nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Protecting the Integrity of the Virtual Objective Structured Clinical Examination

Objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs) are a common approach to summative assessment of learner performance in Doctor of Pharmacy curricula. OSCEs involve student rotation through multiple standardized stations designed to assess performance on clinical tasks. OSCEs consist of both active and passive stations. In active stations, students interact with a standardized participant (SP) such as a patient, caregiver, or provider in order to complete the station. In passive stations, students are asked to complete a task which requires them to provide information or answer questions. In March 2020, the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic and shifted all, or a majority of face-to-face instruction to a remote platform. This challenged many pharmacy educators to either design new, virtual OSCEs to assess skills that were previously assessed face-to-face, or convert their existing OSCEs to a remote platform. Given this shift to remote instruction and assessment, the importance of maintaining integrity of the OSCE has been raised as a critical issue. Herein we discuss the approach by three colleges of pharmacy to maintain the integrity of the virtual OSCE. Strategies, opportunities and barriers to protecting the integrity of the virtual OSCE are also discussed.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Contribution of geology to shaping of ideas on the meaning of history

However opinions may vary regarding the meaning of history, with relation to specific situations there seems to be general agreement concerning its significance, in the characterization of an important dictionary, as “devoted to the exposition of the natural unfolding and interdependence of events.” Ideas concerning interdependence of events in series are, of course, only one means of indicating that we find it difficult to conceive of successions of things and events without expression of interdependence which suggests cause and effect. Present-day thought furnishes varied opinions as to the extent to which human history may be used as the basis of prediction. It shows much less difference of opinion regarding development of existing situations out of the past, or concerning the desirability of such formulations of knowledge as would assist in attempts to plan the future intelligently. The realization by all thinking persons that present world conditions involve an enormous volume . . .

Field of study: Geology
Technology and Ecosocialism

Ecosocialist technology is technology guided by universal human need and by concern for the health of the natural environment. It contrasts with capitalist technology, which is driven above all by the imperatives of cost-reduction and profit-maximization within a market whose contours are shaped by the owners or state agents of capital. The contrast between ecosocialist and capitalist technology appears across all sectors of production and services. Following a theoretical overview, we examine the sectors of transport, housing, and food production and reflect on the newest technologies of communication, surveillance, and artificial intelligence. I argue that devices and infrastructures that would transform the conditions of life should in all cases be subject, at the planning stage, to full disclosure, informed public debate, and democratic resolution.

Field of study: Political science
X-ray structure of human lysozyme labelled with 2',3'-epoxypropyl beta-glycoside of man-beta1,4-GlcNAc. Structural change and recognition specificity at subsite B.

Human lysozyme (HL) labelled with the 2',3'-epoxypropyl beta-glycoside of Man-beta1,4-GlcNAc was crystallized at pH 4.5. The cell dimensions were a = 36.39, b = 116.38, c = 30.91 A and the space group was P212121. The unit cell contained four molecules (Vm = 2.18 A3 Da-1). The crystal structure was determined by molecular replacement and refined to an R value of 0.168 for 7060 reflections [|Fo| > 3sigma(F)] in the resolution range 8.0-2.1 A. A prominent shift of the Calpha-atom positions by up to 3.8 A in the region of residues 45-50 was observed compared with wild-type HL. Owing to the conformational change in this region the intermolecular contacts were altered remarkably compared to wild-type HL, explaining the difference in molecular packing. The Man-beta1,4-GlcNAc moiety occupied subsites B and C in the substrate-binding site of HL. Several differences in the hydrogen-bonded contacts between the ligand part and the protein part were observed for HL labelled with the 2',3'-epoxypropyl beta-glycoside of Man-beta1,4-GlcNAc compared with HL labelled with the corresponding derivatives of GlcNAc-beta1, 4-GlcNAc and Gal-beta1,4-GlcNAc. In contrast to the replacement of GlcNAc with Gal, the replacement of GlcNAc with Man did not sacrifice the stacking interactions with the side-chain group of Tyr63 as determined by the parallelism of the apolar face of the carbohydrate residue and the aromatic plane of the Tyr63 side chain. The 2',3'-epoxypropyl beta-glycoside of Man-beta1,4-GlcNAc exhibited almost the same affinity towards HL as Gal-beta1,4-GlcNAc, a much lower affinity than that of GlcNAc-beta1,4-GlcNAc. The difference in the protein-ligand interactions was discussed in relation to the carbo-hydrate-residue recognition specificity at subsite B of HL. The results suggested that Gln104 was a determinant for the strong recognition of GlcNAc residue at subsite B in HL.

Field of study: Chemistry
Bismuth Sodium Titanate Based Materials for Piezoelectric Actuators

The ban of lead in many electronic products and the expectation that, sooner or later, this ban will include the currently exempt piezoelectric ceramics based on Lead-Zirconate-Titanate has motivated many research groups to look for lead-free substitutes. After a short overview on different classes of lead-free piezoelectric ceramics with large strain, this review will focus on Bismuth-Sodium-Titanate and its solid solutions. These compounds exhibit extraordinarily high strain, due to a field induced phase transition, which makes them attractive for actuator applications. The structural features of these materials and the origin of the field-induced strain will be revised. Technologies for texturing, which increases the useable strain, will be introduced. Finally, the features that are relevant for the application of these materials in a multilayer design will be summarized.

Field of study: Materials science
Magnetotransport studies of FeSe under hydrostatic pressure

The discoveries of iron-based superconductors with relatively high transition temperature are under intense experimental and theoretical investigation. Here we present magnetotransport measurements on FeSe superconductor under hydrostatic pressure. We show that in Fe-deficient tetragonal FeSe binary compound, the onset of superconducting transition is almost doubled under 1.98 GPa pressure and the estimated upper critical field of 26.7 Tesla is increased to 47.5 Tesla.

Field of study: Physics
Soluble expression of influenza virus M2 protein and detection of its antigenicity

Influenza virus M2 is a protective as well as a highly conservative protein, so it is a suitable candidate for cross protective vaccine. In this study, we cloned M2 gene from A/PR/8/34 virus infected MDCK cells, and deleted its transmembrane domain in order to obtain high level expression. Then the mutated M2(sM2) was subcloned into the expression vector pET-32a. The recombinant plasmid could express sM2 fusion protein in a soluble form. Further, it was purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation combined with affinity chromatography. Sera collected from the mice that were immunized with the purified fusion protein could bind to influenza virus infected MDCK cells testified by immunofluorescence experiment. This indicates that the expressed fusion protein possesses M2 antigenicity.

Field of study: Biology
Assessing Students With Significant Cognitive Disabilities on Academic Content

Federal and state policies require all students with significant cognitive disabilities to participate in state assessments and be included in measures of adequate yearly progress. Although these alternate assessments of grade-level content based on alternate achievement standards have been in place for several years, little is known about the knowledge and skills of students with significant cognitive disabilities or about the influence of these assessments on student learning. This study uses an empirically evaluated classification scheme of data from one cohort of students’ participation in a statewide alternate assessment, Connecticut’s Skills Checklist, to validate claims from teacher focus group interviews. Data from both components of the study suggest that nearly half of the teachers found the content on the Skills Checklist inaccessible for their students. Implications of this finding are discussed.

Field of study: Education
WE-G-9A-01: Radiation Oncology Outcomes Informatics.

The construction of databases and support software to enable routine and systematic aggregation, analysis and reporting of patient outcomes data is emerging as an important area. "How have results for our patients been affected by the improvements we have made in our practice and in the technologies we use?" To answer this type of fundamental question about the overall pattern of efficacy observed, it is necessary to systematically gather and analyze data on all patients treated within a clinic. Clinical trials answer, in great depth and detail, questions about outcomes for the subsets of patients enrolled in a given trial. However, routine aggregation and analysis of key treatment parameter data and outcomes information for all patients is necessary to recognize emergent patterns that would be of interest from a public health or practice perspective and could better inform design of clinical trials or the evolution of best practice principals. To address these questions, Radiation Oncology outcomes databases need to be constructed to enable combination essential data from a broad group of data types including: diagnosis and staging, dose volume histogram metrics, patient reported outcomes, toxicity metrics, performance status, treatment plan parameters, demographics, DICOM data and demographics. Developing viable solutions to automate aggregation and analysis of this data requires multidisciplinary efforts to define nomenclatures, modify clinical processes and develop software and database tools requires detailed understanding of both clinical and technical issues. This session will cover the developing area of Radiation Oncology Outcomes Informatics.



1. Audience will be able to speak to the technical requirements (software, database, web services) which must be considered in designing an outcomes database. 2. Audience will be able to understand the content and the role of patient reported outcomes as compared to traditional toxicity measures. 3. Audience will be understand approaches, clinical process changes, consensus building efforts and standardizations which must be addressed to succeed in a multi-disciplinary effort to aggregate data for all patients. 4. Audience will be able to discuss technical and process issues related to pooling data among institutions in the context of collaborative studies among the presenting institutions.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics
Efficient Extraction of a Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA)-Rich Lipid Fraction from Thraustochytrium sp. Using Ionic Liquids

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play a significant role in the modulation and prevention of various diseases, and hence are attracting increasing attention from the biotech industry. Thraustochytrids are marine heterokonts that exhibit robust growth rates, high PUFA content, and more specifically, a large percentage of omega-3 fatty acids like docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) have been shown to improve the efficiency of organic solvent extraction of oils from wet oleaginous yeast and microalgae under mild conditions. Two ILs, the imidazolium 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate [C2mim][EtSO4] IL and the phosphonium (tetrabutylphosphonium propanoate [P4444][Prop]) IL were assessed for their ability to facilitate extraction of PUFA-containing lipids from a Thraustochytrium sp. (T18) through efficient cell wall disruption. The oil extracted after IL pretreatment was further characterized with respect to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) composition, while the effects of process parameters, such as the ratio of ionic liquid to co-solvent, the mass ratio of microalgae to the mixture of ionic liquid, and type of co-solvent were also investigated for both ILs. The results indicate that these ILs can disrupt the cells of Thraustochytrium sp. when mixed with a co-solvent (methanol), and facilitated the recovery of oils over a large degree of dewatered Thraustochytrium biomass (0–77.2 wt% water) in a short period of time (60 min) at ambient temperature, hence demonstrating a water compatible, low-energy, lipid recovery method. The lipid recovery was not affected by repeated usage of recycled ILs (tested up to five times).

Field of study: Materials science
Scalable Cluster-based Routing in Large Wireless Sensor Networks

Large control overhead is the leading factor limiting the scalability of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Clustering network nodes is an efficient solution, and Passive Clustering (PC) is one of the most efficient clustering methods. In this letter, we propose an improved PC-based route building scheme, named Route Reply (RREP) Broadcast with Passive Clustering (in short RBPC). Through broadcasting RREP packets on an expanding ring to build route, sensor nodes cache their route to the sink node, which reduces the total route search times and thus the control overhead. Simulation results are also provided to show the efficiency of the proposed RBPC in terms of reduced overhead and energy consumption, and it is also shown that RBPC outperforms AODV/PC in the delivery ratio.

Field of study: Computer science
Metalloprotease-disintegrin ADAM 12 interacts with alpha-actinin-1.

ADAM 12, a member of the ADAM family of proteins (containing A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease domain), has been implicated in differentiation and fusion of myoblasts. While the extracellular domain of ADAM 12 contains an active metalloprotease and a region involved in cell adhesion, the function of the cytoplasmic tail of ADAM 12 has been less clear. Here we show that the cytoplasmic domain of ADAM 12 interacts in vitro and in vivo with alpha-actinin-1, an actin-binding and cross-linking protein. Green fluorescent protein fused to ADAM 12 cytoplasmic domain co-localizes with alpha-actinin-1-containing actin stress fibres in C2C12 cells. The interaction between ADAM 12 and alpha-actinin-1 is direct and involves the 58-amino acid C-terminal fragment of ADAM 12 and the 27 kDa N-terminal domain of alpha-actinin-1. Consistently, expression of the 27 kDa fragment of alpha-actinin-1 in C2C12 cells using a mitochondrial targeting system results in recruitment of the co-expressed ADAM 12 cytoplasmic domain to the mitochondrial surface. Moreover, alpha-actinin-1 co-purifies with a transmembrane, His6-tagged form of ADAM 12 expressed in C2C12 myoblasts, indicating that the transmembrane ADAM 12 forms a complex with alpha-actinin-1 in vivo. These results indicate that the actin cytoskeleton may play a critical role in ADAM 12-mediated cell-cell adhesion or cell signalling during myoblast differentiation and fusion.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Not so stable

According to Michael Dummett, we may think of the meaning of an expression as given by the principles governing the use we make of it. The principles regulating our linguistic practices can then be grouped into two broad categories (). We might state them as follows: 
 
I-principles: state the circumstances under which an assertion of a sentence containing the expression in question is warranted. 
 
E-principles: state the consequences of asserting a sentence containing the expression. 
 
In the case of the logical constants, we may associate a constant's I-principles with the set of its introduction rules and its E-principles with the set of its elimination rules (Dummett 1973: 454).1

Field of study: Philosophy
Electroreduction of Hexachlorobenzene in Micellar Aqueous Solutions of Triton-SP 175

The electrochemical reduction of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) has been studied in micellar aqueous solutions using Triton-SP 175 which, unlike conventional surfactants, is acid-labile. At pH <3, the hydrophobic residue cleaves from the hydrophilic chain, leaving a solution without surface-active properties and allowing recovery of the electrolysis products from the solution. A micellar solution containing 0.1% v/v Triton-SP 175 and 1% v/v heptane as cosolvent was indefinitely stable in the presence of 0.05 M sodium sulfate as an environmentally friendly supporting electrolyte. Electrolytic dehalogenation to less chlorinated benzenes was studied at a wide variety of cathodes; in all cases a quantitative material balance of phenyl residues was achieved. Lead was the preferred cathode in terms of both the degree of dechlorination achieved and the current efficiency.

Field of study: Environmental science
Fossile Böden in der Nördlichen Eifel

ZusammenfassungBei einer bodenkundlichen Übersichtskartierung in der nördlichen Eifel wurden die fossilen Böden untersucht. Es wurden ausgedehnte, kaolinitreiche, tonige Böden als Verwitterungsprodukt des warmfeuchten Klimas der Tertiärzeit (und früher) auf unterdevonischen Schiefern, Grauwacken und Sandsteinen kartiert. Sie bilden staunasse, sog. gleiartige Bodentypen (Staunässegleie), deren spezifische Eigenschaften je nach Geländegestaltung und Tiefenlage des wasserstauenden Horizontes ausgeprägt sind. Die kaolinitischen, fossilen Decken sind vielfach von einer geringmächtigen Schicht junger Braunerdeverwitterung überlagert, die von höheren Geländepartien aus durch den Prozeß der Abtragung über den fossilen Boden geschichtet wurde. Diese gleiartigen Böden bilden schwierige Pflanzenstandorte; Braunerdeüberlagerung verbessert den Standort.Auf dem Kalkstein und dem Dolomit der nördlichen Eifel wurden Rotlehme und gelbe Lehme gefunden, die aber nur eine geringe Verbreitung und daher keine praktische, wohl aber eine wissenschaftliche Bedeutung haben. Andere rote Böden mit Braunerdeeigenschaften können in der Nordeifel leicht mit Rotlehm verwechselt werden.

Field of study: Environmental science
Long-term oxidant deficiency in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO303 results in cells which are non-culturable under aerobic conditions

The effect of long-term energy starvation (lack of electron acceptor in respiration) on the culturability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO303 was studied by subsequent incubations for growth on aerobic medanaerobic media. A batch culture was grown on O2-free citrate minimal medium containing NO3− as oxidant. Stationary phase was reached when NO3− was exhausted. This was followed by a rapid loss of cell culturability as tested by aerobic growth on agar plates (colony forming units, cfu) or on 0.2 μm membrane filters (epifluorescence technique) using the citrate minimal medium. However, energy-starved cells could form ten times more colonies when incubated anaerobically with NO3− (denitrifying conditions) than when incubated aerobically. Hence the energy starvation resulted in a subpopulation of cells, which were detectable under denitrifying, but not under aerobic growth conditions.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Predictive Analysis of the ITER Poloidal Field Conductor Insert (PFCI) Test Program

In this paper, we discuss the predictive analysis performed in support of the test program of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) poloidal field conductor insert (PFCI). A subset of the test program items was considered, with particular emphasis on DC performance and AC losses. The results and implications of the comparison of selected predictions from different laboratories will be presented.

Field of study: Physics
Inorganic elemental concentrations in birch bolete mushroom (Leccinum scabrum) and top soil: contamination profiles, bioconcentation and annual variations

Analysis of inorganic and organic contaminants in foodstuffs aids in understanding the human exposure to these compounds via consumption. In this study, an edible mushroom species (Leccinum scabrum) and top soil samples were analysed for essential and toxic substances including phosphorus and inorganic elements over a period of three fruiting seasons. Analysis of silver (Ag), aluminium (Al), barium (Ba), calcium (Ca), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), mercury (Hg), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), sodium (Na), nickel (Ni), phosphorus (P), lead (Pb), rubidium (Rb), strontium (Sr) and zinc (Zn) in mushrooms and topsoil were performed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) with ultrasonic cross flow nebulizer. Total mercury was determined by cold-vapour atomic absorption spectroscopy (CV-AAS). The results exhibited wide variation in concentrations of metals between soil and mushroom (cap and stipes) during three fruiting seasons. Positive bioconcentration factors (BFCs) indicate on bioaccumulation of several metals including, Cd, Cu, Hg, K, Mg, Na, P, Rb and Zn in caps and stipes of fruitbodies of this mushroom, while other metals such as Al, Ba, Ca, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Sr were not exhibiting significant positive BFCs. Over a period studied, the caps were characterised by different (p < 0.05) concentrations of Al, Co, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb and Sr. Contamination profiles, temporal fluctuations, BCFs should be taken into consideration when assessing the nutritional value of this mushroom.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
WE-E-217A-02: Methodologies for Evaluation of Standalone CAD System Performance.

Standalone performance evaluation of a CAD system provides information about the abnormality detection or classification performance of the computerized system alone. Although the performance of the reader with CAD is the final step in CAD system assessment, standalone performance evaluation is an important component for several reasons: First, standalone evaluation informs the reader about the performance level of the CAD system and may have an impact on how the reader uses the system. Second, it provides essential information to the system designer for algorithm optimization during system development. Third, standalone evaluation can provide a detailed description of algorithm performance (e.g., on subgroups of the population) because a larger data set with more samples from different subgroups can be included in standalone studies compared to reader studies. Proper standalone evaluation of a CAD system involves a number of key components, some of which are shared with the assessment of reader performance with CAD. These include (1) selection of a test data set that allows performance assessment with little or no bias and acceptable uncertainty; (2) a reference standard that indicates disease status as well as the location and extent of disease; (3) a clearly defined method for labeling each CAD mark as a true-positive or false-positive; and (4) a properly selected set of metrics to summarize the accuracy of the computer marks and their corresponding scores. In this lecture, we will discuss various approaches for the key components of standalone CAD performance evaluation listed above, and present some of the recommendations and opinions from the AAPM CAD subcommittee on these issues.  Identify basic components and metrics in the assessment of standalone CAD systems 2. Understand how each component may affect the assessed performance 3. Learn about AAPM CAD subcommittee's opinions and recommendations on factors and metrics related to the evaluation of standalone CAD system performance.

Field of study: Medicine, Physics