nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Principles of Macroeconomics: Toward a Multiparadigmatic Approach

A two-fold, yet parallel, response to the decline in economics majors has emerged between variants of the profession: neoclassical economics (NCE) and original institutional economics (OIE) (Becker 1997; Siegfreid 1999; Knoedler and Underwood 2003). Both sponsor conference sessions focusing on pedagogic innovations; both host workshops to advance teaching careers. The distinction in approach is in point of emphasis. NCE emphasize pedagogy, the adoption of innovations from the scholarship of teaching. While OIE agree pedagogy is important, they believe another reason enrollments have moved from economics to other fields is the content of economics: it has become unnecessarily enamored of mathematical nuances interesting only to professional economists. As a result, the subject matter is not relevant to contemporary undergraduates. Understood from the framework of cognitive psychology, students unable to connect Principles of Economics (Principles) with their lives consider it little more than environmental noise, discarding it from further consideration (Knoedler and Underwood 2003). As most students only consider Principles as one avenue to pursue general education requirements, enrollment is predominantly driven by student expectations of the extent to which Principles will enhance their general education  Increased enrollment in Principles, gateway to the major, requires it be relevant to the student's life experience. Thus, a pedagogic transformation of Principles will also require a change in content.

Field of study: Economics
Establishment and interpretation of the genome sequence of the phytopathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IB isolate 7/3/14.

Anastomosis group AG1-IB isolates of the anamorphic basidiomycetous fungus Rhizoctonia solani Kühn affect various agricultural and horticultural important crops including bean, rice, soybean, figs, hortensia, cabbage and lettuce. To gain insights into the genome structure and content, the first draft genome sequence of R. solani AG1-IB isolate 7/3/14 was established. Four complete runs on the Genome Sequencer (GS) FLX platform (Roche Applied Science) yielding approx. a 25-fold coverage of the R. solani genome were accomplished. Assembly of the sequence reads by means of the gsAssembler software version 2.6 applying the heterozygotic mode resulted in numerous contigs and scaffolds and a predicted size of 87.1 Mb for the diploid status of the genome. 'Contig-length vs. read-count' analysis revealed that the assembled contigs can be classified into five different groups. Detailed BLAST-analysis revealed that most contigs of group II feature high-scoring matches to other contigs of the same group suggesting that distinguishable allelic variants exist for many genes. Due to the supposed diploid and heterokaryotic nature of R. solani AG1-IB 7/3/14, this result has been anticipated. However, the heterokaryotic character of the isolate is not really supported by sequencing data obtained for the isolate R. solani AG1-IB 7/3/14. Coverage of group III contigs is twice as high as for group II contigs which can also be explained by the diploid status of the genome and indistinguishable alleles on homologous chromosomes. Assembly of sequence data led to the identification of the rRNA unit (group V contigs) and the mitochondrial (mt) genome (group IV contigs) which is a circular molecule of 162,751 bp in size featuring a GC-content of 36.4%. The R. solani 7/3/14 mt-genome is one of the largest fungal mitochondrial genomes known to date. Its large size essentially is due to the presence of numerous non-conserved hypothetical ORFs and introns. Gene prediction for the R. solani AG1-IB 7/3/14 genome was conducted by the Augustus Gene Prediction Software for Eukaryotes (version 2.6.) applying the parameter set for the fungus Coprinopsis cinerea okayama 7#130. Gene prediction and annotation provided first insights into the R. solani AG1-IB 7/3/14 gene structure and content. In total, 12,422 genes were predicted. The average number of exons per gene is five. Exons have a mean length of 214 bp, whereas introns on average are 66 bp in length. Annotation of the genome revealed that 4169 of 12,422 genes could be assigned to KOG functional categories.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Urban population development in Western Europe from the late-eighteenth to the early-twentieth century.

This book is based on the proceedings of the Institute of European Population Studies first International Seminar. It offers an up-to-date review of key aspects of urban population change in several Western European countries together with an introductory chapter on nineteenth-century urbanization and its significance for demographic change in modern Europe. In addition to its value as a source of comparative information on the nature and course of urban population development in Britain Belgium the Netherlands Prussia Austria-Hungary Denmark Spain and Italy the several contributors offer different perspectives on patterns of urban growth the role of natural increase and mobility in urban populations the nature and impact of the migration process and the impact of rapid growth on the population structure of cities and their role in national growth. A large number of statistical tables and specially-drawn maps of features of population change are included.

Field of study: Economics, History
Tectonic history of a segment of the Pelagonian zone, northeastern Greece

Continental metamorphic rocks and ophiolitic bodies within the Pelagonian zone of the Hellenides in the Livadi area, northeastern Greece, show repeated periods of deformation that accompany thermal events of Early Cretaceous and possibly Late Eocene age. Structures associated with the earlier deformation indicate thrusting towards the northeast accompanying regional metamorphism of upper greenschist to lower amphibolite facies. Later structures and a retrogression to lower greenschist facies associated with emplacement of the Livadi ophiolitic rocks into their present position are likewise attributed to northeast-directed thrusting and probably accompanied the allochthonous movement of the Pelagonian basement over the Mesozoic platform carbonates of Mt. Olympos.Emplacement vectors of northeast polarity are inconsistent with tectonic models of the Hellenides involving large-scale southwestward obduction of Mesozoic ophiolites from a single ocean located northeast of the Pelagonian zone. Tectonic models inv...

Field of study: Environmental science
Co-occlusion of Baculovirus Enhancin with Polyhedrin

Granulovirus enhancin is a group of proteins capable of increasing the infectivity of nucleopolyhedrovirus.A polyhedrin gene negative recombinant vAcBBH-TnEn expressing Trichoplusia ni granulovirus enhancin was constructed,and used to infect SF21 cells jointly with wild type AcMNPV.In the course of infection,and the polyhedra of wild type AcMNPV could be co-occluded into the recombinant virus.SDS-PAGE,immunoblot and immunofluorescence assay demonstrated that enhancin and polyhedrin were expressed simultaneously,the enhancin expression and polyhedra formation occurred in most of the jointly infected cells.Analysis of purified polyhedra from jointly infected cells showed that recombinant enhancin bound to the polyhedra.Enhancin binding to the polyhedra can effectively improve the infectivity of the nucleopolyhedrovirus.

Field of study: Biology
Preference of food intake among dental students in relation to exercise and body mass index: A cross-sectional study

The purpose of this study was to assess the preference of different food items among dental students of Riyadh Colleges of Dentistry and Pharmacy (RCsDP) in relation to exercise and body mass index (BMI). To do so, we conducted a cross-sectional population survey among dental students. Data were collected from Saudi and non-Saudi students of RCsDP, aged 17 – 24 years (n = 527). Food preferences were assessed by using a multiple-choice questionnaire. A scoring system was developed in which “continuous” and “often” were given a high score and “never” and “seldom” were given a low score. Food items were categorized into different food groups according to the food pyramid defined by the United States Department of Agriculture. The BMI for all of the students was calculated and students were categorized as underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese. The normal weight students (2.19 ± 0.444) exhibited a greater preference for the grains group than the overweight students (2.035 ± 0.466). The obese students (1.438 ± 0.55) exhibited a greater preference for the oils group than the normal weight students (1.81 ± 0.609). Males had greater tendency than females to be obese (males, 21.7%, confidence interval (CI) (11.8% – 31.6%; females, 5.6%, CI 3.48% – 7.72%). A high prevalence of underweight (12.4%, CI 9.17% – 15.63%) and overweight (19.8%, CI 15.89% – 23.71%) in Saudi students was observed. We observed statistically significant associations (χ 2 = 10.7, P = 0.041) between living far from family and being underweight (14.3%, CI 9.07% – 19.53%) and overweight (25.6%, CI 19.08% – 32.12%). No statistically significant differences were observed for the performance of physical activity between the different BMI categories. The RCsDP dental students’ food choices reflected proper weight maintaining strategies, accepted dietary knowledge, a reasonable adoption of healthy eating habits, and a moderate involvement in physical activities.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Isomorphisms between centers of integral group rings

For finite nilpotent groups $G$ and $G^{\prime}$, and a $G$-adapted ring $S$ (the rational integers, for example), it is shown that any isomorphism between the centers of the group rings $SG$ and $SG^{\prime}$ is monomial, i.e., maps class sums in $SG$ to class sums in $SG^{\prime}$ up to multiplication with roots of unity. As a consequence, $G$ and $G^{\prime}$ have identical character tables if and only if the centers of their integral group rings $\mathbb{Z} G$ and $\mathbb{Z} G^{\prime}$ are isomorphic. In the course of the proof, a new proof of the class sum correspondence is given.

Field of study: Mathematics
The structure of the GemC1 coiled coil and its interaction with the Geminin family of coiled-coil proteins

The GemC1 coiled-coil structure has subtle differences compared with its homologues Geminin and Idas. Co-expression experiments in cells and biophysical stability analysis of the Geminin-family coiled coils suggest that the GemC1 coiled coil alone is unstable.

Field of study: Chemistry
Relating intensities with three-dimensional facial shape using partial least squares

The authors apply partial least squares regression to predict three-dimensional (3D) face shape from a single image. PLS describes the relationship between independent (intensity images) and dependent (3D shape) variables by seeking directions in the space of independent variables that are associated with large variations in the space of dependent variables. We use this idea to construct statistical models of intensity and 3D shape that capture strongly linked variations in both spaces. This decomposition leads to the construction of two different models that capture common variations in 3D shape and intensity. Using the intensity model, a set of parameters is obtained from out-of-training intensity examples. These intensity parameters can then be used directly in the 3D shape model to approximate facial shape. Experiments show that prediction is achieved with reasonable accuracy, improving results obtained through canonical correlation analysis.

Field of study: Computer science
EXAFS spectroscopy of perovskite-type superconducting oxides

On the basis of the investigation of the temperature dependences of EXAFS spectra of the Ba1−xKxBiO3 superconducting oxide, a model of relationship between the local crystalline and electronic structures is proposed. It is found that oxygen ions vibrate in a double-well potential and their vibrations are correlated with the local electron pair transfer. Analogous specific features are also observed in the EXAFS spectra of La2−xSrxCuO4, which gives grounds to extend the proposed model to Cu-based superconductors. The model based on the unified approach makes it possible to explain the ground antiferromagnetic state, the insulator-metal transition, and the occurrence of superconductivity upon doping of La2CuO4 with strontium.

Field of study: Physics
Assessing extinction risk in the absence of species-level data: quantitative criteria for terrestrial ecosystems

The conservation of individual plant and animal species has been advanced greatly by the World Conservation Union’s (IUCN) development of objective, repeatable, and transparent criteria for assessing extinction risk, which explicitly separate the process of risk assessment from priority-setting. Here we present an analogous procedure for assessing the extinction risk of terrestrial ecosystems, which may complement traditional species-specific risk assessments, or may provide an alternative when only landscape-level data are available. We developed four quantitative risk criteria, derived primarily from remotely sensed spatial data, information on one of which must be available to permit classification. Using a naming system analogous to the present IUCN species-specific system, our four criteria were: (A) reduction of land cover and continuing threat, (B) rapid rate of land cover change, (C) increased fragmentation, and (D) highly restricted geographical distribution. We applied these criteria to five ecosystems covering a range of spatial and temporal scales, regions of the world, and ecosystem types, and found that Indonesian Borneo’s lowland tropical forests and the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest were Critically Endangered, while South Africa’s grasslands and Brazil’s Mato Grosso were Vulnerable. Furthermore, at a finer grain of analysis, one region of Venezuela’s coastal dry forests (Margarita Island) qualified as Vulnerable, while another (the Guasare River watershed) was Critically Endangered. In northern Venezuela, deciduous forests were classified as Endangered, semi-deciduous forests Vulnerable, and evergreen forests of Least Concern. We conclude that adoption of such a standardized system will facilitate globally comparable, repeatable geographic analyses that clearly separate risk assessment (a fundamentally scientific process), from the definition of conservation priorities, which should take into account additional factors, such as ecological distinctiveness, costs, logistics, likelihood of success, and societal preferences.

Field of study: Environmental science
A Method for Evaluating the Dynamic Sealing Efficiency of Underground Gas Storage Reconstructed by Aquifer

There are very few living examples of engineering test cases in domestic aquifer underground gas storage construction, however, engineering test analysis can greatly reduce the risk of evaluation. This paper systematically introduced interference well test method application of aquifer gas storage construction in Huabei oilfield, and take the target of the D5 aquifer construction in Jizhong depression as an example to analyze the reasonable water injection, excited period and interference test results. Interference well test result shows that the target cap rock of D5 aquifer is sealed, the fault vertical sealing ability is good, the sealing condition of the reservoir is provided, and also the horizontal connectivity of the reservoir is good. The research results are directive and with reference value for the construction of aquifer underground gas storage in China.

Field of study: Engineering
The Slosson Intelligence Test as a Quick Screening Test of Mental Ability with Profoundly and Severely Retarded Children

The study investigated the test-retest reliability of the Slosson Intelligence Test when administered and scored by 9 special education teachers who had no experience in psychological testing. Subjects were 53 profoundly and severely retarded children, ranging in age from 5 to 16 yr. Pearson product-moment coefficients were .92 for girls, .96 for boys, and .94 for all subjects for scores on two occasions. The results support Slosson's contention that the test can be reliably administered by personnel with little psychometric knowledge.

Field of study: Psychology
Extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates and its susceptibility pattern to antibiotics at Dr. Soeradji Tirtonegoro General Hospital Klaten, Central Java

Globally, the prevalence of Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumonia) producing extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) has been increasing steadily. The susceptibility patterns of ESBL-producing K. pneumonia varies considerably among countries. Therefore, the investigation of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae in clinical isolates and their susceptibility are warranted. This research aimed to determine the proportion of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae and the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of clinical isolates from Dr. Soeradji Tirtonegoro General Hospital, Klaten, Central Java. Identification of K. pneumoniae was performed by analyzing colony morphology, microscopic examination, and biochemical testing using Microbact. Both antibiotic susceptibility testing and ESBL screening (using ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone discs) were conducted using disc diffusion method according to CLSI. The positive results were confirmed with modified double disk synergy (MDDST) using amoxicillin-clavulanate, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and cefepime discs. From 962 clinical bacterial isolates, 168 (17.46%) isolates were identified as K. pneumoniae, during June 2017-May 2018. K. pneumoniae was mainly isolated from the Intensive Care Units (ICU) (29.17%) and with sputum being the most common specimen (45.24%). Overall ESBL producers were 52.98%, with the majority from ICU (41.57%) and isolated from sputum specimens (40.45%). ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae showed high resistance to many antibiotics. The sensitivity of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae isolated from respiratory tract samples against piperacillin-tazobactam, amikacin, and meropenem was more than 80%. In conclusion, among all K. pneumoniae isolates, ESBL K. pneumoniae was 52.98%. ESBL K. pneumoniae from respiratory tract specimens had a sensitivity of more than 80% against piperacillin-tazobactam, amikacin, and meropenem.

Field of study: Medicine
Strain and scattering related spectral output of 1.3microm InGaAsP semiconductor diode lasers.

A correlation between the spectral output of 1.3 microm InGaAsP semiconductor diode lasers and the distribution along the length and width of the active region of strain and scattering centers is reported. The strain and scattering center distributions in the active region were obtained by measuring and analyzing the spatially resolved and polarization resolved electroluminescence along the active region of the lasers. Measurements were made on gain-guided, planar buried heterostructure, and arrowhead buried crescent lasers. The results suggest that the material properties of the laser structure affect the longitudinal mode spectrum.

Field of study: Physics
First-Principles Studies of Adsorptive Remediation of Water and Air Pollutants Using Two-Dimensional MXene Materials

Water and air pollution is a critical issue across the whole world. Two-dimensional transition metal carbide/nitride (MXene) materials, due to the characteristics of large specific surface area, hydrophilic nature and abundant highly active surficial sites, are able to adsorb a variety of environmental pollutants, and thus can be used for environmental remediation. First-principles method is a powerful tool to investigate and predict the properties of low-dimensional materials, which can save a large amount of experimental costs and accelerate the research progress. In this review, we summarize the recent research progresses of the MXene materials in the adsorptive remediation of environmental pollutants in polluted water and air using first-principles simulations, and try to predict the research direction of MXenes in the adsorptive environmental applications from first-principles view.

Field of study: Materials science
Nitrogen supply and cyanide concentration influence the enrichment of nitrogen from cyanide in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.).

Cyanide assimilation by the beta-cyanoalanine pathway produces asparagine, aspartate and ammonium, allowing cyanide to serve as alternate or supplemental source of nitrogen. Experiments with wheat and sorghum examined the enrichment of (15)N from cyanide as a function of external cyanide concentration in the presence or absence of nitrate and/or ammonium. Cyanogenic nitrogen became enriched in plant tissues following exposure to (15)N-cyanide concentrations from 5 to 200 microm, but when exposure occurred in the absence of nitrate and ammonium, (15)N enrichment increased significantly in sorghum shoots at solution cyanide concentrations of > or =50 microm and in wheat roots at 200 microm cyanide. In an experiment with sorghum using (13)C(15)N, there was also a significant difference in the tissue (13)C:(15)N ratio, suggestive of differential metabolism and transport of carbon and nitrogen under nitrogen-free conditions. A reciprocal (15)N labelling study using KC(15)N and (15)NH(4)(+) and wheat demonstrated an interaction between cyanide and ammonium in roots in which increasing solution ammonium concentrations decreased the enrichment from 100 microm cyanide. In contrast, with increasing solution cyanide concentrations there was an increase in the enrichment from ammonium. The results suggest increased transport and assimilation of cyanide in response to decreased nitrogen supply and perhaps to ammonium supply.

Field of study: Environmental science
Evaluation of chickpea genotypes for resistance to legume pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) and root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica)

Twenty-one chickpea genotypes were screened for resistance to identify genotypes with multiple resistance in glasshouse and field. Genotypes, ICC 506, ICCV 10, ICCL 86102, and ICCV 95992 had a low pod damage rating of 3 (on a 1 = less susceptible to 9 = highly susceptible scale) to H. armigera. All the 21 genotypes were susceptible to nematode-caused root damage (galls on root) and nematode reproduction (egg sac production). ICCL 86102 showed tolerance to nematode damage and produced flowers and pods despite severe nematode infection. ICCL 86102, a short duration genotype, and ICCL 86106, a medium duration genotype were identified as promising sources with resistance to H. armigera and tolerance to M.javanica.

Field of study: Biology
Conceptual Design of the JLab Hall D Replacement Solenoid

The 12 GeV upgrade at Jefferson Lab includes plans for a new solenoid that will replace the existing solenoid made with the Large Aperture Superconducting Solenoid (LASS) coils from Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). The conceptual design for the replacement solenoid presented here includes the magnetic design, winding arrangement, conductor selection, quench detection, and protection and cooling scheme. The magnetic design implements three separate coils to provide a 3.8 T field parallel to the beam direction and addresses the fringe field requirements of the facility while integrating into the existing iron yoke. The conductor consists of Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) cable (Nb-Ti) soldered into a copper channel stabilizer. The conductor is layer wound the hard way onto individual internal mandrels. The quench protection system implements a dump resistor and switch. Results from a 3-D quench code are provided for quench initiating at different locations. The magnet is conduction cooled by natural circulation of two-phase helium through cooling tubes mounted at the Outside Diameter (OD) of the cold mass.

Field of study: Physics