nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Business Companies, Institutional Change, and Ecological Sustainability

Among institutional economists, Gunnar Myrdal is cited for his argument that values are always with us in social science research and K. William Kapp for his early study of 'the social costs of private enterprise'. In relation to environmental issues, a corporation could either ignore them following a business as usual strategy, modify its activities or radically reconsider its mission and practice. Models of organizations are discussed such as the Political Economic Organization which opens the door for a serious consideration of how the company can adapt to environmental issues. Environmental Management Systems is presented as a case of institutional change.

Field of study: Economics
How the Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement could undermine PHARMAC and threaten access to affordable medicines and health equity in New Zealand.

New Zealand's Pharmaceutical Management Agency (PHARMAC) has been highly successful in facilitating affordable access to medicines through a combination of aggressive price negotiations, innovative procurement mechanisms, and careful evaluation of value for money. Recently the US government, through the establishment of a series of bilateral and plurilateral "free" trade agreements, has attempted to constrain the pharmaceutical access programs of other countries in order to promote the interests of the pharmaceutical industry. The Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPPA) represents the latest example; through the TPPA the US is seeking to eliminate therapeutic reference pricing, introduce appeals processes for pharmaceutical companies to challenge formulary listing and pricing decisions, and introduce onerous disclosure and "transparency" provisions that facilitate industry involvement in decision-making around coverage and pricing of medicines (and medical devices). This paper argues that the US agenda, if successfully prosecuted, would be likely to increase costs and reduce access to affordable medicines for New Zealanders. This would in turn be likely to exacerbate known inequities in access to medicines and thus disproportionately affect disadvantaged population groups, including Māori and Pacific peoples.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Constraints on carbon accumulation rate and net primary production in the Lopingian (Late Permian) tropical peatland in SW China

article i nfo During the Permian, peatland, as represented in extensive coal deposits, was a major component of the global carbon cycle. Carbon storage in peatland is a balance between decay and net primary production (NPP), which in turn are sensitive to variations in the concentration of atmospheric CO2 and O2. To evaluate peatland carbon storage and NPP during the Lopingian, a period thought to be characterised by higher atmospheric O2 and CO2 than modern levels, spectral analyses of geophysical data from a 15.1 m thick Lopingian (Upper Permian) coal in southwestern China were conducted to define the time frame of temporal carbon accumulation in tropical peatland. The result shows that the mineral matter content (ash yield) of the coal was possibly influenced by 123 ka (eccentricity), 35.6 ka (obliquity) and 21.2 ka (precession) Milankovitch periodicities. Using this timeframe and an understanding of carbon loss during coalification, the Lopingian tropical peatland carbon accumulation rate is calculated to be 61.1-73.0 g C/m 2 /yr which is expected to correspond to a NPP of 611- 1460 g C/m 2 /yr respectively. A comparison between the predicted Pennsylvanian (Late Carboniferous) NPP and modern values indicates that the Permian NPP calculated is consistent with geochemical and paleobotanical models, supporting a proposal that productivity was mainly controlled by temporal atmospheric O2 and CO2 levels.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
A surveillance tool using mobile phone short message service to reduce alcohol consumption among alcohol-dependent patients.

In public health settings, short message service (SMS) appears to be a promising low-cost modality for reducing alcohol consumption. Here, we test a simple interactive SMS-based helpline with detoxified alcohol-dependent patients to extend findings to curative settings.



This controlled, prospective, 2-group before-after block-assignment, open pilot study tested the feasibility and efficacy of an 8-week outpatient interactive mobile phone SMS intervention (n = 42) against treatment as usual (TAU; n = 38) after inpatient detoxification. Patients were asked whether they needed any help via an automatically generated text message twice a week. A therapist called the individual back when notified. Alcohol consumption was assessed using the telephone version of Form-90 4 and 8 weeks after discharge from inpatient detoxification. The primary end point was defined as attaining low-risk consumption (males ≤30 g or 3.75 units per drinking day (DDD); females ≤20 g or 2.5 units per DDD) 8 weeks after discharge. Missing data were replaced by multiple imputation.



Among all messages sent, 20.5% were followed by a phone call. Feasibility and acceptability were good, as indicated by successful implementation of the SMS procedure and the rapid inclusion of patients. Adherence was satisfactory with 57.14% of the participants replying to at least 50% of the prompts. Patients reported a typical preadmission DDD of 281.25 ± 244.61 g. In the SMS group, 55.7% of 42 patients, and 40% of 38 patients in the TAU group, achieved low-risk consumption (risk diff: 0.16; 95% CI -0.06 to 0.37; p = 0.122).



In detoxified alcohol-dependent patients, relapse prevention based on SMS was well received and implemented efficiently and rapidly. An adequately powered multicenter study is currently being conducted to test the nonsignificant but encouraging findings of this exploratory study with more rigorous trial methods (ISRCTN78350716).

Field of study: Medicine
Absorption coefficient of electron cyclotron radiation in a plasma in the temperature range 5-20 keV

The coefficient of cyclotron absorption in a finite-density Maxwellian plasma is evaluated both analytically and numerically for temperatures and harmonic numbers requiring the finite electron gyro radius to be taken into account to terms of order higher than the lowest significant one commonly used. A comparison is made with results obtained to lowest signficant order and an exponential approximation is proposed which provides a good fit for a fairly wide range of temperatures and harmonic numbers. The emphasis of the numerical analysis is on the case of waves propagating perpendicularly to the magnetic field.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Did the expansion of C4 plants drive extinction and massive range contraction of micromammals? Inferences from food preference and historical biogeography of pikas

The expansion of C-4 plants is thought to have profound effects on the faunal turnover of large mammals during the latest Miocene. However, it is unclear whether this event also induced extinction and range contraction of small mammals. Pikas (Ochotonidae) are highly adapted to arctic or alpine environments, and are considered ideal indicators in biochronology. Previous studies have demonstrated that large numbers of ochotonides were widely geographically distributed in the middle Miocene, although most went extinct in the late Miocene. It is uncertain whether their extinction was induced by the accelerated expansion of C-4 plants. A comprehensive review of the worldwide fossil occurrence in Ochotonidae and a detailed analysis of its historical biogeography are also lacking. Here, we categorize plants that are selected by extant pikas for food and hay piles according to their photosynthesis pathway. Fossil records of Ochotonidae are also reviewed. The divergence time within Ochotona is estimated using multiple fossil calibrators and the combined matrix of two mitochondrial genes. We also infer the historical biogeography of Ochotona using event based methods (S-DIVA, Bayes-DIVA and Maximum Parsimony). The expansion of C-4 plants in the late Miocene may have resulted in the extinction and range contraction of pikas. This hypothesis is supported by the prominent preference of C-3 plants in extant pikas. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is identified as the most likely ancestral center or origin of extant Ochotona. Evolution of the pikas' geographical range shows a strong concordance with the global climate and paleoecological change. Their historical extinction and recent range contraction, as well as future survival prospects, appear to be closely associated with climate-driven vegetation changes in their habitats.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
The Perception of Teachers and Adults Students on Religious Classes for Adults in Negara Brunei Darussalam

The study into “The Perception of Teachers and Adult Students on Religious Classes for Adults (RCA) in Negara Brunei Darussalam” aims at finding out the extent of teachers’ and students’ insights on the establishment of the class -RCA itself, its curriculum, the teaching and learning approach. This study has yielded many promising research findings that can help clarify the significance of the RCA in providing the society with invaluable opportunities as well as a place for them to gain religious knowledge. Both teachers and students in the study believe that it would be more effective for the RCA to be promulgated to the society by means of the mass media. Moreover, the study shows that the majority of the respondents (especially the students) agree that the subjects, the curriculum and the textbooks, which are currently taught and used by the teachers, are pertinent to the respondents’ basic needs. Further, both students and teachers in the study also believe that the primary focus of the teaching and learning process in the RCA is on the understanding and mastery of fundamental religious matters. The respondents in this study comprise of 26 teachers from Brunei and Muara, Tutong and Belait Districts, and 140 adult students from Brunei and Muara District. This study is conducted by means of a questionnaire and interviews to all the concerned respondents. The collected data are analysed in two ways: by applying qualitative analysis on the recorded interview data and quantitative analysis for the questionnaire.  Religious Classes for Adults (

Field of study: Education
High light accelerated tobacco leaf senescence:changes in H_2O_2 metabolism and enzyme activities

The possible role of H2O2 metabolism in high light-regulated senescence of tobacco(Nicotiana rustica L.,Gansu yellow flower) leaves was investigated.High light(PFD 630 μmol·m-2·s-1) accelerated leaf senescence with higher protein and chlorophyll decrease rates but at the same time caused more H2O2 accumulation than that of normal light(PFD 270 μmol·m-2·s-1).High light treatment resulted in distinct lower catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities and higher superoxide dismutase activities than that of normal light after leaf reached full expansion.Leaf peroxidase activities kept rising under high light until the oldest leaf.The results obtained suggest that the accelerated leaf senescence by high light is closely related to the changed H2O2 metabolism by catalase and ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase after leaf reached full expansion.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Delay aware energy-efficient opportunistic node selection in restricted routing

Mobile sink can implicitly provide uniform energy consumption across sensor networks and load-balanced data delivery by alleviating the sensor data disruptions and hotspot problems. Advertisement of mobile sink's current position in ring routing introduces control packet overhead in terms of energy consumption and leads to shorter network lifetime. In order to minimize this overhead, we have exploited the functionality of ring nodes rather than anchor nodes for the advertisement of mobile sink's current position and forwarding the aggregated data towards mobile sink. In this paper, we propose a novel, distributed, Delay Aware and Energy-Efficient Opportunistic Node Selection in Restricted Routing (DA-EEORR) protocol, suitable for delay-sensitive applications. Based on asynchronous working-sleeping cycle of sensor nodes, our proposed scheme utilizes the concept of opportunistic connection random graph in ring routing for selection of next-hop using optimal link and path connectivity in restricted search space. Our simulation results reveal that proposed scheme outperforms the existing benchmarks i.e., hierarchical mobile sink routing schemes in terms of control packet overhead, network lifetime, energy consumption and packet delivery ratio.

Field of study: Computer science
Adiabatic loading of one-dimensional SU(N) alkaline-earth-atom fermions in optical lattices.

Ultracold fermionic alkaline earth atoms confined in optical lattices realize Hubbard models with internal SU(N) symmetries, where N can be as large as ten. Such systems are expected to harbor exotic magnetic physics at temperatures below the superexchange energy scale. Employing quantum Monte Carlo simulations to access the low-temperature regime of one-dimensional chains, we show that after adiabatically loading a weakly interacting gas into the strongly interacting regime of an optical lattice, the final temperature decreases with increasing N. Furthermore, we estimate the temperature scale required to probe correlations associated with low-temperature SU(N) magnetism. Our findings are encouraging for the exploration of exotic large-N magnetic states in ongoing experiments.

Field of study: Physics
Quantum noise, detailed balance and Kubo formula in nonequilibrium quantum systems

Current quantum noise can be pictured as a sum over transitions through which the electronic system exchanges energy with its environment. We formulate this picture and use it to show which type of current correlators are measurable, and in what measurement the zero point fluctuations will play a role (the answer to the latter is as expected: only if the detector excites the system.) Using the above picture, we calculate and give physical interpretation of the finite-frequency finite-temperature current noise in a noninteracting Landauer-type system, where the chemical potentials of terminals 1 and 2 are $\mu+eV/2$ and $\mu-eV/2$ respectively, and derive a detailed-balance condition for this nonequilibrium system. Finally, we derive a generalized form of the Kubo formula for a wide class of interacting nonequilibrium systems, relating the differential conductivity to the current noise.

Field of study: Physics
Insulin resistance in chronic uremia.

Insulin resistance often characterizes chronic uremia, and is associated with enhanced morbidity and mortality, because it may contribute to protein-energy wasting (in turn, an independent predictor of reduced survival), atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular death. Causes of insulin resistance in chronic uremia are complex and multifactorial. Obesity is emerging as an independent risk factor for chronic kidney disease, and an expected rise in number of obese uremic patients because of the ongoing worldwide obesity epidemic is likely to increase the prevalence of insulin resistance in chronic uremia in the near future. Similar to the general population, reported associations between obesity and insulin resistance in chronic uremia support a role of adipose tissue and altered adipokine profiles in insulin resistance in obese chronic kidney disease patients. Hormonal imbalances, chronic acidosis, and systemic inflammation and oxidative stress are uremia-associated relevant causes of insulin resistance in nonobese individuals. A further understanding of the causes of insulin resistance in chronic uremia represents a potential important tool in the design of more effective therapeutic strategies to reduce uremia-associated morbidity and mortality.

Field of study: Medicine
Prolegomena for the Connotation of Construct Use in the Measurement of Ethnic and Racial Identity.

There is considerable confusion about ethnic and racial identity, multicultural constructs, and the tools available to assess them. The conceptualization and measurement of the constructs in the field also are complicated by the increasing observation that human beings have multiple, intertwined identities that influence one another in ways that are not fully understood. Measurement problems are compounded by the growing popularity of identity to the extent that theory, construct clarity, and appropriate statistical analyses are ignored. The problems could influence counselors who are confronted with their client's identity distortions and confusions. To work through a client's uncertainty about his or her identity, counselors should understand the origins of identity constructs and how the client frames his or her identity problems and confusion. Given the state of pandemonium in ethnic and racial identity, it is essential that considerations are given to the historical developments of the constructs and what they mean for contemporary research and development.

Field of study: Psychology
Association of Rare Recurrent Copy Number Variants With Congenital Heart Defects Based on Next-Generation Sequencing Data From Family Trios

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are a common birth defect, affecting approximately 1% of newborn children in the United States. As previously reported, a significant number of CHDs are potentially attributed to altered copy number variants (CNVs). However, as many genomic variants are rare, a large-scale CNV triad study is necessary to characterize the genetic architecture of CHD. We used whole-exome sequencing (WES) data generated by the Pediatric Cardiac Genomics Consortium (PCGC), including a discovery dataset of 2,103 individuals from 760 nuclear family trios and an independent replication set of 4,808 individuals from 1,712 trios. The candidate targets uncovered were further validated through different platforms, including the Omni single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array chip in 1,860 individuals and the whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data in 33 trios. The genes harboring CNVs of interest were then investigated for expression alternations based on cardiac tissue RNA-Seq data. We identified multiple CNVs in the WES data that associated with specific sub-phenotypes of CHD in approximately 2,400 families, including 98 de novo CNV regions. We identified five CNV loci harboring LIMS1, GCC2, RANBP2, TTC3, and MAP3K7CL, respectively, where those genes are highly expressed in human heart and/or mouse embryo heart at 15 days. Five novel CNV loci were uncovered, demonstrating altered expression of the respective candidate genes involved. To our knowledge, this is the largest trio-based WES study of CHD and, in addition to uncovering novel CHD targets, presents an extensive resource with the potential to provide important insights to the architecture and impact of CNVs in CHD.

Field of study: Biology
Low-spin states of153Gd observed in the decay of153Tb

Level structure of the 89-neutron nucleus153Gd has been investigated by studying theEC-decay of isotope-separated153Tb sources with several semiconductor detectors. In addition to singles gamma and electron spectra,γ-γ ande−-γ coincidences were investigated by using Ge(Li) and Si(Li) spectrometers and a high-capacity two-parameter recording system. In all, 191γ-rays are assigned to the decay of the 2.4d153Tb. The proposed level scheme of153Gd containing most of the observed transitions shows a very high density of low-spin states (45 states below 1.5MeV). Spin and/or parity assignments based mainly on coincidence data and measured transition multipolarities are proposed for a majority of these states. Nilsson model classifications of some levels are discussed. On the basis of logf t values the spin and parity of the ground state of153Tb are suggested to be 3/2+ or 5/2+.

Field of study: Physics
The contributions of paradata and features of respondents, interviewers and survey agencies to panel co-operation in the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe.

This paper deals with panel cooperation in a cross-national, fully harmonized face-to-face survey. Our outcome of interest is panel cooperation in the fourth wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Following a multilevel approach, we focus on the contribution of paradata at three different levels: fieldwork strategies at the survey agency level, features of the (current) interviewer and paradata describing respondent interview experience from the previous wave. Our results highlight the importance of respondent's prior interview experience, and of interviewer's quality of work and experience. We also find that survey agency practice matters: daily communication between fieldwork coordinators and interviewers is positively associated with panel cooperation.

Field of study: Mathematics
Study of One-class Support Vector Machines for Outlier Detection

Outliers are objects that do not comply with the general behavior of the data.In order to detect outliers,One-Class SVM(support vector machine) computes a hyperplane in feature space which has maximal margin to the origin.But the FPR(false positive rate) is always high and the parameters will directly affect the result.So we combine the unsupervised One-class SVM with a supervised method,propose a new model for detecting outliers which make use of ROC(receiver operating characteristic) analysis.The optimum parameters are automatically searched in limited scope,and then lead to the detection decision fucntion after adjusting the threshold.Experiment results show that the method is simple,effective and easy to use.

Field of study: Computer science
Hall Probe Based System for Study of AC Transport Current Distribution in YBCO Coated Conductors at Frequencies Up to 700 Hz

The distributions of dc transport current in a copper stabilized mono-core YBCO coated conductor sample were compared with that of sinusoidal ac transport current, i(t) = I0ldrsin(omegat), with frequencies up to 700 Hz. The current distribution was determined from the measurement of the magnetic field produced by the transport current using a small active area Hall probe. The ac magnetic field component perpendicular to the surface of the tape was measured to determine its variation across the tape. A triggering data acquisition (DAQ) system, which had a capability of sampling frequency of up to 200 kHz, based on DAQ measuring cards was used. The current distribution at various phases within one ac transport current cycle for different frequency was studied. The change in frequency from ~0 Hz up to 40 Hz had only a minor effect on the current distribution at any of the studied phases and the current distribution is practically the same as the one in dc regime.

Field of study: Physics
Application of Vibration in Plastic Forming Processes

Vibration plastic forming is a technology that vibration is superimposed on dies or billet with some kind of apparatus during metal forming process. Using the technology,the friction between billet and dies would reduce,the deformation ability of metal would improve and the good results could be obtained. The research on vibration plastic forming and application of ultrasonic vibration in drawing and stamping are reviewed.

Field of study: Materials science