nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Short- and long-term exposure to low levels of pesticide and flavonoid mixtures modify endogenous antioxidants in tissues of rats

The objective of this study was to determine if interaction between phytochemical mixtures and low level exposure to pesticides would modify tissue endogenous antioxidants in rats. Two experiments were conducted using dietary flavonoid (F) and oral pesticide (P) mixtures (FM, PM) on changes in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione concentrations (GSH) in male Sprague Dawley rats (150–175 g) fed for 2 or 4 weeks the AIN 93M diet with or without equal amounts of quercetin, rutin, catechin (FM) at 1.0 mM or 5 mM/kg diet, and with/without PM fed orally at 0.1 mL/d/5d/wk (PM = chlorpyrifos, endosulfan, thiram at 25% LD50 in oil). Our data indicate that (compared to corresponding Control groups): (i) While, 2 weeks of feeding reduced liver and small intestinal mucosal (IM) SOD activity in the PFM1 (PM+FM1) group, 4 weeks of feeding increased only liver SOD activity in PM, FM1, FM5 and PFM1 and PFM5 groups; (ii) Liver and IM GSH levels increased in PFM groups after 2 or 4 weeks of exposure; plasma GSH increased in the groups fed FM5 with or without PM; (iii) Liver GPX activity declined in both 2 and 4 week experiments in the FM and PFM groups, respectively. These data suggests that metabolic interaction between FM and PM, and duration of exposure, can modify endogenous antioxidants. Data also underscore the prooxidant properties of flavonoids.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Music, Silence, and the Senses in a Late Fifteenth-Century Book of Hours

Although it is common in the musicological literature to compare decorated music books with books of hours, studies addressing the musical features of books of hours are rare. This article considers musical features in the decoration of a book of hours made by leading illuminators in Ferrara ca. 1469. Images appearing in books of hours are considered to have had an exemplary and meditative function in relation to devotional practice; therefore, this study asks what the reader was intended to learn from musical images, drawing conclusions about the alignment of the senses and the significance of music in fifteenth-century religious experience.

Field of study: History
First and second moments and the mean hamming distance in a stochastic replication-mutation model for biological macromolecules

In this work first and second moments for a many species Moran model are calculated. The model describes by means of a time-continuous birth- and death process the evolution of an ensemble of N macromolecules out of n possible species. The molecules may replicate (correct or erroneous, in the latter case producing mutants) and may undergo elimination. Replication and elimination will be coupled in order to keep population size constant. In the case of arbitrary replication rates an expansion of the moments in powers of 1/N is found. For equal replication rates exact calculation of the moments is possible. In the case of a v-cube model (binary macromolecules) the second moments may be used to find a simple expression for the mean Hamming distance in the system. This quantity provides a measure for the localization of the ensemble.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
EFFECTS OF CONDITIONING AND TREATMENT OF CHABAZITE AND CLINOPTILOLITE PRIOR TO LEAD AND CADMIUM REMOVAL

This paper characterizes two natural zeolites, chabazite and clinoptilolite, and investigates the effects of treatment and conditioning on the removal of Pb and Cd from effluent wastewaters. The results demonstrated that the as-received zeolites contained a complement of exchangeable K, Ca, and Na ions but exposing them to concentrated NaCl solutions converts them to a homoionic state in the Na form, which improves significantly their exchange capacity. Particle size was found to have no effect on the exchange, suggesting that the mechanism is not surface controlled. Pb and Cd removal results using as-received, conditioned, and treated zeolites showed that conditioning and treatment improved both the exchange capacity and the removal efficiency when operating at metal concentrations greater than 250 mg/L.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Effects of Micro-Segregation on Isothermal Transformed Nano Bainitic Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Laser Cladded Coatings

The design of metastable retained austenite is the key issue to obtain nano bainitic steel with high strength and toughness. In this study, nanostructured Fe-based bainitic coatings were fabricated using laser cladding and following isothermal heat treatment. The microstructures and mechanical properties of the laser cladded coating were investigated. The results show that the Mn, Cr, Co, and Al segregated at the solidified prior grain boundaries. The micro-segregation of the solutes strongly influenced the stability of the austenite. As the isothermal temperature decreases, the interface of the bainite and blocky retained austenite approach to the prior interdendritic regions with the decreasing isothermal temperature, and the final volume fraction also decreases. The volume fractions of each phase and microstructure morphology of the coatings were determined by the interdendritic micro-segregation and isothermal temperatures. The stability of the blocky retained austenite distributed at the interdendritic area was lower than that of film and island-like morphology. This phenomenon contributed to the ductile and tough nano bainitic coatings with tunable mechanical properties.

Field of study: Materials science
Research for ACK Attacks in Network Coding

In recent years,network coding has emerged some exciting future because of its smart technology.However,in order to let network coding become popular in the INTERNET,its security problem must be solved.Firstly,this paper gives one proposal for ACK attacks based on Typical Set,Hash Functions and Markov model,and find elements of the Typical Set using DATA Mining.Secondly,this paper analyses distribution of status for ACK in TCP stream.Finally,the open issues and challenges for network coding in the future are discussed.

Field of study: Computer science
Effectiveness of Seat Belt Legislation on the Queensland Road Toll—An Australian Case Study in Intervention Analysis

The effect of seat belt legislation introduced in the state of Queensland was examined by using two approaches. The first approach consisted of modeling time series of road deaths before intervention (the legislation) as a Box-Jenkins univariate time series model. As we expected, this model proved to be inadequate in explaining the postintervention period, and the model was modified to incorporate the expected form of the intervention effects. Results showed that the legislation produced significant reduction in the road toll, but this analytical approach was limited in describing long-run effects. The second approach, involving causal model and incorporating a proxy explanatory variable and autoregressive-moving average error, was fruitful in overcoming the limitation of the previous approach. The long-run legislative effect was quantified, at a specific level of the explanatory variable, to be a 46 percent reduction in deaths.

Field of study: Mathematics
Experimental Selves: Person and Experience in Early Modern Europe. Christopher Braider. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2018. xiv + 420 pp. $90.

ownership claims to some of their wealth. At times they also had to deal with challenges to their ability to dispose of their goods, as in Tuula Rantala’s essay looking at widows’ planning strategies in fifteenth-century Sweden. This volume recommends itself with its careful consideration of the ways law and practice interacted, as well as its attention to how gender influenced how law could be deployed to carry out final wishes. It is also valuable in bringing the legal system and practice of early modern Scandinavia to the fore of legal studies, which have often focused more on studies of England and France, broadening our understanding of early modern legal histories.

Field of study: History
Effects of the current redistribution within Nb/sub 3/Sn compacted-strand cable on its stability

The effects of current redistribution on the stability have been studied using two kinds of Nb/sub 3/Sn compacted-strand tables with chrome coating and without any coating. The minimum quench energy (MQE) has been measured in various external magnetic field and with various transport current. The MQE of the cable with chrome coating was slightly larger than that of the cable without coating when the transport/critical current ratio, I/I/sub c/, is small. The effects of the different surface condition of the strands on the stability becomes smaller, when the transport current approaches the critical current. The normal zone propagation process of these cables were also different. The initiation of the normal zone propagation in the cable without coating was slower than that in the cable with coating.

Field of study: Physics
Differentiation of bovine and porcine gelatins in processed products via sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and principal component analysis (PCA) techniques

Gelatin is widely used in food and pharmaceutical products. However, the addition of gelatin especially in food products becomes a controversial issue among Muslims due to its animal origin. Thus, the present study was aimed to detect and differentiate the origin of gelatin added in processed foods using a combination method of sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Porcine gelatin had exhibited 11 prominent polypeptides compared to bovine gelatin with 2 prominent polypeptides. Polypeptides of both gelatin sources at molecular weight ranged from 53 to 220 kDa can be used to differentiate between porcine and bovine gelatins using PCA. The efficiency in extracting gelatin from processed foods by different solutions was also evaluated. Extraction of gelatin in processed foods by cold acetone and deionised water had exhibited a similar polypeptide patterns, suggesting both solutions are suitable. The study indicated that approach of a simple gelatin extraction combined with SDS-PAGE and PCA, may provide robust information for gelatin species differentiation of processed foods.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Body-site specific microbiota reflect sex and age-class among wild spotted hyenas.

Host-associated microbial communities, henceforth 'microbiota', can affect the physiology and behavior of their hosts. In mammals, host ecological, social, and environmental variables are associated with variation in microbial communities. Within individuals in a given mammalian species, the microbiota also partitions by body-site. Here, we build on this work and sequence the bacterial 16S rRNA gene to profile the microbiota at six distinct body-sites (ear, nasal and oral cavities, prepuce, rectum, and anal scent gland) in a population of wild spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta), which are highly social, large African carnivores. We inquired whether microbiota at these body-sites vary with host sex or social rank among juvenile hyenas, and whether they differ between juvenile females and adult females. We found that the scent gland microbiota differed between juvenile males and juvenile females, whereas the prepuce and rectal microbiota differed between adult females and juvenile females. Social rank, however, was not a significant predictor of microbiota profiles. Additionally, the microbiota varied considerably among the six sampled body-sites and exhibited strong specificity among individual hyenas. Thus, our findings suggest that site-specific niche selection is a primary driver of microbiota structure in mammals, but endogenous host factors may also be influential.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Charge‐exchange X‐ray emission of M82: Kα triplets of O vii, Ne ix and Mg xi

Starburst galaxies are primary feedback sources of mechanical energy and metals, which are generally measured from associated X-ray emission lines, assuming that they are from the thermal emission of the outflowing hot gas. Such line emission, however, can also arise from the charge-exchange X-ray emission (CXE) between highly ionized ions and neutral species. To understand the feedback of energy and metals, it is crucial to determine the origin of the X-ray emission lines and to distinguish the contributions from the CXE and the thermal emission. The origin of the lines can be diagnosed by the Kα triplets of He-like ions, because the CXE favours the intercombination and forbidden lines, while the thermal emission favours the resonance line. We analyse the triplets of O vii, Ne ix and Mg xi observed in the XMM–Newton reflection grating spectra of the starburst galaxy M82. The flux contribution of the CXE is 90, 50 and 30 per cent to the O vii, Ne ix and Mg xi triplets, respectively. Averaged over all the three triplets, the contribution of the CXE is ∼50 per cent of the total observed triplet flux. To correctly understand the hot outflow of starburst galaxies, it is necessary to include the CXE. Based on the measured CXE fluxes of the O vii, Ne ix and Mg xi triplets, we estimate the relative abundances of O, Ne and Mg of the outflow and find they are similar to the solar ratios.

Field of study: Physics
A mobile code bundle extension for application-defined routing in delay and disruption tolerant networking

In this paper, we introduce software code to improve Delay and Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN) performance. DTN is extremely useful when source and destination nodes are intermittently connected. DTN implementations use application-specific routing algorithms to overcome those limitations. However, current implementations do not support the concurrent execution of several routing algorithms. In this paper, we contribute to this issue providing a solution that consists on extending the messages being communicated by incorporating software code for forwarding, lifetime control and prioritisation purposes. Our proposal stems from the idea of moving the routing algorithms from the host to the message. This solution is compatible with Bundle Protocol (BP) and facilitates the deployment of applications with new routing needs. A real case study based on an emergency scenario is presented to provide details of a real implementation. Several simulations are presented to prove the feasibility and usability of the system and to analyse its performance in comparison to state-of-the-art approaches.

Field of study: Computer science
Smectic vortex phase in optimally doped YBa2Cu3O7 thin films.

Angular dependent resistivity measurements of optimally doped YBa2Cu3O7 films in fields H pulsed to 50 T are presented. Up to the highest H, the vortex melting field Hm increases and vortex motion is reduced for H aligned with the correlated pinning centers along the main crystalline axes, otherwise 3D anisotropic scaling describes the vortex dynamics. For H parallel ab, the rapid increase in Hm at low temperatures and a critical exponent analysis near Hm confirm the presence of the liquid-crystalline smectic phase predicted for layered superconductors.

Field of study: Physics
Antibodies to Toxocara in the sera of visceral larva migrans patients: the significance of raised levels of IgE.

It was possible to detect in the sera of patients, for whom visceral larva migrans had been confirmed histologically, not only antibodies to the excretory–secretory antigens of Toxocara canis by means of fluorescence techniques, but also specific homocytotropic antibody measured by passive cutaneous anaphylactic tests in baboons and monkeys. It was observed that these patients had ten to fifteen times the average normal level of IgE as determined by the radioimmunosorbent test. All cases authenticated histologically gave these results, which suggests that these sort of serological findings can make a contribution towards establishing a diagnosis of visceral larva migrans in man. 
 
A schematic representation is given which shows the immunological responses of the host which may result from different nematode allergens and antigens, and the immunopathological mechanisms likely to be involved.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Rate, probability and matching: comments on "The identities hidden in the matching laws, and their uses" by David Thorne.

David Thorne's (2010) article, "The identities hidden in the matching laws, and their uses" performs a valuable service in pointing out alternative expressions of matching. However, some identities tend to obscure rather than illuminate empirical relationships. Three such problematic instances are discussed: interresponse time as a function of interval and ratio schedule parameters; probability equality as implying rate matching; the apparent simplicity of probabilistic functions, as opposed to response rate functions, of reinforcement rate.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Prices on Gasoline in Russia and Abroad: Comparative Analysis

Price growth of gasoline on Russian domestic market in the wake of declining world crude oil prices is due to the ruble’s devaluation and excise rate growth. In Russia, the share of indirect gasoline taxes has gone up from 30–40% to 35–45% over last two years. Regarding the share of taxes in the price at the pump, Russia is found in between leading EU countries (where this share reaches 65%) and the US (20%), and is close to Canada (37%). At present consumer prices of gasoline in Russia cons tute 90% compared to the US volume, 66% compared to those in Canada, 44% in comparison with such prices in Japan, and 39% against the average price level of ﬁve leading EU countries.

Field of study: Economics
Photobleaching of Radiation-Induced Color Centers in a Germania-Doped Glass Fiber

Experiments have been performed to measure the effects of photobleaching on radiation-induced absorption in a Corning germania-doped graded-index fiber (type 1506) held at 77 K. Fiber segments 4.6 m long were exposed to radiation pulses of approximately 280 rads(Si) and 24-ns pulsewidth while suspended in a liquid nitrogen bath. Wavelength-dependent absorption measurements and photobleaching were also carried out on the fiber in situ. The measurements showed a broad radiation-induced absorption band peaking between 5000 and 6000 Å. It was partially photobleached with light in the wavelength range of 6556 to 9556 Å, and was almost entirely photobleached with light at 4556 and 5556 Å wavelengths. This absorption band was readily removed with a room-temperature thermal anneal and is thus identified as the source of transient darkening in germania-doped fibers irradiated at higher temperatures.

Field of study: Physics
Recommended isolated-line profile for representing high-resolution spectroscopic transitions (IUPAC Technical Report)

The report of an IUPAC Task Group, formed in 2011 on “Intensities and line shapes in high-resolution spectra of water isotopologues from experiment and theory” (Project No. 2011-022-2-100), on line profiles of isolated high-resolution rotational-vibrational transitions perturbed by neutral gas-phase molecules is presented. The well-documented inadequacies of the Voigt profile (VP), used almost universally by databases and radiative-transfer codes, to represent pressure effects and Doppler broadening in isolated vibrational-rotational and pure rotational transitions of the water molecule have resulted in the development of a variety of alternative line-profile models. These models capture more of the physics of the influence of pressure on line shapes but, in general, at the price of greater complexity. The Task Group recommends that the partially Correlated quadratic-Speed-Dependent Hard-Collision profile (pCqSD-HCP) should be adopted as the appropriate model for high-resolution spectroscopy. For simplicity this should be called the Hartmann–Tran profile (HTP). The HTP is sophisticated enough to capture the various collisional contributions to the isolated line shape, can be computed in a straightforward and rapid manner, and reduces to simpler profiles, including the Voigt profile, under certain simplifying assumptions.

Field of study: Chemistry
Physico-Chemical, In Vitro, and In Vivo Evaluation of a 3D Unidirectional Porous Hydroxyapatite Scaffold for Bone Regeneration

The unidirectional porous hydroxyapatite HAp (UDPHAp) is a scaffold with continuous communicated pore structure in the axial direction. We evaluated and compared the ability of the UDPHAp as a three-dimensional (3D) bone tissue engineering scaffold to the interconnected calcium porous HAp ceramic (IP-CHA). To achieve this, we evaluated in vitro the compressive strength, controlled rhBMP-2 release behavior, adherent cell morphology, cell adhesion manner, and cell attachment of UDPHAp. As a further in vivo experiment, UDPHAp and IP-CHA with rhBMP-2 were transplanted into mouse calvarial defects to evaluate their bone-forming ability. The Results demonstrated that the maximum compressive strengths of the UDPHAp was 7.89 ± 1.23 MPa and higher than that of IP-CHA (1.92 ± 0.53 MPa) (p = 0.0039). However, the breaking energies were similar (8.99 ± 2.72 vs. 13.95 ± 5.69 mJ, p = 0.055). The UDPHAp released rhBMP-2 more gradually in vivo. Cells on the UDPHAp adhered tightly to the surface, which had grown deeply into the scaffolds. A significant increase in cell number on the UDPHAp was observed compared to the IP-CHA on day 8 (102,479 ± 34,391 vs. 32,372 ± 29,061 estimated cells per scaffold, p = 0.0495). In a mouse calvarial defect model, the percentages of new bone area (mature bone + trabecular bone) in the 2x field were 2.514% ± 1.224% for the IP-CHA group and 7.045% ± 2.055% for the UDPHAp group, and the percentage was significantly higher in the UDPHAp group (p = 0.0209). While maintaining the same strength as the IP-CHA, the UDPHAp with 84% porosity showed a high cell number, high cell invasiveness, and excellent bone formation. We believe the UDPHAp is an excellent material that can be applied to bone regenerative medicine.

Field of study: Materials science
The effects of island area, isolation and source population size on the presence of the grayling butterfly Hipparchia semele (L.) (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae) on British and Irish offshore islands

Records of Hipparchia semele on British and Irish islands have been modelled against island area, isolation (sea and land distance) and the size of the nearest potential source populations. All three variables have been found to contribute significantly to the presence or absence of H. semele on the islands. Isolation is a more significant predictor than island area. This result differs from the multiple species case where area was found to be a more important influence than isolation. Records on islands are also shown to depend on the size of populations at the nearest sources; this underpins the relationships identified for the multiple species case, first, between the number of species on islands and at nearest sources and, second, between the incidence of species on islands and at nearest sources. There are clear indications that smaller islands may become increasingly marginalized for H.␣semele; with ongoing habitat loss, because isolation increases and source populations become sparser, the probability of H. semele recolonizing islands also decreases.

Field of study: Environmental science