nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Choice and foraging: the effects of accessibility on acceptability.

Pigeons responded in a successive-encounters choice procedure in which accessibility of the less profitable of two outcomes varied either in terms of probability of encounter or search time to encounter (keeping search time to the more profitable outcome constant). When the less profitable outcome was made more probable its acceptance became more likely. However, when search time to encounter the less profitable outcome was shortened, its acceptance became less likely. Both results are consistent with the delay-reduction hypothesis and with an optimality model developed for application to the successive-encounters choice procedure.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Application Development of Complex Imprinted Polymer in Analytical Chemistry

Molecularly imprinted polymer(MIP) has the selective binding ability for target molecule(template molecule).Based on the coordination among metal,functional monomer and template molecule,complex imprinted polymer(CIP) holds selectivity derived from MIP and has some specialties like being stable and effective in polar environment,which make a great potential of the recognition of target analytes in food,environmental,biological and pharmaceutical samples.In this paper,the characteristic of CIP was introduced.Its development of application in analytical chemistry was summarized.The foreground of complex imprinted technique was previewed.

Field of study: Chemistry
Revising the ERDS'94: Goals, Opposition and Resolution

The Catholic bishops of the United States are currently revising the Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Health Oare Services which they last issued seven years ago. I Their specific goal is to refine the treatment of the Principle of Cooperation given in directives 69 and 70, and in the Appendix. They need to give a presentation of this Principle that is precise and unambiguous enough to ensure its proper interpretation and application. In so doing, they will help to prevent those misinterpretations and misapplications of the Principle that would permit unjustifiable cooperation in moral evil. Although the bishops wish to exclude cooperation with all intrinsically evil acts, the central issue for the past thirty years has been direct sterilization. In this article we will examine the steps taken by the Magisterium over the past thirty years to ensure a unity of Catholic belief and practice in Catholic health care, especially as it relates to the question of direct sterilization. We will also examine the debate that has surrounded these efforts and the arguments presented by the Holy See, the National

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Optimization of grade transition for high-density polyethylene continuous slurry process

A model of grade transition is presented for the industrial high-density polyethylene (HDPE) continuous slurry process, which has two reactors and one pelletizer connected in series.The object of the model is to minimize the quantity of off-specification product and the time of grade transition.By the optimization of the objective function, the trajectories of both the controlled variables and the quality target of polymer product can be obtain, such as polymerization temperature, hydrogen to ethylene ratio([H_2]/[C_2]), co-monomer butylene to ethylene ratio([C_4]/[C_2]), catalyst feed rates, the quality target of polymer product in the two reactors and the polymer’s melt index(MI) in the pelletizer.The result showed that the polymer grade was determined by the properties of both the polymer slurry from the reactors and the polymer pellet from the pelletizer.Therefore, the grade transition strategy must be optimized from a plantwide viewpoint.The factor of pelletizer was added into the objective function, which effectively restrained the sharp change of controlled variable and ensured the security of the grade transition process.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Study of the guidance for the development of sport social science in China - a statistical analysis of the 1999-2009 guides for National Social Science Fund Awarded Topics in Sports Science.

In order to probe into the role of national social science funds in guiding the development of sport social science in China,based on the data in the Social Science Fund Application Guides(for Sports Science) issued by the website of Nationwide Philosophy and Social Science Planning Office in previous years,the author performed a statistical analysis on keywords used in the 1999-2009 Guides for National Social Science Fund Application,projects established,and theses published on CSSCI journals by using keyword frequency and degree of similarity statistical methods,and revealed the following findings: with respect to the National Social Science Fund Application Guides,the rate of project establishment was 90.0%,the rate of guidance was 80.0%,the degree of similarity between the topic guides and project establishment was 77.1%;the broken line chart of keywords used in the topic guides was extremely similar to the broken line chart of keywords used in projects established and the broken line chart of keywords used in CSSCI journals.The said findings indicated that the establishment of projects awarded with national social science funds(for sport science) and the degree of concern of the academic community about sport social science related issues are basically consistent with the state’s ideology for the development of sport social science,and that the Guides for National Social Science Fund Awarded Topics play an important role in guiding the development of sport social science in China.

Field of study: Education
Experimental evaluation of zeotropic refrigerants in a dedicated mechanical subcooling system in a CO2 cycle

Use of zeotropic blends in the dedicated mechanical subcooling system of a CO2 refrigeration system was suggested as a possible improvement due to matching of evaporating temperature with CO2 temperature profile during subcooling. This work has verified this possibility and has determined theoretically the best performing compositions of R-600, R-32 and CO2 with the base fluid R-152a. Then, the mixtures have been tested experimentally in a lab-test bench for constant heat load temperature for three heat rejection temperatures (25.1, 30.3 and 35.1°C). Optimum conditions are measured (subcooling degree and heat rejection) and a COP increase of 1.4% has been obtained. The work, for the optimum conditions, analyses the operating parameters of the cycles and focus specially on the thermal parameters of the subcooler. It has been verified that the use of zeotropic mixtures allows to reduce irreversibilities in the cycle, as pointed out theoretically by Dai et al. (2018).

Field of study: Engineering
Research of Density-Based Clustering Algorithm Based on Dissimilarity Selection

In this paper,a extending Optimizable k-Dissimilarity selection method,EOptiSim is proposed based on the original OptiSim algorithm.EOptiSim can fetch up the weakness of the original OptiSim processing the combinatorial library and distributed database.The application of the diverse representative subset selection method of OptiSim or EOptiSim before DBSCAN can deal with not only a single large-scale database but also the combinatorial library or distributed database while reducing the cost of I/O and memory.The experimental results show that the novel algorithm is effective and efficient.

Field of study: Computer science
Recent work on alethic pluralism

These propositions pertain to subject matters of radically different natures. While (ORD) and (MATH) pertain to mind-independent states of affairs, (ETH), (LEG), (CUL), and (HUM) concern states of affairs that depend on mind in some way. Further distinctions apply within each group. For instance, while (ORD) concerns concrete entities, (MATH) says something about numbers, certain abstract entities. The alethic pluralist contends that differences in subject matter go hand in hand with differences in truth. Thus, considering the above propositions, the alethic pluralist might say that (ORD) is true in virtue of corresponding with reality whereas (MATH) and (LEG) owe their truth to cohering with respectively the axioms of arithmetic and the law. She might continue the story by saying that (ETH), (CUL), and (HUM) are true in virtue of eliciting certain responses in subjects (although the particular type of response relevant to each case might be different). We can capture these ideas by characterizing the alethic pluralist as someone who endorses the following thesis:

Field of study: Philosophy
Shape of proton and the pion cloud

Proton-proton differential and total cross sections provide information on the energy dependence of proton shape and size. We show that the deviation from exponential behavior of the diffraction cone observed near t = -0.1 GeV2 the so-called break) both at the ISR and the LHC follows from the t-channel two-pion loop contributions, imposed by unitarity. By using a simple Regge pole model, we extrapolate the “break” from the ISR energy region to that of the LHC. This allows us to answer two important questions: 1) To what extent is the “break” observed recently at the LHC a “recurrence” of that seen at the ISR (universality)? 2) What is the relative weight of two-pion effect to the vertex coupling (Regge residue) compared to expanding size (pomeron propagator) in producing the “break”? We find that the effect comes both from the Regge residue (proton-pomeron coupling) and from the Regge propagator. A detailed analysis of their balance, including the correlation between the relevant parameters is presented.

Field of study: Physics
Neurotransmitter and neuromodulator genes associated with a history of depressive symptoms in individuals with alcohol dependence.

Depressive symptoms are common among individuals with alcohol use disorders and impact treatment outcome. Substantial overlap exists among the neurobiological systems proposed in the pathophysiology of depressive and alcohol use disorders; however, specific genetic effects contributing to risk for depressive comorbidity remain poorly understood.



This study examines the association of depressive symptom scores for lifetime depression (the sum of DSM-IV major depression co-endorsed criteria for lifetime depression) with markers in 120 candidate genes in 554 alcohol-dependent individuals. The candidate genes code for molecules involved in dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and opioid neurotransmission, cell signaling, pharmacokinetics, stress biology, and behavioral control. Analyses were conducted at the single marker level with experimentwise permutation to control for multiple testing.



Results revealed nominal associations for markers in 20 genes. Following experimentwise permutation, markers in the corticotropin-releasing hormone-binding protein (CRHBP) the μ-opioid receptor (OPRM1) and the β1 subunit of GABA A (GABA(A)) receptors (GABRB1) met or exceeded the significance threshold. None of the markers associated with depressive symptom scores were significantly associated with alcohol dependence symptom scores.



These findings suggest potential risk genes for depressive symptoms in alcohol-dependent individuals.

Field of study: Medicine
Physiological, biochemical and molecular responses to a combination of drought and ozone in Medicago truncatula.

Drought and tropospheric ozone are escalating climate change problems that can co-occur. In this study, we observed Medicago truncatula cultivar Jemalong that is sensitive to ozone and drought stress when applied singly, showed tolerance when subjected to a combined application of these stresses. Lowered stomatal conductance may be a vital tolerance mechanism to overcome combined ozone and drought. Sustained increases in both reduced ascorbate and glutathione in response to combined stress may play a role in lowering reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide toxicity. Transcriptome analysis indicated that genes associated with glucan metabolism, responses to temperature and light signalling may play a role in dampening ozone responses due to drought-induced stomatal closure during combined occurrence of these two stresses. Gene ontologies for jasmonic acid signalling and innate immunity were enriched among the 300 differentially expressed genes unique to combined stress. Differential expression of transcription factors associated with redox, defence signalling, jasmonate responses and chromatin modifications may be important for evoking novel gene networks during combined occurrence of drought and ozone. The alterations in redox milieu and distinct transcriptome changes in response to combined stress could aid in tweaking the metabolome and proteome to annul the detrimental effects of ozone and drought in Jemalong.

Field of study: Environmental science
Refractive indices of reactive magnetooptical thin films.

A method is described for determining the refractive indices of magnetooptical thin films. The films are deposited in a multilayer stack so that they can be protected from the environment. A thick, transparent substrate is used so that both air incident and substrate incident optical measurements can be performed. The normal incidence reflectance, transmittance, and magnetooptical rotation and ellipticity are used to compute the complex refractive index of the thin film. This technique is applied to a TbFe and a TbFeCo alloy. The addition of Co is found to significantly enhance the magnetooptic indices at long wavelengths.

Field of study: Physics
Load balancing, multipath routing and adaptive modulation with traffic grooming in elastic optical networks

Traffic grooming (TG) has been proposed in two ways as electrical and optical grooming to efficiently utilize spectrum and transponders due to omitting guard bands between adjacent lightpaths and establishing multiple independent lightpaths with the same sliceable bandwidth variable transponder (SBVT) in Elastic Optical Networks (EON). In this paper, cooperation of electrical and optical TG is developed as minimized utilization of spectrum or transponder using integer linear programming (ILP) model under static traffic scenario and our proposed corresponding heuristic LMAG algorithm. Electrical and optical grooming are coordinated with each other to construct an auxiliary graph (AG) and establish connection requests under dynamic traffic scenario using the LMAG algorithm. The multipath routing (MR) as an effective defragmentation method, adaptive modulation as effective technique in reducing bandwidth requirement of connection request, and load balancing as an appropriate routing method are employed in AG construction with coordination of electrical and optical TG. Various traffic grooming policies (TGP) by properly adjusting the edge weights are proposed to achieve significant performance improvements in blocking ratio (BR), spectrum and transponder (TP) utilization, and energy consumption in EON.

Field of study: Computer science
Systematically evaluating the impact of diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) on health care delivery: a matrix of ethical implications.

Swiss hospitals were required to implement a prospective payment system for reimbursement using a diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) classification system by the beginning of 2012. Reforms to a health care system should be assessed for their impact, including their impact on ethically relevant factors. Over a number of years and in a number of countries, questions have been raised in the literature about the ethical implications of the implementation of DRGs. However, despite this, researchers have not attempted to identify the major ethical issues associated with DRGs systematically. To address this gap in the literature, we have developed a matrix for identifying the ethical implications of the implementation of DRGs. It was developed using a literature review, and empirical studies on DRGs, as well as a review and analysis of existing ethics frameworks. The matrix consists of the ethically relevant parameters of health care systems on which DRGs are likely to have an impact; the ethical values underlying these parameters; and examples of specific research questions associated with DRGs to illustrate how the matrix can be applied. While the matrix has been developed in light of the Swiss health care reform, it could be used as a basis for identifying the ethical implications of DRG-based systems worldwide and for highlighting the ethical implications of other kinds of provider payment systems (PPS).

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Conversion of the oldest XAFS station at the first dedicated SR source to a state-of-the-art XAFS facility.

Station 7.1 was the first XAFS station to operate at the Synchrotron Radiation Source (SRS) starting in 1981. A major upgrade of 7.1 has been taking place aimed towards a multidimensional XAFS and single crystal facility for 3d elements (Ca to Zn). The optical upgrade included a collimating mirror and QuEXAFS monochromator, also a highly compact and rapid count-rate multi-element solid state detector has been designed, built and recently commissioned. A stopped-flow system is commissioned and a diffractometer stage is planned. The necessary analytical tools for 3D XAFS refinement using crystallographic data as the starting 3D model have been developed for solution XAFS.

Field of study: Physics
So vars soos gras

George Kuyler boer saam met sy pa, George sr, en sy oom, Hennie, op 'n plaas naby die George Lughawe. Die kudde bestaan uit 1 800 Holstein-, Jersey- en kruiskoeie waarvan 1 200 in melk is. Die kudde lewer sowat 20 000 tot 25 000 liter melk per dag en die stalgemiddeld per koei is sowat 20 liter per dag. Hulle lewer melk aan Nestle.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Influence of Fetal and Maternal Genetic Susceptibility to Obesity on Birthweight in African Ancestry Populations

Fetal and maternal genetic propensity to obesity can influence birthweight. We investigated the effects of fetal and maternal genetic risk of obesity on birthweight and evaluated whether these genetic influences modify the well-known association between maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and birthweight. In 950 mother-baby pairs of African ancestry, a genetic risk score for adulthood obesity was generated for mothers (mGRS) and their babies (bGRS) as the weighted sum of BMI-increasing alleles of 97 single nucleotide polymorphisms known to be associated with BMI. The median GRS value was used as a cut-off to define high or low bGRS and mGRS. High bGRS was significantly associated with 70 g lower birthweight (95% Confidence Interval [CI] = −127.4 to −12.4) compared to low bGRS. mGRS was positively correlated with birthweight but the association was not significant. mGRS modified the significant birthweight-increasing effect of maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (P-for-interaction = 0.03); among mothers with low mGRS, those who were overweight or obese had 127.7 g heavier babies (95% CI = 27.1 to 228.2) compared to those who had normal weight. In summary, fetal obesity genetic risk loci exert direct influence on birthweight, and maternal loci modify the effect of pre-pregnancy BMI on birthweight.

Field of study: Biology
L'Ecole des femmes, or the impossible education

Tonight I will discuss Moliere's 'Ecole des femmes' and Gide's 'Ecole des femmes'; or rather, to be more precise in the case of Gide, I will refer to the trilogy composed by, firstly, the 'Ecole des femmes' itself; secondly, its immediate sequel, entitled Robert, and thirdly, its later sequel, 'Genevieve, ou la confidence inachevee'.

Field of study: Philosophy
Forward–Backward Greedy Algorithms for Atomic Norm Regularization

In many signal processing applications, the aim is to reconstruct a signal that has a simple representation with respect to a certain basis or frame. Fundamental elements of the basis known as “atoms” allow us to define “atomic norms” that can be used to formulate convex regularizations for the reconstruction problem. Efficient algorithms are available to solve these formulations in certain special cases, but an approach that works well for general atomic norms, both in terms of speed and reconstruction accuracy, remains to be found. This paper describes an optimization algorithm called CoGEnT that produces solutions with succinct atomic representations for reconstruction problems, generally formulated with atomic-norm constraints. CoGEnT combines a greedy selection scheme based on the conditional gradient approach with a backward (or “truncation”) step that exploits the quadratic nature of the objective to reduce the basis size. We establish convergence properties and validate the algorithm via extensive numerical experiments on a suite of signal processing applications. Our algorithm and analysis also allow for inexact forward steps and for occasional enhancements of the current representation to be performed. CoGEnT can outperform the basic conditional gradient method, and indeed many methods that are tailored to specific applications, when the enhancement and truncation steps are defined appropriately. We also introduce several novel applications that are enabled by the atomic-norm framework, including tensor completion, moment problems in signal processing, and graph deconvolution.

Field of study: Engineering
Common variable immune deficiency: respiratory manifestations, pulmonary function and high-resolution CT scan findings.

Common variable immune deficiency (CVID) is prone to under-diagnosis and may not reach relevant specialists until late in life. Morbidity is most commonly due to acute-on-chronic respiratory infections leading to respiratory failure.



To investigate respiratory complications, lung function and high-resolution computerized tomography scan (HRCT) findings and mortality in 47 patients with CVID.



A regional immunology unit (Birmingham Heartlands Hospital).



Retrospective observational case-note study following the introduction of shared care between immunology and respiratory medicine.



Age at diagnosis ranged from 5 to 72 years, with a median time from development of first symptoms to diagnosis of 4.0 years. There was delay in referral between chest physicians and immunologists, (median referral time between specialities >5 years). Forty-two patients had respiratory complications, due to bronchiectasis (n=32), asthma (n=7), recurrent chest infections (n=9) without concomitant evidence of structural lung damage, and granulomatous lung disease (n=2). Spirometry was abnormal in 10/39 patients (7 obstructive, 3 restrictive). Bronchiectasis was confirmed on chest radiograph (n=9) and HRCT (n=24). Despite the high prevalence of bronchiectasis, few patients had received instruction in physiotherapy and sputum culture results were sparse.



To reduce the morbidity associated with CVID, there needs to be greater awareness of respiratory complications, particularly amongst physicians caring for such patients. Emphasis has been placed on adequate dosage of immunoglobulin, but early involvement by a respiratory physician is essential to monitor lung function and initiate optimal therapy, to minimize the occurrence and progression of lung damage.

Field of study: Medicine