nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Performance assessment of 40 Gbit/s off-the-shelf network cards for virtual network probes in 5G networks

Incoming 5G networks will evolve regarding how they operate due to the use of virtualization technologies. Network functions that are necessary for communication will be virtual and will run on top of commodity servers. Among these functions, it will be essential to deploy monitoring probes, which will provide information regarding how the network is behaving, which will be later analyzed for self-management purposes. However, to date, the network probes have needed to be physical to perform at link-rates in high-speed networks, and it is challenging to deploy them in virtual environments. Thus, it will be necessary to rely on bare-metal accelerators to deal with existing input/output (I/O) performance problems. Next, to control the costs of implementing these virtual network probes, our approach is to leverage the capabilities that current commercial off-the-shelf network cards provide for virtual environments. Specifically, to this end, we have implemented HPCAP40vf, which is a driver that is GPL-licensed and available for download, for network capture in virtual machines. This driver handles the communication with an Intel XL710 40 Gbit/s commercial network card to enable a network monitoring application run within a virtual machine. To store the captured traffic, we have relied on NVMe drives due to their high transference rate, as they are directly connected to the PCIe bus. We have assessed the performance of this approach and compared it with DPDK, in terms of both capturing and storing the network traffic by measuring the achieved data rates. The evaluation has taken into account two virtualization technologies, namely, KVM and Docker, and two access methods to the underlying hardware, namely, VirtIO and PCI passthrough. With this methodology, we have identified bottlenecks and determined the optimal solution in each case to reduce overheads due to virtualization. This approach can also be applied to the development of other performance-hungry virtual network functions. The obtained results demonstrate the feasibility of our proposed approach: when we correctly use the capabilities that current commercial network cards provide, our virtual network probe can monitor at 40 Gbit/s with full packet capture and storage and simultaneously track the traffic among other virtual network functions inside the host and with the external network.

Field of study: Computer science
Heterogeneity of the Pancreatic Beta Cell

The pancreatic beta cell functions as a key regulator of blood glucose levels by integrating a variety of signals in response to changing metabolic demands. Variations in beta cell identity that translate into functionally different subpopulations represent an interesting mechanism to allow beta cells to efficiently respond to diverse physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Recently, there is emerging evidence that morphological and functional differences between beta cells exist. Furthermore, the ability of novel single cell technologies to characterize the molecular identity of individual beta cells has created a new era in the beta cell field. These studies are providing important novel information about the origin of beta cell heterogeneity, the type and proportions of the different beta cell subpopulations, as well as their intrinsic properties. Furthermore, characterization of different beta cell subpopulations that could variably offer protection from or drive progression of diabetes has important clinical implications in diabetes prevention, beta cell regeneration and stem cell treatments. In this review, we will assess the evidence that supports the existence of heterogeneous populations of beta cells and the factors that could influence their formation. We will also address novel studies using islet single cell analysis that have provided important information toward understanding beta cell heterogeneity and discuss the caveats that may be associated with these new technologies.

Field of study: Biology
The smallest electron storage ring for high-intensity far-infrared and hard X-ray productions.

The status of the world's smallest electron storage ring is reported. This ring is designed to provide coherent far-infrared (FIR) and incoherent hard X-ray emissions from a single 50 MeV storage ring. The FIR emission is forced by a surrounding mirror around the electron orbit. The FIR emission mechanism is rather similar to that of the free-electron laser. The expected FIR output is of the order of 100 W. Bremsstrahlung is used instead of synchrotron radiation to generate hard X-rays. Since electrons recirculate and gain energy from the accelerating cavity, the expected hard X-ray brightness exceeds that of a rotating-anode source by about 1000 times or more.

Field of study: Physics
Space-time-Doppler block coding for correlated time-selective fading channels

Coping with time-selective fading channels is challenging but also rewarding, especially with multiantenna systems, where joint space-Doppler diversity and coding gains can be collected to enhance performance of wireless mobile links. These gains have not been quantified, and space-time coded systems maximizing joint space-Doppler benefits have not been designed. Based on a parsimonious basis expansion model for the underlying time-selective (and possibly correlated) channels, we quantify these gains in closed form. Furthermore, we develop space-time-Doppler coded systems that guarantee the maximum possible space-Doppler diversity, along with the largest coding gains within all linearly coded systems. Our three novel designs exploit knowledge of the maximum Doppler spread, and each offers a uniquely desirable tradeoff, including high spectral efficiency, low decoding complexity, and high performance. Our analytical results are confirmed by simulations and reveal the relative of merits of our three designs in comparison with an existing approach.

Field of study: Engineering
Zum Einfluß von adsorbiertem Sauerstoff auf die elektrische Leitfähigkeit von Zinkoxydkristallen

Sondenmessungen an synthetischen Einkristallen im Temperaturbereich von −183 bis + 300° C folgt eine Herabsetzung der beobachteten Leitfähigkeit durch adsorbierten Sauerstoff. Für solche, mit Sauerstoff beladene Kristalle ergibt eine Abschätzung, daß die Konzentration der Donatoren in einer dünnen Oberflächenschicht größer ist als im Kristallinneren.

Field of study: Physics
From DIE and NIE toward EE

Over a century since Thorstein Veblen's seminal essay on evolutionary economics, it seems "the economic life process" is "still in great measure awaiting theoretical formulation" (1898, 387). There is as yet no widely convincing theory of "economic action" to account for the process in which "it is the human agent that changes-his insight and his appreciation of what these things can be used for is what develops" (387 -8). Original institutional economics is widely viewed-if it is viewed at all-as having failed to make

Field of study: Economics
On Upholding Marxism as Our Guidelines in the Realm of Ideology

Marxism instruction thought is the soul of the socialism core value system, therefore, the ultimate mission of construction of socialism core value system is how to unswervingly insist on Marxist guiding position. This requests that our party should continuously enhance capatilities to handle the following four kinds of basic dialectical relations: the dialectical relation between individuality and commonality in construction of ideology; the dialectical relation between monism and diversity in ideology; the dialectical relation between insisting on and developing Marxism; the dialectical relation between requirement for advanced property of party members and comprehensive requirement of the society in aspects of theory study and belief issue.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
DEFINITION OF CRITICAL AREA OF MAGNETICALLY STABLE FLUIDIZATION WITH WAVE THEORY

In this paper, the critical area of magnetically stable fluidization is defined with wave theory.The definition is made in the following steps.First,the void fluctuation equation is established from two-phase model of magnetically fluidized beds(MFBs).Then,the void fluctuation in MFBs is analyzed with wave theory and the criterion of critical area of magnetically stable fluidization is derived.The critical area of magnetically stable fluidization defined in this paper matches well with the experimental results.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Reddit and the Social Studies: Exploring the r/Democratic Curriculum

In this article the author seeks to present social studies educators with practical means for using Reddit—an emerging social media website—as a tool for providing students with a democratic education grounded in citizenship and multicultural education. The author focuses on ways in which Reddit offers students the opportunity to learn from experts, explore social studies content that may not be present within a traditional textbook, and voice their opinion in an online community that values equality and democracy among its members.

Field of study: Sociology
CollabRDL: A language to coordinate collaborative reuse

Coordinating software reuse activities is a complex problem when considering collaborative software development. This is mainly motivated due to the difficulty in specifying how the artifacts and the knowledge produced in previous projects can be applied in future ones. In addition, modern software systems are developed in group working in separate geographical locations. Therefore, techniques to enrich collaboration on software development are important to improve quality and reduce costs. Unfortunately, the current literature fails to address this problem by overlooking existing reuse techniques. There are many reuse approaches proposed in academia and industry, including Framework Instantiation, Software Product Line, Transformation Chains, and Staged Configuration. But, the current approaches do not support the representation and implementation of collaborative instantiations that involve individual and group roles, the simultaneous performance of multiple activities, restrictions related to concurrency and synchronization of activities, and allocation of activities to reuse actors as a coordination mechanism. These limitations are the main reasons why the Reuse Description Language (RDL) is unable to promote collaborative reuse, i.e., those related to reuse activities in collaborative software development. To overcome these shortcomings, this work, therefore, proposes CollabRDL, a language to coordinate collaborative reuse by providing essential concepts and constructs for allowing group-based reuse activities. For this purpose, we extend RDL by introducing three new commands, including role, parallel, and doparallel. To evaluate CollabRDL we have conducted a case study in which developer groups performed reuse activities collaboratively to instantiate a mainstream Java framework. The results indicated that CollabRDL was able to represent critical workflow patterns, including parallel split pattern, synchronization pattern, multiple-choice pattern, role-based distribution pattern, and multiple instances with decision at runtime. Overall, we believe that the provision of a new language that supports group-based activities in framework instantiation can help enable software organizations to document their coordinated efforts and achieve the benefits of software mass customization with significantly less development time and effort.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Effect of smoking and transdermal nicotine on colonic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in ulcerative colitis.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a disease largely of non-smokers, in which nicotine is of therapeutic value. The mode of action is unknown, but may involve nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the bowel wall.



To investigate the presence of nAChRs in rectal mucosa, and the effect of smoking and nicotine on their expression.



Prospective case-control study.



In situ hybridization (ISH) and immunocytochemistry (ICC) were used to show alpha3 nAChRs in colonic mucosa. Rectal mucosa was examined from controls (n=55) and patients with inactive UC (n=62), both smokers and non-smokers, by ICC, using two antibodies to show the density and distribution of receptors in the mucosa. Non-smokers with UC (n=43) were given transdermal nicotine or placebo patches for 6 months, and rectal biopsies, taken before and after treatment, were examined by ICC to show nAChRs.



In normal colon, ISH and ICC showed alpha3 subunit in a wide variety of cells, including mucosal epithelium. In rectal biopsies, neither smoking nor nicotine influenced the expression of alpha3 immunoreactivity in epithelium, either in controls or UC. However, controls had a significantly greater density of immunodetectable mucosal epithelium alpha3 subunit, compared with UC patients.



The presence of nAChRs in colonic epithelium may be pertinent to the beneficial effect of nicotine in UC, but since neither smoking nor nicotine treatment is associated with any change in the expression of epithelial alpha3 nAChRs, the effect may be due to functional changes in the receptor. The decreased number of alpha3 nAChRs in UC compared with controls may be related to an increased cell turnover in UC.

Field of study: Medicine
A nonlinear programming solution to robust multi-response quality problem

Quite often, engineers obtain measurements associated with several response variables. Both the design and analysis of multi-response experiments with a focus on quality control and improvement have received little attention although they are sorely needed. In a multi-response case the optimization problem is more complex than in the single-response situation. In this paper we present a method to optimize multiple quality characteristics based on the mean square error (MSE) criterion when the data are collected from a combined array. The proposed method will generate more alternative solutions. The string of solutions and the trade-offs aid in determining the underlying mechanism of a system or process. The procedure is illustrated with an example, using the generalized reduced gradient (GRG) algorithm for nonlinear programming.

Field of study: Mathematics
Isostasy and rock density

In the present paper, which is an expansion of part of a former one, 2 there is presented a study of the relations between the average densities of different areas of igneous rocks and their average altitudes, with the object of correlating these relations with the theory of isostasy. The outcome of the discussion is that the general relation holds good: the average density of the igneous rocks of a region varies in the opposite sense as the average altitude. The results of the study, therefore, harmonize with and corroborate the theory of isostasy. Comagmatic regions, in which the igneous rocks are shown by their similar chemical and mineral characters to be derived from the same magma, are briefly discussed, especially as to their bearing on isostasy, and the distribution of comagmatic regions throughout the United States is described. The normative method for arriving at the average density of a . . .

Field of study: Geology
Multi-Response Optimization of Resin Finishing by Using a Taguchi-Based Grey Relational Analysis

In this study, the influence and optimization of the factors of a non-formaldehyde resin finishing process on cotton fabric using a Taguchi-based grey relational analysis were experimentally investigated. An L27 orthogonal array was selected for five parameters and three levels by applying Taguchi’s design of experiments. The Taguchi technique was coupled with a grey relational analysis to obtain a grey relational grade for evaluating multiple responses, i.e., crease recovery angle (CRA), tearing strength (TE), and whiteness index (WI). The optimum parameters (values) for resin finishing were the resin concentration (80 g·L−1), the polyethylene softener (40 g·L−1), the catalyst (25 g·L−1), the curing temperature (140 °C), and the curing time (2 min). The goodness-of-fit of the data was validated by an analysis of variance (ANOVA). The optimized sample was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) to better understand the structural details of the resin finishing process. The results showed an improved thermal stability and confirmed the presence of well deposited of resin on the optimized fabric surface.

Field of study: Materials science
PITZER MODEL BASED STUDY OF CSX-NIX2-H2O (X = CL, BR) SYSTEMS AT 298.15 K

The Pitzer ion-interaction model was used for simulating the CsX-NiX2-H2O (X = Cl, Br) systems at 298.15 K. The necessary thermodynamic functions (binary and ternary parameters, thermodynamic solubility products) were calculated and the theoretical solubility diagrams plotted. A very good agreement was found between the calculated and observed data.

Field of study: Chemistry
Effects of Intra-Accumbal Administration of Dopamine and Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor Drugs on Delay Discounting Performance in Rats

Nucleus accumbens core (NAcc) has been implicated in impulsive choice, as measured in delay discounting. The role of dopamine (DA) in impulsive choice has received considerable attention, whereas glutamate (Glu) has recently been shown to be an important mediator of discounting. However, research has not examined how DA or Glu receptors in NAcc mediate different aspects of delay discounting performance, that is, (a) sensitivity to reinforcer magnitude and (b) sensitivity to delayed reinforcement. Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were first trained in a delay discounting task, in which the delay to a large magnitude food reinforcer increased across blocks of trials. Following behavioral training, rats received bilateral implantation of guide cannulas into NAcc. Half of the rats (n = 12) received infusions of the DA-selective ligands SKF 38393 (D1-like agonist: 0.03 or 0.1 &mgr;g), SCH 23390 (D1-like antagonist: 0.3 or 1.0 &mgr;g), quinpirole (D2-like agonist: 0.3 or 1.0 &mgr;g), and eticlopride (D2-like antagonist: 0.3 or 1.0 &mgr;g). The other half received infusions of the ionotropic Glu ligands MK-801 (NMDA uncompetitive antagonist: 0.3 or 1.0 &mgr;g), AP-5 (NMDA competitive antagonist: 0.3 or 1.0 &mgr;g), ifenprodil (noncompetitive antagonist at NR2B-containing NMDA receptors: 0.3 or 1.0 &mgr;g), and CNQX (AMPA competitive antagonist: 0.2 or 0.5 &mgr;g). Results showed that SCH 23390 (0.3 &mgr;g) decreased sensitivity to reinforcer magnitude without altering impulsive choice, whereas ifenprodil (1.0 &mgr;g) decreased sensitivity to delayed reinforcement (i.e., impulsive choice). The current results show that DA and NMDA receptors in NAcc mediate distinct aspects of discounting performance.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Modulation of KATP currents in rat ventricular myocytes by hypoxia and a redox reaction

The present study investigated the possible regulatory mechanisms of redox agents and hypoxia on the KATP current (IKATP) in acutely isolated rat ventricular myocytes.Single-channel and whole-cell patch-clamp techniques were used to record the KATP current (IKATP) in acutely isolated rat ventricular myocytes.Oxidized glutathione (GSSG, 1 mmol/L) increased the IKATP, while reduced glutathione (GSH, 1 mmol/L) could reverse the increased IKATP during normoxia. To further corroborate the effect of the redox agent on the KATP channel, we employed the redox couple DTT (1 mmol/L)/H2O2 (0.3, 0.6, and 1 mmol/L) and repeated the previous processes, which produced results similar to the previous redox couple GSH/GSSG during normoxia. H2O2 increased the IKATP in a concentration dependent manner, which was reversed by DTT (1 mmol/L). In addition, our results have shown that 15 min of hypoxia increased the IKATP, while GSH (1 mmol/L) could reverse the increased IKATP. Furthermore, in order to study the signaling pathways of the IKATP augmented by hypoxia and the redox agent, we applied a protein kinase C(PKC) inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide VI (BIM), a protein kinase G(PKG) inhibitor KT5823, a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H-89, and Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) inhibitors KN-62 and KN-93. The results indicated that BIM, KT5823, KN-62, and KN-93, but not H-89, inhibited the IKATP augmented by hypoxia and GSSG; in addition, these results suggest that the effects of both GSSG and hypoxia on KATP channels involve the activation of the PKC, PKG, and CaMK II pathways, but not the PKA pathway.The present study provides electrophysiological evidence that hypoxia and the oxidizing reaction are closely related to the modulation of IKATP.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Measurement of methane emission into environment during natural gas purging process.

The main purpose of this study is to develop accurate equation for predicting methane emission into the environment during natural gas (NG) purging process. The process is carried out regularly in NG pressure reducing stations. For this purpose, a numerical investigation has been carried out to simulate NG exit flow from a purging valve during opening time. The simulation has been carried out using Ansys-Fluent code. To make the solution and results more similar to actual scenario, the valve is continuously opened in a transient turbulent flow. Initial condition, is assumed steady flow in the pipeline. Three-dimensional modeling is used to simulate the valve and connected pipe, and all of the effective parameters including, inlet pressure, pipeline diameter, valve diameter and purging process time (including the time which valve needs to get completely opened and also purging time) are investigated. For simplicity and also as the main component of NG is methane, methane is considered as working fluid (a real compressible gas). The numerical results show that discharging gas velocity is reached to a supersonic velocity at outlet section of valve. As the highest expected exit velocity is sonic velocity, the supersonic velocity is a surprised result. Looking at the streamlines show that this is due to a convergent-divergent nozzle occurrence (due to re-circulation zone near junction) in discharging pipe. Also results show that discharged mass flow rate has liner relation with pipeline pressure, second degree relation with valve diameter and has fourth-degree relation with valve to pipeline diameter ratio. To make the results more applicable for NG industry, two correlations have been developed for calculating the amount of released gas in steady state and unsteady state condition. Unsteady state correlation is valid for valve opening time and steady state correlation could be used while the valve is completely opened.

Field of study: Environmental science
Research on Digital Contract Signature

This paper introduces a new type of digital signature: Contract Signature.  Signature is very much similar to a real-life contract. As the contracts are so important in the daily business world, researches on security and practicability of Contract Signature is of great significance. After introduction to the Contract Signature definition, the mechanism of this signature based on discrete logarithms cryptosystem is proposed and its security and correctness elaborated.

Field of study: Computer science