nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
RELATIONS OF GEOLOGIC SCIENCE TO EDUCATION.

The custom has been established which requires the retiring President of this Society, as other societies which have for their purpose the advancement of science, to set forth his views concerning matters related to the interests which the association seeks to promote. This custom evidently rests on the reasonable presumption that the officer during his term of service has been led by his duties to consider how the cause which he represents may be promoted, how its store of truth may be enlarged, and in what manner it may best be made to serve the interests of mankind. This task may be essayed either by a survey of the work which has recently been accomplished in the science, with appropriate comment on the trends and results of the endeavors, or the essayist may restrict his undertaking to some one portion of the field with which he is conversant in . . .

Field of study: Geology
Magnetic field dependence of quantized Hall effect breakdown voltages

When large currents are passed through a high-quality quantized Hall resistance device, the voltage drop along the device is observed to assume discrete, quantized states when plotted against the magnetic field. These quantized voltage states are interpreted as occurring when electrons are excited to higher Landau levels and then return to the original Landau level. The quantization is found to be a function of magnetic field, and consequently can be more difficult to verify and determine than previously suspected.

Field of study: Materials science
Preschool Home Environment and Classroom Behavior

A longitudinal investigation was made of the relationship between home-environment processes when children are between 3 and 5 years of age, and children’s classroom behavior in the primary grades. A generally moderate relationship was observed between the two sets of variables. Encouragement of social maturity showed the strongest relationship with classroom behavior, particularly patience, internal reliance, and inattentiveness. Of the seven classroom behavior variables examined, comprehension showed the largest number of significant relationships with early environment variables.

Field of study: Education
Delegated portfolio management

A problem of screening agents with privately known forecasting abilities and reservation utilities and then eliciting truthful information from these agents once they are employed is considered. For the case of risk averse agents and large principals, an approximately optimal solution is constructively characterized under the assumption that payoffs are normally distributed. A significant extension of the deFinnetti-Savage probability elicitation result is developed. Under this extension knowledge of agent preferences is not required (when the underlying conditional distributions are symmetric) and this fact is exploited to solve the screening problem in a mean-variance formulation.

Field of study: Economics
Efficiency and Compatibility of Selected Alkoxysilanes on Porous Carbonate and Silicate Stones

This study compares the consolidation efficiency and compatibility of three selected alkoxysilanes on two porous carbonate and silicate substrates. Emphasis was given to artificially induced microstructural defects and subsequent restoration of mechanical and physical properties. Two newly engineered formulations (1) a TiO2 modified tetraethyl-orthosilicate in isopropanol with 70% active content and (2) a TiO2 modified alkyl-trialkoxysilane in isopropanol with 75% active content were compared to a commercial product (3), a solvent free tetraethyl-orthosilicate with 99% active content. Treatments were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, mercury intrusion porosimetry, colour impact and their effect on dynamic modulus of elasticity, splitting tensile- and flexural strengths, capillary water absorption and water vapour permeability. A key outcome was that mechanical strength gain induced by treatments is primarily governed by a stone’s texture and microstructure, and secondarily by the gel deposition rate of consolidants. Likewise, the kinetics of the gel-forming reaction during curing is dependent not only on the product but also on the substrate. Therefore, the moisture related properties and the visual impact develop during time. There is no general trend on how it evolves in time, which can lead to incorrect interpretations of treatment compatibility. The results prove that wide-ranging treatment performance is obtained when applying the same products on different substrates.

Field of study: Materials science
Computer aided design of computer generated holograms for electron beam fabrication.

Aided Design (CAD) systems that have been developed for electrical and mechanical design tasks are also effective tools for the process of designing Computer Generated Holograms (CGHs), particularly when these holograms are to be fabricated using electron beam lithography. CAD workstations provide efficient and convenient means of computing, storing, displaying, and preparing for fabrication many of the features that are common to CGH designs. Experience gained in the process of designing CGHs with various types of encoding methods is presented. Suggestions are made so that future workstations may further accommodate the CGH design process.

Field of study: Physics
Transmembrane Potential of Red Blood Cells Under Low Ionic Strength Conditions

In a variety of investigations described in the literature it was not clear to what extent the transmembrane potential red blood cells (RBCs) was changed after the cells have been transferred into low ionic strength (LIS) solutions. Another open question was to find out how fast the transmembrane potential of RBCs in LIS solution will change and which final new equilibrium value will be reached.  The transmembrane potential of human and bovine RBCs was investigated using the potential-sensitive fluorescent dye DIBAC4(3) (bis(1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid) trimethine oxonol) as well as the CCCP (carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone) method.  Under physiological conditions the transmembrane potential was about -10 mV in agreement with literature data. However, when the RBCs were transferred into an isosmotic low ionic strength medium containing sucrose the transmembrane potential increased to +73 mV and +81 mV for human and bovine RBCs, respectively. In case of human RBCs it continuously decreased reaching finally an equilibrium state of -10 mV again after 30 - 60 min. For bovine RBCs the transmembrane potential declined more slowly reaching a value of +72 mV after 30 min.  Investigations of parameters of RBCs depending on transmembrane potential cannot be performed with human RBCs in LIS media.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Wet op Billike Werksgeleenthede : bestuur

Die Wet op Billike Werksgeleenthede (Wet 55 van 1998) het ten doel om onregverdige diskriminasie in die werksplek uit te skakel deur gelyke geleenthede en billike behandeling te bevorder. Hierdie wet maak ook voorsiening vir regstellende aksie van voorheen benadeelde, aangewese groepe (swart mense, vroue en mense met gestremdhede wat Suid-Afrikaanse burgers is) ten opsigte van indiensneming.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Quercetin ameliorates paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain by stabilizing mast cells, and subsequently blocking PKCε-dependent activation of TRPV1

Severe painful sensory neuropathy often occurs during paclitaxel chemotherapy. Since paclitaxel can activate mast cell and basophils, whereas quercetin, a polyphenolic flavonoid contained in various plants, which can specifically inhibit histamine release as a mast cell stabilizer. In this study we explore whether quercetin could ameliorate paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain and elucidated the underlying mechanisms.Quercetin inhibition on histamine release was validated in vitro by detecting histamine release from rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells stimulated with paclitaxel (10 μmol/L). In the in vivo experiments, rats and mice received quercetin (20, 40 mg·kg-1·d-1) for 40 and 12 d, respectively. Meanwhile, the animals were injected with paclitaxel (2 mg/kg, ip) four times on d 1, 3, 5 and 7. Heat hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia were evaluated at the different time points. The animals were euthanized and spinal cords and dorsal root ganglions were harvested for analyzing PKCε and TRPV1 expression levels. The plasma histamine levels were assessed in rats on d 31.Results:Pretreatment with quercetin (3, 10, 30 μmol/L) dose-dependently inhibited excessive histamine release from paclitaxel-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells in vitro, and quercetin administration significantly suppressed the high plasma histamine levels in paclitaxel-treated rats. Quercetin administration dose-dependently raised the thresholds for heat hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia in paclitaxel-treated rats and mice. Furthermore, quercetin administration dose-dependently suppressed the increased expression levels of PKCε and TRPV1 in the spinal cords and DRGs of paclitaxel-treated rats and mice. Moreover, quercetin administration may inhibited the translocation of PKCε from the cytoplasm to the membrane in the spinal cord and DRG of paclitaxel-treated rats.Our results reveal the underlying mechanisms of paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy and demonstrate the therapeutic potential of quercetin for treating this side effect.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
A Survey of Divestment of Foreign-invested Enterprises in Jiangsu

With the growth of foreign investment in Jiangsuk,a lot of divestment of foreign-invested enterprises is emerging in Jiangsu.This paper analyses and estimates the situations of divestment of foreign-invested enterprises in Jiangsu,further more,it studies the causes and impacts,at last it puts forward some suggestions on reducing divestment of foreign-invested enterprises.

Field of study: Economics
Up From Slavery: Afro-Brazilian Activism in São Paulo, 1888–1938

Throughout the centuries of slavery in the Americas and the Caribbean, Africans and their descendants struggled against a social system that sought to reduce them to chattel. They found that their struggle was to continue, albeit in different forms, long after abolition. In Brazil, emancipation in 1888 was followed the next year by the demise of imperial government and the installation of the First Republic. This created a new political and legal framework for Afro-Brazilians to negotiate positions in society. Racial relations in former slave societies are not the simple result of imposed identities and social spaces by a dominant group upon an oppressed group. They evolve from a dialectical power struggle in which blacks as well as whites affect the outcome.

Field of study: History
Naloxone blocks place preference conditioning after paced mating in female rats

Sexual behavior in male rats induces a positive affect as evaluated by conditioned place preference (CPP). In addition, when females control or "pace" the rate of sexual interaction, a clear CPP is also observed. The reward state induced by mating in male rats is blocked by the injection of the opioid antagonist naloxone. In the present experiment, a dose of 4 mg/kg of naloxone completely blocked the CPP induced in females by paced mating. It appears that a common opioid system is involved in the positive affect induced by sexual behavior in both male and female rats.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
MASS SIMULATION AND AMPLITUDE CONVERSION OF BRIDGE SECTIONAL MODEL TEST FOR VORTEX-EXCITED RESONANCE

Wind tunnel test of sectional model is an important means for determining lock-in region of wind speed and maximal amplitude of vortex-excited resonance.The simulation formulae for the mass system of sectional model are derived based on the differential equation of vortex-excited resonance and an experimental linear model of vortex-excited force with self-excited behavior.The conversion relationships between the resonant amplitudes of the sectional model and the prototype bridge are also established,and the correction coefficients of mode shape and damping are presented as well.The effects of the three-dimensional structural and vibrational behavior of prototype bridge can thus be considered in the two-dimensional sectional model test of vortex-excited resonance via the proper mass simulation and amplitude conversion by means of the derived formulae.

Field of study: Engineering
Clarence's adaptation journey

The coastal communities of Clarence were increasingly concerned at the continual foreshore erosion and flooding which was occurring in their communities. Uncertainty surrounding the impacts of climate change through rising sea levels and severe storm events was of most concern to local residents. Council embarked on a program to assess these vulnerable locations and the resultant Integrated Assessment Report has provided Council with direction to act upon these concerns. Erosion hazard mapping based on 5 scenarios (present day, 2050 high & low and 2 100 high &low) and inundation mapping indicating the impact of rising sea levels for present day, 2050 and 2100 have been embedded into Council's Planning Scheme. This provides a framework for developers and Council to account for potential impacts of climate change when planning development. The Integrated Assessment Report also provides recommended adaptive actions for Council to assess and consider for implementation. The Report identified 4 highly vulnerable locations and these have been Council's focus over past years when implementing the recommendations. This paper describes the journey taken by Clarence City Council from the initial community concerns through to implementation of adaptation treatments.

Field of study: Environmental science
4,6-DIHYDROFURO[3,4- d ]IMIDAZOLE: A NEW HETEROCYCLIC SYSTEM

Yu. E. Ivanov, A. A. Yavolovskii, and R. Yu.  Translation in Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds , 2000, 36 (5), pp 619-620 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02290860

Field of study: Chemistry
Promoting the Research of Strategy and Planning to Serve the Development of Higher Education——Review on Research of Strategy Planning in School of Education in HUST

Focusing on the topics of "college development strategy and planning theory","college development strategy and planning technology","development strategy and planning in different types and levels of universities and colleges","typical cases of college development strategy and planning",School of Education in HUST has presented a series of researches on college strategy and planning since 2000,proposing some valuable research views.The reasons of why the college development strategy and planning become one of the research advantages in this school are due to its participation on the development strategy and planning of some colleges,and the practical and effective exploration of the HUST and the advocating and promoting of institutional research.

Field of study: Education
A low-temperature device architecture for the statistical study of electrical characteristics of 256 quantum devices

Research in the field of low-temperature electronics is limited by the small number of electrical contacts available on cryogenic set ups. This not only restricts the number of devices that can be fabricated, but also the device and circuit complexity. We present an on-chip multiplexing technique which significantly increases the number of devices locally measurable on a single chip, without the modification of existing fabrication or experimental set-ups. We demonstrate the operation of the multiplexer by performing electrical measurements of 256 quantum wires formed by split-gate devices using only 19 electrical contacts on a cryogenic set-up. The multiplexer allows the measurement of many devices and enables us to perform statistical analyses of various electrical features which exist in quantum wires. We use this architecture to investigate spatial variations of electrical characteristics, and reproducibility on two separate cooldowns. These statistical analyses are necessary to study device yield and manufacturability, in order for such devices to form the building blocks for the realisation of quantum integrated circuits. The multiplexer provides a scalable architecture which makes a whole series of further investigations into more complex devices possible.

Field of study: Physics
Connection formulas between the solutions of Mathieu’s equation

The problem of connecting the various types of solutions of Mathieu's equation is solved by the introduction of a new parameter 3> which is a function of the the two equation parameters a and q. This quantity $ is introduced and enclosed between two very close analytic limits in section 2. In sections 3, 4, 5 precise definitions are given and information is collected for the three main types of functions which are to be connected. Section 6 contains the connection formulas. Section 7 reviews the status of knowledge achieved. Section 8 is an appendix on integral equations which are more general than those developed earlier in the text, but which appear to be of no use for the main purpose of this paper.

Field of study: Mathematics
Undermatching: a reappraisal of performance on concurrent variable-interval schedules of reinforcement.

The extant data for pigeons' performance on concurrent variable-interval schedules were examined in detail. Least-squares lines relating relative pecks and time to the corresponding relative reinforcements were obtained for four studies. The between-study group slopes for time and pecks and five of seven within-study group slopes from individual studies were less than 1.00. This suggested the generality that pigeons respond less to the richer reinforcement schedule than predicted by matching. For pecks, a nonparametric test for distribution of points also supported this concept of undermatching (to the richer reinforcement schedule). In addition, using mean squared error as the criterion, a cubic curve fit the peck proportion data better than any line or other polynomial. This indicates that the relation between peck and reinforcement proportions may be nonlinear.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Attention Solves Your TSP

We propose a framework for solving combinatorial optimization problems of which the output can be represented as a sequence of input elements. As an alternative to the Pointer Network, we parameterize a policy by a model based entirely on (graph) attention layers, and train it efficiently using REINFORCE with a simple and robust baseline based on a deterministic (greedy) rollout of the best policy found during training. We significantly improve over state-of-the-art results for learning algorithms for the 2D Euclidean TSP, reducing the optimality gap for a single tour construction by more than 75% (to 0.33%) and 50% (to 2.28%) for instances with 20 and 50 nodes respectively.

Field of study: Computer science
Anharmonicity in multifrequency atomic force microscopy

In multifrequency atomic force microscopy higher eigenmodes are externally excited to enhance resolution and contrast while simultaneously increasing the number of experimental observables with the use of gentle forces. Here, the implications of externally exciting multiple frequencies are discussed in terms of cantilever anharmonicity, fundamental period and the onset of subharmonic and superharmonic components. Cantilever anharmonicity is shown to affect and control both the observables, that is, the monitored amplitudes and phases, and the main expressions quantified via these observables, that is, the virial and energy transfer expressions which form the basis of the theory.

Field of study: Physics
Modeling the exposure of children and adults via diet to chemicals in the environment with crop-specific models.

Exposure to chemicals via diet is a major uptake pathway for many compounds but is often estimated in a rather generic way. We use a new model framework (NMF) with crop-specific models to predict the dietary intake by 4-5-year-old children and 14-75-year-old women of three environmental compounds from their background concentrations in soil and air. Calculated daily intakes of benzo(a)pyrene and 2,3,7,8-TCDD are in good agreement with measured results from diet studies. The major source of both compounds in human diet is deposition from air. Inhalation of air and ingestion of soil play a minor role. Children take up more than twice the amount than adults per kg bodyweight, due to higher consumption per kg bodyweight. Contrary, the methods for indirect human exposure suggested in the Technical Guidance Document (TGD) for chemical risk assessment in the EU lead to overprediction, due to unrealistic consumption data and a false root model.

Field of study: Environmental science
Spontaneous coronary artery dissection mimicking aortic dissection.

A 51-year-old woman suffered rapidly irreversible cardiogenic shock with left hemiparesis. Transesophageal echocardiography, which represents an essential imaging tool in the emergency room, ruled out aortic dissection involving branch vessels but did not allow an in vivo diagnosis of spontaneous coronary dissection. The in vivo diagnosis of spontaneous coronary dissection is rather difficult because of the dramatic clinical presentation and selective coronary angiography requirement.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Responses to Parental Cancer: A Clinical Perspective

Parental cancer constitutes a unique stressor, and newly diagnosed patients often express deep concerns about how their children will adapt to the illness and treatments. Although data on this underserved group of “second-order patients” is growing, the literature has yielded limited practical information for the clinician working with cancer patients who have children at home. The present study examines long-term adjustment in two samples of grown daughters of cancer patients. Subjects reported having experienced significant emotional upheaval and substantial family disruption during the acute phase of their parents' diagnosis and treatments. Many of the family problems were related to difficulties with the healthy parent. Subjects also recalled numerous positive changes during this acute phase of adjustment to the stressor. Over the long term, subjects did not differ from comparison women on several measures of psychological adjustment, suggesting that children of cancer patients are not necessarily at elevated risk for long-term psychological maladjustment. Nevertheless, many subjects continued to experience a lasting subjective impact of their cancer experiences that appeared to be too subtle or existential to be measured by general psychological instruments. Most of these changes were positive, and deriving a sense of benefit from the experience was a near-universal phenomenon. Subjects discussed what helped and hindered their coping efforts, and made a number of recommendations to others facing this family stressor. Inadequate communication about the cancer was identified by many subjects as an impediment to their eventual adjustment.

Field of study: Psychology
Pingo investigations, north-central Banks Island, Canadian Arctic

A number of pingo-like mounds, located in the north-central part of Banks Island, are described. The features are situated on low terraces within the valleys of the Thomsen River and its small tributary, Able Creek. Many are elongate in plan and partially collapsed in form. Sections excavated across four of the mounds reveal cores of massive ice. It is hypothesized that these ice bodies are the result of both segregation and injection processes, induced by the freezing of localized sub-channel taliks.

Field of study: Environmental science