nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of multi-nutrient mineral blocks on performance and health parameters of cows in dry lot housing

To evaluate additional effects of compound nutrient block,an experiment group(EG)and a control group(CG)were designed.There are three milk yield levels in each group,including high-yielding,middle-yielding and low-yielding cows.Compared to CG,the milk yields of the cows in EG averagely increased by 4.85%.In the middle-yielding cows,the daily milk yield was the highest,increased by 12.1%(P0.05),but the somatic cell number in milk averagely decreased by 50.0%(P0.01),the allotriophagia significantly decreased and so did the lameness and mastitis averagely by 92.8% and 54.0% respectively.Supplemental effect of multi-nutrient mineral blocks on physiological function and production performance for different milk-yield cows showed disparate local.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Tectonic evolution of the Himalayan thrust belt in western Nepal: Implications for channel flow models

We present a new geologic map of western Nepal and three balanced regional cross sections in the Himalayan thrust belt. The minimum shortening between the South Tibetan detachment and the Main Frontal thrust is 485–743 km and suggests that total Himalayan shortening may exceed 900 km. All rocks involved in the thrust belt are of upper crustal affinity, implying that a comparable length of Indian lower crust and mantle lithosphere was subducted beneath Tibet. Major structural features are the Subhimalayan thrust system, Lesser Himalayan imbricate zone, Dadeldhura thrust sheet, Lesser Himalayan duplex, Ramgarh thrust sheet, Main Central thrust sheet, and a north-dipping normal-sense shear zone, possibly related to the South Tibetan detachment. These structures are continuous along the entire Nepalese portion of the Himalayan thrust belt. New 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages from the Ramgarh thrust zone, Greater Himalayan rocks, and the lower part of the Tethyan sequence support a kinematic model in which major thrust systems in Nepal propagated southward from early Miocene time onward. The geometry and kinematic history of the thrust belt in western Nepal are not compatible with recent models for southward ductile extrusion of Greater Himalayan rocks in a mid-crustal channel. Instead, the thrust belt in western Nepal behaved like a typical forward propagating thrust system, involving unmetamorphosed, brittlely deformed rocks in its frontal part and ductilely deformed, higher-grade metamorphic rocks in its hinterland region. Although our results do not support published versions of the channel flow model, they provide additional geological and geo-chronological data that will assist future attempts to develop geodynamic models for the Himalayan-Tibetan orogenic system.

Field of study: Geology
The Kuwait University Anxiety Scale: Psychometric Properties

This study was undertaken to construct the Kuwait University Anxiety Scale in two comparable Arabic and English versions. The intent was to provide a research tool as well as a measure of predisposition to develop anxiety in general among adults and adolescents. The scale is comprised by 20 brief statements answered on a 4-point intensity scale, anchored by 1: Rarely and 4: Always. Factor analysis yielded three high-loaded factors of Cognitive/Affective, Behavioral/Subjective, and Somatic Anxiety, with moderate interfactor correlations. Item-remainder correlations ranged from .27 to .74. Reliabilities ranged from .88 to .92 (alpha) and between .70 and .93 (test-retest), denoting good internal consistency and stability. Criterion-related validity of the scale ranged between .70 and .88 (5 criteria), while the loadings of the scale on a general factor of anxiety were .93 and .95 in two factor analyses, demonstrating the scale's criterion-related and factorial validity. Discriminant validity of the scale was demonstrated. The scale correlated .65 with scores on the Beck Depression scale. Male adolescents attained a higher mean score than male undergraduates. Females have significantly higher mean scores than their male counterparts. Kuwaiti norms (N = 4,660) were reported.

Field of study: Psychology
Cannabinoids and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain-Axis: Emerging Effects of Cannabidiol and Potential Applications to Alcohol Use Disorders.

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has emerged in recent years as a potential treatment target for alcohol use disorders (AUD). In particular, the non-psychoactive cannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) has shown preclinical promise in ameliorating numerous clinical symptoms of AUD. There are several proposed mechanism(s) through which cannabinoids (and CBD in particular) may confer beneficial effects in the context of AUD. First, CBD may directly impact specific brain mechanisms underlying AUD to influence alcohol consumption and the clinical features of AUD. Second, CBD may influence AUD symptoms through its actions across the digestive, immune, and central nervous systems, collectively known as the microbiota-gut-brain-axis (MGBA). Notably, emerging work suggests that alcohol and cannabinoids exert opposing effects on the MGBA. Alcohol is linked to immune dysfunction (e.g., chronic systemic inflammation in the brain and periphery) as well as disturbances in gut microbial species (microbiota) and increased intestinal permeability. These MGBA disruptions have been associated with AUD symptoms such as craving and impaired cognitive control. Conversely, existing preclinical data suggest that cannabinoids may confer beneficial effects on the gastrointestinal and immune system, such as reducing intestinal permeability, regulating gut bacteria and reducing inflammation. Thus, cannabinoids may exert AUD harm-reduction effects, at least in part, through their beneficial actions across the MGBA. This review will provide a brief introduction to the ECS and the MGBA, discuss the effects of cannabinoids (particularly CBD) and alcohol in the brain, gut, and immune system (i.e., across the MGBA), and put forth a theoretical framework to inform future research questions.

Field of study: Medicine
Double resonances of parametric susceptibilities in the case of vibrational-rotational transitions in molecules

An analysis is made of the frequency addition processes in the case of a two-frequency double resonance involving vibrational-rotational transitions and their potential applications in nonlinear spectroscopy. A study is made of the influence of the saturation effect and of the frequency detuning from one- and two-photon resonances on the conversion processes and estimates are obtained for a specific molecular gas. It is shown that in the case of two-frequency interaction under double resonance conditions the efficiency of conversion of a probe wave into a wave at the signal frequency increases at least several hundred times, compared with the case of the one-frequency interaction.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Microscopic Study of Wobbling Motions in Hf and Lu Nuclei

One of the most striking findings in the recent high-spin spectroscopy is the discovery of one-phonon, and possibly double-phonon, excitation of the nuclear wobbling rotational bands. In this talk, we first review the properties of observed wobbling motions, and discuss the failure and success of the possible interpretation in terms of the simple rotor model. Then, we further present results of our microscopic study in Hf and Lu nuclei by means of the theoretical framework, the cranked mean-field and the random phase approximation.

Field of study: Physics
Immunologic abnormalities related to antigenaemia during HIV-1 infection.

The expression of phenotypic markers on T and B lymphocytes in long-term human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) seropositive, antigen negative patients, in seropositive, antigen positive individuals without AIDS and in seronegative intravenous drug abusers was examined by two colour flow cytometry. Seropositive, antigen positive patients showed decreased CD4+ lymphocyte numbers, causing lower CD4/CD8 ratios when compared to seropositive, antigen negative subjects. While CD4 CDw29+ (4B4) lymphocytes are selectively reduced in seropositive, antigen negative individuals, both CD4 CDw29+ and CD4 CD45R+ (2H4) lymphocytes are decreased when antigenaemia is present. An increased percentage of CD3 HLA DR+ activated T lymphocytes and of CD20+ (B1) Leu 8 negative activated B cells was seen in HIV-1 seropositive antigen positive patients. These results demonstrate that, in long-term seropositive individuals, antigenaemia is associated with peculiar phenotypic changes of lymphocyte subsets.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Bayesian Active Learning for Structured Output Design

In this paper, we propose an active learning method for an inverse problem that aims to find an input that achieves a desired structured-output. The proposed method provides new acquisition functions for minimizing the error between the desired structured-output and the prediction of a Gaussian process model, by effectively incorporating the correlation between multiple outputs of the underlying multi-valued black box output functions. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by applying it to two synthetic shape search problem and real data. In the real data experiment, we tackle the input parameter search which achieves the desired crystal growth rate in silicon carbide (SiC) crystal growth modeling, that is a problem of materials informatics.

Field of study: Computer science
Identification of spikes associated with local sources in continuous time series of atmospheric CO, CO 2 and CH 4

This study deals with the problem of identifying atmospheric data influenced by local emissions that can result in spikes in time series of greenhouse gases and long-lived tracer measurements. We considered three spike detection methods known as coefficient of variation (COV), robust extraction of baseline signal (REBS) and standard deviation of the background (SD) to detect and filter positive spikes in continuous greenhouse gas time series from four monitoring stations representative of the European ICOS (Integrated Carbon Observation System) Research Infrastructure network. The results of the different methods are compared to each other and against a manual detection performed by station managers. Four stations were selected as test cases to apply the spike detection methods: a continental rural tower of 100 m height in eastern France (OPE), a high-mountain observatory in the south-west of France (PDM), a regional marine background site in Crete (FKL) and a marine clean-air background site in the Southern Hemisphere on Amsterdam Island (AMS). This selection allows us to address spike detection problems in time series with different variability. Two years of continuous measurements of CO2, CH4 and CO were analysed. All methods were found to be able to detect short-term spikes (lasting from a few seconds to a few minutes) in the time series. Analysis of the results of each method leads us to exclude the COV method due to the requirement to arbitrarily specify an a priori percentage of rejected data in the time series, which may over- or underestimate the actual number of spikes. The two other methods freely determine the number of spikes for a given set of parameters, and the values of these parameters were calibrated to provide the best match with spikes known to reflect local emissions episodes that are well documented by the station managers. More than 96 % of the spikes manually identified by station managers were successfully detected both in the SD and the REBS methods after the best adjustment of parameter values. At PDM, measurements made by two analyzers located 200 m from each other allow us to confirm that the CH4 spikes identified in one of the time series but not in the other correspond to a local source from a sewage treatment facility in one of the observatory buildings. From this experiment, we also found that the REBS method underestimates the number of positive anomalies in the CH4 data caused by local sewage emissions. As a conclusion, we recommend the use of the SD method, which also appears to be the easiest one to implement in automatic data processing, used for the operational filtering of spikes in greenhouse gases time series at global and regional monitoring stations of networks like that of the ICOS atmosphere network.

Field of study: Environmental science
High pressure structural study of samarium doped CeO 2 oxygen vacancy conductor — Insight into the dopant concentration relationship to the strain effect in thin film ionic conductors

The bulk modulus of nanocrystalline, fluorite-structured samarium doped ceria, Sm 0.2 Ce 0.8 O 1.9 , has been investigated using synchrotron-based high-pressure X-ray diffraction technique. Experiments were carried out under both quasi-hydrostatic condition with silicon oil pressure transmitting medium (PTM) and nonhydrostatic conditions without PTM. The high pressure structural results indicate that the highly defected ionic conductor is stable up to 20 GPa and has a lower bulk modulus than what has been reported for undoped-CeO 2 . The isothermal bulk modulus of Sm 0.2 Ce 0.8 O 1.9 is ~ 150–190 GPa compared to ~ 210–220 GPa for CeO 2 . The collected data experimentally verifies the effect of Sm 3 + dopant and oxygen vacancy defect formation on bulk modulus in doped CeO 2 . The effect of modulus on misfit dislocation formation and dopant ion segregation is discussed in relation to a fundamental understanding of the strain effect in this important family of fast ionic conductors, with potential application as oxygen vacancy conducting solid state electrolytes.

Field of study: Materials science
Tandem Sequential Ring-Closing Metathesis/Diels–Alder/Cross-Metathesis: Formation of Polycyclic Compounds by a New Three-Component Reaction†

Polycyclic oxygenated compounds have been generated from penta- or hexadienyl propargyl ethers by a new procedure that combines the selective formation of a 1,3-diene by ring-closing metathesis (RCM), a Diels–Alder (DA) reaction and subsequent cross-metathesis (CM) with a chosen alkene, which allows the functionalization of the vinyl group generated during the first step. All these processes can be performed in a one-pot reaction with a yield of up to 63 %.

Field of study: Chemistry
The Evolutionary Armistice

Natural selection modified the attachment-behavioral system to bond adult mating partners in early members of the genus Homo, thus facilitating increased investment, especially paternal investment, in offspring. Previously existing adaptations that fostered intersexual conflict (e.g., ovulatory adaptations) could have threatened attachment bonds; therefore, the attachment-behavioral system might have evolved the ability to mute or refocus such adaptations for the purpose of strengthening the bond. Two studies offer support for this prediction. Women who were strongly attached to their romantic partner revealed positive associations of fertility with reports of romantic physical intimacy, but these associations were negative among unbonded women. This moderational effect of attachment bond strength was robust beyond dispositional attachment anxiety and avoidance, relationship satisfaction, relationship commitment, and partner physical attractiveness, none of which revealed robust moderational effects. Findings highlight how researchers can use the timeline of hominid evolution (i.e., phylogeny) as a tool to complement functional, adaptationist hypotheses.

Field of study: Psychology
External Qi of Yan Xin Qigong Inhibits Activation of Akt, Erk1/2 and NF-ĸB and Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Colorectal Cancer Cells

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer death in the Western countries. Novel approaches of treatment are needed for CRC. The purpose of the present study was to investigate cytotoxic effect of external Qi of Yan Xin Qigong (YXQ-EQ) on human colorectal cancer cells.  The effect of YXQ-EQ on viability, cell cycle progression and apoptosis in colorectal cancer HT-29 cells was investigated. Phosphorylation of Akt and Erk1/2, activation of NF-ĸB and the expression of proteins involved in regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis were examined by Western blot analysis.  YXQ-EQ markedly decreased viability and blocked colony formation of HT-29 cells. YXQ-EQ downregulated cyclin D1 expression and increased accumulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21Cip1 and p27Kip1, resulting in G1 cell cycle arrest. YXQ-EQ induced apoptosis in HT-29 cells in association with decreased expression of antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-xL, XIAP, survivin and Mcl-1 and elevated expression of proapoptotic protein Bax. YXQ-EQ significantly repressed phosphorylation of Akt and Erk1/2 and NF-ĸB activation in HT-29 cells, suggesting that YXQ-EQ may exert cytotoxic effect through regulating signaling pathways critical for cell proliferation and survival. Furthermore, YXQ-EQ treated PBS and an YXQ-EQ treated plant extract induced apoptosis in HT-29 cells.  These findings show that YXQ-EQ has potent cytotoxic effect on HT-29 cells and suggest that YXQ-EQ could be potentially used for colorectal cancer treatment either directly or indirectly via carriers.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Galaxy Merger Fractions in Two Clusters at $z\sim 2$ Using the Hubble Space Telescope

We measure the fraction of galaxy-galaxy mergers in two clusters at $z\sim2$ using imaging and grism observations from the {\it Hubble Space Telescope}. The two galaxy cluster candidates were originally identified as overdensities of objects using deep mid-infrared imaging and observations from the {\it Spitzer Space Telescope}, and were subsequently followed up with HST/WFC3 imaging and grism observations. We identify galaxy-galaxy merger candidates using high resolution imaging with the WFC3 in the F105W, F125W, and F160W bands. Coarse redshifts for the same objects are obtained with grism observations in G102 for the $z\sim1.6$ cluster (IRC0222A) and G141 for the $z\sim2$ cluster (IRC0222B). Using visual classifications as well as a variety of selection techniques, we measure merger fractions of $11_{-3.2}^{+8.2}$ in IRC0222A and $18_{-4.5}^{+7.8}$ in IRC0222B. In comparison, we measure a merger fraction of $5.0_{-0.8}^{+1.1}\%$ for field galaxies at $z\sim2$. Our study indicates that the galaxy-galaxy merger fraction in clusters at $z\sim2$ is enhanced compared the field population, but note that more cluster measurements at this epoch are needed to confirm our findings.

Field of study: Physics
New York City's Tale of Two Recessions

A widening disconnect is emerging between the real economy and the financial sector that precipitated this calamitous downturn. While the unprecedented financial bailout measures by the Treasury and the Federal Reserve have not fixed the financial system's myriad problems, they have restored profitability on Wall Street. Although the gross domestic product's rebound in the last half of 2009 may signal the technical end to the Great Recession, most economic forecasts expect anemic growth through the end of 2010. Households struggle with debt burdens unsupportable in a bleak labor market with few jobs and stagnant or declining real wages. Unemployment is expected to stay very high well into 2011 and, possibly, 2012.

Field of study: Economics
A Cross-Cultural Pragmatic Study: Politeness Strategies and Realizations of the Strategies Used to Perform Student-Lecturer Multiple Disagreements by Native Speakers of Thai and English

This study examines what politeness strategies (cf. Brown & Levinson, [1978], 1987) native speakers of Thai (henceforth abbreviated the NT) and Canadian English (the NE) use to perform the student-lecturer multiple disagreements in the classroom context. Generally speaking, the NT’s culture is oriented towards collectivism, while the NE’s tends towards individualism (Hofstede, 1991, 2001). Based on their cultural orientations, it is hypothesized that the NT and NE, despite performing disagreement in the same context, select the politeness strategies and realize the strategies differently. To prove the hypothesis, data were collected by means of classroom videotaping. Prior to the classroom videotaping, the participants’ consents to involve in this study were endorsed. The purposive sampling method was used to select two sample groups representing the target populations. Their classrooms were videotaped for three hours every week for ten continuing weeks. The data were analyzed in terms of the politeness strategies and their realizations. In the context of this study, only multiple disagreements performed by the same students were analyzed. Results show that the NT disagree with their lecturer in only small numbers of turn-takings, whereas the NE often perform their disagreement in greater quantity. Although the NT and NE use the on-record strategy to initiate their first performance of disagreement, they both use different politeness strategy in the subsequent turns. The NT normally redress their politeness strategy and less often realize the strategy non-linguistically, but the NE usually aggravate the politeness strategy in the subsequent turns and realize their strategy non-linguistically, i.e. through the use of head shaking and facial expressions. To some extent, the hypothesis has been proved correct. DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2014.v4n1p147

Field of study: Education, Sociology
The effect of pH and dissolved oxygen levels on methylation and partitioning of mercury in freshwater model systems.

Radio-labelled mercury, 203HgCl2, was added to water overlying sediment in freshwater model systems. The partitioning of 203Hg between water, sediment and air and the concentration of methyl 203Hg in the water did not differ significantly between systems with a water pH of 5.8+/-0.07 and 6.6+/-0.05. When the systems were made anaerobic and microbial activity was stimulated by the addition of tryptic soybroth (TSB), the level of methyl 203Hg in the water increased by two orders of magnitude. There was also an increase in the concentration of total 203Hg in the water, which was greater than the increase in methyl 203Hg, indicating release of both methyl 203Hg and other 203Hg species from sediment to water. In the systems that were kept aerobic, there was no increase in either total or methyl 203Hg in the water after stimulating the microbial activity with TSB. However, volatilization of 203Hg increased, which was not the case in the anaerobic systems.

Field of study: Environmental science