nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Rough crust subduction, forearc kinematics, and Quaternary uplift rates, Costa Rican segment of the Middle American Trench

Orthogonal subduction of bathymetrically rough oceanic lithosphere along the northwestern flank of the Cocos Ridge imprints a distinctive style of deformation on the overriding Costa Rican forearc. We divide the Costa Rican forearc into three 100–160-km-long deformational domains based on the bathymetric roughness and thickness of the Cocos plate entering the Middle American Trench, the dip of the subducting plate, the variation in surface uplift rates of late Quaternary coastal deposits, and the orientations and types of faults deforming Paleogene and Neogene sedimentary rocks. In the ~100-km-long Nicoya domain, coastal deposits show localized surface uplift and arcward tilting above the downdip projections of the fossil trace of the Cocos-Nazca-Panama (CO-NZ-PA) triple junction and the Fisher seamount and ridge. In the ~120-km-long central Pacific forearc domain between the Nicoya Peninsula and Quepos, shallower (~60°) subduction of seamounts and plateaus is accompanied by trench-perpendicular late Quaternary normal faults. Steeply dipping, northeast-striking, margin-perpendicular faults accommodate differential uplift associated with seamount subduction. Uplift and faulting differ between the segments of the forearc facing subducting seamounts and ridges. Inner forearc uplift along the seamount-dominated segment is greatest inboard of the largest furrows across the lower slope. Localized uplift and arcward tilting of coastal deposits is present adjacent to subducting seamounts. In contrast, inboard of the underthrusting aseismic Cocos Ridge, along the ~160-km-long Fila Costena domain between Quepos and the Burica Peninsula, mesoscale fault populations record active shortening related to the ~100-km-long Fila Costena fold-and-thrust belt. The observed patterns of faulting and permanent uplift are best explained by crustal thickening. The uplifted terraces provide a first-order estimate of permanent strain along the forearc in Costa Rica. The permanent strain recorded by uplift of these Quaternary surfaces exceeds the predicted rebound of stored elastic strain released during subduction-zone earthquakes.

Field of study: Geology
A study of need theory and career choice.

In recent years a number of investigations have demonstrated that students undergo a change in attitudes as a result of college experience. Typical of such studies are those by Webster (1958), Lagey (1956) and Sandgren and Schmidt (1955). In the main, these studies have been concerned with changes in attitudes toward issues treated in course content rather than with the more informal pressures of the over-all college environment. Little, if any, attention has been given to the general effects on attitudes toward careers, particularly toward teaching as a career. This, together with a comparison of changes resulting from experimental communications is the subject of the present paper. Such information would appear to be of particular interest in a day when educators, and the public in general, are concerned about the supply of teachers. Certainly, the question is of no small importance for liberal arts colleges whose graduates, in increasing numbers, are going on to prepare to teach through an additional year of study at schools of education or teachers colleges.

Field of study: Psychology
Modifying Knowledge, Emotions, and Attitudes Regarding Genetically Modified Foods

The purpose of this study was to explore whether conceptual change predicted emotional and attitudinal change while learning about genetically modified foods (GMFs). Participants were 322 college students; half read a refutation text designed to shift conceptual knowledge, emotions, and attitudes, while the other half served as a control group. The results suggest that the refutation text effectively facilitated change in conceptual knowledge, emotions, and attitudes. The hypothesized relationship among the variables was explored using structural equation modeling. The analysis showed that when participants experienced knowledge change toward more scientifically accepted conceptions of GMFs, their emotions became more positive and less negative, which predicted a subsequent shift toward more-positive attitudes. The results suggest that change in emotions mediates the relationship between conceptual and attitudinal change. Several theoretical and practical implications are discussed including the impact that these findings may have on science education.

Field of study: Education
Bayesian decision analysis of dam safety

Inspections and safety assessments are germane elements of proper dam maintenance programs. To aid geotechnical engineers and/or dam owners in developing such programs, a Bayesian methodology is presented. It offers four main features: (1) the engineer can formally combine his judgment based on expertise with factual information obtained from geotechnical tests, (2) uncertainty about the state of the dam can be quantified explicitly, (3) the owner can specify the desired risk preference, and (4) an optimal geotechnical test plan and remedial action can be determined so as to take account of uncertainty, risk preference, and economic losses. The methodology is illustrated by a case study of an earth dam.

Field of study: Mathematics
Statistical Model-Based Thresholding of Multispectral Images for Contaminant Detection on Poultry Carcasses

Developing an algorithm to decide the presence or absence of fecal contamination on the surface of poultry carcasses is critical to food safety. The global threshold strategy for a band-ratio algorithm has been known to be limited to pixel-basis detection. In an attempt to develop a statistical decision rule for carcass-basis detection from multispectral images, probability density functions of both contaminated and uncontaminated materials were estimated by parametric and non-parametric methods. We found that uncontaminated poultry carcasses could be modeled by a Gaussian distribution, whereas contaminated materials were non-Gaussian. A kernel density estimator was used to analyze the non-Gaussian characteristic of the contaminated materials on a transformed projection axis. A linear mixture of the density functions was introduced to model the observations made on the projection axis. A new detection algorithm was designed using the mixture model and tested for 496 birds (248 dirty and 248 clean birds). A test on the sample birds revealed that the algorithm needed at least 12 contaminant pixels to reach the perfect detection results. The test also showed a false-positive rate of less than 5%.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Natural hybridization and conservation

This review deals with natural hybridization, an important subject in conservation biology. Natural hybridization is defined as the secondary contact between two populations that have evolved separately over a long period of time. This process is uncommon in terms of the total number of individuals involved, but is much less unusual if we consider the number of species that hybridize. Thus, natural hybridization may be an important process in the shaping of the evolutionary trajectories of many plant and animal species. The possible consequences of natural hybridization, which can either promote or prevent evolutionary divergence between taxa and will involve many ecological factors, are analysed here. I question whether natural hybridization poses always a problem in conservation and try to answer when conservation biologists and managers do have a responsibility to take decisions. Several examples of hybridization related to management strategies are also discussed. In conclusion, I believe that it is impossible to provide conservation managers with a simple handbook explaining how to proceed in cases of hybridization––each case is unique and should be analyzed individually. The only advice is that the more we know about hybridization and the factors involved, the better we will be able to assess each situation, to establish the possible consequences and even to estimate the probability of success of any particular conservation strategy.

Field of study: Environmental science
Some sampling properties of the two-stage test in a linear regression with a proxy variable

In thia paper, we examine the sampling properties of the two-stage test which consists of a pre-test for disturbance variance followed by a main-test a regression coefficient of an unobservable variable when a proxy variable is used instead of the unobservable variable. It is shown that the pre-test works effectively if the significance level of the pre-test is appropriately chosen.

Field of study: Mathematics
Scale-invariant hypercolor model and a dilaton.

We propose a scale-invariant hypercolor model with a nontrivial ultraviolet fixed point having large anomalous dimension, which resolves the notorious flavor-changing neutral-current problem in hypercolor models, and at the same time predicts a ${J}^{\mathrm{PC}}={0}^{++}$ Nambu-Goldstone boson (dilaton) associated with the spontaneous breakdown of the scale invariance.

Field of study: Physics
Alarmist Decisions with Divergent Risk Information

Receipt of multiple sources of risk information ideally should foster sounder decisions under uncertainty. This paper's original survey results for environmental risks suggest that the learning process is reasonable in many respects, but it does not accord with a rational Bayesian learning model. Divergent risk assessments from different sources produce extreme violations of rationality, as there is inordinate weight on the high risk assessment. This alarmist reaction holds for both government and industry information sources. This phenomenon may account for the commonly observed phenomenon of public overreaction to highly publicised risks.

Field of study: Economics
The photochemical reaction of 3,4,5-triphenyl-4-oxazolin-2-one.

Irradiation of 3,4,5-triphenyl-4-oxazolin-2-one (1) in benzene, under nitrogen, with or without iodine gave benzanilide and phenanthroxazolinone 2. However, in the presence of oxygen 1 was photochemically converted to benzanilide, benzoic acid, and benzamidobenzophenones. This photooxygenation is interpreted by the pathway proceeding via an initial attack of singlet oxygen to 1 forming a dioxetane, followed by ring cleavage to yield N,N-dibenzoylaniline (6) which gives final products.

Field of study: Chemistry
Weight Loss Attempts among Kuwaiti Adults Attending the Central Medical Nutrition Clinic

To investigate the reasons for attempting to lose weight and identify weight loss perception and characteristics.  A cross-sectional survey of a sample of 526 Kuwaiti adults was carried out at the Central Medical Nutrition Clinic, Kuwait, from August to December 2003. Heights and weights were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated and classified according to WHO grades of obesity. A structured questionnaire used for collecting data was analyzed using SPSS version 12.0.  Of the 526 subjects, the most commonly cited reasons for attempting to lose weight were to avoid health problems (n = 248, 47.1%) followed by improving personal appearance (n = 141, 26.8%). The weight loss perceptions of 263 (50%) of the subjects were within the accepted range (2–5 kg/month); 321 (61.0%)had previously attemptedto lose weight, among them 147 (45.8%) followed the advice of doctors and dieticians. The major reason mentioned for stopping the previous dietary regime was inability to resist sweets and traditional foods (n = 99, 31.0%) followed by dissatisfactionwith the dietary outcome (n = 79, 24.8%).  The study confirms an awareness of the health risks of obesity,but an inability amongthe dieters to maintain a weight loss program. Hence, behavioral management techniques may be necessary to develop nutritional education approaches and effective weight management strategies.

Field of study: Medicine
Immunobiologic study of two different isolated DC subsets from the donons' peripheral blood induced by G-CSF

To separate the CD1c+ MDC and CD304 PDC subsets and analyze their immunobiologic properties. or PDC were separated by immunomagnetic beads and then induced by TNF-α or CpG2006 OND.The phenotype of different DC subsets and allogeneic T-cell-stimulating capacity were detected,respectively. The purlty of separated DC was about ninety-five percent.MDC expressed HLA-DR,CD11c,CD4 and CD33,PDC expressed HLA-DR,CD4 and CD45RA,and the percentage of CD40,CD80 were up-regulation after induced to mature.The results of mixed lymphocyte reaction(MLR):MDC had strong potential to stimulate allogeneic T lymphocytes proliferation,while PDC had the weak stimslate potential.The supematant IFN-r in all groups was increased.which the groups of MDC and mMDC were more obviously.The supematant IL-10 was increased obviously in groups of PDC and mPDC.The expression of IFN-r in CD4+ cells were increased obviously after stimulated by MDC or mMDC.PDC and mPDC had the effect of inducing of CIM+ CD25high regulatory T lymphocyte in MLR.The expressing of Foxp3 mRNA had no evident difference in all groups. Two different DC subsets in the donors peripheral blood which mobilized with G-CSF were in the state of immature and could be induced to mature in the suitable condition.although expressed high constitutive levels of HLA,DR.No matter how MDC was mature or not,they had strong potential to stimulate allogeneic T lymphocytes proliferation.MDC enhanced the production of IFN-r among T lymphocytes,and the increase of IFN-r was probably the result of TH1 polarization.Unlike MDC,PDC was less efficient present antigens and had poor T-cell-stimulating capacity,probably because of their lesser ability to phagocytose,process and present antigens to the MHC molecules.Although PDC could promote the production of IFN-r,it seemed that did not produced by TH 1.PDC could not promote TH2 cells to product IL-4,and the polarization of TH2 probably reflect the production of IL-10.PDC could induce the generation of CD4+ CD25high regulatory T cells. 
 
 
CDlc; CD304; Dendritic cells; Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor(G-CSF)

Field of study: Biology
The rheology of PVC - An overview

Three aspects of the rheological behavior of PVC are considered. These are (a) particulate flow which occurs below the true crystalline melting point, (b) true melting flow which occurs at or above the melting point and (c) the flow of PVC compounds. The effect of structural differences, resulting from different polymerization temperatures employed in preparing different molecular weight polymers, on the melt viscosity and flow activation energy is reexamined and new data presented to unconfound the effect of syndiotacticity and molecular weight. The three flow behaviors of PVC is shown to be presented by three distinct flow regions. Because of thermal instability, the true melt flow region is only achieved with difficulty. However, in commercial operations this latter state is seldom, if ever, achieved in rigid formulations. The effect of compounding additives, especially lubricants and plasticizers and the importance of thermal and mastication history on the flow behavior is discussed with reference to the flow mechanism.

Field of study: Chemistry
Upper Paleozoic section in eastern Plumas and Sierra Counties, northern Sierra Nevada, California

The weakly metamorphosed volcaniclastic rocks of eastern Plumas and Sierra Counties, California, considered to be Jura-Trias by H. W. Turner, are almost entirely Paleozoic, ranging in age from Silurian-Devonian to middle Permian; they are correlative with the Paleozoic rocks of the Taylorsville area, as revised by McMath. The succession of formations from the base upward consists of the Shoo Fly Formation, not described in detail; the Sierra Buttes Formation, mostly quartz keratophyre; the Elwell Formation, characterized by radiolarian chert; the Taylor Formation, composed of andesite; the Peale Formation, a heterogeneous mixture of keratophyre, limestone, chert, and other rocks; the Goodhue Formation, composed of andesite, basalt, and olivine basalt; the Reeve Formation, predominantly of keratophyre; and a residue of contact-metamorphosed calcareous rocks that may be the Mesozoic Milton Formation of Turner. Exceptions to the dominant volcaniclastic nature of this 10,900-m- (29,000-ft) thick section are a lava flow in the Elwell Formation, a thin section of massive lavas in the Taylor Formation, and minor amounts of pillow lava in the Taylor, Peale, and Goodhue Formations. No major discontinuity has been recognized other than that between the Shoo Fly and Sierra Buttes Formations, but possible depositional gaps may occur at the base and top of the Peale Formation. These units appear to be a partial section across an upper Paleozoic island arc that consisted of overlapping volcanoes or sheets of volcaniclastic rock, all deposited in a deep marine environment.

Field of study: Geology
Rheumatology in a time of Coronavirus: Lessons from our early experiences

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic arrived unexpectedly, unapologetically and unwelcomed to modern rheumatology practice. It has and continues to challenge us all; patients, rheumatologists and allied health professionals. Recent advances in the understanding of the immuno-pathogenesis of inflammatory rheumatic conditions has led to improved treatment with biologic agents and synthetic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) that target specific components of the immune system. However, in the face of a pandemic such treatments have left our patients feeling vulnerable and rendered the prescriber’s mind unsettled. Many patients have enquired whether their immunosuppressive medication should be stopped at this time. Doing so could run the risk of flare and a need for greater immunosuppression as a consequence. Early, retrospective analyses of individuals requiring hospital admission for COVID-19 at the original epicentre in Wuhan, China, did not highlight autoimmune disease or associated immunosuppression as a significant risk factor for requiring intensive care treatment or mortality.1, 2 However, the absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. Once the virus was declared pandemic by the World Health Organisation, recommendations from national and international public health and collegiate bodies duly followed. Public Health England offered guidance on ‘shielding’ for those considered extremely vulnerable to COVID-19.3 Specifically, it was advised that individuals ‘on immunosuppression therapies sufficient to significantly increase the risk of infection’ should undertake a period of shielding for at least 12 weeks. This point of guidance, although well-intentioned, also made us debate and discuss: What constitutes a significant increase in the risk of infection?

Field of study: Medicine
Scaling laws of structural lubricity.

"Structural lubricity" refers to a unique friction state in which two flat surfaces are sliding past each other with ultralow resistance due to incommensurate atomic lattice structures. In this case, theory anticipates sublinear scaling for the area dependence of friction. Here, we experimentally confirm these predictions by measuring the sliding resistance of amorphous antimony and crystalline gold nanoparticles on crystalline graphite. For the amorphous particles a square root relation between friction and contact area is observed. For crystalline gold particles we find a more complex scaling behavior related to variations in particle shape and orientation. These results allow us to link mesoscopic friction to atomic principles.

Field of study: Physics
The Effects of Carbon Content on the Anisotropic Deformation Mechanism of Boron Carbide

The effects of carbon content on the mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms of boron carbides were investigated by first-principles calculations, based on the density functional theory. The B12–CBC (13.33 at % C) and B10C2P–CC (28.75 at % C) were studied and then compared with the deformation of regular B11CP–CBC (20.0 at % C). The results show the B10C2P–CC, which has the lowest carbon content, has the highest strength and hardness as well as the lowest toughness. With the increase of carbon content, the rhombohedral symmetry will be broken and the three-atoms chains will be replaced by diatomic carbon chains. These changes may have an influence on their anisotropic deformation mechanisms. For the B12–CBC, the destruction of icosahedra without bending three-atom chains causes structural failure for compression along the c axis; while for compression along the a axis, new B–B bonds are formed, causing an unrecoverable deformation; then it is gradually destroyed until full destruction. For the B10C2P–CC, the anisotropic deformation mechanism is not obvious. For both loading directions, the breakage of B–CP bonds causes the stress to drop, suggesting that the structure is beginning to be destroyed. Finally, the icosahedra are fully destroyed, resulting in structural failure.

Field of study: Materials science
A Bayesian Approach for Adaptively Modulated Signals Recognition in Next-Generation Communications

By promoting spectrum efficiency and transmission reliability, link adaptation (e.g., adaptive modulation) is one of the enabling technologies for next-generation 5G communications. In this paper, we investigate the recognition of adaptively modulated signals, which remains still as an unexploited area as far as we are aware, especially in the presence of time-varying fading channels. A unified model, relying on the dynamic state-space approach, is formulated, which thoroughly characterizes the coupling relationship between two hidden states, i.e., unknown modulation schemes and fading channels. In contrast to existing schemes marginalizing directly out random fading effects, a joint estimation paradigm, which relies on the Bayesian stochastic inference and a maximum a posteriori criterion, is developed to acquire time-correlated fading states sequentially, at the same time of recognizing unknown modulation schemes. In order to alleviate the computation complexity, two simplified schemes, i.e., fading-driven and goal-oriented, are designed. It is demonstrated that, by fully exploiting the underlying dynamics of the estimated fading gain which is modeled by a discrete-states Markov chain, the recognition performance of adaptive modulations will be improved significantly. The proposed system model and a sequential estimation framework, by providing additionally the dynamic fading channels, may be of great promise to more flexible and effective link adaptations.

Field of study: Engineering
Cryptates: macropolycyclic inclusion complexes

Macropolycyclic ligands containing appropriate binding sites and cavities of suitable size and shape, may be designed so as to display molecular recognition in the formation of selective inclusion complexes, cryptates, with metal cations, but also with anions and molecules. Macrobicyclic ligands B form highly stable and selective alkali and alkaline-earth cryptates, displaying a pronounced crypt4te effect on both stability and selectivity with respect to macromonocyclic ligands. Toxic heavy metal cations and transition netal cations may be selectively complexed by replacing oxygen by nitrogen binding sites. Alkali cryptates may also be considered as a class of very large counterions which enable the isolation of unusual species like alkali metal anions or cluster anions. Cylindrical macrotricyclic ligands C contain two metal cation sites and form both mononuclear and binuclear metal cation cryptates. Their structure, the relative position of the cations and the complexation properties may be monitored via ligand design. Spheroidal macrotricyclic ligands D effect tetrahedral recognition of small molecules or ions; they may be considered as topologically. optimal receptors for the ammoniuni ion, the water molecule, the halide ions, with which they form cryptates where the substrate is held in the intramolecular cavity by a tetrahedral array of hydrogen bonds. Prospects for the design of other macropolycyclic receptors, of polynuclear complexes and of "cascade" complexes are analyzed.

Field of study: Chemistry