nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Zone indexing: Optimizing the balance between searching and indexing in a loosely structured overlay

While structured peer-to-peer systems are efficient in terms of overhead, they still lack the unstructured system's flexibility and ability to support a wide range of complex queries. This paper examines systems supporting complex queries, deterministic operation, and a fair load distribution between nodes. The aim is to minimize the bandwidth and node load using an optimal level of indexing. The paper first theoretically examines the optimal balance of search and index messages using a search/index space model. This balance is fundamentally determined by the frequency of search requests and index updates. Based on this study, the paper proposes a novel loosely structured peer-to-peer system, Zone indexing, that can balance between index update traffic and search traffic in order to minimize the bandwidth overhead. Nodes are organized into a ring structure. The ring is divided into overlapping zones, within which index updates are distributed. We present an overlay maintenance algorithm with low-cost join and leave operations and a high churn resistance. We further propose a method to dynamically adjust the zone size in order to maintain optimal performance when the network size or user behavior changes. Additionally, we propose a method to limit the search delay by introducing parallel searching. The proposed solutions are evaluated mathematically and the analysis is verified with simulation.

Field of study: Computer science
Space/spatial-frequency analysis based filtering

Space-invariant filtering of signals that overlap with noise in both space and frequency can be inefficient. However, the signal and noise may be well separated in the joint space/spatial-frequency domain. Then, it is possible to benefit from the application of space/spatial frequency approaches. Processing based on these approaches can outperform space or frequency invariant-based methods. To this aim the concept of nonstationary space-varying filtering is introduced in this paper as an extension of the time-varying filtering concept. The filtering definitions are based on statistical averages, although the filtering should commonly be applied knowing only a single noisy signal realization. The procedures that can produce good estimates of quantities crucial for efficient filtering, based on a single noisy signal realization, are considered. Special attention has been paid to the region of support estimation and cross-term effects removal. The efficiency of the proposed space/spatial-frequency filtering concept is tested on the signal forms inspired by the interferograms in optics, including real images as disturbances. Examples demonstrate the superiority of the proposed filtering over the space-invariant one for the considered type of signals and noise.

Field of study: Engineering
A STRAIN HARDENING MODEL REFLECTING STRESS PATH CORRELATION OF CORASE-GRAINED MATERIALS

Coarse-grained materials have become main filling materials of high fill engineering in mountainous areas,and building a constitutive model,which can well reflect its stress-strain behavior,is significant for the simulation analysis and safety evaluation of high fill engineering.On the basis of analyzing large scale triaxial experimental results,a new elastic-plastic model is proposed by combining the hardening soil model and the modified cam-clay model,in which the logarithmic relation of strength parameters of coarse-grained materials is also adopted.The new model can not only reflect the nonlinear deformation behavior,nonlinear strength property,confining stress dependence of stiffness,and dilatancy of coarse-grained materials,but also is capable of considering the stress path correlation and simulating the deformation of coarse-grained materials under complex stress paths.Besides,the model parameters can be defined by conventional triaxial experiments.Finally,the model is validated by comparing with different stress path experimental results on coarse-grained materials.

Field of study: Engineering
The Chironomidae diversity based on records from early Eocene Cambay amber, India, with implications on habitats of fossil Diptera

A fossil fauna of Chironomidae in early Eocene Cambay amber from India is reported for the first time. The fossil assemblage consists of 192 specimens from five subfamilies. Chironomidae from Cambay amber represent a fauna whose composition in the fossil record is most similar to Dominican amber, with the exception of the presence of Podonominae in Cambay amber. Chironomidae genera recorded from Cambay amber indicate the presence of freshwater habitats and standing water bodies as well as springs. Incorporation of other dipteran groups from Cambay amber adds evidence of diverse aquatic and semi-aquatic habitats in the Cambay amber forest and implies entrapment of the fossils from a wide range of different locally separated areas.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Meeting of the Paleontological Society, held at Washington, District of Columbia, December 29, 30, and 31, 1915.

Session of Wednesday, December 29 The general session of the Society was called to order at 9.30 a. m., December 29, in a lecture-room of the George Washington University Medical School, by President Edward O. Ulrich, who, after welcoming the members to Washington, opened the business session by calling for the report of the Council. REPORT OF THE COUNCIL To the Paleontological Society in Seventh Annual Meeting assembled: The first meeting of this year’s Council was held at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, December 31, 1914, immediately following the adjournment of the Society on that day. Routine business and the consideration of the ticket for the following year were considered at this meeting, but since then the business of the Society has, as usual, been transacted by correspondence. The following reports of officers give a resume of the administration for the Society’s seventh year.  To the Council of the Paleontological Society: . . .

Field of study: Geology
Follow-up imaging after acute evaluations for pediatric nephrolithiasis: Trends from a National database.

Overuse of computed tomography (CT) in the initial evaluation of children with upper urinary tract calculi (UUTC) has been well documented. Follow-up imaging patterns, however, remain undefined. Sequential imaging following an acute episode of UUTC represents additional opportunity for enacting good imaging stewardship, with the optimal goal to reduce unnecessary radiation exposure and cost while ensuring appropriate follow-up.



We explored nationwide imaging patterns for children following emergency department (ED) evaluations for UUTC, hypothesizing that initial imaging choice and complicated visits for UUTC increase the risk of follow-up CT scans.



Claims from Marketscan (2007-2013), an employer-based dataset of privately insured patients, were used to assess children aged 1-18 years presenting to the ED an acute UUTC event. The primary outcome was any imaging within 90 days. Using logistic regression, odds for follow-up CT or plain film kidney-ureter-bladder/ultrasound (KUB/US) imaging were calculated adjusting for patient demographics, initial imaging modality, need for admission, and return ED visits.



A total of 821 children met the inclusion criteria, of whom 261 (31.8%) received no follow-up imaging. Overall follow-up imaging patterns, including the proportions of children receiving CT scans, KUB/US imaging, or no imaging are shown in the Summary Table. Of the children receiving follow-up imaging, KUB/US was obtained in 363 (65.0%) and CT obtained in 197 (35.0%) children. Risk factors for follow-up CT imaging include hospital admission and return ED visits. Children with ureteral calculi and index US evaluation were more likely to receive KUB/US imaging only at follow-up. For children with ureteral calculi, the median time to first follow-up imaging was 9 days (25th-75th percentiles, 2-26 days).



One-third of all children with follow-up imaging after an acute presentation for UUTC will receive a CT. Up to 28% of children with a ureteral calculus will not receive any follow-up imaging within 3 months of presentation. These findings suggest imaging strategies for children following acute evaluation for nephrolithiasis are suboptimal in two ways. First, children receive potentially unnecessary additional radiation burden, an alarming finding considering the high rates of CT scan in the index evaluation for these children. Second, many children with ureteral calculi fail to receive follow-up imaging to document stone passage.



Our findings identify follow-up imaging as another area for quality improvement within the care of children with UUTC. Clinical pathways directing imaging strategies for pediatric nephrolithiasis should focus on follow-up imaging practices and initial evaluation, especially with for those children presenting with ureteral calculi.

Field of study: Medicine
The NBS-LANL RTM End-Magnet Field Mapper

A computer-controlled magnetic field mapper is under construction at the National Bureau of Standards to map the end magnets of the NBS-LANL racetrack microtron (RTM). The mapper consists of a large, two-dimensional translation stage which simultaneously positions a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) magnetometer probe in the 55 cm × 135 cm uniform field region and a temperature-compensated Hall effect probe in the fringe field region. A computer-based control system automatically positions the probes at points on a selected grid and records the measured field values and positions in computer memory. In this paper we describe the field mapping requirements, the mapper, its operation, and the field measurements and analysis that are to be performed.

Field of study: Physics
Evolution of the south-central part of the Archean Abitibi Belt, Quebec. Part I: Stratigraphy and paleogeographic model

The region comprises parts of the southern zone of the Abitibi greenstone belt and of the Bellecombe gneiss belt, and the Belleterre–Angliers greenstone belt. The stratigraphic sequence of the Abitibi Belt consists of (1) a lower ultramafic division; (2) a middle tholeiitic division; and (3) an upper diverse division; these divisions lap onto an older volcanic sequence to the north and west. In the Bellecombe Belt, sediments overlie the lower ultramafic division; these sediments coarsen toward the Abitibi Belt and toward the stratigraphic top. The volcanic rocks of the Belleterre–Angliers Belt overlie the sediments of the Bellecombe Belt.Five paleogeographic phases have been recognized. During phase I, a deep marine ultramafic lava plain covered the south part of the Abitibi Belt and the Bellecombe Belt. Faulting took place at the Duparquet–Destor break. During phase II, tholeiitic basalts formed a deep marine lava plain in the west of the Abitibi Belt, whereas flows erupted mainly from central volcanic c...

Field of study: Environmental science
Review on American doctoral education since 1990s:problems and reforms

American doctoral education is always regarded as the highest academic level in the world. But with the development of American economy and the need of politics, the problems of time-to-degree, dropout/high attrition. The reason lies on the incongruous between doctoral program and the needs of society, lacking of financial support, high quality curriculum and suitable job direction. So the doctoral education institutions and the universities take a series of measures to improve it.

Field of study: Education
Humanism, Machinery, and Renaissance Literature (review)

and gulling — to the specter of “shipwrecks” that are not only commercial, but also social, a central motif in The Merchant of Venice. And in an interesting essay on the participation of the King’s Men in the subgenre of “Prodigal Son Comedy,” Dieter Mehl adroitly exposes the satiric inversion of this sentimental tradition in “The London Prodigal,” a play Shakespeare himself may have written. In thus offering fresh views on controversial issues, the volume’s editors set a high standard that is manifest throughout the essays in this important collection. LEEDS BARROLL Folger Shakespeare Library

Field of study: History
Derived equivalence classification of one-parametric self-injective algebras

In continuation of our paper [R. Bocian, T. Holm, A. Skowronski, Derived equivalence classification of weakly symmetric algebras of Euclidean type,  (2004) 43–74] we complete the description of the derived equivalence normal forms of all one-parametric self-injective algebras over algebraically closed fields which admit simply connected Galois coverings. As a consequence, a description of the stable equivalence normal forms of these algebras is obtained.

Field of study: Mathematics
Aragonite preservation in late Quaternary sediment cores on the Brazilian Continental Slope: implications for intermediate water circulation

We present late Quaternary records of aragonite preservation determined for sediment cores recovered on the Brazilian Continental Slope (1790–2585 m water depth) where North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) dominates at present. We have used various indirect dissolution proxies (carbonate content, aragonite/calcite contents, and sand percentages) as well as gastropodal abundances and fragmentation of Limacina inflata to determine the state of aragonite preservation. In addition, microscopic investigations of the dissolution susceptibility of three Limacina species yielded the Limacina Dissolution Index which correlates well with most of the other proxies. Excellent preservation of aragonite was found in the Holocene section, whereas aragonite dissolution gradually increases downcore. This general pattern is attributed to an overall increase in aragonite corrosiveness of pore waters. Overprinted on this early diagenetic trend are high-frequency fluctuations of aragonite preservation, which may be related to climatically induced variations of intermediate water masses.

Field of study: Environmental science
Kafka, New Orleans, the OARs and the KT boundary: reverse the flow of Kafka's fable of the Imperial Message and you have the problem of Knowledge Transfer--the message is not getting through.

The dying emperor in Kafka's tale has sent you a message of great importance, entrusted to his strongest herald. But the throne room, the palace, the city are so huge and so crowded with people that the message can never reach you. Reverse the tale and you have the problem of Knowledge Transfer (KT)--brutally illustrated by the fate of New Orleans. Important information, of unquestioned validity, soundly based in research and easy to understand, simply does not get through to practice. A recent evaluation of the Ottawa Ankle Rules makes the point all too clearly. Indeed, the KT problem is worse than Kafka's. Economically motivated people and organizations actively distort the messages--and try to trip the herald--while grossly oversimplified frameworks of understanding include no language in which the messages can be expressed. "More research" is not the answer.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering diagnostics of combustion and other reactive media at ONERA

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) is well adapted to the measurement of temperatures and concentrations of molecules in reactive gaseous media. The general principles are given along with the major technical advantages and requirements. Characteristic applications are described in order to present state-of-the-art performance levels: measurement time, spatial resolution, detection sensitivity. Results are presented of instantaneous temperature measurements in combustion and in piston engines, measurements of rotational–vibrational populations of H2 in a magnetic multicusp discharge, and measurements of the vibrational excitation of the prompt H2 formed in H2CO dissociation.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Microstructures and Properties of Sn2.5Ag0.7Cu0.1RE Composite Solders Reinforced with Cu-Coated Graphene Nanosheets Synthesized by Pyrolysis

Composite solder is a promising route to improve the properties and reliability of Sn-based lead-free solder. In this study, Cu-coated graphene nanosheets (Cu-GNSs) were synthesized using pyrolysis. Cu-GNSs reinforced Sn2.5Ag0.7Cu0.1RE composite lead-free solders were prepared via powder metallurgy. The size, distribution, and adsorption type of Cu nanoparticles on the GNSs were studied. The relation of the Cu-GNSs content and microstructure to the physical, wettability, and mechanical properties of composite solders was discussed. The results show that Cu nanoparticles (with a mean size of 13 nm) present uniform distribution and effective chemisorptions on the GNS. Microstructural evolution of composite solders is dependent on the addition of Cu-GNSs. With increasing Cu-GNSs addition, β-Sn grains become finer and the eutectic phase proportion becomes larger, while the morphology of the eutectic phase transforms from dispersion to network-type. The improvement of the tensile strength of the composite solder can be attributed to grain refinement and load transfer. While the existence of Cu-GNSs can effectively improve the wettability and slightly change the melting point, it can also lead to the decline of elongation and electrical conductivity of the composite solder.

Field of study: Materials science
Comparison of particulate and continuous-bed columns for protein displacement chromatography.

A conventional anion exchange column packed with porous particles (BioScale Q2), and a novel continuous-bed column (UNO Q1) were compared for displacement separation of dairy whey proteins with polyacrylic acid as displacer. The steric mass action model was investigated as a means to aid and accelerate this development. Characteristic charges and steric factors were measured for the proteins and the displacer according to the model, and used together with the affinity constant derived from the adsorption isotherms for simulations, as well as for the construction of the affinity and operating regime plots. If possible, the latter two were used to select conditions for the actual experiments. In the case of the particle-based column, experimental results and simulations did not agree. In addition, the operating regime plot could not be constructed. The affinity plot did predict the order in the displacement train correctly, but gave misleading information concerning the possible effect of a change in displacer concentration. This is taken to be a result of the porous nature of the particles, which handicaps, to some extent, the interaction of the proteins and the displacer molecules with the adsorptive surface. Results were considerably better in case of the continuous-bed column, where there is no intraparticulate surface.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Measurement of the 4f strong interaction level width in light antiprotonic atoms

The yields of the atomic 4→3 transitions in antiprotonic14N,16,17,18O,19F, and23Na were measured at the CERN antiproton facility, LEAR. From these, the widths Γup of the 4f levels were determined to be 136±19meV (14N); 603±22 meV (16O); 731±35 meV (17O); 795±23 meV (18O); 2.79±0.16 eV (19F); and 23.8±7.4 eV (23Na).

Field of study: Physics
The role of macrophages in the adjuvant effect on antibody production of Corynebacterium parvum.

Spleen cells from mice pre-treated with C. parvum gave an enhanced in vitro antibody response to SRBC, but not to DNP-POL. This enhancing activity was associated with the adherent, but not the non-adherent spleen cell population and was found to be radioresistant. It is concluded that macrophages are directly involved in the adjuvant effect of C. parvum and the possible mechanisms of action are discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Paleocurrent and paleoslope — A case study

The relationship between the paleocurrent pattern and the paleoslope in several continental and marine environments has been reviewed. This relationship in shelf sediment is not adequately established, and appears to be more complex than is now understood. The paleocurrent pattern of the Mississippian Loyalhanna—Trough Creek Limestone (a shelf calcarenite) is presented here as a case study. The study shows that the sediment dispersal system and the current pattern are independent of the paleoslope, and that the vector orientation is polymodal. It is, however, argued that before a precise paleocurrent model for shelf carbonate is formulated, more investigation in recent and ancient rocks is necessary.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
N-Acetylaspartate synthase is bimodally expressed in microsomes and mitochondria of brain.

N-Acetylaspartate (NAA) is an abundant amino acid derivative of the central nervous system that is localized primarily in neurons and has found widespread use in clinical NMR spectroscopy (MRS) as a non-invasive indicator of neuronal survival and/or viability. Its function, although still obscure, is thought to reflect its unusual metabolic compartmentalization wherein NAA synthase occurs in the neuron and aspartoacylase, the hydrolytic enzyme that removes the acetyl moiety, occurs in myelin and glia. The NAA synthase enzyme, acetyl-CoA/l-aspartate N-acetyltransferase (ANAT), was previously shown to function in mitochondria (MIT), although other subcellular fractions were apparently not examined. In this study we confirmed its presence in MIT but also found significant activity in rat brain microsomes (MIC). The reaction mixture, consisting of [(14)C]aspartate plus acetyl-CoA in Na-phosphate buffer (pH 7), gave rise to [(14)C]NAA that was separated and quantified by TLC. Reaction rates were 29.0+/-0.46 and 6.27+/-0.27 nmol/h/mg for MIC and MIT, respectively. K(m) values and pH optima were similar, and both fractions showed modest enhancement of ANAT activity with the detergents Triton CF-54 and CHAPS. Our tentative conclusion is that ANAT is bimodally targeted to MIT and a component of MIC-likely endoplasmic reticulum. ANAT activity increased in both MIC and MIT between 29 and 60 days of age but differed thereafter in that only MIT ANAT showed a decrease after 1 year.

Field of study: Biology
Construction and initial application of recombinant adenoviral expressed vector carrying EBV immediately early gene BZLF1

To construct recombinant adenoviml express vector carrying EBV immediately early gene BZLF1 and to investigate its function of inducing latent EBV into lytic cycle in vitro.  The recombinant adenovirus vector carrying EBV immediately early gene BZLF1 was constructed with AdEasy system and then transfected 293 cells to create recombinant adenovirus vAd-BZ. EBV positive NEC cells were infected with recombinant adenoviruses. The expression of target gene and its effects on EBV positive cells were tested by RT-PCR, Western blot, FACS and MTT in vitro.  The recombinant adenovirus vector was constructed successfully. The recombinant adenovirus vAd-BZ, which has stable infectivity, was packed in 293 cells. BZLF1 can be detected in EBV positive cells NEC infected by recombinant adenovirus and EBV was induced to enter lytic form after infection.  The recombinant adenoviruses vAd-BZ can effectly infect EBV positive NEC cells, induce a switch of EBV from latency to lyric cycle and kill EBV positive tumor cells specifically, which is potential for gene therapy of EBV associated tumor.

Field of study: Biology
Application of Microcontrollers Mega128 in the GPRS Wireless Date Terminating Units

In the field of controlling or operating by automation, the remote data acquisition is popular. This paper implements a solution of wireless date terminate through GPRS. The clients' microcontrollers can acquire data from RS232 serial port, and interact with remote server through GSM/GPRS communication modules, GPRS network, and Internet.

Field of study: Computer science