nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Increased arsenic mobilization in the rice rhizosphere is mediated by iron-reducing bacteria.

Rice (Oryza sativa) tends to accumulate elevated levels of arsenic (As) in grain, threatening food safety and human health. The rice rhizosphere has a micro-environment that differs markedly from the bulk soil. Yet, little is known about how this micro-environment influences the mobility of As in the rhizosphere. Using rhizoboxes with two rice cultivars (cv. Shenyou 957 and Yangdao 6) differing in their radial oxygen loss (ROL), we investigated the in situ transformation of As in the rhizosphere associated with changes in microbial communities and As-related functional genes. Contrary to expectation, dissolved (porewater) As concentrations within the rhizosphere increased by 1.3-2.4 fold compared to the bulk soil during the seedling stage, with the magnitude of this difference gradually decreasing over time. The increased As mobilization in the rhizosphere was associated with increased soluble Fe. This increasing trend was associated with the increased abundance of both Fe-reducing bacteria (FeRB) and As-related functional genes within the rhizosphere. Furthermore, bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing data showed that the abundances of Geobacter and Clostridium were 3.1 times and 12.4 times higher in the rhizosphere, respectively. The importance of FeRB was also suggested by the fact that dissolved As concentrations were highly correlated with dissolved Fe concentrations (r2 = 0.83) and also with the relative abundance of genus Clostridium_sensu_stricto_10 (r2 = 0.85). This study highlights that although the rice rhizosphere favors a more aerobic condition compared to the bulk soil, As is more mobilized in the rhizosphere, and that Geobacter and some species of Clostridium play a critical role in controlling As mobilization in the rhizosphere.

Field of study: Environmental science
Numerical Simulation of Droplet Formation Process in a Piezoelectric Inkjet Printing System

Piezoelectrically driven inkjet printing is widely used in many applications. In this paper, the droplet formation process in a piezoelectric inkjet printing system is studied numerically. The finite difference projection method and the coupled level set method are used. The incompressible Navier-Stokes equation is applied to the two-phase flow model, considering the surface tension, interface density jump and the driving action of the circuit on the flow field. The effects of frequency of the driving pressure and the surface tension coefficient of the droplets are demonstrated. The simulation results will be helpful for the realization of the actual inkjet printing system and the reasonable selection of its process parameters.

Field of study: Engineering
Effects of ethanolamine and ethylamine on the entropy content of the corrosion of galvanised steel in 1mol/l NaCl solution

The influence of ethanolamine and ethylamine on the corrosion behaviour of galvanised steel in 1mol/l NaCl solution was investigated at room temperature (25oC) by weight loss method. Results obtained show that the compounds are better inhibitors at low concentrations (<0.5mol/l). From the decreasing weights of the metal over time, the concentrations of the metal was evaluated and plots of logarithm of the concentration of metal versus time as well as Erying-type equations facilitated the access of thermodynamic parameters such as equilibriumconstant (k), enthalpy (ÂÂH*) and entropy (ÂÂS*) of the corrosion process. The entropy of the aggressive ions was found to have reduced on introduction of the inhibitors into the corrodent medium. Attempt to correlate the molecular structures of the inhibitors to the mechanism of inhibition was made.

Field of study: Materials science
The Effects of Social Networking Sites on Consumer–Brand Relationships

In the era of a vastly changing marketing communications environment, social media and social networking sites (SNS) have become an attractive outlet for brand promotions and advertising. As traditional media such as television, radio, and newspapers prove ineffective in establishing a valuable rapport with consumers, it is social networks which are expected to build bonds and engage online users into an amusing dialog, play, and intercourse with brands. This study applies an experimental design to assess the effects of SNS on the relationship between brands and consumers. Customer-based brand equity is adopted in this study as a reflective measure of consumer–brand connection. In order to evaluate hypothesized interactions, the linear mixed effects models are used. The results show very little (if any) impact of SNS on brand equity. Relevant explanations are discussed and further research directions are indicated.

Field of study: Computer science
An improved tropospheric NO 2 column retrieval algorithm for the Ozone Monitoring Instrument

We present an improved tropospheric nitrogen dioxide column retrieval algorithm (DOMINO v2.0) for OMI based on better air mass factors (AMFs) and a correction for across-track stripes resulting from calibration errors in the OMI backscattered reflectances. Since October 2004, NO2 retrievals from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), a UV/Vis nadir spectrometer onboard NASA's EOS-Aura satellite, have been used with success in several scientific studies focusing on air quality monitoring, detection of trends, and NOx emission estimates. Dedicated evaluations of previous DOMINO tropospheric NO2 retrievals indicated their good quality, but also suggested that the tropospheric columns were susceptible to high biases (by 0–40%), probably because of errors in the air mass factor calculations. Here we update the DOMINO air mass factor approach. We calculate a new look-up table (LUT) for altitude-dependent AMFs based on more realistic atmospheric profile parameters, and include more surface albedo and surface pressure reference points than before. We improve the sampling of the TM4 model, resulting in a priori NO2 profiles that are better mixed throughout the boundary layer. We evaluate the NO2 profiles simulated with the improved TM4 sampling as used in the AMF calculations and show that they are highly consistent with in situ NO2 measurements from aircraft during the INTEX-A and INTEX-B campaigns in 2004 and 2006. Our air mass factor calculations are further updated by the implementation of a high-resolution terrain height and a high-resolution surface albedo climatology based on OMI measurements. Together with a correction for across-track stripes, the overall impact of the improved terrain height and albedo descriptions is modest (

Field of study: Environmental science
La poésie palinodique à Rouen (1486-1550). Denis Hüe

The most appealing aspect of the book is its incorporation of relevant literary theory. Foucault is a constant presence throughout, although Derrida and Girard vie for dominance of chapter 3; unfortunately, the implied relationship between the pharmakon and the scapegoat is never made explicit. Chapter 4 is a rather diffuse assortment of many theorists, including Foucault, Bakhtin, Kristeva, and Derrida. On the whole, Cruz's study is a little uneven in its degree of successful integration of theory in terms of chronological compatibility. The use of Foucault seems strained in its insistence that sixteenth-century Spain was equivalent to Enlightenment France. The use of Bakhtin is more nuanced, as the author recognizes explicitly that "[h]owever much we may wish to read the two antithetical worlds as forming a continuous whole, we must take into account that Quevedo did not belong to Rabelais' century" (124). The lack of any sort of conclusion makes for a rather abrupt ending. What are we to make of the plight of these marginalized Others, so eloquently given a voice centuries later by a critic sensitive enough to read these picaresque narratives and hear what they're not saying? Should we all go out and join Habitat for Humanity? Ultimately I am tempted to ask of this book more than I usually ask of scholarly studies: is it as socially engaged as it might have been? Buried in the middle of the book, at the end of the third chapter, is the sentence Cruz should have used to end this masterful survey: "We postmodern critics may opt either to distance ourselves from and dismiss the social problems engaged by the picaresque novel through the picaros buffoonish acts, or to acknowledge and acquiesce to its social purpose" (115). Perhaps afraid of straying too far outside the Ivory Tower, Cruz denies to her book elsewhere any mention of the relevance it holds for our world's society. A recent issue of Newsweek contains an opinion piece titled "Charity Means You Don't Pick and Choose" . Its subtitle asks, "I know the arguments against giving handouts, but who am I to decide who deserves kindness?" These are the same questions as the ones being asked by Golden Age clerics, moralists, government officials, and picaresque novelists. More so perhaps than ever before, these stories have something to teach us today. HlLAIRE KALLENDORF Texas A&M University

Field of study: History
Pulsed Sisyphus scheme for laser cooling of atomic (anti)hydrogen.

We propose a laser cooling technique in which atoms are selectively excited to a dressed metastable state whose light shift and decay rate are spatially correlated for Sisyphus cooling. The case of cooling magnetically trapped (anti)hydrogen with the 1S-2S-3P transitions by using pulsed ultraviolet and continuous-wave visible lasers is numerically simulated. We find a number of appealing features including rapid three-dimensional cooling from ∼1 K to recoil-limited, millikelvin temperatures, as well as suppressed spin-flip loss and manageable photoionization loss.

Field of study: Physics
Application of wood identification in case of criminal detection

Taken the microscopic characteristic as the foundation and the macroscopic characteristic as supplement and confirmation,the residual sawdust from wooden instrument which taken from a case of criminal has been identified based on section by hand.The result shows that it was determined as Rosewood(Dalbergia hupeana Hance) which belongs to Dalbergia L.F.,Papilionaceae and widely distributed in Anhui Province,the local name is Buzhichun.At the same time,the method to the application of wood identification in criminal detection are theoretically and systematically introduced.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Different distributions of opioid receptors in spontaneously hypertensive rats and Wistar-Kyoto rats.

To compare the densities of opioid receptors in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with those of normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats in central nervous system which are related to the regulation of BP.



[3H] Etorphine, a nonspecific opioid ligand, was used to determine the distributions of opioid receptors in 16-wk-old SHR and WKY rats by quantitative autoradiography.



The densities of [3H]etorphine in hippocampus (P < 0.01), periaqueductal gray, nucleus of the solitary tract, and thoracic (T4-6) spinal cord (P < 0.05) of SHR were lower than those of WKY rats. But in basolateral amygdaloid nucleus (P < 0.01), habenular nuclei (P < 0.05), and hypothalamic nuclei including arcuate nucleus (P < 0.01), higher densities of opioid receptors were found in SHR. No difference existed in interpeduncular nuclei between the 2 groups.



The difference in distributions of opioid receptors is related to the hypertension in SHR.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Enantioselective catalysis with transition metal compounds: Right or left, that is the question

New methods to prepare optically active phosphines for enantioselective transition metal catalysts are presented. The transfer hydrogenation of itaconic acid to give methylsuccinic acid using HCOOH is optimized to optical purity. The enantioselective monophenylation of meso-diols with Cu(0Ac) lpyridineoxazoline catalysts is introduced as a new reaction. The stereodemi stry of the sto i ch i ometr i c cyc 1 opropanat i on of styrene with the carbene ligand of a Fe complex is determined by the metal configuration, the optically active phosphine ligand making only a small contribution. in the Khand-Pauson reaction of phenylacetylene with norbornene to give optically pure 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-2-phenyl-4,7-methano-lH-inden~-l-one, the stereochemistry is determined by the cluster configuration and not by the optically active phosphine ligand. The conclusion is drawn that a control of the metal configuration during enantioselective catalysis would be of major importance for the optical induction. Similarly,  Enantioselective catalysis with transition metal compounds is a new approach to the synthesis of optically active compounds, needed in economy, starting from prochiral precursors. As the optically active catalyst reenters each catalytic cycle anew with its chiral information, it is a method to prepare large amounts of optically active compounds using only a small quantity of an optically active catalyst. situ catalyst, consisting of a stable and commercially available metal compound (the procatalyst) and a stable and commercially available optically active ligand (the cocatalyst). The most celebrated example for this concept is the enantioselective hydrogenation of dehydroamino acids yielding amino acids. In Scheme 1 the most frequently used standard system is shown, the hydrogenation of (Z)-a-N-acetamidocinnamic acid 1 to give N-acetylphenylalanine 2 (ref. 1-3). Advantageously, the optically active catalyst is an in

Field of study: Chemistry
Habitat protection actions for coastal delphinids in a disturbed environment with explicit information gaps

Bridging information gaps in an animal's habitat configuration is an explicit challenge in planning habitat protection actions (HPAs) for marine megafauna species near sites of intense anthropogenic activity. This challenge is further complicated by inadequate field survey designs and data manipulation that likely bias habitat configuration baselines. In this study, the likely habitat configuration of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins, Sousa chinensis, in the Chinese provinces of Fujian and Guangdong was projected using species distribution modeling (SDM). The influence of inadequate survey design and data manipulation of the baseline presentation was explored by comparing the SDM results from different datasets with current knowledge of humpback dolphin distributions in Chinese waters. Only the SDM based on data from systematically designed surveys projected a habitat configuration matching the current humpback dolphin distribution in China. The likely habitat configuration of humpback dolphins was characterized by high primary productivity and a shallow water depth. This study showed that ecosystem service losses, indexed by CO2 absorption, due to coastal alteration activities need to be factored into environmental impact assessments. Sound HPA practices include sharing information between research teams, mitigating the adverse impacts of anthropogenic activities, associating protected area networking with regional maritime spatial planning, monitoring coastal landscapes and seascape baselines, reducing land-based pollution, restoring degraded habitats for aquatic biota, and recovering land-to-sea connectivity. These measures require comprehensive coordination and collaboration between scientific research teams, policy representatives, NGOs/NPOs and stakeholder groups.

Field of study: Environmental science
RNA N6-Methyladenosine-Related Gene Contribute to Clinical Prognostic Impact on Patients With Liver Cancer

Liver cancer (LC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. There is an urgent need to identify novel and reliable prognostic biomarkers for LC in order to improve patient outcomes. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most common internal modification in eukaryotic mRNA and has been associated with various cancers, although its roles in the prognosis of LC remains to be elucidated. We analyzed the expression profiles of 15 m6A-related genes in the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) LIRI-JP dataset, and applied consensus clustering to stratify LC patients into two subgroups (Cluster 1 and Cluster 2). Cluster1 was significantly correlated to lower tumor stage and longer overall survival (OS). Gene set enrichment analysis showed that tumorigenic markers, including DNA repair, E2F targets, G2M checkpoint, and MYC targets V1, were enriched in Cluster2. We then constructed a prognostic risk model using three m6A-related genes that were identified as independent factors affecting OS. The nomogram based on the risk model score indicated good performance in predicting the 1-, 2- and 3-year survival of the LC patients. In conclusion, m6A-related genes are potential prognostic markers and therapeutic targets for LC.

Field of study: Biology
STUDY ON THE FORMATIONAL MECHANISM OF THE NORTHERN YELLOW (HUANGHAI) SEA COLD WATER MASS .2. DISCUSSION ON THE SOLUTION OF THE MODEL

The theoretical solution of the model of the Northern Yellow (Huanghai) Sea Cold Water Mass (NYSCWM) reveals that the NYSCWM is mainly formed through the continuous temperature increase of the overwintered water body above the Northern Yellow Sea Depression (NYSD) after spring when heat is continuously conducted from the sea surface to the deeper layer. In the NYSCWM's growing period, (June-July), nonlinear vertical convection and advection effects continuously increase, and are gradually balanced by the heat diffusion effect as the temperature increases from the surface to the bottom, which leads to the formation of an intensive thermocline and lateral front. Meanwhile, the three-dimensional circulation correspondingly occurs. In the NYSCWM's entire growing period, the horizontal circulation is always in the cyclonic motion, while the vertical circulation passes through a transition from a period with the cold centre as downwelling to a period with the cold centre as upwelling.

Field of study: Chemistry
Low Metallicities and Old Ages for Three Ultra-Diffuse Galaxies in the Coma Cluster

A large population of ultra-diffuse galaxies (UDGs) was recently discovered in the Coma cluster. Here we present optical spectra of three such UDGs, DF7, DF44 and DF17, which have central surface brightnesses of $\mu_g \approx 24.4-25.1$ mag arcsec$^{-2}$. The spectra were acquired as part of an ancillary program within the SDSS-IV MaNGA Survey. We stacked 19 fibers in the central regions from larger integral field units (IFUs) per source. With over 13.5 hours of on-source integration we achieved a mean signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) in the optical of $9.5$\AA$^{-1}$, $7.9$\AA$^{-1}$ and $5.0$\AA$^{-1}$, respectively, for DF7, DF44 and DF17. Stellar population models applied to these spectra enable measurements of recession velocities, ages and metallicities. The recession velocities of DF7, DF44 and DF17 are $6599^{+40}_{-25}$km/s, $6402^{+41}_{-39}$km/s and $8315^{+43}_{-43}$km/s, spectroscopically confirming that all of them reside in the Coma cluster. The stellar populations of these three galaxies are old and metal-poor, with ages of $7.9^{+3.6}_{-2.5}$Gyr, $8.9^{+4.3}_{-3.3}$Gyr and $9.1^{+3.9}_{-5.5}$Gyr, and iron abundances of $\mathrm{[Fe/H]}$ $-1.0^{+0.3}_{-0.4}$, $-1.3^{+0.4}_{-0.4}$ and $-0.8^{+0.5}_{-0.5}$, respectively. Their stellar masses are $3$-$6\times10^8 M_\odot$. The UDGs in our sample are as old or older than galaxies at similar stellar mass or velocity dispersion (only DF44 has an independently measured dispersion). They all follow the well-established stellar mass$-$stellar metallicity relation, while DF44 lies below the velocity dispersion-metallicity relation. These results, combined with the fact that UDGs are unusually large for their stellar mass, suggest that stellar mass plays a more important role in setting stellar population properties for these galaxies than either size or surface brightness.

Field of study: Physics
Ftir Spectroscopy: A Useful Tool for Structural Determination of Polyaniline and its Nanocomposites

Poly(aniline) nanocomposites were obtained by polymerisation under various experimental conditions including variation of time, temperature, monomer and concentration of initiators. The ratios of imino and amino units were estimated and correlated the with polyaniline (PANI) structure. Rates of polymerisation (Rp) values were estimated by a gravimetric method. TGA counsels the thermal stability of PANI. Through FTIR study, the structure of PANI/As2O3 nanocomposites was recognised. Comparison of polyanilines produced with two different initiators was done.

Field of study: Materials science
Philosophical thought on Deng Xiaoping's theory on socialist essence

The theory on socialist essence is the cone contents of Deng Xiaoping's theory and contains some profound philo sophical thoughts. It shows the unity of freeing thought and seeking truth from facts, the unity of regularity and objectivity on social movement, the unity of means and ends, the unity of justice and efficiency, the unity of freeing productive forces and developing productive forces,the unity of previous richness and whole richness.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Defending Against Key Exfiltration: Efficiency Improvements for Big-Key Cryptography via Large-Alphabet Subkey Prediction

Towards advancing the use of big keys as a practical defense against key exfiltration, this paper provides efficiency improvements for cryptographic schemes in the bounded retrieval model (BRM). We identify probe complexity (the number of scheme accesses to the slow storage medium storing the big key) as the dominant cost. Our main technical contribution is what we call the large-alphabet subkey prediction lemma. It gives good bounds on the predictability under leakage of a random sequence of blocks of the big key, as a function of the block size. We use it to significantly reduce the probe complexity required to attain a given level of security. Together with other techniques, this yields security-preserving performance improvements for BRM symmetric encryption schemes and BRM public-key identification schemes.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Survey on Image Encryption, Data Hiding and Secret Fragment Visible Mosaic Image Creation Techniques

So many skillful techniques are present for protection of confidential images from unauthorized access. Visual cryptography and data hiding are mainly used methods for secure transmission. But main problem of this method is that, during recovering stage exact image that send will not be retrieved. Small amount of distortion may occur. Some areas like medicine, military fields; small distortion of image may cause large problems. To avoid this, another secure method called secret fragment visible mosaic image is used. This paper surveys these three methods for secure image transmission. Advantage and disadvantages of these methods are pointed out. Comparisons are done to find out efficient technique that produces less distortion of image during recovery.  image encryption; chaotic encryption; data hiding; reversible data hiding; secret fragment visible mosaic images

Field of study: Engineering
Effects of dominance on the probability of fixation of a mutant allele

We consider whether the fixation probability of an allele in a two-allele diploid system is always a monotonic function of the selective advantage of the allele. We show that while this conjecture is correct for intermediate dominance, it is not correct in general for either overdominant or underdominant alleles, and that for some parameter ranges the fixation probability can initially decrease and then increase as a function of the amount of selection. We have partial results that characterize the ranges of parameters for which this happens.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics