nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Physiography, palaeotectonics and palaeoenvironments as controls of changes in ammonite and brachiopod communities (an example from the early and middle jurassic of western Algeria)

Comparative studies of the palaeogeographical distributions of brachiopods and ammonites in western Algeria and its constituent basins give evidence of the control played by physiological differentiation. This factor, dependent upon tectonics, conditioned the bathymetry as well as the sedimentary context and the supply of nutrients. After a marked provincialism, caused by the large extent of carbonate platforms which prevailed during the Early and Middle Liassic, exchanges became easier. But from the Domerian to the Bathonian, the splitting of the margins into a mosaic of small subbasins bounded by steep seamounts and/or islands precented a wide distribution by currents. This led to diversification of the faunal assemblages inside the North African basins. The brachiopod communities consisted of abundant specimens of varied species on the shelves but were rare or absent in (more or less wide) epioceanic areas. Among ammonites the dominant morphological type varied from one palaeogeographical setting to another. Platycones were dominant on the shallow outer shelves, oxycones were abundant on the slopes, and the proportion of sphaerocones and serpenticones was higher in largely open basins and on outer shelves offering good connections with more open seas.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
A Metabonomics Study on Heroin Addicts Using Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Ion Trap-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry

To screen the possible biomarkers of heroin addicts,we used metabonoics method to detect serums and urine of those people.The samples of 16 heroin addicts and 16 healthy controls were analyzed by LC/MSIT-TOF in the metabonomics study.24 potential biomarkers in the serums and urine( 12 each) were identified from these participants by using multivariate statistical analysis.It was found that these two groups of people had existed-significant differences on their serums and urine metabolic levels.Our analyses of these metabolites provided evidence on heroin addicts could be differentiated from healthy individuals with potential biomarkers.24 potential biomarkers in the serums and urine( 12 each) were identified from these participants by using multivariate statistical analysis.It was found that these two groups had existed-significant differences on their serums and urine metabolic levels.These metabolites could be used as an evidence on heroin addicts and the potential biomarkers differing from healthy individuals.

Field of study: Chemistry
In-situ Sorbent Amendments: A New Direction in Contaminated Sediment Management

The accumulation of harmful and persistent organic molecules in soils and sediment is a major environmental concern. Removal by physical means such as riverine, lacustrine, or marine dredging can be prohibitively difficult, expensive, and may not ultimately prove effective. An alternative is to locally change the geochemistry to stabilize and sequester the contaminants and render them biologically unavailable. Ghosh et al. report on pilot projects to determine whether activated carbon would be so useful. Their Feature concludes with what more needs to be done to minimize anthropogenic chemical blights in soil and sediments.

Field of study: Environmental science
Side Channel Attack Resistant Implementation of Multi-Power RSA using Hensel Lifting

Multi-Power RSA  is a fast variant of RSA [2] with a small decryption time, making it attractive for implementation on lightweight cryptographic devices such as smart cards. Hensel Lifting is a key component in the implementation of fast Multi-Power RSA Decryption. However, it is found that a naive implementation of this algorithm is vulnerable to a host of side channel attacks, some of them powerful enough to entirely break the cryptosystem by providing a factorisation of the public modulus N . We propose here a secure (under reasonable assumptions) implementation of the Hensel Lifting algorithm. We then use this algorithm to obtain a secure implementation of Multi-Power RSA Decryption.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Selective Moderation, Selective Responding, and Balkanization of the Blogosphere: A Field Experiment

The idealistic view that the web can function as a public sphere for crosscutting discussions has been met with much skepticism. In the current study, a field experiment was conducted to assess the openness of abortion-related weblogs to input made by new users of the weblogs. Consistent with the social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE), existing weblog users selectively responded to new user comments by refuting incongruent comments more frequently than responding to either congruent or neutral comments. Furthermore, they exhibited contrast bias by refuting rather than supporting neutral or even congruent comments made by new users. On the other hand, weblog administrators employed moderation systems on a very limited basis and did not selectively moderate comments, incongruent or otherwise, made by new users. Theoretical and social implications of these findings are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Lacolle conglomerate: A new Ordovician formation in southern Quebec

Among the many important discoveries made during the mapping of the Lacolle, Sutton, and Memphremagog quadrangles for the Geological Survey of Canada in recent years was that of a conglomerate formation whose outcrop traverses the middle of the Lacolle quadrangle from north to south, passing through the village of Lacolle. This formation was mentioned, but not described, in a recent paper by the senior author.[1][1] The outcrop  was mapped by the junior author.

For constructive criticism regarding the age and correlation of this formation, thanks of the authors are due Dr. G. M. Kay, to whom the senior author is also indebted for calling attention to an error in Figure 2 of his previous article, in which the Lacolle conglomerate is shown in the geological cross-section as basal to the Chazy, instead of basal to the Stony Point.

Except for its southeast corner, the Lacolle quadrangle lies . . .

Field of study: Geology
Palladium Catalyzed Coupling Reaction of Acylchromate Complexes and Allylic Bromides

A cross-coupling reaction between acylchromate complexes and allylic bromides takes place under CO atmosphere in the presence of a catalytic amount of Pd(PPh3)4 to afford the corresponding allylic ketones in good yield. The same reaction also proceeds by adding RNC under argon atmosphere in place of CO atmosphere. Thus, the acylchromate complex works as a good acyl donor for Pd catalyzed acylation reaction.

Field of study: Chemistry
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF EARLY AIR-CAVITY OF CYLINDER CONE WITH VERTICAL WATER-ENTRY

Computational simulation of the water-entry cavity following the water-entry is carried out.During the computation,the Navier-Stokes equations are solved with the discretization of Finite-Volume Method,and VOF(Volume of Fluid) and dynamic mesh method are used for the multiphase flow and the movement of the water-entry body,respectively.The computation results of the air-cavity shape of water-entry of sphere are directly compared with the 'ideal cavity' proposed by A.May,showing that the computation methodology properly captures the key features in the early stage of constant speed vertical water-entry cavity,and in particular gives a reasonable prediction of the outline of air-cavity in the early stage of water-entry,and of the history of the maximum radius of the air-cavity.At the same time the water-entry cavity history and air-cavity wall kinematics of the inverted truncated cone of 150 degree in the early stage life of the water-entry are investigated by computation,and the results show that the history of air-cavity wall movement following the water-entry body with different outline features are similar.And at the end of this paper the time of the surface closure of the air-cavity of the inverted truncated cone of 150 degree are also investigated.

Field of study: Engineering
Molecular control of stomatal development

Plants have evolved developmental plasticity which allows the up- or down-regulation of photosynthetic and water loss capacities as new leaves emerge. This developmental plasticity enables plants to maximise fitness and to survive under differing environments. Stomata play a pivotal role in this adaptive process. These microscopic pores in the epidermis of leaves control gas exchange between the plant and its surrounding environment. Stomatal development involves regulated cell fate decisions that ensure optimal stomatal density and spacing, enabling efficient gas exchange. The cellular patterning process is regulated by a complex signalling pathway involving extracellular ligand–receptor interactions, which, in turn, modulate the activity of three master transcription factors essential for the formation of stomata. Here, we review the current understanding of the biochemical interactions between the epidermal patterning factor ligands and the ERECTA family of leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases. We discuss how this leads to activation of a kinase cascade, regulation of the bHLH transcription factor SPEECHLESS and its relatives, and ultimately alters stomatal production.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Photomodulation study of partially strained InxGa1-xAs layers

Photomodulation techniques have been used to study the fundamental transitions of partially strained InxGa1-xAs/GaAs (x=0.07 and 0.16) epilayers. The strain-induced splitting of the valence band was observed. The identification of the split valence bands was confirmed using linearly polarized photoreflectance under a total internal reflection mode. The temperature dependence of two bandgap energies E01 (heavy-hole band) and E02 (light-hole band) was studied over a temperature range from 15 to 300 K. The parameters that describe the temperature dependence of E01 and E02 as well as the broadening function are evaluated.

Field of study: Materials science
Inverse Treatment Planning for Radiation Therapy Based on Fast Monte Carlo Dose Calculation

An inverse treatment planning system based on fast Monte Carlo (MC) dose calculation is presented. It allows optimisation of intensity modulated dose distributions in 15 to 60 minutes on present day personal computers. If a multi-processor machine is available, parallel simulation of particle histories is also possible, leading to further calculation time reductions. The optimisation process is divided into two stages. The first stage results in fluence profiles based on pencil beam (PB) dose calculation. The second stage starts with MC verification and post-optimisation of the PB dose and fluence distributions.

Field of study: Mathematics
Interleukin-7 enhances anti-tumor activity of CD8+ T cells in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

Interleukin (IL)-7 stimulation improves virus- and tumor-specific CD8+ T cell responses. However, the role of IL-7 in modulation of dysfunctional CD8+ T cells in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was not completely understood. In this study, a total of 37 HLA-A2 restricted patients with HCC and 16 healthy individuals were enrolled. IL-7 expression and its receptor α chain CD127 level was measured. The regulatory activity of IL-7 to peripheral and liver-resident CD8+ T cells was investigated in co-culture systems which were directly or indirectly contacted with HCC cell line HepG2 in vitro. Serum IL-7 concentration was significantly reduced in HCC patients, while effective anti-tumor treatment up-regulated IL-7 expression. However, CD127 expression was comparable on peripheral CD8+ T cells from either HCC patients and healthy individuals, and was also similar on liver-resident CD8+ T cells from either normal tissues and HCC specimens. CD8+ T cells purified from normal liver tissues also presented stronger cytotoxicity compared with those from HCC specimens prior to and post IL-7 treatment. Moreover, IL-7 stimulation not only augmented cytotoxicity of peripheral and liver-resident CD8+ T cells, but also promoted IFN-γ and TNF-α production by CD8+ T cells in direct contact co-culture system. This process was accompanied by down-regulation of programmed death-1 (PD-1) expression on CD8+ T cells. Our present data indicated that IL-7 enhanced both cytolytic and noncytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells to HCC probably via repression of PD-1 under direct tumor cells presentation. IL-7 might be considered as one of the therapeutic candidates for HCC treatment.

Field of study: Medicine
Geologic map of the Fairbanks A-3 quadrangle, Alaska

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Field of study: Geography, Geology
The Scopic Drive and Visual Projection in Heart of Darkness

Using Jacques Lacan's arguments about the gaze, this essay examines the dialectic of looking and being looked at that runs through Marlow's tale in Heart of Darkness. The scenes of looking often contain ideological symptoms of colonialist voyeurism, in their repeated emphasis on intrusive and yet thwarted vision. The scenes of being looked at frequently produce sensations of "scotomization": a term I borrow from Lacan to describe experiences when the human subject feels reduced, imagines himself as insignificant, invisible even—transformed into a dark spot or scotoma in the visual field. The scotomization of Marlow 's European I/eye during the river trek, in particular, suggests his precarious mastery over the foreign region he visually explores. The larger trajectory of Marlow's tale, I argue, ultimately reveals a visual sublimation, as it turns from physical sights that are threatening, inscrutable, or fascinating toward the metaphysical insight purportedly provided—through vicarious vision—by Kurtz.

Field of study: Art
Timing and provenance of Paleoproterozoic supracrustal rocks in the central Thelon tectonic zone, Canada: implications for the tectonic evolution of western Laurentia from ca. 2.1 to 1.9 Ga

Depositional ages and provenance of metasedimentary rocks provide constraints on the architecture of the interface between the Slave and Rae cratons and processes related to the Thelon Orogen. Clas...

Field of study: Environmental science
Optical Modulation by Conducting Interfaces

We analyze the interaction of a propagating guided electromagnetic wave with a quantum well embedded in a dielectric slab waveguide. First, we design a quantum well based on InAlGaAs compounds with the transition energy of 0.8 eV corresponding to a wavelength of 1.55 μm. By exploiting the envelope function approximation, we derive the eigenstates of electrons and holes and the transition dipole moments. Next, we calculate the electrical susceptibility of a three-level quantum system (as a model for the 2-D electron gas trapped in the waveguide), by using phenomenological optical Bloch equations. We show that the 2-D electron gas behaves as a conducting interface, whose conductivity can be modified by controlling the populations of electron and hole energy levels. Finally, we design a slab waveguide in which a guided wave with the wavelength of 1.55 μm experiences a strong coupling to the conducting interface. We calculate the propagation constant of the wave in the waveguide subject to the conducting interface, by exploiting the modified transfer matrix method, and establishing linear dependence on the interface conductivity. By presenting a method for controlling the populations of electrons and holes, we design a compact optical modulator with an overall length of around 60 μm.

Field of study: Physics
On the Moral Thought in the Analects of Confucius

Kindheartednes is the core of the moral thought in Confucius Analects. To achieve the aim of the kindheartedness, the book puts forward a view that a man of noble character is the ideal moral character, It also provides the moral standard and moral demands.The book advocates that one must study hard, hold firmly to the truth and correct his mistakes and strenghthen moral accomplishment if one wants to become a man of noble character.The great thinker combines moral training with running a country. He advocates the thought of running a country through morality, holding the opinion promoting those upright noble man to a position of leadership . The ruler must set his people a good example. Some moral views in Confucius' Quotation are rational and The thought has played an important role in educating people to be moral and stablizing the society. Up to now, Some moral standards have become traditionl virtues of Chinese people.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Structural asymmetry of procaspase-7 bound to a specific inhibitor.

Caspase-7 is expressed as a proenzyme and is activated by initiator caspases upon the transmission of cell-death signals. Despite extensive structural and biochemical analyses, many questions regarding the mechanism of caspase-7 activation remain unanswered. Caspase-7 is auto-activated during overexpression in Escherichia coli, even in the absence of initiator caspases, indicating that procaspase-7 has intrinsic catalytic activity. When variants of procaspase-7 with altered L2 loops were prepared, a variant with six inserted amino acids showed meaningful catalytic activity which was inhibited by Ac-DEVD-CHO. The kinetic constants of the procaspase-7 variant were determined and its three-dimensional structure was solved with and without bound inhibitor. The homodimeric procaspase-7 bound to the inhibitor revealed an asymmetry. One monomer formed a complete active site bound to the inhibitor in collaboration with the L2 loop from the other monomer, whereas the other monomer had an incomplete active site despite the bound inhibitor. Consequently, the two L2 loops in homodimeric procaspase-7 served as inherent L2 and L2' loops forming one complete active site. These data represent the first three-dimensional structure of a procaspase-7 variant bound to a specific inhibitor, Ac-DEVD-CHO, and provide insight into the folding mechanism during caspase-7 activation and the basal activity level of procaspase-7.

Field of study: Chemistry
'Unfortunate objects': lone mothers in eighteenth-century London - Tanya Evans

Eighteenth-century motherhood is a subject often neglected by historians. Literary scholars have contributed fascinating commentaries on the development of ideals of motherhood and their deployment in empire and state-building narratives and class formation. Historians of feminism note the politicised use to which motherhood was put in the later eighteenth century. Those interested in aristocratic family life or women have also marshalled evidence about the experience and emotions of elite maternity. (1) Many areas of this topic remain understudied, however. 'Unfortunate Objects': Lone Motherhood in Eighteenth-Century London offers important insights into the experience and culture of motherhood outside the upper classes. Tanya Evans examines unmarried, married and widowed lone mothers and the strategies open to them when unable to financially support their offspring.

Field of study: Economics, History
On the pointwise mean squared error of a multidimensional term-by-term thresholding wavelet estimator

In this paper we provide a theoretical contribution to the pointwise mean squared error of an adaptive multidimensional term-by-term thresholding wavelet estimator. A general result exhibiting fast rates of convergence under mild assumptions on the model is proved. It can be applied for a wide range of non parametric models including possible dependent observations. We give applications of this result for the non parametric regression function estimation problem (with random design) and the conditional density estimation problem.

Field of study: Mathematics
Impacts of dark matter on the curvature of the neutron star

The effects of dark matter (DM) on the curvatures of the neutron star (NS) are examined by using the stiff and soft relativistic mean-field equation of states. The curvatures of the NSs are calculated with the variation of baryon density. It is found that the radial variation of different curvatures significantly affected by DM inside the star. The surface curvature is found to be more remarkable for the massive star. The effects of DM on the compactness of the maximum NS mass is less as compared to canonical star. The binding energy of the NS goes towards positive with the increase of DM momentum and makes the system unstable.

Field of study: Physics
Peace in the Post-Reformation. John Bossy

Krier treats Love's Labour's Lost in relation to Klein's concepts of envy and gratitude: the lords envy the ladies, and deflect that envy onto the locals of lesser rank; by contrast, characters such as Holofernes and Armado show gratitude, if somewhat pedantically. She also analyzes the play as rewriting elements of the Parlement ofFoules (to which another chapter is devoted). Discussing Faerie Queene, book 4, Krier sees die endless bloody fight between Cambello and the brothers Priamond, Diamond, and Triamond in relation to their desire for absorption into a chthonic mother identified with the underworld. They are trapped in a cultural tradition; Spenser's female characters Cambina and Canacee provide alternatives, and suggest a tribute to women's oral culture. Krier also emphasizes the importance of Spenser's praise of the cosmic, generative Venus (borrowed from Lucretius, the subject of another chapter) in bringing about the resolution of the poem. The book concludes with a chapter on the Winter's Tale. Krier suggests that Leontes' jealousy emerges because he feels threatened by Hermione's expressions of desire; he feels crowded and needs more space. He is regenerated partly because he is able to listen to the fantastic stories the play gives him, and partly because of the way Hermione and Paulina use their aggression. Birth Passages opens up new possibilities for feminist criticism, using psychological theory which ought to be better known. Krier's ear for literary echoes and for poetic strategies such as catalogues, similitudes, and the vernacular, convincingly constructs the tradition for which she argues, linking it as well to such unexpected figures as Emerson, Frost, and Angela Carter. Her claim that authors can be creative and grateful to their predecessors at die same time is refreshing. This is a gracefully written book that will provoke thought — if not always agreement — among readers interested in gender and literary relations.

Field of study: History
Management of Gram Caterpillar Helicoverpa armigera Hubner in Kalazira in High Hill Region of Himachal Pradesh.

Gram caterpillar, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner was observed in a serious form on kalazira during May-July in 1996 and 97. Compartive efficacy of seven insecticides viz. monocrotophos, Dipel, cypermethrin, endosulfan, Neemax, and carbaryl was evaluated under field conditions. The data revealed that cypermethrin was the most effective chemical followed by monocrotophos, carbaryl, endosulfan and Nuvan. Neemax and Dipel were found to be ineffective.

Field of study: Biology