nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Branding a College of Pharmacy

In a possible future of supply-demand imbalance in pharmacy education, a brand that positively differentiates a college or school of pharmacy from its competitors may be the key to its survival. The nominal group technique, a structured group problem-solving and decision-making process, was used during a faculty retreat to identify and agree on the core qualities that define the brand image of Midwestern University’s College of Pharmacy in Glendale, AZ. Results from the retreat were provided to the faculty and students, who then proposed 168 mottos that embodied these qualities. Mottos were voted on by faculty members and pharmacy students. The highest ranked 24 choices were submitted to the faculty, who then selected the top 10 finalists. A final vote by students was used to select the winning motto. The methods described here may be useful to other colleges and schools of pharmacy that want to better define their own brand image and strengthen their organizational culture.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
The Distribution of the Product of Two Central or Non-Central Chi-Square Variates

1.  The operational method of Mellin transforms is employed here to derive some interesting distribution functions. The distribution of the product of two non-central chi-square variates is obtained and some special cases exhibited. Finally, an application of the derived distributions to a problem in products of complex numbers is discussed. 2.  In many problems which arise in the physical sciences the use of complex variable notation greatly facilitates the deseription of some form of rotational motion. This is especially true in the mathematical theory of spinstabilized rockets. For statistical analysis purposes it is sometimes desirable to find an expression for the probability that the magnitude of the product of two complex numbers (whose real and imaginary parts are independent random variables) is contained in a circle of some specified radius. Such a problem stimulated the work described here. The solution of the original problem indicated the solution to a more general problem which is given here with the thought that this also may be of interest. The basic problem was to find the probability density function of a random variable w = Y1Y2 where y, is a Rayleigh variate (with scale parameter equal to one), Y2 is a non-central Rayleigh variate (with scale parameter equal to one) and y, is independent of Y2 . Since the square of a Rayleigh variate is a chi-square variate this problem was solved by obtaining the distribution of the product of a chi-square variate and a non-central chi-square variate, each with two degrees of freedom. The solution of this problem was generalized to include the distribution of the product of two non-central chi-square variates with arbitrary degrees of freedom. The distributions derived here were obtained by the use of Mellin transforms. The operational advantages of Mellin transforms in problems of this type have been described by Epstein , and additional information on Mellin transforms can be found in [71 and [81. 3. The distribution of the product of two non-central chi-square variates. Let us suppose that y, and Y2 are two independent random variables distributed according to the non-central X2 density function [6] with non-centrality parameters A, and A2 and degrees of freedom k, and k2 respectively. Thus the density function of yj is

Field of study: Mathematics
Comparison on the Method of Transmission Line Positive Sequence Impedance Measurement

Parameters of transmission line are basis for power system calculation with significant importance.The traditional methods have many shortcomings they can′t get accurate parameters of lines,especially for the parameters of zero-sequence self-impedance and transimpedance.This paper describes measuring methods for transmission line parameters first.For measuring the positive sequence impedance,through built mathematic model,derives two-terminal information algorithm based on long-line equation;then by the PSCAD emulation defines the application range for both one-terminal and two-terminal information algorithm.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Silencing of OsCV (CHLOROPLAST VESICULATION) Maintained Photorespiration and N-assimilation in Rice Plants Grown under Elevated CO2.

High CO2 concentrations stimulate net photosynthesis by increasing CO2 substrate availability for Rubisco, simultaneously suppressing photorespiration. Previously, we reported that silencing the CHLOROPLAST VESICULATION (CV) gene in rice increased source fitness, through the maintenance of chloroplast stability and the expression of photorespiration-associated genes. Since high atmospheric CO2 conditions diminished photorespiration, we tested whether CV-silencing might be a viable strategy to improve the effects of high CO2 on grain yield and N-assimilation in rice. Under elevated CO2 , OsCV expression was induced and OsCV was targeted to peroxisomes were it facilitated the removal of OsPEX11-1 from the peroxisome and delivered it to the vacuole for degradation. This process correlated well with the reduction in the number of peroxisomes, the decreased catalase activity and the increased H2 O2 content in WT plants under elevated CO2 . At elevated CO2 , CV-silenced rice plants maintained peroxisome proliferation, photorespiration and displayed higher N assimilation than WT plants. This was supported by higher activity of enzymes involved in NO3 - and NH4 + assimilation and higher total and seed protein contents. Co-immunoprecipitation of OsCV-interacting proteins suggested that, similar to its role in chloroplast protein turnover, OsCV acted as a scaffold, binding peroxisomal proteins. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Field of study: Environmental science
A surviving disk from a galaxy collision at z =0 .4

Spiral galaxies dominate the local galaxy population. Disks are known to be fragile to collisions. Thus it is worthwhile to probe under what conditions a disk can possibly survive such interactions.  We present a detailed morpho-kinematic study of a massive galaxy with two nuclei, J033210.76–274234.6, at $z = 0.4$. Methods. The morphological analysis reveals that the object consists of two bulges and a massive disk, as well as a faint blue ring. Combining the kinematics with morphology we propose a near-center collision model for the object.  We find that the massive disk is likely to have survived the collision of galaxies with an initial mass ratio of ~4:1. The N -body/Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) simulations show that the collision possibly is a polar collision with a very small pericentric distance of ~1 kpc, and that the remnant of the main galaxy will be dominated by a disk. The results support the disk survival hypothesis.  The survival of the disk is related to the polar collision with an extremely small pericentric distance. With the help of N -body/SPH simulations we find that the probability of disk survival is quite large regardless of whether the two galaxies merge or not.

Field of study: Physics
Anthropometric characteristics of children 7 to 12 years old in high altitude and low altitude, a study of growth adaptation in Samigaluh and Galur Districs, Kulon Progo Regency, Yogyakarta Province

Age of 7-12 years is an important periode for children's growth and development. Some factors affect growth process i.e. internal, external and enviromental factors. Some studies show that high altitude has effects on anthropometric characteristics of children which are reflected on the difference of growth patterns.  The aims of this research were to know the differences of anthropometric characteristics between children living in high altitude and low altitude, and to know the effect of different altitude environtment on the anthropometric characteristics of children.  Investigation was done on 565 children of 7-12 years old, boys and girls, which consisted of 255 children living in Samigaluh (high altitude) and 310 children living in Galur (low altitude). These two districts are located in Kulon Progo Regency in Yogyakarta Province. The anthropometric characteristics of the subjects were the measurements of weight, stature, biacromiale breadth, chest breadth, chest depth, bicristal breadth, upper arm circumference, chest circumference, sum of 4 skinfold thickness (triceps, infrascapular, suprailiac and calf skinfold) and sitting height. Many indices were calculated, i.e. Livi index, trunk height index, acromial index, chest index, bicristal index, acromiocristalis index, chest circumference index and skelic index. Statistical analysis of three ways anova and t-test were performed on the data. Mann-Witney test was conducted to reveal the difference of distribution among the indices category.  The results chest breadth, chest depth and sum of 4 skinfold thickness differed significantly between boys and girls of 7-12 years old in each district but there were no differences between children of Samigaluh and Galur. There were significant differences in the measurements of chest depth and chest index between 7-12 years old boys and girls of Samigaluh and Galur.  The anthropometric characteristics of children living in different altitude differed in the measurements of chest depth and chest index.  anthropometric characteristics - high altitude - low altitude - growth

Field of study: Medicine
Does your lab use social media?: Sharing three years of experience in science communication

Effective science communication is essential to share knowledge and recruit the next generation of researchers. Science communication to the general public can, however, be hampered by limited resources and a lack of incentives in the academic environment. Various social media platforms have recently emerged, providing free and simple science communication tools to reach the public and young people especially, an audience often missed by more conventional outreach initiatives. While individual researchers and large institutions are present on social media, smaller research groups are underrepresented. As a small group of oceanographers, sea ice scientists, and atmospheric scientists at the Norwegian Polar Institute, we share our experience establishing, developing, and maintaining a successful Arctic science communication initiative (@oceanseaicenpi) on Instagram, Twitter, and Facebook. The initiative is run entirely by a team of researchers with limited time and financial resources. It has built a broad audience of more than 7,000 followers, half of which is associated with the team’s Instagram account. To our knowledge, @oceanseaicenpi is one of the most successful Earth sciences Instagram accounts managed by researchers. The initiative has boosted the alternative metric scores of our publications and helped participating researchers become better writers and communicators. We hope to inspire and help other research groups by providing some guidelines on how to develop and conduct effective science communication via social media.

Field of study: Environmental science
Oxidation reactions of 4H-chalcogenopyrans

We have studied the oxidation of 4H-chalcogenopyrans and chalcogenopyrylium salts by lead tetraacetate. We have established that the major reaction products on oxidation of 2,6-diphenyl-4H-thiopyran and selenopyran are 2,6-diphenyl-4H-thio(seleno)pyran-4-ones, while 2-benzoyl-5-phenyl(seleno)thiophenes are formed as impurities. The major product on oxidation of 2,6-diphenyl-4H-pyran is 2-benzoyl-5-phenylfuran. We have shown that 2,4,6-triphenyl-4H-pyran does not undergo oxidation by hydrogen peroxide in neutral medium, in contrast to its S and Se analogs. This supports the hypothesis that the heteroatom participates in the oxidation process.

Field of study: Chemistry
Structural disorder and the loss of RNA homeostasis in aging and neurodegenerative disease

Whereas many cases of neurodegenerative disease feature the abnormal accumulation of protein, an abundance of recent literature highlights loss of RNA homeostasis as a ubiquitous and central feature of pathological states. In some diseases expanded repeats have been identified in non-coding regions of disease-associated transcripts, calling into question the relevance of protein in the disease mechanism. We review the literature in support of a hypothesis that intrinsically disordered proteins (proteins that lack a stable three dimensional conformation) are particularly sensitive to an age-related decline in maintenance of protein homeostasis. The potential consequences for structurally disordered RNA-binding proteins are explored, including their aggregation into complexes that could be transmitted through a prion-like mechanism. We propose that the spread of ribonucleoprotein complexes through the nervous system could propagate a neuronal error catastrophe at the level of RNA metabolism.

Field of study: Biology
Marvels and Miracles in Late Colonial Mexico: Three Texts in Context by William B. Taylor (review)

Chapter 2 compares Christo-centric and Marian forms of religious devotion in New Spain, noting die widespread presence of both and their links to regionally varied political practices and conflicts. At times, links between religion and politics mapped to social divisions of race and class, though they also frequently served to reinforce a sense of local identity. All of these fascinating and at times charming local stories allow us to situate the narrative of events at Tepayac within a more varied and diffuse cultural complex. Chapters 3 and 4 are devoted to the history of the Virgin of Guadalupe, examining hagiography, historiography and local practices, while chapter 5 provides an original reconsideration of the positioning of Guadalupe and Remedios in terms of Mexican and Spanish national identity during the era of Independence. Chapter 6 concludes with an assessment of changes in devotional practices during the nineteenth century.

Field of study: History
Lightweight thread tunnelling in network applications

Active Network nodes allow for non-trivial processing of data streams. These complex network applications typically benefit from protection between their components for fault-tolerance or security. However, fine-grained memory protection introduces bottlenecks in communication among components. This paper describes memory protection in Expert, an OS for programmable network elements which re-examines thread tunnelling as a way of allowing these complex applications to be split over multiple protection domains. We argue that previous problems with tunnelling are symptoms of overly general designs, and we demonstrate a minimal domain-crossing primitive which nevertheless achieves the majority of benefits possible from tunnelling.

Field of study: Computer science
Eating Disorders and Disordered Weight and Shape Control Behaviors in Sexual Minority Populations

summarized trends and key findings from empirical studies conducted between 2011 and 2017 regarding eating disorders and disordered weight and shape control behaviors among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and other sexual minority (i.e., non-heterosexual) populations.Recent FindingsRecent research has examined disparities through sociocultural and minority stress approaches. Sexual minorities continue to demonstrate higher rates of disordered eating; disparities are more pronounced among males. Emerging data indicates elevated risk for disordered eating pathology among sexual minorities who are transgender or ethnic minorities. Dissonance-based eating disorder prevention programs may hold promise for sexual minority males.SummaryContinued research must examine the intersections of sexual orientation, gender, and ethnic identities, given emergent data that eating disorder risk may be most prominent among specific subgroups. More research is needed within sexual minorities across the lifespan. There is still a lack of eating disorder treatment and prevention studies for sexual minorities.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Lesions of the medial and lateral striatum in the rat produce differential deficits in attentional performance.

Excitotoxic lesions of the medial frontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex in rats have been shown to produce dissociable impairments on a reaction time visual attention (5-choice) task. Because these cortical areas project to the medial striatal region, the authors predicted similar deficits after lesions of this striatal area compared with the lateral area. Compared with sham-operated controls, rats with quinolinic acid-induced medial striatal lesions showed all the behavioral changes associated with medial frontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex lesions. In contrast, lateral striatal lesions produced profound disturbances in the performance of the task. Control tests showed little evidence of gross deficits in either group of rats in terms of motivation, locomotor function, or Pavlovian appetitive conditioning. These data suggest that the medial and lateral striatum have contrasting roles in the control of instrumental responding related to the primary sources of their cortical innervation.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Reducing radiation damage in macromolecular crystals at synchrotron sources.

A new strategy is presented to reduce primary X-ray damage in macromolecular crystallography. The strategy is based on separating the diffracting and damaged regions as much as feasible. The source of the radiation damage to macromolecular crystals is from two primary mechanisms: the direct excitations of electrons by absorption, and inelastic scattering of the X-rays. The first produces photoelectrons with their accompanying Auger electrons from relaxation of the core hole and the second creates Compton electrons. The properties of these two mechanisms and calculations of primary X-ray damage quantify how to modify the spatial distribution of X-rays to reduce the deleterious effects of radiation damage. By focusing the incident X-rays into vertical stripes, it is estimated that the survival (the time during which quality diffraction data can be obtained with a given X-ray flux) of large crystals can be increased by at least a factor of 1.6, while for very small platelet crystals the survival can be increased by up to a factor of 14.

Field of study: Chemistry
Über die Anregung des817O-Kerns

ZusammenfassungZertrümmerungsversuche an N mit RaC′ ergeben zwei Energietönungen von −1,4 · 106 und −2,8 · 106 e-Volt. Die Differenz stimmt mit der Energie einer schwachen, bei der Stickstoffzertrümmerung bekannten γ-Strahlung überein. Ebenso findet man Übereinstimmung mit den Energiedifferenzen, die bei der Zertrümmerung von Ne mit Neutronen auftreten (und die gleichfalls817O betreffen), wenn man die Ergebnisse von Jaeckel anders ordnet. Ferner erhält man aus diesen Prozessen für die Masse des817O: 17,0046 und für1020Ne: 19,9995.

Field of study: Physics
A method for quantifying freshwater discharge rates from satellite observations and Lagrangian numerical modeling of river plumes

Satellite remote sensing is an efficient tool for identifying buoyant river plumes in the coastal ocean that are formed by the interaction between river discharge and ambient seawater. A new method for reconstructing the volume rates of river discharge based on the shape, extent and orientation of plumes is described that combines the output from a Lagrangian numerical model and analyses of satellite imagery. At the first step in the procedure, a high resolution satellite image is used to identify the river plume. The spatial characteristics of the plume as seen in the image are not determined solely by the current river discharge rate, as they also depend on the hydrographic features in the sea and atmospheric forcing. A previously developed and validated hydrodynamic model for river plumes is run with a variety of forcing conditions to identify the discharge rate that provides the best match between modeled and observed plumes. The method can be applied to estimate indirectly discharge from small rivers and streams, many of which lack direct measurements. Here it has been applied and validated against in situ data for two rivers feeding the eastern part of the Black Sea.

Field of study: Environmental science
Development of antibodies against tetravalent meningococcal polysaccharides in revaccinated complement‐deficient patients

Individuals deficient in C3 or a late complement component are susceptible to recurrent meningococcal infections. Since they experience meningococcal episodes mostly with uncommon meningococcal serogroups, vaccination with a tetravalent vaccine containing A, C, Y and W135 polysaccharides has been suggested. We vaccinated a cohort of two C3 and 17 late complement component‐deficient (LCCD) patients, revaccinated them 7 years later and investigated the development of their IgG antibodies to the capsular polysaccharides of the meningococcal vaccine. Seven years after the first vaccination levels of IgG antibodies declined compared with the levels present at 6 months after the first vaccination, but were still at least four times higher than before vaccination. Levels of antibodies to Y polysaccharide in serum of complement‐deficient patients were rather low but they did not differ significantly from those in serum of healthy non‐related controls (P = 0.07). Three months after the second vaccination IgG antibodies against all polysaccharides increased, exceeding those measured at 6 months after the first vaccination. In the 8 years of observation after the first vaccination two new meningococcal infections with strains related to the vaccine (serogroup Y strains) occurred in two patients, 3.5 and 5 years after the first vaccination. Our findings show that high IgG antibody levels against the tetravalent meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine were reached after revaccination of two C3 and 17 LCCD individuals 7 years after the first vaccination. Whether revaccination should be required within a period shorter than 7 years is discussed, since two vaccinees developed meningococcal disease to vaccine serogroup Y.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Zur geometrischen Elektronenoptik des axialsymmetrischen elektromagnetischen Feldes

ZusammenfassungMit Hilfe einer früher angegebenen Formel für den Brechungsexponenten des allgemeinen elektromagnetischen Feldes werden die Differentialgleichungen für Elektronenstrahlen im axialsymmetrischen Felde hergeleitet und diejenigen für achsennahe Strahlen durch eine rasch konvergierende Entwicklung allgemein integriert. Es werden Formeln für den Verlauf von elektrischem und magnetischem Feld angegeben, die vorgeschriebenen Bahnen der Elektronen entsprechen. Es wird die exakte Formel für Brennweite und Brechkraft einer elektronenoptischen Linse, die aus elektrischem und magnetischem Feld und Baumladung besteht, für den Fall eines endlich ausgedehnten Feldes angegeben und für die unendlich dünne elektromagnetische Linse Bedingungen hergeleitet, die man durch entsprechende Kombination von elektrischem und magnetischem Feld erfüllen muß, damit das System aberrationsfrei und frei von Bildzerdrehung ist. Es wird schließlich gezeigt, daß der Strahlenverlauf im axial-symmetrischen Feld aufgefaßt werden kann als optischer Strahlengang in einem isotropen Medium, dessen Brechungsexponent angegeben wird. Hieraus folgt, daß die Bildfehler der elektronenoptischen axialsymmetrischen Instrumente qualitativ die gleichen sind wie in der geometrischen Optik, also aus Aberration, Koma, Bildwölbung, Astigmatismus und Verzeichnung bestehen. Dazu kommt noch als spezieller Bildfehler des elektromagnetischen Feldes die Bildzerdrehung.

Field of study: Physics