nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Bright light suppresses hyperactivity induced by excitotoxic dorsal hippocampus lesions in the rat.

The hippocampus has been implicated in anxiety, novelty detection, spatial- contextual processing, and hyperactivity. Accordingly, the authors contrasted the role of the dorsal hippocampus (DH) and the basolateral amygdala complex (BLA) in an open field task that presents the onset and termination of a bright light gradient. In the dark, DH rats demonstrated impaired habituation of locomotion behavior and hyperactivity, whereas in bright light their behaviors were normal. DH rats responded differentially to the onset and termination of the light stimulus, which indicates they have normal novelty detection. BLA lesion rats responded normally to bright light. These results demonstrate that a mild fear stimulus, such as bright light, can suppress DH lesion-evoked hyperactivity, and this hyperactivity results from impaired contextual processing.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Interviewer effects on non-response propensity in longitudinal surveys: a multilevel modelling approach

The paper investigates two different multilevel approaches, the multilevel cross-classified and the multiple-membership models, for the analysis of interviewer effects on wave non-response in longitudinal surveys. The models proposed incorporate both interviewer and area effects to account for the non-hierarchical structure, the influence of potentially more than one interviewer across waves and possible confounding of area and interviewer effects arising from the non-random allocation of interviewers across areas. The methods are compared by using a data set: the UK Family and Children Survey.

Field of study: Mathematics
A stuck fault model for dynamic CMOS combinational circuits

This paper utilizes the logic transistor function (LTF), that was devised to model the static CMOS combinational circuits at the transistor and logic level, to model the dynamic CMOS combinational circuits. The LTF is a Boolean representation of the circuit output in terms of its input variables and its transistor topology. The LTF is automatically generated using the path algebra technique. The faulty behavior of the circuit can be obtained from the fault-free LTF using a systematic procedure. The model assumes the following logic values (0, 1, I, M), where I, and M imply an indeterminate logical value, and a memory element, respectively. The model is found to be efficient in describing a cluster of dynamic CMOS circuits at both the fault-free and faulty modes of operation. Both single and multiple transistor stuck faults are precisely described using this model. The classical stuck-at and non classical stuck open and short faults are analyzed. A systematic procedure to produce the fault-free and faulty LTFs for different implementations of the dynamic CMOS combinational circuits is presented.

Field of study: Engineering
Technological Diffusion and Standardization Patterns: An Industrial Taxonomy

This study expands on the results of a previous article I (Javier Carrillo-Hermosilla) co-wrote with Gregory Unruh (2006) and published in this journal. The present paper aims to identify and evaluate the relationships existing between the main characteristics of industries and the attributes of the technology standardization processes within them. To achieve this goal, six different sensitivity analyses were carried out on the effects of incremental modifications in the parameters of our agent based model (ABM). In addition to increasing returns, long term stability, or persistent standards, appears to require other variables, such as a low innovation rate, high user survival rates, durable capital, high switching costs, and/or high barriers entry. The results of the simulation allowed us to corroborate a number of intuitions from economics, while drawing attention to less obvious relationships, suggesting possible lines of empirical research to confirm and expand on the insights presented herein.

Field of study: Economics
Flexible immobilization of papain on amino polystyrene support

In this paper the flexible immobilization model of enzyme is presented.A new amino polystyrene (0.4—6.0 mmol NH_2·g -1) was prepared by Mannich reaction as immobilization support, DAS was used as the flexible chain,and then papain was immobilized. The recovery of immobilized enzyme activity could reach 40%—50%,equal to 1.8—2.4 times that of arm spacer support, and the stability of immobilized enzyme was good.The flexible immobilized model could achieve a higher recovery of immobilized enzyme activity than traditional covalent immobilization and arm spacer immobilization.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
The autocrine role of tumor necrosis factor in the proliferation and functional differentiation of human lymphokine-activated T killer cells (T-LAK) in vitro.

The autocrine role of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) in the proliferation and functional differentiation of human lymphokine-activated T-killer cells (T-LAK) in vitro was investigated. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes initially stimulated with IL-2 and phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA) for 48 h will proliferate for long periods in vitro in the presence of IL-2. These T-LAK cells have been shown to be 95% CD3 positive. Employing ELISA techniques, greater than 500 pg/ml of TNF was found to be released in the supernatants of these cells during the first 5 days of culture. However, the levels dropped to 100-200 pg/ml by days 7-10. T-LAK cells grown from days 7 to 10 in the presence of IL-2 and rabbit anti-TNF were significantly growth inhibited (up to 23%). The cytolytic activity of T-LAK cells grown from days 0 to 7 in the presence of anti-TNF was also decreased (up to 75%). Phenotypic analysis of these anti-TNF treated T-LAK cells revealed a decrease in CD8 expression (up to 12%) and increase in CD4 expression (up to 27%) when compared with control cells. The data suggest that TNF has a regulatory role in the growth and functional differentiation of these human T-LAK cells.

Field of study: Medicine
Tuning InP self-assembled quantum structures to telecom wavelength: A versatile original InP(As) nanostructure “workshop”

The influence of hydride exposure on previously unreported self-assembled InP(As) nanostructures is investigated, showing an unexpected morphological variability with growth parameters, and producing a large family of InP(As) nanostructures by metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy, from dome and ring-like structures to double dot in a ring ensembles. Moreover, preliminary microphotoluminescence data are indicating the capped rings system as an interesting candidate for single quantum emitters at telecom wavelengths, potentially becoming a possible alternative to InAs QDs for quantum technology and telecom applications.

Field of study: Physics
Equilibrium strategies in a constant retrial queue with setup time and the N-policy

In this article, customers’ strategic behavior and social optimation in a constant retrial queue with setup time and the N-policy are investigated. Customers who find the server isn’t idle either leave forever or enter an orbit. After a service, the server will seek a customer from the orbit at a constant rate. The server is closed whenever the system becomes empty, and is activated when the number of waitlisted customers reaches a threshold. We obtain the equilibrium arrival rates in different states. There exist both Follow-the-Crowd (FTC) and Avoid-the-Crowd (ATC) behaviors. Through the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, we numerically obtain the optimal solution of the social welfare maximization problem. Finally, numerical examples are presented to illustrate the sensitivity of system performance measures.

Field of study: Mathematics
High altitude biodiversity of the Alps and the Himalayas: ethnobotany, plant distribution and conservation perspective

Historical evidences suggest that the Himalayas have some strong biogeographical links to the Alps. In view of this fact, the present study aims to understand the similarities in plant species distribution and their ethnobotanical uses in the Indian Himalayas and the Slovenian Alps. The plant species common in both the mountain systems and used by local inhabitants were compiled by extensive literature search and also by carrying out primary surveys. Ethnobotanical information was collected through personal interviews of villagers with the help of local assistants and also through direct and indirect observations made during the field surveys. A total of 59 ethnobotanical species representing 17 families common in both the Indian Himalayas and the Slovenian Alps were documented, of these 78% obtained medicinal properties and traditionally used by local people for curing diseases. Comparatively, people of the Indian Himalayas used plants for medicine in higher percentage (73%) than the people of Slovenia (42%). Of the total medicinal plants, only 7 plant species such as Acoruscalamus, Capsellabursa-partoris, Hypericumperforatum, Origanumvulgare, Prunellavulgaris, Solanumnigrum and Urticadioica had some common uses in both the Slovenian Alps and the Indian Himalayas. In the Slovenian Alps, the maximum ethnobotanical species (61%) had wide distribution range whereas maximum ethnobotanical species in the Indian Himalayas (62%) had localized distribution. Though, 27% of common ethnobotanical species belonged to different threat categories, only 2 species—Taxusbaccata and Hippophaerhamnoides—are placed under similar threat category in these two different mountain areas. The study unfolds relationship in plant species distribution and their ethnobotanical uses along with offering an opportunity to provide information on uses of plant species though available but unknown to community.

Field of study: Environmental science
Technique of Forward Extrusion for Sprag

By studying material characteristics of the W6Mo5Cr4V2 and the dimension of the sprag,the die was optimized.Simulating the forming by DEFORM,the forward extrusion dies of the sprag were designed reasonably.The mold tests prove that the process is feasible.It is a conclusion that extrusion will be new processing method for W6Mo5Cr4V2.

Field of study: Materials science
The central sulcal vein: a landmark for identification of the central sulcus using functional magnetic resonance imaging.

The authors evaluated the anatomical location of the central sulcus (CS) in 24 cerebral hemispheres (eight in which tumors were located centrally, 16 in controls) using: 1) classic anatomical landmarks seen on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (24 hemispheres); 2) functional MR imaging (24 hemispheres); and 3) intraoperative electrical stimulation mapping (eight hemispheres). On MR imaging the CS was identified with certainty in 79% of hemispheres (four of eight in patients, 15 of 16 in controls). Functional MR imaging identified a parenchymal "motor hand area" in only 83% (20 of 24 hemispheres; five of eight in patients, 15 of 16 in controls); this area was located in the precentral gyrus in 16 (80%) of 20, additionally in the postcentral gyrus in 10 (50%) of 20, and exclusively in the postcentral gyrus in four (20%) of 20. In contrast, functional MR imaging detected one to three sulcal veins presumably draining blood from the adjacent motor hand area in 100% (24 of 24) of the hemispheres studied, and anatomical MR imaging and intraoperative mapping localized these veins in the CS. It is concluded that sulcal veins lying deep within the CS: 1) drain activated blood from the adjacent pre- or postcentral cortex during performance of a motor hand task; 2) can be identified easily with functional MR imaging; and 3) are an anatomical landmark for noninvasive identification of the CS and thus the sensorimotor strip. The detection of these veins provides a more consistent landmark than the detection of parenchymal motor areas by functional MR imaging; this technique may be used when classic anatomical landmarks fail to identify the sensorimotor strip.

Field of study: Medicine
1,2,4‐Triazine vs. 1,3‐ and 1,4‐Oxazinones in Normal‐ and Inverse‐Electron‐Demand Hetero‐Diels–Alder Reactions: Establishing a Status Quo by Computational Analysis

We present an analysis of the well-known normal- and inverse-electron- demand hetero-Diels-Alder reaction involving 1,2,4-triazine, 1,3-oxazin-6-one, and 1,4-oxazin-2-one, with alkenes and alkynes, utilizing density functional theory (DFT) at the SCS-MP2/cc-pVDZ//B3LYP/6-31G(d) level to establish a theoretical status quo for synthetic practioners regarding the relative reactivities and stereochemical outcomes for these useful heterocycles. The results suggest that in the unsubstituted cases 1,2,4-triazine is less reactive in comparison to 1,3-oxazin-6-one and 1,4-oxazin-2-one for both reaction modes, whereas the cycloaddition regioselectivities depend largely on the diene. For example, 1,3-oxazin-6-one leads to kinetic meta isomers, in comparison to 1,2,4-triazine and 1,4-oxazin-2-one, which give rise to para isomers.

Field of study: Chemistry
Improvement of the retrieval algorithm for GOSAT SWIR XCO2 and XCH4 and their validation using TCCON data

The column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of carbon dioxide and methane (XCO2 and XCH4) have been retrieved from Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) Short-Wavelength InfraRed (SWIR) observations and released as a SWIR L2 product from the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES). XCO2 and XCH4 retrieved using the version 01.xx retrieval algorithm showed large negative biases and standard deviations (−8.85 and 4.75 ppm for XCO2 and −20.4 and 18.9 ppb for XCH4, respectively) compared with data of the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). Multiple reasons for these error characteristics (e.g., solar irradiance database, handling of aerosol scattering) are identified and corrected in a revised version of the retrieval algorithm (version 02.xx). The improved retrieval algorithm shows much smaller biases and standard deviations (−1.48 and 2.09 ppm for XCO2 and −5.9 and 12.6 ppb for XCH4, respectively) than the version 01.xx. Also, the number of post-screened measurements is increased, especially at northern mid- and high-latitudinal areas.

Field of study: Environmental science
Factors influencing expression and post-translational modification of recombinant protein C.

Factors affecting the production of recombinant human protein C were investigated. When recombinant cells producing human protein C were cultured with microcarrier in two different scales, we found that (1) as cells grew to confluence, specific productivity of the protein was decreased and that (2) the efficiency of gamma-carboxylation of the generated protein C was lower in a larger culture than in a smaller culture. Higher cell density was shown to influence the specific productivity unfavorably. On the other hand, the amount of oxygen supply as demonstrated by oxygen consumption rate in the Opticell culture system correlated well with the efficiency of gamma-carboxylation, suggesting that oxygen metabolism is somehow implicated in the post-translational modification of recombinant protein C.

Field of study: Biology, Engineering
Pyridinium-N-phenolate betaine dyes as empirical indicators of solvent polarity: Some new findings

Solutions of the zwitterionic betaine dye 2,6-diphenyl-4-(2,4,6-triphenylpyridinium-1-yl)phenolate (hereinafter called standard betaine dye) and its derivatives are solvatochromic, thermochromic, piezochromic, and halochromic. That is, the position of its longest-wavelength intramolecular charge-transfer (CT) absorption band depends on solvent polarity, solution temperature, external pressure, and the type and concentration of salts (ionophores) added to the betaine dye solution. The outstanding large negative solvatochromism of this standard betaine dye has been used to establish UV/vis spectroscopically a comprehensive set of empirical parameters of solvent polarity, called ET(30) resp. ETN values, now known for many molecular and ionic solvents as well as for a great variety of solvent mixtures. This report describes relevant physicochemical properties of this standard betaine dye as well as the definition and some more recent practical applications of these solvent polarity parameters, derived from the standard betaine dye and its derivatives. In particular, the perichromism of the standard betaine dye can be used to study the polarity of microheterogeneous solutions (e.g., micelles and other organized media), surfaces (e.g., silica, alumina, cellulose), glasses (e.g., sol-gel systems), and solids (e.g., polymers), and for the construction of chemical sensors. As extension to solvatochromism, the more general term perichromism describes UV/vis band shifts of chromophore-containing solutes which are caused not only by changes in the surrounding solvent sphere, but also by their embedding in other surroundings such as micelles, vesicles, glasses, polymers, solids, interfaces, and surfaces. Some representative examples for such extended applications of the perichromic standard betaine dye are given.

Field of study: Chemistry
Papillary fibroelastoma of the aortic valve: incidental finding with intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography.

Papillary fibroelastoma is a benign but rare tumor of the heart, usually derived from the endocardium. Although rarely clinically symptomatic, fibroelastoma has a potential for valvular dysfunction and systemic embolization. In this article, we show the images of a previously undiagnosed mass that was surgically excised in a 73-year-old woman.

Field of study: Biology, Medicine
What do DES S-boxes Say to Each Other ?

The DES encryption standard resisted rather well to some 20 years of massive worldwide cryptanalysis effort. DES S-boxes also haven’t an obvious algebraic structure that could lead to algebraic attacks. For all these reasons, DES is not only very widely implemented and used today, but triple DES and other derived schemes will probably still be around in ten or twenty years from now. We suggest that, if an algorithm is so widely used, its security should still be under scrutiny, and not taken for granted. In this paper we study the S-boxes of DES. Many properties of these are already known, yet usually they concern one particular S-box. This comes from the known design criteria on DES, that strongly suggest that S-boxes have been chosen independently of each other. On the contrary, we are interested in properties of DES S-boxes that concern a subset of two or more DES S-boxes. For example we study the properties related to DaviesMurphy attacks on DES, recall the known uniformity criteria to resist this attack, and discuss a stronger criterion that would allow to resist a larger class of attacks. More generally we study many different properties, in particular related to linear cryptanalysis and algebraic attacks. The interesting question is to know if there are any interesting properties that hold for subsets of S-boxes bigger than 2. Such a property has already been shown by Shamir at Crypto’85 (and independently discovered by Franklin), but Coppersmith et al. explained that it was rather due to the known S-box design criteria. Our simulations confirm this, but not totally. We also present several new properties of similar flavour. These properties come from a new type of algebraic attack on block ciphers that we introduce. What we find is not easily explained by the known S-box design criteria, and the question should be asked if the S-boxes of DES are related to each other, or they follow some yet unknown criteria. Similarly, we also found that the sDES S-boxes have an unexpected common structure that can be exploited in a certain type of generalised linear attack. This fact substantially decreases the credibility of sDES as a DES replacement. This paper has probably no implications whatsoever on the security of DES.

Field of study: Computer science, Mathematics
Iran's Nuclear Challenge

Four years after the United States went to war to disarm Saddam Hussein's Iraq, it faces a far more dangerous and real proliferation crisis in Iran. Should the Islamic Republic cross the nuclear threshold in defiance of the international community and its long-standing treaty commitments, it would effectively undermine the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) that has been the mainstay of global counterproliferation efforts for nearly four de cades. Indeed, a nuclear Iran, with its expressed antagonism toward the United States, would be in a far better position to assert its regional influence, altering both the strategic and the political alignments of the Middle East. Why does Iran want the bomb? What impact has the presidency of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad had on Iran's nuclear deliberations? Is there anything the United States and the international community can do to press Iran toward restraining its ambitions? The answer to these questions requires a better understanding of the interlocking calculations that have propelled Iran toward the nuclear option in the first place.

Field of study: Political science
Impact of a quality improvement program on primary healthcare in Canada: a mixed-method evaluation.

Rigorous comprehensive evaluations of primary healthcare (PHC) quality improvement (QI) initiatives are lacking. This article describes the evaluation of the Quality Improvement and Innovation Partnership Learning Collaborative (QIIP-LC), an Ontario-wide PHC QI program targeting type 2 diabetes management, colorectal cancer (CRC) screening, access to care, and team functioning.



This article highlights the primary outcome results of an external retrospective, multi-measure, mixed-method evaluation of the QIIP-LC, including: (1) matched-control pre-post chart audit of diabetes management (A1c/foot exams) and rate of CRC screening; (2) post-only advanced access survey (third-next available appointment); and (3) post-only semi-structured interviews (team functioning).



Chart audit data was collected from 34 consenting physicians per group (of which 88% provided access data). Between-group differences were not statistically significant (A1c [p=0.10]; foot exams [p=0.45]; CRC screening [p=0.77]; advanced access [p=0.22]). Qualitative interview (n=42) themes highlighted the success of the program in helping build interdisciplinary team functioning and capacity.



The rigorous design and methodology of the QIIP-LC evaluation utilizing a control group is one of the most significant efforts thus far to demonstrate the impact of a QI program in PHC, with improvements over time in both QIIP and control groups offering a likely explanation for the lack of statistically significant primary outcomes. Team functioning was a key success, with team-based chronic care highlighted as pivotal for improved health outcomes. Policy makers should strive to endorse QI programs with proven success through rigorous evaluation to ensure evidence-based healthcare policy and funding.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Radiation damage and annealing behaviour in Be+-implanted pure Ga(Al)Sb layers

Implantation of Be+ ions into GaAISb epilayers is used to realize thep+ layer of the Ga0.96Al0.04Sb p+/Ga0.96Al0.04Sbn− /GaSbn+ (1.55 /Μm) avalanche photodetector whose performances are detailed in Ref. (1). The GaAISb layers are grown using liquid phase epitaxy (LPE); the quality of these as-grown layers is shown through photoluminescence and channeling measurements. The last part of this paper is devoted to the damaging level in the Be+-implanted layers. Some annealing techniques are presented as a mean of restoration of the implanted layers. It is clear from the results that the Be+ ion implantation leads to a low damage level in this III-V compound.

Field of study: Materials science