nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The shape model of excellent weight lifting athletes in China

the authors depicted the shape model of excellent weight lifting athletes in China from the index model,weight model and average value model,and revealed the following findings: Various shape indexes of excellent weight lifting athletes in China can be sorted into two categories,namely,muscle quality factor and figure factor;the weight model indicates that the coxa width,coxa width index and KTL index can reflect the characteristics of the event dedicated shape of excellent weight lifting athletes in China in the best way,showing that a "upside-down triangular" figure and developed muscle quality meet the shape requirement for weight lifting athletes.In the mean time,the average value model indicates that the differences of various indexes in the figure factor between different weigh levels are not as significant as those in the muscle quality factor.Moreover,with the weight level going higher,the event dedicated shape of excellent weight lifting athletes is suitable for the athletes to lift a heavier barbell.

Field of study: Education
Neuroimaging in drug abuse

Neuroimaging techniques, including positron emission tomography (PET), are ideally suited for studies of addiction. These minimally invasive modalities yield information about acute and long-term drug-induced structural and functional changes in the brain over time. Changes can be observed in the brains of human and animal subjects during drug self-administration. Neuroimaging with PET allows precise quantification and visualization of the drug and its rates of movement in the body. In addition, imaging reveals recovery of function and reappearance of neuronal markers in abstinent drug users. Evidence that suggests that PET may have use in identifying individuals predisposed to become addicted is emerging. Finally, candidate pharmacotherapies for drug addiction can be critically evaluated. These unique assets clearly point to the use of these strategies for addiction studies.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Short Circuit Tests on a Coreless HTS Synchronous Generator

A series of short circuit tests have been performed on a coreless (air-core) high-temperature superconducting (HTS) rotor, installed inside a conventional stator. The machine was driven like a generator using an 11 kW drive motor, to a maximum frequency of 20 Hz. The short circuit was activated at the stator terminals using a three-phase contactor switch and a remote trigger. Tests were conducted with a range of values for each of the following parameters: i) initial frequency, between 4 and 20 Hz; ii) operating field current, between 5 and 80 A; and iii) external resistance, between 14 and 160 mΩ. For each investigation, the other parameters were fixed. Large current surges were observed in both the stator (3 times its nominal current) and in the rotor (1/4 of the initial operating current). Some localized thermal measurements of a coil in the HTS winding were also recorded but, during the transient events, these measurements are invalidated by inductive voltages. The temperature is believed to remain steady during the short circuit event. The rotational kinetic energy of this rotor was almost half of its counterpart, but it was the power supply and the series resistor that absorbed most of the magnetomotive energy after the short-circuit. These components are essential parts of the HTS generators' overall system and their operating limits must also be considered in new designs.

Field of study: Physics
Oxygen-rich Leaching of Zinc Concentrate under Normal Pressure

Using reactor to simulate the process of zinc concentrate oxygen-rich leaching under normal pressure,the effect of particle size of concentrate,molar ratio of sulfuric acid to zinc,temperature,oxygen pressure,agitation speed,leach time and liquid-solid ratio on leach efficiency of zinc was investigated and the optimal condition was obtained.Under that condition,the leaching rate of zinc is more than 97%,zinc in residue is about 3%,the leaching rate of indium is about 96%,indium in residue is about 0.0004%,silver is seldom leached with most of it in residue and the sulfur content is above 78% in leaching residue.

Field of study: Materials science
Incorporation of Mn, Co and Zn cations into large-pore aluminophosphate molecular sieves MeAPO-50.

Large-pore metal modified aluminophosphate molecular sieves MeAPO-50 (Me=Co,Zn,Mn) were synthesised by hydrothermal crystallisation using di-n-propylamine as structure directing agent. EXAFS and XRD analysis show that cobalt(II), manganese(II) and zinc(II) are incorporated into the non-phosphorus tetrahedral framework sites of MeAPO-50 on the threefold-axis site, and on a site in a general position in the unit cell. Results of both methods on distribution of the metal over the two sites are compared.

Field of study: Physics
THE AKRON USDA-AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE PORTABLE BOOM-MOUNTED RAINFALL SIMULATOR

A rainfall simulator was constructed with improved portability, water storage and ease in changing nozzles. The rainfall simulator is comprised of water tanks and a rotating turret and boom attached at the rear of a flat-bed trailer. The boom is rotated to one side of the trailer for applying water to plots and positioned over the trailer and tanks for road transport. Interchangeable frames that hold the nozzles are suspended from the end of the boom. Typical set up time is 5 min. The simulator can apply water at rates up to 100 mm/hr (4 in./h) on an area of 40 m^ (430 ft2) for at least 90 min before refilling is needed.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Gedanken zur postdiluvialen Klimageschichte in Mitteleuropa

ZusammenfassungIch bin mir bewußt, daß die vorgetragenen Gedanken sicher nur zum kleinen Teil original sind, der größere Teil ist bereits vonGams, Werth, Köppen-Wegener und ganz neuerdings von E.Wasmund im II. Band des „Handbuches der Bodenlehre“ ausgesprochen oder wenigstens angedeutet worden. Mir lag nicht so daran, den von diesen Autoren angeregten Gedankengängen bis ins letzte nachzugehen, als vielmehr zu prüfen, ob dieMilankovitchsche Kurve den paläoklimatologischen Erfahrungen aus dem Postglazial einigermaßen gerecht wird. Mir scheint, daß dies der Fall ist, wenn auch im einzelnen noch mancherlei zu fragen bleibt; mir scheint ferner, daß eine Verbindung des solaren Einflusses mit dem geologischer Vorgänge das Wechselspiel des postglazialen Klimas in Mitteleuropa in plausibler Form zu deuten vermag, wobei allerdings die theoretischen Grundlagen als gegeben hingenommen worden sind.

Field of study: Environmental science
Identification of Host Proteins Packaged in H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus Particles by Mass Spectrometry

In this study,sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS PAGE) coupled with mass spectrometry were used to perform a comprehensive proteomics analysis of the purified influenza virus particles propagated from embryonated chicken eggs,which were purified by 20%-60% sucrose(w/w) density gradient centrifugation.In addition to the virus-encoded proteins,12 proteins originated from embryonated chicken eggs were identified in the purified virus particles,such as Annexin A2,Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase B,Peroxiredoxin-1,Phosphoglycerate kinase,and Pyruvate kinase muscle isoenzyme.Two kinds of cytoskeletal proteins,tubulin b-3 and actin,were also detected.

Field of study: Chemistry
Global Damping of a Vibration Structure with a Locally Controlled Absorber

The dynamic vibration absorber is a well-known vibration control device. Its performance can be enhanced by a proper synthesis of the coupling force between the absorber mass and the primary structure. This study proposes a locally controlled absorber that uses only a feedback signal measured at the coupling point. The absorber is based on an identified transfer function and tolerates identification errors. It is able to introduce global damping into the closed-loop primary structure, and it absorbs vibration at tuned frequencies. Simulation results are presented to verify the theoretical results.

Field of study: Physics
Savoir que nous exerçons une bonne médecine: Mise en æuvre des dossiers médicaux électroniques en pratique familiale

Nous aspirons tous a etre de bons medecins, qui offrent des soins de sante surs et efficaces a nos patients. Mais, est-ce vraiment le cas? Les medecins de famille dispensent des soins au moyen des processus de nos pratiques et des methodes de nos consultations. Pour comprendre quel genre de

Field of study: Medicine
Specific activation of mGlu2 induced IGF-1R transactivation in vitro through FAK phosphorylation

Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGlu2) belongs to the group-II metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors and is a neurotransmitter G protein-coupled receptor. The group-II mGlu receptors are promising antipsychotic targets, but the specific role of mGlu2 signaling remains unclear. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are also believed to participate in brain pathogenesis. To investigate whether there is any communication between mGlu2 and RTKs, we generated a CHO-mGlu2 cell line that stably expresses mGlu2 and showed that activation of mGlu2 by LY379268, a group II mGlu agonist, was able to transactivate insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R). We further determined that the Gi/o protein, Gβγ subunits, phospholipase C, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) were involved in the IGF-1R transactivation signaling axis, which further induced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) and cAMP response element-binding protein. In primary mouse cortical neurons, similar signaling pathways were observed when mGlu2 were stimulated by LY487379, an mGlu2 positive allosteric modulator. Transactivation of IGF-1R through FAK in response to mGlu2 should provide a better understanding of the association of mGlu2 with brain disease.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Loss of the sedimentary mixed layer as a result of the end-Permian extinction

The end-Permian mass extinction resulted in the most dramatic degradation of marine bottom communities during the Phanerozoic. One result of this extinction was the long-recognized, extreme reduction in bioturbation of the Early Triassic seafloor. Several lines of evidence (i.e., preferential preservation of epifaunal and very shallow-tier infaunal trace fossils; paucity of mid- and deep-tier trace fossils; absence of mottled bioturbation textures; dominance of cohesive substrates; widespread occurrence of microbially induced sedimentary structures in open-marine environments; ecological composition of Early Triassic communities) show that the reduction in bioturbation was so extreme that the sedimentary mixed layer was eradicated at an interregional scale for the only time since it was established in the early Palaeozoic. The consequences of this for ecosystem function and geochemical cycling must have been profound and yet they have received little consideration. Biogenic mixing of sediments is fundamental to geochemical cycling in extant marine ecosystems, and it also governs ecologically limiting factors such as nutrient fluxes, benthic primary production, and availability of ecospace. The collapse of biogenic sediment mixing during the Early Triassic must have affected geochemical properties of sediments and the seawater, as reflected in the geologic record of the sulphur cycle. Additionally, many of the proxies traditionally used to infer Early Triassic seawater anoxia may rather reflect poor sediment oxygenation arising from the extinction of bioturbators. Because of its impact on seawater and sediment chemistry, the loss of the mixed layer may have been an important, but hitherto little-considered constraint on the recovery from the end-Permian mass extinction.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Saturated nitrogen-containing heterocycles. 18. Catalytic synthesis and formation mechanism of substitutedcis-decahydroquinolines and their isologues

Hydromethylamination of 1,3-diaryl-3-(2-oxocyclohexyl)propan-1-ones produces N-methyl-2,4-diaryldecahydroquinolines with cis-fused hetero- and carbocycles that are stabilized in the A conformation. The reaction involves Δ2,3,9,10 intermediates and their subsequent reduction.

Field of study: Chemistry
Molecular and Crystal Structures of E- and Z-Isomers of 2,5-Dimethyl-3-furylethylidene(isopropylidene)-succinic Anhydride

Molecular and crystal structures of E- and Z-isomers of 2,5-dimethyl-3-furylethylidene(isopropylidene)-succinic anhydride were examined. Both isomers have structures twisting between the furan ring and the succinic anhydride portion. The photocyclization reaction is initiated by a π–π* transition from each part of the molecule, not from a π-orbital delocalized over the molecule.

Field of study: Chemistry
Art Returns to Education

HE title of this paper may be misleading. Let me therefore explain that this discussion does not attempt to cover Thomas Craven's favorite topic, nor what Stuart Chase saw in Mexico, nor the themes of Keppel and Duffus regarding adult education. Even the Owatonna Art Project, which has so firmly gripped the attention of one of our leading educational scientists, is here neglected. Although educational literature has recently devoted generous space to all these aspects of art, it would be quite appropriate to offer another article on that subject, indeed, many more articles. This essay, however, is devoted to a more commonplace, perhaps more comprehensive, view of art; it is concerned with teaching. This teaching may consist of instruction in any subject at allin grammar or physiology, in mathematics, or in literature, or even in art. There was a time which the new generation of teachers never knew, but the older cannot forget, when teaching was generally referred to as an art. There seemed no other way to define what good teachers did or how they did it. Under this caption, Mark Hopkins and his legendary log have long occupied a niche of fame. David Starr Jordan in biology, David Eugene Smith in mathematics, Frederick Jackson Turner and Henry Johnson in history, Mark Jefferson in geography, and William Rainey Harper in Semitics are among the great teachers most often characterized as artists. It is true that attempted description of their methods by their former students has nearly always proved inadequate. There is usually a margin, covered by a wide gesture, that marks the decisive element in their teaching as their students recall it.

Field of study: Education
The Next-Generation Multimission U.S. Surveillance Radar Network

The U.S. Government operates seven distinct radar networks, providing weather and aircraft surveillance for public weather services, air traffic control, and homeland defense. In this paper, we describe a next-generation multimission phased-array radar (MPAR) concept that could provide enhanced weather and aircraft surveillance services with potentially lower life cycle costs than multiple single-function radar networks. We describe current U.S. national weather and aircraft surveillance radar networks and show that by reducing overlapping airspace coverage, MPAR could reduce the total number of radars required by approximately one-third. A key finding is that weather surveillance requirements dictate the core parameters of a multimission radar—airspace coverage, aperture size, radiated power, and angular resolution. Aircraft surveillance capability can be added to a phased array weather radar at low incremental cost because the agile, electronically steered beam would allow the radar to achieve the much ...

Field of study: Environmental science
NDT of composite materials - problems and solutions 3. Modelling of dielectric relaxation phenomena

This paper discusses the modelling of frequency dependent dielectric relaxation as a support for designing transducers, the optimisation of testing conditions, identification of the internal structure of heterogeneous media, evaluation of errors and development of software for expert systems, etc. Basic principles, and the main models for relaxation behaviour are described. In this way it is possible to calculate the frequency dependence of the complex dielectric permittivity of various two- and three-component structures if the frequency dependence of the components is known.

Field of study: Materials science
Video-Rated Feature Extraction Using Differential Image

Video-Rated Feature Extraction Using Differential Image Masaaki Shibata, Member, Toshikazu Onda, Member, Kimiyoshi Tamura, Member ( The paper describes a novel approach of feature extraction for the fast object recognition based on Model Based Matching method (MBM method) in computer vision researches. The proposed approach is aimed to achieve the recognition in video-rated processing. In general the MBM method is known and utilized as the robust method against the variation of the luminance of target objects and the brightness of their circumstance. On the conventional process in the MBM method, however, it spends more than hundreds [msec] from taking the image of the objects to detecting their positions and orientations because of the large amount of calculation. In our approach, by introducing the Model made of central positions of circles only, quite novel process are structured, which is composed of just two steps to extract the positions. The first is to obtain the differential image by applying the filtering mask feasibly designed in our method. The second is to extract the central positions of circles from the differential image. The validity of our method is confirmed in the experimental results.

Field of study: Computer science
Diego Armus. The Ailing City: Health, Tuberculosis, and Culture in Buenos Aires, 1870-1950

This analysis of the discourses, practices, and images of tuberculosis in late nineteenthand early twentieth-century Buenos Aires delivers a comprehensive overview of the many ways in which fears about the disease influenced daily life in the Argentine metropolis. It offers vivid details about the ways in which popular, medical, and political discussion about tuberculosis highlighted larger porteño concerns about workplace safety, the professionalization of healers and physicians, immigration from Southern Europe, and the participation of women in the workforce. Author Diego Armus is careful to emphasize that the book does not attempt to explain the rise and decline of tuberculosis-related mortality in Argentina, nor does it link twentieth-century discourses about tuberculosis to early twenty-first century biomedical concerns about disease and contagion. Although he does draw on health statistics from the period to demonstrate the extent to which the threat of infection with tuberculosis was a real concern of city residents, Armus is motivated to show “that tuberculosis was a way of speaking not only about biomedical issues but also about other matters, matters not necessarily medical and more directly located in social and cultural realms” (p. 11). He deftly deploys an abundance of literary, musical, and cultural sources to show how the disease was woven into the fabric of daily life.

Field of study: History
En Casa: Women and Households in Post-Soviet Cuba*

This paper argues that the household has become a renewed space of significance for Cuban women in the post-Soviet period. It draws from existing scholarship and ethnographic fieldwork conducted with women in the city of Santiago de Cuba to discuss the effect of post-Soviet crisis and reform upon women's domestic practices, the management of domestic economies, and longstanding gender ideals that link women to the domestic sphere. Physical, economic and social factors leading to post-Soviet Cuban women's increased concentration upon the household are argued to be both the result of pre-existing social orientations towards households as a womanly space and a response to specific politico-economic shifts since the collapse of the Soviet Union. En Casa: Mujeres y Hogares en la Cuba Post-Soviética Este artículo sostiene que el hogar se ha vuelto un significativo espacio renovado para las mujeres cubanas en el periodo post-soviético. Se basa en textos y trabajo etnográfico conducido con mujeres en la ciudad de Santiago de Cuba para discutir los efectos de la crisis post-soviética y las reformas sobre las prácticas domésticas de las mujeres, el manejo de las economías domésticas, e ideales de género de largo plazo que vinculan a las mujeres con la esfera doméstica. Factores físicos, económicos y sociales que conducen a una creciente concentración femenina en los hogares en la Cuba post-soviética son señalados como el resultado tanto de orientaciones sociales preexistentes, como de un espacio feminizado, alrededor de los hogares y como una respuesta a las transiciones específicas desde el colapso de la Unión Soviética. Palabras clave: Cuba, mujeres, hogares, post-soviético, antropología En Casa: Mulheres e Lares na Cuba pós soviética Este artigo propõe o lar como um renovado espaço de importância para mulheres cubanas no período pós soviético. Ele faz uso de estudos existentes e de trabalho de campo etnográfico realizado com mulheres da cidade de Santiago de Cuba para discutir o efeito da crise e reforma pós soviéticas sobre práticas domésticas femininas, sobre a administração de economias domésticas, e sobre ideais de gênero de longa data que ligam as mulheres à esfera doméstica. Argumenta-se aqui que fatores físicos, econômicos e sociais que levaram mulheres cubanas no período pós soviético a se concentrar mais no lar são ambos resultados de orientações sociais pré-existentes, na direção ao espaço doméstico como espaço da mulher, assim como uma resposta a deslocamentos político-econômicos após o colapso da União Soviética. Palavras-Chave: Cuba, mulheres, lar, pós soviético, antropologia.

Field of study: Political science
Shell torsion and life habit in the recent mytilid bivalve Modiolus philippinarum

Modiolus philippinarum lives byssally attached to a rocky substrate, with the shell completely embedded in a mat of algal filaments and byssus. This mode of life possesses aspects in common with both epibyssate and endobyssate habits. Shell torsion in M. philippinarum has the same general adaptive value as in other twisted bivalves. However, the peculiar life habit of M. philippinarum results in significant differences with respect to truly endobyssate twisted forms.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Generation of High Power THz Radiation in ZnGeP2 upon Femtosecond Ti:Sapphire Laser Pumping

The possibility of generating high power terahertz radiation in a nonlinear crystal of zinc germanium phosphide (ZnGeP 2 ) with pumping in a short-wavelength absorption shoulder of 0.67–2.5 μm is studied in detail. High power femtosecond Ti:Sapphire laser system operating at wavelengths of 800 and 950 nm are considered as a pump source. A peak terahertz radiation power of ~1 kW is obtained.

Field of study: Physics
Zur weiteren Kenntnis des Chlorophylls und des Hämins, XXVII1) Darstellung und Bestimmung der absoluten Konfiguration einiger C‐10‐substituierter Phäophorbide der b‐Reihe

Aus Methylphaophorbid b (2A) werden die an C-10 epimeren 10-Methoxy-(3A,B), 10-Methoxypyro-(4A,B) und 10-Acetoxy-methylphaophorbide (5A,B) der b-Reihe dargestellt und chromatographisch in die konfigurativ einheitlichen Verbindungen getrennt. Die Bestimmung der absoluten Konfiguration am neu eingefuhrten Chiralitatszentrum (C-10) erfolgt mit Hilfe spektralpolarimetrischer Methoden (optische Rotationsdispersion und Zirkulardichroismus). 
 
 
 
Further Investigations on Chlorophyll and Hemin, XXVII1). The Preparation of Several C-I0 Substituted Pheophorbides of the b-Series and Determination of their Absolute Configuration 
 
 
 
The epimeric 10-methoxy-(3A,B), 10-methoxy-pyro-(4A,B), and 10-acetoxy-methylpheophorbides (5A,B) of the b-series have been synthesized and separated by chromatography into the configurationally pure components. The absolute configuration at the new centre of chirality (C-10) has been determined by spectropolarimetric methods (ORD/CD).

Field of study: Chemistry