nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Interspecific variations in the faecal microbiota of Procellariiform seabirds.

Despite the enormous amount of data available on the importance of gut microbiota in vertebrates (especially mammals), there is no information available on the microbiota of seabirds. Procellariiformes are long-lived seabirds that consume a diet high in lipids and are characterised by their ability to produce and store large amount of stomach oils through the partial digestion of prey (with the exception of the Pelecanoididae). Examining the faecal microbiota of three Procellariiform species (short-tailed shearwater, common diving petrel and fairy prion) provided a unique opportunity to not only characterise the gastrointestinal (GI) microbial composition of seabirds but to also examine the influence of stomach oils on the microbial community. The results indicated that Procellariiform seabirds host a highly diverse community of faecal microorganisms, dominated by three phyla (Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes) and that each species has its own species-specific GI microbiota. In addition, significant differences were observed in the microbial communities of oil-producing and non-oil-producing seabirds. This study is the first whole-community examination and classification of the faecal microbiota of Procellariiform seabirds.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Development and Migration of Barrier Islands, Northern Gulf of Mexico

Historical evidence and drilling results from published sources and U.S. Coast Survey charts 1 indicate that barrier islands form by upward aggradation of submerged shoal areas. Subsequent extensive barrier island migration may completely obscure conditions of formation of the original barrier island. Migration may take place parallel, perpendicular, or at oblique angles to the mainland shoreline and appears to take place much faster when parallel with the shoreline. No evidence indicates barrier island formation from engulfed beach and dune ridges during the early stages of transgression. Many strand plain and chenier ridges form the same wav as barrier ridges.

Field of study: Geology
Shift of the emission frequency of a cw dye laser due to changes in pump intensity

Theoretical estimates are given of the shift of the emission frequency due to a change in the pumping rate resulting from a change in the optical thickness of the active medium because of the temperature effects (~50 MHz/W) and because of the optical pressure (55 MHz/W). Experimental observations indicate a shift of ~100 MHz/W when the pump power is increased from the threshold value to 12 W. It is shown that the pump laser amplitude has to be stabilized if a narrow emission line from a dye laser is desired.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Research on Job Scheduling based on a Heuristic Intelligent Algorithm in Grid Environment

The conditions of resource and task are vey complex in grid environment. Therefore, how to schedule the tasks in these heterogeneous resources is a critical problem. Heuristic intelligent algorithms have been proved to be effective algorithms to solve this kinds of problems. In this paper, a genetic algorithm and an amended ant algorithms are combined to process the job scheduling in grid environment.

Field of study: Computer science
Auto-equivalences of stable module categories

We construct nontrivial auto-equivalences of stable module categories for elementary, local symmetric algebras over a field k. These auto-equivalences are modeled after the spherical twists of Seidel and Thomas and the $\mathbb{P}^n$-twists of Huybrechts and Thomas, which yield auto-equivalences of the derived category of coherent sheaves on a variety. For group algebras of p-groups in characteristic p we recover many of the auto-equivalences corresponding to endo-trivial modules. We also obtain analogous auto-equivalences for local algebras of dihedral and semi-dihedral type, which are not group algebras.

Field of study: Mathematics
Risk Factors Determinants for Prognosis of Stroke Patients in Tertiary Care Institute

Risk Factors Associated with Stroke Patients of Tertiary Care Institute.  To analyse the few determinants of prognosis of stroke patients admitted to tertiary care Institute.  This is a Retrolective-cross section study. Anonymised data of stroke patients admitted in 2016-2017 were analysed using appropriate statistical method (SPSS). Data were randomly collected after approval of Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC).  Among total 70 patients’ (44 Males, 26 Females) data were included for analysis. The majority of patients were in the age group of 35 to 80 years. Among the subtype of strokes, 35 were of an ischemic type and 35 were of the hemorrhagic type. Overall stroke is more common in male as compared to females. Hypertension was commonest risk factor i.e., 61% followed by tobacco i.e. 32%, then alcohol consumption 24%, Diabetes Mellitus 20% ischemic heart disease 4.2% among the study population. Diabetes Mellitus as a risk factor was present in 25% of patients with stroke. Commonest presenting symptom observed in the study population was hemiplegia 77% followed by speech involvement 28.6%. The majority of patients were from poor socioeconomic strata.  Our study re-identifies the pivotal importance of aetiology and prognosis of stroke where alcohol, tobacco and unawareness for treatment for Diabetes and Hypertension were common to socioeconomic status and attention to correction of modifiable risk factors.

Field of study: Medicine
Stable isotope composition of bentonites from the Swiss and Bavarian Freshwater Molasse as a proxy for paleoprecipitation

The hydrogen and oxygen isotope compositions of bentonites and smectite-rich tuffs from the North Alpine Foreland Basin were measured for samples dated between 9 and 21 Ma. Assuming clay mineral formation shortly after the deposition of the volcanic ash layers and at surface temperatures estimated from paleoclimatic studies, the H and O isotope composition of water in equilibrium with the clay minerals can be calculated. A comparison with values derived from other proxies of paleoprecipitation in the Molasse Basin (such as pedogenic carbonates and mammal remains) and δ 18 O values of carbonate in the bentonite beds, suggests that the δ 18 O values of water estimated by this method are typical for foreland precipitation at this time and for this region. Therefore, the δ 18 O value of smectite in bentonites and altered tuff layers can be a useful tool for studies of paleoclimate and -topography. There are, however, indications that the clay minerals did not retain their initial hydrogen isotopic composition, but that a postformational exchange of H isotopes has occurred.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Gendering the Obstacles to Progress in Positivist Argentina, 1880–1920

N K r E V E R believe in the tears of a woman." On the verge of becoming one of Latin America's leading intellectuals,  Ingenieros extracted this traditional wisdom from the tale of legendary gaucho Martin Fierro and incorporated it into his medical thesis.' While Ingenieros did not usually quote from "the most expressive of the gauchesco poems," he frequently interpreted other historical narratives to find a pattern for current events. In this case, Ingenieros was explaining that women had always lacked the physical strength with which to compete in the struggle for life, and therefore their evolutionary survival had depended on the refinement of fraudulent means to defend against the brute force of men. Of course, as social boundaries shifted amid the growth and mobility of turn-of-the-century Argentina, women were not the only group whose appearances might belie their true intentions. But as the warning suggests, they were a particularly troublesome group to positivist thinkers. The positivist response to women has considerable interest because these writers were central to the project of modernizing a national ideology in the years after 1880.2 Often considered "the protagonists of a national

Field of study: History
The eigenspectrum of the relativistic two-center Hamiltonian in the diatomic basis of bound hydrogenlike Dirac-spinors

During heavy ion collisions below the Coulomb barrier adiabatic molecular orbitals are formed for the inner electrons. For systems with total changes exceending Z=Z1 + Z2 ≃ 60 relativistic effects are important and we, therefore, use the two-center Dirac Hamiltonian to describe the dynamics. We investigate the method to approximate these molecular orbitals by an expansion in a di-atomic basis of Dirac wave functions and determine the binding energies by a variation of the expansion coefficients. Deviations from adiabaticity are taken into account to first order in the relative velocityv/c ∼ 0.1) of the nuclei which is considerably smaller than the electron velocity.

Field of study: Physics
Design and Implementation of USB VoIP Terminal

USB VoIP Terminal is a new-style computer peripheral, with which VoIP calls could be made by using normal telephone sets. This paper presents hardware design of the USB VoIP Terminal with detailed explanation of its components, discusses the flow of the firmware and control software. The timing of PCM and SPI is also analyzed and finally presented a high-efficient conversion algorithm between A-law and linear PCM.

Field of study: Computer science
Effect of beta(2)-adrenoceptor activation and angiotensin II on tumour necrosis factor and interleukin 6 gene transcription in the rat renal resident macrophage cells.

This study aimed to examine whether lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced increase in tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) gene transcription was regulated by beta-adrenoceptor activation and whether TNF-alpha and IL-6 gene transcription was regulated by angiotensin II in rat renal resident macrophage cells. The cells were transfected with a fusion gene with the 5'-flanking region of rat TNF-alpha or IL-6 genes linked to a luciferase coding sequence as a reporter. The stimulatory effect of LPS on TNF-alpha transcription was suppressed by isoproterenol (10(-8)-10(-5)M) in a dose-dependent manner, whereas IL-6 transcription was only decreased by the high concentration (10(-5)M) of isoproterenol. The addition of beta(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist (ICI118,551), but not a beta(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist (atenolol), blocked the inhibitory effect of isoproterenol. By contrast, angiotensin II (10(-8)-10(-5)M) enhanced IL-6 gene transcription in the cells in a dose-dependent manner which was inhibited by type 1 angiotensin II receptor antagonist (CV11,974). TNF-alpha and IL-6 secretion from the cells was altered with beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonists (terbutaline, formoterol) and angiotensin II corresponding to changes of TNF-alpha and IL-6 gene transcription. Angiotensin II had no effect on TNF-alpha secretion and gene transcription. These findings suggested that beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonist and angiotensin II potentially could influence renal immune function through the regulation of TNF-alpha and IL-6 gene transcription by the renal resident macrophage cells.

Field of study: Medicine
The generalized matching law as a description of multiple-schedule responding.

The literature was examined to determine how well the generalized matching law (Baum, 1974) describes multiple-schedule responding. In general, it describes the data well, accounting for a median of 91% of the variance. The median size of the undermatching parameter was 0.46; the median bias parameter was 1.00. The size of the undermatching parameter, and the proportion of the variance accounted for by the equation, varied inversely with the number of schedules conducted, with the number of sessions conducted per schedule, and with the time within a component. The undermatching parameter also varied with the operanda used to produce reinforcers and with the reinforcer used. The undermatching parameter did not vary consistently with component duration or with several other variables. Bias was greater when fewer rather than more schedules were conducted, when two rather than one operanda were used, and when White Carneaux rather than homing pigeons served as subjects. These results imply that the generalized matching law may describe both concurrent and multiple-schedule responding, but that the same variables do not always influence the bias and undermatching parameters in the same way for the two types of schedules.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
“The Limits to Growth” Revisited

Ten years have gone by since a great debate was unleashed, in March 1972, by a small book of less than 200 pages, The Limits to Growth. The book, which was issued under the auspices of an organization that called itself the "Club of Rome," caused a tremendous stir and made some dire predictions. The world was in danger of running out of resources. Unless course was changed drastically within the decade of the 1970s, the world would be launched on a path that could only end in collapse, some time during the second half of the 21st century if not earlier. At existing growth rates of population and resource use, catastrophe threatened through exhaustion of raw materials, and if not of raw materials, then of food, and if not of food, then of the entire environment through pollution. Ten years have gone by. How do these doomsday predictions look today?

Field of study: Economics
Precise characterization of 6Li Feshbach resonances using trap-sideband-resolved RF spectroscopy of weakly bound molecules.

We perform radio-frequency dissociation spectroscopy of weakly bound 6Li2 Feshbach molecules using low-density samples of about 30 molecules in an optical dipole trap. Combined with a high magnetic field stability, this allows us to resolve the discrete trap levels in the radio-frequency dissociation spectra. This novel technique allows the binding energy of Feshbach molecules to be determined with unprecedented precision. We use these measurements as an input for a fit to the 6Li scattering potential using coupled-channel calculations. From this new potential, we determine the pole positions of the broad 6Li Feshbach resonances with an accuracy better than 7×10(-4) of the resonance widths. This eliminates the dominant uncertainty for current precision measurements of the equation of state of strongly interacting Fermi gases. As an important consequence, our results imply a corrected value for the Bertsch parameter ξ measured by Ku et al. [Science 335, 563 (2012)], which is ξ=0.370(5)(8).

Field of study: Physics
Quality Assurance in Educational Administration in the Teaching of Farm Mathematics for National Integration in Nigeria

Farm mathematics, an aspect of agricultural science education is being taught in our educational institutions in the country. This effort is to enhance agricultural productivity and quality of agricultural science education for national integration. For the realization of this, a quality assured educational administration is vital. The paper therefore dwells on the concepts of quality assurance, educational administration, farm mathematics and national integration. Quality assurance issues in educational administration germane to farm mathematics instruction for national integration are also looked at. The paper then recommends that there should be focused and faithful implementation of quality assurance policy guidelines in our institutions, among others.  Quality Assurance, Administration, Farm Mathematics, Integration.

Field of study: Education
Procollagen type I carboxy-terminal peptide shows left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction in hypertensive patients.

An excess of myocardial collagens in hypertension is a result of increased collagen synthesis and unchanged or decreased collagen degradation. Increased collagen content, which is shown by the procollagen type I carboxy-terminal peptide (PIP), promotes cardiac remodeling and function abnormalities.



The objectives of this study were to assess PIP levels as a marker of myocardial collagen synthesis and to investigate the relationship between PIP levels and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) as well as diastolic function in patients with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension.



The study subjects were divided into three groups: healthy subjects (Group I, n=30); hypertensive patients without left ventricular hypertrophy (Group II, n=30); and patients with left ventricular hypertrophy (Group III, n=30). Left ventricular diastolic function was assessed by standard echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging. Serum PIP was measured by radioimmunoassay.



The serum concentration of PIP was higher in Group III than in Groups I and II (P<.001). A positive correlation was found between serum PIP and LVMI in hypertensive patients (r=.57, P<.001). Patients with diastolic dysfunction (DD) had significantly higher PIP levels as compared with patients without DD (177.3+/-52.25 vs. 138.8+/-38.0 microg/L, P<.001). The cutoff values of PIP to predict left ventricular hypertrophy and DD were 155.0 microg/L (sensitivity, 84%; specificity, 73%) and 150.2 microg/L (sensitivity, 71%; specificity, 70%), respectively.



An elevated serum concentration of PIP shows left ventricular hypertrophy and DD in the course of hypertension and may be used to follow up on the efficacy of the antihypertensive treatment used.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Evaluation and Compensation of Digital Switching Circuits in Transient Radiation Environments

A method for determining the degree of vulnerability of a general digital switching circuit to intense bursts of radiation is presented. Emphasis is placed upon the ability of the circuit to maintain a desired state, rather than on the switching process itself. The advantages and disadvantages of added compensation are discussed. Application is made of the preceding theory to contemporary circuits, and reproductions of actual test results are presented to support this theory. The final section is a discussion of some additional considerations that are introduced when radiation bursts of short duration are concerned.

Field of study: Physics
Significance of CD44 and CD62P expression in peripheral blood from patients with IgA nephropathy

To observe the changes of adhesion molecule glycoprotein (CD44) and adhesion molecule P-selectin (CD62P) expression in peripheral blood of patients with IgA nephropathy, and to explore the role and clinical significance of CD44 and CD62P in IgA nephropathy.  Peripheral blood samples collected from 40 IgA nephropathy patients and 36 normal people were tested for the number of lymphocytes expressing CD44 and the number of platelets expressing CD62P were counted by flow cytometry.  The percentage of CD44-positive lymphocytes and the percentage of CD62P-positive platelets in patients with IgA nephropathy (CD44: 33.89%±13.29%; CD62P: 8.58%±5.17%) were significantly higher than those in healthy people (CD44: 19.73%±6.82%, P 0.01; CD62P: 3.26%±1.76%, P 0.01). The number of lymphocytes expressing CD44 and the number of platelets expressing CD62P in class Ⅳ and Ⅴ of IgA nephropathy were also more than in those expressing class Ⅱ and Ⅲ. Correlation analysis showed a linear correlation between CD44 and CD62P ( r =0.39, P 0.05).  The levels of expressions of CD44 and CD62P in patients with IgA nephropathy are enhanced. Our results suggest that both CD44 and CD62P play an important role in pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy, and potentially participate in the progress of IgA nephropathy.

Field of study: Biology
The Role of the Pacific ENSO Applications Climate Center in Reducing Vulnerability to Climate Hazards: Experience from the U.S.-Affiliated Pacific Islands

The Pacific ENSO Applications Center (PEAC) was established in August 1994 as a multi-institutional partnership to conduct research and produce information products on climate variability and impacts related to the El Nino–Southern Oscillation climate cycle for the U.S.-Affiliated Pacific Islands (USAPI). The name of the center was changed to Pacific ENSO Applications Climate (PEAC) Center in 2007. Over the years, the PEAC Center effectively provided advanced warning as part of the hazard management program for the small island countries in the USAPI region. The primary focus of this paper is to synthesize the overall hazard management activities of the PEAC Center by visiting various aspects of the historical and current operational framework, including i) forecasting, ii) interpretation and message formulation, iii) warning preparation and dissemination, iv) responses and feedback, and v) review and analysis. The forecast, warning, and response experience of PEAC can help small island countries in the P...

Field of study: Environmental science
Response specificity in animal timing.

The stimuli that control responding in the peak procedure were investigated by training rats, in separate sessions, to make two different responses for food reinforcement. During one type of session, lever pressing was normally reinforced 32 s after the onset of a light. During the other type of session, chain pulling was normally reinforced either 8 s after the onset of one auditory cue or 128 s after the onset of a different auditory cue. For both types of sessions, only the appropriate manipulandum was available, and 20% of the trials lasted 240 s and involved no response-contingent consequences. Rats were then tested with the auditory cues in the presence of the lever and the light in the presence of the chain. If the time of reinforcement associated with each stimulus was learned, response rates should peak at these times during transfer testing. However, if a specific response pattern was learned for each stimulus, little transfer should occur. The results did not clearly support either prediction, leading to the conclusion that both a representation of the time of reinforcement and the rat's own behavior may control responding in this situation.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
THE LINK BETWEEN LIGHT AND MASS IN LATE-TYPE SPIRAL GALAXY DISKS

We present the correlation between the extrapolated central disk surface brightness (μ) and extrapolated central surface mass density (Σ) for galaxies in the DiskMass sample. This μ-Σ relation has a small scatter of 30% at the high surface brightness (HSB) end. At the low surface brightness (LSB) end, galaxies fall above the μ-Σ relation, which we attribute to their higher dark matter content. After correcting for the dark matter as well as for the contribution of gas and the effects of radial gradients in the disk, the LSB end falls back on the linear μ-Σ relation. The resulting scatter around the corrected μ-Σ relation is 25% at the HSB end and about 50% at the LSB end. The intrinsic scatter in the μ-Σ relation is estimated to be 10%-20%. Thus, if μ K, 0 is known, the stellar surface mass density is known to within 10%-20% (random error). Assuming disks have an exponential vertical distribution of mass, the average \Upsilon _\ast ^K is 0.24 M ⊙/L ⊙, with an intrinsic scatter around the mean of at most 0.05 M ⊙/L ⊙. This value for \Upsilon _\ast ^K is 20% smaller than we found in Martinsson et al., mainly due to the correction for dark matter applied here. This small scatter means that among the galaxies in our sample, variations in scale height, vertical density profile shape, and/or the ratio of vertical over radial velocity dispersion must be small.

Field of study: Physics
The level of sex hormones during estrous cycle in the cow

HOOKER-FORBES法により牛の血中遊離Pを測定し,性周期における消長を観察し次の結果を得た。1.血中Pは排卵の翌日に最小値を示すが,黄体形成に伴つて増量し,開花期と認められる排卵後6~14日目に亘る約8日間高いlevel(5.0~12.5γ/cc平均10.4γ/cc)を保ち,次いで黄体の退行に伴つて漸減するが,発情期に入つて再び増量し特に排卵日に著明に増加(3.3~8.3γ/cc平均6.1γ/cc)し,排卵後急激に減少する。この成績から牛の性周期における血中Pの消長は婦人におけるそれと大体軌を一にし,1周期に2つのpeak(黄体期と排卵期)を示すことを認めた。2.発情徴候の微弱な所謂鈍性発情の状態にある牛の血中P量は正常発情牛のそれよりも明かに低い事が認められたが,このことから発情の発現機序にはEと共にPも重要な役割を演じているものと推察された。又卵胞の発育が認められない卵巣発育不全牛では血中P量は極めて少いことが認められた。

Field of study: Biology