nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Antibodies to TSH‐receptor in thyroid autoimmune disease interact with monoclonal antibodies whose epitopes are broadly distributed on the receptor

The hyperthyroidism of Graves’ disease (GD) is caused by TSH‐receptor (TSH‐R) stimulating autoantibodies (TSAb), leading to overproduction of thyroid hormones. We present evidence for TSAb interaction with three distinct regions of the TSH‐R, one in immediate vicinity of the carboxy terminal serpentine. Three murine monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs 28·1, A9 and 31·7) directed to amino acids 36–40, 147–228 and 382–415 were labelled and tested for their binding to human recombinant TSH‐R on solid phase. All MoAbs bound to TSH‐R with a Kd of 8–12 nm and showed no competition among themselves. We tested 114 sera from euthyroid controls, 118 TBII positive sera from patients with GD (containing TSAb confirmed by bioassays), 16 TBII positive sera from patients with autoimmune thyroid disease (AIT), who were hypothyroid and had TSH blocking antibodies (TBAb), and 20 patients with AIT, who were hypothyroid but negative for all TRAb. Mid‐regional MoAb A9 tracer achieved the highest sensitivity in the GD group (72·0%), whereas C‐terminal MoAb 31·7 found most sera positive in the AIT group (87·5%). Surprisingly, the N‐terminal MoAb 28·1 had the lowest sensitivity in the GD (10·4%) and AIT group (43·8%). Using a mixture of all three tracer MoAbs did not increase the sensitivity in the GD or AIT group, compared to the best single MoAb alone. Median inhibition of MoAb A9 was significantly (P < 0·001) higher than inhibition of MoAbs 28·1 or 31·7 in the group of GD patients but not in other groups. Almost all patient sera with positive reactivity in the MoAb tracer assays had TBII values in the higher range. However, there were many highly TBII positive sera, which did not show a displacement of the MoAb tracers. We conclude that, contrary to some reports, the binding of TSAb and TBAb to the TSH‐R is not restricted to distinct and distant epitopes. The middle part of the TSH‐R seems to be more relevant for TSAb binding than the N‐terminal part, while a proportion of TSAb autoantibodies also binds to a C‐terminal epitope of the TSH‐R. The method described here is a TSH independent competitive assay for the detection of TSH‐R autoantibodies.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Phonon Signature of Charge Inhomogeneity in High Temperature Superconductors YBa2Cu3O{6+x}

Temperature and composition dependences of high-energy longitudinal optical (LO) phonons in YBa2Cu3O{6+x}, studied by inelastic neutron scattering measurements, provide clear evidence for temperature dependent spatial inhomogeneity of doped charges. The measurements indicate that charge doping increases the volume fraction of the charged regions, while the local charge density remains unchanged. For the optimally doped sample the charge distribution changes sharply near the superconducting transition temperature, with stronger charge inhomogeneity below Tc. The remarkable magnitude of the phonon response to charge suggests strong involvement of phonons in charge dynamics.

Field of study: Physics
On Maximum-Likelihood Blind Synchronization Over WSSUS Channels for OFDM Systems

Various blind synchronization methods built on the maximum likelihood (ML) principle have been proposed, where the addressed scenarios include additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), single-path fading, and multipath fading channels. We consider ML blind synchronization over wide-sense stationary uncorrelated scattering (WSSUS) channels. Different from existing studies, we exploit a more complete signal correlation function and find the carrier frequency offset estimate to be the solution of a quartic equation, rather than the phase angle of a complex number. As the truly ML synchronizer (dubbed MLE) is very complicated, we also derive a reduced-complexity alternative (dubbed RCE). It is found that the RCE yields indistinguishable performance from the MLE, at a somewhat lower complexity than an existing rival. We also present an in-depth theoretical analysis and comparison of the performance of various methods. Simulations show that the proposed methods yield rather robust performance in modeling errors of the fading rate and the channel power-delay profile (PDP).

Field of study: Engineering
Helping Staff during a School Self-Study Prepare to Examine Curriculum Design: Vicarious Participation in Debates through Script Reading.

This study examined the effects on schema organiza tion and communication during a school self-study associated with vicarious participation by members of school faculties in debates related to the topic of pro gram design. Faculty in schools preparing for formal ac creditation by a regional accrediting agency participated in the study. The experimental group participated in script reading sessions featuring a debate over the relative merits of several forms of program designs. Word association measures showed significantly greater gain in schema development by the experimental group. After several months, faculty opinions about the nature of the communication process during the self-study showed no meaningful effects on the schema develop ment. ONE OF THE MOST INTENSE PERIODS of in volvement of school staff with curriculum-related issues occurs during a self-study conducted in the context of formal accreditation. For both the school and the ac crediting agency the institutional self-study is an impor tant part of the total accreditation process. The self study is viewed as worthwhile in itself because it pro vides the basis for program improvement and staff development. In addition, a self-study is an essential component in the accreditation process because it pro vides data to guide visiting committees. These crucial roles of the self-study invite consideration of factors which can contribute to improving this key element of a total school improvement program. Preparation for the self-study is one factor that deserves careful attention. Preparation is of such impor tance that some agencies, such as the Commission on Elementary Schools of the Southern Association of Col leges and Schools, require schools to secure the services of a professionally trained and experienced consultant to help develop readiness (9). Readiness is itself a com plex concept. It involves both a willingness and desire to engage in an activity as well as an ability to carry out the activity. Thus, readiness has a general attitudinal com ponent which could be viewed as an emotional set with respect to the self-study process. But readiness also has specific cognitive dimensions which are related to par ticular tasks of the study. It is this second side of readiness, the cognitive state or knowledge base necessary to engage in the self-study process, to which

Field of study: Education
Food, Race and Working-Class Identity: Restaurantes Populares and Populism in 1930s Peru1

… And tell me, which President looked to the future? It was, believe it or not, [Sánchez] Cerro. I fully recognize that he was able to look to the future and … he grabbed the rich [by the neck] and took part of their wealth, you there [he said], you’re going to give me potatoes, you’re going to give me yucca, you’re going to give me sweet potatoes, he told them, to feed the poor neighborhoods, you bring me rice, meat, you tell me you have five hundred cows, well then, kill only five cows, otherwise, slash-slash, I’m going to snuff you too, and then, no!, you have to do what Nine-Fingers [Sánchez Cerro—who lost one of his fingers during a military uprising] says. He was a strange president. What did he do? He’d bring out the military officers, the soldiers, [and he would say] you here, you’re going to cook, and he’d go off with the trucks to the poor neighborhoods with the food, all ready to eat, the people should not be dying of hunger he would say, but he saw that that too was indecent, so he built the comedores populares [sic]. Who inaugurated them? One-eyed Oscar R. Benavides, but who started them? [Sánchez] Cerro [my emphasis]. This article examines the creation, in the 1930s, of restaurants, known as restaurantes populares, which were funded and run by the Peruvian state in order to “solve the urgent problem of [the provision of] easy, comfortable and healthy nutrition to the popular classes.”

Field of study: History
The diversity, distribution and ecology of diatoms from Antarctic inland waters

Diatoms are abundant and diverse in many Antarctic freshwaters, with a general trend of decreasing diversity moving southwards. They form an important component of many benthic algal communities in streams and standing waters but are generally less common in the phytoplankton. Diatoms are excellent ecological indicator species and, because their remains are preserved in many sedimentary environments, there appears to be a great potential for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction and the examination of past diversity. A lack of taxonomic precision and consistency, coupled with the insufficient collection from some geographical areas, makes the estimation of the number of Antarctic diatom species problematic.

Field of study: Environmental science
Fast scalar multiplication of degenerate divisors for hyperelliptic curve cryptosystems

Scalar multiplication is the main operation in the implementation of hyperelliptic curve cryptosystems, where the basic arithmetic of reduced divisor classes is required. In this work, some explicit formulas are proposed for the arithmetic of reduced divisor classes by exploiting Jacobian coordinates when the degenerate divisor is involved. Moreover, an efficiency analysis shows that the degenerate divisor as a base element can be a valid alternative in hyperelliptic curve cryptosystems as well.

Field of study: Mathematics
Malaysia Incorporated: Ethics on Trial

It is logical to begin by considering briefly the influence of Malaysia’s post-1957 social, economic and political factors in the evolution and development of the close and intimate relationships between government and business that have become the hallmark of the Malaysian economic equation. In 1957 when Malaya 1 achieved independence from Britain, it inherited a form of government based on the Westminster model which, with a few local adaptations, remains very much in place. Of equal significance is the inheritance of an economy based on the traditional British colonial mercantile interests centred on the export of rubber and tin. The nation boasted the most efficient plantation economy in the world, so efficient, in fact, that Malayan foreign exchange earnings helped Britain enormously to repay much of its war debt to the USA. It was not for nothing that Malaya was known as Britain’s Dollar Arsenal. Economic prosperity, by the standards of Asia, was not new to the country. It was, however, commodity-based and opportunities for corruption were nothing like those that presented themselves in the 1970s.

Field of study: Political science
Simultaneous determination of multiple jelly, ice dream,drinks colorants with RP-HPLC method

To establish RP-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of seven colorants in jelly, ice cream, drinks, e. g. Lemon yellow, amaranth, indigo, carmine, sunset yellow, allura red, blue. After the samples were polyamide adsorbed, filtered, elution, concentrating dissolved in water,used Agilent C18column(5 μm, 250 mm×3.0 mm) chromatographic column separation, methanol-0.02mol/L ammonium acetate solution as mobile phase, method using gradient elution, change the wavelength determination.  Seven colorants had good separation. The correlation coefficients was more than 0.999. The recovery with standard addition was 84.6%~107%, RSD5%.  This method is sensitive, rapid, accurate, good repeatability, high sensitivity, good colorants separation, and recovery satisfaction, and it can simultaneously determine seven colorants in jelly, ice cream, drinks.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Development of Thermal Dissociation Atmospheric Chemical Ionization Source for Rapid Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Ambient Samples

A novel thermal dissociation atmospheric chemical ionization source(TDCI) was developed for rapid chemical ionization of ambient analytes in complex matrices.By coupling the TDCI source to a commercial LTQ XL mass spectrometer,the dissociation of chemical reagents such as ionic liquids was systematically investigated using multiple-stage mass spectrometric experiments.The primary ions generated through the thermal dissociation process of the ionic liquids were accelerated by the high voltage applied on the repelling electrode of the TDCI source,and then reacted with the analytes present in the matrices of the raw samples to produce ions of analytes,which were then guided to the LTQ instrument for mass analysis.The construction of the TDCI source was detailed in the text.The effects of the experimental parameters such as the pyrolysis temperature,the distance,and the angles formed between the electrodes were experimentally studied using the signals of characteristic fragments of the ionic liquid.Under the optimal experimental parameters,TDCI was able to directly ionize a wide variety of compounds,including the poplar(e.g.,amino acids,doping compounds) and non-polar chemicals(e.g,naphthalene) for sensitive detection using LTQ-MS,without any sample pretreatment.The average time for a single sample analysis was less than 30 s,and the relative standard deviation of the method was in the range of 5.9%-11.1%;the LOD for naphthalene was estimated to be 2.93×10-7 g/L.

Field of study: Chemistry
Diffusion and conductivity in Na+Cd2+ β alumina

The diffusion coefficient for Na+ at 335°C in single crystals of beta alumina has been measured as a function of increasing divalent cadmium concentration. The conductivities of the same compositions were determined over the temperature range of 25–400°C. The results reveal that the conductivity in these mixed crystals actually increases when small (<20%) concentrations of the sodium ions are exchanged for cadmium. The data are consistent with the expected interstitialcy mechanism for sodium ion diffusion when the concentration of ions is greater than 1/Beevers-Ross site and a vacancy mechanism when the concentration of ions is less than 1/Beevers-Ross site.

Field of study: Materials science
Radiocarbon age of rock-boring Hiatella arctica (Linné) and postglacial sea-level change at Cow Head, Newfoundland

Carbonate bedrock surfaces recently exposed at Cow Head, Newfoundland (50°14′N, 57°35′W) are densely riddled with boreholes of Hiatella arctica (Linne), many of which are occupied by subfossil specimens of this bivalve as well as with vermiform burrows of a sponge (? Cliona sp.). A radiocarbon date of 8250 ± 320 years BP (GSC-3433) on several Hiatella valves from the burrows gives the age of a sea-level stand at 8 m asl at the locality, during which penecontemporaneous surf erosion or beach gravel deposition led to the demise of the shells. Other unoccupied cavities in longer exposed bedrock outcrops on Cow Head are contrasted in form and distribution with those of Hiatella and are argued to be boreholes of another marine invertebrate, not positively identified.

Field of study: Environmental science
Is indirect exposure a significant contributor to the burden of perfluorinated acids observed in humans?

In comparison to other persistent organic pollutants, human fluorochemical contamination is relatively complicated. This complication arises at least in part from a disparity between the chemicals used commercially and those measured in the environment and humans. Commercial fluorochemical products are dominated by fluorinated polymers used in textile or carpet applications, or fluorosurfactants used in applications ranging from personal care products, leveling and wetting agents, to greaseproofing food-contact materials. Investigations into environmental and human fluorochemical contamination have focused on perfluorinated acids (PFAs), either the perfluorinated carboxylates (PFCAs) or sulfonates (PFSAs). In this review we will present an overview of data related to human fluorochemical exposure including a discussion of fluorochemical production, concentrations in exposure media, biotransformation processes producing PFAs, and trends in human sera. These data will be presented in the context of how they can inform sources of human PFA contamination, specifically whether the contamination results from direct PFA exposure or indirect exposure via the biotransformation of commercial fluorochemicals or their residuals. Concentrations of both perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) began to decrease in human sera around the year 2000, a change that mirrored the 2000-2002 phase-out of perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride (POSF) production. These temporal trends suggest exposure to current-use POSF-based materials was a significant source of PFOA and PFOS exposure prior to 2000. Relatively slow PFOA elimination and increasing concentrations of the C9 and C10 PFCAs in human sera suggest continued PFCA exposure, without similar exposure to PFOS, which is consistent with indirect exposure via the biotransformation of fluorotelomer-based materials. Conversely, human exposure models have suggested direct exposure to PFAs present in food items is the major source of human contamination. The data set presented here cannot unequivocally delineate between direct and indirect human exposure, however temporal trends in human sera and exposure media are consistent with indirect exposure representing a significant portion of observed human PFA contamination.

Field of study: Environmental science
Frequency characteristics of a two-mode ring gas laser with a two-isotope active medium

An analysis is made of a mode-locked four-wave (two-mode) stimulated emission regime in a ring laser with a two-isotope active medium. The ranges of existence and stability of this regime are found as a function of such laser parameters as the pressure in the gaseous active medium, resonator perimeter, losses suffered by opposite waves, excess of the rate of pumping above the threshold, detuning, etc. A detailed study is made of the dependence of the difference between the frequencies of the opposite waves on the detuning in the mode-locked regime and this is done for arbitrary values of the laser parameters. The frequency characteristic is reduced to a form which is suitable for comparison with experimental results.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Targeting the glucocorticoid receptor reduces binge-like drinking in High Drinking in the Dark (HDID-1) mice.

Chronic alcohol exposure can alter glucocorticoid receptor (GR) function in some brain areas that promotes escalated and compulsive-like alcohol intake. GR antagonism can prevent dependence-induced escalation in drinking, but very little is known about the role of GR in regulating high-risk non-dependent alcohol intake. Here, we investigate the role of GR in regulating binge-like drinking and aversive responses to alcohol in the High Drinking in the Dark (HDID-1) mice, which have been selectively bred for high blood ethanol concentrations (BECs) in the Drinking in the Dark (DID) test, and in their founder line, the HS/NPT.



In separate experiments, male and female HDID-1 mice were administered one of several compounds that inhibited GR or its negative regulator, FKBP51 (mifepristone [12.5, 25, 50, 100 mg/kg], CORT113176 [20, 40, 80 mg/kg], and SAFit2 [10, 20, 40 mg/kg]) during a 2-day DID task. Ethanol consumption and BECs were measured. Ethanol conditioned taste and place aversion (CTA and CPA, respectively) were measured in separate HDID-1 mice after mifepristone administration to assess GR's role in regulating the conditioned aversive effects of ethanol. Lastly, HS/NPT mice were administered CORT113176 during DID to assess whether dissimilar effects from those of HDID-1 would be observed, which could suggest that selective breeding had altered sensitivity to the effects of GR antagonism on binge-like drinking.



GR antagonism (with both mifepristone and CORT113176) selectively reduced binge-like ethanol intake and BECs in the HDID-1 mice, while inhibition of FKBP51 did not alter intake or BECs. In contrast, GR antagonism had no effect on ethanol intake or BECs in the HS/NPT mice. Although HDID-1 mice exhibit attenuated ethanol CTA, mifepristone administration did not enhance the aversive effects of ethanol in either a CTA or CPA task.



These data suggest that the selection process increased sensitivity to GR antagonism on ethanol intake in the HDID-1 mice, and support a role for the GR as a genetic risk factor for high-risk alcohol intake.

Field of study: Medicine
Degradation Dynamics of Imidacloprid in Hainan Cowpea and the Soil

The HPLC method for imidacloprid in soil and cowpea was developed. The degradation dynamics of the imidacloprid in the soil and cowpea and the terminal residue in the cowpea were studied. The method recovery ranged 78% to 89% and the linear relationship was good from 0.05 to 5 μg/mL with a relative standard deviation less than 7%. The method limit of quantification was 0.01 μg/mL. The method could cover the detection requirement.The half-life of the imidacloprid in the soil and cowpea was 2.8 d and 3.7 d, respectively. The residue of the imidacloprid in the cowpea was less than 0.5 μg/g 2.5 days later when 1.5 times of the recommended dose of imidacloprid was sprayed. The half-life of the imidacloprid was short, which belongs to the easy degradation pesticide. The cowpea was sprayed once per 2 days for three times, respectively with 1.5 times and 2 times of the recommended dose. The results showed that the imidacloprid residue in the cowpea were less than 0.5 μg/g,respectively 4 days and 6 days later.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Information Systems Ethics in the Triad

A convenience sample of 520 bank employees completed a 30-item, three-section IS ethics questionnaire, 129 in the western USA, 176 in Oman, and 215 in South Korea. Section 1 concerned employee use of employer IS resources for personal entertainment, section 2 concerned employee use of employer IS resources for personal or family gain, and section 3 concerned employer monitoring of employee use of employer IS resources. Statistically significant differences occurred on 28 items across all sections; 14 represented differing degrees of commitment but overall agreement on the ethicality of a behavior; 12 represented disagreement regarding the ethicality of a behavior. Of the 12 disagreements, 6 were in section 1 and concerned after-hours use of IS resources, 2 were in section 2 and concerned printing and storing personal documents, and 4 were in section 3 and concerned giving prior notice when monitoring employees. In sections 1 and 2, all samples favored employer rights over employee rights. In section 3, only the US sample favored employers; this section generated the greatest differences among the samples. The US sample was most conservative on 25 items, the Omani sample on 4 items, and the South Korean sample on only 1 item.

Field of study: Computer science
Profile measurements of pressure broadened He II-lines

Helium plasmas having temperatures of 15–23 eV and electron densities of 0.8–1.6×1017 cm−3 were reproducibly established in a 10 kJoule thetapinch experiment. Radial and axial homogeneity of the plasma parameters in the discharge column could be achieved very satisfactorily by superimposing an axial magnetic bias field antiparallel in direction to the main thetapinch field. This plasma was well suited for Stark profile measurements on the He II-lines (4,686, 3,203, 2,733, 2,511 Å) in the visible and near ultraviolet and on the He II-lines (1,215, 1,085, 1,025, 992 Å) in the vacuum-UV-region. The line profiles recorded are given in the usualS(α)-representation and their halfwidth-density dependence is tabulated. Comparison is made with line shapes from other authors where available.

Field of study: Physics