nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Barriers and facilitators to seniors' independence. Perceptions of seniors, caregivers, and health care providers.

To identify barriers and facilitators to independence as perceived by seniors with chronic health problems and their caregivers. In particular, researchers sought insights into seniors' experience of medical, home-based, and public health services.



This study used the qualitative method of focus groups.



London, Ont, and surrounding area.



Seniors with chronic health problems and informal and formal caregivers were purposefully selected to participate.



Seven focus groups composed of seniors, informal caregivers, and health care providers representing each of the three primary care areas (medical, home-based, and public health) explored the barriers and facilitators to seniors' independence.



Four main themes characterized the barriers and facilitators to seniors' independence: attitudes and attributes, service accessibility, communication and coordination, and continuity of care.



Knowledge of barriers and facilitators to seniors' independence in the context of the health care system provides insight into how seniors can be empowered to remain independent. Health care providers need to communicate better, to foster more positive attitudes toward aging, and to participate in refining service access, coordination of services, and continuity of care.

Field of study: Medicine
Characterization and COD fractionation of domestic wastewaters.

Results of a comprehensive study are reported for wastewater characterization in relation to modelling and design of biological nutrient removal systems for the Metropolitan Area of Istanbul. Domestic sewage quality was experimentally assessed in terms of major polluting parameters. Size distribution and calculation of significant ratios such as BOD5:COD and COD:N were used to evaluate the merit of candidate physical, chemical and biological treatment alternatives. COD fractionation was effected to assess biological treatability and to yield the necessary process components to the recent modelling approaches.

Field of study: Environmental science
Accuracy of the Five-Factor Model in Predicting Perceptions of Daily Social Interactions

The present study examined whether individuals' personality ratings on dimensions of the five-factor model (i.e., extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, openness to experience, and conscientiousness) predicted their immediate perceptions of themselves and others during daily social interactions. Participants completed personality measures at an initial session and recorded and evaluated their interactions over a 1-week period. Participants' immediate perceptions were predicted strongly by their extraversion scores, moderately by their agreeableness and neuroticism scores, and only weakly by their openness to experience score. These findings suggest that at least three of the five factors accurately represent individuals' thoughts and feelings during their daily lives.

Field of study: Psychology
In vitro models for the evaluation of angiogenic potential in bone engineering

Blood vessels have a fundamental role both in skeletal homeostasis and in bone repair. Angiogenesis is also important for a successful bone engineering. Therefore, scaffolds should be tested for their ability to favour endothelial cell adhesion, proliferation and functions. The type of endothelial cell to use for in vitro assays should be carefully considered, because the properties of these cells may depend on their source. Morphological and functional relationships between endothelial cells and osteoblasts are evaluated with co-cultures, but this model should still be standardized, particularly for distinguishing the two cell types. Platelet-rich plasma and recombinant growth factors may be useful for stimulating angiogenesis.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Recent studies in metal-cyclopentadienyl and metal-arene chemistry

The formation, chemical reactivity, and spectral properties of a variety of new ,r-bonded and G-bonded organic derivatives of the transition metals are described. The Effective Atomic Number (E.A.N.) Rule predicts the existence of an isoelectronic series of mixed 'sandwich' complexes which contain a cyclo-pentadienyl ring and carbocyclic rings of varying sizes. Bis(it-cyclopenta-dienyl)iron or ferrocene (III) was the first member of this series to be discovered , and

Field of study: Chemistry
Evaluating board level solder interconnects reliability using vibration test methods

In this paper, three types of accelerated test methods based on vibration loadings are conducted and compared for board level mechanical reliability evaluation. The first type is fixed frequency sine vibration. The second type is swept sine vibration within a narrow-band of frequency. And the third type is swept random vibration within a narrow-band of frequency. The PCB responses were recorded using a high speed strain data acquisition system. The eigenfrequency of test boards were obtained with the FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) of the strain data of the PCBs during vibration. The PCBs' responses under different tests are compared. The failure processes were monitored and characterized. Results show that the vibrating amplitude is highly dependent upon the frequency ratio. The variation of PCBs’ eigenfrequency may cause the difference of loading amplitudes for fixed frequency vibration, which reduced the repeatability and comparability. The other two vibration methods within a narrow-band frequency could eliminate the influence from the frequency variation of the test boards. The differences of these methods are the loading density and repetitions. The failure processes of the three types of test methods are similar. Four failure stages were found from collected failure data. Weibull plot results show the characteristic life of the solder interconnects which are verified with loading repetition.

Field of study: Engineering
SMT-based Cube Attack on Simeck32/64

Satisfiability modulo theories or SMT can be stated as a generalization of Boolean satisfiability problem or SAT. The core idea behind the introduction of SMT solvers is to reduce the complexity through providing more information about the problem environment. In this paper, we take advantage of a similar idea and feed the SMT solver itself, by extra information provided through middle state Cube characteristics, to introduce a new method which we call SMT-based Cube Attack, and apply it to improve the success of the solver in attacking reduced-round versions of the Simeck32/64 lightweight block cipher. We first propose a new algorithm to find cubes with most number of middle state characteristics. Then, we apply these obtained cubes and their characteristics as extra information in the SMT definition of the cryptanalysis problem, to evaluate its effectiveness. Our cryptanalysis results in a full key recovery attack by 64 plaintext/ciphertext pairs on 12 rounds of the cipher in just 122.17 seconds. This is the first practical attack so far presented against the reduced-round versions of Simeck32/64. We also conduct the cube attack on the Simeck32/64 to compare with the SMT-based cube attack. The results indicate that the proposed attack is more powerful than the cube attack.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Acceleration of buffalo milk hard cheese ripening

The acceleration of buffalo milk hard cheese ripening process was studied by controlling temperature and adding exogenous enzymes,the results showed that the optimum technological parameters were:ripening temperature 10 ℃;total protease addition 1200 U/kg curd,including flavor enzyme 800 U/kg curd,neutral protease 400 U/kg curd;lipase 1100 U/kg curd;ripening time 2 months.The cheese fl avor was strong,no peculiar fl avor,the texture was uniformity,the physico-chemical and microbiological indexes of the buffalo milk cheese reached the standard of whole milk hard matured cheese.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Fray José Antonio Liendo y Goicoechea, O.F.M. y la Philosophia recentior del siglo XVIII.

He aqui una figura menos conocida, pero que es sin embargo un exponente mas de la sabia y prudente conducta del Catolicismo en un terreno en que prejuicios sectarios quisieron y aun de vez en cuando tienden a querer representarlo como una fuerza retardataria del brillante desenvolvimiento cientifico-natural de nuestros dias. El gran predominio de las ciencias naturales en su amplio concepto que abraza tambien a las matematicas en nuestros dias ha producido un espejismo que lleva a las mayorias a reconocer ese campo como antono-masticamente la CIENCIA. Mas aun, como una resultante, para muchos las ciencias que pudieramos llamar del espiritu como la teologia, metafisica, derecho a historia han venido a ser para ellos como ciencias de segunda categoria y en gran parte se las considera como campo especial para inteligencias menos avanzadas o para personas que por profesion estan mas en conexion con esos estudios.

Field of study: History
On the choice of the lateral distribution function for EAS charged particles

Knowledge of the lateral distribution function (LDF) of charged particles in extensive air showers (EASs) is necessary for adequate determination of both the total number Ne of particles and other parameters used to classify the showers selected for analysis. Many researchers continue to actively use the Nishimura-Kamata-Greisen LDF despite that fact that it was obtained theoretically within a fairly rough approximation of electromagnetic cascade theory. In this study, the dependence of the shape of the EAS spectrum over the number of particles on the type of LDF used to treat experimental data is investigated. The Nishimura-Kamata-Greisen function and the scaling function are analyzed . Major attention is given to the data obtained at the Moscow State University EAS array.

Field of study: Physics
Influence of land use on metal concentrations in playa sediments and amphibians in the Southern High Plains.

The Southern High Plains (SHP) is a semi-arid region in which playa wetlands are the focal points of biodiversity. Playas are highly influenced by surrounding land use. Most of the SHP is in agricultural production (primarily cotton) with a history of arsenic-containing herbicide use. Metals influence reproduction and development in amphibians. We analyzed metal residues in playa sediment and whole body tissue of Spea spp. and Bufo cognatus metamorphs from two land uses: cropland and native grassland. Cd and Ni concentrations in B. cognatus tissues differed between land uses. Metal concentrations in Spea spp. tissues did not differ between land uses. Ba was higher in Spea spp. than B. cognatus collected from the same grassland playas, indicating differential habitat use. No correlations between sediment and tissue concentrations were found. Land use appeared to have little influence on metal concentrations and levels were below those known to cause effects in amphibians.

Field of study: Environmental science
Every Cloud Has a Silver Lining: A History of Barriers to Intellectual Capital Measurement

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the Intellectual Capital Accounting (ICA) literature by investigating the barriers to IC measurement and how they can (re)shape IC measurement projects. The paper presents an interventionist case study of a company which has been measuring its IC for several years. It focuses on some emblematic situations in which barriers arose during the design and implementation of IC indicators followed by a (re)moulding of the IC measurement project within the organization. The case analysis revealed two barriers: the heavy workload that the design and calculation process of IC indicators entails and the perceived limited reliability of those indicators. These barriers did not lead to a complete failure of the project, but acted as a “filter”, resulting in the discontinued use of those indicators that were not perceived as useful or reliable and in the adoption of those that the managers actually considered useful. While this hindered a complete implementation of the ICMS, it promoted a selection of IC indicators and a legitimation of those that subsequently became part of the management control system. While previous studies explore how barriers can hamper the design as well as the implementation of an ICMS, this paper sheds light on what happens to IC measurement projects when the magnitude of barriers is not so significant as to lead to the complete failure of the project. This offers a new and different view of the barriers related to the adoption of ICMSs. Rather than considering them as factors which can interrupt IC measurement, they could be seen as factors which can challenge the implementation of the ICMS, strengthening those IC indicators that are perceived as reliable and useful and eliminating or disregarding those that did not meet expectations.

Field of study: Business
A promising technique for transplantation of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells into rat heart.

To investigate the feasibility of intracoronary application of endothelial progenitor cells and the subsequent distribution within the heart.



Endothelial progenitors cells (EPCs) cultured from rat bone marrow were identified by double-positive staining with Dil-Ac-LDL and BS1-lectin. Twenty-four hours before cell transplantation, EPCs were labeled with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU). Cells (5 x 10(5) in 250-microl medium) were injected into healthy rats, either as intracoronary application (n=11) or as intramyocardial injection (n = 6). At 15 min or 3 days posttransplantation, hearts as well as other organs (lung, liver, kidney, and spleen) were collected and processed for subsequent BrdU immunohistochemistry. The number of BrdU-positive cells per tissue area was counted.



Compared to intramyocardial injection, intracoronary administration resulted in more than twice as much positive cells in the heart (P < .05), with no local differences within the heart. Whereas after 15 min, EPCs were equally distributed in all examined organs (except for the spleen), cells that were still present after 3 days, approximately 10%, were selectively restricted to the heart.



Our data indicate that the intracoronary application provides a promising technique for EPC transplantation in the rat heart.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Is software engineering graduate-level material?

Since the first software engineering degree programs began to appear in the late 1970's, the subject has largely been taught at the graduate level, with an increasing number of one- and two-term introductory courses offered for upperdivision undergraduate students. The last curriculum suggested by the Association for Computing Machinery in 1978 for undergraduate computer science degree programs designates such a course as an elective, and most degrees are granted to students who have not taken it. Therefore, many persons employed today as de facto software engineers gain knowledge of software engineering either through trial and error on the job, or use that “method” coupled with part-time graduate study if they are lucky enough to work near a university offering such a program. Since there are so few schools that explicitly structure their undergraduate courses to incorporate software engineering principles and techniques, the existence of software engineering at the graduate level is thus essentially by default, since such courses taken by post-bachelors need to be at the graduate level for them to receive “proper credit.”

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Online Stochastic Optimization under Correlated Bandit Feedback

In this paper we consider the problem of online stochastic optimization of a locally smooth function under bandit feedback. We introduce the high-confidence tree (HCT) algorithm, a novel anytime χ-armed bandit algorithm, and derive regret bounds matching the performance of state-of-the-art algorithms in terms of the dependency on number of steps and the near-optimality dimension. The main advantage of HCT is that it handles the challenging case of correlated bandit feedback (reward), whereas existing methods require rewards to be conditionally independent. HCT also improves on the state-of-the-art in terms of the memory requirement, as well as requiring a weaker smoothness assumption on the mean-reward function in comparison with the existing anytime algorithms. Finally, we discuss how HCT can be applied to the problem of policy search in reinforcement learning and we report preliminary empirical results.

Field of study: Computer science
Can extended objects explain the GSI e+ e− lines?

The anomalous electron-positron coincidences observed in heavy-ion collisions have been interpreted as signal for the pair decay of hitherto unknown neutral objects with masses around 1.8 MeV. We discuss the decay modes of such extended composite particles when they are bound to a nucleus. In particular we investigate the angular correlation of the emitted pair and the competing single-photon decay channel. We confront the particle hypothesis with recent negative results from experiments searching for resonances in Bhabha scattering. The induced pair decay of a metastable 1++ state in secondary collisions with target atoms is discussed as a possible explanation.

Field of study: Physics
Aperture Synthesis Observations of the Nearby Spiral NGC 6503: Modeling the Thin and Thick H I Disks

We present sensitive aperture synthesis observations of the nearby, late-type spiral galaxy NGC 6503, and produce H I maps of considerably higher quality than previous observations by van Moorsel and Wells. We find that the velocity field, while remarkably regular, contains clear evidence for irregularities. The H I is distributed over an area much larger than the optical image of the galaxy, with spiral features in the outer parts and localized holes within the H I distribution. The absence of absorption toward the nearby quasar 1748+700 yields an upper limit of 5 × 1017 cm–2 for the column density of cold H I gas along a line of sight which should intersect the disk at a radius of 29 kpc. This suggests that the radial extent of the H I disk is not much larger than that which we trace in H I emission (23 kpc). The observed H I distribution is inconsistent with models of a single thin or thick disk. Instead, the data require a model containing a thin disk plus a thicker low column-density H I layer that rotates more slowly than the thin disk and that extends only to approximately the optical radius. This suggests that the presence of extraplanar gas in this galaxy is largely the result of star formation in the disk rather than cold gas accretion. Improved techniques for interferometric imaging including multi-scale Clean that were used in this work are also described.

Field of study: Physics
The opening of a Griffith crack under internal pressure

1. The determination of the distribution of stress in the neighbourhood of a crack in an elastic body is of importance in the discussion of certain properties of the solid state. The theory of cracks in a two-dimensional elastic medium was first developed by Griffith1 who succeeded in solving the equations of elastic equilibrium in two dimensions for a space bounded by two concentric coaxial ellipses; by considering the inner ellipse to be of zero eccentricity and by assuming that the major axis of the outer ellipse was very large Griffith then derived the solution corresponding to a very thin crack in the interor of an infinite elastic solid. Because of the nature of the coordinate system employed by Griffith the expressions he derives for the components of stress in the vicinity of the crack do not lend themselves easily to computation. An alternative method of determining the distribution of stress in the neighbourhood of a Griffith crack was given recently by one of us2 making use of a complex stressfunction stated by Westergaard.3 This method suffers from the disadvantage that the Westergaard stress-function refers only "to the case in which the Griffith crack is opened under the action of a uniform internal pressure; the stress-function corresponding to a variable internal pressure does not appear to be known. In the present note we discuss the distribution of stress in the neighbourhood of a Griffith crack which is subject to an internal pressure, which may vary along the length of the crack, by considering the corresponding boundary value problem for a semi-infinite two-dimensional medium. The analysis is the exact analogue of that for the three-dimensional "circular" cracks developed in the previous paper2 except that now we employ a Fourier cosine transform method in place of the Hankel transform method used there. A method is given for determining the shape of the crack resulting from the application of a variable internal pressure to a very thin crevice in the interior of an elastic solid, and for determining the distribution of stress throughout the solid. The converse problem of determining the distribution of pressure necessary to open a crevice to a crack of prescribed shape is also considered. As an example of the use of the method the expressions for the components of stress, due to the opening of a crack under a uniform pressure, are derived and are found to be in agreement with those found in the earlier paper.2 2. We consider the distribution of stress in the interior of an infinite two-dimensional elastic medium when a very thin internal crack — c^y^c, * = 0 is opened under the action of a pressure which may be considered to vary in magnitude along the length of the crack. For simplicity we shall consider the symmetrical case in which the applied pressure is a function of |y| but the analysis may easily be extended to the

Field of study: Mathematics
Malonate: a versatile cryoprotectant and stabilizing solution for salt-grown macromolecular crystals.

Collection of quality data on high-energy synchrotron sources requires the selection of a cryoprotectant that allows protein crystals to be cryocooled without damage to the crystal and with suppression of ice formation. The use of sodium malonate as a versatile cryoprotectant for salt-grown protein crystals is presented here. In addition to its useful cryoprotectant properties, sodium malonate can also function as a versatile stabilizing solution that allows the manipulation, derivatization and ligand soaking of crystals grown from salt that may not be possible in the crystal mother liquor.

Field of study: Chemistry