nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
How Many Recovery Attempts Does it Take to Successfully Resolve an Alcohol or Drug Problem? Estimates and Correlates From a National Study of Recovering U.S. Adults

Alcohol and other drug (AOD) problems are commonly depicted as chronically relapsing, implying multiple recovery attempts are needed prior to remission. Yet, although a robust literature exists on quit attempts in the tobacco field, little is known regarding patterns of cessation attempts related to alcohol, opioid, stimulant, or cannabis problems. Greater knowledge of such estimates and the factors associated with needing fewer or greater attempts may have utility for health policy and clinical communication efforts and approaches.  Cross‐sectional, nationally representative survey of U.S. adults (N = 39,809) who reported resolving a significant AOD problem (n = 2,002) and assessed on number of prior serious recovery attempts, demographic variables, primary substance, clinical histories, and indices of psychological distress and well‐being.  The statistical distribution of serious recovery attempts was highly skewed with a mean of 5.35 (SD = 13.41) and median of 2 (interquartile range [IQR] = 1 to 4). Black race, prior use of treatment and mutual‐help groups, and history of psychiatric comorbidity were associated with higher number of attempts, and more attempts were associated independently with greater current distress. Number of recovery attempts did not differ by primary substance (e.g., opioids vs. alcohol).  Estimates of recovery attempts differed substantially depending on whether the mean (5.35 recovery attempts) or median (2 recovery attempts) was used as the estimator. Implications of this are that the average may be substantially lower than anticipated because cultural expectations are often based on AOD problems being “chronically relapsing” disorders implicating seemingly endless tries. Depending on which one of these estimates is reported in policy documents or communicated in public health announcements or clinical settings, each may elicit varying degrees of help‐seeking, hope, motivation, and the use of more assertive clinical approaches. The more fitting, median estimate of attempts should be used in clinical and policy communications given the distribution.

Field of study: Medicine
Metal ions in biological catalysts

The role of inorganic elements in enzymes is discussed. The first point of note is that strong retention of metal ions by a protein is limited to certain metal ions, mainly copper, zinc and molybdenum. A further group of metals can be retained but largely in coenzymes, iron, cobalt, nickel and magnesium. Many aquated metal ions are in intermediate or fast exchange, iron, manganese, magnesium, and calcium. The last group of ions act as controls as well as catalysts. In the light of the limitations and value of proteins as ligands for metal ion catalytic centres, the functional value of different metals is described under n—acids, a—acids, oxida— tion state ranges and potentials. It is concluded that biological systems have evolved so as to bring out the optimal value of metals in catalysis. This explains the use of different metals in very different catalytic steps and the nature of the peculiarities of the sites selected for each metal.

Field of study: Chemistry
Methods of representing the properties of viscoelastic materials

In a recent paper1 it has been shown that the solution of the first and second boundary value problem for linear viscoelastic media can be obtained in two steps requiring (a) the solution of an equivalent problem for a perfectly elastic medium, and (b) the determination of the response of the viscoelastic material to an applied shearing stress (or shearing strain) which is a given function of time. The study of the behaviour of viscoelastic materials in pure shear is accordingly seen to be of particular importance. To coordinate various manners of describing this behaviour is the purpose of the present paper. From the mathematical point of view the behaviour of a viscoelastic material in pure shear is represented by a differential relation between the shear stress 5 and the shearing strain e. We may write this relation in the form

Field of study: Mathematics
The Origin of Massive Icy Beds in Permafrost, Western Arctic Coast, Canada

Massive beds of ground ice are shown to exist along the arctic coastal plain east of the Alaska–Yukon boundary for a distance of at least 500 km. The massive ground ice can be seen in both undisturbed and glacially disturbed Pleistocene sediments. An examination of several thousand seismic shot hole logs, from drill holes of 15 to 35 m in depth, also corroborates the widespread occurrence of ground ice. The icy beds typically have an ice content, defined in terms of the weight of ice to dry soil, in excess of 200% for sections as much as 35 m thick. A theory is presented which suggests that: the ice is of segregation origin; the source of excess water was from the expulsion of ground water during the freezing of sands; and high pore water pressures, favorable to ice segregation, developed beneath an aggrading impermeable permafrost cover. Permafrost aggradation may have occurred either on an exposed sea floor during a period of sea level lowering which would have accompanied a glacier advance, or followin...

Field of study: Environmental science
Interface energy of faces of manganese and vanadium crystals at boundaries with organic liquids

The dependence of the interface energy at a boundary between a metallic crystal face and an organic liquid on the permittivity of the liquid is obtained using a modified version of the electron-statistical Frenkel’–Gombas–Zadumkin theory. The interface energies of faces with low Miller indices of α-Mn and V at boundaries with hexane, benzene, toluene, and o-xylene are calculated.

Field of study: Physics
AstroSat UVIT Detections of Chandra X-Ray Sources in M31

An ultraviolet survey of M31 has been carried out during 2017-19 with the UVIT instrument onboard the AstroSat Observatory. Here we match the M31 UVIT source catalog (Leahy et al. 2020) with the Chandra source catalog (Vulic et al. 2016). We find 67 UVIT/Chandra sources detected in a varying number of UV and X-ray bands. The UV and X-ray photometry is analyzed using powerlaw and blackbody models. The X-ray types include 15 LMXBs and 5 AGNs. Cross-matches with catalogs of stars, clusters and other source types yield the following. 20 of the UVIT/Chandra sources match with M31 globular clusters and 9 with foreground stars. 3 more globular clusters and 2 more foreground stars are consistent with the UVIT source positions although outside the Chandra match radius of 1 arcsec. The UV emission of the UVIT/Chandra sources associated with globular clusters is consistent with emission from blue horizontal branch stars rather than from the X-ray source. The LMXBs in globular clusters are among the most luminous globular clusters in M31.Comparison with stellar evolutionary tracks shows that the UVIT/Chandra sources with high UV blackbody temperatures are consistent with massive (10 to 30 M$_{\odot}$) stars in M31.

Field of study: Physics
Community composition of the Planctomycetes associated with different macroalgae.

Insights into the diversity of marine natural microbial biofilms, as for example those developing at the surface of marine macroalgae, can be obtained by using molecular techniques based on 16S rRNA genes. We applied denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) with 16S rRNA genes-specific primers for Planctomycetes to compare the communities of these organisms developing on six different macroalgae (Chondrus crispus, Fucus spiralis, Mastocarpus stellatus, Porphyra dioica, Sargassum muticum, and Ulva sp.) sampled in spring 2012 in two rocky beaches in the north of Portugal. Planctomycetes can be one of the dominant organisms found in the epibacterial community of macroalgae, and we wanted to determine the degree of specificity and the spatial variation of these group. Shannon diversity indexes obtained from the comparison of DGGE profiles were similar in all the macroalgae, and in both sites, F. spiralis was the algae presenting lower Planctomycetes diversity, while M. stellatus and P. dioica from Porto showed the highest diversity. The analysis of DGGE profiles, including anosim statistics, indicate the existence of a specific Planctomycetes community associated with the algal host, likely independent of geographical variation. Sequencing of DGGE bands indicated that Planctomycetes communities were highly diverse, and some Operational Taxonomic Units seemed to be specifically associated with each macroalgae.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
A Comment on "Roosevelt and His Foreign Policy Critics"

I am sympathetic to the general purpose of the preceding article. Franklin Roosevelt was a very remarkable but also a complex and often careless president. His methods could be casual and devious, sometimes inexcusably so, and history demands full documentation of his faults as well as his virtues. But historical assessment also involves due recognition of the context in which a historical figure has acted and of the standards by which action was judged in his epoch. And it forbids the suppression of evidence that tells on the other side of the author's case. In these aspects, this paper falls signally short. It is not a historical analysis but a prosecutorial brief. The historian's imaginative leap into the past enjoins first of all an understanding of problems as perceived at the time. Mr. Steele acknowledges contemporaneous perceptions in his early paragraphs, but this acknowledgment does not inform the pages that follow. Roosevelt, and many other Americans, really thought that Hitler was posing a mortal threat to the United States. Mr. Steele calls the idea that Nazi Germany was "the instrument of a madman" the "common-sense view of the period," almost as if it were no longer the common sense of a later and wiser period. It is easy to be complacent about nazism forty years after; but no president at the time, confronted by a state that still seems to me to have been the instrument of a madman, could afford to run unnecessary risks. No doubt the menace of the American Nazis was greatly exaggerated, but their "antics," as Mr. Steele characterizes their behavior, appear a good deal more "comic" now than they did then.

Field of study: Political science
Veiled cells in chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease.

The mononuclear cell system in the human gut wall of patients with Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC) and normal controls was studied, with special reference to the so called antigen presenting veiled cells. These cells have already extensively been studied in the skin and are known as Langerhans' cells in the epidermis and dermis, veiled cells in the skin lymph and interdigitating cells in lymph nodes. Recently they were also found in gut associated lymphoid tissue, i.e. Peyer's patches of the rat. Here we describe the presence of similar cells in chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (CIBD). They resemble veiled cells in moving pattern, strong Ia positivity, no or only weak acid phosphatase activity, and ultrastructure. However, many of the described cells combine these characteristics with those of phagocytic macrophages. In the gut wall of controls veiled cells were virtually absent and phagocytic macrophages were almost exclusively recognized. These findings suggest that more intensive antigen handling takes place in the gut wall of CIBD patients than in normal gut. Clear cut associations with sex, age, duration or activity of disease were not observed in this limited study, and the exact significance of the presence of such cells needs further clarification.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Pharmacological dissociation between the reinforcing, sensitizing, and response-releasing functions of reward in honeybee classical conditioning.

: Reserpine depletes biogenic amines from their stores in the honeybee (Apis mellifera carnica) brain and leads to impaired appetitive conditioning using sucrose as a reinforcer. Compensatory injection of octopamine or dopamine directly into the brain restores these behavioral losses. Dopamine rescues the slowing-down effect on motor patterns, but not sensitization or conditioning. Octopamine leaves the motor patterns as well as sensitization unchanged but rescues conditioning. Specifically, octopamine rescues acquisition but not retrieval. Serotonin has no significant effect on sensitization but impairs conditioning. The authors conclude that octopamine is involved in selectively mediating the reinforcing but not the sensitizing or response-releasing function of the sucrose reward, whereas dopamine is selectively involved in the expression of the motor response.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Investigation of the effects of thermostatic and electronic expansion valves on the steady-state and transient performance of commercial chillers.

This paper investigates the steady-state performance and transient response of a commercial fixed-speed on-off controlled chiller and presents comparative performance results obtained during operation with a thermostatic and with an electronic expansion valve. The aim was to establish the effect of the two valves on the transient and steady-state performance of the chiller and to quantify the effects of on-off cycling losses during part-load operation. The results indicate that the chiller has a very fast response during start-up and that cycling losses are very low. The thermostatic expansion valve gives a slightly faster response than the electronic expansion valve with the penalty, however, of less stable operation with larger superheat oscillations at steady-state conditions.

Field of study: Engineering
Synthesis of Dihydropyrrole Derivatives by Copper-Catalyzed Cyclization of γ,δ-Unsaturated Ketone O-Methoxycarbonyloximes

2-Bromomethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrroles are prepared from γ,δ-unsaturated ketone O-methoxycarbonyloximes by treatment with a catalytic amount of CuBr•SMe2 and LiBr.

Field of study: Chemistry
“Pore-Like” Effects of Super-Molecular Self-Assembly on Molecular Diffusion of Poly(Ethylene Oxide)-Poly(Propylene Oxide)-Poly(Ethylene Oxide) in Water

Molecular diffusion of triblock copolymers poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) in water was studied with the help of Pulsed Field Gradient NMR in the broad range of polymer weight fractions from 0.09 to 0.8. Owing to amphiphilic nature of the molecules, these block copolymers exhibit rich self-organization properties when mixed with water. In particular, at ambient temperatures they form micelles and three liquid crystalline mesophases: cubic, hexagonal, and lamellar. The corresponding super-molecular structure formations were studied with the same block copolymer and at the same temperature. Self-assembly of molecules was shown to produce “pore-like” effects on their self-diffusion properties by imposing severe constraints on the dimensionality of propagation. Diffusion in the hexagonal phase was shown to be quasi one-dimensional in the direction parallel to the long axis of the ordered molecular rods. In the lamellar phase, diffusion was found to be quasi two-dimensional, in the plane of the lamellar structures. The observed diffusion anisotropy was attributed to the effects of the specific molecular ordering on the mesoscopic length scale.

Field of study: Materials science
Estimating primary production at depth from remote sensing.

By use of a common primary-production model and identical photosynthetic parameters, four different methods were used to calculate quanta (Q) and primary production (P) at depth for a study of high-latitude North Atlantic waters. The differences among the four methods relate to the use of pigment information in the upper water column.  1 and 2 use pigment biomass (B) as an input and a subtropical, empirical relation between K(d) (diffuse attenuation coefficient) and B to estimate Q at depth.  1 uses measured B, but Method 2 uses B derived from the Coastal Zone Color Scanner (subtropical algorithm) as inputs.  3 and 4 use the phytoplankton absorption coefficient (a(ph)) instead of B as input, and Method B uses empirically derived a(ph)(440) and K(d) values, and Method 4 uses analytically derived a(ph)(440) and a (total absorption coefficient) values based on the same remote measurements as Method 2. When the calculated and the measured values of Q(z) and P(z) were compared, Method 4 provided the closest results [for P(z), r(2) = 0.95 (n = 24), and for Q(z), r(2) = 0.92 (n = 11)].  1 yielded the worst results [for P(z), r(2) = 0.56 and for Q(z), r(2) = 0.81]. These results indicate that one of the greatest uncertainties in the remote estimation of P can come from a potential mismatch of the pigment-specific absorption coefficient (a(ph)*), which is needed implicitly in current models or algorithms based on B. We point out that this potential mismatch can be avoided if we arrange the models or algorithms so that they are based on the pigment absorption coefficient (a(ph)). Thus, except for the accuracy of the photosynthetic parameters and the above-surface light intensity, the accuracy of the remote estimation of P depends on how accurately a(ph) can be estimated, but not how accurately B can be estimated. Also, methods to derive a(ph) empirically and analytically from remotely sensed data are introduced. Curiously, combined application of subtropical algorithms for both B and K(d) to subarctic waters apparently compensates to some extent for effects that are due to their similar and implicit pigment-specific absorption coefficients for the calculation of Q(z).

Field of study: Physics
Dielectric and Elastic Properties in the Vicinity of a Diffuse Structural Phase Transition in a PZT-Based Multicomponent System

Dielectric and elastic properties are studied in the vicinity of a diffuse structural phase transition in a PZT-based soft-grained ceramic material with ferroelectric–relaxor properties. Low-temperature phase transition R3c → R3m between two rhombohedral phases occurs when T < TC. Anomalies in different parameters are observed in the region of the phase transition.

Field of study: Physics
Minimax Estimation of the Bounded Parameter of Some Discrete Distributions Under LINEX Loss Function

For a class of discrete distributions, including Poisson(θ), Generalized Poisson(θ), Borel(m, θ), etc., we consider minimax estimation of the parameter θ under the assumption it lies in a bounded interval of the form [0, m] and a LINEX loss function. Explicit conditions for the minimax estimator to be Bayes with respect to a boundary supported prior are given. Also for Bernoulli(θ)-distribution, which is not in the mentioned class of discrete distributions, we give conditions for which the Bayes estimator of θ ∈ [0, m], m < 1 with respect to a boundary supported prior is minimax under LINEX loss function. Numerical values are given for the largest values of m for which the corresponding Bayes estimators of θ are minimax.

Field of study: Mathematics
Kinetics of degradation intermediates during ozonization of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), a widely used herbicide, was treated by the ozonization technology in the laboratory.During the 2,4-D ozonization, the main categories of intermediates included chloric aromatics, dechlorinated aromatics and organic acids.Some of these intermediates have relatively high toxicity.Therefore, it is crucial to study the kinetics trend of intermediates diversion.Three possible degradation pathways were proposed in this paper.Path Ⅰ was a simple chain pathway.Path Ⅱ was a parallel pathway.Path Ⅲ was a cross pathway, the most complicated pathway.The concentration variations of main intermediates during reaction were analyzed by using these pathways.In addition, three kinetic models of intermediates were derived based on the proposed pathways.The fitting result showed that cross pathway was the best fitted pathway to explain the experimental data of intermediates concentration trend.It was shown that the correlation coefficients of main categories of intermediates were greater than 0.94 in the cross pathway.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
The E1 and E2 capture amplitudes in 12C(α,γ0)16O


Excitation functions of the γ0 capture transition in 12C(α,γ)16O at θγ= 90˚ were obtained using a 4 × 4'' BGO crystal in close geometry (E= 0.94 to 3.39 MeV) and a 2 × 2'' BGO crystal in far geometry (E= 1.69 to 3.29 MeV), where the study of the reaction was initiated in inverse kinematics involving a windowless gas target. The small crystal detected essentially the E1 multipole component in the γ0 capture transition, while the large crystal observed approximately the angle-integrated sum of the E1 and E2 multipole components. Analysis of the two data sets together with data from previous work provided strong evidence that both multipoles are of equal importance at the relevant stellar energy E0= 0.3 MeV.

Field of study: Physics
Preparation and Application of Cation Exchange Column Based on Hydrophilic Monodisperse Polymer Resins

A new weakly acidic cation stationary phase was synthesized by chemical modification of 5.0 μm monodisperse macroporous hydrophilic poly(glycidylmethacrylate-co-ethylenedimethacrylate)(PGMA/EDMA)beads.Its chromatographic properties were evaluated by conductivity detector for separation of alkali metals(Li+,Na+ and K+),ammonium(NH+4),alkaline earth metals(Mg2+ and Ca2+),and organic amines.The common mono and divalent cations in a single isocratic run can be separated by the elution with 7 mmol/L methyl vitriol at 1.0 mL/min.The organic amines were separated in 10 min by the elution with 3.5 mmol/L methyl vitriol and 5% acetonitrile.Under the experiment conditions,the linear range and detection limit of six cations were determined.The results showed that the six cations had good linear relationship and low detection limit.The influence of the eluent type,concentration and the flow rate for the separation of six cations was investigated.The column was used for the separation of inorganic cations from Cassia tea with only one step,four cations could be separated in 20 min.The recoveries of four cations were between 96% and 107%.In comparison with the IonPacCS12A cation exchanger column for separation of inorganic cations,the effect of resolution is almost same and the analysis time has been shorten to 44 min.

Field of study: Chemistry