nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Strong, Temperature-Dependent Spin-Orbit Torques in Heavy Fermion YbAl$_3$

The use of current-generated spin-orbit torques[1] to drive magnetization dynamics is under investigation to enable a new generation of non-volatile, low-power magnetic memory. Previous research has focused on spin-orbit torques generated by heavy metals[2-8], interfaces with strong Rashba interactions[9,10] and topological insulators [11-14]. These families of materials can all be well-described using models with noninteracting-electron bandstructures. Here, we show that electronic interactions within a strongly correlated heavy fermion material, the Kondo lattice system YbAl$_{3}$, can provide a large enhancement in spin-orbit torque. The spin-torque conductivity increases by approximately a factor of 4.5 as a function of decreasing temperature from room temperature to the coherence temperature of YbAl$_{3}$ ($T^* \approx 37$ K), with a saturation at lower temperatures, achieving a maximum value greater than any heavy metal element. This temperature dependence mimics the increase and saturation at $T^*$ of the density of states at the Fermi level arising from the ytterbium 4$f$-derived heavy bands in the Kondo regime, as measured by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy[15]. We therefore identify the many-body Kondo resonance as the source of the large enhancement of spin-orbit torque in YbAl$_{3}$. Our observation reveals new opportunities in spin-orbit torque manipulation of magnetic memories by engineering quantum many-body states.

Field of study: Physics
A posteriori versus a priori access strategies in slotted all-optical WDM rings

The paper presents the concept of “a posteriori” access strategy, as opposed to the previously studied concept of “a priori” strategy, to provide a fair and efficient access technique in slotted wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) rings under a large variety of traffic patterns. Using a posteriori strategies, the source node selects the packet for transmission based on the state of the WDM channels in the arriving slot, thus adapting the access decision to the instantaneous traffic in the various channels. The packet selection process of a posteriori strategies, when contrasted with a priori strategies, yields fair and efficient utilization of the ring bandwidth without requiring the equalization of the ring latency, nor imposing restrictions on the traffic patterns allowed in the system. Since the same features cannot be provided by a priori access strategies, a posteriori strategies offers a more versatile access control that justifies the higher implementation complexity due to the multi-channel sensing and on-line packet selection.

Field of study: Computer science
Cellular expression and subcellular localization of the human Ins(1,3,4,5)P(4)-binding protein, p42(IP4), in human brain and in neuronal cells.

In this study we describe for the human inositol-(1,3,4,5)-tetrakisphosphate (InsP4)-binding protein, p42IP4, the cellular distribution and subcellular localization in human brain and in transfected neuronal cells. The cDNA sequence of the human p42IP4 containing a single open reading frame yields a peptide of 374 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 43.4 kDa with a zinc-finger motif at the N-terminus, followed by two pleckstrin homology (PH) domains. Using a peptide-specific antiserum, p42IP4 protein was localized in a majority of neuronal cells of human brain sections. In the hypothalamus a subpopulation of paraventricular and infundibular nucleus neurons were strongly immunoreactive for p42IP4. In cortical areas the protein was predominantly found in large pyramidal cells. Some immunoreactivity for p42IP4 was also observed in the pyramidal cells of the hippocampal formation. Functional expression of p42IP4 protein in neuronal (NG108-15) and non-neuronal (CHO-K1) cells stably transfected with GFP-p42IP4 was shown in all cell fractions (homogenate, cytosol and membranes) by specific [3H]Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 binding activity, which correlated with p42IP4 protein detection by Western blot analysis. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy we showed that in NG108-15 and CHO-K1 cells stably transfected with GFP-p42IP4 the full length p42IP4 protein was localized in the cytoplasm, at the plasma membrane and in the nucleus. A deletion mutant of p42IP4 lacking the zinc finger domain resulted in solely a cytosolic and membrane localization but was not found in the nucleus. Thus we can conclude that human p42IP4 shows a region-specific localization in the human brain and the zinc finger motif within the protein is responsible for the localization of the protein in the cell nucleus.

Field of study: Biology
Urodynamic investigation of valve bladder syndrome in children.

To investigate urodynamic manifestations and their relationship with the postoperative experience of children with valve bladder syndrome (VBS).



Included were 16 children (mean age 3.2+/-1.8 years) with VBS, who were divided into two groups. The urodynamic study was performed less than 1 year in group 1 (seven boys, aged 1-1.9 years) and more than 1 year in group 2 (nine boys, aged 2.9-6.5 years) after urethral valve fulguration; at the time of operation patients were less than 2 years old. Standards of the International Children's Continence Society were respected, and results were compared between the two groups.



Compared to group 1, group 2 showed a significant decrease in maximum detrusor voiding pressure (Pdet.void.max) and bladder compliance (BC), and an increase in post-voiding residual (PVR) and maximum bladder capacity (MBC) (p<0.05), but the difference in detrusor instability was not significant (p>0.05), Pdet.void.max and PVR were 56.2+/-14.1 cmH(2)O and 96.6+/-52.4 ml, respectively, in group 2, and there were more intermittent detrusor contractions during voiding in this group.



Patients with VBS frequently present with multiple bladder dysfunctions that can be diagnosed accurately using urodynamics. Even after urethral valve fulguration Pdet.void.max and BC were inclined to decrease, while PVR and MBC increased with the growth of the children.

Field of study: Medicine
Strongly coupled bands as “effectively” decoupled bands

We present experimental evidence which suggests that almost all the strongly coupled bands in the rare-earth region may also be treated as “effectively” decoupled bands. In contrast to the usual decoupled bands, the strongly coupled bands seem to arise from a system where a particle carrying an “effective” angular momentumj′ is aligned to an even-even core having an “effective” rotational angular momentumR′ which is not necessarily zero for the band head but may even haveR′=2 or, 4 or, 6⋯etc. We attempt to explain these observations in a simple physical picture whereinJR, the projection ofj, the particle angular momentum, on the rotation axis, is taken as the effectively aligned spin of the last particle. Preliminary results from schematic bandmixing calculations forh9/2 andf5/2 orbitals with the Fermi energy lying near the highK single particle levels indeed reveal the existence of “effectively” decoupled bands which seem to agree with this physical picture.

Field of study: Physics
SU‐E‐I‐176: Impact of Residual Activity and Clock Synchronization on Quantitative Treatment Response Assessment

The accuracy of quantitative PET is influenced by many factors whose uncertainties need to be characterized for its reliable use in treatment response assessment. Among the factors are residual activity and lack of synchronization between PET‐scanner and dose‐calibrator clocks which are frequently overlooked. Therefore, we characterized their effects on PET‐ based treatment response assessment.  Fifteen patients receiving targeted molecular therapy underwent whole body [18F]FLT PET/CT scans at multiple time points. Response was calculated as the change in SUV between subsequent scans. Residual‐activity left in syringe after injection effects were assessed by comparing response measures when SUV values were corrected for residual activity (range: 0.07mCi‐0.61mCi) to when they were not. Uncertainty in response was also compared between scans where the synchronization of the PET‐scanner and dose‐calibrator clocks were randomly offset (range: 1min‐60mins) to when they were synchronized. The effect of both factors on PERCIST classification of treatment response was assessed.  Residual‐activity and lack of clock synchronization had significant effects on treatment response (p=0.05). 3% change in clock offsets between subsequent scans resulted in 2.5% absolute difference in response. The mean difference in responses due to desynchronized clocks was 18% (maximum=35%). 3% change in residual activity resulted in 0.1% absolute difference in response. Not accounting for residual‐activity caused mean difference of 1% (maximum=6%) in the response. Changes in clock synchronization and not accounting for residual activity resulted in reclassification of the PERCIST response status of over 30% of the patients.  Lack of synchronization between PET‐scanner and dose‐ calibrator clocks and not accounting for residual activity caused a difference in response. Administration procedures that minimize residual activity (e.g. flushing syringe with saline) have to be implemented. Also, all clocks used with dose‐calibrator have to be synchronized with PET‐scanner clock periodically. Otherwise patients can be wrongly classified as partial, stable, or progressive disease.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Adaptive Bayesian Wavelet Shrinkage

When fitting wavelet based models, shrinkage of the empirical wavelet coefficients is an effective tool for denoising the data. This article outlines a Bayesian approach to shrinkage, obtained by placing priors on the wavelet coefficients. The prior for each coefficient consists of a mixture of two normal distributions with different standard deviations. The simple and intuitive form of prior allows us to propose automatic choices of prior parameters. These parameters are chosen adaptively according to the resolution level of the coefficients, typically shrinking high resolution (frequency) coefficients more heavily. Assuming a good estimate of the background noise level, we obtain closed form expressions for the posterior means and variances of the unknown wavelet coefficients. The latter may be used to assess uncertainty in the reconstruction. Several examples are used to illustrate the method, and comparisons are made with other shrinkage methods.

Field of study: Mathematics
A Novel Evaluation Method for the Adsorption Energy of Terminally Adsorbed Polymer.

Using a new experimental technique, “continuous elution method”, polystyrene (PS-X) functionalized by a terminal iminium ion(X) was found forming a terminally adsorbed polymer layer on α-Al2O3 surface. Based on the balance between adsorption and desorption, the adsorption energy of the terminally adsorbed polymer was evaluated to be 4.2∼4.3 kT with regarding to the osmotic pressure as a desorption force.

Field of study: Chemistry
The influence of ultramafic rocks on microbial communities at the Logatchev hydrothermal field, located 15 degrees N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

The ultramafic-hosted Logatchev hydrothermal field (LHF) on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is characterized by high hydrogen and methane contents in the subseafloor, which support a specialized microbial community of phylogenetically diverse, hydrogen-oxidizing chemolithoautotrophs. We compared the prokaryotic communities of three sites located in the LHF and encountered a predominance of archaeal sequences affiliated with methanogenic Methanococcales at all three. However, the bacterial composition varied in accordance with differences in fluid chemistry between the three sites investigated. An increase in hydrogen seemed to coincide with the diversification of hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria. This might indicate that the host rock indirectly selects this specific group of bacteria. However, next to hydrogen availability further factors are evident (e.g. mixing of hot reduced hydrothermal fluids with cold oxygenated seawater), which have a significant impact on the distribution of microorganisms.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
The Cancer-Associated Genetic Variant Rs3903072 Modulates Immune Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have hitherto identified several germline variants associated with cancer susceptibility, but the molecular functions of these risk modulators remain largely uncharacterized. Recent studies have begun to uncover the regulatory potential of noncoding GWAS SNPs using epigenetic information in corresponding cancer cell types and matched normal tissues. However, this approach does not explore the potential effect of risk germline variants on other important cell types that constitute the microenvironment of tumor or its precursor. This paper presents evidence that the breast-cancer-associated variant rs3903072 may regulate the expression of CTSW in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. CTSW is a candidate tumor-suppressor gene, with expression highly specific to immune cells and also positively correlated with breast cancer patient survival. Integrative analyses suggest a putative causative variant in a GWAS-linked enhancer in lymphocytes that loops to the 3’ end of CTSW through three-dimensional chromatin interaction. Our work thus poses the possibility that a cancer-associated genetic variant could regulate a gene not only in the cell of cancer origin but also in immune cells in the microenvironment, thereby modulating the immune surveillance by T lymphocytes and natural killer cells and affecting the clearing of early cancer initiating cells.

Field of study: Biology
Climate Assessment For 2001

Global temperatures in 2001 were 0.51°C (0.92°F) above the long-term (1880-2000) average, which places 2001 as the second warmest year in the 122-year instrumental record. Land temperatures were 0.75°C (1.35°F) above average and oceantemperatures were 0.40°C (0.72°F) above the 1880-2000 mean. This ranks them as the second and third warmest on record, respectively. The Northern Hemisphere temperature continued to average near record levels in 2001 at 0.60°C(1.08°F) above the long-term average. The Southern Hemisphere also reflects the globally warmer conditions, with a positive anomaly of 0.43°C (0.77°F). Annual anomalies in excess of 1.0°C (1.8°F) were widespread across North America and much of Europe and the Middle East, while significantly cooler than average conditions were confined to western Australia, the northeast and northwestPacific Ocean, and the far southeastern region of the Pacific, near coastal Chile. Although no hurricanes made landfall in the United States for the second consecut...

Field of study: Environmental science
Referring to the Human in Contemporary Human Rights Literature

In the wake of late-twentieth-century critiques of humanism in general and of human rights in particular, what basis remains for robust claims on behalf of the rights of humans? Through readings of work by Ishmael Bead, Dave Eggers, Helon Habila, and Chris Abani, this article suggests that a new generation of twenty-first-century authors have learned the lessons of those critiques but nevertheless refuse to abandon the human rights project altogether. Instead, each of these authors develops unique models of reference that struggle to overcome the impasse between universality and particularity that has historically plagued debates about human rights.

Field of study: Art
The Upper Jurassic Garedu Red Bed Formation of the northern Tabas Block: elucidating Late Cimmerian tectonics in east-Central Iran

The Garedu Red Bed Formation (GRBF) of the northern Tabas Block (Central-East Iranian Microcontinent, CEIM) is a lithologically variable, up to 500-m-thick, predominantly continental unit. It rests gradually or unconformably on marine limestones of the Esfandiar Subgroup (Callovian–Oxfordian) and is assigned to the Kimmeridgian–Tithonian. In the lower part, it consists of pebble- to boulder-sized conglomerates/breccias composed of limestone clasts intercalated with calcareous sandstones, litho-/bioclastic rudstones and lacustrine carbonates. Up-section, sharp-based pebbly sandstones and red silt-/fine-grained sandstones of braided river origin predominate. Palaeocurrent data suggest a principal sediment transport from west to east and a lateral interfingering of the GRBF with marine greenish marls of the Korond Formation at the eastern margin of the Tabas Block. Westwards, the GRBF grades into the playa deposits of the Magu Gypsum Formation. Red colours and common calcretes suggest arid to semi-arid climatic conditions. The onset of Garedu Red Bed deposition indicates a major geodynamic change with the onset of compressive tectonics of the Late Cimmerian Tectonic Event (LCTE), being strongest at the eastern margin of the northern Tabas Block. When traced southwards, the same tectonic event is expressed by extension, indicating a shift in tectonic style along the boundary fault between the Tabas and Lut blocks. The complex Upper Jurassic facies distribution as well as the spatio-temporal changes in tectonic regime along the block-bounding faults are explained by the onset of counterclockwise vertical-axis rotation of the CEIM in the Kimmeridgian. The block boundaries accommodated the rotation by right-lateral strike slip, transpressional in today’s northern and transtensional in today’s southern segments of the block-bounding faults. Rotation occurred within bracketing transcurrent faults and continued into the Early Cretaceous, finally resulting in the opening of narrow oceanic basins encircling the CEIM. Palaeogeographically, the GRBF is part of a suite of red bed formations not only present on the CEIM, but also along the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone (NW Iran), in northeastern Iran and beyond, indicating inter-regional tectonic instability, uplift and erosion under (semi-)arid climatic conditions across the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary. Thus, even if our geodynamic model successfully explains Late Jurassic tectonic rotations, fault motions and facies distribution for the CEIM, the basic cause of the LCTE still remains enigmatic.

Field of study: Environmental science
Test and Research on Electric Vehicles Wireless Power Transfer System

In order to meet requirements of testing wireless power transfer system for EVs, a test bench was developed to conduct practical performance test. And it was used to test one wireless power transfer system for EVs application. The charging characteristic, output voltage-load current characteristic, the relation between charging efficiency and load & power factor, the relation between efficiency and position of two coils were tested and analyzed basing on collected data, which will be basic preparation for conducting normal test on performance of wireless power transfer system for EVs in near future.

Field of study: Engineering
Use of model soil colloids to evaluate adsorption of phenanthrene and its mobilization by different solutions

Inorganic (a montmorillonite; a complex of montmorillonite and aluminium hydroxide) and organo-mineral model soil colloids (a complex of montmorillonite, aluminium hydroxide and humic acid) were tested for their capacity to adsorb and desorb phenanthrene. The adsorption-desorption isotherms demonstrated that the inorganic surfaces were able to bind the pollutant, although to a lesser extent than the organo-mineral complex. The capacity of different aqueous solutions to desorb phenanthrene after 1, 7, and 30 days' contact with the model colloids was tested in order to assess their efficacy with respect to the aging effect. The solutions used were 0.01 N CaCl2, dissolved soil organic matter (DOM), a model root exudates solution (aqueous solution of saccharose, fructose, glucose, fumaric acid, ferrulic acid, and leucine), and three commercial surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulfate, Tween 20, and didecyldimethylammonium bromide). The desorptive capacity of these solutions were compared with that of organic solutions (water-ethanol and n-hexane–ethanol). More than 85% phenanthrene was desorbed after 30 days aging by organic solutions. Among the aqueous solutions, the best results were obtained with dissolved soil organic matter solution and the model root exudates solution which were able to desorb up to 50% phenanthrene after 30 days aging. Such naturally occurring aqueous solutions should be preferred to synthetic compounds to mobilize phenanthrene in contaminated sites without further contaminating the environment.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Sodium Channel Gating Modes During Redox Reaction

Many studies have confirmed that persistent sodium current (I<sub>NaP</sub>) is altered during a redox reaction, but little attention has been paid to transient sodium current (I<sub>NaT</sub>) and its correlation with I<sub>NaP</sub> during the redox reaction. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of the redox states on the correlation between I<sub>NaT</sub> and I<sub>NaP</sub> in cardiomyocytes.  I<sub>NaT</sub> and I<sub>NaP</sub> were recorded using whole-cell and cell-attached patch-clamp techniques in guinea pig ventricular myocytes.  In whole-cell recordings, dithiothreitol (DTT, 1 mM) simultaneously increased I<sub>NaT</sub> and decreased I<sub>NaP</sub>. Hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, 0.3 mM) increased I<sub>NaP</sub> and decreased I<sub>NaT</sub> in a time-dependent manner, which were reversed by DTT (1 mM). In cell-attached recordings, the increasing of I<sub>NaP</sub> and decreasing of I<sub>NaT</sub> induced by H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (0.3 mM) were similarly recovered by DTT (1 mM). H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (0.3 mM) prolonged the action potential (AP) duration of ventricular papillary cells whereas decreased the AP amplitude and maximum rate of depolarization (V<sub>max</sub>) in a time-dependent manner, which were reversed by DTT (1 mM).  These results indicate that the redox states could modulate the sodium channel gating modes in guinea pig ventricular myocytes.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Suicide among Animals: A Review of Evidence

Naturalists have not identified suicide in nonhuman species in field situations, despite intensive study of thousands of animal species. In this review, evidence on suicidal behavior among animals is analyzed to discover analogies with human suicidal behavior. Literature was retrieved by exploring Medline/PubMed and PsychINFO databases (1967–2007) and through manual literature searches. Keyword terms were “suicide or suicidal behavior” and “animal or animal behavior.” Few empirical investigations have been carried out on this topic. Nevertheless, sparse evidence supports some resemblance between the self-endangering behavior observed in the animal kingdom, particularly in animals held in captivity or put under pressure by environmental challenges, and suicidal behavior among humans. Animal models have contributed to the study of both normal and pathological human behaviors: discovering some correlates of suicide among animals could be a valid contribution to the field.

Field of study: Psychology
Inherited C8 beta subunit deficiency in a patient with recurrent meningococcal infections: in vivo functional kinetic analysis of C8.

A 16 year old with recurrent meningococcal infections is reported. Absence of haemolytic activity in both the classical and alternative pathways resulted from an absence of functional C8. Addition of functional C8 restored hemolytic activity. Antigenically deficient C8 was present in the serum and isoelectric focusing of serum confirmed the absence of the C8 beta chain. Following the infusion of fresh frozen plasma, we followed the decay in C8 functional activity as well as total haemolytic activity. C8 activity peaked at about 3 h with a half-life survival estimated to be 28 h. The kinetics of total haemolytic activity showed a slower decay with an exponential decline over 72 h and a half-life of 55 h. Fresh frozen plasma may be of value in the treatment of patients with C8 deficiency and acute Neisserial infections.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine