nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis on market demand and production technologies of acetonitrile

The application and market demand of acetonitrile are presented,and the domestic and overseas advances in production technonlgies of acetonitrile are reviewed.Based on comparing with ammonolysis of acetic acid and ammoxidation of ethanol,the synthesis of acetonitrile by ethanol dehydrogenation ammoniation is analyzed emphatically,owing to easily available and cheap raw materials,slight corrosion to equipment and by-produced hydrogen gas.In the long term,as long as the high efficient catalyst is developed,the industrial prospects of synthesis of acetonitrile by ethanol dehydrogenation amination will be more promising.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Thermal damping of Weak Magnetosonic Turbulence in the Interstellar Medium.

We present a generic mechanism for the thermal damping of compressive waves in the interstellar medium (ISM), occurring due to radiative cooling. We solve for the dispersion relation of magnetosonic waves in a two-fluid (ion-neutral) system in which density- and temperature-dependent heating and cooling mechanisms are present. We use this dispersion relation, in addition to an analytic approximation for the nonlinear turbulent cascade, to model dissipation of weak magnetosonic turbulence. We show that under typical ISM conditions, the cutoff wavelength for magnetosonic turbulence becomes tens to hundreds of times larger when the thermal damping is added to the regular ion-neutral damping. We also run numerical simulations which confirm that this effect has a dramatic impact on cascade of compressive wave modes.

Field of study: Physics
Manifold Optimization for Gaussian Mixture Models

We take a new look at parameter estimation for Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs). In particular, we propose using \emph{Riemannian manifold optimization} as a powerful counterpart to Expectation Maximization (EM). An out-of-the-box invocation of manifold optimization, however, fails spectacularly: it converges to the same solution but vastly slower. Driven by intuition from manifold convexity, we then propose a reparamerization that has remarkable empirical consequences. It makes manifold optimization not only match EM---a highly encouraging result in itself given the poor record nonlinear programming methods have had against EM so far---but also outperform EM in many practical settings, while displaying much less variability in running times. We further highlight the strengths of manifold optimization by developing a somewhat tuned manifold LBFGS method that proves even more competitive and reliable than existing manifold optimization tools. We hope that our results encourage a wider consideration of manifold optimization for parameter estimation problems.

Field of study: Computer science
Thermal Stability of Zr_(50)Ti_5Cu_(18)Ni_(17)Al_(10) Bulk Amorphous Alloy

Bulk amorphous alloy Zr50Ti5Cu18Ni17Al10 was prepared by copper mold suck-casting method,and the thermal stability was investigated by use of differential scanning calorimeter(DSC) and X-ray diffractometer(XRD).The glass transition temperature(Tg),the crystallization onset temperature(Tx) and peak temperatures(Tp) shift to the high temperature region with the increase of heating rate,indicating the glass transition and crystallization are kinetic processes.The activation energies of glass transition(Eg) and crystallization(Ep1 and Ep2) are 438±11、 284±8 and 323±11 kJ/mol,respectively,calculated by Kissinger method.The crystallization of the amorphous alloy is divided into three processes: the precipitation of the nanocrystals,the primary phase(ZrAl,ZrCu and Zr2Ni) and the stable phase(Zr2Cu,Zr2Ni,ZrCu,ZrAl and an unkown phase).

Field of study: Materials science
Systems biological approaches towards understanding cellulase production by Trichoderma reesei

Highlights ► First systems biology review on Trichoderma reesei. ► First ‘omics comparison of Trichoderma reesei and other Trichoderma spp. ► The ‘omics results offer novel understanding of biomass hydrolyzing enzymes. ► Routes for further research are illustrated.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Effectiveness of melatonin to restore fish brain activity in face of permethrin induced toxicity.

Present study demonstrates permethrin induced oxidative damage in fish brain and explores effectiveness of melatonin to ameliorate brain function. Adult female Notopterus notopterus were exposed to nominal permethrin concentrations at 1/20th (0.34 μg/l) and 1/10th (0.68 μg/l) of LC50 for 15 days. The measured permethrin concentrations using gas chromatography (GC-ECD) were 0.28 μg/l and 0.57 μg/l, respectively. Some fish were sacrificed to collect brain tissue after 15 days of exposure. Remaining fish from both groups were administered exogenous melatonin (50 μg/kg, 100 μg/kg body weight) for 7 days and brain tissues were collected. Brain enzymes, ntioxidant factors, HSP70, HSP90, nuclear factor-kappa binding (NFkB), melatonin receptor (MT1R) proteins were measured. Permethrin treatment significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the levels of glutathione and brain enzymes. Malondialdehyde (MDA), xanthine oxidase (XO), HSPs increased at each concentration of permethrin. However, superoxide dismutase, glutathione s-transferase levels increased at low permethrin concentration followed by sharp decrease at higher concentration. Expression of NFkB and MT1R increased significantly (P < 0.05). Melatonin administration reinstated activity of brain enzymes, reduced MDA, XO levels and modulated HSPs. Melatonin also increased expression of NFkB and MT1R. Exogenous melatonin improves oxidative status in permethrin stressed fish brain. Melatonin modulates expression of HSPs that enables brain to become stress tolerant and survive by initiating NFkB translocation. Melatonin could act through melatonin receptor protein to induce synthesis of antioxidant proteins. Therefore the study successfully evaluates the potential of melatonin application for better culture and management of fish against pesticide toxicity.

Field of study: Environmental science
Efficiency of a stochastic restricted two-parameter estimator in linear regression

A stochastic restricted two-parameter estimator is proposed.The superiority of the new biased estimator over some other estimators is discussed.The selections of the biasing parameters are discussed. Sakallioglu and Kaciranlar (2008) proposed an estimator, two-parameter estimator, as an alternative to the ordinary least squares, the ordinary ridge and the Liu estimators in the presence of multicollinearity. In this paper, we introduce a new class estimator by combining the ideas underlying the mixed estimator and the two-parameter estimator when stochastic linear restrictions are assumed to hold. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the superiority of the new estimator over the two-parameter estimator, modified mixed estimator and stochastic restricted two-parameter estimator Yang and Wu (2012) are derived by the matrix mean square error criterion. Furthermore, selections of the biasing parameters are discussed and two numerical examples and a Monte Carlo simulation are given to evaluate the performance of mentioned estimators in the theoretical results.

Field of study: Mathematics
DIRECT PHOTOLYSIS AT 185 NM OF CYCLOPENTENE AND 2-NORBORNENE. A NOVEL REACTION CHANNEL FOR π,π* EXCITED SINGLET ALKENE

Upon direct irradiation at 185 nm, the title compounds undergo hydrogen abstraction from the solvent via a π,π* excited singlet state as well as skeletal rearrangement via a π,R(3s) Rydberg excited state.

Field of study: Chemistry
Administration of anti‐type II collagen antibody sustains footpad swelling of mice caused by a delayed‐type hypersensitivity reaction and induces severe arthritis

Delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) is an immune reaction induced by antigen. In the mice footpads at which DTH is elicited, transient swellings which usually peaks at 24–48 h after the antigen challenge are observed. We found that the footpad swellings of mice are sustained for at least 7 days after the antigen challenge if the mice were injected with anti‐type II collagen monoclonal antibody (anti‐CII MoAb) before the antigen challenge. A histological section of the swelled hindpaw revealed that severe joint inflammation and bone destruction was induced. These features were not observed in the footpads of the DTH‐induced mice. Analysis of the inflammatory reaction induced by both the DTH and the anti‐CII MoAb injection, here named as DTH arthritis, revealed the following: (1) DTH arthritis is elicited in an antigen‐specific manner; and (2) the development of DTH arthritis is mediated by antigen‐specific T cells, especially CD4+ T cells.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Analysis of lateral shearing interferometry without self-imaging limitations.

In lateral shearing interferometry, interferograms with a good contrast can be obtained at any distance without self-imaging limitations based on a modified Hartmann mask (MHM) and a randomly encoded hybrid grating (REHG). The present study analyzes and compares the diffraction orders, the contrast of carrier fringes, the available spectral bandwidth, and the wavefront measurement accuracy of the lateral shearing interferometer using MHM and REHG. Numerical simulations show that the performance of the REHG is superior to that of the MHM with respect to fringe contrast, available spectral bandwidth, and wavefront measurement accuracy. For the REGH, if the phase step of the phase chessboard is within the range of (2n+1±0.2)π, the contrast of the carrier fringes is almost invariant along the propagation axis, and the wavefront reconstruction error generated from higher diffraction orders is small enough to be neglected. Optimal quantization of the REHG is also studied. When M is equal to 2 and N is not less than 5, the quantization result can meet the requirement of the measurement accuracy.

Field of study: Physics
Interpersonal dynamics and therapeutic relationship in patients with functional somatic syndromes: A metasynthesis of case studies.

Patients with functional somatic syndromes (FSS) often display troubled relationships with health care providers, psychotherapists, and significant others. Research shows that patients' history of trauma, attachment disturbances, and mentalization deficits may result in the emergence of maladaptive interpersonal patterns, which may later contribute to the onset and maintenance of FSS, "doctor hopping," and dropout in psychotherapy. As the nature and therapeutic consequences of such maladaptive interpersonal patterns in FSS cannot be understood sufficiently by quantitative methods alone, there is a need for in-depth qualitative research. To address this issue, we conducted a metasynthesis of 23 published case studies of patients with FSS from various psychotherapeutic orientations. Results show that patients with FSS from our sample perceived others as unreliable, that is, unavailable, overcontrolling, and overprotective. To adapt to such unreliable others, patients attempted to please and to control them. Patients also suppressed their emotional awareness and expression. Although alexithymia could also play a role, the primary reason for emotional avoidance seemed to be interpersonal in nature, that is, patients were avoiding negative emotions in order to please and control the unreliable others. The onset and worsening of FSS were associated with both interpersonal and physical triggers. Showing signs of physical or emotional distress led to more rejection, overcontrol, and overprotection from unreliable others, which could create a "vicious circle." Our results suggest that offering a more interpersonal perspective on emotion regulation difficulties would be beneficial for patients with FSS, counselors, psychotherapists, and other health care professionals.

Field of study: Psychology
Identification of Cascade Dynamic Nonlinear Systems: A Bargaining-Game-Theory-Based Approach

Cascade dynamic nonlinear systems can describe a wide class of engineering problems, but little efforts have been devoted to the identification of such systems so far. One of the difficulties comes from its non-convex characteristic. In this paper, the identification of a general cascade dynamic nonlinear system is rearranged and transformed into a convex problem involving a double-input single-output nonlinear system. In order to limit the estimate error at the frequencies of interest and to overcome the singularity problem incurred in the least-square-based methods, the identification problem is, thereafter, decomposed into a multi-objective optimization problem, in which the objective functions are defined in terms of the spectra of the unbiased error function at the frequencies of interest and are expressed as a first-order polynomial of the model parameters to be identified. The coefficients of the first-order polynomial are derived in an explicit expression involving the system input and the measured noised output. To tackle the convergence performance of the multi-objective optimization problem, the bargaining game theory is used to model the interactions and the competitions among multiple objectives defined at the frequencies of interest. Using the game-theory-based approach, both the global information and the local information are taken into account in the optimization, which leads to an obvious improvement of the convergence performance. Numerical studies demonstrate that the proposed bargaining-game-theory-based algorithm is effective and efficient for the multi-objective optimization problem, and so is the identification of the cascade dynamic nonlinear systems.

Field of study: Engineering
The Dulles Airport Pressure Jump Detector Array for Gust Front Detection

Wind shear has long been recognized as one of the major aviation hazards in the airport environment. A principal source of dangerous wind shear is the thunderstorm gust front, a cold air outflow from the thunderstorm downdraft. The gust front is particularly hazardous not only because of the large surface wind shears associated with it, but also because of its highly localized character. Often the down-draft or downburst region producing such fronts is of the order of a few kilometers or less in dimension. As a result, vertically profiling wind shear detection techniques such as the hybrid acoustic-microwave radar system described in the companion paper by Hardesty et al. (1977) do not provide adequate total protection. In this paper we describe an array of pressure sensors installed at Dulles International Airport in Washington, D.C., to detect and monitor gust fronts that could endanger aircraft operations. The pressure sensors (designed to respond only to sudden pressure increase) are so inexp...

Field of study: Environmental science
PLR-based heuristic for backup path computation in MPLS networks

To ensure service continuity in networks, local protection pre-configuring the backup paths is preferred to global protection. Under the practical hypothesis of single physical failures in the network, the backup paths which protect against different logical failure risks (node, link and shared risk link group (SRLG)) cannot be active at the same time. Thus, sharing bandwidth between such backup paths is crucial to increase the bandwidth availability. In this article, we focus on the optimal on-line distributed computation of the bandwidth-guaranteed backup paths in MPLS networks. As the requests for connection establishment and release arrive dynamically without knowledge of future arrivals, we choose to use the on-line mode to avoid LSP reconfigurations. We also selected a distributed computation to offer scalability and decrease the LSP setup time. Finally, the optimization of bandwidth utilization can be achieved thanks to the flexibility of the path choice offered by MPLS and to the bandwidth sharing. For a good bandwidth sharing, the backup path computation entities (BPCEs) require the knowledge and maintenance of a great quantity of bandwidth information (e.g. non aggregated link information or per path information) which is undesirable in distributed environments. To get around this problem, we propose here a PLR (point of local repair)-based heuristic (PLRH) which aggregates and noticeably decreases the size of the bandwidth information advertised in the network while offering a high bandwidth sharing. PLRH permits an efficient computation of backup paths. It is scalable, easy to be deployed and balances equitably computations on the network nodes. Simulations show that with the transmission of a small quantity of aggregated information per link, the ratio of rejected backup paths is low and close to the optimum.

Field of study: Computer science
Relevance for Learning and Motivation in Education

Questions of educational relevance have surfaced frequently among educators, philosophers, and social scientists for centuries. Recently motivation scientists have reinvigorated such questions and are directing considerable empirical attention to develop interventions to help students make connections between what they do in school and their lives. These intervention efforts have had mixed results, and in response researchers have pointed to the need for increased clarity around the construct of relevance: what it means and how it should theoretically relate to academic motivation and achievement. In this introduction, a brief history of interdisciplinary perspectives on educational relevance and overview of emerging views among researchers in education and psychology.

Field of study: Education
[Alarming signs and symptoms in the early diagnostics of late onset Pompe disease: super omnia clinica].

Pompe disease (PD) is a rare autosomal recessive muscle lysosomal glycogenosis caused by a deficiency of acid-α-glucosidase. There are two main forms of the disease: aggressive infantile PD started within the first year of life with a severe enzyme deficiency and multiorgan involvement, and late onset PD (LOPD) with progressive signs and symptoms including predominant proximal, axial muscle weakness and respiratory insufficiency started at any time from 1 till 75 years and older. Usually due to physician's unawareness, most adults with PD are diagnosed with great delay. The typical features and early nonspecific signs in four patients, aged between 35 and 72 years, with confirmed LOPD are delineated and discussed in correspondence with the age of first signs, age development of muscle weakness, distribution and age of final diagnosis. The disorders for differential diagnosis and spectrum of conditions that expanded the possibility of PB are listed. The fluorometrically analyzed level of acid α-glucosidase from dried blood spots is considered to be the first choice diagnostic method for clinically suspected cases of LOPD.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Invariant differential operators and an infinite dimensional Howe-type correspondence. Part I: Structure of the associated algebras of differential operators

If $Q$ is a non degenerate quadratic form on ${\bb C}^n$, it is well known that the differential operators $X=Q(x)$, $Y=Q(\partial)$, and $H=E+\frac{n}{2}$, where $E$ is the Euler operator, generate a Lie algebra isomorphic to ${\go sl}_{2}$. Therefore the associative algebra they generate is a quotient of the universal enveloping algebra ${\cal U}({\go sl}_{2})$. This fact is in some sense the foundation of the metaplectic representation. The present paper is devoted to the study of the case where $Q(x)$ is replaced by $\Delta_{0}(x)$, where $\Delta_{0}(x)$ is the relative invariant of a prehomogeneous vector space of commutative parabolic type ($ {\go g},V $), or equivalently where $\Delta_{0}$ is the "determinant" function of a simple Jordan algebra $V$ over ${\bb C}$. In this Part I we show several structure results for the associative algebra generated by $X=\Delta_{0}(x)$, $Y=\Delta_{0}(\partial)$. Our main result shows that if we consider this algebra as an algebra over a certain commutative ring ${\bf A}$ of invariant differential operators it is isomorphic to the quotient of what we call a generalized Smith algebra $S(f, {\bf A}, n)$ where $f\in {\bf A}[t]$. The Smith algebras (over ${\bb C}$) were introduced by P. Smith as "natural" generalizations of ${\cal U}({\go sl}_{2})$.

Field of study: Mathematics
Detection of serum gamma interferon in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients using reversed passive hemagglutination method

In order to detect the difference in serum gamma-interferon levels between patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and normal controls, the reversed passive hemagglutination (RPHA) method was used. Serum gamma-interferon level was determined in 93 patients with NPC, of these, 47 were newly diagnosed, untreated patients. Of the treated patients, 15 had received radiotherapy but were proved later to have distant metastasis. Thirty-one patients had received radiotherapy and survived over 5 years without local recurrence or distant metastasis. Another 47 healthy subjects, age and sex matched with fresh NPC cases, were used as control group. The results revealed that the concentration of gamma-interferon in the serum of neither males nor females showed significant difference (p greater than 0.1). Among the NPC fresh cases, the concentration of gamma-interferon also showed no significant difference in patient serum in either early stages (stages I and II) or later stages (stages III-V) (p greater than 0.1). The serum gamma-interferon level was significantly increased in fresh NPC patients compared with normal controls (p less than 0.05). Concerning the irradiated patients, serum gamma-interferon level was not increased in patients who survived over five years, without relapse, compared with normal controls (p greater than 0.1). However, the serum gamma-interferon level in patients with distant metastasis was higher than in normal controls (p less than 0.05). Also, the serum gamma-interferon level was significantly increased in distant metastatic patients compared with patients without relapse (p less than 0.05).

Field of study: Biology
Development of a High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Determination of Lipophilic Toxins in Marine Shellfishes and Edible Safety Evaluation

At present, edible marine shellfishes are often contaminated by a combination of different kinds of marine lipophilic toxins. In this study, several common lipophilic shellfish toxins (LSTs) in marine shellfishes were simultaneously detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and the safety risk of commercial marine shellfishes was evaluated based on the materiome of LSTs. Under the optimal conditions, the developed method displayed satisfactory recovery values (63.2%–88.8%), precision (relative standard deviations ≤ 14.5%), and sensitivity (limit of detection in the range of 0.54–2.69 ng g−1) for all analytes. Among the 105 commercially available shellfish samples, 42.86% of the samples had at least one kind of toxins. The highest average content was 47.60 μg kg−1 of DTX1, which was the most serious contaminant in marine shellfish samples. Total Exposure Risk Index (∑ERI) was calculated based on Total Daily Intake (TDI) and Acute Reference Dose (ARfD) of each toxin to evaluate the safety risk of commercial marine shellfishes. The results indicated that the risk of toxin poisoning was 19.05% in the commercial available marine shellfishes, and the scallops (Chlamys farreri) have the highest poisoning risk among different shellfishes used in this study. In summary, a new method based on the combined contamination of LSTs was successfully developed for the risk assessment of commercial marine shellfishes. The proposed method is stricter than that in the relevant rules of European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and can benefit to protect shellfish consumers from poisoning risk.

Field of study: Chemistry