nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Upper Ordovician – Upper Silurian conodont biostratigraphy, Devon Island and southern Ellesmere Island, Canadian Arctic Islands, with implications for regional stratigraphy, eustasy, and thermal maturation

The conodont biostratigraphy for the Upper Ordovician – Upper Silurian carbonate shelf (Irene Bay and Allen Bay formations) and interfingering basinal (Cape Phillips Formation) facies is established for parts of Devon and Ellesmere islands, central Canadian Arctic Islands. Revisions to the interpreted regional stratigraphic relationships and correlations are based on the stratigraphic distribution of the 51 conodont species representing 32 genera, identified from over 5000 well-preserved conodonts recovered from 101 productive samples in nine stratigraphic sections. The six zones recognized are, in ascending order, Amorphognathus ordovicicus Local-Range Zone, Aspelundia fluegeli Interval Zone, Pterospathodus celloni Local-Range Zone, Pt. pennatus procerus Local-Range Zone, Kockelella patula Local-Range Zone, and K. variabilis variabilis – Ozarkodina confluens Concurrent-Range Zone. These provided a more precise dating of the members and formations and, in particular, the range of hiatuses within this stra...

Field of study: Environmental science
Faking and its Detection on the Holden Psychological Screening Inventory

This paper describes an index for the detection of fakers on the Holden Psychological Screening Inventory. Initially, the index is constructed and validated using an experimental paradigm. Subsequently, cut-off scores are developed based on a consideration of distributions of the index scores for the experimental groups (n = 101), for general psychiatric patients (n = 64), and for the general adult normative population (n = 564).

Field of study: Psychology
A new strategy for the numerical solution of nonlinear Volterra integral equations with vanishing delays

The aim of this paper is to develop a high-order algorithm for nonlinear Volterra integral equations with vanishing variable delays. The algorithm is a non-trivial extension of the single-step methods. This method is based on the variational form, so the algorithm is relatively simple. This scheme enjoys high order accuracy and can be implemented in a stable and efficient manner. We prove the existence and uniqueness of the numerical solution, and derive error estimates of the algorithm. Numerical results show a good agreement with the theoretical analysis.

Field of study: Mathematics
Alcohol dependence and abuse diagnoses: concurrent validity in a nationally representative sample.

The Alcohol Dependence Syndrome concept has had a widespread influence on the major nosological classification systems, most recently with its operationalization as DSM-IV alcohol dependence. Although many studies have provided evidence of the validity of the Alcohol Dependence Syndrome in clinical samples, little validation work has been conducted in general population samples on DSM-IV alcohol dependence or the distinction of DSM-IV alcohol dependence from DSM-IV alcohol abuse. We therefore examined the cross-sectional validity of DSM-IV alcohol dependence and abuse in 27,616 household residents who participated in a 1992 national survey on alcohol use disorders. Validity was investigated by testing the association of a set of five "criterion" variables, external to the alcohol diagnostic criteria, with dependence and abuse diagnoses. Results indicated that dependence diagnoses were significantly associated with all criterion variables when compared with those with no diagnosis and also when compared with alcohol abuse. This supported the separation of dependence from abuse. Abuse diagnoses were associated with some, but not all, criterion variables when compared with subjects with no diagnosis. This report replicates many aspects of a similar investigation in a community sample of household residents. Implications for the next steps in research are discussed.

Field of study: Medicine
Sleep to the beat: A nap favours consolidation of timing.

Growing evidence suggests that sleep is important for procedural learning, but few studies have investigated the effect of sleep on the temporal aspects of motor skill learning. We assessed the effect of a 90-min day-time nap on learning a motor timing task, using 2 adaptations of a serial interception sequence learning (SISL) task. Forty-two right-handed participants performed the task before and after a 90-min period of sleep or wake. Electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded throughout. The motor task consisted of a sequential spatial pattern and was performed according to 2 different timing conditions, that is, either following a sequential or a random temporal pattern. The increase in accuracy was compared between groups using a mixed linear regression model. Within the sleep group, performance improvement was modeled based on sleep characteristics, including spindle- and slow-wave density. The sleep group, but not the wake group, showed improvement in the random temporal, but especially and significantly more strongly in the sequential temporal condition. None of the sleep characteristics predicted improvement on either general of the timing conditions. In conclusion, a daytime nap improves performance on a timing task. We show that performance on the task with a sequential timing sequence benefits more from sleep than motor timing. More important, the temporal sequence did not benefit initial learning, because differences arose only after an offline period and specifically when this period contained sleep. Sleep appears to aid in the extraction of regularities for optimal subsequent performance.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Quantitative Analysis of Software Functional Flexibility

Software static form and running state were analyzed,a new definition from the force view was given and the factors that affect software functional flexibility were analyzed.A hierarchical model that can quantitatively measuring software functional flexibility according to flexible distance,flexible force and flexible point.Flexible distance was measured by Function Point Counting,and flexible force is measured by leveling flexible point,flexible force and flexible distance' quantitatively measurement are solved,and the method can quantitatively measure software functional flexibility;an actual case study was carried out to illustrate the analysis and measurement of software functional flexibility,the metric result was analyzed.Finally bring forward the existing problems of the metric and the following study goals.

Field of study: Computer science
Field plate related reliability improvements in GaN-on-Si HEMTs

State of the art GaN on Silicon HEMTs fabricated with and without a field-plate structure have been tested by means of DC and RF reliability tests. The introduction of the field-plate structure greatly improves device reliability both during DC as well as RF testing. Results are thus suggesting that reliability in NOFP and FP devices is mainly limited by the high electric fields within the device structure causing an increase in traps concentration.

Field of study: Engineering
Reflections on conversations with Robert Bell and Michael Guerriere: what is relevant research?

Two decision-makers from the acute-care sector weigh in on the issue of relevant research. Between the two of them they look for patient-defined research, evidence to support the conclusions, information that can lead to interventions designed to improve quality and outcomes and defined control mechanisms to properly identify the practices that improved the system. Three examples are cited and discussed. The context is set by comments from one of Canada's leading researchers and the use of research from one of this decade's most lauded system turnarounds.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Iron deficiency screening with content hemoglobin reticulocyte (chr) in children aged 6 months to 5 years

Anemia is a major health problem around the world and iron deficiency is the major cause. In children under 5 years old iron deficiency cause disruption in their growth and development. For that reasons iron deficiency in children should be detected as early as possible. The gold standard for the detection of iron deficiency is hemosiderin examination from bone marrow aspiration, but this examination is invasive and difficult to implement. Ferritin is often used to detect iron deficiency but it has various limitations. Reticulocyte hemoglobin content (CHr) was introduced as a new parameter for the identification of iron deficiency. This parameter measures the levels of hemoglobin in the reticulocytes which is newly released from bone marrow and expected to reflect the actual conditions in the bone marrow, therefore it can detect early iron deficiency. It is expected that CHr can identify iron deficiency with cheaper, easy, and applicative method. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic performance of CHr in screening of iron deficiency in children aged 6 months to 5 years old. The present study was a cross sectional study to determine the diagnostic performance of CHr and use ferritin as gold standard. The subjects of this study were healthy children aged 6 months-5 years old taken from Posyandu in Yogyakarta district and previously had obtained the consent of their parent/guardian. The CHr examination used a flowcytometry method by Advia 120 Hematology Analyzer. The ferritin examination used an electrochemiluminescens method with Elecsys 1010. ROC curve analysis was performed using SPSS version 17. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, accuracy, and likelihood ratio were calculated using a 2x2 TABLE. Youden’s index was used to choose the proper cutoff level of CHr for diagnosing iron deficiency. The study was conducted on 104 subjects. Cutoff level of CHr was ≤27.65 pg and the sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic accuracy, positive, and negative predictive values were 91.7%,78.3%, 79.8%, 35.4%, 98.63% respectively. Positive and negative results of likelihood ratios were 4.21 and 0.1. CHr is expected to be used to screen iron deficiency in children under 5 years old.

Field of study: Medicine
Climatic Changes and the Evolution of Landforms in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia

The landforms in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia are features of a relict topography developed during late Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene time under a variety of climates. The forms described in this report occur in the Dammam Dome, a gentle structural topographic rise composed of Eocene limestones, and in the Shedgum Area, a plateau underlain by late Miocene or Pliocene calcareous rocks. In the wetter climatic stages, stream erosion was the principal degradational process, whereas in the dryer stages pedimentation and related processes dominated. Landform development was also influenced by the structure and composition of the bedrock and by tectonic and possibly eustatic movements. During the late Pliocene and Pleistocene, a calcareous duricrust developed progressively on the topography, and in the late Pleistocene or mid-Holocene this crust was deeply weathered. More recently, desertic gradational processes have prevailed.

Field of study: Geology
On Legal Adjusting to Strypped-down of Enterprises and Reformation of Labour Relations of Our Country

Strypped-down of enterprises is not only the reformation of property and organization,but also important reformation of laboural relations of our country.The labour relations of our country has been changed by strypped-down of enterprises from planned economy to marked economy,from administrative relation to contractual relation,from silplify to multi-ply.Strypped-down of enterprises has been important negotia juris of labour relations of our country.We must bring the disputes aroused by strypped-down of enterprises into jurisdictional procedure and ensure equity of procedure in strypped-down of enterprises.So the labour rights can not been trenched.

Field of study: Economics
Aversive properties of the negative stimulus in a successive discrimination.

Experiment I sought to determine if the stimulus correlated with extinction in a successive discrimination was an aversive stimulus. An escape response provided an index of aversive control. Two groups of pigeons were exposed to a multiple variable-interval 30-sec extinction schedule. For the experimental group, a single peck on a second key produced a timeout during which all lights in the chamber were dark. For the control group, pecks on the second key had no contingency. The rate of responding on the timeout key during extinction for the experimental group was higher than that of the control group during all sessions of discrimination training except the first. In Exp. II, green was correlated with variable interval 30-sec and red was correlated with variable-interval 5-min. Timeouts were obtained from variable-interval 5-min. There were more timeouts from extinction in Exp. I than from variable-interval 5-min in Exp. II. Experiment III showed that not presenting the positive stimulus reduced the number of timeouts from the negative stimulus for the two birds from Exp. I that had the highest rate of timeouts from extinction, but had little effect on the two birds that had the lowest rate of timeouts. These results suggest that in a multiple schedule, the stimulus correlated with extinction, or the lower response rate, functions as a conditioned aversive stimulus. Explanations of the timeout response in terms of extinction produced variability, displaced aggression, and stimulus change, were considered but found inadequate.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Bidentate Lewis acid catalysts in asymmetric synthesis

The chemistry of bidentate Lewis acids belongs to an unexplored field of science, and so far has been only poorly studied. This paper illustrates the design of several bidentate Al and Ti Lewis acids, and their successful application to selective organic synthesis, particularly to asymmetric synthesis. For example, a new, chiral bidentate Ti(IV) complex is successfully designed by adding commercially available Ti(OPri)4 and (S)-binaphthol sequentially to 2,2'-bis(tritylamino)-4,4'-dichlorobenzophenone in CH2Cl2, and can be utilized for simultaneous coordination to aldehyde carbonyls, thereby allowing the precise enantioface discrimination of such carbonyls for a new catalytic, practical enantioselective allylation of aldehydes with allyltributyltin. This chiral bidentate Ti(IV) catalyst exhibits uniformly high asymmetric induction as well as high chemical yields for various aldehydes. The present enantioselective allylation is highly chemoselective in the presence of other carbonyl moieties.

Field of study: Chemistry
Simulation and compensation of wavefront aberration caused by deformable mirror thermal deformation

The thermo-mechanical model of the deformable mirror based on ANSYS multiphysics is provided and calculated. High energy laser radiation results in a mirror deformation of about 0.9 m. Therefore, according to the characteristic distribution of the thermally-induced deformation, a compensation method is proposed. The compensation mirror, placed in the optical path after the deformable mirror, is composed of a thin mirror and some restriction parts. By contrast with the poles of the deformable mirror, the restriction parts of the compensation mirror are installed in a staggered order. Three types of compensation mirrors with different shapes of restriction parts are calculated. The results show that the values of the thermal deformation reduce to 0.35 m, 0.32 m and 0.40 m. Using the BPF (beam propagation factor) to evaluate the compensation effect, the results indicate that the BPF value increases from 0.906 to 0.966, 0.971 and 0.957. Further calculations show that the size of the restriction parts has little effect on the compensation effect.

Field of study: Physics
Exploration on Flexible Learning in Embedded System Practical Teaching

Analyzes the characteristics of embedded system practical teaching,and proposes the implementation of flexible learning mode in four aspects:experimental content,experimental time,experimental forms and experimental evaluation.At the same time describes the problems that need to be resolved in flexible learning in details.Practice has proved that flexible learning improves the experimental teaching level,it is important for the students to train practical ability and innovation ability,and it also increases the quality of talents.

Field of study: Computer science
Computational vibration and buckling analysis of microtubule bundles based on nonlocal strain gradient theory

A nonlocal strain gradient model is proposed to study buckling and vibrational responses of microtubules in axons with attention to different size effect parameters based on finite element method. Supporting effects of surrounding cytoplasm and MAP Tau proteins are considered. Microtubules are modeled as elastically connected improved Timoshenko nano-beams resting on a two-parameter Pasternak foundation. Differential equations are discretized using Galerkin method. Finally, two eigenvalue problems are solved to achieve critical buckling loads and frequencies of single and doubled-microtubule systems. The nonlocal strain gradient model is employed in order to show both hardening and softening effects of structural stiffness, based on relative magnitudes of nanoscale parameters. Influence of size effects, including nonlocal nanoscale parameter, gradient coefficient and surface effects, are examined for various boundary conditions and some benchmark results are reported. It is observed that these effects are more prominent at higher modes. Based on presented numerical results, MAP Tau proteins strengthen doubled microtubule systems to bear 11.7% more buckling load than a single microtubule. Furthermore, vibration frequencies of microtubules depend on their physical surrounding condition in cell; such as cell matrix and membrane, and since microtubules could be employed as biosensors, this property may be used in order to detect malignant tumors, based on vibrational damping.

Field of study: Mathematics
Depressive disorders in patients in remission of epilepsy

: Based on the complex study of 150 patients with different forms of epilepsy in the remission phase, we singled out a group of 68 (45.3%) patients with depressive disorders. Variants of depressive disorders and their EEG-characteristics were described. Depressive disorders were stratified by the causes, course and response to pharmacotherapy into following variants: depressive disorders caused by the epileptic process per se; organic depressive disorder and disorder of adaptation with depression and anxiety-depressive disorders. Functional neuroimaging methods suggest the involvement of both the limbic system and cortical structures, with the elevated activity of the left hemisphere, in the development of depression.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Large-scale production of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen from Pichia pastoris.

The ability of the Pichia pastoris-based technology for large-scale production of recombinant hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) and both reproducibly purify HBsAg and remove most of the relevant contaminants was ascertained by evaluating ten industrial production batches, five in 1993 and five in 1998. At an early stage, the clarification of mechanically disrupted yeast cells by acid precipitation renders HBsAg with a purity as low as 3.8 +/- 0.6%. However, by adsorption/desorption from diatomaceous earth matrix, the purity of HBsAg rapidly increases to 18.8 +/- 5%, which is suitable for chromatographic processing. This step also eliminates non-particulated forms of HBsAg, significantly lowers the amount of carbohydrates and lipids, and concentrates the HBsAg 4.8-fold. Finally, a sequential purification procedure that includes large-scale immunoaffinity, ion-exchange, and size-exclusion chromatographies further purifies the preparation, resulting in a product (HBsAg at a concentration of 1.3 +/- 0.2 g l-1) with a purity of 95% or more. Furthermore, each of the other contaminants measured reaches the following low levels per 20 micrograms HBsAg: host deoxyribonucleic acid (< 10 pg), carbohydrates (1.2 +/- 0.02 micrograms), lipids (14 +/- 0.28 micrograms), immunopurification-released immunoglobulin G (less than 100 ppm), and endotoxins (106.7 +/- 19.3 pg). These values are below those specified for recombinant DNA hepatitis B vaccines according to World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Species diversity and community structure in sal (Shorea robusta) forests of two different rainfall regimes in West Bengal, India

Knowledge on the structure and composition of the plant communities has enormous significance in conservation and management of forests. The present study aimed to assess the community attributes, viz., structure, composition and diversity in the moist and dry sal (Shorea robusta) forests in the West Bengal province of India and compare them with the other sal forests of India. The phytosociological data from these forests were quantitatively analysed to work out the species richness, diversity, evenness, dominance, importance value, stand density and the basal area. The analysis showed that plant richness and diversity in moist sal forests of northern West Bengal are higher than the dry sal forests of south-west Bengal; a total of 134 tree (cbh ≥30 cm), 113 shrub and 230 herb species were recorded in the moist sal forest compared to 35 tree, 41 shrub and 96 herb species in dry sal forest. Papilionaceae was observed to be the dominant family. Dry sal forests had higher tree dominance (0.81) and stand density (1,006 stems ha−1) but lower basal area (19.62 m2ha−1) while moist sal forest had lower tree dominance (0.18) and stand density (438 stems ha−1) but higher basal area (56.52 m2ha−1). Tree species richness and stem density across girth classes in both the types decreased from the smallest to largest trees, while the occurrence rate of species increased with increase in girth class. A t-test showed significant differences in species richness, basal area and the stand density at 95% confidence level (p = <0.05) in the two forest types. The CCA indicated very low overall match (canonical correlation value = 0.40) between the two sets of variables from moist and dry sal types. The differences in these forests could be attributed to the distinct variations in climatic conditions- mainly the rainfall, disturbance regimes and the management practices.

Field of study: Environmental science
Research and Design of E-mail Monitoring System Based on Cooperating Working with Two Computers

For solving the problems of the security of e-mail contents,the architecture of e-mail monitoring system was designed.The system is divided into e-mail capturing layer,e-mail reverting layer,user layer and these parts are implemented by Java.This paper mainly studied the means of how to capture the e-mail datas by cooperating working with two computers and how the contents is decoded and reverted.The system is well validated by test results.

Field of study: Computer science