nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies on the reproduction in the dog. V. On cleavage and transport of fertilized ova in the oviduct

卵が排卵され卵管に進入すれば精子と会合できる条件にするため,実験雌犬19頭を排卵前(雄犬許容36時間目)に1回のみ交配させた。その後,排卵時期を開腹手術によって推定し,排卵後24時間から216時間までを24時間間隔に区分して,卵管,子宮角をそれぞれ3等分し受精卵を採取した。1.犬の排卵時の卵は第一卵母細胞で排卵後48~72時間の間に卵管内で成熟して第二卵細胞となって受精能を獲得する。2.受精卵の分割は排卵後72時間までは見られず,96時間で早いものは2細胞期,120時間で3~6細胞卵,144時間で8細胞卵,168時間で8または16細胞卵,192時間で16細胞卵,204~216時間で桑実胚となっていた。3.受精卵の卵管下降は,排卵後24,48時間では卵管中部,72時間で中間と下部,96~192時間で下部にそれぞれ達し,その後204~216時間では桑実胚となって子宮内に進入する。4.実験犬19頭中3頭(15.8%)において前回の発情に排卵されたと思われる卵が発見され,卵管下部に6ヵ月以上も残留していたとみられることがらが観察された。

Field of study: Biology
Model for proton conductivity in phase III of (NH4)3H(SeO4)2 along the c-axis

The nonlinear behavior of proton conductivity in phase III of (NH4)3H(SeO4)2 (abbreviated as TAHSe) along the c-axis is interpreted in terms of mixing of two phases in the transition region between phase III and phase II. The pure phase III of TAHSe is simulated by means of one-dimensional model whose evolution is driven by the kinetic Monte Carlo method. Experimental data at moderate pressure are used to ensure the quality of fitting of model parameters. The interplay of lattice vibrations and the hydrogen bond length is demonstrated to be the key physical factor responsible for the proton diffusion.

Field of study: Materials science
Acclimation of leaf photosynthesis and respiration to warming in field-grown wheat.

Climate change and future warming will significantly affect crop yield. The capacity of crops to dynamically adjust physiological processes (i.e. acclimate) to warming might improve overall performance. Understanding and quantifying the degree of acclimation in field crops could ensure better parameterization of crop and Earth System models and predictions of crop performance. We hypothesized that for field-grown wheat, when measured at a common temperature (25°C), crops grown under warmer conditions would exhibit acclimation, leading to enhanced crop performance and yield. Acclimation was defined as: (i) decreased rates of net photosynthesis at 25°C (A25 ) coupled with lower maximum carboxylation capacity (Vcmax 25 ); (ii) reduced leaf dark respiration at 25°C (both in terms of O2 consumption, Rdark _O2 25 ; and CO2 efflux, Rdark _CO2 25 ); and (iii) lower Rdark _CO2 25 :Vcmax 25 . Field experiments were conducted over two seasons with 20 wheat genotypes, sown at three different planting dates, to test these hypotheses. Leaf-level CO2 based traits (A25 , Rdark _CO2 25 , and Vcmax 25 ) did not show the classic acclimation responses that we hypothesized; by contrast, the hypothesized changes in Rdark_ O2 were observed. These findings have implications for predictive crop models that assume similar temperature response among these physiological processes, and for predictions of crop performance in a future warmer world. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Field of study: Environmental science
Storage devices for heat exchangers with phase change

Heat exchangers with phase-change achieve minimal dissipation when there is only a small temperature difference between the inlet and the outlet on the side of the sensible heat transfer medium. However, this does not usually occur in applications where these heat exchangers are typically used. In order to overcome this issue, an innovative prototype heat pump was realised. The heat pump was equipped with switchable storage devices to adapt the high temperature difference of the application to small temperature differences in the condenser. This way, the dissipation in the condenser was minimised, which led to COP increases by reducing the required mean pressure in the condenser. The use of storage devices resulted in measured efficiency improvements of 10%–50% in the prototype. With the described set-up, it is possible to approach the maximal thermodynamically possible COP, which makes an adaptation of the theoretical assessment of heat pumps necessary.

Field of study: Engineering
双核配合物组合合成Mo n Fe 4- n )S 4 1 单立方烷簇合物及Mo 2 Fe 2 S 4 (C 4 H 8 dtc) 6 ·3.5C 2 H 2 Cl 4 的结构

从含有M Fe(M=Mo,Fe)结构单元的双核配合物Mg(DMF) 6 [Fe 2 S 2 Cl 4 ]及Mg(DMF) 6 [FeCl 2 ·MoS 4 ]起始,经不同的组合反应,分别得到Fe 4 S 4 ,MoFe 3 S 4 及Mo 2 Fe 2 S 4 单立方烷簇合物。讨论了这一反应的某些特点并报道了双桥联六配体的Mo 2 Fe 2 S 4 (C 4 H 8 dtc) 6 的晶体与分子结构。

Field of study: Chemistry
The low-temperature conductivity of etched quantum wires

Low-temperature transport measurements made on nearly depleted n+ GaAs quantum wires fabricated by molecular beam epitaxy and reactive ion etching are described. In such wires, damage generated by the etching process introduces traps at the wire edges and increases the effective depletion regions there. Exposure of the wires to low-level visible light at low temperatures causes conductance increases whereas the application of a high electric field to the wires causes a subsequent reduction in low-field conductance. Both nonequilibrium states decay slowly and logarithmically with time and can be annealed away by raising the temperature to around 150 K. It is postulated that the traps resulting from damage induced in the wire surfaces during preparation are responsible for the nonequilibrium low-temperature effects and suggest microscopic models for the mechanisms concerned.

Field of study: Materials science
Mean heat flux concept in evaporator design

With regard to wall superheat variation along the evaporator heating surface, a method has been devised to estimate the mean heat flux with respect to inlet and outlet temperatures of the evaporator fluids. Uncertainties involved in using the conventional logarithmic mean temperature difference method are avoided. Diagrams are used to demonstrate the application of the method to refrigeration and heat pump systems in which hydrocarbon compounds are the working fluids. Sample problems illustrate the effectiveness of the method.

Field of study: Engineering
Quark Model Estimates of the Structure of the Meson-N-N*(1535,1/2-) Transition Vertices

We address an actual problem of baryon-resonance dominated meson-exchange processes in the low GeV regime, i.e. the phase and the structure of meson-NN* transition vertices. Our starting point is a quark-diquark model for the baryons (obeying approximate covariance; the mesons are kept as elementary objects), together with the relative phases for the NN vertices, as determined from low energy NN scattering. From the explicit representation of the N and N* baryons, we exemplify the derivation of the coupling constants and form factors of the NN*(1535,1/2-)transition vertices for pseudo-scalar, scalar and vector mesons.

Field of study: Physics
Specific Heat and Upper Critical Field of Sc5Ir4Si10 Superconductor

Temperature and magnetic field dependent specific heat of textured Sc5Ir4Si10 superconductor was investigated in detail. Based on the fitting of zero-field electronic specific heat by different gap structures as well as the discussion on field-induced specific heat coefficient, Sc5Ir4Si10 is proved to be an anisotropic \(s\)-wave superconductor with a gap anisotropy, Δmin/Δmax, of 0.53. The anisotropy of upper critical field suggests the weakly one-dimensional Fermi surface, and the value is consistent with the gap anisotropy result obtained from the specific heat data.

Field of study: Physics
On downlink beamforming with indefinite shaping constraints

Beamforming schemes have been proposed to exploit the spatial characteristics of multiple-input single-output (MISO) wireless radio channels. Several algorithms are available for optimal joint beamforming and power control for the downlink. Such optimal beamforming minimizes the total transmission power, while ensuring an individual target quality of service (QoS) for each user; alternatively the weakest QoS is maximized, subject to a power constraint. Herein, we consider both formulations and some of the available algorithms are generalized to enable indefinite quadratic shaping constraints on the beamformers. By imposing such additional constraints, the QoS measure can be extended to take other factors than the customary signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) into account. Alternatively, other limitations such as interference requirements or physical constraints may be handled within the optimization. We also consider a more general SINR expression than previously analyzed, which allows for more accurate modeling, e.g., of nonzero self-interference in code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems. Several applications for indefinite equality or inequality constraints are suggested and evaluated. For example, it is shown how such constraints may be used to ensure a minimum level of path diversity in a CDMA system. Other applications include limiting intercell interference in decentralized systems

Field of study: Engineering
RIVER CHANNEL CHANGE WITH TIME: AN EXAMPLE

Monumented channel cross sections were resurveyed over a period of 20 yrs (1953 to 1972) to determine the amount and kind of change of channel area and position on a 3.7-sq-mi basin, Watts Branch near Rockville, Maryland. For the first 12 yrs, the channel progressively but slowly became smaller as urbanization of the basin gradually proceeded. After 1966, a threshold of change apparently was passed and, probably as a result of an increased rate of land alteration upstream, large amounts of sediment were deposited within the channel and overbank. The number of floods exceeding channel capacity increased dramatically from an average of two to more than ten per year. Simultaneously, the channel area began to increase. Despite the trend toward increasing cross-sectional area, the net result after 20 yrs was a channel smaller by 20 percent than it had been originally. Urbanization did not alter the rate of channel migration.

Field of study: Geology
Looking into the inner black hole accretion disc with relativistic models of iron line

We discuss black hole spin measurements employing the relativistic iron line profiles in the X-ray domain. We investigate the iron line band for two representative sources -- MCG -6-30-15 (active galaxy) and GX 339-4 (X-ray binary). We compare two models of the broad iron line, LAOR and KYRLINE. We realise that the spin is currently determined entirely from the position of the marginally stable orbit while the effect of the spin on the overall line shape would be resolvable with higher resolution X-ray missions. We show that the precision of the spin measurements depends on an unknown angular distribution of the disc emission. We study how sensitive the spin determination is to the assumptions about the intrinsic angular distribution of the emitted photons. We find that the uncertainty of the directional emission distribution translates to 20% uncertainty in the determination of the radius of marginally stable orbit. We perform radiation transfer computations of an X-ray irradiated disc atmosphere (NOAR code) to determine the directionality of outgoing X-rays in the 2-10 keV energy band. Based on these computations, we find that from the simple formulae for the directionality, the isotropic case reproduces the simulated data with the best accuracy. The most frequently used limb-darkening law favours higher values of spin and, in addition, a steeper radial emissivity profile. Furthermore, we present a spectral analysis of an XMM-Newton observation of a Seyfert 1.5 galaxy IRAS 05078+1626 being the first X-ray spectroscopic study of this source. The lack of the significant relativistic blurring of the reflection model component suggests the accretion disc to be truncated at a farther radius.

Field of study: Physics
Polymer coating embolism from intravascular medical devices - a clinical literature review.

Over the past three decades, lubricious (hydrophobic and/or hydrophilic) polymer-coated devices have been increasingly adopted by interventional physicians and vascular surgeons to access and treat a wider range of clinical presentations. Recent clinical literature highlights the presence of polymer coating emboli within the anatomy - a result of coating separation from an intravascular device - and associates it with a range of adverse clinical sequelae. The 2015 U.S. Food and Drug Administration safety communication titled "Lubricious Coating Separation from Intravascular Medical Devices" acknowledges these concerns and concludes that it will work with stakeholders to develop nonclinical test methodologies, establish performance criteria, and identify gaps in current national and international device standards for coating integrity performance. Despite this communication and multiple case reports from interventional physicians, pathologists, dermatologists and other involved physician specialties, polymer coating embolism remains clinically underrecognized. This article consolidates the available literature on polymer coating embolism (1986-2016) and highlights the following relevant information for the physician: (a) the history and elusive nature of polymer coating embolism; (b) potential incidence rates of this phenomenon; (c) reported histologic findings and clinical effects of polymer emboli in the anatomy; (d) the importance of the collaborative clinician-pathologist partnership to report polymer embolism findings; and (e) the importance to study particulate release from intravascular devices so as to further understand and potentially evolve coated interventional technologies. Preliminary research on coatings highlights the potential of using iterations of coatings on medical devices that attain the desired therapeutic result and mitigate or eliminate particulates altogether.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
Modeling Sediment Deposition Behind Corn Residue

Asimulation model was developed to predict the amount of sediment deposited behind corn residue in row middle areas. Data generated in a rainfall simulator field study were used for model validation. Observed soil erosion rates compared favorably with ero-sion rates predicted by the model. The results generated by the simulation model indicate that, although dif-ferences in soils can change crop residues' effect on soil losses, more influence is exerted by differences in slope steepness. As slope steepness increases, crop residues are less effective in controlling soil erosion.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Glucose analogue inhibitors of glycogen phosphorylase: from crystallographic analysis to drug prediction using GRID force-field and GOLPE variable selection.

Several inhibitors of the large regulatory enzyme glycogen phosphorylase (GP) have been studied in crystallographic and kinetic experiments. GP catalyses the first step in the phosphorylysis of glycogen to glucose-l-phosphate, which is utilized via glycolysis to provide energy to sustain muscle contraction and in the liver is converted to glucose. alpha-D-Glucose is a weak inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase form b (GPb, K(i) = 1.7 mM) and acts as a physiological regulator of hepatic glycogen metabolism. Glucose binds to phosphorylase at the catalytic site and results in a conformational change that stabilizes the inactive T state of the enzyme, promoting the action of protein phosphatase 1 and stimulating glycogen synthase. It has been suggested that in the liver, glucose analogues with greater affinity for glycogen phosphorylase may result in a more effective regulatory agent. Several N-acetyl glucopyranosylamine derivatives have been synthesized and tested in a series of crystallographic and kinetic binding studies with GPb. The structural results of the bound enzyme-ligand complexes have been analysed together with the resulting affinities in an effort to understand and exploit the molecular interactions that might give rise to a better inhibitor. Comparison of the N-methylacetyl glucopyranosylamine (N-methylamide, K(i) = 0.032 mM) with the analogous beta-methylamide derivative (C-methylamide, K(i) = 0.16 mM) illustrate the importance of forming good hydrogen bonds and obtaining complementarity of van der Waals interactions. These studies also have shown that the binding modes can be unpredictable but may be rationalized with the benefit of structural data and that a buried and mixed polar/non-polar catalytic site poses problems for the systematic addition of functional groups. Together with previous studies of glucose analogue inhibitors of GPb, this work forms the basis of a training set suitable for three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship studies. The molecules in the training set are void of problems and potential errors arising from the alignment and bound conformations of each of the ligands since the coordinates were those determined experimentally from the X-ray crystallographic refined ligand-enzyme complexes. The computational procedure described in this work involves the use of the program GRID to describe the molecular structures and the progam GOLPE to obtain the partial least squares regression model with the highest prediction ability. The GRID/GOLPE procedure performed using 51 glucose analogue inhibitors of GPb has good overall predictivity [standard deviation of error predictions (SDEP) = 0.98 and Q(2) = 0.76] and has shown good agreement with the crystallographic and kinetic results by reliably selecting regions that are known to affect the binding affinity.

Field of study: Chemistry
Einige Ergebnisse der quantitativen Röntgenanalyse feinkörniger Sedimente

ZusammenfassungNach der vonvon Engelhardt angegebenen Methode wurden einförmige Tonserien vor allem des unteren Lias sowie Tonbeimengungen von Sandsteinen untersucht. Es zeigten sich charakteristische Unterschiede. — Der Tonmineralbestand ist nicht unwesentlich von der Diagenese überprägt.

Field of study: Environmental science
Spontaneous emission from a medium with a band spectrum

A theoretical analysis is made of the spontaneous emission from an excited atom or a molecule in a one-dimensional periodic structure formed by a screened two-conductor line filled with periodically distributed dielectric disks. It is shown that when the transition frequency lies within or close to the forbidden band of the periodic structure, the decay of an excited state of an atom or a molecule produces a characteristic long-lived dynamic state. This dynamic state is a superposition of the excited and ground states with an admixture of a photon "cloud," which surrounds the atom or molecule. A study is made of the distribution of the electromagnetic energy of the dynamic state. The energy and the decay law of the excited state are obtained and the spectrum of the emission which accompanies this decay is obtained. It is shown that the spontaneous emission can be suppressed strongly in volumes much greater than the wavelength. The possibility of the suppression of spontaneous emission from lasers is discussed.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Formation of singularities in one-dimensional thermoelasticity with second sound

We investigate the formation of singularities in thermoelasticity with second sound. Transforming into Euler coordinates and combining ideas from Sideris [14], used for compressible fluids, and Tarabek , used for small data large time existence in second sound models, we are able to show that there are in general no global smooth solutions for large initial data. In contrast to the situation for classical thermoelasticity, we require largeness of the data itself, not of its derivatives.

Field of study: Mathematics
A comparative study of the effects of ventilation-purification strategies on air quality and energy consumption in Beijing, China

In countries suffering from heavy ambient air pollution, ventilation is a problem, as ventilation intakes outdoor air pollutants, such as particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 um (PM2.5), while removing indoor air pollutants. Thus, it is important to identify appropriate ventilation-purification strategies to build healthy indoor environments with low energy consumption. This study reports the comparison of two sets of strategies, i.e., mechanical ventilation with filters and natural ventilation with indoor air cleaners, in respect to energy consumption and the PM 2.5 and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) exposure of occupants in a typical apartment in Beijing, China. A dynamic mass balance model was employed to calculate the PM 2.5 and CO 2 exposure concentrations, while the energy consumption of heating and cooling was simulated with the Designer’s Simulation Toolkit. It was found that natural ventilation with air cleaners provided lower PM 2.5 exposure compared with that of mechanical ventilation with filters; however, mechanical ventilation achieved a lower CO 2 exposure concentration. The annual cooling, heating, and fan energy consumption of natural ventilation strategies are lower than those of mechanical ventilation strategies. With respect to natural ventilation, an infiltration rate of 0.3–0.4 h −1 was the preferred setting, which led to low PM 2.5 and CO 2 exposure with lower energy consumption. The basic requirements for controlling indoor PM 2.5 could be met if the threshold is set at 25 µg/m 3 . The results provide guidelines on how to combine multiple ventilation purification strategies to improve indoor air quality with lower energy usage.

Field of study: Engineering
The preparation of tritiated insulin specifically labelled by semisynthesis at glycine-A1.

We have prepared and characterized semisynthetic [GlyA1-3H]insulin. The preparation was carried out at specific radioactivities ranging from 1Ci/mmol to 44Ci/mmol. The largest quantity prepared in any one synthesis was 3.5 mCi. Chemical degradation showed that the label was in its expected position in the molecule. The semisynthetic product behaved authentically on reversed-phase h.p.l.c. and radioimmunoassay. It gave the expected profiles of biological activity as regards depression of blood sugar concentration in rats and stimulation of conversion of glucose into lipid in isolated rat fat-cells. We discuss some applications for which this tracer would be particularly suited.

Field of study: Biology, Computer science
Synchronous Reduction-Oxidation Process for Efficient Removal of Trichloroacetic Acid: H* Initiates Dechlorination and •OH Is Responsible for Removal Efficiency.

Degradation of chlorinated disinfection by-products using the electro-reduction process has been considered as a promising approach for advanced water treatment, while the removal efficiency is restricted by high barrier for dechlorination of intermediates only by reductive H*, and excessive cost required for reducing atmosphere. In this paper we predict that the dechlorination efficiency for trichloroacetic acid (TCA), a typical chlorinated disinfection by- product, can be accelerated via a synchronous oxidation-reduction process, where dechlorination barrier can be lowered by the oxidation reactions toward the critical intermediates using hydroxyl radicals (•OH). Based on scientific findings, we constructed a synchronous oxidation-reduction platform using a Pd-loaded Cu/Cu2O/CuO array as the core component. According to the combined results of theoretical and experimental analyses, we found that the high dispersion of nano-sized Pd on photocathode was beneficial for the production of a high concentration of H* at low overpotential, a perquisite for initiating dechlorination reaction. Simultaneously, excess H* has the potential to convert O2 to H2O2 in ambient conditions (Air condition), and H2O2 can be further activated by Cu-containing substrate to •OH for attacking the critical intermediates. In this system, ~89.1% of TCA was completely dechlorinated and ~26.8% mineralization achieved in 60 min, which was in contrast to the value of ~65.7% and mineralization efficiency of only ~1.7% achieved through reduction process (Ar condition).

Field of study: Environmental science