nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The peculiarities of panic disorders determined by gender dimorphism

In contrast to panic disorder (PD) epidemiology, gender-related etiological and clinical PD peculiarities are not studied well so far. Seventy-five PD patients (27 male, 48 female) with and without agoraphobia diagnosed according to ICD-10 criteria have been studied. No differences were found by gender for the key clinical signs: interrelations in parent family, age at debut, panic attacks frequency, combination with agoraphobia, social maladaptation and response to antidepressant therapy. Along with common features, we revealed gender differences in the clinical picture. In women, neuroendocrinal and motivation disorders preceded PD debut, panic attacks comprised more symptoms, with autonomic symptoms in the attack being subjectively considered as the key ones, autonomic function was more pronounced in between-attack period and depressive symptoms predominated in the clinical picture. Men considered psychic anxious symptoms (fear of death, forcing a patient to seek an outside assistance) as more prominent, and PD in men was more often combined with hypochondria and alcohol abuse.

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
Carbonate deposition in an ephemeral siliciclastic alluvial system: Jurassic Shuttle Meadow Formation, Newark Supergroup, Hartford Basin, USA

Nonmarine carbonate accumulation, from a sedimentologic perspective, has multiple possible origins: clastic load, springs, groundwater discharge, soil development, biochemical seasonal changes, cave speleothems, and eolian influx. Many of these carbonates contain diagnostic textures from which origin is easy to ascertain. However, differentiating between clastic and spring/groundwater carbonates, especially in depositional systems dominated by siliciclastics, is not always simple; here criteria for recognition are developed. Subsurface hydrology and tectonic origin of the depositional basin, source rocks surrounding the basin, sedimentologic packaging and extent of the carbonates in question, as well as their sedimentary structures and fossil content, and stable isotopic analyses of the carbonates can all aid in determining carbonate origin and correctly assessing sedimentary and basin evolution. The present study focuses on a nonmarine carbonate deposit found within the Jurassic Shuttle Meadow Formation of the Hartford Basin, one of many rift basins which formed as a result of the opening of the North Atlantic Ocean during the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic. The upper 50 m of the formation at Plainville, Connecticut, is interpreted as continental in origin and is composed of five facies: red ripple cross-laminated muddy siltstones to sandstones (Fr, Sr), massive red siliciclastic mudstones (Fm), buff fine- to medium-grained horizontally laminated sandstones (Sh), red to white disrupted calcareous shales (Fl3), and rare micritic carbonates (Pm). Facies Fr, Sr, Sh, and Fm are interpreted as an alluvial plain system in an ephemeral setting with bedload sheetflooding as the dominant depositional mechanism, similar to the Channel Country drainage system of central Australia. In addition, preservation of lateral accretion sandstone sheets (accretionary benches) indicate that the Shuttle Meadow alluvial system was rapidly accreting. The anomalous existence of carbonate beds (in Facies Fl3 and Pm) in the SMF bedload-dominated siliciclastic sequence is attributed mainly to the unique nature of the clastic sediment load in the basin; no direct evidence for a spring/groundwater input is apparent. The shallow carbonate lake margin or a pond with vegetation and periodic exposure is envisioned as the depositional environment. The intraclastic texture of the micrites with rare primary relict lamination indicates early diagenetic alteration from root penetration, desiccation cracks, and burrowing.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Buried pre-Cambrian surface in the United States

The Nemaha Mountains 1 in eastern Kansas and southeastern Nebraska were the first major structural features of the buried pre-Cambrian surface in the United States to be outlined by drilling. As the prolific Eldorado oil pool was above this “granite ridge,” much interest was created, especially after several other pools were discovered with the same geologic relationships. The height of this structural feature on the pre-Cambrian surface is about 2500 feet; the reflected surface structures have a closure of less than 200 feet. Naturally, the presence of so large a subsurface structure was unsuspected from the attitude of the surface rocks, and this discovery threw new light on the interpretation of other surface structural features in the mid-continent region. The buried Amarillo Mountains of the Texas panhandle furnish another typical example of the many buried structural features that have been discovered by drilling. Borings for oil, . . .

Field of study: Geology
Social-based routing scheme for fixed-line VANET

Vehicle Ad hoc NETwork (VANET) routing is facing a lot of challenges, such as efficient and effective message forwarding in the distributed network, as well as exploring and exploiting the movement regularity among vehicles and the social ties among passengers. Oriented to the fixed-line VANET, we propose a social-based routing scheme to enable the efficient and effective message routing among passengers. In the proposed scheme, passengers are divided into different communities based on the Improved K-Clique community detection algorithm (IKC). For determining the forwarding and dropping order of messages, a Social-based Message Buffering scheme at vehicles (SMB) is devised with their closeness and contribution considered. A Bilateral Forwarder Determination method (BFD) is proposed to make the optimal message forwarding, including Intra-Community Forwarder Determination (ICFD) and intEr-Community Forwarder Determination (ECFD). Simulation results show that the proposed scheme has better message delivery ratio and lower network overhead than other existing ones.

Field of study: Computer science
The Brazilian Workers’ ABC: Class Conflict and Alliances in Modern São Paulo . By John D. French. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992. Pp. xvi, 378. Map. Photographs. Notes. Index. $47.50.)

A wide gap between the needs of employees and the business needs of firms is a key stylized fact in the field of human resource management. Policies are often classified as either peopleor business-oriented, with the implication that both needs cannot be served simultaneously. In The Healthy Company, Robert Rosen challenges that received assumption by illustrating the bottom line implications of a "people-oriented" approach. His premise is that the success or "health" of a company is directly related to the mental and physical well-being of its employees. Thus, the focus of his discussion is not on product markets or market strategies, but instead on approaches that develop and change people. There are no value chain analyses or data flow diagrams in this book. The topics at center stage are building employee trust, demonstrating respect for employees, the value of diversity, and the benefits of continuous employee learning. The methods outlined in this book, which together constitute a revolutionary approach to defining and attaining business success, are not all of Rosen's own devising. Contributions are drawn from a wide array of academic and practitioner-oriented sources. Rosen's considerable achievement is to pull together these diverse sources to create a compelling argument. The first several sections of the book are dedicated to explaining the author's reasons for writing it and outlining what he sees as its significance to the business community. Not until well into the book does Rosen begin to concentrate on specifics. This organization may leave some readers unsatisfied in the early stages as they wait for the author to get to the point. Even in the first chapters, however, a great variety of anecdotal evidence from the corporate world should keep most readers interested and entertained. Also enlivening is the book's highly original visual presentation, which includes (for example) striking versions of company logos in the margins.

Field of study: History
Use of Exemplar Surveys to Reveal Implicit Types of Intelligence

Implicit theories of intelligence were investigated via surveys of exemplars of intelligence. Study 1 was a four-sample survey of famous exemplars. These diverse samples reported a similar set of popular exemplars, which clustered into five groups. These groups represented five types of intelligence: scientific, artistic, entrepreneurial, communicative, and moral intelligence. In Study 2, the minimal overlap of intelligence exemplars with those of fame, creativity, and wisdom refuted the possibility that exemplar reports are indiscriminate or solely a result of availability. In Study 3, knowledgeable judges rated the similarity of 50 famous persons to exemplars representing each type of intelligence. All five similarity ratings predicted exemplar popularities. In Study 4, where exemplar reports were not restricted to famous people, 31% were nonfamous (friends, family members, teachers, etc.). The results indicate that five implicit types of intelligence, each represented by highly available exemplars, play a role in people’s implicit theories.

Field of study: Psychology
EFFECTS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS MODES ON LOAD CARRYING CHARACTERISTICS OF AIR BEARING FILMS IN HARD DISK DRIVES

The surface roughness and the gaseous rarefaction effects must be taken into account in the case when the thickness of air bearing film in modern hard disk drives(HDDs) is close to or less than the molecular-mean free path.Considering gaseous rarefaction and surface roughness effects by including the pressure flow and shear flow factors,a generalized non-dimensional Reynolds equation is solved by using a least square finite difference(LSFD) method.Effects of the surface roughness modes on the load carrying characteristics of air bearing films in HDDs with ultra-low flying heights(1-2 nanometres) are investigated.Numerical results show that the effects of the surface roughness modes on the pressure distributions and the load carrying capacity are obvious,while those on the pressure center are weak.It will increase the pressure distribution and the load carry capacity of the air bearing films for the head with transverse roughness among various surface roughness modes.

Field of study: Engineering
NEW DOUBLE SALT OF SULFAMIC ACID AND POTASSIUM SULFATE

Existence of a new double salt, potassium hydrogen sulfate sulfamate (K2SO4·2HSO3NH2) has been confirmed by the measurements of mutual solubilities of HSO3NH2 and K2SO4 in water at 30°C.  The double salt is a colorless, transparent and almost non-hygroscopic crystal having a composition of HSO3NH2 52.7%, K2SO4 47.3%(2:1 in mole),  and melting point of 161∼162°C.

Field of study: Chemistry
Viscous behavior in a quasi-1D fractal cluster glass.

The spin glass transition of a quasi-1D organic-based magnet ([MnTPP][TCNE]) is explored using both ac and dc measurements. A scaling analysis of the ac susceptibility shows a spin glass transition near 4 K, with a viscous decay of the thermoremanent magnetization recorded above 4 K. We propose an extension to a fractal cluster model of spin glasses that determines the dimension of the spin clusters (D) ranging from approximately 0.8 to over 1.5 as the glass transition is approached. Long-range dipolar interactions are suggested as the origin of this low value for the apparent lower critical dimension.

Field of study: Physics
Influence of Board of Management Governance Practices on Students’ Performance in Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education in Athi River Sub-County, Kenya

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of Board of management governance practices on students’ performance in Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education in Athi River Sub-county, Kenya. The research used descriptive survey design. The study targeted 13 public secondary schools in Athi-River Sub-county. The target population was 208 Board of Management members, 13 Board of management chairpersons, 13 principals and 260 teachers in Athi-River Sub-county secondary schools. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select 13 schools to ensure that all the schools were well represented according to the various regions. Census technique was used to select all the 13 principals and 13 Board of management chairpersons. Simple random sampling was used to select 97 other Board of management members and 132 teachers.  The sample size of this study was therefore 255 respondents. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 20.0 was used to carry data analysis. The findings revealed that provision of incentives to teachers, provision of rewards to students, involving teachers in target setting and provision of learning resources were found to be satisfactory variables in explaining students performance. This was supported by coefficient of determination also known as the R square of 48%. Regression of coefficients results showed that provision of enough learning resources and students’ performance was highly correlated, positively and significantly related.  Provision of incentives, rewards, target setting and students’ performance were also positively and significantly.Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommended that the training institutes like KEMI should organize tailor made courses for BOM members to equip them with the right knowledge on best governance practices in schools.

Field of study: Education
Spatial filtering by a line-scanned nonrectangular detector: application to SPRITE readout MTF.

Any finite-sized photodetector has an effect on the spatial frequency content of the detected image. An expression for the modulation transfer function (MTF) of a nonrectangular detector in the along-scan direction is obtained. A comparison of our theoretical prediction is made with published experimental and numerical values for the MTF of a photosite having an exponentially tapered shape. Structures of this form are used as the readout region in SPRITE (signal processing in the element) detectors.

Field of study: Physics
Chemical cocktails enable hepatic reprogramming of human urine-derived cells with a single transcription factor

Human liver or hepatocyte transplantation is limited by a severe shortage of donor organs. Direct reprogramming of other adult cells into hepatic cells may offer a solution to this problem. In a previous study, we have generated hepatocyte-like cells from mouse fibroblasts using only one transcription factor (TF) plus a chemical cocktail. Here, we show that human urine-derived epithelial-like cells (hUCs) can also be transdifferentiated into human hepatocyte-like cells (hiHeps) using one TF (Foxa3, Hnf1α, or Hnf4α) plus the same chemical cocktail CRVPTD (C, CHIR99021; R, RepSox; V, VPA; P, Parnate; T, TTNPB; and D, Dznep). These hiHeps express multiple hepatocyte-specific genes and display functions characteristic of mature hepatocytes. With the introduction of the large T antigen, these hiHeps can be expanded in vitro and can restore liver function in mice with concanavalin-A-induced acute liver failure. Our study provides a strategy to generate functional hepatocyte-like cells from hUCs by using a single TF plus a chemical cocktail.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Synthetic Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites by Mixture Design Analysis

The objective of this work is to investigate the mechanical properties of Glass fiber reinforced Epoxy composites with different weight proportions. Using hand lay-up technique followed by compression moulding, five composites were prepared by varying the Glass fiber from 15 wt.% to 35 wt.%. The necessary mechanical tests were conducted as per ASTM standards and surface morphology of the fractured surfaces was examined by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). As per the obtained results, it is concluded that the 25 wt.% fiber loaded composite has superior mechanical properties. The results are mathematically evaluated by adopting Mixture Design optimization technique. The predicted values establish that 25 wt.% fiber loading shows good mechanical properties compared to other combinations.

Field of study: Materials science
Management of Hyperphosphatemia in End-Stage Renal Disease: A New Paradigm.

Bone and mineral metabolism becomes dysregulated with progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and increasing levels of parathyroid hormone serve as an adaptive response to maintain normal phosphorus and calcium levels. In end-stage renal disease, this response becomes maladaptive and high levels of phosphorus may occur. We summarize strategies to control hyperphosphatemia based on a systematic literature review of clinical trial and real-world observational data on phosphorus control in hemodialysis patients with CKD-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD). These studies suggest that current management options (diet and lifestyle changes; regular dialysis treatment; and use of phosphate binders, vitamin D, calcimimetics) have their own benefits and limitations with variable clinical outcomes. A more integrated approach to phosphorus control in dialysis patients may be necessary, incorporating measurement of multiple biomarkers of CKD-MBD pathophysiology (calcium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone) and correlation between diet adjustments and CKD-MBD drugs, which may facilitate improved patient management.

Field of study: Medicine
Research on Modeling Method of Anomaly Data Detection based on Bayesian

Today, with the help of Internet technology in the industry and consumers field, big data, cloud computing and artificial intelligence have achieving the maximum value, in data systems, both normal data in normal mode and abnormal data generated in abnormal mode are included. They determine and influence the judgment of the data user. For the identification of abnormal data, previous scholars have mainly studied it from the statistical point of view. In this paper, the idea and principle of Bayesian and Gibbs sampling algorithm are introduced. It implements parameter estimation and outliers detection simultaneously. In this way, the problem of mutual influence between parameter estimation and outliers detection is avoided.

Field of study: Engineering
Domestic Violence against Children, and Its Relationship with Their Aggressive Behavior

The study aimed at investigating the relationship between domestic violence against children and their aggressive behavior, among the study sample consisted of (100) male and female students from Alrai Schools in Amman Jordan; the randomly sample is distributed by choosing (25 male students; and 25 female students from the sixth grade, and 25 male students; and 25 female students from the seventh grade). The researcher has adopted the descriptive analytical methodology, by using a questionnaire composed of 14 paragraphs as the study tool. The results of the study show that no relationship between domestic violence and aggressive behavior upon students’ stage, and also show that there is a relationship between domestic violence and aggressive behavior upon students’ gender.Finally the researcher recommended further studies to be conducted in this field in Jordan; and increase awareness of domestic violence against children, and its relationship with their aggressive behavior through the intensification of family and community programs through various media, enactment of laws and legislation and regulations for dealing with cases of children exposed to violence, and spread awareness among community members about the seriousness of this phenomenon and the importance of reporting such violence.

Field of study: Education
miR-184 Inhibits Tumor Invasion, Migration and Metastasis in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma by Targeting Notch2

A recent study found that dysregulated microRNA-184 (miR-184) is involved in the proliferation and survival of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). This study aimed to evaluate the detailed mechanisms of invasion, migration and metastasis of NPC cells.  Quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot were used to confirm the expression levels of miR-184 and Notch2. NPC cell invasion and migration were subsequently examined using in vitro cell invasion and wound-healing assays, respectively. MicroRNA (miRNA) target gene prediction databases and dual-luciferase reporter assay were adopted to validate the target genes of miR-184.  MiR-184 was downregulated in the NPC cell lines. The miR-184 inhibitor increased the number of invading NPC cells, whereas miR-184 mimics inhibited the invasive ability of such cells. The protein level of E-cadherin decreased, whereas those of N-cadherin and vimentin increased in the anti-miR-184 group. This result showed that miR-184 inhibited NPC cell invasion and metastasis by regulating EMT progression. MiRNA target gene prediction databases indicated the potential of Notch2 as a direct target gene of miR-184. Such a notion was then validated by results of dual-luciferase reporter assay. Notably, shRNANotch2 restrained the EMT and partially abrogated the inhibitory effects of miR-184 on EMT progression in NPC cells.  MiR-184 functions as a tumour-suppressive miRNA targeting Notch2 and inhibits the invasion, migration and metastasis of NPC.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Incentive theory: II. Models for choice.

Incentive theory is extended to account for concurrent chained schedules of reinforcement. The basic model consists of additive contributions from the primary and secondary effects of reinforcers, which serve to direct the behavior activated by reinforcement. The activation is proportional to the rate of reinforcement and interacts multiplicatively with the directive effects. The two free parameters are q, the slope of the delay of reinforcement gradient, whose value is constant across many experiments, and b, a bias parameter. The model is shown to provide an excellent description of all results from studies that have varied the terminal-link schedules, and of many of the results from studies that have varied initial-link schedules. The model is extended to diverse modifications of the terminal links, such as varied amount of reinforcement, varied signaling of the terminal-link schedules, and segmentation of the terminal-link schedules. It is demonstrated that incentive theory provides an accurate and integrated account of many of the phenomena of choice.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Theme Study in Elementary-School Social Studies: A Different Approach to Gaining Knowledge

T heme study is all the rage in education circles today (Lipson et al. 1993). Teacher-education texts abound with step-by-step instructions for preservice teachers to create thematic units, theme immersion, or various types of theme studies. Most texts for social studies methods cover thematic integration as part of designing social studies units. Workshops throughout the country give detailed instructions to guide us in changing our practice. The popular education journals now have sections devoted to teaching with themes. Teacher supply stores have stocked resource books to use with every theme from apples to zoo animals. Yet I would question whether theme study really does involve new approaches to classroom instruction and wonder whether the same old techniques are being put together in new packages. I explored these questions when I created a year-long curriculum within my fifth-grade classroom. Theme study has had a range of def-

Field of study: Sociology