nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Development stage-specific expression of fibroin in the silk worm Bombyx mori is regulated translationally.

The contents of fibroin H RNA as a function of development have been quantitated in the posterior silk glands of Bombyx mori larvae on different days of 4th and 5th instars. The fibroin RNA levels increased during the feeding stages of larvae and the RNA got completely degraded during the interim moult. The patterns of accumulation of fibroin RNA were similar in both the instars. Although there was considerable increase in the fibroin RNA content during the 5th larval instar, the relative abundance of fibroin RNA in the total RNA was fairly constant during the 4th and 5th instars. The increased content of fibroin RNA in 5th instar was the consequence of an overall increase in transcription accompanying the development progress, rather than specific increase only in fibroin transcription. The contents of fibroin protein in the 4th and 5th instars of development have also been quantitated making use of a sensitive radioimmune assay with a purified, antifibroin antibody. There were substantial differences between 4th and 5th instars in the absolute fibroin contents as well as the relative proportion of fibroin in the total proteins. These results implied that although the fibroin gene was transcribed at the same efficiency during the 4th and 5th instars, the translational efficiency was much lower during the 4th instar. The extent of polyadenylation of fibroin RNA was similar in both instars. However, there was a two-fold increase in the polysome association of fibroin RNA in the 5th instar. Over and above this, there was substantial increase during the 5th instar in the contents of those tRNAs. (e.g. Gly, Ala and Ser) which are abundantly represented in fibroin and therefore directly related to the expression of fibroin. The increased polysome association of fibroin mRNA and the adequate supply of cognate tRNAs in the 5th instar, together contributes to the translational regulation of fibroin in a developmental stage-specific manner. Based on these observations, we propose that translational regulation plays a major role in the development stage-specific synthesis of fibroin in Bombyx mori.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Study on Erosion Resistance of HVFS Fe-Al/SiC Composite Coating

The composite coating of Fe-Al/SiC was made by the method of high velocity flame spraying(HVFS). The corrosion resistance of the coatings were investigated. The morphology of the coating surface after corrosion was analyzed by SEM. The results show that the conversion from brittle erosion to plastic erosion occurs as the temperature of the composite coatings rising. The angle of erosion has important impact on the corrosion-resistance of coatings. The corrosion-resistance of the coatings at erosion angle of 45° is better than that of 90°. The damage of coating at 45° is mainly due to impact-scraping, and that at 90° is mainly due to percussive penetration.

Field of study: Materials science
Synthesis of Tetrahydrothiophene and Thiophene-fused Porphyrin

The sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction of 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol to 2-NO2-porphyrin has been developed, and this method provides a new facile approach to tetrahydrothiophene-fused porphyrin. Therm...

Field of study: Chemistry
Gradient Boosting Decision Tree-Based Method for Predicting Interactions Between Target Genes and Drugs

Determining the target genes that interact with drugs—drug–target interactions—plays an important role in drug discovery. Identification of drug–target interactions through biological experiments is time consuming, laborious, and costly. Therefore, using computational approaches to predict candidate targets is a good way to reduce the cost of wet-lab experiments. However, the known interactions (positive samples) and the unknown interactions (negative samples) display a serious class imbalance, which has an adverse effect on the accuracy of the prediction results. To mitigate the impact of class imbalance and completely exploit the negative samples, we proposed a new method, named DTIGBDT, based on gradient boosting decision trees, for predicting candidate drug–target interactions. We constructed a drug–target heterogeneous network that contains the drug similarities based on the chemical structures of drugs, the target similarities based on target sequences, and the known drug–target interactions. The topological information of the network was captured by random walks to update the similarities between drugs or targets. The paths between drugs and targets could be divided into multiple categories, and the features of each category of paths were extracted. We constructed a prediction model based on gradient boosting decision trees. The model establishes multiple decision trees with the extracted features and obtains the interaction scores between drugs and targets. DTIGBDT is a method of ensemble learning, and it effectively reduces the impact of class imbalance. The experimental results indicate that DTIGBDT outperforms several state-of-the-art methods for drug–target interaction prediction. In addition, case studies on Quetiapine, Clozapine, Olanzapine, Aripiprazole, and Ziprasidone demonstrate the ability of DTIGBDT to discover potential drug–target interactions.

Field of study: Biology
Simultaneous Detection of Cytomegalovirus,Human Papillomavirus and Chlamydozoa Trachomatis by Multiplex PCR

In order to develop a polymerase chain reaction-based assay for the simultaneous detection of cytomegalovirus(CMV), human papillomavirus(HPV) and chlamydozodtra chomatis (CT) from a single genital swab, we chose three sets of oligonucleotide primers according to CMV,HPV and CT gene sequences reported that amplified products of 370bp, 450bp, and 510bp. The conditions for multiplex PCR were optimized. By this method, 0.01fg of HPV-DNA,CMV-DNA and CT-DNA could be detected and visualized under UV light, but not the gene fragments of human lymphocyte-DNA, E.coli-DNA, U. urealyticum-DNA and C. albicans-DNA.395 clinical samples were tested, the positive rates for HPV, CMV and CT were 19.2%, 14.9% and 5.1% respectively, and besides, in 42 samples, these three agents mixedly infected. The multiplex PCR appears to be a rapid, sensitive and specific method for detecting CMV, HPV and CT simultaneouly from a single genital swab and may be applied to clinical diagnosis and laboratory works.

Field of study: Biology
Electrical properties of inhomogeneous SiC MIS structures

Current-voltage characteristics of metal contacts on 6H-SiC with a thin (5–20Å) oxide layer have been measured in the temperature range 300 to 1000K. The contacts were investigated in both H2 and O2-atmospheres. As the SiC surface was nonideal due to pin holes and other defects generated during the growth process, it was necessary to treat the Schottky contacts as inhomogeneous contacts. The inhomogeneity explains the nonideal current-voltage behavior of the contacts such as ideality factors much larger than unity and voltage dependent ideality factors. It was found that some metals gave Schottky contacts in the entire temperature range, while other metals were ohmic at higher temperatures. Several different contact metals were investigated: Al, Ti, TaSix, and Pd were found to be ohmic at high temperatures, while Pt, Pt+Cr, Ni, Cr and another TaSix contact were found to behave like Schottky contacts in the entire temperature range. This is a preliminary investigation of the electrical characteristics of different metals that could be useful for high temperature gas sensor purposes.

Field of study: Materials science
Credit and Capital Formation: Lessons of Mexican Migrant Entrepreneurs in the U.S. Financial Crisis

One of the most important elements of financial crises is the credit restriction that follows and the immediate consequences it has on investment and employment. In the post-Keynesian vision, an exit from economic crises frequently requires increased demand, specifically through public expenditure and employment. Furthermore, it requires the exploration of various policies and institutional reforms that could counteract the credit rationing emerging from the first moments of the financial crisis, particularly in regard to the financing of small business. This is one of the principal lessons this paper explores when studying a sample of Mexican immigrant entrepreneurs in three cities in the United States, and their conditions of survival amid the financial crisis.

Field of study: Economics
To carry forwards the tradition and absorb the cream

After taking part in and investigating deeply Mu  Quan campaigu,it seems that the traditional sports events would exist and strengthen in this time which people's thought and living pattern are violent changing,they must carry forwards the tradition on the basis of maintaining national sports' spirit and wisdom and absorb widely the cream of other sports ,arts,and managment and adminitnation,so that they can meet the people's increasing material and cultural need.

Field of study: Education
Using statistical characteristics of gradient phases for robust face recognition under illumination variations

Gradient phase, which is treated as an illumination insensitive measure, is an important feature for visual detection and recognition applications, especially under illumination variations. However, fewer statistical characteristics of the gradient phase have been reported till now. First, the statistical characteristics of the gradient phase against gradient signal-to-noise ratios (gradient SNRs) were investigated. The analysed results show that the confidence (or standard deviation) of gradient phases against gradient SNRs should never be linearly related, as is usually supposed. With the help of the statistical analyses of the gradient phase, the gradient-based visual detection and recognition were improved by incorporating confidence information into the cost function. Moreover, inspired by the analysed characteristics of the gradient phase, an enhanced gradientface method is proposed to improve the performance of the gradient phase-based face recognition. Intensive simulations and comparisons are performed to show its superior performance without the side effect of discrimination loss that existed in some illumination normalisation approaches.

Field of study: Computer science
Cretaceous and early Tertiary climates of Antarctica: evidence from fossil wood

Fossil wood is abundant in Cretaceous and early Tertiary sediments of the northern Antarctic Peninsula region. The wood represents the remains of vegetation that once grew in high palaeolatitudes when the polar regions were warmer, during former greenhouse climates. Fossil wood is a unique data store of palaeoclimate information. Analyses of growth rings and anatomical characters in fossil wood provide important information about temperature, rainfall, seasonality and climate trends for this time period in Antarctica. Climate signals from fossil wood, supported by sedimentary and geochemical evidence, indicate a trend of cool climates during the Early Cretaceous, followed by peak warmth during the Coniacian to early Campanian. Narrower growth rings suggest that the climate cooled during the Maastrichtian and Palaeocene. Cool, wet and possibly seasonal climates prevailed at this time, with tentatively estimated mean annual temperatures (MATs) falling from 7°C to 4–8°C respectively, determined from dicotyledonous (dicot) wood anatomy. The Late Palaeocene/Early Eocene was once again warm, with estimated MATs of 7–15°C from dicot wood analysis, but conditions subsequently deteriorated through the latter part of the Eocene, when cold seasonal climates developed, ultimately leading to the onset of Cenozoic ice sheets and the elimination of vegetation from most of Antarctica.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Kinetics of bamboo pyrolysis

Bamboo materials were pyrolyzed in TGA equipment (TGA/SDTA851e) at heating rate of 5,10,20,30 K·min -1 in the temperature range of 313～650 K and N_2 atmosphere.The pyrolysis process of bamboo consisted of three steps: pre-pyrolysis of water evaporation,first step pyrolysis and second step pyrolysis. The kinetics of bamboo pyrolysis was analyzed based on the Levenberg-Marquardt method. The first step of bamboo pyrolysis could be considered as the pyrolysis of semi-cellulose to volatile matter only and well described by a first-order reaction model.The second step of bamboo pyrolysis could be considered as the pyrolysis of cellulose and lignin to volatile matter and char,and well described by a parallel first-order reaction model.The first step of bamboo pyrolysis was dependent on heat-up rate,while the second step of bamboo pyrolysis was independent of heat-up rate.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
The Study and Improvement of Unidimensional Search about Nonlinear Optimization

This paper, which introduces the destination of one dimensional search, search interval and solving method, improves on the basic method and builds faster method of one dimensional search which includes inexact research and exact research. And then this paper concludes the method of global optimization and makes a further contrast and discuss about its convergence .At the last, this paper checking the effectiveness of this method by putting it into use to special case.

Field of study: Computer science
The Effect on Seed Production of Cutting Medicago sativa in Dry-hot Valley Region

The seed production perfotmeance of Medicago sativa in dry-hot valley region was studied.The results indicated that the seed production of Medicago sativa was improved after cutting 1 stubble and impeling the seeds maturitied on May in ensuing year;The average yield of 36.401 g/m2 for Hunter-river(74-55)seeds was the highest,and that of 31.727 g/m2 for Sa Lan na si(75-43)seeds was the second highest.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Dedifferentiation of atrial cardiomyocytes in cardiac valve disease: unrelated to atrial fibrillation.

Valvular heart disease has become an important public health concern. The increased wall stress and underlying disease entity associated with mitral valve disease provide unfavorable circumstances for atrial cardiomyocytes. The expression of the alpha-smooth muscle actin isoform is considered characteristic of cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation (embryonic cardiomyocyte), and cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation may indicate an adaptive state, enabling cardiomyocytes to survive despite unfavorable circumstances.



This study comprised 20 adult patients with symptomatic severe mitral valve disease and moderate to severe tricuspid valve disease and without coronary artery disease undergoing valve operations for congestive heart failure. Ten patients had persistent atrial fibrillation and 10 patients had never been in atrial fibrillation by history and electrocardiograms before surgery. Atrial tissues of the right atrial appendage were obtained during surgery.



Immunohistochemical study demonstrated that alpha-smooth muscle actin protein expression was not altered by atrial fibrillation, and alpha-smooth muscle actin protein expression in atrial tissues was higher in patients with sinus rhythm than in those with atrial fibrillation (the percentage of cells that were alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive was 51.5+/-34.9% for right atria from patients in sinus rhythm vs. 16.2+/-15.0% for right atria from patients with atrial fibrillation) (P<.03). Semiquantitation of alpha-smooth muscle actin by immunoblotting of extracts from atrial tissues showed similar findings as in the immunohistochemical observations: that is, atrial fibrillation did not influence the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin protein. Interstitial fibrosis represented 43.2+/-13.9% of the right atrial tissue in the sinus group, whereas interstitial fibrosis comprised 49.8+/-8.2% of the right atrial tissue in the atrial fibrillation group (P=.320).



Dedifferentiation of atrial cardiomyocytes occurs in patients with cardiac valve disease, even without atrial fibrillation.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
An Optimized and Improved Network Trust Model Based on P2P

Because of the spring up of the P2P network application, its open, anonymous and self-organized characteristics has offered a path for the spreading of virus and junk data, and the security has aroused people’s common concern. The traditional network trust model dealt with dishonest node has certain limitation, for this, improved P2P network trust model and applied D-S evidence theory to the trusted computing of trust model. Through simulation experiment, the result showed: the improved P2P network trust model efficiently increased the successful trading rate of P2P network and improved the network environment

Field of study: Computer science
Fabrication of superconducting nanowires based on ultra-thin Nb films by means of nanoimprint lithography

Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is an attractive nonconventional lithographic technique in the fabrication of superconducting nanowires for superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) with large effective detection areas or multi-element devices consisting of hundreds of SNSPDs, due to its low cost and high throughput. In this work, NIL was used to pattern superconducting nanowires with meander-type structures based on ultra-thin (~4 nm) Nb films deposited by DC-magnetron sputtering at room temperature. A combination of thermal-NIL and UV-NIL was exploited to transfer the meander pattern from the imprint hard mold to Nb films. The hard mold based on Si wafer was defined by e-beam lithography (EBL), which was almost nonexpendable due to the application of IPS as a soft mold to transfer the patterns to the imprint resist in the NIL process. The specimens fabricated by NIL keep good superconducting properties which are comparable to that by conventional EBL process.

Field of study: Physics
Cluster Head Multi-hop Routing Algorithm Based on Improved Social Group Algorithm

CECA algorithm is a very efficient clustering routing algorithm for solving WSN problems. However, in the CECA algorithm, the cluster heads send data directly to the base station in the form of single hop, this results in excessive energy consumption. To overcome this deficiency, a cluster head multi-hop routing algorithm based on an improved social group algorithm with energy consumption model and network model is proposed in the paper. Firstly, an improved SGO algorithm with adding process of learning historical information is proposed to improve the diversity of the population. Then, the improved algorithm is combined with the CECA protocol to enable the cluster heads in WSN transmit data to the base station in a multi-hop manner to prolong the lifetime of the network. To show the effectiveness of the proposed method, the algorithm is tested on a random distributed sensor network, the experimental results show that the improved algorithm can effectively prolong the life cycle of the network.

Field of study: Engineering
Impact of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase H221Y mutation on replication capacity of Y181C mutant viral strain

To explore the development of Y181C and H221Y mutations among HIV-1 infected patients upon antiretroviral therapy in China and to investigate the impact of H221Y mutation on replication capacity of Y181C mutant. Three HIV-1 subtype B' infected patients with Y181C and H221Y mutations upon highly active antiretroviral therapy from Henan province were enrolled in this study.Follow-up blood samples collected every six months from the patients after therapy between 2004 to 2006 were detected for viral load evaluation.Fragments of pol gene were amplified by nested PCR.The purified PCR products were ligated into pMD18-T vector to construct recombinant plasmids,which were further sequenced and compared with the HIV reference strain from Stanford HIVDB for analyzing the development of Y181C and H221Y mutations.Plasmids containing Y181C mutation alone and plasmids containing Y181C and H221Y double mutations were constructed and cotransfected respectively with envelope-expression plasmid pVSV-G into HEK 293T cells to obtain HIV-1 pseudotyped viruses.Replication capacity of each pseudotyped virus was analyzed after a single-cycle infection in TZM-bl cells. A total of 57 TA cloned sequences from six follow-up blood samples of three patients were obtained.Y181C mutation alone was found in 46 clones and Y181C and H221Y mutations were found in 35 clones.Moreover,H221Y mutation was only found in clones in which Y181C mutation had already developed.Between two pairs of pseudotyped virus from two patients,replication capacity of those viruses containing Y181C and H221Y mutations were 1.42 and 1.62 fold higher than the viruses containing Y181C mutation alone,respectively. H221Y mutation might be a compensatory mutation of Y181C mutation occurred to improve the replication capacity of viral strains with Y181C mutant in HIV-1 subtype B' infected patients upon antiretroviral therapy.The finding suggests that it's significantly important to further perform the genotypic test for HIV-1 subtype B' drug resistance in order to guide antiretroviral treatment in clinical in China. 
 
 
HIV-1;  Y181C;  H221Y;  Replication capacity

Field of study: Biology
Switchable topological domains in point contacts based on transition metal tellurides.

Resistive switching in voltage biased point contacts (PCs) based on series of transition metals tellurides (TMTs) such as MeTe2 (Me=Mo, W) and TaMeTe4 (Me= Ru, Rh, Ir) has been observed. The switching occurs between a low resistive metallic-type state and a high resistive semiconducting-type state by applying certain bias voltage (below 1V), while reverse switching takes place by applying voltage of opposite polarity. The switching effect consists in changing the PC resistance up to two orders of magnitude, which increases with decreasing temperature. The origin of the effect can be formation of domain in PC core by applying a bias voltage, when a strong electric field (about 10kV/cm) modifies crystal structure and/or control its polarization. Besides, impact of domain wall with topological interfacial states is also considered. Thus, we demonstrate the new functionality of studied TMTs arizing from switchable domains in submicron hetero-structures, that is promising, e. g., for non volatile RRAM engineering. 
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Field of study: Physics
Real-Time Flow Behavior of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Compaction Based on Rheological Constitutive Theory

Compaction is the most critical stage during pavement construction, but the real-time rheological behavior in the compaction process of hot mix asphalt has not received enough attention. Rheological properties directly reflect the of mixture performance, the intrinsic directly reflects the influencing factors of compaction, and the pavement compactness and service life. Therefore, it is important to interpret the rheological properties of the asphalt mixture during the compaction process. In this paper, the improved Nishihara model was used to study the viscoelastic-plastic properties of the hot mix asphalt in the compaction process. Firstly, the improved Nishihara model was briefly introduced. Subsequently, the stress and strain correlation curves are obtained by the MTS (Material Testing System) compaction test, and the strain-time curve is fitted to determine the model parameter values. Finally, the parameters are substituted into the constitutive equation to obtain the strain-time curve and compared it with the test curve. The results show that the improved Nishihara model effectively depicts the real time behavior of the asphalt mixture in the compaction progress. The viscos and plastic parameters present certain differences, which reflects that the gradation and temperature have certain influence on the compaction characteristics of the mixture.

Field of study: Materials science