nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Helping Behavior at a Busstop

This paper reports the findings of a preliminary field study of helping behavior. It was hoped that this pilot attempt would provide data bearing on some equivocal findings in some laboratory and field studies of helping behavior (Darley & Latane, 1968; Piliavin, Rodin, & Piliavin, 1969). The "diffusion of responsibility" effect, i.e., the inverse relation between number of potential helpers present and probability of an individual's helping, was found by Darley and Latane in a laboratory situation; this phenomenon did not appear in the field srudy of Piliavin, et al. In the interaction used in the present study a young man (El), carrying a heavy suitcase, approached another young man ( E n ) standing at a busstop located in an integrated, middle-class neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York. El asked E? for directions to the subway? E2 responded accurately ("Five blocks that way."). However, the function of the bus servicing that stop was to act as a shuttle to the subway. A bystander could help El by giving him more efficient directions, e.g., "Take the bus to the subway and avoid carrying the suitcase." If the bystander did not help in this way, El began to walk away. After he had taken a few steps En told of the shuttle function of the bus? told E= that he did not have enough money for both the bus and the subway.' A bystander could help here by offering all or part of the required car fare. Thirrv Ss were studied. All were adults and a third were black. Fifteen Ss were members of 2-person groups (En and S ) , 11 were in 3-person groups (E3, S and 1 other bystander), and 4 were in 4-person groups. Only one S per group was studied although, as indicated, other bystanders were present in 3and 4-person groups. In these groups S was chosen randomly. A significant majority of the 30 Ss helped (67%, p < . 0 l ) in some way: 9 Ss gave the more efficient directions, 3 Ss gave money, and 8 Ss gave both directions and money. Consistent with the results of Piliavin, et al., the probability of helping did not decrease with increased group size, i.e., the responsibility diffusion effect found in Darley and Lacane's laboratory study, did not obtain. Helping was as likely to occur in 2-person groups as in 3or 4-person groups, compared separately or in combination. Also consistent with the findings of Piliavin, et al., the probability of a black bystander helping a white ( E l ) was not significantly different from the probabilty of a white helping a white. The present results suggest that field and laboratory methods may lead to discrepant findings about helping behavior. The general issue here, of course, is an old one, i.e., ecological validity. It appears that present data warrant a reconceptualization of the cootextural controls presently used in laboratory social psychological research.

Field of study: Psychology
Cytotoxicity of human natural killer (NK) cell subsets for Plasmodium falciparum erythrocytic schizonts: stimulation by cytokines and inhibition by neomycin

Quantification of human peripheral blood NK subsets has been made in a group of Kenyan adults and children with acute P. falciparum malaria. Results were compared with data obtained from three age‐ and sex‐matched control cohorts: parasitaemic but asymptomatic children: aparasitaemic children and adults; and adult Caucasians with no previous history of malaria. Separated NK subsets were tested in vitro for cytotoxicity to erythrocytic sehizonts of P. falciparum in the presence and absence of cytokines. There was a statistically significant quantitative and qualitative depression of the CD3‐ CD56+ subset in patients with acute malaria and this was accompanied by an expansion of the ‘non‐functional’ CD3‐ CD57+ CD16‐ CD56‐ subset. Both CD3‐ CD16+ and CD3‐ CD56+ NK cells from all patients and donors lysed schizonts. and this cytotoxicity was enhanced by the addition of recombinant interferon‐alpha and or IL‐2, notably with the CD3‐ CD56+ subset. Interestingly, asymptomatic donors had the highest levels of CD3‐ CD56+ NK cells, which also demonstrated an enhanced response to cytokine stimulation. Cytotoxicity to schizonts was accompanied by the release of soluble NK cell lytic factors. Neomycin suppressed cytotoxicity in a dose‐dependent manner, Indicating that the lysis of schizonts by NK cells involves phospholipase C‐mcdiated phosphoinositide metabolism. Our findings define a role for NK cells in immunity to malaria through the lysis of infected erythrocytcs as a first‐line defence against the parasite.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Suppression of the Superconducting Transition in RFeAsO1-xFx for R = Tb, Dy, Ho

A suppression of superconductivity in the late rare earth RFeAsO1-xFx materials is reported. The maximum critical temperature (Tc) decreases from 51 K for R = Tb to 36 K for HoFeAsO0.9F0.1, which has been synthesised under 10 GPa pressure. This suppression is driven by a decrease in the Fe-As-Fe angle below an optimimum value of 110.6 degrees, as the angle decreases linearly with unit cell volume (V) across the RFeAsO1-xFx series. A crossover in electronic structure around this optimum geometry is evidenced by a change in sign of the compositional dTc/dV, from negative values for previously reported large R materials to positive for HoFeAsO0.9F0.1.

Field of study: Physics
Assessment of multifractal analysis in dynamic laser speckle signals using a spatial light modulator.

We assess and discuss several technical aspects of the multifractal statistical analysis applied to time series of dynamic speckle intensity signals. Due to the complexity of this goal, we implemented an optical setup that mimics the light scattering effect from the illuminated object using a spatial light modulator. The multifractal spectrum of the obtained dynamic speckle intensity signals is quantified by utilizing a mathematical framework based on the decomposition of wavelet leaders' functions. The propagated light that is scattered utilizing the spatial light modulator verifies the well-known first- and second-order statistics of the obtained speckle images and also a given temporal correlation function determined by a copula algorithm adding several classes of fractional Gaussian noises. To experimentally implement these issues, we load appropriate dynamic temporal phase screens in the spatial light modulator working on phase-only mode and guide the light propagation through an optical setup composed of a 4f correlator. Different types of statistical trends in the scaling properties as a function of frequency sampling, intensity signal discretization, mean size of speckle, temporal correlation length, and vanishing moments of the elected mother wavelet analysis are theoretically and experimentally tested and compared.

Field of study: Physics
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF CONTINUOUS ELECTRODEPOSITION OF POROUS METAL

In order to prepare the continuous porous metal by electrodeposition, a mathematical model of continuous electrodeposition of strip porous metal under steady state was deduced,based on the transition from time variable to location variable.Furthermore the expression of apparent distribution for current density was derived. This relationship was verified experimentally from the preparation of porous nickel. When the angle between porous metal strip and anode configuration conformed to the same angle the apparent current density could be kept constant, and nickel crystal was compact.This work provided the theoretical foundation of on-line control in preparing porous metal by electrodeposition.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Structure and Optical Properties of Epitaxial Indium Oxide Films Deposited on Y-Stabilized ZrO2 (111) by MOCVD

Indium oxide (In2O3) films have been deposited on Y-stabilized ZrO2 (YSZ) (111) substrates, at temperatures from 500°C to 700°C, by metal–organic chemical vapor deposition. Structural analysis indicated that all the films were cubic bixbyite In2O3 with an out-of-plane relationship of In2O3 (222)||YSZ (111). Crystal quality was best for the film prepared at 600°C. The microstructure of this film was investigated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. A theoretical model is proposed for the mechanism of growth, and the in-plane epitaxial relationship of the single crystalline In2O3 film on the YSZ (111) substrate was shown to be In2O3$$ [01\overline{1} ] $$[011¯]||YSZ $$ [01\overline{1} ] $$[011¯]. Average transmittance of the samples in the visible region was >78%.

Field of study: Materials science
Passive Nonlinear Control Strategy for AC/DC Bidirectional Converter

AC/DC bidirectional converter can realize power bidirectional transmission. And it has become a hot topic in the field of power electronics and micro grid. The traditional control method can not consider the nonlinear characteristics of the converter, so it is difficult to obtain satisfactory dynamic response results. A nonlinear control strategy based on the theory of passive control was proposed in this paper. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy was verified by simulation experiments in Matlab platform. The simulation results show that the proposed control strategy can effectively improve the dynamic response characteristics of the system.

Field of study: Engineering
Pollen in Santa Barbara Basin, California: A 12,000-yr record

Palynomorphs in the rhythmites of the Santa Barbara Basin record the response of vegetation to paleoecologic changes of the past 12,000 yr and also reflect fluviomarine changes. Upland coniferous communities dominant in the early part of the record (∼12,000 to ∼7800 B.P.) were succeeded in importance by lowland and cismontane communities in which Quercus and Asteraceae reached optimal development ∼5700 B.P. Subsequently, chaparral and coastal sage scrub associations became increasingly important, particularly since ∼2300 B.P. Inferred climatic fluctuations involve the replacement of wet, cool conditions by warmer, drier climate culminating at ∼5700 B.P.

Field of study: Geology
Management of the natural ecosystems of the Cape Peninsula: current status and future prospects

The Cape Peninsula is an area of outstanding natural beauty and exceptional biodiversity, worthy of proclamation as a World Heritage Site. The area is dominated by fynbos vegetation, usually managed by means of prescribed burning, together with various programmes aimed at the control of invasive alien plant species. Effective management of the Peninsula is bedevilled by the fact that the area is controlled by no less than 14 different public bodies, resulting in fragmentation of effort and the lack of a standardized approach to management. Historically, many official and unofficial investigations have called for this problem to be resolved, without success. The lack of coherent, focused, and well funded fire and alien weed control management plans for the entire Peninsula is a serious deficiency. Despite this, considerable progress has been made towards the establishment of a database for the Peninsula, and the development of decision support systems that can utilize this database for rational management. Adoption of such a system would provide a powerful uniting tramework that would standardize and influence the management approaches adopted by the various controlling authorities.

Field of study: Environmental science
Transcriptome Changes of Mycobacterium marinum in the Process of Resuscitation From Hypoxia-Induced Dormancy

Nearly one-third of the world's population is latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), which represents a huge disease reservoir for reactivation and a major obstacle for effective control of tuberculosis. During latent infection, M. tb is thought to enter nonreplicative dormant states by virtue of its response to hypoxia and nutrient-deprived conditions. Knowledge of the genetic programs used to facilitate entry into and exit from the nonreplicative dormant states remains incomplete. In this study, we examined the transcriptional changes of Mycobacterium marinum (M. marinum), a pathogenic mycobacterial species closely related to M. tb, at different stages of resuscitation from hypoxia-induced dormancy. RNA-seq analyses were performed on M. marinum cultures recovered at multiple time points after resuscitation. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at each time period were identified and analyzed. Co-expression networks of transcription factors and DEGs in each period were constructed. In addition, we performed a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) on all genes and obtained 12 distinct gene modules. Collectively, these data provided valuable insight into the transcriptome changes of M. marinum upon resuscitation as well as gene module function of the bacteria during active metabolism and growth.

Field of study: Biology
A Lower Bound of the Degree of Stability for a Matrix Polytope and Its Applications

When considering the state-space model for a linear system with uncertain parameters , we often have a polytope of matrices as possible system matrices. Stability condition of a matrix polytope, however, has not been fully developed and useful stability criteria are few . With a view to shedding light on this stability problem, this paper considers the degree of stability, a quantitative measure of stability, for a polytope of matrices. A lower bound of the degree of stability based on algebraic Lyapunov equations is proposed. It uses m positive definite symmetric matrices and aims at finding the best one that attains the maximum of the lower bound in the convex hull of the m matrices. The solution is expressed in terms of a zero-sum game, hence it can be solved easily by linear programming. The present approach makes it possible to improve the lower bound by increasing m. In this connection, condition is provided which guarantees a real improvement of the lower bound. Stability of a matrix polytope can be tested by the proposed lower bound. Moreover we can obtain a Lyapunov function common to all the members of the matrix polytope, in case the polytope is determined to be stable. This common Lyapunov function is utilized for studying the stability of a large-scale system with unknown parameters.

Field of study: Computer science
Properties of microparticles from a whey protein isolate/alginate emulsion gel

Designing soft, palatable and nutritious texture-modified foods for the elderly is a challenge for food technologists. The aim of this work was to produce and characterize emulsion-gelled microparticles (EGM) made from whey protein isolate (WPI) and sodium alginate (NaAlg) that may be used to modify the rheology of liquid foods and as carriers of lipids and lipophilic nutrients and bioactives. Olive oil microdroplets became embedded in the WPI/NaAlg gel matrix in the form of an emulsion produced by ultrasound (US) or high-speed blending (HSB). Oil microdroplets were obtained by US and HSB, with an average equivalent diameter varying between 2.0–3.2 µm and 4.5–6.7 µm, respectively. Oil incorporation increased compression stress of bulk emulsion gels at small deformations compared to the no-oil microgel, but this effect was reversed at high strains. EGM were prepared by shear-induced size reduction. Rheological tests at 20 ℃ and 40 ℃ showed that US-EGM and HSB-EGM exhibited a predominant elastic behavior, with G′ > G″ throughout the frequency range. However, when HSB-EGM were heated at 60 ℃ their rheological behavior changed to a more fluid-like condition, but not that of US-EGM. Consequently, EGM have the properties needed to improve food texture for people with masticatory/swallowing dysfunctions or needing special nutrition.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Synthese von Prostanoiden aus 3‐Formyl‐2,2‐dimethylcyclopropancarbonsäure‐methylester

Ausgehend vom Aldehyd 1 wurden die Prostanoide 9c, 21a, b und 22a, b synthetisiert, die jeweils eine 2,2-Dimethylcyclopropangruppe enthalten. Im Falle von 9a findet bei der protonenkatalysierten Abspaltung der THP-Schutzgruppe. Dreiringoffnung zu den Trienen 10 und 11 statt. Bei 16a, b kommt es nach einer Carbokationenumlagerung zur Bildung der Diene 18a, b. Mit 21b wurde ein Thromboxan A2-Antagonist gefunden. 
 
 
 
Synthesis of Prostanoids from Methyl 3-Formyl-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate 
 
 
 
Starting from aldehyde 1 the prostanoids 9c, 21a, b and 22a, b were synthesized containing in each case a 2,2-dimethylcyclopropane moiety. In the case of 9a, formation of trienes 10 and 11 during proton-catalyzed cleavage of the THP group was observed. In addition, 16a, b were transformed into the dienes 18a, b by carbocation rearrangement. With 21b we found a thromboxane-A2 antagonist.

Field of study: Chemistry
Three- and four-body kaonic nuclear states: Binding energies and widths

Using separable potentials for the $ \bar{K}N$K¯N - $ \pi\Sigma$πΣ interaction, we investigated four-body kaonic nuclear systems, such as $ K^{-}ppn$K-ppn and $ K^{-}K^{-}pp$K-K-pp , with the Faddeev AGS method in the momentum representation. The Faddeev calculations are based on the quasi-particle method and the method of energy-dependent pole expansion was used to obtain the separable representation for the integral kernels in the three- and four-body equations. Different types of $ \bar{K}N$K¯N - $ \pi\Sigma$πΣ potentials based on phenomenological and chiral SU(3) approach are used and it was shown that the kaonic nuclear systems under consideration are tightly bound.

Field of study: Physics
Welfare states, flexible employment, and health: a critical review.

The aim of this literature review is to identify whether differences between welfare regimes can manifest diverse consequences for the health effects of insecure and precarious employment, as well as to address challenging issues and implications for future research.



By searching PubMed, PsychINFO, Stork Social Science Citation Index, and Index Lilac, from 1988 to June 2010, a total of 104 original articles were selected (65 on job insecurity; 39 on precarious employment).



After classifying selected empirical studies according to a six-regime welfare state typology (Scandinavian, Bismarckian, Southern European, Anglo-Saxon, Eastern European, and East Asian), this systematic review reveals that welfare regimes may be an important determinant of employment-related health. Precarious workers in Scandinavian welfare states report better or equal health status when compared to their permanent counterparts. By contrast, precarious work in the remaining welfare state regimes is found to be associated with adverse health outcomes, including poor self-rated health, musculoskeletal disorders, injuries, and mental health problems.



Future research should be conducted by employing conceptual models that specify how macro-economic processes, country-level welfare factors, and individual employment histories and environments relate to employment-related health inequalities.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
4-Hydroxy-2-quinolones. 118. Synthesis, structure, and chemical properties of 2-bromomethyl-5-oxo-1,2-dihydro-5H-oxazolo-[3,2-a]quinoline-4-carboxylic acid and its ethyl ester

Bromination of N-allyl-substituted 4-hydroxy-2-quinolinones with molecular bromine in acetic acid or carbon tetrachloride occurs with closing of a five membered oxazole ring to give 2-bromomethyl-5-oxo-1,2-dihydro-5H-oxazolo[3,2-a]quinoline.

Field of study: Chemistry
The search for a new-generation human anthrax vaccine

Anthrax is a disease primarily of herbivores, but humans can become infected through contact with infected animals or animal products. The etiological agent, Bacillus anthracis, possesses two primary virulence factors: a poly-D-glumatic acid capsule and an exotoxic mixture of three proteins: protective antigen (PA), edema factor (EF), and lethal factor (LF). None of the three proteins individually possesses demonstrable toxic activity; however, intravenous injection of PA + LF kills mice, rats, and guinea pigs, whereas intradermal injection of PA + EF produces edematous lesions in the skin of guinea pigs and rabbits. The combination of PA + LF is termed lethal toxin, whereas PA + EF is referred to as edema-producing toxin. The conventional designation for mixtures of all three components is anthrax toxin. The genes encoding PA, EF, and LF are located on a 174-kilobase (kb) plasmid, pXO1; the genes responsible for capsule synthesis are on a 91 kb plasmid, pXO2. In the United States, the currently licensed human vaccine against anthrax (designated here as MDPH-PA) consists of aluminum hydroxide-absorbed, supernatant material, primarily PA (11), from fermenter cultures of another toxinogenic, nonencapsulated strain, V770-Np1-R. Immunization with MDPH-PA requires a series of six doses within 18 mo, followed by yearly boosters. Immunization occasionally results in local pain and inflammation, and there is some evidence indicating that MDPH-PA may have diminished efficacy against certain virulent strains of B. The need for an improved human vaccine against anthrax is apparent.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
The excitation spectrum of the trigonal and the orthorhombic FeIn centres in silicon

Excitation spectra of trigonal and orthorhombic FeIn pairs in silicon have been studied by Fourier transform spectroscopy. The spectra were identified as due to hole transitions from the deep ground state to shallow hole states. The orthorhombic configuration is stable but population of the metastable trigonal configuration was obtained by above-bandgap excitation. For the orthorhombic and trigonal centre, the positions of the 0/- FeIn levels were estimated to be 390 meV and 320 meV below the conduction band minima. Arguments are given that for the trigonal centre iron resides on the nearest-neighbour interstitial position.

Field of study: Materials science
Fear of loss, inframodularity, and transfers

There exist several characterizations of concavity for univariate functions. One of them states that a function is concave if and only if it has nonincreasing differences. This definition provides a natural generalization of concavity for multivariate functions called inframodularity. Inframodular transfers are defined and it is shown that a finite lottery is preferred to another by all expected utility maximizers with an inframodular utility if and only if the first lottery can be obtained from the second via a sequence of inframodular transfers. This result is a natural multivariate generalization of Rothschild and Stiglitzʼs construction based on mean preserving spreads.

Field of study: Economics
Palynology of badger coprolites from central Spain

This paper presents pollen analysis of badger coprolites from Cueva de los Torrejones, central Spain. Eleven of fourteen coprolite specimens showed good pollen preservation, acceptable pollen concentration, and diversity of both arboreal and herbaceous taxa, together with a number of non-pollen palynomorph types, especially fungal spores. Radiocarbon dating suggests that the coprolite collection derives from badger colonies that established setts and latrines inside the cavern over the last three centuries. The coprolite pollen record depicts a mosaic, anthropogenic landscape very similar to the present-day, comprising pine forests, Quercus-dominated formations, woodland patches with Juniperus thurifera, and a Cistaceaedominated understorey with heliophytes and nitrophilous assemblages. Although influential, dietary behavior of the badgers does not preclude palaeoenvironmental interpretation of the coprolite pollen spectra. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography