nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Structural and functional properties of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: potential antivirus drug development for COVID-19

Coronavirus disease 2019 is a newly emerging infectious disease currently spreading across the world. It is caused by a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2, which plays a key role in the receptor recognition and cell membrane fusion process, is composed of two subunits, S1 and S2. The S1 subunit contains a receptor-binding domain that recognizes and binds to the host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, while the S2 subunit mediates viral cell membrane fusion by forming a six-helical bundle via the two-heptad repeat domain. In this review, we highlight recent research advance in the structure, function and development of antivirus drugs targeting the S protein.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
To Fix or to Cope: A Dilemma for Special Education

ation about which something can be done. This attitude reflects two important historical situations, the empty landscape which our forefathers found here-a landscape which could be built on, farmed, landscaped, in any way the new settlers pleased-and the extent to which adults came to America so that their children could have a different life. So, as a people, we have learned to &dquo;fix&dquo; anything we don’t like, rather than to &dquo;cope&dquo; as the British do-&dquo;fix&dquo; being defined as changing the environment, &dquo;cope&dquo; as changing one’s character so as to deal with the environment. Americans think coping is dull, unenterprising, old-fashioned. If something is wrong, fix it! (p. 497). It is evident that we in special education are at a point in time where we

Field of study: Education
When Thinking Disrupts Intellectual Performance

When overlearned motor acts are mindfully considered while they are being performed, performance typically is severely disrupted. The present research questioned whether a similar debilitation results when mindful consideration is given to intellectual behavior that has been overlearned. Subjects discussed either an overlearned or novel issue and did so either immediately, after a short delay, or after a short delay where a suggestion was made to think about the issue during the delay. Thinking resulted in less articulate speech when addressing an overlearned but not a novel issue.

Field of study: Psychology
Species Diversity: Patterns in Modern and Miocene Foraminifera of the Eastern Margin of North America

Patterns of foraminiferal species diversity were examined along the eastern margin of North America by utilizing the number of species, S, the information function, H(S), and species equitability, E. The 350 modern samples we studied extended from the Arctic to the Gulf of Mexico at depths ranging from a few meters to more than 5,000 m. In addition, 29 samples from Miocene strata of the Atlantic Coastal Plain and continental shelf were studied.

Modern species diversity as measured by S and H(S) generally increases as depth increases and latitude decreases. Some notable exceptions occur, however, which are difficult to explain. For example, species diversity in the Arctic depth interval of 0 to 100 m is as high or higher than that found immediately south of Nova Scotia, in the Gulf of Maine, on Browns and Georges Banks, and even off the Gulf of Mexico deltas. At the moderate depth interval of 100 to 1,000 m, however, the entire margin north of Browns and Georges Banks has lower diversities than that to the south. The highest diversity by far in this depth interval occurs in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. At the depth interval greater than 1,000 m, the more southern areas studied generally have a higher species diversity than the more northern Cape Cod to Maryland area. An exception to this is the northwestern Gulf of Mexico; this area is also an exception in that species diversity is significantly lower in the deeper waters than in the shallower waters in the same area.

The measure of species equitability, E, showed no clear pattern with depth or latitude. This may be so because no simple pattern of species proportions exists or because the sampling was inadequate to measure it.

Samples from the Miocene strata show a striking resemblance in species diversity to modern samples at similar depths and latitudes. Our observations indicate that species diversity and equitability have not increased during the last 15 × 106 yrs. The fossil and modern data indicate that each environment has its own carrying capacity and that this capacity is reached rather quickly. Although time and environmental stability are undoubtedly important in determining species diversity, as presently defined they are inadequate to explain all observed patterns. Long-term observations in various environments will be required to determine the relative importance of variables that affect species diversity.

Field of study: Geology
Identification of a ERCC5 c.2333T>C (L778P) Variant in Two Tunisian Siblings With Mild Xeroderma Pigmentosum Phenotype

Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder due to a defect in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) DNA repair pathway, characterized by severe sunburn development of freckles, premature skin aging, and susceptibility to develop cancers at an average age of eight. XP is an example of accelerated photo-aging. It is a genetically and clinically heterogeneous disease. Eight complementation groups have been described worldwide. In Tunisia, five groups have been already identified. In this work, we investigated the genetic etiology in a family with an atypically mild XP phenotype. Two Tunisian siblings born from first-degree consanguineous parents underwent clinical examination in the dermatology department of the Charles Nicolle Hospital on the basis of acute sunburn reaction and mild neurological disorders. Blood samples were collected from two affected siblings after written informed consent. As all mutations reported in Tunisia have been excluded using Sanger sequencing, we carried out mutational analysis through a targeted panel of gene sequencing using the Agilent HaloPlex target enrichment system. Our clinical study shows, in both patients, the presence of achromic macula in sun exposed area with dermatological feature suggestive of Xeroderma pigmentosum disease. No developmental and neurological disorders were observed except mild intellectual disability. Genetic investigation shows that both patients were carriers of an homozygous T to C transition at the nucleotide position c.2333, causing the leucine to proline amino acid change at the position 778 (p.Leu778Pro) of the ERCC5 gene, and resulting in an XP-G phenotype. The same variation was previously reported at the heterozygous state in a patient cell line in Europe, for which no clinical data were available and was suggested to confer an XP/CS phenotype based on functional tests. This study contributes to further characterization of the mutation spectrum of XP in consanguineous Tunisian families and is potentially helpful for early diagnosis. It also indicates that the genotype-phenotype correlation is not always coherent for patients with mild clinical features. These data therefore suggest that targeted NGS is a highly informative diagnostic strategy, which can be used for XP molecular etiology determination.

Field of study: Biology
Spatial pattern formation of prey-predator populations

SummaryFormation of a non-uniform spatial distribution pattern of prey and predator populations in a heterogeneous environment is mathematically investigated. Both populations are distributed in linearly connected compartments. Furthermore it is assumed that only the predator species (animal) can randomly diffuse across the boundaries but the prey species (plant) are confined in each compartment. When the prey-predator relation is given by a simple Volterra type interaction it is known that the system cannot establish a non-uniform stationary distribution in a homogeneous environment. However, in a heterogeneous environment, it can be analytically shown by constructing a Lyapunov function that the system asymptotically and globally tends to a non-uniform stationary distribution. Thus, the populations are stabilized by the heterogeneity of environment.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Simultaneously estimating with ease the three parameters of the generalized gamma distribution

This paper is concerned with maximizing the log likelihood function of the generalized gamma distribution that was introduced in 1962 by E. W. Stacy. This task is greatly facilitated by using two equations obtained from differentiating with respect to the parameters the log likelihood function and from equating to zero the results of the differentiation. One then obtains the key result that one parameter is expressed in terms of another parameter, not in terms of the other two parameters. Included in the present paper are three complete programs in BASIC and their outputs for three numerical examples from the literature. These outputs suggest that these computer programs can be useful as models to find with ease the maximum likelihood estimates of the three parameters of the generalized gamma distribution of Stacy.

Field of study: Engineering
New routes to, and reactions of polyhedral transition metal carborane species

While in the past few years many complexes of transition metals and carborane ligands have been described, synthetic routes then available were completely dependent on nido- or arachno -carborane derivatives containing nine, and seven boron atoms. In this paper we summarize two new methods which lead to transition metal complexes of carborane ligands. The first of these methods (Polyhedral Expansion) was based upon the formal two or four electron reduction of closo- B n C 2 H n+2 carboranes to form effective ligands containing from six to ten boron atoms. In some cases bimetallic complexes were isolated and polyhedral isomerization reactions were observed in others. The second new method (Polyhedral Contraction) begins with a B 9 C 2 H 11 2- ligand complex and leads to complexes of the B 8 C 2 Y 10 2- and B 7 C 2 H 9 2- ligands by sequential removal of a formal BH 2+ vertex followed by two-electron oxidation to form the next lowest metal complex of the homologous polyhedral series.

Field of study: Chemistry
Superconductivity in Mesoscopic Metal Particles: The Role of Degeneracy

Recently, it has been possible to construct single-electron transistors to study electronic properties, including superconductivity, in metallic grains of nanometer size. Among several theoretical results are suppression of superconductivity with decreasing grain size and parity effect, i.e. dependence on the parity of the number of electrons on the grain. We study how these results are affected by degeneracy of energy levels. In addition to the timereversal symmetry, for certain energy spectra and more generally for lattice symmetries, energy levels are strongly degenerate near the Fermi energy. For a parabolic dispersion, degeneracy d is of the order of kF L while the typical distance between the levels is of the order of ǫF /(kF L) 2 where kF and ǫF are the Fermi wave vector and energy, respectively, and L is the particle size. First, using an exact solution method for BCS Hamiltonian with finite number of energy levels, for the well studied non-degenerate case we find a new feature. In that case, parity effect exhibits a minimum instead of a monotonic behavior. For d-fold degenerate states we find that the ratio of two successive

Field of study: Physics
Discussion on Database Teaching Reformation for Non-Computer Major

Non-computer students who learn database theory and master database technology,can improve their ability of solving practical problems.However,the theory is too difficult to understand,resulting non-active,no goal when students learn the theory and technology,ultimately the teaching is ineffective.Thus,according to the actual situation of students,we are looking for a series of measures,which will help us to achieve a good teaching result.

Field of study: Computer science
Immunomodulating effects of morphine microinjected into periaqueductal gray.

To study the effects of morphine on immune system through rat brain periaqueductal gray (PAG).



Three hours after microinjection of morphine through the implanted steel tubes to PAG, splenic cytokines interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and natural killer cells (NK) activity were measured.



Microinjection of morphine (0.5 microL, 3672 ng) into PAG region had no influence on IL-6 and TNF-alpha (production of splenic macrophages, suppressed the natural killer cell (NK) activity and enhanced T-lymphocyte functions, including concanavalin A (Con A)-induced T-cell proliferation, IL-2 and TNF-beta production. Both the suppressive and stimulating actions were blocked by PAG preinjection of the mu opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (0.5 microL, 1 microgram), which alone showed the contrary effect to morphine.



Morphine affected immunofunctions through opioid receptors in PAG, and the influences on various immunocompetent cells were different.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Direct measurement of the intrinsic RC roll-off in a radio frequency single electron transistor operated as a microwave mixer

By operating the radio frequency single electron transistor (rf-SET) as a mixer we present measurements in which the RC roll-off of the tunnel junctions is observed at high frequencies. Our technique makes use of the nonlinear rf-SET transconductance to mix high frequency gate signals and produce difference-frequency components that fall within the bandwidth of the rf-SET. At gate frequencies >15GHz the induced charge on the rf-SET island is altered on time scales faster than the inverse tunnel rate, preventing mixer operation. We suggest the possibility of utilizing this technique to sense high frequency signals beyond the usual rf-SET bandwidth.

Field of study: Physics
Diatom records and tephra mineralogy in pingo deposits of Seward Peninsula, Alaska

Vast areas of the terrestrial Subarctic and Arctic are underlain by permafrost. Landscape evolution is therefore largely controlled by climate-driven periglacial processes. The response of the frozen ground to late Quaternary warm and cold stages is preserved in permafrost sequences, and deducible by multi-proxy palaeoenvironmental approaches. Here, we analyse radiocarbon-dated mid-Wisconsin Interstadial and Holocene lacustrine deposits preserved in the Kit-1 pingo permafrost sequence combined with water and surface sediment samples from nine modern water bodies on Seward Peninsula (NW Alaska) to reconstruct thermokarst dynamics and determine major abiotic factors that controlled the aquatic ecosystem variability. Our methods comprise taxonomical diatom analyses as well as Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) and Redundancy Analysis (RDA). Our results show, that the fossil diatom record reflects thermokarst lake succession since about 42 14C kyr BP. Different thermokarst lake stages during the mid-Wisconsin Interstadial, the late Wisconsin and the early Holocene are mirrored by changes in diatom abundance, diversity, and ecology. We interpret the taxonomical changes in the fossil diatom assemblages in combination with both modern diatom data from surrounding ponds and existing micropalaeontological, sedimentological and mineralogical data from the pingo sequence. A diatom-based quantitative reconstruction of lake water рН indicates changing lake environments during mid-Wisconsin to early Holocene stages. Mineralogical analyses indicate presence of tephra fallout and its impact on fossil diatom communities. Our comparison of modern and fossil diatom communities shows the highest floristic similarity of modern polygon ponds to the corresponding initial (shallow water) development stages of thermokarst lakes. We conclude, that mid-Wisconsin thermokarst processes in the study area could establish during relatively warm interstadial climate conditions accompanied by increased precipitation due to approaching coasts, while still high continentality and hence high seasonal temperature gradients led to warm summers in the central part of Beringia.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
On continuity of measurable group representations and homomorphisms

Let G be a locally compact group, and let U be its unitary representation on a Hilbert space H. Endow the space L(H) of linear bounded operators on H with weak operator topology. We prove that if U is a measurable map from G to L(H) then it is continuous. This result was known before for separable H. To prove this, we generalize a known theorem on nonmeasuralbe unions of point finite families of null sets. We prove also that the following statement is consistent with ZFC: every measurable homomorphism from a locally compact group into any topological group is continuous. This relies, in turn, on the following theorem: it is consistent with ZFC that for every null set S in a locally compact group there is a set A such that AS is non-measurable.

Field of study: Mathematics
Valuing direct use values of wetlands: A case study of Tam Giang–Cau Hai lagoon wetland in Vietnam

Hai lagoon wetland directly or indirectly provides the likelihoods for about 300,000 persons living around as well as on the lagoon. Due to expansion of aquacultures, intensive fishing, and lack of an appropriate management scheme, the biological resources in the lagoon are degraded. This study provides information on the direct use values of the lagoon wetland, using market price approach. This information on economic values can be used for designing new policies and making trade-offs among alternative management options for the lagoon wetland.

Field of study: Environmental science
Rebel Organizations and Conflict Management in Post-Conflict Societies 1990–2009

How do the organizational features of rebel groups participating in civil wars affect the likelihood of the resumption of conflict after a civil war has ended? As many scholars have noted, peace duration is a function of the extent to which rebel groups stick to the deal. However, occasionally a rebel group fractures, and the conflict resumes as a result. Using a combination of existing data on civil conflicts and characteristics of the settlement agreement, along with original data on the characteristics of the insurgent organizations implementing the agreement, we test the effect of the organizational features of the rebel group on the duration of the peace settlements that occurred after the end of the cold war until 2009.

Field of study: History, Sociology
Research and Implementation of Nursing Knowledge Testing System Based on B/S

Analyzes the advantanges and disadvantages of network testing platform based on C/S and B/S architecture.According to the nursing knowledge test,proposes an implementation schema of network testing system based on B/S by using ASP.NET.Uses improved random question selection algorithm to generate test paper.The AJAX technoloy is adopted to monitor the testing procedure and handing in paper on time,it provides the B/S system more interactive capability as the C/S system.The system accords with the demand of online testing of massive candidates, and alleviates hard work of paper generating,marking and score analysing,has a high application value.

Field of study: Computer science
Attention in the pigeon: testing for excitatory and inhibitory control by the weak elements.

In two experiments, pigeons were trained on a successive discrimination between a color and either a compound S+ or a compound S- consisting of a form superimposed on a second color. Two stimulus control tests followed discrimination training: an attention test in which the form and colors used in training were presented singly and in combination, and then a resistance-to-reinforcement test using the form element of S+ or S- and a novel form. In the attention test, the birds trained with a compound S+ responded most to the S+ compound, less to the S+ color alone, and still less to the S+ form on a dark key. Few responses were made to the negative stimulus, either alone or with the S+ form added. The birds trained with a compound S- pecked most at the S+ color and to a compound of the S+ color with the S- form added. The resistance-to-reinforcement test showed that the birds trained with a compound S+ responded more to the S+ form than to a novel form. However, the birds trained with a compound S- did not reliably respond more to a novel form than to the S- form. These findings suggested that the form element of a compound S+ gains some excitatory control, but the form element of a compound S- does not acquire inhibitory control. The possibility existed that low levels of responding to the S+ form on a dark background in the first experiment were due to use of a darkened key to separate S+ and S- periods during discrimination training. However, the essential findings were the same in a second experiment in which darkening of the chamber separated S+ and S- periods.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
To Research the Headspring of the Economic Growth in Medium-Western Regions from the Solow Growth Model——Analysis Base on the Jiangsu and Guangxi Provinces

The medium-western regions economic development is behind other region depends on many reasons,that funds lack is not the root reason,the root reason is that the medium-western regions labor efficiency is lowly,and the technology and educate is behind,and person with ability of educate is behind,in the final analysis,the root reason is that the technique progressing is lag.Therefore,to solve the medium-western regions and eastern regions difference,we shout enhance the labor efficiency,grasp the technology education,grasp the technique progressing.

Field of study: Economics
Comparison of nucleotide diversity and symbiotic properties of Rhizobium meliloti populations from annual Medicago species

Forty-three isolates of Rhizobium meliloti were trapped from soil with five annual species of Medicago (M. polymorpha, M. truncatula, M. rigidula, M. orbicularis and M. minima) and one perennial species of Medicago (M. sativa). The annual species were growing naturally near the soil sampling site, and the commonly studied perennial species was used for comparison. Each R. meliloti was characterized by PCR-RFLP methods applied to two DNA regions nested between 16S rRNA and 23S rRNA genes and between nifD and nifK genes. They fell into two highly divergent groups (groups I and II), separated at a genetic distance of 0.024 by rDNA-amplified pattern analysis (profiles R1 and R2) and at 0.029 by nif-amplified pattern analysis (profiles N1-N2 and N3). These two groups were consistent with some cross-nodulation and -fixation results: rhizobia with the R1 genetic background elicited rudimentary nodules and could not fix nitrogen on M. polymorpha, while they were able to nodulate the five other species of Medicago. In contrast, rhizobia with an R2 profile were highly effective on M. polymorpha and poorly nodulated M. rigidula species, but were able to nodulate efficiently the other species. The striking phenotypic traits on M. polymorpha were also shared by reference strains: strains genetically closed to R2 type triggered typical and efficient nodules on M. polymorpha while those close to R1 type elicited rudimentary and non-efficient ones. Our results suggest that the presence of R. meliloti with R2 genetic backgrounds could be favoured by the distribution of M. polymorpha species.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science