nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini.Europe (c. 1400–1458). Ed. Nancy Bisaha. Trans. Robert Brown. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2013. xx + 356 pp. $65. ISBN: 978-0-8132-2182-3.

This translation is a notable contribution to an ever-expanding number of works by Aeneas Silvius (Enea Silvio) Piccolomini (1405–64) recently published in new editions, new translations, or first-time English translations such as this one. Part of the reason for such fascination is not only because Piccolomini was a remarkably versatile and prolific writer, but also because his life reads like one of his literary compositions. His youth and maturity were bifurcated by a dramatic turning point when he took holy orders in 1446, the libertine humanist reinvented as a dutiful prelate. Piccolomini’s De Europa (variously called De gestis sub Friderico III) was completed in1458, a few months before he ascended the papal throne as Pius II. This edition is a lucid rendering of Piccolomini’s elegant, if somewhat uneven, Latin, based on the text established by Adrian van Heck in 2001 but greatly supplemented by readings from the two main stemmata of manuscripts —Urbinus Latinus 885 and Vaticanus Latinus 3888 — from which van Heck constructed his text. This volume is also enhanced by precise and extensive annotations that correct some problematic readings from van Heck and explain the many classical, medieval, and contemporary references in Piccolomini’s work. There is also a very helpful introduction, an appendix listing reigning monarchs region by region, a bibliography of primary and secondary works, and a useful index. Although Piccolomini notes in his opening sentence, ‘‘As briefly as I can, I wish to record for posterity what, to my knowledge, were the most memorable deeds accomplished . . . during the reign of Emperor Frederick III’’ (51), De Europa is more than just history; it is a chorography or geographical narrative that attempts to underscore the everyday human participation in national, political, and cultural affairs and to illuminate them by recalling their classical and medieval origins. The organizational plan is simple: Piccolomini moves effortlessly across Europe without a road map and without adhering to a strict chronology, unifying his narrative through his focus on Frederick III, on whose behalf Piccolomini visited many of the regions he describes. In fact, his own personal experience and anecdotal comments are often the most engaging parts of the narrative, but Brown and Bisaha are assiduous in identifying Piccolomini’s many sources. Of great interest is their discovery that Piccolomini relied heavily on an unnamed contemporary source, Bartolomeo Facio, whose history of Alfonso I of Naples, Rerum gestarum Alfonsi regis libri (1457), appears extensively in De Europa. The campaigns of Alfonso, in fact, form the conclusion of the entire work as Piccolomini praises him as ‘‘the keeper of peace in Italy’’ (307).

Field of study: History
Microwave and Electrostatic Probe Measurements on a Blunt Re-Entry Vehicle

The electron density profile on a blunt nosed body has been measured by microwave antennas and electrostatic probes during re-entry and compared with flowfield predictions. The flowfield models assumed a completely viscous layer behind the shock in the stagnation region. In one model the vibrational levels of the molecular species were assumed to be in equilibrium at the gas temperature. This condition was relaxed for the second model. The probes were operated at a high bias to collect the full random current at the sheath edge. The bias was varied in order to measure the electron density at several distances normal to the vehicle surface. The microwave measurements determined signal attenuation, reflection coefficient, and mutual coupling as a function of altitude. At altitudes between 200,000 and 250,000 ft, the viscous flowfield model which assumes vibrational nonequilibrium of the molecular species predicts the electron density over the hemispherical nosecap within an altitude error of less than two thousand feet. This variation is within the limits imposed by the expected diurnal and seasonal changes in the atmosphere.

Field of study: Physics
Raman scattering in strained Si1-xGex layers under hydrostatic pressure

The Si-Si Raman mode in Si1-xGex layers pseudomorphically strained to Si and in bulk Si1-xGex was investigated as a function of externally applied hydrostatic pressure. The experiments demonstrate that bulk elastic properties can be derived from the pressure-dependent Raman investigations of thin strained hetero-epitaxial layers. Our experimental results are favourably analysed using linear interpolation for the components of elastic stiffness tensor of the Si1-xGexcompounds. It was found that the pressure derivative of strained Si1-xGex increases with the Ge concentration. Our analysis suggests that the Gruneisen parameter for strained Si1-xGex is higher than expected from linear interpolation between the Si and the Ge values and that it has slight negative pressure dependence.

Field of study: Materials science
Asset Price Instability and Policy Responses: The Legacy of Liberalization

The debate about the dynamics and potential policy responses to asset inflation has intensified in recent years. Some analysts, notably Borio and Lowe, have called for 'subtle' changes to existing monetary targeting frameworks to try to deal with the problems of asset inflation and have attempted to developed indicators of financial vulnerability to aid this process. In contrast, this paper argues that the uncertainties involved in understanding financial market developments and their potential impact on the real economy are likely to remain too high to embolden policy makers. The political and institutional risks associated with policy errors are also significant. The fundamental premise that a liberalised financial system is based on 'efficient' market allocation cannot be overlooked. The corollary is that any serious attempt to stabilize financial market outcomes must involve at least a partial reversal of deregulation.

Field of study: Economics
Differentiation of press durations with upper and lower limits on reinforced values.

Rats received food following lever-press durations between t and t+t' sec where t was 2, 4, or 8 sec and t' was 0.25t, 0.50t, or 1.00t sec. Modal press durations were greater than t but less than t+t' in all cases. Distributions of press durations were lower and broader for larger values of t. Lower t'/t ratios produced lower median press durations and relatively narrower press-duration distributions. Median press duration was a power function of t within a t'/t ratio condition, corresponding to previous results for latency, interresponse time, and response durations.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Competitive and Cooperative Effects during Nickel Adsorption to Iron Oxides in the Presence of Oxalate.

Iron oxides are ubiquitous in soils and sediments and play a critical role in the geochemical distribution of trace elements and heavy metals via adsorption and coprecipitation. The presence of organic acids may potentially alter how metals associate with iron oxide minerals through a series of cooperative or competitive processes: solution complexation, ternary surface complexation, and surface site competition. The macroscopic and molecular-scale effects of these processes were investigated for Ni adsorption to hematite and goethite at pH 7 in the presence of oxalate. The addition of this organic acid suppresses Ni uptake on both minerals. Aqueous speciation suggests that this is dominantly the result of oxalate complexing and solubilizing Ni. Comparison of the Ni surface coverage to the concentration of free (uncomplexed) Ni2+ in solution suggests that the oxalate also alters Ni adsorption affinity. EXAFS and ATR-FTIR spectroscopies indicate that these changes in binding affinity are due to the formation of Ni-oxalate ternary surface complexes. These observations demonstrate that competition between dissolved oxalate and the mineral surface for Ni overwhelms the enhancement in adsorption associated with ternary complexation. Oxalate thus largely enhances Ni mobility, thereby increasing micronutrient bioavailability and inhibiting contaminant sequestration.

Field of study: Environmental science
MK-801 blocks the development of behavioral sensitization to the ethanol.

Studies have indicated that MK-801 (a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist) participates in the long-term neural changes responsible for sensitization to stimulant drugs. It is known that repeated administration of low doses of ethanol sensitizes animals to its stimulant effect. In this work we investigated whether MK-801 alters the development of behavioral sensitization to ethanol.



Groups of male Swiss mice were treated with saline or ethanol (2.0 g/kg) plus saline or MK-801 (0.25 mg/kg) for 21 days. On day 25, all animals received an ethanol challenge injection (2.0 g/kg). We measured locomotor activity on days 1, 7, 14, 21) and 25. In addition, we assessed the effects of different doses of MK-801 on the response to a low dose of ethanol (2.0 g/kg).



Ethanol-treated mice developed sensitization to the locomotor-stimulating effect of the drug, whereas those concomitantly receiving ethanol and MK-801 did not. All doses of MK-801 that were used stimulated the locomotor activity of both ethanol and saline-treated animals.



The findings support the hypothesis that N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors have an important role in the development of sensitization to drugs of abuse.

Field of study: Medicine
Whorwell et al's "Physiological effects of emotion: assessment via hypnosis".

«Assessment of the physiological effects of physical and emotional stress has been hampered by a lack of suitable laboratory techniques. Since hypnosis can be used safely to induce specific emotional states of considerable intensity, we studied the effect on distal colonic motility of three hypnotically induced emotions (excitement, anger, and happiness) in 18 patients aged 20-48 years with irritable bowel syndrome. Colonic motility index was reduced by hypnosis on its own (mean change 19.1; 95% CI 0.8, 37.3; P<0.05) and this change was accompanied by decreases in both pulse (12; 8, 15) and respiration (6; 4, 8) rates (P< 0.001 for both)

Field of study: Medicine, Psychology
The contribution of riffles and riverine wetlands to benthic macroinvertebrate biodiversity

Benthic macroinvertebrates collected in biomonitoring programs are a potentially valuable source of biodiversity information for conservation planning in river ecosystems. Biomonitoring samples often focus on riffles; however, we have only partially assessed the extent to which riffle biodiversity patterns reflect those of other river habitats, particularly riverine wetlands. Using a standard biomonitoring protocol, we assessed the richness, composition and magnitude of variation of macroinvertebrate assemblages in riffles across 18 sites in the Nashwaak river catchment, and compared these to samples from adjacent riverine wetlands. Despite containing on average fewer taxa per site than riffles, riverine wetlands demonstrated similar levels of taxon richness at the catchment scale. There was strong assemblage separation between habitat types, and riverine wetlands displayed significantly greater assemblage variation than riffles. Riffles and riverine wetlands did not demonstrate significant correlations in terms of taxon richness or assemblage variation, though this may be partially due to the scale at which we collected observations. Principal component analysis with vector fitting suggested that (log) sub-catchment area was an important factor structuring riffle assemblages, while depth was potentially important for riverine wetland assemblages. We discuss the implications of these results for the use of biomonitoring data in systematic conservation planning, and identify future research that will improve our understanding of the role riverine wetlands play in maintaining catchment biodiversity and ecosystem processes.

Field of study: Environmental science
Optimal-sampling Active Interference Cancellation under the Minimax Criterion

In industry and academia, researchers have given more and more attention to Cognitive Radio (CR). The key idea of CR is to make it possible for a wireless system to find the vacant spectrum and transfer data without interfering with licensed users (LUs). Then, OFDM is proposed as a candidate signaling technology for such applications. However, the sidelobe interference of subcarriers has become a problem. In this letter, a method for sidelobe suppressing in OFDM systems is proposed and investigated. The proposed method is based on sampling in optimal locations with optimal weights in Active Interference Cancellation (AIC). By means of this technique, the maximum interference of the target spectrum is minimized. The proposed method can be used to minimize the maximum interference to licensed users in OFDM-based cognitive radio systems. Additionally, this method can be combined with other algorithms, such as Cancellation Carriers (CCs) and Subcarrier Weighting (SW), to enhance their performance under the minimax criterion.

Field of study: Computer science
Thermally activated dissipation in Bi2.2Sr2Ca0.8Cu2O8+δ

A new dissipation behavior is reported in superconducting Bi2.2Sr2Ca0.8Cu2Oa+δfor all temperatures belowTc and all magnetic fields exceeding Hc1. The current-independent electrical resistivity is thermally activated and can be described by an Arrhenius law with a single prefactor and a magnetic-field-and orientation-dependent activation energyU 0 (H,o).This behavior is markedly different from past observations and will be discussed in terms of flux creep and flux flow. This thermally activated behavior implies a finite resistance at all temperatures and all fields exceeding H c1 determined by the activation energy as the only parameter.

Field of study: Physics
ALKALINE FLUORIDE-m-CHLOROPEROXYBENZOIC ACID SYSTEMS AS MODULATED OXIDATION REAGENTS: EPOXIDATION OF α,β-UNSATURATED ACETALS

High yields (80–96%) of epoxides of α,β-unsaturated acetals can be obtained by the use of suitable KF:NaF:m-CPBA mixtures as modulated oxidation reagents.

Field of study: Chemistry
Review On Social Networking Application Evaluator: Detecting Malicious Social Networking Applications

With the large number of users installed, third-party apps are a major reason for the popularity and habitual of using the Facebook application. Recently, hackers have started misusing of this third-party apps platform and deploying malicious applications, spreading Malicious application and extracting the user's personal profile information data from the application because Malicious apps can provide a good business for hackers. This is the major issue, as we find that numbers of applications in our dataset are malicious. So that, Our purpose is creating a Facebook application, through which we understand it is malicious or not? Our goal is to develop a FRAppE - Facebook's Rigorous Application Evaluator which will help in detecting malicious applications on Facebook.

Field of study: Engineering
Constant Risk Aversion

Constant risk aversion means that adding a constant to all outcomes of two distributions, or multiplying all their outcomes by the same positive number, will not change the preference relation between them. We prove several representation theorems, where constant risk aversion is combined with other axioms to imply specific functional forms. Among other things, we obtain a form of disappointment aversion theory without using the concept of reference point in the axioms, and a form of the rank dependent model without making references to the ranking of the outcomes. This axiomatization leads to a natural generalization of the Gini index.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Number: D81

Field of study: Economics
Bites by the king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) in Myanmar: successful treatment of severe neurotoxic envenoming.

Three patients bitten by the world's largest species of venomous snake, the king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah), were observed in Myanmar (Burma). All three were involved in the famous snake dance in Yangon (Rangoon) Zoological Gardens. One patient showed no signs of envenoming despite a sustained bite, another developed only signs of local envenoming, but in a third there was severe neurotoxic envenoming requiring mechanical ventilation for 64 1/2 hours, episodes of hypotension and massive swelling of the bitten limb. This patient showed some signs of recovery before delayed treatment with specific antivenom. It is possible that all three patients had some immunity to king cobra venom resulting from traditional 'immunization' achieved by scratching venom into the skin. The literature on king cobra bites is reviewed and recommendations given for antivenom and ancillary treatments.

Field of study: Medicine
Effects of Y2O3 Nanoparticles on Growth Behaviors of Cu6Sn5 Grains in Soldering Reaction

The effects of Y2O3 nanoparticles doped in Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu solder on the growth behaviors of Cu6Sn5 grains in the soldering reaction with copper were investigated. It is found that the growth rate of Cu6Sn5 grains was markedly decreased due to the addition of Y2O3 nanoparticles. The statistical size distribution results indicated that Cu6Sn5 grains with radius less than the average value account for a high percentage. These results confirm that the nanoparticles can effectively suppress the diffusion behaviors of Cu atoms in the wetting reaction.

Field of study: Materials science
Synthesis of Nanocrystalline CaWO4 as Low-Temperature
Co-fired Ceramic Material: Processing, Structural and Physical Properties

Nanocrystalline scheelite CaWO4, a promising material for low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) applications, has been successfully synthesized through a single-step autoignition combustion route. Structural analysis of the sample was performed by powder x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The XRD analysis revealed that the as-prepared sample was single phase with scheelite tetragonal structure. The basic optical properties and optical constants of the CaWO4 nanopowder were studied using ultraviolet (UV)-visible absorption spectroscopy, which showed that the material was a wide-bandgap semiconductor with bandgap of 4.7 eV at room temperature. The sample showed poor transmittance in the ultraviolet region but maximum transmission in the visible/near-infrared regions. The photoluminescence spectra recorded at different temperatures showed intense emission in the green region. The particle size estimated from transmission electron microscopy was 23 nm. The feasibility of CaWO4 for LTCC applications was studied from its sintering behavior. The sample was sintered at a relatively low temperature of 810°C to high density, without using any sintering aid. The surface morphology of the sintered sample was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The dielectric constant and loss factor of the sample measured at 5 MHz were found to be 10.50 and 1.56 × 10−3 at room temperature. The temperature coefficient of the dielectric constant was −88.71 ppm/°C. The experimental results obtained in this work demonstrate the potential of nano-CaWO4 as a low-temperature co-fired ceramic as well as an excellent luminescent material.

Field of study: Materials science
Increased frequency of extreme precipitation events in the North Atlantic during the PETM: Observations and theory

Climate model simulations of the PETM (Eocene Thermal Maximum) warming have mainly focused on replicating the global thermal response through greenhouse forcing, i.e. CO2, at levels compatible with observations. Comparatively less effort has gone into assessing the skill of models to replicate the response of the hydrologic cycle to the warming, particularly on regional scales. Here we have assembled proxy records of regional precipitation, focusing on the Mid-Atlantic Coasts of North America (New Jersey) and Europe (Spain) to test the response of the hydrologic system to greenhouse gas forcing of the magnitude estimated for the PETM (i.e., 2×). Given evidence that the PETM initiated during a maximum in eccentricity, this includes the response under neutral and extreme orbital configurations. Modeled results show excellent agreement with observations in Northern Spain, with a significant increase in both mean annual and extreme precipitation resulting from increased CO2 levels under a neutral orbit. The Mid Atlantic Coast simulations agree with observations showing increases in both overall and extreme precipitation as a result of CO2 increases. In particular, the development of sustained atmospheric rivers might be significantly contributing to the extremes of the eastern Atlantic, whereas extratropical cyclones are likely contributing to the extremes in the western Atlantic. With an eccentric orbit that maximizes insolation during boreal summer, there is a suppression of extreme precipitation events in the eastern Atlantic and an amplification in the western Atlantic, which may account for observations in the relative timing of the sedimentary response to the carbon isotope excursion associated with the PETM.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Realising high-current gain p-n-p transistors using a novel surface accumulation layer transistor (SALTran) concept

The authors report a new p-n-p surface accumulation layer transistor (SALTran) on SOI, which uses the concept of surface accumulation of holes near the emitter contact to significantly improve the current gain. Using two-dimensional simulation, the performance of the proposed device has been evaluated in detail by comparing its characteristics with those of the previously published conventional p-n-p lateral bipolar transistor (LBT) structure. From the simulation results it is observed that, depending on the choice of the emitter doping and the emitter length, the proposed SALTran exhibits a current gain enhancement of around twenty times that of the compatible lateral bipolar transistor, without deteriorating the cutoff frequency. Reasons for the improved performance of the SALTran are discussed, based on these detailed simulation results.

Field of study: Physics
A Discussion on the Crisis Management of Small Scale Thermal Power Plant Basing on Sustainable Development

The strategy of sustainable development is one of the two important strategies for Chinese economic development. The present small scale thermal power plants cause much pollution, and consume too much energy, so they are being confronted with the crises of existence and management. Accordingly, it is urgent for small scale thermal power plants to carry out study on the crisis management about their own existence and development. Starting with the deficiencies of small scale thermal power plants, this paper found out the reasons for the difficulties in small scale thermal power plant management and put forward corresponding countermeasures.

Field of study: Business