nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Non-Neuronal Cholinergic System Regulates Cellular ATP Levels to Maintain Cell Viability

We previously suggested that a non-neuronal cholinergic system modulates energy metabolism through the mitochondria. However, the mechanisms responsible for making this system crucial remained undetermined.  In this study, we developed a fusion protein expression vector containing a luciferase gene fused to the folic acid receptor-α gene.  This protein of the vector was confirmed to target the plasma membrane of transfected HEK293 cells, and vector-derived luciferase activities and ATP levels in viable cells were positively correlated (r = 0.599). Using this luciferase vector, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-expressing cells (i.e., cells with an activated non-neuronal cholinergic system) had increased cellular ATP levels. ChAT-expressing cells also had upregulated IGF-1R and Glut-1 protein expressions as well as increased glucose uptake. This activated non-neuronal cholinergic system with efficient glucose metabolism rendered cells resistant to serum depletion-induced cell death.  Our results indicate that a non-neuronal cholinergic system is involved in sustaining ATP levels to render cells resistant to a nutrient-deficient environment.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Oxidation behaviour of aluminium and its alloys in molten NaNO3

The oxidation behavior of aluminum and its allays was investigated in molten NaNO3 at 400oC .The techniques of measurements were: open-circuit potential, galvanic current, anodic galvanostatic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The electrodes undergo spontaneous passivation in molten NaNO3 due to the formation of oxide scales on their surface. The thickness of the oxide scales increases with increasing immersion time and also depends on the composition of the electrode. Corrosion tests of the oxide scales formed on the electrodes surface in aqueous HCl solution indicate that these scales dissolve after an induction period with a rate depending on the composition of the electrode. The oxide scales formed during oxidation inmolten NaNO3 under anodic polarization conditions are multilayered. The inner layer of oxide scales is more protective than the outer layer.

Field of study: Materials science
Joint Nonparametric Precision Matrix Estimation with Confounding

We consider the problem of precision matrix estimation where, due to extraneous confounding of the underlying precision matrix, the data are independent but not identically distributed. While such confounding occurs in many scientific problems, our approach is inspired by recent neuroscientific research suggesting that brain function, as measured using functional magnetic resonance imagine (fMRI), is susceptible to confounding by physiological noise such as breathing and subject motion. Following the scientific motivation, we propose a graphical model, which in turn motivates a joint nonparametric estimator. We provide theoretical guarantees for the consistency and the convergence rate of the proposed estimator. In addition, we demonstrate that the optimization of the proposed estimator can be transformed into a series of linear programming problems, and thus be efficiently solved in parallel. Empirical results are presented using simulated and real brain imaging data, which suggest that our approach improves precision matrix estimation, as compared to baselines, when confounding is present.

Field of study: Computer science
Influence of Relative Distance upon Immediate Free Recall

This experiment examined accessibility of an item to recall by varying an associative hierarchy factor of relative distance (RD) which was defined as distance of communality of primary associate to secondary one. Two lists of R (remote distance) vs N (near distance) words were randomized and verbally presented. Ss' immediate free recall showed that amount of correct recall and extraneous intrusion was significantly more frequent in the N list than in the R list. As the stimulus words were controlled for possible associative indices except RD, associative function in recall was discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Transcranial magnetic stimulation in neurotic depression

: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was applied in combination with psychotherapy in patients with neurotic depression, including 15 patients of the experimental group and 14 patients of the control one. 10 sessions of daily TMS for the patients from the experimental group (0.015 T, 40 pulses per sec) were performed at the same time for 20 min (twice for 10 min with 5-min interval) in a room which excluded any external stimulation. TMS was performed by contact method: 5 cm coil was applied to the left prefrontal area. The control group received the imitation of TMS-procedure stimulation. The improvement of mental state was in 13 patients of experimental group and in 3 of control one. The course of TMS resulted in a significant attenuation of depression by the Hamilton Depression Rating scale (from 22.9 to 8.6) and the Anxiety Inventory (from 39.4 to 26.6), that was significantly higher in comparison with the control. There weren't found any TMS-related changes in blood pressure and pulse rate as well as any pathological EEG symptoms.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
On the salty side of life: molecular, physiological and anatomical adaptation and acclimation of trees to extreme habitats.

Saline and sodic soils that cannot be used for agriculture occur worldwide. Cultivating stress-tolerant trees to obtain biomass from salinized areas has been suggested. Various tree species of economic importance for fruit, fibre and timber production exhibit high salinity tolerance. Little is known about the mechanisms enabling tree crops to cope with high salinity for extended periods. Here, the molecular, physiological and anatomical adjustments underlying salt tolerance in glycophytic and halophytic model tree species, such as Populus euphratica in terrestrial habitats, and mangrove species along coastlines are reviewed. Key mechanisms that have been identified as mediating salt tolerance are discussed at scales from the genetic to the morphological level, including leaf succulence and structural adjustments of wood anatomy. The genetic and transcriptomic bases for physiological salt acclimation are salt sensing and signalling networks that activate target genes; the target genes keep reactive oxygen species under control, maintain the ion balance and restore water status. Evolutionary adaptation includes gene duplication in these pathways. Strategies for and limitations to tree improvement, particularly transgenic approaches for increasing salt tolerance by transforming trees with single and multiple candidate genes, are discussed.

Field of study: Environmental science
Beta-amyloid-induced calcium influx induces apoptosis in culture by oxidative stress rather than tau phosphorylation.

Beta-amyloid (betaA) toxicity in culture is accompanied by multiple events culminating in apoptosis. Calcium influx may represent the initial event, since calcium chelation prevents all subsequent events, while subsequent events include increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hyperphosphorylation of tau. In the present study, we undertook to determine whether ROS generation or tau hyperphosphorylation mediate betaA-induced apoptosis. The anti-oxidant vitamin E or the kinase inhibitor N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenslfonamide (W7) was added following brief treatment of differentiated SH-SY-5Y human neuroblastoma cells with 22 microM betaA. Under these conditions, vitamin E prevented ROS generation and apoptosis, but did not prevent intracellular calcium accumulation or tau phosphorylation. W7 prevented tau phosphorylation but did not block betaA-induced calcium influx, ROS generation or apoptosis. While these studies do not address the long-term consequences of PHF formation, they indicate that ROS generation, rather than tau hyperphosphorylation, leads to apoptosis following betaA-induced calcium influx into cultured cells.

Field of study: Biology
Despair at Full Employment: The Urgency of a Fairer Labor Market

There is a discrepancy between the alleged strong labor market with full employment and the many signs of anguish among the low-skilled members of the labor force. But this author argues that the official unemployment statistics are woefully inadequate and that the real unemployment rate in the fall of 2018 was closer to 7.4 percent of the labor force. Among those without a high school diploma, it was twice as high. The author argues that we need to restructure the labor market.

Field of study: Economics
The performance of the DELPHI Hadron Calorimeter at LEP

The DELPHI Hadron Calorimeter was conceived more than ten years ago, as an instrument to measure the energy of hadrons and hadronic jets from e/sup +/e/sup -/collisions at the CERN collider LEP. In addition it was expected to provide a certain degree of discrimination between pions and muons. The detector is a rather simple and relatively inexpensive device consisting of around 20,000 limited streamer plastic tubes, with inductive pad read-out, embedded in the iron yoke of the 1.2 T DELPHI magnet. Its depth is at minimum 6.6 nuclear interaction lengths. The electronics necessary for the pad readout was designed to have an adequate performance for a reasonable cost. This detector has proved over six years of operation to have an entirely satisfactory performance and great reliability; for example less than 1% of the streamer tubes have failed and electronic problems remain at the per mil level. During the past two years an improvement programme has been under way. It has been found possible to use the streamer tubes as strips, hence giving better granularity and particle tracking, by reading out the cathode of individual tubes. The constraints on this were considerable because of the inaccessibility of the detectors in the magnet yoke. However a cheap and feasible solution has been found. The cathode readout leads to an improved energy resolution, better /spl mu/ identification, a better /spl pi///spl mu/ separation and to possibilities of neutral particle separation. The simultaneous anode read-out of several planes of the endcaps of the detector will provide a fast trigger in the forward/backward direction which is an important improvement for LEP200. On the barrel the system will provide a cosmic trigger which is very useful for calibration as counting rates at LEP200 will be very low.

Field of study: Physics
Modeling of a Chain-Load Control System for Potato Harvesters

POTATO tuber damage due to mechanical harvesting methods is a significant problem for growers nationwide. In Washington State alone, tuber damage can result in grower income losses of over $6 million annually. Automatically maintaining a relatively constant primary chain load on the potato harvester results in uniformly full conveyor chains and minimum tuber damage as demonstrated by Hyde et al. (1983 a). A numerical model of the primary chain dynamics and load control system was developed. Model stability and performance were analyzed and compared with a field tested on-off control system. In addition, proportional and proportional-integral control methods were investigated. Proportional-integral control characteristics proved to be superior to the on-off method of control, while proportional control alone was the least desirable.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Efficiency and Optimality Results for Tests Based on Weighted Rankings

Quade method of weighted rankings for the analysis of complete blocks is considered. Assuming only that the within-block error components are exchangeable, the limiting distribution of a large class of test statistics based on this method is obtained under the null hypothesis and under nearby alternatives as the number of blocks increases to infinity. This makes it possible to derive the asymptotic efficiency of the allied tests relative to the maximin most powerful test based on block-location-free statistics. In particular, the Quade test is seen to be more efficient than the Friedman test when there are less than eight observations per block and the errors are assumed to be normally distributed. It is also possible to determine which within-block scores, which measure of block variability, and which between-block score-generating function maximize the asymptotic efficiency. It is seen that the class of test statistics based on the method of weighted rankings compares favorably with t...

Field of study: Mathematics
Application for Elastic Wave CT in Rock Mass Integrity and Karst Grouting Quality Test

The elastic wave CT method is also called as seismic tomography method, which is an emerging and widely used engineering geophysical exploration method. This method uses the difference of the propagation velocity of elastic wave in different media to inverse the data of travel time of the elastic waves between the holes measured in the field and obtain the two-dimensional and three-dimensional image of construction, lithology distribution and cataclastic degree of the tested geologic bodies, which is mainly aimed at determining the spatial distribution features of the underground geological bodies. This paper describes the principle of elastic wave CT method, and applies it to engineering cases of rock mass integrity test and karst grouting test; the analysis indicates that the method has a high resolution, intuitive test results, accurate positioning and broad application prospect, which can also meet the requirements of exploration, testing and monitoring and high precision in the geotechnical engineering and environmental engineering.

Field of study: Engineering
Infiltrative Mass in the Neck as a Presenting Feature of Lupus-Like Illness in a Middle-Aged Man

A middle-aged man presented with a mass in the cervical region associated with severe constitutional symptoms, generalized lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly. Histopathology showed angiocentric immunoproliferative lesions consisting of a mixture of lymphocytes, plasma cells, immunoblasts and histiocytes on a background of hyperplastic vascular structures. Active vascular necrosis with fibrinoid changes was present with expansion of T-cell areas with reactive changes typical of angiocentric lesions. Detailed clinical and laboratory workup showed features suggestive of systemic lupus- or latent-lupus-like disease. The patient showed an excellent response to prednisolone and chloroquine with complete recovery of all the clinical features. During the 22 months of follow-up the patient remained in complete normal health. Different histopathological varieties of lymph node lesions seen in systemic immunological diseases are discussed with emphasis on features which help in distinguishing them from lymphomas.

Field of study: Medicine
Effect of diet, anthropogenic activity, and climate on δ 15 N values of cave bat guano

Few studies have attributed δ15N values of guano to a factor other than diet. A δ15N record obtained from a 1.5-m core of bat guano deposit from Zidită Cave (western Romania) provides a record of anthropogenic and climatic influence on the regional nitrogen pool. Nitrogen content is nearly constant (%N > 9) for over 1 m of the core, indicating limited diagenesis. The δ15N and δ13C time series are compared and the δ15N is also interpreted in light of previously published pollen assemblage from the same core. Using these comparisons the influence of anthropogenic activity and water availability is interpreted. Although some δ15N variation can be attributed to major changes in anthropogenic activities, additional variation implies an alternative control. The correlation between δ15N and δ13C values is significant (p

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
The new element 111

The new element 111 was produced and unambiguously identified in an experiment at SHIP, GSI Darmstadt. Three nuclei of the isotope272111 were observed in irradiations of209Bi targets with64Ni projectiles of 318 MeV and 320 MeV energy. The cross-sections are (1.7−1.4+3.3) pb and (3.5−2.3+4.6) pb, respectively. The nuclei decay by a emission into the new and so far the heaviest isotopes of the elements 109 and 107 with mass numbers A=268 and A=264. Theα-decay chains were followed down to the known nuclei260105 and256Lr.

Field of study: Physics
Dynamical properties of Discrete Reaction Networks

Reaction networks are commonly used to model the dynamics of populations subject to transformations that follow an imposed stoichiometry. This paper focuses on the efficient characterisation of dynamical properties of Discrete Reaction Networks (DRNs). DRNs can be seen as modeling the underlying discrete nondeterministic transitions of stochastic models of reaction networks. In that sense, a proof of non-reachability in a given DRN has immediate implications for any concrete stochastic model based on that DRN, independent of the choice of kinetic laws and constants. Moreover, if we assume that stochastic kinetic rates are given by the mass-action law (or any other kinetic law that gives non-vanishing probability to each reaction if the required number of interacting substrates is present), then reachability properties are equivalent in the two settings. The analysis of two types of global dynamical properties of DRNs is addressed: irreducibility, i.e., the ability to reach any discrete state from any other state; and recurrence, i.e., the ability to return to any initial state. Our results consider both the verification of such properties when species are present in a large copy number, and in the general case. The necessary and sufficient conditions obtained involve algebraic conditions on the network reactions which in most cases can be verified using linear programming. Finally, the relationship of DRN irreducibility and recurrence with dynamical properties of stochastic and continuous models of reaction networks is discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
ESTIMATION OF DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS OF PHENOL DESORPTION FROM NKAII RESIN UNDER ULTRASONIC FIELD

Phase equilibrium and kinetic experiments of phenol on NKAⅡ resin under ultrasonic field and non-ultrasonic field were separately conducted at normal temperature.The model for estimating diffusion coefficient of phenol on the NKAⅡ resin was established.Results showed that application of ultrasound can change the phase equilibrium state of NKAⅡ/phenol/water system which has reached equilibrium under normal condition.The phase equilibrium state of the system shift towards decrease in the amount adsorbed of phenol on NKAⅡ resin.In addition, acoustic cavitation could make diffusion coefficient of phenol in NKAⅡ resin in ultrasonic field increase by one order of magnitude in comparison with the diffusion coefficient determined in non-ultrasonic field.The diffusion coefficient increased with the increase in acoustic power.However,it was found that if the acoustic intensity was larger than 0.057?W·cm -2 , slight pulverization of the NKAⅡ resin occurred, which should be avoided in application.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Level of Object Representation and Psychic Structure Deficit in Obese Persons

The structural deficit and external regulation hypotheses of addiction state that addicts do not have adequate psychic structure with which to regulate painful affects internally. They instead use their drug of choice as an external regulator to self-medicate painful affects. This study tests whether the hypotheses can be applied to obese persons, for whom food may be the drug of choice. The level of object representation of 22 moderately obese and 24 normal weight subjects was compared using the Blatt Family Interaction Questionnaire. The mean level of object representation of both parents was lower for the obese subjects than for the normal-weight subjects. This finding supports the structural deficit and external regulation hypotheses of food addiction.

Field of study: Psychology
Practical cancer chemotherapy: venous access and extravasation.

Cancer chemotherapy is becoming more effective, and therefore more widely used. Treatment is frequently begun at a cancer centre and continued by the patient's family physician in the home town. In larger centres, trained intravenous or chemotherapy nurses may be available, but in many areas the physician may not have such assistance. This article reviews the intravenous delivery of cancer chemotherapy and the procedure to follow if accidental extravasation should occur.

Field of study: Medicine
Normative drag culture and the making of precarity

Foundational scholars delimit drag performance as imprecise and exaggerated imitations of masculinities or femininities in a public forum, usually clubs or bars. The purpose of this paper is to show the ways that performativity operates within a normative (i.e., heavily policed, binary oriented) drag culture (i.e., Kings and Queens). I articulate how the discursive production of gender performance is relational and creates fleeting moments of hegemonic rupture, but, this leisure practice, as with all leisure practices, is both enacted by agentic bodies and heavily informed by the cultural scripts of binary oriented gender. Within this particular drag community, I show how the practice of gender subversive drag has been culturally seized as a weapon of transphobia.

Field of study: Sociology
Herman J. Selderhuis and Markus Wriedt , eds.Konfession, Migration und Elitenbildung: Studien zur Theologenausbildung des 16. Jahrhunderts. Brill's Series in Church History 31. Leiden: Brill, 2007. xii + 370 pp. index. tbls. $129. ISBN: 978–90–04–16314–0.


Field of study: History
CAUSE OF MICROSEISMS—A THEORY

World-wide compression of the earth's crust, evidenced from the reduction of surface areas in mountain-making, faulting, and creep and revealed by precise surveys, is proposed as the ultimate cause of microseisms. The strained crust, broken into blocks of many sizes, is “singing.” When extensive storm areas move over strained blocks, the regional changes in atmospheric loads cause temporary increases in microseismic activity.

Field of study: Geology