nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Pencils of pairs of projections

Let $T$ be a self-adjoint operator on a complex Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}$. We give a sufficient and necessary condition for $T$ to be the pencil $\lambda P+Q$ of a pair $( P, Q)$ of projections at some point $\lambda\in\mathbb{R}\backslash\{-1, 0\}$. Then we represent all pairs $(P, Q)$ of projections such that $T=\lambda P+Q$ for a fixed $\lambda$, and find that all such pairs are connected if $\lambda\in\mathbb{R}\backslash\{-1, 0, 1\}$. Afterwards, the von Neumann algebra generated by such pairs $(P,Q)$ is characterized. Moreover, we prove that there are at most two real numbers such that $T$ is the pencils at these real numbers for some pairs of projections. Finally, we determine when the real number is unique.

Field of study: Mathematics
Social Behavior in Real Hong Kong

In a previous article, Wheeler made numerous statements about the Chinese in Hong Kong that were inaccurate and disparaging or simply incorrect. These statements pertained to such areas as materialism, sexuality, and feminism. The tone of his article was also frequently sarcastic. This comment is an attempt to correct the more major inaccuracies and to highlight the serious implications of Wheeler's article, which was a divisional presidential address as well as a published work.

Field of study: Psychology
Recent advances in avermectin research

In 1976 scientists at Merck & Co. Inc. discovered a complex of eight closely re1ate.d naturar roducts subsequently named avertpectins in a culture 6f -m ces i rmi ilis MA-468b (NRd8165 on inating from an isolate by the Kitasato In?zpr:m a klesadp e collected at Kawana. do dtv. Shizuoka Prefecture. JaDaIl. Thev are ado& the mo:t Doteft ... ~~.. anthelmintic, insectibidal an8 acaricidal compounds kndwn. - - The avermectins are closely related to another group of pesticidal natural products, the milbemycins, the first examples described by Japanese workers, but later found to be more abundant in nature than the avermectins. Both the avermectins and milbemycins are sixteen- membered lactones, with a spiroketal system containing two six-membered rings. The princi a1 difference is that the avermectins have an a-L-oleandrosj!-a-L:oleandrosyl disacclaride attached at the 13-position whereas the milbemycins have no 1 substitutent. Two avevectins have been commercialized to date. Selective reduction of the 22,23-olefin of avermectin B yields the 22 23-dihydro derivatiye assigned the non-propnetary name ivermectin. Ibermectin is widelv used as an antiDarasitic drug in animals and in man. Avermectin B is the most effective of the avermictin family 6f natural products a ainst agriculturally hportant insects and mites. It has been commercialized for agriculturi use under the non-proprietary name abamectin. Recent progress in the chemistry of the avermectins has focused on improved insecticidal activity and photostability.

Field of study: Chemistry
Equivalence between MAC, WCR and PRF for Blockcipher Based Constructions

In FSE’10, Nandi proved a sufficient condition of pseudo random function (PRF) for affine domain extensions (ADE), a wide class of blockcipher based domain extensions. This sufficient condition is satisfied by all known ADE, however, it is not a characterization of PRF. In this paper we completely characterize the ADE and show that weaker security notions message authentication code (MAC) and weakly collision resistant (WCR) are indeed equivalent to PRF.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF GENERAL BOMB PENETRATION INTO PRE-STRESS REINFORCED CONCRETE CONTAINMENT

In the modern war and anti-terrorism,nuclear power station might be attacked by pinpointed bombs.With Backman,and Goldsmith,s assumpation,separated finite element model of pre-stress reinforced concrete is established.The process of pinpoint bomb penetration into containment is simulated.The result of simulation agrees with that of empirical formula.

Field of study: Engineering
Effects of drugs and drug combinations in pigeons trained to discriminate among pentobarbital, dizocilpine, a combination of these drugs, and saline.

Drugs with multiple actions can have complex discriminative-stimulus properties. An approach to studying such drugs is to train subjects to discriminate among drug combinations and individual drugs in the combination so that all of the complex discriminative stimuli are present during training. In the current experiments, a four-choice procedure was used to train pigeons to discriminate among dizocilpine (noncompetitive NMDA receptor blocker), pentobarbital (GABA(A) receptor agonist), a fixed-dose combination of these two drugs, and saline. Following extended training, low doses of pentobarbital or dizocilpine administered alone produced saline-appropriate responding. Higher doses of pentobarbital produced responding on the pentobarbital-appropriate key and higher doses of dizocilpine produced responding on the dizocilpine key. Administering the lowest doses of pentobarbital and dizocilpine together resulted in responding on the saline-appropriate key. Increasing the dose of pentobarbital in the presence of low doses of dizocilpine produced responding primarily on the pentobarbital-appropriate key; increasing the dose of dizocilpine in the presence of the lowest dose of pentobarbital produced responding primarily on the dizocilpine-appropriate key. Combining the higher doses of pentobarbital and dizocilpine resulted in responding primarily on the drug-combination key. Low doses of phencyclidine or ethanol produced responding on the saline-appropriate key, but intermediate doses resulted in individual subjects responding predominately on either the pentobarbital key, the dizocilpine key, or the drug-combination key depending on the subject. After the highest dose of phencyclidine or ethanol, most subjects responded predominantly on the drug-combination key. Low doses of other drugs tested produced responding on the saline-appropriate key. With the highest diazepam doses responding was largely confined to the pentobarbital-appropriate key. The highest doses of dextromethorphan or dextrorphan resulted in responding on the dizocilpine key more frequently than on other keys. Across a range of doses, morphine produced responding predominantly on the saline key. The results using the four-key procedure emphasized the role of both GABA(A) and NMDA receptors in the complex discriminative stimulus properties of phencyclidine and of ethanol.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Pengaruh Kepemimpinan Dan Kompensasi Finansial Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Karyawan Pada Koperasi Serba Usaha Swadharma Di Denpasar

Pengaruh Kepemimpinan dan Kompensasi Finansial Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja 
Karyawan Pada Koperasi Serba Usaha Swadharma di Denpasar. Untuk mencapai tujuan 
tersebut, penulis memperoleh data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode observasi dan 
metode kuisioner, data analisis dengan analisis regresi ilinier berganda dan uji determinasi 
(R2 
). Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah karyawan Koperasi Serba Usaha Swadharma di 
Denpasar sebanyak 30 orang yang di jadikan responden. Hasil perhitungan analisis regresi 
linier berganda terhadap kepuasan kerja kayawan adalah Y = 0,795 + 0,435 X1 + 0,668 X2. 
Dapat dinyatakan bahwa meningkatnya kepuasan kerja karyawan pada Koperasi Serba Usaha 
Swadharma di Denpasar di pengaruhi oleh meningkatnya variabel kepemimpinan dan 
kompensasi finansial. Uji signifikan dengan menggunakan t-test di peroleh t-h1 2,153 sig 
0,009 maka kepemimpinan memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap kepuasan kerja 
karyawan. Uji t-h2 diperoleh t-h2 4,745 sig 0,000 maka kompensasi finansial memiliki 
pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap kepuasan kerja. Uji signifikan menggunakan uji F di 
peroleh F-hitung 38,361 sig 0,000 artinya ada pengaruh yang positif dan nyata (signifikan) 
antara kepemimpinan dan kompensasi finansial terhadap kepuasan kerja karyawan. Hasil uji 
koefisien determinasi sebesar 0,720 yang artinya sebesar 72% variasi kepuasan kerja di 
pengaruh oleh kepemimpinan dan kompensasi finansial dan sisanya 28% di pengaruhi oleh 
faktor-faktor lain. 
 Kepemimpinan, kompensasi finansial, kepuasan kerja

Field of study: Sociology
Social Exclusion and Selective Memory: How the Need to belong Influences Memory for Social Events

The need to belong has been forwarded as a pervasive human motive, influencing a range of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses. The current research explored the influence of belongingness needs on the selective retention of social information. Just as physical hunger results in selective memory for food-relevant stimuli, it was hypothesized that social hunger, aroused when belongingness needs were unmet, would result in selective memory for socially relevant stimuli. In two studies, the authors used a simulated computer chat room to present brief acceptance or rejection experiences to participants. Participants then read a diary containing both social and individual events. In both, rejection experiences resulted in selective memory for the explicitly social events of the diary. The implications of these results for the existence and consequences of a basic need to belong are discussed.

Field of study: Psychology
Potential Distribution of Coconut Lethal Yellowing Phytoplasma in China Predicted Based on Maxent

The p otential distribution regions of coconut lethal yellowing phytoplasma in China and in coconut growth regions of China were predicted by using Maxent model and Arc GIS, combined with the distribution of coconut in China. The results showed that most coconut growth regions in China were the potential distribution regions for the pathogen. Coastal areas of south China and most regions in Hainan were at moderate to high risk of the pathogen establishment. The checked result of receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve analysis showed that the area under curve(AUC)value of Maxent model reached 0.992, indicating that the predicted results was fairly satisfactory.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Efficient computation of volume in flow predictions

An efficient method for calculating cell volumes for time-dependent three-dimensional flow predictions by finite volume calculations is presented. Eight arbitrary corner points are considered and the shape face is divided into two planar triangles. The volume is then dependent on the orientation of the partitioning. In the case of a hexahedron, it is noted that any open surface with a boundary that is a closed curve possesses a surface vector independent of the surface shape. Expressions are defined for the surface vector, which is independent of the partitioning surface diagonal used to quantify the volume. Using a decomposition of the cell volume involving two corners, with each the vertex of three diagonals and six corners which are vertices of one diagonal, gives portions which are tetrahedra. The resultant mesh is can be used for time-dependent finite volume calculations one requires less computer time than previous methods.

Field of study: Physics
CoSi2 formation on Si(100) using an amorphous Co-Ti alloy

The formation of CoSi2 from an amorphous Co70Ti30 alloy film on Si(100) has been studied by Auger depth profiling, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, cross-section transmission electron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The solid-state reaction starts around 400 degrees C with the diffusion of Co out of the alloy into the substrate, forming an interface layer consisting of CoSi and CoSi2. The simultaneous diffusion of Si into the Co-depleted region of the film is limited for annealing temperatures below 600 degrees C. After removing the remaining top layer by selective etching, an extra heat treatment is performed to transform the mixed silicide layer completely into CoSi2. The latter is found to be partially aligned with the substrate. The amount of epitaxial CoSi2 increases with the use of higher post-anneal temperatures.

Field of study: Materials science
An overview of central nervous system transplantation in human disease.

Although its roots date back over a century, the field of neurotransplantation has been shaped mostly by advances over the past 30 years. Animal models of nigrostriatal disconnection in the 1970s allowed investigators to explore the feasibility of neural grafting. By the end of that decade, functional and behavioral effects had been demonstrated using fetal tissue grafts. In the 1980s, animal experimentation continued, as did clinical trials involving patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Both autologous adrenal medullary tissue and fetal allografts were tested in the clinical setting, with the latter proving to yield superior results. Animal models of striatal cell loss provided the impetus for limited clinical trials in patients with Huntington's disease by the early 1990s, and work with both diseases continues today. Although much has been learned, neural grafting remains experimental. Broader applications are being explored even now, though, as transplant techniques are applied to animal models of dementia, spinal cord injury, cortical injury, and pain. Some very limited human trials have already begun in some of these areas. In this review some of the advances in the field are highlighted.

Field of study: Medicine
Identifying Delamination in Cross-ply and Quasi-isotropic Beams of CFRP by a Standardized Electrical Resistance Method

An electrical resistance change method is widely accepted for the identification of damage in electrically conductive composites. To identify the delamination location more precisely, a new electrical resistance change method involving the standardization of measured electrical resistance changes has been proposed. In the present paper, the new method was applied to cross-ply and quasi-isotropic laminated beams, and the effectiveness of the method was confirmed experimentally. Comparing the results for two different beams, the applicability of the method was confirmed. Moreover, the effect of the stacking sequence was investigated experimentally. Although the standardized electrical resistance changes of the two stacking sequences resembled each other when the delamination location and length were similar, response surfaces to estimate delamination location must be made individually to obtain reliable results.

Field of study: Materials science
Governance options for science–policy interfaces on biodiversity and ecosystem services: comparing a network versus a platform approach

Science–policy-interfaces (SPIs) are expected to go beyond the linear model of scientific policy advice through creating spaces for exchange and dialogue between ‘policy’ and ‘knowledge’. Given that most environmental issues require inter- and transdisciplinary approaches, SPIs must take into account a variety of knowledge types, views and interests of scientists, policymakers and other decision makers. Moreover, acceptance and durability of SPIs depend largely on their perceived legitimacy and the credibility of their knowledge-gathering processes, providing additional challenges for their internal organisation. As the interplay between different knowledge types and decision making is far from neutral, a reflexive approach is required in the design of an SPI so that it is capable of learning from past experiences. The aim of this article is to discuss which governance arrangements could best support the development of an effective and legitimate SPI for European biodiversity politics. We analyse different options for facilitating the implementation of a ‘Network of Knowledge’ approach. This approach has been developed to improve the interface between diverse knowledge-holder communities and decision making processes for biodiversity and ecosystem services—a field where multi-scalar and multi-dimensional problems arise. In this article, we develop and discuss two stylized extreme governance models as our starting point: an `informal network model´, which almost entirely depends on the dedication of individuals, versus a more formalized `platform model´, predominantly based on the needs and interests of the organisations involved. We discuss the pros and cons of each of these models in reaching their objectives and in developing sound governing processes for a ‘Network of Knowledge’. From this discussion, we derive a recommended design for the reflexive governance of such a network in the context of the European Union and finish by discussing some more general lessons learnt.

Field of study: Environmental science
A game theoretic model of economic crises

Global financial crises have revealed the systemic risk posed by economic contagion as the increasing interconnectedness of the global economy has allowed adverse events to spread across countries more easily. These adverse economic events can be attributed to contagion through either credit or trade channels, or to common macroeconomic conditions that cause adverse events in multiple countries even without contagion. We model this system as a game between five types of players: countries; central banks; banks; firms; and households. In this framework, we model strategic choices, conduct sensitivity analysis, and analyze the impacts of random shocks in two examples. Our results demonstrate that each of the three causes discussed above (contagion through credit channels, contagion through trade channels, or common macroeconomic conditions with no contagion) can lead to crises even if all agents in the model behave rationally.

Field of study: Mathematics
Removal of Phenols by an Organically Modified Layered Niobate K4Nb6O17 through an Adsorption–photocatalytic Degradation Process

An organically modified layered niobate was applied to remove phenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol from aqueous solution through an adsorption-photocatalytic degradation process. It showed different performances and structural responses on removal of these two phenols due to their difference in hydrophobicity.

Field of study: Chemistry
Delimiting priorities while biodiversity is lost: Rio’s seasonal killifishes on the edge of survival

The coastal plains of the Rio de Janeiro State, south-eastern Brazil, have been considered an important hotspot of aplocheiloid killifish diversity. A conservation status assessment based on 17 years of field studies directed to record habitat decline indicates that five species of seasonal killifish, Leptolebias marmoratus, Nematolebias papilliferus, Notholebias cruzi, Notholebias fractifasciatus and Ophthalmolebias constanciae, distributed among three areas of endemism, are on the edge of survival. Conservation priority, focusing on five remnant isolated locations where those species occur, was evaluated on the basis of the phylogenetic diversity content of each location established through a phylogenetic base containing data on relationships of 118 cynolebiasine species, including all species endemic to Rio. Data on species diversity for each area and data on morphological uniqueness were subsequently compared and discussed. The Barra de São João pool, in the São João-Cabo Frio area, habitat of Nematolebias whitei, No. cruzi, O. constanciae, concentrates the highest value for conservation proposal, followed by the Inoã pool, in the Maricá area, habitat of Ne. papilliferus and No. fractifasciatus. However, in case of the Barra de São João pool being effectively preserved, it is recommended to concentrate efforts to preserve the Cava swamp as a second priority, since although the latter location showing the lowest individual value, Cava swamp and Barra de São João pool together sum a higher phylogenetic diversity index by preserving more distinct cynolebiasine lineages.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Simple Image Encoding Method with Data Lossless Information Hiding

In this paper, we propose a simple reversible data hiding method in the spatial domain for block truncation coding (BTC) compressed grayscale images . The BTC method compresses a block of a grayscale image to a bitmap and a pair of quantization numbers. The proposed method first embeds secret bits into a block b y chang ing the order of those two quantization numbers. The compression rate is not enlarged by this embedding scheme. To further improve the hiding capacity, the proposed method embeds the secret bits into the bitmap of the block by exploiting the correlation characteristic of neighboring block s ’ bitmap in natural images. The experimental results show that the proposed method achieves very good hiding capacity at low compression rate.

Field of study: Computer science
Brain stem reticular formation neuronal correlates of stimulus significance and behavior during discriminative avoidance conditioning in rabbits.

Multiple-unit activity in the reticular formation of the midbrain and pons was recorded in rabbits during discriminative conditioning of locomotor (wheel-running) avoidance behavior. The conditional stimuli (CS+ and CS-) were pure tones of different auditory frequency, and the unconditional stimulus (US) was a constant-current footshock (1.5-2.5 mA) delivered through the grid floor of the wheel. The pontine, but not the midbrain, sites manifested development during behavioral acquisition, of brief-latency (10-40-ms) discriminative neuronal discharges (i.e., greater discharges to the CS+ than to the CS-). The greatest magnitude of the discriminative discharges in the rostral pontine loci occurred in the first conditioning session. The discriminative response in the caudal loci developed more slowly, and it persisted to the criterial stage of training. Both rostral and caudal pontine loci, during the interval from CS onset to US onset, manifested a progressive build-up of neuronal firing in anticipation of the behavioral response. The occurrence in the rostral and caudal pontine areas, respectively, of early- and late-developing discriminative discharges is analogous to effects observed in past studies in the limbic mesocortical and thalamic systems. These findings provide a basis for establishing the possible functional relatedness or independence of these analogous effects.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Use of the wavelet transform in optimal receiver design.

Wavelet transforms as they apply to optimal receiver design are studied. We start with an overview of the Karhunen-Loéve transform and explore the relationship between wavelet bases and the Karhunen-Loéve transform. We show that the dyadic wavelet basic can constitute the eigenfunction basis of a random process. With the help of this foundation, the design of an optimal receiver by the use of a the wavelet expansion is described. The relationship of this receiver to the wavelet-transform-based adaptive filter is also established.

Field of study: Physics