nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Atomistic Tight-Binding Theory Applied to Structural and Optical Properties of Silicon Nanodisks

The use of ultrathin crystalline silicon (c-Si) wafers in solar cells necessitates a highly effective light absorber to compensate for poor light absorption. One route to overcoming this problem is to use a periodic array of Si nanodisks on ultrathin c-Si. In the present manuscript, we numerically investigate the effects of the geometrical parameters of the Si nanodisks, including disk diameter (D) and length (L), on the structural and optical properties, using atomistic tight-binding theory. These computations confirm that the electronic structure and optical properties are sensitive to the structural parameters. As the disk diameter and length increase, the single-electron energies decrease, and the single-hole energies increase. These calculations also reveal that, because of the quantum confinement effect, the optical band gaps gradually decrease independently of the increasing disk diameter and length. The optical spectra can be tuned across the visible region by varying the disk diameter and length, which is a useful feature for optimizing light absorption in solar cell applications. As the disk diameter and length increased, the optical intensities also increased; however, the atomistic electron–hole interactions and ground electron–hole wave function overlap progressively decreased. The ground electron–hole wave function overlap, Stokes shift, and fine structure splitting decreased as the disk diameter and length were increased. Thus, Si nanodisks with a large diameter and length might be a suitable candidate source of entangled photons. The Si nanodisks in this study also show promise for applications to solar cells based on ultrathin c-Si wafers.

Field of study: Materials science
Design Study of 13&#8211;16 T$rm Nb_3rm Sn$Accelerator Dipole Based on Shell-Type Coils

This paper presents results of design studies of high-field dipole magnets based on Nb3Sn shell-type coils performed to explore the possibilities and limitations of Nb3Sn accelerator magnets. To achieve the maximum bore field of 13-16 T, 3- and 4-layer coils were used. The coil design concepts, conductor parameters, results of magnetic and mechanical analysis are presented and discussed. Different conductor grading techniques are described and compared. An innovative design of a 3-layer coil without interlayer splices is described

Field of study: Physics
The Hillabee Greenstone: A mafic volcanic complex in the Appalachian Piedmont of Alabama

The Hillabee Greenstone is a distinctive horizon of low metamorphic grade rocks which occurs along the southeastern margin of the Talladega Slate Belt and crops out discontinuously for 170 km in the Appalachian Piedmont of eastern Alabama. It is bounded above and to the southeast by a major thrust fault, the Hollins Line fault, which has emplaced the high metamorphic grade, predominantly metasedimentary Ashland-Wedowee sequences, above the Hillabee. The fault cuts obliquely through the Hillabee along strike so that at some localities the Hillabee is as much as 2.6 km thick, while elsewhere it has been eliminated and the high-grade Ashland-Wedowee rocks are juxtaposed with the low-grade Talladega Group metasediments which occur to the northwest. The fault, which has a dip-slip movement on the order of tens of kilometres, has resulted in the tectonic removal of an unknown amount of the Hillabee. The lower Hillabee contact appears to be a gradational, conformable stratigraphic contact with the Talladega Group. Primary- and secondary-facing criteria imply that the southeastern portion of the Talladega Group, which is Early to Middle Devonian in its uppermost part, is upright and that the Hillabee occurs stratigraphically above it. The majority of the Hillabee lithologies are mafic phyllites and greenstones which have major- and trace-element characteristics of low-potassium tholeiite and basaltic andesite. Meta-quartz dacites compose as much as 15% of the sequence. Geochemical discrimination techniques in association with regional stratigraphic and structural relationships suggest that the Hillabee Greenstone represents an active continental margin (arc) volcanic sequence which spread northwestward during the Early to Middle Devonian. This volcanism probably occurred in response to the westward under-thrusting of an attenuated proto-North American continental margin by oceanic lithosphere, and resulted in closure of a back arc basin or small ocean basin. The volcanism was followed rapidly by regional dynamothermal events probably associated with Acadian orogenesis.

Field of study: Geology
A Prospective Study of Laparoscopic Appendicectomy for the Treatment of Acute Appendicitis

To study the efficacy, safety and clinical outcome of patients undergoing laparoscopic appendicectomy in the treatment of acutely inflamed appendix.  Laparoscopic Appendicectomy is used as day to day procedure for acute appendicitis. Case study of 42 patients undergoing laparoscopic appendicectomy is studied in prospective data analysing duration of intraoperative time, complications during surgery, after surgery complications, time until resumption of orals, joining back to work, postoperative debility and length of hospital admission.  Total 42 patients underwent laparoscopic appendectomy 21 were male and 21 were female with the mean age of patient undergoing laparoscopic appendicectomy was 26.66 years. Pain in abdomen was most common symptom followed by nausea. All patients were discharged at around second day.  Laparoscopic appendicectomy patients were admitted for lesser duration and their post operative pain was of less intensity. Patients of laparoscopic appendicectomy were started oral diet earlier.

Field of study: Medicine
Paul C. Allen, Philip III and the Pax Hispanica, 1598-1621: The Failure of Grand Strategy. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000. xvi + 244 pp. $35. ISBN: 0-300-07682-7.

Many choice historical observations arise from Truman's careful textual research, especially concerning the Inquisition. For instance, Joan Costa, writing in the 1580s while Professor of Rhetoric in Salamanca, suggests that there was no regular Inquisitorial inspection of bookshops, despite stringent legal mandates (148). And Truman's close attention to Inquisitorial censorship yields a fascinating description of how censors could dutifully delete the name of a proscribed author from a text while leaving untouched the expression of that same author's ideas (181-82). More details like these, and Truman's abundant citations, will be of great interest to scholars od early modern Spain. KATHERINE VAN LIERE Calvin College

Field of study: History
The Integrated Territorial Investment (ITI) of the Mar Menor as a model for the future in the comprehensive management of enclosed coastal seas

The Mar Menor, a coastal lagoon in south-eastern Spain of high environmental value and protected by the Natura 2000 network, suffered an intense phenomenon of eutrophication in 2015. This phenomenon generated a change of colour and important increase in the turbidity of its waters, which caused the loss of 85% of its marine vegetal cover in 2016 and great social alarm. The various regulations and tools of environmental protection that exist have not worked properly to avoid the anthropization of this enclosed coastal sea, which is subjected to a varied catalogue of human activities that encompass mass tourism, agriculture, mining, fishing or the important presence of ports and infrastructures, among others. In this context, the Integrated Territorial Investment (ITI) of the Mar Menor is put in place as an innovative model of integrated strategy for coastal zone management (ICZM) to overcome the shortcomings of previous management systems. This paper analyzes the process to implement this new model of comprehensive governance in the Mar Menor. The work is based on the use of participatory mechanisms for collaboration with stakeholders, in order to reach an integrated diagnosis and propose comprehensive solutions that involve all actors related to the current situation. The model performs the socio-ecological system of the Mar Menor (SESMM) that physically surpasses the geographic surface of the lagoon managed by traditional environmental tools. In this way, four different areas of influence of the lagoon are diagnosed and integrated into a sectoral action plan with the help of GIS tools in a process called "GIS participatory mapping”. The analysis carried out shows how the origin of the lagoon's main problems often lie many kilometres away from the lagoon itself and thus the situation needs to be addressed from a multidisciplinary perspective to find effective solutions. The results will help us set up a new management framework to achieve the recovery of the lagoon and sustainable future cohabitation among the existing activities. The approach taken (which can be easily exported to other coastal areas with complex environmental problems associated with diffuse anthropization) shows the importance of proposing analysis methodologies that are capable of involving all stakeholders to achieve sustainable solutions over time.

Field of study: Environmental science
Construction of a mutant strain of Streptococcus mutans with clpC-deletion to study the role of clpC gene in genetic competence

To construct a mutant strain of Streptococcus mutans (S.mutans) with clpC-deletion and to investigate the role of clpC gene in genetic competence. 
 
 
 
The fragment of clpC gene and the kanamycin resistant cassette flanked by two loxP sites were amplified by PCR. The purified fragment of clpC gene was cloned into pMD-19T simple vector to construct pCKX1. The pCKX1 vector was digested with ClaⅠ/EcoRⅠ, then blunted and introduced into lox71-KMR-lox66 to obtain pCKX2 vector via homologous recombination. The pCKX2 vector was linearized with SalⅠ and transformed into S. mutans UA159 strain. The positive strains constructed via homologous recombination were screened with kanamycin and transformed with the thermosensitive plasmid pCrePA. The KMR cassette was excised after incubating at 30℃ for 48 hours. Then the pCrePA plasmid was removed after overnight incubating at 37℃ for the preparation of clpC-deletion mutant. Total RNA were extracted from the S. mutans UA159 strain and the clpC-deletion mutant strain respectively, and then reverse transcribed into first strand cDNA. The target gene fragments were amplified by RT-PCR and analyzed by the agarose gel electrophoresis and sequencing. After being verified by PCR and sequencing, the S. mutans UA159 strain and the clpC-deletion mutant strain were respectively transformed with E. coli-S.mutans shuttle vector pDL276 to observe the competence development induced by the competence-stimulating peptide (CSP). 
 
 
 
The PCR and sequencing results showed that the pCKX2 vector and the mutant strain with clpC-deletion were constructed successfully via homologous recombination. No clpC gene was detected in the clpC-deletion mutant as indicated by RT-PCR analysis. The formation of competent clpC-deletion mutant was delayed and the competence state was prolonged as compared with its parent strains. 
 
 
 
The clpC gene negatively regulated the formation of competent S. mutans. 
 
 
 
Streptococcus mutans; Competence; clpC; Cre/loxP

Field of study: Biology
Estimating Time-Varying Sparse Signals Under Communication Constraints

In this correspondence, we consider reconstruction of time-varying sparse signals in a sensor network with communication constraints. In each time interval, the fusion center transmits the predicted signal estimate and its corresponding error covariance to a selected subset of sensors. The selected sensors compute quantized innovations and transmit them to the fusion center. We present algorithms for sparse signal estimation in the described scenario, analyze their complexity, and demonstrate their near-optimal performance even in the case where sensors transmit a single bit (i.e., the sign of innovation) to the fusion center.

Field of study: Engineering
Research on the Design of High Definition Video Wireless Transfers System Based on Linux

Expounds the acquisition and compress process of the high definition video based on the ARM Cortex-M3 and AT2061, accomplishes the high definition video signals transferring process through the CDMA wireless network. Clips the Linux system for this project, and improves the real-time processing ability of the system, gets the high definition video trans-fers result after the compression of the original signals.

Field of study: Computer science
Nanopore Analytical Chemistry

There is a plenty of biological nano-scale devices in nature,such as ion channels and protein pores,which inspired people to design and fabricate biomimetic systems(solid-state,hybrid nanopores and nano-channels) for analytical and sensing applications.Nanopore Analytical Chemistry designed based on these nano-devices are important for biosensors,nanofluidic devices,molecular filtration,synthetic biology,detection of single molecules and DNA sequence.In this paper,the history,classification,fundamental,applications and respects of nanopore analytical chemistry,especially recent advances of nanopore applications in DNA sequence and detection of proteins have been reviewed.

Field of study: Chemistry
Possibilities for intervention in adolescents' and young adults' depression from a public health perspective.

When considering measures to decrease the burden of disease that is caused by depression, depressive disorders of adolescents and young adults are of increasing interest. The prevalence of depressive disorders in adolescents and young adults is high. The probable increases in prevalence affect predominantly young people and their prognosis is particularly bad. This review discusses the potentials to influence the burden of disease through interventions such as therapy, including measures to detect persons at risk early, selective and universal prevention, and health promotion for adolescents and young adults. It considers the available evidence for the effectiveness of these interventions on the public health level. In addition, the suitability of implementation and ethical considerations are discussed. As a conclusion, health policy in its aim to reduce the burden of depressive disease should focus on increasing treatment rates and improving the efficiency of treatment in adolescents and young adults as well for depression as for other mental disease that has high co-morbidity with depression. In addition, the focus should be set on indicated prevention for children of depressed parents and--for health promotion reasons--on policies that impact on living-conditions of families.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
A Component Testing System Simulation (CTSS) method for characterising solar air-conditioner performance

Solar desiccant air-conditioning is an emerging technology that offers the promise of reducing reliance on grid connected electricity for providing comfort air-conditioning. Development of a method of assessing the seasonal energy savings of these devices would enable a fair comparison with alternative devices. This could be used in policy support mechanisms to assist industry growth. Here we describe the application of the Component Testing System Simulation method to predict the energy savings of solar air-conditioners using the same approach as that applied successfully in the Australian solar hot water industry. The CTSS approach is made possible by the development of a new simplified generic model of the desiccant air-conditioner component. The performance of the generic model is evaluated for five different air-conditioner designs. The results suggest that the approach is valid for estimating the annual energy savings. The method will be documented in a provisional Australian Standard to be released in 2013.

Field of study: Engineering
Robert Goulding.Defending Hypatia: Ramus, Savile, and the Renaissance Rediscovery of Mathematical History. Archimedes, New Studies in the History of Science and Technology 25. Berlin: Springer, 2010. xx + 201 pp. index. append. illus. tbls. bibl. $139. ISBN: 978–90–481–3541–7.


Field of study: History
Co-occurring woody species have diverse hydraulic strategies and mortality rates during an extreme drought.

From 2011 to 2013, Texas experienced its worst drought in recorded history. This event provided a unique natural experiment to assess species-specific responses to extreme drought and mortality of four co-occurring woody species: Quercus fusiformis, Diospyros texana, Prosopis glandulosa, and Juniperus ashei. We examined hypothesized mechanisms that could promote these species' diverse mortality patterns using postdrought measurements on surviving trees coupled to retrospective process modelling. The species exhibited a wide range of gas exchange responses, hydraulic strategies, and mortality rates. Multiple proposed indices of mortality mechanisms were inconsistent with the observed mortality patterns across species, including measures of the degree of iso/anisohydry, photosynthesis, carbohydrate depletion, and hydraulic safety margins. Large losses of spring and summer whole-tree conductance (driven by belowground losses of conductance) and shallower rooting depths were associated with species that exhibited greater mortality. Based on this retrospective analysis, we suggest that species more vulnerable to drought were more likely to have succumbed to hydraulic failure belowground.

Field of study: Environmental science
Determinants of College Success

N 1937-38 the Committee on Student Organizations of the faculty of the University of New Hampshire surveyed the recreational and social life of the entire student body. The results of this study raised many questions in regard to factors promoting academic success and personal development. The committee, therefore, undertook in 1938-39 a more complete survey of the freshman class entering in the fall of 1938 to secure material that would aid in determining University policy. The University of New Hampshire is a state university with an enrollment of about fourteen hundred men and six hundred women. The activities of the University and of the town of Durham in which it is located are coterminous. About half of the student body are from communities with populations of five thousand or less and live within fifty miles of the University. Sixty per cent live in University dormitories, about thirty per cent in fraternity and sorority houses, and the remainder in private homes and in independent establishments. Members of the freshman class of I938-39 came from secondary schools with enrollments ranging from nineteen to nine thousand. The median group, comprising in this report 46 per cent of the class, are graduates of schools with enrollments of one hundred and sixty to eight hundred and fifty students. The information for the 1937-38 survey was obtained from an unsigned questionnaire. This questionnaire included personnel data covering such points as campus residence, academic program, and paid employment. It also included information on student participation in unorganized social activities and in campus organizations. Eighty per cent of the student body returned questionnaires. The information for the survey of Freshmen entering in 1938 was obtained from the following sources: the high-school or preparatory-school record, academic record for the first semester, freshman test scores, expectancy performance as later defined, ratings on social development, and a questionnaire answered by the students. The material needed for the second, third, and fourth classifications was obtained from the registrar's records. A student's rating in regard to social development represents an appraisal by the faculty adviser and by two or more persons acquainted with the student.

Field of study: Education
Interferon-beta induces the development of type 2 dendritic cells.

Suppression of interleukin 12 (IL-12) production by dendritic cells (DCs) has been hypothesized to be a principal mechanism underlying the biological action of interferon (IFN)-beta used for treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system with possible autoimmune origin.  This finding represents a novel mechanism for action of IFN-beta in MS.

Field of study: Medicine
Neue spektroskopische Untersuchungen von Bindungen in Organosiliciumverbindungen

In den vergangeneu Jahren wurden zahlreiche spektroskopische Untersuchungen an Organasiliciumverbindungen durchgeführt. Im Folgenden soll eine Auswahl aus unseren Beiträgen der letzten Zeit gegeben werden, die sich im wesentlichen mit dem Einfluß von Substituenten und Lösungsmitteln auf die spektroskopischen Meßgrößen (IRund Raman-Wellenzahlen und Intensitäten, chemische Verschiebungen in der Kernresonanz) beschäftigen. Hierbei wurden unter anderem einige Cyclosiloxane untersucht. Hierauf soll im zweiten Teil etwas näher eingegangen werden. Die Infrarotaufnahmen wurden mit dem UR 10 des VEB Carl Zeissjena (KBr-, NaClund LiF -Prisma) durchgeführt. Die Wellenzahlgenauigkeit betrug nach entsprechender Eichung ± 1 cm-1. Die absoluten integralen Infrarotintensitäteil wurden nach der Methode III von Ramsayl ermittelt. Die absolute Genauigkeit der Werte beträgt etwa ± 10 Prozent, die relative Genauigkeit etwa ±4 Prozent. Als Intensitätseinheit verwenden wir aus praktischen Gründen 1041 Mol-I cm-2. Die Raman-Spektren wurden zum Teil einem photoelektrisch registrierenden Hilger-Gerät E 612, zum Teil mit einem Cary-81-Raman-Spektrometer gemessen. Für das zuerst genannte Instrument fanden wir eine Wellenzahlgenauigkeit von ±3 cm -1, für das zweite eine solche von ± 1 cm -1. Die Ramanintensitäten werden als relative Streukoeffizienten S bezogen auf LI v = 459 cm-1 von CCl4 angegeben. Zur Ermittlung von S vergleiche2. Die relative Genauigkeit war bei Einsatz des Hilger-Instrumentes ungefähr ± 10 Prozent, bei Einsatz des Cary-Gerätes ungefähr ±4 Prozent. Die Kernresonanzspektren wurden mit dem Gerät JNM-3H-60 (Japan Electron Optics Labaratory Co. Ltd.) bei 60 MHz aufgenommen. Als innerer Standard wurde (CHa)4Si benutzt. Die Substanzen wurden von uns hergestellt und nach den einschlägigen Methoden zumeist mit Hilfe der Gaschromatographie analytisch kontrolliert.

Field of study: Chemistry
A three dimensional investigation of two dimensional orbits

Orbits in the principal planes of triaxial potentials are known to be prone to unstable motion normal to those planes, so that three dimensional investigations of those orbits are needed even though they are two dimensional. We present here an investigation of such orbits in the well known logarithmic potential which shows that the third dimension must be taken into account when studying them and that the instability worsens for lower values of the forces normal to the plane. Partially chaotic orbits are present around resonances, but also in other regions. The action normal to the plane seems to be related to the isolating integral that distinguishes regular from partially chaotic orbits, but not to the integral that distinguishes partially from fully chaotic orbits.

Field of study: Physics
meeting summary: A Workshop on the MJO and ENSO

A workshop was held 15–17 March 2000 to discuss the possibility that the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) interacts with El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The workshop explored a number of topics related to the MJO–ENSO problem, proposed a set of competing hypotheses, and made recommendations for future studies on this issue.

Field of study: Environmental science