nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Object management in local distributed systems

Resource management is a central issue in operating systems design; it is even more critical in distributed systems because of the physical distribution of the resources and thus the natural redundancy and the possibility of partial failures. In this paper, we study resource management and sharing problems in distributed systems. We survey the existing distributed systems and present a taxonomy of resource management. We then propose a new approach to resource management, which we call global object management. A logically centralized systemwide manager acts as a coordinator between different parts of the system and is responsible for managing the toplevel, sharable resources in the distributed environment and making them available to the users. We argue that this approach greatly enhances system resource sharing by combining the semantic simplicity of centralized management with the reliability and availability of distributed management, and offers a number of advantages over the existing techniques.

Field of study: Computer science, Engineering
Short-term responses of leaf growth rate to water deficit scale up to whole-plant and crop levels: an integrated modelling approach in maize.

Physiological and genetic studies of leaf growth often focus on short-term responses, leaving a gap to whole-plant models that predict biomass accumulation, transpiration and yield at crop scale. To bridge this gap, we developed a model that combines an existing model of leaf 6 expansion in response to short-term environmental variations with a model coordinating the development of all leaves of a plant. The latter was based on: (1) rates of leaf initiation, appearance and end of elongation measured in field experiments; and (2) the hypothesis of an independence of the growth between leaves. The resulting whole-plant leaf model was integrated into the generic crop model APSIM which provided dynamic feedback of environmental conditions to the leaf model and allowed simulation of crop growth at canopy level. The model was tested in 12 field situations with contrasting temperature, evaporative demand and soil water status. In observed and simulated data, high evaporative demand reduced leaf area at the whole-plant level, and short water deficits affected only leaves developing during the stress, either visible or still hidden in the whorl. The model adequately simulated whole-plant profiles of leaf area with a single set of parameters that applied to the same hybrid in all experiments. It was also suitable to predict biomass accumulation and yield of a similar hybrid grown in different conditions. This model extends to field conditions existing knowledge of the environmental controls of leaf elongation, and can be used to simulate how their genetic controls flow through to yield.

Field of study: Environmental science
The inhibitory effect of anfi-CIITA M1-RNA on MHCII expression in ECV304 cells

目的 探讨MHCⅡ类分子转录激活因子(CⅡTA)的M1-RNA对细胞表面MHCⅡ类分子表达的抑制.方法 M1-RNA是核糖核酸酶P的催化活性单位,设计并克隆针对CⅡTA第452、629位点的M1-RNA(分别为M1-452-GS、M1-629-GS)及其相应的CⅡTA靶基因,分别插入pUC19、pGEM-7zf(+)载体,进行细胞外切割活性筛选.将细胞外切割作用明显的M1-629-GS亚克隆入psNAV载体(psNAV-M1-629-GS,pA629)并稳定转染ECV304细胞株,流式细胞术检测经典的MHCⅡ(HLA-DR、-DP、-DQ)类抗原表达,RT-PCR检测CⅡTA的mRNA水平.结果 pA629阳性ECV304细胞株与对照组比较,HLA-DR、-DP抗原表达分别降低了89.21%及92.31%;同时CⅡTA的mRNA含量降低(P＜0.05).结论 CⅡTA的M1-RNA(M1-629-GS)降低了自身mRNA含量,从而阻止其调控的MHCⅡ类分子的表达。

Field of study: Biology
Rethinking the Boundaries of the Modern Freedom Struggle

BY THE LATE 1990S, growing numbers of scholars lamented the dearth of scholarship on the northern and western arms of the modern civil rights movement.1 Scholars of civil rights and midtwentieth-century political movements have privileged the southern story. They have written eloquently about the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the Little Rock school desegregation cases, and the dramatic and usually violent confrontations between civil rights activists and segregationists in Greensboro, North Carolina; Philadelphia, Mississippi; and Birmingham and Selma, Alabama. Emphasis on the southern movement implies that the modern civil rights struggle had its primary roots in the Jim Crow South and that blacks in the urban North and West followed the lead of their southern brothers and sisters in making demands for their own rights. In recent years, however, an emerging body of scholarship on the North and West has broadened our understanding of the modern civil rights movement in African American and U.S. culture and politics.2 Matthew Countryman powerfully reinforces this trend toward a fuller and more appropriate understanding of the modern freedom struggle. Countryman provides a model urban case study of the northern African American freedom struggle in the years after World War II. In addition to addressing the prevailing southern bias in scholarship on the subject, Countryman also confronts certain unevenness in the gradually expanding body of scholarship on the urban North and West.

Field of study: History
Characterization of the cDNA and gene for mouse tumour necrosis factor alpha converting enzyme (TACE/ADAM17) and its location to mouse chromosome 12 and human chromosome 2p25.

Numerous proteins are cleaved or "shed" from their membrane-bound form. One such protein, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), is synthesized as a type 2 transmembrane protein. Recently, a human protease responsible for this shedding, the TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE/ADAM17), was isolated. TACE/ADAM17 is a member of the adamalysin class of zinc-binding metalloproteases or ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease). We report the isolation and characterization of the mouse TACE/ADAM17 cDNA and gene. Mouse TACE/ADAM17 has a 92% amino-acid identity with the human protein and was ubiquitously expressed. A recombinant form of the protease is found to cleave a peptide representing the cleavage site of precursor mouse TNF-alpha. An alternatively spliced form of mouse TACE/ADAM17 was found that would produce a soluble protein. The gene for TACE/ADAM17 is approximately 50 kb and contains 19 exons. Chromosomal mapping places TACE/ADAM17 on mouse chromosome 12 and human chromosome 2p25.

Field of study: Medicine
SUBARU ADAPTIVE-OPTICS HIGH-SPATIAL-RESOLUTION INFRARED K- AND L′-BAND IMAGING SEARCH FOR DEEPLY BURIED DUAL AGNs IN MERGING GALAXIES

We present the results of infrared K- (2.2 μm) and L'-band (3.8 μm) high-spatial-resolution (<0.''2) imaging observations of nearby gas- and dust-rich infrared luminous merging galaxies, assisted by the adaptive optics system on the Subaru 8.2 m telescope. We investigate the presence and frequency of red K – L' compact sources, which are sensitive indicators of active galactic nuclei (AGNs), including AGNs that are deeply buried in gas and dust. We observed 29 merging systems and confirmed at least one AGN in all but one system. However, luminous dual AGNs were detected in only four of the 29 systems (~14%), despite our method's being sensitive to buried AGNs. For multiple nuclei sources, we compared the estimated AGN luminosities with supermassive black hole (SMBH) masses inferred from large-aperture K-band stellar emission photometry in individual nuclei. We found that mass accretion rates onto SMBHs are significantly different among multiple SMBHs, such that larger-mass SMBHs generally show higher mass accretion rates when normalized to SMBH mass. Our results suggest that non-synchronous mass accretion onto SMBHs in gas- and dust-rich infrared luminous merging galaxies hampers the observational detection of kiloparsec-scale multiple active SMBHs. This could explain the significantly smaller detection fraction of kiloparsec-scale dual AGNs when compared with the number expected from simple theoretical predictions. Our results also indicate that mass accretion onto SMBHs is dominated by local conditions, rather than by global galaxy properties, reinforcing the importance of observations to our understanding of how multiple SMBHs are activated and acquire mass in gas- and dust-rich merging galaxies.

Field of study: Physics
Concept Mapping: Evaluating the Language Arts Methods Course

In this inquiry, I examine the evidence of student learning in an elementary education language arts methods course. Students completed concepts maps that represented their understanding of effective writing instruction at the beginning end of the course. Eighty-one pairs of concepts maps were scored according to established methods. Students included 122% more concepts on their post-course concepts maps; links between concepts increased by 134%. I also analyze a typical student's beginning- and end-of-course maps, which shows that the student's knowledge base increased both in terms of number and specificity of concepts.

Field of study: Education
qi ye ye fu fen jie fa lian chan jia suan he tan suan qing na de ji li ( )

The mechanism of the formation of formic acid and sodium bicarbonate by GLLDD has been studied. The absorption rate of CO2 by the organic phase was found to be almost ten times that by sodium formate solution. It was also shown by experiment that the mass transfer of CO2 from the gas phase into the aqueous phase proceeded essentially through the organic phase rather than directly. CO2 was absorbed in the organic phase before reacting with sodium formate solution to form NaHCO3 and complex amine carbonate. The organic phase was both the extractant of formic acid and the transporter of CO2.

Field of study: Chemistry, Environmental science
Flow Injection-Chemiluminescence Method for Determination of Hydrocortisone in Human Serum by Using Trivalent Silver Complex

A flow-injection chemiluminescence (FI-CL) reaction system with diperiodatoargentate (III) (DPA) was developed for determination of hydrocortisone in human serum. The weak chemiluminescence signal from the reaction between DPA and sulfuric acid system could be greatly enhanced in the presence of hydrocortisone. The optimal conditions of the CL system were: 1.0 M H2SO4, 2.5 × 10−4 M DPA, and flow rate of 4.20 mL min−1. Under the optimal conditions, the CL intensity was linear to the concentration of hydrocortisone from 3.0 × 10−10 g mL−1 to 1.0 × 10−7 g mL−1 with a detection limit of 2.2 × 10−10 g mL−1 (3σ). The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 0.63% (n = 11) for 5.0 × 10−8 g mL−1 hydrocortisone solution. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of hydrocortisone in serum samples with the recoveries of 93.0%–110.0%, and the RSDs were 0.7%–2.5%. The possible chemiluminescence mechanism was discussed by use of fluorescence spectra and UV-vis absorption spectra.

Field of study: Chemistry
Hybridization of mafic microgranular enclaves: mineral and whole-rock chemistry evidence from the Karamadazı Granitoid, Central Turkey

On the Eastern Tauride Belt, the Cretaceous calc-alkaline Karamadazı Granitoid consists of quartz diorite containing mafic microgranular enclaves (MME) and leucocratic granite. The quartz diorite consists of plagioclase (An8-65), hornblende, biotite, K-feldspar, quartz, epidote and titanite. Subrounded MME in the quartz diorite are holocrystalline, fine-grained, quartz diorite to diorite in composition, and display a similar mineral assemblage to their host. Large crystals in MME and quartz diorite show various disequilibrium microstructures indicative of hybridization. Plagioclase crystals exhibit inverse, normal, and oscillatory zoning with maximum core-to-rim An content increase up to 38% in the enclave and 40% in the quartz diorite. Both hornblende and augite exhibit normal and reverse zoning even in the same sample. The new field, textural, mineral compositional, and geochemical evidence leads to the conclusion that MME could have formed through injection of successive pulses of basic magma into upward mobile magma chambers containing cooler, partially crystalline quartz diorite magma. The quartz diorites show similarity to high-Al TTG (tonalites–trondhjemites–granodiorites), with their high Na2O, Sr, LREE, and low Mg#, Cr, HREE contents, and are suggested to be produced by extensive interaction between the crustal and mantle-derived melts through mixing at depth. In contrast, leucogranites have geochemical characteristics distinct from the quartz diorites and MME, and are probably not involved in MME genesis.

Field of study: Environmental science
The Need for Faculty Knowledge and Promotion of Postgraduate Year One Community-Based Pharmacy Residencies

Postgraduate year one (PGY1) community-based pharmacy residency programs are intended to build upon the Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) education and outcomes. The goal of the residency program is to develop community-based pharmacist practitioners with diverse patient care, leadership, and education skills. This commentary will inform faculty mentors about the history, evolution, structure, and design of PGY1 community-based pharmacy residency programs. This commentary will also review the equivalency of PGY1 community-based pharmacy residency programs to other PGY1 programs, specifically to PGY1 pharmacy programs typically administered in hospitals and health systems. Faculty who are knowledgeable about PGY1 community-based pharmacy residency programs will be able to provide mentorship and promotion for student pharmacists who are interested in direct patient care.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Downregulation of miR-31 in Diabetic Nephropathy and its Relationship with Inflammation

There is a lack of reliable biological markers for the early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy (DN) during type 2 diabetes. In this pilot study we aim to assess whether miR-31 levels are modulated by the presence of DN and whether the expression of this miRNA is related to leukocyte-endothelial interactions and inflammation.  Thirty-one T2D patients were enrolled in this pilot study; 18 with no diabetic complications and 13 with diabetic nephropathy. 24 non-diabetic subjects and 13 T2D patients with retinopathy (absent of other complications) were included to test the specificity of miR-31. Following anthropometric and biochemical evaluation, serum miR-31 levels were assessed by Real Time-PCR. Leukocyte-endothelial interactions were evaluated by a parallel flow chamber in vitro model. Serum TNFα, IL-6 and ICAM-1 levels were determined by XMAP-technology in a flow cytometry-based Luminex 200 instrument.  Serum miR-31 levels were similar between control and T2D subjects. However, T2D patients with DN displayed reduced levels of miR-31 with respect to patients without complications. This decrease in miR-31 was more pronounced in patients with macroalbuminuria than in those with microalbuminuria and was specific for DN, since patients with retinopathy displayed unaltered miR-31 levels. The presence of DN involved a lower leukocyte rolling velocity and an increased rolling flux and adhesion. miR-31 levels were positively correlated with leukocyte rolling velocity and negatively associated to leukocyte adhesion, TNFα, IL-6 and ICAM-1 levels.  Serum miR-31 may be a biomarker for DN in T2D patients. The regulation of this miRNA seems to be related to the recruitment of leukocytes to vascular walls induced by pro-inflammatory and adhesion molecules.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Burial diagenesis of argillaceous sediment, south Texas Gulf of Mexico sedimentary basin: A reexamination

Cuttings from a well through a thick section of Miocene–Oligocene mudrocks from Kenedy County, Texas, spanning a depth range of 2130 to 5490 m (7000 to 18 000 ft), have been studied petrographically and geochemically. On the basis of whole-rock chemical analyses, the deepest samples have lost ≈18 wt% (and approximately vol%), mostly as CaCO3, mineral-bound H2O, and SiO2, but including additional Ca, as well as Sr, light rare earth elements (REE) (La, Ce, Nd, Sm), Fe, and Li. K2O and Rb have been added to the deeper rocks. The large chemical changes are accompanied mineralogically by loss of detrital calcite, kaolinite, K-feldspar, Ca-plagioclase, and muscovite, gain of chlorite and albite, and continued reaction of smectitic illite/smectite (I/S) to more illitic (and K-rich) compositions throughout the entire depth interval of the well. The large chemical changes in this thick mud-rich interval almost certainly require advection of water (free convection?) to accomplish the mass transfer. Initial variation in sediment composition is ruled out as a cause of the observed compositional changes with increasing depth because (1) a variety of “immobile” elements (Al2O3, TiO2, Zr, Hf, heavy REE [Er, Yb], Th, and Sc) remain constant relative to each other despite their uneven distribution across various particle size fractions in the sediments; (2) deep Frio shales are unlike Quaternary Gulf of Mexico sediments or average shales; and (3) unreasonable primary mineralogic compositions would be necessary to explain the chemical composition of the deep samples.

These results indicate that burial diagenesis of argillaceous sediment can be a considerably more open chemical process than is conventionally assumed, that it can account for the two major chemical cements (calcite and quartz) in associated sandstones, and that it mirrors secular changes in shales throughout geologic time.

Field of study: Geology
A Journal Paper Filtering Using the Multiple Information

A paper filtering system that supports the effective collection of related journal papers is becoming important as the technological progress has been rapid. However, previous systems realized insufficient filtering effectiveness, because of lack of available information in abstract part of journal papers that is available to the public. In this paper, we propose a paper filtering method using the multiple information such as structure, co-author, subject category, terminology, and terms in patent document.By the evaluation for 15 examinees using 4,875 journal papers, it became clear that for all examinees the effectiveness of proposed method exceeds the conventional method, when the all information above are used, which became closer to practical use.

Field of study: Computer science
A partially decoupled RLS algorithm for Volterra filters

In this correspondence, we consider a partially decoupled variation of the RLS algorithm. It is based on a constrained optimization of the cumulative filter error using the higher order sets of filter weights to improve on the performance of the lower order weight sets whose values are already established. From this constrained optimization, a recursive algorithm is developed whose form closely resembles the standard Volterra RLS algorithm but with structural differences that arise from eliminating the dependence of the lower order weight sets on the higher order weight sets while retaining the dependence of the higher order weights on the lower order weights. The resulting algorithm, while suboptimal, requires less computational effort than the fully coupled version, converges to steady state in the same amount of time, and is shown by example not to exhibit a substantial degradation in performance.

Field of study: Engineering
Crop responses to ozone: uptake, modes of action, carbon assimilation and partitioning

The inhibitory effects of tropospheric O 3 on crop photosynthesis, growth, and yield have been documented in numerous studies over the past 35 years. In large part, the results of this research supported governmental regulations designed to limit tropospheric O 3 levels to concentrations that affected crop production at economically acceptable levels. Recent studies have brought into question the efficacy of these concentration-based O 3 standards compared with flux-based approaches that incorporate O 3 uptake along with environmental and biotic factors that influence plant responses. In addition, recent studies provide insight into the biochemical mechanisms of O 3 injury to plants. Current interpretations suggest that upon entry into the leaf intercellular space O 3 rapidly reacts with components of the leaf apoplast to initiate a complex set of responses involving the formation of toxic metabolites and generation of plant defence responses that constitute variably effective countermeasures. Plant species and cultivars exhibit a range of sensitivity to O 3 , evident as heritable characteristics, that must reflect identifiable biochemical and molecular processes that affect sensitivity to O 3 injury, although their exact makeup remains unclear. Ozone clearly impairs photosynthetic processes, which might include the effects on electron transport and guard cell homeostasis as well as the better-documented effects on carbon fixation via decreased Rubisco activity. Translocation of photosynthate could be inhibited by O 3 exposure as well. Further, the influence of tropospheric O 3 needs to be considered when assessing potential effects of rising concentrations of atmospheric CO 2 on crop production. Advances in O 3 flux modelling and improved understanding of biochemical and molecular effects of O 3 on photosynthetic gas exchange and plant defence processes are leading to more complete, integrated assessments of O 3 impacts on crop physiology that continue to support the rationale for maintaining or improving current O 3 air quality standards as well as providing a basis for development of more O 3 -tolerant crop lines.

Field of study: Environmental science
Exploring Competency Models and Its Effects on TVET Instructors in Apparel Patternmaking Processes in Ghana

A competency-based TVET system utilises combinations of dominant techniques to ensure that the needs of different industry sectors such as the fashion industry are addressed. In many countries including Ghana, nevertheless, most skills gained during TVET training are too narrow in scope, lack overall context and misses the demand of the labour market. The present study explored competency models and its effects on TVET instructors in apparel pattern making processes in selected Polytechnics offering the fashion design program in Ghana. Both exploratory and descriptive research design was chosen for the study. This study also adopted the quantitative methodology thus questionnaires were the main instruments employed for data collection. The study analysed the opinions of both staff and students. The major empirical findings of the study demonstrate that in CBT, instructors focus their attention on what students have to do and not how they do it. The results also imply that regarding adoption of the different approaches to competency models, the Polytechnics implement competency-based models that are closely aligned with the vision, values and mission which provide broad, quick and consistent impacts.  Fashion, apparel, patternmaking, competency models

Field of study: Education
Predictors of National Suicide Rates: A Reply to Voracek (2004, 2006, 2009)

Voracek (2004, 2006a, 2006b, 2009) reported that cognitive ability predicts national suicide rates, even after plausible controls. Yet, national IQs were not a significant predictor of suicide rates when regressed with indices of national religiousness and perceptions of personal health.

Field of study: Psychology
VISCOELASTIC DAMAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF ASPHALT BASED ON CREEP TEST

The creep tests of asphalt beam were carried out at different temperatures by using Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR). The creep compliance curves were obtained. By shifting, the shift factors are deduced by Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) equation and the creep compliance master curve clusters are obtained at different temperatures. A viscoelastic damage model is established by coupling the continuum damage factor into the Burgers viscoelastic model. The distribution of the asphalt inner flaw is described by Weibull function. The theoretical model shows good agreement with the experiment results, which indicates that it is necessary to consider the influence of damage effect during the evaluations of asphalt viscoelastic characteristics.

Field of study: Engineering