nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Evolution of the Mazatzal province and the timing of the Mazatzal orogeny: Insights from U-Pb geochronology and geochemistry of igneous and metasedimentary rocks in southern New Mexico

New U-Pb zircon ages, geochemistry, and Nd isotopic data are presented from three localities in the Paleoproterozoic Mazatzal province of southern New Mexico, United States. These data help in understanding the source regions and tectonic setting of magmatism from 1680 to 1620 Ma, the timing of the Mazatzal orogeny, the nature of postorogenic magmatism, Proterozoic plate tectonics, and provide a link between Mazatzal subblocks in Arizona and northern New Mexico. The data indicate a period from 1680 to 1650 Ma in which juvenile felsic granitoids were formed, and a later event between 1646 and 1633 Ma, when these rocks were deformed together with sedimentary rocks. No evidence of pre-1680 Ma rocks or inherited zircons was observed. The igneous rocks have e Nd (t) from –1.2 to +4.3 with most between +2 and +4, suggesting a mantle source or derivation from similar-aged crust. Nd isotope and trace element concentrations are consistent with models for typical arc magmatism. Detrital zircon ages from metasedimentary rocks indicate that sedimentation occurred until at least 1646 Ma. Both local and Yavapai province sources contributed to the detritus. All of the samples older than ca. 1650 Ma are deformed, whereas undeformed porphyroblasts were found in the contact aureole of a previously dated 1633 Ma gabbro. Regionally, the Mazatzal orogeny occurred mainly between 1654 and 1643 Ma, during fi nal accretion of a series of island arcs and intervening basins that may have amalgamated offshore. Rhyolite magmatism in the southern Mazatzal province was coeval with gabbro intrusions at 1633 Ma and this bimodal magmatism may have been related to extensional processes following arc accretion.

Field of study: Geology
Early bone diagenesis in temperate environments: Part I: Surface features and histology

Early diagenesis, spanning the time a few years after death, is crucial to later fossilization, because the former may determine the success of the latter. The external environment in which bones (and fossils) have been altered is critical to early diagenesis and fossilization processes. Alteration of bones by the former may determine the successful fossilization of animal bones and their eventual preservation as part of a fossil assemblage. A long term actualistic experiment took place in Neuadd (Wales, UK) from 1976 to 2006 with the monitoring of approximately 100 animal carcasses. The Neuadd bone collection is derived from natural deaths of domestic and wild animals, the carcasses of which were left in situ and exposed under natural conditions in a series of upland environments in central Wales. Here, we report on a sample of this extensive collection, investigating possible associations between environmental or post-depositional situations and physico-chemical traits at early stages of diagenesis. One of the main agents of bone structure alteration and chemical diagenesis is bacteria, while another may be non-vascular plants. Results obtained so far suggest correlations between surface and histological modifications that are present in temperate environments, but geochemical and collagen contents need a more careful study. Modifications of the surface and histology of the bone are treated in detail and we conclude that some assumptions traditionally considered of relevance (such as soil acidity, decay conditions and bacterial activity) are less important or inadequately defined. The significance of this for diagenesis studies is discussed and correlations with indices of preservation of collagen, DNA, crystallinity, chemical composition and stable isotope signals of these specimens of the Neuadd collection are outlined, but more detailed descriptions will be presented in forthcoming papers.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Über ein Bandenspektrum des Borhydrides

ZusammenfassungZwei Banden des BH beiλ=4332,7 Å undλ=4367.1 Å werden unter hoher Dispersion photographiert und analysiert. Es ergibt sich, daß. die Banden von einem1Π→1Σ-Übergang herrühren. In beiden Zuständen wird das Molekül bei zunehmender Rotation stark deformiert. Bei den intensiveren Bandenlinien finden sich schwächere Begleiter, die dem Isotopmolekül B10H zugeschrieben werden. Eine weitere Bande bei 3694,3Å wird analysiert und einem3Π→3Σ-Übergang zugeschrieben. Die beiden Übergänge unterscheiden sich nur durch die verschiedene Einstellung des Elektronenspins. Ferner wird über das Auftreten von BCl-Banden berichtet.

Field of study: Physics
San Diego hosts CLEOS

San Diego will be the location of the first Conference on Laser and Electro‐Optical Systems (CLEOS), to be held 25–27 May in the convention center of the Town and Country Hotel. This California city is a fitting choice for the conference site, as the San Diego–La Jolla area is known for its numerous centers of scientific research and development—the General Atomic Co, the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, the Salk Institute for Biological Studies and the University of California, San Diego are just a few.

Field of study: Physics
Empathy in individuals clinically at risk for psychosis: brain and behaviour.

Empathy is a basic human ability, and patients with schizophrenia show dysfunctional empathic abilities on the behavioural and neural level.



These dysfunctions may precede the onset of illness; thus, it seems mandatory to examine the empathic abilities in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis.



Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we measured 15 individuals at clinical high risk of psychosis (CHR group) and compared their empathy performance with 15 healthy volunteers and 15 patients with schizophrenia.



Behavioural data analysis indicated no significant deficit in the CHR group. Functional data analysis revealed hyperactivation in a frontotemporoparietal network including the amygdala in the CHR group compared with the other two groups.



Despite normal behavioural performance, the CHR group activated the neural empathy network differently and specifically showed hyperactivation in regions critical for emotion processing. This could suggest a compensatory mechanism reflecting emotional hypersensitivity or dysfunctional emotion regulation. Further investigations should clarify the role of these neural alterations for development and exacerbation of psychosis.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Serotonin synthesis in murine embryonic stem cells.

Serotonin (5-HT) is a monoaminergic neurotransmitter involved in various processes in the mammalian nervous system with tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) as the rate-limiting enzyme in its biosynthesis. Interestingly, there is accumulating evidence that neurotransmitters including 5-HT are directly involved in cleavage divisions and morphogenetic movements during early embryogenesis, even before neurons appear. Clonal cell models will be indispensable for investigating these pre-neuronal actions of neurotransmitter systems. Totipotent embryonic stem (ES) cells represent early embryonic stages, are amenable to genetic manipulations and can be easily induced to differentiate into cells with neuronal and glial properties enabling the recapacitation of neurulation. In this study, we used high-pressure liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection (HPLC-FD) to demonstrate the presence of 5-HT in ES cells. In addition, RNase protection assays and immunohistochemical methods detected TPH mRNA and protein, respectively, confirming the endogeneous production of 5-HT in these cells. Furthermore, TPH protein was detected in mouse zygotes after fertilization. These results indicate that ES cells may be useful for the investigation of neurotransmitters in pre-nervous embryos and their actions during ontogeny.

Field of study: Biology
Bose-Einstein Condensation Picture of Superconductivity in YBa2 Cu3 O7 (91 K) and YBa2 Cu3Se7 (371 K). (Dilute metals)

A metal dilution degree in the compounds YBa2 Cu3 O7 and YBa2 Cu3Se7 is defined as z=(rMe/rO2-;Se2-)3. A substitution of oxygen by selenium changes z by 8 times and the Bose-Einstein condensation temperature equals TcSe = TcO*8 2/3 = 364 K. The "active" electron pairs density in YBa2 Cu3 O7 is about 1.7 1020 cm-3. The electron effective mass is about 5me and is proportional to the dielectric constant.

Field of study: Physics
Levels of Recommendation for Students and Academic Performance in Medical School

Letters of recommendation from educational institutions have traditionally been considered a major criterion in admission decisions. However, very little attention has been directed to the study of the relationship between the content of letters of recommendation and measures of academic performance in professional schools. To investigate this relationship, letters of recommendation of 236 students who attended Jefferson Medical College from 5 undergraduate institutions were reviewed, and the levels of recommendation contained in the letters were identified. Yearly GPAs, scores of the 3 parts of the National Board Medical Examinations, and ratings of clinical competence in the first postgraduate year were selected as measures of academic performance. The results indicated that the levels of recommendation did not improve the multiple R prediction of the criteria beyond the level obtained using undergraduate GPA in science courses. Factor analysis of the data showed that levels of recommendation were heavily loaded on a factor related to undergraduate GPA in science courses.

Field of study: Psychology
Biogas production from coumarin-rich plants--inhibition by coumarin and recovery by adaptation of the bacterial community.

Plants like sweet clover (Melilotus spp.) are not suitable as fodder for cattle because of harmful effects of the plant secondary metabolite coumarin. As an alternative usage, the applicability of coumarin-rich plants as substrates for biogas production was investigated. When coumarin was added to continuous fermentation processes codigesting grass silage and cow manure, it caused a strong inhibition noticeable as decrease of biogas production by 19% and increase of metabolite concentrations to an organic acids/alkalinity ratio higher than 0.3(gorganic acids) gCaCO3 (-1). Microbial communities of methanogenic archaea were dominated by the genera Methanosarcina (77%) and Methanoculleus (11%). This community composition was not influenced by coumarin addition. The bacterial community analysis unraveled a divergence caused by coumarin addition correlating with the anaerobic degradation of coumarin and the recovery of the biogas process. As a consequence, biogas production resumed similar to the coumarin-free control with a biogas yield of 0.34 LN g(volatile solids) (-1) and at initial metabolite concentrations (∼ 0.2 g(organic acids) gCaCO3 (-1)). Coumarin acts as inhibitor and as substrate during anaerobic digestion. Hence, coumarin-rich plants might be suitable for biogas production, but should only be used after adaptation of the microbial community to coumarin.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Intimate Enemies: Landowners, Power, and Violence in Chiapas (review)

This being said, Menegus and Aguirre have written an intriguing book, whose use of little known material often is quite ingenious. The book also includes a valuable appendix that contains detailed notes on all the indigenous students they found. It should, however, be noted that this number is considered a bare minimum; the total will probably grow with new research. Nevertheless, the findings of Menegus and Aguirre prove that the university and the colleges of New Spain, though predominantly Peninsular and Creole milieus, did include a rather substantial number of non-Hispanic students. The authors have laid a foundation for further research into the concrete work situation and career patterns of Indian priests.

Field of study: History
Optimal allocation with fixed power in a completely randomized design with levels of subsampling

In many completely randomized design experiments, levels of subsampling may be performed on each experimental unit. In such cases the expected mean square error E(MSE) for testing among treatment groups is comprised of variance components analogour to those associated with the primary sampling unit is nested sampling Marcuse (1949) gives a procedure to minimize the cost of obtaining the samples if a desired degree of precision in the E(MSE) is fixed. However, her method gives no consideration to the resulting power of the test for differences among the treatment groups. Our method stipulates that the power, rather than the precision, is fixed at a critical level and the total cost is minimized subject to this constraint.

Field of study: Mathematics
Playing against all odds: pachinko and the culture of risk-taking in Japan’s crisis economy

The Japanese gambling industry has been badly hit by two decades of economic crises. Shrinking household incomes and shifting consumer preferences have left their marks even on the pachinko business which formerly had been hailed as recession-resistant. This paper situates theory and practice of machine gambling in Japan at the beginning of the twenty-first century into the context of sociological debates on risk. Taking a closer look at recent developments in Japan’s giant gambling industry, it analyses the way in which regulators, providers and consumers have accommodated their behaviour to the changing socioeconomic environment of the risk society.

Field of study: Sociology
Off-state breakdown and leakage current transport analysis of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors

Off-state breakdown characteristics of AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors have been studied based on drain current injection method. It is found that at low drain current injection level, the observed premature breakdown is caused by excess gate-to-drain leakage current. Nevertheless, at high drain injection current level, buffer-leakage-dominated breakdown proceeds gate-leakage-dominated breakdown as the gate bias increases from pinch-off voltage to deep-depletion voltage. In both breakdown regions, the breakdown voltages show negative temperature coefficients. The buffer-leakage-induced breakdown should be defect-related, which is confirmed by temperature-dependent buffer leakage measurements.

Field of study: Engineering
Implementation and Application of MES System in Jinlong Copper Company

Aimed at important role of MES played in enterprise informatization and in combination with status of informatization construction in Jinlong Copper Company,this paper introduces implementation condition of MES in this enterprise and its application result.It is proved from practice that MES contributes to achieve centralization and share of information,complete automatic collection of production data,strengthen communication between planned management and ground control and play a role of connecting link in information frame of copper smelting enterprise.

Field of study: Materials science
Preparation and Properties of Tetra- and Octa-substituted Phthalocyanines with Cationic Trimethylaniliniumyl Groups

Substituted magnesium(II) phthalocyanines modified with dimethylaminophenyl and trimethylaniliniumyl groups were prepared and characterized. The tetra- and octa-substituted phthalocyanines with the...

Field of study: Chemistry
Development and validation of a reconstruction approach for three-dimensional confined-space tomography problems.

This work reports the development and validation of a new tomography approach, termed cross-interfaces computed tomography (CICT), to address confined-space tomography problems. Many practical tomography problems require imaging through optical walls, which may encounter light refractions that seriously influence the imaging process and deteriorate the three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction. Past efforts have primarily focused on developing open-space tomography algorithms, but these algorithms are not extendable to confined-space problems unless the imaging process from the 3D target and its line-of-sight two-dimensional (2D) images (defined as "projections") is properly adjusted. The CICT approach is therefore proposed in this work to establish an algorithm describing the mapping relationship between the optical signal field of the target and its projections. The CICT imaging algorithm is first validated by quantitatively comparing measured and simulated projections of a calibration plate through an optical cylinder. Then the CICT reconstruction is numerically and experimentally validated using a simulated flame phantom and a laminar cone flame, respectively. Compared to reconstructions formed by traditional open-space tomography, the CICT approach is demonstrated to be capable of resolving confined-space problems with significantly improved accuracy.

Field of study: Physics
[The complex energy correction of chronic brain ischemia].

Considerable disturbance of all quality of life domains that worsens social adaptation and daily living and results in an asthenic-neurotic syndrome, along with neurologic and mnestic-intellectual disturbances, was revealed in patients with chronic brain ischemia (stages I, II, III). Based on the results of the double blind placebo-controlled trial, the high clinical efficacy of cytoflavin in patients with chronic brain ischemia has been shown. The treatment with cytoflavin decreases the severity of subjective symptoms and complaints thus increasing the working ability of patients, improves balance and gait, decreases the severity of asthenic and neurotic syndromes, improves cognitive and memory functions (information storage, reasoning and attention), positively effects on quality of sleep and all aspects of quality of life, in particular, on physical activity, self-rating of health and viability as well as social activity, mental health and emotional lability.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Female genital mutilation, asylum seekers and refugees: the need for an integrated European Union agenda.

Asylum seekers and refugees (ASRs) are a heterogeneous population with distinct physical and psychological needs. ASRs with additional health needs are girls and women who have undergone, or are at risk of undergoing, female genital mutilation (FGM). Across the European Union (EU), variation exists in Member States' anti-FGM and asylum legislation, the rigour of existing research programmes, and the operational coherence of the multiple agencies combating the practice. ASRs' needs are, consequently, not being addressed satisfactorily. This paper proposes an integrated future agenda, applicable in all EU countries, capable of meeting these girls' and women's needs.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Expansion of CD14+CD16+ monocytes producing TNF-α in complication-free diabetes type 1 juvenile onset patients.

We concentrated on the complication-free phase of juvenile onset type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) searching for associations between concentration of inflammatory factors TNF-α, CRP and VEGF and two monocyte subsets the CD14(++)CD16(-) and CD14(+)CD16(+). We analysed a randomly selected group of 150 patients without complications (disease duration 2.74 ± 2.51 years) at the start of the project and 5 years later. They were compared with 24 patients with retinopathy (6.53 ± 3.39 years of disease) and 30 healthy volunteers. Our results indicate that in the complication-free period the concentration of TNF-α significantly increased and continued to increase after retinopathy was established. After 5 years the percentage and absolute number of CD14(+)CD16(+) monocytes doubled in complication-free patients. Our study indicates that the size of CD14(+)CD16(+) monocyte subset may be used alternatively to CRP values as an indicator of inflammation grade. Our results imply the necessity of trials using anti-TNF-α therapy in the complication-free phase of the disease.

Field of study: Medicine
NAADP induces pH changes in the lumen of acidic Ca2+ stores.

NAADP (nicotinic acid-adenine dinucleotide phosphate)-induced Ca2+ release has been proposed to occur selectively from acidic stores in several cell types, including sea urchin eggs. Using fluorescence measurements, we have investigated whether NAADP-induced Ca2+ release alters the pH(L) (luminal pH) within these acidic stores in egg homogenates and observed their prompt, concentration-dependent alkalinization by NAADP (but not beta-NAD+ or NADP). Like Ca2+ release, the pH(L) change was desensitized by low concentrations of NAADP suggesting it was secondary to NAADP receptor activation. Moreover, this was a direct effect of NAADP upon the acidic stores and not secondary to increases in cytosolic Ca2+ as it was not mimicked by IP3 (inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate), cADPR (cyclic adenine diphosphoribose), ionomycin, thapsigargin or by direct addition of Ca2+, and was not blocked by EGTA. The results of the present study further support acidic stores as targets for NAADP and for the first time reveal an adjunct role for NAADP in regulating the pH(L) of intracellular organelles.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
MG132, a proteasome inhibitor, enhances LDL uptake in HepG2 cells in vitro by regulating LDLR and PCSK9 expression

Expression of liver low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), a determinant regulator in cholesterol homeostasis, is tightly controlled at multiple levels. The aim of this study was to examine whether proteasome inhibition could affect LDLR expression and LDL uptake in liver cells in vitro.HepG2 cells were examined. Real-time PCR and Western blot analysis were used to determine the mRNA and protein levels, respectively. DiI-LDL uptake assay was used to quantify the LDLR function. Luciferase assay system was used to detect the activity of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9, a major protein mediating LDLR degradation) promoter. Specific siRNAs were used to verify the involvement of Treatment of HepG2 cells with the specific proteasome inhibitor MG132 (0.03–3 μmol/L) dose-dependently increased LDLR mRNA and protein levels, as well as LDL uptake. Short-term treatment with MG132 (0.3 μmol/L, up to 8 h) significantly increased both LDLR mRNA and protein levels in HepG2 cells, which was blocked by the specific PKC inhibitors GF 109203X, Gö 6983 or staurosporine. In contrast, a longer treatment with MG132 (0.3 μmol/L, 24 h) did not change LDLR mRNA, but markedly increased LDLR protein by reducing PCSK9-mediated lysosome LDLR degradation. Furthermore, MG132 time-dependently suppressed PCSK9 expression in the HepG2 cells through a SREBP-1c related pathway. Combined treatment with MG132 (0.3 μmol/L) and pravastatin (5 μmol/L) strongly promoted LDLR expression and LDL uptake in HepG2 cells, and blocked the upregulation of PCSK9 caused by pravastatin alone.Inhibition of proteasome by MG132 in HepG2 cells plays dual roles in LDLR and PCSK9 expression, and exerts a beneficial effect on cholesterol homeostasis.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Prizes, lectures, and awards of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons/Congress of Neurological Surgeons Section on Tumors.

An important goal of the Section on Tumors of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) and Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS) since its founding in 1985 has been to foster both education and research in the field of brain tumor treatment. As one means of achieving this, the Section awards a number of prizes, research grants, and named lectures at the annual meetings of the AANS and CNS. After a brief examination of similar honors that were given in recognition of pioneering work by Knapp, Cushing, and other early brain tumor researchers, the authors describe the various awards given by the AANS/CNS Section on Tumors since its founding, their philanthropic donors, and the recipients of the awards. The subsequent career of the recipients is briefly examined, in terms of the rate of full publication of award-winning abstracts and achievement of grant funding by awardees.

Field of study: Medicine