nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Assessing universal accessibility in Spanish beaches

Accessible tourism constitutes a current social priority for the World Tourism Organization and the European Network for Accessible Tourism. Trips to the beach are beneficial in terms of improved health and psychological well-being. They form an integral part of life in Spain, a country with the world's second highest number of tourist visitors and more than 3500 beaches. However, Spain does not have a common beach accessibility management policy. In this study, an analysis is made of the actual universal accessibility conditions of a selected sample of Spanish urban and semi-urban beaches which have received the most widely recognized quality certificates/awards for beaches: UNE 170001 Universal Accessibility Certification, Blue Flag, Blue Flag – Inclusive Beach, and Q for Quality Tourism. Beach evaluation was made through the development of a Beach Accessibility Index (BAI) on the basis of three categories: Equipment and infrastructures, Services, and Management. The main results indicate that Spanish beaches have universal accessibility needs that require improvement, with Management the most precarious aspect. None of the certificates/awards guarantee minimum universal accessibility conditions, although the best results were obtained for the UNE 170001 Universal Accessibility Certification. While examples of good practice do exist at local level, the results clearly suggest that a national approach is needed to standardize accessibility criteria.

Field of study: Environmental science
Effect of reversed lighting regime on the timing of parturition in rats whose litter sizes were surgically adjusted.

明暗周期14:10h,点灯06.00hの照明条件下で飼育したラットを交配し,,妊娠日数に拘らずすべての分娩は明期に集中して起った。また,妊娠期間と産子数との間に逆相関々係が認められた。この分娩時期の分布は,著者らの前報における妊娠全期間を当初の照明条件下に継続しておいた場合の分布をそのまま約12時間分娩を遅延させる方向に移動したものと一致した。この際の初生子の体重も,前報のそれと比べて有意に増加していることが認められた。これらの結果は,照明条件の変更はラットにおいては分娩時刻を移動させ得ることを示し,分娩開始に光周性支配のあることを強く示唆している。

Field of study: Biology
[Exponential infusion and its pharmacokinetics].

Here is presented a general kinetic equation for exponential infusion. The exponential infusion for one compartment model is safe and is at will in adjusting the time required to obtain steady state plasma level according to clinical requirements. The plasma concentration can be maintained for a period of time, if necessary, for a long time after the steady state level is attained. The time required to obtain a steady state plasma level by exponential infusion of chloramphenicol is much shorter than that required by constant rate infusion.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Teaching Strategies to Enhance Motor Skills Learning for Groups of Students: The Effects of Verbal and Visual Feedback on Performance in Pole Vault Practice

This paper contributes to enhancing a comparative study on a creative conduct of teaching method in physical education sessions. We search for determine the evolution of teacher representations related to the understanding of the particular practice of pole vaulting and its teaching by integrating a computer-video artifact into an educational environment. This study was done in two graduate classes of high school including (N = 44) students. These are two groups; aged between 15 and 18 (One group of students was provided with a verbal and gestural communication, while the other was asked to view an artifact video). The pole vole learning cycle consisted of 14 sessions, divided between two sessions per week. The findings were consistent with the difference between methods of teaching in line with tasks of learning. Through this experiment and lessons feedbacks, we have been able to conclude that the use of the Computer Communication Technology and precisely of the video image artifact, was source of progression of the motor learning for the large majority of the students from the all group study. This research is opened to understand and appreciate how to best design video lectures that encourage learning and developing knowledge.  physical education, artifact video, feedback, motor learning, skills DOI : 10.7176/JEP/10-7-06 Publication date :March 31 st 2019

Field of study: Education
An Era of Precision Astrophysics: Connecting Stars, Galaxies and the Universe

The golden age of astrophysics is upon us with both grand discoveries (extra-solar planets, dark matter, dark energy) and precision cosmology. Here we argue that fundamental understanding of the working of stars and galaxies is within reach, thanks to the precision measurements that are now becoming possible. We highlight the importance of micro-arcsecond astrometry which forms the basis of model independent distances and masses. Distances are one of the most fundamental external properties of astronomical objects and accurate knowledge of distances can change our perception of astronomical phenomena dramatically. For example, in antiquity, the idea that the Earth revolved around the Sun was rejected because the predicted annual parallax of stars were not observed. In modern times, just before the first distance measure of gamma-ray bursts, there were more theories about the nature of these objects than the number of observed -ray bursts. Some of the strongest motivations to vigorously pursue accurate distance measurements are related to the history and fate of the universe. Two of the three methods available to date the universe are based on accurate distance measurements. The first method is based on the ages of stars, which can only be ascertained if their luminosities (and hence distances) are accurately known. The second method relies on cosmological methods. To first order, the age of the universe is the inverse of Hubble's constant (H0), while further corrections depend on the fate of the universe -closed, critical or openand on the amount and nature of dark energy. Indeed, the previous decadal report stresses that: “the fundamental goal of ... astrophysics is to understand how the universe ... galaxies [and] stars ... formed, how they evolved, and what their destiny will be” (McKee & Taylor, 2001). These age-old questions can be answered to a large extent by science topics that rely significantly on micro-arcsecond astrometry: 1) Galactic archeology: a detailed reconstruction of the formation history of the Milky Way and other Local Group galaxies, 2) the very oldest stars in the Milky Way and the age of the Universe, and 3) H0 and concordance cosmology. In question form we can summarize these goals as: 1) What is the construction history of the Milky Way and other nearly galaxies? 2) what is the age, density and curvature of the Universe? These goals are achievable in the near future by combining micro-arcsecond astrometry from the proposed SIM-Lite mission (Unwin et al. 2008) with data from a modest ground-based spectroscopic observing campaign. The high-quality data like we are advocating for in this white paper will force the biggest reassessment of stellar astrophysics in more than 50 years, and its effects will be very beneficial for many disciplines of astrophysics.

Field of study: Physics
Continuous action segmentation and recognition using hybrid convolutional neural network-hidden Markov model model

Continuous action recognition in video is more complicated compared with traditional isolated action recognition. Besides the high variability of postures and appearances of each action, the complex temporal dynamics of continuous action makes this problem challenging. In this study, the authors propose a hierarchical framework combining convolutional neural network (CNN) and hidden Markov model (HMM), which recognises and segments continuous actions simultaneously. The authors utilise the CNN's powerful capacity of learning high level features directly from raw data, and use it to extract effective and robust action features. The HMM is used to model the statistical dependences over adjacent sub-actions and infer the action sequences. In order to combine the advantages of these two models, the hybrid architecture of CNN-HMM is built. The Gaussian mixture model is replaced by CNN to model the emission distribution of HMM. The CNN-HMM model is trained using embedded Viterbi algorithm, and the data used to train CNN are labelled by forced alignment. The authors test their method on two public action dataset Weizmann and KTH. Experimental results show that the authors’ method achieves improved recognition and segmentation accuracy compared with several other methods. The superior property of features learnt by CNN is also illustrated.

Field of study: Computer science
Green Process for Industrial Waste Transformation into Super-Oxidizing Materials Named Alkali Metal Ferrates (VI)

The investigation presented here features the design of a cleaner and greener chemical process for the conversion of industrial wastes into super-oxidizing materials. The waste of interest is the iron sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4·7H2O) mainly generated through the sulfate route used for titanium dioxide industrial production. The products of this transformation process are alkali ferrates (A2FeO4, A = Na, K) containing iron in its hexavalent state and considered as powerful oxidants characterized by properties useful for cleaning waters, wastewaters, and industrial effluents. The proposed process includes two steps: (i) The first step consisting of the pre-mixing of two solids (AOH with FeSO4·xH2O) in a rotary reactor allowing the coating of iron sulfate in the alkali hydroxides through solid–solid reactions; and (ii) the second step involves the synthesis of alkali ferrates in a fluidized bed by oxidation of the single solid obtained in the first step in diluted chlorine. The chemical synthesis of alkali ferrates can be carried out within a timeframe of a few minutes. The usage of a fluidized bed enhanced the energy and mass transfer allowing a quasi-complete control of the ferrate synthesis process. The alkali ferrate synthesis process described here possesses many characteristics aligned with the principles of the “green chemistry”.

Field of study: Materials science
Production of monoclonal antibodies to salinomycin.

Protein conjugates of salinomycin were prepared and utilized to produce murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) in the BALB/c-P3X63.Ag 8.653 fusion system. Several antibodies were cloned, stabilized, and evaluated for cross-reactivity to other ionophorous antibiotics. Selected antibodies were used to develop quantitative assays for salinomycin by means of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). These assays were sensitive to 50 ng of salinomycin.

Field of study: Biology
Scaling of the V-I characteristics in the ITER type Nb/sub 3/Sn strands in relation to the applied field and temperature

A description of voltage-current characteristics VCC (T,B) is presented in this paper. To describe an experimental VCC (T,B) database of ITER Nb/sub 3/Sn strands a relation is used containing four fitting parameters. Three parameters, namely: C, T/sub cm/ (0), and H/sub cm/ (0) describe I/sub C/(T,B) and one additional parameter characterizes the smoothness of the transition. The question is considered on the accuracy of measurement of the T, B, and I values needed to determine the fitting parameters accurately.

Field of study: Physics
TCP proactive congestion control for east-west traffic: The marking threshold

Various extensions of TCP/IP have been proposed to reduce network latency; examples include Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN), Data Center TCP (DCTCP) and several proposals for Active Queue Management (AQM). Combining these techniques requires adjusting various parameters, and recent studies have found that it is difficult to do so while obtaining both high throughput performance and low latency. This is especially true for mixed use data centres that host both latency-sensitive applications and high-throughput workloads with east–west traffic such as Hadoop. 
This paper studies the difficulty in configuration, and characterises the problem as related to ACK packets. Such packets cannot be set as ECN Capable Transport (ECT), with the consequence that a disproportionate number of them are dropped. The same issue can affect other non-ECT-capable traffic that may co-exist on the network. We explain how this behavior adversely afects throughput, and propose a small change to the way that non-ECT-capable packets are handled in the network switches. Using NS–2 simulation, we demonstrate robust performance for modified AQMs on a Hadoop cluster, maintaining full throughput while reducing latency by 85%. We also demonstrate that commodity switches with shallow buffers are able to reach the same throughput as deeper buffer switches. 
Finally, we explain how both TCP using ECN and DCTCP can achieve the best performance using a simple marking threshold, in constrast to the current preference for relying on AQMs to mark packets. Overall, we provide recommendations to network equipment manufacturers, cluster administrators and the whole industry on how best to combine high-throughput and latency-sensitive workloads. This article is an extension of our previous work , which was published in Proceedings of the 19th IEEE International Conference on Cluster Computing (CLUSTER 2017).

Field of study: Computer science
Analysis of Departure Process in Batch Arrival Queue with Multiple Vacations and Exhaustive Service

A batch arrival single-server queueing system of the M X /G/1 type is considered. At the end of each busy period the server begins a multiple vacation period when the service process is stopped. A new method of the study of departure process in such a system in transient state is proposed. Using the formula of total probability, we direct the analysis to that in the system without vacations. General results are obtained using the renewal-theory approach. An explicit representation for the probability generating function of Laplace transform of departure process is derived. The formula is written down by means of transforms of distributions describing the arrival and service processes, vacation times, and components of certain factorization identity of Wiener-Hopf type connected with these distributions.

Field of study: Mathematics
Structural Modal Analysis of Electric Satellite with Metallic Honeycomb Board

With the development of spaceflight technology, the structure of spacecraft becomes more and more complex. At present, most satellites have been adopted with honeycomb board structure for its anisotropic character. The parameters of such structure usually are difficult to achieve, which made the modelling and calculates of spacecraft hard. In this paper, the "sandwich" method has been employed to achieve the theoretical equivalent parameters of the honeycomb structure. Then, the modal characters of electric satellite have been analyzed and calculated base on the finite element analysis software MSC.NASTRAN. At the end, some guidance is given out for the theoretical design of satellites.

Field of study: Engineering
Avoiding quenching in superconducting rings

A procedure for avoiding the quenching associated to a previously reported method for inducing currents in superconducting rings [H. Gonzalez-Jorge et al.,  (2002)] is proposed. High persistent currents are induced in two textured YBCO rings (1536 and 2870 A) using a modified version of the original procedure that consist on a straightforward magnetic circuit made up of an iron core and a permanent magnet. The insertion of an iron core into the ring reduces the current to an exent sufficing to avoid quenching as the critical temperature is overcame and preserving thus the structures of the samples. Such a simple operation can be extended to other situations involving quenching (e. g. the use of superconducting coils):

Field of study: Physics
Modulation of Oxidative Stress by Alcohol

It is well established that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are involved in causing acute and chronic alcohol toxicity. Biochemical signs of oxidative damage can be detected in experimental animals exposed to ethanol as well as in alcoholic patients. Ethanol-induced oxidative stress is the consequence of the combined effect of an increased production of ROS by the mitochondria and the alcohol-inducible cytochrome P-4502E1 (CYP2E1) and the impairment of antioxidant defenses. Furthermore, by promoting the activation of Kuppfer cells, ethanol causes the release of cytokines, ROS, and RNS. The mechanisms by which oxidative damage contribute to alcohol toxicity include direct hepatocellular damage, induction of apoptosis, and the stimulation of collagen deposition by hepatic stellate cells. In addition, lipid peroxidation products and, particularly acetaldehyde-malondialdehyde adducts, along with immune reactions triggered by oxidative stress, might also contribute to perpetuate hepatic inflammation. The implication of oxidative stress in alcohol liver damage gives a rationale to the clinical application of therapies aimed to prevent or reduce ethanol-induced oxidative damage by antioxidant compounds.

Field of study: Medicine
Stigma-related stressors, coping self-efficacy, and physical health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals.

Understanding and intervening to address health disparities is part of the expanding role of psychologists (Johnson, 2013). We drew on Hatzenbuehler's (2009) psychological mediation framework and Lick, Durso, and Johnson's (2013) conceptual pathways to lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) physical health disparities to test a serial mediation model in which 2 types of cognitive appraisals (proximal minority stressors and coping self-efficacy) partially account for the association between perceived discrimination and prejudice (distal minority stressor) and self-reported physical health symptoms in a nationally recruited sample of 564 LGB individuals (270 women, 294 men) who participated in a web-based survey. Results indicated that perceived experiences of discrimination and prejudice were associated with expectations of rejection and internalized homonegativity. These 2 proximal stressors were associated with lower coping self-efficacy, and the combined cognitive appraisal pathways were associated with higher levels of self-reported physical symptom severity. The pathway through emotion-focused coping self-efficacy was particularly salient in accounting for the overall mediation. Interventions to address distal and proximal minority stressors and improve emotion-focused coping self-efficacy may be particularly helpful in reducing the negative effects of stigma on physical health.

Field of study: Psychology
Timing of lateritization on the Guiana Shield: synthesis of paleomagnetic results from French Guiana and Suriname

A paleomagnetic study was carried out on representative duricrust paleosurfaces of the Guiana Shield in French Guiana (Cayenne region and Kaw Mountain) and Suriname (Moengo and Bakhuis Mountains). The age of weathering of ferruginous and bauxitic duricrusts was estimated from comparison of paleomagnetic poles determined from these duricrust horizons with the South American apparent polar wander path (APWP). In most of the studied profiles, hematite is the dominant magnetic carrier, as indicated by unblocking temperatures that exceed 580°C for about 20–60% of the natural remanent magnetization (NRM). Magnetite and goethite may also be present and contribute to the overall NRM, but contribute little or nothing to the characteristic remanent magnetization, which is estimated from principal component analysis of the medium to high unblocking temperature component. Paleomagnetic directions from the duricrust profiles generally cluster well (dispersion parameters >30) and give paleomagnetic poles that fall between the Cenozoic and the present-day portion of the APWP. Recent paleomagnetic directions are usually detected in the uppermost part of the duricrust profiles which may have sustained some recent reworking. In contrast, the middle part of the duricrust, of massive facies, usually shows ancient directions. The bauxitic surfaces of Bakhuis Mountains at 400 m elevation, Kaw Mountain (upper surface, 300 m elevation) and probably the Cayenne Unit 1 (75–200 m elevation) can be attributed to the ‘Sul Americano’ lateritization cycle of Paleocene–Eocene age, with respectively average relative ages of 60, 50 and 40 Ma. The bauxitic paleosurface of Kaw Mountain (lower surface, 220 m), the coastal Moengo deposit (40 m) and the ferruginous surface of Cayenne Unit 2 (20–50 m) may be related to the ‘Late Velhas’ lateritization cycle of Miocene age with relative average ages of 13 and 10 Ma. The Fe-duricrust of Cayenne Unit 3, close to sea level and occupying most of the coastal plain, is geomorphologically the youngest duricrust paleosurface, but also seems related to a Late Miocene lateritization event (5–13 Ma). The Oligocene appears to represent a major break in the development of weathering profiles, with erosion as the predominant process which stripped 50–80 m from the landscape between the two main lateritization phases of Paleocene–Eocene and Miocene.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Family Planning and AIDS/HIV Intervention from a Cross-Cultural Perspective: Enhancing the Pharmacist's Role.

55 million couples worldwide buy family planning supplies in pharmacies while an additional 450 million families may be using the supplies sold by pharmacies. Pharmacists have contact with people that other family planning providers never see but their services are generally underused in many developing countries. Pharmacists in countries throughout the world sorely need more training in reproductive health and contraception counseling. This study was therefore conducted with the goal of eliciting the perceptions held by pharmacy students about counseling clients on reproductive health. The study specifically explored the perceptions of samples of students from Malaysia Thailand and the US on the basis of how they rated their comfort levels in each of 7 contraception counseling vignettes. Participants religiosity erotophobia and professionalism were also assessed. A total of 72 usable questionnaires were received from the students in Malaysia 90 from those in Thailand and 99 from those in the US. Analysis found the US students to be generally more comfortable with all of the counseling situations with women being the most comfortable. The level of comfort regardless of country was predicted by students sexual attitudes religiosity and level of professionalism. These results suggest that students from different cultural backgrounds and by gender require different training emphases to help them respond appropriately to these issues as professionals.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
A new approach to the synthesis of telluranthene

A series of new methods of synthesizing telluranthrene are proposed, based on the use of poly(o-phenylene)ditelluride and its precursors. The best yields of telluranthene are obtained by the reactions of the disodium salt of o-ditellurolobenzene with o-diiodobenzene (50–62%) and of poly(o-phenylene)ditelluride with butyllithium.

Field of study: Chemistry
HACCP system in the production of traditional Shaoxing dessert

In order to ensure the safety of the traditional Shaoxing dessert,the potential hazards that may exist in the processing of its production was analyzed in this passage.The HACCP system is used to identify four critical control points,to develop the corresponding critical limits and preventive measures and to establish monitoring methods.The use of HACCP system in the production of traditional Shaoxing dessert can effectively reduce the hazards in the processing,so as to expand its market and promote its development.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences