nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Olfactory associative conditioning in infant rats with brain stimulation as reward: II. Norepinephrine mediates a specific component of the bulb response to reward.

One of the circuits modified by early olfactory learning is in the olfactory bulb. Specifically, response patterns of mitral-tufted cells are modified by associative conditioning during the early postnatal period. In addition, previous work has demonstrated that mitral-tufted cell single units respond to both olfactory conditioned stimuli and rewarding stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle-lateral hypothalamus (MFB-LH). The present study suggests that norepinephrine beta-receptor activation is required for early olfactory learning using MFB-LH stimulation as reward. Propranolol injected before odor-MFB-LH pairings blocks the acquisition of conditioned behavioral responses and their neural correlates to the conditioned odor. Furthermore, propranolol blocks a specific class of the mitral-tufted cell responses to MFB-LH reward stimulation. The relationship of this response to reward and early learning is discussed.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Collective dynamics of Josephson vortices in intrinsic Josephson junctions: exploration of in-phase locked superradiant vortex flow states

In order to explore the “superradiant” condition for the moving Josephson vortices in intrinsic Josephson junctions (IJJs), we perform large scale numerical simulations for the IJJs with realistic dimensions under a layer-parallel magnetic field (H>1T). Three clear step-like structures, at which we find structural transitions in moving flux-line lattice, are observed in the I–V curve. The flow states of the Josephson vortices are classified into four regions, from I to IV, according to the applied current or voltage values. The superradiant state, in which moving Josephson vortices forms the in-phase rectangular lattice, is stabilized in region III. In the superradiant state, the power spectra of excited electric fields show very sharp peak structures and the power at the peak position is very large. From the eigen mode analysis, we show that the step-like structure in the I–V curve corresponding to structural transitions in moving lattices originates from the resonances between the transverse Josephson plasma modes and the motion of the Josephson vortices.

Field of study: Physics
Circulating concentrations of soluble granzyme A and B increase during natural and experimental Plasmodium falciparum infections

Release of soluble Granzymes (sGranzymes) is considered to reflect activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and NK cells. sGranzymes and a number of pro‐inflammatory cytokines were measured in plasma of malaria patients with natural or experimentally induced Plasmodium falciparum infections. Concentrations of sGranzyme A and B, IL‐10, IL‐12p70 and CRP were significantly increased in African children presenting with clinical malaria; IL‐10 and CRP concentrations were significantly correlated with disease severity. In nonimmune Dutch volunteers which were experimentally infected by P. falciparum‐infected mosquitoes, sGranzyme A increment started 1–2 days prior to clinical symptoms and microscopically detectable parasitaemia. This coincided with increases in IFNγ, IL‐12p40 and IL‐8, while sGranzyme B and IL‐10 levels increased 24–48 h later. The elevation of sGranzyme A and IFNγ in nonimmune volunteers suggests that NK cells are activated upon release of parasites by infected liver cells and subsequently during blood stage infection; thus, NK cells are likely involved innate immune human host resistance in the early phase of a malaria infection.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Study on the Labor Population Structure and Human Capital Accumulation Characteristics of Different Industries in China

Based on the data of China Labor Statistical Yearbook, this paper analyzes the characteristics of the labor population structure and human capital accumulation by industry, and finds that the labor population structure presents the following characteristics: (1) the Labour force is concentrated in service industry; (2) the proportion of labor force in emerging and high skilled industries is small; (3) there is age structure differentiation among industries. The accumulation of human capital is characterized by: (1) a shortage of human capital accumulation in productive industries; (2) a large gap in human capital accumulation in different industries. Therefore, no matter from the perspective of labor population structure or human capital accumulation, there are some structural differentiation problems among different industries, which is directly related to the enjoyment of second demographic dividend. Therefore, we must pay attention to the structural differentiation of labor population distribution and human capital accumulation among industries, and improve the education and training system, employment security system, labor mobility system as well as social security system, so as to eliminate the second demographic dividend barrier caused by structural differentiation.

Field of study: Business
Application of Adjunct Auto-Instruction to Teaching Computer Programming

THE FOLLOWING REPORT is part of one of four divisions of a cooperative research project on "The Effectiveness of Auto-Instruction", and was com pleted during the first semester of 1964-65 at the University of Arizona. The method of adjunct auto-instruction has been developed primarily by Pressey. Several prelimi nary studies were performed by Pressey, and an ex perimental investigation of adjunct auto-instruction was carried out by Pressey and Kinzer (1). In the above experiment subjects were enrolled in the course "Human Growth and Learning" and exer cises were developed around the subject matter in which the students were participating. This study, using the same general principle, was designed to test the efficacy of adjunct auto-instruction where course work of a more factual nature was involved.

Field of study: Education
Some Age Relations and Structural Features of the Precambrian Volcanic Terrane, St. Francois Mountains, Southeastern Missouri

Precambrian rocks of the St. Francois Mountains consist mostly of silicic ash-flow tuff and intrusive granite. These rocks were formed during two igneous episodes occurring 1415 m.y. ago and 1320 m.y. ago, as determined by whole-rock Rb-Sr measurements. A major volcanic subsidence structure, the Taum Sauk Caldera, displaces rocks of the older group but is intruded along ring fractures by a granite of the younger group. These rocks may be the exposed part of a much more extensive Precambrian volcanic terrane, which is now buried under younger sedimentary rocks.

Field of study: Geology
Improving the Phase Stability of the SLAC RF Driveline Network for SLC Operation

Successful operation of the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) will require greater phase stability from the two-mile long RF drive network than previous linac operation did. This paper discusses four proposed modifications of the present system that should help achieve the general objective to reduce all long term temperature and atmospheric pressure induced phase variations to less than 20° at 2856 MHz, so that the phase/amplitude detector subsystems, which will control the network output phases relative to a beam reference, will operate within their most accurate ranges.

Field of study: Physics
Differential diagnosis of common female genitourinary complaints.

The symptoms and diagnosis of the three most common female bladder-urethral dysfunctions (infection, stress incontinence, and irritable bladder syndrome) are examined so that the practitioner may better differentiate between these problems and some of their counterparts. Cystitis cystica, urethritis, and radiation cystitis are among the less common infections and are frequently missed. Other conditions can be mistaken for infections: urethral diverticulum, Hunner's ulcer, atrophic vaginitis, urethral stenosis. Stress urinary incontinence, arising from abnormal bladder-urethral unit physiology or from obesity, can benefit from Kegel's exercise to strengthen the external sphincter and pubococcygeus muscles. For irritable bladder syndrome, which is often misdiagnosed, a bladder drill with increasing voiding intervals is useful. Patient understanding of bladder function and the need for retraining is also important.

Field of study: Medicine
Utilization of gluconate by Escherichia coli. Uptake of D-gluconate by a mutant impaired in gluconate kinase activity and by membrane vesicles derived therefrom.

1. From Escherichia coli strain K2.1.5(c).8.9, which is devoid of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (gnd) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydratase (edd) activities, a mutant R6 was isolated that was tolerant to gluconate though still edd(-), gnd(-). 2. Measurements of the fate of labelled gluconate, of the conversion of gluconate into 6-phosphogluconate, and of the induction of gluconate kinase by the two organisms show that, although both inducibly form a gluconate-transport system, strain R6 is impaired in its ability to convert the gluconate thus taken up into 6-phosphogluconate; it was therefore used for study of the kinetics and energetics of gluconate uptake. 3. Suspensions of strain R6 induced for gluconate uptake took up this substrate via a ;high affinity' transport process, with K(m) about 10mum and V(max.) about 25nmol/min per mg dry mass; a ;low affinity' system demonstrated to occur in certain E. coli mutants was not induced under the conditions used in this work. 4. The uptake of gluconate was inhibited by lack of oxygen and by inhibitors of electron transport; such inhibitors also promoted the efflux of gluconate taken up. 5. Membrane vesicles prepared from strain R6 also manifested these properties when incubated with suitable electron donors, at rates similar to those observed with whole cells. 6. The results indicate that the active transport of gluconate into the cells is the rate-limiting step in gluconate utilization by E. coli, and that the mechanism of this process can be validly studied with membrane vesicles.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Large Angle K+-Deuteron Scattering as a Probe for Meson Exchange Effects

Meson exchange contributions have been suggested as one class of medium effects which might explain the continuing discrepancy between experimental results and theoretical predictions for K+-nucleus scattering. These exchange effects are negligible for near-forward K+-deuteron scattering because of the large size of the deuteron, but at large angles they might be expected to be significant compared to the weak double scattering. Detailed calculations, however, show that the quadrupole and magnetic contributions from single scattering are large enough to dominate both double scattering and exchange contributions even at large momentum transfers. The exchange contributions become significant only if the target deuteron is highly aligned so that the single scattering contributions are greatly reduced.

Field of study: Physics
Removal of Potential Phosphorylation Sites does not Alter Creatine Transporter Response to PKC or Substrate Availability

Creatine, Phosphocreatine, and creatine kinases, constitute an energy shuttle that links ATP production in mitochondria with cellular consumption sites. Myocytes and neurons cannot synthesize creatine and depend on uptake across the cell membrane by a specialized transporter to maintain intracellular creatine levels. Although recent studies have improved our understanding of creatine transport in cardiomyocytes, the structural elements underlying the creatine transporter protein regulation and the relevant intracellular signaling processes are unknown.  The effects of pharmacological activation of kinases or phosphatases on creatine transport in cardiomyocytes in culture were evaluated. Putative phosphorylation sites in the creatine transporter protein were identified by bioinformatics analyses, and ablated using site-directed mutagenesis. Mutant transporter function and their responses to pharmacological PKC activation or changes in creatine availability in the extracellular environment, were evaluated.  PKC activation decreases creatine transport in cardiomyocytes in culture. Elimination of high probability potential phosphorylation sites did not abrogate responses to PKC activation or substrate availability.  Modulation of creatine transport in cardiomyocytes is a complex process where phosphorylation at predicted sites in the creatine transporter protein does not significantly alter activity. Instead, non-classical structural elements in the creatine transporter and/or interactions with regulatory subunits may modulate its activity.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Determinants of trust and business performance: the case of tuna fishery industry in Semporna, Sabah.

Buyer and seller relationship has been one of prominent issues of discussion especially in an emerging country’s economy. In many ways, both parties interact with each other and over time will create long term relationships which may benefit them. This study focuses on the dynamic of trust between the fisherman (seller) and their buyer and the relationship of trust towards business performance. A total of 98 hook and line tuna fisherman in Mabul Island, Semporna were interviewed using guided-completion questionnaires. The data collected was tested using SmartPLS. The study reveals that communication was the strongest variable influencing trust followed by price satisfaction, interdependency and information sharing. On the same note, cultural similarities and flexibility were found non-significant towards trust. The study also found that trust has no direct influence towards business performance. From a managerial perspective, in order to be successful, channel members need to develop, maintain and seek improvements on communication, information sharing, interdependency and price satisfaction variables within the supply chain. It will be beneficial for members in the value chain to adopt the usage of information technology gadgets to boost communication and information sharing within the industry thus strengthening interdependency among members of the tuna fishing industry. From a theoretical perspective, the findings were consistent with previous researchers who also found that communication, information sharing, interdependency and price satisfaction variables were the main actors in the buyer-seller relationship context specifically on the trust dynamic. .

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters of a mixture of two regression lines

The method of maximum likelihood is used to estimate the parameters of a mixture of two regression lines, The results of a small simulation study show that when the sample size exceeds 250 and the regression lines are more than three standard deviations apart for at least one half of the data, the maximum likelihood estimates are reliable. When this is net the case their sampling variances are so large that the estimates may not be reliable.

Field of study: Mathematics
Ventilation system for higher room temperature setting

There is worldwide plea to reduce carbon dioxide emission.In response to such a call,several governments in the East Asia recently required to adopt higher room temperatures in summer.To promote such an idea,the public need to be convinced that such practice would not sacrifice indoor environmental quality,especially thermal comfort of the occupants.To implement such a measure,suitable ventilation system(s)to work under the unconventional conditions should be identified.Stratum ventilation is introduced to demonstrate its feasibility in coping for the higher room temperatures.A case study,a typical office in Hong Kong,is used to illustrate the performance of this new ventilation mode.Experimental and computational results show that with properly designed supplied air velocity and volume,locations of supply and exhaust,the proposed system has the potential to maintain better thermal comfort with a smaller temperature difference between the head and foot level,lower energy consumption, and better indoor air quality(IAQ)in the breathing zone.Much further work is needed to determine if the benefits are significant.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Persuasive Writing and Self-Regulation Training for Writers With Autism Spectrum Disorders

In this single-subject study, we examined the effects of a persuasive writing and self-regulation strategy on the writing of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Six children with ASD worked in pairs to learn a mnemonic-based strategy for planning and writing a persuasive essay using the self-regulated strategy development (SRSD) approach. Postintervention analysis revealed increases for all students in number of essay elements and holistic quality. Evidence of planning and self-regulation behaviors was also noted. Results support the assertion that utilizing a peer component to teach strategy instruction coupled with self-regulation procedures can positively affect the writing of children with ASD.

Field of study: Education
Autoshaping in the rat: Effects of omission on the form of the response.

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of an omission contingency on behavior related to and characterizing autoshaped lever contacts in the rat. In Experiment I an omission contingency imposed on autoshaped lever contacts forceful enough to produce a press (.078N) resulted in a significant decrease in lever presses, but had no effect on frequency of lever touches (contacts of insufficient force to produce a press) or rate of food tray entry during lever presentation. In contrast, rats which received a similar number of lever-food pairings, but whose behavior had no programmed consequences (yoked control subjects), showed an increase in lever press rate, a significant decrease in rate of food tray entry, and no change in rate of lever-touches. In Experiment II, the effect of a similar omission contingency on the topography of lever contact responses was investigated. Prior to omission training subjects contacted the lever primarily by pawing it. Following omission training this behavior was suppressed, with a subsequent increase in lever contacts characterized as nosing. Yoked control subjects showed no significant changes in lever contact topography. The results indicate that (1) an omission contingency does not simply eliminate wholesale those topographies which incur the contingency but produces subtle adaptive changes in lever contact topography; and (2) the nature of the autoshaped response in the rat does not appear to be rigid enough to depend solely upon the nature of the unconditioned stimulus or the conditioned stimulus, but can also be determined by the relationships existing between the animal's behavior and these stimuli.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Design and Implementation of China National Business English Examination Management System

According to the National Business English Examination Management's actual needs,using ASP.NET technology develops examination management system based on B/S.Uses three layer model development,adds an API project in the business logic layer to improve the code reuse.Uses a variety of security measures to ensure the security of the system.Designs a random scheduling algorithm to achieve the desired results and high efficiency in the examination management.

Field of study: Computer science
Remote Control of Swarm Mobile Robots

This paper presents both remote control of the swarm mobile robots and real time simulation of their motion. The orientation of the robots is able to be controlled remotely by one user during the collective motion. The orientation data from the remote controller to the robots is transmitted by using XBee S1 modules. The pair-wise interactions between the robots were proposed based on three rules namely attraction, parallel orientation and repulsion fields. The simulation code works as a real-time simulation. The code uses the data received from the robots to simulate the motion of the robots. The simulation also saves the all the received data from the robots to one Excel file. Two parameters, polarization and expanse were calculated in order to observe and characterize the motion of the swarm robots by using the saved data.

Field of study: Engineering
Retrieval of aerosol single-scattering albedo and polarized phase function from polarized sun-photometer measurements for Zanjan's atmosphere

The polarized phase function of atmospheric aerosols has been investigated for the atmosphere of Zanjan, a city in northwest Iran. To do this, aerosol optical depth, Angstrom exponent, single-scattering albedo, and polarized phase function have been retrieved from the measurements of a Cimel CE 318-2 polarized sun-photometer from February 2010 to December 2012. The results show that the maximum value of aerosol polarized phase function as well as the polarized phase function retrieved for a specific scattering angle (i.e., 60°) are strongly correlated (R = 0.95 and 0.95, respectively) with the Angstrom exponent. The latter has a meaningful variation with respect to the changes in the complex refractive index of the atmospheric aerosols. Furthermore the polarized phase function shows a moderate negative correlation with respect to the atmospheric aerosol optical depth and single-scattering albedo (R = −0.76 and −0.33, respectively). Therefore the polarized phase function can be regarded as a key parameter to characterize the atmospheric particles of the region – a populated city in the semi-arid area and surrounded by some dust sources of the Earth's dust belt.

Field of study: Environmental science
Regio- and stereoselective functionalization of electron-deficient alkenes by organosilicon compounds via photoinduced electron transfer

Regio- and stereoselective photoallylation of electron-deficient alkenes by use of allylic silanes via photoinduced electron transfer has been described. Similar photoinduced functionalization reactions such as arylmethylation, alkylation, and silylation can be achieved by using a variety of organosilicon compounds. These photoreactions proceed via radical cations of organosilicon compounds and radical anions of electron-deficient alkenes as reactive intermediates. The key step of the photoreactions is the attack of carbon radicals, which are generated from the radical cations of organosilicon compounds, on the radical anions of alkenes. The mechanism of the regio- and stereoselective photofunctionalization is discussed.

Field of study: Chemistry