nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Subjective Evaluation of Bode's Law and an ‘Objective’ Test for Approximate Numerical Rationality

Bode's law has usually been evaluated subjectively by means of overall judgment and opinions differ regarding its significance. Here we analyze it in some detail, with use of the axioms of probability, but still subjectively. The subjective Bayes factor in favor of Bode's law's being not a mere accident is given as between about 300 and 700. More tentatively, the existence of Bode's law seems to provide a factor of about 20 in favor of a non-cataclysmic origin of the solar system and hence in favor of there being an extremely large number of planetary systems in the galaxy. These factors would I think be much increased by taking into account “Dabbler's Law,” which is concerned with the mean distances of the saturnine satellites. It is pointed out that Dabbler's law has had predictive value and can be used for a further prediction. An “objective” test is given for whether a number is “nearly rational”. The ratios of the sidereal periods of pairs of solar bodies, for a given primary, are found not ...

Field of study: Mathematics
Trace elements residues in the table eggs rolling in the Mansoura City markets Egypt.

The residual concentration levels of copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) in commercially and home-produced eggs of hen and duck rolled in Mansoura city marketes, Egypt were determined. Therefore, 80 egg samples were randomly collected from different grocery stores to be analyzed using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The examined eggs samples comply the permissible limits for trace elements in table eggs except Lead which only 95% brown shell hen egg, 65% Baladi hen egg, and 85% duck egg were comply the their permissible limits. Cd and As could not be detected in all examined egg samples. Acceptable Estimated Daily Intake “AEDI” was calculated as 0.325 mg for Cu, 2.652 mg for Fe, and 0.020 mg for Pb which represented 0.93%, 4.74%, and 4.08% of Accepted daily Intake “ADI” (70 kg person). The findings indicate that the concentrations level of Cu, Fe, and Pb in Eggs in Mansoura city marketes are set within the Standard limits and considered as safe for human consumption. Two large eggs (100 g) consumption/ day cover the Recommended Daily Allowance “RDA” needed for the adult person/ day from Cu but in case of Fe, other source of iron should be added to his daily diet.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Emergent stimulus relations depend on stimulus correlation and not on reinforcement contingencies.

We aimed to investigate whether novel stimulus relations would emerge from stimulus correlations when those relations explicitly conflicted with reinforced relations. In a symbolic matching-to-sample task using kanji characters as stimuli, we arranged class-specific incorrect comparison stimuli in each of three classes. After presenting either Ax or Cx stimuli as samples, choices of Bx were reinforced and choices of Gx or Hx were not. Tests for symmetry, and combined symmetry and transitivity, showed the emergence of three 3-member (AxBxCx) stimulus classes in 5 of 5 human participants. Subsequent tests for all possible emergent relations between Ax, Bx, Cx and the class-specific incorrect comparisons Gx and Hx showed that these relations emerged for 4 of 5 the participants after extended overtraining of the baseline relations. These emergent relations must have been based on stimulus-stimulus correlations, and were not properties of the trained discriminated operants, because they required control by relations explicitly extinguished during training. This result supports theoretical accounts of emergent relations that emphasize stimulus correlation over operant contingencies.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Spinal congenital dermal sinus associated with upper thoracic meningocele.

The congenital dermal sinus is an abnormal epithelium-lined sinus tract between the skin surface and deeper tissues. It occurs during neurulation when the neural groove closes to form the neural tube on Day 26 of gestation and results from a failure of neuroectoderm to separate from the cutaneous ectoderm. The most frequent location is the lumbosacral area; an upper thoracic location is quite rare. This 37-year-old man presented with headache and numbness in both arms. No specific neurological findings were observed. Physical examination revealed a dimple at T-2. Radiography and magnetic resonance imaging of the thoracic spine revealed spina bifida at T1–3, a meningocele, and a dermal sinus tract complex. The treatment approach and outcome in this unusual case are presented.

Field of study: Medicine
The importance of refugia, ecological traps and scale for large carnivore management

Management zones feature prominently in conservation planning, particularly at large spatial scales, but prioritization of areas of concern is required to focus efforts and limited resources. Human-mediated mortality constitutes a major threat to species persistence, particularly for widespread carnivores that undergo harvest and population control, such as the leopard (Panthera pardus). In this study, we evaluated the extent and spatial distribution of legal anthropogenic offtake of leopards to identify de facto refugia and ecological traps across Limpopo Province, South Africa. We defined refugia as management units with offtake levels below an established sustainable harvest rate, and ecological traps as management units with offtake exceeding the sustainable harvest rate. We assessed offtake at three geographical scales using trophy hunting permit records alone, and then in combination with problem leopard permit records to investigate the compounding effect of additional forms of offtake and the potential for management scale mismatching. Across Limpopo Province, high leopard offtake created fewer areas of refuge than ecological traps. Refugia were smaller in size and within close proximity of ecological traps. Human-mediated leopard mortality occurred mostly in prime leopard habitat. Finer-scaled management units resulted in fewer ecological traps and more refugia, and enables authorities to focus conservation attention in areas of concern. Human-mediated leopard mortality exceeded the annual offtake rate considered sustainable. Our study highlights the importance of assessing both the scale and distribution of the harvest, whilst also considering alternative forms of offtake, when devising harvest management strategies. Management scale mismatching and high human-mediated leopard mortality is of particular concern in Limpopo Province, as such, we propose an adaptive, science-based regulatory framework aimed at improving leopard harvest strategies.

Field of study: Environmental science
Fluctuations in slope parameter in event-by-event hydrodynamics and momentum anisotropy in heavy ion collisions

In event by event hydrodynamic model, we have simulated 30-40\% Au+Au collisions at RHIC and computed the slope parameter from the invariant pion distribution. In each event, the slope parameter fluctuates azimuthally. Fourier expansion coefficients $T_n$ for the slope parameter and the Fourier expansion coefficients $v_n$ for the azimuthal distribution $\frac{dN}{d\phi}$ are found to be strongly correlated. Strong correlation between the two expansion coefficients suggests that in addition to azimuthal distribution, fluctuations in the slope parameter of the invariant distribution can as well be used to study the final state momentum anisotropy in relativistic energy heavy ion collisions. If measured experimentally, they can serve as additional constraint for hydrodynamical modeling.

Field of study: Physics
A late Pleistocene-Holocene multi-proxy record of climate variability in the Jazmurian playa, southeastern Iran

We present a multi-proxy record from a 5-m long sediment core from the Jazmurian playa in southeastern Iran to provide insights into globally-recognized major climatic events since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). In particular, we examined how variability in the Indian Ocean Summer Monsoon (IOSM) and Mid-Latitude Westerlies (MLW) contribute to distinct environmental changes in this arid to hyper-arid region in the interior of West Asia. While interior West Asia showed cold windy conditions during the LGM and post-LGM, southeast Iran experienced quiescent conditions similar to south Asia. The presence of fine-grained sediments, low magnetic susceptibility, and a decrease in aeolian inputs from ca. 21 to 14 cal kyr BP, suggests that effects of both wind and precipitation were minimal during these quiescent conditions. Increased fluvial inputs, coupled with a low abundance of evaporite minerals in Jazmurian sediments, indicated a greater influence of the IOSM between 14 and 13.2 cal kyr BP. In contrast, the Jazmurian playa was dry and dusty between 13.2 and 11.4 cal kyr BP, as reflected by an increase in aeolian sands, and the presence of evaporite minerals. This was followed by a period of strong IOSM activity during the early Holocene, coinciding with higher fluvial input ca. 11.4 cal kyr BP. The early Holocene in southeast Iran was wetter than other analogs in south Asia because of inputs from both IOSM and MWL. Several intense dry periods with sharp increases in aeolian inputs occurred after the early Holocene, due to the southward migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. Precipitation sources changed from a monsoon-dominated regime to one influenced mainly by the MLW during the late-Holocene. These results show that palaeoenvironmental changes in the Jazmurian playa, located at the border of IOSM and MLW zones, were primarily governed by global and regional paleoclimatic changes.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Failure mechanisms of enhancement mode GaN power HEMTs operated in short circuit

The paper reports the results of a study based on experimental data and finite element simulations about the failure mechanism of 650 V p-doped GaN power HEMT operated in short circuit condition. The study focuses on the failure observed during the short circuit of these devices when the test voltage is larger than 350 V. In this failure mode, the energy involved is quite low and the time to failure is

Field of study: Engineering
Effective interactions in the Λ-α and Λ-Λ-α systems

The influence of hard core correlations on the effective interactions in theΛ-α andΛ-Λ-α systems is studied. It is found that the hard core correlations modify the shape of the effectiveΛ-α potential such that the minimum is no longer at the origin but at about 1.2 fm. Hard core correlations also give rise to an effective three-body force which decreases the binding energy of theΛ-Λ-α system by 0.5–0.7 MeV.

Field of study: Physics
Cryptanalysis against Symmetric-Key Schemes with Online Classical Queries and Offline Quantum Computations

In this paper, quantum attacks against symmetric-key schemes are presented in which adversaries only make classical queries but use quantum computers for offline computations. Our attacks are not as efficient as polynomial-time attacks making quantum superposition queries, while our attacks use the realistic model and overwhelmingly improve the classical attacks. Our attacks convert a type of classical meet-in-the-middle attacks into quantum ones. The attack cost depends on the number of available qubits and the way to realize the quantum hardware. The tradeoffs between data complexity D and time complexity T against the problem of cardinality N are \(D^2 \cdot T^2 =N\) and \(D \cdot T^6 = N^3\) in the best and worst case scenarios to the adversary respectively, while the classic attack requires \(D\cdot T = N\). This improvement is meaningful from an engineering aspect because several existing schemes claim beyond-birthday-bound security for T by limiting the maximum D to be below \(2^{n/2}\) according to the classical tradeoff \(D\cdot T = N\). Those schemes are broken when quantum computations are available to the adversaries. The attack can be applied to many schemes such as a tweakable block-cipher construction TDR, a dedicated MAC scheme Chaskey, an on-line authenticated encryption scheme McOE-X, a hash function based MAC H \(^2\)-MAC and a permutation based MAC keyed-sponge. The idea is then applied to the FX-construction to discover new tradeoffs in the classical query model.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
J'aime ta joie parce qu'elle est folle: Écrivains en fête (XVIe et XVIIe siècles). Michel Jeanneret. Titre courant 62. Geneva: Droz, 2018. 236 pp. $38.40.

The author goes on to show how Christine reframed the work as a sacrificial one, which went on to haunt her later works, including the collection that she prepared for Isabeau of Bavaria (London, Harley 4331). The Writer’s Gift or the Patron’s Pleasure? is an impressive blend of literary and historical analysis coupled with close attention to primary sources. It challenges existing preconceptions of the way patrons and writers operated. It should encourage scholars of late medieval literature and art history to see Valois literary dynamics in a new light and those with broader interests in patronage studies to think carefully about cultures of commission and exchange, medieval as well as modern.

Field of study: History
Simulating the influence of snow on the fate of organic compounds.

Snow scavenging, a seasonal snowpack, and a dynamic water balance are incorporated in a non-steady-state generic multimedia fate model in order to investigate the effect of snow on the magnitude and temporal variability of organic contaminant concentrations in various environmental media. Efficient scavenging of large nonpolar organic vapors and particle-bound organic chemicals by snow can lead to reduced wintertime air concentrations and incorporation in the snowpack. The snow cover functions as a temporary storage reservoir that releases contaminants accumulating over the winter during a short melt period, resulting in temporarily elevated concentrations in air, water, and soil. The intensity of these peaks increases with the length of the snow accumulation period. Organic chemicals of sufficient volatility (log KOA < 9; e.g., light polychlorinated biphenyls) can volatilize from the snowpack, resulting in springtime concentration maxima in the atmosphere. The behavior of fairly water-soluble chemicals during snowmelt depends on their relative affinity for the newly formed liquid water phase and the rapidly diminishing ice surface-quantitatively expressed by their interface-water partition coefficient (KIW). Chemicals with a preference for the dissolved phase (low KIW; e.g., pentachlorophenol) can become enriched in the first meltwater fractions and experience a temporary concentration peak in lakes and rivers. Organic chemicals that are neither volatile enough to evaporate from the snowpack nor sufficiently water soluble to dissolve in the meltwater (e.g., polybrominated diphenyl ethers) sorb to the particles in the snowpack. These particles may be sufficiently contaminated to constitute the major input route to the terrestrial environment upon release during snowmelt. Because wintertime deposition to the snowpack may be higher than to a non-snow covered surface, this can result in higher soil concentrations of persistent organic contaminants in the long term. The potential ecotoxicological significance of peak exposures demands a better understanding of the role of snow in the fate of organic contaminants.

Field of study: Environmental science
Isolated polyarteritis nodosa of the male reproductive system associated with a germ cell tumor of the testis: a case report.

Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) presents mostly as a systemic disease with poor prognosis, rarely in an isolated form with a usually favorable outcome. Both forms may affect the male reproductive system and both forms have been associated with malignancies. We describe for the first time the occurrence of isolated PAN in the reproductive system combined with a mixed germ cell tumor of the testis in a 21-year-old man presenting with symptoms of chronic epididymitis. Two years after surgery he is without evidence of recurrence of either the tumor or PAN.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Redox Response of Reduced Graphene Oxide-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrodes to Hydrogen Peroxide and Hydrazine

The surface of a glassy carbon (GC) electrode was modified with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) to evaluate the electrochemical response of the modified GC electrodes to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydrazine. The electrode potential of the GC electrode was repeatedly scanned from −1.5 to 0.6 V in an aqueous dispersion of graphene oxide (GO) to deposit rGO on the surface of the GC electrode. The surface morphology of the modified GC electrode was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). SEM and AFM observations revealed that aggregated rGO was deposited on the GC electrode, forming a rather rough surface. The rGO-modified electrodes exhibited significantly higher responses in redox reactions of H2O2 as compared with the response of an unmodified GC electrode. In addition, the electrocatalytic activity of the rGO-modified electrode to hydrazine oxidation was also higher than that of the unmodified GC electrode. The response of the rGO-modified electrode was rationalized based on the higher catalytic activity of rGO to the redox reactions of H2O2 and hydrazine. The results suggest that rGO-modified electrodes are useful for constructing electrochemical sensors.

Field of study: Materials science
HIGH-DIMENSIONAL ROBUST REGRESSION AND OUTLIERS DETECTION WITH SLOPE

The problems of outliers detection and robust regression in a high-dimensional setting are fundamental in statistics, and have numerous applications. Following a recent set of works providing methods for simultaneous robust regression and outliers detection, we consider in this paper a model of linear regression with individual intercepts , in a high-dimensional setting. We introduce a new procedure for simultaneous estimation of the linear regression coefficients and intercepts, using two dedicated sorted-1 penalizations, also called SLOPE . We develop a complete theory for this problem: first, we provide sharp upper bounds on the statistical estimation error of both the vector of individual intercepts and regression coefficients. Second, we give an asymptotic control on the False Discovery Rate (FDR) and statistical power for support selection of the individual intercepts. As a consequence, this paper is the first to introduce a procedure with guaranteed FDR and statistical power control for outliers detection under the mean-shift model. Numerical illustrations, with a comparison to recent alternative approaches, are provided on both simulated and several real-world datasets. Experiments are conducted using an open-source software written in Python and C++.

Field of study: Computer science
Up regulation of A2B adenosine receptor on monocytes are crucially required for immune pathogenicity in Indian patients exposed to Leishmania donovani.

Adenosine, an endogenous purine nucleoside is one such extracellular signalling molecule whose role in regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines and immune pathogenicity in visceral leishmaniasis is not fully understood. Here, we investigated the relationship between Leishmania donovani infection and expression of A2B receptor on monocytes in VL patients in their pre and post treatment stage. We also investigated the molecular mechanisms influencing the interaction between immunopathogenicity and infection by exposing Leishmania donovani pulsed macrophages to Adenosine. A direct correlation of up-regulated A2B expression on monocytes with increased parasite load was also observed. Our results also suggested that A2B receptor activation is critically required for the stimulatory effect of adenosine on IL-10 production and suppression of nitric oxide release. The stimulatory effect of adenosine on Leishmania donovani induced IL-10 production required ERK1/2 activation and is p-38 MAPK independent.

Field of study: Medicine
Stopping and the 〈K〉/〈π〉 Horn

We propose a non‐equilibrium hadronic model to interpret the observed excitation function of kaon‐to‐pion ratios in nuclear collisions at AGS and SPS energies. The crucial assumption of our model is that due to stronger stopping at lower energies the lifetime of the fireball is prolonged because the system has to build up the longitudinal expansion from internal pressure.

Field of study: Physics
Modeling volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations due to material emissions in a real residential unit. Part I: Methodology and a preliminary case study

High volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations following building decoration have been observed frequently. In reality, however, residents do not know the indoor VOC concentration levels until the buildings are tested, which seldom provides a preventive measure. While several indoor air quality (IAQ) simulation programs have been developed to predict indoor contaminant levels, case studies in the literature are scarce regarding the predictability of indoor VOC concentrations as well as how such predictions could be performed in real buildings. In this paper, we intended to conduct a proof-of-concept study whether simulations can help to reveal some of the key features of VOC concentrations during indoor decoration process. We conducted a case study, simulated and measured the VOC concentrations of a residential unit during the room decoration process. Results show that while certain agreement was achieved between the measurement and simulation, application of IAQ models to real buildings is challenging under the best of circumstances—single zone spaces with very few emission materials inside.

Field of study: Engineering
Decreased SBPase activity alters growth and development in transgenic tobacco plants.

The effects of reduced SBPase activity on growth and development were examined in a set of transgenic tobacco plants produced using an antisense construct driven by the ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase, small subunit promoter. Photosynthetic carbon assimilation rates and carbohydrate levels in source leaves were decreased in the antisense plants. Growth rate and total shoot biomass were reduced in the SBPase antisense plants, even in plants where SBPase activity was reduced by only 25%. Floral biomass also decreased in response to reductions in SBPase activity and the onset of flowering was delayed by 5-10 d. This is the first demonstration of a link between reproductive biomass and reductions in Calvin cycle enzyme activity using antisense plants. Furthermore, unexpected changes in the growth and development of the antisense plants were evident. Small reductions in SBPase activity (above 50% wild type) resulted in shorter plants with only a small decrease in stem biomass and specific leaf area. In contrast, plants with larger reductions in SBPase activity had an increase in specific leaf area and attained heights similar to that of the wild-type plants but with a much reduced stem biomass, largely due to a decrease in xylem tissue. This bi-modal response of growth to reductions in SBPase activity has similarities to changes in leaf and stem anatomy and morphology that accompany light acclimation.

Field of study: Environmental science
Testing the steady state availability based on data from a fixed length test

A life test for a repairable system is considered in which the system occupies one of two mutually exclusive states: up (=fully operational) or down (=not operational due to failure, and being repaired). At time zero, the system is switched on and begins in the up or down state. The system alternates between the two states, entering the down state from the up state upon failure, and entering the up state from the down state upon successful repair. The successive visits to the up states have durations and the successive visits to the down states have durations It is assumed that the Xi and YXi areall mutually independent exponentially distributed random variables with the X's having mean θ≤0 and the Y's having mean τ≤0. The steady state availability is .

Field of study: Mathematics