nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Toe-of-slope of a Cretaceous carbonate platform in outcrop, seismic model and offshore seismic data (Apulia, Italy)

Synthetic seismic models of outcrops in the Early Cretaceous slope of a carbonate platform on the Gargano Promontory (southern Italy) were compared to an offshore seismic section south of the Promontory. Outcrops of the same age on the promontory have the same sequence stratigraphic characteristics as their offshore equivalent, and are the only areas where the transition from platform to basin of Early Cretaceous is exposed on land. Two adjacent outcrop areas were combined into one seismic-scale lithologic model with the aid of photo mosaics, measured sections, and biostratigraphic data. Velocity, density, and porosity measurements on spot samples were used to construct the impedance model. Seismic models were generated by vertical incidence and finite difference programs. The results indicate that the reflections in the seismic model are controlled by the impedance contrast between low porous intervals rich in debris from the platform and highly porous intervals of pelagic lime mudstone, nearly devoid of debris. Finite difference seismic display showed best resemblance with the real seismic data, especially by mapping a drowning unconformity.

Field of study: Environmental science
Human Genetics of Addiction: New Insights and Future Directions

of ReviewWith the advent of the genome-wide association study (GWAS), our understanding of the genetics of addiction has made significant strides forward. Here, we summarize genetic loci containing variants identified at genome-wide statistical significance (P < 5 × 10−8) and independently replicated, review evidence of functional or regulatory effects for GWAS-identified variants, and outline multi-omics approaches to enhance discovery and characterize addiction loci.Recent FindingsReplicable GWAS findings span 11 genetic loci for smoking, eight loci for alcohol, and two loci for illicit drugs combined and include missense functional variants and noncoding variants with regulatory effects in human brain tissues traditionally viewed as addiction-relevant (e.g., prefrontal cortex [PFC]) and, more recently, tissues often overlooked (e.g., cerebellum).SummaryGWAS analyses have discovered several novel, replicable variants contributing to addiction. Using larger sample sizes from harmonized datasets and new approaches to integrate GWAS with multiple ‘omics data across human brain tissues holds great promise to significantly advance our understanding of the biology underlying addiction.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Über Polarisation bei Neon-Elektronenstoßleuchten und Neon-Kanalstrahlleuchten

ZusammenfassungDas von einem Elektronenstrahl in Neon von niedrigem Druck hervorgerufene Leuchten wird auf seine Polarisation untersucht. Die meisten Linien zeigen eine partielle Polarisation, teils parallel, teils senkrecht zum Elektronenstrahl. Der Polarisationsgrad sinkt mit zunehmender Voltgeschwindigkeit der stoßenden Elektronen. Das Optimum liegt bei etwa 20 bis 25 Volt. Die Ergebnisse werden mit den für Quecksilber gefundenen Werten verglichen und zeigen im wesentlichen Übereinstimmung zwischen analogen Linien. Durch eine abgeänderte Schaltung werden im gleichen Rohre langsame Neon-Kanalstrahlen erzeugt und ihr Leuchten auf Polarisation untersucht. Den Schluß bildet die Beschreibung einer Beeinflussung der Intensität des Quecksilbertripletts gegenüber den anderen Quecksilber- und Neonlinien durch ein schwaches Magnetfeld.

Field of study: Physics
Local network parameters can affect inter-network phase lags in central pattern generators

Weakly coupled phase oscillators and strongly coupled relaxation oscillators have different mechanisms for creating stable phase lags. Many oscillations in central pattern generators combine features of each type of coupling: local networks composed of strongly coupled relaxation oscillators are weakly coupled to similar local networks. This paper analyzes the phase lags produced by this combination of mechanisms and shows how the parameters of a local network, such as the decay time of inhibition, can affect the phase lags between the local networks. The analysis is motivated by the crayfish central pattern generator used for swimming, and uses techniques from geometrical singular perturbation theory.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
AAssociation between migraine and ischaemic stroke in Prof. Dr. Margono Soekarjo Hospital, Purwokerto, Indonesia

Headache especially the migraine type has been correlated with various disease, such as stroke. There are some controversies in studies that reported association between migraine and ischaemic stroke. Thus, study that investigate the association between migrain – stroke andalso identify stroke risk factor are needed. Study showed there is no statistically significant relationship between migraine and ischaemic stroke in RSUD Prof. Dr. Margono Soekarjo Purwokerto (p=0,235). Analysis of confounding variables such as hypertension, smoking, diabetes, obesity, alcohol consumption, and oral contraceptive shows that hypertension is a predictor for stroke.

Field of study: Medicine
Identification and Prokaryotic Expression of Anthocyanidin Synthase Gene in Prunus salicina

A cDNA encoded anthocyanidin synthase(ANS)was separated from a normalization and full-length cDNA library prepared previously with the ripe fruit of 'oil Lai'(Prunus salicina)by gene special primers designed from ANS genes of other Rosaceae plants.The cDNA named PsANS was 1 478 bp in full length and encoded a protein with 358 amino acids.The deduced amino acid sequence shares 98%,93% and 89% identity with those ANS from sweet cherry,apple and strawberry,respectively.Prokaryotic expression was conducted with the constructed vectors used PsANS and prokaryotic expression vector(pGEX-6P-1 and pET-32a)in E.coli BL21.The obtained fusion protein had a molecular weight consistent with that expected,and it further confirmed that the PsANS obtained by this experiment encoded ANS of 'oil Lai'(Prunus salicina).

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Research and Development of the High Stable Magnetic Field ReBCO Coil System Fundamental Technology for MRI

The superconducting magnet is effective to get a high stable and high magnetic field for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The current MRI superconducting magnet needed cooling in the liquid helium (4.2 K) to use NbTi superconducting wire. In the past few years, price increase and low availability of liquid helium has become a serious problem. Under such circumstances, the development of a high-temperature superconducting (HTS) coil dispensing with liquid helium cooling is greatly desired. The research and development project of the high stable magnetic field ReBCO coil system fundamental technology that started from the latter half of 2013 develops a ReBCO coil for 3 T MRI superconducting magnets. It gets a prospect of the practical use as the final aim. In this project, we will produce an HTS test coil of 300 mm bore experimentally and evaluate the magnetic field. This coil is cooled in less than 20 K by a GM refrigerator. We are going to make MRI used by the ReBCO coil field to evaluate the uniformity and stability of the magnetic field.

Field of study: Physics
High Resolution Adsorbent of Liquid Chromatography for Protein Analysis: Cattle Bone-Originated Hydroxyapatites Characterized by Heating

The functional spherical particles of cattle-bone originated hydroxyapatite (HAp) were prepared by a spray-drying method and they exhibited considerably higher resolutions and theoretical plate numbers for chromatographic separation of albumin and lysozyme than HAp synthesized from reagents. The chromatographic functions of particles were easily regulated by changing the heat-treatment temperature of HAp, resulting from the shift of the adsorption heat for the two proteins.

Field of study: Chemistry
Maintaining the Role of Humans in the Forecast Process

The Second Forum on the Future Role of the Human in the Forecast Process occurred on 2–3 August 2005 at the American Meteorological Society's Weather Analysis and Forecasting Conference in Washington, D.C. The forum consisted of three sessions. This paper discusses the second session, featuring three presentations on the cognitive and psychological aspects of expert weather forecasters. The first presentation discussed the learning gap between students (goal seekers) and teachers (knowledge seekers)—a similar gap exists between forecasters and researchers. In order to most effectively train students or forecasters, teachers must be able to teach across this gap using some methods described within. The second presentation discussed the heuristics involved in weather forecasting and decision making under time constraints and uncertainty. The final presentation classified the spectrum of forecasters from intuitive scientists to the disengaged. How information technology can best be adapted so as not to inhib...

Field of study: Environmental science
The role of interleukin-6 in lipopolysaccharide-induced weight loss, hypoglycemia and fibrinogen production, in vivo.

It was recently shown that interleukin (IL)-6 is an important mediator involved in the Colon (C)-26 model of experimental cancer cachexia. In this study, we wished to determine whether IL-6 is also involved in several metabolic changes associated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Administration of a relatively high amount of LPS to mice induced a transient weight loss, hypoglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia and an increase in the hepatic acute phase reactant, fibrinogen. Pretreatment of mice with the rat anti-murine IL-6 antibody (20F3), but not with a control antibody, resulted in a significant improvement of LPS-induced hypoglycemia and weight loss as well as a significant decrease of plasma fibrinogen. Anti-IL-6 antibody had no effect on LPS-induced hypertriglyceridemia. On the other hand, the pretreatment of mice with anti-murine TNF (TN3.19) antibody was able to completely inhibit elevation of triglycerides and modestly improve LPS-induced weight loss although it had no effect on hypoglycemia and fibrinogen production. Taken together, these results suggest that IL-6 plays a role in some of the metabolic changes associated with both an acute (i.e. LPS challenge) and chronic (C-26 cachexia) inflammatory conditions.

Field of study: Medicine
A fast quasi-Newton adaptive filtering algorithm

The convergence rate of an adaptive system is closely related to its ability to track a time-varying optimum. Basic adaptive filtering algorithms give poor convergence performance when the input to the adaptive system is colored. More sophisticated algorithms which converge very rapidly regardless of the input spectrum algorithms typically require O(N/sup 2/) computation, where N is the order of the adaptive filter, a significant disadvantage for real-time applications. Also, many of these algorithms behave poorly in finite-precision implementation. An adaptive filtering algorithm is introduced which employs a quasi-Newton approach to give rapid convergence even with colored inputs. The algorithm achieves an overall computational requirement of O(N) and appears to be quite robust in finite-precision implementations.

Field of study: Engineering
The ACTIONFINDER: An Unsupervised Deep Learning Algorithm for Calculating Actions and the Acceleration Field from a Set of Orbit Segments

We introduce the ACTIONFINDER, a deep learning algorithm designed to transform a sample of phase-space measurements along orbits in a static potential into action and angle coordinates. The algorithm finds the mapping from positions and velocities to actions and angles in an unsupervised way, by using the fact that points along the same orbit have identical actions. Here we present the workings of the method and test it on simple axisymmetric models, comparing the derived actions to those generated with the Torus Mapping technique. We show that it recovers the torus actions for halo-type orbits in a realistic model of the Milky Way to ∼0.6% accuracy with as few as 1024 input phase-space measurements. These actions are much better conserved along orbits than those estimated with the Stäckel fudge. In our case, the reciprocal mapping from actions and angles to positions and velocities can also be learned. One of the advantages of the ACTIONFINDER is that it does not require the underlying potential to be known in advance—indeed it is designed to return the acceleration field. We expect the algorithm to be useful for analyzing the properties of dynamical systems in numerical simulations. However, our ultimate goal with this effort will be to apply it to real stellar streams to recover the Galactic acceleration field in a way that is relatively agnostic about the underlying dark matter properties or the behavior of gravity.

Field of study: Physics
Mesocyclone Passes over NSSL Surface Station

An apparent mesocyclone passed directly over a surface station that was equipped with both digital and strip chart recorders near Criner, Okla. Peak gusts were 18 m s−1 (35 kt); within 3 min the surface wind changed from strong southeasterly to strong westerly. The pressure dropped 5 mb in 52 min and recovered 4 mb in 6 min. There was only a trace of precipitation. The wind system was probably an inertial remnant of circulation formed with a thunderstorm whose peak intensity occurred about three hours before the cyclone was observed.

Field of study: Environmental science
Human Physical Aggression as a Function of Frustration: Role of Aggressive Cues

An experiment was performed testing whether aggressive cues are necessary or only facilitative in increasing aggression to a frustration and whether their role is to “pull out” aggression directly or to add to the experience of displeasure. 20 subjects participated and a modified version of the Buss' “aggression machine” was used in which frustration was manipulated within subjects and aggressive cues between subjects. Frustration was of an arbitrary kind and aggression was defined to subjects to have instrumental value in overcoming the frustrative event Results indicated that (1) frustration alone is a weak antecedent of aggression, (2) at low frustration aggressive cues seem to be necessary for aggression to increase, and (3) aggressive cues apparently elicit aggression directly. Results were discussed in terms of Berkowitz' reformulation of the frustration-aggression hypothesis.

Field of study: Psychology
Studien über den Durchgang vonα- undβ-Teilchen durch Gase

ZusammenfassungEs wird eine ganz aus Glas hergestellte Modifikation des Wilsonschen Expansionsapparates beschrieben, bei welcher der Kolben durch ein Ventil von größerem Querschnitt ersetzt wird. Die photographischen Aufnahmen mit diesem Apparat zeigen:a)Die Bahnen der H-Strahlen, die beim Durchgang vonα-Teilchen durch Wasserstoff erzeugt werden.b)Die große Reichweite dieser H-Strahlen.c)Wegen der zu kleinen Zahl von Aufnahmen nicht die H-Strahlen, die beim Zusammenstoß vonα-Strahlen mit Wasserstoffverbindungen entstehen sollen.d)In einigen Fällen Ablenkungen vonα-Strahlen über sehr große Winkel.e)Merkwürdige Erscheinungen beim Auftreffen derα-Strahlen auf Glimmer- nnd Glasflächen.f)Die Ionisationsbahnen derδ-Strahlen, die beim Durchgang der α-Strahlen in Wasserstoff entstehen.g)Machen sie beiβ-Strahlen zusammengesetzte und Einzelstreuungen und Verzweigungen vonβ-Strahlbahnen wahrscheinlich.

Field of study: Physics
Performance Analysis of a Nonblocking ATM Switch with a Bufferless Internal Speedup Fabric

In this paper, we study a non-blocking ATM switch with internal speedup. Modifying the model developed in [X.R. Cao, The maximum throughput of a nonblocking space-division packet switch with correlated destinations,  (1995) 1898–1901], we can obtain the maximum throughput of such a switch; approximating the output process by a discrete-time Markov modulated arrival, we can calculate the cell loss probability at the output buffers. Our approach can be applied to switches with arrival traffic having correlated destinations and asymmetric routing probabilities. Simulation results illustrate that the approach is very accurate under various traffic conditions.

Field of study: Computer science
A Proportional Hazard Marshall–Olkin Extended Family of Distributions and its Application to Gompertz Distribution

In this paper, we have presented a proportional hazard version of the Marshall–Olkin extended family of distributions. This family of distributions has been compared in terms of stochastic orderings with the Marshall-Olkin extended family of distributions. Considering the Gompertz distribution as the baseline, the monotonicity of the resulting failure rate is shown to be either increasing or bathtub, even though the Gompertz distribution has an increasing failure rate. The maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters has been studied and a data set, involving the serum–reversal times, has been analyzed and it has been shown that the model presented in this paper fit better than the Gompertz or even the Mrashall–Olkin Gompertz distribution. The extension presented in this paper can be used in other family of distributions as well.

Field of study: Mathematics
Correlations between Dikes of the Monument Swarm, Central Oregon, and Picture Gorge Basalt Flows

Samples from 39 dikes and 11 other intrusive bodies of the Monument dike swarm in central Oregon were analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis. All but two of the dikes have distinctive trace element compositions that clearly identify them as possible sources for the basalt flows at the Picture Gorge type section and equivalent or stratigraphically lower flows elsewhere in the region. The correlations are supported by paleomagnetic polarity measurements and by major element analyses of nine of the samples.

Field of study: Geology
Notes on Prescott’s Interpretation of the Conquest of Peru

ARL THEN William H. Prescott dated the Preface of his V llHistory of the Conquest of Peru on April 2, 1847, he could scarcely have imagined that the work he had just completed would still exert a strong appeal more than a ,century later. Its distinguished place in Peruvian bibliography and its position as a landmark of historical literature remain secure today. It is a classic among works dealing with the Peruvian past. Not only did it outstrip its predecessors; its appearance was hailed by such authorities as Don Andr's Bello,1 and it has continued to be acclaimed ever since. A literary work is not lightly ranked as a classic. To achieve that rank, it must pass a long test of time, which operates on it like a cleansing wind, stripping it of all that is transient and leaving only what is firm and enduring. Only after long trials will a classic acquire that permanent quality that it must possess, in defiance of short-term fashions and styles. The impress left by the History of the Conquest of Peru is an ineradicable one. I think it unnecessary to comment here on personal considerations unrelated to the purely scientific quality of Prescott's work, for its position is unaffected by extraneous factors. No reader, nevertheless, can be insensitive to the dramatic circumstances surrounding its writing or to the unfortunate condition of its author, deprived of his sight for long periods and facing the prospect of inevitable blindness. It is no exaggeration to assert that with the History of the Conquest of Peru by this Boston historian a new concept of the conquest phase of Peruvian history came into being. The conquest became a theme integrated to a larger environment and examined in accordance with modern standards. Beside the dreary academism of

Field of study: History
Mobility and metabolic fate of mexacarbate in soil columns containing sandy and clay loam forest soils

Mobility and metabolic fate of 14 C-mexacarbate (4-dimethlyamino-3,5-xylyl N-methylcarbamate) were studied using columns containing sandy and clay loam forest soils. Flooding and subsequent analysis of the soil segments showed the presence of free and bound (nonextractable) residues. The bulk of the 14 C-labelled material was adsorbed onto the litter layers. However, when the columns were saturated with 454 μg of the material, a small part of the radioactivity moved beyond the column length into the leachate. Analysis of the litter segments and the leachate showed carbamate moieties, phenols and other metabolites. Incubation of the soil columns under aerobic (dry) and anaerobic (wet) conditions for 30 d showed the retention of radioactivity in litter layers. The quantities of mexacarbate and its degradation products found were influenced, to some extent, by the soil type and incubation conditions. Except for phenolic and polar metabolites, no intact carbamate moieties were found in the litter after the 30-d incubation period. Mexacarbate seemed to breakdown rapidly in forest soil columns into various degradation products. A metabolic pathway for its degradation in soil is proposed.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Mini-open removal of intradural spinal tumor.

Minimally invasive surgical (MIS) approaches have gained popularity in many surgical fields. Potential advantages to a minimally invasive, spinal intradural approach include decreased operative blood loss, shorter hospitalization, and less post-operative pain. Potential disadvantages include longer operative times, decreased exposure, and difficulty closing the dura. Prior case series from our group and others have demonstrated successful tumor resections using MIS techniques without increased complications. In this 3D video, we demonstrate the key steps in our mini-open, transpinous approach for the resection of an intradural, extramedullary lumbar schwannoma. This operation is performed through a midline incision confined to one or two levels. The spinous process is removed. The paraspinal muscles are spread using a series of sequentially larger tubular dilators, and the first dilator is placed in the space previously occupied by the target level spinous process. The expandable tube retractor is then placed over the largest dilator and docked into place over the target laminae. The expandable tubular retractor is 6 centimeters in depth and 2.5 centimeters in width before expansion and is adjustable to 9 centimeters in depth and 4-5 centimeters in diameter which allows removal of intradural lesions confined to one or two spinal segments. The video can be found here: http://youtu.be/l_C4VruKYng .

Field of study: Medicine