nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanistic and kinetic study on the catalytic hydrolysis of COS in small clusters of sulfuric acid.

The catalytic hydrolysis of carbonyl sulfide (COS) and the effect of small clusters of H2O and H2SO4 have been studied by theoretical calculations. The addition of H2SO4 could increase the enthalpy change (ΔH<0) and decrease relative energy of products (relative energy<0), resulting in hydrolysis reaction changed from an endothermic reaction to an exothermic reaction. Further, H2SO4 decreases the energy barrier by 5.25 kcal/mol, and it enhances the catalytic hydrolysis through the hydrogen transfer effect. The (COS + H2SO4-H2O) reaction has the lowest energy barrier of 29.97 kcal/mol. Although an excess addition of H2O and H2SO4 increases the energy barrier, decreases the catalytic hydrolysis, which is consistent with experimental observations. The order of the energy barriers for the three reactions from low to high are as follows: COS + H2SO4-H2O < COS + H2O + H2SO4-H2O < COS + H2O+(H2SO4)2. Kinetic simulations show that the addition of H2SO4 can increase the reaction rate constants. Consequently, adding an appropriate amount of sulfuric acid promotes the catalytic hydrolysis of COS both kinetically and thermodynamically.

Field of study: Environmental science
Investigation of Flux-Coupling Type Superconducting Fault Current Limiter With Multiple Parallel Branches

The flux-coupling type superconducting fault-current limiter (FC-SFCL) is discussed in this paper. Considering the shortcomings of conventional inductive and resistive SFCLs, two novel FC-SFCLs with multiple parallel branches are carried out. Considering the characteristics of YBCO tapes in 77-K LN2 environment, the design scheme of the HTS module is studied according to the impedance parameters, the number of parallel branches, and insulation distance. Furthermore, the electromagnetic analysis and parameter calculation of the module are performed. In order to identify the status of the HTS module in normal operating, current limiting, and reclosing processes, the status identification method for HTS module is analyzed. Finally, the possible application of FC-SFCL in power grid is discussed.

Field of study: Physics
On the use of pediatric phantoms in the dose evaluation during computed tomography (CT) thorax examinations.

This paper presents the dosimetric results obtained during computed tomography (CT) thorax examinations, carried out using two different techniques, i.e., sequential CT (SQCT) and helical CT (HECT). The radiological examinations have been carried out on pediatric phantoms expressly designed and realized. Four different phantoms have been realized, according to the children shapes of 0, 2, 6, and 12 years old. The dosimetric measurements have been carried out using thermoluminescent dosimeters. The comparison of the dosimetric data obtained using the two different techniques shows that there is not any relevant difference between them as far as the entrance dose and the doses received by the critical organs are concerned.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Field-Wide Furrow Infiltration Variability

Control of furrow irrigation systems is influenced by field-wide infiltration variability and, thus, the ability to characterize and model it is germane. Field-wide variability of infiltration in furrow irrigation was investigated. Infiltration estimates were obtained from neutron probe measurements at 100 sites on a rectangular grid. Infiltration functions developed using blocked-furrow infiltration tests at 100 corresponding sites, were coupled with field measured intake opportunity times to obtain the infiltrated depths. Statistical methods were used to quantify sources of infiltration variability and combine variances in infiltration parameters with variances in intake opportunity times to estimate the field-wide infiltration variability. The effect of reducing the number of field measurements on the estimated field-wide infiltration variability was investigated. The two-point volume balance method was found to underestimate field-wide infiltration variability.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Lidar measurement of planetary boundary layer height and comparison with microwave profiling radiometer observation

The atmospheric boundary layer height was derived at two locations in the city of Lanzhou (China) and its suburb rural area Yuzhong. The aerosol backscatter lidar measurements were analysed using a wavelet technology and the parcel method was applied to profiling microwave radiometer observations. For a few occasions the average boundary layer height and entrainment zone thickness was derived in convective situations at Yuzhong. Results from selected observation days show that both datasets agree in strong convective situations. However, for weak convective situations the lidar measurements reveal boundary layer heights that are higher compared to the microwave observations, because a decrease of the thermal boundary layer height does not directly lead to a change of aerosols in that altitude layer. Finally, the entrainment zone thicknesses are compared with theoretical predictions, and the results show that the measurements are compatible with theoretical models.

Field of study: Environmental science
Exosomal lncRNA-p21 levels may help to distinguish prostate cancer from benign disease

Exosomes are membranous vesicles containing various biomolecules including lncRNAs which are involved in cellular communication and are secreted from many cells including cancer cells. In our study, investigated the exosomal GAS5 and lincRNA-p21 lncRNA levels in urine samples from 30 patients with prostate cancer (PCa) and 49 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Quantification of lncRNA molecules was performed by real-time PCR. We observed a significant difference in the exosomal lincRNA-p21 levels between PCa and BPH patients whereas the GAS5 levels did not reveal a difference. Our data suggest that the discriminative potential of exosomal lincRNA-p21 levels may help to improve the diagnostic prediction of the malignant state for patients with PCa.

Field of study: Biology
Nontransform offsets of the Pacific-Cocos plate boundary and their traces on the rise flank

A multi-beam bathymetric reconnaissance of the fast-spreading crest of the East Pacific Rise between 7°N and 2.6°N found the axial ridge to be interrupted by four 4–13 km non-transform offsets. They have probably persisted since initiation by a small change in spreading direction 3.5 Ma. At each offset, the volcanic rift zones veer 15° toward each other and overlap for 5–25 km around deep basins. Intervening lateral displacements of the rift zones are too short (<2.5 km) to break the linear axial volcanoes but cause local bends in their plan shapes; some examples have a morphology that mimics the larger intervolcano offsets. Interpretation of a thorough bathymetric and magnetic survey around the 9 km, 5.5°N offset indicates that the mainly one-sided spreading from the overlapped sections of rift zone occurs by a combination of highly asymmetric dike accretion and episodic small-scale jumps of the eruptive zone. The northern rift zone is elongating (propagating) at the expense of the southern one. The resulting along-axis migration of this and other examples, at speeds comparable to spreading rates, causes the rise-flank scars of the nontransform offsets (equivalent to the fracture zones of transform faults) to be oblique to the spreading direction. These traces are recognizable within the highly lineated fault-block terrain of the rise flanks because of the distinctive morphology of the 5–25-km-wide bands that accreted at overlapped sections of the rift zones. Here, lineation is less marked and oblique to the spreading direction, and volcanic relief is more important than relief caused by faulting. The west-flank trace of the 5.5°N offset is occupied by a line of volcanoes and shallow volcanic ridges. Several other volcanic chains, previously identified as hot-spot traces, seem to have grown in similar tectonic settings.

Field of study: Geology
Identification of Microenvironment-Related Prognostic Genes in Bladder Cancer Based on Gene Expression Profile

Bladder cancer is the most common tumor in the urinary system, with a higher incidence in men than in women and a high recurrence rate. However, the mechanism of recurrence is still unclear, and it is urgent to clarify the pathophysiological mechanism of bladder cancer. To provide theoretical basis for the development of new therapies, investigating the effect of tumor microenvironment on the prognosis of bladder cancer is necessary.  We applied the Estimation of STromal and Immune cells in MAlignant Tumors using Expression data (ESTIMATE) algorithm to the downloaded TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) transcriptome data to obtain the immune scores and stromal scores of each sample, and then divided the samples into two groups: high and low immune scores (or high and low stromal scores), and found that some differential genes were associated with poor prognosis of patients. We then performed protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis to explore the relationship between these differentially expressed genes. Moreover, we also performed (Gene Ontology) GO and (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) KEGG analyses to explore the potential functions of differentially expressed genes. Finally, our results were validated in an independent dataset.  We identified 136 tumor microenvironment-related genes associated with poor prognosis of bladder cancer. GO annotation and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis found that these genes are mainly involved in extracellular matrix, Focal adhesion and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase-protein kinaseB (PI3k-Akt) signaling pathway. Next, PPI network analysis revealed some hub genes including Versican (VCAN), Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) and Thrombospondin 1 (THBS2). Finally, 27 genes were further verified in the independent data set.  We found 27 tumor microenvironment-related genes of bladder cancer, which are associated with poor prognosis of bladder cancer. These genes may inspire researchers to develop new treatments for bladder cancer.

Field of study: Biology
Small-scale spatial heterogeneity of ecosystem properties, microbial community composition and microbial activities in a temperate mountain forest soil.

Forests are recognised as spatially heterogeneous ecosystems. However, knowledge of the small-scale spatial variation in microbial abundance, community composition and activity is limited. Here, we aimed to describe the heterogeneity of environmental properties, namely vegetation, soil chemical composition, fungal and bacterial abundance and community composition, and enzymatic activity, in the topsoil in a small area (36 m2) of a highly heterogeneous regenerating temperate natural forest, and to explore the relationships among these variables. The results demonstrated a high level of spatial heterogeneity in all properties and revealed differences between litter and soil. Fungal communities had substantially higher beta-diversity than bacterial communities, which were more uniform and less spatially autocorrelated. In litter, fungal communities were affected by vegetation and appeared to be more involved in decomposition. In the soil, chemical composition affected both microbial abundance and the rates of decomposition, whereas the effect of vegetation was small. Importantly, decomposition appeared to be concentrated in hotspots with increased activity of multiple enzymes. Overall, forest topsoil should be considered a spatially heterogeneous environment in which the mean estimates of ecosystem-level processes and microbial community composition may confound the existence of highly specific microenvironments.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Urological Outcomes of 45xo/46xy Mixed Gonadal Dysgenesis

Mixed Gonadal Dysgenesis (MGD) is one of the more frequent intersex disorders. The most common genotype is 45XO/46XY mosaicism and these patients typically present with a streak gonad on one side and a palpable gonad on the other with hypospadias. Debate exists over the nomenclature and management of MGD. Many would advocate bilateral gonadectomy and a female sex of rearing. However little is known about the outcomes of these patients. Recent reports have demonstrated success with the male sex of rearing.  Retrospective analysis revealed 13 patients with MGD and a proven 45XO/46XY with complete records and documented follow-up. Case notes were evaluated for clinical presentation, investigation (biochemical, radiological, and histological) operative procedures and outcomes.  Median age at presentation was 60 months (range; birth-11 years), and gender was assigned at a median of 2 days (range; 0-35 days). Nine cases presented with ambiguous genitalia at birth and referred for intersex evaluation. Four were initially assigned as males at birth but overall 9 were reared as males. Eight cases had unilateral palpable gonad and 4 had bilateral impalpable gonads. Three patients were gender reassigned to the female sex of rearing on the basis of an inadequate phallus. The median XO:XY ratio was 80:20 respectively. All patients had removal of streak gonads. Bilateral gonadectomy was performed in 5 cases and 8 had contralateral orchidopexy. The follow-up ranged from 10-144 months (median 63 months).  We are witnessing a paradigm shift in the management of children with MGD. Modern reconstructive surgical techniques are allowing more patients to be successfully reared as males.

Field of study: Medicine
Understanding and Facilitating Adult Learning

1. Adult Learners: Motives for Learning and Implications for Practice. 2. Understanding How Adults Learn. 3. Exploring Self-Directedness in Learning. 4. Facilitating Self-Directed Learning. 5. Andragogy: Alternative Interpretations and Applications. 6. The Facilitator's Role in Adult Learning. 7. Learning in Informal Settings. 8. Learning in Formal Settings. 9. Program Development for Adults: Challenging the Institutional Approach. 10. Structuring Programs Around Learners' Needs and Abilities. 11. Evaluating Learning and Its Facilitation. 12.  Toward Guidelines for Good Practice.

Field of study: Education
Gender Differences in Loneliness

Earlier studies on gender differences in loneliness appear to have produced contradictory results. However, when 39 existing data sets were classified according to whether they used the UCLA scale (N = 28) or a self-labeling measure (N = II) of loneliness, the results revealed a clear pattern. Statistically significant sex differences are not usually found with the UCLA scale, but, when they are found, males typically have higher loneliness scores. In terms of self-labeling, women more frequently than men admit being lonely. Sex role factors may help explain these seemingly contradictory results. Of the various possible explanations of the gender differences in self-labeled loneliness, most assume that social influence processes play a crucial role. To test this viewpoint, an experiment was conducted. Subjects (N = 117) were presented with a case history of a lonely person, which varied only the target person's sex. The subjects were more rejecting of a lonely male than of a lonely female. These results support the view that women are more apt to acknowledge their loneliness than men because the negative consequences of admitting loneliness are less for women.

Field of study: Psychology
Einfluß von Fremdzusätzen auf die Tieftemperatur-Zugfestigkeit synthetischer Steinsalzkristalle

ZusammenfassungVon der Zerreißfestigkeit reinster Steinsalzkristalle mit eingebautem SrCl2 für Zug senkrecht zur Würfelebene war festgestellt, daß sie in Zimmertemperatur mit zunehmender Einbaumenge ansteigt. Bei−190 und − 252° C wird dagegenmit zunehmender Störung des Kristallbaues die Festigkeit herabgesetzt.

Field of study: Physics
Cellular Senescence as the Causal Nexus of Aging

In this paper we present cellular senescence as the ultimate driver of the aging process, as a “causal nexus” that bridges microscopic subcellular damage with the phenotypic, macroscopic effect of aging. It is important to understand how the various types of subcellular damage correlated with the aging process lead to the larger, visible effects of anatomical aging. While it has always been assumed that subcellular damage (cause) results in macroscopic aging (effect), the bridging link between the two has been hard to define. Here, we propose that this bridge, which we term the “causal nexus”, is in fact cellular senescence. The subcellular damage itself does not directly cause the visible signs of aging, but rather, as the damage accumulates and reaches a critical mass, cells cease to proliferate and acquire the deleterious “senescence-associated secretory phenotype” (SASP) which then leads to the macroscopic consequences of tissue breakdown to create the physiologically aged phenotype. Thus senescence is a precondition for anatomical aging, and this explains why aging is a gradual process that remains largely invisible during most of its progression. The subcellular damage includes shortening of telomeres, damage to mitochondria, aneuploidy, and DNA double-strand breaks triggered by various genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Damage pathways acting in isolation or in concert converge at the causal nexus of cellular senescence. In each species some types of damage can be more causative than in others and operate at a variable pace; for example, telomere erosion appears to be a primary cause in human cells, whereas activation of tumor suppressor genes is more causative in rodents. Such species-specific mechanisms indicate that despite different initial causes, most of aging is traced to a single convergent causal nexus: senescence. The exception is in some invertebrate species that escape senescence, and in non-dividing cells such as neurons, where senescence still occurs, but results in the SASP rather than loss of proliferation plus SASP. Aging currently remains an inevitable endpoint for most biological organisms, but the field of cellular senescence is primed for a renaissance and as our understanding of aging is refined, strategies capable of decelerating the aging process will emerge.

Field of study: Biology
Medical aspects of drug abuse.

Interestingly, medical aspects of drug abuse that you really wait for now is coming. It's significant to wait for the representative and beneficial books to read. Every book that is provided in better way and utterance will be expected by many peoples. Even you are a good reader or not, feeling to read this book will always appear when you find it. But, when you feel hard to find it as yours, what to do? Borrow to your friends and don't know when to give back it to her or him.

Field of study: Medicine
Experimental consequences of $p_z$-wave spin triplet superconductivity in A$_2$Cr$_3$As$_3$

The experimental observable properties of the triplet $p_z$-wave pairing state, proposed by Wu {\em et al.}  in quasi-one dimensional A$_2$Cr$_3$As$_3$ materials, are theoretically investigated. This pairing state is characterized by the line nodes on the $k_z=0$ plane on the Fermi surfaces. Based on the three-band tight binding model, we obtain the specific heat, superfluid density, Knight shift and spin relaxation rate and find that all these properties at low temperature ($T\ll T_c$) show powerlaw behaviors and are consistent available experiments. Particularly, the superfluid density determined by the $p_z$-wave pairing state in this quasi-one dimensional system is anisotropic: the in-plane superfluid density varies as $\Delta\rho_{\parallel}\sim T$ but the out-plane one varies as $\Delta\rho_{\perp}\sim T^3$ at low temperature. The anisotropic upper critical field reported in experiment is consistent with the $S_z=0$ (i.e., $(\uparrow\downarrow+\downarrow\uparrow)$) $p_z$-wave pairing state. We also suggest the phase-sensitive dc-SQUID measurements to pin down the triplet $p_z$-wave pairing state.

Field of study: Physics
Development of Automatic Flame Brazing Machines For Tube Tie-in of Refrigrators

Many manufacturers of refrigerators in China employ the technique of manual flame brazing in tube tie - in welding. Such a technique can easily lead to low stability in quality and low production. To change the situation, we develop a flame brazing machine by combining the merits of foreign congener automatic brazing machines with our production. This machine can improve both the yield and quality stability; at the same time it can satisfy the needs of long-term production.

Field of study: Engineering
Nanostructure Characterization of Bismuth Telluride-Based Powders and Extruded Alloys by Various Experimental Methods

High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) observations of mechanically alloyed powders and bulk extruded alloys give experimental evidence of nanosized grains in bismuth telluride-based materials. In this study we combine HRTEM observations and x-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, of both mechanically alloyed powders and extruded samples, with mechanical spectroscopy (MS) of extruded rods. Both HRTEM and XRD show that nanostructures with an average grain size near 25 nm can be achieved within 2 h of mechanical alloying from pure elements in an attritor-type milling machine. Residual strain orthogonal to the c-axis of powder nanoparticles has been evaluated at about 1.2% by XRD peak broadening. In contrast, XRD has been found unreliable for evaluation of grain size in highly textured extruded materials for which diffraction conditions are similar to those of single crystals, while MS appears promising for study of bulk extruded samples. Nanostructured extruded alloys at room temperature exhibit an internal friction (IF) background that is one order of magnitude higher than that of conventional zone-melted material with a grain size of several millimeters. IF as a function of sample temperature gives activation energies that are also different between bulk materials having nano- and millimeter-size grains, a result that is attributed to different creep mechanisms. Nanograin size, as well as orientation and volumetric proportion, provide valuable information for optimization of technological parameters of thermoelectric alloys and should be carefully cross-examined by various independent methods.

Field of study: Materials science
Modeling of the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of switchgrass.

Moisture sorption isotherms of milled switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) were developed to provide guidelines for proper storage and drying of biomass. Samples were stored for a minimum of 8 days inside incubators set at 15°C, 25°C, or 35°C at different relative humidities, ranging from 16% to 88%. Equilibrium moisture content (EMC) data were fitted with the Henderson model and modified versions of the Chung-Pfost, Guggenheim-Anderson-deBoer (GAB), Halsey, Henderson, and Oswin models. The modified GAB model (R 2 = 0.99; SE = 0.58% d.b.) followed by the modified Henderson model (R 2 = 0.99; SE = 0.68% d.b.) produced randomized residuals and the best fit for milled switchgrass. The results have practical applications in the handling, drying, storage, and transportation of switchgrass to ensure that quality deterioration and spoilage by microorganisms are minimized.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Die Rotverschiebungen der Fraunhoferschen Linien

ZusammenfassungDie von St. John hervorgehobene Deutung der Band-Zentrumsverschiebungen als Folgen differentieller Streuung ist unhaltbar. Gegen die Erklärung jener Verschiebungen aus anomaler- Refraktion sind wesentliche Bedenken bisher nicht vorgebracht worden. Falls letztere Erklärung richtig ist, müssen auch die Botverschiebungen im Zentrumsspektrum zum großen Teil auf anomale Refraktion zurückzuführen sein. Mit Rücksicht auf diese Tatsachen ist die Existenz der Einsteinschen Gravitationsverschiebung mindestens sehr zweifelhaft.

Field of study: Physics