nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
From the Jordan River to Lake Titicaca: Paintings of the Baptism of Christ in Colonial Andean Churches

The arts of the colonial Andes bear witness to a complex and contested story of evangelization that involved a variety of actors, including priests, artists, indigenous congregations, and confraternities. Sculptures of saints, sumptuous retablos (altarpieces), canvas paintings with elaborate gilded frames, and mural cycles devoted to a variety of biblical themes were employed in the religious instruction of indigenous communities, and as catalysts for sensorial modes of communication. The visual arts provided a tangible analogue to sermons and printed catechisms, offering parishioners a lens through which to envision the sacred. Adapted from European iconographic models and infused with local references and symbolism, religious art throughout the colonial Americas introduced new visual vocabularies to indigenous congregations, who quickly became conversant in these images of conversion.

Field of study: History
Deconvolution method for two-dimensional spatial-response mapping of lithographic infrared antennas.

The spatial impulse response of antenna-coupled infrared detectors with dimensions comparable with the wavelength is obtained from a two-dimensional scan of a tightly focused CO(2)-laser beam. The method uses an experimental setup with submicrometer resolution and an iterative deconvolution algorithm. The measured spatial response is compared with numerically computed near-field distributions of a dipole antenna, with good agreement.

Field of study: Physics
A Study on Potentiality of Vetiveria zizanoides, Boerhavia diffusa and Allium Cernuum Plants in the Removal of Nitrate and Phosphate from Kitchen Wastewater

Phytoremediation is one of the best methods that can be adopted to treat wastewater in an eco- friendly way. Vetiveria zizanoides, Boerhavia diffusa and Allium Cernuum are the three plants chosen for the study. The former two are proven to be effective in pollutants' removal from wastewater and the latter is a new adoption. Geomembrane is an innovative inclusion to prevent the seepage of contaminants to groundwater. Wastewater analysis, measuring the heights and weights of the plants and, EDS testing were the tests conducted. Considerably favourable results were achieved for an untreated sample of kitchen wastewater.  Wastewater, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, COD, BOD, Vetiveria zizanoides, Boerhavia diffusa, Allium Cernuum, Geomembrane, I. INTRODUCTION Out of the available water resources 97% of water is present in oceans, 2% polar ice caps and fresh water lakes constitute 1% of the water. India is likely to be water scarce by 2050. It is therefore important to increase the efficiency of water use, explore options to augment water supply in critical areas, and ensure more effective management of water resources. Among the Eight missions stated in the National Action Plan for Climatic Changes (NAPCC, INDIA), National Water Mission (NWM) lays stress on sustainable use and reuse of water and wastewaters. The aim of this project is to use phytoremediation for removal of nitrate and phosphate present in kitchen wastewater by an artificial wetland system. There are many aquatic and terrestrial plant species which are disease and drought resistant, heat, cold, salt, chemical, insect and stress tolerant. Other selection criteria are growth rate and removal efficiencies. Some plant species used in wastewater treatment are Eichhornia cressipes, Azolla spp, Vetiveria zizanioides, Boerhavia diffusa, Allium cernuum, Ceratophyllum demersum, Chara spp, Hygrophila polysperma, Ipomoea aquatica, Pistia stratiotes, Typha latifolia, Brassica juncea, Helianthus annuus and Medicago sativa. They are basically responsible for removal of nutrients such as Nitrate nitrogen, Phosphate, BOD and COD. The methodology adopted will help in the identification of pollutants in kitchen wastewater which will undergo the process of phytoremediation. The artificial wetland is comprised of groundmasses like brick stone and gravel, charcoal as well as plant species attached to it. The wastewater flows into the wetland horizontally, and decomposes nutritive materials such as nitrate nitrogen, phosphate, BOD, COD, etc in wastewater through a series of processes as attachment to groundmass, absorption by plants, charcoal adsorbtion and microbial conversion, which belongs to distinctive soil-plant- microbe system that is differentiated from the wetland.

Field of study: Engineering
Addition von Phosphinen und Phosphiten an (Hexafluorisopropyliden)vinylamine1)

(Hexafluorisopropyliden)vinylamine 1 reagieren mit Phosphinen 2 zu Phosphoranen 4. Die Umsetzung von 1 mit Phosphiten 5 verlauft uber eine Phosphoranzwischenstufe 6 unter O N-Alkylwanderung, die mit einer Protonenubertragung konkurriert, zu den Phosphonsaureestern 7 und 8. Der Reaktionsmechanismus, sowie die spektralen Daten der neuen Verbindungen werden diskutiert. 
 
 
 
Addition of Phosphines and Phosphites to (Hexafluoroisopropylidene)vinylamines 1) 
 
 
 
(Hexafluoroisopropylidene)vinylamines 1 react with phosphines 2 to yield phosphoranes 4. Reaction of 1 with phosphites 5 proceeds via a phosphorane intermediate 6 with an O N-alkyl shift, in competition with a H-shift, to produce the phosphonates 7 and 8. The reaction mechanism and spectral data of the new compounds are reported.

Field of study: Chemistry
Crossed Twisted Cube Interconnection Networks and Their Properties

The twisted N-cube is a new variant which has been proposed recently.By doing X-change operation,the diameter of hypercube with 2n vertices is decreased from N to N-1 and the necessary network overhead is decreased when network scale is expanded,which has been widely welcomed.The twisted N-cube,just the same as hypercube,has a disadvantage that the vertices must be multiplied in order to increase one dimension.For the sake of solving this problem,we introduce the definition of crossed twisted cube based on the structure of twisted N-cube.Then present the topology network diagram,give the proof of isomorphism between crossed twisted cube and hypercube,and study on the diameter,connectivity and so on.Due to the properties we considered,we draw a conclusion that the performance of crossed twisted cube is better than twisted N-cube.

Field of study: Computer science
An effective mean-field method for describing surface effects in polymer layers

The peeling off of an adsorbed flexible macromolecule from a surface under the action of an effective mean field formed due to intermolecular interactions with the ends of other extended chains is considered. It is shown that there is a first order phase transition in the system that is accompanied by a rise of fluctuations, the existence of metastable states, and jumps of the extension and heat capacity of chains.

Field of study: Physics
Electrokinetic flow behavior in micro triangle channels

A theoretical calculation method of electrokinetic flow in micro equilateral triangle channels imposed with high electric field strength at both ends of channel was proposed based on the Galerkin method.The Poisson-Boltzmann equation and the momentum equation were solved to determine the electric potential field and electrokinetic flow field in micro equilateral triangle channels respectively.The effects of electric field strength,zeta potential,electrolyte concentration,fluid temperature,and micro triangle channel size on the electrokinetic flow behavior were discussed by virtue of the calculated electric potential profile and flow field profile.The mass flux of liquid in micro equilateral triangle channels increased with increasing zeta potential and electric field strength.A larger concentration of electrolyte and higher fluid temperature could lead to a larger mass flux of fluid.The mass flux of fluid firstly increased to a maximum value and then decreased as the size of micro equilateral triangle channel further increased,which implied that there existed a specific channel size corresponding to the maximum fluid mass flux of electrokinetic flow in the micro equilateral triangle channel under the same operation conditions.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Differential sensitivity of GABAergic and glycinergic inputs to orexin-A in preganglionic cardiac vagal neurons of newborn rats

To test the effect of orexin-A (hypocretin-1), a neuropeptide synthesized in the lateral hypothalamus and the perifornical area, on the glycinergic inputs and the GABAergic inputs of cardiac vagal neurons (The effects of orexin-A at three concentrations (20 nmol/L, 100 nmol/L, 500 nmol/L) on the glycinergic inputs and the GABAergic inputs were investigated by using retrograde fluorescent labeling of cardiac neurons (CVN) in the nucleus ambiguus (NA) and the voltage patch-clamp technique.Orexin-A dose-dependently increased the frequency of both the glycinergic and the GABAergic spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSC). However, at a lower concentration (20 nmol/L) of orexin-A, although the frequency of the glycinergic sIPSC was significantly increased, the frequency of the GABAergic sIPSC was not significantly changed.The glycinergic inputs and the GABAergic inputs have different sensitivities to orexin-A, which suggests that the two kinds of inhibitory inputs might play different roles in the synaptic control of cardiac vagal functions.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Analysis of the state of physical health of students of Korean nationality in China between 1995 and 2004

By means of physical constitution monitoring,literature data and mathematical statistics,the authors analyzed and studied such indexes of middle and elementary school students of Korean nationality in China between 1995 and 2004 as figure,energy and constitution,and revealed the following findings: in recent 10 years,such physical measurements as height and weight of middle and elementary school students of Korean nationality in China presented a growing trend,but their chest circumference had a negative growth,meaning that these three measurements were developing in an unbalanced way;their energy presented an increasing trend,but their physical constitution indexes presented a deteriorating trend,except that the upper limb strength of the male students was somewhat increased.Based on these findings,the authors suggested that the society and schools should promote student’s physical exercising,especially,the popularization of fitness knowledge and the scholastic study of stu-dent’s physical constitution in minority nationality areas.

Field of study: Education
Measurements of ammonia emission from grazed grassland.

Some of the factors influencing NH(3) emission from grazed grassland were examined. The large day-to-day variation in rates of loss were only partially explained by variation in the measured environmental factors (wind speed, soil and air temperature, soil moisture status, relative humidity, rainfall and potential evapotranspiration). Of the measured variables, wind speed had the largest effect but the best multiple linear regression model of daily NH(3) loss had an adjusted R(2) value of only 0.406. The mechanisms controlling NH(3) flux were therefore unclear. There were marked diurnal rhythms in NH(3) loss and the concentration gradients above the sward were strongest during the period which included the 3 h each side of midday. This pattern of NH(3) release has important implications in relation to atmospheric mixing processes and chemical reactions. A comparison of two means of determining NH(3) concentrations, i.e. a bubbler collection system or denuder tubes, indicated that different forms were collected which could be related to the environmental conditions. Such differences and effects should be considered when models are developed to describe the behaviour of nitrogenous and other species in the atmosphere.

Field of study: Environmental science
Short-term memory in the rhesus monkey: A behavioral analysis of delayed-response performance.

This study obtained quantitative data on the bodily orientations of rhesus monkeys in a delayed-response task and determined whether such orientations mediate the correct response in a choice trial. The basic task was a two-key chain schedule with the key leading to food signaled in the initial component. During the subsequent delay interval, the signal was removed, but it was necessary that one of the keys be pressed to advance the schedule to the terminal choice component. The position of the key pressed thus indicated orientation during the delay interval. When the monkeys had free access to the left and right keys, they tended to press the key leading to food throughout the chain schedule components and received food on more than 85% of the trials, even when the delay was extended to 20 seconds. However, when orientation toward the food key was disrupted by forcing the monkeys to press an extraneous center key during the delay, choice performance deteriorated. Requiring the center key presses early, rather than late, in the delay component had a strong disruptive effect. The relation of the results to the mediating coding-response hypothesis is discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
New method of measuring thermal diffusivity of spherical produce

For homogeneous spherical produce numerically generated time-temperature data are used to develop a relationship between the Fourier number, Biot number, dimensionless radial distance and normalized temperature. This allows determination of thermal diffusivity through time-temperature measurements. The method is used to determine the thermal diffusivity of apples, oranges and portatoes. The results are compared with those from previous studies 1,2 , and good agreement is observed.

Field of study: Engineering
Beam steering limitation of a Risley prism system due to total internal reflection.

Limitations of beam steering in Risley prisms, induced by total internal reflection, are investigated for the four typical configurations. The incident angles at the exit surfaces of double prisms are calculated by nonparaxial ray tracing and compared with the critical angle. On this basis, the limitations of the opening angle, relative orientation of the prisms, and ray deviation power of the system are derived. It is shown that the ray deviation power reaches its extreme value when the opening angles increase to a certain limit value for a given prism material. As the opening angles exceed the limit value, the prisms' relative orientation is limited. With the increase in refractive index, the limit value of opening angles decreases, while the extreme value of deviation power increases. In comparison to a 21-12, 12-12 configuration, a 21-21, 12-21 configuration has a larger limit value of opening angles and also a larger extreme value (90°) of deviation power, so that it leaves a wider margin for the design of wide-angle beam steering system. The research can afford guidance for prism material and geometry choices in the design of a wide-angle Risley-prism-based beam steering system.

Field of study: Physics
Optimization of the paeonol extraction process from cortex moutan

Two different extraction methods, steam distillation and supercritical fluid extraction, were compared. Using the extraction rate as an index, conditions for paeonol extraction from cortex moutan were optimized using the orthogonal test L9(34). The antibacterial activity of paeonol was further studied. Effects of various factors on the paeonol extraction yield were observed through the response surfaces and contour lines. As a result, the supercritical fluid extraction was better than the steam distillation method. The optimal conditions for paeonol extraction from cortex moutan were: extraction at 50℃ under the pressure of 23 Mpa, with the CO2 flux of 16 L/h, and separation at 40℃. The extraction rate was 1.95% and the extracted paeonol showed the significant antibacterial activity. In conclusion, the supercritical fluid extraction method is of simple operation, high extraction efficiency and suitable for industrial mass production.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Effect of dissolved oxygen changes on activated sludge fungal bulking during lab-scale treatment of acidic industrial wastewater.

The cloning and sequencing of fungal 18S rRNA genes followed by the identification of filamentous fungal species by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and the enumeration of filamentous fungal cells by flow cytometry-FISH (FC-FISH) were used to investigate the effect of dissolved oxygen (DO) changes on activated sludge (AS) fungal bulking during a lab-scale treatment of acidic industrial wastewater. By increasing DO levels from < .5 to > 2 mg L⁻¹, bulking started to occur due to the outbreak of fungal filaments, whereas the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removals sharply increased from < 40 to > 70%. Clone library analyses revealed that all clonal fungal sequences were of yeast origin, and that only one and four yeast species were individually detected in AS at two DO levels. Subsequent FISH identification of filamentous yeast species within bulking sludge using self-designed oligonucleotide probes suggested that all probe-reactive cells of Trichosporon asahii had a filamentous morphology and were the dominating filamentous microorganism in the AS. The FC-FISH analyses of bacteria and two main yeast species showed that the DO shift resulted in a sharp increase of T. asahii, by a factor of 48-60, which caused filamentous yeast bulking. Subsequently, the restoration of DO levels to <0.5 mg L⁻¹ effectively restored the sludge settlement and yeast community, as well as unacceptable COD removals.

Field of study: Environmental science
Control of Andreev bound state population and related charge-imbalance effect.

Motivated by recent experimental research, we study a superconducting constriction subject to a dc and ac phase bias. We consider the processes whereby the ac drive promotes one quasiparticle from an Andreev bound state to a delocalized state outside the superconducting gap. We demonstrate that with these processes one can control the population of the Andreev bound states in the constriction. We stress an interesting charge asymmetry of these processes that may produce a charge imbalance of accumulated quasiparticles, which depends on the phase.

Field of study: Physics
Coffee Coloured Children (review)

Coffee Coloured Children, part of the "Lights on African Program" curated by Mahen Bonetti for the "Africa: The Arts of a Continent" exhibition at the Guggenheim Museum, evokes for American audiences the aesthetic tremors and cultural aftershocks of what within the exhibition remains primarily a continental affair. At the center of director Ngozi Onwurah's short semi-autobiographical film is the familiar "color line", a term coined by W.E.B Dubois in his 1904 treatise on African/European relations in America, The Souls of Black Folk.

Field of study: Art
Mixed potential protonic–electronic conductivity in the Dion–Jacobson-type layered perovskites in hydrogen-containing atmosphere and their application in ammonia sensors

The electrical conductivities of Dion–Jacobson (D–J)-type layered perovskites ACa 2 Nb 3 O 10 (A = K, Rb, Cs) were investigated in the presence of different gas atmospheres. An increase in the electrical conductivity of about two to five orders of magnitude in both ammonia and hydrogen atmospheres as compared to air is observed in the investigated temperature regime 30–750 °C. Among the members studied, KCa 2 Nb 3 O 10 exhibits the highest electrical conductivity with the lowest activation energy in hydrogen atmosphere. Open circuit voltage measurements using a hydrogen–air cell (H 2 ||air) reveal that as-prepared material exhibits mainly proton conductivity at low temperatures, while sample taken after the AC impedance measurements in hydrogen atmosphere and quenched to room temperature shows significant electronic contribution. The electrical conductivity changes as a function of the ammonia/hydrogen gas concentration. Accordingly, layered perovskites appear to be useful materials for practical applications (e.g., for gas sensors.

Field of study: Materials science
Strategies for managing antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction: A review

Sexual dysfunction is a common side effect of most antidepressants. Lower rates are reported with some newer agents such as reboxetine and bupropion. The evidence base for its management is limited but growing, with most approaches only tested in a small number of trials. Available strategies include watchful waiting, the use of short drug holidays, and a change of antidepressant. Many specific antidotes have been trialed but with lack of convincing benefit in most cases. However, where antidepressants cause erectile dysfunction, the use of sildenafisl has the largest and most consistent evidence base.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Low temperature InP layer transfer onto Si by helium implantation and direct wafer bonding

Helium implantation-induced layer splitting of InP in combination with direct wafer bonding was utilized to achieve low temperature layer transfer of InP onto Si(1 0 0) substrates. InP(1 0 0) wafers with 4 inch diameter were implanted by 100 keV helium ions with a dose of 5 × 10 16 cm −2 . Then the as-implanted wafers were coated with a spin-on glass (SOG) oxide having a thickness of 150 nm. The SOG coated InP wafers were subsequently

Field of study: Materials science
The effect of sexual transmission on Zika virus dynamics

Zika virus is a human disease that may lead to neurological disorders in affected individuals, and may be transmitted vectorially (by mosquitoes) or sexually. A mathematical model of Zika virus transmission is formulated, taking into account mosquitoes, sexually active males and females, inactive individuals, and considering both vector transmission and sexual transmission from infectious males to susceptible females. Basic reproduction numbers are computed, and disease control strategies are evaluated. The effect of the incidence function used to model sexual transmission from infectious males to susceptible females is investigated. It is proved that for such functions that are sublinear, if the basic reproduction $$\mathcal {R}_0<1$$R0<1, then the disease dies out and $$\mathcal {R}_0=1$$R0=1 is a sharp threshold. Moreover, under certain conditions on model parameters and assuming mass action incidence for sexual transmission, it is proved that if $$\mathcal {R}_0>1$$R0>1, there exists a unique endemic equilibrium that is globally asymptotically stable. However, under nonlinear incidence, it is shown that for certain functions backward bifurcation and Hopf bifurcation may occur, giving rise to subthreshold equilibria and periodic solutions, respectively. Numerical simulations for various parameter values are displayed to illustrate these behaviours.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics