nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Tectonic evolution of southwestern Newfoundland as indicated by granitoid petrogenesis

Four granitoid suites are recognized in the region of the Cape Ray Fault Zone of southwestern Newfoundland. The two oldest (Ordovician-Silurian (?)) suites represent partial melts of their enclosing host rocks. The Port aux Basques granite is modelled as a partial melt of the gneissic component of its host, Port aux Basques Complex. The Cape Ray granite forms a dominantly tonalitic terrane derived by partial melting of ophiolitic material. The Red Rocks granite and a megacrystic phase of the Cape Ray granite form coherent lines of geochemical descent from the parental tonalite but show evidence of some continental crust contamination. The Late Devonian Windowglass Hill granite is a subvolcanic equivalent of felsic volcanic rocks in the Windsor Point Group. Both units were derived as partial melts of continental crust. The post-tectonic, Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous Strawberry and Isle aux Morts Brook granites constitute the youngest granitoid suite in the region. These A-type granitoids were derived as partial melts of an underlying depleted granulitic (felsic) crust. The depleted nature of the source may have resulted from previous generation of the Windowglass Hill granite and Windsor Point Group. The only possible protolith for the granulitic source is Precambrian Grenvillian gneiss. The presence of this gneiss beneath the Cape Ray Fault Zone of southwestern Newfoundland implies that the complete series of lithologies is allochthonous.

Field of study: Environmental science
Research on the effects of out-class collective physical exercise on the improvement of undergraduate students' mental health

Based on the concurrent mental health condition of China undergraduate students, this research took experimental method with the help of the self-designed experimental plan of "out-class collective physical exercise". Results showed that out-class collective physical exercise could efficiently improve undergraduate students' mental health condition more than general ways of physical exercises. Further analyzing showed that the out-class collective physical exercises can well adjust many factors in mental health condition of undergraduate students.

Field of study: Education
Family physicians' involvement in two hospitals. Two different models of inpatient care.

To describe the roles of family physicians in two hospitals with different models of inpatient care.



Cross-sectional descriptive study of a random sample of 11528 patients admitted to two hospitals between 1985 and 1988.



Two acute-care community hospitals in suburban Montreal, Que.



Family physicians providing inpatient care at the two hospitals.



How often family physicians were attending physicians (attending responsibility); what percentage of patients were visited by at least one family physician (case load); and what percentage of bedside visits were made by family physicians (workload).



In one hospital, where family physicians were actively promoted as primary care providers, they were frequently attending physicians, had heavier case loads, and made more patient visits. Also, they collaborated more often with specialists. In the other hospital, family physicians tended to care for specific populations of patients.



When hospitals promote different organizational models of medical care, family physicians' roles are affected.

Field of study: Medicine
Auditory delayed matching in the bottlenose dolphin.

A bottlenose dolphin, already highly proficient in two-choice auditory discriminations, was trained over a nine-day period on auditory delayed matching-to-sample and then tested on 346 unique matching problems, as a function of the delay between the sample and test sounds. Each problem used new sounds and was from five to 10 trials long, with the same sound used as the sample for all trials of a problem. At each trial, the sample was projected underwater for 2.5 sec, followed by a delay and then by a sequence of two 2.5-sec duration test sounds. One of the test sounds matched the sample and was randomly first or second in the sequence, and randomly appeared at either a left or right speaker. Responses to the locus of the matching test sound were reinforced. Over nine, varying-sized blocks of problems, the longest delay of a set of delays in a block was progressively increased from 15 sec initially to a final value of 120 sec. There was a progressive increase across the early blocks in the percentage of correct Trial 1 responses. A ceiling-level of 100% correct responses was then attained over the final six blocks, during which there were 169 successive Trial 1 responses bracketed by two Trial 1 errors (at 24- and 120-sec delays). Performance on trials beyond the first followed a similar trend. Finally, when the sample duration was decreased to 0.2 sec or less, matching performance on Trial 1 of new problems dropped to chance levels.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
NOMADS A Climate and Weather Model Archive at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

An online archive of real-time and historical weather and climate model output and observationaldata is now available from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). This archive, known asthe NOAA National Operational Model Archive and Distribution System (NOMADS), was jointly initiated in 2001 by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), and the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL). At present, NOMADS provides access to realtime and historical 1) numerical weather prediction (NWP) model input and output, 2) GFDL's Coupled Global Climate Models (CGCM) output, 3) global and regional reanalysis from NCEP and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), and 4) limited surface, upper-air, and satellite observational datasets from NCDC and NOAA's National Ocean Data Center (NODC) and Earth System Research Laboratory [formerly the Forecast System Laboratory (FSL)]. NOMADS is but one of many similar data services ...

Field of study: Environmental science
STUDY ON THE ULTIMATE LOAD CAPACITY OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CURVED BRIDGE

For prestressed concrete (P.C.) curved bridge, the method based on beam theory can not be used to analyze its behavior in ultimate state. Based on the traditional solid isoparametric element and shell theory, a new type of degenerated solid element was proposed, with bars modeled using the three-dimensional disperse model. Some key issues regarding the ultimate load capacity calculation, such as geometric nonlinear, material nonlinear and numeric algorithm were particularly discussed. The method was then validated experimentally, and used to analyze the behavior of a four-span P.C. curved bridge. The structure’s damage pattern, stress variation and deformation development were analyzed. Results show that the proposed method is feasible and reliable for real bridge analysis.

Field of study: Engineering
Eat Grubs and Live: The Habit-Instinct Problem in Institutional Evolutionary Economics

This paper addresses a longstanding controversy in Institutional-Evolutionary Economics about whether or how Darwin’s theory of biological evolution can apply to social evolution. It compares and contrasts the view of Evolutionary Psychology with those of Veblen and places Veblen’s contributions in the context of 19th century Darwinism and turn of the century anthropology. It argues that Veblen explains social evolution through changes in the application of intelligent reasoning to the problems of material provisioning. An important implication of this paper is that while Darwinian and Neo-Darwinian concepts are relevant to cultural evolution, there are significant limits to their application.

Field of study: Economics
The effect of bactericides on the enrichment of γ-aminobutyric acid in germinated brown rice

The sterilizing effects of distilled water,electrolyzed acid water,electrolyzed alkaline water and 1% aqueous sodium hypochlorite on the germinated brown rice were studied,using Japonica rice "Yu Jing 6" as the raw material.The results indicate that the contents of reducing sugar and γ-aminobutyric acid in the germinated brown rice washed by different bactericides were more than those incubated by different bactericides.The germinated brown rice washing by electrolyzed acid water had the most reducing sugar and γ-aminobutyric acid.Furthermore,the growths of microorganisms were inhibited significantly by washing brown rice grains with electrolyzed acid water during the germination process.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
[Action of nitroquine on tissue schizonts of Plasmodium cynomolgi].

Sporozoites of P. cynomolgi (Cambodian strain) were injected iv or ip into 29 monkeys. Four monkeys were treated with nitroquine acetate 2 mg/kg/d on d 4-11; 4 monkeys were untreated. Liver biopsies were performed on d 7 and d 9. Tissue schizonts were found in only 1 treated monkey, and the number of parasites was much less than that of the controls. The appearances of the tissue schizonts were characterized by the smaller size, lighter stained, and irregular size of nuclei. Thirteen monkeys were treated with nitroquine-DDS 5 mg/kg/d for 5 d or 8 d when parasitemia appeared, and 8 monkeys were treated with cholroquine base 20 mg/kg/d for 3 d as control. Parasitemia of all the 21 monkeys disappeared after the treatment. However, 5/8 relapsed 1 month later in chloroquine group and 5/13 relapsed in 1.5-2 months in nitroquine groups. The results suggest that the development of the tissue schizont can be suppressed by nitroquine on the nuclear division.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
HONOLULU SERIES, OAHU, HAWAII

The Honolulu series comprises about 30 distinct, separate eruptions of nepheline basanite, nepheline basalt, and nepheline-melilite basalt which occurred in late Pleistocene and Recent time in the southeastern part of the Koolau Range of Oahu. The unconformity between the Honolulu series and the underlying, internally conformable Koolau series which probably forms more than 99 per cent of the bulk of the Koolau Range represents a long erosion interval, since a relief of about 2000 feet was developed. The work of Stearns and Vaksvik (1935) covering all Oahu is the starting point for detailed descriptions of the areal and structural geology of the Honolulu series. Eight new analyses supplement the petrographic description of the rocks. No theory of differentiation yet advanced seems to account fully for the origin of these lavas. In particular, limestone syntexis is shown to be out of the question. Mineralizers are present and were present in larger quantity during the differentiation but are too imperfectly understood for an adequate discussion. Crystallization differentiation offers difficulties unless the rather improbable separation of hypersthene is postulated instead of olivine, from the primitive olivine basalt magma typical of Hawaii. There is no evidence for crystallization differentiation in place following extrusion, and none was found to indicate systematic variations in successive flow units from a given vent.

Field of study: Geology
Virus crystallography and structural virology: a personal perspective

My first experiences with crystallography were as a graduate student at the University of Glasgow determining the structure of aromatic hydrocarbons using only primitive hand calculation techniques. I had my first experience using electronic computers as a post-doc in the lab of William Lipscomb in Minnesota. That gave me a good preparation for the structure determination of haemoglobin with Max Perutz in Cambridge. The discovery of the conserved globin fold had a major impact on my subsequent activities. It also provided the foundation for the development of the molecular replacement method and non-crystallographic symmetry electron density averaging that was essential for the structure determination of simple icosahedral viruses. The structure determination of a common cold virus was also a major stimulus for the study of more complex viruses and the development of the use of cryo-electron microscopy. This provided the basis for the investigation of lipid-enveloped viruses such as Sindbis virus and dengue virus. It also provided the technology for the study of bacteriophage DNA packaging motors and the mechanisms of infection by tailed and untailed phages.

Field of study: Materials science
Cooling performance of a variable speed CO2 cycle with an electronic expansion valve and internal heat exchanger

The cooling performance of a CO 2 cycle must be improved to develop a competitive air-conditioning system with the conventional air-conditioners using HFCs. In this study, the cooling performance of a variable speed CO 2 cycle was measured and analyzed by varying the refrigerant charge amount, compressor frequency, EEV opening, and length of an internal heat exchanger (IHX). The basic CO 2 system without the IHX showed the maximum cooling COP of 2.1 at the compressor discharge pressure of 9.2 MPa and the optimum normalized charge of 0.282. The cooling COP decreased with the increase of compressor frequency at all normalized charges. The optimum EEV opening increased with compressor frequency. Simultaneous control of EEV opening and compressor frequency allowed optimum control of the compressor discharge pressure. The optimal compressor discharge pressure of the modified CO 2 cycle with the IHX was reduced by 0.5 MPa. The IHX increased the cooling capacity and COP of the CO 2 cycle by 6.2–11.9% and 7.1–9.1%, respectively, at the tested compressor frequencies from 40 to 60 Hz.

Field of study: Engineering
The heterogeneous string: coupled helices in Hilbert space

1. We solve the initial-value problem for the partial-differential equation "« s(x)2"** = 0, (11) given u(x, 0) =f(x), u,(x, 0) = g(x); (1.2) in matters of notation, we follow , We take as the phase-space for the problem the space of initial data having finite energy, with inner product derived from the energy quadratic form. As in , we first straighten the characteristics of (1.1) with the transformation

Field of study: Mathematics
Cost analysis of the machine-repair problem with R non-reliable service stations

This paper studies the machine-repair problem with N operating machines and R non-reliable service stations under steady-state conditions. Two different types of service stations are considered. In type 1, each service station serves at an identical service rate, while in type 2, each service station serves either at a slow rate or at a fast rate. Failure and service times of the machines, and breakdown and repair times of the service stations are assumed to follow a negative exponential distribution. Matrix geometric theory is used to find the steady-state probabilities. A cost model is developed to obtain the optimal number of service stations for both types. Under the optimal operating conditions, several system characteristics are evaluated for both types.

Field of study: Engineering
Über die Oxidationsprodukte von Thiocarbonsäureamiden, XLI. Untersuchungen zur Ring‐Ketten‐Tautomerie zwischen 2‐(Methyl)thiosemicarbazon‐S,S,S‐trioxiden und 2‐Methyl‐Δ3‐1,2,4‐triazolinium‐3‐sulfonaten

Die Ring-Ketten-Tautomerie zwischen den 2-(Methyl)thiosemicarbazon-S,S,S-trioxiden 1 und den 2-Methyl-Δ3-1,2,4-triazolinium-3-sulfonaten 2 ist substituenten-, losungsmittel- und temperaturabhangig. —- Die Tautomerisierung einiger S-Trioxide 1 wird 1H-NMR-spektroskopisch verfolgt. 
 
 
 
On the Oxidation Products of Carbothioamides, XLI. — Investigations on the Ring Chain Tautomerism between 2-(Methyl)thiosemicarbazone S,S,S-Trioxides and 2-Methyl-Δ3-1,2,4-triazolinium-3-sulfonates 
 
 
 
The ring chain tautomerism between the 2-(methyl)thiosemicarbazone S,S,S-trioxides 1 and the 2-methyl-Δ3-1,2,4-triazolinium-3-sulfonates 2 is shown to be dependent on substituents, solvent and temperature. — The tautomerisation of several S-trioxides 1 is monitored by 1H-NMR spectroscopy.

Field of study: Chemistry
Modeling the Survival of Population III Stars to the Present Day

Recent numerical simulations have suggested the probability of a fraction of the primordial stars being ejected from the cluster of their origin. We explore the possibility that some of these can remain on the main sequence until the present epoch. We develop a semianalytical model guided by results of cosmological simulations to study the mass accretion by these protostars as a function of the original stellar mass and other parameters such as angular momentum and gravitational drag due to ambient gas. We also explore whether some of the protostars remain sufficiently low mass and long-lived to survive to the present day. This requires that the protostars are ejected from the star forming region while their mass is less than $0.8 M_{\odot}$. Assuming that the protostars gain mass via the spherical Bondi--Hoyle accretion from the ambient medium, we show that Population III protostars that initially form within a certain range of mass and are ejected with velocity larger than the escape velocity may survive to the present day on the main sequence. Thus, they may even be found in our Milky Way or its satellites. Our calculations also reveal that protostars that do not get ejected from the parent gas clump accrete a large amount of gas. We predict that these can become massive enough to be progenitors of black holes.

Field of study: Physics
Factors Affecting Transfer of Training of School Leaders in Ghanaian Basic Schools

This study investigates the learning transfer factors perceived to be influencing the transfer of training of leaders in Ghanaian basic schools. Convergent parallel mixed method design was employed to obtain different but complementary data on the same topic to best understand the research problem. 150 school leaders were sampled from one educational district in Ghana for the survey while 21 leaders were interviewed. Results from the study showed that transfer effort – performance expectations, motivation to transfer, performance self-efficacy, peer support, and transfer design were perceived as the key factors that facilitate the transfer of learning. The study concludes that educational authorities and training organizers in Ghana should consider systematizing interventions to sustain the motivation of leaders to stimulate the application of leadership learning in schools.  Training transfer, school leaders, motivation to transfer, basic schools, Ghana DOI : 10.7176/JEP/11-24-06 Publication date :August 31st 2020

Field of study: Education
Improved Graph Clustering

Graph clustering involves the task of dividing nodes into clusters, so that the edge density is higher within clusters as opposed to across clusters. A natural, classic, and popular statistical setting for evaluating solutions to this problem is the stochastic block model, also referred to as the planted partition model. In this paper, we present a new algorithm-a convexified version of maximum likelihood-for graph clustering. We show that, in the classic stochastic block model setting, it outperforms existing methods by polynomial factors when the cluster size is allowed to have general scalings. In fact, it is within logarithmic factors of known lower bounds for spectral methods, and there is evidence suggesting that no polynomial time algorithm would do significantly better. We then show that this guarantee carries over to a more general extension of the stochastic block model. Our method can handle the settings of semirandom graphs, heterogeneous degree distributions, unequal cluster sizes, unaffiliated nodes, partially observed graphs, planted clique/coloring, and so on. In particular, our results provide the best exact recovery guarantees to date for the planted partition, planted k-disjoint-cliques and planted noisy coloring models with general cluster sizes; in other settings, we match the best existing results up to logarithmic factors.

Field of study: Computer science
A paleotropical carbonate-dominated archive of carboniferous icehouse dynamics, Bird Spring Fm., Southern Great Basin, USA

Much of our far-field knowledge of glaciation and climate during the late Paleozoic ice age is built on decades of study of mixed carbonate–siliciclastic cyclothemic successions from paleotropical Euramerica. Far fewer carbonate-dominated successions have been studied despite their high sensitivity to changes in accommodation space and environmental conditions. Here we present a sequence stratigraphic framework for the carbonate-dominated Bird Spring Formation, southern Great Basin, U.S.A. and infer from it a relative sea-level history for the latest Mississippian through latest Pennsylvanian. Correlation of four successions across the paleo-platform documents changes in the lithofacies composition of meter-scale cycles, their cycle stacking patterns, and cycle bounding surfaces that record substantial variation in relative sea-level at several temporal scales during the Pennsylvanian. Ten genetic sequences bounded by intervals of restricted peritidal lithofacies, karst, terra rossa, rooted caliche and/or Protosols are recognized. Within sequences, 126 parasequences stack into parasequence sets that in turn define lowstand, transgressive and highstand systems tracts. The stratigraphic cycle stacking patterns and across-platform architecture of systems tracts suggest a mid-Carboniferous lowstand in relative sea level followed by a middle Morrowan (middle Bashkirian) highstand as previously suggested (Bishop et al., 2010). Subsequent progradation of the platform occurred during a gradual long-term fall through the late Morrowan and Atokan (late Bashkirian–early Moscovian), upon which repeated higher frequency events were superimposed, culminating in widespread exposure across the platform proximal to the Atokan–Desmoinesian boundary. Long-term sea level increased into the mid-Desmoinesian (end-Moscovian) after which progradation (late Desmoinesian) and aggradation (Missourian–Virgilian) of shallow-water and peritidal carbonates occurred across the Bird Spring platform. The progradational-to-aggradational phase involved an abrupt shift from ramp to rimmed shelf geometry in the Missourian (Kasimovian) likely in response to progressively increasing sea level, dampened high-frequency sea level fluctuations and/or to regional faulting along the Bird Spring platform margin. Inferred magnitudes of short-term (105 yr) fluctuations superimposed on the longer-term rises and falls range from 20 to > 70 m during the early to mid-Pennsylvanian and are substantially reduced (≤ 20 m) during the late Pennsylvanian. The early to middle Pennsylvanian sea-level history inferred from the carbonate-dominated Bird Spring platform corresponds well with a recently published Pennsylvanian onlap–offlap history defined from the cyclothemic succession of the Donets Basin and with independent near-field reconstructions of glaciation during the Pennsylvanian.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
The 3.0–3.2 µm wavelength range narrow ridge waveguide Sb-based semiconductor diode lasers operating up to 333 K

We have demonstrated Fabry–Perot single spatial mode antimonide-based type-I quantum-well ridge waveguide semiconductor diode lasers operating at 3.0–3.2 µm wavelength in continuous mode up to 333 K. Internal optical loss in narrow ridge devices was significantly reduced by using thick Si3N4 dielectric films for planarization. The fabricated lasers operate in CW mode at room temperature with output powers exceeding 5 mW and have power consumption of less than 0.2 W at the output power of 1 mW, which is the power level needed in many gas sensing applications.

Field of study: Materials science