nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Strategies for setting medical nutrition therapy priorities for patients with stage 3 and 4 chronic kidney disease.

THE PROVISION OF medical nutrition therapy (MNT) for patients with early chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become more common since Medicare began reimbursing for this service in January 2002. This is good news for patients. It has been demonstrated that nutrition care for predialysis patients can improve survival during the first year of dialysis. Providing care for the patient with early CKD requires careful assessment and individualization of the nutrition intervention. Patients’ nutrition needs will vary depending on the etiology and stage of CKD, comorbidities, medications, and previous nutrition intake. The purpose of this article is to highlight the most common nutrition interventions for the CKD patient population. Secondly, this article aims to identify areas of confusion that frequently arise for this group of patients so that priorities for education can be properly determined. MNT for the CKD patient can address modifiable risk factors for CKD progression, which include hypertension, proteinuria, and hyperglycemia. Additionally, MNT can help to ameliorate metabolic alterations, such as secondary hyperparathyroidism and metabolic acidosis, and help to prevent protein-energy wasting.

Field of study: Medicine
Peculiarities of middle and lower Pleistocene fossil soils in the Russian Plain

The article deals with the peculiarities of the soil structure of the two formation epochs of the pre-Dnieper time on the territory of the middle and southern parts of the Russian Plain. According to micromorphological, mineralogical, and chemical data, the soils of the youngest among the horizons, the first pre-Dnieper (Likhvin?) horizon were characterized both by main properties, such as argillization and heavy weathering of rock-forming minerals, and by secondary properties, such as separation and accumulation of ferrous hydroxides in the profile of soils, and weak humification. It indicates that at that time the soil formation went on at the background of rather a hot and wet climate. Soils of the second pre-Dnieper horizon, on the contrary, are characterized by an active accumulation of humus and thus the formation of thick humus horizons, under the same climatic conditions, as in the previous epoch.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Functional T lymphocyte differentiation from human bone marrow mononuclear cells in SCID mice transplanted with fetal thymic lobes

目的 探讨胎儿胸腺小叶共移植对异种骨髓移植后人源性T细胞发育的影响,为在体研究人造血细胞向T细胞发育提供实验模型,并为异种骨髓移植构建银屑病动物模型奠定基础.方法将人骨髓单个核细胞及胎儿胸腺小叶共移植于SCID鼠,皮下注射骨髓基质细胞,并结合IL-2腹腔内注射,以未移植胸腺小叶者为对照,流式细胞术动态检测移植后不同时间SCID鼠外周血中人源性细胞及CD3+细胞、CD4+细胞、CD8+细胞的比例.结果实验组移植4周后,SCID鼠外周血中已可检测到人源性细胞(CD45+细胞),8周出现少量CD3+细胞,12周可检测到CD4+细胞、CD8+细胞,移植24周内,SCID鼠外周血人源性细胞及各亚群T细胞比例逐渐增多,24周达到最大比例.而未移植胸腺的对照组,仅可在外周血检测到人源性CD45+细胞,而无成熟T细胞存在.结论胎儿胸腺小叶共移植模式可以促进人源性造血细胞在SCID鼠体内向T细胞发育分化,并可使其活性在体内维持较长时间。

Field of study: Biology
Framing Social Judgment: Self-Ingroup Comparison and Perceived Discrimination

Members of disadvantaged groups often report that they are less vulnerable to discrimination than is the average member of their group. In two experiments, we examined how the framing of self-ingroup comparisons moderates this phenomenon. In Experiment 1, participants estimated the relative likelihood that either they, compared to the average member of their ingroup, would experience discrimination or that the average member of their ingroup, compared to themselves, would experience discrimination. In Experiment 2, a direct manipulation of self-ingroup similarity was added to this framing manipulation. Across the experiments, the results demonstrated that conditions highlighting differences between the individual and the group led participants to perceive themselves as much less vulnerable to discrimination than their group, relative to conditions highlighting similarities between the individual and the group.

Field of study: Psychology
Research on the quality of the wine grapes in corridor area of China

The corridor area of Gansu Province is one of the most important wine grape growing regions in China, and this strip of land results in a significant difference in terms of terroir between its regions. Chemical composition and antioxidant capacity of the main wine grape varieties (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivated in the corridor area of Gansu Province in northwest China were compared. Three regions (Zhangye, Wuwei, and Jiayuguan) were selected to explain the influence of soil and climate conditions on the quality of wine grapes. This study aims to investigate the effect of different regions on berry composition and antioxidant capacity, providing a general evaluation of red and white wine grapes quality in the corridor area of China. The results showed that ‘Merlot’ grapes grown in Zhangye had the best quality among the different varieties in the three regions of Gansu evaluated. The moderate temperature and nitrogen deficiency were associated with improved fruit quality. It was identified that the most suitable grape variety from Zhangye is ‘Merlot’, and that ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ and ‘Italian Resling’ are the most suitable varieties from Wuwei and Jiayuguan, respectively.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
Radio frequency rectification on membrane bound pores.

Probing the interaction of biological systems with radio frequencies holds great promise for research and drug screening applications. While a common assumption is that biological systems do not operate at radio frequencies, we find that currents due to ion transport through channels and pores in cell membranes are in the pA to nA range. These values translate via the average current I = ne/tau(d) = nef to frequencies in the range of 1 MHz-1 GHz, where n is the average number of ions transported and tau(d) is the dwell time of the ions in the channel. It is thus desirable to have circuitry available which facilitates radio frequency spectroscopy of ion transport. This will yield real-time in vitro information on ion channel operation. Here we present measurements on the local interaction of a radio frequency signal with single ion channels and pores. We find radio frequency rectification and pumping on the channels and pores embedded in suspended bilipid membranes, recorded in direct current measurements. This electromagnetic modulation can be used to probe the dynamics of ion channel conformational changes.

Field of study: Physics
Calculation of wake field and couple impedance of upgraded and old RF cavity in Hefei electron storage ring

The phase II upgrading project of Hefei 800MeV electron storage ring is being done, and the important component of the project, the RF cavity, will be finished soon. The old RF cavity with many disadvantages will be replaced by the new one. To estimate the effect of RF cavity coupling impedance to storing bunch intensity fully, the wake potential and the broad band couple impedance of RF cavity were calculated with MAFIA program. And the calculation results were compared between new and old cavity, it is found that the impedance of the new is bigger than that of the old.

Field of study: Physics
Airside thermal and hydraulic characteristics of compact bare tube heat exchanger under dry and wet conditions

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the thermal and hydraulic performance of a compact bare tube heat exchanger, under both dry and wet condition. Chilton–Colburn j and f power law correlations were developed for Reynolds number range of 562–1266. Discrepancies between experimental data and new correlations are within ±2%. In wet mode, experimental conditions were varied by two inlet air humidity levels, three air flow rates and three water flow rates. From the experimental results, it was found that the heat transfer performance (j factor) and friction (f factor) decrease as air flow rate increases. Heat transfer performance decreases and friction increases slightly as inlet air humidity increases. But the changes are insensitive. Mass transfer (jm factor) slightly decreases as air humidity increases. The effect of inlet air humidity, air flow rate and water flow rate on total heat transfer capacity, sensible heat, latent heat and pressure drop are discussed. Chilton–Colburn j, jm and f power law correlations were developed for Reynolds number range of 315–1080 under wet condition, with maximum deviation of ±10%, ±7% and ±7%.

Field of study: Engineering
An Admission Control Mechanism for Overload Management in Content-Based Publish/subscribe

Overload management is of vital importance in wide-area publish/subscribe systems, yet current solutions are best-effort. In this paper, we present an admission control scheme for overload management in large-scale and scalable content-based publish/subscribe systems. We analyze the stumbling block for implementing admission control in publish/subscribe systems, and point out how it differs from admission control schemes in other research areas. We propose a cover relation based algorithm to compute subscription resource requirements, and an admission control algorithm based on subscription routing. The scheme ensures time, space and flows decoupling without sacrificing scalability of publish/subscribe systems. Finally, we conduct experiments to verify the effectiveness of the scheme.

Field of study: Computer science
Study on relationships between the expressions of cidA and lrgA and biofilm formation of Staphylococcus epidermidis clinical isolates

To investigate the relationships between the expressions of cidA and lrgA and the biofilm formation of Staphylococcus epidermidis clinical isolates.  Thirty-nine S. epidermidis clinical isolates were divided into biofilm formation group and non-biofilm formation group according to adhesion assays and icaA amplification, 20 strains for biofilm formation group and 19 strains for another group respectively. Amplify cidA and lrgA fragment with PCR, detect mRNA levels of cidA and lrgA with RT-PCR and then calculate the ratios of cid/lrg mRNA.  All of the 39 isolates of S. epidermidis existed cidA and lrgA gene.Select 2 strains of S. epidermidis, Y36 and Y26, at random for detecting the cidA and lrgA mRNA levels of different phases, the highest level of cidA mRNA shows on 4 h's culture while lrgA shows on6 h. The relative expression levels of cidA of 39 isolates of S. epidermidis were 0.340 + 0.250 in biofilm formation group and 0. 406 +0. 408( P =0. 541 ) in non-biofilm formation group for 4 h culture, while the relative expression levels of lrgA were 0.325 ± 0.218 and 0.253 ± 0.211 respectively ( P = 0. 299). There were no significant differences between these two groups. The ratios of cid/lrg mRNA were 1.067 ±0.529 and 1.958 ±1.877 respectively, the difference of population distribution was significant( P = 0.001 ).  The expressions of cidA and lrgA of S. epidermidis clinical isolates may be time-limited. There were no significant differeces of expressions of cidA and lrgA between biofilm formation group and non-biofilm formation group. The ratios of cid/lrg mRNA maybe have some biological significance. 
 
 
Staphylococcus epidermidis; Bacterial biofilm; cidA; lrgA

Field of study: Biology
Potential application of a handheld confocal endomicroscope imaging system using a variety of fluorophores in experimental gliomas and normal brain.

OBJECT
The authors sought to assess the feasibility of a handheld visible-wavelength confocal endomicroscope imaging system (Optiscan 5.1, Optiscan Pty., Ltd.) using a variety of rapid-acting fluorophores to provide histological information on gliomas, tumor margins, and normal brain in animal models.



Mice (n = 25) implanted with GL261 cells were used to image fluorescein sodium (FNa), 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), acridine orange (AO), acriflavine (AF), and cresyl violet (CV). A U251 glioma xenograft model in rats (n = 5) was used to image sulforhodamine 101 (SR101). A swine (n = 3) model with AO was used to identify confocal features of normal brain. Images of normal brain, obvious tumor, and peritumoral zones were collected using the handheld confocal endomicroscope. Histological samples were acquired through biopsies from matched imaging areas. Samples were visualized with a benchtop confocal microscope. Histopathological features in corresponding confocal images and photomicrographs of H & E-stained tissues were reviewed.



Fluorescence induced by FNa, 5-ALA, AO, AF, CV, and SR101 and detected with the confocal endomicroscope allowed interpretation of histological features. Confocal endomicroscopy revealed satellite tumor cells within peritumoral tissue, a definitive tumor border, and striking fluorescent cellular and subcellular structures. Fluorescence in various tumor regions correlated with standard histology and known tissue architecture. Characteristic features of different areas of normal brain were identified as well.



Confocal endomicroscopy provided rapid histological information precisely related to the site of microscopic imaging with imaging characteristics of cells related to the unique labeling features of the fluorophores. Although experimental with further clinical trial validation required, these data suggest that intraoperative confocal imaging can help to distinguish normal brain from tumor and tumor margin and may have application in improving intraoperative decisions during resection of brain tumors.

Field of study: Medicine
Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by Cladosporium sphaerospermum isolated from an aged PAH contaminated soil.

The ability of a Deuteromycete fungus, Cladosporium sphaerospermum, previously isolated from soil of an aged gas manufacturing plant, to degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was investigated. This strain was able to degrade PAHs in non-sterile soils (average 23%), including high molecular weight PAHs, after 4 weeks of incubation. In a microcosm experiment, PAH depletion was clearly correlated to fungal establishment. In liquid culture, this strain degraded rapidly benzo(a)pyrene during its early exponential phase of growth (18% after 4 days of incubation). Among extracellular ligninolytic enzyme activities tested, only laccase activity was detected in liquid culture in the absence or in presence of benzo(a)pyrene. C. sphaerospermum might be a potential candidate for an effective bioremediation of aged PAH-contaminated soils.

Field of study: Biology, Environmental science
Guilt and innocence in the criminal justice system: a comment on R (Mullen) v secretary of state for the home department

The House of Lords upheld the Secretary of State's right to deny compensation under section 133 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 and the ex gratia scheme to Mullen, whose conviction for conspiracy to cause explosions had been quashed by the Court of Appeal solely by reference to actions by the authorities (securing his illegal deportation to the UK) that constituted an abuse of process, without impugning the fairness of his trial or the accuracy of the verdict The note discusses the different judgments in the House of Lords and the Court of Appeal in terms of their implications for the respective roles of legal and political systems in determining guilt and innocence. In particular, the note explores the nature of the legal principle of the presumption of innocence as it operates in the context of successful appeals.

Field of study: Law
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic studies of type A influenza virus matrix protein M1.

The matrix protein, M1, of influenza virus strain A/PR/8/34 has been purified from virions and crystallized. The crystals consist of a stable fragment (18 kDa) of the M1 protein. X-ray diffraction studies indicated that the crystals are in space group P3(1)21 or P3(2)21, with a = 66.17, c = 135.30 A. V(m) calculations showed that there are two monomers in the asymmetric unit.

Field of study: Chemistry
Geochemical and Nd isotopic evidence for sedimentary-source changes in the Devonian miogeocline of the southern Canadian Cordillera

Sedimentological evidence indicates that clastic sediments of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin were derived predominantly from the north and east, an exception being the westerly sourced Sassenach Formation in the Upper Devonian. A comparison of geochemical and Sm-Nd isotopic data of the Sassenach Formation and the underlying Perdrix and Mount Hawk Formations, which have easterly sources, support a change in sedimentary provenance. The Frasnian Perdrix and Mount Hawk Formations have initial ϵ Nd values of −7 to −8.5. This range of values is higher than that of the underlying Precambrian basement and reflects a mixture of older and younger crustal detritus (Late Proterozoic to Devonian) eroded and transported from orogens in the Arctic. The overlying Famennian Sassenach Formation yields lower initial ϵ Nd values that decrease from as high as −8.5 at the base to about −11 near the top. The lower ϵ Nd values of the Sassenach Formation imply that the western crustal source of the Sassenach sediments was, on average, older than the eastern crustal sources of the underlying formations. This older western source appears to be related to uplift and reworking of older miogeosynclinal sediments in the west as a result of compression related to the Antler orogeny.

Field of study: Geology
Analysis on Optimization Schemes of Random Access in LTE-A Radio Access Networks with M2M Communications

As a large number of MTC devices try to access the radio resources in a very short period,the rapid growth in the number of machine-type communications(MTC) devices causes the radio access network(RAN) to overload.Several candidate schemes for RAN improvements for MTC have been under consideration for possible adoption in LTE-A by 3GPP.In the paper,several schemes to control the RAN overload coming from massive number of MTC devices were analyzed,and optimization schemes for further solution was designed.

Field of study: Engineering
Hydrodynamics of a subtropical tidal flat: Araçá Bay, Brazil

Based on measurements and on the application of a numerical model, we assess for the first time the Araca bay hydrodynamics. Differing from most other studied tidal flats, the Araca bay is small, and has been artificially created due to land reclamation for the construction of the Sao Sebastiao harbor. Located in microtidal wave dominated coast, it developed behind the Sao Sebastiao island, that shelters the area from incoming swell. Therefore, tides are the main forcing of the local hydrodynamics. Despite being laterally confined, the different level of exposure creates a spatial variability in hydrodynamic forcing, with a sheltered southern margin and a relatively deeper and more dynamic northern margin. The spatial distribution of currents and bed shear stress reflects and sustains this pattern, with the most dynamic areas being those at the entrance of the bay and at its northern side. The convex morphology of the intertidal area indicates accretion of the upper flat, consequence of flood tide asymmetry nearshore. The functioning of such systems is dependent on its dynamics and any change due to natural or anthropic causes will result in further modifications. Sea-level rise, for example, is one factor that will result in drastic effects on intertidal areas. At smaller scales, engineering works may cause large local alterations to the local processes that control the morphodynamics of intertidal areas and understanding the dynamics of such areas is of prime importance for their use and management.

Field of study: Environmental science
Gaussian lossy spatial soliton in strongly nonlocal media

The propagation property of 1+1 dimensional Gaussian optical beam is investigated in small lossy strongly nonlocal nonlinear media by means of variational method.The evolution equations of the parameters,the beam width evolution law and a critical power are obtained for the beam.In the case of small loss,a lossy optical spatial soliton with beam width slow diffraction is found when the input power equals the critical power.When the input power is smaller than the critical power,the beam width takes quasi-periodical diffraction with the Jacobian elliptic sine and elliptic cosine functions.When the input power is larger than the critical power,it changes from quasi-periodical contraction to diffraction with the same functions.

Field of study: Physics
Multi-Objective Optimization for Grinding of AISI D2 Steel with Al2O3 Wheel under MQL

In the present study, the machinability indices of surface grinding of AISI D2 steel under dry, flood cooling, and minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) conditions are compared. The comparison was confined within three responses, namely, the surface quality, surface temperature, and normal force. For deeper insight, the surface topography of MQL-assisted ground surface was analyzed too. Furthermore, the statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to extract the major influencing factors on the above-mentioned responses. Apart from this, the multi-objective optimization by Grey–Taguchi method was performed to suggest the best parameter settings for system-wide optimal performance. The central composite experimental design plan was adopted to orient the inputs wherein the inclusion of MQL flow rate as an input adds addition novelty to this study. The mathematical models were formulated using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). It was found that the developed models are statistically significant, with optimum conditions of depth of cut of 15 µm, table speed of 3 m/min, cutting speed 25 m/min, and MQL flow rate 250 mL/h. It was also found that MQL outperformed the dry as well as wet condition in surface grinding due to its effective penetration ability and improved heat dissipation property.

Field of study: Materials science
Biotic processes in the Okanagan Highlands floras: possible evidence of hybridization in plants adapting to a temperate forest

Hybridization is a key mechanism for increased diversification and speciation among modern plants and is especially important in certain families such as Rosaceae and Anacardiaceae. This mechanism is found to occur most commonly in areas of ecological disturbance, distribution, and migration. Resulting hybrid individuals have characteristic intermediate or mosaic patterns that combine those of the two parents in morphologically distinct and identifiable ways. The diverse latest Early Eocene flora of Republic, Washington, USA, is among the most collected of the Okanagan Highlands floras. This fossil flora includes relatives of modern taxa that are known to hybridize and produce characteristic patterns of leaf morphology and venation (Rosaceae; Anacardiaceae). In this study, we document patterns found in representative fossil leaves that are comparable to those indicative of hybridization in the modern relatives. We use the genera Sorbus L. (Rosaceae) and Rhus L. (Anacardiaceae) as models to demonstrate pot...

Field of study: Environmental science
File System Implementation Method to Improve the Network Storage Performance

In a clustered storage system constructed by multiple storage nodes, the goal of improving the network storage performance combined with applications is implemented by file system solution. Based on the related research, this paper discusses the file system solution to improving network storage performance again. This solution makes use of the advantages of both the network distribution and network striped file systems to employ the hybrid use of non-striped and striped file data distribution. We discuss the different two-level storage allocation strategy and the choice of the relevant parameters associated with that solution and make theoretical analysis based on HP97560 performance parameters. The contrast about distribution of the size of applications′ files and the results of simulation tests shows that two-level storage allocation strategy and the choice of the relevant parameters are reasonable.

Field of study: Computer science