nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Lithium carbonate and mood disorder in recently detoxified alcoholics: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study.

The effects of lithium carbonate were assessed in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of a small group of recently detoxified alcoholics. The patients were treated during their 2nd and 3rd week of abstinence. A previous study demonstrated the existence in these patients of a syndrome of mildly elevated psychomotor rate, including irritability, grandiosity, an increased need for social contact, loquaciousness, and sexual preoccupation. The intensity of this syndrome was significantly decreased by treatment with low dose lithium carbonate, with no effect of placebo treatment.

Field of study: Medicine
The development of declarative memory in human infants: age-related changes in deferred imitation.

In 2 experiments, deferred imitation procedures were used to trace age-related changes in declarative memory by human infants over the first 2 years of life. An adult modeled 3 actions with an object, and infants' ability to reproduce those actions was assessed 24 hr later. Some infants were tested with a new object or in a new context relative to the original demonstration. Changes in the context disrupted the performance of 6-month-olds but had no effect on the performance of 12- and 18-month-olds. Changes in the object disrupted the performance of 6and 12-month-olds but had no effect on the performance of 18-month-olds . This age-related increase in representatio nal flexibility may account for the decline of childhood amnesia during the 3rd year of life. The notion that there are two or more functionally distinct memory systems began with the hallmark studies of one severely amnestic patient, H.M. (Corkin, 1968; Milner, Corkin, & Teuber, 1968; Scoville & Milner, 1957). H.M. suffered a profound impairment in forming new memories after surgical removal of most of the hippocampal formation and its associated medial temporal lobe structures. Despite the severity of his amnesia, H.M. showed almost normal retention when tested on tasks of motor skill learning or perceptual priming. This finding gave rise to the notion that memory is not a unitary process, but rather is composed of two (or more) dissociable systems that serve different functions and operate according to different principles (for reviews, see Schacter & Tulving, 1994). A large number of dichotomous terms have been generated to describe these memory systems. Those most commonly cited are declarative versus nondeclarative memory (Cohen & Squire, 1980; Squire, 1987, 1992a, 1992b, 1994) and explicit versus implicit memory (Graf & Schacter, 1985; Schacter, 1987, 1994). Although these dichotomies are not identical, they share two common claims. The first claim is that one memory system supports conscious recollection of episodic facts and events and allows for rapid, one-trial learning (declarative or explicit memory), while the other memory system supports the retention of habits, learned skills, and priming, and is made possible through gradual or incremental learning (nondeclarative or implicit memory).

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
On the Cartan Map for Crossed Products and Hopf–Galois Extensions

We study certain aspects of the algebraic K-theory of Hopf–Galois extensions. We show that the Cartan map from K-theory to G-theory of such an extension is a rational isomorphism, provided the ring of coinvariants is regular, the Hopf algebra is finite dimensional and its Cartan map is injective in degree zero. This covers the case of a crossed product of a regular ring with a finite group and has an application to the study of Iwasawa modules.

Field of study: Mathematics
Exploration on Teaching Innovation of Computer Hardware Technology Foundation

Starting from the characteristics of the Computer Hardware Technology Foundation,analyzes some problems of this course during the teaching process.On the theory teaching aspect,studies how to improve teaching contents,adjust teaching methods and enrich teaching forms.On the practical teaching aspect,sets three stages experiments to train the practical ability and innovative consciousness of students step by step.Teaching innovation of this course can arouse the enthusiasm of students and reaches a better teaching effect.

Field of study: Computer science
MODEL OF COMPOSITE LAMINATED THIN PLATE BASED ON MODIFIED COUPLE STRESS THEORY AND BUCKLING ANALYSIS OF SCALE EFFECTS

The modified couple stress theory(C1 theory) in the isotropic elasticity is extended to anisotropic composite laminated plate.Based on virtual principle,a new model is established for a single layer of composite laminated thin plate involving two material characteristic length constants.In the theory the form of new curvature tensor is asymmetric,however it can result in the same symmetric curvature tensor as in the isotropic elasticity.More simplified model for cross-ply composite laminated thin plate involving one material length constant is applied to the buckling analysis.Numerical results show that the present plate model can capture the scale effects of buckling analysis in microstructures.

Field of study: Engineering
Band bowing in semiconductor alloys and superlattices

A simple effective-mass model of semiconductor alloys is used to show how the band bowing, observed as a function of alloy composition, can be described in terms of the valence- and conduction-band offsets of the constituent materials. A quantitative analysis of this correspondence enables a best set of offsets to be estimated. These are then used to obtain effective pseudo-alloy properties for superlattice materials. The results are illustrated by reference to the AlAs/GaAs system.

Field of study: Materials science
High dependence of Ordovician ocean surface circulation on atmospheric CO2 levels

Life on Earth radiated dramatically during the Ordovician Period (485–444 Ma) at all taxonomic levels during an evolutionary episode known as the ‘Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event’. Abundant scientific literature has documented the pattern of biodiversification for numerous organism groups. However, fully understanding this event also requires detailed knowledge about the spatial distribution of the organisms. The full potential of the palaeobiodiversity patterns remains under-explored due to the lack of knowledge about past ocean circulation. Surface circulation significantly conditions the dispersal of organisms, in creating preferential ocean migration pathways or, in contrast, by isolating specific regions and thus establishing major physical barriers. These uncertainties persist because neither direct observational data, nor proxy data independent from the fossil record, are available to reconstruct the ocean surface circulation. Here we present new maps of Ordovician ocean surface circulation based on simulations using the general circulation model FOAM. This is a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model and represents a methodological improvement over previously published work. In addition, we use the most up-to-date palaeogeographical reconstructions to increase compatibility with recent palaeontological databases. In providing clear, synthetic maps of ocean surface circulation in addition to raw model outputs, we aim to facilitate data-model comparison, to assist in interpretation of palaeontological datasets, and to promote renewed discussion about Ordovician biogeography. Finally, we investigate the sensitivity of the circulation pattern to the atmospheric CO2 content, which remains poorly constrained in the Ordovician, potentially ranging from more than 15 times the preindustrial atmospheric CO2 level (PAL) to ~ 5 PAL. Maps are systematically constructed for a high (16 PAL), medium (8 PAL) and low (4 PAL) CO2 value. We show that the circulation pattern is much more sensitive to CO2 than previously suggested.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Reel to reel continuous formation of Y-123 coated conductors by IBAD and PLD method

Continuous deposition of Y-123 tapes was performed by ion-beam-assisted deposition (IBAD) and pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method. YSZ template films were deposited by IBAD on Ni-based alloy tapes with tape shifting speeds of 0.1-0.3 m/h. They were uniformly coated with an in-plane mosaic spread of 12-13 degrees in 5 m length. In order to overcome the low deposition rate of the IBAD process, large area ion sources with inductively coupled discharge plasma were applied. Y-123 films were deposited by PLD on the YSZ templates with a tape shifting speed of 1.0 m/h. The degradation of Y-123 targets for the PLD process was effectively restricted by combined motion of rapid rotation and linear shifting. I/sub c/ of 84.0 A and J/sub c/ of 0.76MA/cm/sup 2/ were obtained at 77 K, 0 T in the length of 1.0 m when the in-plane mosaic spread for the Y-123 film was 7 degrees. I/sub c/ of 35.0 A and J/sub c/ of 0.25MA/cm/sup 2/ were obtained in a 4.6 m long sample at the length of 4.0 m, when the in-plane mosaic spread for the Y-123 film was 11 degrees.

Field of study: Physics
Research on M-SMES Temperature Equilibrium Control Strategies Considering State Assessment

In the future, superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) technology will be developed toward large capacity. Among them, a single magnet is expensive and technically challenging. The integration of multiple SMES (M-SMES) is a feasible technical route. But there is coordination among multimodule energy storage magnets, so the formulation of its control strategy is very important. In this article, based on the toroidal magnet, a state evaluation method of toroidal magnet considering the withstand voltage and temperature of the magnet is proposed. To solve the problem of power distribution caused by the difference in initial capacity, initial temperature, and maximum output power during the cooperative control of multiple SMES, a temperature equilibrium control strategy for energy storage magnets combined with state assessment is proposed. System simulation results showed that this strategy could effectively balance the working state of each module and maximize the power output capability of the energy storage magnet by ensuring the safety of the magnet.

Field of study: Physics
Physiological synchronization in the clinical process: A research primer.

Physiological synchronization is the study of how individuals in interaction coregulate their physiology. The topic has sparked increasing interest in counseling and psychotherapy research, where it has been found to be associated with the therapeutic alliance, clinicians' empathy and patients' outcome. Physiological synchronization allows researcher to investigate subtle but fundamental aspects of the clinical process through objective measures. In this article, we aim to offer a guide to researchers and clinicians to explore this growing field of study. We begin by reviewing the existing literature of physiological synchronization in clinical relationships, and then we provide practical guidelines for research. We discuss the various aspects involved in synchronization studies: study design, selection of physiological signals, data analytic approaches, and interpretation of results. To better illustrate how to implement these types of design, we provide a running example describing the data collection and analysis of a single-case study. In the example we discuss both how to conduct a longitudinal nomothetic analysis, as well as a moment-to-moment idiographic exploration of the clinical content. In this latter analysis, in particular, we show how physiological synchronization can be used in combination with 2 transcripts analysis tools, the Patient Attachment Coding System, and the Therapist Attunement Scales to reach a deeper understanding of the ongoing processes. We conclude by arguing that research in counseling and psychotherapy has much to gain from and contribute to the overall development of our understanding of physiological synchronization in human interaction.

Field of study: Psychology
“Virtual Design Studio”—Part 2: Introduction to overall and software framework

The “Virtual Design Studio (VDS)” is a software platform for integrated, coordinated and optimized design of building energy and environmental systems. It is intended to assist management, architectural and systems design teams throughout the early to detailed building design stages as analyzed in Part 1 (DOI: 10.1007/s12273-013-0110-2). This paper presents an overview of the VDS design and method of software implementation, including system composition, architecture, graphical user interface (GUI), and simulation solver integration. A VDS user workflow is also illustrated with a simplified design example.

Field of study: Engineering
Effects of interleukin 6 administration on platelets and haemopoietic progenitor cells in peripheral blood.

Platelet numbers and circulating haemopoietic progenitor cells were examined in 12 patients with advanced malignancies who were receiving recombinant human interleukin-6 (rhIL-6) as part of an investigation of its thrombopoietic effects. Patients received recombinant glycosylated IL-6 by daily subcutaneous injection for 7 consecutive days in doses of 1, 3 or 10 micrograms/kg/day. Platelet numbers increased reaching a peak on days 12-15 with a mean on day 15 of 198.1% of pre-treatment values. This was accompanied by a significant fall in the mean platelet volume (mean decrease of 10.6%, P = 0.0044). No significant correlation was seen between the IL-6 dose and the change in platelet number. No significant differences were observed between pre- and post-treatment levels of circulating erythroid burst-forming units (E-BFU) and granulocyte macrophage colony-forming units (GM-CFU) but a small significant increase was seen in circulating primitive progenitor cells measured in a plastic-adherent (P delta) assay (P = 0.025). As positive controls, a group of patients treated with cyclophosphamide/G-CSF showed significant increases in GM-CFU (P = 0.018), E-BFU (P = 0.018) and P delta progenitors (P = 0.028). These data suggest that the thrombopoietic effects of IL-6 are mediated at a relatively late stage via effects on megakaryocyte differentiation, with a relatively small effect on circulating haemopoietic progenitors.

Field of study: Medicine
Synthesis, Characterisation and Properties of Polyurethane Grafted Chlorinated Polypropylene and its Composites

The performance of chlorinated polypropylene (CPP) can be improved by grafting polyurethane (PU) onto it. PU grafted CPP (PU-g-CPP) has been synthesised via the inter-chain polymer reactions between maleated CPP (MCPP) and PU prepolymers containing free isocyanate (NCO) group in the presence of xylene as solvent and tertiary amine as catalyst. Various conditions for the reaction and the performance of the graft mixture (PU/MCPP composites) were optimised. The potential crosslinking and gelation were avoided successfully by dropping MCPP and controlling the mole ratio of PU prepolymers to MCPP. Different PU prepolymers and extenders had distinct effects on the solidifying characteristics and the adhesive capacity of PU/MCPP composites. The target graft products were characterised by FT-IR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques.

Field of study: Materials science
CAMBRIAN CONTACTS IN EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA

The Cambrian sequence in eastern  The Hardyston overlies Precambrian gnesisses; the Allentown is surmounted by the Ordovician Beekmantown limestone. Only the Cambrian-Precambrian and Allentown-Limeport contacts are defined in the literature. Because of lack of understanding of the Leithsville-Limeport relations, the age of the Leithsville has been questioned. Study of new and restudy of old exposures indicates that the Hardyston-Leithsville relations vary between transition and disconformity, the Leithsville-Limeport limestones are mutually transitional thereby implying a Middle Cambrian assignment to the Leithsville. The Beekmantown is ordinarily in conformity with the Allentown, but in at least one instance supposed Beekmantown overlies the Limeport in disconformity.

Field of study: Geology
Short-term dynamic behavior of Escherichia coli in response to successive glucose pulses on glucose-limited chemostat cultures.

The effect of repeated glucose perturbations on dynamic behavior of Escherichia coli DPD2085, yciG::LuxCDABE reporter strain, was studied and characterized on a short-time scale using glucose-limited chemostat cultures at dilution rates close to 0.18h(-1). The substrate disturbances were applied on independent steady-state cultures, firstly using a single glucose pulse under different aeration conditions and secondly using repeated glucose pulses under fully aerobic condition. The dynamic responses of E. coli to a single glucose pulse of different intensities (0.25 and 0.6gL(-1)) were significantly similar at macroscopic level, revealing the independency of the macroscopic microbial behavior to the perturbation intensity in the range of tested glucose concentrations. The dynamic responses of E. coli to repeated glucose pulses to simulate fluctuating environments between glucose-limited and glucose-excess conditions were quantified; similar behavior regarding respiration and by-product formations was observed, except for the first perturbation denoted by an overshoot of the specific oxygen uptake rate in the first minutes after the pulse. In addition, transcriptional induction of yciG promoter gene involved in general stress response, σ(S), was monitored through the bioluminescent E. coli strain. This study aims to provide and compare short-term quantitative kinetics data describing the dynamic behavior of E. coli facing repeated transient substrate conditions.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Spatial distribution of sponge-associated bacteria in the Mediterranean sponge Tethya aurantium.

The local distribution of the bacterial community associated with the marine sponge Tethya aurantium Pallas 1766 was studied. Distinct bacterial communities were found to inhabit the endosome and cortex. Clear differences in the associated bacterial populations were demonstrated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and analysis of 16S rRNA gene clone libraries. Specifically associated phylotypes were identified for both regions: a new phylotype of Flexibacteria was recovered only from the sponge cortex, while Synechococcus species were present mainly in the sponge endosome. Light conduction via radiate spicule bundles conceivably facilitates the unusual association of Cyanobacteria with the sponge endosome. Furthermore, a new monophyletic cluster of sponge-derived 16S rRNA gene sequences related to the Betaproteobacteria was identified using analysis of 16S rRNA gene clone libraries. Members of this cluster were specifically associated with both cortex and endosome of T. aurantium.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Motor Learning Deficits and Striatal GSK-3 Hyperactivity in Akt3 Knockout Mice

Akt protein family (Akt1, Akt2 and Akt3) of serine/threonine kinases, also known as protein kinase B, are enzymes implicated in many physiological and pathological processes in the central nervous system. A striking feature of these enzymes is their ability to interact with several molecular targets such as the glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3). Among Akt isoforms, the Akt3 is significantly more expressed in the brain and the present investigation was designed to determine whether the Akt3/GSK-3 pathway plays a role in the learning of a complex motor skill. Using the accelerating rotarod task, known to reproduce different motor learning phases, we demonstrated in mouse models that genetic deletion of GSK-3&agr; or GSK-3&bgr; had no effect on rotarod performances. However, Akt3 deletion robustly compromised rotarod learning when compared with wild-type animals. Biochemical analysis in the striatum revealed modifications in the levels of both phosphorylated GSK-3 and tau in Akt3-deficient mice, which are reminiscent of enhanced GSK-3 activity. In this line, we observed that both biochemical and motor learning impairments were prevented in Akt3-deficent mice by chronic treatments with lithium, a well-known GSK-3 inhibitor. Altogether, our findings raised the interesting possibility that interconnection between Akt3 and GSK-3 kinases is required in the learning of new complex motor tasks.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Fetal repair of myelomeningocele: current status and urologic implications.

Over the last 40 years, vast changes have occurred in the care of children with open neural tube defects. Not only has newborn survival dramatically improved but survival into adulthood has improved as well. Now, the ability to accurately identify and repair myelomeningocele (MMC) lesions before birth has become a reality. Pioneering efforts at several institutions in the United States paved the way for such advancements in care. Substantial data now exist to support the positive benefits of fetal MMC repair from a neurosurgical standpoint, chiefly the significant reduction in hindbrain herniation, decrease in shunt-dependent hydrocephalus, and improvement in lower-extremity motor function. However, until only recently, the urological impact of fetal repair has not been nearly as positive overall. Multiple retrospective reports of newborn bladder function from the United States suggest that prenatal repair has provided neither short-term nor long-term improvements in bladder function. Yet, the retrospective nature of these data and their focus upon urodynamic studies (UDS) parameters have hampered the ability to draw conclusions. Recently, published data from the landmark Management of Myelomeningocele Study indicate that fetal repair may improve certain aspects of bladder function when compared with conventional repair. This review provides an overview of the history and timeline of fetal repair in the United States and brings the reader quickly up to date on the current impact of repair on both neurosurgical and urological outcomes.

Field of study: Medicine
Composition and age of Lau Basin and Ridge volcanic rocks: Implications for evolution of an interarc basin and remnant arc

The Tonga-Kermadec Ridge, Lau Basin, and Lau-Colville Ridge are, respectively, a frontal arc, interarc basin, and remnant arc at the Australian-Pacific plate boundary. Basement rocks of the Lau-Colville Ridge (Lau Volcanics) are 9- to 6-m.y.-old basaltic andesites to dacites with 55 to 66 percent SiO 2 , K 60 = 1.0 to 1.5 percent, little Fe enrichment, Sr 87 /Sr 86 = 0.7030 to 0.7034, and enrichment in light rare-earth elements. Westward increases in K, Rb, Th, and U suggest that subducted lithosphere was un-derthrust from the east. Variations in rock composition are consistent qualitatively with derivation from basalt by low-pressure crystal-liquid fractionation involving removal of phenocryst phases: plagioclase + clinopyroxene + orthopyroxene + magnetite. Volcaniclastic turbidites of the same age and derived from western sources are found in Tonga. These andesitic vol-canogenic recks are overlain on both ridges by Pliocene limestones, which are capped on the Lau-Colville Ridge by 3.9- to 3.5-m.y.-old olivine + hypersthene normative tholeiites (Korombasanga Volcanics) having minor 56 to 60 percent SiO 2 andesitic differentiates. Lau Basin basalts are transitional between ocean-floor and island-arc tholeiites, sharing with the latter their higher Rb, Ba, light rare-earth element, and Sr 87 contents and lower Ti, Zr, and Hf contents. These data support Karig9s idea that the Lau and Tonga Ridges represent a once-united island arc now dismembered by rifting, which has formed the intervening Lau Basin. This rifting began about 5 m.y. B.P. The change in volcanism on the Lau-Colville Ridge reflects its removal from a subduction site.

Field of study: Geology