nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Prinzipielles zum Thermioneneffekt

ZusammenfassungEs wird untersucht, welche einzelnen Hypothesen den verschiedenen thermodynamischen Ableitungen der Elektronenemissionsformel zugrunde liegen, und es wird die Beziehung dieser verschiedenen Methoden zu einer allgemeinen und strengen, „idealen“ Methode klargestellt. Im Anschluß dazu wird die Frage nach der Zahl der unabhängigen Variablen diskutiert und daraus die schon früher gezogenen Folgerungen über die Druckabhängigkeit des Thermioneneffekts bestätigt. Es wird ferner die Frage nach der Abhängigkeit der Konstanten der Emissionsformel von der chemischen Konstante der emittierenden Substanz untersucht, und dann noch die Frage nach der Möglichkeit von verschiedenen Gesetzmäßigkeiten bei verschiedenen Stoffen aufgeworfen.

Field of study: Physics
VORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATION OF SUBMERGED FLOATING TUNNEL TETHERS UNDER WAVE AND CURRENT EFFECTS

A vortex-induced in-line vibration model is formulated for the calculation of nonlinear dynamic response of submerged floating tunnel (SFT) tethers due to wave and current effects. The effect of tunnel surge motion on the dynamic response of a tether is investigated by considering the forcing and parametric excitations. Galerkin method and numerical integration were used in the study. Numerical relationship between the excitation frequency and the maximum amplitude of vortex-induced in-line vibration was obtained. The calculated results show that the amplitude of vortex-induced in-line vibration increased when considering the effects of forcing and parametric excitations and the amplitude approached its maximum when the excitation frequency approached the first-order natural frequency of the tether.

Field of study: Engineering
Design of Distributed and Shared Information System Based on Web

In the information system,the key technology is to impove the capability of system.Through analysing the application based on host computer and client-server,combines the fact of corporation,adopts the new design technology and plan,redesigns the distributed and shared information systems based on Web.To apply the information systems,the corporation can impove the work efficiency.The idea of design is valued to the same corporation of information systems.

Field of study: Computer science
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of the peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase B domain of Neisseria meningitidis PILB.

Peptide methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msr) are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyse the reduction of free and protein-bound methionine sulfoxide back to methionine via sulfenic acid chemistry. Two classes of Msrs, MsrA and MsrB, have been described. The fact that the two Msrs display opposite stereoselectivities and have no sequence identity suggests that there is no structural similarity between the two classes. No three-dimensional structure of a MsrB is known. In the present report, the MsrB subdomain of Neisseria meningitidis PILB was used to grow orthorhombic crystals by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion technique. The crystals belong to space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 44.0, b = 118.6, c = 138.5 A. Crystals of selenomethionine-substituted MsrB were grown under the same conditions in order to use the MAD method for structure determination. Three diffraction data sets at 1.8 A resolution were collected. The positions of the Se atoms were determined and should result in a full structure determination.

Field of study: Chemistry
On the Strategy of Running Our Countr y with Morals

It is important to fully understand t he theoretical basis and practical s ignificance in the light of implemen ting the strat-egy of running our country with morals put forward by Comrade Jiang Ze -min in the new situation.During the course of building our socialist economic system,we ought to further develop the tradi tional Chinese morals,in the construction of new socialist moral system,so as to administer our country with t he mutual complement of morals and law.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Performance of quartz- and sapphire-based double-crystal high-resolution (∼10 meV) RIXS monochromators under varying power loads.

In the context of a novel, high-resolution resonant inelastic X-ray scattering spectrometer, a flat-crystal-based quartz analyzer system has recently been demonstrated to provide an unprecedented intrinsic-energy resolution of 3.9 meV at the Ir L3 absorption edge (11.215 keV) [Kim et al. (2018) ]. However, the overall instrument resolution was limited to 9.7 meV because of an 8.9 meV incident band pass, generated by the available high-resolution four-bounce Si(844) monochromator. In order to better match the potent resolving power of the novel analyzer with the energy band pass of the incident beam, a quartz(309)-based double-bounce, high-resolution monochromator was designed and implemented, expected to yield an overall instrument resolution of 6.0 meV. The choice of lower-symmetry quartz is very attractive because of its wealth of suitable near-backscattering reflections. However, it was found that during room-temperature operation typical levels of incident power, barely affecting the Si monochromator, caused substantial thermal distortions in the first crystal of the quartz monochromator, rendering it practically unusable. Finite-element analyses and heat-flow analyses corroborate this finding. As a high-flux, lower resolution (15.8 meV) alternative, a two-bounce sapphire(078) version was also tested and found to be less affected than quartz, but notably more than silicon.

Field of study: Physics
Tuning of few-electron states and optical absorption anisotropy in GaAs quantum rings.

The electronic and optical properties of a GaAs quantum ring (QR) with few electrons in the presence of the Rashba spin-orbit interaction (RSOI) and the Dresselhaus spin-orbit interaction (DSOI) have been investigated theoretically. The configuration interaction (CI) method is employed to calculate the eigenvalues and eigenstates of the multiple-electron QR accurately. Our numerical results demonstrate that the symmetry breaking induced by the RSOI and DSOI leads to an anisotropic distribution of multi-electron states. The Coulomb interaction offers additional modulation of the electron distribution and thus the optical absorption indices in the quantum rings. By tuning the magnetic/electric fields and/or electron numbers in a quantum ring, one can change its optical properties significantly. Our theory provides a new way to control the multi-electron states and optical properties of a QR by hybrid modulations or by electrical means only.

Field of study: Physics
Data Flow Control Algorithm based on Feature Matching in Mobile P2P Network

This paper proposes a characteristic matching based mobile P2P network data flow control algorithm, to detect the illegal data flow in the mobile P2P network, finally achieve the purpose of control the data flow. The algorithm is proposed based on the SVM feature matching algorithm, firstly on the basis of the traditional feature selection, the paper put forward 3 d feature selection method, so as to improve the precision of detection, secondly uses RBF kernel as the kernel function of SVM feature matching algorithm, and finally divides the test process into iterative detection and smooth detection. Simulation experiments show that characteristic matching based  on mobile P2P network data flow control algorithm has a higher recognition rate and better scalability.

Field of study: Computer science
Screening and identification of β-galactosidase-producing

This experiment isolated 4 different lactobacillus from three yogurts in the market and one can produce bacteriocin that named as S1.Phenotypic analyses including morphology and physiology charac teristics were carried out.By making a comprehensive view on all the results of taxonomy,the strain was identified as Lactococcus lactis.The supernatant of S1 could strongly inhibit indicator strains after excluded inhibitive effect of H2O2 and organic acid,which could be classed as bacteriocin.The bacteriocin which S1 produces has strong inhibitory effect to Escherichia coli,and the range of inhibitory is very different to Nisin.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
NONLINEAR OPTICS: Highly efficient parametric amplification of optical beams. II. Parametric interaction of waves with conformal profiles

An experimental study was made of nondegenerate parametric amplification of the ω3→ω2 + ω2 type. Spatial and temporal intensity profiles with different ratios of the seed signal and pump signal energies were formed independently in a high-power two-channel laser-aperture neodymium-glass laser system. Optimal profiling of the intensities of the interacting waves made it possible to achieve 67% conversion of the pump wave energy into parametric waves. The spectral and angular characteristics of the radiation were then the same as the parameters of the seed signal. Careful recording and approximation of the intensity profiles of the interacting waves yielded good agreement between the theory and the experiments.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
SU‐E‐T‐687: Scatter Factors Comparison of 6MV FFF and Energy Matched 6MV EqFFF

To compare the Collimator scatter factor (Sc), Phantom scatter factor (Sp) and Total scatter factors (Sc,p) of 6MV FFF and energy matched 6MV FFF (6MV eqFFF)  The flattening filter and primary collimator are the major sources of producing the scattered radiation. In this study, the field sizes from 5 × 5 cm2 to 40 × 40 cm2 compared for 6MV FFF and 6MV eqFFF. We measured Sc,p with CC 13 chamber at the depth of 10 g/cm2 using IBA blue water phantom and Sc measured with CC 13 chamber at the depth of 10 g /cm2 using columnar phantom (TG 74) for 6MV FFF and 6MV eqFFF x-ray beams from a Siemens — ARTISTE(6MV eqFFF ) and Varian True beam (6MV FFF) linear accelerator. The Sp values derived from the Sc,p and Sc Values.  All the values of Sc,p, Sc and Sp are normalized to 10 × 10 cm2 field size. The measured values of Sc,p for 6MV FFF and 6MV eqFFF varies from 0.9404 to 1.0760 and 0.9690 to 1.0283 respectively. The Sc values for 6MV FFF and 6MV eqFFF varies from 0.9880 to 1.133 and 0.9882 to 1.0075 respectively. The Sp values for 6MV FFF and 6MV eqFFF varies from 0.9518 to 1.0619 and 0.9806 to 1.0206 respectively. From the measured values, we found that Sc, Sc,p and Sp factors of 6MV FFF less than 10 × 10cm2 field is similar to the 6MV eqFFF. For greater than 10 × 10 cm2 field size Sc, Sc,p and Sp factors higher for 6MV FFF than 6MV eqFFF.  The energy matched 6MV FFF (6MV eqFFF) photon beam producing lesser Scatter radiation compare to the conventional 6MV FFF photon beams for field size more than 10 × 10 cm2.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Comparative evaluation of dependability characteristics for peer-to-peer architectural styles by simulation

An important concern for the successful deployment of a dependable system is its quality of service (QoS), which is significantly influenced by its architectural style. We propose the comparative evaluation of architectural styles by simulation. Our approach integrates architectural styles and concrete architectures to enable early design-space exploration in order to predict the QoS of peer-to-peer systems. We illustrate the approach via two case studies where availability of resources and performance of peer-to-peer search methods are evaluated. Based on our experience with these simulation environments, we sketch tool support for simulating architectural changes at runtime.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Cloning and expression of the CagA gene of Helicobacter pylori and the gene of cholera toxin subunit B

To construct the recombinant plasmid of Helicobacter pylori(Hp) CagA and mucasal adjuvant cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) and express fusion proteins in E.coli JM109DE3.  Gene encoding CagA was amplified from Hp chromosomal DNA and CTB from Vibrio cholerae. The genes were inserted into the prokaryotic expression vector pGEMEX-1. Recombinant CagA and CTB were expressed in E.coli JM109DE3.  The DNA sequence of recombinant pGEMEX-CTB was identical with that published by GenBank publicized. The relative molecular mass (M r) of fusion protein was corresponding to the M r shown in SDS-PAGE. Western blot analysis of the recombinant CagA confirmed its strong immunogenicity.  The recombinant protein may function as a potential vaccine or as a diagnostic antigen.

Field of study: Biology
Homocysteinemia as a risk factor for atherosclerosis: a review.

Elevation in plasma homocysteine has been widely studied as an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. Animal laboratory models have demonstrated rapid onset vascular lesions with homocysteine infusion. A large body of data indicates a consistent relationship between plasma homocysteine and symptomatic atherosclerotic disease involving the coronary, peripheral, and cerebral circulations. Elevated plasma homocysteine can be predictably normalized with oral folate in most patients. Despite the wealth of published clinical data on this topic, it is unknown if normalization of plasma homocysteine in patients with symptomatic atherosclerosis will prevent or arrest the disease process.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Activating Policy and Advocacy Skills: A Strategy for Tomorrow’s Special Education Leaders

Special education scholars have traditionally experienced a significant disconnect between their experience as researchers and the fast-paced realities of policy and politics. We propose that higher education leaders should be drivers of change, not recipients of outcomes, and by extension, that there is a need to ensure that the preparation of future special education faculty and leaders includes multiple opportunities for them to engage in development of competencies related to policy-making, implementation, and evaluation. This article uses an exploratory qualitative approach to describe an experiential learning model referred to as the “Short Course,” established to provide opportunities for doctoral students to experience the policy process and to develop an advocacy disposition and skills for future roles in the broad field of special education. Questionnaire data gathered over 4 years suggest the potential for this model to increase advocacy and policy engagement among future special education researchers, faculty, and leaders.

Field of study: Education
Caspase-2 and JNK Activated by Saturated Fatty Acids are Not Involved in Apoptosis Induction but Modulate ER Stress in Human Pancreatic β-cells

Fatty acid-induced apoptosis and ER stress of pancreatic β-cells contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes, however, the molecular mechanisms involved are unclear.  In this study we have tested the role of caspase-2 and suggested ER stress mediator JNK in saturated fatty acid-induced apoptosis of the human pancreatic β-cells NES2Y.  We found that stearic acid at apoptosis-inducing concentration activated ER stress signaling pathways, i.e. IRE1α, PERK and ATF6 pathways, in NES2Y cells. During stearic acid-induced apoptosis, JNK inhibition did not decrease the rate of apoptosis nor the activation of caspase-8, -9, -7 and -2 and PARP cleavage. In addition, inhibition of JNK activity did not affect CHOP expression although it did decrease the induction of BiP expression after stearic acid treatment. Caspase-2 silencing had no effect on PARP as well as caspase-8, -9 and -7 cleavage and the induction of CHOP expression, however, it also decreased the induction of BiP expression. Surprisingly, caspase-2 silencing was accompanied by increased phosphorylation of c-Jun.  We have demonstrated that caspase-2 as well as JNK are not key players in apoptosis induction by saturated fatty acids in human pancreatic β-cells NES2Y. However, they appear to be involved in the modulation of saturated fatty acid-induced ER stress signaling, probably by a mechanism independent of c-Jun phosphorylation.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Human sexual dimorphism: from an evolutionary perspective to practical . overview

This paper goal is to discuss human sexual dimorphism in evolutionary perspective and practical overview. Evolution of human sexual dimorphism has wide implication !n human biological study and many applications to medical field. Human sexual dimorphism has experienced changes and adaptations along its proceeding to current time and space. These changes are natural consequences. Understanding this problem as process and products of evolution, we can enter this problem into medicine and be a background. Understanding as a background, as human natural history , we will understand why human can be so now and why he! she will change, including sexual dimorphism problem. The understanding of background is needed to avoid creation of human with narrow vision, highly specialized, excessive fanatics for self competency, easily astonished, panic and immediately tricked in real life which is complex and continuously changing. Human anatomy knowledge, as one basic medical aspect, sexually presents understanding that there are changing and developing characteristics among men (males) and women (femalesl over time. The medical intentions are aspects of sexual dimorphism directly applied and related closely to medicine. The paper begins with sexual dimorphism discussion, and continued by evolutionary perspective discussion, and followed up by practical discourse. This continuity is an effort to illustrate that Homo sapiens species, like us, is always dynamic and changing, like nature which is never static neither stable.

Field of study: Medicine
SEQUENTIAL ESTIMATION OF SEGMENTAL PARAMETERS DURING STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

In structural construction practice, it happens frequently that the same construction factors such as materials, machines and workers may be used in different construction stages. Concerning this realistic property, in this paper, segmental parameters are used to account for the distribution of a correlated random field. In addition, estimation system is rebuilt to contain all the uncertain segmental parameters for importing the correlation information into the estimation formula. Finally, a sequential estimation formula based on maximum a posteriori criteria is proposed to estimate the mean values and standard deviations of the uncertain segmental parameters. Numerical examples are presented to show that the proposed formula can be used not only for updating the segmental parameters existing in current substructure, but also for predicting the segmental parameters appearing in later substructure, which both can play instructive roles in construction simulation and control.

Field of study: Engineering
Nonlinear response in thin film magnetometer sense loops at 77 K

The onset of nonlinear response to applied magnetic field in GdBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-/spl delta// thin film magnetometer sense loops was measured in equipment performing at 77 K. As the magnetic field applied to the magnetometers was ramped, the output magnetic flux of the sense loops was monitored with a YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-/spl delta// DC superconducting quantum interference device flip-chip coupled to the loop sample's output washer. In experiments devised to minimize circulating current in the magnetometers, nonlinear onset fields ranging from 26 to 120 /spl mu/T were measured for samples having linewidths ranging from 20 to 800 /spl mu/m. The loops also exhibited hysteresis in conjunction with the nonlinear behavior. These results indicate that nonlinear hysteresis is an issue for magnetometer loops operating in the Earth's field.<<ETX>>

Field of study: Physics
Analyses of response patterns clarify lead effects in olfactory reversal and extradimensional shift tasks: assessment of inhibitory control, associative ability, and memory.

Rats exposed to lead (Pb) chronically from conception were tested on (a) an olfactory serial reversal task and (b) an extradimensional shift (EDS) task. Pb exposure did not impair learning of the original olfactory discrimination but did impair learning of the 5 reversals and the EDS task. In the reversals, Pb exposure tended to shorten the initial period of persistent responding to the previously correct cue, but significantly prolonged the postperseverative learning phase (both the "chance" and "greater-than-chance" components). These effects are similar to those produced by lesions of the amygdala, a structure implicated in the process by which stimuli acquire incentive value. This similarity, coupled with the pattern of findings, suggests that Pb-induced impairment of reversal learning is due to a deficiency in learning the new contingencies of the task (an associative deficit), not inflexibility or deficient inhibitory control. These findings also illustrate the importance of analyzing the types of errors committed, rather than focusing solely on learning rate.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Analysis of wining factors of the men’s gymnastic team of China in the 29~(th) Olympic Games

By analyzing from the perspective of the science of management and training,the author concluded that main winning factors of the men’s gymnastic team of China in the 29th Olympic Games include the followings: in terms of management,the advantages of the nationwide system had been fully exerted,the collective wisdom and cohesion of coaches had been enhanced,and a scientific and rational talent selecting system had been established;in terms of training,winning patterns for gymnastic events had been mastered,functions of scientific research teams had been exerted,training conceptions for scientific training had been updated,physical recovery and sickness treatment had been accelerated,and psychological capacity and competitive capacity of athletes had been enhanced.

Field of study: Education
Effects of Zr-Substitution on Microwave Dielectric Properties 
of Na0.5Nd0.2Sm0.3Ti1−xZrxO3 Ceramics (x = 0.00 ∼ 0.30)

In this paper, the compound Na0.5Nd0.2Sm0.3Ti1−xZrxO3 (NNSTZx, x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.09, 0.14, 0.20, 0.30) ceramics were prepared by the conventional solid-state route. The main phase of all NNSTZx samples were indexed as an orthorhombic perovskite structure. The permittivity (εr) and quality factor (Q × f) were improved because of improvement of relative density and homogeneous microstructure with minor Zr substitution (x ≤ 0.02). When x ≤ 0.14, the temperature coefficient of the resonant frequency (τf) could be effectively tuned to a relatively low value of 110.3 ppm/°C due to a continuous decrease of tolerance factors. A remarkable decrease of τf from 110.3 ppm/°C to −2.38 ppm/°C was obtained since a certain amount of Nd2Ti2O7 phase was observed with x ≥ 0.20. Typically, the NNSTZx (x = 0.20) ceramic sintered in air at 1450°C for 2 h exhibited good microwave dielectric properties of εr = 75.4, Q × f=6813 GHz, and τf = 67.8 ppm/°C.

Field of study: Materials science