nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Convergence Rates for Empirical Bayes Two-Action Problems II. Continuous Case

A sequence of decision problems is considered where for each problem the observation has a probability density function of exponential type with parameter lambda where lambda is selected independently for each problem according to an unknown prior distribution G(lambda). It is supposed that in each of the problems, one of two possible actions (e.g., 'accept' or 'reject') must be taken. Under various assumptions, reasonably sharp upper bounds are found for the rate at which the risk of the nth problem approaches the smallest possible risk for certain refinements of the standard empirical Bayes procedures. For suitably chosen procedures, under situations likely to occur in practice, rates faster than n to the power (-1 + epsilon) may be obtained for arbitrarily small epsilon > 0. Arbitrarily slow rates can occur in pathological situations.

Field of study: Mathematics
Anaerobic oxidation of methane: mechanisms, bioenergetics, and the ecology of associated microorganisms.

Microbially mediated anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) moderates the input of methane, an important greenhouse gas, to the atmosphere by consuming methane produced in various marine, terrestrial, and subsurface environments. AOM coupled to sulfate reduction has been most extensively studied because of the abundance of sulfate in marine systems, but electron acceptors otherthan sulfate are more energetically favorable. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene clone libraries derived from microbial communities where AOM occurs show evidence of diverse, methanotrophic archaea (ANME) closely associated with sulfate-reducing bacteria, but these organisms have not yet been isolated as pure cultures. Several biochemical pathways for AOM have been proposed, including reverse methanogenesis, acetogenesis, and methylogenesis, and both culture-dependent and independent techniques have provided some clues to howthese communities function. Still, questions remain regarding the diversity, physiology, and metabolic restrictions of AOM-related organisms.

Field of study: Environmental science
In-beam γ-ray spectroscopy of the neutron deficient 100Ag

The neutron deficient nucleus 100Ag, three proton holes below and three neutron particles above the N=Z=50 shell closure at 100Sn, has been identified and studied by in-beam spectroscopy. The reactions 46Ti(58Ni,3pn) at 231 MeV and 64Zn(40Ca,3pn) at 167 MeV of the respective 58Ni and 40 Ca beams were used, and states up to 8.7 MeV excitation energy and spin I-20 were found in two main γ-ray cascades forming band-like structures of even and odd parity. Large scale shell model calculations suggest predominant πg9/2−3ν(d5/2,g7/2)3 and πg9/2−3ν(d5/2,g7/2)2h11/2 structures with maximum spins Iπ=19+ and Iπ=22−, respectively, for the two level sequences. The influence of πp1/2 vs. νh11/2 excitations is discussed for low lying odd-parity levels.

Field of study: Physics
Spatial distribution and source apportionment of PAHs in marine surface sediments of Prydz Bay, East Antarctica.

This paper reports the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in marine sediments sampled from Prydz Bay, East Antarctica. Total PAH concentrations ranged from 12.95 to 30.93 ng/g, with a mean of 17.99 ± 5.57 ng/g. Two- and three-ring PAHs were the most abundant compounds found at the majority of the sampling stations of Prydz Bay. Long-range atmospheric transportation was found to play an important role in determining the spatial distribution of PAHs in the sediments sampled here. However, transport by ocean currents and release from melting glaciers were also found to influence PAH distributions in the sediments of East Antarctica. The vertical migration of PAHs in sediments showed a decreasing trend with depth, with higher concentrations in the relatively shallow-water regions (<500 m) found on the Fram and Four Ladies banks compared with those of the intermediate-depth (500-1000 m) and deep-water regions (>1000 m) of the Amery Basin and associated Canyons, respectively. A Pearson correlation analysis between PAH concentrations and sediment parameters demonstrated that PAHs has poor correlations with grain size, but has positive correlation with total organic carbon, indicated complex processing during transfer to remote environments. The results of qualitative and quantitative analyses indicate that the PAHs sampled here were derived mainly from a mixture of biomass combustion, traffic emissions, and petrogenic sources.

Field of study: Environmental science
Local atomic structure and chemical bonds of zinc sulfide and selenide nanostructures in porous aluminum oxide matrices

The local atomic structure and chemical bonds of ZnSe and ZnS nanocomposites are studied. Both materials are obtained via thermal evaporation of the materials’ powder onto porous matrices of anodic aluminum oxide and polycorr substrates. The mechanism responsible for the formation of the local atomic structure and the chemical bonds of zinc sulfide and selenide is studied. Relative to the films on polycorr surfaces, changes in the local atomic structure are observed in the materials obtained in porous matrices because of the difference between the mechanisms of condensation.

Field of study: Physics
China: Administrative Corruption — Experience in a Comparative Context

As a new world economy emerges what is being learned about the accompanying phenomenon of administrative corruption? To probe this question we combine study of current developments in China with prevailing theories of corruption. The administrative corruption experience, as it has unfolded during the economic development thrust of the Deng reform era, is described and analysed in a comparative context. In specifically interjecting the American experience we suggest that a balanced control response to corruption —rather than an elimination focus—could be a fruitful avenue for policy and research, and that informal, social approaches to corruption control are pregnant with possibilities. China's experience offers a significant opportunity to push the margin of wisdom on these issues as they relate to economic and political development.

Field of study: Political science
Profiling the Learning Styles of Students in Cyber University

Web learning is considerably different from traditional ways of learning; learners must adjust to new learning strategies and patterns in order to adapt to a different learning environment. This article focuses on developing a typology of web-based learning styles. The research subjects are students in the Cyber University at the National Sun Yat-San University in Taiwan. Based on the literature review and field observation, we collected and analyzed the students' learning records from the system log files. Six measures were used to perform cluster analyses: the number of attendances; the number of postings; the number of discussions; reading duration; pages read; and percentage of scheduled progress achieved. The results revealed four different learning styles, viz.: aggressive knowledge-seekers; active participants; silent cultivators; and heavy sleepers. The analyses demonstrated that academic achievement, and the decision to discontinue schooling, differed among the cluster groups. Implications for learning, assessment, and teaching are also discussed.

Field of study: Computer science
Study of Si(111) surfaces by optical second-harmonic generation: Reconstruction and surface phase transformation.

Optical second-harmonic generation has been applied to the study of clean Si(111) 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 and 7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7 surfaces. By an analysis of polarization dependences of the two reconstructions, the symmetry properties of the surfaces have been determined. The 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 to 7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7 surface phase transformation during thermal annealing has also been monitored in real time by the second-harmonic technique.

Field of study: Physics
A new non-interior continuation method for solving the second-order cone complementarity problem

In this paper, based on a symmetrically perturbed smoothing Fischer–Burmeister function, a non-interior continuation method is proposed for solving the second-order cone complementarity problem (SOCCP). The proposed algorithm solves only one linear system of equations and performs only one line search at each iteration. Under monotonicity, it is shown that our algorithm is globally and locally superlinearly convergent without requiring strict complementarity assumption at the SOCCP solution. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm has local quadratic convergence under mild conditions. Some numerical results are reported which indicate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Field of study: Mathematics
1Alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits CD40L-induced pro-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity in human monocytes.

CD40 ligand (CD40L) stimulation induces proinflammatory and immunomodulatory activity in monocytes. Here, we report on the effects of the steroid hormone 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3) on human blood monocytes that have been stimulated with the CD40L ligand. Co-treatment of CD40L-stimulated monocytes with 1,25D3 resulted in reduced production and secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta, as well as in reduced expression of the surface co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86. In addition, costimulation of CD4+ T lymphocytes by monocytes co-treated with CD40L and 1,25D3 resulted in reduced cell proliferation and diminished interferon (IFN)-gamma but enhanced IL-10 production by CD4+ T cells. Finally, 1,25D3 interfered with the ability of CD40L to rescue monocytes from apoptosis induced by serum withdrawal. These findings suggest that 1,25D3 may regulate the interaction of monocytes with T cells or other cell types that express CD40L, thus influencing the outcome of the immune or inflammatory response.

Field of study: Medicine
Role of Educational Investment on Economic Growth and Development in Kenya

The Government of Kenya spends 30% of its budget on education. It is commonly assumed that education has an important positive effect on economic growth, but to date the evidence for this assumption has been surprisingly weak. This study aimed at exploring the relationships between the amount of investments in education and economic growth. It was an attempt to explore the extent to which education level of the Kenyan labor force affects its economic growth that is its output level. It was guided by the following specific objectives; to examine the impact of physical capital formation on economic growth and to investigate the contribution of labor input on economic growth. This study used time series techniques to investigate the relationship between government education expenditure per worker and economic growth in Kenya during the period 1967 to 2010.The data was collected from Kenya National Bureau of Statistics and the World Bank. The study used the multiplicative Cobb-Douglas production function where human capital was treated as an independent factor of production in the human capital augmented growth model. Unit root and Granger-causality tests were carried out to make adequate allowance for the dynamic relationship, on stationary, and spurious regression problems. The empirical results show that education expenditure per worker has a positive and significant impact on economic growth both in the long run and short run. The cointegration estimates show that an increase of 1% of education per worker raises output by 0.5% in the long run. Similarly, in the long-run, a 1% increase in fixed capital formation raises output by 0.15%. Also, a 1% increase in labor leads to 0.21% decrease in output in the long run. Correlation tests also show that there is a positive relationship between investment in education and economic growth. These results justified that it is worth investing in education since it contributes to economic growth. The Government of Kenya and the private sector who are the beneficiaries of this study need to increase the amount of investment in education.  Educational Investment, Economic Growth and Error Correction Model

Field of study: Education
Research on the Frequency Control Strategy of Hydro-thermal Power Generating Units

There is a large number of hydropower generating units in the UHVDC transmission project of Hami-Zhengzhou power network. The hydro-thermal hybrid power generation have great safety and economic benefits. Primary frequency regulation is an important means of maintaining the stability of grid frequency. Under the condition of high proportion of hydropower units, this paper analyzes the influences of different parameters on grid frequency, and the joint frequency control strategy of hydro-thermal power units. And simulation results verify the feasibility of the joint control strategy for the hydro-thermal hybrid power generation units, which is of great significance to the stability of the whole sending-end grid and even the stability of UHVDC transmission system.

Field of study: Engineering
Alcohol consumption and menstrual distress in women at higher and lower risk for alcoholism.

This study investigated whether alcohol consumption varied as a function of menstrual cycle, menstrual distress symptomatology, and global stress in nonalcoholic drinking young women at higher and lower (HR, LR) risk for alcoholism as assessed by family history. Eighty-two normally menstruating women (52 LR and 30 HR) monitored their alcohol intake, physical and affective distress symptoms, and global stress level daily for two consecutive menstrual cycles. Subjects were unaware that their menstrual cycles were being monitored. The results confirmed the presence of increased physical distress symptomatology during the premenstrual and menstrual phases but did not show variation in negative affect or global stress throughout the menstrual cycle. High risk subjects were aware that they were at higher risk for alcoholism and consumed more alcohol. However, alcohol consumption was not related to the menstrual cycle, distress symptoms, or global stress. Subjects reported that they drank most frequently with others for pleasure enhancement and rarely for pain or tension-reduction. Subjects also drank more on weekends than weekdays. These findings argue against the menstrual cycle as etiological in the development of alcoholism. It would appear that social factors influence alcohol consumption in young nonalcoholic women.

Field of study: Medicine
Economic Organization and Policies in the Middle Ages

The publication of this volume completes, in its first edition, the medieval portion of the Cambridge Economic History, as projected some thirty years ago. Its appearance, therefore, adds to the debt which students of medieval economy already owe to the editors and writers of this distinguished series. How greatly the debt will be increased, no single reviewer can be expert enough to say. On the whole the new volume seems worthy to stand with its predecessors. A joint product, like them, of English, American, and continental scholars, it is, for most of its length, as notable an achievement, in many things original, in approach as well as substance, and on many subjects both comprehensive and authoritative. At the same time, compared with earlier volumes, it is distinctly more uneven, disjointed and incomplete, and to that extent more difficult to assess; opinions of it are bound to vary with the interests of readers and the use that they can make of it. The responsibility does not lie wholly with editorial policy. Indeed, as first conceived, this was to be a kind of residuary volume, bringing together a miscellany of topics, ranging from economic policy and policy-making institutions to coinage, prices, credit and finance, which in the past, it was felt, 'had unduly dominated the story of economic history' (III, p. v), and were accordingly left out from volumes I and II. This plan, the preface states, has now been 'consummated', thought not quite in the form intended or as fully as desired. In particular, for reasons beyond their control, the editors have had to abandon three cardinal chapters: that on the organization of transport (deferred from vol. II), that on the economic policies of east European states (Russia with Byzantium?), and, most important of all, that on currency and money, a 'cornerstone' chapter of the volume, for which the only practicable substitute has been a short appendix on coinage, compiled by P. Spufford, valuable as a table of reference, but less useful than the editors imply for calculating rates of exchange. In compensation certain chapters, first assigned to volume II, have, on grounds of general affinity, been incorporated in volume III. The final result is a volume, more uniform than originally planned, of which the dominant concern is with government and related institutions controlling economic life. As a vestige of variety, however, the work is still divided, rather uneasily, into two unequal parts: the first devoted to organization, with chapters on towns, business technique, markets and fairs (by H.

Field of study: Economics, History
Preequilibrium proton and α emission from neutron induced reactions in CsI

Angle integrated energy spectra of protons (plus deuterons) andα particles have been obtained from neutron bombardment of a CsI crystal serving both as detector and target. Measurements were performed for neutron energies between 14 and 32 MeV. An explanation of proton andα yields cannot be given by statistical evaporation, but requires the assumption of a preequilibrium mechanism dominating for projectile energies in excess of 20 MeV. For these neutron energies the hard components of the proton andα particle spectra can be described quantitatively with the hybrid and the quasi free scattering preequilibrium model, respectively.

Field of study: Physics
Calculation of stresses in stiffened composite panels

A methodology for computing the stresses at the interface between the skin and stiffener in stiffened composite panels is described. The methodology is based on finite-element analyses and an elasticity solution. The finite-element analyses are standard, while the elasticity solution is based on eigenvalue expansions of the stress functions. The eigenvalue expansions are assumed to be valid in the local region where the stiffener flange terminates. The local elasticity solution is coupled to the global finite-element analysis using collocation on the boundary of the local region. Accuracy and convergence of the method are discussed and several examples of its utility are presented.

Field of study: Physics
Effects of captivity and memory-based experiences on the hippocampus in mountain chickadees.

The complexity of an animal's physical environment is known to affect the hippocampus. Captivity may affect hippocampal anatomy and this may be attributable to the limited opportunities for memory-based experiences. This has tangential support, in that differential demands on memory can mediate changes in the hippocampus. What remains unclear is whether captivity directly affects hippocampal architecture and whether providing memory-based experiences in captivity can maintain hippocampal attributes comparable to wild-caught conspecifics. Using food-caching mountain chickadees (Poecile gambeli), we found that wild-caught individuals had larger hippocampal volumes relative to the rest of the telencephalon than captive birds with or without memory-based food-caching experiences, whereas there were no differences in neuron numbers or telencephalon volume. Also, there were no significant differences in relative hippocampal volume or neuron numbers between the captive birds with or without memory-based experiences. Our results demonstrate that captivity reduces hippocampal volume relative to the remainder of the telencephalon, but not at the expense of neuron numbers. Further, memory-based experiences in captivity may not be sufficient to maintain hippocampal volume comparable to wild-caught counterparts.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Structural history and granite emplacement in the Rottenstone Domain during closure of the Trans-Hudson Orogen, Davin Lake, northern Saskatchewan

The Rottenstone Domain at Davin Lake northern Saskatchewan, exhibits structural and granite-emplacement evidence for crustal thickening, and possible Himalayan-style extrusion, overprinted by transpressional strain increasing toward the contact with the Wathaman Batholith. Three discrete Rottenstone subdomains parallel the regional strike of the Trans-Hudson Orogen: (i) the southeast Rottenstone subdomain (SERSD) with gently northwest-dipping migmatitic straight gneiss (S1) and white granitoid rocks with pinch-and-swell structures parallel to the straight gneissosity; (ii) the central Rottenstone subdomain (CRSD), which partly preserves the same NW-dipping fabric (S1) but is overprinted at its margins by tight upright F2 folds and includes a stockwork of pink monzogranitic aplites and pegmatites; and (iii) the northwest Rottenstone subdomain (NWRSD) in which the F2 folds are generally tighter and penetrative and its network of narrow white granitoid rocks is deformed and transposed by the F2 folds; but in...

Field of study: Environmental science
Luminol-KIO_4 chemiluminescence system determination of Sudan I in food

Based on the enhancive effect Sudan Ⅰ on the of chemiluminescence reaction luminol-KIO4 system with staticstate injection was proposed for determination of sudan Ⅰ. The increment of the Chemiluminescence intensity was proportional to the concentration of sudan Ⅰ. The linear range of was 0.005~0.20 μg/m L. The detection limit was 0.0017 μg/m L. The recovery rate reached 93.6%~107.3% with relative standard deviations was 2.3%~5.9%. This method is with good accuracy and precision and can be used to detect the content of Sudan Ⅰ in food.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Semi-Definite Programming Algorithms for Sensor Network Node Localization With Uncertainties in Anchor Positions and/or Propagation Speed

Finding the positions of nodes in an ad hoc wireless sensor network (WSN) with the use of the incomplete and noisy distance measurements between nodes as well as anchor position information is currently an important and challenging research topic. However, most WSN localization studies have considered that the anchor positions and the signal propagation speed are perfectly known which is not a valid assumption in the underwater and underground scenarios. In this paper, semi-definite programming (SDP) algorithms are devised for node localization in the presence of these uncertainties. The corresponding Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) is also produced. Computer simulations are included to contrast the performance of the proposed algorithms with the conventional SDP method and CRLB.

Field of study: Engineering
Central dopamine turnover in guinea pig pups during separation from their mothers in a novel environment.

Guinea pig pups that were separated from their mothers and placed into a novel environment for 90 min showed an increase in dopamine (DA) turnover (ratio of metabolites to DA) in the septum compared with undisturbed baseline controls. Pups placed into the novel environment with their mothers exhibited an intermediate level of DA turnover. After 24 hr of separation in the novel environment, pups' DA turnover in the septum had returned to the baseline level. DA turnover in the caudate nucleus was unaffected by these procedures. Also, turnover in both septum and caudate nucleus when pups were not separated was positively correlated with the number of vocalizations emitted during 30 min of separation. These results closely parallel findings in separated monkeys and indicate that the guinea pig represents a useful rodent model for studying such effects. That elevated DA turnover during separation occurred in the septum suggests involvement of the mesolimbic system.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology