nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of Sunlamp-Based Lighting Mode on Growth Performance, Survival Rate, Stress Response, and Oxidative Stress of Juvenile Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtles (Pelodiscus sinensis)in a Greenhouse

Artificial sunlamp with the main components of UV light, visible light was brought into the large-scale farming experiment of Chinese soft-shelled turtle in greenhouse. The effects of different lighting modes on the growth performance, survival rate, stress response, and oxidative stress of juvenile Chinese soft-shelled turtle were studied. Lighting mode had significant impacts on survival rate, stress and oxidative stress of Chinese soft-shelled turtle. Lighting the basking area only is the optimal lighting mode for soft-shelled turtle in greenhouse, and this lighting mode cause less stress of Chinese soft-shelled turtle.  To investigate the effects of sunlamp-based lighting mode on the growth performance, survival rate, stress response, and oxidative stress of juvenile soft-shelled turtle in greenhouse, four kinds of lighting modes with three replicates, including lighting the basking area and water simultaneously (LBW), lighting the water only (LW), lighting the basking area only (LB) and no light (NL), were set in this experiment. Results showed that the final weight, weight gain rate and specific growth rate showed no significant differences among the treatments. The survival rate was significantly lower in LBW than that in NL, while no significant differences were observed between NL, LB and LW. On the physiological level, serum cortisol level was significantly lower in LB compared to the other two treatments with light and glucose level was significantly lower in LB than that in LW and NL. With regard to oxidative stress, indexes indicated turtles suffered less oxidative stress in LB. The glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) in LB was significantly lower compared to the other three treatments. The total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in LB, as well as LW and NL, was significantly lower than that in LBW, and no significant differences were found between LB, LW and NL. Additionally, the complement 3 (C3) was significantly higher in LB than that in NL, which indicated that the turtles had higher immune-related protein in LB. On the whole, results above demonstrated that lighting mode had significant impacts on survival rate, stress and oxidative stress. Therefore, it can be concluded that lighting the basking area only is the optimal lighting mode for soft-shelled turtle in greenhouse. And from the perspective of the breeding welfare, the soft-shelled turtle is suggested to be provided with a separate area for basking when cultured in a greenhouse.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Ball grid array (BGA) solder joint intermittency real-time detection

This paper presents test results and specifications for SJ BIST (solder joint built-in-self-test), an innovative sensing method for detecting faults in solder-joint networks that belong to the I/O ports of field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), especially in ball grid array packages. It is well known that fractured solder joints typically maintain sufficient electrical contact to operate correctly for long periods of time. Subsequently, the damaged joint begins to exhibit intermittent failures: the faces of a fracture separate during periods of stress, causing incorrect FPGA signals. SJ BIST detects faults at least as low as 100 Ω with zero false alarms: minimum detectable fault period is one-half the period of the FPGA clock – guaranteed detection is two clock periods. SJ BIST correctly detects and reports instances of high-resistance with no false alarms: test results are shown in this paper. Being able to detect solder-joint faults in FPGAs increases fault coverage and health management capabilities, and provides support for condition-based and reliability-centered maintenance.

Field of study: Engineering
Decomposition of Prediction Error

The problem considered is that of predicting the value of an unobservable random variable w from the value of an observable random vector y. This problem is considered under each of four states of knowledge about the joint distribution of w and y, ranging from complete knowledge to “no” knowledge. A (point) predictor or predictors are presented for each case. Prediction error is decomposed so that each component reflects an absence of information. Under certain conditions, these components are uncorrelated and have zero means. An exact or approximate expression is given for the variance of each component.

Field of study: Mathematics
Hydrological performance of extensive green roofs in New York City: observations and multi-year modeling of?three full-scale systems

Green roofs can be an attractive strategy for adding perviousness in dense urban environments where rooftops are a high fraction of the impervious land area. As a result, green roofs are being increasingly implemented as part of urban stormwater management plans in cities around the world. In this study, three full-scale green roofs in New York City (NYC) were monitored, representing the three extensive green roof types most commonly constructed: (1) a vegetated mat system installed on a Columbia University residential building, referred to as W118; (2) a built-in-place system installed on the United States Postal Service (USPS) Morgan general mail facility; and (3) a modular tray system installed on the ConEdison (ConEd) Learning Center. Continuous rainfall and runoff data were collected from each green roof between June 2011 and June 2012, resulting in 243 storm events suitable for analysis ranging from 0.25 to 180 mm in depth. Over the monitoring period the W118, USPS, and ConEd roofs retained 36%, 47%, and 61% of the total rainfall respectively. Rainfall attenuation of individual storm events ranged from 3 to 100% for W118, 9 to 100% for USPS, and 20 to 100% for ConEd, where, generally, as total rainfall increased the per cent of rainfall attenuation decreased. Seasonal retention behavior also displayed event size dependence. For events of 10‐40 mm rainfall depth, median retention was highest in the summer and lowest in the winter, whereas median retention for events of 0‐10 mm and 40C mm rainfall depth did not conform to this expectation. Given the significant influence of event size on attenuation, the total per cent retention during a given monitoring period might not be indicative of annual rooftop retention if the distribution of observed event sizes varies from characteristic annual rainfall. To account for this, the 12 months of monitoring data were used to develop a characteristic runoff equation (CRE), relating runoff depth and event size, for each green roof. When applied to Central Park, NYC precipitation records from 1971 to 2010, the CRE models estimated total rainfall retention over the 40 year period to be 45%, 53%, and 58% for the W118, USPS, and ConEd green roofs respectively. Differences between the observed and modeled rainfall retention for W118 and USPS were primarily due to an abnormally high frequency of large events, 50 mm of rainfall or more, during the monitoring period compared to historic precipitation patterns. The multi-year retention rates are a more reliable estimate of annual rainfall capture and highlight the importance of long-term evaluations when reporting green roof performance.

Field of study: Environmental science
Frequency scaling of the lower-hybrid-current-drive density limit in tokamak plasmas.

It is shown experimentally that the lower-hybrid-current-drive density limit is a function of the RF source frequency. While in previous 800-MHz experiments this limit occurred at n-bar/sub e/ = 6 x 10/sup 12/ cm/sup -3/, with a newly installed 2.45-GHz, 100-kW RF system on the Versator II tokamak, fully RF-driven discharges have been achieved at densities up to n-bar/sub e/ = 1.0 x 10/sup 13/ cm/sup -3/, without increasing the toroidal magnetic field (B 1). Incremental current increases in Ohmically heated discharges have been observed at densities exceeding n-bar/sub e/ = 2.0 x 10/sup 13/ cm/sup -3/.

Field of study: Physics
Comparative study of Late Devonian (Famennian) brachiopod assemblages, sea level changes, and geo-events in northwestern and southern China

Abundant brachiopods have been recovered from the Upper Devonian of western Junggar, Xinjiang, northwestern China. However, their diversity and succession, as well as a detailed comparison with other regions, remain to be explored. These issues are of importance since conodonts and ammonoids are generally sparse for dating the sequence. Based on collections in the past years from the Famennian sequence of the Bulongguoer section and adjacent sections, we recognize five brachiopod assemblages in ascending order: the Caenanoplia? aff. logani Assemblage; the Palaeospirifer–Megalopterorhynchus Assemblage, which can be divided into the Cyrtospirifer sulcifer Subassemblage and the Rugaltarostrum Subassemblage; the Ambocoelia? cf. unionensis Assemblage; the Austrospirifer? sp. Assemblage; and the Syringothyris–Spirifer Assemblage. Comparison of these assemblages with those of the Xikuangshan and other sections, central Hunan, southern China, indicates a strong biogeographic differentiation. There are opposite trends of raw diversity changes during the middle Famennian in these two regions, whereas similar trends, with a decline followed by an increase in diversity, occurred during the late and latest Famennian. Two transgression–regression cycles are recognized in the Bulongguoer section of western Junggar. Comparisons of sea level changes among the Bulongguoer section (western Junggar), central Hunan (platform facies of South China), and Euramerica indicate that regional tectonic activities may have played important roles in both western Junggar and central Hunan. In the Palmatolepis rugosa trachytera conodont Zone, sea level rose gradually to the maximum at approximately the Annulata level in the Bulongguoer section, whereas a contemporaneous prolonged lowstand (“Oujiachong regression”) was recognized in central Hunan. The replacement of the Rugaltarostrum Subassemblage by the Ambocoelia? cf. unionensis Assemblage in western Junggar is correlative to the Oujiachong event (the regression and brachiopod diversity decline in South China at the top of Palmatolepis marginifera Zone). During the latest Famennian, the Syringothyris–Spirifer Assemblage replaced the Austrospirifer? sp. Assemblage in western Junggar, as a response to the Hangenberg Event.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Acquiring Partial CSI for Spatially Selective Transmission by Instantaneous Channel Norm Feedback

In the design of next-generation multiuser communication systems, multiple-antenna transmission is an essential part providing additional spatial degrees of freedom and allowing efficient use of resources. A major limiting factor in the resource allocation is the amount of channel state information (CSI) available at the transmitter, particularly in multiuser systems where the feedback from each user terminal must be limited. Herein, we show that the Euclidean norm of the instantaneous channel, when combined with long-term channel statistics provides sufficient information for the transmitter to efficiently utilize multiuser diversity in time, frequency, and space. We consider the downlink of a communication system where the base station has multiple transmit antennas whereas each user terminal has a single receive antenna. The CSI provided by channel statistics and feedback of the norm of the instantaneous channel vector is studied in depth for correlated Rayleigh and Ricean fading channels, within a minimum mean-square error (MMSE) estimation framework. An asymptotic analysis (high instantaneous SNR) is presented which shows that channel realizations with large channel norm provide additional spatial CSI at the transmitter. This makes the proposed scheme ideal for multiuser diversity transmission schemes, where resources are only allocated to users experiencing favorable channel conditions.

Field of study: Engineering
Arsenic toxicity and accumulation in radish as affected by arsenic chemical speciation.

Arsenic (As) uptake by Rhapanus sativus L. (radish), cv. Nueva Orleans, growing in soil-less culture conditions was studied in relation to the chemical form and concentration of As. A 4 x 3 factorial experiment was conducted with treatments consisting of four As chemical forms [As(III), As(V), MMAA, DMAA] and three As concentrations (1.0, 2.0, and 5.0 mg As L-1). None of the As treatments were clearly phytotoxic to this radish cultivar. Arsenic phytoavailability was primarily determined by the As chemical form present in the nutrient solution and followed the trend DMAA < or = As(V) < or = As(III) << MMAA. Root and shoot As concentrations significantly increased with increasing As application rates. Monomethyl arsonic acid treatments caused the highest As accumulation in both roots and shoots, and this organic arsenical showed a higher uptake rate than the other As compounds. Inner root As concentrations were, in general, within the normal range for As contents in food crops but root skin As levels were close or above the maximum threshold set for As content in edible fruit, crops and vegetables. The statement that toxicity limits plant As uptake to safe levels was not confirmed in our study. If radish plants are exposed to a large pulse of As, as growth on contaminated nutrient solutions, they may accumulate residues which are unacceptable for animal and human consumption without exhibiting symptoms of phytotoxicity.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A new generalized Balakrishnan type skewed–normal distribution: properties and associated inference

It is also shown that our proposed skew-normal model subsumes many other well-known skew-normal model that exists in the literature. Recent work on a new two-parameter generalized skew-normal model has received a lot of attention. This paper presents a new generalized Balakrishnan type skew–normal distribution by introducing two shape parameters. We also provide some useful results for this new generalization. It is also shown that our proposed skew–normal model subsumes the original Balakrishnan skew–normal model (2002) as well as other well–known skew–normal models as special cases. The resulting flexible model can be expected to fit a wider variety of data structures than either of the models involving a single skewing mechanism. For illustrative purposes, a famed data set on IQ scores has been used to exhibit the efficacy of the proposed model.

Field of study: Mathematics
Strengthening Methods for Assessing Students’ Metahistorical Conceptions: Initial Development of the Historical Account Differences Survey

To prepare students for participation in a pluralistic, democratic society, history curriculum should help them develop mature ideas about why multiple accounts of the same events exist. But how can we know if we are successful? In this article, we describe work on the design, validation, and piloting of a paper-and-pencil instrument called the Historical Account Differences (HAD) survey. It is intended to add to the tool set that researchers and practitioners can use to evaluate students’ developing metahistorical conceptions. Data are presented from a pilot involving sixty-five eleventh-grade students. One group completed the survey once, whereas the other completed it prior to and after a curriculum unit designed to enhance their conceptions about multiple accounts of past events. Initially, the two groups’ responses were not detectably different. However, students completing the two-week curriculum unit showed an increase in mature conceptions. The limitations of this work and plans for future research are discussed.

Field of study: Sociology
Psychosocial correlates of death anxiety in a population of medical students.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between death anxiety and psychosocial functioning of medical students. Subjects were 50 first-year students, with instruments including the Death Anxiety Scale and the California Psychological Inventory. Product-moment correlations computed between test scores indicated significant, negative relationships between death anxiety and the California Psychological Inventory measures of Well-being (r = –.52), Good Impression (r = –.43), Self-control (r = –.30), and Tolerance (r = –.29). These results suggest that increased death anxiety may be associated with somewhat compromised social performance.

Field of study: Psychology
GPS monitoring of vertical ground motion in northern Ardenne–Eifel: five campaigns (1999–2003) of the HARD project

We present the HARD project of GPS monitoring of vertical ground motion in NE Ardenne and Eifel (western Europe). Its main purposes are to get a better insight into the present-day rates of vertical ground motion in intraplate settings and to identify the various causes of these motions. Since 1999, we have carried out yearly campaigns of simultaneous GPS measurements at 12 sites situated so as to sample the different tectonic subunits of the study area and especially to record potential displacements across the seismogenic Hockai fault zone. Five campaigns (1999–2003) have been processed currently. Key issues of the data processing with the Gamit software are discussed and first results are presented. Though temporally consistent in many cases, the obtained vertical motion rates are spatially highly variable. They are also much too high (several mm/year) to support a tectonic interpretation, and a long-term influence of groundwater level variations is proposed to account for the observed motions. This influence should be distinguished from seasonal variations and from inter-survey variations linked to the varying degree of soil and subsoil drying off during the successive spring surveys.

Field of study: Environmental science
Pharmacognosy, a Classical Theme Tuned to a Contemporary Melody

To describe the development of a pharmacognosy course that uses a combination of didactic teaching, team-based projects, and practicum laboratory practice.  A course titled “Pharmacognosy” was developed by applying a three-tier teaching methodology: in the classroom, the basic concepts and principles were introduced in a didactic manner; outside the classroom, students worked in teams and each team created an independent literature-based research project that was submitted as a poster presentation; in the pharmacy practicum laboratory, students worked individually and conducted a quality control experiment comprised of a quantitative analysis of an herbal product.  During the seven-year course implementation, 1091 first-year PharmD students participated in the course. Their performance was consistently satisfactory. On average, 30% of students in each class received a grade of “A” and teams received a “B” and above on their projects.  The pharmacognosy course, equipped with concurrent teaching methods, implemented with a group research project, and reinforced by practicum laboratory experience, has reached the original goal of introducing a classical topic in an updated and contemporary fashion to meet the requirement of integrated pharmacy education and practice.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
X-ray Microanalysis of Biological Samples by High-resolution Energy Dispersive Microcalorimeter Spectrometer Using a Low-voltage Scanning Electron Microscope

A transition edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeter detector with an energy resolution of 17.3eV@1.74keV mounted on an SEM has been newly developed and applied for the first time to reveal the cellular distribution of Cd in a cadmium hyper-accumulating plant. The elemental maps of the light element P as well as the heavy elements Cd and Zn were also successfully obtained. Similarly, the simultaneous analysis of As La and Mg Kα in an arsenic-accumulating fern was possible with this system. It is expected that the microcalorimeter EDS system has the potential to open a new area of the X-ray microanalysis of biological samples.

Field of study: Chemistry
Sialylmotifs of sialyltransferases.

The sialyl moiety of sialylated glycoconjugates expressed on the cell surface are increasingly recognized as the key determinants of various biological recognition events. The transfer of sialic acid to these glycoconjugates are catalyzed by sialyltransferases, a group of 15 or more Golgi enzymes. Cloning of three sialyltransferases from this laboratory, indicated for the first time, that these enzymes are type II membrane proteins and share the topological features common to other glycosyltransferases. However, unlike the other members of the glycosyltransferase family, these enzymes showed the presence of two conserve protein domains, termed 'sialylmotifs'. This unique feature was subsequently found to be present in all the sialyltransferases cloned to-date. The larger 'L-sialylmotif' consisting of 48-49 amino acids is present in the middle of the luminal catalytic domain and has, eight invariant residues, while the 'S-sialylmotif' present closer to the C-terminal end of the enzyme has two invariants among a stretch of 23 amino acids. The other not-so-invariant amino acids are also conserved and their replacement is limited. The functional role of these two sialylmotifs were investigated by single-point site-directed mutagenesis using Gal beta 1, 4GlcNAc alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase (ST6Gal I) as a model. Detailed kinetic analysis of the mutants indicated that the 'L-sialylmotif' contributes to the binding of the common donor substrate CMP-NeuAc, while the 'S-sialylmotif' contributes to the binding of both the donor and acceptor substrates.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
FAQ: Do Non-linguists Share the Same Intuition as Linguists?*

When studying the nature of human language, we frequently ask ourselves the following question: Do native speakers agree with our judgments of the sentences in question? Many of us have encountered quite a few sentences which linguists report to be grammatical but which non-linguists find ungrammatical. Linguists try their best in their language analyses to accommodate the native speakers’ intuitions in a systematic way, but these efforts are mostly confined to the so-called ‘informal’ method. A natural question that arises is if the naive native speakers would agree to the introspective acceptability judgments. In order to properly answer this question, a rigorous and formal method that will ensure more systematic and fine-grained results is required. This paper aims to address questions relating to this issue, exclusively focusing on Korean. The present work intends to provide some substantive discussion on how similar or different linguists’ intuitions are to/from those of the general public estimating grammatical acceptability. Our main experiment was carried out with 138 subjects, using about one thousand sentences excerpted from two volumes of a linguistic journal. We calculated the convergence rate focusing on the pairwise sentences in the data, and the rate was computed to be 84.75%. This measure is somewhat lower than the convergence rate of 95% reported in Sprouse et al. (2013) for the English data.

Field of study: Linguistics
Construction of the life safety education system in school physical education in China

By using such methods as level analysis,the authors screened the contents of life safety education in school physical education and constructed structural systems.The contents of life safety education in school physi-cal education mainly include level 1 indexes and level 2 indexes,in which level 1 indexes include 4 indexes,namely,escape skill education,life cherishing education,life safety education and sports safety education,and level 2 indexes include 18 structural systems such as obstructed escape,life consciousness,safe rescue and protection skills,mainly include such 3 aspects as organizational system,curriculum system and evaluation system.The evaluation system therein mainly includes contents such as escape skills,sports safety skills,rescue skills,theoreti-cal knowledge of safety education,living safety etc.

Field of study: Education