nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional shape measurement of aspheric mirrors with fringe reflection photogrammetry.

Three-dimensional (3D) shape measurement of an aspheric mirror with fringe reflection photogrammetry involves three steps: correspondence matching, triangulation, and bundle adjustment. Correspondence matching is realized by absolute phase tracking and triangulation is computed by the intersection of reflection and incidence rays. The main contribution in this paper is constraint bundle adjustment for carefully dealing with lens distortion in the process of ray intersection, as compared to the well-known grating reflection photogrammetry. Additionally, a free frame is proposed to alleviate troublesome system geometrical calibration, and constraint bundle adjustment is operated in the free frame to refine the 3D shape. Simulation and experiment demonstrate that constraint bundle adjustment can improve absolute measurement accuracy of aspheric mirrors.

Field of study: Physics
An Examination of the Role of Nursery Education on Primary School Pupils in Nigeria.

This study examines the role of Nursery education among primary school pupils. The sole objective of the study was to find out the differences in academic achievement between primary school pupils who received nursery education and those who did not.  Descriptive survey research design was adopted to achieve the study objective. Consequently, 20 primary one pupils from Christ the King Nursery and Primary school Okene, Kogi State ten each from those that received nursery education and those that did not  receive nursery education participated in the study. Five generic frames – numeric skills, sentence construction, verbal expression, creativity and writing skills- were used to measure pupils’ academic achievement. The result showed a marking difference between the two set of pupils with pupils who attended nursery schools performing better. The researcher thus recommends among others that the government of Nigeria should encourage parents to send their children to nursery schools.  education, examine, nursery, and primary

Field of study: Education
Some comparisons of chemical education in Britain, Canada and the U.S.A.

In this comparison of chemical education in Britain, Canada and the U.S.A. I have drawn primarily upon personal experiences as an undergraduate, and graduate student at King's College in the University of Durham ('51—'57), and faculty member at the Universities of British Columbia ('58—'66), Princeton ('66—'69) and the University of California at Berkeley (from 1969). There have been changes at my alma mater since I graduated and at U.B.C., since I was there, and I hope that my generalized account has taken some heed of them. The University of British Columbia offered an unusual opportunity for the comparison I am making here, since both the faculty and students (particularly graduate students) were drawn from Britain and the U.S.A. as well as Canada. Some of the comparisons I shall make do not involve national features. Thus many of the aspects of a chemical education at Princeton arise from the small numbers of students at that University and stand in contrast to features at Berkeley. In many ways the large State and Provincial Institutions of Berkeley and U.B.C. are more akin than are Berkeley and Princeton. As might be expected, Canadian universities show relationships to both British and United States universities. In training in chemistry, however, the U.S. and Canadian systems have more in common. In some respects the Canadians suffer from burdensome combinations of British and U.S. traditions, particularly in their graduate schools.

Field of study: Chemistry
Tectonic history of the Grenville-age Trenton Prong inlier, Central Appalachians, USA: Evidence from SHRIMP U–Pb geochronology

New zircon U–Pb geochronologic data from the Grenville-age Trenton Prong provide information on the age of magmatism, timing of metamorphism, and post-metamorphic history of the inlier. Diorite gne...

Field of study: Environmental science
Novel KCNQ2 channel activators discovered using fluorescence-based and automated patch-clamp-based high-throughput screening techniques

To establish an improved, high-throughput screening techniques for identifying novel KCNQ2 channel activators.KCNQ2 channels were stably expressed in CHO cells (KCNQ2 cells). Thallium flux assay was used for primary screening, and 384-well automated patch-clamp IonWorks Barracuda was used for hit validation. Two validated activators were characterized using a conventional patch-clamp recording technique.From a collection of 80 000 compounds, the primary screening revealed a total of 565 compounds that potentiated the fluorescence signals in thallium flux assay by more than 150%. When the 565 hits were examined in IonWorks Barracuda, 38 compounds significantly enhanced the outward currents recorded in KCNQ2 cells, and were confirmed as KCNQ2 activators. In the conventional patch-clamp recordings, two validated activators ZG1732 and ZG2083 enhanced KCNQ2 currents with EC50 values of 1.04±0.18 μmol/L and 1.37±0.06 μmol/L, respectively.The combination of thallium flux assay and IonWorks Barracuda assay is an efficient high-throughput screening (HTS) route for discovering KCNQ2 activators.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
The Self-Efficacy Scale: Construction and Validation

Self-efficacy theory asserts that personal mastery expectations are the primary determinants of behavioral change. Further, it is suggested that individual differences in past experiences and attribution of success to skill or chance result in different levels of generalized self-efficacy expectations. To measure these generalized expectancies, a Self-efficacy Scale was developed. A factor analysis yielded two subscales: a General Self-efficacy subscale (17 items) and a Social Self-efficacy subscale (6 items). Confirmation of several predicted conceptual relationships between the Self-efficacy subscales and other personality measures (i.e., Locus of Control, Personal Control, Social Desirability, Ego Strength, Interpersonal Competence, and Self-esteem) provided evidence of construct validity. Positive relationships between the Self-efficacy Scale and vocational, educational, and military success established criterion validity. Future research and clinical uses of the scale were discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Lightweight attribute based encryption scheme for mobile cloud assisted cyber-physical systems

Protecting data in Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) has been a longstanding challenge. The tradition Attribute Based Encryption (ABE) is known for its high computation load which creates a significant challenge for resource constrained mobile devices. In this paper, we propose a Lightweight Attribute Based Encryption Scheme (LABE) for mobile cloud-assisted CPS based on a proxy service architecture and a new ciphertext policy ABE. In particular, mobile devices will solely perform symmetric encryption by joining authentication and encryption proxy services encapsulated in RESTful. Encryption shall not need pairing and then ciphertext can be decrypted with one pairing. Security analysis shows that the proposed LABE is secure with fine grained access control and users revocation capability. The computation complexity shows that the proposed scheme imposes low overhead on mobile devices and performs very well in mobile cloud-assisted CPS.

Field of study: Computer science
江苏地区2011年恙虫病暴发的分子流行病学研究

恙虫病是由携带恙虫病东方体的恙螨幼虫叮咬而传播的自然疫源性虫媒传染病.2006年江苏省盐城市滨海县出现恙虫病局部暴发,至2010年,我省恙虫病疫情较平稳,全年病例数维持在150例左右.2011年全省恙虫病病例出现大幅增加,共计报告临床诊断病例500人.本研究对2011年92份恙虫病临床标本进行核酸分子鉴定,在56-kDa基因序列分析的基础上揭示了病原的分子流行特征,为进一步监测和防控提供实验依据。

Field of study: Biology
Advancing global flood hazard simulations by improving comparability, benchmarking, and integration of global flood models

In recent years, a range of global flood models (GFMs) were developed, each utilizing different process descriptions as well as validation data sets and methods. To quantify the magnitude of these differences, studies assessed the performance of GFMs on the continental and catchment level. Since the default models set-ups resulted in locally marked deviations, there is a clear need for further and especially more standardized research to not only maintain credibility, but also support the application of GFM products by end-users. Consequently, we here outline the basic requirements and challenges of a Global Flood Model Validation Framework for more standardized model validation and benchmarking in the hope of encouraging the much needed debate, research developments in this direction, and involvement of science with end-users. By means of the framework, it is possible to streamline the data sets used for input and validation as well as the validation approach itself. By subjecting GFMs to more thorough and standardized methods, we think their quality as well as acceptance will increase as a result, especially amongst end-users of their outputs. Otherwise GFMs may only serve a purely scientific purpose of continued model improvement but without practical use. Furthermore, we want to invite GFM developers to make their models more integratable which would allow for representation of more physical processes and even more detailed comparison on a model component basis. We think this is pivotal to not only improve the accuracy of model input data sets, but to focus on the core of each model, the process descriptions. Only if we know more about why GFMs deviate, are we able to improve them accordingly and develop a next generation of models, not only providing first-order estimates of flood extent but supporting the global disaster risk reduction community with more accurate and actionable information.

Field of study: Environmental science
Strain partitioning in a pluton during emplacement in transpressional regime: the example of the Néouvielle granite (Pyrenees)

This microstructural and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility study of the internal structures of the Hercynian Néouvielle granite pluton (100 km2) provides new data indicating that the pluton was emplaced during the main Hercynian tectonic event recognized in the Pyrenees. It also provides new data about the later Alpine deformation localized along narrow mylonitic bands. These bands acted as reverse faults and have not rotated the Hercynian structures that define the main part of the pluton. The pluton is composed of two structural domains: the northern half of the pluton displays a beak shape in map view, with subhorizontal E–W trending lineations of magmatic origin; the southern half is semi-circular and displays rather steeply northward plunging lineations corresponding to magmatic and high temperature (HT) solid-state microstructures. These features are associated with magma deformation during emplacement. Magma deformation corresponds, in the northern half of the pluton, to an E–W strike-slip deformation recognized in the enveloping pelitic metasediments of Carboniferous age and, in the southern half of the pluton, to southward overthrusting recognized in the enveloping quartzites of Devonian age. Juxtaposition in a single granite body of transcurrent and compressive domains is viewed as a strain partitioning in the magma. This strain partitioning is linked to both the transpressive character of the main regional deformation event and the rheological contrast between the pelitic country rocks and quartzose country rocks.

Field of study: Environmental science
Improved Training Methods through the Use of Multimedia Technology

The workforce within the U.S. is increasingly culturally diverse and mobile. Coupled with the fact that technological change is occurring more rapidly, a critical issue that has emerged for the 1990s is how organizations can improve their training methods to adapt to these conditions. Effective learning systems enable employees to adapt more easily to change, thereby increasing their effectiveness. Multimedia systems can be the solution to enhancing performance effectively and efficiently by accelerated learning. This paper examines such a system developed by Holiday Inn Worldwide for the implementation of a new information system.Individuals' performance and attitudes were tracked for two primary groups: those receiving training on a new information system using traditional training methods and those using a multimedia CDROM to acquire mastery of the same system. 826 employees participated, 467 of which were trained by the multimedia system. Attitude measures included attitudes toward self, job, training...

Field of study: Computer science
Phase transformations in icosahedral small copper particles during their annealing in different gas media

Results from experiments on the annealing of icosahedral small particles (ISPs) of copper in different gas media are presented. The growth of nanowhisker structures and nanopores on the surfaces of ISPs is observed. The multilayer internal structure of annealed ISPs that incorporate a metallic core, cavities, and copper oxide layers is revealed.

Field of study: Physics
Impact of liberalization policy on mobile market and average price per minute in the EU

The aim of the article is to apprehend the impacts of the liberalization policy of the European Union in the area of telecommunication market on evolution of mobile services in terms of alternative service providers and virtual mobile operators. The virtual operators whose development was multiplied by technological progress in the area of mobile services allowed for the availability of new and improved services to the customers which in turn bring to light the question of what role virtual operators played in the process of dropping prices in mobile phone contracts. Apart from the study of price development in the European Union, the article focuses on other factors which could determine price development of mobile phone contracts. The end of the article sheds a light on the arguable potential development of virtual operators in the Czech market.

Field of study: Business
A placement strategy of multimedia objects in multimedia information systems

The storage management of an interactive multimedia information system (MMIS) is different from that of the conventional file system. In an MMIS, there could be relationships between the homepages stored on a disk. During browsing homepages, how to reduce the disk seek time and then to provide a fast browsing become a critic performance issue. In the paper, we propose two data placement algorithms for continuous and non-continuous spaces to place objects on a disk in order to reduce their access time. In the simulation, we conduct several experiments to validate the superiority of our algorithms over other algorithms. Besides we also show that the results derived by our algorithms are near optimal by comparing with the optimal solution.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Triaxiality in 48Cr

Rotational behavior inducing triaxiality is discussed for 48 Cr in the cranked Nilsson-Strutinsky (CNS) model, as well as in the spherical shell model. It is shown that the low-spin region up to about I =8, has a prolate well-deformed shape. At higher spins the shape is triaxial with a “negative- γ ” deformation, that is, with rotation around the classically forbidden intermediate axis. By comparing calculated B ( E 2)-values and spectroscopic quadrupole moments in the CNS with spherical shell model results and experimental data, the triaxial rotation around the intermediate axis is confirmed.

Field of study: Physics
Reorganization of vegetation, hydrology and soil carbon after permafrost degradation across heterogeneous boreal landscapes

The diversity of ecosystems across boreal landscapes, successional changes after disturbance and complicated permafrost histories, present enormous challenges for assessing how vegetation, water and soil carbon may respond to climate change in boreal regions. To address this complexity, we used a chronosequence approach to assess changes in vegetation composition, water storage and soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks along successional gradients within four landscapes: (1) rocky uplands on ice-poor hillside colluvium, (2) silty uplands on extremely ice-rich loess, (3) gravelly‐sandy lowlands on ice-poor eolian sand and (4) peaty‐silty lowlands on thick ice-rich peat deposits over reworked lowland loess. In rocky uplands, after fire permafrost thawed rapidly due to low ice contents, soils became well drained and SOC stocks decreased slightly. In silty uplands, after fire permafrost persisted, soils remained saturated and SOC decreased slightly. In gravelly‐sandy lowlands where permafrost persisted in drier forest soils, loss of deeper permafrost around lakes has allowed recent widespread drainage of lakes that has exposed limnic material with high SOC to aerobic decomposition. In peaty‐silty lowlands, 2‐4 m of thaw settlement led to fragmented drainage patterns in isolated thermokarst bogs and flooding of soils, and surface soils accumulated new bog peat. We were not able to detect SOC changes in deeper soils, however, due to high variability. Complicated soil stratigraphy revealed that permafrost has repeatedly aggraded and degraded in all landscapes during the Holocene, although in silty uplands only the upper permafrost was affected. Overall, permafrost thaw has led to the reorganization of vegetation, water storage and flow paths, and patterns of SOC accumulation. However, changes have occurred over different timescales among landscapes: over decades in rocky uplands and gravelly‐sandy lowlands in response to fire and lake drainage, over decades to centuries in Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.

Field of study: Environmental science
Research on flavor stability of boiled dumplings' stuffing

The main research is flavor stability of boiled dumplings in freezing period. Through the analysis and the sense organs evaluate, found that the boiled dumplings′ ingredient and stability changes with the preservative time. The content of moisture and protein decreases, but the content of fat increases. Then the flavor gets bad. This research also shows the effect of extracting fat by three different reagents.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Assessing and mitigating the harmful effects of plastic pollution: the collective multi-stakeholder driven Euro-Mediterranean response

The Mediterranean Sea is one of the areas in the world most affected by marine litter. The main aim of this paper is to reflect on the key outcomes of the special session entitled ‘Harmful effects of plastic litter and mitigation strategies in the Mediterranean Sea’, which was organized within the framework of the SETAC Europe 28th Annual Meeting. The event highlighted the harmful effects of plastic pollution in the Mediterranean and brought forward multi-stakeholder and multi-level efforts to tackle it effectively. This commentary provides an overview of: a) the harmful effects of plastic litter on Mediterranean biodiversity and a three-fold assessment approach to detect impacts with the use of bioindicator species; b) the monitoring and mitigation strategies implemented within the frameworks of the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive and the Barcelona Convention Regional Plan for Marine Litter Management in the Mediterranean; c) the essential role of NGOs in strengthening the science-policy-society interface to address marine litter and in making effective connections between scientific knowledge and societal actions; d) the role of industry in addressing marine litter with a special focus on the potential application of biodegradable plastics in the aquaculture and the fisheries sector, and e) the barriers but also the enabling conditions needed to address the issue effectively. This paper also underlines one of the main challenges of our era: the gap between science, policy and society and how this could be closed towards achieving effective decision-making and comprehensive actions against marine litter.

Field of study: Environmental science
Compressed Training Based Massive MIMO

Massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) scheme promises high spectral efficiency through the employment of large scale antenna arrays in base stations. In time division duplexed implementations, co-channel mobile terminals transmit training information such that base stations can estimate and exploit channel state information to spatially multiplex these users. In the conventional approach, the optimal choice for training length was shown to be equal to the number of users, <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$K$</tex-math></inline-formula>. In this paper, we propose a new semiblind framework, named as “MIMO Compressed Training,” which utilizes information symbols in addition to training symbols for adaptive spatial multiplexing. We show that this framework enables us to reduce (compress) the training length down to a value close to <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\log _2(K)$</tex-math></inline-formula>, i.e., the logarithm of the number of users, without any sparsity assumptions on the channel matrix. We also derive a prescription for the required packet length for proper training. The framework is built upon some convex optimization settings that enable efficient and reliable algorithm implementations. The numerical experiments demonstrate the strong potential of the proposed approach in terms of increasing the number of users per cell and improving the link quality.

Field of study: Engineering
Anomalously young volcanoes on old hot-spot traces: I. Geology and petrology of Cocos Island

Cocos Island is the summit of a seamount on the aseismic Cocos Ridge, a proposed trace of the Galapagos hot spot. The island lies on a portion of the ridge that is middle Miocene in age, but K/Ar and paleomagnetic dates indicate that Cocos is only about 2 m.y. old. Cocos thus offers a rare opportunity for an on-land study of seamount volcanism superimposed on an early hot-spot volcanism. Cocos Island was built in three major stages that define three lithostratigraphic units: (1) shield-building, (2) explosive volcanism, and (3) post-explosive volcanism stages. All Cocos rocks belong to the typical oceanic island alkali basalt-to-trachyte series and have fairly homogeneous Sr ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr = 0.70299-0.70308), Nd ( 143 Nd/ 144 Nd = 0.512952-0.513001), and Pb ( 206 Pb/ 204 Pb = 19.214-19.251; 207 Pb/ 204 Pb =15.553-15.596; 206 Pb/ 204 Pb = 38.899-39.036) isotopic ratios. The Cocos rock series was generated by fractional crystallization of olivine, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, ilmenite, and apatite from similar alkali basalt parental magmas. Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic ratios indicate that Cocos and Galapagos volcanic rocks may have come from a common, although heterogeneous, mantle reservoir, and this implies that the young Cocos volcano is still a part of the Galapagos hot-spot signal.

Field of study: Geology
Direction-of-arrival estimation in partly calibrated subarray-based sensor arrays

The problem of direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation in partly calibrated arrays is addressed. We assume that an array is composed of multiple well-calibrated subarrays of arbitrary known geometry, but there are imperfections between subarrays. We address the cases of unknown (or known with a certain error) intersubarray displacements, imperfect synchronization of subarrays in time, unknown propagation channel mismatches between subarrays, as well as combinations of these effects. A new subspace-based approach to DOA estimation is proposed, which is applicable to this general class of partly calibrated arrays. DOA identifiability issues for such arrays are discussed, and a relevant Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) is derived. Numerical examples illustrate the performance of the proposed estimators.

Field of study: Engineering