nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparation and Properties of Magnetic Hematite Core/Alumina Shell Nanospheres

Magnetic core/alumina shell (MFeCA) structured nanospheres were obtained from a hematite core/alumina precursor shell (HFeCAP) nanosphere precursor. A uniform alumina layer was coated on the surface of -Fe2O3 by the self-assembly of a stearic acid/alumina isopropoxide complex. Hematite cores of the nanospheres were then reduced under H2/N2 gas flow to produce the MFeCA nanospheres. Transmission electron microscopy images showed that the products possessed a distinct core-shell structure. N2 sorption measurements showed that the uniform accessible pore size was 5.2 nm. The surface area was 140m2/g and pore volume were 0.22 cm3/g. Saturation magnetization values indicated the product had a high degree of magnetization (50.2 emu/g).

Field of study: Engineering
The global influence of dust mineralogical composition on heterogeneous ice nucleation in mixed-phase clouds

Mineral dust is the dominant natural ice nucleating aerosol. Its ice nucleation efficiency depends on the mineralogical composition. We show the first sensitivity studies with a global climate model and a three-dimensional dust mineralogy. Results show that, depending on the dust mineralogical composition, coating with soluble material from anthropogenic sources can lead to quasi-deactivation of natural dust ice nuclei. This effect counteracts the increased cloud glaciation by anthropogenic black carbon particles. The resulting aerosol indirect effect through the glaciation of mixed-phase clouds by black carbon particles is small (+0.1 W m−2 in the shortwave top-of-the-atmosphere radiation in the northern hemisphere).

Field of study: Environmental science
Determination of the Organic Acids from the Fruit of Myrica ruba by RP-HPLC

A RP-HPLC method with a UV detector was established to determine the organic acids from the fruit of Myrica ruba.The chromatographic conditions were: Waters PhenomenexM C18(4.6 mmID×250 mm,4 μm)used for the column(at 35 ℃)with 0.04 mol·L-1 KH2PO4-H3PO4 buffer(pH2.4)as the mobile phase,and the flow rate 0.8 mL·min-1,detector wavelength UV-214 nm.The correlation coefficient of the calibration graphs was 0.999 0-0.999 9.The recovery was 88%～101%,RSD3.06%.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Structure of the product of the interaction of methyl anthranilate with N-(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)cyanamide

The interaction of methyl anthranilate with N-(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)cyanamide, according to quantum-chemical calculations, X-ray diffraction, and spectral characteristics of a product obtained, leads exclusively to 2-[(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)amino]quinazolin-4(3H)-one and not to its isomer 2-amino-3-(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)quinazolin-4(3H)-one.

Field of study: Chemistry
Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Heusler Materials: Synthesis, Microstructure Characterization and Magnetostructural Properties

An overview of the processing, characterization and magnetostructural properties of ferromagnetic NiMnX (X = group IIIA–VA elements) Heusler alloys is presented. This type of alloy is multiferroic—exhibits more than one ferroic property—and is hence multifunctional. Examples of how different synthesis procedures influence the magnetostructural characteristics of these alloys are shown. Significant microstructural factors, such as the crystal structure, atomic ordering, volume of unit cell, grain size and others, which have a bearing on the properties, have been reviewed. An overriding factor is the composition which, through its tuning, affects the martensitic and magnetic transitions, the transformation temperatures, microstructures and, consequently, the magnetostructural effects.

Field of study: Materials science
Equation of Motion Method to strongly correlated Fermi systems and Extended RPA approaches

The status of different extensions of the Random Phase Approximation (RPA) is reviewed. The general framework is given within the Equation of Motion Method and the equivalent Green's function approach for the so-called Self-Consistent RPA (SCRPA). The role of the Pauli principle is analyzed. A comparison among various approaches to include Pauli correlations, in particular, renormalized RPA (r-RPA), is performed. The thermodynamic properties of nuclear matter are studied with several cluster approximations for the self-energy of the single-particle Dyson equation. More particle RPA's are shortly discussed with a particular attention to the alpha-particle condensate. Results obtained concerning the Three-level Lipkin, Hubbard and Picket Fence Models, respectively, are outlined. Extended second RPA (ESRPA) is presented.

Field of study: Physics
Aquaporin-mediated changes in hydraulic conductivity of deep tree roots accessed via caves.

Although deep roots can contribute substantially to whole-tree water use, little is known about deep root functioning because of limited access for in situ measurements. We used a cave system on the Edwards Plateau of central Texas to investigate the physiology of water transport in roots at 18-20 m depth for two common tree species, Quercus fusiformis and Bumelia lanuginosa. Using sap flow and water potential measurements on deep roots, we found that calculated root hydraulic conductivity (RHC) fluctuated diurnally for both species and decreased under shading for B. lanuginosa. To assess whether these dynamic changes in RHC were regulated during initial water absorption by fine roots, we used an ultra-low flowmeter and hydroxyl radical inhibition to measure in situ fine root hydraulic conductivity (FRHC) and aquaporin contribution to FRHC (AQPC), respectively. During the summer, FRHC and AQPC were found to cycle diurnally in both species, with peaks corresponding to the period of highest transpirational demand at midday. During whole-tree shade treatments, B. lanuginosa FRHC ceased diurnal cycling and decreased by 75 and 35% at midday and midnight, respectively, while AQPC decreased by 41 and 30% during both time periods. A controlled growth-chamber study using hydroponically grown saplings confirmed daily cycling and shade-induced reductions in FRHC and AQPC. Winter measurements showed that the evergreen Q. fusiformis maintained high FRHC and AQPC throughout the year, while the deciduous B. lanuginosa ceased diurnal cycling and exhibited its lowest annual values for both parameters in winter. Adjustments in FRHC and AQPC to changing canopy water demands may help the trees maintain the use of reliable water resources from depth and contribute to the success of these species in this semi-arid environment.

Field of study: Environmental science
Design and Test of a Novel Thermal Insulated Torque Coupling for a 15-kW Fully HTS Synchronous Generator

A 15-kW/150-rpm fully high-temperature superconducting (HTS) synchronous generator, which installs HTS windings on both the rotor and the stator, is under development. The thermal insulated torque coupling (TITC) is one essential part in the generator, which can transmit torque from the outside warm shaft to the inside cryogenic rotor shaft and reduce the heat conduction as well. In this work, a modular TITC structure has been proposed, which mainly consists of several G10 rods and two metallic flanges. An analytical model for evaluating the stress level and the heat leakage power was built. Design principles for TITCs at different load levels were discussed. Based on the aforementioned knowledge, a sample TITC for our 15-kW/150-rpm generator was designed, produced, and tested under the static load. It was found that the TITC cracked at the load of 2500 Nm, which corresponds to a safety factor of 2.6. Key structural parameters for TITCs working under higher torque levels (0.5-10 MNm) were also calculated.

Field of study: Physics
Circulating vascular endothelial growth factor and its soluble receptors in patients with liver cirrhosis: possible association with hepatic function impairment.

Recent studies provided in vivo evidences of an increased angiogenesis in animal model of portal hypertension and cirrhosis which was linked to increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor. The aim of study was to evaluate the plasma concentration of VEGF and its receptors in liver cirrhosis and the possible association with the degree of liver insufficiency.  Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its soluble receptors: sVEGF-R1, sVEGF-R2 were measured in plasma of 78 patients with liver cirrhosis by ELISA.  The significant increase of plasma VEGF and sVEGF-R1 was observed in liver cirrhosis compared to healthy individuals (153.1+/-51.9 vs. 46.8+/-4.1pg/mL, P<0.05; 279.8+/-34.3 vs. 105.1+/-5.9pg/mL, P<0.001, respectively). Plasma VEGF and foremost sVEGF R1 showed significant associations with biochemical indices of liver function. Among clinical parameters, only ascites revealed significant association with plasma VEGR and sVEGF-R1. VEGF and sVEGF-R1 were increased respectively to the degree of liver insufficiency. It was demonstrated through a significant positive correlation with Child-Pugh score and MELD classification. In conclusion, our study suggests that serum VEGF and VEGF-R1 may reflect the hepatic function impairment in liver cirrhosis and seems to be associated with portal hypertension symptoms.

Field of study: Medicine
Determination of dissociation energy for ligand exchange reaction from EXAFS.

EXAFS (extended X-ray absorption fine structure) experiments were performed at several different temperatures for a series of 3d transition metal ions (Cr3+, Fe3+, Fe2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Zn2+) in aqueous solutions. Anharmonic EXAFS analyses, which include up to third order cumulant, were carried out to study on the metal-oxygen bonding potential. According to the model in which the dissociation process is dominant for the ligand-water exchange reaction, the dissociation energy has been first evaluated from EXAFS in solution phase.

Field of study: Physics
Ictal Intracranial Recording from a ‘Burned-Out Hippocampus’

To present a case involving a discrepancy in the presurgical data of a patient suffering from pharmacoresistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.  A 47-year-old, female patient with complex partial seizures since her twenties came to be evaluated in the Epilepsy Surgery Unit. The ictal electroencephalogram suggested a left temporal epileptogenic zone and the magnetic resonance image showed an abnormality in the right mesial temporal lobe. Intracranial monitoring revealed a pacemaker zone in the right hippocampus that discharged fast spreading to the left mesial temporal lobe, a phenomenon known as ‘burned-out hippocampus’.  The intracranial recording, even though it is an invasive procedure, was necessary for the presurgical evaluation of our patient. This case demonstrates the risks of using surface electroencephalography to determine localization of epileptogenic zones.

Field of study: Medicine
Male Role Norms Inventory-Short Form (MRNI-SF): development, confirmatory factor analytic investigation of structure, and measurement invariance across gender.

The current study reports the development from the Male Role Norms Inventory-Revised (MRNI-R; Levant, Rankin, Williams, Hasan, & Smalley, 2010) of the 21-item MRNI-Short Form (MRNI-SF). Confirmatory factor analysis of MRNI-SF responses from a sample of 1,017 undergraduate participants (549 men, 468 women) indicated that the best fitting "bifactor" model incorporated the hypothesized 7-factor structure while explicitly modeling an additional, general traditional masculinity ideology factor. Specifically, each item-level indicator loaded on 2 factors: a general traditional masculinity ideology factor and a specific factor corresponding to 1 of the 7 hypothesized traditional masculinity ideology norms. The bifactor model was assessed for measurement invariance across gender groups, with findings of full configural invariance and partial metric invariance, such that factor loadings were equivalent across the gender groups for the 7 specific factors but not for the general traditional masculinity ideology factor. Theoretical explanations for this latter result include the potential that men's sense of self or identity may be engaged when responding to questions asking to what extent they agree or disagree with normative statements about their behavior, a possibility that could be investigated in future research by examining the associations of the general and specific factors with measures of masculine identity. Additional exploratory invariance analyses demonstrated latent mean differences between men and women on 4 of the 8 factors, and equivocal results for invariance of item intercepts, item uniquenesses, and factor variances-covariances.

Field of study: Psychology
Immobilization of genetically engineered cells: a new strategy for higher stability.

The r-DNA clones improve the bioprocess and provide better economics, if and when properly developed. In recent times, many approaches were made to improve the stability of recombinants in a reactor which includes both genetic and environmental methods, but many of them were proved to be unsuccessful in the scale-up process. The immobilization technique, exploited recently for the cultivation of recombinants, in many cases gave high cell concentrations, better expression of cloned gene products and also maintained plasmid stability for longer periods in a host under continuous operation in comparison to a free cell system. Many plasmids and hosts were tested for improved stabilities. So far, no explanation was provided for higher stability in the immobilized system. However, it was observed to reduce the competition between the plasmid harboring and plasmid free cells in a matrix. The stability of recombinant strains under immobilization technique is affected by various factors, and these are important parameters for the commercial process. Thus, the immobilization system is promising for the successful cultivation and scale-up of genetically engineered cells.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Trends in Terahertz Device and System Technologies

1. はじめに 近年,「テラヘルツ(THz)テクノロジー」に対する関心 が一段と高まっている~。対象とする周波数は 100GHz ~10THz,波長に換算して 3mm~30μm の電磁波領域である (図 1)が,マクスウェル,ヘルツに始まる電磁波開拓の 140 年余の歴史の中で,この領域だけがほとんど未利用のまま 残っている。 この電磁波領域よりも低い周波数の電磁波応用は,半導 体トランジスタを代表とするエレクトロニクス技術が,高 い周波数は半導体レーザを筆頭とするフォトニクス技術が それぞれ支えてきた。電波法では 3THz までの電磁波を電波 と定めている。その法律が制定された昭和 25 年(1950 年) は,半導体トランジスタの研究開発が緒についた頃である が,今日その動作周波数も 500GHz~1THz に達しており, いよいよ電波の上限が見えてきたと言える。 なお最近,「THz 波」とか「T 線:Terahertz ray」という新 語もよく見かけるようになったが,電波側の周波数領域に は,以前よりミリ波(30GHz~300GHz),サブミリ波(300GHz ~3000GHz)と言う呼称があることを付け加えておく。 この 21 世紀に残された THz 領域は,電磁波の発生・検出 という観点で,エレクトロニクスにしてもフォトニクスに しても最も技術的に難しい周波数帯であることは事実であ るが,双方の技術を融合するなどいくつかの技術的ブレー クスルーにより,近年ようやくこの電磁波領域が,人類に 役立つ,産業化が期待される領域になりつつある。 本稿では,まず THz テクノロジーに期待される応用に関 してまとめる。次にそれを支えるキーデバイス技術と最近 の進展について述べる。最後に,近年注目されているいく つかのシステム応用を紹介する。

Field of study: Computer science
High-throughput Production of ZnO-MoS2-Graphene Heterostructures for Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution

High-throughput production of highly efficient photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution remains a considerable challenge for materials scientists. Here, we produced extremely uniform high-quality graphene and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanoplatelets through the electrochemical-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation, out of which we subsequently fabricated MoS2/graphene van der Waals heterostructures. Ultimately, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were deposited into these two-dimensional heterostructures to produce an artificial ZnO/MoS2/graphene nanocomposite. This new composite experimentally exhibited an excellent photocatalytic efficiency in hydrogen evolution under the sunlight illumination (λ>400 nm), owing to the extremely high electron mobilities in graphene nanoplatelets and the significant visible-light absorptions of MoS2. Moreover, due to the synergistic effects in MoS2 and graphene, the lifetime of excited carriers increased dramatically, which considerably improved the photocatalytic efficiency of the ZnO/MoS2/graphene heterostructure. We conclude that the novel artificial heterostructure presented here shows great potential for the high-efficient photocatalytic hydrogen generation and the high throughput production of visible-light photocatalysts for industrial applications.

Field of study: Materials science
On an asymptotic behavior of elements of order p in irreducible representations of the classical algebraic groups with large enough highest weights

The behavior of the images of a fixed element of order p in irreducible representations of a classical algebraic group in characteristic p with highest weights large enough with respect to p and this element is investigated. More precisely, let G be a classical algebraic group of rank r over an algebraically closed field K of characteristic p > 2. Assume that an element x E G of order p is conjugate to that of an algebraic group of the same type and rank m < r naturally embedded into G. Next, an integer function ax on the set of dominant weights of G and a constant cx that depend only upon x, and a polynomial d of degree one are defined. It is proved that the image of x in the irreducible representation of G with highest weight W contains more than d(r m) Jordan blocks of size p if m and r m are not too small and

Field of study: Mathematics
QTL Mapping Combined With Bulked Segregant Analysis Identify SNP Markers Linked to Leaf Shape Traits in Pisum sativum Using SLAF Sequencing

Leaf shape is an important trait that influences the utilization rate of light, and affects quality and yield of pea (Pisum sativum). In the present study, a joint method of high-density genetic mapping using specific locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) and bulked segregant analysis (BSA) was applied to rapidly detect loci with leaf shape traits. A total of 7,146 polymorphic SLAFs containing 12,213 SNP markers were employed to construct a high-density genetic map for pea. We conducted quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping on an F2 population to identify QTLs associated with leaf shape traits. Moreover, SLAF-BSA was conducted on the same F2 population to identify the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers linked to leaf shape in pea. Two QTLs (qLeaf_or-1, qLeaf_or-2) were mapped on linkage group 7 (LG7) for pea leaf shape. Through alignment of SLAF markers with Cicer arietinum, Medicago truncatula, and Glycine max, the pea LGs were assigned to their corresponding homologous chromosomal groups. The comparative genetic analysis showed that pea is more closely related to M. truncatula. Based on the sequencing results of two pools with different leaf shape, 179 associated markers were obtained after association analysis. The joint analysis of SLAF-seq and BSA showed that the QTLs obtained from mapping on a high-density genetic map are convincing due to the closely associated map region with the BSA results, which provided more potential markers related to leaf shape. Thus, the identified QTLs could be used in marker-assisted selection for pea breeding in the future. Our study revealed that joint analysis of QTL mapping on a high-density genetic map and BSA-seq is a cost-effective and accurate method to reveal genetic architecture of target traits in plant species without a reference genome.

Field of study: Biology
A Visual High-Sensitivity Microarray for Detection of Hepatitis B Virus DNA and Its Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms

Hepatitis B is a major disease that causes serious public health problems worldwide. In this study, a visual DNA microarray was developed for the sensitive and specific detection of hepatitis B virus DNA (HBV-DNA) and its single nucleotide polymorphisms. 5′-End-amino-modified oligonucleotide, which was immobilized on microarray surface acted as capture probe, and another part of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)-labeled oligonucleotide were designed to bind specifically with complementary targets HBV-DNA in the first place, and then linked as a single-strand DNA via Taq DNA ligase. The black image of microarray spots, resulting from silver stain on AuNPs, was used to visually detect target HBV-DNA and its single nucleotide polymorphisms. Capture probe with single base mismatch was prepared to detect the specificity and sensitivity of hybridization on microarray. Target HBV-DNA of different concentrations had been tested. The result indicated that this method has high sensitivity (ac. 10 pM) and specificity in the discrimination of single nucleotide polymorphisms. There is also an evident linear relationship between the signal intensity of microarray spots and the concentration of target DNA at the range of 10–100 pM. This visual detecting technique has great potential in clinical sittings because of its high sensitivity and good specificity.

Field of study: Chemistry
La prise en charge des morsures de chien chez les enfants

Resume Question Une fillette de 4 ans jouait avec le chien de ses voisins. Le chien s’est excite et a mordu la jeune fille a l’avant-bras, y laissant une plaie punctiforme. A cause cette blessure, elle s’est presentee a mon bureau. Devrais-je la traiter avec des antibiotiques? Quel antibiotique faut-il utiliser et pendant combien de temps? Reponse L’administration d’antibiotiques prophylactiques est indiquee lorsqu’on a procede a une suture primitive de la morsure, que la plaie est de gravite moderee a severe, qu’elle est punctiforme (particulierement s’il y a eu penetration de l’os, de la gaine tendineuse ou de l’articulation), pour les morsures au visage, aux mains, aux pieds ou aux parties genitales ou lorsque les victimes sont immunodeprimees ou souffrent d’asplenisme. L’antibiotique de premiere intention est l’amoxicilline-clavulanate. La prophylaxie appropriee antitetanique et contre la rage devrait faire partie des soins chez un patient qui a ete mordu par un chien, tout comme le debridement local et le nettoyage complet de la plaie.

Field of study: Medicine
On the Human Dignity and the Dignity of Education

The need of dignity is essential for human being.Generally speaking,there are two types,such as universal dignity and acquired dignity.Actually the universal dignity enjoyed by everyone is an acquired dignity for the human dignity,which is the achievement that the whole human race has always struggled for from the day of the birth of mankind.And the acquired dignity,comprised of self-esteem and the activity of respects,can be realized so long as self-esteem as bedrock and the practice of respects as means.As a self-conscious cultural activity,education also long for the dignity.And the way that education deserves its dignity lies in the persistence that education holds firmly its own essence and substantive values,and meanwhile to gain the recognition from the states and the other social systems.Education is a way which can spur and enlighten the individuals to gain the dignity,but in the real world not all the educations contribute to the realization,except the venerable education.

Field of study: Education
ET-based Test Data Generation for Multiple-path Testing

Automatic test data generation for path testing is one of the difficult problems of software testing And the existing methods have low efficiency and stability. We have conducted studies on the research field about ET-based test data generation for multiple-path testing, and we have improved the efficiency and the stability of the method by improved the fitness function of currently existing method. By the comparison experiments, it showed that the method in this paper have high efficiency and stability. Meanwhile, we gave the conclusion how the basic parameters impacted on the efficiency, and suggested the setting range of parameters.

Field of study: Engineering