nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Improvement of Point by Point Comparison Interpolation Algorithm and FPGA Implementation

This paper presents an improved algorithm based on point by point comparison algorithm (PBP). Principle of the basic one is analyzed at first, and some improving ideas are described. Then these two algorithms are simulated using Matlab tool. In this paper, Chord error δ is used to measure position error of local points. Ratio of trajectory error β is defined to measure contour error of global points. The velocity of interpolation is measured by its total steps. Finally,the improved algorithm is implemented in FPGA chip. Through quantitative analysis and comparison of the performance between these two algorithms, the results shows it’s stability and real-time performance are improved remarkably.

Field of study: Engineering
A study of a two-dimensional scanned lunar image for Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) geometric calibration

The NOAA-20 satellite was successfully launched on 18 November 2017. It carries five key instruments, including the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS). On 31 January 2018, the spacecraft performed a pitch-over maneuver operation, during which two-dimensional lunar scan observations were collected. In this study, a technique has been developed by which the ATMS on-orbit geometric calibration accuracy can be validated based on this lunar scan dataset. The fully calibrated data are fitted to the antenna pattern coordinates via a Gaussian function. The deviation in the center of the fit function from the origin of the frame is taken to be the boresight pointing error of the instrument. This deviation is further transformed to the Euler angle roll and pitch defined in the spacecraft coordinate system. The estimated ATMS boresight pointing Euler angle roll (pitch) is 0.05 ∘ (0.22 ∘ ) at K band, −0.07 ∘ (0.25 ∘ ) at Ka band, 0.02 ∘ (0.24 ∘ ) at V band, - 0.07 ∘ ( - 0.08 ∘ ) at W band, and - 0.04 ∘ (0.02 ∘ ) at G band. The results are validated by comparing them with those derived from the coastline inflection point method, showing a good correlation. For the sounding channels where the coastline method is inapplicable, the lunar scan method is still capable of delivering reasonable estimations of their geometric calibration errors.

Field of study: Environmental science
Novel Nuclear Structure Aspects of the Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay

We explore the influence of the deformation on the nuclear matrix elements of the neutrinoless double beta decay (NME), concluding that the difference in deformation -or more generally in the amount of quadrupole correlations- between parent and grand daughter nuclei quenches strongly the decay. We correlate these differences with the seniority structure of the nuclear wave functions. In this context, we examine the present discrepancies between the NME's obtained in the framework of the Interacting Shell Model and the Quasiparticle RPA. We surmise that part of the discrepancy can be due to the limitations of the spherical QRPA in treating nuclei which have strong quadrupole correlations. We surmise that the NME's in a basis of generalized seniority are approximately model independent, i. e. they are "universal".

Field of study: Physics
Calculation of the internal electric field within doped semiconductors

A detailed model for the calculation of the internal potential and electric field profile within doped semiconductors is developed from a first-principles approach and presented in this paper. The model utilizes Poisson's equation and basic Boltzmann statistics to develop a standard nonlinear Poisson–Boltzmann equation (NPBE) for doped semiconductors. The resultant NPBE links the internal electrostatic potential within the doped semiconductor to the doping concentration profile of the semiconductor device under consideration. The NPBE is solved by the application of numerical methods, is general in formulation, supporting multiple simultaneous dopant configurations, and may be applied to any semiconductor type. Calculated results of the electric field profile for various semiconductor dopant structures derived using the model are additionally presented in this paper. The electric field results predicted by the model are shown to be in excellent agreement with those found by other methods. The model may be expanded to accommodate effects involving internal substrate electron–hole pair generation (gemination) caused by photo-ionization for application to and the modeling of solar cell device structures.

Field of study: Materials science
Adipose tissue-derived factors as potential biomarkers in cachectic cancer patients.

Cachexia, a paraneoplastic syndrome markedly associated with worsened prognosis in cancer patients, provokes profound wasting of both lean and adipose mass in an association with a state of metabolic "chaos". The white adipose tissue responds to cachexia with marked local inflammation and may be thus a relevant contributor to systemic inflammation. To address this hypothesis we examined the correlation between tissue expression of adipokines and plasma concentration in cachectic and stable weight patients with or without cancer. Adiponectin and liver-derived CRP concentration were significantly higher in the cachectic groups when compared with stable weight patients (P<0.01). The concentration of plasma IL-6 was higher (11.4-fold) in the cancer cachectic group when compared with weight-stable controls, and presented a significant correlation with the presence of cancer (P<0.001). A marked increase (5-fold) in IL-6 as a result of the interaction between the presence of cachexia and the presence of tumour was observed in the subcutaneous tissue of the patients, yet not in the visceral depot. Plasma adiponectin levels were higher in cachectic cancer patients, compared with stable weight cancer patients individually matched by age, sex, and BMI, and the subcutaneous depot was found to be the main contributing tissue, rather than the visceral pad. Based on the results we concluded that the subcutaneous adipose tissue is associated with plasma changes that may function as markers of cachexia.

Field of study: Medicine
Influence of growth rate and starvation on fluorescent in situ hybridization of Rhodopseudomonas palustris

In situ hybridization with a fluorescently labeled 16S rRNA-targeted probe was examined using Rhodopseudomonas palustris as a model organism, which had been grown at different rates and under different conditions of growth and starvation. The specific growth rate did not affect the percentage of hybridized cells in aerobically grown R. palustris cultures. However, significant changes in the percentage of hybridized cells occurred during extended periods of starvation. These changes were observed both in batch cultures grown and starved aerobically in the dark, and in cultures grown phototrophically and starved anaerobically in the dark. Aerobic growth in batch culture and subsequent starvation resulted in a complete lack of detectable hybridization after 20 days of starvation. In contrast, even after 30 days of starvation, 50% of all cells were still detectable in cultures grown aerobically at growth rates <0.06 h−1 and then starved aerobically in the dark. The same was true for phototrophically grown cells that were starved anaerobically in the light. During starvation there was a clear, though non-linear, positive correlation between the percentage of hybridized cells and the RNA content. In contrast, no direct correlation was observed between the number of hybridized cells in a culture and the viability of this culture. Thus, in habitats with growing, non-growing, and starving bacteria, data on quantitative detection of populations based on 16S rRNA-targeted probing should be used with extreme caution as the detectability of the individual cells is strongly influenced by their physiological history and current physiological state.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Low energy nuclear states in124Te

The energy level scheme of124Te has been established on the basis of singlesγ-spectra, andγ-γ coincidence measurements carried out using a dual parameter data collection system. Ge(Li) detectors were used to study the gamma spectra produced in theβ− decay of124Sb. Eleven new transitions and two new energy levels are proposed. Relative intensities, branching ratios,α(K) and logft values were calculated and multipolarities, spins and parities deduced. Comparisons are made with predictions of the Interacting Boson Model: in a first order perturbation approximation to theSU (5) limit, using the complete IBA-1 Hamiltonian, and in theO(6) limit.

Field of study: Physics
Das Verhältnis von Elektronen zu Photonen bei einem kosmischen Strahlenschauer

ZusammenfassungEs wurden mit drei verschiedenen Anordnungen Messungen angestellt über das Zahlenverhältnis der nicht-ionisierenden zu den ionisierenden Strahlen in einem kosmischen Ultraschauer. Die ionisierenden Strahlen wurden dabei durch das Auftreten von Koinzidenzen, die nicht-ionisierenden durch das Ausbleiben von Koinzidenzen festgestellt. Es ergab sich, daß mit jedem Elektronenschauer ein relativ intensiver und stark diffuser Photonenschauer verkoppelt ist. Es entfallen in einem Schauer auf ein Elektron rund 50 Photonen.

Field of study: Physics
The Pursuit of the Millennium.

A network protector relay having trip characteristics which respond not only to the direction of the flow of positive-sequence power through the breaker outwardly of the network but which will respond to unbalanced and simultaneous faults in the feeder network as well. The network protector relay in addition to its tripping characteristics includes closing characteristics which will permit the automatic closing of a breaker only when the phase sequence of the feeder is the same as that of the network, there is a proper phase relationship between the network and feeder and the magnitude of the feeder voltage is such that power flow will be in a direction toward the network.

Field of study: Economics, History
VENTILATED BUILDINGS OPTIMISATION BY USING A COUPLED THERMAL- AIRFLOW SIMULATION PROGRAM

This work shows the optimization of natural ventilation within buildings at the stage of design and behaviour of the occupants. An evaluation is done by coupled multizone air modelling and thermal building simulation by using a deterministic set of input factors comprising among others climate, local environment, building characteristics, building systems, behaviour of occupants, heat loads. Selected deterministic input factors were varied to generate additional information applied in an optimization loop. With that, it is found that the optimal solution depends to a great deal on the possibility of combined optimization of the behaviour of occupants with a lesser extent of the design building.

Field of study: Engineering
Cardiac risk factors in descendants of parents with history of coronary artery disease (CAD): an evaluation focusing on small dense low density lipoprotein cholesterol (sdLDLc) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc).

The risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) in descendants with positive family history of CAD was evaluated in either one of or both the parents among 71 selected families. Subjects were grouped as parents and descendants without and with CAD and descendants spouses without CAD or family history of CAD. All subjects were examined for anthropometric characteristics, fasting blood sugar, serum lipids, lipoprotein sub-fractions, insulin, insulin resistance and pancreatic beta cell function. The results were subjected to statistical analysis by using the analysis of variance (ANOVA). Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was prevalent in the 83% descendants with CAD and 54.6% parents with CAD. The traditional risk factors were observed in both parents and descendants with CAD. Metabolic risk factors, including hypertriglyceridemia, low HDLc levels and hyperglycaemia had a higher frequency in the descendants with CAD. ANOVA showed significant 'F' ratio for the anthropometric characteristics, hypertension, serum lipids, small dense (sd) LDLc levels, HDL2c levels and HDL3c levels in the descendants parents with CAD and CAD + diabetes mellitus (DM), as compared to those without CAD. The descendants without CAD, but with a positive family history had central adiposity, hypertension and had lower HDL levels and elevated sdLDLc levels. Multiple analyses of variance showed that sdLDLc and waist circumference were the most potent risk factors for prevalence of CAD. Thus, we conclude that a positive family history of CAD along with central adiposity and elevation of sdLDLc levels appear to be important factors in the assessment of CAD risk in humans.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Physics
Bias among Professionals Who Erroneously Declare Students Eligible for Special Services.

A computer simulation program was developed for the purpose of studying the processes diagnostic personnel in the schools engage in when making psychoeducational decisions about students. Initially, the program collected demographic data on 159 participants and assessed their knowledge base in assessment. Bogus referral information for one of sixteen “cases” was then provided and subjects were instructed that they were to make eligibility and classification decisions for the child. They were told that scores and other information (e.g., observations) were available to them on a variety of tests from among seven domains. Although the referral data indicated the student might be evidencing academic or behavior problems, all assessment data indicated a normal or average performance. Fiftytwo percent of the subjects (i.e., 83) declared the “average” child eligible for special education services; their classification decisions were further analyzed. Decisions about the 16 different children were found to be mo...

Field of study: Education
Investigation on toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 from Staphylococcus aureus

To detect the mecA gene and tst gene of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1)of Staphylococcus aureus by using PCR and to learn the carrier condition of tst gene. The mecA gene and tst gene of Staphylococcus aureus strains that isolated from clinical sources in our hospital during August 2006 to May 2007 were amplified in vitro using PCR,and to establish the rapid,specific,and sensitive method of detecting tst gene of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA).Results The mecA gene and tst gene were detected,and were made the gene sequencing successfully.Forty-one of 84 strains had mecA gene(48.81%),16 of 84 strains had tst gene(19.05%),10 of 84 strains had both of them,and the positive rate was 24.39%(10/41).Conclusion The proportion of tst gene positive strains of MRSA iS high in clinic,and it must be paid more attention. 
 
 
Staphylococcus aureus; Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1; mecA gene; tst gene

Field of study: Biology
Cloning and Sequence Analysis of a cDNA Encoding ACC Oxidase from Carnation Flower

Total RNA was extracted from petals of carnation(Dianthus caryophyllus L.)and reverse transcribed to first strand of cDNA.A pair of primers were designed and synthesized according to the sequence reported.The very specific PCR product of the1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase was obtained by using the first strand of cDNA as template.The product was ligased to pGEMR-T easy vector and sequenced.The sequencing data showed that the PCR product was1156bp which contained a915bp coding region,encoding304predicted amino acid residues.Comparison of the cDNA sequence from this experiment with that reported by Savin Kw indicated the homology was100%.It was deduced that the ACO1gene in the species of Dianthus caryophyllus L.was highly conservative.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
MORPHOLOGY AND COMPOSITION CHANGES DURING PREPARATION OF Al_2O_3 POWDERS BY SPRAY PYROLYSIS OF AMMONIUM ALUM

Globular Al 2O 3 powders with diameter ( d 50 ) of 5.82?μm were prepared by spray-drying the solution of ammonium alum combined with pyrolysis process.SEM,XRD,DTA-TG,and Energy Spectrum were used to analyze the morphology and composition changes of powders obtained at different preparation stages.The results showed that the particles prepared by spray-drying were relatively coherent,then were dried,separated,dehydrated and shrunk after drying and pyrolysis processes.As a result,the diameter of powders decreased gradually,and the proportion of bigger particles significantly decreased.The sequence of the phase transition of ammonium alum was found to be NH 4Al(SO 4) 2·12H 2O→NH 4Al(SO 4) 2→Al 2(SO 4) 3→ θ -Al 2O 3→ α -Al 2O 3 according to DTA-TG and XRD results.Sintered at 1370?℃ for 2?h, α -Al 2O 3 powders of high purity was obtained.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
IgM and IgG antibody levels to ampicillin in patients with infectious mononucleosis.

By means of a sensitive radio-immunoassay an antibody-like activity against ampicillin was detected in both IgM and IgG immunoglobulin classes of patients with infectious mononucleosis, being fifteen times the level (for IgM) and six and a half times the level (for IgG) of control subjects. Such ampicillin antibody occurred without obvious relation to prior therapy with ampicillin. This antibody which may originate in a similar manner to Paul-Bunnell antibody was nevertheless immunologically unrelated. The possibility is discussed that the ampicillin rash in infectious mononucleosis results from a disseminated reaction of the small blood vessels to circulating ampicillin-antibody complexes.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Irrigation pumping with wind energy.

Bushland, TX. Objectives of the research were to assem-ble a complete wind-power pumping system, adapt or modify existing pumping equipment so that it could be effectively powered by a wind turbine, and make engineering analyses of the wind-pumping system. The pumping system used both a wind turbine and an electric motor to power an existing deep well irrigation pump in a wind-assist concept. The turbine pump delivered 104 m3/h against a dynamic head of 105 m. An over-running clutch was used to synchronize the two power sources. All components of the wind-assisted pumping system worked satisfactorily. During the test reported, the wind turbine power averaged 36 kW and provided an energy savings of 65 percent for the pumping system. Analyses of historical windspeed data indicated that at least 40 percent of the energy used to pump irrigation water with this wind-assist system can be provided from wind.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Robust Constrained CMA Based on a Bayesian Approach under Quadratic Constraint

CMA has been known as blind adaptive beamforming because it requires no knowledge about the signal except that the transmitted signal waveform has a constant envelope. But in practical applications, the constrained CMA degrades in the presence of both signal steering vector errors and interference nonstationarity. In this paper, we propose robust constrained CMA based on a Bayesian approach under the quadratic constraint, which improves the output performance in nonideal situations. The quadratic constraint on the weight can provide excellent robustness to signal steering vector mismatches and to random perturbations in sensor parameters. It is found that robust constrained CMA under quadratic constraint can reduce successfully the output power of internal noise while cancelling the interference enough. The Lagrange multipliers are updated and added at each step. The proposed algorithm offers faster rate, has better interference suppression, and yields higher SINR and better signal capture performance than the constrained CMA. Via computer simulation, it is show that the proposed algorithm achieves a substantially improved performance.

Field of study: Computer science
Lucky Events and Beliefs in Luck: Paradoxical Effects on Confidence and Risk-Taking

The effects of a lucky event and irrational beliefs about luck were examined. In two experiments, some subjects experienced a lucky event, whereas others did not. All subjects then completed an unrelated decision task rated their confidence, and placed a bet. The effects of a lucky experience depended substantially on individual beliefs concerning the causal properties of luck. After the lucky event, those who believed in luck (i.e., thought of luck as a stable, personal attribute) were more confident and bet more, whereas those who did not believe in luck (i.e., thought luck was random) were less confident and bet less. A third experiment identified analogous effects using multiple-choice test questions that included a monetary penalty for errors. Increased expectations following initial luck were interpreted in terms of a lucky streak effect, whereas the paradoxical decrease in expectancy was viewed as an instance of the gamblers' fallacy.

Field of study: Psychology
Pattern Formation in Uncatalyzed Bromate Oscillator with Pyrogallol

Stationary mosaic and trigger wave patterns may spontaneously develop in an unstirred thin film of solution containing bromate, pyrogallol and sulfuric acid (uncatalyzed bromate system). The propagation velocity of the waves was found to depend not only on the initial concentrations of H + and BrO 3 - ions but also on the initial concentration of pyrogallol. For the explanation of the wave velocity dependence, a reaction scheme of the pyrogallol-BrO 3 - system has been proposed. The scheme is based on the well-known bromate chemistry combined with an organic radical control that takes into account the reactions of pyrogallol with BrO 3 - , HBrO 2 and HOBr. Movement of the waves could be recorded also potentiometrically. The kinetics and mechanism of the reaction between pyrogallol and bromate in an H 2 SO 4 medium were studied using a conventional polarographic method.

Field of study: Chemistry
Terrestrial heat flow and crustal radioactivity in northeastern New Mexico and southeastern Colorado

New heat-flow data obtained in northeastern New Mexico and southeastern Colorado show three regional trends: (1) A broad heat-flow anomaly associated with the southern Rocky Mountains contrasts with a narrow heat-flow anomaly between lat 35.5/sup 0/ and 34/sup 0/N, apparently associated only with the Rio Grande rift. (2) The high heat-flow anomaly apparently associated with the southern Rocky Mountains extends 200 to 300 km onto the Great Plains of northeastern New Mexico and southeastern Colorado. (3) Areas of extensive volcanic activity do not necessarily have high heat flow. In addition, measurements of crustal radioactivity in the vicinity of the Rio Grande rift suggest that the radioactive heat generation contributes uniformly to the surface heat flow. This implies that the heat-flow anomaly observed along the Rio Grande rift is caused by tectonic and volcanic sources and not by anomalously high crustal radioactivity.

Field of study: Geology