise in the activations of a Deep Neural Network, a special case of which is the common practice of dropout. We show that our regularized loss function can be efficiently minimized using Information Dropout, a generalization of dropout rooted in information theoretic principles that automatically adapts to the data and can better exploit architectures of limited capacity. When the task is the reconstruction of the input, we show that our loss function yields a Variational Autoencoder as a special case, thus providing a link between representation learning, information theory and variational inference. Finally, we prove that we can promote the creation of optimal disentangled representations simply by enforcing a factorized prior, a fact that has been observed empirically in recent work. Our experiments validate the theoretical intuitions behind our method, and we find that Information Dropout achieves a comparable or better generalization performance than binary dropout, especially on smaller models, since it can automatically adapt the noise to the structure of the network, as well as to the test sample.

Field of study: Computer science
Molecular (moment-to-moment) and molar (aggregate) analyses of behavior.

Ten meanings or usages of the terms molecular and molar analyses are based on (1) numbers of responses, (2) durations of activities, (3) levels, (4) scales, (5) contiguity versus correlation, (6) behavioral standards, (7) function with or without structure, (8) local versus global phenomena, and (9) control by shaping of sequential moment-to-moment behavior. These usages reveal divisive viewpoints along with ambiguities in the Law of Effect, the definition of an operant, response strength, response probability, random behavior, time allocation, shaping, controlled versus uncontrolled operants, and roles for ordinary language. Usage 10 is less divisive and combines, and in that sense unifies, molecular behavior, defined as shaped moment-to-moment sequential behaving, and molar, defined as averages of aggregates of those shaped responses. It combines shaping, that establishes and changes operant behaviors, and strengthening that changes the amounts of those shaped behaviors. I conclude that general behavioral theory will combine strengthening with such methods as parametric, hybrid, or nonparametric shaping, and will use computational methods to simulate moment-to-moment behavior streams from which any aggregates of theoretical interest may be computed. Such a synthesis may not require different levels, scales, or new scientific paradigms.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Tully limestone and fauna in Pennsylvania

HISTORICAL SKETCH The Second Pennsylvania Geological Survey reported “Tully” limestone but listed no characteristic fossils. So far as can be determined, none of their localities shows true Tully. Nevertheless, it is not impossible that that organization may actually have found the Tully, as all of their localities could not be rediscovered. The earliest record of the discovery in Pennsylvania of unquestioned Tully limestone with a diagnostic fossil ( Chonetes aurora ) appears to be that of Butts in 1918.[1][1] Until 1934, this remained unique. In that year, and subsequently, the writer has reported the occurrence of Tully limestone and fossils in the State.[2][2] These papers give an incomplete description of the Tully, because it had not been possible thoroughly to digest the data on hand at the time when these articles were prepared. The writer purposes now to present a fuller account of the Tully limestone and its fossils in Pennsylvania. . . .

Field of study: Geology
TOPICAL REVIEW: Blue and green semiconductor lasers: a status report

An overview is given of recent laboratory developments in wide-bandgap semiconductor diode lasers. We concentrate on the device science of these blue - green light emitters and outline some of the existing key technical challenges. Following a description of the current device status of the edge-emitting GaN- and ZnSe-based heterojunction lasers, we illustrate the special features of wide-gap semiconductor lasers by focusing on the physics of optical gain and possibilities in short-vertical-cavity structures.

Field of study: Materials science
Ethanol-induced hydrolysis of brain sialoglycoconjugates in the rat: effect of sialic acid in antagonizing ethanol intoxication.

Several reports indicate that acute ethanol promotes the cleavage of brain sialoglycoconjugates (SGC). We attempted to confirm this effect by monitoring cleavage of sialic acid (SA) that had been radiolabeled by pretreatment with the specific precursor of SA, N-[3H]acetyl-D-mannosamine, injected intracerebroventricularly into rats 20 h prior to ethanol injection (2 or 3 g/kg, given four times in a simulated "binge drinking" protocol). Analysis of the residual labeled material revealed a significant reduction of radiolabel (p less than 0.01), as compared to saline controls. A dose of 3 g/kg diminished the total labeled SGC by half. Brain sialidase activity was not affected by the ethanol treatment. Since ethanol intoxication is associated with enhanced SA cleavage, one hypothesis needing testing is that loss of SA might help to cause intoxication. If so, pretreatment with SA might antagonize intoxication, presumably by offsetting loss due to cleavage of SA. Consistent with our earlier results, we found that when sialic acid was given i.p. (25 mg/kg), 1, 6, or 24 h prior to ethanol injection (4 g/kg, i.p.), the sleep time was reduced by 35-40% and the performance on rotorod was significantly enhanced (p less than 0.01). When ethanol was replaced by pentobarbital (40 mg/kg), the sleep time was increased (approximately 30%) at 6 h after injection with either 25 or 100 mg/kg sialic acid, whereas at the 24 h postinjection it was decreased (approximately 20%) at both doses. The results suggest that sialic acid is a key component in mediating ethanol effects and perhaps also, in a different way, anesthetic effects.

Field of study: Medicine
The Cold Spring Melange and a possible model for Dunnage–Gander zone interaction in central Newfoundland

Structural relationships at Cold Spring Pond and the recognition of ophiolitic melange bear on the important questions of timing and style of structural superpositioning of Dunnage Zone rocks above Gander Zone rocks in central Newfoundland. The latest models emphasize ductile shear boundaries and orogen-parallel movements. Previous models proposed west-to-east or head-on obduction of Dunnage ophiolitic rocks across the Gander Zone.At the Dunnage (Exploits Subzone) – Gander (Meelpaeg Subzone) boundary at Cold Spring Pond, discrete, outcrop-size ultramafic blocks and smaller quartzite blocks are randomly distributed, and they are surrounded by, or are embedded in, homogeneous black graphitic shale or phyllite. The ultramafic blocks are typical of nearby Early Ordovician Dunnage ophiolite suites, the quartzite blocks are typical of adjacent Early Ordovician or earlier Gander clastic rocks, and the matrix black shales are similar to those of Middle or Early Ordovician age that occur throughout central Newfoun...

Field of study: Environmental science
Gene Expression-Based Predictive Markers for Paclitaxel Treatment in ER+ and ER− Breast Cancer

One of the objectives of precision oncology is to identify patient’s responsiveness to a given treatment and prevent potential overtreatments through molecular profiling. Predictive gene expression biomarkers are a promising and practical means to this purpose. The overall response rate of paclitaxel drugs in breast cancer has been reported to be in the range of 20–60% and is in the even lower range for ER-positive patients. Predicting responsiveness of breast cancer patients, either ER-positive or ER-negative, to paclitaxel treatment could prevent individuals with poor response to the therapy from undergoing excess exposure to the agent. In this study, we identified six sets of gene signatures whose gene expression profiles could robustly predict nonresponding patients with precisions more than 94% and recalls more than 93% on various discovery datasets (n = 469 for the largest set) and independent validation datasets (n = 278), using the previously developed Multiple Survival Screening algorithm, a random-sampling-based methodology. The gene signatures reported were stable regardless of half of the discovery datasets being swapped, demonstrating their robustness. We also reported a set of optimizations that enabled the algorithm to train on small-scale computational resources. The gene signatures and optimized methodology described in this study could be used for identifying unresponsiveness in patients of ER-positive or ER-negative breast cancers.

Field of study: Biology
The effects of soy supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Soy products contain several compounds with anti-inflammatory properties like genistein and daidzein which reported to act through different pathways. Present study conducted considering the inconsistent results and lack of any comprehensive review regarding randomized controlled trials which assess the effect of soy products on inflammatory markers.



Following electronic databases were searched up to March 2020: PubMed, Scopus, ISI web of science, and Cochrane Library All randomized trials which assessed the effect of soy product supplementation on c-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were included for last analysis. Treatment effects were expressed as mean difference (MD) and the standard deviation (SD) of outcomes. To estimate the overall effect the random-effects model was employed.



Finally, 51 randomized trial were included for present study. Last analysis showed that soy product supplementation lead to significant reduction in CRP (MD -0.27 mg/L; 95% CI: -0.51, -0.02, p = 0.028) but it did not affect IL-6 (MD 0.0 pg/ml; 95% CI: -0.06, 0.06, p = 0.970) and TNF-α (MD = -0.04 pg/ml; 95% CI: -0.11, 0.03, p = 0.252). Subgroup analysis showed that soy supplementation had a significant impact on decreasing IL-6 and TNF-α levels when studies had a long-term intervention (≥12 weeks) and used low dose isoflavone (<100 mg/day).



In conclusion, present systematic review and meta-analysis found a significant reduction in CRP levels after soy supplementation whiles IL-6 and TNF-α did not affect.

Field of study: Medicine