nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
On-line Monitoring of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Using Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer

Time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS) was utilized for monitoring typical polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which are important correlation compounds of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, naphthalene and pyrene were measured in certain concentration. The signals were analyzed to assess the performance of the instrument to detect correlation compounds. Experimental results showed that TOF-MS has a good response capability to the tested PAHs. The limit of detection could reach 25×10-9 mol/L(volume concentration is 500 part-per-billion level (ppbv). The signal intensity showed a good linear relation with real concentration levels5. The mass calibration from 25×10-9 mol/L to 500×10-9 mol/L(volume concentration from 0.5 to 10 ppmv (volume concentration of part-permillion level)) was carried out preliminary by fitting between on-line test signal intensity and concentration using the method of least square. The results supplied a feasibility to investigate the on-line monitoring method of PAHs in flue gas.

Field of study: Chemistry
Tyrosine 462 of the membrane-proximal F'-G' loop of murine Mpl is not essential for high-affinity binding of thrombopoietin.

The ligand binding site of Mpl, the thrombopoietin (Tpo) receptor, has not been determined. Tyr(462)of murine Mpl corresponds to Tyr(421)of the common beta chain of the human IL-3, IL-5 and GM-CSF receptors. Tyr(421)has been identified as essential for high-affinity ligand binding. To determine whether Tyr(462)is similarly required for Tpo binding, wild-type murine Mpl (Mpl-WT) or mutant receptors containing an alanine (Y462A) or lysine (Y462K) in place of Tyr(462)were expressed in BaF3 cells. In proliferation studies, the Y462A mutation had no effect on Tpo-induced growth. In contrast, the Y462K mutation led to an attenuated proliferative response to Tpo. In single-point binding studies, both Mpl-WT and Y462A cells were able to bind [(125)I]Tpo in a specific manner. In contrast, there was a marked reduction in binding of [(125)I]Tpo by Y462K cells. Mpl-WT cells bound Tpo with a K(d)of approximately 330 pM, while Y462A cells bound Tpo with a K(d)of approximately 268 pM. The binding affinity of Y462K cells was below that quantifiable by Scatchard analysis. This study suggests that unlike the corresponding Tyr(421)of the common human beta chain, Tyr(462)of murine Mpl is not required for high-affinity ligand binding, although it may be located in proximity to the ligand binding site.

Field of study: Medicine
The ‘Goldilocks Zone’ of predation: the level of fox control needed to select predator resistance in a reintroduced mammal in Australia

A large component of the anthropogenic biodiversity crisis is the loss of animal species. In response, there has been significant investment in reintroductions of species to their historical ranges. Predation by native and exotic predators, however, remains a barrier to success. Over the past 200 years, Australia has seen the highest rate of mammal extinction on earth, with mammals within a critical weight range (CWR: 35 g–5.5 kg) most affected due to predation by exotic predators. Populations of some threatened species now exist only in Tasmania, offshore islands, or predator-proof sanctuaries. The next critical step is to return native populations outside of predator-free areas, ‘beyond-the-fence’, on the continental mainland. Given our current inability to completely remove exotic predators from mainland ecosystems, how can we achieve successful mammal reintroductions? A potential solution is to drive adaptation of reintroduced animals towards predator-resistance by exposing them to low levels of predation. We propose the concept of a ‘Goldilocks Zone’—the ‘just right’ levels of predation needed to drive selection for predator-resistant native species, while ensuring population viability. We experimentally reintroduced a mammal, the eastern bettong (Bettongia gaimardi), to mainland Australia, 100 years after its local extinction. Using an intense baiting regime, we reduced the population density of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), the main factor behind the eastern bettong’s extirpation from the continent. Reducing bait take to 15% of previous levels allowed differential survival among bettongs; some surviving under 100 days and others over 450 (~ 4 times longer than some similar trials with related species). Surviving individuals were generally larger at release than those that died earlier, implying selection for larger bettongs. Our results suggest that reducing predation could establish a Goldilocks Zone that could drive selection for bettongs with predator-resistant traits. Our work contributes to a growing body of literature that explores a shift towards harnessing evolutionary principles to combat the challenges posed by animal management and conservation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Embracing palliative care.

T Carl Moore Lectureship in Family Medicine honours Dr Carl Moore, a former Chair of the Department of Family Medicine at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ont. It was a privilege to host Dr David Kuhl as guest speaker for the fi fth annual Carl Moore Lectureship. He spoke about “Facing Death; Embracing Life.” He received his medical degree from McMaster in 1985 and is now a palliative care physician based in British Columbia. Dr Kuhl has helped develop palliative care programs for St Paul Hospital and for Providence Health Care. In 1996, Dr Kuhl became a Soros Faculty Scholar on the Project on Death and Dying in America. His qualitative study explored the spiritual and psychosocial issues patients have at the end of life and produced a book, What Dying People Want; Practical Wisdom for the End of Life.1,2 Dr Kuhl has worked to improve understanding of the challenges people face as death draws near.

Field of study: Medicine
Whose Global Anglophone? Race, Language, and Inter-imperiality in W. E. B. Du Bois’s Dark Princess

In W. E. B. Du Bois’ Dark Princess (1928) Anglophone legibility simultaneously limits and extends coalitions between racialized subjects from different empires. Drawing on the concept of inter-imperiality, this essay argues that this novel is a key text for theorizing the connections between the emergent field of the Global Anglophone and earlier articulations of an inter-imperial English-speaking world that mediated relations among anti-colonial writers and activists as well as imperialists.

Field of study: Art
Acidic peptides of the lens.

The occurrence in lens extracts of acidic peptides, apparently derived from glutathione, was described in the first paper of this series (Waley, 1956). These compounds were isolated by electrophoresis; they migrated rapidly towards the anode at pH 4 (the 'fast-acid' fraction). A major constituent of this fraction (called lo4) was shown to have glutamic acid as the N-terminal amino acid of a tripeptide, which gave also cystine and glycine on hydrolysis. This paper describes further work leading to the identification of this derivative as the thiosulphate related to glutathionine; following the suggestion of Swan (1957), the thiosulphate will be called Ssulphoglutathione. The main analytical technique employed has been ion-exchange chromatography; S-sulphoglutathione is the most acidic ninhydrinpositive compound in lens extracts and can be readily isolated by using a buffer of high ionic strength so that all the other compounds are barely retarded.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Remobilization and bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from estuarine sediments under the effects of Nereis diversicolor bioturbation.

The effects of Nereis diversicolor bioturbation on the remobilization and bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from estuarine sediment were determined after 60 d in a laboratory experiment. The release fluxes and mass transfer coefficients showed that bioturbation by N. diversicolor can lead to a significant remobilization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from estuarine sediments. Bioturbation enhanced the release of PAHs from sediment to water by accelerating the transport of sediment particles to the sediment-water interface followed by PAHs desorption to the water. The bioavailability of PAHs was described by SPMD-sediment accumulation factors (SSAF). The SSAF of low molecular weight PAHs with bioturbation was significantly higher than that of PAHs without bioturbation, and there were no significant variations in high-molecular-weight PAHs. Our results revealed that N. diversicolor bioturbation significantly increased PAHs release from sediment to water but only increased the bioavailability of low-molecular-weight PAHs.

Field of study: Environmental science
Cohomological finite generation for restricted Lie superalgebras and finite supergroup schemes

We prove that the cohomology ring of a finite-dimensional restricted Lie superalgebra over a field of characteristic $p > 2$ is a finitely-generated algebra. Our proof makes essential use of the explicit projective resolution of the trivial module constructed by J. Peter May for any graded restricted Lie algebra. We then prove that the cohomological finite generation problem for finite supergroup schemes over fields of odd characteristic reduces to the existence of certain conjectured universal extension classes for the general linear supergroup $GL(m|n)$ that are similar to the universal extension classes for $GL_n$ exhibited by Friedlander and Suslin.

Field of study: Mathematics
43: Distinct dictation of Japanese encephalitis virus-induced neuroinflammation and lethality via triggering TLR3 and TLR4 signal pathways

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is major emerging neurologic disease caused by JE virus. To date, the impact of TLR molecules on JE progression has not been addressed. Here, we determined whether each TLR modulates JE, using several TLR-deficient mouse strains (TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR9). Surprisingly, among the tested TLR-deficient mice there were contrasting results in TLR3 −/− and TLR4 −/− mice, i.e. TLR3 −/− mice were highly susceptible to JE, whereas TLR4 −/− mice showed enhanced resistance to JE. TLR3 ablation induced severe CNS inflammation characterized by early infiltration of inflammatory CD11b + Ly-6Chigh monocytes along with profoundly increased viral burden, proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine expression as well as BBB permeability. In contrast, TLR4 −/− mice showed mild CNS inflammation manifested by reduced viral burden, leukocyte infiltration and proinflammatory cytokine expression. Interestingly, TLR4 ablation provided potent in vivo systemic type I IFN innate response, as well as ex vivo type I IFN production associated with strong induction of antiviral PRRs (RIG-I, MDA5), transcription factors (IRF-3, IRF-7), and IFN-dependent (PKR, Oas1, Mx) and independent ISGs (ISG49, ISG54, ISG56) by alternative activation of IRF3 and NF- κ B in myeloid-derived DCs and macrophages, as compared to TLR3 −/− myeloid-derived cells which were more permissive to viral replication through impaired type I IFN innate response. TLR4 ablation also appeared to mount an enhanced type I IFN innate and humoral, CD4 + and CD8 + T cell responses, which were mediated by altered immune cell populations (increased number of plasmacytoid DCs and NK cells, reduced CD11b + Ly-6Chigh monocytes) and CD4 + Foxp3 + Treg number in lymphoid tissue. Thus, potent type I IFN innate and adaptive immune responses in the absence of TLR4 were closely coupled with reduced JE lethality. Collectively, these results suggest that a balanced triggering of TLR signal array by viral components during JE progression could be responsible for determining disease outcome through regulating negative and positive factors.

Field of study: Medicine
Lane detection in dense fog using a polarimetric dehazing method.

Lane detection is crucial for driver assistance systems. However, road scenes are severely degraded in dense fog, which leads to the loss of robustness of many lane detection methods. For this problem, an end-to-end method combining polarimetric dehazing and lane detection is proposed in this paper. From images with dense fog captured by a vehicle-mounted monochrome polarization camera, the darkest and brightest images are synthesized. Then, the airlight degree of polarization is estimated from angle of polarization, and the airlight is optimized by guided filtering to facilitate lane detection. After dehazing, the lane detection is carried out by a Canny operator and Hough transform. Having helped achieve good lane detection results in dense fog, the proposed dehazing method is also adaptive and computationally efficient. In general, this paper provides a valuable reference for driving safety in dense fog.

Field of study: Physics
Differential regulation of genes encoding synaptic proteins by the Oct-2 transcription factor.

In order to investigate the effect of the Oct-2 POU family transcription factor on the regulation of genes encoding synaptic proteins, we have used cell lines in which the level of Oct-2 has been greatly reduced using an antisense approach. The reduced Oct-2 level results in enhanced expression of SNAP-25 and synapsin I, indicating that the genes encoding these proteins are normally repressed by Oct-2 in neuronal cells. In contrast, no alteration was observed in the levels of the synaptic proteins, synaptophysin and synaptotagmin. Although the neuronal forms of Oct-2 can repress the synapsin I promoter in co-transfection experiments, indicating that they have a direct effect on the expression of this gene, they have no effect on the activity of the SNAP-25 promoter, indicating that the effect of Oct-2 on this gene is likely to be indirect. These effects are discussed in terms of the differential effect of Oct-2 and the related POU family transcription factor Brn-3a, on the promoters of genes encoding different synaptic proteins.

Field of study: Biology
Weston and Charlot: Art and Friendship by Lew Andrews (review)

Edward Weston and Jean Charlot were part of the astonishing group of foreign artists and intellectuals who flocked to Mexico City in the 1920s and 1930s, drawn in part by a fascination with the Mexican Revolution and with the explosion of artistic activity that followed it. In Mexico, Weston and Charlot found themselves in the company of an international group that included Tina Modotti, Anita Brenner, Frances Toor, and Sergei Eisenstein, not to mention national artists like Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo.

Field of study: History
The Cultural Politics of Duke Cosimo I de' Medici. Konrad EisenbichlerThe Spinelli of Florence: Fortunes of a Renaissance Merchant Family. Philip Jacks , William Caffero

means of her massively detailed dissection of the wills. The same is true of her account of women's tendency to direct their pious bequests more to individual persons than men did, consistent with her overall emphasis on women's more extensive and varied social networks, and of her reconstruction of women's widespread membership in and benefactions to minor confraternities (the scuole piccole). The exception to this method is her strong assertion of women's busy participation in public life, where evidence from wills of their acquaintanceships throughout the city is supplemented by evidence of their presence in, or at least at, Venice's festivities and, relying on the biography of the saintly Maria da Venezia, of their free and confident participation in the commercial life of the streets. The detailed accounts of the will data can be heavy going, and some of Guzzetti's interpretations of it are presented as more conclusive than seems warranted. But her punctiliously systematic excavation of the intentions and relationships conveyed in the wills is what gives her overall argument its force and makes Venezianische Vermdchtnisse a major contribution to the study of women in Venice and Italy. STANLEY CHOJNACKI University of North Carolina, Chapel

Field of study: History
Linear Independence of a Finite Set of Dilations by a One-parameter Matrix Lie Group

Let G = {etA : t ∈ R} be a closed one-parameter subgroup of the general linear group of matrices of order n acting on Rn by matrix-vector multiplication. We assume that all eigenvalues of A are rationally related. We study conditions for which the set { f ( et1A· ) , · · · , f ( etmA· )} is linearly dependent in Lp (Rn) with 1 ≤ p <∞. AMS Subject Classification: 39B52

Field of study: Mathematics
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of a novel alcohol dehydrogenase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Aeropyrum pernix.

A novel alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme has been cloned from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Aeropyrum pernix and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. This zinc-containing enzyme has been crystallized by the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion method using PEG 600 as precipitant. The crystals diffract to 1.5 A resolution and belong to the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2, with unit-cell parameters a = 100.7, b = 103.2, c = 67.5 A. The asymmetric unit contains two enzyme monomers. Two synchrotron data sets have been collected: one at a wavelength near the absorption edge of zinc and one at a remote wavelength. Three strong zinc-ion positions were visible in the anomalous Patterson map. Two additional weaker zinc ions have been identified by anomalous Fourier synthesis.

Field of study: Chemistry
Study on cultivation condition of HMS-4 strain producing MnP

This paper research enzyme production and activity of HMS-4 alkaliphilic strain in alkaline liquid medium(pH≈10.5) with various carbons or nitrogen and various ratio of carbons and nitrogen.The result showed that Klason-lignin takes advantage of production of MnP,the activity is 280.45U/L.The activity of MnP is higher in sugar cultivation condition,its activity is 120.36U/L.And its activity is 129.76U/L(8days) at optimal cultivation times.Lower carbon medium is suitable for production,and low nitrogen medium restrain obviously synthesis of the enzymes.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Phase I clinical trial of CO17-1A monoclonal antibody.

Twenty patients with metastatic gastrointestinal cancer received one or more weekly infusions of 400 mg CO17-1A monoclonal antibody. The most common side effect was mild gastrointestinal symptoms in 9/20 patients. Two of five patients receiving three weekly infusions had reversible anaphylactic reactions at the time of their third infusion. The pharmacokinetics of the antibody were similar at the first, second or third infusion. Human antibody to 17-1A occurred in 17/20 patients with 11/20 having antibody detectable by 8 days following initial infusion. Thus, one or two infusions (weekly) of large doses of 17-1A were well tolerated but allergic responses limit ability to administer therapy by 15 days post-initial infusion.

Field of study: Biology
A Rapid Multi-Angle Vehicle Detection Method in Complex Scenario

Vehicle detection algorithm based on video analysis is negative for vehicle detection in complex scenes, such as traffic intersection, due to the single angle and the poor static detection effect, and so on. Aimed at above problems, this article proposes a multi-angle vehicle detection method, based on micro cascading neural network. This method improves the tertiary AdaBoost recursive model and constructs an embedded micro neural network model. This paper combining the model with local normalized pixel-value differencing (NPD) features, trained AdaBoost model by polymorphic complex angle samples. The results show that the method has better detection performance and lower failure rate, and average detection rate and detection time are 89.47% and 199 ms respectively, which can meet the requirements of real-time vehicle detection in actual scene.

Field of study: Engineering
Orogenesis and deep crustal structure -- additional evidence from seismology

Seismic evidence indicates that the principal orogenic structure responsible for each of the great linear and curvilinear mountain ranges and oceanic trenches is a complex reverse fault. A study of eight regions in which orogenic activity is in progress reveals that these great faults occur in two basic types, here designated oceanic and marginal. Oceanic faults, situated within the oceanic domain, extend from the surface to depths of 550 to 700 km. They exhibit an average dip of 61°. Their elastic strain-rebound characteristics show that these faults are composed of two separate mechanical units—a shallow component extending from the ocean bottom to a depth of roughly 60 km, and a deeper component extending to the 700km crustal boundary. The marginal faults situated along the continental margins occur in dual and triple forms. The dual faults comprise a shallow member extending from the surface to a depth of approximately 60 km and an intermediate member extending to a depth of 200 to 300 km. The average dip is 33°. The marginal triple form is similar to the dual down to the 300 km level. At this depth the dip changes abruptly to 60° to form a third component extending down to the 650± km crustal boundary. The elastic strain-rebound characteristics of the marginal faults indicate that the components of these structures also move as separate units, although in South America the two lower elements exhibit some evidence for mechanical coupling. In the continental domain the 300 km level thus represents a tectonic discontinuity not as yet revealed by seismic wave-propagation studies but which is apparently the lower boundary of the continents. Since the oceanic faults and the deep components of the marginal faults have the same average dip (61°) it may be assumed that both are fractures in a single, continuous mechanical structure subject to a single stress system. The different average dip (33°) of the marginal intermediate fault components suggests that they occur in a structure mechanically distinct from the deep oceanic and continental layer and that they are activated by a different stress system. A hypothesis offered for the origin of the volcanoes associated with the faults assumes that the source of volcanic energy is heat produced in the fault rocks by the inelastic components of the repeated to-and-fro strains involved in the generation of the sequences of earthquakes and aftershocks.

Field of study: Geology
Secondary metabolite from Nostoc XPORK14A inhibits photosynthesis and growth of Synechocystis PCC 6803.

Screening of 55 different cyanobacterial strains revealed that an extract from Nostoc XPORK14A drastically modifies the amplitude and kinetics of chlorophyll a fluorescence induction of Synechocystis PCC6803 cells.After 2 d exposure to the Nostoc XPORK14A extract, Synechocystis PCC 6803 cells displayed reduced net photosynthetic activity and significantly modified electron transport properties of photosystem II under both light and dark conditions. However, the maximum oxidizable amount of P700 was not strongly affected. The extract also induced strong oxidative stress in Synechocystis PCC 6803 cells in both light and darkness. We identified the secondary metabolite of Nostoc XPORK14A causing these pronounced effects on Synechocystis cells. Mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses revealed that this compound, designated as M22, has a non-peptide structure. We propose that M22 possesses a dualaction mechanism: firstly, by photogeneration of reactive oxygen species in the presence of light, which in turn affects the photosynthetic machinery of Synechocystis PCC 6803; and secondly, by altering the in vivo redox status of cells, possibly through inhibition of protein kinases.

Field of study: Environmental science