nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Carneros y Chuño: Price Levels in Nineteenth-Century Peru

A MONG other dark legacies, nineteenth-century Peru remains an example of statistical "dark ages." The Peruvian state was essentially prestatistical; until recently, it lacked the need and capacity for systematic collection of economic, social, and demographic indicators on so nominally a governed people. The challenge of unearthing and preparing usable data thus falls to modern students of Peru. In the past decade, historians have managed to create from scratch fruitful new estimates of Peruvian foreign trade and export activities like mining. They have revised figures on such elusive quantities as the expansion of the public sector and its internal and external debts. New statistics on demographics, land tenure, business and monetary history, tariffs, labor force, and gross national product have appeared.' Most of these

Field of study: History
Atlantooccipital dislocation in children: presentation, diagnosis, and management.

Atlantooccipital dislocation (AOD) injuries are highly unstable, and usually result in significant neurological injury and death. Recently the postinjury survival period has increased. In a review of the literature the authors found 41 cases in which survival was greater than 48 hours. This is likely due to improved on-scene resuscitation, spinal immobilization, transportation, new diagnostic techniques, and a higher index of suspicion. Diagnosis is usually made with plain cervical radiographs, but there are shortcomings associated with this modality in the pediatric population. Diagnosis is aided by high-resolution computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Infants and toddlers may undergo orthotic immobilization alone, whereas older children usually undergo early occipital cervical fusion. Those with incomplete AOD may be managed successfully with orthotic immobilization.

Field of study: Medicine
Generalized aerodynamic forces on an oscillating cylindrical shell -Subsonic and supersonic flow.

solution of problems in fluid dynamics," Proceedings of Symposia in Applied Mathematics , Vol. 15, pp. 269-288; also Hirt, C. W., "Multidimensional fluid dynamics calculations with high speed computers," AIAA Preprint 65-3 (1965). 15 Freeman, N. C., "Dynamics of a dissociating gas, Part III: Nonequilibrium theory," AGARD Rept. 133 (1957). 16 Marrone, P. V., "Inviscid nonequilibrium flow behind bow and normal shock waves, Part I," Cornell Aeronautical Lab. Rept. QM-1626-A-12 (I) (May 1963).

Field of study: Physics
Intersystem crossing in organic photochemical intermediates

The lifetimes of a number of olefin triplets and triplet biradicals have been determined by nanosecond laser flash spectroscopy. Examples were chosen in an attempt to segregate structural features which affect intersystem crossing rates and thus determine the lifetimes. For olefin triplets, the effects of constraint to planarity, of substitution at the twisted bond for twisted triplets, of deuterium, and of polar substituents are presented. For biradi— cals, the main examples are derived from the Norrish II photoreaction of alkanophenones, and effects of substituent and conforma— tional constraint are discussed. Including Norrish I biradicals of cyclohexanones, examples from zero to four carbons between the termini have been studied.

Field of study: Chemistry
On the Application of UML in the Database Moldeling

UML is now a kind of standard modeling technology in the object-oriented analysis design,that is used to specify,visualize,construct and document the architecture of a system.This paper mainly explores the method of database modeling with the class diagram as the center role and starting point:To get the primary key of relation schema from the UML class diagram;to assign the multiplicity of association to relation schema;to turn generalization association(Inheritance) into relation schema;to turn methods (operations) into triggers and stored procedures?

Field of study: Computer science
Study on Microstructure Tempering Stability of Cr12MoV Steel Wide-band Laser Quenching

The wide-band laser surface quenching for Cr12MoV steel treated conventionally was carried on by CO2 laser equipment.Subsequently the laser-quenched samples were tempered at various temperature.The results show that laser hardened steel has good microstructure stability at relatively high temperature,especially the secondary hardening occurrs obviously during tempering.The reason for enhancing tempering stability was analyzed by means of SEM observation.

Field of study: Materials science
Early-life maternal separation and social isolation produce an increase in impulsive action but not impulsive choice.

Early life environment, events, and context, such as mother-offspring relationship, can have profound effects on future behavior and physiology. We investigated the effects of long-term maternal and social separation, through artificial rearing, on adult impulsivity. Rats were maternally reared (MR) or artificially reared (AR) and half of the AR rats were provided with replacement somatosensory stimulation intended to simulate maternal licking. There are at least 2 forms of impulsivity and we compared rats on 1 test of impulsive action (differential reinforcement of low rates of responding-DRL-20s) and 2 tests of impulsive choice (delay discounting and fixed consecutive number schedule-FCN). We found that AR rats are more action impulsive; however, this effect can be reduced by maternal licking-like stimulation. In contrast, AR rats did not display an increase in impulsive choice. Overall, these experiments show that early life maternal and social separation have different effects on the 2 forms of impulsivity.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Changing the Culture: An Institution-wide Approach to Instilling Professional Values

Professional socialization is a process that must engage the entire organization for it to be optimally  While the curriculum focuses on technical competence and could cover subject matter such as ethics and professionalism in a formal, didactic manner, a 360-degree approach would consider all of the ways that we affect the professional development of our students, from admission through graduation and beyond. Thus, professionalism is both a curricular and an extracurricular concern. The purpose of this paper is to describe how one organization is changing its culture by examining ways to influence professional socialization throughout a student's and faculty member's entire academic experience in a school of pharmacy. While the focus is on students, transformation of faculty members is also essential. Students will flounder without appropriate role models. Therefore, some examples also address the professional socialization of the faculty. Specific programs and changes that have been implement...

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Untersuchungen an derLII, III-Röntgenemissionsbande von Aluminium mit einem neuen Konkavgitterspektrographen

A concave grating spectrograph (blazed grating, r=2000mm, blaze angle 1°31′, 600 lines/mm; angle of incidence 85°) designed for the wavelength region λ=40... 600 A is described. The X-ray tube is mounted inside the spectrograph and works at a pressure of about 10−8 Torr. The detector is an open photomultiplier with a tungsten photocathode.The sensitivity of the apparatus allows even at low target input (3 kV; 0.5...3.5 mA) the observation of the formation of a carbon layer on the target and the decomposition of compounds by electron bombardement during the course of the measurement.TheLII, III-emission bands of metallic Aluminium and Aluminiumoxide are investigated. The spectra agree on the whole with those published previously, but they show more pronounced structural features. The reasons for the differences are discussed. It appears that most of the emission bands obtained with photographic-photometric registration will have to be remeasured.

Field of study: Physics
The impact of high-altitude ski pistes on ground-dwelling arthropods in the Alps

The development of winter sport resorts above the timberline may affect every ecosystem component. We analyzed the effect of ski-pistes on the abundance and species richness of arthropods (namely carabids, spiders, opilionids, and grasshoppers) trapped in grasslands adjacent to the ski-run, on ski-pistes and at the edge between these two habitat types. Our results showed that diversity of brachypterous carabids, spiders, and grasshoppers decreased significantly from natural grasslands to ski-pistes. This was not true for the macropterous carabid guild, which included species with contrasting ecological requirements. The analysis of indicator species (IndVal) showed that most of the species (some of them precinctive to restricted areas in the north-western Alps) had clear preferences for natural grassland and few taxa were limited to ski-pistes. Generalized linear models suggested that the local extent of grass and rock cover can significantly affect assemblages: the low grass cover of ski-pistes, in particular, was a serious hindrance to colonization by spider, grasshopper, brachypterous, and some macropterous carabid species. The results obtained, support concerns over the possible disruption of local ecosystem functionality and over the conservation of arthropod species which are endemic to restricted alpine areas. In order to retain arthropod ground-dwelling fauna we suggest that: (i) new, environmentally friendly ways of constructing pistes should be developed to preserve as much soil and grass cover as possible; (ii) existing ski-pistes should be restored through management to promote the recovery of local vegetation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Impossible differential attack on Simpira v2

Simpira v2 is a family of cryptographic permutations proposed at ASIACRYPT 2016, and can be used to construct high throughput block ciphers by using the Even-Mansour construction, permutationbased hashing, and wide-block authenticated encryption. This paper shows a 9-round impossible differential of Simpira-4. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first 9-round impossible differential. To determine some efficient key recovery attacks on its block cipher mode (Even-Mansour construction with Simpira-4), we use some 6/7-round shrunken impossible differentials. Based on eight 6-round impossible differentials, we propose a series of 7-round key recovery attacks on the block cipher mode; each 6-round impossible differential helps recover 32 bits of the master key (512 bits), and in total, half of the master key bits are recovered. The attacks require 257 chosen plaintexts and 257 7-round encryptions. Furthermore, based on ten 7-round impossible differentials, we add one round on the top or at the bottom to mount ten 8-round key recovery attacks on the block cipher mode. This helps recover the full key space (512 bits) with a data complexity of 2170 chosen plaintexts and time complexity of 2170 8-round encryptions. Those are the first attacks on the round-reduced Simpira v2 and do not threaten the Even-Mansour mode with the full 15-round Simpira-4.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Caillois' classification of games

A good theoretical system for classifying games is needed for such purposes as apportioning resources and determining areas of responsibility. Caillois' system is critically examined and found to have shortcomings in illuminating the nature of games. Images of a game are changeable and indicate little of its nature. We should not expect games to conform to any sensible system as they offer total experiences which are difficult to classify for practical purposes.

Field of study: Sociology
Can patients with pulmonary embolism be managed as an outpatient?

Suspected deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) are two of the commonest presentations to hospitals. Increasingly, physicians are comfortable in managing DVT as an outpatient especially with the arrival of non-vitamin K based anticoagulants which have facilitated this approach. However, most patients who are confirmed to have a PE are still managed as an inpatient. Is there a possibility that at least some of these patients can be managed for their thrombotic condition out of hospital?

First, it would be useful to ascertain whether outpatient management of PE is necessary. The diagnosis of PE is increasing due to several reasons. This is primarily due to an increased awareness of this condition, especially in high-risk population including those who recently had surgery or prolonged periods of immobility and those with chronic medical conditions. Second, there are an increased number of requests for computerized tomography (CT) of the thorax; for staging of newly diagnosed malignancy and to exclude pathology for non-specific symptoms for the fear of medico-legal  These scans are picking up two types of PE—‘incidental’ PE defined as evidence of thrombosis detected on imaging studies performed for other indications such as cancer staging (1–2% of all CT thorax) and ‘sub-segmental’ PE which are clots restricted to the smaller segments of the pulmonary artery which may be of clinical consequence.2,3 Sub-segmental PE is the consequence of more sensitive CT imaging technique which has resulted in the incidence of emboli confined to sub-segmental arteries increasing from …

Field of study: Medicine
Blind system identification using minimum noise subspace

Developing fast and robust methods for identifying multiple FIR channels driven by an unknown common source is important for wireless communications, speech reverberation cancellation, and other applications. In this correspondence, we present a new method that exploits a minimum noise subspace (MNS). The MNS is computed from a set of channel output pairs that form a "tree". The "tree" exploits, with minimum redundancy, the diversity among all channels. The MNS method is much more efficient in computation than a standard subspace method. The noise robustness of the MNS method is illustrated by simulation.

Field of study: Engineering
Lucía Suárez, Amélia Conrado and Yvonne Daniel (eds.), Dancing Bahia: Essays on Afro-Brazilian Dance, Education, Memory, and Race (Bristol and Chicago, IL: Intellect, 2018), pp. xv + 228, £25.00; $33.00, pb.

contingent space built upon continuityand change.Themigrant passage has been a historical experience within the Central American region since at least the mid-1980s, when Salvadorean and Guatemalan refugees traversed the corridor looking for protection. Migrants, smugglers, enganchadores and border agents were already shaping the corridor; yet, there have been unquestionable changes. New characters have appeared, like deportees,mareros (members of a gang calledMara Salvatrucha) or zetas (members of a cartel called Los Zetas), who have reconfigured the political economy of the transit corridor. Though risk and violencewere always present in the clandestine passage, nowadays they are exacerbated. The leading regional migratory policies of control belts and toughness for deterrence, together with the proliferation of drug cartels and criminal gangs, have resulted in the increase inmass graves ofmigrants. Against this increasingly violent space, migrants’ improvisations and performances turn out to be part of a daily political struggle deployed by women and men on the move to survive. This book is a portrait of underground globalisation in action and hence a counter-hegemonic narrative of undocumented migration in the Americas. It is a definitive contribution to transnational migration scholarship, which has overlooked what long-distance transits entail and mean politically. Though focused on Central American experiences, this book speaks to a wider US, Latin American and global audience. Transit corridors, such as the one studied in this book, proliferate on a global scale. Yet, as Brigden concludes, they do not necessarily take migrants to their destinations, but to unimaginable violent ordeals. We should be receptive therefore to Brigden’s call for a new understanding of sovereignty, beyond a border security approach. Her call for route studies means focusing on mobility and on the sovereignty that people have to set themselves into motion as a way to cope with layers of violence and to struggle for their lives. Her call to understand the power of social sovereignty materialised on the route must be embraced as a way to critically identify possible new spatial transformative paths in our violent times.

Field of study: Political science
Effects of point-loss punishers on human signal-detection performance.

Three experiments using human participants varied the distribution of point-gain reinforcers or point-loss punishers in two-alternative signal-detection procedures. Experiment 1 varied the distribution of point-gain reinforcers for correct responses (Group A) and point-loss punishers for errors (Group B) across conditions. Response bias varied systematically as a function of the relative reinforcer or punisher frequencies. Experiment 2 arranged two conditions - one where an unequal ratio of reinforcement (5ratio1 or 1ratio5) was presented without punishment (R-only), and another where the same reinforcer ratio was presented with an equal distribution of point-loss punishers (R+P). Response bias was significantly greater in the R-only condition than the R+P condition, supporting a subtractive model of punishment. Experiment 3 varied the distribution of point-gain reinforcers for correct responses across four unequal reinforcer ratios (5ratio1, 2ratio1, 1ratio2, 1ratio5) both without (R-only) and with (R+P) an equal distribution of point-loss punishers for errors. Response bias varied systematically with changes in relative reinforcer frequency for both R-only and R+P conditions, with 5 out of 8 participants showing increases in sensitivity estimates from R-only to R+P conditions. Overall, the results indicated that punishers have similar but opposite effects to reinforcers in detection procedures and that combined reinforcer and punisher effects might be better modeled by a subtractive punishment model than an additive punishment model, consistent with research using concurrent-schedule choice procedures.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Evolution of superbubbles in a self-gravitating disc

The expansion of a superbubble is investigated both analytically and numerically. Our model implements the thin-layer approximation in a vertical profile of density as given by an isothermal self-gravitating disc. A precise comparison with the results of numerical hydrodynamics is given. Analogies are drawn with the Kompaneets equation that includes the quadratic hyperbolic-secant law in the list of the plane-parallel stratified media. An astrophysical application is made to the superbubble connected with the two worms 46.4+5.5 and 39.7+5.7. The effects of the rotation of the Galaxy on the simulated radius and on the velocity are introduced. The worms with their strong limb brightening visible on astronomical maps are explained in the framework of image theory.

Field of study: Physics
Dissection and Vivisection in the European Renaissance. Roger FrenchHygiene in the Early Medical Tradition. Heikki Mikkeli

Dillenberger's book, despite my frustration over what is not fully elaborated, I have found helpful and stimulating for a consideration of a crisis period for artistic imagery, and personally involved artists, through the early reformations. It should serve students of the reformations and of art history well and help us to read better the visual, Poussin-like. Merbacks colorful volume is more complex and confusing. The very precise concern with details of punishment (with a fear of a return to punishment as public spectacle in the US), somewhat obscures more general and interesting issues about medieval and renaissance "spectacle," and a reading of depictions of the Passion that may frustrate the art and church historians, but attract some medics, while an interesting contribution to the history of punishment really requires more depth in chronicles or court records to satisfy social historians. CHRISTOPHER F. BLACK University of Glasgow

Field of study: History
Dysregulated expression of IFN‐γ and IL‐10 and impaired IFN‐γ‐mediated responses at different disease stages in patients with genital herpes simplex virus‐2 infection

Cell‐mediated T‐helper type‐1 (Th1) responses play a vital role in the immunopathogenesis of genital infections caused by herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV‐2). We investigated the role of Th responses in HSV‐2 infection at different disease stages by analysing the production of Th cytokines in HSV‐stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). IFN‐γ production decreased over time following a recurrence, whereas levels of IL‐10, and to a lesser extent IL‐2, remained elevated during this period. In addition, PBMCs from asymptomatic seropositive individuals produced high levels of IFN‐γ and low levels of IL‐10, in contrast to individuals with a history of genital ulcers. Following a recurrence, virus copy number in the genital lesions decreased progressively over time, in a manner similar to IFN‐γ production by HSV‐2‐stimulated PBMCs. Enhanced production of IFN‐γ may modulate HSV replication and B7 expression on monocytic cells of HSV‐infected individuals. In contrast to seronegative controls, IFN‐γ failed to enhance B7 expression on monocytic cells of HSV‐infected individuals. In addition, monocytic cells from HSV‐2‐infected individuals with recurrent disease supported greater HSV replication than did those of HSV‐infected asymptomatic individuals or seronegative controls. Furthermore, addition of IFN‐γ resulted in enhanced HSV replication in monocytic cells of HSV‐infected individuals with recurrent disease, in contrast to the inhibition observed in HSV‐seropositive asymptomatic individuals and seronegative controls. Taken together, our results suggest that dysregulated production of IFN‐γ at different disease stages and the impaired ability of monocytic cells to respond to IFN‐γ may play a role in the pathogenesis of recurrent genital herpes disease.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
The CO2 reduction potential for the European industry via direct electrification of heat supply (power-to-heat)

The decarbonisation of industry is a bottleneck for EU's 2050 target of climate neutrality. Replacing fossil fuels with low-carbon electricity is at the core of this challenge; however, the aggregate electrification potential and resulting system-wide CO2 reductions for diverse industrial processes are unknown. Here, we present the results from a comprehensive bottom-up analysis of the energy use in eleven industrial sectors (accounting for 92% of Europe's industry CO2 emissions), and estimate the technological potential for industry electrification in three stages. 78% of the energy demand is electrifiable with technologies that are already established, while 99% electrification can be achieved with the addition of technologies currently under development. Such a deep electrification reduces CO2 emissions already based on the carbon intensity of today's electricity (~300 gCO2/kWhel). With an increasing decarbonisation of the power sector (IEA: 12 gCO2/kWhel in 2050), electrification could cut CO2 emissions by 78%, and almost entirely abate the energy-related CO2 emissions, reducing the industry bottleneck to only residual process emissions. Despite its decarbonisation potential, the extent to which direct electrification will be deployed in industry remains uncertain and depends on the relative cost of electric technologies compared to other low-carbon options.

Field of study: Environmental science