nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Economically Optimized Design of Methane Fermentation Systems for Swine Production Facilities

AN economically optimum methane fermentation system is a function of the value of the energy produced and the cost to produce it. The point of maximum economic benefits occurs where unit energy production cost (UEPC), defined as total annual costs divided by net energy output, is a minimum. This study analyzed the operation of methane fermentation systems designed at various volatile solids (VS) loading concentrations and detention times for both mesophilic (35 °C) and thermophilic (60 °C) operating temperatures for swine production facilities. Dynamic computer simulations of the animal production facility and the methane plant provided yearly net energy production data which were used to determine the UEPC. From these computer simulations, a series of characteristic UEPC curves was developed for each loading concentration which shows the minimum UEPC as a function of detention time (DT).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Visual-Assisted UAV Auto-Landing System

Autolanding system in the unmanned aircraft system (UAS) is an important function to assist operators with more precise flight manipulation. Accompanying with GPS waypoint navigation, an ILS-like (Instrument Landing System) approach to landing is proposed based on visual-aid runway recognition and autopilot flight control. Simple mature and reliable detection algorithm is formulated to implement into Paparazzi autopilot system. In addition to the conventional RGB detection, the Hue-Saturation-Value (HSV) color space is introduced to give more precise result. The Line Segment Detector (LSD) is added to search for runway edge during approach to touch down at Waypoint 0. An approach procedure close to runway is established for UAV homing guidance and merged to a holding point before heading to runway. Similar to ILS glide slope, markers are created for UAV with a specific glide slope process to touchdown.

Field of study: Engineering
On the effect of moisture on the detection of tropospheric turbulence from in situ measurements

The present paper addresses the detection of turbulence based on the Thorpe (1977) method applied to an atmosphere where saturation of water vapor occurs. The detection method proposed by Thorpe relies on the sorting in ascending order of a measured profile of a variable conserved through adiabatic processes, (e.g. potential temperature). For saturated air, the reordering should be applied to a moist-conservative potential temperature, θm, which is analogous to potential temperature for a dry (subsaturated) atmosphere. Here, θm is estimated from the Brunt–Vaisala frequency derived by Lalas and Einaudi (1974) in a saturated atmosphere. The application to balloon data shows that the effective turbulent fraction of the troposphere can dramatically increase when saturation is taken into account. Preliminary results of comparisons with data simultaneously collected from the VHF Middle and Upper atmosphere radar (MUR, Japan) seem to give credence to the proposed approach.

Field of study: Environmental science
A class of test statistics for testing whether new is better than used

A class of test statistics Is proposed for testing that a life distribution Is exponential against that it is new better than used and not exponential, Consistency, unbiasedness and the asymptotic normality for the one class of class of test are proved. The efflication are compeled and compared with some otner statinties. The proposed test is shown to perform well against other tests.

Field of study: Mathematics
A note on "Data smoothing by cubic spline filters"

After a previous correspondence (see ibid., vol.46, p.2790-6, Oct. 1998) was published, the author found out that several of the key results had already been reported by Unser, Aldroubi and Eden (see ibid., vol.41, p.821-33 and p.834-48, Feb. 1993), The author regrets this oversight on his part and wishes to acknowledge the prior contribution of Unser, Aldroubi, and Eden. They have shown, in fact, that the smoothing spline and the computation of the derivatives for equally spaced data can be performed by digital filtering. They have also given the corresponding filters and discussed some of their properties. In addition, recursive implementation of these filters has been proposed and their computational efficiency over the conventional matrix solutions has been demonstrated. Thus, the author's contribution is mainly in establishing some interesting properties of the smoothing filter, especially the maximum flatness property of the filter, as well as the relationship between the cutoff frequency of the filter and the smoothing control parameter. Moreover, the author's approach to derive the smoothing filter directly from the matrix solution can always be seen as an alternative to the method proposed by Unser et al. The author has also stressed that the recursive smoothing filter gives the same result as the matrix solution except for the two extremities of the data.

Field of study: Engineering
Development and Test of a Miniature Novel Cable-In-Conduit-Conductor for Use in Fast Ramping Accelerators With Superconducting Magnets

The results of the technology development and first tests of the samples of the novel CICC are presented and discussed. The miniature CICC consists of thirty 0.5 mm NbTi strands inside a conduit with an outer diameter of 6.4 mm and has a projected operating current not less than 6 kA. The conductor design uses the well known and proven CICC technology. This new design looks very attractive, with several possible advantages, such as increased conductor stability margin and better mechanical rigidity of the conductor. Before N-CICC development the preliminary predictive analysis was done to justify the new conductor concept

Field of study: Physics
Variations in fish habitat fragmentation caused by marine reclamation activities in the Bohai coastal region, China

Due to the development of the social economy and population density pressure, coastal reclamation activities have rapidly increased throughout coastal regions in China and have had a significant negative impact on fish habitat fragmentation (especially on the habitat of the early life history stage of fish, ELHSF). However, few studies have focused on the negative ecological impacts of reclamation patches on ELHSF habitats (such as spawning, nursery, and feeding grounds). Data on marine reclamation were extracted from 49 Landsat remote sensing images from 7 different periods from 1985 to 2015, and ichthyoplankton data from 1982 to 2014 were compiled. The trend of fragmentation showed that the number of artificial heterogeneous patches significantly increased, and the isolation of habitat landscape became more intense. As a result, the spatial patterns of ichthyoplankton habitat rapidly transformed from a continuous and integral distribution to a divided and fragmented distribution, which drastically changed numerous environmental factors and deeply reshaped normal fish recruitment activities by impacting the number and abundance of ELHSF.

Field of study: Environmental science
Market solutions for social problems: working-class housing in nineteenth-century London.

F inding a policy framework within which to reconcile social welfare objectives with market economies has been a major concern of politicians and social commentators for over a century. In the early twentieth century these concerns culminated in a set of 'New Liberal' welfare reforms in which the state assumed a larger role as the agency through which market imperfections or failures could be  Early welfare subject literature presented these changes as part of a unilinear trend towards the inevitable development of a 'welfare state' in which public provision replaced the outdated and inadequate efforts of charitable  More recently, this 'whig' interpretation has been revised and the state is presented as only one provider among others within a 'mixed economy of welfare'.4 )While the 'old' welfare subject literature premised the inevitability of state intervention upon an implicit story of market failure, the 'new' literature has a tendency to forget the market altogether as a possible provider of social welfare. Although Daunton suggests that 'voluntarism and the market may be seen as alternatives to taxation', revisionist historians have focused attention on the relationship between the voluntary sector and the state, while neglecting to consider ways in which the market may offer alternatives to public provision.5 Historians have explored the shifting boundaries between public provision (implying the state) and private welfare (denoting the individual, the family, or the voluntary association).6 This article makes a contribution to the welfare subject literature by considering an example of a social problem-insanitary and over-crowded housing-where joint-stock companies pioneered the most extensive attempts to reconcile the operation of the market and the social objectives of society.

Field of study: Economics, History
Oral Cancer Awareness among Dentists in Kuwait

The aim of this study was to assess oral cancer awareness among dentists in Kuwait.  A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 200 dentists working at the Ministry of Health Dental Centers and Kuwait University Dental Center using a structured questionnaire. Dentists' knowledge about risk factors of oral cancer and about diagnostic concepts, current practices and opinions, preferred point of referral as well as interest in continuing education were assessed and the responses were analyzed.  Of the 200 dentists surveyed, 153 responded (76.5% response rate). The mean knowledge score of the respondents was 20.6 ± 4.0 out of a total score of 30. Thirty-five (22.9%) dentists had consistently high knowledge scores for both risk factors and diagnostic concepts. Of the 153 dentists, 132 (86.3%) were interested in obtaining further information about oral cancer.  This study highlighted the need for improved knowledge and education of dental practitioners on oral cancer.

Field of study: Medicine
Aliphatic aldehydes in the synthesis of condensed 4-alkyl(cycloalkyl)-2-amino-3-cyano-4H-pyrans

Substituted 4-alkyl(cycloalkyl)-2-amino-3-cyano-4H-pyrans have been obtained from the reaction of aliphatic aldehydes with malononitrile and some other CH acids in the presence of N-methylmorpholine.

Field of study: Chemistry
Designing Sets of Binary Sequences for MIMO Radar Systems

In this paper, we aim at designing sets of binary sequences with good aperiodic/periodic auto- and cross-correlation functions for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar systems. We show that such a set of sequences can be obtained by minimizing a weighted sum of peak sidelobe level (PSL) and integrated sidelobe level (ISL) with the binary element constraint at the design stage. The sets of designed sequences are neighboring the lower bound on ISL and have a better PSL than the best-known structured sets of binary sequences. To formulate the problem, we introduce a Pareto-objective of weighted auto- and cross-correlation functions by establishing a multi-objective NP-hard constrained optimization problem. Then, by using the block coordinate descent framework, we propose an efficient monotonic algorithm based on fast Fourier transform, to minimize the multi-dimensional objective function. Numerical results illustrate the superior performance of the proposed algorithm in comparison with the state-of-the-art methods.

Field of study: Engineering
Phrase-Reading Training and the Reading Achievement of Slow Learners: An Experimental Study'

same reading level. It was determined that there were significant increases in both reading rate and comprehension in the phrase-training programs without substantial changes in reading vocabulary. One of the questions suggested by these initial investigations was: To what extent might students of lower intellectual-educational ability benefit from a phrase-training program? An experiment was designed to determine whether phrase-reading training would be useful with slower learners in the ninth and tenth grades by comparing a phrase-reading program with another special reading procedure. The investigation differed from the previous studies with respect to the subjects’ age, grade placement, program placement (Slow Learner group) and intellectual-educational ability. Ninth and tenth grade slow learners were used as subjects since the phrase-reading programs had a third-grade vocabulary, and younger students designated as slow learners might have had difficulty reading words on this level.

Field of study: Education
Changes of haemagglutination inhibition antibody level within one month after influenza A （ HIN1 ）vaccination

To find the changes of haemagglutination inhibition （ HI ） antibody level against A/California/07/2009 （H1N1） within one month after pandemic A/H1N1 influenza vaccine （A/H1N1InfV） vaccination, and to provide data for drawing up immunization protocols against novel influenza .  The HI antibodies against A/California/07/2009 （H1N1） in sera from the inoculated subjects were tested by HI test .The geometric mean titer （ GMT） , geometric mean increase （ GMI） , seroconversion （SC） rate, seroprotection （SP） rate of HI antibodies were compared among the sera collected on day 3, 7, 14, 30 post vaccination .Results 961 participants were injected with A/H1N1InfV.In subjects aged 3 to 11 years, the antibody level peaked on day 14 post vaccination, but neither on day 14 nor on day 30, the lower bound of the two -sided 95%CI for the SP rate could fulfill the criteria of the FDA for influenza vac-cine.In subjects aged 12 to 60 years, the antibody level peaked on day 14 post vaccination and the SC rate , SP rate and GMI fulfilled the criteria of the European Medicines Agency （ EMEA） and the FDA for influenza vaccine. In subjects aged more than 60 years, the antibody level peaked on day 30 post vaccination , and the SC rate, SP rate and GMI on day 30 fulfilled the criteria of the EMEA and the FDA .Conclusion One dose A/H1N1InfV vaccination was able to induce enough protection on day 14 for subjects aged 12 to 60 years, on day 30 for subjects aged more than 60 years;however , for subjects aged 3 to 11 years who were antibody-negative at baseline , the lower bound of the two-sided 95%CI for the SP rate on day 14 and day 30 couldn′t fulfill the criteria of the FDA for influenza vaccine . 
 
 
Pandemic A/H1N1 influenza vaccine;  Hemagglutination inhibition test;  Changes ofHI antibody level

Field of study: Biology
[Medical and organizational issues of pre- and post-stroke disablement].

Authors examined 400 patients in the acute stage of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, including 140 patients who were followed-up for 6 months after the discharge. The dynamics of neurological and functional status, degree of disability and 6 month mortality were evaluated. It was shown that before hospitalization, 45.3% patients had disability pensions group I (14 or 7.7%), group II (136 or 75.1%) and group III (31 or 17.1%). The proportion of disabled people among able-bodied citizens younger than 60 years was 17.5% and it was 77.4% among those older than 80 years. Disability was caused by the cardiovascular pathology (48.1%), previous stroke (30.9%), diabetes mellitus type 2 and its complications (21%). The group of disability assigned before stroke, degree of comorbidity and severity of main disease were positively correlated with the severity of patient's condition on admission to and at discharge from the hospital. During 6 months after discharge, 15.7% of patients died, the rate of mortality was higher by a factor of 1.5 (21.4%) for secondary stroke compared to the first one. The rate of disability increased during 6 months. A number of people with disability group I increased by 12%, group II - by 20% , group III - by 5% and was estimated as 15, 55.7 and 15%, respectively.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Retinal oxygen distribution and the role of neuroglobin

The retina is the tissue layer at the back of the eye that is responsible for light detection. Whilst equipped with a rich supply of oxygen, it has one of the highest oxygen demands of any tissue in the body and, as such, supply and demand are finely balanced. It has been suggested that the protein neuroglobin (Ngb), which is found in high concentrations within the retina, may help to maintain an adequate supply of oxygen via the processes of transport and storage. We construct mathematical models, formulated as systems of reaction–diffusion equations in one-dimension, to test this hypothesis. Numerical simulations show that Ngb may play an important role in oxygen transport, but not in storage. Our models predict that the retina is most susceptible to hypoxia in the regions of the photoreceptor inner segment and inner plexiform layers, where Ngb has the potential to prevent hypoxia and increase oxygen uptake by 30–40 %. Analysis of a simplified model confirms the utility of Ngb in transport and shows that its oxygen affinity ($$P_{50}$$P50 value) is near optimal for this process. Lastly, asymptotic analysis enables us to identify conditions under which the piecewise linear and quadratic approximations to the retinal oxygen profile, used in the literature, are valid.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
3D gravity modelling of Colorado and Claromecó basins: new evidences for the evolution of the southwestern margin of Gondwana

Although cratons have long been recognized as an important part of continental tectonic processes, we still have much to learn about their structural features and their relation to the genesis of basins, sedimentary thickness distributions, fold and thrust belts and surface processes. Contributing to a better knowledge of the crustal state and configuration of the southernmost part of the Río de la Plata Craton, could shed light on the still controversial tectonic processes, which were responsible for the deformation of the southwestern margin of Gondwana during the Late Paleozoic. In particular, the deformation and uplift of the Sierras Australes, which are part of the Claromecó Basin (Buenos Aires, Argentina), would be closely related to the crustal structure of the southern limit of the Río de la Plata Craton. Therefore, it is of crucial importance to investigate the possible existence of crustal heterogeneities underneath the Claromecó Basin, the Sierras Australes and the Colorado Basin, which can be related to structural features and weakness zones that could have played a major role in the tectonic evolution of the study area. For this purpose, we developed a 3D lithospheric-scale density model integrating various data, such as geological information, global gravity models, well data (thicknesses and lithologies), seismic tomography data (Moho depth), and pre-existing 3D density models of the Colorado Basin. Our model includes layers of sediments, crystalline crust and lithospheric mantle and therefore predicts the thickness variation of the upper and lower crust in the study area and of the main sedimentary sequences infilling the basins. Moreover, by analysing the model results, we propose a tentative location of the southern limit of the Río de la Plata Craton and its possible tectonic relationship with transfer zones identified in the Atlantic platform southwards. Our results suggest that the southern boundary of the craton is located along the northernmost limit of the Colorado Basin, which is in contrast with the boundary proposed in previous works. Therefore, we propose that the Colorado Basin rifting process could have occurred along this weakness domain.

Field of study: Environmental science
Extracting knowledge from building-related data — A data mining framework

Energy management systems provide an opportunity to collect vast amounts of building-related data. The data contain abundant knowledge about the interactions between a building’s energy consumption and the influencing factors. It is highly desirable that the hidden knowledge can be extracted from the data in order to help improve building energy performance. However, the data are rarely translated into useful knowledge due to their complexity and a lack of effective data analysis techniques. This paper first conducts a comprehensive review of the commonly used data analysis methods applied to building-related data. Both the strengths and weaknesses of each method are discussed. Then, the critical analysis of the previous solutions to three fundamental problems of building energy performance improvement that remain significant barriers is performed. Considering the limitations of those commonly used data analysis methods, data mining techniques are proposed as a primary tool to analyze building-related data. Moreover, a data analysis process and a data mining framework are proposed that enable building-related data to be analyzed more efficiently. The process refers to a series of sequential steps in analyzing data. The framework includes different data mining techniques and algorithms, from which a set of efficient data analysis methodologies can be developed. The applications of the process and framework to two sets of collected data demonstrate their applicability and abilities to extract useful knowledge. Particularly, four data analysis methodologies were developed to solve the three problems. For demonstration purposes, these methodologies were applied to the collected data. These methodologies are introduced in the published papers and are summarized in this paper. More extensive investigations will be performed in order to further evaluate the effectiveness of the framework.

Field of study: Engineering
New Drugs for Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder (BD) is one of the most potentially severe mental disorders. Literature data indicate that despite the current available treatments, a large proportion of patients do not achieve complete remission, with consequent residual symptoms and chronic impairment. We carried out a comprehensive review of new pharmacologic treatments for BD. Even though the core treatment of BD likely will not likely undergo substantial changes over the next few years, many promising results with respect to new augmentation strategies were identified. New treatments for bipolar depression and for BD-related cognitive impairment seem to represent particularly fertile areas of research.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Electronic properties of substituted C59X(X=C,B,Al,Ga, In) fullerene

Hartree Fock (HF) and Density Functional Theory (DFT/B3LYP) were employed to study fullerene C60 and specific substitutions C59X (X= B,Al, Ga, In). HF and B3LYPwith different basis sets were used to investigate the structure and electronic properties for fullerene and substituted fullerene molecules. Molecular point group for C60 and C59X is corresponding to C1 point group. The calculated C-C bond lengths for C60 decreased as the polarization function of the basis set increased. C-X bonds are in the range of 1.381ÂÂ2.176A. The bond angles C-C-C and C-X-C decrease monotonically down ongoing from B to In. The calculated energy gaps were 3.00 eV, 1.63eV, 1.45 eV, 1.44 eVand 1.42eVrespectively for C60, C59B, C59Al, C59Ga and C59In. Generally substituted fullerene show a unique chemical site on its surface, which modify the electronic properties, then could be used as a reactive center. So that substituted fullerenes are possibility utilized as atom-like building units. This substitution allows the tuning of the physical and chemical properties of original molecule.

Field of study: Materials science