nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Compression of shell targets under conditions of a large-scale inhomogeneity of laser irradiation

A simplified model of asymmetric compression of shell targets was constructed on the basis of estimates and an analysis of calculated data. It was found that in the quasiablation regime (compression ratios of ~ 102–103) the evolution of long-wavelength perturbations of the shell profile accompanying a large-scale inhomogeneity of laser irradiation may cause a substantial (by two orders of magnitude) drop in the neutron yield.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Rapid production of continental crust 1.7 to 1.9 b.y. ago: Nd isotopic evidence from the basement of the North American mid-continent

Nd isotopic analyses of Precambrian granitic rocks from the central United States were made to determine crust-formation ages and thereby to investigate the structure and evolution of central North America. Samples of anorogenic granites that have 1.4-b.y. crystallization ages yield model TDM ages of 1.77 to 1.98 b.y. that indicate a previously undocumented 0.4- to 0.6-b.y.-old precrystallization crustal history. These and previously published data approximately define the boundaries of a large segment of continental crust that was formed from the mantle during a relatively short interval ∼1.9 b.y. ago. Both 1.4- and 1.8-b.y.-old samples from the Penokean terrene of central Wisconsin yield distinctly older TDM model ages of 2.1 to 2.3 b.y. Approximately 1.1-b.y.-old samples from the Llano uplift in Texas yield crust-formation ages of 1.3 to 1.4 b.y. The data appear to delineate provinces with well-defined, nonoverlapping crust-formation ages that young to the south, indicating episodic formation of the North American continental crust during Proterozoic time.

The initial 143Nd/144Nd ratios of the 1.4-b.y.-old granites are varied ( ϵ Nd = +4.8 to −2.0). Most of the samples analyzed probably represent crustal melts, but the existence of some high initial ϵ Nd values indicates an admixture of mantle-derived material. The isotopic patterns suggest that the 1.4-b.y.-old “anorogenic” plutonism may be an inland manifestation of subduction activity related to formation of Llano crust. The data also indicate that the Penokean terrane is not entirely 1.8-b.y.-old, mantle-derived material, nor simply reworked Archean crust. It may represent a mixture of Archean and juvenile mantle material added during the 1.84 Ga Penokean orogeny.

Patterns of continental growth deduced from this study emphasize the episodicity of crust formation. Construction of an apparent crustal growth curve for North America indicates that the average age of the continent is ∼2.2 b.y., which is significantly older than the average age of ∼ 1.5 b.y. derived from Rb-Sr studies.

Field of study: Geology
An Ant Colony Dynamic Route Guidance of Multi-route Searching Based on Immune Genetic

In the process of traffic route guidance,in order to optimize the traveler′s route choice,This paper presents a genetic algorithm with immune system algorithm and ant colony algorithm for merging,mainly making use of the advantage of the dynamic nature of ant colony system algorithm,positive feedback and distributed computing;Meanwhile compatible with the global search capability of the immune genetic algorithm and conmbine with other algorithms easily.The dynamics of ant colony system algorithm can meet the dynamic changes of the various factors of traffic roads,However,the inherent disadvantage of ant colony system algorithm is easy to fall into local optimization and evolve slowly,in order to improve the shortcoming of the local optimum of ant colony system algorithm,using the global search of immune genetic to avoid the shortcoming of the local optimum of ant colony system algorithm.In order to improve the speed of algorithm evolution,this paper presents ant system algorithm based on multi-search,to speed up the convergence better and met the needs of dynamic changes of traffic,meet the needs of travelers.In the research process of the algorithm,the paper has carried out two experiments on the algorithm.In the eil51 problem,algorithm compared with other algorithms can find out a better path.Menwhile,using MapX simulate real traffic environment to use of algorithm to look for a better path,show that the proposed algorithm can find a better path that can satisfied travelers′s needs in the actual road condition.

Field of study: Computer science
Quantitative trait locus mapping for ethanol teratogenesis in BXD recombinant inbred mice.

Individual differences in susceptibility to the detrimental effects of prenatal ethanol (EtOH) exposure have been demonstrated. Many factors, including genetics, play a role in susceptibility and resistance. We have previously shown that C57BL/6J (B6) mice display a number of morphological malformations following an acute dose of EtOH in utero, while DBA/2J (D2) mice are relatively resistant. Here, we present the results of quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping for EtOH teratogenesis in recombinant inbred strains derived from a cross between B6 and D2 (BXD RIs).



Pregnant dams were intubated with either maltose-dextrin or 5.8 g/kg EtOH on day 9 of gestation (GD9). On GD 18, dams were sacrificed and fetuses and placentae were removed. Placentae and fetuses were weighed; fetuses were sexed and examined for gross morphological malformations. Fetuses were then either placed in Bouin's fixative for subsequent soft-tissue analyses or eviscerated and placed in EtOH for subsequent skeletal examinations. QTL mapping for maternal weight gain (MWG), prenatal mortality, fetal weight (FW) at c-section, placental weight (PW), and several morphological malformations was performed using WebQTL.



Heritability for our traits ranged from 0.06 for PW to 0.39 for MWG. We found suggestive QTLs mediating all phenotypes and significant QTLs for FW and digit and rib malformations. While most QTL regions are large, several intriguing candidate genes emerged based on polymorphisms between B6 and D2 and gene function.



In this first mapping study for EtOH teratogenesis, several QTLs were identified. Future studies will further characterize these regions. Identification of genes and epigenetic modifications mediating susceptibility to the teratogenic effects of alcohol in mice will provide targets to examine in human populations.

Field of study: Medicine
Public support for tobacco control policies: The role of the protection of children against tobacco.

In many countries, health advocates aim to increase public support for tobacco control policies by framing these policies in terms of child protection. We examined whether support for the protection of children is indeed associated with support for tobacco control policies, even among smokers, opponents of state intervention and opponents of a governmental role in tobacco control.



We used a survey on a representative sample of Dutch adults of 18 years and older (n = 1631). The survey measured respondents' support for banning tobacco displays, raising the age of sale for tobacco to 21 years and limiting tobacco sales to specialized shops. Regression analyses were done to assess the association with respondents' support for the protection of children against tobacco. In further analyses, subgroup interactions were added.



Respondents' support for the protection of children against tobacco with legislation was positively related to support for all three policies. Associations were weaker for smokers (except for raising the age of sale) but similar for opponents of state intervention and opponents of a governmental role in tobacco control.



This is the first paper to empirically support the idea that emphasizing the need to protect children against tobacco enhances support for tobacco control policies. This 'child effect' is effective in all segments of the population, albeit somewhat weaker among smokers.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Nonparametric change detection and estimation in large-scale sensor networks

The problem of detecting changes in the distribution of alarmed sensors is considered. Under a nonparametric change detection framework, several detection and estimation algorithms are presented based on the Vapnik-Chervonenkis (VC) theory. Theoretical performance guarantees are obtained by providing error exponents for false-alarm and miss detection probabilities. Recursive algorithms for the efficient computation of test statistics are derived. The estimation problem is also considered in which, after detection is made, the location with maximum distribution change is estimated.

Field of study: Engineering
On functional decomposition of multivariate polynomials with differentiation and homogenization

This paper gives a theoretical analysis for the algorithms to compute functional decomposition for multivariate polynomials based on differentiation and homogenization which were proposed by Ye, Dai, and Lam (1999) and were developed by Faugère, Perret (2006, 2008, 2009). The authors show that a degree proper functional decomposition for a set of randomly decomposable quartic homogenous polynomials can be computed using the algorithm with high probability. This solves a conjecture proposed by Ye, Dai, and Lam (1999). The authors also propose a conjecture which asserts that the decomposition for a set of polynomials can be computed from that of its homogenization and show that the conjecture is valid with high probability for quartic polynomials. Finally, the authors prove that the right decomposition factors for a set of polynomials can be computed from its right decomposition factor space.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
FDTD analysis of transient radiation from Wu-King resistive dipole antenna

The cylindrical dipole antenna with a lumped resistive loading is considered as a radiator of ultra-wideband short-pulses.Specifically,the distribution and value of the resistance along the dipole antenna are proposed by Wu and King(Wu-King profile).This antenna is analyzed by using the finitedifference time-domain(FDTD) method.The electromagnetic field in the space surrounding the antenna is determined as a function of time,which can be used to calculate the current waveforms on the antenna,time-varying field in the far zone,and some important time domain parameters for describing the performance of the antenna.Graphical displays of these results are used to provide physical insight into the transient radiation processes of this antenna.

Field of study: Physics
Impaired Discrimination With Intact Crossmodal Association in Aged Rats: A Dissociation of Perirhinal Cortical-Dependent Behaviors

The perirhinal cortex (PRC) supports associative memory and perception, and PRC dysfunction impairs animals’ abilities to associate stimulus features across sensory modalities. PRC damage also leads to deficits in discriminating between stimuli that share features. Although PRC-dependent stimulus discrimination has been shown to be impaired with advanced age, data regarding the abilities of older adults and other animals to form PRC-dependent associations have been equivocal. Moreover, the extent to which similar neural computations within the PRC support associative memory versus discrimination abilities have not been directly examined. In the current study, young and aged rats were cross-characterized on two PRC-dependent crossmodal object recognition (CMOR) tasks to test associative memory, and a LEGO object discrimination task. In the CMOR tasks, rats were familiarized with an object with access to tactile input and then tested for recognition with visual input only. The relative exploration time of novel versus familiar objects indicated that aged rats showed preference for the novel over familiar object with and without an epoch of multimodal preexposure to the familiar object prior to the testing session. Furthermore, crossmodal recognition performance between young and aged rats was not significantly different. In contrast, for the LEGO object discrimination task, aged rats were impaired relative to young rats. Notably, aged rats that performed poorly on the LEGO object discrimination task had better performance on the CMOR tasks. The dissociation of discrimination and association abilities with age suggests that these behaviors rely on distinct neural computations within PRC-medial temporal lobe circuit.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Understanding the Determinants of Debt Burden among College Graduates

This article examines debt burden among college graduates and contributes to previous research by incorporating institutional and state characteristics. Utilizing a combination of national datasets and zero-one inflated beta regression, we find several major themes. First, family income and college experiences are strongly associated with the probability of zero debt burden as well as the level of debt burden. Second, graduates from private institutions have a higher level of debt burden than graduates from a public institution. Lastly, state funding of merit-based aid programs play a role in reducing students’ debt burden, but the effect disappears when accounting for the “Georgia effect.” Conclusions and suggestions are made about the roles institutions and government can play in reducing debt burden among college graduates.

Field of study: Education
Trends in diversity, frequency and complexity of graphoglyptid trace fossils: evolutionary and palaeoenvironmental aspects

Graphoglyptids, a characteristic component of the Nereites ichnofacies, are patterned, mainly meander-, star-, and net-shaped trace fossils, which reveal complex burrow systems used most likely for trapping of meiobenthos or cultivation of microbes in oligotrophic deep-sea environments. They show considerable changes of diversity, frequency and adaptive radiation through Phanerozoic. Rapid radiation and increase of their diversity and density in the Late Cretaceous, probably in the Turonian, is correlated with large-scale biotic changes in marine environments, which are rooted in palaeogeographic and palaeoclimatic changes. The changes of graphoglyptids have been distinctly caused by most of the major biotic crises, especially in the Cretaceous and Cenozoic. Graphoglyptids also display an increase of complexity, which accelerated in the Late Cretaceous, when the farming activity of their trace makers became more common. The distinct changes in development of graphoglyptids challenge the time-stability hypothesis for explanation of their evolution.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Forty Years of ACPE CPE Accreditation

The Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) Continuing Pharmacy Education (CPE) Provider Accreditation Program has been in existence for 40 years. During this time, the program has expanded and has been offered to a various types of providers, not only academic-based providers. ACPE credit has been offered to an increasing number of pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, and other health professionals. This paper explains the evolution of the CPE Provider Accreditation Program, including the Definition of Continuing Education for the Profession of Pharmacy, its standards, types of activities (knowledge, application, and practice), CPE Monitor,

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Shallow Characters and Supercuspidal Representations

In 2014, Reeder and Yu constructed epipelagic representations of a reductive $p$-adic group $G$ from stable functions on shallowest Moy-Prasad quotients. In this paper, we extend these methods when $G$ is split. In particular, we classify all complex-valued characters vanshing on a slightly deeper Moy-Prasad subgroup and show that, while sufficient, a naive extension of Reeder-Yu's stability condition is not necessary for constructing supercuspidal representations.

Field of study: Mathematics
Economic Policy in Europe Since the Late Middle Ages: The Visible Hand and the Fortune of Cities.

The visible hand and the fortunes of cities, a historiographic introduction, Herman Diederiks and Paul M. Hohenberg urban policy or personal government - the involvement of the urban elite in the economy of Leiden at the end of the Middle Ages, Hanno Brand holders of power and economic activity in German merchant towns in the 16th and 17th centuries, Pierre Jeannin urban economy and industrial development in the early modern period - Nimes in the 17th and 18th centuries, Line Teisseyre-Sallmann structural crisis of the economy and political leadership, the example of Cologne in the 18th century, Dietrich Ebeling capital policies of the Hohenzollerns in Berlin (1650-1800), Helga Schulz municipal oligarchies and merchant elites as separate social groups - comparisons on either side of the Franco-Belgian border, Philippe Guignet resistance to change - elites, municipal government and the state in the development of the city of Naples (1750-1870), John A. Davis fingerprints of an urban elite, the case of a Dutch city in the 19th century, Pim Kooi foresight is not the essence of government, Jan van den Noort the city council and the economic elite - Haarlem 1890-1920, Boudien de Vries from hidden hand to public intervention - land use and zoning strategies in the liberal and post-liberal city (1875-1914), Michael Wagenaar the state, the elite and the market - the "visible hand" in the British industrial city system, R.J. Morris managing the market-regulating the city - urban control in the 19th-century UK, Richard Rodger.

Field of study: Economics, History
O day after olímpico e a universidade - DOI: 10.4025/reveducfis.v20i4.8021

Just after the end of each Olympic Games an interesting repetitive phenomenon happens in Brazil: unsatisfied with the performance of Brazilian athletes sport managers, former athletes, sport journalists, sport entrepreneurs, sport politicians, among other sport “lovers” come to the public to manifest their criticisms, to present possible explanations for the failure and more than this to suggest efficient formulas to be successful in the next Olympic Games. The main pointed out causes of the failure are the absence of a broad sport education program and the lack of financial investment, especially in the public sector, on the high performance sport. In turn, the solutions presented are the broadening of sport practice starting in the schools and the creation of government mechanisms to improve financial investments and support to athletes, clubs and sport organizations. If the causes of failure and the solutions for success are so well known what justify the repetitive and tiring event each four years? The objective of this essay is to reflect about some of the factors that have been contributing to give survival to this repetitive phenomenon and to discuss the role of the university to face those factors which have delayed the development of high performance sport in our country.

Field of study: Education
Extraction of epimedium polysaccharide in enzyme method and its effects on reducing the free radical oxygen

Through single-factor experiment and orthogonal experiment of 3 factors and 3 levels,the conditions for extraction of polysaccharide from epimedium in enzyme method were optimized,and the same time,studied its effect on raducing the free radical oxygen;The result showed that:the optimized extraction conditions for polysaccharide form epimedium were 1.5 hours of extracting time,1.6% of the quantity of enzyme and 1:25 proportion of epimedium to solution;EPS could eliminate the hydroxyl free radical and the superoxide anion free radical.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A modal method for generating binomial variables

The paper considers the problem of generating binomial random variables when the parameters n and p may vary from call to call (as in the generation of multinomial random variables), A new algorithm, based on sequentially searching alternately down and up from the modal probability, is introduced. This is easy to program and requires no special library facilities It is suitable for microcomputers as well as mainframes Some sample timings are given for a FORTRAN 7 7 implementation

Field of study: Mathematics
Stationary sunspot equilibria in an N commodity world

This article considers one-step forward looking economic systems, whose dynamics are governed by nonlinear relationships between prices today and prices tomorrow. Attention is focused on a category of rational expectations equilibria, stationary sunspot equilibria (SSE) correlated with a 2-state exogenous Markov process (2-SSE). Theorem 1 provides a sufficient existence condition only involving the characteristics of the deterministic stationary equilibrium (DSE). Theorem 2 exhibits connections between multiple deterministic equilibria and semi-trivial SSE. Theorems 3 and 4 show that 2-SSE close to the DSE have characteristics relating to those of the stable manifold of the deterministic system.

Field of study: Economics
Experimental Investigation of Vibrating Laminated Composite Plates by Optical Interferometry Method

Most of the work done for the vibration of composite plates published in the literature are analytical and numerical studies with few experimental results available. In this study, an experimental amplitude-fluctuation electronic speckle pattern interferometry method for out-of-plane displacement measurement is employed to investigate the vibration behavior of square and rectangular composite plates with different stacking sequences. Both resonant frequencies and corresponding mode shapes can be obtained experimentally using the present method. High-quality interferometric fringes for mode shapes are produced instantly by a video recording system. Four different types of geometric configurations and stacking sequences of 16-layer laminated composite plates are investigated in this study, namely, a [0] 16 square plate, a [0] 16 rectangular plate, a [0/45/90/-45] 2s square plate, and a [0/45/90/-45] 2s rectangular plate. The numerical calculations by the finite element method and Rayleigh-Ritz technique are performed, and the results are compared with the experimental measurements. Good agreement is obtained for both results of resonant frequencies and mode shapes.

Field of study: Physics
Enhanced Resource Allocation Algorithm for Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

In heterogeneous wireless networks, service providers typically employ multiple radio access technologies to satisfy the requirements of quality of service (QoS) and improve the system performance. However, many challenges remain when using modern cellular mobile communications radio access technologies (e.g., wireless local area network, long-term evolution, and fifth generation), such as inefficient allocation and management of wireless network resources in heterogeneous wireless networks (HWNs). This problem is caused by the sharing of available resources by several users, random distribution of wireless channels, scarcity of wireless spectral resources, and dynamic behavior of generated traffic. Previously, resource allocation schemes have been proposed for HWNs. However, these schemes focus on resource allocation and management, whereas traffic class is not considered. Hence, these existing schemes significantly increase the end-to-end delay and packet loss, resulting in poor user QoS and network throughput in HWNs. Therefore, this study attempts to solve the identified problem by designing an enhanced resource allocation (ERA) algorithm to address the inefficient allocation of available resources vs. QoS challenges. Computer simulation was performed to evaluate the performance of the proposed ERA algorithm by comparing it with a joint power bandwidth allocation algorithm and a dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm. On average, the proposed ERA algorithm demonstrates a 98.2% bandwidth allocation, 0.75 s end-to-end delay, 1.1% packet loss, and 98.9% improved throughput performance at a time interval of 100 s.

Field of study: Computer science