nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Ensemble Partial Least Squares Algorithm in Mutual Information-Induced Subspace for Near-infrared Quantitative Calibration

In the framework of ensemble,a partial least squares(PLS) regression ensemble algorithm in subspace(MIESPLS),which is the combination of bootstrap and variable selection based on mutual information(MI),was proposed.The key of the proposed algorithm is to introduce the diversity of member models by bootstrap re-sampling on the training set and the subsequent MI calculation.Each time,those variables whose MI are lower than a defined threshold are first eliminated;then,a member model can be trained on a smaller subspace of original spectral variables.Two kinds of model fusion strategies,i.e.,simple average fusion(SAF) and weighted average fusion(WAF),were adopted and compared.By two experiments concerning quantitative application of near-infrared(NIR) spectroscopy,MISEPLS is confirmed to be superior to the full-spectrum PLS and MIPLS method,i.e.,PLS combined with MI-induced variable selection.The proposed MISEPLS can produce a more accurate and robust calibration model,but without increasing the complexity.

Field of study: Chemistry
Elevated levels of soluble non‐classical major histocompatibility class I molecule human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐G in the blood of HIV‐infected patients with or without visceral leishmaniasis

The non‐classical class I major histocompatibility complex molecules human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐G have been shown to play a role in HIV persistence, but no data are available on the expression of the soluble forms HLA‐G5 and sHLA‐G1 in HIV‐infected patients with and without opportunistic infections. The soluble HLA‐G isoform was measured with an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method in plasma from 94 subjects: 31 HIV‐1‐seropositive, 17 with visceral leishmaniasis (VL), seven with both VL and HIV‐1 infection and 39 healthy HIV‐seronegative subjects. Between groups, the frequency of sHLA‐G positivity was statistically different: 81% of HIV‐infected patients were positive, as were 57% of HIV–Leishmania infantum co‐infected patients, 35% of HIV‐seronegative patients with VL and 3% of healthy controls. Levels of the soluble forms of the immunomodulatory molecules HLA‐G are elevated during HIV infection. In HIV–Leishmania co‐infected patients, sHLA‐G secretion could contribute to the tolerogenic environment and to Leishmania immune evasion.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Two Statistics for Unconditional Exact Tests in Matched-Pairs Design

In a recent article Hsueh et al. (Hsueh, H.-M., Liu, J.-P., Chen,  (2001). Unconditional exact tests for equivalence or noninferiority for paired binary endpoints. Biometrics 57:478–483.) considered unconditional exact tests for paired binary endpoints. They suggested two statistics one of which is based on the restricted maximum-likelihood estimator. Properties of these statistics and the related tests are treated in this article.

Field of study: Mathematics
Simulation of mass and heat transfer in new phosphoric acid tower with circular water wall(II) Analysis of influence on heat transfer

The effects of parameters on maximum combustion temperature, smog exit temperature, maximum wall heat flux, averaged wall heat flux of a new phosphoric acid tower with circular water wall were discussed, including phosphorus consumption, excess-air coefficient, wall temperature and radiation absorption coefficient, with the mathematical model developed in Part Ⅰ.The predicted results showed that maximum combustion temperature, smog exit temperature, maximum wall heat flux and averaged wall heat flux would increase with increasing phosphorus mass flow rate when excess-air coefficient or air flow rate was constant.Under the condition of constant phosphorus mass flow rate, the smog exit temperature would increase slowly while other parameters would decrease with increasing excess air coefficient.Wall temperature had a remarkable effect on smog exit temperature, whereas its effect on other parameters was not obvious.In addition, radiation absorption coefficient had a remarkable effect on maximum combustion temperature and maximum wall heat flux in the new phosphoric acid tower.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Dislocation and diffusion deformation mechanisms in ultrafine grained materials and free volume role

The effect of average grain size on the mechanisms of polycrystal deformation are considered in the range of grain sizes from 1nm to 1cm. Critical grain sizes are selected. The activity of dislocation and diffusion mechanisms is analyzed. The deformation distribution in grains of different sizes is considered for a polycrystal as a whole within the grain size distribution.

Field of study: Physics
High-resolution chemostratigraphic record of late Pleistocene lake-level variability, Mono Lake, California

The study of abrupt changes in global climate requires high-resolution records for which the connection to the climate system is well understood. Because lake systems are by their nature unique, ground truthing of geochemical measurements against directly observable physical evidence is required. The Mono Lake basin exposes multiple outcrops of lake sediments deposited during the last glacial period, providing the opportunity to reconstruct lake-level changes through stratigraphy-based interpretation of high-resolution records. Here we present a record of bulk-sediment carbonate derived from overlapping sections in three outcrops around the Mono Lake basin. We interpret this record as a reflection of lake-level variation, based on well-exposed stratigraphy and sedimentary facies changes. The co-variation of lake level with Sr isotopes measured in ostracodes is interpreted to reflect increased proportion of water supplied from the eastern basin during wet times. This high carbonate–high lake-level relationship is the opposite of the high carbonate–low lake-level relationship inferred in nearby Owens Lake, a difference attributable to extreme differences in basin geometry affecting the frequency of spilling conditions and resultant lake chemistry.

Field of study: Geology
Structure of anionic salmon trypsin in a second crystal form.

Anionic salmon trypsin in a second crystal form (ST-IIB) has been refined at 1.83 A, resolution. The crystals are orthorhombic and belong to space group P2(1)2(1)2 with lattice parameters a = 77.09, b = 82.33 and c = 31.16 A. The present structure has been compared to salmon trypsin as it appears in a previously reported crystal form (ST-IIA) with cell dimensions a = 61.95, b = 84.33 and c = 39.11 A [Smalås & Hordvik (1993). ]. The presence of a sulfate group involved in several hydrogen bonds to active-site residues, and the location of an additional benzamidine site in the crystal lattice, are the most striking differences between the present and the previous structure. Superposition of main-chain atoms in the two structures give an overall r.m.s. difference of 0.26 A, with the main differences located to areas with different molecular packing. The overall coordinate error is estimated to be between 0.20 and 0.25 A, by the method of Luzzati.

Field of study: Chemistry
Berry Phase in a Single Quantum Dot with Spin-Orbit Interaction

Berry phase in a single quantum dot with Rashba spin-orbit coupling is investigated theoretically. Berry phases as functions of magnetic field strength, dot size, spin-orbit coupling and photon-spin coupling constants are evaluated. It is shown that the Berry phase will alter dramatically from 0 to $2\pi$ as the magnetic field strength increases. The threshold of magnetic field depends on the dot size and the spin-orbit coupling constant.

Field of study: Physics
Myth of the Informal Sector: A Study on the Sexual Harassment of Female Adolescents in Four Motor Garages in Ilorin, Nigeria

This study investigates the vulnerability of the female adolescent to sexual harassment in motor garages in Ilorin, Nigeria. While informal organizations such as motor garages remain the stronghold of the economy in Ilorin, they also provide fertile-grounds for sexual harassment of female adolescents. This study explored the patterns, perceptions, and experiences of female adolescent hawkers who experienced sexual harassment in four selected motor garages in Ilorin, Nigeria. Data for this study was gathered using semi-structured, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The study found that sexual harassment of female adolescents in motor garages in Ilorin was pervasive, widespread, and alarming. All participants disclosed they had experienced some forms of sexual harassment in their day-to-day activities. However, perceptions about the severity of the sexual harassment vary from early, middle to late adolescents interviewed. Although, none of the participants disclosed being raped, some revealed that some of their friends had been victims of rape. This study recommends measures to minimize sexual harassment in informal organizations such as motor garages in Ilorin.

Field of study: Political science
Textural, physicochemical and sensory properties compensation of fat replacing in pork liver pâté incorporating emulsified canola oil

Saturated animal fat was replaced in pork pâté with pre-emulsified canola in a 3% sodium caseinate/0.5% xanthan gum solution in order to obtain a stable oily phase. Fat was replaced with different proportions of emulsified canola oil. The inclusion of emulsified oil in pâté enhanced cocking yield and moisture but increased fluids release. Nonetheless, total fat content remained practically constant, meaning no detrimental effect on caloric content. Replacing 50% of lard with emulsified oil did not affect color of the samples. Texture was improved since emulsified oil addition resulted in softer and more spreadable pâté. Samples with 50% of emulsified oil were more stable to lipid oxidation at 8 days of storage, with lower thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and volatile compounds resulting from oxidation reactions. Emulsified canola can be employed to replace fat until 50% in pâté or liver sausage with good functional properties, improving texture and reducing lipids rancidity.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Modification of Ninth-Order Weighted Essentially Nonoscillatory Scheme for Mixed Subsonic/Supersonic Flow

T HIS Note describes a modification to the high-order-accurate weighted essentially nonoscillatory (WENO) scheme implementation byGross and Fasel . Themotivation behind this effort was to have a high-order-accurate discretization for the convective fluxes that works equallywell for subsonic and supersonicflows. The schemes described in this Note are based on schemes by Jiang and Wu  and Balsara and Shu . In , we discussed a procedure for constructing high-orderaccurate upwind schemes. We suggested reconstructing the flow variables at the left (L) and right side (R) of the i 1 2 interface using high-order-accurate WENO approximations [3,4] and to employ the Roe scheme ,

Field of study: Physics
An environmental reconstruction of the sediment infill of the Bogotá basin (Colombia) during the last 3 million years from abiotic and biotic proxies

The lacustrine sediments of the intramontane basin of Bogota (4°N, 2550 m altitude) were collected in a 586-m deep core Funza-2. Absolute datings show sediment infill started c. 3.2 Ma and continued almost without interruptions as a result of the balance between tectonic subsidence and sediment infill. Analysis of downcore changes in lithology, grain size, facies, loss on ignition (LOI), and hydrosere vegetation at 20-cm intervals along the core produced a 2200-sample record of basin dynamics and lake level changes with a temporal resolution from c. 800 years (during the last 1.5 Ma) to c. 2000 years (from 1.5 to 3.2 Ma). We recognized 11 discrete sedimentary facies that reflect 4 different depositional environments. Facies 1 and 2 correspond to lacustrine environment where the LOI is  20%. A fluvio-lacustrine environment is represented by the facies 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9. A fluvial environment is reflected by facies 6, 8 and 10. Basin infill started with accumulation in a fluvio-lacustrine environment between 586 and 530 m below the present-day sediment surface of the basin. In the 530- to 325-m interval (c. 3–1.5 Ma), the basin contained mainly shallow water and swamps, in combination with some fluvial activity. The 325–5-m interval (1.5–0.028 Ma) shows almost uninterrupted lacustrine paleoenvironmental conditions. The uppermost 5 m reflect a fluvial paleoenvironment deposited by the Bogota River and its tributaries. The downcore changing ratio between shallow water aquatics (Myriophyllum, Ludwigia, Polygonum, Cyperaceae) and aquatics of deeper water (Isoetes) is indicative of lake level changes. Isoetes as an indicator of high water levels is not consistent with fluvial and fluvio-lacustrine depositional regimes. Several lithological discontinuities, evidenced by the sharp transition from swamp deposits to fluvio-lacustrine and fluvial deposits, are present in the core, in the interval from 530 to 325 m in particular. It is plausible that swamp deposits have been eroded during episodes during which the water table quickly raised or during events of sudden coarse fluvial input into the basin.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Modernization in Colombia: The Laureano Gomez Years, 1889-1965 (review)

I will admit not being fully convinced of Deustua's (oft-hedged) thesis of mining as a critical sector in nineteenth-century Peru. This problem needs wider perspectives. Previous analysts do not deny the survival of colonial mining forms: they stress that mining failed to develop in post-colonial Peru or failed to stimulate new forms of growth. In the depressed state of the century's Andean interior, even a stagnant colonial institution would remain a regional mainstay. However, by the nineteenth century, with transport and technological innovations revolutionizing mining throughout the world, Peru's mines stayed technologically primitive, with no known boosts of capital, labor, or technical improvements (Deustua does not actually show any such changes overlooked by prior studies). Peru fell way behind comparable mining countries. Deustua barely addresses this long-term growth problem. On the other hand, there's plenty of convincing evidence here on the artisan scale, relative backwardness, and organizational or technological stasis in mining. Much of what came out of Peruvian mines was actually scrapped from colonial slag heaps, rather than new veins, shafts, or ventures. If "recycling" of sorts, and low-productivity work for some areas, it wasn't modern growth.

Field of study: History
Courses in Higher Education

C OLLEGE and university administrators and faculty members seeking opportunities for in-service professional improvement during the long summer vacation, as well as advanced students preparing for college teaching and administration, will this year find a wide range of offerings in the summer sessions of a number of institutions in all parts of the country except the South. Although several universities which formerly gave summer courses in this field have either discontinued this work or have materially modified their programs during recent years, no less than twenty-five institutions have announced professional courses on various aspects of higher education to be given this summer.' Included in the group are: Columbia, Harvard, Indinna. New York. Northwpsi-rn Ohio State, Purdue, Stanford; West Virginia, Akron, California, Chicago, Colorado, Iowa, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, Oregon, Southern California, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin; the Oregon State College, and the Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. While the offerings at most of these institutions are limited to a single course or two, usually on the general subject of higher education-occasionally limited to the junior-college level-or on a selected phase of the field, more comprehensive programs are to be found at Chicago, Columbia, Ohio State, and Stanford. Basic or general courses on the history, organization, and administration of the American college and university, as well as courses dealing with specific problems of instruction and the professional duties of the various administrative officers, particularly those concerned with guidance and student1" Educating the Educators," "Summer Opportunities," " Summer Offerings in Higher Education," JOURNAL OF HIGHER EDUCATION, 1, pp. 334-38; II, pp.33I-36;III,pp. 309-I4, (June, I930, I93I, I932).

Field of study: Education
Cell cycle-specific effects of glucocorticoids on phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes.

Effects of steroid hormones and colchicine on the response of pig lymphocytes to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) were assessed by measurement of [6-3H]thymidine incorporation. At steroid concentrations of 1 microM and below, only glucocorticoids and progesterone inhibited PHA-stimulated [6-3H]thymidine incorporation but at 100 microM inhibition was also produced by oestrogens, androgens and physiologically inactive steroids. Measurement of [6-3H]thymidine incorporation 18-24 hr, 6-12 hr or 0-6 hr after the delayed addition of the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, to PHA-stimulated lymphocytes revealed a succession of alternating phases of sensitivity and insensitivity to the effects of the steroid which suggested that it was acting, perhaps indirectly, in a cell cycle stage-specific manner to arrest the progression of activated lymphocytes from G1 to S. Similar effects were observed with colchicine, but 100 microM 11-epicortisol inhibited [6-3H]thymidine incorporation in a non-cycle-specific manner. Glucocorticoid receptor levels in pig lymphocytes were increased 2-5-fold within 24 hr of PHA stimulation.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
CD40–CD154 interactions between macrophages and natural killer cells during sepsis are critical for macrophage activation and are not interferon gamma dependent

Natural killer (NK) cell interactions with macrophages have been shown to be important during bacterial sepsis in activating macrophages to improve bacterial clearance. The mechanism for this increased activation, however, is unclear. This study determines the relative roles of interferon (IFN)‐γ and CD40/CD154 direct cell interactions on macrophage and NK cell activation in an experimental model of sepsis. Splenic NK cells and peritoneal macrophages were isolated and cultured alone or in coculture, with and without LPS. CD69 expression on NK cells, phagocytosis ability of macrophages, and cell cytokine production was assessed at 24 and 48 h. Coculture of NK cells and macrophages significantly increased activation levels of both cell types, and through experiments culturing NK cells with supernatants from stimulated macrophages and macrophages with supernatants from stimulated NK cells, this activation was determined to be cell‐contact‐dependent. Similar experiments were conducted using NK cells from IFN‐γ deficient (–/–) mice, as well as anti‐IFN‐γ neutralizing antibody. These experiments determined that IFN‐γ is not required for NK or macrophage activation, although it did augment activation levels. Experiments were again repeated using peritoneal macrophages from CD40‐/– mice or splenic NK cells from CD154‐/– mice. CD40/CD154 interactions were important in the ingestion of bacteria by macrophages, but did not affect NK cell activation at 24 h. There was, however, a protective effect of CD40/CD154 interactions on NK cell activation‐induced cell death that occurred at 48 h. CD40/CD154 interactions between macrophages and NK cells are therefore important in macrophage phagocytosis, and are not dependent on IFN‐γ.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Unregulated and illegal fishing by foreign fishing boats in Sri Lankan waters with special reference to bottom trawling in northern Sri Lanka: A critical analysis of the Sri Lankan legislation

Sri Lankan and South Indian fishermen have been using the Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar waters for a long period. Nevertheless, after signing the maritime agreements in 1974 and 1976, Indian fishermen encroaching Sri Lankan waters with the usage of bottom trawlers (banned in Sri Lanka) has been a serious issue (which worsened since the cessation of the ethnic conflict in 2009). This article reviews the legal framework in Sri Lanka addressing illegal fishing methods and operation of foreign fishing boats with suggestions for law reformations. Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act No. 2 of 1996 (as amended) enacted by the Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (DFAR) describes the types of fishing gear (including bottom trawling), fishing methods and harmful material (e.g., usage of explosives) that are prohibited, while describing the penalties for any violations. Fisheries (Regulation of Foreign Fishing Boats) Act No. 59 of 1979 (as amended) also enacted by the DFAR prohibits fishing by foreign boats in Sri Lankan waters (without a permit from the DFAR) with provisions to impose penalties for violations. However, in the Fisheries (Regulations of Foreign Fishing Boats) Act it is not indicated regarding the type of fishing gear, methods and harmful material that are prohibited (with or without any permits), while there is no specific penalty system for usage of banned fishing gear, materials and methods. Hence there is a requirement to reform the existing laws with proper law enforcement and regular monitoring of illegal fishing.

Field of study: Environmental science
A new perspective in health planning: a case of Tianjin

This paper presents a unique set of data on health and housing in Tianjin, China, disaggregated by subdistricts. Data are collected from various bureaus and integrated with a geographical data base. The data are useful for health planners to Identify target subpopulations with poor health, but also for city planners to strengthen planning for infrastructure development according to the priority needs of subpopulation groups. The paper illustrates a method of identifying high-risk areas so that targeting of resources to address priority problems can be more effective and efficient.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Isomeric yield ratios of fission products in the system of 24 MeV proton-induced fission of238U

Isomeric yield ratios of 30 fission products in 24 MeV proton-induced fission of238U were measured by the use of the ion-guide isotope separator on-line. The obtained isomeric yield ratios were converted to the angular momenta of primary fission fragments based on the statistical model. The deduced angular momenta were examined from various aspects. It is found that in general the angular momentum continuously increases with the fragment mass number including the region of symmetric mass division. However, there are some exceptions. For Sn isotopes the deduced angular momenta are quite small due to the spherical shape of the nuclear shell configuration. It is also concluded from the consideration of the charge distribution that the angular momentum of fission product scatters considerably within the narrow range of mass division. The dependence of the angular momentum on the available energy of fragments at scission point indicates that the individual fragment possesses a characteristic deformation at scission and/or the deduced angular momentum is seriously affected by the particle excitation after scission.

Field of study: Physics
Unidata: A Virtual Community Sharing Resources via Technological Infrastructure

In initiating the Unidata Program, scientists hoped to meet common needs for accessing and using atmospheric data in education and research using state-of-the-art technology. As communications technologies have advanced, Unidata has increasingly become a "virtual community" in which participants cooperate, collaborate, and share a variety of resources, including data. The Unidata experience—how it resembles and differs from other concepts of location-independent collaborations—may serve as a model for building and supporting communities of researchers and educators with common needs for data and the tools to use them.

Field of study: Environmental science