nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Improving feature location using structural similarity and iterative graph mapping

Locating program element(s) relevant to a particular feature is an important step in efficient maintenance of a software system. The existing feature location techniques analyse each feature independently and perform a one-time analysis after being provided an initial input. As a result, these techniques are sensitive to the quality of the input. In this paper, we propose to address the above issues in feature location using an iterative context-aware approach. The underlying intuition is that features are not independent of each other, and the structure of source code resembles the structure of features. The distinguishing characteristics of the proposed approach are: (1) it takes into account the structural similarity between a feature and a program element to determine feature-element relevance and (2) it employs an iterative process to propagate the relevance of the established mappings between a feature and a program element to the neighbouring features and program elements. We evaluate our approach using two different systems, DirectBank, a small-scale industry financial system, and Linux kernel, a large-scale open-source operating system. Our evaluation suggests that the proposed approach is more robust and can significantly increase the recall of feature location with only a minor decrease of precision.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
ATTITUDES OF UNDERGRADUATE MEDICAL STUDENTS TOWARDS E- LEARNING

The field of medical education cannot remain immune to the effects of this aptly called E-revolution. Therefore, there is a growing need of new methodologies, approaches and tools, in order to foster students’ socialization and to improve their learning outcomes. In this context, methodologies, techniques and innovating tools, supported by Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have been developed to promote better educational experiences.  To assess attitudes of undergraduate Medical students of NWSM towards E-Learning.  The study was cross-sectional survey which was carried out from January 2018 to June 2018 comprising 3rd and 4th year medical students at NWSM. Responses on aspects of E-learning was taken on a 4-point Likert scale; never, sometimes, mostly and always. Predictive Analysis Software version 18 was used for statistical analysis.  The data indicates that (55%) are male, and (45%) are female. Mean score for the attitude of the medical students toward E-learning was 4.6±2.19. Over all mean score for prefer e-learning and believe that it is better than traditional method of learning was 2.4±2.11.  The study demonstrates that e-learning was offering precious opportunities for undergraduate Medical education. Teachers have to adopt strategies to change the negative attitudes towards e- learning by introducing further e-learning courses in lower study years and promote students to use the Internet in their education and communication with their teachers and their colleagues.  E-learning, Attitude, Undergraduate, Medical students

Field of study: Medicine
Analysis of influence of enclosure aquaculture on water quality of Honghu Lake.

Influence of enclosure aquaculture on the water quality of Honghu Lake,Hubei Province was discussed. Change and trend process of water quality based on the measured data of the Lake from 1990 to 2006 were analyzed,and it was found that total nitrogen was out of limits markedly. Water quality was assessed through environmental contamination index method and compared in the enclosure positions with out of enclosure in different hydro-periods,as well as before the enclosure aquaculture with the after. Results showed that environmental contamination index in the enclosure positions was much larger than the outside in dry season. Enclosure aquaculture has polluted part of the Lake severely. Before the enclosure aquaculture,water quality conformed to Grade II in water classification,while after the enclosure,water quality in the Lake gradually deteriorated. There were some relationships between the area of enclosure aquaculture and degree of water quality deterioration. Content of total nitrogen changed obviously,which may increase sharply with increasing area of enclosure aquaculture.

Field of study: Environmental science
Influence of Curing Stresses on Extension-Twist Coupling in Laminated Composite Strips

An analytical model developed previously for the finite displacement of laminated composite strips exhibiting extension-twist coupling is extended to include the influence of hygrothermal stresses. A closed-form expression for the twist associated with the curing stresses is derived. The relationship between applied extension and twist is obtained in closed form as well, and the contribution of the curing stresses is isolated. A set of angle-ply laminated composite strips made of a graphite/cyanate material system is manufactured and tested. A custom-made air bearing apparatus is used in the testing to allow one end of the strip to twist as axial load is applied. Test results depict the nonlinear axial force-twist behavior, and the analytical predictions are in close agreement with test data and a geometrically nonlinear finite element simulation.

Field of study: Physics
Cellulose-Based Smart Fluids under Applied Electric Fields

Cellulose particles, their derivatives and composites have special environmentally benign features and are abundant in nature with their various applications. This review paper introduces the essential properties of several types of cellulose and their derivatives obtained from various source materials, and their use in electro-responsive electrorheological (ER) suspensions, which are smart fluid systems that are actively responsive under applied electric fields, while, at zero electric field, ER fluids retain a liquid-like state. Given the actively controllable characteristics of cellulose-based smart ER fluids under an applied electric field regarding their rheological and dielectric properties, they can potentially be applied for various industrial devices including dampers and haptic devices.

Field of study: Materials science
The correlation of particle size distribution and properties of wheat flour from different systems

The PSD (Particle Size Distribution) and qualities of 41 kinds flour on producing line, and their correlation were analyzed by DPS (Data Processing System) software in this paper, and a method for predicting physic-chemical indexes of flour using PSD parameters was proposed. The results showed that at least one of PSD parameters (D10, D50, D90 or Dav) had highly significant correlation with 13 flour indexes like protein content, wet gluten content, gluten index etc, so the method was effectively feasible in our test.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Development and Validation of a Self-Critical Cognition Scale

A 13-item Self-critical Cognition scale was developed to measure a self-critical and self-defeating cognitive tendency in processing self-relevant information. The scale, administered to 561 male and female university students, evidenced high internal consistency (α = .89) and test-retest reliability of r138 = .83 over a 6.5-week interval. A factor analysis yielded a most interpretable 2-factor solution, Factor 1: negative self-processing and Factor 2: failure in positive self-processing. The scale's construct validity was supported by meaningful correlations of –.71 with Rosenberg's self-esteem, .43 with Watson and Friend's social anxiety and distress, .62 with Cheek and Buss's shyness, .57 with Watson and Friend's fear of negative evaluation, .42 with Beck and Beamesderfer's depression, and .34 with negative adjective counts in spontaneous adjective listing in a self-descriptive task. Use of the scale for experimental and clinical research is suggested.

Field of study: Psychology
Trading places

Since the Second World War, it has often been argued that Canada has followed a policy of multilateralism both in its security relations and in its international trade policies. Multilateralism was the response of a young country that at once relied on other countries for its security and economic prosperity, but also sought to maintain its political independence from those powers that served its interests. In national defence, Canadian policies supported collective security, particularly through the United Nations (UN) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); in international trade, the government supported multilateral trade liberalization under the General Agreement for Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Canada rejected the notion of closer economic relations with other countries along the lines characterized by the Common Market in Europe, and it explicitly tried to diversify its economic relationships with the “Third Option Policy” adopted by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau’s government in 1972. Multilateral policy had a clearer meaning in security relations than in economic relations, and the NATO treaty thus called upon its signatories to “unite their efforts for collective defense and for the preservation of peace and security” (North Atlantic Treaty Document, 1949, Preamble). However, there was no similar concept of unified action in the GATT. The GATT made no reference to a common organizational effort, but rather simply called upon its signatories to achieve certain economic objectives such as full employment and increased living standards. The means to accomplish these objectives were negotiations to reduce tariffs and to eliminate discriminatory treatment in international commerce by the various countries. In sum, the GATT was a decentralized mechanism mainly bound together by the most favoured nation (MFN) principle. The result is that when we say Canada historically followed a multilateral policy, it may take a greater effort to interpret the meaning of this statement in international trade policy than in other areas of Canadian foreign policy. Furthermore, the uncertainty over the meaning of multilateralism in international trade policy is not just historical, but it continues today. For example, former Canadian Minister of International Trade Roy MacLaren has described Canada’s current efforts to negotiate a free trade agreement with the European Union as an example of “renewed multilateralism” (MacLaren, 2008). However, the proposed Canada-EU agreement is an example of a preferential trade agreement, and would surely be regarded by free-trade proponents, like Professor Jagdish Bhagwati (2008), as inconsistent with the principles of liberalism and multilateralism.

Field of study: Political science
Ground mapping resolution accuracy of a scanning radiometer from a geostationary satellite.

Measures of the spatial and spatial rate (frequency) mapping of scanned visual imagery from an earth reference system to a spin-scan geostationary satellite are examined. Mapping distortions and coordinate inversions to correct for these distortions are formulated in terms of geometric transformations between earth and satellite frames of reference. Probabilistic methods are used to develop relations for obtainable mapping resolution when coordinate inversions are employed.

Field of study: Physics
Comparison of Rewatching Class Recordings versus Retrieval Practice as Post-Lecture Learning Strategies

To assess the relative effectiveness of two study strategies, rewatching a recorded lecture and retrieval practice, on Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) students’ long-term retention of lecture material presented in a pharmacotherapeutics class.  One hundred two first-year pharmacy students were recruited for the study. All students attended two in-class lectures on different topics. The following week, students either re-studied from the recorded lecture on one of the two topics or, on the other topic, retrieved information about class content by responding to the course objectives. Half of the students were quizzed immediately after studying both topics. One week later, all students were required to complete an unannounced quiz to measure long-term retention. Finally, students were surveyed regarding their perceptions of the two learning strategies. Time on task was recorded to assess the efficiency of each learning strategy.  The primary outcome was student performance on the unannounced quiz administered one week after restudy of the lecture. No difference in performance was found between students who restudied the recorded lecture versus students who retrieved information about the lecture. However, immediately after restudying the material, students who studied from the recorded lecture performed better than students who retrieved information on the lecture. In terms of efficiency, the retrieval learning method required less time for the same gain in students’ long-term retention of knowledge.  Testing may be more efficient (ie, cost-effective) for long-term performance. Students who attend class may want to avoid rewatching course recordings in favor of practice testing.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Type of Preschool an Important Factor in Determining Fathers’ Support for their Children’s Education

Research has shown that father’s involvement in children’s education influence how children perform in education. While this is critical, the type of school the child attends is of great importance in determining whether fathers get involved in children’s education or not. This paper therefore presents research findings of a study conducted in Gucha District of Kisii County with regard to type of school and fathers’ involvement in children’s education. A sample size of sixteen preschools drawn from public and private sponsored and both from rural and urban set up were selected for this study. Further a sample size of 160 children and 160 fathers to the selected children were sampled for the study. Fathers were given a self report questionnaire with items requiring them to indicate their involvement in children’s education. Findings revealed that fathers with children in private sponsored preschools were more involved their children’s education than fathers with children in public sponsored schools. Fathers were involved more in checking whether children have done homework, buying books, paying school fees and attending school meetings.  key words, fathers’ involvement, type of school and fathers’ involvement, public and private preschools

Field of study: Education
Best Estimation of Watermarking Embedding Strength about the Closed Loop Digital Watermarking Based on DCT Domain

Researches on the image digital watermarking based on DCT domain, and uses the image display quality as one of the indicators. If the watermark embedding leads to obvious decline in the image display quality, we should adjust the intensity of the watermark embedding or the watermark itself, so as to achieve the best embedding, and then gives the calculation of the best wartermarking strenth without prejudice to the image display quality.

Field of study: Computer science
Tsunami-induced sediment transport in the abyssal Mediterranean Sea

An unusual stratigraphic unit (nicknamed “homogenite”) fills topographic lows in the complex ridge and trough bathymetry at two survey sites on the Western Mediterranean Ridge and the Calabrian Ridge. On near-bottom 4-kHz seismic-reflection profiles, this unit us an acoustically transparent, near-surface, flat-lying layer, whereas in cores, it is a homogeneous gray marl as much as 7 m thick. Grain size decreases upcore within the unit, implying that it was deposited in a single event controlled by gravitational settling. The stratigraphic position of the homogenite relative to a firmly dated sapropel bed suggests emplacement between 4400 and 3100 yr B.P. The source of the homogenite is inferred to be the nearby basin walls. Farther east, two other sites with similar rugged topography lack homogenite entirely. 
 
A triggering mechanism is required which is capable of initiating massive sediment transport simultaneously in many separate basins at the western two survey sites, but which is not effective at the eastern sites. A large archeologically recorded earthquake of the correct age is considered and rejected because its epicenter is closer to the nonhomogenite-bearing sites than to the sites where this sediment type was observed, and because several other earthquakes of comparable magnitude have since been recorded in the area, whereas the homogenite is unique. The 3,500 yr B.P. collapse of the caldera of the volcano of Santorini caused a huge tsunami which is recorded archeologically and geologically around the eastern Mediterranean. Because of refraction of the tsunami by the bathymetry, and because the caldera collapsed in its southwest corner, a disproportionate amount of tsunami energy was directed toward the western area where homogenite is observed. In contrast, the homogenite-free sites were relatively sheltered. An order-of-magnitude calculation shows that the near-bottom oscillating currents accompanying the Santorini tsunami were at or above the threshold erosion velocity at the homogenite-bearing sites. In addition, the near-bottom pressure pulse under the tsunami at the homogenite-bearing sites was sufficient to cause liquefaction of sediments. Neither mechanism was adequate to cause sediment transport or slope failure at the homogenite-free sites.

Field of study: Geology
Organic electro-optic materials

The macroscopic electrooptic activity of organic materials depends upon the molecular hyperpolarizability, beta, of individual organic chromophores and upon the product of number density, N, and noncentrosymmetric order, <cos3theta>, of the chromophores in a hardened polymer lattice. Quantum and statistical mechanical calculations provide the basis for rational improvement of these parameters leading to electro-optic coefficients (at telecommunication wavelengths) of greater than 100 pm/V (a factor of 3 larger than values for the best inorganic material, lithium niobate). Such calculations also provide insight into what further improvements can be expected. Owing to low and relatively dispersionless dielectric constants and refractive indicies, organic materials facilitate the fabrication of devices with 3 dB operational bandwidths of greater than 100 GHz. Moreover, robust and low optical loss materials can be fabricated by design. An under-appreciated advantage of organic electro-optic materials is their processability, and a variety of stripline, cascaded prism and super-prism, and ring microresonator devices are readily fabricated. Conformal, flexible, and three-dimensional devices are also readily produced. With ring microresonator devices, active wavelength division multiplexing, optical network reconfiguration, and laser frequency tuning are straightforwardly accomplished.

Field of study: Chemistry
México en sus libros . By Enrique Florescano and Pablo Mijangos. Mexico City: Taurus, 2004. Pp. 196. Indices. $17.00 paper.

Given a marked tendency within Latin American historiography classes to assign only works in English, Anglophone historians too often graduate with but a vague notion of the depth and breadth of Spanish-language scholarship. If it has not been translated, goes the implicit assumption, it has not entered the canon. Enrique Florescano and Pablo Mijangos afford a useful antidote to such myopia with Mexico en sus libros, a guide to some 600 available works about Mexico. While chiefly designed for a domestic readership, this compilation conveniently informs the foreigner what Mexico's eminent scholars have been writing—and hence what they are reading. Organized by chronological epoch, and then subdivided by theme, the guide focuses on history but sensibly includes key works in political science, anthropology, literature and other fields. It also embraces a substantial amount of work in translation, which in turn suggests that Mexican historians may well be better versed in the work of their Anglo counterparts than vice versa. It further suggests their greater reverence for classic analyses. One notes that David Brading's early scholarship remains readily accessible to Mexicans, long after Cambridge University Press de-listed the English editions. The same is true of Charles Cumberland's work on the Mexican Revolution.

Field of study: History
Takt Time as an important tool for lean implementation: A case study of an auto industry.

Arvind Kumar Sharma CGC, landran Abstract-Takt Time is an important lean tool used to set the pace of manufacturing process which leads to the customer satisfaction. Takt time is mainly used to standardize the time for the completion of an operation. The case study was carried out in an auto parts industry. The spring pin section of the industry was facing the problem of on time delivery problem of the product which leads to the customer dissatisfaction. Takt time tool was implemented to overcome this problem. Takt time was calculated. One operation’s cycle time was above the takt time. To keep the cycle time of operation under the takt time, some improvements were suggested in order to product to be completed within required time. Before state and after state were compared and resulted into, 10% reduction in the total processing time, 17% reduction in total number of workforce.

Field of study: Engineering
Induction of estrus and ovulation in prepuberal gilts and subsequent fertilization after insemination.

約180日令の性成熟前の雌豚計27頭に,PMSG 750 iuとHCG 500iuまたは合成黄体形成ホルモン放出ホルモンの類縁物質(LHRH-A)0.1mgをそれぞれ72時間間隔で分離投与し(処置法AまたはC),あるいはPMSG 400iuとHCG 200iuを混合1回投与し(処置法B),発情と排卵の誘起を試みると共に,処置開始後98時間で人工授精した場合の受精成績を比較検討した。また,処置開始後88時間でエストリオール(ET)10mgを投与した場合の影響についてもあわせて調査した(処置法A',B',C')。処置豚は全て外陰部の色調と腫脹の状態に変化を示し,その反応のピークは処置開始後約92時間から100時間にかけて認められた。しかし,雄を許容する状態の発情の誘起例は少なく処置豚の30%にとどまった。ET注射後,外陰部徴候はやや増幅されその影響は長時間持続したが,雄を許容する状態の発情の誘起には顕著な効果は認められなかった。その結果,人工授精時に外陰部からの精液の漏出なく注入できたのは処置豚の22.2%であった。処置開始後141時間でと殺したところ,B'区の2頭を除いて全て排卵が誘起された。排卵数は比較的少なく平均8.6個であったが,変異が大きく処置法間での差は認められなかった。卵回収率は処置法A,B,C区で96~100%と極めて良好であったが,ETを投与したA',C'区では50~62.5%の低い成績であった。受精卵は排卵した雌の80%から回収された。受精卵の全く認められなかった個体での不受精原因は,用いた処置法によるものではなく,原因不明の排卵遅延に主として起因するものと推察された。回収卵の受精率は,A区で有意に高かった(82%)ほかは処置法による差を認めなかった(総平均64.5%)。しかし,受精卵の発育ステージは用いた処置法によって異なった:CとC'区で最も発育が進み(61.4%は分割卵),ついでAとA'区(35.4%が分割卵)で,B区では全て前核期卵であった。この卵の発育差からみて,用いる処置法により排卵時刻に微妙な差が生ずる可能性があり,人工授精のタイミングに注意する必要のあることが示唆された。以上のような誘起排卵後に正常な発情周期の反復が認められるか,また高い受胎率と正常範囲の産子数が得られるかどうかについては目下検討中である。

Field of study: Biology