nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
College Students' Gender Differences regarding E-Mail

--One hundred and forty-five undergraduate students at a large southwestern university completed a questionnaire designed to assess college students' computer-mediated communication behaviors. Findings revealed that males and females have different perceptions and usages concerning their computer-mediate communication behaviors when e-mailing and using the Internet. Females reported that they were more likely to check their e-mail and use shorthand in e-mails directed to a superior (such as a boss or professor) compared to males. At the same time, males reported that they were more likely than females to use emoticons regularly in e-mails and preferred e-mailing when they couldn't meet someone in person. Results indicated that college students have specific communication behaviors when communicating via the Internet.  Currently, the institutions of higher education are steadily increasing their usage of computer mediated communication (CMC) (Walther, 1992). Computer mediated communication is communication facilitated by computer technologies, and is defined as "synchronous or asynchronous electronic mail and computer conferencing, by which senders encode in text messages that are relayed from senders' computers to receivers' computers'" . Electronic mail (e-mail) is another form of CMC (Jessmer & Anderson, 2001). As such, most research on e-mail is fairly recent and limited. The majority of research has focused on a particular communicative aspect of e-mail (Walther, 1992). Researchers note that although communication technology is ubiquitous, the outcomes of such communication have yet to be assessed programmatically (Waldeck, Kearney, & Plax, 2001). Also lacking in the area of CMC research is the amount of data recorded pertaining to gender differences. Research has consistently shown that there are gender differences in language use. It is conceivable that, just as research indicates differences in communication styles between the genders, there are differences in how and why CMC is used differently. Yet the tendency has been in CMC research to lump males and females together (e.g., Bonebrake, 2002; Jessmer and Anderson, 2001). In each case, it is apparent that the studies ignore gender differences regarding e-mail usage. Hence, the objective of this study was to understand college students' gender differences regarding e-mail. Based on the literature above, the following research question: RQ1: Do males and females differ in their e-mail behavior? Sample Participants in the present study were 145 undergraduate students, enrolled in a basic communication course, from a large southwestern university. Of the 145 subjects, 63 (43.4%) were male, 81 (55.8%) were female; 71 (9%) were ages eighteen or below, 53 (71.5%) were between 19 to 22, 31 (6.3%) were 23-26, 12 (2.4%) were 27-32, 14 (2.8%) were 33-40, 11 (2.2%) were 41-50, 1 (. …

Field of study: Education
First experimental determinations and R-matrix calculations of the angular distribution of photoelectrons ejected in direct inner-shell photoionization of excited atoms.

Measurements of the angular distribution of 2{ital p} photoelectrons ejected from the 2{ital p}{sup 6}3{ital p}{sup 2}{ital P}{sub 3/2} state of excited sodium atoms have been performed over a broad photon energy range (50--140 eV) using synchrotron radiation. The outgoing photoelectrons were detected with a new multichannel system. The angular distribution of these electrons was also calculated in the {ital R}-matrix approximation. Our theoretical results for the partial photoionization cross sections and the angular distribution parameter are in excellent agreement with all experimental observations reported here and in earlier works.

Field of study: Physics
New approaches to the synthesis of canthaxanthin

The use of sulfur ylides for the chain extention of polyene aldehydes and ketones is described. This work resulted in an approach to synthesizing canthaxanthin via 2,6,6-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one. The use of a substituted trimethylcyclohexenone or α-ionone for the construction of a C 15 phosphonium salt and its condensation with a C 10 dialdehyde for the synthesis of canthaxanthin is also reported.

Field of study: Chemistry
Phenotypic Characterization of a Human Immortalized Cranial Periosteal Cell Line

Human cell material for basic research work is limited due to restricted patient numbers and occurring cell senescence during prolonged in vitro cell cultivation. In the present study, we established for the first time a human immortalized cranial periosteal cell line and characterized its phenotype in detail in comparison to that of parental cells.  For this purpose, human primary cranial periosteal cells were stably transduced with the large T antigen cDNA from polyomavirus SV40 (TAg cells).  The functional activity of the large T antigen was demonstrated by human telomerase gene expression. Whereas TAg cells maintained long-term cell proliferation, immortalization did not compromise their osteogenic differentiation potential. In contrast, TAg cells showed an earlier and stronger mineralization compared to parental cells. Among the analysed stem cell surface markers, CD146 and MSCA-1 (mesenchymal stem cell antigen-1) were shown to be elevated in Tag cells. Gene expression analyses revealed in general higher constitutive m-RNA levels of key factors of osteogenesis than in parental cells.  We conclude that the herein generated cell line represents a suitable cell source for basic science research studying bone biology, the osteogenesis process or biomaterial tests for bone regeneration purposes.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
[Possibilities of digital fluorography and other X-ray methods in the detection of carotid atherosclerosis].

To evaluate possibilities of routine X-ray methods for the diagnosis of atherosclerosis of carotid arteries.



At the initial stage of the study, 468 X-ray radiograms of the cervical spine with the detailed description of soft tissues and projections of the neck vessels were studied. The next stage included evaluation of 'screening' abilities of digital fluorography of lungs (886 X-ray radiograms were analyzed). The last stage is a current pilot project aimed to introduce opportunistic screening of atherosclerosis of carotid arteries using X-ray and ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland taking into account disease history collected with help of a special questionnaire and clinical examination.



The study shows a high specificity of the shadows in the projections of the neck vessels as a sign of atherocalcinosis. During mass examinations these X-ray findings are useful to identify patients who need duplex scanning and other high-tech methods.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Compression and Recovery Behaviour of Polyamide-6 Based Foams

This paper presents experimentally determined compression sets and compression behaviour of two closed-cell, crosslinked foam materials; ZOTEK N B50 (Nylon 6) and ZOTEK N A30 (nylon/polyolefin alloy). This work forms the basis of future investigations into the post-impact behaviour of these foams. Compression set performance was measured at 25.0, 37.5 and 50.0% strain at nine temperatures ranging from −5 to 90 °C. Compression tests at constant strain rates were conducted at four temperatures between 23 to 90 °C. Finally compression tests at 23 °C were repeated at four strain rates between 0.3 and 550 hr−1 to determine strain rate dependency. The Nagy and Williams-Landel-Ferry scaling factor for strain rate and temperature were applied to the experimental results and equations were derived which allowed the performance of the two polyamide based foams to be interpolated over the strain rate and temperature range of study. The required material properties of interest of the base polymers have been assessed and are presented and discussed in relation to the performance of the foam materials.

Field of study: Materials science
Effect of HMGB1 on the renal injare of systemic lupus erythematosus

To explore the effect of high mobility group protein box 1(HMGB1)on the renal injure of systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE).Methods The level of HMGB1 in serum from 16 patients with SLE,14 patient with lupus nephritis(LN)and 12 healthy people was measured by ELISA.Human mesangial cells were inoeulated in the dose of 104/ml.After 24 h,cells were cultured with standard medium as control group or with medium supplemented with 10μg/L human recombinant protein HMGB1 as trial group in vitro.Then cells were collected in 6,12,24 h respectively,as well as normal control group cells.Immunocytochemieal staining was adopted to detect proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA)expressions on mesangial cell in diferent groups.Immunocytochemical staining and FCM were performed to analysis the changes of TLR2,NF-κB p65 proteins expressions. ELISA results showed that the level of HMGB1 protein in serum were higher in patients with LN than those in SLE and healthy people.HMGB1 in serum was positively collated with proteinuria in LN.Immunocytochemical staining showed the number of positive expression cells of PCNA increased in time-dependent manner.Immunocytochemical staining and FCM indicated that HMGB1 could significantly up.regulate the expression of TLR2,NF-κB p65 protein.NF-κB D65 protein Was positively correlated with the expression of TLR2 and the positive ratio of PCNA.Conclusion HMGB1 is one of the important eytokine in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritise:HMGB1 could bind to cell-surface receptors-TLR2 of mesangial cell and effectively activate NF-κB.further promote cell proliferation,which may be one of the mechanisms in renal iniare in LN. 
 
 
Lupus nephritis; Hish mobility group protein box 1; Toll like receptor 2; NF-κB; Cell proliferation

Field of study: Biology
Occupant behavior in identical residential buildings: a case study for occupancy profiles extraction and application to building performance simulation

This study employs a simplified Knowledge Discovery in Database (KDD) to extract occupancy, equipment and light use profiles from a database referred to 12 all-electric prefabricated dwellings in the Netherlands. The profiles are then integrated into a building performance simulation (BPS) model using the software TRNSYS v17. The significance of the extracted profiles is verified by comparing the total and end-use yearly electricity consumption of the investigated dwellings as predicted by the simulation tool with on-site measurements. For the considered dwellings, using standard OB modeling results in an underestimation of the energy use intensity (EUI) by 5.9% to 42.5%, depending on the case. The integration of the occupant behavior (OB) profiles improves the total electricity consumption prediction from an initial 22.9% average deviation from measurements to 1.7%. The results corroborate that the 1.6x discrepancy observed in the buildings’ energy use intensity could be entirely ascribed to OB. Then, the knowledge extracted from the households’ database is used to propose a local electricity market framework to reduce the electricity bill and grid dependency of all households. This study confirms the need for appropriate OB modeling in BPS, it shows the potential of the KDD method for successful OB profiles extraction, and is a first example of data-mined OB profiles integration in BPS, as well as of OB profiles deployment for a practical application other than energy use prediction.

Field of study: Engineering
Participant-Observer Differences in Attributions for an Ambiguous Victimization

Participant-observer differences in attributions were examined in a field setting. Overenrollment at a large university resulted in the assignment of some students to temporary non-dormitory quarters. Participants (those affected) reacted more negatively to the administration and blamed both themselves and fate less than did observers; further, greater liking of the situation was related to greater perceived avoidability by participants, but less perceived avoidability by observers. Results are discussed in terms of speculation regarding the differential time perspectives of involved and uninvolved parties. It is proposed that participants have a broader time perspective than observers, attending more to both the sequence of events leading up to the situation and future implications of their own involvement.

Field of study: Psychology
Development of 325 MHz Single Spoke Resonators at Fermilab

The High Intensity Neutrino Source (HINS) project represents the current effort at Fermilab to produce an 8-GeV proton linac based on 400 independently phased superconducting cavities. Eighteen beta = 0.21 single spoke resonators, operating at 325 MHz, comprise the first stage of the linac cold section. In this paper we present the current status of the production and testing of the first two prototype cavities. This includes descriptions of the fabrication, frequency tuning, chemical polishing, high pressure rinse, and high-gradient cold tests.

Field of study: Physics
Hepatitis C virus productive infection in mononuclear cells from patients with cryoglobulinaemia

The relationship between the occurrence of cryoglobulins and hepatitis C virus (HCV) productive infection in peripheral blood and bone marrow‐derived lymphocytes was explored. HCV minus strand RNA, the viral replicative intermediate, was searched for by a polyA+ tract strand‐specific Tth‐based reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) in lymphoid cells of 46 patients with acute and chronic infection. The HCV minus strand was demonstrated in RNA extracted from six (13%) and five (11%) peripheral blood and bone marrow‐derived lymphocytes, respectively. The HCV replicating form in lymphoid cells was associated strictly with mixed cryoglobulinaemia (MCG), in that it was found in six of 13 (46%) MCG patients, including two with B cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). No traces of HCV‐negative strand RNA were found in four patients with acute hepatitis C, in 15 with chronic active hepatitis without extrahepatic disorders, in seven with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, and in seven with B‐NHL without MCG. These results emphasize the direct role of the virus in the pathogenesis of MCG and support the contention that HCV is not specifically lymphotropic, its entry and replication in lymphoid cells being determined largely by selective interactions.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Spiritual Intelligence and Its Correlation with Life Satisfaction Among Gifted Students

The current study aimed to identify the correlation between spiritual intelligence and life satisfaction among gifted students. The authors implemented the tests of spiritual intelligence and life satisfaction and ensured the tests’ validity and reliability. The participants were 57 (29 male and 28 female) gifted students from At-Ta'if province. Spiritual intelligence variable differences were significant and attributed to gender in favor of the female participants. Life satisfaction was correlated directly and significantly with spiritual intelligence and life satisfaction.  Spiritual Intelligence, Life Satisfaction, Gifted, Gender.

Field of study: Education
The effect of different freezing rates on fertilizing ability of frozen-thawed chicken spermatozoa.

The effect of two different freezing velocities (1 °C/min and 6 °C/min) on fertilizing ability of spermatozoa from the roosters selected for high fertility with frozen-thawed spermatozoa and the randomly selected control males was determined. Significantly (P<0.05) higher fertility was obtained when semen of the selected male was frozen at a rate of 1°C/min to -70°C. In contrast, semen frozen at 6°C/min until -70°C showed no significant difference in fertility between two male lines. The results of the present study indicate the possibility of male selection for higher freezability of spermatozoa. Better viability and fertilizing capacity of frozen-thawed fowl spermatozoa were suggested to be obtained with a freezing rate of 1°C/min.

Field of study: Biology
Photoconductivity and light stimulated contact potentials in β-RbAg4I5

Photoconductivity and photoelectric effects have been established in thin polycrystalline films of β - RbAg4I5. The spectral and the temperature dependence of the phenomena have been studied. The results are interpreted using a model in which ionic processes dominate in the photoconductivity when the exciting photon energy less than 3.2 eV.

Field of study: Materials science
Equilibria with options: Existence and indeterminacy☆

This paper studies an economy in which trading takes place in spot commodity markets and incomplete futures markets for assets of various types. There are real assets (stocks or commodity futures), options on real assets, and a riskless nominal bond. We show that for a generic set of economies parametrized by consumers' endowments and structure of real assets, there exists an equilibrium. Moreover, we show that, generically, the set of equilibrium allocations of commodities contains a manifold of a high dimension. Even if the market structure is potentially complete (i.e., the number of assets, including options, equals or exceeds the number of states of nature) and the Arrow-Debreu equilibrium can be achieved through sequential trading in spot and futures markets, there are multiple (inefficient) equilibria without full rank of the asset payoff matrix.

Field of study: Economics
Tissue Engineering Stem Cells – An e-Governance Strategy

The rules of governance are changing. They are necessarily becoming more stringent as interventions offered to treat conditions carry unpredictable side effects, often associated with novel therapeutic vectors. The clinical relevance of this relates to the obligations of those involved in research, to ensure the best protection for subjects whilst encouraging the development of the field. Existing evidence supports the concept of e-Governance both in operational health research and more broadly in the strategic domain of policy formation. Building on the impact of the UK Comprehensive Research Network and recent EU Directives, it is now possible to focus on the issues of regulation for cell therapies in musculoskeletal science through the development of the Advanced Therapeutic Medicinal Products (ATMP) category of research products. This article reviews the framework that has borne this and the need for more detailed Virtual Research Integration and Collaboration (VRIC) systems to ensure regulatory compliance. Technology research and development plans must develop in close association between tissue engineering and treating clinicians. The scope of this strategy relates to the handling of human tissues the transport and storage of specimens in accordance with current EU directives and the Human Tissue Authority (HTA) regulations.

Field of study: Medicine
Controllable micrometer positioning design of piezoelectric actuators using a robust fuzzy eliminator

To enhance the consistency and micro positioning accuracy of piezoelectric actuators made based on the batch manufacture, in this paper, a robust fuzzy eliminator with abilities to learn the disturbed actuators' models and to mitigate hysteresis is proposed. This proposed robust fuzzy eliminator can convert the error dynamics between the actuator output position and the desired trajectory into a linear disturbed form, and it quickly converge positioning errors. The residual modelling uncertainties attributed to parameter uncertainties are eliminated with a robust compensator exhibiting positioning error fine-tuning capability. From practical tests, this proposed control law depicts the promising positioning performance in the presence of modelling uncertainties (10%, 20%, and 40% modelling uncertainties), and each controlled piezoelectric actuator has an μm positioning accuracy.

Field of study: Engineering
Myrmekite as a marker between preaqueous and postaqueous phase saturation in granitic systems

A nonreplacive, nonexsolution model of myrmekite growth is based on textural relationships in the Sand Springs porphyritic granodiorite, west-central Nevada. A sequence of crystallization is divided into (1) a preaqueous-phase saturation stage, characterized by major growth of plagioclase (zoned)., quartz, and K-feldspar (phenocrysts), and (2) a postaqueous-phase saturation stage characterized by myrmekite, final euhedral growth of plagioclase and quartz, and final growth of K-feldspar phenocrysts and most K-feldspar of the matrix, including some crystals with adularia-habit characteristics. Myrmekite results from micropressure quenching during the separation of an aqueous phase as crystallization progresses. The occurrence of myrmekite as lobate units on plagioclase, extending into K-feldspar, results from precipitation of oligoclase (the basic ingredient of myrmekite) as local continuations of plagioclase growth from a melt that simultaneously expels an aqueous-rich fluid enriched in K-feldspar component. Late K-feldspar crystallizes from the aqueous-rich fluid, filling in around the myrmekite. Quartz in myrmekite represents the inability of silica to diffuse from the quenched melt and occurs as vermicules chiefly in accord with the principles of binary eutectic crystallization. The Sand Springs myrmekite model is tested by evaluating its occurrences in aplite-pegmatite systems, in granitic gneisses, and in the hydrothermal secondary K-feldspar environment. Myrmekite commonly occurs in all but the hydrothermal environment, which is postmyrmekite, and a fundamentally magmatic origin can be reasoned for the other rock types if the tectonic environment during crystallization is also considered.

Field of study: Geology
Preliminary crystallographic studies of EcTI, a serine proteinase inhibitor from Enterolobium contortisiliquum seeds.

Enterolobium contortisiliquum trypsin inhibitor (EcTI) belongs to the Kunitz family of plant inhibitors, which are widely distributed in nature, especially in plant seeds. EcTI is composed of two polypeptide chains with a total of 174 residues, homologous to other inhibitors from the same family. EcTI crystals, which were obtained with the acupuncture-gel technique, diffract to 2.0 A resolution and belong to space group P2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 37.12, b = 38.42, c = 54.08 A, beta = 98.08 degrees. Molecular-replacement techniques using Erythrina caffra trypsin inhibitor (PDB code 1tie) as the search model indicate one monomer in the asymmetric unit. The secondary-structure content of EcTI was determined by circular dichroism spectroscopy, yielding values compatible with the expected topology.

Field of study: Chemistry
Using continous wavelet analysis for monitoring wheat yellow rust in different infestation stages based on unmanned aerial vehicle hyperspectral images.

Yellow rust is the most extensive disease in wheat cultivation, seriously affecting crop quality and yield. This study proposes sensitive wavelet features (WFs) for wheat yellow rust monitoring based on unmanned aerial vehicle hyperspectral imagery of different infestation stages [26 days after inoculation (26 DAI) and 42 DAI]. Furthermore, we evaluated the monitoring ability of WFs and vegetation indices on wheat yellow rust through linear discriminant analysis and support vector machine (SVM) classification frameworks in different infestation stages, respectively. The results show that WFs-SVM have promising potential for wheat yellow rust monitoring in both the 26 DAI and 42 DAI stages.

Field of study: Physics