nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A configurable cryptography subsystem in a middleware framework for embedded systems

Computer and network security is becoming increasingly important as both large systems and, increasingly small, embedded systems are networked. Middleware frameworks aid the system developer who must interconnect individual systems into larger interconnected, distributed systems. However, there exist very few middleware frameworks that have been designed for use with embedded systems, which constitute the vast majority of CPUs produced each year, and none offer the range of security mechanisms required by the wide range of embedded system applications. This paper describes MicroQoSCORBA, a highly configurable middleware framework for embedded systems, and its security subsystem. It first presents an analysis of security requirements for embedded applications and what can and should be done in middleware. It then presents the design of MicroQoSCORBA's security subsystem and the wide range of mechanisms it supports. Experimental results for these mechanisms are presented for two different embedded systems and one desktop computer that collectively represent a wide range of computational capabilities.

Field of study: Computer science
The Feasibility Study of 3Cr23Ni8Mn3N Used for High Power Diesel Engine Exhaust Valve Material

For the two kind of materials,3Cr23Ni8Mn3N and usually used 4Cr14Ni14W2Mo,the contrast and analysis of their mechanical property and microsructure show that 3Cr23Ni8Mn3N has superiority in structure,perfacrmance,heat treatment process,low cost with a wide solid dissolving treatment temperatures and fine grains.So 3Cr23Ni8Mn3N can satisfy the performance requirements for the high power diesel engine exhaust valve and have the feasibility of wide applications for this kind of parts.

Field of study: Materials science
Pharmacotoxicology of Chemical and Biological Terrorism

Terrorism is the threat or implementation of violent means to undermine, destabilize, inflict harm, or cause panic in a society. The public's awareness of a variety of potential resources that could be used in terrorist threats has prompted unprecedented societal responses. Terrorist methods include the use of radiological, chemical, and biological agents capable of widespread mass casualties and destruction. The ease of availability, the low cost of production, and the potential for widespread dissemination of these means of destruction make them very attractive weapons. For these reasons, a basic understanding of pharmacotoxicology should be an essential part of the pharmacy school curriculum.

Field of study: Education, Medicine
Effects of activated complements on platelets.

To observe the effects of activation of complements on platelets and subsequently on vascular endothelial cells (VEC) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC).



Zymosan A-induced morphological change of platelets was determined with an aggregometer, and prothrombinase expression was quantified using chromogenic substrate. Supernatant of zymosan A-treated platelet rich plasma (PRP) was added to the cultured VEC or VSMC for the observation of cell growth, DNA content, and the membrane microviscosity.



Zymosan A induced marked metamorphosis, increased membrane microviscosity, and increased prothrombinase expression of platelets in PRP, but platelet metamorphosis induced by zymosan A was not found in washed platelets and fresh platelet suspended in platelet poor plasma (PPP) which had been pretreated with cobra venom factor (CVF). The effect of zymosan A on platelets was prevented by egtazic acid 5 mmol/L, Mn2+ 10 mmol/L, tetrodotoxin 40 micromol/L or indomethacin 100 micromol/L. The supernatant of zymosan A-treated PRP inhibited the growth of VEC, but accelerated the growth of VSMC and made most VSMC enter G2- and M- phase. The endoplasmic reticulum with rough surface and free ribosome in VSMC and vacuoles appeared in VEC mitochondria.



Activated complements induced significant shape change of platelets, stimulated platelets to release some factors and subsequently injured VEC, but accelerated the growth of VSMC, which may contribute to the development of blood coagulation and to the chronic inflammation.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry, Medicine
Stromatolite biostromes and associated facies in the late precambrian porsanger dolomite formation of Finnmark, Arctic Norway

The Late Precambrian Porsanger Dolomite Formation, occurring beneath the Varanger tillite in Arctic Norway, consists of various dolomitic lithofacies of subtidal, intertidal and supratidal environments. The lithofacies belong to three facies associations, A, B and C, which are repeated several times in the sequence. Facies association A comprises cryptalgal laminites, dolomicrites and thin-bedded grainstones and flakestones. The environment represented by this facies is broadly intertidal (locally supratidal) flat, with the interbedded carbonate sands representing storm deposits. Facies association B, of shallow subtidal to low intertidal origin, comprises cross-bedded carbonate sands (flakestones, grainstones and oolites) forming units up to 10 m thick. Small stromatolite bioherms (5 m wide, 2 m high) are locally developed within these “high-energy” deposits. Facies association C formed in a subtidal environment consists of laterally extensive (over 20 km) uniformly developed stromatolite biostromes, up to 16 m thick. The biostromes, locally divided by channels filled with grainstones and intraformational conglomerates, are composed of cylindrical and turbinate columnar (SH-V and SH-C) and digitate stromatolites (Gymnosolen, Inseria and Tungussia) in their lower parts. Larger, bulbous (SH-C and LLH-C) and conical (Conophyton) stromatolites occur in the upper parts, as well as the branching conophyte, Jacutophyton. All of the biostromes are always developed above cross-bedded carbonate sands (facies association B). A broadly symmetrical cyclic pattern, A B C B A, of tidal flat deposits (facies association A) passing up into carbonate sands (B), into biostrome (C), overlain by carbonate sands (B) and then tidal flat deposits (A), is repeated four times in the Porsanger Dolomite sequence. The pattern is interpreted in terms of two controls on sedimentation: (1) a slow transgressive phase followed by (2) depositional regression. The former (1) took place either through eustatic sea-level rise or more likely through accelerated subsidence because of tectonic instability and compaction of underlying sediments. This resulted in the sequence: tidal flat sediments, low intertidal/shallow subtidal carbonate sands, subtidal biostrome (A, B, C). Depositional regression through prograding tidal flats, generated the shoaling upward part of the cycle: biostrome, carbonate sands, tidal flat sediments (C, B, A).

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
The Culture Imagination and 1990's Prose

The prose in 1990's is filled with the cultural imagination. "The cultural prose" is opened by YU Qiu-yu, but this foundation is set up actually by the prose of non-professionl scholars. The cultural proses are the writings that the writers write for themselves. As a result, they are real, frank, filled with humanities concern. In the late 1990's, some works, such as SHI Tie-sheng and LIU Liang-cheng's "personalization" writings made "the cultural prose" toward the tendency of the special experience to the life, adding "the cultural prose" new vitality.

Field of study: Agricultural and Food sciences
A Variable Coincidence Unit Hasl Type TL-9

The variable coincidence gate is a multifunction logic unit designed for use with the HASL quarter chassis line of nuclear instrumentation. It provides a flexible unit which is applicable to several of the techniques used for counting radioactive events. The circuit can be used for prompt, delayed and decay coincidence, anticoincidence, and pulse height window measurements. It also operates as a signal generator of paired pulses and of delayed pulses. The unit is 3 1/2? high by 9 1/2? wide and 6? deep.

Field of study: Physics
Design and characterization of specMACS, a multipurpose hyperspectral cloud and sky imager

The new spectrometer of the Munich Aerosol Cloud Scanner (specMACS) is a multipurpose hyperspectral cloud and sky imager designated, but is not limited to investigations of cloud–aerosol interactions in Earth's atmosphere. With its high spectral and spatial resolution, the instrument is designed to measure solar radiation in the visible and shortwave infrared region that is reflected from, or transmitted through clouds and aerosol layers. It is based on two hyperspectral cameras that measure in the solar spectral range between 400 and 2500 nm with a spectral bandwidth between 2.5 and 12.0 nm. The instrument was operated in ground-based campaigns as well as aboard the German High Altitude LOng Range (HALO) research aircraft, e.g., during the ACRIDICON-CHUVA campaign in Brazil during summer 2014. This paper describes the specMACS instrument hardware and software design and characterizes the instrument performance. During the laboratory characterization of the instrument, the radiometric response as well as the spatial and spectral resolution was assessed. Since the instrument is primarily intended for retrievals of atmospheric quantities by inversion of radiative models using measured radiances, a focus is placed on the determination of its radiometric response. Radiometric characterization was possible for both spectrometers, with an absolute accuracy of 3 % at their respective central wavelength regions. First measurements are presented which demonstrate the wide applicability of the instrument. They show that key demands are met regarding the radiometric and spectral accuracy which is required for the intended remote sensing techniques.

Field of study: Environmental science
EFFICIENT VACUUM-ULTRAVIOLET LASING IN BARIUM VAPOR

Parametric lasing in the vacuum-ultraviolet range was investigated experimentally in barium vapor. Nd3+ laser pulses were frequency-converted to the ~ 180-nm range with an efficiency of 0.7%. The dependences of the conversion efficiency on the buffer gas pressure and on the position of the constriction of the pump radiation beam were studied. The principal factor limiting the efficiency under resonance conditions was found to be the Stark effect.

Field of study: Engineering, Physics
Thermo-electric properties of quantum point contacts

The conductance, the thermal conductance, the thermopower and the Peltier coefficient of a quantum point contact all exhibit quantum size effects. The authors review and extend the theory of these effects. In addition, they review their experimental work on the quantum oscillations in the thermopower, observed using a current heating technique. New data are presented showing evidence for quantum steps in the thermal conductance, and (less unequivocally) for quantum oscillations in the Peltier coefficient. For these new experiments the authors have used a quantum point contact as a miniature thermometer.

Field of study: Materials science
Fibroblast growth factor 23, Klotho, and disordered mineral metabolism in chronic kidney disease: unraveling the intricate tapestry of events and implications for therapy.

Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and Klotho play key roles, along with serum phosphate and parathyroid hormone (PTH), in disordered mineral metabolism in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Through independent and combined effects on renal phosphorus and vitamin D metabolism, alterations in FGF23 and Klotho expression are essential for maintaining mineral homeostasis in kidney disease. However, increasing evidence showing that disturbances in FGF23 and Klotho expression produce direct cardiovascular and renal toxicity has accelerated interest in therapies that directly target these hormones in the interest of improving outcomes in CKD. Importantly, recent studies showing that reversing CKD-induced elevations in FGF23 levels may have adverse cardiovascular effects have shed new light on the potential unintended consequences linked to developing therapeutic targets in this arena. These findings ultimately support the notion that addressing root causes of disturbances of FGF23 and Klotho, such as phosphorus excess, should remain the main focus in managing mineral metabolism in CKD.

Field of study: Medicine
Leaving patches: effects of economy, deprivation, and session duration.

Three pigeons pecked keys for food reinforcers in a laboratory analogue of foraging in patches. Half the patches contained food (were prey patches). In prey patches, pecks to one key occasionally produced a reinforcer, followed by a fixed travel time and then the start of a new patch. Pecks to another key were exit responses, and immediately produced travel time and then a new patch. Travel time was varied from 0.25 to 16 s at each of three session durations: 1, 4, and 23.5 hr. This part of the experiment arranged a closed economy, in that the only source of food was reinforcers obtained in prey patches. In another part, food deprivation was manipulated by varying postsession feeding so as to maintain the subjects’ body weights at percentages ranging from 85% to 95% of their ad lib weights, in 1-hr sessions with a travel time of 12 s. This was an open economy. Patch residence time, defined as the time between the start of a patch and an exit response, increased with increasing travel time, and consistently exceeded times predicted by an optimal foraging model, supporting previously published results. However, residence times also increased with increasing session duration and, in longer sessions, consistently exceeded previously reported residence times in comparable open-economy conditions. Residence times were not systematically affected by deprivation levels. In sum, the results show that the long residence times obtained in long closed-economy sessions should probably be attributed to session duration rather than to economy or deprivation. This conclusion is hard to reconcile with previous interpretations of longer-than-optimal residence times but is consistent with, in economic terms, a predicted shift in consumption towards a preferred commodity when income is increased.

Field of study: Biology, Psychology
Geniposide Prevents Hypoxia/Reoxygenation-Induced Apoptosis in H9c2 Cells: Improvement of Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Activation of GLP-1R and the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway

Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury is a major cause of morbidity and mortality associated with coronary heart disease. Many studies have demonstrated that natural products are promising chemotherapeutic drugs counteracting the loss of cardiomyocytes. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of geniposide, a traditional Chinese herb extract from Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis, on cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) in H9c2 cells, and their underlying mechanisms.  Cell viability and apoptosis ratio were assessed using the cell counting kit-8 assay and Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining. The concentrations of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), intracellular total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were detected by microplate reader. The production of reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), the level of mitochondrial calcium, and mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization were measured by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Mitochondrial morphology was visualized using transmission electron microscopy. The expressions of Bcl-2 mRNA and Caspase-3 mRNA were measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The protein levels of cleaved caspase-3, Bcl-2, Bax, AKT, p-AKTserine473, cytochrome-c were detected by western bloting.  Geniposide pretreatment increased cell viability, decreased LDH levels in the supernatant, and inhibited cardiomyocyte apoptosis caused by H/R. Furthermore, geniposide reversed mitochondrial dysfunction by decreasing oxidative stress products (ROS/RNS and MDA), increasing anti-oxidative enzyme (T-SOD) level, improving mitochondrial morphology, attenuating mitochondrial calcium overload and blunting depolarization of mitochondrial membrane. Moreover, geniposide pretreatment increased Bcl-2 level and decreased Bax level, thus enhancing the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Consistent with the above result, Bcl-2 mRNA expression was upregulated and caspase-3 mRNA expression was downregulated by geniposide. In addition, geniposide decreased the protein expression of cleaved caspase-3 and cytochrome-c and increased the level p-AKTserine473. The protective effects of geniposide were partially reversed by glucagon-like pepitide-1 receptor antagonist exendin-(9-39) and the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002.  Our results suggest that geniposide pretreatment inhibits H/R-induced myocardial apoptosis by reversing mitochondrial dysfunction, an effect in part due to activation of GLP-1R and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Field of study: Biology, Chemistry
Transcriptional profiling and pathway analysis of CSF-1 and IL-34 effects on human monocyte differentiation.

CSF-1 is the well-known ligand for CSF-1R, which plays a vital role in monocyte-macrophage generation, survival, and function. IL-34 is a newly discovered cytokine that also signals through CSF-1R. Although there are limited data for downstream signaling and pathway activation for CSF-1, none are published, to date, for expression profiles of IL-34. The objective of this study was to characterize and compare the signaling pathways downstream of the CSF-1R receptor, based on these two ligands. This was accomplished through transcriptional profiling and pathway analysis of CD14(+) human monocytes differentiated with each ligand. Additionally, cells were treated with a CSF-1R inhibitor GW2580 to establish that observations associated with each ligand were CSF-1R mediated. Gene expression profiles were generated for each condition using Agilent 4x44K Whole Human Genome Microarrays. Overall profiles generated by each cytokine were similar (~75% of genes) with a dampened effect noted on some pathways (~25% of genes) with IL-34. One key difference observed, between the two cytokines was in the repression of CCR2 message. A similar divergence in protein level was established by FACS analysis. The differential effect on CCR2 expression has major implications for monocyte/macrophage biology including homeostasis and function. Further study of IL-34 effects on monocyte/macrophage biology will shed light on the specific role each ligand plays and the context in which these roles are important. To our knowledge, this study is the first to illustrate downstream transcriptional profiles and pathways of IL-34 in comparison with CSF-1 and identify notable differences in CCR2 expression.

Field of study: Medicine
Goldstone mode kink-solitons in double layer quantum Hall systems

It is shown that in charge unbalanced double layer quantum Hall system with zero tunneling pseudospin Goldstone mode excitations form moving kink-soliton in weakly nonlinear limit. This charge-density localization moves with a velocity of gapless linear spin-wave mode and could be easily observed experimentally. We claim that mentioned Goldstone mode kink-solitons define diffusionless charge transport properties in double layer quantum Hall systems.

Field of study: Physics
Expanding health insurance to increase health care utilization: will it have different effects in rural vs. urban areas?

This study investigates the importance of medical fee and distance to health care provider on individual's decision to seek care in developing countries.



The estimation method used a mixed logit model applied to data from the third wave of the Indonesian family life survey (2000). The key variables of interest include medical fee and distance to different types of health care provider and individual characteristic variables.



Urban dweller's decision to choose health care providers are sensitive to the monetary cost of medical care as measured by medical fee but they are not sensitive to distance. For those who reside in rural area, they are sensitive to the non-medical component cost of care as measured by travel distance but they are not sensitive to medical fee.



As a result of those findings, policy makers should consider different sets of policy instruments when attempting to expand health service's usage in urban and rural areas of Indonesia. To increase access in urban areas, we recommend expansion of health insurance coverage in order to lower out-of-pocket medical expenditures. As for rural areas, expansion of medical infrastructures to reduce commuting distance and costs will be needed to increase utilization.

Field of study: Medicine, Political science
Soil CO2 efflux simulations using Monte Carlo method and implications for recording paleo-atmospheric PCO2 in pedogenic gibbsite

Monte Carlo simulation testing of the sensitivity of the Fickian diffusion model used for paleo-PCO 2 proxies indicates that assuming annual average soil respiration rate results in over-estimation of PCO 2 . In all cases, the natural variability of the factors of the model, including soil porosity and inverse tortuosity and the δ 13 C value of the soil produced CO 2 were not able to account for discrepancies between measured δ 13 C values from a modern soil and modeled results using established assumptions. Assuming that there is negligible carbon isotope fractionation during the occlusion of CO 2 in pedogenic gibbsite, the flaw in the model appears to be the assumed value of soil respiration rate. If correct, the implication is that previous paleo-PCO 2 estimates from soil hydroxides may be too high by as much as a factor of ten.

Field of study: Environmental science, Geography
Impaired production of IL-12 in system lupus erythematosus. II: IL-12 production in vitro is correlated negatively with serum IL-10, positively with serum IFN-gamma and negatively with disease activity in SLE.

Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is a key cytokine in regulating type 1 or type 2 cytokine production and in determining the nature of immune responses. Our previous studies demonstrated that its production was significantly impaired in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and this deficient IL-12 production was mainly mediated by excessive endogenous IL-10. The present study was designed to further reveal the relationships of in vitro IL-12 production with abnormalities of in vivo cytokine synthesis and disease activity in SLE. Experimental results showed that IL-12 production in vitro was inversely correlated with serum IL-10 level, anti-ds DNA antibody level and SLE disease activity index (DAI), but positively correlated with serum interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) level, with which serum IL-10 correlated negatively. Data also showed that serum IL-10 was significantly higher than that of controls and closely correlated with anti-ds DNA antibody level and SLEDAI. The study confirms that deficient IL-12 production in SLE patients is associated with in vivo abnormalities of cytokine production, especially with increased IL-10 production.

Field of study: Medicine