nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Ribosome Composition Maximizes Cellular Growth Rates in E. coli.

Bacterial ribosomes are composed of one-third protein and two-thirds RNA by mass. The predominance of RNA is often attributed to a primordial RNA world, but why exactly two-thirds remains a long-standing mystery. Here we present a quantitative analysis, based on the kinetics of ribosome self-replication, demonstrating that the 1∶2 protein-to-RNA mass ratio uniquely maximizes cellular growth rates in E. coli. A previously unrecognized growth law, and an invariant of bacterial growth, also follow from our analysis. The growth law reveals that the ratio between the number of ribosomes and the number of polymerases making ribosomal RNA is proportional to the cellular doubling time. The invariant is conserved across growth conditions and specifies how key microscopic parameters in the cell, such as transcription and translation rates, are coupled to cellular physiology. Quantitative predictions from the growth law and invariant are shown to be in excellent agreement with E. coli data despite having no fitting parameters. Our analysis can be readily extended to other bacteria once data become available.

Field of study: Physics
Palaeovegetation variation in response to the late Oligocene-early Miocene East Asian summer monsoon in the Ying-Qiong Basin, South China Sea

Miocene palaeovegetation and palaeoclimate in the Ying-Qiong Basin, South China Sea were comprehensively reconstructed using higher plant-derived biomarkers, palynological records, clay minerals, and kerogen maceral compositions of shales. During the period from about 24.9–18.3 Ma, there are trends of higher relative abundances of plant-derived biomarkers in the younger sediments. Similarly, over this time period there are increasing amounts of tropical/subtropical angiosperms and pteridophytes in the younger sediments, and lesser amounts of temperate Pinus and Alnus species. The bloom of the dominant tropical-subtropical higher plants and the large influx of terrigenous organic matter during this period were likely associated with extra summer monsoonal precipitation under a warming climate. The establishment of the East Asian summer monsoon in the South China Sea is proposed at about 24.9 Ma in the late Oligocene, which is likely to have been caused by uplift of the northern Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau at the same time.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Exosomes: The Link between GPCR Activation and Metastatic Potential?

The activation of G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) by their respective ligands initiates a cascade of multiple signaling processes within the cell, regulating growth, metabolism and other essential cellular functions. Dysregulation and aberrant expression of these GPCRs and their subsequent signaling cascades are associated with many different types of pathologies, including cancer. The main life threatening complication in patients diagnosed with cancer is the dissemination of cells from the primary tumor to distant vital organs within the body, metastasis. Communication between the primary tumor, immune system, and the site of future metastasis are some of the key events in the early stages of metastasis. It has been postulated that the communication is mediated by nanovesicles that, under non-pathological conditions, are released by normal cells to relay signals to other cells in the body. These nanovesicles are called exosomes, and are utilized by the tumor cell to influence changes within the recipient cell, such as bone marrow progenitor cells, and cells within the site of future metastatic growth, in order to prepare the site for colonization. Tumor cells have been shown to release an increased number of exosomes when compared to their normal cell counterpart. Exosome production and release are regulated by proteins involved in localization, degradation and size of the multivesicular body, whose function may be altered within cancer cells, resulting in the release of an increased number of these vesicles. This review investigates the possibility of GPCR signaling cascades acting as the upstream activator of proteins involved in exosome production and release, linking a commonly targeted trans-membrane protein class with cellular communication utilized by tumor cells in early stages of metastasis.

Field of study: Biology
Plate Tectonics and the Ouachita System in Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas

The Ouachita system is commonly considered to be an extension of the Appalachian orogen into the area of Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. Although the Appalachians have been interpreted within the framework of plate tectonics, most analyses of the Ouachita system have relied primarily on classical geosynclinal theory. Here, we apply a cordilleran-type model (Dewey and Bird, 1970) to the Ouachita system. This model appears consistent with the stratigraphic and structural development of the system, with the chronologic development of the Atlantic Ocean, and with proposed plate tectonic models for the Appalachians. Also, it is consistent with limited geophysical evidence, which includes a gravity profile across a portion of Texas. The cordilleran-type model proposed here implies Paleozoic and possible Mesozoic spreading centers in the region of the Gulf of Mexico.

Field of study: Geology
Reframing a Social Studies Methods Course: Preparing Elementary Teacher Candidates for the Common Core

The emphasis on disciplinary literacy skills embedded within the Common Core State Standards requires a shift in preparing teachers to explicitly address the craft of reading and writing within social studies instruction. As teacher educators, we think it is imperative to understand the ways in which our teacher candidates integrate literacy within their social studies instruction and strive to modify our own practices to support their needs. Using practitioner research, we share the instructional changes we made to better prepare teacher candidates to meet the standards, and we consider how our teacher candidates responded to those changes in their work. Our implications suggest research-based practices must be utilized in social studies methods courses while maintaining an emphasis on key historical thinking skills. Such practices include using essential questions to guide deeper thinking, integrating appropriately modified informational texts, developing skills in close reading, using graphic organizers, and emphasizing content integration.

Field of study: Sociology
A partitioning technique for concurrent software design

Software partitioning is the process of mapping software functional requirements into a set of program modules for implementation. This paper analyzes concurrent software design techniques that are based on structured analysis and design (SA/SD) in order to highlight their potential and their shortcomings. A partitioning technique based on the analysis of the data and control flow of a system's functional requirements is proposed next. This technique, called the Concurrent Software Design Technique (CSDT), extends the current SA/SD techniques by identifying concurrent independent tasks for implementation in multitasking or multiprocessing environments. Finally, the application of this technique is illustrated through an example.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Dependence of a giant optical nonlinearity of planar-oriented nematics on the thickness of a sample

An analysis is made of the dependence of a giant optical nonlinearity of a nematic on the thickness of a sample L divided by the characteristic size a of a transverse inhomogeneity of the optical field. It is shown (and confirmed experimentally) that a nonlinear advance of the phase of light in a sample depends strongly and differently on L in the cases when L a and L a.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
On the Identity of Subject Teacher Educators in the Normal Universities

From case studies,it found that the identity of subject teacher educators could be conceptualized into subject identification,teaching identification and research identification.Subject identification is the foundation,teaching identification is the key,research identification is to consolidate and enhance subject teacher educators`identity recognition,and practice is the inseparable foundation of teaching and research identity.The identity of subject teacher educators is formed in the constructivism path by gaming and negotiation of the personal dimension and the environmental dimension.There are four kinds of organization models of teacher education institution in normal universities,such as the model of college of arts and sciences,the model of college of education,the model of incomplete college of teacher education,and the model of complete college of teacher education.The model of college of education is conducive to the formation of clear and firm identity of subject teacher educators.

Field of study: Education
Downtown Delano Urban Design Plan: CRP 203 Work in Spring 08

In fall 2008 the City of Delano approached the City and Regional Planning Department through Department Head Bill Siembieda, expressing their wish for collaboration for Downtown Delano. Following a series of communications it was decided that a participatory effort for idea generation on the future of downtown would be appropriate for the task. A two-step timeline was developed with the Community Development Department of the City of Delano. As a first step, through Winter 2008, a Downtown Concept Plan was developed based on a community participation process with the residents of Delano. As the second step, in Spring 2008 quarter, CRP 203’s Section 02 developed three Urban Design Plan Proposals based on the Concept Plan developed earlier. In the following sections of this paper these two phases will be summarized.

Field of study: Medicine
On the Type of Proper Professional Act in the Criminal Law

The proper professional act in the criminal law is a kind of lawful act,which violates the lawful rights formally,but eliminates crimes virtually. It includes the scientific experiment act in the field of scientific research,proper professional act in the fields of health and hygiene,athletic competition,and so on,but the risky act of business and the defense act of counsel are not the part of it.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Use of carbohydrates and peptides in studies of adhesion of pathogenic bacteria and in efforts to generate carbohydrate-specific T cells

The recognition of cell surface carbohydrates by E. coli and S. suis has been investigated. Use of synthetic oligosaccharides and their deoxy- and deoxyfluoro derivatives as inhibitors of the bacterial adhesins revealed that E. coli and S. suis were hydrogen bonded to different epitopes on the disaccharide galabiose. In addition, synthetic peptides were identified that inhibit the chaperone PapD which is required for assembly of protein subunits into the E. coli P pilus. Both adhesin-receptor interactions and subunit-chaperone interactions constitute targets for design of novel antibiotics. The T cell response to derivatives of immunogenic peptides that carry carbohydrate haptens has also been studied and carbohydrate-specific helper T cells were obtained on immunization of mice. An enhanced immune response against carbohydrate antigens may be useful in treatment of infectious disease and cancer.

Field of study: Chemistry
Estimation of self-absorption effect on aluminum emission in the presence of different noble gases: comparison between thin and thick plasma emission.

Aluminum spectra in the noble gases of helium and argon at initial delay times after plasma formation are numerically calculated. Temporal behavior of plasma emissions up to 200 ns after laser irradiation is investigated. Plasma parameters are computed by coupling the thermal model of laser ablation, hydrodynamic of plasma expansion, and Saha-Eggert equations. A spectrum is constructed from the superposition of 13 strong lines of aluminum and several strong lines of ambient gases. Spectral radiations are superimposed on a continuous emission composed of bremsstrahlung and recombination radiation. The self-absorption effect on plasma radiation at 1 atm gas pressure is studied. In this paper, a comparison between thin and thick aluminum radiation is done. Furthermore, the self-absorption coefficient of each strong line at laser energies of 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, and 1.1 GW/cm(2) is estimated. Results show that at specific laser energy, the self-absorption effect in argon is more significant than in helium. For most of the spectral lines in both noble gases, the self-absorption coefficient will diminish with the delay time. As indicated with passing time, the line widths of the self-absorbed lines will rise. More intense continuous emissions are observed at higher wavelengths, and these radiations will be increased with laser energy.

Field of study: Physics
Обзор нормативных документов по вопросам налогообложения за февраль-март 2014г.

Политические события, произошедшие в анализируемый период в связи с провозглашением независимости Крыма от Украины, проведением референдума в Крыму и подписанием на основании его результатов соглашения о включении Республики Крым и города Севастополя в состав Российской Федерации в качестве новых членов , в течение длительного времени будут оказывать определяющее влияние на экономическую ситуацию в РФ, учитывая отказ мирового сообщества признать легитимность состоявшегося воссоединения России и Крыма.

Field of study: Economics
Simple generalized vapour pressure- and boiling point correlation for refrigerants

A simple generalized vapour pressure equation has been developed to correlate vapour pressures of refrigerants. The proposed vapour pressure equation has one or three adjustable parameters depending on the required accuracy. In the first case the adjustable parameter has been correlated with the reduced triple point temperature. Thus, the proposed vapour pressure equation requires only the fluid-dependent critical and triple point parameters and enables the accurate description of the entire temperature range of pure refrigerants from the triple to the critical point. Another advantage of the proposed correlation is its possibility of being inversed; this way the Boiling point can be calculated from vapour pressures through a single equation. Finally, a predictive method for the triple point pressure is suggested.

Field of study: Engineering
Towards Wide Learning: Experiments in Healthcare

In this paper, a Wide Learning architecture is proposed that attempts to automate the feature engineering portion of the machine learning (ML) pipeline. Feature engineering is widely considered as the most time consuming and expert knowledge demanding portion of any ML task. The proposed feature recommendation approach is tested on 3 healthcare datasets: a) PhysioNet Challenge 2016 dataset of phonocardiogram (PCG) signals, b) MIMIC II blood pressure classification dataset of photoplethysmogram (PPG) signals and c) an emotion classification dataset of PPG signals. While the proposed method beats the state of the art techniques for 2nd and 3rd dataset, it reaches 94.38% of the accuracy level of the winner of PhysioNet Challenge 2016. In all cases, the effort to reach a satisfactory performance was drastically less (a few days) than manual feature engineering.

Field of study: Computer science
ABC Supporting QoS Unicast Routing Scheme Based on Beehive Algorithm

NGI(Next Generation Internet) needs to provide QoS(Quality of Service) routing and support ABC(Always Best Connected).However,due to the difficulty on the exact measurement of link status and the exact expression of the user QoS requirement,QoS routing should be capable of dealing with fuzzy information.Meanwhile,with the gradual commercialization of the network operation,both the network provider and the user profits should be considered and thus their utility win-win should be supported when routing.In this paper,by introducing the knowledge of the fuzzy mathematics and the microeconomics,a QoS unicast routing scheme with ABC supported is proposed.The range is used to describe the flexible user QoS requirement and the edge suitability membership function is adopted to handle the inaccurate link status information.With the edge bandwidth pricing,edge evaluation and path evaluation introduced and based on the beehive algorithm,it tries to find a QoS unicast path with Pareto optimum under Nash equilibrium on both the user utility and the network provider utility achieved or approached.Simulation results have shown that the proposed scheme is both feasible and effective.

Field of study: Computer science
Multi-instrument gravity-wave measurements over Tierra del Fuego and the Drake Passage - Part 1: Potential energies and vertical wavelengths from AIRS, COSMIC, HIRDLS, MLS-Aura, SAAMER, SABER and radiosondes

Gravity waves in the terrestrial atmosphere are a vital geophysical process, acting to transport energy and momentum on a wide range of scales and to couple the various atmospheric layers. Despite the importance of these waves, the many studies to date have often exhibited very dissimilar results, and it remains unclear whether these differences are primarily instrumental or methodological. Here, we address this problem by comparing observations made by a diverse range of the most widely used gravity-wave-resolving instruments in a common geographic region around the southern Andes and Drake Passage, an area known to exhibit strong wave activity. Specifically, we use data from three limb-sounding radiometers (Microwave Limb Sounder, MLS-Aura; HIgh Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder, HIRDLS; Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry, SABER), the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC) GPS-RO constellation, a ground-based meteor radar, the Advanced Infrared Sounder (AIRS) infrared nadir sounder and radiosondes to examine the gravity wave potential energy (GWPE) and vertical wavelengths (λz) of individual gravity-wave packets from the lower troposphere to the edge of the lower thermosphere ( ∼  100 km). Our results show important similarities and differences. Limb sounder measurements show high intercorrelation, typically  > 0.80 between any instrument pair. Meteor radar observations agree in form with the limb sounders, despite vast technical differences. AIRS and radiosonde observations tend to be uncorrelated or anticorrelated with the other data sets, suggesting very different behaviour of the wave field in the different spectral regimes accessed by each instrument. Evidence of wave dissipation is seen, and varies strongly with season. Observed GWPE for individual wave packets exhibits a log-normal distribution, with short-timescale intermittency dominating over a well-repeated monthly-median seasonal cycle. GWPE and λz exhibit strong correlations with the stratospheric winds, but not with local surface winds. Our results provide guidance for interpretation and intercomparison of such data sets in their full context.

Field of study: Environmental science
Hierarchical classification as relational framing.

The purpose of this study was to model hierarchical classification as contextually controlled, generalized relational responding or relational framing. In Experiment 1, a training procedure involving nonarbitrarily related multidimensional stimuli was used to establish two arbitrary shapes as contextual cues for 'member of' and 'includes' relational responding, respectively. Subsequently those cues were used to establish a network of arbitrary stimuli in particular hierarchical relations with each other, and then test for derivation of further untrained hierarchical relations as well as for transformation of functions. Resultant patterns of relational framing showed properties of transitive class containment, asymmetrical class containment, and unilateral property induction, consistent with conceptions of hierarchical classification as described within the cognitive developmental literature. Experiment 2 extended the basic model by using "fuzzy category" stimuli and providing a better controlled test of transformation of functions. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
An Ethical Comparison between In-Vitro Fertilization and NaProTechnology

In vitro fertilization (IVF) is morally objectionable for a number of reasons: the destruction of human embryos, the danger to women and newborn infants, and the replacement of the marital act in procreation. Recent studies have shown a significant risk of maternal death and morbidity associated with ovarian hyper-stimulation syndrome and multiple pregnancies after IVF. Due to lack of uniform regulations for IVF clinics, there is under-reporting of the adverse effects. NaProTechonology is one ethical alternative to IVF for female infertility. One study has confirmed earlier findings that NaProTechonology results in a number of live births similar to that of assisted reproductive technology, without the danger to women and newborn infants. Adoption of born children is another ethical and praiseworthy alternative to IVF.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Direct Chiral Separation of Four Indole Derivatives by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Chiral Stationary Phase

A chiral stationary phase (CSP) was prepared by coating cellulose-tris(3,5-dimethylphenyl carbamate) (CDMPC) onto spherical silica gel. Four newly synthesized chiral indole derivatives were directly resolved on the CDMPC-CSP by a normal-phase system. The influences of structure and proportion of the alcohol in mobile phases on the separation by high-performance liquid chromatography with chiral stationary phase (HPLC) were investigated to optimize the chromatographic conditions. N-butano1, ethanol and ethanol were suitable for the separation of sample I, III, and IV as the modifiers, respectively, whereas the mixture of ethanol and n-propanol was suitable for sample I. Under the optimal conditions, excellent enantioseparation was achieved and the enantiomer excess values of all the four samples were determined. The satisfactory results indicated that the method of HPLC is ideal for the separation of indole derivatives.

Field of study: Chemistry
"I've Been there, Too": Effect on Empathy of Prior Experience with a Need

Two studies tested the prediction that having had prior experience with a need increases empathy for another person currently experiencing that need. In Study 1, subjects reported their feelings of empathy after observing a same-sex peer endure mild but uncomfortable electric shocks. Compared with those given no prior experience with the shocks, women who had prepared to receive the shocks themselves reported more empathy, whereas men who had prepared reported less. In Study 2, subjects reported their feelings of empathy after reading a transcript in which a same-sex adolescent described an upsetting life experience. Women who had had a similar experience during adolescence reported more empathy than women who had not; men who had had a similar experience reported no more empathy than men who had not. Across both studies, then, prior experience with the need increased empathy among women but not among men.

Field of study: Psychology