nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Statistical analysis of the single-layer backpropagation algorithm. II. MSE and classification performance

For pt.I see ibid., p.583-91, 1993. The analysis of pt.I is extended to the evaluation of the mean-square error and the probability of correct classification. It is shown that the mean-square error and the corresponding performance surface are such that the single-layer perceptron is prevented from correctly classifying with probability one until the weights converge at infinity.

Field of study: Engineering
A study of the connotation of the role of a sports psychologist

A professional sports psychologist plays a decisive role during effective sports psychological consultation. Based on the connotation of psychological consultation itself and the characteristics of sports psychological consultation, the authors probed deeply into the orientation of the role of a consultant during sports psychological consultation, and further carried out comprehensive analysis of the professional capability and personal quality that should be possessed by a sports psychologist. In addition, the issues that should be noticed during sports psychological consultation were highly emphasized. This study is provided with great enlightening function in personal development of a sports psychologist and the practice of sports psychological consultation.

Field of study: Education
First drink to first drunk: age of onset and delay to intoxication are associated with adolescent alcohol use and binge drinking.

Quickly progressing from initiating alcohol use to drinking to intoxication recently was identified as a novel risk factor for hazardous drinking in college students (ME Morean et al. [2012] ). The current study evaluated the risk associated with age of onset (AO) and delay to first intoxication (Delay) in a high school sample.



Adolescent drinkers (N = 295, age 16.29 [1.14], 55.3% female, 80.3% Caucasian, AO = 13.51 [2.29] years, Delay = 0.80 [1.43] years) completed an anonymous survey about their substance use in February of 2010. Self-report questions assessed AO and age of first intoxication (AI) (i.e., "How old were you the first time you tried alcohol/got drunk?") and past-month alcohol use/binge drinking (i.e., How often did you drink alcohol/drink ≥5 drinks?).



Bivariate correlations indicated that AO was positively correlated with AI and inversely correlated with Delay, the frequency of any drinking, and the frequency of binge drinking. When considered alone, Delay was not significantly correlated with either alcohol use outcome. In contrast, hierarchical regression analyses indicated that when considered in concert, an earlier AO and a shorter Delay were each associated with heavier drinking (any drinking adjusted R(2)  = 0.08; binge drinking R(2)  = 0.06, p-values <0.001) beyond demographic characteristics. Two-way interactions among study variables were nonsignificant, suggesting that AO and Delay conferred risk similarly by racial/ethnic status, gender, and grade in high school.



When considered simultaneously, both an early AO and a quick progression to drinking to intoxication appear to be important determinants of high school student drinking. In addition to continuing efforts to postpone AO, efforts designed to delay intoxication may modulate alcohol-related risk associated with early drinking.

Field of study: Medicine
Design of Embedded Human Heartbeat Detection System Based on Infrared Method

Presents a heartbeat detection system implementation scheme,using infrared method of heart rate sensor detection pulse jump,and calculates the human heart rate,draws the heart rate curve in LCD screen.Major work including infrared sensor design method of heart and signal circuit design,calculation of heart rate,heart rate curve and keyboard system design,adopts chip ds18b20 and real-time clock time,ds1302 chip temperature detection.

Field of study: Computer science
Enantiospecific Formation of a Three-component Helical Structure by Spontaneous Self-assembly

A toluene solution of the two racemic helical tubulands 1 and 2 yields crystals of the stoichiometric product 1·22·toluene through molecular self-assembly involving simultaneous self-resolution of both diols. This composite helical tubulate structure contains parallel tubes with cross-sectional areas of 22.5 A2.

Field of study: Chemistry
Detection of Optical Transition Radiation and Its Application to Beam Diagnostics

Optical transition radiation produced by 40-60 MeV electrons crossing thin metallic foils has been studied in order to provide a beam diagnostic device. The radiation yield is roughly one photon per 100 electrons and the intensity appears to be Z independent ; the influence of bremsstrahlung is then fairly weak. Measurements of angular and ? dependence, spectral density and polarisation have been carried out and results are in good agreement with theories. When multiple scattering angles are negligible (< ?-1), a strong eneray dependence, close to ?3 , of the light intensity radiated into small solid angles is found. Moreover, the radiation is peaked in a direction making an angle ?-1 with the beam axis. Suitable optical arrangement make it possible beam position and profile determination. Measurement of the polarisation plane rotation by means of a scanning mirror provides a method of determining the incident angle of the beam onto the target. This device looks promising for diagnostics on particle beams-electrons as well as protons-with normalized energies ? in the range 1-103.

Field of study: Physics
AIDS: Psychosocial Dimensions.

In order to provide comprehensive care to patients who have AIDS, it is important for the family physician to understand the psychosocial elements of the disease. Homosexual men who have AIDS face particular problems, such as the disclosure of sexual orientation to family and friends. Issues discussed in this article include the reactions of the patient, family and friends to the diagnosis, the stigma of AIDS, the patient's support network, and preparations for disability and death. The facts about AIDS are discussed briefly, and the psychosocial implications of the illness for patients and their "significant others" are examined. The role of the family physician is highlighted.

Field of study: Medicine
Trend and analysis of the development of sports psychology——Overview of the 28th International Congress of Psychology

By analyzing the records of the two symposiums carried out by the 28th International Congress of Psychology,namely,the "Selection and Execution of Sports Skills in Athletic Sports",and the "Development of Olympic Games and High Level Competitive Sports",consulting experts of sports psychology from places all over the world,and summarizing the abstracts of theses selected by this International Congress of Psychology,the authors revealed the following findings: Implicit learning activity has become the focus of researches on the learning of sports skills;furthermore,a trend of diversified development has occurred to the researches on sports psychology in terms of refereeing and transplanting the knowledge,research area and research approach in respect to relevant disciplines of psychology,such as nerval sports psychology,ethical sports psychology,and interactional sports psychology,etc.

Field of study: Education
Copper-ion-dependent damage to the bases in DNA in the presence of hydrogen peroxide.

Mixtures of Cu2+ and H2O2 at pH 7.4 caused damage to the bases in DNA greater than that caused by mixtures of Fe3+ and H2O2. Addition of ascorbic acid to the Cu2+/H2O2 system caused a very large increase in base damage, much greater than that produced by the Fe3+/H2O2/ascorbic acid system. The products of base damage in the presence of Cu2+ were typical products that have been shown to result from attack of hydroxyl radicals upon the DNA bases. Cytosine glycol, thymine glycol, 8-hydroxyadenine and especially 8-hydroxyguanine were the major products in both the Cu2+/H2O2 and the Cu2+/H2O2/ascorbic acid systems. Base damage in DNA by these systems was inhibited by the chelating agents EDTA and nitrilotriacetic acid and by catalase, but not by superoxide dismutase, nor by the hydroxyl-radical scavenger mannitol. It is proposed that Cu2+ ions bound to the DNA react with H2O2 and ascorbic acid to generate hydroxyl radicals, which then immediately attack the DNA bases in a site-specific manner. A hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase system also caused damage to the DNA bases in the presence of Cu2+ ions. This was inhibited by superoxide dismutase and catalase. The high activity of Cu2+ ions, when compared with Fe3- ions, in causing hydroxyl-radical-dependent damage to DNA and to other biomolecules, means that the availability of Cu2+ ions in vivo must be carefully controlled.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Dynamic pelvic floor ultrasound for lower urinary tract symptoms in children--initial report on normative values.

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are common in children. The aim of this study was to determine normal values for pelvic floor movement in asymptomatic controls to allow comparison with symptomatic children with dysfunctional voiding (DV) in the next phase of the study.



One hundred children between the ages of 5-17 years were recruited prospectively as controls. All were asked to perform a voluntary pelvic floor contraction manoeuvre with a full bladder. All scans were performed on a Vivid I GE ultrasound machine with a 4-9 MHz curvilinear probe. M Mode was used to determine the direction of pelvic floor (levator plate-LP) movement, the distance in cms and the endurance in seconds. Each measurement was taken 3 times.



Six children were unable to understand and perform the manoeuvre and were excluded. The median age was 10 years (range 4-17). The median LP movement was 0.3 cm (range 0.1-1.6) and cranial in 86/94 (91%). The median endurance time was 5.8 s (range 2.3-15.5). For the (n = 59) younger children aged 4-11, the 95% normal reference range for LP movement was 0.1 cm-1.4 cm and for endurance was 2.5-13.5 s. For the (n = 33) older children aged 12-17, the 95% normal reference range for LP movement was 0.2 cm-1.2 cm and for endurance was 2.3-15.5 s. There was a significant correlation (Pearson r = 0.39, P = 0.001) between average LP movement and endurance.



This study gives the normal reference ranges for the variables measured. A further study is currently underway examining the same variables in children with dysfunctional voiding (DV) and comparing these with the reference range.

Field of study: Medicine
Continuum approach for second-order shape design sensitivity of three-dimensional elastic solids

A second-order shape design sensitivity analysis method for three-dimensional linear elastic solids is derived, using a continuum approach with the material derivative. To compute the second-order shape design sensitivity, a shape design acceleration field is defined, which is similar to the shape design velocity field for the first-order shape design sensitivity. Both direct differentiation and hybrid methods are presented in this paper. The shape changes are assumed on the traction-free boundary only. A numerical method, which can be implemented using established finite element analysis codes, is developed to demonstrate feasibility and accuracy of the proposed second-order shape design sensitivity analysis method

Field of study: Physics
INFLUÊNCIA DO TEOR DE NITROGÊNIO NO CULTIVO DE Spirulina maxima EM DOIS NÍVEIS DE TEMPERATURA: Parte II: PRODUÇÃO DE LIPÍDIOS

The micraolgae Spirulina maxima was cultivated in medium with 2,5g/L KNO3 (2,5N), proposed by Paoletti et al  and considered standard medium, in media with 0,2g/L KNO3 (0,2N) and in absence of nitrogen (0,0N) in temperatures of 25°C and 35°C. The composition of the dry cellular biomass presented to 35°C a medium increase of the total lipids, of 2,8 times of the middle with absence of nitrogen (0,0N) and 2,9 times of the half 0,2N in relation to the standard medium. To 25°C it presented a medium increase of 3,1 times of the medium with absence of nitrogen (0,0N) and 3,2 times of the half 0,2N in relation to the standard medium. The biomass in form of gel of each treatment was picked up and made the extraction of the total lipids, which were heavy in base evaporate. The statistical analyses of the results, in estimate non lineal with answer surface and multiple regression with analysis of residues, showed for the increase of the total lipids a lineal function with the temperature (T) and not lineal with the nitrogen (N), being adjusted to a model where the regression coefficient R=0,99459 and the equation LIPT = A+B2T+CN2.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Differences in ionotropic glutamate receptor subunit expression are not responsible for strain-dependent susceptibility to excitotoxin-induced injury.

Systemic administration of kainic acid in C57BL/6 and FVB/N mice induces a comparable level of seizure induction yet results in differential susceptibility to seizure-induced cell death. While kainate administration causes severe hippocampal damage in mice of the FVB/N strain, C57BL/6 mice display no demonstrable cell loss or damage. At present, while the cellular mechanisms underlying strain-dependent differences in susceptibility remain unclear, some of this variation is assumed to have a genetic basis. As glutamate receptors are thought to participate in seizure induction and the subsequent neuronal degeneration that ensues, previous studies have proposed that variation in the precise subunit composition of glutamate receptors may result in differential susceptibility to excitotoxic cell death. Thus, we chose to examine the relationship between the cellular distribution and expression of glutamate receptor subunit proteins and cell loss within the hippocampus in mouse strains resistant and susceptible to kainate-induced excitotoxicity. Using semi-quantitative Western blot techniques and immunohistochemistry with the use of antibodies that recognize subunits of the KA (GluR5,6,7), AMPA (GluR1, GluR2, and GluR4), and NMDA (NMDAR1 and NMDAR2A/2B) receptors, we found no significant strain-dependent differences in the expression or distribution of these glutamate receptor subunits in the intact hippocampus. Following kainate administration, expression changes in ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits paralleled the development of susceptibility to cell death in the FVB/N strain only. Strain differences in hippocampal vulnerability to kainate-induced status epilepticus are not due to glutamate receptor protein expression.

Field of study: Biology
INTERVAL ANALYSIS METHOD OF GUST RESPONSE

The structural response of elastic aerocraft in atmosphere due to gust excitation was studied in this paper.The uncertainty parameters describing the problem of gust response are modeled as interval sets.The interval analysis method is based on interval extension and Taylor series expansion,which are combined with finite element method.The proposed method can be used to estimate the intervals of structural responses,requireing the intervals of uncertainties only,hence can be used to solve complex aeroelastic dynamic problems with uncertainties.Numerical example demonstrates the efficiency of interval analysis method by comparing its results with probabilistic method.

Field of study: Engineering
Urban domestic gardens (VIII) : environmental correlates of invertebrate abundance

Domestic gardens associated with residential zones form a major component of vegetated land in towns and cities. Such gardens may play a vital role in maintaining biodiversity in urban areas, but variation in the abundance of organisms in gardens has been little explored. We report the results from a case study of 61 domestic gardens in the city of Sheffield, UK. Across 22 invertebrate groups, the median number of individuals recorded per garden was 49, 178, and 1012 in litter collections, pitfall and Malaise trap samples, respectively. Abundance was analysed by stepwise multiple regression and hierarchical tree analysis in relation to garden and landscape variables. The amount of variation explained in regression models ranged from 4 to 56%, for data based on pitfall and litter samples, and from 16 to 92% for data from Malaise traps. In total, 31 out of 36 explanatory variables entered into stepwise regression models, and 29 of them did so more than once. Although there was strong evidence only for approximately half of such relationships, in these cases the two methods of analysis corroborated one another. General correlates of invertebrate abundance were lacking, and likely reasons for inconsistencies in the relationships are discussed in the context of sampling and species biology. Correlates of the greatest significance occurred at both landscape (e.g. altitude) and garden scales (e.g. area of canopy vegetation). These factors were associated with species richness as well as abundance.

Field of study: Environmental science
Bryophyte and vascular plant species richness in boreo-nemoral moist forests and mires

We compare species richness of bryophytes and vascular plants in Estonian moist forests and mires. The material was collected from two wetland nature reserves. Bryophyte and vascular plant species were recorded in 338 homogeneous stands of approximately 1 ha in nine forest and two mire types. Regional species pools for bryophytes and vascular plants were significantly correlated. The correlations between the species richnesses of bryophytes and vascular plants per stand were positive in all community types. The relative richnesses (local richness divided by the regional species pool size) were similar for bryophyte species and for vascular plant species. This shows that on larger scales, conservation of the communities rich in species of one taxonomic plant group, maintains also the species richness of the other. The minimum number of stands needed for the maintenance of the regional species pool of typical species for the every community type was calculated using the species richness accumulation curves. Less stands are needed to maintain the bryophyte species pools (300–5300 for bryophytes and 400–35 000 for vascular plants).

Field of study: Environmental science
Estimating the number of communities in networks by spectral methods

Community detection is a fundamental problem in network analysis with many methods available to estimate communities. Most of these methods assume that the number of communities is known, which is often not the case in practice. We propose a simple and very fast method for estimating the number of communities based on the spectral properties of certain graph operators, such as the non-backtracking matrix and the Bethe Hessian matrix. We show that the method performs well under several models and a wide range of parameters, and is guaranteed to be consistent under several asymptotic regimes. We compare the new method to several existing methods for estimating the number of communities and show that it is both more accurate and more computationally efficient.

Field of study: Computer science
Comparison of Nonparametric Components in Two Partially Linear Models

In this article, we are concerned with whether the nonparametric functions are parallel from two partial linear models, and propose a test statistic to check the difference of the two functions. The unknown constant α is estimated by using moment method under null models. Nonparametric functions under both null and full models are estimated by using local linear method. The asymptotic properties of parametric and nonparametric components are derived. The test statistic under the null hypothesis is calculated and shown to be asymptotically normal.

Field of study: Mathematics
Measurement Structure of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Its Association with Health Functioning in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease

Research on the underlying structure of sleep measures in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) is lacking. Existing research on sleep and health outcomes primarily focused on only one dimension of sleep (e.g., sleep duration), leaving other aspects unexamined. To address this gap, this study examined the measurement structure of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and its associations with health-related quality of life among CHD patients. Participants were 167 CHD patients from a cardiac wellness program. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the two-factor structure with sleep efficiency and perceived sleep quality best fitted the data. Concurrent validity analyses with structural equation modeling showed that, when considered simultaneously, perceived sleep quality, but not sleep efficiency, was significantly associated with emotional, physical, and social quality of life. Findings demonstrated that the PSQI consists of two moderately correlated factors that are differentially associated with separate health domains in cardiac patients.

Field of study: Psychology
Processing of Traditional Chinese Herbal Drugs-the Science of the Applicationof Chinese Traditional Medicine

The processing of traditional Chinese herbal drugs is a general term based on the theory of TCM and its characteristic for treating medicinal substances by various means before the medical use. In China, Master Lei's Discourse on Drug Processing  is the earliest book that describes the method of drug processing clearly. It includes the principle of drug processing which can increase the efficacy of the herbal drugs or reduce their toxicity.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Irreversibility on the Level of Single-Electron Tunneling

We present a low-temperature experimental test of the fluctuation theorem for electron transport through a double quantum dot. The rare entropy-consuming system trajectories are detected in the form of single charges flowing against the source-drain bias by using time-resolved charge detection with a quantum point contact. We find that these trajectories appear with a frequency that agrees with the theoretical predictions even under strong nonequilibrium conditions, when the finite bandwidth of the charge detection is taken into account. The second law of thermodynamics states that a macroscopic system out of thermal equilibrium will irreversibly move toward equilibrium driven by a steady increase of its entropy. This macroscopic irreversibility occurs despite the time-reversal symmetry of the underlying microscopic equations of motion. Also, a microscopic system will undergo an irreversible evolution on a long time scale, but, over a sufficiently short observation time � , both entropy-producing trajectories as well as their timereversed entropy-consuming counterparts occur. It is only because of the statistics of these occurrences that a longterm irreversible evolution is established. This phenomenon is described by the fluctuation theorem . Irrespective of the description of the trajectories being system-specific, the fluctuation theorem (FT) relates the probabilities P� ð� SÞ for processes that change the entropy

Field of study: Physics
Educating for Safety in the Pharmacy Curriculum

This overview of the Educating for Safety supplement issue explores the context and urgency of the problem of unsafe care, what we have learned about improving both safety and quality in health care, and the implications of this for educators. This supplement issue is a response to the charge of the AACP Council of Deans (COD) and the Council of Faculties (COF) Medication Safety Task Force to address the role of colleges and schools of pharmacy in responding to the national patient safety agenda. The articles included are intended to serve as a nexus for pharmacy education in developing curricula and promoting best practices as they relate to the importance of medication safety.

Field of study: Education, Medicine