nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Place and response learning in human virtual navigation: behavioral measures and gender differences.

Two experiments examined the use of place and response strategies by humans navigating virtual multiple T mazes. In Experiment 1, probe trials revealed that participants commonly used place and response strategies, and place strategies were more frequent early in training, whereas response strategies were more frequent late in training. Compared with women, men learned the correct path through the maze more quickly and developed a more stable route through the maze. In Experiment 2, participants were trained to locate 2 targets. One target required participants to use either a place or response strategy, whereas the other target could be found using either strategy. Accuracy improved faster for place training compared with response training, and women outperformed men in both groups. Probe trials testing transfer of the imposed strategy to the other target found faster transfer for place training than for response training and that women demonstrated faster transfer than men. Accuracy on probe trials was correlated with poor route stability in the place-trained group and with good route stability in the response-trained group, indicating that navigation strategy use may be related to measures of improvement in performance on normal trials.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Birefringent coupler for integrated optics.

An optical coupler has been developed whereby a birefringent prism or substrate is utilized to couple light into thin film optical waveguides. The coupler is designed so that the incident light, polarized as an extraordinary wave, passes through the birefringent material at such an angle that the index of refraction in the input medium is higher than that of the waveguide. In addition, the orientation of the birefringent material is chosen so that the reflected waves within the waveguide are incident on the input medium at such an angle that the medium index of refraction appears lower than that of the waveguide. In this way, the light is trapped within the waveguide and, when the light is incident at the appropriate angle, this light propagates in the waveguide as a single mode. Coupling takes place over the whole area common to the waveguide and input medium; thus, neither a sharp edge nor a trapped evanescent region are required to prevent the light coupled into the waveguide from leaking back into the coupling prism. The absence of a boundary makes it practical to couple wide beams of light into planar guides. Couplers made of calcite have been used to couple TM He-Ne laser light into multimode waveguides formed of liquids and optical cement.

Field of study: Physics
[Cognitive impairment in predialysis stages of chronic kidney disease].

To study the development and progression of cognitive impairment (CI), its risk factors and relationship with vascular-wall remodeling in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), stages I-IV.



Fifty-one patients, aged 53±10 years, including 20 with CKD, stages I-II, 20 with CKD, stage III, and 11 with CKD, stage IV, were enrolled. Frequency, severity and character of CI were studied using neuropsychological tests for assessment of global mental status, short-term and delayed memory, frontal lobe functions. Standard laboratory examinations, echocardiographic study, 24h arterial blood pressure monitoring, measurement of the thickness of carotid intima-media complex, pulse-wave velocity and augmentation index, brain MRI study were carried out.



CI was found in 68% of patients, including 35% with CKD, stages I-II, and 90.3% with CKD, stage IV. The severity of CI was higher in patients with CKD, stages III-IV, compared to those with stages I-II (p<0.001). CKD predicted the development of CI (OR 27.32, 95% CI 4.3-72.9, р<0.001). MRI revealed the focal lesions of the white matter in 30% of patients, leukoaraiosis in 23.3%, lateral ventricular dilatation in 50%, expressed dilatation in the sulci of brain hemispheres in 10%. There was a relationship between CI and male sex, hyperhomocysteinemia, anemia, abdominal obesity, left ventricular myocardial hypertrophy and age. The frequency and severity of CI was associated with the signs of atherosclerotic lesions of common carotid arteries and indices of arterial rigidity.



The more increased the CKD severity, the higher the severity of CI. The dysfunction of frontal lobes plays a key role in the development of CI in patients with CKD, stages III-IV. CKD, stages III-IV, is an independent predictor of CI in people in predialysis stages.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
From safe screening rules to working sets for faster Lasso-type solvers

Convex sparsity-promoting regularizations are ubiquitous in modern statistical learning. By construction, they yield solutions with few non-zero coefficients, which correspond to saturated constraints in the dual optimization formulation. Working set (WS) strategies are generic optimization techniques that consist in solving simpler problems that only consider a subset of constraints, whose indices form the WS. Working set methods therefore involve two nested iterations: the outer loop corresponds to the definition of the WS and the inner loop calls a solver for the subproblems. For the Lasso estimator a WS is a set of features, while for a Group Lasso it refers to a set of groups. In practice, WS are generally small in this context so the associated feature Gram matrix can fit in memory. Here we show that the Gauss-Southwell rule (a greedy strategy for block coordinate descent techniques) leads to fast solvers in this case. Combined with a working set strategy based on an aggressive use of so-called Gap Safe screening rules, we propose a solver achieving state-of-the-art performance on sparse learning problems. Results are presented on Lasso and multi-task Lasso estimators.

Field of study: Computer science
Ophthalmoscopic abnormalities in adults with falciparum malaria.

We studied 424 adults with falciparum malaria admitted over 28 months. They were divided into three groups: cerebral malaria (n = 214); severe non-cerebral malaria (n = 58); and uncomplicated malaria (n = 152). Fundus examination was done daily from admission to discharge, and weekly thereafter in those with persistent changes. All patients were treated by a protocol based on WHO guidelines. Ophthalmoscopic abnormalities were: retinal haemorrhages, 40 (9.43%) (25 cerebral malaria, 10 severe non-cerebral and five uncomplicated malaria); papilloedema, 17 (7.94%) cerebral malaria and two uncomplicated malaria; blurring of disc margins, 25 (11.68%) cerebral and seven non-cerebral; retinal oedema, six (2.80%) cerebral and five non-cerebral malaria; disc pallor, five patients all with cerebral malaria; vitreous haemorrhage and hard exudate in one patient each, both cerebral malaria. Retinal haemorrhage was associated with cerebral malaria and severe non-cerebral malaria, especially with severe anaemia (p < 0.001), as compared to uncomplicated malaria (p < 0.01). The association of papilloedema and cerebral malaria was highly significant compared to severe non-cerebral malaria (p < 0.001). None of these findings was associated with statistically significant mortality, except disc pallor in cerebral malaria (p < 0.05).

Field of study: Medicine
Crystal engineering of flexible metallorganic supramolecular networks

Flexibly porous crystalline materials have been obtained by engineering the structure of metal-containing molecules. In particular, the review deals with ‘wheel-and-axle’ compounds, molecules with two bulky and relatively rigid end groups (wheels) that are connected by a linear rigid link (axle). Owing to their irregular shape, ‘wheel-and-axle’ compounds do not pack efficiently, and for this reason they tend to form inclusion compounds. Here, we present the results obtained by using metal-containing ‘wheel-and-axle’ complexes, where metal ions are inserted in the axle or in the wheels. In particular, wheel-and-axle diols are obtained by inserting Pd(II) and Pt(II) ions into the axle, while metallorganic wheel-and-axle compounds are realized by using half-sandwich Ru(II) building units. A careful choice of metal coordination geometry and ligand functional groups leads to the isolation of crystalline materials with remarkable host–guest properties. Moreover, a close analysis of the crystal structures allows one to propose a model for guest uptake/release.

Field of study: Materials science
Quantification of secondary metabolites and antimicrobial efficacy in leaves of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza – A true mangrove inwest coast of Kerala

The present study was aimed to analyze the active compounds and quantification of secondary metabolites such as total phenol content, flavonoid content and H 2 O 2 content in the leaves of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and carry out the antimicrobial activity of the large leafed mangrove.The ethanolic leaf extract was analyzed using GC-MS method. Quantification of secondary metabolites like total phenol, flavonoid, and H 2 O 2 content was carried out on both hexane and ethanol extracts. The antimicrobial activity was carried out on the ethanolic leaf extract against standard Ciprofloxacin. The ethanolic leaf extract of the sample showed more compromising results than that of the hexane extract. The flavonoid content and the phenol content is said to be more in the ethanol extract than that of the hexane extract. The H 2 O 2 content also came out to be more in the ethanol extract. The Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometer of the ethanolic extract of the leaf sample revealed about 25 compounds with Formamide, n,ndimethyl showing the highest peak area. The antimicrobial activity of the leaf sample of the ethanolic extract showed more activity. The present study revealed that Bruguiera gymnorrhiza can be used as a potential drug and furthers studies are required on it.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Subaquatische Rutschungen im höheren Oberdevon des Sauerlandes

ZusammenfassungFältelungen in oberdevonischen Sandsteinen des Sauerlandes wurden als subaquatische Rutschungen gedeutet. Aus der messend ermittelten Gleitrichtung ließ sich das ehemalige Gefälle bestimmen. Es zeigt uns, daß die variszischen Falten schon im Oberdevon embryonal angelegt waren.

Field of study: Environmental science
Differential diagnostic criteria of lateral amyotrophic sclerosis

: Differential diagnostic criteria of lateral amyotrophic sclerosis (LAS) and lateral amyotrophic sclerosis syndrome were elaborated on the basis of complex investigation, including EMG and blood plasma trace element analysis. Fifty-two patients (25 with LAS, 27 with LAS syndrome) have been examined, the diagnoses being established according to the World Neurologist Federation criteria. LAS syndrome was stipulated by a vascular spinal cord lesion-discircular myelopathy; in some cases vascular deficit was combined with an inherent narrowness of spinal cord channel. All patients were followed-up with a 6-month interval. The results of the study allow to differentiate LAS and LAS syndrome of vascular genesis, already during the first medical examination.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Duality and self-duality in Ginzburg-Landau theory with Chern-Simons term

We derive the exact dual theory of a lattice Ginzburg-Landau theory with an additional topological Chern-Simons (CS) term. It is shown that in the zero-temperature limit, the statistical parameter $\theta=1/2\pi$ corresponds to a fixed point of the duality transformation. Thus we have found a nontrivial example of self-duality in three dimensions. In this scenario, the specialization of anyonic to fermionic statistics my be viewed as a phase transition.

Field of study: Physics
Everyday Guide to Managing Your Medicines.

The book Everyday Guide to Managing Your Medicines provides readers with 15 chapters of valuable information about using medications safely. There is a tremendous need for resources instructing patients how to use medications safely and effectively. There has been a lot of attention paid recently to the potential for medication errors caused by patients' misuse of medications. More and more evidence is surfacing regarding issues such as health literacy and the importance of being informed about medications prior to using them. 
 
There are few books available written by pharmacists with the purpose of educating consumers about the general safe use of medications. This book attempts to do just that, with chapters focusing on general information about drugs, drug-drug interactions, and complementary and alternative medicine to name a few. The book does not address the patient with one specific disease state such as cardiovascular disease or diabetes, but rather provides the consumer with an overview of the issues related to the safe and effective use of medicines. The medication is the focus of the information and the book provides 2 chapters dedicated to commonly used classes of medications: antibiotics and nonprescription pain relievers. These chapters review the general patient counseling information vital to the safe and effective use of these 2 common classes of medications. 
 
This resource is clearly intended to be used by patients and their caregivers to provide the background information necessary to be good “medication takers,” and as the author states, “to have you become the best patient that you can be.” In my opinion, the target audience specifically would be senior patients, as there are chapters in the book dedicated to resources available to help with Medicare Part D and an Appendix of web sites that seniors would find helpful to aid them in their medication taking. Readers should be cautioned, however, as informational resources change so rapidly that the chapter could become outdated very quickly. 
 
The book also provides readers with tips to enhance their compliance with medications, such as the role of compliance aids and the need to monitor your condition, for both effect and adverse events. 
 
The book is written in a way that patients can understand and many people will find this book a valuable addition to their personal library. Pharmacists can feel comfortable suggesting this book to patients in need of a general overview of safe medication use, such as those recently diagnosed with a chronic illness that will require the use of multiple medications.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Immobilisation as a strategy to increase the ecological competence of liquid cultures of Agaricus bisporus in pasteurised compost

This study investigated the applicability of an immobilisation technique based on cell entrapment in a polymer gel (sodium alginate) as a strategy to increase the ecological competence of liquid cultures (liquid spawn) of Agaricus bisporus in pasteurised compost. This delivery system had a shorter adaptation (lag) period and a higher growth rate in pasteurised compost than both liquid spawn and the conventional grain spawn. The ecological competence of this delivery system was attributed to the high biomass loading capacity of these beads, mycelial protection in the bead microenvironment and the spatial distribution of the beads in the macroenvironment. Exploitation of this delivery system depends on both commercial product parameters and on the genetic stability of the inoculum.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
The OptModel high-precision optical-model program code

The OptModel high-precision optical-model program code aimed at solving a wide set of problems related to the elastic scattering and n, p, d, t, 3,4,6He, 6Li nuclear reactions on spherical nuclei (or ones close to spherical) is described. A phenomenological optical potential in the Woods–Saxon form is used in this code. The main features of the program are described. The technique for solving a Schrödinger radial equation in the interior region is given in detail. The results from tests and research calculations are described. The results from executing a simultaneous analysis of a great deal of experimental data on elastic scattering at different energies to obtain the energy dependence of optical potential parameters are also presented.

Field of study: Physics
Grey Correlative Degree Analysis and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation on the Main Quality Characters of Macadamia

Grey correlative degree analysis and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation were conducted to make a comprehensively quantitative evaluation on 28 macadamia germplasm resources according to their eight main quality characters,respectively.The results indicated that the equal-weight judgment and weighting judgment of grey correlative degree analysis and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation showed high inosculation.Combined the results achieved by these two comprehensive evaluations,'Nanya No.1'and '10' strain were judged to be the germplasm of the best comprehensive quality,those twenty germplasms such as 'Nanya No.2','O.C.',and '114' strain were the moderate,while those of 'H2','HAES333','HAES695','B3/74','Yonik'and'HAES814'were the lower.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Coastal-plain origin of trace-fossil bearing red beds in the Early Permian of Southern New Mexico, U.S.A.

The Early Permian Robledo Mountains Formation of the Hueco Group in the Robledo Mountains, south-central New Mexico, U.S.A., is a world-class ichnofossil Lagerstatte of supposed peritidal origin. Abundant and diverse invertebrate and vertebrate trace fossils occur in several thin horizons of siliciclastic red beds that are intercalated with thick successions of shallow marine limestone and shale. The depositional environment of the red beds has been discussed for decades but without any detailed sedimentary facies analysis. A recently completed systematic excavation shows that the majority of trace fossils is related to mud-draped surfaces within distal crevasse-splay siltstone to fine-grained sandstone. Interbedded mudstone with well-preserved macrofloral remains and a lungfish aestivation burrow represents a hitherto disregarded facies in overbank fines. Both environmental subzones were at least loosely covered with low-growing plants and experienced common periods of subaerial exposure. None of the physical and biological structures recorded in the measured section indicates tidal influence, but instead they support the reconstruction of a freshwater ecosystem dominated by arthropods and tetrapods. Given their proximity to carbonates of unambiguous subtidal origin, we propose that the trace-fossil-bearing red beds of the Robledo Mountains Formation formed in distal parts of an extensive coastal floodplain during alternating wet and dry conditions. If this interpretation is correct, it provides an impetus to continue ichnological and sedimentological field research in the study area, because the true tidal-flat ichnoguilds still await elucidation.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
The role of radiosurgery for multiple brain metastases.

OBJECT
The authors evaluated the role of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in patients with multiple brain metastases by analyzing prognostic factors that predict survival.



Between March 1991 and January 1999, 83 patients with multiple brain metastases underwent SRS in which they used a 6 mV linear accelerator. The median radiation dose of 15 Gy (range 6-50 Gy) was delivered to the 40 to 90% (median 87%) isodose line encompassing the target. Actuarial overall survival was calculated from the date of SRS by using the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate comparisons of survival between different groups were performed using a log-rank test. All 83 patients were included in the calculation of overall survival. Actuarial overall survival was 22% at 1 year and 13% at 2 years, and a median survival of 5.4 months (range, 0.3-28.8 months) was demonstrated. Variables that predicted survival were Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) score, extracranial disease status, and the number of intracranial metastases. Median survival in patients with a KPS score greater than as compared with less than 70 was 9.1 and 2.7 months, respectively (p = 0.002). Median survival when comparing absence and presence of extracranial disease was 9.9 and 4.1 months, respectively (p = 0.02). Median survival in patients harboring two, three, or four or more lesions was 6.6 months, 5.4 months, and 2.7 months, respectively (p = 0.02). In patients with a KPS score greater than or equal to 70 and with three or fewer lesions, median survival was 7 months or longer. In patients with four or more lesions median survival was 7.4 months for those with no extracranial disease and 2.4 months for those with extracranial disease. Other variables tested (sex, histological tumor type, previous resection, location of metastases, treatment modality, and tumor status) did not influence outcome.



The absence of extracranial disease, a KPS score greater than or equal to 70, and fewer number of metastases were shown to be significant predictors of longer survival. Stereotactic radiosurgery appears to be a reasonable therapeutic option in patients with up to three lesions when their KPS score is greater than or equal to 70, regardless of extracranial disease status. In those with four or more metastases, however, SRS should be limited to those with no extracranial disease.

Field of study: Medicine
Development of ${\hbox{MgB}}_{2}$  Powders and Study of the Properties and Architecture of Ex-Situ PIT Wires

MgB2 tapes and wires have been synthesized through the ex-situ Powder-In-Tube (PIT) method. We studied the effects of using different metallic materials for the sheaths in new round or square shaped multifilamentary wires; enhanced critical currents in 19 filaments wires are reported. The influence of the starting powders on the superconducting properties of the final conductors was thoroughly investigated in order to improve their behavior in magnetic field. In particular we analyzed the effect of controlling the grain size in the powders by high energy ball milling and by lowering the synthesis temperature. TEM analysis results are shown that highlight the role played by the amorphous layer at the grain boundaries.

Field of study: Physics
Behavior of Intermetallic Compounds of Al-Ti Composite Manufactured by Spark Plasma Sintering

In this research, we successfully fabricate high-hardness and lightweight Al-Ti composites. Al-Ti composites powders with three compositions (Al-20, 50, and 80 vol.% Ti) are mixed using ball milling and subsequently subjected to spark plasma sintering (SPS). The microstructures and phases of the Al-Ti composites are characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, and field emission-electron probe microanalysis (FE-EPMA). These tests confirm the presence of several intermetallic compounds (ICs) (Al3Ti, Al5Ti2, Al11Ti5) in the composites, and we are able to confirm that these ICs are produced by the reaction of Al and Ti during the SPS process. Furthermore, thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) is used to analyze the formation behavior of the ICs. In addition, the mechanical properties of the composites are measured using their Vickers hardness and it is observed that the Al-80 vol.% Ti composite exhibits the highest hardness. Consequently, it is assumed that SPS is suitable for fabricating Al-Ti composites which represent the next-generation materials to be used in various industrial fields as high-hardness and lightweight materials.

Field of study: Materials science