nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Chronic Osteomyelitis - Bacterial Flora, Antibiotic Sensitivity and Treatment Challenges

Chronic osteomyelitis is a catastrophic sequel of delayed diagnosis of acute osteomyelitis.  The objectives of the study were to determine bacterial flora and antibiotic sensitivity, and to evaluate the outcome of an aggressive surgical approach to chronic osteomyelitis.  This is a single surgeon, prospective cohort study on 30 consecutive patients with clinically and radiologically diagnosed chronic osteomyelitis presented to a hospital. We prospectively recorded demographic, clinical, radiological features, treatment protocol, microbiologic results of culture and sensitivity. The main treatment outcome measures were clinical signs of eradication of infection.  Microbiologic results showed that Gram-negative and mixed flora accounts for more than half of chronic osteomyelitis cases while Staphylococcus aureus was a dominating single pathogen (39%). We detected a high resistance rate to common antibiotics, e.g. 83% of S. aureus isolates were resistant to oxacillin (MRSA). The mean duration of bone infection was 4.2 years (3 months to 30 years) and the mean number of operations was 1.5 (1-5) . The mean follow-up was 15 months (12-18 months). Infection was eradicated in 95% (21 out of 22) treated by a single procedure and in all patients (n=8) by double procedure.  Presented the high rate of MRSA strains is alarming and calls for updating of the antibiotic therapy guidelines in the country. Good results in treatment of chronic osteomyelitis can be achieved by a single-stage protocol including radical debridement combined with systemic and topical antibiotic.

Field of study: Medicine
Can Values Moderate the Attitudes of Right-Wing Authoritarians?

This investigation explored how right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and endorsement of egalitarian beliefs may interact to determine attitudes toward immigrants, homosexuals, and African Americans. Study 1 (N = 239) found that RWA was negatively related to evaluations of immigrants for those who weakly endorsed egalitarian beliefs. In contrast, endorsement of egalitarian beliefs was associated with positive evaluations of immigrants for both low and high RWAs. RWA did not interact with egalitarianism to determine attitudes toward homosexuals or African Americans. Study 2 analyzed data from the 1992 National Election Study and replicated these effects in a young adult (age= 24) sample (n = 102) using moral traditionalism as a proxy for RWA. Partial support for the hypotheses also was found in the adult (age= 25) sample (n = 1,257). It is concluded that when tradition and/or social norms offer unclear positions, endorsement of egalitarian beliefs influences the attitudes of authoritarians.

Field of study: Psychology
Test results of HD1b, an upgraded 16 tesla Nb/sub 3/Sn dipole magnet

The Superconducting Magnet Group at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has been developing high-field, brittle-superconductor, accelerator magnet technology, in which the conductor's support system can significantly impact conductor performance (as well as magnet training). A recent H-dipole coil test (HD1) achieved a peak bore-field of 16 Tesla, using two, flat-racetrack, double-layer Nb/sub 3/Sn coils. However, its 4.5 K training was slow, with an erratic plateau at /spl sim/92% of its un-degraded "short-sample" expectation (/spl sim/16.6 T). Quench-origins correlated with regions where low conductor pre-stress had been expected (3-D FEM predictions and variations in 300 K coil-size). The coils were re-assembled with minor coil-support changes and re-tested as "HD1b", with a 185 MPa average pre-stress (30 MPa higher than HD1, with a 15-20 MPa pole-turn margin expected at 17 T). Training started higher (15.1 T), and quickly reached a stable, negligibly higher plateau at 16 T. After a thermal cycle, training started at 15.4 T, but peaked at 15.8 T, on the third attempt, before degrading to a 15.7 T plateau. The temperature dependence of this plateau was explored in a sub-atmospheric LHe bath to 3.0 K. Magnet performance data for both thermal cycles is presented and discussed, along with issues for future high-field accelerator magnet development.

Field of study: Physics
Determination of total flavonoids in Urtica angstifolia

Urtica angstifolia is rich in flavonoids compound and rich resources in the northeast of China, but it is not developed and utilize. The flavonoids are the newly discovered essential natural nutrient of human being. In the paper, we established a method for the determination of total flavonoids in Urtica angstifolia, and provided basis for the study of its quality. The contents of total flavonoids in Urtica angstifolia were compared with Rutin and determined by UV-spectrophotometry with a detection wavelength at 510nm. The method is simple, highly accurate, reproducible and can be applied to determine total flavonoid in Urtica accurately. But the determination process operation should be rapid, should better complete in 5min.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Critical Dimensions of Disaster Recovery Planning

Recovery Planning (DRP) emerged in the 1970s, during the era of electronic data processing when mainframe systems were used to crunch data and provide reports for business analysis. The importance of DRP is undeniable especially after the 911 terrorism attack and many natural disasters experienced by many countries; much effort has then poured in to maintain a set of workable DRP. However, though high investment is allocated for information technology and DRP, there are still IT service outages interrupted the business, crippled the operations and impacted the overall organization long term strategic plan. Questions arose on why DRP couldnot ensure an uninterrupted IT service environment. This paper aims to study the critical dimensions impacting the development and maintenance of DRP process, specifically to understand the dimensions that contribute to asuccessful DRP that aims to minimize the impacts of IT service outages. This study used a theoretical model, technology-organization-environment framework (TOE) to explore the adoption of DRP process in financial institutions in Malaysia. Following IT service management concept, individual components that comprise oftrading partner readiness, staff competency, roles and responsibilities were included in the study. This study evidenced that 8 dimensions were critical for the implementation of DRP, in which 2 of 3 individual componentsbeing studied were part of the lists. These 8 dimensions could be used as guidance for future successful DRP roll out and its ongoing maintenance activities; with the ultimate objective to minimize outage duration of ITservices that support critical business.

Field of study: Business
Study of 3mm Waveband Alternating Current Radiometric Imaging

For purpose of imaging detection, an alternating current radiometer is presented in passive millimeter Wave imaging different from the direct current radiometer. Given the system design and spectrum characteristic of the alternating current radiometer, we discussed the alternating current radiometric scanning imaging and the image feature extraction method based on the morphology method. The sunny and foggy scene imaging experiments show that millimeter wave alternating current radiometer possesses higher sensitivity similar to the direct current radiometer and can be used to image and inspect the objects hidden in the dense fog or low visibility with simple and integrated structure.

Field of study: Engineering
Cardiac infections: focus on molecular diagnosis.

The role of different types of infections in heart diseases is more important than commonly thought, with new and re-emerging infections (i.e., Mycobacterium tuberculosis). This review addresses the pathology of infective pericarditis, myocarditis, and endocarditis, mainly focusing on the significance of molecular techniques in the detection of infective agents. Molecular investigations represent important ancillary diagnostic tools and combined with other conventional approaches provide a more precise final diagnosis. A close collaboration and communication among cardiologists, cardiac surgeons, pathologists, and microbiologists is essential to ensure optimal diagnoses and management as well as a favorable impact on patient outcome.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Same-sex and cross-sex reliability and concurrent validity of Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory

Reliability and concurrent validity data for the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) were developed for a sample of 180 students scored on appropriate sex norms and scales. These data were compared with data for the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SV.IB), data reported in the SCII Manual, and data for the same sample scored on the opposite sex's norms and scales and scored disregarding sex. Two-week test-retest reliability correlations were approximately .90. Agreement between high scores and self-reported curriculum and occupational preferences ranged from 32% to 60%. The SCII has same-sex reliability and concurrent validity near those of the SVIB. Cross-sex scores are not significantly less reliable and valid. Scoring on all Occupational scales produces significantly higher concurrent validity. The appearance of a new edition of a test leaves many users skeptical until its technical and practical value is demonstrated by more data than are given in the test manual. The new merged form of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB), the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII), incorporates changes which make it more than just a new edition of the SVIB. The most significant change is that one form of the SCII is provided for both men and women. A result of combining the men's and women's forms is that in addition to appropriate sex (same-sex) scores, a subject's scores on the scales of the opposite sex (cross-sex) are available. Strong (1943, 1966), Perry and Cannon (1967, 1968), Campbell (1971), and the Association for Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance Commission on Sex Bias in Measurement (1973) recommended against using one or all of the cross-sex scales. Seder (1940), McCornack (1956), Laime and Zytowski (1963), and Stanfiel (1970) have said that the men's form or some of the men's scales were useful for some women. Campbell (1974) recommended that a person

Field of study: Psychology
Evolution of DNA damage in irradiated cells

Ionizing radiation damage to a mammalian genome is modeled using continuous time Markov chains. Models are given for the initial infliction of DNA double strand breaks by radiation and for the enzymatic processing of this initial damage. Damage processing pathways include DNA double strand break repair and chromosome exchanges. Linear, saturable, or inducible repair is considered, competing kinetically with pairwise interactions of the DNA double strand breaks. As endpoints, both chromosome aberrations and the inability of cells to form clones are analyzed. For the post-irradiation behavior, using the discrete time Markov chain embedded at transitions gives the ultimate distribution of damage more simply than does integrating the Kolmogorov forward equations. In a representative special case explicit expressions for the probability distribution of damage at large times are given in the form used for numerical computations and comparisons with experiments on human lymphocytes. A principle of branching ratios, that late assays can only measure appropriate ratios of repair and interaction functions, not the functions themselves, is derived and discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Betreffs Nachweis der Möglichkeit des Impulses- und Energieaustausches zwischen Lichtquanten

ZusammenfassungEs wird ein Experiment vorgeschlagen und diskutiert, bei dem die quellenfreie Poyntingsche Energieströmung eine Frequenzänderung des als Sonde benutzten Lichtquantes hervorrufen soll. Nach Festlegung des Begriffes „Wirkungsquerschnitt eines Lichtquantes der Frequenz v im quellenfreien Energiestrom der Größe б“ wird eine Beziehung aufgestellt zwischen der Größe des „Wirkungsquerschnittes“ und der erwarteten Frequenzänderung. Für einen auf erfüllbare Voraussetzungen sich beziehenden Fall ergibt sich, daß ein „Wirkungsquerschnitt“ von 2.10−27cm2 noch nachweisbar wäre. Anschließend wird das vorgeschlagene Experiment verglichen mit den Experimenten, die von anderen Seiten zum Nachweis eines Impuls- und Energieaustausches zwischen Lichtquanten diskutiert bzw. ausgeführt wurden.  Schluß wird auf das Prinzip der ungestörten Superposition kurz eingegangen.

Field of study: Physics
A Method for Finding Structured Sparse Solutions to Nonnegative Least Squares Problems with Applications

Unmixing problems in many areas such as hyperspectral imaging and differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) often require finding sparse nonnegative linear combinations of dictionary el- ements that match observed data. We show how aspects of these problems, such as misalignment of DOAS references and uncertainty in hyperspectral endmembers, can be modeled by expanding the dictionary with grouped elements and imposing a structured sparsity assumption that the combina- tions within each group should be sparse or even 1-sparse. If the dictionary is highly coherent, it is difficult to obtain good solutions using convex or greedy methods, such as nonnegative least squares (NNLS) or orthogonal matching pursuit. We use penalties related to the Hoyer measure, which is the ratio of the l1 and l2 norms, as sparsity penalties to be added to the objective in NNLS-type models. For solving the resulting nonconvex models, we propose a scaled gradient projection algo- rithm that requires solving a sequence of strongly convex quadratic programs. We discuss its close connections to convex splitting methods and difference of convex programming. We also present promising numerical results for DOAS analysis and hyperspectral unmixing problems.

Field of study: Computer science
Length of stay and readmission in lumbar intervertebral disc disorder inpatients by hospital characteristics and volumes.

In South Korea, lumbar intervertebral disc disorder (LIDD) patients are increasing in all age groups due to an aging population and changes in lifestyle, like sedentary, and there has been concern about reducing quality of care and increasing healthcare expenditure. Therefore, we aim to study the impact of hospital volume and hospital staffing, such as neurosurgeon or nurse, for length of stay or readmission in LIDD inpatients. We used health insurance claim data from 157 hospitals, consisting of 88,949 inpatient cases during 2010-2013. Multi-level models were analyzed to examine the association between LOS/readmission and both inpatient and hospital level variables. By the results, the average LOS was 10.85 days, and readmission within 30 days after discharge was 1063 (1.2%) cases. Higher hospital volume or number of neurosurgeons/ doctors showed inverse relation with LOS (per increases 100 cases=β: -0.0457, P-value<0.0001; per increases 1 neurosurgeon=β: -0.3517, P-value<0.0001; number of doctors per 100 beds=β: -0.1200, P-value<0.0001). And, higher number of registered nurses (RNs) showed inverse relation with early readmission. In conclusion, higher volume or staffing showed positive relation with improving efficiency and quality in care of LIDD. Therefore, health policy makers should consider providing incentives or motivation to hospitals with higher volume or more superior hospital staffing for effective management of excessive healthcare expenditure or reducing quality of care.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Modular Hemisyntheses of Boronato‐ and Trifluoroborato‐Substituted L‐NHBoc Amino Acid and Peptide Derivatives

Modular hemisyntheses of boronato- and trifluoroborato-substituted amino acid and peptide derivatives by using Wittig and C–H iridium-catalyzed borylation as key reactions, are described. Amino ester precursors bearing an aromatic moiety on a lateral chain were prepared by reaction of a new L-NHBoc-amino acid Wittig reagent with the corresponding aromatic aldehydes. After esterification and hydrogenation, the borylation of amino esters was achieved with yields up to 82 % by using the catalysed reaction of bis(pinacolato) diborane reagent (B2Pin2) in the presence of an iridium complex. Interestingly, this iridium-catalyzed borylation was also performed with a dipeptide in 78 % yield. Finally, reaction of the boronato amino acids with KHF2 or NaI in the presence of chloramine led to the corresponding trifluoroborato or iodo derivatives in good to excellent yields. A study of the hydrolysis of the trifluoroborates in buffer solution by using 19F NMR monitoring, showed an excellent stability for the 3-methylthien-2-yl amino acid derivative. Consequently, this hemisynthesis offers an efficient route for the modular preparation of boron amino acid derivatives that are useful for the synthesis of modified peptides and the fluoride labelling of peptides.

Field of study: Chemistry
Expression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ferric uptake regulator A gene in Escherichia coli and generation of monoclonal antibodies to FurA.

Ferric uptake regulator A of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), which belongs to the Fur superfamily, is situated immediately upstream of katG encoding catalase-peroxidase, a major virulence factor that also activates the pro-drug isoniazid. The feature and role of FurA in oxidative stress contribute to research on the pathogenesis of mycobacteria. In this study, four novel mouse monoclonal antibodies were generated using the prokaryotically expressed FurA protein as immunogen. The furA gene of M. tuberculosis H37Rv was inserted into a bacterial expression vector of pRSET-A and effectively expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The expressed fusion protein existed as soluble form in cell lysates and was purified via Ni-NTA purification system. Using the fusion protein to immunize BALB/c mice, four monoclonal antibodies (H9H6, H9E12, H10H6, and H10H8) were produced. As shown by Western blot analysis and cell fluorescence microscopy assay, the four antibodies could recognize the FurA protein, respectively. Then we assessed the effect of iron on the expression of FurA in MTB H37Rv and we concluded that iron does not affect FurA expression. These results suggest that the antibodies against FurA may provide a powerful tool for elucidating FurA biofunctions and regulation mechanism in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis.

Field of study: Biology
Re-dissertating the current state and future developments of sports historiography——Also dissertating the disciplinary status and "culture and history integrated" development of sports historiography

The author gave a brief review of the academic development of sports historiography in the last 100 years,analyzed the development of sports historiography since the establishment of new China,especially since the reform and opening,and pointed out the followings: as a science about the study of history,sports historiography must deal with problems brought by social transformation and social transition,while we must further open our minds,renew our conceptions,and blend sports historiography into the society and multiple disciplines,thus open-ing up the "road to renovation" for sports historiography,and heading for post-modernization.

Field of study: Education
Synthesen von Verbindungen der Corrin‐Reihe, IX1) Einführung von Essig‐ und/oder Propionsäureester‐Seitenketten in die Ringe A und D von Tetradehydrocorrin‐Metallkomplexen sowie Folgereaktionen

Ausgehend von den Pyrrolcarbaldehyden 6f–l und den Pyrrolcarbonsauren 4a–e gelang nach bekannten Reaktionen die Einfuhrung von Essig- und/oder Propionsaureester-Seitenketten in die Ringe A und D von Tetradehydrocorrin-Metallkomplexen. Die so synthetisierten Tetradehydrocorrin-Nickelkomplexe 1a–l konnten mit Ausnahme der in Stellung 2 und 18 durch Essigsaureester substituierten Makrocyclen 1b,e und l mit Osmiumtetroxid zu den Ring-B-Diolen 11a, c, d, f–i und k sowie den Ring-B,C-Tetraolen 12a, c, d, f–i und k hydroxyliert werden. Die Pinakol-Umlagerung der Tetraole 12c und i lieferte die Diketone 14a, b und 15a. – In der analog dargestellten Kobalt-Reihe wurden mit Ausnahme der 1b,e und l entsprechenden Verbindungen die Tetradehydrocorrin-Kobalt(III)-Komplexe erhalten. 
 
 
 
Syntheses of Corrins, IX1). – Introduction of Acetic and/or Propionic Acid Ester Side Chains into Rings A and D of Tetradehydrocorrin Metal Complexes and Subsequent Reactions 
 
 
 
Starting from pyrrolecarbaldehydes 6f–1 and from pyrrolecarboxylic acids 4a–e acetic and/or propionic acid ester side chains were introduced into rings A and D of tetradehydro- corrin metal complexes by known methods. The newly synthesized tetradehydrocorrin-nickel complexes 1a–l could be hydroxylated with OsO4 to ring B diols 11 a, c, d, f–i, and k and to ring B, C tetraols 12a, c, d, f–i, and k, with the exception of macrocycles 1b,e and l bearing acetic ester substituents in positions 2 and 18. The pinacol rearrangement of the tetraols 12c and i yielded the diketones 14a,b, and 15a. – In the analogous cobalt series similar com- pounds of tetradehydrocorrin-cobalt(III) complexes could be prepared, with the exception of cobalt complexes corresponding to 1b,e and l.

Field of study: Chemistry
Development of Nano-SiO2 and Bentonite-Based Mortars for Corrosion Protection of Reinforcing Steel

In this study, the use of nano-silica (nano-SiO2) and bentonite as mortar additives for combating reinforcement corrosion is reported. More specifically, these materials were used as additives in ordinary Portland cement (OPC)/fly ash blended mortars in different amounts. The effects of nano-silica and bentonite addition on compressive strength of mortars at different ages was tested. Accelerated corrosion testing was used to assess the corrosion resistance of reinforced mortar specimens containing different amounts of nano-silica and bentonite. It was found that the specimens containing nano-SiO2 not only had higher compressive strength, but also showed lower steel mass loss due to corrosion compared to reference specimens. However, this was accompanied by a small reduction in workability (for a constant water to binder ratio). Mortar mixtures with 4% of nano-silica were found to have optimal performance in terms of compressive strength and corrosion resistance. Control specimens (OPC/fly ash mortars without any additives) showed low early age strength and low corrosion resistance compared to specimens containing nano-SiO2 and bentonite. In addition, samples from selected mixtures were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Finally, the influence of Ca/Si ratio of the calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) in different specimens on the compressive strength is discussed. In general, the study showed that the addition of nano-silica (and to a lesser extent bentonite) can result in higher strength and corrosion resistance compared to control specimens. Furthermore, the addition of nano-SiO2 can be used to offset the negative effect of fly ash on early age strength development.

Field of study: Materials science