nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Influence of high-intensity pulsed ion beams irradiation on corrosion resistance of stainless steel

The surface of 316L stainless steel was treated by high-intensity pulsed ion beams(HIPIB).The influence of the HIPIB irradiation on the electrochemical corrosion resistance of 316L stainless steel in 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 was investigated.The polarization curves show that the corrosion resistance of the irradiated specimens can be improved markedly, and the free corrosion current depends more on the shot number of HIPIB than the free corrosion potential.The surface morphology and the phase structure in the near surface region of the original and the treated specimens were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction.Electron probe microanalysis was used to study the distribution of elements on the irradiated specimens. It is found that the HIPIB irradiation can smooth the surface of the targets,and preferred orientation occured in the surface layer of the treated specimens.Otherwise,selective ablation of impurities occurred during the interaction between HIPIB and the targets.All of these factors result in the improvement of the electrochemical corrosion resistance of 316L.

Field of study: Physics
Conditional maximum likelihood estimation in negative binomial INGARCH processes with known number of successes when the true parameter is at the boundary of the parameter space

The paper establishes the asymptotic distribution of the conditional maximum likelihood estimator for integer-valued generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic (INGARCH) processes of conditional negative binomial distributions, with the number of successes in the definition of the negative binomial distribution being assumed to be known, when the true parameter is at the boundary of the parameter space. Based on the result, coefficient nullity tests are developed for model simplification. The proposed tests are investigated through a simulation study.

Field of study: Mathematics
Bayesian variable selection with spherically symmetric priors

We propose that Bayesian variable selection for linear parametrizations with Gaussian iid likelihoods should be based on the spherical symmetry of the diagonalized parameter space. Our r-prior results in closed forms for the evidence for four examples, including the hyper-g prior and the Zellner–Siow prior, which are shown to be special cases. Scenarios of a single-variable dispersion parameter and of fixed dispersion are studied, and asymptotic forms comparable to the traditional information criteria are derived. A simulation exercise shows that model comparison based on our r-prior gives good results comparable to or better than current model comparison schemes.

Field of study: Mathematics
Brain Death A Morally Legitimate Criteria for Determining Death?

The issue of whether the whole brain death criterion serves as good evidence for death has surfaced within Catholic bioethical circles of late. There apparently is a vocal minority who claim that the Church's acceptance of the brain-death criterion should be overturned. The present paper addresses these arguments, first by clarifying the philosophical anthropology largely accepted by the Catholic intellectual tradition. And second, the paper shows that whole brain death is good evidence for death once one understands the basics of this philosophical anthropology. The paper finishes by criticizing arguments to the effect that whole brain death is either too strong of a criterion or too weak. The “too strong” proponents consider higher-brain (upper-brain) death sufficient, therefore persons in a persistent vegetative state should be considered dead. The “too weak” proponents argue that whole brain death is not sufficient for determining death, consequently the Church should reject it. The paper concludes by rebutting these arguments.

Field of study: Medicine, Philosophy
Emergence of synchronized beating during the regrowth of eukaryotic flagella.

A fundamental issue in the biology of eukaryotic flagella is the origin of synchronized beating observed in tissues and organisms containing multiple flagella. Recent studies of the biflagellate unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii provided the first evidence that the interflagellar coupling responsible for synchronization is of hydrodynamic origin. To investigate this mechanism in detail, we study here synchronization in Chlamydomonas as its flagella slowly regrow after mechanically induced self-scission. The duration of synchronized intervals is found to be strongly dependent on flagellar length. Analysis within a stochastic model of coupled phase oscillators is used to extract the length dependence of the interflagellar coupling and the intrinsic beat frequencies of the two flagella. Physical and biological considerations that may explain these results are proposed.

Field of study: Physics
Forecast indices from a ground-based microwave radiometer for operational meteorology

Today, commercial microwave radiometer profilers (MWRPs) are robust and unattended instruments providing real-time, accurate atmospheric observations at ~ 1 min temporal resolution under nearly all weather conditions. Common commercial units operate in the 20–60 GHz frequency range and are able to retrieve profiles of temperature, vapour density, and relative humidity. Temperature and humidity profiles retrieved from MWRP data are used here to feed tools developed for processing radiosonde observations to obtain values of forecast indices (FIs) commonly used in operational meteorology. The FIs considered here include K index, total totals, KO index, Showalter index, T1 gust, fog threat, lifted index, S index (STT), Jefferson index, microburst day potential index (MDPI), Thompson index, TQ index, and CAPE (convective available potential energy). Values of FIs computed from radiosonde and MWRP-retrieved temperature and humidity profiles are compared in order to quantitatively demonstrate the level of agreement and the value of continuous FI updates. This analysis is repeated for two sites at midlatitude, the first one located at low altitude in central Europe (Lindenberg, Germany) and the second one located at high altitude in North America (Whistler, Canada). It is demonstrated that FIs computed from MWRPs well correlate with those computed from radiosondes, with the additional advantage of nearly continuous updates. The accuracy of MWRP-derived FIs is tested against radiosondes, taken as a reference, showing different performances depending upon index and environmental situation. Overall, FIs computed from MWRP retrievals agree well with radiosonde values, with correlation coefficients usually above 0.8 (with few exceptions). We conclude that MWRP retrievals can be used to produce meaningful FIs, with the advantage (with respect to radiosondes) of nearly continuous updates.

Field of study: Environmental science
Learning rate adaptation for federated and differentially private learning

We propose an algorithm for the adaptation of the learning rate for stochastic gradient descent (SGD) that avoids the need for validation set use. The idea for the adaptiveness comes from the technique of extrapolation: to get an estimate for the error against the gradient flow which underlies SGD, we compare the result obtained by one full step and two half-steps. The algorithm is applied in two separate frameworks: federated and differentially private learning. Using examples of deep neural networks we empirically show that the adaptive algorithm is competitive with manually tuned commonly used optimisation methods for differentially privately training. We also show that it works robustly in the case of federated learning unlike commonly used optimisation methods.

Field of study: Computer science
Antipodean Early Modern: European Art in Australian Collections, c. 1200–1600. Anne Dunlop, ed. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. 294 pp. €89.

nacular chronicle but reshaped it to legitimize the rule of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and king of Spain, who was the current duke. In so doing, he radically reoriented Brabant’s history away from France while, at the same time, throwing his weight behind the imperial condemnation of Martin Luther at the Diet of Worms (1521). By contrast, the civil servant Peter van Dyeve (Petrus Divaeus) used the humanist training he had received at Louvain to make a case for Brabant’s constitutional independence as rooted in its archive of medieval charters and privileges. His history, published ca. 1563, was then used to legitimize the Dutch Revolt against the Habsburgs, a movement in which van Dyeve was closely involved from 1568 to his death, in 1581. The final two case studies delve into the verse and prose histories of Holland written by the aristocrat Janus Dousa, with the assistance of his son, Janus the younger (who predeceased his father, at the age of twenty-five). These were histories commissioned by the University of Leiden and both, in their different ways, argued for the importance of Holland’s medieval origins and cast the foreign rule of the Habsburgs as a violation of the Batavian ius genitium, or right to self-governance. In a final chapter, Maas discusses the relationship between Latin and vernacular history writing in the Low Countries during this formative era. The brief conclusion is followed by several appendixes. I have only two points of criticism. The first regards the book’s length, which could have been shortened to make the author’s interventions sharper, without sacrificing its wealth of detail. The second concerns the twenty-four handsome black-and-white plates—engraved portraits, manuscript pages, printed frontispieces—that punctuate the text, but whose relationship to it is never explained. They seem to serve as mere illustrations, rather than as vehicles for furthering the argument. That said, both of these flaws also testify to the book’s extraordinary intellectual generosity, which is very much to be praised.

Field of study: History
Marginal Likelihoods for Distributed Parameter Estimation of Gaussian Graphical Models

We consider distributed estimation of the inverse covariance matrix, also called the concentration or precision matrix, in Gaussian graphical models. Traditional centralized estimation often requires global inference of the covariance matrix, which can be computationally intensive in large dimensions. Approximate inference based on message-passing algorithms, on the other hand, can lead to unstable and biased estimation in loopy graphical models. Here, we propose a general framework for distributed estimation based on a maximum marginal likelihood (MML) approach. This approach computes local parameter estimates by maximizing marginal likelihoods defined with respect to data collected from local neighborhoods. Due to the non-convexity of the MML problem, we introduce and solve a convex relaxation. The local estimates are then combined into a global estimate without the need for iterative message-passing between neighborhoods. The proposed algorithm is naturally parallelizable and computationally efficient, thereby making it suitable for high-dimensional problems. In the classical regime where the number of variables p is fixed and the number of samples T increases to infinity, the proposed estimator is shown to be asymptotically consistent and to improve monotonically as the local neighborhood size increases. In the high-dimensional scaling regime where both p and T increase to infinity, the convergence rate to the true parameters is derived and is seen to be comparable to centralized maximum-likelihood estimation. Extensive numerical experiments demonstrate the improved performance of the two-hop version of the proposed estimator, which suffices to almost close the gap to the centralized maximum likelihood estimator at a reduced computational cost.

Field of study: Engineering
Inhibition of MicroRNA-96 Ameliorates Cognitive Impairment and Inactivation Autophagy Following Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion in the Rat

Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) is a high-risk factor for vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Autophagy plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of CCH. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we identified the effect of a microRNA (miR) on autophagy under CCH.  A CCH rat model was established by two-vessel occlusion (2VO). Learning and memory abilities were assessed by the Morris water maze. The protein levels of LC3, beclin-1, and mTOR were detected by western blotting and immunofluorescence assays, miR-96 expression was assessed by real-time PCR, luciferase assays were used to determine the effect of miR-96 on the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of mTOR, and the number of autophagosomes was examined by electron microscopy.  The level of miR-96 was significantly increased in 2VO rats, and inhibition of miR-96 ameliorated the cognitive impairment induced by 2VO. Furthermore, the number of LC3- and beclin-1-positive autophagosomes was increased in 2VO rats, and was decreased after miR-96 antagomir injection. However, the protein level of mTOR was reduced in 2VO rats, and it was down-regulated by miR-96 overexpression and up-regulated by miR-96 inhibition in 2VO rats and primary culture cells. Moreover, the luciferase activity of the 3′-UTR of mTOR was suppressed by miR-96, which was relieved by mutation of the miR-96 binding sites.  Our study demonstrated that miR-96 may play a key role in autophagy under CCH by regulating mTOR; therefore, miR-96 may represent a potential therapeutic target for CCH.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
The Nature of Some of the Difficulties of Students Failing the First Two Years of College

Numerous investigations have shown that ability to succeed in college is conditioned by many factors, not the least important of which are high school prepara tion, reading ability, and scholastic aptitude. Most of these studies have used representa tive groups of freshmen or sophomore college students. The present study attempts to iso late some of the characteristics of the rela tionships existing between the three variables mentioned and college success in a group heavily weighted with students who were failing to achieve an acceptable level of scholarship in their college work.

Field of study: Education
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS: Switching of the Q factor of an industrial YAG:Nd laser using LiF:F2- crystals

Stable pulse-periodic lasing was achieved for the first time with a peak output power up to 64 kW and an average power up to 65 W in the multimode case; the corresponding peak and average powers for the single-mode case were 21 kW and 20 kW. Variation of a pumping rate altered the duration of the output pulses within the range 100–300 ns and the frequency of their repetition between 1 and 10 kHz when the initial transmission of an LiF: crystal was 68% at the wavelength of 1064 nm.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Underlap counterdoping as an efficient means to suppress lateral leakage in the electron–hole bilayer tunnel FET

The electron-hole bilayer tunnel (EHBTFET). has been proposed as a density of states (DOS) switch capable of achieving a subthreshold slope lower than 60mV/decade at room temperature; however, one of the main challenges is the control of the lateral band-to-band tunneling (BTBT) leakage in the OFF state. In this work, we show that by using oppositely doped underlap regions; the unwanted penetration of the wavefunction into the underlap region at low gate biases is prevented; thereby drastically reducing the lateral BTBT leakage without any penalty on the ON current. The method is verified using a full-quantum 2D Schrodinger-Poisson solver under the effective mass approximation. For a channel thickness of 10 nm, an In0.53Ga0.47As EHBTFET with counterdoping can exhibit an ON-current up to 20 mu A/mu m and an average subthreshold swing (SS) of about 30 mV/dec. Compared to previous lateral leakage suppression solutions, the proposed method can be fabricated using template-assisted selective epitaxy.

Field of study: Materials science
Effects of Resveratrol Supplementation in Nrf2 and NF-κB Expressions in Nondialyzed Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Clinical Trial.

Resveratrol is a phenolic compound that has demonstrated anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, resulting from enhanced antioxidant enzymes production and modulating nuclear factors involved in the inflammation-oxidative stress cycle, as nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB).



The study aim was to evaluate the effects of resveratrol supplementation on Nrf2 and NF-κB expression in nondialyzed chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients.



A randomized, double-blind, crossover trial was performed in 20 nondialyzed CKD patients (62.0 ± 8.0 years old, 45% men, body mass index of 27.7 ± 1.2 kg/m2, estimated glomerular filtration rate of 34.0 ± 13.0 mL/minute). Eleven patients were randomly allocated to "placebo first" (4 weeks placebo; 8 weeks washout, 4 weeks 500 mg of resveratrol/day) and 9 to "resveratrol first" (4 weeks 500 mg of resveratrol/day, 8 weeks washout, 4 weeks placebo). The peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and processed for expression Nrf2 and NF-κB by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Proinflammatory cytokines and antioxidant enzymes were also measured.



The effect size of Nrf2 supplementation (-0.13, P = .29) and NF-κB (0.09, P = .31) was not significant. There was no difference in proinflammatory biomarkers or antioxidant biomarkers after resveratrol supplementation.



In this pilot study, 500 mg of resveratrol supplementation for 4 weeks had no antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect in nondialyzed CKD patients. Additional studies with differing doses and/or time of treatment should be conducted to better elucidate the effects of the resveratrol supplementation in CKD patients.

Field of study: Medicine
A New Oxidation Flow Reactor for Measuring Secondary Aerosol Formation of Rapidly Changing Emission Sources

Oxidation flow reactors (OFRs) or environmental chambers can be used to estimate secondary aerosol formation potential of different emission sources. Emissions from anthropogenic sources, such as vehicles, often vary on short timescales. For example, to identify the vehicle driving conditions that lead to high potential secondary aerosol emissions, rapid oxidation of exhaust is needed. However, the residence times in environmental chambers and in most oxidation flow reactors are too long to study these transient effects ( ∼  100 s in flow reactors and several hours in environmental chambers). Here, we present a new oxidation flow reactor, TSAR (TUT Secondary Aerosol Reactor), which has a short residence time ( ∼  40 s) and near-laminar flow conditions. These improvements are achieved by reducing the reactor radius and volume. This allows studying, for example, the effect of vehicle driving conditions on the secondary aerosol formation potential of the exhaust. We show that the flow pattern in TSAR is nearly laminar and particle losses are negligible. The secondary organic aerosol (SOA) produced in TSAR has a similar mass spectrum to the SOA produced in the state-of-the-art reactor, PAM (potential aerosol mass). Both reactors produce the same amount of mass, but TSAR has a higher time resolution. We also show that TSAR is capable of measuring the secondary aerosol formation potential of a vehicle during a transient driving cycle and that the fast response of TSAR reveals how different driving conditions affect the amount of formed secondary aerosol. Thus, TSAR can be used to study rapidly changing emission sources, especially the vehicular emissions during transient driving.

Field of study: Environmental science
The determination of the astrophysical S-factor of the direct 18O(p,$\gamma$γ)19F capture by the ANC method

The depletion of 18O via the $(\mathrm{p},\gamma)$(p,γ) capture competes with the $(\mathrm{p}, \alpha)$(p,α) capture during the CNO cycles in AGB stars. Despite the fact that the $(\mathrm{p}, \alpha)$(p,α) capture is dominant, the $ (\mathrm{p}, \gamma)$(p,γ) can play an important role in mixing stages of the AGB star evolution. Here, we attempt to determine the astrophysical S-factor of the direct part of the 18O(p,$\gamma$γ)19F capture by the indirect method of asymptotic normalization coefficients (ANC). We measure the differential cross section of the transfer reaction 18O(3He, d)19F at a 3He energy of 24.6 MeV. The measurement was performed on the cyclotron of the CANAM infrastructure of NPI in Řež, Czech Republic, with the gas target consisting of the high-purity 18O (99.9%). The reaction products were measured by eight $ \Delta E$ΔE-E telescopes composed of thin and thick silicon surface-barrier detectors. The parameters of the optical model for the input channel were deduced by means of the code ECIS and the analysis of transfer reactions to 12 levels of the 19F nucleus up to 8.014 MeV was made by the code FRESCO. The deduced ANCs were then used to specify the direct contribution to the 18O(p,$\gamma$γ)19F capture process and were compared with the mutually different results of two works.

Field of study: Physics
Eosinophilic endomyocardial disease.

Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis is the rarest of the antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitides. We describe the case of a 58-year-old woman with a history of asthma found to have a left ventricular apical thrombus. Cardiac catheterization with endomyocardial biopsy was consistent with eosinophilic endomyocardial disease. The disease affects several organ systems and shares many features with more common conditions, making it a difficult diagnosis.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Surveying Migrant Households: A Comparison of Census-Based, Snowball, and Intercept Point Surveys

Few representative surveys of households of migrants exist, limiting the analysis of the effects of international migration on sending families. This paper reports the results of an experiment designed to compare the performance of three alternative survey methods in collecting data from Japanese-Brazilian families, many of whom send migrants to Japan. The three surveys conducted were 1) Households selected randomly from a door-to-door listing using the Brazilian Census to select census blocks; 2) A snowball survey using Nikkei community groups to select the seeds; and 3) An intercept point survey collected at Nikkei community gatherings, ethnic grocery stores, sports clubs, and other locations where family members of migrants are likely to congregate. The authors analyze how closely well-designed snowball and intercept point surveys can approach the much more expensive census-based method in terms of giving information on the characteristics of migrants, the level of remittances received, and the incidence and determinants of return migration.

Field of study: Mathematics
A Factor Analysis of Consumer Expectations for Autonomous Cars

This study explores consumers’ expectations for autonomous cars in Korea, which will soon be available. We applied exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to derive consumer expectations using responses from 1,506 potential autonomous car consumers. Then, we carried out a structural equation analysis to identify relationships among expectations, attitude, and behavioral intention. Seven consumer expectations were identified; of these, convenience, safety, ethics, licensing, and monetary cost were found to have a direct effect on attitude, whereas convenience, safety, and monetary cost were found to have a direct effect on intention. In addition, we demonstrate that attitude has a significant effect on intention. Autonomous cars are driving innovation in the automotive industry, transportation systems, and consumer experience. By analyzing the main factors that affect consumers’ purchasing intentions prior to the release of autonomous cars, this study provides guidance for fields preparing for the launch of autonomous cars.

Field of study: Computer science