nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Magnetic-Field Induced Superconductor–Antiferromagnet Transition in Lightly Doped RBa2Cu3O6+x (R = Lu, Y) Crystals

The remarkable sensitivity of the c-axis resistivity and magnetoresistance in cuprates to the spin ordering is used to clarify the doping-induced transformation from an antiferromagnetic (AF) insulator to a superconducting (SC) metal in RBa2Cu3O6+x (R = Lu, Y) single crystals. The established phase diagram demonstrates that the AF and SC regions apparently overlap: The superconductivity in RBa2Cu3O6+x, in contrast to La2−xSrxCuO4, sets in before the long-range AF order is completely destroyed by hole doping. Magnetoresistance measurements of superconducting crystals with low Tc≤15–20 K give a clear view of the magnetic-field induced superconductivity suppression and recovery of the long-range AF state. What still remains to be understood is whether the AF order actually persists in the SC state or just revives when the superconductivity is suppressed, and in the former case, whether the antiferromagnetism and superconductivity reside in nanoscopically separated phases or coexist on an atomic scale.

Field of study: Physics
Clients' internal representations of their therapists.

Thirteen adults in long-term individual psychotherapy were interviewed regarding their internal representations (defined as bringing to awareness the internalized image) of their therapists. Results indicated that in the context of a good therapeutic relationship, clients' internal representations combined auditory, visual, and kinesthetic (i.e., felt presence) modalities; were triggered when clients thought about past or future sessions, or when distressed; occurred in diverse locations; and varied in frequency, duration, and intensity. Clients felt positively about their representations and used them to introspect or influence therapy within sessions, beyond sessions, or both. The frequency of, comfort with, and use of clients' internal representations increased over the course of therapy, and the representations benefited the therapy and therapeutic relationship. Therapists tended not to take a deliberate role in creating clients' internal representations, and few clients discussed their internal representations with their therapists.

Field of study: Psychology
Electric vehicle range extension strategies based on improved AC system in cold climate – A review

The electric vehicles (EVs) are drawing much attention worldwide due to low fuel consumption and local pollution. However, the range of EVs is still not parallel to that of internal combustion engine vehicles. Moreover, the EV's range suffers a significant decrease in cold and hot climate due to the climate control load of the air conditioning system. These two combined making the range extension strategies a hot spot in EV research. In this paper, the review on EV range extension strategies is provided. First, the climate control load reduction strategies are reviewed. The characters of heating load in cold climate and the reduction methods are introduced. Second, the review on heat pump heating is conducted based on the different structures of heat pump systems. The combination of load reduction and heat pump heating seems to be a promising way in solving the range reduction problems.

Field of study: Engineering
Mass sociogenic illness by proxy: parentally reported epidemic in an elementary school.

"In a cluster of illness reported among students at an elementary school parents mentioned many signs and symptoms including headache, pallor, dark circles under the eyes, nausea, and vomiting--which they attributed to exposure to recurrent leaks of natural gas at the school. It is likely that the parents spread among themselves the notion of toxic exposure at the school. A questionnaire revealed no spatial clustering, but increased reports of symptoms were related to intense media coverage. A thorough environmental and epidemiological investigation was negative, there being no evidence of a continuing gas leak or other potential causes. At a strictly biological level, the complaints in this reported 'cluster' apparently represented the sporadic occurrence of common childhood illnesses. The possibility of an epidemic from toxic exposure at the school caused intense parental concern and led to a major public health problem. The established term 'mass sociogenic illness' seems inapplicable here because complaints did not come principally from the students and the apparent epidemic illness was not transmitted among them. The term 'mass sociogenic illness by proxy' is proposed to describe this incident, in which transmission in one group (the parents) resulted in reports of an epidemic in another group (students)."

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Induction of Pro-Inflammatory Response via Activated Macrophage-Mediated NF-κB and STAT3 Pathways in Gastric Cancer Cells

Chronic inflammation plays an important role in the initiation and progression of gastric cancer (GC). However, the role and relationship of activated macrophages with gastric mucous epithelium cells in initiating and maintaining the inflammatory process during gastric carcinogenesis remains unclear.  The tumour associated macrophages (TAMs) density of gastric cancer was characterized by immunohistochemistry, and the relationship between macrophages and gastric epithelium cells was analysed using an in vitro culture system that imitates the inflammatory microenvironment. The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). MTT assays, Western blotting, qRT-PCR, and luciferase reporter assays were used to detect the effects of cell proliferation, as well as the NF-κB and STAT3 signalling pathways.  TAMs infiltrated with a high intensity in GC and were significantly correlated with histology grade (P = 0.012), metastasis (P = 0.001), TNM stage (P = 0.002), and poor prognosis in patients (PFS, P = 0.005; OS, P = 0.028). In addition, IL-6 and IL-8 were elevated in the serum of GC patients and significantly promoted the growth of GC. The exposure of BGC823 gastric cancer cells to a conditioned medium from LPS-treated D-THP-1 cells significantly induced the production of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-8 (P< 0.01). LPS and LPS-treated D-THP-1-conditioned media promoted gastric cancer cell proliferation and triggered the significant activation of NF-κB and STAT3 with a concomitant degradation of IκBα and an increase in JAK2 phosphorylation (P < 0.05). Moreover, gastric cancer cells markedly expressed cell membrane LPS receptors, such as TLR1, TLR4, TLR6, CD14 and MD2.  TAMs are closely associated with the growth of GC and prognosis in GC patients. GC cells may directly sustain and amplify the local pro-inflammatory response upon encountering activated macrophages and LPS via NF-κB and STAT3 signalling pathways, thereby promoting tumour progression.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Power Politics and Princely Debts: Why Germany's Common Currency Failed, 1549–56

The article argues that in the first half of the sixteenth century the need to avoid rounds of competitive debasements was the primary motive for the creation of a common currency valid in the whole Holy Roman Empire. In the years 1549 to 1551, the estates came close to achieving this. In contrast to what is suggested in the literature, their attempt did not fail because the Empire was economically poorly integrated or the will to co-operate was lacking. Rather, it failed because during the talks, the estates lost sight of the original motive, the princes favouring a bimetallic system that they hoped would allow them deflating the real value of their debts, and Charles V undervaluing the taler in the hope that this would weaken political opponents. These decisions antagonised important actors; when it proved impossible to enforce them, the Empire’s common currency failed.

Field of study: Economics, History
A diffusion model for the evolution of metalloporphyrin

We give a mathematical model of the evolution of enzymes, the molecular structure of which is like metalloporphyrins or chlorophylls. We show, for this model, that even a small amount of these enzymes at the first stage is sufficient to increase and dominate the majority in a cell (like phenomena of gene fixation). For this purpose we use Kimura's equation, which has been explored for the study of evolution of genetics and has been known as a neutral theory of molecular evolution. Our model is a non-linear, non-equilibrium and non-closed (open to the external world) model.

Field of study: Biology, Mathematics
Stability of internally pressurized conical shells under torsion

E = modulus of elasticity h — thickness of shell I = slant length of cone n = number of circumferential waves p = internal hydrostatic pressure pe = critical external hydrostatic pressure denned by Eq. (2) Ri = radius of small end of truncated cone R2 = radius of large end of truncated cone T = torque Z = curvature parameter for cylinder (1 — )/(L a. = semivertex angle of the cone v = Poisson's ratio pav = mean radius of curvature = (Ri + Rz)/2 cos a T = maximum torsional stress = (T/2wRih) Tcr = critical torsional stress given by Eq.

Field of study: Physics
Measurement of ammonia volatilization from a field, in upland Japan, spread with cattle slurry.

Ammonia volatilization from livestock manure is one of the most important pathways of nitrogen loss from agricultural cultivated fields. In this paper, we report the measurement of ammonia emission from cattle slurry manure applied to upland in Miyazaki, Japan. It has been determined that after the cattle slurry was sprayed on the upland surface, the emission flux of the first day was 110 microg N ha(-1) s(-1). The loss of NH4(+) -N in the applied slurry was 60% after 5 days following the spraying of cattle slurry.

Field of study: Environmental science
Propene partial oxidation over Au–Ag Alloy and Ag catalysts using electrochemical oxygen

The partial oxidation of propene over Au–Ag alloy (14 mol%) and monometallic Ag supported over a dense Solid Electrolyte Membrane Reactor (SEMR) was studied and compared under electro-catalytic reaction conditions. Two partial oxidation products, namely acrolein and 1,5-hexadiene, in addition to carbon dioxide were detected. It was observed that the Au–Ag alloy was more selective towards acrolein formation, possibly promoted by oxygen adsorbed molecularly on exposed Ag surfaces whereas 1,5-hexadiene formation is promoted by oxygen species adsorbed atomically on silver surfaces. Taking into account that gold has no ability to dissociate molecular oxygen, and that acrolein and 1,5-hexadiene were not observed under open circuit conditions it is suggested that oxide ions are reduced at the triple phase boundary to form an active oxygen species which spills onto the catalyst surface to react with adsorbed propene. Differences in selectivity can only be explained by a difference in oxygen type and surface population of the catalysts based, for example, on a sufficiently large change in the work function of the catalysts.

Field of study: Materials science
The Meaning of the Ph.D. Degree: A Tribute to an Ideal

rT HE article by Ralph P. Rosenberg in a recent issue of this journal gives us an excellent picture of the beginnings of doctoral work at Yale University in i86i.1 A detailed analysis of what has happened since that date is to be found in the comprehensive volume by Bernard Berelson, Graduate Education in the United States.2 Mr. Berelson has written with such insight and understanding and has expressed himself so effectively that any attempt to repeat this story seems quite superfluous. Rather, in this short article I will discuss the meaning of the Ph.D. degree as it is now and may be in the future. By so doing, I hope to give the reader a better understanding of some of the issues in the debate with regard to the character of the program leading to this degree. Often the participants in the discussion suspect that they are misunderstood, or are suspicious that their words are not even heard, and the result is a stalemate. The explanation of this frustration is that graduate schools, and especially deans of graduate schools, have one ideaoften a rather definite one-concerning the meaning of a Ph.D. program, whereas those who wish to change the program have quite different objectives and frequently are unaware of the basic assumptions that motivate the administration of graduate work. We may expect that these arguments will increase in frequency and sharpness as the number of students in graduate schools becomes greater and as the types of employment undertaken by those with a Doctor's degree grow more varied. Suggestions for change come not only from college presidents who employ degree-holders for purely teaching purposes, but also from faculty members in universities, students, government agencies, and industry. Another reason for stressing the meaning of a doctoral program is to help us remember its important and vital features as we attempt to adapt our universities to a rapidly changing society. I will not attempt in this brief article to analyze in detail the arguments for changing the Ph.D. degree or the criticisms of it. Any one of these could well be the subject of an entire paper. Rather, it would seem

Field of study: Education
Monoclonal antibodies against human bit1, an apoptosis-associated mitochondrial protein.

Bit1 (Bcl2-inhibitor of transcription 1) is a mitochondrial protein that was found eliciting caspase-independent apoptosis when released into the cytoplasm, where it forms a complex with AES (amino-terminal enhancer of split). In our research, cytosolic fraction of suspended cultured human ovarian cancer cells was taken as immunogen, and recombined protein Bit1-His was used to select hybridomas. Two hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against Bit1 were obtained by routine murine hybridoma technique. The MAbs were characterized by indirect ELISA, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry, and it was found that they recognized distinct epitopes. The sandwich method to detect sera Bit1 was established, and a distinct difference of sera Bit1 between the ovarian carcinoma patients and normal controls was found. To conclude, these MAbs against human Bit1 may be useful for exploring the tumor apoptosis mechanism and monitoring patients' clinical data.

Field of study: Biology
Radical Scavenging Activity of the Extraction with 50% Ethanol from Epicarp of WenYeIICoconut

The radical scavenging activity of natural pigments extracted from the epicarp of Wen Ye Ⅱcoconut was studied,including the reducing power,DPPH radical scavenging activity,hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and so on.And vitamin C,vitamin E,gallic acid and BHT were used as the control.The results showed that the scavenging activity of DPPH radical and hydroxyl radical was very well,and the reducing power was also good.And the lipid oxidation scavenging activity was higher than vitamin C,however the metal chelating activity of the pigments of the epicarp of WenYe Ⅱcoconut was lower the control.It meant that the pigments from the epicarp of WenYe Ⅱcoconut had a better radical scavenging activity and good health care function.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
CARACTERÍSTICAS ESPECIAIS DA GINÁSTICA DE ACADEMIA NO SEU PROCESSO EVOLUTIVO NO BRASIL

The aim of this analysis was to describe critically the evolution of indoor gymnastics as from the beginning of aerobic dance in the United States of American, in the 1970’s . This research was based on documentary and bibliographical analysis. The resulting data were distributed into there chronological phases called "Aerobic gymnastics generations". The aerobic dance, winch proceded aerobic gymnastics, was brought into practice in the USA by a ballerina called Jacki Sorensen, as an alternative form for cardiovascular conditioning. This activity associated leaping and side moving with choreographic elements through music and rhythm. Afterwards, teachers of Physical Education and artists, such as Jane Fonda, gradually replaced those moviments by callisthemic exercise changing consequently aerobic dance into aerobic gymnastics (AG). Besides the thecnical characteristics which permeated the evolution of aerobic gymnastics, this analysis also to look into account its individual and social implications because of is close connection, with the reproduction of consumption values in a capitalist society. Consumptivism, body cult, individualism, narcissism may be mentioned as some of the contradictory consequences that mark the evolution of aerobic gymnastics in Brazil an elsewhere.

Field of study: Education
Restoring Trust after an Insider Breach: Both the Genders Matter—CEOs and Users

There is limited research providing guidelines to CEOs, particularly female CEOs, about the efficacy of different responses (i.e. apology and denial) in the aftermath of an insider privacy breach incident. The study synthesizes a multitude of theories under three categories male-gender bias, same-gender bias and opposite-gender bias and uses them along with organizational justice theory to investigate the moderating role of the interaction between CEO gender and the user gender on trust restoration process after an insider breach incident. Trust restoration process is compared across different trust beliefs—ability, benevolence, and integrity. The findings show that the CEO-user gender interaction significantly shapes the trust restoration process. The findings also show that the forces that shape the initial trust work differently for trust restoration and are shaped by the underlying CEO gender—user gender combination. The research has several theoretical, managerial and social implications, and enlists several future research ideas.

Field of study: Computer science
Influence of Substrate Temperature and Post-Deposition Annealing on Material Properties of Ga-Doped ZnO Prepared by Pulsed Laser Deposition

Ga-doped ZnO films were prepared at 10 mTorr of oxygen over a broad temperature range using pulsed laser deposition. The carrier concentration of as-deposited films decreased monotonically with deposition temperature over a temperature range of 25°C to 450°C. Post-deposition annealing of as-deposited films in forming gas (5% H2 in argon) or vacuum resulted in a substantial increase in both carrier concentration and electron mobility. The figure of merit was highest for films deposited at 250°C then annealed in forming gas at 400°C. The optical transmittance was near 90% throughout the visible and near-infrared spectral regions. These results indicate that Ga-doped ZnO is a viable alternative to transparent indium-based conductive oxides.

Field of study: Materials science
Die Beziehung zwischen dem Gasdruck und der translatorischen Energie der Gasmoleküle

ZusammenfassungBezeichnen wir durchEtransl die in 1 ccm enthaltene translatorische Energie der Gasmoleküle, durchv ihre lineare Geschwindigkeit (die wir der Einfachheit halber bei allen Molekülen als gleich groß annehmen) und durchc die Grenzgeschwindigkeit, so ergibt sich für den Gasdruck die Beziehungp=1+√1−β2/3Etransl, woβ=v/c ist. Bei gewℏnlichen Gasen und bei nicht zu hohen Temperaturen istv sehr viel kleiner alsc, so daßβ2 gegenüber 1 vernachlässigt werden kann, und unsere Formel ergibt dannp=2/3Etransl. Bei „Lichtquantengas“ hingegen kannβ2=1 gesetzt werden, und dann ist nach unserer Formelp=1/3Etransl. Neuerdings sind K. Schaposchnikow, W. S. Fedoroff und andere zu dem Schlüsse gekommen, daß den Lichtquanten neben einer translatorischen auch noch eine gleich große rotatorische Energie zugeschrieben werden müsse. Dies Resultat rührt daher, weil die erwähnten Forscher beim Lichtquantengas die Formelp=2/3Etransl anwenden, was nach dem oben Gesagten unzulässig ist.

Field of study: Physics
Enlightenment form a volleyball teaching experiment

It has been suggested in this comprehensive teaching research combining theory and experiment that the method of Self-decision Making by Students highlighting positivity, initiative,creativity etc.expressed in the volleyball technique of against wall than the traditional one of non self-decision making.The results show that students' attitude and hardness towards learning are the inner driving force in the teaching method of self-decision making in which characters of the learners are given full play,the close relationship between learning improvement and positivity,initiative,crealiutivity etc.has been found in the research,therefore,it is suggested that the method of self-decision making fully express of the philosophy and speciality and be the core in quality teaching.

Field of study: Education
High-temperature Superconducting magnets for use in electron Cyclotron resonance ion sources

Ion sources using electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) require magnets to generate a particular field profile. High temperature superconducting (HTS) magnets offer advantages in power density, efficiency and the overall simplicity of the system. Space Cryomagnetics Ltd of Culham, England, has designed and manufactured HTS magnets for an ion source for Pantechnik in France, and is currently developing a second, more powerful system for the Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC) in Grenoble, France. This paper describes the design, manufacture and test results of the first of these systems, and the current status of the design and manufacture of the second.

Field of study: Physics
Preliminary Analyses on Diversity and Pathogenicity of Calonectria spp. on Eucalyptus in China

Calonectria leaf blight caused by Calonectria spp. is a serious disease on Eucalyptus trees in the world.The aims of the study were to clarify the species diversity and pathogenicity of Calonectria spp. on Eucalyptus trees in China. Species diversity of Calonectria were clarified based on comparisons of DNA sequences data of ITS, Histone H3, and TEF-1α gene regions, and combined with the fungal morphological characteristics and culture growth features. Research results indicated that six species of Calonectria were existed, these species included Ca. cerciana, Ca. crousiana, Ca. pauciramosa, Ca. pseudocolhounii, Ca. pseudoreteaudii and Ca. fujianensis. Six species could be distinguished by morphological characteristics. The six species resided in different phylogenetic groups. The culture growth features are different for the tested five Calonectria spp. The optimal growth temperature for Calonectria spp. is 25-30 ℃, no growth at 5 ℃ or 35 ℃. Leaf inoculations showed that all four Eucalyptus clones( Guang 1, Guang 4, DH32-29, OC14) tested were susceptible to infect by five tested Calonectria spp. Significant differences of virulence were observed among five Calonectria spp., with rank of Ca.cerciana Ca. pauciramosa Ca. pseudoreteaudii Ca. crousiana Ca. fujianensis. Significant differences of resistances were observed among four tested Eucalyptus clones. The paper revealed that species diversity of Calonectria on Eucalyptus trees in China, and provided prospects to select disease-tolerant planting stock for the disease management of Calonectria leaf blight on Eucalyptus trees in the future.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences