nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Impact of disease management programs on healthcare expenditures for patients with diabetes, depression, heart failure or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review of the literature.

Evaluating the impact of disease management programs on healthcare expenditures for patients with diabetes, depression, heart failure or COPD.



Systematic Pubmed search for studies reporting the impact of disease management programs on healthcare expenditures. Included were studies that contained two or more components of Wagner's chronic care model and were published between January 2007 and December 2009.



Thirty-one papers were selected, describing disease management programs for patients with diabetes (n=14), depression (n=4), heart failure (n=8), and COPD (n=5). Twenty-one studies reported incremental healthcare costs per patient per year, of which 13 showed cost-savings. Incremental costs ranged between -$16,996 and $3305 per patient per year. Substantial variation was found between studies in terms of study design, number and combination of components of disease management programs, interventions within components, and characteristics of economic evaluations.



Although it is widely believed that disease management programs reduce healthcare expenditures, the present study shows that evidence for this claim is still inconclusive. Nevertheless disease management programs are increasingly implemented in healthcare systems worldwide. To support well-considered decision-making in this field, well-designed economic evaluations should be stimulated.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Occupational Desirability and Choice as a Function of Communication Apprehension

Research on vocational desirability and choice has seldom examined the role of either perceived communication requirements or communication apprehension in career decisions. Communication apprehension, the apprehension an individual has about interpersonal communication, was hypothesized to affect both the perceived desirability of a number of occupations and the actual job choice made by subjects. Both hypotheses received support. High apprehensives perceived low-conuriunication occupations as significantly more desirable than high-communication occupations. Low apprehensives, on the other hand, perceived high-communication occupations as significantly more desirable than low-communication occupations. Occupational choices of high apprehensives were significantly lower in perceived communication requirements than those selected by low apprehensives.

Field of study: Psychology
Möglichkeiten ökologischer und paläogeo-Graphischer Untersuchungen im Oberkarbon des Ruhrgebietes anhand von Foraminiferen

ZusammenfassungDie Foraminiferenführung des Oberkarbons im Ruhrgebiet wird in ihrer horizontalen Verbreitung in den einzelnen Niveaus am Beispiel des Wasserfall-Niveaus dargestellt, und es werden Überlegungen über die Auswertungsmöglichkeit für paläogeographische Zwecke angestellt.AbstractThe horizontal distribution of Pennsylvanian foraminifera in marine horizons of the Ruhr-district is demonstrated from the Wasserfallzone. Possibilities to use foraminifera as paleogeographical indicators are considered for this region.RésuméLe contenu en foraminifères du Carbonifère supérieur du bassin de la Ruhr est discuté dans son extension horizontale dans différents niveaux en s'appuyant sur l'exemple du niveau de Wasserfall, ce qui conduit à quelques réflexions sur les possibilités de les utiliser à des fins paléogéographiques.Краткое содержаниеОписаны фораминифер ы верхнего карбона Ру рского бассейна и их горизонтальное расп ространение. Рассмот рены некоторые вопросы па леогеографии.

Field of study: Environmental science
A six-minute walking test: maximum oxygen consumption in physical education students

The Six-Minute Walking Test (SMWT) was completed just in few times in apparently healthy young individuals and university students, while the maximal volume of oxygen consumption (VO 2max ) prediction has not been taken into consideration. The aim of this study was to elaborate a prediction equation for VO 2max from the heart rate recovery (HRR) after completion the SMWT. 127 young in the first stage completed the SMWT and Course Navette Test (CNT), 17 in the second stage (test-retest) completed the SMWT and CNT, and 20 subjects in the third stage completed the SMWT and Bruce test. All physical education students (PES) completions an informed consent. A significant correlation was observed between VO 2max estimated trough the CNT and HRR after the SMWT (rho= -0.3; p= 0.001). The correlation between the same variables was r= -0.72 (p= 0.001) in the second stage, and a significant correlation (r= -0.65; p= 0.002) was observed between VO 2max directly measured in Bruce test and HRR after the SMWT. From the correlation a prediction equation was elaborated is y = 92.468–(0.278*20-second-HRR) and the standard error of estimation (SEE) was 7.17 ml·kg -1 ·min -1 . The HRR achieved after the SMWT may predict VO 2max in PES.

Field of study: Education
On the Constructing of Highly Nonlinear Resilient Boolean Functions by Means of Special Matrices

In this paper we consider matrices of special form introduced in  and used for the constructing of resilient functions with cryptographically optimal parameters. For such matrices we establish lower bound 1/log2(?5+1) = 0.5902... for the important ratio t/t+k of its parameters and point out that there exists a sequence of matrices for which the limit of ratio of these parameters is equal to lower bound. By means of these matrices we construct m-resilient n-variable functions with maximum possible nonlinearity 2n-1-2m+1 for m = 0.5902 . . . n+O (log2 n). This result supersedes the previous record.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Psychopharmacological Agents and Suicide Risk Reduction: Ketamine and Other Approaches

Suicide is a major global public health problem and the leading cause of injury mortality in the USA. Suicide is a complex phenomenon involving several systems and neurobiological pathways, with interacting genetic and environmental mechanisms. The literature on the neurobiology and pharmacotherapy of suicide has been limited. To date, no medications have proven efficacious for treating acute suicidal crises. There is an emerging literature supporting a rapid anti-suicidal effect of ketamine, a non-competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor antagonist, among depressed patients with suicidal ideation. Potential ketamine’s anti-suicidal effect mechanisms are linked to interruption of the kynurenine pathway and modulating pro-inflammatory cytokines exacerbation. However, available data are not sufficient for its routine integration in clinical practice, and larger and replicated randomized control studies are needed.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Collision of the Caribbean Large Igneous Province with the Americas: Earliest evidence from the forearc of Costa Rica

The Cretaceous period was marked by the most voluminous episodes of oceanic plateau volcanism in the Phanerozoic Eon. Primarily affecting the Pacific, mantle plumes generated oceanic plateaus during three main phases (ca. 145-140 Ma, ca. 122-115 Ma, and ca. 100-90 Ma). Central America is one of the very few circum-Pacific margins where remnants of these Cretaceous plateaus were accreted. The study of their onland exposures provides a highly valuable insight into the complexity and diversity of oceanic plateau histories, from their eruption to their accretion. Exposed in northern Costa Rica, the plateau remnants of the Nicoya Peninsula originated from a Jurassic oceanic crust over-thickened by Early and Late Cretaceous hotspots. These sheared-off pieces of the Farallon Plate testify to the early tectonic interaction of the Caribbean Large Igneous Province ( Ma) with North America, initiated <5 m.y. after the onset of CLIP eruption. By combining our results with previously published data, we propose an updated tectono-stratigraphic framework that divides the Nicoya Peninsula into two oceanic plateau terranes. (1) The accretion timing of the Aptian to Turonian Manzanillo Terrane is constrained by the Coniacian (ca. 89-86 Ma) base of the overlapping Loma Chumico Formation. The proximal tuffaceous forearc deposits of the Loma Chumico Formation are the oldest evidence of a volcanic arc in Costa Rica-called here the Berrugate Arc-as revealed by new biostratigraphic and geochemical data. (2) The Nicoya Complex s. str. is a composite plateau remnant containing rocks of Bajocian to earliest Campanian age. Its accretion occurred during the middle Campanian (ca. 79-76 Ma) and shut down the Berrugate Arc. In contrast to the collision of CLIP with North America, onset of the collision of CLIP with South America began much later, during the latest Campanian (ca. 75-73 Ma).

Field of study: Geology
Dynamic Simulation Study of A New Strategy of Boiler Superheated Steam Temperature Control

A new strategy of boiler superheated steam temperature control is presented, which regulates the mass flow of desuperheater spray ahead of time by detecting flue-gas temperature and its change trend to control superheated steam temperature. Using a 300MW W-flame boiler as an example, the dynamic mathematical model of the superheat system is built up. Several dynamic processes are simulated and the variations of the main parameters of the superheat system are shown in curves. The results are analyzed and the validity of the control strategy is proved.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
CircRNA8924 Promotes Cervical Cancer Cell Proliferation, Migration and Invasion by Competitively Binding to MiR-518d-5p /519-5p Family and Modulating the Expression of CBX8

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play a significant role in the development and progression of various human cancers. However, the expression and function of circRNAs in cervical cancer (CC) have rarely been explored. The aim of this study was to investigate the biological function of circRNA8924 in CC and elucidate the possible molecular mechanism involved.  Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to determine mRNA expression of circRNA8924, miR-518d-5p/519-5p and CBX8 in CC tissues and cells. CBX8 protein expression was measured by Western blotting. The CCK-8 assay was used to evaluate cell proliferation, and the transwell assay to determine cell migration and invasion. The luciferase reporter assay was used to determine the direct regulation of miR-518d-5p/519-5p and circRNA8924 or CBX8  The study demonstrated that the expression level of circRNA8924 in CC was significantly higher than that in the adjacent normal tissues (P < 0.001), and that it was also associated with tumor size, FIGO staging and myometrial invasion. The knockdown of circRNA8924 significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of CC cells SiHa and HeLa. The expression level of miR-518d-5p/519-5p was negatively correlated with circRNA8924, and circRNA8924 regulated CBX8 by competitively binding to miR-518d-5p/519-5p.  CircRNA8924 is highly expressed in CC tissue and can be considered a competitive endogenous RNA of the miR-518d-5p/519-5p family to promote the malignant biological behavior of CC cells. It is suggested that it may serve as a new biomarker for CC diagnosis and disease progression and provide potential targets for targeted therapy.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
[Effects of l-stepholidine on open-field behavior and discrimination learning in mice].

Effects of l-stepholidine (l-SPD), a new DA-receptor antagonist, apomorphine (Apo, DA-receptor agonist) and haloperidol (Hal, DA-receptor antagonist) on open-field behavior (OFB) and discrimination learning in mice were studied. The ambulation and rearing caused by novel environmental stimuli were taken as the index of OFB. The discrimination learning was carried on 20 trials every day for 7 days in Y-maze. The numbers of correct responses were taken as the index of discrimination learning test. 
 1) l-SPD 2.5 or 10 mg/kg ip or Hal 0.5 mg/kg ip led to the inhibition of OFB. 2) l-SPD 10 mg/kg decreased the discrimination learning from d 3 to d 7, but l-SPD 2.5 mg/kg appeared to be less effective in this respect, Hal decreased and Apo increased discrimination learning. 
 It is suggested that the dopaminergic drugs influence OFB and discrimination learning through different dopaminergic pathway. Lower dose of l-SPD can play some role of DA antagonist without the impairment of learning.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Tree diversity and population structure in undisturbed and human-impacted stands of tropical wet evergreen forest in Arunachal Pradesh, Eastern Himalayas, India

Tree species richness, tree density, basal area, population structure and distribution pattern were investigated in undisturbed, mildly disturbed, moderately disturbed and highly disturbed stands of tropical wet evergreen forests of Arunachal Pradesh. The forest stands were selected based on the disturbance index (the basal area of the cut trees measured at ground level expressed as a fraction of the total basal area of all trees including felled ones): (i) undisturbed stand (0% disturbance index), (ii) mildly disturbed (20% disturbance index), (iii) moderately disturbed (40% disturbance index), and (iv) highly disturbed stand (70% disturbance index). Tree species richness varied along the disturbance gradient in different stands. The mildly disturbed stand showed the highest species richness (54 of 51 genera). Species richness was lowest (16 of 16 genera) in the highly disturbed stand. In the undisturbed stand, 47 species of 42 genera were recorded while in the moderately disturbed stand 42 species of 36 genera were found. The Shannon–Wiener diversity index for tree species ranged from 0.7 to 2.02 in all the stands. The highest tree diversity was recorded in the undisturbed stand and the lowest in the highly disturbed stand. The stands differed with respect to the tree species composition at the family and generic level. Fagaceae, Dipterocarpaceae and Clusiaceae dominated over other families and contributed 53% in the undisturbed, 51% in the mildly disturbed, 42% in the moderately disturbed and 49% in the highly disturbed forest stands to the total density of the respective stand. Stand density was highest (5452 stems ha−1) in the undisturbed stand, followed by the mildly disturbed stand (5014), intermediate (3656) in the moderately disturbed stand and lowest (338) in the highly disturbed stand. Dominance, calculated as the importance value index of different species, varied greatly across the stands. The highest stand density and species richness were represented in the medium girth class (51–110 cm) in all the stands. In the undisturbed stand, the highest density was found in the 111–140 cm girth class, while in the mildly disturbed stand the 51–80 cm girth range recorded the highest density. About 55, 68 and 52% species were found to be regenerating in the undisturbed, mildly disturbed and moderately disturbed stands, respectively. No regeneration was recorded in the highly disturbed stand. Variation in species richness, distribution pattern and regeneration potential is related to human interference and the need for forest conservation is emphasized.

Field of study: Environmental science
Generation of monoclonal antibodies against surface antigens of Moraxella bovis.

Six hybridoma lines producing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against Moraxella bovis were established from fusions between the SP2/0 myeloma cells and BALB/c mice splenocytes. Three antibodies were of the IgG1 isotype, two were IgG2a, and one was IgG2b. The specificity of the antibodies was determined by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using whole cells of M. bovis and of other Gram-negative bacteria, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from M. bovis JUR2 and E. coli as antigens. Ascitic fluid produced by the six hybridoma lines inhibited hemagglutination by M. bovis GF9. One MAb (35F) reacted specifically with purified M. bovis LPS in the ELISA test. The MAb panel detected heterogeneity among the isolates recovered from different geographical regions.

Field of study: Biology
Research progress on catalytic synthesis of butyraldehyde 1,2-propanediol acetal

The experimental results of synthesis of butyraldehyde 1,2-propanediol acetal in the presence of 13 kinds of catalysts such as FeCl 3 ·6H 2 O, Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 · x H 2 O, NH 4 Fe(SO 4 ) 2 , SnO, CuSO 4 , PVC-SO 3 H,polyvinyl chloride ferric chloride(PVC-FeCl 3 ), macroporous ion exchange resin, Vitamin C, solid super acid SO 2- 4 /TiO 2 , tungsten silicic acid, TiSiW 12 O 40 /TiO 2 and HY-type molecular sieve etc are reviewed. The results show that CuSO 4 , PVC-SO 3 H,polyvinyl chloride ferric chloride(PVC-FeCl 3 ), macroporous ion exchange resin, and TiSiW 12 O 40 /TiO 2 are excellent catalysts to synthesize butyraldehyde 1,2-propanediol acetal with high yield.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Interracial dating attitudes among college students -- polling data.

Six-hundred-twenty university students completed an anonymous confidential questionnaire designed to assess attitudes toward interracial dating. Almost one fourth (24.2%) reported having dated interracially and almost half (49.6%) expressed an openness to become involved in an interracial relationship. Blacks cohabitants and those with previous interracial dating experience were significantly more likely to express an openness to become involved in an interracial relationship. Implications for university faculty therapists and students are suggested. Although the marriages of Quincy Jones (musician) Charles Barkley (professional basketball player) and Roger Ebert (film critic) are interracial less than 5% of all marriages in the United States are interracial. This relatively low percentage of interracial marriages has been stable for decades. However increased individualism tolerance for diversity and greater minority enrollment in colleges and universities may result in more approving attitudes of college students toward interracial relationships. This study focused on attitudes and behaviors of college students regarding interracial relationships. (excerpt)

Field of study: Education
ID: 151: Unique and overlapping roles of type I and type III interferons in influenza pathology and therapy

Type I and type III interferons (IFN α β and IFN λ ) are key antiviral cytokines. In addition, IFN α β is increasingly recognised as potentially disease-promoting in infection. We explored the roles of these IFN families in influenza infection and as anti-influenza treatment. When comparing influenza-infected 129 to C57BL/6 mouse strains, we found increased lung damage, morbidity and mortality, yet higher levels of IFN α β , in 129 mice than in the more resistant C57BL/6 mice. IFN α β receptor deficiency in 129 mice decreased morbidity and lung damage, and ameliorated immune-mediated tissue damage, indicating that IFN α β levels are a host determinant of influenza severity. In contrast, the respiratory epithelial anti-influenza response was unaffected by IFN α β receptor deficiency, as IFN λ replaced IFN α β in these cells. Lack of IFN α β signalling reduced expression of the death-inducing receptor DR5 on lung epithelia and its ligand TRAIL on inflammatory monocytes, and depletion of PDCA-1+ cells or interruption of TRAIL-DR5 interaction protected infected 129 mice. Therefore, excessive IFN α β signalling in response to acute influenza infection may explain morbidity. Our results suggest that humans with propensity to strong IFN α β signalling may be at risk of severe influenza. We assessed the implications of our results for influenza treatment, using C57BL/6 mice with a functional Mx1 allele. Treatment with either IFN α 4 or IFN λ 2 prior to infection blocked influenza replication and protected against host morbidity and mortality. In contrast, outcome of IFN treatment during influenza infection was divergent. Results of IFN therapy will be presented and discussed in the context of treatment options for influenza in humans.

Field of study: Medicine
Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) for confectionery manufacturing in developing countries: Turkish delight production as a case study

The Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) was applied for risk assessment of confectionary manufacturing, in whichthe traditional methods and equipment were intensively used in the production. Potential failure modes and effects as well as their possible causes were identified in the process flow. Processing stages that involve intensive handling of food by workers had the highest risk priority numbers (RPN = 216 and 189), followed by chemical contamination risks in different stages of the process. The application of corrective actions substantially reduced the RPN (risk priority number) values. Therefore, the implementation of FMEA (The Failure Mode and Effect Analysis) model in confectionary manufacturing improved the safety and quality of the final products.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
The Post-Washington Consensus: Brand New Agenda or Old Wine in a New Bottle?

Has a constructive post-Washington Consensus actually been formed? The author of this paper cautiously believes it has. It is a consensus that recognizes the role of the state, the benefits of industrial policy, and the dangers of rapid deregulation, but that is also grounded in neoclassical principles, which produced the first Washington Consensus. Will the compromise prevail?

Field of study: Economics
Replicated Paired Comparisons Between Two Objects: The (k, r) - Series

The problem considered here is selecting the better of two objects based on a series of replicated paired comparisons between the objects. A (k, r)-series, a generalization of the ordinary k-series, is defined as a sequential selection procedure such that the object selected is the first one to win k comparisons, provided it is ahead by at least r comparisons. The relationship of a (k, r)-series to Wald's sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) is discussed and this relationship is exploited to derive formulas for the probability of correct selection and the expected number of comparisons required. The “optimal” (k, r)-series is derived with respect to two loss functions.

Field of study: Mathematics
Nomenclature of regular single-strand organic polymers (IUPAC Recommendations 2002)

A structure-based nomenclature for regular single-strand organic polymers is described. In concept, a generic name for the polymer (ABC)n is poly(ABC), in which (ABC) is a constitutional repeating unit (CRU) representing the chemical structure of the polymer chain, and A, B, and C are the subunits that comprise the CRU. To provide a unique and unambiguous name, rules are given to identify the preferred CRU and to name it using the names of A, B, and C based on current organic nomenclature. Provisions are made for naming end-groups of the polymers and the polymer substituents. In addition, the document contains a glossary of concepts and definitions, a list of common subunit names, and a variety of examples of structure-based polymer names. The document is a revision of the 1975 Rules.

Field of study: Chemistry
Structural characterization of GaAs1−xBix alloy by rutherford backscattering spectrometry combined with the channeling technique

Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) combined with the channeling technique has been applied to a GaAs1−xBix epilayer to investigate concentration and lattice location of Bi atoms and crystalline quality of the epilayer. The metastable GaAs1−xBix alloy layer was grown on a GaAs substrate at a temperature as low as 365°C. The GaBi mole fraction obtained was 2.6 ± 0.2%. Angular scans for [100] and [111] crystal directions reveal that the incorporated Bi atoms exactly occupy substitutional sites in the GaAs crystal lattice. Crystal perfection of the GaAs1−xBix metastable alloy is fairly good in spite of the low growth temperature.

Field of study: Materials science